---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,dr4 ,,william ,,konrad ,,ro5tg54 pp4 #fi to #he4 ,born 9 ,holl&1 #ahde4 ,f a photograph by ,hanf/a5gl1 ,frank=t-on-!-,ma94 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ro5tg5 ,,rays ,,& ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,! ,,anode ,,& ,,ca?ode4 ,,pr9ciples1 ,,applications ,,& ,,!ories ,,by ,,edw>d ,p4 ,,?ompson1 ,m4,e41 ,e4,e4 ,mem4 ,am]4 ,in/4 ,elec4 ,eng4 ,mem4 ,am]4 ,soc4 ,me*4 ,eng4 ,au?or ( 8,inv5t+ z a ,sci5ce & an ,art40 ,,conclud+ ,,*apt] ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,william ,a4 ,,an?ony1 ,=m]ly ( ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,pa/ ,presid5t ,am]4 ,in/4 ,elec4 ,eng4 ,au?or1 ) ,pr(4 ,brackett ( ,pr9ceton1 ( 8,text-,book ( ,physics40 #fj ,diagrams4 #de ,half-,tones4 ,,new ,,york3 ,d4 ,,van ,,no/r& ,,company1 #bc ,,murray ,,& #bg ,,w>r5 ,,/reet4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,copyright1 #ahif1 ,,by ,,edw>d ,p4 ,,?ompson1 ,temple ,c\rt ,build+1 ,new ,york4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,preface4 ------- ,,9 addition to ! illu/rat$ feature = exhibit+ ! nature & practical application ( ,x-rays1 & = simplify+ ! descriptions1 ! book involves ! disclosure ( ! facts & pr9ciples relat+ to ! ph5om5a occurr+ betwe5 & ar\nd *>g$ electrodes1 sep>at$ by diff]5t gase\s m$ia at v>i\s pressures4 ,! specific aim is ! treatm5t ( ! radiant en]gy develop$ )9 & f a dis*>ge tube1 ! only s\rce ( ,x-rays4 ,hav+ always admir$ ! plan adopt$ by ,g]man inve/igators 9 publi%+ acc\nts ( _! exp]im5ts by means ( numb]$ p>agraphs conta9+ cross-ref]5ces & sket*es1 ! au?or has likewise treat$ ! inve/igations ( a l>ge numb] ( physici/s4 ,! cross-ref]5ces are indicat$ by ! section sign 774 ,by ref]5ce1 ! analogy1 contra/1 or sugge/iv5ess may be m$itat$ ^u4 ,all k ( mod]n physics is bas$ ^u exp]im5ts z ! orig9al s\rce4 ,inasmu* z _m ye>s may be expect$ to elapse be=e ! innum]able peculi>ities ( ! electrical dis*>ge w be r$uc$ to a pure sci5ce1 & also 9 ord] t ! cont5ts ( ! book may be ( value 9 ! future z well z at pres5t1 ! *>act]i/ic exp]im5ts ( electricians & sci5ti/s are describ$1 9 g5]al1 by ref]5ce to _! object1 ! app>atus us$1 ! result1 ! inf]5ces ( ! exp]im5t]1 & ! obs]vations ( cotemporane\s or lat] physici/s1 toge!r ) a pres5tation "h & !re ( !oretical matt]s & allusion to practical applications4 ,! classes ( read] to :i* ! book is adapt$ may be/ be kn[n1 ( c\rse1 aft] p]usal1 b "s advance intimation ( ! k9d t ! au?or _h 9 view may be desir$4 ,let x be kn[n t1 fir/1 ! /ud5t & ^? g5]ally int]e/$ 9 sci5ce ought to be able to compreh5d ! subject-matt]1 because exp]im5ts are describ$1 :i* are always ! simple/ means 7e4g41 9 a popul> lecture7 = expla9+ ! wond]s ( any giv5 sci5tific pr9ciples or facts4 ,?us did ,crookes1 ,tyndall1 ,?omson 7bo? ,kelv9 & ,j4 ,j471 ,h]tz1 etc41 dissem9ate k--by describ+ _! rese>*es & reason+ !reon4 ,9 view ( ! trem5d\s am\nt ( exp]im5t+ :i* has be5 c>ri$ on dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s 9 connection ) ! electric dis*>ge1 x 0 difficult to det]m9e j h[ f> back to beg9 7)\t />t+ at ! v beg9n+71 s t ! /ud5t & g5]al read]1 ^: object is to become acqua9t$ especially ) ! prop]ties ( ca?ode & ,x-rays1 might bett] und]/& !m4 ,! au?or realiz$ t x 0 necess>y to g back fur!r & fur!r 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( sci5ce1 & he c\ld n easily /op until he _h rea*$ c]ta9 inve/igations ( ,f>aday1 ,davy1 ,page1 & o!rs1 :i* are briefly notic$ 9 an introductory s5se4 ,take1 = example1 ! inaction ( ! magnet ^u ,x-rays 9 op5 air4 #gi4 ,( c\rse1 x w\ld be ( int]e/ = ! /ud5t to "k ab\t ,l5>d's inve/igations relat+ to ! action ( ! magnet ^u ca?ode rays inside ( ! obs]v+ tube4 #gb;a4 ,x w\ld foll[1 fur!r1 t he w\ld desire to "k ab\t ,crookes' exp]im5t relat+ to ! attraction ( ! magnet ^u ca?ode rays )9 ! tube4 #ei4 ,9 ord] t he might n inf] t ,crookes 0 ! fir/ to inve/igate ! action ( ! magnet ^u ! dis*>ge1 x 0 evid5t t ! book c\ld be made ( great] value by relat+ ! exp]im5ts ( ,pr(4 ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson z to ! dis*>ge across & along ! l9es ( magnetic =ce1 #ca1 & ,plck]'s exp]im5t on ! action ( ! magnet ^u ! ca?ode column ( light4 #cj4 ,! int]e/ became increas$1 in/ead ( dim9i%$1 by not+ ,de la ,rive's exp]im5t on ! rotation ( ! lum9\s effect ( ! dis*>ge by means ( ! magnet4 #bi4 ,be+ n[ q impossible to /op1 ,davy's electric arc & magnetic action ^u ! same _h to be allud$ to1 at lea/ briefly4 #bh4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! v e>lie/ exp]im5ts ) ! dis*>ge 9 r>efi$ air are n describ$--occurr+ z remotely z ! eighte5? c5tury--s ably treat$ ( 9 ,p>k ,b5jam9's "w4 ,^? facts t h "s mutual be>+ are br\ght =w>d to s]ve z /epp+-/ones to ! inve/igation ( ca?ode & ,x-rays4 ,secondly1 ! au?or (t5 imag9$ t he 0 writ+ 9 behalf ( ! surgeon & physician & ^? :o int5d to exp]im5t1 especially :5 he f\nd 9 8 inve/igations ( rec5t publications descriptions 9 detail ( ! electrical app>atus employ$ 9 exp]im5t+ ) ,x-rays4 ,he improv$ ! opportunity ( repeat+ ! /atem5ts ( ! difficulties1 & h[ !y 7 ov]come2 also1 ! precautions necess>y to be tak51 &1 besides1 ! k9d ( dis*>ge tubes & app>atus be/ adapt$ = p>ticul> k9ds ( exp]im5ts4 ,! *apt] on applications 9 diagnosis & anatomy1 etc41 is ( especial int]e/ to physicians4 ,?irdly1 z ! discov]y ( ! ,ro5tg5 rays has e/abli%$ a new dep>tm5t ( photography1 ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ?is art may be b5efit$ by ! results & sugge/ions disclos$ 9 connection ) photographic plates1 "t ( exposure1 adjuncts = be/ results1 precautions = obta9+ %>p %ad[s1 & /eps ( ! process1 f beg9n+ to end1 = c>ry+ on ! op]ation4 ,f\r?ly1 exp]t physici/s & electricians1 pr(essors1 etc41 ne$ some?+ t ! above classes d n1 & ?is is ! reason :y ! au?or has n assum$ ! burd5 ( c>ry+ any l9e ( ?\ght or !ory f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( ! treatise1 nor has he made ! book 9 any way a p]sonal matt] by criticis+ exp]im5ts1 nor ev5 by favor+ ! views ( "o ov] ! o!r1 unless x is 9 an exceptional case "h & !re2 b 9 ea* in/ance ! inve/igator's "n is giv51 & t ( ! publication 9 :i* ! acc\nt may be f\nd1 s t ! sci5ti/ may ref] !reto to te/ ! correctness ( ! au?or's v]sion ( ! matt]1 or to le>n ! nature ( ! m9ute details & circum/ances4 ,! au?or sugge/s t ! /udy ( ! ph5om5a ( ! dis*>ge tube w\ld n be amiss 9 sci5tific s*ools & colleges4 ,he argues t 9 view ( all exp]im5t]s 9 ?is l9e hav+ be5 made en?usia/ic & fasc9at$ by reason ( 7#a7 ! beautiful effects1 7#b7 ! field be+ always op5 to new discov]ies1 7#c7 ! direct practical & !oretical be>+ ( ! peculi> actions ^u o!r dep>tm5ts ( electricity1 light1 heat1 & magnetism1 7#d7 ! pleasure 9 attempt+ to obta9 results report$ by o!rs1 & especially ! l>ge am\nt ( valuable !oretical & practical in/ruction result+ !refrom1 by repeat+ ! exp]im5ts or /udy+ !m1 & 7#e7 ! possible applications ( ! dis*>ge tube 9 connection ) electric light+ & 9 ! new dep>tm5t ( sciagraphy by ,x-rays1 & = o!r good & valuable consid]ations--x foll[s t /ud5ts :o h be5 ?r\gh or :o are /udy+ a text-book ( physics & electricity w\ld be greatly b5efit$ by a c\rse 9 ! dis*>ge-tube ph5om5a4 ,9 view ( ! l>ge am\nt ( dictation necess>y 9 ord] to complete ! "w 9 su* a %ort p]iod1 & 9 ord] t ! subject-matt] might involve ! treatm5t ( ! late/ "w ( ! ,fr5* & ,g]man z well z ( ! ,engli% & ,am]ican1 & inasmu* z ! j\rnals ( ! latt] did n always conta9 complete translations &1 = bett] s]vice 9 behalf ( ! read]s1 ! au?or%ip 0 %>$ ) o!rs1 &1 !re=e1 mu* cr$it is due to ,pr(4 ,an?ony = f9al *apt]1 to ,mr4 ,l\is ,m4 ,pignolet = assi/ance 9 connection ) ,fr5* p]iodicals & academy pap]s 7 #fc;a1 #hd1 #ii1 #aja;a1 #ajc;a1 #aab;a1 #abd;a1 #abh1 at end1 #aci;a1 #aed1 #aee1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aeh1 & #aei72 to ,mr4 ,n4 ,d4 ,c4 ,hodges1 =m]ly editor & proprietor ( ,sci5ce1 :o obta9$ "s p]t95t acc\nts1 7 #ig;a1 #ig;b1 #ii;,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 to #ii,t1 inclusive7 by inve/igations ( rec5t lit]ature at ! ,a/or ,libr>y1 ,new ,york2 & also to ,mr4 ,ludwig ,gutmann 7,memb] ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,electrical ,eng9e]s7 = a few translations f ! ,g]man4 ,cr$it is giv5 9 ea* in/ance to all societies & publications by nam+ !m 9 ! respective p>agraphs h]e94 ,9 ne>ly e case ! au?or prep>$ 8 mat]ial f orig9al articles & pap]s contribut$ by ! inve/igators to ! societies or p]iodicals4 ,! au?or has prep>$ himself to )/&1 ) ab\t half z mu* pati5ce z he expects w be requir$1 all criticisms bas$ ^u disappo9tm5ts :i* may be exp]i5c$ by ! true1 or ! alleg$ true1 fir/ discov]] ( any p>ticul> prop]ty ( ! electric dis*>ge n duly cr$it$4 ,he has be5 p>ticul> 9 pres5t+ k z to physical facts & pr9ciples1 b n equally1 p]haps1 z to ! orig9ator ( ! exp]im5t1 or z to ! actual fir/ discov]]1 = ! simple reason t ! book is 9 no s5se a hi/ory n a biography4 ,:]e ! p>agraph has be5 head$1 = example1 8,sw9ton's ,exp]im5t10 x means t t p>ty 7accord+ to ! article purport+ to be writt5 by him7 made t exp]im5t4 ,"s "o else may h made exactly ! same exp]im5t previ\sly1 yet ! in/ruction is equally z valuable z ?\gh ! rese>*es ( ! fir/ discov]] _h be5 relat$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! au?or has nev] _h any int5tion ( giv+ cr$it to ! wrong p>ty4 ,! dates 9 ! captions indicate ! g5]al *ronological ord] 9 behalf ( ^? ?us int]e/$4 ,) ?is explanation1 x is ?\ght t ! claimants w be mu* m l5i5t 9 _! criticisms conc]n+ priority ( discov]y4 ,:ile ! developm5ts h g5]ally foll[$ ea* o!r hi/orically1 z well z appropriately = ! purpose ( in/ruction1 yet n[ & !n x 0 pref]able to place ! description ( a comp>atively rec5t exp]im5t 9 conjunction ) "s description ( an exp]im5t made at a mu* e>li] date4 ,= ?is reason1 also1 ! book is n ( a *ronological nature4 ,! subject-matt]1 z usual1 is divid$ into *apt]s1 b ! sections are to be consid]$ z subord9ate *apt]s1 hav+ diff]5t %ades ( mean+1 & ! "o n necess>ily be>+ a direct relation to ! cont5ts ( its neighbor1 b z1 9 a novel or a treatise on geometry1 hav+ its important "p to play 9 conjunction ) "s lat] or prec$+ section4 ,,edw>d ,p4 ,,?ompson4 ,,temple ,,c\rt ,,build+1 ,,new ,,york1 ,augu/1 #ahif4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,cont5ts4 ------- ,,*apt] ,i4 #a4 ,second>y ,curr5t by ,induction4 ,no ,,f>aday ,increas$ ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 #b4 ,electric ,sp>k & ,increas$ ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 ,,page by ,induc$ ,curr5t4 #c4 ,sp>k 9 ,second>y ,increas$ by ,,fizeau ,cond5s] 9 ,prim>y4 #d4 ,atmosph]e ar\nd an ,inc&esc5t ,live ,,v9c9t9i ,wire4 #e4 ,magnetiz+ ,radiations f an ,electric ,,h5ry ,sp>k4 #f4 ,arc+ ,metals at ,l[ ,voltage4 ,,f>aday #g4 ,non-arc+ ,metals at ,high ,voltage4 ,,wurts ,practical ,application4 #h4 ,duration ( ,sp>k ,measur$4 ,,:eat/one #h;a4 ,dis*>ge--,int]mitt5t1 ,con/ant1 & ,,f$d]s5 ,oscillatory--by ,v>iation ( ,resi/ance4 #i4 ,musical ,note by ,dis*>ge ) ,small ,,f>aday ,ball ,electrodes4 ,invisible ,dis*>ge4 #i;a4 ,pit* ( ,s\nd ,*ang$ by ,approa* ( ,,f>aday & ,conductor ,connect$ to ,e>?4 ,,may] #aj4 ,bru% ,dis*>ge4 ,color4 ,/ri4 ,nitrog5 ,,f>aday ,be/ ,transmitt] ( a ,sp>k1 & its ,practical ,be>+ 9 ,atmosph]ic ,lightn+4 ,ca?ode ,bru%es 9 ,diff]5t ,gases4 #aa4 ,gl[ by ,dis*>ge4 ,gl[ ,*ang$ to ,,f>aday ,sp>k4 ,motion ( ,air4 ,app>5t ,cont9u\s ,dis*>ge dur+ ,gl[4 #ab4 ,sp>k4 ,solids ,p]=at$4 ,,lull9 #ac4 ,sp>k4 ,glass ,p]=at$4 ,holes ,close ,,fage ,toge!r4 ,practical ,application = ,por\s ,glass4 #ad & ,sp>k4 ,p5etrat+ ,p[]4 ,conduct+ ,,kno*5haur]1 #ad;a4 ,p[] ( ,gas4 ,relation ( ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 to ,,boltzmann1 ,pressure ( ,gases4 ,dis*>ge ?r\gh ,,?omson ,hydrog5 ,vacuum ,cont9u$ ) ,less 7,,kelv971 ,curr5t ?an t ,requir$ to ,/>t ,,maxwell1 x4 ,,v>ley1 ,,h>ris1 & ,,masson #ae4 ,du/ ,p>ticles or ,ru/ on ! ,,gordon ,electrodes ,ha/5 ,dis*>ge4 #af4 ,:]e ! ,di/ance is ,great]1 ! ,,?omson ,dielectric ,/r5g? is ,small]1 ,bo? 7,,kelv97 ,di/ances ,be+ ,m9ute4 #ag4 ,dis*>ge ?r\gh ,gases "u ,v ,high ,,cailletet ,pressures4 ,increas$ ,dielectric ,/r5g?4 #ah4 ,dis*>ges 9 ,diff]5t ,*emical ,gases ,,f>aday ,v>iably ,resi/$4 #ai4 ,gas z a ,conductor4 ,molecule = ,,?omson1 ,j4 ,j4 ,molecule1 its ,conductivity ,great] ?an t = ,gases4 #bj4 ,relation ( ,light to ,electricity4 ,! ,,boltzmann1 ,squ>e ,root ( ! ,dielectric ,,gibson1 ,capacity ,equal to ! ,refractive ,,b>clay1 ,index4 ,,hopk9son1 & ,,glad/one #ba4 ,h]metically ,seal$ ,dis*>ge ,tubes ,,pl,,ck] & ) ,plat9um ,lead+-9 ,wires4 ,,geissl] #bb4 ,lum9osity ( ,dis*>ge ,tubes ,produc$ ,,geissl] by ,rubb+4 ,increas$ by ,l[ ,temp]ature4 #bc4 ,diff]5t ,vacua ,ne$$ = ,lum9osity ,,alv]gniat by ,friction & by ,dis*>ge4 #bd4 ,ph5om5a ( ,dis*>ge ar\nd ! ,edges ,,/e9metz ( an ,insulat+ ,%eet4 #be4 ,highe/ ,possible ,vacuum ,consid]$ z a ,,morgan ,non-conductor4 #bf4 ,con/ant ,pot5tial at ! ,t]m9als ( ,,de ,,la ,,rue & a ,dis*>ge ,tube4 ,m,,ll] #bf;a4 ,pol>ity ( ,dis*>ge-tube ,t]m9als 9 ,,kl+5b]g ,second>y ( ,ruhmkorff ,coil4 ,ma!matical ,d$uctions4 #bg4 ,pressure 9 ,dis*>ge ,tube ,produc$ by ,,k9n]sley1 a ,sp>k4 ,,h>ris1 & ,,riess ,,*apt] ,,ii4 #bh4 ,actions ( ,magnetism ^u ! ,arc & ,,davy1 ,flame4 ,,bancal>i1 & ,,quet #bi4 ,rotation ( ,lum9\s ,dis*>ge by a ,,de ,,la ,,rive ,magnet4 ,application 9 ,expla9+ ,aurora ,borealis4 #cj4 ,action ( ,magnet on ! ,ca?ode ,light4 ,,pl,,ck] & ,relations ,diff]5t accord+ to ! ,,hittorf ,position ,relatively to ! ,magnetic ,l9es ( ,=ce4 #ca4 ,dis*>ge ,ret>d$ ,across1 & ,,?omson1 ,j4 ,j4 ,accel]at$ ,along1 ! ,l9es ( ,magnetic ,=ce4 #cb4 ,resi/ance ( ,lum9osity ( ! ,,?omson1 ,j4 ,j4 ,dis*>ge ,af=d$ by a ,?9 ,diaphragm4 #cc4 ,=c+ ,effect ( ! ,/ri at a ,,solomons ,p]=at$ ,diaphragm4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 #cd4 ,electric ,images4 ,,riess #ce4 ,electrographs on ,photographic ,plate by ,,san=d & ,dis*>ge4 ,,mckay #cf4 ,positive & ,negative ,du/ ,pictures ,,li*t5b]g ^u ,l9es ,drawn by ,electrodes4 #cf;a4 ,photo-electric ,du/ ,figures4 ,,hamm] #cf;b4 ,du/ ,portrait4 ,,hamm] #cg4 ,electrical ,images by ,dis*>ge ,,k>/5 ,develop$ by ,cond5s$ ,moi/ure4 #cg;a4 ,,magnetographs4 ,,mckay #ch4 ,bas-relief ,facsimiles by ,electric ,,pilt*ik(f ,dis*>ge4 #ci4 ,di/illation ( ,liquids by ,dis*>ge4 ,,g]nez #dj4 ,/ri4 ,black ,pr9ts on ,walls ( ,tube4 ,,de ,,la ,,rue & ,m,,ll] ,,*apt] ,,iv4 #da4 ,dis*>ge ,tube 9 ,prim>y ,curr5t4 ,,gassiot ,/ri4 ,lea/ ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 ,requir$4 #db4 ,curr5t ,int]rupt$ ,inside ( ,dis*>ge ,,pogg5dorff ,tube in/ead ( ,outside4 #dc4 ,s\rce ( ,/ri at ! ,anode4 ,color ,,de ,,la ,,rue & ,*ang$ by ,*ange ( ,curr5t4 ,m,,ll] #dd4 ,d>k ,b&s by ,small ,dis*>ges ,,solomons ,disappe> on ,increase ( ,curr5t1 & ,appe> ,aga9 by ,fur!r ,increase4 #de4 ,motion ( ,/ri4 ,me?od ( ,obta9+ ,,spottiswoode ,motion :5 ,desir$ & ( ,/opp+ ! ,same4 #df4 ,motion ( ,/ri ,*eck$ at ! ,ca?ode4 ,,?omson1 ,j4 ,j4 ,tube1 #ej ft4 ,long4 ,! ,anode ! ,/>t+-po9t4 #dg4 ,electrolysis 9 ,dis*>ge ,tube4 ,,?omson1 ,j4 ,j4 #dh4 ,heat ,/ri )\t ,lum9\s ,/ri4 ,,de ,,la ,,rue & ,m,,ll] #di4 ,s5sitive ,/ate4 ,me?od ( ,obta9+4 ,,spottiswoode ,telephone ,us$ to ,prove & ,,m\lton ,int]missions4 #di;a4 ,cause ( ,s5sitive ,/ate ,detect$ by ,,spottiswoode ,telephone4 & ,,m\lton #ej4 ,s5sitive ,/ate ,illu/rat$ by a ,,reitl+] & ,flexible ,conductor )9 ! ,,urbanitzky ,dis*>ge ,tube4 #ea4 ,sy/em ( ,op]at+ ,dis*>ge ,tubes4 ,,tesla ,excessively ,high ,pot5tial & ,enorm\s ,frequ5cy4 #eb4 ,dis*>ge-tube ,ph5om5a by ,,moore ,self-induc$ ,curr5ts4 ,,*apt] ,v4 #ec4 ,d>k ,space ar\nd ! ,ca?ode4 ,,crookes #ed4 ,relation ( ,vacuum to ,phosphoresc5ce4 ,,crookes #ee4 ,phosphoresc5ce ( ,objects )9 ,,crookes ,dis*>ge ,tube4 #ef4 ,d>kness & ,lum9osity 9 ! ,arms ( ,,crookes a ,v ,tube4 #eg4 ,ca?ode ,rays ,rectil9e> )9 ! ,,crookes ,dis*>ge ,tube4 #eh4 ,%ad[ ,ca/ )9 ! ,dis*>ge ,tube4 ,,crookes #eh;a4 ,me*anical ,=ce ( ,ca?ode ,rays4 ,:eel ,,crookes ,caus$ to ,rotate4 #ei4 ,action ( ,magnet ^u ,ca?ode ,rays 9 ,,crookes ,dis*>ge ,tube4 #fj4 ,mutual ,repulsion ( ,ca?ode ,rays 9 ,,crookes ,dis*>ge ,tube4 #fa4 ,heat ( ,phosphoresc5t ,spot4 ,,crookes #fa;a4 ,!oretical ,consid]ations ( ,?omson 7,kelv974 #fa;b1 ,velocity ( ,ca?ode ,rays4 ,,?omson1 ,j4 ,j4 page #df4 #fa;b1 ,ca?ode ,rays ,*>g$ ) ,negative ,,p]r9 page ,electricity4 #dg4 #fa;c1 ,zeug5's ,photograph ( ,mt4 ,blanc ,n ,due to ,ca?ode ,rays4 #fb4 ,phosphoresc5ce ( ,p>ticul> ,*emicals ,,gold/e9 by ,ca?ode ,rays4 #fc4 ,spectrum ( ,po/-phosphoresc5ce ( ,,kirn ,dis*>ge ,tube ,comp>$ ) t ( ,r$-hot ,metals4 #fc;a4 ,*emical ,action on ,photographic ,plate ,,de ,,metz by ,ca?ode ,rays ,inside ( ,dis*>ge ,tube4 #fc;b4 ,! ,passage ( ,ca?ode ,rays ?r\gh ,,h]tz ,?9 ,metal ,plates )9 ! ,dis*>ge ,tube 7no4 #fd74 ,,*apt] ,,vi #fe1 ,ca?ode ,rays ,outside ( ! ,dis*>ge ,,l5>d top ( ,tube ^: ,exit is an ,alum9um page ,w9d[4 ,a ,gl[ ,outside ( ! ,w9d[4 #ec4 #fe41 ,prop]ties ( ,ca?ode ,rays 9 ,op5 ,air4 ,,l5>d end ( page #ec4 #ff4 ,phosphoresc5ce by ,ca?ode ,rays ,outside ,,l5>d ( ! ,dis*>ge ,tube4 #ff;a4 ,transmission ,te/$ by ,phosphoresc5ce4 #fg4 ,! ,alum9um ,w9d[ a ,diffus] ( ,,l5>d ,ca?ode ,rays4 #fh4 ,transmission ( ,ext]nal ,ca?ode ,rays ,,l5>d ?r\gh ,alum9um & ,?9ly ,bl[n ,glass4 #fi4 ,propagation ( ,ext]nal ,ca?ode ,rays4 ,,l5>d ,turbidity ( ,air4 #gj4 ,photographic ,action by ,ext]nal ,ca?ode ,,l5>d ,rays & at ,po9ts beyond ! ,gl[4 ,no ,o!r ,*emical ,p[] ,probable4 ,%ad[s ( ,objects by ,light & by ,ext]nal ,ca?ode ,rays ,comp>$4 ,no ,heat ,produc$ by ,ext]nal ,ca?ode ,rays4 #ga4 ,ext]nal ,ca?ode ,rays & ! ,electric ,,l5>d ,sp>k ,di/+ui%$4 ,alum9um ,w9d[ ,n a ,second>y ,ca?ode4 #gb4 ,ca?ode ,rays ,propagat$1 b ,n ,,l5>d ,g5]at$1 9 ! ,highe/ ,possible ,vacuum4 ,air ,less ,turbid :5 ,r>efi$4 #gb;a4 ,ca?ode ,rays1 :ile ,trav]s+ ! ,,l5>d ,exhau/$ ,obs]v+ ,tube1 ,deflect$ by a ,magnet4 ,no ,turbidity 9 a ,v ,high ,vacuum4 #gb;b4 ,an ,obs]v+ ,tube = ,receiv+ ! ,,l5>d ,rays & ,adapt$ to be ,exhau/$4 #gc4 ,ph5om5a ( ,ca?ode ,rays 9 an ,,l5>d ,obs]v+ ,tube ,conta9+ ,successively ,diff]5t ,gases at ,diff]5t ,pressures4 ,phosphoresc5t ,scre5 ,employ$ = ,mak+ ! ,te/4 #gd4 ,cause ( ! ,gl[ ,outside ( ! ,,l5>d ,alum9um ,w9d[4 ,gl[ ,n ,caus$ by ,ext]nal ,ca?ode ,rays4 ,sp>ks ,drawn f ! ,alum9um ,w9d[4 ,transmission ( ,ext]nal ,ca?ode ,rays ,dep5d5t ,alone ^u ! ,d5sity ( ! ,m$ium4 #ge4 ,ext]nal ,ca?ode ,rays ( ,diff]5t ,,l5>d ,k9ds ,v>iably ,diffus$4 ,!oretical ,obs]vations4 #gf4 ,law ( ,propagation ( ,ext]nal ,ca?ode ,,l5>d ,rays4 #gg4 ,*>g$ ,bodies ,dis*>g$ by ,ext]nal ,,l5>d ,ca?ode ,rays4 ,dis*>ge at ,great] ,di/ances ?an ,phosphoresc5ce4 ,n ,c]ta9 z to ! ,dis*>ge ,be+ ,directly ,due to ,int]m$iate ,air4 #gh4 ,s\rce1 ,propagation1 & ,direction ( ,,de ,,k[alskie ,ca?ode ,rays4 ,g5]al ,conclusions4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 #gi4 ,x-rays ,un9flu5c$ by a ,magnet4 ,s\rce ,,ro5tg5 ( ,x-rays ,det]m9$ by ,magnetic ,transposition ( ,phosphoresc5t ,spot4 #hj4 ,s\rce ( ,x-rays may be at ,po9ts ,,ro5tg5 )9 ! ,vacuum ,space4 ,diff]5t ,mat]ials ,radiate ,diff]5t ,quantities ( ,x-rays4 #ha4 ,reflection ( ,x-rays4 ,,ro5tg5 #hb4 ,examples ( ,p5etrat+ ,p[] ( ,,ro5tg5 ,x-rays4 #hc4 ,p]meability ( ,solids to ,x-rays ,,ro5tg5 ,increases ,mu* ,m ,rapidly ?an ! ,?ickness ,decreases4 #hd4 ,x-rays ,*>act]iz$4 ,fluoresc5ce & ,,ro5tg5 ,*emical ,action4 #he4 ,non-refraction ( ,x-rays ,det]m9$ by ,,ro5tg5 ,opaque & ,o!r ,prisms4 ,refraction1 if ,any1 ,exce$+ly ,slight4 #hf4 ,velocity ( ,x-rays ,inf]r$ to be ! ,,ro5tg5 ,same 9 ,all ,bodies4 #hg4 ,non-d\ble ,refraction ,prov$ by ,icel& ,,ro5tg5 & ,sp> & ,o!r ,mat]ials4 ,,may] #hh4 ,rectil9e> ,propagation ( ,x-rays ,,ro5tg5 ,indicat$ by ,p9-hole ,cam]a & ,%>pness ( ,sciagraphs4 #hi4 ,int]f]5ce ,unc]ta9 ,because ,x-rays ,,ro5tg5 ,te/$ 7 ,weak4 #ij4 ,electrifi$ ,bodies1 :e!r ,conductors ,,ro5tg5 or ,insulators1 or ,positive or ,negative1 ,dis*>g$ by ,x-rays4 ,hydrog51 etc41 z ! ,int]m$iate ,ag5cy4 #ij;a4 ,application ( ,pr9ciple ( ,dis*>ge ,,ro5tg5 by ,x-rays4 #ij;,a1 ,supplem5t>y ,exp]im5ts on ,*>ge & ,,m9*91 b1 ,dis*>ge by ,x-rays4 ,,righi1 c1 ,,b5oi/1 d4 ,,hurmuzescu1 & ,,borgmann #ia4 ,focus ,tube4 ,,ro5tg51 ,,%all5b]g]1 et al4 #ia;a4 ,tribute to ! ,tesla ,app>atus4 ,,ro5tg5 #ib4 ,x-rays & ,longitud9al ,vibrations4 ,,ro5tg5 #ic4 ,longitud9al ,waves 9 ,lum9if]\s ,,?omson ,e!r by ,electrical ,means ,e>ly 7,,kelv97 ,pr$ict$ by #id4 ,!ory z to ,x-rays ,be+ ( a ,,s*u/] ,diff]5t ,ord] ( ,magnitude f ^? s f> ,kn[n4 #ie4 ,longitud9al ,waves ,exi/ 9 a ,m$ium ,,?omson1 ,j4 ,j4 ,conta9+ ,*>g$ ,ions4 ,!oretical4 #if4 ,practical ,application ( ,x-rays ,,boltzmann ,=e%ad[$4 #ig4 ,! ,sciascope4 ,,magie1 ,,salvioni1 et al4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 #ig;a4 ,electrifi$ ,bodies ,dis*>g$ by ,light ,,h]tz ( a ,sp>k1 & ! ,e/abli%m5t ( a ,radical ,discov]y4 #ig;b4 ,above ,results ,confirm$ & ,m ,,wi$emann & ,specific ,te/s4 ,,eb]t #ih4 ,negatively ,*>g$ ,bodies ,dis*>g$ by ,,el/] & ,light4 ,dis*>ge f ,e>?'s ,surface ,,geitel ,expla9$ by ,inf]5ce & ,exp]im5t4 #ii4 ,relation betwe5 ,light & ,electricity4 ,,el/] & ,ca?ode ( ,dis*>ge ,tube ,act$ ^u ,,geitel by ,pol>iz$ ,light & ,app>5tly ,made a ,conductor ,because ( ! ,dis*>g+ ,effect4 #ii;,a ,briefs ,reg>d+ ,action betwe5 ,,s*u/]1 to ,electric ,*>ge & ,light4 ,,righi1 #ii,t4 ,,/ol/[1 ,,branly1 ,,borgmann1 ,,mebius1 et al4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 #ajj4 ,/]eoscopic ,sciagraphs4 ,,?omson1 ,e4 #aja4 ,obta9+ ,manifold ,sciagraphs ,,?omson1 ,e4 ,simultane\sly ^u ,sup]pos$ ,photographic ,films & ?r\gh ,opaque ,mat]ials1 & ?us ,indicat+ ,relative ,s5sitiv5ess ( ,diff]5t ,films to ,x-rays4 ,int5sify+ ,process ,applicable 9 ,sciagraphy4 ,?ick ,films ,appropriate4 #aja;a4 ,sciagraph ,produc$ ?r\gh #aej ,%eets ,,lumi,,re4 ( ,photographic ,pap]4 #ajb4 ,dis*>ge ,tube ,adapt$ = ,bo? ,,?omson1 ,e41 ,unidirectional & ,alt]nat+ & ,,sw9ton ,curr5ts4 #ajc4 ,x-rays4 ,opalesc5ce & ,diffusion4 ,,?omson1 ,e41 ,,pup91 & ,,lafay #ajc;a4 ,diffusion & ,reflection 9 ,relation to ,,imb]t1 et ,poli%4 al4 #ajd4 ,fluoromet]4 ,fluoresc+ ,p[] ( ,,?omson1 ,e4 ,diff]5t ,dis*>ge ,tubes ,comp>$4 #aje4 ,modifi$ ,sciascope = ,locat+ ! ,,?omson1 ,e4 ,s\rce & ,direction ( ,x-rays4 ,phosphoresc5ce ,n an ,ess5tial ,accompanim5t 9 ,production ( ,x-rays4 #ajf4 ,x-rays f ,dis*>ge ,tube ,excit$ by ,,rice1 ,,pup91 ,wim%ur/ ,ma*9e4 ,full ,details ,giv5 & ,,morton ( ! ,electrical ,features4 #ajg4 ,s\rce ( ,x-rays ,det]m9$ by ,,rice ,projection ?r\gh a ,small ,hole ^u ,fluoresc5t ,scre5 ,adju/able to ,diff]5t ,positions4 #ajg;a4 ,use ( ,/ops 9 ,sciagraphy4 ,,le$s & ,,/okes #ajg;b4 ,x-rays f ,two ,phosphoresc5t ,spots4 ,,macf>lane1 ,,kl9k1 ,,webb1 ,,cl>k1 ,,jones1 & ,,morton #ajh4 ,s\rce ( ,x-rays ,det]m9$ by ,%ad[s ,,/9e ( ,%ort ,tubes4 #aji4 ,in/ructions ,conc]n+ ,electrical ,,/9e ,app>atus = ,g5]at+ ,x-rays4 #aaj4 ,app>5t ,diffraction ,really ,due to ,,/9e ,p5umbral ,%ad[s4 #aaj;a4 ,non-diffraction4 ,,p]r9 #aei;a4 ,non-,refraction #aaa4 ,s\rce ( ,x-rays ,te/$ by ,,scribn] & ,int]ceptance ( ,assum$ ,rectil9e> ,m',,b]ty ,rays f ! ,ca?ode4 #aab4 ,s\rce ( ,x-rays on ! ,inn] ,surface ,,scribn] & ( ! ,glass ,tube ,det]m9$ by ,m',,b]ty1 ,p9-hole ,images4 ,,p]r9 #aab;a4 ,anode ,?\ght to be ! ,s\rce4 ,cause ,,de ,,he5 ( ,error ,sugge/$4 #aac4 ,p9-hole ,pictures by ,x-rays ,comp>$ ,,lodge ) ,p9-hole ,images by ,light to ,det]m9e ! ,s\rce4 ,x-rays ,mo/ ,p[]ful :5 ! ,anode is ! ,"p ,/ruck by ! ,ca?ode ,rays4 #aad4 ,valuable ,po9ts ,conc]n+ ,electrical ,,lodge ,app>atus ,employ$4 #aae4 ,x-rays ,equally ,/rong dur+ ,fatigue ( ,,lodge ,glass by ,phosphoresc5ce4 #aaf4 ,area ,/ruck by ,ca?ode ,rays ,only an ,,r[l&1 ,effici5t ,s\rce :5 ,positively ,,c>mi*ael1 ,electrifi$4 & ,,briggs #aag4 ,transposition ( ,phosphoresc5t ,spot ,,salvioni1 & ( ,ca?ode ,rays )\t a ,magnet4 ,,el/]1 ,,geitel1 & ,,tesla #aag;a4 ,molecul> ,sciagraphs 9 a ,vacuum ,tube4 ,,hamm] & ,,flem+ ,,*apt] ,x4 #aah4 ,x-rays ,beg9 be=e ,/ri ,end4 ,,edison & ,,?omson1 ,e4 #aai4 ,reason :y ,?9 ,walls are ,bett] ?an ,,edison ,?ick4 #abj4 ,to ,prev5t ,puncture ( ,dis*>ge ,tube ,,edison by ,sp>k4 #aba4 ,v>iation ( ,vacuum by ,dis*>ge & by ,,edison ,re/4 #abb4 ,ext]nal ,electrodes ,cause ,dis*>ge ,,edison ?r\gh a ,high] ,vacuum ?an ,int]nal4 #abc4 ,pr(use ,invisible ,deposit f ,alum9um ,,edison & ,ca?ode4 ,,mill] #abd4 ,possible ,application ( ,x-rays4 ,,edison & ,fluoresc5t ,lamp4 ,,f]ranti #abd;a4 ,great] 787 ,emission ( ,x-rays by ,,pilt*ik(f ,easily ,phosphoresc5t ,mat]ials4 #abe4 ,electrodes ( ,c>borundum4 ,,edison #abf4 ,*emical ,decomposition ( ! ,glass ( ,,edison ! ,dis*>ge ,tube ,detect$ by ! ,spectroscope4 #abg4 ,sciagraphs4 ,duration ( ,exposure ,,edison ,dep5d5t ^u ,di/ances4 #abh4 ,diff]5ces betwe5 ,x-rays & ,light ,,edison1 ,,fro/1 ,illu/rat$ by ,diff]5t ,photographic ,,*app91 ,plates4 ,times ( ,exposure4 ,,imb]t1 ,,b]t9-,,sans1 & ,,mesl9 #abh;a4 ,,georges ,,mesl9s ,,insur$ ,a ,,r$uction ,,( ,,"t ,,= ,,tak+ ,,sciagraphs ,,by ,,! ,,deflection ,,( ,,! ,,ca?ode ,,rays ,,by ,,means ,,( ,a ,,magnetic ,,field #abi4 ,size ( ,dis*>ge ,tube to ,employ = ,,edison ,giv5 ,app>atus4 #acj4 ,prev5t+ ,puncture at ! ,,edison ,phosphoresc5t ,spot4 #aca4 ,in/ruction ,reg>d+ ! ,electrical ,,edison & ,app>atus4 ,,pup9 #acb4 ,salts ,fluoresc5t by ,x-rays4 #ahjj ,,edison ,*emicals ,te/$4 #acc4 ,x-rays ,app>5tly ,pass$ ar\nd a ,,edison1 ,,elihu ,corn]4 ,!oretical ,consid]ation by ,,?omson1 ,himself & ,o!rs4 ,,an?ony1 et al4 #acd4 ,p]meability ( ,diff]5t ,sub/ances to ,,edison & ,x-rays4 ,a ,li/ ( a ,v>iety ( ,,t]ry ,mat]ials4 #acd;a4 ,illu/ration ( ,p5etrat+ ,p[] ( ,,hodges ,light4 #ace4 ,p5etrat+ ,p[] ( ,x-rays ,increas$ ,,edison by ,r$uction ( ,temp]ature4 ,tube ,imm]s$ 9 ,oil1 & ! ,oil ,vessel 9 ,ice4 ,x-rays ,transmitt$ ?r\gh ,/eel #a_/h 94 ,?ick4 #acf4 ,x-rays ,n ,obta9able f ,o!r ,,edison1 ,,r[l&1 ,s\rces ?an ,dis*>ge ,tube4 et al4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 #acg4 ,k9d ( ,electrical ,app>atus = ,,tesla & ,op]at+ ,dis*>ge ,tube = ,p[]ful ,,%all5b]g] ,x-rays4 #ach4 ,h[ to ,ma9ta9 ! ,phosphoresc5t ,spot ,,tesla ,cool4 #aci4 ,expulsion ( ,mat]ial ,p>ticles ?r\gh ,,tesla ! ,walls ( a ,dis*>ge ,tube4 #aci;a4 ,giv+ to ,x-rays ! ,prop]ty ( ,be+ ,,lafay & ,deflect$ by a ,magnet4 ,,lodge #aci;b4 ,p5etration ( ,molecules into ! ,glass ,,g\y ( ! ,dis*>ge ,tube4 #adj4 ,vacuum ,tubes ,surr\nd$ by a ,violet ,,tesla & ,halo4 ,,hamm] #ada4 ,an/hetic ,prop]ties ( ,x-rays4 ,,tesla & ,,edison #adb4 ,sciagraphs ( ,hair1 ,fur1 etc41 by ,,tesla1 ,,morton1 & ,x-rays4 ,pulsation ( ,heat detect$4 & ,,norton #adb;a4 #adc4 ,propagation ( ,x-rays ?r\gh ,air to ,,tesla ,di/ances ( #fj ft4 #add4 ,x-rays ) ,mod]ate ,vacuum & ,high ,,tesla ,pot5tial4 #ade4 ,detail$ ,con/ruction & ,use ( ,s+le ,,tesla ,electrode ,dis*>ge ,tubes = ,g5]at+ ,x-rays4 #adf4 ,p]c5tage ( ,reflection4 ,,tesla & ,,rood #adf;a4 ,reflect$ & ,transmitt$ ,rays ,,tesla ,comp>$4 ,practical ,application ( ,reflection 9 ,sciagraphy4 ,analogy betwe5 ,reflect+ ,p[] ( ,metals & _! ,position 9 ! ,electro-positive ,s]ies4 #adg4 ,dis*>ge ,tube ,imm]s$ 9 ,oil4 ,rays ,,tesla ,transmitt$ ?r\gh ,iron1 ,copp]1 & ,brass1 #a_/d 94 ,?ick4 #adh4 ,bodies ,n ,made ,conductors :5 ,/ruck ,,tesla by ,x-rays4 #adi4 ,non-conductors ,made ,conductors by a ,,appley>d ,curr5t4 #adi;a4 ,appley>d's ,exp]im5t4 ,non-conductors ,made ,conductors by ,curr5t4 #aej4 ,electrical ,resi/ance ( ,bodies ,l[]$ ,,m9*9 by ! ,action ( ,electro-magnetic ,waves4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 #aea4 ,sciagraphic ,plates ,comb9$ ) ,,pup91 ,fluoresc5t ,salts4 ,,sw9ton1 & ,,h5ry4 #aeb4 ,p5etrat+ ,p[] ( ,x-rays ,v>ies ) ,,?ompson1 ,s4 ! ,vacuum4 ,p4 #aec4 ,r$uction ( ,contact ,pot5tial ( ,,murray ,metals by ,x-rays4 #aed4 ,transp>5cies ( ,objects to ,x-rays ,n ,,nodon1 ,influ5c$ by ! ,color4 ,detect$ by ,,lumi,,re1 ,simultane\s ,photographic ,,bleun>d1 & ,impressions4 ,,labesse #aee4 ,*lor9e1 ,iod9e1 ,sulphur1 & ,,meslans1 ,phosphorus ,comb9$ ) ,organic ,,bleun>d1 & ,mat]ials ,increase ,opacity4 ,,labesse #aef4 ,application ( ,x-rays to ,di/+ui% ,,buquet1 ,diamonds & ,jet f ,imitations4 ,,gasc>d1 & ,,?ompson1 ,s4 ,p4 #aeg4 ,inactive ,dis*>ge ,tubes ,made ,lum9\s ,,duf\r by ,x-rays4 #aeh4 ,non-refraction 9 a ,vacuum4 ,,beaul>d #aei4 ,bas-relief ,sciagraphs by ,x-rays4 ,,c>p5ti] & ,,mill] #afj4 ,transp>5cy ( ,eye ,det]m9$ by ,,wuillom5et ,sciagraph ( ,bullet ,!re94 #afa4 ,m9]al ,sub/ances ,detect$ 9 ,,ranwez ,vegetable & ,animal ,products4 #afb4 ,h]tz ,waves & ,ro5tg5 ,rays ,n ,,err]a ,id5tical4 #afc4 ,non-me*anical ,action by ,x-rays ,,goss>t ,det]m9$ by ! ,radiomet]4 #afd4 ,x-rays )9 ,dis*>ge ,tube4 ,,battelli #afe4 ,comb9$ ,cam]a & ,sciascope4 ,,bley] #aff4 ,non-pol>ization ( ,x-rays4 ,,?ompson1 ,s4 ,p41 ,,mac9tyre #afg4 ,diffuse ,reflection4 ,du/ ,figures ,,?ompson1 ,s4 ,indirectly by ,x-rays4 ,p4 #afh4 ,cont9uation ( ,exp]im5ts 9 #aac4 ,,lodge #afi4 ,!rmopile ,in]t to ,x-rays4 ,,port] #agj4 ,non-diffraction ( ,x-rays4 ,,magie #aga4 ,resi/ance ( ,sel5ium ,r$uc$ by ,,giltay & ,x-rays4 ,,haga ,total numb] ( sections to ?is place1 #aii4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 #bjj4 ,ne$le ,locat$ by ,x-rays & !n ,,hog>? ,remov$4 #bja4 ,ne$le ,locat$ at ,scalpel by ,x-rays & ,,sav>y !n ,remov$4 #bjb4 ,diagnosis ) ,fluoresc5t ,scre54 ,,r5ton & ,,som]ville #bjc4 ,bullet ,locat$ by ,five ,sciagraphs4 ,,mill] #bjd4 ,bones 9 ,apposition ,discov]$ by ,,mill] ,x-rays & aft]w>d ,rem$i$ by ,op]ation4 ,o!r ,cases4 #bjd;a4 ,necrosis4 ,,mill] #bje4 ,application ( ,x-rays 9 ,d5ti/ry4 ,,morton #bjf4 ,elem5ts ( ! ,?orax4 ,,morton #bjg4 ,a ,colles' ,fracture ,detect$ by ,x-rays4 ,,morton #bjh4 ,motions ( ,liv]1 ,outl9es ( ,sple51 ,,morton & & ,tub]culosis ,indicat$4 ,,williams #bji4 ,o/eomyelitis di/+ui%$ f ,,lannelongue1 ,p]io/itis4 ,,b>!lemy1 & ,,oud94 #baj4 ,conclud+ ,miscellane\s ,exp]im5ts ,,a%hur/1 ,relat+ to ,simil> ,applications ( ,,pack>d1 ,x-rays4 ,m,,ll]1 ,,ke51 & ,,morton1 ,t4 ,g4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,!oretical ,consid]ations1 ,argum5ts1 & ,k9dr$ ,,an?ony ,radiations4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,introduction4 ------- ,! new =m ( en]gy1 = :i* !re are two names--to wit1 ! ,ro5tg5 ray & ! ,x-ray--is radiat$ f a highly exhau/$ dis*>ge tube1 :i* may be en]giz$ by an induction coil or o!r suitable electrical app>atus1 su* z a ,holtz or a ,wim%ur/ electrical ma*9e4 #ajf4 ,! pr9ciple und]ly+ ! con/ruction ( ! usual induction 7or ,ruhmkorff7 coil is disclos$ 9 ! subject-matt] ( #a1 #b1 & #c1 & is repres5t$ 9 diagram 9 ,figs4 #a & #b on page #ag4 ,x w\ld be well = ! amateur or g5]al sci5tific read] to /udy ^! sections c>efully1 = !n he w h all ! k t is necess>y = und]/&+ ! app>atus by :i* ! dis*>ge tube is en]giz$4 ,( c\rse1 he w n compreh5d ! v>i\s me*anical details1 nor ! _m electrical & ma!matical relations exi/+ 9 connection ) an induction coil1 b he w ga9 suffici5t k to appreciate :at is int5d$ :5 su* a device is ref]r$ to "h & !re ?r\gh\t ! book4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,f>aday1 ,page1 & ,fizeau induction coils ( v l>ge dim5sions h be5 con/ruct$1 b none ( !m probably ev] exce$$ t built by ,spottiswoode1 dur+ or ab\t #ahge1 :i* 0 s p[]ful z to produce betwe5 ! two electric t]m9als1 9 op5 air1 a sp>k ( #db 94 9 ! second>y curr5t ) only #cj small galvanic cells ( ! ,grove type 9 ! prim>y circuit4 ,! cells are seldom us$ 9 ?is connection at ! pres5t "t1 ! same be+ replac$ by ! dynamo1 & ! curr5t be+ conv5i5tly obta9$ f ! regul> inc&esc5t-lamp circuit :i* may be f\nd 9 almo/ any city4 ,^?1 !re=e1 :o int5d to become bett] acqua9t$ ) ! details ( ! electrical app>atus %\ld /udy 9 conjunction ) ?is book "s elem5t>y treatise relat+ p>ticul>ly to dynamos & electric curr5ts4 ,! ess5tial elem5t 9 connection ) ! g5]ation ( ,x-rays is n ! coil nor ! dynamo1 b ! electric dis*>ge1 especially :5 occurr+ )9 a r>efi$ atmosph]e1 provid$ )9 a glass bulb1 call$ ! dis*>ge tube ?r\gh\t ! book1 b :i* has usually be5 call$ by diff]5t names1 = example1 ! receiv] ( an air pump1 or a ,geissl] tube1 :5 ! air is n v highly exhau/$1 or a ,crookes tube 7see picture at #abc7 :5 ! vacuum is def9itely mu* high] by way ( contra/4 ,x has also be5 call$ a ,hittorff tube1 ! ,l5>d tube1 & by sev]al o!r names1 accord+ to its peculi> *>act]i/ics4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,head4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,brok5 ,,arm1 ,,ov]lapp+4 7,due to defective sett+47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,ribs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,knee1 ,,knick]bock] ,,buttons1 ,,bullet ,,9 ,,femur4 ,,f ,,sciagraphs ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,dayton ,c4 ,,mill]4 #bjd4 ,= ^? :o are n acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( ! electric *>ge & dis*>ge1 nor ) ! peculi> & exce$+ly int]e/+ ph5om5a :i* v>i\s inve/igators h discov]$ f "t to "t1 nor ) ! v>iety ( effects accord+ to ! nature & ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e )9 ! glass bulb1 x is exce$+ly difficult to und]/& ) any degree ( satisfaction ! prop]ties1 pr9ciples1 laws1 !ories1 & mann] ( application ( ca?ode & ,x-rays4 ,consequ5tly1 ! great] "p ( ! book treats ( ! electric *>ge & dis*>ge 9 conjunction ) c]ta9 k9dr$ ph5om5a4 ,prim>ily1 ! mean+ ( ! electric dis*>ge may be d]iv$ by ref]r+ to ,fig4 #b1 page #ag1 :]e !re is %[n an electric sp>k1 indicat$ by radial l9es betwe5 ! t]m9als ( a f9e wire =m+ ! long & f9e coil or second>y circuit4 ,imag9e t ! wires are at great di/ances ap>t4 ,let !m be br\ght clos] & clos] toge!r4 ,by suitable te/s x w be f\nd1 = example1 t no curr5t passes ?r\gh ! wire1 b :5 ! po9ts are br\ght suffici5tly close toge!r a sp>k w occur betwe5 ! two t]m9als4 #b4 ,sometimes in/ead ( :at is und]/ood z a sp>k1 a bru% or gl[ takes place 7 #aj & #aa71 & 9 fact a num]\s v>iety ( effects occur1 a g5]al "n = all be+ conv5i5tly t]m$ an electric dis*>ge4 ,ev5 if no sudd5 dis*>ge takes place1 yet1 z :5 ! t]m9als are f> ap>t1 !re may be a *>ge or a t5d5cy1 or1 z x is te*nically call$1 a diff]5ce ( pot5tial1 betwe5 ! two electrodes1 "o ( :i* is ! ca?ode & ! o!r ! anode4 ,?is is comp>able to a weight ^u "o's h&1 t5d+ cont9ually to fall1 & always ex]t+ a pressure1 & x w fall :5 ! h& is sudd5ly remov$4 ,?is is 9 ! nature m ( an analogy ?an ( an exact correspond5ce4 ,a dis*>ge ?r\gh op5 air1 :ile adapt$ to produce a great _m curi\s z well z useful effects1 does n act z a g5]ator ( ,x-rays4 #acf4 ,ano!r class ( ph5om5a is obta9able by exhau/+ ! air to a c]ta9 ext5t f a dis*>ge tube1 !reby obta9+ :at is usually call$ a l[ vacuum4 ,su* bulbs h be5 call$ ,geissl] tubes4 ,nei!r c ,x-rays be g5]at$ !refrom to any practicable ext5t1 b only feebly if at all4 #aah4 ,hittorff1 ,v>ley 7 #fa;a71 ,crookes 7 #ec to #fa1 inclusive71 7 ! fir/ to discov] & /udy ! diff]5t ph5om5a t are obta9$ by dim9i%+ ! pressure )9 ! dis*>ge tube to a decrem5t ( sev]al ?\s& million?s ( an atmosph]e4 ,?is w expla9 :y s _m allusions h be5 made to ! ,crookes tube1 = :5 ! electric dis*>ge is caus$ to take place 9 su* a high vacuum ,x-rays are propagat$ 9 full /r5g?4 ,^u ! fir/ ann\ncem5t ( ! discov]y1 electricians1 em95t & o!rwise1 7 ( "o m9d 9 assum+ ! possibility ( obta9+ ,ro5tg5 rays f o!r s\rces ?an t ( ! highly evacuat$ dis*>ge tube4 ,in/ead ( speculat+ & !oriz+1 ho/s ( crucial te/s 7 in/itut$1 result+ negatively1 & x is n[ safe to conclude t ! electric dis*>ge is ! only prim>y s\rce1 & x is reasonably safe to ass]t t ! dis*>ge mu/ take place )9 a highly evacuat$ enclosure4 ,! next /age ( exhau/ion1 ( no advantage to be consid]$1 is t at :i* no dis*>ge takes place 7 #be71 & nei!r are any ,ro5tg5 rays propagat$ !refrom4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,i ------- #a4 ,,f>aday',s ,,exp]im5t1 #ahca4 ,,second>y ,,curr5t ,,by ,,induction4 ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es1 ,proc4 ,royal4 ,s4 #ahda4--;,9 brief1 ! exp]im5t involv$ ! elem5ts illu/rat$ 9 ! accompany+ diagram1 ,fig4 #a1 p4 #ag2 a r+ made ( iron2 ^u ! r+1 two coils ( copp] wire1 suitably insulat$ f ea* o!r & f ! iron2 a galvanomet] includ$ 9 circuit ) "o coil1 & an electric batt]y ( t5 cells plac$ 9 circuit ) ! o!r coil4 ,he f\nd t ^u break+ or complet+ connection ) ! batt]y1 ! ne$le 0 p[]fully deflect$4 ,)\t ent]+ into fur!r detail1 x is important1 h[ev]1 to notice t he did n p]=m any exp]im5ts t5d+ to e/abli% ! pr9ciple ( increase ( ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 by mak+ ! v slight *ange n[ kn[n to be necess>y4 #b4 #b4 ,,page',s ,,exp]im5t1 #ahch4 ,,electric ,,sp>k ,,by ,,induc$ ,,curr5t4 ,pyn*on1 p4 #dbg4 ,dr4 ,page p]=m$ an exp]im5t 9 :i* ! prim>y coil 0 b a few feet 9 l5g?1 :ile ! second>y coil 0 #cbj ft4 ,he includ$1 9 ! prim>y circuit1 only a few cells ( batt]y4 ,! mann] 9 :i* he fir/ caus$ rapid int]ruptions ( ! circuit ( ! prim>y coil 0 by ! use ( :at may be call$ a co>se file1 ,fig4 #b1 p4 #ag4 ,he discov]$ t ! ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 dur+ ! rapid int]ruption 0 s mu* increas$ ov] t ( ! small batt]y1 t an electric sp>k w\ld pass betwe5 ! second>y t]m9als )\t fir/ br++ !m into contact ) ea* o!r4 #f4 ,! result ( ^! exp]im5ts 0 n only ! g5]ation ( a curr5t ( high ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 f a g5]ator ( l[ ,e4 ,m4 ,f41 b also a curr5t ( great quantity z comp>$ ) curr5ts obta9$ f frictional & influ5ce ma*9es1 ^: complete hi/ory is f\nd 9 ,masc>t's "w on ,electricity4 #c4 ,,fizeau',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,sp>k ,,9 ,,second>y ,,increas$ ,,by ,,cond5s] ,,9 ,,prim>y1 #ahec4 ,pyn*on1 p4 #def4--;,he connect$ ! plates ( a cond5s] respectively to ! t]m9als ( an automatic circuit break] 9 ! prim>y circuit1 & notic$ t ! sp>ks betwe5 ! two t]m9als ( ! int]rupt] produc$ by ! self-induc$ curr5t 7 greatly dim9i%$1 :ile ^? ( ! second>y coil 7 ab\t d\ble 9 l5g?4 ,s9ce t "t x has be5 univ]sally cu/om>y to equip induction coils ) cond5s]s 9 l mann]4 #d4 ,,v9c5t9i',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,condition ,,( ,a ,,gas ,,ar\nd ,a ,,live ,,wire4 ,nuovo ,cim5to1 ,vol4 ,,xxxvi41 ,no4 #c4 ,nature1 ,lon41 ,m>* #bh1 '#ie1 p4 #ead4 ,! ,elect41 ,lon41 ,feb4 #h1 '#ie1 p4 #dcc4 ,g4 ,v9c5t9i & ,m4 ,c9elli f\nd t ! molecules ( a gas at & ne> ! surface ( a plat9um wire1 r5d]$ inc&esc5t by a curr5t1 are electrifi$1 & t ) hydrog5 _! pot5tial is ab\t 4#jbe volt above ! mean pot5tial ( ! wire4 ,) air & c>bonic acid gas ! increm5t is ab\t #a volt4 ,! app>atus1 ,fig4 ,,ii41 consi/s ess5tially ( means = pass+ a curr5t along a plat9um wire1 a bulb = prev5t+ draughts1 & an electromet] hav+ a plat9um disc electrode t c\ld be adju/$ to diff]5t positions4 ,x 0 noticeable t ! electrification did n rea* a maximum in/antane\sly ^u clos+ ! curr5t ?r\gh ! wire1 b ! "t 0 less at po9ts bel[ ! wire ?an above4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ii #e4 ,,h5ry',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,magnetiz+ ,,radiations ,,f ,,an ,,electric ,,sp>k4 ,proc4 ,int]4 ,elect4 ,cong41 #ahic1 p4 #aai4 ,preece allud$ to ,pr(4 ,h5ry's orig9al exp]im5t illu/rat+ ! action ( an electric dis*>ge #b at a di/ance4 ,he plac$ a ne$le 9 ! cell>4 ,disruptive dis*>ges ( a ,leyd5 j> at #cj ft4 di/ant1 9 an upp] room1 produc$ a magnetic effect ^u ! ne$le4 #f4 ,,f>aday',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,arc ,,ma9ta9$ ,,by ,,c]ta9 ,,metallic ,,electrodes ,,at ,,l[ ,,voltage4 ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es4 ,phil4 ,trans41 ,se4 ,,ix41 ,dec41 #ahid4 #ajg4 to #ajgh4 ,! g5]ator employ$ 9 ?is exp]im5t consi/$ ( a few cells ( a *emical batt]y1 & he obta9$1 :at he call$1 a voltaic sp>k4 ,he obs]v$ t :5 ! two t]m9als t\*$ ea* o!r1 a burn+ took place & an appe>ance z if ! sp>k 7 pass+ on mak+ ! contact1 ! t]m9als be+ po9t$ & =m$ ( metal4 ,:5 m]cury 0 ! t]m9al1 ! lum9osity ( ! sp>k 0 mu* great] ?an ) plat9um or gold1 al?\gh ! same quantity ( curr5t pass$ 9 bo? cases4 ,he attribut$ ! diff]5ce to a great] am\nt ( combu/ion 9 ! case ( m]cury1 ?an 9 ^? ( gold & plat9um4 ,he obta9$ almo/ a cont9u\s sp>k by br++ d[n a po9t$ copp] wire to ! surface ( m]cury & )draw+ x slightly4 ,:eat/one1 9 #ahce1 analys$ ! light ( sp>ks1 & f\nd !m to be s *>act]i/ic t by means ( ! prism & ! spectra =m$1 ! metal c\ld be kn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,iii #g4 ,,wurts',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,non-,,arc+ ,,metals ,,at ,,high ,,voltage4 ,trans4 ,am]4 ,in/4 ,elect4 ,eng4 ,m>* #ae1 #ahib4 ,ann4 ,*em4 ,ph>4 ,sup4 ,,vii1 #ced & ,,viii1 #acc4 ,*em4 ,news1 ,,vii1 #gj2 ,x1 #ei1 & ,,xxxii1 #ba1 #abi4--,m5delejeff & ,mey] discov]$ t *emical elem5ts occur 9 natural gr\ps by a pr9ciple :i* !y t]m$ ! p]iodic law4 ,"o ( ^! gr\ps includes z9c1 cadmium1 m]cury & magnesium2 & ano!r gr\p1 antimony1 bismu?1 phosphorus & ars5ic4 ,alex4 ,j4 ,wurts1 ( ! ,we/+h\se ,electric ,co4 f\nd t ! metals ( ^! gr\ps are non-arc+1 by :i* he means t ) an alt]nat+ curr5t dynamo ( a ?\s& or m volts1 & ) ! said metals z electrodes 9 ! air only j escap+ ea* o!r1 x is impossible to ma9ta9 an arc z 9 ! case ( an ord9>y arc lamp hav+ c>bon electrodes or 9 a lightn+ arre/] usually hav+ copp] electrodes4 ,he sugge/$ & !oriz$ t c]ta9 *emical reactions s]v$ to expla9 ! ph5om5a4 ,) l[ voltage--z #ejj1 ! arc 0 ma9ta9$ betwe5 all metals4 #f4 ,a two pole lightn+ arre/] is %[n 9 ,fig4 ,,iii ,! arc =m$1 ceas$ in/antly4 ,"o ( ! be/ metals = practical use is an alloy ( #a_/b z9c & #a_/b antimony1 or any metal electroplat$ ) a non-arc+ metal4 ,fre$man obs]v$ a critical po9t ) electrodes ( brass4 ,! curr5t 0 gradually r$uc$ until ! arc became l ! dis*>ge ( a ,holtz ma*9e ^: cond5s]s h be5 disconnect$4 ,see ,elect4 ,p[]1 ,n4,y41 ,feb4 #ahif1 p4 #aai4 #h4 ,,:eat/one',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,duration ,,( ,,sp>k4 ,phil4 ,tran4 #ahcd4--,! %ort duration ( an electric sp>k produc$ by a s+le disruptive dis*>ge is easily made app>5t by a rapidly rotat+ disc1 hav+ radial sectional areas ( diff]5t colors4 ,) reflect$ sunlight1 ! colors seem to bl5d into "o t9t ^u ! pr9ciple ( ! p]si/5ce ( vision2 7,see ,swa9's exp]im5t4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,s4 ,ed94 '#di & '#fa472 b :5 view$ by ! fla% ( a sp>k1 ! colors are se5 z di/9ctly sep>at$ z if ! disc 7 at re/4 ,by calculation1 bas$ directly ^u a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 he f\nd ! duration ( ! sp>k to be ab\t 4#jjjjdb sec4 ,x 0 discov]$ also1 by ! rotat+ mirror1 t ! app>5tly s+le sp>k 0 compos$ ( sev]al foll[+ ea* o!r 9 quick succession1 & he conclud$ t ! curr5t dur+ ! dis*>ge 0 int]mitt5t4 ,he consid]$ ea* ( ! divisions ( ! sp>k z an electric dis*>ge4 ,pr(4 ,ni*ols1 ( ,cornell ,univ]sity1 & ,mc,kittrick obta9$ curves indicat+ ! v>iation ( ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 dur+ ! exi/5ce ( a sp>k4 ,trans4 ,am]4 ,in/4 ,elect4 ,eng4 ,may #bj1 '#if4 #h;a4 ,f$d]s51 :o us$ a ,leyd5 j>1 modifi$ ! exp]im5t by hav+ high resi/ances 9 ! circuit ?r\gh :i* ! *>ge 0 effect$4 ,! duration ( ! sp>k 0 f\nd to be increas$4 ,9 "o exp]im5t1 he employ$ a sl5d] column ( wat] z ! resi/ance1 #i mm4 9 l5g?4 ,! sp>k endur$ 4#jjad second4 ,) a tube ( wat] #ahj mm4 ! duration 0 4#jahc second4 ,he notic$ also t ! duration increases directly ) ! /rik+ di/ance & ) ! electrical dim5sions ( ! electrical g5]ator4 ,by v>y+ ! resi/ance ( ! circuit1 he f\nd z x became less1 ! dis*>ge 0 int]mitt5t1 :5 fur!r r$uc$1 cont9u\s1 7difficult to obta97 #aa & :5 v small1 oscillatory--i4e41 alt]nately 9 opposite directions4 #i4 ,,f>aday',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,bru% ,,dis*>ge ,,s\nd4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,jan4 #ahcg4 ,se4 ,,xii4--,! bru% dis*>ge 0 caus$ to occur1 9 8 exp]im5ts1 g5]ally f a small ball ab\t 4#g ( an in* 9 diamet]1 at ! end ( a long brass rod1 act+ z ! anode4 ,) small] balls he notic$ t ! pit* ( ! s\nd produc$ 0 s mu* high] z to produce a di/9ct musical note1 & he sugge/$ t ! note c\ld be employ$ z a means ( c\nt+ ! numb] ( int]missions p] second4 ,see ,may]'s book on 8,s\nd0 #gg1 on measur+ numb] ( vibrations 9 a musical note4 #i;a4 ,^u br++ ! h& t[>d ! bru% ! pit* increas$4 #di4 ,) /ill small] balls & po9ts1 9 :i* case ! bru% c\ld h>dly be di/+ui%able1 ! s\nd 0 n he>d4 ,he allud$ to ! rotat+ mirror ( ,:eat/one z becom+ n only useful b necess>y at ?is /age4 ,he consid]$ ! bru% z ! =m ( dis*>ge betwe5 ! contact & ! air or else "s o!r non or semi-conductor1 b g5]ally betwe5 ! conductor & ! walls ( ! room or o!r objects :i* are ne>e/ ! electrodes1 ! air act+ z ! dielectric4 ,"o exp]im5t1 he p]=m$ ) hydro*loric acid l$ him to believe t t p>ticul> gas p]mitt$ ( a d>k or invisible dis*>ge4 ,sometimes ! air 0 electrically *>g$ #d to a less di/ance ?an ! l5g? ( ! bru% or light4 #aj4 ,,bru% ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,gases4 ,,/riae ,,ca?ode ,,bru%es4 ,9 ! air1 at ! ord9>y pressure he f\nd ! color to be 8purple20 :5 r>efi$ /ill m purple1 & !n approa*+ to rose2 9 oxyg51 at ! ord9>y pressure1 a dull :ite2 :5 r>efi$1 8purple20 & ) nitrog51 ! color 0 p>ticul>ly easily obta9$ at ! anode1 & :5 nitrog5 0 r>efi$ ! effect 0 magnific5t4 ,! quantity ( light 0 great] ?an ) any o!r gas t he tri$4 ,hydrog51 z to its effect1 fell betwe5 nitrog5 & oxyg54 ,! color 0 gre5i% grey at ! ord9>y pressure & also at great r>ity4 ,! /riae 7 v f9e 9 =m & di/9ctness1 pale 9 color & velvety 9 appe>ance1 b n z beautiful z ^? 9 hydrog54 ,) coal gas1 ! bru%es 7 n easily produc$4 ,!y 7 %ort & /rong & g5]ally gre51 & m l an ord9>y sp>k4 ,! light 0 poor & r grey4 ,also 9 c>bonic acid gas ! bru% 0 crudely =m$ at ! ord9>y pressure z to ! size1 light & color4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! dis*>ge 9 ?is case 0 always t[>ds ! =mation ( ! sp>k z di/+ui%$ f ! bru%4 ,:5 r>efi$1 ! light 0 weak1 b ! bru% 0 bett] 9 =m & gre5i% to purple1 v>y+ ) ! pressure & o!r circum/ances4 ,z to hydro*loric acid1 x 0 difficult to obta9 a bru% at ! ord9>y pressure4 ,he tri$ all k9ds ( rods1 balls & po9ts1 & :ile c>ry+ on all ^! exp]im5ts he kept two o!r electrodes out 9 ! air = comp>ison1 & :ile he c\ld n obta9 any satisfactory bru% 9 ! hydro*loric acid gas1 !re 7 simultane\sly beautiful bru%es 9 ! air4 ,9 ! r>efi$ gas1 he obta9$ /riae ( a blue color4 ,he comp>$ ! appe>ances also ( ! anode & ca?ode bru%es 9 diff]5t gases at diff]5t pressures4 ,he notic$ t 9 air1 ! sup]iority ( ! anode bru% 0 n v m>k$ 7 #da at end47 ,9 nitrog51 ?is sup]iority 0 great] yet4 ,a l9e ( !ory ran ?r\gh ,f>aday's m9d 9 connection ) all ^! exp]im5ts1 :]eby he held t !re is 8,a direct relation ( ! electric =ces ) ! molecules ( ! matt] conc]n$ 9 ! action40 #dg4 ,he made a practical application ( ! pr9ciples 9 ! explanation ( lightn+1 because nitrog5 gas =ms #d_/e ( ! atmosph]e1 & z ! dis*>ge takes place !re9 s easily4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,magnetographs ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,mckay4 p4 #be4 #a4 ,plat9um wire4 #b4 ,copp] gauze4 #c4 ,iron gauze4 #d4 ,t9foil4 #e4 ,gold-foil4 #f4 ,brass protractor4 #g4 ,silv] co94 #h4 ,plat9um-foil4 #i4 ,brass4 #aj4 ,lead-foil4 #aa4 ,alum9um4 #ab4 ,magnesium ribbon4 #ac4 ,copp] objects4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,sciagraph ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,objects4 p4 #acj4 ,by ,pr(4 ,t]ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,naval ,academy4 #aa4 ,,gl[ ,,by ,,dis*>ge4 ,,gl[ ,,*ang$ ,,to ,,sp>k4 ,,motion ,,( ,,air4 ,,cont9u\s ,,dis*>ge ,,dur+ ,,gl[4 ,! gl[ 0 mo/ easily obta9$ 9 r>efi$ air4 ,! electrodes 7 ( metal rods ab\t 4#b ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,he also obta9$ a gl[ 9 ! op5 air by means ( "o or bo? ( ! small rods4 ,he notic$ "s peculi>ities ( ! gl[4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x occurr$ 9 all gases & slightly 9 oil ( turp5t9e4 ,x 0 accompani$ by a motion ( ! gas1 ei!r directly f ! light or t[>ds x4 ,he 0 unable to analyze ! gl[ into visible elem5t>y int]mitt5t dis*>ges1 nor c\ld he obta9 any evid5ce ( su* an int]mitt5t action1 #h;a4 ,no s\nd 0 produc$ ev5 9 op5 air4 #i4 ,he 0 able to *ange ! bru% into a gl[ by aid+ ! =mation ( a curr5t ( air at ! extremity ( ! rod4 ,he also *ang$ ! gl[ into a bru% by a curr5t ( air1 or by influ5c+ ! inductive action ne> ! gl[4 ,! pres5tation ( a %>p po9t assi/$ 9 su/a9+ or sometimes ev5 9 produc+ ! gl[2 s also did r>efaction ( ! air4 ,! cond5sation ( ! air1 or ! approa* ( a l>ge surface t5d$ to *ange ! gl[ into a bru%1 & sometimes into a sp>k4 ,greas+ ! end ( ! wire caus$ ! gl[ to *ange into a bru%4 #ab4 ,,lull9',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,sp>k4 ,,p5etrat+ ,,p[]4 ,,passage ,,?r\gh ,,solids4 ,encyclo4 ,brit4 ,article ,electricity4 ,he plac$ a piece ( c>dbo>d betwe5 two electrodes & discov]$ t a sp>k p5etrat$ ! mat]ial & left a hole ) burnt edges4 ,:5 ! electrodes 7 n exactly opposite ea* o!r1 ! p]=ation occurr$ 9 ! neighborhood ( ! negative pole4 ,lat] exp]im5ts h %[n t a glass plate1 #e or #f cm4 9 ?ickness1 c be punctur$ by ! sp>k ( a l>ge induction coil4 ,! plate %\ld be l>ge en\gh to prev5t ! sp>k f go+ ar\nd ! edges4 ,! sp>k is incl9$1 also1 to spread ov] ! surface ( ! glass in/ead ( pi]c+ x1 #bd4 ,glass has be5 crack$ by ! sp>k 9 "s exp]im5ts4 #ac4 ,,fage',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,sp>k4 ,,p5etrat+ ,,glass4 ,,holes ,,close ,,toge!r4 ,,practical ,,application4 ,la ,nature1 #ahgi4 ,nature1 ,dec4 #bf1 #ahgi1 p4 #ahi4 ,! l5g? ( ! sp>k f ! second>y coil 9 air 0 #ab cm4 ,"o t]m9al ( ! second>y pass$ ?r\gh an ebonite plate 7#ah cm4 #ab7 & t\*$ ! glass4 ,olive oil 0 spread ar\nd said t]m9al 7 #aa at end71 & s]v$ to insulate ! same4 ,oil dielectric 9 ?is connection orig9ally employ$ at lea/ prior to #ahgj4 ,rememb]$ by ,pr(4 ,an?ony z f> back z #ahgb1 :o (t5 p]=m$ ! exp]im5t accord+ to in/ructions conta9$ 9 a publication4 ,! o!r t]m9al ( ! second>y coil 0 br\ght aga9/ ! glass opposite ! fir/ t]m9al4 ,! sp>k 0 !n pass$ & ! glass p]=at$1 #ab4 ,by pu%+ ! glass along to successive positions & pass+ ! sp>k at ea* movem5t1 holes c\ld be made v close toge!r4 ,9 ,nature1 ( #ahif1 ! au?or notic$ t c]ta9 manufactur]s 7 introduc+ glass p]=at$ ) invisible holes to be us$ = w9d[s z a means ( v5tilation )\t /rong draughts4 ,p]haps ! f9e holes 7 made by means ( ! electric sp>k4 #ad4 ,,kno*5haur]',s ,,exp]im5ts4 ,,conduct+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,gas4 ,,sp>k4 ,,p5etrat+ ,,p[]4 ,,relation ,,( ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 ,,to ,,pressure ,,( ,,gas4 #ahcd4 ,pogg4 ,ann41 ,vol4 ,,lvii41 & ,gordon1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,boltzmann's exp]im5t 7,pogg4 ,ann41 ,,clv41 '#ge71 & calculation indicat$ t a gas at ord9>y pressure & temp]ature mu/ h a specific resi/ance at lea/ #ajbf times t ( copp]4 ,pogg4 ,ann41 ,,clv41 '#ge4 ,sir ,william ,?omson 7,kelv97 confirm$ ?is limit = /eam1 & ,maxwell ! same = m]cury & sodium vapor1 /eam & air4 ,f ,maxwell's ,,mss4 ,h]wig 0 n sure b t ! ,buns5 burn] flame & m]cury vapor conduct$4 ,he all[$ = ! conductivity ( ! walls ( ! glass conta9]4 ,braun treat$ ( ! conductivity ( flames4 ,pogg4 ,ann41 '#ge4 #ad;a4 ,v>ley f\nd t #cbc ,daniel cells only j initiat$ a curr5t ?r\gh a hydrog5 ,geissl] tube1 & only #cjh cells cont9u$ ! curr5t aft] once />t$4 ,kno*5haur] f\nd t ,h>ris' 7,phil4 ,trans41 #ahcd7 law did n hold exactly true1 & t ! ratio betwe5 ! ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 & ! air pressure becomes great] & great] z ! pressure becomes less & less4 ,h>ris ?\ght ! ratio 0 con/ant4 ,! limits ( 8 pressures 7 f #c to #bg4jd in*es ( m]cury4 ,/at$ 9 o!r words1 8 results 7 ! same z ^? ( ,h>ris & ,masson 7,ann4 de ,*imie1 ,,xxx41 #crd ,se471 except t a small con/ant quantity %\ld be add$4 #af4 #ae4 ,,gordon',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,du/ ,,p>ticles ,,ha/5 ,,dis*>ge4 ,gordon1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,o!r exp]im5t]s _h inve/igat$ ! ph5om5a ( ! electric sp>k ) diff]5t d5sities ( ! dielectric by a sp>k produc$ by a frictional or an influ5ce ma*9e1 or1 9 a few cases1 by p[]ful batt]ies )\t coils1 :ile ,gordon claims to be ! fir/ to c>ry out ^! exp]im5ts ) an induction coil4 ,he obs]v$ t :5 ! dis*>g+ limit 0 ne>ly rea*$1 small circum/ances1 su* z a gra9 ( du/ or a ru/+ ( ! t]m9al by a =m] dis*>ge1 w\ld cause ! dis*>ge to take place at a l[] ,e4 ,m4 ,f41 :i* %\ld be all[$ =4 #af4 ,,kelv9',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,s41 #ahfj4 ,encyclo4 ,brit41 ,art4 ,elect4 ,he us$ z ! t]m9als1 two plates4 ,"o ( !m 0 p]fectly plane1 :ile ! o!r _h a curvature ( a v long radius4 ,! object ( ?is arrangem5t 0 to obta9 a def9ite l5g? ( sp>k = ea* dis*>ge4 ,! plates 7 gradually mov$ away until ! sp>k w\ld no long] pass1 & ! read+ ( ! di/ance 0 not$4 ,! law :i* he f\nd _c well be express$ 9 ! =m ( a rule or pr9ciple1 because x is ( a r intricate nature1 b a discov]y result$1 namely 9 ! case :]e ! di/ance 0 great]1 ! dielectric /r5g? 0 small] = respective di/ances ( 4#jjbed & 4#ece cm4 ,_m !oretical consid]ations 9 ref]5ce to ?is matt] h be5 pres5t$1 notably t ( ,maxwell 9 8 treatise on ,electricity & ,magnetism1 ,vol4 ,i4 #ag4 ,,cailletet',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,sp>k4 ,,p5etrat+ ,,p[]4 ,,high ,,pressures4 ,,increas$ ,,dielectric ,,/r5g?4 ,masc>t1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,he exp]im5t$ ) dry gas up z high z pressures ( #gjj lbs4 p] sq4 in*4 ,he f\nd t ! dielectric /r5g? cont9ues to increase ) increase ( pressure4 ,he us$ ab\t #ae volts 9 ! prim>y & a p[]ful induction coil4 ,! dielectric /r5g? 0 s great t at ! maximum pressure nam$ above1 ! sp>k w\ld n pass betwe5 ! electrodes :5 only 4#je mm4 ap>t4 #be & #aa1 ne> end4 #ah4 ,,f>aday',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,dis*>ges ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,*emical ,,gases ,,v>iably ,,resi/$4 ,exp]4 ,res4 ,phil4 ,trans41 ,se4 ,,xii41 ,jan4 '#cf4 ,f>aday pass$ on f ! consid]ation ( ! effect ( pressure1 temp]ature1 etc41 & wond]$ :e!r !re w\ld be any diff]5ce 9 ! law accord+ to :at gas 0 us$4 ,he arrang$ app>atus s t he c\ld "k1 ) air z a /&>d1 :e!r ano!r gas _h a great] or less dielectric p[]4 7,cav5di% be=e him _h notic$ a diff]5ce47 ,he tabulat$ ! results4 ,!y exhibit$ ! foll[+ facts1 namely t gas1 :5 employ$ z dielectrics1 dep5d = _! p[] ^u _! *emical nature4 #aj4 ,hydro*loric acid gas 0 f\nd to h ?ree times ! dielectric /r5g? ( hydrog51 & m ?an twice t ( oxyg51 nitrog5 or air2 !re=e ! law did n foll[ t ( specific gravities nor atomic weights4 ,see also ,de la ,rue1 ,proc4 ,royal ,s41 ,,xxvi41 p4 #bbg4 #ai4 ,,?omson',s ,,exp]im5ts4 ,,gas ,,z ,a ,,conductor4 ,,visible ,,indication ,,by ,,dis*>ge4 ,nature1 ,lon41 ,aug4 #bc1 '#id1 p4 #dji2 ,jan4 #ca1 '#ie1 p4 #ccb1 & o!r ref]5ces cit$ bel[4 ,lec4 ,royal ,in/4 ,proc4 ,brit4 ,asso41 ,aug4 #af1 '#id4 ,9 mak+ comp>isons1 ?+s ( l nature %\ld be consid]$4 ,take1 = example1 gas at 4#ja m4 ,! numb] ( molecules 9 su* a r>efi$ atmosph]e is comp>atively small1 :ile 9 an electrolyte !re are molecules suffici5t 9 numb] to produce #ae1jjj lbs4 ( pressure1 if imag9$ 9 ! gase\s /ate )9 ! same space4 ,by an exp]im5t & r\gh calculation1 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson1 ,f4,r4,s41 calculat$ t ! conductivity ( a gas e/imat$ p] molecule is ab\t #aj million times t ( an electrolyte1 = example1 sulphuric acid4 #ad4 ,?is is great] ?an ! molecul> conductivity ( ! be/ conduct+ metals4 ,! exp]im5t :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 ,,iv4 0 a second exp]im5t :i* did n s]ve z a basis = calculation1 b exhibit$ v /rik+ly to ! eye t gases hav+ diff]5t pressures h diff]5t conductivities4 ,= ?is app>atus he _h two conc5tric bulbs1 z indicat$1 "o be+ conta9$ )9 ! o!r4 ,! inn] "o _h air r>efi$ to ! lum9\s po9t4 ,! out] "o _h a vacuum z high z x 0 practical to make x1 & conta9$ 9 a projection a drop ( m]cury1 :i*1 :5 heat$1 w\ld gradually increase ! pressure4 ,two ,leyd5 j>s 7 employ$1 & _! out] coat+s 7 connect$ to ! coil :i* is se5 surr\nd+ ! out] bulb1 & ! inn] coat+s 7 connect$ to ! coils ( a ,wim%ur/ ma*9e4 ,! op]ation 0 z foll[s3 ,:5 ! m]cury 0 cold1 t is1 ) a high vacuum 9 ! out] comp>tm5t1 a bright dis*>ge pass$ ?r\gh ! inn] bulb1 :ile ! out] bulb 0 d>k4 ,:5 ! m]cury 0 heat$1 ! out] bulb 0 bright1 & ! inn] "o 0 almo/ d>k4 ,by well-kn[n pr9ciples ( conductors & non-conductors1 ! op]ation 0 expla9$ by ,pr(4 ,?omson1 :o assum$ t ! gas 9 ! out] bulb is a conductor2 !n1 at ea* sp>k w ! alt]nat+ curr5t 9 ! coil induce curr5ts ( an opposite direction 9 ! gas1 :i* w become lum9\s1 z occurr$ :5 ! m]cury 0 heat$4 ,! curr5ts circulat+ 9 ! gas act z a %ield to ! induction ( ! curr5ts 9 ! inn] bulb4 ,h[ev]1 ) ! vacuum exce$+ly high 9 ! out] bulb1 ! air !re9 be+ a non-conductor comp>atively1 or = ! giv5 ,e4 ,m4 ,f41 does n prev5t ! dis*>ge ?r\gh ! inn] bulb1 :i* becomes1 !re=e1 lum9\s4 ,he next comp>$ ! dielectric p[] ( a gas1 a liquid & a solid4 ,he f\nd t ! ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 _h to be rais$1 9 ord] to produce ! dis*>ge1--high] 9 ! liquid ?an 9 ! gas1 & high] 9 ! solid ?an 9 ! fluid4 #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,iv4 #bj4 ,,boltzmann1 ,,gibson1 ,,b>clay1 ,,hopk9son ,,& ,,glad/one',s ,,exp]im5ts4 ,,squ>e ,,root ,,( ,,! ,,dielectric ,,capacity ,,equal ,,to ,,! ,,refractive ,,index4 ,phil4 ,trans41 #ahga1 p4 #egc4 ,maxwell1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 #ghh4 ,maxwell has argu$ elaborately ^u results ( "s ( ! above exp]im5t]s ^u ! !ory t ! lum9if]\s e!r is ! m$ium = transmission ( electricity1 light & magnetism2 !re=e he pr$ict$ t ! relation /at$ 9 ! title above %\ld exi/4 ,he ackn[l$g$ t ! relation is suffici5tly ne> a con/ant to %[ 9 connection ) o!r results1 especially ^? obta9$1 t 8 !ory is probably correct4 #ba4 ,,pl,,ck]',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,h]metically ,,seal$ ,,vacuum ,,tube4 ,encycl4 ,brit41 vol4 #h1 p4 #fd4 ,pogg4 ,ann41 #aheh1 & vol4 ,,cxxxvi1 #ahfi4--;,he engag$ ,geissl] 7accord+ to ,hittorf7 to make a glass tube 9 :i* ! plat9um wire electrodes 7 seal$ 9 ! glass by fusion1 z 9 ! mod]n inc&esc5t lamp4 ,aft] ! air 0 exhau/$ by a me*anical air pump ?r\gh a capill>y tube1 ! same 0 seal$ ) ! flame ( a _s lamp4 ,he ?us e/abli%$ means :]eby a practically p]man5t vacuum c\ld be ma9ta9$ )9 a glass bulb4 ,plat9um exp&s by heat at ab\t ! same rate z glass3 h5ce !re is no t5d5cy to crack & admit air4 #bb4 ,,geissl]',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,lum9osity ,,( ,,vacuum ,,tubes ,,by ,,friction4 ,,increas$ ,,by ,,l[ ,,temp]ature4 ,sci5ce ,record1 #ahgc4--;,by rubb+ ! vacuum tubes ) an insulator--cat sk91 silk1 etc4--he obs]v$ t light 0 g5]at$ & t its color dep5d$ ^u ! p>ticul> gas =m+ ! residual atmosph]e4 ,at a l[ temp]ature1 ! colors 7 m lum9\s4 #ace4 ,! be/ =m ( tube consi/$ ( a spiral tube conta9$ )9 ano!r tube4 ,a modifi$ con/ruction involv$ ! introduction ( m]cury4 ,by exhau/+ ! air1 & %ak+ ! tube1 ! friction or motion ( ! m]cury aga9/ ! glass produc$ lum9\s effects accord+ to ! gas4 ,only *emically pure m]cury w\ld cause ! light1 :i* endur$ = an in/ant aft] ! rubb+ ceas$4 #fc4 #bc4 ,,alv]gniat',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,lum9osity ,,( ,,vacuum ,,tubes ,,by ,,friction ,,& ,,dis*>ges4 ,,diff]5t ,,vacua ,,requir$4 ,sci4 ,rec41 #ahgc1 p4 #aaa4 ,comptes ,r5dus1 #ahgc4--,to obta9 lum9osity by *>g+ ! tubes ) ! coil1 x 0 necess>y to increase ! degree ( ! vacuum--b :5 ?is 0 done ! rubb+ ( ! tube w\ld n cause light4 ,! tube employ$ 0 #de cm4 9 l5g?1 & conta9$ a small quantity ( silicic bromide4 ,! atmosph]ic pressure )9 ! tube = obta9+ ! glimm] by friction 0 #ae mm4 #bd4 ,,/e9metz',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,lum9\s ,,effects ,,by ,,alt]nat+ ,,curr5t ,,& ,,solid ,,dielectrics4 ,trans4 ,am]4 ,in/4 ,elec4 ,eng41 ,feb4 #ba1 '#ic4--;,9 c>ry+ on exp]im5ts 9 ! accurate measurem5t ( dielectric /r5g?1 he notic$ t ^u plac+ mica betwe5 ! electrodes1 z is h]e9aft] set =?1 a sp>k did n at fir/ =m1 b t :i* he call$ a corona4 ,he attribut$ ! appe>ances to a cond5s] ph5om5on1 or at lea/ he sugge/$ ?is z an explanation4 #c4 ,z soon z ! corona rea*$ ! edge ( ! plate1 ! disruptive dis*>ge took place1 by means ( ! sp>ks pass+ ov] ! edge ( ! dielectric4 #ch4 ,he employ$ an alt]nat+ curr5t dynamo ( ab\t #ej volts & #a h4p41 frequ5cy ( #aej complete p]iods p] second4 ,! ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 ( ! alt]nator 0 v>i$1 by *ang+ ! excit+ curr5t1 up to #ij volts4 ,/ep-up trans=m]s 7 employ$4 ,) a diff]5ce ( pot5tial 9 ! second>y ( #hcj volts1 & a ?ickness ( mica ( #a4h mm4 & :5 ! exp]im5t 0 p]=m$ 9 a d>k room a fa9t blui% gl[ appe>$ betwe5 ! mica & ! electrodes4 ,at #igj volts ! gl[ 0 bright]1 :ile at #aefj volts ! lum9osity 0 visible 9 broad day-light1 & kept on increas+ ) ! increase ( ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 ,he modifi$ ! exp]im5t by us+ mica ( a ?ickness ( #b4c mcm4 ,! diff]5ce ( pot5tial 0 #d4e kilo-volts4 ,9 addition to ! blui% gl[1 violet /reams or creep]s broke out & increas$ 9 numb] & l5g? z ! ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 became great]1 =m+ a k9d ( aurora ar\nd ! electrodes & on bo? sides ( ! mica %eet4 ,a l\d hiss+ noise occurr$4 #i4 ,z soon z ! corona rea*$ ! edges ( ! mica1 ! disruptive dis*>ge occurr$ 9 ! =m ( int5sely :ite sp>ks & x 0 noticeable t ! l5g? ( ^! sp>ks 0 #aj fold great] ?an c\ld be obta9$ 9 ! air at #ag kilo-volts4 ,^! sp>ks 7 s hot z to oxidize ! mica1 z app>5t f ! :ite m>ks rema9+4 ,! electrodes also became v hot1 & ! mica 0 contort$ & f9ally broke d[n4 #be4 ,,morgan',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,no ,,dis*>ge ,,9 ,,high ,,vacua4 ,wi$emann1 vol4 #b4 ,phil4 ,trans41 #ahge1 vol4 #ge4--;,he 0 l$ to believe by an exp]im5t1 t :5 ! vacuum is suffici5tly p]fect1 no electromotive =ce c\ld drive ! sp>k f "o t]m9al to ! o!r1 h[ev] close toge!r !y may be4 #ah4 ,details ( ,morgan's ,exp]im5ts 7 z foll[s1 giv5 r\ghly 9 8 own words3--,a m]curial gauge ab\t fifte5 in*es long1 c>efully & accurately boil$ till e p>ticle ( air 0 expell$ f ! inside1 0 coat$ ) t9foil five in*es d[n f its seal$ end1 & be+ inv]t$ into m]cury ?r\gh a p]=ation 9 ! brass cap :i* cov]$ ! m\? ( ! ci/]n1 ! :ole 0 cem5t$ toge!r & ! air 0 exhau/$ f ! inside ( ! ci/]n1 ?r\gh a valve 9 ! brass cap1 :i*1 produc+ a p]fect vacuum 9 ! gauge1 =m$ an in/rum5t peculi>ly well adapt$ = exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d4 ,?+s be+ ?us adju/$ 7a small wire hav+ be5 previ\sly fix$ on ! inside ( ! ci/]n1 to =m a communication betwe5 ! brass cap & ! m]cury1 into :i* ! gauge 0 inv]t$71 ! coat$ end 0 appli$ to ! conductor ( an electrical ma*9e1 & not)/&+ e ef=t1 nei!r ! smalle/ ray ( light nor ! slighte/ *>ge c\ld ev] be procur$ 9 ?is exhau/$ gauge4 #bf4 ,,de ,,la ,,rue ,,& ,m,,ll]',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,con/ant ,,pot5tial ,,at ,,! ,,t]m9als ,,( ,a ,,dis*>ge ,,tube4 ,phil4 ,trans41 "p #a1 vol4 #afi1 p4 #ee & #aee4--,! app>atus consi/$ ( an exhau/$ bulb1 a *loride batt]y ( #bdjj cells & a l>ge resi/ance adapt$ to be v>i$ betwe5 v wide limits4 ,! result 0 a con/ant pot5tial at ! electrodes ( ! bulb1 dur+ all ! v>iations ( ! resi/ance4 ,!y conclud$1 !re=e1 t ! dis*>ge 9 highly r>efi$ gases is disruptive1 ! same z 9 air at ord9>y pressure4 ,illu/ration #bf;a4 ,,kl+5b]g',s ,,calculations4 ,,direction ,,( ,,dis*>ge ,,tube ,,curr5t ,,9 ,,second>y ,,( ,,ruhmkorff ,,coil4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man1 by ,ludwig ,gutmann4 ,extract ( pap] read by ,g4 ,kl+5b]g be=e ! ,electro-te*nis*] ,v]e94 ,x w\ld naturally be inf]r$ t an induction coil1 ! prim>y curr5t ( :i* is int]mitt$1 & ( "o direction1 w\ld produce an alt]nat+ curr5t 9 ! second>y coil4 ,! fact ( ! matt] is1 h[ev]1 t a good induction coil w produce ! sp>k+ only 9 b "o direction4 #da4 ,! reason is ! foll[+3 ,if ! coil _h no self-induction nor capacity1 !n ! curr5t impulses w\ld be repres5t$ by a rectangle a1 ,fig4 #a4 ,on clos+1 ! curr5t w\ld sudd5ly rea* its maximum1 :i* is det]m9$ by ! t]m9al pressure & circuit resi/ance1 & ?is curr5t /r5g? w\ld be ma9ta9$ z long z ! circuit rema9$ clos$4 ,on ! op5+ ( ! circuit1 ! curr5t w\ld decrease j z sudd5ly2 if n1 ! arc on op5+ ( ! circuit w\ld oppose su* sudd5 fall1 !re=e ! corn] w be slightly r\nd$ at a1 ,fig4 #b4 ,! influ5ce ( self-induction1 :i* we f9d 9 any coil1 is ! =ce t w t5d to oppose any *ange 9 ! curr5t /r5g?4 ,!re=e1 ! self-induction w be ! cause ( a ret>dation ( ! m9imum curr5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x increases ! size ( ! sp>k on op5+4 ,next a cond5s] is enclos$ 9 ! ma9 circuit1 s t ! spool is clos$ ?r\gh x at ! mom5t ! curr5t is int]cept$4 ,if we assume1 = simplicity sake1 t ! magnetization ( ! iron is proportional to ! curr5t /r5g?1 !n ! prim>y curr5t curve repres5ts at ! same "t1 ! curve ( ! rate ( *ange ( l9e ( =ce 9 ! magnetic field4 ,! second>y ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 is det]m9$ by e n7dw_/dt7t t2 ! rise !n w h a small] ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 ?an at ! fall1 l ,fig4 #c1 except t ! curve repres5t+ ! fall %\ld be %[n z m ne>ly p]p5dicul> to ! abscissa4 ,illu/ration3 ,v #bg4 ,,k9n]sley1 ,,h>ris ,,& ,,riess',s ,,exp]im5ts4 ,,sp>k4 ,,pressure ,,produc$ ,,by4 ,ganot1 #gij1 et al4 ,encyclo4 ,brit4 ,art4 ,elect4--,^! exp]im5t]s pass$ a sp>k ?r\gh air conta9$ ov] m]cury1 s t if ! pressure ( ! air 7 increas$1 ! m]cury w\ld move along ?r\gh a capill>y tube1 hav+ a scale s t ! am\nt c\ld be repres5t$ to ! eye1 z 9 ! cut4 7,fig4 ,v47 ,! exp]im5ts prov$ t :5 a sp>k passes ?r\gh ! air1 ! pressure is increas$1 & x 0 conclud$ 9 view ( sev]al exp]im5ts1 t ! sp>k be+ ! s\rce ( an int5se1 b small am\nt ( heat1 exp&$ ! air1 !reby caus+ ! pressure 9 a second>y mann]1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( heat4 ,a sp>k z %ort z #b mm4 w produce a consid]able pressure ( ! m]cury4 ,riess p]=m$ an exp]im5t also 9 caus+ ! sp>k to pass ?r\gh c>dbo>d1 & also ?r\gh mica locat$ )9 ! air *amb]4 #ab4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! increase ( temp]ature 0 less by us+ ! solid mat]ial l mica or c>ds1 ?an )\t4 ,?is illu/rat$ t a "p ( ! en]gy ( ! sp>k 0 conv]t$ into heat & a "p into me*anical =ce1 & expla9$ :y s\nd1 #bd1 is produc$ by a sp>k & by lightn+4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,ii ------- ,illu/ration3 ,,vi #bh4 ,,davy1 ,,bancal>i ,,& ,,quet',s ,,exp]im5ts4 ,,electric ,,arc1 ,,magnetism ,,& ,,flame4 ,,s\nd ,,produc$4 ,,practical ,,application ,,( ,,electric ,,arc4 ,phil4 ,mag41 #ahja4--,:5 ! electric arc1 = example betwe5 two c>bon electrodes1 occurs1 9 a p[]ful magnetic field1 x is viol5tly drawn to "o side z fir/ %[n by ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 z if ! w9d 7 bl[+ x & sometimes x is brok5 into two p>ts4 ,fig4 ,,vi4 ,aga9 a l\d noise is produc$4 #i4 ,)\t ! magnet1 ! appe>ance is z at ! left4 ,) ! en]giz$ magnet1 ! arc & light1 z a :ole1 are z %[n at ! "r4 #bi4 ,,de ,,la ,,rive',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,rotation ,,( ,,lum9\s ,,effect ,,by ,,magnet4 ,,application ,,to ,,expla9 ,,aurora ,,borealis4 ,phil ,trans41 vol4 #acg1 #ahdg4 ,pyn*on1 p4 #dga4 ,ganot1 ,sect4 #ibh4--;,an oval dis*>ge tube 0 employ$1 hav+ a highly exhau/$ atmosph]e 7= ^? days7 ( spirits ( turp5t9e4 ,a cyl9drically %ap$ pole ( a magnet ext5d$ into ! bulb half way1 ,fig4 #d1 p4 #ag4 ,! inn] end ( ! magnetic pole =m$ "o electrode ( ! tube1 & ! o!r electrode 0 a r+ )9 ! vacuum at ! foot ( ! magnetic pole4 ,a f\nta9 ( light ext5d$ f "o end ( ! magnet pole to ! o!r1 & rema9$ /ation>y1 :ile ! magnet 0 n en]giz$2 b ! light 0 cond5s$ into an arc & travell$ ar\nd ! magnet pole :5 a curr5t 0 pass$ ?r\gh ! coils ( ! magnet4 ,= simil> action ( magnet on a flexible & movable wire c>ry+ a curr5t1 see exp]im5ts ( ,spottiswoode & ,/okes1 ,proc4 ,r4 ,s41 #ahge4 ,! aurora borealis rotates ar\nd ! pole ( ! e>?1 & !re=e1 ,de ,la ,rive ?\ght t ! ph5om5on 9 8 laboratory & 9 nature 7 b "o & ! same ?+ & diff]5t only 9 degree4 ,he also ext+ui%$ an arc 9 op5 air by means ( a p[]ful magnet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vii #cj4 ,,pl,,ck] ,,& ,,hittorf',s ,,exp]im5ts4 ,,action ,,( ,,magnet ,,on ,,ca?ode ,,column ,,( ,,light4 ,pogg4 ,ann41 #aheh & #ahfi4 ,plck] f\nd t ! magnet acts on ! ca?ode light 9 a r>efi$ atmosph]e 9 a diff]5t mann] f t on ! anode light4 ,9 ! =m] ! light foll[s ! magnetic curves & /rike ! side ( ! bulb1 accord+ to position ( ! poles1 see ,fig4 ,,vii4 8,:]e ! dis*>ge is p]p5dicul> to ! l9e ( ! poles1 x is sep>at$ into two di/9ct p>ts1 :i* c be ref]r$ to ! diff]5t action ex]t$ by ! electro-magnet on ! two extra curr5ts produc$ 9 ! dis*>ge40 ,ganot4 #ibe4 #ca4 ,,?omson',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,a ,,dis*>ge ,,ret>d$ ,,across ,,& ,,accel]at$ ,,along ,,! ,,l9es ,,( ,,magnetic ,,=ce4 ,nature1 ,lon41 ,jan4 #ca1 #ahie1 p4 #ccc4 ,lect4 ,royal ,in/4--,pr(4 ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 p]=m$ an exp]im5t :i* illu/rates t ! electrical dis*>ge is ret>d$ 9 fl[+ across ! l9es ( magnetic =ce & accel]at$ 9 fl[+ ) or p>allel to su* l9es4 ,z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bj1 p4 #ag1 he employ$ a l>ge electro-magnet adapt$ to be cut 9 & out ( circuit4 ,he _h two air *amb]s1 "o a bulb1 indicat$ by a circle1 & ! o!r a tube b5t into a rectangle1 indicat$ by ! dott$ squ>e4 ,betwe5 ^!1 0 an adju/able coil hav+ its t]m9als connect$ to ! outside coat+s ( ,leyd5 j>s4 ,:5 ! dis*>ge took place betwe5 ! poles ( ! magnet1 t is1 9 ! direction ( ! l9es ( =ce1 ! dis*>ge 0 help$ along by ! magnetic field1 b :5 x took place across ! bulb1 t is1 across ! l9es ( =ce1 ! dis*>ge 0 ret>d$4 8,! coil c be adju/$ s t :5 ! magnet is #8(f' ! dis*>ge passes ?r\gh ! bulb1 b n r\nd ! squ>e tube2 :51 h[ev]1 ! magnet is #8on1' ! dis*>ge passes 9 ! squ>e tube b n 9 ! bulb40 ,illu/ration3 ,,"s ,,exp]im5ts ,,prior ,,to ,,l5>d',s4 #cb4 ,,?omson',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,resi/ance ,,(f]$ ,,to ,,/riae ,,by ,a ,,?9 ,,diaphragm4 ,lect4 ,royal ,in/4 ,nature1 ,lon4 ,jan4 #ca1 '#ie1 p4 #ccc4--;,x has (t5 be5 rem>k$ t lightn+ always takes ! easie/ pa?4 ,! same has be5 notic$ ) ref]5ces to ! artificial electric sp>k4 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson1 ,f4,r4,s4 p]=m$ an exp]im5t1 :i* n only confirms ?is pr9ciple b does s 9 an emphatic mann]1 & proves x true 9 ref]5ce to ! electric dis*>ge 9 r>efi$ gases4 ,he arrang$ a v ?9 plat9um diaphragm s z to divide a ,geissl] tube into two comp>tm5ts1 ,fig4 #ai1 p4 #ag4 ,he !n =m$ a passage way ar\nd ! diaphragm1 :i* c\ld be op5$ & clos$ by m]cury1 by respectively l[]+ & rais+ ! l[] vessel ( m]cury along ! b>omet] tube4 ,:5 ! passage way is op5$ ar\nd ! diaphragm1 ! lum9osity ext5ds ?r\gh ! passage way 9 pref]5ce to go+ ?r\gh ! diaphragm4 ,:5 ! passage way is clos$ by m]cury1 ! dis*>ge goes ?r\gh ! ?9 metal plate4 ,! same 0 f\nd to occur :5 ! plat9um leaf 0 replac$ by a mica scale4 #cc4 ,,sir ,,david ,,solomon',s ,,exp]im5t ,,9 #ahid4 ,proc4 ,royal ,s41 ,june #ba1 '#id4 ,nature1 ,lon4 ,sept4 #ac1 '#id1 p4 #dij4--,) a tube hav+ a p]=at$ diaphragm1 he notic$ a 8=c+ effect0 at & ne> ! hole4 ,! /riae _h ! appe>ance ( be+ pu%$ ?r\gh f ! long] "p ( ! tube--! diaphragm n be+ 9 ! c5tre4 ,!re 0 no passage way ar\nd ! diaphragm--only ?r\gh ! small puncture4 #ai4 ,illu/ration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,iii ------- #cd4 ,,riess',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,electric ,,images4 ,riess's ,reibungs4 vol4 #b1 #gci4--;,he laid a co9 ^u a plate ( glass & *>g$ ! same electrically ab\t "o-half ( an h\r or m4 ,^u remov+ ! co9 & spr9kl+ ! plate ) du/1 an engrav+ ( ! co9 0 visible ^u ! glass4 #ac4 ,a suitable du/ is licopodium p[d]4 #ce4 ,,san=d ,,& ,,mckay',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,electrographs4 ,,orig9al ,,contribution ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,mckay ,,( ,,pack] ,,in/41 ,brooklyn1 ,may1 '#if4--,! picture ( ! co9s 9 ,fig4 ,,ix1 0 produc$ by ! app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4 ,,viii1 t1 t1 t9foil1 p1 photographic plate ) co9s on s5sitive side1 all wrapp$ 9 black pap]4 ,fig4 ,,viii repres5ts ! g5]al arrangem5t = tak+ electrographs4 ,?is p>ticul> "o 0 made by remov+ ! upp] t9foil & t\*+ ea* co9 successively ) wire f "o ( ! poles1 :ile ! o!r wire 0 connect$ ) t9foil on ! opposite side4 ,! cond5s] ?us =m$ is *>g$ & dis*>g$ _m times by a ,holtz ma*9e or induction coil4 ,?is is n a new discov]y1 x 0 fir/ describ$ by ,pr(4 ,san=d1 ,i ?9k1 ( ,lel& ,/an=d ,univ]sity1 two or ?ree ye>s ago4 ,o!r claimants ( e>li] date probably exi/4 #cf4 ,,li*t5b]g',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,du/ ,,figures4 ,,pictures ,,drawn ,,) ,,anode ,,& ,,ca?ode4 ,gtt+51 #aggh-gi4 ,,motum ,,fluidi ,,electriciti4--,he drew two indep5d5t sup]pos$ pictures ^u a flat surface ( an insulat+ mat]ial1 = example1 ros94 ,"o picture 0 drawn ) "o t]m9al ( a *>g$ ,leyd5 j>4 ,ano!r picture 0 drawn ) ! o!r t]m9al ( a *>g$ ,leyd5 j>4 ,he spr9kl$ ^u ! surface ov] ! two pictures1 a du/ made ( a mixture ( r$ lead & sulphur p[d]4 ,! =m] became attract$ to ! picture drawn ) ! ca?ode1 & ! latt] to t made ) ! anode1 s t ! two figures 7 cle>ly visible4 ,be=e spr9kl+ ! p[d]s ^u ! surface x is necess>y to /ir !m toge!r :]eby !y become oppositely electrifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,viii ,,arrangem5ts ,,= ,,tak+ ,,electrographs4 #ce1 p4 #ai4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,electrographs ,,( ,,co9s4 #ce1 p4 #ai4 ,tak5 by ,pr(4 ,mc,kay4 ,illu/ration3 ,x ,! sulphur arranges itself 9 tufts ) div]g+ bran*es & ! r$ lead 9 small circul> pat*es4 ,! p>ticul> mat]ials1 namely1 ! sulphur & r$ lead 7 fir/ us$ by ,vill>sy4 ,9 case only "o p[d] is employ$1 = example1 licopodium1 x adh]es to bo? ! positively & negatively electrifi$ portion ( ! insulat+ plate1 b 9 l>g] quantities ^u ! latt] portions4 ,fig4 ,x1 %[s ros9 disc cov]$ ) licopodium p[d] aft] t\*+ ! disc ) ! knob ( a ,leyd5 j>4 #cf;a4 ,,hamm]',s ,,photo-,,electric ,,du/ ,,figures4 ,f p]sonal int]view4--,accord+ to exp]im5ts ( ,el/] & ,geitel1 h]e9aft] not$1 #ih1 ,hamm]'s du/ figures %[n 9 ! accompany+ half-tone cut may possibly be acc\nt$ = on ! pr9ciple ( ! dis*>ge ( negatively electrifi$ bodies by light4 ,mr4 ,william ,j4 ,hamm]1 ,mem4 ,am]4 ,in/4 ,elect4 ,eng41 has a hi/orical collection ( inc&esc5t lamps 7,elect4 ,eng41 ,n4,y41 ,april #bi1 '#if1 p4 #ddf47 :i* 7 arrang$ on %elves 9 a glass case /&+ obliquely 9 ! sunlight ab\t an h\r a day4 ,aft] ! lapse ( _m mon?s1 ! v f9e du/ )9 ! case lodg$ ^u ! inn] surface ( ! glass 9 su* a mann] z to produce oval du/ figures correspond+ some:at to ! %apes ( ! lamps & "s ( !m1 appe> aft] reproduction by ! half-tone process 9 ! accompany+ cut4 ,:5 ! figures are inspect$ closely & ! circum/ances are kn[n1 no "o c d\bt t ! sun & lamps act$ z ag5ts 9 _! =mation4 ,z to ! correct explanation1 ! matt] has n be5 suffici5tly discuss$ by sci5ti/s 7pres5t$ "h = ! fir/ "t7 to enable ! au?or to r5d] ! op9ions ( o!rs1 b x is ( int]e/ 9 connection ) ,ro5tg5 rays & ! dis*>ge ( electrifi$ bodies by light4 ,z a matt] ( c\rse1 ! surfaces ( ! lamps w\ld reflect ! light 9 su* a way z to make bright spots 7movable1 h[ev]1 ) ! sun7 ^u ! glass ( ! conta9+ case1 & if ! latt] 7 9 any s5se *>g$ by negative atmosph]ic electricity1 ?is light w\ld cause a v>iable am\nt ( du/ to be attract$ accord+ to ! int5sity ( ! rays /rik+ ! glass4 ,^! rem>ks are 9 ! nature m]ely ( a sugge/ion ( a hypo!sis4 ,! heavy curv$ black l9e 9 ! cut is a "p ( ! frame ( ! glass case4 ,! inc&esc5t lamps d n %[1 simply because ! case 0 empty :5 ! photograph 0 tak54 ,t ! figures 7 n due to *emical action 0 %[n by rubb+ (f "s ( ! du/ ) ! f+]s4 ,f+] m>ks 7 pictur$ on ! figures4 ,(f h&1 ,mr4 ,hamm] & ,pr(4 ,an?ony intimate air convection by diff]5tiation ( temp]ature1 z a possible cause4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,hamm]',s ,,du/-,,figure ,,on ,,glass4 #cf41 p4 #ba4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,hamm]',s ,,hi/orical ,,collection ,,( ,,inc&esc5t ,,lamps1 ,,conta9$ ,,9 ,,case ,,hav+ ,,! ,,du/ ,,figures4 #cf1 p4 #ba4 #cf;b4 ,indep5d5tly ( ! above peculi> ph5om5on1 ,mr4 ,hamm] rec5tly _h on exhibition at ! ,electrical ,exposition ( ! ,national ,electric ,light ,association 9 ,new ,york1 #ahif1 a portrait =m$ ( f9e du/ ^u a pane ( glass4 ,! circum/ances 7 z foll[s1 z rememb]$ by ! au?or4 ,mr4 ,hamm] happ5$ to be 9 "s place :]e an artisan 0 remov+ a photograph f an old frame4 ,! glass :i* protect$ ! portrait exhibit$ a fac-simile 9 du/ on ! inn] surface4 ,! glass _h n be5 9 contact ) ! photograph1 because ( a ?ick passe-p>t\t surr\nd+ ! picture4 ,nei!r 0 ! glass an old negative photographic plate4 ,fur!r te/ & inspection t5d$ to prove t ! du/ picture 0 execut$ by "s action ( ! heat or light ( ! sun4 ,pr(4 ,b5jam9 ,f4 ,?omas1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ! ,/ate ( ,ohio1 9 an int]view1 sc>cely ?\ght t ! result 0 due to convection1 because ! du/ pr9t 0 s %>ply def9$4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! dis*>ge ( bodies by light may be applicable p]haps1 b fur!r exp]im5t w\ld be necess>y z a m secure f\ndation4 ,x is common to f9d ! pr9t ( a picture 9 a book ^u ! opposite page1 be+ due m]ely to ! pressure ( ! ink$ surface1 z 9 ! art ( pr9t+4 ,?is explanation _c be appli$ to ! du/ portrait1 because !re 0 no contact betwe5 ! photograph & ! glass4 #cg4 ,,k>/5',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,electrical ,,images ,,develop$ ,,by ,,cond5s$ ,,moi/ure4 ,riess's ,reibungselect41 vol4 ,,ii41 #gci4--;,he arrang$ ! foll[+ articles 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,fir/1 a metal plate suitably insulat$2 secondly1 a piece ( a glass plate on top ( ! metal plate1 &1 ?irdly1 a co9 or small metal object on top ( ! glass4 ,sp>ks 7 !n all[$ to pass = sev]al m9utes f a ,holtz or simil> ma*9e to ! co94 ,! image ( ! latt] appe>$ by remov+ ! glass plate & brea?+ ^u x4 ,! bas-relief ( ! image on ! co9 also 0 visible 9 all its details1 appe>+ z 9 ,san=d's ,electrograph1 #ce4 ,!oretical consid]ations l$ o!rs to believe t ! figures ( ,riess & ,k>/5 are due to a diff]5t cause f t involv$ 9 ! figures ( ,li*t5b]g1 = ! =m] are ?\ght to be due to a molecul> action ( a p]man5t nature ^u an insulat+ mat]ial4 ,a slight *ange 9 ! color (t5 occurs1 !reby outl9+ ! object4 ,illu/ration3 ,,du/-,,portrait ,,on ,,glass1 #cf41 p4 #bc1 ,,discov]$ ,,by ,,william ,j4 ,,hamm]4 ,light] portions1 du/2 d>k] portions1 due to less or no du/4 ,f+]-m>ks across ! %\ld] & at "r4 ,exposure #h ye>s4 ,portrait z %>p & cle> z a dagu]reotype4 ,dur+ exposure 9 frame1 di/ance ( glass f photograph1 #a_/af in*4 ,above half tone 0 made f a photograph ( ! du/-portrait only aft] sev]al unsuccessful attempts by diff]5t photograph]s4 ,! orig9al du/-portrait is sc>cely visible4 ,let e "o exam9e closely glass plates :5 tak5 f old frames4 #cg;a4 ,,mckay',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,magnetographs4 ,,f ,,p]sonal ,,notes ,,by ,,reque/4 ,april1 #ahif4--;,al?\gh ?is exp]im5t does n belong to t class connect$ ) dis*>ge tubes1 yet ! ph5om5on has a !oretical int]e/ 9 connection ) ,x-rays4 ,he obta9$ a photograph ( diff]5t objects 9 ! d>k by means ( radiations f ! poles ( an electro-magnet aft] two h\rs' exposure1 b x ne$ n h be5 s long1 z he obta9$ cle> images 9 five m9utes 9 "o exp]im5t ) frequ5t v>iations ( curr5t by means ( a rheo/at1 & by approa* & recession ( ! armature4 ,! elem5ts involv$ 9 ! exp]im5t 7 arrang$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,fir/1 a l>ge inv]t$ magnet = support+ #ajj lbs41 ! poles hang+ d[nw>d4 ,next 9 ord] 0 a wood5 bo>d press+ flatwise aga9/ ! ends ( ! poles ( ! magnet4 ,next1 ! objects & ! s5sitive plates back$ !reby & all enclos$ 9 a completely opaque wrapp+ ext5d+ ov] ! sides1 face1 back1 etc41 ( ^! two elem5ts4 ,next 9 ord] 0 an armature ab\t z heavy z ! magnet w\ld support4 ,! cut h]e9 repres5ts ! photograph t 0 produc$ ( ! diff]5t objects nam$4 ,by read+ ,pr(4 ,mc,kay's v detail$ description 9 ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,april #ah1 #ahif1 p4 #bdi1 ! read] may feel c]ta9 t ! photograph 0 n due to light = he tri$ ! exp]im5ts 9 diff]5t ways & ) v>i\s precautions4 ,9 a c\rse ( exp]im5ts c>ri$ on by /ud5t ,au/91 ab\t ,feb4 #ae1 '#if1 9 ! ,d>tm\? laboratory1 a sciagraph ( :at appe>$ to be ! l9es ( =ce 0 obta9$ by means ( ,x-rays1 b ^u repeat+ ! exp]im5t ! result 0 negative4 ,see ,elect4 ,eng9e]1 ,m>4 #aa1 '#if1 p4 #beg4 ,article by ,e4 ,b4 ,fro/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xi #ch4 ,,pilt*ik(f',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,liquid ,,bas-,,relief ,,facsimiles ,,by ,,electric ,,dis*>ge4 ,pro4 ,acad4 ,sci41 ,p>is1 ,m>*1 '#id4 ,! ,electr41 ,lon41 ,april #ac1 '#id1 p4 #fef4--,^! %ad[ pictures 7 obta9able ei!r ) ! anode or ca?ode1 ! p>ticul> ma*9e employ$ be+ a l>ge ,voss4 ,to ei!r pole 0 electrically connect$ a po9t$ wire :i* 0 held j above ! surface ( ca/or oil1 9 a copp] pan4 ,a rem>kable effect 0 obta9$ ( ! %ad[ ( a piece ( mica1 ,fig4 ,,xi1 ( :atev] %ape1 locat$ betwe5 ! po9t & ! surface4 #bd4 ,let x be obs]v$ t ?is %ad[ 0 n "o 9 ! s5se ( light & d>kness b x consi/$ ( a plateau )9 a depression1 ! =m] be+ ( ! same %ape z ?\gh x 7 a %ad[ ( ! mica triangle4 ,to illu/rate ! exp]im5t bett]1 let ! mica be suppos$ to be remov$1 !n w !re be a depression =m$ 9 ! oil ^u br++ ! metallic po9t ne> to ! surface4 ,n[ ins]t ! insulat+ %eet betwe5 ! po9t & ! surface1 !n w !re be an elevation )9 ! depression ( ! same %ape t ! %ad[ w\ld be4 #ci4 ,,g]nez',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,di/illation ,,( ,,liquids ,,by ,,dis*>ge4 ,phys4 ,s41 ,p>is1 #ahgi4 ,nature1 ,nov4 #bj1 #ahgi1 p4 #gb4--;,9 ord] t ! app>atus ) :i* he exp]im5t$ may be und]/ood1 imag9e a tube /&+ v]tically 9 ano!r tube4 ,! two conc5tric tubes communicate ) ea* o!r at ! top only4 ,! ,holtz ma*9e is ! g5]ator4 ,! liquids 9 ! two tubes at ! beg9n+ /& at ! same level4 ,sp>ks are pass$ ?r\gh ! adjac5t air1 :i* is 9 contact ) bo? liquids4 ,! liquid at ! ca?ode rises & at ! anode falls4 #ch4 ,su* 0 ! exp]im5t p]=m$ by ,g]nez4 ,he 0 incl9$ to conclude t ! effect 0 due to 8,an electrical transport ( liquids along ! moi/5$ surfaces ( ! tubes40 ,:5 ! liquid 0 alcohol1 x actually w5t ov] z by di/illation1 ?ree times z fa/ z wat]4 ,a soluble salt 9 wat] increas$ ! rate ( di/illation2 & s also did ! addition ( a small quantity ( sulphuric acid or ammonia4 ,no di/illation ( bi-sulphide ( c>bon1 tetra *loride ( c>bon1 nor turp5t9e occurr$4 ,qu]y3 ,c alcohol be conc5trat$ or practically di/ill$ ^u ?is pr9ciple8 #dj4 ,,de ,,la ,,rue ,,& ,m,,ll]',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,/riae4 ,,black ,,pr9ts ,,on ,,walls ,,( ,,tube4 ,phil4 ,trans41 #ei1 '#gh4--,p>ticles ( ! metal ( ! electrodes 7 deposit$ ^u ! inside ( ! glass =m+ p]man5t black /riae or b&s #dd1 at po9ts correspond+ to ! spaces betwe5 ! lum9\s /riae4 #f4 ne> ! end4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,iv ------- #da4 ,,gassiot',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,/riae4 ,,tube ,,9 ,,prim>y ,,curr5t4 ,,curr5t ,,vibratory4 ,phil4 ,trans41 '#ei1 p4 #acg4 ,bak]ian ,lectures4 ,phil4 ,trans41 '#eh1 p4 #a4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,s41 x41 pp4 #cf1 #cic1 #djd2 xii41 p4 #cbi2 xxiii41 p4 #cef4--,! =m ( tube 9 :i* to obta9 lum9\s /riae to ! be/ advantage 0 t ( a dumbbell ) ! electrodes locat$ respectively 9 ! balls--aft]w>ds confirm$ by ,sir ,david ,solomons1 ,b>t4 ,proc4 ,royal ,s41 ,june #ba1 '#id4 ,nature1 ,lon41 ,sept4 #ac1 '#id1 p4 #dij4 ,he obta9$ 9 ! vacuum lum9osity ) #ejj ,daniell's cells1 :i* he f\nd to be ! lea/ ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 t c\ld be employ$4 ,he omitt$1 & app>5tly ov]look$1 ! introduction ( an automatic int]rupt] 9 ! circuit & ! use ( a v l[ ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 #eb4 ,9 conjunction ) ,spottiswoode1 #a1jhj cells ( *loride ( silv] 7ab\t #b1jjj volts7 7 employ$1 fir/ )\t1 & !n ) cond5s]s4 ,"o ( ! cond5s]s consi/$ ( ! usual t9foil type1 & ! o!r ( a self-induction k9d1 namely ( ab\t #a1jjj feet ( wire4 ,! results 7 /riae ) ! cond5s]s1 & no /riae )\t ! cond5s]s4 #h;a4 ,! results sugge/$ to !m t !re 0 "s relation 9 pr9ciple betwe5 ! /riae & vibration ( ! curr5t4 ,!y !re=e built an +5i\s app>atus to te/ :e!r ?is 0 true or n1 & !y f\nd su* 0 ! case by ! foll[+ relat$ means4 ,if a curr5t pass+ directly f ! prim>y batt]y ?r\gh ! cond5s] & ! dis*>ge tube is undulatory or int]mitt5t 9 any s5se1 !n x w\ld be able to induce a curr5t 9 ! second>y ( ! induction coil4 #h at c5tre4 ,!y f\nd t !re 0 a curr5t ?us induc$1 & !y detect$ x by means ( a small dis*>ge tube :i* became lum9\s4 ,fig4 #c p4 #ag4 ,?is 0 an indep5d5t tube ne> ! top ( ! figure1 hav+ no?+ to d ) ! "o conta9+ /riae1 :i* 7 produc$ by ! prim>y curr5t & %[n at ! "r4 ,dr4 ,oliv] ,lodge1 ,f4,r4,s41 9 treat+ ( ! ca?ode & ,x-rays 9 ,! ,elect41 ,lon41 ,jan4 #ca1 '#if1 p4 #dch1 /at$ ! foll[+ ) ref]5ce to ,gassiot's exp]im5ts3 8,9 ! days ( ,gassiot & o!r e>ly work]s 7 #dc7 on ! dis*>ge 9 r>efi$ air1 x 0 ! /ream f ! anode t *iefly excit$ att5tion4 ,x is ?is :i* develop$ ! well-kn[n gorge\s effects :i* us$ to be %[n at ne>ly e sci5tific conv]sazione40 #db4 ,,pogg5dorff',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,effects ,,( ,,int]rupt+ ,a ,,curr5t ,,)9 ,,dis*>ge ,,tube4 ,phil4 ,mag41 #d? ,se41 vol4 x41 #ahee1 p4 #bjc-bjg4--;,imag9e an electric bell vibrator & magnet )9 ! glass receiv] ^u an air pump4 ,^u connect+ ! magnet & vibrator 9 s]ies ) a small electric batt]y1 x is evid5t t 9 ! op5 air1 z usual 9 electric bells1 !re w be a m9ute violet sp>k at ! t]m9als ( ! circuit break]4 #f4 ,n[1 let ! air be exhau/$ z f> z possible by means ( a me*anical pump z con/ruct$ 9 #ahee4 ,pogg5dorff p]=m$ su* an exp]im5t1 & he notic$ t 9 ! poor vacuum ! ord9>y violet sp>k became yell[1 :ile blue light l a small envelop+ tube surr\nd$ ! hamm] ( ! vibrator & wire lead+ to ! opposite contact & a little projection ext5d+ away f ! hamm]4 ,8 exp]im5t 0 unique1 because %[+ = ! fir/ "t t a curr5t f a batt]y1 if int]rupt$ 9 ! vacuum1 w n only produce ! usual m9ute sp>k1 b t a blue tube ( light w be produc$ ar\nd ! conductors )9 ! vacuum4 #dc4 ,,de ,,la ,,rue ,,& ,m,,ll]',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,s\rce ,,( ,,! ,,/riae ,,at ,,! ,,anode4 ,,numb] ,,( ,,/riae ,,v>i$ ,,by ,,*ange ,,( ,,curr5t4 ,phil4 ,trans41 #ahgh4--;,by an arrangem5t ( means = caus+ diff]5t pressures1 !y made a discov]y1 namely1 t z f> z ! eye is conc]n$ ! /riae beg9 to h _! exi/5ce at ! anode4 #df4 ,imag9e ! int]nal gas pressure to become less & less4 ,fir/1 a violet lum9osity occurs ar\nd ! anode z 9 #db4 ,z ! pressure becomes less & less1 lum9\s /riae move t[>d ! ca?ode accompani$ by m & m /riae1 :i* increase ei!r to =m a column rea*+ a c]ta9 di/ance or else ext5d+ ?r\gh ! :ole di/ance betwe5 ! electrodes4 #df4 ,!y obs]v$ t :5 ! ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 0 con/ant & ! curr5t *ang$1 ! v>iation 9 ! appe>ance ( ! /riae 0 v regul>4 #da4 ,) "s tubes ! numb] ( /riae increas$ ) ! increase ( curr5t1 :ile ) a decrease ( curr5t ! numb] ( /riae became less & less4 #h;a4 ,) "s tubes ! numb] ( /riae increas$ :ile ! curr5t decreas$4 #h;a4 ,) ! use ( a cond5s]1 !n z ! ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 decreas$ toge!r ) a dim9ution ( curr5t1 ! numb] ( /riae v>i$4 ,! /riae ne>e/ ! anode vani%$ fir/1 z !y dim9i%$ 9 numb] ) ! fall ( ! ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 ,! /riae on ! o!r h& orig9at$ at ! anode1 :5 ! *>ge ( ! cond5s] 0 gradually increas$ f a m9imum1 & !n ! /riae cont9u$ to increase f ! anode z ! s\rce4 ,z to ! color ( ! /riae1 ! same 0 *ang$ by an alt]ation ( ! curr5t4 #dd4 ,,solomons' ,,exp]im5t4 ,,d>k ,,b&s ,,by ,,small ,,dis*>ges4 ,nature1 ,lon41 ,sept4 #ac1 '#id4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,s41 ,june #ba1 '#id4--,solomons f\nd t 9 a v d>k room1 /riae 7alt]nate light & d>kness7 appe>$ ) v m9ute dis*>ges1 & z ! curr5t 0 increas$1 !y vani%$1 appe>+ aga9 :5 ! dis*>ge 0 /rong4 ,he c\ld n obta9 !m until ! lum9\s column ext5d$ to ! glass =m+ ! l>ge glass tube4 #dj4 #de4 ,,spottiswoode',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,gov]n+ ,,! ,,motion ,,( ,,/riae4 ,,effect ,,^u ,,motion ,,by ,,diamet] ,,( ,,dis*>ge ,,tube4 ,,motion ,,/opp$ ,,by ,,magnet4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,s41 vol4 #cc1 p4 #dee4--,spottiswoode f\nd t he c\ld obta9 motion :5 he desir$4 ,he introduc$ "s con/ant resi/ances & also a rheo/at ( f9e adju/m5t4 ,! lea/ *ange ( resi/ance caus$ "s effect ^u ! /riae4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple t he e/abli%$ 0 t lett+ x be assum$ t ! /riae are /ation>y !n2 8,an increase ( resi/ance produces a =w>d fl[1 & a decrease ( ! resi/ance a backw>d fl[10 diff]5ces ( z little z #a ohm 9 ! prim>y curr5t caus$ ! effect4 ,sometimes ! velocity ( ! fl[ is fa/ & sometimes sl[1 be+ s rapid 9 c]ta9 in/ances t ! unaid$ eye _c di/+ui% !m1 b !y are kn[n to exi/ by ! use ( ! revolv+ mirror4 #df4 ,) tubes ( small diamet]1 comp>$ ) _! l5g?1 he notic$ ! fact t ! /riae 9 "o portion ( ! tube mov$ fa/] ?an ^? 9 ano!r portion4 #df4 ,sometimes "o gr\p mov$ :ile ! o!r "o 0 /ation>y4 ,sometimes !y mov$ 9 opposite directions4 ,?is la/ nam$ ph5om5on occurr$ also 9 v wide tubes4 ,! po9ts at :i* ! *>ge took place he call$ nodes4 ,he discov]$ ext]nal means = /opp+ ?is action4 ,he did x by means ( a magnet locat$ opposite "o end ( ! tube4 #ca4 ,:5 ! magnet 0 en]giz$1 all motion ceas$4 #ca4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,sciagraph ,,( ,,foot ,,de=m$ ,,by ,,po9t$ ,,%oes4 #bjd4 ,by ,pr(4 ,mill]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,hamm]',s ,,molecul> ,,sciagraph4 #aag41 p4 #aad4 #df4 ,,?omson',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,velocity ,,( ,,/riae ,,*eck$ ,,at ,,! ,,ca?ode4 ,nature1 ,lon4 ,jan4 #ca1 '#if1 p4 #ccj4--;,a tube #ej ft4 long 0 exhau/$1 #h;a41 z to /rik+ di/ance4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> exp]im5t1 he caus$ a s+le int]ruption 9 ! prim>y ( ! induction coil1 & obs]v$ ! motion ( ! /riae f ! anode to ! ca?ode by means ( a rotat+ mirror4 #dc4 ,! lum9osity began at ! anode & travell$ t[>d ! negative ) a high velocity1 b ^u its arrival at ! negative pole its velocity 0 *eck$4 ,he said t ! /riae did n disappe> at ! ca?ode l a rabbit w\ld 9 ent]+ a hole1 b !y l+]$ ar\nd ! electrode = "s "t4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is delay1 he f\nd z expect$1 an accumulation ( positive electricity1 #d1 9 ! neighborhood ( ! ca?ode4 ,x is a g5]al pr9ciple1 !re=e1 t :5 a dis*>ge passes betwe5 a gas & metal1 !re is an accumulation1 illu/rat+ t ! dis*>ge exp]i5ces a difficulty or resi/ance4 #cb & #cc4 ,! exp]im5t]1 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson1 ackn[l$g$ t ,pr(s4 ,live+ & ,davy _h notic$ simil> effects4 #dg4 ,,?omson',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,disruptive ,,dis*>ge ,,& ,,electrolysis4 ,nature1 ,lon4 ,jan4 #ca1 '#ie4 ,lect4 ,s4 ,in/4 ,! ,electr41 ,lon4 vol4 #ca1 p4 #bia1 #caf1 & vol4 #ce1 p4 #egh4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,s41 '#ie4--,! dis*>ge ( electricity ?r\gh conduct+ liquids is1 ) sc>cely an exception1 7example1 m]cury7 accompani$ by a *emical action4 ,f>aday & ,davy bo? p]=m$ e>ly exp]im5ts 9 ?is direction4 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson has set =? "s in/ructive facts & :i* act z evid5ce t !re is a close relation betwe5 ! disruptive dis*>ge & *emical action betwe5 ! dielectric & electrodes4 #f & #g4 ,he made ?is exp]im5t 9 connection ) 8 inve/igations relat+ to ! difficulty ! positive electricity exp]i5ces 9 pass+ f a gas to ! negative electrode4 #df4 ,he c>ri$ ?is exp]im5t fur!r1 by te/+ gases ( diff]5t *emical natures4 ,! app>atus he employ$ consi/$ fir/ ( an alt]nat+ curr5t g5]ator1 a high t5sion conv]t]1 a bulb = conta9+ fir/ "o gas & !n ano!r1 ^: metal electrodes 7 connect$ ) ! second>y ( ! trans=m]1 & an electromet] connect$ to a ?ird electrode :i* c\ld be mov$ ab\t )9 ! bulb4 ,! op]ation 0 z foll[s3 :5 ! bulb conta9$ oxyg5 :i* is an electro-negative gas1 ! ?ird movable electrode receiv$ a positive *>ge 9 :atev] "p ( ! bulb x 0 mov$ to1 b ) hydrog5 in/ead ( oxyg5 at atmosph]ic pressure1 ! ?ird electrode receiv$ a positive *>ge f> away f ! arc betwe5 ! o!r electrodes1 b v ne> ! arc x receiv$ a negative *>ge4 ,he !n r>efi$ ! atmosph]e ( hydrog5 & he notic$ t ! space :]e ! ?ird electrode became negative1 contract$1 & at ab\t #a_/c ( an atmosph]e became practically no?+1 s t ! said ?ird electrode connect$ to ! electromet] became slightly positive at all po9ts )9 ! hydrog54 #d4 ,! next /ep consi/$ 9 us+ a bulb1 hav+ oxydiz$ copp] electrodes & a hydrog5 atmosph]e at ! pressure :]e !re 0 only positive electricity1 t is ab\t #a_/c ( an atmosph]e4 ,?is rem>kable ph5om5on occurr$2 !re 0 no positive electricity1 b only negative4 ,:5 ! copp] oxide 0 r$uc$1 ! positive electricity only1 exi/$ 9 all p>ts ( ! bulb4 ,9 brief1 bright copp] electrodes left a positive *>ge 9 ! gas1 :ile oxydiz$ electrodes left a negative *>ge4 ,he argu$ ^u ! results ( ?is exp]im5t to acc\nt = ! delay 9 ! passage ( ! electricity f ! gas to ! metal1 #df4 ,9 lat] exp]im5ts1 he us$ ! spectroscope to detect decomposition4 #f1 at end4 #dh4 ,,de ,,la ,,rue ,,& ,m,,ll]',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,heat ,,/riae4 ,phil4 ,trans41 vol4 #aei1 #ahgh--,!y arrang$ = ! be/ conditions1 t is1 :5 a small numb] ( /riae occurr$ 9 conjunction ) a wide1 d>k int]val4 #dd4 ,!y f\nd t ! heat 0 greate/ at ! position ( maximum lum9osity1 b !y also f\nd t heat 0 g5]at$ at ! d>k spaces4 ,a novel feature 0 ! discov]y ( ! developm5t ( heat 9 ! middle ( ! tube ev5 :5 !re 0 no lum9osity1 #i;a1 ne> end1 s t !y ?\ght x probable !re may be :at might be t]m$ heat /riae1 indep5d5tly ( lum9\s /riae4 #di4 ,,spottiswoode ,,& ,,m\lton',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,s5sitive ,,/ate4 ,,air-,,gap ,,9 ,,circuit ,,=ms ,,be/ ,,me?od ,,( ,,obta9+4 ,,bran* ,,curr5t ,,to ,,e>? ,,v]ifi$ ,,by ,a ,,telephone4 ,,s5sitive ,,/ate ,,by ,a ,,s+le ,,quick ,,dis*>ge4 ,phil4 ,trans41 #ahgi1 p4 #afe1 & ,april #h1 #ahhj4--;,by s5sitive /ate ( lum9\s effects 9 a ,geissl] tube is meant ! susceptibility ( ! light 7 #bh7 to an outside conductor connect$ to e>?4 ,fig4 #e1 p4 #ag4 ,:5 "o's h& is br\ght ne> a ,geissl] tube ! *ange ne> ! h& sometimes occurs & sometimes x does n4 #h4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! effect is m easily noticeable if ! vacuum tube is comp>atively wide or ?ick 9 diamet]4 ,) ! electric egg1 = example1 ! lum9\s effect1 in/ead ( ext5d+ m or less across ! space betwe5 ! electrodes1 rea*es f "o ( ! poles to a conductor on ! outside ( ! egg1 provid$ said conductor has an e>? connection or l>ge capacity4 ,"s ( ! light cont9ues to exi/ nev]!less betwe5 ! two poles4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple is t ! division exi/s because ( ! re-di/ribution or bran*+ ( ! disruptive dis*>ge4 ,x 0 n kn[n :y ! lum9osity %\ld be affect$ by su* an outside conductor sometimes1 & rema9 ! same at o!r times b ! above nam$ exp]im5t]s discov]$ causes :i* c\ld be dep5d$ ^u to produce ! s5sitive /ate4 ,! app>atus w be describ$4 ,!y _h ! usual ,geissl] tube ) ! plat9um wire electrodes1 & a ,holtz ma*9e z ! g5]ator4 ,!y 7 l$ to believe t int]missions ( ! curr5t _h a great deal to d ) ! production ( ! s5sitive /ate1 & accord+ly !y arrang$ = an air-gap 9 circuit ) ! ma*9e & ) ! vacuum tube4 #ea4 ,!y n only obs]v$ t su* a gap caus$ ! s5sitive /ate1 b t an increase 9 ! l5g? ( ! gap made ! lum9\s column m s5sitive4 ,!y increas$ ! gap s mu* t ! ramifications ( ! light c\ld be se54 ,if an induction coil is employ$ z ! second>y g5]ator1 a cond5s] %\ld be c\pl$ up 9 connection ) x4 ,! two 9 comb9ation !reby produce ! s5sitive /ate1 b ^u cutt+ out ! coil & *>g+ ! tubes f ! cond5s] ! s5sitiv5ess c n be detect$4 ,in/ead ( ! p]man5t air-gap1 may be employ$ a rapid circuit int]rupt]1 c\pl$ up betwe5 a ,holtz ma*9e & a vacuum tube4 ,! mann] ( c\pl+ up is to place ! int]rupt] 9 a %unt to ! vacuum tube4 ,difficulty _h be5 f\nd 9 e>ly exp]im5ts to obta9 ! s5sitive /ate ) ^? vacua :i* give /riae4 ,) a rapid circuit int]rupt] & an induction coil1 ! breaks occurr+ #bdj p] second1 ! lum9\s column 0 n only brok5 up into /riae1 b 7 act$ ^u by ! approa* ( an outside conductor connect$ to e>?4 ,! s5sitive /ate is n always made app>5t by ! appe>ance ( attraction ( ! lum9\s light to ! outside conductor4 ,sometimes ! light seems to be repell$4 ,^! two ph5om5a may be caus$ 9 ! same tube4 ,?is feature ( ! s5sitive /ate con/itutes ! beg9n+ ( radiations ( en]gy ?r\gh ! walls ( a vacuum bulb1 l ,x-rays4 ,"s action or o!r 9 ^! cases takes place ?r\gh ! glass4 ,!y tri$ an exp]im5t 9 :i* "o ( ! electrodes ( ! vacuum tube 0 entirely on ! outside4 ,! electrical dis*>ge 0 f\nd to be s5sitive1 = ! dis*>ge 0 *ang$ 9 its appe>ances by ! pres5ce ( an outside conductor connect$ to e>?4 ,ano!r cause ( ! s5sitive /ate 0 obs]v$1 namely1 ! brevity ( ! *>ge4 ,?is may be illu/rat$ ) a ,leyd5 j>1 :i* is kn[n to give an almo/ practically in/antane\s dis*>ge4 ,a s+le dis*>ge f su* a j> produc$ a fla% ( light :i* 0 9 ! s5sitive /ate4 ,! nom5clature by :i* ! exp]im5t]s def9$ ! cause ( ! ph5om5a is made up ( ! words3 ,re-di/ribution ( electricity1 & a relief ( ! ext]nal /ra94 #di;a4 ,no re-di/ribution took place unless ! outside conductor 0 connect$ to e>? or to a conductor ( l>ge capacity1 nor w\ld an outside conductor1 :i* 0 already *>g$1 s]ve to exhibit ! s5sitive /ate4 ,! re-di/ribution effect 0 prov$ by means ( a telephone connect$ 9 circuit betwe5 ! outside conductor & ! e>? ,fig4 #e1 p4 #ag4 ,:5 ! /ate 0 s5sitive1 t is1 dur+ ! use ( ! air-gap1 ! telephone produc$ a s\nd 9 unison ) ! int]missions occurr+ at ! air-gap4 #i & #i;a4 #ej4 ,,reitl+] ,,& ,,urbanitzky',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,s5sitive ,,/ate ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,a ,,flexible ,,conductor ,,)9 ,,! ,,dis*>ge ,,tube4 ,proc4 ,vi5na ,acad41 #ahgi4 ,nature1 ,nov4 #bj1 #ahgi4--,! dis*>ge tube 0 #bj cm4 long4 ,x _h ! usual plat9um electrodes1 & x /ood upright4 ,f ! upp] electrode1 0 susp5d$ a /rip ( t9foil 9 ! middle ( ! tube1 :i* 0 connect$ to a pump s t ! d5sity ( ! gas c\ld be v>i$4 ,at atmosph]ic pressure1 ! second>y curr5t ( a ,ruhmkorff coil connect$ to ! electrodes caus$ ! /rip to be attract$ to ! glass tube4 ,! attraction 0 less & less z ! process ( exhau/ion 0 c>ri$ on1 & :5 a pressure indicat$ by #g mm4 0 rea*$1 ! /rip 0 nei!r attract$ nor repell$1 b hung d[nw>d ! same z )\t any electricity :atev]1 b x 0 attract$ by a neighbor+ %ell-lac rod :i* _h be5 rubb$ ) clo?1 & x 0 repell$ by a glass rod :i* _h be5 rubb$ ) amalgam1 x be+ assum$ t ! /rip 0 connect$ to ! anode4 #cf4 ,! opposite action took place :5 x 0 connect$ to ! ca?ode4 ,z ! exhau/ion cont9u$ & became great] & great]1 ^! actions di$ away also up to a r>efaction ( ab\t #d mm4 ,indep5d5tly ( ! degree ( r>efaction1 ! flexible /rip ( t9foil 0 always deflect$ by an outside conductor connect$ to e>?4 #di4 #ea4 ,,tesla',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,inc&esc5t ,,electrode ,,by ,,high ,,pot5tial ,,& ,,enorm\s ,,frequ5cy4 ,,sy/em ,,ref]r$ ,,to ,,by ,,ro5tg5 ,,= ,,g5]at+ ,,p[]ful ,x-,,rays4 ,u4 ,s4 ,lett]s ,pat41 ,no4 #ded1 #fbb1 ,june #bc1 '#ia4 ,m>t9's ,rese>*es ( ,tesla2 ,trans4 ,am]4 ,in/4 ,elec4 ,eng9e]s1 ,may #bj1 '#ia2 ,elec4 ,review1 ,n4,y41 ,june #bd1 '#ic1 p4 #bbf2 ,lect4 ,frankl9 ,in/41 ,feb4 #bd1 '#ic1 & ,nat4 ,elec4 ,light ,asso41 ,m>4 #a1 '#ic2 also ,lect4 9 ,europe4 ,lat] he aga9 exp]im5t$ 9 ?is direction1 see ,elec4 ,review1 ,n4,y41 ,may #bj1 '#if1 p4 #bfc4--;,by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,pat5t ,(fice he 0 grant$1 among o!r claims1 ! foll[+3 8,! improvem5t 9 ! art ( electric light+ h]e9 describ$1 :i* consi/s 9 g5]at+ & produc+ = ! op]ation ( light+ devices1 curr5ts ( enorm\s frequ5cy & excessively high pot5tial1 sub/antially z h]e9 describ$40 ,a simple comb9ation ( circuits toge!r ) great skill 9 ! con/ruction ( app>atus involv+ high p[]s ( insulation1 result$ 9 ! production1 )9 a vacuum1 ( an electrode radiat+ int5sely :ite light4 ,! circuit may be easily trac$ 9 ! diagram ,fig4 #ag p4 #ag4 ,briefly describ$1 !re may be notic$ an alt]nat+ curr5t g5]ator ( comp>atively l[ ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 ,! curr5t f ?is g5]ates a second>y curr5t by means ( an induction coil4 ,?is second>y curr5t g5]ates a t]ti>y curr5t by a second induction coil4 ,an air-gap = automatic & int]mitt5t disruptive dis*>ges1 #di ne> end1 is 9 ! circuit ( ! second>y coil ( ! fir/ nam$ induction coil1 :i* is directly *>g$ by ! alt]nat+ curr5t g5]ator4 ,! gap may be notic$ betwe5 ! two balls4 ,9 %unt to ! air-gap is a cond5s] 7see ,fizeau1 *apt] ,i47 repres5t$ by sev]al p>allel l9es4 ,! lamp consi/s m]ely ( an evacuat$ bulb hav+ an electrode ( c>bon or o!r refractory mat]ial1 :i* is connect$ to "o pole ( ! la/ second>y coil :ile ! o!r pole may be outside1 & may consi/1 = example1 ( ! walls ( a room1 :i* 9 su* a case %\ld be ( "s electric conduct+ mat]ial4 ,! high] ! vacuum ! m int5se ! light2 he f\nd no limit to ?is rule4 ,fig4 #af;a p4 #ag illu/rates 8 ideal me?od ( light+ a room4 ,he f\nd t ) two plates at a di/ance ap>t z indicat$ & connect$ to ! poles ( ! coil1 & ) electrodeless vacuum bulbs1 ! latt] became bright 9 space--no me*anical or electrical connection o!r ?an air & ! assum$ e!r4 #eb4 ,,moore',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,lum9osity ,,9 ,,dis*>ge ,,tube ,,by ,,self-,,induc$ ,,curr5ts4 ,trans4 ,am]4 ,in/4 ,elect4 ,eng41 ,sept4 #bj1 '#ic & ,april #bb1 '#if4 ,sev]al ,u4 ,s4 ,lett]s ,pat5t4 ,inv5t$ #ahib4--;,dur+ or ab\t #ahca1 ,pr(4 ,h5ry discov]$ t :5 ! circuit ( a prim>y batt]y 0 int]rupt$1 a self-induc$ curr5t1 :i* he call$ an extra curr5t1 0 produc$4 ,:5 ! circuit 0 clos$1 !re 0 also a self-induc$ curr5t1 b v mu* feebl] ?an t obta9$ on int]ruption4 ,! self-induc$ curr5t occurr$ only at or ab\t ! in/ant ( int]ruption or completion4 ,he f\nd also t ! self-induc$ curr5t produc$ by int]ruption 0 enorm\sly increas$ 9 ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 if ! circuit includ$ a helix ( v long & f9e wire4 ,x 0 fur!r increas$ by ! pres5ce ( an iron core4 ,) "o or two cells1 ! sp>k ^u int]ruption 0 sc>cely visible1 b ) a f9e wire #cj or #dj feet long1 an appreciable sp>k 0 obta9$ dur+ int]ruption4 ,) b a comp>atively few cells1 & ) a magnet = example l a telegraph relay1 ! ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 arose to sev]al ?\s& volts at ! in/ant ( int]ruption4 ,d4 ,mc,farland ,moore introduc$ into su* a circuit a ,geissl] tube & provid$ a rapid automatic int]rupt]4 ,page1 ,ruhmkorff & o!rs _h1 at an e>ly date1 notic$ ! desirability1 9 op]at+ ,geissl] tubes by second>y curr5ts1 to obta9 quick int]ruption 9 ! prim>y circuit 9 ord] to produce ! be/ effects 9 ! ,geissl] tube4 ,moore caus$ ! int]ruptions to take place 9 a vacuum1 s high t a disruptive electrical dis*>ge c\ld n pass4 ,! break 0 !re=e1 absolutely in/antane\s & complete4 ,by ?is sy/em1 illu/rat$ 9 diagram 9 ,fig4 #ah1 p4 #ag1 he obta9$ all ! lum9\s effects1 actions by magnets1 ! s5sitive /ate1 /riae & all ! o!r ph5om5a h]et(ore notic$ 9 ,geissl] tubes & "s ( ^? obta9$ by ,tesla ) 8 app>atus z j describ$4 ,9 great] detail1 x w be notic$ t he _h a dynamo ( r l[ ,e4 ,m4 ,f41 g5]ally #ajj volts1 & a high vacuum conta9+ a circuit int]rupt] op]at$ automatically by a magnet outside l a vibrator 9 an electric bell4 ,! magnet s]v$ also z ! self inductive device4 ,! magnet & int]rupt] 7 9 s]ies ) ea* o!r1 !re=e1 :ile ! ,geissl] tube 0 9 s]ies ) ! magnet1 & ! electrodes ext5d$ ei!r inside ( ! ,geissl] tube or rema9$ on ! outside4 ,he p]=m$ num]\s exp]im5ts on simil> l9es & develop$ ! sy/em on a l>ge scale1 :]eby rooms 7e4g4 ! hall ( ! ,am]4 ,s4 ,me*4 ,eng41 ,n4,y47 h be5 illum9at$ z if by o!r artificial illum9ants1 by employ+ long & num]\s vacuum tubes4 ,among sev]al discov]ies 0 t ( ! production ( a bright p5cil ( light along ! axis ( a long op5 helix1 :i* =m$ "o ( ! int]nal electrodes4 ,! ,pat5t ,(fice made /r5u\s ef=ts to det]m9e ! degree ( novelty1 assum+ t "s "o else mu/ h conceiv$ ! idea ( employ+ a self-induc$ curr5t to op]ate ,geissl] tubes2 b no?+ ne>] ?an ,pogg5dorff's exp]im5t #db c\ld be f\nd1 & !re=e ! foll[+ claim 79 pat5t #edhegf1 ,oct4 #bb1 '#ie17 0 grant$ among a hundr$ or s relat+ to developm5ts & details & p>ticul>ly cov]+ ! vacuum int]rupt]4 8,! me?od ( produc+ lum9\s effects1 consi/+ 9 conv]t+ a curr5t ( l[ pot5tial into "o ( high pot5tial1 by rapidly & repeat$ly int]rupt+ ! l[ pot5tial curr5t 9 its passage ?r\gh a self-inductive resi/ance1 & pass+ ! =m] curr5t ?r\gh a ,geissl] tube1 !reby produc+ light )9 ! tube40 ,illu/ration3 ,,edison',s ,,b5efic5t ,x-,,ray ,,exhibit1 #hb1 p4 #ga1 & #acb1 p4 #abf4 ,calcic tung/ate scre5 at c5t]1 sciascope ne> "r4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,v ------- #ec4 ,,crookes' ,,exp]im5t4 ,,d>k ,,space ,,ar\nd ,,! ,,ca?ode4 ,lect4 ,brit4 ,asso41 ,%ef41 ,eng41 ,aug4 #bb1 '#gi4--;,accord+ to ,l5>d 7,! ,electr41 ,lond41 ,m>4 #bc1 '#id7 ,hittorf discov]$ ! ca?ode rays1 & ,v>ley1 #fa;a41 & ,crookes /udi$ !m4 ,! pressure ( ! residual gas 0 #a ,m4 ( an atmosph]e4 ,pr(4 ,crookes1 ,f4,r4,s41 ma9ta9$ ! evacuat$ space 9 communication ) ! air pump & ) an absorb5t mat]ial4 ,be=e 8 "t mo/ exp]im5t]s work$ ) a vacuum n mu* less ?an #cj1jjj ,m4 ,! fir/ exp]im5t is illu/rat$ 9 diagram1 at ,fig4 #f p4 #ag1 b ! vacuum 0 n ! highe/ 9 ?is type4 ,! tube 0 cyl9drical & 0 provid$ ) electrodes at ! ends4 ,ano!r electrode 0 locat$ at ! c5tre & 0 made ! ca?ode1 :ile ! two t]m9al electrodes 7 made ! same pole2 namely1 ! anode4 ,^u connect+ ! tube 9 circuit ) ! second>y ( a l>ge induction coil1 ! lum9osity did n ext5d ei!r cont9u\sly or 9 /riae ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! tube4 ,=m] inve/igators _h likewise notic$ ! d>k space4 ,! space & glass on ea* side ( ! c5tral ca?ode 7 d>k4 ,! d>k space ext5d$ = ab\t "o in* on ea* side ( ! negative pole4 ,x is n int5d$ "h1 any m ?an 9 =m] cases1 to pres5t !ories 9 explanation fur!r ?an to briefly allude to any conclusion at :i* ! exp]im5t] himself arriv$4 ,crookes' explanation ( ! ph5om5a has n be5 univ]sally accept$1 nor has x be5 prov$ o!rwise4 ,! k ( ! exi/5ce ( rays1 n[ kn[n z ,ro5tg5 rays1 w assi/ 9 =mulat+ !ories ^u ! ,crookes' ph5om5a & may ei!r confirm "s ( 8 views or ov]?r[ !m4 ,crookes consid]$ t ! residual atmosph]e 0 9 su* a /ate z to be z diff]5t 9 its prop]ties f gas1 z gas is f liquid & liquid f solid1 & !re=e he nam$ ! att5uat$ atmosph]e radiant matt]1 or f\r? /ate ( matt]4 ,he conclud$ t ! rema9+ p>ticles ( ! gas =m+ ! radiant matt] mov$ 9 /raight l9es ov] a great di/ance z comp>$ ) t mov$ ?r\gh by molecules at ! ord9>y pressure4 ,he call$ ?is di/ance ! 8mean free pa?40 ,if 8 !ory is correct1 ?is d>k space is due to ! fact t ! molecules 9 motion at & ne> ! ca?ode d n bomb>d ea* o!r & !re=e d n produce ! effect ( light4 ,:5 ! motion is arre/$ by p>ticles ( gas !mselves1 )9 ! bulb1 !n is light g5]at$4 ,! =ce propell+ ! p>ticles f ! positive pole 0 suppos$ to be less4 ,9 ord] to let ! exp]im5ts speak = !mselves1 z mu* z possible1 )\t be+ too mu* influ5c$ by ! op9ion ( ! exp]im5t]2 ! !ory is only briefly allud$ to z above1 & w n be fur!r appli$ 9 ! pres5tation ( 8 o!r exp]im5ts4 ,9 view ( ! radical discov]ies ( ,l5>d & ,ro5tg51 aft] ! in/allation ( ! ,crookes ph5om5a1 x has be5 ! policy ( ! au?or to pres5t all ! exp]im5ts z facts = evid5ce 9 behalf ( ! g5]al !ories1 :i* may be h]eaft] =mulat$ indep5d5tly ( old !ories4 ,!re=e1 ! read] %\ld be> 9 m9d ! tea*+s ( ! v>i\s exp]im5ts ) ! view ( arriv+ at g5]al pr9ciples & hypo!ses4 #ed4 ,,relation ,,( ,,vacuum ,,to ,,phosphoresc5ce4--,he />t$ ) su* a high vacuum t he c\ld n obta9 any electrical dis*>ge4 #be4 ,!re 01 !re=e1 no phosphoresc5ce 9 ! glass tube1 :atev]4 ,! cau/ic pota%1 :i* _h be5 employ$ to absorb ! la/ trace ( moi/ure & c>bonic acid gas1 0 slightly heat$1 & v gradually4 ,!n x 0 notic$ t a curr5t began to pass & t ! glass became gre51 & app>5tly on ! inn] surface4 ,z ! heat cont9u$1 ! gre5 pass$ gradually away & 0 replac$ by /riae1 :i* fir/ appe>$ to ext5d across ! :ole diamet] ( ! glass tube 7 #dj7 :i* 0 a long cyl9drical tube1 & !n became conc5trat$ t[>d ! axial l9e ( ! tube4 ,f9ally1 ! light consi/$ ( a p5cil ( purple4 #aj4 ,:5 ! s\rce ( heat 0 remov$ s t ! moi/ure & c>bonic acid gas c\ld be absorb$ aga9 by ! pota%1 ! /riae appe>$1 & !n ! o!r effects j nam$1 only 9 ! rev]s$ ord]1 until ! tube act$ l an inf9ite resi/ance4 ,phosphoresc5ce is ! correct ^w1 because ! light exi/$ = a few seconds aft] cutt+ (f ! curr5t4 #ee4 ,,phosphoresc5ce ,,( ,,objects ,,)9 ,,! ,,vacuum ,,tube4--,! con/ruction 9 ,fig4 #g1 p4 #ag1 %[s h[ a diamond 0 caus$ to phosphoresce )9 a ,crookes' tube1 be+ support$ 9 a conv5i5t mann] 9 ! c5tre ( "o ( ! tubes1 :ile electrodes 7 locat$ ne> ! ends & 7 =m$ ( disks fac+ ! diamond4 ,^u connect+ ! disks to ! respective poles ( ! second>y conductor1 & by p]=m+ ! exp]im5t 9 a r d>k room1 ! diamond became brilliantly phosphoresc5t1 radiat+ light 9 all directions4 ,he exp]im5t$ ) _m sub/ances 9 ?is way1 b f\nd t ! diamond 0 ! be/--almo/ equal to "o c&le p[]4 ,9 ord] to exhibit ! phosphoresc5ce ( glass 9 a /rik+ mann]1 he *>g$ ?ree small tubes simultane\sly4 ,"o 0 made ( uranium glass :i* radiat$ a gre5 light4 ,ano!r 0 an ,engli% glass :i* appe>$ blue1 & ! rema9+ "o 0 ,g]man glass :i* phosphoresc$ a bright gre54 ,notice diff]5ce ) respect to light :i* does n p]ceptibly cause phosphoresc5ce ( glass4 ,! uranium glass 0 ! mo/ lum9\s4 ,lum9\s pa9t1 z prep>$ by ,becqu]el1 & lat] by ,balma91 :i* has ! prop]ty ( /or+ up light & aft]w>ds radiat+ x 9 a d>k room = sev]al h\rs1 became m phosphoresc5t 9 ! ,crookes tube ?an :5 subject to day-light4 ,phosphoresc5ce ( ! m9]al ph5akite1 ! *emical "n ( :i* is gluc9ic alum9ate1 0 blue1 ! em]ald1 crimson1 & spodum5e1 :i* is a d\ble silicate1 7 yell[4 ,! ruby phosphoresc$ r$1 :atev] its t9t by day-light4 ,9 "o tube he _h rubies ( all ! usual t9ts by day-light1 b !y 7 all ( "o %ade ( r$ by ! action ( ! disruptive dis*>ge 9 ! tube4 #ef4 ,,d>kness ,,& ,,lum9osity ,,9 ,,arms ,,( ,v ,,tube4 ,see ,fig4 #h1 p4 #ag4 ,x w be notic$ t 9 ,fig4 #f1 p4 #ag1 ! tube 0 /raight4 ,crookes desir$ to see :at effect w\ld take place 9 a b5t tube4 ,he !re=e employ$ a ,v %ap$ tube1 hav+ electrodes 9 ! ends--"o 9 ea* arm4 ,^u caus+ ! electrical dis*>ge to take place ?r\gh ! tube1 "o arm 0 lum9\s & ! o!r 0 d>k4 ,:atev] ! ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 01 ! appe>ances rema9$ ! same4 ,no lum9osity w\ld b5d f "o arm ( ! ,v %ap$ tube to ! o!r4 ,! ca?ode arm 0 always lum9\s & ! anode d>k4 ,) a less degree ( vacuum1 bo? arms 7 lum9\s1 accord+ to e>ly exp]im5t]s :o ?us brilliantly light$ tubes ( ! mo/ fanta/ic %apes4 #eg4 ,,ca?ode ,,rays ,,rectil9e>4 ,,radiate ,,normally ,,f ,,! ,,surface ,,( ,,! ,,ca?ode4 ,9 8 lecture he _h1 side by side1 two bulbs1 "o1 9 :i* ! vacuum 0 ( su* a degree1 t a blue /ream ( light exi/$ betwe5 ! negative pole & positive pole1 #ed1 at c5tre4 ,x is evid5t t ! vacuum 9 ?is bulb 0 n v high4 ,fig4 #i1 p4 #ag1 %[s a /ream ext5d+ f ! negative to ! positive pole1 ,fig4 #aj1 p4 #ag1 is ! same k9d ( a tube only ! vacuum is ab\t #a to #b m4 ,9 o!r words1 ! vacuum 9 ! latt] 0 j s high t a dis*>ge took place1 & in/ead ( ! lum9\s effect be+ l t ) a l[ vacuum1 !re 0 a pat* ( gre5 light directly opposite ! concave negative pole4 ,! radiations f ?is pole 7 rectil9e>1 cross+ ea* o!r at a focus )9 ! bulb & produc+ ^u ! glass a phosphoresc5t spot4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! ^w radiations is us$ z a m]e matt] ( conv5i5ce4 ,directly opposite ! concave ca?ode1 !re 0 a gre5 pat* ( light on ! inn] surface ( ! glass4 ,x 0 %[n t x made no diff]5ce :]e ! anode 04 ,?is fact becomes useful 9 c>ry+ on exp]im5ts 9 connection ) ,ro5tg5 rays1 & x may h a great deal to d ) ! solution ( ! !oretical problems 9 connection ) electrical dis*>ges 9 vacuum tubes4 ,9 reg>d to ! ?ree /reams %[n 9 ,fig4 #i1 p4 #ag1 x may be /at$ t only "o occurr$ at a "t 9 ! exp]im5t1 =1 fir/ "o anode 0 connect$ 9 circuit1 & !n ! next by itself1 & !n ! ?ird "o by itself1 :ile ! concave pole 0 always negative4 ,ea* "t ! anode 0 *ang$1 ! /ream *ang$1 & connect$ t pole :i* 0 9 circuit1 #dc1 b simil> *anges made ^u ! tube ) a high vacuum1 did n alt] ! position ( ! phosphoresc5t spot4 ,?is & o!r exp]im5ts %[ t ! radiations took place p]p5dicul>ly f ! surface ( ! ca?ode4 #eh4 ,,%ad[ ,,ca/ ,,)9 ,,! ,,dis*>ge ,,tube4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aa1 p4 #ag1 :]e !re is a negative pol> disk at ! small end ( ! egg %ap$ tube1 & a cross ne> ! l>ge end1 ! same =m+ ! positive pole4 ,! cross is made ( alum9um4 ,!re 0 a novel action1 h[ev]1 discov]$ 9 addition to ! m]e ca/+ ( a %ad[4 ,! glass :i* _h become phosphoresc5t except )9 ! %ad[1 became aft] a :ile1 less phosphoresc5t4 ,its prop]ty to phosphoresce became less z prov$ by remov+ ! cross1 :i* 0 arrang$ to fall d[n ^u tipp+ ! bulb4 ,imm$iately1 ! "p :i* 0 )9 ! %ad[ became bright] ?an ! re/ ( ! glass1 !reby rev]s+ ! appe>ances1 by mak+ a lum9\s picture ( ! cross ^u only p>tially phosphoresc5t glass4 ,a rem>kable feature is t ! glass nev] recov]$ its fir/ exhibit$ p[] ( phosphoresc5ce1 nei!r did ?is p[] entirely become no?+1 h[ev] _m times ! tube 0 employ$4 ,0 ! deposit ( metal f ! ca?ode ! cause8 #eh;a4 ,,me*anical ,,motion ,,produc$ ,,by ,,radiations ,,f ,,! ,,negative ,,pole4 ,x occur$ to ,crookes t ! radiations f ! ca?ode might p]haps cause a :eel to turn ar\nd4 ,he !re=e _h a m9ute :eel made by ,mr4 ,gim+ham1 l an und]%ot wat] :eel1 & its axle re/$ on two rails ( glass1 s t x might roll along f "o end ( ! tube to ! o!r4 ,! vanes 7 exactly opposite to ! plane surface ( ! ca?ode4 ,! molecul> /ream or radiations1 or :atev] !y may be1 possibly vibrations1 f ! ca?ode1 7 s p[]ful me*anically t ! :eel 0 caus$ to run up hill1 ! tube be+ incl9$ v slightly4 ,on ! pr9ciple t action & reaction are equal1 he built ano!r device 9 :i* ! negative electrode 0 movable1 & he obs]v$ t :5 ! curr5t 0 on1 ! negative electrode mov$ slightly4 ,^u ^! pr9ciples he built ! well-kn[n ,crookes radiomet] 9 :i* ! vanes rotat$ by reaction ( ! radiations4 ,! vanes 9 ?is =m ( radiomet] 7 made ( alum9um1 & a cup ( h>d /eel s]v$ z ! be>+1 ,fig4 #ab1 p4 #ag4 ,"o side ( ea* disk 0 coat$ ) a ?9 scale ( mica4 ,! alum9um disks =m$ ! ca?ode1 :ile ! anode 0 locat$ at ! top4 ,! op]ation consi/$ 9 connect+ ! t]m9als z /at$1 s t ! vanes 7 ! negative poles & x 0 obs]v$ t ! little :eel rotat$4 ,! vacuum 0 n z high z t = obta9+ phosphoresc5ce4 ,) a l[ vacuum1 an envelope ( violet light exi/$ ne> ! surface ( ! alum9um vanes4 ,effects 7 c>efully /udi$ by ma9ta9+ connection ) ! pump4 ,at ! pressure ( 4#e mm4 !re 0 a d>k cyl9d] opposite ! alum9um ext5d+ to ! glass1 & ?is 0 ! pressure at :i* ! vanes began to rotate4 ,! d>k spaces opposite ea* vane became l>g] & l>g] 9 wid?1 until !y appe>$ to be oppos$ or resi/$ by ! inn] surface ( ! glass1 & !n ! rotation became v rapid4 ,he modifi$ ?is exp]im5t by hav+ vanes entirely ( mica1 & by hav+ ! ca?ode disconnect$ electrically f ! vanes1 ,fig4 #ac1 p4 #ag4 ,a coil ( metal ne> ! vanes s]v$ z ! ca?ode4 ,! anode 0 at a di/ance 9 ! top ( ! tube z 9 ,fig4 #ab1 p4 #ag4 ,dur+ ! electrical dis*>ge1 ! :eels rotat$ by radiations f ! coil :i* =m$ ! ca?ode4 ,he made ! discov]y t :5 ?is coil 0 heat$ r$ hot conv5i5tly by a curr5t f a prim>y batt]y1 ! vanes also rotat$1 %[+ t !re is probably "s relation betwe5 ! radiations f ! ca?ode & heat rays4 ,! fact rema9s h[ev]1 t bo? k9ds ( rays produc$ rotation1 directly or indirectly4 #ei4 ,,action ,,( ,,magnet ,,^u ,,ca?ode ,,rays4--,he _h two tubes1 "o ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad & ! o!r 9 ,fig4 #ae1 on page #ag4 ,9 ! =m]1 ! vacuum 0 s l[ t a violet /ream ( light exi/$ betwe5 ! electrodes4 ,9 ! o!r1 ! rays 7 invisible1 b 7 conv]t$ into lum9osity by projection at an exce$+ly slight angle1 ^u a phosphoresc5t scre5 arrang$ along ! l5g? ( ! tube & inside !re(4 ,inasmu* z ! :ole surface ( ! ca?ode 9 ! latt] case radiat$ p>allel & invisible rays1 he cut (f "s ( !m by a mica scre5 hav+ a hole 9 ! c5tre & locat$ ne> ! negative pole1 s t only a p5cil ( invisible rays c\ld g ?r\gh ! mica scre5 & act ^u ! phosphoresc5t scre54 ,9 bo? cases1 !re 0 visible a /raight p5cil ( light4 ,n[ notice ! effect :i* took place ^u locat+ a magnet z indicat$ 9 ! figures4 ,) ! l[ vacuum1 ! p5cil 0 b5t out ( its c\rse b return$ aga9 to ! l9e ( its orig9al pa?4 #bh4 ,) ! high vacuum1 ! rays 7 b5t b did n return to _! orig9al direction nor p>allel !reto4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! magnet act$ z ^u a v delicate flexible conductor1 :ile 9 ! latt]1 x act$1 z ,crookes said1 l ! e>? ^u projectiles4 ,he modifi$ ! latt] exp]im5t 9 ord] to det]m9e if ! simil>ity betwe5 ?is ph5om5on & gravitation exi/$ 9 o!r respects4 ,he anticipat$ t if ! molecul> resi/ance to ! rays 7 increas$ !y w\ld be b5t m out ( _! c\rse l a horizontally project$ bullet4 ,he !re=e heat$ ! cau/ic pota% /icks slightly1 & 9 view ( ! lib]ation ( molecules ( wat] )9 ! vacuum tube1 ! rays1 he ?\ght1 w\ld be resi/$2 & su* 0 ! case to all appe>ances1 = !n ! p5cil ( light 0 b5t out ( its c\rse to a great] ext5t1 al?\gh ! magnetic p[] rema9$ ! same z well z ! ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 produc+ ! electric dis*>ge4 ,he !re=e e/abli%$1 app>5tly1 ! pr9ciple t ! magnetic actions ^u ca?ode rays v>y some:at 9 _! nature accord+ to ! degree ( vacuum4 ,9 ei!r case1 x may be /at$ incid5tally1 t :5 ! magnet 0 mov$ to & fro1 ! p5cils ( light wav$ back & =?4 ,9 ! modifi$ =m ( con/ruction ov] t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae1 p4 #ag1 he caus$ a :eel to rotate t 0 locat$ 9 ! high vacuum4 ,! vanes ( ! :eel 7 s locat$ t ! faces ( ! same 7 p]p5dicul> to ! direction ( ! p5cil ( ! rays radiat+ f ! ca?ode4 ,:5 ! magnet deflect$ ! rays1 ! :eel ceas$ rotation4 #fj4 ,,mutual ,,repulsion ,,( ,,ca?ode ,,rays4--,if ! little mica scre51 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #af1 p4 #ag has two holes1 & if !re are two ca?odes in/ead ( "o1 !re w also be two p5cils ( light4 ,he p]=m$ an exp]im5t involv+ ! latt] modification1 & ! result 0 some?+ t c\ld n h be5 pr$ict$4 ,! two p5cils1 z display$ by ! long fluoresc5t scre51 repell$ ea* o!r l molecules simil>ly electrifi$4 ,! :ite p5cils1 x w be notic$1 7 repell$ f ea* o!r & %[$ _! condition :5 bo? ( ! negative poles 7 9 circuit4 ,! black p5cils %[ ! location ( bo? ( ! p5cils :5 only "o pole is 9 circuit at a "t1 ! direction be+ p]p5dicul> to ! plane ( ! ca?ode disc 7 #eg7 at end4 #fa4 ,,heat+ ,,& ,,light+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,ca?ode ,,rays4 ,,heat ,,( ,,phosphoresc5t ,,spot4--,by mak+ ! ca?ode concave z 9 ,fig4 #aj1 p4 #ag1 & s locat+ x t ! focus ( ! ca?ode rays falls ^u "s sub/ance1 ! latt] becomes v hot4 ,9 ?is way ,crookes melt$ wax on ! outside ( ! bulb at ! phosphoresc5t spot4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 ! heat 0 s great t x crack$ ! glass )\t at fir/ injur+ ! vacuum2 next ! glass at ?is po9t s(t5$1 & ! air1 by its pressure1 ru%$ into ! bulb1 =c+ a hole ?r\gh ! s(t "p4 ,he p]=m$ an exp]im5t also :i* illu/rat$ ! int5sity ( ! heat :5 ! rays 7 br\ght to a focus4 ,he us$ an unusually l>ge electrode l a concave mirror1 & 9 ! focus1 :i* 0 ne> ! c5tre ( ! bulb1 he support$ a small piece ( iridio-plat9um4 ,at fir/1 ) a mod]ately l[ ,e4 ,m4 ,f41 ! metal 0 made :ite hot4 ,:5 a magnet 0 caus$ to approa*1 ! rays 7 drawn to "o side1 #ei1 & ! little piece ( metal cool$4 ,he !n put 9 all ! coils ( an inductorium1 & all[$ ! metal n only to become :ite hot1 b to become s heat$ t x melt$4 ,h[ little did ,pr(4 ,crookes "k ab\t ! mo/ important ph5om5a associat$ ) 8 exp]im5t4 ,al?\gh he 0 s exce$+ly en?usia/ic & +5i\s 9 plann+ 8 exp]im5ts1 & 9 reason+1 yet x seems almo/ my/]i\s t he %\ld h be5 subject$ to :at h become kn[n z ,x-rays1 :i* pass$ into 8 body1 & w\ld h photograph$ portions ( 8 skeleton1 & :i* w\ld h p]=m$ outside ( ! tube _m ( ! acts t 7 notic$ )94 ,sev5te5 ye>s elaps$ betwe5 ! "t ( ,crookes on ! "o h&1 & ,l5>d & ,ro5tg5's discov]ies on ! o!r4 ,dr4 ,lodge1 ,f4,r4,s41 7,! ,elect41 ,lon41 ,jan4 #ca1 '#if1 p4 #dch17 & ,l5>d1 9 8 fir/ pap]1 attribut$ to ,hittorf ! discov]y ( ! m]e exi/5ce ( ca?ode rays1 b cr$it$ to ,crookes ! full e/abli%m5t ( _! prop]ties1 d$uction ( _! pr9ciples & =mulation ( an +5i\s !ory4 #fa;a ,z an appropriate conclusion to ,crookes' "w1 ,i _c d bett] ?an to let ,"l ,kelv9 repeat :at he said 9 8 ,pres4 ,addr41 ,ro4 ,s41 ,nov4 '#ic1 see also ,! ,elect41 ,lon4 ,feb4 #ad1 '#if1 p4 #ebb1 %[+ t a small portion ( ! cr$it is due n only to ,hittorf1 #ec1 b to ,v>ley4 8,8 %ort pap] ( #ahga1 :i*1 /range to say has la9 almo/ or q unp]ceiv$ 9 ! ,proce$+s dur+ ! #bb ye>s s9ce its publication1 conta9s an important fir/ in/alm5t ( discov]y 9 a new field1 ! molecul> torr5t #ec1 at c5tre1 f ! #8negative pole1' ! control ( its c\rse by a magnet1 #ei1 its pressure aga9/ ei!r end ( a pivot$ vane ( mica1 #ei1 at end1 & ! %ad[ produc$ by its int]ception by a mica scre51 #eh4 ,q indep5d5tly ( ,v>ley1 & n kn[+ :at he _h done1 ,crookes 7,roy4 ,in/4 ,proc41 ,april #d1 '#gi1 vol4 ,,lx1 p4 #ach4 ,ro4 ,s4 ,trans41 '#gd1 8,on attractions & repulsions result+ f radiation0 ,"p ,,ii1 '#gf1 p>ts ,,iii & ,,iv1 '#gf1 "p ,v1 '#gh1 "p ,,vi1 '#gi7 0 l$ to ! same prim>y discov]y1 n by accid5t & n m]ely by exp]im5tal skill & acut5ess ( obs]vation40 99 99 99 99 8,he br\ght all 8 "w m & m into t\* ) ! k9etic !ory ( gases2 s mu* s1 t :5 he discov]$ ! molecul> torr5t he imm$iately gave x its true explanation--molecules ( residual air1 or gas or vapor project$ at great velocities 7probably1 ,i believe n great] 9 any case ?an #b or #c kilomet]s p] second1 #fa;b71 by electric repulsion f ! negative electrode4 ,?is explanation has be5 repeat$ly & /r5u\sly attack$ by _m o!r able inve/igators1 b ,crookes has def5d$ 7,presid5tial address to ! ,in/4 ,elect4 ,eng41 #ahia47 x1 & ?or\ghly e/abli%$ x by :at ,i believe is irrefragable evid5ce ( exp]im5t4 ,skillful inve/igations p]sev]+ly cont9u$ br\ght out m & m wond]ful & valuable results2 ! non-importance ( ! position ( ! positive electrode1 #eg1 ne> end1 ! projection ( ! torr5t p]p5dicul>ly f ! surface ( ! negative electrode1 #eg1 at end2 its conv]g5ce into a focus & div]g5ce !nce=w>d :5 ! surface is slightly concave1 #dg1 ne> beg9n+2 ! slight b p]ceptible repulsion1 #fj1 betwe5 two p>allel torr5ts due1 accord+ to ,crookes1 to negative electrifications ( _! con/itu5t molecules2 ! *ange ( ! direction ( ! molecul> torr5t by a neighbor+ magnet1 #ei4 ! trem5d\s heat+ effect ( ! torr5t f a concave electrode :5 glass1 metal or any pond]able sub/ance is plac$ 9 ! focus1 #fa4 ! phosphoresc5ce procur$ on a plate coat$ ) s5sitive pa9t by a molecul> torr5t skirt+ along x1 ,fig4 #ae1 p4 #ag2 ! brilliant colors--turquoise blue1 em]ald1 orange1 ruby-r$--) :i* grey1 colorless objects1 & cle>1 colorless cry/als gl[ on _! /ruck faces :5 ly+ sep>ately or pil$ up 9 a heap 9 ! c\rse ( a molecul> torr5t1 #ee4 8electrical evaporation0 ( negatively electrifi$ liquids & solids1 #ei4 7,ro4 ,s4 ,proc41 ,june #aa1 '#ia47 ! seem+ly r$-hot gl[1 b ) no heat conduct$ inw>ds f ! surface1 ( cool solid silv] kept negatively electrifi$ 9 a vacuum #a_/a1jjj1jjj ( an atmosph]e1 & !reby caus$ to rapidly evaporate1 #dj & #aci;a4 ,?is la/ nam$ result is almo/ m surpris+ ?an ! phosphoresc5t gl[ excit$ by molecul> impacts on bodies n r5d]$ p]ceptibly phosphoresc5t by light1 #ee1 at c5tre4 ,bo? ph5om5a w usually be f\nd v tell+ 9 respect to ! molecul> con/itution ( matt] & orig9ation ( !rmal radiation1 :e!r visible z light or n4 ,9 ! :ole tra9 ( ,crookes inve/igations on ! radiomet]1 ! viscosity ( gases at high exhau/ion1 & ! electro-ph5om5a ( high vacuums1 e!r seems to h no?+ to d except ! humble function ( %[+ to our eye some?+ ( :at ! molecules & atoms are do+4 ,! same confession ( ignorance mu/ be made ) ref]5ce to ! subject dealt ) 9 ! important rese>*es ( ,s*u/] & ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson on ! passage ( electricity ?r\gh gases4 ,ev5 9 ,?omson's beautiful exp]im5ts1 %[+ curr5ts produc$ by circuital electro-magnetic induction 9 complete poleless circuits1 ! pres5ce ( molecules ( residual gas or vapor seems to be ! ess5tial4 ,x seems c]ta9ly true t )\t ! molecules1 electricity has no mean+4 ,b 9 ob$i5ce to logic1 ,i mu/ )draw "o expression ,i h us$4 ,we mu/ n imag9e ! 8pres5ce ( molecules is ! ess5tial40 ,x is c]ta9ly an ess5tial4 ,e!r is c]ta9ly also an ess5tial1 & c]ta9ly has m to d ?an m]ely to telegraph to our eyes to tell u :at ! molecules & atoms are ab\t4 ,if ! fir/ /ep t[>ds und]/&+ ! relations betwe5 e!r & pond]able matt] is to be made x seems to me t ! mo/ hopeful f\ndation = x is k d]iv$ f exp]im5t on electricity 9 high vacuum2 & if1 z ,i believe is true !re is good reason = hop+ to see ?is /ep made1 we owe a debt ( gratitude to ! able & p]sev]+ work]s ( ! la/ #dj ye>s :o h giv5 u ! k we h2 & we may hope = m & m f "s ( !mselves & f o!rs enc\rag$ by ! fruitfulness ( _! labors to p]sev]e 9 ! "w40 #fa;b4 ,,?omson',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,velocity ,,( ,,ca?ode ,,rays4 ,! ,elect41 ,lon41 ,oct4 #e1 '#id1 p4 #gfb2 ,phil4 ,mag41 '#id4--,! object ( ! exp]im5t ( ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson 0 to det]m9e :e!r ! velocity approa*$ t ( light or t ( molecules4 ,! app>atus he employ$ involv$ ! rotat+ mirror1 :i* 0 fully describ$ 9 ,proc4 ,royal ,s41 '#ij1 slightly modifi$4 ,! rays 7 caus$ to produce phosphoresc5ce1 :ile ! mirror 0 s adju/$ t :5 at re/1 ! two images on ! phosphoresc5t /rips appe>$ 9 ! same rectil9e> l9e4 ,_m o!r elem5ts compris$ ! app>atus4 ,all ! /eps 7 p]=m$ c>efully & accord+ to ! be/ me?ods1 b ! results are ^? :i* 9 ?is exp]im5t are ( p>ticul> int]e/1 = by kn[+ ! velocity ( ! rays1 _! nature is bett] appreciat$ & t ( ! ,x-rays c be bett] d$uc$4 ,! velocity bore a close relation to t ( ! mean squ>e ( ! molecules ( gases at temp]atures z]o ,c4 or 9 ! case ( hydrog51 #a4h #aje cm4 p] second4 ,z comp>$ ) su* a velocity1 t ( ! ca?ode rays 0 f\nd to be 9 ! neighborhood ( #ajj times z great1 & ?is agrees v ne>ly ) ! velocity ( a negatively electrifi$ atom ( hydrog5 acquir$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! pot5tial fall1 :i* occurr$ at ! ca?ode4 ,9 fur!r evid5ce ( ! v]ity ( ?is /atem5t1 he made a r\gh calculation ^u ! curve or displacem5t produc$ by a magnet ^u ! rays4 #ei4 ,he /at$3 8,! action ( a magnetic =ce 9 deflect+ ! rays %[s1 assum+ t ! deflection is due to ! action ( a magnet on a mov+ electrifi$ body1 t ! velocity ( ! atom mu/ be at lea/ ( ! ord] we h f\nd40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 #fa;b4 ,,p]r9',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,ca?ode ,,rays ,,*>g$ ,,) ,,negative ,,electricity4 ,,correspond+ ,,positive ,,*>ges ,,propagat$ ,,9 ,,! ,,rev]se ,,direction ,,& ,,precipitat$ ,,^u ,,! ,,ca?ode4 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,,cxxi41 ,no4 #bj1 p4 #aacj2 ,! ,elect41 ,lon41 ,feb4 #ad1 '#if1 p4 #ebc4--;,jean ,p]r9's object 0 to discov] :e!r or n int]nal 8,ca?ode rays 7 *>g$ ) negative electricity40 ,t !y 7 _h (t5 be5 assum$ by o!rs1 namely1 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson1 :o consid]$ ca?ode rays z due to negatively *>g$ matt] mov+ at high spe$4 #fa;b4 ,aga91 ,pr(4 ,crookes1 pr9cipally1 & o!rs1 %[$ t !y 7 possess$ ( me*anical prop]ties & t !y 7 deflect$ by a magnet4 #ei4 ,p]r9 call$ att5tion to ! above inve/igations & also allud$ to ! !oretical consid]ations ( ,gold/e91 ,h]tz & ,l5>d1 :o favor$ ! analogy ( ca?ode rays to light--^: ph5om5a are well answ]$ by ! accept$ !ory conc]n+ assum$ e!rial vibrations1 :i*1 9 bo? cases1 h rectil9e> propagation1 #eg1 excite phosphoresc5ce1 #ed & #ee1 & produce *emical action ^u photographic plates4 ,great +5uity 0 display$1 z might be expect$1 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ,jean ,p]r9 prov$ ! proposition nam$ 9 ! title ( ?is section1 at ! ,laboratory ( ! cole ,normale & also 9 ,m4 ,pallet's ,laboratory4 ,fir/1 !re=e1 let ! elem5ts ( ! dis*>ge tube be ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,z usual1 ! disk ,n is ! ca?ode1 ref]r+ to accompany+ ,fig4 #a4 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 is a metal cyl9d] hav+ a small op5+ at ! "r h& end t[>d ! ca?ode4 ,conc5trically1 is a simil> cyl9d]1 act+ z an electrical scre5 & hav+ a l op5+ simil>ly locat$ z indicat$4 ,x corresponds to & plays ! "p ( ! ,f>aday cyl9d]1 be+ connect$ to e>?4 ,! pr9ciple involv$ 9 ?is app>atus 0 bas$ ^u ! laws ( influ5ce1 :i* p]mitt$ him to asc]ta9 ! introduction ( electric *>ges )9 a conduct+ envelope1 & to measure su* *>ges4 ,dur+ ! dis*>ge1 ! ca?ode rays 7 propagat$ f ! ca?ode to & )9 ! cyl9d] ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 :i* imm$iately & inv>iably became *>g$ ) negative electricity4 ,to prove t ! *>ge 0 due to ! ca?ode rays1 he deflect$ !m away f ! op5+ 9 ! protect+ cyl9d] ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 ,h4 ,! cyl9d] 0 n "u ^! circum/ances *>g$1 ! rays be+ outside4 ,he w5t fur!r & made "s quantitative analysis 9 a r\gh way to beg9 )4 ,he relat$3 8,i may give an idea ( ! am\nt ( ! *>ges obta9$ :5 ,i /ate t ) "o ( my tubes1 at a pressure ( 4#jja m4 ( m]cury1 & = a s+le int]ruption ( ! prim>y coil1 ! cyl9d] ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 receiv$ suffici5t electricity to br+ a capacity ( #fjj ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 units to a pot5tial ( #cjj volts40 ,^u ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 he 0 induc$1 he said1 to se>* = correspond+ positive *>ges4 8,i believe ,i h f\nd !m 9 ! v region :]e ! ca?ode rays are g5]at$1 & t !y travel 9 ! rev]se direction & precipitate !mselves on to ! ca?ode40 ,he v]ifi$ ?is coroll>y by means ( a modifi$ feature ( ! app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,! con/ruction 0 ! same except t !re 0 a diaphragm hav+ a p]=ation )9 ! protect+ cyl9d] & opposite ! small] cyl9d] exactly z indicat$1 s t ! positive electricity :i* _h ent]$ ?r\gh c\ld only act on ! cyl9d] ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 by trav]s+ also ! hole 4 8,:5 ,n 0 ! ca?ode1 ! rays emitt$ trav]s$ ! two ap]tures at & )\t any difficulty1 & caus$ ! gold leaves ( ! electroscope to div]ge widely4 ,b :5 ! protect+ cyl9d] 0 ! ca?ode1 ! positive flux1 :i*1 z 0 %[n by a previ\s exp]im5t1 ent]s by ! ap]ture 1 did n succe$ 9 sep>at+ ! gold leaves1 except at v l[ pressures4 ,if we sub/itute an electromet] = ! electroscope we %all see t ! action ( ! positive flux is real1 b t x is v small & increases z ! pressure decreases40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,he inf]r$ t3 8,^! results1 tak5 z a :ole1 d n appe> to be easily reconcilable ) ! !ory t ! ca?ode rays are ultra-violet light4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y support ! !ory t attributes ^! rays to radiant matt]1 #ed1 ne> c5tre1 a !ory1 :i* may at pres5t1 x seems to me1 be enunciat$ z foll[s3 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ! ca?ode ! electric field is suffici5tly /rong to te> asund] into ions "s ( ! molecules ( ! residual gas4 ,! negative ions />t (f t[>d ! region :]e ! pot5tial increases1 acquire a consid]able velocity1 & =m ca?ode rays2 _! electric *>ge1 & consequ5tly _! mass 7at ! rate ( "o gramme equival5t p] #ajj1jjj c\lombs7 is easily measur$4 ,! positive ions move 9 ! rev]se direction2 !y =m a diffus$ tuft1 susceptible to magnetism1 b are n a regul> radiation40 #fa;c4 ,,zeug54 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,jan4 #bg1 #ahif4--;,9 a note reg>d+ ! exp]im5ts ( ,ro5tg51 call$ att5tion to 8 own communications to ! ,academie des ,sci5ces 9 ,febru>y & ,augu/ #ahhf1 describ+ 8 photographs ( ,mt4 ,blanc tak5 9 ! night by ! invisible ultra-violet rays4 ,?is note is ent]$ z _m newspap]s report$ ! photograph to be due to ca?ode rays1 imag9e ! int5se phosphoresc5ce ^u a scre5 at ! top ( ! m\nta91 if su* 7 ! case4 #fb4 ,,gold/e9',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,phosphoresc5ce ,,( ,,p>ticul> ,,*emicals ,,by ,,ca?ode ,,rays4 ,nature1 ,lon4 ,feb4 #ba1 '#ie1 p4 #djf4 ,weid4 ,ann41 ,no4 ,,ii1 '#ie4--,li?ium *loride :5 act$ ^u by ca?ode rays1 phosphoresc$ to a d>k violet color or heliotrope1 :i* x reta9$ = "s "t 9 a seal$ tube4 ,*lorides g5]ally & o!r haloid salts ( potassium & sodium %[$ simil> effects4 ,! colors 7 sup]ficial & c\ld be driv5 away rapidly ei!r by heat+ or ! action ( moi/ure4 #fc4 ,,kirn',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,spectrum ,,( ,,po/ ,,phosphoresc5ce ,,( ,,dis*>ge ,,tubes4 ,wi$4 ,ann41 ,may1 '#id4 ,nature1 ,lon4 ,june #g1 '#id1 p4 #aca4--;,c>l ,kirn comp>$ ! spectra ( ! phosphoresc5ce ( a vacuum bulb1 dur+ & imm$iately aft] ! dis*>ge4 ,! details are z foll[s3 ,! spectrum ( ! aft]-gl[1 #ed1 at end & #bb1 0 f\nd to be cont9u\s4 ,9 ?is connection1 see a plate %[+ diff]5t k9ds ( spectra1 = example1 ,ganot's ,physics1 frontispiece4 ,! spectrum %ort5$ f bo? directions to a b& betwe5 ! wave l5g?s ( #eee & #die4 ,! spectrum !n cont9u$ to gr[ %ort] & %ort] until x disappe>$ at ! l9e ,e1 :i* is ! position ( ! greate/ lum9osity ( ! sol> spectrum4 ,= exp]im5ts on spectrum1 see ,fraunh(] 9 ,gilb]t's ,ann41 ,,lvi4 ,dur+ ! dis*>ge1 ! spectroscope %[$ a l9e spectrum correspond+ v closely to ^? ( c>bonic acid gas & nitrog54 ,"s au?orities _h sugge/$ t p]haps ! aft] phosphoresc5ce & ! beg9n+ ( ! inc&esc5ce ( a solid body1 7 ! same k9d ( light1 b ?is exp]im5t %[s t su* is n ! case1 unless "s relation exi/s on ! gr\nd t ! two ph5om5a are exactly opposite to ea* o!r1 & x confirms simil> results obta9$ by ,morr9 & ,riess4 ,! result indicates t ! nature ( ! ph5om5on is n id5tical 9 all respects ) light produc$ at a high temp]ature4 #fc;a4 ,,de ,,metz',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,*emical ,,action ,,9 ,,! ,,int]ior ,,( ,,! ,,dis*>ge ,,tube4 ,,int]nal ,,ca?ode ,,rays4 ,l',ind4 ,el]41 ,may #aj1 '#if1 & ,comptes ,r5dus1 ab\t ,april1 '#if4 ,translat$ by ,l\is ,m4 ,pignolet4 ,he us$ a cyl9drical dis*>ge tube divid$ into two halves :i* fitt$ toge!r by an air-tight gr\nd jo9t4 ,9 "o-half 7 ! anode & ! ca?ode2 9 ! o!r half 0 ! hold] conta9+ ! s5sitive pap] or films4 ,! hold] 0 expos$ to ! direct action ( ! ca?ode rays & 0 clos$ by a cov] ( c>dbo>d or %eet alum9um4 ,! objects to be photograph$ 7 plac$ betwe5 ! cov] & ! s5sitive film or pap]4 ,! tube 0 connect$ to a ,spr5gel pump :i* ma9ta9$ its vacuum dur+ ! exp]im5ts4 ,9 ?is way1 twelve photographs 7 tak5 f :i* x appe>$ t ca?ode rays1 l ,x-rays1 p5etrate c>dbo>d & alum9um1 b are /opp$ by copp] 7#a4bf mm47 & plat9um 7#j4cb mm474 ,po9c>1 9 a note 9 ! same publications z ! =ego+1 criticis$ ! results ( ! exp]im5ts ( ,de ,metz1 claim+ !y did n prove irrefutably t ca?ode rays possess$ ! ess5tial prop]ties ( ,x-rays1 = ! ca?ode rays 9 imp++ on ! cov] ( ! hold] w\ld g5]ate ,x-rays1 #ia1 :i* w\ld give ! results obta9$4 ,po9c> did n d5y ! fact4 #fc;b4 ,,h]tz',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,! ,,passage ,,( ,,ca?ode ,,rays ,,?r\gh ,,?9 ,,metal ,,plates ,,)9 ,,! ,,dis*>ge ,,tube4 ,,diffusion4 ,wi$4 ,ann41 ,n4 ,f4 #de2 #bh1 #ahib4 ,contribut$ by reque/1 by ,mr4 ,n4 ,d4 ,c4 ,hodges ( ! ,hodges ,sci5tific ,news ,ag5cy1 ,n4,y4 ,f\nd 9 records at ,a/or ,libr>y4--,a piece ( uranium glass 0 cov]$ p>tly on "o side 7:i* he calls ! front side7 ) gold-leaf1 & on ! gold leaf 7 atta*$ sev]al pieces ( mica4 ,?is front side 0 !n expos$ to ca?ode rays4 ,s long z ! exhau/ion _h n proce$$ f>1 & ! ca?ode rays fill$ ! :ole tube ) a blue cone ( light1 only ! portion ( ! uranium glass outside ! gold-leaf scre5 %[$ any phosphoresc5ce4 ,b z soon z ! exhau/ion _h progress$ f> en\gh1 & ! light began to disappe>1 ! g5u9e ca?ode rays /ruck ! cov]$ glass1 & ! phosphoresc5ce manife/$ itself beh9d ! gold-leaf4 ,:5 ! ca?ode rays 7 fully develop$1 ! gold-leaf h>dly _h any effect1 :ile ! mica ca/ deep black %ad[s4 ,! same exp]im5t 0 tri$ ) silv]-leaf1 alum9um & alloys ( t91 z9c & copp]4 ,alum9um %[$ ! be/ results2 %eets :i* all[$ no light to pass1 all[+ ! ca?ode rays free passage4 ,! rays aft] _! passage ?r\gh ! metal scre5s did n cont9ue _! /raight c\rse1 b seem$ to be diffus$ mu* z light is diffus$ by pass+ ?r\gh a cl\dy m$ium4 ,9 ?is connection ref]5ce is made to ! "w ( ,gold/e91 :o _h notic$ also ! reflection ( 8electric0 rays4 ,wi$4 ,ann41 ,n4 ,f4 #ae2 #bdf1 #ahhb4 ,9 #ahic1 ,gold/e9 publi%$ fur!r acc\nts conc]n+ actions 9 dis*>ge tube4 ,wi$4 ,ann41 vol4 #dh1 p4 #ghe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,( ,,l5>d',s ,,app>atus4 pp4 #ec to #fi4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,vi ------- #fe4 ,,l5>d',s ,,exp]im5ts4 ,,ca?ode ,,rays ,,outside ,,( ,,! ,,dis*>ge ,,tube4 ,wi$4 ,ann41 ,jan41 '#id1 ,vol4 ,,lvi41 p4 #bbe2 ,! ,elect41 ,lon41 ,m>4 #bc & #cj1 '#id1 ,apr4 #f1 '#id2 & ,elect4 ,rev41 ,lon41 ,jan4 #bd1 '#if1 p4 #ii4--,( m importance 9 connection ) ,x-rays is ! consid]ation ( ,l5>d's exp]im5ts ?an any o!rs4 ,! read] mu/ be> 9 m9d t 8 exhau/ive inve/igations result$ f 8 discov]y 7f\nd$ ^u a h9t f ,h]tz7 t ! ca?ode rays might be transmitt$ to ! outside ( ! g5]at+ dis*>ge tube4 ,8 int]e/1 !re=e1 9 ! discov]y 0 s great t 8 rese>*es ext5d$ to ! m9ute/ details4 ,pass+ f ^! introductory rem>ks1 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! tube t he employ$ w be expla9$ fir/4 ,ref]5ce may n[ be made to ! accompany+ ,fig4 ,a4 ,he employ$ sev]al diff]5t k9ds ( tubes1 b f9ally settl$ ^u "o ( :i* ! ess5tial elem5ts are %[n 9 ! said figures4 ,x 0 p]man5tly connect$ to ! pump1 #ec1 s t ! pressure )9 c\ld be v>i$4 ,opposite ! ca?ode1 :i* consi/$ ( a ?9 disk ( alum9um1 ! end ( ! tube 0 provid$ ) a ?ick metal cap1 hav+ a p]=ation1 :i* 9 turn 0 clos$ by a ?9 alum9um %eet secur$ by m>9e glue 9 an air-tight mann]1 & call$ a w9d[4 ,! anode 0 a heavy brass cyl9d]1 %[n 9 section1 )9 ! dis*>ge tube & surr\nd+ ! lead+-9 wire ( ! ca?ode4 ,! anode & ! alum9um w9d[ 7 connect$ to ea* o!r1 electrically1 & to e>?1 z well z two a second>y t]m9al ( an induction coil1 ^: electrodes 7 9 %unt to ^? ( ! dis*>ge tube1 9 ord] t ! op]ator might adju/ ! sp>k+ di/ance :i* rapidly increas$ ) ! exhau/ion4 ,! induction coil _h a m]cury int]rupt]4 #fe4 ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,ca?ode ,,rays ,,9 ,,op5 ,,air4--,9 all directions ar\nd ! w9d[ ^u ! outside & 9 ! op5 air1 a fa9t blui% gl[ 7 #aa & #adj7 ext5d$ & vani%$ at a di/ance ( #e cm41 z indicat$ by dott$ l9es 9 ,fig4 ,b at beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]4 ,! degree ( lum9osity may be judg$ by say+ t x 0 n suffici5t to admit ( inve/igation by ! ord9>y pocket spectroscope4 ,a new w9d[ 0 void ( lum9osity2 b ) use1 blui% gray & gre5 & yell[ spots occurr$ !reon4 #ff4 ,,phosphoresc5ce ,,by ,,ca?ode ,,rays4--,sub/ances :i* g5]ally phosphoresc$ by light & ca?ode rays 9 ! g5]at+ bulb1 #ee1 also phosphoresc$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! rays 9 op5 air1 except+ eos91 gelat91 bo? phosphoresc5t 9 light1 7 n s 9 ca?ode rays2 s also ) solutions ( fluoresce91 magdala r$1 sulphate ( qu99e & *lorophyll4 ,phosphoresc5ce 0 less if ! rays fir/ pass$ ?r\gh a tube ( glass or t9foil l5g?wise4 ,! phosphoresc5t light ( ! phosphides ( ! alkal9e gr\p1 uranium glass1 calcsp> & "s o!r sub/ances1 0 s great t ! lum9osity ( ! air 0 invisible by contra/4 ,! maximum di/ance at :i* phosphoresc5se 0 disc]nable 9 op5 air 0 ab\t #h cm4 ,! be/ phosphoresc5t scre5 consi/$ ( pap] saturat$ ) p5tadecylp>atatolylketone4 ,9 ord] to prep>e x1 he laid a %eet ( pap] ^u glass & appli$ ! fus$ *emical ) a bru%4 ,z to ! color ( ! phosphoresc5ce & fluoresc5ce ( diff]5t sub/ances1 & z to ! degree ( lum9osity outside ( ! vacuum tube1 !y 7 ab\t ! same z report$ by ,crookes :5 locat$ )9 ! dis*>ge tube4 #ee4 ,b>ic & potassic & o!r d\ble cyanides ( plat9um1 common fl9t1 glass1 *alk & as>on all exhibit$ ! same prop]ty z :5 expos$ to ultra-violet light1 t is1 fluoresc$ or phosphoresc$4 ,sulphide ( qu99e 9 ! solid /ate fluoresc$1 b n 9 solution4 ,petroleum spread on a piece ( wood fluoresc$1 & also fluoresc5t-hydroc>bons g5]ally4 #ff;a4 ,! ca?ode rays 7 n easily transmitt$ by t9foil or glass1 because ! degree ( phosphoresc5ce on ! scre5 0 greatly r$uc$ by int]pos+ su* %eets4 ,! phosphoresc5se ceas$ also by deflect+ int]nal ca?ode rays f ! w9d[ by a magnet4 ,= full treatm5t ( ! ph5om5a ( phosphoresc5ce1 see ,/okes' exp]im5ts1 describ$ 9 ,phil4 ,trans41 #aheb1 ,art4 8,*ange ( ,refrangibility ( ,light40 ,9 brief1 ,/okes' !ory assumes t su* sub/ances h ! p[] ( r$uc+ ! refrangibility4 ,example3 ,ultra-violet light1 highly refractive1 is *ang$ to yell[i% gre51 less refrangible1 by reflection f uranium glass4 #fg4 ,,! ,,alum9um ,,w9d[1 ,a ,,diffus] ,,( ,,ca?ode ,,rays4 #fc;b4 ,! conclusion arriv$ at by m\nt+ ! phosphoresc5t scre5 9 diff]5t positions & at diff]5t angles z well z by obs]vance ( ! gase\s lum9osity1 0 t ! alum9um w9d[ scatt]$ ! rectil9e> p>allel ca?ode rays 9 all directions1 #eg4 #fh4 ,,transmission ,,( ,,ext]nal ,,ca?ode ,,rays ,,?r\gh ,,metals4--,! phosphoresc5ce 0 n dim9i%$ app>5tly by an int]v5+ gold-leaf or silv] or alum9um foil1 :ile x 0 ext+ui%$ by qu>tz 4#e mm4 ?ick :i* also cut (f ! atmosph]ic gl[ beyond itself4 ,! leaves & foil did n s act4 ,! diff]5ce ( ?ickness %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 z metal1 z ?ick z ! qu>tz did n transmit4 ,z to o!r sub/ances1 tissue pap] ca/ a slight %ad[1 :i* 0 d>k] ) an additional %eet2 b ! %ad[ 0 indep5d5t ( color & blackness1 #aed4 ,ord9>y writ+ pap] 0 r\ghly1 proportionally opaque1 :ile ! %ad[ 0 black ) c>dbo>d 4#c mm4 ?ick4 ,glass films z made by bl[+ glass1 ca/ fa9t %ad[s :5 4#ja mm4 ?ick4 ,he prov$ t !re 0 little diff]5ce z to ! transmitt+ p[] ( conductors & dielectrics :5 ?94 ,mica & collodion %eets 4#ja mm4 ?ick ca/ sc>cely any %ad[4 ,! read] may be> 9 m9d ! /rik+ diff]5ces betwe5 ^! prop]ties ( ca?ode rays1 & ,x-rays1 #ace1 x be+ assum$ always t ! g5]at+ devices are ! same2 = example1 wat] p]mitt$ ! ca?ode rays 77 ^! simply feeble ,x-rays87 to be transmitt$ only :5 9 v ?9 lay]s4 ,ev5 soap wat] films :i* 7 only 4#jjab mm4 ?ick ca/ %ad[s1 al?\gh v fa9tly4 ,! %ad[s ( drops ( wat] 7 black1 :ile wat] sev]al feet ?ick has be5 trav]s$ by ,x-rays f a small set ( app>atus4 ,by c>eful measurem5ts he f\nd t ! law ( transmission mu/ be diff]5t f t ( light1 = 9 ! latt]1 _m sub/ances are opaque al?\gh exce$+ly ?91 :ile ) ca?ode rays1 ! same w trav]se all films4 ,gold/e9 & ,crookes report$ t ?9 mica1 glass & collodion films made v d>k %ad[s1 #eh1 )9 ! dis*>ge tube1 :]eas ,l5>d f\nd t outside ( ! vacuum tube1 9 op5 air1 ! transp>5cy 0 great] ?an accord+ to ! e>li] exp]im5t]s1 b he ackn[l$g$ t ,crookes & ,gold/e9 7 inconv5i5c$ & limit$ 9 ! numb] ( obs]vations because x is s difficult to c>ry on su* exp]im5ts )9 an h]metically seal$ tube4 ,aga91 he ackn[l$g$ t p]haps ! ca?ode rays ( ^? exp]im5t]s 7 ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,! con/ruction %[n 9 ! above figures 0 modifi$ by us+ a v ?9 glass w9d[ in/ead ( alum9um1 & ! results 7 ! same all[+ = ! diff]5t opacity1 to ord9>y light1 ( alum9um & glass4 ,! ca?ode rays act$ ^u ! s5se ( smell & ta/e z ! nose & m\? c\ld detect ozone1 #hd1 at end4 #fi4 ,,propagation4 ,,turbidity ,,( ,,air4 ,^u /udy+ ! %ad[s on ! phosphoresc5t scre51 x 0 notic$ t ! rays 7 b5t ar\nd ! edges ( ! object4 ,aga91 :5 ! object _h a slit1 diffusion c\ld be notic$ by ! %ape 7z 9 ,crookes ,ex41 ,fig4 #ae1 p4 #ag17 ( ! lum9\s portion ( ! phosphoresc5t scre54 ,9 ,fig4 ,b1 at beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]1 ! spatt] "w repres5ts ! %ape ( ! lum9\s portion1 ! d>k] "p repres5t+ ! mo/ lum9\s surface ( ! scre51 ! latt] be+ held at "r angles to ! ?ick plate1 hav+ ! slit & opposite ! alum9um w9d[4 ,by v>y+ ^! exp]im5ts1 especially by *ang+ ! angle ( ! scre5 he f\nd t n ! all rays 7 diffus$1 b z 9 ! passage ( light ?r\gh milk1 "s 7 transmitt$ 9 rectil9e> l9es4 #gj4 ,,photographic ,,action4--,he p]=m$ ) s5sitive silv] comp\nd pap]s1 an exp]im5t some:at simil> to ^? ) phosphoresc5t bodies & also o!rs4 ,beh9d a r ?ick opaque plate ! *emical film 0 n act$ ^u1 b ! rate ( black5+ ne> ! alum9um w9d[ )\t ob/ruction ( int]m$iate bodies 0 ab\t ! same z t ) befogg$ sunlight4 ,! =m]1 moreov]1 0 act$ ^u at a mu* great] di/ance ?an t at :i* phosphoresc5ce 0 exhibit$ & beyond ! atmosph]ic lum9osity4 ,by means ( %ad[ pictures or sciagraphs1 he comp>$ ! %ad[s produc$ by ! ext]nal ca?ode rays ) ^? :i* w\ld h be5 obta9$ by light4 ,ref]r+ to ,fig4 ,c1 beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]1 ! s5sitive plate 0 half cov]$ ) a plate ( qu>tz1 ,q1 & half ) a plate ( alum9um1 ,a ov]lapp+ ! qu>tz4 ,) light1 ! %ad[s w\ld h appe>$ z 9 said figure1 t is1 "o-half black z produc$ by alum9um1 a qu>t] r light z produc$ by qu>tz1 & ! o!r qu>t] bright1 or a simil> arrangem5t1 accord+ to :e!r ! negative or ! positive photograph is consid]$2 b ) ! ca?ode rays1 ! appe>ance ( ! develop$ plate 0 z 9 ,fig4 ,d41 beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]4 ,! qu>tz ca/ ! black %ad[1 :ile ! alum9um1 ! light] "o4 ,fur!rmore1 ! lum9osity ( ! air produc$ a v>iable light on ! o!r qu>t]s4 ,a simil> appe>ance 0 produc$ by ca/+ %ad[s ( su* plates ^u ! phosphoresc5t scre52 b1 ( c\rse1 ! picture 0 n a p]man5t "o4 ,! photographic plate s]v$ to accumulate ! p[]1 = ! c>dbo>d :i* ca/ a fa9t %ad[ ^u ! phosphoresc5t scre51 %[$ a black %ad[ ^u ! photographic pap] by suffici5tly long exposure4 ,at ! same "t1 /rips ( ?9 metal 7 plac$ side by side betwe5 ! *emical pap] & ! c>dbo>d1 & !y %[$ diff]5t degrees ( %ad+4 ,! c>dbo>d 0 q ?ick1 be+ 4#c mm4 ,pr(4 ,slaby 7see ,elect4 ,rev41 ,lon41 ,feb4 #g1 '#if71 aft] ,rntg5's discov]y1 produc$ sciagraphs ( ! bones ( ! h& at ! w9d[ ( ! ,l5>d tube4 ,l5>d d\bt$ :e!r ! ca?ode rays produc$ direct *emical action4 ,iod9e pap] became blui%1 b he c\ld n obta9 o!r *emical effects usually produc$ by light1 & o!r ag5cies1 = example1 oxyg5 & hydrog5 mix$ toge!r 9 ! proportion to =m wat]1 & :i* 7 9 _! nasc5t /ate1 & :i* 7 locat$ 9 a soap-bubble1 did n explode or ignite4 ,no effect 0 produc$ ^u c>bon bi-sulphide nor hydrog5-sulphide1 al?\gh ! exposure 0 v long4 ,ammonia 0 n =m$ :5 ! rays act$ ^u a mixture ( ?ree p>ts hydrog5 & "o "p nitrog51 z to volume4 ,he ?\ght t he notic$ a small expansion ( air1 hydrog5 & c>bonic acid sep>ately locat$ 9 a vessel hav+ a capill>y tube & wat] to indicate ! expansion4 ,he attribut$ ! slight expansion to an indirect action1 al?\gh v slight1 caus$ by heat produc$ by ! ca?ode rays1 #bg1 & yet nei!r ! !rmopile nor ! !rmomet] %[$ any calorific effects al?\gh ! !rmopile respond$ to ! flame ( a c&le #ej cm4 di/ant4 #ga4 ,,ca?ode ,,rays ,,& ,,electric ,,=ces ,,di/+ui%$4 ,! e>? connection h]et(ore m5tion$ ) ! alum9um w9d[ 0 = ! purpose ( disp5s+ ) sp>k+1 b ev5 !n ! approa* ( ano!r conductor connect$ to e>? w\ld cause "s sp>k+4 ,sp>ks c\ld be drawn :5 ! ca?ode rays 7 deflect$ f ! alum9um w9d[ by a magnet4 ,fig4 ,e1 at beg9n+ ( *apt]4 ,he argu$ t ! rays & ! electric =ces ( ! sp>k are non-id5tical4 ,he 0 n satisfi$ ) ?is z an absolute pro(1 & he in/itut$ o!rs4 ,he enclos$ ! :ole g5]ator 9 a l>ge metal box4 ,9 ! obs]vation space1 t is1 ar\nd & ne> ! w9d[1 he locat$ ano!r box1 hav+ an alum9um front fac+ ! w9d[4 ,see ,fig4 ,e1 at beg9n+ ( *apt]4 ,x 0 )9 ?is second box t he took ! sciagraph %[n 9 ,fig4 ,d1 at beg9n+ ( *apt]4 ,x is important to notice t sp>ks c\ld n be drawn at po9ts )9 ! said second box1 %[n at ! left1 ev5 by a metallic po9t %[n project+ !re9to4 ,no sp>k occurr$ :atev]1 n ev5 f ! alum9um front4 ,sp>k+ occurr$ :5 ! po9t$ wire 0 ext5d$ to a consid]able di/ance outside ( ! back ( ! small box1 b x 0 rem>k$ t ! electric =ce did n ent] ?r\gh ! front wall b 0 introduc$ 8f beh9d into ! box1 by ! insulation ( ! wire40 ,no "o c1 !re=e1 ent] ! objection t ! ca?ode rays exp]im5t$ )1 7 g5]at$ f ! alum9um w9d[ z a ca?ode4 ,!y came f ! ca?ode ref]r$ to entirely )9 ! vacuum tube4 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 _h at an e>ly date conjectur$ t ca?ode rays did n pass ?r\gh ?9 films ( metal1 b t ^! films act$ z int]m$iate ca?odes !mselves4 ,see 8 book on 8,rec5t ,rese>*es10 p4 #bf1 also ,! ,elect41 ,lon4 ,m>* #bc1 '#id1 p4 #egc1 9 an article by ,pr(4 ,fitzg]ald1 :o names t citation4 #gb4 ,,ca?ode ,,rays ,,propagat$1 ,,b ,,n ,,g5]at$ ,,9 ,a ,,high ,,vacuum4--,! proposition 0 prov$ by hav+ two tubes1 "o call$ ! g5]at+ tube & "o ! obs]vation tube1 ! =m] be+ l t %[n 9 ,fig4 ,a1 at beg9n+ ( *apt]1 :i* is p>tly repeat$ 9 ,fig4 ,f1 at beg9n+ ( *apt]1 comb9$ ) ! obs]vation tube1 :i* conta9s ! two electrodes = casual use2 b ! "o on ! "r is a disk ext5d+ ne>ly ?r\gh\t ! cross sectional area1 & hav+ a small c5tral op5+4 ,al?\gh bo? tubes 7 connect$ to ! air pump1 yet1 by means ( /op-cocks1 ! vacuum 9 "o tube c\ld be ma9ta9$ at a maximum degree = h\rs1 :ile ! o!r 0 at a m9imum4 ,! fir/ exp]im5t 0 p]=m$ ) a vacuum1 ab\t z high z t employ$ 9 ,crookes' phosphoresc5t exp]im5ts1 #ec4 ,!re 0 a pat* ( gre5 light1 #eg1 at ! extreme left end ( ! obs]vation tube & ! glass 0 gre5 at ! "r1 #ed1 & a little to ! left ( ! p]=at$ disk electrode a4 ,! o!r electrode ( ?is tube 0 locat$ at ! upp] left & lett]$ k4 #gb;a4 ,! magnet deflect$ ! rays 9 ! obs]v+ tube z indicat$ by ! p>tial ext9ction ( ! phosphoresc5t pat*4 ,he notic$ t ) ! r>efi$ atmosph]e ! am\nt ( turbidity 0 enorm\sly r$uc$1 or 9 o!r words1 t ! rays 7 propagat$ m ne>ly 9 rectil9e> l9es4 ,all ! exp]im5ts on ! ca?ode rays1 9 ?is obs]v+ tube1 7 ( ab\t ! same nature z ^? :i* c\ld be produc$ 9 ! dis*>ge tube4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,sciagraph ,,( ,,cat',s ,,leg1 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,william ,f4 ,,magie4 ,copyright1 #ahif1 by ,william ,bev]ly ,h>ison1 pub4 ( ,x-ray pictures1 #ei ,fif? ,ave41 ,new ,york ,city4 #gb;b4 ,! pr9cipal exp]im5t consi/$ 9 exhau/+ ! obs]v+ tube to su* a degree t ca?ode rays c\ld n be g5]at$ !re94 ,! vacuum 0 s p]fect t :5 us$ z a dis*>ge tube all phosphoresc5ce gradually di$ away until x disappe>$1 & no curr5t pass$ 7 #be7 except on ! outside surface ( ! glass4 ,! coil 0 s l>ge1 electrically1 t ! l5g? ( ! sp>k betwe5 sph]es 0 #ae cm4 ,^u *>g+ ! "r h& tube & g5]at+ ca?ode rays1 x 0 det]m9$ by means ( magnetic deflection1 phosphoresc5ce & o!r effects1 t ! ca?ode rays trav]s$ ! highe/ possible vacuum 7 #ai1 ne> end1 :]e en]gy mu/ h pass$ ?r\gh ! high vacuum to produce lum9osity 9 ! inn] bulb74 ,! ext]nal & int]nal rays 7 c]ta9ly diff]5t =ms ( en]gy4 ,inasmu* z he notic$ t r>efi$ air 0 less turbid & less absorptive ?an air at ord9>y pressures1 x occurr$ to him to make a v long tube1 namely1 #a m1 or a little ov] #c feet4 ,he employ$ v sev]e /eps = obta9+ an exce$+ly high vacuum1 ! op]ation occupy+ sev]al days4 ,! pump us$ 0 a ,toepl]-,hag51 :ile a ,geissl] pump 0 employ$ sep>ately = ! dis*>ge tube4 ,! p5cil ( ca?ode rays trav]s$ ! :ole l5g? ( ! long tube4 ,see a portion ( ! app>atus 9 ,fig4 ,g1 at beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]4 ,"o disk 0 ( metal & p]=at$ ) a p9 hole & ! o!r 0 a phosphoresc5t scre51 s t :5 ! ca?ode p5cil pass$ ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! plate a pat* 0 se5 ^u ! phosphoresc5t scre54 ,! phosphoresc5t spot 0 always1 no matt] :at ! relative di/ances ( ! disks 7 f ea* o!r1 & f ! end ( ! tube1 sub/antially ! same z x w\ld h be5 by calculation assum+ t !re 0 no turbidity effect4 ,! pat*es1 9 ea* in/ance1 7 a little small] 9 diamet] ?an ! calculat$ ones4 ,= example ) "o measurem5t1 at c]ta9 di/ances1 ! actual diamet] ( ! pat* 0 #b4e mm41 :ile ! calculat$ diamet] 0 #b4i mm4 ,9 8 exp]im5ts ) light "u ! same conditions1 ! lum9\s spots 7 also a little small] ?an ! calculat$ or geometrical4 ,! disks _h iron %oes & 7 mov$ to diff]5t positions by a magnet4 ,he conclud$1 !re=e1 t 9 :at may be call$ a p]fect vacuum1 light & ca?ode rays h a common m$ium ( propagation1 namely1 ! assum$ e!r4 ,pr(4 ,fitzg]ald1 9 ,! ,elect41 ,lon4 ,m>4 #bc1 '#id1 does n agree broadly ) him 9 ?is2 nei!r does he contradict him4 ,he argues r on ! po9t t ! ca?ode rays & light rays are n id5tical1 b ,l5>d does n affirm ?is1 because ! magnet w attract ! =m] & n ! o!r4 ,pr(4 ,fitzg]ald admits ?is & calls to m9d t ev5 9 a vacuum1 z obta9$ by ,l5>d1 !re 7 /ill t5 ?\s& million molecules p] cu4 mm4 & !re=e he ?9ks x is bett] to look to matt] r ?an e!r z ! m$ium ( propagation ( ca?ode rays4 #fa;b4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,l5>d agrees ) c]ta9 o!r pr$ecessors1 ,wi$emann1 ,h]tz & ,gold/e91 9 favor ( ca?ode rays be+ e!ric ph5om5a4 ,see ,wi$4 ,ann41 ,,ix41 p4 #aei1 '#hj2 ,x41 p4 #bea1 '#hj1 ,,xii41 p4 #bfd1 '#ha2 ,,xix41 p4 #haf1 '#hc2 ,,xx41 p4 #gha1 '#hc4 ,! vacuum ) :i* ,l5>d op]at$1 0 4#jjjjb mm4 pressure1 obta9$ by cool+ d[n ! m]cury to m9us #ba ,c4 ,?is vacuum 0 s high t all attempts to prove ! pres5ce ( matt] fail$4 ,nei!r did ! exce$+ly high vacuum dead5 ! ca?ode rays4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z not$1 !y 7 assi/$ r ?an h9d]$4 #ace4 #gc4 ,,ca?ode ,,rays4 ,,ph5om5a ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,gases4--,! app>atus consi/$ ( an obs]v+ tube hav+ a tubul> gas inlet & outlet bo? 9 "o end & arrang$ 9 l9e ) ! ca?ode ( ! dis*>ge tube4 ,see con/ruction 9 ,fig4 ,h1 at beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]1 ! tube be+ ab\t #dj cm4 long & #c cm4 9 diamet]4 ,he 0 v c>eful 9 e case to *emically purify & dry ! p>ticul> gas4 ,he omitt$ ! p]=at$ disk & provid$ an opaque /rip ( ! phosphoresc5t scre5 on ! side t[>d ! w9d[ & made 8 obs]vations f ! o!r side1 ! object ( ! exp]im5t be+ p>ticul>ly to te/ ! transmission ( ca?ode rays 9 diff]5t gases4 ,) any p>ticul> gas1 he mov$ ! phosphoresc5t scre5 along by means ( a magnet until ! %ad[ on ! scre5 became invisible4 ,x is evid5t t ! di/ances ( ! scre5 f ! w9d[ = diff]5t gases w\ld indicate ! relative transmitt+ p[]s4 ,he also modifi$ ! exp]im5t by v>y+ ! d5sity ( ! gases1 hydrog5 be+ tak5 z #a z usual1 nitrog5 #ad1 & s on4 ,! transmitt+ p[] ( hydrog5 0 ne>ly five times z great z t ( nitrog51 air1 oxyg5 & c>bonic acid gas1 :i* did n mu* diff]4 #aj & #ah4 ,sulphur\s acid 0 a v weak transmitt]4 ,all ! gases became lum9\s ne> ! w9d[ z 9 air4 #fe4 ,! colors 7 all ab\t ! same z f> z di/+ui%able1 #aa1 :i* 0 difficult 9 view ( ! brightness ( ! phosphoresc5ce on ! glass4 ,x 0 a univ]sal rule1 t :5 ! d5sity decreas$1 ! transmitt+ p[] increas$4 ,9 high vacua1 9 all gases1 ! rays w5t ?r\gh ! space 9 rectil9e> l9es 9 all directions f ! w9d[1 & g5]ally x made no diff]5ce :at gas 0 employ$ provid$ ! vacuum 0 z high z hundr$?s ( a millimetre4 ,at ?is pressure all gases act$ ! same4 ,to be sure1 ! phosphoresc5ce did n occur at ?is high vacuum at a great di/ance z might be expect$1 b x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! int5sity ( ! rays v>i$ z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 &1 !re=e1 at v great di/ances1 ! action 0 v weak4 #gd4 ,,cause ,,( ,,lum9osity ,,( ,,gas ,,outside ,,! ,,dis*>ge ,,tube4--,at ord9>y pressures1 9 ! cases ( hydrog5 & air1 z has be5 not$1 ! gas became lum9\s 9 ! obs]v+ tube1 ! effect be+1 ( c\rse1 ! same z ent]+ op5 air1 repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 ,a1 beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! lum9osity at less pressures1 ! gas1 ( :i*ev] k9d1 0 enclos$ 9 a r long obs]v+ tube & only at r high vacua did ! blui% & sometimes r$di% gase\s lum9osity disappe>4 ,^u grasp+ ! tube ) ! h& or approa*+ any conductor connect$ to e>?1 ( l>ge capacity1 ! column /opp$ at t po9t s t ! rema9d] ( ! tube1 beyond ! h&1 measur$ f ! dis*>ge1 0 d>k4 ,! phosphoresc5ce on ! glass wall ( ! tube produc$ by ! ca?ode rays 0 n influ5c$ 9 any way by outside conductors1 su* z ! h&4 ,ca?ode rays !mselves 7 n /opp$ app>5tly by ! h&1 because ! phosphoresc5t scre5 & glass1 locat$ beyond ! h&1 became lum9\s4 ,he conclud$1 !re=e1 t ! gl[+ ( ! gas _h no close connection ) ! ca?ode rays4 ,he prov$ ?is also by deflect+ ! ca?ode rays 9 ! dis*>ge tube f a c]ta9 space1 & yet ! gase\s lum9osity rema9$4 ,z an exception1 ! ca?ode rays sometimes appe>$ to be closely associat$ ) ! light column4 ,he attribut$ ! lum9osity ( ! gas 9 g5]al1 at l[ pressures1 n to ! ca?ode rays1 b directly to ! electric curr5t or "s k9d ( electric =ce1 #aa & #ad1 :i*1 z already rem>k$1 p]mitt$ sp>ks to be drawn f ! alum9um w9d[ & surr\nd+ po9ts4 ,! negative gl[ light 9 ,geissl] tubes1 #cj1 is also to be reg>d$ z gas illum9at$ by ca?ode rays4 7,comp>e ,h]tz1 ,wi$4 ,ann41 ,,xix41 p4 #hjg1 '#hc47 ,betwe5 t ph5om5on & ! gl[ obs]v$ "h & attribut$ to irradiation1 !re exi/s a correspond5ce1 inasmu* z 9 bo? cases ! light disappe>s at high exhau/ions1 #ec1 appe>s fa9t] & l>g] :5 ! pressure increases1 #ed1 & !n becomes bright] & small]1 #ed4 ,b1 :]eas1 ! gl[ 9 ! ,geissl] tube has become v bright & small at #j4e mm4 pressure1 ! gas 9 our exp]im5t rema9s mu* d>k] up to #gfj mm4 pressure1 & yet ! illum9at$ spot is mu* l>g]4 ,?is diff]5ce _c1 !re=e1 be attribut$ to an inf]ior int5sity ( ! rays "h us$4 ,b x w be expla9$1 #gf1 z soon z we c %[ t at high] pressures ca?ode rays ( a diff]5t k9d are produc$1 :i* are mu* m /rongly absorb$ by gases ?an ! rays inve/igat$ hi!rto & produc$ at v l[ pressures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,use ,,( ,,/ops ,,9 ,,sciagraphy4 7,,p]*47 #ajg41 p4 #aja4 ,by ,le$s & ,/okes4 ,fig4 ,i1 p4 #eb1 illu/rates ! app>atus by :i* he /udi$ ! rectil9e> propagation & :]eby he f\nd t x 0 rectil9e> only 9 a v high vacuum4 ,9 ! figure1 ! gas is at ord9>y pressure1 & x w be notic$ t ! turbidity ( ! same is indicat$ by ! curv$ l9es :ile ! dott$ l9es %[ ! volume t w\ld be occupi$ by light or o!r rectil9e> rays1 unaccompani$ by any k9d ( diffusion4 ,9 ! obs]v+ tube1 !re 0 a disc hav+ a c5tral hole at a4 ,beyond ?is disc1 measur$ f ! alum9um w9d[1 0 a fluoresc5t scre5 :i*1 z well z ! p]=at$ disc1 c\ld be mov$ to diff]5t di/ances by means ( a magnet act+ on a little iron base4 ,x is evid5t t ^u mov+ ! fluoresc5t scre5 to diff]5t di/ances1 ! diamet] ( ! lum9\s pat* w\ld be a measure ( ! am\nt ( turbidity4 ,! curv$ l9es int]sect+ ! p]iph]ies ( ! lum9\s spots indicate1 !re=e1 ! field ( ! ca?ode rays1 s t said field w\ld appe> l a k9d ( curv$ cone if ! same 7 visible4 ,al?\gh hydrog5 is ! lea/ turbid gas1 yet ! phosphoresc5t pat*es 7 all l>g] except ) a high vacuum ?an !y c\ld h be5 ) rectil9e> propagation4 ,an additional *>act]i/ic ( ! phosphoresc5t spot1 0 its be+ made up ( a c5tral bright spot & a halo less lum9\s1 appe>+ l "s ( ! pictures ( a nebula1 see ,fig4 ,i1 p4 #eb1 ! d>k] or c5tre indicat+ ! bright] portion4 ,9 a p]fect vacuum ! halo did n exi/4 ,he p]=m$ a simil> exp]im5t ) ord9>y light4 ,no halo occurr$ on a pap] scre5 :i* 0 us$ in/ead ( ! phosphoresc5t scre51 b ^u introduc+ a glass tr\gh ( dilute milk betwe5 ! w9d[ & ! p]=at$ disc1 or betwe5 ! disc & ! pap] scre51 nuclei & halos 7 obta9$1 illu/rat+ a case ( ! effect ( a turbid fluid ^u light1 & assi/+ 9 prov+ t gases act z a turbid m$ium to ca?ode rays z milk & simil> sub/ances d to light2 also 9 o!r gases ?an hydrog51 & by ! use ( ca?ode rays1 nuclei & halos 7 n obta9$ at high exhau/ion1 all ! gases becom+ limpid4 ,tak+ into acc\nt pressure & d5sity1 all gases behav$ ! same z to ! p[] ( transmission :5 !y 7 ( ! same d5sity1 )\t any reg>d :atev] to _! *emical nature4 ,d5sity alone det]m9$ ! matt]1 accord+ to ,l5>d4 #ge4 ,,ca?ode ,,rays ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,are ,,v>iably ,,diffus$4--,he discov]$ ! rem>kable prop]ty1 contr>y to 8 expectation1 t if ! rays are g5]at$ at high pressures1 !y are capable ( m diffusion ?an :5 g5]at$ at l[] pressures4 ,?is c be easily prov$ by any "o1 = x w be notic$ t ^u increas+ ! pressure 9 ! dis*>ge tubes ! spots on ! phosphoresc5t scre5 w n only gr[ d>k] b l>g] & m indef9ite z to ! nucleus & halo4 ,he call$ att5tion to ! agreem5t ) ,h]tz1 :o also f\nd t !re 7 two diff]5t k9ds ( rays1 see ,wi$4 ,ann41 ,,xix1 p4 #haf1 '#hc1 also see ,h]tz's exp]im5t4 ,l5>d also po9t$ out ! analogue 9 respect to light1 :i*1 :5 ( %ort wave l5g?1 is m diffus$ 9 c]ta9 turbid m$ia ?an t ( great] wave l5g?4 ,al?\gh ,l5>d held t 8 exp]im5t prov$ t ca?ode rays 7 ph5om5a 9 "s way connect$ ) ! e!r1 yet he po9t$ out an important diff]5ce 9 connection ) ! prop]ty ( deflection ( ! rays by ! molecules ev5 ( elem5t>y gases l hydrog51 produc+ diffusion ( ! rays1 :i* accord+ly may be consid]$ z behav+ l light 9 pass+ ?r\gh1 n gases1 b vapors1 liquids & du/4 ,9 ! case ( ! ca?ode rays ! molecules ( a gas act$ z a turbid m$ium1 b 9 ! case ( light1 turbidity is only exhibit$ by vapors or c]ta9 liquids1 z s eloqu5tly expla9$ by ,tyndall1 9 8,fragm5ts ( ,sci5ce10 #ahga1 :]e x is %[n t aggregation ( molecules1 l vapors or du/ 9 ! pres5ce ( light1 make !mselves kn[n by color & diffusion1 :]eas ! sub/ances 9 a molecul> or atomic /ate d n s]ve to %[ ! pres5ce ( rays ( light4 #gf4 ,,law ,,( ,,propagation4--,l5>d recogniz$ cont9ually t !re 7 two k9ds ( ca?ode rays4 ,"o ( !m may h be5 ,x-rays )\t 8 kn[+ x4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( '#ie1 he made "s exp]im5ts especially ( a quantitative nature z to ! pr9ciple ( absorption ( ! rays by gases4 ,by ma!matical analysis1 bas$ ^u exp]im5ts1 he arriv$ at ! pr9ciple t ! absorptivity ( a gas is proportional to its pressure1 or :at is ! same ?+1 to its d5sity1 or z to ano!r way ( /at+ ! law1 8! same mass ( gas absorbs at all pressures ! same quantity ( ca?ode rays40 ,see ,elect4 ,rev41 ,lon41 z cit$1 p4 #ajj4 #gg4 ,,*>g$ ,,bodies ,,dis*>g$ ,,by ,,ca?ode ,,rays4--,an insulat$ metallic plate 0 *>g$ fir/ ) positive electricity & 9 ano!r exp]im5t ) negative electricity4 ,9 ea* in/ance1 ! plate 0 dis*>g$ rapidly by ! ca?ode rays z indicat$ by ! electroscope1 & ! same held true :5 a wire cage 9 contact ) ! alum9um w9d[1 surr\nd$ ! electroscope & ! metallic plate4 ,! effect 0 /opp$ by cutt+ (f ! ca?ode rays by qu>tz 4#e mm4 ?ick4 ,! dis*>ge took place1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh alum9um foil4 ,a magnet 0 made to deflect ! int]nal ca?ode rays1 :]eupon ! dis*>ge did n take place1 all %[+ t ! dis*>ge ( ! insulat$ plate 0 directly due to ^? rays4 ,a rem>kable occurr5ce 0 ! accompli%m5t ( ! dis*>ge at a mu* great] di/ance ?an t at :i* phosphoresc5ce 0 exhibit$4 ,see also ,ro5tg5's exp]im5t--:o sugge/$ t ,l5>d _h to d ) ,x-rays 9 ?is exp]im5t1 b ?\ght !y 7 ca?ode rays4 ,! maximum di/ance = ! dis*>ge 0 ab\t #cj cm4 measur$ normally to ! alum9um w9d[4 ,he caus$ a dis*>ge ( a plate also 9 r>efi$ air4 ,he admitt$ t ! exp]im5ts 7 n c>ri$ f> en\gh to "k :e!r ! effect 0 due to ! action ( ! ca?ode rays ^u ! surface ( ! w9d[1 or ^u ! surr\nd+ air1 or ^u ! plate4 ,! au?or c\ld n f9d 9 ,l5>d's pap] any positive or negative pro( t he _h actually deflect$ ! ext]nal ca?ode rays by a magnet :ile pass+ ?r\gh air or gas at ord9>y pressure4 ,he _h deflect$ !m :ile pass+ ?r\gh a v high vacuum 9 ! obs]v+ tube4 ,dr4 ,lodge1 :o briefly review$ ,l5>d's exp]im5ts1 express$ ! same op9ion4 ,see ,! ,elect41 ,lon41 ,jan4 #ca1 '#if1 p4 #dci4 ,= !oretical consid]ations ( ! electric nature ( light1 ! dis*>ge law 9 ! photo-electric ph5om5a1 ! simple validity ( ! dis*>ge law1 ! occurr5ce ( int]f]5ce surfaces 9 ! blue ca?ode light1 ! ca?ode rays 9 ! axis ( symmetry1 ! necess>y degrees ( longitud9al electric waves1 ! frequ5cy ( ! ca?ode rays1 & pro( ( longitud9al "* ( ca?ode rays1 see ,jaumann 9 ,! ,elect41 ,lon41 ,m>4 #f1 '#if2 translat$ f ,wi$4 ,ann41 #ega1 pp4 #adg to #ahd1 '#if1 & succe$+ numb]s ( ,! ,elect41 ,lon41 :i* 7 freely discuss$ 9 =eign lit]ature contemporane\sly4 #gh4 ,,de ,,k[alskie',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,s\rce1 ,,propagation ,,& ,,direction ,,( ,,ca?ode ,,rays4 ,acad4 ,sci41 ,p>is1 ,jan4 #ad1 '#ie2 ,s4 ,fran4 ,phys4 ,jan4 '#ie2 ,nature1 ,lon4 ,jan4 #bd1 '#ie2 ,feb4 #ba1 '#ie4--,! conclusions he arriv$ at are1 #a4 ,! production ( ! ca?ode rays does n dep5d on ! dis*>ge f metallic electrodes across a r>efi$ gas1 nor is _! production connect$ ) ! dis9tegration ( metallic electrodes4 #b4 ,!y are produc$ *iefly :]e ! prim>y illum9ation atta9s suitable int5sity1 t is1 :]e ! d5sity ( ! curr5t l9es is v consid]able4 #c4 ,_! direction ( propagation is t ( ! curr5t l9es at ! place :]e ! rays are produc$1 f ! negative to ! positive poles4 ,!y are propagat$ 9 ! opposite direction to t 9 :i* ! positive lum9osity is suppos$ to fl[4 #dc4 ,he employ$ a ,gold/e9 tube r$uc$ at ! c5tre4 #da4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! ca?ode rays are =m$ n only at ! negative electrode1 b also at ! con/riction1 directly opposite ! ca?ode4 ,de ,k[alskie c>ri$ on fur!r exp]im5ts 9 ?is l9e 9 ord] to be satisfi$ ) ! pr9ciples nam$ above1 :i* he =mulat$4 ,9 "o tube1 he 0 able to produce ca?ode rays at ei!r end ( ! capill>y tube =m+ ! con/rict$ "p ( a long vacuum tube4 ,no electrodes 7 employ$4 ,! tube 0 m]ely plac$ ne> a dis*>g] ?r\gh :i* 8,tesla curr5ts0 7 pass$8 ,he seems to h be5 work+ ) ,x-rays )\t kn[+ x2 = 8 results agree ) ^? ( ,ro5tg5 & lat] exp]im5t]s t ! s\rce ( ,x-rays is ! surface ( a sub/ance :]e x is /ruck by ca?ode rays4 ,! /atem5ts 7 ab\t z def9ite z c\ld be expect$ at t date4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h&1 ,,by ,,oliv] ,b4 ,,%all5b]g]1 ,,tak5 ,,) ,,focus ,,tube4 #acg1 p4 #acf4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,vii ------- #gi4 ,,ro5tg5',s ,,exp]im5ts4 ,x-,,rays1 ,,& ,a ,,new ,,art4 ,wurz4 ,physik4 ,m$4 ,gesell4 ,jan4 '#ie2 ,nature1 ,lon41 ,jan4 '#if2 ,! ,elect41 ,lon4 ,april #bd1 #if2 ,sitz4 ,wurz4 ,physik4 ,in/4 ,d4 ,uni4 ,m>4 #i1 #if4--,,un9flu5c$ ,,by ,a ,,magnet ,,9 ,,op5 ,,air4--,al?\gh ,l5>d recogniz$ sev]al k9ds ( ca?ode rays1 :i* diff]$ z to p5etrat+ & phosphoresc+ p[]1 yet he always held1 or inf]r$ at lea/ t !y 7 deflect$ by a magnet1 outside1 z well z inside1 7prov$ #gb;a47 ( ! dis*>ge tube4 #ei4 ,pr(4 ,wilhelm ,konrad ,ro5tg5 subject$ 8 newly discov]$ rays to ! action ( v /rong magnetic fields 9 ! op5 air1 b no deviation 0 detect$4 ,?is is ! *>act]i/ic :i* m ?an any?+ else has s]v$ to di/+ui% ,x-rays f ca?ode rays4 ,?is prop]ty has be5 confirm$ by o!rs4 ,he employ$ ! pr9ciple ( magnetic attraction ( int]nal ca?ode #ei1 rays to %ift ! phosphoresc5t spot1 = !n he notic$ t ! s\rce ( ,x-rays fluctuat$ also4 #hj4 ,,s\rce ,,( ,x-,,rays ,,may ,,be ,,at ,,po9ts ,,)9 ,,! ,,vacuum ,,space4--,9 "o case1 he employ$ a ,l5>d tube1 & f\nd t ! ,x-rays 7 g5]at$ f ! w9d[ :i* 0 9 ! pa? ( ! ca?ode rays4 #fg4 ,diff]5t bodies )9 ! dis*>ge tube 7 f\nd to h diff]5t quantitative p[]s ( radiat+ ,x-rays :5 /ruck by ! ca?ode rays4 ,he /at$ 8,if = example1 we let ! ca?ode rays fall on a plate1 "o half consi/+ ( a #j4c mm4 %eet ( plat9um & ! o!r half a #a mm4 %eet ( alum9um1 ! p9-hole photograph ( ?is d\ble plate w %[ t ! %eet ( plat9um emits a f> great] numb] ( ,x-rays ?an does ! alum9um1 ?is rem>k apply+ 9 e case to ! side ^u :i* ! ca?ode rays imp+e40 ,on ! rev]se side1 h[ev]1 ( ! plat9um1 no rays 7 emitt$1 b a l>ge am\nt 0 radiat$ f ! rev]se side ( ! alum9um4 #fg4 ,he admitt$ t ! explanation 0 simple2 b1 at ! same "t1 he po9t$ out t ?is1 toge!r ) o!r exp]im5ts1 %[$ t plat9um is ! be/ = g5]at+ ! mo/ p[]ful ,x-rays4 ,"o =m ) :i* he exp]im5t$ is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 ,j1 9 pr9ciple1 be+ describ$ z a bulb 9 :i* a concave ca?ode 0 opposite a %eet ( plat9um1 plac$ at an angle ( #de to ! axis ( ! curv$ ca?ode1 & at ! focus !re(4 ,illu/ration3 ,j #ha4 ,,reflection ,,( ,x-,,rays4--,he emphasiz$ ! k t !re is a c]ta9 k9d & a c]ta9 am\nt ( reflection1 su* z t produc$ ^u light &1 z po9t$ out by ,l5>d1 ^u ca?ode rays1 by c]ta9 turbid m$ia4 ,! foll[+ quotation sets =? ! exact exp]im5t to %[ slight reflection at metal surfaces4 8,i expos$ a plate1 protect$ by a black pap] %eet #a to ! ,x-rays 7e4g4 f bulb ,j7 s t ! glass side #b lay next to ! dis*>ge tube4 ,! s5sitive film 0 p>tly cov]$ ) />-%ap$ pieces 7#d slightly displac$ 9 ! ,fig47 ( plat9um1 lead1 z9c & alum9um4 ,on ! develop$ negative ! />-%ap$ impressions %[$ d>k 7comp>atively7 "u plat9um1 lead & m m>k$ly1 "u z9c2 ! alum9um gave no image4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 t ! =m] ?ree metals c reflect ! ,x-rays2 z1 h[ev]1 ano!r explanation is possible1 ,i repeat$ ! exp]im5t ) only ?is diff]5ce1 t a film ( ?9 alum9um foil 0 int]pos$ betwe5 ! s5sitive film & ! metal />s4 ,su* an alum9um plate is opaque to ! ultra-violet rays1 b transp>5t to ,x-rays4 ,9 ! result ! images appe>$ z be=e1 ?is po9t+ /ill to ! exi/5ce ( reflection at metal surfaces40 #hb4 ,,p5etrat+ ,,p[]4 ,! transmitt$ en]gy 0 te/$ bo? by a fluoresc5t scre5 & by a s5sitive photographic plate4 ,ei!r "o 0 act$ ^u by ! rays aft] transmission ?r\gh :at h ord9>ily be5 call$ opaque objects4 #fh4 = example1 #ajjj pages ( a book4 ,z 9 ,l5>d's results1 s 9 ,ro5tg5's1 ! color ( ! object _h no effect1 ev5 :5 ! mat]ial 0 black4 #fh1 ne> beg9n+4 ,a s+le ?ickness ( t9foil sc>cely ca/ a %ad[ on ! scre54 #ff;a4 ,! same 0 true ) ref]5ce to a p9e bo>d #b or #c cm4 ?ick4 ,!y pass$ also ?r\gh alum9um #ae mm4 ?ick4 #fc;b4 ,glass 0 comp>atively opaque1 #ff;a1 z comp>$ ) its p[] ( transmitt+ light1 b nev]!less x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! rays pass$ ?r\gh consid]able ?ickness ( glass4 ,! tissues ( ! body1 wat] #fh1 ne> c5tre1 & c]ta9 o!r liquids & gases 7 f\nd exce$+ly p]meable #fg4 ,fluoresc5ce c\ld be detect$ ?r\gh plat9um #b mm4 ?ick & lead #a4e mm4 ?ick4 ,?r\gh air ! scre5 0 illum9at$ at a maximum di/ance ( #a m4 ,a rod ( wood pa9t$ ) :ite lead ca/ a great deal m %ad[ ?an )\t ! pa9t1 & 9 g5]al1 bones1 salts ( ! metals1 :e!r solid or 9 solution1 metals !mselves & m9]als g5]ally 7 among ! mo/ resi/+ mat]ials4 #aee4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 p]=m$ 9 a d>k room by exclud+ ! lum9osity ( ! tube by a ?ick clo? or c>d bo>d entirely surr\nd+ ! tube4 ,he p]=m$ ! wond]ful exp]im5t1 s (t5 s9ce repeat$1 ( hold+ ! h& betwe5 ! scre5 ( b>ium plat9o cyanide & ! dis*>ge tube1 & behold+ ! %ad[ picture ( ! bones4 ,?is 0 ! accid5tal /ep :i* initiat$ ! new dep>tm5t ( photography1 & :i* gave to ! :ole sci5ce ( electric dis*>ge1 a new int]e/ among sci5ti/s & electricians & :i* ?or\ghly awak5$ popul> int]e/4 ,! :ole _w conc$es to him ! honor ( be+ ! orig9ator ( ! new art4 ,9 view ( sciagraphs ( ! bones ( ! h& ^u ! scre51 x occurr$ to him 9 view also ( ,l5>d's exp]im5ts1 on ! photographic plate1 to produce a p]man5t picture ( ! skeleton ( ! h& ) ! fle% fa9tly outl9$4 #hd4 ,! accompany+ half tone illu/ration1 page #cg1 0 made by ! ,elect4 ,eng4 ,n4,y4 7,june #c1 '#if7 by p]mission1 & x repres5ts ! ,edison ,x-ray exhibit at ! ,new ,york ,electrical ,exposition ( ! ,electric ,light ,association1 #ahif4 ,?\s&s ( p1 ?r\gh ! b5efic5ce ( ,dr4 ,edison1 7 p]mitt$ to see ! %ad[s ( _! bones surr\nd$ by liv+ fle%4 ,! scre5 0 made ( calcic tung/ate4 ,! h& & arm 7 plac$ beh9d & view$ f ! front4 #acb1 ne> beg9n+4 #hc4 ,,p5etrat+ ,,p[] ,,& ,,d5sity ,,( ,,sub/ances4--,al?\gh he f\nd t !re 0 "s g5]al relation betwe5 ! ?ickness ( mat]ials & ! p5etrat+ p[]1 yet he 0 satisfi$ t ! v>iation ( ! p[] did n be> a direct relation to ! d5sity1 7ref]r+ to solids7 especially z he notic$ a peculi> result :5 %ad[s 7 ca/ by ,icel& sp>1 glass1 alum9um & qu>tz ( equal ?ickness4 ,! ,icel& sp> ca/ ! lea/ %ad[ ^u suitable fluoresc5t or photographic plate4 ,! increas$ ?ickness ( any "o sub/ance increas$ ! d>kness ( ! %ad[1 z exhibit$ by t9foil 9 lay]s =m+ /eps4 ,o!r metals1 namely plat9um1 lead1 z9c & alum9um foil 7 simil>ly arrang$ & a table ( ! results record$4 #fc;b4 ,,relative ,,?ickness4 ,,?ickness4 ,,d5sity4 ,plat9um 4#jah mm4 #a #ba4e ,lead 4#jej mm4 #c #aa4c ,z9c 4#ajj mm4 #f #g4a ,alum9um #c4ejj #bjj #b4f mm4 ,he conclud$ f ^! data t ! p]meability increas$ mu* m rapidly ?an ! ?ickness decreas$4 #hd4 ,,fluoresc5ce ,,& ,,*emical ,,action4 #gj & #fc;a4--,among ! sub/ances t fluoresc$ 7 b>ium plat9o cyanide1 calcium sulphide1 uranium glass1 ,icel& sp> & rock salt4 ,9 produc+ sciagraphs on ! photographic plates1 he f\nd x entirely unnecess>y to remove ! usual ebonite cov]1 :i*1 al?\gh black1 & s opaque to light1 produc$ sc>cely any resi/ance to ! rays4 ,! s5sitive plate1 ev5 :5 protect$ 9 a box1 c\ld n be kept ne> a dis*>ge tube1 = he notic$ t x became cl\d$4 ,he 0 n sure :e!r ! effect ^u ! s5sitive plate 0 directly due to ! ,x-rays or to a second>y action1 namely1 ! fluoresc5t light :i* mu/ h be5 produc$ ^u ! glass plate hav+ ! film1 x be+ well kn[n t light ( fluoresc5ce possesses *emical p[]4 ,he call$ att5tion to ! fact t inasmu* z fluoresc5t light :i* c be reflect$1 refract$1 pol>iz$1 etc41 0 produc$ by ! rays2 !re=e1 all ! ,x-rays :i* fell ^u a body did n leave x z su*4 #fg4 ,no effect 0 produc$ ^u ! ret9a ( ! eye al?\gh he tempor>ily conclud$ t ! rays mu/ h /ruck ! ret9a 9 view ( ! great p]meability ( animal tissue & liquids4 #fh1 at end4 ,conclusions ( ?is k9d n bas$ on exp]im5t1 are nev] reliable1 ev5 :5 (f]$ by v high au?orities4 ,aga9 ! rays 7 weak4 ,ro5tg5 himself admitt$ t ! salts ( metals 9 solution 7 #hb1 ne> c5tre7 r5d]$ ! latt] r opaque4 ,! eye ball is cont9ually moi/5$ ) ! solution ( common salt4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 ,mr4 ,pignolet notic$ 9 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,feb4 #bd1 '#if1 an acc\nt ( an exp]im5t ( ,d>i5 & de ,ro*as4 ,9 anatomy x is common to exp]im5t on fre% pig's eyes 9 ord] to make comp>isons ) human eyes4 ,! above nam$ ,fr5*m5 submitt$ ! =m] to ,x-rays4 ,! eyes 7 b slightly p]meable !reto4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,physical ,,in/itute1 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,w,,rzburg1 ,,:]e ,,pr(4 ,,ro5tg5 ,,has ,,8 ,,resid5ce1 ,,deliv]s ,,8 ,,lectures1 ,,& ,,p]=ms ,,8 ,,exp]im5ts4 ,f photograph by ,g4 ,glock1 ,wrzburg4 7,n ref]r$ to 9 book47 #he4 ,,non-,,refraction ,,& ,,b ,,little ,,reflection ,,( ,x-,,rays4--,he employ$ a v p[]ful refract+ prism made ( mica & conta9+ c>bon bi-sulphide & wat]4 ,! same prism refract$ light b did n refract ,x-rays4 ,no "o w\ld ?9k ( mak+ prisms = exam9+ light1 ( ebonite or alum9um1 b he made su* a prism = te/+ ,x-rays4 ,b if !re 7 any refraction he conclud$ t ! refractive index c\ld n h be5 m ?an #a4je1 :i* may be consid]$ z a pro( t ! rays _c be refract$4 ,he tri$ heavi] metals1 b ! difficulty ( arriv+ at any satisfactory results 0 due to ! resi/ance ( su* metals to ! transmission ( ! rays4 ,among o!r te/s 0 "o consi/+ 9 pass+ ! rays ?r\gh lay]s ( p[d]$ mat]ials ?r\gh :i* ! rays 7 transmitt$ 9 ! same quantity z ?r\gh ! same sub/ances n p[d]$4 ,x is well kn[n t light pass$ into p[d]$ transp>5t mat]ials1 is enorm\sly cut (f1 deviat$1 diffus$1 refract$ etc41 9 view ( ! innum]able small surfaces ( ! p>ticles4 ,h5ce he conclud$ t !re 0 little if any?+ 9 ! nature ( refraction or reflection ( ,x-rays4 #adf4 ,! p[d]$ mat]ials employ$ 7 rock salt1 & f9e electrolytic & z9c du/4 ,! %ad[s1 bo? on ! scre5 & z record$ on ! photographic plate 7 ( sub/antially ! same %ade z giv5 by ! same mat]ials ( ! same ?ickness 9 ! coh]5t /ate4 ,"o ( ! mo/ usual ways ( te/+ refraction ( light is by means ( a l5s4 ,x-rays c\ld n be br\ght to a focus ) ! l5s ( :at ev] mat]ial x 0 made4 ,among ! sub/ances tri$ 7 ebonite & glass4 ,z expect$1 !re=e1 ! sciagraph ( a r\nd rod 0 d>k] 9 ! middle ?an at ! edges2 & a holl[ cyl9d] fill$ ) a m transp>5t liquid %[$ ! c5tre portion bright] ?an its edges4 ,if "o consid]s ?is obs]vation 9 connection ) o!rs1 namely ! transp>5cy ( p[d]s1 & ! /ate ( ! surface n be+ effective 9 alt]+ ! passage ( ! ,x-rays ?r\gh a body1 x leads to ! probable conclusion t regul> reflection does n exi/1 b t bodies behave to ! ,x-rays z turbid m$ia to light1 #fi4 #hf4 ,,velocity ,,( ,x-,,rays ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,bodies4 p4 #df4--;,al?\gh he p]=m$ no direct exp]im5t 9 ?is direction yet he inf]r$ 9 view ( ! abs5ce ( refraction at ! surfaces ( diff]5t m$ia1 t ! rays travel ) equal velocities 9 all bodies4 #hg4 ,,d\ble ,,refraction ,,& ,,pol>ization4--,nei!r c\ld he detect any action ^u ! rays by way ( refraction by ,icel& sp> at :atev] angle ! cry/al 0 plac$4 ,z to ?is prop]ty ( light see ,huyg5's ,works ( #afij & ,malus' ,works ( #ahaj4 qu>tz also gave negative results4 ,pr(4 ,may] ( ,/ev5s ,in/itute submitt$ to ,sci41 ,m>4 #bg1 '#if1 ! report ( a crucial te/ = %[+ ! non-pol>ization ( ,x-rays4 ,on six discs ( glass1 #j4ae mm4 ?ick & #be mm4 9 diamet]1 7 plac$ v ?9 plates ( ,h]apa?'s iodo-sulphate ( qu99e4 ,! axes ( ^! cry/als cross$ "o ano!r at v>i\s angles4 ,:5 ! axes ( two plates 7 cross$ at "r angles no light 0 transmitt$2 ! ov]lapp+ surfaces ( ! plates appe>+ black4 ,if ! ,ro5tg5 rays be pol>izable1 ! ,h]apa? cry/als1 cross$ at "r angles1 %\ld act z lead & n all[ any ( ! ,ro5tg5 rays to be transmitt$4 ,pr(4 ,may] is well kn[n z exce$+ly exp]t 9 connection ) m9ute measurem5ts & 9 ! manipulation ( sci5tific exp]im5ts4 ,dr4 ,morton1 ,pres4 ,/ev5s ,in/41 atte/$ ! results z an absolute demon/ration t ,x-rays are incapable ( pol>ization4 ,/ev5s ,indicator1 ,jan41 '#if4 #hh4 ,,! ,,propagation ,,( ,x-,,rays ,,rectil9e>4--,!re w\ld be no difficulty 9 produc+ photographs ( ! bones ( ! h& ) ! rays ( light1 if x 7 n = ! trem5d\s am\nt ( reflection & refraction caus+ s mu* diffusion t no %>ply def9$ %ad[ ( ! bones w\ld be produc$4 ,by means ( a p[]ful l5s & a funnel po9t$ into a d>k room1 ! au?or notic$ t ! cond5s$ light !reby obta9$ :5 pass$ ?r\gh ! h&1 & :5 ! incid5t rays 7 p>allel1 came out s diffus$ t "o w\ld ?9k t ! light w5t ?r\gh bones z easily z any "p ( ! h&4 ,an exp]im5t ( ?is k9d s]ves to emphasize t ! success ( sciagraphy by ,x-rays is due n only to ! great p5etrat+ p[]1 b to practically no refraction nor reflection4 ,9 view ( ! %>p %ad[s ca/ ( objects ev5 :5 locat$ 9 vegetable or animal m$ia1 ,ro5tg5 0 ju/ifi$ 9 giv+ ! "n ( ray to ! en]gy4 ,he te/$ ! %>pness ( ! %ad[ by mak+ sciagraphs & fluoresc5t pictures n only ( ! bones ( ! h&1 b ( a wire w\nd ^u a bobb91 ( a set ( weights 9 a box1 ( a compass1 c>d & ne$le1 conv5i5tly clos$ 9 a metal case1 & ( ! elem5ts ( a non-homog5e\s metal4 ,to prove ! rectil9e> propagation fur!r1 he receiv$ ! image ( ! dis*>ge tube ^u a photographic plate by means ( a p9hole cam]a4 ,! picture 0 fa9t b unmi/akable4 #hi4 ,,int]f]5ce4 ,! rays ( light may be caus$ to int]f]e ) ea* o!r4 ,see ,newton's ,pr9cipia1 ,vol4 ,,iii42 ,"y's ,works1 ,vol4 ,i4--,!ory po9ts out t waves ( e!r ( two p5cils ( light1 :5 caus$ to be propagat$ at c]ta9 relative phases p>tially or :olly neutralize or /r5g!n ea* o!r4 ,ro5tg5 c\ld obta9 no int]f]5ce effects ( ! ,x-rays1 b did n conclude t ! int]f]5ce prop]ty 0 abs5t4 ,he 0 n satisfi$ ) ! int5sity ( ! rays & !re=e c\ld n te/ ! matt] sev]ely4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,l4 #ij4 ,,electrifi$ ,,bodies ,,dis*>g$ ,,by ,x-,,rays4 p4 #dg4--;,aft] ,ro5tg5's fir/ ann\ncem5t1 o!rs1 & probably ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson z ! fir/1 f\nd t ! ,x-rays w\ld dis*>ge bo? negatively & positively electrifi$ bodies4 ,ro5tg51 9 8 second ann\ncem5t1 /at$ t he _h already made su* a discov]y1 b _h n c>ri$ ! inve/igation f> en\gh to report satisfactorily on ! details4 ,at la/ he put =? an acc\nt ( ! :ole ph5om5a & /at$ t ! dis*>ge v>i$ some:at ) ! int5sity ( ! rays1 :i* 0 te/$ 9 ea* in/ance by ! relative lum9osity ( ! fluoresc5t scre51 & by ! relative d>kness produc$ ^u ! photographic plate 9 sev]al in/ances4 ,electrifi$ bodies1 :e!r conductors or insulators1 7 dis*>g$ :5 plac$ 9 ! pa? ( ! rays4 ,all bodies :atsoev] behav$ 9 ! same mann] :5 *>g$4 ,!y 7 all dis*>g$ equally by ! ,x-rays4 ,he notic$ t 8,if an electrical conductor is surr\nd$ by a solid insulator su* z p>aff9 in/ead ( by air1 ! radiation acts z if ! insulat+ envelope 7 swept by a flame connect$ to e>?40 ,^u surr\nd+ said p>aff9 by a conductor connect$ to e>?1 ! radiation no long] act$ on ! inn] electrifi$ conductor4 ,! above obs]vations l$ him to believe t ! action 0 indirect & _h some?+ to d ) ! air ?r\gh :i* ! ,x-rays pass$4 ,9 ord] to prove ?is1 x 0 necess>y = him to %[ t air ought to be able to dis*>ge ! bodies if fir/ subject$ to ! rays1 & !n pass$ ov] ! bodies4 ,! app>atus = p]=m+ an exp]im5t to te/ ?is pr$iction is %[n 9 ,fig4 ,l1 :i* s]ves to illu/rate also ! mann] 9 :i* he prev5t$ electro-/atic influ5ces ( ! dis*>ge tube1 lead+ 9 wires & induction coil4 #ga1 ne> c5tre4 ,= ?is purpose he built a l>ge room 9 :i* ! walls 7 ( z9c cov]$ ) lead4 ,! door = 8 entrance & exit 0 arrang$ to be clos$ 9 an air-tight mann]4 ,9 ! side wall opposite ! door !re 0 a slit #d cm4 wide1 cov]$ h]metically ) a ?9 %eet ( alum9um = ! entrance ( ,x-rays f ! vacuum tube outside ( ! room4 ,all ! electrical app>atus connect$ ) ! g5]ation ( ! ,x-rays 0 outside ( ! room4 ,no =ce :atev] came into ! room1 !re=e1 except ! ,x-rays ?r\gh ! alum9um4 #ga4 ,9 ord] to %[ t air :i* _h be5 subject$ to ! ,x-rays w\ld dis*>ge a body imm$iately aft]w>ds ^u com+ 9 contact !re)1 he arrang$ matt]s s t ! air 0 propell$ by an aspirator4 ,he pass$ air along a tube made ( ?ick metal s t ! rays c\ld ent] only ?r\gh a small alum9um w9d[ ne> ! op5 end4 ,at ov] a di/ance ( #bj cm4 f ! w9d[ 0 an insulat$ ball *>g$ ) electricity1 & connect$ to any electroscope or electromet]4 ,! pr(essor us$ a ,hankel electroscope4 ,no publi%$ sket* 0 made by ,ro5tg52 !re=e1 t %[n 9 ! figure 0 produc$ by inf]5ce f ! description4 ,! op]ation 0 z foll[s3 ,! ,x-rays pass$ into ! room ?r\gh ! alum9um w9d[1 & !n into ! metal tube ?r\gh its alum9um w9d[4 ,:5 ! air 0 at re/1 ! ball 0 n dis*>g$4 ,:5 ! aspirator 0 at "w1 h[ev]1 s t ! air mov$ pa/ ! alum9um w9d[ & pa/ ! ball1 ! latt] 0 dis*>g$ :e!r electrifi$ positively or negatively4 ,he modifi$ ! op]ation by ma9ta9+ ! ball at a con/ant pot5tial by means ( accumulators1 :ile ! air :i* _h be5 treat$ by ,x-rays 0 pass$ by ! ball4 8,an electric curr5t 0 />t$ z if ! ball _h be5 connect$ ) ! wall ( ! tube by a bad conductor40 ,he 0 n sure :e!r ! air w\ld reta9 its p[] to dis*>ge bodies z long z x rema9$ out ( contact ) any bodies4 ,he det]m9$1 h[ev]1 t any slight 8di/urbance0 ( ! air by a body hav+ a l>ge surface & n electrifi$1 r5d]$ ! air inop]ative4 ,he illu/rat$ ?is by say+ t 8,if "o pu%es1 = example1 a suffici5tly ?ick plug ( cotton-wool s f> into ! tube t ! air :i* has be5 trav]s$ by ! rays mu/ /ream ?r\gh ! cotton-wool be=e x rea*es ! ball1 ! *>ge ( ! ball rema9s un*ang$ :5 suction is comm5c$40 ,) ! cotton-wool imm$iately 9 front ( ! w9d[1 x _h no effect1 %[+1 !re=e1 t du/ p>ticles 9 ! air are n ! cause ( ! communication ( ! =ce ( ! dis*>ge f ! ,x-rays to ! electrifi$ body4 ,v f9e wire gauze 9 sev]al ?icknesses also prev5t$ ! air f dis*>g+ ! body :5 plac$ betwe5 ! alum9um w9d[ & ! ball )9 ! ?ick metal tube1 z 9 ! case ( ! cotton plug4 ,simil> exp]im5ts 7 in/itut$ ) dry hydrog5 in/ead ( air1 &1 z f> z he c\ld disc]n1 ! bodies 7 equally well dis*>g$1 except possibly a little sl[] 9 hydrog54 ,he exp]i5c$ difficulty 9 obta9+ equally p[]ful ,x-rays at diff]5t times4 ,all exp]im5t]s are acqua9t$ ) ?is difficulty4 ,fur!r1 he call$ att5tion also to ! ?9 lay] ( air :i* cl+s to ! surface ( ! bodies1 & :i*1 !re=e1 plays an appreciable "p 9 connection ) ! dis*>ge4 #af1 ne> end4 ,9 ord] to te/ ! matt] fur!r z to dis*>ge ( electrifi$ bodies1 he plac$ ! same 9 a highly exhau/$ bulb & f\nd t ! dis*>ge 0 9 "o case1 = example1 only #a_/gj z rapid z 9 air & hydrog5 at ord9>y pressure1 !reby s]v+ z ano!r pro( t gas 0 ! int]m$iate ag5cy4 ,all[ance %\ld be made 9 all exp]im5ts 9 connection ) ! dis*>g+ quality ( ,x-rays4 ,! surr\nd+ gas %\ld be tak5 into acc\nt4 #ij;a4 ,,application ,,( ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,dis*>ge ,,by ,x-,,rays4--,pr(essor ,robb1 ( ,tr9ity ,college1 7,sci5ce1 ,apr4 #aj1 '#if71 propos$ & expla9$ & practically te/$ ! pr9ciple ( ! dis*>ge ( ,x-rays to det]m9e ! relative transp>5cies ( sub/ances to ,x-rays4 ,he plott$ a curve 9 :i* ! co-ord9ate repres5t$ ! *>ge ( ! cond5s] 9 micro-c\lombs1 & ! absciss ! "t betwe5 *>g+ & dis*>g+ ! cond5s]4 ,! same plan c\ld be adopt$1 he sugge/$1 = mak+ quantitative measurem5ts ( ! int5sity ( ,x-rays f diff]5t tubes or ! same dis*>ge tube at diff]5t times4 ,j4 ,j4 ,borgmann1 ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 probably 0 ! fir/ to %[ t ,x-rays *>g$ z well z dis*>g$ bodies4 ,see ,! ,elect41 ,lon41 ,feb4 #ad1 '#if1 p4 #eja4 ,soon1 a simil> ann\ncem5t 0 made by ,pr(4 ,righi1 ( ,bologna4 #ij4 #ij;,a4 ,,borgmann ,,& ,,g]*un',s ,,exp]im5ts4 ,,action ,,( ,,! ,x-,,rays ,,on ,,electro-,,/atic ,,*>ges ,,& 7,,la ,,di/ance ,,explosive47 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,feb4 #ag1 '#if2 f ,trans41 by ,l\is ,m4 ,pignolet4--,a positively *>g$ z9c disk connect$ to an electroscope lo/ its *>ge almo/ in/antly & acquir$ a negative *>ge4 ,:5 ! *>ge on ! z9c disk 0 negative1 ! loss 0 mu* sl[] & 0 n complete1 a c]ta9 *>ge rema9+4 ,:5 ! rays fell ^u two small plat9um balls connect$ to ! t]m9als ( an induction coil b sep>at$ beyond its sp>k+ di/ance1 sp>k+ took place betwe5 !m1 %[+ t ,x-rays1 l ultra-violet rays1 increase ! sp>k+ di/ance ( /atic *>ges4 #ij;b4 ,,righi',s ,,exp]im5ts4 ,,bodies ,,9 ,,! ,,neutral ,,or ,,negative ,,/ate1 ,,positively ,,electrifi$ ,,by ,x-,,rays4 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,feb4 #ag1 #ahif4 ,f ,trans4 by ,l\is ,m4 ,pignolet4--,! measurem5ts 7 made by ?is em95t ,italian physici/1 ) a ,masc>t electromet] connect$ ) ! bodies ^u :i* ! ,x-rays imp+$ & enclos$ 9 a gr\nd$ metallic case 7,f>aday cyl9d]7 provid$ ) an alum9um w9d[ = ! entrance ( ! rays4 ,a metallic disk connect$ ) ! electromet] lo/ its *>ge rapidly :e!r positive or negative4 #ii,s4 ,initial positive *>ges 7 n completely dissipat$2 negative *>ges 7 n only completely dissipat$ b ! bodies acquir$ positive *>ges4 ,disks 9 ! neutral /ate 7 *>g$ positively by ! ,x-rays ! same z takes place ) ultra-violet rays4 ,! f9al positive pot5tial 0 great] = copp] ?an = z9c & /ill great] = retort c>bon 78le c>bon de cornue07 #ij;c4 at end4 ,! v>i\s results are n conflict+ if ! p>ticul> mat]ials are tak5 into acc\nts4 #ij;c at end4 #ij;c4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,pr(4 ,m9*91 an exp]t 9 su* measurem5ts1 are prop]ly describ$ "h1 9 t !y seem to cle> up ! sup]ficial ambiguity4 ,he =mulat$ ! conclusion 7,! ,elect41 ,lon41 ,m>4 #bg1 '#if1 p4 #gcf7 ?us3--8,! ,x-rays *>ge "s bodies positively & "s negatively1 & :atev] *>ge a body may receive by o!r means1 ! ,x-rays *ange x1 bo? 9 magnitude & sign1 to ! *>ge :i* !y indep5d5tly give to ! body40 ,?us1 9 ! case ( magnesium1 if ! same is fir/ positively *>g$ by any suitable means1 !n w ! ,x-rays n only dis*>ge x1 b electrify x negatively1 :ile if ?is metal is fir/ negatively *>g$1 ! ,x-rays ei!r dim9i% or increase ! dis*>ge4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ?is is n true ) all metals1 = he f\nd t gold1 silv]1 copp]1 plat9um1 iron1 alum9um1 bismu?1 /eel & antimony1 are all positively electrifi$4 #ij;d4 ,,b5oi/ ,,h]muzescu',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,negative ,,*>ges ,,dissipat$ ,,fa/] ,,?an ,,positive ,,by ,x-,,rays4 ,,rate ,,dep5ds ,,^u ,,absorption4 ,,law ,,=mulat$4 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,feb4 #c1 ,m>4 #ag & ,april #bg1 '#if4 ,!y obs]v$ t ! rays dissipat$ entirely ! *>ge ( electrifi$ bodies 9 _! pa?1 & t negative *>ges 7 dissipat$ m rapidly ?an positive4 #ii,q4 ,!y also notic$ ! dis*>ge augm5ts ) ! opaqu5ess ( ! body & t ! effect is m consid]able ) two ?9 sup]pos$ %eets ?an ) "o4 ,9 exp]im5t+ ^u ! influ5ce ( ! dis*>ge ( ! gase\s dielectric 9 :i* ! bodies 7 locat$1 !y =mulat$ ! foll[+ law4 ,! rapidity ( ! dissipation ( ! electric *>ge ( an electrifi$ body "u ! same condition v>ies z ! squ>e root ( ! d5sity ( ! gas surr\nd+ ! body4 ,! dissipation ( ! electric *>ge dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! electrifi$ body1 due to a sort ( absorb+ p[] 7 #ii,m7 connect$ ) ! opaqu5ess ( ! body & ^u ! nature ( ! surr\nd+ gas1 due to ! d5sity ( ! gas or :5 pass+ f "o gas to ano!r4 7,f trans4 by ,l\is ,m4 ,pignolet47 #ia4 ,be=e ,ro5tg5 publi%$ 9 8 second pap] ( ,m>4 #i1 '#if1 an acc\nt ( 8 focus tube1 ! ,k+s ,college publi%$ a description ( an exactly simil> "o1 repres5t$ 9 ! cut4 ,see ,elec4 ,rev41 ,lon41 ,m>4 #ac4 '#if1 p4 #cdj4 ,! ca?ode is concave & ! anode is =m$ ( plat9um & is plane & at su* an angle t ! ,x-rays g5]at$1 #fc;b41 on diffusion ( int]nal ca?ode rays1 w be ?r[n out ?r\gh ! ?9 walls ( ! bulb4 #ee & #eg4 ,z ! rays emanate f a po9t1 ! %ad[s are mu* cle>]1 especially 9 conjunction ) p[]ful rays p]mitt+ sev]al feet betwe5 ! object & ! tube4 ,mr4 ,%all5b]g] 0 among ! fir/1 & 0 ! fir/ z f> z ! au?or kn[s 7,elect4 ,_w1 ,m>4 #g1 '#if1 see cut reproduc$7 to orig9ate ! use ( an ,x-ray focus tube4 ,illu/ration3 ,,typical ,,focus ,,tube4 #ia;a4 ,,app>atus ,,employ$4--,pr(4 ,ro5tg5 paid tribute to ,tesla1 by allud+ to ! advantages result+ f ! use ( ! ,tesla cond5s] & trans=m]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he notic$ t ! dis*>ge app>atus became less hot1 & t !re 0 less probability ( its be+ pi]c$4 ,aga9 ! vacuum la/$ long]1 at lea/ 9 ! case ( 8 p>ticul> app>atus4 ,above all1 /rong] ,x-rays 7 produc$4 ,aga9 c>eful adju/m5t ( ! vacuum 0 n z necess>y z ) ! ,ruhmkorff coil4 #ib4 ,x-,,rays ,,& ,,longitud9al ,,vibrations4--,pr(4 ,ro5tg5 did n consid] ,x-rays & ultra-violet rays to be ( ! same nature1 al?\gh !y produc$ _m common effects4 ,! ,x-rays1 z he f\nd1 by ! above relat$ exp]im5ts1 behav$ q diff]5tly f ! ultra-violet rays1 :i* are highly refrangible1 practically all subject to reflection1 capable ( be+ pol>iz$1 & absorb$ accord+ to ! d5sity ( ! absorb5ts4 ,= valid reasons1 ! ,x-rays _c be infra-r$ rays4 ,:ile he does n affirm any !ory1 yet he sugge/s ! !ory ( longitud9al waves = expla9+ ! prop]ties ( ,x-rays4 7,?is 0 n sugge/$ aga9 9 8 second ann\ncem5t47 ,he /at$ t ! hypo!sis ne$s a m solid f\ndation be=e acceptance4 ,! reason :y ,ro5tg5 t]m$ ! en]gy ,x-rays is simply because ,x 9 algebra repres5ts an unkn[n quantity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%all5b]g] ,,app>atus ,,& ,,focus ,,tube4 #ia4 #ic4 ,at ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 ,u4 ,s41 9 #ahhd1 ,sir ,william ,?omson1 7,kelv97 deliv]$ a lecture 9 :i* he argu$ t ! production ( longitud9al vibrations1 by electrical means1 is reasonable & possible ( occurr5ce4 ,j4 ,t4 ,bottomly1 9 ,nature1 ,lon4 ,feb41 7see also ,elect4 ,eng41 ,n4,y41 ,feb4 #ai1 '#if1 p4 #ahg7 call$ att5tion to ?is lecture z be+ ( int]e/ 9 view ( ,ro5tg5's sugge/ion ab\t longitud9al vibrations4 ,"l ,kelv9 call$ att5tion to :at _h be5 develop$ 9 connection ) ! electro-magnetic !ory ( light & ref]r$ to 8 own "w 9 #ahed1 9 connection ) ! propagation ( electric impulses along an insulat$ wire surr\nd$ by gutta p]*a1 b he said t at t "t no "o knew ! relation betwe5 electro-/atic & electro-magnetic units4 ,! "p ( ! lecture ref]r+ p>ticul>ly to ! possibility ( longitud9al waves 9 lum9if]\s e!r by electrical means reads z foll[s4 8,suppose t we h at any place 9 air1 or 9 lum9if]\s e!r 7,i _c n[ di/+ui% betwe5 ! two ideas7 a body t1 ?r\gh "s action we ne$ n describe1 b :i* is conceivable1 is alt]nately1 positively & negatively electrifi$2 may x n be t ?is w give rise to cond5sational waves8 ,suppose1 = example1 t we h two sph]ical conductors unit$ by a f9e wire1 & t an alt]nat+ ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 is produc$ 9 t f9e wire1 = in/ance1 by an alt]nate curr5t dynamo-electric ma*9e1 & suppose t sort ( ?+ goes on away f all o!r di/urbance--at a great di/ance up 9 ! air1 = example4 ,! result ( ! action ( ! dynamo-electric ma*9e w be t "o conductor w be alt]nately1 positively & negatively electrifi$1 & ! o!r conductor negatively & positively electrifi$4 ,x is p]fectly c]ta91 if we turn ! ma*9e sl[ly1 t 9 ! air 9 ! neighborhood ( ! conductors1 we %all h alt]nately1 positively & negatively direct$ electric =ce ) rev]sals (1 = example1 two or ?ree hundr$ p] second ( "t1 ) a gradual transition f negative1 ?r\gh z]o to positive1 & s on2 & ! same ?+ all ?r\gh space2 & we c tell exactly :at ! pot5tial & :at ! electric =ce are at ea* in/ant at any po9t4 ,n[1 does any "o believe t1 if t revolution 7 made fa/ en\gh1 ! electro-/atic law ( =ce1 pure & simple1 w\ld apply to ! air at diff]5t di/ances f ea* globe8 ,e "o believes t if ! process c be conduct$ fa/ en\gh1 sev]al million times1 or millions ( millions times p] second1 we %\ld h l>ge deviations f ! electro-/atic law 9 ! di/ribution ( electric =ce ?r\gh ! air 9 ! neighborhood4 ,x seems absolutely c]ta9 t su* an action z t go+ on w\ld give rise to electrical waves4 ,n[1 x does seem to me probable t ^! electrical waves are cond5sational waves 9 lum9if]\s e!r2 & probably x w\ld be t ! propagation ( ^! waves w\ld be enorm\sly fa/] ?an ! propagation ( ord9>y light waves40 ,notice t ! above 0 writt5 twelve ye>s prior to ,ro5tg5's discov]y4 #id4 ,pr(4 ,s*u/]1 9 ,nature1 ,lon41 ,jan4 '#if1 /at$ t ! great argum5t aga9/ ! supposition ( waves ( v small l5g? lies 9 ! abs5ce ( refraction1 b que/ion$ :e!r ?is objection is conclusive4 ,he fur!r /at$3 8,! prop]ties ( ! e!r may rema9 unalt]$ )9 ! great] "p ( ! sph]e ( action ( a molecule4 ,! numb] ( molecules ly+ )9 a wave l5g? ( ord9>y light is n great] ?an ! numb] ( motes :i* lie )9 a s\nd wave1 b1 z f> z ,i "k1 ! velocity ( s\nd is n mat]ially affect$ by ! pres5ce ( du/ 9 ! air4 ,h5ce !re seems no?+ impossible 9 ! supposition t light waves1 small] ?an ^? we "k (1 may trav]se solids ) ! same velocity z a vacuum4 ,we "k t absorption b&s greatly affect ! refractive index 9 neighbor+ regions2 & z probably ! :ole "q ( refraction resolves itself into "o ( resonance effects1 ! rate ( propagation ( waves ( v small l5g?s does n seem to me to be prejudg$ by our pres5t k4 ,if ,ro5tg5 rays conta9 waves ( v small l5g?1 ! vibrations 9 ! molecule :i* respond to !m1 w\ld seem to be ( a diff]5t ord] ( magnitude f ^? s f> kn[n4 ,possibly1 we h "h ! vibration ( ! electron ) ! molecule1 in/ead ( ! molecule c>ry+ ) x t ( ! electron40 #ie4 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson %[$ h[ x 0 possible t 8longitud9al waves c exi/ 9 a m$ium conta9+ mov+ *>g$ ions1 & 9 any m$ium1 provid$ ! wave l5g? is s small z to be comp>$ ) molecul> dim5sions1 & provid$ ! e!r 9 ! m$ium is 9 motion4 ,x foll[s f ! equation ( ! electro-magnetic field t ! e!r is set 9 motion 9 a v>y+ electric field4 ,^! %ort waves w\ld n be refract$1 b 9 ?is respect !y d n diff] f transv]se waves1 :i* on ! electro-magnetic !ory w\ld n be refract$ if ! wave l5g? 7 comp>able ) molecul> di/ances40 ,f ,elect4 ,eng41 ,n4,y41 ,m>4 #ah1 '#if1 p4 #bhf1 9 ref]5ce to a pap] be=e ! ,cam4 ,phil4 ,s4 #if4 ,"o ( ! v fir/ que/ions ask$ 9 ref]5ce to a discov]y is z to its practical utility4 ,already1 we h important applications 9 "o ( ! mo/ humane directions1 & t is 9 connection ) diagnosis4 ,sciagraphs c also be employ$ 9 s*ools = ! purpose ( education1 9 "s dep>tm5ts ( anatomy1 etc4 ,! int]e/ t x excites & ! amusem5t t x af=ds are n to be ov]look$1 = any?+ 9 ! nature ( recreation possesses utility4 ,h[ev]1 we may greatly ?ank all exp]im5t]s :o h inve/igat$ ! subject1 & :o h n left its developm5t alone to ,ro5tg52 = pr$ictions z to ! utility ( a discov]y1 h[ev]1 app>5tly exagg]at$1 are v (t5 prov$1 by subsequ5t developm5ts1 to h be5 und]rat$4 ,^u ?is po9t ,pr(4 ,boltzmann1 9 ,zeit4 ,elect41 ,jan4 #ae1 '#if1 see also1 ,! ,elec41 ,lon41 ,jan4 #ca1 '#if1 p4 #ddg1 /at$1 8,if we rememb] to :at discov]ies ! mo/ insignificant new natural ph5om5on1 su* z ! attraction ( small objects by rubb$ amb]1 ( iron by ! lode-/one1 ! convulsive twit*es ( a frog's leg due to electric dis*>ges1 ! influ5ce ( ! electric curr5t ^u ! magnetic ne$le1 electro-magnetic induction etc41 has l$ u1 "o c imag9e to :at applications an ag5t w be turn$1 :i* a few weeks aft] its discov]y has giv5 rise to su* surpris+ results40 #ig4 ,soon aft] he>+1 7ab\t ! fir/ ( ,feb4 '#if17 ( ! ,ro5tg5 discov]y1 x occurr$ to ! au?or to c>ry on exp]im5ts ) fluoresc5ce1 b f9d+ t x 0 inconv5i5t to "w 9 a p]fectly d>k room1 &1 recogniz+ t black c>dbo>d _h practically no effect ^u absorb+ ! ,x-rays1 he devis$ a sciascope 7daily pap]s1 ,feb4 #ac1 & ,elect4 ,eng41 ,feb4 #ai7 :i* he aft]w>ds le>n$ 0 indep5d5tly inv5t$ & us$ at ab\t ! same "t by ,pr(4 ,william ,f4 ,magie1 ( ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity1 7see ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,m$4 ,sci41 ,feb4 #g1 '#if & ,feb4 #ae1 '#if7 & by ,pr(4 ,e4 ,salvioni1 ( ,italy "u ! "n ( cryptoscope1 7see ,m$4 ,sur4 ,acad4 ( ,p]ugia1 ,italy1 ,feb4 #h1 '#if47 ,9 ab\t a mon? aft]w>ds 7,elect4 ,eng41 ,n4,y41 ,apr4 #a1 '#if1 p4 #cdj7 ! in/rum5t 7) phosphoresc5t calcic tung/ate #ac4 9 place ( fluoresc5t b>ium plat9o cyanide7 0 aga9 publi%$ "u ! "n ( ! ,edison fluoroscope4 ,!re are probably _m o!r claimants--"s pr(essor 9 ,london--"n =gott54 ,!y all consi/ ( a tap]+ tube ) a sight hole at "o end & a fluoresc5t scre5 9 ! o!r1 :i* is clos$ by opaque c>d bo>d4 7,frontispiece at ,*ap4 ,x74 ,= ! sake ( con=mity1 ! words sciagraph & sciagraphy & simil> d]ivatives1 & 9 view ( ! mean+ ( ! radical def9itions1 h be5 employ$ ?r\gh\t ! book4 ,! objection to ! ^w fluoroscope is t ! in/rum5t is practically univ]sally employ$ 9 see+ ! %ad[s ( objects1 o!rwise invisible to ! nak$ eye1 r ?an to te/ fluoresc5ce4 ,! "n sciascope 0 e>ly sugge/$ by ,pr(4 ,magie4 ,= ^? :o wi% to make a scre51 ! au?or may /ate t he obta9$ a good "o by mix+ pulv]iz$ b>ium plat9o cyanide ) v>ni% & spread+ ! mixture ov] a %eet ( trac+ clo?4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,viii ------- ,illu/ration #ig;a4 ,,h]tz' ,,exp]im5ts4 ,,electrifi$ ,,bodies ,,dis*>g$ ,,by ,,ultra-,,violet ,,light ,,( ,a ,,sp>k ,,& ,,by ,,o!r ,,s\rces ,,( ,,light4 ,b]l9 ,akad4 ,,ii41 p4 #dhg1 '#hg4 ,wi$ ,ann4 ,,xxxi1 p4 #ihc4 ,engli% translation ( ! above4 ,lon4 & ,n4,y4 ,macmillan1 p4 #fc1 '#ic4 ,f notes by ,mr4 ,n4 ,d4 ,c4 ,hodges4--,?is is ! all-important initial "w ( ,h4 ,h]tz4 ,! s\rce ( light 0 a sp>k1 & ! great discov]y result$ f a comb9ation ( circum/ances & 0 uns\ght2 b by /udy+ & te/+ ! matt]1 he f\nd ! cause4 ,two induction coils1 a & b1 hav+ int]rupt] d1 7 includ$ 9 ! same circuit1 z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! sp>k+ ( ! active "o 7,a7 increas$ ! l5g? ( ! sp>k ( ! passive 7,b7 #aj4 ,he s\ght ! cause4 ,! dis*>ge 0 m m>k$ z ! di/ance betwe5 ! sp>ks 0 r$uc$4 ,sp>ks betwe5 ! knobs _h ! same effect z ^? betwe5 po9ts2 b ! effect 0 be/ display$ :5 ! sp>k ,b 0 betwe5 knobs4 ,! relation betwe5 ! two sp>ks 0 reciprocal4 ,! dis*>g+ effect ( ! active sp>k 7,a7 spread out on all sides1 accord+ to ! laws ( light1 fir/ sugge/+ t light 0 ! cause4 ,mo/ solid bodies act$ z scre5s1 s4 ,liquid & gases s]v$ m or less z scre5s4 ,! int5sity ( ! action increas$ by ! r>efaction ( ! air ar\nd ! passive sp>k1 i4e41 9 a dis*>ge tube4 ,! radiations f ! sp>k1 ,a1 reflect$ f mo/ surfaces1 accord+ to ! laws ( light1 & refract$ accord+ to ! same laws1 caus$ ! dis*>ge4 ,! ultra-violet light ( ! sp>k ,a 0 inf]r$ to be ! active ag5t 9 produc+ ! dis*>ge4 ,! same effect 0 produc$ by o!r s\rces ( light ?an ! electric sp>k4 ,! conclusions 7 aft]w>ds confirm$ by _m1 & subord9ate discov]ies orig9at$4 #ih--ii,t4 #ig;b4 ,,wi$emann ,,& ,,eb]t',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,light ,,dis*>ges ,,ca?ode1 ,,b ,,has ,,no ,,influ5ce ,,^u ,,anode1 ,,nor ,,air-,,gap4 ,,diff]5t ,,gases ,,& ,,diff]5t ,,pressures4 ,wi$4 ,ann4 ,,xxxiii1 p4 #bda4 #ahhh4 ,f notes by ,n4 ,d4 ,c4 ,hodges4--,! arc light 0 us$ 9 place ( ! active sp>k ( ,h]tz4 ,pr9cipal result 0 t ! effect dep5d$ on ! illum9ation ( ! ca?ode 7 #ii47 ,! illum9ation ( ! anode or ( ! sp>k-gap did n influ5ce ! dis*>ge4 ,! v "* ( ! *>ge 0 alt]$ by ! action ( light ^u ! ca?ode4 ,! influ5ce ( ! illum9ation ( ! ca?ode did n consi/ solely at ! />t+ ( ! sp>k1 b la/$ z long z ! sp>ks cont9u$ to pass4 ,) decreas+ pressure ( surr\nd+ gas1 ! effect fir/ increas$ 7 #ig;a7 to a maximum1 & !n decreas$ 7 #ed74 ,! illum9ation _h an effect on ! pa? ( ! sp>ks1 ! pa? be+ p]p5dicul> to ! rays ( light4 ,! be/ results 7 obta9$ ) c>bonic acid gas4 ,hydrog5 0 next1 & !n air4 ,!y 7 conta9$ 9 ! tubes surr\nd+ ! poles4 ,! "* ( ! gas also _h an influ5ce on ! rays :i* w\ld produce ! effect1 ) c>bonic acid gas ! effect %[+ itself ev5 ) ! visible rays4 #ih4 ,,el/] ,,& ,,geitel',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,negatively ,,*>g$ ,,bodies ,,dis*>g$ ,,by ,,light4 ,wi54 ,b]i*te4 ,vol4 ,,ci1 p4 #gjc1 '#ib4 ,wi$4 ,ann4 ,vols4 ,,xxxviii1 ,,xxxix1 ,,xli1 ,,xlii1 ,,xliii1 ,,xliv1 ,,xlvi1 ,,xlvii1 ,,lii4 ,nature1 ,lon41 ,sept4 #f1 '#id1 p4 #dea4--,! elem5ts employ$ = c>ry+ on ! exp]im5t consi/$ ( a delicate electroscope & c]ta9 metals1 includ+ alum9um1 amalgamat$ z9c1 magnesium1 rubidium1 potassium & sodium4 ,"s ( ! exp]im5ts 7 made on ! top ( ,m\nt ,sonnblick1 ! same be+ #c1ajj m4 high1 :]e ! dis*>g+ p[] ( light 0 f\nd to be ab\t twice z great z at ,wolf5buttel1 :i* 0 at ! level ( #hj m4 ,! :ole "t = ! dis*>ge 0 only a matt] ( a few seconds4 ,! great] rapidity ( dis*>ge at ! high] level 0 attribut$ to ! great] proportion ( ultra-violet rays 7,h]tz71 :i* are ! mo/ easily absorb$ by ! atmosph]e1 accord+ to ,langley4 ,all metals are n dis*>g$ alike by ! action ( light4 ,! law foll[s ! electro-positive s]ies 9 su* a way t ! m electro-positive ! metal1 ! long] ! wave l5g? ( light necess>y to produce ! dis*>ge4 ,9 exp]im5ts ) potassium1 sodium & rubidium1 !y made !m successively1 ! ca?ode 9 a bulb ( r>efi$ hydrog54 ,9 ?is case x 0 f\nd t ! light ( a c&le1 ev5 at s great a di/ance z #g m41 w\ld cause ! dis*>ge4 ,rubidium 0 s5sitive 9 ?is respect to ! r$ light f a heat$ rod ( glass4 ,el/] & ,geitel 7 able also to dis*>ge1 by light1 "s non-metallic bodies1 l calcic sulphide1 :5 s prep>$ t x _h ! prop]ty ( phosphoresc+1 & also d>kly color$ fluorites4 ,indep5d5tly1 ! ph5om5on is ( importance1 because ,el/] & ,geitel det]m9$ t !re 0 "s common cause z to ! dis*>ge ( bodies ( light & ! dis*>ge f ! e>?'s surface4 ,a s]ies ( exp]im5ts la/+ ?ree ye>s1 consi/$ 9 inve/igat+ ! relation ( ! ultra-violet rays f ! sun simultane\sly to ! quantity ( *>ge 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,! results act$ z evid5ce ( ! explanation ( ! daily & annual v>iation ( atmosph]ic pot5tials4 ,^! exp]im5ts are ( importance 9 connection ) ,x-rays1 because ,rntg5 & ,pr(4 ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson subsequ5tly1 & possibly o!rs indep5d5tly1 discov]$ t ,x-rays produce1 n only a l1 b a m ext5d$ action 9 t !re is n s great a diff]5ce betwe5 _! p[] to dis*>ge negatively & positively electrifi$ bodies4 #ij;a4 ,9 ! fur!r developm5ts ( _! ideas1 !y tri$ ! action ( diffus$ day-light ^u a ,geissl] tube trav]s$ by vibrations :i* 7 produc$ by a ,h]tz vibrator 7see rec5t book on ,h]tzian waves71 ! tube hav+ an electrode ( metal ( ! alkal9e gr\p4 ,!y 7 able to adju/ ! comb9ation s t ! pres5ce ( a little day-light w\ld initiate a lum9\s dis*>ge1 :ile 9 ! d>k su* a *>ge ceas$4 #ad;a4 #ii4 ,,el/] ,,& ,,geitel',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,effect ,,( ,,pol>iz$ ,,light ,,^u ,,! ,,ca?ode4 ,b]l9 ,akad4 '#ie4 ,nature1 ,lon41 ,m>* #bh1 '#ie1 p4 #ead4 ,proc4 ,brit4 ,asso41 ,aug4 #af1 '#id2 ,aug4 #bc1 '#id1 p4 #djf4--,! ,x-rays h prop]ties simil> to ^? ( light1 & h _! s\rce 9 electricity4 ,qu9cke discov]$ t light :i* has be5 pol>iz$ p]p5dicul>ly to ! plane ( incid5ce is greatly increas$ z to its p[] ( p5etrat+ metals4 ,el/] & ,geitel us$ ! foll[+ app>atus to det]m9e ! relation betwe5 pol>iz$ light & electricity4 ,! curr5t v>i$ accord+ to ! angle ( incid5ce & ! plane ( pol>ization4 ,! app>atus compris$ ! foll[+ elem5ts3 ,an exhau/$ bulb1 provid$ ) a plat9um anode1 & a ca?ode consi/+ ( potassium & sodium1 comb9$ 9 ! =m ( a liquid alloy hav+ a bright surface ( reflection4 ,! s\rce ( light 0 an oxyhydrog5 flame1 :i* play$ ^u zircon in/ead ( lime2 a l5s *ang$ ! div]g+ rays to p>allel rays1 :i* 7 pol>iz$ by a ,ni*ol prism & all[$ to fall ^u ! ca?ode4 ,! electrodes ( ! vacuum bulb 7 connect$ to ! poles ( a g5]ator ( a curr5t ( ab\t #djj volts4 8,! /r5g?1 ( ! curr5t 0 greate/ :5 ! plane ( pol>ization 0 p]p5dicul> to ! plane ( incid5ce--i4e41 :5 ! electric displacem5ts con/itut+ light1 took place 9 ! plane ( incid5ce1 & :5 ! angle ( incid5ce 0 ab\t #fj1 i4e41 ! pol>iz+ angle ( ! alloy itself40 ,pr(4 ,sylvanus ,p4 ,?ompson confirm$ ^! results by exp]im5t4 ,! rate ( dis*>ge 0 greate/1 he said1 :5 ! plane ( pol>ization 0 su* t ! ,fresnellian vibration 8*opp$ into0 ! surface4 ,pol>iz$ light1 he rem9d$ !m1 produc$ simil> results ^u sel5ium4 ,al?\gh ! doma9 ( ?is book is necess>ily limit$ to ! consid]ation ( ph5om5a connect$ ) ! int]nal & ext]nal en]gy ( a dis*>ge tube1 yet if any o!r "o subject is ( special int]e/ & utility 9 connection ) ! consid]ation ( ,x-rays1 x is t conc]n+ ! relation betwe5 ! electric dis*>ge & light1 :i* has be5 ?or\ghly /udi$ only dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s1 & ! acc\nts ( ! rese>*es record$ 9 v>i\s p]iodicals & academy pap]s4 ,^? read]s1 h[ev]1 :o desire to /udy ?is exce$+ly int]e/+ & novel bran* ( sci5ce1 :i* 9 connection ) ! action ( ! int]nal ca?ode rays & ,x-rays ^u electrifi$ bodies1 t5ds to uphold ,maxwell's !ory z develop$ by ma!matics & bas$ ^u e>ly kn[n facts & pr$ict$ discov]ies1 may f9d volumes ^u ?is subject by ref]r+ to ! citations bel[1 nam$ by ,mr4 ,n4 ,d4 ,c4 ,hodges & obta9$ by him by a se>* 9 ! ar*ives ( ! ,a/or ,libr>y4 ,( especial int]e/ are ^? ( ,branly1 #ii;,i1 #ii;,j1 #ii,q1 #ii,s1 #ii,t4 ,"s notion z to ! cont5ts ( ! citations are giv5 "h & !re4 #ii;,a4 ,,ko*',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,! ,,loss ,,( ,,electricity ,,f ,a ,,gl[+ ,,electrifi$ ,,body4 ,wi$4 ,ann41 ,,xxxiii41 p4 #ded1 '#hh4 #ii;,b4 ,,s*u/] ,,& ,,anp5ius' ,,exp]im5t4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,light ,,on ,,electro/atically ,,*>g$ ,,bodies4 ,proc4 ,r4 ,s41 ,lon41 ,,lxii41 p4 #cga1 '#hg2 ,proc4 ,sw$i% ,acad41 ,,lxiv41 p4 #dje1 '#hg4--,_m rec5t p]iodicals h set =? t ultra-violet light w dis*>ge only negatively *>g$ bodies4 ,:ile ?is is practically or sometimes ! case1 yet ^! exp]im5t]s f\nd t a positive *>ge 0 dissipat$ v sl[ly4 ,!y confirm$ ! results t ! ultra-violet rays play$ ! pr9ciple "p 9 ! removal ( a negative *>ge4 ,poli%+ ! surface accel]at$ ! action4 #ii1 ne> beg9n+4 #ii;,c4 ,,righi',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,"s ,,new ,,electric ,,ph5om5a ,,produc$ ,,by ,,light4 ,note #b-d1 ,r5d4 ,r4 ,acad4 die ,l9cei1 ,may #f1 #bj1 & ,june #c1 '#hh4 #ii;,d4 ,,righi',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,"s ,,new ,,electric ,,ph5om5a ,,produc$ ,,by ,,illum9ation4 ,r5d4 ,r4 ,acad4 die ,l9cei4 ,,vi41 p4 #ace1 #ahg1 '#hh4--;,confirmation ( ! results ( o!r physici/s1 & a quantitative measurem5t det]m9+ t ! ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 betwe5 copp] & sel5ium 0 increas$ #be p] c5t4 by illum9ation by an arc light4 ,! sel5ium 0 9 ! =m ( cry/als m\nt$ ^u a metal plate4 #ii;,e4 ,,/ol/[',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,act9o-,,curr5t ,,?r\gh ,,air4 ,c4 ,r41 ,,cvi41 pp4 #aeic to #ie1 '#hh4--,liquids te/$4 ,greate/ absorb5ts ( active rays mo/ quickly dis*>g$4 #ii;,f4 ,,righi ,,& ,,/ol/[',s ,,exp]im5ts4 ,,k9d ,,( ,,electric ,,curr5t ,,produc$ ,,by ,,ultra-,,violet ,,rays4 ,c4 ,r41 ,,cvi1 pp4 #aadi to #eb1 '#hh4--,! dis*>ge 0 accel]at$ by us+ a *emically clean surface4 ,! burn+ ( metals1 = example1 alum9um1 z9c or lead 9 ! arc light increas$ ! dis*>g+ p[]4 #ii;,g4 ,,bi*at ,,blondot',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,action ,,( ,,ultra-,,violet ,,rays ,,on ,,! ,,passage ,,( ,,electricity ,,( ,,l[ ,,t5sion ,,?r\gh ,,air4 ,comptes ,r5dus4 ,,cvi1 pp4 #a1cdi to #ea4 '#hh4--,!y employ$ arc lamps ^: c>bons _h alum9um cores4 #ii;,h4 ,,nac>ri',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,! ,,dissipation ,,( ,,electricity ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,phosphor\s ,,& ,,! ,,electric ,,sp>k4 ,atti di ,tor9o4 ,,xxv1 pp4 #beb to #beg4 '#ij4--,! loss ( *>ge 0 eighte5 times less rapid 9 ! d>k ?r\gh ! air 9 a bottle1 ?an :5 a piece ( lum9\s phosphor\s 0 plac$ 9 ! bottle4 ,! introduction ( turp5t9e1 :i* *eck$ ! gl[+ ( ! phosphor\s1 ret>d$ ! loss ( *>ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,sciagraph ,,( ,,frog1 ,,?r\gh ,,small ,,hole ,,9 ,,diaphragm1 ,,z ,,9 ,,fig4 #a1 p4 #ajj4 #ii;,i4 ,,branly',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,photo-,,electric ,,curr5t ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,two ,,plates ,,( ,a ,,cond5s]4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,cx1 pp4 #hih to #ija4 '#ia4--;,a positive *>ge 0 dissipat$1 & by a peculi> arrangem5t ( ! plates1 scre5s1 etc41 & ) p>ticul> mat]ials1 he 0 able to %[ t ! rates ( loss ( a positive & negative *>ge 7 ab\t equal4 ,num]\s te/s 7 in/itut$4 ,if he is n mi/ak51 h[ closely relat$ are ,x-rays & light4 #ij4 ,^? :o wi% to m ?or\ghly inve/igate ?is matt] & v]ify ! same1 %\ld /udy ^! exp]im5ts m 9 detail 9 connection ) ,s*u/]'s & ,anp5ius' exp]im5ts 7 #ii;,b71 ^: arrangem5t ( ! plates 0 ! same z ^? ( ,branly4 #ii;,j4 ,,branly',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,loss ,,( ,,bo? ,,electricities ,,by ,,illum9ation ,,) ,,rays ,,( ,,great ,,refrangibility4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,cx1 pp4 #gea to #ged4 '#ij4 #ii,k4 ,,righi',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,electric ,,ph5om5a ,,produc$ ,,by ,,illum9ation4 ,lu]'s ,rep4 ,,xxv1 pp4 #chj to #chb4 '#hi4 #ii,l4 ,,borgmann4 ,,act9o-,,electric ,,ph5om5a4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,cviii1 p4 #gcc4 '#hi4 ,j\r4 d4 ,russ4 ,phys4 ,*an4 ,ges4 7#b7 ,,xxi1 pp4 #bc to #bf4 '#hi4--,! photo-electric effect n in/antane\s4 ,a telephone s]v$ 9 ! place ( ! galvanomet] to detect ! dis*>ge4 #ii,m4 ,,/ol/[',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,act9o-,,electric ,,inve/igations4 ,j\r4 d4 ,russ4 ,phys4 ,*an4 ,ges4 7#g-h7 ,,xxi1 pp4 #aei to #bjg4--;,x is necess>y t ! rays ( light %\ld be absorb$ by ! *>g$ surface be=e hav+ ! dis*>g+ influ5ce4 #ii;,e4 ,all metals are subject to ! action1 & also ! anil9e dyes4 ,two plates betwe5 :i* !re is a contact diff]5ce ( pot5tial g5]ate a curr5t s long z ! negative plate is illum9at$4 ,! effect is increas$ ) ! increase ( temp]ature & is only f\nd 9 gases1 & is !re=e ( ! nature ( convection4 ,he det]m9$ ^! pr9ciples by cont9u\s "w = two ye>s4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t 9 all ^! rese>*es1 ! arc light is pref]able1 because ! ultra-violet spectrum is six times z long z t giv5 by ! sun4 #ii,n4 ,,mebius' ,,exp]im5t4 ,,an ,,electric ,,sp>k ,,& ,a ,,small ,,flame ,,employ$4 ,bihang till ,k4 ,sv5ska ,vet4-,akad4 ,h&4 #ae1 ,afd4 #a1 ,no4 #d1 p4 #cj1 '#hi4 #ii,o4 ,,wor?+ton',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,dis*>ge ,,( ,,electrification ,,by ,,flames4 ,brit4 ,asso4 ,rep41 '#ij1 p4 #bbe4 #ii,p4 ,,flem+',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,dis*>ge ,,betwe5 ,,electrodes ,,at ,,diff]5t ,,temp]atures ,,9 ,,air ,,& ,,9 ,,high ,,vacua4 #ii,m1 ne> end4 ,proc4 ,ro4 ,s41 ,,lxvii41 p4 #aah4 #ii,q4 ,,branly',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,hallwa* ,,& ,,/ol/[',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,loss ,,( ,,electric ,,*>ge4 ,lum4 ,elect41 ,,lxi41 pp4 #adc to #add1 '#ia4--;,branly obta9$ quantitative results4 ,hallwa* f\nd ) ! use ( ! arc light1 a v small loss ( positive electricity at high pot5tials2 ,/ol/[1 no su* loss at pot5tials "u #bjj volts4 ,branly1 ) a #ej elem5t batt]y & an arc light z ! s\rce ( illum9ation1 caus$ a dis*>ge & !reby a con/ant deflection ( #abd degrees ( ! galvanomet] ne$le4 ,! action ( ! light ^u a positive disk caus$ a deflection ( only ?ree degrees by ! same batt]y4 ,) alum9um 9 ! electrodes1 ! deflections 7 ab\t #adjj & #bd respectively4 ,is x n suffici5tly fully e/abli%$ t ultra-violet light w dis*>ge n only negative b positive electricity8 ,he exp]im5t$ ) sub/ances heat$ to gl[+ or inc&esc5ce4 ,glass lamp *imneys at a dull1 r$ heat1 :5 cov]$ ) alum9um1 oxide ( bismu?1 or lead oxides1 )draw positive *>ges4 ,9 ! same way1 = example1 behaves a nickel tube 9 place ( ! lamp *imney4 #ii,r4 ,,wanka',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,a ,,new ,,dis*>ge ,,exp]im5t4 ,abk4 d4 ,deuts4 ,ma?4 ,ges4 9 ,rrag41 '#ib1 pp4 #eg to #fc4--;,he confirms ! pr9ciple t ! ultra-violet rays are ! mo/ p[]ful4 ,a glass plate1 :i*1 z well kn[n1 cuts (f mo/ ( ! ultra-violet rays1 0 prop]ly int]pos$ & !n remov$ & ! diff]5ce not$4 #ii,s4 ,,branly',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,dis*>ge ,,( ,,bo? ,,positive ,,& ,,negative ,,electricity ,,by ,,ultra-,,violet ,,rays4 ,c4 ,r41 ,,cxiv41 pp4 #fh to #gj1 '#ib4--;,he fur!r proves t ultra-violet rays ( light w dissipate a positive *>ge4 ,! exp]im5ts 9 ?is connection seem to prove m & m t ! dis*>g+ p[] is only a matt] ( suffici5tly high refrangibility ( ! rays ( light4 #ii,t4 ,,branly',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,loss ,,( ,,electric ,,*>ge ,,9 ,,diffuse ,,light ,,& ,,9 ,,! ,,d>k4 ,c4 ,r41 ,,cxvi41 pp4 #gda to #gdd4 '#ic4--;,a poli%$ alum9um %eet 0 atta*$ to ! t]m9al ( an electroscope prop]ly surr\nd$ by a metal scre54 ,aft] a few days1 ! plate act$ l any o!r metal plate poli%$ or unpoli%$2 x lo/ its *>ge v sl[ly1 positive or negative alike1 indep5d5tly ( ! illum9ation4 ,if x is !n aga9 poli%$1 z = example1 ) em]y pap] & turp5t9e1 x loses its *>ge rapidly 9 diffus$ light1 :i* has pass$ ?r\gh a pane ( w9d[ glass1 = example4 ,!re=e1 ! ultra-violet rays are n alone effective1 al?\gh mo/ effective4 ,! long] ! "t elaps+1 aft] poli%+1 ! sl[] ! dis*>ge takes place4 ,z9c behav$ likewise1 only m sl[ly4 ,o!r metals 7 tri$4 ,bismu? act$ diff]5tly f mo/ metals4 ,:e!r *>g$ positively or negatively1 !y exhibit$ rapid loss 9 ! d>k1 9 dry air "u a metal bell1 indep5d5tly ( ! /ate ( ! poli%4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,ix ------- #ajj4 ,,?omson',s ,,exp]im5ts4 ,elect4 ,eng41 ,n4,y41 ,m>4 #aa1 ,apr4 #h & ,apr4 #bb1 '#if4 ,elect4 ,rev41 ,n4,y41 ,apr4 #h1 '#if1 p4 #ahc4 ,,/]eoscopic ,,sciagraphs4 ,elect4 ,_w1 ,n4,y41 ,m>4 #ad1 '#if4--,pr(4 ,elihu ,?omson1 ( ! ,?omson-,h\/on ,electric ,company1 describ$ exp]im5ts to det]m9e ! practicability ( mak+ /]eoscopic pictures by ,x-rays4 ,a solid object may be consid]$ z compos$ ( po9ts :i* are at diff]5t di/ances f ! eye4 ,by monocul> vision1 ! solidity ( an object is n assur$4 ,h[ev]1 by ! use ( bo? eyes1 ! objects appe> less flat4 ,! exp]im5t] us$1 z ! diff]5t objects1 a m\se1 also metal wires twi/$ toge!r1 &1 aga91 a block ( wood hav+ project+ nails4 ,9 ord] to produce a /]eoscopic picture ) ,x-rays1 he took a sciagraph 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,he !n caus$ ! relative displacem5t ( ! dis*>ge-tube & ! object1 & took ano!r sciagraph4 ,by m\nt+ ! two sciagraphs 9 a /]eoscope1 he f\nd t ! effect 0 z expect$1 & 9 ! case especially ( ! skeleton ( ! m\se1 x 0 v curi\s1--less l a %ad[ picture & m l ! real object4 ,! picture 0 m reali/ic1 z 9 ! well-kn[n /]eoscope = view+ photographs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,multiple ,,sciagraphs4 ,,fig4 #a1 #aja1 p4 #ie4 ,illu/ration3 ,,multiple ,,sciagraphs4 ,,fig4 #b1 #aja1 p4 #ie4 #aja4 ,,?omson',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,manifold+ ,,by ,x-,,rays4--,if "o desires to take a pr9t ( a negative1 = example by means ( sun-light1 x is evid5t t1 on acc\nt ( ! opacity ( ! photographic pap]1 only "o %eet w\ld be plac$ "u ! negative = receiv+ a pr9t4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,x-rays are s p5etrat+ 9 _! p[] t x is possible = !m to produce sciagraphs ?r\gh sev]al %eets1 & !reby to result 9 ! production ( sev]al pictures ( ! same object ) "o exposure4 ,)\t an exp]im5t to prove ?is1 "o might argue t ! *emical action ( "o %eet w\ld absorb all ! en]gy4 ,! exp]im5t ( ,pr(4 ,?omson %[s t ?is is n s4 ,! elem5ts 7 arrang$ z foll[s3 ,fir/ a dis*>ge tube2 !n an object1 namely1 a key escut*eon ( iron2 !n yell[ pap]2 !n pa/e bo>d2 !n black pap]2 !n two lay]s ( album5 or s5sitiz$ pap]2 !n two clrit pr9t+ pap]s2 !n two plat9um pr9t+ pap]s2 !n "o clrit2 !n six lay]s ( s5sitive bromide pap]2 !n f\r lay]s ( heavy s5sitive bromide pap] 7heavi]72 !n ?ree lay]s ( black pap]1 & f9ally1 at ! maximum di/ance f ! dis*>ge-tube1 a s5sitive glass plate ( dry gelat9e1 ) its face up1 !reby mak+ tw5ty-five lay]s 9 ! aggregate4 ,x is int]e/+ to notice t an induction coil 0 n employ$1 b a small ,wim%ur/ ma*9e1 hav+ connect$ to ea* pole a small ,leyd5 j>4 #ajf4 #a1bjj dis*>ges occurr$ dur+ exposure4 ,! results 7 z foll[s3 ,no sciagraphs develop$ ^u ! album51 clrit nor plat9um1 :i*1 x %\ld be notic$1 7 m]ely pr9t+ pap]s4 #abh4 ,! impressions on ! t5 bromide pap]s 7 weak4 ,see ,multiple ,sciagraphs1 ,fig4 #b1 p4 #id4 ,he attribut$ ! reason ( ?is to ! ?9ness ( ! film4 ,al?\gh ! glass plate 0 fur!/ away f ! dis*>ge tube1 yet ! impression 0 great] ?an on any ( ! pap]s1 ! result be+ %[n 9 ,multiple ,sciagraphs1 ,fig4 #a1 p4 #id4 ,he sugge/$ t ! plates = use ) ,x-rays %\ld h unusually ?ick films4 ,incid5tally he f\nd t ! int5sify+ process c\ld be employ$ ) pr(it to br+ out ! small details di/9ctly4 ,dr4 ,lodge also recomm5d$ ?ick films4 ,see ,! ,elect41 ,lon41 ,apr4 #bd1 '#if41 p4 #hfe4 #aja;a4 ,,lumi,,re',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,enorm\s ,,transp>5cy ,,( ,,s5sitive ,,photographic ,,pap]4 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,feb4 #ag1 '#if4 ,translat$ by ,mr4 ,l\is ,m4 ,pignolet4--,) a t5-m9utes exposure1 objects 7 sciagraph$ ?r\gh #bej sup]-impos$ %eets ( gelat9o-bromide ( silv] pap]1 to obs]ve ! absorption ( ! ,x-rays by ! s5sitive films4 ,! "o hundr$ & fiftie? %eet 0 f\nd to h an impression4 #ajb4 ,,propos$ ,,d\ble ,,ca?ode ,,tube4 ,see also ,elect4 ,rev41 ,n4,y41 ,apr4 #ae1 p4 #aia4--,! nature ( ?is w be app>5t imm$iately f ! cut :i* is h]e) pres5t$ & entitl$ 8,/&>d ,x-,ray ,tube40 ,) unidirectional curr5ts ! concave electrodes 9 ! opposite ends may ea* be a p]man5t ca?ode1 :ile ! upp] t]m9al connect$ to ! angul> %eet ( plat9um may be ! anode4 ,ca?ode rays1 !re=e1 w be s5t out f ea* concave disk1 & /rik+ ^u ! plat9um w be conv]t$ into ,x-rays1 assum+ t ! plat9um is ! surface ^u :i* ! trans=mation f "o k9d ( ray to ano!r takes place4 #fc1 at end4 ,?is is call$ a /&>d tube1 because x may be employ$ ) effici5cy ) any k9d ( g5]ator4 #h;a1 #bf;a1 #aae1 #aaf & #ade4 ,x is int]e/+ to notice a confirmation ( ! effici5cy ( su* a tube1 = ,mr4 ,sw9ton1 9 a communication to ! ,wurz ,phys4 ,m$4 ,s4 7see ,! ,elect41 ,lon41 & ,elect4 ,eng41 ,n4,y41 ,june #c17 %[$ & describ$ a picture ( an exactly simil> tube4 ,by an exp]im5t1 ! tube op]at$ z expect$4 ,fir/ propos$ by ,pr(4 ,elihu ,?omson1 :o is an au?or also ( ! foll[+ exp]im5t3 ,illu/ration3 ,,/&>d ,x-,,ray ,,tube4 #ajc4 ,x-,,rays4 ,,opalesc5ce ,,& ,,diffusion4 ,elect4 ,_w1 ,apr4 #be1 '#if4--;,he allud$ to opal glass & milk to illu/rate t light is reflect$ n only at ! surface ( a body1 b f po9ts1 or molecules1 or p>ticles1 locat$ und]nea? ! surface4 ,by "s exp]im5ts ) ,x-rays1 he f\nd t !y _h a simil> prop]ty only n to su* a l>ge p] c5t41 b on ! o!r h& by ! way ( contra/1 !re are _m m sub/ances opalesc5t to ,x-rays ?an !re are to light1 = ! reason t ! =m] w p5etrate m sub/ances & to great] di/ances4 ,he made _m obs]vations ) a modifi$ sciascope1 #aje1 by po9t+ x away f ! dis*>ge tube & t[>ds diff]5t sub/ances /ruck by ,x-rays4 ,to all appe>ances1 su* sub/ances became ! s\rces ( ! ,x-rays4 ,he allud$ to ,mr4 ,tesla's exp]im5ts on reflection1 #adf1 b notic$ t !re 0 a slight diff]5ce betwe5 reflection & diffusion & he 0 satisfi$ t reflection took place f ! int]ior ( ! sub/ances z well z f ! surface4 ,metal plates1 he said1 gave app>5tly little diffusive effect1 appe>+ to reflect feebly at angles equal to ! incid5t angles4 ,he allud$ to ,edison's exp]im5t also1 #acc1 ) a l>ge ?ick plate cutt+ (f ! ,x-rays & attribut$ ! lum9osity ( 8 modifi$ sciascope to rays bo? reflect$ & diffus$ f surr\nd+ objects1 :i* g5]ally z a matt] ( c\rse1 are m ( non-metallic objects ?an metallic1 su* z floor1 ceil+1 walls1 tables1 *airs & s on4 ,evid5tly1 ! int]ior ( "o's h& causes diffusion2 v little1 h[ev]1 = a sciagraph by means ( a focus tube gives wond]fully cle> outl9es1 & yet ! rays d n come f a ma!matical po9t4 #hh4 ,pr(4 ,?omson ackn[l$g$ t indep5d5tly ( himself1 ,dr4 ,m4 ,i4 ,pup91 ( ,columbia ,college1 _h report$ 9 ,sci5ce1 ,apr4 #aj1 '#if1 see also ,electricity1 ,apr4 #ae1 '#if1 p4 #bjh1 ^u inve/igations on ! same g5]al subject1 namely diffusion1 & also ref]r$ to exp]im5ts ( ,l5>d1 #fi1 & ,ro5tg5 on diffusion4 ,agrees also ) exp]im5ts ( ,a4 ,imb]t & ,h4 ,b]t9-,sans 9 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,m>4 #b1 '#if4 ,he sugge/$ t ?is prop]ty ( diffusion act$ z an explanation :y sciagraphs c nev] h absolutely cle>ly cut %ad[s ( ! bones or o!r objects imb$d$ 9 a consid]able dep? ( fle%4 #ajc;a4 ,a4 ,,imb]t ,,& ,h4 ,,b]t9-,,sans' ,,diffusion ,,& ,,reflection ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,poli%4 ,x-,,rays4 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,m>4 #b1 '#if4 ,translat$ by ,l\is ,m4 ,pignolet4--,!y conclud$1 "u ! conditions ( _! exp]im5ts1 t if ,x-rays 7 capable ( reflection x 0 only 9 a v small proportion2 on ! o!r h&1 ! rays c be diffus$ en assez gr&e quantit1 ! int5sity ( ! diffusion appe>+ to dep5d mu* m ^u ! nature ( ! diffus+ body ?an ^u its degree ( poli%4 ,f ?is !y attribut$ to ! rays a v small wave l5g?1 su* t x w\ld be impossible to get 9 ! degree ( poli% necess>y to obta9 _! regul> deflection4 ,p]r9 attempt$ unsuccessfully to reflect ! rays f a poli%$ /eel mirror & a plate ( 8fl9t10 b ) exposures ( "o h\r & sev5 h\rs respectively1 no?+ 0 obta9$4 ,f trans4 by ,l4 ,m4 ,pignolet1 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,jan41 #if4 ,by expos+ a metal plate to ! rays & suitably incl9+ x 9 front ( ! op5+1 ,lafay also prov$ reflection1 = x 0 possible to dis*>ge ! electrifi$ scre52 h5ce1 z he call$ x1 diffus$ reflection4 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,apr4 #bg1 '#if2 f trans4 by ,l4 ,m4 ,pignolet4 #ajd4 ,,fluoromet]4--,he con/ruct$ an in/rum5t = comp>+ ! m]its ( diff]5t dis*>ge tubes1 & = indicat+ ! comp>ative lum9osity ( diff]5t scre5s subject$ to ! action ( ! same dis*>ge tube4 ,! in/rum5t s]v$ also to act z an indicator ( ! diffus+ p[] ( diff]5t mat]ials4 8,by plac+ two exactly simil> fluoresc5t scre5s at opposite ends ( a d>k tube1 & employ+ a ,buns5 photomet] scre51 movable z usual betwe5 ! scre5s1 a comp>ison ( ! diffus+ p[] ( diff]5t mat]ials might be made by subject+ ! pieces plac$ ne> ! ends ( ! photomet] tube outside1 to equal radiation f ! ,crookes' tube40 ,f ,pr(4 ,?omson's description4 ,! au?or p]=m$ "s exp]im5ts 7,elect4 ,eng41 ,n4,y41 ,apr4 #ae1 '#if1 p4 #cgi7 9 relation to c&le-p[] ( ,x-rays by look+ into a sciascope & mov+ x away until ! lum9osity j disappe>$4 ,he !n deta*$ ! black pap] cov] f ! phosphoresc5t scre5 & po9t$ ! sciascope t[>d a c&le flame & rec$$ away until ! fluoresc5ce also disappe>$4 ,! di/ances1 ) diff]5t c&les1 w\ld1 ( c\rse1 some:at v>y1 b x w\ld 9 ! r\gh be a con/ant quantity1 :ile diff]5t dis*>ge tubes w\ld cause ! vani%+ fluoresc5ce at diff]5t di/ances4 ,n[1 assum+ t ! ,x-rays v>y inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 z believ$ by ,rntg51 _! p[] to fluoresce c\ld1 !re=e1 always be nam$ z s mu* ( a c&le-p[]4 #aje4 ,,simple ,,device ,,= ,,comp>+ ,,& ,,locat+ ,,! ,,s\rce ,,& ,,direction ,,( ,x-,,rays4 ,,phosphoresc5ce ,,n ,,ess5tial4--,9 ! ord9>y sciascope1 ! fluoresc5t scre5 is locat$ at "o end1 & ! eyehole at ! o!r4 ,he modifi$ ?is con/ruction by employ+ a long /raight tube1 made ( ?ick metal1 s t ,x-rays c\ld n ent] ?r\gh ! wall4 ,ab\t at ! c5tre ( ! tube 0 a diaphragm ( a fluoresc5t mat]ial4 ,n[1 x is evid5t t if ?is is direct$ t[>d ! phosphoresc5t spot & plac$ v close to ! same1 & ! o!r end be look$ into1 ! scre5 w become fluoresc5t1 if ,x-rays are emitt$ f ! area expect$4 ,su* a result occurr$4 ,) ?is in/rum5t1 he 0 able to %[1 9 a simil> way1 t ,x-rays did n come f ! anode1 nor f ! ca?ode directly4 ,9 "o case1 he provid$ a piece ( plat9um )9 ! dis*>ge tube1 9 su* a position z to be /ruck by ! ca?ode rays4 #ia & #aaf4 ,! in/rum5t %[$ t ,x-rays radiat$ f ! plat9um1 al?\gh ! latt] 0 n lum9\s nor phosphoresc5t1--illu/rat+ aga9 t phosphoresc5ce is n a necess>y accompanim5t ( ,x-rays1 & assi/+ 9 uphold+ ! pr9ciple t z ! phosphoresc5ce dim9i%es by increase ( vacuum & increase ( ,e4 ,m4 ,f41 ! ,x-rays increase4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t ,pr(4 ,?omson emphasizes t ! tube %\ld be made ( ?ick metal4 #ajf4 ,,rice',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,obta9+ ,x-,,rays4 #aji1 #aad1 #aca1 #acg4 ,,tube ,,en]giz$ ,,by ,a ,,wim%ur/ ,,ma*9e4 ,elect4 ,eng41 ,n4,y41 ,apr4 #bb1 p4 #daj4--,ro5tg5 _h always employ$ ! induction coil4 ,z to ^? :o fir/ excit$ ! dis*>ge tube by ! ,holtz or ,wim%ur/ ma*9e or g5]ators ( l nature1 x is n c]ta92 b1 accord+ to public records1 !y 7 indep5d5tly ,pr(4 ,m4 ,i4 ,pup91 ( ,columbia ,college1 & ,dr4 ,william ,j4 ,morton1 ( ,new ,york4 ,see ,electricity1 ,n4,y41 ,feb4 #ai1 '#if4 ,! accompany+ cut m>k$ 8,rice's ,exp]im5t1 ,fig4 #a10 is a diagram repres5t+ ! sev]al elem5ts ( ! app>atus1 :ile 8,rice's ,exp]im5t1 ,fig4 #b10 %[s :at k9d ( a sciagraph c be obta9$ by means ( a ,wim%ur/ ma*9e4 #aja1 at c5tre4 ,! details ( ! app>atus z employ$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,wilbur ,rice1 ,jr41 ,te*nical ,director ( ! ,g5]al ,electric ,co41 7 z foll[s3 ,a ,wim%ur/ ma*9e1 hav+ a glass plate #af in*es diamet]1 c\pl$ up ) ! usual small ,leyd5 j>s1 sp>k "u be/ conditions ( atmosph]e1 etc41 #d in*es4 8,! usual me?od ( tak+ pictures ) su* a ma*9e is to connect ! int]ior coat+s ( ! two j>s1 respectively1 to ! positive & negative conductors ( ! ma*9e1 ! t]m9als ( ! dis*>ge tube be+ connect$ betwe5 ! ext]nal coat+s ( ! ,leyd5 j>s4 ,9 ?is condition1 ! disruptive dis*>ge ( ! ,leyd5 j>s passes ?r\gh ! tube & across ! balls ^u ! t]m9als ( ! conductors ( ! ma*9e1 ! l5g? ( sp>k be+ regulat$ by sep>at+ ! balls 9 ! usual way40 ,lat]1 he f\nd t by omitt+ ! ,leyd5 j>s1 ! g5]ation ( ! ,x-rays 0 practically non-int]mitt5t4 ,he !re=e connect$ ! t]m9als ( ! dis*>ge tube directly to ^? ( ! ,wim%ur/ ma*9e z indicat$ 9 8,rice's ,exp]im5t1 ,fig4 #a10 :i* also illu/rates ! details 9 ! c>ry+ out ( ! exp]im5t = obta9+ ! picture1 ,fig4 #b1 ( ! purse conta9+ ! co9s & a key4 ,! pr9cipal feature 0 ! introduction ( a lead diaphragm conta9+ a small c5tral op5+ #g-h in* diamet] opposite ! fluoresc5t spot4 ,sciagraphs tak5 ?us requir$ a little m "t1 ab\t #fj m9utes1 :ile )\t ! diaphragm1 ! "t c\ld be %ort5$ to ab\t #cj m9utes1 b ! %ad[s 7 n s cle> 9 ! latt] case4 ,! figures are on p4 #ajj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rice',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,fig4 #a1 #ajf1 p4 #ii4 ,diagram4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rice',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,fig4 #b1 #ajf1 p4 #ii4 ,tak5 ) ! above app>atus4 #ajg4 ,,s\rce ,,( ,x-,,rays ,,te/$ ,,by ,,propagation ,,?r\gh ,a ,,small ,,hole4--,?is w\ld illu/rate n only t ! fluoresc5t spot is ! s\rce ( ,x-rays1 b also t a v small portion comes f o!r p>ts t are probably bomb>d$ by /ray ca?ode rays 7due to irregul> surface ( ca?ode #eg1 or by reflect$ ,x-rays or ca?ode rays4 ,he te/$ ! s\rce ( ! ,x-rays by means ( ! foll[+ arrangem5t ( ! app>atus3 ,x w be notic$ t ! lead diaphragm is q close to ! fluoresc5t spot4 ,^u hold+ ! sciascope on ! opposite side1 & po9t+ x t[>d ! spot1 ! lum9\s area ( ! fluoresc5t scre5 0 ab\t ! same z t ( ! op5+ 9 ! diaphragm1 b ! size grew rapidly ^u rec$+ f ! diaphragm4 ,if ! rays _h come f ! ca?ode1 h[ev]1 ! fluoresc5t spot on ! scre5 w\ld n h increas$ 9 size s rapidly dur+ recession1 &1 !re=e1 ! rays mu/ h come f ! spot on ! glass /ruck by ! ca?ode rays4 #aac1 #aaf1 #aag4 #ajg;a4 ,,le$s' ,,& ,,/okes' ,,exp]im5t4 ,,use ,,( ,,/ops ,,9 ,,sciagraphy4 ,we/]n ,electrician1 ,m>4 #ad1 '#if4--;,9 ord] to obta9 cle> def9itions ( ! %ad[s1 ,messrs4 ,m4 ,e4 ,le$s & ,j4 ,b4 ,/okes provid$ lead plates ) holes1 v>y+ 9 size f #a_/d in* to an in* betwe5 ! dis*>ge tube on "o side & ! object & photographic plate on ! o!r4 ,9 ?is mann] !y obta9$ excell5t sciagraphs ( animals hav+ v f9e skeletons4 ,see ! picture ( ! rattlesnake at #ace & ( a fi% on page #fc4 ,see also ! frog tak5 abroad page #ij4 #ajg;b4 ,,macf>lane1 ,,morton1 ,,kl9k1 ,,webb ,,& ,,cl>k',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,x-,,rays ,,f ,,two ,,phosphoresc5t ,,spots4 ,elect4 ,_w1 ,m>4 #ad1 '#if4--;,by means ( nails project+ v]tically f a bo>d 7simil> to ! process c>ri$ out by ,dr4 ,william ,j4 ,morton1 ,elect4 ,eng41 ,n4,y41 ,m>4 #e1 '#if71 !y prov$1 und\bt$ly1 t ! s\rce ( ! ,x-rays 0 at ! surface ( ! glass directly opposite ! ca?ode4 ,by modification1 :i* act$ z fur!r pro(1 a tube 0 provid$ ) a ca?ode at ! c5tre4 ,!re 0 a phosphoresc5t spot at ea* end4 ,"o bo>d 0 plac$ lat]ally to ! tube1 & two %ad[s ( ea* ( c]ta9 nails 7 ca/1 :i* 7 caus$ z prov$ by measurem5t1 by a d\ble s\rce ( ,x-rays4 ,?is exp]im5t illu/rates ! importance ( prev5t+ d\ble %ad[s4 ,! plate %\ld be p]p5dicul> to ! l9e jo9+ ! two s\rces ( ! ,x-rays :5 !re are two su* s\rces4 ,ev5 ) ! focus tube ,dr4 ,philip ,m4 ,jones1 ( ,san ,francisco1 det]m9$ t !re 7 two phosphoresc5t spots4 ,^! %\ld be tak5 into acc\nt 9 all cases & attempts made to produce b "o /rong focus ^u ! plat9um4 ,elect4 ,_w1 ,n4,y41 ,may #bc1 '#if4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/9e',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,fig4 #a1 #ajh1 p4 #ajd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/9e',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,fig4 #b1 #ajh1 p4 #ajd4 #ajh4 ,,/9e',s ,,exp]im5ts4 ,,s\rce ,,( ,x-,,rays ,,det]m9$ ,,by ,,sciagraphs ,,( ,,%ort ,,tubes4 ,elect4 ,_w1 ,n4,y41 ,apr4 #aa1 '#if1 pp4 #cib1 #cic4--,pr(4 ,/9e1 ( ! ,arm\r4 ,in/4 ( ,te*41 by means ( ! diagram %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 p4 #ajb1 cle>ly prov$ t ! ,x-rays h _! s\rce at ! area /ruck by ! ca?ode rays locat$ directly opposite ! disk m>k$ 8ca?ode40 ,if ! read] w inve/igate ! diagram & ! sciagraphs1 he w obta9 a cle>] k ( ! evid5ce ?an by any v]bal description1 fur!r ?an to expla9 h[ ! elem5ts are relat$ to "o ano!r4 ,9 ,fig4 #a1 !re=e1 w be notic$ cov]$ photographic plates1 locat$ z indicat$ ) ref]5ce to ! extreme left-h& end ( ! dis*>ge tube1 :]e ! ca?ode rays /rike4 ,! surface ( ,plate #e is p>allel to t ( ! ca?ode1 & ! phosphoresc5t spot is 9 l9e betwe5 ! two above nam$ elem5ts4 ,! result is %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 p4 #ajb1 ! objects sciagraph$ be+ sev]al %ort sections ( tubes ) diamet]s v>y+ f #a_/b to #c in*es4 ,a1 9 ,figs4 #c1 #d1 p4 #ajd & 9 ,figs4 #e1 #f1 p4 #aab1 id5tifies ! ends lett]$ ,a 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,! sciagraph 9 ,fig4 #c 0 obta9$ on ! plate %[n at ! top 9 ,fig4 #a2 t 9 ,fig4 #d1 on ,plate #b2 t 9 ,fig4 #e1 on ,plate #c2 & t 9 ,fig4 #f1 on ,plate #d4 ,n only 7 direct %ad[s visible1 b also second>y %ad[s1 indicat+1 !re=e1 t1 al?\gh ! s\rce ( practically all ! rays 0 at ! phosphoresc5t spot1 yet a portion ( ! rays came slightly f o!r directions1 ei!r by reflection or by actual production ( rays1 ^u o!r portions ( ! tube4 ,look n[ especially at ,fig4 #c1 p4 #ajd4 ,if ! rays came f ! anode1 !n w\ld ?is appe>ance necess>ily be ! same z t 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,simil>ly1 ! o!r sciagraphs may be consid]$ to %[ t ! rays d n come f ! anode4 ,9 ! case ( ! sciagraphs 9 ,figs4 #d1 #e & #f1 only a s+le tube act$ z ! body = ca/+ a %ad[4 ,pr(4 ,/9e /at$ t ! exp]im5ts 7 repeat$ ov] & ov] aga91 !reby e/abli%+ ! ph5om5a z uni=m4 #aji4 ,,/9e',s ,,electrical ,,app>atus ,,employ$4 #ajf1 #aab1 #aad1 #aca1 #acg4--,pr(4 ,/9e gave ! foll[+ sugge/ive po9ts3 8,among ! fir/ po9ts inve/igat$ 0 ! influ5ce ( ! int]rupt]4 ,! coil 0 provid$1 fir/ ) ! famili> m]cury make & break1 & !n an ord9>y vibrator4 ,! m]curial device gave v good results4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/9e',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,fig4 #c1 #ajh1 p4 #ajd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/9e',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,fig4 #d1 #ajh1 p4 #ajd4 ,! small int]rupt] 0 f\nd ! m reliable1 & seem$ to %ort5 ! ne$$ "t ( exposure4 ,a rot>y contact-mak]1 giv+ two int]ruptions ( ! curr5t p] revolution1 0 also te/$4 ,?is 0 driv5 by a motor ) a cond5s] capacity ( f\rte5 micr(>ads connect$ across ! bru%es4 ,ow+ to ! l>ge capacity ( ! cond5s]1 a heavy curr5t c\ld be brok5 )\t m>k$ sp>k+4 ,! circuit break] 0 te/$ at spe$s rang+ f #ejj to #d1jjj p] m9ute1 to note ! influ5ce on ! "t ( exposure4 ,! be/ results 7 obta9$ at ! l[] spe$4444 ,z no especial advantage c\ld be not$ :5 us+ ! m]cury break]1 x 0 ab&on$ = ! vibrat+ int]rupt]40 ,?is po9t is not$ 9 detail1 s9ce s _m exp]im5t]s seem to pref] su* cumb]some devices1 b !y are1 9 reality1 unnecess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/9e',s ,,exp]im5t1 ,,fig4 ,a4 #aaj4 #aaj4 ,,app>5t ,,diffraction ,,( ,x-,,rays ,,really ,,due ,,to ,,p5umbral ,,%ad[s4 ,elec4 ,eng41 ,apr4 #bb1 '#if1 p4 #djh4--;,by ref]r+ to ! diagram m>k$ 8,/9e's ,exp]im5t1 ,fig4 ,a10 ! arrangem5t ( ! elem5ts may be se51 :ile ! photographic pr9t is %[n 9 8,/9e's ,exp]im5t1 ,fig4 ,b40 p4 #ajf4 ,pr(4 ,/9e describ$ ! inve/igation z foll[s3 ,diffraction is naturally "o ( ! fir/ k9ematical po9ts to be inve/igat$ 9 ! ,ro5tg5 exp]im5ts4 ,x 0 notic$ t :5 ! opaque object 0 "s di/ance f ! plate1 pron\nc$ p5umbral %ad[s result$4 ,^! 7 ( su* wid? z to indicate diffraction4 ,h[ev]1 :5 su* %ad[s are plott$ back to ! tube !y are f\nd to be purely p5umbral1 & n caus$ by diffraction4 ,to completely demon/rate ?is po9t ! exp]im5t illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 ,a 0 und]tak54 ,"h ,a#a to ,a#d are brass plates "o in* wide & #a_/h in* ?ick1 & ( ! l5g? ( ! dry plate employ$4 ,!y 7 fir/ fa/5$ toge!r1 s z to leave two p>allel slots #a_/h ( an in* wide4 ,^! plates are plac$ )9 #c_/h ( an in* ( ! bulb1 7 "o in* ap>t1 & re/$ #a-a_/h in*es above ! dry plate4 ,! result+ sciagraph is %[n 9 ,fig4 ,b4 ,9 ! diagram ,s#a ,s#b1 ! edges ( ! p5umbral %ad[ are v %>p & di/9ct4 ,! direction ( ! rays is indicat$1 %[+ t !re 0 absolutely no diffraction4 ,?is exp]im5t has be5 modifi$ 9 a v>iety ( te/s1 ) always ! same result40 #aaj;a4 ,,jean ,,p]r9',s ,,non-,,diffraction4 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,jan4 #bg1 '#if4 ,f trans4 by ,l\is ,m4 ,pignolet4--,! active "p ( a tube 0 plac$ be=e a v n>r[ slit2 #e cm4 fur!r1 !re 0 a slit #a mm4 wide2 #aj cm4 fur!r1 !re 0 ! photographic plate4 ,an exposure ( n9e h\rs gave an image ) %>ply def9$ bord]s1 ^u :i* !re 0 no diffraction fr+e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/9e',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,fig4 ,b4 #aaj4 #aei;a4 ,,non-,,refraction4--,refraction 0 attempt$ ) prisms ( p>aff9e & ( wax1 b no refraction 0 notic$4 #aaa4 ,,scribn] ,,& ,m',,b]ty',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,s\rce ,,( ,x-,,rays ,,det]m9$ ,,by ,,int]ception ,,( ,,assum$ ,,rectil9e> ,,rays ,,f ,,! ,,ca?ode4 ,elect4 ,eng41 ,n4,y41 ,apr4 #h1 '#if1 p4 #ceh2 ,am]4 ,in/4 ,elec4 ,eng41 ,m>4 #be1 '#if4 ,we/4 ,bran*4--,ref] n[ solely to ,fig4 #a1 ,s4 & ,m4's exp]im5t4 ,notice ! relative arrangem5t ( ! elem5ts4 ,fir/1 ! dis*>ge tube ) ! ca?ode at ! upp] "p & ! phosphoresc5t spot opposite !reto2 !n bel[ a ?ick lead plate ) a s+le op5+2 !n a second lead plate ) two small op5+s plac$ lat]ally at su* a di/ance t if !re 7 rectil9e> rays f ! ca?ode !y c\ld n /rike 7by pass+ ?r\gh ! small hole71 ! cov]$ photographic plate :i* 0 ! next elem5t 9 ord]4 ,! description did n /ate t ! photographic plate 0 cov]$1 b ! exp]im5t]s mu/ h _h ! usual opaque cov] ^u x or else ! lum9\s rays c\ld h produc$ images4 ,! develop$ plate %[$ two spots /rongly act$ ^u & surr\nd$ by portions :i* 7 less act$ ^u1 ! same z w\ld be produc$ by light radiat+ f a surface z di/+ui%$ f a po9t4 ,f ! fact t !y /at$ t ! exposures 7 v long1 x may be conclud$ also t ! plates 7 cov]$ by a mat]ial opaque to ord9>y light4 ,measurem5t %[$ t ! rays :i* produc$ ! images came f ! phosphoresc5t spot 7 #ajf1 #aji1 #aad1 #aca1 #aci7 & n f ! ca?ode directly by rectil9e> propagation4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 ,m4',s ,,exp]im5t1 ,,fig4 #a4 #b4 #aab4 ,,s\rce ,,on ,,inn] ,,surface ,,( ,,! ,,dis*>ge ,,tube ,,det]m9$ ,,by ,,p9-,,hole ,,images4 ,ref]5ce may n[ be made to ,s4 & ,m4's ,exp]im5t1 ,fig4 #b4--,! dis*>ge tube has1 z be=e1 a ca?ode on "o side1 & ! phosphoresc5t spot dur+ op]ation on ! opposite side4 ,lead plates 7 provid$ 9 positions indicat$ by ! heavy black /raight l9es1 !re be+ a p9 hole 9 ea* "o4 ,beh9d ^! lead plates1 measur$ f ! dis*>ge tube1 7 ! cov]$ photographic plates1 z indicat$4 ,by measurem5t1 x 0 aft]w>ds det]m9$ t practically all ! ,x-rays />t$ f ! phosphoresc5t spot4 ,! electrode 0 put 9 an oblique position1 z indicat$1 s t ! same w\ld n ob/ruct any ,x-rays try+ to pass ?r\gh ! p9 hole 9 ! upp]mo/ plate4 ,! exp]im5t s]v$ specifically to %[ t ! ,x-rays />t$ f ! inn] surface ( ! glass1 because images produc$ on ! upp] & l[] plates 7 equally /rong4 ,p]r9 also f\nd t ! ,x-rays are develop$ at ! int]ior sides ( ! tubes4 7,comptes ,r5dus1 ,m>4 #bc1 '#if4 ,f trans4 by ,l4 ,m4 ,p47 ,! rays1 9 produc+ ea* image1 _h to pass ?r\gh an equal ?ickness ( glass4 ,if ! rays _h come f ! out] surface1 = example1 two ?icknesses w\ld h be5 trav]s$ by ! rays /rik+ ! upp] plate1 & no ?ickness by ^? imp++ ^u ! l[] plate4 ,t no rays came f any o!r portion or elem5t ( ! dis*>ge tube 0 evid5t1 because a picture ( ! phosphoresc5t spot 0 ! only "o produc$1 & ?is picture 0 inv]t$1 z usual1 ) p9 hole cam]as4 7,a p9-hole cam]a is ! same z any o!r1 ) ! l5s replac$ by a v small hole1 :i* acts z a l5s47 ,9 ! way ( fur!r evid5ce1 if n en\gh already1 ,meslans e>ly det]m9$ t ! phosphoresc5t spot on ! glass is ! s\rce ( ,x-rays 7,comptes ,r5dus1 ,feb4 #bd1 '#if4 ,f ,trans4 by ,mr4 ,l\is ,m4 ,pignolet74 ,,jean ,,p]r9',s ,,exp]im5ts4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,x-,,rays4 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,m> #bc1 '#if4 ,f ,trans4 by ,l\is ,m4 ,pignolet4--,he also confirm$ t ,x-rays radiate f ! phosphoresc5t spot4 #aab;a4 ,,de ,,he5',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,! ,,anode ,,believ$ ,,to ,,be ,,! ,,s\rce ,,( ,x-,,rays4 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,feb4 #ag1 '#if4 ,f trans4 by ,l\is ,m4 ,pignolet4--,a lead scre51 pi]c$ by sev]al holes1 0 plac$ betwe5 ! dis*>ge tube & ! photographic plate4 ,! %ad[s ( ! holes on ! plate indicat$ t ! rays emanate f ! positive pole ( ! tube4 ,z bo? ,?omson 7,e47 & ,r[l&1 z well z ,de ,he51 at fir/ conclud$ likewise1 is x n probable t ! anode 0 /ruck by ! ca?ode rays 7see #aac1 #aaf78 ,= x 0 fully admitt$ t ! anode1 o!rwise1 does n emit ,x-rays4 ,illu/ration #aac4 ,,lodge',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,x-,,rays ,,mo/ ,,p[]ful ,,:5 ,,! ,,anode ,,is ,,! ,,"p ,,/ruck ,,by ,,! ,,ca?ode ,,rays4 ,,p9-,,hole ,,pictures ,,by ,x-,,rays ,,to ,,det]m9e ,,s\rce ,,( ,x-,,rays1 ,,& ,,p9-,,hole ,,images ,,^u ,,glass ,,comp>$4 ,! ,elect41 ,lon4 ,apr4 #aj1 '#if1 p4 #ghd4--,! object ( ! exp]im5t 0 to confirm1 if possible1 by a modifi$ con/ruction1 ! s\rce ( ! ,x-rays1 z be+ ! surface /ruck by ca?ode rays1 :e!r ! surface is t ( glass or any o!r sub/ance4 ,he _h con/ruct$1 = ?is purpose1 a dis*>ge tube1 z illu/rat$ 9 ! diagram1 :i* may be se51 at a glance1 to conta9 a concave electrode at "o end1 & a flat electrode at ! o!r4 ,betwe5 !m1 & connect$ to ! concave electrode1 is an incl9$ %eet ( alum9um1 %ad+ bo? electrodes4 ,! wires lead+ to ! alum9um %eet are well protect$ by glass4 ,he arrang$ matt]s s t ei!r ! concave or ! flat electrode c\ld be made positive or negative4 ,! op]ation consi/$ fir/ 9 tak+ ?r\gh a p9 hole1 #a_/d ( an in* 9 diamet]1 ,x-ray pictures on photographic plates1 f diff]5t po9ts1 at measur$ di/ances4 ,aft] ^! 7 tak51 glass plates receiv$ ! lum9\s images at ! positions ( ! s5sitive plate4 ,p5cil draw+s 7 !n made1 & comp>$ ) ! ,x-ray pictures4 ,! exp]im5t involv$ also ! repetition ( ?is op]ation1 except t ! pol>ity ( ! t]m9als 0 *ang$4 8,:5 ! small flat disk 0 ca?ode1 e "p ( ! complicat$ anode appe>$ /rongly & quickly on ! plate1 especially ! tilt$ & fir/ bomb>d$ portion on a photographic plate plac$ above ! tube4 ,! ca?ode disk itself did n %[ at all4 ,on a plate plac$ bel[ ! bulb1 ! anode cup appe>$ /rong1 b ! tilt$ disk did n appe>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ''' its focus spot act$ z a feeble po9t s\rce1 by reason ( a few rays reflect$ back on to x f ! cup4 8,:5 ! curr5t 0 rev]s$1 ! small disk anode %[$ fa9tly1 be+ excit$ by rays :i* _h p5etrat$ ! int]pos$ tilt$ disk1 b aga9 ! ca?ode h>dly %[$ at all1 n ev5 ! tilt$ portion on a plate plac$ bel[ ! bulb4 ,?is is confirm$ by ,j4 ,p]r94 ,9 no case c\ld an image ( ! ca?ode be obta9$4 7,comptes ,r5dus7 ,m>4 #bc1 '#if4 ,f trans4 by ,l4 ,m4 ,p47 ,by giv+ a v long exposure 7two h\rs71 "s impression 0 obta9$ by ,dr4 ,lodge ab\t equal to t f ! %ad$ anode disk2 b1 ( c\rse1 if ! tilt$ plate _h be5 "u ^! circum/ances an anode1 x is well kn[n t a few m9utes w\ld h suffic$ to %[ x /rong ^u ! plate b5ea?4 8,h5ce1 und\bt$ly1 ! ,x-rays d n />t f ! ca?ode or f any?+ atta*$ to ! ca?ode b d />t f a surface ^u :i* ! ca?ode rays /rike1 :e!r x be an actual anode or only an #8anti-ca?odic' surface4 ,be/1 h[ev]1 if x be an actual anode4 7,indep5d5tly discov]$ by ,r[l&1 #aaf4 & ,ro5tg51 #ia407 8,:5 ! glass walls1 in/ead ( receiv+ ca?ode rays1 are pi]c$ only by ! true ,ro5tg5 rays f ! disk 9 ! middle1 no evid5ce is af=d$ by my photograph t ! glass "u ^! circum/ances acts z a s\rce4 ,x is well t x does n1 = its only effect w\ld be a blurr+ "o4 #ia4 ,) focus tubes1 ! glass phosphoresces "u ! action ( ! ,x-rays z any?+ else w\ld phosphoresce1 b its phosphoresc5ce is n ( ! lea/ use4 ,x is a sign t a tube is work+ well1 & t ! rays are p[]ful2 b if by reason ( fatigue 7 #eh7 ! glass ceases to phosphoresce /rongly1 ! fact con/itutes n ! slighte/ detrim5t40 ,illu/ration ,x-,,ray ,,un9flu5c$ ,,by ,a ,,magnet4 ,,sev]e ,,te/4--,8 fir/ exp]im5t on magnetic deflection1 ! sciagraph ( a magnet ) a backgr\nd ( wire gauze1 only %[$ t if !re 7 any %ift by reason ( passage ( rays betwe5 ! poles x 0 v small2 b he def9itely ass]t$1 z 9 accompany+ diagram1 t a fur!r exp]im5t has be5 made :i* effectually removes ! idea ( deflectibility f 8 m9d1 & confirms ! /atem5t ( ,pr(essor ,ro5tg54 #gi4 ,a /rong ?\gh small electro-magnet1 ) conc5trat$ field1 _h a photograph ( its pole-pieces tak5 ) a c\ple ( wires1 ,a & ,c1 /ret*$ across !m on ! fur!r side f ! plate--ne>] ! s\rce--& a ?ird wire1 ,b1 also /ret*$ across !m1 b on ! side close to ! plate4 ,^! ?ree wires left %ad[s on ! plate1 ( :i* ,b 0 %>p & def9ite1 :ile ,a & ,c 7 blurr$4 ,two sciagraphs 7 tak5 by ,mr4 ,rob9son1 "o ) ! magnet on1 & "o ) ! magnet rev]s$4 ,on subsequ5tly sup]pos+ ! two plates1 ) ! %>p %ad[s ( ,b co9cid5t1 ! v slighte/ displacem5t ( %ad[s ,a & ,c c\ld h be5 obs]v$1 al?\gh ^? %ad[s 7 n %>p4 ,b !re 0 absolutely no p]ceptible displacem5t1 ! fit 0 p]fect4 ,consequ5tly ! hypo!sis ( a /ream ( electrifi$ p>ticles is def9itely disprov$ z no d\bt _h already be5 effectively done 9 reality by ,pr(essor ,ro5tg5 himself4 ,b x mu/ be not$1 he /at$1 t ! hypo!sis ( a simple molecul> /ream--n an electrifi$ "o--rema9s a possibility4 ,! only "q is :e!r su* an unelectrifi$ bomb>dm5t w\ld be able to produce ! obs]v$ effects4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 ,dr4 ,lodge /at$1 t ,dr4 ,l5>d f\nd among 8 rays two classes z reg>ds deflectibility--"s mu* deflect$1 o!rs less deflect$2 & x mu/ be cle>ly und]/ood t 8 deflections 7 obs]v$1 n 9 ! orig9at+ dis*>ge tube1 :]e ! fact ( deflection is a commonplace1 b outside1 aft] ! rays _h be51 z x 71 8filt]$0 ?r\gh an alum9um w9d[4 ,he did n1 inde$1 obs]ve ! deflection 9 air ( ord9>y d5sity2 x 0 9 mod]ately r>efi$ air t he obs]v$ x1 #gb;a1 b he %[$ t ! v>iation ( air d5sity did n affect ! am\nt1 b only ! cle>ness ( ! m9imum magnetic deflection4 ,! circum/ance t affect$ ! am\nt ( ! deflection 0 a v>iation 9 ! cont5ts ( ! orig9at+ or high-vacuum tube4 #aad4 ,,lodge',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,app>atus ,,employ$4 ,! ,elect41 ,lon41 ,april #aj1 '#if1 p4 #ghc4--,) 8 app>atus1 he 0 able to obta9 rays suffici5tly p[]ful to illum9ate ! usual fluoresc5t scre5 aft] pass+ ?r\gh "o's skull4 ,x is ( int]e/ to note ab\t ! details ( ! electrical app>atus 7 #ajf1 #aji1 #aca1 #acg7 us$ by ^? :o exp]im5t$4 ,! be/ results 7 obta9$ by a make & break ( a direct prim>y curr5t at a po9t "u alcohol1 ! prim>y batt]y consi/+ ( ?ree /orage cells1 & ! curr5t ( ! prim>y act+ on a l>ge second>y coil4 ,leyd5 j>s he consid]$ entirely unnecess>y1 & he pref]r$ direct curr5ts to alt]nat+ curr5ts = ! prim>y4 ,he did n give ! exact dim5sions ( ! prim>y & second>y coils1 b1 judg+ f reports ( o!rs & ! au?or's own exp]i5ce1 x is highly pref]able to h :at is call$ a v l>ge inductorium1 #ae 94 sp>k 9 op5 air1 or else ! ,tesla sy/em 7 #ea1 #acg74 ,!re is little satisfaction 9 try+ to p]=m ! exp]im5ts ) induction coils adapt$ to give only a #b or #c 94 sp>k 9 op5 air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/9e',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,fig4 #e1 #ajh1 p4 #ajc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/9e',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,fig4 #f1 #ajh1 p4 #ajc4 #aae4 ,,lodge',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,x-,,rays ,,equally ,,/rong ,,dur+ ,,fatigue ,,( ,,glass ,,by ,,phosphoresc5ce4 ,! ,elect41 ,lon41 ,apr4 #aj1 '#if4--;,9 ord] to expla9 9 :at way ! rays 7 propagat$1 he says t x is n z if ! glass surface 7 a wave front f e po9t ( :i* rays proce$ normally1 b t ! glass radiates ,x-rays j z a r$-hot surface radiates light1 namely1 a cone ( rays />ts f ea* po9t1 & all ! rays ( ea* cone />t 9 a diff]5t direction4 ,e po9t ( ! glass radiates ! rays indep5d5tly ( all o!r po9ts4 ,crookes' ,exp]im5t 7 #eh7 may n[ be call$ to m9d 9 ref]5ce to ! fatigu+ ( ! glass aft] phosphoresc+ = a :ile4 ,lodge te/$ ! fatigu+ z to ! p[] to emit ,x-rays1 b f\nd t !re 0 no su* prop]ty :atev]4 ,! glass :i* became fatigu$ z to lum9\s phosphoresc5ce 7 #aje7 0 n fatigu$ z to ! p[] ( ,x-rays4 ,he notic$ t ! phosphoresc5t spot became less & less bright1 & yet ! ,x-rays rema9$ ( ! same p[]4 #aaf4 ,,r[l&1 ,,c>mi*ael ,,& ,,briggs' ,,exp]im5t4 ,,area ,,/ruck ,,by ,,ca?ode ,,rays ,,only ,,an ,,effici5t ,,s\rce ,,:5 ,,positively ,,electrifi$4 ,electricity1 ,n4,y41 ,apr4 #bb1 '#if1 p4 #bai4--;,exp]im5ts c>ri$ on at ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity l$ ! above nam$ inve/igators to ?9k at fir/ t ! s\rce ( ! ,x-rays 0 at ! anode4 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 ,m>*1 '#if4 ,pr(4 ,elihu ,?omson 0 l$ to give ! same op9ion dur+ 8 fir/ exp]im5ts4 ,elect4 ,rev41 ,n4,y41 ,m>4 #be1 '#if4 ,see also #aab;a4 ,_m o!r exp]im5ts c]tify to ! allegation t ,x-rays are c]ta9ly g5]at$ at ! phosphoresc5t spot on ! glass4 #gi1 #aje1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aac4 ,f ! exp]im5ts ( ,pr(4 ,r[l&1 et al41 ! confusion is acc\nt$ = by ! fact t !y ov]look$ ! electrical condition ( ! spot /ruck by ! ca?ode rays4 ,pr(4 ,r[l&1 et al41 con/ruct$ a tube hav+ a plat9um %eet locat$ at ! focus ( ! concave electrode1 & n connect$ to ! anode4 ,al?\gh ! plat9um became r$ hot1 x emitt$ no ,x-rays1 b :5 ! plat9um 0 made ! anode1 !re 0 pr(use radiation ( ,x-rays 9 all directions f t side ( ! plat9um /ruck by ! ca?ode rays1 & no radiation f ! o!r side4 #ia4 7,see also ,ro5tg5 & ,tesla1 conc]n+ #a_/b plat9um & #a_/b alum9um & radiation !refrom47 ,!y inf]r$ z a f9al conclusion 9 connection ) ?is po9t1 8,t ! necess>y condition = ! production ( ,x-rays is an anode bomb>dm5t by ! ca?ode dis*>ge40 #aac4 ,!y recogniz$ app>5tly t x _h be5 conclusively prov$ t ,x-rays radiat$ f ! phosphoresc5t spot on ! glass4 ,!y held t su* a spot is 8,! induc$ anode =m$ on ! glass40 #di1 at end4 ,!y did n prove ?is by an exp]im5t accord+ to ! article ref]r$ to1 b bas$ x ^u 8,! fact t ! bomb>d+ ca?ode rays com+ 9 p]iodical electrifi$ %[]s alt]nately raise & l[] ! pot5tial ( ! glass1 ?us mak+ x alt]nately an anode & a ca?ode4 ,9 ! case ( ! plat9um1 ?is c\ld n occur to ! same ext5t40 #aag4 ,,salvioni',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,transposition ,,( ,,phosphoresc5t ,,spot4 ,elect4 ,rev41 ,lon41 ,apr4 #bd1 '#if1 p4 #eej2 ,m$4 ,sur4 ,acad41 ( ,p]ugia1 ,italy1 ,feb4 #bb1 '#if4 ,p]sonal int]view ) ,pr(4 ,salvioni 9 ,elect4 ,rev41 ,n4,y41 ,apr4 #h1 '#if1 p4 #aha4--;,9 ord] to *ange ! location ( ! phosphoresc5t spot :5 desir$1 )\t a magnet1 & at ! same "t to conc5trate or int5sify ! s\rce ( ,x-rays1 he plac$ ne> ! same1 on ! outside ( ! tube1 ! h& or a metal mass connect$ to e>?4 ,! spot imm$iately jump$ to ! o!r side ( ! tube1 #di1 ne> c5tre1 & to all appe>ances 0 small] & bright]4 ,el/] & ,geitel _h p]=m$ simil> exp]im5ts at an e>li] date4 7,see ,wi$4 ,ann41 ,,lvi41 #ab1 p4 #gcc1 also ,elect4 ,eng41 ab\t ,april1 '#if47 ,!y c>ri$ on ! mo/ m9ute inve/igations z to ! deflection ( ! ca?ode rays by an outside conductor4 ,tesla _h also notic$ a simil> deviation4 ,see ,m>t9's ,tesla's ,rese>*es4 ,he us$ alt]nat+ curr5ts z describ$ 9 8 sy/em 9 #ea4 ,el/] & ,geitel us$ ! ,tuma ,alt]nat+ sy/em4 7,see ,wi$4 ,ann41 ,b]4 #ajb1 "p #b;,a1 p4 #aceb1 '#id47 ,! s\rce f :i* ,salvioni's description 0 tak5 _h no sket*1 !re=e ! diagram made by ,el/] & ,geitel is reproduc$4 ,see ,fig4 #a4 ,! ca?ode 0 alum9um & 0 connect$ to "o t]m9al ( ! trans=m]4 ,! anode 0 connect$ to e>?1 & also 0 ! o!r t]m9al4 ,^u br++ ! h& or o!r conductor connect$ to e>? to ! phosphoresc5t spot1 ! ca?ode rays deviat$ & ! spot jump$ ov] to ! o!r side4 #ej4 ,! anode 0 a r+ surr\nd+ ! lead+-9 wires ( ! ca?ode1 & ! two lead+-9 wires 7 surr\nd$ by glass4 ,x may be ask$ :y ! ca?ode rays b5t d[nw>d 9 ! fir/ place8 ,el/] & ,geitel f\nd t !y 7 ?r[n ?us 9 view ( ! ne>ness ( "s neighbor+ object connect$ to e>?4 ,to ov]come ! action ( surr\nd+ objects1 ! tube 0 surr\nd$ by a r+ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,h[ev]1 ! rays 7 /ill s5sitive to objects well connect$ to e>?1 & :5 br\ght q close to ! tube4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #a & #b4 #aag;a4 ,,hamm] ,,& ,,flem+',s ,,molecul> ,,sciagraph1 ,,)9 ,a ,,vacuum ,,tube4 7,citations bel[47--,9 view ( ! ov]:elm+ evid5ce conc]n+ ! g5]ation ( ,x-rays by ! impact ( ca?ode rays1 )9 a high vacuum ^u ! glass or mat]ial :i* pref]ably =ms ! anode1 x becomes appropriate1 x is ?\ght1 to review ! /ate ( ?is dep>tm5t ( sci5ce1 9 ord] to arrive a little m closely at ! relations :i* exi/ betwe5 ph5om5a ( l[ & high vacua4 ,) ! =m]1 9 t condition 9 :i* /riae are =m$1 p]man5t black b&s or deposits are produc$ ^u ! surface ( ! glass2 ! motion ( ! p>ticles1 !re=e1 appe>+ to be 9 planes at "r angles to ! l9e jo9+ ! anode & ca?ode4 #dj4 ,t ! /riae %\ld t\* ! walls ( ! tube seems to be necess>y = ! production ( ! deposit4 #dd4 ,) a high vacuum1 ! direction ( ! ca?ode rays may be any t "o desires1 x be+ only necess>y to %ape ! ca?ode prop]ly1 on ! pr9ciple t ! rays radiate normally f ! surface4 ,x is kn[n t ! radiation is normal z mu* f ! position ( ! deposit z f t ( ! phosphoresc5t spot4 ,x is c]ta9 t !y are rectil9e>4 #eg & #eh4 ,! phosphoresc5t spot becomes always1 soon] or lat]1 :5 occurr+ ^u ! same "p ( ! glass1 ! location ( a deposit f ! ca?ode 7 #abc71 ev5 :5 ! ca?ode is alum9um4 #abc4 ,! deposit is n ! cause ( ! fatigue ( ! glass4 #eh4 ,puluj v]ifi$ ?is4 ,a :eel 0 made to rotate by ! radiations f ! ca?ode1 & !re=e x is highly probable t ! motion ( ! molecules1 :i* caus$ ! deposit1 is ! =ce t made ! :eel rotate4 #eh;a4 ,:y does x n foll[ t ) increase ( ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 ! p>ticles are ?r[n ) su* rapidity t ^u /rik+ ! prop] surface 7 #hj71 ,x-rays are g5]at$1 b t !y are n g5]at$ :5 ! velocity ( ! molecules is insuffici5t4 #fa;b1 p4 #df4 ,att5tion is n[ invit$ to a ph5om5on :i* illu/rates t a p]man5t sciagraph ( objects may be impress$ ^u ! inn] surface ( a vacuum tube1 by ! deposit ( molecules ( "o ( ! electrodes4 ,ref]1 !re=e1 to ! figure on page #cj1 8,hamm] & ,flem+'s ,molecul> ,sciagraph40 ,z w be se5 f fur!r explanation & f ! picture itself1 ! sciagraph a b is made because ( ! projection1 9 rectil9e> l9es1 ( molecules ( c>bon or metal1 f "o ( ! electrodes1 or at lea/ f "o m ?an ! o!r4 ,"o leg ( ! c>bon1 be+ 9 ! way ( ! o!r1 causes a less deposit to be produc$ ^u ! glass at ! int]section ( ! plane ( ! horse-%oe filam5t & ! wall ( ! vacuum tube4 ,electrodes exi/ because ! filam5t is ( su* a high resi/ance z to produce a diff]5ce ( pot5tial betwe5 ! two /raight l[] portions ( ! filam5t4 ,mr4 ,william ,j4 ,hamm] possesses a rem>kable faculty = obs]v+ ph5om5a (t5 ov]look$ by o!rs4 ,he fir/ obs]v$ a molecul> %ad[ 9 #ahhj & made records ( 8 obs]vations 9 ! ,edison ,laboratory note book4 ,s9ce t "t he has exam9$ ov] #fjj lamps1 :i* 7 made at v>i\s p]iods dur+ ?irte5 or f\rte5 ye>s1 by twelve diff]5t manufactur]s4 7,trans4 ,am]4 ,in/4 ,electrical ,eng41 ,m>4 #ba1 p4 #afa47 ,e "o1 m or less1 exhibit$ ! molecul> %ad[4 ,x is a pr9ciple1 !re=e1 t if ! c>bon filam5t has bo? legs 9 ! same plane1 a sciagraph ( "o ( !m w be produc$4 ,z ! %ad[ is on "o side ( ! bulb only1 ! molecules fly (f f only "o electrode1 viz41 ! ca?ode4 ,by means ( photography1 ! effect is increas$ because ( c]ta9 well-kn[n pr9ciples4 ,! figure h]et(ore ref]r$ to is tak5 f a photograph1 b1 ( c\rse1 does n repres5t ! sciagraph z well z ! orig9al photograph1 9 view ( ! loss ( effect by re-production by ! half-tone process4 ,= fur!r !oretical consid]ations1 see ! ,in/itute pap] ref]r$ to1 :]e ! matt] 0 discuss$ by ,pr(s4 ,elihu ,?omson1 ,an?ony & o!rs4 ,indep5d5tly ( ,mr4 ,hamm]'s discov]y1 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,a4 ,flem+1 pr(essor ( electrical eng9e]+ 9 ! ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 ,engl&1 discov]$ & /udi$ ! matt]1 & pres5t$ x be=e ! ,phys4 ,soc4 ( ,london1 appe>+ ab\t #ahhe 7f memory74 ,! "n 8molecul> sciagraph0 is giv5 by ! au?or because x is an accept$ explanation t ! deposit is due to ei!r molecules or atoms ( ! electrode1 giv5 (f by evaporation 7page #df1 l9es #e to #aj71 or electrical repulsion 7 #fa;a1 l9es #bb to #be71 or1 z "s hold1 by m]e volatilization by ! int5se heat ( inc&esc5ce1 or "o or m comb9$2 b electrical repulsion c]ta9ly has some?+ to d ) ! rectil9e> propagation1 = ! molecules are *>g$ accord+ to #d4 ,illu/ration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,x ------- #aah4 ,,edison',s ,,exp]im5ts4 ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,dis*>ge ,,tube1 ,,photographic ,,plates1 ,,electrical ,,app>atus1 ,,fluoresc5ce1 ,,etc4 ,elec4 ,eng41 ,n4,y41 ,feb4 #ai1 '#if2 ,m>4 #ah & #be2 ,apr4 #a1 #h1 #ae & #bi1 '#if4 ,x-,,rays ,,beg9 ,,be=e ,,/riae ,,end4--,! read] may rememb] a =m] section1 #aj1 po9t+ out t /riae 7 usually obta9able )\t v high vacua1 & t phosphoresc5ce ( ! glass occurs only ) high vacua4 #ed4 ,9 c>ry+ ! vacuum up high] & high]1 ,edison obs]v$ t feeble ,ro5tg5 rays 7 detect$ be=e ! /riae ceas$4 ,pr(4 ,elihu ,?omson indep5d5tly p]=m$ a l exp]im5t & f\nd t ! ,ro5tg5 rays c\ld be obta9$ ev5 :5 ! vacuum 0 s l[ z to produce /riae4 7,elec4 ,eng41 ,n4,y41 ,apr4 #ae1 '#if47 ,victor ,*abaud & ,d4 ,hurmuzescu also obta9$ ,x-rays f a vacuum 4#jbe mm41 be+ l[] ?an ,crookes employ$1 :i* 0 at a maximum 4#jja mm4 7,l',indu/rie ,elect41 ,p>is1 ,may #be1 '#if4 ,f trans4 by ,l\is ,m4 ,pignolet47 #aai4 ,,reason ,,:y ,,?9 ,,walls ,,are ,,bett] ,,?an ,,?ick4 ,x-,,rays ,,& ,,po/-,,phosphoresc5ce4--,?is may be und]/ood by explanation ( ! dis*>ge tube 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,9 "o exp]im5t1 ! portion /ruck by ! ca?ode rays1 namely ,b1 0 made #a_/h in* ?ick4 ,x became soon hot & v lum9\s & melt$1 #fa1 b ! ,x-rays 7 weak4 ,:5 bl[n ?91 7 #hc7 h[ev]1 ! glass rema9$ cool & ! ,x-rays 7 mu* /rong]4 ,:at is kn[n on ! m>ket z ,g]man glass 7phosphoresces gre51 #ee1 at c5tre7 0 f\nd m p]meable ?an lead glass1 ! ?ickness ( ! walls be+ ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,!re 7 no l+]+ ,x-rays f aft]-phosphoresc5ce1 7 #ed1 at end7 or1 if any1 c\ld n be detect$ by ! sciascope4 ,! photographic te/ w\ld be objectionable because ( ! brief duration4 ,pr(4 ,battelli & ,dr4 ,g>basso1 ( ,pisa1 made a v s5sitive te/ 9 ?is connection1 prov+ by ! dis*>ge ( an electrifi$ body 7 #ij & #ij;a7 t feeble ,x-rays 7 emitt$ aft] ! curr5t 0 cut (f f ! dis*>ge tube4 7,f trans4 by ,mr4 ,pignolet47 ,illu/ration3 ,,dis*>ge ,,tube1 ,,fig4 #a4 #aai4 ,,dis*>ge ,,tube1 ,,fig4 #c4 #abj4 #abj4 ,,to ,,prev5t ,,puncture ,,( ,,! ,,dis*>ge ,,tube ,,by ,,sp>ks4--,9 ! illu/ration1 ,dis*>ge ,tube ,fig4 #b4 %[s a suitable type4 ,x is drawn to scale1 %[+ ! correct proportion ( ! l5g? to ! diamet]4 ,! %ad$ ends repres5t t9foil on ! outside & connect+ ) ! lead+-9 wires1 ! same prev5t+ puncture ( ! glass by ! sp>k4 ,!y may be caus$ to adh]e by %ellac or simil> glue4 ,9 place ( ! metallic coat+ deta*$ supplem5t>y electrodes may be employ$1 z se5 9 ! illu/ration m>k$ 8,dis*>ge ,tube ,fig4 #c40 ,! p[] ( ! ,x-rays 0 increas$1 be+ due1 x 0 ?\ght1 to ! fact t ! con/ruction embodi$ ! comb9ation ( int]nal & ext]nal electrodes4 #aba4 #aba4 ,,v>iation ,,( ,,vacuum ,,by ,,dis*>ge ,,& ,,by ,,re/4--,pr(4 ,pup9 0 among ! fir/ to te/ ! effici5cy ( ext]nal electrodes = g5]at+ ,x-rays4 ,indep5d5tly ( ! quality ( ! glass & ( ! k9d ( pump & ( ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( phosphoric anhydride1 ! foll[+ peculi>ities 7 notic$1 :i* ,edison attribut$ to a k9d ( atomic electrolysis4 #dg4 #hj p] c5t4 ( ! lamps exhibit$ ! ph5om5a z foll[s3 ,fir/1 su* a high vacuum 0 obta9$ by ! pump t ! l9e spectrum disappe>$ & pure fluoresc5ce & g5]ation ( ,x-rays at a maximum occurr$4 ,! lamp 0 !n seal$ (f4 ,aft] ?ree or f\r h\rs ( re/1 ! vacuum det]iorat$1 s t /riae & o!r *>act]i/ics ( l[ vacuum 7 obta9$ :5 connect$ up 9 circuit1 b ^u cont9u+ ! curr5t1 ! high vacuum gradually came back1 ! l9e spectrum vani%$1 & sudd5ly ,x-rays 7 g5]at$4 ,aga9 ! bulb 0 left at re/ = #bd h\rs1 aft] :i* ,x-rays c\ld n be g5]at$ until ! dis*>ge _h be5 cont9u$ = #d-a_/b h\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dis*>ge ,,tube1 ,,fig4 #b4 #abj4 #abb4 ,,ext]nal ,,electrodes ,,dis*>ge ,,?r\gh ,,high] ,,vacuum ,,?an ,,int]nal4--,a vacuum t 0 s high t no dis*>ge took place ) int]nal electrodes 0 made lum9\s by ! use ( electrodes on ! outside ( ! glass bulb4 ,!n he made ! vacuum s high t ev5 ) a #ab-;in* sp>k f ,leyd5 j>s1 no dis*>ge took place ) ext]nal electrodes1 & ! tube 0 d>k1 ?is "p ( ! exp]im5t indicat+ ano!r limit at :i* an extremely high vacuum is n a conductor & appe>+ to ov]?r[1 z ,edison intimat$1 ,edlund's !ory t a vacuum is a p]fect conductor4 #be4 #abc4 ,,deposit ,,on ,,glass ,,f ,,alum9um ,,electrode4--,x has always be5 common to employ alum9um = electrodes 9 vacuum tubes1 on ! gr\nd t no deposit took place1 & !re=e no black5+1 nor :it5+ ( ! glass wall4 #dj4 ,edison obs]v$ also t no black5+ 0 visible1 b /at$ t 8 glass bl[]1 ,mr4 ,dally1 ^u break+ ! bulb & submitt+ ! int]ior surface ( ! glass to an oxydiz+ process1 ! oxide ( alum9um 0 s ?ick z to be opaque to light4 ,) magnesium1 also1 a mirror 0 produc$1 ( a lav5d] color1 by transmitt$ light4 ,9 ! case ( alum9um1 he 0 able to obta9 a visible spot at ! phosphoresc5t portion1 b only aft] a great _m h\rs ( use4 ,see cut f a photograph ( a dis*>ge tube us$ = sev]al mon?s by ,pr(4 ,dayton ,c4 ,mill]1 & hav+ a heavy alum9um deposit opposite ! alum9um ca?ode4 ,) ! increase ( ! deposit1 ! p[] ( ! ,x-rays dim9i%$1 b1 he ?\ght1 n on acc\nt ( ! absorption1 b because1 8?r\gh lack ( ela/icity at ! surface40 ,illu/ration3 ,,dis*>ge ,,tube1 #abc4 #abd4 ,,fluoresc5t ,,lamp4 ,9 an ,engli% pat5t ( '#hb1 grant$ to ,rank9 ,k5n$y1 !re is describ$ a vacuum bulb 9 :i* ! electrodes are cov]$ ) fluoresc5t or phosphoresc5t sub/ances1 int5d$ = ! purpose ( obta9+ great] c&le p[] by impact ( ca?ode rays ^u anode ( plat9um1 cov]$ ) alum9a or magnesia4 ,edison coat$ ! inn] wall ( ! dis*>ge tube1 = g5]at+ ,x-rays1 ) calcic tung/ate 9 ! cry/all9e =m4 ,! lum9osity1 :5 measur$1 am\nt$ to ab\t #b-a_/b ,c4 ,p4 ,z to ! effici5cy1 he /at$ t ?is 0 accompli%$ 8) an extremely small am\nt ( en]gy40 ,su* a coat+ 0 f\nd to weak5 ! ,x-rays radiat$ !refrom1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 0 natural1 because !y _h be5 conv]t$ into phosphoresc5t light4 ,! spectrum %[$ /rongly at ! r$ l9e1 !reby sugge/+ ! reason :y ! light 0 ( a pleasant "*4 #abd;a4 ,,pilt*ik(f',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,great] emission ( ,x-rays by a tube conta9+ an easily fluoresc5t sub/ance4 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,feb41 #bd1 '#if4 ,f trans4 by ,mr4 ,l\is ,m4 ,pignolet4 ,z ! ,x-rays emanate f ! fluoresc5t spots on ! glass ( ! dis*>ge tube1 he reason$ t m p[]ful effects w\ld be obta9$ by replac+ ! glass by a m fluoresc5t mat]ial4 ,he !re=e tri$ a ,puluj tube & f\nd t x %ort5$ ! "t necess>y = tak+ a photograph 9 a 8s+ul>0 degree4 ,exp]im5ts ( o!rs h c]ta9ly %[n t z phosphoresc5ce decreases ) increase ( vacuum1 ! ,x-rays increase to a c]ta9 maximum1 #aje4 ,let x be notic$ h[ev]1 t ?is does n prove t ) ! same vacuum1 an increase ( phosphoresc5ce by a sup]ior phosphoresc5t mat]ial ( equal ?ickness w\ld n increase ! p[] ( ! ,x-rays4 ,! be/ way to det]m9e su* po9ts1 is to g to extremes4 ,edison appli$ s mu* easily phosphoresc5t mat]ial 7calcic tung/ate7 to ! inside ( ! dis*>ge tube1 t mu* light 0 radiat$1 b only feeble ,x-rays4 ,on ! o!r h&1 )\t any ( ! tung/ate1 ! rays 7 /rong1 #abd4 ,exp]im5ts g5]ally t5d to prove t x dep5ds ^u ! *emical nature ( ! mat]ial r ?an its phosphoresc+ p[]1 9 o!r words ^u ! p]meability4 #aai1 ne> end4 #abe4 ,,electrodes ,,( ,,silicon ,,c>bide4 7,c>borundum47 ,edison call$ att5tion to ,tesla's discov]y t ?is sub/ance is a good conductor = high t5sion curr5ts4 ,its advantages = electrodes 9 ! dis*>ge tube are its high conductivity1 no absorb$ nor releas$ gas bubbles1 & its infusibility & non-black5+ p[] ( glass ev5 :5 ! voltage 0 increas$ to a po9t :]e ! glass melt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,edison 7,,at ,,"r7 ,,& ,t4 ,,comm]=d ,,m>t9 ,,us+ ,,! ,,sciascope4 #ig1 p4 #hd4 ,cut also %[s ,spr5gel vacuum-pump4 ,dis*>ge-tube is 9 ! box4 #abf4 ,,*emical ,,decomposition ,,( ,,! ,,glass ,,bulb4 ,dur+ ! g5]ation ( ! ,x-rays ! sodium l9e ( ! spectrum appe>$ 9 ! spectroscope1 !reby indicat+ decomposition ( ! glass4 ,) combu/ion tubes ! glass gave ! weake/ soda l9e1 :ile lime soda glass gave ! /ronge/1 & 0 mo/ p]meable to ! ,x-rays4 8,! cont9u\s decomposition ( ! glass makes x almo/ impossible to ma9ta9 a vacuum except :5 connect$ to ! pump & ev5 !n ! effect ( ! curr5t is great] 9 produc+ gas ?an ! capacity ( ! pump to exhau/1 b ! ray is v p[]ful40 ,x is suppos$ t = ?is reason1 z well z = o!rs easily app>5t t ,edison z well z o!r exp]im5t]s h always c>ri$ on _! inve/igations ) ! dis*>ge tube p]man5tly connect$ to ! pump4 ,! next be/ ?+ is to let ! tube conta9 a /ick ( cau/ic pota% = ma9ta9+ an exce$+ly high vacuum4 ,by gradually heat+ ?is1 ! desir$ degree ( vacuum c be obta9$4 #ed4 #abg4 ,,sciagraphs4 ,,duration ,,( ,,exposure ,,dep5d5t ,,^u ,,di/ances4 ,) ! giv5 dis*>ge tube1 he obta9$ sciagraphs at a di/ance ( #c_/h in* f ! phosphoresc5t spot 9 "o second1 a vulcaniz$ cov] be+ betwe52 at two ft4 di/ant ! "t 0 #aej sec42 at ?ree ft41 #dej sec42 ! opaque plate be+ int]pos$ ea* "t4 ,consequ5tly 8,r\ghly1 ! duration ( exposure may be reckon$ z proportional to ! squ>e ( ! di/ance40 #abh4 ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,x-,,rays ,,& ,,light ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,diff]5t ,,photographic ,,plates4 ,,"t ,,( ,,exposure4 ,! rapid plate = light gave n ! deepe/ images by ,x-rays4 ,sev]al diff]5t k9ds ( small s5sitive plates 7 laid side by side4 ,a sciagraph ( a metal b> 0 tak5 ^u !m all simultane\sly4 ,9 ?is way1 he obta9$ ! result1 :]eby x w\ld appe> pref]able to employ ! mean rapid plate = ! purpose ( obta9+ sciagraphs4 ,on acc\nt ( ! opacity ( plat9um1 x occur$ to ,e4 ,b4 ,fro/1 7,sci41 ,n4,y41 ,m>4 #bg1 '#if17 to try plat9um photographic pap] ( ! k9d us$ = portraits1 b su* pap] 7int5d$ = long exposures 9 pr9t+ 9 sunlight7 0 f> too lack+ 9 s5sitiv5ess to produce any effect4 #abh;a4 ,,georges ,,mesl9s ,,insur$ ,a ,,r$uction ,,( ,,"t ,,= ,,tak+ ,,sciagraphs ,,by ,,! ,,deflection ,,( ,,! ,,ca?ode ,,rays ,,by ,,means ,,( ,a ,,magnetic ,,field4 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,m>* #bc & #cj1 #ahif4 ,f trans4 by ,l\is ,m4 ,pignolet4 ,! me?od consi/s 9 us+ a p]man5t or electro-magnet to create a magnetic field p]p5dicul> to ! ca?ode rays 9 ! tube4 ,by ?is means1 ! active fluoresc5t spot on ! tube is cond5s$1 & ! int5sity ( ! ,x-rays g5]at$ !re is increas$4 ,ano!r advantage is t1 :5 ! active "p ( ! tube becomes inactive ow+ to ! =mation ( a light br[n deposit ^u x1 ano!r "p c be us$ by v slightly alt]+ ! position ( ! magnets4 ,?us1 ea* "t a new "p ( ! tube c be us$4 ,! magnetic field mu/ n be uni=m b mu/ h a suitable v>iation to produce ! desir$ conc5tration ( ! ca?ode rays4 ,a4 ,,imb]t ,,& ,h4 ,,b]t9-,,sans' ,,exp]im5t4 7,comptes ,r5dus1 ,m>* #bc1 '#if4 7,f trans4 by ,l4 ,m4 ,p47 ,!y %ort5$ ! "t by use ( a magnet4 ,,james ,,*app9',s ,,exp]im5t4 7,comptes ,r5dus1 ,m>4 #cj1'if4 7,f trans4 by ,l4 ,m4 ,p47--,claim$ priority 9 hav+ %[n publicly1 on ,feb4 #ai1 a sciagraph ( a h&1 m>k$ 8,photograph obta9$ by conc5tration ( ! ca?ode rays1 by means ( a magnetic field40 ,! increase ( ! int5sity ( ! ,x-rays obta9$ by ?is means 0 9 ! proportion ( #h to #e1 z measur$ by ! "t ( fall ( ! leaves ( a ,hurmuzescu electroscope4 ,pr(4 ,tr[bridge1 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 9 a lecture1 gave an int]e/+ review 7,we/]n ,elect41 ,feb4 #bi1 '#if7 ( ! l5g? ( "t requir$ 9 ! e>ly days ( photography4 ,improvem5ts are be+ made :]eby ! duration requir$ 9 sciagraphy becomes less & less4 ,9 #ahbg1 by heliography1 #f h\rs' exposure 0 necess>y2 9 #ahci1 by dagu]reotype1 #cj m9utes2 9 #ahda1 by calotype1 #c m9utes2 9 #ahea1 by collodion1 #aj seconds2 9 #ahfd1 by collodion1 #e seconds2 9 #ahgh1 by gelat9e1 #a second4 ,! au?or rememb]s ! photographs = use 9 ! ,edison k9etoscope 7 tak5 at ! rate ( #bj p] second4 ,! focus tube br+s ! "t ( exposure 9 behalf ( ,x-rays d[n to a matt] ( seconds in/ead ( m9utes4 ,= an admirable review ( au?orities1 facts & !ories relat+ to ! causes ( ! d>k5+ ( photographic plates by light1 see ,cotti]1 9 ,elect4 ,_w1 ,n4,y41 ,may #bc1 '#if4 #abi4 ,,size ,,( ,,dis*>ge ,,tube ,,to ,,employ ,,= ,,giv5 ,,app>atus4--,a small tube requir$ b a small ,e4 ,m4 ,f41 & !re=e %\ld be employ$ ) a small induction coil4 ,! great] ! di/ance ( ! s5sitive plate & ! object1 consid]$ toge!r1 f ! dis*>ge tube1 ! %>p] ! %ad[4 ,9 %ort exposures1 ! tube %\ld be small & at a %ort di/ance4 #acj4 ,,prev5t+ ,,puncture ,,at ,,! ,,phosphoresc5t ,,spot4--,9 exp]im5ts :]e he employ$ a flat ca?ode1 a v ?9 p5cil ( rays ( increas$ p[] came f ! exact c5tre1 & 9 two or ?ree seconds made ! glass r$ hot at ! c5tre ( ! phosphoresc5t spot4 ,imm$iately1 ! atmosph]ic pressure p]=at$ ! bulb4 ,?is occurr$ sev]al times4 ,he /at$ t 8! be/ rem$y is to p]mit ! c5tral ray to /rike ! glass at a l[ angle2 ?is greatly increases ! area & prev5ts ! tr\ble40 ,,edison4 ,mr4 ,ludwig ,gutmann furni%$ a translation ( a note by ,pr(4 ,walt] ,knig1 f\nd 9 ,eleck4 ,zeit4 ( ,may #ad1 '#if1 relat+ to ?is same subject matt]4 ,recogniz+ t ! %>pness ( ! outl9es is ! mo/ important requirem5t 9 connection ) sciagraphy1 & t if ! rays />t f a l>ge surface ! impress$ %ad[s w be unc]ta9 9 configuration1 & notic+1 z ,edison & ,tesla did1 #acj1 ! frequ5t de/ruction ( ! tube at ! place :]e ! rays 7 conc5trat$ to a focus1 he plac$ ov] ! inn] surface ( ! glass1 alum9um foil = di/ribut+ ! heat ov] a l>g] area1 at ! same "t caus+ radiation ( ,x-rays f a s+le po9t4 ,! focus tube outweighs ?is 9 importance4 #ia4 #aca4 ,,electrical ,,dim5sions ,,( ,,app>atus4 ,! be/ k9d ( in/ruction = ! /ud5t 9 ref]5ce to equipp+ a plant is to foll[ ! con/ruction employ$ by ^? :o h be5 successful4 #ajf1 #aji1 #aad1 #acg4 ,edison us$ ! usual inc&esc5t-lamp curr5t1 voltage at #aaj to #abj volts1 curr5t be+ cont9u\s1 b n connect$ directly to ! induction coil1 !re be+ a bank ( eight to tw5ty #af c&le p[] inc&esc5t lamps arrang$ 9 p>allel4 ,! int]rupt] = ! prim>y consi/$ ( a rotat+ :eel 9 appe>ance l a commutator ( a dynamo1 & 0 rotat$ rapidly by a small electric motor1 mak+ ab\t #djj int]ruptions p] second1 & s con/ruct$ t ! circuit 0 clos$ twice z long z x 0 op54 ,a sudd5 int]ruption 0 caus$ by an air bla/ play+ at ! po9t ( make & break1 ! use ( :i* made t ( a cond5s] ne$less4 #c4 ,! dis*>ge tube t]m9als 7 connect$ respectively & directly to ^? ( ! second>y4 ,pr(4 ,pup91 ,columbia ,univ4 ,n4,y4 7,lect4 ,n4,y41 ,acad4 ,sci41 ,april #f1 '#if1 & ,sci5ce1 ,n4,y41 ,april #aj1 '#if7 gave valuable & practical in/ruction conc]n+ ! app>atus1 :i* ! au?or witness$4 8,a p[]ful coil 0 f\nd indisp5sable = /rong effects & satisfactory "w4 ,! vibrat+ int]rupt] is too sl[ & o!rwise unsatisfactory1 & x 0 replac$ by a rot>y int]rupt]1 consi/+ ( a brass pulley1 #f in*es 9 diamet] & #a-a_/d in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,a slab ( slate #c_/d in* ?ick 0 ins]t$ & ! circumf]5ce 0 kept c>efully poli%$4 ,?is pulley 0 m\nt$ on ! %aft ( a ,crock]-,:eel] #a_/h ,h4 ,p4 motor giv+ #cj revolutions1 &1 !re=e1 #fj breaks p] second4 ,two adju/able ,m>%all cond5s]s ( ?ree micr(>ads ea* 7 connect$ 9 %unt ) ! break1 & ! capacity adju/$ c>efully until ! break-sp>k 0 a m9imum & gave a %>p crack+ s\nd4 ,too mu* capacity w n necess>ily increase ! sp>k+1 b x w dim9i% ! inductive effect :i* is notic$ imm$iately 9 ! dim9i%$ int5sity ( ! dis*>ge4 ,a p[]ful coil ) a smoo?ly work+ rot>y int]rupt] w be f\nd a mo/ satisfactory app>atus 9 exp]im5ts ) ,rntg5 radiance40 #ajf1 #aji1 #aad1 #aca1 #acg4 #acb4 ,,salts ,,fluoresc5ce ,,by ,x-,,rays4 ,see also1 ,elect4 ,rev41 ,n4,y41 ,april #ai1 '#if1 p4 #afe4 ,edison exam9$ ov] #ahjj *emicals to detect & comp>e _! fluoresc5t p[]s if any1 "u ! action ( ,x-rays fir/ transmitt$ ?r\gh "s opaque mat]ial su* z ?ick c>dbo>d4 ,( all ^!1 calcic tung/ate by measurem5t1 fluoresc$ ) six times ! lum9osity ( b>ium plat9o cyanide1 :i* 0 ref]r$ to 9 connection ) ,ro5tg5's exp]im5t4 ,o!r au?orities agree z to its great s5sitiv5ess4 ,9 mak+ ?is comp>ison1 x 0 assum$ t ! p[] ( ! ,x-rays v>i$ inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance f ! dis*>ge tube4 ,betwe5 ! two above *emicals came /rontic tung/ate4 ,b>ic & plumbic tung/ate sc>cely fluoresc$4 ,salicylate ( ammonium cry/als equall$ ! d\ble cyanide ( plat9um & b>ium1 & diff]$ !refrom 9 t ! fluoresc5ce increas$ ) ! ?ickness ( ! lay] ( cry/als up to #a_/d ( an in*1 %[+ great fluoresc+ p[] & l[ absorptivity4 ,?is exp]im5t %[$ t ! be/ fluoresc5t mat]ials 7 n necess>ily ! salts ( ! heavie/ metals1 l plat9um4 ,x is assum$ t ! read] kn[s ! diff]5ce betwe5 phosphoresc5ce & fluoresc5ce1 b ! divid+ l9e is s difficult 9 "s cases & ! "o n be+ di/+ui%$ f ! o!r by exp]im5t]s1 t ! au?or has us$ ! same words z ! exp]im5t]s1 al?\gh he admits t fluoresc5ce is (t5 meant :]e phosphoresc5ce is /at$1 & vice v]sa4 ,an anomaly pres5t$ itself z to rock salt1 :i* al?\gh transp>5t to light yet p[]fully absorb$ ,x-rays & 0 /rongly fluoresc$ !reby4 ,aga91 fluorite :i* is transp>5t to light1 fluoresc$ /rongly ) ! ,x-rays1 & "u _! action became bright] & bright] & cont9u$ aft] cutt+ (f ! ,x-rays1 ! mat]ial !re=e1 be+ highly phosphoresc5t1 ! light endur+ = sev]al m9utes4 ,^u wat*+ ! phosphoresc5ce ( fluorite1 ! same p5etrat$ ! plate v sl[ly to ! dep? ( "o-sixte5? ( an in*1 b beyond t dep? !re 0 complete d>kness4 ,! only o!r truly phosphoresc5t sub/ance notic$ 0 calcic tung/ate1 especially 9 ?ick lay]s1 s t ! %ad[ ( ! bones ( ! h& rema9$ !reon = a m9ute or two ^u cutt+ out ! dis*>ge tube f ! circuit4 ,"s *emicals1 )9 a d>k box & v close to ! dis*>ge tube1 phosphoresc$ by giv+ spots "h & !re1 b !y did n phosphoresce at a great] di/ance1 & ! light 0 probably n due to ! ,x-rays4 ,edison attribut$ ! result directly to ! 8electrical dis*>ge40 ,! li/ is z foll[s3 ammonium sulphur cyanide1 calcic =mate1 & nitrate1 f]ric citrate1 arg5tic nitrate1 calcic & iron citrate1 soda1 lime1 8z9c1 cyanide0 7p]haps ?is means cyanide ( z9c71 z9c hyp]manganate1 & z9c val]iate4 ,! salts ( ! foll[+ metals did n fluoresce "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,x-rays4 ,alum9um1 antimony1 ars5ic1 boron1 b]yllium1 bismu?1 b>ium1 *romium1 cobalt1 copp]1 gold1 iridium1 magnesium1 manganese1 nickel1 t91 & titanium4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ro5tg5 ,,rays ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,m9nesota4 #a4 ,wat* & *a94 #b4 ,college badges 9 mahogany box4 #c4 ,copp] co94 #d4 ,weights 9 heavy velvet-l9$ mahogany box2 blank space conta9s alum9um4 #e4 ,co9s 9 inn] pocket ( heavy seal purse4 #f & #g4 ,color$ glass4 #h4 ,key #i4 ,lead-p5cil4 ,we/4 ,elect41 ,m>4 '#if4 ,edison /at$ t ! foll[+ sub/ances 7 among ^? :i* fluoresc$ m or less "u ! action ( ! ,x-rays4 ,m]cur\s *loride1 m]cury diph5yl1 cadmic iodide1 calcic sulphide1 potassic bromide1 plumbic tetrametaphosphate1 potassic iodide1 plumbic bromide1 plumbic sulphate1 fluorite1 p[d]$ lead glass1 pectolite1 sodic cressot9ate1 ammonic salicylate1 & salicylic acid4 ,comp>$ ) ! above1 ! foll[+ fluoresc$ less4 ,p[d]$ ,g]man glass1 b>ic1 calcic & sodic fluorides1 sodic1 m]curic1 cadmic1 arg5tic & plumbic *lorides1 plumbic iodide1 sodic bromide1 cadmic & 8cadmium1 li?ia bromide1 m]cury1 cadmium sulphate10 uranic sulphate1 phosphate1 nitrate1 & acetate1 molybdic acid1 dry potassic silicate1 sodic bromide1 wulf5ite1 or?oclase1 &alucite1 h]d9ite1 pyromorphite1 apatite1 calcite1 danburnite1 calcic c>bonate1 /rontic acetate1 sodic t>trate1 b>ic sulphob5zoic1 calcic iodide1 & natural & artificial ammonium b5zoic4 ,n "o ( all ! #ahjj cry/als & precipitates fluoresc$ ?r\gh a ?ick c>dbo>d "u ! influ5ce ( ! arc light1 #af in* sp>k 9 air1 a vacuum tube s highly exhau/$ t a #aj in* sp>k left x d>k1 nor ! direct rays ( ! sun at noon "t4 ,z calcic tung/ate 0 phosphoresc5t by friction1 he !oriz$ t ! ,x-ray is a wave due to concussion4 ,flame s5sitive to ,x-rays4 ,edison /at$ t 8 assi/ants submitt$ ! s5sitive flame & ! phonographic li/5+ tube to ! action ( ! ,x-rays1 & f\nd t !y 7 responsive !reto4 #acc4 ,x-,,rays ,,app>5tly ,,pass$ ,,ar\nd ,a ,,corn]4 ,ref]r+ to ! figure 8,x-ray ,diffusion ,fig4 #a01 p4 #abi1 x w be notic$ t !re 7 ?ree pr9cipal elem5ts4 ,fir/ a dis*>ge tube1 !n a ?ick /eel plate & !n a sciascope1 all arrang$ 9 ! proportion indicat$ 9 ! figure1 :]e ! sciascope 0 )9 six in*es ( ! edge ( ! plate1 8well )9 ! %ad[0 !re(4 #fi4 ,fluoresc5ce 0 se5 "u ^! conditions4 ,:5 ! sciascope 0 directly beh9d ! middle ( ! plate & opposite ! dis*>ge tube1 !re 0 no fluoresc5ce1 %[+ t ! plate 0 ?ick en\gh to cut (f all ! rays & !re=e ! en]gy mu/ h travel$ 9 two directions = "s reason or o!r4 ,pr(4 ,elihu ,?omson rem>k$ conc]n+ ?is exp]im5t t he consid]$1 9 view ( "s exp]im5ts ( 8 own1 on diffusion & opalesc5ce 7 #ajc71 t ! sciascope 0 lum9\s 9 view ( reflection 7 #adf7 ( ! ,x-rays f v>i\s objects 9 ! room1 z f ! walls & floor ( ! room1 tables1 metal objects1 electrical app>atus & s on4 ,!ory admits ! prop]ty ( diffraction1 :i* w\ld cause ! rays to turn ar\nd ! edge ( ! plate1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( diffraction ( light1 provid$ ! ,x-rays 7 due to transv]se or longitud9al or any vibrations4 ,see ,elect4 ,eng41 ,n4,y41 ,april #ae1 p4 #cgh4 ,:ile ,edison g5]ally devotes 8 en]gy to actual exp]im5ts & deal+s ) facts & pr9ciples1 r ?an ) !ories1 yet1 9 ?is in/ance1 he m]ely sugge/$ t ! fluoresc5ce "u ! conditions nam$ might indicate t ! propagation ( ,x-rays 0 simil> to t ( s\nd 9 air1 ! wave be+ ( exce$+ly %ort l5g?4 ,he ref]r$ to ,le ,conte's exp]im5t ( '#hb 7see ,phil4 ,mag41 ,feb4 '#hb71 :]e an exp]im5t ( a some:at simil> nature 0 p]=m$ 9 connection ) ! propagation ( s\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,x-,,ray ,,diffusion1 ,,fig4 #a1 #acc4 ,pr(4 ,william ,a4 ,an?ony 7see ,elect4 ,eng41 ,apr4 #c1 '#if1 p4 #cgh7 held t ! ,le ,conte exp]im5t did n w>rant ,edison's conclusion1 = ! exp]im5t ( ,le ,conte %[$ comp>atively %>p s\nd %ad[s2 = ev5 at a di/ance ( twelve feet !re 0 no app>5t p5etration )9 ! geometrical b\nd>y4 ,he ref]r$ to ,/9e's1 #aaj4 ,scribn] & ,m',b]ty's1 #aaa1 z uphold+ rectil9e> propagation4 ,:ile he did n expla9 :at ! ,edison result 0 due to1 yet he argu$ t ! cause 0 o!r ?an t ascrib$ by ,edison4 ,9 ?is connection1 ! au?or p]=m$ an exp]im5t 7,elect4 ,eng41 ,apr4 #bb1 '#if1 p4 #dji7 to sub/antiate t ,x-rays 7 propagat$ ?r\gh su* a high vacuum t x 0 necess>y to h electrodes )9 #a_/h ( an in* ( ea* o!r1 9 ord] to obta9 a dis*>ge ) a coil t gave #ae 94 sp>k 9 op5 air4 ,! exp]im5t consi/$ 9 ca/+ ! %ad[ ( an un*>g$ tube ^u ! scre5 ( a sciascope4 ,! %ad[s ( ! wire =m+ ! electrodes )9 ! vacuum 7 produc$ v %>ply1 :ile ! glass tube 0 fa9tly outl9$4 ,inasmu* z ! %ad[s ( objects )9 ! vacuum tube 7 obta9$1 !re=e ! ,x-rays mu/ h pass$ ?r\gh ! evacuat$ space4 ,s\nd & ,x-rays are !re=e dissimil>4 ,! %ad[s 7 z %>p & z d>k z ^? made by simil> wires 9 op5 air4 ,9 ?is connection1 see also ,l5>d's exp]im5t1 #gb1 %[+ t ext]nal ca?ode rays 7 also transmitt$ by a vacuum 9 a 8dead0 tube4 ,ro5tg5's exp]im5t %[$ t ,x-rays f a mass locat$ entirely )9 ! vacuum 9 ! dis*>ge tube radiat$ ,x-rays into ! outside atmosph]e4 #ia4 ,?is exp]im5t w\ld h>dly prove1 h[ev]1 t ,x-rays1 aft] hav+ be5 lib]at$ 9 op5 air1 w\ld pass ?r\gh a second vacuum space1 because !re may h be5 "s ,x-rays1 g5]at$ at ! surface ( ! glass 9 ,ro5tg5's exp]im5t1 /ruck by ^? rays :i* radiat$ f ! mass at ! c5tre ( ! vacuum space4 ,did n ,l5>d & ,ro5tg5 exp]im5t ) ! same radiant en]gy8 ,! au?or answ]s1 yes4 #gg4 #acd4 ,,p]meability ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,sub/ances4 ,l5>d #fh4 det]m9$ ! p]meability ( sev]al sub/ances to ca?ode rays4 ,ro5tg5 also ! same 9 reg>d to ,x-rays4 #hb & #hc4 ,o!rs h made comp>isons4 ,f ! sciagraph made by ,edison1 ! foll[+ classification is made1 ea* %eet ( mat]ial be+ ab\t #a_/cb in* ?ick4 ,! mo/ opaque 7 co9 silv]1 antimony1 lead1 plat9um1 bismu?1 copp]1 brass1 & iron1 :i* 7 ab\t ! same z "o ano!r4 ,slate1 ivory1 glacial phosphoric acid %ellack$1 & gutta p]*a1 7 ab\t ! same z "o ano!r & less ?an ! above4 ,alum9um1 t91 celluloid1 h>d rubb]1 s(t rubb]1 vulcaniz$ fibre1 pap]1 %ellac1 gelat9e1 phonographic cyl9d] composition1 asphalt1 /e>ic acid1 ros91 & album51 7 ab\t ! same z "o ano!r & less ?an ! above gr\p1 z to p]meability4 ,! accompany+ picture1 p4 #f1 m>k$ ,t]ry's ,sciagraph1 ,fig4 #a1 is a sciagraph ( pieces ( diff]5t mat]ials nam$ z 9 ! foll[+ li/1 tak5 by ,pr(4 ,n4 ,m4 ,t]ry ( ! ,u4,s4,n4,a41 see also p4 #abg4 8#a1 rock salt1 #j4f in* ?ick2 #b1 cork1 #j4d in* ?ick2 #c1 qu>tz1 #j4de in* ?ick1 cut p>allel to optic axis2 #d1 v]re trempe1 #j4d in* ?ick2 #e1 glass1 #j4g in* ?ick2 #f1 *alk2 #g1 ,icel& sp>2 #h1 mica1 v ?92 #i1 qu>tz1 ov] a squ>e piece ( glass2 #aj1 alum9um foil1 a f\r ?icknesses1 b two ?icknesses1 c "o ?ickness2 #aa1 plat9um foil2 #ab1 t\rmal9e2 #ac1 aragonite2 #ad1 p>aff9e1 #j4d in* ?ick4 #ae1 t9 foil1 a "o ?ickness1 b two ?icknesses1 c ?ree ?icknesses2 #af1 rubb] insulat$ wire2 #ag1 electric light c>bon2 #ah1 glass1 #j4cb in* ?ick2 #ai1 alum41 #a4d in* ?ick2 #bj1 t\rmal9e2 #ba1 gas coal2 #bb1 bee's wax2 #bc1 pocket-book1 #aj ?icknesses ( lea!r2 #bd co9 9 pocket-book2 #be1 key 9 pocket-book2 #bf1 ma*9e oil 9 ebonite cup2 #bg1 ebonite1 #j4be in* ?ick2 o!r samples h giv5 v fa9t %ad[s l wood & lea!r2 ?is 0 poli%$2 #bh1 wood1 #j4b in* ?ick2 #bi1 /eel key40 ,elect4 ,eng41 ,n4,y4 #acd;a4 ,,hodges' ,,exp]im5t4 ,,illu/ration ,,( ,,p5etrat+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,light4 ,elec4 ,eng41 ,n4,y41 ,m>* #d1 '#if4 ,att5tion has be5 invit$ 9 ! sci5tific press to ! p5etrat+ p[] ( heat rays & ( light rays ( l[ refrangibility4 ,9 conjunction ) ?is1 let x be rememb]$ t ! photographic plate has ! prop]ty ( be+ impress$ practically1 only by rays hav+ a high] refrangibility ?an r$4 ,x w\ld be natural1 !re=e1 to conclude t if ! spectrum c\ld be turn$ ar\nd1 ! photographic impression might be produc$ ?r\gh opaque bodies4 ,?is p]haps1 0 ! k9d ( reason+ :i* prompt$ ,mr4 ,n4 ,d4 ,c4 ,hodges1 =m]ly editor ( ,sci5ce1 to p]=m an exp]im5t1 ! gi/ ( :i* consi/$ 9 atte/+ ! p]meability ( rays ( light :i* _h be5 pass$ ?r\gh fu*s9e4 ,*ri/ians51 ,soret & ,kundt p]=m$ exp]im5ts ) an alcoholic solution ( ?is mat]ial & f\nd t ! ord] ( ! colors 9 ! spectrum 0 some:at rev]s$1 namely1 violet 0 ! lea/ refract$1 !n r$1 & !n yell[1 :i* 0 ! mo/ refract$4 ,mr4 ,hodges us$ a pocket kodak1 c>ry+ a /rip = twelve exposures4 ,?is cam]a 0 plac$ 9 a closely fitt+ pa/ebo>d box4 ,?us protect$1 "s portions ( ! film 7 expos$ to sunlight1 s f> z x c\ld p5etrate ! end ( ! pa/ebo>d box1 :ile o!r exposures 7 made ) a prism1 on ! end ( ! box1 conta9+ an alcoholic solution ( fu*s9e4 ,! portions ( film expos$ to ! anomal\s rays produc$ by ! fu*s9e solution 7 fogg$1 :ile ! control exp]im5ts ) ord9>y light %[$ none4 ,! anomal\s rays mu/ h p5etrat$ ! pa/ebo>d1 & probably ! wood & lea!r ( :i* ! cam]a 0 made4 #ace4 ,,p5etrat+ ,,p[] ,,( ,x-,,rays ,,increas$ ,,by ,,r$uction ,,( ,,temp]ature4 #bc & #gb;b at end4 ,among ! hundr$s ( ideas t occur$ to ,edison 9 connection ) ,ro5tg5 ray te/s 0 t conc]n+ :at might happ5 by cool+ ! dis*>ge tube to a v l[ temp]ature4 ,z be=e1 he ma9ta9$ ! tube 9 connection ) ! air pump s z to be able to v>y ! vacuum4 ,! r$uction ( temp]ature 0 obta9$ by means ( ice wat]4 ,( c\rse ! bulb c\ld n be plac$ 9 ! wat] itself on acc\nt ( tr\ble :i* w\ld occur f electrolysis1 !re=e1 ! dis*>ge tube 0 imm]s$ 9 a vessel ( oil1 #ac1 :i* 9 turn 0 surr\nd$ by a freez+ mixture4 ,! vessel 0 a /\t batt]y j> #ad in*es high1 eight in*es 9 diamet] ) glass walls #e_/aj ( an in* ?ick4 ,! oil employ$ 0 p>aff9e4 ,! refrig]at+ j> 0 #ab in*es high & #ab in*es 9 diamet] & ! glass wall !re(1 #c_/h in* ?ick4 ,he te/$ ! diff]5ce 9 ! p[] ( ! rays by fir/ notic+ ! ?ickness ( /eel t 0 n p5etrat$ by ! rays g5]at$ f ! tube :ile 9 air4 ,crucible /eel #a_/af ( an in* ?ick did n transmit rays suffici5tly to illum9ate ! sciascope1 & yet ) ! use ( oil & r$uction ( temp]ature1 & aft] ! rays _h pass$ ?r\gh two ?icknesses ( glass z well z ?r\gh ! oil & ice wat]1 ! sciascope 0 made lum9\s by rays aft] pass+ ?r\gh a plate ( /eel ( d\ble ! ?ickness1 i4e4 #a_/h 94 ?ick4 ,see 9 ?is connection1 ,tesla's exp]im5t1 #ace1 :]e p[]ful rays 7 obta9$ by imm]s+ ! dis*>ge tube 9 oil4 ,acc\nts ( ^! two exp]im5ts 7 publi%$ simultane\sly4 ,tesla attribut$ ! idea ( ?is use ( oil to ,pr(4 ,tr[bridge ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 :o %[$ t a dis*>ge tube imm]s$ 9 oil is adapt$ to ! g5]ation ( ,x-rays ( increas$ p5etrat+ p[]4 ,see cut at p4 #ace4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sciagraph ,,( ,,rattlesnake ,,by ,,use ,,( ,,/ops4 #ajg41 p4 #aja4 ,by ,le$s & ,/okes4 ,,non-,,reflection ,,( ,x-,,rays4 7,elect4 ,eng41 ,feb4 #ai1 '#if1 p4 #aij4 ,app>5tly extract$ f ! daily press47--,t ! ,x-rays 7 only slightly reflect$ 7,ro5tg51 #ha41 & ev5 :5 v p[]ful 7,tesla1 #adf41 0 det]m9$ 9 a sev]e mann] by ,edison4 ,! fir/ exp]im5t consi/$ 9 employ+ a funnel #h in*es long & #c_/d in* at ! small] end4 ,! dis*>ge tube 0 9 ! l>g] end1 & ! photographic plate across ! small] end4 ,aft] exp]im5t & developm5t1 ! plate %[$ ov]lapp+ circul> images1 :i* w\ld indicate reflection f ! inn] surface ( ! funnel4 ,?is may h be5 due to a j>r+ vibration ( ! funnel4 ,!re=e1 he c>ri$ ! exp]im5t fur!r by us+ a funnel #i feet long4 ,! plate did n indicate any signs ( reflection1 z x m]ely became g5]ally fogg$4 ,! mat]ial ( ! tube is n nam$1 b if ( brass or o!r imp]meable metal1 x is ?\ght t 8 exp]im5t w\ld h %[n a result agree+ ) t ( o!rs h]e94 ,aga91 ! report] may h be5 9 error4 ,also1 ! rays may h be5 v weak1 z ! exp]im5t 0 p]=m$ :5 ,edison fir/ />t$ to inve/igate ! subject4 #acf4 ,x-,,rays ,,n ,,yet ,,obta9able ,,f ,,o!r ,,s\rces ,,?an ,,dis*>ge ,,tubes4--,edison expos$ cov]$ plates to ! direct sun-light at noon = ?ree or f\r h\rs2 no photographic impression2 also to electric sp>ks 9 op5 air1 ( twelve or m in*es 9 l5g?2 no cl\d+ ev5 ( ! photographic plate4 ,pr(s4 ,r[l& et4 al41 ( ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 9 a contribution to ,electricity1 ,apr4 #bb1 '#if1 p4 #bai1 confirm$ ?is po9t by /at+3 8,z to o!r s\rces ( ,ro5tg5 rays1 we h tri$ a torr5t ( electric sp>ks 9 air f a l>ge batt]y1 & h obta9$ none4 ,( c\rse1 co9s laid on or ne> ! plate1 "u ^! circum/ances1 produce impressions1 b ^! are1 ( c\rse1 induction ph5om5a40 7,see ,s&=d & ,mc,kay's ,fig4 p4 #bj74 8,z to sun-light1 ,tyndall1 ,abney1 ,graham1 ,bell & o!rs h %[n t "s ( ! rays p5etrate vulcanite & o!r opaque objects40 ,po9c>1 at an e>ly date1 advanc$ ! hypo!sis t ,x-rays are due to phosphoresc5ce1 :e!r produc$ by electrical or o!r means4 ,elect4 ,_w1 ,dige/41 ,m>4 #bh1 '#if1 p4 #cdc1 :]e x is also /at$ t ,*as4 ,h5ry ?\ght a c]ta9 exp]im5t ( 8 own 0 9 favor ( ! hypo!sis4 ,! exp]im5t 0 p]=m$ ) a phosphoresc5t mat]ial :i* _h be5 expos$ to ! light & !n br\ght into d>kness4 ,niew5gloswski inf]r$1 f an exp]im5t1 t phosphoresc5t bodies increase ! p5etrat+ p[] ( sun-light4 ,tesla admitt$ ! possibility ( ! radiation ( ,x-rays f ! sun4 ,9 an article describ+ important exp]im5ts 9 ! ,elect4 ,rev41 ,n4,y41 ,apr4 #bb1 '#if1 p4 #bjg1 he /at$3 8,i inf]1 !re=e1 t ! sun-light & o!r s\rces ( radiant en]gy mu/1 9 a less degree1 emit radiations or /ream]s ( matt] simil> to ^? ?r[n (f by an electrode 9 a highly exhau/$ enclosure4 ,?is seems to be at ?is mom5t /ill a matt] ( controv]sy40 ,ro5tg51 9 8 fir/ ann\ncem5t1 %[$ t ! phosphoresc5t spot 0 ! s\rce ( ! ,x-rays4 #gi & #hj4 ,all ! diff]5t op9ions & !ories1 !re=e1 indicat$ t phosphoresc5ce by sun-light might possibly emit ,x-rays4 ,probably few _h suffici5t belief 9 ! matt]1 "o way or ! o!r1 to try ! exp]im5t 9 an extreme mann]4 ,! au?or 0 curi\s to prove ! "q1 b he only obta9$ negative results4 ,x _c be conceiv$ h[ ! matt] c\ld h be5 m sev]ely te/$1 = he conc5trat$ ! light ( ! sun ne>ly to a focus by a l>ge l5s1 namely #e 94 9 diamet]1 toge!r ) a reflect+ funnel4 ,! maximum phosphoresc5ce 0 !re=e obta9$ by plac+ suitable *emicals at ! op5+ 9 ! funnel4 ,! sciascope %[$ absolutely no ,x-rays pres5t4 ,photographic plates 7 n 9 ! lea/ act$ ^u1 ev5 aft] h\rs ( exposure1 ! same hav+ opaque cov]s ( alum9um4 ,see ,elect4 ,eng41 ,n4,y41 ,apr4 #h1 '#if1 p4 #cef4 ,if ,x-rays are emitt$ f ! sun1 !y are all absorb$ by ! atmosph]e ( ! e>?1 or are ov]come by "s o!r =ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cool+ ,,dis*>ge ,,tube4 ,,edison4 #ace4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,xi #acg4 ,,tesla',s ,,exp]im5ts4 ,elec4 ,rev41 ,n4,y41 ,m>* #aa1 '#if1 page #aca1 ,m>* #ah1 page #adg1 ,april #a1 page #aga1 & ,april #h1 page #ahc4 ,,k9d ,,( ,,electrical ,,app>atus ,,= ,,op]at+ ,,dis*>ge ,,tubes ,,= ,,p[]ful ,x-,,rays4 #ajf1 #aji1 #aad1 #aca4 ,! exp]im5ts p]=m$ by ,nikola ,tesla 7 p>ticul>ly notewor?y = ! magnitude & int5sity ( ! rays g5]at$ by 8 app>atus1 "u 8 skilful manipulation ( ! adju/m5ts & circuits p>ticul>ly z to resonance4 ,! rem>kable results t he obta9$ are n surpris+ :5 we le>n t he employ$ 8 well-kn[n sy/em = produc+ exce$+ly enorm\s pot5tial & unusually high frequ5cy4 #ea4 ,! prim>y electrical g5]ator z he indicat$ & z app>5t f 8 sy/em ref]r$ to 9 ! above section1 c\ld be ei!r a direct or alt]nat+ curr5t g5]ator1 or o!r =m4 ,if ! fir/ is employ$1 ( c\rse an int]rupt] is necess>y 9 ord] t !re may be a curr5t induc$ 9 ! second>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sciagraph ,,( ,,rat1 ,,tak5 ,,by ,,oliv] ,b4 ,,%all5b]g] ,,) ,,focus ,,tube 7,,cut ,,at p4 #ha7 ,,& ,,tesla ,,sy/em4 #acg1 pp4 #acf & #ach4 ,mr4 ,oliv] ,b4 ,%all5b]g]1 7,mem4 ,am]4 ,in/4 ,elec4 ,eng47 ^: laboratory is 9 ,ro*e/]1 ,pa41 gave "s important g5]al in/ructions conc]n+ ! ,tesla sy/em #ea1 t he employ$ 9 ! production ( rem>kably cle> sciagraphs1 9 conjunction ) ! focus tube1 #ia1 repres5t+ ! h& at page #fh1 & %[+ a rat %[n at ?is #acg4 7,elec4 ,_w1 ,n4,y41 ,m>* #ag1 '#if47 ,ev5 ! ligam5ts 7 cle>ly %[n 9 ! sciagraph ( ! rat1 & "s ( !m are dimly reproduc$ by ! half tone process4 ,z to ! app>atus & op]ation1 :i* are especially important1 x may be /at$ t ! curr5t 0 tak5 f an alt]nator1 ( a frequ5cy ( #acc p]iods p] second1 & pass$ ?r\gh a prim>y coil ( a trans=m] = increas+ ! ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 f #ajj volts to f #af to #be ?\s&4 ,! second>y curr5t 0 !n pass$ ?r\gh ,leyd5 j>s & a d\ble cascade ( slightly sep>at$ brass cyl9d]s1 :]eby x 0 *ang$ into an oscillatory curr5t ( an extremely high frequ5cy1 :i* 0 !n conduct$ ?r\gh ! prim>y ( a second induction coil hav+ v few turns ( wire1 & no iron core & hav+ a ratio ( #g to #a4 ,by ?is means ! ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 0 rais$ to some:]e betwe5 #afj1jjj volts to #bej1jjj1 & 0 us$ to en]gize ! dis*>ge tube = ! g5]ation ( ,x-rays4 ,caution %\ld be tak51 because ! curr5t com+ f ! fir/ trans=m]1 be+ ( l>ge quantity & v high ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 is exce$+ly dang]\s1 b ! curr5t ( ! second second>y has be5 pass$ ?r\gh "o's body )\t dang]1 z report$ by ,mr4 ,tesla sev]al ye>s ago1 & confirm$ by ,mr4 ,%all5b]g]4 #ach4 ,,phosphoresc5t ,,spot ,,ma9ta9$ ,,cool4--,9 te/+ ! p[] ( ! ,x-rays 9 connection ) ! appe>ance ( ! phosphoresc5t spot1 ,tesla notic$ t !y 7 mo/ p[]ful :5 ! ca?ode rays caus$ ! glass to appe> z if x 7 9 a fluid /ate4 #fa4 ,to prev5t actual puncture1 he ma9ta9$ ! spot cool by means ( jets ( cold air4 ,x became possible !reby to use bulbs ( ?9 glass at ! location ( ! g5]ation ( ! ,x-rays4 #aai4 ,he conclud$ f c]ta9 results t n only 0 glass a bett] mat]ial = dis*>ge tubes ?an alum9um1 b because1 by o!r te/s1 he f\nd t ?9 alum9um ca/ m %ad[ ) ,x-rays ?an ?ick] glass4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 _m o!r reasons1 bas$ on me*anical con/ruction1 :y glass is pref]able1 & also :y a tube ) an alum9um w9d[ is n to be desir$4 ,pr9cipally1 ! latt] w soon leak4 #aci4 ,,expulsion ,,( ,,mat]ial ,,p>ticles ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,walls ,,( ,a ,,dis*>ge ,,tube4--,at q a l[ vacuum1 & aft] seal+ (f ! lamp1 he atta*$ its t]m9al to t ( ! disruptive coil4 ,aft] a :ile1 ! vacuum became enorm\sly high]1 z indicat$ by ! foll[+ /eps3 ,fir/1 a turbid & :iti% light exi/$ ?r\gh\t ! bulb4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ pr9cipal *>act]i/ic4 ,next1 ! color *ang$ to r$1 & ! electrode became v hot1 9 t case :]e p[]ful app>atus 0 employ$4 ,! precaution %\ld be tak5 to regulate ! ,e4 ,m4 ,f41 to prev5t de/ruction ( ! electrode4 ,gradually1 ! r$di% light subsid$1 & :ite ca?ode rays1 :i* _h begun1 grew dimm] & dimm] until invisible4 ,at ! same "t1 ! phosphoresc5t spot became bright] & bright] & hott] & hott]1 :ile ! electrode cool$1 until ! glass adjac5t !reto 0 uncom=tably cold to ! t\*4 ,at ?is /age1 ! requir$ degree ( exhau/ion 0 rea*$1 & yet )\t any k9d ( a pump4 ,he 0 enabl$ to ha/5 ! process by alt]nate heat+ & cool+1 & by ! use ( a small electrode4 ,?is :ole ph5om5on 0 exhibit$ ) ext]nal electrodes z well4 ,he ackn[l$g$ t in/ead ( ! disruptive coil1 a /atic ma*9e c\ld be us$1 or1 9 fact1 any g5]ator or comb9ation ( devices adapt$ to produce a v high ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 ,! r$uction ( temp]ature ( ! electrode he attribut$ to its volatilization4 ,)\t actually te/+ ! rays ) a fluoresc5t scre5 or photographic plate1 he c\ld always "k _! pres5ce by ! relative temp]atures ( ! phosphoresc5t spot & ! electrode1 = :5 ! latt] 0 at a l[ temp]ature & ! =m] at a high temp]ature1 ,x-rays 7 sure to be /rong4 ,f ! fact t ! vacuum became high] & high] by ! means /at$1 he 0 v mu* incl9$ to believe t !re 0 an expulsion ( mat]ial p>ticles ?r\gh ! walls ( ! bulb4 ,:5 ^! p>ticles :i* 7 pass+ ) v great velocities /ruck ! s5sitive photographic plate !y %\ld produce *emical action4 ,he ref]r$ to ! great velocity ( project$ p>ticles )9 a dis*>ge tube1 pages #df & #dg1 & to ,"l ,kelv9's e/imate ^u ! same1 & reason$ t ) v high pot5tials1 ! spe$ might be #ajj km p] second4 ,! ph5om5on indicat$1 he said1 t ! p>ticles 7 project$ ?r\gh ! wall ( ! tube & he ent]$ into an elaborate discussion on ?is po9t4 ,he ref]r$ to 8 own exp]im5t ( caus+ ! rays f an electrode 9 ! op5 air to pass directly ?r\gh a ?ick glass plate4 #ac4 ,he p]=m$ an exp]im5t also ( produc+ a black5+ ^u a photographic plate app>5tly by ! project$ p>ticles1 an electrical scre5 be+ employ$ to prev5t ! =mation ( sp>ks4 #ce4 :i* z well kn[n w cause *emical action ^u ! plate4 ,no /rong] pro( z to ! expulsion ( mat]ial p>ticles c\ld be desir$ ?an an op]ation 9 :i* ! eyes c see = !mselves t su* an action mu/ h tak5 place4 ,usually he 0 tr\bl$ by ! /ream]s 7ca?ode rays7 f ! electrode sudd5ly break+ ! glass ( ! dis*>ge tube4 ,?is occurr$ :5 ! spot /ruck 0 at or ne> ! po9t :]e ! same 0 seal$ f ! pump4 ,he arrang$ a tube 9 :i* ! /ream]s did n /rike ! seal+ po9t1 b r ! side ( ! tube4 ,x 0 extraord9>y t a visible b f9e hole 0 made ?r\gh ! wall ( ! tube1 & especially t no air ru%$ into ! vacuum4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! pressure ( ! air 0 ov]come by some?+ ru%+ out ( ! tube ?r\gh ! hole4 ,! glass ar\nd ! hole 0 n v hot1 al?\gh if c>e 7 n tak51 x w\ld become mu* hott]1 & s(t5 & bulge out1 also indicat+ a pressure )91 #bg4 great] ?an ! atmosph]ic pressure4 ,he ma9ta9$ ! punctur$ tube 9 ?is condition = "s "t & ! r>efaction cont9u$ to increase4 ,z to ! appe>ances1 ! /ream]s 7 n only visible )9 ! tube1 b c\ld be se5 pass+ ?r\gh ! hole1 b z ! vacuum became high] & high]1 ! /ream]s became less & less bright4 ,at a little high] degree ( vacuum1 ! /ream]s 7 /ill visible at ! heat$ spot1 b f9ally disappe>$4 ,?is electrical process ( evacuat+ v>ies 9 its rapidity accord+ to ! ?9ness ( ! glass4 ,"h aga9 he not$ ! application ( 8 !ory 9 t an easi] passage 0 af=d$ = ! ions4 #dg4 ,a few m9utes ( op]ation produc$ ?r\gh ?9 glass1 a vacuum f v l[ to v high1 :]eas1 to obta9 ! same vacuum ?r\gh mu* ?ick] glass ov] #a_/b h\r 0 necess>y4 ,aga9 ) a ?ick electrode ! "t requir$ 0 mu* great]4 ,! small hole 0 n always visible & x 0 ?\ght t ! mat]ial w5t ?r\gh ! pores4 ,! result obta9$ by ! foll[+ exp]im5t t5ds to uphold ,mr4 ,tesla's emission !ory4 #aci;a4 ,,lafay',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,giv+ ,,to ,x-,,rays ,,! ,,prop]ty ,,( ,,be+ ,,deflect$ ,,by ,a ,,magnet ,,by ,,pass+ ,,!m ,,?r\gh ,a ,,*>g$ ,,silv] ,,leaf4 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,m>* #bc1 '#if & ,april #g1 #ac1 #bg1 & ,l',ind4 ,elec41 ,april & ,may '#if4 ,f trans4 by ,l\is ,m4 ,pignolet4 ,he plac$ at ab\t 4#e cm4 bel[ a dis*>ge tube1 a lead scre5 pi]c$ by a slit #b mm4 wide2 & #j4jd m4 l[]1 a second lead scre5 hav+ a slit #e mm4 wide completely cov]$ by an extremely ?9 leaf ( silv]4 ,opposite ! silv] leaf & exactly 9 ! axis ( ! slit1 0 fix$ a plat9um wire #a4e mm4 diamet]4 ,?us1 ! rays :i* pass$ successively ?r\gh ! two slits project$ a %ad[ ( ! wire on a photographic plate bel[4 ,:5 ! silv] leaf 0 connect$ to ! negative pole ( ! induction coil t excit$ ! tube1 ! rays1 :i* _h become electrifi$ 7 #fa;b1 p4 #dg7 bypass+ ?r\gh ! leaf1 7 deflect$ by a magnetic field ( ab\t #djj ,l4 ,g4 ,s4 units1 ^: l9es ( =ce 7 p>allel to ! slit4 ,! direction ( ! deflection 0 det]m9$ by ! same law z t ( ! deflection by a magnetic field ( ! ca?ode rays 9 ! int]ior ( a dis*>ge tube4 #ei4 ,:5 ! silv] leaf 0 n connect$ to ! coil1 no deflection 0 produc$4 #gi4 ,to d\ble ! app>5t deflection1 "o "p ( ! slit 0 cov]$ by a lead plate dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! exp]im5t4 ,! lead plate 0 remov$ & plac$ ov] ! o!r "p ( ! slit1 & ! direction ( ! magnetic field rev]s$ dur+ ! la/ half ( ! exp]im5t4 ,?us ! di/ance on ! sciagraph betwe5 ! two p>ts ( ! wire1 0 d\ble ! deflection produc$ by ! magnetic field4 ,! deflection 0 9 ! same direction :5 ! silv] leaf 0 connect$ to ! negative pole ( a /atic electric ma*9e1 b 0 9 ! opposite direction :5 ! leaf 0 connect$ to ! positive pole ( ! ma*9e4 ,! te/ 0 criticis$ 9 ! sci5tific press1 &1 !re=e1 9 ord] to be c]ta9 t ! deflections obs]v$ 7 n due to ! comb9$ effects ( ! electro-magnet :i* produc$ ! magnetic field & ! electric field ( ! *>g$ silv] leaf1 ! exp]im5ts 7 modifi$4 ,to remove ?is unc]ta9ty1 ! electrifi$ rays 7 caus$ to ent] a gr\nd$ ,f>aday cyl9d] 7see figure at ,e4 ,f4 ,g4 ,h41 p4 #dg71 ?r\gh a small op5+1 be=e pass+ betwe5 ! poles ( ! electro-magnet4 ,! deviations :i* 7 record$ on a photographic plate 9 ! box 7 ! same z be=e4 ,additional exp]im5ts %[$ t ! deflections by ! magnetic field took place z well :5 ! rays 7 electrifi$1 aft] _! passage ?r\gh ano!r magnetic field1 z be=e4 ,lafay cont9u$ ! exp]im5ts 9 great detail & by _m control te/s1 & he took accurate measurem5ts & foll[$ ! sugge/ions ( o!rs4 ,x w\ld be well = ^? :o h facilities to repeat ^! mo/ int]e/+ & important rese>*es1 to det]m9e = !mselves "s satisfaction4 ,x is ( int]e/ to note t an ,am]ican1 ,paul ,a4 ,n4 ,w9&1 7,mem4 ,am]4 ,in/4 ,elect4 ,engs471 9 ! abs5ce ( facilities = exp]im5t+1 propos$ 7,elect4 ,_w1 ,n4,y41 ,june #f1 '#if7 to int]pose a holl[ sph]e1 :i* _h high pot5tial1 9 ! pa? ( ,x-rays1 & to le>n 9 :at mann]1 if any1 ! rays are influ5c$4 ,he argu$ t x w\ld seem natural t1 inasmu* z ! rays produce a dis*>ge1 !re %\ld be a reaction ( ! *>g$ surface ^u ! rays4 ,x is evid5t t if any "o repeats ^! exp]im5ts1 exp]t manipulation is requir$4 #aci;b4 ,,g\y',s ,,exp]im5ts4 ,,! ,,p5etration ,,( ,,gases ,,into ,,! ,,glass ,,walls ,,( ,,dis*>ge ,,tubes4 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,m>* #cj1 '#if4 ,f trans4 by ,l\is ,m4 ,pignolet4 ,f obs]vations ) slightly diff]5t glass f f\r tubes1 x seem$ t ! ca?ode rays cause ! gases 9 ! tubes to p5etrate ! glass :]e !y rema9 occlud$ until ! glass is ne>ly s(t5$ 7aft] cutt+ (f ! curr5t71 by heat1 :]eby !y are set at lib]ty z m9ute bubbles visible by ! microscope1 :i* f9ally p>tly comb9e & become visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,illu/ration3 ,,halos #a ,,ft4 ,,diam41 ,,9 ,,cle> ,,air1 ,,ar\nd ,,inc&esc5t ,,electric ,,lamps ,,( ,,usual ,,size4 ,,cross ,,at ,,c5t] ,,( ,,ea* ,,halo4 #adj1 p4 #adc4 ,obs]v$ by means ( a photograph1 9 #ahhb1 by ,william ,j4 ,hamm]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mortification ,,( ,,! ,,ulna4 #bjd4 ,f sciagraph by ,pr( ,mill]4 ,"u ! same conditions1 tubes :i* h be5 us$ = a long "t exhibit num]\s wr9kles1 indicat+ a sup]ficial modification ( ! glass4 ,^! may exi/ ) or )\t ! bubbles4 #adj4 ,,dis*>ge ,,tube ,,surr\nd$ ,,by ,a ,,violet ,,halo4 ,by means ( enorm\s pot5tial & high frequ5cy1 ! tube 0 surr\nd$1 ,tesla /at$1 by violet lum9osity or halo4 #f4 & #gd4 ,f ! fact t ,l5>d obta9$ a simil> appe>ance 9 front ( ! alum9um w9d[1 x might be reasonable to conclude t !re is "s close relation%ip betwe5 ! two ph5om5a4 ,z an illu/ration ( halo by light1 may be m5tion$ ! well kn[n appe>ance s (t5 occurr+ 9 ! atmosph]e conc5trically ) ! moon1 & sometimes surr\nd+ ! sun4 ,"u favorable circum/ances1 79 a mi/ or du/ 9 ! air71 a halo1 at "s di/ance f a flame or o!r light is fa9tly visible4 ,x has g5]ally be5 assum$ t ! reason ( a halo by light is bas$ ^u ! laws ( reflection1 or refraction or bo?1 ! b5d+ ( ! rays tak+ place1 ?r\gh1 or ^u ! surface ( ! p>ticles ( moi/ure4 ,o!rs h held t p>ticles ( ice 9 ! upp] atmosph]e1 are ! reflectors or refractors1 or bo?4 ,m puzzl+ has be5 ! attempt to expla9 ! novel appe>ance reproduc$ fairly well 9 ! cut1 page #adj4 ,x is "h repres5t$ 9 pr9t = ! fir/ "t1 b ! photograph f :i* x 0 tak51 0 at v>i\s times1 %[n to diff]5t physici/s1 "s ( :om attribut$ ! beautiful effect to ! prop]ty ( int]f]5ce ( light1 & nam+ ,newton's r+s z an analog\s production4 ,pr(4 ,an?ony 9 an int]view express$ himself z well satisfi$ t int]f]5ce c\ld n occur "u ! circum/ances nam$4 ,he recogniz$ t !re 0 a curv$ surface ( glass :i* might be consid]$ z made up ( an inf9ite numb] ( lay]s4 ,! au?or introduces ! matt] = ! purpose ( consid]ation by o!rs1 & especially because x is s intimately connect$ ) ! subject ( ! vacuum tube & electricity4 ,! details mu/ be und]/ood = ! purpose ( prop] appreciation4 ,mr4 ,william ,j4 ,hamm]1 ( ,new ,york1 _h a photograph tak5 ( ! l>ge ,conc]t ,hall at ! ,cry/al ,palace1 ,syd5ham1 ,eng41 by ! light ( ! ,edison inc&esc5t lamps ) :i* ! ,hall 0 illum9at$4 ,?is photograph 0 made 9 #ahhb dur+ ! ,int]national ,electrical ,exhibition held at ! ,cry/al ,palace4 ,! picture %[s a small section ( ! :ole photograph & repres5ts 7al?\gh probably no "o w\ld judge s by look+ at ! picture7 a fe/oon ( pe>-%ap$ inc&esc5t electric lamps1 ea* "o hang+ d[nw>d1 & sep>at$ f its neighbor by betwe5 ?ree & f\r feet4 ,!y 7 s f> away f ! cam]a t a picture ( ! lamps unlight$1 w\ld h repres5t$ !m z m]e specks4 ,! bright circles ) ! bright c5tral crosses 9 ! c5tre ( ! d>k spaces 71 !re=e1 fully "o foot 9 diamet]1 :ile ! lamp bulbs !mselves 7 only ab\t two or ?ree in*es ?ick1 z usual4 ,:y !n %\ld !re be ! halos8 ,:y %\ld ! crosses appe>8 ,& :y %\ld ! black area be s l>ge8 ,if ! electricity & vacuum h no?+ to d ) x1 :y %\ld n ! halos appe> :5 photographs are tak5 ( flames & o!r s\rces ( light 9 ! abs5ce ( mi/ & du/8 ,9 ord] to answ] que/ions :i* w p]haps be propos$1 let x be /at$ t !re 0 no visible du/ nor moi/ure 9 ! room1 ! photograph be+ tak5 e>ly 9 ! ev5+ & at a "t :5 ! ,hall 0 n 9 use4 ,! halos 7 n app>5t except :5 reproduc$ by a photograph4 ,! lamps _h ! usual c>bon filam5ts hang+ s t ! sev]al filam5ts 7 9 diff]5t planes1 & !y 7 ( #af c&le p[] & 7 connect$ 9 p>allel circuit1 ! av]age ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 be+ ab\t #aaj volts4 ,! lamps 7 f$ by ! ,edison direct curr5t dynamos4 ,! fe/oon %[n1 is "o ( a doz5 or m :i* 7 susp5d$ betwe5 ! columns ris+ f ! gall]y & support+ ! ro( & 7 hung ab\t =ty feet f ! floor4 ,! hall 0 fur!r illum9at$ by a huge electroli] p5dant f ! c5tre ( ! ceil+4 ,^! details 7 obta9$ f ,mr4 ,hamm]1 :o plann$ ! in/allation4 #ada4 ,,an,,/hetic ,,prop]ties ,,( ,x-,,rays4--,tesla report$ t he & 8 assi/ants te/$ ! action ( ! rays ^u ! human sy/em1 & f\nd t ^u cont9u$ impact & p5etration ( ! head by v p[]ful radiations1 /range effects 7 notic$4 ,he 0 sure t f ?is cause a t5d5cy to sleep occurr$ 7 #hd1 at end71 & ! faculties 7 b5umb$4 ,he said t "t seem$ to pass quickly4 ,! g5]al effect 0 ( a soo?+ nature1 & ! top ( ! head seem$ to feel w>m "u ! influ5ce ( ! rays4 ,incid5tally1 he notic$1 z he /at$1 8,:5 work+ ) highly /ra9$ bulbs1 ,i frequ5tly exp]i5c$ a sudd5 & sometimes ev5 pa9ful %ock 9 ! eye4 ,su* %ocks may occur s (t5 t ! eye gets inflam$1 & "o _c be consid]$ cauti\s if he ab/a9s f wat*+ ! bulb too closely40 ,! au?or calls to m9d ! reports 9 ! daily press t ,edison also notic$ t ! eyes 7 9 "s way s5sitive to ! rays4 ,! eye1 x 0 report$1 became fatigu$ at ! "t1 & yet lat]1 objects c\ld be m easily di/+ui%$4 ,9 ?is connection1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t !re are n only ca?ode rays1 ,x-rays1 etc41 b ! electric =ce t ,l5>d spoke ( 9 ! neighborhood ( ! dis*>ge tube1 & 9 te/+ ! effects ^u ! eyes1 ( c\rse1 ! precaution %\ld be tak5 to det]m9e :e!r ca?ode rays1 ,x-rays or ! electric sp>ks are answ]able = ! peculi> effects4 ,ro5tg5 reason$1 #hd1 t ! eyes 7 n s5sitive1 b ! rays1 9 8 case1 7 n /rong en\gh to travel #dj to #fj feet1 z 9 ,tesla's exp]im5ts1 b only #b m4 7ab\t #g ft474 #adb4 ,,sciagraphs ,,( ,,hair1 ,,fur1 ,,he>t1 ,,etc41 ,,by ,x-,,rays4--,tesla 0 probably ! fir/ to be at all successful 9 ! repres5tation 9 sciagraphs ( su* objects z hair & clo? & simil> easily p]meable objects4 ,9 ! case ( a rabbit1 n only 0 ! skeleton visible1 b also ! fur4 ,sciagraphs ( birds exhibit$ ! fea!rs fairly di/9ctly4 ,! picture ( a foot 9 a %oe n only repres5t$ ! bones ( ! foot1 & nails ( ! %oe1 b e fold ( ! lea!r1 tr[s]s1 /ock+s1 etc4 ,8 op9ion z to ! useful application ( ! rays 0 t any metal object1 or bony or *alky deposit c\ld be 8infallibly detect$ 9 any "p ( ! body40 ,9 obta9+ a sciagraph ( a skull1 v]tebral column1 & arm1 ev5 ! %ad[s ( ! hair 7 cle>ly app>5t4 ,x 0 dur+ su* an exp]im5t t ! an/hetic qualities 7 notic$4 ,! au?or saw sev]al ( ! above nam$ sciagraphs4 ,fur!rmore1 on ! scre5 he believ$ he detect$ ! pulsations ( ! he>t4 ,elect4 ,rev41 ,n4,y41 ,may1 #bj1 '#if4 ,al?\gh we d n d\bt ?is report conc]n+ :at ,mr4 ,tesla saw1 yet "s sci5tific m5 are exce$+ly dubi\s conc]n+ ! results obta9$ by o!r sci5ti/s1 unless ! same are confirm$ by additional witnesses4 ,x w c]ta9ly be ( int]e/ to su* skeptics to h corroboratory evid5ce4 ,9 company ) ,pr(4 ,an?ony1 ,mr4 ,wm4 ,j4 ,hamm] & ,mr4 ,price1 editor ( ! ,elect4 ,rev41 ,n4,y41 ! au?or visit$ a laboratory at #ca ,we/ #ee? /reet1 ,new ,york ,city1 = ! purpose ( behold+ ! pulsations ( ! human he>t by means ( an exp]im5t p]=m$ by ,mr4 ,h4 ,d4 ,hawkes1 ( ,t>ryt[n1 ,n4,y4 ,!re 0 no?+ new ab\t 8 app>atus1 ! admirable results be+ due m]ely to accurately proportion$ electrical & me*anical details & skillful manipulation4 ,! ,tesla sy/em 0 n us$1 b m]ely a l>ge induction coil & rot>y int]rupt]1 & a direct curr5t f ! inc&esc5t lamp circuit ( #aaj volts1 all sub/antially z ,ro5tg5 himself employ$4 ,! sciascope 0 provid$ ) ! ,edison calcic tung/ate scre54 ,9 ord] to ov]come ! sp>k+ betwe5 ! t]m9als on ! outside ( ! tube aft] a few m9utes ( use1 he heat$ ! ca?ode end by means ( a ,buns5 burn] flame4 #aci1 ne> beg9n+4 ,! utility consi/$ 9 ! evaporation ( cond5s$ moi/ure ^u ! cool end ( ! dis*>ge tube4 ,! tempor>y heat+ always prev5t$1 = sev]al m9utes1 any sp>k+ on ! outside4 ,aft] "s prelim9>y exp]im5ts1 ea* p]son1 9 turn1 press$ ! sciascope ^u ! brea/ ( ano!r1 at ! location ( ! he>t1 :ile ! dis*>ge tube 0 directly at ! back ( a "y man4 ,! ribs & sp9al column 7 visible1 &1 project+ f ! sp9e1 appe>$ a semi-circul> area1 :i* exp&$ & contract$4 ,any "o view+ su* an op]ation1 & kn[+ t he is look+ at ! movem5ts ( ! he>t1 _c b be impress$ ) weird wond]1 & _c b cr$it great honor1 n only to ,ro5tg5 & ,l5>d1 b to all ^? e>ly work]s :o h gradually b surely1 successfully made discov]y aft] discov]y 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! sci5ce ( dis*>ges1 f9ally culm9at+ 9 ! mo/ wond]ful discov]y ( all4 ,! au?or rememb]s see+ 9 "s m$ical pap] t ,william ,j4 ,morton1 ,m4,d41 ( ,new ,york1 _h also witness$ ! beat+ ( ! he>t ) ! sciascope at an e>ly date4 ,simil> reports are occurr+ weekly4 #adb;a4 ,mr4 ,norton1 ( ,bo/on 7,elect4 ,_w41 ,n4,y41 ,may #bc1 '#if7 also /at$ t ! he>t c\ld be se5 9 fa9t outl9e1 & also its pulsations4 ,! lungs 7 v transp>5t4 ,! liv] be+ q opaque1 its rise & fall ) ! diaphragm 0 pla9ly foll[$4 ,o!rs h sugge/$ dr9k+ an opaque 7to ,x-rays7 liquid1 l salt wat]1 & trac+ its pa?4 #adc4 ,,propagation ,,( ,x-,,rays ,,?r\gh ,,air ,,to ,,di/ances ,,( #fj ,,ft4--,9 ,ro5tg5's fir/ exp]im5ts1 ! maximum di/ances at :i* ! fluoresc5t scre5 0 excit$ 0 ab\t #g ft4 ,tesla obta9$ simil> action at a di/ance ( ov] #dj ft4 ,photographic plates 7 f\nd cl\d$ if left at a di/ance ( #fj ft4 = any l5g? ( "t4 ,?is tr\ble occurr$ :5 "s plates 7 9 ! floor above & #fj ft4 di/ant f ! dis*>ge tube4 ,he attribut$ ! wond]ful increase l>gely to ! employm5t ( a s+le electrode dis*>ge tube1 because ! same p]mitt$ ! highe/ obta9able ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 t c\ld be desir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sciagraph ,,( ,,foot ,,9 ,,lace ,,%oe4 #bjd4 ,by ,pr(4 ,mill]4 #add4 ,x-,,rays ,,) ,,poor ,,vacuum ,,& ,,high ,,pot5tial4--,9 ! c\rse ( ,tesla's exp]im5ts1 he obs]v$ t ! ,crookes' ph5om5a & ,x-rays c\ld be produc$ )\t ! high degree ( vacuum usually consid]$ necess>y1 #aah4 b by way ( comp5sation1 ! ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 mu/ be exce$+ly high1 &1 ( c\rse1 ! tube & electrical app>atus sub/antially ( ^? dim5sions involv$ 9 ,tesla's "w4 ,"o mu/ be c>eful n to ov]-heat ! dis*>ge tube1 :i* is likely to occur by increase ( pot5tial4 ,he gave def9ite in/ructions = prev5t+ ! de/ruction ( ! tube by heat+1 by /at+ t x is only necess>y to r$uce ! numb] ( impulses1 or to l5g!n _! duration1 :ile at ! same "t rais+ _! pot5tial4 ,= ?is purpose1 x is be/ to h a rot>y circuit int]rupt] 9 ! prim>y in/ead ( a vibrat+ make & break1 = !n x becomes conv5i5t to v>y ! spe$ ( ! int]rupt]1 :i* may be1 evid5tly1 s con/ruct$ t ! duration ( ! impulses may also be v>i$1 = example1 by diff]5t sets ( contact po9ts arrang$ on ! rot>y int]rupt]1 & made ( diff]5t wid?s4 #ade4 ,,detail ,,con/ruction ,,& ,,use ,,( ,,s+le ,,electrode ,,dis*>ge ,,tubes ,,= ,x-,,rays4 ,he po9t$ out t ) two electrodes 9 a bulb z previ\sly employ$ by ne>ly all exp]im5t]s1 or an int]nal "o 9 comb9ation ) an adjac5t ext]nal "o ! ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 applicable 0 necess>ily greatly limit$ = ! reason t ! pres5ce ( bo?1 or ! ne>ness ( any conduct+ object 8_h ! effect ( produc+ ! practicable pot5tial on ! ca?ode40 ,consequ5tly he 0 driv51 z he said1 to a dis*>ge tube hav+ a s+le int]nal electrode1 ! o!r "o be+ z f> away z requir$4 #i4 ,9 view ( 8 +5i\s arrangem5ts ( ! disruptive coil1 & circuits1 cond5s]s & /atic scre5s = ! bulb1 he f\nd x immat]ial to pay att5tion to "s o!r details foll[$ by exp]im5t]s4 ,= example1 x made comp>atively little diff]5ce 9 8 results :e!r ! electrode 0 a flat disk or _h a concave surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tesla',s ,,figs4 #a ,,& #b1 ,,reflection ,,& ,,transmission ,,( ,x-,,rays ,,by ,,diff]5t ,,sub/ances4 #ade & #adf;a4 ,! =m ( tube describ$ by ,tesla 9 full1 w h]e9aft] be allud$ to z exhibit$ 9 ! sev]al figures accompany+ ?is description1 & x consi/$1 !re=e1 ( ! long tube 8b0 made ( v ?ick glass except at ! end opposite ! electrode 8e01 :]e x 0 bl[n ?91 p4 #adi4 ,! electrode 0 an alum9um disk hav+ a diamet] only slightly less ?an t ( ! tube & locat$ ab\t "o in* beyond ! r long n>r[ neck n1 into :i* ! lead+-9 wire c ent]$4 ,x is important t a wrapp+ w be provid$ ar\nd ?is wire1 bo? inside & outside ( ! tube4 ,! seal+ po9t 0 on ! side ( ! neck4 ,an electric scre5 has be5 ref]r$ to h]et(ore4 ,x is lett]$ s1 & 0 =m$ ( a coat+ ( bronze pa9t appli$ on ! glass betwe5 ! electrode & neck n4 ,! scre5 c\ld be made 9 o!r ways1 = example1 z %[n at s1 ,fig4 #b1 :]e x consi/s ( an annul> disk beh9d & p>allel to ! electrode disk4 ,?is r+ s 9 ,fig4 #b4 mu/ be plac$ at ! "r di/ance back ( ! electrode e1 b j h[ f> c only be det]m9$ by exp]i5ce4 ,! unique s]vice ( ! scre5 0 t ( an automatic sy/em = prev5t+ ! vacuum f becom+ too high by use4 ,! peculi> action 0 z foll[s1 namely f "t to "t1 a sp>k jump$ ?r\gh ! wrapp+ w )9 ! tube to ! scre5 & lib]at$ j ab\t en\gh gas to ma9ta9 ! vacuum at an approximately con/ant degree4 ,ano!r way 9 :i* he 0 able to gu>d aga9/ too high a vacuum1 consi/$ 9 ext5d+ ! wrapp+ w to su* a di/ance inside ( ! tube1 t ! same became heat$ suffici5tly to lib]ate occlud$ gases4 ,z to ! long l5g? ( ! lead+-9 wire )9 a long neck beh9d ! ca?ode1 ,l5>d f\nd ! same to be valuable 9 conjunction ) a wrapp+ ar\nd ! wire4 ,) high pot5tial1 a sp>k1 at a c]ta9 high degree ( vacuum1 =m$ beh9d ! electrode1 & prev5t$ ! use ( v high pot5tial1 b by hav+ ! wire ext5d f> into ! tube & provid+ wrapp]s1 ! sp>k+ 0 mu* less likely to occur4 ,by prop] adju/m5t z be=e intimat$1 ,tesla c\ld produce j ab\t en\gh to comp5sate = ! electrical increase ( ! vacuum4 ,ano!r difficulty t pres5t$ itself 9 connection ) high ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 0 ! undue =mation ( /ream]s h]et(ore ref]r$ to1 app>5tly issu+ f ! glass1 & s (t5 disabl+ x4 ,he !re=e imm]s$ ! dis*>ge tube 9 oil z po9t$ out 9 detail h]e9aft]4 ,! walls ( ! tube s]v$ to ?r[ =w>d to ! ?9 glass _m ( ^? rays t o!rwise w\ld h be5 scatt]$ lat]ally4 ,^u comp>+ a long ?ick tube ( ?is k9d ) a sph]ical "o1 ! s5sitive plate 0 act$ ^u by ! rays 9 #a_/d ! "t ) ! tube4 ,a modification consi/$ 9 surr\nd+ a l[] portion ( ! tube1 ) an outside t]m9al e1 indicat$ 9 dott$ l9es 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,9 ?is way ! dis*>ge tube _h two t]m9als4 ,! greate/ advantage probably 9 us+ a long tube1 0 t ! long] x 01 )9 ! prop] limits1 ! great] ! pot5tial :i* c\ld be appli$ ) advantages4 ,z to ! alum9um electrode1 he notic$ t x 0 sup]ior1 9 comp>ison ) "o made ( plat9um :i* gave inf]ior results1 & caus$ ! bulb to become disabl$ 9 an inconv5i5tly %ort p]iod ( "t4 #adf4 ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,reflect$ ,x-,,rays4 ,he p]=m$ "s prelim9>y exp]im5ts1 te/+ r\ghly z to :e!r any appreciable am\nt ( radiation c\ld be reflect$ or n f any giv5 surface4 ,)9 #de m9utes he 0 enabl$ to obta9 cle> & %>p sciagraphs ( metal objects1 & ! same c\ld h be5 obta9$ only by ! reflect$ rays1 because he scre5$ ! direct rays by means ( v ?ick copp]4 ,by a r\gh calculation he f\nd t ! p]c5tage ( ! total am\nt ( rays reflect$ 0 some:]e 9 ! neighborhood ( #b p] c5t4 ,pr(4 ,rood1 ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,n4,y41 7,sci41 ,m>4 #bg1 '#if47 by means ( an exp]im5t ) plat9um foil1 #hj1 conclud$ t ! p] c5tage 0 ab\t 4#jje1 ! incid5t angle be+ #de degrees4 ,he reg>d$ ?is figure z ! m]e fir/ approximation4 ,judg+ f ,ro5tg51 #he1 ,tesla1 ,rood & o!rs1 !re=e1 x seems to be e/abli%$ t ! p]c5tage ( ,x-rays reflect$ is v small4 ,pr(4 ,may]1 ( ,/ev5s ,in/itute1 7,sci5ce1 ,may #h1 '#if17 is ( ! op9ion t !re is a regul> or specul> reflection1 hav+ witness$ "s exp]im5ts obta9$ by ,pr(4 ,rood1 ( ,columbia ,univ41 ,n4,y4 ,pr(4 ,may] report$ t ! orig9al negatives 7 tak5 9 su* a way z to sub/antiate regul> reflection1 & 7 c>efully exam9$ by six em95t physici/s at ! ,national ,acad4 ( ,sci4 at ,wa%+ton1 ,april #bc1 '#if1 & none _h ! slighte/ d\bt conc]n+ ! complet5ess ( ! demon/ration4 ,! mat]ial employ$ = reflect+ 0 plat9um foil4 #ajc;a4 ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,diffusion ,,& ,,reflection4 ,judg+ f ! exp]im5ts above relat$1 z well z ^? consid]$ 9 #ajc;a1 !re might at fir/ appe> to be contradictory results1 report$ by diff]5t au?orities4 ,exp]ts1 x is ?\ght w1 )\t argum5t1 discov] ! h>moni\s agreem5t1 & w comm5d ! "w ( sci5ti/s1 :o1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 & at ab\t ! same "t1 made simil> exp]im5ts1 :i* n[ be+ consid]$ jo9tly1 are f\nd to agree s wond]fully closely4 ,^u read+ ! above sections & ^? ref]r$ to1 !re c be no d\bt :atev] b t ,x-rays1 ^u /rik+ a body are1 to a c]ta9 p] c5t4 scatt]$1 or ?r[n back1 or b5t f _! /raight c\rse1 & s5t 9 a backw>d & diff]5t direction1 at "o angle or ano!r4 ,! only app>5t absolute contradiction to ?is is t ( ,p]r91 #ajc;a1 ne> ! end4 ,b 8 is a case ( "o witness aga9/ scores1 &1 !re=e1 evid5ce bas$ ^u 8 exp]im5ts1 mu/ be c\nt$ out4 ,! error 0 ei!r due to "s ov]sight ( 8 own1 or m probably ! mi/ake is m]ely a typographical "o1 = (t5 a mi/ake creeps 9 betwe5 a man's dictation & ! pr9t$ "w4 ,x is difficult to accuse ,p]r9 ( a mi/ake1 = he is a great ,fr5* au?ority 9 su* matt]s4 ,assum+ t no error has occur$1 let x be notic$ t he does n pron\nce non-reflection f all sub/ances1 b only f /eel p4 #aed1 l4 #i1 & fl9t1 :i* h be5 s poli%$ z to =m a mirror-l surface1 :]eas all o!r exp]im5t]s1 ) sc>cely an exception1 h n employ$ su* surfaces4 ,! difficult po9t to believe is t1 aft] six h\rs1 no en]gy f ! mirror c\ld be collect$4 ,if we accept ,p]r9's results x mu/ be only 9 reg>d to ^? two p>ticul> mat]ials1 poli%$ /eel & fl9t4 ,ano!r feature :i* is on ! edge ( conjecture1 is t ( true or specul> reflection1 ref]r$ to by ,pr(4 ,may]1 #adf4 ,_m attempts h be5 und]tak5 to prove :e!r ! rays 7 ?r[n backw>d on ! pr9ciple ( reflection z light f a mirror1 or ( diffusion z light f *alk4 ,let ! /ud5t notice t ! evid5ce is ov]:elm+ 9 favor ( ! turn+ back ( ! rays to a v small p] c5t4 ^u /rik+ any object4 ,z to specul> reflection1 :i* means simil> to ! reflection ( light f a poli%$ mirror1 x is practically ! same z diffusion1 ! diff]5ce be+ sub/antially ( a te*nical nature4 ,?is allegation is bas$ ^u ! detail di/9ction betwe5 reflection & diffusion giv5 by ,p4 ,g4 ,tait1 pr(essor ( natural philosophy1 ,univ4 ( ,ed9burgh1 :o /ates1 9 ,encyclo4 ,brit41 vol4 #ada1 p4 #ehf3-- 8,x is by scatt]$ light t non-lum9\s objects are1 9 g5]al1 made visible4 ,contra/1 = in/ance1 ! effect :5 a ray ( sunlight 9 a d>k room falls ^u a piece ( poli%$ silv]1 & :5 x falls on a piece ( *alk4 ,unless !re be du/ or scrat*es on ! silv]1 y _c see x1 because no light is giv5 f x f surr\nd+ bodies except 9 "o def9ite direction1 into :i* 7practically7 ! :ole ray ( sunlight is div]t$4 ,b ! *alk s5ds light to all surr\nd+ bodies1 f :i* any "p ( its illum9at$ sides c be se52 & !re is no special direction 9 :i* x s5ds a m p[]ful ray ?an 9 o!rs4 ,x is probable t if we c\ld1 ) suffici5t clos5ess1 exam9e ! surface ( ! *alk1 we %\ld f9d its behavior to be 9 ! nature ( reflection1 b reflection due to little mirrors incl9$ to all conceivable aspects1 & to all conceivable angles to ! incid5t light4 ,?us scatt]+ may be look$ ^u z ultimately due to reflection4 ,:5 ! sea is p]fectly calm1 we see x 9 "o intol]ably bright image ( ! sun only4 ,b :5 x is cont9u\sly cov]$ ) slight ripples1 ! def9ite image is brok5 up1 & we h a l>ge surface ( ! wat] %9+ by :at is virtually scatt]$ light1 ?\gh x is really made up ( p>ts ea* ( :i* is z truly reflect$ z x 0 :5 ! surface 0 flat40 #adf;a4 ,,reflect$ ,,& ,,transmitt$ ,x-,,rays ,,comp>$4--,9 ord] to c>ry on a s]ies ( inve/igations1 ,mr4 ,tesla con/ruct$ a complete special app>atus repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #b1 p4 #adi1 & embodi$ 9 x also an idea :i* he attribut$ to ,pr(4 ,william ,a4 ,an?ony1 :i* consi/$ 9 arrang+ = sciagraphs to be produc$ by ! rays transmitt$ ?r\gh ! reflect+ sub/ance z well z by ! reflect$ rays !mselves4 ,! figure s]ves to %[ at a glance ! con/ruction &1 !re=e1 ! explanation ne$ be b brief4 ,x consi/$ ( a ,t tube1 hav+ ?ree op5+s1 ^? at ! base & side be+ clos$ by photographic plates 9 _! opaque hold]s1 :i* c>ri$ on ! outside ! objects o & o to be sciagraph$4 ,at an angle to bo? plates1 & c5trally locat$1 0 a reflect+ plate1 r1 :i* c\ld be replac$ by plates ( diff]5t mat]ials4 ,at ! upp] op5+ ( ! plate ,b 0 a dis*>ge tube1 b1 plac$ 9 a heavy ,bohemian glass tube1 t1 to direct ! scatt]$ rays d[nw>d z mu* z possible f ! electrode1 e1 to & ?r\gh ! ?9 end ( ! dis*>ge tube4 ,! objects to be sciagraph$1 namely o & o1 7 exact duplicates ( ea* o!r4 ,no /atem5t c\ld be f\nd z to ! ?ickness ( ! te/$ plates1 r1 except t !y 7 all ( equal size4 ,! di/ance f ! bottom ( ! dis*>ge tube to ! reflect+ plate1 r1 0 #ac in*es1 & f ! latt] to ea* photographic plate ab\t #g in*es1 s t bo? p5cils ( rays _h to travel #bj in*es 9 ea* in/ance4 ,"o h\r 0 tak5 z ! "t ( exposure4 ,aft] a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) a great _m diff]5t k9ds ( metals1 !y arrang$ !mselves z to _! reflect+ p[]1 9 an ord] correspond+ to ,volta's electric contact s]ies 9 air4 #aec4 ,! mo/ electro-positive metal 0 ! be/ reflector1 & s on4 ,= exhau/ive inve/igations ^u ! discov]y ( ,volta1 see 8,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es0 ( ,kohlraus*1 ,pogg4 ,ann41 '#ec1 & ,g]l&1 ,pogg4 ,ann41 '#fh4 ,! metals ,tesla te/$ 7 z9c1 lead1 t91 copp] & silv]1 :i* 71 9 _! ord]1 less & less reflect+1 & ! ord] is ! same 9 ! electro-positive s]ies1 z9c be+ ! mo/ positive1 & ! o!rs less & less s1 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,= a complete li/ ( ! metals arrang$ by ! ,volta s]ies1 see any /&>d electrical text-book4 ,he c\ld n notice mu* diff]5ce betwe5 ! reflect+ p[]s ( t9 & lead1 b he attribut$ ?is to an error 9 ! obs]vation4 ,he tri$ o!r metals1 b !y 7 ei!r alloys or impure4 ,^? nam$ 9 ! li/ above 7 ! pure metals4 ,h[ev]1 he c>ri$ on exp]im5ts ) %eets ( _m diff]5t sub/ances1 & arriv$ at ! foll[+ table1 :i* %[s p>ticul>ly ! relative transmitt+ & reflect+ p[]s ( ! v>i\s sub/ances 9 ! r\gh4 ,impression by ,impression by ,reflect+ ,transmitt$ ,rays4 ,reflect$ ,rays4 ,body ,brass ,/rong ,fairly good ,tool/eel ,b>ely p]ceptible ,v feeble ,z9c ,none ,v /rong ,alum9um ,v /rong ,none ,copp] ,none ,fairly /rong b mu* less ?an z9c ,lead ,none ,v /rong b a little weak] ?an z9c ,silv] ,/rong1 a ?9 plate ,weak] ?an copp] be+ us$ ,t9 ,none ,v /rong ab\t l lead ,nickel ,none ,ab\t l copp] ,lead-glass ,v /rong ,feeble ,mica ,v /rong ,v /rong ab\t l lead ,ebonite ,/rong ,ab\t l copp]4 ,by comp>+1 z 9 previ\s exp]im5ts1 ! int5sity ( ! photographic impression by reflect$ rays ) an equival5t impression due to a direct exposure ( ! same bulb & at ! same di/ance1 t is1 by calculations f ! times ( exposure "u assumption t ! action ^u ! plate 0 proportionate to ! "t1 ! foll[+ approximate results 7 obta9$3 ,impression ,reflect+ by ,impression ,body ,direct by ,action ,reflect$ ,rays4 ,brass #ajj #b ,tool /eel #ajj #j4e ,z9c #ajj #c ,alum9um #ajj #j ,copp] #ajj #b ,lead #ajj #b4e ,silv] #ajj #a4ge ,t9 #ajj #b4e ,nickel #ajj #b ,lead-glass #ajj #a ,mica #ajj #b4e ,ebonite #ajj #b ,he /at$ t :ile ^! figures c be b r\gh approximations1 !re is1 nev]!less a fair probability t !y are correct1 9 s f> z ! relative values ( ! sciagraphic impressions ( ! v>i\s objects by reflect$ rays are conc]n$4 ,9 ord] to devise means = te/+ ! comp>ative reflect+ p[] 9 a m decid$ mann]1 he laid pieces ( diff]5t metals side by side ^u a lead plate4 ,consequ5tly ! reflect+ surface 0 =m$ ( two p>ts correspond+ to ! two metals4 #hj4 ,! v]tically p]p5dicul> p>tition ( lead s]v$ to prev5t ! m+l+ ( ! rays f ! two metals4 ,+5i\s precautions 7 tak52 z = example1 s arrang+ matt]s t ^u equal areas ( ! two plates1 equal am\nts ( ,x-rays imp+$4 #hj4 ,he und]took to det]m9e ! position ( iron 9 ! s]ies by ?us comp>+ x ) copp]4 ,x 0 impossible to be sure :i* metal reflect$ bett]4 ,! same reg>d+ t9 & lead & also 9 ref]5ce to magnesium & z9c4 ,"h1 a diff]5ce 0 notic$1 namely t ! magnesium 0 a bett] reflector4 ,he has made practical application ( ! p[] ( ! sub/ances to reflect a c]ta9 p] c5t4 ( ! rays by employ+ reflectors = ! purpose ( r$uc+ ! "t requir$ = exposure ( ! photographic plates4 ,x admits1 he /at$1 ( ! use ( reflectors 9 comb9ation ) a :ole set ( dis*>ge tubes1 :]eby rays :i* w\ld be o!rwise scatt]$ 9 all directions are br\ght m ne>ly to a s+le direction ( propagation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,sciagraph ,,( ,,knee-,,jo9t4 ,,/raight1 ,,front ,,view4 ,by ,pr(4 ,goodspe$4 ,photo4 ,times1 ,july1 '#if4 ,x might be argu$1 t 9 z mu* z z9c w\ld reflect only ab\t ?ree p] c5t4 ( ! incid5t rays1 no practical ga9 w\ld ensue 9 sciagraphy by ! use ( a reflector4 ,he po9t$ out ! falsity ( su* an argum5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! angle employ$ 9 ^! te/s 0 #de4 ,) great] angles1 ! proportion ( reflect$ rays w\ld be great] assum+ t ! law ( reflection is ! same z t ( light4 ,by ma!matical calculation & te/s1 he %[$ t !re 0 no d\bt :atev] ab\t ! advantage ( us+ reflectors4 ,he obta9$ a sciagraph1 on a s+le plate1 ( ! ribs1 arms & %\ld]1 cle>ly repres5t$4 ,he /at$ ! details z foll[s4 8,a funnel %ap$ z9c reflector two feet high1 ) an op5+ ( five in*es at ! bottom & #bc in*es at ! top1 0 us$ 9 ! exp]im5t4 ,a tube simil> 9 e respect to ^? previ\sly describ$1 0 susp5d$ 9 ! funnel1 s t only ! /atic scre5 ( ! tube 0 above ! =m]4 ,! exact di/ance f ! electrode to ! s5sitive plate 0 f\r & "o-half feet40 #adg4 ,,dis*>ge ,,tube ,,plac$ ,,9 ,,oil4--,:5 ! ,e4 ,m4 ,f4 0 increas$1 by hav+ ! dis*>ge tube1 z usual1 9 op5 air1 sp>ks =m$ beh9d ! electrode1 & )9 ! vacuum1 & endang]$ ! life ( ! dis*>ge tube4 ,he obviat$ ?is difficulty p>tly by hav+ ! electrode locat$ well )9 ! evacuat$ space1 s t ! wire lead+ to x 0 unusually long4 ,by excessive ,e4 ,m4 ,f41 also1 /ream]s broke out at ! end ( ! tube4 ,to ov]come all difficulties 9 connection ) sp>k+ & break+ ( ! tube1 he foll[$ ! proposition ( ,pr(4 ,tr[bridge1 & subm]g$ ! dis*>ge tube 9 oil1 #aa1 at end1 & #ac1 :i* 0 cont9ually r5ew$ by fl[+ into & out ( ! vessel 9 :i* ! dis*>ge tube 0 conta9$1 all z %[n 9 ! accompany+ figure1 p4 #aeg1 8,dis*>ge ,tube ,imm]s$ 9 ,oil40 ,! dis*>ge tube1 t1 may be recogniz$ by its %ape1 & x is locat$ horizontally 9 a cyl9drical tube ly+ sidewise ^u a table4 ,to regulate ! fl[ ( ! oil1 ! res]voir may be rais$ & l[]$ by a bracket1 s4 ,! ,x-rays ent] ! outside atmosph]e by pass+ fir/ ?r\gh glass1 !n oil1 & !n ?r\gh a diaphragm ( 8p]gam5t0 =m+ ! "r h& end ( ! oil vessel4 ,:5 ! results 7 comp>$ ) ^? obta9$ by ,ro5tg5 9 8 fir/ exp]im5ts1 ! rays 7 f\nd s p[]ful t x is n surpris+ t ,tesla 0 able to obta9 m def9itely a clos] k ( ! prop]ties ( ! rays4 ,ro5tg5 obta9$1 ) 8 tube & a scre5 ( b>ium plat9o cyanide1 a %ad[ picture ( ! bones ( ! h& at a di/ance ( less ?an #g ft41 :ile ,tesla obta9$ a simil> picture ) a scre5 ( calcic tung/ate1 & ) 8 tube imm]s$ 9 oil at a di/ance ( #de ft4 ,tesla also made sciagraphs ) b a few m9utes' exposure at a di/ance ( #dj ft41 by ! help ( ,pr(4 ,h5ry's me?od1 i4e41 ) ! assi/ance ( a fluoresc5t p[d]4 #aea4 ,he ref]r$ also to ,salvioni's sugge/ion ( a fluoresc5t emulsion4 ,he attribut$ to ,mr4 ,e4 ,r4 ,hewitt ! conjecture t ! %>pness ( ! sciagraphs might be increas$ by a ?9 alum9um %eet hav+ p>allel groves4 ,sev]al exp]im5ts 7 made1 !re=e1 ) wire gauze1 z well z ) a scre5 =m$ ( a mixture ( fluoresc5t & iron-fluoresc5t p[d]s4 ,) ! /rong p[] ( ! rays z obta9$ by ,tesla 9 comb9ation ) su* adjuncts1 ! %ad[s 7 %>p]1 al?\gh ! radiation1 ( c\rse1 0 weak5$ by ! ob/ruction4 #ajg;b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dis*>ge ,,tube ,,imm]s$ ,,9 ,,oil1 #adg1 ,,page #aef4 ,) ! app>atus involv+ ! dis*>ge tube 9 oil1 & ) trem5d\sly high pot5tial1 he obta9$ :at may be call$ wond]ful results2 = ) ! sciascope he obta9$ %ad[ pictures ( ! v]tebral column1 outl9e ( ! hip bones1 ! location ( ! he>t 7& lat] detect$ its pulsations71 ribs & %ort] bones1 &1 )\t ! lea/ difficulty1 ! bones ( all ! limbs4 ,m ?an ?is1 a sciagraph ( ! skeleton ( ! h& 0 p]ceiv$ ?r\gh copp]1 iron or brass v ne>ly #a_/d in* ?ick1 :ile glass #a_/b in* ?ick sc>cely dimm$ ! fluoresc5ce4 ,! skull ( ! head ( an assi/ant act$ likewise1 :ile at a di/ance ( ?ree feet f ! dis*>ge tube4 ,! motion ( ! h& 0 detect$ ^u ! scre5 al?\gh ! rays fir/ pass$ ?r\gh "o's body4 ,9 mak+ obs]vations ) ! scre51 he advis$ t exp]im5t]s %\ld surr\nd ! oil box closely1 except at ! end1 ) ?ick metal plates1 to prev5t ,x-rays f com+ 9 undesir$ directions by reflection f diff]5t objects 9 ! room4 ,obvi\sly ! %ad[s w be %>p]4 #adh4 ,,bodies ,,n ,,made ,,conductors ,,by ,x-,,rays4 ,tesla ref]r$ to ,pr(4 ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson z hav+ ann\nc$ "s "t ago 8t all bodies trav]s$ by ,ro5tg5 radiations become conductors ( electricity40 ,! au?or has witness$ o!r simil> expressions giv+ cr$it to ,?omson 9 ?is respect1 b he und]/&s t ,pr(4 ,?omson1 hav+ discov]$ t ,x-rays dis*>ge bo? negatively & positively *>g$ bodies1 conjectur$ or drew a corall>y z to ! probability ( ! bodies !re=e becom+ conductors4 ,tesla1 nev]!less1 seems to h prov$ t ! corall>y does n hold4 ,9 ! fir/ place he employ$ ! v p[]ful rays1 & next1 he let ! oil be ! sub/ance trav]s$ by ! rays4 ,besides ?is1 he appli$ a s5sitive resonance te/4 ,see detail treatm5t ( 8 exp]im5ts on ?is subject 9 ,elect4 ,rev41 ,n4,y41 ,june #bd1 '#ic1 p4 #bbh4 ,9 brief 8a second>y n 9 v close inductive relation to ! prim>y circuit1 0 connect$ to ! latt] & to ! gr\nd1 & ! vibration ?r\gh ! prim>y 0 s adju/$ t true resonance took place4 ,z ! second>y _h a consid]able numb] ( turns1 v small bodies atta*$ to ! free t]m9al produc$ consid]able v>iations ( pot5tial ( ! latt]4 ,plac+ a tube 9 a box ( wood fill$ ) oil & atta*+ x to ! t]m9al1 ,i adju/$ ! vibration ?r\gh ! prim>y s t resonance took place )\t ! bulb radiat+ ,ro5tg5 rays to any appreciable ext5t4 ,i !n *ang$ ! conditions s t ! bulb became v active 9 ! production ( ! rays40 ,accord+ to ! corall>y above ref]r$ to1 ! oil %\ld be1 ) su* an environm5t & "u su* subjection1 a conductor ( electricity1 b x 0 n4 ,he emphasiz$ 8 satisfaction 9 ! results by say+ 8! me?od ,i foll[$ is s delicate t a mi/ake is almo/ an impossibility40 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,c4 ,peckham1 ,elect4 ,_w1 ,n4,y41 ,may #cj1 '#if1 reason$ t ! oscillat+ electro-/atic action ^u ! outside ( ! tube1 is conc]n$ 9 ! production ( fluoresc5ce1 & o!r prop]ties ( ,x-rays4 8,^! oscillations are c]ta9ly syn*ron\s ) ! vibrations ( ! ca?ode rays 9 ! tube1 :i* 9 turn syn*ronize ) ! oscillation 9 ! induction coil4 ,if ! vibrations ( ! tube _c keep "t ) ^? ( its coil1 few or no ,x-rays w be giv5 out4 ,! cause seems to be simil> to t ( sympa!tic vibrations 9 s\nd4 ,9 a ^w1 ! dis*>ge tube is a resonator = its coil1 & :5 ! coil & tube are prop]ly attun$1 ! maximum effect is obta9$4 #adi4 ,,appley>d',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,non-,,conductors ,,made ,,conductors ,,by ,,curr5t4 ,proc4 ,phil4 ,s41 ,may #aa1 ,nature1 ,lon41 ,may #bd1 '#fd1 p4 #ic4 ,a piece ( celluloid 0 press$ betwe5 two metal plates s]v+ z t]m9als4 ,a galvanomet] 0 employ$ to indicate ! dim9ution ( resi/ance by "t1 & x also %[$ t ! electrification 0 negative4 ,:5 m]cury 0 "o ( ! metals1 ! abnormal results did n occur1 except to a v small ext5t4 ,:5 ! celluloid 0 replac$ by gutta p]*a tissue1 ! electrification 0 normal4 ,_m non-metals 7 employ$1 & sev]al 7 l[]$ 9 resi/ance4 #adi;a4 ,,resi/ance ,,some:at ,,indep5d5t ,,( ,,metal ,,p>ticles4--,?r\gh a mixture ( conduct+ & non-conduct+ mat]ials1 l a %eet ( gutta p]*a1 hav+ brass fil+s imb$d$ !re91--) #gej volts1 no curr5t pass$1 & ?is held true until ! proportion 9 weight ( ! metal to ! gutta p]*a 0 #b to #a4 ,let x be rememb]$1 also1 t sel5ium is r$uc$ z to resi/ance "u ! influ5ce ( light4 #aej4 ,,m9*9',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,resi/ance ,,l[]$ ,,by ,,electro-,,magnetic ,,waves4 ,nature1 ,lon41 ,may #bd1 '#id1 p4 #ic4--,ref]r+ to ,appley>d's exp]im5t1 x w be notic$ t he f\nd t mixtures ( c]ta9 limit$ p] c5ts4 ( metallic p>ticles & insulators 7 exce$+ly high 9 resi/ance4 ,pr(4 ,g4 ,m4 ,m9*9 f\nd t su* mat]ials became conductors "u ! influ5ce ( p[]ful electro-magnetic di/urbances1 & t aft] ! curr5t 0 conduct$1 its resi/ance rema9$ greatly l[]$ 9 behalf ( v weak impulses1 al?\gh1 be=e ! exp]im5t1 ! resi/ance 0 s high4 #ad;a4 ,b aft] ! curr5t 0 int]rupt$ by mov+ ! t]m9al away f ! mixture1 ! high resi/+ p[] return$ sl[ly1 at a rate some:at 9 proportion to ! h>dness ( ! mixture4 ,! film employ$ consi/$ ( %ellac or gelat9e or seal+ wax1 :ile among ! metals 0 pulv]iz$ t94 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! resi/ance 0 r$uc$ by ! electro-magnetic waves f app>5t inf9ity to #acj ohms1 ! electrodes be+ displac$ by #a cm4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,miscellane\s ,,rese>*es ,,on ,,ro5tg5 ,,rays4 ------- #aea4 ,,pup9 ,,& ,,sw9ton',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,sciagraphic ,,plates ,,comb9$ ,,) ,,fluoresc5t ,,salts4 ,! ,elect41 ,lon41 ,apr4 #bd1 '#if4--,pr(4 ,pup91 ( ,columbia ,college 7,electricity1 ,n4,y41 ,feb4 #ab1 '#if--! au?or saw him use x ,feb4 #g1 '#if--71 0 among ! fir/1 & probably actually ! fir/1 to less5 ! "t ( exposure by a fluoresc5t scre54 ,pr(4 ,salvioni also work$ 9 ?is direction at an e>ly date4 ,pr(4 ,sw9ton report$ "s details 9 ! matt]1 & he 0 able to obta9 a sciagraph ( ! bones ( ! h& 9 less ?an #aj seconds1 ) a mod]ately excit$ dis*>ge tube1 :]eas1 )\t ! scre5 ! "t 0 two m9utes4 ,he exp]im5t$ fir/ ) b>ium plat9o cyanide1 b ! results ref]r$ to 7 obta9$ ) calcic tung/ate1 f9ely gr\nd1 & made up into pa/e by means ( gum1 & dri$4 ,he spread ! same ^u a celluloid %eet :i* 0 plac$ ) ! celluloid side aga9/ ! photographic film4 ,! difficulty exp]i5c$ fir/ 0 9 ! =mation ( spots on ! negative1 because "s ( ! cry/als fluoresc$ m ?an o!rs4 ,su* a defect1 h[ev]1 %[$ t ! fluoresc5t salt increas$ ! rapidity ( ! action ^u ! photographic film4 ,! result ( ?is exp]im5t1 z well z t ( o!rs1 has suffici5tly e/abli%$ ! fact t ! fluoresc5t scre5 is ( great importance 9 connection ) ! art ( rapid sciagraphy4 ,phosphor sulphide ( z9c is among ^? :i* ha/5 photographic action4 7,*as4 ,h5ry1 9 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,feb4 #aj1 '#if47 ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,morton employ$ ! scre5 9 tak+ ! sciagraph ( ! ?orax1 p4 #fa4 ,! advantage\s use is also confirm$ by ,,basilewski 7,comptes ,r5dus1 ,m>* #bc1 '#if4 ,f trans4 by ,l\is ,m4 ,pignolet74--,! photographic plate 0 cov]$ ) a %eet ( pap] coat$ ) b>ium & plat9o cyanide1 s t ! two prep>$ surfaces 7 9 contact1 & ! fluoresc5t pap] 0 betwe5 ! object & ! plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?orax4 #bjf4 ,by ,w4 ,j4 ,morton1 ,m4,d4 ,fluoresc5t scre5 us$ 7 #aea74 ,illu/ration3 ,,normal ,,elb[4 #bjd4 ,by ,pr(4 ,mill]4 ,j4 ,w4 ,gif=d1 7,nature1 ,may #ba1 '#if7 tri$ a great v>iety ( fluoresc5t bodies 9 comb9ation ) ! photographic plate1 & f\nd t potassium plat9o cyanide 0 decid$ly ! be/4 #aeb4 ,,?ompson',s 7,s4 ,p47 ,,exp]im5t4 ,,p5etrat+ ,,p[] ,,( ,x-,,rays ,,v>ies ,,) ,,! ,,vacuum4 ,comptes ,r5dus4 ,,cxiii41 p4 #hji4 ,! ,elect41 ,lon41 ,april #bd1 '#if1 p4 #hff4 ,9 a communication to ! ,acadmie des ,sci5ces ,pr(4 ,sylvanus ,p4 ,?ompson ( ! ,univ]sity ,college ( ,liv]pool1 argu$ t by "o k9d ( ,x-rays ! bones ( ! h& 7 m easily p5etrat$ ?an by ano!r k9d4 ,! two v>ieties 7 produc$ by diff]5t vacua4 #ge & #gf4 ,let ! vacuum be suppos$ to become high] & high]4 ,at ! fir/ g5]ation ( ! ,x-rays1 ! fluoresc5t scre5 %[$ t ! bones ( ! h& ca/ v d>k %ad[s4 ,) increase ( ! vacuum1 ! %ad[s ( ! bones 7 v fa9t4 ,?is result is also obta9$ by r$uction ( temp]ature4 #aeb;a4 #aeb;a4 ,,bleekrode',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,p]meability ,,at ,,l[ ,,temp]atures ,,increas$4 ,elect4 ,rev41 ,lon41 ,june #ab1 '#if4--;,exp]im5ts p]=m$ by him confirm$ ^? ( ,edison4 #ace4 ,an exp]im5t by ,pr(4 ,dew> /rongly confirm$ ! results4 ,!y notic$ ! same peculi>ity t ,edison did1 namely1 t ! %ad[ ( ! f+] exhibit$ ! fle% & bones z if !y 7 equally transp>5t4 ,v>i$ te/s %[$ t ! r$uction ( ! temp]ature ( glass increas$ its p]meability4 #aec4 ,,murray',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,r$uction ,,( ,,! ,,contact ,,pot5tial ,,( ,,metals ,,by ,x-,,rays4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,s41 ,m>4 #ai1 '#if4 ,! ,elect41 ,lon41 ,apr4 #bd1 '#if1 p4 #heg4 ,j4 ,r4 ,e4 ,murray ( ! ,cav5di% ,laboratory1 at ! sugge/ion ( ,pr(4 ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson1 c>ri$ on a long s]ies ( c>eful exp]im5ts1 to f9d :e!r ! contact pot5tial ( a pair ( plates ( diff]5t metals 01 9 any way1 affect$ by ! passage ( ,x-rays betwe5 ! plates4 ,all ! ord9>y precautions 7 tak54 ,! contact pot5tial 0 measur$ by ,?omson's 7,kelv97 me?od1 see ,trans4 ,brit4 ,asso41 #ahhj4 ,! important result obta9$1 0 t 8! air ?r\gh :i* ! rays pass1 #ij1 is tempor>ily conv]t$ into an electrolyte1 #dg1 & :5 9 ?is condition =ms a connection betwe5 ! plates1 :i* has ! same prop]ties z a drop ( acidulat$ wat]1 namely1 x rapidly r$uces ! pot5tial betwe5 ! oppos+ surfaces ( ! plates to z]o1 & may ev5 rev]se x to a small ext5t40 #aed4 ,,nodon',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,transp>5cy ,,( ,,diff]5tly ,,color$ ,,m$ia ,,to ,,! ,x-,,rays4 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,feb4 #c1 '#if4 ,f trans4 by ,l\is ,m4 ,pignolet4 ,! rays 7 pass$ ?r\gh two op5+s 9 a ?ick metal diaphragm1 "o ( :i* 0 cov]$ by an uncolor$ piece ( gelat9e & ! o!r by a piece t9t$ ) ! color to be te/$4 ,! two images 7 receiv$ on ! same plate4 ,! v>i\s colors te/$ 7 trav]s$ ) equal facility by ! rays1 #fh & #hb4 ,! inve/igation describ$ above 0 made by ,alb]t ,nodon at ! ,laboratoire des ,re*]*es ,physiques la ,sorbonne4 ,?is agrees ) ,bleun>d :o f\nd t colors seem$ to h no influ5ce on ! passage ( ! rays z wat] color$ ) v>i\s anil9e colors (f]$ no m resi/ance ?an :5 pure4 ,f trans4 by ,l4 ,m4 ,p4 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,m>*1 '#if4 ,a4 & ,l4 ,lumire 7,comptes ,r5dus1 ,feb4 #ag1 '#if17 obs]v$ t ! ,x-rays act 9 ! same mann] ^u color$ photographic plates r5d]$ s5sitive to v>i\s regions ( ! spectrum4 ,?us1 plates s5sitive to r$1 yell[ & gre5 gave exactly ! same impression1 provid$ !y _h ! same g5]al s5sibility to :ite light4 ,:ile ?is may n be accurately s1 x illu/rates t mat]ials are p5etrat$ by ,x-rays indep5d5tly ( ! laws ( color4 #aee4 ,,meslans4 ,,*lor9e1 ,,iod9e1 ,,sulphur1 ,,phosphorus1 ,,comb9$ ,,) ,,c]ta9 ,,comp\nds1 ,,increase ,,opacity ,,to ,,! ,x-,,rays 7,comptes ,r5dus1 ,feb4 #aj1 '#if4 ,f trans4 by ,l\is ,m4 ,pignolet47--,c>bon 9 its v>i\s =ms 0 f\nd to be v transp>5t1 also organic sub/ances conta9+1 besides c>bon1 only ! gase\s elem5ts hydrog51 oxyg5 & nitrog52 b ?is transp>5cy 0 f> f uni=m4 ,organic sub/ances1--e!rs1 acids1 nitrog5iz$ comp\nds 7corps azotes71--7 easily trav]s$ by ! rays2 b ! introduction ( an inorganic elem5t1 z p>ticul>ly1 *lor9e1 sulphur1 phosphorus1 &1 above all1 iod9e1 r5d]s !m opaque4 #hb4 ,?is occurs also ) sulphates ( ! alkaloids4 ,iod(orm1 ! alkaloids1 picric acid1 fu*s9e & urea are v transp>5t4 ,metallic salts are v opaque1 b ?is v>ies ) ! metal & ! acid4 ,bleun>d w5t fur!r into details4 ,! opacity ( solutions ( salts increas$ ) ! atomic weight ( ! metal & ( ! metalloid4 ,wat] 0 easily trav]s$ by ! rays4 ,solutions ( bromide ( potassium1 *loride ( antimony1 bi*romate ( pota% (f]$ consid]able opposition to ! passage ( ! rays4 ,solutions ( borate ( soda1 p]manganate ( potassium 7 easily trav]s$4 ,! liquids 7 held 9 pap] boxes4 ,! exp]im5ts above relat$ 7 conduct$ by ,maurice ,meslans at l'cole de ,ph>macie de ,nancy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,sciagraph ,,( ,,p5cil1 ,,key1 ,,f\nta9-,,p51 ,,& ,,co94 #afa4 ,by ,pr(4 ,mc,kay1 ,pack] ,in/itute4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,sciagraph ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,mill]4 #aef4 #a4 ,real diamond4 #b4 ,pa/e4 #c4 ,glass4 #d4 ,real diamond m\nt$ 9 gold r+4 #aef4 ,,buquet ,,gasc>d',s ,,exp]im5ts4 ,,action ,,( ,,! ,x-,,rays ,,^u ,,! ,,diamond ,,& ,,its ,,imitations2 ,,also ,,^u ,,jet4 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,feb4 #bd1 #if4 ,f trans4 by ,l\is ,m4 ,pignolet4--,sciagraphs tak5 by ! ,x-rays %[$ t diamonds became transp>5t1 & _! %ad[s disappe>$ ) long exposures2 b imitation diamonds rema9$ opaque "u ! same conditions4 ,jet 0 di/+ui%$ f its imitations by ! same me?od4 ,! diamond & jet ca/ cle>] %ad[s on a fluoresc5t scre5 ?an _! imitations4 ,! above te/s 7 made by ,alb]t ,buquet & ,alb]t ,gasc>d1 at ! ,cab9et de ,physique de l'cole des ,sci5ces de ,r\54 ,! half-tone on l[] half ( adjac5t page1 #afd1 0 tak5 f a sciagraph by ,pr(4 ,dayton ,c4 ,mill]1 ( ,case ,s*ool ( ,appli$ ,sci5ce4 ,! diff]5ces ( opacity are prov$1 because all 7 ( same ?ickness & expos$ simultane\sly4 ,pr(4 ,sylvanus ,p4 ,?ompson 7,! ,elect41 ,lon41 ,may #ah1 '#if7 confirm$ ! above1 & also f\nd t1 al?\gh ! diamond is m transp>5t ?an glass1 x is m opaque ?an block c>bon or graphite4 ,m9]alogi/s are ?us enabl$ to submit m9]als to ! ,x-ray te/ 9 mak+ analyses4 #aeg4 ,,duf\r',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,inactive ,,dis*>ge ,,tubes ,,made ,,lum9\s ,,by ,x-,,rays4 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,feb4 #bd1 '#if4 ,f trans4 by ,mr4 ,pignolet4--,he obs]v$ t v small & s5sitive ,geissl] tubes phosphoresc$ :5 expos$ to ,x-rays4 #bb1 #bc4 #aeh4 ,,beaul>d',s ,,exp]im5ts4 ,,non-,,refraction ,,( ,x-,,rays ,,9 ,a ,,vacuum4 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,m>4 #cj1 '#if4 ,f trans4 by ,l\is ,m4 ,pignolet4 ,) prisms ( ebonite1 ,f4 ,beaul>d held t no decid$ deviation c\ld be obs]v$ )9 ! vacuum4 #aei4 ,,c>p5ti]',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,sciagraph ,,%[+ ,,! ,,p>ts ,,9 ,,relief ,,on ,a ,,co94 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,m>4 #b1 '#if4 ,f trans4 by ,l\is ,m4 ,pignolet4 ,an impr9t ( a co9 /amp$ ^u a ?9 piece ( well anneal$ alum9um by press+ ! co9 aga9/ ! alum9um1 0 reproduc$ 9 a sciagraph4 ,! rais$ p>ts ( ! co9 7 sc>cely #h_/ajj ( a millimet] high4 ,! alum9um 0 #e_/aj millimet] ?ick4 ,?is result is admirably repres5t$ by ! sciagraph ( an alum9um m$al on page #aff1 tak5 by ,pr(4 ,dayton ,c4 ,mill]1 ( ,case ,s*ool ( ,appli$ ,sci5ce1 ,elect4 ,_w1 ,n4,y41 ,m>4 #ba1 '#if1 :o also made a sciagraph ( a copp] plate #a_/d in* ?ick hav+ bl[ holes :i* appe>$ 9 ! picture1 b !y c\ld n be detect$ by light1 s]v+ to illu/rate an application ( ! new discov]y 9 te/+ ! homog5eity ( metals4 #afj4 ,,wuillom5et',s ,,exp]im5ts4 ,,transp>5cy ,,( ,,! ,,eye ,,to ,,! ,x-,,rays ,,det]m9$ ,,by ,,sciagraph ,,( ,,bullet ,,!re94 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,m>4 #bc1 '#if4 ,a sciagraph tak5 ) an exposure ( ?ree h\rs %[$ p]fectly a lead %ot introduc$ into ! vitre\s m$ia ( ! eye ( a full gr[n rabbit4 ,!re=e ! opacity ( ! m$ia ( ! eye 0 n absolute4 ,9 a second s]ies ( exp]im5ts by ,dr4 ,wuillom5et a human head 0 us$1 b ! results 7 negative 9 spite ( a great int5sity ( ! rays & a long exposure1 #hb4 #afa4 ,,f]n& ,,ranwez',s ,,exp]im5ts4 ,,application ,,( ,,! ,x-,,rays ,,to ,,analysis ,,( ,,vegetable ,,matt]4 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,apr4 #ac1 '#if4 ,f trans4 by ,l\is ,m4 ,pignolet4 ,sciagraphy c r5d] valuable s]vices 9 analytical rese>*es & specially 9 ! analysis ( vegetable foods :]e !y w %[ ! mo/ usual adult]ations consi/+ ( m9]al sub/ances4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bas-,,relief ,,sciagraph1 #aei1 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,dayton ,c4 ,,mill]4 ,?is me?od (f]s sev]al advantages = small samples ( ! sub/ances c be exam9$4 ,! samples are n *emically *ang$4 ,a great numb] ( te/s c be made 9 a %ort "t4 ,la/ly1 ! sciagraph obta9$ af=ds a p]man5t record4 ,! te/s 7 made on samples ( adult]at$ saffron compos$ ( mixtures ( pure saffron & saffron coat$ ) sulphate ( b>ium4 ,a sciagraph tak5 ) an exposure ( ?ree m9utes %[$ sc>cely visible impr9ts ( ! pure b /rong impressions ( ! adult]at$4 ,see sciagraph ( p51 7m9]al7 9 hold]1 7vegetable71 9 cut at upp] "p ( p4 #afd1 :i* also %[s ! graphite 9 a wood5 p5cil4 #afb4 ,,err]a',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,action ,,( ,,! ,x-,,rays ,,on ,,phycomyces4 ,,h]tz ,,waves ,,& ,,ro5tg5 ,,rays ,,n ,,id5tical4 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,m>* #cj1 '#if4 ,f trans4 by ,l\is ,m4 ,pignolet4--,phycomyces ,nit5s1 :5 submitt$ to ! asymmetrical action ( ,h]tz electric waves1 became curv$1 accord+ to ,hegl]4 ,err]a f\nd a ,phycomyces 0 n affect$ by ! ,x-rays1 ?us d5ot+ an abs5ce ( ,h]tz waves 9 ! rays4 ,cr$it = ! above result is due to ,l4 ,err]a1 f exp]im5ts made at ! ,laboratoire ,physique & ! l',in/itut ,solvay 7,univ]sit de ,bruxelles74 #afc4 ,,goss>t1 ,,*evalli]1 ,,f\tana ,,& ,,uruanni',s ,,exp]im5t1 ,,9 ,,conjunction ,,) ,j4 ,r4 ,,rydb]g4 ,,no ,,me*anical ,,action ,,( ,x-,,rays4 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,feb4 #aj1 ,m>4 #bc1 ,apr4 #ac1 '#if4 ,f trans4 by ,l\is ,m4 ,pignolet4--,! =m] p>ty alleg$ t radiations f a dis*>ge tube caus$ a cessation ( ! rotation ( ! vane ( ! radiomet]4 ,j4 ,a4 ,rydb]g 0 n incl9$ to confirm su* action4 ,a4 ,f\tana & ,a4 ,uruanni made exp]im5ts & conclud$ t ! action 0 due to an electro-/atic =ce1 hav+ notic$ t a ,leyd5 j> w\ld also produce su* effect4 ,! au?or made "s exp]im5ts to det]m9e ! matt] 9 ref]5ce to ,x-rays at a di/ance outside ( ! electro-/atic field4 ,! rays w\ld nei!r /op ! vanes nor cause !m to rotate4 ,he made "s o!r exp]im5ts to detect :e!r !re 0 any direct me*anical p[] possess$ by ! rays2 b if any1 x 0 exce$+ly feeble4 ,t4 ,c4 ,port] made "s exp]im5ts at ,eton ,college1 7,nature1 ,june #ah1 '#if17 :i* confirm$ ! above results1 f9d+ t ! radiomet] is entirely in]t to ! ,ro5tg5 rays1 :e!r !y be f a prop]ly electrically scre5$ hot or cold tube4 ,he di/+ui%$ betwe5 ! caloric conditions1 = he f\nd t1 n only w r$uction ( temp]ature v>y ! p5etrat+ p[] ( ! rays1 #ace & #aeb;a1 b also w an increase ( temp]ature4 #afd4 ,,battelli',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,x-,,rays ,,)9 ,,dis*>ge ,,tube4 ,nuovo ,cim5to1 ,apr41 '#if1 p4 #aic2 ,elect4 ,rev41 ,lon41 ,june #ab1 '#if4--,%ortly aft] ! ann\ncem5t ( ! discov]ies ( ,l5>d & ,ro5tg51 x w\ld h be5 consid]$ /range to ass]t t ,x-rays may exi/ inside ( ! dis*>ge tube4 ,battelli c]ta9ly correctly inf]s1 t inasmu* z ,x-rays app>5tly orig9ate f ! po9t :]e a mat]ial object is /ruck by ! ca?ode rays1 #aae1 x w\ld foll[ t :5 ! said object is )9 ! vacuum space1 ,x-rays are propagat$ be=e !y rea* ! glass wall ( ! dis*>ge tube4 ,x has already be5 not$ 7,de,metz1 #fc;a7 t photographic action may be produc$ )9 ! dis*>ge tube4 ,battelli has confirm$ ?is1 n by a crude exp]im5t1 l t 7failure7 ( "s au?ority 9 ,engl&1 b by a s]ies ( sev]e te/s1 leav+ no d\bt z to ! production ( photographic action4 ,he discov]$ 9 connection ) sev]al subord9ate ph5om5a t among ! rays capable ( produc+ a photographic impression )9 ! dis*>ge tube1 "s 7 deflect$ by a magnet & o!rs 7 n1 f :i* he conclud$ t ,x-rays may exi/ inside ! tube1 9 conjunction ) ca?ode rays1 be=e collision ) ! anti-ca?ode4 ,! exp]im5t consi/$ 9 deflect+ ! rays by a magnet1 ! film be+ 9 ! pa? t ! rays w\ld h _h )\t a magnet4 ,!re 0 also a film 9 ! pa? ( ! deflect$ rays4 ,photographic action 0 produc$ ^u bo?4 ,he v>i$ ! vacuum4 ,photographic action began at #c-aj mm41 _h its maximum at #a-gj mm41 aft] :i* x rema9$ con/ant4 ,no photographic action 0 obta9$ ^u a film plac$ )9 ! tube opposite ! anode1 except 9 "o case :]e x 0 exce$+ly weak4 ,l5>d cont9ually inf]r$ t !re mu/ be two k9ds ( ca?ode rays4 #ge4 ,battelli has c]ta9ly sift$ ! two rays ap>t & ?us prov$ ,l5>d's conjectures4 #fa;b1 p4 #dg4 ,! ,elect4 ,rev41 ,lon41 pays tribute to ,battelli1 by (f]+ ! foll[+ op9ion3 8,we h no hesitation 9 say+ t ,battelli1 by means ( int]e/+ & +5i\s exp]im5ts1 has made ! greate/ advances 9 ! !ory ( ! ,x-rays s9ce _! discov]y by ,ro5tg540 ,9 _m cases ! au?or has omitt$ /at+1 9 tak+ sciagraphs1 t ! films 7 protect$ f ord9>y light by opaque mat]ial4 ,?is1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 has always be5 und]/ood4 ,battelli also _h ! films wrapp$ 9 mat]ial opaque to ord9>y light4 ,exp]im5t]s %\ld1 if possible1 always employ alum9um = ?is purpose1 because ! au?or has always notic$ t black pap] or clo? p]mits a great deal ( light to come ?r\gh1 ev5 :5 9 d\ble ?ickness4 ,pr(4 ,sylvanus ,p4 ,?ompson 7,! ,electr41 ,lon41 ,june #bf1 '#if7 locat$ a wire 9 a focus tube 9 ! pa? ( ! rays betwe5 ! plat9um reflector & ! wall ( ! tube4 ,n only 0 !re a sciagraph ( ?is wire produc$ 9 ! sciascope1 b also ! ,crookesian %ad[ ( ! wire on ! wall ( ! bulb4 ,= ?is exp]im5t ! exhau/ion mu/ be q high4 8,at no /ate ( exhau/ion did ! plat9um reflector conv]t all ! int]nal ca?ode rays into ,x-rays40 ,bo? %ad[s 7 ca/ by ! plat9um reflector z ! orig94 ,m or less ( ! rays betwe5 ! reflector & ! glass 7 s5sitive to a magnet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bley]',s ,,exp]im5t4 #afe4 ,comb9$ cam]a & sciascope at ! left3 & %[+ induction coil & dis*>ge-tube at ! "r4 #afe4 ,,bley]',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,comb9$ ,,cam]a ,,& ,,sciascope4 ,elect4 ,eng41 ,july #a1 '#if2 ,royal ,acad4 ,m$4 ,sur41 ( ,naples1 ,italy4--,z e>ly z ,april #g1 ,j4 ,m\nt ,bley]1 ,m4,d41 ( ,naples1 con/ruct$ & us$ ! app>atus %[n 9 ! adjac5t cut1 p4 #afi4 ,! picture is self-explanatory4 ,atta*$ to an ord9>y cam]a is a fl>+ sciascope1 = receiv+ ! tempor>y sciagraph ( ! h&1 = example4 ,! ,x-rays are conv]t$ into lum9\s rays by ! fluoresc5t scre51 &1 !re=e1 ! cam]a w s]ve to take a picture by means ( ! lum9\s rays f ! sciagraph ( ! h&4 ,! cut repres5ts also an induction coil & a dis*>ge tube4 ,soon aft]w>ds1 x 0 report$ by an ,engli% pap] t ,dr4 ,levy1 ( ,b]l91 & o!rs ( ,engl&1 _h also made simil> te/s ) success4 ,9 ord] to illu/rate ! applicability ( ! comb9ation1 ,dr4 ,bley] took _m sciagraphs ) ! cam]a4 ,he calls x ! phot(luoroscope1 :i*1 h[ev]1 w probably n meet ) favor = ! "n does n sugge/ ! nature ( ! in/rum5t4 ,:5 two radically diff]5t devices are comb9$ into "o1 x is difficult to =mulate an acceptable s+le ^w1 &1 !re=e1 ! in/rum5t w probably always be call$ by "s ( ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,a cam]a ) sciascopic adju/m5t1 or comb9$ sciascope & cam]a1 or correspond+ comb9ations ) ! ^w fluoroscope4 ,f ! "t t ,ro5tg5's discov]y 0 ann\nc$1 sci5ti/s ?r\gh\t ! _w h made c>eful exp]im5ts1 up to date1 9 all possible directions1 & ! "t has n[ come :5 ! numb] ( exp]im5ts is rapidly decreas+1 only "o or two be+ not$ n[ & !n 9 ! sci5tific press1 & consi/+ mo/ly 9 repetition1 ) occasionally a slight dep>ture1 involv+ a radically new subord9ate discov]y2 b 9 view ( ! great numb] ( sci5ti/s1 & ( _! high /&+ z c>eful exp]im5t]s1 & because also ( _! desire to be correct 9 _! inf]5ces1 !re might seem to be little else to be inve/igat$4 ,"t only w tell4 ,be=e pass+ to ! f9al *apt]s relat+ to o!r matt]s1 a few m exp]im5ts are relat$ 9 ! briefe/ mann]4 #aff4 ,pr(4 ,sylvanus ,p4 ,?ompson confirm$ non-pol>ization1 7,phil4 ,s41 ,june #ab1 '#if1 & ,! ,electr41 ,lon41 ,june #bf1 '#if47 ,dr4 ,john ,mac9tyre 7,nature1 ,june #bd1 '#if7 c>ri$ on a long s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) t\rmal9e1 & also arriv$ at ! conclusion t pol>ization ( ,x-rays is practically impossible1 #ig1 at end4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,sciagraph ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,goodspe$1 ,,%[+ ,,curvature ,,( ,,! ,,radius1 ,,due ,,to ,,arre/$ ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,ulna ,,at ,,its ,,di/al ,,epiphysis4 ,,"o ,,bone ,,%[n ,,?r\gh ,,ano!r4 #afg4 ,9 ! same pap] ,pr(4 ,?ompson %[$ conclusively t !re is a diffuse reflection ( ,x-rays4 #ha & #ajc4 ,a curi\s exp]im5t consi/$ 9 8 obta9+ du/ figures1 #cf4 by ! dis*>ge ( an electrifi$ body by ,x-rays4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t he caus$ reflection ( ! rays f ! surface ( sodium locat$ 9 a vacuum4 ,! am\nt reflect$ 0 a m9imum = normal incid5ce & increas$ at oblique incid5ce4 #afh4 ,pr(4 ,oliv] ,j4 ,lodge1 ,f4,r4,s41 report$ 9 ,! ,electr41 ,lon41 ,june #e1 '#if1 fur!r detail exp]im5ts 9 ! l9e set out 9 #aac4 ,he prov$ conclusively1 z /at$ by ! editorial 9 ,! ,electrician1 t a positive *>ge has increas+ effect ^u ! ray-emitt+ p[] ( ! surface expos$ to ! ca?odic radiation4 #afi4 ,at ,eton ,college1 ,t4 ,c4 ,port] 7,nature1 ,june #ah1 '#if7 confirm$ ! exp]im5ts ( o!rs by %[+ t ! black5$ face ( ! !rmopile connect$ ) a v s5sitive galvanomet] 0 n influ5c$ 9 any mann] by ,x-rays4 #agj4 ,pr(4 ,william ,f4 ,magie1 ( ,pr9ceton1 ,n4 ,j41 made a c>eful exp]im5t 9 relation to diffraction4 ,pr9ceton ,college ,bullet91 ,may1 '#if4 ,! exp]im5t w\ld c]ta9ly prove t if ,x-rays are due to vibrations1 ! latt] are ( a diff]5t ord] f ^? occurr+ 9 light rays1 = ! slits exhibit$ light diffraction v well1 b !re 0 no evid5ce1 by a wid5+ ( ! image on ! plate1 t ,x-rays _h be5 diffract$ 9 ! slighte/ degree4 #aaj & #aaj;a4 #aga4 ,pr(4 ,haga1 ( ,gron+5 ,univ]sity1 at ! sugge/ion ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,giltay1 7,nature1 ,june #d1 '#if17 made "s v crucial te/s1 ) num]\s precautions1 9 ref]5ce to ! action ( ,x-rays ^u sel5ium1 & ! results 7 s positive t !y ?\ght t a practical application c\ld be made by us+ sel5ium = detect+ ,x-rays1 bo? qualitatively & quantitatively4 ,9 repeat+ ! exp]im5ts1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t "o half h\r or s is requir$ = sel5ium to return to its =m] degree ( ohmic resi/ance aft] be+ /ruck by light or heat or ,x-rays4 ,total numb] ( to ?is place1 #aii4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,a ,,few ,,typical ,,applications ,,( ,x-,,rays ,,9 ,,anatomy1 ,,surg]y1 ,,diagnosis1 ,,etc4 ------- #bjj4 ,,hog>?',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,ne$le ,,locat$ ,,by ,x-,,rays ,,& ,,remov$4 ,! ,lancet1 ,lon41 ,m>4 #bh1 '#if4--;,dr4 ,hog>? is ! m$ical (fic] ( ! g5]al hospital1 ,nott+ham4 ,a "y woman 0 suff]+ ) a pa9 9 h] h& ne> ! metac>pal bone ( ! r+ f+]4 ,a slight swell+ exi/$4 ,t5 weeks be=e1 a ne$le _h ent]$ ! palm :ile wa%+ ! floor4 ,x _h ent]$ at ! base ( ! fif? metac>pal bone4 ,*lor(orm _h be5 giv5 & an incision made1 b no ne$le f\nd & its pres5ce d\bt$4 ,a sciagraph 0 tak5 & ! ne$le 0 accurately locat$ & ! next day remov$4 #bja4 ,,sav>y',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,ne$le ,,locat$ ,,by ,,sciascope ,,& ,,remov$4 ,! ,lancet1 ,m>4 #bh1 '#if4--;,dr4 ,sav>y locat$ a ne$le by a sciascope al?\gh ef=ts by all o!r me?ods _h fail$4 ,a l9e 0 drawn betwe5 two po9ts int]sect+ ! ne$le at "r angles4 ,ab\t half an in* bel[ ! surface ( ! sk9 ( ! wri/ ! blade ( ! scalpel imp+$ ^u ! ne$le1 :i* 0 remov$ )\t difficulty4 #bjb4 ,,r5ton ,,som]ville',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,diagnosis4 ,! ,lancet1 ,lon41 ,apr4 #d1 '#if4--;,a writ] = ! ,lancet report$ t ,drs4 ,r5ton & ,som]ville made a diagnosis ) ! assi/ance ( ! scre54 ,9 "o1 ! suspect$ case ( unr$uc$ dislocation ( ! phalanx1 !y saw t ! p>ts 7 9 ! prop] position4 ,he %[$ to m$ical m5 an old fracture ( ! =e>m :]e ! fragm5ts ( ! bones 7 di/9ct z to ! %ad[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,sciagraph ,,( 8,,colles' ,,fracture0 ,,9 ,,! ,,"r ,,wri/1 ,,by ,a ,,fall ,,on ,,! ,,sidewalk4 #bjg4 ,by ,william ,j4 ,morton1 ,m4,d4 #bjc4 ,,mill]',s ,,exp]im5ts4 ,,location ,,( ,,bullets4 ,elect4 ,_w1 ,m>4 #ba1 '#if4--;,bullets 7 cle>ly locat$ 9 ! h&s ( two diff]5t m5 by ,pr(4 ,dayton ,c4 ,mill]1 ( ! ,case ,s*ool ( ,appli$ ,sci5ce4 ,9 "o1 ! bullet _h be5 lodg$ = #ad ye>s & _h always be5 ?\ght to lie betwe5 ! bones ( ! =e>m1 b two sciagraphs f diff]5t directions locat$ ! ball at ! base ( ! little f+]4 ,by means ( five sciagraphs f diff]5t directions1 ! ball 9 ! o!r h& 0 locat$ at ! base ( ! ?umb4 #bjd4 ,,injuries ,,by ,,accid5t ,,& ,,miscellane\s ,,cases4 ,! ,integral1 ,clevel&1 ,ohio1 '#if4--,_m f+]s & h&s 7 exam9$ by ,pr(4 ,mill] t _h be5 injur$ by plan+ ma*9es1 cog-:eels1 base balls1 pi/ols1 etc41 & 9 ea* case ! nature ( ! injuries 0 det]m9$4 ,sev]al cases ( fractur$ arms 7 /udi$--"s ?r\gh spl9ts & b&ages4 ,"s sciagraphs indicat$ t ! ends ( ! brok5 bones _h n be5 plac$ 9 apposition4 ,subsequ5tly1 an op]ation 0 p]=m$ to rem$y ! sett+4 ,9 "o case1 he sciagraph$ ! arm f :i* a piece ( ! ulna _h be5 remov$ five ye>s previ\sly4 ,! necrosis _h increas$4 ,two sciagraphs at "r angles to ea* o!r cle>ly exhibit$ ! nature ( ! disease4 ,! p]man5t set ( ! toes by we>+ po9t$ %oes 0 cle>ly exhibit$ 7p4 #cj47 ,! figure on page #adg is ! side view ( a foot 9 a lac$ %oe4 ,! outl9es ( ! bones c be trac$1 also ! eyelets & ! pegs 9 ! heel1 :ile ! upp]s sc>cely appe>4 ,9 ,fig4 #a 7introduction7 is %[n a head1 only ! skull be+ cle>ly reproduc$4 ,9 ! negative1 ! tee? appe> & places :5ce ! tee? h be5 extract$1 also ! jaw bones1 nasal cavities & ! ragg$ junction ( ! bones & c>tilage4 ,! v>y+ ?ickness is repres5t$ 9 ! cut1 at ! temples & e>s4 ,fig4 #b 7introduction7 %[s t a brok5 bone 0 badly set1 ! ends ov]lapp+ ea* o!r in/ead ( meet+ end to end4 ,a sciagraph ( an elb[ is %[n on p4 #afa4 ,! fle% is sc>cely visible4 ,fig4 #c 7introduction7 is a picture :i* reproduc$ ! m]e indication ( ! sp9e & ribs4 ,9 ! orig9al negative ! coll> bones1 pelvis1 clavicles1 buckle ( clo?+ & location ( ! he>t & /oma* 7 fa9tly outl9$4 ,fig4 #d 7introduction7 is a repres5tation ( ! knee ( a boy #ae ye>s old1 9 knick]bock]s1 %[+ ! buttons cle>ly1 & dimly a #cb calib] bullet :i* is imb$d$ 9 ! end ( ! femur4 #bjd;a4 ,,necrosis4 ,mortification ( ! ulna is repres5t$ on p4 #adb4 ,necrosis ( ! bone corresponds to gangr5e ( ! s(t p>ts2 life is ext9ct4 #bje4 ,,morton',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,diagnosis4 ,elect4 ,eng41 ,n4,y41 ,june #ag1 '#if4 ,lect4 be=e ,odontological ,s41 ,n4,y41 ,apr4 #bd1 '#if2 repeat$ 9 ,d5tal ,cosmos1 ,june1 '#if4--;,dr4 ,william ,j4 ,morton1 ( ,new ,york1 made sev]al important exam9ations ( ! human sy/em by ! use ( ,x-rays4 ,9 reg>d to application 9 d5ti/ry1 he /at$3--8,ea* errant fang is di/9ctly plac$1 h[ev] deeply imb$d$ )9 its alveol> socket2 tee? be=e _! eruption /& =? 9 pla9 view2 an unsuspect$ exo/osis is reveal$2 a pocket ( necrosis1 ( suppuration1 or ( tub]culosis is reveal$ 9 its exact outl9es2 ! ext5t & area & location ( metallic fill+s are %>ply del9eat$1 :e!r above or bel[ ! alveol> l9e4 ,mo/ int]e/+ is ! fact t ! pulp-*amb] is beautifully outl9$1 & t erosions & enl>gem5ts may be readily detect$40 #bjf4 ,! au?or saw "o ( ,dr4 ,morton's orig9al photograph$ sciagraphs ( ! ?orax1 #ae in*es by #aa in*es1 n at all cr$itably reproduc$ at page #afa4 ,9 ! orig9al1 to ! surgeon's eye3 8,! acromion & coracoid processes ( ! %\ld] blade are cle>ly %[n 9 _! relations to ! head ( ! hum]us1 or arm bone1 & also ! end ( ! clavicle1 or coll> bone1 is %[n 9 its relations to ! %\ld] jo9t4 ,we h1 9 %ort1 an inn] inspection 9 a liv+ p]son ( ?is r complicat$ jo9t1 ! %\ld]1 & !re c be no d\bt t 9 def9$ pictures ( ?is nature ev5 v slight de=mities & diseases w\ld be detect$4 ,x is noticeable t ! front portions ( ! ribs are n %[n1 only ! po/]ior portions ly+ ne>e/ to ! s5sitiz$ plate appe>2 also ! brea/bone 0 suffici5tly d5se to almo/ entirely ob/ruct ! ,x-rays4 ,a coll> button at ! back ( ! neck is tak5 ?r\gh ! backbone4 ,9 "s ( my negatives ! d>k outl9e ( ! he>t & liv] is %[n z well z ! outl9es ( tumors 9 ! bra92 b ?is is evid5tly = purposes ( demon/rat+ ! location ( organs1 an ov]-exposure1 & does n1 !re=e1 indicate ! outl9es ( ! he>t40 ,! "t ( exposure 0 r$uc$ by ! use ( a fluoresc5t scre5 9 conjunction ) ! photographic plate4 #bjg4 ,a woman 0 tr\bl$ ) a /iff5$ wri/4 ,dr4 ,morton took a s+le sciagraph ( bo? wri/s side by side z %[n at page #agd1 7! photographic pr9t be+ pres5t$ = ?is book by ,e4 ,b4 ,meyr[itz1 #ajd ,ea/ #bc;d ,/reet1 ,n4,y47 ,! injur$ wri/ 9 ! picture exhibit$ ! ,colles' ,fracture--! ulna & radius bones be+ telescop$ into _! fractur$ ends by a fall ^u ! sidewalk a ye> be=e4 ,by kn[+ ! cause1 ! mann] ( cure became evid5t1 &1 accord+ly1 ! pati5t is expect$ to b5d ! wri/ backw>d & =w>d & lat]ally sev]al times a day4 ,illu/ration3 ,f sciagraph ( club foot ( *ild by ,pr(4 ,goodspe$4 ,copyright1 '#if1 by ,william ,bev]ley ,h>ison1 ,pub4 ( ,x-ray pictures1 ,new ,york4 ,?is l9ograph 7woodcut71 engrav$ & donat$ by ,/eph5 ,j4 ,cox1 ,d[n+ ,build+1 #ajh ,fulton ,/41 ,new ,york1 af=ds an exact lik5ess ( ! sciagraph1--well-nigh impossible by an unt\*$ half-tone4 ,dr4 ,morton1 9 a lecture be=e ! ,m$ical ,society ( ! ,c\nty ( ,new ,york1 to be pr9t$ 9 ! ,m$ical ,record1 relat$ t ano!r promis+ field ( rese>* & application is 9 ! detection ( calc>e\s infiltrations involv+1 = in/ance1 ! art]ies1 or occurr+ 9 ! lungs & o!r tissues4 ,calculi 9 kidneys1 9 ! bladd]1 9 ! saliv>y ducts h already be5 successfully locat$4 ,! /ages ( ossification1 & ! epiphyseal relations ( ! osse\s /ructure 9 *ildr5 may be pictur$ z is demon/rat$ 9 ! picture ( ! entire skeleton ( an infant five mon?s ( age4 ,! sciagraph %[s pla9ly t x w be possible to detect sp9al diseases1 ei!r 9 *ildr5 or 9 adults4 7,n reproduc$47 #bjh4 ,,norton',s ,,exp]im5t4 ,,diagnosis4 ,elect4 ,_w1 ,n4,y41 ,may #bc1 '#if4--;,9 conjunction ) ,dr4 ,francis ,h4 ,williams1 ,dr4 ,norton exam9$ sev]al pati5ts f ! city hospital to det]m9e h[ an ,x-ray diagnosis w\ld agree ) t previ\sly made by ! hospital /aff4 7,see also #adb1 at end47 ,! outl9e ( an enl>g$ liv]1 #g in*es 9 diamet]1 0 easily di/+ui%$1 ! two outl9es1 "o by p]cussion & "o by ,x-rays1 agree+ bett] 9 favor ( ! latt] by #a_/b in*4 ,an enl>g$ sple5 0 p]fectly outl9$4 ,! tub]culosis ( "o lung caus$ x to be m opaque ?an ! s\nd lung4 ,x 0 f\nd necess>y to take into acc\nt ! seams ( clo?+1 buttons1 buckles1 etc4 ,a bullet 0 f\nd exactly "u ! spot :i* !y m>k$ z be+ ov] ! bullet4 ,a =eign metallic body c be easily detect$ 9 ! sophagus1 because ! latt] is q transp>5t4 ,!y c\ld see ! %ad[s ( ! c>tilag9\s r+s 9 ! tra*ea1 glottis1 & epiglottis4 ,y\ng] p]sons1 up to #aj ye>s ( age1 are m transp>5t ?an old]4 #bji4 ,,lannelongue1 ,,b>!lemy ,,& ,,oud9',s ,,exp]im5ts4 ,,o/eomyelitis ,,di/+ui%$ ,,f ,,p]io/itis4 ,elec4 ,rev41 ,lon41 ,feb4 #ad1 '#if4--;,9 a sciagraph ( a p]son diseas$ ) ! =m]1 ! surface ( ! bone 0 prov$ to be intact1 :ile ! int]nal p>ts 7 de/roy$4 ,9 ! latt] disease ! *anges proce$ f ! surface to ! int]ior4 ,! art ( sciagraphy1 m ne>ly1 z e mon? passes1 becomes develop$ by means ( improv$ app>atus1 scre5s1 photographic plates & o!r elem5ts :i* at pres5t are only dimly pr$ict$4 ,nev]!less1 h[ c a bett] sciagraph ( bones1 %[+ _! ?ickness & porosity1 be desir$ ?an t reproduc$ on page #agg1 & tak5 by ,pr(4 ,ar?ur ,w4 ,goodspe$1 & repres5t+ a club foot ( a *ild8 ,9 ! race to excel 9 ?is new art1 no "o1 to ! au?or's k1 has surpass$ ,pr(4 ,goodspe$1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5n41 consid]$ jo9tly f ! /&po9ts ( priority1 sup]iority1 quantity & v>iety4 ,dr4 ,ke51 ,l4,l4,d41 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,jeff]son ,m$ical ,college1 ( ,philadelphia1 /at$ 7,int]4 ,nat4 ,m$4 ,mag41 ,june1 '#if7 t ,pr(4 ,goodspe$ 8has f> eclips$ all o!rs 9 ^! mo/ beautifully cle> sciagraphs40 #baj4 ,a book c\ld be fill$ ) ! num]\s cases ( diagnosis by ,x-rays %[+ ! utility4 ,9 clos+ ?is *apt]1 let x suffice to m5tion "s ( ! s\rces ( lit]ature relat+ to ?is subject directly or indirectly3 location ( %ot 7by ,dr4 ,a%hur/1 ,phila47 9 lady's wri/1 n locat$ by o!r means4 ,dr4 ,pack>d's case ( acromegaly2 ,dr4 ,mull]'s 7,g]mant[n7 location ( ne$le 9 boy's foot2 cause ( pa9 n be=e kn[n2 ne$le subsequ5tly remov$2 a p]fect ?orax1 or trunk1 by ,pr(4 ,ar?ur ,w4 ,goodspe$1 ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania2 ,?omas ,g4 ,morton's 7,m4 ,d4 ,pres4 ,acad4 ,surg41 ,phila47 application to pa9ful affection ( ! foot1 call$ metat>saligia4 ,all ( ! above notic$ 9 ,int]4 ,m$4 ,mag41 ,june1 #ahif4 ,case ( a burn$ h& ) an*ylosis ( ! f+]s1 by ,w4 ,w4 ,ke51 ,m4,d41 ,l4,l4,d4 ,bact]ia n kill$ by ,x-rays4 ,normal & abnormal phalanx di/+ui%$4 ,fracture & dislocation sometimes diff]5tiat$ by ,x-rays4 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,m$4 ,sci41 ,m>41 '#if4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,!oretical ,,consid]ations4 ------- ,be=e attempt+ to discuss ! facts n[ kn[n 9 reg>d to ! ,ro5tg5 ph5om5a1 x is well to review briefly ! kn[n ways 9 :i* radiant en]gy may be transmitt$4 ,by radiant en]gy is1 ( c\rse1 meant en]gy proce$+ outw>d f a s\rce & produc+ effects at "s di/ant po9t4 ,!re are two well und]/ood ways 9 :i* en]gy may be transmitt$1--fir/1 by an actual transf] to ! di/ant po9t ( matt] to :i* ! en]gy has be5 imp>t$ f ! s\rce1 z 9 ! flight ( a common ball1 a bullet1 or a *>ge ( %ot4 ,9 ?is mode ( transmission1 x is evid5t t ! fly+ p>ticles1 assum+ t !y are subject to no =ces on ! way1 w move 9 /raight l9es f ! s\rce to ! di/ant po9t4 ,!y con/itute real rays1 div]g+ f ! s\rce2 an ob/acle 9 _! pa?1 w\ld1 if ! radiations proce$$ f a po9t1 ca/ a %ad[ ) %>ply def9$ edges4 ,second1--by a transf] ( ! en]gy f "p to "p ( an int]v5+ m$ium1 ea* "p z x receives ! en]gy1 transmitt+ x at once to ! p>ts ar\nd x1 no "p und]go+ m ?an a slight displacem5t f its normal position4 ,?is mode ( transmission con/itutes wave motion4 ,! s\rce imp>ts its en]gy to ! p>ticles ( ! m$ium ne> x4 ,ea* ( ^? p>ticles transf]s its en]gy to ! p>ticles all ar\nd x4 ,ea* ( ^! p>ticles 9 turn transf]s its en]gy to ! p>ticles ar\nd x1 & s on ?r\gh ! m$ium4 ,x is pla9 t !re are "h no su* ?+s z g5u9e rays4 ,z ! en]gy is transf]r$ f p>ticle to p>ticle1 ea* 9 turn becomes a c5tre ( di/urbance transmitt+ its motion 9 all directions4 ,x is only because ! movem5ts transmitt$ f diff]5t po9ts annul "o ano!r except along c]ta9 l9es1 t we h app>5t /raight l9es ( transmission1 &1 !re=e1 fairly %>p %ad[s4 ,b %ad[s produc$ by wave transmissions are nev] absolutely %>p4 ,! wave movem5t is always propagat$ to "s ext5t )9 ! b\nd>y ( ! geometrical %ad[1 less z ! wave l5g?s are %ort]4 ,) s\nd waves ^: l5g?s are measur$ 9 in*es or feet1 ! p5etration into ! %ad[ is consid]able4 ,) light waves #a_/cgjjj to #a_/gjjjj ( an in* 9 l5g?1 ! p5etration into ! %ad[ is v small & requires specially arrang$ app>atus to %[ t x exi/s4 ,?is p5etration into ! geometrical %ad[ is *>act]i/ic ( en]gy propagat$ by wave motion1 & if ! fact ( su* p5etration c be demon/rat$1 x is conclusive pro( ( propagation by waves4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic ( wave motion is f\nd 9 ! ph5om5a ( int]f]5ce4 ,?is is ! mutual effect ( two wave sy/ems1 :i*1 :5 meet+ at a giv5 po9t1 may /r5g!n or annul ea* o!r accord+ to ! conditions "u :i* !y meet4 ,ei!r ( ^? *>act]i/ics %\ld enable u to di/+ui% betwe5 propagation by wave motion & by project$ p>ticles4 ,b :5 wave l5g?s are v %ort & radiations feeble1 ! te/s are n easy to apply4 ,aga91 a wave is 9 g5]al propagat$ ) diff]5t velocities 9 diff]5t m$ia4 ,?is causes a deflection or de=mation ( ! wave z x passes f "o m$ium into ano!r1 & results 9 refraction1 z 9 ! cases ( light & s\nd4 ,abs5ce ( refraction w\ld be /rong ?\gh n conclusive evid5ce aga9/ a wave !ory ( propagation4 ,9 wave propagation1 ea* p>ticle ( ! m$ium suff]s a small displacem5t f its equilibrium position & p]=ms a p]iodic motion ab\t t position4 ,?is displacem5t may be 9 ! l9e ( propagation--longitud9al vibration--or x may be 9 a plane at "r angles to t l9e--transv]se vibration4 ,all ! ph5om5a m5tion$ above1 diffraction1 int]f]5ce1 refraction1 & also reflection1 belong equally to ei!r mode ( wave propagation4 ,o!r ph5om5a mu/ be made use ( to di/+ui% betwe5 ^!4 ,:5 ! vibrations are transv]se !y may all be br\ght into "o plane ?r\gh ! l9e ( propagation4 ,!y may be pol>iz$1 :5 ! ray w pres5t diff]5t ph5om5a ^u diff]5t sides4 ,:5 ! vibrations are longitud9al1 no su* ph5om5a c be produc$4 ,pol>ization1 !n1 s]ves to di/+ui% betwe5 longitud9al & transv]se vibrations4 ,n[ let u consid] briefly ! ,ro5tg5 ray ph5om5a t be> ^u ! "q ( ! nature ( ! propagation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,sciagraph ,,( ,,normal ,,elb[-,,jo9t2 ,,/raight1 ,,9 ,,position ,,( ,,sup9ation4 ,by ,a4 ,w4 ,goodspe$4 ,phot4 ,times1 ,july1 '#if4 ,copyright1 #ahif1 by ,william ,bev]ley ,h>rison1 ,publi%] ( 8,x-ray0 ,pictures1 ,new ,york4 ,x seems to be settl$ beyond "q t ! orig9 ( ! ,ro5tg5 rays is ! fluoresc5t spot 9 ! dis*>ge tube4 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aaa4 ,! evid5ce seems ov]:elm+ t )9 ! tube1 ! ph5om5a are ! result ( /reams ( electrifi$ p>ticles ( ! residual matt]1 %ot (f f ! ca?ode 9 /raight l9es1 p]p5dicul> to its surface4 #eg4 ,?is 0 ,crookes' orig9al !ory1 #ec1 ne> c5tre1 & x seems to h /ood well ! te/ ( sci5tific criticism4 ,^! fly+ p>ticles fall+ ^u any?+ 9 _! pa?1 give rise to ,x-rays4 ,x is pref]able1 b n ess5tial1 t ! bomb>d$ surface %\ld be connect$ electrically ) ! anode4 #aac1 & #aaf4 ,! be/ results are obta9$ by us+ a concave ca?ode1 & plac+ at its c5tre ! surface :i* is to receive ! bomb>dm5t1 !reby conc5trat+ ! effect ^u a small area4 ,ne>ly all exp]im5t]s agree 9 locat+ ! orig9 ( ! ,x-rays at ?is bomb>d$ spot4 ,! en]gy "h und]goes a trans=mation1 & ! ,x-rays repres5t "o ( ! =ms ( en]gy develop$4 ,:at are ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is p>ticul> =m ( radiant en]gy8 ,x causes c]ta9 salts to fluoresce1 #ff1 #hd1 & #acb1 & x affects ! photographic plate4 #gj & #hd4 ,9 ^! respects1 x is l ! %ort wave l5g? radiations f a lum9\s s\rce4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 totally unlike ^! 9 its p[] ( p5etrat+ num]\s sub/ances entirely opaque to light1 su* z wood1 pap]1 h>d rubb]1 fle%1 etc4 ,9 pass+ ?r\gh h>d rubb] & "s o!r opaque insulators1 ,x-rays are l ! long wave l5g? radiations f heat$ bodies1 b ,x-rays p5etrate _m sub/ances t are opaque to ^! long wave l5g? radiations1 & !y are especially di/+ui%$ f all =ms ( radiant en]gy previ\sly recogniz$1 9 _! relative p5etrat+ p[] = fle% & bones :i* makes x possible to obta9 ! rem>kable %ad[ pictures :i* h become )9 ?ree or f\r mon?s1 s famili> to all ! _w4 ,b ^! ph5om5a1 al?\gh !y s]ve to di/+ui% ! ,x-rays f all o!r =ms ( radiant en]gy1 d n furni% any clew to ! nature ( ! ,x-rays !mselves4 ,9 attempt+ to =mulate a !ory ( ,x-rays1 ! idea t fir/ naturally pres5ts itself is t !y are due to "s =m ( wave motion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,sciagraph ,,( ,,knee-,,jo9t1 ,,/raight1 ,,side ,,view1 ,,%[+ ,,patella1 ,,or ,,knee-,,cap4 ,by ,pr(4 ,goodspe$4 ,phot4 ,times1 ,july1 '#if4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( wave motion are diffraction & int]f]5ce ph5om5a4 ,s f>1 no positive evid5ce ( diffraction1 #aaj1 nor int]f]5ce1 #hi1 h be5 recogniz$1 al?\gh exp]im5ts1 h be5 tri$ t w\ld h %[n pla9ly1 diffraction ph5om5a1 _h light be5 us$ 9 place ( ! ,ro5tg5 radiations4 #agj4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 conclude1 ei!r t ! ,ro5tg5 radiations 9 ! exp]im5ts 7 too feeble to produce a record ( ! diffraction effects1 or1 t !y are n due to wave motion at all1 unless ( a wave l5g? v small ev5 :5 comp>$ ) waves ( light4 ,! abs5ce ( refraction is also oppos$ to any wave !ory ( ! ,ro5tg5 radiations1 = x is difficult to believe t waves ( any k9d c\ld travel ) ! same velocity ?r\gh all m$ia1 :i* !y mu/ d if !y suff] no deviation4 #hf4 ,! next supposition naturally is1 t ! ph5om5a are due to /reams ( p>ticles4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! rays may be /reams ( mat]ial p>ticles1 b ?is !ory _c be ma9ta9$ 9 view ( ! fact t ! rays proce$1 )\t h9drance1 ?r\gh ! highe/ vacuum4 #gb;b & #acc1 ne> end4 ,nei!r is x consi/5t ) ! high velocity ( propagation4 ,molecules ( gas c\ld n be propell$ ?r\gh air ) any su* velocity or to any su* di/ance z ,x-rays are propagat$4 ,tesla has claim$ #aci1 t ! residual gases are driv5 out ?r\gh ! glass ( ! vacuum bulb by ! high pot5tial t he employs4 ,?is has n be5 confirm$ by o!r exp]im5t]s4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t ! vacuum may be greatly improv$ by work+ ! bulb1 #aba1 t is1 s5d+ ! dis*>ge ?r\gh x1 b exp]im5t]s g5]ally h f\nd t heat+ ! bulb impairs ! vacuum & re/ores ! orig9al condition4 ,! gases1 71 !re=e1 occlud$ dur+ ! electrical dis*>ge1 to be aga9 set free by heat+ ! bulb4 #aci;b4 ,! rays may be e!r /reams1 p]haps 9 ! =m ( mov+ vortices1 b ( su* /reams we h no indep5d5t k1 & c only det]m9e by ma!matical analysis1 :at _! *>act]i/ics %\ld be4 ,!y w\ld n suff] refraction1 & w\ld n produce int]f]5ce nor diffraction ph5om5a4 ,:e!r !y w\ld d :at ! ,x-rays d1 g ?r\gh ! fle% & n ?r\gh bone1 ?r\gh wood & n ?r\gh metal1 excite fluoresc5ce1 or affect ! photographic plate1 _c be said4 ,!re is evid5ce t !re are at lea/ two k9ds ( ,x-rays1 #aeb1 diff]+ 9 p5etrat+ p[]1 ?\gh p]haps n diff]+ 9 o!r respects4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,sciagraph ,,( ,,normal ,,knee-,,jo9t1 ,,flex$4 ,phot4 ,times1 ,july1 #if4 ,copyright1 #ahif1 by ,william ,bev]ley ,h>ison1 ,publi%] ( 8,x-ray0 ,pictures1 ,new ,york4 ,x-rays h _! orig9 only 9 electrical dis*>ges 9 high vacua4 ,!y are abs5t f sun-light & f light ( ! electric arc1 & o!r s\rces ( artificial illum9ation1 #acf4 ,proce$+ f ! bomb>d$ spot1 !y are n deflect$ by a magnet1 except 9 an evacuat$ obs]v+ tube1 z prov$ by ,l5>d1 #gb;a1 & %[ no evid5ce ( c>ry+ an electric *>ge l ca?ode rays1 #fa;b1 p4 #dg4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y w dis*>ge ei!r a negatively or positively *>g$ body 9 _! pa?4 ,! evid5ce seems conclusive 7,*ap4 ,,viii47 t ! ultra-violet rays f an illum9at+ s\rce also dis*>ge *>g$ conductors4 ,9 ?is respect1 !re=e1 !re is a simil>ity betwe5 ! ,x-rays & ultra-violet light4 ,! action ( ! waves ( light ^u a cell =m$ ( sel5ium l[]s ! resi/ance ( ! latt] & h]e9 is circum/antial evid5ce at lea/1 conc]n+ ! simil>ity ( ! prop]ties ( ,x-rays & light1 because ! =m] are also f\nd to increase ! conduct+ p[] ( sel5ium4 #aga4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,ro5tg51 #ij1 seem to %[ t ! dis*>g+ effect ( ,x-rays is due to ! air ?r\gh :i* ! rays h pass$4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! dis*>ge ( electrifi$ bodies by light occurs m g5]ally = negatively ?an = positively *>g$ bodies1 #ii;,b1 #ii;,i1 & #ii,s1 t x dep5ds ^u ! nature1 #ig;b1 & d5sity1 #ig;a1 ( ! gas surr\nd+ ! body1 & also ^u ! mat]ial ( ! *>g$ body itself4 #ih4 ,! dis*>ge w\ld1 !re=e1 seem to be connect$ ) a *emical action1 #aec1 ne> end1 :i* is promot$ by ! rays4 ,?is seems all ! m probable1 s9ce x 0 f\nd1 #ih1 t ! m electro-positive ! metal1 ! long] ! wave l5g? t w\ld influ5ce ! dis*>ge4 ,9 ?is connection1 x is well to note t ,tesla f\nd1 #adf;a1 t 9 _! p[] ( reflect+ 7or diffus+ ,x-rays71 ! diff]5t metals /& 9 ! same ord] z 9 ! electric contact s]ies 9 air1 ! mo/ electro-positive be+ ! be/ reflectors4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :e!r connect+ ! reflect+ plate to e>?1 w\ld1 9 any way1 v>y its reflect+ p[]4 ,! ,x-rays seem to dis*>ge "s bodies1 :5 positively *>g$1 & o!r bodies :5 negatively *>g$4 ,!y w also give to "s bodies a positive1 & to o!rs a negative *>ge 7 #ij;c74 ,is ! ord] "h also t ( ! electrical contact s]ies 9 air8 ,are n all ! ph5om5a ( electrical *>ge & dis*>ge1 ( reflection or diffusion1 & ( ,x-rays1 connect$ ) *emical action1 z ! app>5t diff]5ce ( pot5tial1 due to contact1 und\bt$ly is8 #aec4 ,an exp]im5t by ,la ,fay 7 #aci;a7 seems to %[ t ,x-rays1 9 air1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh a *>g$ silv] leaf1 acquire ! prop]ty ( be+ deflect$ by a magnet1 z are ! ca?ode rays inside ! g5]at+ or exhau/$ obs]v+ tube1 #gb;a4 ,if ?is is confirm$1 x w\ld g f> to support ! !ory t ^! rays are /reams ( some?+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,sciagraph ,,( ,,head ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,goodspe$4 ,,nasal ,,bones ,,appe> ,,l ,,eyela%es4 ,int]4 ,m$4 ,mag41 ,june1 '#if4 ,! c]vical v]tebr are di/+ui%able 9 ! orig9al1 b b>ely s 9 ! half-tone4 ,fill+s are locat$4 ,! burd5 ( pro(1 up to ! pres5t1 seems to be aga9/ any wave !ory ( ! ,x-rays1 =1 al?\gh !y are l ! ultra-violet rays 9 produc+ fluoresc5ce & 9 affect+ ! photographic plate1 & h "s po9ts ( simil>ity to ^! rays 9 _! effect ^u *>g$ bodies1 ! ,x-rays are totally unlike ! ultra-violet1 9 respect to diffraction & int]f]5ce ph5om5a4 ,9 fact1 ! abs5ce ( su* ph5om5a1 if !y are really abs5t1 is conclusive pro( t ! ,x-rays _c be wave motions1 unless ( a wave l5g? extremely %ort ev5 z comp>$ to waves ( light4 ,s9ce writ+ ! above1 ,i h se5 an acc\nt ( exp]im5ts 9 relation to diffraction ( ,x-rays1 pres5t$ to ! ,fr5* ,academy by ,,mm4 ,l4 ,calmette & ,g4 ,t4 ,huilli]1 9 :i* ! au?ors claim to h obta9$ evid5ce t diffraction occurs4 ,! foll[+ translation ( ,,mm4 ,calmette & ,huilli]'s pap] is tak5 f ! ,electrical ,eng9e]1 ,n4,y41 = ,july #bb1 #ahif4 8,we h ! honor ( submitt+ to ! ,academy "s photographic pro(s obta9$ ) ! ,rntg5 rays by means ( ! foll[+ arrangem5t40 8,v ne> ! ,crookes tube !re is a scre5 8,e0 7diagram omitt$71 ( brass1 p]=at$ by a slit1 ! wid? ( :i* has r>ely rea*$ a half mm4 ,a second metal scre51 ,e1 is =m$ ( a plate provid$ ) two slits or pi]c$ ) a w9d[ 9 :i* is fix$ a metal rod ( #a mm4 9 diamet]4 ,?is scre5 is plac$ at ! di/ance1 a1 beh9d ! =m]4 ,la/ly1 a photographic plate1 enfold$ 9 two leaves ( black pap]1 is plac$ at ! di/ance1 b1 beh9d ! second scre51 ,e40 8,! foll[+ table indicates1 = ea* pro(1 :at is ! scre5 ,e us$1 & ! value ( a & b a3 ,e4 ,no4 a b ,cm4 a ,cm4 #a4 ,rod ( #a mm4 9 #e #ai4e diamet] #c4 ,rod ( #a mm4 9 #e4e #bj diamet] #e4 ,rod ( #a mm4 9 #h4i #cj diamet] #g4 ,two n>r[ slits1 8 8 sep>at$ by a cyl9drical rod ( #a mm4 9 diamet] 8,on ! pro(s #a1 #c1 #e ! %ad[ ?r[n by ! metallic rod is bord]$ on ea* side by a light b& :i* %[s a maximum ( int5sity4 ,)9 ?is %ade we obs]ve a zone less d>k1 :i* seems to indicate t ! ,rntg5 rays p5etrate into ! geometrical %ad[4 ,la/ly1 9 pro(s #c & #e we see1 9 l mann]1 a maximum ( int5sity along ! m>g9s ( ! w9d[ 9 :i* ! rod is plac$40 8,9 ! pro( ,no4 #g we p]ceive1 9 ! middle ( ! two :ite b&s1 a f9e d>k ray1 :ile 9 ! %ad[ ( ! rod :i* sep>ates ! two slits !re is se5 a light ray40 8,if we comp>e ^! results ) ^? obta9$ ) light 9 ! same conditions1 ! slit be+ relatively wide & ! int5sity weak1 x seems difficult n to ascribe !m to ! diffraction ( ! ,rntg5 rays40 8,! pro(s obta9$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts--:i* we propose to cont9ue--are n yet s di/9ct t we c measure ! wave l5g? ) any precision4 ,b we are /ill l$ to believe t ?is wave l5g? is great] ?an t ( ! lum9\s rays4--,comptes ,r5dus40 ,( c\rse1 if diffraction ph5om5a c be demon/rat$1 ! "q z to ! radiations be+ wave propagations1 is settl$1 ?\gh ! "q :e!r ! vibrations are longitud9al or transv]se1 is /ill op54 ,be=e accept+ any /ream or vortex motion !ory1 we ne$ to "k m ab\t ! ,x-ray ph5om5a1 & m ab\t /ream & vortex motion4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,s9ce ?is is a collection ( articles by diff]5t sci5ti/s1 !re may be diff]5ces 9 spell+ & usage4 ,!re is no exp]im5t #fd4 ,!re la/ exp]im5t on page #ea is numb] #fc;b1 & ! fir/ exp]im5t page #eb is #fe4 7,a note atta*$ to ! #fc;b table ( cont5ts entry says t !re is no exp]im5t #fd47 ,! miss+ entries 9 ! ,table ( ,cont5ts = exp]im5ts #abh;a & #adi;a 7 add$4 ,!re are two exp]im5ts label$ #fa;b1 page #df 7,?omson's ,exp]im5t7 & #dg 7,p]r9's ,exp]im5t74 ,! in/ance on page #dg 0 relabel$ #fa;c4 ,!re are two exp]im5ts numb]$ #aei 9 ! ,table ( ,cont5ts4 ,! fir/ foll[s entry #aaj;a & ! o!r is 9 ord]1 aft] exp]im5t #aeh4 ,! fir/ in/ance 0 *ang$ to #aei;a4 ,miss+ or obscur$ punctuation 0 sil5tly correct$4 ,typographical errors 7 sil5tly correct$4 ,inconsi/5t spell+ & hyph5ation 7 made consi/5t only :5 a pr$om9ant =m 0 f\nd 9 ?is book4 ,text t 0 9 italics is enclos$ by und]scores 7italics72 text t 0 bold by 8equal0 signs 7bold74 ,! use ( a c>et 77 be=e a lett]1 or lett]s1 %[s t ! foll[+ lett] or lett]s 0 int5d$ to be a sup]script1 z 9 ,st ,b>?olomew or #aj? ,c5tury4 ,sup]scripts are us$ to indicate numb]s rais$ to a p[]4 ,9 ?is pla9 text docum5t1 !y are repres5t$ by *>act]s l ?is3 8,p#c0 or 8#ajah01 i4e4 ,p cub$ or #aj to ! #ah? p[]4 ,v>iables 9 =mul sometimes use subscripts1 :i* look l ?is3 8,a#j04 ,?is w\ld be read 8,a sub #j04