,,! ,,visual ,,in/ruction ,,committee ,,( ,,! ,,colonial ,,(fice4 ------- ,,eight ,,lectures ,,on ,,india4 ------- ,,prep>$ ,,= ,,! ,,committee ,,by ,h4 ,j4 ,,mack9d]1 ,lately ,director ( ! ,london ,s*ool ( ,economics & ,political ,sci5ce3 ,au?or ( 8,brita9 & ! ,briti% ,seas40 ------- ,) ,lant]n ,illu/rations4 ------- ,,"o ,,%ill+ ,,net4 ,,wat]l[ ,,sons ,,limit$1 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,london ,,wall4 --- #aiaj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dhj ,slides1 #fj = ea* ,lecture1 h be5 prep>$ 9 connection ) ?is book1 & are sold on behalf ( ! ,committee by ,messrs4 ,newton ,co41 #c1 ,fleet ,/reet1 ,london1 ,e4,c41 f :om ! books ( lectures c also be obta9$4 ,! complete set ( #dhj ,slides1 9 eight padd$ boxes1 may be _h = #ej1 or ! ,slides to accompany ! sev]al ,lectures w be sold = ,six ,gu9eas ea* ,lecture4 ,s+le ,slides w n be sold4 ,! s]ies consi/s = ! mo/ "p ( views tak5 by ,mr4 ,a4 ,hugh ,fi%]1 ! arti/ :o w5t to ,india = ! purpose on behalf ( ! ,committee4 ,"s ( !m are photographs col\r$ by h& f sket*es 9 col\r prep>$ by ,mr4 ,fi%]1 & "s are col\r photographs by ! ,sang] ,%eph]d process reproduc+ ,mr4 ,fi%]'s own sket*es4 ,!re are also _m maps 9 col\r prep>$ by ! ,diagram ,company4 -------------- ,! slides ( ?is s]ies are copyright4 ------------------------------------ ,,ent]$ ,,at ,,/ation]s ,,hall4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,! ,,visual ,,in/ruction ,,committee4 ,,appo9t$ ,,by ,,! ,,secret>y ,,( ,,/ate ,,= ,,! ,,colonies4 ---------------------------- ,,! ,,"r ,,hon\rable ,,! ,,e>l ,,( ,,mea?1 ,k4,p41 ,*airman4 ,,! ,,"r ,,hon\rable ,,sir ,,cecil ,,clem5ti ,,smi?1 ,g4,c4,m4,g4 ,,sir ,,john ,,/ru!rs1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,,ll4,d41 ,secret>y to ! ,scot* ,education ,dep>tm5t4 ,,sir ,,philip ,,hut*9s1 ,k4,c4,s4,i41 late ,memb] ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ,india4 ,,sir ,,*>les ,,lucas1 ,k4,c4,m4,g41 ,c4,b41 ( ! ,colonial ,(fice4 ,,sir ,,*>les ,,holroyd1 ,director ( ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,h4 ,f4 ,,hea?1 ,ph4,d41 ,director ( ,special ,inquiries & ,reports1 ,bo>d ( ,education4 ,h4 ,j4 ,,mack9d]1 ,m4,p41 late ,director ( ! ,london ,s*ool ( ,economics & ,political ,sci5ce4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,m]c]1 ,c4,m4,g41 ,cr[n ,ag5t = ! ,colonies4 ,r4 ,d4 ,,rob]ts1 ,d4,sc41 ,secret>y ( ! ,gil*ri/ ,educational ,tru/4 ,,pr(essor ,,mi*ael ,e4 ,,sadl]1 ,,ll4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,education 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,man*e/]4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,! ,,visual ,,in/ruction ,,committee ,,( ,,! ,,colonial ,,(fice4 ------- ,! compon5t p>ts ( ! ,briti% ,empire are s remote & s diff]5t f "o ano!r1 t x is evid5t ! ,empire c only be held toge!r by sympa?y & und]/&+1 bas$ on widely diffus$ k ( its geography1 hi/ory1 res\rces1 climates1 & races4 ,x is obvi\s t if ?is k is to be effective x mu/ be imp>t$ to ! com+ g5]ation4 ,9 o!r words x mu/ be taught 9 ! ,s*ools ( ! ,empire4 ,9 ! ,autumn ( #aijb1 a ,committee 0 appo9t$ by ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ! ,colonies to consid] on :at sy/em su* tea*+ might be/ be develop$4 ,! ,committee came to ! conclusion t *ildr5 9 any "p ( ! ,empire w\ld nev] und]/& :at ! o!r p>ts 7 l unless by "s adequate means ( visual in/ruction2 &1 fur!r1 t z f> z possible ! tea*+ %\ld be on ! same l9es 9 all p>ts ( ! ,empire4 ,x 0 decid$ to make a beg9n+ by an exp]im5t on a small scale1 & = ?is purpose to invite ! ?ree ,ea/]n ,colonies ( ,ceylon1 ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 & ,hong ,kong to be> ! exp5se ( a small book ( ,lant]n ,lectures on ! ,unit$ ,k+dom = use 9 ! ,s*ools 9 ^? ,colonies4 ,o!r p>ts ( ! ,empire 7 aft]w>ds invit$ to h editions :i* w\ld be suit$ to _! own special requirem5ts prep>$ at _! own exp5se1 & up to ! pres5t date editions h be5 issu$ = ! ,ea/]n ,colonies1 = ! ,we/ ,indies1 = ,we/ ,africa1 = ,mauritius1 & = ,india4 ,editions are n[ 9 prep>ation = ,canada & = ,s\? ,africa4 ,! ,committee1 h[ev]1 h always _h 9 m9d ! prep>ation ( illu/rat$ lectures on ! ,colonies & ,india z well z on ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,_! exp]i5ce conv9c$ !m t if ?is "p ( ! "w 7 to be done z well z x c\ld be done1 x 0 advisable to h ! illu/rations prep>$ on a uni=m sy/em by a highly skill$ arti/ or arti/s specially commission$ = ! purpose4 ,!y 7 s =tunate z to int]e/ 9 _! "w ,h] ,maje/y ! ,que5 7!n ,h] ,royal ,highness ! ,pr9cess ( ,wales71 & ?r\gh h] p[]ful & graci\s support1 & t ( ,lady ,dudley & a ,committee ( ladies :o 7 good en\gh to collect a sum ( ne>ly #d1jjj = ! purpose1 !y h be5 able to make a beg9n+ ( a "w :i* w take "s ye>s to complete4 ,! ,committee desire to record _! w>m gratitude to ,h] ,maje/y1 to ,lady ,dudley1 & to ! ,committee ( ladies = mak+ ?is "p ( ! und]tak+ possible4 ,! lectures conta9$ 9 ! pres5t little volume are ! fir/ in/alm5t ( ! "w und]tak5 9 connection ) ! ,que5's ,fund4 ,! ,committee's arti/1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,hugh ,fi%]1 has travell$ ?r\gh ,india collect+ mat]ial = ! illu/rative lant]n slides4 ,8 sket*es & photographs h be5 reproduc$ p>tly by ! ord9>y process 9 black & :ite1 & p>tly by ! ,sang] ,%eph]d me?od 9 col\r photography4 ,"s ( ! slides h be5 col\r$ by h& aft] ,mr4 ,fi%]'s in/ructions4 ,a s]ies ( maps has also be5 includ$1 9 ord] t ! lessons ( ! lectures may be driv5 home4 ,! text ( ! lectures has be5 prep>$ at ! reque/ ( ! ,committee by ,mr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,mack9d]1 :o has bas$ 8 "w on in=mation plac$ at 8 disposal f _m s\rces4 ,! ,committee believe t he has succe$$ 9 pres5t+ 9 _! relative importance & proportion all ! *ief facts ess5tial to ! popul> und]/&+ ( ,8 ,maje/y's ,indian ,dom9ions4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 obvi\s t no acc\nt conf9$ )9 ! n>r[ limits ( ! pres5t lectures1 ( s wide & v>i$ an ,empire z t ( ,india1 c give a completely accurate picture ( all ! _m important facts & que/ions t are ref]r$ to2 b 9 ord] to r$uce to a m9imum ! *ance ( giv+ mislead+ impressions1 ,mr4 ,mack9d] has _h ! advantage ( sugge/ions f sev]al em95t au?orities on ! subject1 & 9 ?is connection ! ,committee desire especially to ?ank ,sir ,walt] ,lawr5ce1 ,sir ,william ,lee-,w>n]1 ,sir ,!odore ,morison1 ,sir ,?omas ,holdi*1 ,sir ,william ,bisset1 ,sir ,philip ,hut*9s1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,=re/1 ,c4,i4,e41 & o!rs4 ,,mea?1 ,*airman ( ! ,visual ,in/ruction ,committee ,,london1 ,augu/1 #aiaj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,publications ( ! ,visual ,in/ruction ,committee1 issu$ on behalf ( ! ,committee by ,messrs4 ,wat]l[ ,sons ,ltd4 ,a4 ,sev5 ,lectures on ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ,by ,mr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,,mack9d]4 ,9 ! foll[+ ,editions3-- #a4 ,ea/]n ,colonies ,edition1 ,sept41 #aije4 ,9 use 9 ,ceylon1 ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 & ,hong ,kong4 #b4 ,mauritius ,edition1 ,june1 #aijf4 ,9 use 9 ,mauritius4 #c4 ,we/ ,african ,edition1 ,sept41 #aijf4 ,9 use 9 ,si]ra ,leone1 ! ,gold ,coa/1 & ,s\!rn ,nig]ia4 #d4 ,we/ ,india ,edition1 ,sept41 #aijf4 ,9 use 9 ,tr9idad1 ,briti% ,guiana1 & ,jamaica4 #e4 ,indian ,edition1 ,m>*1 #aijg4 ,9 use 9 ! foll[+ ,prov9ces3--,madras1 ,bombay1 ,b5gal1 ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces1 ! ,punjab1 ,burma1 ,ea/]n ,b5gal & ,assam1 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 ! ,nor? ,we/ ,fronti] ,prov9ce1 & ,briti% ,balu*i/an4 #f4 ,indian ,edition = use 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ,jan41 #aiji4 ,price ,"o ,%ill+ net4 ,canadian & ,s\? ,african ,editions are be+ prep>$ by direction ( ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada & ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,b4--,eight ,lectures on ,india4 ,augu/1 #aiaj4 ,by ,mr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,,mack9d]4 ,price ,"o ,%ill+ net4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,cont5ts4 --- ,,page4 ,,lecture ,i4 --,madras--! ,h9du ,religion #a ,,lecture ,,ii4 --,burma--! ,buddhi/ ,religion #ai ,,lecture ,,iii4 --,b5gal--! ,monsoons #ce ,,lecture ,,iv4 --,! ,unit$ ,prov9ces--! #ea ,mut9y ,,lecture ,v4 --,bombay--! ,m>a?as #ff ,,lecture ,,vi4 --,rajputana--! ,feudatory #hb ,/ates ,,lecture ,,vii4 --,delhi-! ,muhammadan ,religion #ie ,,lecture --,! ,nor?we/ ,fronti]--! #aad ,,viii4 ,sikhs ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,note4--,x is consid]$ undesirable to ov]load ?is book ) footnotes1 &1 !re=e1 ?is g5]al ackn[l$gm5t is made ( ! indebt$ness ( ! writ] to v>i\s /&>d au?ors ( ^: works use has be5 made & quotations f :i* h 9 "s cases be5 giv54 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,lecture ,i4 --- ,,madras4 --- ,,! ,,h9du ,,religion4 ,india is an empire )9 an empire4 ,!re are f\r hundr$ million p 9 ! ,briti% ,empire1 & ( ^! ?ree hundr$ million are 9 ,india4 ,?\gh x is kn[n by a s+le %ort "n1 ,india mu/ n be comp>$ ) c\ntries su* z ,france & ,g]many4 ,z reg>ds bo? area & population x is ! equal ( half ,europe1 t half :i* includes all ! c\ntries except ,russia4 ,x is a l& ( _m languages1 "s ( !m spok5 by z _m p z speak ,g]man or ,fr5*4 ,x is a l& ( sev]al religions1 diff]+ m deeply ?an ! sects ( ,europe ,x is1 9 %ort1 a _w 9 itself1 ( anci5t civilisation1 yet z ! result ( a wond]ful mod]n hi/ory !re is to-day peace f end to end ( x1 = ?\gh ! sy/ems ( gov]nm5t are v diff]5t 9 diff]5t p>ts1 yet ev]y:]e ! rul]s1 :e!r ,briti% (ficials or native pr9ces1 ackn[l$ge ! sov]eignty or ! suz]a9ty ( ,8 ,imp]ial ,maje/y ,k+ ,george ! ,fif?4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,map ( ,j\rney1 ,london to ,colombo4 ,india lies "o qu>t] way r\nd ! globe1 or n9ety degrees ea/w>d f ,brita94 ,x is plac$ :olly 9 w>m] latitudes ?an ,europe1 = ! nor!rnmo/ po9t ( ,india is almo/ precisely 9 ! latitude ( ! s\!rnmo/ po9t ( ,europe4 ,x occupies ! same latitudes z ! great we/]n w+ ( ,africa4 ,if lift$ bodily nor?w>d & plac$ ^u ! map ( ,europe1 x w\ld ext5d f ,gibralt>1 pa/ ,spa91 ,france1 & ,brita9 to a po9t beyond ! ,%etl& ,isles4 ,! ,briti% ,empire 9 ,india 0 won1 organis$1 & def5d$ 9 ! days be=e /eam4 ,access to x 0 possible only by sail+ %ip r\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 by an ocean pa?1 t is to say1 m ?an t5 ?\s& miles long4 ,! voyage took sev]al mon?s4 ,to-day ! ,briti% (ficial1 & soldi]1 & m]*ant g f ,london to ,bombay1 & ! ,indian /ud5t comes f ,bombay to ,london 9 a =tnight4 ,z we see on ! map1 ! r\te is by rail to ,dov]1 across ! ,/raits ( ,dov]1 & by rail aga9 ?r\gh ,france to ,m>seilles4 ,!re ! travell] jo9s ! /eam] :i* has c>ri$ a c>go1 probably ( cottons & ma*9]y1 ?r\gh ! ,bay ( ,biscay4 ,f ,m>seilles ! track is ?r\gh ! two ,/raits ( ,bonifacio & ,mess9a to ! entry ( ! ,suez ,canal at ,port ,said4 ,"h ! mails are put on bo>d1 :i* h come ?r\gh ! ,italian p59sula to ,br9disi1 & !nce by rapid /eam]4 ,?us x is only f ,port ,said ?r\gh ! ,canal & ! ,r$ ,sea to ,ad5 t ! vessel c>ries h] complete burd5--mails & pass5g]s1 & c>go4 ,! r$i/ribution comm5ces at ,ad54 ,our /eam] happ5s to be b\nd1 n = ,bombay1 b = ,colombo & ,au/ralia1 & ! ,indian mails & pass5g]s are transf]r$ at ,ad5 to a local /eam]1 :i* crosses to ,bombay4 ,f ,london to ,colombo & ,bombay is ! naval high /reet ( ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,at ,gibralt>1 ,malta1 & ,ad51 :]e ! wat]ways n>r[ & enemies might ob/ruct1 are ,briti% g>risons & naval /ations4 ,ev5 ! ,suez ,canal is p>tly own$ by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t4 ,a g5]ation ago %>es 9 t great und]tak+ 7 pur*as$ by ! ,unit$ ,k+dom = f\r million p\nds /]l+4 ,to-day ! ,briti% %>es 9 ! ,canal are valu$ at m ?an ?irty millions /]l+1 & ea* ye> a pr(it ( m ?an a million p\nds is paid into ! ,briti% ,ex*equ]4 ,!re is a g>rison ( ,briti% troops also 9 ,egypt4 ,colombo is "o ( ! *ief c5tres ( communication 9 ! _w4 ,"s day1 :5 ! ,dom9ions beyond ! seas h gr[n to be z ri* & z popul\s z ,brita9 h]self1 ! way ?r\gh ! ,m$it]ranean1 to-day all important1 w be reckon$ z "o ( sev]al equal ?reads ( imp]ial p[]4 ,o!r great /reams ( traffic1 ,india-b\nd1 w !n conv]ge ^u ,colombo f ! ,cape 9 ! s\?we/1 f ,au/ralia 9 ! s\!a/1 & by way ( ,s+apore f ,canada 9 ! ea/4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,map ( ! ,indian ,seas4 ,colombo is1 h[ev]1 n 9 ! te*nical s5se ,indian4 ,x is ! *ief city ( ! beautiful isl& ( ,ceylon1 :i* is ab\t z l>ge z ,irel&4 ,! ,gov]nor ( ,ceylon writes 8 despat*es home n to ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ,india b to ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ! ,colonies1 = ,ceylon is a ,cr[n ,colony1 n a ,prov9ce ( ! ,indian ,empire4 ,we w1 !re=e1 leave ,ceylon to be /udi$ at "s o!r opportunity1 & w take ! /eam] :i* 9 a night crosses ! ,gulf ( ,man> to ,tuticor91 on ! ,indian coa/ opposite4 ,z we lie 9 our bunks t night1 :ile ! %ip pl\ghs ! wat] 9 ! d>k1 let u realize to :at po9t on ! va/ surface ( ! globe we h travell$4 ,a hundr$ miles away to ea/ ( u are ! m\nta9s ( ,ceylon1 ris+ "s eight ?\s& feet above ! level ( ! ocean4 ,a hundr$ miles to we/ is ,cape ,comor91 ! s\!rnmo/ po9t ( ,india1 ly+ eight degrees nor? ( ! ,equator4 ,let u n be deceiv$ by ! app>5t smallness ( space on ! maps :i* we use--^? eight degrees are ne>ly equival5t to ! l5g? ( ,great ,brita94 ,f ,cape ,comor9 two coa/s div]ge1 ! "o kn[n z ! ,malab> ,coa/ nor?we/w>d = a ?\s& miles1 ! o!r kn[n z ! ,corom&el ,coa/ nor?w>d & !n nor!a/w>d = a l di/ance4 ,! surf ( ! ,arabian ,sea beats on ! ,malab> ,coa/1 t ( ! ,bay ( ,b5gal on ! ,corom&el ,coa/4 ,bo? ! ,arabian ,sea & ! ,bay ( ,b5gal op5 broadly s\?w>d to ! ,indian ,ocean1 = ! great ,indian ,p59sula n>r[s betwe5 !m to a %>p po9t at ,cape ,comor94 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,map ( ,s\!rn ,india4 ,! int]ior ( ! ,indian ,p59sula is = ! mo/ "p a l[ plateau1 kn[n z ! ,deccan1 ^: we/]n m>g9 =ms a /eep br9k ov]look+ ! ,malab> ,coa/4 ,f ! top ( ?is br9k1 call$ ! ,we/]n ,ghats1 ! surface ( ! plateau falls g5tly ea/w>d to a second l[] br9k1 :i* be>s ! "n ( ,ea/]n ,ghats4 ,betwe5 ! ,ea/]n ,ghats1 h[ev]1 & ! ,corom&el ,coa/ !re is a broad belt ( l[-ly+ pla91 ! ,c>natic4 ,?us ,india pres5ts a l(ty front to ! %ip approa*+ f ! we/1 b a featureless pla9 along ! ,bay ( ,b5gal1 :]e ! trees ( ! coa/l9e appe> to rise out ( a wat]-horizon :5 se5 f a %ort di/ance seaw>d4 ,sid5ote3 #d4 ,approa*+ ,tuticor94 ,we wake at ! dawn ( ! equatorial day :i* comes almo/ sudd5ly at six 9 ! morn+4 ,!re is bu/le on bo>d1 = ! laun* is alongside :i* is to c>ry u a%ore4 ,! %ip is rid+ 9 a yell[1 turbid sea1 & ! l& is di/ant "s miles to ! we/1 a l[ d>k l9e along ! horizon4 ,at "o po9t are :ite build+s1 :i* gleam 9 ! increas+ light4 ,we cross ! broad %oal1 & gradually ! detail ( ! coa/ sep>ates into a ri* vegetation ( trees1 & a city ^: mo/ prom95t object is a cotton factory ) tall *imneys--/range rem9d] at ! v ?re%old ( our j\rney t we are ent]+ a l& :i* is 9 process ( economic *ange4 ,! ,unit$ ,k+dom und]w5t su* a *ange a c5tury ago1 :5 sp9n+ & weav+ 7 remov$ f ! cottage to ! /eam-driv5 factory4 ,sid5ote3 #e4 ,ne>] approa* to ,tuticor94 ,india is a l& ( cotton4 ,! v "n calico is d]iv$ f ,calicut1 a t[n on ! ,malab> ,coa/1 :i* 0 a c5tre ( trade :5 ,europeans fir/ came ov] ! ocean4 ,lanca%ire n[ s5ds cotton fabrics to ,india1 & ! ,lanca%ire p[]-looms compete s]i\sly ) ! f9] "w ( ! h& looms ( ,india4 ,b ,india manufactures great quantities ( h] own co>s] cottons1 & su* a mill z ?is at ,tuticor9 is do+ m ?an ,lanca%ire to *ange ! occupations ( ! ,indian p4 ,! beautiful silks1 h[ev]1 worn by ! bett]-to-d wom5 ( ,india are /ill manufactur$ by h& loom4 ,sid5ote3 #f4 ,l&+ at ,tuticor94 ,sid5ote3 #g4 ,! ,baza>1 ,tuticor94 ,sid5ote3 #h4 ,sp9n+ ,mill at ,tuticor94 ,sid5ote3 #i4 ,ducks at ,tuticor94 ,we l&4 ,d>k ge/iculat+ figures surr\nd u1 scantily clad 9 :ite cotton4 ,! morn+ sun ca/s long %ad[s1 b !re is a ?rong ( p1 = ! "w ( ,india is done 9 ! cool ( ! morn+4 ,! express tra9 to ,madras is wait+1 b we h a %ort "t = t fir/ /roll1 :i* leaves s deep an impression on ! travell] sett+ foot 9 a new l&4 ,tuticor9 is a remote prov9cial city1 a ,dov] or a ,calais1 on ! passage f ,ceylon4 ,"h is a picture ( its little baza> ) d>k p 9 fl[+ :ite robes2 !re is a c\ntry c>t 9 ! /reet--ox-drawn4 ,next we h a ne>] view ( ! sp9n+ mill ) a half-nak$ workman 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,"u ! %ade ( ^! leafy trees is a flock ( ducks = sale4 ,at e turn we see some?+ *>act]i/ic1 & mu/ ask que/ions4 ,sid5ote3 ,repeat ,map ,no4 #c4 ,we leave ,tuticor9 & travel = a hundr$ miles across ! pla94 ,x is a b>r5-look+ c\ntry & dry1 ?\gh at c]ta9 seasons !re is pl5tiful ra91 & crops en\gh are produc$ to ma9ta9 a fairly d5se population4 ,f> d[n on ! we/]n horizon1 z we j\rney nor?w>d1 are ! m\nta9s ( ! ,malab> ,coa/1 = 9 ?is extremity ( ,india ! ,we/]n & ,ea/]n ,ghats h come toge!r & !re is no plateau betwe5 !m4 ,! m\nta9s rise f ! we/]n sea & f ! ea/]n pla9 into a ridge along ! we/ coa/ ^: summits are ab\t z high z ! summits ( ,ceylon1 t is to say "s #h1jjj feet4 ,a gr\p ( small hills1 isolat$ on ! pla91 m>ks ! position ( ,madura1 a hundr$ miles f ,tuticor94 ,madura is ! seat ( "o ( ! f9e/ temples 9 ! l&4 ,sid5ote3 #aj4 ,plan ( a ,s\? ,indian ,temple4 ,a ,h9du temple 9 ,s\!rn ,india usually consi/s ( a squ>e build+ ris+ ?r\gh sev]al /ories :i* gr[ gradually small]4 ,x is ?us pyramidal 9 =m1 & is adorn$ ) ti]s ( ?rong$ sculpture4 ,)9 is a cell conta9+ ! image4 ,! temple itself is surr\nd$ by squ>e & wall$ enclosures1 "o )\t ! o!r2 ! great gateways ?r\gh ! successive walls are ! *ief glories ( s\!rn ar*itecture4 ,?\gh (t5 l>g] ?an ! c5tral %r9e1 !y are n unlike x 9 g5]al appe>ance1 b rectangul> 9 plan1 n squ>e4 ,!y rise /ory above /ory to a summit ridge & are ri* ) ?\s&s ( sculptur$ figures4 ,^! great gateways are kn[n z gopuras4 ,9 ! c\rty>ds enclos$ betwe5 ! successive walls are ! homes ( ! prie/s1 & usually a l>ge wat] tank & a hall ( a ?\s& columns4 ,"s ( ^! temples are v weal?y f\ndations4 ,sid5ote3 #aa4 ,! ,tank ( ! ,gold5 ,lilies1 ,! ,temple1 ,madura4 ,sid5ote3 #ab4 ,! ,temple1 ,madura4 ,sid5ote3 #ac4 ,a ,gopura at ,madura4 ,"h we h ! tank ( ! ,gold5 ,lilies 9 ! ,temple ( ,madura1 surr\nd$ by a colonnade1 ) gopuras ris+ f beyond2 & "h ano!r view 9 ! same temple1 & "h a gopura photograph$ f ne>4 ,h9duism is 9 its ess5ce a spiritual religion4 ,we/]n ?\ght in/9ctively takes = grant$ ! reality ( outw>d ?+s4 ,ea/]n ?\ght in/9ctively takes = grant$ ! reality ( ! 8s\l0 or inw>d life4 ,9 ! cosmology ( ! ,we/ !re are two worlds1 ! natural & ! sup]natural2 9 ! ,ea/ ! s\l is ! only real exi/5ce4 ,! _w-s\l1 or s\l ( ,univ]sal ,nature1 is ,god1 & ?is ,div9e ,s\l is ! supreme & fundam5tal reality2 by comp>ison ) x all outw>d ?+s are %ad[s4 ,et]nity is a vital aspect ( reality4 ,! pres5t exi/5ce ( ! s\l is n m c]ta9 ?an its pre-exi/5ce & its future exi/5ce4 ,! pres5t life is always brief & fleet+1 b ! pa/ began & ! future w end 9 et]nity4 ,issu+ f ! ,univ]sal ,s\l & pass+ ?r\gh ons ( :at may be call$ pr5atal exi/5ce1 ! s\l at la/ becomes individualis$ & ent]s on a c>e] ( consci\s activity4 ,f> f be+ dep5d5t on ! body1 ! s\l takes to itself ! outw>d =m :i* x ne$s & des]ves1 & ! body dies :5 x is depriv$ ( ! vitalis+ pres5ce t animat$ x4 ,! de/9y ( ! s\l is det]m9$ by its orig94 ,x issu$ f ! ,univ]sal ,s\l1 & into ! ,univ]sal ,s\l1 its s\rce1 x mu/ ev5tually be re-absorb$1 ?\gh x may pass ?r\gh innum]able lives on its way to ! goal ( spiritual maturity4 8,z x ne>s ! goal ! *a9s ( individuality relax _! hold ^u x2 & at la/1 ) ! f9al ext9ction ( egoism1 ) ! f9al triumph ( selflessness1 ) ! expansion ( consci\sness till x has become all-embrac+--! s5se ( sep>at5ess entirely ceases1 & ! s\l f9ds its true self1 or1 9 o!r words1 becomes fully & cle>ly consci\s ( its on5ess ) ! liv+ :ole40 ,su*1 9 a few words1 is ! inn] fai? ( ! ,ea/4 ,! religi\s books ( ,india are writt5 9 ,sanskrit1 ! tongue ( ,aryan conqu]ors :o came into ,india across ! nor?we/]n m\nta9s ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,! ,aryans br\ght ) !m ! wor%ip ( ! p[]s ( nature1 ! 8devas10 or bright ones4 ,f ! ,rig-,v$a1 or collection ( hymns to v>i\s gods1 :i* 7 compos$ = ! wor%ip ( ! ,aryans dur+ ! e>lie/ c5turies ( _! dwell+ 9 ,india1 we le>n some?+ ab\t ^! deities4 ,"s 7 simply =ces ( nature1 su* z ,fa!r ,heav51 ,"m ,e>?1 ! ,dawn ,goddess1 ! ,sun ,god1 & ! ,w9d ,god4 ,) o!r deities new tra9s ( ideas became connect$ t t5d$ to obscure _! orig9al "*4 ,! ,fire ,god1 = in/ance1 p]sonifi$ ! fire ( sacrifice & dome/ic use1 ! atmosph]ic fire ( lightn+1 & sometimes ev5 ! sun4 ,?us he became ! prie/1 m$iat+ betwe5 man & ! gods4 ,simil>ly ,v>una1 :o at fir/ app>5tly typifi$ ! op5 sky1 ^: eye is ! sun1 subsequ5tly grew into a mighty gu>dian ( ! laws ( nature & morality4 ,?is e>lie/ age ( ,h9duism1 ! age to :i* ! ,rig-,v$a belongs1 is kn[n z ! ,v$ic ,age1 & ! gods ( ?is age 7 wor%ipp$ ) sacrifice4 ,9 ! ,v$ic p]iod ,aryan society probably divid$ itself into ! soldi]-yeoman & ! prie/4 ,! soldi] & yeoman1 desir\s ( w9n+ ! goodwill & active assi/ance ( ! gods ( ! sky & e>?1 w\ld hire ! prie/1 :o ?us came to be reg>d$ z ! ma/] ( ! rites :i* cajole or con/ra9 ! invisible p[]s4 ,z ! ,aryans ext5d$ _! sway ov] ,india1 ! influ5ce ( ! ,brahmans or prie/s increas$1 & 9 _! h&s religion und]w5t a pr(\nd *ange4 ,p]sonal wor%ip gave way to ecclesia/ical ritualism4 ,! idea ( sacrifice z a means ( compell+ ! gods grew to an enorm\s degree1 & ! welf>e ( ! _w 0 imag9$ to dep5d ^u ritual1 ! key to :i* 0 9 ! h&s ( ! ,brahmans4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 ano!r side to ?is religi\s developm5t4 ,ev5 9 ! ,v$ic ,age1 :ile ! popul> m9d 0 imag9+ a deity 9 e />tl+ natural ph5om5on1 !re 7 ?9k]s :o discov]$ beh9d all ! 8devas10 or gods1 ! "o ,supreme ,p[]1 ! ,creator1 ,rul]1 & ,pres]v] ( all ?+s1 ! ,div9e ,s\l ( :i* we spoke j n[4 ,?is ,supreme ,p[]1 :o became kn[n z ,brahma1 is n only ! real self ( ! :ole ,univ]se1 b also1 z we h se51 ! real self ( ea* individual s\l4 ,! "o ,supreme ,p[] c\ld1 h[ev]1 only be discov]$ aft] a sev]e moral & intellectual discipl9e1 & ^? :o _h n yet discov]$ x 7 all[$ to wor%ip l[] gods4 ,9 "o ( ! ,h9du ,scriptures ! ,supreme ,"l is repres5t$ z say+3 8,ev5 ^? :o wor%ip idols wor%ip me40 ,no "o c h any conception ( ,h9duism unless he realises t ?r\gh\t x !re runs a wide di/9ction betwe5 ! popul> fai? & ! philosophical fai? :i* und]lies x4 ,?is di/9ction cont9ues to ?is day4 ,c\ntless gods are /ill wor%ipp$ 9 ,india1 b ! few /ill hold & always h held t all gods to :om wor%ip is (f]$ are b names or masks ( ! ,supreme ,"l ( ! ,univ]se4 ,! two pr9cipal gods ( ,mod]n ,h9duism are ,vi%nu1 ! ,pres]v]1 & ,siva1 ! ,de/roy] & ,recreator2 b !y are wor%ipp$ "u _m diff]5t attributes4 ,^! two gods came into prom95ce aft] ! ,v$ic ,age1 & _! cults h pass$ ?r\gh _m phases2 b a l>ge numb] ( ,h9dus /ill belong to sects :i* are call$ by _! names4 ,! sect to :i* a ,h9du belongs is indicat$ by a col\r$ m>k1 errone\sly describ$ z a ca/e m>k1 made on ! =ehead4 ,brahma1 ,vi%nu1 & ,siva are sometimes reg>d$ z ?ree p]sons ( a ,tr9ity4 ,animals are /ill sacrific$ 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,india1 & 9 hon\r ( c]ta9 gods1 b ! doctr9e ( ! transmigration ( s\ls1 & ! tea*+ ( v>i\s religi\s re=m]s1 ( :om ,buddha is be/ kn[n1 has t5d$ 9 ! direction ( humanity to all creatures2 & ! great majority ( ,h9dus are unwill+ to take life1 & ab/a9 f animal food4 ,! c[ is to all ,h9dus an object ( v5]ation4 ,an elaborate my?ology is connect$ ) ! ,h9du religion1 & ! incid5ts ( ?is my?ology =m ! basis ( ,h9du sacr$ art1 especially ( ! ri* sculpture ( ! temples4 ,siva rides ,n&i ! ,bull1 & ,vi%nu rides ,g>uda ! ,eagle4 ,vi%nu 9 "s ( 8 avat>s1 or inc>nations1 takes ! =m ( a fi% or ( a man-lion1 or = va/ numb]s ( 8 foll[]s he becomes ,rama1 ! h]o ( ! epic poem ! ,ramayana1 or he is ,kri%na--ano!r h]o-,god4 ,siva has a wife ,kali1 :o is t]rible1 ?\gh at o!r times %e is ,p>vati1 ! goddess ( beauty2 & ,siva has sons1 ( :om "o is ,gane%1 ) a fat human body & an elephant's head4 ,sid5ote3 #ad4 ,a ,m>riage ,procession1 ,tri*9opoly4 ,sid5ote3 #ae4 ,a ,gr\p ( ,brahmans4 ,religion goes deep into ! life ( ! ,indian4 ,x gov]ns all 8 social relations4 ,"h is a /reet at ,tri*9opoly1 a hundr$ miles nor? ( ,madura4 ,!re happ5s to be ! spire ( a ,*ri/ian *ur* 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,9 ! =egr\nd is a temple elephant1 head+ a m>riage procession4 ,9 :ite pa9t on ! elephant's head is ! sect m>k ( ! contract+ p>ties4 ,! ,h9du community is divid$ n only 9 sects b also into ca/es1 :i* are /]nly sep>at$1 s t a man may n m>ry into ano!r ca/e1 or ev5 eat ) ^? ( a l[] ca/e4 ,! tradition is t orig9ally !re 7 f\r ca/es2 fir/ ! ,brahmans1 or prie/ly /ock2 !n ! ,k%attriyas1 or soldi]s1 ! royal /ock2 ?ird1 ! ,vai%iyas1 or m]*ants2 & f\r?1 ! ,sudras1 or artisans1 lab\r]s & agriculturi/s4 ,b all ^! ca/es became sub-divid$1 & !re are n[ m ca/es ?an call+s4 ,sid5ote3 #af4 ,processional ,c>1 ,tri*9opoly4 ,a curi\s *>act]i/ic ( ,h9duism is ! mixture ( ! squalid & crude ) ! gr&eur ( an ar*itecture :i* 9 "s respects is unsurpass$ 9 ! _w4 ,n m]ely are ! maim$ & ! begg>s importunate 9 ! temple passages1 z 9 ! *ur* entries ( ,roman ,ca?olic c\ntries1 b 9 e vacant corn] ( ! out] c\rts ( ! temples are e/abli%$ little tradesm54 ,! prop]ties ( religi\s c]emony are (t5 decrepit & tawdry4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 we h a wood5 processional c>1 r\gh ro($1 await+ ! annual c]emony amid ! live-/ock ( ! y>d4 ,^! w>m-natur$ ,s\!rn p h ! *ild's p[] ( mak+ believe1 & c wor%ip ! doll ev5 :5 batt]$ out ( all recognition4 ,!y easily let loose ! imag9ation & give devotion to ! _s embodi$ 9 a %apeless /one z s9c]ely z to t 9 ! mo/ f9i%$ allegorical sculpture4 ,sid5ote3 #ag4 ,ar* ( ,welcome to ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 ,tri*9opoly4 ,x is ?is s5se ( ! spiritual & ! allegorical 9 all ?+s t makes ! ,indian s ready = loyal devotion to ! p]son ( ! rul]4 ,"h at ,tri*9opoly we h a triumphal gateway erect$ 9 hon\r ( ! visit to ,india ( ! ,pr9ce & ,pr9cess ( ,wales1 :i* /ill be>s ! words 8,glori\s ,welcome to our ,future ,emp]or40 ,! ,pr9ce & ,pr9cess are n[ ! ,emp]or & ,empress4 ,) u ! gateway w\ld h be5 demoli%$ :5 x _h s]v$ its imm$iate purpose4 ,"h x rema9s1 z does ! memory ( ! visit4 ,c]emony rises 9 ,india to ! rank ( an hi/orical ev5t4 ,sid5ote3 #ah4 ,! ,ma9 ,baza> ,/reet1 ,tri*9opoly4 ,sid5ote3 #ai4 ,! ,tank & ! ,rock1 ,tri*9opoly4 ,sid5ote3 #bj4 ,! ,same--ano!r view4 ,sid5ote3 #ba4 ,! ,rock temple1 ,tri*9opoly4 ,9 ! di/ance ?r\gh ! ar*way is ! ,rock ( ,tri*9opoly :i* we approa* ne>] by ! ma9 baza> ( ! t[n1 & !n1 ne>] /ill1 we come to ! tank :i* lies b5ea? ! ,rock4 ,amid ! wat] is a pagoda or %r9e4 ,9 ! foot ( ! ,rock itself !re is excavat$ a temple4 ,su* rock temples are frequ5t 9 ,india1 p]haps because rock is less co/ly to c>ve :]e x lies undi/urb$ ?an x is to qu>ry & to remove & to build & to c>ve4 ,sid5ote3 #bb4 ,tri*9opoly1 look+ ea/ f ! top ( ! ,rock4 ,sid5ote3 #bc4 ,tri*9opoly1 look+ s\? f ! top ( ! ,rock4 ,sid5ote3 #bd4 ,! ,bull ,n&i1 ,tanjore4 ,sid5ote3 #be4 ,! ,=t1 ,tanjore4 ,sid5ote3 #bf4 ,! ,temple1 ,tanjore4 ,sid5ote3 #bg4 ,police drill+ on ! ,maidan1 ,tanjore4 ,"h we h views f ! summit ( ! ,tri*9opoly ,rock1 look+ ea/w>d ov] ! city1 & !n s\?w>d ov] ! ro( ( ! great temple to ! tank & ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,bi%op ,heb] di$ at ,tri*9opoly4 ,9 ea* aspect we see ! unbrok5 pla9 :i* surr\nds ! ,city4 ,d y notice ! ,bull ,n&i z an ornam5t along ! edge ( ! ro( ( ! temple8 ,"h we h him aga9 c>v$ f a great block ( granite at ,tanjore1 a place n f> f ,tri*9opoly4 ,o!r sc5es at ,tanjore foll[4 ,"o %[s u ! wall ( ! ,=t ) ! moat outside1 & ! gopura ( ! ,great ,temple4 ,ano!r is a vi/a )9 ! temple walls1 & gives "s idea ( ! great spaces :i* ! l>g] temples occupy4 ,!n sudd5ly we become consci\s ( "o ( ! %>p contra/s :i* *>act]ise ! ,india ( to-day4 ,^! are ,police drill+ on ! ,maidan1 or public place ( ,tanjore1 & away on ! horizon are ! semaphores ( ! railway4 ,9 ! pla9 ( ! ,c>natic1 :i* surr\nds ,madura1 ,tri*9opoly1 & ,tanjore1 we are n m]ely 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,h9du religion & ca/e sy/em1 b we are also ne> sc5es r5d]$ memorable by ! /ruggle = ,india1 a hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago1 betwe5 ! ,fr5* & ! ,engli%4 ,two trad+ companies1 ! "o seat$ 9 ,london & ! o!r 9 ,p>is1 obta9$ leave f ! local pr9ces to e/abli% trad+ po/s on ! ,corom&el ,coa/4 ,!y pres5tly =tifi$ ^! po/s & became ambiti\s rivals4 ,sid5ote3 ,repeat ,map ,no4 #c4 ,at ?is "t !re 0 a disput$ succession 9 ! ,c>natic ,/ate1 & ! ,engli% support$ "o aspirant = ! ?rone ( ! ,nawab1 ! ,fr5* ano!r4 ,! ,nawab ( ! ,engli% p>ty 0 besieg$ 9 ! ,=t ( ,tri*9opoly by ! ,fr5* & _! ,nawab4 ,to effect a div]sion1 a "y ,capta91 ,rob]t ,clive1 9 ! ,briti% company's s]vice1 seiz$ ! ,=t ( ,arcot1 a hundr$ miles to ! nor?1 & by a prolong$ h]oic resi/ance to ! siege :i* ga!r$ r\nd him1 succe$$ 9 reliev+ ! pressure on ,tri*9opoly4 ,t ,capta9 ,clive became ,"l ,clive1 ,b>on ( ,plassey1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,briti% ,empire 9 ,india4 ,he w5t out z a writ] or cl]k 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 & rose to be ,gov]nor ( ,b5gal4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! "t ( ,clive1 no less ?an to-day1 ! numb] ( ! ,briti% 9 ,india 0 surpris+ly small4 ,z we saw j n[1 ! ,police1 a great =ce1 are n ,briti% b ,indian1 & ! ,indian army1 ?\gh ) ,briti% (fic]s1 is twice z num]\s z ! ,briti% g>rison4 ,! ,briti% h organis$ ! peace & unity ( ,india1 r ?an conqu]$ x 9 ! ord9>y s5se4 ,! life ( ! :ite man 9 ,india is gov]n$ by ! seasons4 ,"h 9 ! s\? ! temp]ature is at all times high1 ?\gh ! heat is nev] s great z 9 ! hot season ( nor!rn ,india4 ,on ! o!r h& !re is no cool season comp>able ) t ( ! nor?4 ,9 mo/ p>ts ( ,india1 h[ev]1 !re are five cool mon?s1 ,octob]1 ,novemb]1 ,decemb]1 ,janu>y1 & ,febru>y4 ,m>*1 ,april1 & ,may are ! hot season4 ,! rema9+ f\r mon?s con/itute ! ra9y season1 :5 ! temp]ature is mod]at$ by ! pres5ce ( cl\d1 b ! moi/ure is try+ to ! ,european con/itution4 ,sid5ote3 #bh4 ,! ,nilgiris1 ne> ,ootacamund4 ,9 all p>ts ( ,india ! :ite population seeks p]iodical relief by a visit to ! hills4 ,"h 9 ! s\? ! fav\rite hill /ation is ,ootacamund1 9 ! ,nilgiri ,hills4 ,x is scatt]$ ov] a wide space1 ) ! bungal[s 9 sep>ate comp\nds or enclosures4 ,sid5ote3 #bi4 ,ootacamund1 ,! ,baza>4 ,sid5ote3 #cj4 ,ootacamund1 ,g5]al ,view4 ,sid5ote3 #ca4 ,ootacamund4 ,sid5ote3 ,repeat ,map ,no4 #c4 8,ooty10 z x is famili>ly call$1 /&s "s sev5 ?\s& feet above ! sea 9 ! mid/ ( a c\ntry ( roll+ d[ns ris+ yet ano!r ?\s& feet4 ,?is l(ty di/rict =ms ! s\!rn po9t ( ! ,deccan plateau :]e ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ,ghats draw toge!r4 ,a deep passage1 tw5ty miles broad1 kn[n z ! gap ( ,coimbatore or ( ,palghat1 lies ?r\gh ! ,ghats1 imm$iately s\? ( ! ,nilgiri ,hills1 f ! ea/]n pla9 to ! ,malab> ,coa/4 ,o!r hills1 equally high1 lie s\?w>d ( ! gap & ext5d to ,cape ,comor94 ,we saw ^! la/ hills to our left h& z we travell$ nor?w>d f ,tuticor9 to ,madura4 ,sid5ote3 #cb4 ,on ! ,railway to ,ootacamund4 ,sid5ote3 #cc4 ,! ,same4 ,sid5ote3 #cd4 ,! ,same4 ,sid5ote3 #ce4 ,! ,same4 ,! railway f ! ea/ coa/ goes ?r\gh ! ,gap ( ,coimbatore to ! ,malab> cities ( ,co*9 & ,calicut1 & f ?is railway a m\nta9 l9e has be5 con/ruct$ up into ! ,nilgiri heights4 ,we h "h a succession ( /rik+ views on ?is m\nta9 l9e4 ,x is a rack & p9ion railway1 up :i* ! tra9 is work$ on ! c5tral rail4 ,sid5ote3 #cf4 ,! ,drug 9 ! ,nilgiri ,hills4 ,!re are magnific5t l&scapes at ! edge ( ! ,nilgiris1 :]e ! m\nta9s desc5d abruptly to ! pla9s4 ,?is view 0 tak5 f a po9t call$ ,lady ,cann+'s seat4 ,x %[s ! ,drug1 f ! top ( :i* prison]s ( w> us$ to be ?r[n1 9 ! days ( ! tyranny ( ,hyd] ,ali & ,tippu ,sultan1 ! ,mohamm$an sov]eigns ( ,mysore1 ( :om we %all he> m pres5tly4 ,sid5ote3 #cg4 ,tea ,plantation1 ,nilgiri ,hills4 ,sid5ote3 #ch4 ,! ,same4 ,sid5ote3 #ci4 ,hill ,tribe1 ,nilgiri ,hills4 ,sid5ote3 #dj4 ,toda ,p1 ne> ,ootacamund4 ,! vegetation ( ! heights is naturally diff]5t f t ( ! l[l&s1 & ! cultivation ( ! ,nilgiris is *iefly tea & c9*ona1 f ! latt] ( :i* crops qu99e is prep>$4 ,amid ! great =e/s ( ! slopes l>ge game is num]\s1 su* z sambur1 or ,indian elk1 & tig]4 ,"h also tribes ( savage peoples h surviv$ ?r\gh all ! c5turies ( hi/ory practically unt\*$ by ! civilization ( ! pla9s4 ,"o ( ^! tribes1 ! smalle/ b ! mo/ int]e/+1 are ! ,todas1 :o numb] less ?an a ?\s&1 b h _! own /range1 unwritt5 language4 ,sid5ote3 ,repeat ,map ,no4 #c4 ,sid5ote3 #da4 ,madras f ! ,sea4 ,sid5ote3 #db4 ,! ,high ,c\rt1 ,madras4 ,sid5ote3 #dc4 ,/4 ,m>y's ,*ur*1 ,madras4 ,sid5ote3 #dd4 ,! ,law ,college1 ,madras4 ,sid5ote3 #de4 ,y4,m4,c4,a4 ,build+1 ,madras4 ,nor?w>d ( ! gr\p ( temple cities1 & ea/w>d ( ! ,nilgiris & ( ! plateau c\ntry ( ,mysore1 on ! l[ coa/al pla9 is ! great city ( ,madras1 f\r hundr$ miles f our l&+ place at ,tuticor94 ,l ! o!r seaports ( mod]n ,india1 ,madras has gr[n f ! smalle/ beg9n+ )9 ! ,european p]iod4 ,its nucleus 0 ,=t ,/4 ,george1 built to %elt] ! (fice & w>eh\se ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 9 ! "t :5 ,*>les ,i4 0 k+ ( ,engl&4 ,to-day ,madras has half a million p1 & magnific5t build+s 9 ! ,european /yle4 ,we h "h a view look+ nor!a/w>d ov] a corn] ( ,=t ,/4 ,george1 & across ! public gr\nds1 to ! ,high ,c\rt ( ,ju/ice1 ^: l(ty t[] s]ves ! purpose ( a ligh?\se = %ips approa*+ ! port4 ,to ! "r ( ! ,high ,c\rt 9 ! di/ance are ! build+s r\nd ! h>b\r4 ,next we h ,/4 ,m>y's ,*ur*1 /&+ )9 ,=t ,/4 ,george1 ! olde/ ,briti% *ur* 9 ,india1 ?\gh ! pres5t /ructure 0 erect$ to replace an e>li] *ur*4 ,& "h we h ! ,law ,college1 :i* /&s beside ! ,high ,c\rt1 & close to x ! build+ ( ! ,"y ,m5's ,*ri/ian ,association4 ,!re are _m ,*ri/ians 9 s\!rn ,india among ! natives1 inde$ m ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! ,indian ,empire1 al?\gh ev5 "h !y are b a small m9ority4 ,"o ,*ri/ian community on ! ,malab> coa/ is ( ! ,ne/orian sect1 :o came to ,india _m c5turies be=e ! sea r\te 0 op5$ r\nd ! ,cape4 ,sid5ote3 #df4 ,madras ,bank4 ,sid5ote3 #dg4 ,! ,p's ,p>k1 ,madras4 ,sid5ote3 #dh4 ,banyan ,tree4 ,sid5ote3 #di4 ,! ,same4 ,madras has a ,corporation mu* aft] ! ,european plan1 & is a clean1 well dra9$ city ) _m public am5ities4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 is ! electric tramway 9 front ( ! ,madras ,bank4 ,"h we h a view 9 ! ,p's ,p>k1 ) a gr\p ( sambur )9 an enclosure4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable & typical ( ornam5tal trees 9 ,india is ! banyan1 ) droop+ bran*es1 ^: suck]s take root :5 rea* ! gr\nd1 giv+ ! effect ( a grove1 ?\gh 9 fact b a s+le tree4 ,sid5ote3 #ej4 ,banyan ,av5ue4 ,"h is a banyan tree se5 f )\t & f )91 & "h a banyan av5ue at ,madras4 ,sid5ote3 #ea4 ,gra9 ,sell]s1 ,madras4 ,sid5ote3 #eb4 ,m5 pl\gh+1 ,madras4 ,sid5ote3 #ec4 ,cov]$ ,bullock ,c>t1 ,madras4 ,be=e leav+ ,madras1 let u look at ?ree sc5es ( native life4 ,"h are gra9 sell]s1 & "h1 outside ! city1 are m5 pl\gh+4 ,"h we see ! typical cov]$ bullock c>t4 ,sid5ote3 #ed4 ,map ( ,india1 di/+ui%+ ,madras1 ,mysore1 ,co*91 & ,travancore4 ,sid5ote3 #ee4 ,c(fee ,plant]s1 ,coorg4 ,la/ly1 let u consid] ! map1 & le>n :at "p ( ,india is rul$ f ,madras & ,ootacamund4 ,we h 9 ! fir/ place1 col\r$ r$1 ! t]ritory ( ! ,presid5cy ( ,madras1 :i* is rul$ directly by ! ,gov]nor & 8 ,c\ncil4 ,9 purple are %[n ! important native /ate ( ,mysore1 sep>at$ f bo? coa/s by ,briti% t]ritory1 & ! two little native /ates ( ,travancore & ,co*9 along ! ,malab> ,coa/ s\?w>d to ,cape ,comor94 ,mysore is directly "u ! g5]al sup]vision ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,india1 b ,travancore & ,co*9 are "u t ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,madras4 ,beside ,mysore is ! dim9utive t]ritory ( ,coorg1 no l>g] ?an ! ,c\nty ( ,essex1 9 ,engl&4 ,b ,coorg has a c]ta9 importance = ! gr[? ( c(fee4 ,"h we h a gr\p ( native c(fee plant]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,repeat ,map ,no4 #c4 ,!n we look aga9 at ! map 9 :i* ! l[l&s 7 %[n gre5 & ! upl&s br[n4 ,we see ! pla9 f ,tuticor9 to ,madras city4 ,we see ! s\!rn end ( ! ,deccan plateau1 ) ! /ate ( ,mysore ^u x1 & ! ,nilgiri hills at its extremity4 ,we h ! l[l& passage ( ,coimbatore1 to :i* we ref]r$ 9 describ+ ,ootacamund1 & s\? ( ?is afre% ! hills ext5d+ to ,cape ,comor94 ,! native /ates ( ,co*9 & ,travancore are on ! we/w>d desc5t f ^! s\!rnmo/ hills4 ,note aga9 h[ ! railways take advantage ( ! l[l& passages1 especially ! l9e f ,madras lead+ we/w>d to ! ,malab> ,coa/4 ,! ,cauv]y fl[+ ea/w>d ov] ! plateau is ! mo/ consid]able riv] ( ,s\!rn ,india4 ,z x desc5ds ! ,ea/]n ,ghats x makes great falls1 & ^! h be5 h>ness$1 z ! phrase is1 & made to supply p[] :i* is c>ri$ electrically = ne>ly a hundr$ miles to ! ,kol> goldfield1 )9 ! ,mysore b\nd>y4 ,! eng9e] :o sup]9t5d$ ! con/ruction ( ?is "w 0 a ,fr5* ,canadian (fic] ( ! ,royal ,eng9e]s--int]e/+ evid5ce ( ! increas+ solid>ity ( ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,bangalore is ! *ief milit>y /ation ( s\!rn ,india4 ,x is connect$ by rail ) ,madras1 b is situat$ on ! plateau )9 ,mysore4 ,f ,bangalore ! l9e runs on to ,s]+apatam on ! ,cauv]y1 & to ,mysore city beyond4 ,^! 7 ! seats ( ! ,muhammadan ,sultans1 ,hyd] ,ali & ,tippu1 fa!r & son1 :o1 a g5]ation lat] ?an ! "t :5 ,clive f\ght at ,arcot1 held ,madras 9 t]ror f _! highl& fa/ness4 ,! ?reat to ! ,briti% position 9 ,india 0 a real "o4 ,hyd] ,ali leagu$ himself ) ! ,fr5*1 ) :om we 7 !n at w>1 b he 0 defeat$ "u ! great ,gov]nor-,g5]al1 ,w>r5 ,ha/+s4 ,tippu1 ,hyd]'s son1 0 also an ally ( ! ,fr5*4 ,he liv$ into ! "t ( ,napoleon1 & made 8 *ief attack on ,briti% p[] :5 ! ,fr5* 7 9 ,egypt1 b he 0 defeat$ & kill$4 ,colonel ,wellesley1 aft]w>ds ,duke ( ,well+ton1 fir/ rose to notice 9 ?is campaign4 ,he 0 appo9t$ to comm& 8! troops above ! ,ghats40 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,tippu1 ! civil adm9i/ration ( ,mysore 0 also assign$ to ,wellesley1 & spl5did "w he did z civil adm9i/rator4 ,sid5ote3 #ef4 ,s\!rn ,india1 %[+ ra9fall ( ,s4,w4 ,monsoon4 ,sid5ote3 #eg4 ,pyk>a ,falls1 ,nilgiri ,hills4 ,sid5ote3 #eh4 ,gairsoppa ,falls4 ,a ?ird map %[s y ! ra9fall :i* is br\ght by ! we/ w9ds ( ! summ] "t to ! ,malab> ,coa/4 ,^! w9ds /rike ! ,we/]n ,ghats & ! ,nilgiri hills & dr5* !m ) sup]abundant moi/ure1 s t !y are ?ickly =e/$4 ,at ?is season magnific5t wat]falls leap d[n ! we/w>d rav9es & fe$ torr5ts :i* ru% 9 %ort valleys to ! ocean4 ,"o ( ! gr&e/ falls 9 ! _w is at ,gairsoppa1 9 ! nor?we/]n corn] ( ! /ate ( ,mysore4 ,sid5ote3 #ei4 ,s\!rn ,india1 %[+ ra9fall ( ,n4,e4 ,monsoon4 ,sid5ote3 #fj4 ,s\!rn ,india1 %[+ d5sity ( ,population4 ,a f\r? map indicates ! ra9fall on ! ea/ coa/ br\ght by ! ,nor!a/ ,monsoon ( ! w9t] season4 ,f9ally1 a fif? map %[s t ! population is d5se/ d[n on ! l[l&s precisely 9 ^? regions1 on ! ea/ coa/ & on ! we/1 :i* are be/ suppli$ ) moi/ure4 ,?r\gh\t ,india ! supply ( wat] = agricultural purposes is ! key to ! prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry1 = ev]y:]e !re is heat en\gh = luxuriant vegetation4 ,x is only dr\ght :i* is 9 places ! cause ( /]ility4 ,) all its va/ population !re are none ! less great spaces 9 ,india v sp>sely peopl$4 ,once m let u rememb] t ,india is r a cont95t ?an m]ely a c\ntry4 -------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,lecture ,,ii4 --- ,,burma4 --- ,,! ,,buddhi/ ,,religion4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,map ( ,india1 di/+ui%+ ,burma4 ,9 ! la/ lecture we visit$ ,madras1 ! s\!rnmo/ & olde/ prov9ce ( ! ,indian ,empire4 ,9 ?is lecture we w cross ! ,bay ( ,b5gal f ,madras to ,burma1 ! ea/]nmo/ & newe/ ( ! prov9ces1 if we except a rec5t sub-division ( an old] unit4 ,politically1 ,burma is a "p ( ,india1 = x is rul$ by ! ,vic]oy1 & comm]cially x is com+ e day into clos] relation ) ! rema9d] ( ,india4 ,9 mo/ o!r respects1 h[ev]1 ,burma is r ! fir/ l& ( ! ,f> ,ea/ ?an ! la/ ( ,india1 ! ,middle ,ea/4 ,9 race & language probably1 9 religion & social cu/oms c]ta9ly1 x is ne>] to ,*9a ?an to ,india4 ,geographically1 h[ev]1 ?\gh plac$ 9 ! ,indo-,*9ese p59sula beyond ! ,bay ( ,b5gal1 ,burma is 9 relation ) ! ,indian _w1 = x has a great navigable riv] :i* dra9s into ! ,indian ,ocean1 & n into ! ,pacific z d ! riv]s ( ,siam & ,annam1 ! rema9+ c\ntries ( ! s\!a/w>d promontory ( ,asia4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,! ,%ore1 ,madras4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,9 ,madras ,h>b\r4 ,we emb>k f ,madras on ! /eam] :i* is to c>ry u to ,rangoon4 ,=m]ly x 0 necess>y to g out to ! vessel ?r\gh ! surf 9 specially con/ruct$ boats1 = all ! ,corom&el ,coa/ is %oal1 & !re is n a s+le natural h>b\r4 ,(t5 ! surf is v r\gh4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 a h>b\r has be5 made at ,madras4 ,two pi]s h be5 built out into ! sea at "r angles to ! %ore4 ,!y may be se5 9 ! di/ance 9 ?is view4 ,at _! extremities !y b5d inw>d t[>ds "o ano!r1 s z to enclose a quadrangul> space )9 :i* ! /eam]s lie4 ,none ! less !re are times :5 ! mighty waves sweep ?r\gh ! op5 m\?1 r5d]+ ! h>b\r unsafe1 s t ! %ipp+ mu/ /& out to sea4 ,!re h be5 _m t]rible disa/]s 9 ! cyclones :i* f "t to "t /rike ! ea/ coa/ ( ,india4 ,:5 ! ,madras h>b\r 0 half complet$ ! works 7 ov]:elm$ by a /orm & ! und]tak+ _h to be recomm5c$4 ,sid5ote3 #d4 ,coolies on ,/eam]4 ,our vessel c>ries ne>ly two ?\s& coolies1 natives ( ,madras1 go+ to ,burma to "w 9 ! rice mills or on ! :>ves1 = ,burma is a ?9ly peopl$ l&4 ,x has great natural res\rces1 :i* are be+ rapidly develop$ by ,briti% capital4 ,! coolies take passage z deck pass5g]s = a few rupees1 & ea* on l&+ at ,rangoon has to und]go a se>*+ m$ical exam9ation1 because ! ,plague is (t5 c>ri$ f ,madras to ,burma4 ,! disease manife/s itself fir/ by swoll5 gl&s1 especially "u ! arms4 ,! contagion1 caus$ by a m9ute organism1 is convey$ by rats4 ,?is t]rible sickness is "o ( ! wor/ sc\rges ( mod]n ,india4 ,x fir/ broke out 9 ,bombay 9 ,augu/1 #ahif4 ,s9ce t date !re h be5 ?ree ye>s 9 ea* ( :i* a million dea?s 7 due to x4 ,z "t goes on ! mortality w probably decrease1 = ! fir/ onslaught ( a new disease is g5]ally deadly4 ,we mu/ bew>e1 h[ev]1 ( exagg]at+ its significance4 ,!re are ?ree hundr$ million p 9 ! ,indian ,empire1 & ! dea? rate by plague1 ev5 at its maximum1 is !re=e n v high4 ,x is1 inde$1 l[ z comp>$ ) ! dea? rate by mal>ial fev]4 ,sid5ote3 #e4 ,*9ese ,junk 9 ! ,rangoon ,riv]4 ,aft] a probably r\gh passage1 we approa* ! l[-ly+ %ore ( ! great delta ( ! ,irawaddy riv]1 & ent] t bran* ( x :i* is kn[n z ! ,rangoon riv]4 ,a /ray ,*9ese junk rem9ds u ( ! fact t we are ent]+ ,indo-,*9a1 & ( ! trade relations ( ,burma ) ,s+apore & ! regions ( ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,burmese rice is s5t to ,*9a1 ! ,malay ,/ates1 ,india1 ,ea/ ,africa1 & ,europe4 ,rangoon dep5ds = h] comm]ce ma9ly on ! rice h>ve/4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 fam9es 9 ,india h be5 mitigat$ by rice export$ f ,rangoon4 ,sid5ote3 #f4 ,map ( ,burma4 ,z we /eam up ! riv] = "s miles inl&1 let u consid]1 ) ! help ( a map1 ! ma9 features ( ! geography ( ! l& :i* we are ab\t to visit4 ,9 ?is map is %[n ne>ly ! :ole ( ! great s\!a/w>d p59sula ( ,asia4 ,! areas :i* are col\r$ gre5 are l[l&1 ^? :i* are yell[ are upl&1 & ! br[n signifies highl& & m\nta94 ,a ridge ( highl&1 brok5 only at two or ?ree po9ts1 runs s\?w>d ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! map1 sep>at+ ,burma & ! riv] bas9s ( ! ,indian ,ocean f ,siam & ! riv] bas9s ( ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,?is great divide ( ! dra9age is cont9u$ beyond ! s\!rn edge ( ! map ?r\gh ! ,malay ,p59sula = "s di/ance4 ,x ends ne> ,s+apore 9 ! s\!rnmo/ po9t ( ,asia1 only "o degree nor? ( ! ,equator4 ,9 ,burma1 p>allel ) ! divid+ range1 are ?ree o!r ridges1 /rik+ s\?w>d side by side4 ,^! sep>ate ?ree valleys1 ?r\gh :i* fl[ sev]ally ! ,salwe51 ,sittang1 & ,irawaddy riv]s4 ,! valley ( ! ,salwe51 z ! yell[ & br[n col\rs ^u ! map indicate1 is less deeply tr5*$ betwe5 its b\nd+ ranges ?an are ! o!r two valleys4 ,z we %\ld !re=e expect1 ! ,salwe5 riv] has a /eeply desc5d+ c\rse brok5 by rapids1 & is ( small value = navigation4 ,at its m\? is ! port ( ,m\lme94 ,! valley ( ! ,sittang1 :i* is a %ort riv]1 prolongs ! upp] valley ( ! ,irawaddy1 :i* latt] riv] makes a great we/w>d b5d at ,m&alay1 & passes by a transv]se passage "r ?r\gh "o ( ! p>allel m\nta9 ridges4 ,beyond ?is passage x b5ds s\?w>d aga91 accept+ ! direction ( its tribut>y1 ! ,*9dw9 riv]4 ,! great port ( ,rangoon is plac$ on a tidal *annel at ! ea/]n edge ( ! ,irawaddy delta4 ,! railway f ,rangoon to ,m&alay runs ?r\gh ! ,sittang valley & does n foll[ ! ,irawaddy4 ,!re is navigation1 h[ev]1 by ! ,irawaddy pa/ ,pagan & ,m&alay nor?w>d to ,bhamo1 :i* is close to ! ,*9ese fronti]4 ,! coa/al pla9 ( ,burma is kn[n z ,arakan :]e x runs nor?w>d f ! ,irawaddy delta1 & z ,t5ass]im :]e x runs s\?w>d f t delta along a coa/ beset ) an ar*ipelago ( beautiful isl&s4 ,! delta itself be>s ! "n ( ,pegu1 or ,l[] ,burma2 :ile ! region r\nd ,m&alay is ,upp] ,burma4 ,sid5ote3 #g4 ,plan ( ,rangoon4 ,we are 9 ! ,rangoon riv]4 ,a tall1 po9t$ pagoda appe>s on a hill to ! "r1 & pres5tly1 z ! *annel b5ds to ! we/1 we approa* ! busy comm]cial front ( ,rangoon city1 surm\nt$ by ! gold5 spire ( ! great ,%we ,dagon ,pagoda4 ,sid5ote3 #h4 ,%we ,dagon ,pagoda1 f across ! ,royal ,lakes4 ,sid5ote3 #i4 ,! ,%we ,dagon ,pagoda1 ,rangoon4 ,sid5ote3 #aj4 ,images ( ! ,sitt+ ,buddha4 ,sid5ote3 #aa4 ,e>n+ ,m]it at ! ,%we ,dagon ,pagoda4 ,rangoon1 ap>t f its *ief ,pagoda1 is a mod]n city4 ,fifty ye>s ago x 0 a village4 ,to-day x has a qu>t] ( a million p4 ,a :>f-front$ road1 ! ,/r&1 foll[s ! %ore ( ! ma9 riv] = sev]al miles4 ,up ! ,pegu tribut>y to ! ea/ = sev]al o!r miles are _m rice mills ) tall *imneys ?r[+ out black smoke4 ,! h>b\r is busy ) %ipp+4 ,!re are great timb] y>ds1 & !re are oil mills1 = ! products ( ,burma are1 fir/ & =emo/1 rice1 & !n timb]1 especially great logs ( teak--h>d] ?an oak1 & !n petroleum4 ,back f ! ,/r& is a well kept t[n1 ) broad /reets at "r angles1 ?\gh z yet !re are few really impressive build+s to comp>e ) ! public build+s ( ,madras4 ,!re is a beautiful gr\p ( lakes1 ! ,royal ,lakes1 set 9 wood$ public gr\nds1 & across ^! is ! f9e/ view ( ! ,%we ,dagon ,pagoda1 l a great h&-bell plac$ on a l[ hill4 ,?is pagoda is said to be ! mo/ frequ5t$ 9 ! ,buddhi/ _w1 = x has z relics eight hairs ( ,gautama1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,buddhi/ religion4 ,x began "s two ?\s& ye>s ago z a small village fane4 ,9 successive ages ! orig9al /ructure has be5 encas$ afre% & afre%1 until z ! result ( "w done 9 ! days ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 ! great pagoda 0 complet$ :i* is n[ ! glory ( ,rangoon4 ,x rises to a height ( ne>ly #djj feet1 & is solid1 !re be+ no *amb] )94 ,! brickwork ( :i* x is built makes a s]ies ( /eps or l$ges1 s t x w\ld be possible to climb = "s di/ance up ! spire4 ,! :ole is plat$ ) gold-leaf1 & ! gild+ is con/antly r5ew$ by pi\s devotees1 :o ?us e>n m]it4 ,! ^w 8,%we0 9 ! "n ( ?is pagoda signifies gold54 ,on ! summit is a 8hti10 or umbrella1 ( exquisite workman%ip & mat]ial4 ,x is said to h co/ sixty ?\s& p\nds4 ,9 ! vane are #e1jjj gems--diamonds1 rubies1 & em]alds4 ,! base ( ! pagoda is surr\nd$ fir/ by %r9es ( v>y+ sizes1 & !n by a flagg$ c\rty>d1 :i* aga9 is fr+$ ) canopies & halls op5+ t[>ds ! pagoda1 ) _m c>v$ scre5s & ar*es1 & innum]able %r9es & alt>s1 & images ( ,gautama4 ,flights ( /eps ro($ ov] ) teak desc5d f ! c\rty>d1 & "o ( ! l[] entries is gu>d$ by great grotesque figures1 p>tly lion & p>tly griff91 made ( pla/]$ bricks4 ,we see "o ( !m 9 ?is view4 ,!n we h two v int]e/+ pictures3 ! "o repres5ts ?ree images ( ! ,sitt+ ,buddha f "o ( ! %r9es on ! flagg$ c\rty>d at ! foot ( ! ,%we ,dagon ,pagoda1 & ! o!r %[s a pilgrim 8e>n+ m]it0 by putt+ gold leaf on to ! pagoda itself4 ,sid5ote3 #ab4 ,! ,sule ,pagoda1 ,rangoon4 ,!re is ano!r consid]able pagoda 9 ! city1 ! ,sule ,pagoda4 ,we h x "h1 ) a corn] ( a build+ adjac5t ( ,european ar*itecture1 ! ,municipal ,(fices4 ,obs]ve ! wat]+ ( ! /reets by h& lab\r4 ,sid5ote3 #ac4 ,a ,typical ,burman4 ,sid5ote3 #ad4 ,burmese ,gambl+1 ,rangoon4 ,! ,burmese are a %ort1 /urdy p1 m]ry & happy1 & ak9 r to ! ,japanese 9 temp]am5t ?an to ! p ( ! ,indian ,p59sula4 ,! features ( _! faces are obvi\sly ,mongolian4 ,!y h ! oblique eyes ( ! ,*9aman4 ,"h is a typical ,burman ) a rose col\r$ wrap r\nd 8 head4 ,! ,burmese wom51 ^: praises h be5 sung ?r\gh ! _w1 are da9ty &1 accord+ to a m or less ,*9ese /&>d1 n infrequ5tly beautiful4 ,!y love to clo! !mselves 9 silks ( brilliant & delicate hue4 ,excessive indu/ry is c]ta9ly n a fail+ ( ! race1 yet !re are no poor4 ,we h "h a gr\p ( ,burmese gambl]s at ,rangoon4 ,! !atres play all night & ! spectators g home by daylight4 ,! 8pwe10 or %[1 consi/s inv>iably ( ?ree p>ts--a pr9ce1 a pr9cess1 & a cl[n2 x may be comp>$ ) our traditional h>lequ9ade4 ,bo? ,indians & ,*9ese are migrat+ to ,burma 9 great numb]s1 b agricultural "w is /ill *iefly 9 native h&s4 ,sid5ote3 #ae4 ,elephants lift+ ,teak4 ,sid5ote3 #af4 ,elephants ,pu%+ ,teak4 ,sid5ote3 #ag4 ,tusk] ,elephant4 ,sid5ote3 #ah4 ,tusk] ,elephant lift+ ,teak4 ,sid5ote3 #ai4 ,! ,same4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s & typical sights ( ,rangoon is t ( elephants manipulat+ ! great logs ( teak wood 9 ! timb] y>ds4 ,! logs are cut 9 ! =e/s ( ! nor? ( ,burma1 & are float$ = hundr$s ( miles d[n ! ,irawaddy 9 l>ge rafts1 until !y are /r&$ at a creek ne> ,rangoon1 call$ ,pazundaung4 ,elephants are !n employ$ = ! purpose ( mov+ & pil+ up ! logs4 ,! male elephant is v p[]ful & has /rong tusks1 on :i* he c>ries ! logs1 prev5t+ !m f fall+ ) 8 trunk1 b ! female elephants are n s /rong1 & d n z a rule lift ! logs (f ! gr\nd1 b m]ely drag !m1 or pu% !m ) ! head4 ,we h "h two c[ elephants1 ! "o =ty ye>s old & ! o!r sev5ty4 ,we h !m "h aga91 "o ( !m at ! comm& ( h] rid] pu%+ ! logs =w>d ) h] head4 ,9 ! next sc5e is a male elephant ) tusks4 ,he is fifty ye>s old1 & we realise 8 p[] 9 ! next two views1 :]e we see him pois+ on 8 tusks a great tree trunk4 ,^! huge animals are f$ entirely on a grass :i* gr[s along ! banks ( ! ,irawaddy n f> f ,rangoon4 ,ma*9]y is n[ tak+ ! place ( elephants 9 ! timb] y>ds1 & ,rangoon is1 !re=e1 likely to lose "o ( its mo/ int]e/+ sights4 ,sid5ote3 #bj4 ,a ,rice ,mill1 ,rangoon4 ,sid5ote3 #ba4 ,! ,same4 ,:ile we are on ! riv] front let u glance also at a rice mill1 :]e a process equival5t to ?ra%+ is c>ri$ out1 ! gra9 be+ sep>at$ f ! husk4 ,! black smoke is f ! paddy husks us$ to supply ! motive p[] ( ! mill4 ,paddy1 or un?ra%$ rice1 is mo/ly br\ght to ,rangoon by wat]1 ?\gh m ?an a million & a half tons n[ come annually by rail4 ,aft] ! mill+ process is complete1 ! rice is pack$ into bags = %ipm5t all ov] ! _w4 ,sid5ote3 #bb4 ,a ,burmese ,railway ,tra94 ,we w take tra9 & run by ! ,burmese ,sittang ,railway ov] ! broad levels ( ! delta1 pass+ ?r\gh fields f :i* ! paddy has rec5tly be5 cut4 ,only ! e>s are lopp$ (f1 & ! /raw is burnt z x /&s4 ,! ,burmans are mo/ly yeom51 ea* own+ 8 cattle & do+ 8 own "w 9 ! field4 ,beyond ,pegu we foll[ ! ,sittang ,riv]1 ) hill ranges l[ on ! ea/]n & we/]n horizons1 until we come to ,m&alay1 once capital ( ! indep5d5t k+dom ( ,upp] ,burma4 ,?is k+dom 0 annex$ to ,india 9 #ahhe at ! conclusion ( ! ?ird ,burmese w>4 ,m&alay is ! la/ ( ?ree capitals a few miles ap>t1 :i* at diff]5t times 9 ! pa/ c5tury h be5 ! seat ( ! ,burmese k+s4 ,am>apura1 a few miles to ! s\?1 0 ! e>lie/1 & ,ava1 a few miles to ! we/1 0 ! capital f #ahbb to #ahcg4 ,sid5ote3 #bc4 ,! #dej ,pagodas f ,m&alay ,hill4 ,at ,m&alay we are aga9 on ! banks ( ! ,irawaddy4 ,!re is a hill 9 ! nor!rn suburbs sev]al hundr$ feet 9 height1 f :i* we may look ov] ! city4 ,! h\ses are s buri$ 9 foliage t1 se5 f ! height1 ! place appe>s almo/ l a wood ( gre5 trees4 ,! squ>e ,duff]9 ,=t1 ) wall$ & moat$ b\nd>y1 & sides m ?an a mile 9 l5g?1 is di/+ui%able 9 ! c5tre1 b = ! re/ !re is none ( ! ord9>y panorama ( a ,european city4 ,"o /rik+ feature1 h[ev]1 lies at our feet1 a little to "o side4 ,x is a squ>e gr\p ( #dej :ite pagodas1 ) a m consid]able gild$ pagoda 9 ! c5tre4 ,beside ea* ( ^! pagodas !re /&s a l>ge /one1 & on ^! /ones are inscrib$ quotations f ! sacr$ books ( ! ,buddhi/s4 ,9 ! di/ance to ! s\!a/ are ! hills inhabit$ by ! ,%an tribes4 ,sid5ote3 #bd4 ,! ,moat1 ,=t ,duff]94 ,sid5ote3 #be4 ,k+ ,!baw's ,palace4 ,sid5ote3 #bf4 ,! ,a9daw ,temple1 ,m&alay4 ,sid5ote3 #bg4 ,mak] ( ,temple ,htis1 ,m&alay4 ,! ,duff]9 ,=t 0 built ar\nd ! ,palace ( ,k+ ,!baw1 ! la/ ( ! ,burmese dyna/y4 ,x is enclos$ by a squ>e ( r$ walls pi]c$ by ?ree gates on ea* side1 ea* gate be>+ a po9t$ pagoda-l sup]-/ructure4 ,)\t !re is a broad moat1 a hundr$ y>ds wide1 ) lotus plants1 float+ 9 x l wat] lilies4 ,?is moat is cross$ by five wood5 bridges4 ,inside ! walls is ! ,k+'s ,palace1 ( :i* we h "h ! spire1 surm\nt$ by a 8hti0 f9ial4 ,?is spire is call$ by ! ,burmese ! 8,c5tre ( ! ,univ]se10 s9ce x is 9 ! c5tre ( ,m&alay1 :i* !y claim z 9 ! c5tre ( ! _w4 ,a 8hti0 we may obs]ve aga9 at ! summit ( ! great ,a9daw ,temple 9 ! s\? ( ,m&alay1 & "h we h "o be=e x has left ! home ( its mak]4 ,sid5ote3 #bh4 ,! ,que5's ,palace4 ,sid5ote3 #bi4 ,! ,v]&ah ( ,k+ ,!baw's ,palace4 ,sid5ote3 #cj4 ,entrance to ! ,arakan temple1 ,m&alay4 ,we return to ! ,=t1 & to ! palaces )9 x4 ,?is is ! ,que5's ,palace1 a v beautiful build+ ( gild$ teak1 exquisitely c>v$1 & "h is ! v]&ah :]e ,k+ ,!baw 9 #ahhe surr5d]$ to ! ,briti% g5]als4 ,he 0 tak5 away to ,india1 & !re he /ill lives "u surveillance on ! ,malab> ,coa/4 ,"h we h ! entrance to ! ,arakan ,temple1 specially v5]at$ by ,buddhi/s1 = x conta9s a great image ( ,gautama1 ov] twelve feet high1 made ( brass4 ,pilgrims ga9 m]it by plac+ gold leaf ^u ?is figure4 ,?is is ! build+ :i* ,kipl+ spoke ( z ! ,m\lme9 ,pagoda2 x is n1 h[ev]1 a pagoda1 :i* is a solid spire1 b a temple4 ,sid5ote3 #ca4 ,sapp]s & ,m9]s1 ,=t ,duff]94 ,sid5ote3 #cb4 ,cross+ ! ,moat1 ,=t ,duff]94 ,sid5ote3 #cc4 ,a ,g>rison ,family4 ,burma has be5 gradually annex$ to ,india z ! result ( ?ree successive w>s4 ,! fir/ end$ 9 #ahbf1 & !n ! l[-ly+ coa/al /rips kn[n by ! names ( ,t5ass]im & ,arakan 7 tak51 & also ! great valley ( ! ,brahmaputra1 kn[n z ,assam4 ,9 #aheb ! c\ntry ( ,pegu1 or ,l[] ,burma1 compris+ ! delta ( ! ,irawaddy1 0 annex$1 b ,upp] ,burma r\nd ,m&alay rema9$ indep5d5t4 ,! la/ k+ ( ,m&alay 0 ,!baw1 a notori\s tyrant1 guilty ( ! mo/ horrible atrocities4 ,be+ anxi\s to ma9ta9 8 indep5d5ce1 he intrigu$ ) ! ,fr5* 9 ! l&s ( ,tonk9 & ,annam to ! ea/ ( ,burma1 & z a result br\ght ^u himself ! conque/ ( 8 c\ntry 9 ! "t :5 ,"l ,duff]9 0 ,vic]oy ( ,india4 ,x took fully t5 ye>s to r$uce ,burma to ord]1 = ! l& 0 infe/$ ) dacoits or robb]s1 z x is /ill 9 "s ( ! remot] di/ricts4 ,e village 9 ^? days 0 def5d$ by a palisade4 ,"h we h two views ( a p>ty ( troops 9 ,=t ,duff]91 ) ! ,k+'s ,palace 9 ! backgr\nd1 & !n a family sc5e 9 ! m>ri$ qu>t]s ( ! g>rison4 ,! ,burman does n make a good soldi]1 = he has v little s5se ( discipl9e4 ,ev5 ! police ( ! prov9ce are = ! mo/ "p ,gurkhas1 ,sikhs1 & ,punjabi ,musulmans4 ,sid5ote3 #cd4 ,! ,baza>1 ,m&alay4 ,sid5ote3 #ce4 ,! ,fl[] & ,se$ ,m>ket1 ,m&alay ,baza>4 ,! ,baza> or m>ket ( ,m&alay1 z 9 e o!r ,indian city1 is ! c5tre ( public life4 ,ext]nally x is ( little int]e/1 hav+ be5 con/ruct$ s9ce ! conque/1 b int]nally x is an epitome ( ! v>i$ peoples :o h ?rong$ ( late into ! gr[+ c5tres ( ,burmese trade4 ,"h is a sc5e 9 ! fruit m>ket2 b x is ! silk m>ket :i* delights ! ,burmese lady1 :o w be se5 !re accompani$ by h] maid1 mak+ pur*ases & enjoy+ ! t\* ( m ?an %e buys1 z 9 simil> places 9 ,europe4 ,! mo/ /rik+ contra/ :i* is pres5t$ by ,burma to "o accu/om$ to ,indian life is ! fre$om ( ! wom51 :o move ab\t unveil$4 ,9 ,burma1 "u ! ,buddhi/ religion1 we h nei!r seclusion ( wom5 nor ! di/9ctions ( ca/e4 ,! city ( ,m&alay has a population ( ab\t #aij1jjj1 s t x is n[ small] ?an ! up/>t ,rangoon4 ,sid5ote3 #cf4 ,f]ry%aw ,sid+1 ne> ,m&alay4 ,sid5ote3 #cg4 ,mora4 ,sid5ote3 #ch4 ,ka?a4 ,let u make a voyage up ! ,irawaddy to ! bord] ( ! ,*9ese ,empire4 ,?is is a riv] sc5e a %ort way above ,m&alay1 ) a gr\p ( :ite pagodas conspicu\s on ! bank1 & "h is a village sc5e4 ,!re foll[s a view at ,ka?a1 a l>ge /raggl+ village on ! ,irawaddy1 rem>kable = its _m pagodas1 mo/ ( !m ru9$4 ,! majority ( ! ,burmese pagodas are ?us dilapidat$ = ! reason t !re is consid]$ to be no m]it 9 m]ely re/or+ an exi/+ ,buddhi/ %r9e4 ,! weal?y devotee pref]s !re=e to erect a new pagoda4 ,! ,%we ,dagon is an exception1 = x conta9s sacr$ relics4 ,sid5ote3 #ci4 ,raft on ! ,irawaddy4 ,sid5ote3 #dj4 ,on ! ,irawaddy4 ,sid5ote3 #da4 ,9 ! defile betwe5 ,ka?a & ,bhamo4 ,sid5ote3 #db4 ,! ,same4 ,sid5ote3 #dc4 ,burmese ,*ildr54 ,sid5ote3 #dd4 ,c>t ) solid ,:eels4 ,sid5ote3 #de4 ,lacqu] ,work]s4 ,"h we h a raft ( bamboos & teak logs float+ d[n ! riv]1 & !n a typical riv] craft ) a great o> = a rudd]4 ,our /eam] mu/ progress ) c>e1 measur+ ! dep?s ) bamboo poles at ei!r b[4 ,none ! less1 navigation ext5ds = m ?an n9e hundr$ miles f ! sea4 ,f ,m&alay to ,ka?a ! bank ( ! riv] is 9 mo/ places l[ & s&y1 b betwe5 ,ka?a & ,bhamo !re are /rik+ defiles1 :]e ! gr\nd rises ) wood$ fronts f ! wat]'s edge4 ,!re is population along ! banks ! :ole way1 z is evid5c$ by ! pagodas amid ! vegetation4 ,"h are ?ree little ,burmese villag]s1 & !n a ru/ic c>t ) solid :eels1 & "h a picture %[+ ! process ( ! fam\s lacqu] "w ( ,burma4 ,a 8%ell0 is fir/ made ( v ?9 & f9ely plait$ bamboo1 & ?is is cov]$ ) a pigm5t :i*1 :5 dry1 is s(t5$ on a primitive la!4 ,!n r$ lacqu] is put on by h&1 & ! b[l is dri$ 9 ! sun4 ,:5 dry x is buri$ = "s days 9 ord] t x may h>d54 ,f9ally x is engrav$1 & (t5 inlaid ) gold4 ,sid5ote3 #df4 ,bhamo f ! ,irawaddy4 ,sid5ote3 #dg4 ,*9a ,/reet1 ,bhamo4 ,sid5ote3 #dh4 ,ka*9 ,wom51 ,bhamo4 ,sid5ote3 #di4 ,h\ses at ,bhamo4 ,we approa* ,bhamo1 at ! head ( ! ,irawaddy navigation1 ly+ l[ along ! bank ( ! riv]1 tw5ty miles f ! ,*9ese fronti]4 ,!re are naturally _m ,*9ese at ,bhamo4 ,?is is ,*9a ,/reet4 ,"h1 on ! o!r h&1 is a gr\p ( ,ka*9 wom51 heavy-fac$1 9 picturesque co/ume4 ,! ,ka*9s are ! hill tribes ( ! nor!rn fronti] ( ,burma1 z ! ,%ans are ( ! ea/]n fronti] & ! ,*9s ( ! we/]n4 ,until q rec5tly ! ,ka*9s (t5 raid$ ! c>avans pass+ f ,bhamo to ,*9a4 ,!y are n[ becom+ civilis$ "u ,briti% rule4 ,! ,burmese p prop]1 ( anci5t civilisation1 are a relatively small population conf9$ to ! valley & ! delta4 ,"h we see a r[ ( h\ses at ,bhamo1 rais$ high ^u piles4 ,! *ange :i* has come ov] ,burma s9ce ! ,briti% occupation may be appreciat$ f ! fact t tw5ty ye>s ago x 0 no uncommon sight on ! voyage up f ,ka?a to ,bhamo to see along ! riv] banks1 & on rafts float+ d[n ! riv]1 ! dead bodies ( ,ka*9s :o _h be5 tortur$ to dea? "u ! t]rible rule ( ! k+s ( ,m&alay4 ,sid5ote3 #ej4 ,! ,gokteik ,gorge & ,bridge4 ,sid5ote3 #ea4 ,native ,h\se1 ,hsipaw4 ,sid5ote3 #eb4 ,! ,baza>1 ,hsipaw4 ,f ,m&alay a railway runs ea/w>d into ! ,%an c\ntry4 ,at "o po9t ?is l9e crosses a gorge by a /eel bridge1 ne>ly half a mile long & ov] #hjj feet above ! wat] ( ! /ream4 ,! bridge is s light 9 design t its great size & real solidity are difficult to grasp4 ,beyond ?is bridge we come to ! *ief place ( ! ,%ans1 ,hsipaw4 ,"h are a c\ple ( sc5es 9 ,hsipaw1 ! "o ( a ,%an h\se1 ! o!r ( a ,%an m>ket4 ,sid5ote3 #ec4 ,pagan4 ,sid5ote3 #ed4 ,! ,an&a ,temple1 ,pagan4 ,sid5ote3 #ee4 ,! ,an&a ,temple1 ne>] view ( ! we/ side4 ,sid5ote3 #ef4 ,buddha ,image at ,pagan4 ,to realise ! antiquity & ! spl5d\r ( e>ly ,burmese civilisation1 we mu/ desc5d ! ,irawaddy bel[ ,m&alay to a place call$ ,pagan4 ,!re1 = "s t5 miles beside ! riv]1 & = ?ree miles back f its bank1 are ! ru9s ( a great capital :i* fl\ri%$ ab\t ! "t ( ! ,norman ,conque/ ( ,engl&4 ,f ! c5tre ( ! ru9$ city x is impossible to po9t 9 any direction 9 :i* a pagoda or a temple is n visible4 ,we h "h a g5]al view ( ! rema9s1 & !n ! ,an&a ,temple1 se5 9 ! mid/ ( a bank ( vegetation1 f :i* at v>i\s po9ts rise o!r small] r$ & :ite ru9s4 ,! ,an&a ,temple 0 built m ?an eight hundr$ ye>s ago by ! ,?atons1 ! orig9al inhabitants ( ! c\ntry1 :o 7 ov]come by ! invad+ ,burmans4 ,"s ?irty ?\s& ( ^! ,?atons 7 br\ght to ,pagan z slaves1 & set to build ! pagodas & temples1 j z dur+ ! captivity 9 ,egypt ! ,israelites 7 employ$ 9 build+ ! pyramids4 ,"h is ! ,an&a ,temple close at h&1 :ite & glitt]+ 9 ! sun%9e1 z ?\gh built ( sug>4 ,if we ent] ! great portal--!re are ?ree o!r portals simil>1 = ! plan ( ! build+ is t ( a cross--we f9d fac+ u a huge image ( ! ,buddha1 ov] t5 y>ds 9 height4 ,buddhism 0 develop$ f ,h9duism4 ,x orig9at$ z a revolt f ! excessive ritualism ( ! ,brahmans4 ,we h se5 t ,h9duism became an all-embrac+ sy/em ( religi\s ritual & social organisation1 b t alongside1 z x 71 ( ?is process !re 0 evolv$ a philosophical sy/em bas$ ^u two !ories3 ! belief 9 a ,univ]sal ,s\l z ! c5tre ( reality1 & ! belief 9 ! ultimate id5tity ( ! ,individual & ! ,univ]sal ,s\l4 ,9 ! six? c5tury be=e ,*ri/ ,india 0 see?+ & f]m5t+ ) spiritual ?\ght4 ,a great tea*] 0 call$ =1 & su* a "o 0 giv5 to ! _w 9 ,gautama1 ! ,buddha1 t is to say1 ! ,enlight5$ or ,awak5$ ,"o4 ,gautama 0 born on ! fronti]s ( ,nepal at ! foot ( ! great ,himalaya range ab\t ! ye> #eeg be=e ,*ri/4 ,he 0 ! only son ( a *ief or k+4 ,at ! age ( eighte5 he 0 m>ri$ to ! daught] ( ! *ief ( a neighb\r+ clan1 & a son 0 born to him4 ,b ! ye>n+s ( a re=m] 7 /irr+ )9 ,gautama1 & he c\ld n re/4 ,s "o night 9 secret he left 8 wife & infant & w5t out into ! _w a w&]] 9 se>* ( 8t inw>d illum9ation on #8great matt]s1' :i* 0 ! *]i%$ dream ( e ?9k] 9 t memorable era40 ,he foll[$ to no purpose ! pa?s ( metaphysical speculation1 ( m5tal discipl9e1 & ( ascetic rig\r1 & at la/ on "o ev5tful night1 z he sat "u ! ,bodhi ,tree at ,gaya1 9 ,beh>1 8he reap$ ! fruit ( 8 long spiritual ef=t1 ! tru? ( ?+s be+ ( a sudd5 s cle>ly reveal$ to him t f h5ce=? he nev] sw]v$ = a mom5t f devotion to 8 cre$ & to ! mission t x impos$ ^u him40 ,! tru? :i* ,buddha discov]$ & prea*$ to humanity 0 t ! salvation ( man lay n 9 sacrifices & c]emonial1 nor 9 p5ances1 b 9 spiritual ef=t & a holy life1 9 *>ity1 =giv5ess1 & love4 ,! sages ( ,h9duism _h taught z a doctr9e = ! few t ! ,univ]sal ,s\l is ! only reality1 & is !re=e ! real self ( e man4 ,buddha gave to ! _w a sy/em by :i* ! tru? ( ?is doctr9e c\ld be realis$ 9 ! life ( an ord9>y man4 ,! f\r-fold tru? on :i* ,buddha's :ole s*eme h+es may be express$ z foll[s3--,life on e>? is full ( suff]+2 suff]+ is g5]at$ by desire2 ! ext9ction ( desire involves ! ext9ction ( suff]+2 ! ext9ction ( desire1 & !re=e ( suff]+1 is ! outcome ( a righte\s life4 ,b h[ is desire ) ! suff]+ :i* x g5]ates to be ext+ui%$8 ,! answ] ( ,buddhism is t ! eightfold pa? :i* leads to ! ext9ction ( suff]+ is by 8,"r ,belief1 ,"r ,?\ght1 ,"r ,spee*1 ,"r ,action1 ,"r ,ef=t1 ,"r ,means ( ,livelihood1 ,"r ,remembrance & ,self-discipl9e1 ,"r ,conc5tration ( ,?\ght40 ,9 ,buddha's sy/em1 z he himself gave x to ! _w1 doctr9es & beliefs are ( second>y importance4 ,fully alive to ! tru? t 8:at we d1 besides be+ ! outw>d & visible sign ( our inw>d & spiritual /ate1 reacts naturally & necess>ily on :at we are1 & s m\lds our "* & controls our de/9y10 he =mulat$ = 8 foll[]s a simple sy/em ( moral rules1 ob$i5ce to :i* w\ld set !m on ! pa? :i* leads to salvation4 ,on ?is pa? !re are successive /ages1 & ea* ( ^! /ages is m>k$ by ! break+ ( "s ( ! fett]s :i* b9d man to e>? & to self1 & :5 all ! fett]s are at la/ brok5 !n ! ,holy ,"o1 z he is n[ call$1 has rea*$ 8 goal4 ,9 o!r words1 he has atta9$ to t /ate :i* ,buddhi/s call ,nirvana1 a /ate ( 8p]fect k1 p]fect love1 p]fect peace1 & !re=e ( p]fect bliss40 ,! ,buddhi/ sy/em emphasises ! importance ( education & discipl9e4 ,all ov] ,burma !re are s*ools conduct$ by ,buddhi/ mona/ic ord]s at :i* in/ruction is gratuit\sly giv5 to boys 9 ! v]nacul> ( ! c\ntry1 & "o r>ely f9ds a native ( ,burma :o _c read & write 8 own language4 ,x is also "p ( ! religi\s discipl9e ( e ,burman boy t he %\ld become a novice 9 a mona/ic ord] & live = a "t ! life ( a monk4 ,! aim ( ?is tra9+ is to tea* ob$i5ce & self-control1 & ?us 9 ^! days ( *ange1 :5 /range & dis9tegrat+ influ5ces are at "w 9 ! ,ea/1 ! ,burman reta9s1 to a c]ta9 ext5t at all ev5ts1 8 simplicity & 8 k9dly fai?4 ,to appreciate ! influ5ce ( ,buddhism 9 ,burma let u rememb] t a ,buddhi/ prie/ is support$ entirely by gifts 9 k9d1 & nev] t\*es a co94 ,= "s c5turies ,buddhism made great progress 9 ,india1 ! l& ( its bir?2 b 9 ! end ,h9duism re-ass]t$ itself1 & to-day !re are v few ,buddhi/s 9 ,india prop]1 ?\gh 9 ,burma ne>ly all ! p are ( t fai?4 ,?is is ! *ief cause ( ! diff]5ce 9 almo/ e respect betwe5 ,burma & ,india4 ,9 ! ,an&a ,temple1 z we h se51 !re are f\r images ( ,buddha1 = x is ! tradition ( ! religion t be=e ,gautama !re 7 9 =m] ages ( ! _w ?ree o!r tea*]s :o rea*$ enlight5m5t & 7 !re=e call$ ,buddha4 ,sid5ote3 #eg4 ,! ,wild]ness ( ,bricks1 ,pagan4 ,sid5ote3 #eh4 ,gadawpal9 ,temple1 ,pagan4 ,sid5ote3 #ei4 ,vultures on a ru9$ ,temple at ,pagan4 ,sid5ote3 #fj4 ,cactus at ,pagan4 ,sid5ote3 ,repeat ,map ,no4 #f4 ,"h1 /ill at ,pagan1 is ! s-call$ ,wild]ness ( ,bricks1 ) ! ,an&a ,temple 9 ! di/ance to ! "r4 ,!n we h ! entry to "o ( ! o!r temples1 & !n yet ano!r ,pagan ru9 ) vultures on ! summit4 ,f9ally we h a sc5e ( tall cactus gr[?1 also at ,pagan1 = ?is city /&s 9 :at is kn[n z ! ,dry ,belt ( ,burma4 ,! map %[s u t two ranges ( m\nta9s ext5d nor?w>d1 respectively to ea/ & we/ ( ! ,irawaddy valley4 ,! w9ds ( summ] & autumn bl[ f ! s\?we/1 f ! sea1 br++ moi/ure :i* falls 9 heavy ra9s on ! we/ sides ( ! m\nta9s & ov] ! delta4 ,at ,rangoon !re is an annual ra9fall ( ov] "o hundr$ in*es1 or m ?an ?ree times ! ra9fall ( ,london4 ,to ! ea/ ( ! we/]n range1 h[ev]1 z we leave ! delta on our j\rney up ! riv]1 !re is a l[-ly+ di/rict ne> ,pagan1 :i* is scre5$ f ! sea w9ds by ! cont9u\s m\nta9 ridge1 & "h ! ra9fall is small1 z little z tw5ty in*es 9 ! ye>1 b ! climate is hot & evaporation is rapid4 ,9 ?is di/rict1 !re=e1 cactus is ! typical vegetation1 b else:]e 9 ,burma are ri* crops or ! mo/ luxuriant =e/s ( leafy trees4 ,^! =e/s supply ! teak wood1 :i* is float$ d[n ! riv]4 ,!y are full ( game1 & ! haunt ( poison\s snakes4 ,wild peacocks come f ! woods to fe$ on ! rice :5 x is ripe1 & tig]s are n unkn[n 9 ! villages4 ,only a few ye>s ago a tig] 0 %ot on "o ( ! l$ges ( ! ,%we ,dagon ,pagoda 9 ! mid/ ( ,rangoon4 ,not)/&+ ! age ( "s ( its temples & pagodas1 ,burma is 9 ! ma9 a new c\ntry1 9 :i* ,nature is /ill ma/]ful4 ,x is ! l>ge/ ( ! prov9ces "u ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,india1 b all told x conta9s b t5 million p--,burmese1 ,*9ese1 ,h9dus1 & ! ,hill ,tribes4 -------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,lecture ,,iii4 --- ,,b5gal4 --- ,,! ,,monsoons4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,map ( ,b5gal4 ,f ,burma we take /eam] aga9 & cross ! sea to ,b5gal1 ! ,metropolitan ,prov9ce ( ,india4 ,! he>t ( ,b5gal is "o ( ! l>ge/ deltas 9 ! _w1 a great pla9 ( moi/ silt br\ght d[n by ! riv]s ,ganges & ,brahmaputra f ! ,himalaya m\nta9s4 ,b along ! bord]s ( ! ,prov9ce1 & especially to ! we/1 mu* hill c\ntry is includ$4 ,! map %[s to ! nor? ! high tablel& ( ,tibet1 edg$ by ! ,himalaya range1 ^: s\!rn slopes desc5d /eeply1 b ) _m foot hills1 to ! level1 l[-ly+ pla9s ( ! two great riv] valleys4 ,ea/w>d ( ,b5gal !re is a ridge1 ris+ to heights ( m ?an six ?\s& feet1 d5sely =e/$1 :i* sep>ates ! ,irawaddy valley ( ,burma f ! pla9s ( ,india4 ,?is ridge ?r[s out a spur we/w>d1 :i* ne> its end rises a little into ! ,g>o hills4 ,! deeply tr5*$ n>r[ valley ( ! ,brahmaputra1 kn[n z ! ,assam ,valley1 lies betwe5 ! ,g>o hills & ! ,himalayas4 ,away 9 ! we/ ( ,b5gal is ano!r hill spur1 be>+ ! "n ( ,rajmahal1 :i* =ms ! nor!a/]n po9t ( ! plateau ( ,s\!rn ,india4 ,! ,ganges fl[s ?r\gh ! pla9 b\nd$ s\?w>d by ?is plateau & nor?w>d by ! ,himalayas4 ,a broad l[l& gateway is left betwe5 ! ,g>o & ! ,rajmahal hills1 & ?r\gh ?is1 on ei!r h&1 ! ,brahmaputra & ,ganges riv]s turn s\?w>d & conv]ge gradually until !y jo9 to =m ! va/ ,megna e/u>y4 ,! c\ntry :i* lies we/ ( ! ,megna is ! ,ganges delta1 trav]s$ by _m m9or *annels :i* bran* f ! "r bank ( ! riv] be=e x ent]s ! ,megna4 ,ea/ ( ! ,megna is ano!r deltaic l& ^: silt is d]iv$ 9 ! ma9 f ! ,g>o hills4 ,x is said t ! highe/ ra9fall 9 ! _w occurs 9 ^! hills1 :5 ! monsoon sweeps nor?w>d f ! ,bay ( ,b5gal & bl[s aga9/ _! s\!rn face4 ,! ra9fall on a s+le day 9 ! ra9y season is (t5 z great z ! :ole annual ra9fall ( ,london4 ,little wond] t !re is abundance ( silt = ! =mation ( ! f]tile pla9s bel[4 ,! approa* to ! coa/1 z may be conclud$ f ?is geographical description1 pres5ts little ( int]e/4 ,z y ent] ! ,hooghly riv]1 ! we/]nmo/ ( ! deltaic *annels1 y see broad grey mud banks1 ) "h & !re a palm tree4 ,f "t to "t1 z ! %ip passes "s m solid gr\nd1 !re are villages ( ?at*$ huts surr\nd$ by banana plantations ) tall broad gre5 leaves4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,approa*+ ,calcutta4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,coolie ,emigrant ,%ip on ! ,hooghly4 ,sid5ote3 #d4 ,! ,hooghly at ,calcutta1 %[+ ! ,high ,c\rt4 ,sid5ote3 #e4 ,! ,same4 ,calcutta1 ! *ief port & capital ( ,india1 is plac$ no less ?an eighty miles up ! ,hooghly1 on ! ea/]n bank4 ,z we approa* x we pass mills & factories ) tall *imneys ?r[+ out black smoke4 ,a /eam] crosses u1 outw>d b\nd1 c>ry+1 z we are told1 coolies go+ to "w 9 ,s\? ,africa2 = ! bas9 ( ! ,ganges1 unlike ,burma1 is "o ( ! mo/ d5sely peopl$ l&s 9 ! _w1 & s5ds =? annually "s ?\s& emigrants4 ,at la/ we f9d ourselves amid a ?rong ( %ipp+1 & our /eam] ties up to a buoy 9 ! turbid riv]1 ) ! great city ( ,calcutta on ! ea/]n bank1 & ! l>ge indu/rial t[n ( ,h[rah on ! we/]n bank1 & n a hill 9 sight r\nd all ! horizon1 only ! great dome ( ! ,po/ ,(fice ris+ :ite 9 ! sun%9e4 ,sid5ote3 #f4 ,plan ( ,calcutta4 ,sid5ote3 #g4 ,palm ,av5ue1 ,calcutta ,botanical ,g>d5s4 ,let u exam9e ! plan ( ?is mighty city ) m ?an a million inhabitants1 second 9 ! ,empire 9 population1 & "o ( ! twelve l>ge/ t[ns 9 ! _w4 ,! ,hooghly fl[s s\?w>d4 ,on its ea/]n bank /&s ,=t ,william1 a =tress :i* ) its outworks occupies a space ( ne>ly a ?\s& acres4 ,ar\nd1 to ! nor?1 ! ea/1 & ! s\? ( ! =t1 is a wide gre5 pla91 ! ,maidan1 sep>at+ ! =t f ! city4 ,f nor? to s\? ! ,maidan ext5ds = "s two miles1 & x is ab\t a mile broad f ea/ to we/4 ,9 its s\!rn end is ! racec\rse1 :]e are held at ,*ri/mas "t ! races1 ! pr9cipal social ev5t ( ,calcutta life4 ,to ! ea/ ( ! ,maidan is ! ,european qu>t]1 ) its hotels1 & clubs1 & private h\ses4 ,to ! nor?1 9 a g>d51 is ,gov]nm5t ,h\se1 ! resid5ce ( ! ,vic]oy ( ,india4 ,beside ,gov]nm5t ,h\se1 & also fac+ ! ,maidan1 are ! ,high ,c\rt ( ,ju/ice & ! ,t[n ,hall4 ,beh9d ,gov]nm5t ,h\se is ,dalh\sie ,squ>e1 occupi$ by a gre51 9 ! c5tre ( :i* is a l>ge tank4 ,fac+ ?is squ>e is ! ,b5gal ,gov]nm5t ,secret>iat1 betwe5 :i* & ! riv] are ! ,po/ ,(fice & ! ,cu/oms ,h\se4 ,away to ! nor? is ! great native city4 ,"o bridge only connects ,calcutta ) ! indu/rial t[n ( ,h[rah1 :]e are jute mills & great eng9e]+ works4 ,9 ,h[rah also is ! t]m9us ( ! ,ea/ ,indian ,railway4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago ,h[rah 0 b a small village2 to-day x conta9s "s #afj1jjj p4 ,f9ally to ! s\? ( ,h[rah on ! we/ bank ( ! riv] are ! celebrat$ ,botanical ,g>d5s1 conta9+ _m great palms1 & mo/ notable ( all a banyan tree ^: circumf]5ce measures ne>ly a ?\s& feet4 ,nor? ( ,calcutta1 & on ! ea/ bank ( ! ,hooghly1 is ,b>rackpur1 ) ! c\ntry h\se ( ! ,vic]oy ( ,india4 ,!re is a milit>y cantonm5t at ,b>rackpur1 & also a g>rison 9 ,=t ,william4 ,sid5ote3 #h4 ,! ,h[rah ,bridge1 ,calcutta4 ,sid5ote3 #i4 ,sc5e f ! ,h[rah ,bridge4 ,no?+ impresses ! /rang] 9 ,calcutta m ?an ! d5sity ( life 9 ?is popul\s city1 ! focus ( a great & f]tile prov9ce4 ,at no spot is x m evid5t ?an on ! ,h[rah ,bridge1 :]e f morn+ to night a close ?rong crosses & re-crosses4 ,f ! approa* to ! bridge we look d[n on a cr[d ba?+ 9 ! muddy b sacr$ wat]4 ,*eek by j[l ) ! busy comm]cial traffic ( ! bridge1 we h "h ! religion ( ! ,ea/4 ,purifi$ by ! ba?1 & clo!d aga91 ! ba!r sits 9 ! cr[d :ile = a few pies1 or say a f>?+1 8 sect m>k is pa9t$ afre% on 8 =ehead4 ,sid5ote3 #aj4 ,calcutta f ,h[rah across ! ,hooghly4 ,! build+s ( ,calcutta are wor?y ( ! capital rank ( ! city1 b !y are ( ,european design1 = ,calcutta is a mod]n city4 ,=t ,william 0 s nam$ f ,k+ ,william ,,iii41 9 ^: reign1 little m ?an two c5turies ago1 ,job ,*>nock1 a factor or comm]cial repres5tative ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 b\ght ! little village ,kalikata1 probably s nam$ f a local %r9e ( ! goddess ,kali4 ,!re he built1 on ! site ( ! pres5t ,cu/oms ,h\se1 ! fir/ ,=t ,william4 ,)9 t5 ye>s ! population _h gr[n to "s t5 ?\s&1 & x has nev] ceas$ gr[+ to ?is day1 al?\gh at "o "t1 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 !re 0 an episode 9 ! hi/ory ( ! place :i* = a "t some:at *eck$ its advance4 ,suraj-ud-,daulah1 ! ,nawab ( ,b5gal1 qu>rell$ ) ! ,engli% at ,=t ,william1 & f9ally attack$ !m4 ,mo/ ( !m escap$ d[n ! riv]1 b a hundr$ & =ty-six 7 tak5 prison]s :5 ,=t ,william fell1 & 7 conf9$ = a night 9 a small cell measur+ #bb feet by #ad feet1 & "s #ah feet high4 ,x 0 at ! end ( ! hot season1 & only tw5ty-?ree ( ! prison]s came out alive ! next morn+4 ,?is trag$y is kn[n 9 hi/ory z ! ,black ,hole ( ,calcutta4 ,soon aft]w>ds ,colonel ,clive1 ! same ,clive :o z a ,capta9 def5d$ ,arcot 9 ! s\? ( ,india1 arriv$ ) re9=cem5ts & recaptur$ ,calcutta4 ,=t ,william 0 rebuilt on a l>g] scale1 & 9 a position a little s\? ( ! orig9al site4 ,suraj-ud-,daulah qu>rell$ ) ! ,ea/ ,india ,company aga91 & ,clive l$ an army aga9/ him into ! nor? ( ,b5gal1 & defeat$ him & 8 ,fr5* allies 9 ! fam\s battle ( ,plassey4 ,! ,briti% =ce am\nt$ to only ?ree ?\s& m51 ( :om b two hundr$ 7 ,engli%1 :]eas ! ,nawab _h an army ( ne>ly =ty ?\s&4 ,9 #agfe ! :ole ( ,b5gal 0 annex$ by ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 & f #aggb 0 rul$ f ,calcutta4 ,suraj-ud-,daulah's capital _h be5 at a place call$ ,mur%idabad1 a hundr$ miles to ! nor? ( ,calcutta4 ,sid5ote3 #aa4 ,black ,hole ,monum5t1 ,calcutta4 ,sid5ote3 #ab4 ,! ,m>ble ,pavem5t1 ,black ,hole1 ,calcutta4 ,"h1 at ! corn] ( ,dalh\sie ,squ>e1 is ! ,black ,hole ,monum5t1 erect$ by ,"l ,curzon :5 ,vic]oy ( ,india1 9 ! ye> #aijb1 ^u ! site ( ! orig9al monum5t :i* 0 set up by "o ( ! tw5ty-?ree survivors2 & "h is a m>ble pavem5t m>k+ ! exact position ( ! ,black ,hole4 ,sid5ote3 #ac4 ,b5gal ,gov]nm5t ,(fice1 ,calcutta4 ,sid5ote3 #ad4 ,! ,high ,c\rt1 ,calcutta4 ,sid5ote3 #ae4 ,ea/]n ,gateway1 ,gov]nm5t ,h\se1 ,calcutta4 ,sid5ote3 #af4 ,gov]nm5t ,h\se1 ,calcutta4 ,sid5ote3 #ag4 ,! ,same4 ,sid5ote3 #ah4 ,imp]ial ,museum1 ,calcutta4 ,we h next ! great r$ brick build+ 9 ,dalh\sie ,squ>e kn[n z ! ,b5gal ,secret>iat4 ,n f> away are ! public (fices ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,india1 b mo/ ( ! /aff are remov$ to ,simla 9 ! hills dur+ ! hot & ra9y seasons4 ,"h1 fac+ ! ,maidan1 is ! frontage ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,ju/ice1 ) a f9e t[] ne>ly two hundr$ feet high1 :i* we saw j n[ f ! ,hooghly4 ,next is ! ea/]n gateway to ! gr\nds ( ,gov]nm5t ,h\se1 & "h is ,gov]nm5t ,h\se itself1 ) ! ,union ,jack fly+ above x1 & ,indian s5tries on gu>d4 ,x 0 built a little m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago1 & conta9s ! ?rone ( ,tippu ,sultan1 ! tyrant ( ,mysore1 ( :om we he>d 9 ! fir/ lecture4 ,opposite ,gov]nm5t ,h\se1 on ! ,maidan1 is ! ,jubilee ,/atue ( ,victoria1 ! ,que5-,empress ( ,india1 :i* 0 unveil$ 9 ! ye> #aijb4 ,"h we h a m di/ant view ( ,gov]nm5t ,h\se1 z se5 f ! ,maidan1 ) a /atue ( "o ( ! ,vic]oys 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,next1 9 ,*[r+hee road1 is ! ,imp]ial ,museum1 a f9e build+ ) a valuable ,gall]y ( ,antiquities4 ,sid5ote3 #ai4 ,musulmans at ,pray] 9 ! ,maidan4 ,sid5ote3 #bj4 ,o*t]lony ,monum5t1 ,calcutta4 ,sid5ote3 #ba4 ,calcutta f ! ,o*t]lony ,monum5t4 ,sid5ote3 #bb4 ,race ,c\rse1 ,calcutta4 ,sid5ote3 #bc4 ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 ,calcutta4 ,sid5ote3 #bd4 ,tiretta ,baza> ,/reet1 ,calcutta4 ,let u walk r\nd ! ,maidan1 & note ! curi\sly m+l$ life ^u x4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 are ,musulmans at pray]1 an impressive sight t may be witness$ e ev5+4 ,"h we are at ! foot ( ! ,o*t]lony monum5t1 a column erect$ 9 hon\r ( ,sir ,david ,o*t]lony1 a successful g5]al 9 ! w>s ) ,nepal4 ,f ! top ( x we h a f9e view ov] ! city4 ,notice ,gov]nm5t ,h\se & ! ,high ,c\rt4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! ,maidan is ! racec\rse & polo gr\nd1 to :i* we h already ref]r$1 & "h amid ! trees 9 ! s\!a/]n corn]1 beside ! tank1 is ! spire ( ! ,engli% ,ca!dral4 ,"h1 9 contra/1 is a view 9 ! native city4 ,! /reets are ) a few exceptions v n>r[1 z 9 mo/ s\!rn cities :]e ! sun%9e is dread$ & :]e %ade is ess5tial to com=t4 ,sid5ote3 #be4 ,jute ,mills1 ,h[rah4 ,sid5ote3 #bf4 ,a ,work%op 9 ,iron ,f\ndry at ,h[rah4 ,sid5ote3 #bg4 ,! same1 ,plate ,gird]s4 ,sid5ote3 #bh4 ,workpeople ba?+ at ,h[rah4 ,n[ we cross to ,h[rah1 to ! great jute mills1 :]e ! jute fibre gr[n up c\ntry is spun & wov5 9 competition ) ! jute manufacture ( ,dundee4 ,9 ^! mills y w f9d t ! ma*9]y be>s ! names ( ,dundee & ,le$s mak]s1 = ! indu/ry is relatively new 9 ,india1 & has n yet rea*$ ! /age ( manufactur+ its own ma*9]y4 ,next we pass into ! eng9e]+ works ( ,messrs4 ,burn & ,co41 :]e "s five ?\s& natives & "s sixty ,europeans are employ$ 9 ! /eel indu/ry4 ,"h are plate gird]s made 9 ^! works = railway bridge build+1 & "h 9 ?is same indu/rial t[n ( ,h[rah are p ba?+ aft] "w 9 ! jute mills4 ,let u rec\nt ! ess5ce ( :at we h se5--! ,hooghly *annel f ! ocean1 be>+ inw>d ! ,european %ips2 ! ,%r9e ( ! ,goddess ,kali2 ! ,=t :i* protect$ ! factory ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company2 ! ,monum5t ( ! ,black ,hole2 ,gov]nm5t ,h\se & ! ,secret>iat1 :5ce ! va/ empire is rul$2 ! ,ca!dral & ! ,racec\rse ( ! :ite rul]s2 ! ,c\rts ( ,ju/ice1 :i*1 m ?an any milit>y p[]1 betok5 ! ess5ce ( ,briti% rule 9 ,india2 ! ,native ,city ) its n>r[ ways & cr[d$ life drawn f ! surr\nd+ agricultural pla92 ! ,h[rah ,bridge ) ! /eel & jute mills beyond1 :i* imply a va/ incom+ *ange 9 ! economic life ( ?is ea/]n l&2 & ! ,botanic ,g>d5s ) _! weal? ( vegetation typify+ ! ultimate res\rces ( ,india--! tropical sun%9e & ! torr5tial ra9s4 ,sid5ote3 ,repeat ,map ,no4 #a4 ,n[ let u run nor?w>d by ! ,ea/ ,b5gal ,railway = "s ?ree hundr$ miles to ,d>jeel+1 ! hill /ation ( ,calcutta1 z ,ootacamund is ! hill /ation ( ,madras4 ,we trav]se ! dead level ( ! pla9 ) its ?ickly set villages & tropical vegetation4 ,!re are "s sev5 hundr$ & fifty ?\s& villages 9 ,india1 & ^! village communities are ! real ,india1 = only ab\t t5 p] c5t4 ( ! total population is conta9$ 9 ! cities4 ,yet ,b5gal 9 its pres5t limits1 :i* exclude ,ea/]n ,b5gal1 has a population ( m ?an fifty millions1 on an area slightly small] ?an t ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,n[ ! total population ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom is only "s =ty-f\r millions1 & ( ^! =ty-f\r millions fully "o-?ird inhabit "s =ty l>ge cities4 ,brita9 is !re=e ma9ly indu/rial1 :]eas ,india is ma9ly agricultural1 n9e-t5?s ( all ! p 9 ,india be+ support$ by occupations connect$ ) agriculture4 ,f su* /ati/ics "s idea may be ga9$ ( ! d5sity ( ! agricultural population ( ,b5gal1 a ,prov9ce ) "o great city only1 z greatness ( cities is measur$ 9 our ,briti% ,isl&s4 ,! rule ( ^! village-dott$ pla9s is ! ma9 daily bus9ess ( ! ,indian ,gov]nm5t4 ,a great ,prov9ce l ,b5gal is divid$ into ,di/ricts1 ea* ( !m ab\t z l>ge z ! ,engli% c\nty ( ,l9coln%ire or a little l>g]4 ,on ! av]age ea* ( !m conta9s f half a million to a million & a half ( population4 ,!re are "s #bej ( su* ,di/ricts 9 ,briti% ,india1 t is to say 9 t great] "p ( ,india :i* is adm9i/]$ directly by ,briti% (ficials4 ,9 ea* ,di/rict !re is a *ief executive (fic]1 /yl$ ! ,collector or ,deputy ,commission]4 ,he is ! head ( ! ,di/rict adm9i/ration1 & he is also ! pr9cipal ,magi/rate 9 ! ,di/rict4 ,"u ! ,collector !re is a /aff ( ,executive ,(fic]s1 ,briti% & ,indian1 ( :om ! *ief are ! ,assi/ant ,collector1 ! ,deputy ,collector1 ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,police1 ! ,eng9e]1 & ! ,civil ,surgeon4 ,! ,collector is s call$ because 9 ! days ( ! old ,ea/ ,india ,company 8 ma9 function 0 to collect rev5ue4 ,9 8 o!r capacity ( ,magi/rate1 he is ! head ( ! ,magi/]ial ,c\rts ( ! ,di/rict4 ,! laws :i* he & 8 assi/ants adm9i/] are made by ! ,vic]oy 9 ,c\ncil1 & 9 a subord9ate way by ! ,lieut5ant-,gov]nors & _! ,c\ncils 9 ! v>i\s ,prov9ces4 ,! ,collector does n decide civil suits4 ,^!1 z well z all s]i\s crim9al cases1 come be=e ,civil ,judges ( diff]5t grades1 :o are indep5d5t ( ! ,collector4 ,!re=e we f9d 9 ,india t ess5tial division ( ! ,legislature1 ,judicature1 & ,executive :i* is ! *ief security ( fre$om 9 all ,briti% communities4 ,subject to ! law & to ! in/ructions ( ! sup]ior ,prov9cial ,(fic]s1 ! ,di/rict ,collector is1 h[ev]1 supreme1 except 9 ! ,civil ,c\rts ( 8 ,di/rict4 ,he x is :o alone = ! va/ majority ( ! ,indian population repres5ts ! ,raj or ,rule ( ! ,k+-,emp]or4 ,betwe5 ! ,collectors & ! ,lieut5ant-,gov]nors are int]m$iate controll+ (fic]s kn[n z ,commission]s1 :o sup]9t5d ,divisions or gr\ps ( sev]al ,di/ricts4 ,! ,high] ,civil ,s]vice ( ,india1 recruit$ by competitive exam9ation 9 ,engl&1 consi/s ( "s twelve hundr$ (ficials--! ,commission]s1 ! ,collectors ( ! ,di/ricts1 & "s ( ! ,assi/ant ,collectors4 ,! s5iors ( ! ,civil ,s]vice man ! ,prov9cial & ,supreme ,gov]nm5ts ( ,india4 ,only ! ,gov]nor-,g5]al & ! ,gov]nors ( ,madras & ,bombay are select$ f outside ! ,indian ,civil ,s]vice & s5t out f ,brita94 ,! ,collector is con/antly t\r+ 8 ,di/rict1 9 ord] t he may "k x f p]sonal inve/igation4 ,a good ,collector may become v popul>1 & may d mu* to make 8 ,di/rict prosp]\s4 ,x is a great position :i* may ?us be held by "y ,engli%m5 (1 say1 ?irty ye>s ( age4 ,!y are rul]s ( a million p at an age :5 _! bro!rs ( ! pr(essional classes at home are /ruggl+ to e/abli% !mselves z "y b>ri/]s or doctors or cl]gym54 ,x mu/ n be ?\ght1 h[ev]1 t ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,india1 ei!r 9 its ,legislative1 ,judicial1 or ,executive capacities1 is :olly ,briti%1 & ali5 f ! subject population4 ,! ,legislative ,c\ncils ( ! ,gov]nor-,g5]al & also ( ! ,lieut5ant-,gov]nors 9 ! ,prov9ces conta9 elect$ ,indian repres5tatives1 bo? ,h9du & ,musulman4 ,! prov9cial ,c\ncils h1 9 fact1 non-(ficial majorities4 ,only 9 ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,gov]nor-,g5]al is !re an (ficial majority4 ,_m ( ! ,judges ev5 ( ! ,high ,c\rts are ,indian1 ei!r ,h9du or ,musulman4 ,9 ! ,executive "s ( ! ,collectors ( ,di/ricts are ,indian1 & also ! great majority ( ! assi/ant (ficials1 :o 9 ! aggregate are an imm5se numb]4 ,sid5ote3 #bi4 ,d>jeel+ ,railway1 ,*9batti ,loop4 ,sid5ote3 #cj4 ,d>jeel+ ,railway1 ,loop ,no4 #d4 ,sid5ote3 #ca4 ,d>jeel+4 ,z we ?9k ov] ^! ?+s we are cont9u+ our j\rney nor?w>d4 ,we mu/ *ange f tra9 to /eam] z we cross ! ,ganges4 ,! passage ( ! riv] occupies ab\t tw5ty m9utes f "o l[-ly+ bank to ! o!r4 ,!n1 z we trav]se ! endless rice fields ) _! clumps ( graceful bamboo1 ! hills become visible across ! nor!rn horizon4 ,we run into a belt ( jungle1 & *ange to ! m\nta9 railway1 :i* c>ries u up ! /eep hill front ) _m a turn & twi/4 ,!re is tall =e/ on ! l[] slopes1 ( teak & o!r great trees1 hung ?ickly ) creep]s4 ,pres5tly ! wood becomes small]1 & we ent] ! tea plantations ) _! trim r[s ( gre5 bu%es4 ,f> bel[ u1 at ! foot ( ! /eep =e/1 spreads to ! s\!rn horizon ! va/ cultivat$ pla94 ,trees ( ! fir tribe n[ take ! place ( leafy trees1 & we rise to ! ridge top on :i* is plac$ ,d>jeel+1 a settlem5t ( deta*$ villas 9 comp\nds or enclosures1 hang+ on ! /eep hill slopes4 ,d>jeel+ is ab\t sev5 ?\s& feet above sea level1 on a ridge ov]look+ nor?w>d ! gorge ( ! ,rungeet ,riv]4 ,sid5ote3 #cb4 ,k9*9junga1 f ,d>jeel+4 ,sid5ote3 #cc4 ,! ,himalaya4 ,sid5ote3 #cd4 ,m\nt ,ev]e/4 ,9 ! e>ly morn+1 if we are =tunate 9 ! wea!r & rise be=e ! sun1 we may see f ,d>jeel+1 ov] ! valley to nor? ( ! hill ridge on :i* we /&1 & ov] successive ridge tops beyond1 ! mighty sn[ range ( ! ,himalayas1 fifty miles away1 ) ! peak ( ,k9*9junga1 m ?an five miles high1 dom9at+ ! l&scape4 ,beh9d x1 a little to ! we/1 & visible f ,tig] ,hill ne> ,d>jeel+1 ?\gh n f ,d>jeel+ itself1 is ,m\nt ,ev]e/1 ! highe/ m\nta9 9 ! _w1 five & half miles high4 ,! glitt]+ wall ( :ite m\nta9s1 visible across ! va/ *asm & b>e granite summits 9 ! =egr\nd1 seems to hang 9 ! sky z ?\gh belong+ to ano!r _w4 ,! broad di/ance1 & ! sudd5 leap to supreme height1 give to ?is sc5e a my/]i\s & almo/ vision>y gr&eur4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 only occasionally t ! culm9at+ peaks c be se51 = !y are (t5 veil$ 9 cl\d4 ,sid5ote3 #ce4 ,tibetan ,woman4 ,sid5ote3 #cf4 ,nepali ,ladies4 ,! p ( ,sikkim 9 ! hills beyond ,d>jeel+ are ,highl&]s ( ,mongolian /ock & n ,indian4 ,!y are ( ,buddhi/ religion l ! ,burmans1 & n ,h9du or ,musulman l ! inhabitants ( ,india4 ,!y are small1 /urdy folk1 ) oblique cut eyes1 & a ,*9ese expression1 & !y h ! easy-go+ humor\s "* ( ! ,burmans1 ?\gh n ! delicacy & civilization ( ^? inhabitants ( ! sunny l[l&4 ,!y & ! k9dr$ & neighb\r ,tibetans r>ely wa%1 & ! wom5 ano9t _! faces ) a mixture ( pigs' blood1 :i* gives !m a d>k & mottl$ appe>ance4 ,"h we h 9 col\r a portrait ( a ,tibetan woman1 & !n a gr\p ( ,nepali ladies1 ) v>i\s head ornam5ts4 ,sid5ote3 #cg4 ,political ,map ( ,india1 di/+ui%+ ,b5gal1 ,ea/]n ,b5gal & ,assam1 ,nepal1 & ,bhutan4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact t ^! hill p %\ld belong to ! race :i* spreads ov] ! va/ ,*9ese ,empire4 ,t race "h advances to ! la/ hill br9ks :i* ov]look ! ,indian l[l&4 ,! political map ( ?is portion ( ,india illu/rates a p>allel fact4 ,:ile ! pla9s are adm9i/]$ directly by ,briti% (ficials1 ! m\nta9 slopes desc5d+ to !m are rul$ by native pr9ces ^: t]ritories =m a /rip along ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ,india4 ,nor? ( ,assam & ,b5gal we h 9 succession f ea/ to we/1 9 ! belt ( hill c\ntry1 ! l&s ( ,bhutan1 ,sikkim1 & ,nepal4 ,f ,nepal are recruit$ ! ,gurkha ,regim5ts ( ! ,indian army1 ! ,gurkhas be+ a race ( ^! same hill m51 ( small /ature & /urdy agility1 ( ,h9du religion1 b ( m or less ,mongolian /ock1 & !re=e int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,tibetans & ! ,h9dus4 ,sid5ote3 #ch4 ,! ,baza>1 ,d>jeel+4 ,sid5ote3 #ci4 ,! same--,nepali ,vegetable ,sell]s4 ,sid5ote3 #dj4 ,man c>ry+ ,fodd]1 ,d>jeel+4 ,sid5ote3 #da4 ,sikkim ,peasants4 ,sid5ote3 #db4 ,native ,loom1 ,d>jeel+4 ,sid5ote3 #dc4 ,village 9 ,sikkim4 ,sid5ote3 #dd4 ,! same4 ,"h we h a typical m>ket sc5e 9 ,d>jeel+4 ,notice ! wom5 do+ coolie "w4 ,next are vegetable sell]s 9 ! ,d>jeel+ ,baza>1 & "h is a man c>ry+ fodd]4 ,! man ) 8 back turn$ is a ,lep*a ( ,sikkim4 ,!n we h a gr\p ( ,sikkim peasants dr9k+ ! native be]1 made f m>wa1 a k9d ( millet4 ,!y draw x up ?r\gh /raws f cups made ( bamboo4 ,next we see a native work+ a h& loom1 & !n a village 9 ,sikkim4 ,"h 9 ! same village we see a woman c>ry+ baggage4 ,sid5ote3 #de4 ,lama ,mona/]y1 ne> ,d>jeel+4 ,sid5ote3 #df4 ,! same--,devil ,danc]s4 ,sid5ote3 #dg4 ,! same--int]ior4 ,sid5ote3 #dh4 ,! ,amban ,dance1 ,d>jeel+4 ,sid5ote3 #di4 ,! same--ano!r view4 ,ne> ,d>jeel+ !re is a small ,buddhi/ mona/]y1 a two-/orey build+ ( :i* we h "h a view4 ,notice ! semi-circle ( tall poles1 ) l95 flags1 on :i* pray]s are inscrib$4 ,by ! entrance are a numb] ( pray]-:eels fa/5$ to ! wall4 ,outside ! mona/]y are m5 we>+ ! co/umes ( devil danc]s1 su* z are us$ 9 ,buddhi/ religi\s c]emonies ( ^! p>ts4 ,!re are long trumpets plac$ aga9/ ! door po/4 ,let u glance = a mom5t )9 ?is mona/]y1 & see ! hide\s wood5 masks1 & ! silk dresses ( ! prie/ly danc]s4 ,two sc5es foll[1 f ,d>jeel+ itself1 ( an elaborate dance by ,tibetan peasants call$ ! ,amban dance4 ,! lions & dragons are ea* made ( two m51 ^: bodies are hung ) :ite yak hair & tails4 ,!y h grotesque heads1 ) enorm\s eyes & gap+ m\?s1 f :i* hang l>ge sc>let tongues4 ,s we obta9 "s idea ( ! /age ( b>b>ism 9 :i* ! hill tribes rema94 ,sid5ote3 #ej4 ,nor? ,b5gal ,m\nt$ ,rifles1 ,lebong4 ,sid5ote3 #ea4 ,! same--,sword ,pegg+4 ,sid5ote3 #eb4 ,coolies at ,d>jeel+4 ,9 contra/ ) ^! sc5es are n[ two slides illu/rat+ ! volunte] s]vice ( ! :ite tea plant]s4 ,( ^! ! second %[s t5t-pegg+ on ! ,lebong p>ade gr\nd1 above ! ,rungeet riv]4 ,?is =m ( t5t-pegg+ is ) a sword1 & n ) ! m usual lance4 ,"h is a sc5e %[+ ,d>jeel+ coolies return$ f "w 9 ! tea g>d5s4 ,sid5ote3 #ec4 ,! ,rungeet ,gorge4 ,sid5ote3 #ed4 ,! same4 ,sid5ote3 #ee4 ,! ,rungeet ,bridge1 ,sikkim4 ,sid5ote3 #ef4 ,a ,himalayan ,glaci]4 ,sid5ote3 #eg4 ,glaci]-f$ ,torr5t 9 ! ,himalaya4 ,sid5ote3 #eh4 ,cane ,bridge 9 ! ,himalaya4 ,f9ally we h two views 9 ! gorge ( ! ,rungeet riv]1 betwe5 ,d>jeel+ & ,sikkim1 ) precipit\s sides1 & !n a glimpse ( ! ,rungeet bridge4 ,! ,rungeet dra9s f ! hills ( ,d>jeel+1 & f ! sn[ m\nta9s beyond1 into a tribut>y ( ! ,ganges4 ,sev]al hundr$ su* torr5ts bur/ 9 long succession ?r\gh deep portals 9 ! ,himalayan foot hills & fe$ ! great riv]s ( ! pla91 ! ,brahmaputra & ! ,ganges4 ,!y are p]5nial riv]s1 = !y orig9ate 9 ! melt+ ( ! glaci]s1 & ! ,himalayan glaci]s cov] a va/ area1 be+ f$ by ! monsoon sn[s4 ,ne>ly all ! agricultural weal? ( ,nor!rn ,india owes its orig9 to ! summ] monsoon4 ,sid5ote3 #ei4 ,map ( ! ,himalayan ,riv] ,sy/em4 ,to und]/& ! fundam5tal conditions gov]n+ ! ,indian climate let u exam9e ! two conclud+ maps ( ?is lecture4 ,on ! fir/ ( !m all ! c\ntry ) an elevation ( m ?an fifte5 hundr$ feet is col\r$ ) a d>k br[n1 & t ) a l[] elevation is col\r$ a light br[n4 ,a great angle ( ! ,indian l[l& is se5 to project nor?w>d into ! ,asiatic upl&4 ,= fifte5 hundr$ miles ! ,himalaya limits ! l[l& ) a gracefully curv+ m\nta9 edge1 & f ?is edge !re fl[ ! s]ies ( tribut>ies :i* ga!r to ! riv]s ,indus1 ,ganges1 & ,brahmaputra4 ,beyond1 to ! s\?1 are se5 9 d>k br[n ! high] portions ( ! ,deccan plateau4 ,sid5ote3 #fj4 ,map ( ,s\?-,we/ ,monsoon4 ,n[ comp>e ) ?is ! succe$+ map1 :i* %[s ! w9ds ( ! summ] "t & ! av]age ra9fall4 ,! w9ds sweep 9 f ! s\?we/1 b z !y cross ,b5gal !y b5d s z to bl[ f ! s\? & !n f ! s\!a/4 ,! d>k arr[ ) ! brok5 %aft /rik+ nor?we/w>d ?r\gh ! he>t ( ,india repres5ts ! usual track ( ! /orms :i* prevail 9 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces dur+ ! summ] season1 produc+ ! havoc along ! ,madras coa/ & nor?w>d1 ( :i* we spoke 9 ! second lecture4 ,! maximum ra9fall1 x w be se51 occurs 9 ?ree regions--fir/ on ! we/ face ( ! ,we/]n ,ghats1 & on ! we/ face ( ! m\nta9s ( ,ceylon2 secondly 9 ! ea/ ( ! ,indian ,p59sula ne> ! track ( ! /orm c5tres2 & ?irdly along ! s\? face ( ! ,g>o hills & ( ! ,himalayas nor? ( ,b5gal1 & on ! we/ face ( ! v>i\s m\nta9 ranges ( ,burma4 ,9 o!r words1 9 ! fir/ & ?ird cases ! ra9 is due to ! w9ds /rik+ ! m\nta9 ranges1 & is great only on ! w9dw>d faces ( ^? ranges4 ,9 ! second case ! ra9fall is ma9ly ! result ( ! /orms4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is dr\ght at ?is season "u ! lee ( ! m\nta9s ( ,ceylon & ( ! ,we/]n ,ghats1 & aga9 9 a comp>atively small belt1 ne> ,pagan1 along ! ,irawaddy riv]1 betwe5 ! we/]n & ! ea/]n ridges ( ,burma4 ,tibet1 :i* is "u ! lee ( ! ,himalayas1 & nor?we/]n ,india1 :i* is out ( ! track ( ! s\?we/ w9ds1 are wide des]ts4 ,?is map expla9s ! exceptional f]tility & d5sity ( population ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,b5gal4 ,sid5ote3 ,repeat ,map ,no4 #a4 ,india is s va/ a c\ntry1 & s v>i$1 t no travell] c hope to visit all p>ts ( x4 ,on our j\rney f ,calcutta to ,d>jeel+1 we h left ! prov9ce ( ,assam away to ! ea/ ( u4 ,assam is a ?r\gh road n[hi!r1 = high & difficult m\nta9s close ! ea/]n end ( its great valley4 ,moreov]1 ?\gh x has va/ natural res\rces1 ,assam is a c\ntry :i* ?r\gh\t hi/ory has la9 = ! mo/ "p outside ,indian civilisation1 &1 ev5 to-day1 has b a sp>se population & a relatively small comm]cial developm5t4 ,let u1 !n1 j rememb] 9 pass+ t ?is remote prov9ce ( ,india has a geography :i*1 ?\gh simple1 is built on a v gr& scale4 ,! ,san-po riv] rises high on ! plateau ( ,tibet nor?w>d ( ,luckn[4 ,= m ?an #gjj miles x fl[s ea/w>d ov] ! plateau 9 re> ( ! ,himalayan peaks2 !n x turns %>ply s\?w>d & desc5ds /eeply ?r\gh a deep gorge little kn[n1 = x is t5ant$ by ho/ile tribes4 ,:]e x em]ges f ! m\nta9s ! riv] has a level n a ?\s& feet above ! sea1 & "h1 turn+ we/w>d1 x =ms ! ,brahmaputra--t is to say1 ! ,son ( ,brahma1 ! ,creator4 ,! ,brahmaputra fl[s = #dej miles we/w>d ?r\gh ! valley ( ,assam1 deeply tr5*$ betwe5 ! sn[y wall ( ! ,himalayas on ! "o h& & ! =e/$ m\nta9s ( ! ,burmese bord] & ! ,khasia & ,g>o hills on ! o!r h&4 ,! riv] 8rolls d[n ! valley 9 a va/ %eet ( wat]10 deposit+ banks ( silt at ! smalle/ ob/ruction1 8s t isl&s =m & re-=m 9 con/ant succession4 ,broad *annels break away & rejo9 ! ma9 riv] aft] wide div]g5ces1 :i* are subject$ to no control4 ,! swamps on ei!r h& are flood$ 9 ! ra9y season1 till ! l[] rea*es ( ! valley are "o va/ %9+ sea1 f :i* ! hills slope up on ei!r side40 ,! traffic on ! riv] is ma9ta9$ *iefly by exports ( tea & timb]1 ) imports ( rice = ! lab\r]s on ! tea e/ates4 ,"s day1 :5 great sums ( money are available = capital exp5diture1 ! ,brahmaputra w be controll$1 & ,assam w become ! seat ( teem+ production & a d5se population4 ,! ,indian ,empire conta9s "s #cjj million p2 b1 z we le>n1 x also conta9s "s ( ! *ief virg9 res\rces ( ! _w4 -------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,lecture ,,iv4 --- ,,! ,,unit$ ,,prov9ces4 --- ,,! ,,mut9y4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,map ( ,india1 di/+ui%+ ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces4 ,nor?we/w>d f ,b5gal1 ov] ! great pla9 ( ! ,ganges1 we ent] ! next region ( ,india4 ,! ,unit$ ,prov9ces ( ,agra & ,oudh h an area almo/ equal to t ( ,great ,brita91 & a population z d5se4 ,:5 we g f ,b5gal to ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces1 x is z ?\gh we 7 cross+ f "o to ano!r ( ! great cont95tal ,/ates ( ,europe1 say f ,g]many into ,france4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,map ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces4 ,! ,himalayan m\nta9s lie to ! nor?2 ! hills ( ,c5tral ,india to ! s\?4 ,! pla9 betwe5 !m1 rais$ only a little above ! sea1 is two hundr$ miles across1 measur$ f ! foot hills ( ! ,himalayas to ! fir/ rise ( ! ,c5tral ,indian hills4 ,two great riv]s1 ! ,ganges & ! ,jumna1 em]ge f ,himalayan valleys1 & trav]se ! pla9 s\?w>d1 & pres5tly s\!a/w>d1 leav+ betwe5 !m a tongue ( l&1 kn[n 9 ,h9du/ani z ! ,doab1 or two wat]s4 ,mesopotamia1 betwe5 ! riv]s ,euphrates & ,tigris 9 ! ,ne>] ,ea/1 signifies ! same 9 ! ,greek language4 ,! ,jumna jo9s ! ,ganges ne> ! s\!rn limit ( ! pla91 & 9 ! angle ( ! conflu5ce is ! l>ge city ( ,allahabad1 ! capital & seat ( ! ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces4 ,o!r great tribut>ies fl[ to ! ,ganges f m ea/]n p>ts ( ! ,himalayas1 & b5d+ s\!a/w>d jo9 ! ma9 riv] "o aft] ano!r4 ,five consid]able cities focus ! great population ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces--,allahabad1 already m5tion$1 ,cawnpore1 ,luckn[1 ,agra1 & ,b5>es4 ,a hundr$ miles above ,allahabad1 on ! "r or s\? bank ( ! ,ganges1 is ! city ( ,cawnpore1 & on ! opposite or nor!rn bank ext5ds ! old ,k+dom ( ,oudh1 ) ,luckn[ = its capital1 situat$ "s =ty miles nor!a/ ( ,cawnpore4 ,agra1 :i* gives its "n to all t "p ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces :i* did n =m]ly belong to ,oudh1 is situat$ on ! "r or s\? bank ( ! ,jumna1 a hundr$ & fifty miles we/ ( ,luckn[4 ,eighty miles bel[ ,allahabad1 on ! nor? bank ( ! ,ganges1 is ,b5>es1 ! mo/ sacr$ city ( ! ,h9dus4 ,all ^! di/ances betwe5 ! cities ( ,agra1 ,cawnpore1 ,luckn[1 ,allahabad1 & ,b5>es1 lie ov] ! dead level ( ! pla91 du/y1 & l a des]t 9 ! dry season1 b gre5 & f]tile aft] ! ra9s4 ,scatt]$ ov] ! pla9 are innum]able villages1 9 :i* dwell n9ete5 out ( tw5ty ( ! inhabitants ( ! jo9t ,prov9ces4 ,luckn[ is ! l>ge/ ( ! cities1 yet x has only a qu>t] ( a million inhabitants4 ,! ,unit$ ,prov9ces are ! he>t ( ,india1 ! typical ,indian l&1 safe f invasion f ! nor? by reason ( ! ,himalayan b>ri] & ! des]t plateau ( ,tibet2 relatively inaccessible f ! ocean1 & n conqu]$ by ,brita9 until long aft] ,b5gal _h become a ,prov9ce ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company2 relatively safe also f nor?we/]n invasion4 ,its p rema9 dom9antly ,h9du 9 _! religion & cu/oms1 :]eas ! great prov9ce ( ! ,punjab fur!r nor?we/w>d has a majority ( ,musulmans4 ,s\?w>d is ! plateau ( ,c5tral ,india1 comp>atively ?9ly peopl$4 ,! language ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces1 & ( consid]able di/ricts to we/1 s\?1 & ea/ ( !m1 is ,h9di1 ! mo/ direct d]ivative ( ! anci5t ,sanskrit tongue1 ^: use 0 contempor>y ) t ( ,lat9 & ,greek4 ,all ?ree ( ^! anci5t tongues1 z well z ,old ,p]sian1 belong to ! family ( ! ,indo-,european languages4 ,sanskrit 0 br\ght into ,india by a conqu]+ p f ! nor?we/4 ,h9di is n[ spok5 by a hundr$ million p 9 all ! nor!rn c5tre ( ,india4 ,x is ! language n only ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces b also ( ! we/]n "p ( ,b5gal :i* is kn[n z ,beh>1 ( t "p ( ! ,punjab :i* surr\nds ,delhi1 & ( a wide di/rict 9 ,c5tral ,india rul$ by ! great ,m>a?a *iefs1 ,s9dhia & ,holk>4 ,o!r tongues ( simil> orig9 are spok5 9 ! regions ar\nd--,b5gali 9 ,b5gal1 ,m>a?i & ,gujrati 9 ! l&s :i* lie ea/ & nor? ( ,bombay1 & ,punjabi 9 ! ,punjab4 ,we mu/ ?9k ( ^! v>i\s ,indian languages z diff]+ f "o ano!r mu* z ,fr5* & ,spani% & ,italian diff]1 :i* are all d]iv$ f a common ,lat9 s\rce4 ,! ,h9di language 0 pick$ up by ! ,musulman conqu]ors ( ,india1 & by add+ to x words ( _! own ,p]sian spee* !y =m$ ,urdu1 ! language ( ! camp4 ,?is is ! language ( educat$ ,musulmans all ov] ,india to ?is day4 ,"u ! "n ( ,h9du/ani x has become a sort ( l+ua franca ?r\gh\t ,india1 & is us$ by ,europeans :5 talk+ to _! s]vants4 ,away to ! s\?1 beyond ! limit ( ! ,sanskrit tongues1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,madras & neighb\r+ areas1 are talk$ languages :olly ali5 f ,sanskrit1 & diff]+ f ,h9di1 ,b5gali1 ,m>a?i1 ,gujrati1 & ,punjabi1 mu* z ! ,turki% & ,hung>ian languages diff] f ! gr\p ( alli$ ,indo-,european tongues spok5 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,^! s\!rn ,indian tongues are kn[n z ,dravidian4 ,! mo/ important ( !m are ,telugu1 spok5 by tw5ty millions1 & ,tamil1 spok5 by "s fifte5 millions4 ,! ,h9du religion1 h[ev]1 is held by ! great majority bo? ( ! ,dravidian s\? & ( ! ,indo-,european nor? & c5tre4 ,if !re be "o "p ( ,india :i* we may ?9k ( z ! %r9e ( %r9es 9 a l& :]e religion rules all life1 x is to be f\nd 9 a triangle ( cities j conta9$ )9 ! map be=e u4 ,!re on ! ,ganges we see ,b5>es & ,patna1 & "s fifty miles s\? ( ,patna ! small] t[n ( ,gaya4 ,b5>es f prehi/oric times has be5 ! focus ( ,h9duism4 ,patna 0 ! capital ( ! *ief ,gangetic k+dom m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago1 :5 ! ,greek ambassador ,mega/h5es1 fir/ ( ! ,we/]ns1 travell$ ?us f> into ! ,ea/4 ,gaya 0 ! spot :]e ,buddha1 seek+ to re=m ,h9duism "s six hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 obta9$ enlight5m5t1 & !n migrat$ to tea* at ,b5>es1 or r at ,s>na?1 n[ 9 ru91 "s ?ree or f\r miles nor? ( ! pres5t ,b5>es4 ,! peoples ( all ! va/ ,indian & ,*9ese _w1 f ,k>a*i to ,pek9 & ,tokyo1 look to ?is little gr\p ( cities z ! c5tre ( hol9ess1 :e!r !y be foll[]s ( ,brahma or ( ,buddha4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,buddhi/ ,tope at ,s>na?4 ,sid5ote3 #d4 ,sculptures at ,s>na?4 ,sid5ote3 #e4 ,lion-capital at ,s>na?4 ,old ,b5>es1 ^: ru9s are n[ kn[n z ,s>na?1 0 a few miles nor? ( ! exi/+ city4 ,we h "h "o ( ! ,buddhi/ topes ( ,s>na?1 :i* 0 ! spot to :i* ,buddha remov$ aft] he _h receiv$ enlight5m5t at ,gaya4 ,"h he & 8 disciples began to tea*4 ,we h ano!r view at ,s>na?1 %[+ "s ( ! anci5t sculptures1 & a gigantic lion-capital rec5tly excavat$4 ,its size c be appreciat$ by notic+ ! man beh9d4 ,sid5ote3 #f4 ,plan ( ,b5>es4 ,sid5ote3 #g4 ,view across ! ,ganges to ! ,s\!rn ,%ore4 ,sid5ote3 #h4 ,pan*ganga ,ghat1 ,b5>es4 ,sid5ote3 #i4 ,! ,same--ano!r view4 ,sid5ote3 #aj4 ,palace ( ! ,raja ( ,bh+a1 ,b5>es4 ,sid5ote3 #aa4 ,! ,same--ano!r view4 ,b5>es ext5ds = f\r miles along ! nor!rn bank ( ! ,ganges4 ,?is bank is "h high] ?an ! s\!rn1 & desc5ds to ! riv] edge ) a /eep br9k4 ,d[n ?is br9k are _m flights ( /eps1 kn[n z 8ghats10 :i* we may translate by ! ^w 8approa*es40 ,we h already he>d ! ^w 8ghat0 appli$ to ! /eep m\nta9-high br9ks ( ! s\!rn plateau ( ,india1 :]e ! upp] gr\nd breaks away to ! %ore ( ! ,arabian ,sea on ! "o h&1 & to ! l[-ly+ pla9 ( ! ,c>natic on ! o!r4 ,! city ( ,b5>es is situat$ on ! plateau top above ! ghats1 & = f\r miles ! riv] front is cr[n$ ) palaces & temples1 built ( a yell[ s&/one4 ,! opposite1 ! s\!rn1 %ore lies l[ & )\t build+s4 ,"h is a view look+ s\?w>d across ! riv] f ! br9k edge2 x %[s ! l[ & non-sacr$ s\!rn %ore4 ,"h are two views ( ! br9k itself1 fac$ & cr[n$ ) build+s ( yell[ s&/one4 ,!re foll[ two views ( ! palace ( ! ,raja ( ,bh+a1 & 9 bo? we see ! ghat /eps desc5d+ to ! wat]'s edge4 ,sid5ote3 #ab4 ,dasa%wam$h ,ghat1 ,b5>es4 ,sid5ote3 #ac4 ,manik>nika ,ghat1 ,b5>es4 ,! population ( ,b5>es numb]s "s two hundr$ ?\s&1 ( :om ! great majority are ( ! ,h9du fai?1 & no few] ?an ?irty ?\s& are ,brahmans1 ! prie/ly ca/e4 ,x is said t m ?an a million pilgrims visit ! city e ye>4 ,9 ! e>ly morn+ !y desc5d ! ghats to ba! 9 ! riv] & to dr9k ! sacr$ wat]4 ,"h we h ! sc5e at "o ( ^! ghats1 ) ! conical t[]s ( a temple1 & ! great sun umbrellas4 ,ano!r sc5e ( a simil> "* foll[s at ano!r ghat1 ! mo/ sacr$ 9 ,b5>es4 ,sid5ote3 #ad4 ,burn+ ,ghat1 ,b5>es4 ,sid5ote3 #ae4 ,ano!r ,burn+ ,ghat1 ,b5>es4 ,"s ( ! ghats are us$ = ! burn+ ( dead bodies4 ,wrapp$ 9 a :ite %r\d1 ! corpse is dipp$ into ! riv]1 !n laid on a pile ( faggots1 & o!r faggots are built ar\nd1 & a light is set to ! pile4 ,! a%es are ?r[n into ! riv]4 ,^! rites are p]=m$ by ! ne>e/ relatives4 ,we h "h ! body ( a woman ( ! poor] classes ne>ly consum$1 & ! few relatives look+ on4 ,"h prep>ations are 9 progress = ano!r cremation4 ,! corpse may be se51 ) its feet 9 ! wat]1 re/+ aslant at ! foot ( ! ghat4 ,! bodies ( ! high] ca/es are burnt at ! ,raja ,ghat on co/ly fires ( s&al-wood4 ,at night1 f ! wat]1 ! city1 ) its ?\s&s ( lights & ! tall flames at ! ,burn+ ,ghats1 is deeply impressive4 ,sid5ote3 #af4 ,! ,obs]vatory1 ,b5>es4 ,sid5ote3 #ag4 ,! ,samrat ,yantra 9 ! ,obs]vatory4 ,sid5ote3 #ah4 ,eclipse ,fe/ival1 ,b5>es4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all ! build+s at ,b5>es is ! ,obs]vatory1 a l(ty /ructure plac$ on ! riv] br9k & comm&+ a wide view4 ,)9 are in/rum5ts ( /one on a great scale = ! obs]vation ( ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,?is is ! ,samrat ,yantra1 us$ = obs]v+ ! decl9ation & "r asc5sion ( ! />s4 ,a/ronomy plays no inconsid]able "p 9 ! rites ( ,b5>es4 ,! pilgrimages are ?rong$ at ! "t ( eclipse ( ! sun1 & !re are c]ta9 ghats ( special resort dur+ ! occurr5ce ( eclipses4 ,sid5ote3 #ai4 ,ro( ( ,gold5 ,temple1 ,b5>es4 ,sid5ote3 #bj ,vi%nagi ,temple1 ,b5>es4 ,sid5ote3 #ba4 ,aurangzeb's ,mosque1 ,b5>es4 ,sid5ote3 #bb4 ,! ,same--ano!r view4 ,set a little back f ! riv] front 9 a small squ>e is ! *ief temple ( ! ,h9dus4 ,europeans are n p]mitt$ to g )91 b only to peep ?r\gh a hole 9 ! wall1 & also f an upp] balcony ( a neighb\r+ h\se to look d[n ^u ! gild$ ro(4 ,beside ?is temple !re is ano!r1 half ( :i* is 9 ru91 & ! rema9d] has be5 conv]t$ to ! purpose ( a ,musulman mosque4 ,! old "p is ( yell[-grey s&/one1 tawny ) age1 b ! mosque has be5 :ite-wa%$ & %9es brightly 9 ! sunlight4 ,we h "h a view ( ?is temple-mosque1 & !n !re foll[ two views1 %[+ ! tall m9>ets ( ,aurangzeb's ,mosque1 built on ! site ( ano!r ,h9du temple :i* he de/roy$4 ,= two c5turies until ! adv5t ( ,briti% p[] ! rul]s ( ?is ,h9du l& 7 ( ! ,musulman fai?1 conqu]ors f ! nor?we/4 ,! ,musulmans de/roy$ _m ( ! anci5t ,h9du temples ( ,b5>es1 s t mo/ ( ! build+s ( ! city are comp>atively mod]n4 ,sid5ote3 #bc4 ,a ,fakir1 ,b5>es4 ,sid5ote3 #bd4 ,snake ,*>m]s1 ,b5>es4 ,z 9 a ,*ri/ian c\ntry1 su* a resort ( pilgrims br+s toge!r m5 f f> di/ant & diff]5t l&s1 & we h at ,b5>es an epitome ( all ,h9du ,india4 ,9 ! n>r[ deep-%ad$ /reets1 & ! sordid & tawdry purlieus ( ! temples may be se5 _m a typical sc5e ( ,ea/]n life4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 close to ,aurangzeb's ,mosque1 is a ,fakir or religi\s en?usia/1 to :om ! alms ( ! fai?ful are due4 ,he re/s on ?is b$ ( spikes day & night4 ,su* ,fakirs get mu* alms1 :i* !y are suppos$ by ! envi\s to bury und]gr\nd4 ,we h ano!r *>act]i/ic sc5e "h1 two snake *>m]s on "o ( ! ghats1 ) a f9e assortm5t ( reptiles--cobra1 py?on1 & o!r snakes1 z well z scorpions4 ,!re is always a ready cr[d = !m1 z = juggl]s ( curi\s skill4 ,sid5ote3 #be4 ,bullock ,c>t1 ,b5>es4 ,sid5ote3 #bf4 ,a ,camel1 ,b5>es4 ,sid5ote3 #bg4 ,a ,bridegroom1 ,b5>es4 ,! traffic 9 ! /reets is ( ! mo/ v>i\s k9d4 ,"h is an ox waggon1 ) cumbr\s wood5 :eels1 lad5 ) r\gh /one = road mak+1 & "h a tall camel br++ 9 tobacco f "s outly+ village4 ,?is is a bridegroom ( ! highe/1 ! ,brahman ca/e1 m\nt$ on a :ite horse1 & clo!d 9 a gold5 dress %ot ) p9k4 ,he is probably on 8 way to pay a c]emonial call4 ,sid5ote3 #bh4 ,pr9ce ( ,wales ,hospital1 ,b5>es4 ,sid5ote3 #bi4 ,que5's ,college1 ,b5>es4 ,sid5ote3 #cj4 ,c5tral ,h9du ,college1 ,b5>es4 ,fur!r inl&1 ne> ! railway /ation1 is gr\p$ ! ,european qu>t]1 ) a ,*ri/ian *ur*1 ! po/ (fice1 ! regim5tal b>racks ( ! cantonm5t1 mission>y colleges1 villas ( (ficials1 & a few f9e public build+s ( rec5t date4 ,"h = in/ance1 ) a bullock c>t pass+ x1 & ano!r vehicle beh9d ) a sun-hood1 is ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales ,hospital4 ,"h is ,que5's ,college1 :]e a mod]n education is giv5 to "s five hundr$ /ud5ts1 & "h f9ally is ! ,c5tral ,h9du ,college1 op5$ 9 #ahii1 8= ! education ( ,h9du y\? 9 _! ance/ral fai? & 9 true loyalty & patriotism40 ,?is college conta9s ab\t two hundr$ & fifty /ud5ts4 ,sid5ote3 #ca4 ,army ,factory1 ,cawnpore--,native ,cutt]s at "w4 ,we n[ leave ,b5>es1 notic+ ! great railway bridge ov] ! ,ganges1 & travel by rail ov] ! grey monotony ( ! pla9s1 v>i$ by pat*es ( cultivation1 h]ds ( long-e>$ goats1 long-legg$ pigs1 l>ge black vultures1 & "h & !re a /r+ ( camels4 ,s we come to ,cawnpore1 ! ,man*e/] ( ,india4 ,cawnpore is ! *ief inl& manufactur+ city ( ,india1 a great contra/ 9 all its ways ) ,b5>es4 ,we/]n capital1 ,we/]n ideas1 & ,we/]n organisation are at "w on a l>ge scale4 ,!re are mills & factories = ! sp9n+ & weav+ ( wool1 mo/ly ,indian wool1 b "s ,au/ralian br\ght by way ( ,calcutta4 ,"o ( ^! mills se5 by our arti/ _h on h& at ! "t ( 8 visit an ord] = elev5 ?\s& coats1 & _h j f9i%$ ?irty-?ree ?\s& = ! police ( ! great native /ate ( ,hyd]abad4 ,?is is ! mill 9 "q4 ,! cutt]s are %e>+ coats f a great piece ( khaki1 on :i* ! patt]ns to be cut h be5 *alk$4 ,bo? ! sp9n+ ( ! y>n & ! weav+ ( khaki clo? h be5 accompli%$ by native lab\r & ,briti% ma*9]y at ,cawnpore4 ,khaki signifies ! col\r ( khak1 or du/4 ,sid5ote3 #cb4 ,! ,same--! ,raw ,hide ,%$4 ,sid5ote3 #cc4 ,! ,same--unload+ ,b>k4 ,sid5ote3 #cd4 ,! ,same--! ,boot ,%op4 ,sid5ote3 #ce4 ,well 9 ,messrs4 ,coop] ,all5's ,model ,village1 ,cawnpore4 ,sid5ote3 #cf4 ,native ,pott]s4 ,sid5ote3 #cg4 ,! ,same4 ,"h is a lea!r factory = mak+ ,gov]nm5t boots & army equipm5t4 ,?is view %[s ! raw hides1 mo/ly buffalo1 ga!r$ by rail f all p>ts ( ,india4 ,! hides on ! weigh+ ma*9e h be5 dri$4 ,?is is b>k be+ unload$ f ! tra9 = use 9 ! tann]y4 ,!n we see ! boot %op itself1 ?rong$ ) workm54 ,^! workm5 are mo/ly ,musulmans4 ,z w be se51 ! boots are h&-sewn4 ,"o l>ge firm1 employ+ daily "s ?ree ?\s& five hundr$ h&s1 has built a model village1 ( :i* we h "h ! well1 ! c5tral feature ( e ,indian village1 :e!r ( ! new & g>d5 type1 or ( ! old & traditional4 ,:at a contra/ mu/ all ?is be to ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry di/ricts1 :]e village tradesm5 /ill foll[ _! traditional crafts6 ,"h1 = example1 are two views 9 a pott]y ne> ,b5>es4 ,! pott]s turn ! :eel ) _! feet4 ,mo/ ,h9du workm5 use _! feet a good deal1 & ( c\rse ! typical squatt+ attitude makes x easi] = !m to d s4 ,consid] ! revolution 9 all ! social life ( ,india1 :i* is involv$ 9 ! /eady displacem5t ( ^! village-made w>es by ! *eap] ma*9e-made products ( ,cawnpore & o!r factory c5tres4 ,!re is a *ange beg9n+ ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ?is va/ l&1 n :olly unlike t :i* took place 9 ,brita9 "u ! "n ( ! ,indu/rial ,revolution a c5tury & a half ago4 ,z high] & m skill$ indu/ries are introduc$1 x seems likely ultimately to result 9 a migration ( work]s f ! villages to ! cities1 9 ! gr[? ( ! size ( ! cities1 & 9 ! great] monotony ( life 9 ! ru/ic villages4 ,no d\bt !re w be "s inevitable suff]+1 especially on ! "p ( ^? work]s :o _c adapt !mselves to ! new conditions4 ,9 ! ma91 h[ev]1 ! factory op]atives h ?us f> be5 peasant proprietors :o =sake _! villages only = a "t4 ,sid5ote3 #ch4 ,! ,rumi ,gate1 ,luckn[4 ,sid5ote3 #ci4 ,! ,same--f )94 ,sid5ote3 #dj4 ,! ,imamb>a1 ,luckn[4 ,sid5ote3 #da4 ,! ,same--! ,great ,hall4 ,luckn[ is a city ( mod]n temples & palaces1 _m ( !m /ucco build+s ( debas$ ar*itecture1 :i* appe> beautiful only by moonlight & :5 artificially illum9at$4 ,we h "h ! ,rumi ,gateway1 & "h ! same gateway f )94 ,!n we h ! ,imamb>a1 built "u ,asaf-ud-daulah1 :o also built ! ,resid5cy1 z a relief "w 9 a great fam9e 9 #aghd4 ,! mo/ /rik+ feature is ! successful con/ruction ( an enorm\s ro( ( co>se concrete )\t ribs1 beams1 pill>s1 or visible support ( any k9d1 except t f ! f\r surr\nd+ walls4 ,"h is ! great hall1 b5ea? ?is ro(4 ,x is ab\t a hundr$ & sixty feet long1 fifty feet wide1 & "s fifty feet high4 ,on ! floor is ! tomb ( ,asaf-ud-daulah1 a slab ( pla9 masonry surr\nd$ by silv]1 & cov]$ ) a canopy4 ,! tomb is n 9 l9e ) ! sides ( ! hall1 b is a little askew 9 ord] t x be ori5t$ 9 accordance ) ! direction ( ,mecca4 ,ne> by c be se5 a huge tazia1 :i* is c>ri$ ?r\gh ! /reets on ! ,musulman anniv]s>y ( ! ,moh>am4 ,sid5ote3 #db4 ,9 ! ,*auk ,baza>1 ,luckn[4 ,sid5ote3 #dc4 ,! ,same4 ,sid5ote3 #dd4 ,a ,musulman ,woman 9 a ,burka4 ,sid5ote3 #de4 ,! ,jama ,masjid1 ,luckn[4 ,sid5ote3 #df4 ,! ,husa9abad ,imamb>a1 ,luckn[4 ,sid5ote3 #dg4 ,k>bala ( ,diana-ud-daula1 ,luckn[4 ,sid5ote3 #dh4 ,! ,kasma91 ,luckn[4 ,next we h two views 9 ! ,baza> ( ,luckn[1 :i* =ms "o ( ! six w>ds ( ! city4 ,9 ! baza> are to be f\nd jewell]s & silv]smi?s1 toge!r ) brasswork]s & woodc>v]s4 ,!n we come to a v *>act]i/ic ,indian sc5e1 a ,musulman woman we>+ a burka1 t is to say1 a veil ) eye-slits4 ,all ,musulman wom5 ( a high] class are veil$ :5 !y leave ! privacy ( _! h\ses1 9 accordance ) ! g5]al feel+ ( ,islam1 alike 9 ,europe1 ,africa1 & ,asia4 ,"h we see ! ,jama ,masjid1 a ?ree-dom$ mosque1 ) decorations pa9t$ 9 blue & purple ^u its walls4 ,)9 x is a curi\s l$ge us$ by ! ,%iahs1 "o ( ! two great sects ( ! ,musulmans1 = re/+ _! =eheads at pray] "t4 ,f ! plat=m ( ?is mosque1 we h a view ( "o ( ! l>ge/ ,muhammadan build+s ( ! city1 ! ,husa9abad ,imamb>a1 built 9 #ahcg1 by ,muhammad ,ali ,%ah1 z a burial place = himself & 8 "m4 ,x is almo/ entirely ( pa9t$ /ucco4 ,beyond its talle/ m9>et c be se5 9 ! di/ance ! r$ brick ,clock-,t[] ( ! city4 ,"h we see ! ,k>bala or bury+ place ( ,diana-ud-daula1 ( r$ s&/one1 ) a gild$ cupola1 & close by is ! ,kasma91 ^: ar*itecture is copi$ f t ( a sacr$ place 9 ,bagdad4 ,sid5ote3 #di4 ,! ,*hatt> ,manzil1 ,luckn[4 ,sid5ote3 #ej4 ,wom5 plant+ ,tobacco ,plants1 ,luckn[4 ,next we see ! ,*hatt> ,manzil1 once ! ,palace ( ! ,k+s ( ,oudh1 n[ trans=m$ into ! ,unit$ ,s]vice ,club4 ,f9ally1 9 contra/1 is a sc5e ne> ! ,resid5cy1 %[+ wom5 plant+ out "y tobacco plants1 ) an irrigation well 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,notice ! ox5 pull+ at ! rope ) a sk9 atta*$1 :i* draws up ! wat]4 ,already ! busy hive ( indu/ry at ,cawnpore plays no mean "p 9 ! economy ( ! ,indian ,empire1 b = ,briti% e>s ,cawnpore & ,luckn[ h a hi/orical & deep] int]e/4 ,^! two cities 7 ! focus ( ^? ev5ts 9 ! tragic ye> #aheg1 :i* we speak ( z ! ,indian ,mut9y4 ,at t "t ,briti% ,india 0 /ill rul$ by ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 an ,association f\nd$ at ! close ( ,que5 ,elizabe?'s reign4 ,! ,briti% ,ea/ ,india ,company _h at fir/ purely m]cantile aims1 b1 z we h already he>d 9 ^! lectures1 0 soon involv$ 9 native intrigues & w>s ow+ to ! rivalry ( ! compet+ ,fr5* ,company4 ,rob]t ,clive w5t out to ,india z a writ] or cl]k 9 ! employ ( 8,john ,company10 z x 0 call$1 b he ex*ang$ ! p5 = ! sword1 & by 8 def5ce ( ,arcot br\ght ab\t ! defeat ( ! ,fr5* p>ty 9 ! ,c>natic1 & ! supremacy ( ! ,briti% ,company 9 t /ate4 ,s he e/abli%$ ! ,madras ,prov9ce ar\nd ,=t ,sa9t ,george on ! s\!a/]n coa/4 ,! great ,colonel ,clive1 :o recaptur$ ,calcutta & won ! ,prov9ce ( ,b5gal by ! decisive victory at ,plassey1 0 ! same soldi] gr[n a little old] 9 ! s]vice ( ! same great ,company4 ,by successive /ages 9 ! next two or ?ree g5]ations ! ,ea/ ,india ,company 0 depriv$ ( its trad+ monopolies4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,mut9y x 0 9 fact m]ely ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,india1 & 0 controll$ ev5 9 ?is function by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t4 ,! ,company ma9ta9$ a l>ge army ( sepoys or native soldi]s1 (fic]$ by ,europeans1 & also a small =ce t 0 :olly ,briti%4 ,9 ! ye>s imm$iately prec$+ ! ,mut9y1 great *anges _h be5 made 9 ,india4 ,9 "o way or ano!r sev]al native gov]nm5ts _h be5 ov]?r[n1 & among ^! 0 ! ,k+dom ( ,oudh1 ^: capital 0 at ,luckn[1 :i* 0 annex$ because ( its misrule4 ,!re 0 h5ce mu* unre/ among "s ( ! ,indian peoples1 & ! _s ( discont5t spread to ! native army ( ,b5gal1 mo/ly recruit$ f ,oudh4 ,!n an un=tunate incid5t occurr$4 ,a new =m ( c>tridge 0 suppli$ to ! troops1 ! end ( :i* _h to be bitt5 (f be=e ! old fa%ion$ gun ( ^? times c\ld be load$4 ,rum\r got ab\t t beef grease or pigs' fat _h be5 employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( ^! c>tridges4 ,n[ ! ,h9dus reg>d ox5 z sacr$1 & ! ,musulmans look on ! pig z unclean4 ,! ,h9dus use ox5 z draught animals = _! pl\ghs & _! c>ts1 b to kill !m or to eat _! fle% is s9ful4 ,s x 0 t ! agitators 7 able to play on ! sup]/itions & prejudices ( ! ignorant soldi]s4 ,! mut9\s troops murd]$ _m ( _! :ite (fic]s1 & gradually ga!r$ into ?ree armies1 :i* attack$ ! small loyal native =ces & ! :ite m5 & wom5 :o _h collect$ at ,delhi1 ,cawnpore1 & ,luckn[4 ,( ! fall ( ,delhi & its re-capture by ! ,briti% we w speak lat] :5 we come to describe 9 ! sev5? lecture ! nor!rn "p ( ,india4 ,assi/ance came to t place1 n f ,calcutta & ! sea1 b f ! great newly acquir$ ,prov9ce ( ! ,punjab1 :i* rema9$ loyal4 ,cawnpore & ,luckn[ lay1 h[ev]1 f> to ! s\!a/ ( ,delhi1 & 7 inaccessible f t direction4 ,sir ,h5ry ,lawr5ce 0 9 comm& at ,luckn[1 & ,g5]al ,:eel] at ,cawnpore4 ,9 ea* case ! native city 0 ab&on$1 & ! small loyal native =ce & :ite refugees 7 ga!r$ into an area m possible ( def5ce4 ,g5]al ,havelock l$ ! fir/ army ( relief f ,calcutta & ,allahabad t[>ds ,cawnpore1 b be=e he arriv$1 ! little g>rison1 tru/+ to trea*]\s promises1 _h surr5d]$4 ,!y m>*$ d[n to ! riv] to take boat = ,allahabad1 & !re mo/ ( !m 7 sla9--m51 wom51 & *ildr54 ,a few 7 imprison$ at ,cawnpore & 7 massacr$ a =tnight lat]4 ,sid5ote3 #ea4 ,massacre ,ghat1 ,cawnpore4 ,sid5ote3 #eb4 ,! ,same--ano!r ,view4 ,we h "h ! ghat1 n[ kn[n z ,massacre ,ghat1 by :i* ! ,engli% w5t d[n to ! fatal %ore1 & "h ano!r & wid] view ( ! same sc5e4 ,! road t leads d[n to ! ghat is %ad$ by "s f9e trees1 beh9d :i* 7 hidd5 on ! #bg? ,june1 #aheg1 ! mut9e]s :o c>ri$ out ! massacre4 ,9 ! di/ance c be se5 ! r$ brick pi]s ( ! ,oudh & ,rohilkund ,railway bridge1 built ( c\rse s9ce ! ,mut9y4 ,retribution soon came to ! mut9e]s4 ,g5]al ,havelock m>*$ f ,allahabad ) "s two ?\s& m51 & 9 a fi]ce battle defeat$ ! rebels "u ,nana ,sahib1 & ent]$ ,cawnpore4 ,he !n tri$ to c>ry relief across ! =ty miles ( pla9 nor!a/w>d to ,luckn[4 ,twice he fail$1 & 0 =c$ back1 b at la/ he effect$ 8 entry to t city1 ) a =ce s weak1 h[ev]1 t x 0 impossible to keep op5 8 communications1 & ! re9=c$ g>rison at ,luckn[ 0 subject$ to a r5ewal ( ! siege4 ,at la/ ,sir ,col9 ,campbell1 aft]w>ds ,"l ,clyde1 arriv$ ) an army s5t out f ,brita94 ,we mu/ rememb] t 9 ^? days !re 0 no ,suez ,canal1 & communication ) ,india 0 r\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,=tunately an exp$ition 0 on its way to ,*9a :5 ! ,mut9y broke out1 & ?is =ce 0 div]t$ to ,calcutta1 & suppli$ ! fir/ relief1 :i* 0 l$1 z we h se51 by ,g5]al ,havelock4 ,sid5ote3 #ec4 ,! ,resid5cy1 ,luckn[4 ,sid5ote3 #ed4 ,! ,t[] ( ! ,resid5cy4 ,sid5ote3 #ee4 ,! ,baillie ,gate1 ,luckn[4 ,sid5ote3 #ef4 ,! ,ammunition ,mosque 9 ! ,resid5cy4 ,sid5ote3 #eg4 ,! ,monum5t outside ! ,resid5cy4 ,! def5ce at ,luckn[ c5t]$ 9 ! ,resid5cy1 ! (ficial home t is to say ( ! ,briti% ,resid5t at ! c\rt ( ! rec5tly de?ron$ ,k+ ( ,oudh4 ,! ,resid5cy is n[ 9 ru9s1 z we see 9 ! ?ree slides :i* foll[4 ,"h is a view tak5 f ! direction ( ! ,baillie ,gate1 & "h is ! ,t[]4 ,"h is ! ,baillie ,gate itself1 ! sc5e ( ! mo/ furi\s attacks on ! ,briti% position4 ,! old man :om we note ) 8 hat (f & a m$al on 8 brea/ is ! gu>dian ( ! place1 a vet]an ( ! ,mut9y1 :o z a boy took "p 9 ! def5ce ( ,luckn[4 ,^! ,mut9y vet]ans h n[ become b a v small b&4 ,"h 9 ! ,resid5cy is ano!r ru91 ! mosque 9 :i* ! ammunition 0 kept dur+ ! siege1 & "h is ! ,monum5t to ! loyal native soldi]s4 ,x be>s ! foll[+ inscription3--8,to ! memory ( ! native (fic]s & sepoys :o di$ ne> ?is spot nobly p]=m+ _! duty40 ,?is monum5t 0 erect$ 9 #ahge by ,"l ,nor?brook1 ,vic]oy & ,gov]nor-,g5]al ( ,india1 & s]ves to rem9d u t ! ,indians :o fell 9 def5ce ( our flag outnumb]$ ! ,briti%4 ,! ,t[] ( ! ,resid5cy c be se5 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,sid5ote3 #eh4 ,all ,s\ls ,memorial ,*ur*1 ,cawnpore4 ,sid5ote3 #ei4 ,! ,well ,memorial1 ,cawnpore4 ,at ,cawnpore1 also1 !re are sad memorials ( massacre & defeat1 n ( ultimate victory z at ,luckn[4 ,we h "h ,all ,s\ls ,memorial *ur*1 conta9+ monum5ts to ^? :o fell ne> by4 ,! l[ ev]gre5 h$ge se5 9 ! picture m>ks ! l9e ( ,g5]al ,:eel]'s un=tunately *os5 entr5*m5ts4 ,"h1 at ! ea/ end ( ! city1 9 ! beautiful ,memorial ,g>d5s1 ov] ! well into :i* ! dead bodies 7 ca/ aft] ! second massacre1 is a figure ( ! ,angel ( ! ,resurrection1 sculptur$ by ,m>o*etti 9 :ite m>ble4 ,9 ea* h& is a palm1 ! emblem ( peace4 ,ar\nd ! circle ( ! well is ! foll[+ inscription3-- 8,sacr$ to ! p]petual memory ( ! great company ( ,*ri/ian p1 *iefly wom5 & *ildr51 :o ne> ?is spot 7 cruelly murd]$ by ! foll[]s ( ! rebel ,nana ,dhundu ,pant ( ,bi?ur1 & ca/1 ! dy+ ) ! dead1 into ! well bel[1 on ! #ae? day ( ,july1 #aheg40 ,sid5ote3 #fj4 ,! ,que5's ,/atue1 ,cawnpore4 ,f9ally1 we look at ! bronze monum5t ( ! ,que5-,empress ,victoria1 ^: direct gov]nm5t displac$ t ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company aft] ! quell+ ( ! ,mut9y 9 #aheh4 ,h9du g>d5]s are at "w 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,no ,briton c visit ,luckn[ & ,cawnpore )\t be+ mov$4 ,we may well be pr\d ( ! h]oic de$s ( ^? ( our race :o 9 #aheg suff]$ & f\ght & di$ to save ! ,briti% ,raj 9 ,india4 -------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,lecture ,v4 --- ,,bombay4 --- ,,! ,,m>a?as4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,map ( ,indian ,railway ,sy/em4 ,two new facts h ( rec5t ye>s alt]$ all ! relations ( ,india ) ! out] _w1 & h vitally *ang$ ! conditions ( int]nal gov]nm5t z comp>$ ) ^? prevail+ at ! "t ( ! ,mut9y4 ,! fir/ ( ^! facts 0 ! op5+ ( ! ,suez ,canal1 & ! second 0 ! con/ruction1 & z reg>ds ma9 l9es ! virtual completion ( ! ,indian ,railway ,sy/em4 ,=m]ly %ipp+ came r\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & x 0 z easy to /e] a c\rse = ,calcutta z = ,bombay4 ,to-day only bulky c>go is tak5 f ,suez & ,ad5 r\nd ! s\!rn po9t ( ,india ?r\gh ! ,bay ( ,b5gal to ,calcutta4 ,! fa/ mail boats run to ,bombay1 & !nce ! railways div]ge nor?w>d1 nor!a/w>d1 & s\!a/w>d to all ! fronti]s ( ! ,empire4 ,only ! ,burmese railways rema9 = ! pres5t a deta*$ sy/em4 ,b 9 reg>d to tonnage ( traffic ,calcutta is /ill ! fir/ port ( ,india1 = ! c\ntry :i* lies 9 re> ( x 9 ,b5gal & ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces conta9s a v l>ge population4 ,f ,bombay inl& runs ! ,great ,indian ,p59sula ,railway1 or z x is kn[n ev]y:]e 9 ,india1 ! ,g4,i4,p4 ,?is l9e bran*es a %ort di/ance f ! coa/1 /rik+ on ! "o h& s\!a/w>d 9 ! direction ( ,madras1 & on ! o!r h& nor!a/w>d 9 ! direction ( ,allahabad4 ,a second great railway sy/em1 ! ,ea/ ,indian1 beg9s at ,h[rah on ! %ore ( ! ,hooghly opposite to ,calcutta1 & !nce cross+ ! l[ ,rajmahal spur ( ! c5tral hills desc5ds to ! bank ( ! ,ganges at ,patna1 f :i* po9t x foll[s ! riv] to ,allahabad1 & !re bran*es1 "o l9e cont9u+ nor?we/w>d to ,delhi & beyond1 ! o!r /rik+ s\?we/w>d ?r\gh ! hills to ,jubbulpore1 :]e x meets ! nor!a/w>d bran* ( ! ,g4,i4,p4 ,ea* week1 f\r h\rs aft] ! arrival ( ! mail /eam] at ,bombay1 ?ree express tra9s leave ! ,victoria ,/ation ( t city4 ,"o ( !m is b\nd s\!a/w>d = ,madras4 ,! second runs nor!a/w>d ov] ! ,g4,i4,p4 & ,ea/ ,indian l9es1 by way ( ,jubbulpore & ,allahabad1 to ! ,h[rah ,/ation at ,calcutta4 ,! ?ird also runs nor!a/w>d by ! ,g4,i4,p4 l9e1 b div]ges nor?w>d f ! ,calcutta r\te to ,agra & ,delhi4 ,:5 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,india is at ,simla1 ! la/ m5tion$ tra9 cont9ues nor?w>d beyond ,delhi to ! foot ( ! m\nta9s4 ,! "t tak5 to ,madras is #bf h\rs1 to ,calcutta #cf h\rs1 & to ,delhi #bg h\rs4 ,access to ! great pla9s at ! foot ( ! ,himalayas 0 =m]ly by ! navigation ( ! ,ganges & ( its tribut>ies4 ,!n ! ,gr& ,trunk road 0 con/ruct$ f ,calcutta nor?we/w>d ?r\gh ! ,gangetic pla9 to ! nor?we/ ( ,india4 ,x 0 by ?is road t relief 0 br\ght dur+ ! ,mut9y to ! besieg$ g>risons ( ,cawnpore & ,luckn[4 ,f9ally1 ! ,ea/ ,indian ,railway 0 built f ,b5gal to ! ,punjab ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? ( ! d5sely peopl$ belt :i* is enri*$ by ! monsoon ra9s ( ! ,himalayas4 ,rec5tly a m direct l9e f ,bombay to ,calcutta1 :i* does n pass ?r\gh ,allahabad1 has be5 con/ruct$ ?r\gh ,nagpur1 ! capital ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ( ,india4 ,?is runs1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh a hilly c\ntry1 mu* =e/$ & relatively ?9ly peopl$4 ,!re are n[ two daily mails betwe5 ,calcutta & ,bombay1 ! "o runn+ via ,nagpur & ! o!r vi ,allahabad4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,indian ,railway ,/ation4 ,we h "h an ,indian tra9 /&+ at a plat=m4 ,note ! scre5s con/ruct$ to give %ade 9 ! heat ( ! day4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,bhor ,ghat ,rev]s+ ,/ation4 ,sid5ote3 #d4 ,! ,same4 ,! two bran*es ( ! ,great ,indian ,p59sula ,railway approa* "o ano!r at an angle f ,allahabad & ! nor!a/ & f ,madras & ! s\!a/4 ,!y desc5d ! /eep m\nta9 face :i* edges ! ,deccan plateau by two passes1 ! ,bhor ,ghat & ! ,?al ,ghat4 ,! l9es are con/ruct$ d[nw>d1 ) rem>kable skill ( eng9e]+1 by loops1 & 9 places by bl9d ends on :i* ! tra9s are rev]s$4 ,"h are two views ( ! ,bhor ,ghat ,rev]s+ ,/ation1 ! fir/ tak5 f bel[1 & ! second f above4 ,! ,junction ( ! two l9es is 9 ! n>r[ coa/al pla9 at ! foot ( ! desc5t4 ,!nce ! rails are c>ri$ by a bridge ov] a sea /rait into ,sa%ti ,isl&1 & by a second bridge ov] a second /rait into ,bombay ,isl&1 & s to ! great ,victoria ,t]m9us 9 ! mid/ ( ! city4 ,sid5ote3 #e4 ,map ( ,bombay ,di/rict4 ,! isl& ( ,bombay is ab\t twelve miles long f nor? to s\?4 ,! h>b\r1 set ) hilly islets1 lies betwe5 ,bombay & ! ma9l&1 ! entry be+ f ! s\? r\nd ! long ,colaba ,po9t4 ,we/w>d ( ,colaba is ,back ,bay1 =m$ by ! ,malab> ,po9t1 on ^: end1 ext5d$ z x 7 to meet ,europe1 is ! resid5ce ( ! ,gov]nor ( ! great ,prov9ce ( ,bombay4 ,sid5ote3 #f4 ,plan ( ,bombay ,city4 ,sid5ote3 #g4 ,bombay1 f top ( ,rajabaie ,t[]1 look+ ,s\?4 ,sid5ote3 #h4 ,! ,same1 look+ ,s\!a/4 ,sid5ote3 #i4 ,! ,same1 look+ ,nor!a/4 ,sid5ote3 #aj4 ,! ,same1 look+ ,nor?we/4 ,sid5ote3 ,repeat ,map ,no4 #a4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s feature ( ! n[ magnific5t city is a range ( public build+s1 runn+ nor? & s\? ab\t mid-way betwe5 ! h>b\r & ,back ,bay4 ,ea/ ( ^! build+s is ! olde/ qu>t] ( ! city1 kn[n z ! ,=t4 ,we/w>d1 on ! %ore ( ,back ,bay1 is a broad expanse ( g>d54 ,! native t[n lies to ! nor?1 & beyond x is ,byculla1 :]e are ! mills & factories1 & to ! ea/ ( ,byculla on ! h>b\r front is ! docky>d ( ! ,p59sul> & ,ori5tal ,/eam ,navigation ,company4 ,h[ f9e a city is ,bombay may be realis$ f ! top ( ! great t[] ( ! ,univ]sity1 "s two hundr$ & fifty feet high1 ! mo/ conspicu\s build+ 9 ! place4 ,x is ! c5tral feature ( ! range ( public build+s j ref]r$ to4 ,we h "h 9 succession f s\? & s\!a/ to nor!a/ & nor?we/1 f\r views f ! top ( ?is t[]4 ,! fir/ is to ! s\?1 & %[s ! ,union ,jack fly+ f ! ,secret>iat ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,bombay1 & ! entry to ! h>b\r beyond4 ,! edge ( ! g>d5 belt t[>ds ,back ,bay is se5 along ! "r h& edge ( ! view4 ,9 ! s\!a/w>d view we h ! %ipp+ & ! isl&s ( ! h>b\r1 & ! ,gov]nm5t ,docky>d ) its long jetty4 ,notice ! isl& =t gu>d+ ! *annel4 ,9 ! nor!a/w>d view we look t[>ds ! native city1 & see ! factories smok+ 9 ! di/ance4 ,x w be se5 t !re are practically no *imneys on ! ne>] build+s1 & no smoke 9 ! air4 ,f9ally f our t[] top we turn nor?we/w>d1 & look across ! head ( ,back ,bay t[>ds ,malab> ,po9t4 ,! build+ on ! %ore ( ! ,bay is ! (fice ( ! ,bombay & ,b>oda ,railway1 :i* runs nor?w>d along ! coa/ into a d5sely peopl$ l[l& r\nd ! head ( ! ,gulf ( ,cambay4 ,away 9 ! di/ance on t ,malab> ,promontory1 b n visible 9 ?is view1 are ! ,t[]s ( ,sil5ce1 :]e ! ,p>sis dispose ( _! dead4 ,sid5ote3 #aa4 ,gr\p ( ,p>sis4 ,sid5ote3 #ab4 ,p>si ,t[] ( ,sil5ce4 ,! ,p>sis 7i4e4 ,p]sians7 are a community1 *iefly ( m]*ants1 :o came to ,bombay 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 fly+ f ,p]sia :5 ! ,musulmans conqu]$ t l&4 ,!y hold ! anci5t fai? ( ,p]sia1 & are commonly describ$ z ,fire ,wor%ipp]s4 ,!y reg>d ! elem5ts fire1 wat]1 & e>? z sacr$1 & !re=e refuse to pollute !m ) ! decay ( dead bodies4 ,!y build r\nd t[]s1 kn[n z ,t[]s ( ,sil5ce1 & ^! !y place 9 l>ge gr\nds equival5t to our cemet]ies4 ,ea* t[] is holl[ & expos$ to ! sky )94 ,!re on /one l$ges ! dead bodies are laid1 & ! vultures pick ! fle% f ! bones4 ,! a% ( ! bones is wa%$ by ! ra9 into a c5tral pit at ! bottom ( ! holl[ t[]1 :]e x sl[ly accumulates1 s t1 9 accordance ) "o ( ! t5ets ( _! fai?1 ! ,p>sis1 ri* & poor1 meet 9 dea?4 ,! ,p>sis ( ,bombay are a weal?y & ent]pris+ community1 :o d no small "p ( ! comm]ce ( ! city4 ,"o ( _! numb] rec5tly sat 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons at ,we/m9/] z ! repres5tative ( a ,london con/itu5cy4 ,!y h no ca/e prejudices l ! ,h9dus1 & no seclusion ( wom5 l ! ,musulmans1 s t _! ways ( life are ne>] to ^? ( ,europeans4 ,sid5ote3 #ac4 ,! ,rajabaie ,t[]1 ,bombay ,univ]sity4 ,sid5ote3 #ad4 ,! ,same1 m di/ant view4 ,sid5ote3 #ae4 ,p4 ,o4 ,(fices1 ,bombay4 ,sid5ote3 #af4 ,c>mac ,bund1 ,bombay4 ,sid5ote3 #ag4 ,victoria ,t]m9us1 ,g4,i4,p41 ,bombay4 ,sid5ote3 #ah4 ,! ,same3 ano!r view4 ,sid5ote3 #ai4 ,municipal ,build+s1 ,bombay4 ,sid5ote3 #bj4 ,esplanade ,road1 ,bombay4 ,sid5ote3 #ba4 ,f\nta9 9 ,esplanade ,road1 ,bombay4 ,sid5ote3 #bb4 ,/atue ( ,que5 ,victoria4 ,n[ let u walk ?r\gh ! city1 & realise its gr&eur4 ,"h we are d[n by ! we/]n faade ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,! great t[] rises above u f :i* we j n[ obta9$ our views4 ,t t[] is call$ ! ,rajabaie ,t[]1 9 memory ( ! "m ( ! f\nd] ( ! build+4 ,?is is a r m di/ant picture ( ! same build+4 ,we h next ! (fices ( ! ,p4 & ,o4 ,company1 & !n a :>fside ) /eam]s ab\t to />t = ,goa1 ! old ,portuguese capital midway along ! we/ coa/ ( ,india s\?w>d ( ,bombay4 ,"h we h ! great ,victoria ,t]m9us ( ! ,g4,i4,p4 ,railway1 ) a c5tral dome & an elaborately c>v$ faade4 ,bombay claims t x is ! f9e/ railway /ation 9 ! _w4 ,?is is ano!r view ( ! same build+1 ) bullocks pass+ 9 front ( x4 ,"h are ! ,municipal ,build+s ) ano!r f9e dome4 ,!y are a comb9ation ( go?ic ) ori5tal ar*itecture1 & 7 op5$ ab\t fifte5 ye>s ago4 ,notice ! electric tramway wires above4 ,!n we see ano!r f9e /reet1 ! ,esplanade ,road4 ,! ,national ,bank is to ! left1 & fur!r along is ! ,bombay ,club4 ,"h is a f\nta9 9 ! ,esplanade ,road1 ) a bullock pass+ 9 front ( x1 & "h is ! ,/atue ( ! ,que5-,empress ,victoria1 unveil$ 9 #ahgb4 ,on ! canopy are ! rose ( ,engl& & ! lotus ( ,india4 ,bombay has a population only a little small] ?an t ( ,calcutta1 &1 l ,calcutta & ,madras1 x is a new city1 z "t goes 9 ! ,immemorial ,ea/4 ,! isl& on :i* x /&s 0 pres5t$ to ,k+ ,*>les ,,ii4 z "p ( ! d[] ( 8 ,portuguese ,que51 & 9 ord] to enable ! ,briti% ! bett] to co-op]ate ) ! ,portuguese 9 resi/+ ! aggressions & encroa*m5ts ( ! ,dut*4 ,:5 h&$ ov] by ! ,portuguese1 !re 0 b a small settlem5t on ! isl&4 ,9 #affh1 h[ev]1 ,bombay 0 c$$ to ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 & ! ,company transf]r$ ?i!r ! c5tre ( its trade on ! we/ coa/ ( ,india1 :i* _h up to t "t be5 at ,surat1 a hundr$ miles nor? ( ,bombay4 ,gradually ! comm]ce ( ! port increas$1 al?\gh = a long "t x 0 f> outdi/anc$ by ,calcutta1 ^: great riv]way ext5ds1 z we h se51 ?r\gh d5sely peopl$ pla9s = a ?\s& miles inl&4 ,ea/w>d ( ,bombay1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! m\nta9 face ( ! ,we/]n ,ghats1 b>r+ easy access to ! int]ior4 ,! greatness ( ,bombay came only ) ! op5+ ( ! ,suez ,canal & ( ! railway l9es up ! ,bhor & ,?al ,ghats1 nor!a/w>d & s\!a/w>d into ,india4 ,sid5ote3 #bc4 ,ext]ior ( ,caves ( ,elephanta4 ,sid5ote3 #bd4 ,caves ( ,elephanta4 ,sid5ote3 #be4 ,! ,same1 %[+ ! ,trimurti4 ,sid5ote3 #bf4 ,villag]s ( ,elephanta4 ,9 ,bombay ,h>b\r !re is a small isl&1 ab\t six miles f ! city1 :i* is call$ ,elephanta4 ,x conta9s c>v$ rock temples ^: antiquity contra/s /rangely ) ! mod]n city close by4 ,we h "h ! entry to ^! temple caves1 & "h a view )94 ,?is is ano!r picture1 %[+ a ?ree-fac$ image4 ,! c>v+ is "s tw5ty feet high1 & repres5ts ,brahma ! ,creator1 ,siva ! ,de/roy]1 & ,vi%nu ! ,pres]v]4 ,! nature ( ^! gods 0 describ$ 9 ! fir/ ( ^! lectures4 ,"h we h a little gr\p ( ! villag]s ( ,elephanta4 ,! village has "s sev5 hundr$ inhabitants4 ,x is kn[n z ,elephanta because !re 0 =m]ly conspicu\s among ! rock c>v+s ( ! temple a great elephant1 :i*1 h[ev]1 decay$ & fell "s fifty ye>s ago4 ,! native "n ( ! isl& means 8! t[n ( excavations40 ,sid5ote3 #bg4 ,map ( ,bombay ,presid5cy1 ,nizam's ,t]ritory1 & ,m>a?a ,c\ntry4 ,sid5ote3 #bh4 ,! ,sat>a ,hills1 ,m>a?a ,c\ntry4 ,sid5ote3 #bi4 ,native ,pl\gh1 ,m>a?a ,c\ntry4 ,n[ let u j\rney inl&1 up ! ,ghats1 ?r\gh _! ?ick =e/s1 & if x be ! ra9y season1 pa/ ru%+ wat]falls1 until surm\nt+ ! br9k top we come out on to ! pla9 ( ! tablel&1 & into ! relative dr\ght ( ! upp] climate4 ,?is is ! ,m>a?a c\ntry1 & "h we h a typical view ( ! op5 l&scape :i* x pres5ts4 ,! hills 9 ! di/ance are ! ,sat>a hills1 ext5d+ we/ & ea/ ?r\gh ! he>t ( ,india4 ,"h is ano!r view 9 ?is same ,m>a?a ,c\ntry4 ,x %[s a native pl\gh at "w1 & 9 ! backgr\nd "o ( ! table-topp$ m\nta9s1 :i* are /udd$ ov] ! surface ( ! g5]ally level plateau1 n unlike ! kopjes ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,^! /eep-sid$ isolat$ m\nta9 blocks h (t5 s]v$ z /rongholds 9 w>f>e1 & _m ( !m are not$ 9 connection ) ! ,m>a?a w>s1 wag$ 9 ?is "p ( ,india a little m ?an a c5tury ago "u ! lead ( ,sir ,ar?ur ,wellesley1 aft]w>ds ! great ,duke ( ,well+ton4 ,at ! foot ( ! m\nta9 may j be se5 "o ( ! ,t[]s ( ,sil5ce ( ! ,p>sis4 ,sid5ote3 #cj4 ,m>a?a ,soldi]4 ,sid5ote3 #ca4 ,map ( ! ,m>a?a ,dom9ions at _! greate/ ext5t4 ,! ,m>a?as are a p ( ,h9du religion & ,m>a?i language1 :i* is ak91 z we le>n$ 9 ! la/ lecture1 to ! ,h9di ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces4 ,"s f\r g5]ations ago !y raid$ mo/ ( ,india f _! home on ?is high plateau ( ! ,we/]n ,deccan1 & ! troops ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company _h to wage ?ree successive w>s ) !m4 ,_h x n be5 = ! ,briti% victory1 !re c be little d\bt t ! ,m>a?as w\ld h e/abli%$ an ,empire 9 ,india4 ,_! homel& r\nd ! city ( ,poona n[ =ms ! ma9 portion ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,bombay1 b ,m>a?a pr9ces /ill rule l>ge conqu]$ c\ntries z feudatories ( ! ,k+-,emp]or4 ,?is map %[s u ! dom9ion ( ! ,m>a?as at its greate/ ext5t1 ne> ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 !y 7 ! dom9ant w>like race ( ,india4 ,_! orig9al home 0 n f> f ,poona4 ,z !y spread1 five pr9cipal (fic]s ( c\rt & /ate took ! place ( ! dyna/y ( ! ,rajas1 :i* became decrepit4 ,^! 7 ! ,pe%wa1 ! ,gaikw>1 ,s9dhia1 ,holk>1 & ! ,bhonsla4 ,^! five great *iefs conqu]$ f> & wide ?r\gh all ! he>t ( ,india4 ,s9dhia's dom9ions ext5d$ nor?w>d to ,delhi1 & ,bhonsla's ea/w>d to ,orissa on ! ea/ coa/4 ,! ,pe%wa 0 on ! plateau r\nd ,poona4 ,holk> 0 seat$ at ,indore betwe5 ! ,pe%wa & ,s9dhia1 & ! ,gaikw> at ,b>oda1 9 ! f]tile l[l& r\nd ! head ( ! gulf ( ,cambay4 ,at times !re 0 rivalry & w> betwe5 !m1 b ) ! exception ( ! ,pe%wa !y 7 unit$ by ,fr5* intrigue 9 ! "t ( ,napoleon1 ) ! result t we _h to fight betwe5 ! ye>s #ahjc & #ahje ! mo/ widespread w> :i* we h ev] f\ght 9 ,india4 ,our g5]als 7 ,lake & ,wellesley4 ,! mo/ brilliant victory 0 t ( ,assaye1 9 ! plateau c\ntry j nor? ( ,poona4 ,!re1 ) ?ree ?\s& troops1 ,wellesley defeat$ ,s9dhia's army ( tw5ty ?\s& m51 organis$ by ,fr5* (fic]s1 & captur$ an artill]y ( a hundr$ guns4 ,peace 0 made ) ! conqu]$ ,m>a?as ab\t ! "t :5 ,trafalg> 0 f\ght1 & x 0 /ipulat$ t !y 7 = ! future to all[ no ,european influ5ce 9 _! ,/ates except ! ,briti%4 ,!re 0 a subsequ5t ,m>a?a w>1 b ! great w> j ref]r$ to 0 ! mo/ s]i\s crisis ?r\gh :i* ! ,briti% rule 9 ,india has _h to pass1 p]haps n ev5 except+ ! ,mut9y ( #aheg4 ,! ,m>a?as are ( ,h9du religion1 b ! ca/e sy/em is n ) !m c>ri$ to ! extreme t prevails among o!r ,h9dus4 ,!y pres5t1 9 fact1 ! ne>e/ approa* to a national ca/e4 ,z we %all le>n pres5tly1 ,s9dhia1 ,holk>1 & ! ,gaikw> /ill rule great t]ritories z ,feudatory ,pr9ces1 b ,nagpur1 ! ,bhonsla's capital1 is n[ ! *ief t[n ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces ( ,briti% ,india1 & ,poona1 ! capital ( ! ,pe%wa1 is ! seat ( ! ,bombay ,gov]nm5t dur+ "p ( ! ye>4 ,sid5ote3 #cb4 ,political ,map ( ,bombay ,prov9ce & ,c5tral ,india4 ,9 contra/ ) ! la/ map1 %[+ ! ext5t ( ! =m] ,m>a?a ,dom9ions1 we h "h a map ( ! c5tral p>ts ( ,india z !y are to-day1 ) ! ,prov9ce ( ,bombay rul$ directly by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t m>k$ 9 r$1 & also ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces "u direct ,briti% rule f ,nagpur1 b 9 addition x w be se5 t 9 blue col\r !re are two pat*es ( t]ritory nor!a/w>d ( ,bombay1 :i* be> ! inscription ,c5tral ,india1 a t]m to be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,sid5ote3 #cc4 ,sc5e ne> ,hyd]abad4 ,sid5ote3 #cd4 ,/reet ,sc5e1 9 ,hyd]abad4 ,sid5ote3 #ce4 ,! ,nizam's ,palace1 ,hyd]abad4 ,c5tral ,india consi/s ( ,native ,feudatory ,/ates1 :i* ackn[l$ge ! ,briti% suz]a9ty1 b are imm$iately rul$ by _! own ,mah>ajas1 ( :om ! two mo/ important are ! ,m>a?a pr9ces ,holk> at ,indore1 & ,s9dhia at ,gwalior4 ,!re is ano!r l>g] pat* ( blue1 s\!a/w>d ( ,bombay4 ,?is is ! ,/ate ( ,hyd]abad1 rul$ "u ,briti% suz]a9ty by ! ,nizam4 ,?is great pr9ce is h[ev] no ,m>a?a1 b a ,musulman4 ,8 p = ! mo/ "p speak ! ,dravidian language ,telugu1 & are ,h9du by religion4 ,?us we see t none ( ^! l>ge /ates1 ea* z important z "o ( ! small] ,european k+doms1 has = its rul] a man ( ! same race z ! p4 ,s9dhia & ,holk> are ,m>a?as rul+ ,h9di populations2 ! ,nizam is a ,musulman rul+ ,telugu-speak+ ,h9dus4 ,! ,gaikw> ( ,b>oda1 x may be add$1 :o gov]ns a small b v ri* & popul\s t]ritory1 is a ,m>a?a rul+ a ,gujrati population4 ,we h "h a typical l&scape 9 ! ,nizam's t]ritory1 & see t x is n v diff]5t f ! ,m>a?a l&scapes4 ,x is on ! same op5 ,deccan plateau4 ,?is is a sc5e 9 ,hyd]abad itself1 %[+ a procession ( elephants1 & !n we see ! ,nizam's ,palace4 ,sid5ote3 #cf4 ,golkonda ,=t4 ,next we h a view ( ,golkonda ,=t1 plac$ on "o ( ! usual flat-topp$ hills1 & def5d$ on "o side by a l>ge %eet ( wat]4 ,golkonda is 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,hyd]abad1 ! capital ( ! ,nizam's dom9ions4 ,its "n has become prov]bial z indicative ( imm5se weal?4 ,=m]ly x 0 ! great ,indian c5tre ( diamond cutt+ & poli%+1 or 9 o!r words ! ,am/]dam ( ,india4 ,! diamonds 7 n f\nd 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood1 b 9 ! extreme s\!a/]n corn] ( ! ,nizam's t]ritory4 ,sid5ote3 #cg4 ,! ,same1 ne>] view4 ,sid5ote3 #ch4 ,a ,ba/ion at ! top ( ,golkonda ,=t4 ,sid5ote3 #ci4 ,view f ,golkonda ,=t1 look+ ,nor!a/4 ,sid5ote3 #dj4 ,h9du ,temple1 ,golkonda ,=t4 ,sid5ote3 #da4 ,musulman ,mosque1 ,golkonda ,=t4 ,"h is a ne>] view ( ,golkonda ,=t1 & "h a view ov] ! pla91 f ! ba/ion at ! top ( ! ,=t1 f :i* c be se5 ! ,tombs ( ! ,k+s ab\t half a mile away4 ,^! k+s belong$ to a great ,musulman dyna/y :i* rul$ "h dur+ ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 until x 0 ov]?r[n by ,aurangzeb4 ,next we h1 ne> ! summit ( ! ,=t1 ! ru9s ( a ,h9du temple1 & close by1 %[n 9 ! foll[+ slide1 ! rema9s ( a ,muhammadan mosque4 ,! ,=t1 !re=e1 9 its ru9s1 records ! ess5tial hi/ory ( ! c\ntry1 fir/ ! ,h9du civilization1 & !n two successive ,musulman conque/s4 ,sid5ote3 #db4 ,mahbub ,college1 ,secund]abad4 ,sid5ote3 #dc4 ,pl\gh+ at ,agricultural ,s*ool at ,aurangabad4 ,sid5ote3 #dd4 ,a ,que5's ,boy at ! same ,s*ool4 ,"s ( ^! ,feudatory ,native ,/ates d n lag f> beh9d ! t]ritories directly rul$ by ,briti% (ficials4 ,we/]n civilization is p]meat+ all ,india "u ! ,briti% suz]a9ty4 ,at ,secund]abad & ,aurangabad1 places 9 ! ,nizam's ,dom9ions1 are1 = in/ance1 ,agricultural & ,indu/rial ,s*ools4 ,"h is a gr\p ( /ud5ts at ! ,mahbub ,college1 ,secund]abad1 & "h a view tak5 at ! ,agricultural ,s*ool at ,aurangabad1 :i* %[s "s ( ! /ud5ts pl\gh+4 ,"o ( ! g5tlem5 9 ! =egr\nd is ! ,director ( ,public ,in/ruction 9 ! ,nizam's ,/ate1 & by 8 side is ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,s*ool4 ,!n we see an orphan /ud5t1 a 8,que5's boy40 ,he w probably settle d[n 9 a ye> or two's "t1 v likely m>ry+ "o ( ! 8,que5's girls40 ,) a portion ( 8 s*ol>%ip sav$ up = him1 he w pur*ase ! necess>y bullocks & pl\gh4 ,he came to ! college f ! ,victoria ,memorial ,orphanage1 :]e ea* *ild is tra9$ 9 8 own religion4 ,sid5ote3 #de4 ,k9kob ,loom1 ,secund]abad4 ,sid5ote3 #df4 ,c>p5t]s at ,aurangabad4 ,9 ! mid/1 h[ev]1 ( ?is rapid advance we /ill f9d ! old] me?ods4 ,"h at ,secund]abad is a ,k9kob loom ( ! old patt]n4 ,k9kob "w is made ( gold & silv] ?read4 ,! boy sitt+ above is controll+ ! ?reads1 & helps to make ! patt]n by rais+ or l[]+ !m 9 ! w>p4 ,! boy sitt+ bel[ 9 ! well is work+ ! %uttles4 ,?is is a /reet sc5e 9 ,aurangabad %[+ natives ( ! c>p5t] ca/e saw+ timb]4 ,sid5ote3 #dg4 ,! ,tomb ( ! ,sa9t1 ,roza4 ,sid5ote3 #dh4 ,roza ,fair4 ,sid5ote3 #di4 ,! ,same4 ,sid5ote3 #ej4 ,daulatabad1 f ! ,road to ,roza4 ,ano!r aspect ( life 9 ! ,deccan ( ,india is %[n 9 ! next slide1 :]e r\nd ! tomb ( a sa9t at a place call$ ,roza is ga!r$ ! camp ( a fair4 ,a sa9t ( great r5[n among ! ,musulmans 0 buri$ "h 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & deposit$ )9 ! %r9e are "s hairs alleg$ to be f ,muhammad's be>d4 ,!re foll[ two slides %[+ ! usual amusem5ts ( ! fair1 9 ! latt] ( :i* we see a m]ry-g-r\nd n at all unlike ^? typical ( ! c\ntry fairs ( ,engl&4 ,next we h a view tak5 on ! road f ,roza1 & 9 ! di/ance c be se5 ! hill =t ( ,daulatabad1 built 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury on a great isolat$ mass ( granite ab\t five hundr$ feet high4 ,9 ?is =t 0 imprison$ & di$ ! la/ ,k+ ( ,golkonda1 & x became ! fav\rite summ] resort ( 8 ,mogul conqu]or1 ,aurangzeb4 ,sid5ote3 ,repeat ,map ,no4 #bg4 ,! upl& :i* fills mo/ ( ! c5tre ( ,india & be>s 9 its mid/ ! ,nizam's ,dom9ions is 9 mo/ p>ts ( no great f]tility4 ,ov] l>ge areas x is fitt$ r = ! pa/ure ( horses & cattle ?an = ! pl\gh4 ,agriculture is naturally be/ 9 ! riv] valleys1 b !re is "o l>ge di/rict ly+ on ! plateau top ea/ ( ,bombay1 & on ! hill tops ab\t ! ,n>bada valley ea/ ( ,b>oda1 :i* is ( a mo/ s+ul> f]tility4 ,! usually granitic & s*i/ose rocks ( ! plateau h "h be5 ov]laid by great %eets ( basaltic lava4 ,deta*$ portions ( ^! lava b$s =m ! table tops ( ! hills 9 ! c\ntry r5d]$ fam\s by ,wellesley's ,m>a?a campaigns4 ,! lava dis9tegrates into a t5aci\s black soil1 :i* does n fall into du/ dur+ ! dry season1 b cracks into great blocks1 :i* rema9 moi/4 ,z ! dry season advances ^! blocks %r9k1 & ! cracks gr[ broad]1 s t f9ally x is dang]\s = a horse to gallop ov] ! pla9 le/ its ho( %\ld be caught 9 "o ( ^! op5+s ( ! gr\nd4 ,?is rem>kable e>? is kn[n z ! ,black ,cotton ,soil4 ,! cotton se$s are s[n aft] ! ra9s1 & z ! "y plant gr[s a clod ( e>? =ms r\nd its roots1 :i* is sep>at$ f ! next simil> clod by cracks4 ,:eat is gr[n on ?is soil 9 ! same mann]1 be+ s[n aft] ! ra9y season & reap$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! hot season1 s t f beg9n+ to end ! crop is produc$ )\t exposure to ra91 be+ drawn up by ! brilliant sun%9e & f$ at ! root by ! moi/ure pres]v$ 9 ! heavy soil4 ,?us 9 ! "p ( ,india :i* lies imm$iately ea/1 nor!a/1 & nor? ( ,bombay ! l[l&s & ! upl&s are alike f]tile--! l[l&s r\nd ,ahmadabad & ,b>oda & 9 ! valleys ( ! ,n>bada & ,tapti ,riv]s because ( _! alluvial soil1 & ! upl&s r\nd ,poona & ,indore because !y are clo!d ) ! volcanic cotton soil4 ,j )9 ! nor?we/]n corn] ( ! ,nizam's t]ritory are ! fam\s rock temples ( ,ellora1 p]haps ! mo/ magnific5t ( _! k9d 9 ! _w4 ,! sculpture is ( ,brahman1 ,buddhi/1 & ,ja9 dates1 ! monum5ts ( v>i\s religions be+ ?us z x 7 impos$ ^u "o ano!r4 ,sid5ote3 #ea4 ,entry to ,ja9 ,caves1 ,ellora4 ,sid5ote3 #eb4 ,ja9 ,caves1 ,ellora4 ,sid5ote3 #ec4 ,! ,jugg]na? ,temple1 ,ja9 ,caves1 ,ellora4 ,sid5ote3 #ed4 ,! ,same4 ,sid5ote3 #ee4 ,! ,kailas ,caves1 ,ellora4 ,sid5ote3 #ef4 ,! ,same4 ,sid5ote3 #eg4 ,buddhi/ ,temple1 ,ellora ,caves4 ,sid5ote3 #eh4 ,! ,c>p5t] ,cave1 ,ellora4 ,?is is ! entry to ! ,ja9 "p ( ! ,ellora caves1 & ?is is ! int]ior ( "o ( ! ,ja9 caves1 /ory above /ory4 ,! ni*es are full ( /atues1 _m ( !m 9 p]fect condition4 ,"h we h two views ( ! magnific5t ,jugg]na? ,temple4 ,next1 9 ! dim light1 we realize some?+ ( ! int]nal /ructure ( ! ,brahman section ( ! caves4 ,notice ! two m5 ^: height enables y to judge ( ! scale4 ,^! are among ! f9e/ ( all ! monum5ts ( antiquity 9 ,india4 ,"h is a view tak5 on ! floor ( ! ,buddhi/ ,temple1 ) l>ge figures ( ,buddha seat$ on a ?rone1 & !re foll[s a view 9 ano!r cave %[+ ! beautifully c>v$ ro(4 ,x w be se5 !n t 9 ^! ,ellora caves sev]al religions h contribut$1 ! ,ja9 no less ?an ! ,buddhi/ & ! ,h9du4 ,! ,ja9s rose 9 ! "t ( ,buddha1 five hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,t 0 a "t ( religi\s /ir 9 ,india1 :i* result$ 9 v>i\s revolts aga9/ ! ,brahmanical sy/em4 ,! ,ja9 t5ets are n unlike ^? ( ! ,buddhi/s4 ,!y believe 9 ! univ]sal s\l1 & 9 ! transmigration ( s\ls1 s t a man's s\l may pass into an animal4 ,_! reg>d = animal life1 = ?is reason s g5]al 9 ,india1 is c>ri$ to an extreme4 ,! ,ja9s 7 /ronge/ 9 ,we/]n ,india1 & !y are /ill pres5t !re1 al?\gh n[ 9 a v small m9ority4 ,!y probably total to-day n m ?an a million & a half1 & are p]haps mo/ num]\s at ,ahmadabad4 ,( _! great temples at ,m\nt ,abu we %all he> pres5tly4 ,sid5ote3 #ei4 ,! ,mecca ,gate1 ,aurangabad4 ,sid5ote3 #fj4 ,! ,mausoleum ( ,rubia-ud-,daurani4 ,9 ord] to complete ! range ( ! ar*itectures ( ,india1 !re foll[ two specim5s ( ! ,muhammadan build+s ( ! /ate ( ,hyd]abad4 ,fir/ we see ! ,mecca ,gate at ,aurangabad1 ) ! ,mecca ,bridge und]nea? x1 & !n we h ! ,mausoleum ( ,rubia-ud-,daurani1 ! wife ( ,aurangzeb4 ,! door ( ! gateway is ( brass & all ! domes are ( m>ble4 ,! build+ has rec5tly be5 re/or$ by ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,nizam1 & is n[ probably second only to ! ,taj ,mahal at ,agra among ! ,muhammadan build+s ( ,india4 ,sid5ote3 ,repeat ,map ,no4 #cb4 ,f9ally1 we mu/ note t a portion ( ! ,bombay ,presid5cy lies f> away to ! nor?we/1 deta*$ f ! rema9d]4 ,?is is ! prov9ce ( ,s9d1 = ! mo/ "p a des]t area1 b conta9+ ! delta ( ! riv] ,indus1 :i* is a second ,egypt 9 f]tility1 = !re ! alluvium br\ght d[n by ! great riv] f ! di/ant ,himalaya m\nta9s is deposit$1 & wat] is available by irrigation f ! same di/ant s\rce4 ,curi\sly1 ,s9d resembles ,egypt 9 its human settlem5ts4 ,at ! head ( ! delta :]e ! di/ribut>ies divide1 & !re=e at ! l[e/ conv5i5t cross+ place ( ! riv]1 is situat$ ! city ( ,hyd]abad1 correspond+ to ,cairo1 & on ! sea front we/w>d ( ! deltaic m\?s is ,k>a*i1 correspond+ to ,alex&ria4 ,sid5ote3 ,repeat ,map ,no4 #bg4 ,s9d 0 conqu]$ by ,sir ,*>les ,napi] 9 #ahdc4 ,! ,s9di population is = ! mo/ "p ,musulman1 & engag$ 9 agriculture1 b ! significance ( ,s9d has alt]$ s9ce x 0 fir/ add$ to ! directly rul$ ,briti% t]ritories4 ,at fir/ communication ) ! ,punjab 0 relatively difficult1 = ! ,indus is n navigat$ ) ! same ease z is ! ,ganges4 ,9 ! days be=e railways x 0 !re=e natural t ! new prov9ce %\ld be adm9i/]$ f ,bombay by means ( sea communications4 ,to-day1 h[ev]1 ) ! con/ruction ( ! ,nor? ,we/]n ,railway f ,k>a*i up ! riv] ,indus1 ! comm]cial relations ( ,s9d h come to be ) ! ,punjab1 ( :i* ,k>a*i is n[ ! great port1 al?\gh x is /ill subord9ate to ,bombay = purposes ( gov]nm5t4 ,x is int]e/+ & significant to obs]ve t ! coa/l9e ( all ,india is n[ "u direct ,briti% rule1 except = ! little ,/ates ( ,co*9 & ,travancore1 9 ! f> s\?1 ne> ,cape ,comor91 & ! p59sula ( ,ka?iaw> & ! isl& ( ,cut*1 :i* are divid$ among a multitude ( petty *iefta9s subord9ate to ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,bombay4 ,?us ! l>g] ,native ,/ates1 be+ isolat$ f ! sea1 !re is little fe> ( =eign intrigue 9 ,india su* z we _h to cont5d ) dur+ ! ,fr5* w>s4 ,!re are a few dim9utive scraps ( t]ritory belong+ to ! ,fr5* & ,portuguese ,gov]nm5ts1 b ^! are too insignificant to break ! g5]al rule1 & moreov] !y are engirt l&w>d by directly rul$ ,briti% t]ritory4 ,! l>ge/ ( !m is at ,goa1 on ! we/ coa/1 s\? ( ,bombay1 ! la/ remnant ( ! great ,portuguese dom9ion 9 ! ,indies4 -------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,lecture ,,vi4 --- ,,rajputana4 --- ,,! ,,feudatory ,,/ates4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,map ( ,india1 ,di/+ui%+ ,rajputana4 ,9 ! c5tre ( nor?we/]n ,india is a gr\p ( l>ge native ,/ates kn[n z ,rajputana1 ( ! greate/ hi/orical int]e/4 ,^! ,/ates are inhabit$ by anci5t ,h9du ,aryan tribes1 collectively kn[n z ,rajputs1 :i* lit]ally means 8( pr9cely desc5t40 ,!y repres5t ! pure/ & mo/ anci5t ,indian /ock1 & "h1 almo/ alone ( ! l>g] native ,/ates1 ! ,*iefs belong to ! same race z _! p4 ,rajputana suff]$ mu* f ! ,musulmans1 b 0 nev] completely conqu]$ by !m1 a fact 9 "p due to ! physical "* ( ! c\ntry4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,map ( ,nor?we/]n ,india4 ,?r\gh ! c5tre ( ,rajputana1 diagonally f ! s\?we/ nor!a/w>d1 !re runs ! range ( ! ,aravalli hills = a di/ance ( fully ?ree hundr$ miles1 its nor!rn extremity be+ ! ,ridge at ,delhi on ! ,jumna ,riv]4 ,at ! s\!rn end ( ! ,aravallis1 b sep>at$ f ! ma9 range by a holl[1 is ! isolat$ ,m\nt ,abu1 ! highe/ po9t 9 ,rajputana1 /&+ up conspicu\sly above ! surr\nd+ pla9s to a height ( "s five ?\s& feet4 ,! top is a rugg$ plateau measur+ f\rte5 miles by f\r4 ,on ?is little upl&1 are ! signs bo? ( ! antiquity & mod]nity ( ,rajputana--on ! "o h&1 ! _w-fam$ ru9s ( ,ja9 temples1 & on ! o!r1 r\nd ! beautiful ,gem ,lake1 ! resid5ces ( ! ,ag5t ( ! ,gov]nor-,g5]al & 8 /aff1 :o ma9ta9 ! suz]a9ty ( ! ,k+-,emp]or 9 ,rajputana4 ,ea/ ( ! ,aravalli hills1 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,*ambal tribut>y ( ! ,jumna-,ganges1 is ! m f]tile "p ( ,rajputana1 ) ! cities ( ,jaipur1 ,ajm]1 ,udaipur1 & ! old =tress ( ,*itor4 ,beyond ! ,*ambal ,riv] itself1 b )9 its bas91 may be se5 on ! map ! positions ( ,indore & ,gwalior1 ! seats ( ! ,m>a?a pr9ces ,holk> & ,s9dhia4 ,indore & ,gwalior1 h[ev]1 belong to ! ,c5tral ,indian ,ag5cy & n to ,rajputana4 ,we/ ( ! ,aravalli hills is ! great ,indian ,des]t1 prolong$ seaw>d by ! salt & p>tly tidal m>% kn[n z ! ,rann ( ,cut*4 ,9 oases ( ?is des]t are "s ( ! small] ,rajput capitals1 notably ,bikan]4 ,beyond ! des]t fl[s ! great ,indus riv]1 ?r\gh a dry al?\gh n :olly des]t l&1 9 ! mid/ ( :i*1 f ,hyd]abad to ! sea1 is ! delta ( ,s9d1 z 0 said 9 ! la/ lecture1 a second ,egypt1 f]tile & ?ickly peopl$4 ,s\? ( ,m\nt ,abu1 :]e ! riv]s desc5d f ! end ( ! ,aravalli hills to ! ,gulf ( ,cambay is ano!r f]tile l[l&1 ) ! beautiful city ( ,ahmadabad 9 ! c5tre ( x1 b ?is city is 9 ,briti% t]ritory1 be+ 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,bombay1 & !re=e outside ! ,tribut>y ,/ates ( ,rajputana4 ,ajm]1 beside ! ,aravalli hills1 is 9 an isl& ( directly rul$ ,briti% t]ritory completely surr\nd$ by ,feudatory ,rajputana4 ,x w\ld be difficult to exagg]ate ! importance to ,india ( ! exi/5ce ( ! great ,indian ,des]t ( ,rajputana4 ,! ocean to ! s\!a/ & ! s\?we/ ( ! ,p59sula 0 an ample protection aga9/ ov]seas invasion until ! ,europeans r\nd$ ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,! va/ l5g? ( ! ,himalaya1 back$ by ! des]t plateau ( ,tibet1 0 an equal def5ce on a ?ird side4 ,only to ! nor?we/ does ,india lie relatively op5 to ! incursions ( ! w>like peoples ( ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,asia4 ,x is precisely 9 t direction1 z a great b>ri] ext5d+ nor!a/w>d f ! ,rann ( ,cut*1 t we f9d ! ,indian ,des]t1 & 9 re> ( ! ,des]t ! m9or bulw>k con/itut$ by ! ,aravalli range4 ,only betwe5 ! nor!a/]n extremity ( ! des]t & ! foot ( ! ,himalayas bel[ ,simla is !re an easy gateway into ,india4 ,no riv] trav]ses ?is gateway1 :i* is on ! divide betwe5 ! sy/ems ( ! ,indus & ! ,jumna-,ganges4 ,delhi /&s on ! we/ bank ( ! ,jumna at ! nor!rn extremity ( ! ,aravallis1 j :]e ! invad+ =ces f ! nor?we/ came ?r\gh to ! navigable wat]s ( ! ,jumna1 :i* fl[ s\!a/w>d ?r\gh ,h9du/an to ,b5gal4 ,aid$ by su* p[]ful natural conditions1 ! ,rajputs h ev] be5 ! def5d]s ( ,india4 ,unable to prev5t ! entry ( invad]s by ! direct way to ,delhi1 !y h ma9ta9$ !mselves on ! s\!rn flank ( ! advance1 & to-day _! pr9cely families pr\dly trace _! l9eage back 9 unbrok5 desc5t f ance/ors be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,9 ! gateway itself1 betwe5 ! des]t & ! ,himalayas1 beyond ! limits ( ,rajputana1 dwell ano!r p ( w>like disposition1 ! fam\s ,sikhs4 ,"h are /ill pres]v$ z ,feudatory ,/ates ! ,sikh ,pr9cipalities ( ,patiala1 ,nabha1 & ,jh9d4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,jama ,masjid1 ,ahmadabad4 ,sid5ote3 #d4 ,rani ,sipri's ,tomb1 ,ahmadabad4 ,sid5ote3 #e4 ,mohafiz ,khan's ,mosque1 ,ahmadabad4 ,sid5ote3 #f4 ,ha?i ,s+h's ,temple1 ,ahmadabad4 ,let u fir/ visit ,ahmadabad1 9 ! mid/ ( ! f]tile l[l& at ! head ( ! ,gulf ( ,cambay4 ,! t]ritories ( ?is "p ( ! ,bombay ,presid5cy are mu* mix$ ) ^? ( ! ,gaikw> ( ,b>oda1 s t ! map ( ! pla9s r\nd ! two cities ( ,ahmadabad & ,b>oda almo/ resembles t "p ( ,scotl& :i* is labell$ ,ross & ,crom>ty4 ,ahmadabad 0 once ! mo/ important ,mohamm$an city ( ,we/]n ,india1 & conta9s _m f9e ar*itectural monum5ts1 surpass$ only by ^? ( ! great ,mogul capitals1 ,delhi & ,agra4 ,x is rea*$ f ,bombay by ! ,bombay & ,b>oda ,railway along ! coa/ nor?w>d4 ,we h "h ! ,jama ,masjid or ,great ,mosque ( ! city1 /ill "o ( ! mo/ beautiful 9 ,india1 ?\gh x 0 damag$ by an e>?quake ab\t a c5tury ago4 ,!n we h ano!r f9e build+1 ,rani ,sipri's ,tomb4 ,!re foll[s a view ( ,mohafiz ,khan's ,mosque1 ^: f9e m9>ets rem9d "o ( ! ,citadel at ,cairo4 ,f9ally1 j outside ,ahmadabad1 is ! comp>atively mod]n ,temple ( ,ha?i ,s+h1 built ( :ite m>ble 9 ! ,ja9 /yle1 ) _m domes4 ,sid5ote3 #g4 ,! ,lake1 ,m\nt ,abu4 ,f ,ahmadabad ! ,b>oda ,railway is cont9u$ nor?w>d & we/w>d across ! s\!rn end ( ! ,rajput ,des]t to ,hyd]abad1 9 ,s9d1 b we w g on our j\rney by ! n>r[ gauge railway ?r\gh ,rajputana to ,m\nt ,abu1 :i* rises l an isl& ( granite f amid ! s&y des]t4 ,"h is ! ,gem ,lake on ! summit ( ! m\nta91 a mo/ beautiful %eet ( wat]1 set ) rocky islets & ov]hung ) great masses ( rock1 ) ! ,resid5cy or h\se ( ! repres5tative ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t on its %ore1 = ,m\nt ,abu is ! c5tre f :i* ,rajputana is controll$1 z f> z is necess>y1 by ! advice ( ! ,vic]oy4 ,x is1 z we h already said1 ab\t #e1jjj feet or a mile above ! sea level1 & ! climate is !re=e suitable = a hill /ation4 ,x is us$ z a sanatorium = ,briti% troops & z a hot season resort4 ,sid5ote3 #h4 ,! ,dilw>ra ,temples1 ,m\nt ,abu4 ,sid5ote3 #i4 ,! ,same1 ne>] view4 ,sid5ote3 #aj4 ,door ( ! ,ad9at1 ,m\nt ,abu4 ,sid5ote3 #aa4 ,sava ,munda1 ,m\nt ,abu4 ,sid5ote3 #ab4 ,! ,same1 ano!r view4 ,sid5ote3 #ac4 ,p>as ,wana? ,temple1 ,m\nt ,abu4 ,m\nt ,abu is fam\s = its ,dilw>ra temples1 probably ! mo/ anci5t ( ! ,ja9 temples ( ,india4 ,we he>d ( ! ,ja9s at ! close ( ! la/ lecture4 ,?is is a di/ant view ( ! ,dilw>ra temples among ! palm trees4 ,we see t ! surface ( ! plateau is v rugg$4 ,"h is a ne>] view ( ! temples1 & "h a doorway ( ! mo/ anci5t ( !m1 built probably ab\t ! "t ( ! ,norman ,conque/ ( ,engl&4 ,next we h two views ( ano!r temple1 erect$ "s two hundr$ ye>s lat]4 ,! c>v+ ( ! small domes & vaults is mo/ delicate1 & /&s almo/ unrivall$ ev5 9 ,india1 a l& ess5tially ( pa9/ak+ lab\r 9 small details4 ,f9ally1 we h a view ( yet ano!r temple1 said to h be5 built by ! workm5 9 _! sp>e "t dur+ ! erection ( ! great] temples we h j se54 ,9 spite ( ! dilapidation ( _m c5turies1 & ( unskill$ re/oration 9 places1 ^! ru9s are /ill extremely beautiful amid ! rugg$ sc5]y ( ! ,m\nt4 ,! ,briti% ,/ation on ,m\nt ,abu 0 attack$ dur+ ! ,mut9y1 b ! attack 0 beat5 (f4 ,sid5ote3 #ad4 ,sir ,pratab ,s+h4 ,sid5ote3 #ae4 ,dolat ,s+h4 ,sid5ote3 #af4 ,himat ,s+h4 ,"o ( ! mo/ progressive ( ! ,rajput ,/ates1 & ! olde/1 is ,jodhpur1 ^: ,prime ,m9i/] 01 until lately1 ! di/+ui%$ (fic] ,sir ,pratab ,s+h1 n[ ,mah>aja ( 8 own little ,/ate ( ,id>1 9 ! pla9 at ! foot ( ,m\nt ,abu4 ,we h 8 portrait "h1 & ^? ( 8 son & gr&son4 ,sid5ote3 #ag4 ,h4,h4 ,! ,mah>ana ( ,udaipur4 ,sid5ote3 #ah4 ,! ,palace1 ,udaipur4 ,sid5ote3 #ai4 ,! ,same4 ,sid5ote3 #bj4 ,udaipur1 f ! ,jag ,m&>4 ,sid5ote3 #ba4 ,jag ,m&>1 ,udaipur4 ,sid5ote3 #bb4 ,jag ,newas1 ,udaipur4 ,udaipur is ! capital ( ano!r ( ! great] ,rajput ,/ates1 ,mew>1 :i* 0 f\nd$ 9 ! ,roman times ( ,european *ronology4 ,?is is a portrait ( ! ,mah>ana ( ,udaipur1 :o is ! highe/ 9 e/eem ( all ! ,rajput pr9ces4 ,udaipur is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful cities 9 ,india1 ) its palaces & ghats reflect$ 9 ! cle> wat]s ( a lake4 ,"h are two views ( ! palace ( ! ,mah>ana1 built ( granite & m>ble1 ris+ to a hundr$ feet above ! surface ( ! lake4 ,"h we h ! city se5 across ! lake1 & !n !re foll[ two views %[+ ! temples & t]races by ! wat]'s edge4 ,sid5ote3 #bc4 ,! ,gane% ,gate1 ,*itor4 ,sid5ote3 #bd4 ,! ,t[] ( ,victory1 ,*itor4 ,ea/ ( ,udaipur city1 b 9 ! same ,/ate1 is ! rock =tress ( ,*itor1 anci5tly ! capital1 a mo/ conspicu\s object1 /&+ high & isolat$ above ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,! slopes ( ! hill are cov]$ ) a ?ick jungle1 & ! summit is cr[n$ ) ru9s ( palaces & temples4 ,! road :i* leads up to ! top is ab\t a mile 9 l5g?1 & on x at int]vals are sev5 gateways4 ,we h "h a view ( "o ( !m1 ! ,gane% ,gate4 ,?is roadway 0 ! sc5e ( a t]rible /ruggle 9 ! middle ( ! #af? c5tury1 :5 ! invad+ ,musulmans "u ,akb> attack$ ! ,rajput /ronghold4 ,! citadel 0 at l5g? tak51 b ! ,rajputs sold _! fre$om de>ly1 ne>ly t5 ?\s& ( !m fall+ 9 ! battle4 ,! old city ( ,*itor is n[ decay$ & r$uc$ to a m]e village1 b x /ill conta9s int]e/+ ru9s1 notably ! two ,ja9 ,t[]s ( ,victory & ,fame4 ,! ,t[] ( ,fame is ! old]1 built 9 ! "t ( our ,k+ ,alfr$4 ,?is is a view ( ! ,t[] ( ,victory1 built 9 ! e>ly #ae? c5tury4 ,x has n9e /ories4 ,a /airway 9 ! c5tre leads to ! top4 ,! dome has rec5tly be5 re/or$1 hav+ be5 wreck$ by lightn+4 ,sid5ote3 #be4 ,! ,durga1 ,ajm]4 ,sid5ote3 #bf4 ,! ,same1 ,! ,tomb ( ,*i/i4 ,sid5ote3 #bg4 ,! ,arhai-,d9-,ka-,jhompra1 ,ajm]4 ,sid5ote3 #bh4 ,! ,lake1 ,ajm]4 ,sid5ote3 #bi4 ,! ,durga ,baza>1 ,ajm]4 ,sid5ote3 #cj4 ,mayo ,college1 ,ajm]4 ,ajm]1 n[ "u direct ,briti% rule1 is ano!r anci5t & beautiful spot1 set 9 a holl[ among l[ hills1 & surr\nd$ by a wall4 ,x 0 ! sc5e ( _m /ruggles betwe5 ! ,musulmans & ! ,rajputs1 & 0 f9ally tak5 by ,akb> 9 ! middle ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal build+s is ! ,durga1 v5]at$ bo? by ,h9dus & by ,musulmans4 ,we h "h a view ( ! c\rty>d ( ! ,durga4 ,notice to ! "r h& ! huge metal cauldron set 9 /one4 ,x is us$ = ! cook+ ( rice giv5 9 *>ity1 :i* is divid$ betwe5 poor pilgrims & ! att5dants at ! %r9e4 ,"h is ! ,tomb ( ,*i/i 9 ! ,durga4 ,next is a ,muhammadan ,mosque1 call$ ! ,arhai-,d9-,ka-,jhompra1 :i*1 tradition says1 0 built ) div9e assi/ance 9 two & a half days4 ,!n we h a view ( ! lake at ,ajm]4 ,on ! bank are a numb] ( m>ble pavilions4 ,?is is "o ( !m4 ,close by1 on a small hill ov]look+ ! lake1 is ! h\se ( ! ,*ief ,commission] ( ,ajm]1 & ,ag5t to ! ,gov]nor-,g5]al = ,rajputana4 ,"h we h a /reet 9 ,ajm]4 ,& "h is ! ,mayo ,college1 = ! education ( ! sons ( ! ,rajput *iefs1 an in/itution ( ! greate/ importance1 z x 7 ! loyal ,eton ( ,india1 = ! ,rajput ,mah>ajas h ! deepe/ in/9ct ( p]sonal loyalty to ! ,suz]a9 ,"l1 a result at once ( _! feudal pride1 _! religion1 & _! intellig5ce z rul]s4 ,! ,college 0 op5$ 9 #ahge1 & conta9s ab\t a hundr$ /ud5ts4 ,! ma9 build+1 se5 9 ?is view1 is ( :ite m>ble4 ,sid5ote3 #ca4 ,*& ,pol ,gate1 ,jaipur4 ,sid5ote3 #cb4 ,a ,/reet 9 ,jaipur4 ,sid5ote3 #cc4 ,*& ,pol ,baza>1 ,jaipur4 ,sid5ote3 #cd4 ,a ,wool ,c>t1 ,jaipur4 ,next we visit ,jaipur1 a wall$ city surr\nd$ by rocky hills cr[n$ ) =ts1 ! capital & resid5ce ( ! ,mah>aja ( ,jaipur ,/ate1 ! be/ gov]n$ ( all ! ,rajput ,/ates4 ,?is is "o ( ! entrance gates1 & ?r\gh ! ar*way may be se5 ! cr5ellat$ wall ( ! city1 ) ?at*$ huts built aga9/ x4 ,"h is a /reet )9 ! city1 ) a =t-cr[n$ rock visible at ! end ( x1 & "h is ! ,baza>4 ,jaipur has a mod]n aspect1 = x is a busy & prosp]\s comm]cial c5tre4 ,"h is a wool c>t 9 ! city4 ,! /reets are broad--p]haps ! broade/ 9 ! _w--& cross "o ano!r at "r angles1 & at night are well light$ ) gas4 ,sid5ote3 #ce4 ,! ,samrat ,yantra1 ,jaipur ,obs]vatory4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! old ,indian obs]vatories1 ) great /one in/rum5ts1 ev5 l>g] ?an ^? ( ,b5>es1 is 9 ?is city4 ,x 0 con/ruct$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ah? c5tury1 & has rec5tly be5 re/or$ by ! progressive ,mah>aja4 ,?is is ! great ,samrat ,yantra1 or sundial1 ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w4 ,! gnomon is #ge feet 9 height4 ,notice h[ small 9 comp>ison is ! keep] ( ! obs]vatory1 :o may be se5 /&+ j outside ! l9e ( ! %ad[ on ! circumf]5ce ( ! dial4 ,9 ! di/ance1 above "s dwell+ h\ses1 is visible ! clock-t[] ( ! ,mah>aja's palace1 ! "t ( :i* is regulat$ by ?is sundial4 ,sid5ote3 #cf4 ,! ,palace ,g>d5s1 ,jaipur--,crocodiles4 ,sid5ote3 #cg4 ,! ,same1 ,tomb ( a pet dog4 ,sid5ote3 #ch4 ,flam+oes at ,jaipur4 ,sid5ote3 #ci4 ,sita ,ranji ,temple1 ,jaipur4 ,! palace /&s amid beautiful g>d5s4 ,we h "h a tank 9 ^! g>d5s %[+ ! ,mah>aja's crocodiles1 & "h is ! tomb among ! trees ( "o ( ! late ,mah>aja's pet dogs4 ,outside ! city walls are f9e public g>d5s1 cov]+ "s =ty acres1 conta9+ an avi>y & m5ag]ie4 ,"h is a gr\p ( flam+oes1 caught 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,f9ally1 we h "o ( ! temples 9 ! city1 built ( r$ s&/one & f9ely c>v$4 ,sid5ote3 #dj4 ,! ,lake & ,palace1 ,amb]4 ,sid5ote3 #da4 ,%i% ,mahal1 ,amb]4 ,sid5ote3 #db4 ,! ,palace1 ,alw>4 ,sid5ote3 #dc4 ,! ,same f above4 ,a few miles f ,jaipur is ,amb]1 ! anci5t capital ( ,jaipur ,/ate1 b n[ ab&on$ & 9 ru9s4 ,"h we h a view ( ! old ,palace & ! ,lake1 & "h "o ( ! _m f9e build+s1 ! ,%i% ,mahal4 ,next we see ! ,palace at ,alw>1 a comp>atively mod]n city1 ! pres5t capital ( ! ,/ate ( ,alw>1 & !n we h a view ov] ! palace look+ d[n f ! hill above4 ,sid5ote3 #dd4 ,city ,gate1 ,bikan]4 ,sid5ote3 #de4 ,ja9 ,temple1 ,bh&a%>1 ,bikan]4 ,sid5ote3 #df4 ,bikan] f ! ,ja9 ,temple4 ,sid5ote3 #dg4 ,/reet 9 ,bikan]4 ,sid5ote3 #dh4 ,gra9 ,sell]s1 ,bikan]4 ,sid5ote3 #di4 ,bikan] ,=t4 ,n[ we visit ,bikan]1 9 an oasis ( ! nor?we/]n des]t4 ,?is is ! city gate1 ) a level railway cross+ 9 front4 ,notice ! camel wait+ = ! pass+ ( ! tra91 & ! wat]-c>ri]s4 ,"h ( c\rse wat] is a valuable commodity4 ,! di/rict ( :i* ,bikan] is ! c5tre suff]s frequ5tly f fam9e ow+ to dr\ght4 ,!n we h a ,ja9 temple cr[n+ a rocky m\nd1 & f ! t]race ( ?is temple we obta9 a view ov] ! city1 ) its flat ro(s & des]t spaces4 ,!re foll[s a view 9 "o ( ! n>r[ /reets1 %[+ ! c>v$ front ( a h\se belong+ to "o ( ! ri*] ,ja9s ( ! city4 ,f9ally we h a typical gr\p ( gra9 sell]s 9 front ( ! ,cu/oms ,h\se1 & a view ( ! ,=t4 ,sid5ote3 #ej4 ,h4,h4 ,! ,raja ( ,nabha & 8 m9i/]s4 ,sid5ote3 #ea4 ,h4,h4 ,! ,raja ( ,nabha4 ,sid5ote3 #eb4 ,! ,palace ( ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce ( ,nabha4 ,sid5ote3 #ec4 ,sird> ,fateh ,s+h4 ,sid5ote3 #ed4 ,sikhs at ,nabha4 ,sid5ote3 #ee4 ,an ,akali at ,nabha4 ,sid5ote3 #ef4 ,! ,*ief ,ju/ice ( ,nabha4 ,sid5ote3 #eg4 ,sird> ,bi%am ,s+h4 ,on our way nor!a/w>d we w next visit ! city ( ,nabha1 ?\gh x is ! c5tre ( a ,sikh & n ( a ,rajput ,/ate4 ,"h is ! ,raja ( ,nabha surr\nd$ by 8 ,c\ncil ( ,m9i/]s1 & "h 8 portrait4 ,!n we h 9 ! di/ance ! palace ( ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce ( ,nabha1 se5 f ! ro( ( ,elg9 ,h\se1 ! home ( ! ,briti% ,resid5t4 ,next !re foll[ a s]ies ( portraits4 ,! fir/ is ( a "y pr9cel+4 ,! second is ( a gr\p ( ,sikhs2 9 front is a prie/1 & to ! "r1 9 black1 an ,akali1 or w>rior-monk4 ,!re foll[s ano!r slide %[+ "o ( ^! ,akalis 9 anci5t fight+ co/ume4 ,!n we h1 by way ( contra/1 ! v up to date ,*ief ,ju/ice ( ,nabha1 b notice 9 ! backgr\nd s5try duty economically p]=m$ by a pa/ebo>d soldi]6 ,"h is a typical ,sikh face1 t ( ! ,vakil to ! ,political ,ag5t at ! ,briti% ,resid5cy4 ,sid5ote3 ,repeat ,map ,no4 #b4 ,f9ally1 we w cross ! ,*ambal riv] &1 leav+ ,rajputana1 w ent] ,c5tral ,india1 & visit ! two cities ( ,gwalior & ,indore1 ! capitals ( ! ,m>a?a ,pr9ces ,s9dhia & ,holk>4 ,gwalior lies a little s\? ( ,delhi & ,agra4 ,! city is dom9at$ by an isolat$ rock =t1 flat-topp$ & /eep-sid$1 m ?an ?ree hundr$ feet 9 height4 ,!re is b a s+le road up1 & along ?is road are six successive gates1 arrang$ z at ! =t ( ,*itor 9 ,rajputana4 ,s9dhia captur$ ,gwalior r m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,:5 ! ,indian ,mut9y broke out 8 p1 be+ ( ,h9di race1 ( ! same k9 !re=e z ! p ( ,agra & ,oudh1 revolt$ & jo9$ ! mut9e]s1 b ,s9dhia & 8 ,m>a?a (fic]s rema9$ loyal & escap$ to ,briti% protection4 ,sid5ote3 #eh4 ,! ,=t1 ,gwalior4 ,gwalior 0 ! sc5e ( ! la/ episodes 9 ! ,indian ,mut9y4 ,driv5 f ,delhi & f ar\nd ,cawnpore & ,luckn[1 ! mut9e]s m>*$ 9 #aheh aga9/ ,s9dhia1 :o met !m 9 battle1 b 0 defeat$4 ,!n ,g5]al ,sir ,hugh ,rose foll[$ !m up 9 :at is kn[n z ! ,c5tral ,indian campaign1 & defeat$ !m at ,gwalior4 ,! =t ( ,gwalior itself 0 tak5 by a rem>kable feat ( d>+4 ,two ,briti% subalt]ns ) a blacksmi? & an outpo/ =ce pick$ ! locks ( ! fir/ five gateways up ! road entry be=e !y 7 discov]$4 ,!y /orm$ ! la/ gate1 "o ( !m be+ kill$4 ,s ,gwalior ,=t 0 tak51 & = a g5]ation 0 g>rison$ by ,briti% troops1 b ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago x 0 re/or$ to ! ,mah>aja ,s9dhia4 ,sid5ote3 #ei4 ,holk>'s ,palace1 ,indore4 ,indore lies 9 ! l& ( ,malwa1 a consid]able di/ance s\? ( ,gwalior & on high gr\nd ab\t ! s\rces ( ! ,*ambal riv]4 ,! ,gov]nor-,g5]al's ,ag5t = ,c5tral ,india has 8 resid5ce "h by treaty1 & close at h& is n[ ! army cantonm5t ( ,mh[4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,mut9y "s ( ,holk>'s infantry attack$ ! ,resid5cy1 & z ! ,resid5t1 ,sir ,h5ry ,dur&1 _h only tw5ty m5 to def5d x1 he 0 compell$ to retreat ) "s wom5 & *ildr54 ,b x 0 soon recov]$ & no?+ v s]i\s ensu$ 9 ?is "p ( ,india4 ,! ,rajputana ,ag5cy is z l>ge z ! :ole ,briti% ,isles1 b x conta9s only ab\t t5 million p1 s9ce a great "p ( x is des]t4 ,! ,c5tral ,indian ,ag5cy is ab\t z l>ge z ,engl& & ,scotl& )\t ,wales4 ,x has a population only a little small] ?an t ( ,rajputana4 ,we may measure ! significance ( ! m important *iefs 9 ^! two ,ag5cies by ! fact t ,s9dhia rules a c\ntry little less1 ei!r 9 area or population1 ?an ! ,k+dom ( ,scotl&4 ,! ,native ,/ates ( ,india1 ( :i* we h se5 a s]ies ( examples1 occupy ab\t a ?ird ( ! area ( ! :ole c\ntry1 & conta9 ab\t "o-fif? ( ! population4 ,!y repres5t 9 _! pres5t secure position a new phase ( ,anglo-,indian policy4 ,! ,indian ,mut9y clos$ a p]iod *>act]is$ by successive great annexations to ! t]ritory directly rul$ by ,brita94 ,s9ce ! ,mut9y !re has be5 no acquisition ( directly rul$ prov9ces1 except 9 ,burma4 ,!re9 ! policy ( ! ,empire diff]s m>k$ly f t ( ! old ,ea/ ,india ,company4 ,! ,k+-,emp]or n[ gu>antees ! privileges & sep>ate modes ( rule 9 ! ,feudatory ,/ates4 ,z a result1 !re are no m loyal support]s ( ! ,briti% ,raj ?an ^! great native *iefs1 :o 9 rec5t ye>s h rais$ an army ( ,imp]ial ,s]vice ,troops1 to re9=ce ! ,indian & ,briti% armies = ! def5ce ( ! ,empire & ! ma9t5ance ( int]nal ord]4 ,sid5ote3 #fj4 ,political ,map ( ,india4 ,let u ca/ our eye ov] ! map & enum]ate ! pr9cipal divisions ( ,india4 ,"u direct ,briti% rule are 9 ! s\? ,madras & 9 ! ea/ ,burma4 ,!n 9 succession ?r\gh ! pla9 at ! foot ( ! ,himalayas are ,ea/]n ,b5gal & ,assam2 ,b5gal2 ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces ( ,agra & ,oudh2 & ! ,punjab4 ,9 ! ea/ c5tre r\nd ,nagpur are ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 & 9 ! we/ is ! ,presid5cy ( ,bombay1 ) ! deta*$ t]ritory ( ,s9d on ! l[] ,indus4 ,on ! ,nor?we/]n ,fronti] are ,briti% ,balu*i/an & ! ,nor?we/ ,fronti] ,prov9ce1 :ile 9 ! mid/ ( ,rajputana is ! little di/rict ( ,ajm]1 & away 9 ! s\? amid ! =e/s ( ! ,we/]n ,ghats ! little di/rict ( ,coorg4 ,ceylon1 z 0 said 9 ! fir/ lecture1 ?\gh ,briti%1 is n a "p ( ,india1 b a sep>ate ,cr[n ,colony4 ,all ^! ,prov9ces are directly adm9i/]$ by ! ,briti% ,civil ,s]vice4 ,n[ consid] ! ,feudatory ,/ates4 ,9 ! f> s\?1 f ,cape ,comor9 along ! we/ coa/1 we h ! two little c\ntries ( ,travancore & ,co*91 rul$ by ,h9du ,mah>ajas4 ,!y are f> remov$ f all ! great] problems ( ,indian ,gov]nm5t1 remote homes ( ! ca/e sy/em 9 its mo/ /r+5t =m1 & also1 curi\sly1 ( a mo/ anci5t =m ( ,*ri/ianity introduc$ long c5turies ago f ,ne/orian s\rces 9 ,we/]n ,asia4 ,!n1 nor? ( ! ,nilgiri hills & ! hill /ation ( ,ootacamund1 is ! ,/ate ( ,mysore1 high on ! plateau1 completely surr\nd$ by ,briti% t]ritory ( ! ,prov9ces ( ,madras1 ,bombay1 & ,coorg4 ,! ,mah>aja "h is a ,h9du 9 religion1 & ! p are *iefly ,h9du4 ,nor?w>d aga91 & /ill on ! ,deccan plateau1 is ! l>ge/ & mo/ important native ,/ate ( ,india1 rul$ f ,hyd]abad by ! ,nizam1 a ,musulman1 :o adm9i/]s a c\ntry l>gely ( ,h9du religion4 ,!n we h ! two great gr\ps ( ,/ates1 ^: relations ) ! ,empire are conduct$ by ! ,ag5cies ( ,c5tral ,india & ,rajputana4 ,! mo/ important ( ! ,c5tral ,indian *iefs are ,holk> & ,s9dhia1 ,m>a?as 9 a ,h9di-speak+ c\ntry1 ?\gh 9 fai? ,h9dus l _! subjects4 ,9 ,rajputana are ! ,rajput ,/ates ( :i* we h spok5 9 ?is lecture4 ,x w be obs]v$ t1 ) ! small exceptions ( ,travancore & ,co*91 all ! ,/ates ?us f> enum]at$ lie inl& & are surr\nd$ by ,briti% t]ritory directly adm9i/]$4 ,! rema9+ native /ates =m a fr+e along ! nor!rn & nor?we/]n bord]s4 ,to ! nor!a/ amid ! foot hills ( ! ,himalayas are 9 succession1 f ea/ to we/1 ,bhutan1 ,sikkim1 & ,nepal4 ,( ^!1 ,nepal /&s outside ! ,indian ,protectorate 9 a special relation ( indep5d5t alliance ) ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! f> nor? is ! /ate ( ,ka%mir1 ^: c5tre is a beautiful valley1 ) a lake 9 its mid/1 deeply sunk amid ! ,himalayan ranges prop]4 ,a "p ( ! foot hills on ! "o h& & a l5g? ( ! ,tibetan ,indus on ! o!r h& are also includ$ )9 ! t]ritory rul$ by ! ,mah>aja ( ,ka%mir4 ,to ! nor?we/ are ! ,pa?an & ,balu*i hill tribes 9 relation ) ! ,nor? ,we/ ,fronti] ,prov9ce & ,briti% ,balu*i/an4 ,su* a survey z t :i* we h ?us rapidly made gives p]haps ! be/ idea ( ! complexity & va/ness ( ! ,indian ,political ,sy/em4 ,! ,indian ,empire is 9 fact n a c\ntry b1 z ! inhabitants ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates say ( _! own l&1 a sub-cont95t1 & z reg>ds ev]y?+ b m]e area ! expression is f> m true ( ,india ?an ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates a s+le race & a s+le religion are dom9ant1 b 9 ,india a long hi/ory lives to ?is day 9 ! mo/ /rik+ social contra/s1 pres5t+ all mann] ( problems :i* x w take g5]ations to solve4 -------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,lecture ,,vii4 --- ,,delhi4 --- ,,! ,,muhammadan ,,religion4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,! ,,mogul ,,emp]ors ,,f ,,humayun ,,to ,,aurangzeb4 ,,humayun #aecj-aedj #aeee-aeef ,,akb> #aeef-afje ,,jehangir #afje-afbg ,,%ah ,,jahan #afbg-afeh ,,aurangzeb #afeh-agjg ---------------------------- ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,map ( ,nor!rn ,india4 ,once m we look at ! map ( ,nor!rn ,india4 ,we realise ! great m\nta9 wall ( ! ,himalayas1 f\r & five miles high1 curv+ ?r\gh fifte5 hundr$ miles along ! nor!a/ fronti] ( ! ,indian l[l&4 ,beh9d ! ,himalayas is ! ,tibetan plateau1 ?ree miles 9 av]age elevation4 ,nor?we/w>d ( ,india !re is ano!r plateau1 b a l[] "o ?an ,tibet1 & ! m\nta9 ranges :i* divide x f ! ,indian pla9 are l[] ?an ! ,himalayas4 ,obs]ve ! great s]ies ( /reams :i* em]ge f ! ,himalayas1 & ga!r on ! "o h& into ! ,indus ,riv]1 fl[+ s\?we/w>d1 & on ! o!r h& into ! ,ganges1 fl[+ s\!a/w>d4 ,see ! position ( ! ,indian des]t & ! ,aravalli ,hills1 & note ! exact spot :]e /&s ! city ( ,delhi4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,map ( ! neighborhood ( ,delhi4 ,we turn n[ to a map on a l>g] scale ( ! region r\nd ,delhi4 ,we see ! ,himalaya m\nta9s1 ! ,aravalli hills1 & ! ,indian ,des]t4 ,we see ! /reams ( ! ,indus & ,ganges sy/ems turn+ away f "o ano!r1 & we see ,simla1 ! summ] capital ( ,india1 high on a spur ( ! ,himalayas1 above ! divide betwe5 ! ,indus & ! ,ganges tribut>ies4 ,j nor? ( ,simla is ! valley ( ! ,sutlej1 tribut>y to ! ,indus1 & :]e ! ,sutlej issues f ! m\nta9s we note ! (f-take ( a great sy/em ( irrigation canals4 ,x is true t ! l[l& nor?we/w>d ( ,delhi is n q des]t4 ,nev]!less x has b a sp>se ra9fall1 & ! result ( ! con/ruction ( ! irrigation canals d]iv$ f ! ,himalayan wat]s is t great colonies h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ?is region1 & :eat is gr[n on ?\s&s ( squ>e miles t 7 =m]ly wa/e4 ,india has a great population1 b ) mod]n me?ods ( wat] supply1 & m advanc$ me?ods ( cultivation1 !re is /ill ample room = settlem5t )9 its b\nd>ies4 ,we see on ! map t !re are o!r irrigation canals d]iv$ f ! ,ganges :]e x em]ges f ! m\nta9s at ,h>dw>1 & f ! ,jumna4 ,delhi is ! ,musulman capital ( ,india4 ,:at ,b5>es & ,patna & ,gaya 7 & are to ! ,brahman & ,buddhi/ civilisations native to ,india1 :at ,calcutta & ,madras & ,bombay & ,k>a*i are to ! ,engli% f ov] ! seas1 t are ,delhi & ,agra to ! ,musulmans ent]+ ,india f ! nor?we/4 ,! ,musulmans 7 n ! fir/ to come ?is way into ,india4 ,! olde/ ( ! sacr$ books ( ! ,h9dus tell ( a p :o came f ! nor?we/ & app>5tly f\nd$ ! ,h9du religion1 accept+ no d\bt "s ( ! religi\s beliefs ( ! e>li]1 ! ,dravidian1 population4 ,f ^! ,aryan invad]s1 speak+ ,sanskrit1 h be5 d]iv$ ! languages ( ! peoples ( ,nor!rn ,india4 ,s\!a/w>d1 s\?w>d1 & s\?we/w>d f ,delhi z f> z ! c5tre ( ,india1 !re spread ! ,h9di1 ,b5gali1 & ,m>a?i languages1 z evid5ce ( ! effective conque/ made by ^? remote invad]s ent]+ ?r\gh ! ,delhi passage betwe5 ! des]t & ! m\nta9s4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 z _! language 0 conc]n$1 !y fail$ to e/abli% !mselves 9 ! ,dravidian s\?4 ,long aft]w>ds1 b /ill "s ?ree hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! ,greeks "u ,alex&] ! ,great trav]s$ ,p]sia & ,turke/an & came ov] ! ,h9du ,ku%1 ! m\nta9 backbone ( :at is n[ ,afghani/an1 d[n into ! pla9s ( ! ,punjab4 ,alex&] advanc$ across ! riv]s ( ! ,punjab1 tribut>y to ! ,indus1 app>5tly z f> z ! ,sutlej1 & !n turn$ s\?w>d & foll[$ ! ,indus to its m\?4 ,"p ( 8 troops return$ ?r\gh ! ,p]sian ,gulf on bo>d ! fleet1 & "p he l$ back ) great loss along ! b>r5 nor!rn %ore ( ! ,arabian ,sea4 ,alex&] & ! ,greeks came !re=e to ! v ?re%old ( ,india1 & !n turn$ aside t[>ds ! sea1 leav+ ! des]t ( ,rajputana betwe5 !m & ! great prize ( ! conqu]or4 ,9 ! sev5? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era !re arose 9 ,arabia ! prophet ,muhammad1 :o 9 8 y\? _h be5 influ5c$ bo? by ,*ri/ian & ,hebrew tea*+4 ,he prea*$ to ! ,arabs t !re 0 b "o ,god1 & t ,muhammad 0 8 prophet4 ,muhammad1 8,! ,prais$10 0 born 9 ,mecca1 ab\t ! ye> #egj4 ,he belong$ to "o ( ! rul+ families ( ! tribe ( ,arabs :o held ,mecca & ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 b 8 fa!r di$ be=e he 0 born1 & 8 "m :5 he 0 only six mon?s old4 ,f 8 e>lie/ y\? ,muhammad 0 addict$ to solitude & mus+4 ,9 8 w&]+s he visit$ ,syria1 & 9 a ,ne/orian conv5t !re le>n$ _m ( ! ,hebrew & ,*ri/ian ideas :i* he subsequ5tly incorporat$ into 8 tea*+4 ,9 8 tw5ty-fif? ye> he m>ri$ ,khadija1 a wid[ ( noble bir? & consid]able weal?4 ,?is m>riage plac$ him 9 a position ( indep5d5ce1 = he _h previ\sly be5 v poor4 ,:5 ,muhammad 0 =ty ye>s old !re came to him a ,div9e ,call1 bidd+ him tea* 8 p to ab&on _! idols1 to wor%ip ,god1 & to accept him z ,god's ,prophet4 ,at fir/ ,muhammad met ) ! mo/ bitt] opposition1 & 9 ! ye> #fbb ,a4,d4 he _h to flee f ,mecca to a city call$ ,ya?reb1 :i* receiv$ him & made him its *ief magi/rate4 ,ev] s9ce t ev5t ?is city has be5 call$ ,m$9at-un-,nabi1 ! ,city ( ! ,prophet2 or1 %ortly1 ,m$9a4 ,! flight ( ,muhammad f ,mecca is call$ ! ,hegira1 & x is f ?is ev5t t ! ,muhammadan cal5d> dates4 ,9 ! ye> #fcj ,a4,d4 ,mecca 0 conqu]$1 & %ortly aft] ?is all ,arabia submitt$ to ! claims ( ! prophet4 ,aft] ,muhammad's dea? ! ,arabs set =? to conqu] ! _w & to conv]t x to ,islam4 ,!y subdu$ ,egypt & ,syria & ! pla9 ( ! ,euphrates4 ,!y m>*$ to ! gates ( ,con/ant9ople1 & ?r\gh ,nor!rn ,africa to ! ,/rait ( ,gibralt>1 & beyond ,gibralt> ?r\gh ,spa9 into ,france1 !re to suff] a great defeat at ! h&s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,franks1 :i* sav$ ! rema9d] ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,all ?is 0 accompli%$ 9 little m ?an a hundr$ ye>s f ! ,hegira4 ,b ! ,musulmans did n wage w> only aga9/ ,*ri/5dom4 ,_! armies advanc$ f ! ,euphrates up on to ! ,p]sian plateau & d[n into ! l[l&s ( ,turke/an 9 ! he>t ( ,asia1 & ov] ! ,h9du ,ku% into ,afghani/an1 & !n d[n into ! pla9 ( ! ,riv] ,indus4 ,already 9 ! sev5? c5tury !re _h be5 ,musulman incursions into ,india ov]seas1 by way ( ,s9d4 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury aft] ,*ri/ ! ,musulmans ent]$ ,gangetic ,india1 & took ,delhi4 ,!y f\nd$ !re a ,muhammadan realm1 :i* pres5tly ext5d$ ?r\gh mo/ ( ,nor!rn ,india4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,! ,mogul ,empire at its greate/ ext5t4 ,five hundr$ ye>s lat] a second ,musulman invasion1 m effective ?an ! fir/1 came into ,india by way ( ,delhi4 ,! ,moguls or ,mongols ( ,c5tral ,asia _h be5 conv]t$ to ,islam1 & 9 ! "t ( our ,k+ ,h5ry ! ,eigh? !y ref\nd$ ! ,musulman p[] at ,delhi4 ,= a hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 f ! "t ( our ,que5 ,elizabe? to t ( our ,que5 ,anne1 ! s]ies ( ,mogul ,emp]ors1 f ,humayun to ,aurangzeb1 rul$ 9 spl5did /ate practically ! :ole ( ,india4 ,?is map %[s ! greate/ spread ( ! ,mogul ,empire4 ,agra1 a hundr$ miles d[n ! ,jumna f ,delhi1 became a subsidi>y capital to ,delhi1 & 9 ^! two cities we h to-day ! supreme examples ( ,muhammadan ar*itectural art4 ,! ,musulman1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 came z an ali5 to ,india4 ,he is no poly!i/ or pan!i/1 b a believ] 9 ! "o ,god1 & t a spiritual ,god1 s t he holds x wrong to make any grav5 image1 :e!r ( man or ( animal4 ,islam is ! "n :i* ! foll[]s ( ! prophet gave to _! religion3 x means prim>ily submission1 & s peace1 greet+1 safety1 & salvation1 & 9 its e?ical s5se x signifies /riv+ aft] righte\sness4 ,islam is 9 its ess5ce pure ,!ism c\pl$ ) "s def9ite rules ( conduct4 ,belief 9 a future life & acc\ntability = human action 9 ano!r exi/5ce are two ( ! pr9cipal doctr9es ( ! ,islamic cre$4 ,e ,musulman is 8 own prie/1 &1 9 !ory at any rate1 no divisions ( race or col\r are recognis$ among ! foll[]s ( ! ,prophet4 ,musulmans are =bidd5 to take alcohol4 ,! gospel ( ,islam is ! ,koran--,! ,book--9 :i* are embodi$ ! tea*+s & precepts ( ! ,arabian ,prophet4 ,! ,koran incorporates1 z we h already se51 mu* t 0 drawn bo? f ,hebrew & ,*ri/ian tea*+4 ,m ?an sixty millions ( ! ,indian population hold ! fai? ( ,islam4 ,!y are scatt]$ all ov] ! l&1 usually 9 a m9ority1 al?\gh t m9ority1 z we h already le>n$1 is frequ5tly p[]ful1 = x gives rul+ *iefs to _m di/ricts :i* are dom9antly ,h9du4 ,9 two p>ts only ( ,india are ! ,musulmans 9 a majority1 namely1 9 ! f> ea/1 beyond ! m\?s ( ! ,ganges 9 ! newly =m$ ,prov9ce ( ,ea/]n ,b5gal & ,assam1 & 9 ! ,indus ,bas9 f ! neighb\rhood ( ,delhi ?r\gh ! ,punjab into ,s9d4 ,= ?is reason1 & also because ( its physical "*--ly+ l[ b5ea? ! upl&s ( ,afghani/an1 & sep>at$ f ! great] "p ( ,india by ! bread? ( ! des]t--we may ?9k ( ! ,indus ,valley z be+ an ante-*amb] to ,india prop]4 ,9 ?is ante-*amb]1 & 9 ! ,delhi passage1 betwe5 ! des]t & ! m\nta9s1 = m ?an n9e hundr$ ye>s ! ,musulmans h pr$om9at$4 ,:5 ! decay ( ! ,mogul ,empire began 9 ! "t ( our ,que5 ,anne1 ! *ief local repres5tatives ( ! ,imp]ial ,rule1 su* z ! ,nizam ( ,hyd]abad1 & ! ,nawabs ( ,b5gal & ,oudh1 assum$ an indep5d5t position4 ,x 0 ) ^! new dyna/ies t ! ,ea/ ,india ,company came into conflict 9 ! days ( ,g5]al ,clive1 & ?us we may reg>d ! ,briti% ,empire 9 ,india z hav+ be5 built up f ! fragm5ts into :i* ! ,mogul ,empire broke4 ,9 "o region1 h[ev]1 ! ,we/]n ,deccan1 ! ,h9dus re-ass]t$ !mselves1 & !re 0 a rival bid = ,empire1 z we h already le>n$1 on ! "p ( ! ,m>a?as4 ,x 0 ! "w ( ,g5]al ,wellesley1 aft]w>ds ,duke ( ,well+ton1 to defeat ! ,m>a?as4 ,9 ! nor? also1 9 ! ,punjab1 !re 0 a recrudesc5ce ( ! ,h9du race1 due to ! new sect ( ! ,sikhs1 :o set up a p[] ) :i* at a lat] "t ! ,briti% ,raj came into conflict4 ,b ?is 0 n until aft] ,delhi1 ! v seat ( ! ,mogul ?rone1 _h be5 tak54 ,sid5ote3 ,repeat ,map ,no4 #b4 ,sid5ote3 #d4 ,simla1 ,vic]egal ,lodge--di/ant view4 ,sid5ote3 #e4 ,simla1 ,baza> & ,t[n ,hall4 ,we are n[ prep>$ = ! fact %[n 9 ?is map1 t ! tract nor?we/w>d ( ,delhi1 9 ! gateway betwe5 ! des]t & ! m\nta9s1 is s[n ov] ) battle fields--anci5t battlefields ne> ,delhi1 :]e ! incom+ ,musulmans ov]?rew ! ,indian resi/ance1 & mod]n battlefields ne> ! ,sutlej1 :]e advanc+ ,briti% p[] inflict$ defeat ^u ! ,sikhs aft] sev]e conte/s4 ,x is by no accid5t t ,simla1 ! resid5ce dur+ m ?an half ! ye> ( ! ,briti% ,vic]oy1 is plac$ on ! ,himalayan heights above ?is natural seat ( ,empire & ( /ruggle = ,empire4 ,9 ! ,mut9y ( #aheg ! ,sikhs ( ! ,punjab1 & ( ! /ill cont9u+ ,tribut>y ,/ates ( ,nabha & ,patiala1 m5tion$ 9 ! la/ lecture1 rema9$ loyal to ! ,briti% rule1 al?\gh !y _h be5 conqu]$ 9 ! t]rible battles on ! ,sutlej less ?an t5 ye>s be=e4 ,9 no small measure ?is 0 due to ! extraord9>y influ5ce wield$ ov] !m by ,sir ,john ,lawr5ce1 aft]w>ds ,"l ,lawr5ce1 ! bro!r ( t ,sir ,h5ry ,lawr5ce :o def5d$ ! ,resid5cy ( ,luckn[4 ,z a result ( ! ,sikh loyalty "s ( ! ,briti% =ces 9 ! ,punjab 7 free to m>* to ! re-capture ( ,delhi4 ,?us ! ,indian ,mut9y 0 ov]come f two bases1 on ! "o h& at ,luckn[ & ,cawnpore by an army f ! sea & ,calcutta1 & on ! o!r h& at ,delhi by an army advanc+ f ! ,punjab ov] ! track beat5 by s _m conqu]ors 9 previ\s ages4 ,let u visit ,delhi & see its def5ces1 its mosques1 ! palaces ( its ,emp]ors1 & ! memorials ( ! ,mut9y4 ,!n we w g to ,agra to see o!r spl5did monum5ts ( ! ,musulman dyna/y4 ,aft] t we w turn to ,h>dw>1 at ! po9t :]e ! sacr$ ,ganges bur/s f its ,himalayan valley on to ! pla94 ,h>dw> is a pilgrimage c5tre ( ! ,h9dus1 second 9 sanctity only to ,b5>es itself4 ,sid5ote3 #f4 ,! ,ka%mir ,gate1 ,delhi4 ,ea/ ( ,delhi1 runn+ almo/ due s\?w>d1 is ! riv] ,jumna1 cross$ by ! great bridge ( ! ,ea/ ,indian ,railway1 :i* c>ries ! ma9 l9e f ,delhi ?r\gh ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces & ,b5gal to ,calcutta4 ,we/ ( ! city is ! la/ spur ( ! ,aravalli hills1 ! fam\s ,ridge ( ,delhi1 /rik+ nor!a/w>d4 ,! city lies betwe5 ! ,ridge & ! ,jumna4 ,x may be divid$ into ?ree p>ts4 ,to ! nor? is ! ,european qu>t]4 ,9 ! c5tre is ,%ahjahanabad1 or mod]n ,delhi1 ent]$ f ! nor? by ! ,ka%mir ,gate4 ,betwe5 ,%ahjahanabad & ! riv] is ! ,=t4 ,! ,jama ,masjid 7,great ,mosque7 /&s 9 ! c5tre ( ,%ahjahanabad1 & ! ,kalan ,masjid 7,black ,mosque7 is ab\t half a mile fur!r s\?4 ,pass+ out ( ! mod]n city s\?w>d by ! ,delhi ,gate we ent] ,firozabad1 or anci5t ,delhi1 ! capital ( ! e>li] ,mogul rul]s4 ,fur!r /ill to ! s\? are ev5 m anci5t ru9s4 ,sid5ote3 #g4 ,jama ,masjid1 ,delhi4 ,sid5ote3 #h4 ,view f halfway up a ,m9>et1 ,jama ,masjid4 ,sid5ote3 #i4 ,view f top ( ,m9>et1 look+ s\?4 ,sid5ote3 #aj4 ,! ,same1 look+ nor!a/4 ,sid5ote3 #aa4 ,kalan ,masjid1 ,delhi4 ,let u beg9 our sight-see+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! mod]n city1 at ! ,jama ,masjid1 a great build+ ( m>ble & s&/one4 ,its pr9cipal treasures are a hair ( ,muhammad1 & "s ( 8 h&writ+4 ,"h is a view ( ! mosque f ! balcony ( a neighb\r+ h\se4 ,let u g up "o ( ! m9>ets & look ov] ! city4 ,?is is a view tak5 f a little gall]y half way up4 ,to ! left is se5 "p ( ! l>ge c5tral dome ( ! mosque1 & to ! "r ! top ( "o ( ! columns :i* rise on ei!r side ( ! ma9 ar*way4 ,beyond1 f> bel[1 c be se5 "p ( ! city4 ,next we h a view1 due s\?w>d1 f ! top ( ! m9>et4 ,! ,kalan ,masjid is j visible 9 ! =egr\nd1 b a smoke haze obscures ! m di/ant "p ( ! t[n4 ,we turn r\nd & look nor!a/w>d ov] ! ,=t4 ,notice on ! gr\nd ! %ad[ ( ! o!r m9>et ( ! mosque4 ,9 ! di/ance c be se5 ! ,jumna1 & cross+ x ! great bridge ( ! ,ea/ ,indian ,railway4 ,"h we h a clos] view ( ! ,kalan ,masjid1 or ,black ,mosque1 built 9 ! orig9al /yle ( ! mosques ( ,arabia ) _m small solid domes1 unadorn$ by c>v+4 ,x has a sombre appe>ance4 ,we see 9 front "o ( ^! domes1 & beh9d x ! tops ( two o!rs4 ,sid5ote3 #ab4 ,! ,lahore ,gate1 ,delhi ,=t4 ,sid5ote3 #ac4 ,! ,delhi ,gate1 ,delhi ,=t4 ,sid5ote3 #ad4 ,! ,pe>l ,mosque1 ,delhi ,=t4 ,sid5ote3 #ae4 ,! ,hall ( ,public ,audi5ce1 ,delhi ,=t4 ,sid5ote3 #af4 ,! ,orpheus ,panel4 ,! *ief glory ( ,delhi is1 h[ev]1 ! ,=t1 & ! gr\p ( palace build+s )9 its prec9cts4 ,x is approa*$ ?r\gh ! ,lahore ,gate1 ( :i* we h "h a view4 ,?is gate is 9 ! middle ( ! we/ side ( ! ,=t4 ,along ! ea/ side fl[s ! ,riv] ,jumna4 ,9 ! s\!rn face !re is ano!r great gateway1 ! ,delhi ,gate1 ) a grey /one elephant on ei!r side ( ! entry4 ,)9 ! ,=t1 is ! ,moti ,masjid1 or ,pe>l ,mosque1 built by ,aurangzeb1 ( :ite & grey m>ble4 ,! f9e/ ( ! build+s ( ! ,=t is1 h[ev]1 ! great ,hall ( ,public ,audi5ce1 ! ,diwan-i-,am4 ,!re is a rais$ recess1 9 ! wall ( ?is hall1 :]e =m]ly /ood ! fam\s ,peacock ,?rone ( ,aurangzeb1 made ( solid gold inlaid ) diamonds1 rubies1 & em]alds1 & back$ by two peacocks set ?ick ) gems4 ,?is ?rone 0 c>ri$ (f :5 ! ,p]sians "u ,nadir ,%ah sack$ ! city 9 #agci1 & massacr$ mo/ ( its inhabitants4 ,above ! entry to ! recess ( ! ,peacock ,?rone are a numb] ( panels ab\t n9e in*es high & six in*es broad1 made ( inlaid /ones4 ,"h is a photograph ( "o ( !m4 ,"s ( ^! panels 7 injur$1 b1 ?anks to ,"l ,curzon1 an exp]t arti/ f ,flor5ce has rec5tly re/or$ !m & made new ones 9 ! _s ( ! e>li] to fill ! vacant spaces4 ,sid5ote3 #ag4 ,! ,hall ( ,private ,audi5ce1 ,delhi ,=t4 ,we pass next to ! inn]mo/ c\rt ( ! ,=t-palace1 ! ,hall ( ,private ,audi5ce1 ! ,diwan-i-,khas1 n9ety feet long & sev5ty feet broad1 built ( :ite m>ble ) _m inlaid fl[]s ( jewels4 ,b5ea? ! cornice runs ! fam\s inscription3 8,if !re is a ,p>adise ^u e>? x is ?is1 x is ?is40 ,"h we see "o ( ! graceful ar*es1 & beyond 9 ! di/ance ! t[]s ( ! ,pe>l ,mosque1 already describ$4 ,sid5ote3 #ah4 ,mausoleum ( ,humayun1 ,delhi4 ,to see old ,delhi we mu/ drive f ! mod]n city ei!r by ! ,delhi ,gate 9 ! s\? wall ( ! ,=t or by ! ,ajm] ,gate 9 ! s\!a/ corn] ( ! city wall1 pa/ great dome-topp$ temples1 mo/ ( !m 9 ru9s1 until a few miles out1 n f> f ! trunk road lead+ f ,delhi to ,agra1 we come to ! ,mausoleum ( ,humayun1 ( :i* we h "h a view4 ,! design1 z w be realis$ pres5tly1 is v simil> to t ( ! ,taj ,mahal at ,agra1 b ! ,mausoleum is ! old] build+4 ,notice ! t]rac$ plat=m on :i* x /&s4 ,x is built ( r$ s&/one & m>ble4 ,b5ea? ! plat=m1 & approa*$ by a long d>k passage1 is ! vault :]e ,humayun is buri$4 ,ar\nd ! ,mausoleum are a numb] ( old ru9s1 & ! debris & cactus rem9d "o ( ,pagan 9 ,burma1 :i* we saw 9 ! second lecture4 ,sid5ote3 #ai4 ,! ,kutab ,m9> & ,iron ,pill>1 ,delhi4 ,we resume our drive1 pa/ ru9$ tombs & walls1 & at la/1 ab\t elev5 miles s\? ( ,delhi1 we come to ! build+s ( ! ,kutab ,m9>1 :]e are "s ( ! few rema9s ( ! ,h9du p]iod n[ visible 9 ! neighb\rhood1 ?\gh ! mass ( ! "w is ( ,muhammadan date4 ,! ,kutab 0 begun at ! end ( ! #ab? c5tury1 on ! site ( an anci5t ,h9du temple de/roy$ by ! ,musulmans4 ,! fam\s ,iron ,pill> /&s 9 front ( ! mosque4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( all ! antiquities ( ,india1 = x consi/s ( a solid mass ( wr\ght iron1 weigh+ probably m ?an six tons1 & measur+ "s #bd feet 9 height1 ) an av]age diamet] ( a little ov] a foot4 ,at ! base is an inscription 9 ,sanskrit1 f :i* x appe>s t its probable date is ! f\r? c5tury1 ,a4,d4 ,?is inscription runs ?us3 8,z long z ,i /& s long %all ! ,h9du k+dom endure40 ,! ,kutab mosque is ! ,moslem reply to ?is4 ,! wr\ght iron ( ! ,pill> has an almo/ blui% col\r :5 se5 aga9/ ! w>m sunlit r$ s&/one ( ! great ,kutab ,t[]4 ,9 ?is photograph a man has climb$ to ! top ( ! ,pill>1 & /&s !re z ?\gh a /atue1 giv+ u ! scale ( ! monum5t4 ,sid5ote3 #bj4 ,! ,lat ( ,asoka1 ! ,ridge1 ,delhi4 ,n[ let u visit ! di/rict to nor? ( ! mod]n city1 ( deep int]e/ 9 connection ) ! ,mut9y4 ,on ! ,ridge top1 betwe5 ! ,flag/aff ,t[] t[>ds its nor!a/]n end & ! ,mut9y ,memorial fur!r s\?1 is ano!r curi\s pill>1 ?is "o ( /one1 call$ ! ,lat ( ,asoka4 ,at its base is ! foll[+ mod]n inscription3 8,?is pill> 0 orig9ally erect$ at ,me]ut 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 by ,k+ ,asoka4 ,x 0 remov$ !nce1 & set up 9 ! ,ko%uk ,%ik> ,palace by ! ,emp]or ,firuz ,%ah 9 ,a4,d4 #acef1 b 0 ?r[n d[n & brok5 into five pieces by ! explosion ( a p[d] magaz9e ,a4,d4 #agac-agai4 ,x 0 re/or$ & set up 9 ?is place by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t ,a4,d4 #ahfg40 ,sid5ote3 #ba4 ,! ,flag/aff ,t[]1 ! ,ridge1 ,delhi4 ,we w walk pa/ ! v>i\s memorials ( ! ,mut9y /ruggle4 ,"h is ! ,flag/aff ,t[]1 9 :i* 7 ga!r$ at ! outbreak ( dang] ! wom5 & *ildr5 ( ! ,briti% g>rison anxi\sly look+ = relief f ,me]ut4 ,b ! relief did n come1 & ,delhi 0 /orm$ & captur$ by ! mut9e]s4 ,! refugees 9 ! ,flag/aff ,t[] 7 compell$ to fly = _! lives to ,k>nal1 on ! road to ! ,punjab1 :]e gradually ,briti% troops & loyal natives 7 assembl$4 ,! ,briti% return$ to ! ,ridge1 & = two mon?s ! siege ( ! city 0 press$1 b unsuccessfully4 ,a brigade & a siege tra9 !n arriv$ f ! ,punjab1 comm&$ by ,g5]al ,ni*olson4 ,! /ruggle cont9u$ = yet ano!r mon?4 ,our troops 7 n 9 suffici5t =ce to surr\nd & />ve ! city1 & x 0 !re=e necess>y to bomb>d & /orm ! def5ces4 ,sl[ly ! ,briti% won _! way into ! t[n1 ?\gh ) t]rible loss4 ,g5]al ,ni*olson 0 himself w\nd$ 9 "o ( ! assaults1 & di$ a week lat]4 ,at la/1 on ! #bj? ,septemb]1 ! ,=t 0 tak51 & next day ! rebel ,k+ ( ,delhi 0 captur$ at ,humayun's ,tomb1 & 0 exil$ to ,rangoon4 ,two ( 8 sons 7 %ot 9 front ( ! ,delhi ,gate4 ,! t]rible nature ( ?is siege may be realis$ f ! fact t ( ! t5 ?\s& ,briti% & loyal native troops :o took "p 9 x ne>ly f\r ?\s& 7 kill$ & w\nd$4 ,"h is ! /atue ( ,g5]al ,ni*olson 9 ! p>k nam$ aft] him1 j s\? ( ! cemet]y1 outside ! ,ka%mir ,gate1 :]e he is buri$4 ,on ! ,ridge itself is ! ,mut9y ,memorial1 un=tunately n a v beautiful build+4 ,sid5ote3 #bb4 ,g5]al ,ni*olson's ,/atue1 ,delhi4 ,sid5ote3 #bc4 ,! ,mut9y ,memorial1 ! ,ridge1 ,delhi4 ,sid5ote3 #bd4 ,horse ,fair1 ,delhi4 ,sid5ote3 #be4 ,d>iba ,/reet1 ,delhi4 ,f9ally1 we h two sc5es ( native life at ,delhi4 ,! fir/ is a horse fair outside ! ,ka%mir ,gate1 & ! second a /reet view4 ,let u travel to ,agra1 :i* /&s on ! "r bank ( ! ,jumna1 ab\t a hundr$ miles s\!a/ ( ,delhi4 ,! ,jumna fl[s f nor? to s\? until beside ,agra ,=t1 & !n turns %>ply ea/w>d4 ,ab\t a mile & a half fur!r on1 on ! same "r bank1 n[ ! s\? side ( ! riv]1 !re /&s ! ,taj ,mahal1 ! mo/ celebrat$ ( all ,muhammadan tombs4 ,! build+ ( ,agra ,=t 0 comm5c$ by ! ,emp]or ,akb> 9 ! middle ( ! #af? c5tury1 & 0 complet$ by ,%ah ,jahan1 ! fa!r ( ,aurangzeb1 9 ! #ag? c5tury4 ,x 0 ?is ,%ah ,jahan :o built ! ,palace )9 ! ,=t & also ! ,taj4 ,sid5ote3 #bf4 ,! ,pe>l ,mosque1 ,agra ,=t4 ,! ,=t & ! build+s :i* x conta9s rise by ! side ( ! riv] & dom9ate ! pla9 beyond x4 ,"h )9 ! ,=t we h a view ( ! m>ble int]ior ( ! ,moti ,masjid1 or ,pe>l ,mosque1 built by ,%ah ,jahan 9 ! middle ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,! floor is divid$ by inlaid l9es ( black & yell[ m>ble into "s six hundr$ sep>ate divisions1 call$ ,masalas1 us$ by ! ,musulmans = pray]4 ,9 ! c5tre is a l>ge m>ble tank4 ,! effect produc$ on ent]+ ?is mosque is pr(\nd4 ,outside1 ! city may be quiv]+ 9 a haze ( heat1 b "h ! cool & s(t light1 & an entire abs5ce ( any discordant features 9 ! ar*itecture1 comb9e to give a s5se ( re/ & peace4 ,_m ,europeans h rem>k$ t ?is mosque is a r5d]+ 9 /one ( ! text 8,my h\se %all be call$ ! h\se ( pray]40 ,sid5ote3 #bg4 ,jehangir's ,?rone1 ,agra ,=t4 ,sid5ote3 #bh4 ,! ,jessam9e ,t[]1 ,agra ,=t4 ,sid5ote3 #bi4 ,! ,seat ( ! ,je/]1 ,agra ,=t4 ,let u g out on to ! op5 space by ! wall1 & look ov] ! moat :i* divides ! ma9 build+s ( ! ,=t f ! out] ramp>t by ! riv]4 ,across ! wat] ! ,taj ,mahal c j be se5 beyond ! b5d ( ! riv]4 ,9 front ( u is ,jehangir's ?rone1 set up 9 ! "t ( ,akb>4 ,x consi/s ( a s+le great slab ( black m>ble4 ,close by1 is ! ,jessam9e ,t[]4 ,"h we h ano!r view 9 :i* we see ! ,?rone f ! back & a corn] ( ! ,jessam9e ,t[]4 ,notice ! l[] slab opposite1 :i* is call$ ! ,seat ( ! ,je/]4 ,! effect ( its pres5ce is by contra/ to enhance ! beauty ( ,jehangir's ,?rone itself4 ,betwe5 ! wall 9 ! =egr\nd & ! out] ramp>ts by ! riv] !re is a drop ( "s sixty feet1 & 9 ?is dit* fights betwe5 lions & elephants us$ to be held 9 ! days ( ! ,mogul ,emp]ors4 ,sid5ote3 #cj4 ,jama ,masjid1 ,agra4 ,j outside ! ,=t1 fac+ ! we/ or ,delhi ,gate1 is ! ,jama ,masjid1 ( :i* we h "h a view4 ,we see ! c\rty>d & "o ( ! entries4 ,! peculi>ity ( ?is mosque lies 9 ! /ructure ( ! ?ree great domes4 ,!y are )\t necks4 ,we c j see ! tops ( two ( !m4 ,!y are built ( r$ s&/one1 & ! encircl+ b&s are ( :ite m>ble4 ,sid5ote3 #ca4 ,taj ,mahal1 ,agra4 ,sid5ote3 #cb4 ,! ,taj ,g>d5s4 ,sid5ote3 #cc4 ,! ,same1 by moonlight4 ,we w n[ visit ! ,taj ,mahal4 ,x 0 built1 *iefly ( m>ble inlaid ) preci\s /ones1 by ,%ah ,jahan z a tomb = 8 que54 ,"h we h a view ( ! ,taj tak5 f )\t ! entrance gateway4 ,!n we pass ?r\gh ! gateway & ent] ! ,taj ,g>d5s4 ,! wat]c\rse 9 ! c5tre is ( m>ble1 & along ea* side is a r[ ( cypresses4 ,! orig9al cypresses _h gr[n to su* a height t ! view ( ! ,taj 0 becom+ ob/ruct$4 ,!y 7 !re=e remov$1 & ^? :i* we see 9 ! picture 7 plant$ by ,"l ,curzon1 :5 he 0 ,vic]oy4 ,! ,taj is p]haps mo/ beautiful 9 ! light ( ! sett+ sun1 or by moonlight4 ,we h "h a photograph made f a pa9t+ ( ! ,taj by moonlight4 ,sid5ote3 #cd4 ,! ,baza>1 ,agra4 ,sid5ote3 #ce4 ,agra ,college4 ,sid5ote3 #cf4 ,agra ,jail--,wool sp9n+4 ,sid5ote3 #cg4 ,agra ,jail--,c>pet mak+4 ,we w drive back ?r\gh ! native city4 ,?is is a typical sc5e 9 ! ,baza>4 ,notice ! ,kotwal1 or ,*ief ( ! ,police1 9 ! c5tre ( ! cr[d4 ,he is an ,afghan1 /&+ well ov] six feet 9 height & f9ely proportion$4 ,on ! awn+ ov] "o ( ! %ops an adv]tisem5t obtrudes1 %[+ t ev5 ! native qu>t]s ( ! cities ( ,india are be+ p]meat$ ) ,european me?ods4 ,"h is ,agra ,college1 end[$ ab\t a c5tury ago by ! !n ,mah>aja ( ,gwalior4 ,!re are ab\t a ?\s& /ud5ts4 ,close by is ! ,jail4 ,9 ?is picture we see "s ( ! prison]s sp9n+ wool1 & 9 ! next !y are mak+ c>pets4 ,! next s]ies ( pictures relates to ! great ,muhammadan anniv]s>y ( ! ,moh>am1 & 9 ord] to und]/& !m x is necess>y to say a few words reg>d+ ! hi/ory ( ,islam & ! cont5d+ sects :i* h em]g$ f t hi/ory4 ,muhammad di$ 9 ! ye> #fcb4 ,he left no son2 b "o ( 8 daught]s1 ,fatima1 0 m>ri$ to a c\s9 ^: "n 0 ,ali4 ,abu ,bakr1 :o _h be5 a great fri5d & support] ( ,muhammad1 0 elect$ ,caliph or ,vice-,reg5t ( ! ,prophet4 ,abu ,bakr di$ 9 #fcd1 & 0 succe$$ by ,om>1 :o conqu]$ ,p]sia & ,syria4 ,to him ,j]usalem capitulat$4 ,om> 0 murd]$ 9 ! same ye>1 & 0 succe$$ by ,osman1 :o 0 kill$ 9 #fef4 ,!n ,ali1 ! c\s9 & son-9-law ( ,muhammad1 0 elect$ to ! ,caliphate4 ,ali 0 murd]$ 9 #ffa1 & ,hasan1 8 son1 0 elect$ ,caliph 9 8 place1 b 0 induc$ to resign 9 fav\r ( a ,caliph ( ano!r family4 ,husa91 ! second son ( ,ali1 nev] ackn[l$g$ ! title ( ! ,caliph :o _h sup]s$$ 8 bro!r ,hasan1 & :5 ! ,musulmans ( ,mesopotamia invit$ him to ov]?r[ ! usurp+ ,caliph he felt x 8 duty to respond to _! appeal4 ,accompani$ by 8 family & a few reta9]s he left = ,mesopotamia4 ,on ! way1 at a place call$ ,k>bala1 on ! we/ bank ( ! ,euphrates1 !y 7 ov]tak5 by ! ,caliph's army1 & aft] a h]oic /ruggle la/+ sev]al days 7 all slaught]$1 save ! wom5 & a sickly *ild call$ ,ali1 :o di$ soon aft]w>ds4 ,?us end$ ! ,republic ( ,islam4 ,up to ?is "t ! (fice ( ,caliph _h be5 elective & ! gov]nm5t ess5tially democratic4 ,! seat ( gov]nm5t 0 n[ mov$ f ,m$9a to ,damascus4 ,9 ! middle ( ! eigh? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era a great revolution took place 9 ,we/]n ,asia4 ,! revolt 0 head$ by a desc5dant ( ,abbas1 an uncle ( ! ,prophet1 & ! outcome ( x 0 t ! ,abbassides1 or memb]s ( ! family ( ,abbas1 e/abli%$ !mselves z ,caliphs1 & rul$ at ,bagdad f ! ye> #gef to ! ye> #abeh4 ,:5 ,bagdad 0 de/roy$ by ! ,mongols a memb] ( ! ,abbassides family escap$ to ,cairo1 :]e he 0 recognis$ z ,caliph by ! ,sultan ( ,egypt4 ,! eigh? ,caliph 9 succession f ?is man r5\nc$ ! ,caliphate 9 fav\r ( ,sultan ,salim1 ! great ,ottoman conqu]or1 & x is on ?is r5unciation t ! title ( ! ,sultan ( ,turkey to ! spiritual head%ip ( ,islam is bas$4 ,x w be se5 f ?is %ort /atem5t ( ! hi/ory t a great *ange took place 9 ,islam :5 ,husa91 ! desc5dant ( ! ,caliph ,ali & ( ,fatima1 ! ,prophet's daught]1 0 sla9 at ,k>bala1 on ! ,euphrates4 ,f t trag$y dates ! *ief division ( ,islam4 ,! ,%iah sect traces its f\ndation to ! ,caliph ,ali & ! imm$iate desc5dants ( ! ,prophet1 :o are reg>d$ z ! rightful expon5ts ( 8 tea*+4 ,"s tw5ty millions ( ! ,indian ,musulmans are ,%iahs1 & ,%iahism is also ! ,/ate religion ( ,p]sia4 ,!re are a l>ge numb] ( ,%iahs also 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,muhammadan _w1 b n[h]e1 except 9 ,p]sia1 a majority4 ,! ,%iahs are advocates ( ,apo/olic desc5t & l9eal succession to ! ,caliphate4 ,! o!r ( ! two great divisions ( ! ,musulmans are ! ,sunnis1 :o advocate ! pr9ciple ( election to ! ,caliphate4 ,almo/ all ! ,sunnis ackn[l$ge ! spiritual head%ip ( ! ,sultan ( ,turkey1 :o is1 ( c\rse1 repudiat$ by ! ,%iahs4 ,at ! pres5t "t ne>ly #ej millions ( ! ,musulmans ( ,india are ,sunnis1 & !re are ,sunni ,musulmans 9 ,*9a1 ,t>t>y1 ,afghani/an1 ,asiatic & ,european ,turkey1 ,arabia1 ,egypt1 ,nor!rn & ,c5tral ,africa1 ,bosnia1 ,h]zegov9a1 ,russia1 ,ceylon1 & ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,sid5ote3 #ch4 ,moh>am ,"t at ,agra4 ,sid5ote3 #ci4 ,! ,same4 ,sid5ote3 #dj4 ,! ,same4 ,sid5ote3 #da4 ,! ,same4 ,sid5ote3 #db4 ,! ,same4 ,sid5ote3 #dc4 ,%iahs bury+ ,tazias4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to und]/& ! significance ( ! anniv]s>y ( ! ,k>bala4 ,annually !re is held 9 ! ,muhammadan mon? ,moh>am a fe/ival 9 memory ( ! dea? ( ,husa94 ,! sc5es ( ! battle are reproduc$1 & ! tazia or tomb ( ,husa9 is c>ri$ 9 procession amid/ cries ( 8,hasan1 ,husa960 ,prop]ly1 ?is is a ,%iah fe/ival only1 b 9 ,india bo? ! ,sunnis & ,%iahs take "p 9 x4 ,"h are photographs repres5t+ ! fe/ival4 ,! tazias are pagoda-l /ructures1 made ( a v>iety ( mat]ials4 ,!y are c>ri$ 9 long procession ?r\gh ! t[n1 & f9ally ! little bi]s--repres5tative ( ! bi]s ( ,hasan & ,husa9--conta9$ inside ! tazias are buri$ at ! ,k>bala1 outside ! city4 ,we h fir/ a /reet view 9 ,agra %[+ ! cr[d at ,moh>am "t4 ,9 ! di/ance is ,agra ,=t4 ,next we h ?ree views ( ! procession ( ! tazias1 & !n a view ( ! ,k>bala beyond ! city1 :]e ! bi]s f ! tazias are buri$4 ,! ,%iahs1 h[ev]1 d n bury _! tazias 9 ! ,k>bala1 b on ! banks ( ! ,jumna4 ,"h we see !m 9 ! e>ly morn+ conduct+ ! c]emony ) mo/ solemn ritual4 ,sid5ote3 #dd4 ,fields ( ,:eat & ,b>ley4 ,sid5ote3 #de4 ,! ,public ,audi5ce ,hall1 ,fatehpur ,sikri4 ,sid5ote3 #df4 ,! ,great ,capital1 ,fatehpur ,sikri4 ,sid5ote3 #dg4 ,gate ( ,victory1 ,fatehpur ,sikri4 ,let u drive out f ,agra s\?we/w>d on ! road to ,fatehpur ,sikri1 ! city erect$ by ! ,emp]or ,akb>1 b ab&on$ by 8 successors 9 fav\r ( ,agra4 ,on ! way1 we note fields ( :eat & b>ley1 sep>at$ by an irrigation *annel4 ,we pass villages amid mango trees1 & occasional ru9s1 & arrive at ,fatehpur ,sikri4 ,!re we ent] ! great quadrangle & ! ,public ,audi5ce ,hall ( ! ,palace1 built ( r$ s&/one4 ,x 0 9 ?is hall t ,akb> us$ to sit on c]ta9 days to see p]sonally anyone :o _h grievances to lay be=e him4 ,notice 9 ! quadrangle ! /one pi]c$ ) a hole :i* is fix$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,crim9als 7 put to dea? by be+ trampl$ ^u by an elephant1 & to t r+ ! elephant 0 ti$4 ,we pass on to ! ,private ,audi5ce ,hall ( ,akb>1 ! ,diwan-i-,khas4 ,note ! huge capital ( ! column 9 ! c5tre4 ,tradition says t ,akb> us$ to sit on ! top ( ?is capital4 ,f9ally1 "h is ! magnific5t ,gate ( ,victory4 ,sid5ote3 #dh4 ,mausoleum ( ,akb>1 ,sik&ra4 ,sid5ote3 #di4 ,! ,same--a ,m>ble ,inscription4 ,sid5ote3 #ej4 ,! ,same--! ,cloi/]s4 ,we leave ,fatehpur ,sikri1 & drive back1 pa/ _m o!r tombs1 9 ! direction ( ! ,cantonm5t at ,agra until we come to ! burial place ( ,akb> at ,sik&ra4 ,?is is ! gateway ( ! great ,mausoleum4 ,notice ! cut m>ble inscriptions d[n ! sides ( ! ar*4 ,!y are quotations f ! ,koran4 ,"h is a cle>] photograph ( a "p ( ^! inscriptions1 & "h we h ! m>ble c\rt above ! tomb ( ,akb>4 ,r\nd ! ,cloi/]s are v]ses celebrat+ 8 greatness4 8,?9k n t ! sky w be s k9d z ,akb> 010 is ! t5or ( "o ( !m4 ,sid5ote3 #ea4 ,h>iki ,piri1 ,h>dw>4 ,sid5ote3 #eb4 ,s>wan ,na? ,temple1 ,h>dw>4 ,sid5ote3 #ec4 ,! ,same1 f above4 ,sid5ote3 #ed4 ,camels at ,h>dw>4 ,f9ally we w travel away to ,h>dw>1 "s two hundr$ miles due nor? ( ,agra4 ,x is on ! ,ganges1 at ! po9t :]e ! riv] leaves ! la/ foot hills ( ! ,himalayas & ent]s ! pla94 ,h>dw> is a great c5tre ( ,h9du pilgrimage = ! purpose ( ablution 9 ! sacr$ wat]s4 ,at ! annual fair are ga!r$ hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( wor%ipp]s4 ,s great has be5 ! cru% ( p endeav\r+ to ba! t on occasion _m h be5 trampl$ ^u & dr[n$4 ,! great day at ,h>dw> is t[>ds ! end ( ,m>*1 :5 ! ,h9du ye> beg9s1 & :51 accord+ to tradition1 ! ,ganges riv] fir/ appe>$ f its s\rce 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,!re 0 a t[n ( ,h>dw> m ?an a ?\s& ye>s ago1 b its anci5t build+s h disappe>$4 ,"h we h a view ( ! fam\s ,ba?+ ,ghat1 a comp>atively small flight ( /eps1 :]e ! riv] is consid]$ to be specially sacr$4 ,! wat] is pur] ?an at ,b5>es 9 ! pla94 ,x fl[s swiftly & is z cle> z cry/al4 ,ne> by we h a temple1 ! ,s>wan ,na?1 ) great /one elephants1 & "h is a second view ( ! same temple se5 f a neighb\r+ ro(4 ,notice ! ,trisul1 or bronze trid5t1 ! typical weapon ( ,siva1 ! ,de/roy]4 ,sid5ote3 #ee4 ,sacr$ ,c[ at ,h>dw>4 ,"h is a /r+ ( camels at ,h>dw>1 & !n a sacr$ c[--especially sacr$ because de=m$1 = a freak ( nature is miracul\s4 ,sid5ote3 #ef4 ,! ,road to ,mussoorie4 ,sid5ote3 #eg4 ,! ,same1 ,coolies c>ry+ ,baggage4 ,sid5ote3 #eh4 ,! ,same1 a ,tree across ! ,road4 ,sid5ote3 #ei4 ,mussoorie4 ,sid5ote3 #fj4 ,! ,himalayas f ,mussoorie4 ,n f> nor?w>d ( ,h>dw>1 among ! foot hills ( ! ,himalayas1 is ,mussoorie1 a hill /ation supplem5t>y to ,simla4 ,mussoorie is ab\t a mile above sea level4 ,we h two views tak5 on ! /eep m\nta9 road up to x2 ! second %[s coolies c>ry+ baggage4 ,9 ! next view we realise some?+ ( ! difficulties ( travel 9 ^! hill di/ricts ( mu* ra9fall1 = ! road is block$ by ! fall ( a great tree4 ,"h we h a view ( ,mussoorie itself1 & !n ! l&scape f ,mussoorie look+ t[>ds ! ,himalayan ranges to ! nor?4 ,close by1 b l[] d[n1 is ,dehra ,dun1 ! headqu>t]s ( ! ,gurkha ,rifles1 enli/$ f ,nepal1 & also ( ! ,imp]ial ,cadet ,corps1 a small tra9+ =ce consi/+ :olly ( ! sons ( rul+ *iefs4 ,we %all he> ( ! ,gurkhas aga9 9 connection ) ! def5ces ( ,india1 :i* w be ! subject ( ! next & conclud+ lecture ( ?is ,c\rse4 -------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,lecture ,,viii4 --- ,,! ,,nor?we/ ,,fronti]4 --- ,,! ,,sikhs4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,empire !re is b "o l& fronti] on :i* w>like prep>ation mu/ ev] be ready4 ,x is ! ,nor?we/ ,fronti] ( ,india4 ,true t !re is ano!r b\nd>y1 ev5 long]1 drawn across ! ,am]ican ,cont95t1 b !re1 =tunately1 only cu/oms h\ses are necess>y & an occasional police gu>d4 ,! ,nor?we/ ,fronti] ( ,india1 on ! o!r h&1 lies ?r\gh a region ^: inhabitants h be5 recruit$ ?r\gh\t ! ages by invad+ w>like races4 ,except = ! ,gurkha m\nta9e]s ( ,nepal1 ! be/ soldi]s ( ! ,indian ,army are d]iv$ f ! nor?we/1 f ! ,rajputs1 ! ,sikhs1 ! ,punjabi ,musulmans1 ! ,dogra m\nta9e]s nor? ( ! ,punjab1 & ! ,pa?an m\nta9e]s we/ ( ! ,punjab4 ,! prov9ces along ! fronti]1 & ! ,afghan l& imm$iately beyond x1 are ! "o region 9 all ,india f :i*1 "u "s ambiti\s lead1 ! attempt might be made to e/abli% a fre% imp]ial rule by ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,briti% ,raj4 ,x w\ld n be ! fre$om ( ,india :i* w\ld ensue1 b an ori5tal despotism & race dom9ation f ! nor?we/4 ,su* is ! tea*+ ( hi/ory1 & su* ! obvi\s fate ( ! less w>like peoples ( ,india1 %\ld ! p[] ( ,brita9 be brok5 ei!r by w>f>e on ! spot1 or by ! defeat ( our navy4 ,beyond ! nor?we/ fronti]1 moreov]1 at a great] or less di/ance are ! cont95tal ,p[]s ( ,europe4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,political ,map ( ,nor?we/ ,india4 ,! ,indian army & ! ,indian /rategical railways are !re=e organiz$ ) special ref]5ce to ! belt ( t]ritory1 ext5d+ f nor!a/ to s\?we/1 :i* lies beyond ! ,indian des]t & is trav]s$ f end to end by ! ,indus ,riv]4 ,?is fronti] belt divides naturally into two p>ts4 ,inl& we h ! ,punjab1 :]e ! riv]s1 em]g+ f _! m\nta9 valleys1 gradually close toge!r ?r\gh ! pla9 to =m ! s+le /ream ( ! l[] ,indus2 seaw>d we h ,s9d1 :]e ! ,indus divides into di/ribut>ies =m+ a delta4 ,s9d1 z already /at$1 is a "p ( ! ,bombay ,prov9ce1 ) :i* x is connect$ by sea f ! ,port ( ,k>a*i4 ,( late a railway has be5 con/ruct$ f ,ahmadabad 9 ! ma9 t]ritory ( ,bombay1 across ! s\!rn end ( ! ,des]t1 to ,hyd]abad at ! head ( ! ,indus delta4 ,! ,punjab is a sep>ate ,prov9ce ) its own ,lieut5ant-,gov]nor resid5t at ,lahore4 ,x 0 conqu]$ f ! ,sikhs by a ,briti% army bas$ on ,delhi1 & !re=e ultimately on ,calcutta4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,map ( ,l[] ,asia4 ,to und]/& ! significance ( ! ,nor?we/ ,fronti] ( ,india we mu/ look f> beyond ! imm$iate b\nd>ies ( ! ,empire4 ,we h "h a map ( ,l[] ,asia4 ,^u x we see a broad tract ( upl& :i*1 comm5c+ 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ext5ds ?r\gh ,arm5ia & ,p]sia to include ,balu*i/an & ,afghani/an4 ,!re is ?us "o cont9u\s belt ( plateau /ret*+ f ,europe to ! b\nd>y ( ,india4 ,! ea/]n end ( ?is belt1 t is to say1 ,p]sia1 ,afghani/an1 & ,balu*i/an1 is kn[n z ,iran4 ,on all sides save ! nor?we/ & ! nor!a/1 ! ,iranian plateau desc5ds abruptly to l[l&s or to ! sea4 ,s\?w>d & s\?we/w>d lie ! ,arabian ,sea & ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 & ! long l[l& :i* is trav]s$ by ! riv]s ,euphrates & ,tigris4 ,nor?w>d1 to ! ea/ ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 is ! broad l[l& ( ,turke/an1 trav]s$ by ! ,riv]s ,oxus & ,jax>tes1 dra9+ into ! ,sea ( ,aral4 ,ea/w>d is ! pla9 ( ! ,indus4 ,! def5ce ( ,india f invasion dep5ds 9 ! fir/ place on ! ma9t5ance ( ,briti% sea p[] 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf & along ! s\? coa/ ( ,balu*i/an1 & 9 ! second place on our refusal to all[ ! e/abli%m5t ( ali5 bases ( p[] on ! ,iranian plateau1 especially on ^? p>ts ( x :i* lie t[>ds ! s\? & ea/4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,map ( ! ,nor?we/ ,fronti]4 ,9 ! next map we h on a l>g] scale ! detail ( t "p ( ,iran :i* lies ne>e/ to ,india4 ,"h we see1 we/ ( ! ,punjab1 a great triangul> mass ( m\nta9 ridges :i* splay out we/w>d & s\?w>d f ! nor!a/4 ,^! ridges & ! int]v5+ valleys con/itute ,afghani/an4 ,fl[+ f ! ,afghan valleys we h on ! "o h& ! ,kabul riv]1 :i* desc5ds ea/w>d to ! ,indus1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! great] riv] ,helmund1 :i* fl[s s\?we/w>d into ! depress$ bas9 ( ,sei/an1 :]e x divides into _m *annels1 =m+ z x 7 an inl& delta f :i* ! wat]s are evaporat$ by ! hot air1 = !re is no op5+ to ! sea4 ,! valley ( ! ,kabul riv] on ! "o h&1 & ! oasis ( ,sei/an on ! o!r1 might 9 ! h&s ( an enemy become bases :]e9 to prep>e ! invasion ( ,india4 ,!re=e1 )\t annex+ ?is intricate & difficult upl&1 we h decl>$ x to be ! policy ( ,brita9 to exclude f ,afghani/an & f ,sei/an all =eign p[]4 ,fur!r exam9ation ( ! map w %[ t !re are two l9es1 & only two1 along :i* an invasion ( ,india might be conduct$4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! m\nta9s become v n>r[ j nor? ( ! head ( ! ,kabul ,riv]4 ,!re 9 fact a s+le ?\gh l(ty ridge1 ! ,h9du ,ku%1 is all t sep>ates ! bas9 ( ! ,oxus f t ( ! ,indus4 ,z we see f ! map1 l[ gr\nd is v ne> on ! two sides ( ! ,h9du ,ku%4 ,! way into ,india ov] ! passes ( ! ,h9du ,ku% is kn[n z ! ,khyb] r\te1 f ! "n ( ! la/ defile by :i* ! track desc5ds into ! ,indian ,pla94 ,if we n[ look "s five hundr$ miles to ! s\?we/ ( ,kabul1 we see t ! ,afghan m\nta9s come sudd5ly to an end1 & t a pa?way leads r\nd _! fr+e f ,h]at to ! ,indus ,bas91 pass+ along ! bord] ( ,sei/an4 ,f ,h]at to beyond ,k&ah>1 ?is way lies ov] an upl& pla9 & is easy1 b ! la/ "p ( ! j\rney is ?r\gh a m\nta9\s di/rict d[n to ! l[l& ( ! ,indus4 ,?is is ! ,bolan r\te1 s call$ f ! la/ gorge t[>ds ,india4 ,x w be notic$ t ! ,bolan r\te deb\*es ^u ! ,indus opposite to ! great ,indian ,des]t4 ,!re=e x is t ! ,khyb] r\te has be5 ! m frequ5t$4 ,x leads directly betwe5 ! des]t & ! m\nta9 foot1 ^u ! inn] gateway ( ,india at ,delhi4 ,we conqu]$ ! ,punjab f ! ,sikhs1 b = _m c5turies x _h be5 rul$ by ! ,musulmans4 ,9 ! break up ( ! ,mogul ,empire invad]s _h come1 dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 f ,p]sia & f ,afghani/an1 :o c>ri$ deva/ation ev5 z f> z ,delhi4 ,?us x 0 t ) relative ease ! ,sikhs z contempor>ies ( ! ,m>a?as e/abli%$ a dom9ion 9 ! helpless ,punjab4 ,!y ext5d$ _! rule also into ! m\nta9s ( ,ka%mir1 nor? ( ,lahore4 ,let u comm5ce our survey ( ! nor?we/ at ,dehra ,dun1 :i* is plac$ 9 a m\nta9 valley among ! foot hills ( ! ,himalayas1 n f> f ! hill /ation ( ,mussoorie1 ( :i* we he>d 9 ! la/ lecture4 ,!n f ,dehra ,dun we w travel two hundr$ miles nor?we/w>d1 cross+ ! ,beas1 "o ( ! five riv]s ( ! ,punjab1 to ,amrits>1 ! holy city ( ! ,sikhs4 ,fifty miles we/ ( ,amrits>1 on ! ,ravi1 ano!r ( ! ,indus tribut>ies1 is ,lahore1 ! traditional capital ( ! ,punjab4 ,f ,lahore onw>d we trav]se irrigat$ /rips ( f]tile gr\nd1 ) s&y pla9s int]v5+1 ) a scanty h]bage = a few camels4 ,!n foll[s a brok5 & m desolate c\ntry 9 ! nor? ( ! ,punjab4 ,s we come to ! ,indus itself1 & beyond ?is1 ne>ly ?ree hundr$ miles f ,lahore1 to ! milit>y /ation ( ,pe%aw>1 ! la/ ,indian city on ! great track lead+ nor?we/w>d f ,calcutta1 ?r\gh ,allahabad & ,delhi4 ,n f> f ,pe%aw> is ! ,khyb] ,pass4 ,! ,khyb] is protect$ by its own hill tribes4 ,we h enli/$ !m on ! side ( law & ord] by enroll+ !m into milit>y =ces1 j z ! ,scotti% ,highl&]s 7 enroll$ 9 ! ,briti% army 9 ! #ah? c5tury4 ,!n leav+ ,pe%aw> we w visit ,quetta1 "s five hundr$ miles s\?we/w>d1 & see !re ! second great c5tre ( ,briti% =ce on ! ,fronti]4 ,x has be5 e/abli%$ to comm& ! ,bolan r\te to ,k&ah> & ,h]at4 ,! :ole army 9 ,india is organis$ ) ref]5ce to ^! two po9ts1 ,pe%aw> & ,quetta1 or 9 o!r words1 ! ,khyb] & ! ,bolan4 ,!re are _m o!r passes 9 ! fronti] m\nta9s1 b !y (f] m]ely loopways f ! two ma9 r\tes4 ,sid5ote3 #d4 #ab? ,b5gal ,infantry4 ,sid5ote3 #e4 ,bombay ,m\nta9 ,batt]y4 ,sid5ote3 #f4 ,heavy ,batt]y 9 ,elephant ,draught4 ,! ,indian =ces are n[ gr\p$ into a ,nor!rn & a ,s\!rn army4 ,! ,nor!rn army is di/ribut$ s\!a/w>d f ,pe%aw> pa/ ,delhi & ,allahabad to ,calcutta1 s t all ! =ces along t long l9e may be reg>d$ z support+ ! brigades on ! ,khyb] front4 ,! ,s\!rn army is simil>ly po/$ = ! re9=cem5t ( ,quetta4 ,x is di/ribut$ 9 ! ,bombay ,presid5cy & imm$iately ar\nd4 ,! conditions ( ! def5ce ( ,india h ( c\rse be5 vitally *ang$ by ! con/ruction ( ! ,nor?we/]n ,railway f ! port ( ,k>a*i ?r\gh ! ,indus bas91 ) its two bran*es t[>ds ! ,bolan & ! ,khyb]4 ,to-day t def5ce c\ld be conduct$ ov] ! seas directly f ,brita9 ?r\gh ,k>a*i1 s t ! des]t ( ,rajputana w\ld lie betwe5 ! def5d+ =ces & ! ma9 community ( ,india )94 ,sid5ote3 #g4 #ah? ,p4 ,w4 ,tiwana ,horse4 ,sid5ote3 #h4 ,gurkha ,rifles3 ,physical ,drill4 ,sid5ote3 #i4 ,! ,same--,bayonet ,practice4 ,sid5ote3 #aj4 #cbnd ,m\nta9 ,batt]y1 ,advanc+ ,d[n ,hill4 ,sid5ote3 #aa4 ,! ,same--,retir+ ,up ,hill4 ,sid5ote3 #ab4 ,batt]y 9 ,action4 ,z we />t = ,dehra ,dun let u /op = a mom5t on ! ridge at ,delhi to see a squadron ( ! #ah? ,pr9ce ( ,wales's ,tiwana ,horse1 recruit$ p>tly f among ! ,sikhs & p>tly f ! ,musulmans4 ,!n at ,dehra ,dun we h ! ,gurkha ,rifles4 ,we see !m at physical drill & !n at bayonet practice4 ,at ! same place we visit a batt]y ( ,m\nta9 ,artill]y1 = ,dehra ,dun is 9 ! ,t]ai1 at ! foot ( ! ,himalayas4 ,m\nta9 batt]ies are mu* utilis$ 9 op]ations ov] ! brok5 & hilly c\ntry t[>ds ! ,nor?we/ ,fronti]4 ,! m5 are ,punjabis2 & x w be notic$ t ! guns are c>ri$ by mules4 ,"h we see ! batt]y advanc+ d[n hill1 & "h we see x retir+ up hill4 ,!n we h a m\nta9 gun 9 action4 ,f ,dehra ,dun we proce$ to ,amrits>1 ! *ief c5tre ( ! ,sikh religion1 :i* result$ f a re=mation ( ,h9duism 9 ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x is !re=e mod]n inde$ z comp>$ ) ! p>5t religion itself4 ,! ,sikhs ab&on$ idolatry1 & also di/9ctions ( ca/e4 ,! ^w ,sikh means 8disciple40 ,9 _! orig9 a religi\s sect1 ! ,sikhs develop$ into a p[]ful milit>y commonweal?1 :i* rose to great position 9 ! ,punjab & surr\nd+ l&s z ! ,mogul /r5g? decay$ at ,delhi4 ,! ,sikhs only succumb$ to ! ,briti% aft] two w>s1 f\ght 9 #ahdf & #ahdi1 :i* 7 among ! sev]e/ 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ,briti% ,india4 ,yet !y rema9$ loyal dur+ ! ,mut9y4 ,sid5ote3 #ac4 ,! ,causeway & ! ,gold5 ,temple1 ,amrits>4 ,sid5ote3 #ad4 ,! ,gold5 ,temple1 ,amrits>4 ,sid5ote3 #ae4 ,! ,akal ,bungah1 ,amrits>4 ,! ,emp]or ,akb> grant$ to ! ,sikhs a site = _! capital by ! %ore ( a sacr$ tank1 & ?is capital1 ,amrits>1 has n[ gr[n to be a city ( ov] #aej1jjj inhabitants1 ! ?ird mo/ weal?y & popul\s ( ! ,punjab4 ,x is surpass$ only by ,delhi & ,lahore1 & ,delhi has be5 includ$ 9 ! ,punjab only 9 rec5t times1 & = conv5i5ce ( adm9i/ration4 ,9 ?is view we see ! fam\s ,gold5 ,temple1 built 9 ! c5tre ( ! sacr$ tank4 ,! bridge across ! wat] lead+ to ! entry is ( m>ble4 ,! doors ( ! gateway are ( silv] )\t1 & on ! inn] side ( wood inlaid ) ivory4 ,! l[] "p ( ! walls ( ! temple itself are ( :ite m>ble inlaid ) jasp> & "m-(-pe>l1 b ! upp] "p is plat$ ) gild$ copp]4 ,9 ! middle ( ! temple1 "u a canopy1 is ! ,grant ,sahib1 ! sacr$ book ( ! ,sikhs1 cov]$ ) a clo? ( gold4 ,"h we h ano!r view ( ! ,gold5 ,temple se5 across ! tank1 & beh9d x is ! ,clock ,t[]4 ,opposite ! *ief entry to ! temple is a squ>e surr\nd$ by public build+s1 ( :i* ! mo/ important is ! ,akal ,bungah1 :]e9 are p]=m$ ! c]emonies ( initiation & inve/iture ( ! ,sikhs4 ,sid5ote3 #af4 ,s*ool ( ,sikh & ,h9du ,*ildr54 ,sid5ote3 #ag4 ,/reet ,sc5e1 ,amrits>4 ,sid5ote3 #ah4 ,/reet ,conjur]1 ,amrits>4 ,a few sc5es foll[ %[+ phases ( life at ,amrits>4 ,"h we see a "p ( ! tesselat$ pavem5t :i* surr\nds ! sacr$ tank1 & a s*ool ( ,h9du & ,sikh *ildr54 ,next is a /reet sc5e %[+ ! gateway lead+ to ano!r sacr$ tank1 & "h is a conjur] ) a cobra entw9$ ab\t 8 neck4 ,amrits> has to-day become an important manufactur+ city4 ,f raw mat]ials br\ght by ! ,khyb] r\te1 f ! c5tral ,asian m>kets1 are "h manufactur$ %awls ( ! fam\s ,ka%mir design1 & also f9e silks1 embroid]ies1 c>pets1 c>v+s1 & metal "w ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,sid5ote3 #ai4 ,lahore1 f ro( ( ,%i% ,mahal4 ,sid5ote3 #bj4 ,we/ ,gate1 ,jama ,masjid1 ,lahore4 ,let u n[ g on to ,lahore1 ! anci5t & ! mod]n capital ( ! ,punjab4 ,"h is a view tak5 f ! ro( ( ! ,%i% ,mahal1 or ,palace ( ,mirrors1 9 ! ,=t ( ,lahore1 look+ t[>ds ! s\?we/1 ov] ! ,jama ,masjid1 t[>ds ! ,riv] ,ravi1 on ^: left bank ! city /&s4 ,next is se5 ! f9e we/ gate ( ! ,jama ,masjid1 a mosque built by ! ,emp]or ,aurangzeb1 :i* conta9s relics ( ,muhammad4 ,sid5ote3 #ba4 ,zamzamah1 ,lahore4 ,sid5ote3 #bb4 ,s>ai1 ,lahore4 ,sid5ote3 #bc4 ,! ,same1 %[+ ,wazir ,khan's ,h\se4 ,sid5ote3 #bd4 ,old ,h\ses1 ,lahore4 ,d y rememb] 8,kim0 9 ,rudy>d ,kipl+'s book8 ,we h 9 ?is view ! ,zamzamah1 ! old gun "u ! tree on :i* ,kim sat 9 ! fir/ *apt]4 ,a/ride on its muzzle is an ur*91 j l :at ,kim mu/ h be54 ,"h is ! ,s>ai1 a quadrangle ab\t sixty y>ds squ>e1 ) r\nd ar*$ v]&ahs on all sides4 ,note ! well 9 ! c5tre4 ,next is ! actual h\se :]e ,wazir ,khan1 ,kipl+'s ,mahbub ,ali1 us$ to sleep4 ,beyond may be se5 horses br\ght = sale4 ,! ,s>ai belongs to-day to ! ,mah>aja ( ,ka%mir1 :o obta9s a rev5ue f ! fees paid by ! hors$eal]s us+ x4 ,ne> by we h a busy /reet sc5e1 %[+ old h\ses belong+ to ,h9du m]*ants4 ,sid5ote3 #be4 ,! ,c\rt ( ,ju/ice1 ,lahore4 ,sid5ote3 #bf4 ,mayo ,s*ool ( ,art1 ,lahore4 ,sid5ote3 #bg4 ,! same--,wood-work+4 ,sid5ote3 #bh4 ,! ,same--,metal-work+4 ,sid5ote3 #bi4 ,/atuette ( ,buddha4 ,at ,lahore !re are a numb] ( really h&some mod]n build+s4 ,we h 9 ?is view ! ,c\rt ( ,ju/ice1 situat$ 9 ! *ief /reet1 ! ,mall4 ,next is ! f9e build+ ( ! ,lahore ,s*ool ( ,art1 %[+ /ud5ts sket*+ out ( doors1 & !n a numb] ( ,punjabis 9 ! wood-work+ room ( ! s*ool4 ,"h is ! metal-work+ dep>tm5t4 ,at ! back ( ! room "s s5ior /ud5ts are f9i%+ a l>ge lamp 9 hamm]$ brass-"w1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds exhibit$ 9 ,london4 ,! ,lahore ,museum1 a corn] ( :i* we saw j n[ 9 ! view ( ! 8,kim0 gun1 is ano!r f9e build+1 conta9+ among o!r curiosities a /atuette ( ,buddha aft] 8 =ty-n9e days' fa/1 excavat$ at ,sikri ne> ,pe%aw>4 ,?is /atuette1 "s ?ree feet high & two feet broad1 is "o ( ! f9e/ examples ( anci5t sculpture f\nd 9 ,india4 ,x is c>v$ ) extreme delicacy & ref9em5t1 & is suppos$ to date back to ab\t ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,sid5ote3 #cj4 ,bridge ( ,boats ov] ! ,ravi1 ne> ,lahore4 ,sid5ote3 #ca4 ,jehangir's tomb4 ,we w drive out f ,lahore to ! we/ ( ! city on ! high road to ,pe%aw>4 ,we pass ! ,musulman cemet]y & ! ,h9du burn+ gr\nd1 & !n rea* ! banks ( ! ,ravi4 ,a bridge ( boats crosses ! riv] a little bel[ ! railway bridge4 ,"h we turn aside f ! ,pe%aw> road & rea* ,%ahd>a1 :]e is ! tomb ( ! ,emp]or ,jehangir4 ,9 ?is picture we h a close view ( "p ( x1 %[+ ! inlaid m>ble4 ,ne> by is ! ru9$ tomb ( ,jehangir's wife1 ,nur ,jehan4 ,x 0 probably nev] f9i%$1 & has be5 neglect$4 ,sid5ote3 #cb4 ,edw>des ,gate1 ,pe%aw>4 ,sid5ote3 #cc4 ,kissa ,kahani1 ,pe%aw>4 ,sid5ote3 #cd4 ,police ,/ation1 ,pe%aw>4 ,sid5ote3 #ce4 ,silk ,m>ket1 ,pe%aw>4 ,sid5ote3 #cf4 ,9 ! ,silk ,m>ket1 ,pe%aw>4 ,f ,lahore we travel by ! ,nor?we/]n ,railway to ,pe%aw>1 a di/ance ( ne>ly ?ree hundr$ miles4 ,pe%aw>1 z we h already le>n$1 is ! mo/ important g>rison city on ! ,nor?we/ ,fronti]1 & ! capital ( ! rec5tly creat$ ,nor?we/ ,fronti] ,prov9ce4 ,x has ab\t a hundr$ ?\s& inhabitants1 *iefly ,musulmans4 ,"h we see ! ,edw>des ,gate1 ) its f9e po9t$ ar*1 & pass+ ?r\gh x we ent] ! ,kissa ,kahani1 ! ,lomb>d ,/reet ( ,pe%aw>4 ,! ,edw>des ,gate may be se5 f )9 at ! end ( ! /reet4 ,"h is ! ,kotwali1 or ,police ,/ation1 & j )9 ! gateway ( ! ,kotwali is ! ,silk ,m>ket4 ,pe%aw> is a mo/ important comm]cial c5tre on ! great road f ,sam>k& & ,bokh>a 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 ?r\gh ,kabul & ! ,khyb]1 to ,lahore & ,delhi4 ,9 ! baza> we f9d repres5tatives ( _m ,asiatic races4 ,"h we see ske9s ( ,*9ese silk1 r$ & :ite & yell[1 hung out 9 ! sun to dry aft] be+ dy$4 ,ne> by are ! /alls ( bank]s & money-*ang]s1 :i* are sometimes raid$ by ! wild tribesm5 visit+ ,pe%aw> f ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,khyb] ,pass4 ,sid5ote3 #cg4 ,ghor ,khatri1 ,pe%aw>4 ,sid5ote3 #ch4 ,pe%aw> f ! ,ghor ,khatri1 look+ nor?4 ,sid5ote3 #ci4 ,! ,same1 look+ we/4 ,9 ! nor!a/]n corn] ( ,pe%aw> is ! fam\s ,ghor ,khatri1 :i* /&s on a piece ( ris+ gr\nd comm&+ a f9e view ov] ! :ole city4 ,"h is a "p ( ! build+1 ) a bullock c>t 9 front4 ,! ,ghor ,khatri 0 successively a ,buddhi/ ,mona/]y & a ,h9du temple1 & is n[ us$ z municipal (fices & z ! (ficial resid5ce ( ! ag5ts ( ! ,ame] ( ,afghani/an :5 !y visit ,pe%aw>4 ,we climb to ! ro( & look ^u ! city b5ea?4 ,a second view is 9 ! direction ( ,jamrud & ! ,khyb]4 ,sid5ote3 #dj4 ,gymna/ic ,class1 ,gov]nm5t ,high ,s*ool1 ,pe%aw>4 ,sid5ote3 #da4 ,l[e/ ,class1 same ,s*ool4 ,"h 9 ,pe%aw>1 on ! v bord] ( ,briti% rule1 x is int]e/+ to see ! progress ( we/]n education4 ,?is is ! ,gov]nm5t ,high ,s*ool4 ,a class is 9 ! playgr\nd "u gymna/ic in/ruction4 ,! boys are mo/ly ,musulmans1 ?\gh a few ,h9dus may be di/+ui%$ by _! caps 9 ! place ( turbans4 ,?is is ! l[e/ class ( ! s*ool1 & is be+ taught read+ & writ+ by a native ma/]4 ,notice t ! boys' %oes h be5 tak5 (f4 ,sid5ote3 #db4 ,jamrud4 ,sid5ote3 #dc4 ,khyb] ,rifles drill+4 ,sid5ote3 #dd4 ,khyb] ,rifles m>*+4 ,sid5ote3 #de4 ,zakka ,khel ,afridis4 ,sid5ote3 #df4 ,! ,s>ai1 ,jamrud4 ,sid5ote3 #dg4 ,c>avan1 ne> ,jamrud4 ,sid5ote3 #dh4 ,ali ,masjid4 ,sid5ote3 #di4 ,ali ,masjid1 ne>] view4 ,sid5ote3 #ej4 ,a ,subad>1 #ei? ,s9d ,rifles4 ,jamrud1 at ! imm$iate entrance to ! ,khyb]1 lies "s n9e miles we/ ( ,pe%aw>4 ,"h is a di/ant view ( x f ! ,pe%aw> road4 ,to ! "r c j be se5 ! ,=t1 & to ! left ,jamrud ,village4 ,next we see a company ( ! ,khyb] ,rifles1 photograph$ at ,jamrud1 & "h ! same company m>*+4 ,by way ( /rik+ contra/1 are a gr\p ( ! ,zakka ,khel ,afridis 9 _! native dress4 ,!y are ! raw mat]ial f :i* ! ,khyb] ,riflem5 are made4 ,typical wild tribesm5 ( ! hills1 !y h be5 enli/$ 9 ! ,briti% ,army to keep !m out ( mis*ief1 & also to assi/ 9 repell+ raids by _! fell[-tribesm51 :o cont9ue to dwell amid ! hill fa/nesses ( ! region4 ,! ,afridis1 ( :om ! ,zakka ,khel is a clan1 seem p]fectly well cont5t1 provid$ t !re is fight+1 :i* !y love = its own sake4 ,"h we see ! ,s>ai at ,jamrud1 :]e all c>avans go+ into ,india or return+ to ,c5tral ,asia halt = ! night4 ,! m5 9 ?is picture are mo/ly ,kabulis1 ) long-hair$ ,bactrian camels f ,c5tral ,asia1 /rong] & f9] ?an ! ,indian species4 ,^! camels are lad5 ) tea1 sug>1 & g5]al supplies4 ,outside ,jamrud we see a c>avan ( ,indian camels tak+ /ores back to ,pe%aw> aft] op]ations 9 ! ,khyb] aga9/ ! hill tribes4 ,beyond ,jamrud ! road ent]s ! ,khyb]1 ) ! sweep+ curve se5 9 ?is view4 ,! ,=t ( ,ali ,masjid1 ne>ly ?ree ?\s& feet above sea level1 cr[ns a /eeply slop+ hill on ! cre/ ( ! pa? betwe5 ,jamrud & ,l&i ,kotal1 :]e beg9s ! desc5t into ,afghani/an4 ,"h is a ne>] view1 ) ! t5ts ( an exp$ition>y =ce at ! foot ( ! ,=t4 ,x %[s ! cont9uation ( ! way 9 ! direction ( ,l&i ,kotal4 ,notice h[ /eep are ! cliffs & h[ n>r[ ! ,pass at ?is po9t4 ,b5ea? ! ,=t1 9 ! face ( ! hill1 are se5 caves 9 :i* dwell dur+ ! w9t] mon?s ! wild clan kn[n z ! ,ku*i ,khel4 ,f9ally1 we h a portrait1 pa9t$ 9 ! camp at ,ali ,masjid1 ( ,nas> ,khan1 a ,subad>1 or native (fic]1 ( ! #ei? ,s9d ,rifles4 ,we n[ leave ! ,khyb] region &1 foll[+ ! ,indus = "s six hundr$ miles1 we travel s\?w>d ?r\gh a l& :i* 0 n v long ago a des]t4 ,to-day1 z ! result ( a great inve/m5t ( ,briti% capital1 irrigation works h *ang$ ! :ole aspect ( ! c\ntry4 ,! prov9ces ( ! ,punjab & ,s9d h hi!rto be5 reg>d$ z significant *iefly 9 relation to ! def5ce ( ! ,nor?we/ ,fronti] ( ,india4 ,!y h n[ no less importance :5 consid]$ 9 _! economic developm5t4 ,! pla9 ( ! ,indus has become "o ( ! *ief :eatfields ( ! ,briti% ,empire1 = :eat is ! pr9cipal crop 9 ! ,punjab1 9 p>ts ( ,s9d1 & outside ! bas9 ( ! ,indus itself1 9 ! di/ricts ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces :i* lie ab\t ,agra4 ,! :eat production ( ,india on an av]age ( ye>s is five times z great z t ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 & ab\t half z great z t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 "o rec5t ye> at lea/1 ! export ( :eat f ,india to ! ,unit$ ,k+dom has exce$$ t f ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,! br[n wa/e ( ! pla9s ( ! ,punjab becomes aft] ! w9t] ra9s a wav+ sea ( gre5 :eat ext5d+ ov] ?\s&s ( squ>e miles4 ,cultivation n[ spreads f> beyond ! area )9 :i* ! ra9fall alone suffices4 ,! l[] ,punjab & ! c5tral /rip ( ,s9d h be5 conv]t$ into a second ,egypt4 ,?\gh ! navigation ( ! ,indus is naturally inf]ior to t ( ! ,ganges1 yet communication has be5 ma9ta9$ by boat f ! ,punjab to ! sea f ,greek times d[nw>d4 ,! ,indus flotilla ( /eamboats has1 h[ev]1 suff]$ fatally f ! competition ( ! ,nor?we/]n ,railway1 & ! :eat export$ f ,k>a*i is n[ almo/ :olly rail-borne4 ,sid5ote3 #ea4 ,! ,lansd[ne ,bridge4 ,sid5ote3 #eb4 ,! ,same4 ,sid5ote3 #ec4 ,khwaja ,khizir ,isl&4 ,runn+ s\?w>d ?r\gh ! f]tile /rip1 n v f> f ! left or we/]n bank ( ! riv]1 ! railway leaves ! ,punjab & ent]s ,s9d4 ,at ,rohri1 "o ( ! hotte/ places 9 all ,india 9 ! summ] "t1 a l9e bran*es nor?we/w>d to ,quetta & ,*aman1 on ! fronti] ( ,afghani/an4 ,sukkur /&s opposite to ,rohri on ! "r bank ( ! riv]1 & ! ,lansd[ne ,railway ,bridge betwe5 ^! two t[ns is p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable bridge 9 ,india4 ,x 0 built betwe5 #ahhg & #ahhi1 & ab\t ?ree ?\s& tons ( /eel & iron 7 employ$ 9 its con/ruction4 ,x is eight hundr$ & =ty feet 9 l5g?1 ) two magnific5t spans4 ,we see 9 ?is slide a view ( ! ,rohri end ( x1 tak5 f ,suttian1 an old nunn]y f\nd$ = wom5 :o pref]r$ seclusion r ?an ! fun]al pyre4 ,! ,h9du cu/om 0 to burn ! wife or wives ) ! husb&'s body1 until ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t int]v5$ to prev5t ! practice4 ,"o end ( ! t[n ( ,rohri1 ) its tall grey wattle & daub build+s1 c be se5 "u ! bridge4 ,a tra9 is ^u ! bridge1 & 9 front are "s ,pala fi%]s1 sail+ on metal *atties into :i* !y put ! fi% z !y cat* !m4 ,?is is ano!r view ( ! bridge se5 f ,rohri itself4 ,we are "h 9 ! v he>t ( ! ra9less region4 ,dur+ twelve ye>s !re h only be5 six %[]s at ,rohri6 ,a great eng9e]+ s*eme is n[ "u consid]ation = damm+ ! ,indus ne> ?is po9t s z to raise ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! upp] rea*es ( ! riv]4 ,9 ?is mann] ! irrigation canals w\ld be f$ n only 9 "t ( flood1 z at pres5t1 b 9 ! dry season z well4 ,ne> ,rohri1 9 ! middle ( ! ,indus *annel1 is ,khwaja ,khizir ,isl&1 on :i* /&s an anci5t ,h9du temple4 ,9 ! =egr\nd ( ! picture ne> ! wat]'s edge are ,s9di boatm5 m5d+ _! sails4 ,f ,sukkur1 pass+ ?r\gh ,%ik>pur & ,jacobabad1 ! railway trav]ses ! des]t to ! foot ( ! hills1 & !n asc5ds to ,quetta ei!r by ! ,ma%kaf--! actual l9e ( ! ,bolan hav+ be5 ab&on$--or by a long] loop l9e1 ! ,h>nai1 :i* runs to ! ,pe%9 valley4 ,! latt] is ! usual way4 ,by ! ,ma%kaf r\te ! l9e is c>ri$ ov] a b\ld]-/rewn pla9 ab\t half a mile broad 9 ! bottom ( a gorge ) /eeply ris+ heights on ei!r side4 ,"h & !re ! /rip ( l[] gr\nd is tr5*$ & split by deep canyons4 ,at fir/ ! l9e foll[s ! ,ma%kaf riv]1 & ! gradi5ts are n v sev]e1 b once ,hirok1 at ! s\rce ( ! ,bolan riv] is pass$1 a gradi5t ( "o 9 tw5ty-five beg9s1 & two p[]ful eng9es are requir$ to drag ! tra9 up4 ,! /eep b\nd+ ridges n[ close 9 on ei!r side ) cliffs ris+ almo/ p]p5dicul>ly to sev]al hundr$ feet4 ,occasional block-h\ses high up amid ! crags def5d ! ,pass4 ,sid5ote3 #ed4 ,! ,*app> ,rift4 ,sid5ote3 #ee4 ,! ,same4 ,! gradi5ts ( ! ,h>nai r\te are n q s /eep z ^? ( ! ,ma%kaf4 ,%\ld ei!r way be block$ or c>ri$ away by l&slips or floods ! o!r w\ld be available4 ,! ,h>nai l9e passes ?r\gh ! ,*app> ,rift1 a precipit\s gorge 9 a great mass ( lime/one4 ,9 ?is view we are approa*+ ! ,rift f ,mangi1 & !n we h a view look+ back f ! middle ( ! ,rift4 ,z w be se51 ! railway runs across high bridges & ?r\gh tunnels 9 ! m\nta9 masses4 ,sid5ote3 #ef4 ,native ,baza>1 ,quetta4 ,quetta occupies a v important /rategical position1 ab\t a mile above sea level1 9 ! mid/ ( a small pla9 surr\nd$ by great m\nta9 ridges ris+ to a height ( two miles & m4 ,irrigation works h be5 con/ruct$ 9 ! ,quetta pla91 :i* is n[ an oasis among des]t m\nta9s1 & has a population ( "s ?irty ?\s&1 includ+ _m ,afghans4 ,! ,ag5t ,g5]al = ,briti% ,balu*i/an resides !re4 ,! t[n1 ) its outpo/s1 is ( c\rse v /rongly =tifi$1 comm&+ z x does ! railways lead+ s\!a/w>d to ! ,indus1 & ! ,khojak ,pass lead+ nor?we/w>d to ,*aman & ,k&ah>4 ,"h we h a sc5e 9 ! native baza>1 ) ,h9dus p]=m+ a fe/ival dance4 ,sid5ote3 #eg4 ,/reet 9 ,*aman4 ,f ,quetta ! railway is c>ri$ nor?we/w>d1 ?r\gh ! ,khojak tunnel1 = ano!r hundr$ & tw5ty miles to ,*aman on ! fronti]1 :]e is a ,briti% outpo/4 ,"h is a /reet 9 ,*aman1 ) two old ,pa?ans4 ,*aman is at pres5t ! t]m9us ( ! railway4 ,! mat]ial is1 h[ev]1 kept ready = its cont9uation1 9 case ( ne$1 to ,k&ah>1 9 ,afghani/an1 sev5ty miles fur!r4 ,f ,k&ah> ?r\gh ,h]at to ! rail-head ( ! ,russian ,trans-,caspian ,railway is "s f\r hundr$ miles4 ,by ?is r\te1 did circum/ances all[1 a connection might be made1 giv+ ?r\gh railway communication betwe5 ,europe & ,india4 ,sid5ote3 #eh4 ,! ,proclamation ( ! ,que5-,empress at ! ,delhi ,durb>1 #a/ ,jan41 #ahgg4 ,at ?is la/ outpo/ ( ,briti% ,p[] we complete our j\rney ?r\gh ! great ,indian ,empire4 ,x 0 ) no int5tion ( ,empire t a few ,london m]*ants =m$ !mselves into an ,ea/ ,india ,company 9 ! days ( ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,x 0 ) no great =ce ( :ite soldi]s t ! conque/ 0 9 aft] c5turies effect$1 b by ! organisation ( ,indian /r5g? 9 a "t ( disord]1 due to ! d[nfall ( ! ,mogul ,empire at ,delhi4 ,prov9ce 0 add$ to prov9ce "u ! ,briti% ,raj ( no set design & ambition1 b = def5sive reasons "u ! ?reat ( ,fr5* or ,m>a?a or ,sikh rivalry4 ,9 ! great ,mut9y ! sy/em ( p[] & adm9i/ration1 ?us upbuilt almo/ casually1 0 te/$1 & x surviv$ ! te/1 b ) a fundam5tal *ange4 ,! ,ea/ ,india ,company 0 dissolv$1 & ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t made itself directly responsible = peace & ord] 9 ! ,indian ,cont95t4 ,! proclamation by :i* ,que5 ,victoria assum$ ! rule ( ,india solemnly promis$ t 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! c\ntry due reg>d %\ld be paid to ! anci5t rights1 usages1 & cu/oms ( ,india4 ,! *ange :i* 0 made 9 #aheh1 aft] ! ,mut9y1 0 complet$ 9 #ahgg1 :5 at a great durb> ( ! pr9ces ( ,india1 held at ,delhi1 ,que5 ,victoria 0 proclaim$ ,empress ( ,india4 ,sid5ote3 #ei4 ,! ,same4 ,! ,briti% ,raj 9 ,india is an organisation unp>allel$ 9 hi/ory1 = ! ,roman ,empire consi/$ ( prov9ces gr\p$ r\nd ! ,imp]ial ,city1 b ,brita9 is a qu>t] ( ! globe remov$ f ,india4 ,our p[] ultimately re/s on our comm& ( ! seas & on ! ju/ice ( our adm9i/ration4 ,:5 ei!r ( ^! fail1 ! ,briti% position 9 ,india w crumble4 ,)9 our duty ( ju/ice is includ$ ! g5]\s b firmly-direct$ readju/m5t ( ! me?ods ( ,indian gov]nm5t1 s z to adapt !m to ! n[ *ang+ conditions ( ori5tal society4 ,sid5ote3 #fj4 ,! ,same4 ,! responsibility = ,india is1 inde$1 a great "o4 ,x is idle to ask :e!r our =efa!rs %\ld h assum$ x4 ,we c\ld n )draw n[ )\t ?r[+ ,india into disord]1 & caus+ untold suff]+ among ?ree hundr$ million ( our fell[ human be+s4 ,yet ! adm9i/ration ( su* an ,empire calls = virtues 9 our race c]ta9ly n less ?an ^? ne$$ = our own self-gov]nm5t4 ,above all1 we require k ( ,india1 & sympa?y ) ! po9ts ( view begott5 ( ori5tal hi/ory4 --------------------- ,,li/ ,,( ,,vic]oys ,,( ,,india ,,s9ce ,,! ,,transf] ,,( ,,! ,,adm9i/ration ,,f ,,! ,,ea/ ,,india ,,company ,,to ,,! ,,cr[n ,,9 #aheh4 ,,visc\nt ,,cann+1 to #ahfb ,m>*1 ,,e>l ,,( ,,elg91 #ahfb-c ,,sir ,,john ,,lawr5ce1 #ahfd-i ,,e>l ,,( ,,mayo1 #ahfi-gb ,,"l ,,nor?brook1 #ahgb-f ,,"l ,,lytton1 #ahgf-hj ,,m>quess ,,( ,,ripon1 #ahhj-hd ,,e>l ,,( ,,duff]91 #ahhd-hh ,,m>quess ,,( ,,lansd[ne1 #ahhh-id ,,e>l ,,( ,,elg91 #ahid-ii ,,"l ,,curzon ,,( ,,k$le/on1 #ahii-aije ,,e>l ,,( ,,m9to1 #aije-aiaj ,,"l ,,h>d+e1 #aiaj --------------------- ,,note 7,i74--,_m ( ! arti/ic & o!r objects m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ pages c be bett] appreciat$ aft] a visit to ! ,indian ,museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,,note 7,,ii74--,! ?anks ( ! ,committee are due = a few ( ! slides to ,colonel ,fr$]ick ,firebrace1 ,r4,e41 ,manag+ ,director ( ! ,great ,indian ,p59sula ,railway ,company1 & to ,mr4 ,a4 ,l4 ,he!r+ton1 ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,additional l9e spac+ has be5 add$ be=e p>agraphs ) side notes to make m room = ! !m4 ,miss+ or obscur$ punctuation 0 sil5tly correct$4 ,typographical errors 7 sil5tly correct$4 ,inconsi/5t spell+ & hyph5ation 7 made consi/5t only :5 a pr$om9ant =m 0 f\nd 9 ?is book4 ,text t 0 9 italics is enclos$ by und]scores 7italics72 text t 0 bold by 8equal0 signs 7bold74