,! ,misuse ( ,m9d ,a ,/udy ( ,b]gson's ,attack on ,intellectualism by ,k>9 ,/eph5 ,=m]ly ,fell[ ( ,newnham ,college1 ,cambridge ,) a ,prefatory ,lett] by ,,h5ri ,,b]gson ,,london ,,kegan ,,paul1 ,,tr5*1 ,,trubn] ,,co41 ,,ltd ,,new ,,york3 ,,h>c\rt4 ,,brace ,,company4 ,,inc4 #aibb ,to ,pr(essor ,h5ri ,b]gson ,) respect & gratitude ,cont5ts ,,prefatory ,,note ,,preface ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,explanation ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,fact ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,matt] ,,& ,,memory ,,prefatory ,,note ,be+ an extract f a lett] by ,pr(essor ,h5ri ,b]gson ,ayant lu de prs le travail de ,mrs4 ,/eph5 je le tr\ve intressant au plus haut po9t4 ,c'e/ une int]prtation p]sonelle et orig9ale de l'ensemble de mes vues--int]prtation qui vaut p> elle-mme1 indp5damm5t de ce qui j' ai crit4 ,l'auteur s'e/ assimil l'esprit de la doctr9e1 puis1 se dgageant de la matrialit du texte elle a dvelopp sa manire1 dans la direction qu'elle avait *oisi1 des ides qui lui p>aissai5t fondam5tales4 ,grce la di/9ction qu'elle 8tablit entre 8 fact 8 et 8 matt]1 8 elle a pu ram5] l'unit1 et prs5t] avec une gr&e rigueur logique1 des vues que j'avais t oblig1 en raison de ma m?ode de re*]*e1 d'isol] les unes des autres4 ,bref1 son travail a une gr&e valeur2 il tmoigne d'une r>e =ce de p5se4 ,,h5ri ,,b]gson4 ,,preface ,! imm5se popul>ity :i* ,b]gson's philosophy enjoys is sometimes ca/ up aga9/ him1 by ^? :o d n agree ) him1 z a reproa*4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ,b]g-son's writ+s are welcom$ simply because !y (f] a !oretical ju/ification = a t5d5cy :i* is natural 9 all ( u b aga9/ :i* philosophy has always f\ght1 ! t5d5cy to ?r[ reason ov]bo>d & j let ourselves g4 ,b]gson is reg>d$ by rationali/s almo/ z a traitor to philosophy1 or z a ,bol%evik incit+ ! public to ov]?r[ :at x has tak5 ye>s ( pa9ful ef=t to build up4 ,x is possible t "s p :o d n und]/& ?is philosophy may use ,b]gson's "n z a cloak = giv+ up all self-direction & lett+ !mselves g intellectually to pieces1 j z hooligans may use a "t ( revolution to plund] 9 ! "n ( ! ,r$ ,gu>d4 ,b ,b]gson's philosophy is 9 reality z f> f tea*+ m]e laz9ess z ,communism is f be+ m]e de/ruction ( ! old social ord]4 ,b]gson attacks ! use to :i* we usually put our m9ds1 b he mo/ c]ta9ly does n sugge/ t a philosoph] %\ld n use 8 m9d at all2 he is to use x = all x is wor?1 only diff]5tly1 m effici5tly = ! purpose he has 9 view1 ! purpose ( kn[+ = its own sake4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 a s5se 9 :i* do+ any?+ 9 ! "r way is simply lett+ "o's self g1 = aft] all x is easi] to d a ?+ well ?an badly--x c]ta9ly takes mu* less ef=t to produce ! same am\nt ( result4 ,s to "k 9 ! way :i* ,b]gson recomm5ds does 9 a s5se come m easily ?an attempt+ to get ! k we want by inappropriate me?ods4 ,if ?is sav+ ( wa/e ef=t is a fault1 !n ,b]gson mu/ plead guilty4 ,b z ! field ( k op5 to u is f> too wide = any "o m9d to explore1 ! new me?od ( kn[+1 ?\gh x requires less ef=t ?an ! old to produce ! same result1 does n !reby let u (f m easily1 = ) a bett] in/rum5t x becomes possible to "w = a great] result4 ,x is n because x af=ds an excuse = laz9ess t ,b]gson's philosophy is popul> b because x gives expression to a feel+ :i* is v widespread at ! pres5t "t1 a di/ru/ ( sy/ems1 !ories1 logical con/ructions1 ! assumption ( premisses & !n ! acceptance ( ev]y?+ t foll[s logically f !m4 ,!re is a s5se ( impati5ce ) ?\ght & a ?ir/ = ! actual1 ! concrete4 ,x is because ! :ole drift ( ,b]gson's writ+ is an incitem5t to ?r[ ov] ab/ractions & get back to facts t s _m p read him1 hop+ t he w put into words & f9d an answ] to ! un=mulat$ d\bt t haunts !m4 ,x 0 9 ?is _s t ! writ] und]took ! /udy ( ,b]gson4 ,on ! fir/ read+ he appe>$ at once too p]suasive & too vague1 speci\s & unsatisfy+3 a clos] inve/igation reveal$ m & m a coh]5t !ory ( reality & a new & promis+ me?od ( inve/igat+ x4 ,! app>5t unsatisfactor9ess ( ! fir/ read+ arose f a failure to realize h[ entirely new & unfamili> ! po9t ( view is f :i* ,b]gson approa*es metaphysical speculation4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ,b]gson x is necess>y to adopt 8 attitude & t is j ! difficulty1 = 8 attitude is ! exact rev]se ( t :i* has be5 inculcat$ 9 u by ! traditions ( our language & education & n[ comes to u naturally4 ,?is common s5se attitude is bas$ on c]ta9 assumptions :i* are s famili> t we simply take !m = grant$ )\t expressly =mulat+ !m1 & inde$1 = ! mo/ "p1 )\t ev5 realiz+ t we h be5 mak+ any assumptions at all4 ,b]gson's pr9cipal aim is to direct our att5tion to ! reality :i* he believes we all actually "k already1 b mis9t]pret & disreg>d because we are biass$ by preconceiv$ ideas4 ,to d ?is ,b]gson has to (f] "s description ( :at ?is reality is1 & ?is description w be intelligible only if we are will+ & able to make a pr(\nd *ange 9 our attitude1 to lay aside ! old assumptions :i* und]lie our e day common s5se po9t ( view & adopt1 at lea/ = ! "t be+1 ! assumptions f :i* ,b]gson sets out4 ,?is book beg9s ) an attempt to give z precise an acc\nt z possible ( ! old assumptions :i* we mu/ disc>d & ! new ones :i* we mu/ adopt 9 ord] to und]/& ,b]gson's description ( reality4 ,to make ! complete rev]sal ( our ord9>y m5tal habits ne$$1 = und]/&+ :at ,b]gson has to say requires a v consid]able ef=t f anyone1 b ! feat is p]haps mo/ difficult ( all = ^? :o h c>efully tra9$ !mselves 9 habits ( rigor\s logical criticism4 ,9 attempt+ to describe :at we actually "k 9 ! ab/ract logical t]ms :i* are ! only means ( int]communication t human be+s possess1 ,b]gson is driv5 into p]petual self-contradiction1 inde$1 p>adoxical ?\gh x may s\nd1 unless he contradict$ himself 8 description c\ld n be a true "o4 ,x is easi] = ! ord9>y read] to pass ov] ! self contradictions1 h>dly ev5 be+ aw>e ( !m1 & grasp ! und]ly+ mean+3 ! tra9$ logician is at once pull$ up by ! nons5sical =m ( ! description & ! mean+ is lo/ 9 a welt] ( conflict+ words4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 is ! real reason :y "s ( ! mo/ brilliant intellectual ?9k]s h be5 able to make no?+ ( ,b]gson s philosophy3 baffl$ by ! self-contradictions into :i* he is necess>ily driv5 9 ! attempt to convey 8 mean+ !y h ha/ily assum$ t ,b]gson _h no mean+ to convey4 ,! object ( ?is book is to set out ! relation betwe5 explanations & ! actual facts :i* we want to expla9 & !reby to %[ exactly :y ,b]gson mu/ use self-contradictory t]ms if ! explanation ( reality :i* he (f]s is to be a true "o4 ,hav+ fir/ %[n :at attitude ,b]gson requires u to adopt ,i h gone on to describe :at he ?9ks ?is new way ( look+ at reality w reveal4 ,?is at once involves me 9 ! difficulty ) :i* ,b]gson wre/les 9 all 8 attempts to describe reality1 ! difficulty :i* arises f ! fundam5tal discrepancy betwe5 :at he sees ! actual fact to be & ! ab/ract notions :i* are all he has ) :i* to describe x4 ,i h attempt$ to %[ h[ x comes ab\t t we are 9 fact able to p]=m ?is app>5tly impossible feat ( describ+ ! indescribable1 us+ ,b]gson's descriptions ( s5sible p]ception & ! relations ( matt] & memory to illu/rate my po9t4 ,if we succe$ 9 ridd+ ourselves ( our common-s5se preconceptions1 ,b]gson tells u t we may expect to "k ! old facts 9 a new way1 face to face1 z x 71 in/ead ( see+ !m ?r\gh a web ( our own intellectual int]pretations4 ,i h n attempt$ to (f] any pro( :e!r or n ,b]gson's description ( reality is 9 fact true3 hav+ und]/ood ! mean+ ( ! description x rema9s = ea* ( u to decide = himself :e!r or n x fits ! facts4 ,,k>9 ,,/eph54 ,cambridge1 ,janu>y1 #aibb4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,explanation ,9 ord] to und]/& ,b]gson x is n necess>y to h any previ\s acqua9tance ) philosophy1 inde$ ! less ! read] kn[s ( curr5t metaphysical notions ! easi] x may p]haps be = him to adopt ! m5tal attitude requir$ = und]/&+ ,b]gson4 ,= ,b]gson says t ! tradition ( philosophy is all wrong & mu/ be brok5 )3 accord+ to 8 view philosophical k c only be obta9$ by 8a rev]sal ( ! usual "w ( ! intellect40#a #a ,introduction to ,metaphysics1 page #cd4 ,! usual "w ( ! intellect consi/s 9 analysis & classification3 if y h any?+ pres5t$ to y :i* y d n und]/& ! obvi\s "q to put y\rself is1 8:at is x80 ,suppose 9 a d>k room :i* y expect$ to f9d empty y /umble aga9/ some?+1 ! natural ?+ to d is to beg9 at once to try to fit y\r exp]i5ce into "s class already famili> to y4 ,y f9d x has a c]ta9 texture :i* y class z r r\gh1 a temp]ature :i* y class z w>m1 a size :i* y class z ab\t two feet high1 a peculi> smell :i* y recognise & y f9ally jump to ! answ] to y\r "q3 x is 8a dog40 ,?is intellectual op]ation is a sample ( ! way 9 :i* x comes natural to u to set to "w :5ev] we f9d ourselves confront$ ) any situation :i* we are n able to classify (f h&1 we are n easy till we c say :at ! situation is1 & say+ :at consi/s 9 hitt+ ^u "s class ) :i* we are already famili> to :i* x belongs3 9 ?is in/ance ! "q 0 answ]$ :5 y succe$$ 9 describ+ ! situation to y\rself z 8/umbl+ ^u a dog40 ,n[ y 7 only able to class :at 0 /umbl$ ^u z a dog aft] y _h recognis$ a c]ta9 numb] ( prop]ties z be+ ^? %>$ by dogs--! r\gh texture1 ! size1 ! smell4 ,y analys$ ! situation z conta9+ ^! qualities & !reupon classifi$ :at _h be5 /umbl$ ^u z a dog4 ,analysis & classification are ! two me?ods :i* we are accu/om$ to rely ^u = improv+ our k 9 unfamili> situations & we are accu/om$ to take x t !y improve our k ( ! :ole situation3 anyone :o said t aft] y 7 able to say :at y _h /umbl$ ^u y knew less ( ! :ole situation ?an y knew be=e w\ld f9d x difficult to get y to agree4 ,& yet ?is is v mu* ! position :i* ,b]gson takes up4 ,analysis & classification1 he w\ld admit1 are ! way to get m k1 ( a k9d2 !y enable u to describe situations & !y are ! />t+ po9t ( all explanation & pr$iction4 ,aft] analysis & classification y 7 able to say1 8,i h /umbl$ ^u a dog10 & hav+ got s f> y c\ld !n pass on to :atev] g5]al laws y knew ( z apply+ to ! classes into :i* y _h fitt$ ! situation1 & by means ( ^! laws /ill m ( ! situation c\ld be classifi$ & expla9$4 ,?us by means ( ! g5]al law1 8dogs lick10 y w\ld be furni%$ ) an explanation if p]haps y felt some?+ w>m & damp on y\r h&1 or aga9 k ( ?is law might lead y to expect su* a feel+4 ,:5 :at we want is to describe or to expla9 a situation 9 g5]al t]ms !n ,b]gson agrees t analysis & classification are ! me?ods to employ1 b he ma9ta9s t ^! me?ods :i* are useful = describ+ & expla9+ are no use = f9d+ out ! actual situation :i* we may want to describe or expla94 ,& he goes a /ep fur!r4 ,n only d ^! me?ods fail to reveal ! situation b ! intellectual attitude ( ab/raction to :i* !y accu/om u s]i\sly h&icaps u :5 we want n m]ely to expla9 ! situation b to "k x4 ,n[ x is ! bus9ess ( sci5ce to expla9 situations 9 t]ms ( g5]al laws & s ! intellectual me?od ( ab/ract-ion is ! "r "o = sci5ti/s to employ4 ,b]gson claims1 h[ev]1 t philosophy has a task q di/9ct f t ( sci5ce4 ,9 :atev] situation he f9ds himself a man may take up "o ( two attitudes1 he may ei!r adopt a practical attitude1 9 :i* case he w set to "w to expla9 ! situation 9 ord] t he may "k :at to d "u ! circum/ances1 or he may take a speculative int]e/ 9 x & !n he w devote himself to kn[+ x simply = ! sake ( kn[+4 ,x is only1 accord+ to ,b]gson1 9 ! =m] case1 :5 8 int]e/ is practical1 t he w atta9 8 object by us+ ! intellectual me?od ( ab/raction :i* proce$s by analysis & classification4 ,^! intellectual op]ations h su* pre/ige1 h[ev]1 !y h prov$ s successful 9 discov]+ explanations1 t we are apt to take x = grant$ t !y mu/ be ! be/ way to set1 to "w :atev] sort ( k we want3 we might almo/ be tempt$1 (f h&1 to imag9e t !y 7 our only way ( kn[+ at all1 b a mom5t's reflection w %[ t ?is1 at any rate1 w\ld be go+ too f>4 ,be=e we c analyse & classify & expla9 we mu/ h some?+ to analyse1 "s mat]ial to "w ^u3 ^! op]ations1 are bas$ ^u some?+ :i* we "k directly1 :at we see1 = in/ance1 or t\* or feel4 ,?is some?+ is ! f\ndation ( k1 ! intellectual op]ations ( analysis classification & ! fram+ ( g5]al laws are simply an attempt to describe & expla9 x4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( sci5ce to expla9 & intellectual me?ods are ! appropriate ones = sci5ce to employ4 ,b ! bus9ess ( philosophy1 accord+ to ,b]gson1 is n to expla9 reality b to "k x4 ,= ?is a diff]5t k9d ( m5tal ef=t is requir$4 ,analysis & classification1 in/ead ( increas+ our direct k1 t5d r to dim9i% x4 ,!y mu/ always />t f "s direct k1 b !y proce$1 n by wid5+ ! field ( ?is k b by leav+ out m & m ( x4 ,moreov]1 unless we are con/antly on ! al]t1 ! intellectual habit ( us+ all our direct k z mat]ial = analysis & classification ends by completely mislead+ u z to :at x is t we d actually "k4 ,s t ! bett] we expla9 ! less1 9 ! end1 we "k4 ,!re c be no d\bt t some?+ is directly kn[n b disputes break out z soon z we try to say :at t some?+ is4 ,is x ! 8real0 _w ( mat]ial objects1 or a m5tal copy ( ^! objects1 or are we altoge!r on ! wrong track 9 look+ = two k9ds ( realities1 ! 8real0 _w & 8our m5tal /ates10 & is x p]ceiv$ ev5ts alone t are 8real80 ,?is some?+ :i* we "k directly has be5 giv5 v>i\s names3 8! ext]nal object10 8s5se data10 8ph5om5a10 & s on1 ea* m or less col\r$ by implications belong+ to "o or o!r ( ! rival !ories z to :at x is4 ,we %all call x 8! facts0 to emphasise its indubitable reality1 & avoid1 z f> z possible1 any o!r implications4 ,controv]sy ab\t 8! facts0 has be5 ma9ly z to :at position !y occupy 9 ! total s*eme ( reality4 ,z to :at !y are at ! mom5t :5 we are actually be+ acqua9t$ ) !m "o w\ld h ?\ght !re c\ld h be5 no two op9ions2 x seems impossible t we %\ld make any mi/ake ab\t t4 ,no d\bt x is impossible to h su* a ?+ z a false exp]i5ce1 an exp]i5ce is :at x is1 only judgm5ts c be false4 ,b x is q possible to make a false judgm5t z to :at exp]i5ce we are actually hav+1 or1 /ill m commonly1 simply to take = grant$ t our exp]i5ce mu/ be su* & su*1 )\t ev] look+ to see :e!r x is or n4 ,a small *ild tak5 to a p>ty & told t p>ties are great fun if que/ion$ aft]w>ds w v likely say x has enjoy$ itself ?\gh1 if y happ5$ to h be5 !re1 y may h se5 cle>ly t x 0 really bewild]$ or bor$4 ,ev5 :5 we gr[ up names /ill h a t5d5cy to impose ^u u & disguise f u ! actual nature ( our exp]i5ces4 ,!re are n v _m p :o1 if invit$ to p>take1 = in/ance1 ( ! la/ bottle ( "s fam\s v9tage w9e1 w\ld h ! c\rage to admit1 ev5 to !mselves1 t x 0 na/y1 ev5 ?\gh x 01 9 fact1 consid]ably pa/ its prime4 ,cases ( ?is k9d1 ) :i* we are all famili>1 are en\gh to make u realize t x is actually q possible to make mi/akes ev5 ab\t facts :i* we "k directly1 to ov]look ! actual fact altoge!r because we h made up our m9ds 9 advance z to :at x is sure to be4 ,n[ ,b]gson says t su* errors are n conf9$ to /ray in/ances1 su* z we h notic$1 9 :i* ! imposition ( preconceiv$ ideas c readily be detect$ by a little clos] att5tion to ! actual facts4 ,he believes t a falsification due to preconceiv$ ideas1 runs "r ?r\gh ! :ole ( our direct exp]i5ce4 ,he lays ! blame bo? = ?is falsification & = our failure to detect x ^u our intellectual habit ( rely+ ^u explanation r ?an ^u direct k1 & t is "o ( ! reasons :y he says t our intellectual attitude is an ob/acle to direct k ( ! facts4 ,! intellectual me?od ( ab/raction by :i* we analyse & classify is ! f\ndation ( all description & explanation 9 t]ms ( g5]al laws1 & ! tru? is t we are1 z a rule1 mu* m preoccupi$ ) expla9+ ! facts :i* we "k ?an ) ! actual exp]i5c+ ( !m4 ,?is preoccupation is natural en\gh4 ,! b>e fact :i* we "k directly is n en\gh to enable u to c>ry on our ev]yday lives1 we _c get on unless we supplem5t x ) "s sort ( explanation &1 if x comes to *oos+ betwe5 fact & explanation1 ! explanation is (t5 ( m practical use ?an ! fact4 ,s x comes ab\t t we are incl9$ to use ! facts :i* we "k directly simply z mat]ial = con/ruct+ explanations & to pay s little att5tion to !m = _! own sakes t we simply take x = grant$ t !y mu/ be :at our explanations lead u to suppose !y are4 ,n[ accord+ to ,b]gson ! attitude ( m9d requir$ = expla9+ ! facts conflicts ) t :i* is requir$ = kn[+ !m4 ,f ! po9t ( view simply ( kn[+1 ! facts are all equally important & we _c af=d to discrim9ate1 b = explanation "s facts are v mu* m important ?an o!rs4 ,:5 we want to expla91 !re=e1 r ?an simply to "k1 we t5d to conc5trate our att5tion ^u ^! practically important facts & pass ov] ! re/4 ,= 9 ord] to describe & expla9 a situation we h to classify x1 & 9 ord] to d ?is we mu/ pick out 9 x prop]ties requir$ = memb]%ip ( "s "o or o!r ( ! classes kn[n to u4 ,9 ! situation :i* we orig9ally consid]$ by way ( illu/ration1 = in/ance1 y _h to pick out ! qualities ( r\ghness1 w>m? & s on1 9 ord] to classify :at y _h /umbl$ ^u z 8a dog40 ,n[ ! pick+ out ( ^! p>ticul> qualities is really an op]ation ( ab/raction f ! situation z a :ole3 !y 7 ! important features ( ! situation f ! po9t ( view ( classify+ :at y _h /umbl$ ^u1 b !y by no means exhau/$ ! :ole situation4 ,our preoccupation ) expla9+ ! facts1 !n1 leads u to treat :at we "k directly z s mu* mat]ial = ab/raction4 ,?is intellectual attitude1 z ,b]gson calls x1 ?\gh practically useful1 has1 accord+ to him1 two grave drawbacks f ! po9t ( view ( speculation4 ,by focuss+ our att5tion ^u any?+ less ?an ! :ole fact1 & s isolat+ a "p f ! re/1 he says we di/ort :at we knew orig9ally3 fur!rmore j 9 s f> z we make a selection among ! facts1 att5d+ to "s & pass+ ov] o!rs1 we limit ! field ( direct k :i* we might o!rwise h enjoy$4 ,= ^! two reasons ,b]gson insi/s t x is ! bus9ess ( philosophy to rev]se ! intellectual habit ( m9d & return to ! fulle/ possible direct k ( ! fact4 8,may n ! task ( philosophy1 8he says10 be to br+ u back to a full] p]ception ( reality by a c]ta9 displacem5t ( our att5tion8 ,:at w\ld be requir$ w\ld be to turn our att5tion away f ! practically int]e/+ aspect ( ! univ]se 9 ord] to turn x back to :at1 f a practical po9t ( view1 is useless4 ,& ?is conv]sion ( att5tion w\ld be philosophy itself40#b #b ,la ,p]ception du ,*angem5t1 page #ac4 #bd ,at fir/ sight x appe>s p>adoxical & absurd to ma9ta9 t our ef=ts to analyse1 classify & expla9 ! facts t5d r to limit ?an to ext5d our k1 & fur!rmore di/ort ev5 su* facts z we /ill rema9 acqua9t$ )4 ,common s5se has no d\bt t1 f> f limit+ & di/ort+ our k1 explanation is ! only possible way 9 :i* we c get beyond ! little scraps ( fact :i* are all t we c ev] "k directly4 ,if ! views ( common s5se on ?is "q 7 =mulat$1 :i*1 = ! mo/ "p1 !y are n1 !y w\ld be some?+ l ?is4 ,until we beg9 to ?9k ! facts :i* we "k directly are all muddl$ toge!r & confus$3 fir/ ( all x is necess>y to sort !m by pick+ out qualities f ! g5]al confusion 9 :i* !y are at fir/ conceal$4 ,x is possible t dur+ ?is process1 :i* is :at is call$ analysis1 we may be oblig$1 at fir/1 to ov]look "s ( :at we already "k 9 a vague sort ( way1 b ?is insignificant loss is comp5sat$ by ! cl>ity ( :at rema9s1 & is1 9 any case1 only tempor>y4 ,= z ! analysis proce$s we gradually replace ! :ole ( ! orig9al m]e muddle by cle> & def9ite ?+s & qualities4 ,at fir/ we may be able to di/+ui% only a few qualities "h & !re1 & our preoccupation ) ^! may possibly lead u1 = a "t1 to pay insuffici5t att5tion to ! re/ ( ! muddle :i* we "k directly b h n yet succe$$ 9 analys+4 ,b :5 ! analysis is complet$ ! di/9ct ?+s & qualities :i* we %all !n "k w conta9 all t we orig9ally knew1 & m besides1 s9ce ! analysis w h reveal$ mu* t 0 orig9ally conceal$ or only implicit 9 ! orig9al unanalys$ fact4 ,if1 = in/ance1 y look at a v mod]n pa9t+1 at fir/ :at y are directly aw>e ( may be little m ?an a confus$ sight3 bye & bye1 z y g on look+1 y w be able to di/+ui% col\rs & %apes1 "o by "o objects may be recognis$ until f9ally y may be able to see ! :ole picture at a glance z compos$ ( f\r or five diff]5t col\rs arrang$ 9 def9ite %apes & positions4 ,y may ev5 be able to make out t x repres5ts a human figure1 or a l&scape4 ,common s5se w\ld tell y t if y\r analysis is complete ^! col\rs & %apes w exhau/ ! :ole ( :at y orig9ally knew & moreov] t 9 ! c\rse ( x mu* w h be5 discov]$ :i* orig9ally y c\ld h>dly be said to h kn[n at all1 s t analysis1 f> f limit+ y\r direct k1 w h add$ to x consid]ably4 ,/>t+1 !n1 orig9ally1 f a v meagre /ock ( direct k1 analysis1 accord+ to ! common s5se view1 by discov]+ m & m qualities1 builds up = u m & m direct k4 ,b]gson beg9s j ! o!r way up4 ,he />ts f ! idea ( a :ole field ( direct k va/ly m ext5d$ ?an ! actual facts ( :i* we are normally aw>e z mak+ up our direct exp]i5ce4 ,he calls ?is :ole field ( k 8virtual k40 ,?is field ( virtual k conta9s ! :ole ( ! actions & reactions ( matt] 9 :i* our body has its "p at any mom5t1 ! multitude ( /imulations :i* actually assail ! s5ses b :i* we normally disreg>d1 toge!r ) all ! responses by :i* our bodies adju/ !mselves to ^! /imulations1 &1 9 addition1 ! :ole ( our pa/4 ,= ,b]gson ! problem is to expla91 n h[ we increase our direct k1 b h[ we limit x3 n h[ we rememb]1 b h[ we =get4 8,our k10 he says1 8f> f be+ built up by a gradual comb9ation ( simple elem5ts1 is ! result ( a %>p dissociation4 ,f ! inf9itely va/ field ( our virtual k we h select$1 to turn into actual k1 :atev] conc]ns our action ^u ?+s2 ! re/ we h neglect$4 ,! bra9 appe>s to h be5 con/ruct$ on purpose = ?is "w ( selection4 ,x is easy en\gh to %[ t ?is is s 9 ! case ( memory4 ,our pa/1 z we %all %[ 9 ! next lecture1 is necess>ily pres]v$1 automatically4 ,x survives 9 its entirety4 ,b x is to our practical int]e/ to put x aside1 or at any rate only to accept j s mu* ( x z c m or less usefully ?r[ light on ! pres5t situation & complete x4 ,! bra9 enables u to make ?is selection3 x mat]ialises ! useful memories & keeps ^? :i* w\ld be ( no use bel[ ! ?re%old ( consci\sness4 ,! same ?+ may be said ( p]ception3 p]ception is ! s]vant ( action & out ( ! :ole ( reality x isolates only :at int]e/s u2 x %[s u n s mu* ! ?+s !mselves z :at we c make ( !m4 ,9 advance x classifies !m1 9 advance x arranges !m2 we b>ely look at ! object1 x is en\gh = u to "k to :at category x belongs40#c #c ,la ,p]ception du ,*angem5t1 pages #ab & #ac4 #bg ,accord+ to ,b]gson ! facts :i* we actually "k directly 9 ! ord9>y c\rse are discrim9at$ out ( a v mu* wid] field :i* we mu/ also be said 9 a s5se to "k directly ?\gh mo/ ( x lies outside ! cle> focus ( att5tion4 ,?is :ole field ( virtual k is reg>d$ z /&+ to ! actual facts to :i* we usually devote our att5tion1 mu* z1 = in/ance1 ! :ole situation ( /umbl+ ^u some?+ 9 a d>k room /ood to ! s+le quality ( r\ghness3 9 bo? cases !re is a c5tral po9t 9 ! full focus ( att5tion :i* we are apt to look ^u z ! fact directly kn[n1 b ?is c5tral po9t is really surr\nd$ by a va/ly wid] context & ?is too is kn[n 9 "s s5se ?\gh x is commonly ignor$4 ,= all philosophies1 :e!r !y be ,b]gson's or ! view ( common s5se or any o!r1 ! actual facts :i* require to be expla9$ are ! same1 &1 ?\gh any positive ass]tion z to :at ^! facts are may be hotly disput$1 x w probably be admitt$ t z we ord9>ily "k !m !y consi/ 9 "s direct exp]i5ce1 und5iable z f> z x goes4 ,! po9t at issue betwe5 ,b]gson & common s5se is1 precisely1 h[ f> x does g4 ,bo? sides w\ld admit t1 9 ?is fact directly kn[n1 :at is 9 ! full focus ( att5tion at any giv5 mom5t is v limit$2 on ! o!r h& bo? w\ld admit t ?is fully focuss$ fact is set 9 a context1 or fr+e1 ) no cle>ly def9$ limits :i* also goes to make up ! :ole fact directly kn[n ?\gh we d n usually pay mu* att5tion to x4 ,! fact directly kn[n be+ giv5 ! problem is to f9d out :at x is & h[ x comes to be kn[n4 ,:at is actually giv5 & ne$s to be acc\nt$ = is ! fact cle>ly focuss$1 ) its less cle>ly def9$ fr+e3 ,b]gson's sweep+ assumption ( ! exi/5ce ( a fur!r va/ field ( virtual k 9 ord] to acc\nt = x1 does1 at fir/ sight1 seem arbitr>y & unw>rant$ & 94 ne$ ( consid]able ju/ification be=e x c be accept$4 ,= him ! problem !n becomes1 n to acc\nt = our kn[+ z mu* z we d1 b to see :y x is t we d n "k a great deal m3 :y our actual k does n cov] ! :ole field ( our virtual k4 ,common s5se1 on1 ! o!r h&1 sets out f ! assumption ( ignorance1 abs5ce ( aw>5ess1 z be+1 z x 71 natural & n ne$+ any acc\nt+ =1 & s x reg>ds ! problem z be+ to expla9 :y any exp]i5ce ev] occurs at all4 ,! assumption ( ignorance z be+ ! natural ?+ seems at fir/ sight to ne$ no ju/ification1 b ?is may well be due m]ely to our hav+ gr[n accu/om$ to ! common s5se po9t ( view4 ,:5 "o beg9s to "q ?is assumption x beg9s to appe> j z arbitr>y z ! contr>y /&po9t adopt$ by ,b]gson4 ,! actual facts are nei!r ignorance nor full k & 9 acc\nt+ = !m x is really j z arbitr>y to assume "o ( ^! two extremes z ! o!r4 ,! tru? appe>s to be t 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! facts "o mu/ make "s assumptions1 & ^!1 n be+ facts actually giv51 are b\nd to be m or less arbitr>y4 ,!y seem m or less 8natural0 accord+ z we are m or less accu/om$ to ! idea ( !m1 b !y are really ju/ifi$ only accord+ to ! success ) :i* !y acc\nt = ! actual facts4 ,?is idea ( putt+ ! problem ( k 9 t]ms exactly ! rev]se ( ^? 9 :i* x seems 8natural0 to put x 0 orig9ally sugge/$ to ,b]gson by 8 /udy ( ! important "w on amnesia c>ri$ out by ,*>cot & 8 pupils1 & also by su* evid5ce z 0 to be _h at ! "t :5 he wrote on ! curi\s memory ph5om5a reveal$ by ! use ( hypnotism & by cases ( spontane\s dissociation4 ,x is impossible to prove exp]im5tally t no exp]i5ce is ev] de/roy$ b x is becom+ m & m firmly e/abli%$ t enorm\s numb]s ( pa/ exp]i5ces1 :i* are inaccessible to ord9>y memory & :i* !re=e x w\ld seem 8natural0 to suppose de/roy$1 c1 if ! "r me?ods are employ$1 be reviv$ ev5 ) amaz+ fullness ( detail4 ,9 rec5t ye>s s9ce ,b]gson's books 7 fir/ publi%$1 great /rides h be5 made 9 ! exp]im5tal inve/igation ( ! :ole subject ( memory1 & ! evid5ce ?us obta9$1 f> f upsett+ ! !ory ( memory sugge/$ to him by ! less ext5sive evid5ce :i* 0 available at ! "t :5 he wrote1 l5ds x /rik+ support4 ,x appe>s to be accept$ by doctors :o use hypnotism 9 psy*o!rapy t "u hypnotism _m pati5ts c p]fectly well be tak5 back 9 memory to any p]iod ( _! lives :i* ! doctor *ooses to ask =1 & c be made n only to rememb] vaguely a few incid5ts :i* occurr$ at ! "t b actually to re-live ! :ole p]iod 9 ! fulle/ possible detail1 feel+ ov] aga9 ) halluc9atory vividness all ! emotions exp]i5c$ at ! "t4 ,?is re-liv+ ( pa/ exp]i5ce c1 ) "s pati5ts1 be made to g on indef9itely1 ?r\gh ! :ole day1 if ! doctor has "t to att5d to x1 e little incid5t be+ fai?fully recall$ ?\gh ! actual ev5t may h tak5 place #bj or #cj ye>s previ\sly4 ,& ?is happ5s n simply 9 ! case ( "s v /rik+ ev5t or great crisis :i* ! pati5t has be5 ?r\gh1 inde$ x is j ! /rik+ ev5ts t are (t5 h>de/ to recov]4 ,"s doctors1 9 ord] to get at ! crisis1 h f\nd x useful occasionally to put pati5ts back ?r\gh "o bir?day aft] ano!r "r back ev5 z e>ly z _! second ye>1 to see at :at po9t 9 _! lives "s p>ticul> n]v\s symptom fir/ appe>$1 & ea* successive bir?day is liv$ ?r\gh aga9 9 ! utmo/ detail4#d #d ,see ,psy*ology & ,psy*o!rapy by ,dr4 ,william ,br[n4 ,evid5ce ( ?is k9d does n1 ( c\rse1 prove t lit]ally no?+ is ev] lo/ b x goes f> t[>ds upsett+ ! ord9>y view t x is ! rule = pa/ exp]i5ce to be annihilat$ & ! exception = fragm5ts "h & !re to be pres]v$ 9 memory4 ,! evid5ce :i* has s f> be5 collect$ & :i* is rapidly accumulat+ at lea/ seems to ju/ify u 9 rev]s+ ?is rule & say+ r t to be pres]v$ is ! rule = exp]i5ce & to be lo/ w\ld be ! exception1 if inde$ any exp]i5ce ev] really is lo/ at all4 ,?is way ( reg>d+ ! field ( memory is fur!r support$ by su* evid5ce z has be5 collect$ ) reg>d to ! influ5ce ( pa/ exp]i5ce 9 dreams1 phobias & v>i\s =ms ( insanity1 b 9 ^! cases1 ( c\rse1 x is only isolat$ pa/ exp]i5ces "h & !re ^: activity c be obs]v$1 & s1 :ile help+ to upset ! mo/ natural assumption t :atev] _c be recall$ by ord9>y ef=ts ( memory may be assum$ to h be5 de/roy$1 !y d n l5d v mu* support to ! wid] view put =w>d by ,b]gson1 t no exp]i5ce1 h[ev] trivial1 is ev] de/roy$ b t all ( x is includ$ 9 ! field out ( :i* memory makes its practical selection4 ,tak+ all ! evid5ce ) reg>d to ! pres]vation ( pa/ exp]i5ce :i* is at pres5t available1 !n1 x is safe to say t1 :ile x _c1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 absolutely prove ,b]gson's !ory ( k1 x 9 no way conflicts ) x & ev5 supports x1 positively 9 ! s5se t ! !ory does fit ! facts well en\gh to expla9 !m 7?\gh x goes fur!r ?an ! actual facts & makes assumptions :i* c nei!r be prov$ nor disprov$ by an appeal to !m7 & negatively 9 ! s5se t :at we n[ "k ab\t memory actually conflicts ) ! 8natural0 view t pa/ exp]i5ce :i* we are unable to recall has be5 de/roy$1 :i* is commonly appeal$ to to %[ ! absurdity ( ! rival !ory put =w>d by ,b]gson4 ,on ! assumption :i* ,b]gson makes ( a mu* wid] field ( direct k ?an t :i* conta9s :at we are accu/om$ to reg>d z ! actual facts :i* we "k directly1 ,b]gson's problem becomes h[ to acc\nt = ^! facts be+ s mu* less ?an ! :ole field :i* we might h expect$ to h kn[n4 ,! answ]1 accord+ to him1 is to be f\nd 9 our practical ne$ ( be+ prep>$ 9 advance = :at is to come1 at :atev] sacrifice ( direct k ( pa/ & pres5t facts4 ,= practical purposes x is ess5tial to use pres5t & pa/ facts z signs ( :at is com+ s t we may be ready = x4 ,to ?is end x is f> m important to "k ! g5]al laws accord+ to :i* facts occur ?an to exp]i5ce ! facts !mselves 9 _! fullness4 ,our intellectual habits :i* prompt u to set to "w at once 9 e unfamili> situation to analyse & classify x fit u = discov]+ ^! laws3 9 s f> z we are intellectual we incl9e to reg>d facts ma9ly z mat]ial = arriv+ at descriptions :i* !mselves =m ! mat]ial out ( :i*1 by a fur!r intellectual ef=t1 explanations are fram$ 9 t]ms ( g5]al laws1 :i* we ne$ to "k if we are to be ready = :at is go+ to happ54 ,n[ ^! laws are g5]al laws apply+ to :ole classes ( facts ( "o k9d1 or ano!r4 ,facts1 !re=e1 only =m mat]ial = discov]+ laws 9 s f> z !y c be classifi$ into k9ds4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 classify+ a fact is call$ analysis & consi/s 9 discov]+ common qualities :i* ! fact possesses4 ,accord+ to ,b]gson ! discov]y ( common qualities 9 a fact consi/s simply 9 le>n+ to ov]look ev]y?+ 9 t fact except ! respects 9 :i* x c be said to be ( ! same k9d1 & s to belong to ! same class1 z o!r facts4 ,f> f add+ to our direct k1 z common s5se supposes1 he holds t analysis consi/s 9 %utt+ our eyes to ! individuality ( facts 9 ord] to dwell only ^u :at !y h 9 common ) "o ano!r4 ,/>t+1 !n1 f ! wid] field ( k :i* he assumes ,b]gson expla9s h[ we rea* ! limit$ facts1 :i* are all t we ord9>ily "k1 by say+ t ^! facts are arriv$ at by selection out ( ?is mu* wid] field4 ,x is n ! dis9t]e/$ love ( k t det]m9es h[ mu* we %all actually att5d to3 our selection f ! :ole field ( :at facts we w att5d to is det]m9$ by ! press+ ne$ ( be+ prep>$ 9 advance = ! facts :i* are to come4 ,we att5d only to s mu* ( ! :ole ( :at is1 9 "s s5se1 directly kn[n to u z w be useful = fram+ ! g5]al laws :i* enable u to prep>e 9 advance = :at is com+4 ,?is practical utility expla9s :y analysis & classification seem to u to be ! obvi\s way ( deal+ ) :at we "k4 ,! "w ( ab/raction by :i*1 treat+ ! facts directly kn[n z s mu* mat]ial = fram+ explanations1 we pass f ^! actual facts to ! g5]al laws :i* expla9 !m1 falls into f\r /ages1 & at ea* /age1 accord+ to ,b]gson1 z we g fur!r & fur!r f ! orig9al fact directly kn[n1 ! two vices ( ! intellectual me?od1 limitation & di/ortion ( ! actual fact1 become m & m app>5t4 ,/>t+ f ! fact directly kn[n1 ! fir/ ?+1 z we h se51 is to le>n to di/+ui% common qualities :i* x %>es 9 common ) "s1 b n all1 o!r facts2 ! next ?+ is to classify x by fitt+ x into ! fur!r gr\ps to :i* ^! v>i\s qualities entitle x to belong4 ,! mom5t a quality has be5 di/+ui%$ 9 a fact t fact has be5 fitt$ into a class1 ! class :i* consi/s ( all ! facts 9 :i* t quality c be di/+ui%$4 ,?us1 9 our orig9al illu/ration1 :5 y fir/ di/+ui%$ w>m?1 etc41 y 7 beg9n+ to fit y\r fact into classes3 :5 y p]ceiv$ w>m? y fitt$ x into ! class ( w>m objects1 & x 0 ! same ) ! o!r qualities ( r\ghness1 size & smell4 ,?is fitt+ ( facts into classes accord+ to ! common qualities di/+ui%$ 9 !m might be call$ a prelim9>y classification1 b we %all use ! t]m analysis = ?is prelim9>y gr\p+ ( facts accord+ to _! qualities1 keep+ ! t]m classification = ! next /ep1 :i* y took :5 y realiz$ 8?is is a dog10 :i* consi/s 9 ! discov]y n ( m]e disconnect$ qualities b ( 8real ?+s40 ,j z e quality1 su* z 8w>m0 or 8hairy0 or 8sweet0 or 8cold0 is a class ( actual facts1 s e 8real ?+0 su* z 8a dog0 or 8an ice cream0 is a class ( qualities4 ,?us a quality is once1 & a 8real ?+0 is twice1 remov$ f actual fact1 & ! m en]getically we pursue ! intellectual "w ( ab/raction ! fur!r we get f ! fact itself f :i* we began4 ,! po9t ( gr\p+ facts into classes1 :e!r by analys+ !m into qualities or classify+ !m into 8real ?+s10 is t we c !n apply to ! p>ticul> fact all t we "k to be true 9 g5]al ( :atev] belongs to ^! v>i\s classes3 9 a ^w1 once we h fitt$ a fact into a class we c apply to x all ! g5]al laws :i* are kn[n to apply to t class4 ,common s5se1 z we saw1 tells u t :5 we di/+ui% qualities 9 any giv5 fact we obta9 full] k ?an 0 giv5 9 ! m]e unanalys$ fact1 & ?is k is suppos$ to become full] /ill :5 we g on to classify ^! qualities into 8real ?+s40 ,b]gson1 on ! contr>y1 says t common qualities are arriv$ at by leav+ out mu* ( ! fact orig9ally kn[n1 :ile ea* successive /age 9 ! process ( ab/raction by :i* we expla9 facts1 ?\gh x enables u to apply m & m g5]al laws1 yet leaves out m & m ( ! actual fact itself4 ,analysis beg9s ?is :ittl+ away ( ! actual fact by conf9+ our att5tion to qualities :i* d n exhau/ ! :ole cont5t ( ! actual fact4 ,at ?is prelim9>y /age1 h[ev]1 ?\gh we conc5trate our att5tion on ! quality1 we /ill rema9 aw>e ( ! :ole fact 9 :i* ! quality has its sett+4 ,classification c>ries ! "w ( limitation a /age fur!r4 8,?+s0 are a /age fur!r remov$ f actual fact ?an qualities are s9ce1 :ile qualities are classes ( facts1 8?+s0 are only classes ( qualities4 ,= classification into 8?+s0 !re=e only ! qualities 9 a fact w be ( any use1 & s1 :5 we h rea*$ ! /age ( classification1 we ne$ no long] burd5 our att5tion ) ! actual facts !mselves 9 _! entirety1 we ne$ pay att5tion only to ! qualities :i* di/+ui% "o gr\p f ano!r1 ,= ! purpose ( classification into 8?+s0 ! quality c /& = ! :ole fact3 ?us1 z ,b]gson po9ts out1 we beg9 to lose contact ) ! :ole fact orig9ally kn[n1 s9ce all ! re/ ( x except ! respects 9 :i* x c be analys$ w h5ce=? t5d to be ignor$4 ,! ?ird /age 9 expla9+ facts 9 t]ms ( g5]al laws is call$ induction & consi/s 9 obs]v+ & =mulat+ ! relations ( 8?+s40 8,?+s0 are relat$ to ea* o!r ?r\gh _! qualities4 ,qualities d n give u ! :ole fact1 because1 :5 we h di/+ui%$ qualities1 we are incl9$ to conc5trate our att5tion on ! quality at ! exp5se ( ! re/ ( ! fact2 nev]!less :ile we att5d to actual qualities we h n lo/ contact ) fact altoge!r4 ,induction1 :i* consi/s 9 fram+ g5]al laws ( ! relations ( 8?+s10 ?\gh x does n involve att5tion to ! :ole fact1 does at lea/ dem& att5tion to qualities1 & s1 :ile we are occupi$ ) induction1 we d /ill keep t\* ) fact to "s ext5t4 ,once ! relations ( qualities h be5 obs]v$ & =mulat$1 h[ev]1 we ne$ no long] att5d to any "p ( ! fact at all4 ,in/ead ( ! actual qualities we n[ take symbols1 words1 = example1 or lett]s1 or o!r signs1 & ) ^! symbols we make = ourselves diagrams ( ! relations 9 :i* we h obs]v$ t ! qualities :i* !y repres5t h /ood to ea* o!r4 ,?us we might use ! words 8lightn+ be=e ?und]0 or fir/ an ,l & !n a ,t1 to express ! fact t 9 a /orm we usually obs]ve ! quality ( fla%+ be=e ! quality ( rumbl+4 ,su* laws d n actually reveal new facts to u1 !y c only tell u1 provid$ we actually "k a fact belong+ to a giv5 class1 to :at o!r class facts :i* we %all "k bye & bye w belong4 ,?us1 once we h classifi$ facts z belong+ to two classes1 daylight & d>kness1 & h obs]v$ ! inv>iable alt]nation ( facts belong+ to ^! classes1 !n1 :5ev] we "k directly facts :i* c be class$ z daylight1 we c pr$ict1 accord+ to our law ( ! alt]nation ( ! two classes1 t bye & bye ^! facts w give place to o!rs :i* c be class$ z d>kness & t bye & bye ^! 9 _! turn w be replac$ by facts :i* c aga9 be class$ z daylight4 ,! practical value ( be+ able to make ev5 su* elem5t>y pr$ictions z ^! is obvi\sly enorm\s1 & ?is value increases z appli$ sci5ce1 :i* is built up simply by ! =mulation ( m & m compreh5sive g5]al laws ( ?is type1 wid5s ! field ( facts :i* c be expla9$4 ,once ! laws are kn[n1 moreov]1 we are able to say to :at class ! facts mu/ h belong$ :i* prec$$ a fact ( any giv5 class j z easily z we c say to :at class ! facts :i* are to foll[ x w belong4 ,?us1 giv5 a fact :i* c be class$ z daylight1 we c inf]1 by means ( ! law ( ! alt]nation ( ! classes daylight & d>kness1 n only t facts :i* c be class$ z d>kness w foll[ bye & bye1 b also t facts ( t class mu/ h gone be=e4 ,9 ?is way we c expla9 ! causes ( all classifiable facts equally ) _! effects & s bridge ov] ! gaps 9 our direct k by creat+ a unifi$ plan ( ! int]relations ( all ! classes to :i* facts c belong4 ,by means ( ?is plan we c expla9 any fact 7t is classify its causes & effects71 provid$ we c fit x into "o or o!r ( ! kn[n classes4 ,?is aga9 is ( enorm\s practical use because1 :5 we "k to :at class pres5t facts mu/ belong if !y are to be foll[$ by ! class ( facts :i* we want1 or n to be foll[$ by ^? :i* we d n want1 we c arrange our pres5t facts accord+ly4 ,b]gson w\ld n ?9k ( d5y+ t ?is intellectual me?od1 9 :i* facts are us$ z mat]ial = ab/raction1 is ( ! utmo/ practical use = expla9+ facts & s enabl+ u to control !m4 ,he sugge/s1 h[ev]1 t our preoccupation ) ^! useful ab/ractions1 classes & _! relations1 misleads u z to ! facts !mselves4 ,:at actually takes place1 he ?9ks1 is a k9d ( sub/itution ( ! explanation = ! fact :i* 0 to be expla9$1 analog\s ) :at happ5s :5 a *ild at a p>ty1 or a gue/ at d9n]1 is misl$ ab\t 8 actual s5sations1 only ?is sub/itution ( :i* ,b]gson speaks1 be+ habitual1 is mu* h>d] to see ?r\gh4 ,explanation1 z we h se51 consi/s 9 con/ruct+ a plan or map 9 t]ms ( su* ab/ractions z classes & _! relations1 or sometimes1 :5 ! ab/raction has be5 c>ri$ a /ep fur!r1 9 t]ms simply ( words or symbols1 by means ( :i* we repres5t ! causal relations betwe5 su* ( ! actual directly kn[n facts z c be classifi$4 ,?is plan is m compreh5sive & complete ?an ! actual facts :i* we "k directly 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s1 = :i* x /&s1 & x enables u to expla9 ^! facts 9 t]ms ( ! classes ( causes f :i* !y foll[1 & ! classes ( effects :i* !y produce4 ,no explanation1 ( c\rse1 c actually acqua9t u directly ) ! real antec$5t or consequ5t facts !mselves3 x c only tell u to :at classes ^! facts mu/ belong4 ,! t]ms ( ! plan by :i* we expla9 ! facts1 ! classes1 = in/ance1 daylight & d>kness1 & _! relation ( alt]nation1 or ! words or symbols :i* /& = classes & relations are n !mselves facts b ab/ractions4 ,we _c ?9k 9 t]ms ( actual facts3 ! intellectual activity by :i* we =mulate g5]al laws c only "w among ab/ractions1 & 9 ord] to expla9 a fact we are oblig$ to sub/itute = x ei!r a class or ^w or o!r symbol4 ,all description & explanation ( facts consi/s 9 sub/itutions ( ?is k9d4 ,! explanation applies provid$ ! ab/raction is bas$ on fact1 t is1 provid$ x is possible to fit ! fact to :i* ! explanation is int5d$ to apply into ! class employ$ to expla9 x3 ! g5]al law1 = in/ance1 ab\t ! alt]nation ( ! classes daylight & d>kness w expla9 any facts :i* c be fitt$ into "o or o!r ( ^! classes1 or aga9 g5]al laws ab\t dogs1 su* z 8dogs lick0 w apply to :atev] fact belongs at once to all ! simpl] classes1 8w>m10 8r\gh10 8( a c]ta9 size1 & smell10 out ( :i* ! class 8dog0 is con/ruct$4 ,! g5]al law itself1 h[ev]1 does n consi/ ( su* facts b ( ab/ractions sub/itut$ = ! facts !mselves4 ,su* sub/itution is extremely useful & p]fectly legitimate s long z we keep firm hold ( ! fact z well1 & are q cle> ab\t :at is fact & :at only symbol4 ,! dang] is1 h[ev]1 t1 be+ preoccupi$ ) describ+ & expla9+ & hav+ us$ ab/ractions s successfully = ^! purposes1 we may come to lose our s5se ( fact altoge!r & fail to di/+ui% betwe5 actual facts & ! symbols :i* we use to expla9 !m4 ,?is1 inde$1 is j :at ,b]gson ?9ks really does happ54 ,no d\bt an intellig5t physici/ is p]fectly aw>e t ! vibrations & wave l5g?s & electrons & =ces by :i* he expla9s ! *anges t take place 9 ! mat]ial _w are fictions1 & does n confuse !m ) ! actual facts 9 :i* 8 actual k ( ! mat]ial _w consi/s4 ,b x is mu* m d\btful :e!r he di/+ui%es betwe5 ^! actual facts & ! common s5se mat]ial objects1 su* z lumps ( lead1 pieces ( wood1 & s on1 :i* he probably believes he kn[s directly b :i* are really only ab/ractions d]iv$ f ! facts 9 ord] to expla9 !m j z mu* z 8 own vibrations & wave l5g?s4 ,:5 a sci5ti/ frames a hypo!sis he employs ! intellectual me?od ( sub/itution ) full consci\sness ( :at he is ab\t2 he recognises t its t]ms are ab/ractions & n facts4 ,b ! intellectual me?od ( expla9+ by sub/itut+ g5]al ab/ractions = p>ticul> facts is n conf9$ to sci5ce4 ,all description & explanation1 f ! fir/ uncritical assumptions ( common s5se "r up to ! late/ sci5tific hypo!sis employs ! intellectual me?od ( sub/itut+ ab/ractions = actual facts4 ,! common s5se _w ( ?+s1 ev5ts1 qualities1 m9ds1 feel+s1 & s on1 9 :i* we all pass our e day lives is an e>ly & some:at crude attempt to describe ! cont9ually *ang+ fact :i* ea* ( u exp]i5ces directly1 b x is p]haps m mislead+ ?an ! lat] elaborate con/ructions ( *emi/ry1 physics1 biology or phys*ology 9 t ?+s & qualities are m easily mi/ak5 = facts ?an m obvi\sly hypo!tical assumptions4 ,b]gson po9ts out t ! v>i\s ?+s ( :i* ?is common s5se _w consi/s1 solid tables1 gre5 grass1 ang]1 hope1 etc41 are n facts3 ^! ?+s1 he insi/s1 are only ab/ractions4 ,!y are conv5i5t = enabl+ u to describe & expla9 ! actual facts :i* ea* ( u exp]i5ces directly1 & !y are bas$ ^u ^! facts 9 ! s5se ( be+ ab/ract$ f !m4 ,! objection to !m is t we are too mu* incl9$ to take x = grant$ t ^! ?+s & qualities & ev5ts actually are facts !mselves1 & 9 s do+ to lose sight ( ! real facts altoge!r4 ,9 support ( 8 view t ?+s hav+ qualities 9 successive relations are m]e ab/ractions ,b]gson po9ts out t :5ev] we /op to exam9e :at x actually is t we "k directly we c see at once t ?is fact does n consi/ ( ?+s & qualities at all3 ?+s & qualities are cle>ly m>k$ (f "o f ano!r12 !y *ange z a s]ies ( di/9ct t]ms1 b 9 :at we "k directly !re are no cle> cut di/9ctions & s no s]ies4 ,! assumption :i* we usually make t ! facts mu/ consi/ ( su* ?+s z ev5ts & qualities & mat]ial objects is n bas$ ^u ! evid5ce ( direct k3 we make ! assumption t ! facts mu/ be ( ?is k9d simply because !y c be expla9$ 9 ^! t]ms4 ,x is true t !re is "s correspond5ce betwe5 ! actual facts & ! common s5se _w ( solid tables & s on1 & we usually jump to ! conclusion t ?is correspond5ce w\ld n be possible unless ! facts _h common qualities4 ,!re is no d5y+ t facts c be classifi$ & x seems only natural to take x = grant$ t :atev] c be classifi$ mu/ %>e "s quality ) :atev] belongs to ! same class1 t1 inde$1 x is j on acc\nt ( all %>+ ! same common quality t facts c be classifi$ z be+ all ( ! same k9d4 ,?us common s5se takes x = grant$ t all facts :i* c be classifi$ z r$1 & s expla9$ by all ! g5]al laws :i* we "k ab\t ! relation ( r$ ?+s to o!r ?+s1 mu/ %>e a common quality ( r$ness4 ,x seems only natural to make ?is assumption because we are s us$ to mak+ x1 b if we /op to exam9e ! facts :i* we "k directly we discov] t !y d n be> x out1 & we are gradually driv5 to ! conclusion t x is q unw>rant$4 ,x is only bit by bit1 z we gradually accu/om ourselves to d\bt+ :at we h be5 accu/om$ to take = grant$1 t we realize h[ ill ?is assumption fits ! facts4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,fact ,common s5se />ts out ) ! assumption t :at we "k directly is su* ?+s z trees1 grass1 ang]1 hope & s on1 & t ^! ?+s h qualities su* z solidity1 gre5ness1 unpleasantness & s on1 :i* are also facts directly kn[n4 ,x is n v difficult to %[ t1 if we exam9e ! facts :i* we "k directly1 we _c f9d 9 !m any su* ?+s z trees1 grass1 or m9ds1 ov] & above ! v>i\s qualities :i* we say belong to !m4 ,i see "o col\r & y see ano!r3 bo? ( !m are col\rs belong+ to ! grass b nei!r ( u c f9d any?+ among ! facts kn[n to him correspond+ to ?is grass1 reg>d$ z some?+ ov] & above its v>i\s qualities1 to :i* ^? qualities are suppos$ to belong4 ,?is drives common s5se back unto its second l9e ( def5ce :]e x takes up ! mu* /rong] position ( ass]t+ t1 :ile trees1 grass1 m9ds1 etc41 are n among ! facts directly kn[n1 _! qualities ( solidity1 gre5ness1 etc41 are4 ,x is usual to add t ^! qualities are signs ( real trees1 grass1 etc41 :i* exi/ indep5d5tly b are only kn[n to u ?r\gh _! qualities4 ,x is mu* h>d] to attack ?is position1 b its weakness is be/ expos$ by consid]+ *ange z we "k x directly1 & comp>+ ?is ) *ange z repres5t$ 9 t]ms ( qualities4 ,*ange1 :5 repres5t$ 9 t]ms ( qualities1 =ms a s]ies 9 :i* diff]5t qualities are /rung toge!r "o aft] ! o!r by ! aid ( temporal relations ( be=e & aft]4 ,! *ange p]ceiv$ :5 we look at ! spectrum w\ld ?us h to be describ$ 9 t]ms ( a s]ies ( col\rs1 r$ be=e orange1 orange be=e yell[1 yell[ be=e gre51 & s on4 ,we might c]ta9ly g into great] detail ?an ?is1 di/+ui%+ any numb] ( %ades 9 ea* ( ! col\rs m5tion$1 b ! description w\ld /ill h to be giv5 9 ! same =m1 t ( a s]ies ( diff]5t col\rs1 or %ades ( col\r1 /rung toge!r by relations ( be=e & aft]4 ,n[ ! fact :i* we "k directly does n *ange s3 x =ms a cont9u\s becom+ :i* is n made up ( any numb]1 h[ev] great1 ( fix$ /ages4 ,:5 we want to repres5t ?is *ang+ fact 9 t]ms ( qualities we h to put toge!r a s]ies ( qualities1 su* z r$1 orange1 etc41 & !n say t 8! col\r0 *anges f "o ( ^! to ano!r4 ,we pret5d t !re is 8a col\r0 :i* is n itself ei!r r$ or gre5 or orange or blue1 :i* *anges into all ^! diff]5t col\rs "o aft] ano!r4 ,x is n v difficult to see t ?is ab/ract col\r :i* is nei!r r$ nor orange nor gre5 nor blue is n a fact b only an ab/raction :i* is conv5i5t = purposes ( description3 x is n q s easy to see t ?is criticism applies equally to ea* ( ! sep>ate col\rs1 r$1 orange1 etc41 & yet a little att5tion %[s t ^! also are really no?+ b ab/ractions4 ,) ref]5ce to ! :ole *ang+ fact :i* is kn[n directly ?r\gh any p]iod ! *ange 9 respect ( col\r is cle>ly an ab/raction4 ,b j z !re is no 8col\r0 ov] & above ! r$1 ! orange1 ! gre51 etc41 :i* we say we see1 s !re is really no 8r$10 8orange10 8gre510 ov] & above ! *ang+ process ) :i* we are directly acqua9t$4 ,ea* ( ^!1 ! r$1 ! orange1 & s on1 j l ! ab/ract 8col\r10 is simply a fictiti\s /age 9 ! process ( *ang+ :i* x is conv5i5t to ab/ract :5 we want to describe ! process b :i* does n itself occur z a di/9ct "p 9 ! actual fact4 ,*ange1 z we "k x directly1 does n g on betwe5 fix$ po9ts su* z ^! /ages :i* we ab/ract1 x goes on imp>tially1 z x 71 ?r\gh ! suppos$ /ages j z mu* z 9 betwe5 !m4 ,b ?\gh fix$ /ages are n ne$$ to enable *ange to occur1 simply z a fact1 !y are ne$$ if we are to describe *ange & expla9 x 9 t]ms ( g5]al laws4 ,qualities are assumptions requir$1 n 9 ord] t *ange may take place1 b 9 ord] t we may describe1 expla91 & s control x4 ,su* p>ticul> qualities z r$ & gre5 are really no m facts directly kn[n ?an su* /ill m g5]al1 & s m obvi\sly fictiti\s notions z a col\r :i* is ( no p>ticul> %ade1 or a table1 or a m9d1 ap>t f its qualities or /ates4 ,all ^! fix$ ?+s are alike ab/ractions requir$ = expla9+ facts directly kn[n b n occurr+ z actual p>ts ( ^? facts or /ages 9 _! *ange4 ,?us x appe>s t ! common s5se _w ( ?+s & qualities & ev5ts is 9 ! same position1 ) reg>d to ! actual facts directly kn[n z sci5tific hypo!ses su* z =ces1 electrons1 & s on1 9 _! v>i\s relations3 none ( ^! actually =m p>ts ( ! fact1 all ( !m are ab/ractions f ! fact itself :i* are useful = expla9+ & s controll+ x4 ,common s5se /ops %ort at ?+s & qualities & ev5ts2 sci5ce c>ries ! ab/raction fur!r1 t is all ! diff]5ce3 ! aim 9 bo? cases is ! same1 ! practical "o ( expla9+ & s controll+ facts directly kn[n4 ,9 bo? cases ! me?od employ$ is ! intellectual me?od ( ab/raction :i* beg9s by discrim9at+ )9 ! :ole field directly kn[n 9 fav\r ( j s mu* z w enable u to classify x & ignor+ ! re/1 & !n proce$s to confuse ev5 ?is select$ am\nt ( ! actual fact ) ! ab/ract classes or o!r symbols 9 t]ms ( :i* x is expla9$4 ,we h j se5 h[ ! result1 ! worlds ( common s5se or sci5ce1 diff] f ! actual facts 9 ! way 9 :i* !y *ange3 ^! worlds ( ab/ractions repres5t *ange z a s]ies ( fix$ /ages unit$ by temporal relations1 :ile ! actual fact =ms a cont9u\s process ( becom+ :i* does n conta9 any su* fix$ po9ts1 z /ages 9 relations4 ,! m we %ake ourselves free f ! common s5se & sci5tific bias t[>ds sub/itut+ explanations = actual facts ! m cle>ly we see t ?is cont9u\s process ( *ang+ is ! v ess5ce ( :at we "k directly1 & ! m we realize h[ unlike su* a cont9u\s process is to any s]ies ( /ages 9 relation ( succession4 ,! unsatisfactor9ess ( su* descriptions is no new discov]y3 ! logical difficulties connect$ ) ! attempt to describe *ange 9 t]ms ( s]ies ( successive ?+s or ev5ts h be5 famili> s9ce ! "t :5 ,z5o inv5t$ ! fam\s dilemma ( ,a*illes' race ) ! tortoise4 ,ma!maticians h be5 9 ! habit ( tell+ u t ^! difficulties dep5d simply on ! fact t we imag9e ! s]ies ( positions at :i* ,a*illes & ! tortoise f9d !mselves f mom5t to mom5t z f9ite3 ! device ( ! inf9ite s]ies1 !y say1 satisfies all ! requirem5ts ne$$ = repres5t+ *ange & solves all ! logical difficulties :i* arise f x4 ,b]gson's difficulties1 h[ev]1 _c be solv$ 9 ?is way = !y are n bas$ ^u ! discov]y ( logical absurdities b ^u ! discrepancy betwe5 ! description & ! fact4 ,:at he ma9ta9s is t ! description ( *ange 9 t]ms ( an inf9ite s]ies ( /ages leaves out ! *ange altoge!r4 ,z5o's logical dilemma z to h[ ,a*illes c\ld ev] cat* up ) ! tortoise provid$ ! tortoise 0 giv5 a />t1 h[ev] small1 may be c\nt]$ by ! +5uity ( ! ma!maticians' inf9ite s]ies4 ,b]gson's difficulty turns on a "q ( fact1 n ( logic1 & _c be s met4 ,he solves ! problem simply by d5y+ t ,a*illes or ! tortoise ev] are at p>ticul> po9ts at p>ticul> mom5ts4 ,su* a description ( *ange1 he says1 leaves out ! real *ang+4 ,& ! introduction ( ! notion ( an inf9ite s]ies only makes ! matt] worse4 ,= /ages d n *ange1 & s1 if !re is to be any *ange1 x mu/1 presumably1 take place 9 betwe5 "o /age & ! next4 ,b 9 betwe5 any two /ages ( an inf9ite s]ies !re are suppos$ to be an inf9ite numb] ( o!r /ages1 s t to any giv5 /age !re is no next /age4 ,*ange1 !re=e1 _c take place betwe5 "o /age & ! next "o1 !re be+ no next "o1 & s9ce x is equally impossible t x %\ld take place at any "o ( ! /ages !mselves x foll[s t an inf9ite s]ies ( /ages leaves out *ange altoge!r4 ,simil>ly a s]ies ( in/ants be=e & aft] "o ano!r leaves out ( "t j ! elem5t ( passage1 becom+1 :i* is its ess5ce4 ,! tru?1 ,b]gson says1 is t ) fix$ /ages1 no matt] h[ _m y take1 & no matt] 9 :at relation y arrange !m1 y _c reproduce ! *ange & "t :i* actually occur z facts directly kn[n4 ,if ,a*illes or ! tortoise are ev] at diff]5t places at diff]5t mom5ts !n nei!r ( !m really moves at all4 ,*ange & "t1 z repres5t$ by ab/ractions1 accord+ to ! intellectual me?od1 consi/ ( /ages 9 relations ( succession1 b ! fact does n happ5 by /ages & is n held toge!r by relations3 if we comp>e ! repres5tation ) ! fact we f9d t !y diff] pr(\ndly 9 _! =m4 ,accord+ to ,b]gson ?is diff]5ce 9 =m is "o ( ! two ess5tial respects 9 :i* ab/ractions fail to repres5t facts & 9 :i*1 consequ5tly1 we are l$ into error z to ! facts if we fail to di/+ui% !m f ! ab/ractions 9 t]ms ( :i* we expla9 !m1 or take = grant$ t !y correspond exactly ) our explanations4 ,b]gson gives ! "n 8space0 to ! =m :i* belongs to ab/ractions b n to actual facts3 ab/ractions1 he says1 are 8spatial10 b facts are n4 ,?is use ( ! ^w 8space0 is peculi> & p]haps un=tunate4 ,ev5 z x is ord9>ily us$ ! ^w 8space0 is ambigu\s1 x may mean ei!r ! pure space ) :i* high] ma!matics is conc]n$1 or ! public space :i* conta9s ! common s5se ?+s & objects & _! qualities :i* make up ! e day _w1 or ! private space ( s5sible p]ception4 ,:5 ,b]gson speaks ( 8space10 h[ev]1 he does n mean ei!r pure or public or private space1 he means an a priori =m impos$ by intellectual activity ^u its object4 ,?is resembles ,kant's use ( ! ^w1 b ,b]gson's 8space0 is n1 l ,kant's1 ! a priori =m ( s5se acqua9tance1 b ( ?\ght1 9 o!r words logical =m4 ,= ,b]gson 8spatial0 means 8logical10 & s9ce s mu* misund]/&+ seems to h be5 caus$ by 8 us+ ! ^w 8space0 9 ?is peculi> s5se we %all p]haps d bett] 9 :at foll[s to use ! ^w 8logical0 in/ead4 ,n[ :atev] is logical is *>act]is$ by consi/+ ( di/9ct1 mutually exclusive t]ms 9 ext]nal relations3 all s*emes1 = in/ance1 & diagrams1 su* z a s]ies ( dots "o above ! o!r1 or "o bel[ ! o!r1 or "o beh9d1 or 9 front ( ! o!r1 or a s]ies ( in/ants "o aft] ! o!r1 or a s]ies ( numb]s1 or aga9 any arrangem5ts ( ?+s or qualities accord+ to _! relations1 su* z col\rs or s\nds arrang$ accord+ to _! resemblance or diff]5ce2 9 all ^! ea* dot or in/ant or numb] or col\r-%ade or note1 is q di/9ct f all ! o!rs1 & ! relations :i* jo9 x to ! o!rs & give x its position 9 ! :ole s]ies are ext]nal to x 9 ! s5se t if y *ang$ its position or includ$ x 9 q ano!r s]ies x w\ld nev]!less /ill be j ! same dot or in/ant or numb] or quality z be=e4 ,^! two logical *>act]i/ics ( mutual di/9ction ( t]ms & ext]nality ( relations c]ta9ly d belong to ! ab/ractions employ$ 9 explanations1 & we commonly suppose t !y belong to ev]y?+ else besides4 ,b]gson1 h[ev]1 believes t ^! logical *>act]i/ics really only belong to ab/ractions & are n discov]$ 9 facts b are impos$ ^u !m by our intellectual bias1 9 ! s5se t we take x = grant$ t ! facts :i* we "k directly mu/ h ! same =m z ! ab/ractions :i* s]ve to expla9 !m4 ,?is habit ( tak+ x = grant$ t n only our ab/ractions b also ! actual facts h ! logical *>act]i/ics ( consi/+ ( mutually exclusive t]ms jo9$ by ext]nal relations is1 accord+ to ,b]gson1 "o ( ! two s]i\s respects 9 :i* our intellectual bias di/orts our direct acqua9tance ) actual fact4 ,he po9ts out1 z we saw1 t ! facts ) :i* we are acqua9t$ are 9 con/ant process ( *ang+1 & t1 :5 we exam9e c>efully :at is actually go+ on1 we discov] t ?is *ange does n really =m a s]ies ( di/9ct qualities or p]cepts or /ates1 unit$ by ext]nal relations ( "t1 resemblance1 diff]5ce1 & s on1 b a cont9u\s process :i* has :at we might call a qualitative flav\r b 9 :i* di/9ct qualities1 /ates & s on d n occur4 8,consid]$ 9 !mselves0 he says1 8pr(\nd /ates ( consci\sness h no relation to quantity3 !y are m+l$ 9 su* a way t x is impossible to say :e!r !y are "o or _m1 or inde$ to exam9e !m f t po9t ( view )\t di/ort+ !m40 ,n[1 /rictly speak+1 ( c\rse1 ^! 8/ates ( consci\sness0 ought n to be ref]r$ to 9 ! plural1 x is1 9 fact1 a contradiction to speak ( 8/ates ( consci\sness0 hav+ 8no relation to quantity03 a plurality mu/ always =m "s quantity4 ,?is contradiction is ! natural consequ5ce ( attempt+ to put :at is non-logical into words4 ,x w\ld h be5 j z bad to h ref]r$ to 8! /ate ( consci\sness10 9 ! s+ul>1 :ile at ! same "t insi/+ t x conta9$ resemblance & diff]5ce4 ,! fact is t plurality & unity1 l di/9ct t]ms & ext]nal relations1 apply only to :atev] has logical =m1 & ,b]gson's :ole po9t is to d5y t ! fact 7or facts7 directly kn[n h ?is =m1 & s t any ( ^! notions apply to x 7or !m47 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 raises difficulties :5 we try to describe ! facts 9 words1 s9ce words /& = ab/ractions & c>ry _! logical implications4 ,all descriptions 9 words ( :at is non-logical are b\nd to be a mass ( contradictions1 =1 hav+ appli$ any ^w x is necess>y imm$iately to gu>d aga9/ its logical implications by add+ ano!r :i* contradicts !m4 ,?us we say our exp]i5ce is ( facts1 & mu/ !n ha/ily add t nev]!less !y are n plural1 & we mu/ fur!r qualify ?is /atem5t by add+ t nei!r are !y s+ul>4 ,a description ( :at is non-logical c only convey its mean+ if we disc\nt all ! logical implications ( ! words :i*1 = want ( a bett] m$ium ( expression1 we are driv5 to employ4 ,our :ole intellectual bias urges u t[>ds describ+ ev]y?+ t comes )9 our exp]i5ce1 ev5 if ! description is only = our own private b5efit ,un=tunately ! language 9 :i* ^! descriptions h to be express$ is s full ( logical implications t1 unless we are con/antly on our gu>d1 we are liable to be c>ri$ away by !m1 & !n1 at once1 we lose contact ) ! actual facts4 ,9 ord] to get r\nd ?is almo/ univ]sal t5d5cy to confuse ab/ractions ) facts ,b]gson sometimes tries to get u to see ! facts z !y actually are by us+ metaphor in/ead ( description 9 t]ms ( ab/ract g5]al notions4 ,he has be5 mu* criticis$ = ?is b !re is really a good deal to be said = attempt+ to convey facts by sub/itut+ metaphors = !m r ?an by us+ ! ord9>y intellectual me?od ( sub/itut+ ab/ractions rea*$ by analysis4 ,^? :o h criticis$ ! use ( metaphor h = ! mo/ "p n realiz$ h[ little remov$ su* description is f ! ord9>y intellectual me?od ( analysis4 ,!y h suppos$ t 9 analysis we /ick to ! fact itself1 :]eas 9 us+ metaphor we sub/itute = ! fact to be describ$ "s q diff]5t fact :i* is only connect$ ) x by a m or less remote analogy4 ,if ,b]gson's view ( ! intellectual me?od is "r1 h[ev]1 :5 we describe 9 ab/ract t]ms arriv$ at by analysis we are n /ick+ to ! facts at all1 we are sub/itut+ some?+ else = !m j z mu* z if we 7 us+ an out & out metaphor4 ,qualities & all ab/ract g5]al notions are1 inde$1 no?+ b m>ks ( analogies betwe5 a giv5 fact & all ! o!r facts belong+ to ! same class3 !y may m>k r clos] analogies ?an ^? br\ght out by an ord9>y metaphor1 b on ! o!r h& 9 a frank metaphor we at lea/ /ick to ! concrete1 we sub/itute fact = fact & we are 9 no dang] ( confus+ ! fact introduc$ by ! metaphor ) ! actual fact to :i* ! metaphor applies4 ,9 description 9 t]ms ( ab/ract g5]al notions su* z common qualities we sub/itute = fact some?+ :i* is n fact at all1 we lose t\* ) ! concrete &1 moreov]1 we are /rongly tempt$ to confuse fact ) ab/raction & believe t ! implications ( ! ab/raction apply to ! fact1 or ev5 t ! ab/raction is itself a real "p ( ! fact4 ,language plays a mo/ important "p 9 =m+ our habit ( treat+ all facts z mat]ial = g5]alisation1 & x is l>gely to ! influ5ce ( ! words :i* we use = describ+ facts t ,b]gson attributes our read9ess to take x = grant$ t facts h ! same logical =m z ab/ractions4 ,x is language aga9 :i* makes x s difficult to po9t out t ?is assumption is mi/ak51 because1 actually1 ! =m ( facts is non-logical1 a cont9u\s process & n a s]ies4 ,! only way to po9t ?is out is by describ+ ! nature ( ! non-logical facts z contra/$ ) a logical s]ies1 b ! language 9 :i* our description ( ! non-logical facts has to be convey$ is itself full ( logical implications :i* contradict ! v po9t we are try+ to br+ out4 ,descriptions ( non-logical processes w only be intelligible if we disc\nt ! logical implications inh]5t 9 ! words employ$1 b 9 ord] to be will+ to disc\nt ^! implications x is necess>y fir/ to be conv9c$ t !re is any?+ non-logical to :i* su* a description c\ld apply4 ,& yet h[ c we be conv9c$ )\t fir/ und]/&+ ! description8 ,x appe>s to be a vici\s circle1 & s x w\ld be if our k ( *ange z a process really dep5d$ ^u our und]/&+ anybody's description ( x4 ,accord+ to ,b]gson1 h[ev]1 we all d "k su* a process directly2 9 fact1 if he is "r1 we "k no?+ else directly at all4 ,! use ( description is n to give u k ( ! process1 t we already h1 b only to rem9d u ( :at we really knew all along1 b _h r lo/ contact ) & mis9t]pret$ because ( our preoccupation ) describ+ & expla9+ x4 ,b]gson's criticism ( our intellectual me?ods turns simply ^u a "q ( fact1 to be settl$ by direct introspection4 ,if1 :5 we h fre$ ourselves f ! preconceptions creat$ by our normal common s5se intellectual po9t ( view1 we f9d t :at we "k directly is a non-logical process ( becom+1 !n we mu/ admit t intellectual ?9k+ is altoge!r inappropriate & ev5 mis*iev\s z a me?od ( speculation4 ,x is "o ( ,b]gson's *ief aims to induce u to rega9 contact ) our direct exp]i5ce1 & x is ) ?is 9 view t he sp5ds s mu* ef=t 9 describ+ :at ! =m ( ?is exp]i5ce actually is1 & h[ x comp>es ) ! logical =m :i* belongs to ab/ractions1 t is ) :at he calls 8space40 ,! =m :i* belongs to facts b n to ab/ractions ,b]gson calls 8duration40 ,duration c be describ$ negatively by say+ t x is non-logical1 b :5 we attempt any positive description language simply breaks d[n & we c d no?+ b contradict ourselves4 ,duration does n conta9 p>ts unit$ by ext]nal relations3 x does n conta9 p>ts at all1 = p>ts w\ld con/itute fix$ /ages1 :]eas duration *anges cont9u\sly4 ,b 9 ord] to describe duration at all we h logically only two alt]natives1 ei!r to speak ( x z a plurality1 & t implies hav+ p>ts1 or else z a unity1 & t by implication1 excludes *ange4 ,be+ p>ticul>ly conc]n$ to emphasise ! *ang+ nature ( :at we "k directly ,b]gson rejects ! latt] alt]native3 %ort ( simply giv+ up ! attempt to describe x he has !n no *oice b to treat ?is process :i* he calls duration z a plurality & ?is drives him into speak+ ( x z if x _h p>ts4 ,to correct ?is false impression he adds t ^! p>ts are unit$1 n1 l logical p>ts1 by ext]nal relations1 b 9 q a new way1 by 8syn!sis40 8,p>ts0 unit$ by syn!sis h n ! logical *>act]i/ics ( mutual di/9ction & ext]nality ( relations1 !y int]p5etrate & modify "o ano!r4 ,9 a s]ies :i* has duration 7su* a ?+ is a contradiction 9 t]ms1 b ! fault lies ) ! logical =m ( language :i*1 9 spite ( its unsatisfactor9ess we are driv5 to employ if we want to describe at all7 ! 8lat] p>ts0 are n di/9ct f ! 8e>li]03 8e>li] &0 8lat]0 are n mutually exclusive relations4 ,b]gson says1 !n1 t ! process ( duration :i* we "k directly1 if x is to be call$ a s]ies at all1 mu/ be describ$ z a s]ies ^: 8p>ts0 int]p5etrate1 & ?is is ! fir/ important respect 9 :i* non-logical duration diff]s f a logical s]ies4 ,9 8a s]ies0 :i* is us$ to describe duration n only are ! 8p>ts0 n di/9ct b 8_! relations0 are n ext]nal 9 ! s5se1 previ\sly expla9$1 9 :i* logical relations are ext]nal to ! t]ms :i* !y relate4 ,a logical t]m 9 a logical s]ies c *ange its position or ent] into a :olly diff]5t s]ies & /ill rema9 ! same t]m4 ,b ! t]ms 9 a s]ies :i* has duration 7aga9 ?is is absurd7 are :at !y are j because ( _! position 9 ! :ole /ream ( duration to :i* !y belong3 to transf] !m f "o position 9 ! s]ies to ano!r w\ld be to alt] _! :ole flav\r :i* dep5ds ^u hav+ _h j t p>ticul> pa/ & no o!r4 ,z illu/ration we might take ! la/ b> ( a tune4 ,by itself1 or foll[+ ^u o!r s\nds n belong+ to ! tune1 ?is la/ b> w\ld n be itself1 its p>ticul> quality dep5ds ^u com+ at ! end ( t p>ticul> tune4 ,9 a process ( duration1 !n1 su* z tune1 ! 8lat]0 b>s are n relat$ ext]nally to ! 8e>li]0 b dep5d = _! "* ^u _! position 9 ! :ole tune4 ,9 actual fact1 ( c\rse1 ! tune progresses cont9u\sly1 & n by /ages1 su* z di/9ct notes or b>s1 b if1 = ! sake ( description1 we speak ( x z compos$ ( diff]5t b>s1 we mu/ say t any b> we *oose to di/+ui% is modifi$ by ! :ole ( ! tune :i* has gone be=e x3 *ange its position 9 ! :ole /ream ( s\nd to :i* x belongs & y *ange its "* absolutely4 ,?is means t 9 *ange su* z ?is1 *ange1 t is1 :i* has duration1 repetition is out ( ! "q4 ,take a song 9 :i* ! la/ l9e is sung twice ov] z a refra93 ! notes1 we say1 are repeat$1 b ! second "t ! l9e occurs ! actual effect produc$ is diff]5t1 & t1 inde$1 is ! :ole po9t ( a refra94 ,?is illu/rates ! second important diff]5ce :i* ,b]gson wants to br+ out betwe5 ! =ms ( *ange :i* belong respectively to non-logical facts & to ! logical ab/ractions by :i* we describe !m1 t is betwe5 duration z contra/$ ) a logical s]ies ( /ages4 ,! notes are ab/ractions assum$ to expla9 ! effect produc$1 :i* is ! actual fact directly kn[n4 ,! notes are /ages 9 a logical s]ies ( *ange1 b _! effects1 ! actual fact1 *anges z a process ( duration4 ,f ?is diff]5ce 9 _! ways ( *ang+ !re foll[s an important diff]5ce betwe5 fact & ab/raction1 namely t1 :ile ! notes c be repeat$ ov] aga91 ! effect w nev] be ! same z be=e4 ,?is is because ! notes1 be+ ab/ractions1 are n affect$ by _! relations :i* give !m _! position 9 ! logical s]ies :i* !y =m1 :ile _! effect1 be+ a *ang+ process1 dep5ds = its flav\r ^u its position 9 ! :ole duration to :i* x belongs3 ?is flav\r gr[s out ( ! :ole ( :at has gone be=e1 & s9ce ?is :ole is itself always gr[+ by ! addition ( m & m 8lat] /ages10 ! effect :i* x goes to produce c nev] be ! same twice ov]4 ,?is is :y ,b]gson calls duration 8creative40 ,no 8two0 positions 9 a creative process ( duration c h an id5tical pa/ hi/ory1 e 8lat]0 "o w h m hi/ory1 e 8e>li]0 "o less4 ,9 a logical s]ies1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is no reason :y ! same t]m %\ld n occur ov] & ov] aga9 at diff]5t po9ts 9 ! c\rse ( ! s]ies1 s9ce 9 a logical s]ies e t]m1 be+ di/9ct f e o!r & only jo9$ to x by ext]nal relations1 is :at x is indep5d5tly ( its position4 ,if ,b]gson is "r !re=e 9 say+ t ab/ractions *ange z a logical s]ies :ile ! actual facts *ange z a creative process ( duration1 x foll[s t1 :ile our descriptions & explanations may conta9 repetitions ! actual fact to :i* we int5d ^! explanations to apply1 _c4 ,?is1 if true1 is a v important diff]5ce betwe5 facts & ab/ractions :i* common s5se entirely ov]looks :5 x assumes t we are directly acqua9t$ ) common qualities4 ,we h se5 t ?is assumption is tak5 = grant$ 9 ! acc\nt :i* is ord9>ily giv5 7or w\ld be giv5 if p 7 9 ! habit ( putt+ _! common s5se assumptions into words7 ( h[ x is t facts come to be classifi$3 facts are suppos$ to fall into classes because !y %>e common qualities1 t is because1 9 ! *ang+ fact directly kn[n1 ! same qualities recur ov] & ov] aga94 ,!re is no d\bt t ! fact ) :i* we are directly acqua9t$ c be classifi$1 & x is equally und5iable t ?is fact is always *ang+1 b if ?is *ange has ! =m ( creative duration !n its classification _c be bas$ ^u ! repetition ( qualities at diff]5t 8/ages0 9 its c\rse4 ,x foll[s t ei!r ! fact ) :i* we are directly acqua9t$ does n *ange z a creative process1 or else t we are q wrong 9 assum+1 z we ord9>ily d1 t we actually "k qualities directly & t x is ^! qualities :i* =m ! basis ( classification1 & h5ce ( all description & explanation4 ,we h already se5 t ?is assumption1 ?\gh at fir/ sight "o naturally supposes x to be bas$ on direct acqua9tance1 may really dep5d n on any fact directly kn[n b on our preoccupation ) explanation r ?an ) m]e kn[+4 ,b if we nev] really are acqua9t$ ) qualities1 if qualities are1 z ,b]gson says1 m]e ab/ractions1 h[ come we to be able to make ^! ab/ractions1 & :y d !y apply to actual facts8 ,if classification is n bas$ on common qualities discov]$ by analysis & repeat$ ov] & ov] z actual facts directly kn[n1 on :at is x bas$8 ,we c]ta9ly c classify facts & ^! ab/ract common qualities1 if ab/ractions !y be1 c]ta9ly correspond to some?+ 9 ! facts s9ce !y apply to !m3 :at is ! f\ndation 9 directly kn[u fact :i* acc\nts = ?is correspond5ce betwe5 ab/ractions & facts if x is n qualities actually giv5 z "p ( ! facts8 ,^! que/ions are s v p]t95t & at ! same "t s difficult to answ] satisfactorily t "o is tempt$ to ?r[ ov] ! view t ! *ang+ fact :i* we "k directly =ms a creative duration4 ,?is view is impossible to express )\t self-contradiction & x does n fit 9 ) our accu/om$ habits ( m9d3 nev]!less if we d n simply reject x at once z pat5tly absurd b keep x 9 m9d = a :ile & all[ ourselves "t to get us$ to x1 x gr[s /eadily m & m conv9c+3 we become less & less able to evade ^! difficult que/ions by accept+ ! common s5se acc\nt ( :at we "k directly z consi/+ ( a s]ies ( qualities :i* are repeat$ ov] & ov]1 & m & m driv5 to reg>d x z a process 9 creative duration :i* does n admit ( repetitions4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 see+1 ! mom5t we pay att5tion1 t :at we "k directly c]ta9ly does *ange all ! "t3 b if we try to p9 ?is *ange d[n & hold x s z to exam9e x we f9d x slipp+ ?r\gh our f+]s1 & ! m we look into ! suppos$ /ages1 su* z ?+s & qualities & ev5ts1 by means ( :i* common s5se assumes t ?is *ange takes place1 ! m x becomes app>5t t ^! /ages are all ( !m m]e arbitr>y ab/ractions dragg$ f _! context 9 a cont9u\s process1 fictiti\s halt+ places 9 a /ream ( *ange :i* goes on unbrok54 ,unbiass$ att5tion to ! actual fact _c fail to conv9ce u t :at we "k directly *anges z a process & n by a s]ies ( /ages4 ,! creativ5ess ( ?is process is p]haps at fir/ n q s obvi\s1 b if we look into ! fact once m1 ) ! object ( obs]v+ repetitions 9 x1 we realize t we _c f9d any4 ,x is true t y c pick out qualities :i* at fir/ appe> to recur3 y may1 = example1 see a rose & !n a /rawb]ry ice cream1 & y may be incl9$ to say t "h y saw ! quality p9k twice ov]4 ,b y c only say t :at y saw 0 ! same bo? times by ab/ract+ :at we call ! col\r f ! :ole context 9 :i* x actually appe>$ on ! two diff]5t occasions4 ,9 reality ! col\r is n kn[n 9 isolation3 x has its place1 9 ! :ole *ang+ fact 9 a p>ticul> context :i* y may describe 9 ab/ract t]ms z consi/+ ( ! %ape & smell & size ( ! object toge!r ) all ! re/ ( y\r /ate ( m9d at ! mom5t1 :i* 7 n ! same on ! two diff]5t occasions1 :ile fur!r ?is p9k col\r 0 modifi$ on ea* occasion by its position 9 ! :ole *ang+ fact :i* may aga9 be describ$ 9 ab/ract t]ms by say+1 = in/ance1 t ! p9k on ! occasion ( y\r see+ ! /rawb]ry ice cream1 com+ aft] ! p9k on ! occasion ( y\r see+ ! rose1 _h a peculi> flav\r ( 8se5 be=e0 :i* 0 abs5t on ! previ\s occasion4 ,?us al?\gh1 by isolat+ 8p>ts0 ( ! :ole process ( *ang+ :i* y "k directly1 y may br+ y\rself = a mom5t to suppose t y are acqua9t$ ) repetitions1 :5 y look at ! :ole fact z x actually is1 y see t :at y "k is nev] ! same twice ov]1 & t y\r direct exp]i5ce =ms1 n a s]ies ( repetitions1 b a creative process4 ,b1 once y grant t ! fact :i* y "k directly really *anges1 !re is1 accord+ to ,b]gson1 no gett+ away f ! conclusion t x mu/ =m a creative process ( duration4 ,= he ?9ks t creative duration is ! only possible way 9 :i* ! transition betwe5 pa/ & pres5t1 :i* is ! ess5tial feature ( *ange & "t1 c\ld be accompli%$3 all pass+ f pa/ to pres5t1 all *ange1 !re=e1 & all "t1 mu/1 he says1 =m a creative process ( duration4 ,! alt]native is to suppose t "t & *ange =m logical s]ies ( ev5ts 9 temporal relations ( be=e & aft]1 b1 accord+ to ,b]gson1 ?is n only leaves out ! transition altoge!r b is1 ev5 z x /&s1 un9telligible4 ,! argum5t is ?is4 ,if "t & *ange are real1 !n1 :5 ! pres5t is1 ! pa/ simply is n4 ,b x is impossible to see h[1 9 t case1 !re c be any relation betwe5 pa/ & pres5t1 = a relation requires at lea/ two t]ms 9 betwe5 :i* x holds1 :ile 9 ?is case !re c\ld nev] be m ?an "o t]m1 ! pres5t1 ipso facto1 aboli%+ ! pa/4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! pa/ is pres]v$1 di/9ct f ! pres5t1 !n temporal relations c inde$ hold betwe5 !m1 b 9 t case !re is no real *ange nor "t at all4 ,?is dilemma all foll[s1 ( c\rse1 f reg>d+ 8pa/0 & 8pres5t0 z mutually exclusive & di/9ct1 & requir+ to be unit$ by ext]nal relations1 9 %ort z t]ms 9 a logical s]ies3 = ,b]gson himself ?is difficulty simply does n arise s9ce he d5ies t1 )9 ! actual *ang+ fact directly kn[n1 !re are any cle> cut logical di/9ctions su* z ! words 8pa/0 & 8pres5t0 imply4 ,b :5 x comes to describ+ ?is *ang+ fact di/9ct t]ms h to be employ$ because !re are no o!rs1 & ?is creates pseudo-problems su* z ?is "q ( h[1 assum+ pa/ & pres5t to be di/9ct1 ! transition betwe5 !m ev] c be effect$4 ,! real answ] is t ! transition nev] is effect$ because pa/ & pres5t are1 9 fact1 n di/9ct4 ,accord+ to ,b]gson a v l>ge proportion ( ! problems ov] :i* philosoph]s h be5 accu/om$ to dispute h really be5 pseudo-problems simply aris+ out ( ?is confusion betwe5 facts & ! ab/ractions by :i* we describe !m4 ,:5 once we h realiz$ h[ !y arise ^! pseudo-problems no long] pres5t any difficulties2 !y are 9 fact no long] problems at all1 !y melt away & cease to int]e/ u4 ,if ,b]gson is "r ?is w\ld g f> to expla9 ! suspicion :i*1 9 spite ( ! pre/ige ( philosophy1 /ill half unconsci\sly col\rs ! feel+ ( ! 8pla9 man0 = ! 8intellectual10 & :i* ev5 haunts ! philosoph] himself1 9 mom5ts ( disc\ragem5t1 ! suspicion t ! :ole ?+ is trivial1 a dispute ab\t words ( no real importance or dignity4 ,if ,b]gson is "r ?is suspicion is1 9 _m cases1 all too well f\nd$3 ! discussion ( pseudo-problems is n wor? :ile4 ,b !n ! discussion ( pseudo-problems is n real philosophy3 ! ?9k] :o all[s himself to be entangl$ 9 pseudo-problems has lo/ 8 way4 ,9 ?is1 h[ev]1 ! 8intellectuals0 are n ! only ones at fault4 8,pla9 m50 are misl$ by ab/ractions ab\t facts j z mu*1 only be+ less ?or\gh1 _! mi/ake has less effect3 at ! exp5se ( a little logical loos5ess _! natural s5se ( fact saves !m f all ! absurdities :i* foll[ f _! false assumptions4 ,= ! 8intellectual0 !re is n ?is loophole ?r\gh :i* ! s5se ( fact may undo "s ( ! "w ( false assumptions3 ! 8intellectual0 foll[s out ru?lessly ! implications ( 8 orig9al assumptions & if ^! are false 8 v virtues lead him into great] absurdities ?an ^? committ$ by 8pla9 m540 ,"o ( ! mo/ important tasks ( philosophy is to %[ up ! pseudo-problems s t !y may no long] wa/e our "t & we may be free to pursue ! real aim ( philosophy :i* is ! reconque/ ( ! field ( virtual k4 ,gett+ rid ( ! pseudo-problems1 h[ev]1 is no easy task3 we may realize1 = example1 t ! difficulty ( see+ h[ ! transition betwe5 pa/ & pres5t ev] c be effect$ is a pseudo-problem because 9 fact pa/ & pres5t are n di/9ct & s no transition betwe5 !m is ne$$4 ,b s9ce we h con/antly to be us+ words :i* c>ry ! implication ( di/9ctness we are con/antly liable to =get ?is simple answ] :5 new problems1 ?\gh 9 fact !y all spr+ f ?is fundam5tal discrepancy betwe5 facts & ! ab/ractions by :i* we describe !m1 pres5t !mselves 9 "s slightly diff]5t =m4 ,! notion ( duration z consi/+ ( 8p>ts0 unit$ by 8creative syn!sis0 is a device1 n = expla9+ h[ ! transition f pa/ to pres5t really takes place 7?is does n ne$ expla9+ s9ce1 8pa/0 & 8pres5t0 be+ m]e ab/ractions1 no transition betwe5 !m actually takes place at all71 b = enabl+ u to employ ! ab/ractions 8pa/0 & 8pres5t0 )\t con/antly be+ tak5 9 by _! logical implications4 ,! notion ( 8creative syn!sis0 z :at jo9s 8pa/0 & 8pres5t0 9 a process ( duration is an antidote to ! logical implications ( ^! two di/9ct t]ms3 creative syn!sis1 unlike logical relations1 is n ext]nal to ! 8p>ts0 :i* x jo9s2 8p>ts0 unit$ by creative syn!sis are n di/9ct & mutually exclusive4 ,su* a notion z ?is ( creative syn!sis contradicts ! logical implications conta9$ 9 ! notion ( p>ts4 ,! notion ( 8p>ts0 unit$ by 8creative syn!sis0 is really a hybrid :i* attempts to comb9e ! two incompatible notions ( logical di/9ction & duration4 ,! result is self-contradictory & ?is contradiction acts z a rem9d] w>n+ u aga9/ confus+ ! actual *ang+ fact ) ! ab/ractions 9 t]ms ( :i* we describe x & s fall+ into ! mi/ake ( tak+ x = grant$ t ?is *ang+ fact mu/ =m a s]ies ( di/9ct /ages or ?+s or ev5ts or qualities1 :i* c be repeat$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,at ! same "t !re is no gett+ away f ! fact t ?is *ang+ fact l5ds itself to classification & t explanations 9 t]ms ( ab/ractions really d apply to x mo/ successfully4 ,we are !re=e fac$ ) ! necessity ( f9d+ "s way ( acc\nt+ = ?is1 o!r ?an by assum+ t ! facts :i* we "k directly consi/ ( qualities :i* recur ov] & ov] aga94 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,matt] ,,& ,,memory ,we h se5 t1 accord+ to ! !ory ( *ange :i* is fundam5tal = ,b]gson's philosophy1 ! *ang+ fact :i* we "k directly is describ$ z a process ( becom+ :i* does n conta9 p>ts nor admit ( repetitions4 ,on ! o!r h& ?is *ang+ fact c]ta9ly does l5d itself to analysis & classification & explanation &1 at fir/ sight at any rate1 x is natural to suppose t :atev] c be classifi$ & expla9$ mu/ consi/ ( qualities1 t is di/9ct p>ts :i* c be repeat$ on diff]5t occasions4 ,! problem = ,b]gson1 if he is to e/abli% 8 !ory ( *ange1 is to %[ t ! fact t a *ang+ process c be analys$ & classifi$ does n necess>ily imply t su* a process mu/ consi/ ( di/9ct qualities :i* c be repeat$4 ,b]gson's !ory ( ! relation ( matt] to memory sugge/s a possible solution ( ?is problem z to h[ x is possible to analyse & s apply g5]al laws to & expla9 duration3 x becomes necess>y1 !re=e1 to give "s acc\nt ( ?is !ory4 ,l all o!r descriptions & explanations1 su* an acc\nt mu/1 ( c\rse1 be express$ 9 t]ms ( ab/ractions1 & s is liable to be misund]/ood unless ! false implications ( ^! ab/ractions are all[$ = & disc\nt$4 ,accord+ to ,b]gson ! only actual reality is ! *ang+ fact itself1 ev]y?+ else is ab/raction3 ?is reality h[ev] is n conf9$ to ! fragm5t call$ 8our pres5t exp]i5ce0 :i* is 9 ! full focus ( consci\sness & is all t we usually suppose ourselves to "k directly2 x includes besides ev]y?+ t we are 9 a s5se aw>e ( b d n pay att5tion to1 toge!r ) our :ole pa/3 = ,b]gson1 9 fact1 reality co9cides ) ! field ( virtual k1 any?+ %ort ( ?is :ole field is an ab/raction & s falsifi$4 ,ev5 to say 8we "k ?is fact0 is unsatisfactory z imply+ ourselves & ! fact z di/9ct ?+s unit$ by an ext]nal relation ( kn[+3 to say 8! fact is diff]5t f ! ab/raction by :i* x is expla9$0 simil>ly implies logically di/9ct t]ms 9 an ext]nal relation ( diff]5ce1 & s on4 ,if ,b]gson is "r 9 claim+ t ! actual fact is non-logical !n obvi\sly all attempts to describe x1 s9ce !y mu/ be express$ 9 t]ms ( ab/ractions1 w teem ) false implications :i* mu/ be disc\nt$ if ! description is to convey ! mean+ int5d$4 ,b]gson's claim is t if we all[ ourselves to att5d to ! *ang+ fact ) :i* we are actually acqua9t$ we are driv5 to a !ory ( reality diff]5t f ! !ory ( ?+s & relations accept$ by common s5se4 ,! two ab/ractions by means ( :i* he attempts to express ?is new !ory are matt] & memory4 ,9 ! actual fact ,b]gson w\ld hold t bo? ^! notions are comb9$ by syn!sis 9 su* a way z no long] to be di/9ct1 or r1 = ?is implies t !y />t$ di/9ct & !n became m]g$1 x w\ld p]haps be bett] to say t ^! two notions are ab/ractions f two t5d5cies :i* are pres5t 9 ! actual fact4 ,9 ! actual fact !y comb9e &1 z x 71 c\nt]act "o ano!r & ! result is some?+ diff]5t f ei!r tak5 alone1 b :5 we ab/ract !m we release !m f ea* o!r's modify+ influ5ce & ! result is an exagg]ation ( "o or o!r t5d5cy :i* does n really repres5t any?+ :i* actually occurs b c be us$1 9 comb9ation ) ! contr>y exagg]ation1 to expla9 ! actual fact :i* may be describ$ z be+ l :at w\ld result f a comb9ation ( ^! two ab/ractions4 ,we w take matt] fir/4 ,matt]1 = ,b]gson1 is an exagg]ation ( ! t5d5cy 9 reality1 7t is 9 ! actual *ang+ fact directly kn[n7 t[>ds logical di/9ctness1 :at he calls 8spatiality40 ,8 use ( ! ^w 8matt]0 9 ?is s5se is aga91 p]haps1 l 8 use ( ! ^w 8space10 r mislead+4 ,actual reality1 accord+ to him1 is nev] purely mat]ial1 ! only purely mat]ial ?+s are ab/ractions1 & ^! are n real at all b simply fictions4 ,b]gson really means ! same ?+ by 8matt]0 z by 8space0 & t is simply mutual di/9ctness ( p>ts & ext]nality ( relations1 9 a ^w logical complexity4 ,matt]1 accord+ to ?is def9ition ( ! ^w1 has no duration & s _c la/ ?r\gh any p]iod ( "t or *ange3 x simply is 9 ! pres5t1 x does n endure b is p]petually de/roy$ & recreat$4 ,! complem5t>y exagg]ation :i*1 tak5 toge!r ) matt]1 completes ,b]g-son's explanation ( reality1 is memory4 ,j z matt] is absolute logical complexity memory is absolute creative syn!sis4 ,toge!r !y con/itute ! hybrid notion ( creative duration ^: 8p>ts0 int]p5etrate :i*1 accord+ to ,b]gson1 comes ne>e/ to giv+ a satisfactory description ( ! actual fact directly kn[n :i* is1 = him1 ! :ole reality4 ,! be/ way to accu/om "o's m9d to ^! two complem5t>y exagg]ations1 matt] & memory1 & to see 9 m detail ! use t ,b]gson makes ( !m 9 expla9+ ! actual facts1 w be to exam9e 8 !ory ( s5sible p]ception1 s9ce x is j 9 ! act ( s5sible p]ception t memory comes 9 contact ) matt]4 ,! unsophi/icat$ view is t 9 s5sible p]ception we become acqua9t$ ) ?+s :i* exi/ :e!r we p]ceive !m or n1 & ^! ?+s1 tak5 all toge!r1 are commonly call$ ! mat]ial _w4 ,accord+ to ,b]gson's !ory also s5sible p]ception is direct acqua9tance ) matt]4 ,! unsophi/icat$ view holds fur!r1 h[ev]1 t ?is mat]ial _w ) :i* s5sible p]ception acqua9ts u is ! common s5se _w ( solid tables1 gre5 grass1 ang] & o!r su* /ates & ?+s & qualities1 b we h already se5 t ?is common s5se _w is really itself only "o among ! v>i\s attempts :i* sci5ce & common s5se are cont9ually mak+ to expla9 ! facts 9 t]ms ( ab/ractions4 ,! worlds ( electrons1 vibrations1 =ces1 & s on1 con/ruct$ by physics1 are o!r attempts to d ! same ?+ & ! common s5se _w ( 8real0 ?+s & qualities has no m claim to actual exi/5ce ?an h any ( ^! sci5tific hypo!ses4 ,b]g-son's matt] is n id5tifi$ ) any "o ( ^! con/ructions1 x is t 9 ! facts :i* !y are all attempts to expla9 9 t]ms ( ab/ractions1 ! elem5t 9 ! facts ^u :i* ab/ractions are bas$ & :i* makes facts classifiable & s explicable4 ,! words by :i* we describe & expla9 ! mat]ial elem5t 9 ! facts 9 t]ms ( s]ies ( di/9ct /ages or ev5ts 9 ext]nal relations w\ld leave out *ange if _! implications 7 foll[$ out consi/5tly1 b x is only a few 8intellectuals0 :o h ev] be5 able to br+ !mselves to foll[ out ?is implication to ! bitt] end & accept ! conclusion1 h[ev] absurd4 ,s9ce x is obvi\s t ! facts d *ange ! usual way ( gett+ r\nd ! difficulty is to say t "s ( ^! /ages are 8pa/0 & "s 8pres5t10 & !n1 n cle>ly realiz+ t ! explanations we con/ruct are n really facts at all1 to take x = grant$ t a transition betwe5 pa/ & pres5t1 ?\gh !re is no room = x 9 ! logical =m ( ! explanation1 yet someh[ manages actually to take place4 ,b]gson agrees t *ange does actually take place b n z a transition betwe5 ab/ractions su* z 8pa/0 & 8pres5t40 ,we ?9k t 8pa/0 & 8pres5t0 mu/ be real facts because we d n realize cle>ly h[ ^! notions h be5 arriv$ at4 ,once we h grasp$ ! idea t ^! notions1 & inde$ all cle> concepts1 are only ab/ractions1 we see t x is n necess>y to suppose t ^! ab/ractions really *ange at all4 ,betwe5 ! ab/ractions 8! pa/0 & 8! pres5t0 !re is no transition1 & x is ! same ) ev5ts & ?+s & qualities3 all ^!1 be+ no?+ b conv5i5t fictions1 /& outside ! /ream ( actual fact :i* is :at really *anges & endures4 ,matt]1 !n1 is ! "n :i* ,b]gson gives to t elem5t 9 ! fact ^u :i* ! purely logical =m appropriate to ab/ractions is bas$4 ,! actual facts are n purely logical b nei!r are !y completely int]p5etrat$ s9ce !y l5d !mselves to classification3 !y t5d to logical =m on ! "o h& & to complete int]-p5etration on ! o!r )\t go+ ! :ole way 9 ei!r direction4 ,:at ,b]gson does 9 ! description ( ! facts :i* he (f]s is to isolate ea* ( ^! t5d5cies mak+ !m into two sep>ate di/9ct ab/ractions1 "o call$ matt] & ! o!r m9d4 ,isolat$1 :at 9 ! actual fact 0 bl5d$ becomes incompatible4 ,matt] & m9d1 ! cle> cut ab/ractions1 are mutually contradictory & x becomes at once a pseudo-problem to see h[ !y ev] c\ld comb9e to con/itute ! actual fact4 ,! matt] :i* ,b]gson talks ab\t1 be+ :at w\ld be left ( ! facts if memory 7 ab/ract$1 has no pa/3 x simply is 9 ! pres5t mom5t4 ,if !re is any memory :i* c reta9 previ\s mom5ts !n ?is memory may comp>e ^! previ\s mom5ts ) ! pres5t mom5t & call !m ! pa/ ( matt]1 b 9 itself1 ap>t f memory1 7& s isolat$ 9 a way 9 :i* ?is t5d5cy 9 ! actual fact nev] c\ld be isolat$7 matt] has no pa/4 ,notic+ h[ v diff]5t ! actual facts :i* we "k directly are f any ( ! mat]ial worlds by :i* we expla9 !m1 ea* ( :i* lays claim to be+ 8! reality ) :i* s5sible p]ception acqua9ts u10 "s philosoph]s h put =w>d ! view t 9 s5sible p]ception we become acqua9t$1 n ) matt] itself1 b ) signs :i* /& = a mat]ial _w :i* exi/s altoge!r outside p]ception4 ,?is view ,b]gson rejects4 ,he says t 9 s5sible p]ception we are n acqua9t$ ) m]e signs b1 9 s f> z !re is any matt] at all1 :at we "k 9 s5sible p]ception is t matt] itself4 ,! facts :i* we "k directly are matt] itself & w\ld be no?+ b matt] if !y 7 in/antane\s4 ,= ,b]gson1 h[ev]1 an in/antane\s fact is out ( ! "q3 e fact conta9s m ?an ! m]e matt] pres5t$ at ! mom5t ( p]ception4 ,facts are di/+ui%$ f matt] by la/+ ?r\gh a p]iod ( duration1 ?is is :at makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! actual fact & any ( ! mat]ial worlds 9 t]ms ( :i* we describe !m3 matt]1 is1 z we h said1 only an ab/raction ( "o elem5t or t5d5cy 9 ! *ang+ fact :i* is ! sole reality3 memory is ! complem5t>y ab/raction4 ,ap>t f ! actual fact nei!r matt] nor memory h indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,?is is :]e ,b]g-son disagrees ) ! philosoph]s :o reg>d ! facts z signs ( an indep5d5t mat]ial _w1 or z ph5om5a :i* misrepres5t "s 8?+0 9 8itself0 :i* is :at really exi/s b :i* is n kn[n directly b only inf]r$ f ! ph5om5a4 ,= ,b]gson x is ! fact directly kn[n t really exi/s1 & matt] & memory1 solid tables1 gre5 grass1 electrons1 =ces1 ! absolute1 & all ! o!r ab/ract ideas by :i* we expla9 x are misrepres5tations ( x1 n x ( !m4 ,ev5 ,b]gson1 h[ev]1 does n get away f ! di/9ction betwe5 appe>ance & reality4 ,! fact is = him ! reality1 ! ab/raction ! appe>ance4 ,b !n ! fact :i* is ! reality is n ! fact :i* we ord9>ily suppose ourselves to "k1 ! little fragm5t :i* con/itutes 8our exp]i5ce at ! pres5t mom5t40 ,?is is itself an ab/raction f ! va/ly wid] fact ( our virtual k1 & x is ?is wid] field ( k :i* is ! reality4 ,ab/raction involves falsification & s ! little fragm5t ( fact to :i* our att5tion is usually conf9$ is n1 z x /&s1 reality3 x is appe>ance4 ,we %\ld only "k reality z x is if we c\ld replace ?is fragm5t 9 its prop] context 9 ! :ole field ( virtual k 7or reality7 :]e x belongs4 ,:at we %\ld !n "k w\ld n be appe>ance b reality itself4 ,x is at ?is k1 accord+ to ,b]gson1 t philosophy aims4 ,philosophy is a rev]sal ( our ord9>y intellectual habits3 ord9>ily ?\ght progresses f ab/raction to ab/raction /eadily gett+ fur!r f concrete facts3 accord+ to ,b]gson ! task ( philosophy %\ld be to put ab/ractions back aga9 into _! context s z to obta9 ! fulle/ possible k ( actual fact4 ,9 ord] to describe & expla9 ?is fact1 h[ev]1 we h to make use ( ab/ractions4 ,b]gson describes ! fact kn[n directly by s5sible p]ception z a contraction ( a p]iod ( ! duration ( matt] 9 :i* ! 8pa/0 /ates ( matt] are pres]v$ along ) ! 8pres5t0 & =m a s+le :ole ) x4 ,x is memory :i* makes ?is diff]5ce betwe5 matt] & ! actual facts by pres]v+ 8pa/0 matt] & comb9+ x ) 8! pres5t40 ,a s+le p]ceiv$ fact1 h[ev]1 does n conta9 memories z di/9ct f pres5t mat]ial3 ! di/9ction betwe5 8pa/0 & 8pres5t0 does n hold inside facts ^: duration =ms a creative :ole & n a logical s]ies4 ,( c\rse x is incorrect to describe facts z 8conta9+ pa/ & pres5t matt]10 b1 z we h (t5 po9t$ out1 mislead+ ?\gh _! logical implications are1 we are oblig$ to replace facts by ab/ractions :5 we want to describe !m4 ,an example may p]haps convey :at is meant by say+ t a fact is a contraction ( a p]iod ( ! duration ( matt]4 ,consid] r$1 be>+ 9 m9d t1 :5 we are speak+ ( ! fact actually p]ceiv$ :5 we see r$ we mu/ disc\nt ! logical implications ( our words4 ,sci5ce says t r$1 ! mat]ial1 is compos$ ( imm5sely rapid vibrations ( e!r3 r$1 ! fact1 we "k z a simple col\r4 ,b]gson accepts ! sci5tific ab/ractions 9 t]ms ( :i* to describe matt]1 mak+ ! res]vation t1 if we are to talk ( matt] z compos$ ( vibrations1 we mu/ n say t ^! vibrations la/ ?r\gh a p]iod ( "t or *ange by !mselves1 ap>t f any memory :i* reta9s & s pres]ves ! 8pa/0 vibrations4 ,if matt] is to be ?\ght ( at all z exi/+ ap>t f any memory x mu/ be ?\ght ( z consi/+ ( a s+le vibration 9 a p]petual pres5t ) no pa/4 ,we might alt] ! description & say t ?is pres5t mom5t ( matt] %\ld be ?\ght ( z be+ p]petually de/roy$ & recreat$4 ,n[ accord+ to ,b]gson ! r$ :i* we "k directly is a p]iod ( ! vibrations ( matt] contract$ by memory s z to produce an actual p]ceiv$ fact4 ,z matt] r$ does n *ange1 x is absolutely discrete & complex1 9 a ^w1 logical3 z fact x is non-logical & =ms a creative process ( duration4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 matt] & ! actual fact is made by ! m5tal act :i* holds matt] z x 7 9 t5sion ?r\gh a p]iod ( duration1 :5 a fact is produc$1 b :i* w\ld h _h to be abs5t if !re _h be5 no fact b simply pres5t matt]4 ,b]gson calls ?is act memory3 memory1 he says1 turns matt] into fact by pres]v+ its pa/ along ) its pres5t4 ,)\t memory !re w\ld be no duration & s no *ange & no "t4 ,matt]1 ap>t f memory w\ld h no duration & x is j 9 ?is t x is di/+ui%$ f actual fact4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ( c\rse1 only by mak+ ab/ractions t we c say :at ?+s w\ld be l if some?+ 7 tak5 away :i* actually is n tak5 away4 ,matt] nev] really does exi/ )\t memory nor memory )\t its cont5t1 matt]3 ! actual fact c only be describ$ z a comb9ation ( ! two elem5ts1 b ?is description mu/ n lead u into suppos+ t ! ab/ractions1 matt] & memory1 actually h indep5d5t exi/5ce ap>t f ! fact :i* !y expla94 ,only ! actual fact exi/s & x is n really made up ( two elem5ts1 matt] & memory1 b only describ$ 9 t]ms ( ^! two ab/ractions4 ,b]gson's acc\nt ( p]ception diff]s f ! acc\nt ord9>ily giv5 9 t p]ception is n describ$ z a relation :i* is suppos$ to hold betwe5 a subject & an object3 = ,b]gson !re is no 8,i10 di/9ct f :at is p]ceiv$1 /&+ to x 9 a relation ( p]ception4 ,= an object1 to be p]ceiv$ consi/s1 n 9 be+ relat$ to a p]ceiv]1 b 9 be+ comb9$ 9 a new way ) o!r objects4 ,if an object is comb9$ by syn!sis ) o!r objects !n x is p]ceiv$ & s becomes a fact4 ,b !re is no m9d ov] & above ! objects :i* p]ceives !m by be+ relat$ to !m1 or ev5 by p]=m+ an act ( syn!sis ^u !m4 ,to speak ( 8our0 p]ceiv+ objects is a m]e fiction3 :5 objects are comb9$ by syn!sis !y become p]ceptions1 facts1 & ?is is ! same z say+ t !y are m9ds4 ,= ,b]gson a m9d is no?+ b a syn!sis ( objects4 ,?is expla9s :at he means by say+ t 9 direct k ! p]ceiv] is ! object p]ceiv$4 ,actually he ?9ks su* notions z ! p]ceiv] & ! object & ! relation :i* unites !m1 or aga9 matt] & ! act ( syn!sis :i* turns matt] into fact1 are no?+ b ab/ractions3 ! only ?+ !re really is is simply ! fact itself4 ,^! ab/ractions1 h[ev]1 d someh[ apply to ! actual facts1 & ?is br+s u back to our problem z to h[ x is t ! actual fact1 :i* is 9 creative duration1 l5ds itself to classification3 h[ x is t g5]al laws 9 t]ms ( ab/ractions :i* c be repeat$ ov] & ov] aga91 c apply to ! actual fact :i* does n conta9 repetitions8 ,facts l5d !mselves to explanation :5 !y are p]ceiv$ z famili>4 ,9 ?is p]ceiv$ famili>ity1 :i* is ! basis ( all ab/raction1 & s ( all description & explanation1 pa/ z well z pres5t is involv$1 ! pres5t ow+ its famili>ity to our memory ( pa/ facts4 ,! obvi\s explanation ( p]ceiv$ famili>ity1 w\ld be1 ( c\rse1 to say t x results f our p]ceiv+ simil> qualities %>$ by pa/ & pres5t facts1 or relations ( simil>ity hold+ betwe5 !m4 ,b ,b]gson mu/ f9d "s o!r explanation ?an ?is s9ce he d5ies t !re c be repetition 9 actual facts directly kn[n4 ,:5ev] !re is actual fact !re is memory1 & memory creates duration :i* excludes repetition4 ,p]ceiv$ famili>ity dep5ds ^u memory b memory1 accord+ to ,b]gson1 does n "w by pres]v+ a s]ies ( repetitions = future ref]5ce4 ,if we say t memory connects 8! pa/0 ) 8! pres5t0 we mu/ add t x de/roys _! logical di/9ctness4 ,b ( c\rse ?is is putt+ x v badly3 !re is really no 8logical di/9ctness0 9 ! actual fact = memory to 8de/roy03 our language sugge/s t fir/ !re 0 matt]1 =m+ a logical s]ies ( di/9ct qualities recurr+ ov] & ov]1 & !n memory occurr$ & telescop$ ! s]ies1 squeez+ 8e>li]0 & 8lat]0 mom5ts into "o ano!r to make a creative duration4 ,su* a view is sugge/$ by our /rong bias t[>ds reg>d+ ab/ractions z hav+ indep5d5t exi/5ce ap>t f ! real fact f :i* !y h be5 ab/ract$3 if we c ov]come ?is bias ! description w d well en\gh4 ,accord+ to ,b]gson1 z we h j se51 e actual fact mu/ conta9 "s memory o!rwise x w\ld n be a fact b simply matt]1 s9ce x is an act ( memory t turns matt] into p]ceiv$ fact4 ,our ord9>y m or less famili> facts1 h[ev]1 conta9 mu* m ?an ?is b>e m9imum4 ,! facts ( ev]yday life are p]ceiv$ z famili> & classifi$ f a va/ numb] ( po9ts ( view4 ,:5 y look at a *]ry y recognise its col\r1 %ape1 etc41 y "k x is edible1 :at x w\ld ta/e l1 :e!r x is ripe1 & mu* m besides1 all at a glance4 ,all ?is k dep5ds on memory1 memory gives mean+ to :at we might call b>e s5sation 7:i* is ! same ?+ z ,b]gson's pres5t matt]7 z oppos$ to ! full famili> fact actually exp]i5c$4 ,n[ ! mean+ is ord9>ily conta9$ 9 ! actual fact along ) ! b>e s5sation n z a multiplicity ( memories di/9ct f ! b>e s5sation1 b1 z we put x1 at a glance4 ,?is peculi> flav\r ( a famili> fact c be analys$ out z consi/+ ( memories ( ?is or t pa/ exp]i5ce1 if we *oose to treat x 9 t way1 j z a fact c be analys$ into qualities4 ,accord+ to ,b]gson ?is analysis ( ! mean+ ( a famili> fact into memories w\ld h ! same drawbacks z ! analysis ( a pres5t fact into qualities3 x w\ld leave out mu* ( ! mean+ & di/ort ! re/4 ,b]gson holds t :]ev] !re is duration ! pa/ mu/ be pres]v$ s9ce x is j ! pres]vation ( ! pa/1 ! creation ( fact by a syn!sis ( :at1 out ( syn!sis1 w\ld be pa/ & pres5t1 :i* con/itutes duration4 ,! ess5tial po9t ab\t m5tal life is j ! p]=m+ ( ?is act ( syn!sis :i* makes duration3 :]ev] !re is m5tal life !re is duration & s :]ev] !re is m5tal life ! pa/ is pres]v$4 8,above ev]y?+10 ,b]gson says1 8consci\sness signifies memory4 ,at ?is mom5t z ,i discuss ) y ,i pron\nce ! ^w 8discussion40 ,x is cle> t my consci\sness grasps ?is ^w altoge!r2 if n x w\ld n see x z a unique ^w & w\ld n make s5se ( x4 ,& yet :5 ,i pron\nce ! la/ syllable ( ! ^w ! two fir/ ones h already be5 pron\nc$2 relatively to ?is "o1 :i* mu/ !n be call$ pres5t1 !y are pa/4 ,b ?is la/ syllable 8sion0 0 n pron\nc$ in/antane\sly2 ! "t1 h[ev] %ort1 dur+ :i* ,i 0 say+ x1 c be split up into p>ts & ^! p>ts are pa/1 relatively to ! la/ ( !m1 & ?is la/ "o w\ld be pres5t if x 7 n t x too c be fur!r split up3 s t1 d :at y w1 y _c draw any l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 pa/ & pres5t1 & s betwe5 memory & consci\sness4 ,inde$ :5 ,i pron\nce ! ^w 8discussion0 ,i h be=e my m9d1 n only ! beg9n+1 ! middle & ! end ( ! ^w1 b also ! prec$+ words1 also ! :ole ( ! s5t5ce :i* ,i h already spok52 if x 7 n s ,i %\ld h lo/ ! ?read ( my spee*4 ,n[ if ! punctuation ( ! spee* _h be5 diff]5t my s5t5ce might h begun e>li]2 x might1 = in/ance1 h conta9$ ! previ\s s5t5ce & my 8pres5t0 w\ld h be5 /ill fur!r ext5d$ into ! pa/4 ,let u pu% ?is reason+ to its conclusion3 let u suppose t my spee* has la/$ = ye>s1 s9ce ! fir/ awak5+ ( my consci\sness1 t x has consi/$ ( a s+le s5t5ce1 & t my consci\sness has be5 suffici5tly deta*$ f ! future1 suffici5tly dis9t]e/$ to occupy itself exclusively 9 tak+ 9 ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce3 9 t case ,i %\ld n look = any explanation ( ! total cons]vation ( ?is s5t5ce any m ?an ,i look = "o ( ! survival ( ! fir/ two syllables ( ! ^w 8discussion0 :5 ,i pron\nce ! la/ "o4 ,well1 ,i ?9k t our :ole inn] life is l a s+le s5t5ce1 begun f ! fir/ awak5+ ( consci\sness1 a s5t5ce scatt]$ ) commas1 b n[h]e brok5 by a full /op4 ,& s ,i ?9k t our :ole pa/ is !re1 subconsci\s--,i mean pres5t to u 9 su* a way t our consci\sness1 to become aw>e ( x1 ne$ n g outside itself nor add any?+ =eign3 to p]ceive cle>ly all t x conta9s1 or r all t x is1 x has only to put aside an ob/acle1 to lift a veil40#e #e ,l',en]gie ,spirituelle--8,l',ame et le ,corps10 pages #ei & #fj4 ,if ?is !ory ( memory be correct1 ! occurr5ce ( any pres5t b>e s5sation itself suffices to recall1 9 "s s5se1 ! :ole pa/4 ,b ?is is no use = practical purposes1 j z ! :ole ( ! fact giv5 9 pres5t p]ception is useless = practical purposes until x has be5 analys$ into qualities4 ,accord+ to ,b]gson we treat ! mat]ial suppli$ by memory 9 mu* ! same way z t suppli$ by p]ception4 ,! :ole field ( ! pa/ :i* ! pres5t calls up is mu* wid] ?an :at we actually rememb] cle>ly3 :at we actually rememb] is arriv$ at by ignor+ all ! pa/ except su* scraps z appe> to =m useful prec$5ts = behavi\r 9 ! pres5t situation 9 :i* we f9d ourselves4 ,p]haps ?is expla9s :y sometimes1 at ! po9t ( dea?1 :5 useful behavi\r is no long] possible1 ?is selection breaks d[n & ! :ole ( ! pa/ floods back into memory4 ,! bra91 accord+ to ,b]gson1 is ! organ ^: function x is to p]=m ?is necess>y "w ( selection out ( ! :ole field ( virtual memory ( practically useful fragm5ts1 & s long z ! bra9 is 9 ord]1 only ^! are all[$ to come ?r\gh into consci\sness z cle> memories4 ,! passage j quot$ goes on to speak ( 8! "p play$ by ! bra9 9 memory40 8,! bra9 does n s]ve to pres]ve ! pa/ b prim>ily to obscure x1 & !n to let j s mu* z is practically useful slip ?r\gh40 ,b ! sett+ ( ! :ole pa/1 ?\gh x is ignor$ = conv5i5ce1 /ill makes itself felt 9 ! peculi> qualitative flav\r :i* belongs to e pres5t fact by reason ( its pa/4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( famili> facts ?is flav\r is no m]e repetition b is p]petually modifi$ z ! famili>ity increases1 & x is j 9 ?is progressively *ang+ flav\r t _! famili>ity consi/s4 ,an inspection ( :at we "k directly1 !n1 does n be> out ! common s5se !ory t p]ceiv$ famili>ity1 ^u :i* ab/raction & all description & explanation are bas$1 consi/s 9 ! p]ception ( simil> qualities %>$ by pres5t matt] & ! matt] reta9$ by memory4 ,a famili> fact appe>s to be1 n a repetition1 b a new fact4 ,?is new fact may be describ$ z conta9+ pres5t & pa/ b>e s5sations1 b x mu/ be add$ t ^! b>e s5sations d n rema9 di/9ct ?+s b are syn!sis$ by ! act ( p]ception into a fre% :ole :i* is n ! sum ( ! b>e s5sations :i* x may be describ$ z conta9+4 ,su* a p]ceiv$ :ole w be famili>1 & s l5d itself to ab/raction & explanation1 9 s f> z ! pres5t b>e s5sation :i* x conta9s1 tak5 z m]e matt] 7t is ap>t f ! act ( p]ception :i* turns x f m]e matt] into actual fact71 w\ld h be5 a repetition ( "s ( ! pa/ b>e s5sations :i* g to =m its mean+ & comb9e ) x to create ! fact actually kn[n4 ,= b>e s5sation n[ may be a repetition ( pa/ b>e s5sation ?\gh ! full fact w always be some?+ fre%1 its flav\r *ang+ z x gr[s m & m famili> by tak+ up into itself m & m b>e s5sation :i*1 tak5 9 ab/raction1 ap>t f ! act ( syn!sis :i* turns x into actual fact1 w\ld be repetitions4 ,to take ! example :i* we h already us$ ( p]ceiv+ fir/ a rose & !n a /rawb]ry ice cream3 let u suppose t ! rose 0 ! v fir/ occasion on :i* y saw p9k4 ,! p]ceiv$ fact on t occasion w\ld1 l all p]ceiv$ facts1 be a comb9ation ( _/ pa/ & pres5t b>e s5sations4 ,x w\ld ,i n be famili> because ! elem5ts ( pres5t b>e s5sation w\ld n be repetitions ( ! elem5ts ( pa/ b>e s5sation 7always assum+1 z we mu/ = purposes ( explanation1 t pa/ & pres5t b>e s5sations ev] c\ld be isolat$ f ! actual fact & /ill bo? exi/1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n possible74 ,b :5 y saw ! /rawb]ry ice cream ! pa/ p]ceiv$ rose w\ld be among ! memories add$ to ?is b>e s5sation :i* con/itute its mean+ &1 by =m+ a syn!sis ) x1 turn x f m]e matt] into fact4 ,! p9k w\ld n[ be p]ceiv$ z famili> because ! p9k ( ! rose 7:i* z b>e s5sation is simil> to ! b>e s5sation ( /rawb]ry-ice-cream-p9k7 w\ld be includ$1 along ) ! pres5t b>e s5sation ( p9k1 9 ! :ole fact ( ! p]ception ( /rawb]ry ice cream4 ,p]ceiv$ fact1 !n1 comb9es mean+ & pres5t b>e s5sation to =m a :ole ) a qualitative flav\r :i* is itself always unique1 b :i* l5ds itself to ab/raction 9 s f> z ! b>e s5sations1 pa/ & pres5t1 :i* g to produce x1 w\ld1 z matt] 9 isolation1 be repetitions4 ,?is qualitative flav\r1 h[ev]1 is1 ( c\rse1 n a quality 9 ! logical s5se :i* implies di/9ctness & ext]nality ( relations4 ,facts h logical qualities only if !y are tak5 9 ab/raction isolat$ f _! context4 ,?is is n h[ fact actually occurs4 ,e fact occurs 9 ! c\rse ( ! duration ( "s m5tal life :i* itself *anges z a process ( duration & n z a logical s]ies4 ,! m5tal life ( an individual is1 z x 71 a compreh5sive fact :i* embraces all ! facts directly kn[n to t individual 9 a s+le process ( creative duration4 ,facts are to ! m5tal life ( an individual :at b>e s5sation is to ! actual fact directly kn[n 9 p]ception3 facts are1 z x 71 ! matt] ( m5tal life4 ,imag9e a fact directly kn[n1 su* z we h describ$ 9 discuss+ s5sible p]ception1 la/+ on & on1 p]petually tak+ up new b>e s5sations & complicat+ !m ) mean+ :i* consi/s ( all ! pa/ :i* x already conta9s s z to make out ( ?is comb9ation ( pa/ & pres5t fre% fact1 t w give y "s idea ( ! way 9 :i* ,b]gson ?9ks t m5tal life is creat$ out ( matt] by memory4 ,only ?is description is /ill unsatisfactory because x is oblig$ to speak ( :at is creat$ ei!r 9 ! plural or 9 ! s+ul> & s fails to convey ei!r ! diff]5tiation conta9$ 9 m5tal life or else its unbrok5 cont9uity z all "o fact progressively modifi$ by absorb+ m & m matt]4 ,if ,b]gson's acc\nt ( ! way 9 :i* memory works is true !re is a s5se 9 :i* ! :ole pa/ ( e individual is pres]v$ 9 memory & all unites ) any pres5t b>e s5sation to con/itute ! fact directly kn[n to him at any giv5 mom5t4 ,if ! cont9uity ( duration is really unbrok5 !re is no possibility ( any ( ! pa/ be+ lo/4 ,?is is :y ,b]gson ma9ta9s t ! :ole ( our pa/ is conta9$ 9 our virtual k3 :at he means by our virtual k is simply ev]y?+ :i* ent]s into ! process ( duration :i* con/itutes our :ole m5tal life4 ,besides our :ole pa/ ?is virtual k mu/ also conta9 mu* m ( pres5t b>e s5sation ?an we are usually aw>e (4 ,we said t1 = ,b]gson1 actual fact directly kn[n 0 ! only reality2 ?is actual fact1 h[ev]1 does n mean m]ely :at is pres5t to ! p]ception ( a giv5 individual at any giv5 mom5t1 b ! :ole ( our virtual k4 ,! field ( virtual k w\ld cov] mu* ! same region z ! subconsci\s1 :i* plays su* an important "p 9 mod]n psy*ology4 ,! limits ( ?is field are impossible to det]m9e4 ,once y give up limit+ direct k to ! fact actually pres5t 9 p]ception at any giv5 mom5t x is difficult to draw ! l9e any:]e4 ,& yet to draw ! l9e at ! pres5t mom5t is impossible = 8! pres5t mom5t0 is cle>ly an ab/ract fiction4 ,= practical purposes 8! pres5t0 is :at is kn[n z 8! speci\s pres5t10 :i* cov]s a c]ta9 ill-def9$ p]iod ( duration f :i* ! in/antane\s 8pres5t mom5t0 is recognis$ to be a m]e ab/raction4 ,accord+ to ,b]gson1 h[ev]1 j z 8! pres5t mom5t0 is only an ab/raction f a wid] speci\s pres5t s ?is speci\s pres5t itself is an ab/raction f a cont9u\s process ( duration f :i* o!r ab/ractions1 days1 weeks1 ye>s1 c be made1 b :i* is actually unbrok5 & =ms a s+le cont9u\s *ang+ :ole4 ,& j z facts are only ab/ractions f ! :ole m5tal life ( an individual s individuals mu/ be reg>d$ z ab/ractions f "s m compreh5sive m5tal :ole & ?us our virtual k seems n m]ely to ext5d ov] ! :ole ( :at is embrac$ by our individual acts ( p]ception & pres]v$ by our individual memories b ov]fl[s ev5 ^! limits & mu/ be reg>d$ z co-ext5sive ) ! duration ( ! :ole ( reality4 ,x may be op5 to "q h[ mu* ( ?is virtual k ( bo? pa/ & pres5t we ev] c\ld "k directly 9 any s5se comp>able to ! way 9 :i* we "k ! fact actually pres5t$ at "s giv5 mom5t1 h[ev] p]fectly we might succe$ 9 ridd+ ourselves ) our intellectual pre-occupation ) expla9+ in/ead ( kn[+2 b1 if reality =ms an unbrok5 :ole 9 duration1 we _c 9 advance set any limits1 %ort ( ! :ole ( reality1 to ! field ( virtual k4 ,& x does really seem z if our pre-occupation ) discov]+ repetitions 9 ! int]e/s ( explanation _h some?+ to d ) ! limit$ ext5t ( ! direct k :i* we ord9>ily enjoy1 s t1 if we c\ld ov]come ?is bias1 we might "k m ?an we d n[1 ?\gh h[ mu* m x is n possible1 9 advance1 to pr$ict4 ,= 9 ! :ole field ( virtual k1 :i* appe>s to be cont9u\s ) ! little scrap ( fact :i* is all t we usually att5d to1 pres5t b>e s5sation & su* b>e s5sations z resemble x1 =m v insignificant elem5ts3 = purposes ( ab/raction & explanation1 h[ev]1 x is only ^! insignificant elem5ts t are ( any use4 ,s long1 !re=e1 z we are preoccupi$ ) ab/raction1 we mu/ b5d all our en]gies t[>ds isolat+ ^! fragm5ts f ! context :i* ext5ds out & out ov] ! :ole field ( virtual k1 rivett+ our att5tion on !m &1 z f> z possible1 ignor+ all ! re/4 ,if ,b]gson's !ory ( virtual k is correct1 !n1 x does seem z if normally our ef=ts 7 direct$ t[>ds %utt+ out mo/ ( our k r ?an t[>ds enjoy+ x1 t[>ds =gett+ ! great] "p ( :at memory conta9s r ?an t[>ds rememb]+ x4 ,if we really c\ld rev]se ?is ef=t & conc5trate ^u kn[+ ! :ole field ( pa/ & pres5t z fully z possible1 in/ead ( classify+ x1 :i* involves select+ "p ( ! field & ignor+ ! re/1 x is !oretically conceivable t we might succe$ 9 kn[+ directly ! :ole ( ! process ( duration :i* con/itutes ! individual m5tal life ( ea* "o ( u4 ,& x is n ev5 c]ta9 t our k mu/ necess>ily be conf9$ )9 ! limits ( :at we h call$ our individual m5tal life4 ,p>ticul> facts1 z we h se51 are n really di/9ct p>ts ( a s+le individual m5tal life3 ! notion ( sep>at5ess applies only to ab/ractions & x is only because we are mu* m pre-occupi$ ) ab/ractions ?an ) actual facts t we come to suppose t facts c ev] really be sep>ate f "o ano!r4 ,:5 we %ake (f our common s5se assumptions & exam9e ! actual facts :i* we "k directly we f9d t !y =m a process & n a logical s]ies ( di/9ct facts "o aft] ! o!r4 ,n[ on analogy x seems possible t :at we call individual m5tal lives are1 to ! wid] process :i* conta9s & con/itutes ! :ole ( reality1 z p>ticul> facts are to ! :ole process :i* con/itutes ea* individual m5tal life4 ,! :ole ( reality may conta9 individual lives z ^! conta9 p>ticul> facts1 n z sep>ate di/9ct units 9 logical relations1 b z a process 9 :i* ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 8! p>ts0 7if we mu/ speak ( 8p>ts07 is n cle> cut4 ,if ?is analogy holds !n x is impossible 9 advance to set any limits to ! field ( direct k :i* x may be 9 our p[] to secure by rev]s+ our usual m5tal attitude & devot+ our en]gies simply to kn[+1 in/ead ( to classify+ & expla9+4 ,b )\t go+ beyond ! limits ( our individual exp]i5ce1 & ev5 )\t com+ to "k directly ! :ole field ( pa/ & pres5t fact :i* t exp]i5ce conta9s1 x is /ill a consid]able ga9 to our direct k if we realize :at false assumptions our preoccupation ) classification leads u to make ev5 ab\t ! v limit$ facts to :i* our direct k is ord9>ily conf9$4 ,we !n realize t1 besides be+ consid]ably less ?an :at we probably h x 9 our p[] to "k1 ^! few facts t we d "k are !mselves by no means :at we commonly suppose !m to be4 ,! two fundam5tal errors into :i* common s5se leads u ab\t ! facts are ! assumptions t !y h ! logical =m1 t is conta9 mutually exclusive p>ts 9 ext]nal relations1 & t ^! p>ts c be repeat$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,^! two false assumptions are summ$ up 9 ! common s5se view t ! fact :i* we "k directly actually consi/s ( ev5ts1 ?+s1 /ates1 qualities4 ,b]gson tells u t :5 once we h realiz$ t ?is is n ! case we h begun to be philosoph]s4 ,hav+ /ripp$ ! veil ( common s5se assumptions f :at we "k directly our task w !n be to hold ?is direct k be=e u s z to "k z mu* z possible4 ,! act by :i* we "k directly is ! v same act by :i* we p]ceive & rememb]2 ^! are all simply acts ( syn!sis1 ef=ts to turn matt] into creative duration4 ,:at we h to d is1 z x 71 to make a big act ( p]ception to embrace z wild a field z possible ( pa/ & pres5t z a s+le fact directly kn[n4 ,?is act ( syn!sis ,b]gson calls 8intuition40 ,intuition may be describ$ z turn+ pa/ & pres5t into fact directly kn[n by trans=m+ x f m]e matt] into a creative process ( duration3 b1 ( c\rse1 actually1 !re is n1 fir/ matt]1 !n an act ( intuition :i* syn!sises x1 & f9ally a fact 9 duration1 !re is simply ! duration1 & ! matt] & ! act ( intuition are only ab/ractions by :i* we describe & expla9 x4 ,! ef=t ( intuition is ! rev]sal ( ! intellectual ef=t to ab/ract & expla9 :i* is our usual way ( treat+ facts1 & ^! two ways ( att5d+ are incompatible & _c bo? be c>ri$ on toge!r4 ,intuition1 7or1 to give x a m famili> "n1 direct k17 reveals fact3 intellectual att5tion analyses & classifies ?is fact 9 ord] to expla9 x 9 g5]al t]ms1 t is to expla9 x by sub/itut+ ab/ractions = ! actual fact4 ,obvi\sly we _c p]=m acts ( analysis )\t "s fact to s]ve z mat]ial3 analysis uses ! facts suppli$ by direct k z its mat]ial4 ,b]gson ma9ta9s t 9 s do+ x limits & di/orts ^! facts & he says t if we are look+ = speculative k we mu/ g back to direct k1 or1 z he calls x1 intuition4 ,b b>e acqua9tance is 9-communicable1 moreov] x requires a great ef=t to ma9ta9 x4 ,9 ord] to communicate x & reta9 ! p[] ( gett+ ! facts back aga9 aft] we h relax$ our grip on !m we are oblig$1 once we h obta9$ ! fulle/ direct k ( :i* we are capable1 to apply ! intellectual me?od to ! fact ?us reveal$ & attempt to describe x 9 g5]al t]ms4 ,n[ ! directly kn[n =ms a creative duration ^: special *>act]i/ics are t x is non-logical1 7i4e41 is n made up ( di/9ct mutually exclusive t]ms unit$ by ext]nal relations7 & does n conta9 p>ts :i* c be repeat$ ov] & ov]1 :ile on ! o!r h& ! t]ms :i* we h to sub/itute = x if we want to describe x only /& = repetitions & h ! logical =m4 ,x looks1 !re=e1 z if our descriptions c\ld n1 z !y /&1 be v successful 9 convey+ to o!rs ! fact kn[n to u directly1 or 9 recall+ x to ourselves4 ,9 ord] t ! description sub/itut$ by our intellectual activity = ! facts :i* we want to describe may convey ^! facts x is necess>y to p]=m an act ( syn!sis on ! description analog\s to ! act ( p]ception :i* orig9ally creat$ ! fact itself out ( m]e matt]4 ,! words us$ 9 a description %\ld be to ! he>] :at m]e matt] is to ! p]ceiv]3 9 ord] t matt] may be p]ceiv$ an act ( syn!sis mu/ be p]=m$ by :i* ! matt] is turn$ into fact 9 duration3 simil>ly 9 ord] to ga!r :at a description ( a fact means ! he>] mu/ take ! g5]al t]ms :i* are employ$ n z be+ di/9ct & mutually exclusive b z modify+ "o ano!r & int]p5etrat+ 9 ! way 9 :i* ! 8p>ts0 ( a process ( creative duration int]p5etrate4 ,9 ! same way by und]/&+ ! t]ms employ$ syn!tically & n intellectually we c use a description to recall any fact :i* we h once kn[n directly4 ,?us our k advances by alt]nate acts ( direct acqua9tance & analysis4 ,philosophy mu/ />t f a fre% ef=t ( acqua9tance creat+1 if possible1 a fact wid] & full] ?an ! facts :i* we are cont5t to "k = ! purposes ( ev]yday life4 ,b analysis is ess5tial if ! fact ?us directly kn[n is to be convey$ to o!rs & recall$4 ,by analysis ! philosoph] fixes ?is wid] field 9 ord] t he may communicate & recall x4 ,/>t+ lat] f ! description ( "s fact obta9$ by a previ\s ef=t ( acqua9tance1 or f sev]al facts obta9$ at diff]5t times1 & also f ! facts describ$ by o!rs1 & us+ all ^! descriptions z mat]ial1 x may be possible1 by a fre% ef=t1 to p]=m acts ( acqua9tance1 7or syn!sis7 embrac+ ev] wid] & wid] fields ( k4 ,?is1 accord+ to ,b]gson1 is ! way 9 :i* philosophical k %\ld be built up1 facts1 obta9$ by acts ( acqua9tance1 be+ translat$ into descriptions only t ^! descriptions may aga9 be fur!r syn!sis$ s direct+ our att5tion to m & m compreh5sive facts4 ,inevitably1 ( c\rse1 ^! facts !mselves1 be+ less ?an all ! /ream ( creative duration to :i* !y belong1 w be ab/ractions1 if tak5 ap>t f t :ole /ream1 & s di/ort$4 ,?is flaw 9 :at we "k ev5 by direct acqua9tance c nev] be :olly rem$i$ %ort ( our succe$+ 9 becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! :ole ( duration4 ,x is some?+1 h[ev]1 to be aw>e ( ! flaw1 ev5 if we _c :olly rem$y x1 & ! wid] ! acqua9tance ! less is ! imp]fection 9 ! fact kn[n4 ,! fir/ /ep1 9 any case1 t[>ds obta9+ ! wid] acqua9tance at :i* philosophy aims consi/s 9 mak+ ! ef=t necess>y to rid ourselves ( ! practical preoccupation :i* gives u our bias t[>ds expla9+ ev]y?+ long be=e we h all[$ ourselves "t to pay prop] att5tion to x1 9 ord] t we may at lea/ get back to su* actual facts z we d already "k directly4 ,:5 ?is has be5 accompli%$ 7& our intellectual habits are s deeply +ra9$ t ! task is by no means easy7 we c !n g on to o!r philosoph]s' descriptions ( ! facts ) :i* _! own ef=ts to wid5 _! direct k h acqua9t$ !m &1 by syn!sis+ ! g5]al t]ms :i* !y h be5 oblig$ to employ1 we also may come to "k ^! m compreh5sive facts4 ,unless x is und]/ood syn!tically1 h[ev]1 a philosoph]'s description ( ! facts ) :i* he has acqua9t$ himself w be altoge!r unsatisfactory & mislead+4 ,x is 9 ?is way t ,b]gson's own analysis ( ! fact :i* we all "k directly into matt] & ! act ( memory by :i* matt] is turn$ into a creative process %\ld be und]/ood4 ,! matt] & ! act ( memory are bo? ab/ractions f ! actual fact3 he does n mean t ov] & above ! fact !re is ei!r any matt] or any =ce or activity call$ memory nor are ^! ?+s suppos$ to be 9 ! actual fact3 !y are simply ab/ract t]ms 9 :i* ! fact is describ$4 ,b]gson tries else:]e to put ! same po9t by say+ t !re are two t5d5cies 9 reality1 "o t[>ds space 7t is logical =m7 & ! o!r t[>ds duration1 & t ! actual fact :i* we "k directly 8t5ds0 n[ t[>ds 8space0 & n[ t[>ds duration4 ,! two faculties intellect & intuition are likewise fictions :i* are n really suppos$ to exi/1 di/9ct f ! fact to :i* !y are appli$1 b are simply ab/ract notions inv5t$ = ! sake ( description4 ,:atev] ! description by :i* a philosoph] attempts to convey :at he has discov]$ we %all only und]/& x if we rememb] t ! t]ms 9 :i* ! fact is describ$ are n actually p>ts ( ! fact itself & c only convey ! mean+ int5d$ if !y are grasp$ by syn!sis & n intellectually und]/ood4 ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,by ,,! ,,devon%ire ,,press1 ,,torquay ,int]national ,libr>y ( ,psy*ology ,philosophy & ,sci5tific ,me?od ,,g5]al ,,editor - - - - ,c4 ,k4 ,,ogd51 ,m4 ,a4 7,magdal5e ,college1 ,cambridge74 ,,volumes ,,already ,,arrang$3 ,,philosophical ,,/udies by ,q4 ,e4 ,,moore1 ,litt4 ,d4 ,,conflict ,,& ,,dream by ,w4 ,h4 ,r4 ,,riv]s1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,,! ,,measurem5t ,,( ,,emotion by ,w4 ,,:ately ,,smi? ,introduction by ,william ,br[n4 ,,! ,,analysis ,,( ,,matt] by ,,b]tr& ,,russell1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,,ma!matics ,,= ,,philosoph]s by ,g4 ,h4 ,,h>dy1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,,psy*ological ,,types by ,c4 ,g4 ,,jong1 ,m4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,,! ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,reason+ by ,,eug5io ,,rignano ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,psy*o!rapy by ,,william ,,br[n1 ,m4 ,d41 ,d4 ,sc4 ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,! ,,unconsci\s by ,e4 ,,von ,,h>tmann ,,! ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,musical ,,ae/hetics by ,w4 ,,pole1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,edit$ by ,edw>d ,j4 ,d5t4 ,,! ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,music by ,,edw>d ,j4 ,,d5t ,,"s ,,concepts ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,?\ght by ,c4 ,d4 ,,broad1 ,litt4 ,d4 ,,philosophical ,,logic by ,l4 ,,wittg5/e9 ,introduction by ,b]tr& ,russell4 ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ' ,,z ,,if by ,h4 ,,vaih+] ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,feel+ by ,f4 ,,paulhan ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,mat]ialism by ,f4 ,a4 ,,lange ,,col\r-,,h>mony by ,,james ,,wood & ,c4 ,k4 ,,ogd5 ,,! ,,/ati/ical ,,me?od ,,9 ,,economics ,,& ,,politics by ,p4 ,,s>gant ,,flor5ce ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,criticism by ,i4 ,a4 ,,ri*>ds