,,/udies ,,on ,,f]m5tation ,,/udies ,,on ,,f]m5tation ,,! ,,diseases ,,( ,,be] ,,_! ,,causes1 ,,& ,,! ,,means ,,( ,,prev5t+ ,,!m ,,by ,,l\is ,,pa/eur ,,memb] ,,( ,,in/itute ,,( ,,france1 ,,! ,,royal ,,society ,,( ,,london1 ,,etc4 ,a ,,translation1 ,,made ,,) ,,! ,,au?or',s ,,sanction1 ,,( 8,,tudes ,,sur ,,la ,,bi,,re10 ,,) ,,notes1 ,,index1 ,,& ,,orig9al ,,illu/rations ,,by ,,frank ,,faulkn] ,,au?or ,,( 8,,! ,,art ,,( ,,brew+10 ,,etc4 ,,& ,d4 ,,con/able ,,robb1 ,b4,a4 ,,late ,,s*ol> ,,( ,,worce/] ,,coll41 ,,ox=d ,london ,,macmillan ,,co #ahgi ,,p>don ,,& ,,sons1 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,pat]no/] ,,r[1 ,,london4 ,,to ,,! ,,memory ,,( ,,my ,,fa!r1 ,,=m]ly ,a ,,soldi] ,,"u ,,! ,,fir/ ,,empire1 ,,& ,,knight ,,( ,,! ,,legion ,,( ,,hon\r4 ,,! ,,long] ,i ,,live1 ,,! ,,bett] ,,d ,i ,,und]/& ,,! ,,k9dness ,,( ,,?y ,,he>t ,,& ,,! ,,excell5ce ,,( ,,?y ,,m9d4 ,,to ,,?y ,,example ,,& ,,c\nsels ,,d ,i ,,owe ,,! ,,ef=ts ,,t ,,h ,,be5 ,,devot$ ,,to ,,^! ,,/udies1 ,,z ,,well ,,z ,,to ,,all ,,! ,,"w ,i ,,h ,,ev] ,,done4 ,,& ,,n[1 ,,h[ ,,c ,i ,,bett] ,,hon\r ,,^! ,,filial ,,remembrances ,,?an ,,by ,,d$icat+ ,,my ,,book ,,to ,,?y ,,memory8 ,l4 ,,pa/eur4 ,,au?or',s ,,preface4 ,our mis=tunes inspir$ me ) ! idea ( ^! rese>*es4 ,i und]took !m imm$iately aft] ! w> ( #ahgj1 & h s9ce cont9u$ !m )\t int]ruption1 ) ! det]m9ation ( p]fect+ !m1 & !reby b5efit+ a bran* ( indu/ry :]e9 we are und\bt$ly surpass$ by ,g]many4 ,i am conv9c$ t ,i h f\nd a precise1 practical solution ( ! ardu\s problem :i* ,i propos$ to myself--t ( a process ( manufacture1 indep5d5t ( season & locality1 :i* %\ld obviate ! necessity ( hav+ rec\rse to ! co/ly me?ods ( cool+ employ$ 9 exi/+ processes1 & at ! same "t secure ! pres]vation ( its products = any l5g? ( "t4 ,^! new /udies are bas$ on ! same pr9ciples :i* guid$ me 9 my rese>*es on w9e1 v9eg>1 & ! silkworm disease--pr9ciples1 ! applications ( :i* are practically unlimit$4 ,! etiology ( contagi\s diseases may1 p]haps1 receive f !m an unexpect$ light4 ,i ne$ n haz>d any pr$iction conc]n+ ! advantages likely to accrue to ! brew+ indu/ry f ! adoption ( su* a process ( brew+ z my /udy ( ! subject has enabl$ me to devise1 & f an application ( ! novel facts ^u :i* ?is process is f\nd$4 ,"t is ! be/ apprais] ( sci5tific "w1 & ,i am n unaw>e t an indu/rial discov]y r>ely produces all its fruit 9 ! h&s ( its fir/ inv5tor4 ,i began my rese>*es at ,cl]mont-,f]r&1 9 ! laboratory1 & ) ! help1 ( my fri5d ,m4 ,duclaux1 pr(essor ( *emi/ry at ! ,faculty ( ,sci5ces ( t t[n4 ,i cont9u$ !m 9 ,p>is1 & aft]w>ds at ! great brew]y ( ,t\rtel ,bro!rs1 ( ,tantonville1 :i* is admitt$ to be ! fir/ 9 ,france4 ,i he>tily ?ank ^! g5tlem5 = _! extreme k9dness4 ,i owe also a public tribute ( gratitude to ,m4 ,kuhn1 a clev] brew] ( ,*amalires1 ne> ,cl]mont-,f]r&1 z well z to ,m4 ,velt51 ( ,m>seilles1 & to ,,mm4 de ,tassigny1 ( ,reims1 :o h plac$ at my disposal _! e/abli%m5ts & _! products1 ) ! mo/ praisewor?y will+ness4 ,l4 ,,pa/eur4 ,,p>is1 ,june #a1 #ahgf4 ,,preface ,,to ,,engli% ,,edition4 ,my fir/ idea ( plac+ be=e ,engli% brew]s a translation ( 8tudes sur la ,bire0 0 meagre 9 ! extreme1 comp>$ ) ! f9al realization ( x z x appe>s 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,see+ ! va/ importance ( ,pa/eur's "w f a practical po9t ( view1 aft] writ+ a review ( x = ! ,brew]s' ,j\rnal1 ,i det]m9$ to procure1 at any rate = ! use ( my pupils1 a lit]al translation1 illu/rat$ by photo-li?ographic copies ( ! orig9al plates1 ! ?ankless task ( execut+ ?is prelim9>y translation = s limit$ a numb] ( read]s be+ mo/ k9dly & g5]\sly c>ri$ out = me by my fri5d ,mr4 ,frank ,u4 ,waite1 :o1 be+ engag$ ) me at ! "t 9 practical brew+ op]ations1 %>$ my views z to ! value ( ! orig9al "w4 ,x 0 on ! completion ( ?is translation t my views & desires exp&$4 ,! m ,i /udi$ ! "w1 ! m ,i 0 conv9c$ ( its imm5se value to ! brew] z af=d+ him an intellig5t k ( ! processes & mat]ials ) :i* he deals1 b ov] & above all ?is1 x 0 impossible n to feel t ! rese>*es ( su* a devot$ & accompli%$ savant z ,pa/eur1 possess$ a sci5tific int]e/ mu* wid] ?an _! m]e relation to ! art ( brew+ w\ld imply4 ,z ! "w ( a skilful *emi/ & a labori\s & accurate obs]v]1 su* a protract$ & c>eful /udy ( ! l[e/ & simple/ =ms ( life1 mu/ necess>ily be ( fir/ importance to ! biologi/--to ! beg9n] z an admirable introduction to ! /udy ( practical physiology 9 g5]al1 z well z to ! m advanc$ /ud5t1 f ! sugge/ive light :i* x ?r[s on ! nature ( analog\s ph5om5a 9 m complex organisms4 ,i det]m9$ accord+ly to publi% ! "w if ,i c\ld secure ! cons5t ( its di/+ui%$ au?or1 b at ! same "t ,i felt t ! publication ( ,m4 ,pa/eur's 8,/udies0 9 ! =m 9 :i* ,mr4 ,waite _h1 at my reque/1 translat$ x1 & illu/rat$ only ) inf]ior copies ( ! orig9al plates1 w\ld n be ei!r advisable or j2 b t ,i 0 b\nd r to put ! book be=e ! ,engli% public 9 z satisfactory & complete a =m z lay )9 my p[]4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ,i 0 induc$ to seek ! aid ( ,mr4 ,d4 ,con/able ,robb1 ,b4,a41 ( ,! ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,museum1 :o1 9 tak+ ,mr4 ,waite's v]sion z a basis1 has s elaborat$1 annotat$1 & reca/ x1 t ,i feel b\nd to say t mu* ( ! value ( 8,/udies on ,f]m5tation10 z x n[ appe>s1 is due to ! c>e t ,mr4 ,robb has be/[$ ^u ! revision t he s k9dly und]took2 a revision ! result ( :i* has creat$ a feel+ ( confid5ce 9 ! success ( ! translation z x n[ /&s1 :i* ,i c\ld n h _h 9 any m]e lit]al v]sion4 ,to ! practical work] ! orig9al illu/rations alone1 :i* appe> 9 ?is v]sion1 _c b be ( imm5se value 9 ! microscopical /udy ( ! *anges 9 ! liquids ) :i* he deals2 :il/ ! _m notes & additions1 :i* are a feature peculi> to ! ,engli% edition1 m p>ticul>ly ! r5d]+ into ! equival5ts1 ) :i*1 un=tunately1 practical m5 on ?is side ( ! *annel are /ill mo/ at home1 ( ! metric weights & measures & c5tigrade temp]atures1 z well z ! ,index :i* ,mr4 ,robb has compil$1 w1 ,i tru/1 r5d] ! book ( /ill great] s]vice ?an x o!rwise w\ld h be5 to _m ( ^? :o may fav\r x ) _! att5tion4 ,! debt :i* we ,engli% brew]s owe to ,m4 ,pa/eur c h>dly be ov]-e/imat$1 & ,i mu/ be all[$ "h to express my p]sonal obligations to t di/+ui%$ work] = ! p]mission :i* all[s ?is translation2 & to ! ,fr5* publi%]s = _! help ) reg>d to ! int]leav$ illu/rations4 ,! au?or's preface & d$ication are1 ( c\rse1 reproduc$1 ! =m] mak+ x unnecess>y = me to ref] m 9 detail to ! cont5ts ( ! translation4 ,,frank ,,faulkn]4 ,,! ,,brew]y1 ,,/4 ,,hel5',s1 ,,lanca%ire1 ,septemb]1 #ahgi4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,au?or',s ,,d$ication v ,,au?or',s ,,preface vii ,,translator',s ,,preface ix ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,on ,,! ,,intimate ,,relation ,,exi/+ ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,det]ioration ,,( ,,be]1 ,,or ,,! ,,wort ,,f ,,:i* ,,x ,,is ,,made1 ,,& ,,! ,,process ,,( ,,brew+ #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,on ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,! ,,diseases ,,:i* ,,affect ,,be] ,,& ,,wort4 ,i4 ,e unheal?y *ange 9 ! quality ( be] co9cides ) a developm5t ( microscopic g]ms :i* are ali5 to ! pure f]m5t ( be] #ai ,,ii4 ,! abs5ce ( *ange 9 wort & be] co9cides ) ! abs5ce ( =eign organisms #be ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,on ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,f]m5ts ,,prop]ly ,,s ,,call$4 ,i4 ,on ! conditions :i* cause v>iations 9 ! nature ( ! organiz$ products exi/+ 9 infusions #cc ,,ii4 ,exp]im5ts on blood & ur9e tak5 9 _! normal /ate1 & expos$ to contact ) air t has be5 depriv$ ( ! p>ticles ( du/ :i* x g5]ally holds 9 susp5sion #dj ,,iii4 ,exp]im5ts on ! juice conta9$ 9 grapes #ed ,,iv4 ,wort & mu/ expos$ to common air #ei ,v4 ,new comp>ative /udies on ! g]ms held 9 susp5sion by ! air ( diff]5t places :i* are ne> ea* o!r1 b subject$ to diff]5t conditions affect+ ! production & diffusion ( ! p>ticles ( du/ f\nd 9 !m #gb ,,vi4 ,yea/ may become dry & be r$uc$ to du/ )\t los+ its faculty ( reproduction #ha ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,organisms ,,9 ,a ,,/ate ,,( ,,purity3 ,,_! ,,autonomy4 ,i4 ,gr[? ( ,p5icillium glaucum & ,asp]gillus glaucus 9 a /ate ( purity4--,pro(s t ^! fungoid gr[?s d n become trans=m$ into ! alcoholic f]m5ts ( be] or w9e4--,prelim9>y inquiry into ! cause ( f]m5tation #hf ,,ii4 ,gr[? ( ,mycod]ma v9i 9 a /ate ( purity4--,confirmation ( our orig9al conjectures z to ! cause ( f]m5tation4--,mycod]ma v9i does n *ange into yea/1 al?\gh x may give rise to f]m5tation #ajh ,,iii4 ,gr[? ( ,mycod]ma aceti 9 a /ate ( purity #aba ,,iv4 ,gr[? ( ,mucor racemosus 9 a /ate ( purity4--,example ( life m active & la/+ :5 remov$ f ! influ5ce ( air #abg ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,alcoholic ,,f]m5ts4 ,i4 ,on ! orig9 ( f]m5t #adc ,,ii4 ,on 8spontane\s0 f]m5t #ahb ,,iii4 ,on 8high0 & 8l[0 f]m5ts #ahf ,,iv4 ,on ! exi/5ce & production ( o!r species ( f]m5t #aif ,v4 ,on a new race ( alcoholic f]m5ts3 ,arobian f]m5ts #bje ,,vi4 ,! purification ( comm]cial yea/s #bai ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,physiological ,,!ory ,,( ,,f]m5tation4 ,i4 ,on ! relations exi/+ betwe5 oxyg5 & yea/ #bce ,,ii4 ,f]m5tation 9 sac*>9e fruits imm]s$ 9 c>bonic acid gas #bff ,,iii4 ,reply to c]ta9 critical obs]vations ( ! ,g]man naturali/s1 ,osc> ,brefeld & ,moritz ,traube #bgi ,,iv4 ,f]m5tation ( dextro-t>trate ( lime #bhd ,v4 ,ano!r example ( life )\t air4--,f]m5tation ( lactate ( lime #bib ,,vi4 ,reply to ! critical obs]vations ( ,liebig1 publi%$ 9 #ahgj #caf ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,new ,,process ,,= ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,be]4 ,i4 ,prelim9>y exp]im5ts #cch ,,ii4 ,me?od ( e/imat+ ! oxyg5 held 9 solution 9 wort #cec ,,iii4 ,on ! quantity ( oxyg5 exi/+ 9 a /ate ( solution 9 brew]s' worts #cfd ,,iv4 ,on ! comb9ation ( oxyg5 ) wort #cga ,v4 ,on ! influ5ce ( oxyg5 9 comb9ation on ! cl>ification ( wort #cha ,,vi4 ,application ( ! pr9ciples ( ! new process ( brew+ ) ! use ( limit$ quantities ( air #chg ,,app5dix #cif ,,index #djc ,,index ,,to ,,plates4 ,i4 ,pr9cipal disease-f]m5ts met ) 9 wort & be] #f ,,ii4 ,appe>ance "u ! microscope ( ! deposit f 8turn$0 be] #bj ,,iii4 ,torul 9 process ( developm5t #gb ,,iv4 ,mycod]ma v9i function+ z an alcoholic f]m5t4--,"r half1 %[+ appe>ance ( spores j s[n2 left half1 _! appe>ance aft] an int]val ( subm]g$ life #aaf ,v4 ,mucor1 vegetat+ subm]g$1 9 deficit ( air #acf ,,vi4 ,f]m5t ( mucor #ach ,,vii4 ,yea/-cells--worn out & dissociat$ 7left71 aft] revival 9 a sweet wort 7"r7 #adh ,,viii4 ,f]tile m\ld-cells f ! out] surface ( grapes #aeb ,,ix4 ,v>i\s examples ( ! mode ( gr[? ( m\ld-cells f ! out] surface ( grapes #aed ,x4 ,"o ( ! f]m5ts ( acid fruits at ! comm5cem5t ( f]m5tation 9 its natural m$ium #aff ,,xi4 ,sac*>omyces pa/orianus1 9 c\rse ( regul> gr[? #afh ,,xii4 ,f]m5t-cells f a spontane\s f]m5tation j />t+ #ahd ,,*apt] ,i4 ,on ! ,intimate ,relation exi/+ betwe5 ! ,det]ioration ( ,be]1 or ! ,wort f :i* x is ,made1 & ! ,process ( ,brew+4 ,at ! outset ( ^! 8,/udies10 let u briefly consid] ! nature ( be] & ! me?ods ( its manufacture4 ,be] is a bev]age :i* has be5 kn[n f ! e>lie/ times4 ,x may be describ$ z an infusion ( g]m9at$ b>ley & hops1 :i* has be5 caus$ to f]m5t aft] hav+ be5 cool$1 & :i*1 by means ( 8settl+0 & rack+1 has ultimately be5 br\ght to a high /ate ( cl>ification4 ,x is an alcoholic bev]age1 vegetable 9 its orig9--a b>ley w9e1 z x is sometimes rightly t]m$4#a ,be] & w9e1 h[ev]1 diff] widely 9 _! composition4 ,be] is less acid & less alcoholic ?an w9e2 x holds m +r$i5ts 9 solution1 & ! nature ( ^! +r$i5ts is by no means simil> to t ( ^? :i* are f\nd 9 w9e4 ,^! diff]5ces 9 ! compon5t p>ts ( w9e & be] give rise to correspond+ diff]5ces 9 ! keep+ qualities ( ! two liquids4 ,! small am\nt ( acidity 9 be]1 its pov]ty 9 alcohol1 & ! pres5ce ( matt] t is sac*>9e1 or liable to become s1 all op]ate 9 imp>t+ to be] a t5d5cy to *ange1 :i* w9e does n possess4 ,t ?is unequal resi/ance to ! aggression ( diseases is due to su* diff]5ces1 may be prov$ by ! fact t w9e c\ld be made mu* m liable to *ange ?an x actually is1 by a dim9ution ( its acidity & its usual proportion ( alcohol1 or by increas+ ! proportion ( viscid or sac*>9e matt]s1#b modifications :i* w\ld t5d to assimilate its composition to t ( be]4 ,we h rem>k$ else:]e t ! pa9s devot$ to ! re>+ ( v9es1 & to ! ord9>y op]ations ( v9ification1 su* z ouillage1#c sulphur+1 & repeat$ rack+s1 z well z ! use ( cell>s & vessels h]metically clos$1 are entail$ by ! necessity ( c\nt]act+ & prev5t+ ! diseases to :i* w9e is liable4 ,! same may be said1 a =tiori1 ( be]1 inasmu* z x is m liable to *ange ?an w9e4 ,manufactur]s & retail]s ( ?is bev]age h to /rive con/antly ) ! difficulty ( pres]v+ x1 or ! wort us$ 9 its manufacture4 ,we may readily be conv9c$ ( ?is by review+ ! usual processes ( ! art ( brew+4 ,:5 ! infusion ( malt & hops1 :i* is t]m$ wort1 is complet$1 x is left to cool4 ,x is next put into "o or m casks or vats1 9 :i* x is made to und]go alcoholic f]m5tation--! mo/ important ( all ! processes 9 brew+4 ,! cool+ mu/ be z rapid z possible4 ,?is is a condition ( success2 o!rwise1 ! wort may det]iorate1 :i* w necess>ily lead to det]ioration 9 ! quality ( ! be]4 ,z long z ! wort is at a high temp]ature x w rema9 s\nd2 :5 "u #gj ,c4 7#aeh ,f471 & p>ticul>ly :5 at a temp]ature ( f #be ,c4 to #ce ,c4 7#gg ,f4 to #ie ,f71 x w be quickly invad$ by lactic & butyric f]m5ts4 ,rapidity 9 cool+ is s ess5tial t to secure x rec\rse is _h to special app>atus4#d ,ev5 9 ! prep>ation ( wort1 especially :5 x is effect$ by successive ma%+s1 9 summ]1 det]ioration is imm95t3 9 fact1 x is n r>e to see ! wort becom+ acid dur+ ! ma%es1 if ^! are n accompli%$ ) all possible cel]ity4 ,aft] ! wort has be5 cool$1 x is mix$ ) yea/4 ,?is is obta9$ f a previ\s f]m5tation1 &1 aft] be+ ?or\ghly press$1 is add$ at ! rate ( f "o to two ?\s&? p>ts ( ! weight ( ! wort1 t is1 f #ajj to #bjj grammes p] hectolitre 7ab\t #d oz4 to #h oz4 av]age = e #be gallons74 ,at fir/ sight1 ?is yea/ seems free f ! possible diseases ( ! wort & be]2 b ?is is by no means ! case4 ,n[1 :y d we add yea/ to our wort8 ,?is practice is unkn[n 9 ! art ( v9ification4 ,! mu/ is always left to spontane\s f]m5tation4 ,:y %\ld we n leave ! wort to op]ate 9 ! same mann]8 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake to suppose t 9 ! brew+ ( be] yea/ is add$ ) ! sole object ( accel]at+ f]m5tation1 & mak+ x m rapid4 ,rapidity 9 f]m5tation is a v que/ionable advantage1 & "o :i* is n desir$ by brew]s1 :o r agree 9 pron\nc+ x injuri\s to ! quality ( be]4 ,x is 9 ! easy det]ioration ( ! wort1 or :at is tantam\nt to x1 9 ! facility x af=ds to v>i\s spontane\s f]m5tations1 t we f9d an answ] to ^! que/ions4 ,! mu/1 ?r\gh its acidity1 due to ! pres5ce ( bit>trate ( pota%--:i* seems to promote alcoholic f]m5tation--?r\gh its proportion ( sug>1 & p]haps 9 consequ5ce ( "s o!r peculi>ity ( its composition1 always und]goes regul> alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,! diseases ( w9e1 at ! comm5cem5t ( its manufacture1 %[ !mselves1 s to say1 9 a lat5t /ate only4 ,!re=e a v9tage c be left1 )\t inconv5i5ce1 to spontane\s f]m5tation4 ,) wort ! case is q diff]5t4 ,"u c]ta9 accid5tal circum/ances x is possible t alcoholic f]m5tation alone may take place 9 a wort left to f]m5t spontane\sly1 & ! quality ( ! be] rema9 unimpair$1 b su* an ev5t w\ld be exceptional1 & ( v r>e occurr5ce4 ,9 mo/ cases we %\ld obta9 an acid or putrid liquid result+ f ! production & multiplication ( ali5 f]m5ts4 ,! addition ( yea/ is made 9 consequ5ce ( ! necessity ( excit+ ?r\gh ! :ole bulk ( wort1 z soon z x is cold1 a s+le f]m5tation--viz41 ! alcoholic1 ! only "o t c produce be] prop]ly s call$4 ,! alcoholic f]m5ts conc]n$ 9 ! production ( be] w be f\nd repres5t$ 9 sev]al ( ! engrav+s 9 ?is "w4 ,o!r f]m5ts we may t]m 8diseas$02 ^! include all ^? t may occur spontane\sly--t is1 ^: g]ms h n be5 directly & int5tionally introduc$--among/ ! actual alcoholic f]m5ts4 ,! expression1 8diseas$ f]m5ts10 is ju/ifi$ by ! circum/ance t ! propagation ( ^! f]m5ts is always accompani$ by ! production ( sub/ances :i* are acid1 putrid1 visc\s1 bitt]1 or o!rwise unpalatable1 a consid]ation ( comm]cial r ?an sci5tific importance4 ,f a physiological po9t ( view1 all ^! f]m5ts are ( equal int]e/ & importance4 ,! botani/1 z a man ( sci5ce1 9 contemplat+ nature1 mu/ give equal att5tion to all plants1 :e!r useful or noxi\s1 s9ce !y are all gov]n$ by ! same natural laws1 among :i* no ord] ( m]it c\ld be e/abli%$4 ,! exig5cies ( indu/ry & heal? require1 h[ev]1 wide di/9ctions4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #a4 ,pr9cipal ,disease-f]m5ts met ) 9 ,wort & ,be]4 ,! fir/ engrav+ 7,plate ,i47 repres5ts ! diff]5t diseas$ f]m5ts1 toge!r ) "s cells ( alcoholic yea/1 to %[ ! relative size ( ^! organisms4 ,no4 #a ( ! engrav+ repres5ts ! f]m5ts ( turn$ be]1 z x is call$4 ,^! are filam5ts1 simple or articulat$ into *a9s ( diff]5t size1 & hav+ a diamet] ( ab\t ! ?\s&? "p ( a millimetre 7ab\t #a_/bejjj in*74 ,"u a v high p[] !y are se5 to be compos$ ( _m s]ies ( %ort] filam5ts1 immovable 9 _! articulations1 :i* are sc>cely visible4 ,9 ,no4 #b are giv5 ! lactic f]m5ts ( wort & be]4 ,^! are small1 f9e & contract$ 9 _! middle4 ,!y are g5]ally deta*$1 b sometimes occur 9 *a9s ( two or ?ree4 ,_! diamet] is a little great] ?an t ( ,no4 #a4 ,9 ,no4 #c are giv5 ! f]m5ts ( putrid wort & be]4 ,^! are mobile filam5ts ^: movem5ts are m or less rapid1 accord+ to ! temp]ature4 ,_! diamet] v>ies1 b is = ! mo/ "p great] ?an t ( ! filam5ts ( ,nos4 #a & #b4 ,!y g5]ally appe> at ! comm5cem5t ( f]m5tation1 :5 x is sl[1 & are almo/ inv>iably ! result ( v defective work+4 ,9 ,no4 #d are giv5 ! f]m5ts ( visc\s wort1 & ^? ( ropy be]1 :i* ! ,fr5* call filante4 ,!y =m *aplets ( ne>ly sph]ical gra9s4 ,^! f]m5ts r>ely occur 9 wort1 & /ill less frequ5tly 9 be]4 ,no4 #e repres5ts ! f]m5ts ( pung5t1 s\r be]1 :i* possesses an acetic od\r4 ,^! f]m5ts occur 9 ! %ape ( *aplets1 & consi/ ( ! mycod]ma aceti1 :i* be>s a close resemblance to lactic f]m5ts 7,no4 #b71 especially 9 ! e>ly /ages ( developm5t4 ,_! physiological functions are widely diff]5t1 9 spite ( ?is simil>ity4 ,! f]m5ts giv5 9 ,no4 #g *>act]ize be] ( a peculi> acidity1 :i* rem9ds "o m or less ( unripe1 acid fruit1 ) an od\r sui g5]is4 ,^! f]m5ts occur 9 ! =m ( gra9s :i* resemble little sph]ical po9ts1 plac$ two toge!r1 or =m+ squ>es4 ,!y are g5]ally f\nd ) ! filam5ts ( ,no4 #a1 & are m to be fe>$ ?an ! latt]1 :i* cause no v great det]ioration 9 ! quality ( be]1 :5 alone4 ,:5 ,no4 #g is pres5t1 by itself or ) ,no4 #a1 ! be] acquires a s\r ta/e & smell t r5d] x dete/able4 ,we h met ) ?is f]m5t exi/+ 9 be]1 unaccompani$ by o!r f]m5ts1 & h be5 conv9c$ ( its fatal effects4 ,no4 #f repres5ts "o ( ! deposits belong+ to wort4 ,?is mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! deposits ( diseas$ f]m5ts4 ,! latt] are always visibly organiz$1 :il/ ! =m] is %apeless1 al?\gh x w\ld n always be easy to decide betwe5 ! two *>act]s1 if sev]al samples ( bo? descriptions 7 n pres5t4 ,?is %apeless deposit int]f]es ) wort dur+ its cool+4 ,x is g5]ally abs5t f be]1 because x rema9s 9 ! backs1 or on ! cool]s2 or x may get entangl$ 9 ! yea/ dur+ f]m5tation & disappe> ) x4 ,among ! %apeless granulations ( ,no4 #f may be disc]n$ little sph]es ( diff]5t sizes & p]fect regul>ity4 ,^! are balls ( res9\s & col\r+ matt] t are frequ5tly f\nd 9 old be]1 at ! bottom ( bottles or casks2 sometimes !y occur 9 wort pres]v$ aft] ,app]t's me?od4 ,!y resemble organiz$ products1 b are no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,we h rem>k$ be=e1 9 8,/udies on ,w9e10 t ! col\r+ matt] ( w9e w\ld settle1 9 c\rse ( "t1 9 t =m4 ,x is evid5t t ! diff]5t f]m5ts del9eat$ 9 ,plate ,i4 are wor?y ( ?or\gh /udy1 9 consequ5ce ( ! f]m5tations to :i* !y may give rise4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to isolate ! action ( ea* ( !m 9 f]m5tations :i* we may call pure--a condition ( "s difficulty1 b "o t may be c>ri$ out by an adoption ( ! me?ods expla9$ 9 ?is "w4 ,all ^! diseas$ f]m5ts h a common orig94 ,_! g]ms1 inf9itesimal & h>dly p]ceptible z !y are1 ev5 ) ! aid ( ! microscope1 =m a "p ( ! du/ convey$ ?r\gh ! air4 ,?is du/ ! air is cont9ually tak+ f or deposit+ ^u all objects 9 nature1 s t ! du/ t cl+s to ! +r$i5ts f :i* our be] is manufactur$1 may teem ) ! g]ms ( diseas$ f]m5ts4 ,dur+ ! process ( f]m5tation1 ! occult p[] ( diseas$ f]m5ts1 al?\gh x may escape ! obs]vation ( ! brew]1 is manife/$ 9 a high degree4 ,dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 or s1 ! art ( brew+ has und]gone a radical *ange1 at lea/ 9 ,europe4 ,?is *ange has be5 effect$ by a p>tial ab&onm5t ( ! process ( f]m5tation =m]ly us$4 ,?irty ye>s ago only "o k9d ( be] 0 kn[n2 !re are n[adays two di/9ct k9ds--be] f]m5t$ at a high temp]ature1 & be] f]m5t$ at a l[ temp]ature4 ,ea* ( ^! is subdivid$ into _m v>ieties1 to :i* diff]5t names are giv51 accord+ to _! /r5g? or col\r4 ,?is is ! case 9 ,engl&1 :]e we f9d port]1 ale1 pale ale1 /\t1 bitt] be]1 & o!r v>ieties ( be]1 al?\gh1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! ,engli% h b "o k9d ( be]1 all ! ,engli% be]s be+ f]m5t$ at a high temp]ature4 ,let u briefly exam9e ! diff]5ces exi/+ betwe5 ! two k9ds ( be]4 ,=m]ly all be] 0 f]m5t$ at a high temp]ature4 ,! wort1 aft] hav+ be5 cool$ 9 ! backs1 0 run into a l>ge vat1 at a temp]ature ( ab\t #bj ,c4 7#fh ,f474 ,yea/ 0 !n add$ to x1 & :5 ! f]m5tation began to %[ itself1 9 ! =mation ( a light1 :ite fro?1 ^u ! surface ( ! liquid1 ! wort 0 run into casks1 hav+ a capacity ( f #ej to #ajj litres 7#aa to #bb gallons7--#ge litres be+ ! commone/ size4 ,^! casks 7 plac$ 9 cell>s1 hav+ a temp]ature ( f #ah ,c4 to #bj ,c4 7#fd ,f4 to #fh ,f474 ,! activity ( f]m5tation soon produc$ a fro? t grew ?ick] & m & m visc\s 9 proportion to ! quantity ( yea/ x conta9$4 ,! yea/ work$ out ( ! bung-holes & dropp$ into a vessel plac$ "u ! casks2 !re x 0 ga!r$ = subsequ5t op]ations4 ,x always exce$$ ! quantity us$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! f]m5t increas+ greatly dur+ ! process ( f]m5tation4 ,! increase 9 its weight v>i$ ) ! weight ( yea/ us$ & ! composition ( ! wort4 ,"u ! ord9>y conditions ( brew+1 :]e ! weight ( ! pit*+ yea/ 0 ab\t "o ?\s&? "p ( ! weight ( ! wort1 ! increase is said to h be5 f five to sev5 times ! weight ( ! yea/2 b su* increase mu/ naturally h be5 det]m9$ by ! quality ( ! wort1 ! quantity ( hops us$1 ! action ( oxyg51 & ! proportion ( b>m employ$4 ,! process ( f]m5tation la/$ f ?ree to f\r days4 ,by t "t ! be] 0 f9i%$1 & _h become limpid1 ! f]m5tation hav+ be5 complet$4 ,! bungs c\ld !n be plac$ 9 ! casks1 & ! be] be deliv]$ to ! cu/om]4#e ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( yea/ /ill rema9$ 9 ! casks1 & caus$ ! be] to become ?ick1 9 transit2 b a few days' re/ suffic$ to re/ore its brilliancy1 & r5d] x fit = dr9k+ or bottl+4 ,"h we h an explanation ( ! t]m 8high f]m5tation10 :i* has be5 appli$ to ! =ego+ process4 ,?is process is conduct$ at a high temp]ature1 :i*1 comm5c+ at #ai ,c4 or #bj ,c4 7#ff ,f4 or #fh ,f471 is rais$ to #bj ,c4 or #ba ,c4 7#fh or #gj ,f47 by ! action ( f]m5tation1 :i* is always accompani$ by an increase ( heat4#f ,?is is n1 h[ev]1 ! only reason = ! use ( ! t]m 8high f]m5tation40 ,we h j se5 t ! f]m5t+ casks 7 s arrang$ t mo/ ( ! yea/ produc$ dur+ ! process ( f]m5tation w\ld rise to ! upp] "p ( ! casks & "w out ( ! bung-holes4 ,9 ?is practical fact we h ! actual orig9 ( ! expressions 8high f]m5tation0 & 8high be]10 :i* are us$ to di/+ui% ?is peculi> f]m5tation & ! quality ( be] d]iv$ f x4 ,z we h already obs]v$1 all be] 0 =m]ly produc$ by ?is mode ( f]m5tation1 :i* ev5 at ! pres5t "t is /ill practis$ 9 ! brew]ies ( ,great ,brita91 :]e be] f]m5t$ at a l[ temp]ature is absolutely unkn[n4 8,l[ f]m5tation0 is a sl[ process1 effect$ at a l[ temp]ature1 dur+ :i* ! yea/ s9ks to ! bottom ( ! vats or casks4 ,! wort1 aft] cool+1 is run into op5 wood5 vats4 ,9 cool+1 ! wort is br\ght to z l[ a temp]ature z #h ,c4 7#dg ,f471 or ev5 #f ,c4 7#dc ,f471 at :i* po9t x is ma9ta9$ by cones or cyl9d]s 7/yl$ nageurs1 i4e41 floats1 by ! ,fr5*7 float+ 9 ! f]m5t+ vats4 ,^! floats may be fill$ ) ice if ! outside temp]ature requires x1 z is inv>iably ! case 9 summ]4 ,! duration ( ?is f]m5tation is t51 fifte51 or ev5 tw5ty days4 ,! yea/1 :i* is produc$ less abundantly ?an 9 ! case ( be] f]m5t$ at a high temp]ature1 is ga!r$ aft] ! be] has be5 drawn (f1 & is p>tly us$ 9 subsequ5t f]m5tations4 ,! t]m 8l[ f]m5tation0 is d]iv$ p>tly f ! l[ness ( ! temp]ature dur+ ! f]m5t+ process1 & p>tly f ! fact t ! yea/ is ga!r$ at ! bottom1 & n at ! upp] "p ( ! f]m5t+ vessels4#g ,be] f]m5t$ at a l[ temp]ature1 ( :i* !re are sev]al v>ieties1 diff]+ 9 col\r & quality1 is ( ,bav>ian orig94#h ,! pref]5ce ( ! public = ?is k9d ( be]1 & ! increas$ facilities t su* a be] af=ds ! trade1 are ! two reasons :y its manufacture has s greatly increas$4 ,9 ,au/ria1 ,bav>ia1 ,prussia1 & o!r ,cont95tal c\ntries ?is new me?od ( brew+ is almo/ exclusively adopt$4 ,9 ! ,moniteur de la ,brass]ie ( ! #bcrd ,april1 #ahga1 may be f\nd ! foll[+ significant rem>ks on ! increase 9 ! production ( be] f]m5t$ at a l[ temp]ature on ! ,cont95t3 8,! numb] ( brew]ies manufactur+ high be] is rapidly decreas+1 :il/ ! numb] ( ^? produc+ l[ be] is /ill m rapidly increas+4 ,!re 7 9 ,bohemia1 9 #ahfj1 #bha brew]ies 9 :i* high f]m5tation 0 practis$2 9 #ahfe1 only #ha ( ^! rema9$2 9 #ahgj1 ! numb] _h decl9$ to #ah4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! numb] ( brew]ies practis+ l[ f]m5tation increas$ f #ace 9 #ahfj to #dei 9 #ahfe1 & 9 #ahgj _h ris5 to #hca4 ,9 #ahfj !re 7 #fbj brew]ies 9 :i* ! two me?ods 7 employ$2 9 #ahfe !re 7 #dhf2 9 #ahgj only #aai rema9$4 ,! numb] ( brew]ies at pres5t exi/+ 9 ,bohemia am\nts to #ifh40 ,9 ,france1 we are /ill 9 a p]iod ( transition2 b ye> by ye> ! manufacture ( 8l[ be]0 is increas+1 to ! evid5t detrim5t ( its competitor4 ,x is unnecess>y to dwell ^u c]ta9 diff]5ces exi/+ betwe5 ! two k9ds ( be]1 su* z may be trac$ to ! prep>ation & composition ( _! respective worts4 ,! brew+ ( 8high be]10 by h& or ma*9]y1 is effect$ 9 "o op]ation2 ! brew+ ( 8l[ be]0 is accompli%$ by successive ma%+s1 ! temp]atures ( :i* are gradually rais$4 ,^! diff]5ces1 & o!rs t result f ! long] boil+ ( ! wort1 9 ! 8high f]m5tation0 process1 give rise to div]sities 9 ! composition & col\r ( ! worts1 f :i* circum/ance 8l[ be]s0 are sometimes t]m$ :ite be]s1 9 contradi/9ction to ! o!rs1 :i* h a deep] col\r1 & are kn[n z d>k be]s 7bruns74 ,! "n ( ,/rasburg is g5]ally giv5 to 8l[ be]0 9 ,france1 b sometimes x is call$ ,g]man be]4 ,x is easy to acc\nt = ! *anges introduc$ into ! con/ruction & work+ ( brew]ies by ! new process ( 8l[ f]m5tation40 ,a l[ temp]ature is ess5tial n only to ! manufacture b also to ! pres]vation ( 8l[ be]10 & mu/ be secur$ by ! use ( ice-cell>s 9 :i* ! temp]ature may be ma9ta9$ at #e ,r4 or #f ,r4 7#dc ,f4 or #de ,f471 & ev5 at #a1 #b1 or #c ,r4 7#ce to #ci ,f47 ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,?is necessitates an accumulation ( ice & ! con/ruction ( cell>s ( enorm\s ext5t1 = ! /orage ( ! be]4 8,l[ be]0 is ess5tially a /ock be]1 especially if brew$ 9 w9t]1 :5 due advantage is tak5 ( ! l[ temp]ature ( ! season4 ,x is kept 9 cold cell>s until ! spr+ or summ]1 :5 be] is consum$ 9 l>g] quantities4 ,x is calculat$ t #ajj kilos4 7#aif cwt47 ( ice is ! av]age quantity us$ p] hectolitre 7#bb gallons7 ( good be]1 betwe5 ! cool+ ( ! wort & ! day ( sale4#i ,9 ! manufacture ( 8high be]0 we f9d none ( ^! complications1 nor h we 9 t manufacture any simil> difficulty ( work+ or exp5se ( con/ruction to cont5d aga9/4 ,! :ole process ( brew+1 includ+ ! deliv]y ( ! be]1 does n take m ?an eight days4 ,:y %\ld a mode ( brew+ s simple1 s rapid1 & comp>atively s inexp5sive1 h be5 ab&on$ by ! great] "p ( ,europe 9 fav\r ( a sy/em disadvantage\s to ! brew] 9 s _m respects8 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake to suppose t ! sole reason = su* a *ange might be f\nd 9 ! sup]ior quality ( 8l[ be]40 ,t su* a sup]iority does exi/ is admitt$ z a fact by ! majority ( be] dr9k]s2 b tak5 by itself1 ?is fact is n suffici5t to acc\nt = ! radical trans=mation t has tak5 place 9 ! manufacture ( be]1 z is prov$ by ! example ( ,engl&1 :i*1 we believe1 does n possess z yet "o s+le 8l[ be]0 brew]y1 f :i* circum/ance we may fairly suppose t ! ,engli% h a decid$ pref]5ce = 8high be]40 ,! pr9cipal advantage ( work+ at a l[ temp]ature lies 9 ! fact t 8l[ be]0 is less liable to det]ioration1 & is less prone to contract diseases ?an 8high be]10 especially :il/ x rema9s 9 ! brew]y--a circum/ance t places ! brew] 9 a position va/ly sup]ior to t :i* he occupi$ 9 =m] times4 ,) ! help ( ice ! brew] c manufacture be] dur+ w9t] & ! e>ly "p ( spr+1 = consumption 9 summ]4#aj 8,high be]10 on ! o!r h&1 mu/ be consum$ )9 a %ort "t ( its production4 ,! brew] is ?us compell$ to manufacture x z x is want$1 & z ord]s are s5t 91 ! dem& = x be+ 9 a great measure dep5d5t ^u ! /ate ( ! wea!r4 ,conditions s unfav\rable z ^! mu/ necess>ily op]ate prejudicially aga9/ trade4 ,indu/ry requires m /ability & uni=mity1 bo? 9 ! production & ! sale ( its goods4 8,l[ be]0 c be brew$ 9 l>ge quantities at any "t to be deliv]$ at any o!r "t1 accord+ to requirem5ts2 its manufacture1 !re=e1 is unatt5d$ by ! inconv5i5ces :i* we h j notic$4#aa ,h[ is x t ! use ( ice & yea/ op]at+ at a l[ temp]ature s greatly facilitates ! pres]vation ( our be] & enables u to secure su* /rik+ advantages8 ,! explanation is simple3 ! diseas$ f]m5ts1 :i* we h po9t$ out1 r>ely appe> at a l[] temp]ature ?an #aj ,c4 7#ej ,f471 & at t temp]ature _! g]ms cease to be active4 ,! adoption ( l[ temp]atures by brew]s is ma9ly due to ?is physiological fact4 ,on "o occasion only h we met ) active vibrios 7,no4 #c1 ,plate ,i471 at a v l[ temp]ature2 ^! 7 =m+ ) great difficulty 9 wort f]m5t+ at #e ,c4 7#da ,f474 ,f ?is we see t ! *anges :i* ! manufacture ( be] has und]gone dur+ ! pres5t c5tury h be5 bas$ ma9ly on ! diseases to :i* be] is liable1 ei!r dur+ or aft] ! process ( brew+4 ,! fact t ,engli% brew]s h n z yet adopt$ 8l[ f]m5tation0 may be acc\nt$ =1 9 a great measure1 by ! difficulty ( enl>g+ exi/+ brew]ies1 9 cities l ,london1 to ! ext5t requir$ = ! new me?od ( manufacture4 ,ev5 9 ! ev5t ( public ta/e dem&+ a 8l[ be]10 ,engli% brew]s w hesitate a long "t be=e conv]t+ _! brew]ies4 ,su* conv]sion w\ld impose ^u !m exp5ses & difficulties ( a v s]i\s nature4 ,if ev] su* a *ange %\ld take place1 x w probably be inaugurat$ out ( ,london4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 wor?y ( rem>k t ,engli% brew]s1 )\t adopt+ 8l[ f]m5tation10 h introduc$ consid]able improvem5ts 9 brew+1 especially 9 ! managem5t ( ! temp]ature dur+ f]m5tation2 ?is mu/ be pres]v$ )9 n>r[ & exact limits1 = fe> ( injury to ! product4 ,x might easily be %[n t ^! improvem5ts h result$ f ! liability ( ! be] to contract diseases1 al?\gh ?is fact may n h be5 recogniz$ by ! brew]s :o h introduc$ !m4 ,besides ! yea/s :i* belong to ! two pr9cipal k9ds ( f]m5tation1 !re exi/ _m v>ieties ( alcoholic f]m5t t produce1 ea* ( !m1 a special k9d ( be]4 ,among ^! special be]s "s are defici5t 9 ta/e1 o!rs 9 aroma1 o!rs 9 brilliancy4 ,let u suppose t 9 ! manufacture ( a be] ) "o ( ^! yea/s1 f :i* a peculi> flav\r is d]iv$1 a diff]5t & inf]ior v>iety is accid5tally mix$ ) t :i* we int5d to use2 9 su* a case1 ! inf]ior v>iety1 ! product ( :i* w possess an inf]ior quality1 w ex]cise su* an influ5ce on ! brew+ z to induce ! belief t disease mu/ be pres5t4 ,! microscope1 if consult$1 w reveal no special organism1 nor any ( ^? diseas$ f]m5ts ( :i* we h giv5 specim5s4 ,x is 9 ! /udy ( yea/ t we mu/ endeav\r to f9d ! cause ( ! results we obs]ve4 ,?is po9t1 :i* is ( ! greate/ importance to brew]s1 w become cle>] z we proce$4 ,if we exam9e ! practices ( ! be] trade1 9 its retail z well z 9 its export bran*es1 we %all f9d t _m ( !m af=d evid5ce ( ! liability ( ! be] to det]iorate4 ,we may cite "s ( ^!4 ,:5 tak5 out ( ! ice-cell>s1 ! be] is kept 9 casks ( small capacity1 t x may be ! soon] consum$2 :5 expos$ to a high temp]ature1 ! be] w n keep s\nd = any l5g? ( "t1 b w spe$ily effloresce ) mycod]ma v9i or mycod]ma aceti4 ,be] :i* is int5d$ = bottl+ %\ld n be kept = m ?an a mon? or six weeks4 ,ev5 9 bottl+ we may p]ceive ! t5d5cy ( ! liquid to det]iorate4#ab ,x is necess>y t ! bottles1 imm$iately aft] be+ fill$1 %\ld be laid on _! sides = tw5ty-f\r or =ty-eight h\rs2 !y may !n be plac$ upright2 ! reason = ?is is t ! air left betwe5 ! cork & ! be] might give rise to ! production ( effloresc5ce4 ,if we lay ! bottles d[n on _! sides1 ! oxyg5 ( ?is air w be absorb$ by ! oxidizable sub/ances 9 ! liquid1 & !re w be little fe> ( g]ms develop+ !mselves :5 ! bottles are plac$ upright4 ,! bottles %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be left on _! sides long] ?an =ty-eight h\rs2 o!rwise ! supplem5t>y f]m5tation may =ce ! corks out4 ,moreov]1 :5 ! bottles /& upright ! products ( f]m5tation collect at ! bottom1 & n at ! sides4 ,be] :i* is int5d$ = keep+1 if export$ or convey$ "s di/ance (f1 mu/ be surr\nd$ ) ice4 ,)\t ?is precaution x w f]m5t too mu* or contract "s disease4 8,high be]0 _c /& travell+4 ,?is k9d ( be] %\ld n be export$ unless ! ord9>y proportion ( hops has be5 greatly increas$--hop oil act+ 9 "s respects z an antiseptic1 & prev5t+ ! be] f contract+ diseases4#ac ,! export ( ,engli% be] to ,india & ! ,cont95t has fall5 (f ( late ye>s1 or r1 has n increas$ to ! ext5t t 0 anticipat$2 9 fact1 ?is trade has entail$ great losses ^u ^? engag$ 9 x4 ,x is said t an ,engli% firm lo/ z mu* z #dh1jjj on "o consignm5t1 :i* on its arrival 9 ,india 0 f\nd to be all turn$4 ,!re are no brew]ies 9 hot c\ntries1 :]e be] w\ld comm& a v l>ge sale4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t be] is a rem>kably pleasant dr9k 9 tropical climates1 provid$ its temp]ature be a few degrees bel[ t ( ! atmosph]e1 b ! exp5ses ( its production w\ld be enorm\s1 on acc\nt ( ! imm5se quantity ( ice t w\ld be requir$ 9 its manufacture & = its pres]vation4 ,x is 9 hot c\ntries t be] is mo/ liable to det]ioration4 ,be] is said to be ! bev]age ( nor!rn regions1 :i* are depriv$ ( ! v9e1 by ! rig\r ( _! climate4 ,9 ^! regions man has s\ght 9 ! abundance ( gra9-fruit a sub/itute = grapes4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t ?is is true2 nev]!less1 x is an und\bt$ fact t be] 0 fir/ brew$ 9 ,egypt1 a v hot c\ntry1 :5ce its manufacture has spread ov] ,europe4 ,x 0 call$ ,pelusian w9e1 f ,pelusium1 a city on ! banks ( ! ,nile1 :i* produc$ a be] t 0 held 9 high e/eem4#ad ,beyond a d\bt1 hot c\ntries1 ev5 ^? 9 :i* ! v9e is cultivat$1 w\ld consume mu* be]1 c\ld x b /& _! high temp]ature4#ae ,a consid]able quantity ( be] is n[ brew$ 9 ,briti% ,india1 b its manufacture entails an enorm\s outlay = ice4 ,! complications :i* result f ! t5d5cy ( wort & be] to det]iorate1 und]lie almo/ all ! details ( ! process ( brew+ & ! sale ( be]1 & h be5 ! cause ( mo/ ( ! *anges & improvem5ts t h be5 effect$ 9 brew+1 dur+ ! pres5t c5tury4 ,footnote #a3 ,?is expression is f\nd = ! fir/ "t1 x w\ld appe>1 9 ,!ophra/us1 ,b4,c4 #cga4 ,see1 h[ev]1 ,h]odotus1 ,bk4 ,,ii41 *ap4 #gg4 ,speak+ ( "s ,egyptians he says1 8,!y dr9k a k9d ( w9e made f b>ley 7 ' 71 = ! grape does n gr[ 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry40 ,h]odotus wrote ab\t #dej ,b4,c4 s*ylus 7#dhj ,b4,c47 has a simil> expression1 ,suppl4 #iec4--;,d4 ,c4 ,r4 ,footnote #b3 ,"o ( ^! modifications is a real s\rce ( s]i\s dang] to ! pres]vation ( w9e2 = in/ance1 dur+ ra9y ye>s1 at ! "t ( v9tage1 ! grapes may happ5 to be cov]$ ) e>?y matt]1 consi/+ pr9cipally ( c>bonate ( lime2 ?is w dissolve 9 w9e & p>tly neutralize its acidity1 & ! w9e w ?us become m liable to disease4 ,footnote #c3 ,transf]r+ f "o cask to ano!r = ! purpose ( cl>ify+ ! w9e4 ,footnote #d3 ,we %all h]eaft] rev]t to ?is rapidity 9 cool+1 to %[ t x is also ( use 9 ! subsequ5t cl>ification ( be]4 ,footnote #e3 ,9 "s brew]ies 7at ,lyons especially7 f]m5tation at a high temp]ature is practis$ 9 l>ge vats at ab\t #ae ,c4 7#ei ,f474 ,! yea/ :i* cov]s ! surface ( ! liquid is skimm$ (f & /or$ 9 flat tubs4 ,footnote #f3 ,! initial temp]ature ( ! wort mu/ be regulat$ by ! quantity ( wort subject$ to f]m5tation4 ,9 ,engli% brew]ies1 :]e l>ge quantities are brew$ at a "t1 ! heat creat$ by ! action ( f]m5tation w\ld produce a temp]ature suffici5tly high to affect ! quality ( ! be]1 if ! yea/ 7 add$ at #ai ,c4 or #bj ,c4 ,! foll[+ are ! temp]atures at :i* ! worts are pit*$1 9 ! pr9cipal ,london brew]ies3--,= common ale1 #fj ,f4 or #aee ,c42 = pale ale1 #eh ,f4 or #add ,c42 = port]1 #fd ,f4 or #agh ,c4 ,! f]m5tation is comm5c$ 9 l>ge vats2 f ^! ! be] is run into vessels ( a mu* small] capacity1 9 :i* x completes its f]m5tation by work+ (f ! yea/ & cleans+ itself4 ,= :ite be] ( sup]ior quality1 ! temp]ature dur+ f]m5tation mu/ n rise beyond #gb ,f4 or #bbb ,c42 "s brew]s nev] all[ x to exce$ #ah;,c4 7#fe ,f474 ,! temp]ature is l[]$ by means ( a curr5t ( cold wat]1 :i* circulates ?r\gh a coil fix$ 9 ! vats or o!r f]m5t+ vessels4 ,9 ! case ( port]1 ! initial heat ( :i* is #fd ,f4 or #agh ,c41 ! temp]ature 9 ! vats sometimes rises to #gh ,f4 or #bee ,c42 b su* an increase 9 temp]ature excites consid]able appreh5sion4 ,we h se5 a tun = pale ale1 conta9+ #bjj b>rels ( #cf gallons1 pit*$ ) #fjj lbs4 ( fairly solid yea/4 ,9 =ty-six h\rs ! att5uation 0 consid]$ suffici5t1 & ! be]1 :i* f an initial heat ( #eha ,f4 or #ade ,c41 _h ris5 to #gb ,f4 or #bbb ,c41 0 cleans$ to work+ casks4 ,! l>ge vats 9 :i* ! f]m5tation is />t$ may be consid]$ z equival5t to ! cuves guilloires ( ,fr5* brew]ies1 ! casks 9 :i* x is complet$ & ! yea/ ?r[n (f repres5t+ _! #ge-litre vessels1 improp]ly call$ qu>ts4 ,not)/&+ ! enorm\s ,engli% be] manufacture1 & al?\gh ! f]m5t+ vat1 z 9 mak+ port]1 = in/ance1 sometimes atta9s ! capacity ( #b1jjj to #c1jjj litres 7#djj to #fjj gallons71 ! casks into :i* x is run are nev] l>g] ?an #ae to #bj hectolitres 7#cjj to #djj gallons72 & ev5 at ,burton1 9 ! celebrat$ brew]ies ( ,allsopp & ,bass1 ! pale ale is f9i%$ 9 casks ( a capacity less ?an #aj hectolitres1 & yet ! av]age turn-out ( ^! imm5se works rea*es #c1jjj to #d1jjj hectolitres 7#fj1jjj to #hj1jjj gallons7 ( be] p] day4 ,footnote #g3 ,! expressions 8high0 & 8l[0 f]m5tation or be] /rictly ref] to temp]ature1 :]eas ! o!r expressions us$ 78top0 or 8bottom07 ref] to ! behavi\r ( ! yea/4 ,! ,fr5* words haute & basse seem to look bo? ways4--,d4 ,c4 ,r4 ,footnote #h3 ,x is said t ! float+ cones or cyl9d]s fill$ ) ice1 :i* enable brew]s to manufacture be] at a l[ temp]ature1 ev5 9 summ]1 7 fir/ us$ 9 ,alsace4 ,footnote #i3 #de million kilos4 ( ice are annually consum$ 9 ! brew]y ( ,m4 ,dreh]1 9 ,vi5na4 ,! brew]y ( ,s$lmay]1 at ,muni*1 uses ab\t #aj million kilos4 7,j\rnal des ,brasseurs1 #bbnd ,june1 #ahgc47 ,footnote #aj3 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be borne 9 m9d t ^! rem>ks on ! relative pres]vative p[]s ( ! two be]s hold true on acc\nt ( ?ree ?+s--diff]5ces 9 ! respective modes ( brew+1 artificial cool+ dur+ ! process ( f]m5tation1 & ! /or+ ( ! 8l[ be]0 9 ice-cell>s4 ,9 itself1 p]haps1 8l[ be]0 is m liable to *ange ?an 8high be]20 t ?is does n actually take place1 is due to ! employm5t ( artificial cool+4 ,a brew]y :i* has an av]age annual production ( #aj1jjj hect4 w use #h1jjj cwt4 ( ice4 ,if we add to ?is ! ice us$ dur+ ! retail ( ! be]1 :i* is be/ drunk at #ab ,c4 7#ed ,f471 we %all arrive at ! total ( #ajj kilos4 p] hectolitre4 ,footnote #aa3 ,9 connection ) ! comp>ison "h in/itut$ by ,m4 ,pa/eur betwe5 ! dr9k+ & keep+ qualities ( ! two k9ds ( be]1 x may be useful to draw ! read]'s att5tion to a review by ,dr4 ,*>les ,graham ( ! ,fr5* edition ( ?is "w1 publi%$ 9 ,nature = ,janu>y #aa?1 #ahgg1 page #baf4 ,at ! same "t we mu/ rem>k t ,dr4 ,graham appe>s to h ov]look$ ,m4 ,pa/eur's footnote1 page #ab1 ,engli% edition3--8,8 ass]tion1 t by bottom f]m5tation /ore be]s c be produc$1 :]eas ^? produc$ by top f]m5tation mu/ be consum$ at once & _c be transport$1 are c]ta9ly /range to an ,engli%man4 ,s f> f ^! unfav\rable comp>isons be+ true 9 all cases1 ! exact opposite is g5]ally ! case4 ,bav>ian & o!r bottom f]m5tation be]s are 9 fact ^? :i* c nei!r be pres]v$ nor transport$ )\t ! lib]al employm5t ( ice2 ev5 t s5t f ,vi5na to ,london mu/ be kept cold artificially1 9 ord] to avoid rapid de/ruction4 ,z reg>ds flav\r1 !re are _m :o ?9k a glass ( ,burton pale ale1 or ( good old ,college r5t ale1 to be sup]ior to any ,bav>ian be]4 ,! *ief cause ( ! decl9e 9 ! production ( top f]m5tation be]s on ! ,cont95t has be5 ! want ( att5tion 9 ! f]m5tation process2 :]eas ! ,engli% brew]1 especially ! brew] ( high-class ales1 has be5 unremitt+ 9 8 att5tion to ! temp]ature 9 f]m5tation & to ! p]fect cleans+ ( ! ale4 ,n[1 :]e su* att5tion is giv51 x is n difficult to obta9 ales :i* w keep a few ye>s4 ,:ile object+ to our ,engli% produce be+ s ha/ily depreciat$ by ,m4 ,pa/eur1 our brew]s w be ! fir/ to avail !mselves ( 8 biological rese>*es1 9 ord] to r5d] _! produce m /able & bett] flav\r$1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to ! g5]al adoption ( ! va/ly m co/ly sy/em ( bottom f]m5tation40--,d4 ,c4 ,r4 ,footnote #ab3 ,to pres]ve bottl$ be] f det]ioration1 "s bottl]s employ1 at ! mom5t ( fill+1 a small quantity ( bisulphite ( lime4 ,o!rs heat ! bottles to a temp]ature ( #ee ,c4 7#aca ,f47 ,9 ! nor? ( ,g]many & 9 ,bav>ia1 ?is practice has be5 widely adopt$ s9ce ! publication ( ! au?or's 8,/udies on ,w9e10 & "s ( ,m4 ,velt5's writ+s4 ,! process has be5 t]m$ pa/eurization 9 recognition ( ! au?or's discov]y ( ! causes ( det]ioration 9 f]m5t$ liquors1 & ( ! means ( pres]v+ su* liquors by ! application ( heat4 ,un=tunately ?is process is less successful 9 ! case ( be] ?an 9 t ( w9e1 = ! delicacy ( flav\r :i* di/+ui%es be] is affect$ by heat1 especially :5 ! be] has be5 manufactur$ by ! ord9>y process4 ,?is effect w\ld be less felt 9 be] manufactur$ by ! process :i* is advocat$ 9 ?is "w4 ,footnote #ac3 ,a conv9c+ pro( ( ! influ5ce ( hops on ! f]m5t organisms is conta9$ 9 ! fact t be]1 ev5 aft] be+ rais$ to #fj ,c4 or #gj ,c4 7#adj or #afj ,f471 w1 if unhopp$1 readily take on ! butyric f]m5tation1 f :i*1 if hopp$1 x w\ld rema9 p]fectly free4 ,footnote #ad3 ,= hi/orical details1 see l',encyclopdie1 ,art4 ,bire4 ,footnote #ae3 ,z a w9e-produc+ c\ntry ,france has be5 highly fav\r$ by nature1 b ! consumption ( be] 9 ,france is increas+ e ye>4 ,9 #ahgc ! quantity ( be]1 pay+ excise duties1 am\nt$ to #g1dac1aij hect41 :i* yield$ to ! ,treasury ! sum ( #bj1afe1acf fr4 ,^! figures are tak5 f a report publi%$ 9 #ahge by ,m4 ,jacqume1 inspector ( f9ances1 :o rem>ks t ! quantity ( be] ^u :i* excise duties are paid repres5ts1 probably1 n m ?an "o-?ird ( ! total production3 two-?irds ( ! quantity brew$ evades ! duties4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,on ! ,causes ( ! ,diseases :i* affect ,be] & ,wort4 ,f our prec$+ obs]vations x w be evid5t t ! manufacture ( be]1 ! arrangem5t ( brew]ies1 & all ! processes practis$ by ! brew] imm$iately dep5d ^u ?is fact1 t be] & wort are fluids ess5tially liable to *ange4 ,?us x becomes a matt] ( extreme importance t we %\ld h an exact k ( ! causes & nature ( ! *anges :i* affect our produce1 & x may be t ?is k w lead u to reg>d ! conditions ( ! brew+ indu/ry f a novel po9t ( view1 & br+ ab\t important modifications 9 ! practices ( ! trade4 ,we might va9ly se>* ! num]\s works :i* h be5 writt5 on brew+ = in=mation respect+ ! propos$ subject ( ^! /udies4 ,at ! mo/ we %\ld f9d ! diseases to :i* be] is liable 9 ! c\rse ( its manufacture1 or aft]w>ds1 vaguely h9t$ at2 p]haps we might be fav\r$ ) c]ta9 empirical recipes = disguis+ ! evil effects ( ^? diseases4 ,x w be our endeav\r to demon/rate ! tru? ( ! proposition we h already laid d[n1 t e *ange to :i* wort & be] are liable is br\ght ab\t solely by ! developm5t ( organic f]m5ts1 ^: g]ms are be+ p]petually waft$ to & fro 9 ! du/ float+ ?r\gh ! air1 or di/ribut$ ov] ! surface ( ! diff]5t mat]ials & ut5sils us$ 9 brew+1 su* z malt1 yea/1 wat]1 cool]s1 vats1 tubs1 casks1 %ovels1 workm5's clo!s1 & innum]able o!r ?+s4 ,x is evid5t t ?is proposition be>s a m>k$ resemblance to ! "o :i* we h demon/rat$ conc]n+ ! diseases ( w9e4#af ,by ! expression diseases ( wort & be]1 we mean radical *anges :i* s affect ! nature ( ^? liquids z to make !m unpalatable1 especially if !y are kept2 su* *anges produce be] :i* is %>p1 s\r1 turn$1 oily1 putrid1 & o!rwise bad4 ,x w\ld be unreasonable to apply ! t]m disease to c]ta9 modifications 9 ! quality ( be]1 :i* may be produc$ by practices m or less comm5dable4 ,su* modifications1 too1 may result f want ( skill 9 ! brew]1 f ! composition ( ! wort1 f ! specific nature ( ! yea/1 or f ! inf]ior quality ( +r$i5ts4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t 8l[ be]10 if manufactur$ accord+ to ! ord9>y process1 has n t same delicacy ( flav\r :i* *>act]izes be] f]m5t$ at a l[] temp]ature ?an #aj ,c4 7#ej ,f474 ,f]m5t$ at #aj ,c4 7#ej ,f471 or #ab ,c4 7#ec ,f47 or at a high] temp]ature1 x loses ! peculi> prop]ties :i* consum]s prize4 ,nev]!less1 9 po9t ( s\ndness x may be z good a be] z "o :i* has be5 f]m5t$ at #f ,c4 7#dc ,f471 or #h ,c4 7#df ,f474 ,"o might say ( ! =m] be] t x is inf]ior to ! latt] 9 e/imation2 b we c\ld n rightly call x diseas$1 = we are suppos+ a case 9 :i* disease does n actually exi/4 ,i4--,e ,unheal?y ,*ange 9 ! ,quality ( ,be] co9cides ) a ,developm5t ( ,microscopic ,g]ms :i* are ali5 to ! ,pure ,f]m5t ( ,be]4 ,our proposition conc]n+ ! causes ( ! diseases ( wort & be] might be demon/rat$ 9 sev]al ways4 ,! foll[+ is "o ( ! simple/3--,take a few bottles ( s\nd be]1 say1 = in/ance1 t :i* is kn[n 9 ,p>is z ,t\rtel's1 ,grb]'s1 or ,dreh]'s1 f ! "n ( ! brew] :o manufactures x4 ,place "s ( ^! bottles 9 a hot-wat] ba? & raise ! temp]ature to ab\t #fj ,c4 7#adj ,f474 ,p]mit !m to cool1 & !n place !m by ! side ( ! o!r bottles t h n be5 heat$4 ,9 e case1 especially if we conduct ?is exp]im5t 9 summ]1 we %all f9d t 9 ! c\rse ( a few weeks--! l5g? ( "t v>y+ accord+ to ! temp]ature & ! quality ( ! be]--all ! bottles :i* h n be5 heat$ w h become diseas$1 9 "s cases ev5 to ! ext5t ( be+ undr9kable4 ,let u next exam9e1 by way ( comp>ison1 ! deposits 9 ! heat$ & non-heat$ bottles4 ,we %all f9d associat$ ) ! pure alcoholic f]m5t o!r organisms1 fili=m & = ! mo/ "p v sl5d]1 & ei!r simple or articulat$1 z repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,ii41 ! design ( :i* is tak5 f actual deposits occurr+ 9 be] t _h be5 kept = "s "t at ! ord9>y temp]ature4 ,a numb] ( bottles ( be] :i* _h be5 heat$ on ,octob] #h?1 #ahga1 7 comp>$ ) ^? ( an equal numb] ( bottles ( ! same be] :i* _h n be5 heat$4 ,! exam9ation took place on ,july #bg?1 #ahgb4 ,! be]1 :i* _h be5 heat$ to #ee ,c4 7#aca ,f471 0 rem>kably s\nd1 well flav\r$1 & /ill 9 a /ate ( f]m5tation4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 we h prov$ by exact exp]im5ts t alcoholic f]m5ts1 heat$ 9 be]1 c endure a temp]ature ( #ee ,c4 7#aca ,f471 )\t los+ ! p[] ( g]m9ation2 b ! action is r5d]$ some:at m difficult & sl[]4 ,diseas$ f]m5ts1 h[ev]1 exi/+ 9 ! same m$ium1 p]i% at ?is temp]ature1 z !y d 9 ! case ( w9e4 ,! be] :i* _h n be5 heat$1 _h und]gone *anges :i* r5d]$ x q undr9kable4 ,its acidity1 due to volatile acids1 0 high] ?an t ( ! o!r be] 9 ! proportion ( #e to #a4 ,! be] :i* _h be5 heat$ conta9$ p] c5t4 ( alcohol m ?an ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #b4 ,appe>ance "u ! ,microscope ( ! ,deposit f 8,turn$0 ,be]4 ,! deposits 9 ! heat$ bottles also %[$ filam5ts ( disease1 b 9 su* m9ute quantity t x 0 necess>y to se>* _m fields ( ! microscope to discov] _! exi/5ce4 ,^? :i* we f\nd aft] ! heat+ mu/ h exi/$ 9 ! be] be=e t op]ation2 ! heat _h de/roy$ !m1 )\t s5sibly alt]+ _! %ape or size2 !y c\ld nei!r multiply nor cont9ue to ex]t any influ5ce ^u ! compon5ts ( ! be]4#ag ,f ^! exp]im5ts we may easily p]ceive1 on ! "o h&1 t be]s app>5tly s\nd to ! ta/e d n conta9 ^! or any o!r fili=m f]m5ts1 save 9 a sc>cely appreciable quantity2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 t ^! same f]m5ts appe> ) ! fir/ unfav\rable *ange 9 ! quality ( ! be]s1 & t !y exi/ m or less abundantly 9 proportion to ! int5sity ( disease4 ,9 c]ta9 extremely r>e cases x may happ5--s1 at lea/1 we h be5 assur$1 b we h n prov$ ! fact ourselves--t be] may keep s\nd 9 bottle1 ev5 )\t ! prelim9>y heat+4 ,?is exception c only occur 9 ! case ( c]ta9 be]s ( a peculi> composition1 :i* are highly hopp$1 & are made dur+ ! fav\rable mon?s ( ,novemb] or ,decemb]1 out ( ! *oice/ mat]ials1 & f]m5t$ ) yea/ t happ5s to be pure4 ,9 ! deposit ( su* be]1 ev5 aft] a lapse ( sev]al mon?s or sev]al ye>s1 we %\ld f9d only ! ord9>y alcoholic f]m5t1 ! sl[ action ( :i* w\ld m]ely cause a gradual increase 9 ! quantity ( alcohol exi/+ 9 ! be]1 & a dim9ution 9 ! proportion ( dextr9e4 ,?is be] might gr[ old1 z w9e does1 & rema9 p]fectly s\nd4 ,v (t5 ! :ole "w ( ! brew] is jeop>diz$ by ! unsuspect$ pres5ce ( diseas$ f]m5ts1 a rem$y = :i* is only devis$ aft] ! evil has evok$ ! compla9ts ( cu/om]s4 ,9 su* a case ! brew] avails himself ( ! k9dness ( "s o!r brew] to obta9 a *ange ( yea/--a cu/om :i* is recogniz$ & valu$ 9 ! trade1 s9ce all manag]s ( brew]ies h an int]e/ 9 keep+ x up4 ,! brew] ^: produce is mo/ satisfactory recognizes ! fact t un=ese5 circum/ances may compel him at any mom5t to *ange 8 yea/4 ,we h frequ5tly _h occasion to %[ t ?is necessity = a *ange ( yea/ dep5ds1 9 mo/ cases1 on "s *ange br\ght ab\t by ! pres5ce ( diseas$ f]m5ts1 ! multiplication ( :i* has result$ =tuit\sly f "s unconsci\s neglect dur+ ! process ( brew+1 or f climatic influ5ces4 ,:5 we reflect t yea/ is a liv+ be+1 & t ! m$ium :i* s]ves z its alim5t1 & ! wat] 9 :i* x lives1 are rem>kably well adapt$ = ! developm5t ( a va/ numb] ( o!r microscopic be+s1 ! comp>ative purity ( yea/ %\ld surprise u ev5 m ?an its det]ioration does4 ,n[ by means ( microscopical obs]vations we might (t5 detect ! exi/5ce ( ! evil long be=e we are w>n$ ( x by a defective work+1 :i* inv>iably entails great losses4#ah ,9 pro( ( ?is rem>k we may cite ! foll[+ facts4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 #ahga1 we 7 p]mitt$ to g ?r\gh a l>ge ,london brew]y1 9 :i* ! microscopical /udy ( yea/ 0 altoge!r unkn[n4 ,we 7 all[$ to make c]ta9 exp]im5ts 9 ! pres5ce ( ! manag]s ( ! e/abli%m5t4 ,we fir/ exam9$ port] yea/1 :i* 0 collect$ 9 a *annel t receiv$ ! yea/ z x work$ out ( ! f]m5t+ vessels4 ,"o ( ! f]m5ts ( disease ab\nd$ 9 ?is yea/1 z may be se5 9 ! accompany+ sket*1 :i* 0 tak5 on ! spot 7,fig4 #a74 ,x 0 evid5t t ! work+ ( ! port] 0 extremely unsatisfactory1 & _h1 p]haps1 be5 s = a long "t2 inde$1 we 7 told t !y _h obta9$ a *ange ( yea/ f ano!r ,london brew]y t same day4 ,we made a po9t ( exam9+ ?is yea/ ) ! microscope4 ,x 0 beyond comp>ison pur] ?an ! prec$+ yea/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,x is evid5t t if ^! brew]s _h be5 9 ! habit ( us+ ! microscope !y might h detect$ ! uns\ndness ( _! produce be=e ! "t :5 !y actually made ! discov]y1 :i*1 no d\bt1 0 =c$ ^u !m by ! compla9ts ( _! cu/om]s1 or "s o!r annoy+ circum/ance1 t l$ to _! obta9+ a *ange ( yea/4 ,we next obta9$ p]mission to exam9e ! yea/ ( ! o!r be]s und]go+ f]m5tation1 especially ^? ( :ite be]s1 su* z ale & pale ale4 ,9 ! sket* :i* we made ( ^! yea/s "o may detect ! pres5ce ( ! filam5ts peculi> to turn$ be] 7,fig4 #b74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,we exam9$ ) mu* int]e/ ! ales :i* _h imm$iately prec$$ ^? und]go+ f]m5tation1 ! yea/ ( :i* we _h j inspect$4 ,we 7 furni%$ ) two k9ds1 bo? 9 casks1 ! "o f9$1 ! o!r n f9$4 ,! latt] 0 visibly turbid1 &1 exam9+ a drop ( x1 we discov]$ ?ree or f\r filam5ts pres5t 9 e field ( ! microscope4 ,! ale :i* _h be5 f9$ 0 ne>ly cle>1 b want+ 9 brilliancy2 x conta9$ ab\t "o filam5t to ! field4 ,we ass]t$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! head brew]1 :o _h be5 summon$1 t ^! ales 7 extremely liable to *ange1 t x 0 highly necess>y to dispose ( !m )\t delay1 & t !y 7 necess>ily already faulty 9 flav\r--a fact :i* all admitt$ aft] "s hesitation--attributable1 ( c\rse1 to ! natural reluctance :i* e manufactur] feels to own t 8 produce is n above reproa*4 ,we 7 %[n "s ( ! f9+s us$ 9 ! brew]y2 !y 7 sw>m+ ) ! same filam5ts ( disease-organisms4 ,we !n prop\nd$ to ! manag]s c]ta9 que/ions on ! subject ( ! losses :i* a brew]y may su/a9 f *anges 9 its be]4 ,we _h he>d f sev]al brew]s t ! sell+ price ( be] diff]$ s greatly f ! co/ ( its production solely 9 consequ5ce ( ! losses :i* ! unavoidable wa/e ( l>ge quantities ( be] 0 con/antly caus+2 sev]al brew]s h 9 our pres5ce e/imat$ ^! losses at #bj p] c5t4 ( ! total production1 on ! av]age4 ,at fir/ ! ,engli% brew]s return$ some:at vague answ]s to our que/ions2 h[ev]1 aft] :at _h tak5 place1 !y d\btless recogniz$ ! fact t a mutual und]/&+ betwe5 a savant & a practical man may (t5 be ( consid]able b5efit to ! latt]1 & 9 ! end !y confess$ to u t !y _h /[$ away 9 _! brew]y a l>ge quantity ( be] :i* _h gone bad 9 cask a =tnight or s aft] x 0 brew$4 ,hav+ av[$ ?us mu* !y express$ _! great anxiety to le>n ! cause ( s s]i\s a *ange 9 _! be]1 :i* 0 q undr9kable4 ,we exam9$ x "u ! microscope1 )\t be+ able to detect imm$iately any diseas$ f]m5ts1 b be+ aw>e t ! be] _h probably be5 cl>ifi$1 by rema9+ undi/urb$ = a v long "t1 & t ^! f]m5ts might h become in]t & precipitat$ to ! bottom ( ! enorm\s vats conta9+ ! be]1 we exam9$ ! deposits :i* _h =m$ at ! bottom ( ^! vats4 ,!y 7 compos$ solely ( filam5ts ( disease-organisms1 )\t ev5 ! lea/ trace ( ! globules ( alcoholic yea/4 ,! supplem5t>y f]m5tation ( ?is be] _h evid5tly be5 no?+ b a diseas$ f]m5tation4 ,! resemblance betwe5 ^! filam5ts & ^? :i*1 9 consid]ably small] proportion1 accompani$ ! globules ( alcoholic f]m5t 9 our prec$+ obs]vations1 ! *ange 9 ! be]1 :i* 0 almo/ z bad z be] c\ld possibly be1 along ) an abundance ( filam5ts1 & ! *ange1 to a m9or ext5t1 9 t be] :i* only pres5t$ a few filam5ts 9 a field ( ! microscope1 impress$ ^? manag]s ( ! brew]y :o 7 pres5t ) an entire belief 9 ! !ory :i* we _h be5 endeav\r+ to impress on _! m9ds conc]n+ ! causes ( ! badness ( _! be]4 ,"s eight days aft]w>ds we paid ano!r visit to ?is same brew]y1 & le>nt t ! directors _h lo/ no "t 9 acquir+ a microscope1 & 9 procur+ *anges ( yea/ = all ! v>ieties ( be]1 :i* !y _h put 9 work+ s9ce our fir/ visit4 ,!re are "s p]iods ( ! ye>--e>ly spr+1 summ]1 & autumn1 = in/ance--:5 ! work+ ( a brew]y is a matt] ( great difficulty4 ,! pres]vation ( yea/ becomes a subject requir+ ! mo/ delicate treatm5t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! increase 9 ! temp]ature4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( autumn ! mo/ important +r$i5ts us$ 9 brew+ are ( inf]ior quality2 ! det]iorat+ influ5ces :i* h be5 at "w h cov]$ !m ) a v>iety ( p>asites4 ,all ^! circum/ances contribute to facilitate ! developm5t ( diseas$ f]m5ts4 ,,ii4--,! ,abs5ce ( ,*ange 9 ,wort & ,be] ,co9cides ) ! ,abs5ce ( ,=eign ,organisms4 ,! me?od :i* we h j pursu$ 9 demon/rat+ ! exi/5ce ( a relation betwe5 ! diseases ( be] & c]ta9 microscopic organisms c sc>cely leave a d\bt1 x seems to u1 z to ! correctness ( ! pr9ciples :i* we are advocat+4 ,9 e case :]e ! microscope reveals 9 a yea/1 especially a yea/ :i* is 9 a /ate ( activity1 products :i* are =eign to ! composition ( alcoholic f]m5t1 prop]ly s call$1 ! flav\r ( ! be] is m or less unsatisfactory1 accord+ to ! abundance or nature ( ^! m9ute organisms4 ,moreov]1 :5 a f9i%$ be] ( sup]ior quality loses 9 ! c\rse ( "t its agreeable flav\r1 & becomes s\r1 x may readily be %[n t ! alcoholic f]m5t 9 ! deposit exi/+ 9 bottles or casks1 al?\gh orig9ally pure1 at lea/ 9 appe>ance1 becomes gradually int]mix$ ) ^! same fili=m f]m5ts or o!r ones4 ,^! facts may be d$uc$ f :at prec$es2 nev]!less1 "s prejudic$ m9ds might p]haps urge t ^! =eign f]m5ts are ! consequ5ce ( "s diseas$ condition1 produc$ by circum/ances ( :i* we "k no?+4 ,al?\gh ?is gratuit\s supposition may be difficult to su/a91 we %all endeav\r to corroborate our prec$+ obs]vations by ! me?od ( exp]im5t :i* w be se5 to be ! m decisive4 ,?is me?od consi/s 9 prov+ t be] nev] possesses any unpleasant flav\r1 s long z ! alcoholic f]m5t1 prop]ly s call$1 is n associat$ ) =eign f]m5ts2 t ?is also holds good 9 ! case ( wort1 & t wort1 liable to *ange z x is1 may be pres]v$ 9 a /ate ( purity1 if x is kept "u conditions t protect x f ! invasion ( microscopic p>asites1 to :i* x pres5ts n only fav\rable nutrim5t1 b also a field = developm5t4 ,by employ+ ?is second me?od we %all1 moreov]1 h ! advantage ( prov+ ) c]ta9ty a proposition t we j advanc$1 & %[+ t ! g]ms ( ^! organisms proce$ f ! p>ticles ( du/ :i* ! common air wafts ab\t & deposits on e object1 or :i* are spread ov] ! ut5sils & mat]ials us$ 9 a brew]y1 mat]ials t are naturally *>g$ ) microscopic g]ms1 :i* v>i\s *anges 9 ! /ore-h\ses & malt+s may multiply to an indef9ite ext5t4#ai ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,let u take a glass flask hav+ a long neck 7,fig4 #c ,a71 & hold+ f #bej c4c4 to #cjj c4c4 7i4e41 ab\t #i or #aj fl4 oz472 let u put into x "s wort1 hopp$ or n1 & !n draw out ! neck ( ! flask 9 ! flame ( a lamp1 s z to give to x ! %ape ,b 7,fig4 #c72 let u next heat ! liquid to ! boil+ po9t1 :5 ! /eam w ru% ) a hiss+ s\nd out ( ! curv$ end4 ,we may !n1 )\t fur!r precaution1 p]mit our flask to cool1 or1 z an additional safegu>d1 we may introduce a small quantity ( asbe/os into ! op5 extremity1 at ! v mom5t :5 ! flame is tak5 away f ! flask4 ,be=e introduc+ ! asbe/os1 we may pass x ?r\gh ! flame1 & we may repeat ?is aft] x has be5 plac$ 9 ! end ( ! tube4#bj ,! air :i* fir/ re-ent]s ! flask mu/ come 9 contact ) ! heat$ glass & ! hot liquid1 & ^! w de/roy ! vitality ( any g]ms exi/+ 9 su* p>ticles ( du/ z ?is air may introduce4 ,! re-entrance ( ! air w be effect$ v gradually--suffici5tly s to enable ! drop ( wat] :i* ! air1 z x ent]s1 =ces up ! curv$ tube1 to cat* all p>ticles ( du/4 ,ultimately1 ! tube w become dry1 b !n ! passage ( ! air w proce$ s sl[ly t e =eign p>ticle w get deposit$ on its int]ior sides4 ,exp]i5ce t5ds to prove t ext]nal p>ticles ( du/ _c f9d _! way into flasks ( ?is patt]n1 hav+ free communication ) ! air1 at all ev5ts )9 t5 or twelve ye>s--! longe/ "t t has be5 devot$ to exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d2 ! liquid 9 ! flasks1 if orig9ally cle>1 w n become 9 ! lea/ degree contam9at$1 ei!r ^u its surface or ?r\gh\t its bulk1 al?\gh ! outside ( ! flasks may be cov]$ ) a ?ick coat ( du/4 ,?is is an und5iable pro( ( ! impossibility ( p>ticles ( du/ f9d+ _! way inside su* flasks4 ,wort treat$ ?us w pres]ve its purity = an indef9ite "t1 not)/&+ its extreme liability to rapid *ange :5 expos$ to ! air1 "u conditions :i* cause x to come 9 contact ) ! p>ticles ( du/ t air conta9s4 ,?is also holds good 9 ! case ( w9e1 beef-tea1 ! mu/ ( grapes1 &1 g5]ally speak+1 ( all liquids :i* are subject to putrefaction or f]m5tation1 & :i* possess ! faculty1 :5 _! temp]ature is rais$ to ab\t #ajj;,c4 7#bab;,f471 ( de/roy+ ! vitality ( ^? microscopic g]ms t are f\nd 9 du/4 ,a flask su* z we h describ$ 7,fig4 #c7 is all t we require :5 we h to demon/rate ! facts t we h j review$1 a m detail$ acc\nt ( :i* may be f\nd 9 our ,memoir publi%$ 9 ! ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 = #ahfb1 "u ! title ,mmoire sur les corpuscules organiss en susp5sion dans l'atmosphre4 ,exam5 de la doctr9e des gnrations spontanes4 ,! %ape ( ! flask repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #d only diff]s f t ( ! prec$+ "o 9 hav+ a second little tube atta*$ to ! globul> "p ( ! flask2 ?is pres5ts great advantages = diff]5t objects ( /udy1 & x 0 adopt$ 9 ! subsequ5t inve/igations detail$ 9 ?is "w4 ,?is flask w p]mit u to /udy )\t difficulty e sep>ate k9d ( microscopic organism 9 ! liquid be/ adapt$ to x )\t fe>1 if we take reasonable precautions1 t ! subject ( our /udy may become associat$ ) o!r organisms1 ! accid5tal pres5ce ( :i* _c fail to s]i\sly affect ! results ( our obs]vations4 ,let u use "o ( ^? flasks 9 our exp]im5t on yea/1 at ! same "t expressly assum+ t ! m9ute g]ms ( yea/ are free f all contam9ation by =eign g]ms1 an object :i* we %all le>n h[ to realize by a v>iety ( me?ods 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,let u introduce "s wort into our flask 7,fig4 #d72 !n1 aft] we h fitt$ an india-rubb] tube to ! little supplem5t>y tube1 let u boil ! liquid2 ! /eam1 f9d+ an easi] exit ?r\gh ! india-rubb] op5+ ?an ?r\gh ! drawn-out tube1 w ru% out ?r\gh ! india-rubb] tube1 & ?us1 z x passes1 de/roy any g]ms :i* may be adh]+ to ! sides ( ! little supplem5t>y tube4 ,if we close ! india-rubb] tube by means ( a glass /opp]1 ! /eam w imm$iately issue ?r\gh ! b5t tube4 ,on p]mitt+ ! flask to cool1 x w !n be ready = impregnation4 ,if !re 7 any fe> t "s =eign g]m ( an unkn[n nature might h effect$ an entrance dur+ cool+1 or _h n be5 de/roy$ by ! /eam 7:i* is always a little sup]-heat$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! resi/ance :i* x meets 9 escap+71 we ne$ only place ! flasks on a w>m /ove1 & leave !m !re = a few days or a few weeks to asc]ta9 :e!r ! liquid 9 !m has und]gone any *ange4 ,we %\ld !n only use ^? flasks :i* conta9 a s\nd liquid4 ,at ! same "t we mu/ w>n our read]s t ?is cause ( error does n exi/ once 9 a ?\s& times1 especially if we use an asbe/os /opp] to prev5t ! entrance ( little insects :i* are attract$ by ! od\r ( ! liquid1 & :i* in/9ctively seek to ent] at ! extremity ( ! tube1 & to pass ?r\gh x into ! flask4 ,9 go+ s f>1 & incurr+ su* lab\r 9 se>* ( _! food1 !y condemn !mselves to c]ta9 dea?1 = !y are sure to be dr[n$1 s9ce x w\ld require an intellig5ce sup]ior to t :i* !y possess to enable !m to get out ( ! flask2 ! liquid1 morev]1 c\ld n fail to und]go "s *ange1 9 consequ5ce ( ! p>ticles ( du/ t ! insects w\ld introduce into x4 ,aft] hav+ pass$ ! flame ( a _s-lamp quickly ov] ! india-rubb] tube1 ! glass /opp]1 ! curv$ tube1 & ev5 ov] ! f+]s ( ! op]ator1 we may )draw ! glass /opp]1 & introduce ! pure yea/ by means ( a glass pipette t has be5 previ\sly heat$4 ,?is yea/ is kept 9 a vessel also free f ! du/ float+ 9 ! air4 ,h[ev] few globules ( yea/ ! glass tube may take up1 x is sure to introduce a hundr$ or a ?\s& times m ?an is necess>y = ! impregnation ( ! liquid4 ,! glass /opp] mu/ !n be replac$ imm$iately1 aft] hav+ be5 aga9 quickly pass$ ?r\gh ! flame4 ,9 transf]r+ our yea/ f ! vessel conta9+ x to ! flask1 by means ( a glass pipette1 x is expos$ to ano!r cause ( impurity1 s9ce we _c avoid br++ x 9 contact ) ! common air4 ,if ?is risk frequ5tly tr\bl$ u 9 our exp]im5ts1 we might bani% x or m9imize x by "s new arrangem5t2 b ?is is unnecess>y4 ,we h suff]$ no inconv5i5ce f ?is cause1 z !re does n exi/ 9 ! atmosph]e any?+ l a cont9u\s supply ( t f :i* ! s-call$ spontane\s g5]ation arises1 z 0 errone\sly believ$ to be ! case be=e ! publication ( our ,memoir 9 #ahfb1 to :i* we h already allud$4 ,! foll[+ are ! results ( ! exp]im5ts conduct$ 9 ! mann] j describ$4 ,! yea/ :i* we s[$1 9 ev] s small a quantity1 seem$ to acquire vig\r1 to bud1 & to multiply4 ,soon1 t is to say 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty-f\r or =ty-eight h\rs or long]1 accord+ to ! temp]ature1 &1 m especially1 ! degree ( vitality 9 ! globules1 we f\nd t ! sides ( our flasks 7 cov]$ ) a :ite yea/y deposit1 & notic$ on ! surface ( ! liquid a f9e fro?1 :i* at fir/ appe>$ l little islets =m$ by gr\ps ( bubbles s m9ute t !y w\ld h be5 imp]ceptible _h !y n be5 jo9$ toge!r4 ,^! pat*es increas$ 9 size1 & gradually atta*$ !mselves to ea* o!r1 f9ally =m+ a ?ick fro?4 ,9 ! c\rse ( two or ?ree days ?is fro? fell1 ! f]m5tation proce$$ less rapidly1 & !n ceas$ completely4 ,! be] 0 f9i%$4 ,?is be] might be pres]v$ = an indef9ite p]iod 9 ! flask )\t und]go+ any *ange4 ,! ext]nal air passes freely into & out ( ! flask1 z ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e & ! temp]ature v>y1 & ! be] 9 ! c\rse ( "t becomes flat2 x acquires age 9 mu* ! same mann] z w9e does1 b x nev] contracts any ta/e ( disease1 x nev] becomes s\r1 or %>p1 or bitt]1 or putrid2 x does n ev5 become cov]$ ) mycod]ma v9i z is usually ! case ) all be] expos$ to ! common air 9 ! c\rse ( trade4 ,aft] "s weeks1 or p]haps mon?s1 a :ite r+ may %[ itself on ! surface ( ! liquid on ! glass4 ,?is is a cr[n =m$ by a mass ( "y yea/ globules1 :i* gr[ !re l a m\ld1 by absorb+ ! oxyg5 ( ! air z x ent]s ! flask4 ,! bulk ( ! yea/ :i* has be5 f]m5t+ rema9s at ! bottom ( ! liquid 9 ! =m ( an in]t deposit4 ,?is in]tness1 h[ev]1 is app>5t r ?an real2 ! globules may be int]nally active1 )\t any developm5t ( new buds1 & ! effects ( ?is work+ may cause !m to become m & m languid1 & 9 ! c\rse ( "t may ev5 de/roy !m4 ,! case is q diff]5t :5 ! yea/ ) :i* our wort is impregnat$1 in/ead ( be+ pure1 is mix$ to any ext5t :atsoev] ) diseas$ f]m5ts4 ,%\ld !re be any ( ^! 9 ! yea/ ) :i* we impregnate our wort1 ev5 ?\gh _! quantity 7 s inf9itesimal t ! mo/ skilful obs]v] c\ld sc>cely discov] !m ) ! microscope1 !y w\ld multiply 9 ! flask aft] ! be] _h be5 f9i%$1 especially if ! be] 7 left = a %ort "t on a /ove4 ,9 ?is mann] we may secure an excell5t te/ ( ! orig9al purity ( ! yea/ :i* we employ 9 ! impregnation ( our wort4 ,?us x may be se5 t ! abs5ce ( microscopic organisms t are =eign to ! nature ( pure yea/ may inv>iably be notic$ 9 ! case ( a be] :i* is s\nd1 & :i* w rema9 s\nd = any l5g? ( "t1 :5 9 contact ) pure air1 at any temp]ature4 ,we may see1 too1 t ! pres5ce ( ^! organisms may inv>iably be detect$ 9 an uns\nd be]1 ! peculi> uns\ndness ( :i* dep5ds ^u ! peculi> species ( ! organisms conta9$ 9 x4 ,x w\ld be difficult to adduce cle>] pro(s ?an ^? :i* we h giv5 z to ! intimate relation exi/+ betwe5 ^! organisms & ! det]ioration ( be]4 ,! relation betwe5 cause & effect1 9 ! succession ( physical ph5om5a 9 g5]al1 is e/abli%$ by pro(s t are by no means m decisive4 ,footnote #af3 ,a /atem5t ( ?is proposition1 z f> z x conc]ns be]1 appe>$ fir/ 9 outl9e 9 ! au?or's ,etudes sur le v91 publi%$ 9 #ahff4 ,footnote #ag3 ,z ! deposit 9 ! heat$ bottles is1 z a rule1 inconsid]able1 x is necess>y to ex]cise "s precaution 9 collect+ x4 ,! bottles are tak5 up2 aft] "s days' re/ !y are decant$ v c>efully1 ) z little %ak+ z possible1 until n m ?an "o or two cubic c5timetres 7ab\t a tea-spoonful7 ( ! liquid rema9s at ! bottom4 ,! bottles are !n %ak5 vigor\sly1 ) ! object ( collect+ ! :ole ( ! deposit f ! bottom & ! sides into ?is small quantity ( liquid2 a drop ( ?is is !n exam9$ "u ! microscope4 ,footnote #ah3 ,s9ce ! publication ( ! au?or's 8,/udies on ! ,diseases ( ,w9e1 & ! ,dang]s result+ to ,w9e & ,be] f ! ,microscopic ,p>asites f\nd !re910 "s intellig5t brew]s h d]iv$ consid]able pr(it f ! application ( ! !ories laid d[n 9 t "w4 ,footnote #ai3 ,if we put a h&ful ( g]m9at+ b>ley f a malt/]'s ci/]n into a little wat]1 & exam9e drops ( ! liquid1 aft] x has become turbid1 "u a microscope1 we %all be amaz$ at ! wond]ful numb] ( /range microscopic organisms t sw>m on ! surface ( ! gra9s & on ! sides ( ! ci/]n4 ,!re is no d\bt t _! pres5ce is injuri\s to g]m9ation1 inasmu* z !y absorb mu* oxyg52 moreov]1 !y acidify ! gra9 & cause x to det]iorate4 ,footnote #bj3 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts ! asbe/os is only introduc$ by way ( extra precaution4 ,orig9ally1 9 8 e>ly exp]im5ts 9 connection ) ! subject ( spontane\s g5]ation1 ! results ( :i* 7 publi%$ 9 #ahfj-fb1 ! au?or did n use x1 & he obs]v$ no ill effects result+ f ! omission2 n[1 h[ev]1 he con/antly makes use ( x4 ,9 /udies ( ?is k9d novel precautions are nev] ?r[n away2 moreov]1 ! pres5ce ( ?is asbe/os is a sure b> to ! entrance ( insects4 ,! au?or has pres]v$ = a long "t a flask1 9 ! sl5d] neck ( :i* an insect is conta9$2 he kill$ x ) a flame j z x 0 approa*+ ! liquid4 ,q rec5tly1 ,m4 ,calmettes1 a "y eng9e] f ! cole ,c5trale1 :5 engag$1 at ,tantonville1 9 ,t\rtel's brew]y1 9 c>ry+ out c]ta9 practical exp]im5ts 9 connection ) ! process t w he describ$ 9 "o ( ! lat] *apt]s ( ?is "w1 wrote compla9+ t 8 flasks _h be5 sudd5ly invad$ by a sw>m ( aphides1 sc>cely l>g] ?an phyllox]as1 & t _m ( !m _h ev5 p5etrat$ into ! inside ( ! curv$ tubes4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,on ! ,orig9 ( ,f]m5ts prop]ly s call$4 ,! new process ( brew+1 :i* x is ! pr9cipal object ( ?is "w to expla91 & :i* w foll[ z an imm$iate & inevitable d$uction f ! novel facts h]e9 demon/rat$1 _c be fully und]/ood )\t a k ( all ! pr9ciples ^u :i* x is f\nd$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ ess5tial ( ^! has ref]5ce to ! purity ( our f]m5tation4 ,we %\ld ga9 b little f ! use ( a yea/ uncontam9at$ by any =eign g]ms if natural organic sub/ances _h ! p[] ( organiz+ !mselves by means ( spontane\s g5]ation1 or by "s trans=mation :i* took place among/ !m1 or ev5 by a conv]sion ( c]ta9 microscopic be+s into c]ta9 o!rs4 ,!ories ( ?is k9d are /ill w>mly advocat$1 b1 to our ?9k+1 r f s5tim5tal consid]ations or prejudice ?an f any basis ( s]i\s exp]im5tal pro(s4 ,be ?is z x may1 we mu/ free our m9ds f all suppositions :i* might qualify ! exactness ( ! pr9ciples ^u :i* our new process is f\nd$1 or cause any d\bt 9 ! m9ds ( our read]s z to ! possibility ( its application & ! b5efits to be d]iv$ f its adoption4 ,i4--,on ! ,conditions :i* cause ,v>iations 9 ! ,nature ( ! ,organiz$ ,products exi/+ 9 ,infusions4 ,we h prov$ by exp]im5t1 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 t a few m9utes' boil+ r5d]s liquids1 & m especially wort1 absolutely free f liability to *ange :5 9 contact ) pure air1 t is1 air :i* conta9s none ( ! g]ms ( organisms t are cont9ually float+ ab\t 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,:at is true 9 ! case ( wort is equally s 9 ! case ( all organic liquids2 !re is n a s+le "o t c\ld n be r5d]$ inaccessible to any subsequ5t *ange if x 7 br\ght1 fir/ ( all1 to a suitable temp]ature1 :i* w\ld v>y ) ! nature ( ! liquids4 ,among/ !m !re are "s :i*1 l v9eg>1 lose _! t5d5cy to *ange aft] hav+ be5 rapidly rais$ to a temp]ature ( n m ?an #ej ,c4 7#abb ,f472 o!rs1 l w9e1 require a great] heat4 ,wort1 to :i* no hops h be5 add$1 %\ld be subject$ to a temp]ature ( n m ?an #ij ,c4 7#aid ,f472 milk to ab\t #aaj ,c4 7#bcj ,f474#ba ,x is easy to %[ t ^! diff]5ces 9 temp]ature1 :i* are requir$ to secure organic liquids f ultimate *ange1 dep5d exclusively ^u ! /ate ( ! liquids1 _! nature1 &1 above all1 on ! conditions t affect _! neutrality1 :e!r t[>ds acidity or alkal9ity2 = x is n difficult to obs]ve t ! lea/ *anges 9 ^! respects lead to consid]able v>iations 9 ! temp]atures :i* we mu/ employ4#bb ,we c\ld adduce _m examples ( ?is4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! nature ( mu/ & t ( w9e is caus$ by f]m5tation4 ,we may say ! same ?+ ( wort & be]1 &1 bett] /ill1 ( new milk & s\r milk4 ,mu/1 to be secur$ f *ange1 requires a mu* high] temp]ature ?an w9e does2 simil>ly1 wort requires a mu* high] temp]ature ?an be]4 ,milk mu/ be heat$ to ab\t #aaj ,c4 7#bcj ,f471 z we h j /at$1 b s\r milk w\ld require #bj ,c4 or #cj ,c4 7#cf ,f4 or #ed ,f47 less4 ,w9e1 :5 fre%1 ceases to be liable to *ange aft] x has be5 br\ght to a temp]ature bel[ #ajj ,c4 7#bab ,f472 x requires a temp]ature ( m ?an #ajj ,c4 9 ! pres5ce ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,z reg>ds ! explanation ( ! influ5ce :i* acidity or alkal9ity ex]ts 9 dim9i%+ or increas+ ! temp]ature requir$ to protect infusions & organic matt]s f ultimate *ange1 al?\gh ?is is a subject :i* claims special /udy1 we are incl9$ to believe t acidity p]mits1 & alkal9ity prev5ts1 ! p5etration ( moi/ure into ! int]ior ( ! cells ( ! g]ms belong+ to infusions1 s t 9 heat+ ! out] cases ( ^! cells 9 an alkal9e m$ium we heat ! g]ms 9 a dry /ate2 & 9 heat+ ! out] cases 9 an acid m$ium we heat ! g]ms :5 !y are moi/4 ,we all "k t ^! conditions make a great diff]5ce 9 ! resi/ance :i* bodies (f] to ! action ( heat4 ,a p>ticle ( m\ld :i*1 9 a moi/ /ate1 _c survive a temp]ature ( f #fj ,c4 to #ajj ,c4 7#adj to #bab ,f471 w pres]ve its fecundity ev5 if heat$ to #abj ,c4 7#bdh ,f471 if x has be5 previ\sly well dri$4#bc ,! nature ( ! spontane\s productions :i* we see appe> 9 organic liquids is affect$ to a rem>kable ext5t by ! smalle/ *ange 9 ! compositions ( ^? liquids4 ,g5]ally speak+1 z we h (t5 prov$ 9 our =m] works1 a feeble acidity is unfav\rable to ! developm5t ( bact]ia & infusoria1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 fav\rable to ! gr[? ( m\ld4 ,a liquid :i* is neutral or ( feeble alkal9ity behaves 9 an exactly inv]se mann]4 ,^? :o support ! !ory ( spontane\s g5]ation seek to f9d 9 ! natural diff]5ces betwe5 ! organic productions ( v>i\s liquids :i* are simultane\sly expos$ to ! same atmosph]e1 an argum5t 9 fav\r ( _! doctr9e4 ,^! diff]5ces1 h[ev]1 are only an effect ( ! great] or less fitness ( a peculi> liquid = a c]ta9 k9d ( gr[?4 ,:5 an acid organic liquid1 su* z ! mu/ ( grapes = example1 is expos$ freely to ! air1 x is besieg$ simultane\sly by spores ( muc$9es1 z well z g]ms ( bact]ia1 lepto?rix1 vibrios1 c41 b ! latt] g]ms are *eck$ 9 _! developm5t1 if1 inde$1 !y are n actually de/roy$1 by ! acidity ( ! liquid2 & we %\ld nev] f9d !m !re 9 _! adult /ate4 ,mo/ m\lds1 on ! o!r h&1 ?rive 9 acid liquids1 & !re=e !y are g5]ally f\nd alone4 ,if we began by saturat+ mu/ ) c>bonate ( lime1 previ\sly dri$ or o!rwise1 we %\ld obs]ve opposite ph5om5a2 bact]ia1 lactic f]m5ts & butyric vibrios w\ld invade our fields long be=e ! spores ( m\ld _h "t to gr[1 s9ce ! g]m9ation ( ^! proce$s v languidly 9 neutral or alkal9e liquids1 & an infusion once occupi$ by a liv+ organism has mu* tr\ble 9 n\ri%+ o!rs2 ! e>ly developm5ts consume ! alim5t>y sub/ances1 especially ! oxyg54 ,diff]5ces z m>k$ z ^! 9 ! adaptability ( c]ta9 liquids to c]ta9 gr[?s give rise to innum]able illusions1 & are "o ( ! *ief s\rces ( error 9 ! /udy ( ?is subject4 ,if we s[ 9 an acid liquid1 su* z mu/1 an alcoholic f]m5t1 ! developm5t ( :i* is n arre/$ by ! acid "* ( our m$ium1 x w multiply !re1 & we %all h no difficulty 9 gr[+ x ov] & ov] aga9 9 ! same acid m$ium4 ,?is be+ ! case1 let u suppose t our alcoholic f]m5t is impure--let u say1 mix$ ) filam5ts ( turn$ w9e1 :i* are due to a f]m5t *eck$ 9 its developm5t by ! peculi> qualities ( ! mu/4 ,9 repeat+ ! gr[? ( ?is alcoholic f]m5t 9 ! mu/ ! filam5ts :i* 71 by supposition1 pres5t 9 our fir/ s[+1 & :i* _c reproduce !mselves 9 ! mu/1 or d s ) great difficulty1 w become v sc>ce 9 ! fields ( our microscope2 !y w n1 h[ev]1 cease to exi/1 = ! repetition ( our attempts to gr[ !m only s]ves to spread ! orig9al g]ms ov] a l>g] surface2 &1 al?\gh ! eye fails to detect !m1 !y w only h become m difficult to discov]4 ,at ?is po9t ! exp]im5tali/ is 9 dang] ( fall+ into error1 = :5 he no long] p]ceives ! =eign f]m5t he w be incl9$ to believe t x has vani%$1 & t he may reg>d ! alcoholic f]m5t z be+ free f all impurity1 )\t te/+ = ! purity by a direct exp]im5t4 ,an example ( ?is mi/ake is to be f\nd 9 a rec5t "w by ,m4 ,jules ,duval4 ,?is writ] has publi%$ a !ory accord+ to :i* yea/ becomes trans=m$ into lactic f]m5t1 & likewise into o!r f]m5ts--t ( urea1 = example--! only condition ( *ange1 accord+ to ,m4 ,jules ,duval1 be+ t we %\ld cultivate x 9 suitable m$iums4 ,! pro(s by :i* he supports 8 conclusion are altoge!r inadmissible1 & a simple glance at 8 exp]im5ts enables u to detect innum]able causes ( error4 ,m4 ,duval believes t yea/ becomes trans=m$ into lactic f]m5t f ! fact t he obta9$ a f]m5tation :i* furni%$ lactate ( lime & lactic f]m5t f "s s\r milk to :i* he _h add$ "s glucose1 *alk1 & phosphate ( ammonia be=e impregnat+ x ) yea/2 b he took no /eps to secure himself aga9/ introduc+ into 8 m$ium--:i* 01 z a matt] ( fact1 well adapt$ to lactic f]m5tation1 inasmu* z x 0 a little alkal9e--an alcoholic f]m5t conta9+ impurities4 ,?is 0 ! crucial po9t 9 8 exp]im5ts4 ,m4 ,duval recognizes ?is1 b he deceives himself :5 he says1 )\t pro(3--8,my alcoholic f]m5t is pure1 = ,i h gr[n x ov] & ov] aga9 9 mu/1 pres]v$ 9 flasks prep>$ aft] ! mann] ( ^? :i* ,m4 ,pa/eur uses 9 8 exp]im5ts40 ,"h we h m]ely a simple ass]tion2 a direct exp]im5tal te/ might h prov$ t ! yea/ 0 impure4 ,yea/ _c trans=m itself into lactic f]m5t4 ,no matt] :at ! m$ium may be 9 :i* x is s[n1 if x is actually pure x w nev] pres5t ! lea/ trace ( lactic f]m5t or ( any o!r f]m5ts4 ,by c]ta9 *anges 9 ! nature ( ! m$ium1 ! temp]ature1 & o!r conditions1 ! cells ( ! f]m5t may become oval1 elongat$1 sph]ical1 & l>g] or small] 9 size1 b !y w nev] produce ! mo/ m9ute quantity ( lactic f]m5t or lactic acid4 ,! :ole !ory ( ! transmutation ( f]m5ts1 :i* ,m4 ,duval has publi%$1 is imag9>y4#bd ,we h ass]t$ t ! s\rce f :i* we obta9 our supply ( ! sub/ances t we expose to contact ) ! air may likewise furni% a reason = ! developm5t ( vegetable or animal organisms :i* make _! appe>ance 9 our infusions4 ,?is may be easily und]/ood4 ,if we expose ! infusions to temp]atures m or less high1 ) ! object ( de/roy+ ! vitality ( ! g]ms :i* !y may conta91 we completely suppress all g]ms orig9at+ f two diff]5t s\rces--^? :i* ! infusions may h acquir$ directly f ! atmosph]ic air1 or f ! du/ ^u our ut5sils1 & ^? :i* may h be5 introduc$ by ! mat]ials us$ 9 manufactur+ our infusions or decoctions1 :i* mat]ials mu/ h be5 br\ght f "s di/ance4 ,an infusion1 aft] hav+ be5 heat$ to a suffici5t degree1 c h>b\r & n\ri% only su* g]ms z are convey$ to x by ! air aft] ! heat+4 ,^! float+ g]ms are f> f be+ z v>i$ 9 _! nature z x pleases ^? to believe :o are ti$ d[n by _! arbitr>y & faulty int]pretation ( ! k t we h acquir$1 & ! discussions 9 :i* we h tak5 "p1 dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s4 ,air1 unless 9 viol5t agitation1 c hold only ! mo/ m9ute p>ticles 9 susp5sion4 ,! obs]vations :i* h be5 record$ conc]n+ organisms ( spontane\s gr[? f\nd 9 infusions1 h always be5 made 9 %elt]$ places--9 rooms or laboratories1 ! atmosph]e ( :i* is1 relatively speak+1 v /ill4 ,= ?is reason1 9 liquids t h be5 subject$ to heat1 ! flora & fauna--if we may use su* an expression--are v poor1 & all ! m s because1 z we h rec5tly _h occasion to rem>k1 a great numb] ( ! organisms :i* w\ld spr+ into exi/5ce ( _! own accord1 if !y 7 all[$ suffici5t "t = g]m9ation1 are kept back by o!rs ( a m rapid developm5t4 ,! tru? ( ?is is evid5t f ! fact t we may obs]ve great] v>iations 9 ! nature & numb] ( species ( liv+ organisms1 if we divide "o infusion among/ sev]al vessels :i* are imm$iately clos$ up aga91 ?an if we leave our infusion 9 contact ) an unlimit$ volume ( surr\nd+ air4 ,by ?is means we expose ea* portion ( ! liquid to no o!r g]ms ?an ^? exi/+ 9 a /ate ( susp5sion 9 ! volume ( air introduc$ into ! vessels2 & x s frequ5tly happ5s t we obta9 a v>iety ( g]ms :i*1 com+ into contact ) a liquid adapt$ to _! nutrition1 )\t hav+ mix$ ) o!rs1 f9ally multiply !re1 9 consequ5ce ( no o!r organisms ( great] activity occurr+ to imp$e _! sl[ & labori\s propagation4 ,! nature ( ! products result+ f raw infusions--t is1 ^? obta9$1 )\t heat+1 f ! mac]ation ( organic sub/ances1 su* z leaves1 fruits1 gra9s1 or ! organs ( plants or animals--is mu* m v>i$4 ,! reason ( ?is is t su* sub/ances g5]ally c>ry ) !m n only ! p>ticles ( du/ exi/+ 9 air t is 9 motion1 b also microscopic p>asites1 :i* f9d a cong5ial re/+-place on _! surface or its vic9ity4 ,we may cite a few accurate obs]vations on ?is po9t1 = ! subject is "o ( great int]e/4 ,if we boil an infusion ( hay1 & !n expose x to contact ) ! air 9 a room1 all its productions w be d]iv$ f su* g]ms z a comp>atively /ill air c c>ry ab\t2 ?us1 we %all v r>ely f9d any colpoda 9 our infusion1 = ! g]ms ( ^! infusoria1 consi/+ ( r l>ge cells1 c sc>cely exi/ 9 a /ate ( susp5sion 9 motionless air1 9 spite ( _! extraord9>y diffusion 9 nature4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we almo/ inv>iably f9d colpoda 9 mac]ations ( raw hay4 ,?is diff]5ce is easily acc\nt$ =2 ! p>ticles ( du/ adh]+ to ! surface ( hay1 especially t :i* comes f m>%y di/ricts1 conta9 ! g]m-cells ( colpoda 9 abundance4 ,! reason is obvi\s2 ra9 falls on a mead[ & =ms little pools ( wat] ab\t ! roots ( ! h]bs t gr[ !re2 ?is wat] rema9s = "s "t1 & v soon sw>ms ) a multitude ( infusoria1 especially colpoda4 ,dryness foll[s2 ! colpoda becomes ency/$1 & =ms a du/ t is waft$ by ! w9ds on to ! blades ( grass1 s t ! m[] w c>ry away n only 8 hay1 b also myriads ( colpoda1 z well z spores ( muc$9es & o!r organisms4#be ,! mac]ation ( pepp] w give u "s infusoria h>dly ev] f\nd 9 o!r infusions1 ! reason ( ?is be+ t su* infusoria exi/ :]e ! pepp] gr[s--9 o!r words1 _! g]ms are exotic4 ,t ! infusion ( a special plant %\ld give u special infusoria1 is sc>cely m surpris+ ?an ! discov]y ( a p>ticul> p>asite or insect exi/+ on a p>ticul> plant1 & n on o!rs ( a diff]5t species t gr[ ne> x4 ,?us x happ5s t ! f]m5t-g]ms ( mu/ exi/ on ! surface ( grapes1 :e!r deta*$ or 9 clu/]s4 ,x is only natural t we %\ld f9d ! organ or ! plant t is de/9$ lat] on to become ! food ( a p>asite s]v+ z a habitation = ! g]ms ( t p>asite4 ,,ii4--,exp]im5ts on ,blood & ,ur9e tak5 9 _! ,normal ,/ate1 & ,expos$ to ,contact ) ,air t has be5 ,depriv$ ( ! ,p>ticles ( ,du/ :i* x ,g5]ally holds 9 ,susp5sion4 ,rec\rse to ! application ( heat1 9 ! fir/ place1 is an excell5t means1 z we h j se51 ( procur+ organic liquids free f all di/urb+ g]ms2 b !re is a /ill m rem>kable & in/ructive1 we may ev5 say m unlook$ =1 me?od ( secur+ ?is result1 :i* may be describ$ z 9 "s measure borr[$ f ! nature ( ?+s4 ,x consi/s 9 seek+ purity 9 ! natural liquids ( animals & plants4 ,x is difficult to und]/& h[ ! liquids circulat+ 9 ! organs ( animal bodies1 su* z blood1 ur9e1 milk1 amniotic fluid1 & s on1 c possibly secrete ! g]ms ( microscopic organisms4 ,!re w\ld be excell5t opportunities = ^! g]ms to propagate !mselves if !y actually did exi/ 9 ! liquids app]ta9+ to ! animal economy4 ,life 9 all probability w\ld become impossible 9 ! pres5ce ( su* gue/s4 ,a pro( ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! multitude ( diseases :i* _m ( ! greate/ m9ds ( mod]n times attribute to p>asitic developm5ts ( ?is nature4 ,m$ical m5 ( high au?ority agree 9 ?9k+ t ! que/ions ( contagion & infection w f9d solutions f ! obscurity 9 :i* !y are n[ involv$ 9 a c>eful /udy ( f]m5ts1 & t hygi5i/s & physicians %\ld lab\r to secure by e possible means ! de/ruction ( ! g]ms ( f]m5ts1 & %\ld /rive to *eck _! developm5t1 & prev5t ! evils :i* !y cause :5 develop$4 ,great progress has already be5 made 9 ?is direction1 & we deem x a signal hon\r t our rese>*es on ! subject h be5 consid]$1 ev5 by ^? by :om ?is progress has be5 accompli%$1 z ! s\rce f :i* !y d]iv$ _! fir/ inspirations4 ,we %all1 d\btless1 be excus$ by our read]s if we recall ?is fact 9 relat+ c]ta9 hi/orical details :i* are especially necess>y 9 ord] t !y may compreh5d ! pr9ciples t we are endeav\r+ to expla9 9 ^! 8/udies40 ,x is a matt] ( regret to u1 h[ev]1 t ! facts :i* we h e/abli%$ %\ld h be5 accr$it$ ) any importance beyond t :i* is _! due4 ,! exagg]ation ( novel ideas inv>iably leads to a reaction1 :i*1 aga91 ov]%oot+ ! m>k1 br+s into disrepute ev5 ^? po9ts 9 :i* su* ideas are p]fectly j1 or1 at all ev5ts1 wor?y ( s]i\s consid]ation4 ,!re are c]ta9 symptoms ( su* a reaction 9 ! case ( our !ories3 !y are evid5t 9 ! t5d5cy ( unreflect+ m9ds to give a total d5ial to ! fact t c]ta9 diseases may be d]iv$ f c]ta9 f]m5ts--organiz$ & liv+ f]m5ts--( ! nature ( ^? :i* h be5 discov]$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,we %\ld be guid$ by facts1 :i*ev] side ( ! "q we esp\se1 & by facts alone we %\ld te/ ! tru? ( d\btful discov]ies4 ,we are b on ! ?re%old ( ! exploration ( our subject1 & we %\ld /rive to discov] new facts 9 connection ) x1 & %\ld d$uce f ^!1 :atev] !y may be1 only su* conclusions z !y may /rictly w>rant4 ,un=tunately1 !re is among/ physicians a t5d5cy to g5]alize by anticipation4 ,_m ( !m are m5 ( r>e natural or acquir$ tal5t1 end[$ ) ke5 p[]s ( intellect1 & ! art ( express+ !mselves flu5tly & p]suasively2 b ! m em95t !y are1 ! m !y are occupi$ by ! duties ( _! pr(ession1 & ! less leisure !y h = ! "w ( inve/igation4 ,urg$ on by t ?ir/ = k :i* belongs to sup]ior m9ds1 & p]haps1 9 "s measure1 ?r\gh associat+ ) ! upp] classes ( society1 :i* are becom+ m & m int]e/$ 9 sci5ce1 !y eag]ly seize ^u easy & plausible !ories1 readily adapt$ = /atem5t :i* is g5]al & vague j 9 proportion to ! uns\ndness ( ! facts on :i* !y are bas$4 ,:5 we see be] & w9e und]go radical *anges1 9 consequ5ce ( ! h>b\r :i* ^? liquids af=d to microscopic organisms t introduce !mselves invisibly & uns\ght into x1 & sw>m subsequ5tly !re91 h[ c we help imag9+ t simil> *anges may & d take place 9 ! case ( man & animals8 ,%\ld we1 h[ev]1 be dispos$ to ?9k t su* a ?+ mu/ hold true1 because x seems bo? probable & possible1 we mu/1 be=e ass]t+ our belief1 recall to m9d ! epigraph ( ?is "w3 ! greate/ ab]ration ( ! m9d is to believe a ?+ to be1 because we desire x4 ,"o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ memb]s ( ! ,academy ( ,m$ic9e1 ,m4 ,dava9ne1 :o 0 ! fir/ to give 8 att5tion to rigor\s exp]im5ts on ! influ5ce t organic f]m5ts ex]cise on ! production & propagation ( infecti\s diseases1 decl>es t ! idea ( 8 rese>*es on spl5ic fev] & malignant pu/ule 0 sugge/$ to him by 8 p]usal ( our "w on butyric f]m5tation1 publi%$ 9 #ahfa4 ,9 #ahej ?is g5tleman & ,m4 ,ray] discov]$ 9 ! blood ( animals attack$ by ^! diseases m9ute fili=m bodies1 to :i* !y paid little att5tion1 & :i* ,m4 ,dava9ne recollect$1 :5 he came across our ,memoir4 ,he _h ! =esight to conjecture--a conjecture t 0 soon confirm$ mo/ decisively by 8 rese>*es--t ! =m] disease1 kn[n "u ! "n ( sang de rate1 might be ! production ( a f]m5tation analog\s to ! butyric1 9 :i* ! m9ute fili=m bodies obs]v$ by ,ray] & himself1 9 #ahej1 play$ ! "p :i* vibrios fill 9 butyric f]m5tation4 ,)9 two ye>s ( ?is ! fir/ works ( ,messrs4 ,coze & ,feltz appe>$4 ,^! clev] & c\rage\s exp]im5tali/s av[$ t _! beautiful rese>*es _h be5 sugge/$ to !m by ! p]usal ( my "w on putrefaction1 publi%$ 9 #ahfc4 ,we might also quote ! /rik+ & admirably conceiv$ exp]im5ts ( ,dr4 ,*auveau1 on ca/ration4#bf ,we _c1 h[ev]1 refra9 f reproduc+ "h a lett] address$ to u 9 #ahgd by ! celebrat$ ,ed9burgh surgeon1 ,mr4 ,li/]3-- 8,ed9burgh1 ,feb4 #aj1 #ahgd4 8,,de> ,,sir1--,w y p]mit me to beg y\r acceptance ( a pamphlet :i* ,i =w>d to y by ?is po/1 & :i* describes c]ta9 inquiries into a subject ^u :i* y h ?r[n s mu* light--! !ory ( g]ms & f]m5tation8 ,x gives me pleasure to ?9k t y w p]use ) "s int]e/ :at ,i h writt5 ab\t an organism t y 7 ! fir/ to /udy 9 y\r ,memoir on lactic f]m5tation4 ,i d n "k if y ev] see ! records ( ,briti% surg]y4 ,if y h p]us$ !m y may h obs]v$ f "t to "t notices ( ! antiseptic sy/em :i* ,i h be5 endeav\r+ = ! la/ n9e ye>s to br+ to p]fection4 ,p]mit me to take ?is opportunity ( (f]+ y my mo/ he>ty ?anks = hav+ demon/rat$ by y\r brilliant rese>*es ! tru? ( ! !ory ( putrefactive g]ms1 & = hav+ af=d$ me 9 ?is mann] ! sole means ( p]fect+ ! antiseptic sy/em4 8,%\ld y ev] come to ,ed9burgh ,i am sure t y w be truly gratifi$ to see 9 our hospital ! ext5t to :i* ! human race has pr(it$ by y\r "w4 ,i ne$ h>dly add1 t ,i %\ld h great satisfaction 9 %[+ y h[ greatly surg]y is indebt$ to y4 8,excuse ! fre$om :i* ,i h tak5 9 address+ y1 on ! gr\nds ( our common love = sci5ce1 & believe 9 ! pr(\nd e/eem ( y\rs1 v s9c]ely1 ,,joseph ,,li/]40 ,! wad dress+ ( ,dr4 ,alphonse ,gur91 surgeon at ! ,htel-,dieu1 ,p>is1 :i* has already r5d]$ great assi/ance to surg]y1 & has be5 ! subject ( a v fav\rable report at ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 ,p>is1 0 inv5t$ by its au?or 9 consequ5ce ( c]ta9 reflections sugge/$ to him by ! p]usal ( our rese>*es4 ,! commission :i* fram$ ! report made1 ?r\gh ,m4 ,gossel91 "s wise res]vations 9 ! case ( c]ta9 !oretical ideas :i* ,m4 ,gur9 _h n suffici5tly prov$ by exp]im5t4 ,we h no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t :5 ! matt] is ?or\ghly exam9$1 facts w confirm ! tru? ( ! wide views ent]ta9$ by ! surgeon ( ! ,htel-,dieu4 ,dr4 ,dclat has f\nd$ q a new sy/em = ! treatm5t ( infecti\s diseases1 :i* is bas$ ^u ! use ( "o ( ! be/ kn[n antiseptics1 ph5ic acid4 ,8 !ory1 :i* he affirms 0 sugge/$ to him by our /udies on f]m5tations1 is1 t ! diseases :i* transmit !mselves are1 ea* ( !m1 ! product ( a special f]m5t1 & t bo? m$ical & surgical pr(essors ( !rapeutics %\ld make x _! /udy to prev5t ext]ior f]m5ts f p5etrat+ into ! liquids ( our economy1 or 9 ! ev5t ( ^! f]m5ts hav+ f\nd _! way into ! sy/em1 to discov] antif]m5ts = _! de/ruction1 )\t effect+ any *ange 9 ! vitality ( ! hi/ological elem5ts ( ! liquid or tissues4 ,!re is no d\bt t extreme caution mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 deal+ ) que/ions ( ?is k9d1 z ,m4 ,sdillot has au?oritatively rem>k$2 b at ! same "t x _c be d5i$ t ! m su* que/ions are discuss$ ) exactness1 ! m ^? celebrat$ practition]s :o orig9at$ !m are confirm$ 9 ! ideas :i* fir/ guid$ !m4 ,we may give ano!r example ( ?is4 ,9 #ahgd1 9 consequ5ce ( a communication address$ to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces by ,messrs ,gossel9 & ,a4 ,rob91 on ! subject ( ammoniacal ur9e1 we made ! obs]vation t we %\ld endeav\r to asc]ta9 if1 9 all su* cases1 ! ur9>y fluids 7 n r5d]$ ammoniacal by ! pres5ce ( ! little f]m5t ( ! urea1 :i* we h previ\sly notic$1#bg & :i* has s9ce !n be5 discuss$ ) rem>kable intellig5ce by ,m4 ,van ,tieghem1 9 ! !sis :i* he ma9ta9$ = 8 doctor's degree4 ,! sugge/ion & ! consid]ations t ju/ifi$ x l$ to a discussion be=e ! ,academy ( ,m$ic9e1 9 :i* contr>y op9ions 7 ma9ta9$4 ,we lo/ no "t 9 submitt+ ^! to ! te/ ( facts4 ,we c\ld n f9d a s+le p]son suff]+ f ammoniacal ur9e1 9 ^: case ! little f]m5t :i* we m5tion$ 0 n to be detect$4 ,our pr$ictions 7 ?us completely ju/ifi$4 ,z e>ly z #ahfd ! ,gazette ,hebdomadaire de ,mdec9e et de ,*irurgie publi%$ an acc\nt ( ur9e made ammoniacal 9 ! bladd]1 ! au?or ( :i*1 ,dr4 ,traube1 makes ! foll[+ obs]vations3--8,x 0 believ$ t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! ret5tion ( ! liquid1 & ! result+ di/5sion ( ! bladd]1 t organ became irritat$ & produc$ a l>g] quantity ( mucus1 & t ?is mucus 0 ! f]m5t :i* caus$ ! decomposition ( ! urea1 by virtue ( a *emical action peculi> to itself4 ,?is belief c no long] be held 9 pres5ce ( ,m4 ,pa/eur's discov]ies4 ,?is obs]v] has demon/rat$1 9 ! mo/ conclusive mann]1 t ammoniacal f]m5tation1 l alcoholic & acetic1 is produc$ by liv+ be+s1 ^: pre-exi/5ce 9 ! f]m5table liquid is a necess>y condition ( ! process4 ,! prec$+ fact (f]s a rem>kable pro( ( ,m4 ,pa/eur's !ory4 ,9 spite ( ! long duration ( ! ret5tion1 alkal9e f]m5tation 0 n produc$ by an excessive secretion ( ! vesical mucus or ( pus3 x only began f ! mom5t :5 ! g]ms ( vibrios pass$ f ! outside into ! bladd]40#bh ,f9ally1 we may conclude ) p]fect tru? t ! liquids ( our economy1 blood & ur9e1 = in/ance1 may af=d a h>b\r to diff]5t f]m5ts1 ev5 9 ! inmo/ p>ts ( ! organs1 :5 ext]nal causes enable su* f]m5ts to f9d _! way into ^? liquids1 & t diseases ( great] or less gravity result f ?is cause4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! bodies ( animals 9 a /ate ( heal? af=d no means ( entrance to ^! ext]nal g]ms4 ,at ! same "t1 direct exp]im5t alone c conv9ce ! m9d z to ! tru? ( ?is latt] ass]tion4 ,let u take "s ( ! sub/ances t are to be f\nd inside liv+ animals 9 p]fect heal?1 & expose !m1 9 ! same condition 9 :i* life has =m$ !m1 to contact ) pure air4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,= ?is purpose we mu/ provide ourselves ) a glass flask1 jo9$ to a copp] tap by means ( an india-rubb] tube1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,! two bran*es ( ! tap %\ld be ab\t twelve c5timetres long 7ab\t -9471 ! "o :i* is free tap]+ (f l ! end ( a pipe4 ,9 ord] to de/roy all g]ms :i* may exi/ 9 ! flask1 we mu/ jo9 ! free end ( ! copp] tube to a plat9um tube kept at a v high temp]ature1 aft] hav+ c>efully introduc$ into ! flask a small quantity ( wat]1 & expell$ all ! air by conv]t+ ! wat] into /eam4 ,!n z we all[ ! flask to cool1 ! air :i* re-ent]s x w necess>ily pass ?r\gh ! hot tube 7,fig4 #f74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,we may cause ! wat] 9 ! flask to boil at a temp]ature ( m ?an #ajj ,c4 7#bab ,f47 by fitt+ to ! free end ( ! plat9um tube a glass tube b5t at "r angles1 :i* we plunge to any dep? 9 a deep vessel fill$ ) m]cury 7,fig4 #g74 ,:il/ ! wat] is boil+ "u pressure1 we mu/ sep>ate ! tube :i* is plung$ 9 ! m]cury2 ! wat] 9 ! flask w cont9ue to boil at ! ord9>y pressure4 ,we mu/ !n leave ! flask to cool4 ,x w gradually become fill$ ) air t has be5 heat$ to a high temp]ature1 m ?an suffici5t to burn up all ! organic p>ticles ( du/ :i* t air c\ld h conta9$4 ,:5 ! flask is cold we mu/ close ! tap & deta* x1 & proce$ to prep>e o!r simil> flasks4 ,x w be advisable to close ! tap :5 ! temp]ature ( ! flask is /ill a few degrees above t ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e3 ?is precaution w cause ! air 9 ! cool$ flask to h a l[] pressure ?an t ( ! ext]nal atmosph]e4 ,dur+ ! int]val :i* mu/ elapse betwe5 ! prep>ation & ! use ( a flask1 x is a good ?+ to keep ! free bran* ( ! tap incl9$ t[>ds ! gr\nd1 to secure ! inside ( its tube f ! deposit ( ext]nal p>ticles ( du/4 ,:e!r ?is precaution be adopt$ or n1 we mu/ take c>e to heat ?is bran* 9 ! flame ( a _s lamp j be=e we br+ our flask into requisition4 ,if we h to /udy blood1 we mu/ take x f a liv+ animal--a dog1 = example4 ,we mu/ expose a ve9 or an art]y ( ! animal1 & make an incision into :i* ! end ( ! free tap-bran*1 :i* has previ\sly be5 heat$ & all[$ to cool1 mu/ be introduc$ & fix$ by a ligature 9 ! ve9 or art]y4 ,on op5+ ! tap1 ! blood w ru% into ! flask2 x mu/ !n be clos$1 & ! flask plac$ 9 an ov5 at a c]ta9 temp]ature4 ,we h successfully accompli%$ ^! manipulations1 ?anks to ! k9d help ( our illu/ri\s colleague & fri5d1 ,m4 ,claude ,b]n>d4 ,! op]ation is ne>ly ! same 9 ! case ( ur9e4 ,! end ( ! free bran* ( ! tap is introduc$ into ! passage ( ! ure?ra2 ! tap is turn$ at ! mom5t :5 ! ur9e is emitt$1 :i* is !n all[$ to pass into ! flask1 until x is a ?ird or half fill$4 ,! foll[+ 7 ! results ( our exp]im5ts3--,blood und]w5t no putrefactive *ange ev5 at ! highe/ temp]atures ( ! atmosph]e1 b reta9$ ! od\r ( fre% blood1 or acquir$ ! smell ( lye4 ,contr>y to :at we might h expect$1 ! direct oxidation ( ! con/itu5ts ( blood by sl[ combu/ion 0 r sluggi%4 ,aft] subject+ our flasks to a temp]ature ( #be ,c4 or #cj ,c4 7#gg ,f4 to #hj ,f47 9 an ov5 = sev]al weeks1 we obs]v$ an absorption ( n m ?an #b or #c p] c5t4 ( oxyg51 :i* 0 replac$ by a volume ( c>bonic acid gas ( ab\t an equal bulk4#bi ,ne>ly ! same results 7 obta9$ 9 ! case ( ur9e2 x und]w5t no radical *ange2 its col\r m]ely assum$ a r$di% br[n t9t2 x =m$ "s small deposits ( cry/als1 b )\t becom+ at all turbid or putrefy+ 9 any way4 ,! direct oxidation ( ! ur9>y sub/ances 0 likewise v sluggi%4 ,an analysis ( ! air 9 "o ( ! flasks1 made =ty days aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! exp]im5t1 gave ! foll[+ results3-- ,oxyg5 #aib ,c>bonic acid #jh ,nitrog5 #hjj ----- #ajjj ,^! exp]im5ts on blood & ur9e :i* we h j m5tion$ date f #ahfc4cj ,t5 ye>s aft]w>ds1 9 #ahgc1 !y 7 confirm$ 9 an important & /rik+ mann] by ! results ( a v able s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 :i* 7 c>ri$ out 9 our laboratory1 by ,m4 ,gayon1 :o 0 =m]ly a pupil 9 ! cole ,normale ,suprieure4 ,m4 ,gayon prov$ t :at held good 9 ! case ( blood & ur9e1 also held good 9 ! case ( ! sub/ances conta9$ 9 eggs4 ,he f\nd t ! :ites ( eggs might be expos$ = any l5g? ( "t to contact ) air1 z also might ! yolks1 or ! :ite & yolks mix$1 )\t any putrefactive *ange or f]m5tation result+1 & )\t ! smalle/ microscopic g]m %[+ itself1 ! sole condition be+ t ! air mu/ be fre$ f all organic p>ticles ( du/1 g]ms ( m\ld1 bact]ia1 vibrios1 & o!r organisms :i* x holds 9 susp5sion4 ,?is 0 only a "p ( ! important facts br\ght to light by ,m4 ,gayon4 ,among/ o!r ?+s1 he prov$ t spontane\s putrefaction 9 eggs is inv>iably caus$ by ! developm5t ( organiz$ f]m5ts1 !reby correct+ ! opposite /atem5ts ann\nc$ by ,m4 ,donn & ,m4 ,b*amp1 :o 7 l$ by _! obs]vations to believe t ! *ange 9 eggs took place q indep5d5tly ( ! action ( vibrios & muc$9es4#ca ,x is almo/ sup]flu\s to rem>k h[ greatly ! results ( ^! exp]im5ts on blood1 ur9e1 & ! compon5ts ( ! egg are oppos$ to ! doctr9e ( spontane\s g5]ation1 z also to mo/ mod]n !ories on ! g5]ation ( f]m5ts4 ,z long z exp]im5ts relat+ to ! "q ( s-call$ spontane\s g5]ation 7 made on heat$ sub/ances1 ! advocates ( het]og5esis _h "s gr\nds = ass]t+ t su* mat]ials c\ld n satisfy ! conditions ( spontane\s life1 & t we %\ld obta9 diff]5t results by us+ natural organic liquids1 :i*1 if expos$ to contact ( pure air w\ld d\btless s]ve = ! production ( new be+s :i* did n issue f p>5ts :i* resembl$ !m4 ,?is novel enunciation ( ! hypo!sis ( spontane\s g5]ation1 ! only "o1 we ?9k1 t c\ld be def5d$ aft] ! publication ( our ,memoir1 9 #ahfb1 is condemn$ by ! prec$+ facts4 ,! same facts completely upset ! hypo!sis rec5tly ma9ta9$ by ,messrs4 ,fremy & ,trcul on ! subject ( ! causes ( f]m5tation4 8,side by side ) ! imm$iate1 def9ite pr9ciples :i* may be =m$ by syn!sis10 says ,m4 ,fremy1 8su* z glucose1 oxalic acid1 & urea1 o!r sub/ances ( greatly inf]ior /ability exi/1 ! con/itution ( :i* is consid]ably m complicat$1 conta9+ all ! elem5ts ( liv+ organs1 su* z c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 nitrog51 & ev5 phosphorus & sulphur2 & (t5 salts ( lime & ( ! alkalies besides4 ,^! bodies are album51 fibr91 case91 ! cong5]s ( vitell9 & o!rs4 ,*emical syn!sis _c reproduce !m4 ,x is impossible1 9 my op9ion1 to reg>d !m z imm$iate1 def9ite pr9ciples4 ,i designate !m by ! g5]al "n ( semi-organiz$ bodies1 because !y hold an int]m$iate place betwe5 ! imm$iate pr9ciple & ! organiz$ tissue4 8,^! semi-organiz$ bodies1 :i* conta9 all ! elem5ts ( organs1 h ! p[]1 l a dry se$-gra91 ( exi/+ 9 a /ate ( organic immobility1 & ( becom+ active "u circum/ances :i* fav\r organic developm5t4 ,by reason ( ! vital en]gy t !y possess !y und]go a succession ( decompositions1 giv+ orig9 to new d]ivatives1 & to ! adv5t ( f]m5ts1 n by any process ( spontane\s g5]ation1 b by a vital en]gy1 :i* pre-exi/s 9 ! semi-organiz$ bodies1 & is simply c>ri$ on1 :5 ?is en]gy manife/s itself1 9 ^! mo/ v>i$ organic *anges40 ,aft] hav+ express$ ^! hypo!tical & confus$ op9ions1 ,m4 ,fremy cont9ues3--8,i d n consid]1 !n1 t ^! semi-organiz$ bodies s]ve m]ely z n\ri%m5t = c]ta9 animal & vegetable organisms1 :i* may be ! sole ag5ts ( f]m5tations1 b ,i give !m a direct rle & admit t1 "u ! influ5ces :i* ,i h already cit$#cb !y may assume a real & complete organization1 & produce f]m5ts :i* are n d]iv$1 z we h se51 f a g]m or an ovum b f a semi-organiz$ body1 ! vital en]gy ( :i* has become active4#cc ,x w be se5 t ^! op9ions are q diff]5t f ^? :i* ,m4 ,pa/eur has ma9ta9$ 9 8 works1 s9ce !y attribute ! orig9 ( alcoholic & lactic f]m5ts to an album9\s sub/ance4 ,tak+ ! case ( alcoholic f]m5tation alone1 ,i ass]t t1 9 ! production ( w9e1 x is ! juice ( ! grape itself :i*1 9 contact ) air1 produces gra9s ( yea/1 by ! trans=mation ( ! album9\s sub/ances4 ,m4 ,pa/eur1 on ! contr>y1 ma9ta9s t ! gra9s ( yea/ are produc$ by c]ta9 g]ms40#cd ,we h combat$ ^! propositions1 s extraord9>y & unsupport$ by any rigor\s exp]im5ts1 be=e ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 :]e !y 7 fir/ enunciat$4 ,on t occasion we relat$ ! facts 9 connection ) blood & ur9e1 :i* we h j discuss$4 ,c\ld !re be any m =cible argum5t aga9/ ! !ory ( our hon\rable colleague ?an ^? facts8 ,"h we _h natural album9\s sub/ances1 =m+ "p ( matt] em95tly liable to putrefactive *ange & f]m5tation1 :i* produc$ no f]m5ts ( any sort :atsoev] :5 br\ght into contact ) air depriv$ ( its organic p>ticles ( du/4 ,"u no kn[n circum/ances is album9\s matt] trans=m$ into gra9s ( yea/ or any o!r organiz$ f]m5t1 &1 to our ?9k+1 no?+ c be m *im]ical ?an ! gratuit\s hypo!sis ( hemi-organism4 ,we %all proce$ to new pro(s ( ?is1 deal+ ?is "t ) a liquid =m$ by ! life ( a vegetable4 ,,iii4--,exp]im5ts on ! ,juice conta9$ 9 ,grapes4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! discussion :i* took place1 at ! ,academy1 on ! subject ( ! g5]ation ( f]m5ts1 prop]ly s call$1 mu* 0 said ab\t ! olde/ kn[n f]m5tation1 t ( w9e4 ,we at once resolv$ to demoli% ,m4 ,fremy's !ory1 by a decisive exp]im5t on ! juice ( grapes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,we prep>$ =ty flasks1 capable ( hold+ f #bej c4c4 to #cjj c4c4 7f #i to #aa fl4 oz47 & %ap$ z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,^! we fill$ ) filt]$ mu/1 :i* 0 p]fectly bright1 & :i*1 l all acid liquids1 w\ld rema9 s\nd1 aft] hav+ be5 boil$ = a few seconds1 al?\gh ! ends ( ! long curv$ necks ( ! flasks conta9+ ! mu/ might rema9 con/antly op5 = mon?s or ye>s4 ,we wa%$1 9 a few cubic c5timetres ( wat]1 "p ( a bun* ( grapes1 wa%+ ! grapes sep>ately1 or ! grapes & ! wood toge!r1 or ev5 ! wood ( ! bun* alone4 ,?is wa%+ 0 easily accompli%$ by means ( a p]fectly clean badg]'s-hair bru%1 ! wat] receiv+ all ! p>ticles ( du/ adh]+ to ! surface ( ! grapes & ! wood ( ! bun*4 ,by means ( a microscope we easily prov$ t ?is wat] held 9 susp5sion an inf9ite numb] ( organiz$ corpuscles1 "s ( !m be>+ a v close resemblance to ! spores ( fungoid gr[?s1 o!rs to alcoholic f]m5t1 o!rs to mycod]ma v9i1 & s on4#ce ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,we next proce$$ to put on "o side t5 ( our =ty flasks1 to s]ve = subsequ5t corroboration2 9 t5 o!rs1 by means ( ! tube :i* is repres5t$ on ! "r h& side ( ! flask 7,fig4 #h71 we put a few drops ( ! wat] 9 :i* ! bun* ( grapes _h be5 wa%$2 9 a ?ird s]ies ( t5 flasks we put a few drops ( ! same liquid1 aft] hav+ previ\sly boil$ x4 ,la/ly1 we introduc$ into ! t5 rema9+ flasks a drop ( grape-juice1 tak5 f ! inside ( an un9jur$ grape4 ,to d ?is we _h to b5d ! "r-h& tube ( ea* ( our la/ t5 flasks1 draw+ x out to a f9e po9t & clos+ x 9 ! flame1 z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #i ,a4 ,?is f9e clos$ po9t 0 fil$ r\nd ne> its extremity & !n ?ru/1 z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #i ,b1 into a grape plac$ on a h>d sub/ance2 :5 ! po9t b 0 felt to t\* ! sub/ance support+ ! grape x 0 brok5 (f by a slight pressure sideways at ! po9t a1 :]e ! file m>ks _h be5 made4 ,we _h tak5 c>e to secure a slight vacuum 9 ! flask be=eh&2 ?is n[ caus$ a drop ( ! juice to be drawn into ! flask4 ,we !n drew out ! f9e po9t1 & clos$ x imm$iately 9 ! flame ( a _s lamp4 ,! vacuum 0 produc$ by heat+ ! flasks 9 our h&s1 or ov] ! flame ( a lamp1 ?us caus+ a little air to be =c$ out ?r\gh ! end ( ! b5t tube1 :i* we !n clos$ up ) ! lamp4 ,:5 ! flask 0 cool1 ! slight diff]5ce ( pressure suffic$ to =ce into x "s ( ! juice conta9$ 9 ! grape1 z we h j describ$4 ,! drop ( juice t is suck$ into ! flask g5]ally rema9s 9 ! curv$ "p ( ! f9e tube2 to mix x ) ! mu/ we mu/ incl9e ! flask s z to br+ ! mu/ 9 contact ) ! drop2 aft] t we may replace ! flask 9 its natural position4 ,! foll[+ are ! results pres5t$ by our f\r s]ies ( comp>ative exp]im5ts 9 ! diff]5t cases4 ,! fir/ t5 flasks--our /&>d flasks1 conta9+ mu/ boil$ 9 contact ) pure air--%[$ no signs ( organiz$ products2 ! mu/ might h rema9$ 9 !m = any numb] ( ye>s )\t *ange4 ,our second s]ies ( flasks1 :i* conta9$ ! wat] 9 :i* ! grapes1 sep>ately & 9 bun*1 _h be5 wa%$1 _h und]gone alcoholic f]m5tation 9 e in/ance2 ?is _h manife/$ itself 9 all ! flasks 9 ! c\rse ( ab\t =ty-eight h\rs1 ! temp]ature be+ at ab\t summ] heat4 ,at ! same "t t ! yea/ made its appe>ance 9 ! =m ( little :ite l9es1 :i* gradually jo9+ toge!r =m$ a deposit on ! sides ( ! flask1 we p]ceiv$ m9ute flakes ( mycelium =m+2 sometimes z a s+le fungoid gr[?1 sometimes comb9$ ) ano!r1 or ) _m toge!r--^! gr[?s be+ q indep5d5t o!rwise ( ! yea/ or alcoholic f]m5t4 ,9 sev]al cases1 too1 mycod]ma v9i %[$ itself on ! surface ( ! liquid 9 ! c\rse ( a few days4 ,vibrios & lactic f]m5ts1 prop]ly s call$1 c\ld n make _! appe>ance1 on acc\nt ( ! nature ( ! liquid4 ,! flasks ( our ?ird s]ies1 conta9+ ! wat] 9 :i* ! bun* ( grapes _h be5 wa%$1 & :i* we boil$ be=e our exp]im5t1 rema9$ z free f *ange z ! flasks ( our fir/ s]ies _h done4 ,la/ly1 our f\r? s]ies ( flasks1 conta9+ ! drops ( juice tak5 f inside ! grapes1 rema9$ equally free f *ange1 al?\gh we c\ld n be c]ta9 ( hav+ remov$1 9 e case1 )\t exception1 all causes ( error :i* mu/ inevitably occur sometimes 9 s delicate an exp]im5t4 ,^! exp]im5ts _c leave ! lea/ d\bt on our m9ds3 ,t mu/1 if boil$1 w nev] f]m5t :5 9 contact ) air t has be5 fre$ f ! g]ms :i* exi/ 9 x 9 a /ate ( susp5sion4 ,t mu/ may be f]m5t$1 aft] boil+1 by introduc+ into x a v small quantity ( wat]1 9 :i* a bun* ( grapes has be5 wa%$4 ,t mu/ w n f]m5t if we introduce into x "s ( ?is same wat] :i* has be5 boil$ & aft]w>ds cool$4 ,t mu/ w n f]m5t if we introduce into x a small quantity ( ! juice conta9$ 9 a grape4#cf ,x foll[s1 !n1 t ! f]m5t :i* causes grapes to f]m5t 9 ! v9tage tub mu/ come f ! ext]ior1 & n ! int]ior ( ! grapes4 ,?us1 ! hypo!sis ( ,,mm4 ,trcul & ,fremy1 accord+ to :i* album9\s sub/ances trans=m !mselves into gra9s ( yea/ by ! action ( a peculi> vital =ce1 is annihilat$2 =tiori1 !re c no long] be a "q conc]n+ ,liebig's !ory1 on ! trans=mation ( album9\s sub/ances into f]m5ts1 by a process ( oxidation4 ,our read]s may be curi\s to "k :at ,m4 ,fremy has be5 able to oppose to su* crucial exp]im5ts2 !y c\ld sc>cely h imag9$ ! foll[+3-- 8,9 my exp]im5ts1 :i* ,i h v>i$ 9 e possible mann]10 says t g5tleman1 8,i h f\nd t x is almo/ impossible to discov] alcoholic f]m5tation1 appreciable by its results1 9 a s+le drop ( grape juice1 & ,i may add t ?is f]m5tation mu/ be /ill m difficult to discov] :5 ?is drop has be5 dr[n$ 9 a l>ge quantity ( juice t has be5 previ\sly boil$40#cg ,x w be admitt$ t we 7 ju/ifi$ 9 say+1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is p>agraph1 t we %\ld demoli% ! !ory :i* 0 oppos$ to ours1 & :i* its advocates h be5 con/ra9$ to def5d by hypo!ses manife/ly false4 ,at ! meet+ foll[+ ! "o 9 :i* ,m4 ,fremy decl>$ t m9ute quantities d n f]m5t1 we _h ! malici\s satisfaction ( %[+ a great _m v small clos$ flasks1 into ea* ( :i* we _h caus$ a s+le drop ( ! mu/ ( cru%$ grapes to be introduc$ by suction4 ,we broke ! ?9 po9ts ( _m ( !m1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,academy1 & e "o ( !m %[$ by a %>p hiss+1 :i* 0 audible at a di/ance1 t f]m5tation 0 proce$+ 9 ! drop ( liquid !y conta9$4 ,m4 ,fremy 0 !re1 b he made no rem>k4 ,we may cite "s v curi\s facts on ! subject ( ! p]iod at :i* ! g]ms t develop yea/ are 9 a condition to be able to cause f]m5tation4 ,on ,july #be?1 #ahge1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,arbois 7,jura71 ! grapes 7 /ill gre5 & ( ! size ( peas4 ,we w5t to a v9e t 0 f> f pa?s & roads1 & !re1 ) a pair ( small scissors1 cut "s grapes f (f a bun* & let !m fall ) _! %ort /alks into tubes half fill$ ) gooseb]ry mu/1 previ\sly r5d]$ unalt]able by boil+4 ,^! tubes we clos$ aga9 ) all possible precautions1 us+ corks :i* _h be5 pass$ ?r\gh ! flame ( a _s-lamp & c>ri$ !m to our laboratory1 :]e we left !m to !mselves4 ,"s days aft]w>ds we saw div]se fungoid gr[?s appe> 9 mo/ ( ! tubes1 b n "o ( !m !n1 or subsequ5tly1 pres5t$ ! lea/ appe>ance ( f]m5tation4 ,! g]ms ( yea/ at t p]iod ( ! ye> did n exi/ ei!r ^u ! woody "p ( ! bun*1 or ^u ! grapes4 ,9 ,*apt] ,v4 we %all return to obs]vations on ?is subject4 ,,iv4--,wort & ,mu/ ,expos$ to ,common ,air4 ,if ! pr9ciples :i* we h laid d[n possess all ! value t we attribute to !m1 if ! cause ( *ange 9 natural or artificial organic liquids does n exi/ 9 ^? liquids !mselves1 if *ange consid]$ 9 itself dep5ds ^u ! nature & numb] ( ! p>ticles ( du/ 9 v>i\s places1 if x is1 besides1 radically affect$ by ! composition ( ! liquids1 x mu/ necess>ily foll[ t wort or mu/1 :il/1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances ( exposure to air1 x rema9s absolutely free f life & its results1 w1 "u o!r circum/ances1 give rise to a v>iety ( organisms & _! correspond+ f]m5tations4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 ! lesson :i* direct pro(s w tea* u4 ,be=e ent]+ ^u ^! new obs]vations 9 detail1 we mu/ call ! read]'s att5tion to ! difficulty1 z exp]i5ce has %[n1 ( int]pret+ correctly ! facts connect$ ) ! spontane\s impregnations ( organic liquids4 ,gay-,lussac cru%$ "s grapes "u a bell-j> fill$ ) m]cury1 aft] hav+ wa%$ !m 9 hydrog51 to expel ! air adh]+ to ! grapes & ! sides ( ! j>4 ,hav+ wait$ = sev]al weeks )\t detect+ any signs ( f]m5tation1 he introduc$ "s bubbles ( oxyg51 & f]m5tation %[$ itself ! foll[+ day4 ,gay-,lussac conclud$ t ! f]m5tation ( mu/ c\ld n comm5ce )\t ! help ( oxyg54#ch ,"u ! conditions ( 8 exp]im5t no?+ c\ld be tru]1 & we mu/ admire ! diffid5ce ) :i* ?is great natural philosoph] int]pret$ ! fact t he _h obs]v$4 ,ano!r ,fr5* natural philosoph]1 h[ev]1 ,m4 ,cagni>d-,lat\r1 obs]v$ t ! f]m5t ( alcoholic f]m5tation 0 a little cellul> plant4 ,:at 0 its orig9 9 ,gay-,lussac's exp]im5t8 ,! advocates ( ! doctr9e ( spontane\s g5]ation 7 ready ) _! explanation1 & we h se5 h[ ,,mm4 ,trcul & ,fremy1 foll[+ _m o!rs1 did n hesitate to ma9ta9 t ! little plant ) all its p>ticles 0 produc$ by ! action ( oxyg5 on ! album9\s sub/ances conta9$ 9 ! juice ( ! grapes4 ,! exp]im5ts1 :i* we h giv5 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph1 %[ u positively t g]ms ( ! f]m5t ( mu/ exi/ on ! surface ( ! grape1 & t1 consequ5tly1 ,gay-,lussac's exp]im5t has a m simple & natural explanation4 ,! g]ms ( ! f]m5t exi/+ on ! surface ( ! grape become mix$ ) ! juice ( ! grape :5 ! latt] is cru%$2 ^! g]ms rema9 inactive 9 ! pres5ce ( hydrog52 !y vegetate z soon z oxyg5 is introduc$ to !m4 ,moreov]1 ! results ( our lab\rs 9 connection ) spontane\s g5]ation1 9 #ahfb1 tea* u t 9 ,gay-,lussac's exp]im5t ! g]m ( ! f]m5t might also h _h its orig9 ei!r 9 c]ta9 p>ticles ( du/ adh]+ to ! sides ( ! glass bell1 or ^u ! m]cury2 &1 9 a laboratory :]e alcoholic f]m5tation is /udi$1 du/ inv>iably conta9s dry cells ( f]m5t4 ,! necessity ( oxyg5 = ! success ( ! exp]im5t is surpris+1 :5 we reflect t alcoholic f]m5tation (t5 takes place 9 liquids t are n expos$ to contact ) air2 b we %all prove by exp]im5t t1 not)/&+ :at may happ5 dur+ f]m5tation1 oxyg5 has ! greate/ influ5ce on ! read9ess ) :i* f]m5t develops itself1 & t ?is gas is indisp5sable to ! revival ( )]$ cells1 & /ill m s to ! g]m9ation ( special cells1 :i* we may consid] to be ! true g]ms ( ! little plant4 ,! advocates ( ! doctr9e ( spontane\s g5]ation h bas$ mo/ ( ! objections :i* !y va9ly urge aga9/ _! oppon5ts ^u errone\s int]pretations ( c]ta9 facts relat+ to ! spontane\s impregnation ( organic infusions4 ,tak+ a v wrong view ( ! ess5tial conditions ( ! ph5om5a1 !y require t ! ass]tors ( ! diffusion ( ! g]ms ( microscopic organisms %\ld be compell$ to place at any "o po9t ( space1 s to say1 all ! g]ms ( ! products ( infusions2 a dem& :i* really bord]s on absurdity4 ,!y believe1 or feign to believe1 t we are b\nd to admit ! exi/5ce ( g]ms ( mu/ 9 all places & at all times1 on ! banks ( riv]s & on ! l(tie/ m\nta9s1 & s on4 8,f]m5tations10 said "o ( ^! g5tlem5 "o day1 be=e ! ,academy1 8_c dep5d ^u *ance p>ticles ( atmosph]ic du/4 ,h[ is x possible t g]ms ( yea/ c be pres5t ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 ev] ready to fall ^u mu/80 ,x is an e/abli%$ fact t grapes cru%$ 9 any "p ( ! globe :atsoev]1 ev5 on a glaci] or at ! highe/ elevations1 c set up a f]m5tation4 ,! explanation ( ?is pret5d$ impossibility is mo/ simple1 = we "k1 f ! facts relat$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph1 t grapes c>ry on _! sk9s ! g]ms ( _! own f]m5ts4 ,9 exp]im5ts relat+ to ! k9d ( organisms :i* we are discuss+ we mu/ nev] fail to take into acc\nt ! action ( ! p>ticles ( du/ spread ov] ! articles t are us$4 ,v (t5 an effect t %\ld be attribut$ to g]ms adh]+ to ! vessels & ut5sils us$ 9 exp]im5ts1 ! orig9 ( :i* may be altoge!r special1 is errone\sly imput$ to ! du/-=m+ g]ms--t is to say1 to ^? g]ms :i* exi/ 9 a /ate ( susp5sion 9 ! air4 ,9 our ,memoir ( #ahfb1 :i* we h quot$ sev]al times1 we h expla9$ t x is almo/ impossible to draw any s]i\s conclusions f exp]im5ts made 9 a bas9 ( m]cury1 because ( ! organic p>ticles ( du/ :i* always exi/ 9 t metal1 & :i*1 )\t ! k ( ! op]ator1 pass into ! int]ior ( ! vessel1 :]e !y produce c]ta9 *anges :i* "o is tempt$ to impute to het]og5esis4 ,9 all classical works an exp]im5t ( ,app]t's1 reproduc$ by ,gay-,lussac1 is giv54 ,?is1 ?r\gh a faulty int]pretation1 l$ to ! hypo!sis ( ! cont9uity ( ! causes ( f]m5tation1 if we may use su* a t]m1 9 ! atmosph]ic air4#ci ,:5 we decant bottles ( mu/1 :i* has be5 pres]v$ by ,app]t's me?od1 into o!r bottles1 all ! latt] soon set up a f]m5tation3 ?is con/itutes ! exp]im5t4 ,if x 7 prov$ t ! mu/1 :il/ be+ decant$1 came 9 contact ) atmosph]ic air alone1 z ,gay-,lussac believ$1 we %\ld be compell$ to admit1 accord+ to ! !ory ( g]ms1 t ! mu/ _h come 9 contact ) "s p>ticles ( f]m5t 9 ! air dur+ decant+4 ,& aga91 if x 7 %[n t ! exp]im5t c\ld succe$ 9 any place :atsoev]1 we mu/ come to ! conclusion t g]ms ( f]m5t exi/ ev]y:]e 9 a /ate ( susp5sion 9 ! air4 8,i h tak510 writes ,gay-,lussac1 8a bottle ( mu/ t _h be5 pres]v$ = a ye> & 0 p]fectly transp>5t1 & h decant$ ! mu/ into ano!r bottle1 :i* ,i !n c>efully cork$ & expos$ to a temp]ature ( #ae ,c4 to #cj ,c4 7#ei ,f4 to #hf ,f474 ,eight days aft]w>ds ! mu/ has lo/ its transp>5cy2 f]m5tation has tak5 place 9 x1 & soon my mu/ has become trans=m$ into a v9\s liquor1 sp>kl+ l ! be/ *ampagne4 ,a second bottle ( mu/ t _h be5 pres]v$ = a ye>1 l ! prec$+ "o1 b :i* _h n be5 br\ght into contact ) ! air1 has pres5t$ no signs ( f]m5tation1 al?\gh plac$ "u conditions mo/ fav\rable to its developm5t40 ,! result ( ?is exp]im5t1 :5 r\ghly made1 is correctly describ$ by ,gay-,lussac2 9 o!r words1 x may be prov$ t if1 at ! "t ( v9tage1 we prep>e "s bottles ( mu/1 aft] ,app]t's process1 &1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 op5 !m & decant _! cont5ts into o!r bottles1 we %all soon see ! mu/ f]m5t & deposit yea/4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 equally c]ta9 t ! inf]5ces :i* h be5 drawn f ?is celebrat$ exp]im5t h be5 f\nd$ on error1 & t ! g]ms ( yea/ are v r>ely d]iv$ f ! p>ticles ( du/ float+ 9 ! air ) :i* ! mu/ comes 9 contact4 ,! g]ms 9 "q are1 9 our op9ion1 g5]ally d]iv$1 n f ! air1 b f ! sides ( ! bottles1 f corks1 f ! /r+ employ$ 9 cork+1 f corkscrews1 & f a v>iety ( o!r ?+s4 ,! reason = ?is is t any room1 vault1 cell>1 or laboratory :]e ! grapes1 or mu/1 or v9tage1 are h&l$--unless special precautions1 ( :i* ,app]t & ,gay-,lussac c]ta9ly nev] ?\ght1 are tak5--all ! ut5sils1 z well z all articles ( clo?+1 & all ! sides ( ! bottles :i* ! h&s h t\*$1 are contam9at$ by cells ( f]m5t d]iv$ f mu/ t has f]m5t$1 or by g]ms f ! surface ( grapes & clu/]s4 ,?us1 at ! mom5t ( decant+ ! mu/1 a ?\s& accid5tal circum/ances may lead to ! introduction ( ^? g]ms1 ! orig9 ( :i*1 z we h se51 may be actually trac$ to ! v grapes :i* s]v$ = ! manufacture ( ! mu/4 ,9 o!r words1 we believe ! inf]5ce t ! g]ms ( yea/ :i* cause ! exp]im5t to succe$1 are d]iv$ f p>ticles ( du/ float+ 9 ! air ( ! place :]e we decant ! cont5ts ( our bottles1 to be altoge!r an errone\s "o4 ,s9ce ! prec$+ rem>ks 7 writt51 we h endeav\r$ to repeat ?is exp]im5t ( ,gay-,lussac's 9 su* a mann] z we believ$ w\ld confirm our views1 by v>y+ ! conditions 9 su* a way z w\ld cause x to succe$ or fail1 accord+ to ! circum/ances ( ! manipulation employ$4 ,on ,decemb] #g?1 #ahgd1 we took two bottles ( mu/ :i* we _h pres]v$1 aft] ,app]t's process1 9 our laboratory f ! beg9n+ ( ,octob]1 #ahgc4 ,bo? ( ^! 7 cov]$ ) du/--! du/ t float$ ab\t 9 our laboratory4 ,we decant$ !m z foll[s3--,"o bottle1 :i* we h&l$ )\t special precautions1 we uncork$ by means ( an ord9>y corkscrew1 & decant$ into ano!r bottle t _h be5 well wa%$1 z bottles are wa%$ :5 !y are to be us$ subsequ5tly4 ,?is bottle 0 tak5 f a numb] t _h be5 /&+ upside d[n on a dra9] = a =tnight4 ,we took no precaution to remove ! du/ :i* cov]$ ! ext]ior ( ! bottle ( mu/1 or to purify ! wa%$ bottle4 ,! second bottle ( mu/1 on ! o!r h&1 0 decant$ aft] we _h remov$ ! du/ t cov]$ x2 its cork 0 cut (f close to ! /r+1 & ! flame ( a _s lamp 0 pass$ ov] ! /r+ & ! surface ( ! cork2 &1 z a f9al precaution1 ! corkscrew 0 pass$ ?r\gh ! flame4 ,z = ! bottle into :i* we subsequ5tly decant$ ! mu/1 we fir/ plung$ x 9 a hot-wat] ba? kept at #ajj ,c4 7#bab ,f471 !n took x into a g>d5 to cool upside d[n 9 ! op5 air4 ,aft] ^! precautions we remov$ x1 & imm$iately decant$ into x ! mu/ f ! second bottle4 ,! fir/ bottle %[$ signs ( gr[?s1 bo? on ! surface & at ! bottom ( ! mu/1 ! day aft] ! op]ation1 & manife/$ ! fir/ symptoms ( alcoholic f]m5tation on ,decemb] #af?4 ,! cont5ts ( ! second bottle rema9$ p]fectly un*ang$ aft] be+ expos$ to ! w>m? ( a /ove = sev]al mon?s4 ,c any?+ be m conclusive ?an ^! facts8 ,!y are 9 p]fect keep+ ) ! views t we h rec5tly express$1 & ) ! pr9ciples t we h ma9ta9$ = ne>ly tw5ty ye>s1 on ! subject ( ! causes ( *ange 9 organic liquids4 ,x is by no means our int5tion to ass]t t 9 ! atmosph]ic air !re exi/ no g]ms ( f]m5t 9 a /ate ( susp5sion1 z f9e du/4 ,beyond all d\bt !y d s exi/ 9 t /ate2 b1 z a rule1 9 comp>atively small numb]1 _! abundance or sc>city be+ dep5d5t ^u circum/ances :i* control _! multiplication1 fav\r+ or re/rict+ x1 z we are ab\t to prove4 ,on ,may #bnd1 #ahgc1 we uncork$ two ord9>y bottles fill$ ) wort1 prep>$ 9 ,decemb]1 #ahgb1 aft] ,app]t's process4 ,to avoid ! causes ( error :i* we h m5tion$1 we uncork$ ! bottles 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,! cork 0 cut (f to ! level ( ! neck2 ! cork & /r+ 7 next pass$ ?r\gh flame1 reg>dless ( burn+ & *>r+ !m2 we !n g5tly extract$ ! cork by means ( a corkscrew :i* also _h be5 pass$ ?r\gh ! flame4 ,! bottles ?us prep>$ 7 plac$ on ! table ( an und]gr\nd room1 9 :i* we 7 cont9ually mak+ exp]im5ts on alcoholic f]m5tation4 #a/ bottle4--,on ,may #g? we obs]v$ little p>ticles ( fungoid gr[? on ! surface ( ! liquid1 & at ! bottom 7 l>ge flakes ( mycelium4 ,on ,may #aa? a veil ( mycod]ma v9i _h =m$3 !re 7 no signs ( f]m5tation4 ,on ,may #ac? vigor\s f]m5tation comm5c$2 x la/$ until ,may #bcrd4 ,! microscope reveal$ yea/ 9 globules ( two sizes1 ! l>g] ( :i* 7 consid]ably less num]\s ?an ! o!rs4 ,!re 7 no signs ( lactic or butyric f]m5t4 #bnd bottle4--,may #g?1 p>ticles ( fungoid gr[? on ! surface ( ! liquid1 & also a veil ( mycod]ma v9i4 ,on ,may #aa?1 #ac?1 & up to ! #bcrd1 no signs ( f]m5tation 7 visible4 ,on ,may #cj? f]m5tation 0 active4 ,! microscope %[$ u yea/ mix$ ) butyric vibrios4 ,9 ?is case1 alcoholic f]m5ts _h come into exi/5ce1 & f ! precautions tak5 at ! mom5t :5 ! liquid 0 br\ght into contact ) ! ext]nal air1 x is c]ta9 t ! adv5t ( ! g]ms ( ^? f]m5ts1 z also ^? ( ! o!r organisms :i* made _! appe>ance--! fungoid gr[?s1 mycod]ma v9i & vibrios--c\ld only be acc\nt$ = by ! fall ( p>ticles ( du/ float+ ab\t 9 ! room4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t "u c]ta9 circum/ances g]ms ( alcoholic f]m5t may be f\nd float+ 9 ! air2 b we c readily %[ t ! peculi> conditions ( ! place _h a l>ge %>e 9 br++ ab\t ! results obta9$ by ! =ego+ exp]im5t4 ,! same day1 ,may #bnd1 #ahgc1 we uncork$1 ) ! precautions t we h already describ$1 f\r o!r bottles ( ! same mu/4 ,^! 7 plac$ 9 a room :i* 0 us$ less frequ5tly ?an ! prec$+ "o1 & 9 :i* exp]im5ts relat+ to f]m5tation 7 seldom conduct$4 #a/ bottle4--,on ,may #h? we obs]v$ on ! surface ( ! liquid l>ge1 fro?y pieces ( mycelium 7mucor muc$o or mucor racemosus74 ,! liquid 0 p]fectly bright4#dj ,may #cj?4--,no signs ( actual f]m5tation yet visible4 #bnd bottle4--,on ,may #h? we notic$ a ?91 greasy-look+ scum on our liquid1 :i* _h become turbid & acquir$ a s\r smell4 ,! microscope %[$ t ?is scum 0 =m$ ( mycod]ma aceti4 ,on ,may #cj? ! scum _h assum$ a :iti% appe>ance1 & seem$ to be dead2 !re 0 a gre5 spot ( p5icillium glaucum ^u x4 ,no signs ( f]m5tation4 #crd bottle4--,may #h?1 pat*es ( fungoid gr[? on ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,may #cj?1 ?ick & abundant fungoid gr[?1 b no f]m5tation4 #d? bottle4--,may #h?1 little pat*es ( fungoid gr[?1 & a scum ( mycod]ma v9i4 ,may #cj?1 /ill no f]m5tation4 ,up to ! mon? ( ,augu/1 #ahgc1 n "o ( ^! bottles gave ! lea/ sign ( alcoholic or o!r f]m5tation4 ,on ,decemb] #af?1 #ahgb1 we uncork$ f\r bottles ( wort1 :i* also _h be5 pres]v$ by ,app]t's process2 ^! we plac$ on an ov51 :]e !re 7 always vessels f]m5t+1 at ab\t #be ,c4 7#gg ,f471 b :]e none ( ! manipulations requir$ = ! />t+ or f9al /udy ( f]m5tations 7 practis$4 ,! next day a fungoid gr[?1 b unaccompani$ by any signs ( f]m5tation1 made its appe>ance1 & ?is /ate ( ?+s la/$ = five mon?s1 aft] :i* we ceas$ to keep ^! bottles "u obs]vation4 ,on ,may #bf?1 #ahgc1 we uncork$1 ) all ! necess>y precautions1 t5 bottles ( wort1 :i* _h be5 pres]v$ f ,april #i?1 & !n left !m undi/urb$ 9 a room :]e we 7 con/antly engag$ 9 ! /udy ( f]m5tation4 ,on ! foll[+ day1 "s pat*es ( fungoid gr[? appe>$ on ! surface ( ! liquids4 ,may #cj?4--,f]m5tation comm5c$ 9 "o ( ! bottles4 ,may #ca/4--,a second bottle likewise began to f]m5t4 ,june #i?4--,f\r bottles1 includ+ ! two prec$+ ones1 7 n[ 9 a /ate ( f]m5tation4 ,! six bottles t _h n f]m5t$ 7 !reupon cov]$ ) caps ( pap]1 tak5 f ! c5tre ( a ream ( pap] & pass$ ?r\gh a flame4 ,aft] ?is1 & up to ,augu/ #a1 :5 our obs]vations 7 discont9u$1 ^! six bottles und]w5t no f]m5tation4 ,f ^! examples1 :i* are confirm$ by _m o!rs t we %all h occasion to m5tion 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w1 x w be se5 t ! g]ms ( alcoholic f]m5t are n pres5t 9 e little po9t ( space1 con/antly ready to fall ^u any object1 n ev5 9 ^? places :]e "o is p]petually deal+ ) t k9d ( gr[?4#da ,if we conduct our exp]im5ts ) exactness1 we v soon le>n t all t has be5 writt5 on ! facility ) :i* sac*>9e mu/s may be made to f]m5t1 by be+ rapidly br\ght into contact ) ! surr\nd+ air1 is greatly exagg]at$4 ,! g]ms ( f]m5ts1 especially ( alcoholic f]m5ts--! yea/ ( be] & ! yea/ ( w9e--are n ne>ly z abundant 9 atmosph]ic air1 or 9 ! p>ticles ( du/ spread ov] ! surface ( ?+s1 z are ! spores ( fungoid gr[?s4 ,x is easy to und]/& ?is1 = spores are g5]ally borne by a]ial organs 9 a /ate ( dryness1 s t ! lea/ brea? ( w9d cat*es !m up & c>ries !m away1 :il/ f]m5ts are compos$ ( moi/ cellules t d n readily become dry4 ,! vacu\s flasks1 p>tly fill$ ) organic liquids1 :i* are op5$ & clos$ aga9 imm$iately1 frequ5tly give u fungoid gr[?s1 b v r>ely alcoholic f]m5tation1 al?\gh 9 ! latt] respect !y may n be absolutely /]ile4 ,we may cite "s pro(s ( ?is4 ,on ,june #ai?1 #ahgb1 we prep>$ sev5 flasks ( sac*>9e liquid1 impregnat$ ) yea/--our flasks 7 ( #cjj c4c4 capacity 7ab\t #aj fl4 oz47--& conta9$ #ajj c4c4 ( ! liquid2 we !n drew out _! necks to a small op5+1 :i* 0 seal$ dur+ boil+1 aft] ! /eam _h expell$ all ! air4 ,on ,june #bi? we op5$ !m 9 ! pr9cipal room ( our laboratory4 ,on ,july #i?1 two ( ! sev5 flasks gave no sign ( organiz$ products2 ! o!rs 7 sw>m+ ) mycelia1 subm]g$ or fruit+ on ! surface ( ! liquid1 & ei!r ) or )\t bact]ia entangl$ 9 _! flakes4 ,9 two ( ! flasks !re 7 visible at ! bottom ( ! liquid "s :ite /reaks1 :i* is an indication sometimes ( ! pres5ce ( alcoholic f]m5t1 b mu* m frequ5tly ( a little cellul> plant resembl+ x 9 appe>ance1 b purely a]ial 9 its gr[?1 t is to say1 tak+ no "p 9 f]m5tation4 ,"s days aft]w>d1 we saw bubbles ( gas ris+ f ! bottom ( "o ( ^! flasks1 & !n f]m5tation proce$$ s rapidly t we 7 oblig$ to op5 ! neck to avoid an explosion4 ,we app5d a sket* ( its f]m5t 7,fig4 #aj74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,! o!r flask ) ! :ite /reaks %[$ no signs ( any f]m5tation4 ,9 ?is k9d ( obs]vation we r>ely succe$ 9 obta9+ active f]m5ts1 ! reason be+ t we deal ) volumes ( air t are too limit$ = ! few g]ms ( f]m5t t exi/ 9 a /ate ( susp5sion 9 x4 ,we are m sure ( success if we expose a tol]ably l>ge surface ( sac*>9e liquid to ! op5 air1 because1 "u su* circum/ances1 ev5 if ! exposure is ( %ort duration1 a consid]able volume ( air w pass ov] ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,on ,may #bi?1 #ahgc1 at five o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 we plac$ 9 ! und]gr\nd room previ\sly m5tion$1 at a height ( ab\t two feet1 t5 porcela9 di%es hav+ surfaces ( f ?irty-five to =ty squ>e in*es4 ,we _h j tak5 !m f boil+ wat]1 & aft] all[+ !m to cool we plac$ 9 ea* quantities ( wort to ab\t "o-?ird ( an in* deep1 :i* we p\r$ f bottles uncork$ ) e precaution aga9/ ! *ance ( ! wort com+ into contact ) any?+ besides ! float+ p>ticles ( du/4 ,on ,may #cj?1 at five o'clock1 t is aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( exposure to ! air ( ! room1 we empti$ ! cont5ts ( ! bas9s sep>ately into glass flasks ) long necks1 :i* _h be5 treat$ ) boil+ wat] & !n cool$1 necks d[nw>ds4 ,! beak ( ! bas91 by means ( :i* ! liquid 0 p\r$1 & ! funnels--= we us$ a sep>ate funnel = ea* flask--_h be5 pass$ ?r\gh ! flame4 ,! :ole t5 flasks 7 !n plac$ 9 an ov5 at a temp]ature ( #be ,c4 7#gg ,f474#db ,on ,june #a/ six ( ! flasks gave signs ( f]m5tation1 & next day all ! flasks 7 f]m5t+4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! num]\s microscopic obs]vations :i* we made on ! liquids & _! deposits4 ,on ,june #a/ ! liquid 9 "o ( ! six flasks :i* _h begun to f]m5t 0 cov]$ ) a cont9u\s scum ( mycod]ma v9i1 bel[ :i* appe>$ a filam5t\s network belong+ to a mycelium1 or o!r fungoid gr[?4 ,b nei!r 9 ! liquid itself nor 9 ! deposit c\ld we p]ceive any cells ( ! f]m5t ( be]2 ! field1 h[ev]1 0 sw>m+ ) active butyric vibrios1 r ?ick & %ort1 _! l5g? be+ ab\t twice _! diamet]4 ,?is f]m5tation 0 exclusively butyric4 ,on ,june #bnd ano!r ( ! flasks %[$ no vibrios1 b alcoholic f]m5t 9 small quantity1 mu* lactic f]m5t1 consi/+ ( little p>ticles contract$ at ! middle & non-mobile1 &1 f9ally1 "s sl5d] filam5ts1 resembl+ ^? repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,i41 ,nos4 #a & #b4 ,on ,june #crd we exam9$ ! liquid 9 ! flask :i* %[$ ! mo/ m>k$ f]m5tation4 ,9 addition to ! flakes ( fungoid gr[?s1 *eck$ 9 _! developm5t ?r\gh want ( air1 we f\nd at lea/ five di/9ct productions1 :i* are repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ sket* 7,fig4 #aa74 aaa4--,?ick cells ( alcoholic f]m5t1 ! size ( :i* is giv5 9 our sket*3 ?us1 #ac_/dej indicates t ! correspond+ figure is #ac_/dej millimetre 9 l5g? 7r m ?an #a_/ajjj in*74 bbb4--,small alcoholic f]m5t1 su* z we g5]ally see 9 ! mu/ ( acid & sug>$ fruits--especially 9 filt]$ grape mu/4 ,its dim5sions v>i$ f #a to #a-1 or #b1 #dej?s ( a millimetre4#dc ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ccc4--8,l[0 yea/1 ( a type resembl+ t exi/+ 9 o!r prep>ations f]m5t+ 9 ! room4 ddd4--,enl>g$1 di/5d$ spores ( mucor racemosus4 ,^! are sc>ce1 & h an old appe>ance4 ,we %all come to !m aga9 9 a subsequ5t *apt]1 :]e we %all expla9 _! real significance4 eee4--,%ort vibrios1 occurr+ ei!r contract$ or n ne> ! middle4 ,"s 7 motionless1 o!rs vibrat+ to & fro & execut+ o!r movem5ts4 ,^! =ms belong to ! butyric & lactic f]m5ts %[n on ,plate ,i4 ,! prec$+ s]ies ( exp]im5ts %[s u t1 9 ! case ( wort expos$ to ! air1 g]ms ( div]s organisms1 among/ :i* v>i\s f]m5ts--butyric1 lactic1 & alcoholic--are to be f\nd1 fall simultane\sly f ! p>ticles ( du/ float+ 9 ! air4 ,we mu/ obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t we 7 deal+ ) ! air ( a laboratory 9 :i* we 7 con/antly /udy+ analog\s f]m5tations1 & t a diff]5t atmosph]e w\ld1 mo/ likely1 give u diff]5t results4 ,we %all see a pro( ( ?is 9 ! foll[+ p>agraph1 :]e we %all also f9d "s new facts t5d+ to prove t ! g]ms ( alcoholic f]m5t d n exi/ among/ ! p>ticles ( du/ float+ 9 ! air1 9 any?+ l ! quantity usually suppos$4 ,v4--,new ,comp>ative ,/udies on ! ,g]ms held 9 ,susp5sion by ! ,air ( ,diff]5t ,places :i* are ne> ea* o!r1 b ,subject$ to ,diff]5t ,conditions affect+ ! ,production & ,diffusion ( ! ,p>ticles ( ,du/ f\nd 9 !m4 ,we may comp>e ! "* & ! great] or less abundance ( simil> g]ms exi/+ 9 neighb\r+ localities1 by /udy+ ! *anges :i* take place 9 simil> liquids expos$ simultane\sly to ! action ( ! air 9 ^? localities4 ,to d ?is1 we mu/ prep>e a l>ge numb] ( flasks ( ! same size1 free f air1 & conta9+ ab\t equal quantities ( a p>ticul> liquid--! same be+ us$ = all4 ,we mu/ op5 ! same numb] ( ^! flasks 9 ea* ( ! localities we h select$1 & p]mit ! air ) all its p>ticles ( du/ to ru% into !m2 !n we mu/ close our flasks aga91 & obs]ve1 day by day1 ! appe>ances !y pres5t4 ,! results obta9$ by ^! means w n furni% u ) conclusions applicable to e k9d ( g]m t ! air conta9s at any giv5 mom5t1 b only ) conclusions :i* apply to ^? g]ms :i* c develop 9 ! p>ticul> liquid employ$4 ,?us1 = example1 we c\ld draw no inf]5ce z to ! nature & relative numb] ( bact]ia or vibrios1 9 ! case :]e we employ an acid liquid2 = organisms ( t k9d we mu/ h rec\rse to neutral or slightly alkal9e infusions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 liquids hav+ a feeble acid reaction w\ld fav\r ! gr[? ( muc$9es1 mycod]ms1 & c]ta9 f]m5ts1 z = example1 ! alcoholic4 ,on ,novemb] #bf?1 #ahgb1 we op5$ & reclos$ ?irty flasks conta9+ mu/ kept f ! la/ v9tage4 ,t5 flasks 7 op5$ at ! bottom ( ! g>d5 ( ! cole ,normale4 ,t5 on ! l&+ ( ! second floor4 ,t5 9 ! pr9cipal room ( our laboratory1 :i* _h be5 swept out %ortly be=e1 by :i* op]ation ! du/ ( ! floor _h be5 rais$ & put 9 motion4 ,diff]5t objects made _! appe>ance 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( ! ?irty flasks on ! foll[+ days2 b f ,decemb] #ag?1 ?+s rema9$ /ation>y4 ,! foll[+ obs]vations 7 made at t date3-- ,( ! t5 flasks f ! bottom ( ! g>d51 only "o _h und]gone any *ange4 ,( ! t5 flasks f ! int]ior ( ! build+1 f\r _h und]gone *ange4 ,( ! t5 flasks f our laboratory1 all _h und]gone *ange4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! numb] ( g]ms held 9 susp5sion 9 ! ?ree diff]5t places :5ce we _h tak5 our air 01 !re=e1 consid]able4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! nature ( ! g]ms 0 equally m>k$4 ,^? flasks ( our fir/ two s]ies :i* _h und]gone *ange pres5t$ no trace ( torul1 or any?+ besides fungoid gr[?s1 :il/ ?ree ( ! la/ t5 conta9$ torul associat$ ) fungoid gr[?s4#dd ,illu/ration3 ,plate #c4 ,torul 9 ,process ( ,developm5t4 ,on ,may #bi?1 #ahgc1 eighte5 flasks1 free f air & ) necks drawn out to a f9e po9t1 conta9+ mu/1 7 tak5 into "o ( our rooms at ! cole ,normale4 ,a jet ( gas f an ord9>y burn] 0 pass$ ov] ! surface ( ! glass d[n to ! surface ( ! liquid1 ) ! object ( burn+ any p>ticles ( du/ t might h be5 deposit$ f ! atmosph]e ( ! laboratory2 ! po9ts ( ! flasks 7 !n brok5 ) a pair ( ord9>y scissors t _h be5 pass$ ?r\gh ! flame ( a _s lamp2 &1 la/ly1 ! tops ( ! flasks 7 tak5 (f1 j above ! surface ( ! liquid1 & ! eighte5 flasks ?us became trans=m$ into eighte5 bas9s1 ea* conta9+ ab\t #ajj c4c4 7ab\t #c- fluid ounces7 ( grape mu/4 ,^! eighte5 bas9s 7 plac$ on a table 9 ! room1 & left !re = five days1 precautions be+ tak5 to prev5t any "o f ent]+ ! room4 ,! bas9s 7 exam9$ on ,june #bnd3 !y all conta9$ little flakes ( float+ mycelium1 b none ( !m _h any :ite /reaks on _! sides--a pro( t !y 7 de/itute ( torul--! liquid _h rema9$ v bright4 ,) ! cont5ts ( n9e ( ! bas9s we fill$ two long-neck$ flasks t we _h prep>$ = our purpose--t is to say1 _h heat$ to a c]ta9 po9t1 j be=e us+ !m1 ) ! object ( remov+ f _! sides any =eign g]ms :i* !y might h pick$ up 9 ! laboratory4 ,up to ,july #aj?1 :5 we deem$ x useless to c>ry our obs]vations fur!r1 ^! flasks pres5t$ no signs ( f]m5tation :atev]4 ,) ! cont5ts ( ! rema9+ n9e bas9s1 we fill$ two o!r long-neck$ flasks1 b be=e do+ s1 we kept ! bas9s = tw5ty-f\r h\rs 7,june #bnd to #crd7 9 ! basem5t ( our laboratory4 ,^! two flasks soon set up an active f]m5tation1 & deposit$ an abundance ( yea/--an additional pro( ( ! great diff]5ce 9 "* ( ! g]ms float+ ab\t ! room & ^? float+ ab\t ! laboratory4 ,on ,june #crd we expos$1 simultane\sly1 9 ! a=em5tion$ room & also 9 our laboratory1 sev5 bas9s prep>$ z j describ$4 ,on ,june #h? all ! bas9s 9 ! room %[$ signs ( fungoid gr[?s1 )\t any trace ( mycod]ma v9i1 or l9es indicative ( ! pres5ce ( torul1 :il/ six ( ! sev5 9 our laboratory _h _! sides cov]$ ) a :ite precipitate1 & on ! surface ( ! liquids a lay] ( isolat$ pat*es ( fungoid gr[?4 ,! liquid 9 ^! latt] bas9s 0 p\r$ into a long-neck$ flask1 :i* x ne>ly fill$1 & 9 ! c\rse ( =ty-eight h\rs x began to %[ signs ( alcoholic f]m5tation4#de ,?is is ano!r /rik+ pro( ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! numb] ( g]ms ( f]m5t & torulace 9 ! air ( our laboratory & t ( an ord9>y room4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,we app5d draw+s ( ! torul f\nd 9 ! six laboratory bas9s 7see ,sket*es ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,iii41 ,,iv41 ,v41 ,,vi4 ( ,fig4 #ab74 ,! abundance ( ! g]ms ( ^! organisms 9 our laboratory is v /rik+1 & is d\btless due to ! nature ( ! "w c>ri$ on !re1 z well z to ! p[] ( endurance peculi> to ! g]ms1 or ! m9ute vegetative cells ( ^! microscopic plants--a t5acity ( life :i* prev5ts !m f los+ _! reproductive p[]s1 ev5 aft] be+ dri$ up into du/4 ,b v>i$ z are ! =mations repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ab--;& x w be obs]v$ t 9 ,,iv4 & ,,vi4 we h %[n f\r di/9ct =ms1 m>k$ a1 a2 b1 b2 m1 m2 n1 n respectively--x mu/ n be suppos$ t !y correspond necess>ily to di/9ct species4 ,f ! ends ( a comp\nd organism l ^? 9 ,no4 ,,iii1 a little sph]ical cell may deta* itself & !n1 by a process ( budd+1 give rise to a s]ies ( o!r m9ute sph]ical cells reproduc+ ! =m %[n 9 ,nos4 ,i4 & ,,ii4 ,! =ms figur$ 9 ,no4 ,,iii4 repres5t "o ( ! types ( mycod]ma v9i1 :i* is (t5 f\nd 9 ?is bran*+ arboresc5t /ate2 b x frequ5tly also occurs 9 %ort =ms1 & x is 9 ?is %ape t x is g5]ally met ) on ! surface ( w9es4 ,x is true t ! nature ( ! sub/ratum has a great influ5ce on ! *anges ( aspect 9 ! organisms :i* we are describ+1 b ?is is n ! sole cause ( _! morphological modifications4 ,we are /rongly incl9$ to believe t ea* ( ! cells1 or vegetat+ =ms s repres5t$1 diff]+ s greatly z !y d 9 aspect1 & begott51 all ( !m1 spontane\sly 9 c]ta9 appropriate liquids1 9 a laboratory :]e rese>*es on f]m5tation are pursu$1 is capable ( furni%+ a di/9ct v>iety4 ,9 fact1 !re is n a s+le "o ( ! cells 9 ! six v>ieties 9 ,fig4 #ab1 :i*1 tak5 alone1 has n its own peculi> *>act]i/ics1 :i*1 by h]$it>y transmission1 x c imp>t1 9 a great] or less degree1 to all ! individuals ( ! g5]ations t succe$ x4 ,we may rem>k1 on ! o!r h&1 t no?+ c be m fav\rable to ! isolation ( diff]5t v>ieties ( torul or mycod]ma v9i ?an ! spontane\s impregnations to :i* we submit our liquids4 ,= :5 suitable liquids conta9$ 9 flasks exhau/$ ( air are impregnat$ ) ! p>ticles ( atmosph]ic du/1 by op5+ ! flasks = a mom5t & !n imm$iately re-seal+ !m1 x mu/ g5]ally happ5 t we admit only "o species ( reproductive organism1 s t we %all h a vegetation exclusively ( "o k9d1 z be+ d]iv$ f ! same "m-cell4 ,if we c\ld take f a cr[d compos$ ( m5 & wom5 sep>ate c\ples1 & =?) transport ea* c\ple to a sep>ate isolat$ & unpeopl$ isl&1 !y w\ld1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 beyond d\bt =m s _m di/9ct tribes4 ,x is v rem>kable t "s ( ! torul 9 ,fig4 #ab are n f]m5ts2 !y d n cause sug> to decompose into alcohol & c>bonic acid1 any m ?an ! mycod]ma v9i does2 b1 nev]!less1 !re may be an absolute simil>ity 9 aspect1 developm5t1 %ape1 & size betwe5 ! alcoholic f]m5t1 prop]ly s call$1 & ^! torulace4 ,we mu/ "h cite a case 9 pro(4 ,on ,may #bh?1 #ahgb1 9 "o ( ! rooms ( our laboratory1 we broke ! f9e po9ts ( a s]ies ( flasks1 simil> to ^? us$ 9 our previ\s exp]im5ts1 conta9+ mu/ ( grapes & depriv$ ( air4 ,we !n clos$ up ! ends imm$iately aft] ! sudd5 entrance ( ! ext]ior air4 ,"o ( ^! flasks develop$ only "o k9d ( organism1 :i* belong$ to ! torulace4 ,on ,june #g? ?is 0 suffici5tly abundant to cov] all ! sides ) a :ite deposit1 & ! surface ( ! liquid appe>$ q free ( any mycod]ma v9i4 ,to assure ourselves t we 7 actually deal+ ) "o k9d ( torul1 unatt5d$ by fungoid gr[?s1 we wait$ until ,june #ad?1 b ! aspect ( ?+s rema9$ un*ang$4 ,on t day we op5$ ! flask2 !re 0 no escape ( gas to indicate t ! int]ior pressure 0 great] ?an ! ext]ior4 ,we !n subject$ ! plant to microscopic exam9ation4 ,x 0 q homog5e\s1 & =m$ ( a mass ( cells1 absolutely id5tical 9 aspect & size ) old cells ( ord9>y yea/ 7,fig4 #ac74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,we di/ill$ all ! liquid1 ( :i* !re 0 ab\t #ajj c4c41 7#c- fl4 oz47 )\t obta9+ any trace ( alcohol 9 our di/illate2 we collect$ #cc c4c4 7ab\t an ounce7 ( ! di/illate1 :i* we di/ill$ aga91 & we submitt$ ! di/illate a ?ird "t to di/illation2 b ev5 !n !re 7 no m signs ( ! pres5ce ( alcohol ?an !re _h be5 9 our fir/ di/illate4#df ,we may safely conclude t our torula1 9 ! c\rse ( its developm5t 9 mu/1 ) a weight t w\ld h be5 v appreciable1 did n produce1 by its action ( multiplication #a_/aj1jjj ( #a c4c4 ( alcohol4 ,"u ! foll[+ conditions we obta9$ a slightly diff]5t result1 :i*1 nev]!less1 confirm$ ! prec$+ "o4 ,on ,july #e?1 #ahgb1 we op5$ & clos$ twelve flasks simil> to ^? we _h us$ be=e1 ! sole diff]5ce be+ t !y conta9$ yea/ wat]#dg sweet5$ ) t5 p] c5t4 ( sug>4 ,"o ( ^! flasks furni%$ u simil>ly ) "o k9d ( torula1 :i* bore ! greate/ resemblance to ! f]m5t ( be]4 ,:5 ?is torula 0 beg9n+ to spread all ov] ! bottom ( our flask1 we %ook up ! liquid1 & turn$ ! flask upside d[n1 ) ! object ( subm]g+ ! torula & depriv+ x ( air1 at lea/ at ! bottom ( ! neck4 ,= "s days1 & ev5 mon?s1 !re 7 no signs ( ! lib]ation ( gas4 ,on ,july #bbnd1 #ahgc1 aft] ! int]val ( a ye>1 we op5$ ! flask 7:i* gave no indication ( ! exi/5ce ( an int]ior pressure7 & endeav\r$ to discov] ! pres5ce ( alcohol1 by means ( successive di/illations1 z j describ$4 ,9 ! two fir/ di/illates !re seem$ to be no alcohol1 b 9 ! ?ird we detect$ its pres5ce 9 v small quantity4 ,we %all see1 lat] on1 t ! =mation ( su* a small quantity ( alcohol may be attribut$ to ! fact ( ! plant hav+ be5 subm]g$ :5 9 full gr[?1 & to its hav+ cont9u$ to live = "s "t aft] its subm]sion q indep5d5tly ( ! oxyg5 conta9$ 9 ! air ( ! flask4 ,f ! previ\s facts x is obvi\s t !re exi/ c]ta9 productions ( v>i\s aspects1 ! g]ms ( :i* are p>ticul>ly abundant 9 ! du/ ( a laboratory :]e ! ph5om5a ( f]m5tation are /udi$1 productions ess5tially a]ial1 & incapable ( giv+ rise to f]m5tation1 al?\gh x may be impossible = ! microscope to di/+ui% _! =ms f ^? ( true alcoholic f]m5ts4 ,! idea ( "s physiological bond betwe5 ^! plants & ! f]m5ts :i* resemble !m 9 s rem>kable a mann]1 is "o t impresses itself =cibly &1 s to say1 in/9ctively ^u ! m9d4 ,?is rem>k holds good also 9 ! case ( mycod]ma v9i1 prop]ly s call$1 :5 comp>$ ) alcoholic f]m5ts4 ,!re appe>s to be no o!r diff]5ce betwe5 ! mycod]ma v9i & ! torul ( :i* we are speak+1 ?an t af=d$ by peculi>ities ( physical /ructure & a c]ta9 greas9ess 9 ! cells ( ! =m] :i* p]mits x to exi/1 9 ! =m ( a scum1 ^u ! surface ( liquids1 t is to say unsubm]g$4#dh ,we h frequ5tly1 b )\t success1 endeav\r$ to br+ ab\t ! conv]sion ( ^! unsubm]g$ torul & mycod]ma v9i into alcoholic f]m5ts2 9 o!r words1 we h nev] succe$$ 9 imp>t+ to ^! torul or to mycod]ma v9i1 :i* be> s /rik+ a resemblance to alcoholic f]m5ts1 ! p]man5t f]m5tative "* peculi> to ! latt]4 ,at "o p]iod ( our rese>*es1 9 #ahfb1 & m rec5tly1 9 #ahgb1 we ?\ght t we _h discov]$ ! conditions "u :i* su* conv]sion might be possible1 b1 z we %all expla9 9 a subsequ5t *apt]1 our exp]im5ts 7 affect$ by c]ta9 errors t _h escap$ our notice4 ,,vi4--,yea/ may become ,dry & be ,r$uc$ to ,du/ )\t los+ its ,faculty ( ,reproduction4 ,9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs we h giv5 examples ( liquids becom+ impregnat$ ) self-s[n alcoholic f]m5ts4 ,we %all proce$ to %[ t ?is little cellul> plant may actually exi/ 9 ! =m ( du/1 float+ 9 ! air1 aft] ! mann] ( spores ( fungoid gr[? & ! ency/$ =ms ( c]ta9 infusoria1 )\t los+ its p[]s ( reproduction4 ,on ,decemb] #af?1 #ahgb1 we collect$ & press$ all ! yea/ result+ f a brew+ ( ab\t "o hectolitre 7ab\t #bb gallons74 ,f ! c5tre ( ! cake we took a few grammes 7#ej or #fj gra9s7 ( yea/1 :i* we mix$ 9 a porcela9 mort> ) five times its weight ( pla/]--bo? mort> & pla/] hav+ be5 heat$1 j be=e1 9 an oil ba?1 to a temp]ature ( ab\t #bjj ,c4 7#cib ,f471 & !n cool$ rapidly4 ,! p[d] ?us prep>$ 0 imm$iately done up 9 a twi/ ( pap]1 :i* _h be5 pass$ ?r\gh ! flame ( a _s lamp1 & ! twi/ & its cont5ts 7 !n plac$ 9 an ov5 at a temp]ature ( f #bj ,c4 to #be ,c4 7ab\t #ge ,f474 ,! object ( ^! sev]al precautions 0 to free ! p[d] compos$ ( ! yea/ & pla/]1 if n f ! g]ms conta9$ 9 float+ p>ticles ( du/1 at all ev5ts f ^? conta9$ 9 ! du/ exi/+ on ! surface ( ! articles we us$--! mort>1 pla/]1 & pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,on ,decemb] #ah?1 we took up ) a plat9um spatula1 previ\sly pass$ ?r\gh ! flame1 a p9* ( ! yea/-&-pla/] p[d]1 & s[$ x 9 a two-neck$ flask 7,fig4 #ad7 conta9+ "s pure wort4 ,we !n plac$ ! flask 9 an ov51 at #bj ,c4 ,on ,decemb] #ba/1 ?ree days aft] we _h s[n ! p[d]1 f]m5tation began to manife/ itself by ! appe>ance ( pat*es ( fro? on ! surface ( ! wort4 ,on ,decemb] #ai? & #bj? ! yea/ 0 s5sibly develop+1 al?\gh !re 0 no lib]ation ( gas to d5ote ! pres5ce ( actual f]m5tation4 ,! yea/1 exam9$ "u ! microscope1 appe>$ v pure4 ,on ,m>* #e?1 #ahgc1 we took ano!r p9* ( ! yea/-&-pla/] p[d] f ! twi/ ( pap]1 & plac$ x 9 a flask ( pure wort1 z 9 ! =ego+ exp]im5t4 ,on ,m>* #i?1 t is1 aft] hav+ be5 subject$ to a heat ( #bj ,c4 7#fh ,f47 9 ! ov5 = f\r days1 f]m5tation began to manife/ itself by ! appe>ance ( pat*es ( fro? on ! surface ( ! wort4 ,f ?is x 0 evid5t t ! yea/ _h n be5 de/roy$1 b only ret>d$ 9 its revival4 ,on ,july #be?1 #ahgc--t is1 aft] a lapse ( sev5 mon?s & a half--we resum$ our exp]im5ts1 & s[$ "s m ( ! yea/-&-pla/] p[d] 9 ano!r flask ( wort4 ,on ,augu/ #bnd1 eight days f ! "t ( our s[+1 ! little islets ( fro? appe>$ on ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,obs]v$ "u ! microscope1 ! yea/ /ill seem$ pure1 & resembl$ ! orig9al yea/2 we app5d a sket*1 :i* w give an idea ( its %ape 7,fig4 #ae74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,on ,novemb] #g?1 #ahgc1 we once m s[$ "s ( ! p[d]4 ,?is "t ! yea/ 0 dead2 we obs]v$ ! flask :i* conta9$ x1 day by day1 until ,febru>y #a/1 #ahgd1 )\t detect+ ! slighte/ sign ( f]m5tation or developm5t ( ! yea/ t we _h s[n4 ,on ,febru>y #a/1 we made a microscopical exam9ation ( ! yea/1 & f\nd x mix$ ) ! pla/] & absolutely in]t at ! bottom ( ! sac*>9e liquid2 its cells 7 isolat$1 v old-look+ & granulat$1 )\t any appe>ance t might d5ote ! possibility ( _! ev] budd+ aga94 ,?us we det]m9$ t alcoholic f]m5t may be dri$ at ! ord9>y temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e1 & pres]v$1 9 ! =m ( du/1 = a p]iod ( sev5 mon?s or long]1 )\t los+ its faculty ( reproduction4 ,?is faculty evid5tly dim9i%es 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 = our dri$ yea/1 aft] hav+ be5 kept = sev5 mon?s & a half--all ! o!r conditions ( ! two exp]im5ts hav+ be5 precisely ! same--requir$ ab\t eight days to develop suffici5tly to reveal f]m5tation1 :il/1 imm$iately aft] ! dry+1 x only requir$ ?ree or f\r days to accompli% ! same ?+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,side by side ) ^! exp]im5ts on alcoholic f]m5t1 we c>ri$ on exactly simil> ones ) yea/ obta9$ f 8high f]m5tation0 brew]ies4 ,on ,decemb] #af?1 #ahgb1 we prep>$ a p[d] ( ?is yea/ & pla/] z be=e4 ,our la/ s[+ took place on ,july #be?1 #ahgc1 9 a flask ( pure wort1 :i* %[$ signs ( f]m5tation on ,july #bg?4 ,we app5d a sket* 7,fig4 #af7 :i* gives ! g5]al aspect ( ?is 8high f]m5t10 :5 reviv$ aft] su* a lapse ( "t2 x _h pres]v$ ! di/9ctive features ( ! cells ( 8high f]m5t40 ,^! facts c leave no d\bt :atev] z to ! possibility ( cells ( yea/ exi/+1 9 a /ate ( susp5sion 9 ! air1 9 ! =m ( f9e du/1 p>ticul>ly 9 a laboratory :]e rese>*es on alcoholic f]m5tation are pursu$4 ,footnote #ba3 ,we h he>d ( liquids ev5 less s5sitive ?an ^!1 :i* requir$ a temp]ature ( #abj ,c4 7#bdh ,f47 or m1 b we h _h no opportunity ( /udy+ !m4 ,footnote #bb3 ,see ,pa/eur1 ,mmoire sur les ,gnrations dites ,spontanes 7,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 t4 lxiv4 #c;e srie1 anne #ahfb74 ,footnote #bc3 ,see my ,mmoire sur les ,gnrations dites ,spontanes1 already cit$4 ,footnote #bd3 ,jules ,duval 7( ,v]sailles71 ,n\veaux faits conc]nant la mutabilit des g]mes microscopiques4 ,rle passif des tres classs s\s le nom de f]m5ts4 7,see ! ,j\rnal d',anatomie et de ,physiologie1 edit$ by ,c4 ,rob91 ,sept4 & ,oct4 #ahgd1 & ,compte-r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 ,nov4 #ahgd74 ,m4 ,b*amps _h previ\sly fall5 into simil> errors4 ,footnote #be3 ,on ?is subject see ! obs]vations ( ,m4 ,co/e 7,compte-r5dus de l',acadmie1 t4 lix4 pp4 #adi & #ceh1 #ahfd74 ,footnote #bf3 ,*auveau's exp]im5ts 7 direct$ to %[ t ! op]ation bi/\rnage1 employ$ by vet]9>y surgeons = ca/rat+ animals by twi/+ & subcutane\s rupture ( ! sp]matic cord1 an op]ation :i*1 ?\gh lead+ to ! mortification & subsequ5t absorption ( ! te/icles1 is commonly att5d$ ) no o!r mis*ief to ! animal1 does1 nev]!less1 lead to septic effects ( a s]i\s "*1 provid$ t septic g]ms--decompos+ s]um conta9+ vibrios1 = example--be introduc$ into ! blood curr5t4 ,f ! fact t ! op]ation is ord9>ily h>mless1 ,m4 ,*auveau concludes t septic organisms are n produc$ by ! action ( ! con/itu5t gases ( ! atmosph]e--always pres5t 9 ! blood--^u album9\s matt] :5 outside vital influ5ces2 :il/1 f ! success ( ! direct exp]im5t ( introduc+ septic g]ms1 he concludes t ! ph5om5a always arise f ! actual pres5ce ( su* g]ms4--,d4 ,c4 ,r4 ,footnote #bg3 ,see ,pa/eur1 ,mmoire sur les ,gnrations dites ,spontanes1 pp4 #ea & #eb1 #ahfb4 ,footnote #bh3 ,,dava9ne1 ,compte-r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 t4 lvii4 p4 #bbj1 #ahfc4 ,,coze & ,,feltz1 ,re*]*es cl9iques et exprim5tales sur les maladies infectieuses1 ,p>is1 ,j4 ,b4 ,baillire1 #ahgb4 ,summ>y ( all _! works publi%$ be=e #ahfe4 ,dr4 ,,li/]1 ,m$ical & surgical j\rnals1 p>ticul>ly ! ,lancet1 #ahfe-fg4 ,dr4 ,,gu,,r91 ,compte-r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 ,m>* #bc1 #ahgd1 & ,may #bh1 #ahgd1 also ! ,report ( ,m4 ,gossel91 ,decemb]1 #ahed4 ,dr4 ,s,,dillot1 ,compte-r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 ,novemb]1 #ahgd1 t4 lxxix4 p4 #aajh4 ,,pa/eur1 ,mmoire sur la f]m5tation appele lactique4 7,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 t4 lii4 #c;e srie1 #ahge47--;,animalcules infusoires1 vivant sans gaz oxygne libre et dt]m9ant des f]m5tations4 7,compte-r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 t4 lii4 #ahfa47--,re*]*es sur la putrfaction4 7,compte-r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 t4 lvi4 #ahfc47 ,,gossel91 ,,rob91 & ,,pa/eur1 ,compte-r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 ,janu>y #e1 #ahgd4 ,ur9es ammoniacales4 ,,traube1 ,gazette hebdomadaire de mdec9e et de *irurgie4 ,sur la f]m5tation alcal9e de l'ur9e1 ,april #h1 #ahfd4 ,,*auveau1 ,putrfaction dans l'animal vivant4 7,compte-r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 ,april #bh?1 #ahgc47 ,footnote #bi3 ,we mu/ m5tion "o curi\s result1 :i* relates to :at h be5 call$ ! cry/als ( ! blood4 ,we c\ld h>dly h rec\rse to a bett] me?od ( prep>+ ^! cry/als1 at lea/ 9 ! case ( dog's blood1 :i* seems to yield !m ) ! greate/ facility 9 any quantity we might desire to procure4 ,"u ! circum/ances j rec\nt$1 9 :i* dog's blood expos$ to contact ) pure air und]w5t no putrefactive *ange :atev]1 ! cry/als ( t blood =m$ ) a rem>kable rapidity4 ,f ! fir/ day t x 0 plac$ 9 ! ov5 & expos$ to an ord9>y temp]ature1 ! s]um began gradually to assume a d>k br[n hue4 ,9 proportion z ?is effect 0 produc$1 ! globules ( blood disappe>$1 & ! s]um & ! coagulum became fill$ ) v di/9ct cry/als1 ( a br[n or r$ col\r4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few weeks1 n a s+le globule ( blood rema9$1 ei!r 9 ! s]um or coagulum2 e drop ( s]um conta9$ ?\s&s ( ^! cry/als1 & ! smalle/ p>ticle ( coagulum1 :5 bruis$ "u a piece ( glass1 pres5t$ to view col\rless & v ela/ic fibr9e1 associat$ ) masses ( cry/als1 )\t ! slighte/ trace ( blood-globules4 ,:]e our obs]vations 7 protract$1 x sometimes happ5$ t all ! fibr9e collect$ into "o hyal9e mass1 :i* gradually expell$ e cry/al f its int]ior4 ,footnote #cj3 ,,pa/eur1 ,comptes r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 t4 lvi4 p4 #gch1 #ahfc4 ,footnote #ca3 ,,gayon1 ,comptes r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 & ,annales ,sci5tifiques de l'cole ,normale ,suprieure1 #ahgd-ge4 ,footnote #cb3 ,among/ ^! influ5ces "o ( ! mo/ important1 accord+ to ,m4 ,fremy1 is 8organic impulse10--ano!r gratuit\s assumption4 ,footnote #cc3 ,,fremy1 ,comptes r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 t4 lviii4 p4 #aafg1 #ahfd4 ,footnote #cd3 ,,fremy1 ,comptes r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 t4 lxxiii4 p4 #adbe1 #ahga4 ,m4 ,trcul %>es ,m4 ,fremy's op9ions1 & ext5ds !m to ! developm5t ( diff]5t fungoid gr[?s4 ,footnote #ce3 ,?is obs]vation _h already be5 made by ,an?on & ,h4 ,h(fmann4 8,if we scrape ! surface ( a gooseb]ry ) a blunt knife10 says ,h4 ,h(fmann1 8& put "u ! microscope ! scrap+s1 :i* are ( a :iti% col\r1 we %all recognize among/ _m v>ieties ( %apeless dirt1 e>?y p>ticles & o!r ?+s1 ! same fungoid spores t we f9d 9 ! express$ juice1 b we %all see !m !re 9 inf9itely l>g] quantities4 ,"s ( !m w be ( a dusky col\r 7,/emphylium1 ,cladosporium71 & o!rs w be col\rless2 ! %ape ( ^! latt] w be r\nd or oval1 & cyl9drical4 ,mo/ ( !m w be> resemblance to beads ( ! *aplets ( ,oidium1 ,monilia1 ,torula 7t is to say1 to spores ( c]ta9 ,hyphomycetes71 :i* h be5 deta*$ & c>ri$ (f by ! w9d1 & h atta*$ !mselves to ! fruit4 ,"s ( ^! spores w be already provid$ ) %ort g]m9at+ filam5ts40 7,annales des ,sci5ces ,naturelles1 ,botanique1 t4 xiii4 p4 #ba1 #ahfj74 ,footnote #cf3 ,! exp]im5ts t we h describ$ give rise to a useful rem>k4 ,all ! organic liquids1 boil$ or n1 9 ! c\rse ( "t mu/ take up oxyg5 f ! air4 ,at ! same "t1 & c]ta9ly "u ?is influ5ce1 !y assume an amb] or br[ni% col\r1 b ?is effect is only produc$ :5 ! liquids are plac$ "u conditions ( unalt]ability4 ,%\ld f]m5tation or ! developm5t ( fungoid gr[?s be possible1 sc>cely any *ange ( col\r w take place4 ,d\btless ?is non-coloration may be attribut$ to ! fact t ^! organisms consume ! oxyg5 necess>y = coloration4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts on mu/1 all ! un*ang$ flasks assum$ a pale yell[i% br[n col\r2 ^? :i* f]m5t$ or conta9$ fungoid gr[?s rema9$ col\rless1 or ne>ly s4 ,footnote #cg3 ,comptes r5dus de l',acadmie1 sance du #bh ,octobre1 #ahgb4 ,footnote #ch3 ,,gay-,,lussac1 ,annales de ,*imie1 t4 lxxvi4 p4 #bde2 read at ! ,in/itute1 ,decemb] #crd1 #ahaj4 ,long be=e ,gay-,lussac1 x _h be5 rem>k$ t atmosph]ic air _h a great influ5ce on f]m5tation4 ,see ,m4 ,*evreul's articles on ! hi/ory ( *emi/ry 9 ! ,j\rnal des ,savants4 ,footnote #ci3 ,,gay-,,lussac1 ,annales de ,*imie1 t4 lxxvi4 p4 #bdg1 ,mmoire cit1 #ahaj4 ,footnote #dj3 ,x is well to notice t "u ! influ5ce ( fungoid gr[?s1 prop]ly s call$1 ! wort ( be] spe$ily becomes bright4 ,we may say t fungoid gr[?s1 by _! rapid developm5t1 cl>ify ! mu/1 :i* s]ves to n\ri% !m4 ,footnote #da3 ,x has already be5 obs]v$ 9 our ,memoir on spontane\s g5]ation1 t alcoholic f]m5tation is n always to be obta9$ by s[+ wads ( cotton or asbe/os1 *>g$ ) ! p>ticles ( du/ :i* float ?r\gh ! air1 9 sac*>9e mu/s t are 9 contact ) mu* air4 ,! air :i* furni%$ ! p>ticles ( du/1 9 ! exp]im5ts to :i* we are allud+1 0 tak5 outside ! laboratory1 9 a neighb\r+ /reet4 ,footnote #db3 ,! decant+ into ! flasks is necess>y1 because ( ! possibility ( ! f]m5tation 9 ! bas9s be+ mask$4 ,see fur!r on ! note on p4 #ge4 ,footnote #dc3 ,?is small f]m5t is v curi\s1 al?\gh x sc>cely affects indu/rial f]m5tation4 ,x 0 fir/ describ$ 9 #ahfb4 7,,pa/eur1 ,bullet9 de la ,socit *imique1 #ahfb1 page #fg1 & foll[+3 ,quelques faits n\veaux au sujet des levres alcooliques47 ,x has s9ce be5 describ$ by ,dr4 ,rees "u ! "n ,sac*>omyces apiculatus4 7,dr4 ,rees1 ,leipzig1 #ahgj3 ,sur les *ampignons de f]m5tation alcooliques4 ,see also ,dr4 ,engel1 ,?se p\r le ,doctorat1 ,p>is1 #ahgb47 ,if we c>efully filt] "s grape mu/ at ! "t ( v9tage1 we may be sure t we %all see x appe> 9 ! cle> liquid at ! bottom ( our vessel1 )\t int]mixture ) any o!r f]m5t4 ,%\ld we n filt] ! mu/ ?is f]m5t w appe> all ! same1 b x w soon become associat$ ) ano!r1 ?ick] 9 appe>ance & m elongat$1 :i* also is "o ( ! f]m5ts peculi> to ! f]m5tation ( grape mu/4 ,footnote #dd3 ,we may rem9d ! read] t 9 #ahfb1 9 our ,mmoire sur les ,gnrations dites spontanes1 we appli$ ! expression ( torula to all ! little cellul> plants ( spontane\s gr[?1 except+ mycelium1 propagat$ by budd+1 aft] ! mann] ( ! f]m5t ( be]4 ,at ! same "t1 /ress 0 laid ^u ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( _! g]ms1 especially 9 our laboratory1 :]e /udies on f]m5tation 71 ev5 !n1 c>ri$ on4 ,plate ,,iii4 repres5ts two ( ^! f]m5ts4 ,footnote #de3 ,x is to be rem>k$ t 9 ?is case1 z 9 ! case record$ ,,iv4 p4 #gj1 9 ord] to detect ) c]ta9ty any alcoholic f]m5t1 ! cont5ts ( ! bas9s 7 transf]r$ to a long-neck$ flask2 s9ce :]e1 z 9 ! bas9s1 a liquid has a l>ge surface expos$ to spontane\s impregnation1 ! /rictly alcoholic f]m5tation may escape obs]vation4 ,! reason ( ?is is t1 :5 a liquid ( l>ge surface b small dep? is expos$ to ! air x af=ds a suitable m$ium = ! active developm5t ( m\lds1 :i*1 by absorb+ ! oxyg5 :i* w\ld dissolve 9 ! liquid1 *ecks ! gr[? ( ! f]m5t1 or ev5 prev5ts its g]m9ation altoge!r4 ,z a matt] ( fact we %all see t = _! gr[? & multiplication f]m5t cells1 & /ill m f]m5t g]ms 7! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two w appe> 9 ,*ap4 ,v471 require a l>g] supply ( oxyg5 j 9 proportion to _! age1 /ate ( desiccation1 & di/ance f ! budd+ condition4 ,n[1 if ! spores ( m\lds be pres5t & effect a settlem5t 9 ! liquid1 ! increase ( ! f]m5t1 or ev5 its actual g]m9ation1 is prev5t$4 ,b by collect+ ! liquid 9 a deep & n>r[ vessel1 su* z a long-neck$ flask1 aft] x has be5 expos$ to spontane\s impregnation1 we deprive ! m\lds almo/ completely ( oxyg51 & s all[ ! f]m5t to ex]t its peculi> en]gies4 ,! m]e act ( transf]r+ enables ! liquid to take up a suffici5cy ( oxyg51 & a lib]ation ( gas v spe$ily %[s t f]m5tative action is go+ on4 ,we mu/ add fur!r t sometimes 9 a liquid ( l>ge surface & %all[ dep?1 9 :i* b little f]m5t is =m$1 ! evolution ( c>bonic acid gas may fail to be detect$1 by reason ( its diffus+ itself into ! air sl[ly z x is =m$4 ,footnote #df3 ,"h we _h to seek = a mo/ m9ute quantity ( alcohol1 t no alcoholomet] c\ld h indicat$4 ,a c]ta9 sign ( ! pres5ce ( alcohol is conta9$ 9 ! fir/ few drops di/ill$2 ^! always assume ! =m ( little drops or /ri or1 bett] /ill1 oily te>s1 :5 alcohol is pres5t 9 ! di/illate4 ,! di/illation %\ld be effect$ ) a small long-neck$ retort & a ,liebig's cond5s]4 ,we mu/ c>efully wat* ! neck ( ! retort at ! mom5t ( boil+2 %\ld ! liquid conta9 #a_/ajjj "p ( its volume ( alcohol1 we %all obs]ve ! indications giv5 above = a %ort1 b appreciable "t4 #a_/aj1jjj ( alcohol is difficult to judge1 b ) c>e & practice we may d x )\t fail+4 ,collect+ a ?ird ( ea* di/illate1 & suppos+ ! limit ( appreciation to /op at ?\s&?s1 9 ?ree di/illations we may easily detect ! pres5ce ( #a_/aj1jjj ( #a c4c4 ( alcohol 9 a total volume ( #ajj c4c4 ,footnote #dg3 ,yea/ :5 mac]at$ 9 wat] imp>ts to x c]ta9 soluble nitrog5\s mat]ials4 ,! solution s obta9$1 filt]$ f yea/ globules1 is kn[n z yea/ wat]4--,d4 ,c4 ,r4 ,footnote #dh3 ,x is possible t ?is greas9ess 9 ! cells ( ! common mycod]ma v9i arises simply f ! composition ( ! liquid 9 :i* x vegetates4 ,x is 9 sac*>9e liquids t ! subm]g$ torul are f\nd2 f]m5t$ liquids m readily give bir? to ! =ms ( torul & mycod]ma v9i :i* exi/ z a scum4 ,9 all probability1 h[ev]1 !re is no radical diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two k9ds ( little cellul> plants ( a]ial gr[?1 ! float+ torul & mycod]ma v9i4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,gr[? ( ,diff]5t ,organisms 9 a ,/ate ( ,purity3 ,_! ,autonomy4#di ,our obs]vations 9 ! prec$+ *apt] w h %[n t organic liquids1 natural or artificial--! wort ( be] among/ o!rs--if expos$ to contact ) ! air1 rapidly develop v>i\s =ms ( life4 ,?is is a natural consequ5ce ( ! mode ( impregnation4 ,! f]tility ( ! liquid dep5ds on ! v>i\s microscopic g]ms :i* are deposit$ 9 x by ! common air1 & ^!1 aga91 z reg>ds _! nature & numb]1 are dep5d5t ^u ! situation ( ! vessel conta9+ !m1 its height above ! gr\nd1 ! "t ( ye>1 ! di/urbance ( ! atmosph]e1 & o!r causes4 ,! =tuit\s association ( o!r =ms1 9 gr[?s :i* we believe to be uni=m & indep5d5t1 con/itutes "o ( ! pr9cipal difficulties t occur 9 ! /udy ( ! l[] organisms1 p>ticul>ly t ( fungoid gr[?s4 ,! fact t ! g]ms ( _m ( ^! little be+s exi/ 9 ! atmosph]e 9 ! =m ( du/1 invisible to ! nak$ eye1 or1 z su*1 spread ov] ! surface ( ! diff]5t mat]ials & objects us$ 9 exp]im5ts1 exposes ! /ud5t to con/ant risk ( wrongly int]pret+ ! results :i* come "u 8 notice4 ,he has s[n a plant1 & is obs]v+ ! c\rse ( its developm5t4 ,)\t 8 k1 spores ( ano!r plant h got mix$ ) 8 gr[?1 & g]m9at$4 ,9 8 ignorance1 he w attribute all t he sees1 all ! *anges :i* he describes & :i* he sket*es1 & all ! conclusions :i* he draws1 to ! "o plant :i* engages 8 att5tion4 ,if he is deal+ ) bact]ia1 vibrios1 &1 g5]ally speak+1 ! inf9ite v>iety ( mobile microscopic organisms1 8 emb>rassm5t w be great] /ill4 ,aga91 inasmu* z ! m$ium :i* s]ves z sub/ratum = gr[?s has a consid]able influ5ce on ! f]tility ( ! g]ms 9 contact ) x1 z well z on _! ult]ior developm5t1 x (t5 happ5s t g]ms deposit$ =tuit\sly by ! p>ticles ( du/ :i* fall f ! atmosph]e or collect on objects are f]tile & multiply ) rapidity1 :il/ ^? :i* h be5 directly s[n1 no matt] 9 :at numb]1 rema9 /]ile1 or multiply v sl[ly4 ,if we place 9 a "y w9e "s mycod]ma aceti1 we %all obta9 mycod]ma v9i2 by plac+ "s mycod]ma v9i 9 an old w9e1 especially if x is a little acid1 we %all obta9 mycod]ma aceti4#ej ,x is f facts ( ?is k9d1 wrongly int]pret$1 t _m errors h crept into our k ( ! l[] organisms1 & t we are con/antly see+ old discussions crop up1 bo? on ! subject ( s-call$ spontane\s g5]ation & on t ( ! !ory ( f]m5tation4 ,at e /ep 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w we %all see ! trace ( ^! complications1 z well z ! influ5ce !y h _h on ! progress ( our k4 ,9 opposition to ^! results1 we w /udy ! case ( wort s[n directly ) g]ms di/9ctly ( "o k9d1 unmix$ ) any o!r4 ,i4--,gr[? ( ,p5icillium ,glaucum & ,asp]gillus ,glaucus 9 a ,/ate ( ,purity--,pro(s t ^! ,fungoid ,gr[?s d n become ,trans=m$ into ! ,alcoholic ,f]m5ts ( ,be] or ,w9e4--,prelim9>y ,enquiry into ! ,cause ( ,f]m5tation4 ,let u aga9 take "o ( ! flasks furni%$ ) two necks su* z we h already describ$1 & let x be suppos$ t ?is flask conta9s a quantity ( sac*>9e wort1 brew$ "s consid]able "t ago1 :i* has und]gone no *ange :atev]1 except 9 col\r1 ! sl[ process ( oxidation hav+ gradually d>k5$ ! orig9al col\r ( ! liquid4 ,:at we h to d is to drop into ?is un*ang$ & f]tile liquid "s gra9s or spores ( p5icillium :i* are free f ! slighte/ trace ( ! spores or g]ms ( o!r microscopic organisms4 ,"o means ( effect+ ?is consi/s 9 tak+ up ) a pair ( metallic =ceps1 previ\sly heat$1 a piece ( plat9um wire1 "o or two c5timetres 7ab\t #c_/d 947 9 l5g?1 :i* we also pass ?r\gh ! flame ( a _s lamp1 & ) :i*1 z soon z x is cold1 we t\* a mass ( sporanges ( a gr[? ( p5icillium4 ,no matt] h[ few spores may be tak5 up on ! end ( ! plat9um wire1 we %all h f> m ?an we require = ! impregnation ( ! liquid4 ,at ! mom5t ( *>g+ ! po9t ( ! wire we )draw ! glass /opp] :i* closes ! india-rubb] tube on ! "r-h& neck ( ! flask 7,fig4 #ad7 & drop ! wire ?r\gh t tube2 we !n replace ! glass /opp]1 aft] hav+1 by way ( additional precaution1 pass$ x rapidly ?r\gh ! flame ( ! lamp4 ,!re is no d\bt t we expose ourselves to error 9 consequ5ce ( hav+ to convey ! wire ?r\gh ! surr\nd+ air1 & also1 9 consequ5ce ( hav+ previ\sly to op5 ! flask2 b1 z we h already rem>k$1 ?is d\ble cause ( error has nev]1 we may say1 int]f]$ ) ! exactness ( our exp]im5ts1 ! volume ( air ) :i* we are conc]n$ be+ exce$+ly limit$4 ,moreov]1 our flask be+ 9 free communication ) ! ext]ior air1 by means ( ! op5+ 9 ! curv$1 sl5d] tube1 !re is no inru% ( air :5 we )draw ! /opp]4 ,! *ance ( enc\nt]+ a spore or fecund g]m & introduc+ x into ! flask on ! wire t is *>g$ ) ! o!rs1 is s remote t we h consid]$ x unnecess>y to adopt a m p]fect app>atus1 :i* might easily h be5 devis$ _h we felt t x 0 necess>y4 ,a m s]i\s cause ( error may occur 9 ! prec$+ me?od2 result+ f ! possible impurity ( ! spores tak5 f a field ( p5icillium :i* has develop$ 9 contact ) common air4 ,?is field receives1 e in/ant1 & has receiv$ ?r\gh\t its gr[?1 p>ticles ( du/ :i* h fall5 f ! atmosph]e2 ?us1 x may n be1 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 is n1 free f ! g]ms ( o!r fungoid gr[?s4#ea ,! op]ator1 )\t kn[+ x1 may frequ5tly s[1 besides ! p5icillium1 :i* is all he c see1 spores ( mucor muc$o & mycod]ma v9i1 9 %ort1 ( all ! mo/ common fungoid gr[?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,?is process ( impregnation1 !re=e1 does n af=d u suffici5t safegu>ds1 b by means ( ! foll[+ device we %all r5d] x m satisfactory4 ,let u take a s]ies ( flasks %ap$ z 9 ,fig4 #ag1 conta9+ an organic liquid suitable to ! developm5t ( fungoid gr[?s1 t is to say1 slightly acid--yea/-wat]1 pla9 or sug>$1 ! wort ( be]1 or ,raul9's fluid#eb w answ] our purpose2 let u boil ! liquid1 & hav+ previ\sly drawn out ! necks1 let u close ! ends 9 ! flame ( a lamp :il/ ! /eam is escap+1 z soon z we judge t ! air has be5 ne>ly all expell$4 ,hav+ prep>$ t5 or tw5ty ( ^! flasks 9 ?is mann]1 :5 !y are cold we may break _! po9ts 9 any place we may be 94 ,! air w ru% into ! flasks1 & we mu/ !n seal !m up aga9 9 ! flame ( ! lamp1 & put !m aside = future obs]vations4 ,9 a c]ta9 numb] ( ^! flasks1 z we h already expla9$ 9 our exp]im5ts c>ri$ on aft] ?is fa%ion1 we %all see "s fungoid gr[?s appe>1 fir/ 9 ! %ape ( flakes ( mycelium float+ 9 ! liquid1 & aft]w>ds com+ to ! surface to fructify4 ,n[1 x (t5 happ5s t p5icillium glaucum appe>s alone1 s num]\s are ! spores ( ?is fungus float+ 9 ! air4 ,"u su* conditions1 we %all evid5tly obta9 a field ( sporanges q free f ! pres5ce ( o!r organisms4 ,if we n[ take (f ! neck ( "o ( ! flasks conta9+ ! pure p5icillium1 & take out "s ( ! g]ms ) our plat9um wire1#ec we %all ?us obta9 ) mo/ c]ta9ty spores ( p5icillium free f impurities4 ,our read]s w excuse ! l5g? ( ^! details & ! m9uti ( our precautions1 b we %all aga9 & aga9 see t to neglect !m1 or any "p ( !m1 is to expose ourselves to haz>d 9 draw+ sure conclusions f facts :i* come "u our obs]vation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,on ,june #ag?1 #ahgb1 we plac$ "s pure spores ( p5icillium 9 a s]ies ( ?ree flasks conta9+ wort 7,fig4 #ah71 obs]v+ all ! precautions t we h indicat$4 ,we %all designate ^! flasks by ! lett]s ,a1 ,b1 ,c4 ,on ! foll[+ day ! spores g]m9at$1 & ! liquid became full ( flakes ( mycelium1 "s ( :i* came to ! surface to fructify4 ,! temp]ature v>i$ betwe5 #be ,c4 & #cj ,c4 7#gg to #hf ,f474 ,on ,june #bbnd1 small pat*es1 ) :iti% bord]s & gre5 c5tres1 develop$ on ! liquids4 ,we !n %ook up ! flask ,a1 9 ord] to subm]ge ! plant & ! spores4#ed ,we also %ook ! flask ,b1 aft] obs]v+ ! precaution ( seal+ up ! sl5d] b5t tube4#ee ,! flask ,c 0 atta*$ on "o side to an aspirator1 on ! o!r to a tube fill$ ) cotton1 & e day we r5ew$ ! air 9 x4 ,dur+ ! weeks & mon?s ov] :i* our obs]vations ext5d$1 !re 0 n ! lea/ =mation ( yea/ 9 ^! flasks2 moreov]1 we h frequ5tly repeat$ ?is & o!r exp]im5ts ( a simil> k9d1 )\t ev] detect+ ! appe>ance ( ei!r ord9>y yea/ or any o!r true alcoholic f]m5t4 ,! exp]im5ts may be made ) sac*>9e juices t are highly fav\rable to ! developm5t ( bact]ia & lactic f]m5t4 ,^! latt] appe> equally incapable ( trans=mation into yea/1 :i* has nev] be5 se5 to develop 9 exp]im5ts :]e !y 7 us$1 if prop] precautions h be5 tak5 to secure a pure gr[?4 ,%\ld we neglect any ( ! precautions t are necess>y to secure ! purity ( our spores1 we may ( c\rse obta9 diff]5t results4 ,if1 = in/ance1 we s[ spores ( p5icillium gr[n 9 free contact ) ! atmosph]e1 & consequ5tly expos$ to ! p>ticles ( du/ float+ !re91 we %all frequ5tly obs]ve1 mix$ ) ! fruit+ hyph ( ! fungoid gr[?1 yea/ & mycod]ma v9i & torul1 or ev5 bact]ia & lactic f]m5t4 ,?us we %all be l$ to believe1 9 all good fai?1 t we h "u our eyes examples ( ! *anges ( spores ( fungoid gr[? into cells ( f]m5t1 or pro(s ( ! conv]sion ( bact]ia or lactic f]m5t into ! same cells4 ,causes ( error ( ?is nature h induc$ "s ,g]man naturali/s to believe t !y h succe$$ 9 prov+1 beyond ! possibility ( d\bt1 t a numb] ( fungoid gr[?s may produce alcoholic f]m5t1 & t !y h cle>ly demon/rat$ t spores ( ^! fungi may become trans=m$ into yea/4 ,9 #ahef ,m4 ,bail1 &1 ab\t ! same "t1 ,b]keley1 &1 lat] on1 ,h4 ,h(fmann & ,halli]1 h successively ent]ta9$ ^! views1 :i* 7 introduc$ into sci5ce by ,m4 ,turp94 ,we h combat$ !m s9ce ! ye> #ahfa4ef ,s9ce t p]iod !y h lo/ r ?an ga9$ gr\nd abroad1 9 spite ( ! gr[+ fav\r be/[$ on ! ,d>w9ian sy/em4 ,"o ( ! mycologi/s :o enjoy ! mo/ legitimate au?ority beyond ! ,rh9e1 ,m4 de ,b>y1 has arriv$1 z we h1 at absolutely negative results4 ,a simple p]usal ( :at has be5 writt5 9 fav\r ( ! trans=mations :i* we are discuss+ causes u to ent]ta9 ! grave/ d\bts z to ! correctness ( results :i* are quot$ z decisive4 ,we ne$ only give "o example1 :i* we extract f a pap] by ,m4 ,h4 ,h(fmann4 8,9 "s cases10 ?is au?or writes1 8& "u fav\rable circum/ances1 ,i h be5 able to see ! f]m5t produce filam5ts1 bo? small specim5s t c\ld be exam9$ imm$iately "u ! microscope1 & also l>ge specim5s1 & ,i h recogniz$1 among/ o!r v>ieties1 p5icillium glaucum1 ascophora muc$o1 ascophora elegans1 & p]iconia hyal9a1 sometimes isolat$1 sometimes int]mix$4 ,?is result is mo/ easily to be obta9$ by ! foll[+ me?od3--,p\r a small quantity ( wat] into a te/-tube1 :i* %\ld !n be plac$ slant+ly3 introduce "s fre% yea/ into ! middle "p ( ! tube1 & close ! tube ) a wad ( cotton1 to prev5t ! entrance ( ext]ior p>ticles ( du/4 ,9 ?is vap\r-fill$ receptacle we %all sometimes see flakes develop4 ,x seems t ,messrs4 ,b]keley & ,g4 ,h4 ,h(fmann h also obta9$ p5icillium f f]m5t1 by a simil> process40#eg ,:y1 h[ev]1 %\ld x n be admitt$ t p5icillium f\nd "u su* conditions may be d]iv$ f spores ( t gr[?1 adh]+ to ! sides ( ! tube be=e x is clos$ ) ! wad1 or mix$ ) ! yea/ t is put into ! tube8 ,! facts alleg$ dur+ ! la/ few ye>s by ,m4 ,bail1 :o p]si/s 9 8 views1 9 spite ( _! app>5tly great] exactness1 are also f> f be+ satisfactory4#eh ,m4 ,trcul1 :o is almo/ ! only "o 9 ,france1 besides ,messrs4 ,*4 ,rob9 & ,fremy1 to p>ticipate 9 ^! errors1 does n conf9e himself to affirm+ ! *ange ( ! spores ( p5icillium into yea/1 & vice v]s2 8 sy/em is a f> m ext5sive "o4 8,accord+ to my obs]vations10 he says1 8!re w\ld be ! foll[+ s]ies ( *anges2 album9\s matt] *ang$ into bact]ia1 or directly into alcoholic f]m5t1 or into mycod]ma2 bact]ia into lactic f]m5t1 !re becom+ immoveable2 lactic f]m5t into alcoholic f]m5t2 alcoholic f]m5t into mycod]ma c]evisi2 f9ally1 mycod]ma c]evisi into p5icillium4#ei0 ,m4 ,trcul does n /op "h4 ,he goes on to expla9 ! pr9cipal ( ^! *anges1 z ?\gh 8 te/imony 7 q beyond refutation3 8,if we use a p]fectly filt]$ wort1 conta9+ no granulations1 & prep>$ at a temp]ature betwe5 #fj ,c4 & #gj ,c4 7#adj ,f4 & #afj ,f471 !re w fir/ ( all appe> a multitude ( f9e granules t w develop into active bact]ia1 :i*1 los+ ! faculty ( motion1 w con/itute lactic f]m5t1 z ,i h repeat$ly po9t$ out4 ,a few days aft] ! appe>ance ( ! fir/ granules1 we %all p]ceive o!rs r l>g] 9 size & isolat$4 ,^! w increase 9 size1 &1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 assume ! =m ( little globuloid1 or elliptic cells2 !y w n comm5ce to bud be=e !y h atta9$ a comp>atively l>ge size1 approa*+ t ( ord9>y yea/1 consequ5tly1 !re w be a consid]able int]val ( "t1 dur+ :i* ! "y cells w pres5t no buds1 especially if we "w at a l[ temp]ature1 z f #bj ,c4 to #ce ,c4 7#fh ,f4 to #ie ,f47 8,z = ! trans=mation ( ! spores ( p5icillium into alcoholic f]m5t1 ! possibility ( :i* ,m4 ,pa/eur also d5ies1 ,i h v (t5 obta9$ x by us+ liquids1 su* z boil$ wort & sug>$ b>ley wat]1 :i* _h /ood = a mon? or six weeks )\t sett+ up an alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,^! liquids1 s[n ) spores ( diff]5t =ms ( p5icillium1 *os5 :5 "y & 9 full gr[?1 f]m5t$ aft] a v>y+ numb] ( days1 ev5 at a temp]ature ( #ab ,c4 7#ed ,f471 ! condition ( f]m5tation be+ t ! flasks 7 clos$ ) v ela/ic corks1 :i* _h be5 boil$ = a qu>t] or half an h\r2 ^! corks1 z ,i h already po9t$ out1 x is be/ to keep = a mon? aft] ! boil+1 to make sure1 by dry+ !m ?or\ghly aga91 ( de/roy+ any mycelia adh]+ to !m4 ,x is necess>y to keep ! flasks /opp]$ t ! corks may be always moi/1 & x is also advisable to %ake ! flasks once or twice a day1 to secure ! subm]sion ( ! spores4 ,if ^! conditions are c>ri$ out1 we %all soon see ! spores increase 9 size1 gradually lose _! gre5 col\r & !n bud1 & (t5 a v active f]m5tation w manife/ itself4 ,all ! spores w be trans=m$1 if ! flasks are p]fectly air-tight40#fj ,su* is ! mann] 9 :i* ,m4 ,trcul reg>ds ^! *anges4 ,8 is entirely a sy/em ( spontane\s g5]ation1 work$ out into m9ute/ detail1 f ! trans=mation ( ! album9\s sub/ances to ! =mation ( cells ( ! high] organisms1 pass+ f ! dis9tegration ( ! orig9al sub/ances to ! =mation ( v f9e granules1 f ^! to ! creation ( active bact]ia1 :i* la/1 9 _! turn1 become lactic f]m5t ?r\gh ! simple cessation ( _! faculty ( mov+ & s on4 ,we reg>d all ?is z purely imag9>y4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,m4 ,trcul's argum5t is bas$ on ! successive ph5om5a :i* manife/ !mselves 9 filt]$ wort 8conta9+ no granulations40 ,z ,m4 ,trcul reasons1 ?is condition is a necessity1 = he />ts ) ! ass]tion t ! album9\s sub/ances 9 ! wort become *ang$ into granulations 8t w develop into active bact]ia40 ,?is is ano!r ( ,m4 ,trcul's illusions4 ,no d\bt we may filt] hopp$ wort to almo/ p]fect cle>ness1 b we c only d ?is :5 x is cold4 ,if we filt] x w>m1 x w be bright z long z x rema9s w>m1 b z soon z cold x w appe> turbid1 9 consequ5ce ( ! great numb] ( m9ute granules float+ 9 x4 ,aga91 cold wort1 h[ev] little x may be or has be5 9 contact ) air1 und]goes a process ( oxidation1 & ?is oxidation1 :i* acts pr9cipally on ! col\r+ or res9\s matt]1 causes a deposit ( f9e granules1 ! numb] ( :i* is con/antly increas+ z oxidation goes on4 ,^! granules =m an absolutely in]t precipitate :i*1 "u no possible circum/ances1 c become trans=m$ into active bact]ia4 ,no?+ c be easi] ?an to prove ?is fact1 by tak+ "s ( our two-neck$ flasks 7,fig4 #d7 & prep>+ pure wort 9 !m1 by boil+1 & !n leav+ x to cool & und]go ! process ( oxidation4 ,9 wort ?us expos$ to ! air--! air be+ pure & free f g]ms--!re w be =m$ a granul> deposit1 :i* w nev] become active or trans=m itself into any k9d ( organism :atev]4 ,we may also rem>k t :il/ ,m4 ,trcul us$ wort 9 8 exp]im5ts1 he does n tell u if x 0 hopp$ or n4 ,_h ,m4 ,trcul in=m$ u t ! facts :i* he describ$ appli$ to unhopp$ wort1 we %\ld reply t a temp]ature ( #fj ,c4 or #gj ,c4 7#adj ,f4 or #afj ,f47 is q insuffici5t to kill ! g]ms ( bact]ia exi/+ 9 su* a wort4 ,hopp$ wort %\ld be heat$ to #gj ,c4 or #ge ,c4 7#afj ,f4 to #agj ,f471 t x may rema9 in]t aft] hav+ cool$ d[n 9 contact ) pure air2 unhopp$ wort mu/ be heat$ to ab\t #ij ,c4 7#aid ,f474 ,9 %ort1 :atev] may be ! case1 x mu/ be evid5t to our read]s t ! active bact]ia obs]v$ by ,m4 ,trcul exi/$ 9 ! =m ( g]ms 9 ! wort t he us$1 & t :at he obs]v$ 0 no?+ m ?an ! developm5t ( ^! g]ms :5 br\ght into contact ) ! air held 9 solution 9 ! liquid4 ,z = ! success ( ,m4 ,trcul's exp]im5ts on ! p5icillium1 we h no d\bt t t g5tleman has s[n g]ms ( yea/ or torul1 :i* be> s /rik+ a resemblance to yea/1 at ! same "t t he s[$ spores1 s9ce he took 8 spores f sporangia ( p5icillium t _h be5 expos$ to contact ) ord9>y air4 ,! conditions "u :i* ,m4 ,trcul conduct$ 8 exp]im5t r5d]$ x difficult = ! spores--al?\gh1 relatively1 mu* m num]\s ?an ! contam9at+ g]ms ( f]m5t ) :i* !y happ5$ to be associat$--to make way aga9/ ^! latt]1 s9ce ! spores 7 unable to cont9ue _! developm5t 9 a m$ium t 0 depriv$ ( oxyg54 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! cells ( f]m5t might easily h multipli$ to su* an ext5t z to make ! discov]y ( ! spores t _h be5 s[n a matt] ( "s difficulty1 s9ce ^? spores w\ld h be5 lo/ among/ ! great numb] ( cells ( f]m5t4 ,?is 01 probably1 "o ( ! causes :i* l$ to ! mi/ak5 notion t su* spores und]w5t conv]sion into cells ( f]m5t4 ,n[ al?\gh botani/s describe sev]al v>ieties ( p5icillium glaucum1 we d n suppose t ! cause ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 our results & ^? obta9$ by ,m4 ,trcul c be attribut$ to our hav+ op]at$ ^u a diff]5t v>iety ( p5icillium f t :i* he us$4 ,suppos+ t !re _h be5 a great diff]5ce betwe5 our two v>ieties1 /ill ,m4 ,trcul decl>es t he has realiz$ ! ph5om5on ) num]\s v>ieties ( ?is fungus4 ,m4 ,trcul expresses himself z foll[s3 8,i h us$ spores ( p5icillium ( sev]al v>ieties 9 ^! exp]im5ts3 ,fir/ly1 ?ick1 gre51 elliptic spores ( a v>iety ( p5icillium t gr[s on lemons2 secondly1 elliptic spores ( a blui% col\r & small] ?an ! prec$+1 ( ano!r v>iety ( p5icillium f\nd on lemons2 ?irdly1 sph]ical spores ( ! v>iety t]m$ p5icillium cru/aceum2 f\r?ly1 spores ( ! p5icillium t develops on ! yea/ ( be]4#fa0 ,?is criticism ( ,m4 ,trcul's op9ions 0 writt5 on ! occasion ( a discussion at ! ,academy1 aft] we _h be5 induc$ to read ov] aga9 ! rem>ks :i* he _h publi%$ on ! subject4 ,we 7 s impress$ by ! positive mann] 9 :i* 8 conclusions 7 /at$1 t we ask$ ourselves1 once m1 :i* ( u c\ld be mi/ak51 & once m1 also1 we appli$ ourselves to fre% exp]im5ts1 :i* we conduct$ ) e possible precaution1 foll[+1 z f> z we c\ld )\t fall+ into ! errors ( :i* we accuse ! le>n$ botani/1 ! mode ( proc$ure t he adopt$4 ,z 8 descriptions /ruck u z be+ at times insuffici5t1 we resolv$ to ask him = c]ta9 explanations viv voce 7,novemb] #crd1 #ahgc71 :i* he gave u ) ! greate/ will+ness4 8,e v>iety ( p5icillium10 said ,m4 ,trcul1 8especially :5 "y & vigor\s1 is am5able to trans=mation into f]m5t4 ,?is is ! way 9 :i* ,i op]at$2 ,i _h "s little flasks ( #cj c4c4 to #dj c4c4 7ab\t #a- fluid ounces7 9 capacity1 fill$ q full ) wort1 or1 at lea/1 conta9+ v little air1 clos$ p]fectly air-tight ) corks :i* ,i _h kept = a qu>t] ( an h\r 9 boil+ wat]4 ,^! flasks :5 cork$ 7 heat$ to #fj ,c4 or #gj ,c4 7#adj to #aeh ,f474 ,aft] !y _h cool$ ,i uncork$ !m1 & introduc$ into !m ! spores :i* _h be5 prep>$ z foll[s3 ,i plac$ on a piece ( glass "s spores ( ! v>iety ( p5icillium t ,i wi%$ to /udy1 tak5 ) a pair ( =ceps f a m\ldy lemon1 & ,i mix$ ^! spores ) a drop ( wort & obs]v$ !m "u ! microscope to assure myself t !y conta9$ no?+ ( a =eign nature2 !n ,i p\r$ my drop ( wort f ! piece ( glass into "o ( ! flasks1 :i* ,i recork$ & laid d[n4 ,! trans=mation into f]m5t took place next day40 ,provid$ ) ^! new data we set to "w aga9 & prep>$ a s]ies ( little flasks :i* 7 fill$ q full ) hopp$ wort1 or conta9$ b v little air1 z ,m4 ,trcul _h recomm5d$4 ,^! we heat$ 9 a hot wat] ba? to #gj ,c4 7#aeh ,f47 at lea/2 we !n impregnat$ !m1 obs]v+ ! necess>y precautions1 :i* we describ$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is p>agraph--n work+ 9 ! evid5tly defective mann] 9 :i* ,m4 ,trcul _h done4 ,tak+ 8 spore-se$s f a field ( sporanges expos$ to ! air1 & aft]w>ds manipulat+ !m1 9 contact ) ! air1 9 wat] on a piece ( glass1 be=e he made 8 microscopical exam9ation1 8 exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ "u circum/ances 9 e way conducive to ! introduction ( causes ( error4 ,"o ( ! mo/ s]i\s ( ^? causes is t :i* results f ! sub/ratum ( ! spores z tak5 f a m\ldy lemon4 ,if ,m4 ,trcul w exam9e "u ! microscope ! wat] 9 :i* any lemon has be5 wa%$--ev5 a s\nd lemon1 unattack$ by any fungoid gr[?--he w imm$iately see ! cause ( error to :i* 8 me?od ( work+ exposes him4 ,g]ms ( microscopic organisms exi/ abundantly on ! surface ( all fruits4 ,hav+ impregnat$ ! liquids 9 our flasks ) spores f a quantity ( pure sporangia gr[n 9 a clos$ vessel1 ga!r$ on ! po9t ( a plat9um wire1 :i* _h fir/ be5 heat$ & !n all[$ to cool1 we f\nd t 9 ea* case1 )\t exception1 g]m9ation took place1 !n a mycelium 0 develop$1 :i* soon1 h[ev]1 ceas$ to gr[ f want ( a prop] supply ( air2 b n 9 any s+le case 0 !re ! fa9te/ trace ( f]m5tation1 =mation ( yea/1 or appe>ance ( bact]ia or lactic f]m5t4 ,we repeat$ ^! exp]im5ts1 us+ unhopp$ wort in/ead & obta9$ simil> negative results4 ,we _h previ\sly det]m9$ t x 0 necess>y to heat flasks ( hopp$ wort to #gj ,c4 7#aeh ,f471 at lea/1 & ^? ( unhopp$ wort to #ij ,c4 7#aid ,f47 to secure !m f fur!r *ange4 ,9 %ort1 contr>y to ! ass]tions ( ,m4 ,trcul1 ,m4 ,h4 ,h(fmann1 & o!r naturali/s1 x is n true t ! spores ( p5icillium c *ange into alcoholic f]m5t4 ,reg>d$ f ano!r po9t ( view1 gr[?s ( pure p5icillium w give u "s rem>kable results1 ! int]pretation ( :i* seems to u to be intimately connect$ ) ! physiological !ory ( f]m5tation t we %all discuss 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,x is a "q z to ! production ( alcohol :il/ ! life ( ! plant is c>ri$ on "u c]ta9 conditions ( gr[?4 ,if we di/il sac*>9e liquids on ! surface or 9 ! body ( :i* we h gr[n p5icillium1 & repeat ! di/illation 9 ! mann] t we h already describ$ = ! detection ( ! m9ute/ quantities ( alcohol1 we %all readily f9d t ^? liquids frequ5tly d conta9 a little ord9>y alcohol4 ,moreov]1 if we reg>d ! quantities ( alcohol produc$1 :i* are always v m9ute1 seldom exce$+ #a or #ae ?\s&? ( ! total volume ( ! liquids1 we %all f9d t !re is no fix$ proportion betwe5 ?is alcohol & ! weights ( ! plants =m$4 ,x is possible1 = in/ance1 t we may obta9 m alcohol f "o plant ?an f ano!r weigh+ a hundr$ times z mu*4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 :5 ! vegetation is abundant we _c make out ! occurr5ce ( alcohol 9 spite ( ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! process describ$ 7p4 #gh74 ,:at c be ! cause ( ^! v>y+ results relat+ to ! production or non-production ( alcohol 9 ! vegetation ( ! little plant8 ,! num]\s exp]im5ts t we h made seem to demon/rate positively t !y are dep5d5t ^u v>iations 9 ! am\nt ( air or oxyg5 t is suppli$ to ! fungoid gr[?s1 :e!r1 t is1 ! vegetat+ mycelium alone be subm]g$1 or ! :ole plant ) its organs ( fructification4 ,:5 ! plant has at its disposal an excess ( oxyg51 z mu* z its vitality c dispose (1 !re is no alcohol1 or v little1 =m$4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! plant vegetates ) difficulty1 9 pres5ce ( an insuffici5cy ( oxyg51 ! proportion ( alcohol increases2 9 o!r words1 ! plant %[s a c]ta9 t5d5cy to behave aft] ! mann] ( f]m5ts4 ,"s "t ago1 wi%+ to assure ourselves t ! spores ( p5icillium c\ld n become trans=m$ into f]m5t1 we s[$ "s pure spores 9 small flasks1 hold+ f #ej c4c4 to #ajj c4c4 7f #b to #d fl4 oz471 :i* conta9$ v little air1 & :i* 7 seal$ h]metically aft] ! s[+4 ,"u ^! conditions1 ! g]m9ation & gr[? ( ! spores proce$$ ) great difficulty1 & soon ceas$ ?r\gh want ( air4 ,! total weight ( ! little plant 0 too small to be det]m9$4 ,9 cases ( ?is k9d1 if we di/il ! :ole ( ! liquid we %all (t5 see ! alcohol appe> 9 ! second di/illation1 ev5 ?\gh ! weight ( ! plant may h be5 sc>cely appreciable4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 side by side ) exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d1 we gr[ pure p5icillium 9 flasks conta9+ air & hav+ quantities ( sac*>9e liquids equal to ! quantities 9 ! small flasks ( :i* we h be5 speak+1 ! plant1 9 consequ5ce ( ! l>ge volume ( air at its disposal1 w develop vigor\sly1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ev5 a few days w h become p]ceptibly heavi]4 ,9 di/ill+ ! subjac5t liquid1 h[ev]1 we %all g5]ally f9d t x conta9s no alcohol at all1 ev5 ?\gh ! weight ( ! plant be half a gramme1 or m 7#f or #g gra9s74 ,^! results apply to all ! fungoid gr[?s t we h /udi$1 b !y v>y consid]ably ) ! nature ( ! organisms4 ,asp]gillus glaucus is1 9 ?is respect1 "o ( ! mo/ curi\s4 ,on ,june #ae?1 #ahgc1 we impregnat$ ?ree flasks ( wort1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ) pure spores ( asp]gillus glaucus4 ,! developm5t 0 rapid & ! fructification abundant4 ,on ,june #bj?1 we %ook up ! liquid & ! sup]natant fungoid gr[?s 9 ! ?ree flasks2 ! flasks ,a & ,b 7 !n treat$ z foll[s3-- ,we di/ill$ ! ,liquid 9 ,a to discov] ! pres5ce ( alcohol2 b c\ld f9d none4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,! flask ,b 0 connect$ ) a te/ flask 7,fig4 #ai71 into :i* ! liquid1 toge!r ) its fungoid gr[?1 0 transf]r$ f ,b4 ,! next day1 ,june #ba/1 ! mycelium :i* 0 on ! surface ( ! liquid1 9 ! neck ( ! flask1 0 /udd$ ) bubbles ( gas2 ^! we disp]s$ by %ak+4 ,on ,june #bbnd1 _m o!rs _h =m$ aga91 & a l>ge flake ( mycelium t _h ris5 f ! bottom ( ! te/ flask _h be5 /opp$ at ! bottom ( ! neck1 q di/5d$ by gas bubbles4 ,we lib]at$ ! gas by %ak+1 b ! bubbles =m$ aga9 by ! next day1 & ?is effect cont9u$ = sev]al days2 nev]!less ! lib]ation ( gas 0 n cont9u\s1 z is ! case 9 an ord9>y f]m5tation4 ,on ,july #bj? we drew (f ! liquid & di/ill$ x2 x 0 /ill v sweet1 b ?\gh x conta9$ a s5sible quantity ( alcohol1 ! microscope fail$ to detect a s+le cell ( ord9>y alcoholic f]m5t4 ,^! results %[ t ! asp]gillus :5 9 full gr[?1 ) pl5ty ( air at its disposal1 does n yield alcohol1 & t if we subm]ge x1 s z to prev5t ! oxyg5 ( ! air f readily com+ into contact ) its v>i\s p>ts1 x decomposes sug>1 aft] ! mann] ( yea/1 =m+ c>bonic acid gas & alcohol4 ,^! effects 7 /ill m m>k$ 9 ! case ( ! flask ,c1 ! liquid 9 :i*1 aft] hav+ be5 %ak5 up1 0 n decant$ to any great dep? 9 our te/ flask1 z _h be5 ! case ) ,b4 ,f ,june #ba/1 !re 0 mycelium on ! surface ( ! liquid1 /udd$ ) l>ge bubbles ( gas1 :i* =m$ aga9 aft] hav+ be5 lib]at$ by %ak+4 ,?is la/ flask 0 exam9$ on ,novemb] #a/1 #ahgc4 ,its aspect 0 un*ang$2 ! liquid 0 cov]$ ) mycelium load$ ) sporanges & borne up by l>ge old bubbles t _h n disappe>$4 ,! foll[+ 0 ! analysis ( ! liquid3-- ,alcohol #ab ,glucose #hdj ,dextr9e 787 #cbj ,! liquid 0 v bright1 & conta9$ an amorph\s granul> deposit1 =m$ by ! wort aft] x _h be5 boil$1 at ! "t :5 we prep>$ our flasks4 ,we cru%$ a small quantity ( mycelium t _h ris5 to ! surface ( ! liquid1 & obta9$ a field su* z is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bj4 ,among/ ! ord9>y filam5ts ( mycelium belong+ to ! plant1 :i* are n repres5t$ 9 our engrav+1 & :i* 7 n m ?an #a_/cjj ( a millimetre 7ne>ly #a_/gejj 947 9 diamet]1 we p]ceiv$ mu* l>g] ones1 swoll5 & contort$ 9 ! mo/ s+ul> mann]1 & measur+ z mu* z #a_/ej ( a millimetre across _! broade/ p>ts4 ,!re 0 also a multitude ( ! ord9>y spores ( asp]gillus mix$ ) o!rs ( l>g] size1 & big1 inflat$ cells1 ) irregul> or sph]ical protub]ances1 full ( granul> matt]4 ,z !re are all ! /ages betwe5 ! normal spores ( ! plant & ! big cells1 & betwe5 ^! latt] & ! filam5ts1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! :ole ( ?is /range vegetation results f spores :i* *ange _! /ructure "u ! influ5ce ( special conditions to :i* !y are expos$4#fb ,beyond all d\bt ^! cells & irregul>ly %ap$ segm5ts1 9 vegetat+ ) difficulty1 gave rise to ! f]m5tation1 :i*1 al?\gh insignificant1 0 suffici5tly m>k$ to produce m ?an a gramme 7#ae gra9s7 ( alcohol4 ,! oxyg5 ( ! air fail+1 or exi/+ 9 insuffici5t quantity = ! regul> developm5t ( ! filam5ts ( mycelium belong+ to ! plant1 & = ! g]m9ation ( its subm]g$ spores1 filam5ts & spores vegetat$ z ! yea/ ( be] might h done if depriv$ ( oxyg54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,if we /udy ! vegetation ( asp]gillus glaucus ) ?is preconceiv$ idea1 we %all soon recognize ! fact t ^! sph]ical =ms ( mycelium are ! result ( a great] or less deprivation ( air4 ,! filam5ts ( ?is mycelium :i* develop freely 9 ! a]at$ liquid are "y & transp>5t1 small 9 diamet]1 & exhibit ! ord9>y ramifications4 ,^? :i* are situat$ ab\t ! c5tre1 9 ! d5s] or m complicat$ p>ts1 to :i* ! oxyg5 _c p5etrate 9 consequ5ce ( its absorption by ! surr\nd+ p>ts1 are m granul> 9 appe>ance z well z l>g]1 & incl9$ to develop swell+s4 ,we c obs]ve no conidia#fc on ^! filam5ts1 b we may say t !y are on ! po9t ( appe>+1 = ! sph]ical segm5ts (t5 t5d to assume an appe>ance ( close jo9t+1 z :5 !y take ! =m ( ^? r[s ( swell+1 or cells1 :i* has giv5 rise to ! idea ( ! *aplets ( ! conidia-cellules4 ,?is is repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ sket*es 7,fig4 #ba71 :i* we h purposely contra/$ ) two simil> ones :i* relate to ! mucor1 ( :i* we %all soon speak4 ,! conidia ( ^! latt] are v rem>kable1 & _! f]m5tative "* becomes app>5t z soon z _! gr[?s are depriv$ ( air4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba ,a4 ,gr[? ) abundant air-supply at ! edge ( ! mycelium cru/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba ,b4 ,gr[? ) r$uc$ air-supply 9 ! c5tral & deep] p>ts ( ! mycelium4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba ,c4 ,gr[? ) abundant air-supply at ! edge ( ! mycelium tuft4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba ,d4 ,gr[? ) r$uc$ air-supply 9 ! c5tral & deep] p>ts4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to add t 9 ^! vegetations ( asp]gillus1 :i* 7 accompani$ by a correspond+ alcoholic f]m5tation1 x 0 impossible to f9d cells ( yea/2 & t1 not)/&+ ?is1 ! liquid 0 s adapt$ to ord9>y alcoholic f]m5tation1 t1 :5 we add$ a small quantity ( yea/ to x1 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs1 a mo/ active alcoholic f]m5tation decl>$ itself4 ,we may give "s o!r facts relat+ to a crop ( asp]gillus glaucus :i* 0 also gr[n 9 ord9>y hopp$ wort1 & :i* 0 left to itself = a ye>4 ,a two-neck$ flask1 hold+ #cjj c4c4 7r m ?an #aj fl4 oz47 0 prep>$ & impregnat$ on ,decemb] #ba/1 #ahgc1 & 0 !n plac$ 9 an ov5 at a temp]ature ( #be ,c4 7#gg ,f474 ,! fungoid gr[? develop$ 9 isolat$ tufts1 :i* subsequ5tly unit$1 b )\t entirely cov]+ ! surface ( ! wort4 ,a few tufts also vegetat$ at ! bottom ( ! liquid2 ^? on ! surface soon became surr\nd$ by l>ge bubbles ( gas4 ,on ,decemb] #ab?1 #ahgd1 we exam9$ ! liquid & ! plant1 :i* = a long "t _h appe>$ dead4 ,its mycelium 0 =m$ ( ag$1 granulat$ filam5ts1 ) few swell+s4 ,! weight ( ! dry fungoid gr[? 0 #jej gramme 7ab\t #h gra9s7 = a total volume ( liquid ( #abb c4c4 7#d-a_/d fluid ounces74 ,we obta9$ #dd c4c4 ( alcohol ( #ae1 :i* 0 ab\t sev5 times ! weight ( ! plant4 ,f9ally1 we det]m9$ ! acidity ( ! liquid1 & f\nd #bh grammes1 9 equival5ts ( sulphuric acid1 a quantity greatly 9 excess ( ! total acidity ( an equal volume ( wort1 a fact :i* %[s u t f]m5tation caus$ by asp]gillus glaucus is accompani$ by ! =mation ( an organic acid1 ! nature ( :i* x w\ld be int]e/+ to det]m9e4 ,m4 ,gayon has comm5c$ ! /udy ( ?is subject 9 our laboratory4 ,9 conclud+ our obs]vations on ! asp]gillus glaucus1 we may give ! comp>ative results ( two gr[?s t 7 obta9$ "u precisely simil> conditions1 9 flasks ( exactly ! same size1 b diff]+ 9 ?is respect--t "o ( !m 0 con/antly subject$ to a curr5t ( pure air t play$ on ! liquid4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few days1 :5 ! fungoid gr[? 9 ! flask t _h be5 a]at$ _h atta9$ a consid]able size1 9 comp>ison ) ! o!r1 we broke ! flasks 9 ord] t we might take out ! two gr[?s & comp>e _! weights4 ,aft] dry+ !m at #ajj ,c4 7#bab ,f47 we f\nd3-- ,gr[? 9 ! a]at$ flask #jib ,gr[? 9 ! clos$ flask #jaf ,ratio ( weights1 #ib_/af #ege4 ,aga91 al?\gh we _h tak5 ! precaution ( cond5s+ 9 a ,u tube1 ov] :i* cold wat] play$1 ! vap\rs c>ri$ away by ! curr5t ( air1 ! liquid 9 ! a]at$ flask gave no evid5ce ( alcohol4 ,t 9 ! o!r flask conta9$ a v appreciable quantity1 al?\gh ! weight ( fungoid gr[? 9 t flask 0 sc>cely a six? "p ( :at x 0 9 ! o!r4 ,! prec$+ facts tak5 altoge!r1 seem to u to demon/rate once m1 9 ! mo/ conclusive mann]3-- ,fir/ly1 ,t nei!r p5icillium nor asp]gillus glaucus c *ange into yea/1 ev5 "u conditions t are mo/ fav\rable to ! life ( t f]m5t4 ,secondly1 ,t a fungoid gr[? :i* vegetates by us+ ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 & :i* d]ives f ! oxidat+ action ( t gas1 ! heat t x requires to enable x to p]=m ! acts necess>y to its nutrition1 may cont9ue to live1 al?\gh ) difficulty1 9 ! abs5ce ( oxyg52 t1 9 su* a case1 ! =ms ( its mycelian or sporic vegetation und]go a *ange1 ! plant1 at ! same "t1 ev9c+ a great t5d5cy to act z alcoholic f]m5t1 t is to say1 decompos+ sug> & =m+ c>bonic acid gas1 alcohol1 & o!r sub/ances :i* we h n det]m9$1 & :i* probably v>y ) diff]5t gr[?s4 ,su*1 at lea/1 is "o int]pretation ( ! facts t we h review$4 ,! obs]vations 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs & *apt]s may ! m incl9e our read]s to accept x z ! true "o4 ,,ii4--,gr[? ( ,mycod]ma ,v9i 9 a /ate ( ,purity--,confirmation ( our orig9al ,conjectures z to ! cause ( ,f]m5tation--,mycod]ma ,v9i does n ,*ange into ,yea/1 al?\gh x may give rise to ,f]m5tation4 ,! effloresc5ce ( w9e1 cid]1 & be] is pretty g5]ally kn[n4#fd ,f]m5t$ liquors _c be expos$ to ! air )\t soon becom+ cov]$ ) a :ite film1 :i* gr[s ?ick & becomes wr9kl$ 9 a m>k$ mann] 9 proportion z x is depriv$ ( room :]e9 to spread horizontally1 9 accord ) ! extraord9>y multiplication ( ! cellules t compose x4 ,! rapidity ( ?is multiplication is sometimes a/\nd+4 ,dur+ ! heat ( summ]1 :5 ! m$ium is well adapt$ to ! life ( ! plant1 we may c\nt ! numb] ( cells :i* gr[ 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs by millions4 ,! absorption ( ! oxyg5 necess>y to ! activity ( ?is gr[?1 & ! heat develop$ 9 ! film1 z well z ! lib]ation ( c>bonic acid gas1 t result f x are consid]able4 ,a piece ( glass cov]+ ! mycod]ma1 at "s di/ance above x1 becomes wet ) moi/ure1 t soon accumulates to =m l>ge drops ( wat]4 ,! quantity ( oxyg5 absorb$ is s great t we nev] see any o!r fungoid gr[? on ! surface ( ?is film1 al?\gh ! air is con/antly deposit+ on x1 z du/1 spores ( an entirely diff]5t "*2 =1 not)/&+ t ! w>m & moi/ surface is 9 contact ) an atmosph]e t is be+ cont9ually r5ew$1 yet ! mycod]ma appropriates to itself all ! oxyg5 conta9$ 9 ! air4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! vegetation beg9s to langui%1 we (t5 f9d1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! plant becomes associat$ ) o!r species ( mycod]ma1 notably mycod]ma aceti1 z well z o!r fungi1 among/ :i* p5icillium glaucum g5]ally appe>s4 ,?is is "o ( ! facts :i*1 wrongly int]pret$1 h l$ to ! belief t mycod]ma v9i or c]evisi may possibly1 or ev5 readily1 become trans=m$ into p5icillium1 & vice v]s4#fe ,z ! /udy ( ! gr[? ( mycod]ma v9i on ! surface ( sac*>9e liquids & 9 _! dep?s1 unaccompani$ by any o!r species1 has ! mo/ important be>+ on ! !ory ( alcoholic f]m5tation1 we may pursue x ?r\gh a few examples ) all ! detail t x all[s (4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,on ,june #ba/1 #ahgb1 we s[$ "s mycod]ma v9i 9 ?ree flasks1 ) d\ble necks1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c 7,fig4 #bb71 conta9+ "s wort4 ,! spores employ$ = ! purpose 7 obta9$ f plants gr[+ on sweet5$ yea/-wat] 9 an ord9>y clos$ flask4 ,?is _h be5 impregnat$ ) spores f plants gr[n on wort1 :i* 9 turn _h sprung f spores tak5 directly f mycod]ma v9i gr[+ on w9e4 ,! sev]al impregnations 7 effect$ by means ( a plat9um wire1 held by =ceps1 bo? hav+ be5 fir/ clean$ by pass+ ?r\gh flame1 & !n sme>$ ) ! fungoid films4 ,by ?is s]ies ( gr[+s 9 clos$ vessels1 :i* 7 b mom5t>ily op5 at ! "t :5 we dropp$ ! spores into !m1 we secur$ ! sep>ation ( ! mycod]ma f all =eign organisms2 & m p>ticul>ly f g]ms ( mycod]ma aceti1 :i* is g5]ally f\nd along ) x1 b :i* propagates ) difficulty 9 neutral sac*>9e liquids4 ,on ! foll[+ days films ( mycod]ma v9i _h spread ov] ! surface ( ! liquid 9 ! ?ree flasks4 ,to all appe>ance !y 7 v pure2 & ! microscope %[$ ! complete abs5ce ( any mixture ( mycod]ma aceti1 lactic f]m5t1 or o!r =eign gr[?s4#ff ,on ,june #bf? we decant$ & di/ill$ ! liquid 9 ,a )\t f9d+ any trace ( alcohol4 ,we %ook up ! liquids 9 ,b & ,c1 ) all due precautions1 s z to subm]ge _! films z mu* z possible1 & !n we rais$ ! temp]ature ( ! flasks to #bf ,c4 or #bh ,c4 7#hb ,f474 ,= "s days aft]w>ds we saw a con/ant succession ( m9ute bubbles ( c>bonic acid gas ris+ ?r\gh ! liquid1 :i* rema9$ bright "u ! "p ( ! film t _h n fall5 94 ,x _h all ! appe>ance ( a sl[ b cont9u\s f]m5tation4 ,on ,june #bi? we decant$ & di/ill$ ! liquid 9 ,b1 & f\nd 9 x an appreciable quantity ( alcohol1 :i* %[$ itself 9 ! fir/ di/illation4 ,! flask ,c1 :i* 0 %ak5 afre%1 cont9u$ to give signs ( f]m5tation1 b1 "s days lat]1 ! evolution ( ! bubbles ceas$4 ,on ,july #ae?1 #ahgc1 we exam9$ ! flask ) its film & its deposit ( mycod]ma v9i1 )\t f9d+ a trace ( any =eign gr[?s1 ei!r 9 ! %ape ( p5icillium glaucum1 or mucor muc$o1 or rhyzopus nigrans1 or mycod]ma aceti1 or1 9 %ort1 any ( ! organisms :i* c\ld n h fail$ to appe> on ! surface ( a sub/ratum s peculi>ly adapt$ to _! developm5t1 _h x be5 9 ! nature ( mycod]ma v9i to trans=m itself into "o or o!r ( ^? common fungoid gr[?s4 ,! liquid1 moreov]1 /ill rema9$ sweet1 & did n conta9 any cells ( actual yea/4 ,we may conclude !n t :5 "o or m ( ^! fungi occur1 aft] an int]val ( "s days1 9 a gr[? ( mycod]ma v9i conduct$ 9 contact ) common air1 x does s 9 consequ5ce ( t air hav+1 )\t ! k ( ! obs]v]1 impregnat$ ! liquid spontane\sly ) g]ms ( ^! =eign organisms4 ,!re might p]haps be room = "s fe> t ! conditions ( gr[? 9 our flasks 7 n fav\rable to ! simultane\s appe>ance ( ^! common fungoid gr[?s along ) ! mycod]ma v9i4 ,on ,june #bd?1 #ahgb1 we s[$1 9 ?ree flasks ( sug>$ yea/-wat]1 prep>$ z be=e--9 ! fir/1 mycod]ma v9i1 toge!r ) p5icillium glaucum2 9 ! second1 mycod]ma v9i1 toge!r ) mucor muc$o2 9 ! ?ird1 mycod]ma v9i alone4 ,we effect$ ?is by plung+ ! plat9um wire1 :i* we us$ = impregnat+ ! liquids1 into ! pure film ( mycod]ma v9i1 & !n t\*+ ) ! wire ! sporanges ( ! o!r fungus4 ,on ,june #bi?1 we saw on ! surface ( our fir/ flask "s gre5 pat*es ( p5icillium1 along ) "s spots ( mycod]ma v9i2 9 ! second flask a volum9\s mycelium ( mucor muc$o1 di/5d$ by l>ge bubbles1 _h ris5 to ! surface ( ! liquid1 & 0 entirely cov]$ by a film ( mycod]ma v9i4 ,z = ! liquid 9 ! ?ird flask1 !re 7 only a few spots ( v pure mycod]ma v9i4 ,?is la/ flask1 aft] be+ kept 9 an ov5 at #be ,c4 7#gg ,f47 = sev]al mon?s1 /ill conta9$ no?+ b mycod]ma v9i1 unmix$ ) any o!r fungoid gr[? :atev]4 ,we may !re=e be sure t mycod]ma v9i1 vegetat+ on ! surface ( liquids adapt$ to its nutrition1 9 contact ) air depriv$ ( its g]m9at+ du/1 w n pres5t ! lea/ sign ( a trans=mation into any ( ^! o!r common fungi1 or into yea/1 h[ev] long may be ! duration ( its exposure to contact ) t pure air4 ,we may n[ return to t feeble & limit$ production ( c>bonic acid gas & alcohol1 ! =mation ( :i* we h %[n exp]im5tally to take place at a high temp]ature1 aft] subm]g+ ! film ( mycod]ma v9i4#fg ,!re c be no d\bt t we h "h a ph5om5on simil> 9 e po9t to t pres5t$ by p5icillium & asp]gillus1 :i* we /udi$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph4 ,:5 ! g]ms or jo9t$ filam5ts ( mycod]ma v9i1 gr[+ on a sac*>9e sub/ratum 9 contact ) ! air1 are 9 ! full activity ( life1 ?is activity is c>ri$ on at ! exp5se ( ! sug> & o!r mat]ials 9 ! liquid1 9 ! same way t animals consume ! oxyg5 ( ! air & evolve c>bonic acid4 ,! consumption ( ! diff]5t mat]ials is att5d$ ) a proportionate =mation ( new mat]ials1 developm5t ( /ructure1 & reproduction ( organisms4 ,"u ^! conditions1 n only does ! mycod]ma v9i n =m a suffici5cy ( alcohol = analytical det]m9ation1 b1 if any alcohol exi/s 9 ! subjac5t liquid1 ! mycod]ma consumes x1 conv]t+ x into wat] & c>bonic acid gas1 by fixation ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air4#fh ,if1 h[ev]1 we sudd5ly subm]ge ! mycod]ma1 we %all obta9 a diff]5t result4 ,if1 on ! "o h&1 ! conditions ( life ( ?is fungus are incompatible ) ! alt]$ circum/ances 9 :i* x is plac$1 ! plant mu/ p]i%1 j z an animal does :5 depriv$ ( oxyg54 ,b if1 9 spite ( ^! *ang$ conditions ( nutrition1 x c /ill cont9ue 9 life1 we %\ld expect to see m>k$ *anges 9 its organic /ructure1 or *emical metamorphoses4 ,! result ( our obs]vations po9ts to ! cont9uance ( life1 9 a di/9ct ?\gh sluggi% & fugaci\s activity1 accompani$ by ! ph5om5a ( alcoholic f]m5tation1 t is1 ! evolution ( c>bonic acid gas1 & ! production ( alcohol4 ,if we take a drop ( liquid *>g$ ) disjo9t$ cells ( mycod]ma1 a day or two imm$iately aft] ! subm]sion ( ! film1 we %all obs]ve *anges1 small b appreciable1 9 ! aspect ( a great numb] ( ^! cells2 !y w %[ increase 9 size1 _! protoplasm w be 9 process ( modification1 & _m ( !m w h put =? little buds4 ,x w be q evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ^! acts ( int]ior nutrition & ! *anges ( tissue result+ f !m1 proce$ ) difficulty2 ! buds :5 !y =m w soon )]1 & !re w be no multiplication ( new cells4 ,^! *anges w1 nev]!less1 be accompani$ by ! decomposition ( sug> into alcohol & c>bonic acid4 ,9 comp>+ ^! facts ) ^? :i* we h po9t$ out 9 connection ) ! cultivation ( p5icillium & asp]gillus1 we are compell$ to admit t ! production ( alcohol & c>bonic acid gas f sug>--9 "o ^w1 alcoholic f]m5tation--is a *emical action1 connect$ ) ! vegetable life ( cells :i* may diff] greatly 9 _! nature1 & t x takes place at ! mom5t :5 ^! cells1 ceas+ to h ! p[] ( freely consum+ ! mat]ials ( _! nutrition by respiratory processes--t is1 by ! absorption ( free oxyg5--cont9ue to live by utiliz+ oxyg5at$ matt]s :i*1 l sug> or su* un/able sub/ances1 produce heat by _! decomposition4 ,! "* ( f]m5t ?us pres5ts itself to u1 n z be+ peculi> to any p>ticul> be+ or to any p>ticul> organ1 b z a g5]al prop]ty ( ! liv+ cell4 ,?is "* is always ready to manife/ itself1 &1 9 reality1 does manife/ itself z soon z life ceases to p]=m its functions "u ! influ5ce ( free oxyg51 or )\t a quantity ( t gas suffici5t = all ! acts ( nutrition4 ,?us we %\ld see x appe> & disappe> concomitantly ) t mode ( life2 feeble & fugaci\s 9 its action :5 ! conditions ( ?is vitality are ( a simil>ly re/rict$ "*2 int5se1 on ! o!r h&1 & ( long duration & productive ( l>ge quantities ( c>bonic acid gas & alcohol1 :5 ! conditions are su* t ! plant or cell c multiply ) facility 9 ?is novel mann]4 ,to ?is we may attribute all possible degrees ( activity 9 f]m5tation1 z well z ! exi/5ce ( f]m5ts ( e v>iety ( =m & ( v diff]5t species4 ,x may readily be imag9$ t sug> may und]go decomposition 9 a q diff]5t mann] f t ( :i* we h spok51 t in/ead ( alcohol1 c>bonic acid gas1 glyc]9e1 & simil> sub/ances1 x may yield lactic1 butyric1 acetic1 & o!r acids4 ,x w\ld be only "o def9ite class ( cellul> organisms1 ! memb]s ( :i* resembl$ ea* o!r m or less1 t decompos$ sug> into alcohol & c>bonic acid2 o!rs1 specifically diff]5t1 w\ld act 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,9 %ort1 we may say t ! numb] ( ^! liv+ organisms is a measure ( ! numb] ( diff]5t f]m5ts4 ,plate ,,iv4 repres5ts 9 its two halves ! condition ( ! mycod]ma v9i at two diff]5t & unequal p]iods aft] its subm]sion4 ,9 ! left-h& semi-circle1 x is evid5t t _m ( ! figures are swoll51 t modification ( _! protoplasm has tak5 place1 & incipi5t budd+ is go+ on 9 sev]al ( !m4 ,a budd+ ( ?is k9d w\ld n )]2 ! buds w\ld gr[ &1 deta*+ !mselves1 w\ld =m new cells capable ( budd+ 9 _! turn4 ,we %\ld h "u our eyes all ! *>act]i/ics ( a yea/1 :i*1 beyond d\bt1 w\ld give rise to a v active f]m5tation1 inasmu* z x w\ld belong to ! ord] ( ph5om5a ( nutrition & vital en]gy ( :i* we are speak+4 ,in/ead1 h[ev]1 ( insi/+ ^u ! acceptance ( our int]pretations1 bas$ on a few facts m]ely1 let u g on to accumulate facts1 v>y+ ! conditions z mu* z possible4 ,our examples1 tak5 s+ly1 may seem insuffici5t to e/abli% ! !ory t x w be our endeav\r to sub/antiate1 b tak5 toge!r we tru/ t !y w secure our read]s' confid5ce4 ,we may n[1 p]haps ) advantage1 introduce two new expressions to embody ! prec$+ facts1 by ! help ( :i* we may (t5 %ort5 our subsequ5t explanations4 ,s9ce life c cont9ue1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 away f contact ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 & s9ce ! alt]$ nutrition is accompani$ by a ph5om5on :i* is ( great sci5tific z well z indu/rial importance1 we may divide liv+ be+s into two classes1 arobian1 t is ^? :i* _c live )\t air1 & anarobian1 :i*1 /rictly speak+1 & = a "t1 c d )\t x2 ^! latt] w\ld be f]m5ts1 prop]ly s call$4 ,aga91 s9ce we c conceive1 9 an entire organism1 "s organ or ev5 a cell capable ( exi/+1 at lea/ mom5t>ily1 ap>t f ! influ5ce ( ! air1 & end[$ at a giv5 mom5t ) ! "* ( a f]m5t1 we may1 9 l mann]1 make use ( ! expression anarobian cell1 9 opposition to a cell t is arobian4 ,z long ago z #ahfc1 9 our "w on putrefaction1 we propos$ to adopt ! prec$+ expressions1 & s9ce !n we h _h ! satisfaction ( see+ !m us$ by diff]5t au?ors 9 ,france & o!r c\ntries4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal ass]tions 9 ?is p>agraph relates to ! non-trans=mation ( mycod]ma v9i into o!r m\lds or into yea/4#fi ,illu/ration3 ,plate #d4 ,mycod]ma ,v9i function+ z an ,alcoholic ,f]m5t4--,"r ,half1 %[+ ,appe>ance ( ,spores j ,s[n2 ,left ,half1 _! ,appe>ance aft] an ,int]val ( ,subm]g$ ,life4 ,= a long "t1 l ,turp9 & _m o!r obs]v]s1 al?\gh we _h no belief 9 ! trans=mation ( mycod]ma v9i into any "o ( ! common m\lds1 yet we did believe 9 its trans=mation into alcoholic f]m5t4 ,9 ! c\rse ( m elaborate rese>*es1 h[ev]1 we at la/ discov]$ t our previ\s exp]im5ts _h be5 vitiat$ f ! same s\rce ( error :i* we h s (t5 _h occasion to po9t out z affect+ ! obs]vations ( our oppon5ts1 namely1 ! =tuit\s & spontane\s introduction1 unkn[n to ! exp]im5tali/1 ( g]ms ( ! v plant = ^: appe>ance by way ( trans=mation he is seek+4 ,:5 we consid] t e f]m5t$ v9\s liquor1 :5 put on draught1 is liable to effloresc5ce1 x is difficult to avoid ! supposition t ?is effloresc5ce is prim>ily due to cells ( ! yea/ t has caus$ ! liquid to f]m5t1 f :i* cells ! liquid c\ld n be completely fre$1 no matt] h[ bright x might h be51 & :i* come to ! surface ( ! liquid to live aft] ! mann] ( fungoid gr[?s4 ,we wi%$ to te/ ?is supposition by means ( exp]im5ts4 ,s great1 h[ev]1 0 ! resemblance betwe5 ! =ms possible to yea/ & mycod]ma1 ( :i* latt] effloresc5ce is really compos$1 t we q despair$ ( be+ able to solve ! "q by microscopical exam9ation1 t is1 by obs]v+ ! actual conv]sion ( a cell ( yea/ into a cell ( mycod]ma4 ,9 ord]1 !n1 to ov]come t difficulty1 we endeav\r$ to produce an inv]se trans=mation--t ( mycod]ma into yea/4 ,we imag9$ t we %\ld d\btless obta9 ?is result by subm]g+ "s ( ! effloresc5ce ( w9e or be] 9 a sac*>9e liquid well adapt$ to alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,by subm]g+ ! mycod]ma we w\ld d away ) ! ord9>y conditions ( life 9 ?is k9d ( fungoid gr[?2 = we w\ld ?us prev5t ! supply ( oxyg5 f ! air1 s9ce t oxyg5 w\ld always be exclud$1 9 ! mo/ effectual mann] possible1 by ! portion ( mycod]ma t w\ld rema9 on ! surface ( ! liquid1 ev5 aft] ! subm]sion process2 & on ! o!r h&1 we w\ld be subject+ our gr[? to ! ord9>y conditions ( f]m5t life1 :i* acts at ! bottom or 9 ! bulk ( liquids f]m5t+4 ,our exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,9 "s flat porcela9 bas9s1 we grew "s pure mycod]ma v9i#gj on f]m5t$ liquids1 su* z w9e or be]1 or on artificially v9\s liquids1 su* z alcoholiz$ yea/-wat]1 tak+ c>e to boil ^! liquids previ\sly to kill any g]ms ( yea/ or o!r organism t !y might conta94 ,! bas9s !mselves1 z well z ! plates ( glass ) :i* !y 7 to be cov]$1 7 plung$ into boil+ wat] j be=e !y 7 want$ = use4 ,z soon z ! film ( mycod]ma _h become well develop$ & ?ick1 & ev5 wr9kl$--a process requir+ n m ?an two or ?ree days dur+ summ] heat--we decant$ ! subjac5t liquid1 by means ( a siphon1 s z to leave ! film on ! bottom ( ! bas94 ,we !n diffus$ ! :ole mass ( effloresc5ce 9 a sac*>9e liquid t _h be5 boil$ & aft]w>ds cool$ d[n 9 a clos$ vessel2 g5]ally1 we us$ wort or mu/ pres]v$ by ,app]t's process4 ,aft] t1 we empti$ ! mixture ( sac*>9e liquid & effloresc5ce into long-neck$ flasks t _h likewise be5 previ\sly heat$1 z also _h ! funnels us$ 9 ! process ( transf]5ce4 ,x seem$ to u t exp]im5ts conduct$ ) all ^! precautions mu/ be free f causes ( error4 ,x 0 true t we 7 work+ m or less 9 contact ) atmosph]ic air1 b all t we _h to fe> = ! s\ndness ( ! conclusions :i* we might draw 0 ! pres5ce ( g]ms ( alcoholic f]m5t1 & we consid]$ h[ few ( ^! !re are among/ float+ p>ticles ( du/4 ,consequ5tly1 if we succe$$ 9 obs]v+ ! adv5t ( yea/ 9 ea* ( ! long-neck$ flasks1 accompani$ by an active alcoholic f]m5tation1 we ?\ght t we might1 )\t dang] ( error1 admit z a fact ! trans=mation ( cells ( mycod]ma into cells ( yea/4 ,aga91 we ?\ght t we %\ld probably f9d 9 ! =ms ( ! cells ( yea/ :i* 7 directly d]iv$ f ! cells ( mycod]ma1 a m or less elongat$ /ructure1 :i* w\ld be a conv9c+ pro( ( ! trans=mation t we 7 seek+1 if1 inde$1 su* trans=mation 7 possible4 ,/range to say1 ev]y?+ happ5$ 9 a mann] t seem$ to realize our expectations4 ,! sac*>9e worts 9 ! flasks 9 :i* we _h mix$ & subm]g$ ! mycod]ma1 f]m5t$ 9 ! c\rse ( a few days2 ! yea/ fir/ appe>$ 9 elongat$ %apes2 la/ly1 we c\ld see "u ! microscope t _m ( ! cells or jo9t$ filam5ts ( mycod]ma 7 inflat$ & pres5t$ ! appe>ance ( und\bt$ gradations betwe5 _! natural /ate & t ( ! cells ( yea/ :i* soon =m$ "p ( ! deposit 9 ! vessels4 ,9 spite ( all ?is1 h[ev]1 we 7 ! victims ( an illusion4 ,9 exp]im5ts conduct$ z we h j describ$1 ! yea/ :i* appe>s1 & :i* soon sets up an active alcoholic f]m5tation1 is introduc$ 9 ! fir/ place by atmosph]ic air1 f :i* g]ms are con/antly fall+ ei!r ^u ! film ( mycod]ma or ^u ! objects t are employ$ 9 ! successive manipulations4 ,two peculi>ities 9 ^! exp]im5ts fir/ op5$ our eyes to ! exi/5ce ( ?is cause ( error4 ,we sometimes f\nd at ! bottom ( ! flasks 9 :i* we _h subm]g$ ! effloresc5ce1 along ) ! cells ( mycod]ma1 l>ge1 sph]ical cells ( mucor muc$o or racemosus1 f]m5t-cells t we %all soon le>n to recognize 9 /udy+ ?is curi\s fungoid gr[?4 ,! exi/5ce ( mucor muc$o or racemosus1 :]e we _h only s[n mycod]ma v9i1 0 to u a pro( t "o or m spores ( t mucor _h be5 introduc$ by ! surr\nd+ air4 ,if !n1 we reason$1 ! air c introduce spores ( mucor into our field ( op]ations1 :y %\ld x n introduce cells ( yea/1 especially 9 our laboratory8 ,aga91 x sometimes happ5$ t a negative result 0 obta9$4 ,h>ass$ by d\bts ab\t ! reality ( ?is trans=mation1 :i* accord$ s well )1 ! physiological !ory ( f]m5tation we _h be5 l$ to adopt1 we repeat$ ! exp]im5ts _m times1 & 9 "s cases we fail$ to detect any appe>ance :atev] ( a trans=mation ( mycod]ma into yea/ cells1 al?\gh ! conditions "u :i* ea* ( ! exp]im5ts 0 conduct$ _h be5 z simil> z c\ld be4 ,we 7 at a loss to acc\nt = ?is inactivity 9 ! cells ( ! mycod]ma4 ,ev5 9 ! mo/ fav\rable cases ( ! suppos$ f]m5tation1 x 0 evid5t t a ho/ ( cells ( mycod]ma v9i did n become cells ( yea/2 b h[ c\ld x possibly be admitt$ t among/ ! millions ( subm]g$ cells1 none 7 adapt$ = trans=mation1 if t trans=mation 7 at all possible8 ,!reupon1 to f9d a way out ( ! difficulty1 we resolv$ to modify completely ! conditions ( our exp]im5ts1 & to apply to ! rese>* t we _h 9 view a mode ( cultivation t might completely1 or ne>ly s1 obviate ! sole cause ( error t we suspect$1 namely1 ! possible fall ( cells or g]ms ( yea/ dur+ ! manipulations4 ,we secur$ ?is by ! use ( flasks ) two tubes1 ! "r h& "o ( :i* 0 clos$ by means ( a piece ( india-rubb] tub+ ) a glass /opp]1 ! o!r "o be+ drawn out 9 ! %ape ( a swan's neck4 ,! use ( ^! flasks1 :i* 0 !n new to u1 p]mitt$ u to gr[ mycod]ma & to /udy x "u ! microscope )\t fe> ( di/urbance f ext]ior p>ticles ( du/4 ,?is "t we obta9$ ! results giv5 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is p>agraph4 ,we no long] obs]v$ yea/ or alcoholic f]m5tation foll[+ ! subm]sion ( ! effloresc5ce1 ei!r 9 ! flasks !mselves1 or 9 ! te/-flasks atta*$ to !m1 z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,we obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t k9d ( alcoholic f]m5tation ( :i* we h already spok5 & :i* is due to ! mycod]ma itself1 a f]m5tative action t is /ill m in/ructive ?an ! "o :i* we ?\ght we _h det]m9$1 & c]ta9ly n less calculat$ to support ! !ory ( f]m5tation :i* we h already briefly sket*$4 ,9 an age :5 ideas involv+ trans=mation ( species are s readily accept$1 p]haps 9 consequ5ce ( _! requir+ no rigor\s exp]im5tal "w1 x is n )\t int]e/ to consid] t1 9 ! c\rse ( our rese>*es ^u ! gr[?s ( microscopic plants 9 a /ate ( purity1 we once 7 incl9$ to believe 9 ! trans=mation ( "o organism into ano!r--! trans=mation ( mycod]ma v9i or c]evisi into yea/1 & t1 on t occasion1 we 7 altoge!r wrong1 ?r\gh hav+ ourselves fall5 a victim to ! id5tical s\rce ( error :i* confid5ce 9 our !ory ( g]ms _h l$ u s frequ5tly to detect z affect+ ! obs]vations ( o!rs4 ,,iii4--,gr[? ( ,mycod]ma ,aceti 9 a ,/ate ( ,purity4 ,! /udy ( mycod]ma aceti has n escap$ ! num]\s causes ( error :i* are apt to att5d all obs]vations made on microscopic organisms4 ,?is little fungus is /ill believ$ by _m au?ors to be "o ( ^? polymorph\s species capable ( great modifications1 accord+ to ! conditions ( _! cultivation--x c\ld be1 9 turns1 bact]ium1 vibrio1 yea/1 c4 ,respect+ x1 we h se5 resuscitat$ "u a mod]n "n1 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ few ye>s1 ! old hypo!sis ( ,buffon conc]n+ organic molecules1 t ( ,turp9 conc]n+ ! puncti=m globul9es ( b>ley1 milk1 & album51 & ! !ory ma9ta9$ by ,dr4 ,p9eau1 ( ,nancy1 & by ,p\*et conc]n+ prolif]\s pellicles4#ga ,m4 ,b*amp1 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,faculty ( ,m$ic9e at ,montpelli]1 disda9+ to adopt ! expressions :i* we h j us$1 has sub/itut$ = !m t ( microzyma1 :il/ adh]+ to ! op9ions & errors repres5t$ by ! o!r expressions4 ,?is savant designates "u ! "n ( microzyma all ^? puncti=m globul9es t are met ) 9 mo/ organic liquids :5 submitt$ to ! microscope2 & attributes to !m1 ) ,turp91 ! faculty ( play+ ! "p ( f]m5ts1 z well z ( trans=m+ !mselves into yea/ & v>i\s o!r organisms4 ,!y are conta9$ 9 milk1 blood1 eggs1 ! infusion ( b>ley1 & su* l2 nay1 we may ev5 f9d !m 9 *alk1 & s we h ! f9e discov]y ( ,microzyma cretae z a di/9ct species6 ,^? :o1 l ourselves1 _c see 9 ^! granulations ( organic liquids ought besides ?+s ^: nature is /ill undet]m9$1 t]m !m molecul> granules1 or1 9 ref]5ce to _! ,br[nian movem5ts1 mobile granules4 ,indef9ite expression is ! be/ expon5t ( imp]fect k2 :5 a precise t]m9ology is inv5t$1 )\t any basis ( precise ideas d]iv$ f a rigid obs]vation ( facts1 soon] or lat] ! hypo!tical facts disappe>1 b ! t]m9ology prematurely creat$ to expla9 !m1 hangs ab\t ! ,sci5ce1 &1 be>+ an errone\s int]pretation1 ret>ds r ?an promotes real progress4 ,we may "h introduce a summ>y ( ,turp9's sy/em1 z giv5 by himself4 ,x =ms a complete biog5esis1 :i* leaves f> beh9d x ,m4 ,b*amp's !ory ( microzymata1 ,m4 ,fremy's descriptions ( hemi-organism1 & ,m4 ,trcul's acc\nt ( ! g5esis ( bact]ia & lactic f]m5t3-- 8,:5 a muc\s sub/ance pres5ts no?+ visible ?r\gh ! microscope1 z1 = example1 gelat9\s matt]1 dissolv$ gum1 ! :ite ( eggs1 or plant-sap1 simply ?ick5$ on its way to cambium1 we call x organic matt] or organizable matt]4 ,we attribute to x ! fecundat+ p[] ( organic life 9 ! simple/ degree2 we consid] x z mat]ial /ill isolat$ f organization4 ,we suppose t ! invisible molecules1 ( :i* ?is organizable matt] is compos$1 come toge!r1 comb9e & s]ve ?r\gh ?is association 9 ! con/ruction ( ! diff]5t elem5t>y =ms ( future tissues4 8,may we n ) great] tru? believe t organizable matt] is ( v>i$ orig91 =m$ ( innum]able globul9es1 too m9ute & transp>5t z yet to be obs]v$ by our pres5t microscopical means1 & t ^! globul9es :i* are always end[$ ) motion & a special vital c5tre1 are all capable1 al?\gh _m ( !m d abort1 ( sep>ate developm5t ei!r into a =mative elem5t ( tissue or into a muc$9\s plant8 8,organizable matt] may1 accord+ to its successive /ates ( developm5t or age1 & accord+ to ! diff]5t =ms x takes 9 ! tissues1 be di/+ui%$ by special names3-- 8#a4--,we may t]m matt] organizable z long z ! globul9es compos+ x are n yet visible to microscopes ( exi/+ p[]4 8#b4--,we may speak ( amorph\s or globul9e tissue :5 ev5 ! globul9es1 previ\sly invisible1 h increas$ s z to be se5 "u ! microscope1 ! t]m amorph\s1 or %apeless1 be+ "h appli$ to ! association ( globul9es1 & n to ! globul9es !mselves4 8#c4--,!n we h vesicul> tissue1 :5 ! globul9es1 cont9u+ to increase1 h develop$ 9 su* a mann] z to pres5t a mass ( cont9u\s vesicles1 /ill empty or already conta9+ a new g5]ation ( globul9es4 8#d4--,la/ly we h filam5t\s or tubul> tissue1 :5 ! globul9es1 in/ead ( vesiculat+1 =m ?reads or tubes40#gb ,su* are ! purely hypo!tical & explod$ ideas :i* ,,mm4 ,fremy1 ,trcul1 ,b*amp1 ,h4 ,h(fmann1 ,halli]1 & o!rs w\ld revive 9 our own day1 9 opposition to a !ory s cle> & s well support$ by facts z t ( g]ms float+ 9 ! air1 or spread ov] ! surface ( objects1 z fruits1 dry or gre5 wood1 & s on4 ,m4 ,b*amp believes t he has discov]$ t "m ( v9eg>1 introduc$ into v>i\s sac*>9e liquids1 9 ! pres5ce ( c>bonate ( lime1 g5]ates bact]ia1 :i*1 ) ! sug> or dregs1 produce butyric1 lactic1 & acetic acids1 & t ?is same "m ( v9eg>1 )\t ! addition ( ! c>bonate ( lime1 8g5]ates1 on ! o!r h&1 ! f9e cells1 :i* produce ! normal alcoholic f]m5tation ( cane sug>40 ,fur!r1 ,m4 ,b*amp advances ! hypo!sis t "m ( v9eg> is a conglom]ation ( microzymata1 &1 z he fails to see 9 ! exp]im5ts on :i* he bases ! conclusions :i* we h j giv51 t bact]ia & f]m5t cells are ! result ( spontane\s impregnation1 hav+ no connection ) ! pres5ce ( "m ( v9eg>1 on :i* he exp]im5t$1 he arrives at ?is conclusion3 8,9 ! exp]im5ts :i* ,i h j describ$1 ?+s happ5$ z ?\gh ! microzyma1 "u "s peculi>ly fav\rable conditions1 _h be5 ! p>5t bo? ( ! bact]ia & ! cells40#gc 444 ,! object ( ! foll[+ exp]im5ts 0 ! /udy ( ^! assum$ trans=mations ( ! mycod]ma aceti 9 sac*>9e liquids1 9 ! pres5ce & 9 ! abs5ce ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,we prep>$ "s two-neck$ flasks1 conta9+ z a gr[+ m$ium a liquid compos$ ( "o-?ird ( ,orleans v9eg>1 & two-?irds ( a :ite w9e us$ by v9eg>-mak]s 9 ,orleans4 ,?is liquid is peculi>ly adapt$ to ! developm5t ( mycod]ma aceti4 ,on ,decemb] #ac?1 #ahgb1 we s[$ ! little plant 9 a /ate ( purity1 by means ( a piece ( plat9um wire1 9 ! mann] already expla9$ 9 connection ) propagation ( o!r fungoid gr[?s4 ,on ,decemb] #ai? a "y & ?9 film ( mycod]ma aceti cov]$ ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,we !n p\r$ out ! liquid ?r\gh ! "r-h& tube1 at ! same "t heat+ ! end ( ! b5t tube1 to purify ! air t pass$ into ! flask4 ,! :ole film ( mycod]ma aceti rema9$ adh]+ to ! int]ior sides ( ! flask dur+ ?is decant+4 ,! "q !n 0 h[ to convey ?is film ( ! little plant into a sac*>9e liquid ( a p>ticul> k9d4 ,we effect$ ?is easily by ! foll[+ means3 ,aft] hav+ empti$ ! flask1 z j describ$1 in/ead ( re-clos+ ! india-rubb] nozzle on ! end ( ! "r-h& tube1 we atta*$ x to a te/-flask conta9+ ! sac*>9e liquid on :i* we wi%$ to op]ate4 ,?is _h be5 previ\sly boil$ 9 ! te/-flask1 & :5 we atta*$ ! neck ( ! te/-flask1 previ\sly slightly drawn out & curv$1 to ! india-rubb] tube1 ! liquid 0 /ill v w>m4 ,we p]mitt$ ! liquid 9 ! te/-flask to cool d[n1 &1 !n1 tak+ up ! te/-flask1 we decant$ its cont5ts into ! o!r flask1 9 :i*1 z we h already said1 ! film ( mycod]ma aceti _h be5 left4 ,9 ?is way ! film became p>tly subm]g$1 p>tly spread ov] ! surface ( ! new liquid4 ,exp]im5ts 7 made ) two sac*>9e liquids1 mu/ & wort4 ,9 ! case ( ! latt]1 f ,decemb] #bbnd ! :ole surface ( ! liquid 0 cov]$ by a film ( mycod]ma aceti1 :i* ev5 spread up ! moi/ sides ( ! flask above ! level ( ! liquid4 ,9 ! case ( ! mu/1 on ! o!r h&1 ! plant = "s "t did n seem to be develop+2 on ,decemb] #bd?1 h[ev]1 x 0 visibly spread+ ov] ! surface ( ! mu/4 ,! foll[+ days we frequ5tly %ook up ! films to sep>ate !m1 & spread !m ov] ! subjac5t liquid4 ,!re 7 no signs ( alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,on ,decemb] #cj? we introduc$ sev]al grammes 7#ej or #fj gra9s7 ( c>bonate ( lime into ea* ( ! flasks1 an op]ation ( little difficulty1 :i* we effect$ 9 a mann] simil> to t j describ$4 ,we sub/itut$ = ! te/-flask ano!r flask--or1 bett] /ill1 a simple glass tube--conta9+ c>bonate ( lime t _h be5 subject$ to great heat 9 ! flask or tube1 & !re left to cool d[n4 ,:5 cold1 we p\r$ ! p[d]$ c>bonate ( lime into ! liquid 9 ! flask1 9 ?is way avoid+ ! possibility ( any error f ! introduction ) ! c>bonate ( lime ( any =eign g]m4 ,9 nei!r case did we obta9 alcoholic f]m5tation1 nor 0 !re any appe>ance ( lactic f]m5tation1 or bact]ia1 or vibrios1 prop]ly s call$4 ,! flasks rema9$ 9 ! ov51 at a temp]ature ( ab\t #be ,c4 7#gg ,f471 until ! end ( ,janu>y1 #ahgc1 :5 we made a microscopical exam9ation ( _! deposits1 ex]cis+ great] c>e & precaution ?an we _h adopt$ 9 ! case ( ^? exam9ations :i* we _h made f "t to "t 9 ! c\rse ( ! exp]im5t to assure ourselves ( ! nature ( ! organisms pres5t4#gd ,! result 0 t we nev] f\nd any?+ besides ! mycod]ma aceti1 :i* _h develop$1 al?\gh ) great difficulty1 on ! surface ( ! liquids neutraliz$ ) c>bonate ( lime4 ,! bead$ filam5ts _h1 "u ^! circum/ances1 only become a little l>g] ?an !y _h be5 9 ! unsweet5$ acid liquids4 ,mycod]ma aceti1 !n1 gr[n on sweet5$ acid or neutral liquids1 gr[n 9 ! abs5ce or 9 ! pres5ce ( c>bonate ( lime1 und]goes no trans=mation into bact]ia or vibrios or yea/1 if only we op]ate ) pure g]ms1 free f ! du/ float+ 9 ! air1 & f t :i*1 unkn[n to ! op]ator1 may be introduc$ by means ( ! vessels & mat]ials employ$4 ,x may be ask$1 d we1 !re=e1 absolutely1 reject ! !ory ( ! polymorphism ( mycod]ma aceti8 ,on ! contr>y1 we h endeav\r$ to prove ! exi/5ce ( ?is polymorphism aga9 & aga9 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,we h be5 mo/ly conc]n$ ) physiological polymorphism2 t is1 our ef=ts h be5 direct$ to asc]ta9 if mycod]ma aceti might be1 = example1 ! arobian =m ( a f]m5t f :i* x diff]$ physiologically1 z1 = in/ance1 lactic f]m5t1 :i*1 9 %ape1 sometimes be>s a /rik+ resemblance to mycod]ma aceti4 ,we h n succe$$ 9 discov]+ any?+ ( ! k9d up to ! pres5t "t4 ,:at1 9 view ( ! positive pro(s to ! contr>y1 we d absolutely reject 9 ! matt] ( ?is mycod]ma1 is ! !ory ( polymorphisms1 advocat$ by ,m4 ,b*amp & o!r au?ors1 :i*1 9 our judgm5t1 c only be f\nd$ on incomplete & errone\s obs]vations4 ,,iv4--,gr[? ( ,mucor ,racemosus 9 a /ate ( ,purity--,example ( ,life m active & la/+ :5 remov$ f ! influ5ce ( ,air4 ,side by side ) ! facts expla9$ 9 ! la/ p>agraph1 ! /udy ( v>ieties ( ! g5us mucor1 gr[n 9 natural or artificial sac*>9e liquids1 is ( great importance to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! physiological !ory ( f]m5tation1 :i* we %all expla9 lat] on4 ,!re is a v rem>kable "w on ! subject ( ?is muc$9\s fungus by a ,g]man botani/1 ,m4 ,bail1 :o1 9 #aheg1 decl>$ t mucor muc$o caus$ alcoholic f]m5tation1 & c\ld *ange into ord9>y yea/4 ,! fir/ ass]tion1 relat+ to ! alcoholic f]m5tation t ?is fungoid gr[? :i* is ev]y:]e s abundant may cause1 is q correct2 ! second :i* relates to its faculty ( *ang+ into yea/ is errone\s4#ge ,on ,june #ac?1 #ahgb1 we s[$ by ! help ( a plat9um wire 9 "s wort1 conta9$ 9 two-neck$ flasks1 ,a1 ,b1 & ,c1 sev]al ( ! m9ute sporange-be>+ filam5ts ( mucor along ) ! heads conta9+ ! spores4 ,on ,june #ad?1 !re 0 no mycelium visible to ! nak$ eye 9 ! liquids4 ,on ,june #ae? mycelium 0 v abundant1 & 0 borne up by bubbles ( gas4 ,9 addition to ?is !re 7 a few scatt]$ pat*es ( bubbles on ! surface ( ! liquid1 %[+ t f]m5tation _h comm5c$4 ,on ,june #af? f]m5tation cont9u$ to %[ itself by ! fro?y /ate ( ! cru/s ( mycelium buoy$ up by ! bubbles ( gas4 ,on ,june #ag? we atta*$ ,b & ,c sep>ately1 z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #ai 7p4 #aja7 to te/-flasks1 into :i* we transf]r$ ne>ly all _! cont5ts4 ,"s clu/]s ( entangl$ filam5ts ( mycelium rema9$ on ! surface ( ! liquids 9 ! te/-flasks4 ,on ,june #ah? a v sl[ f]m5tation comm5c$ 9 ! te/-flasks2 x cont9u$ = "s days )\t becom+ m active4 ,a little bubble w\ld sl[ly rise f ! bottom ( ! vessel1 succe$$ aft] a %ort int]val by ano!r1 & s on4 ,! temp]ature ( ! ov5 0 #bd ,c4 7#ge ,f474 ,on ,june #bbnd we rais$ x to #bh ,c4 7#hb ,f474 ,! f]m5tation became m rapid1 a con/ant succession ( bubbles rose quickly f ! bottom ( ! te/-flasks2 /ill !re 0 none ( ! vivacity ( an alcoholic f]m5tation produc$ by yea/4 ,on ,june #be? ! f]m5tation 0 9 mu* ! same condition1 if any?+ r less active4 ,on ,june #bh? temp]ature #be ,c4 7#gg ,f72 f]m5tation _h /opp$4 ,on ,june #bi? we rais$ ! temp]ature to #bg ,c4 7#ha ,f47 aga91 & "s slight revival ( f]m5tation manife/$ itself4 ,! increase 9 temp]ature1 !re=e1 z might h be5 expect$1 ex]cises a consid]able influ5ce on ?is k9d ( f]m5tation4 ,! vessels 7 !n left to !mselves1 & dur+ ! c\rse ( ?ree mon?s !y did n %[ ! lea/ sign ( f]m5tation2 moreov]1 we did n obs]ve1 ei!r on ! int]ior walls ( ! empty flasks1 or on ! surface or ?r\gh\t ! body ( ! liquid 9 ! te/-glasses1 any fungoid production or organism :atev] diff]5t f mucor itself4 ,! same obs]vations apply to ! vessel ,a2 9 ?is case ! liquid t rema9$ 9 ! flask 0 cov]$ ) a gelat9\s & fro?y mycelium4 ,on ,octob] #bj?1 #ahgb1 aft] a lapse ( ?ree mon?s & a half1 we p\r$ ! liquid f ! te/-flask atta*$ to flask ,c back aga9 to t flask4 ,! te/-flask connect$ ) flask ,b we left unt\*$ alongside ! o!r flasks to s]ve z a means ( comp>ison4 ,on ,octob] #ba/1 #bbnd1 #bcrd1 we obs]v$ no?+2 on succe$+ days1 h[ev]1 "s pat*es ( bubbles appe>$ on ! surface ( ! liquid 9 flask ,c1 & clu/]s ( mycelium buoy$ up by ! bubbles ( gas :i* !y imprison$4 ,life _h resum$ its c\rse1 & ) life f]m5tation _h recomm5c$4 ,:at _h be5 ! cause ( ?is *ange 9 ! condition ( ! liquid1 aft] an absolute quiesc5ce ( ?ree mon?s8 ,!re c be b "o answ] to ?is "q3 = 9 ! o!r vessels !re 0 no correspond+ movem5t1 or sign ( life to be detect$4 ,9 ?is vessel1 h[ev]1 an a]ation ( ! plant _h evid5tly tak5 place1 consequ5t on ! decantation & contact ) ! atmosph]e ( ! flask1 :i* communicat$ ) ! ext]ior air ?r\gh ! curv$ tube4 ,?is a]ation _h be5 abs5t or ineffective be=e decantation1 9 consequ5ce ( ! great dep? ( liquid 9 ! te/-flask1 ! surface ( :i*1 too1 0 cov]$ by a mass ( mycelium filam5ts1 itself effectually oppos+ any a]ation ( ! liquid4 ,moreov]1 ! surface ( ! liquid 9 ! n>r[ neck ( ! te/-flask _h necess>ily be5 cov]$ by a lay] ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,we may inve/igate m ?or\ghly ! influ5ce ( a]ation1 & its relation to ! resumption ( life 9 ! mycelium ( mucor1 by re/or+ ! liquid to its previ\s condition ( dep? & s cutt+ (f aga9 contact ) ! air4 ,= ?is purpose1 on ,octob] #ca/ we decant$ once m ! liquid & its deposit f ! flask into ! te/-glass4 ,! same ev5+ a slight b cont9u\s f]m5tation1 ) =mation ( fro?1 appe>$ on ! surface ( ! liquid 9 ! neck ( ! te/-glass4 ,f]m5tation al?\gh nev] vigor\s1 cont9u$ ! foll[+ days1 & until ,decemb] #bj?4 ,betwe5 ,decemb] #bj? & #bcrd1 x ceas$ altoge!r to manife/ itself by lib]ation ( gas4 ,z = ! flask ,b1 dur+ all ?is "t x _h rema9$ q inactive & 9 ! same /ate 9 :i* x _h exi/$ s9ce ,june #bi?1 al?\gh ! ov5 _h on sev]al days be5 heat$ to #bh ,c4 7#hb ,f474 ,on ,decemb] #bcrd1 #ahgb1 wi%+ to assure ourselves ( ! /ate ( ! plant 9 flask ,b1 we subject$ x to ! same op]ation to :i* ! flask ,c _h be5 subject$ on ,octob] #bj?3 t is to say1 we p\r$ ! cont5ts ( ! te/-glass back into ! connect$ flask1 ) ! object ( supply+ ! plant ) oxyg54 ,on ,decemb] #bd?1 #be?1 #bf?1 #bg?1 !re 0 no app>5t *ange4 ,on ,decemb] #bh? bubbles ( gas began to be evolv$ c>ry+ up clu/]s ( mycelium to ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,x 0 evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! quiesc5ce 9 ! te/-glass atta*$ to flask ,b1 0 solely due to deprivation ( air1 z _h happ5$ 9 ! case ( ! te/-glass atta*$ to flask ,c1 up to ! date ( ,octob] #ca/4 ,on ?is day1 ,decemb] #bh?1 we re-decant$ ! cont5ts ( ! flask into ! te/-glass1 & ! foll[+ day a cont9u\s b feeble f]m5tation proce$$4 ,?is la/$ until ,janu>y #bbnd1 al?\gh v sluggi% 9 "*2 x is evid5t t ^! effects 7 exactly ! same z ^? :i* took place 9 flask ,c4#gf ,we %\ld obs]ve be=e we proce$ fur!r1 t we took specim5s f ! flasks ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 at diff]5t times betwe5 ,june & ,janu>y1 & t ! microscope nev] reveal$ ! lea/ trace ( yea/ 9 !m4 ,we may note besides t1 dur+ ?is int]val1 we impregnat$ fre% flasks ( wort ) specim5s tak5 f ! deposits 9 ! flasks ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 & t we always obta9$ reproduction ( ! mucor & its peculi> f]m5tation )\t ! lea/ appe>ance ( ord9>y f]m5t4 ,! inf]5ces f ! results t we h j detail$ foll[ readily1 & are besides ( great int]e/4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is evid5t t ev5 if ! mucor muc$o may be able to produce alcoholic f]m5tation1 x is totally incapable ( *ang+ into yea/4 ,! two plants are necess>ily & radically di/9ct1 &1 if diff]5t au?ors h succe$$ 9 obta9+ !m mix$ "o ) ano!r 9 gr[?s ( mucor1 ?is int]mixture 0 d\btless ! result ( a spontane\s s[+ ( ! yea/1 ! g]ms ( :i* ab\nd1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! p>ticles ( du/ exi/+ 9 ! atmosph]e ( any laboratory 9 :i* /udies relat+ to f]m5tation are pursu$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! mo/ /rik+ inf]5ce f ! facts :i* ! cultivation ( ^! organisms reveal$4 ,! mucor is evid5tly a plant1 at ! same "t arobian & anarobian4 ,if we _h s[n ! spore-be>+ filam5ts ( mucor on slices ( pe>1 lemon1 or simil> fruit1 we %\ld h se5 ! spores g]m9ate1 tubes ( mycelium ramify+ on ! surface ( ! sub/ratum1 & reproduc+ sporif]\s a]ial hyphae4 ,9 ?is case ! plant w\ld h effect$ all its ph5om5a ( nutrition by absorb+ oxyg5 & emitt+ c>bonic acid1 aft] ! mann] ( animals1 z1 9 our essay on ! organic corpuscles :i* exi/ 9 a /ate ( susp5sion 9 ! atmosph]e1 we h %[n to be ! case g5]ally ) fungoid gr[?s4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ! only sug> decompos$ w\ld h be5 a quantity equival5t to t assimilat$ 9 =m+ ! cellulose ( ! "y tissues ( ! fungus1 or 9 ent]+ into comb9ation1 ei!r ) ! elem5ts ( ammonia or ) ! sulphur ( ! sulphates1 or ! phosphorus ( ! phosphates1 to =m ! album9\s sub/ances ( ! int]ior ( ! cells4#gg ,9 ?is case ! sug> us$ up w\ld furni% no alcohol1 or at lea/1 if alcohol 7 =m$1 x w\ld be decompos$ imm$iately4 ,all a]ial gr[?s take place 9 ! same mann]2 & su* is ! nature ( nutrition & life 9 all ! l>g] =ms4 ,9 our flasks1 on ! o!r h&1 ! life ( ! little plant functions q diff]5tly4 ,depriv$ ( oxyg51 or hav+ at its disposal b an insuffici5t quantity ( t gas1 aft] a life ( activity 9 contact ) air1 x c1 nev]!less1 live ap>t f ! direct action ( t elem5t1 & ! comb9ations to :i* x gives rise4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we see all ! signs ( alcoholic f]m5tation appe>2 t is1 a notable proportion ( sug>1 9 comp>ison ) ! weight ( solid matt] assimilat$ & fix$ by ! plant1 is decompos$ into alcohol & c>bonic acid gas2 & ?is decomposition cont9ues z long z life itself cont9ues 9 ! cells1 & !y rema9 subm]g$1 ?is la/ condition be+ effect$ by ! decantation ( ! liquid & its deposit into ! te/-glass4 ,along ) ! disappe>ance ( ! ph5om5a ( vital activity 9 ! cells1 ! f]m5tation ceases absolutely1 or at lea/ is no long] visible ext]nally1 by reason ( its extreme feebl5ess4 ,! cells !n assume an old1 %rivell$1 worn-out appe>ance1 ) irregul> outl9es & granul> m>k+s4 ,_! life is m]ely susp5d$1 h[ev]1 n ext9ct2 = if !y be suppli$ once m ) oxyg51 & suff]$ to exi/ "u ! influ5ce ( t gas1 !y w vegetate aga91 & become capable ( produc+ f]m5tation afre%1 ev5 aft] hav+ be5 exclud$ f ! air = a consid]able "t4 ,oxyg5 !n pres5ts itself to u z be+ end[$ ) a c]ta9 det]m9+ /imulus 9 ! matt] ( nutritive action enabl+ ?is action to be prolong$ beyond ! po9t :]e ! direct influ5ce ( oxyg5 ceases4 ,9 "t ! en]gy t has be5 imp>t$ to ! cells w die away1 & !n also f]m5tation w cease1 to be resum$1 h[ev]1 :5 ! plant is once m submitt$ to ! revivify+ action ( ! gas4 ,x seems z ?\gh ! vital en]gy d]iv$ f ! influ5ce ( gase\s oxyg5 7 capable ( effect+ an assimilation ( oxyg51 n 9 ! gase\s /ate1 b exi/+ 9 "s /ate ( comb9ation1 & h5ce its p[] ( caus+ ! decomposition ( sug>4 ,look+ at ! matt] 9 ?is light1 x seems to u t we may discov] 9 x a fact ( g5]al occurr5ce1 t ?is peculi> action ( ! oxyg5 & ! cells is to be se5 9 all liv+ be+s4 ,= inde$ is !re any cell :i*1 if sudd5ly & completely depriv$ ( air1 w\ld p]i% =?)1 & absolutely8 ,probably !re is n a s+le "o t w\ld d s4 ,) c]ta9 modifications ( great] or less am\nt ! assimilative & excretive acts :i* h tak5 place dur+ life mu/ be c>ri$ on aft] ! suppression ( oxyg51 result+ 9 f]m5tations ord9>ily obscure & feeble1 b 9 ! case ( ! cells ( f]m5ts1 prop]ly s call$1 manife/+ an activity bo? great] 9 am\nt & m endur+4 ,let u n[ proce$ to comp>e ! weight ( alcohol =m$ by ! mucor dur+ f]m5tation ) ! weight ( ! plant itself4 ,fir/ exp]im5t4--,"o ( ! d\ble-neck$ flasks conta9$ at />t+ #abj c4c4 7ab\t #d fl4 oz47 ( wort4 ,on ,janu>y #bnd1 #ahgc1 we atta*$ ?is flask to a te/-glass1 conta9+ a deposit ( mucor f]m5t 7,fig4 #ai1 p4 #aja71 a few drops ( :i* we p\r$ into ! wort 9 ! flask1 to impregnate x4 ,on ,janu>y #crd we decant$ ! wort f ! flask into ! te/-glass2 "u ^! conditions we h se5 t ! wort mu/ f]m5t4 ,on ,janu>y #ah? ! f]m5tation 9 ! te/-glass ceas$4 ,on ,july #ca/1 #ahgc1 we transf]r$ ! liquid f ! te/-glass back to ! flask4 ,on ,augu/ #d?1 #ahgc1 we aga9 decant$ ?is same liquid f ! flask into ! te/-glass4 ,on ,decemb] #be?1 #ahgc1 we once m remov$ ! liquid f ! te/-glass to ! flask1 & all[$ x to rema9 s until ,decemb] #bcrd1 #ahgd1 on :i* day we submitt$ x to exam9ation4 ,x 0 f\nd to conta9 p] #ajj c4c4 7#c- fl4 oz47 ,gra9s4 ,grammes4#gh ,total weight ( ! fungus #eg #jcg ,absolute alcohol #eji #cc ,acidity1 e/imat$ 9 its equival5t ( #ag #jaa sulphuric acid ,sug>1 det]m9$ by cupric solution #hbb #eb ,dextr9e 787 #bdf #af ,! total weight ( fungoid gr[? be+ #jcg gramme1 & ! total weight ( absolute alcohol = ! #abj c4c4 ( f]m5t$ liquid be+ #d grammes1 we _h1 consequ5tly1 f t5 to elev5 times by weight m alcohol ?an fungus4 ,second exp]im5t4--,on ,june #ac?1 #ahgb1 we s[$ two or ?ree sporif]\s heads ( mucor 9 "s wort conta9$ 9 "o ( ! d\ble-neck$ flasks4 ,! temp]ature ( our ov5 v>i$ betwe5 #bc ,c4 & #be ,c4 7#gc ,f4 to #gg ,f47 ,! total volume ( liquid 0 #abj c4c41 z be=e4 ,june #ae?1 mycelium _h develop$1 buoy$ up on bubbles ( gas4 ,june #af?1 pat*es ( bubbles1 due to f]m5tation1 cov]$ ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,june #ag?1 we transf]r$ ! liquid to ! te/-glass4 ,june #bh?1 f]m5tation 9 ! te/-flask _h ceas$4 ,june #bh?1 f]m5tation recomm5c$1 ! temp]ature ( ! ov5 be+ rais$ to #bg ,c4 7#hj ,f474 ,octob] #bj?1 ! liquid 0 transf]r$ back f ! te/-glass to ! flask4 ,octob] #bd?1 mycelium _h develop$1 support$ by big bubbles on ! surface ( ! liquid 9 ! flask4 ,octob] #ca/1 we retransf]r$ ! liquid to ! te/-glass4 ,novemb] #a/1 a feeble1 b cont9u\s f]m5tation comm5c$4 ,?is 0 kept up until ,janu>y #bnd1 #ahgc1 on :i* day we transf]r$ ! liquid1 ) its deposit f ! te/-glass to ! flask1 :5 x n[ seem$ to be q in]t4 ,we left x 9 ?is flask until ,decemb] #bd?1 #ahgd1 )\t its manife/+ dur+ ?is long int]val any sign ( f]m5tation2 nor did ! fungus appe> to gr[ at all4 ,we !n submitt$ ! liquid to analysis1 & f\nd 9 x1 p] #ajj c4c4-- ,grammes4#gi ,total weight ( fungoid gr[? #jbe ,absolute alcohol #cd ,acidity1 e/imat$ 9 its equival5t ( sulphuric #jab acid ,sug>1 det]m9$ by copp] solution #fb ,sug>1 det]m9$ aft] treatm5t by boil+ ) #aj sulphuric acid1 & d$uction ( am\nt ( sug> already obta9$ 7dextr9e78 ,! total weight ( absolute alcohol = ! #abj c4c4 ( f]m5t$ liquid 0 #da grammes--t is1 ! weight ( ! alcohol 0 sixte5 or sev5te5 times t ( ! plant4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #e4 ,mucor1 ,vegetat+ ,subm]g$1 9 ,deficit ( ,air4 ,! /ructure ( ! plant diff]s consid]ably :5 x lives surr\nd$ by air1 & :5 x is m or less completely depriv$ ( t fluid4 ,if x has an abundance ( air at its disposal1 if x vegetates on ! surface ( a moi/ sub/ance or 9 a liquid 9 :i* ! air held 9 solution may be r5ew$ )\t be+ incessantly displac$ by c>bonic acid gas1 we %all see x develop z an ord9>y fungoid gr[?1 ) a mycelium consi/+ ( filam5ts m or less sl5d]1 bran*+1 & entangl$1 s5d+ up f ! surface ( ! liquid a]ial organs ( fructification4 ,?is is ! well-kn[n =m ( vegetation ( ! common mucor4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we compel ! mucor to live 9 a sac*>9e liquid ) insuffici5cy ( air1 at lea/ = "s ( its p>ts1 ! mode ( vegetation w *ange completely1 z we h se5 9 ! case ( p5icillium1 asp]gillus1 & mycod]ma v9i :5 subm]g$1 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t 9 ! case ( ! mucor ! *anges 9 "q1 & ! activity ( nutrition "u ^! new conditions1 are mu* m m>k$ ?an 9 ! case ( ^? o!r organisms4 ,! spores gr[ l>g] & ! filam5ts ( mycelium :i* d develop are mu* /rong] ?an ^? 9 ! normal plant4 ,^! filam5ts put =?1 "h & !re1 o!r filam5ts :i* deta* !mselves & vegetate at ! side ( ! o!rs1 be+ t]m9at$ or int]rupt$ by *a9s ( l>ge cells1 species ( spores :i* c live by budd+ & reproduc+ cells simil> to !mselves or by elongat+ into filam5ts4 ,plate ,v4 repres5ts ! liv+ plant subm]g$ at a little dep?1 & hav+1 consequ5tly1 /ill at its disposal a c]ta9 quantity ( air1 insuffici5t1 h[ev]1 to supply ! oxyg5 ne$$ = all ! acts ( nutrition4 ,9 ?is case ! mucor appe>s v diff]5t1 morphologically1 f :at x is :5 9 free contact ) air4 ,"h x =ms %ort filam5ts1 hav+ a diamet] d\ble or triple t ( ! filam5ts ( ! ord9>y mycelium ) bran*es & buds all ov]1 & :at is especially *>act]i/ic1 =m+ a network ( *a9s ( cells1 sometimes sph]ical1 sometimes oval or pe>-%ap$1 :i* are ! actual spores4 ,^!1 z soon z !y are deta*$1 bud 9 _! turn1 & reproduce ei!r cells or bran*+ tubes2 ^! cells or ! *aplets :i* !y =m be+ kn[n "u ! "n mycelian spores or conidia4 ,our plate gives ^! diff]5t aspects v correctly1 & af=ds u a good idea ( ! luxuriant /ate ( ?is rem>kable vegetation4 ,plate ,,vi4 repres5ts ! plant liv+ at a great] dep? ) less air1 exp5d+1 by means ( sug> z s\rce ( heat1 ! en]gy :i* x acquir$ 9 vegetat+ "u ! influ5ce ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,! filam5ts are few] & old] 9 aspect1 & ! numb] ( cellul> =ms is proportionately l>g] ?an 9 ! =m] case1 ! budd+ giv+ rise by pref]5ce to sph]ical or oval cells4 ,on a s+le cell we (t5 see two1 ?ree1 f\r1 five1 six1 & ev5 m buds4 ,:5 ! buds ( ! oval or sph]ical cells deta* !mselves :il/ "y1 !y (t5 resemble 9 =m & size cells ( ord9>y yea/1 nor c ev5 consid]able exp]i5ce 9 ?is k9d ( obs]vation always enable u to di/+ui% !m4 ,h5ce we may easily und]/& h[ _m h come to believe1 ) s skilful a botani/ z ,dr4 ,bail1 9 ! trans=mation ( mucor into yea/4 ,) ! =ms repres5t$ 9 ,plates ,v4 & ,,vi41 ! plant is m ( a f]m5t ?an ( a fungoid gr[?4 ,9 su* cases ! weight ( sug> decompos$ 9 comp>ison ) ! weight ( new cell-globules =m$ is v consid]able1 an effect :i* is m m>k$ ! less air ! plant has at its disposal4 ,"u ! latt] conditions1 h[ev]1 vegetation is sl[ & labori\s1 & ! f]m5t v soon assumes an aspect ( age1 & we mu/ con/antly rejuv5ate ! cells by br++ !m into contact ) oxyg51 & subject+ !m to ! action ( limit$ quantities ( t gas1 & s promote _! vegetation & prolong _! f]m5tative activity4 ,?is effect we br\ght ab\t :5 we retransf]r$ ! liquid & its deposit ( mucor f ! te/-glass to ! flask1 ?us br++ !m into contact ) fre% air4 ,we saw cells t appe>$ old1 d>k1 & highly granulat$1 become inflat$1 gr[ m transp>5t1 & fill ) a gelat9\s protoplasm1 ! few granulations :i* !y /ill exhibit$ assum+ a brilliant appe>ance :5 we succe$$ 9 di/+ui%+ !m2 & f9ally1 a v active budd+ 0 set up4 ,"u ?is reviv+ influ5ce life c\ld cont9ue once m away f ! air1 al?\gh ) difficulty1 s t f]m5tation w\ld be mo/ int5se if ! l>ge filam5ts & _! conidia 7 con/antly be+ remov$ f & to ! action ( air4 ,! prec$+ plates %[ sev]al in/ances ( ?is rejuv5esc5ce ( ! old cells ( mucor f]m5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #f4 ,f]m5t ( ,mucor4 ,we h omitt$ to repres5t among/ ! old cells "s cells :i* h _! granulations collect$ ab\t ! c5tre1 ) an empty space betwe5 ! granulations & ! ext]ior bord]s4#hj ,9 ?is /ate1 cells are g5]ally dead & incapable ( any revival4 ,x is impossible to avoid be+ impress$ by ! /rik+ analogies :i* exi/ betwe5 all ^! facts & ^? pres5t$ by cells ( yea/4 ,9 conclud+ our /udy ( ! vegetation ( mucor z a m\ld & mucor z a f]m5t1 we may aga9 rem>k t ! mo/ /rik+ analogies also exi/ betwe5 ! prec$+ obs]vations & ^? we h se5 9 ! case ( p5icillium1 asp]gillus1 & mycod]ma v9i4 ,^! latt] plants d n furni% alcohol or c>bonic acid gas by direct f]m5tation ( ! sug>1 z long z we let !m vegetate ) pl5ty ( air at _! disposal4 ,once subm]g$1 h[ev]1 _! vital aspect *anges2 on ! "o h& ! cells or filam5ts ( ! mycelia ev9ce a t5d5cy to become l>g]2 on ! o!r h& !re is a t5d5cy to great] clos5ess 9 ^! latt]1 &1 consequ5tly1 a transition to ! /ate ( conidia4 ,la/ly1 !re is a correlative budd+ ( cells1 accompani$ by a =mation ( alcohol & lib]ation ( c>bonic acid gas2 9 %ort1 all ! ord9>y signs ( alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,! pr9cipal diff]5ce 9 ! case ( mucor consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! vegetation ( ?is latt]1 "u ! conditions ( insuffici5t a]ation or none at all1 is m decid$1 bo? z to ext5t & duration4 ,x may be ?\ght t all ! v>ieties ( mucor are capable ( yield+ ! k9d ( f]m5t t we h j m5tion$4 ,b ?is is n ! case2 & "h we h ano!r /rik+ pro( ( ! great physiological diff]5ces pres5t$ by =ms ( vegetation s intimately connect$ ) ea* o!r t1 9 botanical classifications1 !y mu/ be put z closely z possible toge!r4 ,( ?is fact we h ! mo/ /rik+ example 9 mycod]ma v9i & ! alcoholic f]m5ts1 prop]ly s call$1 :i* s closely resemble ea* o!r 9 =m & developm5t t !y might be suppos$ to be id5tical1 at lea/1 accord+ to our pres5t k1 b :i* diff] s widely 9 _! physiological aspects4 ,on ,novemb] #ag?1 #ahgc1 we f\nd a v beautiful specim5 ( mucor muc$o on a pe>1 "u a glass bell j>4 ,x 0 a mass ( p]fectly /raight filam5ts1 simple & isolat$1 v l>ge 9 comp>ison ) ^? ord9>ily met )1 ea* t]m9at+ 9 a sporange1 id5tical to t ( mucor muc$o1 & proportionately well develop$4 ,we are able to di/+ui% mucor racemosus f mucor muc$o only by ! circum/ance ( its hav+ on its sporange-be>+ hyph lat]al bran*es :i* also t]m9ate 9 sporanges4 ,we s[$ only "o ( ! t]m9al heads ( ! l>ge erect hyphae 9 "s wort1 9 :i* x soon produc$ an abundant mycelium1 b )\t ! lea/ appe>ance ( gas4 ,= a v long "t1 up to ,janu>y #g?1 #ahge1 we /udi$ ! developm5ts ( ?is organism1 :i* rema9$ all ! "t p]fectly pure1 9 consequ5ce ( our hav+ cultivat$ x 9 "o ( our two-neck$ flasks on pure wort4 ,! total volume ( liquid1 :i* 0 #acj c4c41 7#deg fl4 oz47 conta9$ #bc grammes 7#cec gra9s7 ( alcohol4 ,9 spite ( ?is r l>ge proportion ( alcohol1 a cle> sign ( und\bt$ f]m5tation1 ! plant _h yield$ no conidia at all1 nor any cell-globules ( f]m5t4 ,"s ( ! filam5ts1 h[ev]1 7 l>g] ?an ! re/1 & exhibit$ irregul>ly-%ap$ swell+s1 :i* 9 "s cases 7 ( enorm\s size4 ,:il/ ! natural mycelial filam5ts1 by :i* we mean ! vegetat+ "p ( mucor1 :i* 7 suppli$ ) abundance ( air1 only measur$ #c_/dej ( a millimetre#ha 9 diamet]1 ! filam5ts t _h gr[n probably ) an insuffici5cy ( oxyg51 & p]=m$ ! functions ( f]m5t1 measur$ #h_/dej1 & ! swell+s z mu* z #cj_/dej ( a millimetre 9 diamet]1 z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,9 conclud+ ?is p>agraph1 we may m5tion a v able rese>* on f]m5tation :i* we h lately /udi$1 ! au?or ( :i*1 ,dr4 ,fitz1 communicat$ x to ! ,*emical ,society ( ,b]l9 9 #ahgc4 ,9 section ,,ii41 page #dh1 ?is au?or expla9s 8 obs]vations 9 a mann] con=mable to our own views1 z may be se5 f ! foll[+ passage ( ! memoir3-- 8,9 ! pres5ce ( oxyg51 ! f]m5t ( mucor develops into a mycelium & consumes ! sug>2 9 ! abs5ce ( oxyg51 on ! o!r h&1 ! spores develop into f]m5t ( mucor1 t buds & decomposes ! sug> into ! products ( f]m5tation4 8,! prop]ties ( mucor muc$o 9 a f]m5table liquid1 9 ! pres5ce or 9 ! abs5ce ( oxyg51 accord p]fectly ) ! !ory ( f]m5tation e/abli%$ by ,pa/eur 9 #ahfa 7,comptes r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 t4 lii41 p4 #abfj74 ,accord+ to ?is !ory a f]m5tative fungus ne$s oxyg5 = its developm5t2 if x f9ds any free oxyg5 x utilizes ! :ole ( x1 assimilat+ "o "p ( ! sug> & burn+ ! o!r2 :il/ 9 ! abs5ce ( free oxyg51 ! fungus appropriates :at x requires f ! sug>40 ,footnote #di3 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w we %all combat1 by means ( exp]im5tal pro(s :i* appe> to u irrefragable1 ! op9ions :i* _m writ]s ent]ta9 on ! subject ( c]ta9 trans=mations ( organisms--t ( p5icillium glaucum into f]m5t1 or mycod]ma2 ( bact]ia into lactic f]m5t2 ( f]m5t into vibrios2 ( mycod]ma aceti into f]m5t1 & s on4 ,nev]!less1 we %all pron\nce no a priori op9ion on ! "q :e!r ! inf]ior organisms1 :i* w be ! subject ( ?is *apt]1 & :i* include yea/ & ! f]m5ts prop]ly s call$1 are p]fect be+s 9 _! habitual =m1 or :e!r !y are susceptible ( polymorphism4 ,x is ) ?is res]vation t we employ ! ^w autonomy4 ,if we claim polymorphism = any species1 we %all n d s )\t furni%+ pro(s4 ,"s organs deta*$ f high] organisms1 & "s be+s 9 a c]ta9 phase ( _! exi/5ce1 may reproduce !mselves "u a special =m1 ) special prop]ties1 :5 br\ght into m$ia & "u conditions t are unfit = ! production ( ! plant or animal "u its o!r %ape or ord9>y mode ( reproduction4 ,mod]n ,sci5ce af=ds _m examples ( ?is1 & c]ta9 alcoholic f]m5ts pres5t u ) analog\s facts2 b to wi% to /ret* ^! facts beyond _! due significance1 & to admit a polymorphism t _c be prov$1 9 consequ5ce ( a belief t x is possible1 or on ! fai? ( confus$ obs]vations1 is to indulge 9 gratuit\s ass]tion f a m]e _s ( sy/em4 ,footnote #ej3 ,see1 on ?is subject1 ! au?or's tudes sur le ,v9aigre1 ,p>is1 #ahfh1 p4 #gf1 note2 & especially tudes sur le ,v91 #bnd ,edition1 #ahgc1 p4 #ai4 ,footnote #ea3 ,"s obs]vations 9 ! prec$+ *apt] enable u to acc\nt = ! va/ numb] ( g]ms :i* are con/antly fall+ on ! surface ( ev]y?+4 ,we may "h allude to ! use we h made ( flasks1 %ap$ z 9 ,fig4 #ag1 & hold+ f #bej c4c4 to #cjj c4c41 :i* are a ?ird "p fill$ ) an organic liquid1 & are clos$ up :5 boil+4 ,!y conta9 no air :5 cool1 & are op5$ 9 s]ies ( #aj1 #bj1 c41 out ( doors1 & clos$ up aga9 imm$iately4 ,! air ru%es viol5tly into ! vacuum1 & ?us we introduce ab\t #bjj c4c4 ( air1 ) all ! p>ticles ( du/ conta9$ 9 t air1 into ea* flask4 ,x has be5 prov$ t a c]ta9 numb] ( ^! flasks und]go *ange 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ! numb] ( ^? *ang+ & ! nature ( _! *anges be+ 9 close proportion to ! probable numb] & nature ( ! float+ g]ms able to develop 9 ! p>ticul> nutritive liquid us$4 ,if we "w at great elevations1 f> f h\ses & ! dirt ( t[ns & inhabit$ pla9s1 z we did at ,montanv]t1 ne> ! ,m] de ,glace1 *ange w seldom occur4 ,! opposite w be ! case if we "w 9 a place l ! liv+-room ( ! little1 dirty1 ill-kept inn at ,montanv]t4 ,9 a laboratory :]e f]m5tation is /udi$ we obta9 c]ta9 k9ds ( g]ms :i* (t5 diff] f ^? f\nd 9 ! air ( ! op5 c\ntry4 ,if we desire to h organisms 9 all our flasks1 we h only to /ir up ! du/ on ! gr\nd or on surr\nd+ objects at ! mom5t :5 we op5 ! flasks4 ,?is simple & easy exp]im5t cle>ly %[s u t x is impossible = a field ( sporanges ( fungoid gr[?1 exi/+ 9 an uncov]$ vessel or on ! surface ( a fruit1 to escape becom+ mix$ ) g]ms t are =eign to ! little plant2 9 o!r words1 ! /ud5t :o s[s spores ( p5icillium1 :i* he has collect$ f "o place or ano!r on a bru%1 exposes himself to s]i\s causes ( error4 ,footnote #eb3 ,m4 ,jules ,raul9 has publi%$ a well-kn[n & rem>kable "w on ! discov]y ( ! m9]al m$ium be/ adapt$ by its composition to ! life ( c]ta9 ord9>y fungoid gr[?s2 he has giv5 a =mula = ! composition ( su* a m$ium4 ,x is ?is t we call "h 8,raul9's fluid0 = abbreviation4 ,wat] #a1ejj ,sug> ,c&y #gj ,t>t>ic ,acid #d ,nitrate ( ,ammonia #d ,phosphate ( ,ammonia #jf ,c>bonate ( ,potassium #jf ,c>bonate ( ,magnesia #jd ,sulphate ( ,ammonia #jbe ,sulphate ( ,z9c #jjg ,sulphate ( ,iron #jjg ,silicate ( ,potassium #jjg ,j4 ,,raul94 ,p>is1 ,victor ,masson1 #ahgj4 ,?se p\r le doctorat4 ,footnote #ec3 ,if we d n wi% to take ! *ance ( procur+ ! pure p5icillium by means ( ^! spontane\s s[+s1 effect$ by op5+ & !n clos+ 9 ! flame a c]ta9 numb] ( flasks ) drawn-out po9ts1 we may utilize "o ( ! flasks1 :i*1 hav+ be5 op5$ & clos$ aga91 has not)/&+ develop$ no organiz$ =ms1 z foll[s3--,we impregnate ! conta9$ liquid directly1 by dropp+ into x f a metallic wire spores tak5 f any gr[? ( p5icillium expos$ to ! common air2 & !n f ! new field ( sporanges =m$ by ?is s[+ 9 ! flask t has be5 re-clos$1 we mu/1 lat] on1 take ! pure spores t we require4 ,?is me?od is quick] & almo/ z safe4 ,we %\ld add t1 if we wi% to use = our purpose spores ( p5icillium f a clos$ flask1 9 :i* ! plant has fructifi$1 we mu/ be c>eful n to leave ! plant too long clos$ up4 ,a few days aft] ! s[+ ! gr[? ( ! fungus is arre/$1 9 consequ5ce ( all ! oxyg5 be+ absorb$1 & its place be+ suppli$ by a mixture ( c>bonic acid & nitrog52 & ! spores1 if kept too long 9 ?is atmosph]e1 w all p]i%4 ,footnote #ed3 ,to %ake ! liquid )\t dang] ( introduc+ ext]ior p>ticles ( du/1 we apply ! flame ( ! _s lamp to ! drawn-out neck ( ! flask1 & close up ! op5 end2 we may !n %ake our flask )\t risk4 ,we mu/ aft]w>ds reop5 ! end ( ! drawn-out neck = ! purpose ( re-e/abli%+ communication ) ! ext]ior air4 ,footnote #ee3 ,! flask ,b 0 clos$ ) ! lamp 9 consequ5ce ( "o ( ! objects ( ^! exp]im5ts be+ to te/ ,m4 ,trcul's exp]im5ts on ! trans=mation ( p5icillium into f]m5t4 ,/rangely en\gh1 accord+ to ,m4 ,trcul1 z we %all see lat] on1 ! spores ( p5icillium refuse to *ange into f]m5t1 if ! vessels 9 :i* !y are s[n are n 8p]fectly air-tight40 ,footnote #ef3 ,bullet9 de la ,socit ,philoma?ique4 ,footnote #eg3 ,,h]mann ,,h(fmann1 tudes ,mycologiques sur la ,f]m5tation4 ,botanis*e ,zeitung & ,annales des ,sci5ces ,naturelles1 #d;e srie1 t4 xiii4 p4 #bd1 #ahfj4 ,footnote #eh3 ,communication sur l',orig9e et le ,dveloppem5t de quelques ,*ampignons4 ,dantzig1 #ahfg4 ,footnote #ei3 ,,tr,,cul1 ,comptes r5dus de l',acadmie1 t4 lxxiii4 p4 #aded2 ,decemb] #bh1 #ahga4 ,footnote #fj3 ,,tr,,cul1 ,comptes r5dus de l',acadmie1 t4 lxxv4 p4 #aafi1 ,novemb] #aa1 #ahgb4 ,a pro( ( ,m4 ,trcul's c>elessness 9 exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d is ! fact t 9 /udy+ ! f]tility ( an impregnat$ wort1 he (t5 obta9s diff]5t productions4 ,our exp]im5ts give opposite results4 ,if we s[ no?+1 we obta9 no?+4 ,if we s[ a plant1 we obta9 a simil> plant2 or1 %\ld !re be any diff]5ce1 ! *ange may be trac$1 beyond "q1 to its orig9 9 ! plant s[n1 & is ! consequ5ce ( "s alt]ation 9 ! conditions ( our exp]im5t4 ,footnote #fa3 ,comptes r5dus des ,sances de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 t4 lxxv4 p4 #abbj2 ,nov4 #ah1 #ahgb4 ,footnote #fb3 ,s9ce writ+ ! above we h exp]i5c$ "s d\bt z to :e!r ! =ms ( developm5t repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bj are actually ^? ( ! asp]gillus glaucus1 :i* we suppos$ our fungoid gr[? to be4 ,9 "s ( ! lat] sket*es ( our obs]vations we f9d simil> =ms1 :i* belong to a blui% k9d ( p5icillium1 ) r l>ge spores4 ,=tunately1 ?is d\bt affects our argum5t 9 no ess5tial p>ticul>4 ,x matt]s v little :at v>iety ( fungoid gr[? x is t gives rise to alcoholic f]m5tation att5d$ by peculi>ities ( %ape t only occur 9 ! developm5t ( its spores :5 air fails x4 ,footnote #fc3 ,by ! t]m conidia is meant c]ta9 *a9s ( cells1 :i* are 9 reality mycelial spores4 ,footnote #fd3 ,see ,,pa/eur1 tudes sur le ,v91 #a/ ,edition1 pp4 #bj & foll[+4 ,footnote #fe3 ,s9ce writ+ ?is p>agraph1 we h f\nd 9 ,m4 ,*4 ,rob9's ,j\rnal d',anatomie et de ,physiologie1 an article sign$ by t g5tleman1 & entitl$ ,sur la ,nature des ,f]m5tations1 c4 7,july-,augu/1 #ahge71 9 :i* ! le>n$ microscopi/ says3--8,! torula c]evisi is d]iv$ f ! mycod]ma c]evisi4 ,my obs]vations leave no d\bt on my m9d t p5icillium glaucum is "o ( ! =ms evolv$ f spores or f]m5ts t h prec$$ x1 z ,m4 ,trcul %[$ a long "t ago1 & t1 moreov]1 ! spores ( p5icillium1 g]m9at+ 9 suitable m$ia1 give u ! sporical =m t]m$ mycod]ma40 ,we take ! lib]ty to obs]ve t ^! ass]tions ( ,m4 ,rob9's are purely gratuit\s4 ,up to ! pres5t "t x has be5 impossible to discov] a suitable m$ium = ! pro( ( ^! diff]5t trans=mations or polymorphisms4 ,f ! "t ( ,turp91 :o firmly believ$ t he _h obs]v$ ^! *anges1 to our own1 none ( ! microscopi/s :o h affirm$ ^! trans=mations h succe$$ 9 adduc+ any conv9c+ pro( ( !m1 & ,m4 ,trcul's late/ obs]vations1 especially z reg>ds p5icillium & its trans=mation into f]m5t or into ! mycod]ma ( be]1 h be5 positively disprov$ by ours1 support$1 z !y are1 by pro(s t we consid] irrefutable4 ,footnote #ff3 ,x is a v easy matt] to /udy ! liquids & gr[?s 9 our flasks dur+ ! c\rse ( a s+le exp]im5t4 ,we take out ! glass /opp] t closes ! india-rubb] tube on ! /raight-neck1 &1 by means ( a long rod or a glass tube previ\sly pass$ ?r\gh ! flame1 take up a quantity1 :i* we draw out imm$iately = microscopical exam9ation4 ,we !n replace ! glass /opp]1 tak+ c>e to pass x ?r\gh ! flame be=e do+ s1 to burn up any organic p>ticles ( du/ t x may h pick$ up f ! table on :i* we laid x4 ,footnote #fg3 ,we may prove ! occurr5ce ( alcoholic f]m5tation by ! cells ( subm]g$ mycod]ma v9i 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,to d ?is1 aft] hav+ made all our prep>ations z be=e & %ak5 up ! film ( mycod]ma v9i 9 its liquid1 we mu/ atta* our flask to a te/ flask 7,fig4 #ai71 & pass ! turbid liquid into ! latt]4 ,on succe$+ days we %all detect a v protract$ f]m5tation 9 ! te/ flask2 !re w be a succession ( m9ute bubbles ris+ f ! bottom1 b 9 small numb] at a "t4 ,! f]m5tation is v evid5t :il/ x la/s1 b is r sluggi%1 &1 al?\gh ( v long duration1 ceases long be=e ! sug> is exhau/$4 ,?is exp]im5t proves bett] ?an any o!r ! non-trans=mation ( mycod]ma v9i into o!r ord9>y fungoid gr[?s4 ,= aft] decant+ ! liquid into ! te/ flasks1 ! sides ( ! exp]im5tal flask rema9 cov]$ ) /reaks ( mycod]ma v9i along ) "s ( ! liquid4 ,moreov]1 ! flask is refill$ ) air1 & ?is air is be+ con/antly r5ew$1 9 "p1 by v>iations ( ! temp]ature ( ! ov51 s t ! mycod]ma rema9+ on ! sides is ?us plac$ "u ! mo/ fav\rable conditions = trans=mation into o!r fungoid gr[?s1 if t 7 possible4 ,x is /ill m easy to deta* ! exp]im5tal f ! te/ flask1 & to pass pure air into x1 once or twice a day1 or con/antly4 ,9 any case1 we %all nev] see any?+ besides ! mycod]ma v9i spr+ up )9 x4 ,footnote #fh3 ,see ,,pa/eur1 ,comptes r5dus des ,sances de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 t4 liv41 #ahfb1 & t4 lv41 #ahfb4 tudes sur les ,mycod]mes1 c4 ,footnote #fi3 ,9 a subsequ5t *apt] we %all prove t yea/ is likewise incapable ( trans=mation into mycod]ma v9i4 ,footnote #gj3 ,we secur$ ! purity ( our mycod]ma by ! same means t we h already describ$ = ! procur+ ( spores ( p5icillium or o!r fungoid gr[?s 9 a /ate ( purity4 ,footnote #ga3 ,,buffon1 ,hi/oire de l',homme1 t4 viii41 edition #abmo1 #aggh2 ,,turp91 ,mmoires de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 t4 xvii42 ,dr4 ,,p9eau1 ,annales des ,sci5ces ,naturelles1 t4 iii41 #ahde2 ,,p\*et1 ,trait de la ,gnration dite ,spontane1 p4 #cce1 #ahei4 ,see also our ,mmoire sur les ,gnrations dites ,spontanes1 #ahfb1 pp4 #ajj & foll[+1 9 :i* we give a resum ( "s ( ^! !ories4 ,footnote #gb3 ,! foll[+ is ,turp9's application ( 8 !ory to ! =mation ( ! f]m5ts ( fruits 7,mmoires de l',acadmie1 t4 xvii41 #ahdj1 p4 #aee71 :]e also1 on p4 #aga ! above quotation w be f\nd3--,f]m5ts ,produc$ by ! ,filt]$ ,juice ( ! ,pulp ( ,diff]5t ,fruits--8,by ! ^w pulp we mean ! s(t & juicy cellul> tissue ( ! fle%y "p1 mesoc>p or middle lay] ( ! p]ic>p ( c]ta9 ripe fruits4 ,?is cellul> tissue1 :i* is v abundant 9 ! pea* & all /one-fruit1 9 ! apple & pe>1 9 ! orange & grape1 & simil> fruits1 is ! same z t :i* =ms ! body ( a leaf4 ,be+ 9 e case compos$ ( a simple agglom]ation ( contigu\s "m-vesicles1 :i* are always fill$ ) globul9es t are m or less develop$1 m or less col\r$1 & individually end[$ ) a special vital c5tre1 x is n surpris+ t its globul9es :5 free & deta*$ f ! comp\nd organisms to :i* !y belong1 & f association ) its vegetable life1 %\ld1 :5 plac$ 9 a suitable m$ium1 !mselves vegetate & become trans=m$1 "u ^! new influ5ces1 into a muc$9e1 ) filam5ts & articulations4 ,su* are ! v f9e1 &1 consequ5tly1 v transp>5t globul9es1 :i*1 :5 left to !mselves 9 sweet5$ wat]1 gr[ & become vesicul>1 produc+ o!r globul9es 9 _! int]ior1 !n bud1 vegetate into muc$9\s filam5ts1 decompose sug>1 & produce all ! effects t con/itute :at we t]m alcoholic f]m5tation40 ,footnote #gc3 ,b,,*amp1 ,re*]*es sur la ,nature et l',orig9e des ,f]m5ts 7,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 #d;e srie1 t4 xxiii41 & ,comptes r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 ,oct4 #bc1 #ahga74 ,footnote #gd3 ,we ne$ sc>cely "h obs]ve1 hav+ done s on previ\s occasions1 t :5ev] we op5$ our flasks to obta9 specim5s1 we made use ( a f9e tube1 previ\sly pass$ ?r\gh ! flame ( a _s lamp1 & t we also pass$ ?is flame ov] ! surface ( ! india-rubb]1 glass /opp]1 c41 to consume ! organic p>ticles ( du/ :i* float+ ab\t might introduce !mselves at ! mom5t :5 we op5$ ! "r-h& tube ( ! flask4 ,footnote #ge3 ,ev] s9ce ! ye> #ahfa 7see p4 #ib71 ?is "q ( ! possible trans=mation ( ! ord9>y fungi1 especially p5icillium & mucor muc$o1 into yea/ has engag$ our att5tion4 ,! results atta9$ h be5 entirely negative2 b hi!rto only ! conclusions ( our "w h be5 publi%$1 "s acc\nt ( :i* 0 giv5 at ! meet+ ( ! ,socit ,philoma?ique ( ,m>* #cj?1 #ahfa4 ,! foll[+ extract is f ! ,bullet9 ( ! society3--8,meet+ ( ,m>* #cj?1 #ahfa4 ,at ?is meet+ a pap] 0 read by ,m4 ,pa/eur #8,on ! suppos$ *anges 9 ! =m & vegetation ( yea/-cells1 dep5d+ on ! ext]nal condition ( _! developm5t4' ,x is well-kn[n t ,leuw5hoeck 0 ! fir/ to describe ! globules ( yea/1 & t ,m4 ,cagn>d-,lat\r discov]$ _! faculty ( multiply+ by budd+4 ,?is int]e/+ vegetable organism has be5 ! subject ( a ho/ ( rese>*es by *emi/s & botani/s4 ,! latt]1 f ! days ( ,turp9 & ,kutz+1 h almo/ unanim\sly reg>d$ yea/ z a =m ( developm5t ( v>i\s inf]ior vegetable types1 especially p5icillium4 ,! /udies ( ?is subject :i* seem to h won mo/ fav\r dur+ ! la/ few ye>s are ^? ( ,,mm4 ,wagn]1 ,bail1 ,b]keley1 & ,h4 ,h(fmann4 ,! rese>*es ( ^! botani/s seem to /r5g!n & confirm ! orig9al obs]vations ( ,turp9 & ,kutz+4 ,m4 ,p\*et has1 q rec5tly1 express$ ! same ideas1 & has det]m9$ c]ta9 po9ts 9 connection ) !m ) mu* precision ( detail4 ,m4 ,pa/eur has long /udi$ ?is important "q1 :i* is s intimately connect$ ) ! ess5tial nature ( yea/ & ) ^? ph5om5a ( ! polymorphism ( ! inf]ior types ( vegetable life1 to :i* mo/ ( ! rem>kable works ( ,m4 ,tulasne relate2 he has1 h[ev]1 arriv$ at results t are altoge!r negative1 & he decl>es t he 0 unable to detect ! trans=mation ( yea/ into any ( ! muc$9es :atsoev]1 &1 inv]sely1 t he c\ld nev] succe$ 9 produc+ ! smalle/ quantity ( yea/ f ord9>y muc$9es40 ,^! same results we communicat$ to ! ,socit ,*imique ( ,p>is1 at a meet+ held ,april #ab?1 #ahfa4 ,?r\gh\t ! inve/igation ( :i* we h j indicat$ ! conclusions1 we insi/$ on ! necessity ( cultivat+ ! sep>ate organisms 9 a /ate ( purity 9 all rese>*es relat+ to ^! inf]ior =ms ( life1 if we desire to atta9 to sure inf]5ces ab\t !m2 & ! me?od ( work+1 :i* we recomm5d$1 did n diff] ess5tially f t adopt$ 9 ! pres5t "w4 ,s9ce !n ! /udy ( ^! gr[?s has be5 conduct$ ) ! utmo/ precautions2 & o!r app>atus1 p]haps z safe z ^? :i* we employ & bett] adapt$ ?an ours = ! /udy ( polymorphism ( species1 h be5 inv5t$ by botani/s ( great skill--,m4 de ,b>y1 9 ,g]many1 & ,m4 ,van ,tieghem1 9 ,france4 ,footnote #gf3 ,we f\nd1 aft] ! lapse ( ano!r ye>1 9 ,decemb]1 #ahgc1 t ! f]m5t ( ! mucor 9 ! te/ glass might /ill be easily reviv$2 t x 0 able to propagate1 bo? 9 ! mycelium & 9 ! cellul> =m1 9 wort1 & t x might produce a f]m5tation1 m or less active1 accord+ to ! condition ( a]ation2 9 %ort1 t x 0 capable ( produc+ all ! *>act]i/ic ph5om5a describ$4 ,by means ( ! me?od ( cultivation t we employ1 our /udy1 :i* 0 cont9u$ = ye>s1 0 pursu$ )\t ! lea/ fe> ( any =eign fungoid gr[?s be+ introduc$ into ! vessels1 al?\gh !y rema9$ con/antly op51 & ! air 9 !m 0 be+ p]petually r5ew$ by ! action ( diffusion & v>iations ( temp]ature4 ,9 #ahge no?+ rema9$ alive 9 our flask1 & fur!r revival became impossible4 ,footnote #gg3 ,we d n "h take into acc\nt c]ta9 ph5om5a ( oxidation ( :i* ! fungoid gr[?s are ! seat1 & :i* rem9d u ( ^? t are pres5t$ 9 s rem>kable a degree by mycod]ma v9i & mycod]ma aceti4 ,footnote #gh3 ,!re are #aedc gra9s 9 ! gramme4 ,footnote #gi3 ,= ,engli% equival5t see ,exp]im5t #a1 p4 #ace4 ,footnote #hj3 ,! figure giv5 bel[ supplies ?is omission4 ,! cells t are isolat$ or are 9 *a9s1 b4b4b41 %[ ?is /ate ( ! old cells4 ,! cells a4a4a4 are y\ng]1 & may be m easily reviv$4 ,we may see by ! dim5sions ( "s ( ^! h[ greatly1 9 c]ta9 cases1 ! cells ( mucor resemble cells ( yea/2 nev]!less1 9 ! /ate ( ! cont5ts & ! aspect ( ! outl9es1 !re are always "s diff]5ces suffici5tly appreciable to /rike ! practis$ obs]v]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,! figures adjo9+ ! cells indicate fractions ( a millimetre4 7,a millimetre may be tak5 z #e-;947 ,footnote #ha3 #jjjjjhi 941 #jjjjbf 94 & ,o#jjjhi 94 respectively4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,alcoholic ,f]m5ts4 ,i4--,on ! ,orig9 ( ,f]m5t4 ,among/ ! productions t appe> spontane\sly1 or1 we %\ld r say1 )\t direct impregnation1 9 organic liquids expos$ to contact ) ! air1 !re is "o t m p>ticul>ly claims our /udy4 ,x is t "o :i*1 by reason ( its active en]gy z an ag5t ( decomposition1 has be5 di/+ui%$ & utiliz$ f ! e>lie/ times1 & is consid]$ z ! type ( f]m5ts 9 g5]al2 we mean ! f]m5t ( w9e1 be]1 & m g5]ally1 ( all f]m5t$ bev]ages4 ,yea/ is t visc\s sort ( deposit :i* takes place 9 ! vats or b>rels ( mu/ or wort t is und]go+ f]m5tation4 ,?is k9d ( f]m5t pres5ts = consid]ation a physical fact ( ! mo/ extraord9>y "*4 ,take a morsel ( ! sub/ance & put x 9 sweet5$ wat]1 9 mu/1 or 9 d\gh1 :i* always conta9s a little sug>2 aft] a "t1 ! l5g? ( :i* v>ies1 a few m9utes (t5 suffic+1 we see ^! liquids or ! d\gh rise1 s to speak4 ,?is inflation ( ! mass1 :i* is due to a lib]ation ( c>bonic acid gas1 may cause x to ov]fl[ ! vessels conta9+ x1 if _! capacity is n consid]ably great] ?an ! volume ( ! matt]s f]m5t+4 ,x is equally rem>kable t ^! ph5om5a are natural & spontane\s2 t is to say t ! mu/1 ! wort1 & ! d\gh are able to rise1 z we h t]m$ x1 :5 left to !mselves1 )\t ! lea/ addition ( =eign sub/ances4 ,! only diff]5ce t may occur 9 ^! ph5om5a is a c]ta9 am\nt ( ret>dation1 9 cases :]e ! yea/ does n rea* ! sac*>9e matt]s 9 a p]fectly natural =m1 inasmu* z x !n requires a c]ta9 "t to get itself toge!r be=e x c beg9 to act4 ,x is necess>y1 inde$1 t sug> %\ld be pres5t2 = if we ab/ract$ by "s means or o!r f ! mu/ or d\gh all ! sug> conta9$ 9 x1 )\t t\*+ ! o!r con/itu5ts1 ! addition ( yea/ w\ld produce no gas4 ,ev]y?+ w\ld rema9 quiet until ! mom5t :5 signs ( a m or less advanc$ putrefaction %[$ !mselves4 ,yea/ is "o ( ! mo/ putrescible ( sub/ances1 & x is wor?y ( notice t its alt]ation is also ! consequ5ce ( ! =mation ( "o or m f]m5ts1 v diff]5t1 h[ev]1 f t ( :i* we are speak+4 ,z = ! nature ( yea/1 ! microscope has taught u :at x is4 ,t m>vell\s in/rum5t1 al?\gh /ill 9 its infancy1 enabl$ ,leuw5hoeck1 t[>ds ! close ( ! #ag? c5tury1 to discov] t yea/ is compos$ ( a mass ( cells4 ,9 #ahce ,cagn>d-,lat\r & ,s*wann took up ,leuw5hoeck's obs]vations1 & by employ+ a m p]fect microscope1 discov]$ t ^! same cells vegetate & multiply by a process ( gemmation4 ,s9ce !n ! physical & *emical ph5om5a already m5tion$1 su* z ! rais+ ( ! mass1 ! lib]ation ( c>bonic acid gas1 & ! =mation ( alcohol1 h be5 ann\nc$ z acts probably connect$ ) ! liv+ processes ( a little cellul> plant1 & subsequ5t rese>*es h confirm$ ^! views4 ,9 introduc+ a quantity ( yea/ into a sac*>9e wort1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t we are s[+ a multitude ( m9ute liv+ cells1 repres5t+ s _m c5tres ( life1 capable ( vegetat+ ) extraord9>y rapidity 9 a m$ium adapt$ to _! nutrition4 ,?is ph5om5on c occur at any temp]ature betwe5 z]o & #ee ,c4 7#aca ,f471 al?\gh a temp]ature betwe5 #ae ,c4 & #cj ,c4 7#ei ,f4 & #hf ,f47 is ! mo/ fav\rable to its occurr5ce4 ,z reg>ds ! rapidity ( ! budd+1 ! foll[+ obs]vations w give "s idea ( :at x is 9 ! case ( "o ( ! f]m5ts ( natural mu/4 ,! temp]ature 0 betwe5 #ab ,c4 & #ac ,c4 7#ee ,f474 8,on ,octob] #ab1 #ahfa1 at t5 o'clock 9 ! morn+1 we cru%$ "s grapes1 )\t filt]+ ! juice t ran f !m2 aft]w>ds1 at diff]5t times dur+ ! day1 we exam9$ ! juice "u ! microscope1 until at la/1 al?\gh n be=e sev5 o'clock 9 ! ev5+1 we detect$ a c\ple ( cells1 z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #be1 a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,f t "t we kept ^! contigu\s cells con/antly 9 view4 ,at #g4aj we saw !m sep>ate & remove to "s little di/ance f ea* o!r 7,fig4 #be1 b74 ,betwe5 #g & #g4cj we saw1 on ea* ( ^! cells1 a v m9ute bud orig9ate & gr[ little by little4 ,^! buds develop$ v ne> ! po9t ( contact1 :]e ! disjunction _h j tak5 place4 ,by #g4de ! buds _h increas$ greatly 9 size 7,fig4 #be1 c74 ,by #h !y _h atta9$ ! size ( ! "m-cells4 ,by #i ea* cell ( ea* c\ple _h put =? a new bud 7,fig4 #be1 d74 ,we did n foll[ ! multiplication ( ! cells any f>!r1 hav+ se5 t 9 ! c\rse ( two h\rs two cellules _h furni%$ eight1 includ+ ! two "m-cells40#hb ,an increase l ?is1 :i* w\ld h be5 m rapid at a temp]ature betwe5 #ae & #be 7#ei & #gg ,f471 & /ill m s betwe5 #be & #cj 7#gg & #hf ,f471 may inde$ seem surpris+4 ,x is really1 h[ev]1 no?+ to :at sometimes occurs4 ,9 *oos+ prop] conditions ( temp]ature & m$ium1 ( /ate & nature ( yea/1 x has sometimes happ5$ t ! bottom ( a vessel has become cov]$ ) a :ite deposit ( yea/ cells1 9 ! c\rse ( n m ?an five or six h\rs aft] we _h s[n a quantity ( yea/ s small z to effect no *ange at all 9 ! transp>5cy ( ! liquid conta9$ 9 ! vessel aft] x _h be5 %ak5 up4 ,su* a rapidity ( vegetation rem9d$ u ( ^? exotic plants :i* are said to gr[ sev]al feet 9 height 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,budd+ comm5ces 9 ! =m ( a simple protub]ance on ! cell--a k9d ( little boss1 z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #bf1 ,no4 #a4 ,?is protub]ance goes on increas+1 & assumes a sph]ical or oval =m4 ,at ! same "t1 !re is a t5d5cy 9 ! po9ts ( atta*m5t 9 ! "y cell to meet--a k9d ( /rangulation occurs 7,fig4 #bf1 ,no4 #b74 ,! junction takes place a little soon] or lat]1 accord+ to ! species 7,fig4 #bf1 ,no4 #c72 ! two individuals !n sep>ate 7,fig4 #bf1 ,no4 #d74 ,9 c]ta9 cases a s+le cell may give rise to sev]al protub]ances1 &1 consequ5tly1 to sev]al daught]-cells4 ,:]e !re is only "o protub]ance or bud we g5]ally see x orig9ate at ! ?ick end & a little on "o side ( ! apex ( ! oval outl9e1 :i*1 9 a great] or less degree1 *>act]izes ! cells ( ! majority ( f]m5ts4 ,c]ta9 au?ors h ma9ta9$ t ! me?od ( budd+ :i* we h j describ$1 & :i* we ?9k 0 fir/ promulgat$ by ,mits*]li*1 is m]ely an illusion1 & t ! cells ( yea/ break up & scatt] _! granul> cont5ts1 & t ^! scatt]$ granules ev5tually atta* !mselves to ! cells1 gr[+ !re1 & s giv+ ! appe>ance ( buds or daught]-cells4 ,?is error has be5 reviv$ q rec5tly4#hc ,no?+ c be less admissible4 ,we c\ld c\nt ! numb] ( yea/ cells :i* we h se5 und]go ?is process ( rupture 9 ! c\rse ( "s t5 ye>s ( obs]vation1 e day ( :i*1 we may say1 ?\s&s ( ^! cells h pass$ "u our eyes4 ,?is break+ up ( ! cells is really ( ! mo/ r>e occurr5ce1 & may always be expla9$ by "s abnormal circum/ance affect+ ! yea/2 be+ inde$ a me*anical accid5t1 n a physiological fact4 ,we may easily conv9ce ourselves ( ?is by gr[+ "s yea/ 9 a sac*>9e wort1 filt]$ p]fectly cle>1 &1 consequ5tly1 depriv$ ( all granul> amorph\s deposit t might deceive ! obs]v]4 ,! cells w be obs]v$ to bud & multiply )\t exhibit+ ! mo/ m9ute appe>ance ( granulation1 or disruption2 moreov]1 !re w always be cells ( all sizes1 rang+ f ! smalle/ visible up to ! l>ge/4 ,?is v simple piece ( obs]vation may be made 9 all ! alcoholic f]m5ts1 & ) any wort capable ( f]m5t+1 & 9 its pres5ce ! hypo!sis1 :i* we h be5 repudiat+1 _c hold its own4 ,9 ,plate ,,vii4 7left side7 !re is repres5t$ a field ( yea/1 magnifi$ #djj times4 ,we see a mass ( disjo9t$ cells1 su* z appe> aft] f]m5tations )\t suffici5t alim5t2 ( ! k9d repres5t$ "s are ne>ly sph]ical1 o!rs oval or cyl9drical1 m or less elongat$4 ,if we mix a little ( ?is yea/1 ( ab\t ! size ( a p9's head1 ) wort1 & put ! wort into a small1 %all[1 flat-bottom$ bas91 hav+ a surface ( ab\t #a squ>e decimetre 7#aj sq4 ins47 expos+ x to ! surr\nd+ temp]ature1 we %all f9d next day ! bottom ( ! bas9 cov]$ ) a f9e :ite deposit1 ( ! =ms ( :i* we give a sket* 9 ! "r half ( ! plate4 ,9 ?is x w at once be obs]v$ t ! cells s[n h lo/ _! int]ior granulations1 hav+ become m transp>5t & fill$ ) a gelat9\s protoplasm4 ,! pr9cipal diff]5ce betwe5 ! two halves ( ! plate consi/s 9 ?is1 t :]eas ! cells 9 ! left half are isolat$ & granul>1 ^? 9 ! "r half are m inflat$1 m transp>5t1 & provid$ ) buds1 :i* may be se5 9 e /age ( developm5t1 f _! fir/ appe>ance till !y become z l>ge z ! p>5t cells4 ,!y cont9ue to gr[ until !y deta* !mselves2 !n !y bud 9 _! turn1 s t ! same figure may furni% examples ( cells ( ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird g5]ations4 ,9 ! "r half1 ! protoplasm conta9$ 9 ! cells exhibits circul> spots or vacuoles1 :i* may be made to appe> light] or d>k] ?an ! re/ ( ! cell by slight movem5ts ( ! object-glass ( ! microscope4 ,^! spots are due to a migration ( ! protoplasm t[>ds ! sides2 !y commonly occur 9 yea/ cells ! vitality ( :i*1 f defici5t n\ri%m5t1 has become suppress$--! %rivell$ appe>ance :i* !y !n assume be+ due to _! be+ =c$ to live ^u !mselves1 s to speak4 ,h[ev]1 by introduc+ su* cells into a nutritive & a]at$ liquid ! vacuoles quickly disappe>4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #g4 ,yea/-cells--,worn out & ,dissociat$ 7left71 aft] ,revival 9 a ,sweet ,wort 7"r74 ,9 ! ord9>y yea/1 z met ) 9 brew]ies1 ! majority ( cells %[ "o or m ( ^! vacuoles2 if1 h[ev]1 we place a little ( ?is yea/ 9 an a]at$ wort1 & wat* "u ! microscope ! *anges t occur 9 ! cells1 we %all witness1 (t5 9 ! c\rse ( a few seconds1 a k9d ( turgesc5ce1 a great] t5sion ( ! cell-walls1 :i* seem to gr[ ?9n]1 & a complete disappe>ance ( ! vacuoles4 ,at ! same "t ! int]ior gelat9\s matt] w become fill$ ) f9e granulations t are sc>cely visible1 b :i* at a c]ta9 di/ance appe> brilliant4 ,at ! same "t protub]ances beg9 to %[ !mselves1 & next day ! budd+ w h already become v active4 ,! newly-=m$ cells w h su* a delicacy ( aspect & cont\r z to be sc>cely disc]nible 9 ! field ( ! microscope4 ,!re w also be a t5d5cy to ramification 9 ! budd+1 :i* appe>ance w be m or less m>k$ accord+ to ! k9d ( alcoholic f]m5ts pres5t1 z we %all see pres5tly1 atta9+ its maximum 9 ea* case :5 ! cells h be5 reviv$ aft] exhau/ion by re/ & want ( food4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! process ( rejuv5esc5ce may be protract$2 b ?is is n ! case ) cells ( comm]cial yea/1 :i* is always us$ )9 a few days ( its =mation4 ,& ?us1 z ,i said a little ago1 speak+ ( ^! cells1 !y (t5 manife/ ! fir/ signs ( _! budd+ 9 a few seconds4 ,9 our prec$+ rem>ks we h expressly assum$ t !re are _m k9ds ( alcoholic f]m5t4 ,?is is1 beyond d\bt1 ! case1 z we h giv5 inconte/able pro(s1 fir/ 9 #ahfb1 9 ! ,bullet9 de la ,socit *imique ( ,p>is1 & lat] on1 9 #ahfd & #ahff1 9 a ,note 9 ! ,comptes r5dus1 on ! diseases ( w9es1 z well z 9 our 8,/udies on ,w9e40 ,moreov]1 we "k t brew]s h long recogniz$ two di/9ct me?ods ( f]m5tation--8high0 f]m5tation & 8l[0 f]m5tation--& two correspond+ yea/s4 ,x is true t ! diff]5ces pres5t$ by ^! f]m5tations 7 believ$ to be caus$ by ! diff]5t conditions "u :i* !y took place1 & t x 0 suppos$ t we might *ange 8high0 yea/ into 8l[0 yea/1 or inv]sely1 by subject+ ! fir/ to a l[ temp]ature1 or ! second to a high "o4 ,9 our obs]vations ( #ahfb1 :i* we h j m5tion$1 we discov]$ t mu/ gives rise to sev]al yea/s2 t ! f]m5t ( 8high0 be] _c develop except ) great difficulty 9 mu/1 :il/ "o ( ! f]m5ts ( ! grape gr[s rapidly & luxuriantly 9 wort2 t x is easy to isolate ! smalle/ ( ! f]m5ts ( ! grape f its cong5]s1 by subject+ filt]$ mu/ to f]m5tation2 & f9ally1 t ! second>y f]m5tations ( w9es :i* rema9 sweet furni% a rem>kable f]m5t1 v diff]5t 9 aspect to ! f]m5t ( be]4 ,we h n giv5 specific names to ^! diff]5t f]m5ts1 any m ?an we h to ! o!r microscopic organisms :i* we h _h occasion to /udy4 ,?is 0 n f any disreg>d = names1 b f a con/ant fe> t1 s9ce ! physiological functions ( ^! m9ute =ms 0 ! exclusive object ( our /udy1 we might be l$ to atta* too mu* importance to ext]ior *>act]s4 ,we h (t5 f\nd t =ms1 hav+ no?+ app>5tly 9 common1 belong to "o & ! same species1 :il/ simil>ity ( =m may associate species f> ap>t4 ,we %all give "s fre% examples ( ?is fact 9 ! pres5t p>agraph4 ,a ,g]man naturali/1 ,dr4 ,rees1 :o has discov]$ new pro(s ( ! div]sity ( alcoholic f]m5ts1 putt+ aside1 p]haps rightly1 su* scruples1 has atta*$ specific names to ! diff]5t k9ds ( f]m5ts1 9 8 bro*ure publi%$ 9 #ahgj1 :i* we h already cit$ 7p4 #ga74 ,inde$1 we h (t5 ourselves1 = brevity's sake1 made use ( ! names propos$ by ,dr4 ,rees4#hd ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,9 a ,note ins]t$ 9 ! ,bullet9 de la ,socit *imique de ,p>is1 9 #ahfb1 we figur$ a f]m5t ( small dim5sions1 :i* develops spontane\sly 9 mu/1 filt]$ or unfilt]$1 & :i* is v diff]5t f ! ord9>y f]m5t ( w9e4 ,x is ! fir/ to make its appe>ance 9 ! f]m5tation ( ! grape1 & may ev5 appe> alone if ! mu/ has be5 previ\sly well filt]$1 d\btless because its g]ms1 be+ small] ?an ^? ( o!r f]m5ts1 pass ?r\gh ! filt] m easily & 9 great] numb]4 ,fig4 #bg1 extract$ f our ,note ( #ahfb1 repres5ts ?is f]m5t1 toge!r ) "s sph]ical cells ( high yea/1 ) ! object ( giv+ a m exact idea ( ! relative dim5sions ( ^! two f]m5ts & _! dissimil>ities4 ,dr4 ,rees has nam$ x sac*>omyces apiculatus4 ,! same savant has giv5 ! "n ( sac*>omyces pa/orianus to ! yea/ ( ! second>y f]m5tations ( sweet liquids1 su* z w9e t has rema9$ sweet aft] its pr9cipal f]m5tation4 ,we h describ$ ?is yea/ 9 a ,note publi%$ 9 #ahfd1 on ! diseases ( w9e1 f :i* we give ! foll[+ extract3--#he ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 8,fig4 #f 7,fig4 #bh 9 ?is "w7 repres5ts a v int]e/+ v>iety ( alcoholic f]m5t4 ,x happ5s pretty (t51 especially 9 ! ,jura1 :]e ! v9tage takes place ab\t ,octob] #ae?1 :5 ! season is already cold & little fav\rable to f]m5tation1 t ! w9e is /ill sweet at ! mom5t :5 x is put into casks4 ,?is is especially ! case 9 good ye>s1 :5 ! sug> is abundant & ! proportion ( alcohol high1 a circum/ance :i* prev5ts ! completion ( f]m5tation :5 effect$ at a l[ temp]ature4 ,! w9e rema9s sweet 9 cask sometimes = sev]al ye>s1 und]go+ a cont9u\s b feeble alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,9 su* w9es we h always obs]v$ ! pres5ce ( ?is peculi> f]m5t4 ,9 =m x consi/s ( a pr9cipal /em1 =m+ nodes at v>i\s po9ts1 f :i* %ort bran*es arise1 end+ 9 sph]ical or ovoid cells4 ,^! cells readily deta* !mselves1 & act z spores ( ! plant4 ,x is r>ely1 h[ev]1 t we see s p]fect a vegetation z we h repres5t$1 because ! diff]5t p>ts fall to pieces1 z we h %[n 9 ! left half ( ! figure40 ,:at is ! orig9 ( cellul> plants ( ?is rem>kable type8 ,:]e & h[ are ! f]m5ts ( ! grape g5]at$8 ,9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 #c we 7 on our way to a solution ( ?is "q4 ,x has be5 %[n t f]m5tation _c take place 9 ! juice ( cru%$ grapes if ! mu/ has n come into contact & be5 mix$ ) p>ticles ( du/ on ! surface ( ! grapes1 or ( ! woody "p ( ! bun*4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be suffici5t t a v9tage vat1 ( any capacity :atsoev]1 %\ld receive ! p>ticles ( du/ exi/+ on a s+le bun* 9 "s cases1 on ev5 a s+le grape1 = ! :ole mass to ent] into f]m5tation4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #h4 ,f]tile ,m\ld-cells f ! ,out] ,surface ( ,grapes4 ,:at1 !n1 we mu/ ask ourselves1 is ! nature ( ^! p>ticles ( du/8 ,on ,septemb] #bg?1 #ahgb1 we pick$ f a v9e1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,arbois1 a bun* ( grapes1 ( ! v>iety call$ le noir94 ,! bun* select$1 )\t any injury to a s+le grape1 0 br\ght to our laboratory 9 a %eet ( pap] t _h be5 previ\sly scor*$ 9 ! flame ( a _s lamp1 & ! grapes 7 cut (f ) a pair ( f9e scissors1 :i* _h also be5 pass$ ?r\gh ! flame4 ,by means ( a badg]-hair bru%1 ?or\ghly purifi$ 9 wat]1 ea* grape to :i* a portion ( its p$uncle rema9$ atta*$1 0 wa%$ 9 a little pure wat]4 ,! successive wa%+ ( a doz5 grapes 9 #c c4c4 ( wat] 0 suffici5t to make ! wat] turbid2 we !n exam9$ x "u ! microscope4 ,ea* field conta9$ _m little organiz$ bodies1 accid5tally associat$1 n[ & aga91 ) "s v sc>ce cry/all9e spicules4 ,z a rule1 ! organisms consi/$ ( simple1 transp>5t1 col\rless cells2 "s1 inde$1 ( l>g] size _h a yell[i% br[n col\r1 & 7 deta*$ or unit$ 9 irregul> masses2 &1 la/ly1 !re 7 club-%ap$ or bottle-%ap$ vessels1 full ( spores ready to g]m9ate4 ,we repeat$ ?is exp]im5t ) bun*es ( o!r v>ieties ( grape1 & also submitt$ to exam9ation wat] 9 :i* ! out] surfaces ( gooseb]ries1 plums1 & pe>s _h be5 wa%$2 ! result 0 9 ea* case ! same1 t is1 we f\nd a great numb] ( ! same col\rless cells1 & ! same irregul> masses ( d>k] cells1 :i* latt]1 h[ev]1 we mu/ n conf\nd ) ! masses ( dead cells sometimes f\nd cov]+ p>ts ( ! epid]mis ( c]ta9 fruits4 ,z we _h purposely left ea* fruit atta*$ to "p ( its p$uncle1 we wi%$ to asc]ta9 if ^! corpuscles proce$$ f ! grapes or f ! wood ( ! p$uncle4 ,= ?is purpose we wa%$ sep>ately ! surface ( ! grapes & ! woody "p ( ! bun*4 ,! wat] 9 :i* ! latt] 0 wa%$ 0 visibly m *>g$ ) ! m9ute organisms ?an t 9 :i* ! grapes 0 wa%$1 al?\gh ! latt] 0 by no means free f !m4 ,plate ,,viii4 repres5ts ^! corpuscles z !y exi/ on ! surface ( fruits1 magnifi$ #ejj times4 ,! gr\ps1 b1 b1 b1 4441 c1 c1 444 are ( a br[n col\r1 m or less d>k1 or ( a r$di% yell[2 ! cells a1 a1 444 are transp>5t4 ,among/ !m are "s spores ( ord9>y fungoid gr[?s1 & sev]al cells :i* are probably ! issue ( a g]m9ation t _h comm5c$ 9 c]ta9 gr\ps :i* h a h>d1 yell[i% appe>ance1 & :i* are provid$ ) :at seems to be a d\ble case--b1 b1 b1 4441 c1 c1 4441 a result ( ! moi/ure ( ! woody "p ( ! bun*1 or ( ra9 t fell j be=e ! comm5cem5t ( our obs]vations4 ,x is an easy matt] to trace ! g]m9ation ( ^! diff]5t v>ieties ( cells ) ! microscope4 ,we put a drop ( ! wat] 9 :i* ! woody "p ( a bun* ( grapes has be5 wa%$ into a small quantity ( wort1 previ\sly boil$ & filt]$ bright4 ,plate ,,ix4 pres5ts a s]ies ( developm5ts obs]v$ 9 ! case ( simple or gr\p$ cells1 ,a1 ,d1 ,g1 & ,j4 ,! process is z foll[s3 ,! yell[i%-br[n cells s(t5 & gr[ l>g] 9 ! nutritive m$ium1 & gradually become almo/ transp>5t & col\rless4 ,at ! same "t we see "s v "y buds appe> on _! m>g9s2 ^! rapidly increase 9 size1 & deta*+ !mselves to make room = o!rs1 move (f z "y cells t aft] a "t bud 9 _! turn4 ,! rapidity ) :i* ^! cells bud & multiply is (t5 extraord9>y4 ,! gr\p ,a & ! cell ,d produc$ ! gr\ps ,c & ,f )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 pass+ ?r\gh ! int]m$iate /ages repres5t$ 9 gr\ps ,b1 ,e4 ,! cells ,a & ,d did n give rise to any filam5t\s gr[?s1 at lea/ :il/ "u our obs]vation4 ,"s gr\ps ( cells1 h[ev]1 put =?1 f ! fir/1 long filam5ts1 hav+ cross-p>titions & resembl+ ! mycelium 9 ord9>y fungoid gr[?s4 ,toge!r ) ^!1 & along _! :ole l5g?1 0 an abundance ( cells1 (t5 9 clu/]s1 z repres5t$ by ,fig4 ,g1 ! :ole ( :i* gr[? took place 9 less ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs4#hf ,b ap>t f contact ) ! air1 !re 0 a complete abs5ce ( life4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #i4 ,v>i\s ,examples ( ! ,mode ( ,gr[? ( ,m\ld-cells f ! ,out] ,surface ( ,grapes4 ,! figures ,h1 ,i1 ,j1 ,k1 repres5t o!r aspects ( develop+ cells & filam5ts4 ,! cells ,h are sph]ical2 ! cells ,i h num]\s buds1 z also h ^? m>k$ ,k4 ,^! diff]5t =ms 7 all produc$ 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs by ! cell :i* may be obs]v$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! gr\p ,j4 ,9 connection ) ?is same gr\p1 ,j1 we may rem>k t on ,septemb] #cj1 #ahgb1 at #aj ,a4,m41 we witness$ ! deta*m5t ( ?ree oval cells at ! po9ts a1 b1 c2 by #aj4de o!r buds ( ! size repres5t$ 9 our engrav+ _h =m$ 9 _! place2 by ab\t five o'clock t same aft]noon ^! buds1 a1 b1 c1 hav+ become trans=m$ into cells1 fell (f 9 _! turn4#hg ,x may be ask$1 :at pro( h we t among/ ! filam5t\s & cellul> gr[?s :i* spr+ f ! small1 d>k bodies exi/+ 9 ! p>ticles ( du/ adh]+ to ! surface ( fruits1 & :i* we "h see bud & multiply ) su* m>vell\s rapidity1 ! f]m5t or f]m5ts ( v9tage d actually exi/8 ,a v simple exp]im5t w prove conclusively t ?is is ! case4 ,:5 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty-f\r or =ty-eight h\rs1 by contact ) sac*>9e mu/1 & 9 pres5ce ( excess ( air1 ! revival & developm5t ( ! cells has tak5 place on ! bottom ( ! little tr\ghs employ$ 9 our obs]vations2 if !n we fill up ! tr\gh ) ! same mu/1 s t !re rema9s no free air "u ! cov]-glass1 )9 a v %ort "t--an h\r1 half-an-h\r1 or (t5 less--we %all see bubbles ( gas rise f ! bottom1 accompani$ by an increase 9 ! deposit ( cells4 ,?is w be ! mu/ f]m5t+ aft] ! subm]sion ( ! cellul> plants4 ,x foll[s t ! cells1 or gr\ps ( cells1 ( a d>k col\r :i* cov] ! grapes1 or ! woody "p ( ! clu/]s1 are actual g]ms ( ! cells ( yea/2 m correctly speak+1 t g]ms ( yea/-cells exi/ among/ ^! gr\ps1 = x w\ld n be consi/5t ) tru? to say t ! v>i\s g]m9at+ =ms pres5t 9 ! du/ on ! surface ( grapes mu/ all ( !m give rise to actual correspond+ f]m5ts4 ,?us ! flask-%ap$ spores c1 c1 444 9 ,plate ,,viii41 are reproductive organs ( alt]n>ia t5uis1 :i* h probably no?+ 9 common ) alcoholic f]m5t or f]m5ts1 prop]ly s call$1 except _! outw>d =m4 ,we may repeat1 h[ev]1 & x is a po9t ( great importance to be> 9 m9d1 t ! cells ( yea/ orig9ate f "s or o!r ( ! little1 br[ni%1 organiz$ bodies1 :i* ! microscope reveals 9 su* numb]s among/ ! p>ticles ( du/ exi/+ on ! surface ( fruits4 ,! impossibility1 :i* we h already demon/rat$ 7,*apt] ,,iii4 #c71 ( mak+ grape juice f]m5t ap>t f ! action ( ext]nal p>ticles ( du/1 & ! k :i* we h j acquir$1 t ! p>ticles ( du/ on ! surface ( ! grapes & woody p$uncles1 at ! mom5t :5 ! grapes h atta9$ maturity1 conta9 c]ta9 reproductive cells :i* give rise to c]ta9 f]m5ts1 naturally lead u to ! inve/igation ( ano!r po9t1 :i* conc]ns ! p]iod at :i* ^! g]ms make _! appe>ance on ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! v9e plant4 ,! two foll[+ exp]im5ts t5d to prove t ! f]m5t c only appe> ab\t ! "t :5 ! grapes atta9 maturity1 & t x disappe>s dur+ ! w9t]1 n to reappe> be=e ! end ( ! foll[+ summ]4 ,i4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,octob]1 #ahgc1 we procur$ f a v9ey>d 9 ! canton ( ,arbois "s ( ! woody p>ts ( v ripe clu/]s ( grapes1 tak+ ! precaution to cut (f all ! grapes1 "o by "o1 ) a v clean pair ( scissors1 :il/ /ill on ! v9e2 we !n wrapp$ up ! woody p>ts ( ! clu/]s1 ?us depriv$ ( _! grapes1 9 ?9 pap]1 to convey !m to ,p>is4 ,our only object at t "t 0 to secure = use 9 our subsequ5t /udies ! f]m5t-be>+ du/ f\nd 9 ,octob] on ! woody "p ( ! v9e1 &1 m p>ticul>ly1 on ! clu/]s !mselves1 z already /at$4 ,aft] our return to ,p>is1 & dur+ ! c\rse ( our exp]im5ts 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]1 x suffic$ to wa% a few scraps ( ! bun*es 9 a little pure wat]1 9 ord] to obta9 ! grape-f]m5t 9 abundance2 b lat] on 9 ! w9t] we 7 a/oni%$ to f9d t ! same proc$ure yield$ no f]m5t1 only "s m\lds4 ,! bun*es :i*1 :5 put into boil$ & filt]$ mu/1 9 ,octob]1 v readily caus$ t mu/ to f]m5t1 at ! end ( w9t] c\ld no long] produce ! same effect1 h[ev] fav\rable might be ! temp]ature to :i* we rais$ ! mu/4 ,! p>ticles ( du/ on ! bun*es _h1 !re=e1 become /]ile1 z s\rces ( alcoholic f]m5ts4 ,,ii4 ,on ,febru>y #ag?1 #ahge1 we pur*as$ ( ,*evet1 a deal] 9 provisions1 two bun*es ( :ite grapes1 :i* 7 p]fectly s\nd1 pres5t+ n ! slighte/ trace ( injury or bruise4 ,we took an iron pot full ( m]cury1 :i* _h be5 heat$ to #bjj ,c4 7#cib ,f471 & !n cov]$ ov] its surface ) a %eet ( pap] t _h also be5 subject$ to flame4 ,:5 ! m]cury _h cool$ d[n we plac$ sev]al ( ,*evet's grapes1 s+ly & 9 small bun*es1 on ! surface ( ! metal1 &1 aft] hav+ enclos$ !m 9 a glass cyl9d] t _h be5 previ\sly heat$ ) & by means ( ! m]cury1 we cru%$ !m 9 ?is vessel1 9 contact ) air1 by means ( a /rong1 crook$ iron wire t _h be5 pass$ ?r\gh ! flame ( a _s lamp4 ,! object ( all ^! precautions 0 to prev5t any cause ( error1 su* z might h result$ f ! accession ( p>ticles ( du/ associat$ ) ! m]cury1 or float+ ab\t our laboratory4 ,we !n plac$ our cyl9drical j> 9 an ov51 at a temp]ature ( #be ,c4 7#gg ,f472 b ?\gh ! exp]im5t 0 cont9u$ = sev]al days foll[+1 no f]m5tation manife/$ itself4 ,at la/1 to assure ourselves t ! pulp & liquid 71 not)/&+ ?is1 well adapt$ to f]m5tation1 we introduc$ into ! te/-flask an almo/ imp]ceptible quantity ( yea/4 ,?is readily develop$1 & promptly produc$ f]m5tation4#ia ,x seems possible1 !re=e1 t ! g]ms ( f]m5t may n exi/ on bun*es ( s\nd grapes dur+ w9t]1 & t ! well-kn[n exp]im5t ( ,gay-,lussac on ! influ5ce ( air on ! f]m5tation ( ! mu/ ( cru%$ grapes _c succe$ at all times4 ,! foll[+ obs]vations w af=d m ?an suffici5t pro( ( ?is /atem5t1 be+1 aft] all1 b an easy me?od ( c>ry+ out ,gay-,lussac's exp]im5t1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to ! use ( m]cury4 ,x may already be inf]r$ f ! prec$+ facts t !re mu/ be1 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>1 betwe5 ! end ( w9t] & autumn1 a p]iod :5 ! vegetation ( ! cellules f :i* yea/ proce$s und]goes a revival4 ,:5 does ?is p]iod occur8 ,9 o!r words1 h[ long aft] w9t] does /]ility ( ! plant cont9ue1 until x is aga9 capable ( yield+ f]m5t8 ,to asc]ta9 ?is1 we conduct$ num]\s exp]im5ts dur+ ! summ] & autumn ( #ahge & ! w9t] ( #ahgf4 ,hav+ to conduct !m 9 a v9e-gr[+ c\ntry--9 ! v9ey>ds ( ,arbois1 ,fran*e-,comt--at a di/ance f our laboratory1 we 7 compell$ to adopt a simple =m ( app>atus = our exp]im5ts1 :i*1 besides be+ v conv5i5t1 0 at ! same "t suffici5tly exact = ! object we _h 9 view4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,into common te/-tubes we p\r$ "s pres]v$ mu/2 we !n boil$ x1 ) ! object ( de/roy+ all ! g]ms t x might conta91 & !n1 hav+ pass$ ! flame ( a _s lamp ov] ! upp] sides ( ! tubes1 we clos$ !m ) corks :i* _h be5 held 9 ! flame until !y began to c>bonize 7,fig4 #cb74 ,hav+ provid$ ourselves ) a s]ies ( tubes prep>$ 9 ?is mann]1 we c>ri$ !m to a v9e1 & !re dropp$ into "s ( !m grapes1 into o!rs bun*es1 f :i* we _h tak5 all ! grapes1 by cutt+ _! p$uncles2 into o!rs1 fragm5ts ( leaves or ! wood ( ! bran*es4 ,! corks 7 aga9 pass$ ?r\gh ! flame & replac$ successively 9 ea* tube4 ,"s ( ! grapes we dropp$ 9 :ole1 "s we cru%$ at ! bottom ( ! tubes ) an iron rod t _h previ\sly be5 pass$ ?r\gh ! flame2 o!rs1 aga91 at ! same mom5t t we introduc$ !m into ! tubes1 7 cut op5 ) scissors1 likewise pass$ previ\sly ?r\gh ! flame1 s t a portion ( _! int]ior juice might mix ) ! mu/ 9 ! tube4 ,our exp]im5ts gave ! foll[+ results3--,z long z ! grapes 7 gre51 ab\t ! end ( ,july & dur+ ! fir/ =tnight ( ,augu/1 we obta9$ no f]m5tation 9 our mu/4 ,betwe5 ! #bj? & #be? ( ,augu/ a few tubes und]w5t f]m5tation1 by ! action ( ! little apiculat$ f]m5t2 & 9 ! c\rse ( ,septemb] ! numb] ( tubes t f]m5t$ increas$ progressively4 ,9 ea* s]ies ( tubes1 h[ev]1 we always f\nd a few 9 :i* !re 0 a complete abs5ce ( f]m5tation4 ,"h are a few actual examples4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ,septemb] we plac$ grapes 9 ?irte5 tubes1 into "s :ole1 into o!rs cru%$ ones1 tak5 f bun*es ( ! v>iety kn[n z ! pl\ss>d1 ! fruit be+ already suffici5tly ripe to be v pleasant to ! ta/e4 ,all ! tubes ( ?is s]ies fail+ to give u any trace ( f]m5tation1 or any?+ besides ord9>y m\lds--:i* inde$ appe>$ 9 all our exp]im5ts1 :e!r !re 0 or 0 n f]m5tation--we began a new s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 "u simil> conditions1 on ,septemb] #bh?1 z foll[s3-- ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c & #d tubes conta9+ "o uncru%$ grape4 ,no4 #e tube conta9+ two uncru%$ grapes4 ,no4 #f tube conta9+ two cru%$ grapes4 ,no4 #g tube conta9+ two cru%$ grapes1 9 #b c4c4 ( wat] previ\sly boil$4 ,no4 #h tube ) a fragm5t ( a bun* f :i* grapes _h be5 cut1 & occupy+ ! entire dep? ( liquid4 ,no4 #i tube ) a fragm5t ( wood f a bran*4 ,nos4 #aj1 #aa1 & #ab tubes ) a fragm5t ( leaf4 ,on ,septemb] #bi? & #cj? !re 0 no appe>ance ( f]m5tation 9 any ( ! flasks1 b all conta9$ flakes ( fungoid mycelium4 ,on ! #a/ ( ,octob] f]m5tation m or less m>k$ & active occurr$ 9 #b1 #c1 #d1 & #e1 9 :i* uncru%$ grapes 71 accompani$ by a g5]al turbidity ( ! liquid1 & a susp5sion ( ! developm5t ( ! fungoid gr[?s4 ,x 0 /ill abs5t 9 #a1 #f1 & #g1 ( :i* ! fir/ conta9$ an entire1 ! latt] cru%$ grapes4 ,no4 #h1 conta9+ ! woody "p ( ! bun*1 0 9 active f]m5tation4 ,nos4 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 & #ab1 ) fragm5ts ( bran* or leaves1 %[$ no signs ( f]m5tation4 ,! foll[+ day ,no4 #a 0 f]m5t+2 b f ,octob] #e? onw>ds !re 0 no alt]ation 9 ! numb] ( f]m5t+ tubes4 ,9 ?is s]ies we det]m9$ ! pres5ce ( ! small apiculat$ =m ( yea/ 7,s4 apiculatus7 9 ! tubes t f]m5t$1 only once f9d+ x associat$ ) sac*>omyces pa/orianus4 ,we ne$ h>dly say t ! grapes :i* we employ$ 7 p]fectly ripe1 ! v9tage hav+ already comm5c$ 9 "s ( ! ,jura cantons4 ,?is exp]im5t %[s t1 ev5 :5 ! grapes are p]fectly matur$1 x by no means foll[s t ea* individual grape mu/ c>ry g]ms ( f]m5t1 & t "s grapes may be cru%$1 9 "s in/ances sev]al toge!r may be cru%$1 )\t be+ able to set up a f]m5tation4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ^! novel facts1 ^? :o support ! hypo!sis ( ! trans=mation ( ! album9\s matt] conta9$ 9 ! juice ( grapes into yea/ w no d\bt admit ! unt5ability ( _! op9ions1 s9ce _! hypo!sis requires t e grape or numb] ( grapes1 :5 cru%$1 %\ld f]m5t1 9 contact ) air4 ,on ! same day we prep>$ ano!r s]ies ( tubes1 us+ grapes ( a v>iety call$ ! tr\sseau4 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d tubes conta9+ "o :ole grape4 ,nos4 #e & #f tubes conta9+ "s ( ! wood ( a bran*4 ,no4 #g tube conta9+ "s ( ! wood ( a bran* f :i* ! grapes _h be5 deta*$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! foll[+ days f]m5tation took place 9 #d1 #e1 & #g4 ,9 ?is case ?ree out ( f\r ( ! uncru%$ grapes did n cause ! mu/ 9 :i* !y 7 plac$ to f]m5t2 :il/ ! same mu/ f]m5t$ 9 "o ( ! two tubes conta9+ wood ( ! bran*1 & 9 ! o!r rema9$ un*ang$2 &1 la/ly1 ! tube conta9+ ! woody p$uncles ( ! bun* f]m5t$4 ,we h already rem>k$ t x 0 m p>ticul>ly ! wood ( ! bun* t 0 *>g$ ) g]ms ( f]m5t4 ,! tru? ( ?is ass]tion 0 prov$ by ! foll[+ s]ies ( exp]im5ts4 ,on ,octob] #bnd1 #ahge1 we *>g$ at ! v9ey>d tw5ty-f\r tubes1 all ( :i* 7 ab\t a ?ird fill$ ) pure mu/ t _h be5 previ\sly boil$4 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 & #f tubes conta9+ "o cru%$ grape4 ,no4 #g tube conta9+ two cru%$ grapes4 ,no4 #h tube conta9+ "o cru%$ grape4 ,nos4 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 & #ab tubes conta9+ "s wood ( a bran* ( ! v9e4 ,nos4 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 #bc1 & #bd tubes conta9+ a fragm5t ( ! wood ( a bun* f :i* ! grapes _h all be5 deta*$ & remov$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! foll[+ days "s ( ^! tubes began to f]m5t2 b 9 o!rs only fungoid mycelia 7 visible4 ,on ,octob] #g? ! foll[+ tubes 7 f]m5t+3 ! second ( ! fir/ eight conta9+ :ole or cru%$ grapes2 n "o ( ! f\r t conta9$ wood ( ! bran*es2 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 ( ! tubes conta9+ wood ( ! bun*es1 #ae1 #ag1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 #bc1 & #bd 7 all 9 full f]m5tation4 ,9 %ort1 f]m5tation1 & !re=e g]ms ( yea/1 7 pres5t 9 "o s+le tube out ( eight conta9+ grapes2 9 none ( ! f\r tubes conta9+ wood ( ! v9e bran*2 b 9 sev5 out ( ! doz5 conta9+ wood ( ! bun*es4 ,!re 0 no subsequ5t *ange 9 ! numb] ( tubes t f]m5t$4 ,! same day t we arrang$ ?is s]ies ( tubes we prep>$ tw5ty-f\r o!r simil> ones1 us+ ! wood ( bun*es pres]v$ f ! v9tage ( ! prec$+ ye>4 ,n "o ( ^! tw5ty-f\r tubes %[$ ! lea/ sign ( f]m5tation1 al?\gh !y conta9$ grape juice 9 pres5ce ( ! wood ( ! bun*es2 ?is 0 a fur!r confirmation ( ! /]ility ( ! g]ms ( f]m5t 9 ! case ( bun*es ( grapes pres]v$ = a suffici5t "t4 ,! next "q to be consid]$ 01 :at l5g? ( "t aft] ! v9tage d ! g]ms on ! surface ( ! woody "p ( bun*es ( grapes pres]ve ! faculty ( produc+ yea/8 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts 7 und]tak5 to det]m9e ?is po9t4 ,we h j se5 t on ,octob] #b fragm5ts ( ! woody p$uncles introduc$ ) mu/1 on ! spot1 caus$ t mu/ to f]m5t 9 sev5 cases out ( twelve4 ,9 ord] t we might te/ ! wood ( ^! same bun*es dur+ w9t] we took c>e to wrap "s fragm5ts up 9 pap] previ\sly pass$ ?r\gh ! flame4 ,we aft]w>ds took occasion to te/ portions ( ^! fragm5ts z foll[s3-- ,on ,decemb] #ba/1 #ahge1 we conduct$ an exp]im5t ) twelve4 ,on ! foll[+ days all began to %[ flakes ( mycelium1 or num]\s multiply+ cells ( mycod]ms1 torul1 & dematium2 & only f\r subsequ5tly produc$ yea/ & alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,f ?is we may conclude t1 ?ree mon?s aft] ! v9tage1 a l>ge numb] ( ! g]ms ( yea/ spread ov] ! woody "p ( ! bun*es lose _! vitality1 ?r\gh desiccation by ! surr\nd+ air1 s9ce two-?irds ( ! examples tak5 _h become /]ile by t "t4 ,on ,janu>y #ba/ we conduct$ a simil> exp]im5t ) twelve o!r tubes4 ,at a temp]ature betwe5 #bj & #be ,c4 7#fh to #gg ,f47 f]m5tation occurr$ 9 only two ( !m4 ,on ,m>* #bnd we und]took ano!r exp]im5t1 aga9 us+ twelve tubes1 & aga9 f]m5tation occurr$ 9 two tubes4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( ,april ! /]ility 0 absolute4 ,at t p]iod ( ! ye> 7,april & ,may7 we made num]\s exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d1 us+ ! woody p>ts ( fre% bun*es ( grapes & :ite grapes pres]v$ f ! la/ v9tage1 pl5ty ( :i* 7 /ill to be _h 9 a /ate ( fre%ness at ! provision /ore4 ,we also op]at$ on "s wood obta9$ f a v9ey>d at ,meudon4 ,9 a great numb] ( cases no f]m5tation occurr$2 x ev5 happ5$ t a :ole bun* ( fre% black grapes1 v ripe1 :i* 7 b\ght at ,*evet's on ,april #af?1 & :i* _h be5 gr[n 9 a hot-h\se1 aft] hav+ be5 cru%$1 did n f]m5t at all4 ,up to ,m>* n "o ( ! tubes conta9+ ! wood ( dry bun*es br\ght f ! ,jura1 :i* _h f]m5t$1 %[$ any signs ( apiculatus or ( pa/orianus1 or any?+ besides ! ord9>y l[ yea/ ( w9e1 sac*>omyces ellipsoideus4#ic ,x w\ld be a /udy ( mu* int]e/ to det]m9e if yea/ exi/s on o!r species ( plants besides ! v9e4 ,dur+ ! w9t] we c\ld discov] x on no o!rs4 ,once dur+ ! w9t]1 exp]im5t+ on box1 we obta9$ f]m5tation 9 "o ( our tubes :i* conta9$ mu/4 ,9 a great numb] ( o!r exp]im5ts we obta9$ no?+ besides m\lds & gr[?s ( dematium1 alt]n>ia1 & torulace4 ,our obs]vations 9 ,*ap4 ,,iii #f1 tak5 9 connection ) ^? :i* we h j made1 prove t ! yea/s ( f]m5tation1 aft] be+ dri$1 pres]ve ! faculty ( g]m9ation long] ?an ! g]m-cells :i* are scatt]$ ov] ! dead wood ( ! v9e4 ,z might be expect$1 a microscopical exam9ation ( ! p>ticles ( du/ scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ! fruit & woody p$uncles ( grapes1 reveals great diff]5ces 9 ! numb] ( ^! f]tile p>ticles at diff]5t p]iods ( ! vegetation ( ! grapes4 ,z long z ! grapes are gre5 & ! v9e 9 full activity we f9d sc>cely any1 or1 at all ev5ts1 v few spores :i* seem to belong to ord9>y fungoid gr[?s4 ,t[>ds autumn1 h[ev]1 :5 ! grape is rip5+ & ! leaves becom+ yell[1 fungoid gr[?s & num]\s productions ( great f]tility accumulate on ! v9e1 on ! leaves1 ! bran*es1 & ! bun*es4 ,at ?is p]iod we f9d ! wat] 9 :i* ! grapes & ! woody p>ts ( ! bun*es are wa%$ sw>m+ ) diff]5t k9ds ( organiz$ corpuscles2 x is at ?is p]iod1 too1 t ! f]m5t-yield+ m\lds atta9 t phase ( _! vegetation 9 :i*1 :5 mix$ ) ! juice ( grapes1 !y produce f]m5tation4 ,9 ! ,jura di/rict a peculi> k9d ( w9e1 call$ /raw w9e 7v9 de paille71 is manufactur$1 :i* seems to contradict :at we h said z to ! adv5t ( /]ility t[>ds ! end ( w9t] 9 ! yea/-g]ms =m$ on ! surface ( pres]v$ bun*es ( grapes4 ,?is /raw w9e is made ( grapes pres]v$ = long aft] ! v9tage on /raw4 ,f :at we h said x might be suppos$ t f]m5tation c\ld n occur "u ^! circum/ances4 ,we h1 9 fact1 no d\bt t x is (t5 really produc$ by q diff]5t yea/-g]ms f ^? :i* cause f]m5tation 9 ! v9tage ga!r$ 9 autumn4 ,f]m5tation z effect$ 9 ! manufacture ( /raw w9e is probably due to yea/-du/ spread ov] ! ut5sils ( ! v9e-gr[]1 & d]iv$ f ! prec$+ v9tage4 ,we h se5 7,*ap4 ,,iii4 #f7 t yea/ may be dri$ & r$uc$ to p[d]1 & yet pres]ve its faculty ( g]m9ation = sev]al mon?s4 ,x w\ld be useful1 h[ev]1 to submit ?is surmise to ! te/ ( exp]im5t1 & x w\ld be easy to d s provid$ we took c>e to cru% ! grapes s pres]v$ 9 v clean vessels1 previ\sly heat$ to a temp]ature ( #ajj ,c4 7#bab ,f471 hav+ fir/ reject$ e bun* conta9+ injur$ grapes1 :i* might h f]m5t$ or giv5 occasion to ! developm5t ( yea/4 ,f]m5tation1 we believe1 w\ld n !n take place4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #aj4 ,"o ( ! ,f]m5ts ( ,acid ,fruits at ! ,comm5cem5t ( ,f]m5tation 9 its ,natural ,m$ium4 ,ano!r consequ5ce results f ! v>i\s facts t we h br\ght out 9 relation to ! orig9 ( ! w9e-f]m5ts1 :i* is1 t x w\ld be easy to cultivate "o or m v9e-/ocks s t ! grapes ga!r$ f !m1 & cru%$ to extract _! juice1 w\ld be unable to f]m5t spontane\sly ev5 9 autumn4 ,= ?is purpose x w\ld be suffici5t to keep ! bun*es out ( contact ) p>ticles ( du/ dur+ ! vegetation ( ! bun*es & ! rip5+ ( ! grapes1 & !n to effect ! cru%+ 9 vessels ?or\ghly fre$ f g]ms ( alcoholic f]m5ts4 ,moreov]1 e fruit & e vegetable might be submitt$ to important inve/igations ( ?is k9d1 ! results ( :i*1 9 our op9ion1 c\ld h>dly be d\btful4 ,! foll[+ obs]vations1 :i* relate to ! polymorphism ( sac*>omyces pa/orianus1 seem to me to h an important be>+ on ! hi/ory ( alcoholic f]m5ts1 z pres5t+ a close analogy betwe5 ! species ( f]m5t & fungoid gr[?s ( a high] ord]1 = example1 su* fungi z dematium1 :i* are g5]ally f\nd on dead wood2 & we w\ld say t betwe5 ! v9e & o!r %rubs !re is only ?is diff]5ce1 t among/ ! dematium =ms ( ! v9e !re occur "o or m :i* are anarobian1 at a c]ta9 p]iod ( ! ye>1 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 ! dematia1 alt]n>ia1 c41 ( o!r %rubs are m g5]ally arobian4 ,!re w\ld be no?+ surpris+ 9 ?is result1 consid]+ t among/ ! mucors1 = in/ance1 we f9d bo? arobian & anarobian =ms1 & t !re are likewise torul-f]m5ts or anarobian =ms1 z well z torul-=ms exclusively arobian4 ,:5 sac*>omyces pa/orianus beg9s to develop f its natural g]ms1 su* z are scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( acid fruits1 x takes ! =m ( elongat$ jo9t$ filam5ts1 bran*+1 (t5 pe>-%ap$1 & m or less volum9\s4 ,9 proportion z ! oxyg5 held 9 solution 9 ! liquid disappe>s & ! budd+s are repeat$1 ! l5g? & diamet] ( ! filam5ts & cells dim9i%1 & su* is ! trans=mation t we might1 at la/1 suppose t we 7 deal+ ) a diff]5t f]m5t ( small] dim5sions4 ,plate ,x4 repres5ts ?is f]m5t1 at ! comm5cem5t ( f]m5tation 9 *]ry juice4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a %ort "t !re is no?+ to be se5 b cells ( comp>atively small size1 disjo9t$ & r\nd or oval1 & filam5ts comp>atively %ort & sl5d]4 ,?is appe>ance is indicat$ 9 our draw+ by ! cells a1 a1 a4 ,z ^! latt] =ms multiply ) great rapidity1 we soon h to se>* widely ov] ! microscopic field be=e we f9d any ( ! long =ms f :i* !y spr+4 ,in/ead ( ! =ms giv5 9 ,plate ,x41 we h only ^? repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,xi4 ,9 o!r words1 ! aspect ( ^! f]m5ts *anges daily1 f ! v comm5cem5t ( f]m5tation4 ,?us ! yea/ w\ld appe> to gr[ small]1 co9cid5tly ) ! progress ( f]m5tation pass+ f a condition 9 :i* x consi/s ( l>ge cells & long ramifi$ filam5ts1 to a condition 9 :i* ! cells are small & ! filam5ts %ort4 ,^! *anges are pr9cipally due to an alt]ation 9 ! me?od ( budd+ & 9 ! life-processes ( ! yea/1 :i* spe$ily exhibits itself :5 ! air supply is r$uc$1 & n ?r\gh any int]mixture ( =eign f]m5ts4 ,s1 at lea/1 all our obs]vations up to ! pres5t "t lead u to believe4 ,z soon z ! oxyg5 has be5 absorb$ ! cells :i* =m are oval or globul>1 & ! filam5ts d n l5g!n or become s plump4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #aa4 ac*>omyces ,pa/orianus1 9 c\rse ( ,regul> ,gr[?4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 n ! only cause ( ^! *anges 9 =m & aspect1 al?\gh ! pres5ce ( air1 9 great] or less quantity1 has a m>k$ influ5ce on ! e>li] developm5ts ( yea/2 !re is ano!r circum/ance to be tak5 into acc\nt1 difficult inde$ to /ate %ortly1 b :i* is demon/rat$ cle>ly by ! microscope1 & is connect$ ) ! actual /ate ( ! g]m cells4 ,z a g5]al rule ! budd+ ( a cell is n an id5tical process :5 ! cell is q "y1 & :5 x has become exhau/$ f want ( n\ri%m5t4 ,betwe5 ^! two conditions !re is a diff]5ce :i* may be comp>$ ) t :i* exi/s1 = example1 betwe5 a newly-=m$ gra9 :i* w\ld n g]m9ate1 & ! same gra9 matur$ by re/1 if we may use ! expression1 t is1 :i* has be5 kept long en\gh = its g]m9ation to be possible4 ,9 o!r words1 & z f> z our subject is conc]n$1 we are n to expect t1 by reviv+ our old yea/ cells & putt+ !m to gr[ ) abundance ( air1 9 a sac*>9e1 nutritive m$ium1 we %all obta9 ! appe>ance ( ! e>li] developm5ts ( ! g]m-cells on ! surface ( sweet & acid fruits4 ,we see ?is cle>ly 9 ,plate ,,vii41 ! "r-h& half ( :i* repres5ts ! recruit$ budd+ ( cells1 su* z ^? repres5t$ 9 ! left-h& half1 9 a m$ium peculi>ly adapt$ to _! vitality1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( mu* air4 ,z reg>ds ! l5g? & size ( filam5ts & cells1 !re is little appreciable diff]5ce betwe5 ! two sides4 ,! pr9cipal diff]5ce consi/s 9 ! relative fre%ness & ! budd+ go+ on 9 individuals 9 ! "r-h& half4 ,!re is a simple means ( trans=m+ ! small1 disjo9t$ =ms ( ! yea/ z x occurs 9 a deposit1 at ! end ( a f]m5tation1 back into ! long1 tubul>1 pe>-%ap$ =ms peculi> to ! g]m9ation ( ! g]m-cells1 :i* exi/ among/ ! p>ticles ( du/ spread ov] ! surface ( fruits4 ,plate ,x4 illu/rates ! result ( ! process4 ,= ?is purpose we mu/ effect z complete an exhau/ion z possible ( ! f]m5t sac*>omyces pa/orianus1 by leav+ x to itself = a v long "t1 )\t alim5t1 9 contact ) pure air1 9 a damp /ate2 or1 bett] /ill1 9 pres5ce ( sweet5$ wat]4 ,we cultivate "s yea/ 9 wort1 9 "o ( our two-neck$ flasks1 & !n c>efully decant+ ! f]m5t$ liquid ?r\gh ! "r-h& neck1 leave ! deposit ( yea/ on ! sides ( ! flask4 ,! glass /opp] :i* closes ! india-rubb] tube mu/ be replac$1 & ! moi/ yea/ be left ?us1 9 contact ) pure air4 ,! cells w /eadily cont9ue _! activity1 & s gradually age1 )\t mean:ile los+ _! vitality4 ,we use ! ^w age1 z we h already obs]v$1 because ! p]iod ( rejuv5esc5ce 9 ! case ( su* a yea/ is s mu* ! sl[] ! long] ! plant has rema9$ 9 t /ate4 ,"u ^! conditions ! yea/ r>ely dies4 ,x becomes att5uat$ & %rivell$ b /ill pres]ves its vitality1 t is1 ! p[] ( reproduc+ itself aft] a lapse ( sev]al mon?s or ev5 sev]al ye>s4 ,9 ! end1 h[ev]1 x dies1 a fact :i* is prov$ by ! cells1 :5 s[n 9 a nutritive m$ium1 rema9+ in]t4 ,to exhau/ yea/1 )\t de/roy+ x1 sweet5$ wat] is pref]able4 ,hav+ decant$ ! be]1 we sub/itute 9 its place wat] sweet5$ ) #aj p] c5t4 ( pure sug>4 ,by effect+ ! sub/itution 9 ! foll[+ mann]1 we escape ! risk ( introduc+ g]ms f float+ p>ticles ( du/1 :i* w\ld nullify all exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d4 ,we prep>e1 !n1 a flask conta9+ sweet5$ wat]1 free f all =eign g]ms1 :i* we atta* to ! o!r flask i4e41 two ( ,m4 ,pa/eur's flasks ) two necks1 "o /raight & wide1 ! o!r b5t & n>r[ 7,fig4 #h74 ,?is is done by tak+ ! india-rubb] tube (f ! flask conta9+ yea/1 & remov+ ! glass /opp] f ! o!r india-rubb] tube atta*$ to ! flask conta9+ ! sweet5$ wat]2 !n1 introduc+ ! "r-h& neck ( ! yea/ flask into ! india-rubb] tube connect$ ) ! o!r1 we raise ! latt] flask s z to p\r ! sweet5$ wat] on to ! yea/4 ,at ! same "t an assi/ant passes ! flame ( a _s-lamp ov] ! b5t "p ( ! curv$ tube atta*$ to ! wat] flask1 ) ! object ( de/roy+ ! vitality ( ! g]ms 9 ! float+ p>ticles ( du/1 :i* ent] ! flask 9 proportion z x is empti$ into ! o!r4 ,! sweet5$ wat]1 :i* is ?us br\ght into contact ) yea/ ( great] or less fre%ness1 soon beg9s to f]m5t4 ,f]m5tation accompli%$1 ! v9\s liquid is decant$ & replac$ by fre% sweet5$ wat]1 :i* f]m5ts 9 its turn1 al?\gh ev5 at ?is /age ) great] difficulty ?an ! fir/2 ?is second dose is aga9 decant$1 & aga9 replac$ by fre% sweet5$ wat]1 & ?is process is repeat$ ?ree or f\r times4 ,! yea/ becomes weak] & weak]1 & ev5tually is unable to cause any f]m5tation 9 sweet5$ wat] p\r$ on x4 ,?is exhau/ion ( yea/ 9 sweet5$ wat] may be produc$ m quickly by ! foll[+ means3--,x is suffici5t to s[ a m]e trace ( pure yea/ 9 a l>ge quantity ( sweet5$ wat]1 say #ajj c4c4 7ne>ly f\r fluid ounces71 t is1 in/ead ( p\r+ ! cont5ts ( a bottle ( sweet5$ wat] ^u ! :ole deposit ( yea/ 9 ! flask :i* conta9$ ! f]m5t$ wort1 we simply take a little yea/1 by means ( a f9e tube1 f ! deposit at ! bottom ( ! flask1 & introduce x into ! flask ( sweet5$ wat]4 ,?is l>ge proportion ( liquid is itself suffici5t to exhau/ ! small quantity ( yea/1 quickly *eck+ ! feeble f]m5tation :i* x _h induc$1 s feeble inde$ z frequ5tly n to be detect$ by ! eye1 f ! fact t ! am\nt ( liquid pres5t is m ?an suffici5t to dissolve any bubbles ( c>bonic acid gas t might o!rwise h be5 lib]at$4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t ! yea/1 :i* dur+ its protract$ /ay 9 ! sweet5$ wat] becomes enfeebl$ to su* a degree t x c no long] excite ! lea/ f]m5tation 9 t wat]1 b w rema9 9 its pres5ce = an indef9ite "t 9 a /ate ( in]t du/1 does n die4 ,9 "s ( my exp]im5ts ! yea/ has rema9$ alive 9 ! sweet5$ wat] = m ?an two ye>s4#id ,x is almo/ unnecess>y to po9t out t ^! results are altoge!r out ( keep+ ) ! v>i\s prop]ties t are usually attribut$ to yea/4#ie ,9 ^! exp]im5ts we may use yea/-wat]#if in/ead ( wat] sweet5$ ) sug>4 ,into "s flasks ( pure yea/-wat] we put a little yea/1 tak+ all precautions to prev5t ! introduction ( =eign g]ms4 ,no f]m5tation results1 !re be+ no sug> pres5t2 ! yea/1 h[ev]1 beg9s to bud1 & ?is budd+ is m or less m>k$ accord+ to ! quantity ( c>bohydrate food :i* we introduce along ) ! specim54 ,an int]ior *emical action also goes on1 caus+ a gradual *ange 9 ! aspect ( ! yea/4 ,! plasma ( ! cells collects ab\t ! c5tres1 assum+ a yell[i%-br[n col\r1 becom+ granul>1 & =m+ )9 ! cells masses m or less irregul> 9 %ape1 v r>ely sph]ical4 ,we may obs]ve "h t ^! conditions seem to be peculi>ly adapt$ to %[ ! "* ( ! int]ior sporulation ( ! cells discov]$ by ,dr4 ,rees4 ,not)/&+ ?is we h nev] succe$$ 9 f9d+ x di/9ctly1 "u ^! circum/ances4 ,! fact :i* %\ld claim all our att5tion1 we repeat1 is1 t ?is exhau/$1 %rivell$-up1 ag$-look+ yea/ pres]ves its faculty ( g]m9ation = sev]al ye>s2 t1 moreov]1 ?is faculty may be ar\s$ by plac+ x 9 a]at$ nutritive m$ia1 9 :i* case x w exhibit all ! peculi>ities :i*1 "u simil> conditions1 *>act]ize "s ( ! g]m-cells f\nd on ! surface ( our sweet dome/ic fruits4 ,9 o!r words1 ?is yea/1 in/ead ( multiply+1 z x always does 9 ! c\rse ( sev]al gr[?s 9 sac*>9e mu/s1 9 ! =m ( cells :i* deta* !mselves readily z soon z !y h ne>ly atta9$ ! =m & size ( ! "m-cells1 beg9s to %oot out into su* beautiful =ms z ^? ( dematium pullulans1 produc+ l t f]m5t long1 well-gr[n1 bran*+ filam5ts1 z well z plump & frequ5tly pyri=m cells1 z repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,x4 ,! foll[+ figures 7#cc to #cg7 & descriptions ( ! obs]vations to :i* !y relate w furni% fre% pro(s ( our ass]tions4 ,9 ^! figures we see sac*>omyces pa/orianus1 :i* has be5 exhau/$ 9 sweet5$ wat] or 9 yea/-wat]1 und]go revival 9 sac*>9e mu/s1 give rise to elongat$1 bran*+1 pe>-%ap$ =ms1 su* z belong to ! orig9al f]m5ts ( fruits1 & aft]w>ds assume ! mo/ m9ute =ms t we f9d 9 f]m5tations progress+ or complet$4 ,let u exam9e ,fig4 #cc4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is gr[? is z foll[s3-- ,"s spontane\s yea/ :i*1 aft] repeat$ cultivation1 _h acquir$ ! aspect repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,xi4--:i* aspect ! sac*>omyces pa/orianus g5]ally assumes "u ^! circum/ances--0 exhau/$ 9 sweet5$ wat]1 & subsequ5tly reviv$ 9 mu/ at #aj ,c4 to #aa ,c4 7#ea ,f474 ,at ?is temp]ature g]m9ation 0 n v m>k$ be=e ! end ( eight days2 at a temp]ature ( #bj ,c4 7#fh ,f471 x only took ?ree days1 "u simil> conditions4 ,! sket* includes b "o ( ! long bran*es f :i* ! f]m5t cells & ! budd+ jo9ts took rise1 b !re 7 a great numb] m4 ,"s ( ! =ms repres5t$ 9 ! figure be> a /rik+ resemblance1 x appe>s to u1 to "s ( ^? ( dematium1 9 ,plate ,,ix42 & ev5 we may trace out ! sev]al peculi>ities ( =m :i* di/+ui% ! figures 9 ! latt] plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,! next figure 7#cd7 repres5ts ! e>lie/ =ms ( g]m9ation ( ano!r specim5 ( sac*>omyces pa/orianus 9 wort1 aft] x _h be5 exhau/$ by f\r successive gr[?s 9 sweet5$ wat]4 ,we "h see ! l>ge f]m5t-=m :i* appe>s at ! comm5cem5t ( f]m5tation1 9 acid fruits1 su* z *]ries & gooseb]ries 7,plate ,,ix471 associat$ ) small] =ms1 :i* foll[ x & emanate f x1 9 proportion z ! process ( budd+ is repeat$4 ,! field 0 cov]$ ) ?is m9ute =m1 & we _h to se>* ab\t consid]ably be=e we c\ld f9d any ( ! l>ge cells & ! long1 bran*+1 jo9t$ filam5ts :i* we h sket*$4 ,! reason ( ?is 01 t ^! l>ge1 ext5d$ filam5ts only appe> at ! beg9n+1 :5 !re is /ill an abundance ( air1 giv+ place1 aft] repeat$ budd+1 to m9ute cells or %ort filam5ts1 ! ev]-increas+ numb] ( :i* soon hides ! o!rs f sight4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,fig4 #ce repres5ts sac*>omyces pa/orianus aga91 z x appe>s aft] hav+ be5 exhau/$ by two ye>s pres]vation 9 yea/-wat]1 9 contact ) pure air4 ,/range to say1 x has lo/ its elongat$ appe>ance1 & w\ld appe> to h orig9at$ f a r\nd f]m5t4 ,! cells are mu* exhau/$1 & mo/ ( !m seem to h a d\ble bord]2 _! int]ior is v granul> & ( a yell[i% col\r4 ,"o might readily take ! specim5 to be a dead old f]m5t1 :i*1 h[ev]1 x by no means is4 ,fig4 #cf repres5ts ! g]m9ation ( ?is f]m5t1 :i* _h previ\sly be5 reviv$ 9 a flask ( wort1 at ! temp]ature ( ! air1 9 ,may1 #ahge4 ,! foll[+ are ! details ( our obs]vation3-- ,we s[$ a trace ( ! exhau/$ yea/ 7,fig4 #ce7 9 a flask ( wort on ,may #af?4 ,! sket* 7,fig4 #cf7 0 made on ,may #ai?1 b on ! #ah? !re 0 a s5sible revival4 ,x w be se5 h[ mu* ! little f]m5t _h develop$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?ree days f ! "t :5 ! process comm5c$4 ,if we _h wait$ a few days long] be=e tak+ our sample1 we %\ld probably h _h difficulty 9 f9d+ any cells or filam5ts ( ! l>ge f]m5t =m1 z !re w\ld h be5 s few ( !m 9 comp>ison ) ! o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,9 ! above figure we %\ld rem>k ! *a9 ( l>ge cells & long-jo9t$ processes1 a1 b1 c1 d 3 d is "o ( ! cells t we s[$2 x has become transp>5t1 & its cont5ts1 :i* are slightly granul>1 h lo/ _! br[ni% t9t2 c is a l>ge cell :i* sprang f ! prec$+ "o2 its outl9e is cle>1 & x is full ( f9e1 yell[i% granules1 :i* pres5t a p]fect resemblance to ! l>ge f]m5t-cells ( fruits1 proce$+ f ! g]m-cells on ! surface ( ^? fruits1 :5 x beg9s to appe> 9 sweet juices2 b is a long filam5t1 sprung f ! prec$+ cell2 &1 la/ ( all1 a is a jo9t & its bud1 9 :i* ! bord] is n yet v cle>ly def9$2 x has sc>cely any granules1 & is f9] ?an ! o!rs1 belong+1 9 %ort1 to ! small f]m5t =m repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,xi4 ,"h1 !n1 we see ! transition ( ! l>ge f]m5t to ! small1 on ! same bran*1 aft] two g5]ations f ! g]m9ation ( ! g]m-cell d4 ,?is obs]vation corroborates ! op9ion ma9ta9$ by u1 t 9 ,figs4 #cc1 #cd1 #cf1 z 9 ,plate ,x41 we h n a mixture ( two f]m5ts1 ! "o consi/+ ( l>ge1 elongat$ filam5ts1 ! o!r ( small cells1 b "o & ! same f]m5t1 ! diff]5ces 9 ! =m & size ( :i* dep5d on p>ticul> conditions4 ,! smalle/ f]m5t-=m v soon becomes ! only "o visible1 & x pres]ves its peculi> appe>ance 9 successive gr[?s f inability to return to ! full1 elongat$1 filam5t\s =ms be=e und]go+ a prolong$ exhau/ion4 ,! f]m5t ( mucor w\ld probably af=d simil> indications3 x w\ld be v int]e/+ to f9d out4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 #a ,div4 #a_/dej? ( millimetre 7#a_/aabej? ( 9474 ,! foll[+ is "o ( ! mo/ curi\s ( ! =ms pres5t$ by sac*>omyces pa/orianus1 occurr+ aft] exhau/ion 9 a sweet m9]al liquid4 ,! f]m5t1 tak5 f a clos$ vat1 9 :i* x _h be5 us$ = be]1 0 s[n 9 ! m9]al liquid on ,july #d?1 #ahgc4 ,! foll[+ days ! f]m5t develop$ feebly1 b p]ceptibly1 & gradually increas$ 9 bulk4 ,! flask 0 left to itself 9 an ov5 at #be ,c4 7#gg ,f47 until ,decemb] #crd1 :5 we asc]ta9$ t all ! sug> _h f]m5t$4 ,we !n s[$ a trace ( ! deposit1 :i* _h become abundant1 9 a flask ( pure wort4 ,on ,decemb] #d? !re 0 no p]ceptible *ange4 ,on ,decemb] #e?1 h[ev]1 f]m5tation 0 9 active progress2 a l>ge quantity ( fro? cov]$ ! surface ( ! liquid1 & a consid]able deposit ( f]m5t _h already tak5 place at ! bottom4 ,we made a microscopical exam9ation ( ?is deposit1 a sket* ( :i* we app5d 7,fig4 #cg74 ,! d>k1 d\ble-bord]$ cells are ^? :i* 7 s[n b did n rejuv5esce4 ,we may notice 9 diff]5t places sev]al ( ^! same cells1 recognizable by _! granul> cont5ts1 :i* !y are beg9n+ to lose1 to make room = g]m9at+ cells & jo9ts1 (t5 num]\s4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! gr\p at ! bottom ( our figure "o ( ! cells is 9 c\rse ( rejuv5esc5ce & g]m9ation1 & has giv5 rise to no few] ?an six cells1 filam5ts1 or gr\ps ( filam5ts4 ,9 diff]5t fields ( our microscope we met ) a cr[d ( bran*es1 m or less ramifi$1 & *a9s ( cells1 ( great] or less l5g?1 ( :i* we h sket*$ a few4 ,9 proportion z ! budd+ ( ^! bran*es is repeat$1 ! cells & jo9ts become m readily disunit$1 gr[ small1 & assume ! appe>ance ( sac*>omyces pa/orianus 9 ord9>y gr[?s1 almo/ z repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,xi4 ,at fir/1 :5 ! old1 exhau/$ cells beg9 to g]m9ate1 _! appe>ance r resembles t ( dematium pullulans1 z se5 9 ! g]m9ation ( _m ( ! corpuscles on ! surface ( clu/]s ( grapes or fruits1 or _! woody p>ts1 "s specim5s ( :i* are to be f\nd 9 ,plate ,,ix4 ,we may briefly summ>ize ! lead+ facts demon/rat$ 9 ! above p>agraph4 ,we h se5 t !re are diff]5t alcoholic f]m5ts4 ,9 ! f]m5tation ( natural sac*>9e juices1 :i*1 especially :5 acid1 s readily und]go a decid$ alcoholic f]m5tation1 ! f]m5ts orig9ate 9 c]ta9 g]m-cells1 :i* are spread 9 ! =m ( m9ute sph]ical bodies ( a yell[ or br[n col\r1 isolat$ or 9 gr\ps1 ov] ! ext]ior surface ( ! epid]mis ( ! plant1 & :i* are gift$ ) an extraord9>y p[] ( budd+ ) ease & rapidity 9 f]m5table liquids4 ,! pres5ce ( atmosph]ic oxyg5 is indisp5sable to ! g]m9ation ( ^! g]m-cells1 a fact :i* expla9s ,gay-,lussac's obs]vation t atmosph]ic oxyg5 is necess>y = ! comm5cem5t ( spontane\s f]m5tation 9 mu/4#ig ,( ^! v>i\s f]m5ts "o des]ves special m5tion--namely1 ! v>iety t]m$ sac*>omyces pa/orianus4 ,z is ! case ) all f]m5ts1 :5 we ga!r x f ! deposits produc$ 9 mu/ t has be5 f]m5t$ by its action1 x is compos$ entirely ( oval or sph]ical cells or ( %ort jo9ts4 ,:5 aga9 plac$ 9 a simil> mu/ x buds1 l all ! ord9>y f]m5ts1 & ! buds deta* !mselves f ! jo9ts or "m-cells z soon z !y h atta9$ ! size ( ^! latt]1 f :i* "t 9 ! new deposit is reproduc$ ! orig9al f]m5t-=m f :i* x sprung1 & s on4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions ( exhau/ion1 h[ev]1 :i* may be easily obta9$1 & :i* we h already accurately describ$1 ! cells und]go an absolute *ange z reg>ds _! capabilities ( budd+ & g]m9at+4 ,ea* cell1 modifi$ 9 its /ructure by ! conditions we h m5tion$1 %[s a t5d5cy to %oot out all ar\nd its surface1 ) a/oni%+ rapidity1 into a multitude ( buds1 f _m ( :i* spr+ bran*+ *a9s1 cov]$ 9 p>ts1 & m especially at ! int]nodes1 ) cells & jo9t$ filam5ts1 :i* fall (f & bud 9 _! turn1 soon to pres5t ! =ms ( ! yea/ deposit4 ,9 ?is way sac*>omyces pa/orianus seems to af=d a k9d ( bond ( union betwe5 ! race ( f]m5ts on ! "o h&1 & c]ta9 k9ds ( ord9>y fungoid gr[?s on ! o!r4 ,( ^! latt] ! plant :i* ,de ,b>y has nam$ dematium1 & :i* is g5]ally f\nd on ! surface ( leaves or dead wood1 m especially1 h[ev]1 on ! wood ( ! v9e at ! end ( autumn1 ! "t ( ! v9tage1 pres5ts a /rik+ example4 ,!re seems e reason to believe t at ?is p]iod ( ! ye> "o or m ( ! v>ieties ( dematium furni% cells ( yea/1 or ev5 t ! ord9>y arobian v>ieties ( dematium produce at a c]ta9 /age ( _! vegetation1 9 addition to arobian cells & torul1 o!r cells & torul :i* are anarobian1 t is1 alcoholic f]m5ts4 ,9 ?is mann] we arrive at ! confirmation ( an idea ent]ta9$ by mo/ au?ors :o h /udi$ yea/ closely--namely1 t x mu/ be an organ deta*$ f "s m complex vegetable =m4 ,we may also add t 9 ! case ( sac*>omyces ! *a9s ( filam5ts1 bo? tubul> & fusi=m1 & septate cells m or less pyri=m orig9at+ 9 !m1 :5 att5tively obs]v$1 rem9d u =cibly ( ! filam5t\s *a9s & spore-balls1 or conidia ( mucor racemosus :5 subm]g$1 s t "o might suppose t ! spore-f]m5t ( our dematium is itself an organ deta*$ f "s /ill m complex vegetable =m1 9 ! same way t conidia-f]m5t ( mucor racemosus belongs to t m complex fungoid gr[?4 ,9 ! foll[+ passage ,de ,b>y uses1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! words dematium pullulans 7,h(mei/]1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ahb1 #ahff74 ,! ,g]man naturali/ beg9s by cit+ ! op9ions ( ,bail1 ,b]keley1 & ,h4 ,h(fmann1 ! fir/ ( :om ma9ta9s t mucor muc$o becomes trans=m$ into ! yea/ ( be]1 ! second t yea/ is a peculi> /ate ( p5icillium1 & ! ?ird t x may be g5]at$ by fungi ( v diff]5t nature1 & especially by p5icillium glaucum & mucor muc$o4 ,he goes on to say3 8,i h tak5 great pa9s to repeat ! exp]im5ts ( ,bail1 ,b]keley1 & ,h4 ,h(fmann1 b ,i h nev] be5 able to confirm ! results :i* !y h /at$1 ei!r 9 ! case ( gr[?s 9 microscopic cells or 9 exp]im5ts p]=m$ 9 te/-tubes ) ! pure/ possible sub/ances--specially prep>$ solutions or mu/ ( w9e & spores ( p5icillium1 mucor muc$o1 botrytis c9]ea1 c40 ,on ?is po9t ,m4 ,de ,b>y arrives at exactly ! same results :i* we communicat$ to ! ,socit ,philoma?ique & ! ,socit ,*imique ( ,p>is1 z already giv5 9 ,*ap4 ,,iv4 #d1 p4 #abh1 note4 ,m4 ,de ,b>y goes on to say3 8,9 rese>*es ( ?is k9d x is difficult to elim9ate two s\rces ( error4 ,on ! "o h&1 x is beyond d\bt t cells ( f]m5t are actually scatt]$ ov] ev]y?+1 & t1 consequ5tly1 !y may easily get into ! exp]im5tal liquid along ) ! spores t we s[1 & s occasion mi/akes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are a great _m fungi :i* develop budd+ processes simil> to yea/1 b incapable ( produc+ f]m5tation1 :i* yet 9 "s cases spr+ directly f spores z well z f mycelium1 especially we may in/ance exoascus4 ,?is la/ obs]vation is especially applicable to ! extraord9>ily num]\s v>iety ( fungi :i* rank "u ! ,dematiei & ,spha]iacei1 & :i* ,i %all t]m1 = conv5i5ce ( nam+1 dematium pullulans40#ih ,we %all conclude ?is p>agraph ) a rem>k t has d\btless pres5t$ itself to ! m9ds ( our read]s1 :i* is1 t x w\ld be impossible to c>ry out ! exp]im5ts we h describ$ if we c\ld n make sure ( deal+ ) pure f]m5ts1 or1 at lea/1 ) mixtures ! compon5ts ( :i* are suffici5tly well kn[n = u to assign to ea* ! effect produc$ by x 9 ! total ph5om5a obs]v$4 ,x w\ld be extremely difficult to cont9ue gr[?s ( yea/-deposit 9 sweet5$ wat] or 9 a moi/ atmosph]e if ! little plant 7 mix$ ) spores ( o!r fungoid gr[?s1 a v>iety ( f]m5t-=ms1 & g]ms ( bact]ia1 vibrios1 or infusoria 9 g5]al4 ,all ^! =eign organisms w\ld t5d to develop j 9 proportion z ! conditions ( ! m$ia 7 m or less fav\rable to _! gr[?1 &1 9 a v few days1 our flasks w\ld be fill$ ) sw>ms ( be+s :i*1 9 mo/ cases1 w\ld entirely conceal ! facts relat+ to ^? =ms1 ! sep>ate /udy ( :i* x 0 our object to foll[ out4 ,we %all h occasion1 !re=e1 to exam9e1 9 a subsequ5t p>agraph1 ! prep>ation ( f]m5ts 9 a /ate ( purity4 ,at pres5t we may /ate t yea/1 :i* 9 its ord9>y condition is a mass ( cells s liable to *ange t its pres]vation 9 a moi/ /ate is impossible1 manife/+ 9 ! c\rse ( a few days dur+ ! w9t]1 & 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs dur+ ! heat ( summ]1 all ! signs ( incipi5t putrefaction1 !reby los+ its di/9ctive *>act]i/ics1 is nev]!less capable1 :5 pure1 ( endur+ ! highe/ atmosph]ic temp]atures = :ole ye>s )\t %[+ ! lea/ signs ( putrid *ange or contam9ation ) any o!r microscopic organisms1 & )\t ! cells los+ _! p[] ( reproduction4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( facts l ^!1 ! !ory ( spontane\s g5]ation mu/ seem *im]ical4 ,! hypo!sis ( ! possible trans=mation ( yea/ into p5icillium glaucum1 bact]ia1 & vibrios1 or conv]sely1 :i* ! !ories ( ,turp91 ,h4 ,h(fmann1 ,b]keley1 ,trcul1 ,halli]1 & ,b*amp involve1 is equally refut$ by ^! facts4 ,,ii4--,on 8,spontane\s0 ,f]m5t4 ,! expression spontane\s f]m5t may be appli$ to any f]m5t t appe>s 9 a f]m5table liquid )\t hav+ be5 purposely s[n 9 x4 ,9 ?is respect ! f]m5ts m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph1 ^? ( all sac*>9e juices ( fruit :i* f]m5t :5 left to !mselves--! f]m5ts ( w9e1 = example--are spontane\s4 ,! t]m1 h[ev]1 is n altoge!r appropriate1 because1 aft] all1 ! process is ! same z if an actual s[+ _h be5 made1 s9ce1 z we h %[n1 x is absolutely necess>y = ! juice to come into contact ) ! surfaces ( ! fruit1 s t ! f]m5t may be mix$ ) x1 & s produce subsequ5t f]m5tation4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh we may apply ! t]m spontane\s f]m5t to ! f]m5ts ( fruits1 we int5d t expression to apply 9 ?is p>agraph solely to ^? f]m5ts t are g5]at$ 9 a sac*>9e liquid1 9 :i*1 by previ\s boil+1 we h de/roy$ all f]m5t g]ms1 & :i*1 nev]!less1 ent]s into f]m5tation aft] be+ expos$ 9 free contact ) air4 ,9 su* a case x is entirely f ! p>ticles ( du/ float+ 9 ! air t ! f]m5t g]ms t appe> 9 ! liquid are d]iv$4 ,su* are typical spontane\s f]m5tations1 & x is ( ! f]m5t s obta9$ t we are ab\t to speak4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! rese>*es :i* we und]took 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r mycod]ma v9i1 or v9\s effloresc5ce1 became trans=m$1 9 ! case ( be]1 into actual alcoholic f]m5t--rese>*es :i* 7 ! m protract$ & v>i$ 9 consequ5ce ( _! lead+ to ! condemnation z errone\s1 on ! fai? ( new & m precise exp]im5ts1 su* z ^? giv5 9 ,*ap4 ,,iv4 #b1 ( t trans=mation1 9 :i* we _h = long believ$--we _h occasion to obs]ve sev]al spontane\s f]m5tations ( ?is k9d 9 v>i\s sac*>9e liquids4 ,we !n proce$$ to describe our me?od ( conduct+ ! exp]im5ts4 ,hav+ br\ght ab\t ! developm5t ( a film ( mycod]ma v9i or c]evisi on ! surface ( a liquid1 f]m5t$ or n1 we subm]g$ t film 9 wort1 :i* we aft]w>ds put into long-neck$ flasks1 9 :i* alcoholic f]m5tation g5]ally took place 9 ! c\rse ( a few days4 ,?is f]m5tation 9 no way result$ f ! trans=mation ( ! cells con/itut+ ! effloresc5ce into f]m5t4 ,! mycod]mic film m]ely act$ z a receptacle ( true f]m5t g]ms1 waft$ ?i!r ) ! p>ticles ( du/ float+ 9 ! air ( ! laboratory1 :i* g]ms develop$ 9 ! liquid into actual alcoholic f]m5ts among/ ! cells ( ! subm]g$ mycod]ma4 ,by conduct+ exp]im5ts 9 ?is mann] we br\ght ab\t sev]al spontane\s f]m5tations1 ! g]ms ( :i* c\ld h be5 introduc$ by no?+ b ! p>ticles ( du/ 9 ! air4 ,^! f]m5tations1 :i* we 7 oblig$ to foll[ v c>efully ) ! microscope f ! "t :5 !y fir/ manife/$ !mselves1 on acc\nt ( ! trans=mation t we 7 seek+1 :i* trans=mation we ?\ght might possibly be t ( ! cells ( mycod]ma v9i into cells ( f]m5t1 g5]ally gave u dur+ ! fir/ days ( f]m5tation ! l>ge1 elongat$1 bran*y f]m5t repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,x41 :i* 0 succe$$ by ! small f]m5t repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,xi4#ii ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ab4 ,f]m5t-cells f a ,spontane\s ,f]m5tation j />t+4 ,"h let me describe "o ( ^! exp]im5ts4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ,m>*1 #ahgb1 we grew "s mycod]ma v9i1 obta9$ f w9e1 on "s wort conta9$ 9 a %all[ bas94 ,on ,m>* #f? we subm]g$ ! effloresc5ce & put x all toge!r1 liquid & film1 into a long-neck$ flask4 ,on ,m>* #i? we detect$ incipi5t f]m5tation1 & on ,m>* #ab? we took a sket* ( ! yea/ ( ! deposit1 z giv5 9 ,plate ,,xii4 ,?is is ! l>ge & long bran*+1 m or less pe>-%ap$ =m1 :i* occurs at ! beg9n+ ( f]m5tation 9 ! sweet & acid mu/s ( our dome/ic fruits4 ,on ,m>* #af? we made ano!r sket* ( ! deposit1 9 :i* ! proportion ( cells1 9 ! =m ( elongat$ segm5ts & filam5ts1 rem9d$ u1 9 "s measure1 ( ! filam5t\s mycelium ( typical fungoid gr[?s mu* dim9i%$4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ! majority ( cells 7 oval1 r\nd1 & 9 %ort segm5ts4 ,on ?is day1 ,m>* #af?1 we add$ "s fre% wort to t :i* _h f]m5t$1 ) ! object ( prolong+ ! duration ( f]m5tation & increas+ ! proportion ( yea/4 ,on ,m>* #ai? we made a fre% sket*1 :i* x is n necess>y ei!r to reproduce2 suffice x to say1 t ! yea/ 0 n[ consid]ably m regul> & uni=m 9 appe>ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,spontane\s f]m5t1 !re=e1 v (t5 occurs 9 ?is l>ge f]m5t-=m1 :i*1 by repeat$ developm5ts 9 ! act ( f]m5tation1 becomes r$uc$ by degrees aft] successive g5]ations to ! f]m5t :i*1 foll[+ ,dr4 ,rees1 we h nam$ sac*>omyces pa/orianus1 a polymorph\s f]m5t :i* mu/ be /udi$ closely t x may n be conf\nd$ ) o!rs1 inasmu* z x is s univ]sally diffus$ t we v seldom fail to f9d x 9 any f]m5t :i* has be5 expos$ 9 contact ) ord9>y air1 at lea/1 we may repeat1 9 a laboratory devot$ to rese>*es on f]m5tation4 ,we h f\nd ! same ?+ occur 9 a brew]y1 be+ !re mix$ ) ! f]m5ts us$ 9 brew+4 ,!re are1 no d\bt1 sev]al v>ieties ( ?is sac*>omyces4 ,we sometimes f9d among/ ! spontane\s f]m5ts :i* repeat$ gr[?s h br\ght to a m or less uni=m /ate1 ! =ms repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,xi41 b ! cells & segm5ts mu* small]4 ,among/ o!rs1 ,dr4 ,rees has di/+ui%$ a sac*>omyces exiguus4 ,fig4 #ch repres5ts ano!r spontane\s f]m5t1 :i* appe>$ 9 a boil$ sac*>9e wort1 :i* ent]$ into f]m5tation aft] be+ expos$ to ! air ( ! laboratory4 ,! sket* 0 made directly aft] ! f]m5tation _h comm5c$4 ,probably ?is is simply "o ( ! e>li] =ms assum$ by ! sac*>omyces1 or by "o ( its v>ieties4 ,x w be se5 t ! alcoholic f]m5t is associat$ ) ano!r little fili=m f]m5t1 probably ! lactic4 ,! spontane\s f]m5ts are almo/ always impure1 a circum/ance t may be readily und]/ood if we be> 9 m9d ! results describ$ 9 ,*apt]s ,,iii4 & ,,iv4 ,,iii4--,on 8,high0 & 8,l[0 ,f]m5ts4 ,! f]m5ts m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs d n belong1 prop]ly speak+1 to indu/rial products2 t is to say1 9 actual practice !re are no op]ations 9 :i* ! f]m5ts ( fruits & spontane\s f]m5ts are employ$ = ! purpose4 ,x is q true t ^! f]m5ts are ! cause ( ! f]m5tations f :i* w9e1 cid]1 g91 rum1 g5tiana1 mead1 c41 are d]iv$1 b ^! f]m5tations are spontane\s1 !y take place )\t ! int]v5tion ( man1 & )\t man's direct+ _! production1 or tak+ any notice ( ! ag5t :i* />ts !m4 ,9 ! manufacture ( be]1 on ! o!r h&1 ! practice is q diff]5t4 ,we may say t ! wort is nev] left to f]m5t spontane\sly1 ! f]m5tation be+ inv>iably produc$ by ! addition ( yea/ =m$ on ! spot 9 a prec$+ op]ation1 or procur$ f "s o!r work+ brew]y1 :i*1 aga91 _h at "s "t be5 suppli$ f a ?ird brew]y1 :i* itself _h d]iv$ x f ano!r1 & s on1 z f> back z ! olde/ brew]y t c be imag9$4 ,a brew] nev] prep>es 8 own yea/4 ,we h already _h occasion to rem>k t ! int]*ange ( yea/s among/ brew]ies is a "t-hon\r$ cu/om1 :i* has be5 obs]v$ 9 all c\ntries at all p]iods1 z f> back z we c trace ! hi/ory ( brew+4 ,! yea/s :i* 9 ! pres5t day produce be] 9 ! brew]y ( ,t\rtel1 ne> ,nancy1 9 t ( ,grb]1 at ,/rasburg1 t ( ,dreh]1 at ,vi5na1 & o!rs1 came orig9ally f brew]ies1 :]e & :5 x w\ld be h>d to say4 ,9 ! case ( ! fir/ work+ brew]y1 ! yea/ 01 no d\bt1 d]iv$ f "s spontane\s f]m5tation1 :i* took place 9 an infusion ( b>ley t _h be5 left to itself1 or1 f "s natural spontane\s f]m5t1 & no?+ c\ld be easi] ?an to realize ?is fact aga94 ,9 ! brew+ indu/ry !re are two di/9ct modes ( f]m5tation3--8high0 f]m5tation & 8l[0 f]m5tation1 "s ( ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ics ( :i* we h po9t$ out 9 ,*apt] ,i4 ,x may be que/ion$ :e!r ! spontane\s yea/ employ$ 9 ! fir/ brew]y1 or t :i* a wort left to itself 9 ! pres5t day w\ld yield1 w\ld be ( ! 8high0 or 8l[0 type4 ,x may be conclud$ f :at we h said on ! subject ( spontane\s f]m5tations 9 wort1 t wort1 left to itself1 w\ld furni% f]m5ts m or less resembl+ ^? ( w9e4 ,we h nev] obta9$ 9 spontane\s f]m5tations ( wort ei!r a di/9ctly 8high0 f]m5t1 or a di/9ctly 8l[0 "o1 prop]ly s call$2 nor1 fur!r1 h we ev] obta9$ ei!r "o ( ^! di/9ct k9ds1 ) its indu/rial *>act]i/ics1 9 exp]im5ts on ! f]m5ts ( fruits4 ,:at1 !n1 0 ! orig9 ( ! 8high0 & 8l[0 f]m5ts n[ us$ by brew]s8 ,:at 0 ! nature ( _! orig9al g]ms8 ,^! are que/ions :i* we are unable to answ]1 b we are v mu* incl9$ to ?9k t we h "h ano!r example ( ! modifications :i* plants z well z races ( animals und]go1 & :i* become h]$it>y 9 ! c\rse ( prolong$ dome/ication4 ,we "k no?+ ( corn 9 its wild /ate1 we _c tell :at its fir/ gra9 0 l4 ,we "k no?+ ( ! silk-worm 9 its orig9al /ate1 & we are ignorant ( ! *>act]s ( ! race t furni%$ ! fir/ egg4 ,^! reflections may seem to fav\r ! supposition t !re is a real diff]5ce betwe5 8high0 yea/ & 8l[0 yea/1 & t bo? ( ^! diff] f spontane\s f]m5ts & ! f]m5ts ( dome/ic fruits4 ,^! are propositions dem&+ mo/ c>eful consid]ation1 = x is g5]ally admitt$ t ^! f]m5ts become int]mix$1 t _! morphological diff]5ces are m]ely a "q ( m$ium1 & t ! transition ( "o to ! o!r is a simple matt]4 ,! foll[+ facts seem to contradict su* /atem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 8,high0 ,f]m5t4--,fig4 #ci repres5ts "s 8high0 yea/ tak5 f a deposit aft] f]m5tation1 & ,fig4 #dj ! same yea/ 9 c\rse ( propagation 9 "s a]at$ wort4 ,9 comp>+ 8high0 yea/ ) o!r alcoholic f]m5ts at ! same /age ( developm5t1 !re are ?ree po9ts :i* are especially /rik+3 ! diamet] ( its cells is relatively l>ge1 _! g5]al aspect is r\nd]1 & :5 !y are und]go+ propagation _! mode ( budd+ produces a m>k$ly ramifi$ appe>ance1 s t ! cells always occur 9 clu/]s & bran*es4 ,fig4 #dj gives a v exact idea ( ^! *>act]s4 ,to inve/igate satisfactorily ! bran*+ habit ( gr[? peculi> to ?is f]m5t we %\ld exam9e x dur+ ! fir/ few h\rs ( its propagation1 :51 "u ! influ5ce ( ! oxyg5 dissolv$ 9 ! f]m5table liquid1 its vital activity is greate/4 ,lat] on1 (t5 on ! day foll[+ ! s[+1 ! gr\ps become disconnect$1 & at ! end ( ! f]m5tation ! cells h q sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 n m ?an #b or #c p] c5t4 rema9+ unit$1 & ev5 ^! 9 gr\ps ( n m ?an two cells toge!r4 ,?is is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ci4 ,to give an idea ( ! rapidity ) :i* ?is f]m5t multiplies1 we may /ate t our sket* 7,fig4 #dj7 0 made "u ! foll[+ conditions3--,on ,april #bh?1 #ahgd1 we caus$ a flask ( wort to f]m5t by means ( a trace ( 8high0 yea/4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! next day1 t is f\rte5 h\rs aft]w>ds1 an appreciable deposit ( yea/ _h =m$1 & "s fro?y pat*es appe>$ on ! surface ( ! liquid1 %[+ t f]m5tation _h set 94 ,on ,may #a/ we decant$ ! be]1 sub/itut+ = x wat] sweet5$ ) #aj p] c5t4 ( sug>4 ,on ,may #bnd we decant$ ! sweet5$ wat]1 & sub/itut$ a fre% quantity conta9+ ! same p]c5tage ( sug>4 ,on ,may #crd1 at mid-day1 we took "s ( ! f]m5t+ liquid f ?is flask & put x into a flask ( wort2 five h\rs aft] ! introduction ( ! f]m5t we made ! sket* 9 "q4 ,! field is cov]$ ) bran*+ clu/]s1 ! gr\ps be+ sket*$ exactly z !y occurr$ 9 ! field4 ,_! activity 0 due to ! condition ( ! f]m5t1 & to ! p]fect fitness ( ! nutritive m$ium = its vegetation4 ,9 sweet5$ wat] ! budd+ ( ! cells 0 consid]ably less active2 no bran*+ gr\ps ( cells are to be f\nd4 ,budd+1 nev]!less1 occurs to a consid]able ext5t1 b x is limit$ to "o bud1 or two at ! mo/1 to ea* cell4 ,f]m5tation 9 pure sweet5$ wat] is mo/ly correlative ) ! duration ( vital activity 9 ! globules already =m$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,let u next suff] our yea/ to exhau/ itself by keep+ x 9 a great excess ( sweet5$ wat] = a v long "t2 we %all !n be able to obs]ve its process ( revival1 & see if we c f9d any facts analog\s to ^? pres5t$ by sac*>omyces pa/orianus 7,*apt] ,v4 #a74 ,) ?is object 9 view1 on ,may #f?1 #ahgd1 we impregnat$ two fre% flasks ( sweet5$ wat] ) "s ( ! cont5ts ( ! be=e-m5tion$ flask1 :i* we _h refill$ ) sweet5$ wat] on ,may #bnd4 ,on ,may #ac? we decant$ ! liquid1 :i* 0 /ill v sweet1 f "o ( ^! two fre% flasks1 :i* c\ld h>dly be said to h f]m5t$ at all--! quantity ( yea/ 9 !m be+ s small--& replac$ x ) "s wort4 ,/range to say1 on ! morn+ ( ! #ad? we f\nd an appreciable gr[? ( yea/1 & a fro? ( c>bonic acid gas on ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,! yea/ !re=e 0 n dead1 al?\gh its f]m5tative p[]s _h be5 exhau/$4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 no rem>kable feature 9 connection ) its revival1 nor did we f9d ! slighte/ trace ( any ( ! elongat$ f]m5t-=m4 ,:at we got 0 simply ! ramifi$ gr\ps ( 8high0 yea/ aga91 9 r\nd cells1 b no?+ m4 ,fe>+ t our yea/ might n h rema9$ = a suffici5t "t 9 ! sweet5$ wat] = exhau/ion1 we set aside1 = a :ole ye>1 ! o!r flask :i* we _h prep>$ on ,may #f?4 ,on ,may #af?1 #ahge1 we decant$ ! sweet5$ liquid & replac$ x ) wort4 ,?is "t1 h[ev]1 !re 0 no revival ( ! yea/2 x _h p]i%$4 ,=tunately1 we _h also sav$ ! flask ( yea/ & sweet5$ wat] :i* 0 prep>$ on ,may #bnd1 #ahgd1 z already m5tion$1 & 9 ?is case1 z w be se51 ! vitality ( ! yea/ _h n be5 ext+ui%$1 d\btless1 9 consequ5ce ( ! =mation ( :at we %all pres5tly designate by ! "n ( arobian f]m5t4 ,on ,may #af?1 #ahge1 we decant$ ! liquid f ?is la/ flask1 & replac$ x ) wort4 ,on ! next day ! surface ( ! wort 0 cov]$ ) a ?9 fro?1 indicat+ ! comm5cem5t ( f]m5tation4 ,! microscope reveal$ no?+ extraord9>y1 or indicative ( ! f]m5tation ( any special f]m5t4 ,to assure ourselves t our f]m5t _h rema9$ 8high10 we s[$ "s ( x 9 a fre% flask ( wort on ,may #ai?1 & !n1 sev5 h\rs aft] impregnation1 submitt+ x to exam9ation1 we c\ld f9d no?+ b ramifi$ gr\ps 9 f9e condition1 )\t a s+le elongat$ cell1 inde$1 x w\ld h be5 impossible to f9d a m beautiful specim5 ( 8high0 yea/1 or "o ( a m decid$ "*4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t 8high0 yea/ _c1 "u any circum/ances1 assume ! =m & "* ( ! f]m5t sac*>omyces pa/orianus1 or ( o!r kn[n f]m5ts4 ,we are ju/ifi$1 !re=e1 9 reg>d+ x z a di/9ct species ( f]m5t1 an op9ion :i* is support$ by o!r circum/ances4 #a4 ,9 equal quantities ( sac*>9e wort a consid]ably great] gr[? ( 8high0 yea/ is obta9$ ?an ( o!r yea/s4 ,we ne$ no v rigor\s pro(s to conv9ce ourselves ( ?is fact3 = by simply caus+ equal volumes ( ! same wort to f]m5t1 ! "o be+ pit*$ ) sac*>omyces pa/orianus1 = example1 ! o!r ) 8high0 yea/1 we %all obta9 a p]ceptibly great] volume ( 8high0 yea/ ?an ( ! o!r1 9 c]ta9 cases ev5 five or six times z mu*4 #b4 8,high0 yea/ is ( a t\gh] texture ?an ! o!rs1 sep>at+1 :5 ! f]m5t$ liquor & its deposit is %ak5 up1 into lumps :i* refuse to disappe>2 :]eas sac*>omyces pa/orianus diffuses ?r\gh ! :ole liquid ) ! greate/ ease4 #c4 8,high0 yea/ produces a special be]1 ) a peculi> flav\r1 well kn[n to consum]s1 b little e/eem$ at ! pres5t day4 ,h5ce ! gradual displacem5t ( brew]ies work$ on ! old 8high0 f]m5tation sy/em by o!rs 9 :i* 8l[0 yea/ 7( :i* m anon7 alone is employ$4 #d4 ,la/ly1 "o *>act]i/ic ( 8high0 yea/1 :i* x %>es 9 common ) "s o!r f]m5ts1 al?\gh n ) all1 & :i*1 f a practical po9t ( view1 des]ves special m5tion1 is t z f]m5tation proce$s ! yea/ rises to ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,:il/ ! process ( ! manufacture ( be] by ?is f]m5t is go+ on1 ! yea/ is se5 to "w out ( ! bung-holes1 fl[+ ov] 9 consid]able quantity4 ,! f]m5t nam$ aft] ! au?or1 z well z 8l[0 yea/1 does n possess ?is prop]ty3 x rema9s at ! bottom ( ! vessels4 ,:5 8high0 f]m5tation takes place 9 vessels t are n fill$1 ! f]m5t =ms a ?ick lay]1 a k9d ( cap on ! surface ( ! be]4 ,?is *>act]i/ic may be witness$ ev5 9 ! f]m5tation ( v small quantities ( liquid4 ,9 our flasks1 9 :i* ! volume ( f]m5t+ wort does n exce$ #ajj c4c4 or #aej c4c4 7ab\t #d or #e fluid ounces71 we may p]ceive1 z ! viol5ce ( f]m5tation subsides1 & ! head falls1 ! sides ( ! vessel cov]$ to a height ( f #a cm4 to #b cm4 7ab\t #c_/d-;947 above ! surface ( ! liquid1 ) p>ticles ( yea/y matt]1 9 little masses1 or 9 a ?9 film1 rais$ to t height by ! head1 & left beh9d :5 t fell4 8,l[0 ,f]m5t4--,:il/ high yea/ p]=ms its functions 9 ! brew]ies 9 :i* x is us$ at some:at high temp]atures--namely1 betwe5 #af ,c4 & #bj ,c4 7#fj ,f4 to #fh ,f47--8l[0 yea/ is nev] employ$ at a high] temp]ature ?an #aj ,c4 7#ej ,f471 & x is ev5 ?\ght pref]able t x %\ld n be subject$ to m ?an #f ,c41 #g ,c41 or #h ,c4 7#dc ,f4 to #df ,f474 ,at ^! comp>atively l[ temp]atures 8high0 yea/ w\ld h no p]ceptible action1 :]eas x is at su* temp]atures t 8l[0 yea/ be/ p]=ms its functions4 ,9 our ,memoir on alcoholic f]m5tation1 publi%$ 9 #ahfj1 9 ! ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 ! idea ( ! id5tity ( ! two yea/s 0 accept$2 b we _h at t "t made no special obs]vations ( our own on ! subject4 ,^u clos] inve/igation we are incl9$ to believe t ! two yea/s are q di/9ct4 ,we might keep our 8high0 yea/ at ! l[e/ temp]atures t x c be>1 & repeat our gr[?s "u ^! conditions2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 we might subject ! 8l[0 yea/ to temp]atures high] ?an ^? at :i* x ord9>ily gr[s1 )\t ev] succe$+ 9 *ang+ ! fir/ into ! second or ! second into ! fir/1 suppos+1 ( c\rse1 t ea* ( our yea/s 0 pure to beg9 )4 ,if !y 7 int]mix$ ! *ange 9 ! conditions ( developm5t w\ld cause "o or ! o!r to prepond]ate1 & incl9e u to believe t a trans=mation _h really occurr$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,x is true t brew]s g5]ally are ( a diff]5t op9ion4 ,mo/ ( !m ass]t t 8l[0 yea/ cultivat$ at a high temp]ature becomes 8high0 yea/2 & conv]sely1 t 8high0 yea/ becomes 8l[0 by repeat$ gr[?s at a l[ temp]ature4 ,_m h told u t !y h prov$ ?is4 ,nev]!less x is our belief t ! success ( su* trans=mation has be5 b app>5t1 attributable 9 ea* case to ! fact1 z we h j /at$1 ( _! hav+ op]at$ on a mixture ( ! two yea/s4 ,mits*]li*1 & v>i\s au?ors aft] him1 h ass]t$ t 8high0 yea/ propagates by budd+1 & 8l[0 yea/1 on ! contr>y1 by spores1 =m$ by ! endog5\s division ( ! protoplasm ( ! cells1 & set free by ! rupture ( ! cell-wall1 :i* !n1 increas+ 9 size1 assume ! "* ( ord9>y cells4 ,b we h nev] be5 able to confirm ?is4 ,fig4 #da repres5ts a field ( l[ yea/1 tak5 f ! deposit 9 a vat aft] ! f]m5tation ( ! be] 0 f9i%$4 ,! granul> matt] mix$ ) ! cells is altoge!r amorph\s al?\gh 9 _m cases p]fectly sph]ical4 ,x is a product 9 no way relat$ to ?is yea/ 7see ,plate ,i41 ,no4 #g74ajj 8,high0 yea/ & all ! f]m5ts ( be] h ?is k9d ( deposit associat$ ) !m4 ,!re is no d\bt t confus$ obs]vations z reg>ds ^! m9ute bodies h be5 ! cause ( ! error :i* we _h to deal ) 9 connection ) a p>ticul> mode ( reproduction ( l[ yea/1 z to :i* we h already fully express$ our views 7,*ap4 ,v4 #a1 p4 #adf74 ,comp>+ ,fig4 #da ) ,fig4 #dj 7p4 #ahi71 x may be se5 t ! g5]al aspect ( l[ yea/ is di/+ui%$1 9 its e>ly /ages1 al?\gh 9 no v decid$ mann]1 f t ( 8high0 yea/1 by be+ slightly small] & less r\nd or sph]ical 9 its cells ?an ! latt]4#aja ,^! diff]5ces1 h[ev]1 w\ld escape an unpractis$ eye4 ,z to ! case ( 8high0 yea/1 ! deposits ( 8l[0 yea/ aft] f]m5tation appe> z scatt]$1 isolat$ cells2 we d n f9d m ?an two or ?ree p] c5t4 ( unit$ cells4 ,nev]!less ! two yea/s pres5t1 z we %all see1 q m>k$ diff]5ces 9 ! "* ( _! budd+ & multiplication4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,on ,may #bh?1 #ahge1 we put a trace ( pure1 unicellul>1 8l[0 yea/1 tak5 at ! end ( a f]m5tation1 into a flask ( wort4 ,on ,may #bi?1 sixte5 h\rs aft] impregnation1 ! temp]ature dur+ ! night hav+ be5 #ae ,c4 7#ei ,f471 we made a sket* ( ! yea/ be=e its developm5t _h become app>5t to ! nak$ eye4 ,no p]ceptible developm5t1 t is to say1 no visible deposit at ! bottom ( ! liquid & =mation ( pat*es ( fro? on ! surface1 took place be=e ,may #cj?4 ,a m]e glance at ,fig4 #db w be suffici5t to enable u to detect a consid]able diff]5ce betwe5 x & ,fig4 #dj1 :i* repres5ts ! multiplication ( ! cells ( 8high0 yea/4 ,! cells ( ! 8l[0 yea/ are slightly small] & r m oval1 z we h already _h occasion to notice1 & ! budd+ processes are consid]ably less ramifi$1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* !re is a comp>ative abs5ce ( globul> clu/]s :i* are s /rik+ a feature 9 ! developm5t ( 8high0 yea/1 :5 exam9$ e>ly en\gh4 ,moreov]1 if we cause our 8l[0 yea/ to age1 by leav+ x = a long] or %ort] "t 9 ! be] :i* x has =m$1 or if we exhau/ x 9 sweet5$ wat] by leav+ x = :ole mon?s 9 a volume ( sweet5$ wat] consid]ably l>g] ?an :at x is capable ( f]m5t+1 & !n proce$ to revive x & cause x to propagate 9 an a]at$ sac*>9e wort capable ( n\ri%+ x1 ?is yea/ w resume its orig9al aspect1 z sket*$ & describ$4 ,at mo/ we %all obs]ve c]ta9 m9ute diff]5ces 9 ! size ( ! cells 9 successive gr[?s4 ,a v rem>kable indu/rial *>act]i/ic ( ?is yea/ is ! fact t x nev] rises to ! surface1 no matt] at :at temp]ature x may be work+1 :e!r betwe5 #f ,c4 & #h ,c4 or #ae ,c4 & #bj ,c42#ajb 9 o!r words1 x is n buoy$ up by ! c>bonic acid gas :5 ! f]m5tation is at its height4 ,at ! end ( ! f]m5tation1 ! surface ( ! liquid & ! sides ( ! vessel above ! level ( ! liquid are clean & n cov]$ ) ! yea/1 :i* rema9s altoge!r at ! bottom ( ! f]m5t$ liquid4 ,moreov]1 ! weight ( new yea/ :i* x yields is always less ?an t yield$ by 8high0 yea/1 = ! same quantity ( f]m5table liquid1 al?\gh great] ?an t :i* sac*>omyces pa/orianus w\ld give4 ,la/ly1 ! be] possesses a flav\r & delicacy :i* cause x to be held 9 high] e/eem by consum]s ?an be]s produc$ by means ( o!r f]m5ts4#ajc ,,iv4--,on ! ,exi/5ce & ,production ( ,o!r ,species ( ,f]m5t4 ,our pres5t k ( ! alcoholic f]m5ts embraces ! foll[+1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! f]m5t-=m ( mucor3-- ,! f]m5t nam$ aft] ! au?or1 :i* is f\nd associat$ ) ! f]m5ts ( ! grape & o!r dome/ic fruits1 & ) spontane\s f]m5ts 9 g5]al4 ,! f]m5t ( 8high0 be]4 ,! f]m5t ( 8l[0 be]4 ,to ^! mu/ be add$ ! ord9>y f]m5t ( w9e1 & t call$ apiculatus1 al?\gh1 inde$1 ^! la/ are ( little practical importance1 s9ce1 9 g5]al1 !y soon become lo/ among/ o!rs ( great] vitality1 9 ! spontane\s f]m5tation ( fruits4 ,^! are n ! only alcoholic f]m5ts2 a /udy ( ! g]m-cells diffus$ ov] ! surface ( fruits1 gra9s1 & /alks ( all vegetables 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 w\ld d\btless lead to ! discov]y ( _m new ones4 ,we are ev5 incl9$ to believe t "o f]m5t might give rise to a multitude ( o!rs4 ,! inve/igations :i* we h und]tak5 9 ?is direction are z yet n f> advanc$2 we may1 h[ev]1 be all[$ m]ely to /ate ! pr9ciple :i* gov]ns !m4 ,a f]m5t is a comb9ation ( cells1 ! individuals ( :i* mu/ diff] m or less f ea* o!r4 ,ea* ( ^! cells has c]ta9 g5]ic & specific peculi>ities :i* x %>es ) ! neighb\r+ cells2 b ov] & above ?is1 c]ta9 peculi> *>act]i/ics :i* di/+ui% x1 & :i* x is capable ( transmitt+ to succe$+ g5]ations4 ,if1 !re=e1 we c\ld manage ) "s species ( f]m5t to isolate ! diff]5t cells t compose x1 & c\ld cultivate ea* ( ^! sep>ately1 we %\ld obta9 z _m specim5s ( f]m5ts1 :i* w\ld1 probably1 be di/9ct f "o ano!r1 inasmu* z ea* ( !m w\ld inh]it ! individual peculi>ities ( ! cell f :i* x orig9at$4 ,our endeav\rs are direct$ to realiz+ ?is result practically1 by fir/ ?or\ghly dry+ a f]m5t & r$uc+ x to f9e p[d]4 ,we h se5 7,*ap4 ,,iii4 #f7 t ?is mode ( exp]im5t is practicable1 t 9 a p[d] compos$ ( yea/ & pla/] ! f]m5t pres]ves its faculty ( reproduction = a v long "t4 ,if we n[ drop a small quantity ( ?is p[d] f a suffici5t height1 & !n1 at a c]ta9 di/ance bel[ ! cl\d ( du/ s =m$1 op5 sev]al flasks previ\sly depriv$ ( air & conta9+ a f]m5table liquid t has be5 boil$1 imm$iately clos+ !m all up aga91 "u su* circum/ances x is conceivable t "s ( ! cells ( yea/ diffus$ 9 ! cl\d ( du/1 & sep>at$ widely 9 ! act ( fall+1 w ent] "s ( our flasks s+ly1 & !re develop an appreciable weight ( f]m5t1 all ! cells ( :i* w h sprung f ! same "m-cell4 ,we h prov$ t flasks may be easily impregnat$ "u ^! conditions1 & our prelim9>y obs]vations1 al?\gh incomplete1 seem to fav\r ! idea t num]\s v>ieties ( f]m5t are to be obta9$ by ^! means4 ,spontane\s f]m5ts1 prop]ly s call$1 ( :i* we h already spok51 are1 aft] all1 ! result ( s[+s ( ?is k9d4 ,orig9at+ 9 liquids :i* h be5 boil$1 & !n left to !mselves 9 contact ) ! air 9 a place :]e cells or g]ms mu/ h exi/$1 ^! f]m5ts mu/ necess>ily (t5 spr+ f s+le g]ms or f a limit$ few1 & ?is also w\ld probably be a means ( develop+ di/9ct v>ieties ( f]m5ts4 ,)\t dwell+ long] on ! practical consequ5ces likely to result f ! ideas :i* we h j express$1 we %all proce$ to describe two new alcoholic f]m5ts1 :i* diff] widely f ^? already m5tion$4 ,new 8,high0 ,f]m5t4--,we met ) ?is f]m5t accid5tally1 "u ! foll[+ circum/ances3--,on ,febru>y #ab?1 #ahgc1 we _h brew$ 9 ! laboratory ab\t #b- hectolitres 7r ov] #ej gallons7 ( wort1 #aj litres 7ab\t two gallons7 ( :i* 7 set aside to cool 9 a :ite-iron tr\gh1 & left dur+ ! night expos$ to free contact ) air 9 ! und]gr\nd "p ( ! laboratory1 :]e we h a small exp]im5tal brew]y4 ,next day we put "s ( ?is latt] into a bottle2 ! wort soon began to %[ evid5ce ( *ange1 v>i\s productions made _! appe>ance on ! surface ( ! liquid1 & a deposit ( yea/ settl$ at ! bottom4 ,on ,may #bcrd1 p]ceiv+ bubbles ( gas & a /eady f]m5tation set up 9 ! wort1 :i* rema9$ all ! "t cork$ up1 & fe>+ t ! bottle might bur/ by ! increas+ int]nal pressure1 we drew ! cork4 ,a consid]able lib]ation ( gas at once took place1 accompani$ by a volum9\s foam :i* half empti$ ! bottle4 ,a microscopical exam9ation ( ! deposit f ! di/urb$ liquid l$ to ! discov]y ( a v homog5e\s yea/1 associat$ ) v>i\s o!r organisms2 x 0 cle>ly a yea/ :i* we _h n hi!rto met ) among/ ! spontane\s f]m5ts :i* we _h _h occasion to /udy4 ,?9k+ t ?is might be a new species ( f]m5t :i* w\ld probably produce a be] t 0 also unkn[n1 we set to "w to purify x by cultivation 9 flasks ( pure wort1 dur+ ! mon?s ( ,may1 ,june1 & ,july4 ,our la/ gr[?s1 ( ,augu/ #d?1 #ahgc1 7 pres]v$1 9 ord] t we might assure ourselves ( ! purity ( ! be]1 &1 consequ5tly1 ( ! f]m5t4 ,on ,novemb] #ae? its purity 0 e/abli%$4 ,on t date we made "s be] ) ?is f]m5t1 :i* _h n[ be5 left to itself = sev]al mon?s 9 contact ) pure air4 ,! be] :i* we obta9$ resembl$ no kn[n v>iety2 consequ5tly ! f]m5t mu/ itself h be5 a di/9ct "o1 diff]+ f o!rs1 especially ^? :i* we h be5 consid]+ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,fig4 #dc repres5ts ! rejuv5esc5ce ( ?is f]m5t4 ,comp>+ ?is figure ) ,fig4 #db1 we see t ?is f]m5t pres5ts a consid]able resemblance to 8l[0 yea/ 9 dim5sions1 me?od ( budd+1 & oval %ape2 b ! feature :i* di/+ui%es x ess5tially f 8l[0 yea/ is t x rises to ! surface1 l 8high0 yea/4 ,buoy$ up by ! gas dur+ f]m5tation1 x =ms a lay] ( yea/ on ! surface ( ! f]m5t+ liquid1 :]e x rema9s aft] ! head has fall54 ,"s ( ?is head ( yea/ likewise adh]es to ! sides ( ! vessel above ! level ( ! liquid4 ,9 %ort1 by ! great] regul>ity ( its =ms & ! uni=m dim5sions ( its cells1 ?is f]m5t is to be easily di/+ui%$ f sac*>omyces pa/orianus2 its aspect1 :i* is oval in/ead ( sph]ical1 & ! ramifi$ =m ( its *a9s ( cells1 :i* is less m>k$ ?an 9 ! case ( 8high0 yea/1 also prev5t our conf\nd+ x ) ! latt] f]m5t2 9 its ris+ "* x diff]s absolutely f 8l[0 yea/2 la/ly1 x may be di/+ui%$ f all o!r f]m5ts by ! flav\r ( ! be] t x produces4 ,! f]m5t :i* we discov]$ 9 ?is accid5tal way may be utiliz$4 ,inde$1 we may ask1 is x n to be f\nd already 9 our be]8 ,we are incl9$ to believe t x is4 ,aft] ! w> ( #ahgj1 "s ,vi5nese trad]s e/abli%$ at ,maisons-,al=t1 ne> ,p>is1 a manufactory ( yea/ = bak]s4 ,!y sac*>ifi$ by means ( malt a mixture ( ! meals ( rye1 maize1 & b>ley1 :i* !y !n caus$ to f]m5t4 ,"o day we _h occasion to /udy ! yea/ produc$ 9 ?is e/abli%m5t1 & al?\gh we did n submit x to a suffici5t numb] ( consecutive exp]im5ts to enable u to speak positively1 we are "u ! impression t ! yea/ produc$ at ,maisons-,al=t is a 8high0 "o1 diff]+ f :at may be prop]ly t]m$ ! 8high0 yea/ ( brew]ies 9 :i* 8high0 f]m5tation is practis$1 b pres5t+ a great resemblance to ! 8high0 yea/ ( :i* we h be5 speak+4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to confirm ! op9ion ( _! possible id5tity by fre% /udies1 & ! be/ way ( do+ ?is w\ld be to comp>e ! qualities ( be] :i* ! two yea/s c\ld produce4 ,case\s ,f]m5t4--,we give ! title case\s = a reason t w pres5tly appe>1 to a f]m5t :i* we came across also accid5tally4 ,we 7 try+ diff]5t me?ods ( purify+ yea/s1 & = ?is purpose _h compos$ a liquid =m$ (3 ,ord9>y wort #aej c4c4#ajd ,wat] saturat$ ) bi-t>trate ( pota% #ej c4c4 ,alcohol ( #ij #be c4c4 ,quantities ( ?is liquid 7 plac$ 9 sev]al ( our d\ble-neck$ flasks1 submitt$ to boil+1 !n1 aft] cool+1 impregnat$ ) diff]5t f]m5ts1 & kept 9 a wat]-ba? at #ej ,c4 7#abb ,f47 = "o h\r4 ,9 op]at+ "u ^! conditions ) brew]s' 8high0 yea/1 say1 = in/ance1 ) :at is call$ ,dut* yea/1 a k9d well kn[n 9 di/ill]ies1 f]m5tation %[s itself 9 ! c\rse ( a few days1 9 spite ( ! increas$ temp]ature to :i* our liquid1 :i* is hopp$ & slightly acid & alcoholic1 has be5 subject$4 ,! "t requir$ = ! resumption ( f]m5tation dep5ds bo? ^u ! degree ( temp]ature to :i* ! yea/ has be5 expos$ & ^u ! duration ( its exposure4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are n ! po9ts ^u :i* we n[ wi% to dwell4 ,x is ( great] importance to notice t ! new yea/ has none ( ! *>act]i/ics ( 8high0 f]m5t1 ( :i* ,dut* yea/ seems to be exclusively compos$1 if we d n take into acc\nt impurities :i* _c be avoid$ 9 a comm]cial product ( ?is nature4 ,o!r specim5s ( ,dut* yea/s w\ld give ! same results4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,figs4 #dd & #de repres5t ?is new f]m5t magnifi$ to ! same ext5t z ! o!r f]m5ts h g5]ally be51 t is #djj_/a2 x w readily be se5 h[ diff]5t its =m is f t ( 8high0 yea/1 h[ f> x is f hav+ ! sph]ical aspect & mode ( budd+ *>act]i/ic ( t f]m5t4 ,9 ,fig4 #de ! f]m5t is repres5t$ 9 a mass2 9 ,fig4 #dd we see ! ramifi$ gr\ps1 ! cells & segm5ts ( :i* =m1 aft] sep>ation1 ! yea/ ( ! deposit4 ,x ?us appe>s to be compos$ ( jo9t$ bran*es ( great] or less l5g?1 :i*1 at ! junctions ( ! segm5ts1 put =? simil> cells or segm5ts ( a r\nd1 oval1 pyri=m1 cyl9drical1 or o!r %ape2 9 all its *>act]s recall+ ! description ( dematium4 ,moreov]1 ! cells & segm5ts exhibit a great] %>pness ( outl9e1 z well z a m m>k$ transp>5cy & refractive p[] ?an are f\nd 9 ! majority ( f]m5ts2 b ! mo/ curi\s physical *>act]i/ic ( ?is f]m5t is its pla/icity & ela/icity1 if we may use ^? t]ms4 ,x c only be made to diffuse ?r\gh wat] ) great difficulty2 :5 %ak5 up 9 x1 x s9ks to ! bottom quickly z a clott$ s$im5t1 & ! sup]natant liquid appe>s sc>cely at all *>g$ ) globules 9 susp5sion4 ,aga91 :5 plac$ on a microscope slide & compress$ by ! cov]-glass1 x returns to its orig9al =m on removal ( ! pressure4 ,x is f ^! consid]ations t we h giv5 to x ! "n ( case\s f]m5t4#aje ,la/ly1 ?is f]m5t produces a be] ( a peculi> k9d1 :i* _c be conf\nd$ ) o!r k9ds ( be] kn[n 9 ! pres5t day4 ,we %\ld add t x pres]ves its *>act]i/ics 9 repeat$ gr[?s1 & t we h nev] f\nd x reproduce ord9>y 8high0 yea/4 ,:5 case\s f]m5t is s[n 9 a sac*>9e m$ium *>g$ ) m9]al salts1 its aspect1 =m1 & mode ( budd+ diff] completely f :at !y are :5 ! f]m5t exi/s 9 a natural m$ium1 su* z wort or o!r liquid adapt$ to ! nutrition & life ( f]m5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,fig4 #df repres5ts ?is f]m5t 9 c\rse ( developm5t1 =ty-eight h\rs aft] x _h be5 s[n 9 a sal9e m$ium 7we employ$ ,raul9's fluid1 sub/itut+ bi-t>trate = ! nitrate ( ammonia74 ,x w be se5 h[ diff]5t its aspect is f t ( ! prec$+ figures2 x is /ill capable1 h[ev]1 ( resum+ ! =ms ( ! latt] if cultivat$ afre% 9 natural sac*>9e worts4 8,high0 yea/ f a 8high0 f]m5tation brew]y 9 ! ,ard5nes1 aft] hav+ be5 expos$ to heat "u ! conditions giv5 above1 likewise produc$ case\s f]m5t1 )\t a trace ( 8high0 f]m5t1 j z happ5$ 9 ! case ( ! ,dut* yea/4 ,all ! 8high0 yea/s us$ 9 brew+ seem to behave 9 ! same mann]4 ,:at conclusion are we to draw f ^! facts8 ,app>5tly t 8high0 yea/ is modifi$ by heat 9 an acid & alcoholic m$ium1 giv+ rise to case\s f]m5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x might be conceiv$ t ! 8high0 yea/s on :i* we exp]im5t$ 7 n pure1 b conta9$1 9 a /ate ( int]mixture1 "s case\s f]m5t1 & t by ! application ( a temp]ature ( #ej ,c4 7#abb ,f47 to our alcoholic m$ium1 ! high f]m5t 0 all kill$ & ! case\s f]m5t alone surviv$4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t ?is latt] hypo!sis1 improbable z x seems1 inasmu* z ! microscope reveal$ no int]mixture ( f]m5ts1 seems1 nev]!less1 to be a true "o4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 if we subject to a temp]ature ( #ej ,c4 = "o h\r 9 ! m$ium 9 :i* x acts1 n ! 8high0 yea/ ( comm]ce b 8high0 yea/ t is absolutely pure1 ?is w p]i% utt]ly1 & ! wort aft] cool+ may rema9 = ye>s 9 an ov5 )\t ei!r und]go+ f]m5tation or develop+ any gr[? :atev] ( 8high0 f]m5t or 8case\s0 f]m5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we impregnate ?is same alcoholic liquid ) "s ( ! case\s f]m5t & !n heat ! vessel to #ej ,c4 = "o h\r1 ! case\s f]m5t w g on reproduc+ itself aft] ! liquid has cool$ d[n4#ajf ,x seems1 !re=e1 impossible to admit t case\s f]m5t results f a modification ( 8high0 f]m5t1 & we are l$ to believe t 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5ts x mu/ h be5 ! prog5y ( cells ( case\s f]m5t pres5t 9 ! 8high0 yea/s ( comm]ce1 :i* cells1 probably 9 consequ5ce ( _! sc>city1 ! microscope 0 unable to reveal1 b :i*1 nev]!less1 did exi/1 & w5t on reproduc+ !mselves alone aft] ! heat+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,?is conclusion is support$ by ! foll[+ fact1 :i* also t5ds to prove t 9 ! case ( ! 8high0 ,engli% pale ales1 case\s f]m5t plays a mo/ important "p4 ,9 ! m$ium already describ$1 we s[$ ! deposit f a bottle ( good ,engli% pale ale4 ,aft] hav+ be5 heat$ ! yea/ w5t on gr[+1 & we obta9$ ! v beautiful specim5 ( case\s f]m5t repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #dg4 ,! two d>k globules are dead cells :i* _h be5 kill$4 ,two m9ute segm5ts ( lactic f]m5t are also visible 9 ! sket*--! yea/ :i* we s[$ 01 ( c\rse1 impure--& _! pres5ce proves1 we may obs]ve1 by ! way1 t lactic f]m5t also c )/& a temp]ature ( #ej ,c4 7#abb ,f47 9 ! m$ium :i* we "h employ$4 ,! yea/ z s[$ is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #dh2 x rem9ds u =cibly ( c]ta9 =ms ( ! case\s f]m5t4 ,among/ ! globules1 :i* = ! mo/ "p 7 transp>5t & v "y1 !re 7 "s :i* appe>$ ag$ & ( a yell[i% col\r & granul>4 ,^! latt] probably belong$ to ! yea/ ( manufacture4 ,_! %ape di/+ui%es !m f 8high0 yea/1 prop]ly s call$1 z on ! o!r h& x causes !m to appe> m l cells ( a rec5t gr[? to :i*1 !re is no d\bt1 be]1 aft] x is put 9 bottle1 owes its eff]vesc5ce & head4 ,^! v>i\s circum/ances incl9e u to believe t ! case\s f]m5t =ms "p ( c]ta9 comm]cial yea/s1 especially ^? us$ 9 ! celebrat$ brew]ies ( ,bass & ,allsopp1 at ,burton-on-,tr5t1 9 ! manufacture ( pale ale4 ,case\s yea/ is1 moreov]1 a 8high0 f]m5t1 t is to say1 x rises to ! surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,v4--,on a ,new ,race ( ,alcoholic ,f]m5ts3 ,arobian ,f]m5ts4 ,m5tion has already be5 made ( c]ta9 rese>*es :i* we und]took ) ! object ( asc]ta9+ :e!r mycod]ma v9i1 or effloresc5ce ( w9e1 & mycod]ma c]evisi1 or effloresc5ce ( be]1 :i* gr[ equally well 9 all f]m5t$ liquids1 h ! p[] ( becom+ trans=m$ into actual alcoholic f]m5t4 ,! result ( ^? rese>*es 0 /at$ to be t ^! mycod]mata d n become trans=m$ into f]m5t1 prop]ly s call$1 & t :5ev] any su* trans=mation has be5 suppos$ to h tak5 place1 ! f]m5t produc$ 0 d]iv$ f g]ms introduc$ by ! air or by ! ut5sils employ$4 ,:at we did asc]ta9 ( ! f]m5t-produc+ p[] ( mycod]ma v9i1 0 m]ely t ?is plant1 :5 subm]g$1 is capable ( caus+ sug> to f]m5t1 9 consequ5ce ( a c]ta9 cont9u\s life possible to its cells1 ap>t f ! oxidations result+ f ! pres5ce ( free oxyg51 b )\t any g5]ation ( new cells tak+ place4 ,:il/ engag$ 9 ^! rese>*es1 we 7 pursu+ o!rs 9 relation to ! conv]se ( ! proposition j discuss$1 t is to say1 respect+ ! possibility ( f]m5t becom+ trans=m$ into mycod]ma v9i or mycod]ma c]evisiae4 ,our exp]im5ts 9 connection ) ?is subject *iefly consi/$ 9 v>i\s endeav\rs by way ( exhau/+ ! yea/ & subsequ5t revival ( its gr[?4 ,?is exhau/ion 0 effect$ by gr[+ ! yea/ 9 excess ( sweet5$ wat]1 & at o!r times 9 unsweet5$ yea/-wat]1 our ef=ts be+ direct$ to deprive x ( all p[] ( f]m5t+4 ,we aft]w>ds caus$ x to develop afre% 9 highly a]at$1 nutriti\s liquids1 9 ord] t we might see h[ x reproduc$ itself1 & if its new =m 7 t ( a mycod]ma4 ,! yea/ aft] hav+ lo/ its p[] z a f]m5t1 & be+ no long] able to act 9 pure sweet5$ wat]1 nev]!less reproduc$ itself :5 plac$ 9 f]m5table m$ia1 hold+ 9 solution mat]ials adapt$ to its nutrition2 yet we nev] succe$$ 9 obta9+ any organism besides ! f]m5t1 &1 inde$1 ! id5tical v>iety ( f]m5t on :i* we _h op]at$4 ,9 no case 0 mycod]ma v9i or c]evisi produc$1 & we conclud$ t we 7 ju/ifi$ 9 /at+ t :5ev] ! mycod]ma v9i appe>$ on ! surface ( a f]m5t$ or f]m5table liquid1 its g]m mu/ h be5 introduc$ by ! surr\nd+ air1 or h previ\sly exi/$ 9 ! liquid1 & t ! reason :y ?is g]m multipli$ s abundantly 0 because ! liquid 9 "q _h be5 peculi>ly adapt$ to ! vitality ( ! plant4 ,9 a laboratory :]e alcoholic f]m5tations are /udi$1 ^! g]ms ( mycod]ma v9i exi/ 9 great abundance on ! surfaces ( diff]5t objects4 ,?is fact admits ( easy pro(2 we h m]ely to op5 9 su* a laboratory "s flasks conta9+ yea/-wat] depriv$ ( air1 or yea/-wat] sweet5$1 or any natural sac*>9e m$ium1 or any f]m5t$ liquid1 :i* till ! mom5t :5 our flasks 7 clos$ _h be5 kept boil+ 7,*ap4 ,,iv472 x w\ld be a v r>e ?+1 inde$1 if mycod]ma v9i did n develop 9 mo/ ( ^! flasks aft] ! air 0 readmitt$1 especially if1 %ortly be=e ?is op]ation1 ! du/ ly+ on ! surface ( ! tables or floor ( ! laboratory _h be5 /irr$ up by du/+ or sweep+4 ,?is s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 ! sali5t po9ts ( :i* we h j giv51 conduct$ ) a view to asc]ta9 :e!r yea/ c\ld be trans=m$ into mycod]ma1 has l$ ! way to c]ta9 results ( special int]e/1 results :i* conc]n all alcoholic f]m5ts1 & :i* 9 all probability w be f\nd 9 ! long run to apply to all arobian f]m5ts4 ,x be+ necess>y = ! conduct ( our exp]im5ts to pres]ve our yea/ 9 a /ate ( purity = an indef9ite p]iod1 (t5 = a great l5g? ( "t1 9 contact ) pure air1 we discov]$ t yea/ 0 possess$ ( extraord9>y vitality1 & t x r>ely p]i%$ completely ?r\gh\t1 inasmu* z we c\ld almo/ inv>iably cause x to revive by br++ x into contact ) fre%1 f]m5table liquid4 ,?is revival ( ! yea/--& x is to ?is po9t t we are mo/ anxi\s to direct ! att5tion ( our read]s--is effect$ f two di/9ct s\rces3-- #a4 ,by ^? cells ( yea/ :i* h n p]i%$4 #b4 ,by cells ( new =mation4 ,we may give an example to expla9 ?is m cle>ly4 ,9 "o ( our two-neck$ flasks we cause "s pure wort to f]m5t by employ+ yea/ also 9 a /ate ( purity4 ,f]m5tation complet$1 we leave ! liquid to itself1 n t\*+ ! flask aga94 ,! f]m5t$ liquor cov]s a deposit ( yea/1 app>5tly in]t1 & no trace ( mycod]ma v9i makes its appe>ance on ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,let u suppose t we g on daily = a consid]able "t introduc+ a little ( ! yea/ f ?is flask to a diff]5t flask ( wort3 ! fre% flasks w beg9 to f]m5t4 ,! only appreciable diff]5ce :i* ^! successive flasks w pres5t1 _! impregnation hav+ be5 effect$ at int]vals ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 w be t1 cet]is p>ibus1 f]m5tation 9 !m w be m & m sl[ 9 mak+ its appe>ance4 ,?is diff]5ce1 z we h already expla9$1 w be due to ! fact t ! yea/ 9 ! fir/ flask w1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 und]go1 9 ea* ( its cells1 a process :i* we _c bett] describe ?an z a progressive s5esc5ce4 ,! cells gradually become fill$ ) amorph\s granulations1 _! int]ior becomes yell[1 & ! protoplasm collects1 ei!r at ! c5tre or ne> ! bord]s2 9 %ort1 ! vitality ( ! yea/ becomes feeble4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x is tak5 out ( ! liquid 9 :i* x has f]m5t$ & introduc$ into a fre% sac*>9e wort1 x gradually resumes its transp>5cy1 & !n beg9s to g]m9ate4 ,^! effects are ! less rapidly br\ght ab\t ! long] ! cells rema9 exhau/+ !mselves 9 ! fir/ f]m5t$ liquid4 ,!y might be left 9 t liquid = su* a l5g? ( "t t !y w\ld ev5tually p]i%1 a fact :i* w\ld manife/ itself 9 _! absolute /]ility & quiesc5ce :5 s[n 9 a fre% m$ium4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 matt]s are n c>ri$ f> en\gh = ?is to take place1 & ! yea/1 pres]v$ 9 a /ate ( purity 9 its f]m5t$ liquid1 reta9s ! capacity ( revival1 :i* may !n g on indef9itely4 ,z a matt] ( obs]vation1 ! cells ( yea/1 aft] caus+ ! liquid to f]m5t1 in/ead ( rema9+ inactive1 & s by liv+ at _! own exp5se gradually pass+ into a /ate ( exhau/ion1 beg9 to bud aga92 at lea/ ?is is true ( _m ( !m4 ,multiply+ afre% 9 ! f]m5t$ m$ium1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! air1 !y =m a k9d ( mycod]mic film on ! liquid surface1 or a r+ r\nd ! sides ( ! flask1 on a level ) ! liquid4 ,?is developm5t might (t5 be mi/ak5 = mycod]ma v9i or c]evisi2 9 reality !re is n a s+le cell ( mycod]ma =m$4 ,if we s[ a trace ( ! new gr[? 9 a sac*>9e m$ium x w behave exactly z yea/ w\ld1 budd+ & multiply+1 & sett+ up f]m5tation 9 ! liquid4 ,& ?us1 9 spite ( its mycod]mic aspect1 ?is gr[? is no?+ b yea/1 s9ce x gives rise to true alcoholic f]m5tation2 b x is a k9d ( yea/ :i*1 "u ! =ego+ conditions1 lives aft] ! mann] ( fungoid gr[?s1 absorb+ ! oxyg5 ( ! air & emitt+ c>bonic acid gas4 ,x appe>s on ! surface ( all f]m5t$ liquids1 especially ^? :i*1 l be]1 conta9 c>bohydrates1 & its quantity is ! great]1 & its action ! m rapid1 9 proportion z x has m p]fect access to ! air4 ,we h t]m$ ?is yea/ arobian f]m5t or fungoid f]m5t4 ,x may easily be und]/ood h[ ?is k9d ( production has escap$ notice up to ! pres5t "t4 ,! conditions ( our exp]im5t 71 9 _m respects1 novel2 a sac*>9e liquid _h nev] be=e be5 caus$ to f]m5t by means ( pure yea/1 absolutely free f =eign g]ms2 a f]m5t$ liquid _h n previ\sly be5 expos$ to contact ) pure air = an indef9ite "t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all ord9>y f]m5t$ liquids1 :5 left to !mselves 9 contact ) air1 are a ready prey to mycod]ma v9i or aceti at _! surface1 & !n give rise to true fungoid gr[?s4 ,! appe>ance ( ^! organisms1 :i* always takes place soon1 has ?us con/antly conceal$ or prev5t$ ! developm5t ( ! true arobian f]m5ts4 ,9 repeat+ ! exp]im5t describ$ any alcoholic f]m5t may be us$1 & ea* "o w be f\nd to produce its own peculi> fungoid =m ( f]m5t4 ,ano!r po9t wor?y ( notice is t ^! arobian f]m5ts1 :5 !y put =? buds 9 ! act ( f]m5tation1 reproduce ! =ms ( ! orig9al f]m5t1 at lea/ app>5tly s4 ,9 ?is respect !y _c be di/+ui%$1 not)/&+ ! fact1 surpris+ z x seems1 t ! two k9ds ( f]m5ts are n id5tical4 ,if we op]ate on a 8l[0 yea/ its arobian f]m5t w diff] physiologically f ! f]m5t f :i* x sprung1 pres5t+ v>i\s special peculi>ities :i* are n to be f\nd 9 ! orig9al 8l[0 yea/4 ,9 mo/ ( our exp]im5ts we h f\nd ! new arobian f]m5t to be simil> 9 its action to 8high0 yea/1 ris+ to ! surface1 & produc+ a be] :i* possesses a great] fragrance ?an be] brew$ ) ! id5tical 8l[0 yea/ f :i* x 0 d]iv$4 ,la/ly1 ! prop]ties ( an arobi\s f]m5t are n peculi> to fir/ gr[?1 b are h]$it>y2 by repeat+ ! gr[? ( ! fir/ arobian f]m5t we d n cause !m to disappe>1 we f9d !m aga9 9 succe$+ g5]ations4 ,not)/&+ ^! facts1 x w\ld be difficult to discov] any v appreciable diff]5ces betwe5 ! =ms ( ! cells ( any p>ticul> yea/ & ^? ( its arobian f]m5t 9 c\rse ( developm5t4 ,s true is ?is1 t ! arobian f]m5t ( sac*>omyces pa/orianus might ev5 be caus$ to put on ! =ms ( dematium pullulans1 :i* we h _h occasion to obs]ve specially *>act]ize ?is f]m5t aft] ! cells h be5 subject$ to a prolong$ process ( s5esc5ce4#ajg ,?is is evid5t f ! foll[+ example1 :i* w once aga9 %[ ! rem>kable ext5t to :i* ! =ms ( a p>ticul> organism may be v>i$ by *anges 9 composition ( ! nutritive m$ium3-- ,on ,augu/ #f?1 #ahgc1 we took "s ( ! f]m5t sac*>omyces pa/orianus f a flask ( wort t _h und]gone f]m5tation1 & s[$ a sc>cely p]ceptible quantity ( x 9 ano!r flask conta9+ a sal9e m$ium1 compos$ z foll[s3-- ,wat] conta9+ ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( #aej c4c4 7#e-a_/d fl4 sug>-c&y oz47 ,a% ( yea/ #je gramme 7#h grs47 ,ammonic bit>trate #jb 8 7#c grs47 ,ammonic sulphate #jb 0 7#c grs47 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! foll[+ days ! f]m5t began to develop1 al?\gh ) difficulty1 ! f]m5tation reveal+ itself by collections ( bubbles appe>+ "h & !re on ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,we left ! flask undi/urb$ till ! #be? ( ,novemb] foll[+4 ,on t day we f\nd a v :ite deposit ( f]m5t cov]+ ! yea/-a% t _h n be5 tak5 into solution1 & a r+ ( arobian f]m5t on a level ) ! surface ( liquid2 all ! sug> _h disappe>$2 ! liquid conta9$ #eb p] c5t4 ( alcohol1 by volume1 at a temp]ature ( #ae ,c4 7#ei ,f472 &1 la/ly1 9 consequ5ce ( ! purity ( ! mat]ials employ$1 !re 0 no trace ( ! =mation ( fungoid gr[?s1 :e!r ( mycod]ma v9i or ( mycod]ma c]evisi1 on ! surface ( ! liquid1 or ( vibrios or lactic-f]m5t bel[ ! surface4 ,?us !n we see--& sev]al o!r examples ?r\gh\t ?is "w confirm ! fact--t sac*>9e liquids hold+ m9]al salts 9 solution are z capable ( complete f]m5tation z any m$ia ( natural composition4 ,x is true t f]m5t develops sl[ly & ) difficulty 9 !m1 & at times takes on r curi\s =ms1 b1 nev]!less1 x does develop 9 ! m$ia & c>ry on a f]m5tation 9 :i* n ! m9ute/ p>ticle ( sug> is left undecompos$4 ,?is is true1 at lea/1 9 ! case ( sac*>omyces pa/orianus1 b !re are o!r f]m5ts :i* 9 su* m$ia are *eck$ 9 _! multiplication & 9 _! cont9u$ action on sug>4 ,"o condition indisp5sable to ! accompli%m5t ( f]m5tation 9 su* a sweet5$ m9]al m$ium1 by means ( sac*>omyces pa/orianus1 is ! absolute purity ( ! mat]ials & ( ! f]m5t4 ,x is necess>y t ! life & physiological action ( ! latt] %\ld be 9 no way int]f]$ ) by ! pres5ce ( o!r microscopic organisms4 ,we %all h occasion to rev]t to ?is important detail 9 connection ) our gr[?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,fig4 #di repres5ts ! f]m5t z x appe>$ :5 exam9$ on ,augu/ #aa?1 #ahgc4 ,we c no long] recognize 9 x any sac*>omyces pa/orianus4 ,! g5]al appe>ance is sph]ical1 & !re are a numb] ( clu/]s ( budd+ cells :i* rem9d "o at fir/ sight ( ! mode ( g]m9ation ( brew]s' 8high0 yea/4 ,at a1 a1 a1 we see globules f :i* irregul> abortive filam5ts h sprung1 a pro( ( difficult g]m9ation4 ,no su* mon/rosities c\ld ev] h occurr$ if we _h us$ be]-wort or mu/ z our nutritive m$ium4 ,on ,novemb] #be? we made ano!r exam9ation & sket* ( ! f]m5t1 ! appe>ance ( :i* did n diff] mat]ially f t giv5 above4 ,! g5]al appe>ance 0 ! same1 consi/+ mo/ly ( globules jo9$ toge!r 9 clu/]s ( two or ?ree or m4 ,no sep>ation1 su* z occurs 9 ! case ( f]m5t =m$ 9 natural worts1 _h tak5 place4 ,! f]m5t1 moreov]1 0 v irregul>1 & compris$ cells ( all sizes4 ,we s[$ "s ( x 9 a flask ( pure wort4 ,on ,novemb] #bf? !re 0 no app>5t developm5t3 on ,novemb] #bg?1 h[ev]1 n m ?an =ty-eight h\rs aft] impregnation1 !re 0 a consid]able deposit ( :ite f]m5t at ! bottom ( ! liquid1 & f]m5tation 0 s active t ! surface ( ! liquid 0 cov]$ ) an abundant fro?4 ,?is %[s u ! wond]ful vitality & recup]ative p[] possess$ by g]ms :i*1 left to !mselves = ab\t f\r mon?s1 reviv$ s readily4 ,x proves too t ! reviv+ influ5ces took effect on "s arobian f]m5t4 ,f ! mode ( life ( ?is latt] be+ simil> to t ( a surface fungoid gr[?1 x does n become exhau/$ z ! cells ( ord9>y f]m5t d4 ,n[ ! cells :i*1 s[n on ,augu/ #f?1 _h become exhau/$ by prolong$ /ay 9 ! m9]al liquid1 & 7 almo/ in]t1 w\ld h requir$ sev]al days = _! revival2 b 9 ! exp]im5t describ$ ! revival 0 rapid1 & ?is rapidity proves1 z we h said1 t ! revival mu/ h tak5 place 9 cells ( arobian f]m5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,tak+ "s fre% yea/ f ! bottom ( ! liquid we exam9$ & made a sket* ( x 7,fig4 #ej74 ,! field 0 fill$ ) r\nd & oval cells1 jo9t$ & ramifi$ filam5ts1 budd+ & multiply+ 9 ! mo/ rem>kable mann]1 rem9d+ u ( ! g]m9ation ( ! cells ( yea/ exhau/$ 9 sweet5$ wat]1 & also ( ! g]m9ation 9 ! =m ( dematium pullulans ( c]ta9 g]m-cells :i* are spread ov] ! surface ( sweet1 dome/ic fruits4 ,we c\ld nev] gr[ tir$1 z we wrote x 9 our orig9al notes1 ( sket*+ ?is beautiful plant1 :i* e/abli%es v cle>ly a transition betwe5 "o ( ! be/ def9$ cellul> f]m5ts1 viz41 sac*>omyces pa/orianus1 & c]ta9 =ms ( v common fungoid gr[?s1 ^? ( dematium1 & ev5 ( ! mo/ common m\ld1 mucor muc$o or racemosus1 :5 x vegetates b5ea? ! surface ( a liquid & acts z a f]m5t4#ajh ,we h "h1 z 9 ^! cases1 filam5t\s *a9s bran*+ into o!r simil> *a9s1 compos$ ( m or less elongat$ cells1 :i* at l5g? fall (f & g]m9ate exactly z ! conidia-be>+ hyphae ( mucor d4 ,! arobian f]m5t ( 8high0 yea/1 9 :atev] m$ium we cultivat$ x1 pres5t$ no peculi>ity1 z f> z its =ms 7 conc]n$4 ,x 0 compos$ ( cells ( sph]ical %ape1 l ord9>y 8high0 yea/1 & g]m9at$ 9 ! same way z ! latt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,fig4 #ea repres5ts ! revival ( ?is arobian f]m5t4 ,we recognize "h ! bran*$ mode ( budd+ & sph]ical cont\r *>act]i/ic ( 8high0 yea/ prop]4 ,nor does ! arobian f]m5t ( 8l[0 yea/ pres5t any special peculi>ities1 9 =ms1 dim5sions1 & mode ( gr[? closely resembl+ ! 8l[0 yea/ f :i* x is d]iv$4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( its re/oration1 h[ev]1 if ?is is p]=m$ 9 sweet5$ wat]1 ! cells 9 ! gr\ps are l>g] ?an ^? :i* are subsequ5tly develop$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,fig4 #eb repres5ts ! arobian f]m5t ( yea/ us$ 9 8l[0-f]m5tation brew]ies1 exam9$ =ty-eight h\rs aft] pit*+4 ,we f9d t gr\ps resembl+ t at a are ( v r>e occurr5ce4 ,!y are to be se5 only at ! v beg9n+1 g5]ally only = ! fir/ few h\rs ( ! r5ew$ activity4 ,v soon1 h[ev]1 !y develop cells :i* are ( ! size ( ! oval cells budd+ at b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,fig4 #ec repres5ts ! arobian case\s yea/ :i* =ms r rapidly1 9 ?ick1 greasy-look+ pellicles1 on ! surface ( liquids :i* h be5 f]m5t$ by means ( case\s f]m5t4 ,! l>g] =m ( cells1 a & b1 is n (t5 met )4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,on ,may #bg?1 #ahge1 we s[$1 9 a flask ( wort1 a trace ( a pellicle ( ?is k9d1 :i* _h =m$ on ! surface ( a flask 9 :i* f]m5tation _h be5 set up by means ( case\s yea/ 9 ,may ( ! prec$+ ye>4 ,on ,may #cj? f]m5tation began to reveal its pres5ce by a volum9\s fro?1 & ! newly-=m$ yea/ _h rea*$ ! bottom ( ! flask4 ,a small quantity 0 tak5 out by a capill>y glass tube1 & a sket* ( ! f]m5t made2 ?is is giv5 9 ,fig4 #ed4 ,among/ ! cells :i* occupy ! field !re are gr\ps ( "s ( l>g] size4 ,^! are n di/9ct =ms mix$ ) ! o!rs1 b simply ano!r illu/ration ( ! fact t old cells 9 c\rse ( revival1 especially :5 !y h be5 exhau/$ 9 sweet5$ wat]1 z we h j obs]v$ ( ! arobian f]m5t ( 8l[0 yea/1 comm5ce ) =ms ( l>g] diamet] or m elongat$ ?an ! ord9>y =ms peculi> to ! f]m5t :i* at a lat] /age are develop$ f !m4 ,we h se5 h[ m>k$ & exagg]at$ ?is feature 0 9 ! case ( sac*>omyces pa/orianus4 ,let u aga9 call att5tion to ! =ms ( arobian f]m5t furni%$ by ! yea/ :i* we h already describ$ "u ! "n ( new 8high0 yea/4 ,fig4 #ee repres5ts ?is arobian f]m5t1 z tak5 on ,novemb] #bg?1 #ahgc1 f a pellicle ( r greasy & moi/ appe>ance1 on ! surface ( a flask ( f]m5t$ be]-wort :i* _h be5 impregnat$ on ,july #ba/1 #ahgb4 ,x might readily be mi/ak5 = ord9>y 8high0 yea/1 yet no two f]m5ts c be m di/9ct4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,on ,novemb] #bg?1 #ahgc1 we s[$ a trace ( ?is f]m5t 9 a flask ( wort4 ,f ! #bi?1 ) a cont9u\s temp]ature ( #be ,c4 7#gg ,f471 a consid]able deposit ( yea/ began to =m1 & ! fro? ( f]m5tation cov]$ ! :ole surface ( ! liquid4 ,we took a little ( ?is deposit = exam9ation2 x is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ef4 ,! field is occupi$ ) oval cells ( great uni=mity4 ,we recognize ! aspect ( ! orig9al yea/ 7,fig4 #dc74 ,"h & !re1 inde$1 we come across "s cells ( l>g] size1 su* z ^? at a & b1 :i* is ano!r illu/ration ( ! rem>k t we h j made respect+ ! =ms :i* reviv$ exhau/$ cells take on at ! comm5cem5t ( a new g]m9ation4 ,! physical aspect ( ! sev]al arobian f]m5ts is 9 g5]al s *>act]i/ic t we are (t5 able by simple inspection to di/+ui% betwe5 !m z !y occur on ! surface ( liquids4 ,sac*>omyces pa/orianus 9 its arobian /ate =ms a cr[n ( cells r\nd ! sides ( ! vessel at ! surface ( ! liquid1 :i* cr[n is brok5 up by ! lea/ agitation ( ! liquid2 its vitality cont9ues = ye>s4 ,! arobian f]m5t ( 8high0 yea/ appe>s 9 ! =m ( small isolat$ teats on ! surface ( ! f]m5t$ liquid4 ,x develops r sluggi%ly1 & has no great vitality4 ,! arobian =m ( 8l[0 yea/ develops z a some:at fragile lay]1 ! lea/ agitation precipitat+ x to ! bottom ( ! vessel 9 a cl\d ( v small irregul> flocks1 t d n diffuse ?r\gh ! liquid z !y fall4 ,) free access to air x reta9s life = a long "t4 ,! arobian f]m5t ( case\s yea/ =ms a cont9u\s greasy-look+ pellicle1 gradually ?ick5+1 :i* breaks up into fragm5ts :5 %ak54 ,) a supply ( air x lives v long1 & ! pellicle gradually increases 9 ?ickness4 ,9 review+ ^! f]m5ts we may naturally ask ourselves ! "q :e!r ! 8high0 f]m5ts ( :i* we h spok5--! indu/rial "o conc]n$ 9 ! 8high0 f]m5tation ( brew]ies1 & ! o!r :i* we h t]m$ new 8high0 f]m5t--are n arobian f]m5ts ( 8l[0 yea/s4 ,we are incl9$ to ?9k t ! f]m5t :i* 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph we t]m$ new 8high0 f]m5t1 may1 p]haps1 be ! arobian =m ( ! 8l[0 yea/ employ$ by ,alsatian & ,g]man brew]s4 ,we h /udi$ ?is new 8high0 f]m5t side by side ) ! arobian f]m5t ( 8l[0 yea/1 & ! result we h arriv$ at is1 t 9 appe>ance & mode ( g]m9ation1 z well z 9 ! flav\r & quality ( ! be]s :i* !y produce1 !y greatly resemble "o ano!r4 ,9 ! la/ respect1 h[ev]1 we _c say t ! id5tity is q absolute1 & h5ce x is ) "s d\bt t we sugge/ ! possible id5tity ( ! two f]m5ts4 ,z reg>ds ! ord9>y 8high0 yea/ ( brew]ies1 x may well be suppos$1 bo? f its p[] ( ris+ to ! surface dur+ f]m5tation & f ! peculi> smell & flav\r ( its be]1 t we h 9 x ! arobian f]m5t ( "s 8l[0 yea/1 z to ! id5tity ( :i*1 h[ev]1 we c say no?+1 hav+ no k z to :]e x is to be f\nd2 or1 inde$1 any c]ta9ty t su* a yea/ actually exi/s4 ,9 writ+ ^! l9es an idea sugge/s itself :i* might be pr(itably made ! subject ( s]i\s exp]im5tal /udy4 ,:at w\ld be ! peculi> prop]ties ( ! arobi\s f]m5t-=m ( an arobian yea/8 ,c]ta9 facts incl9e u to believe t ^! =ms diff] f ea* o!r j z a 8l[0 yea/ diff]s f its arobian f]m5t4 ,if ?is 7 actually ! case x w\ld be v int]e/+ to comp>e ! peculi> prop]ties ( an indef9ite s]ies ( arobian f]m5ts1 all d]iv$ f a common orig94 ,we f9d record$ 9 our laboratory notes t a c]ta9 arobian f]m5t ( ! second g5]ation produc$ a be] diff]5t f t produc$ by ! same f]m5t ( ! fir/ g5]ation1 be+ possess$ ( a fragrance s m>k$ t1 on ent]+ our laboratory1 9 :i* only a few litres ( ?is be] 7 f]m5t+1 we 7 at once /ruck by ! p[]ful od\r :i* x emitt$4 ,,vi4--,! ,purification ( ,comm]cial ,yea/s4 ,we h already /at$ t ! rese>*es detail$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt] require = _! successful prosecution t ! f]m5ts on :i* we exp]im5t %\ld be absolutely free f g]ms ( o!r organisms1 & we h %[n h[ impossible x w\ld be1 if ?is condition 7 n compli$ )1 to foll[ = weeks or mon?s1 sometimes ev5 ye>s1 ! *anges :i* occur 9 a yea/ ma9ta9$ 9 contact ) air1 ei!r 9 sweet5$ wat] or 9 a liquid :i* has f]m5t$ "u its influ5ce4 ,equally necess>y is x t ! sac*>9e worts employ$ %\ld also be exempt f ^! impurities1 z well z ! air1 :i* is be+ con/antly r5ew$ at ! surface ( ! liquids4 ,^! la/ conditions may be realiz$ by ! adoption ( our d\ble-neck$ flasks1 ) :i* a laboratory = rese>* ( ?is k9d %\ld be furni%$1 always ready = use1 fill$ ) ! diff]5t k9ds ( liquids t may be requir$4 ,9 g5]al1 ! inconv5i5ces result+ f ! impurity ( a yea/ employ$ d n imm$iately manife/ !mselves1 9 consequ5ce ( ! enorm\s prepond]ance ( ! true yea/1 :i*1 9 comp>ison ) ! =eign g]ms t contam9ate x1 may be s great t microscopical exam9ation fails to reveal ev5 ! pres5ce ( ^! latt]4 ,aga91 x is a well-kn[n fact t ! abundance ( "o gr[? 9 a limit$ m$ium op]ates to ! prejudice ( a less abundant "o1 inasmu* z ! fir/ consumes ! nutritive mat]ials at ! exp5se ( ! second1 & m p>ticul>ly ! ne$ful am\nt ( oxyg54 ,x foll[s1 t :5 a sac*>9e liquid is impregnat$ ) comm]cial yea/1 no?+ b yea/ may be detect$ = a "t1 & "o is l$ to believe 9 ! purity ( ! subsequ5t gr[?4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 supposes t ! ext]nal conditions1 z well z ^? ( ! m$ium ( gr[?1 are equally adapt$ to ! life ( ! yea/ & t ( ^? organisms pres5t z impurities2 = if ^! conditions r fav\r$ ! nutrition ( ! latt]1 we %\ld be sure to f9d _! prop] developm5ts appe>+ at an e>ly /age4 ,= example1 :5 ! gr[? ( yea/ becomes sluggi%1 we h inv>iably ! developm5t ( su* aft]-gr[?s4 ,! pr9cipal g]ms1 hav+ exhau/$ ! sac*>9e liquid :i* has f]m5t$ "u _! influ5ce & is no long] adapt$ = _! gr[?1 cease to develop1 & h _! place tak5 by f]m5ts ( disease1 spores ( m\lds1 mycod]mata1 c41 ! gr[? ( :i* proce$s m or less rapidly1 9 proportion z ! "* ( ! liquid & ! surr\nd+ temp]ature are m or less suit$ to _! gr[?4 ,"h1 too1 we h an explanation ( ! rapid *ange t occurs 9 brew]s' yea/ :5 left to itself aft] f]m5tation4 ,9 su* a mass ( cells1 kept ap>t f any food-supply1 & only ) difficulty able to keep !mselves 9 life by consum+ _! own soluble cont5ts1 we h an excell5t field = ! developm5t ( =eign g]ms4 ,9 ?is way we may h a rapid putrefaction 9 yea/1 to :i* !re w be a correspond+ly rapid gr[? ( organisms 9 ! liquid1 :]e !y f9d1 z well z 9 ! yea/-cells1 appropriate n\ri%m5t4 ,no?+ c\ld bett] confirm ?is view ( ! matt] ?an ! array ( facts1 by way ( anti!sis1 already describ$1 9 :i* we h se5 a pure yea/ rema9 = an indef9ite "t 9 contact ) pure air1 )\t und]go+ any putrefaction1 or manife/+ o!r *anges ?an ^? :i* result f ! combu/ions peculi> to liv+ cells :5 left to support !mselves1 9 a moi/ /ate1 9 contact ) oxyg54 ,9 ! process ( brew+1 z soon z f]m5tation is f9i%$1 or r1 z soon z c]ta9 physical effects are produc$1 = in/ance1 :5 ! be] falls bright1 or1 z ! ,fr5* say te*nically1 :5 ! yea/ breaks up1#aji ! be] is rack$2 subsequ5tly ! yea/1 :i* is left 9 a pla/ic lay] at ! bottom ( ! vessels1 is collect$1 wa%$1 & kept "u wat] 9 a cool place1 to be us$ aga9 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty-f\r or =ty-eight h\rs4 ,brew]s nev] c>e to keep _! yea/ = a long] "t be=e us+ x1 especially 9 summ]4 ,we c und]/& h[ ?is practice prev5ts ! =eign g]ms :i* are mix$ ) ! yea/ f liv+ & reproduc+2 b al?\gh ! conditions ( brew+1 z f> z ! treatm5t ( ! yea/ is conc]n$1 may1 9 a c]ta9 measure1 prev5t ! developm5t ( ^! g]ms ( disease1 nev]!less !y are !re1 & f _! extreme m9ut5ess1 pass into ! be] 9 great] or less numb]1 h[ev] bright x may h be5 r5d]$ by rack+4 ,!re !y only await conditions fav\rable to _! exi/5ce to enable !m to develop1 & to affect m or less injuri\sly ! qualities ( t delicate bev]age4 ,on ,decemb] #ae?1 #ahgb1 we b\ght n9e samples ( be] 9 diff]5t l>ge cafs 9 ,p>is1 :i* _h all come f ! be/ brew]ies ( ,/rasburg1 ,nancy1 ,vi5na1 & ,burton4 ,aft] leav+ !m = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 we decant$ all our samples1 & !n s[$ a drop ( ! deposit ( ea* 9 flasks ( pure wort4 ,on ,janu>y #bnd1 #ahgc1 we exam9$ ! f]m5ts =m$ 9 ^! worts1 :i* _h be5 kept 9 an ov5 at a temp]ature ( #bj ,c4 7#fh ,f471 & also ta/$ ! be]s produc$2 !y all _h an abom9able ta/e1 & ea* conta9$ diseas$ f]m5ts4 ,at ! same "t1 by way ( comp>ison1 we impregnat$ o!r flasks ( wort ) pure f]m5ts4 ,none ( ! be]s ( ?is s]ies acquir$ a bad ta/e or produc$ =eign f]m5ts2 !y only became flat4 ,:5 we review ! op]ations ( ! brew]'s art1 we are surpris$ by ! comp>ative p]fection to :i* t art has be5 br\ght by ! labori\s exp]i5ce ( ye>s1 & ! m s :5 we consid] t1 z reg>ds ! "q ( ! diseases ( be]1 ! brew] has nev] be5 guid$ by any su* rigor\s pr9ciples z ^? :i* we h expla9$ 9 ?is "w4 ,we h already giv5 pro(s ( ?is 9 our fir/ *apt]4 ,! be] is rack$ & sep>at$ f its yea/ be=e f]m5tation has entirely ceas$4 ,! pr9cipal reason = ?is is t x is necess>y t ! be]1 aft] be+ run into cask1 %\ld "w aga9 & und]go a second>y f]m5tation1 9 ord] t x may n be invad$ by ! p>asites1 ( :i* we h already spok51 z w\ld n fail to be ! case if ! be] 7 suff]$ to rema9 9 a /ate ( p]fect quiesc5ce4 ,n only is ! be] rack$ be=e x has atta9$ its limit ( att5uation1 b 9 addition to ?is1 & also ) ! view ( *eck+ ! developm5t ( p>asites1 x is plac$ 9 cell>s s5sibly cool] ?an ! temp]ature ( f]m5tation1 l[ z t is 9 ! case ( 8l[0 be]s3 ! temp]ature ( ! cell>s be+ n high] ?an #b or #c ,c4 7#cf ,f474 ,un=tunately1 ! requirem5ts ( trade prev5t our comply+ ) ^! exig5cies to ! end4 ,:5 ! be] is sold x is convey$ away1 no matt] :at ! season may be1 & deposit$ 9 ! retail]'s cell>1 = a long] or %ort] "t1 accord+ to ! v>iations ( consumption4 ,on a w>m day be] w be 9 great dem&2 ! next day1 if ra9 or cold h come on1 ! dem& w be v limit$1 s9ce be] is1 9 our climate at lea/1 a dr9k = hot wea!r4 ,f causes ( ?is nature1 ! be] may h to rema9 a long "t 9 ! cell>s ( ! retail]s or consum]s4 ,by way ( precaution1 inde$1 x is put into v small casks1 :i* p]mit ( a frequ5t r5ewal ( ! supply1 & is convey$ to di/ances by express tra9s1 & dur+ ! night2 x is ev5 s5t away 9 wagons provid$ ) a k9d ( d\ble case1 ! out] jacket be+ fill$ ) ice1 :i* keeps ! air surr\nd+ ! casks con/antly cold4 ,su* are "s ( ! tr\blesome measures tak5 to obviate ! dang] t we h po9t$ out4 ,!y op]ate v injuri\sly 9 re/rict+ ! trade & rais+ ! price ( be]4 ,x is a matt] ( extreme importance1 !n1 t our produce %\ld be bett] remov$ f ! action ( ^? microscopic enemies :i* be] conta9s2 9 o!r words1 t ?is bev]age %\ld h less cause to fe> circum/ances fav\rable to ! developm5t ( ! g]ms ( impurity ) :i* x is always contam9at$1 z a natural consequ5ce ( ! me?ods ( manufacture at pres5t adopt$4 ,! "q ( alt]ation 9 ! flav\r ( be] %\ld be reg>d$ f ano!r po9t ( view :i* m]its equal att5tion4 ,we h se5 t !re are diff]5t k9ds ( be]1 ea* ( :i* corresponds to a special f]m5t f :i* x d]ives its flav\r & aroma1 &1 9 a ^w1 ev]y?+ :i* gives x a value 9 ! eyes ( ! consum]4 ,x v (t5 happ5s1 especially 9 badly-manag$ brew]ies1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 ^? 9 :i* sev]al be]s are manufactur$1 t ! yea/ is a mixture ( diff]5t f]m5ts4 ,! evil effects ( su* a mixture are exp]i5c$ 9 ! c\rse ( manufacture1 & /ill m s 9 ! be] aft] manufacture4 ,brew]s 9 good 8l[0 f]m5tation brew]ies1 :o brew :at is call$ /ock be]1 dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 = consumption 9 summ]1 up to ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 are v anxi\s to prev5t ! developm5t ( a v9\s flav\r 9 be]s ( ?is k9d4 ,accord+ to our obs]vations1 ?is v9\s flav\r seems to be pr9cipally due to an int]mixture ) ! pit*+ yea/ ( sac*>omyces pa/orianus or its v>ieties1 "o ( ! peculi>ities ( :i* f]m5t is t 9 ! c\rse ( "t x imp>ts a decid$ v9\s flav\r to be]4 ,if ?is f]m5t 7 n pres5t among/ ! yea/-cells--& "h we are speak+ ( an absolute1 s to say1 ma!matically absolute abs5ce--! be] produc$ w\ld gradually gr[ old 9 ! /ore cell>s1 )\t ev] acquir+ any v9\s flav\r1 prop]ly s call$4 ,?is v9\s flav\r develops m especially 9 ,engli% be]s :5 ^! are kept4 ,x is an easy matt] to %[ t 9 ,engli% be]s1 aft] _! manufacture1 sac*>omyces pa/orianus & ! f]m5t :i* we h t]m$ case\s1 :i* also imp>ts a peculi> flav\r1 =m almo/ exclusively1 not)/&+ ! fact t ! yea/ us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ,engli% be] is a f]m5t ess5tially di/9ct f sac*>omyces pa/orianus4 ,! second>y f]m5tation :i* takes place 9 8high0 & 8l[0 be]s /or$ 9 cask aft] manufacture1 is v (t5 due to ?is same f]m5t1 :i* may be recogniz$ by elongat$ jo9t$ cells1 at times m or less ramifi$1 z well z by ! influ5ce :i* x ex]cises ^u ! flav\r ( ! be]4 ,we may add t ! g5]al result ( our rese>*es has conv9c$ u t 8high0 yea/ _c trans=m itself1 any m ?an 8l[0 yea/ c1 into ! f]m5t ( :i* we are speak+1 & t :5ev] a be] produc$ by means ( 8high0 or 8l[0 yea/ develops a =eign f]m5t1 ?is f]m5t mu/ h exi/$ 9 ! orig9al yea/ 9 ! =m ( g]ms1 :i*1 f _! extreme sc>city1 (t5 fail to be detect$ by means ( ! microscope4 ,! be/ pro( t we c give ( ?is is ! fact t a be] produc$ by means ( 8high0 or 8l[0 yea/1 if left to itself = mon?s or ye>s1 w nev] conta9 9 its deposit any?+ besides ! yea/ t 0 us$ 9 its manufacture1 provid$ t t 0 pure to beg9 )4 ,n[ ?is c nev] be ! case 9 deal+ ) actual comm]cial be]s1 no matt] :at !y may be or 9 :at brew]y !y may be produc$4 ,9 all be]s1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 9 addition to diseas$ f]m5ts1 f]m5ts ess5tially diff]5t f ^? us$ 9 _! manufacture w appe>1 & notably sac*>omyces pa/orianus2 ?is result mu/ be attribut$ to ! g5]al impurity ( comm]cial yea/s4 ,9 c]ta9 cases ! int]mixture ( f]m5ts is to be fe>$ almo/ z mu* z ! pres5ce ( diseas$ f]m5ts1 :5 ^! latt] h n develop$ to any great ext5t4 ,we h (t5 se5 our f]m5tations invad$ by f]m5ts diff]+ absolutely f ^? :i* we orig9ally employ$4 ,! repetition ( gr[?s1 & m p>ticul>ly *anges 9 ! composition ( our f]m5table m$ia1 purposely made ) ! view ( atta9+ c]ta9 results1 (t5 produce complications ( ?is k9d4 ,= a long "t we 7 unable to realize ! true significance ( ! results ( "s ( our exp]im5ts1 9 consequ5ce ( ! facts :i* we h j expla9$1 z well z ^? detail$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph1 hav+ escap$ our notice2 inde$1 our ignorance ( ^? facts add$ greatly to ! difficulty & l5g? ( our rese>*es4 ,our lab\rs f ! comm5cem5t ( ?is "w to ! date ( its publication h ext5d$ ov] n less ?an five ye>s1 & no "o c "k bett] ?an ourselves ) :at advantage we might devote a /ill long] "t to x2 b1 z ,lavoisi] says1 "o w\ld nev] give any?+ to ! _w if he delay$ do+ s until he fully atta9$ unto 8 ideal aims1 :i* always seem m di/ant ! m "o increases "o's ef=ts 9 ! attempt4 ,our prec$+ obs]vations %[ h[ extremely important x is to employ pure yea/s to obta91 on ! "o h&1 well flav\r$ be]s1 :il/ adh]+ to ! processes at pres5t exi/+ 9 brew]ies1 & on ! o!r1 be]s ( good keep+ qualities1 less liable to injury1 less dep5d5t on actual comm]cial requirem5ts1 capable1 t is1 ( )/&+ conditions fav\rable to ! developm5t ( f]m5ts prejudicial to ! s\ndness ( ! produce1 :at we h nam$ f]m5ts ( disease4 ,9 ! case ( int]mixture ( alcoholic f]m5ts1 we may sometimes manage to effect _! sep>ation by tak+ advantage ( _! unequal vitalities 9 diff]5t m$ia ( cultivation4 ,on ,decemb] #ag?1 #ahgb1 we made a p[d] ( comm]cial ,dut* yea/ & pla/]1 z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 #f4 ,! ,dut* yea/ 0 a 8high0 f]m5t4 ,on ,july #be?1 #ahgc1 we s[$ a portion ( ?is dri$ mixture 9 a flask ( pure wort4 ,f ,july #bg? pat*es ( bubbles f f]m5tation 7 visible on ! surface4 ,on ,augu/ #bnd ! f]m5tation 0 complet$4 ,! yea/1 exam9$ "u ! microscope1 0 app>5tly pure1 =m$ ( sph]ical cells ( a f9e 8high0 f]m5t4 ,we p\r$ away ! f]m5t$ liquid1 obs]v+ e necess>y precaution1 & left 9 ! flask almo/ all ! deposit ( yea/1 & n m ?an "o or two cubic c5timetres 7ab\t half a tea-spoonful7 ( be]4 ,on ,novemb] #ae? foll[+ ! yea/1 exam9$ afre%1 /ill seem$ pure & /ill exhibit$ ! =m ( r\nd cells ( 8high0 yea/1 only t !y _h tak5 on a v ag$ aspect1 %[+ a d\ble cont\r1 & fill$ ) granulations collect$ irregul>ly ab\t ! c5tre4 ,su* are ! precise *>act]i/ics ( dead cells2 nev]!less x 0 /ill possible t "s liv+ cells yet rema9$4 ,to assure ourselves ( ?is we took "s ( ! yea/ & plac$ x 9 a flask ( pure wort4 ,on ! #ai? a little fro? f f]m5tative action appe>$ on ! surface4 ,we !n exam9$ ! yea/ & discov]$ t x 0 no long] 8high0 yea/1 b a small f]m5t ( r irregul> appe>ance1 9 :i* ! jo9t$ cells ( sac*>omyces pa/orianus1 z x usually appe>s aft] a succession ( gr[?s1 pr$om9at$4 ,x mu/ n be imag9$ "h t :at we saw 0 a trans=mation ( "o yea/ into ano!r4 ,! ph5om5a are to be expla9$ mu* m simply4 ,! ,dut* yea/ employ$ be+ v impure mu/ h conta9$ traces ( =eign f]m5ts1 especially ( sac*>omyces pa/orianus4 ,r$uc$ to a dry p[d] on ,decemb] #ag?1 #ahgb1 ! two or m v>ieties ( cells compris+ x _h pres]v$ _! vitality 9 consequ5ce ( ! pla/]1 & ?is vitality _h cont9u$ at all ev5ts until ,july #be?1 #ahgc4 ,subsequ5tly1 :5 cultivat$ 9 wort1 !y _h multipli$ 9 t m$ium4 ,! sac*>omyces _h reviv$ l ! re/1 b its quantity1 comp>$ ) ! high ,dut* yea/1 0 s small t ! microscopical obs]vations made on ,augu/ #bnd1 :5 ! flask 0 decant$1 fail$ to discov] its pres5ce4 ,betwe5 ,augu/ #bnd & ,novemb] #ae? ! high yea/ mu/ h p]i%$ entirely3 ! cells ( sac*>omyces1 on ! contr>y1 /ill ma9ta9$ _! vitality1 & ^! alone multipli$ 9 ! flask ( wort impregnat$ on ,novemb] #ae?4 ,"h we h an example ( ! sep>ation ( alcoholic f]m5ts1 ?r\gh ! unequal resi/ance !y sometimes (f] to adv]se conditions to :i* !y may be subject$4 ,we may also conclude t if we _h prep>$ a quantity ( be] ) ! 8high0 yea/1 :i* 9 our exp]im5t ( ,augu/ #bnd1 #ahgc1 seem$ to h develop$ 9 a /ate ( entire purity1 ?is be] :5 made & /or$ 9 cask or bottle c\ld n h fail$ to und]go a second>y f]m5tation1 9 consequ5ce ( a developm5t ( sac*>omyces pa/orianus4 ,let u take1 z ano!r example ( purification ( ! same k9d1 ! case ( ! diff]5t f]m5ts ( ! v9tage4 ,:5 mu/ beg9s to f]m5t ! apiculat$ f]m5t inv>iably appe>s1 & becomes aft]w>ds associat$1 m or less1 ) ! sac*>omyces pa/orianus1 9 ! pres5ce ( :i* ! multiplication ( ! apiculat$ f]m5t soon ceases4 ,sac*>omyces pa/orianus1 9 its turn1 is gradually displac$ by ! f]m5t :i* we h t]m$ ! ord9>y f]m5t ( w9e1 & :i* ,dr4 ,rees has nam$ sac*>omyces ellipsodeus4 ,on ! subject ( ^! *anges 9 ! proportion ( ! f]m5ts ( w9e1 ! ,note :i* we publi%$ 9 #ahfb 9 ! ,bullet9 de la ,socit *imique may be consult$4 ,n[1 ^! v>i\s f]m5ts mutually int]f]e ) ea* o!r3 :]eas if sac*>omyces apiculatus 7 !re alone x w\ld multiply to a great] ext5t1 & ) great] advantage to ! f]m5tation ( ! mu/4 ,?is result is obta9$ by filt]+ ! mu/1 z we h already obs]v$4 ,x is evid5t f :at we h j said t ! pr9cipal "p ( ! deposits ( yea/ 9 ! s$im5t ( f]m5t$ grapes1 at ! "t :5 ! w9e is fir/ rack$1 :i* 9 ! ,jura1 is call$ l'entonnaison1 is compos$ ( ! ord9>y f]m5t ( w9e1 ! sac*>omyces ellipsodeus1 & t ! cells ( apiculat$ f]m5t are sc>cely discov]able ) ! microscope1 be+ scatt]$ among/ an inf9ite multitude ( o!r f]m5ts4#aaj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,we procur$ f ,arbois1 on ,janu>y #bj?1 #ahge1 "s w9e yea/ tak5 f a l>ge b>rel ( ! prec$+ v9tage1 rack$ on ,janu>y #ah?4 ,! f]m5t 0 v irregul>4 ,"s ( its cells 7 v old1 ( a yell[i% col\r1 & full ( granulations--among/ ^! a c]ta9 numb] =m$ jo9t$ segm5ts1 r elongat$1 & probably belong+ to sac*>omyces pa/orianus4 ,! o!r cells 7 transp>5t1 & app>5tly /ill "y4 ,?is mixture ( ! two f]m5ts is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #eg4 ,no d\bt if we _h se>*$ c>efully we %\ld also h f\nd "s cells ( sac*>omyces apiculatus4 ,on ,janu>y #ba/ we s[$ a small quantity ( ?is raw yea/ 9 a flask ( sweet5$ wat]4 ,on ! #bd? we p\r$ (f ! liquid1 & suppli$ ! deposit ) fre% sweet5$ wat]4 ,! ext]ior temp]ature 0 #ab ,c4 7#ed ,f474 ,on ! #bg? we took "s ( ! deposit & put x into a flask ( wort4 ,! foll[+ days !re 0 a developm5t ( yea/1 accompani$ by f]m5tation4 ,we obta9$1 h[ev]1 nei!r ! l>ge =ms ( ! f]m5ts ( fruits1 nor ^? ( ! m m9ute f]m5ts repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,xi4 ,! sac*>omyces pa/orianus1 repres5t$ 9 ! yea/ :i* we s[$ by ag$1 granul>1 elongat$ cells1 _h1 !re=e1 n reviv$4 ,fe>+ t ?is result might h be5 attributable to insuffici5cy ( ! exhau/ion1 :i* _h only la/$ = a few days1 we rais$ ! temp]ature ( ! flask ( sweet5$ wat] to #be ,c4 7#gg ,f471 at :i* we kept x until ,febru>y #bj?4 ,on t day we s[$ "s ( ?is yea/ 9 wort4 ,!re 0 a v p]ceptible revival ! next day1 b x 0 /ill impossible to detect ) ! microscope ! =ms we h j m5tion$1 nor did sac*>omyces pa/orianus appe> 9 fre%1 succe$+ gr[?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,fig4 #eh repres5ts ! yea/ =m$1 :i* evid5tly _h sprung f ! transp>5t cells se5 9 ,fig4 #eg1 & d\btless belong+ to ! ord9>y f]m5t ( w9e1 sac*>omyces ellipsodeus4 ,"h we h ano!r example ( ! natural sep>ation ( f]m5ts br\ght ab\t by ! dea? ( "o or two ( !m1 or by extreme diff]5ces 9 ! "t ( _! revival4 ,we cultivat$ ?is yea/ 7,fig4 #eh71 to "s consid]able ext5t1 9 be]-wort4 ,x produc$ a peculi> be]1 ( v9\s "*1 9 fact a true b>ley w9e4 ,?is proves1 we may "h rem>k1 t ord9>y w9e1 9 its flav\r & quality1 dep5ds to a great ext5t on ! specific nature ( ! f]m5ts :i* develop dur+ ! f]m5tation ( ! v9tage2 & we may fairly assume t if we 7 to subject ! same mu/ to ! action ( diff]5t f]m5ts we %\ld obta9 w9es ( diff]5t *>act]s4 ,) a view to ! practical application ( ?is idea1 x w\ld be well to und]take new /udies 9 ?is direction2 & ! me?ods ( cultivat+ & manag+ f]m5ts1 expla9$ 9 ?is "w1 w\ld be ( great value 9 su* rese>*es4 ,! purification ( f]m5ts may be accompli%$ by v>i\s me?ods1 accord+ z we h to deal ) an int]mixture ( f]m5ts1 or to reg>d z our pr9cipal object ! expulsion ( f]m5ts ( disease1 su* z vibrio g]ms1 lactic f]m5t1 ! filam5t\s f]m5t ( turn$ be]1 mycod]ma aceti or mycod]ma v9i4 ,"o me?od ( easy application consi/s 9 s[+ ! yea/ 9 wat] sweet5$ ) #aj p] c5t4 ( sug>4 ,?is liquid %\ld be fir/ boil$1 & pres]v$ 9 ! two-neck$ flasks :i* we h s (t5 describ$4 ,sweet5$ wat] is a v exhau/ive m$ium = f]m5ts1 & ! organisms mix$ ) !m4 ,a great _m cells p]i% 9 x1 & ! *ances are t ! =eign g]ms1 :i* are always sc>ce 9 comp>ison ) ! great numb] ( cells ( f]m5t1 may be among/ ^? :i* die1 or ^? :i* become s exhau/$ t :5 ! yea/1 aft] ?is treatm5t1 is s[n 9 wort1 !y disappe>1 & all[ ^? cells :i* h rema9$ vigor\s en\gh to develop alone4 ,! addition ( a little t>t>ic acid to ! sac*>9e solution--say1 f #a_/ajjj to #b_/ajjj "p by weight--(t5 facilitates ! de/ruction ( c]ta9 g]ms ( impurity4 ,mycod]ma aceti & mycod]ma v9i d n f9d suitable life-conditions 9 ! sweet5$ wat]2 !y soon disappe> if cultivat$ alt]nately 9 sweet5$ wat] & wort4 ,9 ! place ( flasks we may make use simply ( %all[ bas9s1 cov]$ ) %eets ( glass1 su* z we h already _h occasion to describe1 = cultivat+ yea/ 9 wort aft] x has be5 = a long] or %ort] "t 9 ! sweet5$ wat]4 ,! success ( ^! me?ods ( purification is ma9ly due to ! fact t wort is highly a]at$1 & exp]i5ce %[s t ! pr9cipal disease-f]m5ts ( be] are z mu* *eck$ 9 _! developm5t by ! pres5ce ( air z !y are fav\r$ by its abs5ce1 ! inv]se ( :i* holds good 9 ! case ( alcoholic f]m5ts4 ,s true is ?is t1 work+ ) comm]cial yea/1 :i* is inv>iably impure1 x w\ld be impossible 9 our op9ion to make be] 9 clos$ vessels2 &1 inde$1 z a matt] ( fact1 "o has nev] succe$$ 9 do+ ?is1 al?\gh ! attempt has (t5 be5 made4 ,to d s requires1 mu* m ?an 9 me?ods actually 9 use1 ! employm5t ( pure yea/4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 ?is advantage 9 cultivat+ yea/s 9 %all[ bas9s1 t ! multiplication ( ! alcoholic f]m5ts is promot$1 & t ( mo/ ( ! disease-f]m5ts is *eck$4 ,!re is an exception1 inde$1 9 ! case ( mycod]mata2 b ( all disease-f]m5ts ^! are ! mo/ easily got rid (1 by repeat+ our gr[?s be=e !y make _! appe>ance4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 our two-neck$ flasks1 :i* also conta9 mu* air at fir/1 are to be pref]r$ to ! %all[ bas9s1 inasmu* z !y are a p]fect safegu>d aga9/ ! g]ms float+ 9 ! surr\nd+ air1 z well z ^? ( ! f]m5t sac*>omyces pa/orianus4 ,ano!r me?od is sugge/$ to u by ! curi\s results ( :i* we h already spok51 obta9$ by s[+ yea/s 9 a wort r5d]$ acid & alcoholic by ! addition ( bi-t>trate ( pota% & alcohol4 ,exp]i5ce proves t _m disease-f]m5ts f9d great difficulty 9 )/&+ a succession ( gr[?s 9 wort to :i* #a- p] c5t4 ( t>t>ic acid & f #b to #c p] c5t4 ( alcohol h be5 add$4 ,su* a mixture1 h[ev]1 is equally well adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( sac*>omyces pa/orianus1 & we mu/ always assure ourselves t ?is organism has n tak5 ! place ( ! yea/ we are endeav\r+ to purify4 ,gr[?s at a v l[ temp]ature are ( great help 9 enabl+ u to get rid ( all f]m5ts t are =eign to 8l[0 yea/1 & %\ld be resort$ to 9 all cases :]e ?is yea/ is to be purifi$4 ,ano!r me?od ( purification1 :i* is p]haps quick]1 al?\gh inf]ior 9 o!r respects1 consi/s 9 ! employm5t ( c>bolic acid--t is to say1 9 purify+ our yea/ by successive gr[?s1 we may add to e #ajj c4c4 7#c- fluid ounces7 ( wort t we employ f t5 to twelve drops ( ph5ol wat]1 conta9+ #aj p] c5t4 ( ! acid4 ,! action ( ! ph5ol1 :i* at fir/ is inv>iably comb9$ ) t ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 t5ds to de/roy ! vitality ( _m ( ! cells s[n1 involv+ to "s ext5t also ! yea/ :i* we are int]e/$ 9 pres]v+4 ,b among/ ! numb] ( cells t are affect$ ^? :i* are less abundant1 t is to say1 ^? :i* are pres5t z impurities1 are p>alyz$ relatively 9 mu* great] proportion4 ,if ! acid does n de/roy !m x greatly *ecks _! developm5t1 & ! cells ( yea/1 :i* multiply cont9u\sly 9 va/ numb]s 7= ! f]m5tation goes on 9 spite ( ! ph5ol1 if ?is is add$ 9 small quantity71 gradually *oke ! =eign g]ms 9 a succession ( gr[?s4 ,by ^! diff]5t means1 :i* are employ$ sep>ately or comb9$ ) "o ano!r1 we g5]ally manage to obta9 ! yea/ :i* we wi% to purify 9 a v pure /ate4 ,we ne$ sc>cely add t x is always well1 9 ! case ( our purifications1 to beg9 ) specim5s :i* are already z pure z x is possible to obta9 !m4 ,9 mak+ our *oice ! microscope is our be/ guide1 b x is n a suffici5t "o4 ,we %\ld be /rangely deceiv$ if we believ$ 9 ! purity ( a yea/ = ! sole reason t :5 exam9$ "u ! microscope x appe>$ to conta9 no?+ ( a =eign nature4 ,! be/ means ( assur+ ourselves ( ! purity ( a yea/ consi/s 9 mak+ "s be] 9 "o ( our two-neck$ flasks1 & leav+ ?is flask1 aft] f]m5tation1 9 an ov5 at a temp]ature ( #bj or #be ,c4 7#fh to #gg ,f474 ,if ! be]1 9 ! c\rse ( a few weeks1 does n ?ick51 or become cov]$ ) effloresc5ce1 if its deposit is microscopically pure1 if1 9 %ort1 x only ta/es flat1 we may h e confid5ce 9 ! purity ( ! yea/ :i* produc$ x4 ,aft] we h purifi$ a yea/ we are1 un=tunately1 nev] sure t x has n und]gone "s *ange 9 ! c\rse ( ! manipulations to :i* x has be5 subject$ 9 purification4 ,x is indisp5sable1 !re=e1 t we %\ld te/ x1 & see if ! flav\r ( ! be] produc$ by x is really ! "o t we want--viz41 t ( ! be] f :i* we took ! yea/ t we submitt$ to purification4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a s]ies ( practical exp]im5ts t we 7 c>ry+ out 9 ! l>ge brew]y ( ,t\rtel1 at ,tantonville1 9 #ahge1 9 connection ) ! new process ( brew+1 :i* w be expla9$ 9 ,*ap4 ,,vii41 ! foll[+ circum/ance occurr$4 ,we _h purifi$ "s ( ! yea/ ( ! brew]y1 by means ( a succession ( gr[?s & add+ a few drops ( ph5ol1 & _h obta9$ a yea/ ( irreproa*able purity4 ,x happ5$ t ?is yea/1 :i* 0 repeat$ly cultivat$ 9 ! brew]y dur+ ! summ] ( #ahge1 f six to t5 hectolitres 7#acj to #bbj gallons7 ( wort be+ us$ on ea* occasion1 always produc$ a be] t _h a yea/-bitt5 flav\r & defective cl>ify+ p[]s1 not)/&+ t x possess$ rem>kable keep+ prop]ties1 :i* x ow$ to ! pur5ess ( ! f]m5t employ$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! be] suff]$ no injury f j\rneys ( m ?an #cjj miles1 by sl[ tra9s1 9 ord9>y casks1 conta9+ f #ej to #ajj litres 7#aj to #bj gallons71 dur+ ! great heats ( ,june & ,july1 or f be+ subsequ5tly /or$ = two mon?s 9 a cell>1 ! temp]ature ( :i* rose dur+ t "t f #ab to #ah ,c4 7#ed to #fe ,f474 ,! temp]ature ( f]m5tation _h be5 #ac ,c4 7#ee ,f474 ,be] f ! same brew]y1 made ) ! same wort by ! ord9>y process1 did n rema9 s\nd = ?ree weeks 9 ?is same cell>4 ,to :at may we attribute ! peculi>ity ( ! be] z j describ$8 ,x is probable t dur+ our processes ( purification "s f]m5t _h tak5 ! place ( ! pr9cipal yea/4 ,comm]cial yea/s1 ev5 ^? ) :i* ! brew] is ?or\ghly satisfi$1 g5]ally conta9 v>i\s f]m5ts1 :i* are ma9ta9$ 9 _! relative proportions1 or v ne>ly s1 by ! uni=m conditions "u :i* "w is c>ri$ on 9 a brew]y2 b ^! proportions1 x is obvi\s1 might be v s]i\sly affect$ by any radical *ange 9 ! conditions ( gr[?4 ,footnote #hb3 ,extract f a ,note :i* ,i ins]t$ 9 #ahfb 9 ! ,bullet9 de la ,socit *imique ( ,p>is4 ,footnote #hc3 ,s*tz5b]g]1 9 8 "w on 8,f]m5tation10 foll[+ ,dr4 de ,vaural4 ,p>is1 #ahge1 p4 #bgh4 ,see pp4 #fa1 #fb ,engli% v]sion 9 ,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies 7,h4 ,s4 ,k+ ,co41 ,london1 #ahgf74 ,?is appe>s to be ! only ref]5ce to ?is subject 9 ! ,engli% copy4--,d4 ,c4 ,r4 ,footnote #hd3 ,! pr9cipal result ( ,dr4 ,rees' lab\rs consi/s 9 ! discov]y ( a sporulation peculi> to yea/ cells1 t is to say1 to a =mation 9 ! int]ior ( ^! cells1 & "u p>ticul> conditions--su* z :5 ! gr[? occurs on slices ( cook$ potatoes1 c>rots1 c4--( two1 ?ree1 or f\r small] cells1 :i*1 :5 plac$ 9 f]m5table liquids1 act l ! g]m9at+ spores ( f]m5ts4 ,! "m-cell may be reg>d$ z an ascus1 & ! daught]-cells z ascospores1 & s ! g5us sac*>omyces may be classifi$ among ! gr\p ( fungi t]m$ ascomycetes4 ,^! facts h be5 frequ5tly confirm$1 notably by ,dr4 ,engel1 pr(essor ( ! ,faculty ( ,m$ic9e1 at ,nancy4 ,previ\sly to ,dr4 ,rees' discov]y1 ,m4 de ,seynes 7,comptes r5dus1 t4 lxvii41 #ahfh7 _h describ$ an endog5\s =mation ( spores 9 mycod]ma v9i1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! elongat$ cells1 foll[$ by ! rupture ( ! "m-cell1 & subsequ5t absorption ( cell-walls & o!r cont5ts aft] ! issue ( ! endospores1 :i* we h j t]m$ ascospores4 ,we ourselves _h also previ\sly call$ att5tion to ^? refractive corpuscles :i* appe> among/ vibrios z probably be+ reproductive corpuscles1 & we _h likewise witness$ ! reabsorption ( ! p>ts surr\nd+ !m4 ,! plate on page #bbh ( our 8,/udies on ! ,silkworm ,disease0 repres5ts ! ph5om5a 9 "q4 ,footnote #he3 ,see ,comptes r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 vol4 lviii4 p4 #add4 ,footnote #hf3 ,! plates ref]r$ to 9 ?is p>agraph 7 exhibit$ at a meet+ ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,novemb] #ah1 #ahgb1 & comm5t$ ^u by ! p]petual secret>y1 ,m4 ,dumas4 ,footnote #hg3 ,= ^! obs]vations1 we employ$ small glass cells1 :i* we made out ( "s ,/4 ,goba9 glass by pun*+ holes ?r\gh x1 & !n cem5t+ on "o side "o ( ! little glasses us$ = cov]+ objects 9 microscopical exam9ations4 ,9 ?is mann] we made small tr\ghs1 9 :i* we plac$ "s wort t _h be5 boil$1 & a drop ( ! wat] 9 :i* grapes _h be5 wa%$4 ,to prev5t evaporation we cov]$ ! cells ) a %eet ( glass4 ,we exam9$ ! liquid 9 ^! cells by incl9+ our microscope to ! angle requir$4#hh ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,we also made use ( cells simil> to ^? employ$ by ,,mm4 ,van ,tieghem & ,lemonni]#hi 9 _! rese>*es on mucor9es 7,fig4 #cj74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,an app>atus simil> to t employ$ by ,m4 ,duclaux 9 #ahecij w\ld d equally well4 ,we %\ld be able to "w ) ev5 great] facility if we employ$ bulbs l "s :i* we ord]$ 9 ,g]many1 "s twelve ye>s ago1 ( ! well-kn[n glass-bl[]1 ,geissl]4 ,we h he>d t ^! bulbs n[ sold by t mak] are mu* us$ by ,g]man microscopi/s4 ,!y consi/ ( a tube bl[n out into a flat bulb1 ! sides ( :i*1 9 ! c5tre1 come suffici5tly close toge!r to enclose b a v ?9 lay] ( liquid1 & to admit ( microscopical exam9ation4 ,we may fill ^! tube-bulbs completely ) liquid1 to ! exclusion ( air or we may surr\nd ! c5tral drop ) air4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,footnote #hh3 ,9 our essay on acetic f]m5tation1 publi%$ 9 #ahfd1 we h already describ$ ?is app>atus1 :i* we employ$ to foll[ ! multiplication ( ! jo9t$ filam5ts ( mycod]ma aceti4 ,see ,,pa/eur1 ,etudes sur le v9aigre1 p4 #fd1 ,p>is1 #ahfh4 ,footnote #hi3 ,,van ,,tieghem & ,,lemonni]1 ,annales des ,sci5ces naturelles1 #e? s]ies1 ,botanique1 t4 xvii4 #ahgc4 ,footnote #ij3 ,,duclaux1 ,comptes r5dus des sances de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 t4 lvi4 p4 #abbe4 ,footnote #ia3 ,9 exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d !re is always a slight increase 9 ! volume ( air 9 ! j>4 ,?is increase may be v p]ceptible ev5 :5 ! exp]im5t made ) fre% grapes1 9 ,augu/1 = in/ance1 causes no f]m5tation due to ! action ( yea/4 ,aft] ! oxyg5 ( ! air has be5 absorb$ & replac$ by c>bonic acid gas1 ei!r by direct oxidation or by ! action ( m\lds1 ! grapes1 al?\gh cru%$1 act l fruits plung$ into c>bonic acid gas#ib1 & ?is effect is ev5 m m>k$ 9 ! case ( imp]fectly cru%$ grapes4 ,! reason is1 t ! cru%+ is nev] s p]fect z to injure all ! cells ( ! p>5*yma4 ,we may easily conv9ce ourselves t ! exp]im5t on ! lib]ation ( c>bonic acid gas & ! =mation ( alcohol by grapes & fruits 9 g5]al :5 plung$ into c>bonic acid succe$s v well 9 ! case ( fragm5ts ( fruits or grapes1 & succe$s bett] ! less ! p>ts are cru%$4 ,footnote #ib3 ,see p>agraph3 ,f]m5tation 9 sac*>9e fruits imm]s$ 9 c>bonic acid gas1 ,*ap4 vi1 #b1 p4 #bff4 ,footnote #ic3 ,dr4 ,rees has giv5 ! "n sac*>omyces ellipsoideus to ! f]m5t ( w9e repres5t$ 9 ,plates ,,viii4 to ,,xi4 ( our 8,/udies on ,w9e10 :i* we h t]m$ ! ord9>y f]m5t ( w9e1 f its be+ ! mo/ abundant ( ! f]m5ts f\nd at ! end ( ! f]m5tation t produces ! w9e4 ,footnote #id3 ,! alcoholic f]m5ts 9 g5]al1 subject$ to ^! weak5+ influ5ces1 h n all ! same p[] ( resi/ance4 ,t "o :i* seems to possess ?is p[] 9 ! highe/ degree is ! sac*>omyces pa/orianus1 :i* f]m5t we _h 9 view 9 writ+ ! above4 ,footnote #ie3 ,! t]m exhau/ion 7puisem5t71 :i* we h j us$1 01 p]haps1 n altoge!r felicit\sly *os54 ,no d\bt we exhau/ ! cells ( yea/ :5 we s[ an impond]able weight ( !m 9 a l>ge quantity ( sweet5$ wat]2 x might1 h[ev]1 be bett] to say t 9 su* a case we adopt a p>ticul> me?od ( pres]v+ ! vitality ( ! cells1 )\t suff]+ !m to die ( exhau/ion1 or to multiply by budd+4 ,we may rem>k t ! yea/1 9 ?is case1 exi/s 9 a /ate ( lat5t life1 :i* resembles t ( cells on ! surface ( fruit4 ,! cells on ! surface ( fruits1 bun*es1 or b>ks1 c no m f9d ar\nd !m suffici5t alim5t = _! propagation ?an c our yea/-cells 9 a great excess ( sweet5$ wat]4 ,we w\ld n1 h[ev]1 say ( ! spores on ! surface ( fruits1 or _! woods1 t !y are 9 a /ate ( exhau/ion2 ! t]m w\ld be misappli$4 ,footnote #if3 ,see foot note p4 #gi4--;,d4 ,c4 ,r4 ,footnote #ig3 ,m4 ,b*amp 7,comptes r5dus1 ,novemb] #ah?1 #ahgb7 ass]ts t ! air has no direct influ5ce on ! production ( f]m5t or on ! process ( alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,t exp]i5c$ *emi/ d$uces ?is errone\s ass]tion f exp]im5ts on sweet5$ wat]1 to :i* bun*es ( grapes1 petals ( corn-poppies & petals ( rob9ia pseudo-acacia _h be5 add$4 ,z may be se5 9 our 8,/udies on ,w9e0 7p4 #g1 #a/ edition1 #ahff71 ^! exp]im5ts conduct$ by ,m4 ,b*amp 9 #ahgb 7 m]ely a reproduction ( ^? made long be=e ) v9e leaves1 petals ( eld]-fl[]s1 leaves ( sorrel1 c41 by ! ,m>quis de ,bullion1 ,fabroni1 & o!r exp]im5tali/s4 ,m4 ,b*amp has modifi$ 8 lat] exp]im5ts by n add+ ! bun*es ( grapes1 leaves1 c41 to ! sweet5$ wat] be=e hav+ introduc$ c>bonic acid gas into ! liquid4 ,f]m5tation hav+ /ill tak5 place 9 spite ( ?is *ange1 ,m4 ,b*amp wrongly conclud$ t air has no direct influ5ce on ! production ( yea/ on an alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,! introduction ( ! c>bonic acid gas c\ld n remove all ! air imp>t$ to ! sweet5$ wat] by ! objects plac$ 9 x1 & x 0 ?is air :i* rema9$ adh]+ to ^! objects t p]mitt$ ! production ( f]m5tation4 ,we may avail ourselves ( ! opportunity "h pres5t$ to add t1 9 ?is same ,note ( ,novemb]1 #ahgb1 ,m4 ,b*amp comm5ces by mak+ v>i\s ass]tions conc]n+ ! =ms assum$ by cells ( ! alcoholic f]m5t ( ! grape :5 9 process ( f]m5tation4 ,?is "q 0 discuss$ by u t5 ye>s be=e1 & our conclusions support$ by sket*es1 9 a ,note :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,bullet9 de la ,socit *imique de ,p>is1 = #ahfb4 ,footnote #ih3 ,! g]ms ( f]m5ts are less widely diffus$ ?an ,m4 de ,b>y supposes1 z may be se5 f our obs]vations 9 ,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,see1 too1 our ,memoir ( #ahfb1 ,sur les ,gnrations dites ,spontanes1 p4 #di4 ,x is only 9 a laboratory devot$ to rese>*es on f]m5tation1 or places su* z vaults1 cell>s1 & brew]ies1 t ! air holds appreciably 9 susp5sion cells ( f]m5ts1 ready to g]m9ate 9 sac*>9e m$ia4 ,if we except ^! p>ticul> circum/ances1 f]m5t is n v l>gely diffus$1 save on ! surface ( fruits & ! wood ( ! trees :i* be> !m1 & p]haps1 also1 on "s o!r plants4 ,! p>ticles ( du/ held 9 susp5sion 9 any atmosph]e :atev] r>ely produce f]m5tation 9 pure mu/ ev5 :5 we take all possible precautions1 s t ! action be n ov]look$2 = true f]m5tation may be hidd5 by fungoid gr[?s1 :5 !re is mu* air & b a small quantity ( sac*>9e liquid pres5t4 ,footnote #ii3 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts ! apiculat$ f]m5t appe>$ sometimes1 b mu* less frequ5tly ?an sac*>omyces pa/orianus4 ,we also met ) ! ellipsoidal f]m5t4 ,we %\ld probably h a great] v>iety ( f]m5ts if our exp]im5ts c\ld be conduct$ 9 ! op5 air1 b insects & p>ticles ( du/ ( all k9ds br\ght by ! w9d r5d] exp]im5ts "u su* conditions difficult & untru/wor?y4 ,9 a laboratory we h n ^! difficulties to cont5d aga9/1 b1 un=tunately1 ! op]ations ord9>ily c>ri$ on !re cause ! results ( our exp]im5ts to be ( a less g5]al "* ?an !y w\ld be if obta9$ 9 free contact ) c\ntry air4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,a r s]i\s cl]ical error appe>s to h "h crept into ! orig9al1 = on ref]r+ to ,plate ,i4 & ! lett]press descriptive ( ,no4 #g 7p4 #e71 we f9d x applies to a v =midable species ( diseas$ f]m5t1 :]eas ! au?or is "h speak+ ( an amorph\s deposit1 h>mless 9 "*1 & m or less associat$ ) all yea/s4 ,d\btless ,no4 #g %\ld /& ,no4 #f1 see p4 #f4--;,d4 ,c4 ,r4 ,footnote #aja3 ,we w\ld "h call ! read]'s att5tion to ! foll[+ extract f ,dr4 ,graham's appreciative review ( ?is "w 9 8,nature10 ,janu>y #aa?1 #ahgg4 ,he says3 8,m4 ,pa/eur seems to be 9 error 9 /at+ 7p4 #aij1 ,fr4 ed47 t ! bottom yea/ may be di/+ui%$ by be+ less sph]ical ?an top yea/4 ,x is true t 9 ,london & ,ed9burgh yea/1 ! cells w be f\nd usually r\nd2 h>d wat]1 h[ev]1 su* z t at ,burton1 or artificially made s1 yields yea/ 9 :i* ! cells are di/9ctly ovoid 9 appe>ance1 resembl+ v closely ,bav>ian bottom yea/40--,d4 ,c4 ,r4 ,footnote #ajb3 #dc ,f4 to #df ,f4 or #ei ,f4 to #fh ,f4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,on ?is po9t aga9 ,dr4 ,graham expresses "s diss5t 78,nature10 loc4 cit473 8,"h surely ,m4 ,pa/eur mu/ be ?9k+ r ( ! inf]ior products ( ! surface f]m5tation 9 ,france & ,g]many1 ?an ( ^? ( ,engl& & ,scotl&40--,d4 ,c4 ,r4 ,footnote #ajd3 #bhd c4c4 #a fl4 oz4 approximately4 ,footnote #aje3 ,m4 ,pa/eur has evid5tly employ$ ! ^w 8case\s0 to express ! curdy nature ( ! f]m5t he is describ+1 its pla/icity & o!r peculi>ities ( physical "*2 b we are1 nev]!less1 tempt$ to sugge/ t he may h _h 9 m9d also ! peculi> 8*eesy0 od\r giv5 (f by ^! v yea/s1 :i* he ref]s to 9 ! text z conta9+ a consid]able int]mixture ( 8case\s f]m5t40--,f4 ,f4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,! case\s f]m5t1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be expos$ to heat1 "u ! a=e-m5tion$ conditions1 :5 x is too "y4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( its developm5t1 = in/ance1 )9 a few days ( hav+ be5 s[n4 ,9 su* case1 x w\ld be 9 dang] ( p]i%+1 probably 9 consequ5ce ( ! t5d]ness ( its tissues4 ,at ! end ( a f]m5tation1 & ev5 sev]al mon?s aft]w>ds1 x might be safely heat$ to #ej ,c4 7#abb ,fahr47 )\t any h>m to x4 8,l[0 yea/ also c )/& a temp]ature ( #ej ,c4 9 ! m$ium 9 "q4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,al?\gh we believe t ! arobian f]m5t ( a p>ticul> yea/ may be produc$ by a k9d ( trans=mation ( ! cells ( ! latt]1 yet we admit t ?is "q is op5 to "s d\bt4 ,! facts :i* we unexpect$ly discov]$ 9 connection ) ! case\s f]m5t %\ld make u extremely c>eful1 & dispos$ to inquire :e!r arobian f]m5ts d n orig9ally1 9 a /ate ( int]mixture1 =m "p ( ! f]m5ts f :i* !y spr+4 ,"o reason :i* might incl9e u to believe ?is1 is ! fact t a f]m5t sometimes p]i%es )\t ! appe>ance ( arobian f]m5t on ! surface4 ,!re is no?+ v natural inde$ 9 ! hypo!sis t we advance1 :i* sets aside ! suppos$ int]mixture2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 if ! arobian f]m5t is a p>ticul> f]m5t1 simply int]mix$ ) "s o!r v>iety & develop$ by *ange ( conditions1 h[ are we to acc\nt = its great resemblance 9 appe>ance & mode ( budd+ to ! f]m5t on ! surface ( :i* x appe>s8 ,?is resemblance1 h[ev]1 might be acc\nt$ = v naturally if ! two f]m5ts 7 orig9ally relat$4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,we insi/ on ?is fact1 t ,fig4 #ej repres5ts ! =ms on revival ( ! arobian f]m5t ( sac*>omyces pa/orianus1 :5 ?is has gr[n 9 a m9]al m$ium4 ,:5 produc$ on ! surface ( f]m5t$ wort1 ! arobian f]m5t ( :i* we are speak+ pres5ts no peculi>ity1 nor is !re any irregul>ity 9 its =ms or 9 its developm5t1 & :5 we proce$ to cultivate x 9 a natural sac*>9e m$ium1 or 9 wort1 x does n produce any =ms ( dematium1 z 9 ! prec$+ case2 b ! reason ( ?is is t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! nature ( ! fir/ m$ium1 :i* is bett] adapt$ to its nutrition1 x assumes at once1 9 ! second m$ium1 ! =ms ( deposit-yea/ 9 ! c\rse ( ord9>y g]m9ation4 ,footnote #aji3 8,la cassure de la levre40 ,footnote #aaj3 ,we h reason to believe t ! ratio ( ! proportions ( ^! f]m5ts dep5ds greatly on ! climatic conditions prec$+ ! p]iod ( v9tage1 on ! /ate ( dryness or humidity1 z well z ! temp]ature at ! "t ( ga!r+ ! grapes1 & also on ! nature ( ! v9es4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,physiological ,,!ory ,,( ,,f]m5tation4 ,i4--,on ! ,relations exi/+ betwe5 ,oxyg5 & ,yea/4 ,! object ( all sci5ce is a cont9u\s r$uction ( ! numb] ( unexpla9$ ph5om5a4 ,x is obs]v$1 = in/ance1 t fle%y fruits are n liable to f]m5tation s long z _! epid]mis rema9s un9jur$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y f]m5t v readily :5 !y are pil$ up 9 heaps1 m or less op51 & imm]s$ 9 _! sac*>9e juice4 ,! mass becomes heat$ & swells2 c>bonic acid gas is dis5gag$1 & ! sug> disappe>s & is replac$ by alcohol4 ,n[1 z to ! "q ( ! orig9 ( ^! spontane\s ph5om5a1 s rem>kable 9 "* z well z usefulness = man's s]vice1 mod]n k has taught u t f]m5tation is ! consequ5ce ( a developm5t ( vegetable cells1 ! g]ms ( :i* d n exi/ 9 ! sac*>9e juices )9 fruits2 t _m v>ieties ( ^! cellul> plants exi/1 ea* giv+ rise to its own p>ticul> f]m5tation4 ,! pr9cipal products ( ^! v>i\s f]m5tations1 al?\gh resembl+ ea* o!r 9 _! nature1 diff] 9 _! relative proportions & 9 ! accessory sub/ances t accompany !m1 a fact :i* alone is suffici5t to acc\nt = wide diff]5ces 9 ! quality & comm]cial value ( alcoholic bev]ages4 ,n[ t ! discov]y ( f]m5ts & _! liv+ nature1 & our k ( _! orig91 may h solv$ ! my/]y ( ! spontane\s appe>ance ( f]m5tations 9 natural sac*>9e juices1 we may ask :e!r we mu/ /ill reg>d ! reactions t occur 9 ^! f]m5tations z ph5om5a inexplicable by ! ord9>y laws ( *emi/ry4 ,we c readily see t f]m5tations occupy a special place 9 ! s]ies ( *emical & biological ph5om5a4 ,:at gives to f]m5tations c]ta9 exceptional *>act]s1 ( :i* we are only n[ beg9n+ to suspect ! causes1 is ! mode ( life 9 ! m9ute plants designat$ "u ! g5]ic "n ( f]m5ts1 a mode ( life :i* is ess5tially diff]5t f t 9 o!r vegetables1 & f :i* result ph5om5a equally exceptional ?r\gh\t ! :ole range ( ! *emi/ry ( liv+ be+s4 ,! lea/ reflection w suffice to conv9ce u t ! alcoholic f]m5ts mu/ possess ! faculty ( vegetat+ & p]=m+ _! functions out ( contact ) air4 ,let u consid]1 = in/ance1 ! me?od ( v9tage practis$ 9 ! ,jura4 ,! bun*es are laid at ! foot ( ! v9e 9 a l>ge tub1 & ! grapes !re /ripp$ f !m4 ,:5 ! grapes1 "s ( :i* are un9jur$1 o!rs bruis$1 & all moi/5$ by ! juice issu+ f ! latt]1 fill ! tub--:]e !y =m :at is commonly call$ ! v9tage--!y are convey$ 9 b>rels to l>ge vessels fix$ 9 cell>s ( a consid]able dep?4 ,^! vessels are n fill$ to m ?an ?ree-qu>t]s ( _! capacity4 ,f]m5tation soon takes place 9 !m1 & ! c>bonic acid gas f9ds escape ?r\gh ! bunghole1 ! diamet] ( :i*1 9 ! case ( ! l>ge/ vessels1 is n m ?an t5 or twelve c5timetres 7ab\t f\r in*es74 ,! w9e is n drawn (f be=e ! end ( two or ?ree mon?s4 ,9 ?is way x seems highly probable t ! yea/ :i* produces ! w9e "u su* conditions mu/ h develop$1 to a great ext5t at lea/1 out ( contact ) oxyg54 ,no d\bt oxyg5 is n entirely abs5t f ! fir/2 nay1 its limit$ pres5ce is ev5 a necessity to ! manife/ation ( ! ph5om5a :i* foll[4 ,! grapes are /ripp$ f ! bun* 9 contact ) air1 & ! mu/ :i* drops f ! w\nd$ fruit takes a little ( ?is gas into solution4 ,?is small quantity ( air s introduc$ into ! mu/1 at ! comm5cem5t ( op]ations1 plays a mo/ indisp5sable "p1 x be+ f ! pres5ce ( ?is t ! spores ( f]m5ts :i* are spread ov] ! surface ( ! grapes & ! woody "p ( ! bun*es d]ive ! p[] ( />t+ _! vital ph5om5a4#aaa ,?is air1 h[ev]1 especially :5 ! grapes h be5 /ripp$ f ! bun*es1 is 9 su* small proportion1 & t :i* is 9 contact ) ! liquid mass is s promptly expell$ by ! c>bonic acid gas1 :i* is evolv$ z soon z a little yea/ has =m$1 t x w readily be admitt$ t mo/ ( ! yea/ is produc$ ap>t f ! influ5ce ( oxyg51 :e!r free or 9 solution4 ,we %all rev]t to ?is fact1 :i* is ( great importance4 ,at pres5t we are only conc]n$ 9 po9t+ out t1 f ! m]e k ( ! practices ( c]ta9 localities1 we are induc$ to believe t ! cells ( yea/1 aft] !y h develop$ f _! spores1 cont9ue to live & multiply )\t ! int]v5tion ( oxyg51 & t ! alcoholic f]m5ts h a mode ( life :i* is probably q exceptional1 s9ce x is n g5]ally met ) 9 o!r species1 vegetable or animal4 ,ano!r equally exceptional *>act]i/ic ( yea/ & f]m5tation 9 g5]al consi/s 9 ! small proportion :i* ! yea/ t =ms be>s to ! sug> t decomposes4 ,9 all o!r kn[n be+s ! weight ( nutritive matt] assimilat$ corresponds ) ! weight ( food us$ up1 any diff]5ce t may exi/ be+ comp>atively small4 ,! life ( yea/ is entirely diff]5t4 ,= a c]ta9 weight ( yea/ =m$1 we may h t5 times1 tw5ty times1 a hundr$ times z mu* sug>1 or ev5 m decompos$1 z we %all exp]im5tally prove by-&-bye2 t is to say1 t :il/ ! proportion v>ies 9 a precise mann]1 accord+ to conditions :i* we %all h occasion to specify1 x is also greatly out ( proportion to ! weight ( ! yea/4 ,we repeat1 ! life ( no o!r be+1 "u its normal physiological conditions1 c %[ any?+ simil>4 ,! alcoholic f]m5ts1 !re=e1 pres5t !mselves to u z plants :i* possess at lea/ two s+ul> prop]ties3 !y c live )\t air1 t is1 )\t oxyg51 & !y c cause decomposition to an am\nt :i*1 ?\gh v>iable1 yet1 z e/imat$ by weight ( product =m$1 is out ( all proportion to ! weight ( _! own sub/ance4 ,^! are facts ( s great importance1 & s intimately connect$ ) ! !ory ( f]m5tation1 t x is indisp5sable to endeav\r to e/abli% !m exp]im5tally1 ) all ! exactness ( :i* !y w admit4 ,! "q be=e u is :e!r yea/ is 9 reality an anarobian plant1 & :at quantities ( sug> x may cause to f]m5t1 "u ! v>i\s conditions "u :i* we cause x to act4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts 7 und]tak5 to solve ?is d\ble problem3--,we took a d\ble-neck$ flask1 ( ?ree litres 7five p9ts7 capacity1 "o ( ! tubes be+ curv$ & =m+ an escape = ! gas2 ! o!r "o1 on ! "r h& side 7,fig4 #ei71 be+ furni%$ ) a glass tap4 ,we fill$ ?is flask ) pure yea/-wat]1 sweet5$ ) #e p] c5t4 ( sug> c&y1 ! flask be+ s full t !re 0 n ! lea/ trace ( air rema9+ above ! tap or 9 ! escape tube2 ?is artificial wort _h1 h[ev]1 be5 itself a]at$4 ,! curv$ tube 0 plung$ 9 a porcela9 vessel full ( m]cury1 re/+ on a firm support4 ,9 ! small cyl9drical funnel above ! tap1 ! capacity ( :i* 0 f #aj c4c4 to #ae c4c4 7ab\t half a fluid ounce7 we caus$ to f]m5t1 at a temp]ature ( #bj or #be ,c4 7ab\t #ge ,f471 five or six cubic c5timetres ( ! sac*>9e liquid1 by means ( a trace ( yea/1 :i* multipli$ rapidly1 caus+ f]m5tation1 & =m+ a slight deposit ( yea/ at ! bottom ( ! funnel above ! tap4 ,we !n op5$ ! tap1 & "s ( ! liquid 9 ! funnel ent]$ ! flask1 c>ry+ ) x ! small deposit ( yea/1 :i* 0 suffici5t to impregnate ! sac*>9e liquid conta9$ 9 ! flask4 ,9 ?is mann] x is possible to introduce z small a quantity ( yea/ z we wi%1 a quantity ! weight ( :i*1 we may say1 is h>dly appreciable4 ,! yea/ s[n multiplies rapidly & produces f]m5tation1 ! c>bonic acid gas f :i* is expell$ into ! m]cury4 ,9 less ?an twelve days all ! sug> _h disappe>$1 & ! f]m5tation _h f9i%$4 ,!re 0 a s5sible deposit ( yea/ adh]+ to ! sides ( ! flask2 collect$ & dri$ x weigh$ #bbe grammes 7#cd gra9s74 ,x is evid5t t 9 ?is exp]im5t ! total am\nt ( yea/ =m$1 if x requir$ oxyg5 to enable x to live1 c\ld n h absorb$1 at mo/1 m ?an ! volume :i* 0 orig9ally held 9 solution 9 ! sac*>9e liquid1 :5 t 0 expos$ to ! air be=e be+ introduc$ into ! flask4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,"s exact exp]im5ts conduct$ by ,m4 ,raul9 9 our laboratory h e/abli%$ ! fact t sac*>9e worts1 l wat]1 soon become saturat$ :5 %ak5 briskly ) an excess ( air1 & also t !y always take into solution a little less air ?an saturat$ pure wat] conta9s "u ! same conditions ( temp]ature & pressure4 ,at a temp]ature ( #be ,c4 7#gg ,f47 !re=e1 if we adopt ! coeffici5t ( ! solubility ( oxyg5 9 wat] giv5 9 ,buns5's tables1 we f9d t #a litre 7#a-c_/d p9ts7 ( wat] saturat$ ) air conta9s #ee c4c4 7#jc cubic in*7 ( oxyg54 ,! ?ree litres ( yea/-wat] 9 ! flask1 suppos+ x to h be5 saturat$1 conta9$ less ?an #afe c4c4 7#a cubic in*7 ( oxyg51 or1 9 weight1 less ?an #bc milligrammes 7#jce gra9s74 ,?is 0 ! maximum am\nt ( oxyg51 suppos+ ! greate/ possible quantity to h be5 absorb$1 t 0 requir$ by ! yea/ =m$ 9 ! f]m5tation ( #aej grammes 7#dh ,troy ounces7 ( sug>4 ,we %all bett] und]/& ! significance ( ?is result lat] on4 ,let u repeat ! =ego+ exp]im5t1 b "u alt]$ conditions4 ,let u fill1 z be=e1 our flask ) sweet5$ yea/-wat]1 b let ?is be fir/ boil$1 s z to expel all ! air x conta9s4 ,to effect ?is we arrange our app>atus z repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ sket* 7,fig4 #fj74 ,we place our flask1 ,a1 on a tripod above a gas flame1 & 9 place ( ! vessel ( m]cury sub/itute a porcela9 di%1 "u :i* we c put a gas flame1 & :i* conta9s "s f]m5table1 sac*>9e liquid1 simil> to t ) :i* ! flask is fill$4 ,we boil ! liquid 9 ! flask & t 9 ! bas9 simultane\sly1 & !n let !m cool d[n toge!r1 s t z ! liquid 9 ! flask cools "s ( ! liquid is suck$ f ! bas9 into ! flask4 ,f a trial exp]im5t :i* we conduct$1 det]m9+ ! quantity ( oxyg5 t rema9$ 9 solution 9 ! liquid aft] cool+1 accord+ to ,m4 ,s*tz5b]g]'s valuable me?od1 by means ( hydrosulphite ( soda1#aab we f\nd t ! ?ree litres 9 ! flask1 treat$ z we h describ$1 conta9$ less ?an "o milligramme 7#jjae gra97 ( oxyg54 ,at ! same "t we conduct$ ano!r exp]im5t1 by way ( comp>ison 7,fig4 #fa74 ,we took a flask1 ,b1 ( l>g] capacity ?an ! =m] "o1 :i* we fill$ ab\t half ) ! same volume z be=e ( a sac*>9e liquid ( id5tically ! same composition4 ,?is liquid _h be5 previ\sly fre$ f alt]ative g]ms by boil+4 ,9 ! funnel surm\nt+ ,a1 we put a few cubic c5timetres ( sac*>9e liquid 9 a /ate ( f]m5tation1 & :5 ?is small quantity ( liquid 0 9 full f]m5tation1 & ! yea/ 9 x 0 "y & vigor\s1 we op5$ ! tap1 clos+ x aga9 imm$iately1 s t a little ( ! liquid & yea/ /ill rema9$ 9 ! funnel4 ,by ?is means we caus$ ! liquid 9 ,a to f]m5t4 ,we also impregnat$ ! liquid 9 ,b ) "s yea/ tak5 f ! funnel ( ,a4 ,we !n replac$ ! porcela9 di% 9 :i* ! curv$ escape tube ( ,a _h be5 plung$1 by a vessel fill$ ) m]cury4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,! foll[+ is a description ( two ( ^! comp>ative f]m5tations & ! results !y gave4 ,! f]m5table liquid 0 compos$ ( yea/-wat] sweet5$ ) #e p] c5t4 ( sug>-c&y2 ! f]m5t employ$ 0 sac*>omyces pa/orianus4 ,! impregnation took place on ,janu>y #bj?4 ,! flasks 7 plac$ 9 an ov5 at #be ,c4 7#gg ,f474 ,flask ,a1 )\t air4 ,janu>y #ba/4--,f]m5tation comm5c$2 a little fro?y liquid issu$ f ! escape-tube & cov]$ ! m]cury4 ,! foll[+ days1 f]m5tation 0 active4 ,exam9+ ! yea/ mix$ ) ! fro? t 0 expell$ into ! m]cury by ! evolution ( c>bonic acid gas1 we f\nd t x 0 v f9e1 "y1 & actively budd+4 ,febru>y #crd4--,f]m5tation /ill cont9u$1 %[+ itself by a numb] ( little bubbles ris+ f ! bottom ( ! liquid1 :i* _h settl$ bright4 ,! yea/ 0 at ! bottom 9 ! =m ( a deposit4 ,febru>y #g?4--,f]m5tation /ill cont9u$1 b v languidly4 ,febru>y #i?4--,a v languid f]m5tation /ill w5t on1 disc]nible 9 little bubbles ris+ f ! bottom ( ! flask4 ,flask ,b1 ) air4 ,janu>y #ba/4--,a s5sible developm5t ( yea/4 ,! foll[+ days1 f]m5tation 0 active1 & !re 0 an abundant fro? on ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,febru>y #a/4--,all symptoms ( f]m5tation _h ceas$4 ,z ! f]m5tation 9 ,a w\ld h cont9u$ = a long "t1 be+ s v languid1 & z t 9 ,b _h be5 f9i%$ = sev]al days1 we br\ght to a close our two exp]im5ts on ,febru>y #i?4 ,to d ?is we p\r$ (f ! liquids 9 ,a & ,b1 collect+ ! yea/s on t>$ filt]s4 ,filtration 0 an easy matt]1 m especially 9 ! case ( ,a4 ,exam9+ ! yea/s "u ! microscope1 imm$iately aft] decantation1 we f\nd t bo? ( !m rema9$ v pure4 ,! yea/ 9 ,a 0 9 little clu/]s1 ! globules ( :i* 7 collect$ toge!r1 & appe>$ by _! well def9$ bord]s to be ready = an easy revival 9 contact ) air4 ,z might h be5 expect$1 ! liquid 9 ! flask ,b did n conta9 ! lea/ trace ( sug>2 t 9 ! flask ,a /ill conta9$ "s1 z 0 evid5t f ! non-completion ( f]m5tation1 b n m ?an #df grammes 7#ga gra9s74 ,n[1 z ea* flask orig9ally conta9$ #c litres ( liquid1 hold+ 9 solution #e p] c5t4 ( sug>1 x foll[s t #aej grammes 7#b1caj gra9s7 ( sug> _h f]m5t$ 9 ! flask ,b1 & #aded grammes 7#b1bcib gra9s7 9 ! flask ,a4 ,! weights ( yea/ aft] dry+ at #ajj ,c4 7#bab ,f47 7-- ,= ! flask ,b1 ) air #aigj grammes 7#cjd gra9s74 ,= ! flask ,a1 )\t air #acfh grammes4#aac ,! proportions 7 #a ( yea/ to #gf ( f]m5t$ sug> 9 ! fir/ case1 & #a ( yea/ to #hi ( f]m5t$ sug> 9 ! second4 ,f ^! facts ! foll[+ consequ5ces may be d$uc$3 #a4 ,! f]m5table liquid 7flask ,b71 :i* s9ce x _h be5 9 contact ) air1 necess>ily held air 9 solution1 al?\gh n to ! po9t ( saturation1 inasmu* z x _h be5 once boil$ to free x f all =eign g]ms1 furni%$ a weight ( yea/ s5sibly great] ?an t yield$ by ! liquid :i* conta9$ no air at all 7flask ,a71 or1 at lea/1 :i* c\ld only h conta9$ an exce$+ly m9ute quantity4 #b4 ,?is same slightly a]at$ f]m5table liquid f]m5t$ mu* m rapidly ?an ! o!r4 ,9 eight or t5 days x conta9$ no m sug>2 :ile ! o!r1 aft] tw5ty days1 /ill conta9$ an appreciable quantity4 ,is ?is la/ fact to be expla9$ by ! great] quantity ( yea/ =m$ 9 ,b8 ,by no means4 ,at fir/1 :5 ! air has access to ! liquid1 mu* yea/ is =m$ & little sug> disappe>s1 z we %all prove imm$iately2 nev]!less ! yea/ =m$ 9 contact ) ! air is m active ?an ! o!r4 ,f]m5tation is correlative1 fir/ to ! developm5t ( ! globules1 & !n to ! cont9u$ life ( ^? globules once =m$4 ,! m oxyg5 ^! la/ globules h at _! disposal dur+ _! =mation1 ! m vigor\s1 transp>5t1 & turgesc5t1 &1 z a consequ5ce ( ?is la/ quality1 ! m active !y are 9 decompos+ sug>4 ,we %all rev]t h]eaft] to ^! facts4 #c4 ,9 ! airless flask ! proportion ( yea/ to sug> 0 #a_/hi2 x 0 only #a_/gf 9 ! flask :i* _h air at fir/4 ,! proportion t ! weight ( yea/ =m$ be>s to ! weight ( ! sug> is1 !re=e1 v>iable1 & ?is v>iation dep5ds1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ^u ! pres5ce ( air & ! possibility ( oxyg5 be+ absorb$ by ! yea/4 ,we %all pres5tly %[ t yea/ possesses ! p[] ( absorb+ t gas & emitt+ c>bonic acid1 l ord9>y fungi1 t ev5 oxyg5 may be reckon$ among/ ! numb] ( food-/uffs t may be assimilat$ by ?is plant1 & t ?is fixation ( oxyg5 9 yea/1 z well z ! oxidations result+ f x1 h ! mo/ m>k$ effect on ! life ( yea/1 on ! multiplication ( its cells1 & on _! activity z f]m5ts act+ ^u sug>1 :e!r imm$iately or aft]w>ds1 ap>t f supplies ( oxyg5 or air4 ,9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t1 conduct$ )\t ! pres5ce ( air1 !re is "o circum/ance p>ticul>ly wor?y ( notice4 ,?is exp]im5t succe$s1 t is to say1 ! yea/ s[n 9 ! m$ium depriv$ ( oxyg5 develops1 only :5 ?is yea/ is 9 a /ate ( great vig\r4 ,we h already expla9$ ! mean+ ( ?is la/ expression4 ,b we wi% n[ to call att5tion to a v evid5t fact 9 connection ) ?is po9t4 ,we impregnate a f]m5table liquid2 yea/ develops & f]m5tation appe>s4 ,?is la/s = sev]al days & !n ceases4 ,let u suppose t1 f ! day :5 f]m5tation fir/ appe>s 9 ! production ( a m9ute fro?1 :i* gradually increases till x :it5s ! surface ( ! liquid1 we take1 e tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 or at long] int]vals1 a trace ( ! yea/ deposit$ on ! bottom ( ! vessel & use x = />t+ fre% f]m5tations4 ,conduct+ ^! f]m5tations all "u precisely ! same conditions ( temp]ature1 "*1 & volume ( liquid1 let u cont9ue ?is = a prolong$ "t1 ev5 aft] ! orig9al f]m5tation is f9i%$4 ,we %all h no difficulty 9 see+ t ! fir/ signs ( action 9 ea* ( our s]ies ( second f]m5tations appe> always lat] & lat] 9 proportion to ! l5g? ( "t t has elaps$ f ! comm5cem5t ( ! orig9al f]m5tation4 ,9 o!r words1 ! "t necess>y = ! developm5t ( ! g]ms & ! production ( t am\nt ( yea/ suffici5t to cause ! fir/ appe>ance ( f]m5tation v>ies ) ! /ate ( ! impregnat+ cells1 & is long] 9 proportion z ! cells are fur!r remov$ f ! p]iod ( _! =mation4 ,x is ess5tial1 9 exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d1 t ! quantities ( yea/ successively tak5 %\ld be z ne>ly z possible equal 9 weight or volume1 s9ce1 cet]is p>ibus1 f]m5tations manife/ !mselves m quickly ! l>g] ! quantity ( yea/ employ$ 9 impregnation4 ,if we comp>e "u ! microscope ! appe>ance & "* ( ! successive quantities ( yea/ tak51 we %all see pla9ly t ! /ructure ( ! cells und]goes a progressive *ange4 ,! fir/ sample :i* we take1 q at ! beg9n+ ( ! orig9al f]m5tation1 g5]ally gives u cells r l>g] ?an ^? lat] on1 & possess+ a rem>kable t5d]ness4 ,_! walls are extremely ?91 ! consi/5cy & s(tness ( _! protoplasm is ak9 to fluidity1 & _! granul> cont5ts appe> 9 ! =m ( sc>cely visible spots4 ,! bord]s ( ! cells soon become m m>k$1 a pro( t _! walls und]go a ?ick5+2 _! protoplasm also becomes d5s]1 & ! granulations m di/9ct4 ,cells ( ! same organ1 9 ! /ates ( infancy & old age1 %\ld n diff] m ?an ! cells ( :i* we are speak+1 tak5 9 _! extreme /ates4 ,! progressive *anges 9 ! cells1 aft] !y h acquir$ _! normal =m & volume1 cle>ly demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( a *emical "w ( a rem>kable int5sity1 dur+ :i* _! weight increases1 al?\gh 9 volume !y und]go no s5sible *ange1 a fact t we h (t5 *>act]iz$ z 8! cont9u$ life ( cells already =m$40 ,we may call ?is "w a process ( maturation on ! "p ( ! cells1 almo/ ! same t we see go+ on 9 ! case ( adult be+s 9 g5]al1 :i* cont9ue to live = a long "t1 ev5 aft] !y h become incapable ( reproduction1 & long aft] _! volume has become p]man5tly fix$4 ,?is be+ s x is evid5t1 we repeat1 t1 to multiply 9 a f]m5table m$ium1 q out ( contact ) oxyg51 ! cells ( yea/ mu/ be extremely "y1 full ( life & heal?1 & /ill "u ! influ5ce ( ! vital activity :i* !y owe to ! free oxyg5 :i* has s]v$ to =m !m1 & :i* !y h p]haps /or$ up = a "t4 ,:5 old]1 !y reproduce !mselves ) mu* difficulty :5 depriv$ ( air1 & gradually become m languid2 & if !y d multiply1 x is 9 /range & mon/r\s =ms4 ,a little old] /ill1 !y rema9 absolutely in]t 9 a m$ium depriv$ ( free oxyg54 ,?is is n because !y are dead2 = 9 g5]al !y may be reviv$ 9 a m>vell\s mann] 9 ! same liquid if x has be5 fir/ a]at$ be=e !y are s[n4 ,x w\ld n surprise u to le>n t at ?is po9t c]ta9 preconceiv$ ideas sugge/ !mselves to ! m9d ( an att5tive read] on ! subject ( ! causes t may s]ve to acc\nt = su* /range ph5om5a 9 ! life ( ^! be+s :i* our ignorance hides "u ! expressions ( y\? & age2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is a subject t we _c pause to consid] "h4 ,at ?is po9t we mu/ obs]ve--= x is a matt] ( great importance--t1 9 ! op]ations ( ! brew] !re is always a "t :5 ! yea/s are 9 ?is /ate ( vigor\s y\? ( :i* we h be5 speak+1 acquir$ "u ! influ5ce ( free oxyg51 s9ce all ! worts & all ! yea/s ( comm]ce are necess>ily manipulat$ 9 contact ) air1 & s impregnat$ m or less ) oxyg54 ,! yea/ imm$iately seizes ^u ?is gas & acquires a /ate ( fre%ness & activity1 :i* p]mits x to live aft]w>ds out ( contact ) air1 & to act z a f]m5t4 ,?us1 9 ord9>y brew]y practice1 we f9d ! yea/ already =m$ 9 abundance ev5 be=e ! e>lie/ ext]nal signs ( f]m5tation h made _! appe>ance4 ,9 ?is fir/ phase ( its exi/5ce1 yea/ lives *iefly l an ord9>y fungus4 ,f ! same circum/ances x is cle> t ! brew]'s f]m5tations may1 speak+ q /rictly1 la/ = an indef9ite "t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! unceas+ supply ( fre% wort1 & f ! fact1 moreov]1 t ! ext]ior air is con/antly be+ introduc$ dur+ ! "w1 & t ! air conta9$ 9 ! fre% worts keeps up ! vital activity ( ! yea/1 z ! act ( brea?+ keeps up ! vig\r & life ( cells 9 all liv+ be+s4 ,if ! air c\ld n r5ew itself 9 any way1 ! vital activity :i* ! cells orig9ally receiv$1 "u its influ5ce1 w\ld become m & m exhau/$1 & ! f]m5tation ev5tually come to an end4 ,we may rec\nt "o ( ! results obta9$ 9 o!r exp]im5ts simil> to ! la/1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 we employ$ yea/ :i* 0 /ill old] ?an t us$ = our exp]im5t ) flask ,a 7,fig4 #fj71 & moreov] took /ill great] precautions to prev5t ! pres5ce ( air4 ,in/ead ( leav+ ! flask1 z well z ! di%1 to cool sl[ly1 aft] hav+ expell$ all air by boil+1 we p]mitt$ ! liquid 9 ! di% to cont9ue boil+ :il/ ! flask 0 be+ cool$ by artificial means2 ! end ( ! escape tube 0 !n tak5 out ( ! /ill boil+ di% & plung$ into ! m]cury tr\gh4 ,9 impregnat+ ! liquid1 in/ead ( employ+ ! cont5ts ( ! small cyl9drical funnel :il/ /ill 9 a /ate ( f]m5tation1 we wait$ until ?is 0 f9i%$4 ,"u ^! conditions1 f]m5tation 0 /ill go+ on 9 our flask1 aft] a lapse ( ?ree mon?s4 ,we /opp$ x & f\nd t #jbee gramme 7#ci gra9s7 ( yea/ _h be5 =m$1 & t #de grammes 7#fic gra9s7 ( sug> _h f]m5t$1 ! ratio betwe5 ! weights ( yea/ & sug> be+ ?us #jbee_/de #a_/agf4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t ! yea/ develop$ ) mu* difficulty1 by reason ( ! conditions to :i* x _h be5 subject$4 ,9 appe>ance ! cells v>i$ mu*1 "s 7 to be f\nd l>ge1 elongat$1 & ( tubul> aspect1 "s seem$ v old & 7 extremely granul>1 :il/ o!rs 7 m transp>5t4 ,all ( !m might be consid]$ abnormal cells4 ,9 su* exp]im5ts we enc\nt] ano!r difficulty4 ,if ! yea/ s[n 9 ! non-a]at$ f]m5table liquid is 9 ! lea/ degree impure1 especially if we use sweet5$ yea/-wat]1 we may be sure t alcoholic f]m5tation w soon cease1 if1 inde$1 x ev] comm5ces1 & t accessory f]m5tations w g on4 ,! vibrios ( butyric f]m5tation1 = in/ance1 w propagate ) rem>kable facility "u ^! circum/ances4 ,cle>ly !n1 ! purity ( ! yea/ at ! mom5t ( impregnation1 & ! purity ( ! liquid 9 ! funnel1 are conditions indisp5sable to success4 ,to secure ! latt] ( ^! conditions1 we close ! funnel1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fj1 by means ( a cork pi]c$ ) two holes1 ?r\gh "o ( :i* a %ort tube passes1 to :i* a %ort l5g? ( india-rubb] tub+ provid$ ) a glass /opp] is atta*$2 ?r\gh ! o!r hole a ?9 curv$ tube is pass$4 ,?us fitt$1 ! funnel c answ] ! same purposes z our d\ble-neck$ flasks4 ,a few cubic c5timetres ( sweet5$ yea/-wat] are !n put 9 x & boil$1 s t ! /eam may de/roy any g]ms adh]+ to ! sides4 ,:5 cold ! liquid is impregnat$ by means ( a trace ( pure yea/1 introduc$ ?r\gh ! glass-/opp]$ tube4 ,if ^! precautions are neglect$ x is sc>cely possible to secure a successful f]m5tation 9 our flasks1 because ! yea/ s[n is imm$iately held 9 *eck by a developm5t ( anarobian vibrios4 ,= great] security1 we may add to ! f]m5table liquid1 at ! mom5t :5 x is prep>$1 a v small quantity ( t>t>ic acid1 :i* w prev5t ! developm5t ( butyric vibrios4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,! v>iation ( ! ratio betwe5 ! weight ( ! yea/ & t ( ! sug> decompos$ by x n[ claims special att5tion4 ,side by side ) ! exp]im5ts :i* we h j describ$1 we conduct$ a ?ird lot by means ( ! flask ,c 7,fig4 #fb71 hold+ #dg litres 7#h-a_/d p9ts71 & fitt$ up l ! usual two-neck$ flasks1 ) ! object ( free+ ! f]m5table liquid f =eign g]ms1 by boil+ x to beg9 )1 s t we might c>ry on our "w "u conditions ( purity4 ,! volume ( yea/-wat] 7conta9+ #e p] c5t4 ( sug>7 0 only #bjj c4c4 7#g fl4 oz471 & consequ5tly1 tak+ into acc\nt ! capacity ( ! flask1 x =m$ b a v ?9 lay] at ! bottom4 ,on ! day aft] impregnation ! deposit ( yea/ 0 already consid]able1 & =ty-eight h\rs aft]w>ds ! f]m5tation 0 complet$4 ,on ! ?ird day we collect$ ! yea/1 aft] hav+ analyz$ ! gas conta9$ 9 ! flask4 ,?is analysis 0 easily accompli%$ by plac+ ! flask 9 a hot-wat] ba?1 :il/ ! end ( ! curv$ tube 0 plung$ "u a cyl9d] ( m]cury4 ,! gas conta9$ #dad p] c5t4 ( c>bonic acid1 &1 aft] ! absorption1 ! rema9+ air conta9$-- ,oxyg5 #aig ,nitrog5 #hjc ----- #ajjj ,tak+ into consid]ation ! volume ( ! flask1 ?is %[s a m9imum ( #ej c4c4 7#cje cub4 947 ( oxyg5 to h be5 absorb$ by ! yea/4 ,! liquid conta9$ no m sug>1 & ! weight ( ! yea/1 dri$ at a temp]ature ( #ajj ,c4 7#bab ,f471 0 #jdd gramme 7#fh gra9s74 ,! ratio betwe5 ! weight ( ! yea/ & t ( ! sug> 01 !re=e1 #jdd_/aadaj #a_/bbg4 ,on ?is occasion1 :]e we _h increas$ ! quantity ( oxyg5 held 9 solution1 s z to yield itself = assimilation at ! beg9n+ & dur+ ! e>li] developm5ts ( ! yea/1 we f\nd in/ead ( ! previ\s ratio ( #a_/gf t ( #a_/bc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,! next exp]im5t 0 to increase ! proportion ( oxyg5 to a /ill great] ext5t1 by r5d]+ ! diffusion ( gas a m easy matt] ?an x is 9 a flask1 ! air 9 :i* is 9 a /ate ( p]fect quiesc5ce4 ,su* a /ate ( matt]s h9d]s ! supply ( oxyg51 inasmu* z ! c>bonic acid1 z soon z x is lib]at$1 at once =ms an immovable lay] on ! surface ( ! liquid1 & s sep>ates (f ! oxyg54 ,to effect ! purpose ( our pres5t exp]im5t1 we us$ flat bas9s hav+ glass bottoms & l[ sides1 also ( glass1 9 :i* ! dep? ( ! liquid is n m ?an a few millimetres 7less ?an #a_/d-;in*7 7,fig4 #fc74 ,! foll[+ is "o ( our exp]im5ts s conduct$3--,on ,april #af?1 #ahfj1 we s[$ a trace ( be] yea/ 78high0 yea/7 9 #bjj c4c4 7#g fl4 oz47 ( a sac*>9e liquid conta9+ #agbj grammes 7#bfb gra9s7 ( sug>-c&y4 ,f ,april #ah? our yea/ 0 9 good condition & well develop$4 ,we collect$ x1 aft] hav+ add$ to ! liquid a few drops ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 ) ! object ( *eck+ ! f]m5tation to a great ext5t1 & facilitat+ filtration4 ,! sug> rema9+ 9 ! filt]$ liquid1 det]m9$ by ,fehl+'s solution1 %[$ t #ajd grammes 7#af gra9s7 ( sug> _h disappe>$4 ,! weight ( ! yea/1 dri$ at #ajj ,c4 7#bab ,f471 0 #jabg gramme 7#b gra9s71 :i* gives u ! ratio betwe5 ! weight ( ! yea/ & t ( ! f]m5t$ sug> ,illu/ration3 ,=mula #a3 #jabg_/ajd #a_/ha4 :i* is consid]ably high] ?an ! prec$+ ones4 ,we may /ill fur!r increase ?is ratio by mak+ our e/imation z soon z possible aft] ! impregnation1 or ! addition ( ! f]m5t4 ,x w be readily und]/ood :y yea/1 :i* is compos$ ( cells t bud & subsequ5tly deta* !mselves f "o ano!r1 soon =ms a deposit at ! bottom ( ! vessels4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is habit ( gr[?1 ! cells con/antly cov]+ ea* o!r prev5ts ! l[] lay]s f hav+ access to ! oxyg5 held 9 solution 9 ! liquid1 :i* is absorb$ by ! upp] ones4 ,h5ce1 ^? :i* are cov]$ & depriv$ ( ?is gas act on ! sug> )\t d]iv+ any vital b5efit f ! oxyg5--a circum/ance :i* mu/ t5d to dim9i% ! ratio ( :i* we are speak+4 ,once m repeat+ ! prec$+ exp]im5t1 b /opp+ x z soon z we ?9k t ! weight ( yea/ =m$ may be det]m9$ by ! balance 7we f9d t ?is may be done tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] impregnation ) an inappreciable quantity ( yea/7 9 ?is case ! ratio betwe5 ! weights ( yea/ & sug> is ,illu/ration3 ,=mula #b3 7#j;gr#jbd yea/7_/7#j;gr#jih sug>7 #a_/d4 ,?is is ! highe/ ratio t we h be5 able to obta94 ,"u ^! conditions ! f]m5tation ( sug> is extremely languid3 ! ratio obta9$ is v ne>ly ! same t ord9>y fungoid gr[?s w\ld give4 ,! c>bonic acid evolv$ is pr9cipally =m$ by ! decompositions :i* result f ! assimilation ( atmosph]ic oxyg54 ,! yea/1 !re=e1 lives & p]=ms its functions aft] ! mann] ( ord9>y fungi3 s f> x is no long] a f]m5t1 s to say2 moreov]1 we might expect to f9d x cease to be a f]m5t at all if we c\ld only surr\nd ea* cell sep>ately ) all ! air t x requir$4 ,?is is :at ! prec$+ ph5om5a tea* u2 we %all h occasion to comp>e !m lat] on ) o!rs :i* relate to ! vital action ex]cis$ on yea/ by ! sug> ( milk4 ,we may "h be p]mitt$ to make a digression4 ,9 8 "w on f]m5tations1 :i* ,m4 ,s*tz5b]g] has rec5tly publi%$1 ! au?or criticises ! d$uctions t we h drawn f ! prec$+ exp]im5ts1 & combats ! explanation :i* we h giv5 ( ! ph5om5a ( f]m5tation4#aae ,x is an easy matt] to %[ ! weak po9t ( ,m4 ,s*tz5b]g]'s reason+4 ,we det]m9$ ! p[] ( ! f]m5t by ! relation ( ! weight ( sug> decompos$ to ! weight ( yea/ produc$4 ,m4 ,s*tz5b]g] ass]ts t 9 do+ ?is we lay d[n a d\btful hypo!sis1 & he ?9ks t ?is p[]1 :i* he t]ms f]m5tative en]gy1 may be e/imat$ m correctly by ! quantity ( sug> decompos$ by ! unit-weight ( yea/ 9 unit-"t2 moreov]1 s9ce our exp]im5ts %[ t yea/ is v vigor\s :5 x has a suffici5t supply ( oxyg51 & t1 9 su* a case1 x c decompose mu* sug> 9 a little "t1 ,m4 ,s*tz5b]g] concludes t x mu/ !n h great p[] z a f]m5t1 ev5 great] ?an x has :5 x p]=ms its functions )\t ! aid ( air1 s9ce "u ?is condition x decomposes sug> v sl[ly4 ,9 %ort1 he is dispos$ to draw f our obs]vations ! v opposite conclusion to t :i* we arriv$ at4 ,m4 ,s*tz5b]g] has fail$ to notice t ! p[] ( a f]m5t is indep5d5t ( ! "t dur+ :i* x p]=ms its functions4 ,we plac$ a trace ( yea/ 9 "o litre ( sac*>9e wort2 x propagat$1 & all ! sug> 0 decompos$4 ,n[1 :e!r ! *emical action involv$ 9 ?is decomposition ( sug> _h requir$ = its completion "o day1 or "o mon?1 or "o ye>1 su* a factor 0 ( no m importance 9 ?is matt] ?an ! me*anical lab\r requir$ to raise a ton ( mat]ials f ! gr\nd to ! top ( a h\se w\ld be affect$ by ! fact t x _h tak5 twelve h\rs in/ead ( "o4 ,! notion ( "t has no?+ to d ) ! def9ition ( "w4 ,m4 ,s*tz5b]g] has n p]ceiv$ t 9 introduc+ ! consid]ation ( "t into ! def9ition ( ! p[] ( a f]m5t1 he mu/ introduce1 at ! same "t1 t ( ! vital activity ( ! cells1 :i* is indep5d5t ( _! "* z a f]m5t4 ,ap>t f ! consid]ation ( ! relation exi/+ betwe5 ! weight ( f]m5table sub/ance decompos$ & t ( f]m5t produc$1 !re is no occasion to speak ( f]m5tations or ( f]m5ts4 ,! ph5om5a ( f]m5tation & ( f]m5ts h be5 plac$ ap>t f o!rs1 precisely because1 9 c]ta9 *emical actions1 t ratio has be5 out ( proportion2 b ! "t t ^! ph5om5a require = _! accompli%m5t has no?+ to d ei!r ) _! exi/5ce prop]1 or ) _! p[]4 ,! cells ( a f]m5t may1 "u "s circum/ances1 require eight days = revival & propagation1 :il/1 "u o!r conditions1 only a few h\rs are necess>y2 s t1 if we introduce ! notion ( "t into our e/imate ( _! p[] ( decomposition1 we may be l$ to conclude t 9 ! fir/ case t p[] 0 entirely want+1 & t 9 ! second case x 0 consid]able1 al?\gh all ! "t we are deal+ ) ! same organism--! id5tical f]m5t4 ,m4 ,s*tz5b]g] is a/oni%$ t f]m5tation c take place 9 ! pres5ce ( free oxyg51 if1 z we suppose1 ! decomposition ( ! sug> is ! consequ5ce ( ! nutrition ( ! yea/1 at ! exp5se ( ! comb9$ oxyg51 :i* yields itself to ! f]m5t4 ,at all ev5ts1 he argues1 f]m5tation ought to be sl[] 9 ! pres5ce ( free oxyg54 ,b :y %\ld x be sl[]8 ,we h prov$ t 9 ! pres5ce ( oxyg5 ! vital activity ( ! cells increases1 s t1 z f> z rapidity ( action is conc]n$1 its p[] _c be dim9i%$4 ,x might1 nev]!less1 be weak5$ z a f]m5t1 & ?is is precisely :at happ5s4 ,free oxyg5 imp>ts to ! yea/ an increas$ vital activity1 b at ! same "t impairs rapidly its p[] z yea/--qu yea/1 inasmu* z "u ?is condition x approa*es ! /ate 9 :i* x c c>ry on its vital processes aft] ! mann] ( an ord9>y fungus2 ! mode ( life1 t is1 9 :i* ! ratio betwe5 ! weight ( sug> decompos$ & ! weight ( ! new cells produc$ w be ! same z holds g5]ally among organisms :i* are n f]m5ts4 ,9 %ort1 v>y+ our =m ( expression a little1 we may conclude ) p]fect tru?1 f ! sum total ( obs]v$ facts1 t ! yea/ :i* lives 9 ! pres5ce ( oxyg5 & c assimilate z mu* ( t gas z is necess>y to its p]fect nutrition1 ceases absolutely to be a f]m5t at all4 ,nev]!less1 yea/ =m$ "u ^! conditions & subsequ5tly br\ght into ! pres5ce ( sug>1 out ( ! influ5ce ( air1 w\ld decompose m 9 a giv5 "t ?an 9 any o!r ( its /ates4 ,! reason is t yea/ :i* has =m$ 9 contact ) air1 hav+ ! maximum ( free oxyg5 t x c assimilate1 is fre%] & possess$ ( great] vital activity ?an t :i* has be5 =m$ )\t air or ) an insuffici5cy ( air4 ,m4 ,s*tz5b]g] w\ld associate ?is activity ) ! notion ( "t 9 e/imat+ ! p[] ( ! f]m5t2 b he =gets to notice t yea/ c only manife/ ?is maximum ( en]gy "u a radical *ange ( its life-conditions2 by hav+ no m air at its disposal & brea?+ no m free oxyg54 ,9 o!r words1 :5 its respiratory p[] becomes null1 its f]m5tative p[] is at its greate/4 ,m4 ,s*tz5b]g] ass]ts exactly ! opposite 7p4 #aea ( 8 "w--,p>is1 #ahge71aaf & s gratuit\sly places himself 9 opposition to facts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,9 pres5ce ( abundant air-supply1 yea/ vegetates ) extraord9>y activity4 ,we see ?is 9 ! weight ( new yea/1 comp>atively l>ge1 t may be =m$ 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs4 ,! microscope /ill m cle>ly %[s ?is activity 9 ! rapidity ( budd+1 & ! fre% & active appe>ance ( all ! cells4 ,fig4 #fd repres5ts ! yea/ ( our la/ exp]im5t at ! mom5t :5 we /opp$ ! f]m5tation4 ,no?+ has be5 tak5 f imag9ation1 all ! gr\ps h be5 fai?fully sket*$ z !y 74#aag ,9 pass+ x is ( int]e/ to note h[ promptly ! prec$+ results 7 turn$ to good acc\nt practically4 ,9 well-manag$ di/ill]ies1 ! cu/om ( a]at+ ! wort & ! juices1 to r5d] !m m adapt$ to f]m5tation1 has be5 introduc$4 ,! molasses1 mix$ ) wat]1 is p]mitt$ to run 9 ?9 ?reads ?r\gh ! air at ! mom5t :5 ! yea/ is add$4 ,manufactories h be5 erect$1 9 :i* ! manufacture ( yea/ is almo/ exclusively c>ri$ on4 ,! sac*>9e worts1 aft] ! addition ( yea/1 are left to !mselves1 9 contact ) air1 9 %all[ vats ( l>ge sup]ficial area1 realiz+ ?us on an imm5se scale ! conditions ( ! exp]im5ts :i* we und]took 9 #ahfa1 & :i* we h already describ$ 9 det]m9+ ! rapid & easy multiplication ( yea/ 9 contact ) air4 ,! next exp]im5t attempt$ 0 to det]m9e ! volume ( oxyg5 absorb$ by a kn[n quantity ( yea/1 ! yea/ liv+ 9 contact ) air1 & "u su* conditions t ! absorption ( air 0 comp>atively easy & abundant4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,) ?is object we repeat$ ! exp]im5t t we p]=m$ ) ! l>ge-bottom$ flask 7,fig4 #fb71 employ+ a vessel %ap$ l ,fig4 ,b4 7,fig4 #fe71 :i* is1 9 po9t ( fact1 ! flask ,a ) its neck drawn out & clos$ 9 a flame1 aft] ! introduction ( a ?9 lay] ( "s sac*>9e juice impregnat$ ) a trace ( pure yea/4 ,! foll[+ are ! data & results ( an exp]im5t ( ?is k9d4 ,we employ$ #fj c4c4 7ab\t #b fluid ounces7 ( yea/-wat]1 sweet5$ ) #b p] c5t4 ( sug> & impregnat$ ) a trace ( yea/4 ,aft] hav+ subject$ our vessel to a temp]ature ( #be ,c4 7#gg ,f47 9 an ov5 = fifte5 h\rs1 ! drawn-out po9t 0 br\ght "u an inv]t$ j> fill$ ) m]cury & ! po9t brok5 (f4 ,a portion ( ! gas escap$ & 0 collect$ 9 ! j>4 ,= #be c4c4 ( ?is gas we f\nd1 aft] absorption by pota%1 #bjf1 & aft] absorption by pyrogallic acid1 #agc4 ,tak+ into acc\nt ! volume :i* rema9$ free 9 ! flask1 :i* held #cae c4c41 !re 0 a total absorption ( #ade c4c4 7#jhh cub4 947 ( oxyg54#aah ,! weight ( yea/1 9 a /ate ( dryness1 0 #jjce gramme4 ,x foll[s t 9 ! production ( #ce milligrammes 7#jebd gra97 ( yea/ !re 0 an absorption ( #ad or #ae c4c4 7ab\t #g_/h cubic in*7 ( oxyg51 ev5 suppos+ t ! yea/ 0 =m$ entirely "u ! influ5ce ( t gas3 ?is is equival5t to n less ?an #dad c4c4 = #a gramme ( yea/ 7or ab\t #cc cubic in*es = e #bj gra9s74#aai ,su* is ! l>ge volume ( oxyg5 necess>y = ! developm5t ( "o gramme ( yea/ :5 ! plant c assimilate ?is gas aft] ! mann] ( an ord9>y fungus4 ,let u n[ return to ! fir/ exp]im5t describ$ 9 ?is p>agraph 7page #bch71 9 :i* a flask ( ?ree litres capacity 0 fill$ ) f]m5table liquid1 :i*1 :5 caus$ to f]m5t1 yield$ #bbe grammes ( yea/1 "u circum/ances :]e x c\ld n obta9 a great] supply ( free oxyg5 ?an #afe c4c4 7ab\t "o cubic in*74 ,accord+ to :at we h j /at$1 if ?is #bbe grammes 7#cd gra9s7 ( yea/ _h n be5 able to live )\t oxyg51 9 o!r words1 if ! orig9al cells _h be5 unable to multiply o!rwise ?an by absorb+ free oxyg51 ! am\nt ( t gas requir$ c\ld n h be5 less ?an #bbe #dad c4c41 t is1 #icae c4c4 7#efhe cubic in*es74 ,! great] "p ( ! #bbe grammes1 !re=e1 _h evid5tly be5 produc$ z ! gr[? ( an anarobian plant4 ,ord9>y fungi likewise require l>ge quantities ( oxyg5 = _! developm5t1 z we may easily prove by cultivat+ any m\ld 9 a clos$ vessel full ( air1 & !n tak+ ! weight ( plant =m$ & measur+ ! volume ( oxyg5 absorb$4 ,to d ?is1 we take a flask ( ! %ape %[n 9 ,fig4 #ff1 capable ( hold+ ab\t #cjj c4c4 7#aj- fluid ounces71 & conta9+ a liquid adapt$ to ! life ( m\lds4 ,we boil ?is liquid & seal ! drawn-out po9t1 aft] ! /eam has expell$ ! air :olly or 9 "p2 we !n op5 ! flask 9 a g>d5 or 9 a room4 ,%\ld a fungus-spore ent] ! flask1 z w inv>iably be ! case 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( flasks out ( sev]al us$ 9 ! exp]im5t1 except "u special circum/ances1 x w develop !re & gradually absorb all ! oxyg5 conta9$ 9 ! air ( ! flask4 ,measur+ ! volume ( ?is air1 & weigh+1 aft] dry+1 ! am\nt ( plant =m$1 we f9d t = a c]ta9 quantity ( oxyg5 absorb$ we h a c]ta9 weight ( mycelium1 or ( mycelium toge!r ) its organs ( fructification4 ,9 an exp]im5t ( ?is k9d1 9 :i* ! plant 0 weigh$ a ye> aft] its developm5t1 we f\nd = #jjjh gramme 7#jabc gra97 ( mycelium1 dri$ at #ajj ,c4 7#bab ,f471 an absorption t am\nt$ to n less ?an #dc c4c4 7#ae cubic in*es7 ( oxyg51 at #be4 ,^! numb]s1 h[ev]1 mu/ v>y s5sibly ) ! nature ( ! m\ld employ$1 & also ) ! great] or less activity ( its developm5t1 because ! ph5om5on is complicat$ by ! pres5ce ( accessory oxidations1 su* z we f9d 9 ! case ( mycod]ma v9i & aceti1 to :i* cause ! l>ge absorption ( oxyg5 9 our la/ exp]im5t may d\btless be attribut$4#abj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,! conclusions to be drawn f ! :ole ( ! prec$+ facts c sc>cely admit ( d\bt4 ,z = ourselves1 we h no hesitation 9 f9d+ 9 !m ! f\ndation ( ! true !ory ( f]m5tation4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts :i* we h describ$1 f]m5tation by yea/1 t is to say1 by ! type ( f]m5ts prop]ly s call$1 is pres5t$ to u1 9 a ^w1 z ! direct consequ5ce ( ! processes ( nutrition1 assimilation1 & life1 :5 ^! are c>ri$ on )\t ! ag5cy ( free oxyg54 ,! heat requir$ 9 ! accompli%m5t ( t "w mu/ necess>ily h be5 borr[$ f ! decomposition ( ! f]m5table matt]1 t is f ! sac*>9e sub/ance :i*1 l o!r un/able sub/ances1 lib]ates heat 9 und]go+ decomposition4 ,f]m5tation by means ( yea/ appe>s1 !re=e1 to be ess5tially connect$ ) ! prop]ty possess$ by ?is m9ute cellul> plant ( p]=m+ its respiratory functions1 someh[ or o!r1 ) oxyg5 exi/+ comb9$ 9 sug>4 ,its f]m5tative p[]--:i* p[] mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! f]m5tative activity or ! int5sity ( decomposition 9 a giv5 "t--v>ies consid]ably betwe5 two limits1 fix$ by ! greate/ & lea/ possible access to free oxyg5 :i* ! plant has 9 ! process ( nutrition4 ,if we supply x ) a suffici5t quantity ( free oxyg5 = ! necessities ( its life1 nutrition1 & respiratory combu/ions1 9 o!r words1 if we cause x to live aft] ! mann] ( a m\ld1 prop]ly s call$1 x ceases to be a f]m5t1 t is1 ! ratio betwe5 ! weight ( ! plant develop$ & t ( ! sug> decompos$1 :i* =ms its pr9cipal food1 is simil> 9 am\nt to t 9 ! case ( fungi4#aba ,on ! o!r h&1 if we deprive ! yea/ ( air entirely1 or cause x to develop 9 a sac*>9e m$ium depriv$ ( free oxyg51 x w multiply j z if air 7 pres5t1 al?\gh ) less activity1 & "u ^! circum/ances its f]m5tative "* w be mo/ m>k$2 "u ^! circum/ances1 moreov]1 we %all f9d ! greate/ disproportion1 all o!r conditions be+ ! same1 betwe5 ! weight ( yea/ =m$ & ! weight ( sug> decompos$4 ,la/ly1 if free oxyg5 occurs 9 v>y+ quantities1 ! f]m5t-p[] ( ! yea/ may pass ?r\gh all ! degrees compreh5d$ betwe5 ! two extreme limits ( :i* we h j spok54 ,x seems to u t we c\ld n h a bett] pro( ( ! direct relation t f]m5tation be>s to life1 c>ri$ on 9 ! abs5ce ( free oxyg51 or ) a quantity ( t gas insuffici5t = all ! acts ( nutrition & assimilation4 ,ano!r equally /rik+ pro( ( ! tru? ( ?is !ory is ! fact1 demon/rat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv41 t ! ord9>y m\lds assume ! "* ( a f]m5t :5 compell$ to live )\t air1 or ) quantities ( air too scant to p]mit ( _! organs hav+ ar\nd !m z mu* ( t elem5t z is necess>y = _! life z arobian plants4 ,f]m5ts1 !re=e1 only possess 9 a high] degree a "* :i* belongs to _m common m\lds1 if n to all1 & :i* !y %>e1 probably1 m or less1 ) all liv+ cells1 namely ! p[] ( liv+ ei!r an arobian or anarobian life1 accord+ to ! conditions "u :i* !y are plac$4 ,x may be readily und]/ood h[1 9 _! /ate ( arobian life1 ! alcoholic f]m5ts h fail$ to attract att5tion4 ,^? f]m5ts are only cultivat$ out ( contact ) air1 at ! bottom ( liquids :i* soon become saturat$ ) c>bonic acid gas4 ,air is only pres5t 9 ! e>li] developm5ts ( _! g]ms1 & )\t attract+ ! att5tion ( ! op]ator1 :il/ 9 _! /ate ( anarobian gr[? _! life & action are ( prolong$ duration4 ,we mu/ h rec\rse to special exp]im5tal app>atus to enable u to demon/rate ! mode ( life ( alcoholic f]m5ts "u ! influ5ce ( free oxyg52 x is _! /ate ( exi/5ce ap>t f air1 9 ! dep?s ( liquids t attracts all our att5tion4 ,! results ( _! action are1 h[ev]1 m>vell\s1 if we reg>d ! products result+ f !m1 9 ! important indu/ries ( :i* !y are ! life & s\l4 ,9 ! case ( ord9>y m\lds1 ! opposite holds good4 ,:at we want to use special exp]im5tal app>atus = ) !m is to enable u to demon/rate ! possibility ( _! cont9u+ to live = a "t out ( contact ) air1 & all our att5tion1 9 _! case1 is attract$ by ! facility ) :i* !y develop "u ! influ5ce ( oxyg54 ,?us ! decomposition ( sac*>9e liquids1 :i* is ! consequ5ce ( ! life ( fungi )\t air1 is sc>cely p]ceptible1 & s is ( no practical importance4 ,_! a]ial life1 on ! o!r h&1 9 :i* !y respire & accompli% _! process ( oxidation "u ! influ5ce ( free oxyg51 is a normal ph5om5on1 & "o ( prolong$ duration :i* _c fail to /rike ! lea/ ?\ghtful ( obs]v]s4 ,we are conv9c$ t a day w come :5 m\lds w be utiliz$ 9 c]ta9 indu/rial op]ations1 on acc\nt ( _! p[] ( de/roy+ organic matt]4 ,! conv]sion ( alcohol into v9eg> 9 ! process ( acetification1 & ! production ( gallic acid by ! action ( fungi on wet gall-nuts1 are already connect$ ) ?is k9d ( ph5om5a4#abb ,on ?is la/ subject1 ! important "w ( ,m4 ,van ,tieghem 7,annales ,sci5tifiques de l'cole ,normale1 vol4 vi47 may be consult$4 ,! possibility ( liv+ )\t oxyg51 9 ! case ( ord9>y m\lds1 is connect$ ) c]ta9 morphological modifications :i* are m m>k$ 9 proportion z ?is faculty is itself m develop$4 ,^! *anges 9 ! vegetative =ms are sc>cely p]ceptible 9 ! case ( p5icillium & mycod]ma v9i1 b !y are v evid5t 9 ! case ( asp]gillus1 consi/+ ( a m>k$ t5d5cy on ! "p ( ! subm]g$ mycelial filam5ts to increase 9 diamet]1 & to develop cross p>titions at %ort int]vals1 s t !y sometimes be> a resemblance to *a9s ( conidia4 ,9 mucor1 aga91 !y are v m>k$1 ! inflat$ filam5ts :i*1 closely int]wov51 pres5t *a9s ( cells :i* fall (f & bud1 gradually produc+ a mass ( cells4 ,if we consid] ! matt] c>efully1 we %all see t yea/ pres5ts ! same *>act]i/ics4 ,= in/ance1 :at c m closely resemble ! mucor ( ,plates ,v4 & ,,vi4 ?an ! sac*>omyces ( ,figs4 #cc & #cg8 ,h we n 9 ea* case ramifi$ *a9s ( elongat$ cells or jo9ts1 m or less n>r[$ 9 ! middle1 & %ort] segm5ts or cells dropp+ (f at ! con/rictions1 & proce$+ to bud 9 ! liquid on _! own acc\nt8 ,moreov]1 ! less oxyg5 !re is pres5t1 ! m m>k$ is ! t5d5cy to ! =mation ( ^! budd+ cells1 :i* isolate !mselves & soon drop (f4 ,:o c\ld ev] imag9e1 9 exam9+ ! f]m5t ( mucor repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,vi41 t its fir/ g]m 0 ! ord9>y mucor t is f\nd ev]y:]e1 ) f9e filam5ts1 /raight or ramifi$ accord+ to ! v>iety1 :i* s5d up a]ial hyphae1 t]m9at+ 9 little r\nd heads be>+ spores4 ,s 0 x t 9 ! f]m5t ( ,plate ,,xi4 we c\ld sc>cely recognize ! ramifi$ filam5ts ( ,figs4 #cc & #cg4 ,x is a great presumption 9 fav\r ( ! tru? ( !oretical ideas :5 ! results ( exp]im5ts und]tak5 on ! /r5g? ( ^? ideas are confirm$ by v>i\s facts m rec5tly add$ to sci5ce1 & :5 ^? ideas =ce !mselves m & m on our m9ds1 9 spite ( a prim facie improbability4 ,?is is exactly ! "* ( ^? ideas :i* we h j exp\nd$4 ,we prop\nd$ !m 9 #ahfa1 & n only h !y rema9$ un%ak5 s9ce1 b !y h s]v$ to =e%ad[ new facts1 s t x is mu* easi] to def5d !m 9 ! pres5t day ?an x 0 to d s fifte5 ye>s ago4 ,we fir/ call$ att5tion to !m 9 v>i\s notes1 :i* we read be=e ! ,*emical ,society ( ,p>is1 notably at its meet+s ( ,april #ab? & ,june #bh?1 #ahfa1 & 9 pap]s 9 ! ,comptes r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces4 ,x may be ( "s int]e/ to quote "h1 9 its entirety1 our communication ( ,june #bh?1 #ahfa1 entitl$1 8,influ5ces ( ,oxyg5 on ! ,developm5t ( ,yea/ & on ,alcoholic ,f]m5tation10 :i* we extract f ! ,bullet9 de la ,socit ,*imique de ,p>is3-- 8,m4 ,pa/eur gives ! results ( 8 rese>*es on ! f]m5tation ( sug> & ! developm5t ( yea/-cells1 accord+ z t f]m5tation takes place ap>t f ! influ5ce ( free oxyg5 or 9 contact ) t gas4 ,8 exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 h no?+ 9 common ) ^? ( ,gay-,lussac1 :i* 7 p]=m$ ) ! juice ( grapes1 cru%$ "u conditions :]e !y w\ld n be affect$ by air1 & !n br\ght 9 contact ) oxyg54 8,yea/1 :5 p]fectly develop$1 is able to bud & gr[ 9 a sac*>9e & album9\s liquid1 9 ! complete abs5ce ( oxyg5 or air4 ,9 ?is case b little yea/ is =m$1 & a comp>atively l>ge quantity ( sug> disappe>s--sixty or eighty p>ts = "o ( yea/ =m$4 ,"u ^! conditions f]m5tation is v sluggi%4 8,if ! exp]im5t is made 9 contact ) ! air1 & ) a great surface ( liquid1 f]m5tation is rapid4 ,= ! same quantity ( sug> decompos$ mu* m yea/ is =m$4 ,! air ) :i* ! liquid is 9 contact is absorb$ by ! yea/4 ,! yea/ develops v actively1 b its f]m5tative "* t5ds to disappe> "u ^! conditions2 we f9d1 9 fact1 t = "o "p ( yea/ =m$1 n m ?an f f\r to t5 p>ts ( sug> are trans=m$4 ,! f]m5tative "* ( ?is yea/1 nev]!less1 cont9ues1 & produces ev5 increas$ effects1 if x is made to act on sug> ap>t f ! influ5ce ( free oxyg54 8,x seems1 !re=e1 natural to admit t :5 yea/ functions z a f]m5t by liv+ ap>t f ! influ5ce ( air1 x d]ives oxyg5 f ! sug>1 & t ?is is ! orig9 ( its f]m5tative "*4 8,m4 ,pa/eur expla9s ! fact ( ! imm5se activity at ! comm5cem5t ( f]m5tations by ! influ5ce ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air held 9 solution 9 ! liquids1 at ! "t :5 ! action comm5ces4 ,! au?or has f\nd1 moreov]1 t ! yea/ ( be] s[n 9 an album9\s liquid1 su* z yea/-wat]1 /ill multiplies1 ev5 :5 !re is n a trace ( sug> 9 ! liquid1 provid$ always t atmosph]ic oxyg5 is pres5t 9 l>ge quantities4 ,:5 depriv$ ( air1 "u ^! conditions1 yea/ does n g]m9ate at all4 ,! same exp]im5ts may be repeat$ ) album9\s liquid1 mix$ ) a solution ( non-f]m5table sug>1 su* z ord9>y cry/alliz$ milk-sug>4 ,! results are precisely ! same4 8,yea/ =m$ ?us 9 ! abs5ce ( sug> does n *ange its nature2 x is /ill capable ( caus+ sug> to f]m5t1 if br\ght to be> ^u t sub/ance ap>t f air4 ,x mu/ be rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t ! developm5t ( yea/ is effect$ ) great difficulty :5 x has n a f]m5table sub/ance = its food4 ,9 %ort1 ! yea/ ( be] acts 9 exactly ! same mann] z an ord9>y plant1 & ! analogy w\ld be complete if ord9>y plants _h su* an aff9ity = oxyg5 z p]mitt$ !m to brea! by appropriat+ ?is elem5t f un/able comp\nds1 9 :i* case1 accord+ to ,m4 ,pa/eur1 !y w\ld appe> z f]m5ts = ^? sub/ances4 8,m4 ,pa/eur decl>es t he hopes to be able to realize ?is result1 t is to say1 to discov] ! conditions "u :i* c]ta9 inf]ior plants may live ap>t f air 9 ! pres5ce ( sug>1 caus+ t sub/ance to f]m5t z ! yea/ ( be] w\ld d40 ,?is summ>y & ! preconceiv$ views t x set =? h lo/ no?+ ( _! exactness2 on ! contr>y1 "t has /r5g!n$ !m4 ,! surmises ( ! la/ two p>agraphs h receiv$ a valuable confirmation f rec5t obs]vations made by ,messrs4 ,le*>ti] & ,bellamy1 z well z by ourselves1 an acc\nt ( :i* we mu/ put be=e our read]s4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 be=e t\*+ ^u ?is curi\s feature 9 connection ) f]m5tations to insi/ on ! accuracy ( a passage 9 ! prec$+ summ>y1 ! /atem5t1 namely1 t yea/ c\ld multiply 9 an album9\s liquid1 9 :i* x f\nd a non-f]m5table sug>1 milk-sug> = example4 ,! foll[+ is an exp]im5t on ?is po9t3--,on ,augu/ #ae?1 #ahge1 we s[$ a trace ( yea/ 9 #aej c4c4 7r m ?an #e fluid ounces7 ( yea/-wat]1 conta9+ #b- p] c5t4 ( milk-sug>4 ,! solution 0 prep>$ 9 "o ( our d\ble-neck$ flasks1 ) ! necess>y precautions to secure abs5ce ( g]ms1 & ! yea/ s[n 0 itself p]fectly pure4 ,?ree mon?s aft]w>ds1 ,novemb] #ae?1 #ahge1 we exam9$ ! liquid = alcohol2 x conta9$ only ! smalle/ trace2 z = ! yea/1 :i* _h s5sibly develop$1 collect$ & dri$ on a filt] pap]1 x weigh$ #jjej gramme 7#jgf gra974 ,9 ?is case we h ! yea/ multiply+ )\t giv+ rise to ! lea/ f]m5tation1 l a fungoid gr[?1 absorb+ oxyg51 & evolv+ c>bonic acid1 & !re is no d\bt t ! cessation ( its developm5t 9 ?is exp]im5t 0 due to ! progressive deprivation ( oxyg5 t occurr$4 ,z soon z ! gase\s mixture 9 ! flask consi/$ entirely ( c>bonic acid & nitrog51 ! vitality ( ! yea/ 0 dep5d5t on1 & 9 proportion to1 ! quantity ( air :i* ent]$ ! flask 9 consequ5ce ( v>iations ( temp]ature4 ,! "q n[ arose1 0 ?is yea/1 :i* _h develop$ :olly z an ord9>y fungus1 /ill capable ( manife/+ ! "* ( a f]m5t8 ,to settle ?is po9t we _h tak5 ! precaution1 on ,augu/ #ae?1 #ahge1 ( prep>+ ano!r flask1 exactly simil> to ! prec$+ "o 9 e respect1 & :i* gave results id5tical ) ^? describ$4 ,we decant$ ?is on ,novemb] #ae?1 p\r+ "s wort on ! deposit ( ! plant1 :i* rema9$ 9 ! flask4 ,9 less ?an five h\rs f ! "t :5 we plac$ x 9 ! ov51 ! plant _h />t$ f]m5tation 9 ! wort1 z we c\ld see by ! bubbles ( gas ris+ to =m pat*es on ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,we may add t yea/ 9 ! m$ium :i* we h be5 discuss+ w n develop at all )\t air4 ,! importance ( ^! results c escape no "o2 !y prove cle>ly t ! f]m5tative "* is n an inv>iable ph5om5on ( yea/-life1 !y %[ t yea/ is a plant :i* does n diff] f ord9>y plants1 & :i* manife/s its f]m5tative p[] solely 9 consequ5ce ( p>ticul> conditions "u :i* x is compell$ to live4 ,x may c>ry on its life z a f]m5t or n1 & aft] hav+ liv$ )\t manife/+ ! slighte/ symptom ( f]m5tative "*1 x is q ready to manife/ t "* :5 br\ght "u suitable conditions4 ,! f]m5tative prop]ty1 !re=e1 is n a p[] peculi> to cells ( a special nature4 ,x is n a p]man5t "* ( a p>ticul> /ructure1 l1 = in/ance1 ! prop]ty ( acidity or alkal9ity4 ,x is a peculi>ity dep5d5t on ext]nal circum/ances & on ! nutritive conditions ( ! organism4 ,,ii4--,f]m5tation 9 ,sac*>9e ,fruits ,imm]s$ 9 ,c>bonic ,acid ,gas4 ,! !ory :i* we h1 /ep by /ep1 evolv$1 on ! subject ( ! causes ( ! *emical ph5om5a ( f]m5tation1 may claim a "* ( simplicity & g5]ality t is well wor?y ( att5tion4 ,f]m5tation is no long] "o ( ^? isolat$ & my/]i\s ph5om5a :i* d n admit ( explanation4 ,x is ! consequ5ce ( a peculi> vital process ( nutrition :i* occurs "u c]ta9 conditions1 diff]+ f ^? :i* *>act]ize ! life ( all ord9>y be+s1 animal or vegetable1 b by :i* ! latt] may be affect$1 m or less1 9 a way :i* br+s !m1 to "s ext5t4 )9 ! class ( f]m5ts1 prop]ly s call$4 ,we c ev5 conceive t ! f]m5tative "* may belong to e organiz$ =m1 to e animal or vegetable cell1 on ! sole condition t ! *emico-vital acts ( assimilation & excretion mu/ be capable ( tak+ place 9 t cell = a brief p]iod1 long] or %ort] x may be1 )\t ! necessity = rec\rse to supplies ( atmosph]ic oxyg52 9 o!r words1 ! cell mu/ be able to d]ive its ne$ful heat f ! decomposition ( "s body :i* yields a surplus ( heat 9 ! process4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ^! conclusions x %\ld be an easy matt] to %[1 9 ! majority ( liv+ be+s1 ! manife/ation ( ! ph5om5a ( f]m5tation2 = !re are1 probably1 none 9 :i* all *emical action entirely disappe>s1 ^u ! sudd5 cessation ( life4 ,"o day1 :5 we 7 express+ ^! views 9 our laboratory1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,m4 ,dumas1 :o seem$ incl9$ to admit _! tru?1 we add$3 8,we w\ld make a wag] t if we 7 to plunge a bun* ( grapes into c>bonic acid gas1 !re w\ld be imm$iately produc$ alcohol & c>bonic acid1 9 consequ5ce ( a r5ew$ action />t+ 9 ! int]ior cells ( ! grapes1 9 su* a way t ^! cells w\ld assume ! function ( yea/-cells4 ,we w make ! exp]im5t1 & :5 y come to-morr[--x 0 our good =tune to h ,m4 ,dumas work+ 9 our laboratory at t "t--we w give y an acc\nt ( ! result40 ,our pr$ictions 7 realiz$4 ,we !n endeav\r$ to f9d1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,m4 ,dumas1 :o assi/$ u 9 our endeav\r1 cells ( yea/ 9 ! grapes2 b x 0 q impossible to discov] any4#abc ,enc\rag$ by ?is result1 we und]took fre% exp]im5ts on grapes1 on a melon1 on oranges1 on plums1 & on rhub>b leaves1 ga!r$ 9 ! g>d5 ( ! cole ,normale1 &1 9 e case1 our sub/ance :5 imm]s$ 9 c>bonic acid gas1 gave rise to ! production ( alcohol & c>bonic acid4 ,we obta9$ ! foll[+ surpris+ results f "s prunes de ,monsieur#abd3--,on ,july #ca/1 #ahgb1 we plac$ tw5ty-f\r ( ^! plums "u a glass cyl9d]1 :i* we imm$iately fill$ ) c>bonic acid gas4 ,! plums _h be5 ga!r$ on ! previ\s day4 ,by ! side ( ! cyl9d] we plac$ o!r tw5ty-f\r plums1 :i* 7 left !re uncov]$4 ,eight days aft]w>ds1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* "t !re _h be5 a consid]able evolution ( c>bonic acid f ! cyl9d]1 we )drew ! plums & comp>$ !m ) ^? :i* _h be5 left expos$ to ! air4 ,! diff]5ce 0 /rik+1 almo/ incr$ible4 ,:il/ ! plums :i* _h be5 surr\nd$ ) air 7! exp]im5ts ( ,br>d h long s9ce taught u t1 "u ?is latt] condition1 fruits absorb oxyg5 f ! air & emit c>bonic acid gas 9 almo/ equal volume7 _h become v s(t & wat]y & sweet1 ! plums tak5 f "u ! j> _h rema9$ v firm & h>d1 ! fle% 0 by no means wat]y1 b !y _h lo/ mu* sug>4 ,la/ly1 :5 submitt$ to di/illation1 aft] cru%+1 !y yield$ #fe grammes 7#iig gra9s7 ( alcohol1 m ?an #a p] c5t4 ( ! total weight ( ! plums4 ,:at bett] pro( c\ld we h ?an ^! facts ( ! exi/5ce ( a consid]able *emical action 9 ! int]ior ( fruit1 an action :i* d]ives ! heat necess>y = its manife/ation f ! decomposition ( ! sug> pres5t 9 ! cells8 ,moreov]1 & ?is circum/ance is especially wor?y ( our att5tion1 9 all ^! exp]im5ts we f\nd t !re 0 a lib]ation ( heat1 ( :i* ! fruits & o!r organs 7 ! seat1 z soon z !y 7 plung$ 9 ! c>bonic acid gas4 ,?is heat is s consid]able t x may at times be detect$ by ! h&1 if ! two sides ( ! cyl9d]1 "o ( :i* is 9 contact ) ! objects1 are t\*$ alt]nately4 ,x also makes itself evid5t 9 ! =mation ( vap\r1 :i* cond5ses 9 little drops on ^? p>ts ( ! bell :i* are less directly expos$ to ! influ5ce ( ! heat result+ f ! decomposition ( ! sug> ( ! cells4#abe ,9 %ort1 f]m5tation is a v g5]al ph5om5on4 ,x is life )\t air1 or life )\t free oxyg51 or1 m g5]ally /ill1 x is ! result ( a *emical process accompli%$ on a f]m5table sub/ance1 i4e4 a sub/ance capable ( produc+ heat by its decomposition1 9 :i* process ! entire heat us$ up is d]iv$ f a "p ( ! heat t ! decomposition ( ! f]m5table sub/ance sets free4 ,! class ( f]m5tations1 prop]ly s call$1 is1 h[ev]1 re/rict$ by ! small numb] ( sub/ances capable ( decompos+ ) ! production ( heat1 & at ! same "t ( s]v+ = ! n\ri%m5t ( l[] =ms ( life1 :5 depriv$ ( ! pres5ce & action ( air4 ,?is1 aga91 is a consequ5ce ( our !ory1 :i* is well wor?y ( notice4 ,! facts t we h j m5tion$ 9 ref]5ce to ! =mation ( alcohol & c>bonic acid 9 ! sub/ance ( ripe fruits1 "u c]ta9 special conditions1 & ap>t f ! action ( f]m5t1 are already kn[n to sci5ce4 ,!y 7 discov]$ 9 #ahfi by ,m4 ,le*>ti]1 =m]ly a pupil 9 ! cole ,normale ,suprieure1 & 8 coadjutor1 ,m4 ,bellamy4#abf ,9 #ahba1 9 a v rem>kable "w1 especially :5 we consid] ! p]iod :5 x appe>$1 ,br>d demon/rat$ sev]al important propositions 9 connection ) ! maturation ( fruits3-- ,i4 ,all fruits1 ev5 ^? t are /ill gre51 & likewise ev5 ^? t are expos$ to ! sun1 absorb oxyg5 & set free an almo/ equal volume ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,?is is a condition ( _! prop] rip5+4 ,,ii4 ,ripe fruits plac$ 9 a limit$ atmosph]e1 aft] hav+ absorb$ all ! oxyg5 & set free an almo/ equal volume ( c>bonic acid1 cont9ue to emit t gas 9 notable quantity1 ev5 :5 no bruise is to be se5--8z ?\gh by a k9d ( f]m5tation10 z ,br>d actually obs]ves--& lose _! sac*>9e p>ticles1 a circum/ance :i* causes ! fruits to appe> m acid1 al?\gh ! actual weight ( _! acid may und]go no augm5tation :atev]4 ,9 ?is beautiful "w1 & 9 all subsequ5t ones ( :i* ! rip5+ ( fruits has be5 ! subject1 two facts ( great !oretical value h escap$ ! notice ( ! au?ors2 ^! are ! two facts :i* ,messrs4 ,le*>ti] & ,bellamy po9t$ out1 = ! fir/ "t1 namely1 ! production ( alcohol & ! abs5ce ( cells ( f]m5ts4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t ^! two facts1 z we h %[n above1 7 actually =e%ad[$ 9 ! !ory ( f]m5tation t we advocat$ z f> back z #ahfa1 & we are happy to add t ,messrs4 ,le*>ti] & ,bellamy1 :o1 at fir/1 _h prud5tly drawn no !oretical conclusions f _! "w1 n[ entirely agree ) ! !ory we h advanc$4#abg ,_! mode ( reason+ is v diff]5t f t ( ! savants ) :om we discuss$ ! subject be=e ! ,academy1 on ! occasion :5 ! communication :i* we address$ to ! ,academy1 9 ,octob]1 #ahgb1 attract$ att5tion once m to ! rem>kable obs]vations ( ,messrs4 ,le*>ti] & ,bellamy4#abh ,m4 ,fremy1 9 p>ticul>1 0 desir\s ( f9d+ 9 ^? obs]vations a confirmation ( 8 views on ! subject ( hemi-organism1 & a condemnation ( ours1 not)/&+ ! fact t ! prec$+ explanations &1 m p>ticul>ly our ,note ( #ahfa1 :i* we h quot$ ^w = ^w 9 ! la/ p>agraph1 furni% ! mo/ conclusive evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ^? ideas :i* we advocate4 ,inde$1 z f> back z #ahfa we po9t$ out v cle>ly t if we c\ld f9d plants able to live :5 depriv$ ( air1 9 ! pres5ce ( sug>1 !y w\ld br+ ab\t a f]m5tation ( t sub/ance1 9 ! same mann] z yea/ does4 ,su* is ! case ) ! fungi already /udi$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv42 su*1 too1 is ! case ) ! fruits employ$ 9 ! exp]im5ts ( ,messrs4 ,le*>ti] & ,bellamy1 & 9 our own exp]im5ts1 ! results ( :i* n only confirm ^? obta9$ by ^! g5tlem51 b ev5 ext5d !m1 9 s f> z we h %[n t fruits1 :5 surr\nd$ ) c>bonic acid gas1 imm$iately produce alcohol4 ,:5 surr\nd$ ) air1 !y live 9 _! arobian /ate1 & we h no f]m5t-action2 imm]s$ imm$iately aft]w>ds 9 c>bonic acid gas1 !y n[ assume _! anarobian /ate1 & at once beg9 to act ^u ! sug> 9 ! mann] ( f]m5ts1 & emit heat4 ,z = see+ 9 ^! facts any?+ l a confirmation ( ! !ory ( hemi-organism1 imag9$ by ,m4 ,fremy1 ! idea ( su* a ?+ is absurd4 ,! foll[+1 = in/ance1 is ! !ory ( ! f]m5tation ( ! v9tage1 accord+ to ,m4 ,fremy4#abi 8,to speak "h ( alcoholic f]m5tation alone10#acj our au?or says1 8,i hold t 9 ! production ( w9e x is ! juice ( ! fruit itself t1 9 contact ) air1 produces gra9s ( f]m5t1 by ! trans=mation ( ! album9\s matt]2 ,m4 ,pa/eur1 on ! o!r h&1 ma9ta9s t ! f]m5tation is produc$ by g]ms exi/+ outside ! sk9 ( ! grapes40 ,n[ :at be>+ on ?is purely imag9>y !ory c ! fact h1 t a :ole fruit1 imm]s$ 9 c>bonic acid gas1 imm$iately produces alcohol & c>bonic acid8 ,9 ! prec$+ passage1 :i* we h borr[$ f ,m4 ,fremy1 an indisp5sable condition ( ! trans=mation ( ! album9\s matt] is ! contact ) air & ! cru%+ ( ! grapes4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we are deal+ ) un9jur$ fruits 9 contact ) c>bonic acid gas4 ,our !ory1 on ! o!r h&1 :i*1 we may repeat1 we h advocat$ s9ce #ahfa1 ma9ta9s t all cells become f]m5tative :5 _! vital action is protract$ 9 ! abs5ce ( air1 :i* are precisely ! conditions t hold 9 ! exp]im5t on fruits imm]s$ 9 c>bonic acid gas4 ,! vital en]gy is n imm$iately susp5d$ 9 _! cells1 & ! latt] are depriv$ ( air4 ,consequ5tly1 f]m5tation mu/ result4 ,moreov]1 we may add1 if we de/roy ! fruit1 or cru% x be=e imm]s+ x 9 ! gas1 x no long] produces alcohol or f]m5tation ( any k9d1 a circum/ance t may be attribut$ to ! fact ( ! de/ruction ( vital action 9 ! cru%$ fruit4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 :at way ought ?is cru%+ to affect ! hypo!sis ( hemi-organism8 ,! cru%$ fruit ought to act q z well1 or ev5 bett] ?an t :i* is uncru%$4 ,9 %ort1 no?+ c be m directly oppos$ to ! !ory ( ! mode ( manife/ation ( t hidd5 =ce to :i* ! "n ( hemi-organism has be5 giv51 ?an ! discov]y ( ! production ( ^! ph5om5a ( f]m5tation 9 fruits surr\nd$ ) c>bonic acid gas2 :il/ ! !ory1 :i* sees 9 f]m5tation a consequ5ce ( vital en]gy 9 abs5ce ( air1 f9ds 9 ^! facts ! /ricte/ confirmation ( an express pr$iction1 :i* f ! fir/ =m$ an integral "p ( its /atem5t4 ,we %\ld n be ju/ifi$ 9 devot+ fur!r "t to op9ions :i* are n support$ by any s]i\s exp]im5t4 ,abroad1 z well z 9 ,france1 ! !ory ( ! trans=mation ( album9\s sub/ances into organiz$ f]m5ts _h be5 advocat$ long be=e x 0 tak5 up by ,m4 ,fremy4 ,x no long] comm&s ! slighte/ cr$it1 nor d any obs]v]s ( note any long] give x ! lea/ att5tion2 x might ev5 be said t x has become a subject ( ridicule4 ,an attempt has also be5 made to prove t we h contradict$ ourselves1 inasmu* z 9 #ahfj we publi%$ our op9ion t alcoholic f]m5tation c nev] occur )\t a simultane\s occurr5ce ( organization1 developm5t1 & multiplication ( globules2 or cont9u$ life1 c>ri$ on f globules already =m$4#aca ,no?+1 h[ev]1 c be tru] ?an t op9ion1 & at ! pres5t mom5t1 aft] fifte5 ye>s ( /udy devot$ to ! subject1 s9ce ! publication to :i* we h ref]r$1 we ne$ no long] say 8we ?9k10 b in/ead1 8we affirm0 t x is correct4 ,x is1 z a matt] ( fact1 to alcoholic f]m5tation1 prop]ly s call$1 t ! *>ge to :i* we h ref]r$ relates--to t f]m5tation :i* yields1 besides alcohol1 c>bonic acid1 succ9ic acid1 glyc]9e1 volatile acids1 & o!r products4 ,?is f]m5tation und\bt$ly requires ! pres5ce ( yea/-cells1 "u ! conditions t we h nam$4 ,^? :o h contradict$ u h fall5 into ! error ( suppos+ t ! f]m5tation ( fruits is an ord9>y alcoholic f]m5tation1 id5tical ) t produc$ by be]-yea/1 & t1 consequ5tly1 ! cells ( t yea/ mu/1 accord+ to our own !ory1 be always pres5t4 ,!re is n ! lea/ au?ority = su* a supposition4 ,:5 we come to exact quantitative e/imations--& ^! are to be f\nd 9 ! figures suppli$ by ,messrs4 ,le*>ti] & ,bellamy--x w be se5 t ! proportions ( alcohol & c>bonic acid gas produc$ 9 ! f]m5tation ( fruits diff] widely f ^? t we f9d 9 alcoholic f]m5tations1 prop]ly s call$1 z mu/ necess>ily be ! case1 s9ce1 9 ! =m]1 ! f]m5t-action is effect$ by ! cells ( a fruit1 b 9 ! latt] by cells ( ord9>y alcoholic f]m5t4 ,inde$ we h a /rong conviction t ea* fruit w\ld be f\nd to give rise to a special action1 ! *emical equation ( :i* w\ld be diff]5t f t 9 ! case ( o!r fruits4 ,z = ! circum/ance t ! cells ( ^! fruits cause f]m5tation1 )\t multiply+1 ?is comes "u ! k9d ( activity1 :i* we h already di/+ui%$ by ! expression cont9u\s life 9 cells already =m$4 ,we w conclude ?is p>agraph ) a few rem>ks on ! subject ( ! equations ( f]m5tations1 :i* h be5 sugge/$ to u pr9cipally 9 attempts to expla9 ! results d]iv$ f ! f]m5tation ( fruits imm]s$ 9 c>bonic acid gas4 ,orig9ally1 :5 f]m5tations 7 put among/ ! class ( decompositions by contact-action1 x seem$ probable1 &1 9 fact1 0 believ$1 t e f]m5tation _h its own well-def9$ equation1 :i* nev] v>i$4 ,9 ! pres5t day1 on ! contr>y1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! equation ( a f]m5tation v>ies ess5tially ) ! conditions "u :i* t f]m5tation is accompli%$1 & t a /atem5t ( ?is equation is a problem no less complicat$ ?an t 9 ! case ( ! nutrition ( a liv+ be+4 ,to e f]m5tation may be assign$ an equation 9 a g5]al sort ( way1 an equation1 h[ev]1 :i*1 9 num]\s po9ts ( detail1 is liable to ! ?\s& v>iations connect$ ) ! ph5om5a ( life4 ,moreov]1 !re w be z _m di/9ct f]m5tations br\ght ab\t by "o f]m5t z !re are f]m5table sub/ances capable ( supply+ ! c>bon elem5t ( ! food ( t same f]m5t1 9 ! same way t ! equation ( ! nutrition ( an animal w v>y ) ! nature ( ! food :i* x consumes4 ,z reg>ds f]m5tation produc+ alcohol1 :i* may be effect$ by sev]al diff]5t f]m5ts1 !re w be1 9 ! case ( a giv5 sug>1 z _m g5]al equations z !re are f]m5ts1 :e!r !y be f]m5t-cells1 prop]ly s call$1 or cells ( ! organs ( liv+ be+s function+ z f]m5ts4 ,9 ! same way ! equation ( nutrition v>ies 9 ! case ( diff]5t animals n\ri%$ on ! same food4 ,& x is f ! same reason t ord9>y wort produces su* a v>iety ( be]s :5 treat$ ) ! num]\s alcoholic f]m5ts :i* we h describ$4 ,^! rem>ks are applicable to all f]m5ts alike2 = in/ance1 butyric f]m5t is capable ( produc+ a ho/ ( di/9ct f]m5tations1 9 consequ5ce ( its ability to d]ive ! c>bonace\s "p ( its food f v diff]5t sub/ances1 f sug>1 or lactic acid1 or glyc]9e1 or mannite1 & _m o!rs4 ,:5 we say t e f]m5tation has its own peculi> f]m5t1 x mu/ be und]/ood t we are speak+ ( ! f]m5tation consid]$ z a :ole1 includ+ all ! accessory products4 ,we d n mean to imply t ! f]m5t 9 "q is n capable ( act+ on "s o!r f]m5table sub/ance & giv+ rise to f]m5tation ( a v diff]5t k9d4 ,moreov]1 x is q errone\s to suppose t ! pres5ce ( a s+le "o ( ! products ( a f]m5tation implies ! co-exi/5ce ( a p>ticul> f]m5t4 ,if1 = example1 we f9d alcohol among ! products ( a f]m5tation1 or ev5 alcohol & c>bonic acid gas toge!r1 ?is does n prove t ! f]m5t mu/ be an alcoholic f]m5t1 belong+ to alcoholic f]m5tations1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m4 ,nor1 aga91 does ! m]e pres5ce ( lactic acid necess>ily imply ! pres5ce ( lactic f]m5t4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 diff]5t f]m5tations may give rise to "o or ev5 sev]al id5tical products4 ,we c\ld n say ) c]ta9ty1 f a purely *emical po9t ( view1 t we 7 deal+1 = example1 ) an alcoholic f]m5tation1 prop]ly s call$1 & t ! yea/ ( be] mu/ be pres5t 9 x1 if we _h n fir/ det]m9$ ! pres5ce ( all ! num]\s products ( t p>ticul> f]m5tation1 & t !y 7 pres5t 9 ^? proportions1 *>act]i/ic ( t f]m5tation "u conditions simil> to ^? "u :i* ! f]m5tation 9 "q _h occurr$4 ,9 works on f]m5tation1 ! read] w (t5 f9d ^? confusions aga9/ :i* we are n[ attempt+ to gu>d him4 ,x is precisely 9 consequ5ce ( n hav+ _h _! att5tion drawn to su* obs]vations t "s h imag9$ t ! f]m5tation 9 fruits1 imm]s$ 9 c>bonic acid gas1 is 9 contradiction to ! ass]tion :i* we orig9ally made 9 our ,memoir on alcoholic f]m5tation1 publi%$ 9 #ahfj1 ! exact words ( :i* we may "h repeat3--8,! *emical ph5om5a ( f]m5tation are relat$ ess5tially to a vital activity1 beg9n+ & end+ ) ! latt]2 we believe t alcoholic f]m5tation nev] occurs0--we 7 discuss+ ! "q ( ord9>y alcoholic f]m5tation produc$ by ! yea/ ( be]--8)\t ! simultane\s occurr5ce ( organization1 developm5t1 & multiplication ( globules1 or cont9u$ life1 c>ri$ on by means ( globules already =m$4 ,! g5]al results ( ! pres5t ,memoir seem to u to be 9 direct opposition to ! op9ions ( ,,mm4 ,liebig & ,b]zelius40 ,^! conclusions1 we repeat1 are z true n[ z !y ev] 71 & are z applicable to ! f]m5tation ( fruits1 ( :i* no?+ 0 kn[n 9 #ahfj1 z !y are to ! f]m5tation produc$ by means ( yea/4 ,only1 9 ! case ( fruits1 x is ! cells ( ! p>5*yma t function z f]m5t1 by a cont9uation ( _! vital activity 9 c>bonic acid gas1 :il/ 9 ! o!r case ! f]m5t consi/s ( ! cells ( yea/4 ,!re %\ld be no?+ v surpris+ 9 ! fact t f]m5tation c orig9ate 9 fruits & =m alcohol1 )\t ! pres5ce ( yea/1 if ! f]m5tation ( fruits 7 n conf\nd$ completely ) ord9>y alcoholic f]m5tation1 yield+ ! same products & 9 ! same proportions4 ,x is ?r\gh ! misuse ( words t ! f]m5tation ( fruits has be5 t]m$ alcoholic1 9 a way :i* has misl$ _m p]sons4#acb ,9 ?is f]m5tation1 nei!r alcohol nor c>bonic acid gas exi/s 9 ^? proportions 9 :i* !y are f\nd 9 f]m5tations produc$ by yea/2 & al?\gh we may det]m9e 9 x ! pres5ce ( succ9ic acid1 glyc]9e1 & a small quantity ( volatile acids1#acc ! relative proportions ( ^! sub/ances w be diff]5t f :at !y are 9 ! case ( alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,,iii4--,reply to c]ta9 ,critical ,obs]vations ( ! ,g]man ,naturali/s1 ,osc> ,brefeld & ,moritz ,traube4 ,! ess5tial po9t ( ! !ory ( f]m5tation1 :i* we h be5 conc]n$ 9 prov+ 9 prec$+ p>agraphs1 may be briefly put 9 ! /atem5t t f]m5ts1 prop]ly s call$1 con/itute a class ( be+s possess+ ! faculty ( liv+ out ( contact ) free oxyg52 or1 m concisely /ill1 we may say1 f]m5tation is a result ( life )\t air4 ,if our affirmation 7 inexact1 if f]m5t-cells did require = _! gr[? or = _! increase 9 numb] or weight1 z all o!r vegetable cells d1 ! pres5ce ( oxyg51 :e!r gase\s or held 9 solution 9 liquids1 ?is new !ory w\ld lose all value1 its v raison d'tre w\ld be gone1 at lea/ z f> z ! mo/ important "p ( f]m5tations is conc]n$4 ,?is is precisely :at ,m4 ,osc> ,brefeld has endeav\r$ to prove1 9 a ,memoir read to ! ,physico-,m$ical ,society ( ,wurzburg1 on ,july #bf?1 #ahgc1 9 :i*1 al?\gh we h ample evid5ce ( ! great exp]im5tal skill ( its au?or1 he has1 nev]!less1 9 our op9ion1 arriv$ at conclusions entirely oppos$ to fact4 8,f ! exp]im5ts :i* ,i h j describ$10 he says1 8x foll[s1 9 ! mo/ indisputable mann]1 t a f]m5t _c increase )\t free oxyg54 ,pa/eur's supposition t a f]m5t1 unlike all o!r liv+ organisms1 c live & increase at ! exp5se ( oxyg5 held 9 comb9ation1 is1 consequ5tly1 altoge!r want+ 9 any solid basis ( exp]im5tal pro(4 ,moreov]1 s9ce1 accord+ to ! !ory ( ,pa/eur1 x is precisely ?is faculty ( liv+ & increas+ at ! exp5se ( ! oxyg5 held 9 comb9ation t con/itutes ! ph5om5on ( f]m5tation1 x foll[s t ! :ole !ory1 comm&+ ?\gh x does su* g5]al ass5t1 is %[n to be unt5able2 x is simply inaccurate40 ,! exp]im5ts to :i* ,dr4 ,brefeld alludes1 consi/$ 9 keep+ "u cont9u$ /udy ) ! microscope1 9 a room specially prep>$ = ! purpose1 "o or m cells ( f]m5t 9 wort1 9 an atmosph]e ( c>bonic acid gas1 free f ! lea/ traces ( free oxyg54 ,we h1 h[ev]1 recogniz$ ! fact t ! increase ( a f]m5t out ( contact ) air is only possible 9 ! case ( a v "y specim52 b our au?or employ$ brew]'s yea/ tak5 aft] f]m5tation1 & to ?is fact we may attribute ! non-success ( 8 gr[?s4 ,dr4 ,brefeld1 )\t kn[+ x1 op]at$ on yea/ 9 "o ( ! /ates 9 :i* x requires gase\s oxyg5 to enable x to g]m9ate aga94 ,a p]usal ( :at we h previ\sly writt5 on ! subject ( ! revival ( yea/1 accord+ to its age1 w %[ h[ widely ! "t requir$ = su* revival may v>y 9 diff]5t cases4 ,:at may be p]fectly true ( ! /ate ( a yea/ to-day may n be s to-morr[1 s9ce yea/ is cont9ually und]go+ modifications4 ,we h already %[n ! en]gy & activity ) :i* a f]m5t c vegetate 9 ! pres5ce ( free oxyg51 & we h po9t$ out ! great ext5t to :i* a v small quantity ( oxyg5 held 9 solution 9 f]m5t+ liquids c op]ate at ! beg9n+ ( f]m5tation4 ,x is ?is oxyg5 t produces revival 9 ! cells ( ! f]m5t & enables !m to resume ! faculty ( g]m9at+ & cont9u+ _! life1 & ( multiply+ :5 depriv$ ( air4 ,9 our op9ion1 a simple reflection %\ld h gu>d$ ,dr4 ,brefeld aga9/ ! int]pretation :i* he has atta*$ to 8 obs]vations4 ,if a cell ( f]m5t _c bud or increase )\t absorb+ oxyg51 ei!r free or held 9 solution 9 ! liquid1 ! ratio betwe5 ! weight ( f]m5t =m$ dur+ f]m5tation & t ( oxyg5 us$ up mu/ be con/ant4 ,we _h1 h[ev]1 cle>ly e/abli%$1 z f> back z #ahfa1 ! fact t ?is ratio is extremely v>iable1 a fact1 moreov]1 :i* is plac$ beyond d\bt by ! exp]im5ts describ$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph4 ,?\gh b small quantities ( oxyg5 are absorb$1 a consid]able weight ( f]m5t may be g5]at$2 :il/ if ! f]m5t has abundance ( oxyg5 at its disposal1 x w absorb mu*1 & ! weight ( yea/ =m$ w be /ill great]4 ,! ratio betwe5 ! weight ( f]m5t =m$ & t ( sug> decompos$ may pass ?r\gh all /ages betwe5 c]ta9 v wide limits1 ! v>iations dep5d+ on ! great] or less absorption ( free oxyg54 ,& 9 ?is fact1 we believe1 lies "o ( ! mo/ ess5tial supports ( ! !ory :i* we advocate4 ,9 d5\nc+ ! impossibility1 z he consid]$ x1 ( a f]m5t liv+ )\t air or oxyg51 & s act+ 9 defiance ( t law :i* gov]ns all liv+ be+s1 animal or vegetable1 ,dr4 ,brefeld ought also to h borne 9 m9d ! fact :i* we h po9t$ out1 t alcoholic yea/ is n ! only organiz$ f]m5t :i* lives 9 an anarobian /ate4 ,x is really a small matt] t "o m f]m5t %\ld be plac$ 9 a li/ ( exceptions to ! g5]ality ( liv+ be+s1 = :om !re is a rigid law 9 _! vital economy :i* requires = cont9u$ life a cont9u\s respiration1 a cont9u\s supply ( free oxyg54 ,:y1 = in/ance1 has ,dr4 ,brefeld omitt$ ! facts be>+ on ! life ( ! vibrios ( butyric f]m5tation8 ,d\btless he ?\ght we 7 equally mi/ak5 9 ^!3 a few actual exp]im5ts w\ld h put him "r4 ,^! rem>ks on ! criticisms ( ,dr4 ,brefeld are also applicable to c]ta9 obs]vations ( ,m4 ,moritz ,traube's1 al?\gh1 z reg>ds ! pr9cipal object ( ,dr4 ,brefeld's attack1 we are indebt$ to ,m4 ,traube = our def5ce4 ,?is g5tleman ma9ta9$ ! exactness ( our results be=e ! ,*emical ,society ( ,b]l91 prov+ by fre% exp]im5ts t yea/ is able to live & multiply )\t ! int]v5tion ( oxyg54 8,my rese>*es10 he said1 8confirm 9 an indisputable mann] ,m4 ,pa/eur's ass]tion t ! multiplication ( yea/ c take place 9 m$ia :i* conta9 no trace ( free oxyg54444 ,m4 ,brefeld's ass]tion to ! contr>y is errone\s40 ,b1 imm$iately aft]w>ds1 ,m4 ,traube adds3 8,h we "h a confirmation ( ,pa/eur's !ory8 ,by no means4 ,! results ( my exp]im5ts demon/rate1 on ! contr>y1 t ?is !ory has no sure f\ndation40 ,:at 7 ^! results8 ,:il/ prov+ t yea/ c\ld live )\t air1 ,m4 ,traube1 z we ourselves did1 f\nd t x _h great difficulty 9 liv+ "u ^! conditions2 inde$ he nev] succe$$ 9 obta9+ m ?an ! fir/ /ages ( true f]m5tation4 ,?is 0 d\btless = ! two foll[+ reasons--fir/1 9 consequ5ce ( ! accid5tal production ( second>y & diseas$ f]m5tations1 :i* frequ5tly prev5t ! propagation ( alcoholic f]m5t2 &1 secondly1 9 consequ5ce ( ! orig9al exhau/$ condition ( ! yea/ employ$4 ,z long ago z #ahfa we po9t$ out ! sl[ness & difficulty ( ! vital action ( yea/ :5 depriv$ ( air1 & a little way back1 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph1 we h call$ att5tion to c]ta9 f]m5tations t _c be complet$ "u su* conditions )\t go+ into ! causes ( ^! peculi>ities4 ,m4 ,traube expresses himself ?us3 8,pa/eur's conclusion1 t yea/ 9 ! abs5ce ( air is able to d]ive ! oxyg5 necess>y = its developm5t f sug>1 is errone\s2 its increase is arre/$1 ev5 :5 ! great] "p ( ! sug> /ill rema9s undecompos$4 ,x is 9 a mixture ( album9\s sub/ances t yea/1 :5 depriv$ ( air1 f9ds ! mat]ials = its developm5t40 ,?is la/ ass]tion ( ,m4 ,traube's is entirely disprov$ by ^? f]m5tation exp]im5ts 9 :i*1 aft] suppress+ ! pres5ce ( album9\s sub/ances1 ! action1 nev]!less1 w5t on 9 a purely inorganic m$ium1 out ( contact ) air1 a fact ( :i* we %all give irrefutable pro(s4#acd ,,iv4--,f]m5tation ( ,dextro-,t>trate ( ,lime4#ace ,t>trate ( lime1 9 spite ( its insolubility 9 wat]1 is capable ( complete f]m5tation 9 a m9]al m$ium4 ,if we put "s pure t>trate ( lime1 9 ! =m ( a granulat$1 cry/all9e p[d]1 into pure wat]1 toge!r ) "s sulphate ( ammonia & phosphates ( potassium & magnesium1 9 v small proportions1 a spontane\s f]m5tation w take place 9 ! deposit 9 ! c\rse ( a few days1 al?\gh no g]ms ( f]m5t h be5 add$4 ,a liv+1 organiz$ f]m5t1 ( ! vibrionic type1 fili=m1 ) tortu\s motions1 & (t5 ( imm5se l5g?1 =ms spontane\sly by ! developm5t ( "s g]ms d]iv$ 9 "s way f ! inevitable p>ticles ( du/ float+ 9 ! air or re/+ on ! surface ( ! vessels or mat]ials :i* we employ4 ,! g]ms ( ! vibrios conc]n$ 9 putrefaction are diffus$ ar\nd u on e side1 &1 9 all probability1 x is "o or m ( ^! g]ms t develop 9 ! m$ium 9 "q4 ,9 ?is way !y effect ! decomposition ( ! t>trate1 f :i* !y mu/ necess>ily obta9 ! c>bon ( _! food1 )\t :i* !y _c exi/1 :ile ! nitrog5 is furni%$ by ! ammonia ( ! ammoniacal salt1 ! m9]al pr9ciples by ! phosphate ( potassium & magnesium1 & ! sulphur by ! sulphate ( ammonia4 ,h[ /range to see organization1 life1 & motion orig9at+ "u su* conditions6 ,/rang] /ill to ?9k t ?is organization1 life1 & motion are effect$ )\t ! p>ticipation ( free oxyg54 ,once ! g]m gets a prim>y impulse on its liv+ c>e] by access ( oxyg51 x goes on reproduc+ indef9itely1 absolutely )\t atmosph]ic air4 ,"h !n we h a fact :i* x is important to e/abli% beyond ! possibility ( d\bt1 t we may prove t yea/ is n ! only organiz$ f]m5t able to live & multiply :5 out ( ! influ5ce ( free oxyg54 ,into a flask1 l t repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #fg1 ( #be litres 7ab\t f\r p9ts7 9 capacity1 we put3-- ,pure1 cry/alliz$1 neutral t>trate ( #ajj grammes4 lime ,phosphate ( ammonia #a gramme4 ,phosphate ( magnesium #a gramme4 ,phosphate ( potassium #je gramme4 ,sulphate ( ammonia #je gramme4 7#a gramme#aedc gra9s47 ,to ?is we add$ pure di/ill$ wat]1 s z to entirely fill ! flask4 ,9 ord] to expel all ! air dissolv$ 9 ! wat] & adh]+ to ! solid sub/ances1 we fir/ plac$ our flask 9 a ba? ( *loride ( calcium1 9 a l>ge cyl9drical :ite iron pot1 set ov] a flame4 ,! exit-tube ( ! flask 0 plung$ 9 a te/-tube ( ,bohemian glass ?ree-qu>t]s full ( di/ill$ wat]1 & also heat$ by a flame4 ,we boil$ ! liquids 9 ! flask & te/-tube = a suffici5t "t to expel all ! air conta9$ 9 !m4 ,we !n )drew ! heat f "u ! te/-tube1 & imm$iately aft]w>ds cov]$ ! wat] :i* x conta9$ ) a lay] ( oil1 & !n p]mitt$ ! :ole app>atus to cool d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,next day we appli$ a f+] to ! op5 extremity ( ! exit-tube1 :i* we !n plung$ 9 a vessel ( m]cury4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> exp]im5t :i* we are describ+1 we p]mitt$ ! flask to rema9 9 ?is /ate = a =tnight4 ,x might h rema9$ = a c5tury )\t ev] manife/+ ! lea/ sign ( f]m5tation1 ! f]m5tation ( ! t>trate be+ a consequ5ce ( life1 & life aft] ! boil+ no long] exi/$ 9 ! flask4 ,:5 x 0 evid5t t ! cont5ts ( ! flask 7 p]fectly in]t1 we impregnat$ !m rapidly1 z foll[s3--,all ! liquid conta9$ 9 ! exit-tube 0 remov$ by means ( a f9e ca\t*\c tube1 & replac$ by ab\t #a c4c4 7ab\t #ag m9ims7 ( liquid & deposit f ano!r flask1 simil> to ! "o we h describ$1 b :i* _h be5 f]m5t+ spontane\sly = twelve days2 we lo/ no "t 9 refill+ completely ! exit-tube ) wat] :i* _h be5 fir/ boil$ & !n cool$ d[n 9 c>bonic acid gas4 ,?is op]ation la/$ only a few m9utes4 ,! exit-tube 0 aga9 plung$ "u m]cury4 ,subsequ5tly ! tube 0 n mov$ f "u ! m]cury1 & z x =m$ "p ( ! flask1 & !re 0 nei!r cork nor india-rubb]1 any introduction ( air 0 consequ5tly impossible4 ,! small quantity ( air introduc$ dur+ ! impregnation 0 insignificant1 & x might ev5 be %[n t x injur$ r ?an assi/$ ! gr[? ( ! organisms1 inasmu* z ^! consi/$ ( adult individuals :i* _h liv$ )\t air & might be liable to be damag$ or ev5 de/roy$ by x4 ,be ?is z x may1 9 a subsequ5t exp]im5t we %all f9d ! possibility remov$ ( any a]ation tak+ place 9 ?is way1 h[ev] inf9itesimal1 s t no d\bt may l+] on ?is subject4 ,! foll[+ days ! organisms multipli$1 ! deposit ( t>trate gradually disappe>$1 & a s5sible f]m5t action 0 manife/ on ! surface1 & ?r\gh\t ! bulk ( ! liquid4 ,! deposit seem$ lift$ up 9 places1 & 0 cov]$ ) a lay] ( a d>k-grey col\r1 puff$ up1 & hav+ an organic & gelat9\s appe>ance4 ,= sev]al days1 9 spite ( ?is action 9 ! deposit1 we detect$ no dis5gagem5t ( gas1 except :5 ! flask 0 slightly %ak51 9 :i* case r l>ge bubbles adh]+ to ! deposit rose1 c>ry+ ) !m "s solid p>ticles1 :i* quickly fell back aga91 :il/ ! bubbles dim9i%$ 9 size z !y rose1 f be+ p>tially tak5 into solution1 9 consequ5ce ( ! liquid n be+ saturat$4 ,! smalle/ bubbles _h ev5 "t to dissolve completely be=e !y c\ld rea* ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ! liquid 0 saturat$1 & ! t>trate 0 gradually displac$ by mammillat$ cru/s1 or cle>1 transp>5t cry/als ( c>bonate ( lime at ! bottom & on ! sides ( ! vessel4 ,! impregnation took place on ,febru>y #aj?1 & on ,m>* #ae? ! liquid 0 ne>ly saturat$4 ,! bubbles !n began to lodge 9 ! b5t "p ( ! exit-tube1 at ! top ( ! flask4 ,a glass measur+-tube conta9+ m]cury 0 n[ plac$ ) its op5 end ov] ! po9t ( ! exit-tube "u ! m]cury 9 ! tr\gh1 s t no bubble might escape4 ,a /eady evolution ( gas w5t on f ! #ag? to ! #ah?1 #agd c4c4 7#ajf cubic in*es7 hav+ be5 collect$4 ,?is 0 prov$ to be ne>ly absolutely pure c>bonic acid1 z inde$ might h be5 suspect$ f ! fact t ! evolution did n beg9 be=e a di/9ct saturation ( ! liquid 0 obs]v$4#acf ,! liquid1 :i* 0 turbid on ! day aft] its impregnation1 _h1 9 spite ( ! lib]ation ( gas1 aga9 become s transp>5t t we c\ld read our h&writ+ ?r\gh ! body ( ! flask4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 !re 0 /ill a v active op]ation go+ on 9 ! deposit1 b x 0 conf9$ to t spot4 ,inde$1 ! sw>m+ vibrios 7 b\nd to rema9 !re1 ! t>trate ( lime be+ /ill m insoluble 9 wat] saturat$ ) c>bonate ( lime ?an x is 9 pure wat]4 ,a supply ( c>bonace\s food1 at all ev5ts1 0 absolutely want+ 9 ! bulk ( ! liquid4 ,e day we cont9u$ to collect & analyze ! total am\nt ( gas dis5gag$4 ,to ! v la/1 x 0 compos$ ( pure c>bonic acid gas4 ,only dur+ ! fir/ few days did ! absorption by ! conc5trat$ pota% leave a v m9ute residue4 ,by ,april #bf? all lib]ation ( gas _h ceas$1 ! la/ bubbles hav+ ris5 9 ! c\rse ( ,april #bcrd4 ,! flask _h be5 all ! "t 9 ! ov51 at a temp]ature betwe5 #be ,c4 & #bh ,c4 7#gg ,f4 & #hc ,f474 ,! total volume ( gas collect$ 0 #bace litres 7#acjb cubic in*es74 ,to obta9 ! :ole volume ( gas =m$ we _h to add to ?is :at 0 held 9 ! liquid 9 ! /ate ( acid c>bonate ( lime4 ,to det]m9e ?is we p\r$ a portion ( ! liquid f ! flask into ano!r flask ( simil> %ape1 b small]1 up to a gauge-m>k on ! neck4#acg ,?is small] flask _h be5 previ\sly fill$ ) c>bonic acid4 ,! c>bonic acid ( ! f]m5t$ liquid 0 !n expell$ by means ( heat1 & collect$ ov] m]cury4 ,9 ?is way we f\nd a volume ( #hcbb litres 7#ejh cubic in*es7 ( gas 9 solution1 :i*1 add$ to #bace litres1 gave a total ( #ajdeg litres 7#fchb cubic in*es7 at #bj & #gfj1 :i* calculat$ to #j ,c4 & #gfj mm4 atmosph]ic pressure 7#cb ,f4 & #cj in*es7 gave a weight ( #aigj grammes 7#cjbb gra9s7 ( c>bonic acid4 ,exactly half ( ! lime ( ! t>trate employ$ got us$ up 9 ! soluble salts =m$ dur+ f]m5tation2 ! o!r half 0 p>tly precipitat$ 9 ! =m ( c>bonate ( lime1 p>tly dissolv$ 9 ! liquid by ! c>bonic acid4 ,! soluble salts seem$ to u to be a mixture or comb9ation ( #a equival5t ( metacetate ( lime1 ) #b equival5ts ( ! acetate1 = e #aj equival5ts ( c>bonic acid produc$1 ! :ole correspond+ to ! f]m5tation ( #c equival5ts ( neutral t>trate ( lime4#ach ,?is po9t1 h[ev]1 is wor?y ( be+ /udi$ ) great] c>e3 ! pres5t /atem5t ( ! nature ( ! products =m$ is giv5 ) all res]ve4 ,= our po9t1 inde$1 ! matt] is ( little importance1 s9ce ! equation ( ! f]m5tation does n conc]n u4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,aft] ! completion ( f]m5tation !re 0 n a trace ( t>trate ( lime rema9+ at ! bottom ( ! vessel3 x _h disappe>$ gradually z x got brok5 up into ! diff]5t products ( f]m5tation1 & its place 0 tak5 by "s cry/alliz$ c>bonate ( lime--! excess1 namely1 :i* _h be5 unable to dissolve by ! action ( ! c>bonic acid4 ,associat$1 moreov]1 ) ?is c>bonate ( lime !re 0 a quantity ( "s k9d ( animal matt]1 :i*1 "u ! microscope1 appe>$ to be compos$ ( masses ( granules mix$ ) v f9e filam5ts ( v>y+ l5g?s1 /udd$ ) m9ute dots1 & pres5t+ all ! *>act]i/ics ( a nitrog5\s organic sub/ance4#aci ,t ?is 0 really ! f]m5t is evid5t en\gh f all t we h already said4 ,to conv9ce ourselves m ?or\ghly ( ! fact1 & at ! same "t to enable u to obs]ve ! mode ( activity ( ! organism1 we in/itut$ ! foll[+ supplem5t>y obs]vation4 ,side by side ) ! exp]im5t j describ$1 we conduct$ a simil> "o1 :i* we int]mitt$ aft] ! f]m5tation 0 some:at advanc$1 & ab\t half ( ! t>trate dissolv$4 ,break+ (f1 ) a file1 ! exit tube at ! po9t :]e ! neck began to n>r[ (f1 we took "s ( ! deposit f ! bottom by means ( a long1 /raight piece ( tub+1 9 ord] to br+ x "u microscopical exam9ation4 ,we f\nd x to consi/ ( a ho/ ( long filam5ts ( extreme t5uity1 _! diamet] be+ ab\t #a_/ajjj? ( a millimetre 7#jjjjjci 9472 _! l5g? v>i$1 9 "s cases be+ z mu* z #a_/bj? ( a millimetre 7#jjjai 9474 ,a cr[d ( ^! long vibrios 7 to be se5 creep+ sl[ly along1 ) a s9u\s movem5t1 %[+ ?ree1 f\r1 or ev5 five flexures4 ,! filam5ts t 7 at re/ _h ! same aspect z ^! la/1 ) ! exception t !y appe>$ punctate1 z ?\gh compos$ ( a s]ies ( granules arrang$ 9 irregul> ord]4 ,no d\bt ^! 7 vibrios 9 :i* vital action _h ceas$1 exhau/$ specim5s :i* we may comp>e ) ! old granul> f]m5t ( be]1 :il/ ^? 9 motion may be comp>$ ) "y & vigor\s yea/4 ,! abs5ce ( movem5t 9 ! =m] seems to prove t ?is view is correct4 ,bo? k9ds %[$ a t5d5cy to =m clu/]s1 ! compactness ( :i* imp$$ ! movem5ts ( ^? :i* 7 9 motion4 ,moreov]1 x 0 noticeable t ! masses ( ^! latt] re/$ on t>trate n yet dissolv$1 :il/ ! granul> clu/]s ( ! o!rs re/$ directly on ! glass1 at ! bottom ( ! flask1 z if1 hav+ decompos$ ! t>trate1 ! only c>bonace\s food at _! disposal1 !y _h !n di$ at ! spot :]e we captur$ !m f inability to escape1 precisely 9 consequ5ce ( t /ate ( entanglem5t :i* !y comb9$ to =m1 dur+ ! p]iod ( _! active developm5t4 ,besides ^! we obs]v$ vibrios ( ! same diamet]1 b ( mu* small] l5g?1 :irl+ r\nd ) great rapidity1 & d>t+ backw>ds & =w>ds2 ^! 7 probably id5tical ) ! long] ones1 & possess$ great] fre$om ( movem5t1 no d\bt 9 consequ5ce ( _! great] %ortness4 ,n "o ( ^! vibrios c\ld be f\nd ?r\gh\t ! mass ( ! liquid4 ,we may rem>k t z !re 0 a some:at putrid od\r f ! deposit 9 :i* ! vibrios sw>m$1 ! action mu/ h be5 "o ( r$uction1 & no d\bt to ?is fact 0 due ! greyi% coloration ( ! deposit4 ,we suppose t ! sub/ances employ$1 h[ev] pure1 always conta9 "s trace ( iron1 :i* becomes conv]t$ into ! sulphide1 ! black col\r ( :i* w\ld modify ! orig9ally :ite deposit ( insoluble t>trate & phosphate4 ,b :at is ! nature ( ^! vibrios8 ,we h already said t we believe t !y are no?+ b ! ord9>y vibrios ( putrefaction1 r$uc$ to a /ate ( extreme t5uity by ! special conditions ( nutrition involv$ 9 ! f]m5table m$ium us$2 9 a ^w1 we ?9k t ! f]m5tation 9 "q might be call$ putrefaction ( t>trate ( lime4 ,x w\ld be easy en\gh to det]m9e ?is po9t by gr[+ ! vibrios ( su* a f]m5tation 9 m$ia adapt$ to ! production ( ! ord9>y =ms ( vibrio2 b ?is is an exp]im5t :i* we h n ourselves tri$4 ,"o ^w m on ! subject ( ^! curi\s be+s4 ,9 a great _m ( !m !re appe>s to be some?+ l a cle> spot1 a k9d ( bead1 at "o ( _! extremities4 ,?is is an illusion aris+ f ! fact t ! extremity ( ^! vibrios is curv$1 hang+ d[nw>ds1 ?us caus+ a great] refraction at t p>ticul> po9t1 & lead+ u to ?9k t ! diamet] is great] at t extremity4 ,we may easily undeceive ourselves if we wat* ! movem5ts ( ! vibrio1 :5 we w readily recognize ! b5d1 especially z x is br\ght into ! v]tical plane pass+ ov] ! re/ ( ! filam5t4 ,9 ?is way we w see ! bright spot1 ! head disappe>1 & !n reappe>4 ,! *ief inf]5ce t x conc]ns u to draw f ! prec$+ facts is "o :i* _c admit ( d\bt1 & :i* we ne$ n insi/ on any fur!r--namely1 t vibrios1 z met ) 9 ! f]m5tation ( neutral t>trate ( lime1 are able to live & multiply :5 entirely depriv$ ( air4 ,v4--,ano!r ,example ( ,life ,)\t ,air--,f]m5tation ( ,lactate ( ,lime4 ,z ano!r example ( life )\t air1 accompani$ by f]m5tation prop]ly s call$1 we may la/ly cite ! f]m5tation ( lactate ( lime 9 a m9]al m$ium4 ,9 ! exp]im5t describ$ 9 ! la/ p>agraph1 x w be rememb]$ t ! f]m5t-liquid & ! g]ms employ$ 9 its impregnation came 9 contact ) air1 al?\gh only = a v brief "t4 ,n[1 not)/&+ t we possess exact obs]vations :i* prove t ! diffusion ( oxyg5 & nitrog5 9 a liquid absolutely depriv$ ( air1 s f> f tak+ place rapidly1 is1 on ! contr>y1 a v sl[ process inde$2 yet we 7 anxi\s to gu>d ! exp]im5t t we are ab\t to describe f ! slighte/ possible trace ( oxyg5 at ! mom5t ( impregnation4 ,we employ$ a liquid prep>$ z foll[s3 ,into f #i to #aj litres 7some:at ov] #b gallons7 ( pure wat] ! foll[+ salts#adj 7 introduc$ successively1 viz3-- ,pure lactate ( lime #bbe grammes ,phosphate ( ammonia #jge grammes ,phosphate ( potassium #jd grammes ,sulphate ( magnesium #jd grammes ,sulphate ( ammonia #jb grammes #a gramme#aedc gra9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,on ,m>* #bcrd1 #ahge1 we fill$ a #f litre 7ab\t #aa p9ts7 flask1 ( ! %ape repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #fi1 & plac$ x ov] a heat]4 ,ano!r flame 0 plac$ bel[ a vessel conta9+ ! same liquid1 into :i* ! curv$ tube ( ! flask 0 plung$4 ,! liquids 9 ! flask & 9 ! bas9 7 rais$ to boil+ toge!r1 & kept 9 ?is condition = m ?an half-an-h\r1 s z to expel all ! air held 9 solution4 ,! liquid 0 sev]al times =c$ out ( ! flask by ! /eam1 & suck$ back aga92 b ! portion :i* re-ent]$ ! flask 0 always boil+4 ,on ! foll[+ day1 :5 ! flask _h cool$1 we transf]r$ ! end ( ! deliv]y tube to a vessel full ( m]cury & plac$ ! :ole app>atus 9 an ov5 at a temp]ature v>y+ betwe5 #be ,c4 & #cj ,c4 7#gg ,f4 & #hf ,f472 !n1 aft] hav+ refill$ ! small cyl9drical tap-funnel ) c>bonic acid1 we pass$ into x ) all necess>y precautions #aj c4c4 7#jce fl4 oz47 ( a liquid simil> to t describ$1 :i* _h be5 already 9 active f]m5tation = sev]al days out ( contact ) air & n[ sw>m$ ) vibrios4 ,we !n turn$ ! tap ( ! funnel1 until only a small quantity ( liquid 0 left1 j en\gh to prev5t ! access ( air4 ,9 ?is way ! impregnation 0 accompli%$ )\t ei!r ! f]m5t-liquid or ! f]m5t-g]ms hav+ be5 br\ght 9 contact1 ev5 = ! %orte/ space1 ) ! ext]nal air4 ,! f]m5tation1 ! occurr5ce ( :i* at an e>li] or lat] p]iod dep5ds = ! mo/ "p on ! condition ( ! impregnat+ g]ms1 & ! numb] introduc$ 9 ! act1 9 ?is case began to manife/ itself by ! appe>ance ( m9ute bubbles f ,m>* #bi?4 ,b n till ,april #i? did we obs]ve bubbles ( l>g] size rise to ! surface4 ,f t date onw>d !y cont9u$ to come 9 increas+ numb]1 f c]ta9 po9ts at ! bottom ( ! flask1 :]e a deposit ( e>?y phosphates exi/$2 & at ! same "t ! liquid1 :i* = ! fir/ few days rema9$ p]fectly cle>1 began to gr[ turbid 9 consequ5ce ( ! developm5t ( vibrios4 ,x 0 on ! same day t we fir/ obs]v$ a deposit on ! sides ( c>bonate ( lime 9 cry/als4 ,x is a matt] ( "s int]e/ to notice "h t1 9 ! mode ( proc$ure adopt$1 ev]y?+ comb9$ to prev5t ! int]f]5ce ( air4 ,a portion ( ! liquid expell$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! exp]im5t1 p>tly because ( ! increas$ temp]ature 9 ! ov5 & p>tly also by ! =ce ( ! gas1 z x began to be evolv$ f ! f]m5tative action1 rea*$ ! surface ( ! m]cury1 :]e1 be+ ! mo/ suitable m$ium we "k = ! gr[? ( bact]ia1 x spe$ily sw>m$ ) ^! organisms4#ada ,9 ?is way any passage ( air1 if su* a ?+ 7 possible1 betwe5 ! m]cury & ! sides ( ! deliv]y-tube 0 altoge!r prev5t$1 s9ce ! bact]ia w\ld consume e trace ( oxyg5 :i* might be dissolv$ 9 ! liquid ly+ on ! surface ( ! m]cury4 ,h5ce x is impossible to imag9e t ! slighte/ trace ( oxyg5 c\ld h got into ! liquid 9 ! flask4 ,be=e pass+ on we may rem>k t 9 ?is ready absorption ( oxyg5 by bact]ia we h a means ( depriv+ f]m5table liquids ( e trace ( t gas ) a facility & success equal or ev5 great] ?an by ! me?od ( prelim9>y boil+4 ,su* a solution z we h describ$1 if kept at summ] heat1 )\t any previ\s boil+1 becomes turbid 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs f a spontane\s developm5t ( bact]ia2 & x is easy to prove t !y absorb all ! oxyg5 held 9 solution4#adb ,if we completely fill a flask ( a few litres capacity 7ab\t a gallon7 7,fig4 #fg7 ) ! liquid describ$1 tak+ c>e to h ! deliv]y-tube also fill$1 & its op5+ plung$ "u m]cury1 &1 =ty-eight h\rs aft]w>ds1 by means ( a *loride ( calcium ba?1 expel f ! liquid on ! surface ( ! m]cury all ! gas :i* x holds 9 solution1 ?is gas1 :5 analyz$1 w be f\nd to be compos$ ( a mixture ( nitrog5 & c>bonic acid gas1 )\t ! lea/ trace ( oxyg54 ,"h1 !n1 we h an excell5t means ( depriv+ ! f]m5table liquid ( air2 we h simply to completely fill a flask ) ! liquid1 & place x 9 ! ov51 m]ely avoid+ any addition ( butyric vibrios be=e ! lapse ( two or ?ree days4 ,we may wait ev5 long]2 & !n1 if ! liquid does n become impregnat$ spontane\sly ) vibrio g]ms1 ! liquid1 :i* at fir/ 0 turbid f ! pres5ce ( bact]ia1 w become bright aga91 s9ce ! bact]ia :5 depriv$ ( life1 or1 at lea/1 ( ! p[] ( mov+1 aft] !y h exhau/$ all ! oxyg5 9 solution1 w fall in]t to ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,on sev]al occasions1 we h det]m9$ ?is int]e/+ fact1 :i* t5ds to prove t ! butyric vibrios _c be reg>d$ z ano!r =m ( bact]ia1 inasmu* z1 on ! hypo!sis ( an orig9al relation betwe5 ! two productions1 butyric f]m5tation ought 9 e case to foll[ ! gr[? ( bact]ia4 ,we may also call att5tion to ano!r /rik+ exp]im5t1 well suit$ to %[ ! effect ( diff]5ces 9 ! composition ( ! m$ium ^u ! propagation ( microscopic be+s4 ,! f]m5tation :i* we la/ describ$ comm5c$ on ,m>* #bg? & cont9u$ until ,may #aj?2 t to :i* we are n[ to ref]1 h[ev]1 0 complet$ 9 f\r days1 ! liquid employ$ be+ simil> 9 composition & quantity to t employ$ 9 ! =m] exp]im5t4 ,on ,april #bcrd1 #ahge1 we fill$ a flask ( ! same %ape z t repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #fi1 & ( simil> capacity1 viz41 #f litres1 ) a liquid compos$ z describ$ at page #bic4 ,?is liquid _h be5 previ\sly left to itself = five days 9 l>ge op5 flasks1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* x _h develop$ an abundant gr[? ( bact]ia4 ,on ! fif? day a few bubbles1 ris+ f ! bottom ( ! vessels1 at long int]vals1 betok5$ ! comm5cem5t ( butyric f]m5tation1 a fact1 moreov]1 confirm$ by ! microscope1 9 ! appe>ance ( ! vibrios ( ?is f]m5tation 9 specim5s ( ! liquid tak5 f ! bottom ( ! vessels1 ! middle ( its mass1 & ev5 9 ! lay] on ! surface t 0 sw>m+ ) bact]ia4 ,we transf]r$ ! liquid s prep>$ to ! #f-litre flask arrang$ ov] ! m]cury4 ,by ev5+ a tol]ably active f]m5tation _h begun to manife/ itself4 ,on ! #bd? ?is f]m5tation 0 proce$+ ) a/oni%+ rapidity1 :i* cont9u$ dur+ ! #be? & #bf?4 ,dur+ ! ev5+ ( ! #bf? x slack5$1 & on ! #bg? all signs ( f]m5tation _h ceas$4 ,?is 0 n1 z might be suppos$1 a sudd5 /oppage1 due to "s unkn[n cause2 ! f]m5tation 0 actually complet$1 = :5 we exam9$ ! f]m5t$ liquid on ! #bh? we c\ld n f9d ! smalle/ quantity ( lactate ( lime4 ,if ! ne$s ( indu/ry %\ld ev] require ! production ( l>ge quantities ( butyric acid1 !re w\ld1 beyond d\bt1 be f\nd 9 ! prec$+ fact valuable in=mation 9 devis+ an easy me?od ( prep>+ t product 9 abundance4#adc ,be=e we g any fur!r1 let u devote "s att5tion to ! vibrios ( ! prec$+ f]m5tations4 ,on ,may #bg?1 #ahfb1 we completely fill$ a flask1 capable ( hold+ #bghj litres 7ab\t five p9ts71 ) ! solution ( lactate & phosphates4#add ,we refra9$ f impregnat+ x ) any g]ms4 ,! liquid became turbid f a developm5t ( bact]ia1 & !n und]w5t butyric f]m5tation4 ,by ,june #i? ! f]m5tation _h become suffici5tly active to enable u to collect 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ov] m]cury1 z 9 all our exp]im5ts1 ab\t #ajj cc4 7ab\t #f cubic in*es7 ( gas4 ,by ,june #aa?1 judg+ f ! volume ( gas lib]at$ 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! activity ( ! f]m5tation _h d\bl$4 ,we exam9$ a drop ( ! turbid liquid4 ,"h are ! notes accompany+ ! sket* 7,fig4 #gj7 z !y /& 9 our note-book3--8,a sw>m ( vibrios1 s active 9 _! movem5ts t ! eye has great difficulty 9 foll[+ !m4 ,!y may be se5 9 pairs ?r\gh\t ! field1 app>5tly mak+ ef=ts to sep>ate f ea* o!r4 ,! connection w\ld seem to be by "s invisible1 gelat9\s ?read1 :i* yields s f> to _! ef=ts t !y succe$ 9 break+ away f actual contact1 b yet are1 = a :ile1 s f> re/ra9$ t ! movem5ts ( "o h a visible effect on ^? ( ! o!r4 ,by & by1 h[ev]1 we see a complete sep>ation effect$1 & ea* moves on its sep>ate way ) an activity /ill great] ?an x _h be=e40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,"o ( ! be/ me?ods t c be employ$ = ! microscopical exam9ation ( ^! vibrios1 q out ( contact ) air1 is ! foll[+3--,aft] butyric f]m5tation has be5 go+ on = sev]al days 9 a flask1 ,a 7,fig4 #ga71 we connect ?is flask by an india-rubb] tube ) "o ( ! flatt5$ bulbs previ\sly describ$1 page #aef 7,fig4 #ca71 :i* we !n place on ! /age ( ! microscope 7,fig4 #ga74 ,:5 we wi% to make an obs]vation we close1 "u ! m]cury1 at ! po9t b1 ! end ( ! drawn-out & b5t deliv]y-tube4 ,! cont9u$ evolution ( gas soon ex]ts su* a pressure )9 ! flask1 t :5 we op5 ! tap r1 ! liquid is driv5 into ! bulb l l1 until x becomes q full & ! liquid fl[s ov] into ! glass ,v4 ,9 ?is mann] we may br+ ! vibrios "u obs]vation )\t _! com+ into contact ) ! lea/ trace ( air1 & ) z mu* success z if ! bulb1 :i* takes ! place ( an object glass1 _h be5 plung$ into ! v c5tre ( ! flask4 ,! movem5ts & fissip>\s multiplication ( ! vibrios may ?us be se5 9 all _! beauty1 & x is inde$ a mo/ int]e/+ sight4 ,! movem5ts d n imm$iately cease :5 ! temp]ature is sudd5ly l[]$1 ev5 to a consid]able ext5t1 #ae ,c4 7#ei ,f47 = example2 !y are only slack5$4 ,nev]!less1 x is bett] to obs]ve !m at ! temp]atures mo/ fav\rable to f]m5tation1 ev5 9 ! ov5 :]e ! vessels employ$ 9 ! exp]im5t are kept at a temp]ature betwe5 #be ,c4 & #cj ,c4 7#gg ,f4 & #hf ,f474 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,we may n[ cont9ue our acc\nt ( ! f]m5tation :i* we 7 /udy+ :5 we made ?is la/ digression4 ,on ,june #ag? t f]m5tation produc$ ?ree times z mu* gas z x did on ,june #aa?1 :5 ! residue ( hydrog51 aft] absorption by pota%1 0 #gbf p] c5t42 :il/ on ! #ag? x 0 only #dib p] c5t4 ,let u aga9 discuss ! microscopic aspect ( ! turbid liquid at ?is /age4 ,app5d$ is ! sket* we made 7,fig4 #gb7 & our notes on x3--8,a mo/ beautiful object3 vibrios all 9 motion1 advanc+ or undulat+4 ,!y h gr[n consid]ably 9 bulk & l5g? s9ce ! #aa?2 _m ( !m are jo9$ toge!r into long s9u\s *a9s1 v mobile at ! articulations1 visibly less active & m wav]+ 9 proportion to ! numb] t g to =m ! *a91 or ! l5g? ( ! individuals40 ,?is description is applicable to ! majority ( ! vibrios :i* occur 9 cyl9drical rods & are homog5e\s 9 aspect4 ,!re are o!rs1 ( r>e occurr5ce 9 *a9s1 :i* h a cle> corpuscle1 t is to say1 a portion m refractive ?an ! o!r p>ts ( ! segm5ts1 at "o ( _! extremities4 ,sometimes ! =emo/ segm5t has ! corpuscle at "o end1 sometimes at ! o!r4 ,! long segm5ts ( ! common] k9d atta9 a l5g? ( f #aj to #cj & ev5 #de ?\s&?s ( a millimetre4 ,_! diamet] is f #a- to #b1 v r>ely #c1 ?\s&?s ( a millimetre4#ade ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,on ,june #bh?1 f]m5tation 0 q f9i%$2 !re 0 no long] any trace ( gas1 nor any lactate 9 solution4 ,all ! infusoria 7 ly+ motionless at ! bottom ( ! flask4 ,! liquid cl>ifi$ by degrees1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few days became q bright4 ,"h we may inquire1 7 ^! motionless infusoria1 :i* f complete exhau/ion ( ! lactate1 ! s\rce ( ! c>bonace\s "p ( _! food1 7 n[ ly+ in]t at ! bottom ( ! f]m5t+ vessel--7 !y dead beyond p[] ( revival8#adf ,! foll[+ exp]im5t leads u to believe t !y 7 n p]fectly lifeless1 & t !y behave 9 ! same mann] z ! yea/ ( be]1 :i*1 aft] x has decompos$ all ! sug> 9 a f]m5table liquid1 is ready to revive & multiply 9 a fre% sac*>9e m$ium4 ,on ,april #bbnd1 #ahge1 we left 9 ! ov51 at a temp]ature ( #be ,c4 7#gg ,f471 a f]m5tation ( lactate ( lime t _h be5 complet$4 ,! deliv]y tube ( ! flask1 ,a1 7,fig4 #gc7 9 :i* x _h tak5 place _h nev] be5 )drawn f "u ! m]cury4 ,we kept ! liquid "u obs]vation daily1 & saw x gradually become bright]2 ?is w5t on = fifte5 days4 ,we !n fill$ a simil> flask1 ,b1 ) ! solution ( lactate1 :i* we boil$1 n only to kill ! g]ms ( vibrios :i* ! liquid might conta91 b also to expel ! air t x held 9 solution4 ,:5 ! flask1 ,b1 _h cool$1 we connect$ ! two flasks1 avoid+ ! introduction ( air#adg1 aft] hav+ slightly %ak5 ! flask1 ,a1 to /ir up ! deposit at ! bottom4 ,!re 0 !n a pressure1 due to c>bonic acid at ! end ( ! deliv]y tube ( ?is latt] flask1 at ! po9t a1 s t on op5+ ! taps r & s1 ! deposit at ! bottom ( flask ,a 0 driv5 ov] into flask ,b1 :i* 9 consequ5ce 0 impregnat$ ) ! deposit ( a f]m5tation t _h be5 complet$ fifte5 days be=e4 ,two days aft] impregnation1 ! flask ,b began to %[ signs ( f]m5tation4 ,x foll[s1 t ! deposit ( vibrios ( a complet$ butyric f]m5tation may be kept1 at lea/ = a c]ta9 "t1 )\t los+ ! p[] ( caus+ f]m5tation4 ,x furni%es a butyric f]m5t1 capable ( revival & action 9 a suitable1 fre%1 f]m5table m$ium4 ,! read] :o has att5tively /udi$ ! facts :i* we h plac$ be=e him _c1 9 our op9ion1 ent]ta9 ! lea/ d\bt on ! subject ( ! possible multiplication ( ! vibrios ( a f]m5tation ( lactate ( lime out ( contact ) atmosph]ic oxyg54 ,if fre% pro(s ( ?is important proposition 7 necess>y1 !y might be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ obs]vations1 f :i* x may be inf]r$ t atmosph]ic oxyg5 is capable ( sudd5ly *eck+ a f]m5tation produc$ by butyric vibrios1 & r5d]+ !m absolutely motionless1 s t x _c be necess>y to enable !m to live4 ,on ,may #g?1 #ahfb1 we plac$ 9 ! ov5 a flask hold+ #behj litres 7#d- p9ts71 & fill$ ) ! solution ( lactate ( lime & phosphates1 :i* we _h impregnat$ on ! #i? ) two drops ( a liquid 9 butyric f]m5tation4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few days f]m5tation decl>$ itself3 on ! #af? x 0 9 progress1 b feebly2 on ! #ah? x 0 active2 on ! #cj? x 0 v active4 ,on ,june #a/ x yield$ h\rly #ce c4c4 7#bc cubic in*es7 ( gas1 conta9+ t5 p] c5t4 ( hydrog54 ,on ! #bnd we began ! /udy ( ! action ( air on ! vibrios ( ?is f]m5tation4 ,to d ?is we cut (f ! deliv]y-tube on a level ) its po9t ( junction to ! flask1 !n ) a #ej c4c4 pipette we took out t quantity 7#a-c_/d fl4 oz47 ( liquid :i* 01 ( c\rse1 replac$ at once by air4 ,we !n rev]s$ ! flask ) ! op5+ "u ! m]cury1 & %ook x e t5 m9utes = m ?an an h\r4 ,wi%+ to make sure1 to beg9 )1 t ! oxyg5 _h be5 absorb$1 we connect$ "u ! m]cury ! beak ( ! flask by means ( a ?9 india-rubb] tube fill$ ) wat]1 ) a small flask1 ! neck ( :i* _h be5 drawn out1 & 0 fill$ ) wat]2 we !n rais$ ! l>ge flask ) ! small] kept above x4 ,a ,mohr's clip1 :i* clos$ ! india-rubb] tube1 & :i* we !n op5$1 p]mitt$ ! wat] conta9$ 9 ! small flask to pass into ! l>ge "o1 :il/ ! gas1 on ! contr>y1 pass$ upw>ds f ! l>ge flask into ! small "o4 ,we analyz$ ! gas imm$iately1 & f\nd t1 all[+ = c>bonic acid & hydrog51 x did n conta9 m ?an #adb p] c5t4 ( oxyg51 :i* corresponds to an absorption ( #ff c4c41 or ( #cc c4c4 7#jb cubic in*7 ( oxyg5 = ! #ej c4c4 7#cje cubic in*es7 ( air employ$4 ,la/ly1 we aga9 e/abli%$ connection by an india-rubb] tube betwe5 ! flasks1 aft] hav+ se5 by microscopical exam9ation t ! movem5ts ( ! vibrios 7 v languid4 ,f]m5tation _h become less vigor\s )\t hav+ actually ceas$1 no d\bt because "s portions ( ! liquid _h n be5 br\ght into contact ) ! atmosph]ic oxyg51 9 spite ( ! prolong$ %ak+ t ! flask _h und]gone aft] ! introduction ( ! air4 ,:atev] ! cause might h be51 ! significance ( ! ph5om5on is n d\btful4 ,to assure ourselves fur!r ( ! effect ( air on ! vibrios1 we half fill$ two te/ tubes ) ! f]m5t+ liquid tak5 f ano!r f]m5tation :i* _h also atta9$ its maximum ( int5sity1 into "o ( :i* we pass$ a curr5t ( air1 into ! o!r c>bonic acid gas4 ,9 ! c\rse ( half an h\r1 all ! vibrios 9 ! a]at$ tube 7 dead1 or at lea/ motionless1 & f]m5tation _h ceas$4 ,9 ! o!r tube1 aft] ?ree h\rs' exposure to ! effects ( ! c>bonic acid gas1 ! vibrios 7 /ill v active1 & f]m5tation 0 go+ on4 ,!re is a mo/ simple me?od ( obs]v+ ! deadly effect ( atmosph]ic air ^u vibrios4 ,we h se5 9 ! microscopical exam9ation made by means ( ! app>atus repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ga1 h[ rem>kable 7 ! movem5ts ( ! vibrios :5 absolutely depriv$ ( air1 & h[ easy x 0 to disc]n !m4 ,we w repeat ?is obs]vation1 & at ! same "t make a comp>ative /udy ( ! same liquid1 "u ! microscope1 9 ! ord9>y way1 t is to say1 by plac+ a drop ( ! liquid on an object-glass1 & cov]+ x ) a ?9 glass slip1 a me?od :i* mu/ necess>ily br+ ! drop into contact ) air1 if only = a mom5t4 ,x is surpris+ :at a rem>kable diff]5ce is obs]v$ imm$iately betwe5 ! movem5ts ( ! vibrios 9 ! bulb & ( ^? "u ! glass4 ,9 ! case ( ! latt] we g5]ally see all movem5t at once cease ne> ! edges ( ! glass1 :]e ! drop ( liquid is 9 direct contact ) ! air2 ! movem5ts cont9ue = a long] or %ort] "t ab\t ! c5tre1 9 proportion z ! air is m or less int]cept$ by ! vibrios at ! circumf]5ce ( ! liquid4 ,x does n require mu* skill 9 exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d to enable "o to see pla9ly t imm$iately aft] ! glass has be5 plac$ on ! drop1 :i* has be5 affect$ all ov] by atmosph]ic air1 ! :ole ( ! vibrios seem to langui% & to manife/ symptoms ( illness--we c ?9k ( no bett] expression to expla9 :at we see tak+ place--& t !y gradually recov] _! activity ab\t ! c5tre1 9 proportion z !y f9d !mselves 9 a "p ( ! m$ium t is less affect$ by ! pres5ce ( oxyg54 ,"s mo/ curi\s facts are to be f\nd 9 connection ) an obs]vation1 ! correlative & inv]se ( ! =ego+1 on ! ord9>y arobian bact]ia4 ,if we exam9e bel[ ! microscope a drop ( liquid full ( ^! organisms "u a cov]slip1 we v soon obs]ve a cessation ( motion 9 all ! bact]ia :i* lie 9 ! c5tral portion ( ! liquid1 :]e ! oxyg5 rapidly disappe>s to supply ! necessities ( ! bact]ia exi/+ !re2 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 ne> ! edges ( ! cov]-glass ! movem5ts are v active1 9 consequ5ce ( ! con/ant supply ( air4 ,9 spite ( ! spe$y dea? ( ! bact]ia b5ea? ! c5tre ( ! glass1 we see life prolong$ !re if by *ance a bubble ( air has be5 enclos$4 ,all r\nd ?is bubble a va/ numb] ( bact]ia collect 9 a ?ick1 mov+ circle1 b z soon z all ! oxyg5 ( ! bubble has be5 absorb$ !y fall app>5tly lifeless1 & are scatt]$ by ! movem5t ( ! liquid4#adh ,we may "h be p]mitt$ to add1 z a purely hi/orical matt]1 t x 0 ^! two obs]vations j describ$1 made successively "o day 9 #ahfa1 on vibrios & bact]ia1 t fir/ sugge/$ to u ! idea ( ! possibility ( life )\t air1 & caus$ u to ?9k t ! vibrios :i* we met s frequ5tly 9 our lactic f]m5tations mu/ be ! true butyric f]m5t4 ,we may pause a mom5t to consid] an int]e/+ "q 9 ref]5ce to ! two *>act]s "u :i* vibrios appe> 9 butyric f]m5tations4 ,:at is ! reason t "s vibrios exhibit refractive corpuscles1 g5]ally ( a l5ticul> =m1 su* z we see 9 ,fig4 #gb8 ,we are /rongly incl9$ to believe t ^! corpuscles h to d ) a special mode ( reproduction 9 ! vibrios1 common alike to ! anarobian =ms :i* we are /udy+1 & ! ord9>y arobian =ms 9 :i* also ! corpuscles ( :i* we are speak+ may occur4 ,! explanation ( ! ph5om5on1 f our po9t ( view1 w\ld be t1 aft] a c]ta9 numb] ( fissip>\s g5]ations1 & "u ! influ5ce ( v>iations 9 ! composition ( ! m$ium1 :i* is con/antly *ang+ ?r\gh f]m5tation z well z ?r\gh ! active life ( ! vibrios !mselves1 cy/s1 :i* are simply ! refractive corpuscles1 =m along !m at diff]5t po9ts4 ,f ^! gemmules we h ultimately produc$ vibrios1 ready to reproduce o!rs by ! process ( transv]se division = a c]ta9 "t1 to be !mselves ency/$ lat] on4 ,v>i\s obs]vations incl9e u to believe t1 9 _! ord9>y =m ( m9ute1 s(t1 exub]ant rods1 ! vibrios p]i% :5 submitt$ to desiccation1 b :5 !y occur 9 ! corpuscul> or ency/$ =m !y possess unusual p[]s ( resi/ance1 & may be br\ght to ! /ate ( dry du/ & be waft$ ab\t by w9ds4 ,none ( ! matt] :i* surr\nds ! corpuscle or cy/ seems to take "p 9 ! pres]vation ( ! g]m1 :5 ! cy/ is =m$1 = x is all re-absorb$1 gradually leav+ ! cy/ b>e4 ,! cy/s appe> z masses ( corpuscles1 9 :i* ! mo/ practis$ eye _c detect any?+ ( an organic nature1 or any?+ to rem9d "o ( ! vibrios :i* produc$ !m2 nev]!less1 ^! m9ute bodies are end[$ ) a lat5t vital action1 & only await fav\rable conditions to develop long rods ( vibrios4 ,we are n1 x is true1 9 a position to adduce any v =cible pro(s 9 support ( ^! op9ions4 ,!y h be5 sugge/$ to u by exp]im5ts1 none ( :i*1 h[ev]1 h be5 absolutely decisive 9 _! fav\r4 ,we may cite "o ( our obs]vations on ?is subject4 ,9 a f]m5tation ( glyc]9e 9 a m9]al m$ium--! glyc]9e 0 f]m5t+ "u ! influ5ce ( butyric vibrios--aft] we _h det]m9$ !1 we may say1 exclusive pres5ce ( l5ticul> vibrios1 ) refractive corpuscles1 we obs]v$ ! f]m5tation1 :i*1 = "s unkn[n reason1 _h be5 v languid1 sudd5ly become extremely active1 b n[ ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ord9>y vibrios4 ,! gemmules ) brilliant corpuscles _h almo/ disappe>$2 we c\ld see b v few1 & ^? n[ consi/$ ( ! refractive bodies alone1 ! bulk ( ! vibrios accompany+ !m hav+ und]gone "s process ( re-absorption4 ,ano!r obs]vation :i* /ill m closely accords ) ?is hypo!sis is giv5 9 our "w on ! silkworm disease 7vol4 i41 page #bef74 ,we !re demon/rate t1 :5 we place 9 wat] "s ( ! du/ =m$ ( desiccat$ vibrios1 conta9+ a ho/ ( ^! refractive corpuscles1 9 ! c\rse ( a v few h\rs l>ge vibrios appe>1 well-develop$ rods fully gr[n1 9 :i* ! brilliant po9ts are abs5t2 :il/ 9 ! wat] no process ( developm5t f small] vibrios is to be disc]n$1 a fact :i* seems to %[ t ! =m] _h issu$ fully gr[n f ! refractive corpuscles1 j z we see colpoda issue ) _! adult aspect f ! du/ ( _! cy/s4 ,?is obs]vation1 we may rem>k1 furni%es "o ( ! be/ pro(s t c be adduc$ aga9/ ! spontane\s g5]ation ( vibrios or bact]ia1 s9ce x is probable t ! same obs]vation applies to bact]ia4 ,x is true t we _c say ( m]e po9ts ( du/1 exam9$ "u ! microscope1 t "o p>ticul> g]m belongs to vibrio1 ano!r to bact]ium2 b h[ is x possible to d\bt t ! vibrios issue1 z we see !m1 f an ovum ( "s k9d1 a cy/1 or g]m1 ( det]m9ate "*1 :51 aft] hav+ plac$ "s ( ^! indet]m9ate motes ( du/ into clean wat]1 we sudd5ly see1 aft] an int]val ( n m ?an "o or two h\rs1 an adult vibrio cross+ ! field ( ! microscope1 )\t our hav+ be5 able to detect any int]m$iate /ate betwe5 its bir? & adolesc5ce8 ,x is a "q :e!r diff]5ces 9 ! aspect & nature ( vibrios1 :i* dep5d ^u _! m or less advanc$ age1 or are occasion$ by ! influ5ce ( c]ta9 conditions ( ! m$ium 9 :i* !y propagate1 d n br+ ab\t correspond+ *anges 9 ! c\rse ( ! f]m5tation & ! nature ( its products4 ,judg+ at lea/ f ! v>iations 9 ! proportions ( hydrog5 & c>bonic acid gas produc$ 9 butyric f]m5tations1 we are incl9$ to ?9k t ?is mu/ be ! case2 nay1 m1 we f9d t hydrog5 is n ev5 a con/ant product 9 ^! f]m5tations4 ,we h met ) butyric f]m5tations ( lactate ( lime :i* did n yield ! m9ute/ trace ( hydrog51 or any?+ besides c>bonic acid4 ,fig4 #gd repres5ts ! vibrios :i* we obs]v$ 9 a f]m5tation ( ?is k9d4 ,!y pres5t no special features4 ,butyl alcohol is1 accord+ to our obs]vations1 an ord9>y product1 al?\gh x v>ies & is by no means a necess>y concomitant ( ^! f]m5tations4 ,x might be suppos$1 s9ce butylic alcohol may be produc$1 & hydrog5 be 9 deficit1 t ! proportion ( ! =m] ( ^! products w\ld atta9 its maximum :5 ! latt] assum$ a m9imum4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is by no means ! case2 ev5 9 ^? few f]m5tations t we h met ) 9 :i* hydrog5 0 abs5t1 !re 0 no =mation ( butylic alcohol4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,f a consid]ation ( all ! facts detail$ 9 ?is p>agraph we c h no hesitation 9 conclud+ t1 on ! "o h&1 9 cases ( butyric f]m5tation1 ! vibrios :i* ab\nd 9 !m & con/itute _! f]m5t1 live )\t air or free oxyg52 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 ! pres5ce ( gase\s oxyg5 op]ates prejudicially aga9/ ! movem5ts & activity ( ^? vibrios4 ,b n[ does x foll[ t ! pres5ce ( m9ute quantities ( air br\ght into contact ) a liquid und]go+ butyric f]m5tation w\ld prev5t ! cont9uance ( t f]m5tation1 or ev5 ex]cise any *eck ^u x8 ,we h n made any direct exp]im5ts ^u ?is subject2 b we %\ld n be surpris$ to f9d t1 s f> f h9d]+1 air may1 "u su* circum/ances1 facilitate ! propagation ( ! vibrios & accel]ate f]m5tation4 ,?is is exactly :at happ5s 9 ! case ( yea/4 ,b h[ c\ld we reconcile ?is1 suppos+ x 7 prov$ to be ! case1 ) ! fact j insi/$ on z to ! dang] ( br++ ! butyric vibrios into contact ) air8 ,x may be possible t life )\t air results f habit1 :il/ dea? ?r\gh air may be br\ght ab\t by a sudd5 *ange 9 ! conditions ( ! exi/5ce ( ! vibrios4 ,! foll[+ rem>kable exp]im5t is well kn[n3 ,a bird is plac$ 9 a glass j> ( "o or two litres 7#fj to #abj cubic in*es7 9 capacity1 :i* is !n clos$4 ,aft] a "t ! creature exhibits e sign ( int5se uneas9ess & asphyxia long be=e x dies2 a simil> bird ( ! same size is introduc$ into ! j>2 ! dea? ( ! latt] takes place in/antane\sly1 :il/ ! life ( ! =m] may /ill be prolong$ "u ^! conditions = a consid]able "t1 & !re is no difficulty ev5 9 re/or+ ! bird to p]fect heal? by tak+ x out ( ! j>4 ,x seems impossible to d5y t we h "h a case ( ! adaptation ( an organism to ! gradual contam9ation ( ! m$ium2 & s x may likewise happ5 t ! anarobian vibrios ( a butyric f]m5tation1 :i* develop & multiply absolutely )\t free oxyg51 p]i% imm$iately :5 sudd5ly tak5 out ( _! airless m$ium1 & t ! result might be diff]5t if !y _h be5 gradually br\ght "u ! action ( air 9 small quantities at a "t4 ,we are compell$ "h to admit t vibrios frequ5tly ab\nd 9 liquids expos$ to ! air1 & t !y appropriate ! atmosph]ic oxyg51 & c\ld n )/& a sudd5 removal f its influ5ce4 ,mu/ we1 !n1 believe t su* vibrios are absolutely diff]5t f ^? ( butyric f]m5tations8 ,x w\ld1 p]haps1 be m natural to admit t 9 ! "o case !re is an adaptation to life ) air1 & 9 ! o!r case an adaptation to life )\t air2 ea* ( ^! v>ieties p]i%+ :5 sudd5ly transf]r$ f its habitual condition to t ( ! o!r1 :il/ by a s]ies ( progressive *anges "o might be modifi$ into ! o!r4#adi ,we "k t 9 ! case ( alcoholic f]m5ts1 al?\gh ^! c actually live )\t air1 propagation is wond]fully assi/$ by ! pres5ce ( m9ute quantities ( air2 & c]ta9 exp]im5ts1 :i* we h n yet publi%$1 lead u to believe t1 aft] hav+ liv$ )\t air1 !y _c be sudd5ly expos$ ) impunity to ! influ5ce ( l>ge quantities ( oxyg54 ,we mu/ n =get1 h[ev]1 t arobian torul & anarobian f]m5ts pres5t an example ( organisms app>5tly id5tical1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 we h n yet be5 able to discov] any ties ( a common orig94 ,h5ce we 7 =c$ to reg>d !m z di/9ct species2 & s x is possible t !re may likewise be arobian & anarobian vibrios )\t any trans=mation ( ! "o into ! o!r4 ,! "q has be5 rais$ :e!r vibrios1 especially ^? :i* we h %[n to be ! f]m5t ( butyric & _m o!r f]m5tations1 are1 9 _! nature1 animal or vegetable4 ,m4 ,*4 ,rob9 atta*es great importance to ! solution ( ?is "q1 ( :i* he speaks z foll[s#aej3--8,! det]m9ation ( ! nature1 :e!r animal or vegetable1 ( organisms1 ei!r z a :ole or 9 respect to _! anatomical p>ts1 assimilative or reproductive1 is a problem :i* has be5 capable ( solution = a qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,! me?od has be5 br\ght to a /ate ( rem>kable precision1 exp]im5tally1 z well z 9 its !oretical aspects1 s9ce ^? :o devote _! att5tion to ! organic sci5ces consid] x indisp5sable 9 e obs]vation & exp]im5t to det]m9e accurately1 be=e any?+ else1 :e!r ! object ( _! /udy is animal or vegetable 9 its nature1 :e!r adult or o!rwise4 ,to neglect ?is is z s]i\s an omission = su* /ud5ts1 z = *emi/s w\ld be ! neglect+ to det]m9e :e!r x is nitrog5 or hydrog51 urea or /e>9e t has be5 extract$ f a tissue1 or :i* x is ^: comb9ations !y are /udy+ 9 ?is or t *emical op]ation4 ,n[1 sc>cely any "o ( ^? :o /udy f]m5tations1 prop]ly s call$1 & putrefactions1 ev] pay att5tion to ! prec$+ data4444 ,among ! obs]v]s to :om ,i allude ev5 ,m4 ,pa/eur is to be f\nd1 :o1 ev5 9 8 mo/ rec5t communications1 omits to /ate def9itely :at is ! nature ( _m ( ! f]m5ts :i* he has /udi$1 ) ! exception1 h[ev]1 ( ^? :i* belong to ! cryptogamic gr\p call$ torulace4 ,v>i\s passages 9 8 works seem to %[ t he consid]s ! cryptogamic organisms call$ bact]ia1 z well z ^? kn[n z vibrios1 z belong+ to ! animal k+dom 7see ,bullet9 de l',acadmie de ,mdec9e1 ,p>is1 #ahge1 pp4 #bdi1 #bea1 especially #bef1 #bff1 #bfg1 #bhi1 & #bij74 ,^! w\ld be v diff]5t1 at lea/ physiologically1 ! =m] be+ arobian1 :il/ ! vibrios are anarobian1 t is to say1 requir+ no air to enable !m to live1 & be+ kill$ by oxyg51 %\ld x be dissolv$ 9 ! liquid to any consid]able ext5t40 ,we are unable to see ! matt] 9 ! same light z our le>n$ colleague does2 to our ?9k+1 we %\ld be lab\r+ "u a great delusion 7 we to suppose 8t x is q z s]i\s an omission n to det]m9e ! animal or vegetable nature ( a f]m5t z x w\ld be to conf\nd nitrog5 ) hydrog51 or urea ) /e>9e40 ,! importance ( ! solutions ( disput$ que/ions (t5 dep5ds ^u ! po9t ( view f :i* ^! are reg>d$4 ,z f> z ! result ( our lab\rs is conc]n$1 we devot$ our att5tion to ^! two que/ions exclusively3--#a4 ,is ! f]m5t1 9 e f]m5tation prop]ly s call$1 an organiz$ be+8 #b4 ,c ?is organiz$ be+ live )\t air8 ,n[1 :at be>+ c ! "q ( ! animal or vegetable nature ( ! f]m5t1 ( ! organiz$ be+1 h ^u ! inve/igation ( ^! two problems8 ,9 /udy+ butyric f]m5tation1 = example1 we endeav\r$ to e/abli% ^! two fundam5tal po9ts3--#a4 ,! butyric f]m5t is a vibrio4 #b4 ,?is vibrio may disp5se ) air 9 its life1 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 does disp5se ) x 9 ! act ( produc+ butyric f]m5tation4 ,we did n consid] x at all necess>y to pron\nce any op9ion z to ! animal or vegetable nature ( ?is organism1 &1 ev5 up to ! pres5t mom5t1 ! idea t vibrio is an animal & n a plant is1 9 our m9ds1 a matt] ( s5tim5t r ?an ( conviction4 ,m4 ,rob91 h[ev]1 w\ld h no difficulty 9 det]m9+ ! limits ( ! two k+doms4 ,accord+ to him1 8e v>iety ( cellulose is1 we may say1 insoluble 9 ammonia1 z also are ! reproductive elem5ts ( plants1 :e!r male or female4 ,:atev] phase ( evolution ! elem5ts :i* reproduce a new individual may h rea*$1 treatm5t ) ?is reag5t1 ei!r cold or rais$ to boil+1 leaves !m absolutely intact "u ! eyes ( ! obs]v]1 except t _! cont5ts1 f be+ p>tially dissolv$1 become m transp>5t4 ,e vegetable1 :e!r microscopic or n1 e mycelium1 & e spore ?us pres]ves 9 its entirety its special *>act]i/ics ( =m1 volume1 & /ructural arrangem5ts2 :il/ 9 ! case ( microscopic animals1 or ! ova & microscopic embryos ( diff]5t memb]s ( ! animal k+dom1 ! v opposite is ! case40 ,we %\ld be glad to le>n t ! employm5t ( a drop ( ammonia w\ld enable u to pron\nce an op9ion1 ) ?is degree ( confid5ce1 on ! nature ( ! l[e/ microscopic be+s2 b is ,m4 ,rob9 absolutely correct 9 8 assumptions8 ,t g5tleman himself rem>ks t sp]matozoa1 :i* belong to animal organisms1 are insoluble 9 ammonia1 ! effect ( :i* is m]ely to make !m pal]4 ,if a diff]5ce ( action 9 c]ta9 reag5ts1 9 ammonia1 = example1 7 suffici5t to det]m9e ! limits ( ! animal & vegetable k+doms1 might we n argue t !re mu/ be a v great & natural diff]5ce betwe5 m\lds & bact]ia1 inasmu* z ! pres5ce ( a small quantity ( acid 9 ! nutritive m$ium facilitates ! gr[? & propagation ( ! =m]1 :il/ x is able to prev5t ! life ( bact]ia & vibrios8 ,al?\gh1 z is well kn[n1 movem5t is n an exclusive *>act]i/ic ( animals1 yet we h always be5 incl9$ to reg>d vibrios z animals1 on acc\nt ( ! peculi> "* ( _! movem5ts4 ,h[ greatly !y diff] 9 ?is respect f ! diatomac1 = example6 ,:5 ! vibrio enc\nt]s an ob/acle x turns1 or aft] hav+ assur$ itself by "s visual ef=t or o!r t x _c ov]come x1 x retraces its /eps4 ,! colpoda--und\bt$ infusoria--behave 9 an exactly simil> mann]4 ,x is true "o may argue t ! zoospores ( c]ta9 cryptogamia exhibit simil> movem5ts2 b d n ^! zoospores possess z mu* ( an animal nature z d ! sp]matozoa8 ,z f> z bact]ia are conc]n$1 :51 z already rem>k$1 we see !m cr[d r\nd a bubble ( air 9 a liquid to prolong _! life1 oxyg5 hav+ fail$ !m ev]y:]e else1 h[ c we avoid believ+ t !y are animat$ by an in/9ct = life1 ( ! same k9d z t :i* we f9d 9 animals4 ,m4 ,rob9 seems to u to be wrong 9 suppos+ t x is possible to draw any absolute l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 ! animal & vegetable k+doms4 ,! settlem5t ( ?is l9e1 h[ev]1 we repeat aga91 no matt] :at x may be1 has no s]i\s be>+ ^u ! que/ions t h be5 ! subject ( our rese>*es4 ,9 l mann] ! difficulty :i* ,m4 ,rob9 has rais$ 9 object+ to ! employm5t ( ! ^w g]m1 :5 we _c specify :e!r ! nature ( t g]m is animal or vegetable1 is 9 _m respects an unnecess>y "o4 ,9 all ! que/ions :i* we h discuss$1 :e!r we 7 speak+ ( f]m5tation or spontane\s g5]ation1 ! ^w g]m has be5 us$ 9 ! s5se ( orig9 ( liv+ organism4 ,if ,liebig1 = example1 said ( an album9\s sub/ance t x gave bir? to f]m5t1 c\ld we contradict him m pla9ly ?an by reply+3 8,no2 f]m5t is an organiz$ be+1 ! g]m ( :i* is always pres5t1 & ! album9\s sub/ance m]ely s]ves by its occurr5ce to n\ri% ! g]m & its successive g5]ations40 ,9 our ,memoir ( #ahfb1 on s-call$ spontane\s g5]ations1 w\ld x n h be5 an entire mi/ake to h attempt$ to assign specific names to ! microscopic organisms :i* we met ) 9 ! c\rse ( our obs]vations8 ,n only w\ld we h met ) extreme difficulty 9 ! attempt1 aris+ f ! /ate ( extreme confusion :i* ev5 9 ! pres5t day exi/s 9 ! classification & nom5clature ( ^! microscopic organisms1 b we %\ld h be5 =c$ to sacrifice cle>ness 9 our "w besides2 at all ev5ts1 we %\ld h w&]$ f our pr9cipal object1 :i* 0 ! det]m9ation ( ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( life 9 g5]al1 & _h no?+ to d ) ! manife/ation ( a p>ticul> k9d ( life 9 ?is or t species1 animal or vegetable4 ,?us we h sy/ematically employ$ ! vague/ nom5clature1 su* z mucors1 torul1 bact]ia1 & vibrios4 ,!re 0 no?+ arbitr>y 9 our do+ ?is1 :]eas !re is mu* t is arbitr>y 9 adopt+ a def9ite sy/em ( nom5clature1 & apply+ x to organisms b imp]fectly kn[n1 ! diff]5ces or resemblances betwe5 :i* are only recognizable ?r\gh c]ta9 *>act]i/ics1 ! true signification ( :i* is obscure4 ,take1 = example1 ! ext5sive array ( widely diff]5t sy/ems t h be5 inv5t$ dur+ ! la/ few ye>s = ! species ( ! g5]a bact]ium & vibrio 9 ! works ( ,cohn1 ,h4 ,h(fmann1 ,halli]1 & ,billro?4 ,! confusion :i* prevails "h is v great1 al?\gh we d n ( c\rse by any means place ^! diff]5t works on ! same foot+ z reg>ds _! respective m]its4 ,m4 ,rob9 is1 h[ev]1 "r 9 recogniz+ ! impossibility ( ma9ta9+ 9 ! pres5t day1 z he =m]ly did1 8t f]m5tation is an ext]ior ph5om5on1 go+ on outside cryptogamic cells1 a ph5om5on ( contact4 ,x is probably10 he adds1 8an int]ior & molecul> action at "w 9 ! inmo/ recesses ( ! sub/ance ( ea* cell40 ,f ! day :5 we fir/ prov$ t x is possible = all organiz$ f]m5ts1 prop]ly s call$1 to spr+ up & multiply f _! respective g]ms1 s[n1 :e!r consci\sly or by accid5t1 9 a m9]al m$ium free f organic & nitrog5\s matt]s o!r ?an ammonia1 9 :i* m$ium ! f]m5table matt] alone is adapt$ to provide ! f]m5t ) :atev] c>bon ent]s into its composition1 f t "t =w>d ! !ories ( ,liebig1 z well z t ( ,b]zelius1 :i* ,m4 ,rob9 =m]ly def5d$1 h _h to give place to o!rs m 9 h>mony ) facts4 ,we tru/ t ! day w come :5 ,m4 ,rob9 w likewise ackn[l$ge t he has be5 9 error on ! subject ( ! doctr9e ( spontane\s g5]ation1 :i* he cont9ues to affirm1 )\t adduc+ any direct pro(s 9 support ( x1 at ! end ( ! article to :i* we h be5 "h reply+4 ,we h devot$ ! great] "p ( ?is *apt] to ! e/abli%+ ) all possible exactness ! extremely important physiological fact ( life )\t air1 & its correlation to ! ph5om5a ( f]m5tations prop]ly s call$--t is to say1 ( ^? :i* are due to ! pres5ce ( microscopic cellul> organisms4 ,?is is ! *ief basis ( ! new !ory t we propose = ! explanation ( ^! ph5om5a4 ,! details into :i* we h ent]$ 7 indisp5sable on acc\nt ( ! novelty ( ! subject no less ?an on acc\nt ( ! necessity we 7 "u ( combat+ ! criticisms ( ! two ,g]man naturali/s1 ,drs4 ,osc> ,brefeld & ,traube1 ^: works _h ca/ "s d\bts on ! correctness ( ! facts ^u :i* we _h bas$ ! prec$+ propositions4 ,we h mu* pleasure 9 add+ t at ! v mom5t :5 we 7 revis+ ! pro(s ( ?is *apt]1 we receiv$ f ,m4 ,brefeld an essay1 dat$ f ,b]l91 ,janu>y1 #ahgf1 9 :i*1 aft] describ+ 8 lat] exp]im5tal rese>*es1 he owns ) praisewor?y frankness t ,dr4 ,traube & he 7 bo? ( !m mi/ak54 ,life )\t air is n[ a proposition :i* he accepts z p]fectly demon/rat$4 ,he has witness$ x 9 ! case ( mucor racemosus1 & has also v]ifi$ x 9 ! case ( yea/4 8,if10 he says1 8aft] ! results ( my previ\s rese>*es1 :i* ,i conduct$ ) all possible exactness1 ,i 0 incl9$ to consid] ,pa/eur's ass]tions z inaccurate1 & to attack !m1 ,i h no hesitation n[ 9 recogniz+ !m z true1 & 9 proclaim+ ! s]vice :i* ,pa/eur has r5d]$ to sci5ce 9 be+ ! fir/ to indicate ! exact relation ( ?+s 9 ! ph5om5on ( f]m5tation40 ,9 8 lat] rese>*es4 ,dr4 ,brefeld has adopt$ ! me?od :i* we h long employ$ = demon/rat+ ! life & multiplication ( butyric vibrios 9 ! entire abs5ce ( air1 z well z ! me?od ( conduct+ gr[?s 9 m9]al m$ia associat$ ) ! f]m5table sub/ance4 ,we ne$ n pause to consid] c]ta9 o!r second>y criticisms ( ,dr4 ,brefeld4 ,a p]usal ( ! pres5t "w w1 we tru/1 conv9ce him t !y are bas$ on no sur] f\ndation ?an 7 8 =m] criticisms4 ,to br+ "o's self to believe 9 a tru? t has j dawn$ ^u "o is ! fir/ /ep t[>ds progress2 to p]suade o!rs is ! second4 ,!re is a ?ird /ep1 less useful p]haps1 b highly gratify+ nev]!less1 :i* is1 to conv9ce "o's oppon5ts4 ,we1 !re=e1 h exp]i5c$ great satisfaction 9 le>n+ t we h won ov] to our ideas an obs]v] ( s+ul> ability1 on a subject :i* is ( ! utmo/ importance to ! physiology ( cells4 ,,vi4--,reply to ! ,critical ,obs]vations ( ,liebig1 ,publi%$ 9 #ahgj4aea ,9 ! ,memoir :i* we publi%$1 9 #ahfj1 on alcoholic f]m5tation1 & 9 sev]al subsequ5t works1 we 7 l$ to a diff]5t conclusion on ! causes ( ?is v rem>kable ph5om5on f t :i* ,liebig _h adopt$4 ,! op9ions ( ,mits*]li* & ,b]zelius _h ceas$ to be t5able 9 ! pres5ce ( ! new facts :i* we _h br\ght to light4 ,f t "t we felt sure t ! celebrat$ *emi/ ( ,muni* _h adopt$ our conclusions1 f ! fact t he rema9$ sil5t on ?is "q = a long "t1 al?\gh x _h be5 until !n ! con/ant subject ( 8 /udy1 z is %[n by all 8 works4 ,sudd5ly !re appe>$ 9 ! ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique a long essay1 reproduc$ f a lecture deliv]$ by him be=e ! ,academy ( ,bav>ia 9 #ahfh & #ahfi4 ,9 ?is ,liebig aga9 ma9ta9$1 n1 h[ev]1 )\t c]ta9 modifications1 ! views :i* he _h express$ 9 8 =m] publications1 & disput$ ! correctness ( ! pr9cipal facts enunciat$ 9 our ,memoir ( #ahfj1 on :i* 7 bas$ ! argum5ts aga9/ 8 !ory4 8,i _h admitt$10 he says1 8t ! resolution ( f]m5table matt] into comp\nds ( a simpl] k9d mu/ be trac$ to "s process ( decomposition tak+ place 9 ! f]m5t1 & t ! action ( ?is same f]m5t on ! f]m5table matt] mu/ cont9ue or cease accord+ to ! prolongation or cessation ( ! alt]ation produc$ 9 ! f]m5t4 ,! molecul> *ange 9 ! sug> w\ld1 consequ5tly1 be br\ght ab\t by ! de/ruction or modification ( "o or m ( ! compon5t p>ts ( ! f]m5t1 & c\ld only take place ?r\gh ! contact ( ! two sub/ances4 ,m4 ,pa/eur reg>ds f]m5tation 9 ! foll[+ light3--,! *emical action ( f]m5tation is ess5tially a ph5om5on correlative ) a vital action1 beg9n+ & end+ ) x4 ,he believes t alcoholic f]m5tation c nev] occur )\t ! simultane\s occurr5ce ( organization1 developm5t1 & multiplication ( globules1 or cont9u\s life1 c>ri$ on f globules already =m$4 ,b ! idea t ! decomposition ( sug> dur+ f]m5tation is due to ! developm5t ( ! cellules ( ! f]m5t1 is 9 contradiction ) ! fact t ! f]m5t is able to br+ ab\t ! f]m5tation ( a pure solution ( sug>4 ,! great] "p ( ! f]m5t is compos$ ( a sub/ance t is ri* 9 nitrog5 & conta9s sulphur4 ,x conta9s1 moreov]1 an appreciable quantity ( phosphates1 h5ce x is difficult to conceive h[1 9 ! abs5ce ( ^! elem5ts 9 a pure solution ( sug> und]go+ f]m5tation1 ! numb] ( cells is capable ( any increase40 ,not)/&+ ,liebig's belief to ! contr>y1 ! idea t ! decomposition ( sug> dur+ f]m5tation is intimately connect$ ) a developm5t ( ! cellules ( ! f]m5t1 or a prolongation ( ! life ( cellules already =m$1 is 9 no way oppos$ to ! fact t ! f]m5t is capable ( br++ ab\t ! f]m5tation ( a pure solution ( sug>4 ,x is manife/ to any "o :o has /udi$ su* f]m5tation ) ! microscope1 ev5 9 ^? cases :]e ! sweet5$ wat] has be5 absolutely pure1 t f]m5t-cells d multiply1 ! reason be+ t ! cells c>ry ) !m all ! food-supplies necess>y = ! life ( ! f]m5t4 ,!y may be obs]v$ budd+1 at lea/ _m ( !m1 & !re c be no d\bt t ^? :i* d n bud /ill cont9ue to live2 life has o!r ways ( manife/+ itself besides developm5t & cell-prolif]ation4 ,if we ref] to ! figures on page #ha ( our ,memoir ( #ahfj1 ,exp]im5ts ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 ,h1 ,i1 we %all see t ! weight ( yea/1 9 ! case ( ! f]m5tation ( a pure solution ( sug>1 und]goes a consid]able increase1 ev5 )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! fact t ! sug>$ wat] ga9s f ! yea/ c]ta9 soluble p>ts1 s9ce1 9 ! exp]im5ts j m5tion$1 ! weights ( solid yea/1 wa%$ & dri$ at #ajj ,c4 7#bab ,f471 are mu* great] ?an ^? ( ! raw yea/ employ$1 dri$ at ! same temp]ature4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts we employ$ ! foll[+ weights ( yea/1 express$ 9 grammes 7#a gramme #aedc gra9s7-- #bcac #bfbf #aaih #jfii #jcbf #jdgf :i* became aft] f]m5tation1 we repeat1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! matt]s :i* ! sug>$ wat] ga9$ f ! yea/-- grammes4 gra9s4 #bdhf ,increase #jagc #bfe #bifc 8 #jccg #eaf #agjj 0 #jejb #gg #jgab 8 #jjac #jb #jcce 0 #jjji #jad #jeij 8 #jaad #age ,h we n 9 ?is m>k$ increase 9 weight a pro( ( life1 or1 to adopt an expression :i* may be pref]r$1 a pro( ( a pr(\nd *emical "w ( nutrition & assimilation8 ,we may cite on ?is subject "o ( our e>li] exp]im5ts1 :i* is to be f\nd 9 ! ,comptes r5dus de l',acadmie = ! ye> #aheg1 & :i* cle>ly %[s ! great influ5ce ex]t$ on f]m5tation by ! soluble portion t ! sug>$ wat] takes up f ! globules ( f]m5t3-- 8,we take two equal quantities ( fre% yea/ t h be5 wa%$ v freely4 ,"o ( ^! we cause to f]m5t 9 wat] conta9+ no?+ b sug>1 &1 aft] remov+ f ! o!r all its soluble p>ticles--by boil+ x 9 an excess ( wat] & !n filt]+ x to sep>ate ! globules--we add to ! filt]$ liquid z mu* sug> z 0 us$ 9 ! fir/ case along ) a m]e trace ( fre% yea/1 insuffici5t1 z f> z its weight is conc]n$1 to affect ! results ( our exp]im5t4 ,! globules :i* we h s[n bud1 ! liquid becomes turbid1 a deposit ( yea/ gradually =ms1 &1 side by side ) ^! appe>ances1 ! decomposition ( ! sug> is effect$1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs manife/s itself cle>ly4 ,^! results are su* z we might h anticipat$4 ,! foll[+ fact1 h[ev]1 is ( importance4 ,9 effect+ by ^! means ! organization into globules ( ! soluble "p ( ! yea/ t we us$ 9 ! second case1 we f9d t a consid]able quantity ( sug> is decompos$4 ,! foll[+ are ! results ( our exp]im5t3 #e grammes ( yea/ caus$ ! f]m5tation ( #abi grammes ( sug> 9 six days1 at ! end ( :i* "t x 0 exhau/$4 ,! soluble portion ( a l quantity ( #e grammes ( ! same yea/ caus$ ! f]m5tation ( #aj grammes ( sug> 9 n9e days1 aft] :i* ! yea/ develop$ by ! s[+ 0 likewise exhau/$40 ,h[ is x possible to ma9ta9 t1 9 ! f]m5tation ( wat] conta9+ no?+ b sug>1 ! soluble portion ( ! yea/ does n act1 ei!r 9 ! production ( new globules or ! p]fection ( old ones1 :5 we see1 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t1 t aft] ?is nitrog5\s & m9]al portion has be5 remov$ by boil+1 x imm$iately s]ves = ! production ( new globules1 :i*1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! s[+ ( a m]e trace ( globules1 causes ! f]m5tation ( mu* sug>8#aeb ,9 %ort1 ,liebig is n ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t ! solution ( pure sug>1 caus$ to f]m5t by means ( yea/1 conta9s none ( ! elem5ts ne$$ = ! gr[? ( yea/1 nei!r nitrog51 sulphur1 nor phosphorus1 & t1 consequ5tly1 x %\ld n be possible1 by our !ory1 = ! sug> to f]m5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! solution does conta9 all ^! elem5ts1 z a consequ5ce ( ! introduction & pres5ce ( ! yea/4 ,let u proce$ ) our exam9ation ( ,liebig's criticisms3-- 8,to ?is10 he goes on to say1 8mu/ be add$ ! decompos+ action :i* yea/ ex]cises on a great numb] ( sub/ances1 & :i* resembles t :i* sug> und]goes4 ,i h %[n t malate ( lime f]m5ts readily en\gh ?r\gh ! action ( yea/1 & t x splits up into ?ree o!r calc>e\s salts1 namely ! acetate1 ! c>bonate1 & ! succ9ate4 ,if ! action ( yea/ consi/s 9 its increase & multiplication1 x is difficult to conceive ?is action 9 ! case ( malate ( lime & o!r calc>e\s salts ( vegetable acids40 ,?is /atem5t1 ) all due def]5ce to ! op9ion ( our illu/ri\s critic1 is by no means correct4 ,yea/ has no action on malate ( lime1 or on o!r calc>e\s salts =m$ by vegetable acids4 ,liebig _h previ\sly1 mu* to 8 own satisfaction1 br\ght =w>d urea z be+ capable ( trans=mation into c>bonate ( ammonia dur+ alcoholic f]m5tation 9 contact ) yea/4 ,?is has be5 prov$ by u to be errone\s4 ,x is an error ( ! same k9d t ,liebig aga9 br+s =w>d "h4 ,9 ! f]m5tation ( :i* he speaks 7t ( malate ( lime71 c]ta9 spontane\s f]m5ts are produc$1 ! g]ms ( :i* are associat$ ) ! yea/1 & develop 9 ! mixture ( yea/ & malate4 ,! yea/ m]ely s]ves z a s\rce ( food = ^! new f]m5ts )\t tak+ any direct "p 9 ! f]m5tations ( :i* we are speak+4 ,our rese>*es leave no d\bt on ?is po9t1 z is evid5t f ! obs]vations on ! f]m5tations ( t>trate ( lime previ\sly giv54 ,x is true t !re are circum/ances "u :i* yea/ br+s ab\t modifications 9 diff]5t sub/ances4 ,doeb]e9] & ,mits*]li*1 m especially1 h %[n t yea/ imp>ts to wat] a soluble mat]ial1 :i* liquefies cane-sug> & produces inv]sion 9 x by caus+ x to take up ! elem5ts ( wat]1 j z dia/ase behaves to />* or emuls9 to amygdal94 ,m4 ,b]!lot also has %[n t ?is sub/ance may be isolat$ by precipitat+ x ) alcohol1 9 ! same way z dia/ase is precipitat$ f its solutions4#aec ,^! are rem>kable facts1 :i* are1 h[ev]1 at pres5t b vaguely connect$ ) ! alcoholic f]m5tation ( sug> by means ( yea/4 ,! rese>*es 9 :i* we h prov$ ! exi/5ce ( special =ms ( liv+ f]m5ts 9 _m f]m5tations1 :i* "o might h suppos$ to h be5 produc$ by simple contact action1 _h e/abli%$ beyond d\bt ! exi/5ce ( pr(\nd diff]5ces betwe5 ^? f]m5tations1 :i* we h di/+ui%$ z f]m5tations prop]1 & ! ph5om5a connect$ ) soluble sub/ances4 ,! m we advance1 ! m cle>ly we are able to detect ^! diff]5ces4 ,m4 ,dumas has insi/$ on ! fact t ! f]m5ts ( f]m5tation prop] multiply & reproduce !mselves 9 ! process1 :il/ ! o!rs are de/roy$4#aed ,/ill m rec5tly ,m4 ,mntz has %[n t *lor(orm prev5ts f]m5tations prop]1 b does n int]f]e ) ! action ( dia/ase 7,comptes r5dus1 #ahge47 ,m4 ,b\*>dat _h already e/abli%$ ! fact t 8hydrocyanic acid1 salts ( m]cury1 e!r1 alcohol1 creosote1 & ! oils ( turp5t9e1 lemon1 cloves1 & mu/>d de/roy or *eck alcoholic f]m5tation1 :il/ 9 no way int]f]+ ) ! glucoside f]m5tations0 7,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 #crd s]ies1 t4 xiv41 #ahde47 ,we may add1 9 praise ( ,m4 ,b\*>dat's sagacity1 t t skilful obs]v] has always consid]$ ^! results z a pro( t alcoholic f]m5tation is dep5d5t on ! life ( ! yea/-cell1 & t a di/9ction %\ld be made betwe5 ! two ord]s ( f]m5tation4 ,m4 ,paul ,b]t1 9 8 rem>kable /udies on ! influ5ce ( b>ometric pressure on ! ph5om5a ( life1 has recogniz$ ! fact t compress$ oxyg5 is fatal to c]ta9 f]m5ts1 :il/ "u simil> conditions x does n int]f]e ) ! action ( ^? sub/ances class$ "u ! "n ( soluble f]m5ts1 su* z dia/ase 7! f]m5t :i* inv]ts cane sug>71 emuls91 & o!rs4 ,dur+ _! /ay 9 compress$ air1 f]m5ts prop] ceas$ _! activity1 nor did !y resume x1 ev5 aft] exposure to air at ord9>y pressures1 provid$ ! access ( g]ms 0 prev5t$4 ,we n[ come to ,liebig's pr9cipal objection1 ) :i* he concludes 8 +5i\s argum5t1 & to :i* no less ?an eight or n9e pages ( ! ,annales are devot$4 ,our au?or takes up ! "q ( ! possibility ( caus+ yea/ to gr[ 9 sweet5$ wat]1 to :i* a salt ( ammonia & "s yea/-a% h be5 add$--a fact :i* is evid5tly incompatible ) 8 !ory t a f]m5t is always an album9\s sub/ance on its way to decomposition4 ,9 ?is case ! album9\s sub/ance does n exi/2 we h only ! m9]al sub/ances :i* w s]ve to produce x4 ,we "k t ,liebig reg>d$ yea/1 &1 g5]ally speak+1 any f]m5t :atev]1 z be+ a nitrog5\s1 album9\s sub/ance :i*1 9 ! same way z emuls91 = example1 possesses ! p[] ( br++ ab\t c]ta9 *emical decompositions4 ,he connect$ f]m5tation ) ! easy decomposition ( t album9\s sub/ance1 & imag9$ t ! ph5om5on occurr$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--8,! album9\s sub/ance on its way to decomposition possesses ! p[] ( communicat+ to c]ta9 o!r bodies t same /ate ( mobility by :i* its own atoms are already affect$2 & ?r\gh its contact ) o!r bodies x imp>ts to !m ! p[] ( decompos+ or ( ent]+ into o!r comb9ations40 ,"h ,liebig fail$ to p]ceive t ! f]m5t1 9 its capacity ( a liv+ organism1 _h any?+ to d ) ! f]m5tation4 ,?is !ory dates back z f> z #ahdc4 ,9 #ahdf ,messrs4 ,b\tron & ,fremy1 9 a ,memoir on lactic f]m5tation1 publi%$ 9 ! ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 /ra9$ ! conclusions d$ucible f x to a mo/ unju/ifiable ext5t4 ,!y ass]t$ t "o & ! same nitrog5\s sub/ance might und]go v>i\s modifications 9 contact ) air1 s z to become successively alcoholic1 lactic1 butyric1 & o!r f]m5ts4 ,!re is no?+ m conv5i5t ?an purely hypo!tical !ories1 !ories :i* are n ! necess>y consequ5ces ( facts2 :5 fre% facts :i* _c be reconcil$ ) ! orig9al hypo!sis are discov]$1 new hypo!ses c be tack$ on to ! old ones4 ,?is is exactly :at ,liebig & ,fremy h done1 ea* 9 8 turn1 "u ! pressure ( our /udies1 comm5c$ 9 #aheg4 ,9 #ahfd ,fremy devis$ ! !ory ( hemi-organism1 :i* meant no?+ m ?an t he gave up ,liebig's !ory ( #ahdc1 toge!r ) ! additions :i* ,b\tron & he _h made to x 9 #ahdf2 9 o!r words1 he ab&on$ ! idea ( album9\s sub/ances be+ f]m5ts1 to take up ano!r idea1 t album9\s sub/ances1 9 contact ) air1 are peculi>ly adapt$ to und]go organization into new be+s--t is1 ! liv+ f]m5ts :i* we _h discov]$--& t ! f]m5ts ( be] & ( ! grape h a common orig94 ,?is !ory ( hemi-organism 0 ^w = ^w ! antiquat$ op9ion ( ,turp91 z may be readily se5 by ref]r+ to ,*apt] ,,iv41 section ,,iii4 ( ! pres5t "w4 ,! public1 especially a c]ta9 section ( ! public1 did n g v deeply into an exam9ation ( ! subject4 ,x 0 ! p]iod :5 ! doctr9e ( spontane\s g5]ation 0 be+ discuss$ ) mu* w>m?4 ,! new ^w hemi-organism1 :i* 0 ! only novelty 9 ,m4 ,fremy's !ory1 deceiv$ p4 ,x 0 ?\ght t ,m4 ,fremy _h really discov]$ ! solution ( ! "q ( ! day4 ,x is true t x 0 r difficult to und]/& ! process by :i* an album9\s sub/ance c\ld become all at once a liv+ & budd+ cell4 ,?is difficulty 0 readily solv$ by ,m4 ,fremy1 :o decl>$ t x 0 ! result ( "s p[] t 0 n yet und]/ood1 ! p[] ( 8organic impulse40#aee ,liebig1 :o1 z well z ,m4 ,fremy1 0 compell$ to r5\nce 8 orig9al op9ions conc]n+ ! nature ( f]m5ts1 devis$ ! foll[+ obscure !ory 7,memoir by ,liebig1 #ahgj1 already cit$73-- 8,!re seems to be no d\bt z to ! "p :i* ! vegetable organism plays 9 ! ph5om5on ( f]m5tation4 ,x is ?r\gh x alone t an album9\s sub/ance & sug> are enabl$ to unite & =m ?is p>ticul> comb9ation1 ?is un/able =m "u :i* alone1 z a compon5t "p ( ! mycod]m1 !y manife/ an action on sug>4 ,%\ld ! mycod]m cease to gr[1 ! bond :i* unites ! con/itu5t p>ts ( ! cellul> cont5ts is loos5$1 & x is ?r\gh ! motion produc$ !re9 t ! cells ( yea/ br+ ab\t a dis>rangem5t or sep>ation ( ! elem5ts ( ! sug> into o!r organic molecules40 ,"o might easily believe t ! translator = ! ,annales has made "s mi/ake1 s great is ! obscurity ( ?is passage4 ,:e!r we take ?is new =m ( ! !ory or ! old "o1 nei!r c be reconcil$ at all ) ! developm5t ( yea/ & f]m5tation 9 a sac*>9e m9]al m$ium1 = 9 ! latt] exp]im5t f]m5tation is correlative to ! life ( ! f]m5t & to its nutrition1 a con/ant *ange go+ on betwe5 ! f]m5t & its food-matt]s1 s9ce all ! c>bon assimilat$ by ! f]m5t is d]iv$ f sug>1 its nitrog5 f ammonia1 & phosphorus f ! phosphates 9 solution4 ,& ev5 all said1 :at purpose c be s]v$ by ! gratuit\s hypo!sis ( contact-action or communicat$ motion8 ,! exp]im5t ( :i* we are speak+ is ?us a fundam5tal "o2 inde$1 x is its possibility t con/itutes ! mo/ effective po9t 9 ! controv]sy4 ,no d\bt ,liebig might say1 8b x is ! motion ( life & ( nutrition :i* con/itutes y\r exp]im5t1 & ?is is ! communicat$ motion t my !ory requires40 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ,liebig does endeav\r1 z a matt] ( fact1 to say ?is1 b he does s timidly & incid5tally3 8,f a *emical po9t ( view1 :i* po9t ( view ,i w\ld n will+ly ab&on1 a vital action is a ph5om5on ( motion1 &1 9 ?is d\ble s5se ( life ,m4 ,pa/eur's !ory agrees ) my own1 & is n 9 contradiction ) x 7page #f740 ,?is is true4 ,else:]e ,liebig says3-- 8,x is possible t ! only correlation betwe5 ! physiological act & ! ph5om5on ( f]m5tation is ! production1 9 ! liv+ cell1 ( ! sub/ance :i*1 by "s special prop]ty analog\s to t by :i* emuls9 ex]ts a decompos+ action on salic9 & amygdal91 may br+ ab\t ! decomposition ( sug> into o!r organic molecules2 ! physiological act1 9 ?is view1 w\ld be necess>y = ! production ( ?is sub/ance1 b w\ld h no?+ else to d ) ! f]m5tation 7page #aj740 ,to ?is1 aga91 we h no objection to raise4 ,liebig1 h[ev]1 does n dwell ^u ^! consid]ations1 :i* he m]ely notices 9 pass+1 because he is well aw>e t1 z f> z ! def5ce ( 8 !ory is conc]n$1 !y w\ld be m]e evasions4 ,if he _h insi/$ on !m1 or bas$ 8 opposition solely ^u !m1 our answ] w\ld h be5 simply ?is3 8,if y admit ) u t f]m5tation is correlat$ ) ! life & nutrition ( ! f]m5t1 we agree ^u ! pr9cipal po9t4 ,s agree+1 let u exam9e1 if y w1 ! actual cause ( f]m5tation2--?is is a second "q1 q di/9ct f ! fir/4 ,sci5ce is built up ( successive solutions giv5 to que/ions ( ev]-increas+ subtlety1 approa*+ ne>] & ne>] t[>ds ! v ess5ce ( ph5om5a4 ,if we proce$ to discuss toge!r ! "q ( h[ liv+1 organiz$ be+s act 9 decompos+ f]m5table sub/ances1 we w be f\nd to fall out once m on y\r hypo!sis ( communicat$ motion1 s9ce1 accord+ to our ideas1 ! actual cause ( f]m5tation is to be s\ght1 9 mo/ cases1 9 ! fact ( life )\t air1 :i* is ! *>act]i/ic ( _m f]m5ts40 ,let u briefly see :at ,liebig ?9ks ( ! exp]im5t 9 :i* f]m5tation is produc$ by ! impregnation ( a sac*>9e m9]al m$ium1 a result s greatly at v>iance ) 8 mode ( view+ ! "q4#aef ,aft] deep consid]ation he pron\nces ?is exp]im5t to be inexact1 & ! result ill-f\nd$4 ,liebig1 h[ev]1 0 n "o to reject a fact )\t grave reasons = 8 do+ s1 or ) ! sole object ( evad+ a tr\blesome discussion4 8,i h repeat$ ?is exp]im5t10 he says1 8a great numb] ( times1 ) ! greate/ possible c>e1 & h obta9$ ! same results z ,m4 ,pa/eur1 except+ z reg>ds ! =mation & increase ( ! f]m5t40 ,x 01 h[ev]1 ! =mation & increase ( ! f]m5t t con/itut$ ! po9t ( ! exp]im5t4 ,our discussion 01 !re=e1 di/9ctly limit$ to ?is3 ,liebig d5i$ t ! f]m5t 0 capable ( developm5t 9 a sac*>9e m9]al m$ium1 :il/ we ass]t$ t ?is developm5t did actually take place1 & 0 comp>atively easy to prove4 ,9 #ahga we repli$ to ,m4 ,liebig be=e ! ,p>is ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 a ,note1 9 :i* we (f]$ to prep>e 9 a m9]al m$ium1 9 ! pres5ce ( a commission to be *os5 = ! purpose1 z great a weight ( f]m5t z ,liebig c\ld reasonably dem&4#aeg ,we 7 bold] ?an we %\ld1 p]haps1 h be5 9 #ahfj2 ! reason 0 t our k ( ! subject _h be5 /r5g!n$ by t5 ye>s ( r5ew$ rese>*4 ,liebig did n accept our proposal1 nor did he ev5 reply to our ,note4 ,up to ! "t ( 8 dea?1 :i* took place on ,april #ah?1 #ahgc1 he wrote no?+ m on ! subject4#aeh ,:5 we publi%$1 9 #ahfj1 ! details ( ! exp]im5t 9 "q1 we po9t$ out at "s l5g? ! difficulties ( conduct+ x successfully1 & ! possible causes ( failure4 ,we call$ att5tion p>ticul>ly to ! fact t sac*>9e m9]al m$ia are mu* m suit$ = ! nutrition ( bact]ia1 lactic f]m5t1 & o!r l[ly =ms1 ?an !y are to t ( yea/1 & 9 consequ5ce readily become fill$ ) v>i\s organisms f ! spontane\s gr[? ( g]ms d]iv$ f ! p>ticles ( du/ float+ 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,! reason :y we d n obs]ve ! gr[? ( alcoholic f]m5ts1 especially at ! comm5cem5t ( ! exp]im5ts1 is because ( ! unsuitabl5ess ( ^? m$ia = ! life ( yea/4 ,! latt] may1 nev]!less1 =m 9 !m subsequ5t to ?is developm5t ( o!r organiz$ =ms1 by reason ( ! modification produc$ 9 ! orig9al m9]al m$ium by ! album9\s matt]s t !y introduce into x4 ,x is int]e/+ to p]use1 9 our ,memoir ( #ahfj1 c]ta9 facts ( ! same k9d relat+ to f]m5tation by means ( album5s--t ( ! blood1 = example1 f :i*1 we may m5tion incid5tally1 we 7 l$ to inf] ! exi/5ce ( sev]al di/9ct album5s 9 ! s]um1 a conclusion :i*1 s9ce !n1 has be5 confirm$ by v>i\s obs]v]s1 notably by ,m4 ,b*amp4 ,n[1 9 8 exp]im5ts on f]m5tation 9 sweet5$ wat]1 ) yea/-a% & a salt ( ammonia1 !re is no d\bt t ,liebig _h fail$ to avoid ^? difficulties :i* are entail$ by ! spontane\s gr[? ( o!r organisms ?an yea/4 ,moreov]1 x is possible t1 to h e/abli%$ ! c]ta9ty ( ?is result1 ,liebig %\ld h _h rec\rse to a clos] microscopical obs]vation ?an f c]ta9 passages 9 8 ,memoir he seems to h adopt$4 ,we h little d\bt t 8 pupils c\ld tell u t ,liebig did n ev5 employ t in/rum5t )\t :i* any exact /udy ( f]m5tation is n m]ely difficult b well-nigh impossible4 ,we ourselves1 = ! reasons m5tion$1 did n obta9 a simple alcoholic f]m5tation any m ?an ,liebig did4 ,9 t p>ticul> exp]im5t1 ! details ( :i* we gave 9 our ,memoir ( #ahfj1 we obta9$ lactic & alcoholic f]m5tation toge!r2 an appreciable quantity ( lactic acid =m$ & arre/$ ! propagation ( ! lactic & alcoholic f]m5ts1 s t m ?an half ( ! sug> rema9$ 9 ! liquid )\t f]m5t+4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 9 no way detract$ f ! correctness ( ! conclusion :i* we d$uc$ f ! exp]im5t1 & f o!r simil> ones2 x might ev5 be said t1 f a g5]al & philosophical po9t ( view--:i* is ! only "o ( int]e/ "h--! result 0 d\bly satisfactory1 inasmu* z we demon/rat$ t m9]al m$ia 7 adapt$ to ! simultane\s developm5t ( sev]al organiz$ f]m5ts1 in/ead ( only "o4 ,! =tuit\s association ( diff]5t f]m5ts c\ld n invalidate ! conclusion t all ! nitrog5 ( ! cells ( ! alcoholic & lactic f]m5ts 0 d]iv$ f ! nitrog5 9 ! ammoniacal salts1 & t all ! c>bon ( ^? f]m5ts 0 tak5 f ! sug>1 s9ce1 9 ! m$ium employ$ 9 our exp]im5t1 ! sug> 0 ! only sub/ance t conta9$ c>bon4 ,liebig c>efully ab/a9$ f notic+ ?is fact1 :i* w\ld h be5 fatal to ! v gr\ndwork ( 8 criticisms1 & ?\ght t he 0 keep+ up ! appe>ance ( a grave contradiction by argu+ t we _h nev] obta9$ a simple alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,x w\ld be unpr(itable to dwell long] ^u ! subject ( ! difficulties :i* ! propagation ( yea/ 9 a sac*>9e m9]al m$ium =m]ly pres5t$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! progress ( our /udies has imp>t$ to ! "q an aspect v diff]5t f t :i* x =m]ly wore2 x 0 ?is circum/ance :i* embold5$ u to (f]1 9 our reply to ,liebig be=e ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 #ahga1 to prep>e1 9 a sac*>9e m9]al m$ium1 9 ! pres5ce ( a commission to be appo9t$ by our oppon5t1 any quantity ( f]m5t t he might require1 & to effect ! f]m5tation ( any weight ( sug> :atsoev]4 ,our k ( ! facts detail$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s conc]n+ pure f]m5ts & _! manipulation 9 ! pres5ce ( pure air1 enables u to completely disreg>d ^? causes ( emb>rassm5t t result f ! =tuit\s occurr5ce ( ! g]ms ( organisms1 diff]5t 9 "* f ! f]m5ts1 introduc$ by ! air or f ! sides ( vessels1 or ev5 by ! f]m5t itself4 ,let u once m take "o ( our d\ble-neck$ flasks 7,fig4 #bb1 p4 #aaj71 :i* we w suppose is capable ( conta9+ ?ree or f\r litres 7six to eight p9ts74 ,let u put into x ! foll[+3-- ,pure di/ill$ wat]4 ,sug> c&y #bjj grammes4 ,bit>trate ( #aj 8 potassium 0 8 ammonia #je 0 ,sulphate ( ammonia #ae 8 ,a% ( yea/ #ae 0 #a gramme #aedc gra9s4 ,let u boil ! mixture1 to de/roy all g]ms ( organisms t may exi/ 9 ! air or liquid or on ! sides ( ! flask1 & !n p]mit x to cool1 aft] hav+ plac$1 by way ( extra precaution1 a small quantity ( asbe/os 9 ! end ( ! f9e1 curv$ tube4 ,let u next introduce a trace ( f]m5t into ! liquid1 ?r\gh ! o!r neck1 :i*1 z we describ$1 is t]m9at$ by a small piece ( india-rubb] tube clos$ ) a glass /opp]4 ,"h are ! details ( su* an exp]im5t3-- ,on ,decemb] #i1 #ahgc1 we s[$ "s pure f]m5t--sac*>omyces pa/orianus4 ,f ,decemb] #aa1 t is1 )9 s %ort a "t z =ty-eight h\rs aft] impregnation1 we saw a multitude ( extremely m9ute bubbles ris+ almo/ cont9u\sly f ! bottom1 indicat+ t at ?is po9t ! f]m5tation _h comm5c$4 ,on ! foll[+ days1 sev]al pat*es ( fro? appe>$ on ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,we left ! flask undi/urb$ 9 ! ov51 at a temp]ature ( #be ,c4 7#gg ,f474 ,on ,april #bd1 #ahgd1 we te/$ "s ( ! liquid1 obta9$ by means ( ! /raight tube1 to see if x /ill conta9$ any sug>4 ,we f\nd t x conta9$ less ?an two grammes1 s t #aih grammes 7#db oz4 ,troy7 _h already disappe>$4 ,"s "t aft]w>ds ! f]m5tation came to an end2 we c>ri$ on ! exp]im5t1 nev]!less1 until ,april #ah1 #ahge4 ,!re 0 no developm5t ( any organism absolutely =eign to ! f]m5t1 :i* 0 itself abundant1 a circum/ance t1 add$ to ! p]si/5t vitality ( ! f]m5t1 9 spite ( ! unsuitabl5ess ( ! m$ium = its nutrition1 p]mitt$ ! p]fect completion ( f]m5tation4 ,!re 0 n ! m9ute/ quantity ( sug> rema9+4 ,! total weight ( f]m5t1 aft] wa%+ & dry+ at #ajj ,c4 7#bab ,f471 0 #befc grammes 7#cie gra9s74 ,9 exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d1 9 :i* ! f]m5t has to be weigh$1 x is bett] n to use any yea/-a% t _c be dissolv$ completely1 s z to be capable ( easy sep>ation f ! f]m5t =m$4 ,raul9's liquid1 ! composition ( :i* we h already giv5 7p4 #hi1 footnote71 may be us$ 9 su* cases ) success4 ,all ! alcoholic f]m5ts are n capable to ! same ext5t ( developm5t by means ( phosphates1 ammoniacal salts1 & sug>4 ,!re are "s ^: developm5t is arre/$ a long] or %ort] "t be=e ! trans=mation ( all ! sug>4 ,9 a s]ies ( comp>ative exp]im5ts1 #bjj grammes ( sug>-c&y be+ us$ 9 ea* case1 we f\nd t :il/ sac*>omyces pa/orianus effect$ a complete f]m5tation ( ! sug>1 ! case\s f]m5t did n decompose m ?an two-?irds1 & ! f]m5t :i* we h designat$ new 8high0 f]m5t n m ?an "o-fif?3 & keep+ ! flasks = a long] "t 9 ! ov5 _h no effect 9 increas+ ! proportions ( sug> f]m5t$ 9 ^! two la/ cases4 ,we conduct$ a great numb] ( f]m5tations 9 m9]al m$ia1 9 consequ5ce ( a circum/ance :i* x may be int]e/+ to m5tion "h4 ,a p]son :o 0 work+ 9 our laboratory ass]t$ t ! success ( our exp]im5ts dep5d$ ^u ! impurity ( ! sug>-c&y :i* we employ$1 & t if ?is sug> _h be5 pure--mu* pur] ?an 0 ! ord9>y1 :ite1 comm]cial sug>-c&y1 :i* up to t "t we _h always us$--! f]m5t c\ld n h multipli$4 ,! p]si/5t objections ( our fri5d1 & our desire to conv9ce him1 caus$ u to repeat all our previ\s exp]im5ts on ! subject1 us+ sug> ( great purity1 :i* _h be5 specially prep>$ = u1 ) ! utmo/ c>e1 by a skilful confection]1 ,seugnot4 ,! result only confirm$ our =m] conclusions4 ,ev5 ?is did n satisfy our ob/9ate fri5d1 :o w5t to ! tr\ble ( prep>+ "s pure sug> = himself1 9 little cry/als1 by repeat$ cry/allizations ( c>efully-select$ comm]cial sug>-c&y2 he !n repeat$ our exp]im5ts himself4 ,?is "t all 8 d\bts 7 ov]come4 ,x ev5 happ5$ t ! f]m5tations ) ! p]fectly pure sug> in/ead ( be+ sl[ 7 v active1 :5 comp>$ ) ^? :i* we _h conduct$ ) ! comm]cial sug>-c&y4 ,we may "h add a few words on ! non-trans=mation ( yea/ into p5icillium glaucum4 ,if at any "t dur+ f]m5tation we p\r (f ! f]m5t+ liquid1 ! deposit ( yea/ rema9+ 9 ! vessel may cont9ue !re1 9 contact ) air1 )\t our ev] be+ able to discov] ! lea/ =mation ( p5icillium glaucum 9 x4 ,we may keep a curr5t ( pure air con/antly pass+ ?r\gh ! flask2 ! exp]im5t w give ! same result4 ,nev]!less1 ?is is a m$ium peculi>ly adapt$ to ! developm5t ( ?is m\ld1 inasmu* z if we introduce m]ely a few spores ( p5icillium1 an abundant vegetation ( t gr[? w aft]w>ds appe> on ! deposit4 ,! descriptions ( ,messrs4 ,turp91 ,h(fmann1 & ,trcul h1 !re=e1 be5 bas$ on "o ( ^! illusions :i* we meet ) s frequ5tly 9 microscopical obs]vations4 ,:5 we laid ^! facts be=e ! ,academy1#aei ,m4 ,trcul pr(ess$ 8 inability to compreh5d !m3#afj 8,accord+ to ,m4 ,pa/eur10 he said1 8! yea/ ( be] is anarobian1 t is to say1 x lives 9 a liquid depriv$ ( free oxyg52 & to become mycod]ma or p5icillium x is above all ?+s necess>y t x %\ld be plac$ 9 air1 s9ce1 )\t ?is1 z ! "n signifies1 an arobian be+ _c exi/4 ,to br+ ab\t ! trans=mation ( ! yea/ ( be] into mycod]ma c]evisi or into p5icillium glaucum1 we mu/ accept ! conditions "u :i* ^! two =ms are obta9$4 ,if ,m4 ,pa/eur w p]si/ 9 keep+ 8 yea/ 9 m$ia :i* are incompatible ) ! desir$ modification1 x is cle> t ! results :i* he obta9s mu/ be always negative40 ,contr>y to ?is p]fectly gratuit\s ass]tion ( ,m4 ,trcul's1 we d n keep our yea/ 9 m$ia :i* are calculat$ to prev5t its trans=mation into p5icillium4 ,z we h j se51 ! pr9cipal aim & object ( our exp]im5t 0 to br+ ?is m9ute plant into contact ) air1 & "u conditions t w\ld all[ ! p5icillium to develop ) p]fect fre$om4 ,we conduct$ our exp]im5ts exactly z ,turp9 & ,h(fmann conduct$ !irs1 & exactly z !y /ipulate t su* exp]im5ts %\ld be conduct$--) ! "o sole diff]5ce1 indisp5sable to ! correctness ( our obs]vations1 t we c>efully gu>d$ ourselves aga9/ ^? causes ( error :i* !y did n take ! lea/ tr\ble to avoid4 ,x is possible to produce a ready entrance & escape ( pure air 9 ! case ( ! d\ble-neck$ flasks :i* we h s (t5 employ$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to ! cont9u\s passage ( a curr5t ( air4 ,hav+ made a file-m>k on ! ?9 curv$ neck at a di/ance ( two or ?ree c5timetres 7an in*7 f ! flask1 we mu/ cut r\nd ! neck at ?is po9t ) a glazi]'s diamond1 & !n remove x1 tak+ c>e to cov] ! op5+ imm$iately ) a %eet ( pap] :i* has be5 pass$ ?r\gh ! flame1 & :i* we mu/ fa/5 ) a ?read r\nd ! "p ( ! neck /ill left4 ,9 ?is mann] we may increase or prolong ! fructification ( fungoid gr[?s1 or ! life ( arobian f]m5ts 9 our flasks4 ,:at we h said ( p5icillium glaucum w apply equally to mycod]ma c]evisi4 ,not)/&+ :at ,turp9 & ,trcul may ass]t to ! contr>y1 yea/1 9 contact ) air z x 0 "u ! conditions ( ! exp]im5t j describ$1 w n yield mycod]ma v9i or mycod]ma c]evisi any m ?an x w p5icillium4 ,! exp]im5ts describ$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs on ! increase ( organiz$ f]m5ts 9 m9]al m$ia ( ! composition describ$1 are ( great physiological int]e/4 ,among/ o!r results1 !y %[ t all ! proteic matt] ( f]m5ts may be produc$ by ! vital activity ( ! cells1 :i*1 ap>t altoge!r f ! influ5ce ( light or free oxyg5 7unless1 inde$1 we are deal+ ) arobian m\lds :i* require free oxyg571 h ! p[] ( develop+ a *emical activity betwe5 c>bo-hydrates1 ammoniacal salts1 phosphates & sulphates ( potassium & magnesium4 ,x may be admitt$ ) tru? t a simil> effect obta9s 9 ! case ( ! high] plants1 s t 9 ! exi/+ /ate ( sci5ce we fail to conceive :at s]i\s reason c be urg$ aga9/ our consid]+ ?is effect z g5]al4 ,x w\ld be p]fectly logical to ext5d ! results ( :i* we are speak+ to all plants1 & to believe t ! proteic matt] ( vegetables1 & p]haps ( animals also1 is =m$ exclusively by ! activity ( ! cells op]at+ ^u ! ammoniacal & o!r m9]al salts ( ! sap or plasma ( ! blood1 & ! c>bo-hydrates1 ! =mation ( :i*1 9 ! case ( ! high] plants1 requires only ! concurr5ce ( ! *emical impulse ( gre5 light4 ,view$ 9 ?is mann]1 ! =mation ( ! proteic sub/ances w\ld be indep5d5t ( ! great act ( r$uction ( c>bonic acid gas "u ! influ5ce ( light4 ,^! sub/ances w\ld n be built up f ! elem5ts ( wat]1 ammonia1 & c>bonic acid gas1 aft] ! decomposition ( ?is la/2 !y w\ld be =m$ :]e !y are f\nd 9 ! cells !mselves1 by "s process ( union betwe5 ! c>bo-hydrates import$ by ! sap1 & ! phosphates ( potassium & magnesium & salts ( ammonia4 ,la/ly1 9 vegetable gr[?1 by means ( a c>bo-hydrate & a m9]al m$ium1 s9ce ! c>bo-hydrate is capable ( _m v>iations1 & x w\ld be difficult to und]/& h[ x c\ld be split up into its elem5ts be=e s]v+ to con/itute ! proteic sub/ances1 we may hope to obta9 z _m di/9ct proteic sub/ances1 & ev5 cellulose sub/ances1 z !re are c>bo-hydrates4 ,we h comm5c$ c]ta9 /udies 9 ?is direction4 ,if sol> radiation is indisp5sable to ! decomposition ( c>bonic acid & ! build+ up ( ! prim>y sub/ances 9 ! case ( high] vegetable life1 x is /ill possible t c]ta9 inf]ior organisms may d )\t x & nev]!less yield ! mo/ complex sub/ances1 fatty or c>bo-hydrate1 su* z cellulose1 v>i\s organic acids1 & proteic matt]2 n1 h[ev]1 by borr[+ _! c>bon f ! c>bonic acid :i* is saturat$ ) oxyg51 b f o!r matt]s /ill capable ( acquir+ oxyg51 & s ( yield+ heat 9 ! process1 su* z alcohol & acetic acid1 = example1 to cite m]ely c>bon comp\nds mo/ remov$ f organization4 ,z ^! la/ comp\nds1 & a ho/ ( o!rs equally adapt$ to s]ve z ! c>bonace\s food ( mycod]ms & ! muc$9es1 may be produc$ syn!tically by means ( c>bon & ! vap\r ( wat]1 aft] ! me?ods t sci5ce owes to ,b]!lot1 x foll[s t1 9 ! case ( c]ta9 inf]ior be+s1 life w\ld be possible ev5 if x %\ld be t ! sol> light 0 ext+ui%$4#afa ,footnote #aaa3 ,x has be5 rem>k$ 9 practice t f]m5tation is facilitat$ by leav+ ! grapes on ! bun*es4 ,! reason ( ?is has n yet be5 discov]$4 ,/ill we h no d\bt t x may be attribut$1 pr9cipally1 to ! fact t ! int]/ices betwe5 ! grapes1 & ! spaces :i* ! bun* leaves ?r\gh\t1 consid]ably increase ! volume ( air plac$ at ! s]vice ( ! g]ms ( f]m5t4 ,footnote #aab3 ,na,h,s,o#b1 n[ call$ ,sodium hyposulphite4 ,see p4 #cee1 footnote4--,d4,c4,r4 ,footnote #aac3 ,?is appe>s to be a mispr9t = #afch grammes #bec gra9s4--,d4,c4,r4 ,footnote #aad3 #bjj c4c4 ( liquid 7 us$1 :i*1 z conta9+ #e p] c5t41 _h 9 solution #aj grammes ( sug>4--,d4 ,c4 ,r4 ,footnote #aae3 ,int]national ,sci5ce ,s]ies1 vol4 xx41 pp4 #agi-ahb4 ,london1 #ahgf4--;,d4 ,c4 ,r4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,page #ahb1 ,engli% edition4 ,footnote #aag3 ,?is figure is on a scale ( #cjj diamet]s1 mo/ ( ! figures 9 ?is "w be+ ( #djj diamet]s4 ,footnote #aah3 ,x may be useful = ! non-sci5tific read] to put x ?us3--t ! #be c4c4 :i* escap$1 be+ a fair sample ( ! :ole gas 9 ! flask1 & conta9+ 7#a7 #be - #bjf #dd c4c41 absorb$ by pota% & !re=e due to c>bonic acid1 & 7#b7 #bjf - #agc #cc c4c41 absorb$ by pyrogallate1 & !re=e due to oxyg51 & ! rema9+ #agc c4c4 be+ nitrog51 ! :ole gas 9 ! flask1 :i* has a capacity ( #cae c4c41 w conta9 oxyg5 9 ! above proportion1 & !re=e its am\nt may be det]m9$1 provid$ we "k ! total gas 9 ! flask be=e op5+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we "k t air normally conta9s1 approximately1 #a_/e? its volume ( oxyg51 ! re/ be+ nitrog51 s t1 by asc]ta9+ ! dim9ution ( ! proportion 9 ! flask1 we c f9d h[ _m cubic c5timetres h be5 absorb$ by ! yea/4 ,! au?or1 h[ev]1 has n giv5 all ! data necess>y = accurate calculation4--,d4,c4,r4 ,footnote #aai3 ,?is numb] is probably too small2 x is sc>cely possible t ! increase ( weight 9 ! yea/1 ev5 "u ! exceptional conditions ( ! exp]im5t describ$1 0 n to "s ext5t at lea/ due to oxidation ap>t f free oxyg51 inasmu* z "s ( ! cells 7 cov]$ by o!rs4 ,! increas$ weight ( ! yea/ is always due to ! action ( two di/9ct modes ( vital en]gy--activity1 namely1 9 pres5ce & activity 9 abs5ce ( air4 ,we might endeav\r to %ort5 ! duration ( ! exp]im5t /ill fur!r1 9 :i* case we w\ld /ill m assimilate ! life ( ! yea/ to t ( ord9>y m\lds4 ,footnote #abj3 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts1 9 :i* ! m\lds rema9 = a long "t 9 contact ) a sac*>9e wort out ( contact ) oxyg5--! oxyg5 be+ promptly absorb$ by ! vital action ( ! plant 7see our ,mmoire sur les ,gnrations dites ,spontanes1 p4 #ed1 note7--!re is no d\bt t an appreciable quantity ( alcohol is =m$ because ! plant does n imm$iately lose its vital activity1 aft] ! absorption ( oxyg54 ,a #cjj-;c4c4 7#aj-oz47 flask1 conta9+ #ajj c4c4 ( mu/1 aft] ! air 9 x _h be5 expell$ by boil+1 0 op5$ & imm$iately re-clos$1 on ,augu/ #ae?1 #ahgc4 ,a fungoid gr[?--a unique "o1 ( gre5i%-grey col\r--develop$ f spontane\s impregnation1 & decoloriz$ ! liquid1 :i* orig9ally 0 ( a yell[i%-br[n4 ,"s l>ge cry/als1 sp>kl+ l diamonds1 ( neutral t>trate ( lime1 7 precipitat$4 ,ab\t a ye> aft]w>ds1 long aft] ! dea? ( ! plant1 we exam9$ ?is liquid4 ,x conta9$ #jc gramme 7#df gra9s7 ( alcohol1 & #jjec gramme 7#jh gra97 ( vegetable matt]1 dri$ at #ajj ,c4 7#bab ,f474 ,we asc]ta9$ t ! spores ( ! fungus 7 dead at ! mom5t :5 ! flask 0 op5$4 ,:5 s[n1 !y did n develop 9 ! lea/ degree4 ,footnote #aba3 ,we f9d 9 ,m4 ,raul9's ,note1 already quot$1 t 8! m9imum ratio betwe5 ! weight ( sug> & ! weight ( organiz$ matt]1 t is1 ! weight ( fungoid gr[? :i* x helps to =m1 may be express$ #aj_/cb #ca40 ,,jules ,,raul91 tudes *imiques sur la vgtation4 ,re*]*es sur le dveloppem5t d'une mucd9e dans un milieu artificiel1 p4 #aib1 ,p>is1 #ahgj4 ,we h se51 9 ! case ( yea/1 t ?is ratio may be z l[ z #d_/a4 ,footnote #abb3 ,we %all %[1 "s day1 t ! processes ( oxidation due to gr[? ( fungi cause1 9 c]ta9 decompositions1 lib]ation ( ammonia to a consid]able ext5t1 & t by regulat+ _! action we might cause !m to extract ! nitrog5 f a ho/ ( organic dbris1 z also1 by *eck+ ! production ( su* organisms1 we might consid]ably increase ! proportion ( nitrates 9 ! artificial nitrog5\s sub/ances4 ,by cultivat+ v>i\s m\lds on ! surface ( damp bread 9 a curr5t ( air1 we h obta9$ an abundance ( ammonia1 d]iv$ f ! decomposition ( ! album9oids effect$ by ! fungoid life4 ,! decomposition ( asp>agus1 & sev]al o!r animal or vegetable sub/ances1 has giv5 simil> results4 ,footnote #abc3 ,to det]m9e ! abs5ce ( cells ( f]m5t 9 fruits t h be5 imm]s$ 9 c>bonic acid gas1 we mu/ fir/ ( all c>efully raise ! pellicle ( ! fruit1 tak+ c>e t ! subjac5t p>5*yma does n t\* ! surface ( ! pellicle1 s9ce ! organiz$ corpuscles exi/+ on ! ext]ior ( ! fruit might introduce an error into our microscopical obs]vations4 ,exp]im5ts on grapes h giv5 u an explanation ( a fact g5]ally kn[n1 ! cause ( :i*1 h[ev]1 _h hi!rto escap$ our k4 ,we all "k t ! ta/e & aroma ( ! v9tage1 t is1 ( ! grapes /ripp$ f ! bun*es & ?r[n into tubs1 :]e !y get soak$ 9 ! juice t issues f w\nd$ specim5s1 are v diff]5t f ! ta/e & aroma ( an un9jur$ bun*4 ,n[ grapes t h be5 imm]s$ 9 an atmosph]e ( c>bonic acid gas h exactly ! flav\r & smell ( ! v9tage2 ! reason is t1 9 ! v9tage tub1 ! grapes are imm$iately surr\nd$ by an atmosph]e ( c>bonic acid gas1 & und]go1 9 consequ5ce1 ! f]m5tation peculi> to grapes t h be5 plung$ 9 ?is gas4 ,^! facts des]ve to be /udi$ f a practical po9t ( view4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+1 = example1 to le>n :at diff]5ce !re w\ld be 9 ! quality ( two w9es1 ! grapes ( :i*1 9 ! "o case1 _h be5 p]fectly cru%$1 s z to cause z great a sep>ation ( ! cells ( ! p>5*yma z possible2 9 ! o!r case1 left1 = ! mo/ "p1 :ole1 z 9 ! case 9 ! ord9>y v9tage4 ,! fir/ w9e w\ld be depriv$ ( ^? fix$ & fragrant pr9ciples produc$ by ! f]m5tation ( :i* we h j spok51 :5 ! grapes are imm]s$ 9 c>bonic acid gas4 ,by su* a comp>ison z t :i* we sugge/1 we %\ld be able to =m an priori judgm5t on ! m]its ( ! new sy/em1 :i* has n be5 c>efully /udi$1 al?\gh already widely adopt$1 ( mill$1 cyl9drical cru%]s1 = press+ ! v9tage4 ,footnote #abd3 ,we h sometimes f\nd small quantities ( alcohol 9 fruits & o!r vegetable organs1 surr\nd$ ) ord9>y air1 b always 9 small proportion1 & 9 a mann] :i* sugge/$ its accid5tal "*4 ,x is easy to und]/& h[1 9 ! ?ickness ( c]ta9 fruits1 c]ta9 p>ts ( ^? fruits might be depriv$ ( air1 "u :i* circum/ance !y w\ld h be5 act+ "u conditions simil> to ^? "u :i* fruits act :5 :olly imm]s$ 9 c>bonic acid gas4 ,moreov] x w\ld be useful to det]m9e :e!r alcohol is n a normal product ( vegetation4 ,footnote #abe3 ,9 ^! /udies on plants liv+ imm]s$ 9 c>bonic acid gas1 we h come across a fact :i* corroborates ^? :i* we h already giv5 9 ref]5ce to ! facility ) :i* lactic & visc\s f]m5ts1 &1 g5]ally speak+1 ^? :i* we h t]m$ ! disease-f]m5ts ( be]1 develop :5 depriv$ ( air1 & :i* %[s1 consequ5tly1 h[ v m>k$ _! arobian "* is4 ,if we imm]se beetroots or turnips 9 c>bonic acid gas1 we produce well-def9$ f]m5tations 9 ^? roots4 ,_! :ole surface readily p]mits ! escape ( ! highly acid liquids1 & !y become fill$ ) lactic1 visc\s1 & o!r f]m5ts4 ,?is %[s u ! great dang] :i* may result f ! use ( pits1 9 :i* ! beetroots are pres]v$1 :5 ! air is n r5ew$1 & t ! orig9al oxyg5 is expell$ by ! vital processes ( fungi1 or o!r deoxidiz+ *emical actions4 ,we h direct$ ! att5tion ( ! manufactur]s ( beetroot sug> to ?is po9t4 ,footnote #abf3 ,,le*>ti] & ,,bellamy1 ,comptes r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 vol4 lxix41 pp4 #cff & #dff1 #ahfi4 ,footnote #abg3 ,^? g5tlem5 express !mselves ?us3 8,9 a note pres5t$ to ! ,academy 9 ,novemb]1 #ahgb1 we publi%$ c]ta9 exp]im5ts :i* %[$ t c>bonic acid & alcohol may be produc$ 9 fruits kept 9 a clos$ vessel1 out ( contact ) atmosph]ic oxyg51 )\t our be+ able to discov] alcoholic f]m5t 9 ! int]ior ( ^? fruits4 8,m4 ,pa/eur1 z a logical d$uction f ! pr9ciples :i* he has e/abli%$ 9 connection ) ! !ory ( f]m5tation1 consid]s t ! =mation ( alcohol may be attribut$ to ! fact t ! physical & *emical processes ( life 9 ! cells ( fruit cont9ue "u new conditions1 9 a mann] simil> to ^? ( ! cells ( f]m5t4 ,exp]im5ts1 cont9u$ dur+ #ahgb1 #ahgc1 & #ahgd1 on diff]5t fruits1 h furni%$ results all ( :i* seem to u to h>monize ) ?is proposition1 & to e/abli% x on a firm basis ( pro(40 ,comptes r5dus1 t4 lxxix41 p4 #idi1 #ahgd4 ,footnote #abh3 ,,pa/eur1 ,faites n\veaux p\r s]vir la connaissance de la ?orie des f]m5tations proprem5t dites4 7,comptes r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 t4 lxxv41 p4 #ghd74 ,see1 9 ! same volume1 ! discussion t foll[$2 also1 ,,pa/eur1 ,note sur la production de l'alcool p> les fruits1 same volume1 p4 #ajed1 9 :i* we rec\nt ! obs]vations ant]ior to our own1 made by ,messrs4 ,le*>ti] & ,bellamy 9 #ahfi4 ,footnote #abi3 ,comptes r5dus1 meet+ ( ,janu>y #ae?1 #ahgb4 ,footnote #acj3 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,m4 ,fremy applies 8 !ory ( hemi-organism1 n only to ! alcoholic f]m5tation ( grape juice1 b to all o!r f]m5tations4 ,! foll[+ passage occurs 9 "o ( 8 ,notes 7,comptes r5dus de l',acadmie1 t4 lxxv41 p4 #igi1 ,octob] #bh?1 #ahgb73 8,exp]im5ts on ,g]m9at$ ,b>ley4--,! object ( ^! 0 to %[ t1 :5 b>ley1 left to itself 9 sweet5$ wat]1 produces 9 succession alcoholic1 lactic1 butyric1 & acetic f]m5tations1 ^! modifications are br\ght ab\t by f]m5ts :i* are produc$ inside ! gra9s !mselves1 & n by atmosph]ic g]ms4 ,m ?an =ty diff]5t exp]im5ts 7 devot$ to ?is "p ( my "w40 ,ne$ we add t ?is ass]tion is bas$ on no sub/antial f\ndation8 ,! cells belong+ to ! gra9s ( b>ley1 or _! album9\s cont5ts1 nev] d produce cells ( alcoholic f]m5t1 or ( lactic f]m5t1 or butyric vibrios4 ,:5ev] ^? f]m5ts appe> !y may be trac$ to g]ms ( ^? organisms1 diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! int]ior ( ! gra9s1 or adh]+ to _! ext]ior surface1 or exi/+ 9 ! wat] employ$1 or on ! sides ( ! vessels us$4 ,!re are _m ways ( demon/rat+ ?is1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is "o3 s9ce ! results ( our exp]im5ts h %[n t sweet5$ wat]1 phosphates1 & *alk v readily give rise to lactic & butyric f]m5tations1 :at reason is !re = suppos+ t if we sub/itute gra9s ( b>ley = *alk1 ! lactic & butyric f]m5ts w spr+ f ^? gra9s1 9 consequ5ce ( a trans=mation ( _! cells or album9\s sub/ances8 ,surely1 !re is no gr\nd = ma9ta9+ t !y are produc$ by hemi-organism1 s9ce a m$ium compos$ ( sug>1 or *alk1 or phosphates ( ammonia1 pota%1 or magnesia conta9s no album9\s sub/ances4 ,?is is an indirect b irresi/ible argum5t aga9/ ! hemi-organism !ory4 ,footnote #aca3 ,,pa/eur1 ,mmoire sur la f]m5tation alcoolique1 #ahfj2 ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique4 ,! ^w globules is "h us$ = cells4 ,9 our rese>*es we h always endeav\r$ to prev5t any confusion ( ideas4 ,we /at$ at ! beg9n+ ( our ,memoir ( #ahfj1 t3 8,we apply ! t]m alcoholic to t f]m5tation :i* sug> und]goes "u ! influ5ce ( ! f]m5t kn[n z be] yea/40 ,?is is ! f]m5tation :i* produces w9e & all alcoholic bev]ages4 ,?is1 too1 is reg>d$ z ! type = a ho/ ( simil> ph5om5a1 designat$1 by g5]al usage1 "u ! g5]ic "n ( f]m5tation1 & qualifi$ by ! "n ( "o ( ! ess5tial products ( ! special ph5om5on "u obs]vation4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ?is fact 9 ref]5ce to ! nom5clature t we h adopt$1 x w be se5 t ! expression alcoholic f]m5tation _c be appli$ to e ph5om5on ( f]m5tation 9 :i* alcohol is produc$1 inasmu* z !re may be a numb] ( ph5om5a hav+ ?is "* 9 common4 ,if we _h n at />t+ def9$ t p>ticul> "o among/ ! numb] ( v di/9ct ph5om5a1 :i*1 to ! exclusion ( ! o!rs1 %\ld be> ! "n alcoholic f]m5tation1 we %\ld inevitably h giv5 rise to a confusion ( language t w\ld soon pass f words to ideas1 & t5d to introduce unnecess>y complexity into rese>*es :i* are already1 9 !mselves1 suffici5tly complex to necessitate ! adoption ( scrupul\s c>e to prev5t _! becom+ /ill m involv$4 ,x seems to u t any fur!r d\bt z to ! mean+ ( ! words alcoholic f]m5tation1 & ! s5se 9 :i* !y are employ$1 is impossible1 inasmu* z ,lavoisi]1 ,gay-,lussac1 & ,?n>d h appli$ ?is t]m to ! f]m5tation ( sug> by means ( be] yea/4 ,x w\ld be bo? dang]\s & unpr(itable to disc>d ! example set by ^? illu/ri\s ma/]s1 to :om we are indebt$ = our e>lie/ k ( ?is subject4 ,footnote #acb3 ,see1 = example1 ! communications ( ,,mm4 ,col9 & ,poggiale1 & ! discussion on !m1 9 ! ,bullet9 de l',acadmie de ,mdic9e1 ,m>* #bnd1 #i?1 & #cj?1 & ,febru>y #af? & #bcrd1 #ahge4 ,footnote #acc3 ,we h else:]e det]m9$ ! =mation ( m9ute quantities ( volatile acids 9 alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,m4 ,b*amp1 :o /udi$ ^!1 recogniz$ sev]al belong+ to ! s]ies ( fatty acids1 acetic acid1 butyric acid1 c4 8,! pres5ce ( succ9ic acid is n accid5tal1 b con/ant2 if we put aside volatile acids t =m 9 quantities :i* we may call inf9itely small1 we may say t succ9ic acid is ! only normal acid ( alcoholic f]m5tation40 ,,pa/eur1 ,comptes r5dus de l',acadmie1 t4 xlvii4 p4 #bbd1 #aheh4 ,footnote #acd3 ,traube's conceptions 7 gov]n$ by a !ory ( f]m5tation entirely 8 own1 a hypo!tical "o1 z he admits1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is a brief summ>y3 8,we h no reason to d\bt10 ,traube says1 8t ! protoplasm ( vegetable cells is itself1 or conta9s )9 x1 a *emical f]m5t :i* causes ! alcoholic f]m5tation ( sug>2 its efficacy seems closely connect$ ) ! pres5ce ( ! cell1 inasmu* z1 up to ! pres5t "t1 we h discov]$ no means ( isolat+ x f ! cells ) success4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( air1 ?is f]m5t oxidizes sug>1 by br++ oxyg5 to be> ^u x2 9 ! abs5ce ( air x decomposes ! sug> by tak+ away oxyg5 f "o gr\p ( atoms ( ! molecule ( sug> & br++ x to act ^u o!r atoms2 on ! "o h& yield+ a product ( alcohol by r$uction1 on ! o!r h& a product ( c>bonic acid by oxidation40 ,traube supposes t ?is *emical f]m5t exi/s 9 yea/ & 9 all sweet fruits1 b only :5 ! cells are intact1 = he has prov$ = himself t ?or\ghly cru%$ fruits give rise to no f]m5tation :atev] 9 c>bonic acid gas4 ,9 ?is respect ?is imag9>y *emical f]m5t w\ld diff] entirely f ^? :i* we call soluble f]m5ts1 s9ce dia/ase1 emuls9e1 c41 may be easily isolat$4 ,= a full acc\nt ( ! views ( ,brefeld & ,traube1 & ! discussion :i* !y c>ri$ on on ! subject ( ! results ( our exp]im5ts1 our read]s may consult ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society ( ,b]l91 vii4 p4 #hgb4 ,! numb]s = ,septemb] & ,decemb]1 #ahgd1 9 ! same volume1 conta9 ! replies ( ! two au?ors4 ,footnote #ace3 ,see ,,pa/eur1 ,comptes r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 t4 lvi4 p4 #daf4 ,footnote #acf3 ,c>bonic acid be+ consid]ably m soluble ?an o!r gases possible "u ! circum/ances4--,,ed4 ,footnote #acg3 ,we _h to avoid fill+ ! small flask completely1 = fe> ( caus+ "s ( ! liquid to pass on to ! surface ( ! m]cury 9 ! measur+ tube4 ,! liquid cond5s$ by boil+ =ms pure wat]1 ! solv5t aff9ity ( :i* = c>bonic acid1 at ! temp]ature we employ1 is well kn[n4 ,footnote #ach3 ,! foll[+ is a curi\s consequ5ce ( ^! numb]s & ( ! nature ( ! products ( ?is f]m5tation4 ,! c>bonic acid lib]at$ be+ q pure1 especially :5 ! liquid has be5 boil$ to expel all air f ! flask1 & capable ( p]fect solution1 x foll[s t1 ! volume ( liquid be+ suffici5t & ! weight ( t>trate suitably *os5--we may set aside t>trate ( lime 9 an insoluble1 cry/all9e p[d]1 along ) phosphates at ! bottom ( a clos$ vessel full ( wat]1 & f9d soon aft]w>ds 9 _! place c>bonate ( lime1 &1 9 ! liquid1 soluble salts ( lime1 ) a mass ( organic matt] at ! bottom1 )\t any lib]ation ( gas or appe>ance ( f]m5tation ev] tak+ place1 except z f> z ! vital action & trans=mation 9 ! t>trate are conc]n$4 ,x is easy to calculate t a vessel or flask ( five litres 7r m ?an a gallon7 w\ld be l>ge en\gh = ! accompli%m5t ( ?is rem>kable & s+ul>ly quiet trans=mation1 9 ! case ( fifty grammes 7#gfg gra9s7 ( t>trate ( lime4 ,footnote #aci3 ,we treat$ ! :ole deposit ) dilute hydro*loric acid1 :i* dissolv$ ! c>bonate ( lime1 & ! insoluble phosphates ( calcium & magnesium2 aft]w>ds filt]+ ! liquid ?r\gh a weigh$ filt] pap]4 ,dri$ at #ajj ,c4 7#bab ,f471 ! weight ( organic matt] ?us obta9$ 0 #jed gramme 7#hc gra9s71 :i* 0 r m ?an #a_/bjj? ( ! weight ( f]m5table matt]4 ,footnote #adj3 ,%\ld ! solution ( lactate ( lime be turbid1 x may be cl>ifi$ by filtration1 aft] previ\sly add+ a small quantity ( phosphate ( ammonia1 :i* ?r[s d[n phosphate ( lime4 ,x is only aft] ?is process ( cl>ification & filtration t ! phosphates ( ! =mula are add$4 ,! solution soon becomes turbid1 if left 9 contact ) air1 9 consequ5ce ( ! spontane\s =mation ( bact]ia4 ,footnote #ada3 ,! naturali/ ,cohn1 ( ,breslau1 :o publi%$ an excell5t "w on bact]ia 9 #ahgb1 describ$1 aft] ,may]1 ! composition ( a liquid peculi>ly adapt$ to ! propagation ( ^! organisms1 :i* x w\ld be well to comp>e = its utility 9 /udies ( ?is k9d ) our solution ( lactate & phosphates4 ,! foll[+ is ,cohn's =mula3-- ,di/ill$ wat] #bj c4c4 7#jg fl4 oz47 ,phosphate ( #ja gramme 7#ae gra9s74 potassium ,sulphate ( #ja gramme 7#ae gra9s74 magnesium ,tribasic phosphate #jja gramme 7#jae gra974 ( lime ,t>trate ( ammonia #jb gramme 7#c gra9s74 ,?is liquid1 ! au?or says1 has a feeble acid reaction & =ms a p]fectly cle> solution4 ,footnote #adb3 ,on ! rapid absorption ( oxyg5 by bact]ia1 see also our ,mmoire ( #ahgb1 sur les ,gnrations dites ,spontanes1 especially ! note on page #gh4 ,footnote #adc3 ,9 :at way are we to acc\nt = s great a diff]5ce betwe5 ! two f]m5tations t we h j describ$8 ,probably1 x 0 ow+ to "s modification effect$ 9 ! m$ium by ! previ\s life ( ! bact]ia1 or to ! special "* ( ! vibrios us$ 9 impregnation4 ,or1 aga91 x might h be5 due to ! action ( ! air1 :i*1 "u ! conditions ( our second exp]im5t1 0 n absolutely elim9at$1 s9ce we took no precaution aga9/ its introduction at ! mom5t ( fill+ our flask1 & ?is w\ld t5d to facilitate ! multiplication ( anarobian vibrios1 j z1 "u simil> conditions1 w\ld h be5 ! case if we _h be5 deal+ ) a f]m5tation by ord9>y yea/4 ,footnote #add3 ,9 ?is case ! liquid 0 compos$ z foll[s3--a saturat$ solution ( lactate ( lime1 at a temp]ature ( #be ,c4 7#gg ,f47 0 prep>$1 conta9+ = e #ajj c4c4 7#c- fl4 oz47 #befe grammes 7#cid gra9s7 ( ! lactate1 ,c#f;,h#e,o#e;,ca,o new notation1 ,c#f;,h#aj;,ca,o#f4 ,?is solution 0 r5d]$ v cle> by ! addition ( "o gramme ( phosphate ( ammonia & subsequ5t filtration4 ,= a volume ( #h litres 7#ad p9ts7 ( ?is cle>1 saturat$ solution1 we us$ #a gramme #aedc gra9s3-- ,phosphate ( ammonia #b grammes4 ,phosphate ( #a grammes4 potassium ,phosphate ( #a grammes4 magnesium ,sulphate ( ammonia #je gramme4 ,footnote #ade3 #a millimetre #jjci in*3 h5ce ! dim5sions indicat$ w be--l5g?1 f #jjjjci to #jjjaag1 or ev5 #jjjagf 942 diamet]1 f #jjjjjeh to #jjjjjgh1 r>ely #j4jjjaag 94 ,footnote #adf3 ,! c>bonace\s supply1 z we rem>k$1 _h fail$ !m1 & to ?is failure ! abs5ce ( vital action1 nutrition1 & multiplication 0 attributable4 ,! liquid1 h[ev]1 conta9$ butyrate ( lime1 a salt possess+ prop]ties simil> to ^? ( ! lactate4 ,:y c\ld n ?is salt equally well support ! life ( ! vibrios8 ,! explanation ( ! difficulty seems to u to lie simply 9 ! fact t lactic acid produces heat by its decomposition1 :il/ butyric acid does n1 & ! vibrios seem to require heat d>+ ! *emical process ( _! nutrition4 ,footnote #adg3 ,to d ?is1 x is suffici5t fir/ to fill ! curv$ ends ( ! /op-cock$ tubes ( ! flasks1 z well z ! india-rubb] tube c c1 :i* connects !m1 ) boil+ wat] t conta9s no air4 ,footnote #adh3 ,we f9d ?is fact1 :i* we publi%$ z long ago z #ahfc1 confirm$ 9 a "w ( ,h4 ,h(fmann's publi%$ 9 #ahfi1 "u ! title ,mmoire sur les bactries1 :i* has appe>$ 9 ,fr5* 7,annales des ,sci5ces naturelles1 #e? s]ies1 vol4 xi474 ,on ?is subject we may cite an obs]vation t has n yet be5 publi%$4 ,arobian bact]ia lose all p[] ( movem5t :5 sudd5ly plung$ into c>bonic acid gas2 !y recov] x1 h[ev]1 z if !y _h only be5 suff]+ f an/hesia1 z soon z !y are br\ght into ! air aga94 ,footnote #adi3 ,^! d\bts might easily be remov$ by putt+ ! matt] to ! te/ ( direct exp]im5t4 ,footnote #aej3 ,,rob91 ,sur la nature des f]m5tations1 c4 7,j\rnal de l',anatomie et de la ,physiologie1 ,july & ,augu/1 #ahge1 p4 #chf74 ,footnote #aea3 ,,liebig1 ,sur la f]m5tation et la s\rce de la =ce musculaire 7,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 #d? s]ies1 t4 xxiii4 p4 #e1 #ahgj47 ,footnote #aeb3 ,x is important t we %\ld "h rem>k t1 9 ! f]m5tation ( pure solution ( sug> by means ( yea/1 ! oxyg5 orig9ally dissolv$ 9 ! wat]1 z well z t appropriat$ by ! globules ( yea/ 9 _! contact ) air1 has a consid]able effect on ! activity ( f]m5tation4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 if we pass a /rong curr5t ( c>bonic acid ?r\gh ! sug>$ wat] & ! wat] 9 :i* ! yea/ has be5 treat$1 ! f]m5tation w be r5d]$ extremely sluggi%1 & ! few new cells ( yea/ :i* =m w assume /range & abnormal aspects4 ,inde$ ?is might h be5 expect$1 = we h se5 t yea/1 :5 some:at old1 is incapable ( developm5t or ( caus+ f]m5tation1 ev5 9 a f]m5table m$ium conta9+ all ! nutritive pr9ciples ( yea/1 if ! liquid has be5 depriv$ ( air2 mu* m %\ld we expect ?is to be ! case 9 pure sug>$ wat]1 likewise depriv$ ( air4 ,footnote #aec3 ,,doeb]e9]1 ,j\rnal de ,*imie de ,s*weigg]1 vol4 xii4 p4 #abi1 & ,j\rnal de ,ph>macie1 vol4 i4 p4 #cdb4 ,,mits*]li*1 ,monatsb]i*te d4 ,kn4 ,preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss54 zu ,b]l91 & ,rapports annuels de ,b]zelius1 ,p>is1 #ahdc1 #crd ye>4 ,on ! occasion ( a communication on ! inv]sion ( cane sug>1 by ,h4 ,rose1 publi%$ 9 #ahdj1 ,m4 ,mits*]li* obs]v$3 8,! inv]sion ( cane sug> 9 alcoholic f]m5tation is n due to ! globules ( yea/1 b to a soluble matt] 9 ! wat] ) :i* !y mix4 ,! liquid obta9$ by /ra9+ (f ! f]m5t on a filt] pap]1 possesses ! prop]ty ( conv]t+ cane sug> into uncry/allizable sug>40 ,,b]!lot1 ,comptes r5dus de l',acadmie4 ,meet+ ( ,may #bh?1 #ahfj4 ,m4 ,b]!lot confirms ! prec$+ exp]im5t ( ,mits*]li*1 & proves1 moreov]1 t ! soluble matt] ( :i* t au?or speaks may be precipitat$ ) alcohol )\t los+ its inv]tive p[]4 ,m4 ,b*amp has appli$ ,mits*]li*'s obs]vation1 conc]n+ ! soluble f]m5tative "p ( yea/1 to fungoid gr[?s1 & has made ! int]e/+ discov]y t fungoid gr[?s1 l yea/1 yield to wat] a sub/ance t inv]ts sug>4 ,:5 ! production ( fungoid gr[?s is prev5t$ by means ( an antiseptic ! inv]sion ( sug> does n take place4 ,we may "h say a few words respect+ ,m4 ,b*amp's claim to priority ( discov]y4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t we 7 ! fir/ to demon/rate t liv+ f]m5ts might be completely develop$1 if _! g]ms 7 plac$ 9 pure wat]1 toge!r ) sug>1 ammonia1 & phosphates4 ,rely+ on ?is e/abli%$ fact1 t m\lds are capable ( developm5t 9 sweet5$ wat]1 9 :i*1 accord+ to ,m4 ,b*amp1 !y inv]t ! sug>1 our au?or ass]ts t he has prov$ t1 8liv+ organiz$ f]m5ts may orig9ate 9 m$ia :i* conta9 no album9\s sub/ances40 7,see ,comptes r5dus1 vol4 lxxv4 p4 #aeai47 ,to be logical1 ,m4 ,b*amp might say t he has prov$ t c]ta9 m\lds orig9ate 9 pure sweet5$ wat]1 )\t nitrog5 or phosphates or o!r m9]al elem5ts1 = su* a d$uction might v well be drawn f 8 "w1 9 :i* we d n f9d ! lea/ expression ( a/oni%m5t at ! possibility ( m\lds develop+ 9 pure wat]1 conta9+ no?+ b sug> )\t o!r m9]al or organic pr9ciples4 ,m4 ,b*amp's fir/ ,note on ! inv]sion ( sug> 0 publi%$ 9 #ahee4 ,9 x we f9d no?+ relat+ to ! influ5ce ( m\lds4 ,8 second1 9 :i* t influ5ce is notic$1 0 publi%$ 9 ,janu>y1 #aheh1 t is1 subsequ5tly to our "w on lactic f]m5tation1 :i* appe>$ 9 ,novemb]1 #aheg4 ,9 t "w we e/abli%$1 = ! fir/ "t1 t ! lactic f]m5t is a liv+ organiz$ be+1 t album9\s sub/ances h no %>e 9 ! production ( f]m5tation1 & t !y only s]ve z ! food ( ! f]m5t4 ,m4 ,b*amp's ,note 0 ev5 subsequ5t to our fir/ "w on alcoholic f]m5tation1 :i* appe>$ on ,decemb] #ba/1 #aheg4 ,x is s9ce ! appe>ance ( ^! two works ( ours t ! prepond]at+ influ5ce ( ! life ( microscopic organisms1 9 ! ph5om5a ( f]m5tation1 has be5 bett] und]/ood4 ,imm$iately aft] _! appe>ance ,m4 ,b*amp1 :o1 f #ahee1 _h made no obs]vation on ! action ( fungoid gr[?s on sug>1 al?\gh he _h rem>k$ _! pres5ce1 modifi$ 8 =m] conclusions4 7,comptes r5dus1 ,janu>y #d?1 #aheh47 ,footnote #aed3 8,!re are two classes ( f]m5ts2 ! fir/1 ( :i* ! yea/ ( be] may be tak5 z ! type1 p]petuate & r5ew !mselves if !y c f9d 9 ! liquid 9 :i* !y produce f]m5tation food en\gh = _! wants2 ! second1 ( :i* dia/ase is ! type1 always sacrifice !mselves 9 ! ex]cise ( _! activity40 7,,dumas1 ,comptes r5dus de l',acadmie1 t4 lxxv4 p4 #bgg1 #ahgb47 ,footnote #aee3 ,,fremy1 ,comptes r5dus de l',acadmie1 vol4 lviii4 p4 #ajfe1 #ahfd4 ,footnote #aef3 ,see our ,memoir ( #ahfj 7,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 vol4 lviii47 p4 #fa1 & foll[+1 & especially pp4 #fi & #gj1 :]e ! details ( ! exp]im5t w be f\nd4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,,pa/eur1 ,comptes r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 vol4 lxxiii4 p4 #adai1 #ahga4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,9 8 ,memoir ( #ahgj1 ,liebig has made a rem>kable admission3 8,my late fri5d ,pel\ze10 he says1 8_h communicat$ to me1 n9e ye>s ago1 c]ta9 results ( ,m4 ,pa/eur's rese>*es on f]m5tation4 ,i told him t1 j !n1 ,i 0 n dispos$ to alt] my op9ion on ! cause ( f]m5tation1 & t if x 7 possible by means ( ammonia to produce or multiply ! yea/ 9 f]m5t+ liquors1 indu/ry w\ld soon avail itself ( ! fact1 & t ,i w\ld wait to see if x did s2 up to ! pres5t "t1 h[ev]1 !re has n be5 ! lea/ *ange 9 ! manufacture ( yea/40 ,we d n "k :at ,m4 ,pel\ze's reply 02 b x is n difficult to conceive s sagaci\s an obs]v] rem>k+ to 8 illu/ri\s fri5d1 t ! possibility ( d]iv+ pecuni>y advantage f ! wide application ( a new sci5tific fact _h nev] be5 reg>d$ z ! crit]ion ( ! exactness ( t fact4 ,we c\ld prove1 moreov]1 by ! und\bt$ te/imony ( v di/+ui%$ practical m51 notably by t ( ,m4 ,pezeyre1 director ( di/ill]ies1 t ^u ?is po9t also ,liebig 0 mi/ak54 ,footnote #aei3 ,,pa/eur1 ,comptes r5dus de l',acadmie1 vol4 lxxviii4 pp4 #bac-baf4 ,footnote #afj3 ,,tr,,cul1 ,comptes r5dus de l',acadmie1 vol4 lxxviii4 pp4 #bag1 #bah4 ,footnote #afa3 ,see on ?is subject ! v]bal obs]vations :i* we address$ to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 at its meet+s ( ,april #aj? & #bd?1 #ahgf4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,new ,process = ! ,manufacture ( ,be]4 ,! pr9ciples e/abli%$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w implicitly involve ! conditions ( a new process ( manufacture1 ! ess5tial feature ( :i* w\ld consi/ 9 ! production ( a be] ( excell5t keep+ qualities1 we might ev5 say a be] t c\ld n und]go alt]ation4 ,x w n be difficult n[ to make ourselves cle> on ! po9t4 ,we h %[n 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! *anges :i* take place 9 ! f]m5t1 ! wort1 & ! be] itself1 are due to ! pres5ce ( microscopic organisms ( an entirely diff]5t "* to t ( ! f]m5t-cells prop]ly s call$1 :i* organisms1 by simultane\sly giv+ rise1 9 ! c\rse ( _! multiplication 9 ! wort1 f]m5t1 or be]1 to o!r products1 make ! mat]ials difficult to keep or effect _! det]ioration4 ,aga91 we h se5 t ^! *ange-produc+ organisms1 ! f]m5ts ( disease1 nev] arise spontane\sly 9 ! wort or be]1 b1 :5ev] !y make _! appe>ance 9 ^! fluids1 h be5 import$ f )\t1 ei!r 9 company ) ! yea/1 or f accession ( atmosph]ic du/1 or f contact ) ! vessels1 or f ! mat]ials !mselves :i* ! brew] uses 9 8 manufacture4 ,moreov]1 we "k t ^! disease-f]m5ts1 or _! g]ms1 are de/roy$ :5 ! wort has its temp]ature rais$ to ! boil+-po9t4 ,&1 foll[+ up ! inf]5ces f su* facts1 we h se5 t wort expos$ to pure air1 aft] hav+ be5 heat$ to boil+1 rema9s absolutely free ( any sort ( f]m5tation4 ,inasmu* !n z ! disease-g]ms ( wort & be] are de/roy$ 9 ! copp] 9 :i* ! wort is boil$1 & z1 by employ+ a p]fectly pure f]m5t1 we gu>d aga9/ ! admission ( any =eign f]m5t ( an evil "*1 we h x 9 our p[] to prep>e a be] :i* %all be incapable ( und]go+ any p]nici\s f]m5tation :atsoev]4 ,?is we %all h effect$ provid$ we c take ! wort z run (f f ! copp]s1 cool & manipulate x out ( contact ) ord9>y air or 9 contact ) pure air1 *>ge x ) a pure yea/1 &1 la/ly1 /ore ! be] :5 ! f]m5tation is complete 9 vessels ?or\ghly purifi$ f disease-f]m5ts4#afb ,i4--,prelim9>y ,exp]im5ts4 ,we may readily satisfy ourselves z to ! tru? ( ^! inf]5ces4 ,! foll[+ is "o ( ! e>lie/ exp]im5ts :i* ,i devis$ ) a view to e/abli% _! c]ta9ty4 ,into a flask ) a /raight neck ( ab\t a litre 7#a-c_/d p9ts7 capacity1 a quantity ( wort f a brew]y 0 introduc$ & !re rais$ to boil+1 & :il/ ! vap\r /ill issu$ f ! neck ( ! flask1 connection 0 made ) a two-neck$ flask 9 :i* ! cultivation ( pure yea/ _h be5 c>ri$ on4 ,! cork & glass tube us$ = ?is purpose _h previ\sly be5 treat$ ) boil+ wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,:5 ! wort _h cool$ d[n 9 ! flask & matt]s 7 arrang$ z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ge1 ,i rais$ ! two-neck$ flask s z to cause a little ( ! liquid & yea/ to fl[ into ! wort4 ,!reupon f]m5tation 0 set up1 & ! result+ c>bonic acid gas made its escape by ! drawn-out end ( ! d\bl$-neck$ flask4 ,! entire arrangem5t ) its support+ /& rema9$ 9 ?is connection = eighte5 mon?s1 sometimes on a /ove1 sometimes 9 ! laboratory1 expos$ to all ! v>iations ( ext]nal temp]ature4 ,at ! end ( t "t ,i ta/$ ! be] 9 ! flask2 x 0 p]fectly s\nd1 & ! f]m5t1 submitt$ to ! microscope1 %[$ n ! slighte/ trace ( any =eign f]m5ts3 &1 d\btless1 ! exp]im5t might h be5 protract$ ov] any numb] ( ye>s ) ! same result4 ,! only *ange t occurs 9 c\rse ( "t is ! appe>ance 9 ! neck ( ! flask at ! surface ( ! be] ( a deposit ( small prom95ces resembl+ a cry/allization1 b :i* really consi/s ( ^? =ms ( f]m5t to :i* 9 ,*apt] ,v4 ,i atta*$ ! "n ( arobian f]m5t4 ,! be]1 aft] be+ transf]r$ to a bottle t _h be5 wa%$ ) hot wat]1 0 kept = sev]al mon?s 9 ! heat ( summ]1 )\t exhibit+ ! slighte/ trace ( det]ioration4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,! ess5tial conditions ( ! prec$+ exp]im5t c readily be realiz$ on ! l>ge scale4 ,= ?is purpose we may employ ! app>atus 9 ! above sket* 7,figs4 #gf & #gg7 con/ruct$ ( t9 or t9n$ copp]4 ,z appe>s f ! sket*1 ?is consi/s ( a cyl9drical tub re/+ on a support1 & clos$ at ! top by a cov]1 ^: l[] edge fits into a gutt] conta9+ wat]4 ,! wort prep>$ 9 ! copp] is l$ into ! cyl9d]1 a process :i* does n mat]ially l[] its temp]ature4 ,n[ we "k t wort 9 brew]ies :i* has be5 cool$ 9 contact ) ! air1 & s got *>g$ ) disease-g]ms1 w1 nev]!less1 recov] its faculty ( keep+ = any l5g? ( "t 9 pure air1 if we aga9 raise its temp]ature to #hj ,c4 7#agf ,f47 or ev5 #gj or #ge ,c4 7#aeh1 #afg ,f47 ,hav+ fill$ ! tub ) ! hot wort & put on ! lid1 we !n connect1 by means ( a ca\t*\c tube c d1 ! metal tube a c 7:i* op5s into "o ( ! tubulures project+ above ! lid7 ) ! sy/em ( tubes d e1 f g1 ( :i* d e is fix$ to ! cyl9d]2 e f is a ca\t*\c junction connect+ e ) ! b5t glass tube g4 ,we !n da% ov] ! app>atus1 lid1 tubulures1 & _! corks a quantity ( boil+ wat]4 ,?is collects 9 ! gutt] 9 :i* ! lid re/s1 & any excess ov]fl[s into a second gutt] outside ! fir/1 :]e1 h[ev]1 x _c rema91 b passes away by means ( a r+ ( small holes betwe5 ! base ( ! out] tr\gh i i & ! cyl9d]4 ,! ov]fl[ is collect$ 9 a ?ird tr\gh at ! bottom1 :5ce x c be remov$ by a pipe ,m4 ,t is a b5t !rmomet] to indicate ! temp]ature ( ! wort2 its bulb is protect$ by an inlet socket d d1 pi]c$ ) holes2 r is a /opcock = dis*>g+ ! wat] 9 ! gutt]1 :i* s]ves z a hydraulic junction betwe5 ! cyl9d] & its lid2 ,r1 ,v1 are /opcocks1 or op5+s = ! dis*>ge ( ! liquid 9 ! cyl9d] & its deposit4 ,! next process is to cool ! vessel1 :i* may be done ei!r by leav+ x to itself1 or by introduc+ a curr5t ( cold wat] ?r\gh ! tubulure ,e1 sold]$ on to ! lid4 ,?is tubulure is ( ! =m ( an inv]t$ funnel1 & is pi]c$ at ! bottom ) a close r[ ( holes1 ?r\gh :i* ! cold wat] issues 9 a %eet ov] ! surface ( ! cov]4 ,9 :i*ev] way ! cool+ is effect$1 ! ext]nal air cont9ues all ! "t to ent] ! vessel b5ea? ! lid by way ( ! long1 n>r[ passage g f e d c a1 & mu/ necess>ily get purifi$ by deposit+ 9 its c\rse all fungoid-g]ms1 j z happ5$ 9 ! case ( ! two-neck$ flask ( air exp]im5ts4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 may be /ill fur!r secur$ by introduc+ a small plug ( cotton wool1 or asbe/os1 into ! end ( ! tube g4 ,! exp]im5ts :i* we h c>ri$ out ) ?is app>atus h prov$ t1 by adopt+ su* an arrangem5t1 be]1 a liquid peculi>ly liable to *ange1 may be kept z long z we wi%1 = weeks or mon?s1 9 contact ) air1 s9ce ! tube g is op51 )\t ev9c+ ! lea/ symptom ( disease4 ,x matt]s little :e!r ! leaves & /robiles ( ! hops are introduc$ ) ! hot wort or /ra9$ (f2 ! result is ! same4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a leak 9 ! app>atus f :i* ! wort gets mix$ ) ord9>y wat] f outside dur+ cool+1 w spe$ily effect a *ange 9 ! wort & cause x to sw>m ) vibrios1 or butyric f]m5t1 lactic f]m5t1 & o!r g]ms ( disease1 :il/ its ta/e w be r5d]$ extremely nause\s4 ,x c only be ?r\gh "o's own fault1 t is1 f want ( skill 9 c>ry+ out ! op]ation1 t any *ange c be br\ght ab\t by ! wat] 9 ! gutt] n be+ kept out ( ! f]m5t+ vessel4 ,t wat] may ev5 become putrid )\t ! organisms conta9$ 9 x be+ able to rea* ! wort 9 ! f]m5t+ vessel4 ,! app>atus may be ( any size :atev]2 we h work$ ) vessels conta9+ #ab hectolitres ) z mu* ease & c]ta9ty z :5 we us$ an app>atus ( #a hectolitre 7#bb gallons74 ,x is easy to c>ry out ! process ( cool+ 9 ! pres5ce ( c>bonic acid gas if we fit a b5t tube1 simil> to a c d e f g1 to ! second tubulure ,d4 ,?r\gh ?is tube1 or its companion1 ! gas c be pass$ z x issues f an app>atus 9 :i* x is g5]at$1 or f a gasomet] fill$ ) x1 or f a vessel ( be] und]go+ f]m5tation4 ,h[ev]1 !re is no necessity t ! cool+ %\ld take place 9 ! f]m5t+ vessel4 ,x may be effect$ sep>ately1 9 vessels ( great] or less dep?1 9 spiral coils surr\nd$ ) cold wat]1 or 9 any k9d ( refrig]ator1 provid$ always t ! conditions ( purity are satisfi$1 & t ! fl[ ( ! cool$ wort takes place "u ! same conditions4 ,jets ( /eam1 :i* are already ext5sively us$ = ! cleans+ ( pipes 9 brew]ies1 may be employ$ "h ) great advantage4 ,! pit*+ may be effect$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,a two-neck$ flask ( a capacity ( f #bjj to #cjj cc4 7ab\t #g to #aj fl4 ozs471 9 :i* n m ?an #ajj cc4 7#c- fl4 ozs47 ( wort has be5 f]m5t$1 w be suffici5t = an app>atus ( #a hectolitre 7#bb gallons71 al?\gh ! flask may n conta9 m ?an #a or #b decigrammes 7#a- to #c gra9s7 ( yea/4 ,9 ! manufacture ( be]1 z at pres5t conduct$1 ! employm5t ( s m9ute a quantity ( yea/ w\ld lead to mo/ disa/r\s results4 ,! f]m5tation w\ld unfail+ly become lactic & butyric1 s9ce ! =eign g]ms ) :i* comm]cial worts & yea/s are always contam9at$ w\ld h ample "t to develop dur+ ! fir/ tw5ty-f\r or =ty-eight h\rs1 :il/ ! small quantity ( yea/ us$ 9 ! pit*+ c\ld sc>cely d m ?an beg9 to develop dur+ t "t4 ,x is simply ) ! object ( avoid+ ^! second>y f]m5tations t ! brew] uses l>ge quantities ( yea/ = pit*+4 ,aft] ! wort & yea/ h be5 pull$ up1#afc a process :i* e practical brew] adopts aft] pit*+1 e "p ( ! liquid is occupi$ by a multitude ( yea/-cells1 :i* seize ^u ! oxyg5 9 solution1 g]m9ate ) activity1 turn to _! own acc\nt ! food-supplies mo/ easily assimilat$1 & prev5t ! gr[? ( ! g]ms ( disease-f]m5ts4 ,9 ! new process :i* we are n[ expla9+1 ?+s happ5 q diff]5tly4 ,our wort is pure1 & our yea/ is pure1 & if only a s+le cell ( yea/ 7 introduc$ into ! wort1 ! vital activity ( ?is w\ld be suffici5t to br+ ab\t alcoholic f]m5tation1 & to trans=m ! wort into be]1 )\t our hav+ ! lea/ reason to appreh5d ! simultane\s developm5t ( any o!r organisms :atsoev]4 ,9 %ort1 ! new process enables u to pit* ) z small a quantity ( yea/ z we l4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 inexp$i5t to employ too m9ute a quantity1 s9ce by do+ s we %\ld ret>d ! comm5cem5t ( f]m5tation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,9 ! case ( an app>atus ( #e hectolitres 7#aaj gallons7 or d\ble t capacity1 ! pit*+ may be accompli%$ by means ( flasks hold+ f #d to #i litres 7f #g to #aj or #aa p9ts71 7,fig4 #gi71 or copp] cans1 t9n$ inside1 hold+ f #aj to #ae litres 7#b-a_/d to #c-a_/d gallons71 & provid$ at ! upp] conical end ) glass tubes 7,fig4 #gh74 ,! vessel mu/ be half or two-?irds fill$ ) wort4 ,= ?is purpose x w be well always to employ wort t has be5 pres]v$ 9 bottles by ,app]t's process4 ,we mu/ use a /opp] provid$ ) tubes1 z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #gi3 a b is a glass /opp] :i* closes ! india-rubb] tube b c2 m n p is a f9e glass tube1 or1 bett] /ill1 made ( copp]4 ,! tap ,r be+ clos$1 a long india-rubb] tube is atta*$ to ! extremity ( ! curv$ tube1 & ! flask is completely imm]s$ 9 a hot-wat] ba?2 ! india-rubb] tube projects f ! ba? & keeps ! int]ior ( ! vessel 9 communication ) ! ext]nal atmosph]e4 ,if ! tube m n p is ( copp]1 we may avail ourselves ( its flexibility & b5d x upw>ds1 s z to place its op5 extremity outside ! ba?4 ,! wat] 9 ! ba? is !n gradually rais$ to a temp]ature ( #ajj ,c4 7#bab ,f471 at :i* x is kept = a qu>t] or half an h\r4 ,9 ! case ( copp] cans1 x is m conv5i5t to place !m ov] a gas-heat]4 ,!y may be treat$ 9 ! same mann] z ! flasks ) curv$ necks4 ,vessels prep>$ 9 ?is mann] may rema9 9 a laboratory1 or 9 any "p ( a brew]y1 = an indef9ite "t1 )\t ! wort 9 !m und]go+ ! lea/ *ange4 ,x gradually d>k5s 9 col\r ?r\gh a direct oxidation ( a purely *emical nature1 b no t5d5cy to disease w manife/ itself4 ,"s days be=e we require to pit* an app>atus ( sev]al hectolitres1 we impregnate "o ( ^! flasks or cans4#afd ,= ?is purpose we pass ! flame ( a _s lamp ov] ! tubes c b a & m n p1 to de/roy ! p>ticles ( du/ t might pass inside at ! mom5t :5 ! /opp] a b is tak5 out1 & !n by means ( a long1 /raight glass tube we take "s ( ! liquid f a flask or vessel conta9+ pure be] 9 a /ate ( f]m5tation1 & let a few drops ( ?is1 ) ! yea/ t x holds 9 susp5sion1 fall into ! flask or c2 ! /opp] a b is once m pass$ ?r\gh ! flame & !n replac$2 g5]ally 9 ! c\rse ( "o or two days ! yea/ develops 9 ! flask suffici5tly = ! f]m5tation to %[ itself4 ,we may %ort5 ! op]ation /ill fur!r by empty+ into ! c ! cont5ts ( "o ( ^? d\ble-neck$ flasks4 ,to d ?is1 we h simply to atta* ! /raight tube ( ! flask to ! india-rubb] b c1 & p\r ! liquid 94 ,9 a simil> mann] we introduce1 ?r\gh "o ( ! tubulures surm\nt+ ! lid ( ! f]m5t+ app>atus1 ! cont5ts ( ! flasks or cans1 ei!r :il/ !y are /ill 9 active f]m5tation1 or aft] f]m5tation is ov]4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! tap ,r is connect$ by means ( an india-rubb] tube 7,fig4 #gi71 ) a tube pass+ ?r\gh a cork fix$ 9 "o ( ! tubulures ( ! l>ge app>atus4 ,all ?is may be done 9 consid]ably less "t ?an we h tak5 to describe x2 & ! op]ation may be p]=m$ accurately & safely by any "o :o has witness$ x a few times1 ev5 ?\gh he may n be skill$ 9 *emical manipulations1 especially if he takes c>e to be> 9 m9d ! v simple pr9ciples :i* we h expla9$4 ,s9ce c]ta9 p>ts ( ! app>atus--! out] op5+ ( ! tap1 or ! india-rubb] tub+1 = example--may contract p>ticles ( du/ f ! air1 ^? p>ts1 be=e be+ us$1 mu/ be boil$ 9 wat]1 or wa%$ ) boil+ wat]1 or pass$ ?r\gh ! flame ( a _s lamp1 to de/roy ! g]ms mix$ ) ! p>ticles ( du/ t settle ^u !m4 ,! me?od ( cool+ ! wort 9 contact ) c>bonic acid prev5ts access ( oxyg5 to ! latt] up to ! "t ( pit*+1 s t ! developm5t ( ! yea/ takes place ap>t f ! influ5ce ( oxyg54 ,n[1 we "k t ^! conditions necessitate ! employm5t ( a v "y yea/--a yea/ t is 9 c\rse ( active g]m9ation1 su* z may be tak5 f an incipi5t prep>atory f]m5tation4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 ) ?is1 ! developm5t ( ! yea/ "u su* conditions is extremely sl[1 & ! f]m5tation takes f fifte5 to tw5ty-five days2 :il/1 "u ! same circum/ances1 b ) an a]at$ wort1 x w\ld be f9i%$ 9 f eight to twelve days4 ,?is is a consid]able drawback1 b1 p]haps1 a /ill m s]i\s inconv5i5ce is t ! be] takes mu* long] to cl>ify1 & does s ) great] difficulty ?an ^? be]s :i* are made ) a]at$ worts4 ,at ! same "t1 ?is is l>gely comp5sat$ by ! sup]ior quality ( ! be]1 :i* is /rong] & has great] fulness on ! palate1 :il/ ! aroma ( ! hops is pres]v$ to an ext5t nev] f\nd 9 be]s brew$ by ! ord9>y process4 ,besides ?is1 ! yea/ deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! f]m5t+ vessel is mu* less active1 &1 be+ ( an old] type1 is reviv$ ) great] difficulty ?an t :i* =ms 9 a]at$ worts4 ,?is1 :i* might be consid]$ a disadvantage1 if we _h to employ ! yea/ aft]w>ds = pit*+1 has ! great advantage ( giv+ a be] :i*1 :5 rack$1 und]goes its second>y f]m5tation only sl[ly1 & ) difficulty4#afe ,a be] ( ?is k9d is bett] adapt$ ?an ord9>y be] to /& a long j\rney )\t develop+ great pressure inside ! casks1 &1 if bottl$1 x w conta9 v little deposit1 & w n fro? viol5tly :5 uncork$4 ,! reason is1 t a yea/ is ! m active1 ! m ready to multiply rapidly1 & to "w vigor\sly ! m highly a]at$ ! wort 0 9 :i* x 0 gr[n4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a yea/ =m$ ap>t f air readily gets exhau/$1 & may ev5 p]i% 9 ! liquid 9 :i* x f]m5ts1 :5 t is kept out ( contact ) air2 9 o!r words1 ! vital action ( yea/ is m re/rict$ :5 x has n be5 subject$ to ! action ( oxyg5 dur+ its =mation4 ,if a great dep? ( wort1 ! surface ( :i* alone is 9 contact ) atmosph]ic air1 is left to cool d[n1 x w act 9 almo/ exactly ! same mann] z t :i* is cool$ "u an atmosph]e ( c>bonic acid gas1 because ! oxyg5 ( ! air is v sl[ 9 p]vad+ wort t is undi/urb$4 ,! gas w be tak5 into solution by ! upp] lay] only1 :il/ ! bulk ( ! liquid w rema9 unaffect$ by x4 ,9 "s exp]im5ts :i* we conduct$ 9 a vessel :i* conta9$ wort to a dep? ( #gj c5timetres 7#bge in*es71 & :i* 0 provid$ ) a tap t enabl$ u to draw (f "s ( ! liquid e day1 until we _h r$uc$ ! dep? to #ce c5timetres1 we f\nd1 at ! end ( eight days1 t !re 0 n a trace ( oxyg5 9 solution at ! latt] dep?4 ,x is ev5 probable t1 consid]+ ! sl[ diffusion ( ! oxyg51 on ! "o h&1 & ! comb9ation t may take place betwe5 x & c]ta9 compon5ts ( ! malt1 on ! o!r h&1 x w\ld take a long "t = all ! wort1 if undi/urb$ & ( a c]ta9 dep?1 to become saturat$ ) oxyg54 ,9 ! vessel repres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #gf & #gg !re is a consid]able dep? ( wort to cool d[n4 ,nev]!less1 ! m]e fact ( ! possibility ( an a]ation f ! surface1 :il/ ! wort is cool+ d[n 9 contact ) pure air1 is en\gh to acc\nt = a c]ta9 effect t is produc$ on ! yea/1 lat] on1 = ! m y\?ful appe>ance ( ! yea/ ( ! deposit1 comp>$ ) t :i* we f9d 9 ! case ( wort cool$ 9 ! pres5ce ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! results is p>ticul>ly /rik+ if1 9 bo? cases1 we foll[ up microscopically ! developm5t ( ! yea/ dur+ ! fir/ few days succe$+ ! pit*+4 ,! influ5ce ( ! air on f]m5tation is consid]able4 ,9 ! ord9>y process ( brew+1 f]m5tations w\ld be almo/ impossible1 & 9 e case mo/ defective1 if ! wort1 be=e be+ run into ! f]m5t+ vessels1 7 n a]at$ by its passage ov] ! 8cool]s10 :]e ! a]ation is m or less effective1 accord+ z ! liquid is m or less %all[4 ,worts & yea/s be+ impure1 t is conta9+ ! g]ms ( =eign f]m5ts1 ^? g]ms w\ld h "t to g]m9ate 9 ! f]m5t+ vessels dur+ ! delay t ! want ( a]ation 9 ! wort w\ld cause 9 ! developm5t ( ! yea/4 ,we are aw>e t sev]al inv5tions h be5 propos$ to d away ) ! cool]s1 & we feel conv9c$ t ! object has be5 to rem$y irregul>ities 9 f]m5tation4 ,consid]+ ! facts :i* we h publi%$#aff on ! developm5t ( yea/ 9 ! pres5ce ( air1 & its inactivity 9 non-a]at$ m$ia1 su* inv5tions ought to be supplem5t$ by "s means ( fur!r a]ation = ! prev5tion ( ! mis*ief t !y mu/ o!rwise cause4 ,9 ! exi/+ process ( brew+1 ! employm5t ( cool]s is a necessity4 ,! influ5ce ( ! air on ! vital action ( ! yea/ may be prov$ 9 ways innum]able4 ,! foll[+ is an exp]im5t :i* we h (t5 c>ri$ out ) surpris+ results4 ,a f]m5tation is go+ on2 we draw (f ! liquid z rapidly z we please1 & p\r x back aga9 into ! vessel imm$iately4 ,)9 an h\r we f9d a m>k$ increase 9 ! f]m5tation1 evid5c$ by ! lib]ation ( a great] quantity ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,?is exp]im5t may be p]=m$ ) especial ease if we use ! f]m5t+ app>atus t we h describ$1 =1 by fitt+ a gas measur] to ! escape tube a b c d e f g1 ! numb] ( litres produc$ be=e ! draw+ (f ( ! liquid may be comp>$ ) ^? obta9$ aft]4 ,! lea/ physical *ange 9 ! runn+ ( ! f]m5t+ liquid :il/ x is be+ drawn (f1 modifies ! effect 9 "q2 su* z *ange 9 ! diamet] ( ! /ream1 ! height f :i* x falls1 its great] or less scatt]+ 9 fall+1 all influ5ce x4 ,aga91 z might be expect$ f su* results1 correspond+ modifications take place 9 ! cells ( yea/ :i* come "u ! influ5ce ( ! air4 ,!y become firm] 9 aspect & outl9e1 _! plasma becomes full]1 assumes a y\ng] & m transp>5t aspect1 & ! vacuoles disappe>4 ,! molecul> granulations1 too1 are less app>5t4 ,at a c]ta9 focus !y disappe>2 at ano!r !y reappe>1 n z black spots1 h[ev]1 b z brilliant po9ts s small z to be sc>cely p]ceptible4 ,if g]m9ation has be5 susp5d$ x is resum$2 9 %ort1 ev]y?+ t5ds to prove--& hav+ ! yea/ actually "u our eyes we _c d\bt ! fact--t ! life ( ! cells is m decid$1 & ! "w ( nutrition m active aft] !y h be5 br\ght into contact ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 & h absorb$ a great] or less quantity ( t gas4 ,"u ! ord9>y conditions ( brew+1 ! atmosph]ic air is pres5t 9 v v>y+ quantities1 :e!r introduc$ by ! wort :i* holds m or less 9 solution1 or by diffusion ov] ! surface ( ! vessels1 s t ! same cells ( yea/ live by turns )\t air & ) air4 ,at fir/ !y absorb all ! oxyg5 held 9 solution1 & multiply "u ! influ5ce ( ?is absorption4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 ! supply has be5 exhau/$1 & v>i\s assimilations h result$ f x1 !y are depriv$ ( x4 ,_! life cont9ues ap>t f oxyg51 & if ! vessel 7 clos$1 f]m5tation w\ld be accompli%$ "u ^! conditions1 al?\gh m sl[ly4 ,! vessel be+ op51 a small quantity ( air diffuses cont9u\sly ?r\gh ! lay] ( c>bonic acid gas on ! surface1 & supports ! vitality ( ! cells4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t1 9 ! work+ ( brew]ies1 !re are sev]al empirical practices ! explanation ( :i* is to be f\nd :olly 9 ! fact t ! a]ation ( wort or be] ex]cises a great influ5ce on f]m5tation4 ,9 _m brew]ies we h se5 ! pit*+ p]=m$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ! brew]1 hav+ mix$ 8 yea/ 9 _m times its volume ( wort1 p\rs all ! ?ick liquid f a height f "o bucket into ano!r1 & f t back aga9 into ! fir/1 & s on a great _m times1 until ! two buckets are fill$ ) ! fro? enclos+ air4 ,9 c]ta9 ,london brew]ies we h se5 a bucket susp5d$ by a pulley ov] ! f]m5t+ tun1 :i* is #c or #d metres 7#aj or #ab feet7 9 dep?2 ?is ! brew]1 by means ( a cord1 c l[] into ! tun & pull up aga9 at w1 giv+ x a k9d ( see-saw movem5t :i* agitates ! surface ( ! liquid & a]ates x4 ,! use ( ! f]m5t+ tun itself & ! rack+ ( ! wort f t tun into casks h ! effect ( a]at+ ! be] & ! yea/1 & imp>t+ to ! latt] a great] vig\r & activity4 ,! resumption ( f]m5tation 9 cask1 aft] ! be] has be5 run out ( ! tuns 9 8l[0 f]m5tation brew]ies is1 9 our op9ion1 pr9cipally due to ! a]ation ( ! be] at ! mom5t :5 x is rack$4 ,! brew] ought to be> 9 m9d t1 dur+ rack+1 e detail is ( importance2 x makes a great diff]5ce :e!r :5 ! be] is run into ! casks x falls f a height or is conduct$ by a tube to ! bottom ( ! casks1 :e!r x passes directly into ! casks1 or is p\r$ into !m f buckets1 & :e!r x runs 9 a /ream ( small or l>ge diamet]1 s9ce ^! diff]5t me?ods cause ! introduction ( correspond+ diff]5t quantities ( air into ! be]4 ,we h devis$ a simple arrangem5t = br++ ! f]m5t+ liquid into contact ) v>i\s proportions ( atmosph]ic air4 ,app5d$ is a sket* ( ?is app>atus 7,fig4 #hj74 ,in/ead ( "o tube s]v+ alike = ! entrance & escape ( gas1 !re are two simil> ones1 ea* ( :i* op5s into "o ( ! tubulures on ! cov]4 ,r\nd ! o!r end ( "o ( ! tubes is fitt$ a k9d ( muff or bag1 compos$ ( a cyl9drical cage ( metallic gauze1 ov] :i* a lay] ( well-comb$ cotton wool is plac$1 ! :ole be+ cov]$ ) a musl9 bag4 ,! object ( ?is arrangem5t is to act z an air-filt] = reta9+ ! p>ticles ( du/4 ,:5 f]m5tation has comm5c$ 9 ! app>atus1 we h simply to press mom5t>ily ! india-rubb] connection betwe5 ! tube f ! lid & ! tube ) ! bag4 ,?is w at once cause a regul> /ream ( c>bonic acid to issue f ! end ( ! uncov]$ tube1 :il/ ! air w ent] by ! filt]+ tube to take its place2 & ?is arrangem5t w be ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( ! f]m5tation1 ev5 if we omit ! precaution ( increas+ ! p[] ( ! syphon by mak+ ! tube = ! escape ( ?is gas long] ?an ! o!r "o4#afg ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,x w be readily und]/ood h[1 :e!r by ?is la/ me?od1 or by ! diamet] ( ! tubes1 we may v>y ! conditions ( ?is circulation ( air 9 ! app>atus1 on ! surface ( ! be]4 ,,ii4--,me?od ( ,e/imat+ ! ,oxyg5 held 9 ,solution 9 ,wort4 ,! use ( c>bonic acid gas & ! cool+ ( ! wort1 9 contact ) t gas or 9 contact ) v limit$ quantities ( pure air1 are by no means necess>y to ! application ( ! new process4 ,!re is only "o ?+ t is absolutely ess5tial--:i* is1 ! purity ( ! gases 9 ! pres5ce ( :i* ! wort is cool$ & treat$4 ,if1 !re=e1 x is well to a]ate our wort1 ei!r be=e or dur+ f]m5tation1 ?is may be done1 on ! sole condition t ! air employ$ does n introduce any g]ms ( disease t are likely to develop 9 ! be] dur+ f]m5tation or aft]w>ds4 ,! "q ( a]at+ ! wort is n1 h[ev]1 s simple a matt] z x seems at fir/ sight4 ,a v simple obs]vation w %[ t wort _c be safely oxyg5at$ by exposure1 )\t precaution1 to ! air1 ev5 leav+ out ( acc\nt ! g]ms ( disease :i* t air may conta94 ,x is easy to %[ t f9i%$ wort has a decid$ flav\r & aroma ( hops1 z well z a sweet ta/e1 & t x leaves a c]ta9 pleasant1 bitt] aft]-ta/e on ! palate4 ,:5 we ta/e x 9 ?is condition we _c help ?9k+ t a liquor ( ! k9d1 aft] f]m5tation1 ought to con/itute a v valuable bev]age1 z :olesome z x is pleasant4 ,n[ all ?is pleasant & refre%+ s5sation t ! wort leaves on ! palate1 :i* is due z mu* to ! aroma z to ! bitt]ness ( ! hop1 disappe>s absolutely1 we may say1 if ! wort is left expos$ to contact ) air = a suffici5t "t1 & t :e!r ! air be w>m or cold4 ,we may easily p]=m ! exp]im5t 9 "o ( our two-neck$ flasks1 9 :i* we c pres]ve ! wort1 9 contact ) pure air1 )\t any fe> ( *ange4 ,! oxyg5 ( ! air ent]s into comb9ation ) ! sub/ances t ! hop introduces into ! wort1 & ! wort1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is oxidation1 gradually becomes trans=m$ into a sac*>9e decoction1 )\t od\r1 9 :i* ev5 ! bitt] flav\r is de/roy$ or hidd54 ,9 o!r words1 ! wort gr[s weak & flat1 9 j ! same way t be] & w9e d1 z well z all ! v>i\s natural or artificial worts :i* s]ve to produce !m4 ,?us x is evid5t t consid]able c>e is necess>y 9 subject+ wort & be]1 :e!r 9 c\rse ( manufacture or f9i%$1 to ! action ( atmosph]ic air4 ,if1 !re=e1 x is a good ?+ to supply wort ) oxyg51 z we h already po9t$ out1 9 ord] to facilitate ! f]m5tation & n\ri% ! yea/1 x is1 on ! o!r h&1 important t ! quantity suppli$ to x %\ld n be too great1 o!rwise we may injure ! quality ( ! be]1 & p>ticul>ly its fulness on ! palate1 t is its app>5t /r5g?1 :i* has v little to d ) ! proportion ( alcohol 9 x4 ,! /r5g? ( a be] is intimately connect$ ) ^? sub/ances introduc$ by ! hops into ! wort & ?us into ! be]1 to :i* we previ\sly allud$1 & ( :i* too little is kn[n2 _! prop]ties & ! palatabl5ess result+ f !m are v readily affect$ by ! oxyg5 ( ! air4#afh ,we h1 !re=e1 to asc]ta9 ! measure 9 :i* air occurs dur+ ! process ( brew+1 & :e!r1 9 ! actual process1 !re may n be too great a proportion ( active oxyg5 pres5t4 ,! /udy ( ?is subject requires t we %\ld "k :at quantities ( oxyg5 may be held 9 solution 9 ! wort or absorb$ by direct comb9ation4 ,=tunately ?is has be5 r5d]$ a comp>atively easy matt] by a rapid me?od ( e/imat+ ! oxyg5 held 9 solution 9 liquids ( v>i\s k9ds1 devis$ by ,m4 ,s*tz5b]g] 9 #ahgb4 ,z soon z ?is me?od 0 made kn[n1 we reque/$ ,m4 ,raul91 :o 0 atta*$ to our laboratory z assi/ant-director1 to apply x to ! det]m9ation ( oxyg5 9 wort4 ,?is he did ) 8 accu/om$ skill1 devis+ c]ta9 alt]ations ( details :i* r5d]$ ! me?od at ! same "t sur] & m exp$iti\s4 ,! pr9cipal feature 9 ,m4 ,s*tz5b]g]'s process consi/s 9 ! employm5t ( a salt1 ! prop]ties ( :i* t *emi/ 0 ! fir/ to recognize2 he has nam$ x hydrosulphite ( soda1 & x is obta9$ by ! action ( z9c fil+s on a solution ( bisulphite ( soda1 out ( contact ) air4 ,hydrosulphite ( soda ,s#b,o#b1,na,o1,,ho1 :i* is isom]ic ) hyposulphite ( soda1 only diff]s f ! bisulphite by two equival5ts ( oxyg54#afi ,:5 br\ght into contact ) free oxyg51 x absorbs t gas in/antane\sly & becomes conv]t$ into bisulphite2 simil>ly :5 mix$ ) wat]1 x imm$iately absorbs ! oxyg5 held 9 solution4 ,aga9 !re are col\r+ matt]s1 su* z ,m4 ,c\pi]'s soluble anil9e blue1 t are in/antane\sly decol\riz$ by hydrosulphite ( soda1 :il/ !y resi/ ! action ( ! bisulphite4 ,if1 tak+ c>e to avoid ! access ( air1 we add hydrosulphite ( soda to a c]ta9 volume ( wat]--a litre1 = example--t has be5 depriv$ ( air & fa9tly col\r$ ) ,c\pi]'s blue1 we %all see t a few drops w be suffici5t to effect ! decoloration4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! wat] is a]at$1 ! decoloration w n be effect$ be=e a suffici5t quantity ( ! hydrosulphite has be5 add$ to absorb ! oxyg5 9 solution1 & ! volume ( ! reag5t requir$ is 9 proportion to ! quantity ( oxyg5 9 solution 9 ! wat]4 ,to r5d] ! process s5sitive1 we mu/ dilute ! hydrosulphite to su* an ext5t t #aj c4c41 = example1 may correspond v ne>ly ) #a c4c4 ( oxyg54 ,if ! reag5t w\ld keep we %\ld only h to det]m9e directly1 once = all1 ! volume ( oxyg5 t a kn[n volume ( ! liquid c\ld absorb2 b1 9 consequ5ce ( its extreme liability to *ange ?r\gh contact ) air1 x is necess>y to titrate ! liquid e "t be=e us+ x4 ,?is is easily done 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- ,accord+ to ! obs]vations ( ,messrs4 ,s*tz5b]g] & ,lal&e1 ! hydrosulphite decol\rizes an ammoniacal solution ( sulphate ( copp]1 r$uc+ ! copp] to a l[] /ate ( oxidation2 ! sulphite & bisulphite hav+ no action z long z !re is an excess ( ammonia4 ,we prep>e a /rongly ammoniacal solution ( sulphate ( copp]1 conta9+ su* a quantity ( copp] t #aj c4c4 ( ! liquid w correspond1 z f> z action on ! hydrosulphite is conc]n$1 ) #a c4c4 ( oxyg54 ,calculation by equival5ts gives u ! correct value v]ifi$ by direct exp]im5t4#agj ,! object ( ! modification :i* ,m4 ,raul9 has introduc$1 is to avoid ! loss ( "t ?us occasion$ by ! *anges :i* take place 9 ! titrat$ liquids by long keep+1 z well z c]ta9 errors :i* may arise f ! acidity ( ! wort4 ,on ?is latt] po9t ,m4 ,s*tz5b]g] has rem>k$ t ! quantities ( hydrosulphite ( soda correspond+ ) "o & ! same volume ( oxyg5 v>y ) ! acidity ( ! liquid op]at$ ^u1 a ph5om5on :i* t skilful *emi/ expla9s by ! =mation ( oxyg5at$ wat]1 ( v>y+ /ability 9 m$ia ( diff]5t acidity4 ,in/ead ( det]m9+ ! /r5g? ( ! titrat$ solution ( hydrosulphite be=e ea* op]ation1 we take ! solution z x happ5s to be1 & det]m9e its /r5g? by caus+ x to act on a kn[n volume ( pure wat] saturat$ ) oxyg5 at a c]ta9 temp]ature4 ,! tables ( solubility ( oxyg5 9 wat] give ! exact volume ( oxyg5 on :i* ! measur$ volume ( hydrosulphite us$ has act$4 ,accord+ to ,buns51 ab\t "o m9ute's brisk %ak+ 9 a clos$ bottle1 ) excess ( air1 w be suffici5t to effect ! maximum saturation ( ! wat] at ! temp]ature at :i* we op]ate4 ,= exp]im5ts on wort we require3-- #a4 ,a #b-litre 7#c- p9ts7 flask1 ,a1 conta9+ saturat$ hydrosulphite ( soda1#aga ( su* /r5g? t #be c4c4 w be suffici5t to absorb almo/ all ! oxyg5 9 #ej c4c4 ( wat] saturat$ ) air at ! ord9>y temp]ature 7t is1 #a volume ( hyposulphite mu/ equal #bj volumes ( wat]74 #b4 ,a #b-litre flask1 ,b1 conta9+ a solution ( indigo-c>m9e1 #ej c4c4 ( :i* w be decol\riz$ by ab\t #bj c4c4 ( ! hydrosulphite4 ,?is solution conta9s ab\t #bj grammes 7#cjg gra9s7 ( comm]cial indigo-c>m9e p] litre 7#agf p9ts74 #c4 ,an app>atus1 ,c1 = ! production ( hydrog54 #d4 ,an exp]im5tal app>atus compos$ ( a burette1 ,d1 graduat$ 9 t5?s ( a cubic c5timetre1 & a ?ree-neck$ ,wollf's bottle1 ,e4 #e4 ,a flask1 ,f1 hold+ ab\t #ajj c4c4 provid$ ) a /raight tube divid$ into t5?s ( a cubic c5timetre1 & conta9+ a solution ( ammonia ( su* /r5g? t ab\t t5 drops ( x w neutralize ! acidity 9 #ej c4c4 7#agf fl4 oz47 ( wort4 ,to p]=m ! op]ation we %ake ab\t #aej c4c4 7#ec fl4 oz47 ( di/ill$ wat]1 at ! exi/+ temp]ature1 9 a #a-litre flask = a m9ute or s2 ?is saturates x ) air1 & we mu/ at ! same "t note ! temp]ature4 ,to be extremely precise1 we %\ld note also ! b>ometrical pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,into ! bottle ,e we introduce ab\t #ej c4c4 ( ! indigo solution1 & #bjj c4c4 ( wat] at ab\t #fj ,c4 7#adj ,f471 & fill ! tube e to ! po9t b ) wat] saturat$ ) air2 we !n expel ! air f ! bottle ,e by a curr5t ( hydrog54 ,! blue col\r ( ! liquid 9 ! bottle is !n v c>efully br\ght to a yell[ t9t1 by runn+ 91 drop by drop1 ! hydrosulphite ) :i* ! burette ,d is fill$4 ,we next p\r #ej c4c4 ( di/ill$ wat] saturat$ ) air into ! funnel a1 & pass x into ! flask2 ! blue col\r reappe>s4 ,we mu/ !n br+ back ! col\r to exactly ! same t9t ( yell[4 ,let n repres5t ! numb] ( divisions on ! burette d5ot+ ! volume ( hydrosulphite employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,we repeat ?is la/ op]ation imm$iately1 tak+ #ej c4c4 ( ! wort1 ! oxyg5 ( :i* we wi% to det]m9e1 hav+ fir/ introduc$ into ! funnel a a suffici5t numb] ( drops ( ! ammoniacal solution to neutralize ! acidity ( ! wort4 ,let n repres5t ! numb] ( divisions ( hydrosulphite employ$ to re/ore ! yell[ t9t 9 ! case ( ! wort4 ,we once m p]=m ! exp]im5t ) #ej c4c4 ( saturat$ wat]2 let n be ! numb] f\nd4#agb ,! ratio :i* ! quantity ( oxyg5 held 9 solution 9 ! wort be>s to ! quantity ( oxyg5 conta9$ 9 ! same volume ( wat] saturat$ ) air1 at ! temp]ature t1 & "u ! pressure ,h1 w be ,illu/ration3 ,=mula #c3 n_/77n n7_/#b74 x w be suffici5t 9 mo/ cases to be> 9 m9d ?is ratio4 ,:5 we want to d$uce ! absolute quantity ( oxyg5 held 9 solution 9 a volume ,v ( ! wort1 we h m]ely to multiply ?is ratio by ! quantity ( oxyg5 conta9$ 9 ! same volume ( wat] saturat$ ) air1 at ! temp]ature t & "u ! pressure ,h1 a v simple problem if we "k ! coeffici5ts ( ! solubility ( oxyg5 9 wat] at diff]5t temp]atures4 ,^! coeffici5ts are giv5 = ord9>y temp]atures 9 ! foll[+ table1 :i* 0 compil$ by ,buns54 ,we h re/rict$ ! numb]s to ?ree places ( decimals3-- ,temp]atures4 ,coeffici5ts4 #j ,c4 7#cb ,f47 #jjdj #a ,c4 7#cch ,f47 #jjdj #b ,c4 7#cef ,f47 #jjci #c ,c4 7#cgd ,f47 #jjch #d ,c4 7#cib ,f47 #jjcg #e ,c4 7#daj ,f47 #j #jcf #f ,c4 7#dbh ,f47 #jjce #g ,c4 7#ddf ,f47 #jjce #h ,c4 7#dfd ,f47 #jjcd #i ,c4 7#dhb ,f47 #jjcc #aj ,c4 7#ejj ,f47 #jjcc #aa ,c4 7#eah ,f47 #jjcb #ab ,c4 7#ecf ,f47 #j #jca #ac ,c4 7#ee #d ,f47 #jjca #ad ,c4 7#egb ,f47 #jjcj #ae ,c4 7#eij ,f47 #jjcj #af ,c4 7#fjh ,f47 #jjbi #ag ,c4 7#fbd ,f47 #jjbi #ah ,c4 7#fdd ,f47 #jjbi #ai ,c4 7#ffb ,f47 #jjbh #bj ,c4 7#fhj ,f47 #jjbh ,! prim>y condition :i* enables u to rely on ! exactness ( ?is me?od is ! fact :i* we h m5tion$ above1 t a liquid if %ak5 up ) air = "o m9ute w become p]fectly saturat$ ) oxyg54 ,sub/antially ?is is ! case4 ,9 e/imat+ ! oxyg5 9 diff]5t p>ts ( a liquid treat$ ?us1 we h inv>iably obta9$ ! same figures to )9 ab\t #a_/ej?4 ,x is true t ! v>iable quantity ( ! oxyg5 held 9 solution 9 ! liquid conta9$ 9 ! "p ( ! tube eb1 z well z ! oxyg5 absorb$ dur+ ! treatm5t ( ! liquid 9 contact ) air1 con/itute causes ( error4 ,exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 proves t ^! causes ( error are insignificant1 z long z we h to deal ) a liquid ! a]ation ( :i* is n v f> remov$ f ! po9t ( saturation1 & ^: solubility-coeffici5t = oxyg5 is n widely diff]5t f t ( wat] = ! same gas4 ,"u su* conditions we h always f\nd a con/ant ratio1 to )9 ab\t #a_/dj? betwe5 ! same liquid & air-saturat$ di/ill$ wat]1 plac$ "u ! same circum/ances4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we h to deal ) a liquid :i* holds b a m9ute quantity ( oxyg5 9 solution1 ! causes ( error m5tion$ may v s]i\sly affect our results1 & x w be absolutely necess>y to avoid !m4 ,! liquid exp]im5t$ on mu/ be treat$ out ( contact ) air1 by aspirat+ x directly f ! vessel t conta9s x into ! pipette ,h1 :i* is graduat$ = #ej c4c41 & caus+ x to pass !nce into ! flask ,e1 by sub/itut+ ! pipette = ! funnel a4 ,f9ally1 be=e arrang+ ! pipette1 we cause a small quantity ( ! liquid 9 ! flask1 :i* has be5 previ\sly br\ght to ! exact yell[ t9t1 to pass1 by pressure1 ?r\gh ! tube eb1 s z to avoid ! cause ( error t is likely to result f ! air held 9 solution 9 ! liquid ( t tube4 ,! liquid1 ! oxyg5 ( :i* has to be det]m9$1 may also be pass$ directly f ! vessel conta9+ x into ! flask ,e2 ! re/ ( ! op]ation be+ p]=m$ z already describ$4 ,x 0 by ?is me?od t ! oxyg5 held 9 saturate solution 9 wort 0 det]m9$4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal results obta9$ by ,m4 ,raul93-- #a4 ,at diff]5t pressures ! ratio betwe5 ! quantities ( oxyg5 held 9 solution 9 wat] & 9 wort is1 all o!r conditions be+ simil>1 con/ant4 ,?is ratio has be5 f\nd equal to #abj 9 ! case ( wort & wat] saturat$ ) air at ! ord9>y pressure1 & #abd 9 ! case ( wort & wat] saturat$ ) pure oxyg54 #b4 ,! ratio betwe5 ! coeffici5t ( ! solubility ( oxyg5 9 wat] & t ( its solubility 9 wort is v ne>ly con/ant at diff]5t temp]atures1 increas+1 h[ev]1 slightly z ! temp]ature dim9i%es4 ,?is ratio has be5 f\nd to be-- ,temp]atures4 #bf ,c4 7#ghh ,f47 #abj #aie ,c4 7#fga ,f47 #abe #d ,c4 7#cib ,f47 #acg ,ano!r wort gave ! foll[+ results3-- ,temp]atures4 #i ,c4 7#dhb ,f47 #aae #ba ,c4 7#fih ,f47 #aaj #be ,c4 7#ggj ,f47 #ajg #c4 ,! ratio betwe5 ! quantities ( oxyg5 held 9 solution 9 wat] & ^? held 9 solution 9 wort increases ) ! conc5tration ( ! wort4 ,by evaporat+ ! same wort to diff]5t degrees ( conc5tration1 & aft]w>ds saturat+ x ) air1 at ! same temp]ature1 we obta9$ ! foll[+ figures = ! ratio 9 "q3-- ,weak wort #ajf ,! same evaporat$ to half #aae 8 0 8 #b_/e #abg 0 8 0 #c_/aj #ade 8 0 8 #a_/f #aif #d4 ,worts ( diff]5t orig91 b ( ! same d5sity & temp]ature1 :5 saturat$ ) oxyg51 always conta9 v ne>ly ! same quantity ( t gas4 ,two portions ( ! same wort1 %ak5 up ) air1 "o be+ hot ! o!r cold1 !n left to !mselves = "s "t1 & aft]w>ds saturat$ ) air1 at ! same temp]ature1 gave ! figures #abb = ! ratio betwe5 ! oxyg5 9 ! wat] & t 9 ! wort4 ,diff]5t worts ( ! same d5sity1 saturat$ at a temp]ature ( #ae ,c4 7#ei ,f471 gave ! foll[+ ratios3-- ,wort kept 9 a bottle ) air = #ai #aadj mon?s ,wort rec5tly prep>$ #aadb ,wort kept 9 a bottle )\t air = #bj #aadb mon?s1 a]at$ = #ah days ,wort evaporat$ to dryness & made up #aabf ) wat] #e4 ,! solubility ( oxyg5 9 wort diff]s v little f ! solubility ( oxyg5 9 sweet5$ wat] ( ! same d5sity4 ,an exp]im5t 0 made ) a solution ( sug> on ! "o h&1 & ) wort m or less dilut$ ) wat] on ! o!r h&1 at ! same temp]ature ( #aa ,c4 7#eah ,f474 ,! foll[+ figures 7 obta9$ = ! ratios ( solubility3-- ,solution ,wort4 ( ,sug>4 ,m>k+ #agi #abgh #abg ,ball+#agc 8 #adj 0 #aaij #aae 8 #gj 0 #ajib #ajf #f4 ,f ! prec$+ results x is easy to d$uce a g5]al =mula :i* %all give ! coeffici5t ( solubility ( oxyg5 9 any wort1 m>k+ ,b by ,ball+1 & at temp]ature t4 ,f ! figures ( 7#b7 x foll[s t above & bel[ ! temp]ature ( #ae ,c4 7#ei ,f471 ! ratio :i* ! coeffici5t ( solubility ( oxyg5 9 wat] be>s to t ( ! solubility ( ! same gas 9 wort v>ies ab\t #jjjf = ea* degree ( ! !rmomet]4 ,f ! figures ( 7#c7 x foll[s t ! same ratio v>ies ab\t #jjjb = ea* degree ( ,ball+ above & bel[ ! #ae? degree on ! in/rum5t4 ,by tak+ c = ! coeffici5t ( solubility ( oxyg5 9 wat] at t ,c41 & c = t ( oxyg5 9 wort also at t ,c41 & hav+ a d5sity ,b1 by ,ball+ at #ae ,c42 & tak+ ,x = ! ratio c_/c1 at #ae ,c4 & #ae ,ball+1 we %all h c_/c ,x 7,b - #ae7 #jjbb - 7t - #ae7 #jjjf4 ,by c>efully asc]ta9+ ! ratio c_/c = diff]5t worts1 & adopt+ ! prec$+ =mula1 we h f\nd = ,x a mean value ( #aaf4 ,! def9itive =mula1 !re=e1 is3 7#a7 c_/c #aaf 7,b-#ae7 #jjbb - 7t - #ae7 #jjjf1 or aga91 7#b7 c_/c #jhf - 7,b - #ae7 #jjaf 7t - #ae7 #jjjd4 ,! coeffici5t c ( ! solubility ( oxyg5 9 wat] w be f\nd 9 ! table giv5 a few pages back4 ,,iii4--,on ! ,quantity ( ,oxyg5 exi/+ 9 a /ate ( ,solution 9 ,brew]s' ,worts4#agd ,! wort1 :5 x comes f ! copp] 9 :i* x is boil$ ) ! hops1 rema9s expos$ ^u ! cool]s = a "t1 ! l5g? ( :i* v>ies accord+ to circum/ances1 ! mo/ important ( :i* is ! ext]ior temp]ature4 ,! av]age "t is f sev5 to eight h\rs1 dur+ :i* ! volume ( ! wort dim9i%es1 :il/ its d5sity increases2 at ! same "t1 x deposits its prote9ace\s matt]s & absorbs oxyg5 f ! air1 ei!r by way ( solution or ( comb9ation4 ,9 ! pres5t p>agraph we %all conf9e ourselves to ! uncomb9$ oxyg5 held 9 a /ate ( solution 9 wort1 recognizable by ! *ange ( col\r produc$ by its action on :ite indigo4 ,! use ( ! cool]s enables ! brew] to obta9 8 wort 9 two di/9ct /ates ( limpidity--filt]$ wort & unfilt]$ wort4 ,at ! same "t !re is a fur!r diff]5ce betwe5 ^! worts1 namely1 9 ! quantity ( oxyg5 held 9 solution4 ,! unfilt]$ wort comes direct f ! cool]s2 ! wort to be filt]$1 mix$ ) a "p ( ! deposit1 is run into a special vessel1 f :i* x is di/ribut$ ov] ! filt]+ surfaces1 :i* are g5]ally ( felt2 filt]$ bright1 x is !n receiv$ 9 a res]voir1 f :i* x is di/ribut$ among/ special f]m5t+ vessels4 ,fall+ ?r\gh ! air 9 a ?9 /ream ( drops1 x mu/ necess>ily h become *>g$ ) a great] quantity ( oxyg5 ?an ord9>y wort4 ,9 good brew]ies x is put ap>t by itself to f]m5t1 & ! yea/ :i* x yields is firm] & deposits m easily ?an t ( unfilt]$ wort4 ,z = ! f]m5tation1 x is1 "u simil> conditions1 quick] by a day or a day & a half ?an 9 ! case ( ord9>y wort4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! quantity ( oxyg5 held 9 solution 9 ! two k9ds ( wort is great] 9 proportion z ! ext]nal temp]ature is l[]2 9 w9t] x may be twice z great z 9 summ]4 ,! reason is t 9 summ] a boil+ wort does n obta9 a m9imum temp]ature ( #bj ,c4 7#fh ,f471 on ! be/ cool]s1 9 less ?an six or sev5 h\rs4 ,aft] leav+ ! cool]s x is pass$ ov] a refrig]ator4 ,9 w9t] x atta9s t temp]ature 9 ab\t ?ree h\rs1 or less1 :i* !n goes on s9k+ on ! cool]s4 ,dur+ ! la/ two or ?ree h\rs :i* are employ$ 9 br++ ! temp]ature /ill l[]1 z also dur+ ! runn+ (f1 ! wort absorbs an appreciable quantity ( oxyg54 ,9 o!r words1 wort 9 w9t] rema9s = a long] "t at l[ temp]atures1 9 free contact ) air4 ,ano!r circum/ance unites ) ?is exposure ^u ! cool]s to increase ! a]ation ( ! wort2 ! wort is run into ! f]m5t+ tuns ?r\gh pipes ( l>ge sectional area1 m or less b5t1 & c>ries ) x by suction consid]able quantities ( air1 :i*1 f ! cont9ual agitation1 gets well mix$ ) x4 ,! effect ( ?is mix+ 9 ! pipes is to consid]ably increase ! proportion ( air 9 solution 9 ! wort1 especially 9 w9t]1 :5 ! temp]ature ( ! wort is l[]2 & f ! figures giv5 bel[ we may1 al?\gh x is v v>iable1 put ! av]age increase at a qu>t] ( ! :ole am\nt4 ,! calculation has be5 made by comp>+ ! quantities ( air held 9 solution 9 two samples ( ! same wort1 "o ( :i* 0 tak5 f ! cool]s at ! mom5t ( 8turn+ out10#age & ! o!r f ! f]m5t+ vessel aft] x 0 fill$4 ,let u call ! ratio betwe5 ! quantity ( oxyg5 held 9 solution by a wort1 & t :i* ! same wort w\ld hold 9 solution if saturat$ at ! same temp]ature1 ! degree ( saturation ( t wort at ! temp]ature t4 ,! det]m9ation ( degrees ( saturation is r$uc$ to a comp>ison ( ! numb] ( divisions ( hydrosulphite n :i* satisfies ! wort 9 ! fir/ case1 ) ! numb] n correspond+ ) ! same wort saturat$ at ! same temp]ature4 ,! ratio n_/n gives ! degree ( saturation at ! temp]ature t4 ,9 exp]im5ts made ) a wort at #ade ,ball+ z mean d5sity1 we f\nd ! foll[+ results3-- ,9 summ]1 9 ! case ( worts r$uc$ to ! temp]ature ( #e ,c4 7#da ,f47 by a refrig]ator1 ! degrees ( saturation may be set d[n z-- ,= unfilt]$ worts #jejj ,= filt]$ worts #jhjj ,9 w9t]1 9 ! case ( "s worts :i* 7 rack$ at a temp]ature ( f #c to #d ,c4 7#cgd to #cib ,f471 )\t ! use ( a refrig]ator1 we f\nd ! saturation complete 9 bo? worts4 ,9 ! case ( a v l[ ext]nal temp]ature1 h[ev] 7-#aj ,c41 #ad ,f471 we h fail$ to det]m9e ! saturation 9 an unfilt]$ wort4 ,z reg>ds ! mean w9t] figures1 9 ! case ( worts rack$ at a temp]ature ( #e ,c4 7#da ,f471 !y may be fix$ at ^!3-- ,= unfilt]$ wort #jhej ,= filt]$ wort #jiej ,9 autumn & spr+ we f9d ! mean figures to be int]m$iate betwe5 ^? giv5 above3-- ,= unfilt]$ wort #jejj to #jhej ,= filt]$ wort #jhjj to #jiej ,f ^! ratios x is easy to f9d ! quantity ( oxyg5 conta9$ 9 brew]s' worts1 if we also ref] to ,buns5's ,tables & ! =mula 7#b7 giv5 9 ! prec$+ section4 ,at ! temp]ature ( #e ,c4 7#da ,f471 at :i* ! above worts 7 8ga!r$10#agf & n tak+ into acc\nt ! v small correction t %\ld be made = ! diff]5ce ( half a degree on ,ball+1 we f9d1 by ?is =mula1 z ! ratio ( ! coeffici5ts ( ! solubility ( oxyg5 9 saturat$ wort & 9 wat]-- c_/c #jhb ,n[1 at ! temp]ature ( #e ,c41 ! quantity ( oxyg5 held 9 solution 9 #a litre ( wat] is1 accord+ to ,buns51 #jjcf litre1 at ! atmosph]ic pressure1 & !re=e at ! pressure ( #a_/e? atmosph]e1 :i* is t ( ! oxyg5 9 atmosph]ic air1 x w be-- #jjcf_/e litre #gb c4c4--t is1 #b cubic in*es p] gallon4 ,&1 consequ5tly1 9 ! case ( saturat$ wort1 x w be-- #gb c4c4 #jhb #eijd c4c4--t is1 #afb cub4 in*es p] gall4 ,multiply+ ?is la/ numb] ( c4c4 by ! diff]5t degrees ( saturation f\nd1 we %all obta9 ! volumes ( oxyg5 held 9 solution 9 #a litre ( diff]5t worts3-- ,summ] worts ,unfilt]$ #jejj #eijd c4c4 #bieb c4c4 ,filt]$ #jhjj #eijd 8 #dgbc 0 ,w9t] worts ,unfilt]$ #jhej #eijd 8 #ejah 0 ,filt]$ #jiej #eijd 8 #efji 0 ,x is important to notice t we are "h deal+ ) wort tak5 f ! f]m5t+ vessel j be=e x 0 pit*$2 t is to say1 :5 ! quantity ( oxyg5 held 9 solution 0 z l>ge z ! treatm5t to :i* x _h be5 subject$ all[$ ( its be+4 ,! mode ( tak+ x = exam9ation is z foll[s3--,a burette1 ,h 7,fig4 #ha71 is plung$ into ! f]m5t+ vessel1 ! temp]ature ( :i* at ! "t is asc]ta9$ v exactly1 ! upp] "p ( ! burette be+ fitt$ ) an india-rubb] tube1 a b1 long] ?an itself4 ,! liquid is !n suck$ up ! tube1 & soon completely fills ! app>atus & runs out at b 7,fig4 #hb74 ,by l[]+ ! tube ! :ole arrangem5t ?us =ms a syphon1 & enables u to let ! wort t we are exp]im5t+ on fl[ = "s m9utes2 :5 e trace ( air has be5 ?us expell$1 ! l[] tap is clos$ & ! liquid is introduc$ into ,s*tz5b]g]'s app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,z = ! saturat$ wort1 ! value ( :i* 9 oxyg5 s]ves to det]m9e "o ( ! elem5ts ( ! degree ( saturation1 x is readily obta9$ by introduc+ a volume ( f #ajj c4c4 to #aej c4c4 ( wort into a #b-litre or #c-litre flask1 & %ak+ x briskly s z to saturate x ) air2 x is !n p\r$ into a settl+-glass1 to sep>ate x f ! great quantity ( fro? =m$ 9 ! %ak+1 & !n1 by means ( a graduat$ pipette1 #ej c4c4 is tak5 = exam9ation4 ,we h spok5 ( ! influ5ce t oxyg5 has on ! activity ( yea/1 on its developm5t &1 consequ5tly1 on ! progress ( f]m5tation4 ,moreov]1 we "k1 f exp]im5ts already m5tion$1 :i* we communicat$ to ! ,academy & ! ,*emical ,society 9 #ahfa1 t ! rapid developm5t ( yea/ 9 contact ) air is 9 reciprocal relation to ! disappe>ance ( ! oxyg5 f ! air4 ,kn[+ ! conditions ( ! a]ation ( wort f ! mom5t :5 x arrives on ! cool]s until ! mom5t :51 9 ! f]m5t+ tun1 x is ab\t to be pit*$1 x w\ld be int]e/+ to asc]ta9 :at happ5s to ! oxyg5 dissolv$ 9 ! wort at ! mom5t ( pit*+1 h[ yea/ is affect$ :5 sudd5ly br\ght into contact ) t oxyg52 :at "p1 9 %ort1 t gas plays 9 f]m5tation4 ,let u !re=e foll[ up1 h\r by h\r1 ! degree ( saturation aft] pit*+1 9 ,t\rtel's brew]y4 ,on ,novemb] #d?1 #ahge1 "s wort at #ad ,ball+ 0 pump$ on to ! cool]s at #g p4m41 & at #d a4m4 w5t d[n to a #cb-;hectolitre 7#gjj gallons7 tun1 its temp]ature !n be+ #f ,c4 7#dbh ,f47 ,! pit*+1 9 :i* ab\t #ajj grammes 7#cb oz4 troy7 ( press$ yea/ 0 us$ p] hectolitre 7#bb gallons71 took place at #e a4m4 ,! foll[+ is ! curve ( ! degrees ( saturation ( ! oxyg51 z drawn by ,messrs4 ,calmettes & ,gr5et4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,! absciss repres5t ! "t express$ 9 h\rs1 & ! ord9ates give ! degrees ( saturation ( ! wort ) oxyg54 ,x w be se5 t ab\t twelve h\rs aft] ! pit*+1 & at a temp]ature ( #f ,c41 all ! oxyg5 _h disappe>$1 absorb$ by ! yea/4 ,we %all f9d t wort by itself1 unassociat$ ) yea/1 w\ld also h comb9$ ) oxyg52 b 9 ! c\rse ( twelve h\rs1 at #f ,c41 ?is comb9ation w\ld h be5 sc>cely appreciable 9 abs5ce ( yea/4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! oxyg5 9 solution is tak5 up by ! yea/1 "u ! conditions ( :i* we are speak+4 ,?is has be5 prov$ directly by an exp]im5t4 ,a d\ble quantity ( yea/ 0 employ$ = a tun simil> to ! prec$+ "o1 & x 0 f\nd t ! oxyg5 9 solution disappe>$ completely 9 less ?an half ! "t t x took to disappe> 9 ! fir/ case4#agg ,x is v important to notice t 9 our #cb-;hectolitre tun1 at ! mom5t :5 we det]m9$ ! complete disappe>ance ( ! oxyg5 9 solution1 ! cells ( yea/ _h assum$ a y\ng] & full] appe>ance ?an !y _h at fir/2 b !y _h n multipli$ at all up to t "t1 nor 7 !re ev5 any buds !n visible on !m4 ,! oxyg51 !re=e1 mu/ be /or$ up someh[ 9 ! cells1 tak5 up by _! oxidizable matt]s to be br\ght into "w subsequ5tly1 or to act z a primum mov5s ( life & nutrition1 spread+ its influ5ce ov] sev]al successive g5]ations ( cells4 ,,iv4--,on ! ,comb9ation ( ,oxyg5 ) ,wort4 ,! atmosph]ic oxyg5 is n m]ely tak5 into solution by wort2 x also comb9es ) x1 z a v simple exp]im5t w suffice to %[4 ,if we place 9 a t9n$ iron vessel "s boil+ wort1 sep>at$ f ! hops 9 ! copp]1 & cool x sudd5ly by plung+ x into ic$ wat]1 & aft] hav+ cool$ x d[n 9 ?is mann] to #ae or #bj ,c4 7#ei or #fh ,f471 saturate x ) oxyg51 by %ak+ x briskly 9 a l>ge flask1 & !n completely fill a vessel ) x & close x up = twelve h\rs1 we %all f9d at ! end ( t "t1 if we te/ x ) ! hydrosulphite ( soda1 z we h describ$ 9 ,,ii41 t x does n conta9 a trace ( free oxyg54 ,! :ole ( ! gas :i* 0 orig9ally held 9 solution w h ent]$ into comb9ation1 t is to say1 ! liquid1 fir/ col\r$ blue ) ! indigo-c>m9e1 & !n br\ght to a yell[ t9t by means ( ! hydrosulphite ( soda1 w n rega9 its orig9al blue col\r ?r\gh ! action ( ?is wort4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts 7 und]tak5 ) ! object ( /udy+ ?is prop]ty ( wort1 & 9 ord] t we might =m "s idea ( its importance1 & ( ! total quantity ( oxyg5 t wort c absorb "u c]ta9 special circum/ances4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 p]=m$ 9 our own laboratory on wort f ,t\rtel's brew]y1 :i* ,m4 ,calmettes _h =w>d$ to u 9 bottles prep>$ 9 ! brew]y at ,tantonville1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,ea* bottle 0 fill$ ) boil+ wort tak5 f ! copp] & clos$ ) a bor$ cork1 ?r\gh :i* ! neck ( a funnel pass$2 ! funnel also 0 fill$ ) ! wort1 & ! :ole pres]v$ f contact ) air by a lay] ( oil4 ,! next day ! bottles 7 cork$ full by ! help ( a bottl+ ne$le1#agh previ\sly heat$1 ) p]fect corks t _h be5 pass$ ?r\gh ! flame4 ,! bottles arriv$ 9 ,p>is 9 v good condition1 q full ( ! liquid up to ! corks4 ,!y 7 left undi/urb$ = "o or two days at ! same temp]ature z t to :i* !y _h be5 expos$ dur+ ! cork+ & ! j\rney4 ,! object ( ?is 0 to af=d "t = a deposit ( ! wort to =m at ! bottom ( ea* bottle4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 we "k t wort boil+ 9 ! copp] is *>g$ ) prote9ace\s matt]s & o!r float+ & insoluble sub/ances4 ,! wort above ! deposit 0 turbid & opal9e2 x 0 9 ?is /ate :5 we us$ x = our exp]im5ts4 ,x may be tak5 = grant$1 )\t risk ( appreciable error1 t ! wort _h be5 absolutely depriv$ ( oxyg5 9 solution1 inasmu* z x _h be5 bottl$ :5 boil+1 & _h cool$ d[n out ( contact ) air4 ,z = ! quantity ( oxyg5 t x might h held 9 comb9ation1 ?is mu/ h be5 insignificant1 al?\gh !re mu/ h be5 "s1 s9ce ! wort _h be5 expos$ to ! air 9 ! copp]2 ! oxyg5 9 comb9ation1 h[ev]1 c\ld h _h no appreciable influ5ce on ! results :i* we obta9$4 ,let u call ?is wort boil$ wort4 ,fir/ ,exp]im5t4--,into a /raight-neck$ flask we introduc$ a c]ta9 measur$ quantity ( ?is wort by means ( a syphon1 tak+ c>e t ! syphon %\ld only act on ! opaque wort1 & %\ld n rea* ! deposit at ! bottom ( ! bottle4 ,we !n drew out ! neck to a f9e tube 9 ! flame & boil$ ! wort2 & dur+ ebullition we seal$ ! end ( ! f9e tube4 ,aft] x _h cool$1 we arrang$ t pure air %\ld ent] ! flask4 ,to d ?is we made a file m>k ne> ! f9e clos$ po9t ( ! flask1 & connect$ ! po9t by a piece ( india-rubb] tub+ ) a glass tube conta9+ a column ( asbe/os1 :i* we heat$4 ,we !n broke (f ! po9t ( ! flask inside ! india-rubb] tube1 s t ! air ent]$ ! flask aft] be+ filt]$ ?r\gh ! asbe/os4 ,we remov$ ! india-rubb] tube & seal$ up once m ! f9e end ( ! neck at ! po9t :]e we _h brok5 x (f4 ,f9ally1 to a]ate ! wort to saturation1 we %ook ! flask briskly = "s m9utes1 & !n plac$ x 9 a hot-wat] ba?1 :]e we left x = ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,we aft]w>ds remov$ x to an ov5 at #be 7#gg ,f474 ,we repeat$ ! same op]ation next day & ! f\r succe$+ days4 ,! wort1 :i* at fir/ 0 sc>cely col\r$1 gradually assum$ a r$di%-br[n t9t1 & deposit$ an amorph\s matt]1 b )\t bright5+4 ,x became cle>1 h[ev]1 :5 filt]$1 :i* 0 n ! case ) ! turbid1 opal9e wort 9 ! bottles :5 !y arriv$4 ,! foll[+ is an analysis ( ! air 9 ! flask1 made imm$iately aft] a r5ew$ & vigor\s %ak+1 ! object ( :i* 0 to saturate ! wort ) air be=e analyz+ ! sup]natant air3-- ,novemb] #bi?4 ,temp]ature at :i* ! flask 0 refill$ ) air #d ,c4 7#bib ,f47 ,atmosph]ic pressure #gea mm4 7#bif ins47 ,total volume ( flask #ccc c4c4 7#bjcb cub4 947 ,volume occupi$ by ! wort #abj 8 7 #gcb 0 7 ,decemb] #h?4 ,volume ( gas analyz$ #bgf c4c4 7#afh cub4 ins47 ,aft] treatm5t ) pota% #bgd c4c4 7#afg 8 7 0 8 pyrogallol #bbd 0 7#acf 8 7 ,oxyg5 #ej c4c4 7#jcje cub4 947 ,composition ( ! gas3-- ,p] c5t4 ,oxyg5 #ahbe ,nitrog5 #haeg ,! =mula :i* we d$uc$ above 7 ,,ii47 all[s u to conclude t at ! temp]ature ( #h ,c4 7#dfd ,f471 :i* 0 ! temp]ature at :i* ! wort 0 saturat$ be=e ! analysis giv5 above1 ! quantity ( oxyg5 9 solution 9 ! #abj c4c4 7#db fl4 oz47 ( wort 0 #jhd c4c4 7#jjea cub4 9474 ,at ! mom5t :5 ! flask 0 clos$1 ! total volume ( oxyg51 calculat$ to z]o & #gfj mm4 7#cj 947 pressure1 0 #ddgc c4c4 7#bgbi cub4 9474 ,at ! mom5t :5 ! analysis 0 f9i%$1 ! volume ( oxyg5 0 calculat$ to ! same conditions ( temp]ature & pressure1 #chhf c4c4 7#bcee cub4 9472 #ehg c4c4 7#jcgd cub4 947 has1 !re=e1 disappe>$4 ,n[1 z !re is #jhd c4c4 7#jjea cub4 947 9 solution1 !re has1 consequ5tly1 be5 an absorption1 by comb9ation ) #abj c4c4 ( wort1 ( #ejc c4c4 7#jcb cub4 947 ( oxyg51 or #dag c4c4 p] litre 7#aaf cub4 ins4 p] gallon74 ,second ,exp]im5t4--,9 a simil> exp]im5t1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! flask 0 kept = five days at a rigor\sly con/ant temp]ature ( #ee ,c4 7#aca ,f471 day & night1 & 9 :i* ! sup]natant air 0 n %ak5 up ) ! wort1 we f\nd-- ,volume ( gas analyz$ #bhe ,aft] treatm5t ) pota% #bhc 8 0 8 pyrogallol #bcj ,oxyg5 #ec ,composition ( ! gas3-- ,p] c5t4 ,oxyg5 #ahf ,nitrog5 #had ,total oxyg5 at fir/ #bidj 8 0 rema9+ #bfjd 8 0 t has disappe>$ #ccf 8 0 9 solution #jed 8 0 9 comb9ation #bhb ,or p] litre1 #ceb c4c4 7#ih cub4 ins4 p] gallon74 ,! col\r ( ! wort 9 ?is exp]im5t _h become s5sibly simil> to t ( ! wort 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t4 ,?ird ,exp]im5t4--,9 ano!r exp]im5t we left ! flask1 = ! same l5g? ( "t aga91 aft] x _h be5 refill$ ) air & reclos$1 at a temp]ature :i* v>i$ betwe5 #b & #d;,c4 7#cef & #cib ,f474 ,9 ?is case we f\nd-- ,volume ( air analyz$ #bgh ,aft] ! action ( pota% #bgh ,aft] pyrogallic acid #bbc ,oxyg5 #ee ,composition ( ! gas3-- ,p] c5t4 ,oxyg5 #aig ,nitrog5 #hjc ,total oxyg5 at fir/ #bidj c4c4 8 0 rema9+ #bgeh 8 0 t has disappe>$ #ahb 8 0 9 solution #jdd 8 0 9 comb9ation #ach ,or p] litre1 #agbj c4c4 7#dh cub4 ins4 p] gallon74 ,9 ?is la/ exp]im5t ! wort 0 sc>cely d>k] 9 col\r4 ,its col\r1 comp>$ ) t ( wort cool$ on ! cool]s 9 ! brew]y1 0 slightly d>k]2 b ! diff]5ce1 al?\gh x exi/$1 0 sc>cely appreciable4 ,we %all rev]t to ?is fact1 :i* is ( importance1 pres5tly4 ,f\r? ,exp]im5t4--,! foll[+ s]ies ( exp]im5ts 7 und]tak5 to enable u to =m "s idea ( ! rapidity ) :i* oxyg5 is absorb$ by wort4 ,we employ$ ?ree flasks4 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ( ! foll[+ capacities3-- ,a #bcd ,b #bad ,c #bjc into :i* we introduc$ ! foll[+ quantities ( wort 7boil$ wort1 )\t air73-- ,into ,a #if c4c4 8 ,b #hd 0 8 ,c #hd 0 ,! necks ( ! flasks 7 !n drawn out & seal$ 9 a flame1 ! liquid be+ at a temp]ature ( #e ,c4 7#da ,f474 ,! flasks 7 !n plac$ 9 a hot-wat] ba? & kept at #ajj ,c4 7#bab ,f47 = a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,! flask ,a 0 repeat$ly %ak5 dur+ cool+1 z also 0 ! flask ,b1 ?is be+ omitt$ 9 ! case ( ! flask ,c4 ,! cont5ts ( flask ,a 7 submitt$ to analysis z soon z x 0 q cool$--t is to say1 9 ab\t ?ree h\rs4 ,! analysis ( cont5ts ( ,b & ,c 0 delay$ = ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,we took ! precaution ( n comm5c+ ! analysis be=e we _h %ak5 ! flasks = a few m9utes1 s t ! wort 9 all ( !m might be saturat$ at a fix$ temp]ature1 & ?us enable u to asc]ta9 ! exact quantity ( oxyg5 9 solution4 ,! analyses %[$ t ! worts 9 ! ?ree flasks conta9$3-- ,flask ,a1 oxyg5 9 comb9ation1 p] litre #bj c4c4 8 ,b1 0 8 0 #bad c4c4 8 ,c1 0 8 0 #afh c4c4 ,sev]al facts may be d$uc$ f ^! exp]im5ts3 ! %ak+ up ( ! wort ) air has a m>k$ effect on ! absorption2 a v appreciable absorption imm$iately foll[s ! %ak+ up ( ! wort :5 w>m2 :]eas1 9 ! case ( cold wort t has rema9$ undi/urb$1 ! absorption takes place sl[ly4 ,! results ( ! prec$+ exp]im5ts pla9ly %[ t ! wort1 :i* is v hot :5 x comes on to ! cool]s1 :]e x rema9s = sev]al h\rs1 mu/ absorb an appreciable quantity ( oxyg5 by comb9ation2 b ^! same exp]im5ts tea* u no?+ def9ite conc]n+ ! volume ( oxyg5 t is actually absorb$4 ,we c only ga!r f ! rem>k :i* concludes ! ?ird exp]im5t giv5 above1 t ! total quantity ( oxyg5 absorb$ by ! wort 9 ,t\rtel's brew]y1 dur+ ! "t t x rema9s on ! cool]s1 mu/ be less ?an #ag c4c4 p] litre 7#dg cubic in*es p] gallon71 inasmu* z ! coloration effect$ by comb9$ oxyg5 9 ! proportion ( #ag c4c4 p] litre 0 consid]ably great] ?an t ( ! wort tak5 f ! backs 9 ! brew]y4 ,if we knew ! curve ( cool+ on ! ,t\rtonville cool]s we might easily1 9 exp]im5ts conduct$ 9 our laboratory1 assimilate ! conditions ( our exp]im5ts to ^? ( ! oxidation ( ! wort 9 ! brew]y1 by expos+ wort 9 contact ) air 9 clos$ flasks to temp]atures v>y+ accord+ to ! indications ( ! curve 9 "q4 ,= ?is purpose1 we induc$ ,m4 ,calmettes to /udy ! process ( cool+ ^u ! cool]s at ,tantonville4 ,9 ,fig4 #hd ! figures f\nd 9 "o ( t g5tleman's exp]im5ts are giv54 ,! absciss repres5t ! "t express$ 9 h\rs2 ! ord9ates1 ! degrees ( temp]ature4 ,! ext]ior temp]ature 0 #j ,c4 7#cb ,f472 ! atmosph]e 0 calm4 ,! wort 0 pump$ on to ! cool]s at #e4bj p4m41 its temp]ature !n be+ #he ,c4 7#ahe ,f471 & ! op]ation ( pump+ la/$ f #e4bj to #e4cj p4m4 ,! fir/ det]m9ation 0 made at #e4cj p4m41 & 0 repeat$ e t5 m9utes until #g4cj p4m4 ,betwe5 #g4cj & #h4cj p4m4 x 0 repeat$ e tw5ty m9utes2 aft] t1 x 0 repeat$ e half-h\r until #b a4m41 :5 ! wort w5t d[n to ! f]m5t+ vessels4 ,! mean dep? ( ! wort 0 #he c5timetres 7#ca in*es74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4 ,curve ( cool+ ( ! wort on ! cool]s 7,decemb] #ah?1 #ahge74 ,hav+ det]m9$ ! rate ( cool+ 9 ! brew]y1 we made ! foll[+ exp]im5t3 a kn[n quantity ( wort f ! copp]--depriv$1 consequ5tly1 ( oxyg5--9 ! same condition z :5 x comes on ! cool]s1 0 put into a graduat$1 cyl9drical vessel1 :i* 0 !n clos$ ) an india-rubb] cork1 & plac$ imm$iately1 )\t be+ %ak51 9 a hot wat] ba? at #he ,c4 7#ahe ,f474 ,ano!r vessel simil> to ! prec$+ "o1 & hav+ a !rmomet] pass$ ?r\gh ! cork1 & imm]s$ 9 ! wort1 enabl$ u to obs]ve ! temp]ature4 ,! temp]ature 0 gradually r$uc$1 9 exact accordance ) ! data ( ! prec$+ curve1 until ! wat]1 9 ! c\rse ( eight h\rs & a half1 0 br\ght d[n to #aj ,c4 7#ej ,f474 ,x is true1 t we _c pret5d to h realiz$ all ! conditions ( ! cool]s1 9 ?is mann]1 b we approa*$ !m v ne>ly2 moreov]1 x 0 an approximation r ?an a rigor\s det]m9ation t we desir$ to obta94 ,we !n collect$ ov] m]cury ! air :i* rema9$ 9 ! flask1 & analyz$ x v c>efully2 at ! same "t1 ) ,s*tz5b]g]'s app>atus1 we det]m9$ ! oxyg5 held 9 solution 9 ! wort s treat$4 ,f ! results ?us obta9$ we easily f\nd ! quantity ( oxyg5 t _h disappe>$--t is1 ! oxyg5 :i* ! wort _h acquir$ f ! atmosph]e ( ! flask1 & :i* _h comb9$ ) ! oxidizable matt]s ( ! wort4 ,! volume ( ! flask be+ #hae c4c41 t ( ! wort #cia c4c41 & ! dep? ( ! liquid #h cm41 we f\nd an absorption by comb9ation ( #idi c4c4 ( oxyg5 p] litre ( wort 7#bfc cub4 ins4 p] gallon74 ,ano!r flask treat$ 9 ! same mann] gave u simil> results4 ,z ! oxyg5 9 solution has s great an influ5ce on f]m5tation1 x is important t we %\ld1 likewise1 "k ! effect produc$ by ! oxyg5 9 comb9ation4 ,! foll[+ consid]ations & exp]im5ts may ?r[ "s light on ?is subject3-- ,we h already rem>k$ t natural sac*>9e worts oxidize1 & acquire col\r 9 contact ) air1 & t ?is coloration disappe>s :5 ^! worts are caus$ to f]m5t4 ,?is furni%es "o presumption1 t ! oxyg5 9 comb9ation disappe>s !n1 f1 be+ ab/ract$ by ! f]m5t4 ,a simil> ph5om5on is obs]vable 9 ! case ( wort4 ,aft] hav+ acquir$ a m>k$ d>k %ade by rema9+ 9 contact ) pure air1 x loses ?is col\r v appreciably dur+ f]m5tation2 & if ! wort does n q rega9 ! col\r :i* x orig9ally _h :5 x came f ! copp]1 ?is circum/ance is probably ow+ to ! fact t ! quantity ( oxyg5 9 comb9ation ) ! wort is l>g] ?an t :i* is ab/ract$ by ! yea/4 ,we h se5 t yea/ absorbs oxyg51 s9ce1 9 ! case ( a sac*>9e wort1 m or less saturat$ ) oxyg5 9 solution1 :5 f]m5tation comm5ces1 ! fir/ effect ( ! f]m5t is to cause t oxyg5 to comb9e ) its own sub/ance4 ,we %\ld1 !re=e1 expect to f9d ! oxyg5 9 comb9ation1 z well z t held 9 solution1 9 wort1 ab/ract$ by ! yea/ & contribut+ to ! activity ( f]m5tation4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ?is is prov$ by direct exp]im5ts1 = ! f]m5tation ( a wort t has oxidiz$ 9 contact ) air1 or ( "o f :i* all ! oxyg5 t 0 held 9 solution 9 x has disappe>$ by direct comb9ation1 is mu* m easy1 rapid1 & complete ?an ! f]m5tation ( ! same wort :5 x conta9s no oxyg51 :e!r free or comb9$4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 z foll[s3 we boil$ "s copp] wort 9 a l>ge d\ble-neck$ flask1 l ^? %[n 9 ,fig4 #gc2 all ! air be+ expell$1 pure air 0 all[$ to ent] ! flask2 & :5 ! wort 0 cool x 0 saturat$ ) ?is air1 by be+ %ak5 briskly = a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,! wort 0 !n =c$ by a pressure ( air1 appli$ to ! extremity ( ! ,s-%ap$ tube1 into small] flasks1 simil> to ! prec$+ ones2 ^! we fill$ completely1 & !n plung$ ! end ( _! s9u\s tubes "u m]cury4 ,aft] wait+ = two or ?ree days1 a long] "t ?an 0 requir$ = ! oxyg5 9 solution to ent] into comb9ation--a fact :i* we confirm$ by means ( a simil> flask1 :i* s]v$ z a /&>d--we caus$ ! wort1 s prep>$1 to f]m5t 9 ! flasks1 & side by side1 = ! sake ( comp>ison1 "s copp] wort t conta9$ no air 9 solution or comb9ation4 ,9 o!r exp]im5ts we op]at$ on pure wort1 saturat$ ) oxyg5 9 comb9ation1 by be+ all[$ to rema9 = "o ye> 9 an op5 flask 9 contact ) pure air4 ,?is wort 0 depriv$ ( air 9 solution by a protract$ boil+ ov] m]cury4 ,x 0 !n pit*$1 out ( contact ( air1 ) an old yea/4 ,! yea/ und]w5t no developm5t at all1 a pro( t oxyg5 9 comb9ation _c act l oxyg5 t is free1 or simply 9 solution1 9 effect+ ! revival ( ! yea/2 nev]!less1 aft] ! revival has be5 once />t$ by means ( a small quantity ( air1 f]m5tation decl>es itself ) mu* great] facility ?an 9 ! case ( copp] wort1 plac$ "u ! same conditions1 b depriv$ ( oxyg5 9 comb9ation4 ,v4 ,on ! ,influ5ce ( ,oxyg5 9 ,comb9ation on ! ,cl>ification ( ,wort4 ,oxyg5 9 comb9ation has ano!r effect :i* x is ess5tially important to po9t out1 = x conc]ns ! cl>ification ( be]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ valu$ prop]ties ( ?is bev]age is its limpidity & brilliancy4 ,we "k f ! results ( ! f\r? exp]im5t 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph t 9 ! case ( a wort %ak5 up :5 hot ) air1 & exam9$ z soon z cold1 t is1 aft] an int]val ( only ?ree h\rs1 we f9d a notable volume ( oxyg5 to h be5 absorb$ by comb9ation2 9 ! exp]im5t to :i* we allude1 ?is volume 0 n less ?an #bj c4c4 ( oxyg5 p] litre ( wort4 ,! %ak+ up ( ! wort :5 cold ) air saturat$ x ) oxyg5 9 solution1 b ! quantity ( oxyg5 :i* "u ^! conditions ent]$ into comb9ation1 9 ! c\rse ( ?ree h\rs1 is insignificant1 al?\gh saturation by solution may be atta9$ 9 ! c\rse ( "o m9ute's %ak+4 ,if two samples ( ! same wort are %ak5 up ) air1 "o ( !m be+ hot & ! o!r cold1 & bo? filt]$ aft] hav+ be5 left undi/urb$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 or ev5 imm$iately aft] ! agitation1 we _c fail to be /ruck ) ! great diff]5ce t !y w pres5t 9 po9t ( brightness4 ,! wort t 0 %ak5 up hot w h m col\r1 & w be brilliant2 ! o!r w be turbid1 & w n become cle> = five or six days1 :5 left to itself 9 contact ) air & filt]$ aga94 ,?is expla9s a fact t may be easily v]ifi$ 9 practice3 ,boil$ wort1 if cool$ d[n sudd5ly1 or sl[ly b out ( contact ) air1 or %ak5 up cold 9 contact ) air1 is opaque :5 filt]$2 :il/ ! same wort1 cool$ d[n on ! cool]s :]e x has tak5 a c]ta9 quantity ( oxyg5 into comb9ation1 g5]ally passes ?r\gh ! filt] v bright4 ,! intellig5t brew] is uneasy :5 ?is is n ! case1 = x _c be d5i$ t ! easy cl>ification ( wort has a fav\rable influ5ce on ! easy cl>ification ( be]4 ,x w\ld1 nev]!less1 be a grave error to suppose t ! cl>ification ( be] mu/ necess>ily foll[ t ( wort1 & we may be p]mitt$ to make a digression "h on ! subject1 to prove ?is /atem5t4 ,on ,febru>y #crd1 #ahgd1 we brew$ #b hectolitres 7#dd gallons7 ( be]4 ,! boil+ wort1 hops & all1 0 run into a vessel l t repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #hj1 b provid$ 9 addition ) a false bottom1 pi]c$ ) holes & fix$ at #a c5timetre 7#jci in*7 above ! true bottom ( ! vessel2 ?is 0 meant to reta9 ! sp5t hops4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wort 9 ! vessel aft] x 0 fill$1 ,febru>y #crd1 #d p4m41 0 #ij ,c4 7#aid ,f471 t ( ! room 0 #aj ,c4 7#ej ,f474 ,we p]mitt$ ! wort to cool d[n g5tly1 )\t runn+ cold wat] ov] ! vessel4 ,! wort indicat$ a d5sity ( #ad ,ball+4 ,! foll[+ temp]atures 7 tak53-- ,temp4 ( ,temp4 ( ,wort4 ,room4 ,feb4 #d1 #aa a4m4 #ch ,c4 7#ajjd ,f47 #i ,c4 7#dhb ,f47 #g p4m4 #cj ,c4 7 #hf ,f47 #i ,c4 7#dhb ,f47 #aa4cj p4m4 #bfc ,c4 7 #gic ,f47 #i ,c4 7#dhb ,f47 ,feb4 #e1 #i a4m4 #ba ,c4 7 #fih ,f47 #h ,c4 7#dfd ,f47 #ab a4m4 #aige ,c4 7 #fff ,f47 #h ,c4 7#dfd ,f47 #d p4m4 #ah ,c4 7 #fdd ,f47 #he ,c4 7#dgc ,f47 ,feb4 #f1 #aa a4m4 #ad ,c4 7 #egb ,f47 #h ,c4 7#dfd ,f47 ,feb4 #g1 #b p4m4 #aa ,c4 7 #eah ,f47 #g ,c4 7#ddf ,f47 ,at ! end ( ?is "t ! wort drawn f ! small] tap half-way up ! vessel _h already become v bright1 al?\gh x 0 tak5 f ! bulk ( ! liquid above ! deposit ( hops4 ,on ,febru>y #h? ! temp]ature ( ! wort 0 #ie ,c4 7#dia ,f471 & t ( ! room #e ,c4 7#da ,f472 ! wort 0 aga9 v bright4 ,tak5 f ! small tap & te/$ by ,s*tz5b]g]'s process x gave no evid5ce ( free oxyg5 9 solution1 al?\gh its surface 0 9 contact ) air4 ,x cont9u$ absolutely pure1 ! arrangem5ts ( our vessel1 z we h already expla9$1 all[+ only su* air to ent] z 0 fir/ depriv$ ( its di/urb+ g]ms4 ,n till ,febru>y #ab?1 aft] we _h aga9 det]m9$ ! purity & brilliant cle>ness ( ! wort1 a brilliancy :i* we c comp>e ) no?+ s well z ,cognac1 )\t ! fa9te/ trace ( cl\d9ess1 did we set x to f]m5t 9 a vessel simil> to t 9 :i* x _h cool$1 b )\t ! false bottom4 ,9 ! process ( transf] we effect$ its a]ation by caus+ x to fall on a small inv]t$ t9n$ iron capsule "s #d or #e c5timetres 7#a- to #b in*es7 9 diamet]4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! wort took up air to ! ext5t ( r m ?an a ?ird ( its saturate capacity1 t is to say1 by spread+ ov] ! capsule1 & fall+ f x 9 a k9d ( %eet1 x absorb$ a volume ( oxyg5 m ?an a ?ird ( ! total am\nt ( oxyg5 :i* x 0 capable ( absorb+ at ! exi/+ temp]ature2 ?is 0 #ab ,c4 7#ecf ,f47 at ! mom5t :5 ! wort 0 drawn (f4 ,! pit*+ 0 accompli%$ ) a #f-litre flask conta9+ ab\t #d litres 7#gjd p9ts7 ( be] t _h be5 9 8l[0 f]m5tation f ,febru>y #crd4 ,! be] 0 cleans$ on ,febru>y #bd?1 & _h a d5sity ( #e-a_/d ,ball+4 ,we collect$ #bcde kilos 7#geci oz4 troy7 ( yea/1 conta9+ #ef p] c5t41 t is1 #acac kilos 7#dbba oz4 troy7 ( press$ yea/1 conta9+ #cfg p] c5t4 ( yea/ dri$ at #ajj ,c4 7#bab ,f471 t is #dhb grammes 7#aedi oz4 troy7 = ! brew1 :i* w\ld give #bda grammes 7#ggdh oz4 troy7 ( yea/ =m$ p] hectolitre 7#bb gallons74 ,! be] 0 turbid :5 drawn (f1 & ! small glassful t we remov$ did n bright5 9 tw5ty-f\r or ev5 =ty-eight h\rs4 ,! samples = "s days previ\sly _h be5 9 ! same condition4 ,! yea/ exi/$ z a f9e deposit )\t any /raggl+ yea/ ab\t ! sides4 ,! want ( brightness 0 dep5d5t r on spuri\s col\r ?an on any actual turbidity4 ,we may "h rem>k t if 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t ! wort _h tak5 up oxyg5 into comb9ation z well z into solution at ! "t t x 0 a]at$1 ! o!r conditions be+ ! same1 ! be] w\ld h be5 bright & bett]4 ,x foll[s f ?is exp]im5t t a wort may be p]fectly bright at ! mom5t :5 x is pit*$1 yet fail to produce a be] :i* %all be bright :5 rack$1 or "o t w bright5 subsequ5tly o!rwise ?an ) great difficulty4 ,we may add t :5 we repeat$ ?is same exp]im5t1 cool+ ! wort1 h[ev]1 z rapidly z ! conditions ( our app>atus p]mitt$1 & employ+ ic$ wat]1 ! be] appe>$ v ne>ly bright :5 x 0 rack$1 & bright5$ pretty quickly 9 cask & 9 bottle4 ,! total duration ( cool+ 0 n long] ?an two h\rs4 ,! "q "h arises :at "p does ! oxyg5 comb9$ ) wort play 9 ! cl>ification ( ! latt]1 or 9 ! cl>ification ( be]8 ,al?\gh x may be difficult to give a def9ite answ] to ?is "q1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t 9 cases :]e ! be] bright5s be/1 if we exam9e x "u ! microscope dur+ f]m5tation1 we see1 besides ! clu/]s ( yea/-cells1 float+ amorph\s p>ticles1 :i* are l>g] & m compact ?an ^? to :i* ! turbidity ( worts & muddy be]s is due1 a circum/ance :i* %\ld lead u to suppose t ! oxyg5 9 comb9ation ) ! wort has ! effect ( modify+ ! nature ( ! amorph\s deposit :i* is produc$ dur+ ! f]m5tation ( ! wort4 ,dur+ boil+1 ! hop yields to ! wort a v>iety ( res9\s1 odor\s1 & a/r+5t sub/ances1 :i*1 = ! mo/ "p1 are held 9 solution by ! pres5ce ( sug> & dextr94 ,at ! mom5t :51 "u ! influ5ce ( ! yea/1 :i* is itself m or less oxidiz$1 ! sug> becomes trans=m$ into alcohol & c>bonic acid1 a portion ( ! bitt] & res9\s matt]s ( ! hop becomes insoluble & rema9s 9 a /ate ( susp5sion 9 ! liquid4 ,x is v probable t at ?is po9t x is :5 ! comb9$ oxyg5 assumes its function ( modify+ ! physical /ructure ( ^! insoluble p>ticles1 agglom]at+ !m1 s t !y become m easily deposit$4#agi ,moreov]1 oxidation t5ds to =m a special precipitate 9 ! wort1 :i* precipitate contributes t[>ds ! collection & deposition ( ! v f9e p>ticles susp5d$ 9 ! wort1 by a me*anical action1 simil> to t :i* we notice 9 f9+ op]ations4 ,on ! cool]s an effect ( ?is k9d is produc$4 ,! wort 9 ! copp] conta9s insoluble matt]s :i* pass on to ! cool]s4 ,v bright :5 boil+1 x gr[s turbid z x cools1 & !n conta9s two k9ds ( insoluble sub/ances3 #a4 ,sub/ances insoluble alike 9 ! hot & cold liquid1 "s ( :i* ev51 z we h j se51 are =m$ "u ! influ5ce ( heat & air3 all ^! sub/ances precipitat+ rapidly to ! bottom ( ! vessels4 #b4 ,v f9e p>ticles insoluble 9 ! cold1 b soluble 9 ! hot liquid1 appe>+ z ! wort cools d[n1 & giv+ x a milky appe>ance4 ,if ! air does n come into play !y rema9 9 susp5sion = an indef9ite "t1 s to say4 ,wort tak5 boil+ f ! copp] & cool$ d[n1 !re=e1 =ms a consid]able deposit at ! bottom ( ! bottles4 ,n[1 if we put ?is wort into bottles )\t fill+ !m1 putt+ into "s only ! milky wort f above ! deposit1 & into o!rs ! same wort along ) "s ( ! deposit1 !n raise x to #ajj ,c4 7#bab ,f471 & be=e x has "t to cool d[n %ake x up ) air a good _m times1 x w be readily se5 t ! wort 9 ! bottles conta9+ ! deposit w bright5 m rapidly & satisfactorily ?an ^? 9 ! bottles )\t ! deposit4 ,! deposits :i* are insoluble 9 ! copp] h1 !re=e1 an influ5ce on ! cl>ification4 ,we mu/ add1 h[ev]1 t ?is influ5ce _c be comp>$ ) t ( direct oxidation4 ,! 8turn+ out0 ( ! wort & its /ay ^u ! cool]s to a c]ta9 ext5t exhibit ! diff]5t conditions :i* take "p 9 its cl>ification1 inasmu* z ! wort *>g$ ) its insoluble matt]s is run (f v hot1 & ) m or less viol5ce aga9/ ! ext]nal air4 ,,vi4--,application ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ! ,new ,process ( ,brew+ ) ! ,use ( ,limit$ ,quantities ( ,air4 ,we h n[ an idea ( ! quantities ( oxyg5 :i* occur1 free or comb9$1 9 ! actual processes ( manufacture4 ,we "k1 moreov]1 t an excess ( air may be injuri\s1 especially to ! aroma ( ! be]1 & to t quality :i* consum]s prize s highly1 :i* goes by ! "n ( b\*e4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be important to asc]ta9 :e!r 9 exi/+ processes ! proportion ( active oxyg5 may n be excessive4 ,! be/ practical means ( det]m9+ ?is w\ld consi/ 9 comp>+ ! products ( diff]5t processes ) progressively increas+ access ( air1 />t+ f none at all1 z 9 ! case ( cool+ 9 ! pres5ce ( an atmosph]e ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,! foll[+ arrangem5t 7,fig4 #he7 p]mits u to realize ^! conditions3-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,! wort br\ght to a temp]ature betwe5 #ge & #hj ,c4 7#afg & #agf ,f47 9 ! d\ble-bottom$ vessel ,c1 passes by ! tube a b into a refrig]ator1 su* z ,baudelot's1 = example1 b act+ 9 an inv]se mann] to ! ord9>y mode ( us+ ,baudelot's2 t is to say1 ! wort is made to circulate inside ! tubes1 :il/ ! cold wat] plays on ! outside4#ahj ,! wort :5 cool$1 its temp]ature be+ indicat$ by a !rmomet] c1 passes d[n by ! tube c,,dd to fill ! f]m5t+ vessel ,a4 ,?is vessel is made ( t9n$ iron1 or1 bett] /ill1 t9n$ copp]1 & has a cov] provid$ ) a man-hole & eye-hole2 m n "o ( ! tubes = ! circulation ( air dur+ f]m5tation2 its connect+-tube is n repres5t$1 x w\ld be beh9d ! vessel4 ,at ! po9t d !re is a pipe = admission ( pure air2 ?is is repres5t$ on a l>g] scale at ,t4 ,! wort1 z x runs ?r\gh ! l>ge tube1 c>ries ) x air f outside1 & ?is air is calc9$ on its way 9 by means ( a flame :i* plays on ! copp] tube ?r\gh :i* x passes4 ,?is arrangem5t supplies a ?ird or m ( ! total quantity ( oxyg5 t ! wort is capable ( acquir+ by solution at ! temp]ature at :i* we "w4 ,f repres5ts ! arrangem5t ( ! rev]s$ funnel 9 :i* ! tube m n t]m9ates4 ,its m\? is clos$ ) cotton-wool held 9 place betwe5 two pieces ( wire gauze1 = ! purpose ( purify+ ! air t ent]s by x into ! f]m5t+ vessel dur+ f]m5tation4 v is an entrance tap = /eam1 by means ( :i* ! vessel & refrig]ator are cleans$ f all extrane\s g]ms be=e ea* f]m5tation1 & be=e ! wort passes into ! refrig]ator4 ,:5 ! f]m5t+ vessel ,a is at "w1 we may />t a f]m5tation 9 a second vessel 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 op5+ a small tap situat$ at ab\t a ?ird ( ! height ( ! vessel1 we pass a few litres ( ! f]m5t+ be] into a c ( t9n$ copp]1 previ\sly purifi$ by a curr5t ( /eam1 & fill$ ) pure air4 ,?is c is !n empti$ into ! fre% vessel1 an op]ation ( no difficulty1 s9ce we h m]ely to connect ! tap ( ! c ) ! small tap ( ! vessel1 & la/ly1 ! vessel is fill$ ) wort1 :i* !n mixes ) ! f]m5t+ liquid4 ,^! v>i\s manipulations1 x is evid5t1 are p]=m$ "u conditions ( complete purity1 )\t ! slighte/ contact ( ! liquids ei!r ) ! ext]ior air or ) ut5sils contam9at$ by di/urb+ g]ms4#aha ,x is seldom t an indu/ry adopts at once 9 _! entirety new practices :i* w\ld necessitate a re-arrangem5t ( plant1 & ! process ( :i* we are speak+ w\ld require su* re-arrangem5t1 z f> z ! f]m5t+ vessels & ! me?od ( cool+ ! wort are conc]n$4 ,! new process w\ld1 h[ev]1 be ( great value if once introduc$1 simply = ! manufacture ( pure f]m5t & pure wort1 or ev5 = t ( pure f]m5t alone4 ,9 o!r words1 we might reta9 ! ord9>y me?ods employ$ 9 l[ f]m5tation1 use ! same me?od ( cool+ or ! new "o1 ! same f]m5t+ vessels1 & ! process ( f]m5tation at l[ temp]atures2 ! yea/1 h[ev]1 w\ld be prep>$ 9 a /ate ( purity 9 ! clos$ vessel :i* we h describ$1 collect$ 9 ^? vessels1 a]at$1 & !n employ$ aft] ! old-e/abli%$ cu/om2 bett] /ill1 ! pit*+ might be p]=m$ ) be] 9 ! act ( und]go+ pure f]m5tation4 ,above ! f]m5t+-/age !re might be arrang$ a room = ! vessels us$ 9 ! new process1 f :i* ! pure be] c\ld be run = pit*+ purposes into ! l>ge tuns 9 ! brew]y bel[4 ,x is true t be] prep>$ 9 ?is mann] w\ld n be p]fectly pure1 b f ! results :i* h be5 obta9$ by work+ on ?is sy/em1 !re is no d\bt t x w\ld possess keep+ qualities f> sup]ior to ^? ( be] made ) ord9>y yea/1 ev5 suppos+ t be] to h be5 treat$ ) e possible precaution1 & to be z pure z any produc$ 9 ! be/ regulat$ brew]ies4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 #ahgd1 we conduct$ an exp]im5t at ,tantonville1 9 a clos$ vessel capable ( hold+ #f hectolitres 7#acb gallons74 ,! deposit ( yea/ s]v$ to pit* an op5 vessel1 ! wort ( :i* _h1 moreov]1 be5 cool$ "u conditions ( purity4 ,! cool+ _h be5 effect$ by means ( ! ,baudelot refrig]ator1 repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #he1 ! wort 9 ! clos$ vessel hav+ be5 simil>ly treat$4 ,= %ortness sake1 we may designate ! clos$ vessel & its be] by ! lett] ,k1 & use ! lett] ,m = ! op5 vessel & its be]1 & ,t = ! correspond+ be] ( ! brew]y4 ,! vessel ,k 0 pit*$ on ,septemb] #d?1 & rack$ on ,septemb] #ag?1 ! be] !n %[+ a d5sity ( #ee ,ball+4 ,! be]s ,k & ,m 7 s5t to ,p>is at ! same "t z "s b>rels ( ! be] ,t1 brew$ by ! ord9>y process2 & samples ( ^! diff]5t be]s1 :i* arriv$ on ,octob] #bbnd1 7 procur$ f five diff]5t cafs = purposes ( exam9ation4 ,! be] ,m did n suff] by comp>ison ) ! be] ,t4 ,! simil>ity betwe5 ! flav\rs ( ^! two 0 s close z to puzzle ev5 exp]i5c$ judges4 ,9 bo? cases ! be] 0 brilliantly cle>4 ,9 two cafs ! be] ,m 0 ev5 pref]r$ to ,t1 be+ consid]$ s(t] on ! palate 7moelleuse7 & ( m decid$ "* 7corse7 ?an ,t1 a circum/ance :i* may be expla9$ by ! fact t its wort _h be5 less a]at$4 ,! be] ,k1 al?\gh v cle> & bright1 0 consid]$ inf]ior to ,m1 b ! sole reason ( ?is 0 t at ! date :5 x 0 ta/$--,novemb] #crd--x did n fro?4 ,z we h already rem>k$1 a peculi>ity ( ! be]s made 9 clos$ vessels is t _! second>y f]m5tation takes a long] "t to develop4 ,! yea/ held 9 susp5sion 9 ! be]1 at ! mom5t :5 x is drawn (f1 is1 9 ! case ( all be]s1 ! yea/ ( a supplem5t>y f]m5tation1 if we may use t expression4 ,9 ! ord9>y process ( brew+1 ?is yea/1 9 consequ5ce ( ! great] a]ation ( ! wort at ! comm5cem5t ( f]m5tation1 is m active1 or1 r1 m ready to revive & multiply ?an is t :i* develops 9 clos$ vessels4 ,if ! b>rels ( ! ,k be] _h be5 tapp$ on ! #ab? or #ae? ( ,novemb]1 in/ead ( on ! #crd1 x is probable t !y w\ld h conta9$ z mu* c>bonic acid gas z ! be] ,m conta9$ at ! e>li] date4 ,?is delay 9 ! resumption ( f]m5tation1 :i* *>act]izes be] made 9 clos$ vessels1 is an advantage1 inasmu* z x facilitates ! transmission ( ! be] to long di/ances1 besides giv+ u ! smalle/ deposits ( yea/ 9 cask or bottle1 z we h already po9t$ out4 ,9 comp>+ ! keep+ qualities ( ! be] ,m & ! be] ,t 7! latt] be+ ! brew]y be]71 we made ! foll[+ obs]vations3--#ahb ,on ,novemb] #be? we began to detect 9 ! brew]y be] an uns\nd flav\r2 a l>ge deposit1 too1 _h =m$2 ! be] _h lo/ its brilliancy1 & fro!d enorm\sly4 ,! deposit sw>m$ ) diseas$ f]m5ts1 especially ^? repres5t$ 9 ,nos4 #a & #g ( ,plate ,i4 ,! be] ,m1 on ! contr>y1 0 9 brilliant condition1 ) an insignificant deposit1 & an ord9>y fro?1 if any?+1 r small1 & beautifully bright4 ,on ,decemb] #crd ! be] ,m 0 /ill good1 v cle>1 & 9 excell5t pres]vation2 x 0 consid]$ by pr(essional brew]s z rem>kably s\nd4 ,decemb] #bbnd1 ! same be] ,m 0 /ill v bright & good4 ,janu>y #bj?1 ! be] 0 /ill bright2 = ! fir/ "t1 h[ev]1 we detect$ 9 ! deposit 9 ! bottles1 :i* 0 /ill small1 ! filam5ts ( turn$ be]4 ,?is uns\ndness 0 9 its e>lie/ /age4 ,n[1 comp>+ ! relative uns\ndness ( ! two be]s1 we see t ,m kept at lea/ two mon?s long] ?an ! correspond+ brew]y be]4 ,?is example %[s u t z f> z ! keep+ p[]s & ! quality ( be] are conc]n$1 ! exi/+ process w\ld ga9 consid]ably by ! employm5t ( pure wort & pure f]m5t2 &1 inde$1 x seems likely t ! new process may be introduc$ into brew]ies ) ?is object 9 view4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! summ] ( #ahge we made ! foll[+ obs]vations on ! keep+ qualities ( a be] brew$ on ! new sy/em1 all ! details ( :i* _h be5 rigor\sly c>ri$ out4 ,! be] brew$ at ,tantonville dur+ ! mon?s ( ,june & ,july1 at a temp]ature ( #ac ,c4 7#eed ,f471 9 #ej-litre & #hj-litre casks 7#aa & #ah-;gallon71 _h be5 s5t by sl[ tra9s to ,arbois 7,jura71 :]e we 7 /ay+ = a "t4 ,! temp]ature ( ! w9e cell>s 9 :i* ^! b>rels 7 /or$ 01 on ,june #a/1 #abe ,c4 7#ede ,f472 ?is rose gradually until ,septemb] #a/1 :5 x atta9$ #ah ,c4 7#fdd ,f474 ,9 ?is cell> ! brew]y be]1 brew$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 und]w5t *ange 9 ! c\rse ( fifte5 days or ?ree weeks1 :il/ ! be] brew$ on ! new sy/em rema9$ s\nd = sev]al mon?s4 ,x is true t "s ( ! b>rels lo/ _! fro?9ess1 & t ! be] 9 !m und]w5t a peculi> v9\s *ange1 b ^! effects 9 no way dep5d on ! conditions peculi> to ! new process4 ,comp>+ ! be]s ,k1 ,m1 ,t1 ( :i* we h be5 speak+1 we see t1 h[ev] useful ! a]ation & oxidation ( ! wort may be 9 quick5+ f]m5tation & facilitat+ cl>ification1 yet x is by no means indisp5sable to ! success ( our op]ations t we %\ld introduce into our worts l>ge quantities ( oxyg51 :e!r by solution or comb9ation4 ,beyond a c]ta9 limit--a limit :i* is und\bt$ly ov]/epp$ 9 ! exi/+ process--oxyg5 is injuri\s to ! palate *>act]i/ics & aroma ( be]4 ,^! comp>isons h prov$ to u t ! new process c be appli$ to wort a]at$ to ! ?ird ( its saturate-capacity = oxyg51 & pit*$ ) a good 8l[0 yea/1 tak5 f ! f]m5tation ( a wort a]at$ 9 ! same way1 & t ! be]s ?us obta9$ n only possess va/ly sup]ior keep+ prop]ties1 b are equal 9 quality & sup]ior 9 palate-fulness to be]s brew$ ) ! same wort on ! exi/+ sy/em4 ,we %\ld be p]fectly ju/ifi$ 9 =m+ ?is conclusion z to ! /r5g?#ahc ( ! be] furni%$ by ! new process1 ev5 if on ta/+ x we f\nd t ! new be] ,m 0 m]ely equal 9 /r5g? to ,t\rtel's be] brew$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]1 s9ce ! wort 9 ! new process1 o!r conditions be+ ! same1 is weak] ?an ! same wort treat$ 9 ! usual way1 f n hav+ und]gone t evaporation on ! cool]s :i* conc5trates x4 ,if we 7 to re/ore to ! conc5trat$ wort ( ord9>y brew+ all ! wat] lo/ by x ?r\gh evaporation1 ! be] t we %\ld obta9 w\ld be s5sibly weak5$4#ahd ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 is t we mu/ employ good v>ieties ( 8l[0 yea/4 ,we h se5 h[ ! employm5t ( c]ta9 =ms ( yea/ r5d]s ! cl>ification ( be]s difficult1 z well z extremely sl[1 & almo/ prev5ts _! fall+ bright at ! end ( f]m5tation4 ,^! yea/s1 moreov]1 frequ5tly imp>t to be] a peculi> yea/-bitt5 flav\r1 :i* does n disappe> ev5 aft] a prolong$ /ay 9 cask4 ,ev5 repeat$ gr[? ( ^! yea/s1 :e!r 9 clos$ or 9 op5 vessels1 & no matt] :at quantity ( air we may supply !m ) be=e f]m5tation1 seems to h no effect 9 *ang+ _! "*4 ,! only ?+ we c d ) ^! v>ieties ( yea/ is to get rid ( !m ) all spe$1 & to replace !m ) o!rs4 ,not)/&+ ! comp>ative success t has att5d$ v>i\s trials ( ! new process on ! comm]cial scale1 t process has n yet be5 practically adopt$3 & "h we mu/ be> 9 m9d t we h n to deal ) any casual inv5tion or me*anical improvem5t t c\ld be introduc$ all at once into ! work+ ( a brew]y2 we are deal+ ) op]ations ( consid]able delicacy1 :i* necessitate ! adoption ( a special plant to c>ry !m out4 ,"u su* conditions "t & lab\r are requir$ to effect a *ange 9 ! e/abli%$ processes ( a great indu/ry4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 _c dim9i% ! confid5ce t we h 9 ! future ( our process1 & x is our hope t ! same confid5ce w be %>$ 9 by all ^? :o may give ?is "w an att5tive p]usal4 ,footnote #afb3 ,m4 ,gall&1 a brew] 9 ,maxville1 ne> ,nancy1 publi%$ ) 8 "n1 9 ,novemb]1 #ahge1 a pamphlet1 :i* 0 reproduc$ 9 ! brew+ j\rnals ( t date1 be>+ ! title1 ,x is said1 8! air be+ impure1 let u exclude x20 ,i say1 8,! air be+ impure1 let u purify x40 ,^! two aphorisms1 toge!r or ap>t1 con/itute ! ess5tial novelty ( my rese>*es on be]1 & ,m4 ,gall& is mi/ak5 9 attempt+ to appropriate ! m]it ( ! second alt]native 7see my note 9 ! ,comptes r5dus ( ! #ag? ,novemb]1 #ahgc1 & ! text ( ! lett]s-pat5t obta9$ #ac? ,m>* ( t ye>74 ,m4 ,gall& has devis$ "s arrangem5ts = putt+ ! latt] ( ^! two s*emes into practice2 b x is possible1 ( c\rse1 to effect ?is 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,m4 ,velt51 a brew] 9 ,m>seilles1 _h already accompli%$ ?is 9 8 ef=ts to c>ry out practically ! proc$ure advocat$ 9 ! pres5t "w4 ,footnote #afc3 ,non-te*nically1 /irr$ ab\t4--,,ed4 ,footnote #afd3 ,z /at$ 9 ! p>agraph on arobian f]m5ts1 9 ,*apt] ,v41 8l[0 yea/s1 to be pres]v$ 9 _! /ate ( 8l[ness10 mu/ be submitt$ to (t5-repeat$ gr[?s--e fifte5 days 9 w9t] & e t5 days 9 summ]1 t is to say1 !y mu/ be gr[n afre% aft] ea* ( ^! int]vals4 ,if ?is is done1 !re w be no reason to appreh5d ! =mation ( arobian f]m5ts1 :i*1 z we h /at$ be=e1 may emb>rass u by trans=m+ our 8l[0 yea/s into 8high0 yea/s4 ,footnote #afe3 ,x has be5 obs]v$ by brew]s t1 sometimes1 )\t any app>5t cause1 a yea/ sudd5ly becomes inactive & f]m5tation ceases4 ,accid5ts ( ?is k9d may probably be expla9$ 9 ! same mann] z ! facts ( :i* we are speak+4 ,if a wort has n be5 a]at$1 or if x has be5 depriv$ ( oxyg5 by a comm5c+ developm5t ( microscopic organisms1 ! yea/ =m$ 9 x w be v inf]ior1 & ! f]m5tation may /op at its comm5cem5t or soon aft]w>ds4 ,9 su* a case1 an a]ation ( ! yea/ & wort w\ld be ! be/ rem$y4 ,footnote #aff3 ,,pa/eur1 ,comptes r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 vol4 lii4 p4 #abfj1 & tudes sur le ,v91 #bnd ,edition1 p4 #bgg4 ,footnote #afg3 ,we may "h rem>k t ! sy/em ( gutt]s 9 ! above app>atus is mu* simpl] ?an t describ$ 9 connection ) ,figs4 #gf & #gg4 ,! wat] :i* falls on ! cov] is c>ri$ (f1 :5 ! gutt] is full1 by a circle ( grooves1 incl9$ s t ! /reams runn+ f !m meet & =m m readily a %eet ( wat]1 :i* fl[s ov] ! ext]ior surface ( ! cyl9drical vessel4 ,footnote #afh3 ,x w be well = ! read] to be> 9 m9d1 t ! ^w 8/r5g?10 us$ by ,pa/eur _m times 9 ?is *apt]1 has a diff]5t mean+ to t :i* atta*es to x 9 ! m9ds ( ,engli% brew]s1 :o 9 ne>ly e case use x 9 ref]5ce to orig9al gravity1 :ile ! au?or employs x1 9 ?is *apt]1 at any rate1 to d5ote ! palate *>act]i/ic ( /r5g?1 9 o!r words palate-fulness4 ,= ?is reason we h ?\ght x be/ 9 _m cases to actually sub/itute ! t]m 8palate-fulness10 or 8body10 = ! lit]al translation ( ! ,fr5* ^w 8=ce40--,f4 ,f4 ,footnote #afi3 ,z "s confusion has exi/$ 9 ! nom5clature ( ^! salts1 x may be z well to (f] "s explanation4 ,! salt "h us$ = absorb+ oxyg5 0 discov]$ by ,s*tz5b]g]1 & nam$ by him hydrosulphite ( soda4 ,x no long] n[ goes by t "n1 be+ call$ hyposulphite ( soda1 ,na,h,s,o#b4 ,! salts =m]ly kn[n z hyposulphites are n[ call$ ?iosulphates1 z ,na#b,s#b,o#c4 ,?us to put !m toge!r we h3-- ,hyposulphite 7,hydrosulphite7 ,na,h,s,o#b ,bisulphite ,na,h,s,o#c ,?iosulphate 7,hyposulphite7 ,na#b,s#b,o#c ,! ?iosulphates 7 =m]ly reg>d$ z conta9+ ! elem5ts ( wat] 9 _! composition1 ?us3--,na#b;,h#b,s#b,o#d1 :i* be+ halv$ w\ld give ,na,h,s,o#b1 isom]ic ) hyposulphite1 z ,pa/eur says4 ,x is fur!r to be obs]v$ t ,pa/eur uses ! old notation1 9 :i* ! numb] ( atoms ( sulphur & oxyg5 are ! d\ble ( :at !y are 9 ! new4--,d4 ,c4 ,r4 ,footnote #agj3 ,,s*,,tz5b]g]1 ,comptes r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 vol4 lxxv41 p4 #hhj4 ,footnote #aga3 ,m4 ,s*tz5b]g] applies ! t]m saturat$ to a solution ( hydrosulphite prep>$ ?us1 or v ne>ly s2 a curr5t ( sulphur\s acid is pass$ ?r\gh a solution ( comm]cial bisulphite ( soda1 to excess2 #ajj c4c4 7#c- fl4 oz47 ( ?is solution & #cj grammes 7#df gra9s7 ( z9c fil+s are put into a small flask1 s z to completely fill x2 ! bottle is cork$ up & ! mixture is %ak5 briskly = ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,la/ly1 ! cont5ts ( ?is flask are p\r$ into a l>ge #b-litre flask1 ) wat] & conta9+ milk ( lime1 prep>$ by mix+ #ajj grammes 7#cb troy oz47 ( quicklime 9 ! wat] j be=e x is us$4 ,! :ole is %ak5 briskly = "s m9utes & !n left to settle4 ,! sup]natant liquid soon becomes bright4 ,?is is ! hydrosulphite2 b 9 ?is /ate x is too conc5trat$2 & %\ld be syphon$ into ano!r #b-litre flask half full ( wat]4 ,9 ! alkal9e condition ?is salt absorbs gase\s oxyg5 mu* less rapidly ?an 9 ! acid1 s t ! liquids w reta9 _! /r5g? mu* long]1 if !y are kept 9 well-cork$ bottles4 ,footnote #agb3 ,! numb]s n & n w v>y z ! wort1 or liquid :i* we h to te/1 is p]fectly neutral or o!rwise4 ,%\ld x be acid n n1 %\ld x be alkal9e n n4 ,?is w\ld be a v exact me?od ( e/imat+ ! acidity or alkal9ity ( any col\r$ liquid4 ,footnote #agc3 ,! ,ball+ sac*>omet] be+ almo/ unkn[n 9 ,engl&1 we may expla9 t its indications are = p]c5tages ( sug> 9 sac*>9e solutions1 or ( extract 9 worts2 #agi ,ball+1 !re=e1 means #agi p] c5t4 ( sug> or extract 9 ! respective liquids4--,f4 ,f4 ,footnote #agd3 ,exp]im5ts made1 at our reque/1 by ,,mm4 ,calmettes & ,gr5et1 at ,tantonville2 9 ,t\rtel's brew]y4 ,footnote #age3 ,see foot-note1 page #cfg4 ,footnote #agf3 ,= non-te*nical read]s we may expla9 ! expressions 8ga!r$10 "h us$1 & 8turn+ out10 us$ on page #cfe4 8,turn+ out0 describes ! op]ation ( empty+ ! copp] cont5ts into ! hop-back1 or ! hop-back cont5ts on to ! cool]s4 8,ga!r+0 ref]s to ! "t :5 ! worts are f9ally int]mix$ & weigh$1 prior to ! comm5cem5t ( v9\s f]m5tation4--,f4 ,f4 ,footnote #agg3 ,we "k also f ! direct exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,s*tz5b]g]1 p]=m$ on a]at$ wat] ) :i* yea/ _h be5 mix$1 t yea/ causes all ! oxyg5 9 solution to disappe> v quickly1 s t hydrosulphite gives no evid5ce ( a trace4 7,see ,,s*,,tz5b]g]1 ,revue sci5tifique1 vol4 iii4 7#b71 ,april1 #ahgd74 ,footnote #agh3 ,! bottl+ ne$le 7=et aiguille7 is a contrivance = p]mitt+ a cork to be driv5 into a bottle completely fill$ ) liquid1 )\t bur/+ ! bottle4 ,x consi/s ( a slightly-tap]+ iron p9 ab\t #a_/h? in* 9 diamet] & #b in*es 9 l5g?1 some:at flatt5$1 & slightly curv$ ?r\gh\t its entire l5g?1 ) a groove runn+ d[n "o side f end to end1 ! p9 be+ jo9t$ ) a r+1 l a common r+ cork-screw4 ,9 us+ x ! p9 is driv5 into ! bottle alongside ! cork1 ?us all[+ ! excess ( liquid to escape z ! cork advances4 ,:5 ! cork is completely home1 ! ne$le is )drawn1 & ! ela/icity ( ! cork enables x to fill up ! space left1 s t we h ! bottle cork$ air-tight1 & no air left betwe5 ! cork & liquid4--,d4 ,c4 ,r4 ,footnote #agi3 ,we h rem>k$ 9 our obs]vations on ,no4 #f ( ,plate ,i4 7p4 #f7 t among/ ! amorph\s granul> deposits ( wort & be] we (t5 f9d m9ute balls ( res9\s & col\r+ matt]1 p]fectly sph]ical & v d5se1 :i* if ! liquids be %ak5 up w r5d] !m v turbid1 b :i* readily & rapidly deposit aga91 )\t rema9+ 9 susp5sion 9 ! lea/4 ,su* !n is ! =m 9 :i* ! deposits ( wort 9 c\rse ( f]m5tation are precipitat$1 :5 ! wort has be5 freely expos$ to oxyg54 ,"o day 9 ! laboratory we 7 desir\s ( />t+ a f]m5tation 9 a vessel capable ( hold+ #ab hectolitres 7#bfd gallons74 ,b z we only _h at our disposal a copp] capable ( hold+ #b- hectolitres1 we procur$ ! wort f a neighb\r+ brew]y 9 two b>rels ( #f hectolitres ea*4 ,?is wort we re-heat$1 9 portions1 9 our #b- hectolitre copp]1 a treatm5t :i* _h ! effect ( oxidiz+ ! wort m ?an x w\ld h be5 9 ! brew]y4 ,9 ?is case ! be] fell rem>kably bright1 & ! cells ( yea/ 7 accompani$ by ! deposit ( m9ute agglom]ations sket*$ 9 ,plate ,i41 ,no4 #f4 ,we h repeat$ ?is exp]im5t on a small] scale & h obta9$ ! same result4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,x is evid5t t ?is arrangem5t may be modifi$ 9 _m ways4 ,any ( ! ord9>y worms1 or1 g5]ally speak+1 any ( ! m mod]n refrig]ators inv5t$ dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 may be adopt$4 ,! only po9t t is ( importance is ! pres]vation ( ! purity ( ! wort dur+ cool+4 ,! ,baudelot refrig]ator is ext5sively adopt$ 9 ,france2 = ?is reason we us$ x 9 our exp]im5ts at ,tantonville4 ,we might equally well1 by enclos+ ! worm 9 a cas+ ( %eet iron or t9n$ copp]1 pass our wort ov] ! ext]ior ( ! tubes1 ! cold wat] pass+ ?r\gh !m4 ,! wort w\ld cool quick] 9 ?is way ?an ) ! arrangem5t describ$ 9 ! text1 & if we arrange to admit only pure air into ! case1 always "u conditions ( purity4 ,! a]ation1 moreov]1 c\ld be made z mu* z we wi%$4 ,footnote #aha3 ,?is arrangem5t limits ! proportion ( oxyg5 t may be introduc$ into ! wort by direct oxidation4 ,b x w\ld be easy to increase ?is at w1 by caus+ ! wort z x comes f ! copp] & ! hop-back to pass into a cyl9d] turn+ horizontally on its axis & furni%$ ) blades fix$ inside1 s z to divide ! wort & br+ x bett] into contact ) ! air 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,in/ead ( a revolv+ cyl9d] we might use a fix$ vessel1 9 :i* ! wort c\ld be /irr$ up by "s arrangem5t outside4 ,9 ei!r case we %\ld h to take c>e t ! air 0 pure :5 x came into contact ) ! wort1 b ?is w\ld be a matt] ( no difficulty2 we w\ld simply h to make communication ) ! out] air by means ( a tube fill$ ) cotton wool4 ,any air t might be 9 ! vessel at ! mom5t :5 ! wort 0 introduc$ w\ld be purifi$ by ! high temp]ature ( ! wort com+ f ! copp]4 ,we %\ld1 moreov]1 ga9 ! great advantage ( be+ able to br+ oxyg5 to be> on our wort 9 det]m9ate am\nts4 ,f ?is vessel x w\ld pass on to ! refrig]ator4 ,we might aga9 raise ! wort oxidiz$ on ! cool]s to a temp]ature ( #ge ,c4 7#afg ,f471 to recool x 9 ?is mann] & a]ate x by means ( ! pure-air pipe4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,"o ( ! b>rels ( ! brew]y be] 0 bottl$ ab\t ! end ( ,octob]1 at ! same "t t a b>rel ( ,m 04 ,footnote #ahc3 ,ref] foot-note1 page #ced4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,! evaporation on ! cool]s v>ies accord+ to ! arrangem5ts 9 diff]5t brew]ies2 b 9 no case is x less ?an sev]al hundr$?s ( ! total volume4 ,"o special advantage ( ! new process is t x gives u1 cet]is p>ibus1 a volume ( be] t is #e1 #f1 or #g p] c5t4 great] ?an t :i* we %\ld obta9 by ! old process1 )\t 9 any way affect+ ! /r5g? ( ! be]4 ,x is easy to asc]ta9 ! quantity t evaporates on ! cool]s1 by det]m9+ ! quantity ( wat] t mu/ be add$ to a kn[n volume ( wort com+ f ! cool]s to br+ its d5sity back exactly to t ( ! orig9al wort1 bo? be+ calculat$ to ! same temp]ature4 ,bate's ,engli% sac*>omet]1 :i* %[s diff]5ces ( ne>ly #a_/ajjj? 9 d5sity1 may be employ$ ) advantage 9 ?is det]m9ation4 ,,app5dix4 ,:il/ ?is "w 0 pass+ ?r\gh ! press !re appe>$ two small works on ! subject ( ! g5]ation ( inf]ior organisms4 ,"o ( !m 0 by ,m4 ,fremy4 ,! au?or's object seems to h be5 m]ely to give an acc\nt1 "u a new =m1 ( ! "p :i* he took 9 ! discussion on ! orig9 ( f]m5ts t 0 c>ri$ on be=e ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 #ahga-ahgb4 ,9 ! c\rse ( t discussion ,m4 ,fremy _h ann\nc$ 8 int5tion ( publi%+ an ext5sive ,memoir1 full ( facts1 be>+ on ! subject4 ,! p]usal ( ! promis$ "w gave u mu* disappo9tm5t4 ,n only 7 our exp]im5ts1 & ! conclusions :i* we drew f !m1 giv5 !re1 = ! mo/ "p 9 a mann] :i* we c\ld n possibly accept1 b1 moreov]1 ,m4 ,fremy _h conf9$ himself to d$uc+1 by ! help ( 8 fav\rite hypo!sis1 a s]ies ( priori op9ions bas$ on half-f9i%$ exp]im5ts1 n "o ( :i*1 9 our op9ion1 _h be5 br\ght to ! /ate ( demon/ration4 ,to tell ! tru?1 8 "w 0 ! romance ( hemi-organism1 j z ,m4 ,p\*et's "w ( an e>li] date 0 ! romance ( het]og5esis4 ,& yet1 :at c\ld be cle>] ?an ! subject "u discussion8 ,we ma9ta91 adduc+ inconte/able exp]im5tal evid5ce 9 support ( our !ory1 t liv+1 organiz$ f]m5ts spr+ only f simil> organisms likewise end[$ ) life2 & t ! g]ms ( ^! f]m5ts exi/ 9 a /ate ( susp5sion 9 ! air1 or on ! ext]ior surface ( objects4 ,m4 ,fremy ass]ts t ^! f]m5ts are =m$ by ! =ce ( hemi-organism act+ on album9\s sub/ances1 9 contact ) air4 ,we may put ! matt] m precisely by two examples3-- ,w9e is produc$ by a f]m5t1 t is to say1 by m9ute1 vegetative cells :i* multiply by budd+4 ,accord+ to u1 ! g]ms ( ^! cells ab\nd 9 autumn on ! surface ( grapes & ! woody p>ts ( _! bun*es2 & ! pro(s :i* we h giv5 ( ?is fact are z cle> z any evid5ce c be4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,fremy1 ! cells ( f]m5t are produc$ by spontane\s g5]ation1 t is to say1 by ! trans=mation ( nitrog5\s sub/ances conta9$ 9 ! juice ( ! grape1 z soon z t juice is br\ght into contact ) air4 ,aga91 blood fl[s f a ve92 x putrefies1 & 9 a v %ort "t sw>ms ) bact]ia or vibrios4 ,accord+ to u ! g]ms ( ^! bact]ia & vibrios h be5 introduc$ by p>ticles ( du/ float+ 9 ! air or d]iv$ f ! surface ( objects1 possibly ! body ( ! w\nd$ animal1 or ! vessels employ$1 or a v>iety ( o!r objects4 ,m4 ,fremy1 on ! o!r h&1 ass]ts t ^! bact]ia or vibrios are produc$ spontane\sly1 because ! album51 & ! fibr9 ( ! blood !mselves possess a semi-organization1 :i* causes !m1 :5 9 contact ) air1 to *ange spontane\sly into ^! m>vell\sly active m9ute be+s4 ,has ,m4 ,fremy giv5 any pro( ( ! tru? ( 8 !ory8 ,by no mann] ( means2 he conf9es himself to ass]t+ t ?+s are z he says !y are4 ,he is con/antly speak+ ( hemi-organism & its effects1 b we d n f9d 8 affirmations support$ by a s+le exp]im5tal pro(4 ,!re is1 nev]!less1 a v simple means ( te/+ ! tru? ( ! !ory ( hemi-organism2 & on ?is po9t ,m4 ,fremy & ourselves are q at "o4 ,?is means consi/s 9 tak+ a quantity ( grape juice1 blood1 w9e1 c41 f ! v int]ior ( ! organs :i* conta9 ^? liquids1 ) ! necess>y precautions to avoid contact ) ! p>ticles ( du/ 9 susp5sion 9 ! air or spread ov] objects4 ,accord+ to ! hypo!sis ( ,m4 ,fremy1 ^! liquids mu/ ( necessity f]m5t 9 ! pres5ce ( pure air4 ,accord+ to u1 ! v opposite ( ?is mu/ be ! case4 ,"h1 !n1 is a crucial exp]im5t ( ! mo/ decisive k9d = det]m9+ ! m]its ( ! rival !ories1 a crit]ion1 moreov]1 :i* ,m4 ,fremy p]fectly admits4 ,9 #ahfc1 & aga9 9 #ahgb1 we publi%$ ! e>lie/ exp]im5ts t 7 made 9 accordance ) ?is decisive me?od4 ,! result 0 z foll[s3--,! grape juice did n f]m5t 9 vessels full ( air1 air depriv$ ( its p>ticles ( du/--t is to say1 x did n produce any ( ! f]m5ts ( w9e2 ! blood did n putrefy--t is to say1 x yield$ nei!r bact]ia nor vibrios2 ur9e did n become ammoniacal--t is to say1 x did n give rise to any organism2 9 a ^w ! orig9 ( life manife/$ itself 9 no s+le in/ance4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( argum5ts s irresi/ible z ^!1 ,m4 ,fremy1 ?r\gh\t ! #bej pages ( 8 "w1 cont9ues to repeat t ^! results1 :i*1 he admits1 seem subv]sive ( 8 !ory1 are1 nev]!less1 explicable by ! circum/ance t ! air 9 our vessels1 al?\gh pure at fir/1 und]w5t a sudd5 *emical *ange :5 x came 9 contact ) ! blood1 or ur9e1 or grape juice2 t ! oxyg5 became conv]t$ into c>bonic acid gas1 & t1 9 consequ5ce1 hemi-organism c\ld no long] ex]cise its =ce4 ,we are a/oni%$ at ?is ass]tion1 = ,m4 ,fremy mu/ be aw>e t1 s9ce #ahfc1 we h giv5 analyses ( ! air 9 our vessels aft] !y _h rema9$ /]ile = sev]al days--= t51 tw5ty1 ?irty1 or =ty days--at ! highe/ atmosph]ic temp]atures1 & t oxyg5 0 /ill pres5t1 (t5 ev5 9 proportions almo/ id5tical ) ^? to be f\nd 9 atmosph]ic air4#ahe ,:y has ,m4 ,fremy made no allusion to ^! analyses8 ,?is 0 ! *ief1 ! ess5tial po9t 9 "q4 ,besides1 if ,m4 ,fremy _h wi%$ to te/ ! tru? ( 8 explanation1 !re 0 a v simple means ( re/or+ ! purity ( ! air 9 contact ) ! liquids op5 to him2 he might h pass$ ?r\gh 8 vessels a sl[ & cont9u\s curr5t ( pure air1 day & night4 ,we h done ?is a hundr$ times1 & we h always f\nd t ! /]ility ( ! putrescible or f]m5table liquids rema9$ unaffect$4 ,! hemi-organism hypo!sis is1 !re=e1 absolutely unt5able1 & we h no d\bt t our le>n$ fri5d w ev5tually decl>e z mu* be=e ! ,academy1 s9ce he has m ?an once publicly express$ 8 read9ess to d s z soon z our demon/rations appe> conv9c+ to him4 ,h[ c he resi/ ! evid5ce ( su* facts & pro(s8 ,p]si/5ce 9 su* a c\rse c b5efit nobody1 b x may depreciate ! dignity ( sci5ce 9 g5]al e/eem4 ,x w\ld gratify u extremely to f9d ! rigor\s exactness ( our /udies on ?is subject ackn[l$g$ by ,m4 ,fremy1 & reg>d$ by t g5tleman ) ! same fav\r be/[$ ^u x ev]y:]e abroad4 ,x may be d\bt$ if !re exi/s at ! pres5t day a s+le p]son beyond ! ,rh9e :o believes 9 ! correctness ( ,liebig's !ory1 ( :i* ,m4 ,fremy's hemi-organism is m]ely a v>iation4 ,if ,m4 ,fremy /ill hesitates to accept our demon/rations1 ! obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,tyndall may effect 8 conv]sion4 ,! o!r publication to :i* we allud$ 0 ! "w ( ! celebrat$ ,engli% physici/1 ,john ,tyndall4 ,x 0 read be=e ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 at a meet+ held on ,janu>y #ac1 #ahgf4 ,! foll[+ lett] expla9s h[ ! illu/ri\s successor ( ,f>aday at ! ,royal ,in/itution came to und]take ^! rese>*es3-- 8,london1 ,febru>y #af1 #ahgf4 8,de> ,mr4 ,pa/eur1-- 8,9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ few ye>s a numb] ( works be>+ su* titles z #8,! ,beg9n+s ( ,life'2 #8,evolution & ! ,orig9 ( ,life1' c41 h be5 publi%$ 9 ,engl& by a "y physician1 ,dr4 ,ba/ian4 ,! same au?or has also publi%$ a consid]able numb] ( articles 9 diff]5t reviews & j\rnals4 ,! v circum/antial mann] 9 :i* he describes 8 exp]im5ts1 & ! tone ( assurance ) :i* he advances 8 conclusions1 h produc$ an imm5se impression on ! ,engli% z well z ! ,am]ican public4 ,b :at is m s]i\s /ill1 f a practical po9t ( view1 is ! influ5ce t ^! writ+s h ex]cis$ on ! m$ical _w4 ,he has attack$ y\r works ) great vig\r1 &1 al?\gh he has made b slight impression on ^? :o "k !m ?or\ghly1 yet he has succe$$ 9 produc+ a v great &1 ,i may add1 a v p]nici\s "o on o!rs4 8,! /ate ( confusion & unc]ta9ty _h come to be s great t1 ab\t six mon?s ago1 ,i ?\ght t ,i %\ld be r5d]+ a s]vice to sci5ce1 & at ! same "t p]=m+ an act ( ju/ice to y\rself1 9 submitt+ ! "q to a fre% inve/igation4 ,putt+ into execution an idea :i* ,i _h ent]ta9$ = "s six ye>s1 ! details ( :i* 7 set =? 9 an article 9 ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 :i* ,i _h ! pleasure ( s5d+ y1 ,i h gone ov] a great deal ( ! gr\nd on :i* ,dr4 ,ba/ian _h tak5 8 /&1 &1 ,i believe1 refut$ _m ( ! errors by :i* ! public _h be5 misl$4 8,! *ange :i* has tak5 place s9ce !n 9 ! tone ( ! ,engli% m$ical j\rnals is q rem>kable1 & ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! g5]al confid5ce ( ! public 9 ! exactness ( ,dr4 ,ba/ian's exp]im5ts has be5 consid]ably %ak54 8,9 tak+ up ^! rese>*es aga91 ,i h _h occasion to refre% my memory by ano!r p]usal ( y\r works2 !y h reviv$ 9 me all ! admiration :i* ,i exp]i5c$ :5 ,i fir/ read !m4 ,x is my int5tion n[ to pursue ^! rese>*es until ,i h dissipat$ any d\bts t may be ent]ta9$ 9 respect to ! unassailable exactness ( y\r conclusions4 8,= ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 *]i%+ confid5tly ! hope t1 z f> z epidemic diseases are conc]n$1 m$ic9e w soon be deliv]$ f empiricism1 & plac$ on a real sci5tific basis2 :5 t great day %all come1 humanity w1 9 my op9ion1 recognise ! fact t ! greate/ "p ( its gratitude w be due to y4 8,believe me1 ev] v fai?fully y\rs1 8,,john ,,tyndall40 ,we ne$ sc>cely say t we read ?is lett] ) ! livelie/ gratification1 & 7 delight$ to le>n t our /udies _h receiv$ ! support ( "o r5[n$ 9 ! sci5tific _w alike = ! rigor\s accuracy ( 8 exp]im5ts z = ! lucid & picturesque cle>ness ( all 8 writ+s4 ,! rew>d z well z ! ambition ( ! man ( sci5ce consi/s 9 e>n+ ! approbation ( 8 fell[-work]s1 or t ( ^? :om he e/eems z ma/]s4 ,mr4 ,tyndall has obs]v$ ?is rem>kable fact1 t 9 a box1 ! sides ( :i* are coat$ ) glyc]9e1 & ! dim5sions ( :i* may be v>iable & ( consid]able size1 all ! p>ticles ( du/ float+ 9 ! air inside fall & adh]e to ! glyc]9e 9 ! c\rse ( a few days4 ,! air 9 ! case is !n z pure z t 9 our d\ble-neck$ flasks4 ,moreov]1 a transmitt$ ray ( light w tell u ! mom5t :5 ?is purity is obta9$4 ,mr4 ,tyndall has prov$1 9 fact1 t to an eye r5d]$ s5sitive by rema9+ 9 d>kness = a little1 ! c\rse ( ! ray is visible z long z !re are any float+ p>ticles ( du/ capable ( reflect+ or diffus+ light1 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 x becomes q obscure & invisible to ! same eye z soon z ! air has deposit$ all its solid p>ticles4 ,:5 x has done ?is1 :i* x w d v quickly 9 two or ?ree days1 if we employ "o ( ! boxes us$ by ,mr4 ,tyndall--x has be5 prov$ t any organic infusions :atev] may be pres]v$ 9 ! case )\t und]go+ ! lea/ putrefactive *ange1 & )\t produc+ bact]ia4 ,on ! o!r h&1 bact]ia w sw>m 9 simil> infusions1 aft] an int]val ( f two to f\r days1 if ! vessels :i* conta9 !m are expos$ to ! air by :i* ! cases are surr\nd$4 ,mr4 ,tyndall c drop into 8 boxes1 at any "t he wi%es1 "s blood f a ve9 or an art]y ( an animal1 & %[ conclusively t su* blood w n1 "u ^! circum/ances1 und]go any putrefactive *ange4 ,mr4 ,tyndall concludes 8 "w ) a consid]ation ( ! probable application ( ! results giv5 9 8 pap] to ! etiology ( contagi\s diseases4 ,we %>e 8 views on ?is subject entirely1 & we are oblig$ to him = hav+ recall$ to m9d ! foll[+ /atem5t f our ,/udies on ! ,silkworm ,disease3--8,man has x 9 8 p[] to cause p>asitic diseases to disappe> (f ! surface ( ! globe1 if1 z we firmly believe1 ! doctr9e ( spontane\s g5]ation is a *im]a40 ,,! ,,end4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,see ,comptes r5dus1 vol4 lxi41 p4 #gcd1 #ahfc4 ,,index4 ,a ,absorption ( gases by air-free liquids1 #bib oxyg5 by blood1 #ej2 by ur9e1 #ej f solutions by bact]ia1 #bie ,acidity1 natural1 ( w9e a pres]vative1 #b1 & footnote ( be] heat$1 #bj action on f]m5ts1 #ce ,acetate ( lime f f]m5tation ( t>trate1 #bhh ,acid1 sulphuric1 facilitat+ filtration1 #bej ,acid1 c>bonic1 v4 c>bonic acid ,adaptability ( liquids to c]ta9 gr[?s1 #cf1 #gc1 #he 7suppos$7 ( vibrios to arobian or anarobian conditions1 #cji1 #caj ,a]ation1 reviv+ influ5ce (1 #ach adoption by brew]s (1 #bec t>dy1 ( wort 9 deep vessels1 #cdh on 8cool]s10 its importance1 #cdh1 #cdi ,a]ation-conditions 9 ord9>y brew+ process1 #cej1 #cea1 #cfd1 #cfe ,a]ation ( wort1 app>atus = regulat+1 #ceb ,a]ation1 influ5ce on cl>ification ( worts1 #cha exp]im5ts on its influ5ce on gr[?1 #ajg1 #acj ,arobian1 def9ition1 #aaf f]m5t1 gr[? (1 #bjh1 #bji f]m5ts1 g5]al *>act]i/ics1 #baj2 orig9 (1 #baj 7footnote72 cultivation (1 #baa2 aspects (1 #bab-bag2 di/+ui%+ features (1 #bah life 9 f]m5ts ov]look$1 #bfj 8,age10 z appli$ to a f]m5t1 #afi ,age ( cells1 #bdf ,ag$ aspect ( exhau/$ cells1 #acc1 #adg ,air1 influ5ce on f]m5t-life1 #bdb r5ewal (1 9 brew]s' yea/1 #bdf1 #bdg mode ( expulsion f gr[+ m$ia1 #bhe unnecess>y to life ( vibrios1 #bib injuri\s to life ( vibrios1 #cjd ,air1 compress$1 & f]m5t-life1 #cbd composition unaffect$ by contact ) blood1 c41 #cih ,album5-trans=mation !ory ( f]m5tation1 #bgc ,album9\s liquids1 gr[? ( yea/ 91 #bfe ,alcohol1 p]c5tage is heat$ be]1 #bj ,alcoholic f]m5t1 m9ute species (1 #ga ,alcohol1 detection 9 m9ute quantity1 #gh1 #gi 7footnote7 produc$ by p5icillium1 #ii1 & foll[+ pages by asp]gillus glaucus1 #aja1 & foll[+ pages by mycod]ma v9i1 #aaa1 #aac explanation (1 #aad ,alcoholic f]m5tation1 g5]al explanation (1 #aad1 #aae ,alcohol1 proportion (1 to mucor =m+ x1 #acd1 & foll[+ pages ,alcohol produc$ by m\lds1 #beh 7footnote7 production (1 )9 fruits1 #bfg ,alcoholic f]m5tation1 re/rict$ mean+1 #bge 7footnote7 necess>y relation ) yea/-cells1 #bge ,alt5>ia t5uis1 #aeg ,ammonia1 a te/ = vegetable organisms 7,rob971 #cab ,ammoniacal ur9e1 #de1 #df ,anarobian1 def9ition1 #aaf gr[? ( yea/1 #bci1 & foll[+ pages precautions to be obs]v$ 91 #bdh life ( fruit-cells1 #bgb gr[? ( vibrios1 #cjb ,animal or vegetable nature ( organisms1 #cab1 & foll[+ pages ,anti-f]m5ts1 #de ,app>atus = /]iliz+ liquids1 #bg = produc+ pure be]1 #cdj1 c4 = pure pit*+1 #cdd = pure a]ation1 #ceb = cool+ be] ) regulat$ supply ( pure air1 #chh1 #chi ,app]t's exp]im5t1 #fb ,aroma ( be] de/roy$ by excess ( air1 #cec ,asbe/os1 useful plug1 #bg1 & footnote1 #cj ,ascospores ( yea/1 #aej 7footnote7 ,aspect ( yea/ v>iable1 #cg ,asp]gillus glaucus1 function+ z f]m5t1 #aja1 & foll[+ pages diff]5t aspects (1 #aje ,atmosph]ic g]ms1 #f1 #bf1 #ch v>iety (1 #ci1 #gf1 #hg 7footnote7 ,autonomy ( organisms1 #hd 7footnote7 ,b ,bact]ia1 #ce1 #cf2 m$ium = gr[? (1 #bid2 absorption ( air f solutions by1 #bie ,bact]ia & butyric vibrios1 h[ relat$1 #bif influ5ce ( oxyg5 ^u1 #cje ,bail m5tion$1 #ib1 #ic1 #abg ,ball+ sac*>omet] expla9$1 #cfc 7footnote7 ,b>ley-w9e1 #a 7footnote71 #bcj ,b>ley decoctions1 exp]im5ts on developm5t ( f]m5ts 91 7,fremy7 #bgc 7footnote7 ,b>y1 ,de1 m5tion$1 #ib2 on relations ( yea/ to o!r organisms1 #ahj1 #aha ,ba/ian's exp]im5ts1 #djc ,baudelot refrig]ator1 #chg 7footnote7 ,bav>ian be]1 #aj ,b*amp's microzyma !ory1 #aba influ5ce ( air on f]m5tation1 #agh 7footnote7 ,be]1 def9ition1 #a2 diff]5ce betwe5 x & w9e1 #a *angeable nature (3 effects ^u brew+ purposes1 #b1 #c two k9ds only1 8high0 & 8l[30 diff]5ce1 #g samples ( bottl$1 exam9$1 #bbb g5]al precautions = pure manufacture (1 #cch improv$ app>atus = comm]cial production1 #cdj1 & foll[+ pages ,beet root pres]vation 9 pits1 #bfi 7footnote7 ,b]keley m5tion$1 #ib ,bellamy's rese>*es on f]m5tation 9 fruits1 #bgj ,b]>d on f]m5tation ( fruits1 #bgj1 #bga ,b]!lot's mode ( isolat+ inv]t+ con/itu5t ( yea/1 #cbb 7footnote7 ,b]t1 action ( compress$ air on f]m5ts1 #cbd ,birds1 exp]im5t ^u1 describ$1 #cji ,bi/\rnage1 #dc 7footnote7 ,bisulphite ( lime us$ by bottl]s1 #ae ,blood1 /udy ( /]iliz$1 #di1 #ej ,blood-cry/als1 #ej 7footnote7 ,boil+ /]ilizes liquids1 #cd ,bottl+ ne$le1 #cgb 7footnote7 ,bottl$ be]1 treatm5t (1 #af ,b\*e influ5c$ by pres5ce ( oxyg51 #chg ,b\*>dat1 #cbc ,brefeld1 /rictures on ,pa/eur's !ory criticis$1 #bhj conv9c$ ( tru? ( ,pa/eur's !ory1 #cae1 #caf ,brew]ies1 /ati/ics (1 #aj ,brew+1 *ange 9 processes (1 #g practices l>gely empirical1 #bbb ,brew+ processes "u conditions ( purity1 #cij ,budd+1 rate (1 exp]im5t on1 #ade process (1 #adf ,buffon's hypo!sis m5tion$1 #aba ,bulbs1 glass1 = /udy ( gr[?s1 #aef 7footnote7 = vibrios1 #bih ,buns51 tables ( solubility ( oxyg5 9 wat]1 #cfj ,butyric vibrios 9 mu/1 #fe2 9 wort1 #gj ,butyric acid f f]m5tation ( lactates1 #big n a suitable food = vibrios1 :y81 #cja 7footnote7 ,butyric f]m5tations yield v>iable products1 #cjh ,c ,cagni>d ,lat\r1 on cause ( f]m5tation1 #fj ,calmettes1 ,m41 #cfi1 #cga2 exp]im5ts on ! curve ( cool+ ( wort1 #cgg1 #cgh ,c>bolic acid = purify+ yea/s1 #bcb ,c>bonate ( lime cry/als =m$ 9 f]m5tation ( lactate1 #bid ,c>bonic acid1 influ5ce on pres]vation & f]m5tation ( fruits1 #bfh evolution f f]m5tation ( t>trate ( lime by vibrios1 #bhg am\nt ( evolution1 #bhh mode ( collection (1 #bhh influ5ce on bact]ia1 #cje 7footnote7 ,case\s f]m5t1 occurr5ce1 #bjj2 aspect1 #bja2 endurance ( heat1 #bjc 7footnote72 mean+ ( title1 #bjb2 orig9 ( 9 brew]s' high yea/1 #bjc1 #bjd2 orig9 ( 9 ,engli% pale ale1 #bjd1 #bbd2 arobian =m (1 #bae ,cells1 p[] ( endurance1 #acd aspect ( dead1 #aci 7footnote7 ,cells1 glass1 = /udy ( gr[?s1 #aee 7footnote7 ,cells1 probable function 9 elaborat+ proteic matt]1 #cce ,cellulose1 n soluble 9 ammonia 7,rob971 #cab ,*ange ( yea/1 usual rem$y = disease1 #bb ,*auveau on ca/ration1 #dc ,circum/ances modify+ nature ( g]ms pres5t 9 atmosph]e1 #gc1 #hg 7footnote7 ,cladosporium1 #ee 7footnote7 ,cl>ification ( liquids by fungi1 #ff 7footnote7 ( wort1 #cha1 & foll[+ pages ( a wort & its be] n always correlat$1 #chb1 #chc ,cohn's m$ium = gr[? ( vibrios1 #bid 7footnote7 ,col\r d>k5$ by oxidation 9 pure liquids1 #eg ,coloration ( vibrio-f]m5t$ liquors1 #bia ,colpoda1 #ci1 #dj ,composition ( m$ium1 influ5ce on life1 #bif ,conidia1 def9ition1 #acg ,conditions affect+ ! f]m5t "* ( cells1 #bff ,consumption ( be] 9 ,france1 /ati/ics1 #ag 7footnote7 ,contagion & f]m5ts1 #da1 & foll[+ pages ,cont9uity1 non-1 ( g]ms 9 air1 #fb ,cont9u\s vital activity ( cells1 #bgh ,contact-action1 !ory (1 #cbf 8,cool]s10 importance 9 a]ation ( wort1 #cdh1 #cdi influ5ce on worts1 #cfd ,cool+ ( wort mu/ be rapid 9 ord9>y brew+1 #b artificial ( 8l[0 be]s1 #ab ,cool+ ( wort 9 pres5ce ( c>bonic acid1 #cdb2 difficulties ( ! process1 #cdf1 & foll[+ pages ,corpuscles on grapes & /alks1 #ed ,corpuscles refractive 9 bodies ( vibrios1 #cjj1 v4 also cy/s ,correlation ( special g]ms ) special fruits1 #fa ( special f]m5t & f]m5tation product1 #bgg ,cotze & ,feltz1 #dc ,cru%]s = ! v9tage1 #bfh 7footnote7 ,cream ( t>t>1 v4 t>trate ,cultivation ( yea/ "u conditions ( purity1 #bi-cb ( pure p5icillium1 mode (1 #hh1 & foll[+ pages ( arobian f]m5ts1 #baa1 & foll[+ pages ,cy/s ( vibrios1 #cjf1 #cjg ,d ,dava9ne1 on spl5ic fev]1 c41 #db ,daught]-cells1 #adf ,dead cells1 aspect (1 #aci 7footnote7 ,declat's treatm5t ( infecti\s diseases1 #dd ,dematium1 #afg2 resemblance to ,sac*>omyces pa/orianus1 #agi1 #ahj1 #aha1 #bad resemblance to 8case\s0 yea/1 #bja ,degrees1 ,ball+1 v4 ,ball+ ,deposits1 amorph\s1 ( wort1 #f1 #aic1 #che1 & footnote ,det]ioration ( be] correlat$ ) pres5ce ( =eign organisms1 #bf1 #cb ,diff]5tial vitality1 a means ( sep>at+ f]m5ts1 #bbf ,difficulty ( exp]im5ts on gr[?s1 #fc1 #he ,disease-f]m5ts1 :at !y are1 :y s call$1 #d classification & acc\nt (1 #e1 #f orig9 (1 #f inactive at l[ temp]atures1 #ad (t5 f\nd only 9 deposits1 #bd n ev]y:]e 9 atmosph]e1 #ca ,disease-g]ms usually lat5t1 #bbj developm5t 9 bottl$ be]1 #bbb ,diseases ( wort & be]1 mean+ (1 #ai mode ( prov+ ! cause (1 #ai1 #bj ,diseas$ be] always result ( disease f]m5ts1 #bf ,di/ribution ( g]ms limit$1 #fa ,division1 fissip>\s1 ( vibrios1 #bii ,dri$ yea/1 #ha ,dryness decreases s5sitiv5ess ( m\lds to heat1 #ce ,dumas1 di/9ction betwe5 organiz$ & unorganiz$ f]m5ts1 #cbc ,du/1 atmosph]ic1 conta9s disease-g]ms1 #f1 #bf on fruits1 exp]im5ts )1 #aec1 & foll[+ pages :5 f]tile1 #aeg1 & foll[+ pages ,dut* yea/1 #bjj ,duval1 ,jules1 exp]im5ts on trans=mation ( f]m5ts illusory1 #cg ,e ,effloresc5ce ( f]m5t$ liquors1 #ajh1 #aag ,egg-album51 exp]im5ts on1 #ea ,egypt1 be] fir/ brew$ 91 #ag ,empiricism 9 ord9>y brew+1 #bbb ,en]gy /or$ by cells1 #acc1 #acd ,endog5\s sporulation ( yea/1 #aej 7footnote71 #agb ,engli% be]s all 8high10 #g temp]atures & yea/ employ$1 #h 7footnote7 brew]ies1 usages (1 #h 7footnote71 #ad ,errors1 causes (1 v4 exp]im5tal errors ,equations ( f]m5tations v>iable1 #bgf1 #bgg ,exam9ation ( deposits1 mode (1 #ba 7footnote7 ,exhau/ion1 def9ition (1 #aga 7footnote7 ,exhau/$ vibrios1 #bij ,exp]im5tal errors1 #fc1 #he1 #ib avoid$ by use ( d\ble-neck$ flasks1 #abj ,exp]im5ts1 exactness ( ,pa/eur's1 #ie 7footnote7 to prove connection betwe5 quality ( f]m5t & quality ( be]1 #bf1 & foll[+ pages on liv+ fluids1 #dg1 & foll[+ pages comp>ative1 on pure mu/ & mu/ ) corpuscles boil$ & unboil$1 #ed1 & foll[+ pages by ,gay-,lussac on mu/1 #fb1 #fc by ,pa/eur aft] ,gay-,lussac1 #fd on di/ribution ( f]m5ts1 #fe1 & foll[+ pages on di/ribution ( fungus-spores1 #fh 9 wide %all[ di%es1 #fi1 & foll[+ pages comp>ative on g]ms 9 air1 #gb1 & foll[+ pages ) non-f]m5tative species ( torula1 #gh on spontane\s impregnations1 #fe1 #ff1 #fi1 #gc1 #gi1 #hg 7footnote7 on spontane\s f]m5tation1 #ahd on dri$ yea/1 #ha1 & foll[+ pages on influ5ce ( a]ation on gr[?s1 #ajg on a]ation & its abs5ce1 #acj1 & foll[+ pages on function ( oxyg5 on f]m5t-life1 #bch1 & foll[+ pages on ! capacity ( yea/ = oxyg51 #bee on influ5ce ( c>bonic acid on fruits1 #bfh on gr[? ( vibrios ap>t f air1 #bhe on f]m5tation ( lactate ( lime ap>t f air1 #bib1 & foll[+ pages on influ5ce ( air on vibrio-life1 #cjc1 #cjd on influ5ce ( air on bact]ium-life1 #cje on gradual adaptability ( organisms to adv]se life-conditions1 #cji on influ5ce ( air on f]m5tation1 #cdi on solubility-coeffici5ts ( wort = oxyg51 #cfa-c ( brew]s' worts1 #cff1 & foll[+ pages on comb9ation ( oxyg5 ) worts1 #cga1 & foll[+ pages on ! rapidity ( ! comb9ation1 #cgf on am\nt ( comb9ation1 #cgi on non-trans=mation ( mycod]ma v9i1 #aaj1 & foll[+ pages1 #aac 7footnote7 ( mycod]ma aceti1 #abd1 & foll[+ pages ( mucor racemosus1 #abh1 & foll[+ pages on non-trans=mation ( yea/ into p5icillium1 #ccc-cce on cultivat+ pure p5icillium1 #hh1 & foll[+ pages on its trans=mation into yea/1 #ia trans=mation1 ,trcul's1 details (1 #ih ) subm]g$ asp]gillus1 #aja1 & foll[+ pages p5icillium1 #ii 9 dispro( ( ! hemi-organism !ory1 #bgc 7footnote7 on gr[? ( mix$ m\lds1 #aab on purification ( mix$ f]m5ts1 #bbf1 & foll[+ pages on gr[? ( mucor muc$o1 #adj1 #ada on proportion betwe5 weights ( mucor & alcohol =m$1 #acd1 & foll[+ pages on ! anarobian cultivation ( yea/1 #bci1 & foll[+ pages on v>iation ( proportion ( sug> us$ to yea/ =m$1 #bdi on gr[? ( yea/ 9 sug> solutions1 #cah1 & foll[+ pages1 #cca-ccc on du/ on fruits1 #aec1 & foll[+ pages on seasonal influ5ces on f]tility ( du/-g]ms1 #aeg1 & foll[+ pages on exhau/ion ( yea/1 #afi1 & foll[+ pages ( 8high0 yea/1 #ahi1 #aij on revival ( yea/1 #bjg1 #bjh on cultivation ( arobian f]m5t1 #baa1 & foll[+ pages on gradual s5esc5ce ( yea/1 #bde on production ( a pure be]1 #cch1 & foll[+ pages on cl>ification ( worts & be]s1 #chb1 & foll[+ pages comp>ative1 on ! qualities ( be]s brew$ by diff]5t processes1 #cia on rate ( budd+1 #ade ,exportation ( 8high0 be]s unsatisfactory1 #af ,f ,f]m5t1 v4 also yea/ ,f]m5ts ( disease1 v4 disease-f]m5ts ,f]m5ts1 special1 #ad1 #ae ,f]m5ts & animal diseases1 #da1 & foll[+ pages butyric1 lactic1 alcoholic1 #gb m\lds function+ z1 #ajj1 #aja1 & foll[+ pages1 #aaa1 #aac1 #abi1 #acc g5]al "* ( a1 #aae ( grape1 v>ieties1 orig91 #aej1 & foll[+ pages alcoholic1 summ>y (1 #aif int]mixture (1 #bbd1 #bbe mode ( sep>ation ( mix$1 #bbf & foll[+ pages succession (1 9 mu/1 #bbg exceptional vital processes (1 #bcf1 #bcg ,f]m5t p[] 9 relation to "t discuss$1 #beb "*1 h[ relat$ to heat1 #bgj & f]m5tation correlat$1 #bgg a *emical sub/ance exi/+ 9 cells 7,traube71 #bhc 7footnote7 ( t>trate ( lime1 #bij ,f]m5ts1 two classes1 di/9ctive *>act]i/ics1 #cbc ,f]m5tation1 rapid1 inexp$i5t1 #c spontane\s1 9 case ( mu/1 #d 8top0 & 8bottom10 v4 8high0 & 8l[0 mask$ by m\lds 9 %all[ vessels1 #ge 7footnote7 by p5icillium 7,troul7 #id by mycod]ma v9i1 #aaa1 #aac by mucor racemosus1 #abi1 #aci alcoholic1 g5]al explanation (1 #aad1 #aae conditions (1 9 sweet5$ m9]al liquids1 #baa )\t air1 #bdb ) & )\t air1 results comp>$1 #bdc1 #bdd a cell-life )\t air1 #bei a g5]al ph5om5on1 #bff1 #bfg ( fruits n truly 8alcoholic10 #bgf n def9able1 accord+ to ,brefeld1 z life )\t air1 #bhj ( lactate ( lime1 #bid ,f]m5tative en]gy1 #beb "* dep5d5t on conditions1 #bff ,filam5t\s tissue 7,turp971 #abc ,fitz on f]m5tation1 #adb ,fissip>\s division ( vibrios1 #bii ,flask /]iliz+1 #bg1 #bi ,flasks ) d\ble necks1 advantage (1 #abj ,fluid1 ,raul9's1 #hh 7footnote7 ,flav\r dep5d5t on f]m5t species1 #bcj ,=eign organisms correlat$ ) uns\nd be]1 #bf1 #cb greatly promot$ by adaptability ( liquids1 #cf ,=mula = solubility-coeffici5t ( any wort = oxyg51 #cfd ,fremy's /atem5t ( hemi-organism1 #eb answ] to ,pa/eur's facts1 #eh explanation ( v9tage f]m5tation1 #bgb 8organic impulse10 #cbe late/ ass]tions1 #cif-cii ,fruits1 f]m5t organisms on surface (1 #aec1 & foll[+ pages int]nal f]m5tation (1 #bfg1 & foll[+ pages yea/ cells n pres5t )91 #bfg 7footnote7 influ5ce ( c>bonic acid gas on pres]vation (1 #bfh respiratory processes (1 accord+ to ,br>d1 #bgj f]m5tation )91 ,le*>ti] & ,bellamy1 #bgj cru%$ & uncru%$1 f]m5tation (1 #bgd ,fruit-cells1 anarobian life (1 #bgb ,fungi1 wide di/ribution ( spores1 #fh absorption ( oxyg5 by1 #beg production ( alcohol by1 #beh 7footnote7 ,fungoid mann] ( gr[? ( well-a]at$ yea/1 #bea ,g ,gall&'s claims ( priority1 #cch 7footnote7 ,gay-,lussac's exp]im5ts on grape-juice1 #ei1 #fj ,gayon's exp]im5ts on egg-album51 #ea 8,ga!r$10 #cfg 7footnote7 ,g5]ation1 !ories (1 contra/$1 #cig ,g]ms ( f]m5ts 9 air1 c41 #f1 #bf1 #ch br\ght by o!r matt]s1 #ch abs5t f fruits1 :58 #eh1 #ei1 #aeg1 & foll[+ pages n univ]sally di/ribut$1 #fa1 #fc1 #aha 7footnote7 di/ribution exp]im5ts1 #fe1 & foll[+ pages1 #hg 7footnote7 & _! correlat$ fruits1 #fa ( disease lat5t1 #bbj ,g]m1 use ( t]m by ,pa/eur1 #cac ,g]m !ory ( disease discuss$1 #df1 #dg ,globul9e tissue 7,turp971 #abc ,globul9es1 puncti=m1 #aba1 & foll[+ pages ,globules1 #bge 7footnote7 ,glyc]9e1 f]m5tation (1 by vibrios1 #cjf1 #cjg ,gossel91 ,m41 report1 #dd & ,rob9 on ammoniacal ur9e1 #de ,gramme1 value 9 gra9s1 #ace 7footnote7 ,granules 9 wort1 explanation (1 #ie ,graham's1 ,dr41 criticisms ( ,pa/eur1 #ac 7footnote71 #aif 7footnote7 ,graham1 ,dr41 on aspect ( bottom yea/1 #aid 7footnote7 ,grape juice1 exp]im5ts on1 #eg1 #ei ,grape-f]m5ts1 v4 f]m5ts ,grapes1 d !y conta9 cells ( yea/8 #bfg ,greas9ess ( mycod]ma v9i1 #hj1 & footnote ,h ,halli] m5tion$1 #ib ,h>d wat]1 influ5ce on aspect ( yea/1 #aid 7footnote7 ,head ( vibrio1 #bib ,heat+ suffici5t z prev5t+ det]ioration ( liquids1 #bj influ5ce on be]1 #bj ,heat1 production (1 its relation to f]m5t-p[]1 #bgj ,hemi-organism1 *im]ical1 #ec1 #afb1 #cii1 #bgc 7footnote7 late/ ass]tions by ,fremy on subject (1 #cif-cii !ory ( v9tage-f]m5tation1 #bgb1 #bgc ,het]og5esis1 facts aga9/1 #ea 8,high0 f]m5tation1 mean+ (1 #h1 #i be]s1 disadvantages (1 #ab1 #ac f]m5t1 aspect (1 #ahh1 #ahi *>act]i/ics (1 summ>y1 #aia f]m5t 7new71 occurr5ce1 #aih aspect & *>act]i/ics (1 #aii arobian =m (1 #baf ,high yea/1 arobian =m1 aspect (1 #bad ,h(fmann1 ,h41 trans=mation ( f]m5t1 #ib1 #ic ,hop-oil z a be]-antiseptic1 #af1 & footnote ,hopp+ influ5ce on gr[?s qu temp]ature1 #if ,hot c\ntries1 abs5ce ( brew]ies 9 #af ,hydrog5 f vibrionic life1 #cjj occasional abs5ce 9 butyric f]m5tations1 #cjh ,hydrosulphite ( soda1 composition1 use 9 det]m9ations ( oxyg51 #cee1 & footnote prep>ation ( saturat$ solution1 #ceg 7footnote7 alt]ability ( solutions (1 #cef improv$ me?od ( ,m4 ,raul91 #cef1 & foll[+ pages ,i ,ice1 quantities consum$ 9 8l[0 brew]ies1 #aa ,illusions z to abs5ce ( =eign organisms1 #cf1 #he1 #ib ,impregnations1 spontane\s1 #fe1 #ff1 #fi1 #gc1 #gi ,impregnation1 mode ( 7p5icillium glaucum71 #hf ,impurity ( f]m5ts1 s\rce ( exp]im5tal errors1 #cg ( yea/ mask$ = a "t1 #bbj ,increase ( yea/ disproportionate to sug> us$1 #bcg ,infusions1 nature ( organisms 91 #ci ,infusoria1 #ce ,insoluble sub/ances 9 wort1 #chf ,inv]t+ con/itu5t ( yea/1 #cba1 & footnote ,isolation ( f]m5t1 #gg ,l ,lactic f]m5ts1 #e1 #cf trans=mation f & into o!r f]m5ts 7,duval71 #cg ,lactate ( lime1 f]m5tation (1 #bib ,le*>ti] & ,bellamy1 rese>*es on f]m5tation 9 fruits1 #bgj ,lepto?rix1 #cf ,liebig's views ( f]m5tation1 #cag1 & foll[+ pages on f]m5tation ( malate ( lime1 #cba def9ition ( a f]m5t1 #cbd modifi$ !ory1 #cbf2 answ] to1 by ,pa/eur1 #cbf1 #cbg neglect ( microscopical obs]vations1 #cbi1 #ccj ,lime1 bisulphite1 use (1 by bottl]s1 #ae c>bonate /]iliz$1 use ( 9 gr[?s1 #abf dextro-t>trate1 #bhd acetate & metacetate1 #bhh lactate1 f]m5tation (1 #bib ,li/]'s1 ,pr(41 lett] on g]m-!ory1 #dc ,london brew]ies1 usages (1 #h 7footnote7 ,pa/eur's visit to1 #bb-bd 8,l[0 f]m5tation1 mean+ (1 #i1 #aj2 advantages1 #ab be] brew]ies1 /ati/ics (1 #aj prop]ties (1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,graham1 #ac yea/ & 8high0 yea/ di/9ct1 #aib1 #aic yea/1 aspect (1 #aic2 *>act]i/ics1 #aie arobian =m (1 #bae ,l[ temp]atures prejudicial to disease-f]m5ts1 #ad ,m ,malignant pu/ule1 #db ,ma%+s1 #c ,m$ium1 m9]al1 = gr[+ lactic vibrios1 #bic1 #big 7footnote7 ,cohn's =mula1 #bid 7footnote7 = gr[? ( bact]ia1 #bid ,m$ium1 composition (1 influ5ce on life1 #bif ,microscopical /udy ( yea/ important1 #bc =m]ly neglect$ 9 ,engli% brew]ies1 #bb-bd ,microscopical exam9ation ( vibrios1 #bih1 #bii ,microzyma1 #aba2 s\rce ( mycod]ma aceti accord+ to ,b*amp1 #abd ,milk1 temp]ature ( /]ilization (1 #cd ,milk-sug>1 gr[? ( yea/ 91 #bfe ,"m ( v9eg>1 v4 mycod]ma aceti ,m\lds ?rive 9 acid liquors1 #cf function+ z f]m5ts1 #ajj1 #aja1 & foll[+ pages1 #aaa1 #aac1 #abi1 #acc gr[? (1 & production ( alcohol1 #beg1 #beh 7footnote7 sugge/$ employm5t (1 indu/rially1 #bfa ,muc$9es1 #cf1 #dj ,mucor muc$o & racemosus on mu/1 #ff ,mucor racemosus1 diff]5t aspects (1 #aje pure gr[? (1 #abh1 & foll[+ pages ,mucor normal1 gr[? 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(1 #abd1 & foll[+ pages ,n ,nageurs us$ 9 l[ f]m5tation1 #i ,nature ( liquids1 influ5ce on gr[?s1 #cf1 #gc1 #he ,natural liquids = pure gr[?s1 use (1 #dj1 #da exp]im5ts on1 #dg1 & foll[+ pages ,neutrality1 conditions (1 z affect+ /]ilization ( liquids1 #cd2 explanation ( fact1 #ce ,neutralization ( acidity 9 pure gr[?s1 mode (1 #abf ,new high f]m5t1 v4 high ,new process ( brew+1 #cia-cic ,nitrog5\s soluble p>ts ( yea/1 #cai1 #cbj ,nom5clature us$ by ,pa/eur purposely vague1 #cad ,normal gr[? ( mucor1 #acb ,o ,organic sub/ances1 h !y any t5d5cy to become organiz$8 #cc ,organic liquids /]iliz$ by boil+1 #cd ,organizable globul9es 7,turp971 #abc ,organisms & animal diseases1 #db ,ouillage1 #b ,oxidation ( g]m-free liquids1 #eg processes ( fungi1 #bfa1 & footnote ( wort1 excessive1 injuri\s1 #cec1 #ced ,oxyg5 absorb$ by blood1 #ej by ur9e1 #ej & f]m5tation1 accord+ to ,gay-,lussac1 #fj /ore-en]gy imp>t$ to cells by1 #acd no influ5ce ^u f]m5tation1 7,b*amp71 #agh 7footnote7 function 9 f]m5tation1 exp]im5ts on1 #bch1 & foll[+ pages influ5ce on f]m5tation 7,s*tz5b]g] & ,pa/eur71 #bec1 #bed am\nt absorbable by yea/1 #bee defici5cy (1 function 9 f]m5tation1 #bei influ5ce on products1 #ajj1 #ajh1 #aac influ5ce on morphology ( m\lds & f]m5ts1 #aje1 #ajf1 #acc1 #acg1 #bfb necessity (1 to gr[? ( yea/ discuss$1 #bhj unnecess>y & adv]se to vibrionic life1 #bhd1 & foll[+ pages necess>y to bact]ial life1 #cje removal f solutions by bact]ia1 #bie gr[? ( vibrios ap>t f1 #cjb compress$1 influ5ce on f]m5t life1 #cbd det]m9ation (1 9 worts 7,s*tz5b]g]71 #cee1 & foll[+ pages solubility-coeffici5ts 9 wat] 7,buns571 #cfj usual am\nts 9 solution 9 brew]s' worts1 #cff1 #cfg *anges 9 am\nts dur+ brew+ processes1 #cfi1 #cgj comb9ation (1 ) hopp$ wort1 #cga1 & foll[+ pages exp]im5ts on rapidity ( comb9ation1 #cgf on am\nt (1 "u brew+ conditions1 #cgi 9 comb9ation ) wort n available = yea/1 #chj1 #cha cl>ification ( wort by1 #che ,p ,palate-fulness def9ition1 #ced1 & footnote impair$ by oxidation1 #ced ,p>asites & _! g]ms1 #dj influ5ce on animal diseases1 #da ,pa/eur's repetition ( ,trcul's exp]im5ts1 #ih1 #ii subject ( 8 inquiries /at$1 #caa exp]im5ts1 exactness (1 #ie 7footnote7 ,pa/eurization1 mean+ & use1 #ae 7footnote7 ,pat*es ( fro? 9 gr[? ( pure yea/1 #ca ,p5icillium glaucum on mu/1 #ff gr[? ( pure1 #hf1 & foll[+ pages precaution1 #hi trans=m$ into f]m5t 7,trcul71 #id spores1 v>ieties (1 #ig production ( alcohol by1 #ii1 & foll[+ pages trans=mation into mycod]ma1 #aji ,ph5ol = purify+ yea/s1 #bcb ,pit*+1 mode (1 = pure be]1 #cdb1 & foll[+ pages flasks1 #cdd peculi> 9 ,london brew]ies1 explanation1 #cej1 #cea ,pla/] ( ,p>is & yea/ p[d]1 #ha1 & foll[+ pages ,pl\ss>d grapes1 exp]im5ts on1 #afa ,polymorphism ( organisms1 #hd 7footnote71 also v4 trans=mation ,precautions = pure f]m5tation ( mu/1 #fd brew]s'1 to *eck disease-g]ms1 #bbj1 & foll[+ pages = pure anarobian gr[? ( yea/1 #bdh ,pres]vation ( yea/1 #bjg ,preoccupation ( liquids by organisms1 #cf1 #aji1 #bbj ,products ( f]m5tation v>iable1 #bgf1 #bgg ,price ( be] z affect$ by losses f disease1 #bd ,prolif]\s pellicles1 #aba ,proportions ( alcoholic products v>iable1 #bgf1 #bgg ,proportions ( products diagno/ic ( ! f]m5tation1 #bgi ,proteic matt] elaborat$ by cells1 #cce 8,pull+ up10 #cdc ,pure gr[? ( yea/1 precautions =1 #bi-cb gr[?s 9 natural liquids1 #dj1 #da wort & f]m5t1 advantages (1 #cia-cic ,purification ( mix$ f]m5ts1 #bbf1 & foll[+ pages practical me?ods1 gr[? 9 sweet5$ wat]1 #bcj %all[ bas9s1 #bca 9 acid & alcoholic liquids1 #bca ) aid ( c>bolic acid1 #bcb ,putrid wort1 f]m5ts (1 #e ,putrefaction prev5t$ by use ( /]iliz+ flask1 #bg ( yea/1 cause (1 #bba ( t>trate ( lime1 #bia ,q ,qualities ( 8high0 & 8l[0 be]s1 #ab1 #ac1 #ai1 #aif ,quality ( be] dep5d5t on k9d ( f]m5t1 #bf1 & foll[+ pages ,r ,rack+1 #bbb precautions necess>y 91 #cea ,raul9's fluid1 #hh 7footnote7 improvem5t on ,s*tz5b]g]'s oxyg5 process1 #cef1 & foll[+ pages exp]im5ts on solubility ( oxyg5 9 worts1 #cfa-cfc ,ray] on spl5ic fev]1 c41 #db ,r$uc+ action ( vibrios1 #bia ,rees1 ,dr41 #aej 7footnote7 ,refrig]ator1 ,baudelot's1 #chg 7footnote7 ,revival ( m\ld-cells by a]ation1 #acj1 #aca 7footnote71 #ach ,revival ( />v$ yea/1 #adh1 #bjh vibrios1 #cja1 #cjb ,rip5+ ( fruits1 #bgj1 #bga ,rob91 ,*41 m5tion$1 #ic2 /rictures on ,pa/eur1 #caj1 #caa recantation ( views on f]m5tation1 #cad ,s ,sac*>omyces apiculatus1 #ga1 & footnote1 #aej exiguus1 #ahe1 ellipsoideus1 #afe pa/orianus #aea2 mode ( gr[? (1 #afg two aspects1 globul> & filam5t\s1 #afh1 #afi exhau/ion & revival (1 aspects1 #agb1 & foll[+ pages occurr5ce z impurity 9 mo/ f]m5ts1 #bbe mo/ suitable = gr[? exp]im5ts 9 sug> solutions1 #ccb ,sac*>omyces pa/orianus1 ellipsoideus1 apiculatus 9 mu/1 #bbg1 & foll[+ pages ,sang de rate1 #dc ,s*tz5b]g] on budd+ ( yea/1 #adf1 & footnote ,s*tz5b]g]'s /rictures on ,pa/eur's views answ]$1 #beb1 & foll[+ pages process = det]m9+ oxyg5 9 solutions1 #cee ,seasons1 influ5ce on success 9 brew+1 #be at :i* g]ms are abs5t on fruits1 #eh1 #ei ,second>y f]m5tation 9 ,engli% be]s1 #bbd ,s5esc5ce ( yea/ cells1 #bjh gradual ( yea/ cells1 exp]im5ts on1 #bde ,%all[ bas9s = purification ( yea/s1 #bca ,sodium hydrosulphite1 v4 hydrosulphite ,solubility-coeffici5ts ( oxyg5 9 wat] 7,buns571 #cfj 9 worts 7,raul971 #cfa-cfc ,s\r be]1 f]m5ts (1 #e ,s\ndness ( be] always dep5d5t on purity ( yea/1 #bf1 #cb ,specialization ( f]m5t-v>iations1 #aig ,specim5s1 necess>y precautions = tak+1 #abf 7footnote7 ,spl5ic fev]1 #db ,spontane\s f]m5tation us$ 9 mu/1 n 9 be]1 #d f]m5tation or putrefaction prev5t$ by use ( /]iliz+ flask1 #bh f]m5t1 def9ition (1 #ahb2 exp]im5t on1 #ahd g5]ation1 facts aga9/1 #ea1 #eb1 #eg support$ by exp]im5tal errors1 #fb1 #fc 7,trcul's !ory (71 #id1 #ie impregnations1 #fe1 #ff1 #fi1 #gc1 #gi use 9 isolat+ f]m5ts1 #gg ,spores on grapes1 gooseb]ries1 c41 #ed ( fungi widely di/ribut$1 #fh ,/ati/ics ( brew]ies1 #aj ( ,fr5* be] consumption1 #ag 7footnote7 ,/>v$ yea/1 appe>ance (1 #adh ,/ability ( /]iliz$ liquids1 #bhf ,/emphylium spores1 #ee 7footnote7 ,/]iliz+ app>atus1 #bg1 #bi1 #bhe flask1 #bh ,/]ilization-temp]ature ( v>i\s liquids1 #cd ,/ock be]1 #bbc ,/ore be]1 mu/ be surr\nd$ by ice1 #af ,/raw w9e1 peculi> f]m5tation (1 #aff ,/r5g?1 ,pa/eur's use ( ^w1 #ced sav+ by ! new process1 #cid ,subm]g$ p5icillium1 #ii asp]gillus1 #aja1 & foll[+ pages mycod]ma1 #aaa1 #aac1 & foll[+ pages mucor1 #abi1 & foll[+ pages1 #acc ,subm]g+ gr[?s1 precautions =1 #ia 7footnote7 ,succession ( trans=mations 7,trcul's s*eme71 #ic1 #id ,sug> decomposition by subm]g$ cells1 #aad diff]5t modes (1 by diff]5t cells1 #aae decompos$ disproportionate to yea/ =m$1 #bcg1 & foll[+ pages v>iation ( disproportion 9 diff]5t cases1 #bdi am\nt decompos$ 9 a giv5 "t1 z an index ( f]m5tative en]gy 7,s*tz5b]g]'s views71 #beb solutions pure ) m9]al salts1 gr[? ( yea/ 91 #cag1 & foll[+ pages d5ial ( ! fact by ,liebig & reply by ,pa/eur1 #cbh1 #cbi ,surface gr[? ( yea/ 9 pure culture1 #ca ,sweet5$ wat] = exhau/+ yea/1 #afi1 #agj1 #aij = purification ( yea/s1 #bcj ,t ,t>trate-acid ( pota% = purify+ yea/s1 #bca -dextro ( lime1 f]m5tation (1 #bhd1 & foll[+ pages products (1 #bhh f]m5t (1 #bij ,temp]atures 9 use 9 ,london brew]ies1 #h 7footnote7 high1 prejudicial to quality ( 8l[0 be]1 #ai at :i* disease-f]m5ts p]i%1 #bj2 diff]s 9 diff]5t liquids1 #cd1 #if influ5ce on f]m5tation1 #abi ,temp]atures suitable = 8high0 or 8l[0 yea/s respectively1 #aib influ5ce ( on mix$ 8high0 & 8case\s0 yea/s1 #bjc = obs]v+ active vibrios1 #bii ,!ories ( g5]ation opposite /at$1 #cig ,tieghem1 ,van1 on ammoniacal ur9e1 #de ,torula1 s5se 9 :i* us$1 #gc 7footnote7 v>ieties (1 #gg non-f]m5tative species1 #gh ,trans=mation ( f]m5ts1 accord+ to ,duval1 #cg ( non-f]m5tative to f]m5tative impracticable1 #hj ( p5icillium into yea/ impracticable1 #ia ( f]m5t into m\lds 7,h(fmann71 #ib s]ies1 ,trcul's s*eme (1 #ic1 #id ( p5icillium to mycod]ma 7,*4 ,rob971 #aji 7footnote7 ( mycod]ma v9i refut$1 #aac 7footnote7 ,turp9's sy/em (1 #abb1 & foll[+ pages ( mycod]ma aceti 7,b*amp71 #abd hi/orical acc\nt ( views on1 #abh 7footnote7 ( mucor 7,bail71 #abg ( filam5t\s into globul> yea/1 #afi ( yea/ into p5icillium1 c41 impracticable1 #ccc-cce mutual ( l[ & high yea/1 discuss$1 #aib1 #aic ( 8high0 yea/ into 8case\s0 f]m5t illusory1 #bjc ( album51 !ory ( ! v9tage1 #bgb1 #bgc !ory disprov$ g5]ally1 #bgc 7footnote7 ,traube1 ,dr41 on ammoniacal ur9e1 #df rese>*es on f]m5tation1 #bhb !ory ( f]m5tation1 #bhc 7footnote7 ,trcul & ,fremy1 v4 ,fremy ,trcul's !ory ( successive trans=mations1 #ic1 #id details ( trans=mation exp]im5ts1 #ih !ory refut$1 #ii ,tr\sseau grapes1 exp]im5ts on1 #afb 8,turn$0 be]1 f]m5ts (1 #e2 filam5ts (1 #bc 8,turn+ out10 #cfg 7footnote7 ,turp91 ,m41 m5tion$1 #ib ,turp9's sy/em ( trans=mations1 #abb1 & foll[+ pages1 #aac 7footnote7 ,tyndall1 lett] to ,pa/eur1 #cii-dja ,u ,uns\ndness ( be] correlat$ ) disease-organisms1 #bf1 #cb ,urea-f]m5t1 ! trans=mation ( 7,duval71 #cg ,ur9e1 ammoniacal1 #de1 #df ,ur9e1 /]iliz$1 /udy (1 #di1 #ej ,v ,v>iability ( f]m5tation products1 #bgg ,v>iations ( f]m5t /r5g!n$ & e/abli%$1 #aig ,v>ieties ( yea/1 #adi1 & foll[+ pages ,vaureal1 ,de1 budd+ ( yea/1 #adf 7footnote7 ,vegetable di/+ui%$ f animal organisms by ammonia 7,rob971 #cab ,vesicul> tissue 7,turp971 #abc ,vibrio1 #cf2 butyric1 #fe1 #gj also an example ( anerobian life1 #bhb1 #bhd active & exhau/$1 #bij r$uc+ action (1 #bia ,vibrionic f]m5t ( t>trate ( lime1 #bij ,vibrios1 head (1 #bib2 suppos$ reproductive corpuscles1 #cjf gr[? (1 9 lactate m$ia1 #bic m$ium = gr[? (1 accord+ to ,cohn1 #bid 7footnote7 n g5etically relat$ to bact]ia1 #bif ( butyric f]m5tation1 description (1 #bih1 #cjj mode ( exam9+ microscopically1 #bih fissip>\s division (1 #bii measurem5ts (1 #cjj _c live on butyrates1 #cja 7footnote7 revival (1 #cja1 #cjb2 anarobian gr[? (1 #cjb life (1 de/roy$ by oxyg51 #cjc1 #cjd ,vig\r ( ord9>y brew]'s yea/1 #bdf ,v9 de paille1 #aff ,v9eg>1 temp]ature at :i* x is /]iliz$1 #cd ,v9\s flav\r 9 /ock be]1 #bbd ,v9tage1 v>i$ conditions (1 #bfh 7footnote7 f]m5tation1 !ory (1 accord+ to ,fremy1 #bgb1 & foll[+ pages ,visc\s wort1 f]m5ts (1 #e ,visit to ,london brew]y by ,pa/eur1 #bb-bd ,vital processes ( f]m5t exceptional1 #bcg activity ( yea/ ap>t f air1 #bei pot5tial 9 cells1 #bgh ,vitiation ( exp]im5ts1 causes (1 #fc1 #he1 #ib ,w ,wad-dress+1 antiseptic1 #dd ,wat]1 h>d1 influ5ce on aspect ( yea/1 #aid 7footnote7 ,weights ( mucor & alcohol1 proportion (1 #acd1 & foll[+ pages ,weight ( yea/ gr[n1 :at due to1 #beg 7footnote7 ,wide di%es1 exp]im5ts on f]m5tation 91 #fi1 #gj fav\rable to m\ld developm5ts1 #ge 7footnote7 ,w9e1 less liable to det]iorate ?an be]1 #b temp]ature ( /]ilization1 #cd ,wort1 def9ition1 #b2 cool+ (1 #c1 #d temp]ature ( /]ilization1 #cd solubility ( oxyg5 91 #cfa1 & foll[+ pages =mula = solubility 9 any wort1 #cfd ,worts1 brew]s'1 usual am\nts ( oxyg5 9 solution1 #cff1 #cfg exp]im5ts on am\nts1 #cgi ,wort1 hopp$1 its aff9ity = oxyg51 #cga1 & foll[+ pages mode ( transmitt+ x free ( oxyg51 #cga1 #cgb insoluble sub/ances 91 #chf ,y ,yea/1 v4 also f]m5t1 g]ms1 torul nature & prop]ties (1 #adc1 & foll[+ pages />v$ & well-n\ri%$1 appe>ances contra/$1 #adg1 #adh v>ieties (1 #adi1 & foll[+ pages comm]cial orig9 (1 :]e8 #ahg relations to o!r organisms1 #ahj1 #aha comm]cial mixtures1 #bbd1 #bbe practical purification (1 #bcj-bcc impurities 9 mask$ = a "t1 #bbj exceptional *>act]i/ics (1 #bcg gr[? 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