,,! ,,geological ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,! ,,antiquity ,,( ,,man ,by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 ,,bt41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,etc4 ,london3 ,publi%$ ,by ,j4,m4 ,d5t ,sons ,ltd4 ,& ,9 ,new ,york ,by ,e4,p4 ,dutton ,co4 ,) ,introduction ,& ,notes ,by ,r4,h4 ,ra/all1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,,ev]yman ,i ,,w ,,g ,,) ,,!e ,,be ,,?y ,,guide ,,9 ,,?y ,,mo/ ,,ne$ ,,to ,,g ,,by ,,?y ,,side4 ,,ev]yman',s ,,libr>y ,,edit$ ,,by ,,erne/ ,,rhys4 ,,sci5ce4 ,,hoc ,,solum ,,scio ,,quod ,,nihil ,,scio4 ,,introduction4 ,! ,antiquity ( ,man 0 publi%$ 9 #ahfc1 & ran into a ?ird edition 9 ! c\rse ( t ye>4 ,! cause ( ?is is n f> to seek4 ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species appe>$ 9 #ahei1 only f\r ye>s e>li]1 & rapidly _h its effect 9 draw+ att5tion to ! great problem ( ! orig9 ( liv+ be+s4 ,! !ories ( ,d>w9 & ,wallace br\ght to a head & pres5t$ 9 a concrete %ape ! some:at vague speculations z to developm5t & evolution :i* _h long be5 float+ 9 ! m9ds ( naturali/s4 ,9 ! actual work+ out ( ,d>w9's great !ory x is impossible to ov]e/imate ! influ5ce ( ,lyell4 ,?is is made abundantly cle> 9 ,d>w9's lett]s1 & x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t ,d>w9 himself 0 a geologi/4 ,8 tra9+ 9 ?is sci5ce enabl$ him to grasp ! import ( ! facts s ably m>%all$ by ,lyell 9 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 a "w :i*1 z ,pr(essor ,judd has cle>ly %[n199 contribut$ greatly to ! advancem5t ( evolution>y !ory 9 g5]al4 799 ,judd ,! ,com+ ( ,evolution 7,cambridge ,manuals ( ,sci5ce & ,lit]ature7 ,cambridge #aiaj *apt]s #f & #g47 ,f a /udy ( ! evolution ( plants & ( ! l[] animals x 0 an easy & obvi\s transition to man1 & ?is /ep 0 soon tak54 ,s9ce 9 8 physical /ructure man %[s s close a resemblance to ! high] animals x 0 a natural conclusion t ! laws gov]n+ ! developm5t ( ! "o %\ld apply also to ! o!r1 9 spite ( preconceiv$ op9ions d]iv$ f au?ority4 ,un=tunately ! times 7 !n h>dly ripe = a calm & logical treatm5t ( ?is "q3 prejudice 9 _m cases took ! place ( argum5t1 & ! result 0 too (t5 an undignifi$ squabble in/ead ( a sci5tific discussion4 ,h[ev]1 ! dogmatism 0 n by any means all on "o side4 ,! disciples z usual w5t f>!r ?an ! ma/]1 & _! tea*+ :5 pu%$ to extremities result$ 9 a peculi>ly dre>y k9d ( mat]ialism1 a m5tal attitude :i* /ill survives to a c]ta9 ext5t among sci5tific & pseudo-sci5tific m5 ( ! old s*ool4 ,9 m ,rec5t times ?is dogmatic agno/icism ( ! middle ,victorian p]iod has be5 gradually replac$ by speculations ( a m positive type1 su* z ^? ( ! ,m5delian s*ool 9 biology & ! doctr9es ( ,b]gson on ! philosophical side4 ,) ^! lat] developm5ts we are n "h conc]n$4 ,9 deal+ ) ! evolution & hi/ory ( man z ) t ( any o!r animal1 ! fir/ /ep is und\bt$ly to collect ! facts1 & ?is is precisely :at ,lyell set out to d 9 ! ,antiquity ( ,man4 ,! fir/ n9ete5 *apt]s ( ! book are purely an empirical /atem5t ( ! evid5ce !n available z to ! exi/5ce ( man 9 pre-hi/oric times3 ! re/ ( ! book is devot$ to a consid]ation ( ! connection betwe5 ! facts previ\sly /at$ & ,d>w9's !ory ( ! orig9 ( species by v>iation & natural selection4 ,! keynote ( ,lyell's "w1 ?r\gh\t 8 life1 0 obs]vation4 ,lyell 0 no cab9et geologi/2 he w5t to nature & /udi$ ph5om5a at fir/ h&4 ,possess$ ( abundant leisure & ample means he travell$ f> & wide1 pati5tly collect+ mat]ial & build+ up ! mod]n sci5ce ( physical geology1 ^: f\ndations _h be5 laid by ,hutton & ,playfair4 ,f ! facts ?us collect$ he drew 8 inf]5ces1 & if lat] rese>*es %[$ ^! inf]5ces to be wrong1 unlike "s ( 8 contempor>ies1 he nev] hesitat$ to say s4 ,?us & ?us only is true progress 9 sci5ce atta9$4 ,lyell is univ]sally recognis$ z ! lead] ( ! ,uni=mit>ian s*ool ( geologi/s1 & x w be well to consid] briefly :at is impli$ 9 ?is t]m4 ,! pr9ciples ( ,uni=mit>ianism may be summ$ up ?us3 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,is ,,! ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,pa/4 ,t is to say1 ! processes :i* h gone on 9 ! pa/ 7 ! same 9 g5]al "* z ^? n[ se5 9 op]ation1 ?\gh probably diff]+ 9 degree4 ,?is !ory is 9 direct opposition to ! ideas ( ! ,,cata/rophic s*ool1 :i* 7 dom9ant at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! cata/rophi/s attribut$ all pa/ *anges to sudd5 & viol5t convulsions ( nature1 by :i* all liv+ be+s 7 de/roy$1 to be replac$ by a fre% creation4 ,at lea/ su* 7 ! t5ets ( ! extremi/s4 ,9 opposition to ^! views ! s*ool ( ,hutton & ,lyell introduc$ ! pr9ciple ( cont9uity & developm5t4 ,!re is no discrepancy betwe5 ,uni=mit>ianism & evolution4 ,! idea ( ,uni=mit>ianism does n imply t ?+s h always be5 ! same2 only t !y 7 simil>1 & betwe5 ^! two t]ms !re is a wide di/9ction4 ,evolution ( any k9d :atev] naturally implies cont9uity1 & ?is is ! fundam5tal idea ( ,lyellian geology4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( ?is cle> & def9ite conception ( natural & organic evolution1 9 all ^? p>ts ( 8 works deal+ ) e>?-hi/ory1 ) ! /ratifi$ rocks & ) ! organisms entomb$ 9 !m1 ,lyell adopt$ a plan :i* has n[ be5 univ]sally ab&on$4 ,he began ) ! mo/ ,rec5t =mations & work$ backw>ds f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4 ,to mod]n read]s ?is is p]haps ! greate/ drawback to 8 "w1 s9ce x r5d]s difficult ! /udy ( ev5ts 9 _! actual sequ5ce4 ,h[ev]1 x mu/ be admitt$ t1 tak+ into acc\nt ! /ate ( geological k be=e 8 "t1 ?is c\rse 0 almo/ inevitable4 ,! succession ( ! lat] rocks 0 fairly well kn[n1 ?anks to ! lab\rs ( ,william ,smi? & o!rs1 b 9 ! l[] "p ( ! sequ5ce ( /ratifi$ rocks !re 7 _m gaps1 & m important /ill1 !re 0 no def9ite base4 ,al?\gh ?is want ( a />t+ po9t has be5 l>gely suppli$ by ! lab\rs ( ,s$gwick1 ,mur*ison1 ,de la ,be*e1 ,ramsay1 & a ho/ ( foll[]s1 /ill consid]able d\bt prevails z to :i* con/itutes ! olde/ truly /ratifi$ s]ies1 & ! difficulty has only be5 p>tially circumv5t$ by ! adoption ( an arbitr>y base-l9e1 f :i* ! succession is work$ out bo? upw>ds & d[nw>ds4 ,s ! problem is only remov$ a /age fur!r back4 ,9 ! /udy ( human orig9s a simil> difficulty is felt ) special acut5ess2 ! beg9n+s mu/ ( necessity be vague & unc]ta91 & ! f>!r back we g ! fa9t] w naturally be ! traces ( human h&iwork & ! m primitive & d\btful ^? traces :5 discov]$4 ,! repr9t+ ( ! ,antiquity ( ,man is p>ticul>ly appropriate at ! pres5t "t1 ow+ to ! increas$ att5tion drawn to ! subject by rec5t discov]ies4 ,ev] s9ce ! publication ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species & ! discussions t result$ f t publication1 ! popul> imag9ation has be5 mu* ex]cis$ by ! possible exi/5ce ( =ms int]m$iate betwe5 ! apes & man2 ! s-call$ ,miss+ ,l9k4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 on ?is subject1 "s ( x well-f\nd$ & "s v mu* ! rev]se4 ,! discov]y ( ! ,ne&]?al skull is fully describ$ 9 ?is volume1 & ?is skull is c]ta9ly ( a l[ type1 b x is m human ?an ape-l4 ,! same rem>k applies /ill m /rongly to ! ,engis skull1 ! man ( ,spy1 ! rec5tly discov]$ ,sussex skull1 & o!r well-kn[n examples ( e>ly human rema9s4 ,! ,pi!can?ropus ( ,java alone %[s p]haps m aff9ity to ! apes4 ,! :ole subject has be5 mo/ ably discuss$ by ,pr(essor ,sollas 9 8 rec5t book entitl$ ,anci5t ,hunt]s4 ,! /udy ( ,palaeoli?ic fl9t implem5ts has be5 rais$ to a f9e art4 ,bo? 9 ,engl& & ,france a regul> succession ( primitive types has be5 e/abli%$ & correlat$ ) ! gravel t]races ( exi/+ riv]s1 & ev5 ) ! deposits ( riv]s no long] exi/+ & ) c]ta9 glacial deposits4 ,b ) all ( ^! ! actual bodily rema9s ( man are comp>atively scanty4 ,f ?is x may be conclud$ t primitive me?ods ( burial 7 su* z to be unfav\rable to ! actual pres]vation ( human rema9s4 ,attempts h also be5 made to prove ! exi/5ce ( man 9 pre-glacial times1 b hi!rto none ( ^! h met ) g5]al acceptance1 s9ce 9 no case is ! evid5ce beyond d\bt4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important results ( rec5t rese>* 9 ! subject has be5 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! exi/5ce ( man 9 int]glacial times4 ,:5 ,lyell wrote1 x 0 n fully recognis$ t ! glaciation ( ,europe 0 n "o cont9u\s process1 b t x c\ld be divid$ into sev]al episodes1 glaciations1 or advances ( ! ice1 sep>at$ by a w>m int]glacial p]iod4 ,! monum5tal rese>*es ( ,p5ck & ,bruckn] 9 ! ,alps h !re e/abli%$ f\r glaciations ) mild int]glacial p]iods1 b all ( ^! _c be cle>ly trac$ 9 ,brita94 ,"o v important po9t also is ! recognition ( ! aff9ities ( c]ta9 types ( ,palaeoli?ic man to ! ,eskimo1 ! ,au/ralians1 & ! ,bu%m5 ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,h[ev]1 x is impossible to give "h a review ( ! :ole subject4 ,full details ( rec5t rese>*es w be f\nd 9 ! works m5tion$ 9 ! notes at ! end ( ! book4 ,ano!r po9t ( great int]e/ & importance1 aris+ directly f ! /udy ( e>ly man is ! nature ( ! ev5ts con/itut+ ! glacial p]iod 9 ,brita9 & else:]e4 ,?is has be5 = _m ye>s a f]tile subject ( controv]sy1 & is likely to cont9ue su*4 ,lyell1 9 common ) mo/ ( ! geologi/s ( 8 day1 assumes t dur+ ! glacial p]iod ! ,briti% ,isles 7 subm]g$ "u ! sea to a dep? ( _m hundr$s ( feet1 at any rate z reg>ds ! region nor? ( a l9e drawn f ,london to ,bri/ol4 ,lat] au?ors1 h[ev]1 expla9$ ! obs]v$ ph5om5a on ! hypo!sis ( a va/ ice-%eet ( ! ,gre5l& type1 desc5d+ f ! m\nta9s ( ,scotl& & ,sc&9avia1 fill+ up ! ,nor? ,sea & spread+ ov] ea/]n ,engl&4 ,?is explanation is n[ accept$ by ! majority1 b x mu/ be recognis$ t x involves enorm\s me*anical difficulties4 ,x is impossible to pursue ! subject "h2 = a full discussion ref]5ce may be made to ,pr(essor ,bonney's presid5tial address to ! ,briti% ,association at ,%effield 9 #aiaj4 ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t ! ,antiquity ( ,man op5s up a wide field ( speculation into a v>iety ( difficult & obscure ?\gh int]e/+ subjects4 ,9 ! light ( mod]n rese>* x w\ld be an easy task to pile up a m\nta9 ( criticism on po9ts ( detail4 ,b1 ?\gh easy1 x w\ld be a ?ankless task4 ,x is sc>cely too mu* to say t ! dom9ant impression ( mo/ read]s aft] p]us+ ?is book w be "o ( a/oni%m5t & admiration at ! insight & bread? ( view display$ by ! au?or4 ,:5 x 0 writt5 ! subject 0 a p>ticul>ly ?orny "o to h&le1 & x und\bt$ly requir$ mu* c\rage to tackle ! orig9 & developm5t ( ! human race f a purely critical & sci5tific /&po9t4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ on all h&s t ! result 0 em95tly successful1 tak+ into acc\nt ! paucity ( ! available mat]ial1 & ! ,antiquity ( ,man mu/ ev] rema9 "o ( ! classics ( prehi/oric ar*aeology4 ,?is edition ( ! ,antiquity ( ,man has be5 und]tak5 9 ord] to place be=e ! public 9 an easily accessible =m "o ( ! be/ kn[n works ( ! great geologi/ ,sir ,*>les ,lyell2 ! book _h an imm5se influ5ce 9 its own day1 & x /ill rema9s "o ( ! be/ g5]al acc\nts ( an increas+ly important bran* ( k4 ,9 ord] to avoid a multiplicity ( notes & ?us to save space1 ! nom5clature has be5 to a c]ta9 ext5t mod]nis$3 a new g5]al table ( /rata has be5 ins]t$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 9 place ( ! "o orig9ally !re pr9t$1 :i* 0 cumbr\s & includ$ _m m9or subdivisions ( unnecess>y m9ut5ess4 ,! notes h be5 kept z %ort z possible1 & !y frequ5tly conta9 little m ?an ref]5ces to rec5t lit]ature elucidat+ ! po9ts "u discussion 9 ! text4 ,r4,h4 ,,ra/all4 #aiad4 ,,bibliography4 ,! passage ( ! ,b]es9a 79 v]se71 #ahae4 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 be+ an attempt to expla9 ! =m] *anges ( ! e>?'s surface1 by ref]5ce to causes n[ 9 op]ation1 #ahcj-cc 7?ird edition1 #ahcd2 f\r?1 #ahce2 fif?1 #ahcg2 six?1 #ahdj2 sev5?1 #ahdg2 n9?1 entirely revis$ edition1 #ahec2 t5?1 entirely revis$ edition1 #ahfg1 #ahfh2 elev5?1 entirely revis$ edition1 #ahgb2 twelf?1 edit$ by ,l4 ,lyell1 #ahge74 ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 #ahch 7second edition1 #ahda74 ,a ,manual ( ,elem5t>y ,geology 7?ird & entirely revis$ edition ( ! =m] "w1 #ahea2 f\r? & entirely revis$ edition1 #aheb2 fif?1 enl>g$ edition1 #ahee2 ,supplem5t to ! fif? edition1 #aheg2 second edition ( ! ,supplem5t1 revis$1 #aheg74 ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 six? edition1 greatly enl>g$1 #ahfe4 ,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ) geological obs]vations on ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,canada1 & ,nova ,scotia1 #ahde4 ,a ,second ,visit to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 #ahdi4 ,! ,/ud5ts' ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 #ahga 7second edition1 revis$ & correct$1 #ahgd2 ?ird1 revis$1 ) a table ( ,briti% fossils by ,r4 ,e!ridge1 #ahgh2 f\r?1 revis$ by ,p4,m4 ,duncan1 ) a table ( ,briti% fossils by ,r4 ,e!ridge1 #ahhd74 ,! ,geological ,evid5ces ( ! ,antiquity ( ,man1 ) rem>ks on !ories ( ! orig9 ( species by v>iation1 #ahfc2 7second edition1 revis$1 #ahfc2 ?ird edition1 revis$1 #ahfc2 f\r? edition1 revis$1 #ahgc74 ,!re has also be5 publi%$ ,! ,/ud5t's ,lyell3 a ,manual ( ,elem5t>y ,geology1 edit$ by ,j4,w4 ,judd1 #ahif 7second edition revis$ & enl>g$1 #aiaa74 ,,lectures1 ,,addresses1 ,,& ,,articles3 ,on a ,rec5t ,=mation ( ,fre%wat] ,lime/one 9 ,=f>%ire 7,transactions ( ! ,geological ,society #bnd s]ies1 volume #b1 #ahbf1 "p #a74 ,on a ,dike ( ,s]p5t9e 9 ! ,c\nty ( ,=f> 7,ed9burgh ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce #ahbe74 ,engli% ,sci5tific ,societies 7,qu>t]ly ,review volume #cd2 ?ree pap]s ) ,sir ,rod]ick & ,mrs4 ,mur*ison2 ,ed9burgh ,philosophical ,j\rnal1 #ahbi2 ab/ract 9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,geological ,society #a2 ,annales des ,sci5ces ,naturelles #ahbi2 ab/ract 9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,geological ,society #a74 ,address deliv]$ at ! ,geological ,society ( ,london1 #ahcf4 ,lectures on ,geology--,eight ,lectures on ,geology1 deliv]$ at ! ,broadway ,tab]nacle1 ,new ,york 7,new ,york ,tribune #ahdb74 ,a ,pap] on ,madeira 7,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society #aj1 #ahec74 ,on ! ,/ructure ( ,lavas :i* h ,consolidat$ on ,/eep ,slopes 7,philosophical ,transactions #aheh74 ,address 7to ! ,briti% ,association7 #ahfd4 ,,translations3 ,antiquity ( ,man1 translat$ into ,fr5* by ,m4 ,*ap]1 #ahfd2 & into ,g]man by ,l4 ,bu*n]1 #ahgd4 ,elem5ts ( ,geology 7six? edition71 translat$ into ,fr5* by ,m4 ,j4 ,g9e/on1 #ahfg4 ,report1 extract$ f ! ,ab]de5 ,free ,press & translat$ into ,fr5*1 ( ,sir ,c4 ,lyell's address be=e ! ,briti% ,association1 #ahei1 "u ! title ( ,antiquities ant$iluvi5nes3 ,l'homme fossile4 ,,life3 ,life1 ,lett]s & ,j\rnals ( ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 edit$ by 8 si/]-9-law1 ,mrs4 ,lyell1 #ahha4 ,see also3 ,life & ,lett]s ( ,*>les ,d>w91 #ahhg4 ,life & ,lett]s ( ,s$gwick1 by ,cl>k & ,hughes1 #ahij4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,*ap4 #a4 ,,introductory4 ,prelim9>y ,rem>ks on ! ,subjects treat$ ( 9 ?is ,"w4 ,def9ition ( ! t]ms ,rec5t & ,plei/oc5e4 ,tabul> ,view ( ! entire ,s]ies ( ,fossilif]\s ,/rata4 ,,*ap4 #b4 ,,rec5t ,,p]iod--,,dani% ,,peat ,,& ,,%ell ,,m\nds-- ,,swiss ,,lake-,,dwell+s4 ,works ( ,art 9 ,dani% ,peat-,mosses4 ,rema9s ( ?ree ,p]iods ( ,vegetation 9 ! ,peat4 ,ages ( ,/one1 ,bronze1 & ,iron4 ,%ell-,m\nds or anci5t ,refuse-,heaps ( ! ,dani% ,isl&s4 ,*ange 9 geographical ,di/ribution ( ,m>9e ,mollusca s9ce _! ,orig94 ,emb$d$ ,rema9s ( ,mammalia ( ,rec5t ,species4 ,human ,skulls ( ! same ,p]iod4 ,swiss ,lake-,dwell+s built on ,piles4 ,/one & ,bronze ,implem5ts f\nd 9 !m4 ,fossil ,c]eals & o!r ,plants4 ,rema9s ( ,mammalia1 wild & dome/icat$4 ,no ext9ct ,species4 ,*ronological ,computations ( ! ,date ( ! ,bronze & ,/one ,p]iods 9 ,switz]l&4 ,lake-,dwell+s1 or artificial ,isl&s call$ ,crannoges1 9 ,irel&4 ,,*ap4 #c4 ,,fossil ,,human ,,rema9s ,,& ,,works ,,( ,,art ,,( ,,! ,,rec5t ,,p]iod--cont9u$4 ,delta & ,alluvial ,pla9 ( ! ,nile4 ,burnt ,bricks 9 ,egypt be=e ! ,roman ,era4 ,bor+s 9 #ahea-ed4 ,anci5t ,m\nds ( ! ,valley ( ! ,ohio4 ,_! ,antiquity4 ,sepul*ral ,m\nd at ,santos 9 ,brazil4 ,delta ( ! ,mississippi4 ,anci5t ,human ,rema9s 9 ,coral ,reefs ( ,florida4 ,*anges 9 ,physical ,geography 9 ! ,human ,p]iod4 ,buri$ ,canoes 9 ,m>9e ,/rata ne> ,glasg[4 ,upheaval s9ce ! ,roman ,occupation ( ! ,%ores ( ! ,fir? ( ,=?4 ,fossil ,:ales ne> ,/irl+4 ,uprais$ ,m>9e ,/rata ( ,sw$5 on ,%ores ( ! ,baltic & ! ,ocean4 ,attempts to compute _! ,age4 ,,*ap4 #d4 ,,plei/oc5e ,,p]iod--,,bones ,,( ,,man ,,& ,,ext9ct ,,mammalia ,,9 ,,belgian ,,cav]ns4 ,e>lie/ ,discov]ies 9 ,caves ( ,langu$oc ( ,human ,rema9s ) ,bones ( ext9ct ,mammalia4 ,rese>*es 9 #ahcc ( ,dr4 ,s*m]l+ 9 ! ,liege ,cav]ns4 ,scatt]$ ,portions ( ,human ,skeletons associat$ ) ,bones ( ,elephant & ,rh9oc]os4 ,di/ribution & probable ,mode ( ,introduction ( ! ,bones4 ,implem5ts ( ,fl9t & ,bone4 ,s*m]l+'s ,conclusions z to ! ,antiquity ( ,man ignor$4 ,pres5t ,/ate ( ! ,belgian ,caves4 ,human ,bones rec5tly f\nd 9 ,cave ( ,engih\l4 ,engulf$ ,riv]s4 ,/alagmitic ,cru/4 ,antiquity ( ! ,human ,rema9s 9 ,belgium h[ prov$4 ,,*ap4 #e4 ,,plei/oc5e ,,p]iod--,,fossil ,,human ,,skulls ,,( ,,! ,,ne&]?al ,,& ,,engis ,,caves4 ,human ,skeleton f\nd 9 ,cave ne> ,dusseldorf4 ,its geological ,position & probable ,age4 ,its abnormal & ape-l ,*>act]s4 ,fossil ,human ,skull ( ! ,engis ,cave ne> ,liege4 ,pr(essor ,huxley's ,description ( ^! ,skulls4 ,comp>ison ( ea*1 ) extreme ,v>ieties ( ! native ,au/ralian ,race4 ,range ( ,capacity 9 ! ,human & ,simian ,bra9s4 ,skull f ,borreby 9 ,d5m>k4 ,conclusions ( ,pr(essor ,huxley4 ,be>+ ( ! peculi> ,*>act]s ( ! ,ne&]?al ,skull on ! ,hypo!sis ( ,transmutation4 ,,*ap4 #f4 ,,plei/oc5e ,,alluvium ,,& ,,cave ,,deposits ,,) ,,fl9t ,,implem5ts4 ,g5]al ,position ( ,drift ) ext9ct ,mammalia 9 ,valleys4 ,discov]ies ( ,m4 ,b\*] de ,p]!s at ,abbeville4 ,fl9t ,implem5ts f\nd also at ,/4 ,a*eul1 ne> ,ami5s4 ,curiosity awak5$ by ! sy/ematic ,exploration ( ! ,brixham ,cave4 ,fl9t ,knives 9 same1 ) ,bones ( ext9ct ,mammalia4 ,sup]position ( ,deposits 9 ! ,cave4 ,visits ( ,engli% & ,fr5* ,geologi/s to ,abbeville & ,ami5s4 ,,*ap4 #g4 ,,peat ,,& ,,plei/oc5e ,,alluvium ,,( ,,! ,,valley ,,( ,,! ,,somme4 ,geological ,/ructure ( ! ,valley ( ! ,somme & ( ! surr\nd+ ,c\ntry4 ,position ( ,alluvium ( diff]5t ,ages4 ,peat ne> ,abbeville4 ,its animal & vegetable ,cont5ts4 ,works ( ,art 9 ,peat4 ,probable ,antiquity ( ! ,peat1 & ,*anges ( ,level s9ce its ,gr[? began4 ,fl9t ,implem5ts ( antique ,type 9 old] ,alluvium4 ,_! v>i\s ,=ms & great ,numb]s4 ,,*ap4 #h4 ,,plei/oc5e ,,alluvium ,,) ,,fl9t ,,implem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,valley ,,( ,,! ,,somme--conclud$4 ,fluvio-m>9e ,/rata1 ) ,fl9t ,implem5ts1 ne> ,abbeville4 ,m>9e ,%ells 9 same4 ,cyr5a flum9alis4 ,mammalia4 ,entire ,skeleton ( ,rh9oc]os4 ,fl9t ,implem5ts1 :y f\nd l[ d[n 9 ,fluviatile ,deposits4 ,riv]s %ift+ _! ,*annels4 ,relative ,ages ( high] & l[]-level ,gravels4 ,section ( ,alluvium ( ,/4 ,a*eul4 ,two ,species ( ,elephant & ,hippopotamus coexi/+ ) ,man 9 ,france4 ,volume ( ,drift1 prov+ ,antiquity ( ,fl9t ,implem5ts4 ,abs5ce ( ,human ,bones 9 tool-be>+ ,alluvium1 h[ expla9$4 ,value ( c]ta9 ,k9ds ( negative ,evid5ce te/$ !reby4 ,human ,bones n f\nd 9 dra9$ ,lake ( ,ha>lem4 ,,*ap4 #i4 ,,works ,,( ,,art ,,9 ,,plei/oc5e ,,alluvium ,,( ,,france ,,& ,,engl&4 ,fl9t ,implem5ts 9 anci5t ,alluvium ( ! ,bas9 ( ! ,se9e4 ,bones ( ,man & ( ext9ct ,mammalia 9 ! ,cave ( ,arcy4 ,ext9ct ,mammalia 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,oise4 ,fl9t ,implem5t 9 ,gravel ( same ,valley4 ,works ( ,art 9 ,plei/oc5e ,drift 9 ,valley ( ! ,?ames4 ,musk ,ox4 ,meet+ ( nor!rn & s\!rn ,fauna4 ,migrations ( ,quadrup$s4 ,mammals ( ,mongolia4 ,*ronological ,relation ( ! old] ,alluvium ( ! ,?ames to ! ,glacial ,drift4 ,fl9t ,implem5ts ( ,plei/oc5e ,p]iod 9 ,surrey1 ,middlesex1 ,k5t1 ,b$=d%ire1 & ,suffolk4 ,,*ap4 #aj4 ,,cav]n ,,deposits1 ,,& ,,places ,,( ,,sepulture ,,( ,,! ,,plei/oc5e ,,p]iod4 ,fl9t ,implem5ts 9 ,cave conta9+ ,hya5a & o!r ext9ct ,mammalia 9 ,som]set%ire4 ,caves ( ! ,g[] ,p59sula 9 ,s\? ,wales4 ,rh9oc]os hemitoe*us4 ,ossif]\s ,caves ne> ,pal]mo4 ,sicily once "p ( ,africa4 ,rise ( ,b$ ( ! ,m$it]ranean to ! ,height ( ?ree hundr$ ,feet 9 ! ,human ,p]iod 9 ,s>d9ia4 ,burial-place ( ,plei/oc5e ,date ( ,aurignac 9 ! ,s\? ( ,france4 ,rh9oc]os ti*orh9us eat5 by ,man4 ,m4 ,l>tet on ext9ct ,mammalia & ,works ( ,art f\nd 9 ! ,aurignac ,cave4 ,relative ,antiquity ( ! same consid]$4 ,,*ap4 #aa4 ,,age ,,( ,,human ,,fossils ,,( ,,le ,,puy ,,9 ,,c5tral ,,france ,,& ,,( ,,nat*ez ,,on ,,! ,,mississippi ,,discuss$4 ,"q z to ! ,au!nticity ( ! ,fossil ,man ( ,d5ise1 ne> ,le ,puy-en-,velay1 consid]$4 ,antiquity ( ! ,human ,race impli$ by t ,fossil4 ,successive ,p]iods ( ,volcanic ,action 9 ,c5tral ,france4 ,) :at ,*anges 9 ! ,mammalian ,fauna !y correspond4 ,! ,elephas m]idionalis ant]ior 9 ,"t to ! ,implem5t-be>+ ,gravel ( ,/4 ,a*eul4 ,au!nticity ( ! ,human ,fossil ( ,nat*ez on ! ,mississippi discuss$4 ,! ,nat*ez ,deposit1 conta9+ ,bones ( ,ma/odon & ,megalonyx1 probably n old] ?an ! ,fl9t ,implem5ts ( ,/4 ,a*eul4 ,,*ap4 #ab4 ,,antiquity ,,( ,,man ,,relatively ,,to ,,! ,,glacial ,,p]iod ,,& ,,to ,,! ,,exi/+ ,,fauna ,,& ,,flora4 ,*ronological ,relation ( ! ,glacial ,p]iod1 & ! e>lie/ kn[n ,signs ( ,man's ,appe>ance 9 ,europe4 ,s]ies ( ,t]ti>y ,deposits 9 ,norfolk & ,suffolk imm$iately antec$5t to ! ,glacial ,p]iod4 ,gradual ,refrig]ation ( ,climate prov$ by ! ,m>9e ,%ells ( successive ,gr\ps4 ,m>9e ,new] ,plioc5e ,%ells ( ,nor!rn ,"* ne> ,woodbridge4 ,section ( ! ,norfolk ,cliffs4 ,norwi* ,crag4 ,=e/ ,b$ & ,fluvio-m>9e ,/rata4 ,fossil ,plants & ,mammalia ( ! same4 ,ov]ly+ ,b\ld] ,clay & ,contort$ ,drift4 ,new] fre%wat] ,=mation ( ,mundesley comp>$ to t ( ,hoxne4 ,great ,oscillations ( ,level impli$ by ! ,s]ies ( ,/rata 9 ! ,norfolk ,cliffs4 ,e>lie/ kn[n ,date ( ,man long subsequ5t to ! exi/+ ,fauna & ,flora4 ,,*ap4 #ac4 ,,*ronological ,,relations ,,( ,,! ,,glacial ,,p]iod ,,& ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,signs ,,( ,,man',s ,,appe>ance ,,9 ,,europe4 ,*ronological ,relations ( ! ,close ( ! ,glacial ,p]iod & ! e>lie/ geological ,signs ( ! ,appe>ance ( ,man4 ,effects ( ,glaci]s & ,iceb]gs 9 poli%+ & scor+ ,rocks4 ,sc&9avia once encru/$ ) ,ice l ,gre5l&4 ,outw>d ,movem5t ( ,cont95tal ,ice 9 ,gre5l&4 ,mild ,climate ( ,gre5l& 9 ! ,mioc5e ,p]iod4 ,erratics ( ,rec5t ,p]iod 9 ,sw$54 ,glacial ,/ate ( ,sw$5 9 ! ,plei/oc5e ,p]iod4 ,scotl& =m]ly encru/$ ) ,ice4 ,its subsequ5t ,subm]g5ce & ,re-elevation4 ,late/ ,*anges produc$ by ,glaci]s 9 ,scotl&4 ,rema9s ( ! ,mammo? & ,re9de] 9 ,scot* ,b\ld] ,clay4 ,p>allel ,roads ( ,gl5 ,roy =m$ 9 ,glaci] ,lakes4 ,comp>atively mod]n ,date ( ^! ,%elves4 ,,*ap4 #ad4 ,,*ronological ,,relations ,,( ,,! ,,glacial ,,p]iod ,,& ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,signs ,,( ,,man',s ,,appe>ance ,,9 ,,europe--cont9u$4 ,signs ( ext9ct ,glaci]s 9 ,wales4 ,great ,subm]g5ce ( ,wales dur+ ! ,glacial ,p]iod prov$ by ,m>9e ,%ells4 ,/ill great] ,depression inf]r$ f ,/ratifi$ ,drift4 ,sc>city ( ,organic ,rema9s 9 ,glacial ,=mations4 ,signs ( ext9ct ,glaci]s 9 ,engl&4 ,ice ,action 9 ,irel&4 ,maps illu/rat+ successive ,revolutions 9 ,physical ,geography dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e ,p]iod4 ,s\!rnmo/ ,ext5t ( ,erratics 9 ,engl&4 ,successive ,p]iods ( ,junction & ,sep>ation ( ,engl&1 ,irel&1 & ! ,cont95t4 ,"t requir$ = ^! ,*anges4 ,probable ,causes ( ! ,upheaval & ,subsid5ce ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/4 ,antiquity ( ,man consid]$ 9 relation to ! ,age ( ! exi/+ ,fauna & ,flora4 ,,*ap4 #ae4 ,,ext9ct ,,glaci]s ,,( ,,! ,,alps ,,& ,,_! ,,*ronological ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,human ,,p]iod4 ,ext9ct ,glaci]s ( ,switz]l&4 ,alp9e ,erratic ,blocks on ! ,jura4 ,n transport$ by float+ ,ice4 ,ext9ct ,glaci]s ( ! ,italian ,side ( ! ,alps4 ,!ory ( ! ,orig9 ( ,lake-,bas9s by ! erosive ,action ( ,glaci]s consid]$4 ,successive phases 9 ! ,developm5t ( ,glacial ,action 9 ! ,alps4 ,probable ,relation ( ^! to ! e>lie/ kn[n ,date ( ,man4 ,correspond5ce ( ! same ) successive ,*anges 9 ! ,glacial ,condition ( ! ,sc&9avian & ,briti% ,m\nta9s4 ,cold ,p]iod 9 ,sicily & ,syria4 ,,*ap4 #af4 ,,human ,,rema9s ,,9 ,,! ,,loess1 ,,& ,,_! ,,probable ,,age4 ,nature1 ,orig91 & ,age ( ! ,loess ( ! ,rh9e & ,danube4 ,impalpable ,mud produc$ by ! ,gr9d+ ,action ( ,glaci]s4 ,disp]sion ( ?is ,mud at ! ,p]iod ( ! ,retreat ( ! great ,alp9e ,glaci]s4 ,cont9uity ( ! ,loess f ,switz]l& to ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4 ,*>act]i/ic ,organic ,rema9s n ,lacu/r9e4 ,alp9e ,gravel 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,rh9e cov]$ by ,loess4 ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ! ,loess & its ,height above ! ,sea4 ,fossil ,mammalia4 ,loess ( ! ,danube4 ,oscillations 9 ! ,level ( ! ,alps & l[] ,c\ntry requir$ to expla9 ! ,=mation & ,d5udation ( ! ,loess4 ,m rapid ,movem5t ( ! ,inl& ,c\ntry4 ,! same ,depression & ,upheaval might acc\nt = ! ,advance & ,retreat ( ! ,alp9e ,glaci]s4 ,himalayan ,mud ( ! ,pla9s ( ! ,ganges comp>$ to ,european ,loess4 ,human ,rema9s 9 ,loess ne> ,mae/ri*t1 & _! probable ,antiquity4 ,,*ap4 #ag4 ,,po/-,,glacial ,,dislocations ,,& ,,fold+s ,,( ,,cretace\s ,,& ,,drift ,,/rata ,,9 ,,! ,,isl& ,,( ,,mo51 ,,9 ,,d5m>k4 ,geological ,/ructure ( ! ,isl& ( ,mo54 ,great ,di/urbances ( ! ,*alk po/]ior 9 ,date to ! ,glacial ,drift1 ) ,rec5t ,%ells4 ,m4 ,pugga>d's ,sections ( ! ,cliffs ( ,mo54 ,flexures & ,faults common to ! ,*alk & ,glacial ,drift4 ,diff]5t ,direction ( ! ,l9es ( successive ,movem5t1 ,fracture1 & ,flexure4 ,undi/urb$ ,condition ( ! ,rocks 9 ! adjo9+ ,dani% ,isl&s4 ,unequal ,movem5ts ( ,upheaval 9 ,f9m>k4 ,e>?quake ( ,new ,zeal& 9 #ahee4 ,pr$om9ance 9 all ,ages ( uni=m ,cont95tal ,movem5ts ov] ^? by :i* ! ,rocks are locally convuls$4 ,,*ap4 #ah4 ,,! ,,glacial ,,p]iod ,,9 ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 ,po/-glacial ,/rata conta9+ ,rema9s ( ,ma/odon giganteus 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,sc>city ( ,m>9e ,%ells 9 ,glacial ,drift ( ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,great] s\!rn ,ext5sion ( ,ice-action 9 ,nor? ,am]ica ?an 9 ,europe4 ,tra9s ( ,erratic ,blocks ( va/ ,size 9 ,b]k%ire1 ,massa*usetts4 ,description ( _! ,l9e> ,arrangem5t & ,po9ts ( ,dep>ture4 ,_! ,transportation ref]r$ to ,float+ & ,coa/ ,ice4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks on ! ,causes ( =m] ,*anges ( ,climate at successive geological ,epo*s4 ,suppos$ ,effects ( ! ,div]sion ( ! ,gulf ,/ream 9 a ,nor!rly in/ead ( ,nor?-,ea/]ly ,direction4 ,developm5t ( extreme ,cold on ! opposite ,sides ( ! ,atlantic 9 ! ,glacial p]iod n /rictly simultane\s4 ,effect ( ,m>9e ,curr5ts on ,climate4 ,plei/oc5e ,subm]g5ce ( ! ,sah>a4 ,,*ap4 #ai4 ,,recapitulation ,,( ,,geological ,,pro(s ,,( ,,man',s ,,antiquity4 ,recapitulation ( ,results arriv$ at 9 ! e>li] ,*apt]s4 ,ages ( ,/one & ,bronze4 ,dani% ,peat & ,kit*5-,midd5s4 ,swiss ,lake-,dwell+s4 ,local ,*anges 9 ,vegetation & 9 ! wild & dome/icat$ ,animals & 9 ,physical ,geography coeval ) ! ,age ( ,bronze & ! lat] ,/one ,p]iod4 ,e/imates ( ! positive ,date ( "s ,deposits ( ! lat] ,/one ,p]iod4 ,anci5t ,division ( ! ,age ( ,/one ( ,/4 ,a*eul & ,aurignac4 ,migrations ( ,man 9 t ,p]iod f ! ,cont95t to ,engl& 9 ,po/-,glacial ,times4 ,sl[ ,rate ( ,progress 9 b>b>\s ,ages4 ,doctr9e ( ! sup]ior ,intellig5ce & ,end[m5ts ( ! orig9al ,/ock ( ,mank9d consid]$4 ,op9ions ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 & _! ,co9cid5ce ) ^? ( ! ,mod]n ,progressioni/4 ,,*ap4 #bj4 ,,!ories ,,( ,,progression ,,& ,,transmutation4 ,antiquity & ,p]si/5ce 9 ,"* ( ! exi/+ ,races ( ,mank9d4 ,!ory ( _! ,unity ( ,orig9 consid]$4 ,be>+ ( ! ,div]sity ( ,races on ! ,doctr9e ( ,transmutation4 ,difficulty ( def9+ ! ,t]ms ,species & ,race4 ,lam>ck's ,introduction ( ! ,elem5t ( ,"t into ! ,def9ition ( a ,species4 ,8 ,!ory ( ,v>iation & ,progression4 ,objections to 8 ,!ory1 h[ f> answ]$4 ,argum5ts ( mod]n ,writ]s 9 fav\r ( ,progression 9 ! ,animal & ,vegetable ,_w4 ,! old ,l&m>ks suppos$ to indicate ! fir/ ,appe>ance ( ,man1 & ( diff]5t ,classes ( ,animals1 f\nd to be errone\s4 ,yet ! ,!ory ( an advanc+ ,s]ies ( ,organic ,be+s n inconsi/5t ) ,facts4 ,e>lie/ kn[n ,fossil ,mammalia ( l[ ,grade4 ,no ,v]tebrata z yet discov]$ 9 ! olde/ ,fossilif]\s ,rocks4 ,objections to ! ,!ory ( ,progression consid]$4 ,causes ( ! ,popul>ity ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,progression z comp>$ to t ( ,transmutation4 ,,*ap4 #ba4 ,,on ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,species ,,by ,,v>iation ,,& ,,natural ,,selection4 ,mr4 ,d>w9's ,!ory ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species by ,natural ,selection4 ,memoir by ,mr4 ,wallace4 ,mann] 9 :i* fav\r$ ,races prevail 9 ! ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce4 ,=mation ( new ,races by bre$+4 ,hypo!ses ( def9ite & indef9ite ,modifiability equally arbitr>y4 ,competition & ,ext9ction ( ,races4 ,progression n a necess>y ,accompanim5t ( ,v>iation4 ,di/9ct ,classes ( ,ph5om5a :i* ,natural ,selection expla9s4 ,unity ( ,type1 ,rudim5t>y ,organs1 ,geographical ,di/ribution1 ,relation ( ! ext9ct to ! liv+ ,fauna & ,flora1 & mutual ,relations ( successive ,gr\ps ( ,fossil ,=ms4 ,light ?r[n on ,embryological ,developm5t by ,natural ,selection4 ,:y l>ge ,g5]a h m v>iable ,species ?an small ones4 ,dr4 ,hook] on ! ,evid5ce af=d$ by ! ,vegetable ,k+dom 9 fav\r ( ,creation by ,v>iation4 ,/e5/rup on alt]nation ( ,g5]ations4 ,h[ f> ! ,doctr9e ( ,indep5d5t ,creation is oppos$ to ! ,laws n[ gov]n+ ! ,migration ( ,species4 ,,*ap4 #bb4 ,,objections ,,to ,,! ,,hypo!sis ,,( ,,transmutation ,,consid]$4 ,/atem5t ( ,objections to ! ,hypo!sis ( ,transmutation f\nd$ on ! ,abs5ce ( ,int]m$iate ,=ms4 ,g5]a ( :i* ! ,species are closely alli$4 ,occasional ,discov]y ( ! miss+ ,l9ks 9 a ,fossil ,/ate4 ,davidson's ,monograph on ! ,bra*iopoda4 ,:y ! ,gradational ,=ms1 :5 f\nd1 are n accept$ z ,evid5ce ( ,transmutation4 ,gaps caus$ by ,ext9ction ( ,races & ,species4 ,va/ ,t]ti>y ,p]iods dur+ :i* ?is ,ext9ction has be5 go+ on 9 ! ,fauna & ,flora n[ exi/+4 ,g5ealogical ,bond betwe5 ,mioc5e & ,rec5t ,plants & ,insects4 ,fossils ( ,o5+54 ,species ( ,insects 9 ,brita9 & ,nor? ,am]ica repres5t$ by di/9ct ,v>ieties4 ,falcon]'s ,monograph on liv+ & fossil ,elephants4 ,fossil ,species & ,g5]a ( ! ,horse ,tribe 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,relation ( ! ,plioc5e ,mammalia ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,asia1 & ,europe4 ,species ( ,mammalia1 ?\gh less p]si/5t ?an ! ,mollusca1 *ange sl[ly4 ,argum5ts = & aga9/ ,transmutation d]iv$ f ! ,abs5ce ( ,mammalia 9 ,isl&s4 ,imp]fection ( ! ,geological ,record4 ,int]calation ( newly discov]$ ,=mation ( int]m$iate ,age 9 ! *ronological ,s]ies4 ,ref]5ce ( ! ,/4 ,cassian ,b$s to ! ,triassic ,p]iods4 ,discov]y ( new organic ,types4 ,fea!r$ ,ar*aeopt]yx ( ! ,oolite4 ,,*ap4 #bc4 ,,orig9 ,,& ,,developm5t ,,( ,,languages ,,& ,,species ,,comp>$4 ,aryan ,hypo!sis & ,controv]sy4 ,! ,races ( ,mank9d *ange m sl[ly ?an _! ,languages4 ,!ory ( ! gradual ,orig9 ( ,languages4 ,difficulty ( def9+ :at is meant by a ,language z di/9ct f a ,dialect4 ,great ,numb] ( ext9ct & liv+ ,tongues4 ,no ,european ,language a ,?\s& ,ye>s old4 ,gaps betwe5 ,languages1 h[ caus$4 ,imp]fection ( ! ,record4 ,*anges always 9 ,progress4 ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce betwe5 rival ,t]ms & ,dialects4 ,causes ( ,selection4 ,ea* ,language =m$ sl[ly 9 a s+le ,geographical ,area4 ,may die out gradually or sudd5ly4 ,once lo/ c nev] be reviv$4 ,mode ( ,orig9 ( ,languages & ,species a ,my/]y4 ,speculations z to ! ,numb] ( orig9al ,languages or ,species unpr(itable4 ,,*ap4 #bd4 ,,be>+ ,,( ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,transmutation ,,on ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,man1 ,,& ,,8 ,,place ,,9 ,,! ,,creation4 ,:e!r ,man c be reg>d$ z an ,exception to ! ,rule if ! ,doctr9e ( ,transmutation be embrac$ = ! re/ ( ! ,animal ,k+dom4 ,zoological ,relations ( ,man to o!r ,mammalia4 ,sy/ems ( ,classification4 ,t]m ,quadruman\s1 :y deceptive4 ,:e!r ! ,/ructure ( ! ,human ,bra9 entitles ,man to =m a di/9ct ,sub-class ( ! ,mammalia4 ,intellig5ce ( ! l[] ,animals comp>$ to ! ,intellect & ,reason ( ,man4 ,gr\nds on :i* ,man has be5 ref]r$ to a di/9ct ,k+dom ( ,nature4 ,immat]ial ,pr9ciple common to ,man & ,animals4 ,non-discov]y ( int]m$iate ,l9ks among ,fossil ,an?ropomorph\s ,species4 ,hallam on ! comp\nd ,nature ( ,man1 & 8 ,place 9 ! ,creation4 ,great ,inequality ( m5tal ,end[m5t 9 diff]5t ,human ,races & ,individuals develop$ by ,v>iation & ord9>y ,g5]ation4 ,h[ f> a correspond+ ,div]g5ce 9 physical ,/ructure may result f ! ,work+ ( ! same ,causes4 ,conclud+ rem>ks4 ,,notes4 ,,plates ,,& ,,figures4 ,,plate #a4 ,a ,,village ,,built ,,on ,,piles ,,9 ,a ,,swiss ,,lake4 ,,figure #a4 ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,ne&]?al ,,cave4 ,,figure #b4 ,,side ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,ca/ ,,( ,,"p ,,( ,a ,,human ,,skull ,,f\nd ,,by ,,dr4 ,,s*m]l+ ,,emb$d$ ,,among/ ,,! ,,rema9s ,,( ,,ext9ct ,,mammalia ,,9 ,,! ,,cave ,,( ,,engis4 ,,figure #c4 ,,side ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,ca/ ,,( ,a ,,"p ,,( ,a ,,human ,,skull ,,f ,a ,,cave ,,9 ,,! ,,ne&]?al4 ,,figure #d4 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,! ,,skull ,,( ,,an ,,adult ,,*impanzee1 ,,( ,,t ,,f ,,! ,,ne&]?al1 ,,& ,,( ,,t ,,( ,a ,,european4 ,,figure #e4 ,,skull ,,associat$ ,,) ,,gr\nd ,,fl9t ,,implem5ts4 ,,figure #f4 ,,outl9es ,,( ,,! ,,skull ,,f ,,! ,,ne&]?al1 ,,( ,,an ,,au/ralian ,,skull ,,f ,,port ,,adelaide1 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,skull ,,f ,,! ,,cave ,,( ,,engis4 ,,figure #g4 ,,section ,,across ,,! ,,valley ,,( ,,! ,,somme ,,9 ,,pic>dy4 ,,figure #h4 ,,fl9t ,,implem5t ,,f ,,/4 ,,a*eul1 ,,ne> ,,ami5s1 ,,( ,,! ,,spe>-,,head ,,%ape4 ,,figure #i4 ,,oval-,,%ap$ ,,fl9t ,,hat*et ,,f ,,mautort4 ,,figure #aj4 ,,fl9t ,,tool ,,f ,,/4 ,,a*eul4 ,,figures #aa1 #ab ,,& #ac4 ,,d5drites ,,on ,,surfaces ,,( ,,fl9t ,,hat*ets ,,9 ,,! ,,drift ,,( ,,/4 ,,a*eul4 ,,figure #ad4 ,,fl9t ,,knife ,,or ,,flake ,,f ,,bel[ ,,! ,,s& ,,conta9+ ,cyr5a flum9alis4 ,,figure #ae4 ,,fossils ,,( ,,! ,,:ite ,,*alk4 ,,figure #af4 ,,section ,,( ,,fluvio-,,m>9e ,,/rata1 ,,conta9+ ,,fl9t ,,implem5ts ,,& ,,bones ,,( ,,ext9ct ,,mammalia4 ,,figure #ag4 ,cyr5a flum9alis1 ,o4,f4 ,mull]1 sp4 ,,figure #ah4 ,elephas primig5ius4 ,,figure #ai4 ,elephas antiquus1 ,falcon]4 ,,figure #bj4 ,elephas m]idionalis1 ,ne/i4 ,,figure #ba4 ,,section ,,( ,,gravel ,,pit ,,conta9+ ,,fl9t ,,implem5ts ,,at ,,/4 ,,a*eul4 ,,figure #bb4 ,,contort$ ,,fluviatile ,,/rata ,,at ,,/4 ,,a*eul4 ,,figure #bc4 ,,section ,,across ,,! ,,valley ,,( ,,! ,,ouse4 ,,figure #bd4 ,,section ,,%[+ ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,fl9t ,,weapons ,,at ,,hoxne4 ,,figure #be4 ,,section ,,( ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,hill ,,( ,,fajoles4 ,,figure #bf4 ,,section ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,alluvial ,,pla9 ,,( ,,! ,,mississippi4 ,,figure #bg4 ,,diagram ,,to ,,illu/rate ,,! ,,g5]al ,,succession ,,( ,,! ,,/rata ,,9 ,,! ,,norfolk ,,cliffs4 ,,figure #bh4 ,cyclas 7,pisidium7 amnica v>4787 ,,figure #bi4 ,,cliff #ej ,,feet ,,high ,,betwe5 ,,bacton ,,gap ,,& ,,mundesley4 ,,figure #cj4 ,,fold+ ,,( ,,! ,,/rata ,,betwe5 ,,ea/ ,,& ,,we/ ,,runton4 ,,figure #ca4 ,,section ,,( ,,conc5tric ,,b$s ,,we/ ,,( ,,crom]4 ,,figure #cb4 ,,includ$ ,,p9nacle ,,( ,,*alk ,,at ,,old ,,hy! ,,po9t4 ,,figure #cc4 ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,new] ,,fre%-,,wat] ,,=mation ,,9 ,,! ,,cliffs ,,at ,,mundesley4 ,,figure #cd4 ,palud9a m>g9ata1 ,mi*aud 7,p4 m9uta1 ,/rickl&74 ,hydrobia m>g9ata4 ,,figure #ce4 ,,oval ,,& ,,flatti% ,,pebbles4 ,,plate #b4 ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,m\?s ,,( ,,gl5 ,,roy ,,& ,,gl5 ,,spean4 ,,figure #cf4 ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,p>allel ,,roads ,,( ,,gl5 ,,roy4 ,,figure #cg4 ,,section ,,?r\gh ,,side ,,( ,,lo*4 ,,figure #ch4 ,,dome-,,%ap$ ,,rocks1 ,,or ,,ro*es ,,m\tonees4 ,,figure #ci4 ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,isles ,,& ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,nor?-,,we/ ,,( ,,europe1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,great ,,am\nt ,,( ,,suppos$ ,,subm]g5ce ,,( ,,l& ,,b5ea? ,,! ,,sea ,,dur+ ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,glacial ,,p]iod4 ,,figure #dj4 ,,map ,,%[+ ,,:at ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,isl&s ,,w\ld ,,rema9 ,,above ,,wat] ,,aft] ,a ,,subsid5ce ,,( ,,! ,,area ,,to ,,! ,,ext5t ,,( #fjj ,,feet4 ,,figure #da4 ,,map ,,( ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,nor?-,,we/ ,,( ,,europe1 ,,includ+ ,,! ,,briti% ,,isles1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,ext5t ,,( ,,sea ,,:i* ,,w\ld ,,become ,,l& ,,if ,,!re ,,7 ,a ,,g5]al ,,rise ,,( ,,! ,,area ,,to ,,! ,,ext5t ,,( #fjj ,,feet4 ,,figure #db4 ,,map ,,%[+ ,,! ,,suppos$ ,,c\rse ,,( ,,! ,,anci5t ,,& ,,n[ ,,ext9ct ,,glaci] ,,( ,,! ,,rhone4 ,,figure #dc4 ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,mora9es ,,( ,,ext9ct ,,glaci]s ,,ext5d+ ,,f ,,! ,,alps ,,into ,,! ,,pla9s ,,( ,,! ,,po ,,ne> ,,tur94 ,,figure #dd4 ,succ9ea oblonga4 ,,figure #de4 ,pupa muscorum4 ,,figure #df4 ,helix hispida1 ,l942 ,h4 plebeia1 ,drap4 ,,figure #dg4 ,,s\!rn ,,extremity ,,( ,,mo5s ,,kl9t4 ,,figure #dh4 ,,section ,,( ,,mo5s ,,kl9t4 ,,figure #di4 ,,po/-,,glacial ,,di/urbances ,,( ,,v]tical1 ,,fold$1 ,,& ,,%ift$ ,,/rata ,,( ,,*alk ,,& ,,drift1 ,,9 ,,! ,,dronn+e/ol4 ,,figure #ej4 ,,map ,,%[+ ,,! ,,relative ,,position ,,& ,,direction ,,( ,,sev5 ,,tra9s ,,( ,,erratic ,,blocks ,,9 ,,b]k%ire1 ,,massa*usetts1 ,,& ,,9 ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,new ,,york4 ,,figure #ea4 ,,erratic ,,dome-,,%ap$ ,,block ,,( ,,compact ,,*loritic ,,rock4 ,,figure #eb4 ,,section ,,%[+ ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,block ,,9 ,,figure #ea4 ,,figure #ec4 ,,section ,,?r\gh ,,canaan ,,& ,,ri*mond ,,valleys ,,at ,a ,,"t ,,:5 ,,!y ,,7 ,,m>9e ,,*annels4 ,,figure #ed4 ,,upp] ,,surface ,,( ,,bra9 ,,( ,,*impanzee1 ,,di/ort$4 ,,figure #ee4 ,,side ,,view ,,( ,,bra9 ,,( ,,*impanzee1 ,,di/ort$4 ,,figure #ef4 ,,correct ,,side ,,view ,,( ,,*impanzee',s ,,bra94 ,,figure #eg4 ,,correct ,,view ,,( ,,upp] ,,surface ,,( ,,*impanzee',s ,,bra94 ,,figure #eh4 ,,side ,,view ,,( ,,human ,,bra947 ,,geological ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,! ,,antiquity ,,( ,,man4 ,,*apt] #a4 -- ,,introductory4 ,prelim9>y ,rem>ks on ! ,subjects treat$ ( 9 ?is ,"w4 ,def9ition ( ! ,t]ms ,rec5t & ,plei/oc5e4 ,tabul> ,view ( ! entire ,s]ies ( ,fossilif]\s ,/rata4 ,no subject has lately excit$ m curiosity & g5]al int]e/ among geologi/s & ! public ?an ! "q ( ! ,antiquity ( ! ,human ,race--:e!r or no we h suffici5t evid5ce 9 caves1 or 9 ! sup]ficial deposits commonly call$ drift or diluvium1 to prove ! =m] co-exi/5ce ( man ) c]ta9 ext9ct mammalia4 ,= ! la/ half-c5tury ! occasional occurr5ce 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe ( ! bones ( ,man or ! works ( 8 h&s 9 cave-breccias & /alagmites1 associat$ ) ! rema9s ( ! ext9ct hya5a1 be>1 elephant1 or rh9oc]os1 has giv5 rise to a suspicion t ! date ( ,man mu/ be c>ri$ f>!r back ?an we _h h]et(ore imag9$4 ,on ! o!r h& extreme reluctance 0 naturally felt on ! "p ( sci5tific reason]s to admit ! validity ( su* evid5ce1 see+ t s _m caves h be5 inhabit$ by a succession ( t5ants & h be5 select$ by ,man z a place n only ( domicile1 b ( sepulture1 :ile "s caves h also s]v$ z ! *annels ?r\gh :i* ! wat]s ( occasional l&-floods or engulf$ riv]s h fl[$1 s t ! rema9s ( liv+ be+s :i* h peopl$ ! di/rict at m ?an "o era may h subsequ5tly be5 m+l$ 9 su* cav]ns & conf\nd$ toge!r 9 "o & ! same deposit4 ,b ! facts br\ght to light 9 #aheh1 dur+ ! sy/ematic inve/igation ( ! ,brixham cave1 ne> ,torquay 9 ,devon%ire1 :i* w be describ$ 9 ! sequel1 excit$ anew ! curiosity ( ! ,briti% public & prep>$ ! way = a g5]al admission t scepticism 9 reg>d to ! be>+ ( cave evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! antiquity ( ,man _h previ\sly be5 pu%$ to an extreme4 ,s9ce t p]iod _m ( ! facts =m]ly adduc$ 9 fav\r ( ! co-exi/5ce 9 anci5t times ( ,man ) c]ta9 species ( mammalia long s9ce ext9ct h be5 re-exam9$ 9 ,engl& & on ! ,cont95t1 & new cases be>+ on ! same "q1 :e!r relat+ to caves or to alluvial /rata 9 valleys1 h be5 br\ght to light4 ,to qualify myself = ! appreciation & discussion ( ^! cases1 ,i h visit$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ ?ree ye>s _m p>ts ( ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,belgium1 & h communicat$ p]sonally or by lett] ) n a few ( ! geologi/s1 ,engli% & =eign1 :o h tak5 "p 9 ^! rese>*es4 ,besides expla9+ 9 ! pres5t volume ! results ( ?is inquiry1 ,i %all give a description ( ! glacial =mations ( ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica1 t ,i may allude to ! !ories ent]ta9$ respect+ _! orig91 & consid] _! probable relations 9 a *ronological po9t ( view to ! human epo*1 & :y ?r\gh\t a great "p ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e !y s (t5 int]pose an abrupt b>ri] to all attempts to trace f>!r back into ! pa/ ! signs ( ! exi/5ce ( ,man ^u ! e>?4 ,9 ! conclud+ *apt]s ,i %all (f] a few rem>ks on ! rec5t modifications ( ! ,lam>ckian !ory ( progressive developm5t & transmutation1 :i* are sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9's "w on ! ,orig9 ( ,species by ,v>iation & ,natural ,selection1 & ! be>+ ( ?is hypo!sis on ! diff]5t races ( mank9d & _! connection ) o!r p>ts ( ! animal k+dom4 ,,nom5clature4 ,"s prelim9>y explanation ( ! nom5clature adopt$ 9 ! foll[+ pages w be indisp5sable1 t ! mean+ atta*$ to ! t]ms ,rec5t1 ,plei/oc5e1 & ,po/-,t]ti>y may be correctly und]/ood4 #a ,previ\sly to ! ye> #ahcc1 :5 ,i publi%$ ! ?ird volume ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 ! /rata call$ ,t]ti>y _h be5 divid$ by geologi/s into ,l[]1 ,middle1 & ,upp]2 ! ,l[] compris+ ! olde/ =mations ( ! environs ( ,p>is & ,london1 ) o!rs ( l age2 ! ,middle1 ^? ( ,bordeaux & ,t\ra9e2 & ! ,upp]1 all t lay above or 7 new] ?an ! la/-m5tion$ gr\p4 ,:5 engag$ 9 #ahbh 9 prep>+ = ! press ! treatise on geology above allud$ to1 ,i conceiv$ ! idea ( class+ ! :ole ( ?is s]ies ( /rata accord+ to ! diff]5t degrees ( aff9ity :i* _! fossil te/acea bore to ! liv+ fauna4 ,hav+ obta9$ in=mation on ?is subject dur+ my travels on ! ,cont95t1 ,i le>nt t ,m4 ,de%ayes ( ,p>is1 already celebrat$ z a con*ologi/1 _h be5 l$ indep5d5tly by ! /udy ( a l>ge collection ( ,rec5t & fossil %ells to v simil> views respect+ ! possibility ( arrang+ ! ,t]ti>y =mations 9 *ronological ord]1 accord+ to ! proportional numb] ( species ( %ells id5tical ) liv+ ones1 :i* *>act]is$ ea* ( ! successive gr\ps above m5tion$4 ,aft] comp>+ #cjjj fossil species ) #ejjj liv+ ones1 ! result arriv$ at 01 t 9 ! l[] ,t]ti>y /rata !re 7 ab\t #c #a_/b p] c5t id5tical ) ,rec5t2 9 ! middle ,t]ti>y 7! faluns ( ! ,loire & ,gironde71 ab\t #ag p] c5t2 & 9 ! upp] t]ti>y1 f #ce to #ej1 & sometimes 9 ! mo/ mod]n b$s z mu* z #ij to #ie p] c5t4 ,= ! sake ( cle>ness & brevity1 ,i propos$ to give %ort te*nical names to ^! sets ( /rata1 or ! p]iods to :i* !y respectively belong$4 ,i call$ ! fir/ or olde/ ( !m ,eoc5e1 ! second ,mioc5e1 & ! ?ird ,plioc5e4 ,! fir/ ( ! above t]ms1 ,eoc5e1 is d]iv$ f ,greek eos1 dawn1 & ,greek ka9os1 rec5t2 because an extremely small proportion ( ! fossil %ells ( ?is p]iod c\ld be ref]r$ to liv+ species1 s t ?is era seem$ to indicate ! dawn ( ! pres5t te/ace\s fauna1 no liv+ species ( %ells hav+ be5 detect$ 9 ! antec$5t or ,second>y rocks4 ,"s con*ologi/s are n[ unwill+ to all[ t any ,eoc5e species ( %ell has really surviv$ to our times s unalt]$ z to all[ ( its specific id5tification ) a liv+ species4 ,i _c ent] 9 ?is place into ?is wide controv]sy4 ,x is en\gh at pres5t to rem>k t ! "* ( ! ,eoc5e fauna1 z contra/$ ) t ( ! antec$5t ,second>y =mations1 we>s a v mod]n aspect1 & t "s able liv+ con*ologi/s /ill ma9ta9 t !re are ,eoc5e %ells n specifically di/+ui%able f ^? n[ extant2 ?\gh !y may be few] 9 numb] ?an 0 suppos$ 9 #ahcc4 ,! t]m ,mioc5e 7f ,greek meion1 less2 & ,greek ka9os1 rec5t7 is int5d$ to express a m9or proportion ( ,rec5t species 7( te/acea72 ! t]m ,plioc5e 7f ,greek pleion1 m2 & ,greek ka9os1 rec5t71 a comp>ative plurality ( ! same4 ,x has sometimes be5 object$ to ?is nom5clature t c]ta9 species ( infusoria f\nd 9 ! *alk are /ill exi/+1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,mioc5e & ,old] ,plioc5e deposits (t5 conta9 ! rema9s ( mammalia1 reptiles1 & fi%1 exclusively ( ext9ct species4 ,b ! read] mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! t]ms ,eoc5e1 ,mioc5e1 & ,plioc5e 7 orig9ally inv5t$ ) ref]5ce purely to con*ological data1 & 9 t s5se h always be5 & are /ill us$ by me4 ,s9ce ! fir/ introduction ( ! t]ms above def9$1 ! numb] ( new liv+ species ( %ells obta9$ f diff]5t p>ts ( ! globe has be5 exce$+ly great1 supply+ fre% data = comp>ison1 & enabl+ ! palaeontologi/ to correct _m errone\s id5tifications ( fossil & ,rec5t =ms4 ,new species also h be5 collect$ 9 abundance f ,t]ti>y =mations ( e age1 :ile newly discov]$ gr\ps ( /rata h fill$ up gaps 9 ! previ\sly kn[n s]ies4 ,h5ce modifications & re=ms h be5 call$ = 9 ! classifications fir/ propos$4 ,! ,eoc5e1 ,mioc5e1 & ,plioc5e p]iods h be5 made to compreh5d c]ta9 sets ( /rata ( :i* ! fossils d n always con=m /rictly 9 ! proportion ( ,rec5t to ext9ct species ) ! def9itions fir/ giv5 by me1 or :i* are impli$ 9 ! etymology ( ^? t]ms4 ,^! innovations h be5 treat$ ( 9 my ,elem5ts or ,manual ( ,elem5t>y ,geology1 & 9 ! ,supplem5t to ! fif? edition ( ! same1 publi%$ 9 #ahei1 :]e "s modifications ( my classification1 z fir/ propos$1 are introduc$2 b ,i ne$ n dwell on ^! on ! pres5t occasion1 z ! only =mations ) :i* we %all be conc]n$ 9 ! pres5t volume are ^? ( ! mo/ mod]n date1 or ! ,po/-,t]ti>y4 ,x w be conv5i5t to divide ^! into two gr\ps1 ! ,rec5t & ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,9 ! ,rec5t we may compreh5d ^? deposits 9 :i* n only all ! %ells b all ! fossil mammalia are ( liv+ species2 9 ! ,plei/oc5e ^? /rata 9 :i*1 ! %ells be+ ,rec5t1 a portion1 & (t5 a consid]able "o1 ( ! accompany+ fossil quadrup$s belongs to ext9ct species4 ,cases w occur :]e x may be sc>cely possible to draw ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! ,new] ,plioc5e & ,plei/oc5e1 or betwe5 ! latt] & ! rec5t deposits2 & we mu/ expect ^! difficulties to increase r ?an dim9i% ) e advance 9 our k1 & 9 proportion z gaps are fill$ up 9 ! s]ies ( geological records4 ,! annex$ tabul> view 7,table #a_/a7 ( ! :ole s]ies ( fossilif]\s /rata w enable ! read] to see at a glance ! *ronological relation ( ! ,rec5t & ,plei/oc5e to ! antec$5t p]iods4 #b ,,table #a_/a4 ,,/ratifi$ ,,rocks4 ,,ka9ozoic ,,or ,,t]ti>y3 ,plei/oc5e & ,rec5t4 ,plioc5e4 ,mioc5e4 ,oligoc5e4 ,eoc5e4 ,,mesozoic ,,or ,,second>y3 ,cretace\s4 ,jurassic4 ,triassic4 ,,palaeozoic ,,or ,,prim>y3 ,p]mian4 ,c>bonif]\s4 ,devonian or old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,silurian4 ,ordovician4 ,cambrian4 ,,precambrian ,,or ,,ar*aean4 ,,*apt] #b4 -- ,,rec5t ,,p]iod--,,dani% ,,peat ,,& ,,%ell ,,m\nds--,,swiss ,,lake-,,dwell+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #a4 ,a ,,village ,,built ,,on ,,piles ,,9 ,a ,,swiss ,,lake 7,re/or$ by ,dr4 ,f4 ,kell]1 p>tly f ,dumont ,d',urville's ,sket* ( simil> habitations 9 ,new ,gu9ea47 ,works ( ,art 9 ,dani% ,peat-,mosses4 ,rema9s ( ?ree ,p]iods ( ,vegetation 9 ! ,peat4 ,ages ( ,/one1 ,bronze1 & ,iron4 ,%ell-,m\nds or anci5t ,refuse-,heaps ( ! ,dani% ,isl&s4 ,*ange 9 geographical ,di/ribution ( ,m>9e ,mollusca s9ce _! ,orig94 ,emb$d$ ,rema9s ( ,mammalia ( ,rec5t ,species4 ,human ,skulls ( ! same ,p]iod4 ,swiss ,lake-,dwell+s built on ,piles4 ,/one & ,bronze ,implem5ts f\nd 9 !m4 ,fossil ,c]eals & o!r ,plants4 ,rema9s ( ,mammalia1 wild & dome/icat$4 ,no ext9ct ,species4 ,*ronological ,computations ( ! ,date ( ! ,bronze & ,/one ,p]iods 9 ,switz]l&4 ,lake-,dwell+s1 or artificial ,isl&s call$ ,crannoges1 9 ,irel&4 ,,works ,,( ,,art ,,9 ,,dani% ,,peat4 ,:5 treat+ 9 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology ( ! *anges ( ! e>? :i* h tak5 place 9 comp>atively mod]n times1 ,i h spok5 ( ! emb$d+ ( organic bodies & human rema9s 9 peat1 & expla9$ "u :at conditions ! gr[? ( t vegetable sub/ance is go+ on 9 nor!rn & humid climates4 ,( late ye>s1 s9ce ,i fir/ allud$ to ! subject1 m ext5sive inve/igations h be5 made into ! hi/ory ( ! ,dani% peat-mosses4 ,( ! results ( ^! inquiries ,i %all give a brief ab/ract 9 ! pres5t *apt]1 t we may aft]w>ds comp>e !m ) deposits ( old] date1 :i* ?r[ light on ! antiquity ( ! human race4 ,! deposits ( peat 9 ,d5m>k199 v>y+ 9 dep? f #aj to #cj feet1 h be5 =m$ 9 holl[s or depressions 9 ! nor!rn drift or b\ld] =mation h]eaft] to be describ$4 799 ,an excell5t acc\nt ( ^! rese>*es ( ,dani% naturali/s & antiqu>ies has be5 drawn up by an able ,swiss geologi/1 ,m4,a4 ,morlot1 & w be f\nd 9 ! ,bullet9 de la ,societe ,vaudoise des ,sci4 ,nat4 tome #f ,lausanne #ahfj47 ,! l[e/ /ratum1 #b to #c feet ?ick1 consi/s ( swamp-peat compos$ *iefly ( moss or sphagnum1 above :i* lies ano!r gr[? ( peat1 n made up exclusively ( aquatic or swamp plants4 ,ar\nd ! bord]s ( ! bogs1 & at v>i\s dep?s 9 !m1 lie trunks ( trees1 especially ( ! ,scot* fir 7,p9us sylve/ris71 (t5 #c feet 9 diamet]1 :i* mu/ h gr[n on ! m>g9 ( ! peat-mosses1 & h frequ5tly fall5 into !m4 ,?is tree is n n[1 nor has ev] be5 9 hi/orical times1 a native ( ! ,dani% ,isl&s1 & :5 introduc$ !re has n ?riv52 yet x 0 evid5tly indig5\s 9 ! human p]iod1 = ,/e5/rup has tak5 out ) 8 own h&s a fl9t in/rum5t f bel[ a buri$ trunk ( "o ( ^! p9es4 ,x appe>s cle> t ! same ,scot* fir 0 aft]w>ds supplant$ by ! sessile v>iety ( ! common oak1 ( :i* _m pro/rate trunks occur 9 ! peat at high] levels ?an ! p9es2 & /ill high] ! p$unculat$ v>iety ( ! same oak 7,qu]cus robur1 ,l47 occurs ) ! ald]1 bir* 7,betula v]rucosa1 ,ehrh471 & hazel4 ,! oak has n[ 9 its turn be5 almo/ sup]s$$ 9 ,d5m>k by ! common bee*4 ,o!r trees1 su* z ! :ite bir* 7,betula alba71 *>act]ise ! l[] "p ( ! bogs1 & disappe> f ! high]2 :ile o!rs aga91 l ! asp5 7,populus tremula71 occur at all levels1 & /ill fl\ri% 9 ,d5m>k4 ,all ! l& & fre%wat] %ells1 & all ! mammalia z well z ! plants1 ^: rema9s occur buri$ 9 ! ,dani% peat1 are ( ,rec5t species4 #c ,x has be5 /at$1 t a /one implem5t 0 f\nd "u a buri$ ,scot* fir at a great dep? 9 ! peat4 ,by collect+ & /udy+ a va/ v>iety ( su* implem5ts1 & o!r articles ( human workman%ip pres]v$ 9 peat & 9 s&-dunes on ! coa/1 z also 9 c]ta9 %ell-m\nds ( ! aborig9es pres5tly to be describ$1 ! ,dani% & ,sw$i% antiqu>ies & naturali/s1 ,,mm4 ,nilsson1 ,/e5/rup1 ,=*hamm]1 ,?oms51 ,worsaae1 & o!rs1 h succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ a *ronological succession ( p]iods1 :i* !y h call$ ! ages ( /one1 ( bronze1 & ( iron1 nam$ f ! mat]ials :i* h ea* 9 _! turn s]v$ = ! fabrication ( implem5ts4 ,! age ( /one 9 ,d5m>k co9cid$ ) ! p]iod ( ! fir/ vegetation1 or t ( ! ,scot* fir1 & 9 "p at lea/ ) ! second vegetation1 or t ( ! oak4 ,b a consid]able portion ( ! oak epo* co9cid$ ) ! age ( bronze1 = swords & %ields ( t metal1 n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ,cop5hag51 h be5 tak5 out ( peat 9 :i* oaks ab\nd4 ,! age ( iron correspond$ m ne>ly ) t ( ! bee* tree499 799 ,morlot ,bullet9 de la ,societe ,vaudoise des ,sci4 ,nat4 tome #f page #bib47 #d ,m4 ,morlot1 to :om we are indebt$ = a ma/]ly sket* ( ! rec5t progress ( ?is new l9e ( rese>*1 foll[$ up ) s mu* success 9 ,sc&9avia & ,switz]l&1 obs]ves t ! introduction ( ! fir/ tools made ( bronze among a p previ\sly ignorant ( ! use ( metals1 implies a great advance 9 ! arts1 = bronze is an alloy ( ab\t n9e p>ts ( copp] & "o ( t92 & al?\gh ! =m] metal1 copp]1 is by no means r>e1 & is occasionally f\nd pure or 9 a native /ate1 t9 is n only sc>ce b nev] occurs native4 ,to detect ! exi/5ce ( ?is metal 9 its ore1 !n to dis5gage x f ! matrix1 & f9ally1 aft] bl5d+ x 9 due proportion ) copp]1 to ca/ ! fus$ mixture 9 a m\ld1 all[+ "t = x to acquire h>dness by sl[ cool+1 all ?is bespeaks no small sagacity & skilful manipulation4 ,accord+ly1 ! pott]y f\nd associat$ ) weapons ( bronze is ( a m ornam5tal & ta/eful /yle ?an any :i* belongs to ! age ( /one4 ,"s ( ! m\lds 9 :i* ! bronze in/rum5ts 7 ca/1 & tags1 z !y are call$1 ( bronze1 :i* are =m$ 9 ! hole ?r\gh :i* ! fus$ metal 0 p\r$1 h be5 f\nd4 ,! numb] & v>iety ( objects belong+ to ! age ( bronze indicates its long duration1 z does ! progress 9 ! arts impli$ by ! rud5ess ( ! e>li] tools1 (t5 m]e repetitions ( ^? ( ! /one age1 z contra/$ ) ! m skilfully work$ weapons ( a lat] /age ( ! same p]iod4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t an age ( copp] mu/ always h int]v5$ betwe5 t ( /one & bronze2 b if s1 ! int]val seems to h be5 %ort 9 ,europe1 ow+ app>5tly to ! t]ritory occupi$ by ! aborig9al inhabitants hav+ be5 invad$ & conqu]$ by a p com+ f ! ,ea/1 to :om ! use ( swords1 spe>s1 & o!r weapons ( bronze 0 famili>4 ,hat*ets1 h[ev]1 ( copp] h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,dani% peat4 ,! next /age ( improvem5t1 or t manife/$ by ! sub/itution ( iron = bronze1 indicates ano!r /ride 9 ! progress ( ! arts4 ,iron nev] pres5ts itself1 except 9 meteorites1 9 a native /ate1 s t to recognise its ores1 & !n to sep>ate ! metal f its matrix1 dem&s no inconsid]able ex]cise ( ! p[]s ( obs]vation & inv5tion4 ,to fuse ! ore requires an int5se heat1 n to be obta9$ )\t artificial appliances1 su* z pipes inflat$ by ! human brea?1 or bell[s1 or "s o!r suitable ma*9]y4 ,,dani% ,,%ell-,,m\nds1 ,,or ,,kjokk5modd+499 799 ,mr4 ,john ,lubbock publi%$1 aft] ^! %eets 7 writt51 an able pap] on ! ,dani% ,%ell-m\nds 9 ! ,octob] numb] ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,review #ahfa page #dhi1 9 :i* he has describ$ ! results ( a rec5t visit to ,d5m>k1 made by him 9 company ) ,mr4 ,busk47 ,9 addition to ! peat-mosses1 ano!r class ( memorials f\nd 9 ,d5m>k has ?r[n light on ! pre-hi/orical age4 ,at c]ta9 po9ts along ! %ores ( ne>ly all ! ,dani% isl&s1 m\nds may be se51 consi/+ *iefly ( ?\s&s ( ca/-away %ells ( ! oy/]1 cockle1 & o!r molluscs ( ! same species z ^? :i* are n[ eat5 by ,man4 ,^! %ells are pl5tifully mix$ up ) ! bones ( v>i\s quadrup$s1 birds1 & fi%1 :i* s]v$ z ! food ( ! rude hunt]s & fi%]s by :om ! m\nds 7 accumulat$4 ,i h se5 simil> l>ge heaps ( oy/]s1 & o!r m>9e %ells ) int]sp]s$ /one implem5ts1 ne> ! sea%ore1 bo? 9 ,massa*usetts & 9 ,georgia1 ,u4,s4,a41 left by ! native ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians at po9ts ne> to :i* !y 7 9 ! habit ( pit*+ _! wigwams = c5turies be=e ! :ite man arriv$4 ,su* accumulations are call$ by ! ,danes1 ,kjokk5modd+1 or kit*5-midd5s4 ,scatt]$ all ?r\gh !m are fl9t knives1 hat*ets1 & o!r in/rum5ts ( /one1 horn1 wood1 & bone1 ) fragm5ts ( co>se pott]y1 mix$ ) *>coal & c9d]s1 b nev] any implem5ts ( bronze1 /ill less ( iron4 ,! /one hat*ets & knives _h be5 %>p5$ by rubb+1 & 9 ?is respect are "o degree less rude ?an ^? ( an old] date1 associat$ 9 ,france ) ! bones ( ext9ct mammalia1 ( :i* m 9 ! sequel4 ,! m\nds v>y 9 height f #c to #aj feet1 & 9 area are "s ( !m #ajjj feet long1 & f #aej to #bjj wide4 ,!y are r>ely plac$ m ?an #aj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 & are conf9$ to its imm$iate neighb\rhood1 or if n 7& !re are cases :]e !y are sev]al miles f ! %ore71 ! di/ance is ascribable to ! entrance ( a small /ream1 :i* has deposit$ s$im5t1 or to ! gr[? ( a peaty swamp1 by :i* ! l& has be5 made to advance on ! ,baltic1 z x is /ill do+ 9 _m places1 aid$1 accord+ to ,pugga>d1 by a v sl[ upheaval ( ! :ole c\ntry at ! rate ( #b or #c in*es 9 a c5tury4 ,!re is also ano!r geographical fact equally 9 fav\r ( ! antiquity ( ! m\nds1 namely1 t !y are want+ on ^? p>ts ( ! coa/ :i* bord] ! ,we/]n ,ocean1 or exactly :]e ! waves are n[ sl[ly eat+ away ! l&4 ,!re is e reason to presume t orig9ally !re 7 /ations along ! coa/ ( ! ,nor? ,sea z well z t ( ! ,baltic1 b by ! gradual und]m9+ ( ! cliffs !y h all be5 swept away4 ,ano!r /rik+ pro(1 p]haps ! mo/ conclusive ( all1 t ! kit*5-midd5s are v old1 is d]iv$ f ! "* ( _! emb$d$ %ells4 ,^! consi/ entirely ( liv+ species2 b1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! common eatable oy/] is among !m1 atta9+ its full size1 :]eas ! same ,o/rea edulis _c live at pres5t 9 ! bracki% wat]s ( ! ,baltic except ne> its entrance1 :]e1 :5ev] a nor?-we/]ly gale prevails1 a curr5t sett+ 9 f ! ocean p\rs 9 a great body ( salt wat]4 ,yet x seems t dur+ ! :ole "t ( ! accumulation ( ! kit*5-midd5s ! oy/] fl\ri%$ 9 places f :i* x is n[ exclud$4 ,9 l mann] ! eatable cockle1 mussel1 & p]iw9kle 7,c>dium edule1 ,mytilus edulis1 & ,littor9a littorea71 :i* are met ) 9 great numb]s 9 ! midd5s1 are ( ! ord9>y dim5sions :i* !y acquire 9 ! ocean1 :]eas ! same species n[ liv+ 9 ! adjo9+ p>ts ( ! ,baltic only atta9 a ?ird ( _! natural size1 be+ /unt$ & dw>f$ 9 _! gr[? by ! quantity ( fre% wat] p\r$ by riv]s into t inl& sea499 799 ,see ,pr9ciples ( ,geology *apt] #cj47 ,h5ce we may confid5tly inf] t 9 ! days ( ! aborig9al hunt]s & fi%]s1 ! ocean _h fre] access ?an n[ to ! ,baltic1 communicat+ probably ?r\gh ! p59sula ( ,jutl&1 ,jutl& hav+ be5 at no remote p]iod an ar*ipelago4 ,ev5 9 ! c\rse ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! salt wat]s h made "o irruption into ! ,baltic by ! ,lymfiord1 al?\gh !y h be5 n[ aga9 exclud$4 ,x is also affirm$ t o!r *annels 7 op5 9 hi/orical times :i* are n[ silt$ up499 799 ,see ,morlot ,bullet9 de la ,societe ,vaudoise des ,sci4 ,nat4 tome #f47 ,if we next turn to ! rema9s ( v]tebrata pres]v$ 9 ! m\nds1 we f9d t "h also1 z 9 ! ,dani% peat-mosses1 all ! quadrup$s belong to species kn[n to h inhabit$ ,europe )9 ! memory ( ,man4 ,no rema9s ( ! mammo?1 or rh9oc]os1 or ( any ext9ct species appe>1 except ^? ( ! wild bull 7,bos urus1 ,l9n41 or ,bos primig5ius1 ,bojanus71 :i* are 9 su* numb]s z to prove t ! species 0 a fav\rite food ( ! anci5t p4 ,b z ?is animal 0 se5 by ,julius ,caes>1 & surviv$ long aft] 8 "t1 its pres5ce alone w\ld n g f> to prove ! m\nds to be ( high antiquity4 ,! ,li?uanian auro*s or bison 7,bos bison1 ,l41 ,bos priscus1 ,boj471 :i* has escap$ extirpation only because protect$ by ! ,russian ,cz>s1 surviv+ 9 "o =e/ 9 ,li?uania7 has n yet be5 met )1 b w no d\bt be detect$ h]eaft]1 z x has be5 already f\nd 9 ! ,dani% peat4 ,! beav]1 long s9ce de/roy$ 9 ,d5m>k1 occurs frequ5tly1 z does ! seal 7,phoca ,gryppus1 ,fab471 n[ v r>e on ! ,dani% coa/4 ,) ^! are m+l$ bones ( ! r$ de] & roe1 b ! re9de] has n yet be5 f\nd4 ,!re are also ! bones ( _m c>nivora1 su* z ! lynx1 fox1 & wolf1 b no signs ( any dome/icat$ animals except ! dog4 ,! long bones ( ! l>g] mammalia h be5 all brok5 z if by "s in/rum5t1 9 su* a mann] z to all[ ( ! extraction ( ! m>r[1 & ! gri/ly p>ts h be5 gnaw$ (f1 z if by dogs1 to ^: ag5cy is also attribut$ ! almo/ entire abs5ce ( ! bones ( "y birds & ( ! small] bones & s(t] p>ts ( ! skeletons ( birds 9 g5]al1 ev5 ( ^? ( l>ge size4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! latt]1 x has be5 prov$ exp]im5tally by ,pr(essor ,/e5/rup1 t if ! same species ( birds are n[ giv5 to dogs1 !y w dev\r ^? p>ts ( ! skeleton :i* are miss+1 & leave j ^? :i* are pres]v$ 9 ! old kit*5-midd5s4 ,! dogs ( ! m\nds1 ! only dome/icat$ animals1 are ( a small] race ?an ^? ( ! bronze p]iod1 z %[n by ! peat-mosses1 & ! dogs ( ! bronze age are inf]ior 9 size & /r5g? to ^? ( ! iron age4 ,! dome/ic ox1 horse1 & %eep1 :i* are want+ 9 ! m\nds1 are conf9$ to t "p ( ! ,dani% peat :i* 0 =m$ 9 ! ages ( bronze & iron4 ,among ! bones ( birds1 sc>cely any are m frequ5t 9 ! m\nds ?an ^? ( ! auk 7,alca imp5nis71 n[ ext9ct4 ,! ,cap]cailzie 7,tetrao urogallus7 is also met )1 & may1 x is sugge/$1 h f$ on ! buds ( ! ,scot* fir 9 times :5 t tree fl\ri%$ ar\nd ! peat-bogs4 ,! diff]5t /ages ( gr[? ( ! ro$e]'s horns1 & ! pres5ce ( ! wild swan1 n[ only a w9t] visitor1 h be5 appeal$ to z prov+ t ! aborig9es resid$ 9 ! same settlem5ts all ! ye> r\nd4 ,t !y also v5tur$ out to sea 9 canoes su* z are n[ f\nd 9 ! peat-mosses1 holl[$ out ( ! trunk ( a s+le tree1 to cat* fi% f> f l&1 is te/ifi$ by ! bony relics ( sev]al deep-sea species1 su* z ! h]r+1 cod1 & fl\nd]4 ,! anci5t p 7 n cannibals1 = no human bones are m+l$ ) ! spoils ( ! *ase4 ,skulls1 h[ev]1 h be5 obta9$ n only f peat1 b f tumuli ( ! /one p]iod believ$ to be contemporane\s ) ! m\nds4 ,^! skulls are small & r\nd1 & h a prom95t ridge ov] ! orbits ( ! eyes1 %[+ t ! anci5t race 0 ( small /ature1 ) r\nd heads & ov]hang+ eyebr[s--9 %ort1 !y bore a consid]able resemblance to ! mod]n ,lapl&]s4 ,! human skulls ( ! bronze age f\nd 9 ! ,dani% peat1 & ^? ( ! iron p]iod1 are ( an elongat$ =m & l>g] size4 ,!re appe> to be v few well-au!nticat$ examples ( crania ref]able to ! bronze p]iod--a circum/ance no d\bt attributable to ! cu/om preval5t among ! p ( t era ( burn+ _! dead & collect+ _! bones 9 fun]al urns4 ,no traces ( gra9 ( any sort h hi!rto be5 discov]$1 nor any o!r indication t ! anci5t p _h any k ( agriculture4 ,! only vegetable rema9s 9 ! m\nds are burnt pieces ( wood & "s *>r$ sub/ance ref]r$ by ,dr4 ,=*hamm] to ! ,zo/]a m>9a1 a sea plant :i* 0 p]haps us$ 9 ! production ( salt4 ,:at may be ! antiquity ( ! e>lie/ human rema9s pres]v$ 9 ! ,dani% peat _c be e/imat$ 9 c5turies ) any approa* to accuracy4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 9 go+ back to ! bronze age1 we already f9d ourselves beyond ! rea* ( hi/ory or ev5 ( tradition4 ,9 ! "t ( ! ,romans ! ,dani% ,isles 7 cov]$1 z n[1 ) magnific5t bee* =e/s4 ,n[h]e 9 ! _w does ?is tree fl\ri% m luxuriantly ?an 9 ,d5m>k1 & eighte5 c5turies seem to h done little or no?+ t[>ds modify+ ! "* ( ! =e/ vegetation4 ,yet 9 ! antec$5t bronze p]iod !re 7 no bee* trees1 or at mo/ b a few /raggl]s1 ! c\ntry be+ !n cov]$ ) oak4 ,9 ! age ( /one aga91 ! ,scot* fir prevail$1 & already !re 7 human inhabitants 9 ^? old p9e =e/s4 ,h[ _m g5]ations ( ea* species ( tree fl\ri%$ 9 succession be=e ! p9e 0 supplant$ by ! oak1 & ! oak by ! bee*1 c be b vaguely conjectur$1 b ! m9imum ( "t requir$ = ! =mation ( s mu* peat mu/1 accord+ to ! e/imate ( ,/e5/rup & o!r good au?orities1 h am\nt$ to at lea/ #djjj ye>s2 & !re is no?+ 9 ! obs]v$ rate ( ! gr[? ( peat oppos$ to ! conclusion t ! numb] ( c5turies may n h be5 f\r times z great1 ev5 ?\gh ! signs ( ,man's exi/5ce h n yet be5 trac$ d[n to ! l[e/ or amorph\s /ratum4 ,z to ! kit*5-midd5s1 !y correspond 9 date to ! old] portion ( ! peaty record1 or to ! e>lie/ "p ( ! age ( /one z kn[n 9 ,d5m>k4 ,,anci5t ,,swiss ,,lake-,,dwell+s1 ,,built ,,on ,,piles4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #a4 ,swiss ,lake-,dwell+s ,9 ! %all[ p>ts ( _m ,swiss lakes1 :]e !re is a dep? ( no m ?an f #e to #ae feet ( wat]1 anci5t wood5 piles are obs]v$ at ! bottom sometimes worn d[n to ! surface ( ! mud1 sometimes project+ slightly above x4 ,^! h evid5tly once support$ villages1 ne>ly all ( !m ( unkn[n date1 b ! mo/ anci5t ( :i* c]ta9ly belong$ to ! age ( /one1 = hundr$s ( implem5ts resembl+ ^? ( ! ,dani% %ell-m\nds & peat-mosses h be5 dr$g$ up f ! mud into :i* ! piles 7 driv54 ,! e>lie/ hi/orical acc\nt ( su* habitations is t giv5 by ,h]odotus ( a ,?racian tribe1 :o dwelt1 9 ! ye> #ebj ,b4,c41 9 ,prasias1 a small m\nta9-lake ( ,paeonia1 n[ "p ( mod]n ,r\melia499 799 ,h]odotus lib4 #e cap4 #af4 ,r$iscov]$ by ,m4 de ,ville ,natural ,hi/ory ,review volume #b #ahfb page #dhf47 ,_! habitations 7 con/ruct$ on plat=ms rais$ above ! lake1 & re/+ on piles4 ,!y 7 connect$ ) ! %ore by a n>r[ causeway ( simil> =mation4 ,su* plat=ms mu/ h be5 ( consid]able ext5t1 = ! ,paeonians liv$ !re ) _! families & horses4 ,_! food consi/$ l>gely ( ! fi% :i* ! lake produc$ 9 abundance4 ,9 rude & unsettl$ times1 su* insul> sites af=d$ safe retreats1 all communication ) ! ma9l& be+ cut (f1 except by boats1 or by su* wood5 bridges z c\ld be easily remov$4 ,! ,swiss lake-dwell+s seem fir/ to h attract$ att5tion dur+ ! dry w9t] ( #ahec-ed1 :5 ! lakes & riv]s sank l[] ?an _h ev] be5 previ\sly kn[n1 & :5 ! inhabitants ( ,meil51 on ! ,lake ( ,zuri*1 resolv$ to raise ! level ( "s gr\nd & turn x into l&1 by ?r[+ mud ^u x obta9$ by dr$g+ 9 ! adjo9+ %all[ wat]4 ,dur+ ^! dr$g+ op]ations !y discov]$ a numb] ( wood5 piles deeply driv5 into ! b$ ( ! lake1 & among !m a great _m hamm]s1 axes1 celts1 & o!r in/rum5ts4 ,all ^! belong$ to ! /one p]iod ) two exceptions1 namely1 an armlet ( ?9 brass wire1 & a small bronze hat*et4 ,fragm5ts ( rude pott]y fa%ion$ by ! h& 7 abundant1 also masses ( *>r$ wood1 suppos$ to h =m$ p>ts ( ! plat=m on :i* ! wood5 cab9s 7 built4 ,( ?is burnt timb]1 on ?is & o!r sites1 subsequ5tly explor$1 !re 0 su* an abundance z to lead to ! conclusion t _m ( ! settlem5ts mu/ h p]i%$ by fire4 ,h]odotus has record$ t ! ,paeonians1 above allud$ to1 pres]v$ _! indep5d5ce dur+ ! ,p]sian invasion1 & defi$ ! attacks ( ,d>ius by aid ( ! peculi> position ( _! dwell+s4 ,b _! safety1 obs]ves ,mr4 ,wylie199 0 probably ow+ to _! liv+ 9 ! middle ( ! lake1 7,greek7 en mese te limne1 :]eas ! anci5t ,swiss settl]s 7 compell$ by ! rapidly increas+ dep? ( ! wat] ne> ! m>g9s ( _! lakes to con/ruct _! habitations at a %ort di/ance f ! %ore1 )9 easy b[%ot ( ! l&1 & !re=e n out ( rea* ( fi]y projectiles1 aga9/ :i* ?at*$ ro(s & wood5 walls c\ld pres5t b a poor def5ce4 799 ,w4,m4 ,wylie ,ar*aeologia volume #ch #ahei1 a valuable pap] on ! ,swiss & ,iri% lake-habitations47 ,to ^! circum/ances & to accid5tal fires we are probably indebt$ = ! frequ5t pres]vation1 9 ! mud ar\nd ! site ( ! old settlem5ts1 ( ! mo/ preci\s tools & works ( art1 su* z w\ld nev] h be5 ?r[n into ! ,dani% kit*5-midd5s1 :i* h be5 aptly comp>$ to a mod]n du/hole4 ,dr4 ,f]d9& ,kell] ( ,zuri* has drawn up a s]ies ( mo/ in/ructive memoirs1 illu/rat$ ) well-execut$ plates1 ( ! treasures 9 /one1 bronze1 & bone br\ght to light 9 ^! subaque\s repositories1 & has giv5 an ideal re/oration ( "p ( "o ( ! old villages 7see ,plate #a above7199 su* z he conceives may h exi/$ on ! lakes ( ,zuri* & ,bi5ne4 799,kell] ,pfahlbaut51 ,antiqu>is*e ,gesells*aft 9 ,zuri* ,bd4 #ab & #ac #aheh-ahfa4 ,9 ! fif? numb] ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,review ,janu>y #i1 #ahfb1 ,mr4 ,lubbock has publi%$ an excell5t acc\nt ( ! works ( ! ,swiss writ]s on _! lake-habitations47 ,9 ?is view1 h[ev]1 he has n simply tru/$ to 8 imag9ation1 b has avail$ himself ( a sket* publi%$ by ,m4 ,dumont d',urville1 ( simil> habitations ( ! ,papuans 9 ,new ,gu9ea 9 ! ,bay ( ,dorei4 ,x is also /at$ by ,dr4 ,kell]1 t on ! ,riv] ,limmat1 ne> ,zuri*1 s late z ! la/ c5tury1 !re 7 sev]al fi%+-huts con/ruct$ on ?is same plan499 799 ,kell] ,pfahlbaut51 ,antiqu>is*e ,gesells*aft 9 ,zuri* ,bd4 #i page #ha note47 ,x w be rem>k$ t "o ( ! cab9s is repres5t$ z circul>4 ,t su* 0 ! =m ( _m 9 ,switz]l& is inf]r$ f ! %ape ( pieces ( clay :i* l9$ ! int]ior1 & :i* owe _! pres]vation app>5tly to _! hav+ be5 h>d5$ by fire :5 ! village 0 burnt4 ,9 ! sket* 7,plate #a71 "s fi%+-nets are se5 spread out to dry on ! wood5 plat=m4 ,! ,swiss ar*aeologi/ has f\nd abundant evid5ce ( fi%+-ge>1 consi/+ ( pieces ( cord1 hooks1 & /ones us$ z weights4 ,a canoe also is introduc$1 su* z are occasionally met )4 ,"o ( ^!1 made ( ! trunk ( a s+le tree1 fifty feet long & ?ree & a half feet wide1 0 f\nd capsiz$ at ! bottom ( ! ,lake ( ,bi5ne4 ,x appe>s to h be5 lad5 ) /ones1 su* z 7 us$ to raise ! f\ndation ( "s ( ! artificial isl&s4 ,x is believ$ t z _m z #cjj wood5 huts 7 sometimes compris$ 9 "o settlem5t1 & t !y may h conta9$ ab\t #ajjj inhabitants4 ,at ,wang51 ,m4 ,lohle has calculat$ t #dj1jjj piles 7 us$1 probably n all plant$ at "o "t nor by "o g5]ation4 ,among ! works ( great m]it devot$ specially to a description ( ! ,swiss lake-habitations is t ( ,m4 ,troyon1 publi%$ 9 #ahfj499 799 ,sur les ,habitations lacu/res47 ,! numb] ( sites :i* he & o!r au?ors h already enum]at$ 9 ,switz]l& is truly wond]ful4 ,!y occur on ! l>ge lakes ( ,con/ance1 ,zuri*1 ,g5eva1 & ,neuf*atel1 & on mo/ ( ! small] ones4 ,"s are exclusively ( ! /one age1 o!rs ( ! bronze p]iod4 ,( ^! la/ m ?an tw5ty are spok5 ( on ! ,lake ( ,g5eva alone1 m ?an =ty on t ( ,neuf*atel1 & tw5ty on ! small ,lake ( ,bi5ne4 ,"o ( ! sites fir/ /udi$ by ! ,swiss antiqu>ies 0 ! small lake ( ,moosse$orf1 ne> ,b]ne1 :]e implem5ts ( /one1 horn1 & bone1 b none ( metal1 7 obta9$4 ,al?\gh ! fl9t "h employ$ mu/ h come f a di/ance 7probably f ! s\? ( ,france71 ! *ipp+s ( ! mat]ial are 9 su* pr(usion z to imply t !re 0 a manufactory ( implem5ts on ! spot4 ,"h also1 z 9 sev]al o!r settlem5ts1 hat*ets & w$ges ( jade h be5 obs]v$ ( a k9d said n to occur 9 ,switz]l& or ! adjo9+ p>ts ( ,europe1 & :i* "s m9]alogi/s w\ld fa9 d]ive f ! ,ea/2 amb] also1 :i*1 x is suppos$1 0 import$ f ! %ores ( ! ,baltic4 ,at ,wang5 ne> ,/e91 on ! ,lake ( ,con/ance1 ano!r ( ! mo/ anci5t ( ! lake-dwell+s1 hat*ets ( s]p5t9e & gre5/one1 & arr[-heads ( qu>tz h be5 met )4 ,"h also rema9s ( a k9d ( clo?1 suppos$ to be ( flax1 n wov5 b plait$1 h be5 detect$4 ,pr(essor ,he] has recognis$ lumps ( c>bonis$ :eat1 ,triticum vulg>e1 & gra9s ( ano!r k9d1 ,t4 dicoccum1 & b>ley1 ,hordeum di/i*um1 & flat r\nd cakes ( bread2 & at ,robb5haus5 & else:]e ,hordeum hexa/i*um 9 f9e e>s1 ! same k9d ( b>ley :i* is f\nd associat$ ) ,egyptian mummies1 %[+ cle>ly t 9 ! /one p]iod ! lake-dwell]s cultivat$ all ^! c]eals1 besides hav+ dome/icat$ ! dog1 ! ox1 ! %eep1 & ! goat4 ,c>bonis$ apples & pe>s ( small size1 su* z /ill gr[ 9 ! ,swiss =e/s1 /ones ( ! wild plum1 se$s ( ! raspb]ry & blackb]ry1 & bee*-nuts1 also occur 9 ! mud1 & hazel-nuts 9 great pl5ty4 ,ne> ,morges1 on ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 a settlem5t ( ! bronze p]iod1 no less ?an =ty hat*ets ( t metal h be5 dr$g$ up1 & 9 _m o!r localities ! numb] & v>iety ( weapons & ut5sils discov]$1 9 a f9e /ate ( pres]vation1 is truly a/oni%+4 ,x is rem>kable t z yet all ! settlem5ts ( ! bronze p]iod are conf9$ to ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,switz]l&4 ,9 ! m ea/]n lakes ^? ( ! /one p]iod alone h z yet be5 discov]$4 ,! tools1 ornam5ts1 & pott]y ( ! bronze p]iod 9 ,switz]l& be> a close resemblance to ^? ( correspond+ age 9 ,d5m>k1 atte/+ ! wide spread ( a uni=m civilisation ov] ,c5tral ,europe at t era4 ,9 "s few ( ! ,swiss aquatic /ations a mixture ( bronze & iron implem5ts has be5 obs]v$1 b no co9s4 ,at ,tief5au1 ne> ,b]ne1 9 gr\nd suppos$ to h be5 a battle-field1 co9s & m$als ( bronze & silv]1 /ruck at ,m>seilles1 & ( ,greek manufacture1 & iron swords1 h be5 f\nd1 all belong+ to ! fir/ & pre-,roman division ( ! age ( iron4 ,9 ! settlem5ts ( ! bronze era ! wood5 piles are n s mu* decay$ z ^? ( ! /one p]iod2 ! latt] hav+ wa/$ d[n q to ! level ( ! mud1 :]eas ! piles ( ! bronze age 7z 9 ! ,lake ( ,bi5ne1 = example7 /ill project above x4 ,pr(essor ,rutimey] ( ,basle1 well-kn[n to palaeontologi/s z ! au?or ( sev]al important memoirs on fossil v]tebrata1 has rec5tly publi%$ a sci5tific description ( great int]e/ ( ! animal rema9s dr$g$ up at v>i\s /ations :]e !y _h be5 emb$d$ = ages 9 ! mud into :i* ! piles 7 driv5499 799 ,die ,fauna d] ,pfahlbaut5 9 d] ,s*weiz ,basel #ahfa47 ,^! bones be> ! same relation to ! primitive inhabitants ( ,switz]l& & "s ( _! imm$iate successors z d ! cont5ts ( ! ,dani% kit*5-midd5s to ! anci5t fi%+ & hunt+ tribes :o liv$ on ! %ores ( ! ,baltic4 ,! li/ ( wild mammalia enum]at$ 9 ?is excell5t treatise conta9s no less ?an tw5ty-f\r species1 exclusive ( sev]al dome/icat$ ones3 besides :i* !re are eighte5 species ( birds1 ! wild swan1 goose1 & two species ( ducks be+ among !m2 also ?ree reptiles1 includ+ ! eatable frog & fre%wat] tortoise2 & la/ly1 n9e species ( fre%wat] fi%4 ,all ^! 7am\nt+ to fifty-f\r species7 are ) "o exception /ill liv+ 9 ,europe4 ,! exception is ! wild bull 7,bos primig5ius71 :i*1 z be=e /at$1 surviv$ 9 hi/orical times4 ,! foll[+ are ! mammalia allud$ to3--,! be> 7,ursus arctos71 ! badg]1 ! common m>t51 ! polecat1 ! erm9e1 ! weasel1 ! ott]1 wolf1 fox1 wild cat1 h$gehog1 squirrel1 field-m\se 7,mus sylvaticus71 h>e1 beav]1 hog 7compris+ two races1 namely1 ! wild bo> & swamp-hog71 ! /ag 7,c]vus elaphus71 ! roe-de]1 ! fall[-de]1 ! elk1 ! /e9bock 7,capra ibex71 ! *amois1 ! ,li?uanian bison1 & ! wild bull4 ,! dome/icat$ species comprise ! dog1 horse1 ass1 pig1 goat1 %eep1 & sev]al bov9e races4 ,! great] numb]1 if n all1 ( ^! animals s]v$ = food1 & all ! bones :i* conta9$ m>r[ h be5 split op5 9 ! same way z ! correspond+ ones f\nd 9 ! %ell-m\nds ( ,d5m>k be=e m5tion$4 ,! bones bo? ( ! wild bull & ! bison are inv>iably split 9 ?is mann]4 ,z a rule1 ! l[] jaws ) tee? occur 9 great] abundance ?an any o!r p>ts ( ! skeleton--a circum/ance :i*1 geologi/s "k1 holds good 9 reg>d to fossil mammalia ( all p]iods4 ,z yet ! re9de] is miss+ 9 ! ,swiss lake-settlem5ts z 9 ! ,dani% kit*5-midd5s1 al?\gh ?is animal 9 m anci5t times rang$ ov] ,france1 toge!r ) ! mammo?1 z f> s\? z ! ,pyr5ees4 ,a c>eful comp>ison ( ! bones f diff]5t sites has %[n t 9 settlem5ts su* z ,wang5 & ,moosse$orf1 belong+ to ! e>lie/ age ( /one1 :5 ! habits ( ! hunt] /ate pr$om9at$ ov] ^? ( ! pa/oral1 v5ison1 or ! fle% ( ! /ag & roe1 0 m eat5 ?an ! fle% ( ! dome/ic cattle & %eep4 ,?is 0 aft]w>ds rev]s$ 9 ! lat] /one p]iod & 9 ! age ( bronze4 ,at t lat] p]iod also ! tame pig1 :i* is want+ 9 "s ( ! olde/ /ations1 _h replac$ ! wild bo> z a common article ( food4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! age ( /one1 9 ,switz]l&1 ! goats outnumb]$ ! %eep1 b t[>ds ! close ( ! same p]iod ! %eep 7 m abundant ?an ! goats4 ,! fox 9 ! fir/ era 0 v common1 b x ne>ly disappe>s 9 ! bronze age1 dur+ :i* p]iod a l>ge hunt+-dog1 suppos$ to h be5 import$ into ,switz]l& f "s =eign c\ntry1 becomes ! *ief repres5tative ( ! can9e g5us4 ,a s+le fragm5t ( ! bone ( a h>e 7,lepus timidus7 has be5 f\nd at ,moosse$orf4 ,! almo/ univ]sal abs5ce ( ?is quadrup$ is suppos$ to imply t ! ,swiss lake-dwell]s 7 prev5t$ f eat+ t animal by ! same sup]/ition :i* n[ prevails among ! ,lapl&]s1 & :i* ,julius ,caes> f\nd 9 full =ce among/ ! anci5t ,britons499 799 ,comm5t>ies lib #e *apt] #ab47 ,t ! lake-dwell]s %\ld h f$ s l>gely on ! fox1 :ile !y ab/a9$ f t\*+ ! h>e1 e/abli%es1 says ,rutimey]1 a s+ul> contra/ betwe5 _! ta/es & ours4 ,ev5 9 ! e>lie/ settlem5ts1 z already h9t$1 sev]al dome/icat$ animals occur1 namely1 ! ox1 %eep1 goat1 & dog4 ,( ! ?ree la/1 ea* 0 repres5t$ by "o race only2 b !re 7 two races ( cattle1 ! mo/ common be+ ( small size1 & call$ by ,rutimey] ,bos bra*yc]os 7,bos longifrons1 ,ow571 or ! m>% c[1 ! o!r d]iv$ f ! wild bull2 ?\gh1 z no skull has yet be5 discov]$1 ?is id5tification is n s c]ta9 z c\ld be wi%$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 beyond "q t at a lat] era1 namely1 t[>ds ! close ( ! /one & beg9n+ ( ! bronze p]iod1 ! lake-dwell]s _h succe$$ 9 tam+ t =midable brute ! ,bos primig5ius1 ! ,urus ( ,caes>1 :i* he describ$ z v fi]ce1 swift1 & /rong1 & sc>cely inf]ior to ! elephant 9 size4 ,9 a tame /ate its bones 7 some:at less massive & heavy1 & its horns 7 some:at small] ?an 9 wild individuals4 ,/ill 9 its dome/icat$ =m1 x rivall$ 9 dim5sions ! l>ge/ liv+ cattle1 ^? ( ,friesl&1 9 ,nor? ,holl&1 = example4 ,:5 mo/ abundant1 z at ,concise on ! ,lake ( ,neuf*atel1 x _h ne>ly sup]s$$ ! small] race1 ,bos bra*yc]os1 & 0 accompani$ !re = a %ort "t by a ?ird bov9e v>iety1 call$ ,bos tro*oc]os1 an ,italian race1 suppos$ to h be5 import$ f ! s\!rn side ( ! ,alps4 7,caes> ,comm5t>ies lib #e *apt] #ab47 ,?is la/-m5tion$ race1 h[ev]1 seems only to h la/$ = a %ort "t 9 ,switz]l&4 ,! wild bull 7,bos primig5ius7 is suppos$ to h fl\ri%$ = a :ile 9 a wild & tame /ate1 j z n[ 9 ,europe ! dome/ic pig co-exi/s ) ! wild bo>2 & ,rutimey] agrees ) ,cuvi] & ,bell199 9 consid]+ our l>g] dome/ic cattle ( nor!rn ,europe z ! desc5dants ( ?is wild bull1 an op9ion :i* ,ow5 disputes49999 799 ,briti% ,quadrup$s page #dae47 79999 ,briti% ,fossil ,mammal4 page #ejj47 ,9 ! lat] division ( ! /one p]iod1 !re 7 two tame races ( ! pig1 accord+ to ,rutimey]2 "o l>ge1 & d]iv$ f ! wild bo>1 ! o!r small]1 call$ ! m>%-hog1 or ,sus scr(a palu/ris4 ,x may be ask$ h[ ! o/eologi/ c di/+ui% ! tame f ! wild races ( ! same species by _! skeletons alone4 ,among o!r *>act]s1 ! dim9i%$ ?ickness ( ! bones & ! comp>ative smallness ( ! ridges1 :i* af=d atta*m5t to ! muscles1 are reli$ on2 also ! small] dim5sions ( ! tusks 9 ! bo>1 & ( ! :ole jaw & skull2 &1 9 l mann]1 ! dim9i%$ size ( ! horns ( ! bull & o!r modifications1 :i* are ! effects ( a regul> supply ( food1 & ! abs5ce ( all necessity ( ex]t+ _! activity & /r5g? to obta9 subsi/5ce & def5d !mselves aga9/ _! enemies4 ,a middle-siz$ race ( dogs cont9u$ unalt]$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! /one p]iod2 b ! p ( ! bronze age possess$ a l>g] hunt+-dog1 & ) x a small horse1 ( :i* g5us v few traces h be5 detect$ 9 ! e>li] settlem5ts--a s+le too?1 = example1 at ,wang51 & only "o or two bones at two or ?ree o!r places4 ,9 pass+ f ! olde/ to ! mo/ mod]n sites1 ! extirpation ( ! elk & beav]1 & ! gradual r$uction 9 numb]s ( ! be>1 /ag1 roe1 & fre%wat] tortoise are di/9ctly p]ceptible4 ,! auro*s1 or ,li?uanian bison1 appe>s to h di$ out 9 ,switz]l& ab\t ! "t :5 weapons ( bronze came into use4 ,x is only 9 a few ( ! mo/ mod]n lake-dwell+s1 su* z ,noville & ,*avannes 9 ! ,canton de ,vaud 7:i* ! antiqu>ies ref] to ! six? c5tury71 t "s traces are obs]vable ( ! dome/ic cat1 z well z ( a %eep ) crook$ horns & ) !m bones ( ! dome/ic f[l4 ,aft] ! six? c5tury1 no ext9ction ( any wild quadrup$ nor introduction ( any tame "o appe>s to h tak5 place1 b ! fauna 0 /ill modifi$ by ! wild species cont9u+ to dim9i% 9 numb] & ! tame ones to become m div]sifi$ by bre$+ & cross+1 especially 9 ! case ( ! dog1 horse1 & %eep4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 ! div]g5ce ( ! dome/ic races f _! aborig9al wild types1 z exemplifi$ at ,wang5 & ,moosse$orf1 is conf9$1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,rutimey]1 )9 n>r[ limits4 ,z to ! goat1 x has rema9$ ne>ly con/ant & true to its pri/9e =m1 & ! small race ( goat-horn$ %eep /ill l+]s 9 "s alp9e valleys 9 ! ,upp] ,rh9e2 & 9 ! same region a race ( pigs1 correspond+ to ! dome/icat$ v>iety ( ,sus scr(a palu/ris1 may /ill be se54 ,amid/ all ?is pr(usion ( animal rema9s extremely few bones ( ,man h be5 discov]$2 & only "o skull1 dr$g$ up f ,meil51 on ! ,lake ( ,zuri*1 ( ! e>ly /one p]iod1 seems z yet to h be5 c>efully exam9$4 ,respect+ ?is specim51 ,pr(essor ,8 obs]ves t x exhibits1 in/ead ( ! small & r\nd$ =m prop] to ! ,dani% peat-mosses1 a type mu* m l t n[ prevail+ 9 ,switz]l&1 :i* is int]m$iate betwe5 ! long-head$ & %ort-head$ =m4 7,rutimey] ,die ,fauna d] ,pfahlbaut5 9 d] ,s*weiz page #aha47 ,s f>1 !re=e1 z we c draw safe conclusions f a s+le specim51 !re has be5 no m>k$ *ange ( race 9 ! human population ( ,switz]l& dur+ ! p]iods above consid]$4 ,x is /ill a "q :e!r any ( ^! subaque\s repositories ( anci5t relics 9 ,switz]l& g back s f> 9 "t z ! kit*5-midd5s ( ,d5m>k1 = 9 ^! la/ !re are no dome/icat$ animals except ! dog1 & no signs ( ! cultivation ( :eat or b>ley2 :]eas we h se5 t1 9 "o ( ! olde/ ( ! ,swiss settlem5ts1 at ,wang51 no less ?an ?ree c]eals make _! appe>ance1 ) f\r k9ds ( dome/ic animals4 ,yet !re is no small risk ( error 9 speculat+ on ! relative claims to antiquity ( su* anci5t tribes1 = "s ( !m may h rema9$ isolat$ = ages & /ation>y 9 _! habits1 :ile o!rs advanc$ & improv$4 ,we "k t nations1 bo? be=e & aft] ! introduction ( metals1 may cont9ue 9 v diff]5t /ages ( civilisation1 ev5 aft] comm]cial int]c\rse has be5 e/abli%$ betwe5 !m1 & :]e !y are sep>at$ by a less di/ance ?an t :i* divides ! ,alps f ! ,baltic4 ,! attempts ( ! ,swiss geologi/s & ar*aeologi/s to e/imate def9itely 9 ye>s ! antiquity ( ! bronze & /one p]iods1 al?\gh z yet confess$ly imp]fect1 des]ve notice1 & appe> to me to be full ( promise4 ,! mo/ elaborate calculation is t made by ,m4 ,morlot1 respect+ ! delta ( ! ,t9i]e1 a torr5t :i* fl[s into ! ,lake ( ,g5eva ne> ,vill5euve4 ,?is small delta1 to :i* ! /ream is annually mak+ additions1 is compos$ ( gravel & s&4 ,its %ape is t ( a flatt5$ cone1 & its int]nal /ructure has ( late be5 laid op5 to view 9 a railway cutt+ #ajjj feet long & #cb feet deep4 ,! regul>ity ( its /ructure ?r\gh\t implies t x has be5 =m$ v gradually1 & by ! uni=m action ( ! same causes4 ,?ree lay]s ( vegetable soil1 ea* ( :i* mu/ at "o "t h =m$ ! surface ( ! cone1 h be5 cut ?r\gh at diff]5t dep?s4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 trac$ ov] a surface ( #ae1jjj squ>e feet1 hav+ an av]age ?ickness ( #e in*es1 & be+ ab\t #d feet bel[ ! pres5t surface ( ! cone4 ,?is upp] lay] belong$ to ! ,roman p]iod1 & conta9$ ,roman tiles & a co94 ,! second lay]1 foll[$ ov] a surface ( #be1jjj squ>e feet1 0 #f in*es ?ick1 & lay at a dep? ( #aj feet4 ,9 x 7 f\nd fragm5ts ( unv>ni%$ pott]y & a pair ( tweez]s 9 bronze1 indicat+ ! bronze epo*4 ,! ?ird lay]1 foll[$ = #ce1jjj squ>e feet1 0 #f or #g in*es ?ick & #ai feet deep4 ,9 x 7 fragm5ts ( rude pott]y1 pieces ( *>coal1 brok5 bones1 & a human skeleton hav+ a small1 r\nd & v ?ick skull4 ,m4 ,morlot1 assum+ ! ,roman p]iod to repres5t an antiquity ( f sixte5 to eighte5 c5turies1 assigns to ! bronze age a date ( betwe5 #cjjj & #djjj ye>s1 & to ! olde/ lay]1 t ( ! /one p]iod1 an age ( f #ejjj to #gjjj ye>s4 ,ano!r calculation has be5 made by ,m4 ,troyon to obta9 ! approximate date ( ! rema9s ( an anci5t settlem5t built on piles & pres]v$ 9 a peat-bog at ,*amblon1 ne> ,yv]dun1 on ! ,lake ( ,neuf*atel4 ,! site ( ! anci5t ,roman t[n ( ,eburodunum 7,yv]dun71 once on ! bord]s ( ! lake1 & betwe5 :i* & ! %ore !re n[ int]v5es a zone ( newly-ga9$ dry l&1 #bejj feet 9 bread?1 %[s ! rate at :i* ! b$ ( ! lake has be5 fill$ up ) riv] s$im5t 9 fifte5 c5turies4 ,assum+ ! lake to h retreat$ at ! same rate be=e ! ,roman p]iod1 ! pile-works ( ,*amblon1 :i* are ( ! bronze p]iod1 mu/ be at ! lea/ #ccjj ye>s old4 ,= ! ?ird calculation1 communicat$ to me by ,m4 ,morlot1 we are indebt$ to ,m4 ,victor ,gilli]on1 ( ,neuveville1 on ! ,lake ( ,bi5ne4 ,x relates to ! age ( a pile-dwell+1 ! mammalian bones ( :i* are consid]$ by ,m4 ,rutimey] to indicate ! e>lie/ portion ( ! /one p]iod ( ,switz]l&1 & to correspond 9 age ) ! settlem5t ( ,moosse$orf4 ,! piles 9 "q occur at ! ,pont de ,?iele1 betwe5 ! lakes ( ,bi5ne & ,neuf*atel4 ,! old conv5t ( ,/4 ,jean1 f\nd$ #gej ye>s ago1 & built orig9ally on ! m>g9 ( ! ,lake ( ,bi5ne1 is n[ at a consid]able di/ance f ! %ore1 & af=ds a measure ( ! rate ( ! ga9 ( l& 9 sev5 c5turies & a half4 ,assum+ t a simil> rate ( ! conv]sion ( wat] into m>%y l& prevail$ antec$5tly1 we %\ld require an addition ( sixty c5turies = ! gr[? ( ! morass int]v5+ betwe5 ! conv5t & ! aquatic dwell+ ( ,pont de ,?iele1 9 all #fgej ye>s4 ,m4 ,morlot1 aft] exam9+ ! gr\nd1 ?9ks x highly probable t ! %ape ( ! bottom on :i* ! morass re/s is uni=m2 b ?is important po9t has n yet be5 te/$ by bor+4 ,! result1 if confirm$1 w\ld agree exce$+ly well ) ! *ronological computation be=e m5tion$ ( ! age ( ! /one p]iod ( ,t9i]e4 ,z ,i h n myself visit$ ,switz]l& s9ce ^! *ronological speculations 7 fir/ haz>d$1 ,i am unable to ent] critically into a discussion ( ! objections :i* h be5 rais$ to ! two fir/ ( !m1 or to decide on ! m]its ( ! explanations (f]$ 9 reply4 ,,iri% ,,lake-,,dwell+s ,,or ,,crannoges4 ,! lake-dwell+s ( ! ,briti% isles1 al?\gh n explor$ z yet ) sci5tific zeal1 z ^? ( ,switz]l& h be5 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s1 are yet kn[n to be v num]\s1 & :5 c>efully exam9$ w n fail to ?r[ great light on ! hi/ory ( ! bronze & /one p]iods4 ,9 ! lakes ( ,irel& alone1 no less ?an =ty-six examples ( artificial isl&s1 call$ crannoges1 h be5 discov]$4 ,!y occur 9 ,leitrim1 ,roscommon1 ,cavan1 ,d[n1 ,monaghan1 ,lim]ick1 ,mea?1 ,k+'s ,c\nty1 & ,tyrone499 799 ,w4,m4 ,wylie ,ar*aeologia volume #ch #ahei page #h47 ,"o class ( ^! /ockad$ isl&s1 z !y h be5 sometimes call$1 0 =m$1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,digby ,wyatt1 by plac+ horizontal oak beams at ! bottom ( ! lake1 into :i* oak po/s1 f #f to #h feet high1 7 mortis$1 & held toge!r by cross beams1 till a circul> enclosure 0 obta9$4 ,a space ( #ebj feet diamet]1 ?us enclos$ at ,lagore1 0 divid$ into sundry timb]$ comp>tm5ts1 :i* 7 f\nd fill$ up ) mud or e>?1 f :i* 7 tak5 va/ quantities ( ! bones ( ox51 sw9e1 de]1 goats1 %eep1 dogs1 foxes1 horses1 & asses4 ,all ^! 7 discov]$ b5ea? #af feet ( bog1 & 7 us$ = manure2 b specim5s ( !m are said to be pres]v$ 9 ! museum ( ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy4 ,f ! same spot 7 obta9$ a great collection ( antiquities1 :i*1 accord+ to ,"l ,talbot de ,malahide & ,mr4 ,wylie1 7 ref]able to ! ages ( /one1 bronze1 & iron499 799 ,w4,m4 ,wylie ,ar*aeologia volume #ch #ahei page #h1 :o cites ,ar*aeological ,j\rnal volume #f page #aja47 ,9 ,ardekill9 ,lake1 9 ,roscommon1 an islet ( an oval =m 0 obs]v$1 made ( a lay] ( /ones re/+ on logs ( timb]4 ,r\nd ?is artificial islet or crannoge ?us =m$ 0 a /one wall rais$ on oak piles4 ,a c>eful description has be5 put on record by ,capta9 ,mudge1 ,r4,n41 ( a curi\s log-cab9 discov]$ by him 9 #ahcc 9 ,drumkell9 bog1 9 ,donegal1 at a dep? ( #ad feet f ! surface4 ,x 0 #ab feet squ>e & #i feet high1 be+ divid$ into two /ories ea* #d feet high4 ,! plank+ 0 ( oak split ) w$ges ( /one1 "o ( :i* 0 f\nd 9 ! build+4 ,! ro( 0 flat4 ,a /ak$ enclosure _h be5 rais$ r\nd ! cab91 & rema9s ( o!r simil> huts adjo9+ 7 se5 b n explor$4 ,a /one celt1 f\nd 9 ! int]ior ( ! hut1 & a piece ( lea!r s&al1 also an arr[-head ( fl9t1 & 9 ! bog close at h& a wood5 sword1 give evid5ce ( ! remote antiquity ( ?is build+1 :i* may be tak5 z a type ( ! e>ly dwell+s on ! ,crannoge isl&s4 ,! :ole /ructure1 says ,capta9 ,mudge1 0 wr\ght ) ! rude/ k9d ( implem5ts1 & ! lab\r be/[$ on x mu/ h be5 imm5se4 ,! wood ( ! mortises 0 m bruis$ ?an cut1 z if by a blunt /one *isel499 799 ,mudge ,ar*aeologia volume #bf47 ,su* a *isel lay on ! floor ( ! hut1 & by comp>+ x ) ! m>ks ( ! tool us$ 9 =m+ ! mortises1 !y 7 f\nd to correspond exactly1 ev5 to ! slight curv$ ext]ior ( ! *isel2 b ! logs _h be5 hewn by a l>g] in/rum5t1 9 ! %ape ( an axe4 ,on ! floor ( ! dwell+ lay a slab ( free/one1 #c feet long & #ad in*es ?ick1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* 0 a small pit ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* deep1 :i* _h be5 *isell$ out4 ,?is is presum$ to h be5 us$ = hold+ nuts to be crack$ by means ( "o ( ! r\nd %+le /ones1 also f\nd !re1 :i* _h s]v$ z a hamm]4 ,"s entire hazel-nuts & a great quantity ( brok5 %ells 7 /rew$ ab\t ! floor4 ,! f\ndations ( ! h\se 7 made ( f9e s&1 su* z is f\nd ) %+le on ! sea%ore ab\t #b miles di/ant4 ,bel[ ! lay] ( s& ! bog or peat 0 asc]ta9$1 on prob+ x ) an in/rum5t1 to be at lea/ #ae feet ?ick4 ,al?\gh ! int]ior ( ! build+ :5 discov]$ 0 full ( bog or peaty matt]1 x seems :5 inhabit$ to h be5 surr\nd$ by gr[+ trees1 "s ( ! trunks & roots ( :i* are /ill pres]v$ 9 _! natural position4 ,! dep? ( ov]ly+ peat af=ds no safe crit]ion = calculat+ ! age ( ! cab9 or village1 = ,i h %[n 9 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology t bo? 9 ,engl& & ,irel&1 )9 hi/orical times1 bogs h bur/ & s5t =? great volumes ( black mud1 :i* has be5 kn[n to creep ov] ! c\ntry at a sl[ pace1 fl[+ some:at at ! rate ( ord9>y lava-curr5ts1 & sometimes ov]:elm+ woods & cottages1 & leav+ a deposit ^u !m ( bog-e>? #ae feet ?ick4 ,none ( ^! ,iri% lake-dwell+s 7 built1 l ^? ( ,helvetia1 on plat=ms support$ by piles deeply driv5 into ! mud4 ,! ,crannoge sy/em ( ,irel& seems1 says ,mr4 ,wylie1 well nigh )\t a p>allel 9 ,swiss wat]s4 ,,*apt] #c4 -- ,,fossil ,,human ,,rema9s ,,& ,,works ,,( ,,art ,,( ,,! ,,rec5t ,,p]iod--,,cont9u$4 ,delta & ,alluvial ,pla9 ( ! ,nile4 ,burnt ,bricks 9 ,egypt be=e ! ,roman ,era4 ,bor+s 9 #ahea-ed4 ,anci5t ,m\nds ( ! ,valley ( ! ,ohio4 ,_! ,antiquity4 ,sepul*ral ,m\nd at ,santos 9 ,brazil4 ,delta ( ! ,mississippi4 ,anci5t ,human ,rema9s 9 ,coral ,reefs ( ,florida4 ,*anges 9 ,physical ,geography 9 ! ,human ,p]iod4 ,buri$ ,canoes 9 ,m>9e ,/rata ne> ,glasg[4 ,upheaval s9ce ! ,roman ,occupation ( ! ,%ores ( ! ,fir? ( ,=?4 ,fossil ,:ales ne> ,/irl+4 ,uprais$ ,m>9e ,/rata ( ,sw$5 on ,%ores ( ! ,baltic & ! ,ocean4 ,attempts to compute _! ,age4 ,,delta ,,& ,,alluvial ,,pla9 ,,( ,,! ,,nile4 ,"s new facts ( high int]e/ illu/rat+ ! geology ( ! alluvial l& ( ,egypt 7 br\ght to light betwe5 ! ye>s #ahea & #ahed1 9 consequ5ce ( inve/igations sugge/$ to ! ,royal ,society by ,mr4 ,leon>d ,horn]1 & :i* 7 p>tly c>ri$ out at ! exp5se ( ! ,society4 ,! practical "p ( ! und]tak+ 0 entru/$ by ,mr4 ,horn] to an ,arm5ian (fic] ( eng9e]s1 ,hekekyan ,bey1 :o _h = _m ye>s pursu$ 8 sci5tific /udies 9 ,engl&1 & 0 9 e way highly qualifi$ = ! task4 ,x 0 soon f\nd t to obta9 ! requir$ in=mation respect+ ! nature1 dep?1 & cont5ts ( ! ,nile mud 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! valley1 a l>g] outlay 0 call$ = ?an _h be5 orig9ally contemplat$4 ,?is exp5se ! late vic]oy1 ,abbas ,pa%a1 munific5tly und]took to defray out ( 8 treasury1 & 8 successor1 aft] 8 dea?1 cont9u$ ! op]ations ) ! same pr9cely lib]ality4 ,sev]al eng9e]s & a body ( sixty workm5 7 employ$ "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,hekekyan ,bey1 m5 inur$ to ! climate & able to c>ry on ! s9k+ ( %afts & bor+s dur+ ! hot mon?s1 aft] ! wat]s ( ! ,nile _h subsid$1 & 9 a season :i* w\ld h be5 fatal to ,europeans4 ,! results ( *ief importance aris+ out ( ?is inquiry 7 obta9$ f two sets ( %afts & bor+s sunk at int]vals 9 l9es cross+ ! great valley f ea/ to we/4 ,"o ( ^! consi/$ ( no few] ?an fifty-"o pits & artesian bor+s1 made :]e ! valley is #af miles wide f side to side betwe5 ! ,arabian & ,libyan des]ts1 9 ! latitude ( ,heliopolis1 ab\t #h miles above ! apex ( ! delta4 ,! o!r l9e ( bor+s & pits1 tw5ty-sev5 9 numb]1 0 9 ! p>allel ( ,memphis1 :]e ! valley is only five miles broad4 ,ev]y:]e 9 ^! sections ! s$im5t pass$ ?r\gh 0 simil> 9 composition to ! ord9>y ,nile mud ( ! pres5t day1 except ne> ! m>g9 ( ! valley1 :]e ?9 lay]s ( qu>tzose s&1 su* z is sometimes bl[n f ! adjac5t des]t by viol5t w9ds1 7 obs]v$ to alt]nate ) ! loam4 ,a rem>kable abs5ce ( lam9ation & /ratification 0 obs]v$ almo/ univ]sally 9 ! s$im5t br\ght up f all po9ts except :]e ! s&y lay]s above allud$ to occurr$4 ,mr4 ,horn] attributes ?is want ( all indication ( successive deposition to ! extreme ?9ness ( ! film ( matt] :i* is ?r[n d[n annually on ! great alluvial pla9 dur+ ! season ( inundation4 ,! t5uity ( ?is lay] mu/ inde$ be extreme1 if ! ,fr5* eng9e]s are tol]ably correct 9 _! e/imate ( ! am\nt ( s$im5t =m$ 9 a c5tury1 :i* !y suppose n to exce$ on ! av]age #e in*es4 ,:5 ! wat]s subside1 ?is ?9 lay] ( new soil1 expos$ to a hot sun1 dries rapidly1 & cl\ds ( du/ are rais$ by ! w9ds4 ,! sup]ficial deposit1 moreov]1 is di/urb$ almo/ ev]y:]e by agricultural lab\rs1 & ev5 7 ?is n ! case1 ! action ( worms1 insects1 & ! roots ( plants w\ld suffice to conf\nd toge!r ! deposits ( two successive ye>s4 ,all ! rema9s ( organic bodies1 su* z l&-%ells1 & ! bones ( quadrup$s1 f\nd dur+ ! excavations belong$ to liv+ species4 ,bones ( ! ox1 hog1 dog1 drom$>y & ass 7 n uncommon1 b no ve/iges ( ext9ct mammalia4 ,no m>9e %ells 7 any:]e detect$2 b ?is 0 to be expect$1 z ! bor+s1 ?\gh !y sometimes rea*$ z l[ z ! level ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 7 nev] c>ri$ d[n bel[ x--a circum/ance mu* to be regrett$1 s9ce :]e artesian bor+s h be5 made 9 deltas1 z 9 ^? ( ! ,po & ,ganges1 to ! dep? ( sev]al hundr$ feet bel[ ! sea level x has be5 f\nd1 contr>y to expectation1 t ! deposits pass$ ?r\gh 7 fluviatile ?r\gh\t1 imply+1 probably1 t a g5]al subsid5ce ( ^? deltas & alluvial =mations has tak5 place4 ,:e!r !re has be5 9 l mann] a s9k+ ( ! l& 9 ,egypt1 we h z yet no means ( prov+2 b ,sir ,g>dn] ,wilk9son inf]s x f ! position 9 ! delta on ! %ore ne> ,alex&ria ( ! tombs commonly call$ ,cleopatra's ,ba?s1 :i* _c1 he says1 h be5 orig9ally built s z to be expos$ to ! sea :i* n[ fills !m1 b mu/ h /ood on l& above ! level ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! same au?or adduces1 z additional signs ( subsid5ce1 "s ru9$ t[ns1 n[ half "u wat]1 9 ! ,lake ,m5zaleh1 & *annels ( anci5t arms ( ! ,nile subm]g$ ) _! banks b5ea? ! wat]s ( t same lagoon4 ,9 "s in/ances1 ! excavations made "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,hekekyan ,bey 7 on a l>ge scale = ! fir/ #af or #bd feet1 9 :i* cases j>s1 vases1 pots & a small human figure 9 burnt clay1 a copp] knife1 & o!r entire articles 7 dug up2 b :5 wat] soak+ ?r\gh f ! ,nile 0 rea*$ ! bor+ in/rum5t us$ 0 too small to all[ ( m ?an fragm5ts ( works ( art be+ br\ght up4 ,pieces ( burnt brick & pott]y 7 extract$ almo/ ev]y:]e1 & f all dep?s1 ev5 :]e !y sank #fj feet bel[ ! surface t[>ds ! c5tral p>ts ( ! valley4 ,9 none ( ^! cases did !y get to ! bottom ( ! alluvial soil4 ,x has be5 object$1 among o!r criticisms1 t ! ,arabs c always f9d :atev] _! employ]s desire to obta94 ,ev5 ^? :o are too well acqua9t$ ) ! sagacity & en]gy ( ,hekekyan ,bey to suspect him ( hav+ be5 deceiv$1 h sugge/$ t ! artificial objects might h fall5 into old wells :i* _h be5 fill$ up4 ,?is notion is inadmissible = _m reasons4 ,( ! n9ety-five %afts & bor+s1 sev5ty or m 7 made f> f ! sites ( t[ns or villages2 & all[+ t e field may once h _h its well1 !re w\ld be b small *ance ( ! bor+s /rik+ ^u ! site ev5 ( a small numb] ( !m 9 sev5ty exp]im5ts4 ,o!rs h sugge/$ t ! ,nile may h w&]$ ov] ! :ole valley1 und]m9+ its banks on "o side & fill+ up old *annels on ! o!r4 ,x has also be5 ask$ :e!r ! delta ) ! num]\s %ift+ arms ( ! riv] may n once h be5 at e po9t :]e ! aug] pi]c$499 799 ,= a detail$ acc\nt ( ^! sections1 see ,mr4 ,horn]'s pap] 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #ahee to #aheh47 ,to all ^! objections !re are two obvi\s answ]s3--,fir/1 9 hi/orical times ! ,nile has on ! :ole be5 v /ation>y1 & has n %ift$ its position 9 ! valley2 secondly1 if ! mud pi]c$ ?r\gh _h be5 ?r[n d[n by ! riv] 9 anci5t *annels1 x w\ld h be5 /ratifi$1 & w\ld n h correspond$ s closely ) inundation mud1 we le>n f ,capta9 ,newbold t he obs]v$ 9 "s excavations 9 ! great pla9 alt]nations ( s& & clay1 su* z are se5 9 ! mod]n banks ( ! ,nile2 b 9 ! bor+s made by ,hekekyan ,bey1 su* /ratification seems sc>cely 9 any case to h be5 detect$4 ,! great aim ( ! criticisms above enum]at$ has be5 to get rid ( ! suppos$ anomaly ( f9d+ burnt brick & pott]y at dep?s & places :i* w\ld give !m claim to an antiquity f> exce$+ t ( ! ,roman dom9ation 9 ,egypt4 ,= until ! "t ( ! ,romans1 x is said1 no clay 0 burnt into bricks 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile4 ,b a di/+ui%$ antiqu>y1 ,mr4 ,s4 ,bir*1 assures me t ?is notion is altoge!r errone\s1 & t he has "u 8 *>ge 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 fir/1 a small rectangul> bak$ brick1 :i* came f a ,!ban tomb :i* be>s ! "n ( ,?o?mes1 a sup]9t5d5t ( ! gran>ies ( ! god ,am5 ,ra1 ! /yle ( art1 inscription1 & "n1 %[+ t x is z old z ! #ah? dyna/y 7ab\t #adej ,b4,c472 secondly1 a brick be>+ an inscription1 p>tly oblit]at$1 b end+ ) ! words ( ! temple ( ,am5 ,ra4 ,?is brick1 decid$ly long ant]ior to ! ,roman dom9ion1 is ref]r$ conjecturally1 by ,mr4 ,bir*1 to ! #ai? dyna/y1 or #acjj ,b4,c4 ,sir ,g>dn] ,wilk9son has also 9 8 possession pieces ( mort>1 :i* he took f ea* ( ! ?ree great pyramids1 9 :i* bits ( brok5 pott]y & ( burnt clay or brick are emb$d$4 ,m4 ,gir>d1 ( ! ,fr5* exp$ition to ,egypt1 suppos$ ! av]age rate ( ! increase ( ,nile mud on ! pla9 betwe5 ,ass\an & ,cairo to be five ,engli% in*es 9 a c5tury4 ,?is conclusion1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,horn]1 is v vague1 & f\nd$ on insuffici5t data2 ! am\nt ( matt] ?r[n d[n by ! wat]s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! pla9 v>y+ s mu* t to /rike an av]age ) any approa* to accuracy mu/ be mo/ difficult4 ,7 we to assume six in*es 9 a c5tury1 ! burnt brick met ) at a dep? ( #fj feet w\ld be #ab1jjj ye>s old4 ,ano!r fragm5t ( r$ brick 0 f\nd by ,l9ant ,bey1 9 a bor+ #gb feet deep1 be+ #b or #c feet bel[ ! level ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 9 ! p>allel ( ! apex ( ! delta1 #bjj metres di/ant f ! riv]1 on ! ,libyan side ( ! ,rosetta bran*499 799 ,horn] ,philosophical ,transactions #aheh47 ,m4 ,rosi]e1 9 ! great ,fr5* "w on ,egypt1 has e/imat$ ! mean rate ( deposit ( s$im5t 9 ! delta at #b #a_/d in*es 9 a c5tury299 7 we to take #b #a_/b in*es1 a "w ( art #gb feet deep mu/ h be5 buri$ m ?an #cj1jjj ye>s ago4 799 ,description de l',egypte ,hi/oire ,naturelle tome #b page #did47 ,b if ! bor+ ( ,l9ant ,bey 0 made :]e an arm ( ! riv] _h be5 silt$ up at a "t :5 ! apex ( ! delta 0 some:at f>!r s\?1 or m di/ant f ! sea ?an n[1 ! brick 9 "q might be comp>atively v mod]n4 ,! exp]im5ts in/itut$ by ,mr4 ,horn] at ! p$e/al ( ! fall5 /atue ( ,k+ ,rameses at ,memphis1 9 ! hope ( obta9+ an accurate *ronometric scale = te/+ ! age ( a giv5 ?ickness ( ,nile s$im5t1 are held by "s exp]i5c$ ,egyptologi/s n to be satisfactory1 on ! gr\nd ( ! unc]ta9ty ( ! rate ( deposit accumulat$ at t locality4 ,! po9t s\ght to be det]m9$ 0 ! exact am\nt ( ,nile mud :i* _h accumulat$ !re s9ce ! "t :5 t /atue is suppos$ by "s antiqu>ies to h be5 erect$4 ,c\ld we h obta9$ possession ( su* a measure1 ! rate ( deposition might be judg$ (1 approximately at lea/1 :5ev] simil> mud 0 obs]v$ 9 o!r places1 or bel[ ! f\ndations ( ^? same monum5ts4 ,b ! anci5t ,egyptians are kn[n to h be5 9 ! habit ( enclos+ ) embankm5ts ! areas on :i* !y erect$ temples1 /atues1 & obelisks1 s z to exclude ! wat]s ( ! ,nile2 & ! po9t ( "t to be asc]ta9$1 9 e case :]e we f9d a monum5t buri$ to a c]ta9 dep? 9 mud1 z at ,memphis & ,heliopolis1 is ! era :5 ! city fell into su* decay t ! anci5t embankm5ts 7 neglect$1 & ! riv] all[$ to inundate ! site ( ! temple1 obelisk1 or /atue4 ,ev5 if we knew ! date ( ! ab&onm5t ( su* embankm5ts1 ! enclos$ areas w\ld n af=d a fav\rable opportunity = asc]ta9+ ! av]age rate ( deposit 9 ! alluvial pla92 = ,h]odotus tells u t 9 8 "t ^? spots f :i* ! ,nile wat]s _h be5 %ut out = c5turies appe>$ sunk1 & c\ld be look$ d[n into f ! surr\nd+ gr\nds1 :i* _h be5 rais$ by ! gradual accumulation ov] !m ( s$im5t annually ?r[n d[n4 ,if ! wat]s at l5g? %\ld break into su* depressions1 !y mu/ at fir/ c>ry ) !m into ! enclosure mu* mud wa%$ f ! /eep surr\nd+ banks1 s t a great] quantity w\ld be deposit$ 9 a few ye>s ?an p]haps 9 z _m c5turies on ! great pla9 outside ! depress$ area1 :]e no su* di/urb+ causes int]v5$4 ,,anci5t ,,m\nds ,,( ,,! ,,valley ,,( ,,! ,,ohio4 ,z ,i h already giv5 sev]al ,european examples ( monum5ts ( prehi/oric date belong+ to ! ,rec5t p]iod1 ,i w n[ turn to ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,be=e ! sci5tific inve/igation by ,messrs4 ,squi] & ,davis ( ! ,anci5t ,monum5ts ( ! ,mississippi ,valley199 no "o suspect$ t ! pla9s ( t riv] _h be5 occupi$1 = ages be=e ! ,fr5* & ,briti% coloni/s settl$ !re1 by a nation ( old] date & m advanc$ 9 ! arts ?an ! ,r$ ,indians :om ! ,europeans f\nd !re4 799 ,smi?sonian ,contributions volume #a #ahdg47 ,!re are hundr$s ( l>ge m\nds 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,mississippi1 & especially 9 ! valleys ( ! ,ohio & its tribut>ies1 :i* h s]v$1 "s ( !m = temples1 o!rs = outlook or def5ce1 & o!rs = sepulture4 ,! unkn[n p by :om !y 7 con/ruct$1 judg+ by ! =m ( sev]al skulls dug out ( ! burial-places1 7 ( ! ,mexican or ,toltec race4 ,"s ( ! e>?works are on s gr& a scale z to embrace areas ( #ej or #ajj acres )9 a simple enclosure1 & ! solid cont5ts ( "o m\ld are e/imat$ at #bj million ( cubic feet1 s t f\r ( !m w\ld be m ?an equal 9 bulk to ! ,great ,pyramid ( ,egypt1 :i* comprises #ge million4 ,f sev]al ( ^! repositories pott]y & ornam5tal sculpture h be5 tak51 & v>i\s articles 9 silv] & copp]1 also /one weapons1 "s compos$ ( horn/one unpoli%$1 & mu* resembl+ 9 %ape "s anci5t fl9t implem5ts f\nd ne> ,ami5s & o!r places 9 ,europe1 to be allud$ to 9 ! sequel4 ,x is cle> t ! ,ohio m\nd-build]s _h comm]cial int]c\rse ) ! natives ( di/ant regions1 = among ! buri$ articles "s are made ( native copp] f ,lake ,sup]ior1 & !re are also f\nd mica f ! ,allegh5ies1 sea-%ells f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & obsidian f ! ,mexican m\nta9s4 ,! extraord9>y numb] ( ! m\nds implies a long p]iod1 dur+ :i* a settl$ agricultural population _h made consid]able progress 9 civilisation1 s z to require l>ge temples = _! religi\s rites1 & ext5sive =tifications to protect !m f _! enemies4 ,! m\nds 7 almo/ all conf9$ to f]tile valleys or alluvial pla9s1 & "s at lea/ are s anci5t t riv]s h _h "t s9ce _! con/ruction to encroa* on ! l[] t]races :i* support !m1 & aga9 to rec$e = ! di/ance ( ne>ly a mile1 aft] hav+ und]m9$ & de/roy$ a "p ( ! works4 ,:5 ! fir/ ,european settl]s ent]$ ! valley ( ! ,ohio1 !y f\nd ! :ole region cov]$ ) an un9t]rupt$ =e/1 & t5ant$ by ! ,r$ ,indian hunt]1 :o roam$ ov] x )\t any fix$ abode1 or any tradition>y connection ) 8 m civilis$ pr$ecessors4 ,! only positive data z yet obta9$ = calculat+ ! m9imum ( "t :i* mu/ h elaps$ s9ce ! m\nds 7 ab&on$1 h be5 d]iv$ f ! age & nature ( ! trees f\nd gr[+ on "s ( ^! e>?works4 ,:5 ,i visit$ ,m>ietta 9 #ahdb1 ,dr4 ,hildre? took me to "o ( ! m\nds1 & %[$ me :]e he _h se5 a tree gr[+ on x1 ! trunk ( :i* :5 cut d[n display$ eight hundr$ r+s ( annual gr[?499 799 ,lyell's ,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica volume #b page #bi47 ,b ! late ,g5]al ,h>rison1 ,presid5t 9 #ahda ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :o 0 well skill$ 9 woodcraft1 has rem>k$1 9 a memoir on ?is subject1 t sev]al g5]ations ( trees mu/ h liv$ & di$ be=e ! m\nds c\ld h be5 ov]spread ) t v>iety ( species :i* !y support$ :5 ! :ite man fir/ beheld !m1 = ! numb] & k9ds ( trees 7 precisely ! same z ^? :i* di/+ui%$ ! surr\nd+ =e/4 ,we may be sure1 obs]v$ ,h>rison1 t no trees 7 all[$ to gr[ s long z ! e>?works 7 9 use2 & :5 !y 7 =sak51 ! gr\nd1 l all newly cle>$ l& 9 ,ohio1 w\ld = a "t be monopolis$ by "o or two species ( tree1 su* z ! yell[ locu/ & ! black or :ite walnut4 ,:5 ! individuals :i* 7 ! fir/ to get possession ( ! gr\nd _h di$ out "o aft] ! o!r1 !y w\ld 9 _m cases1 in/ead ( be+ replac$ by ! same species1 be succe$$ 7by virtue ( ! law :i* makes a rotation ( crops pr(itable 9 agriculture7 by o!r k9ds1 till at la/1 aft] a great numb] ( c5turies 7sev]al ?\s& ye>s1 p]haps71 t rem>kable div]sity ( species *>act]i/ic ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & f> exce$+ :at is se5 9 ,european =e/s1 w\ld be e/abli%$4 ,,m\nds ,,( ,,santos ,,9 ,,brazil4 ,i w next say a few words respect+ c]ta9 human bones emb$d$ 9 a solid rock at ,santos 9 ,brazil1 to :i* ,i call$ att5tion 9 my ,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica 9 #ahdb499 799 ,volume #a page #bjj47 ,i !n imag9$ ! deposit conta9+ !m to be ( subm>9e orig9--an op9ion :i* ,i h long ceas$ to ent]ta94 ,we le>n f a memoir ( ,dr4 ,meigs t ! ,riv] ,santos has und]m9$ a l>ge m\nd1 #ad feet 9 height1 & ab\t #c acres 9 area1 cov]$ ) trees1 ne> ! t[n ( ,/4 ,paul1 & has expos$ to view _m skeletons1 all incl9$ at angles betwe5 #bj & #be degrees1 & all plac$ 9 a simil> ea/ & we/ position499 799 ,meigs ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society #ahbh page #bhe47 ,see+1 9 ! ,museum ( ,philadelphia1 fragm5ts ( ! calc>e\s /one or tufa f ?is spot1 conta9+ a human skull ) tee?1 & 9 ! same matrix1 oy/]s ) s]pulae atta*$1 ,i at fir/ conclud$ t ! :ole deposit _h be5 =m$ b5ea? ! wat]s ( ! sea1 or at lea/1 t x _h be5 subm]g$ aft] its orig91 & aga9 upheav$2 also1 t !re _h be5 "t s9ce its em]g5ce = ! gr[? on x ( a =e/ ( l>ge trees4 ,b aft] read+ aga91 ) m c>e1 ! orig9al memoir ( ,dr4 ,meigs1 ,i _c d\bt t ! %ells1 l ^? ( eatable k9ds1 s (t5 accumulat$ 9 ! m\nds ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians n f> f ! sea1 may h be5 br\ght to ! place & heap$ up ) o!r mat]ials at ! "t :5 ! bodies 7 buri$4 ,subsequ5tly1 ! :ole artificial e>?work1 ) its %ells & skeletons1 may h be5 b\nd toge!r into a solid /one by ! infiltration ( c>bonate ( lime1 & ! m\nd may !re=e be ( no high] antiquity ?an "s ( ^? above allud$ to on ! ,ohio1 :i*1 z we h se51 h 9 l mann] be5 expos$ 9 ! c\rse ( ages to ! encroa*m5ts & und]m9+ action ( riv]s4 ,,delta ,,( ,,! ,,mississippi4 ,i h %[n 9 my ,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica t ! deposits =m+ ! delta & alluvial pla9 ( ! ,mississippi consi/ ( s$im5t>y matt]1 ext5d+ ov] an area ( #cj1jjj squ>e miles1 & kn[n 9 "s p>ts to be sev]al hundr$ feet deep4 ,al?\gh we _c e/imate correctly h[ _m ye>s x may h requir$ = ! riv] to br+ d[n f ! upp] c\ntry s l>ge a quantity ( e>?y matt]--! data = su* a computation be+ z yet incomplete--we may /ill approximate to a m9imum ( ! "t :i* su* an op]ation mu/ h tak51 by asc]ta9+ exp]im5tally ! annual dis*>ge ( wat] by ! ,mississippi1 & ! mean annual am\nt ( solid matt] conta9$ 9 its wat]s4 ,! l[e/ e/imate ( ! "t requir$ w\ld lead u to assign a high antiquity1 am\nt+ to _m t5s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s 7probably m ?an #ajj1jjj7 to ! exi/+ delta4 ,:e!r all or h[ mu* ( ?is =mation may belong to ! rec5t p]iod1 z above def9$1 ,i _c pret5d to decide1 b 9 "o "p ( ! mod]n delta ne> ,new ,orleans1 a l>ge excavation has be5 made = gas-works1 :]e a succession ( b$s1 almo/ :olly made up ( vegetable matt]1 has be5 pass$ ?r\gh1 su* z we n[ see =m+ 9 ! cypress swamps ( ! neighb\rhood1 :]e ! decidu\s cypress 7,taxodium di/i*um71 ) its /rong & spread+ roots1 plays a conspicu\s "p4 ,9 ?is excavation1 at ! dep? ( sixte5 feet f ! surface1 b5ea? f\r buri$ =e/s sup]impos$ "o ^u ! o!r1 ! workm5 are /at$ by ,dr4 ,b4 ,d[l] to h f\nd "s *>coal & a human skeleton1 ! cranium ( :i* is said to belong to ! aborig9al type ( ! ,r$ ,indian race4 ,z ! discov]y 9 "q _h n be5 made :5 ,i saw ! excavation 9 progress at ! gas-works 9 #ahdf1 ,i _c =m an op9ion z to ! value ( ! *ronological calculations :i* h l$ ,dr4 ,d[l] to ascribe to ?is skeleton an antiquity ( #ej1jjj ye>s4 ,9 sev]al sections1 bo? natural 9 ! banks ( ! ,mississippi & its num]\s arms1 & :]e artificial canals _h be5 cut1 ,i obs]v$ erect /umps ( trees1 ) _! roots atta*$1 buri$ 9 /rata at diff]5t heights1 "o ov] ! o!r4 ,i also rem>k$1 t _m cypresses :i* _h be5 cut ?r\gh1 exhibit$ _m hundr$s ( r+s ( annual gr[?1 & x !n /ruck me t n[h]e 9 ! _w c\ld ! geologi/ enjoy a m fav\rable opportunity = e/imat+ 9 ye>s ! duration ( c]ta9 portions ( ! ,rec5t epo*499 799 ,d[l] cit$ by ,dr4 ,w4 ,u%] 9 ,nott & ,gliddon's ,types ( ,mank9d page #ceb47 ,,coral ,,reefs ,,( ,,florida4 ,pr(essor ,agassiz has describ$ a l[ portion ( ! p59sula ( ,florida z consi/+ ( num]\s reefs ( coral1 :i* h gr[n 9 succession s z to give rise to a cont9ual annexation ( l&1 ga9$ gradually f ! sea 9 a s\!rly direction4 ,?is gr[? is /ill 9 full activity1 & assum+ ! rate ( advance ( ! l& to be "o foot 9 a c5tury1 ! reefs be+ built up f a dep? ( #ge feet1 & t ea* reef has 9 its turn add$ t5 miles to ! coa/1 ,pr(essor ,agassiz calculates t x has tak5 #ace1jjj ye>s to =m ! s\!rn half ( ?is p59sula4 ,yet ! :ole is ( ,po/-,t]ti>y orig91 ! fossil zoophytes & %ells be+ all ( ! same species z ^? n[ inhabit+ ! neighb\r+ sea499 799 ,agassiz 9 ,nott & ,gliddon ibid4 page #ceb47 ,9 a calc>e\s conglom]ate =m+ "p ( ! above-m5tion$ s]ies ( reefs1 & suppos$ by ,agassiz1 9 accordance ) 8 mode ( e/imat+ ! rate ( gr[? ( ^? reefs1 to be ab\t #aj1jjj ye>s old1 "s fossil human rema9s 7 f\nd by ,c\nt ,p\rtales4 ,!y consi/$ ( jaws & tee?1 ) "s bones ( ! foot4 ,,rec5t ,,deposits ,,( ,,seas ,,& ,,lakes4 ,i h %[n1 9 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 :]e ! rec5t *anges ( ! e>? illu/rative ( geology are describ$ at l5g?1 t ! deposits accumulat$ at ! bottom ( lakes & seas )9 ! la/ #djjj or #ejjj ye>s c nei!r be insignificant 9 volume or ext5t4 ,!y lie hidd51 = ! mo/ "p1 f our sight2 b we h opportunities ( exam9+ !m at c]ta9 po9ts :]e newly-ga9$ l& 9 ! deltas ( riv]s has be5 cut ?r\gh dur+ floods1 or :]e coral reefs are gr[+ rapidly1 or :]e ! b$ ( a sea or lake has be5 heav$ up by subt]ranean movem5ts & laid dry4 ,z examples ( su* *anges ( level by :i* m>9e deposits ( ! ,rec5t p]iod h become accessible to human obs]vation1 ,i h adduc$ ! /rata ne> ,naples 9 :i* ! ,temple ( ,s]apis at ,pozzuoli 0 entomb$499 799 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology ,index ,s]apis47 ,^! uprais$ /rata1 ! highe/ ( :i* are ab\t #be feet above ! level ( ! sea1 =m a t]race skirt+ ! ea/]n %ore ( ! ,bay ( ,baiae4 ,!y consi/ p>tly ( clay1 p>tly ( volcanic matt]1 & conta9 fragm5ts ( sculpture1 pott]y1 & ! rema9s ( build+s1 toge!r ) great numb]s ( %ells1 reta9+ 9 "p _! col\r1 & ( ! same species z ^? n[ inhabit+ ! neighb\r+ sea4 ,_! em]g5ce c be prov$ to h tak5 place s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 #e ,9 ! same "w1 z an example ( a fre%wat] deposit ( ! ,rec5t p]iod1 ,i h describ$ c]ta9 /rata 9 ,ca%m]e1 a c\ntry :]e viol5t e>?quakes1 att5d$ by alt]ations 9 ! level ( ! gr\nd1 are frequ5t1 9 :i* fre%wat] %ells ( species n[ inhabit+ ! lakes & riv]s ( t region are emb$d$1 toge!r ) ! rema9s ( pott]y1 (t5 at ! dep? ( fifty feet1 & 9 :i* a spl5did ,h9doo temple has lately be5 discov]$1 & laid op5 to view by ! removal ( ! lacu/r9e silt :i* _h envelop$ x = f\r or five c5turies4 ,9 ! same treatise x is /at$ t ! we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 betwe5 ! ,&es & ! ,pacific1 is a great !atre ( e>?quake movem5ts1 & t p]man5t upheavals ( ! l& ( sev]al feet at a "t h be5 exp]i5c$ s9ce ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! littoral region ( ,*ile & ,p]u1 /rata h be5 obs]v$ enclos+ %ells 9 abundance1 all agree+ specifically ) ^? n[ sw>m+ 9 ! ,pacific4 ,9 "o b$ ( ?is k9d1 9 ! isl& ( ,san ,lor5zo1 ne> ,lima1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 f\nd1 at ! altitude ( #he feet above ! sea1 pieces ( cotton-?read1 plait$ ru%1 & ! head ( a /alk ( ,indian corn1 ! :ole ( :i* _h evid5tly be5 emb$d$ ) ! %ells4 ,at ! same height1 on ! neighb\r+ ma9l&1 he f\nd o!r signs corroborat+ ! op9ion t ! anci5t b$ ( ! sea _h !re also be5 uplift$ #he feet s9ce ! region 0 fir/ peopl$ by ! ,p]uvian race4 ,b simil> %elly masses are also met ) at mu* high] elevations1 at innum]able po9ts betwe5 ! ,*ilean & ,p]uvian ,&es & ! sea-coa/1 9 :i* no human rema9s h z yet be5 obs]v$4 ,! pres]vation = an indef9ite p]iod ( su* p]i%able sub/ances z ?read is expla9$ by ! entire abs5ce ( ra9 9 ,p]u4 ,! same articles1 _h !y be5 enclos$ 9 ! p]meable s&s ( an ,european rais$ bea*1 or 9 any c\ntry :]e ra9 falls ev5 = a small "p ( ! ye>1 w\ld probably h disappe>$ entirely #f ,9 ! lit]ature ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 we f9d frequ5t allusion to ! era ( exi/+ cont95ts1 a p]iod suppos$ to h co9cid$ 9 date ) ! fir/ appe>ance ( ,man ^u ! e>?1 s9ce :i* ev5t x 0 imag9$ t ! relative level ( ! sea & l& _h rema9$ /ation>y1 no important geographical *anges hav+ occurr$1 except "s slight additions to ! deltas ( riv]s1 or ! loss ( n>r[ /rips ( l& :]e ! sea _h encroa*$ ^u its %ores4 ,b mod]n obs]vations h t5d$ cont9ually to dispel ?is delusion1 & ! geologi/ is n[ conv9c$ t at no giv5 era ( ! pa/ h ! b\nd>ies ( l& & sea1 or ! height ( ! "o & dep? ( ! o!r1 or ! geographical range ( ! species inhabit+ !m1 :e!r ( animals or plants1 become fix$ & un*angeable4 ,( ! ext5t to :i* fluctuations h be5 go+ on s9ce ! globe _h already become ! dwell+-place ( ,man1 "s idea may be =m$ f ! examples :i* ,i %all give 9 ?is & ! next n9e *apt]s4 ,,upheaval ,,s9ce ,,! ,,human ,,p]iod ,,( ,,! ,,c5tral ,,di/rict ,,( ,,scotl&4 #g ,x has long be5 a fact famili> to geologi/s1 t1 bo? on ! ea/ & we/ coa/s ( ! c5tral "p ( ,scotl&1 !re are l9es ( rais$ bea*es1 conta9+ m>9e %ells ( ! same species z ^? n[ inhabit+ ! neighb\r+ sea499 799 ,r4 ,*amb]s ,sea ,m>g9s #ahdh & pap]s by ,mr4 ,smi? ( ,jordan ,hill ,memoirs ( ! ,w]n]ian ,society volume #h & by ,mr4 ,c4 ,macl>54 7 ,! two mo/ m>k$ ( ^! littoral deposits occur at heights ( ab\t #ej & #be feet above high-wat] m>k1 t ( #ej feet be+ consid]$ z ! m anci5t1 & ow+ its sup]ior elevation to a cont9uance ( ! upheav+ movem5t4 ,!y are se5 9 "s places to re/ on ! b\ld] clay ( ! glacial p]iod1 :i* w be describ$ 9 future *apt]s4 ,9 ^? di/ricts :]e l>ge riv]s1 su* z ! ,clyde1 ,=?1 & ,tay1 ent] ! sea1 ! l[] ( ! two deposits1 or t ( #be feet1 exp&s into a t]race fr++ ! e/u>ies1 & v>y+ 9 bread? f a few y>ds to sev]al miles4 ,( ?is nature are ! flat l&s :i* occur along ! m>g9 ( ! ,clyde at ,glasg[1 :i* consi/ ( f9ely lam9at$ s&1 silt1 & clay4 ,mr4 ,john ,bu*anan1 a zeal\s antiqu>y1 writ+ 9 #ahee1 in=ms u t 9 ! c\rse ( ! eighty ye>s prec$+ t date1 no less ?an sev5te5 canoes _h be5 dug out ( ?is e/u>9e silt1 & t he _h p]sonally inspect$ a l>ge numb] ( !m be=e !y 7 exhum$4 ,five ( !m lay buri$ 9 silt "u ! /reets ( ,glasg[1 "o 9 a v]tical position ) ! pr[ upp]mo/ z if x _h sunk 9 a /orm4 ,9 ! inside ( x 7 a numb] ( m>9e %ells4 ,twelve o!r canoes 7 f\nd ab\t #ajj y>ds back f ! riv]1 at ! av]age dep? ( ab\t #ai feet f ! surface ( ! soil1 or #g feet above high-wat] m>k2 b a few ( !m 7 only #d or #e feet deep1 & consequ5tly m ?an #bj feet above ! sea-level4 ,"o 0 /ick+ 9 ! s& at an angle ( #de degrees1 ano!r _h be5 capsiz$ & lay bottom upp]mo/2 all ! re/ 7 9 a horizontal position1 z if !y _h sunk 9 smoo? wat]499 799 ,j4 ,bu*anan ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association #ahee page #hj2 also ,glasg[1 ,pa/ & ,pres5t #ahef47 ,almo/ e "o ( ^! anci5t boats 0 =m$ out ( a s+le oak-/em1 holl[$ out by blunt tools1 probably /one axes1 aid$ by ! action ( fire2 a few 7 cut beautifully smoo?1 evid5tly ) metallic tools4 ,h5ce a gradation c\ld be trac$ f a patt]n ( extreme rud5ess to "o %[+ great me*anical +5uity4 ,two ( !m 7 built ( planks1 "o ( ! two1 dug up on ! prop]ty ( ,bankton 9 #ahec1 be+ #ah feet 9 l5g?1 & v elaborately con/ruct$4 ,its pr[ 0 n unlike ! beak ( an antique galley2 its /]n1 =m$ ( a triangul>-%ap$ piece ( oak1 fitt$ 9 exactly l ^? ( our day4 ,! planks 7 fa/5$ to ! ribs1 p>tly by s+ul>ly %ap$ oak5 p9s1 & p>tly by :at mu/ h be5 squ>e nails ( "s k9d ( metal2 ^! _h entirely disappe>$1 b "s ( ! oak5 p9s rema9$4 ,?is boat _h be5 upset1 & 0 ly+ keel upp]mo/1 ) ! pr[ po9t+ /raight up ! riv]4 ,9 "o ( ! canoes1 a beautifully poli%$ celt or axe ( gre5/one 0 f\nd1 9 ! bottom ( ano!r a plug ( cork1 :i*1 z ,mr4 ,geikie rem>ks1 c\ld only h come f ! latitudes ( ,spa91 ,s\!rn ,france1 or ,italy499 799 ,geikie1 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society volume #ah #ahfb page #bbd47 ,!re c be no d\bt t "s ( ^! buri$ vessels are ( f> m anci5t date ?an o!rs4 ,^? mo/ r\ghly hewn1 may be relics ( ! /one p]iod2 ^? m smoo?ly cut1 ( ! bronze age2 & ! regul>ly built boat ( ,bankton may p]haps come )9 ! age ( iron4 ,! occurr5ce ( all ( !m 9 "o & ! same uprais$ m>9e =mation by no means implies t !y belong to ! same era1 = 9 ! b$s ( all great riv]s & e/u>ies1 !re are *anges cont9ually 9 progress br\ght ab\t by ! deposition1 removal1 & r$eposition ( gravel1 s&1 & f9e s$im5t1 & by ! %ift+ ( ! *annel ( ! ma9 curr5ts f ye> to ye>1 & f c5tury to c5tury4 ,all ^! x behoves ! geologi/ & antiqu>y to be> 9 m9d1 s z to be always on _! gu>d1 :5 !y are endeav\r+ to settle ! relative date1 :e!r ( objects ( art or ( organic rema9s emb$d$ 9 any set ( alluvial /rata4 ,"s judici\s obs]vations on ?is head occur 9 ,mr4 ,geikie's memoir above cit$1 :i* are s mu* 9 po9t t ,i %all give !m 9 full1 & 9 8 own words4 ,! relative position 9 ! silt1 f :i* ! canoes 7 exhum$1 c\ld help u little 9 any attempt to asc]ta9 _! relative ages1 unless !y _h be5 f\nd v]tically above ea* o!r4 ,! v>y+ dep?s ( an e/u>y1 its banks ( silt & s&1 ! set ( its curr5ts1 & ! influ5ce ( its tides 9 sc\r+ out alluvium f "s p>ts ( its bottom & r$eposit+ x 9 o!rs1 are circum/ances :i* require to be tak5 into acc\nt 9 all su* calculations4 ,m]e co9cid5ce ( dep? f ! pres5t surface ( ! gr\nd1 :i* is tol]ably uni=m 9 level1 by no means necess>ily proves contemporane\s deposition4 ,nor w\ld su* an inf]5ce foll[ ev5 f ! occurr5ce ( ! rema9s 9 di/ant p>ts ( ! v same /ratum4 ,a canoe might be capsiz$ & s5t to ! bottom j b5ea? l[-wat] m>k2 ano!r might exp]i5ce a simil> fate on ! foll[+ day1 b 9 ! middle ( ! *annel4 ,bo? w\ld become silt$ up on ! floor ( ! e/u>y2 b z t floor w\ld be p]haps #bj feet deep] 9 ! c5tre ?an t[>ds ! m>g9 ( ! riv]1 ! "o canoe might actually be tw5ty feet deep] 9 ! alluvium ?an ! o!r2 & on ! upheaval ( ! alluvial deposits1 if we 7 to argue m]ely f ! dep? at :i* ! rema9s 7 emb$d$1 we %\ld pron\nce ! canoe f\nd at ! "o locality to be imm5sely old] ?an ! o!r1 see+ t ! f9e mud ( ! e/u>y is deposit$ v sl[ly & t x mu/ !re=e h tak5 a long p]iod to =m s great a ?ickness z #bj feet4 ,aga91 ! tides & curr5ts ( ! e/u>y1 by *ang+ _! direction1 might sweep away a consid]able mass ( alluvium f ! bottom1 lay+ b>e a canoe t may h f\nd]$ _m c5turies be=e4 ,aft] ! lapse ( s long an int]val1 ano!r vessel might g to ! bottom 9 ! same locality & be !re cov]$ up ) ! old] "o on ! same g5]al plane4 ,^! two vessels1 f\nd 9 su* a position1 w\ld naturally be class$ toge!r z ( ! same age1 & yet x is demon/rable t a v long p]iod may h elaps$ betwe5 ! date ( ! "o & t ( ! o!r4 ,su* an association ( ^! canoes1 !re=e1 _c be reg>d$ z prov+ syn*ron\s deposition2 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 c we affirm any diff]5ce ( age f m]e relative position1 unless we see "o canoe actually buri$ b5ea? ano!r499 799 ,geikie1 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society volume #ah #ahfb1 page #bbb47 ,at ! "t :5 ! anci5t vessels1 above describ$1 7 navigat+ ! wat]s :]e ! city ( ,glasg[ n[ /&s1 ! :ole ( ! l[ l&s :i* bord]$ ! pres5t e/u>y ( ! ,clyde =m$ ! b$ ( a %all[ sea4 ,! em]g5ce appe>s to h tak5 place gradually & by int]mitt5t movem5ts1 = ,mr4 ,bu*anan describes sev]al n>r[ t]races "o above ! o!r on ! site ( ! city itself1 ) /eep int]v5+ slopes compos$ ( ! lam9at$ e/u>y =mation4 ,ea* t]race & /eep slope probably m>k pauses 9 ! process ( upheaval1 dur+ :i* l[ cliffs 7 =m$1 ) bea*es at _! base4 ,five ( ! canoes 7 f\nd )9 ! prec9cts ( ! city at diff]5t heights on or ne> su* t]races4 ,z to ! date ( ! upheaval1 ! great] "p ( x _c be assign$ to ! /one p]iod1 b mu/ h tak5 place aft] tools ( metal _h come into use4 ,until lately1 :5 attempts 7 made to e/imate ! probable antiquity ( su* *anges ( level1 x 0 confid5tly assum$1 z a safe />t+-po9t1 t no alt]ation _h occurr$ 9 ! relative level ( l& & sea1 9 ! c5tral di/rict ( ,scotl&1 s9ce ! con/ruction ( ! ,roman or ,picti% wall 7! ,wall ( ,anton9e71 :i* rea*$ f ! ,fir? ( ,=? to t ( ! ,clyde4 ,! two extremities1 x 0 said1 ( ?is anci5t /ructure1 be> su* a relation to ! pres5t level ( ! two e/u>ies1 t nei!r subsid5ce nor elevation ( ! l& c\ld h occurr$ = sev5te5 c5turies at lea/4 ,b ,mr4 ,geikie has lately %[n t a depression ( #be feet on ! ,=? w\ld n lay ! ea/]n extremity ( ! ,roman wall at ,c>rid5 "u wat]1 & he 0 !re=e desir\s ( kn[+ :e!r ! we/]n end ( ! same w\ld be subm]g$ by a simil> am\nt ( subsid5ce4 ,x has always be5 ackn[l$g$ t ! wall t]m9at$ ^u an em95ce call$ ! ,*apel ,hill1 ne> ! village ( ,we/ ,kilpatrick1 on ! ,clyde4 ,! foot ( ?is hill1 ,mr4 ,geikie e/imates to be ab\t #be or #bg feet above high-wat] m>k1 s t a subsid5ce ( #be feet c\ld n lay x "u wat]4 ,antiqu>ies h sometimes wond]$ t ! ,romans did n c>ry ! wall f>!r we/ ?an ?is ,*apel ,hill2 b ,mr4 ,geikie n[ sugge/s1 9 explanation1 t all ! l[ l& at pres5t int]v5+ betwe5 t po9t & ! m\? ( ! ,clyde1 0 sixte5 or sev5te5 c5turies ago1 wa%$ by ! tides at high wat]4 ,! wall ( ,anton9e1 !re=e1 yields no evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! l& hav+ rema9$ /ation>y s9ce ! "t ( ! ,romans1 b on ! contr>y1 appe>s to indicate t s9ce its erection ! l& has actually ris54 ,rec5t explorations by ,mr4 ,geikie & ,dr4 ,"y1 ( ! sites ( ! old ,roman h>b\rs along ! s\!rn m>g9 ( ! ,fir? ( ,=?1 lead to simil> inf]5ces4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x has long be5 kn[n t !re is a rais$ bea* conta9+ m>9e %ells ( liv+ littoral species1 at a height ( ab\t #be feet1 at ,lei?1 z well z at o!r places along ! coa/ above & bel[ ,ed9burgh4 ,inv]esk1 a few miles bel[ t city1 is ! site ( an anci5t ,roman port1 & if we suppose ! sea at high wat] to h wa%$ ! foot ( ! heights on :i* ! t[n /ood1 ! tide w\ld h asc5d$ f> up ! valley ( ! ,esk1 & w\ld h made ! m\? ( t riv] a safe & commodi\s h>b\r2 :]eas1 _h x be5 a %oal+ e/u>y1 z at pres5t1 x is difficult to see h[ ! ,romans %\ld h made *oice ( x z a port4 ,at ,cramond1 at ! m\? ( ! riv] ,almond1 above ,ed9burgh1 0 ,alat]va1 ! *ief ,roman h>b\r on ! s\!rn coa/ ( ! ,=?1 :]e num]\s co9s1 urns1 sculptur$ /ones & ! remnant ( a h>b\r h be5 detect$4 ,! old ,roman quays built along :at mu/ !n h be5 ! sea m>g91 h be5 f\nd on :at is n[ dry l&1 & al?\gh "s silt c>ri$ d[n 9 susp5sion by ! wat]s ( ! ,=? may acc\nt = a "p ( ! ga9 ( l[ l&1 we yet require an upw>d movem5t ( ab\t #bj feet to expla9 ! gr[? ( ! dre>y expanse ( mud n[ /ret*+ along ! %ore & ext5d+ outw>ds1 :]e x atta9s its greate/ bread?1 well-nigh two miles1 across :i* vessels1 ev5 ( light burd51 c n[ only v5ture at full tide4 ,_h ^! %oals exi/$ eighte5 c5turies ago1 !y w\ld h prev5t$ ! ,romans f select+ ?is z _! *ief port2 :]eas1 if ! l& 7 n[ to s9k #bj feet1 ,cramond w\ld unque/ionably be ! be/ natural h>b\r along ! :ole ( ! s\? side ( ! ,=?499 799 ,geikie1 ,ed9burgh ,new ,philosophical ,j\rnal = ,july #ahfa47 ,correspond+ 9 level ) ! rais$ bea* at ,lei?1 above m5tion$ 7or ab\t #be feet above high-wat] m>k71 is ! ,c>se ( ,/irl+1 a l[ tract ( l& consi/+ ( loamy & peaty b$s1 9 :i* sev]al skeletons ( :ales ( l>ge size h be5 f\nd4 ,"o ( ^! 0 dug up at ,air?rie199 ne> ,/irl+1 ab\t a mile f ! riv]1 & #g miles f ! sea4 799 ,bald1 ,ed9burgh ,philosophical ,j\rnal #a page #cic & ,memoirs ( ! ,w]n]ian ,society #c page #cbg47 ,mr4 ,bald m5tions t ne> x 7 f\nd two pieces ( /ag's horn1 artificially cut1 ?r\gh "o ( :i* a hole1 ab\t an in* 9 diamet]1 _h be5 p]=at$4 ,ano!r :ale1 #he feet long1 0 f\nd at ,dunmore1 a few miles bel[ ,/irl+199 :i*1 l t ( ,air?rie1 lay ab\t #bj feet above high-wat] m>k4 799 ,ed9burgh ,philosophical ,j\rnal #aa pages #bbj1 #dae47 ,?ree o!r skeletons ( :ales 7 f\nd at ,blair ,drummond1 betwe5 ! ye>s #ahai & #ahbd1 #g miles up ! e/u>y above ,/irl+199 also at an elevation ( betwe5 #bj & #cj feet above ! sea4 ,ne> two ( ^! :ales1 po9t$ in/rum5ts ( de]'s horn 7 f\nd1 "o ( :i* reta9$ "p ( a wood5 h&le1 probably pres]v$ by hav+ be5 enclos$ 9 peat4 ,?is weapon is n[ 9 ! museum at ,ed9burgh4 799 ,memoirs ( ! ,w]n]ian ,society volume #e page #ddj47 ,! position ( ^! fossil :ales & bone implem5ts1 & /ill m ( an iron an*or f\nd 9 ! ,c>se ( ,falkirk1 bel[ ,/irl+1 %[s t ! upheaval by :i* ! rais$ bea* ( ,lei? 0 laid dry ext5d$ f> we/w>d probably z f> z ! ,clyde1 :]e1 z we h se51 m>9e /rata conta9+ buri$ canoes rise to a simil> height above ! sea4 ,! same upw>d movem5t :i* rea*$ simultane\sly ea/ & we/ f sea to sea 0 also felt z f> nor? z ! e/u>y ( ! ,tay4 ,?is may be inf]r$ f ! ,celtic "n ( ,in* be+ atta*$ to _m hillocks1 :i* rise above ! g5]al level ( ! alluvial pla9s1 imply+ t ^! em95ces 7 once surr\nd$ by wat] or m>%y gr\nd4 ,at v>i\s localities also 9 ! silt ( ! ,c>se ( ,g[rie iron implem5ts h be5 f\nd4 ,! rais$ bea*1 also conta9+ a great numb] ( m>9e %ells ( rec5t species1 trac$ up to a height ( #ad feet above ! sea by ,mr4 ,w4,j4 ,hamilton at ,elie1 on ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,fife1 is d\btless ano!r effect ( ! same ext5sive upheaval499 799 ,proce$+s ( ! ,geological ,society volume #b #ahcc page #bhj47 ,a simil> movem5t w\ld also acc\nt = "s *anges :i* antiqu>ies h record$ mu* f>!r s\?1 on ! bord]s ( ! ,solway ,fir?2 ?\gh 9 ?is case1 z 9 t ( ! e/u>y ( ! ,=?1 ! conv]sion ( sea into l& has always be5 ref]r$ to ! silt+ up ( e/u>ies1 & n to upheaval4 ,?us ,horsley insi/s on ! difficulty ( expla9+ ! position ( c]ta9 ,roman /ations1 on ! ,solway1 ! ,=?1 & ! ,clyde1 )\t assum+ t ! sea has be5 exclud$ f c]ta9 areas :i* x =m]ly occupi$499 799 ,britannia page #aeg #ahfj47 ,on a review ( ! :ole evid5ce1 geological & ar*aeological1 af=d$ by ! ,scotti% coa/-l9e1 we may conclude t ! la/ upheaval ( #be feet took place n only s9ce ! fir/ human population settl$ 9 ! isl&2 b long aft] metallic implem5ts _h come into use1 & !re seems ev5 a /rong presumption 9 fav\r ( ! op9ion t ! date ( ! elevation may h be5 subsequ5t to ! ,roman occupation4 ,b ! #be feet rise is only ! la/ /age ( a long antec$5t process ( elevation1 = examples ( ,rec5t m>9e %ells h be5 obs]v$ #dj feet & upw>ds above ! sea 9 ,ayr%ire4 ,at "o ( ^! localities1 ,mr4 ,smi? ( ,jordanhill in=ms me t a rude ornam5t made ( cannel coal has be5 f\nd on ! coa/ 9 ! p>i% ( ,dundonald1 ly+ #ej feet above ! sea-level1 on ! surface ( ! b\ld]-clay or till1 & cov]$ ) gravel conta9+ m>9e %ells4 ,if we suppose ! upw>d movem5t to h be5 uni=m 9 c5tral ,scotl& be=e & aft] ! ,roman era1 & assume t z #be feet indicate sev5te5 c5turies1 s #ej feet imply a lapse ( twice t numb]1 or #cdjj ye>s1 we %\ld !n c>ry back ! date ( ! ornam5t 9 "q to fifte5 c5turies be=e our era1 or to ! days ( ,ph>aoh1 & ! p]iod usually assign$ to ! exodus ( ! ,israelites f ,egypt4 #h ,b all su* e/imates mu/ be consid]$1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce1 z t5tative & conjectural1 s9ce ! rate ( movem5t ( ! l& may n h be5 uni=m1 & its direction n always upw>ds1 & !re may h be5 long /ation>y p]iods1 "o ( :i* ( m ?an usual duration seems indicat$ by ! #ej-;foot rais$ bea*1 :i* has be5 trac$ = va/ di/ances along ! we/]n coa/ ( ,scotl&4 ,,coa/ ,,( ,,cornwall4 ,sir ,h4 ,de la ,be*e has adduc$ sev]al pro(s ( *anges ( level1 9 ! c\rse ( ! human p]iod1 9 8 ,report on ! ,geology ( ,cornwall & ,devon1 #ahci4 ,he m5tions 7page #djf7 t sev]al human skulls & works ( art1 buri$ 9 an e/u>y deposit1 7 f\nd 9 m9+ gravel = t9 at ,p5tuan1 ne> ,/4 ,au/ell1 ! skulls ly+ at ! dep? ( #dj feet f ! surface1 & o!rs at ,c>non at ! dep? ( #ec feet4 ,! ov]ly+ /rata 7 m>9e1 conta9+ sea-%ells ( liv+ species1 & bones ( :ales1 besides ! rema9s ( sev]al liv+ species ( mammalia4 ,o!r examples ( works ( art1 su* z /one hat*ets1 canoes1 & %ips1 buri$ 9 anci5t riv]-b$s 9 ,engl&1 & 9 peat & %ell-m>l1 ,i h m5tion$ 9 my "w be=e cit$4 ,,sw$5 ,,& ,,norway4 ,9 ! same "w ,i h %[n t ne> ,/ockholm1 9 ,sw$51 !re occur1 at slight elevations above ! sea-level1 horizontal b$s ( s&1 loam1 & m>l1 conta9+ ! same peculi> assemblage ( te/acea :i* n[ live 9 ! bracki% wat]s ( ! ,baltic4 ,m+l$ ) ^!1 at diff]5t dep?s1 h be5 detect$ v>i\s works ( art imply+ a rude /ate ( civilization1 & "s vessels built be=e ! introduction ( iron1 & ev5 ! rema9s ( an anci5t hut1 ! m>9e /rata conta9+ x1 :i* _h be5 =m$ dur+ a previ\s depression1 hav+ be5 uprais$1 s t ! upp] b$s are n[ #fj feet high] ?an ! surface ( ! ,baltic4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ^! rec5t /rata1 bo? to ! nor?-we/ & s\? ( ,/ockholm1 o!r deposits simil> 9 m9]al composition occur1 :i* asc5d to great] heights1 9 :i* precisely ! same assemblage ( fossil %ells is met )1 b )\t any int]mixture1 s f> z is yet kn[n1 ( human bones or fabricat$ articles4 ,on ! opposite or we/]n coa/ ( ,sw$51 at ,uddevalla1 ,po/-,t]ti>y /rata1 conta9+ rec5t %ells1 n ( t bracki% wat] "* peculi> to ! ,baltic1 b su* z n[ live 9 ! ,nor!rn ,ocean1 asc5d to ! height ( #bjj feet2 & b$s ( clay & s& ( ! same age atta9 elevations ( #cjj & ev5 #fjj feet 9 ,norway1 :]e !y h be5 usually describ$ z rais$ bea*es4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 ?ick deposits ( subm>9e orig91 spread+ f> & wide1 & fill+ valleys 9 ! granite & gneiss1 j z ! ,t]ti>y =mations1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,europe1 cov] or fill depressions 9 ! old] rocks4 ,al?\gh ! fossil fauna *>act]is+ ^! uprais$ s&s & clays consi/s exclusively ( exi/+ nor!rn species ( te/acea1 x is m ?an probable t !y may n all belong to t division ( ! ,plei/oc5e /rata :i* we are n[ consid]+4 ,if ! contempor>y mammalia 7 kn[n1 !y w\ld1 9 all likelihood1 be f\nd to be ref]able1 at lea/ 9 "p1 to ext9ct species2 =1 accord+ to ,lov5 7an able liv+ naturali/ ( ,norway71 ! species d n con/itute su* an assemblage z n[ inhabits correspond+ latitudes 9 ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y decid$ly repres5t a m arctic fauna4 ,9 ord] to f9d ! same species fl\ri%+ 9 equal abundance1 or 9 _m cases to f9d !m at all1 we mu/ g nor?w>ds to high] latitudes ?an ,uddevalla 9 ,sw$51 or ev5 ne>] ! pole ?an ,c5tral ,norway4 ,judg+ by ! uni=mity ( climate n[ prevail+ f c5tury to c5tury1 & ! ins5sible rate ( v>iation 9 ! geographical di/ribution ( organic be+s 9 our own times1 we may presume t an extremely l5g!n$ p]iod 0 requir$ ev5 = s slight a modification 9 ! range ( ! mollusc\s fauna1 z t ( :i* ! evid5ce is "h br\ght to light4 ,!re are also o!r indep5d5t reasons = suspect+ t ! antiquity ( ^! deposits may be indef9itely great z comp>$ to ! hi/orical p]iod4 ,i allude to _! pres5t elevation above ! sea1 "s ( !m ris+1 9 ,norway1 to ! height ( #fjj feet or m4 ,! upw>d movem5t n[ 9 progress 9 p>ts ( ,norway & ,sw$5 ext5ds1 z ,i h else:]e %[n199 ?r\gh\t an area ab\t #ajjj miles nor? & s\?1 & = an unkn[n di/ance ea/ & we/1 ! am\nt ( elevation always increas+ z we proce$ t[>ds ! ,nor? ,cape1 :]e x is said to equal #e feet 9 a c5tury4 799 ,pr9ciples #i? edition *apt] #cj47 ,if we c\ld assume t !re _h be5 an av]age ( #b #a_/b feet 9 ea* hundr$ ye>s = ! la/ fifty c5turies1 ?is w\ld give an elevation ( #abe feet 9 t p]iod4 ,9 o!r words1 x w\ld foll[ t ! %ores1 & a consid]able area ( ! =m] b$ ( ! ,nor? ,sea1 _h be5 uplift$ v]tically to t am\nt1 & conv]t$ into l& 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ #ejjj ye>s4 ,a mean rate ( cont9u\s v]tical elevation ( #b #a_/b feet 9 a c5tury w\ld1 ,i conceive1 be a high av]age2 yet1 ev5 if ?is be assum$1 x w\ld require #bd1jjj ye>s = p>ts ( ! sea-coa/ ( ,norway1 :]e ! ,plei/oc5e m>9e /rata occur1 to atta9 ! height ( #fjj feet4 #i ,,*apt] #d4 -- ,,plei/oc5e ,,p]iod--,,bones ,,( ,,man ,,& ,,ext9ct ,,mammalia ,,9 ,,belgian ,,cav]ns4 ,e>lie/ ,discov]ies 9 ,caves ( ,langu$oc ( ,human ,rema9s ) ,bones ( ext9ct ,mammalia4 ,rese>*es 9 #ahcc ( ,dr4 ,s*m]l+ 9 ! ,liege ,cav]ns4 ,scatt]$ ,portions ( ,human ,skeletons associat$ ) ,bones ( ,elephant & ,rh9oc]os4 ,di/ribution & probable ,mode ( ,introduction ( ! ,bones4 ,implem5ts ( ,fl9t & ,bone4 ,s*m]l+'s ,conclusions z to ! ,antiquity ( ,man ignor$4 ,pres5t ,/ate ( ! ,belgian ,caves4 ,human ,bones rec5tly f\nd 9 ,cave ( ,engih\l4 ,engulf$ ,riv]s4 ,/alagmitic ,cru/4 ,antiquity ( ! ,human ,rema9s 9 ,belgium h[ prov$4 ,hav+ hi!rto consid]$ ^? =mations 9 :i* bo? ! fossil %ells & ! mammalia are ( liv+ species1 we may n[ turn our att5tion to ^? ( old] date1 9 :i* ! %ells be+ all rec5t1 "s ( ! accompany+ mammalia are ext9ct1 or belong to species n kn[n to h liv$ )9 ! times ( hi/ory or tradition4 ,,discov]ies ,,( ,,mm4 ,,t\rnal ,,& ,,*ri/ol ,,9 #ahbh ,,9 ,,! ,,s\? ,,( ,,france4 ,9 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 :5 treat+ ( ! fossil rema9s f\nd 9 alluvium & ! mud ( cav]ns1 ,i gave an acc\nt 9 #ahcb ( ! inve/igations made by ,,mm4 ,t\rnal & ,*ri/ol 9 ! ,s\? ( ,france499 799 #a/ edition volume #b *apt] #ad #ahcb1 & #i? edition page #gch1 #ahec47 ,m4 ,t\rnal /at$ 9 8 memoir t 9 ! cav]n ( ,bize1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,aude1 he _h f\nd human bones & tee?1 toge!r ) fragm5ts ( rude pott]y1 9 ! same mud & breccia cem5t$ by /alagmite 9 :i* l&-%ells ( liv+ species 7 emb$d$1 & ! bones ( mammalia1 "s ( ext9ct1 o!rs ( rec5t species4 ,! human bones 7 decl>$ by 8 fell[-lab\r]1 ,m4 ,m>cel de ,s]res1 to be 9 ! same *emical condition z ^? ( ! accompany+ quadrup$s499 799 ,annales des ,sci5ces ,naturelles tome #ae #ahbh page #cdh47 ,speak+ ( ^! fossils ( ! ,bize cav]n five ye>s lat]1 ,m4 ,t\rnal obs]v$ t !y c\ld n be ref]r$1 z "s sugge/$1 to a diluvial cata/rophe1 = !y evid5tly _h n be5 wa%$ 9 sudd5ly by a transi5t flood1 b mu/ h be5 introduc$ gradually1 toge!r ) ! envelop+ mud & pebbles1 at successive p]iods499 799 ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique #ahcc page #afa47 ,m4 ,*ri/ol1 :o 0 engag$ at ! same "t 9 simil> rese>*es 9 ano!r "p ( ,langu$oc1 publi%$ an acc\nt ( !m a ye> lat]1 9 :i* he describ$ "s human bones1 z occurr+ 9 ! cav]n ( ,pondres1 ne> ,nimes1 9 ! same mud ) ! bones ( an ext9ct hya5a & rh9oc]os499 799 ,*ri/ol1 ,notice sur les ,ossem5ts huma9s des ,cav]nes du ,g>d ,montpelli] #ahbi47 ,! cav]n 0 9 ?is in/ance fill$ up to ! ro( ) mud & gravel1 9 :i* fragm5ts ( two k9ds ( pott]y 7 detect$1 ! l[e/ & rude/ ne> ! bottom ( ! cave1 bel[ ! level ( ! ext9ct mammalia4 ,x has nev] be5 que/ion$ t ! hya5a & rh9oc]os f\nd by ,m4 ,*ri/ol 7 ( ext9ct species2 b :e!r ! animals enum]at$ by ,m4 ,t\rnal might n all ( !m be ref]r$ to quadrup$s :i* are kn[n to h be5 liv+ 9 ,europe 9 ! hi/orical p]iod seems d\btful4 ,!y 7 said to consi/ ( a /ag1 an antelope1 & a goat1 all nam$ by ,m4 ,m>cel de ,s]res z new2 b ! majority ( palaeontologi/s d n agree ) ?is op9ion4 ,/ill x is true1 z ,m4 ,l>tet rem>ks1 t ! fauna ( ! cav]n ( ,bize mu/ be ( v high antiquity1 z %[n by ! pres5ce1 n only ( ! ,li?uanian auro*s 7,bison europaeus71 b also ( ! re9de]1 :i* has n be5 an inhabitant ( ! ,s\? ( ,france 9 hi/orical times1 & :i*1 9 t c\ntry1 is almo/ ev]y:]e associat$1 :e!r 9 anci5t alluvium or 9 ! mud ( cav]ns1 ) ! mammo?4 ,9 my "w be=e cit$199 ,i /at$ t ,m4 ,desnoy]s1 an obs]v] equally well v]s$ 9 geology & ar*aeology1 _h disput$ ! conclusion arriv$ at by ,,mm4 ,t\rnal & ,*ri/ol1 t ! fossil rh9oc]os1 hya5a1 be>1 & o!r lo/ species _h once be5 inhabitants ( ,france contemporane\sly ) ,man4 799 ,pr9ciples #i? edition page #gci47 ,! fl9t hat*ets & arr[-heads1 he said1 & ! po9t$ bones & co>se pott]y ( _m ,fr5* & ,engli% caves1 agree precisely 9 "* ) ^? f\nd 9 ! tumuli1 & "u ! dolm5s 7rude alt>s ( unhewn /one7 ( ! primitive inhabitants ( ,gaul1 ,brita91 & ,g]many4 ,! human bones1 !re=e1 9 ! caves :i* are associat$ ) su* fabricat$ objects1 mu/ belong n to ant$iluvian p]iods1 b to a p 9 ! same /age ( civilization z ^? :o con/ruct$ ! tumuli & alt>s4 ,9 ! ,gauli% monum5ts1 he add$1 we f9d1 toge!r ) ! objects ( indu/ry above m5tion$1 ! bones ( wild & dome/ic animals ( species n[ inhabit+ ,europe1 p>ticul>ly ( de]1 %eep1 wild bo>s1 dogs1 horses1 & ox54 ,?is fact has be5 asc]ta9$ 9 ,qu]cy & o!r prov9ces2 & x is suppos$ by antiqu>ies t ! animals 9 "q 7 plac$ b5ea? ! ,celtic alt>s 9 memory ( sacrifices (f]$ to ! ,gauli% div9ity ,hesus1 & 9 ! tombs to commemorate fun]al repa/s1 & also f a sup]/ition preval5t among savage nations1 :i* induces !m to lay up provisions = ! manes ( ! dead 9 a future life4 ,b 9 none ( ^! anci5t monum5ts h any bones be5 f\nd ( ! elephant1 rh9oc]os1 hya5a1 tig]1 & o!r quadrup$s1 su* z are f\nd 9 caves1 :i* might c]ta9ly h be5 expect$ _h ^! species cont9u$ to fl\ri% at ! "t t ?is "p ( ,gaul 0 inhabit$ by ,man499 799 ,desnoy]s1 ,bullet9 de la ,societe ,geologique de ,france tome #b page #beb2 & article on ,cav]ns1 ,dictionnaire ,univ]selle d',hi/oire ,naturelle ,p>is #ahde47 ,aft] giv+ no small weight to ! argum5ts ( ,m4 ,desnoy]s1 & ! writ+s ( ,dr4 ,buckl& on ! same subject1 & myself visit+ sev]al caves 9 ,g]many1 ,i came to ! op9ion t ! human bones mix$ ) ^? ( ext9ct animals1 9 osse\s breccias & cav]n mud1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,europe1 7 probably n coeval4 ,! cav]ns hav+ be5 at "o p]iod ! d5s ( wild bea/s1 & hav+ s]v$ at o!r times z places ( human habitation1 wor%ip1 sepulture1 concealm5t1 or def5ce1 "o might easily conceive t ! bones ( ,man & ^? ( animals1 :i* 7 /rew$ ov] ! floors ( subt]ranean cavities1 or :i* _h fall5 into tortu\s r5ts connect+ !m ) ! surface1 might1 :5 swept away by floods1 be m+l$ 9 "o promiscu\s heap 9 ! same ossif]\s mud or breccia499 799 ,pr9ciples #i? edition page #gdj47 ,t su* int]mixtures h really tak5 place 9 "s cav]ns1 & t geologi/s h occasionally be5 deceiv$1 & h assign$ to "o & ! same p]iod fossils :i* _h really be5 introduc$ at successive times1 w readily be conc$$4 ,b ( late ye>s we h obta9$ conv9c+ pro(s1 z we %all see 9 ! sequel1 t ! mammo?1 & _m o!r ext9ct mammalian species v common 9 caves1 occur also 9 undi/urb$ alluvium1 emb$d$ 9 su* a mann] ) works ( art1 z to leave no room = d\bt t ,man & ! mammo? coexi/$2 ,su* discov]ies h l$ me1 & o!r geologi/s1 to reconsid] ! evid5ce previ\sly d]iv$ f caves br\ght =w>d 9 pro( ( ! high antiquity ( ,man4 ,) a view ( re-exam9+ ?is evid5ce1 ,i h lately explor$ sev]al cav]ns 9 ,belgium & o!r c\ntries1 & re-read ! pr9cipal memoirs & treatises treat+ ( ! fossil rema9s pres]v$ 9 !m1 ! results ( :i* inquiries ,i %all n[ proce$ to lay be=e ! read]4 ,,rese>*es1 ,,9 #ahcc-ahcd1 ,,( ,,dr4 ,,s*m]l+ ,,9 ,,! ,,cav]ns ,,ne> ,,liege4 ,! late ,dr4 ,s*m]l+ ( ,liege1 a skilful anatomi/ & palaeontologi/1 aft] devot+ sev]al ye>s to ! explor+ ( ! num]\s ossif]\s cav]ns :i* bord] ! valleys ( ! ,meuse & its tribut>ies1 publi%$ two volumes descriptive ( ! cont5ts ( m ?an =ty cav]ns4 ,"o ( ^! volumes consi/$ ( an atlas ( plates1 illu/rative ( ! fossil bones499 799 ,re*]*es sur les ,ossem5ts fossiles dec\v]ts dans les ,cav]nes de la ,prov9ce de ,liege1 ,liege #ahcc-ahcd47 ,_m ( ! cav]ns _h nev] be=e be5 ent]$ by sci5tific obs]v]s1 & _! floors 7 encru/$ ) unbrok5 /alagmite4 ,at a v e>ly /age ( 8 inve/igations1 ,dr4 ,s*m]l+ f\nd ! bones ( ,man s roll$ & scatt]$ z to preclude all idea ( _! hav+ be5 int5tionally buri$ on ! spot4 ,he also rem>k$ t !y 7 ( ! same col\r1 & 9 ! same condition z to ! am\nt ( animal matt] conta9$ 9 !m1 z ^? ( ! accompany+ animals1 "s ( :i*1 l ! cave-be>1 hya5a1 elephant1 & rh9oc]os1 7 ext9ct2 o!rs1 l ! wild cat1 beav]1 wild bo>1 roe-de]1 wolf1 & h$gehog1 /ill extant4 ,! fossils 7 light] ?an fre% bones1 except su* z _h _! pores fill$ ) c>bonate ( lime1 9 :i* case !y 7 (t5 mu* heavi]4 ,! human rema9s ( mo/ frequ5t occurr5ce 7 tee? deta*$ f ! jaw1 & ! c>pal1 metac>pal1 t>sal1 metat>sal1 & phalangeal bones sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! skeleton4 ,! correspond+ bones ( ! cave-be>1 ! mo/ abundant ( ! accompany+ mammalia1 7 also f\nd 9 ! ,liege cav]ns m commonly ?an any o!rs1 & 9 ! same scatt]$ condition4 ,occasionally1 "s ( ! long bones ( mammalia 7 obs]v$ to h be5 fir/ brok5 across1 & !n reunit$ or cem5t$ aga9 by /alagmite1 z !y lay on ! floor ( ! cave4 ,no gnaw$ bones nor any coprolites 7 f\nd by ,s*m]l+4 ,he !re=e inf]r$ t ! cav]ns ( ! prov9ce ( ,liege _h n be5 ! d5s ( wild bea/s1 b t _! organic & inorganic cont5ts _h be5 swept into !m by /reams communicat+ ) ! surface ( ! c\ntry4 ,! bones1 he sugge/$1 may (t5 h be5 roll$ 9 ! b$s ( su* /reams be=e !y rea*$ _! und]gr\nd de/9ation4 ,to ! same ag5cy ! introduction ( _m l&-%ells disp]s$ ?r\gh ! cave-mud 0 ascrib$1 su* z ,helix nemoralis1 ,h4 lapicida1 ,h4 pomatia1 & o!rs ( liv+ species4 ,m+l$ ) su* %ells1 9 "s r>e in/ances1 ! bones ( fre%wat] fi%1 & ( a snake 7,colub]71 z well z ( sev]al birds1 7 detect$4 ,! occurr5ce "h & !re ( bones 9 a v p]fect /ate1 or ( sev]al bones belong+ to ! same skeleton 9 natural juxtaposition1 & hav+ all _! mo/ delicate apophyses un9jur$1 :ile _m accompany+ bones 9 ! same breccia 7 roll$1 brok51 or decay$1 0 acc\nt$ = by suppos+ t portions ( c>casses 7 sometimes float$ 9 dur+ floods :ile /ill clo!d ) _! fle%4 ,no example 0 discov]$ ( an entire skeleton1 n ev5 ( "o ( ! small] mammalia1 ! bones ( :i* are usually ! lea/ injur$4 ,! incomplet5ess ( ea* skeleton 0 especially asc]ta9$ 9 reg>d to ! human subjects1 ,dr4 ,s*m]l+ be+ c>eful1 :5ev] a fragm5t ( su* pres5t$ itself1 to explore ! cav]n himself1 & see :e!r any o!r bones ( ! same skeleton c\ld be f\nd4 ,9 ! ,engis cav]n1 di/ant ab\t eight miles to ! s\?-we/ ( ,liege1 on ! left bank ( ! ,meuse1 ! rema9s ( at lea/ ?ree human individuals 7 dis9t]r$4 ,! skull ( "o ( ^!1 t ( a "y p]son1 0 emb$d$ by ! side ( a mammo?'s too?4 ,x 0 entire b s fragile1 t ne>ly all ( x fell to pieces dur+ its extraction4 ,ano!r skull1 t ( an adult individual1 & ! only "o pres]v$ by ,dr4 ,s*m]l+ 9 a suffici5t /ate ( integrity to enable ! anatomi/ to speculate on ! race to :i* x belong$1 0 buri$ #e feet deep 9 a breccia1 9 :i* ! too? ( a rh9oc]os1 sev]al bones ( a horse1 & "s ( ! re9de]1 toge!r ) "s rum9ants1 occurr$4 ,?is skull1 n[ 9 ! museum ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,liege1 is figur$ 9 ,*apt] #e 7,figure #b71 :]e fur!r obs]vations w be (f]$ on its anatomical "*1 aft] a full] acc\nt ( ! cont5ts ( ! ,liege cav]ns has be5 laid be=e ! read]4 ,on ! "r bank ( ! ,meuse1 on ! opposite side ( ! riv] to ,engis1 is ! cav]n ( ,engih\l4 ,bones ( ext9ct animals m+l$ ) ^? ( ,man 7 obs]v$ to ab\nd 9 bo? cav]ns2 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t :]eas 9 ! ,engis cave !re 7 sev]al human crania & v few o!r bones1 9 ,engih\l !re occurr$ num]\s bones ( ! extremities belong+ to at lea/ ?ree human individuals1 & only two small fragm5ts ( a cranium4 ,! l caprici\s di/ribution held good 9 o!r cav]ns1 especially ) ref]5ce to ! cave-be>1 ! mo/ frequ5t ( ! ext9ct mammalia4 ,?us1 = example 9 ! cave ( ,*oki]1 skulls ( ! be> 7 few1 & o!r p>ts ( ! skeleton abundant1 :]eas 9 sev]al o!r cav]ns ^! proportions 7 exactly rev]s$1 :ile at ,g(fonta9e skulls ( ! be> & o!r p>ts ( ! skeleton 7 f\nd 9 _! natural num]ical proportions4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 x may be said t human bones1 :]e any 7 met )1 occurr$ at all dep?s 9 ! cave-mud & gravel1 sometimes above & sometimes bel[ ^? ( ! be>1 elephant1 rh9oc]os1 hya5a1 etc4 ,"s rude fl9t implem5ts ( ! k9d commonly call$ fl9t knives or flakes1 ( a triangul> =m 9 ! cross section 7z 9 ,figure #ad71 7 f\nd by ,s*m]l+ disp]s$ g5]ally ?r\gh ! cave-mud1 b he 0 too mu* engross$ ) 8 o/eological inquiries to collect !m dilig5tly4 ,he pres]v$ "s few ( !m1 h[ev]1 :i* ,i h se5 9 ! museum at ,liege4 ,he also discov]$ 9 ! cave ( ,*oki]1 #b #a_/b miles s\?-we/ f ,liege1 a poli%$ & jo9t$ ne$le-%ap$ bone1 ) a hole pi]c$ obliquely ?r\gh x at ! base2 su* a cavity1 he obs]v$1 z _h nev] giv5 passage to an art]y4 ,?is in/rum5t 0 emb$d$ 9 ! same matrix ) ! rema9s ( a rh9oc]os499 799 ,s*m]l+ "p #b page #agg47 ,ano!r cut bone & sev]al artificially-%ap$ fl9ts 7 f\nd 9 ! ,engis cave1 ne> ! human skulls be=e allud$ to4 ,s*m]l+ obs]v$1 & we %all h to ref] to ! fact 9 ! sequel 7,*apt] #h71 t al?\gh 9 "s =ty fossilif]\s caves explor$ by him human bones 7 ! exception1 yet ^! fl9t implem5ts 7 univ]sal1 & he add$ t none ( !m c\ld h be5 subsequ5tly introduc$1 be+ precisely 9 ! same position z ! rema9s ( ! accompany+ animals4 ,i !re=e1 he cont9ues1 atta* great importance to _! pres5ce2 = ev5 if ,i _h n f\nd ! human bones "u conditions entirely fav\rable to _! be+ consid]$ z belong+ to ! ant$iluvian epo*1 pro(s ( ,man's exi/5ce w\ld /ill h be5 suppli$ by ! cut bones & work$ fl9ts499 799 ,s*m]l+1 "p #b page #agi47 ,dr4 ,s*m]l+1 !re=e1 _h no hesitation 9 conclud+ f ! v>i\s facts asc]ta9$ by him1 t ,man once liv$ 9 ! ,liege di/rict contemporane\sly ) ! cave-be> & sev]al o!r ext9ct species ( quadrup$s4 ,b he 0 mu* at a loss :5 he attempt$ to inv5t a !ory to expla9 ! =m] /ate ( ! fauna ( ! region n[ dra9$ by ! ,meuse2 = he %>$ ! notion1 !n v preval5t among naturali/s1 t ! mammo? & ! hya5a99 7 bea/s ( a w>m] climate ?an t n[ prop] to ,we/]n ,europe4 799 ,ibid4 "p #b pages #gj & #if47 ,9 ord] to acc\nt = ! pres5ce ( su* tropical species1 he 0 half-incl9$ to imag9e t !y _h be5 transport$ by a flood f "s di/ant region2 !n aga9 he rais$ ! "q :e!r !y might n h be5 wa%$ out ( an old] alluvium1 :i* may h pre-exi/$ 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,?is la/ hypo!sis 0 directly at v>iance ) 8 own /atem5ts1 t ! rema9s ( ! mammo? & hya5a 7 id5tical 9 appe>ance1 col\r1 & *emical condition ) ^? ( ! be> & o!r associat$ fossil animals1 none ( :i* exhibit$ signs ( hav+ be5 previ\sly envelop$ 9 any dissimil> matrix4 ,ano!r enigma :i* l$ ,s*m]l+ a/ray 9 "s ( 8 geological speculations 0 ! suppos$ pres5ce ( ! ag\ti1 a ,s\? ,am]ican rod5t1 prop] to ! torrid zone4 ,my fri5d ,m4 ,l>tet1 guid$ by ,s*m]l+'s figures ( ! tee? ( ?is species1 sugge/s1 & ,i h little d\bt ) good reason1 t !y app]ta9 to ! porcup9e1 a g5us f\nd fossil 9 ,plei/oc5e deposits ( c]ta9 cav]ns 9 ! s\? ( ,france4 ,9 ! ye> #ahcc1 ,i pass$ ?r\gh ,liege1 on my way to ! ,rh9e1 & conv]s$ ) ,dr4 ,s*m]l+1 :o %[$ me 8 spl5did collection1 & :5 ,i express$ "s incr$ulity respect+ ! alleg$ antiquity ( ! fossil human bones1 he po9t$ly rem>k$ t if ,i d\bt$ _! hav+ be5 contemporane\s ) ! be> or rh9oc]os1 on ! gr\nd ( ,man be+ a species ( m mod]n date1 ,i ought equally to d\bt ! co-exi/5ce ( all ! o!r liv+ species1 su* z ! r$ de]1 roe1 wild cat1 wild bo>1 wolf1 fox1 weasel1 beav]1 h>e1 rabbit1 h$gehog1 mole1 dorm\se1 field-m\se1 wat]-rat1 %rew1 & o!rs1 ! bones ( :i* he _h f\nd scatt]$ ev]y:]e indiscrim9ately ?r\gh ! same mud ) ! ext9ct quadrup$s4 ,! ye> aft] ?is conv]sation ,i cit$ ,s*m]l+'s op9ions1 & ! facts be>+ on ! antiquity ( ,man1 9 ! #crd edition ( my ,pr9ciples ( ,geology 7page #afa1 #ahcd71 & 9 succe$+ editions1 )\t pret5d+ to call 9 "q _! tru/wor?9ess1 b at ! same "t )\t giv+ !m ! weight :i* ,i n[ consid] !y 7 entitl$ to4 ,he _h accumulat$ ample evid5ce to prove t ,man _h be5 introduc$ into ! e>? at an e>li] p]iod ?an geologi/s 7 !n will+ to believe4 ,"o positive fact1 x w be said1 atte/$ by s compet5t a witness1 ought to h outweigh$ any am\nt ( negative te/imony1 previ\sly accumulat$1 respect+ ! non-occurr5ce else:]e ( human rema9s 9 =mations ( ! l antiquity4 ,9 reply1 ,i c only plead t a discov]y :i* seems to contradict ! g5]al t5or ( previ\s inve/igations is naturally receiv$ ) mu* hesitation4 ,to h und]tak5 9 #ahcb1 ) a view ( te/+ its tru?1 to foll[ ! ,belgian philosoph] ?r\gh e /age ( 8 obs]vations & pro(s1 w\ld h be5 no easy task ev5 = "o well-skill$ 9 geology & o/eology4 ,to be let d[n1 z ,s*m]l+ 01 day aft] day1 by a rope ti$ to a tree1 s z to slide to ! foot ( ! fir/ op5+ ( ! ,engis cave199 :]e ! be/-pres]v$ human skulls 7 f\nd2 &1 aft] ?us ga9+ access to ! fir/ subt]ranean gall]y1 to creep on all f\rs ?r\gh a contract$ passage lead+ to l>g] *amb]s1 !re to sup]9t5d by tor*light1 week aft] week & ye> aft] ye>1 ! workm5 :o 7 break+ ?r\gh ! /alagmitic cru/ z h>d z m>ble1 9 ord] to remove piece by piece ! und]ly+ bone-breccia ne>ly z h>d2 to /& = h\rs ) "o's feet 9 ! mud1 & ) wat] dripp+ f ! ro( on "o's head1 9 ord] to m>k ! position & gu>d aga9/ ! loss ( ea* s+le bone ( a skeleton2 & at l5g?1 aft] f9d+ leisure1 /r5g?1 & c\rage = all ^! op]ations1 to look =w>d1 z ! fruits ( "o's lab\r1 to ! publication ( unwelcome intellig5ce1 oppos$ to ! prepossessions ( ! sci5tific z well z ( ! unsci5tific public--:5 ^! circum/ances are tak5 into acc\nt1 we ne$ sc>cely wond]1 n only t a pass+ travell] fail$ to /op & scrut9ise ! evid5ce1 b t a qu>t] ( a c5tury %\ld h elaps$ be=e ev5 ! neighb\r+ pr(essors ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,liege came =? to v9dicate ! tru?fulness ( _! indefatigable & cle>-sight$ c\ntryman4 799 ,s*m]l+ "p #a page #cj47 ,9 #ahfj1 :5 ,i revisit$ ,liege1 tw5ty-six ye>s aft] my int]view ) ,s*m]l+1 ,i f\nd t sev]al ( ! cav]ns describ$ by him _h 9 ! int]val be5 annihilat$4 ,n a ve/ige1 = example1 ( ! caves ( ,engis1 ,*oki]1 & ,g(fonta9e rema9$4 ,! calc>e\s /one1 9 ! he>t ( :i* ! cavities once exi/$1 _h be5 qu>ri$ away1 & remov$ bodily = build+ & lime-mak+4 ,=tunately1 a great "p ( ! ,engih\l cav]n1 situat$ on ! "r bank ( ! ,meuse1 0 /ill 9 ! same /ate z :5 ,s*m]l+ delv$ into x 9 #ahca1 & drew f x ! bones ( ?ree human skeletons4 ,i det]m9$1 !re=e1 to exam9e x1 & 0 s =tunate z to obta9 ! assi/ance ( a zeal\s naturali/ ( ,liege1 ,pr(essor ,malaise1 :o accompani$ me to ! cav]n1 :]e we engag$ "s workm5 to break ?r\gh ! cru/ ( /alagmite1 s t we c\ld se>* = bones 9 ! undi/urb$ e>? b5ea?4 ,bones & tee? ( ! cave-be> 7 soon f\nd1 & sev]al o!r ext9ct quadrup$s :i* ,s*m]l+ has enum]at$4 ,my companion1 cont9u+ ! "w p]sev]+ly = weeks aft] my dep>ture1 succe$$ at l5g? 9 extract+ f ! same deposit1 at ! dep? ( #b feet bel[ ! cru/ ( /alagmite1 ?ree fragm5ts ( a human skull1 & two p]fect l[] jaws ) tee?1 all associat$ 9 su* a mann] ) ! bones ( be>s1 l>ge pa*yd]ms1 & rum9ants1 & s precisely resembl+ ^! 9 col\r & /ate ( pres]vation1 z to leave no d\bt 9 8 m9d t ,man 0 contempor>y ) ! ext9ct animals4 ,pr(essor ,malaise has giv5 figures ( ! human rema9s 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,belgium = #ahfj499 799 ,volume #aj page #edf47 ,! rock 9 :i* ! ,liege cav]ns occur belongs g5]ally to ! ,c>bonif]\s or ,m\nta9 ,lime/one1 9 "s few cases only to ! old] ,devonian =mation4 ,:5ev] ! "w ( de/ruction has n gone too f>1 magnific5t sections1 sometimes #bjj & #cjj feet 9 height1 are expos$ to view4 ,!y confirm ,s*m]l+'s doctr9e1 t mo/ ( ! mat]ials1 organic & inorganic1 n[ fill+ ! cav]ns1 h be5 wa%$ into !m ?r\gh n>r[ v]tical or oblique fissures1 ! upp] extremities ( :i* are *ok$ up ) soil & gravel1 & w\ld sc>cely ev] be discov]able at ! surface1 especially 9 s wood$ a c\ntry4 ,among ! sections obta9$ by qu>ry+1 "o ( ! f9e/ :i* ,i saw 0 9 ! beautiful valley ( ,fond du ,=et1 above ,*audefonta9e1 n f> f ! village ( ,magnee1 :]e "o ( ! r5ts communicat+ ) ! surface has be5 fill$ up to ! brim ) r\nd$ & half-r\nd$ /ones1 angul> pieces ( lime/one & %ale1 besides s& & mud1 toge!r ) bones1 *iefly ( ! cave-be>4 ,connect$ ) ?is ma9 duct1 :i* is f #a to #b feet 9 wid?1 are sev]al m9or ones1 ea* f #a to #c in*es wide1 also ext5d+ to ! upp] c\ntry or table-l&1 & *ok$ up ) simil> mat]ials4 ,!y are incl9$ at angles ( #cj & #dj degrees1 _! walls be+ g5]ally coat$ ) /alactite1 pieces ( :i* h "h & !re be5 brok5 (f & m+l$ ) ! cont5ts ( ! r5ts1 ?us help+ to expla9 :y we s (t5 meet ) deta*$ pieces ( t sub/ance 9 ! mud & breccia ( ! ,belgian caves4 ,x is n easy to conceive t a solid horizontal floor ( h>d /alagmite %\ld1 aft] its =mation1 be brok5 up by runn+ wat]2 b :5 ! walls ( /eep & tortu\s r5ts1 s]v+ z fe$]s to ! pr9cipal fissures & to inf]ior vaults & gall]ies are encru/$ ) /alagmite1 "s ( ! incru/ation may readily be torn up :5 heavy fragm5ts ( rock are hurri$ by a flood ?r\gh passages incl9$ at angles ( #cj or #dj degrees4 ,! decay & decomposition ( ! fossil bones seem to h be5 arre/$ 9 mo/ ( ! caves by a con/ant supply ( wat] *>g$ ) c>bonate ( lime1 :i* dripp$ f ! ro(s :ile ! caves 7 becom+ gradually fill$ up4 ,by simil> ag5cy ! mud1 s&1 & pebbles 7 usually consolidat$4 ,! foll[+ explanation ( ?is ph5om5on has be5 sugge/$ by ! em95t *emi/ ,liebig4 ,on ! surface ( ,franconia1 :]e ! lime/one ab\nds 9 cav]ns1 is a f]tile soil 9 :i* vegetable matt] is cont9ually decay+4 ,?is m\ld or humus1 be+ act$ on by moi/ure & air1 evolves c>bonic acid1 :i* is dissolv$ by ra94 ,! ra9 wat]1 ?us impregnat$1 p]meates ! por\s lime/one1 dissolves a portion ( x1 & aft]w>ds1 :5 ! excess ( c>bonic acid evaporates 9 ! cav]ns1 p>ts ) ! calc>e\s matt] & =ms /alactite4 ,s long z wat] fl[s1 ev5 occasionally1 ?r\gh a suite ( cav]ns1 no lay] ( pure /alagmite c be produc$2 h5ce ! =mation ( su* a lay] is g5]ally an ev5t po/]ior 9 date to ! cessation ( ! old sy/em ( dra9age1 an ev5t :i* might be br\ght ab\t by an e>?quake caus+ new fissures1 or by ! riv] we>+ its way d[n to a l[] level1 & !nce=? runn+ 9 a new *annel4 ,9 all ! subt]ranean cavities1 m ?an =ty 9 numb]1 explor$ by ,s*m]l+1 he only obs]v$ "o cave1 namely t ( ,*oki]1 :]e !re 7 two regul> lay]s ( /alagmite1 divid$ by fossilif]\s cave-mud4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 we may suppose t ! /ream1 aft] fl[+ = a long p]iod at "o level1 cut its way d[n to an inf]ior suite ( cav]ns1 &1 fl[+ ?r\gh !m = c5turies1 *ok$ !m up ) debris2 aft] :i* x rose once m to its orig9al high] level3 j z 9 ! ,m\nta9 ,lime/one di/rict ( ,york%ire "s riv]s1 habitually absorb$ by a swall[ hole1 are occasionally unable to dis*>ge all _! wat] ?r\gh x2 9 :i* case !y rise & ru% ?r\gh a high] subt]ranean passage1 :i* 0 at "s =m] p]iod 9 ! regul> l9e ( dra9age1 z is (t5 atte/$ by ! fluviatile gravel /ill conta9$ 9 x4 ,!re are n[ 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,meuse1 n f> f ,liege1 sev]al examples ( engulf$ brooks & riv]s3 "s ( !m1 l t ( ,/4 ,hadel91 ea/ ( ,*audefonta9e1 :i* reappe>s aft] an und]gr\nd c\rse ( a mile or two2 o!rs1 l ! ,vesdre1 :i* is lo/ ne> ,g(fonta9e1 & aft] a "t re-em]ges2 "s1 aga91 l ! torr5t ne> ,magnee1 :i*1 aft] ent]+ a cave1 nev] aga9 comes to ! day4 ,9 ! season ( floods su* /reams are turbid at _! entrance1 b cle> z a m\nta9-spr+ :]e !y issue aga92 s t !y mu/ be sl[ly fill+ up cavities 9 ! int]ior ) mud1 s&1 pebbles1 snail-%ells1 & ! bones ( animals :i* may be c>ri$ away dur+ floods4 ,! mann] 9 :i* "s ( ! l>ge ?igh & %ank bones ( ! rh9oc]os & o!r pa*yd]ms are r\nd$1 :ile "s ( ! small] bones ( ! same creatures1 & ( ! hya5a1 be>1 & horse1 are r$uc$ to pebbles1 %[s t !y 7 (t5 transport$ = "s di/ance 9 ! *annels ( torr5ts1 be=e !y f\nd a re/+-place4 ,:5 we desire to reason or speculate on ! probable antiquity ( human bones f\nd fossil 9 su* situations z ! cav]ns ne> ,liege1 !re are two classes ( evid5ce to :i* we may appeal = our guidance4 ,fir/1 consid]ations ( ! "t requir$ to all[ ( _m species ( c>nivor\s & h]bivor\s animals1 :i* fl\ri%$ 9 ! cave p]iod1 becom+ fir/ sc>ce1 & !n s entirely ext9ct z we h se5 t !y _h become be=e ! era ( ! ,dani% peat & ,swiss lake dwell+s2 secondly1 ! great numb] ( c5turies necess>y = ! conv]sion ( ! physical geography ( ! ,liege di/rict f its anci5t to its pres5t configuration2 s _m old und]gr\nd *annels1 ?r\gh :i* brooks & riv]s fl[$ 9 ! cave p]iod1 be+ n[ laid dry & *ok$ up4 ,! great alt]ations :i* h tak5 place 9 ! %ape ( ! valley ( ! ,meuse & "s ( its tribut>ies are (t5 demon/rat$ by ! abrupt mann] 9 :i* ! m\?s ( fossilif]\s cav]ns op5 9 ! face ( p]p5dicul> precipices #bjj feet or m 9 height above ! pres5t /reams4 ,!re appe>s also1 9 _m cases1 to be su* a correspond5ce 9 ! op5+s ( cav]ns on opposite sides ( "s ( ! valleys1 bo? l>ge & small1 z to incl9e "o to suspect t !y orig9ally belong$ to a s]ies ( tunnels & gall]ies :i* 7 cont9u\s be=e ! pres5t sy/em ( dra9age came into play1 or be=e ! exi/+ valleys 7 scoop$ out4 ,o!r signs ( subsequ5t fluctuations are af=d$ by gravel conta9+ elephant's bones at slight elevations above ! ,meuse & sev]al ( its tribut>ies4 ,x may be object$ t1 accord+ to ! pres5t rate ( *ange1 no lapse ( ages w\ld suffice to br+ ab\t su* revolutions 9 physical geography z we are "h contemplat+4 ,?is may be true4 ,x is m ?an probable t ! rate ( *ange 0 once f> m active ?an x is n[ 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,meuse4 ,"s ( ! ne>e/ volcanoes1 namely1 ^? ( ! ,l[] ,eifel ab\t #fj miles to ! ea/w>d1 seem to h be5 9 eruption 9 ,plei/oc5e times1 & may p]haps h be5 connect$ & coeval ) repeat$ ris+s or s9k+s ( ! l& 9 ! ,liege di/rict4 ,x might be said1 ) equal tru?1 t accord+ to ! pres5t c\rse ( ev5ts1 no s]ies ( ages w\ld suffice to reproduce su* an assemblage ( cones & crat]s z ^? ( ! ,eifel 7ne> ,&]na*1 = example72 & yet "s ( !m may be ( suffici5tly mod]n date to belong to ! era :5 ,man 0 contempor>y ) ! mammo? & rh9oc]os 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,meuse4 ,b1 al?\gh we may be unable to e/imate ! m9imum ( "t requir$ = ! *anges 9 physical geography above allud$ to1 we _c fail to p]ceive t ! duration ( ! p]iod mu/ h be5 v protract$1 & t o!r ages ( comp>ative inaction may h foll[$1 sep>at+ ! ,plei/oc5e f ! hi/orical p]iods1 & con/itut+ an int]val no less indef9ite 9 its duration4 ,,*apt] #e4 -- ,,plei/oc5e ,,p]iod--,,fossil ,,human ,,skulls ,,( ,,! ,,ne&]?al ,,& ,,engis ,,caves4 ,human ,skeleton f\nd 9 ,cave ne> ,dusseldorf4 ,its geological ,position & probable ,age4 ,its abnormal & ape-l ,*>act]s4 ,fossil ,human ,skull ( ! ,engis ,cave ne> ,liege4 ,pr(essor ,huxley's ,description ( ^! ,skulls4 ,comp>ison ( ea*1 ) extreme ,v>ieties ( ! native ,au/ralian ,race4 ,range ( ,capacity 9 ! ,human & ,simian ,bra9s4 ,skull f ,borreby 9 ,d5m>k4 ,conclusions ( ,pr(essor ,huxley4 ,be>+ ( ! peculi> ,*>act]s ( ! ,ne&]?al ,skull on ! ,hypo!sis ( ,transmutation4 ,,fossil ,,human ,,skeleton ,,( ,,! ,,ne&]?al ,,cave ,,ne> ,,dusseldorf4 ,be=e ,i speak m p>ticul>ly ( ! op9ions :i* anatomi/s h express$ respect+ ! o/eological *>act]s ( ! human skull f ,engis1 ne> ,liege1 m5tion$ 9 ! la/ *apt] & describ$ by ,dr4 ,s*m]l+1 x w be desirable to say some?+ ( ! geological position ( ano!r skull1 or r skeleton1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( its peculi> con=mation1 has excit$ no small s5sation 9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,i allude to ! skull f\nd 9 #aheg 9 a cave situat$ 9 t "p ( ! valley ( ! ,dussel1 ne> ,dusseldorf1 :i* is call$ ! ,ne&]?al4 ,! spot is a deep & n>r[ rav9e ab\t #gj ,engli% miles nor?-ea/ ( ! region ( ! ,liege cav]ns treat$ ( 9 ! la/ *apt]1 & close to ! village & railway /ation ( ,ho*dal betwe5 ,dusseldorf & ,elb]feld4 ,! cave occurs 9 ! precipit\s s\!rn or left side ( ! w9d+ rav9e1 ab\t sixty feet above ! /ream1 & a hundr$ feet bel[ ! top ( ! cliff4 ,! accompany+ section 7,figure #a47 w give ! read] an idea ( its position4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a ,:5 ,dr4 ,fuhlrott ( ,elb]feld fir/ exam9$ ! cave1 he f\nd x to be high en\gh to all[ a man to ent]4 ,! wid? 0 #g or #h feet1 & ! l5g? or dep? #ae4 ,i visit$ ! spot 9 #ahfj1 9 company ) ,dr4 ,fuhlrott1 :o _h ! k9dness to come expressly f ,elb]feld to be my guide1 & :o br\ght ) him ! orig9al fossil skull1 & a ca/ ( ! same1 :i* he pres5t$ to me4 ,9 ! int]val ( ?ree ye>s1 betwe5 #aheg & #ahfj1 ! l$ge ( rock1 f1 on :i* ! cave op5$1 & :i* 0 orig9ally #bj feet wide1 _h be5 almo/ entirely qu>ri$ away1 &1 at ! rate at :i* ! "w ( dilapidation 0 proce$+1 its complete de/ruction seem$ ne> at h&4 7,,figure #a4 ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,ne&]?al ,,cave ,,ne> ,,dusseldorf4 a4 ,cav]n #fj feet above ! ,dussel1 & #ajj feet bel[ ! surface ( ! c\ntry at c4 b4 ,loam cov]+ ! floor ( ! cave ne> ! bottom ( :i* ! human skeleton 0 f\nd4 b1 c4 ,r5t connect+ ! cave ) ! upp] surface ( ! c\ntry4 d4 ,sup]ficial s&y loam4 e4 ,devonian lime/one4 f4 ,t]race1 or l$ge ( rock47 ,9 ! lime/one are _m fissures1 "o ( :i*1 /ill p>tially fill$ ) mud & /ones1 is repres5t$ 9 ! section at a c z cont9u\s f ! cave to ! upp] surface ( ! c\ntry4 ,?r\gh ?is passage ! loam1 & possibly ! human body to :i* ! bones belong$1 may h be5 wa%$ into ! cave bel[4 ,! loam1 :i* cov]$ ! unev5 bottom ( ! cave1 0 sp>+ly mix$ ) r\nd$ fragm5ts ( *]t1 & 0 v simil> 9 composition to t cov]+ ! g5]al surface ( t region4 ,!re 0 no cru/ ( /alagmite ov]ly+ ! mud 9 :i* ! human skeleton 0 f\nd1 & no bones ( o!r animals 9 ! mud ) ! skeleton2 b j be=e our visit 9 #ahfj ! tusk ( a be> _h be5 met ) 9 "s mud 9 a lat]al embran*m5t ( ! cave1 9 a situation precisely simil> to b1 ,figure #a1 & on a level correspond+ ) t ( ! human skeleton4 ,?is tusk1 %[n u by ! proprietor ( ! cave1 0 #b #a_/b in*es long & q p]fect2 b :e!r x 0 ref]able to a rec5t or ext9ct species ( be>1 ,i c\ld n det]m9e4 ,f a pr9t$ lett] ( ,dr4 ,fuhlrott we le>n t on remov+ ! loam1 :i* 0 five feet ?ick1 f ! cave1 ! human skull 0 fir/ notic$ ne> ! entrance1 &1 fur!r 91 ! o!r bones ly+ 9 ! same horizontal plane4 ,x is suppos$ t ! skeleton 0 complete1 b ! workm51 ignorant ( its value1 scatt]$ & lo/ mo/ ( ! bones1 pres]v+ only ! l>g] ones499 799 ,fuhlrott1 ,lett] to ,pr(essor ,s*aaffhaus51 cit$ ,natural ,hi/ory ,review ,numb] #b page #aef4 ,see also ,naturhi/oris*] ,v]e9 ,bonn #ahei47 ,! cranium1 :i* ,dr4 ,fuhlrott %[$ me1 0 cov]$ bo? on its out] & inn] surface1 & especially on ! latt]1 ) a pr(usion ( d5dritical cry/allisations1 & "s o!r bones ( ! skeleton 7 ornam5t$ 9 ! same way4 ,^! m>k+s1 z ,dr4 ,h]mann von ,mey] obs]ves1 af=d no sure crit]ion ( antiquity1 = !y h be5 obs]v$ on ,roman bones4 ,nev]!less1 !y are m common 9 bones t h be5 long emb$d$ 9 ! e>?4 ,! skull & bones1 moreov]1 ( ! ,ne&]?al skeleton _h lo/ s mu* ( _! animal matt] z to adh]e /rongly to ! tongue1 agree+ 9 ?is respect ) ! ord9>y condition ( fossil rema9s ( ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod4 ,on ! :ole1 ,i ?9k x probable t ?is fossil may be ( ab\t ! same age z ^? f\nd by ,s*m]l+ 9 ! ,liege cav]ns2 b1 z no o!r animal rema9s 7 f\nd ) x1 !re is no pro( t x may n be new]4 ,its position l5ds no c\nt5ance :atev] to ! supposition ( its be+ m anci5t4 ,:5 ! skull & o!r p>ts ( ! skeleton 7 fir/ exhibit$ at a ,g]man sci5tific meet+ at ,bonn1 9 #aheg1 "s d\bts 7 express$ by sev]al naturali/s1 :e!r x 0 truly human4 ,pr(essor ,s*aaffhaus51 :o1 ) ! o!r exp]i5c$ zoologi/s1 did n %>e ^! d\bts1 obs]v$ t ! cranium1 :i* includ$ ! frontal bone1 bo? p>ietals1 "p ( ! squam\s1 & ! upp] ?ird ( ! occipital1 0 ( unusual size & ?ickness1 ! =ehead n>r[ & v l[1 & ! projection ( ! supra-orbital ridges enorm\sly great4 ,he also /at$ t ! absolute & relative l5g? ( ! ?igh bone1 hum]us1 radius1 & ulna1 agre$ well ) ! dim5sions ( a ,european individual ( l /ature at ! pres5t day2 b t ! ?ickness ( ! bones 0 v extraord9>y1 & ! elevations & depressions = ! atta*m5t ( muscles 7 develop$ 9 an unusual degree4 ,"s ( ! ribs1 also1 7 ( a s+ul>ly r\nd$ %ape & abrupt curvature1 :i* 0 suppos$ to indicate great p[] 9 ! ?oracic muscles499 799 ,pr(essor ,s*aaffhaus5's ,memoir translat$ ,natural ,hi/ory ,review ,april #ahfa47 ,9 ! same memoir1 ! ,prussian anatomi/ rem>ks t ! depression ( ! =ehead 7,see ,figure #c471 is n due to any artificial flatt5+1 su* z is practis$ 9 v>i\s modes by b>b>\s nations 9 ! ,old & ,new ,_w1 ! skull be+ q symmetrical1 & %[+ no indication ( c\nt]-pressure at ! occiput2 :]eas1 accord+ to ,morton1 9 ! ,flat-heads ( ! ,columbia1 ! frontal & p>ietal bones are always unsymmetrical499 799 ,natural ,hi/ory ,review ,numb] #b page #afj47 ,on ! :ole1 ,pr(essor ,s*aaffhaus5 conclud$ t ! individual to :om ! ,ne&]?al skull belong$ mu/ h be5 di/+ui%$ by small c]ebral developm5t1 & uncommon /r5g? ( corporeal frame4 ,:5 on my return to ,engl& ,i %[$ ! ca/ ( ! cranium to ,pr(essor ,huxley1 he rem>k$ at once t x 0 ! mo/ ape-l skull he _h ev] beheld4 ,mr4 ,busk1 aft] giv+ a translation ( ,pr(essor ,s*aaffhaus5's memoir 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,review1 add$ "s valuable comm5ts ( 8 own on ! *>act]s 9 :i* ?is skull approa*$ t ( ! gorilla & *impanzee4 ,pr(essor ,huxley aft]w>ds /udi$ ! ca/ ) ! object ( assi/+ me to give illu/rations ( x 9 ?is "w1 & 9 do+ s discov]$ :at _h n previ\sly be5 obs]v$1 t x 0 q z abnormal 9 ! %ape ( its occipital z 9 t ( its frontal or sup]cili>y region4 ,be=e cit+ 8 words on ! subject1 ,i w (f] a few rem>ks on ! ,engis skull :i* ! same anatomi/ has comp>$ ) t ( ! ,ne&]?al4 #aj ,,fossil ,,skull ,,( ,,! ,,engis ,,cave ,,ne> ,,liege4 ,among six or sev5 human skeletons1 portions ( :i* 7 collect$ by ,dr4 ,s*m]l+ f ?ree or f\r cav]ns ne> ,liege1 emb$d$ 9 ! same matrix ) ! rema9s ( ! elephant1 rh9oc]os1 be>1 hya5a1 & o!r ext9ct quadrup$s1 ! mo/ p]fect skull1 z ,i h be=e /at$1 0 t ( an adult individual f\nd 9 ! cav]n ( ,engis4 ,?is skull1 ,dr4 ,s*m]l+ figur$ 9 8 "w1 obs]v+ t x 0 too imp]fect to enable ! anatomi/ to det]m9e ! facial angle1 b t "o might inf]1 f ! n>r[ness ( ! frontal portion1 t x belong$ to an individual ( small intellectual developm5t4 ,he speculat$ on its ,e?iopian aff9ities1 b n confid5tly1 obs]v+ truly t x w\ld require _m m specim5s to enable an anatomi/ to arrive at s\nd conclusions on su* a po9t4 ,m4 ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire & o!r o/eologi/s1 :o exam9$ ! specim51 d5i$ t x resembl$ a negro's skull4 ,:5 ,i saw ! orig9al 9 ! museum at ,liege1 ,i invit$ ,dr4 ,spr+1 "o ( ! pr(essors ( ! univ]sity1 to :om we are indebt$ = a valuable memoir on ! human bones f\nd 9 ! cav]n ( ,*auvaux1 ne> ,namur1 to h a ca/ made ( ?is ,engis skull4 ,he n only _h ! k9dness to comply ) my reque/1 b r5d]$ a s]vice to ! sci5tific _w by add+ to ! orig9al cranium sev]al deta*$ fragm5ts :i* ,dr4 ,s*m]l+ _h obta9$ f ,engis1 & :i* 7 f\nd to fit 9 exactly1 s t ! ca/ repres5t$ at ,figure #b is m complete ?an t giv5 9 ! fir/ plate ( ,s*m]l+'s "w4 ,x exhibits on ! "r side ! position ( ! auditory =am5 7see ,figure #f71 :i* 0 n includ$ 9 ,s*m]l+'s figure4 ,mr4 ,busk1 :5 he saw ?is ca/1 rem>k$ to me t1 al?\gh ! =ehead 01 z ,s*m]l+ _h truly /at$1 some:at n>r[1 x might nev]!less be mat*$ by ! skulls ( individuals ( ,european race1 an obs]vation s9ce fully borne out by measurem5ts1 z w be se5 9 ! sequel4 ,,obs]vations ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,huxley ,,on ,,! ,,human ,,skulls ,,( ,,engis ,,& ,,! ,,ne&]?al4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b ,! ,engis skull1 z orig9ally figur$ by ,pr(essor ,s*m]l+1 0 9 a v imp]fect /ate2 b o!r fragm5ts h s9ce be5 add$ to x by ! c>e ( ,dr4 ,spr+1 & ! ca/ ^u :i* my obs]vations are bas$ 7,figure #b7 exhibits ! frontal1 p>ietal1 & occipital regions1 z f> z ! middle ( ! occipital =am51 ) ! squam\s & ma/oid portions ( ! "r temporal bone entire1 or ne>ly s1 :ile ! left temporal bone is want+4 ,f ! middle ( ! occipital =am5 to ! middle ( ! ro( ( ea* orbit1 ! base ( ! skull is de/roy$1 & ! facial bones are entirely abs5t4 ,! extreme l5g? ( ! skull is #g4g in*es1 & z its extreme bread? is n m ?an #e4be1 its =m is decid$ly doli*ocephalic4 ,at ! same "t its height 7#d #c_/d in*es f ! plane ( ! glabello-occipital l9e 7a d7 to ! v]tex7 is good1 & ! =ehead is well ar*$2 s t :ile ! horizontal circumf]5ce ( ! skull is ab\t #bj #a_/b in*es1 ! longitud9al arc f ! nasal sp9e ( ! frontal bone to ! occipital protub]ance 7d7 measures ab\t #ac #c_/d in*es4 ,! transv]se arc f "o auditory =am5 to ! o!r across ! middle ( ! sagittal suture measures ab\t #ac in*es4 ,! sagittal suture 7b c7 is #e #a_/b in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! sup]cili>y prom95ces are well1 b n excessively1 develop$1 & are sep>at$ by a m$ian depression 9 ! region ( ! glabella4 ,!y indicate l>ge frontal s9uses4 ,if a l9e jo9+ ! glabella & ! occipital protub]ance 7a d7 be made horizontal1 no "p ( ! occiput projects m ?an #a_/aj? ( an in* beh9d ! po/]ior extremity ( t l9e2 & ! upp] edge ( ! auditory =am5 is almo/ 9 contact ) ! same l9e1 or r ) "o drawn p>allel to x on ! out] surface ( ! skull4 7,,figure #b4 ,,side ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,ca/ ,,( ,,"p ,,( ,a ,,human ,,skull ,,f\nd ,,by ,,dr4 ,,s*m]l+ ,,emb$d$ ,,among/ ,,! ,,rema9s ,,( ,,ext9ct ,,mammalia ,,9 ,,! ,,cave ,,( ,,engis1 ,,ne> ,,liege4 a4 ,sup]cili>y ridge & glabella4 b4 ,coronal suture4 c4 ,! apex ( ! lamboidal suture4 d4 ,! occipital protub]ance47 ,! ,ne&]?al skull1 ) :i* also ,i am acqua9t$ only by means ( ,pr(essor ,s*aaffhaus5's draw+s ( an excell5t ca/ & ( photographs1 is s extremely diff]5t 9 appe>ance f ! ,engis cranium1 t x might well be suppos$ to belong to a di/9ct race ( mank9d4 ,x is #h in*es 9 extreme l5g? & #e4ge in*es 9 extreme bread?1 b only measures #c4d in*es f ! glabello-occipital l9e to ! v]tex4 ,! longitud9al arc1 measur$ z above1 is #ab in*es2 ! transv]se arc _c be exactly asc]ta9$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! abs5ce ( ! temporal bones1 b 0 probably ab\t ! same1 & c]ta9ly exce$$ #aj #a_/d in*es4 ,! horizontal circumf]5ce is #bc in*es4 ,?is great circumf]5ce arises l>gely f ! va/ developm5t ( ! sup]cili>y ridges1 :i* are occupi$ by great frontal s9uses ^: inf]ior ap]tures are display$ exce$+ly well 9 "o ( ,dr4 ,fuhlrott's photographs1 & =m a cont9u\s transv]se prom95ce1 some:at excavat$ 9 ! middle l9e1 across ! l[] "p ( ! br[s4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is /ructure1 ! =ehead appe>s /ill l[] & m retreat+ ?an x really is4 ,to an anatomical eye ! po/]ior "p ( ! skull is ev5 m /rik+ ?an ! ant]ior4 ,! occipital protub]ance occupies ! extreme po/]ior end ( ! skull :5 ! glabello-occipital l9e is made horizontal1 & s f> f any "p ( ! occipital region ext5d+ beyond x1 ?is region ( ! skull slopes obliquely upw>d & =w>d1 s t ! lambdoidal suture is situat$ well ^u ! upp] surface ( ! cranium4 ,at ! same "t1 not)/&+ ! great l5g? ( ! skull1 ! sagittal suture is rem>kably %ort 7#d #a_/b in*es71 & ! squamosal suture is v /raight4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4 ,ca/ ( ,human ,skull 7,,figure #c4 ,,side ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,ca/ ,,( ,a ,,"p ,,( ,a ,,human ,,skull ,,f ,a ,,cave ,,9 ,,! ,,ne&]?al1 ,,ne> ,,dusseldorf4 a4 ,sup]cili>y ridge & glabella4 b4 ,! coronal suture4 c4 ,! apex ( ! lamboidal suture4 d4 ,! occipital protub]ance47 ,9 human skulls1 ! sup]ior curv$ ridge ( ! occipital bone & ! occipital protub]ance correspond1 approximatively1 ) ! level ( ! t5torium & ) ! lat]al s9uses1 & consequ5tly ) ! inf]ior limit ( ! po/]ior lobes ( ! bra94 ,at fir/1 ,i f\nd "s difficulty 9 believ+ t a human bra9 c\ld h its po/]ior lobes s flatt5$ & dim9i%$ z mu/ h be5 ! case 9 ! ,ne&]?al man1 suppos+ ! ord9>y relation to obta9 betwe5 ! sup]ior occipital ridges & ! t5torium2 b on my application1 ?r\gh ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 ,dr4 ,fuhlrott1 ! possessor ( ! skull1 0 good en\gh n only to asc]ta9 ! exi/5ce ( ! lat]al s9uses 9 _! ord9>y position1 b to s5d conv9c+ pro(s ( ! fact1 9 excell5t photographic views ( ! int]ior ( ! skull1 exhibit+ cle> indications ( ^! s9uses4 ,!re c be no d\bt t1 z ,pr(essor ,s*aaffhaus5 & ,mr4 ,busk h /at$1 ?is skull is ! mo/ brutal ( all kn[n human skulls1 resembl+ ^? ( ! apes n only 9 ! prodigi\s developm5t ( ! sup]cili>y prom95ces & ! =w>d ext5sion ( ! orbits1 b /ill m 9 ! depress$ =m ( ! bra9-case1 9 ! /raightness ( ! squamosal suture1 & 9 ! complete retreat ( ! occiput =w>ds & upw>d1 f ! sup]ior occipital ridges4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4 ,skull ( ,*impanzee 7,,figure #d4 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,! ,,skull ,,( ,,an ,,adult ,,*impanzee1 ,,( ,,t ,,f ,,! ,,ne&]?al1 ,,& ,,( ,,t ,,( ,a ,,european1 ,,drawn ,,to ,,! ,,same ,,absolute ,,size1 ,,9 ,,ord] ,,bett] ,,to ,,exhibit ,,_! ,,relative ,,diff]5ces4 ,! sup]cili>y region ( ! ,ne&]?al skull appe>s less prom95t ?an 9 ,figure #c1 z ! cont\rs are all tak5 along ! middle l9e :]e ! sup]cili>y projection ( ! ,ne&]?al skull is lea/ m>k$4 a4 ,! glabella4 b4 ,! occipital protub]ance1 or ! po9t on ! ext]ior ( ea* skull :i* corresponds r\ghly ) ! atta*m5t ( ! t5torium1 or ) ! inf]ior b\nd>y ( ! po/]ior c]ebral lobes47 ,b ! cranium1 9 its pres5t condition1 is /at$ by ,pr(essor ,s*aaffhaus5 to conta9 #ajcc4bd cubic c5timetres ( wat]1 or1 9 o!r words1 ab\t #fc ,engli% cubic in*es4 ,z ! entire skull c\ld h>dly h held less ?an #ab cubic in*es m1 its m9imum capacity may be e/imat$ at #ge cubic in*es4 ,! mo/ capaci\s heal?y ,european skull yet measur$ _h a capacity ( #aad cubic in*es1 ! smalle/ 7z e/imat$ by weight ( bra97 ab\t #ee cubic in*es1 :ile1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,s*aaffhaus51 "s ,h9doo skulls h z small a capacity z ab\t #df cubic in*es 7#bg ounces ( wat]74 ,! l>ge/ cranium ( any ,gorilla yet measur$ conta9$ #cd4e cubic in*es4 ,! ,ne&]?al cranium /&s1 !re=e1 9 capacity1 v ne>ly on a level ) ! mean ( ! two human extremes1 & v f> above ! pi!coid maximum4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e4 ,skull 7,,figure #e4 ,,skull ,,associat$ ,,) ,,gr\nd ,,fl9t ,,implem5ts1 ,,f ,a ,,tumulus ,,at ,,borreby ,,9 ,,d5m>k1 ,,aft] ,a ,,cam]a ,,lucida ,,draw+ ,,by ,,mr4 ,g4 ,,busk1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,! ?ick d>k l9e indicates s mu* ( ! skull z corresponds ) ! fragm5t f ! ,ne&]?al4 a4 ,sup]cili>y ridge4 b4 ,coronal suture4 c4 ,! apex ( ! lamboidal suture4 d4 ,! occipital protub]ance4 e4 ,! auditory =am547 ,h5ce1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( ! bones ( ! arm & ?igh1 :i*1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,s*aaffhaus51 _h ! precise proportions f\nd 9 ,man1 al?\gh !y 7 /\t] ?an ord9>y human bones1 !re c\ld be no reason = ascrib+ ?is cranium to any?+ b a man2 :ile ! /r5g? & developm5t ( ! muscul> ridges ( ! limb-bones are *>act]s 9 p]fect accordance ) ^? exhibit$1 9 a m9or degree1 by ! bones ( su* h>dy savages1 expos$ to a rigor\s climate1 z ! ,patagonians4 ,! ,ne&]?al cranium has c]ta9ly n und]gone compression1 &1 9 reply to ! sugge/ion t ! skull is t ( an idiot1 x may be urg$ t ! onus prob&i lies ) ^? :o adopt ! hypo!sis4 ,idiotcy is compatible ) v v>i\s =ms & capacities ( ! cranium1 b ,i "k ( none :i* pres5t ! lea/ resemblance to ! ,ne&]?al skull2 &1 fur!rmore1 ,i %all proce$ to %[ t ! latt] manife/s b an extreme degree ( a /age ( degradation exhibit$1 z a natural condition1 by ! crania ( c]ta9 races ( mank9d4 ,mr4 ,busk drew my att5tion1 "s "t ago1 to ! resemblance betwe5 "s ( ! skulls tak5 f tumuli ( ! /one p]iod at ,borreby 9 ,d5m>k1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,busk possesses num]\s accurate figures1 & ! ,ne&]?al cranium4 ,"o ( ! ,borreby skulls 9 p>ticul> 7,figure #e7 has rem>kably project+ sup]cili>y ridges1 a retreat+ =ehead1 a l[ flatt5$ v]tex1 & an occiput :i* %elves upw>d & =w>d4 ,b ! skull is relatively high] & broad]1 or m bra*ycephalic1 ! sagittal suture long]1 & ! sup]cili>y ridges less project+1 ?an 9 ! ,ne&]?al skull4 ,nev]!less1 !re is1 )\t d\bt1 mu* resemblance 9 "* betwe5 ! two skulls--a circum/ance :i* is ! m int]e/+1 s9ce ! o!r ,borreby skulls h bett] =eheads & less prom95t sup]cili>y ridges1 & exhibit altoge!r a high] con=mation4 ,! ,borreby skulls belong to ! /one p]iod ( ,d5m>k1 & ! p to :om !y app]ta9$ 7 probably ei!r contemporane\s )1 or lat] ?an1 ! mak]s ( ! 'refuse-heaps' ( t c\ntry4 ,9 o!r words1 !y 7 subsequ5t to ! la/ great physical *anges ( ,europe1 & 7 contempor>ies ( ! urus & bison1 n ( ! ,elephas primig5ius1 ,rh9oc]os ti*orh9us1 & ,hya5a spelaea4 ,suppos+ = a mom5t1 :at is n prov51 t ! ,ne&]?al skull belong$ to a race alli$ to ! ,borreby p & 0 z mod]n z !y1 x w\ld be sep>at$ by z great a di/ance ( "t z ( anatomical "* f ! ,engis skull1 & ! possibility ( its belong+ to a di/9ct race f ! latt] might reasonably appe> to be greatly height5$4 ,to prev5t ! possibility ( reason+ 9 a vici\s circle1 h[ev]1 ,i ?\ght x w\ld be well to endeav\r to asc]ta9 :at am\nt ( cranial v>iation is to be f\nd 9 a pure race at ! pres5t day2 & z ! natives ( ,s\!rn & ,we/]n ,au/ralia are probably z pure & homog5e\s 9 blood1 cu/oms1 & language1 z any race ( savages 9 exi/5ce1 ,i turn$ to !m1 ! m readily z ! ,hunt]ian museum conta9s a v f9e collection ( su* skulls4 ,i soon f\nd x possible to select f among ^! crania two 7connect$ by all sorts ( int]m$iate gradations71 ! "o ( :i* %\ld v ne>ly resemble ! ,engis skull1 :ile ! o!r %\ld some:at less closely approximate ! ,ne&]?al cranium 9 =m1 size1 & proportions4 ,& at ! same "t o!rs ( ^! skulls pres5t$ no less rem>kable aff9ities ) ! l[ type ( ,borreby skull4 ,t ! resemblances to :i* ,i allude are by no means ( a m]ely sup]ficial "*1 is %[n by ! accompany+ diagram 7,figure #f71 :i* gives ! cont\rs ( ! two anci5t & ( "o ( ! ,au/ralian skulls1 & by ! foll[+ table ( measurem5ts4 ,,table #e_/a4 ,,column #a3 ,,type ,,( ,,skull4 ,,column #b 7,a73 ,! horizontal circumf]5ce 9 ! plane ( a l9e jo9+ ! glabella ) ! occipital protub]ance4 ,,column #c 7,b73 ,! longitud9al arc f ! nasal depression along ! middle l9e ( ! skull to ! occipital tub]osity4 ,,column #d 7,c73 ,f ! level ( ! glabello-occipital l9e on ea* side1 across ! middle ( ! sagittal suture to ! same po9t on ! opposite side4 ,,column #e 7,d73 ,! v]tical height f ! glabello-occipital l9e4 ,,column #f 7,e73 ,! extreme longitud9al measurem5t4 ,,column #g 7,f73 ,! extreme transv]se measurem5t499 799 ,i h tak5 ! glabello-occipital l9e z a base 9 ^! measurem5ts1 simply because x enables me to comp>e all ! skulls1 :e!r fragm5ts or entire1 toge!r4 ,! greate/ circumf]5ce ( ! ,engli% skull lies 9 a plane consid]ably above t ( ! glabello-occipital l9e1 & am\nts to #bb in*es47 ,engis 3 #bj #a_/b3 #ac #c_/d3 #ab #a_/b3 #d #c_/d3 #g #c_/d3 #e #a_/d4 ,au/ralian1 ,numb] #a3 #bj #a_/b3 #ac 3 #ab 3 #d #c_/d3 #g #a_/b3 #e #d_/aj4 ,au/ralian1 ,numb] #b3 #bb 3 #ab #a_/b3 #aj #c_/d3 #c #h_/aj3 #g4i3 #e #c_/d4 ,ne&]?al3 #bc 3 #ab 3 #aj 3 #c #c_/d3 #h 3 #e #c_/d4 ,! "q :e!r ! ,engis skull has r ! "* ( "o ( ! high races or ( "o ( ! l[] has be5 mu* disput$1 b ! foll[+ measurem5ts ( an ,engli% skull1 not$ 9 ! catalogue ( ! ,hunt]ian museum z typically ,caucasian 7see ,figure #d7 w s]ve to %[ t bo? sides may be "r1 & t cranial measurem5ts alone af=d no safe indication ( race4 ,engli% 3 #ba 3 #ac #c_/d3 #ab #a_/b3 #d #d_/aj3 #g #g_/h3 #e #a_/c4 ,9 mak+ ! prec$+ /atem5t1 x mu/ be cle>ly und]/ood t ,i nei!r desire to affirm t ! ,engis & ,ne&]?al skulls belong to ! ,au/ralian race1 nor to ass]t ev5 t ! anci5t skulls belong to "o & ! same race1 s f> z race is measur$ by language1 col\r ( sk91 or "* ( hair4 ,aga9/ ! conclusion t !y are ( ! same race z ! ,au/ralians v>i\s m9or anatomical diff]5ces ( ! anci5t skulls1 su* z ! great developm5t ( ! frontal s9uses1 might be urg$2 :ile aga9/ ! supposition ( ei!r ! id5tity1 or ! div]sity1 ( race ( ! two arises ! kn[n indep5d5ce ( ! v>iation ( cranium on ! "o h&1 & ( hair1 col\r1 & language on ! o!r4 ,b ! am\nt ( v>iation ( ! ,borreby skulls1 & ! fact t ! skulls ( "o ( ! pure/ & mo/ homog5e\s ( exi/+ races ( m5 c be prov$ to diff] f "o ano!r 9 ! same *>act]s1 ?\gh p]haps n q to ! same ext5t1 z ! ,engis & ,ne&]?al skulls1 seem to me to prohibit any cauti\s reason] f affirm+ ! latt] to h be5 necess>ily ( di/9ct races4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f4 ,outl9es ( ,skulls 7,,figure #f4 ,,outl9es ,,( ,,! ,,skull ,,f ,,! ,,ne&]?al1 ,,( ,,an ,,au/ralian ,,skull ,,f ,,port ,,adelaide1 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,skull ,,f ,,! ,,cave ,,( ,,engis1 ,,drawn ,,to ,,! ,,same ,,absolute ,,l5g?1 ,,9 ,,ord] ,,! ,,bett] ,,to ,,contra/ ,,_! ,,proportions4 a4 ,! glabella4 b4 ,! occipital protub]ance1 or ! po9t on ! ext]ior ( ea* skull :i* corresponds r\ghly ) ! atta*m5t ( ! t5torium1 or ) ! inf]ior b\nd>y ( ! po/]ior c]ebral lobes4 e4 ,! position ( ! auditory =am5 ( ! ,engis skull47 ,! m>k$ resemblances betwe5 ! anci5t skulls & _! mod]n ,au/ralian analogues1 h[ev]1 h a pr(\nd int]e/1 :5 x is recollect$ t ! /one axe is z mu* ! weapon & ! implem5t ( ! mod]n z ( ! anci5t savage2 t ! =m] turns ! bones ( ! kang>oo & ( ! emu to ! same acc\nt z ! latt] did ! bones ( ! de] & ! urus2 t ! ,au/ralian heaps up ! %ells ( dev\r$ %ellfi% 9 m\nds :i* repres5t ! refuse-heaps or ,kjokk5modd+1 ( ,d5m>k2 &1 f9ally1 t1 on ! o!r side ( ,torres ,/raits1 a race ak9 to ! ,au/ralians are among ! few p :o n[ build _! h\ses on pile-works1 l ^? ( ! anci5t ,swiss lakes4 ,t ?is am\nt ( resemblance 9 habit & 9 ! conditions ( exi/5ce is accompani$ by z close a resemblance 9 cranial configuration1 illu/rates on a great scale t :at ,cuvi] demon/rat$ ( ! animals ( ! ,nile valley is no less true ( m52 circum/ances rema9+ simil>1 ! savage v>ies little m1 x w\ld seem1 ?an ! ibis or ! crocodile1 especially if we take into acc\nt ! enorm\s ext5t ( ! "t ov] :i* our k ( man n[ ext5ds1 z comp>$ ) t measur$ by ! duration ( ! sepul*res ( ,egypt4 ,f9ally1 ! comp>atively l>ge cranial capacity ( ! ,ne&]?al skull1 ov]laid ?\gh x may be by pi!coid bony walls1 & ! completely human proportions ( ! accompany+ limb-bones1 toge!r ) ! v fair developm5t ( ! ,engis skull1 cle>ly indicate t ! fir/ traces ( ! primordial /ock :5ce ,man has proce$$ ne$ no long] be s\ght1 by ^? :o ent]ta9 any =m ( ! doctr9e ( progressive developm5t1 9 ! newe/ ,t]ti>ies2 b t !y may be look$ = 9 an epo* m di/ant f ! age ( ! ,elephas primig5ius ?an t is f u4 ,! two skulls :i* =m ! subject ( ! prec$+ comm5ts & illu/rations h giv5 rise to ne>ly an equal am\nt ( surprise = opposite reasons2 t ( ,engis because be+ s unequivocally anci5t1 x approa*$ s ne> to ! highe/ or ,caucasian type2 t ( ! ,ne&]?al1 because1 hav+ no su* decid$ claims to antiquity1 x dep>ts s widely f ! normal /&>d ( humanity4 ,pr(essor ,huxley's obs]vation reg>d+ ! wide range ( v>iation1 bo? z to %ape & capacity1 9 ! skulls ( s pure a race z ! native ,au/ralian1 removes to no small ext5t ?is suppos$ anomaly1 assum+ :at ?\gh n prov$ is v probable1 t bo? v>ieties co-exi/$ 9 ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,z to ! ,engis skull1 we mu/ rememb] t al?\gh associat$ ) ! elephant1 rh9oc]os1 be>1 tig]1 & hya5a1 all ( ext9ct species1 x nev]!less is also accompani$ by a be>1 /ag1 wolf1 fox1 beav]1 & _m o!r quadrup$s ( species /ill liv+4 ,inde$ _m em95t palaeontologi/s1 & among !m ,pr(essor ,pictet1 ?9k t1 num]ically consid]$1 ! l>g] portion ( ! mammalian fauna agrees specifically ) t ( our own p]iod1 s t we are sc>cely entitl$ to feel surpris$ if we f9d human races ( ! ,plei/oc5e epo* undi/+ui%able f "s liv+ ones4 ,x w\ld m]ely t5d to %[ t ,man has be5 z con/ant 9 8 o/eological *>act]s z _m o!r mammalia n[ 8 contempor>ies4 ,! expectation ( always meet+ ) a l[] type ( human skull1 ! old] ! =mation 9 :i* x occurs1 is bas$ on ! !ory ( progressive developm5t1 & x may prove to be s\nd2 nev]!less we mu/ rememb] t z yet we h no di/9ct geological evid5ce t ! appe>ance ( :at are call$ ! inf]ior races ( mank9d has always prec$$ 9 *ronological ord] t ( ! high] races4 ,x is n[ admitt$ t ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! bra9 ( ! highe/ races ( ,man & t ( ! l[e/199 ?\gh less 9 degree1 are ( ! same ord] z ^? :i* sep>ate ! human f ! simian bra92 & ! same rule holds good 9 reg>d to ! %ape ( ! skull4 799 ,natural ,hi/ory ,review #ahfa page #h47 ,! av]age ,negro skull diff]s f t ( ! ,european 9 hav+ a m rec$+ =ehead1 m prom95t sup]cili>y ridges1 & m l>gely develop$ prom95ces & furr[s = ! atta*m5t ( muscles2 ! face also1 & its l9es1 are l>g] proportionally4 ,! bra9 is some:at less volum9\s on ! av]age 9 ! l[] races ( mank9d1 its convolutions r less complicat$1 & ^? ( ! two hemisph]es m symmetrical1 9 all :i* po9ts an approa* is made to ! simian type4 ,x w also be se51 by ref]5ce to ! late ,dr4 ,morton's works1 & by ! =ego+ /atem5ts ( ,pr(essor ,huxley1 t ! range ( size or capacity betwe5 ! highe/ & l[e/ human bra9 is great] ?an t betwe5 ! highe/ simian & l[e/ human bra92 b ! ,ne&]?al skull1 al?\gh 9 sev]al respects x is m ape-l ?an any human skull previ\sly discov]$1 is1 9 reg>d to volume1 by no means contemptible4 ,em95t anatomi/s h %[n t 9 ! av]age proportions ( "s ( ! bones ! ,negro diff]s f ! ,european1 & t 9 mo/ ( ^! *>act]s1 he makes a slightly ne>] approa* to ! an?ropoid quadrumana299 b ,pr(essor ,s*aaffhaus5 has po9t$ out t 9 ^! proportions ! ,ne&]?al skeleton does n diff] f ! ord9>y /&>d1 s t ! skeleton by no means indicates a transition betwe5 ,homo & ,pi!cus4 799 ,! inf]ior races ( mank9d exhibit proportions :i* are 9 _m respects int]m$iate betwe5 ! high]1 or ,european1 ord]s1 & ! monkeys4 ,9 ! ,negro1 = in/ance1 ! /ature is less ?an 9 ! ,european4 ,! cranium1 z is well kn[n1 be>s a small proportion to ! face4 ,( ! extremities ! upp] are proportionately long]1 & !re is1 9 bo? upp] & l[]1 a less m>k$ prepond]ance ( ! proximal ov] ! di/al segm5ts4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! ,negro1 ! ?igh & arm are r %ort] ?an 9 ! ,european2 ! leg is actually ( equal l5g? 9 bo? races1 & is !re=e1 relatively1 a little long] 9 ! ,negro2 ! =e-arm 9 ! latt] is actually1 z well z relatively1 a little long]2 ! foot is an eigh?1 & ! h& a twelf? long] ?an 9 ! ,european4 ,x is well kn[n t ! foot is less well =m$ 9 ! ,negro ?an 9 ! ,european4 ,! ar* ( ! in/ep1 ! p]fect con=mation ( :i* is ess5tial to /ead9ess & ease ( gait1 is less elevat$ 9 ! =m] ?an 9 ! latt]4 ,! foot is !reby r5d]$ flatt] z well z long]1 m ne>ly resembl+ ! monkey's1 betwe5 :i* & ! ,european !re is a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ?is p>ticul>4--,f ,a ,treatise on ! ,human ,skeleton by ,dr4 ,humphry1 ,lectur] on ,surg]y & ,anatomy 9 ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,m$ical ,s*ool1 page #ia47 ,!re is d\btless1 z %[n 9 ! diagram ,figure #d1 a ne>] resemblance 9 ! outl9e ( ! ,ne&]?al skull to t ( a *impanzee ?an _h ev] be5 obs]v$ be=e 9 any human cranium2 & ,pr(essor ,huxley's description ( ! occipital region %[s t ! resemblance is n conf9$ to ! m]e excessive prom95ce ( ! sup]cili>y ridges4 ,! direct be>+ ( ! ape-l "* ( ! ,ne&]?al skull on ,lam>ck's doctr9e ( progressive developm5t & transmutation1 or on t modification ( x :i* has ( late be5 s ably advocat$ by ,mr4 ,d>w91 consi/s 9 ?is1 t ! newly obs]v$ deviation f a normal /&>d ( human /ructure is n 9 a casual or r&om direction1 b j :at might h be5 anticipat$ if ! laws ( v>iation 7 su* z ! transmutationi/s require4 ,= if we conceive ! cranium to be v anci5t1 x exemplifies a less advanc$ /age ( progressive developm5t & improvem5t4 ,if x be a comp>atively mod]n race1 ow+ its peculi>ities ( con=mation to deg5]acy1 x is an illu/ration ( :at botani/s call atavism1 or ! t5d5cy ( v>ieties to rev]t to an ance/ral type1 :i* type1 9 proportion to its antiquity1 w\ld be ( l[] grade4 ,to ?is hypo!sis1 ( a g5ealogical connection betwe5 ,man & ! l[] animals1 ,i %all aga9 allude 9 ! conclud+ *apt]s4 #aa ,,*apt] #f4 -- ,,plei/oc5e ,,alluvium ,,& ,,cave ,,deposits ,,) ,,fl9t ,,implem5ts4 ,g5]al ,position ( ,drift ) ext9ct ,mammalia 9 ,valleys4 ,discov]ies ( ,m4 ,b\*] de ,p]!s at ,abbeville4 ,fl9t ,implem5ts f\nd also at ,/4 ,a*eul1 ne> ,ami5s4 ,curiosity awak5$ by ! sy/ematic ,exploration ( ! ,brixham ,cave4 ,fl9t ,knives 9 same1 ) ,bones ( ext9ct ,mammalia4 ,sup]position ( ,deposits 9 ! ,cave4 ,visits ( ,engli% & ,fr5* ,geologi/s to ,abbeville & ,ami5s4 ,,plei/oc5e ,,alluvium ,,conta9+ ,,fl9t ,,implem5ts ,,9 ,,! ,,valley ,,( ,,! ,,somme4 ,?r\gh\t a l>ge "p ( ,europe we f9d at mod]ate elevations above ! pres5t riv]-*annels1 usually at a height ( less ?an #dj feet1 b sometimes mu* high]1 b$s ( gravel1 s&1 & loam conta9+ bones ( ! elephant1 rh9oc]os1 horse1 ox1 & o!r quadrup$s1 "s ( ext9ct1 o!rs ( liv+1 species1 belong+ = ! mo/ "p to ! fauna already allud$ to 9 ! f\r? *apt] z *>act]i/ic ( ! int]ior ( cav]ns4 ,! great] "p ( ^! deposits conta9 fluviatile %ells1 & h und\bt$ly be5 accumulat$ 9 anci5t riv]-b$s4 ,^! old *annels h long s9ce be5 dry1 ! /reams :i* once fl[$ 9 !m hav+ %ift$ _! position1 deep5+ ! valleys1 & (t5 wid5+ !m on "o side4 ,x has naturally be5 ask$1 if ,man co-exi/$ ) ! ext9ct species ( ! caves1 :y 7 8 rema9s & ! works ( 8 h&s nev] emb$d$ outside ! caves 9 anci5t riv]-gravel conta9+ ! same fossil fauna8 ,:y %\ld x be necess>y = ! geologi/ to resort = evid5ce ( ! antiquity ( our race to ! d>k recesses ( und]gr\nd vaults & tunnels :i* may h s]v$ z places ( refuge or sepulture to a succession ( human be+s & wild animals1 & :]e floods may h conf\nd$ toge!r 9 "o breccia ! memorials ( ! fauna ( m ?an "o epo*8 ,:y d we n meet ) a simil> assemblage ( ! relics ( ,man1 & ( liv+ & ext9ct quadrup$s1 9 places :]e ! /rata c be ?or\ghly scrut9is$ 9 ! light ( day8 ,rec5t rese>*es h at l5g? demon/rat$ t su* memorials1 s long s\ght = 9 va91 d 9 fact exi/1 & _! recognition is ! *ief cause ( ! m fav\rable reception n[ giv5 to ! conclusions :i* ,,mm4 ,t\rnal1 ,*ri/ol1 ,s*m]l+1 & o!rs1 arriv$ at ?irty ye>s ago respect+ ! fossil cont5ts ( cav]ns4 #ab ,a v important /ep 9 ?is new direction 0 made ?irte5 ye>s aft] ! publication ( ,s*m]l+'s rese>*es1 by ,m4 ,b\*] de ,p]!s1 :o f\nd 9 anci5t alluvium at ,abbeville1 9 ,pic>dy1 "s fl9t implem5ts1 ! relative antiquity ( :i* 0 atte/$ by _! geological position4 ,! antiqu>ian k ( _! discov]] enabl$ him to recognise 9 _! rude & peculi> type a "* di/9ct f t ( ! poli%$ /one weapons ( a lat] p]iod1 usually call$ celts4 ,9 ! fir/ volume ( 8 ,antiquites ,celtiques1 publi%$ 9 #ahdg1 ,m4 ,b\*] de ,p]!s /yl$ ^! old] tools ant$iluvian1 because !y came f ! l[e/ b$s ( a s]ies ( anci5t alluvial /rata bord]+ ! valley ( ! ,somme1 :i* geologi/s _h t]m$ diluvium4 ,he _h begun to collect ^! implem5ts 9 #ahda4 ,f t "t !y _h be5 annually dug out ( ! drift or deposits ( gravel & s&1 ( :i* f9e sections 7 laid op5 f #bj to #ce feet 9 dep?1 :5ev] excavations 7 made 9 repair+ ! =tifications ( ,abbeville2 or z (t5 z fl9ts 7 want$ = ! roads1 or loam = mak+ bricks4 ,= ye>s previ\sly bones ( quadrup$s ( ! g5]a elephant1 rh9oc]os1 be>1 hya5a1 /ag1 ox1 horse1 & o!rs1 _h be5 collect$ !re1 & s5t f "t to "t to ,p>is to be exam9$ & nam$ by ,cuvi]1 :o _h describ$ !m 9 8 ,ossem5ts ,fossiles4 ,a correct acc\nt ( ! associat$ fl9t tools & ( _! position 0 giv5 9 #ahdg by ,m4 ,b\*] de ,p]!s 9 8 "w above cit$1 & !y 7 /at$ to occur at v>i\s dep?s1 (t5 #bj or #cj feet f ! surface1 9 s& & gravel1 especially 9 ^? /rata :i* 7 ne>ly 9 contact ) ! subjac5t :ite ,*alk4 ,b ! sci5tific _w _h no fai? 9 ! /atem5t t works ( art1 h[ev] rude1 _h be5 met ) 9 undi/urb$ b$s ( su* antiquity4 ,few geologi/s visit$ ,abbeville 9 w9t]1 :5 ! s&-pits 7 op51 & :5 !y might h opportunities ( v]ify+ ! sections1 & judg+ :e!r ! in/rum5ts _h really be5 emb$d$ by natural causes 9 ! same /rata ) ! bones ( ! mammo?1 rh9oc]os1 & o!r ext9ct mammalia4 ,"s ( ! tools figur$ 9 ! ,antiquites ,celtiques 7 s rudely %ap$1 t _m imag9$ !m to h ow$ _! peculi> =ms to accid5tal fracture 9 a riv]'s b$2 o!rs suspect$ frauds on ! "p ( ! workm51 :o might h fabricat$ !m = sale1 or t ! gravel _h be5 di/urb$1 & t ! work$ fl9ts _h got m+l$ ) ! bones ( ! mammo? long aft] t animal & its associates _h disappe>$ f ! e>?4 ,no "o 0 m sceptical ?an ! late em95t physician ( ,ami5s1 ,dr4 ,rigollot1 :o _h long be=e 79 ! ye> #ahai7 writt5 a memoir on ! fossil mammalia ( ! valley ( ! ,somme4 ,he 0 at l5g? induc$ to visit ,abbeville1 &1 hav+ inspect$ ! collection ( ,m4 ,b\*] de ,p]!s1 return$ home resolv$ to look = himself = fl9t tools 9 ! gravel-pits ne> ,ami5s4 ,!re1 accord+ly1 at a di/ance ( ab\t #cj miles f ,abbeville1 he imm$iately f\nd abundance ( simil> fl9t implem5ts1 precisely ! same 9 ! rud5ess ( _! make1 & ! same 9 _! geological position2 "s ( !m 9 gravel ne>ly on a level ) ! ,somme1 o!rs 9 simil> deposits re/+ on ,*alk at a height ( ab\t #ij feet above ! riv]4 ,dr4 ,rigollot hav+ 9 ! c\rse ( f\r ye>s obta9$ sev]al hundr$ specim5s ( ^! tools1 mo/ ( !m f ,/4 ,a*eul 9 ! s\?-ea/ suburbs ( ,ami5s1 lo/ no "t 9 communicat+ an acc\nt ( !m to ! sci5tific _w1 9 a memoir illu/rat$ by good figures ( ! work$ fl9ts & c>eful sections ( ! b$s4 ,^! sections 7 execut$ by ,m4 ,buteux1 an eng9e] well qualifi$ = ! task1 :o _h writt5 a good description ( ! geology ( ,pic>dy4 ,dr4 ,rigollot1 9 ?is memoir1 po9t$ out mo/ cle>ly t x 0 n 9 ! vegetable soil1 nor 9 ! brick-e>? ) l& & fre%wat] %ells next bel[1 b 9 ! l[] b$s ( co>se fl9t-gravel1 usually #ab1 #bj1 or #be feet bel[ ! surface1 t ! implem5ts 7 met )1 j z !y _h be5 previ\sly /at$ by ,m4 ,b\*] de ,p]!s to occur at ,abbeville4 ,! conclusion1 !re=e1 :i* 0 legitimately d$uc$ f all ! facts1 0 t ! fl9t tools & _! fabricators 7 coeval ) ! ext9ct mammalia emb$d$ 9 ! same /rata4 ,,brixham ,,cave1 ,,ne> ,,torquay1 ,,devon%ire4 ,f\r ye>s aft] ! appe>ance ( ,dr4 ,rigollot's pap]1 a sudd5 *ange ( op9ion 0 br\ght ab\t 9 ,engl& respect+ ! probable co-exi/5ce1 at a =m] p]iod1 ( ,man & _m ext9ct mammalia1 9 consequ5ce ( ! results obta9$ f a c>eful exploration ( a cave at ,brixham1 ne> ,torquay1 9 ,devon%ire4 ,z ! new views v g5]ally adopt$ by ,engli% geologi/s _h no small influ5ce on ! subsequ5t progress ( op9ion 9 ,france1 ,i %all int]rupt my acc\nt ( ! rese>*es made 9 ! valley ( ! ,somme1 by a brief notice ( ^? :i* 7 c>ri$ on 9 #aheh 9 ,devon%ire ) m ?an usual c>e & sci5tific me?od4 ,dr4 ,buckl&1 9 8 celebrat$ "w1 entitl$ ,reliquiae ,diluvianae1 publi%$ 9 #ahbc1 9 :i* he treat$ ( ! organic rema9s conta9$ 9 caves1 fissures1 & diluvial gravel 9 ,engl&1 _h giv5 a cle> /atem5t ( ! results ( 8 own orig9al obs]vations1 & _h decl>$ t none ( ! human bones or /one implem5ts met ) by him 9 any ( ! cav]ns c\ld be consid]$ to be z old z ! mammo? & o!r ext9ct quadrup$s4 ,op9ions 9 h>mony ) ?is conclusion cont9u$ until v lately to be g5]ally 9 vogue 9 ,engl&2 al?\gh ab\t ! "t t ,s*m]l+ 0 explor+ ! ,liege caves1 ! ,rev]5d ,mr4 ,mc,enery1 a ,ca?olic prie/1 resid+ ne> ,torquay1 _h f\nd 9 a cave "o mile ea/ ( t t[n1 call$ ,k5t's ,hole1 9 r$ loam cov]$ ) /alagmite1 n only bones ( ! mammo?1 ti*orh9e rh9oc]os1 hippopotamus1 cave-be>1 & o!r mammalia1 b sev]al rem>kable fl9t tools1 "s ( :i* he suppos$ to be ( great antiquity1 :ile !re 7 also rema9s ( ,man 9 ! same cave ( a lat] date499 799 ,! manuscript & plates prep>$ = a jo9t memoir on ,k5t's ,hole1 by ,mr4 ,mc,enery & ,dr4 ,buckl&1 h rec5tly be5 publi%$ by ,mr4 ,vivian ( ,torquay1 f :i*1 z well z f "s ( ! unpr9t$ manuscript1 ,i inf] t ,mr4 ,mc,enery only refra9$ out ( def]5ce to ,dr4 ,buckl& f decl>+ 8 belief 9 ! contemporane\sness ( c]ta9 fl9t implem5ts ( an antique type & ! bones ( ext9ct animals4 ,two ( ^! implem5ts f ,k5t's ,hole1 figur$ 9 ,plate #ab ( ! po/hum\s "w above allud$ to1 approa* v closely 9 =m & size to ! common ,abbeville implem5ts47 ,ab\t t5 ye>s aft]w>ds1 9 a ,memoir on ! ,geology ( ,s\? ,devon1 publi%$ 9 #ahdb by ! ,geological ,society ( ,london199 an able geologi/1 ,mr4 ,godw9-,au/51 decl>$ t he _h obta9$ 9 ! same cave 7,k5t's ,hole7 works ( ,man f undi/urb$ loam or clay1 "u /alagmite1 m+l$ ) ! rema9s ( ext9ct animals1 & t all ^! mu/ h be5 introduc$ be=e ! /alagmite floor+ _h be5 =m$4 ,he ma9ta9$ t su* facts c\ld n be expla9$ away by ! hypo!sis ( sepulture1 z 9 ,dr4 ,buckl&'s well-kn[n case ( ! human skeleton ( ,pavil&1 because 9 ! ,devon cave ! fl9t implem5ts 7 widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! loam1 & lay b5ea? ! /alagmite4 799 ,transactions ( ! ,geological ,society #bnd s]ies volume #f page #ddd47 ,z ! osse\s & o!r cont5ts ( ,k5t's ,hole _h1 by repeat$ digg+s1 be5 ?r[n into mu* confusion1 x 0 ?\ght desirable 9 #aheh1 :5 a new & intact bone-cave 0 discov]$ at ,brixham1 ab\t f\r miles s\? ( ,torquay1 to h a ?or\gh & sy/ematic exam9ation made ( x4 ,! ,royal ,society1 *iefly at ! in/ance ( ,dr4 ,falcon]1 made two grants t[>ds defray+ ! exp5ses1 & ,miss ,burdett-,c\tts contribut$ lib]ally t[>ds ! same object4 ,a committee ( geologi/s 0 *>g$ ) ! inve/igations1 among :om ,dr4 ,falcon] & ,mr4 ,pre/wi* took a prom95t "p1 visit+ ,torquay :ile ! excavations 7 9 progress4 ,mr4 ,p5gelly1 ano!r memb] ( ! committee1 well qualifi$ = ! task by ne>ly tw5ty ye>s' previ\s exp]i5ce 9 cave explorations1 zeal\sly direct$ & sup]9t5d$ ! "w4 ,by him1 9 #ahei1 ,i 0 conduct$ ?r\gh ! subt]ranean gall]ies aft] !y _h be5 cle>$ out2 & ,dr4 ,falcon]1 :o 0 also at ,torquay1 %[$ me ! num]\s fossils :i* _h be5 discov]$1 & :i* he 0 !n /udy+1 all numb]$ & labell$1 ) ref]5ce to a j\rnal 9 :i* ! geological position ( ea* specim5 0 record$ ) scrupul\s c>e4 ,! discov]y ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is suite ( cav]ns ne> ! sea at ,brixham 0 made accid5tally by ! ro( ( "o ( !m be+ brok5 ?r\gh 9 qu>ry+4 ,none ( ! f\r ext]nal op5+s n[ expos$ to view 9 /eep cliffs or 9 ! slop+ side ( a valley 7 visible be=e ! breccia & e>?y matt] :i* block$ !m up 7 remov$ dur+ ! late exploration4 ,accord+ to a gr\nd-plan drawn up by ,pr(essor ,ramsay1 x appe>s t "s ( ! passages :i* run ne>ly nor? & s\? are fissures connect$ ) ! v]tical dislocation ( ! rocks1 :ile ano!r set1 runn+ ne>ly ea/ & we/1 are tunnels1 :i* h ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 to a great ext5t holl[$ out by ! action ( runn+ wat]4 ,! c5tral or ma9 entrance1 lead+ to :at is call$ ! re9de] gall]y1 because a p]fect antl] ( t animal 0 f\nd /ick+ 9 ! /alagmitic floor1 is #ie feet above ! level ( ! sea1 be+ also #gh above ! bottom ( ! adjo9+ valley4 ,! unit$ l5g? ( ! gall]ies :i* 7 cle>$ out am\nt$ to sev]al hundr$ feet4 ,_! wid? nev] exce$$ #h feet4 ,!y 7 sometimes fill$ up to ! ro( ) mud1 b occasionally !re 0 a consid]able space betwe5 ! ro( & floor4 ,! latt]1 9 ! case ( ! fissure-caves1 0 cov]$ ) /alagmite1 b 9 ! tunnels x 0 usually free f any su* incru/ation4 ,! foll[+ 0 ! g5]al succession ( ! deposits =m+ ! cont5ts ( ! und]gr\nd passages & *annels3-- ,fir/4 ,at ! top1 a lay] ( /alagmite v>y+ 9 ?ickness f #a to #ae in*es1 :i* sometimes conta9$ bones1 su* z ! re9de]'s horn1 already m5tion$1 & an entire hum]us ( ! cave-be>4 ,secondly4 ,next bel[1 loam or bone-e>?1 ( an o*re\s r$ col\r1 ) angul> /ones & "s pebbles1 f #b to #ac feet 9 ?ickness4 ,?irdly4 ,at ! bottom ( all1 gravel ) _m r\nd$ pebbles 9 x4 ,?is 0 ev]y:]e remov$ s long z ! tunnels :i* n>r[$ d[nw>ds 7 wide en\gh to be work$4 ,x prov$ to be almo/ entirely b>r5 ( fossils4 ,! mammalia obta9$ f ! bone-e>? consi/$ ( ,elephas primig5ius1 or mammo?2 ,rh9oc]os ti*orh9us2 ,ursus spelaeus2 ,hya5a spelaea2 ,felis spelaea1 or ! cave-lion2 ,c]vus t>&us1 or ! re9de]2 a species ( horse1 ox1 & sev]al rod5ts1 & o!rs n yet det]m9$4 ,no human bones 7 obta9$ any:]e dur+ ^! excavations1 b _m fl9t knives1 *iefly f ! l[e/ "p ( ! bone-e>?2 & "o ( ! mo/ p]fect lay at ! dep? ( #ac feet f ! surface1 & 0 cov]$ ) bone-e>? ( t ?ickness4 ,neglect+ ! less p]fect specim5s1 "s ( :i* 7 met ) ev5 9 ! l[e/ gravel1 ab\t fifte5 knives1 recognis$ z artificially =m$ by ! mo/ exp]i5c$ antiqu>ies1 7 tak5 f ! bone-e>?1 & usually f ne> ! bottom4 ,su* knives1 consid]$ ap>t f ! associat$ mammalia1 af=d 9 !mselves no safe crit]ion ( antiquity1 z !y might belong to any "p ( ! age ( /one1 simil> tools be+ sometimes met ) 9 tumuli po/]ior 9 date to ! era ( ! introduction ( bronze4 ,b ! contemporaneity ( ^? at ,brixham ) ! ext9ct animals is demon/rat$ n only by ! occurr5ce at "o po9t 9 ov]ly+ /alagmite ( ! bone ( a cave-be>1 b also by ! discov]y at ! same level 9 ! bone-e>?1 & 9 close proximity to a v p]fect fl9t tool1 ( ! entire left h9d-leg ( a cave-be>4 ,?is specim51 :i* 0 %[n me by ,dr4 ,falcon] & ,mr4 ,p5gelly1 0 exhum$ f ! e>?y deposit 9 ! re9de] gall]y1 ne> its junction ) ! fl9t-knife gall]y1 at ! di/ance ( ab\t sixty-five feet f ! ma9 entrance4 ,! mass ( e>? conta9+ x 0 remov$ entire1 & ! matrix cle>$ away c>efully by ,dr4 ,falcon] 9 ! pres5ce ( ,mr4 ,p5gelly4 ,e bone 0 9 its natural place1 ! femur1 tibia1 fibula1 ankle-bone1 or a/ragalus1 all 9 juxtaposition4 ,ev5 ! patella or deta*$ bone ( ! knee-pan 0 se>*$ =1 & n 9 va94 ,"h1 !re=e1 we h evid5ce ( an entire limb n hav+ be5 wa%$ 9 a fossil /ate out ( an old] alluvium1 & !n swept aft]w>ds into a cave1 s z to be m+l$ ) fl9t implem5ts1 b hav+ be5 introduc$ :5 clo!d ) its fle%1 or at lea/ :5 x _h ! sep>ate bones b\nd toge!r by _! natural ligam5ts1 & 9 t /ate buri$ 9 mud4 ,if !y 7 n all ( contempor>y date1 x is cle> f ?is case1 & f ! hum]us ( ! ,ursus spelaeus1 be=e cit$1 z f\nd 9 a floor ( /alagmite1 t ! be> liv$ aft] ! fl9t tools 7 manufactur$1 or 9 o!r words1 t ,man 9 ?is di/rict prec$$ ! cave-be>4 ,a glance at ! position ( ,w9dmill ,hill1 9 :i* ! cav]ns are situat$1 & a brief survey ( ! valleys :i* b\nd x on ?ree sides1 are en\gh to satisfy a geologi/ t ! dra9age & geographical features ( ?is region h und]gone great *anges s9ce ! gravel & bone-e>? 7 c>ri$ by /reams into ! subt]ranean cavities above describ$4 ,"s worn pebbles ( haematite1 9 p>ticul>1 c only h come f _! ne>e/ p>5t rock1 at a p]iod :5 ! valleys imm$iately adjo9+ ! caves 7 mu* %all[] ?an !y n[ are4 ,! r$di% loam 9 :i* ! bones are emb$d$ is su* z may be se5 on ! surface ( lime/one 9 ! neighb\rhood1 b ! curr5ts :i* 7 =m]ly *>g$ ) su* mud mu/ h run at a level #gh feet above t ( ! /ream n[ fl[+ 9 ! same valley4 ,x 0 rem>k$ by ,mr4 ,p5gelly t ! /ones & bones 9 ! loam _h _! longe/ axes p>allel to ! direction ( ! tunnels & fissures1 %[+ t !y 7 deposit$ by ! action ( a /ream499 799 ,p5gelly1 ,geologi/ volume #d #ahfa page #aec47 ,x appe>s t s long z ! fl[+ wat] _h =ce en\gh to propel /ony fragm5ts1 no lay] ( f9e mud c\ld accumulate1 & s long z !re 0 a regul> curr5t capable ( c>ry+ 9 f9e mud & bones1 no sup]ficial cru/ ( /alagmite4 ,9 "s passages1 z be=e /at$1 /alagmite 0 want+1 :ile 9 "o place sev5 or eight alt]nations ( /alagmite & loam 7 obs]v$1 seem+ to indicate a preval5ce ( m ra9y seasons1 succe$$ by o!rs1 :5 ! wat] 0 = a "t too l[ to flood ! area :]e ! calc>e\s incru/ation accumulat$4 ,if ! regul> sequ5ce ( ! ?ree deposits ( pebbles1 mud1 & /alagmite 0 ! result ( ! causes above expla9$1 ! ord] ( sup]position w\ld be con/ant1 yet we c\ld n be sure t ! gravel 9 "o passage might n sometimes be coeval ) ! bone-e>? or /alagmite 9 ano!r4 ,if !re=e ! fl9t knives _h n be5 v widely disp]s$1 & if "o ( !m _h n be5 at ! bottom ( ! bone-e>?1 close to ! leg ( ! be> above describ$1 _! antiquity relatively to ! ext9ct mammalia might h be5 que/ion$4 ,no coprolites 7 f\nd 9 ! ,brixham excavations1 & v few gnaw$ bones4 ,^! few may h be5 br\ght f "s di/ance be=e !y rea*$ _! place ( re/4 ,^u ! :ole1 ! same conclusion :i* ,dr4 ,s*m]l+ came to1 respect+ ! fill+ up ( ! cav]ns ne> ,liege1 seems applicable to ! caves ( ,brixham4 ,dr4 ,falcon]1 aft] aid+ 9 ! inve/igations above allud$ to ne> ,torquay1 /opp$ at ,abbeville on 8 way to ,sicily1 9 ! autumn ( #aheh1 & saw !re ! collection ( ,m4 ,b\*] de ,p]!s4 ,be+ at once satisfi$ t ! fl9ts call$ hat*ets _h really be5 fa%ion$ by ! h& ( ,man1 he urg$ ,mr4 ,pre/wi*1 by lett]1 ?or\ghly to explore ! geology ( ! valley ( ! ,somme4 ,?is he accord+ly accompli%$1 9 company ) ,mr4 ,john ,evans #ac1 ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies1 &1 be=e 8 return t same ye>1 succe$$ 9 dissipat+ all d\bts f ! m9ds ( 8 geological fri5ds by extract+1 ) 8 own h&s1 f a b$ ( undi/urb$ gravel1 at ,/4 ,a*eul1 a well-%ap$ fl9t hat*et4 ,?is implem5t 0 buri$ 9 ! gravel at a dep? ( #ag feet f ! surface1 & 0 ly+ on its flat side4 ,!re 7 no signs ( v]tical r5ts 9 ! envelop+ matrix1 nor 9 ! ov]ly+ b$s ( s& & loam1 9 :i* 7 _m l& & fre%wat] %ells2 s t x 0 impossible to imag9e t ! tool _h gradually work$ its way d[nw>ds1 z "s _h sugge/$1 ?r\gh ! incumb5t soil1 into an old] =mation499 799 ,pre/wi*1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society #ahei & ,philosophical ,transactions #ahfj47 ,!re 0 no "o 9 ,engl& ^: au?ority des]v$ to h s mu* weight 9 ov]com+ incr$ulity 9 reg>d to ! antiquity ( ! implem5ts 9 "q4 ,= ,mr4 ,pre/wi*1 besides hav+ publi%$ a s]ies ( important memoirs on ! ,t]ti>y =mations ( ,europe1 _h devot$ _m ye>s specially to ! /udy ( ! drift & its organic rema9s4 ,8 report1 !re=e1 to ! ,royal ,society1 accompani$ by a photograph %[+ ! position ( ! fl9t tool 9 situ be=e x 0 remov$ f its matrix1 n only satisfi$ _m inquir]s1 b induc$ o!rs to visit ,abbeville & ,ami5s2 & "o ( ^!1 ,mr4 ,fl[]1 :o accompani$ ,mr4 ,pre/wi* on 8 second excursion to ,/4 ,a*eul1 9 ,june #ahei1 succe$$1 by digg+ into ! bank ( gravel1 9 dis9t]r+1 at ! dep? ( #bb feet f ! surface1 a f9e1 symmetrically-%ap$ weapon ( an oval =m1 ly+ 9 & b5ea? /rata :i* 7 obs]v$ by _m witnesses to be p]fectly undi/urb$499 799 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society volume #af #ahfj page #aij47 ,%ortly aft]w>ds1 9 ! ye> #ahei1 ,i visit$ ! same pits1 & obta9$ sev5ty fl9t tools1 "o ( :i* 0 tak5 out :ile ,i 0 pres5t1 ?\gh ,i did n see x be=e x _h fall5 f ! matrix4 ,i express$ my op9ion 9 fav\r ( ! antiquity ( ! fl9t tools to ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,ab]de51 9 ! same ye>499 799 ,see ,report ( ,briti% ,association = #ahei4 7 ,on my way ?r\gh ,r\51 ,i /at$ my convictions on ?is subject to ,m4 ,george ,p\*et1 :o imm$iately betook himself to ,/4 ,a*eul1 commission$ by ! municipality ( ,r\51 & did n quit ! pits till he _h se5 "o ( ! hat*ets extract$ f gravel 9 its natural position499 799 ,actes du ,musee d',hi/oire ,naturelle de ,r\5 #ahfj page #cc47 ,m4 ,gaudry also gave ! foll[+ acc\nt ( 8 rese>*es 9 ! same ye> to ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,p>is4 ,! great po9t 0 n to leave ! workm5 = a s+le in/ant1 & to satisfy oneself by actual inspection :e!r ! hat*ets 7 f\nd 9 situ4 ,i caus$ a deep excavation to be made1 & f\nd n9e hat*ets1 mo/ di/9ctly 9 situ 9 ! diluvium1 associat$ ) tee? ( ,equus fossilis & a species ( ,bos1 diff]5t f any n[ liv+1 & simil> to t ( ! diluvium & ( cav]ns499 799 ,comptes r5dus ,septemb] #bf & ,octob] #c1 #ahei47 ,9 #ahei1 ,m4 ,heb]t1 an orig9al obs]v] ( ! highe/ au?ority1 decl>$ to ! ,geological ,society ( ,france t he _h1 9 #ahed1 or f\r ye>s be=e ,mr4 ,pre/wi*'s visit to ,/4 ,a*eul1 se5 ! sections at ,abbeville & ,ami5s1 & _h come to ! op9ion t ! hat*ets 7 imb$d$ 9 ! l[] diluvium1 & t _! orig9 0 z anci5t z t ( ! mammo? & ! rh9oc]os4 ,m4 ,desnoy]s also made excavations aft] ,m4 ,gaudry1 at ,/4 ,a*eul1 9 #ahei1 ) ! same results499 799 ,bullet9 volume #ag page #ah47 ,aft] a lively discussion on ! subject 9 ,engl& & ,france1 x 0 rememb]$1 n only t !re 7 num]\s record$ cases lead+ to simil> conclusions 9 reg>d to cav]n deposits1 b1 also1 t ,mr4 ,fr]e _h1 s long ago z #agig1 f\nd fl9t weapons1 ( ! same type z ^? ( ,ami5s1 9 a fre%wat] =mation 9 ,suffolk1 9 conjunction ) elephant rema9s2 & ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s e>li] 7#agae71 ano!r tool ( ! same k9d _h be5 exhum$ f ! gravel ( ,london1 toge!r ) bones ( an elephant2 to all :i* examples ,i %all allude m fully 9 ! sequel4 ,i may conclude ?is *apt] by quot+ a say+ ( ,pr(essor ,agassiz1 t :5ev] a new & />tl+ fact is br\ght to light 9 sci5ce1 p fir/ say1 'x is n true1' !n t 'x is contr>y to religion1' & la/ly1 't ev]ybody knew x be=e4' ,if ,i 7 consid]+ m]ely ! cultivators ( geology1 ,i %\ld say t ! doctr9e ( ! =m] co-exi/5ce ( ,man ) _m ext9ct mammalia _h already gone ?r\gh ^! ?ree phases 9 ! progress ( e sci5tific tru? t[>ds acceptance4 ,b ! gr\nds ( ?is belief h n yet be5 fully laid be=e ! g5]al public1 s z to enable !m fairly to weigh & appreciate ! evid5ce4 ,i %all !re=e d my be/ 9 ! next ?ree *apt]s to accompli% ?is task4 ,,*apt] #g4 -- ,,peat ,,& ,,plei/oc5e ,,alluvium ,,( ,,! ,,valley ,,( ,,! ,,somme4 ,geological ,/ructure ( ! ,valley ( ! ,somme & ( ! surr\nd+ ,c\ntry4 ,position ( ,alluvium ( diff]5t ,ages4 ,peat ne> ,abbeville4 ,its animal & vegetable ,cont5ts4 ,works ( ,art 9 ,peat4 ,probable ,antiquity ( ! ,peat1 & ,*anges ( ,level s9ce its ,gr[? began4 ,fl9t ,implem5ts ( antique ,type 9 old] ,alluvium4 ,_! v>i\s ,=ms & great ,numb]s4 ,,geological ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,somme ,,valley4 ,! valley ( ! ,somme 9 ,pic>dy1 allud$ to 9 ! la/ *apt]1 is situat$ geologically 9 a region ( :ite ,*alk ) fl9ts1 ! /rata ( :i* are ne>ly horizontal4 ,! ,*alk hills :i* b\nd ! valley are almo/ ev]y:]e betwe5 #bjj & #cjj feet 9 height4 ,on asc5d+ to t elevation1 we f9d ourselves on an ext5sive table-l&1 9 :i* !re are slight elevations & depressions4 ,! :ite ,*alk itself is sc>cely ev] expos$ at ! surface on ?is plateau1 al?\gh se5 on ! slopes ( ! hills1 z at b & c 7,figure #g74 ,! g5]al surface ( ! upl& region is cov]$ cont9u\sly = miles 9 e direction by loam or brick-e>? 7,numb] #d71 ab\t #e feet ?ick1 devoid ( fossils4 ,to ! wide ext5t ( ?is loam ! soil ( ,pic>dy *iefly owes its great f]tility4 ,"h & !re we also obs]ve1 on ! ,*alk1 outly+ pat*es ( ,t]ti>y s& & clay 7,numb] #e1 ,figure #g71 ) ,eoc5e fossils1 ! remnants ( a =mation once m ext5sive1 & :i* probably once spread 9 "o cont9u\s mass ov] ! ,*alk1 be=e ! pres5t sy/em ( valleys _h begun to be %ap$ out4 ,x is necess>y to allude to ^! relics ( ,t]ti>y /rata1 ( :i* ! l>g] "p is miss+1 because _! d5udation has contribut$ l>gely to furni% ! mat]ials ( gravels 9 :i* ! fl9t implem5ts & bones ( ext9ct mammalia are entomb$4 ,f ?is s\rce h be5 d]iv$ n only ! regul>-=m$ egg-%ap$ pebbles1 s common 9 ! old fluviatile alluvium at all levels1 b ^? huge masses ( h>d s&/one1 sev]al feet 9 diamet]1 to :i* ,i %all allude 9 ! sequel4 ,! upl& loam also 7,numb] #d7 has (t51 9 no slight degree1 be5 =m$ at ! exp5se ( ! same ,t]ti>y s&s & clays1 z is atte/$ by its becom+ m or less s&y or argillace\s1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! ne>e/ ,eoc5e outli] 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,! av]age wid? ( ! valley ( ! ,somme betwe5 ,ami5s & ,abbeville is "o mile4 ,! height1 !re=e1 ( ! hills1 9 relation to ! riv]-pla91 c\ld n be correctly repres5t$ 9 ! annex$ diagram 7,figure #g71 z !y w\ld h to be r$uc$ 9 altitude2 or if n1 x w\ld be necess>y to make ! space betwe5 c & b f\r times z great4 ,! dim5sions also ( ! masses1 ( drift or alluvium1 #b & #c1 h be5 exagg]at$1 9 ord] to r5d] !m suffici5tly conspicu\s2 =1 all important z we %all f9d !m to be z geological monum5ts ( ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod1 !y =m a truly insignificant feature 9 ! g5]al /ructure ( ! c\ntry1 s mu* s1 t !y might easily be ov]look$ 9 a cursory survey ( ! di/rict1 & are usually unnotic$ 9 geological maps n specially devot$ to ! sup]ficial =mations4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #g4 ,valley ( ! ,somme 7,,figure #g4 ,,section ,,across ,,! ,,valley ,,( ,,! ,,somme ,,9 ,,pic>dy4 #a4 ,peat1 #bj to #cj feet ?ick1 re/+ on gravel1 a4 #b4 ,l[] level gravel ) elephants' bones & fl9t tools1 cov]$ ) fluviatile loam1 #bj to #dj feet ?ick4 #c4 ,high] level gravel ) simil> fossils1 & ) ov]ly+ loam1 9 all #cj feet ?ick4 #d4 ,upl& loam )\t %ells 7,limon des plateaux71 #e or #f feet ?ick4 #e4 ,eoc5e /rata1 re/+ on ! ,*alk 9 pat*es47 ,x w be se5 by ! description giv5 ( ! section 7,figure #g7 t ,numb] #b indicates ! l[] level gravels1 & ,numb] #c ! high] ones1 or ^? ris+ to elevations ( #hj or #ajj feet above ! riv]4 ,new] ?an ^! is ! peat ,numb] #a1 :i* is f #aj to #cj feet 9 ?ickness1 & :i* is n only ( lat] date ?an ! alluvium1 #b & #c1 b is also po/]ior to ! d5udation ( ^? gravels1 or to ! "t :5 ! valley 0 excavat$ ?r\gh !m4 ,und]nea? ! peat is a b$ ( gravel1 a1 f #c to #ad feet ?ick1 :i* re/s on undi/urb$ ,*alk4 ,?is gravel 0 probably =m$1 9 "p at lea/1 :5 ! valley 0 scoop$ out to its pres5t dep?1 s9ce :i* "t no geological *ange has tak5 place1 except ! gr[? ( ! peat1 & c]ta9 oscillations 9 ! g5]al level ( ! c\ntry1 to :i* we %all allude by & by4 ,a ?9 lay] ( imp]vi\s clay sep>ates ! gravel a f ! peat ,numb] #a1 & seems to h be5 a necess>y prelim9>y to ! gr[? ( ! peat4 ,,peat ,,( ,,! ,,valley ,,( ,,! ,,somme4 ,z hi!rto1 9 our retrospective survey1 we h be5 oblig$1 = ! sake ( proce$+ f ! kn[n to ! less kn[n1 to rev]se ! natural ord] ( hi/ory1 & to treat ( ! new] be=e ! old] =mations1 ,i %all beg9 my acc\nt ( ! geological monum5ts ( ! valley ( ! ,somme by say+ some?+ ( ! mo/ mod]n ( all ( !m1 ! peat4 ,?is sub/ance occupies ! l[] p>ts ( ! valley f> above ,ami5s1 & bel[ ,abbeville z f> z ! sea4 ,x has already be5 /at$ to be 9 "s places #cj feet ?ick1 & is ev5 occasionally m ?an #cj feet1 correspond+ 9 t respect to ! ,dani% mosses be=e describ$ 7,*apt] #b74 ,l !m1 x belongs to ! ,rec5t p]iod2 all ! emb$d$ mammalia1 z well z ! %ells1 be+ ( ! same species z ^? n[ inhabit+ ,europe4 ,! bones ( quadrup$s are v num]\s1 z ,i c be> witness1 hav+ se5 !m br\ght up f a consid]able dep? ne> ,abbeville1 almo/ z (t5 z ! dr$g+ in/rum5t 0 us$4 ,besides rema9s ( ! beav]1 ,i 0 %[n1 9 ! collection ( ,m4 ,b\*] de ,p]!s1 two p]fect l[] jaws ) tee? ( ! be>1 ,ursus arctos2 & 9 ! ,p>is ,museum !re is ano!r specim51 also f ! ,abbeville peat4 ,! li/ ( mammalia already comprises a l>ge proportion ( ^? prop] to ! ,swiss lake-dwell+s1 & to ! %ell-m\nds & peat ( ,d5m>k2 b un=tunately z yet no special /udy has be5 made ( ! ,fr5* fauna1 l t by :i* ! ,dani% & ,swiss zoologi/s & botani/s h enabl$ u to comp>e ! wild & tame animals & ! vegetation ( ! age ( /one ) t ( ! age ( iron4 ,not)/&+ ! abundance ( mammalian bones 9 ! peat1 & ! frequ5cy ( /one implem5ts ( ! ,celtic & ,gallo-,roman p]iods1 ,m4 ,b\*] de ,p]!s has only met ) ?ree or f\r fragm5ts ( human skeletons4 ,at "s dep? 9 c]ta9 places 9 ! valley ne> ,abbeville1 ! trunks ( ald]s h be5 f\nd /&+ erect z !y grew1 ) _! roots fix$ 9 an anci5t soil1 aft]w>ds cov]$ ) peat4 ,/ems ( ! hazel1 & nuts ( ! same1 ab\nd2 trunks1 also1 ( ! oak & walnut4 ,! peat ext5ds to ! coa/1 & is !re se5 pass+ "u ! s&-dunes & bel[ ! sea-level4 ,at ! m\? ( ! riv] ,can*e1 :i* jo9s ! sea ne> ! emb\*ure ( ! ,somme1 yew trees1 firs1 oaks1 & hazels h be5 dug out ( peat1 :i* is !re work$ = fuel1 & is ab\t ?ree feet ?ick499 799 ,d',ar*iac1 ,hi/oire des ,progres volume #b page #aed47 ,dur+ great /orms1 l>ge masses ( compact peat1 enclos+ trunks ( flatt5$ trees1 h be5 ?r[n up on ! coa/ at ! m\? ( ! ,somme2 seem+ to indicate t !re has be5 a subsid5ce ( ! l& & a consequ5t subm]g5ce ( :at 0 once a we/w>d cont9uation ( ! valley ( ! ,somme into :at is n[ a "p ( ! ,engli% ,*annel4 ,:e!r ! vegetation ( ! l[e/ lay]s ( peat diff]$ z to ! geographical di/ribution ( "s ( ! trees f ! middle1 & ?is f ! upp]mo/ peat1 z 9 ,d5m>k1 has n yet be5 asc]ta9$2 nor h c>eful obs]vations be5 made ) a view ( calculat+ ! m9imum ( "t :i* ! accumulation ( s d5se a mass ( vegetable matt] mu/ h tak54 ,a foot 9 ?ickness ( highly compress$ peat1 su* z is sometimes rea*$ 9 ! bottom ( ! bogs1 is obvi\sly ! equival5t 9 "t ( a mu* great] ?ickness ( peat ( spongy & loose texture1 f\nd ne> ! surface4 ,! workm5 :o cut peat1 or dr$ge x up f ! bottom ( swamps & ponds1 decl>e t 9 ! c\rse ( _! lives none ( ! holl[s :i* !y h f\nd1 or caus$ by extract+ peat1 h ev] be5 refill$1 ev5 to a small ext5t4 ,!y d5y1 !re=e1 t ! peat gr[s4 ,?is1 z ,m4 ,b\*] de ,p]!s obs]ves1 is a mi/ake2 b x implies t ! increase 9 "o g5]ation is n v appreciable by ! unsci5tific4 ,! antiqu>y f9ds ne> ! surface ,gallo-,roman rema9s1 & /ill deep] ,celtic weapons ( ! /one p]iod4 #ad ,b ! dep? at :i* ,roman works ( art occur v>ies 9 diff]5t places1 & is no sure te/ ( age2 because 9 "s p>ts ( ! swamps1 especially ne> ! riv]1 ! peat is (t5 s fluid t heavy sub/ances may s9k ?r\gh x1 c>ri$ d[n by _! own gravity4 ,9 "o case1 h[ev]1 ,m4 ,b\*] de ,p]!s obs]v$ sev]al l>ge flat di%es ( ,roman pott]y1 ly+ 9 a horizontal position 9 ! peat1 ! %ape ( :i* mu/ h prev5t$ !m f s9k+ or p5etrat+ ?r\gh ! und]ly+ peat4 ,all[+ ab\t f\rte5 c5turies = ! gr[? ( ! sup]9cumb5t vegetable matt]1 he calculat$ t ! ?ickness ga9$ 9 a hundr$ ye>s w\ld be no m ?an ?ree c5timetres499 799 ,antiquites ,celtiques volume #b page #acd47 ,?is rate ( increase w\ld dem& s _m ?\s&s ( ye>s = ! =mation ( ! entire ?ickness ( #cj feet t we mu/ hesitate be=e adopt+ x z a *ronometric scale4 ,yet1 by multiply+ obs]vations ( ?is k9d1 & br++ "o to be> ^u & *eck ano!r1 we may ev5tually succe$ 9 obta9+ data = e/imat+ ! age ( ! peaty deposit4 #ae ,! rate ( increase 9 ,d5m>k may n be applicable to ,france2 because diff]5ces 9 ! humidity ( ! climate1 or 9 ! int5sity & duration ( summ]'s heat & w9t]'s cold1 z well z div]sity 9 ! species ( plants :i* mo/ ab\nd1 w\ld cause ! peat to gr[ m or less rapidly1 n only :5 we comp>e two di/9ct c\ntries 9 ,europe1 b ! same c\ntry at two successive p]iods4 ,i h already allud$ to "s facts :i* fav\r ! idea t !re has be5 a *ange ( level on ! coa/ s9ce ! peat began to gr[4 ,?is conclusion seems confirm$ by ! m]e ?ickness ( peat at ,abbeville1 & ! occurr5ce ( ald] & hazel-wood ne> ! bottom ( x4 ,if #cj feet ( peat 7 n[ remov$1 ! sea w\ld fl[ up & fill ! valley = miles above ,abbeville4 ,yet ?is vegetable matt] is all ( supra-m>9e orig91 = :]e %ells occur 9 x !y are all ( t]re/rial or fluviatile k9ds1 s t x mu/ h gr[n above ! sea-level :5 ! l& 0 m elevat$ ?an n[4 ,we h already se5 :at *anges 9 ! relative level ( sea & l& h occurr$ 9 ,scotl& subsequ5tly to ! "t ( ! ,romans1 & are !re=e prep>$ to meet ) pro(s ( simil> movem5ts 9 ,pic>dy4 ,9 t c\ntry !y h probably n be5 conf9$ simply to subsid5ce1 b h compris$ oscillations 9 ! level ( ! l&1 by :i* m>9e %ells ( ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod h be5 rais$ "s #aj feet or m above ! level ( ! sea4 ,small z is ! progress hi!rto made 9 int]pret+ ! pages ( ! peaty record1 _! importance 9 ! valley ( ! ,somme is enhanc$ by ! reflection t1 :atev] be ! numb] ( c5turies to :i* !y relate1 !y belong to times po/]ior to ! anci5t implem5t-be>+ b$s1 :i* we are next to consid]1 & are ev5 sep>at$ f !m1 z we %all see1 by an int]val f> great] ?an t :i* divides ! e>lie/ /rata ( ! peat f ! late/4 ,,fl9t ,,implem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,plei/oc5e ,,p]iod ,,9 ,,! ,,valley ,,( ,,! ,,somme4 ,! alluvium ( ! valley ( ! ,somme exhibits no?+ extraord9>y or exceptional 9 its position or ext]nal appe>ance1 nor 9 ! arrangem5t or composition ( its mat]ials1 nor 9 its organic rema9s2 9 all ^! *>act]s x might be mat*$ by ! drift ( a hundr$ o!r valleys 9 ,france or ,engl&4 ,its claim to our peculi> att5tion is d]iv$ f ! wond]ful numb] ( fl9t tools1 ( a v antique type1 :i*1 z /at$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 occur 9 undi/urb$ /rata1 associat$ ) ! bones ( ext9ct quadrup$s4 ,z mu* d\bt has be5 ca/ on ! "q1 :e!r ! s-call$ fl9t hat*ets h really be5 %ap$ by ! h&s ( ,man1 x w be desirable to beg9 by satisfy+ ! read]'s m9d on t po9t1 be=e invit+ him to /udy ! details ( sections ( successive b$s ( mud1 s&1 & gravel1 :i* v>y consid]ably ev5 9 contigu\s localities4 ,s9ce ! spr+ ( #ahei1 ,i h paid ?ree visits to ! ,valley ( ! ,somme1 & exam9$ all ! pr9cipal localities ( ^! fl9t tools4 ,9 my excursions ar\nd ,abbeville1 ,i 0 accompani$ by ,m4 ,b\*] de ,p]!s1 & dur+ "o ( my explorations 9 ! ,ami5s di/rict1 by ,mr4 ,pre/wit*4 ,! fir/ "t ,i ent]$ ! pits at ,/4 ,a*eul1 ,i obta9$ sev5ty fl9t in/rum5ts1 all ( !m collect$ f ! drift 9 ! c\rse ( ! prec$+ five or six weeks4 ,! two prevail+ =ms ( ^! tools are repres5t$ 9 ! annex$ ,figures #h & #i1 ea* ( :i* are half ! size ( ! orig9als2 ! fir/ be+ ! spe>-head$ =m1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f six to eight in*es2 ! second1 ! oval =m1 :i* is n unlike "s /one implem5ts1 us$ to ?is day z hat*ets & tomahawks by natives ( ,au/ralia1 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! edge 9 ! ,au/ralian weapons 7z 9 ! case ( ^? call$ celts 9 ,europe7 has be5 produc$ by friction1 :]eas ! cutt+ edge 9 ! old tools ( ! valley ( ! ,somme 0 always ga9$ by ! simple fracture ( ! fl9t1 & by ! repetition ( _m dext]\s bl[s4 ,! oval-%ap$ ,au/ralian weapons1 h[ev]1 diff] 9 be+ %>p5$ at "o end only4 ,! o!r1 ?\gh r$uc$ by fracture to ! same g5]al =m1 is left r\gh1 9 :i* /ate x is fix$ into a cleft /ick1 :i* s]ves z a h&le4 ,to ?is x is firmly b\nd by ?9 /raps ( opossum's hide4 ,"o ( ^! tools1 n[ 9 my possession1 0 giv5 me by ,mr4 ,f>quh>son ( ,haughton1 :o saw a native us+ x 9 #ahed on ! ,auburn riv]1 9 ,burnet di/rict1 ,nor? ,au/ralia4 ,out ( m ?an a hundr$ fl9t implem5ts :i* ,i obta9$ at ,/4 ,a*eul1 n a few _h _! edges m or less fractur$ or worn1 ei!r by use z in/rum5ts be=e !y 7 buri$ 9 gravel1 or by be+ roll$ 9 ! riv]'s b$4 ,"s ( ^! tools 7 probably us$ z weapons1 bo? ( w> & ( ! *ase1 o!rs to grub up roots1 cut d[n trees1 & scoop out canoes4 ,"s ( !m may h s]v$1 z ,mr4 ,pre/wi* has sugge/$1 = cutt+ holes 9 ! ice bo? = fi%+ & = obta9+ wat]1 z w be expla9$ 9 ! eigh? *apt] :5 we consid] ! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! high] level drift hav+ belong$ to a p]iod :5 ! riv]s 7 froz5 ov] = sev]al mon?s e w9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h4 ,fl9t ,implem5t 7,,figure #h4 ,,fl9t ,,implem5t ,,f ,,/4 ,,a*eul1 ,,ne> ,,ami5s1 ,,( ,,! ,,spe>-,,head ,,%ape 7half ! size ( ! orig9al1 :i* is #g #a_/b in*es long74 a4 ,side view4 b4 ,same se5 edgewise4 ,^! spe>-head$ implem5ts h be5 f\nd 9 great] numb]1 proportionally to ! oval ones1 9 ! upp] level gravel at ,/4 ,a*eul1 ?an 9 any ( ! l[] gravels 9 ! valley ( ! ,somme4 ,9 ^! la/ ! oval =m pr$om9ates1 especially at ,abbeville47 ,:5 ! natural =m ( a ,*alk-fl9t pres5t$ a suitable h&le at "o end1 z 9 ! specim51 ,figure #aj1 t "p 0 left z f\nd4 ,! portion1 = example1 betwe5 b & c has probably n be5 alt]$2 ! protub]ances :i* are fractur$ hav+ be5 brok5 (f by riv] action be=e ! fl9t 0 *ipp$ artificially4 ,! o!r extremity1 a1 has be5 work$ till x acquir$ a prop] %ape & cutt+ edge4 ,illu/ration3 ,figures #i & #aj4 ,fl9t ,implem5ts 7,,figures #i ,,& #aj4 ,,fl9t ,,implem5ts ,,f ,,! ,,plei/oc5e ,,drift ,,( ,,abbeville ,,& ,,ami5s4 ,,figure #i4 a4 ,,oval-,,%ap$ ,,fl9t ,,hat*et ,,f ,,mautort1 ,,ne> ,,abbeville1 half size ( orig9al1 :i* is #e #a_/b in*es long1 f a b$ ( gravel und]ly+ ! fluvio-m>9e /ratum4 b4 ,same se5 edgewise4 c4 ,%[s a rec5t fracture ( ! edge ( ! same at ! po9t a1 or ne> ! top4 ,?is portion ( ! tool1 c1 is drawn ( ! natural size1 ! black c5tral "p be+ ! unalt]$ fl9t1 ! :ite out] coat+1 ! lay] :i* has be5 =m$ by discoloration or blea*+ s9ce ! tool 0 fir/ made4 ,! entire surface ( ,numb] #i mu/ h be5 black :5 fir/ %ap$1 & ! blea*+ to su* a dep? mu/ h be5 ! "w ( "t1 :e!r produc$ by exposure to ! sun & air be=e x 0 emb$d$1 or aft]w>ds :5 x lay deep 9 ! soil4 ,,figure #aj4 ,,fl9t ,,tool ,,f ,,/4 ,,a*eul1 se5 edgewise2 orig9al #f #a_/b in*es long1 & #c in*es wide4 b1 c4 ,portion n artificially %ap$4 a1 b4 ,"p *ipp$ into %ape1 & hav+ a cutt+ edge at a47 ,_m ( ! hat*ets are /a9$ ( an o*re\s-yell[ col\r1 :5 !y h be5 buri$ 9 yell[ gravel1 o!rs h acquir$ :ite or br[n t9ts1 accord+ to ! matrix 9 :i* !y h be5 enclos$4 ,?is accordance 9 ! col\r+ ( ! fl9t tools ) ! "* ( ! b$ f :i* !y h come1 indicates1 says ,mr4 ,pre/wi*1 n only a real d]ivation f su* /rata1 b also a soj\rn !re9 ( equal duration to t ( ! naturally brok5 fl9ts =m+ "p ( ! same b$s499 799 ,philosophical ,transactions #ahfa page #big47 ,illu/ration3 ,figures #aa1 #ab & #ac4 ,d5drites on ,fl+ ,hat*ets 7,,figures #aa1 #ab ,,& #ac4 ,,d5drites ,,on ,,surfaces ,,( ,,fl9t ,,hat*ets ,,9 ,,! ,,drift ,,( ,,/4 ,,a*eul1 ,,ne> ,,ami5s4 ,,figure #aa4 a4 ,natural size4 ,,figure #ab4 b4 ,natural size4 c4 ,magnifi$4 ,,figure #ac4 d4 ,natural size4 e4 ,magnifi$47 ,! surface ( _m ( ! tools is encru/$ ) a film ( c>bonate ( lime1 :ile o!rs are adorn$ by ^? ramify+ cry/allisations call$ d5drites 7see ,figures #aa1 #ab & #ac71 usually consi/+ ( ! mix$ oxides ( iron & manganese1 =m+ extremely delicate blacki% br[n sprigs1 resembl+ ! small] k9ds ( sea we$4 ,!y are a useful te/ ( antiquity :5 suspicions are ent]ta9$ ( ! workm5 hav+ =g$ ! hat*ets :i* !y (f] = sale4 ,! mo/ g5]al te/1 h[ev]1 ( ! g5u95ess ( ! implem5ts obta9$ by pur*ase is _! sup]ficial v>ni%-l or vitre\s gloss1 z contra/$ ) ! dull aspect ( fre%ly fractur$ fl9ts4 ,i also rem>k$1 dur+ ea* ( my ?ree visits to ,ami5s1 t !re 7 "s ext5sive gravel-pits1 su* z ^? ( ,monti]s & ,/4 ,ro*1 agree+ 9 _! geological "* ) ^? ( ,/4 ,a*eul1 & only a mile or two di/ant1 :]e ! workm51 al?\gh famili> ) ! =ms1 & kn[+ ! m>ketable value ( ! articles above describ$1 assur$ me t !y _h nev] be5 able to f9d a s+le implem5t4 ,respect+ ! au!nticity ( ! tools z works ( art1 ,pr(essor ,ramsay1 ?an :om no "o c\ld be a m compet5t judge1 obs]ves3 ,= m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 l o!rs ( my craft1 ,i h daily h&l$ /ones1 :e!r fa%ion$ by nature or art2 & ! fl9t hat*ets ( ,ami5s & ,abbeville seem to me z cle>ly works ( art z any ,%effield :ittle499 799 ,a!naeum ,july #af1 #ahei47 ,mr4 ,evans classifies ! implem5ts "u ?ree heads1 two ( :i*1 ! spe> heads & ! oval or almond-%ap$ k9ds1 h already be5 describ$4 ,! ?ird =m 7,figure #ad7 consi/s ( flakes1 app>5tly int5d$ = knives or "s ( ! small] ones = arr[ heads4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ad4 ,fl9t ,knife or ,flake 7,,figure #ad4 ,,fl9t ,,knife ,,or ,,flake ,,f ,,bel[ ,,! ,,s& ,,conta9+ ,,cyr5a ,,flum9alis4 ,,m5*ec\rt1 ,,abbeville4 d4 ,transv]se section along ! l9e ( fracture1 b1 c4 ,size1 two-?irds ( ! orig9al47 ,9 reg>d to _! orig91 ,mr4 ,evans obs]ves t !re is a uni=mity ( %ape1 a correctness ( outl9e1 & a %>pness ab\t ! cutt+ edges & po9ts1 :i* _c be due to any?+ b design499 799 ,ar*aeologia volume #ch47 ,( ^! knives & flakes1 ,i obta9$ sev]al specim5s f a pit :i* ,i caus$ to be dug at ,abbeville1 9 s& 9 contact ) ! ,*alk1 & bel[ c]ta9 fluvio-m>9e b$s1 :i* w be allud$ to 9 ! next *apt]4 ,betwe5 ! spe>-head & oval %apes1 !re are v>i\s int]m$iate gradations1 & !re are also a va/ v>iety ( v rude implem5ts1 _m ( :i* may h be5 reject$ z failures1 & o!rs /ruck (f z *ips 9 ! c\rse ( manufactur+ ! m p]fect ones4 ,"s ( ^! *ips c only be recognis$ by an exp]i5c$ eye z be>+ m>ks ( human workman%ip4 ,x has (t5 be5 ask$1 h[1 )\t ! use ( metallic hamm]s1 s _m ( ^! oval & spe>-head$ tools c\ld h be5 wr\ght into s uni=m a %ape4 ,mr4 ,evans1 9 ord] exp]im5tally to illu/rate ! process1 con/ruct$ a /one hamm]1 by m\nt+ a pebble 9 a wood5 h&le1 & ) ?is tool /ruck (f flakes f ! edge on bo? sides ( a ,*alk fl9t1 till x acquir$ precisely ! same %ape z ! oval tool1 ,figure #i4 ,if ,i 7 invit$ to e/imate ! probable numb] ( ! m p]fect tools f\nd 9 ! valley ( ! ,somme s9ce #ahdb1 reject+ all ! knives1 & all t might be suspect$ ( be+ spuri\s or =g$1 ,i %\ld conjecture t !y f> exce$$ a ?\s&4 ,yet x w\ld be a great mi/ake to imag9e t an antiqu>y or geologi/1 :o %\ld devote a few weeks to ! exploration ( su* a valley z t ( ! ,somme1 w\ld himself be able to detect a s+le specim54 ,b few tools 7 ly+ on ! surface4 ,! re/ h be5 expos$ to view by ! removal ( su* a volume ( s&1 clay1 & gravel1 t ! price ( ! discov]y ( "o ( !m c\ld only be e/imat$ by kn[+ h[ _m hundr$ lab\r]s h toil$ at ! =tifications ( ,abbeville1 or 9 ! s& & gravel pits ne> t city1 & ar\nd ,ami5s1 = road mat]ials & o!r economic purposes1 dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ae4 ,fossils ( ! ,:ite ,*alk 7,,figure #ae4 ,,fossils ,,( ,,! ,,:ite ,,*alk4 a1 b4 ,cosc9opora globul>is1 ,d',orbigny4 ,orbitol9a concava1 ,p>k] & ,jones4 c4 ,"p ( same magnifi$47 ,9 ! gravel pits ( ,/4 ,a*eul1 & 9 "s o!rs ne> ,ami5s1 small r\nd bodies1 hav+ a tubul> cavity 9 ! c5tre1 occur4 ,!y are well kn[n z fossils ( ! ,:ite ,*alk4 ,dr4 ,rigollot sugge/$ t !y might h be5 /rung toge!r z beads1 & he suppos$ ! hole 9 ! middle to h be5 artificial4 ,"s ( ^! r\nd bodies are f\nd entire 9 ! ,*alk & 9 ! gravel1 o!rs h naturally a hole pass+ ?r\gh !m1 & sometimes "o or two holes p5etrat+ "s way 9 f ! surface1 b n ext5d+ to ! o!r side4 ,o!rs1 l b1 ,figure #ae1 h a l>ge cavity1 :i* has a v artificial aspect4 ,x is impossible to decide :e!r !y h or h n s]v$ z p]sonal ornam5ts1 recomm5d$ by _! globul> =m1 lightness1 & by be+ less de/ructible ?an ord9>y ,*alk4 ,grant+ t !re 7 natural cavities 9 ! axis ( "s ( !m1 x does n foll[ t ^! may n h be5 tak5 advantage ( = /r++ !m z beads1 :ile o!rs may h be5 artificially bor$ ?r\gh4 ,dr4 ,rigollot's argum5t 9 fav\r ( _! hav+ be5 us$ z necklaces or bracelets1 appe>s to me a s\nd "o4 ,he says he (t5 f\nd small heaps or gr\ps ( !m 9 "o place1 all p]=at$1 j z if1 :5 swept into ! riv]'s b$ by a flood1 ! bond :i* _h unit$ !m toge!r rema9$ unbrok5499 799 ,rigollot1 ,memoire sur des ,in/rum5ts en ,silex etc41 ,ami5s #ahed page #af47 ,,*apt] #h4 -- ,,plei/oc5e ,,alluvium ,,) ,,fl9t ,,implem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,valley ,,( ,,! ,,somme--,,conclud$4 ,fluvio-m>9e ,/rata1 ) ,fl9t ,implem5ts1 ne> ,abbeville4 ,m>9e ,%ells 9 same4 ,cyr5a flum9alis4 ,mammalia4 ,entire ,skeleton ( ,rh9oc]os4 ,fl9t ,implem5ts1 :y f\nd l[ d[n 9 ,fluviatile ,deposits4 ,riv]s %ift+ _! ,*annels4 ,relative ,ages ( high] & l[]-level ,gravels4 ,section ( ,alluvium ( ,/4 ,a*eul4 ,two ,species ( ,elephant & ,hippopotamus coexi/+ ) ,man 9 ,france4 ,volume ( ,drift1 prov+ ,antiquity ( ,fl9t ,implem5ts4 ,abs5ce ( ,human ,bones 9 tool-be>+ ,alluvium1 h[ expla9$4 ,value ( c]ta9 ,k9ds ( negative ,evid5ce te/$ !reby4 ,human ,bones n f\nd 9 dra9$ ,lake ( ,ha>lem4 ,9 ! section ( ! valley ( ! ,somme giv5 9 ,figure #g1 ! successive =mations new] ?an ! ,*alk are numb]$ 9 *ronological ord]1 beg9n+ ) ! mo/ mod]n1 or ! peat1 :i* is m>k$ ,numb] #a1 & :i* has be5 treat$ ( 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,next 9 ! ord] ( antiquity are ! l[]-level gravels1 ,numb] #b1 :i* we h n[ to describe2 aft] :i* ! alluvium1 ,numb] #c1 f\nd at high] levels1 or ab\t #hj & #ajj feet above ! riv]-pla91 w rema9 to be consid]$4 ,i h select$1 z illu/rat+ ! old alluvium ( ! ,somme occurr+ at levels slightly elevat$ above ! pres5t riv]1 ! s& & gravel-pits ( ,m5*ec\rt1 9 ! nor?we/ suburbs ( ,abbeville1 to :i*1 z be=e /at$1 att5tion 0 fir/ drawn by ,m4 ,b\*] de ,p]!s1 9 8 "w on ,celtic antiquities4 ,"h1 al?\gh 9 e adjo9+ pit "s m9or v>iations 9 ! nature & ?ickness ( ! sup]impos$ deposits may be se51 !re is yet a g5]al approa* to uni=mity 9 ! s]ies4 ,! only /ratum ( :i* ! relative age is some:at d\btful1 is ! gravel m>k$ a1 und]ly+ ! peat1 & re/+ on ! ,*alk4 ,x is only kn[n by bor+s1 & "s ( x may be ( ! same age z ,numb] #c2 b ,i believe x to be = ! mo/ "p ( m mod]n orig91 consi/+ ( ! wreck ( all ! old] gravel1 includ+ ,numb] #c1 & =m$ dur+ ! la/ holl[+ out & deep5+ ( ! valley imm$iately be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! gr[? ( peat4 ,! great] numb] ( fl9t implem5ts h be5 dug out ( ,numb] #c1 (t5 ne> ! bottom1 & tw5ty-five1 ?irty1 or ev5 m ?an ?irty feet bel[ ! surface ( ,numb] #a4 ,a geologi/ w p]ceive by a glance at ! section t ! valley ( ! ,somme mu/ h be5 excavat$ ne>ly to its pres5t dep? & wid? :5 ! /rata ( ,numb] #c 7 ?r[n d[n1 & t aft] ! deposits ,numb]s #c1 #b1 & #a _h be5 =m$ 9 succession1 ! pres5t valley 0 scoop$ out1 pat*es only ( ,numb]s #c & #b be+ left4 ,= ^! deposits _c orig9ally h end$ abruptly z !y n[ d1 b mu/ h once be5 cont9u\s f>!r t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! valley4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #af4 ,fluvio-,m>9e ,/rata 7,,figure #af4 ,,section ,,( ,,fluvio-,,m>9e ,,/rata1 ,,conta9+ ,,fl9t ,,implem5ts ,,& ,,bones ,,( ,,ext9ct ,,mammalia1 ,,at ,,m5*ec\rt1 ,,abbeville499 799 ,= detail$ sections & maps ( ?is di/rict1 see ,pre/wi*1 ,philosophical ,transactions #ahfj page #bgg47 #a4 ,br[n clay ) angul> fl9ts1 & occasionally ,*alk rubble1 un/ratifi$1 foll[+ ! slope ( ! hill1 probably ( suba]ial orig91 ( v v>y+ ?ickness1 f #b to #e feet & upw>ds4 #b4 ,calc>e\s loam1 buff-col\r$1 resembl+ loess1 = ! mo/ "p un/ratifi$1 9 "s places ) slight traces ( /ratification1 conta9+ fre%wat] & l& %ells1 ) bones ( elephants1 etc42 ?ickness ab\t #ae feet4 #c4 ,alt]nations ( b$s ( gravel1 m>l1 & s&1 ) fre%wat] & l& %ells1 &1 9 "s ( ! l[] s&s1 a mixture ( m>9e %ells2 also bones ( elephant1 rh9oc]os1 etc41 & fl9t implem5ts2 ?ickness ab\t #ab feet4 a4 ,gravel und]ly+ peat1 age undet]m9$4 b4 ,lay] ( imp]vi\s clay1 sep>at+ ! gravel f ! peat47 ,to beg9 ) ! olde/1 ,numb] #c1 x is made up ( a succession ( b$s1 *iefly ( fre%wat] orig91 b occasionally a mixture ( m>9e & fluviatile %ells is obs]v$ 9 x1 prov+ t ! sea sometimes ga9$ ^u ! riv]1 :e!r at high tides or :5 ! fre% wat] 0 less 9 quantity dur+ ! dry season1 & sometimes p]haps :5 ! l& 0 slightly depress$ 9 level4 ,all ^! accid5ts might occur aga9 & aga9 at ! m\? ( any riv]1 & give rise to alt]nations ( fluviatile & m>9e /rata1 su* z are se5 at ,m5*ec\rt4 ,9 ! l[e/ b$s ( gravel & s& 9 contact ) ! ,*alk1 fl9t hat*ets1 "s p]fect1 o!rs mu* roll$1 h be5 f\nd2 & 9 a s&y b$ 9 ?is position "s workm51 :om ,i employ$ to s9k a pit1 f\nd f\r fl9t knives4 ,above ?is s& & gravel occur b$s ( :ite & silice\s s&1 conta9+ %ells ( ! g5]a ,planorbis1 ,limnea1 ,palud9a1 ,valvata1 ,cyclas1 ,cyr5a1 ,helix1 & o!rs1 all n[ natives ( ! same "p ( ,france1 except ,cyr5a flum9alis 7,figure #ag71 :i* no long] lives 9 ,europe1 b inhabits ! ,nile1 & _m p>ts ( ,asia1 includ+ ,ca%m]e1 :]e x ab\nds4 ,no species ( ,cyr5a is n[ met ) 9 a liv+ /ate 9 ,europe4 ,mr4 ,pre/wi* fir/ obs]v$ x fossil at ,m5*ec\rt1 & x has s9ce be5 f\nd 9 two or ?ree contigu\s s&-pits1 always 9 ! fluvio-m>9e b$4 #af ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ag4 ,cyr5a flum9alis 7,,figure #ag4 ,cyr5a flum9alis1 ,o4,f4 ,mull]1 sp499 799 ,= synonyms1 see ,s4 ,woodw>d ,tibet ,%ells ,proce$+s ( ! ,zoological ,society ,july #h1 #ahef47 a4 ,int]ior ( left valve1 f ,gray's ,?urrock1 ,essex4 b4 ,h+e ( ! same magnifi$4 c4 ,int]ior ( "r valve ( a small specim51 f ,%acklewell1 ,london4 d4 ,out] surface ( "r valve1 f ,eri?1 ,k5t47 ,,table #h_/a4 ,,dates ,,( ,,specific ,,names4 ,,column #a3 ,,species4 ,,column #b3 ,,date4 ,,liv+3 ,tell9a flum9alis1 ,o4,f4 ,mull]3 #aggd4 ,v5us flum9alis ,euphratis1 ,*emnitz3 #aghb4 ,cyclas ,euphratica1 ,lam43 #ahjf4 ,cyr5a cor1 ,lam4 7,nile73 #ahah4 ,cyr5a consobr9a1 ,caillaud 7,nile73 #ahbc4 ,cyr5a ,ca%miri5sis1 ,de%43 ,corbicuia flum9alis1 ,muhlfeldt43 #ahaa4 ,,fossil3 ,cyr5a trigonula1 ,s4 ,woodw>d3 #ahcd4 ,cyr5a ,gemmell>ii1 ,philippi3 #ahcf4 ,cyr5a ,du*a/elii1 ,ny/3 #ahch4 ,! foll[+ m>9e %ells occur mix$ ) ! fre%wat] species above enum]at$3--,bucc9um undatum1 ,littor9a littorea1 ,nassa reticulata1 ,purpura lapillus1 ,tell9a solidula1 ,c>dium edule1 & fragm5ts ( "s o!rs4 ,sev]al ( ^! ,i h myself collect$ entire1 ?\gh 9 a /ate ( great decomposition1 ly+ 9 ! :ite s& call$ sable aigre by ! workm54 ,!y are all littoral species n[ prop] to ! contigu\s coa/ ( ,france4 ,_! occurr5ce 9 a fossil /ate associat$ ) fre%wat] %ells at ,m5*ec\rt _h be5 notic$ z long ago z #ahcf by ,,mm4 ,rav9 & ,baillon1 be=e ,m4 ,b\*] de ,p]!s comm5c$ ! rese>*es :i* h s9ce made ! locality s celebrat$499 799 ,d',ar*iac1 ,hi/oire des ,progres etc4 volume #b page #aed47 ,! numb]s s9ce collect$ preclude all idea ( _! hav+ be5 br\ght inl& z eatable %ells by ! fabricators ( ! fl9t hat*ets f\nd at ! bottom ( ! fluvio-m>9e s&s4 ,f ! same b$s1 & 9 m>ls alt]nat+ ) ! s&s1 rema9s ( ! elephant1 rh9oc]os1 & o!r mammalia h be5 exhum$4 ,above ! fluvio-m>9e /rata are ^? designat$ ,numb] #b 9 ! section 7,figure #af71 :i* are almo/ devoid ( /ratification1 & probably =m$ ( mud or s$im5t ?r[n d[n by ! wat]s ( ! riv] :5 !y ov]fl[$ ! anci5t alluvial pla9 ( t day4 ,"s l& %ells1 a few riv] %ells1 & bones ( mammalia1 "s ( !m ext9ct1 occur 9 ,numb] #b4 ,its upp] surface has be5 deeply furr[$ & cut into by ! action ( wat]1 at ! "t :5 ! e>?y matt] ( ,numb] #a 0 sup]impos$4 ,! mat]ials ( ?is upp]mo/ deposit are arrang$ z if !y _h be5 ! result ( l& floods1 tak+ place aft] ! =mations #b & #c _h be5 rais$1 or _h become expos$ to d5udation4 ,! fluvio-m>9e /rata & ov]ly+ loam ( ,m5*ec\rt recur on ! opposite or left bank ( ! alluvial pla9 ( ! ,somme1 at a di/ance ( #b or #c miles4 ,!y are f\nd at ,mautort1 among o!r places1 & ,i obta9$ !re ! fl9t hat*et %[n 9 ,figure #i1 ( an oval =m4 ,x 0 extract$ f gravel1 above :i* 7 /rata conta9+ a mixture ( m>9e & fre%wat] %ells1 precisely l ^? ( ,m5*ec\rt4 ,9 ! alluvium ( all p>ts ( ! valley1 bo? at high & l[ levels1 roll$ bones are sometimes met ) 9 ! gravel4 ,"s ( ! fl9t tools 9 ! gravel ( ,abbeville h _! angles v p]fect1 o!rs h be5 mu* triturat$1 z if 9 ! b$ ( ! ma9 riv] or "s ( its tribut>ies4 ,! mammalia mo/ frequ5tly cit$ z hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ! deposits ,numb]s #b & #c at ,m5*ec\rt1 are ! foll[+3-- ,elephas primig5ius4 ,rh9oc]os ti*orh9us4 ,equus fossilis1 ,ow54 ,bos primig5ius4 ,c]vus somon5sis1 ,cuvi]4 ,c4 t>&us priscus1 ,cuvi]4 ,felis spelaea4 ,hya5a spelaea4 ,! ,ursus spelaeus has also be5 m5tion$ by "s writ]s2 b ,m4 ,l>tet says he has s\ght 9 va9 = x among ! o/eological treasures s5t f ,abbeville to ,cuvi] at ,p>is1 & 9 o!r collections4 ,! same palaeontologi/1 aft] a close scrut9y ( ! bones s5t =m]ly to ! ,p>is ,museum f ! valley ( ! ,somme1 obs]v$ t "s ( !m bore ! evid5t m>ks ( an in/rum5t1 agree+ well ) incisions su* z a rude fl9t-saw w\ld produce4 ,among o!r bones m5tion$ z hav+ be5 ?us artificially cut1 are ^? ( a ,rh9oc]os ti*orh9us1 & ! antl]s ( ,c]vus somon5sis499 799 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society volume #af #ahfj page #dga47 ,! evid5ce obta9$ by naturali/s t "s ( ! ext9ct mammalia ( ,m5*ec\rt really liv$ & di$ 9 ?is "p ( ,france1 at ! "t ( ! emb$d+ ( ! fl9t tools 9 fluviatile /rata1 is mo/ satisfactory2 & n ! less s = hav+ be5 put on record long be=e any suspicion 0 ent]ta9$ t works ( art w\ld ev] be detect$ 9 ! same b$s4 ,?us ,m4 ,baillon1 writ+ 9 #ahcd to ,m4 ,rav91 says3 ,!y beg9 to meet ) fossil bones at ! dep? ( #aj or #ab feet 9 ! ,m5*ec\rt s&-pits1 b !y f9d a mu* great] quantity at ! dep? ( #ah & #bj feet4 ,"s ( !m 7 evid5tly brok5 be=e !y 7 emb$d$1 o!rs are r\nd$1 hav+1 )\t d\bt1 be5 roll$ by runn+ wat]4 ,x is at ! bottom ( ! s&-pits t ! mo/ entire bones occur4 ,"h !y lie )\t hav+ und]gone fracture or friction1 & seem to h be5 articulat$ toge!r at ! "t :5 !y 7 cov]$ up4 ,i f\nd 9 "o place a :ole h9d limb ( a rh9oc]os1 ! bones ( :i* 7 /ill 9 _! true relative position4 ,!y mu/ h be5 jo9$ toge!r by ligam5ts1 & ev5 surr\nd$ by muscles at ! "t ( _! int]m5t4 ,! entire skeleton ( ! same species 0 ly+ at a %ort di/ance f ! spot499 799 ,societe ,roy4 d',emulation d',abbeville #ahcd page #aig47 ,if we suppose t ! great] numb] ( ! fl9t implem5ts occurr+ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,abbeville & ,ami5s 7 br\ght by riv] action into _! pres5t position1 we c at once expla9 :y s l>ge a proportion ( !m are f\nd at consid]able dep?s f ! surface1 = !y w\ld naturally be buri$ 9 gravel & n 9 f9e s$im5t1 or :at may be t]m$ inundation mud1 su* z ,numb] #b 7,figure #af71 a deposit f tranquil wat]1 or :]e ! /ream _h n suffici5t =ce or velocity to sweep along ,*alk fl9ts1 :e!r wr\ght or unwr\ght4 ,h5ce we h almo/ always to pass d[n ?r\gh a mass ( incumb5t loam ) l& %ells1 or ?r\gh f9e s& ) fre%wat] molluscs1 be=e we get into ! b$s ( gravel conta9+ hat*ets4 ,occasionally a weapon us$ z a projectile may h fall5 into quiet wat]1 or may h dropp$ f a canoe to ! bottom ( ! riv]1 or may h be5 float$ by ice1 z are "s /ones occasionally by ! ,?ames 9 sev]e w9t]s1 & c>ri$ ov] ! mead[s bord]+ its banks2 b su* cases are exceptional1 ?\gh help+ to expla9 h[ isolat$ fl9t tools or pebbles & angul> /ones are n[ & !n to be se5 9 ! mid/ ( ! f9e/ loams4 ,! endless v>iety 9 ! sections ( ! alluvium ( ! valley ( ! ,somme1 may be ascrib$ to ! frequ5t silt+ up ( ! ma9 /ream & its tribut>ies dur+ diff]5t /ages ( ! excavation ( ! valley1 probably also dur+ *anges 9 ! level ( ! l&4 ,z a rule1 :5 a riv] attacks & und]m9es "o bank1 x ?r[s d[n gravel & s& on ! opposite side ( its *annel1 :i* is gr[+ some:]e %all[]1 & is soon de/9$ to be rais$ s high z to =m an addition to ! alluvial pla91 & to be only occasionally inundat$4 ,9 ?is way1 aft] mu* encroa*m5t on cliff or mead[ at c]ta9 po9ts1 we f9d at ! end ( c5turies t ! wid? ( ! *annel has n be5 enl>g$1 = ! new made gr\nd is rais$ aft] a "t to ! av]age height ( ! old] alluvial tract4 ,sometimes an isl& is =m$ 9 mid/ream1 ! curr5t fl[+ = a :ile on bo? sides ( x1 & at l5g? scoop+ out a deep] *annel on "o side s z to leave ! o!r to be gradually fill$ up dur+ fre%ets & aft]w>ds elevat$ by inundation mud1 or brick-e>?4 ,dur+ ! levell+ up ( ^! old *annels1 a flood sometimes cuts into & p>tially removes portions ( ! previ\sly /ratifi$ matt]1 caus+ ^? repeat$ signs ( furr[+ & fill+ up ( cavities1 ^? memorials ( do+ & undo+1 ( :i* ! tool-be>+ s&s & gravels ( ,abbeville & ,ami5s af=d su* reit]at$ illu/rations1 & ( :i* a p>allel is furni%$ by ! anci5t alluvium ( ! ,?ames valley1 :]e simil> bones ( ext9ct mammalia & %ells1 includ+ ,cyr5a flum9alis1 are f\nd4 ,pr(essor ,noegg]a?1 ( ,bonn1 in=ms me t1 ab\t ! ye> #ahde1 :5 ! b$ ( ! ,rh9e 0 deep5$ artificially by ! bla/+ & removal ( rock 9 ! n>r[s at ,b+]lo*1 n f> f ,b+51 sev]al fl9t hat*ets & an extraord9>y numb] ( iron weapons ( ! ,roman p]iod 7 br\ght up by ! dr$ge f ! b$ ( ! great riv]4 ,! decomposition ( ! iron _h caus$ mu* ( ! gravel to be cem5t$ toge!r into a conglom]ate4 ,9 su* a case we h only to suppose ! ,rh9e to deviate slightly f its c\rse1 *ang+ its position1 z x has (t5 done 9 v>i\s p>ts ( its pla9 9 hi/orical times1 & !n tools ( ! /one & iron p]iods w\ld be f\nd 9 gravel at ! bottom ) a great ?ickness ( s& & ov]ly+ loam deposit$ above !m4 ,*anges 9 a riv] pla91 su* z ^? above allud$ to1 give rise frequ5tly to ponds1 swamps1 & m>%es1 m>k+ ! c\rse ( old b$s or bran*es ( ! riv] n yet fill$ up1 & 9 ^! depressions %ells prop] bo? to runn+ & /agnant wat] may be pres]v$1 & quadrup$s may be mir$4 ,! late/ & upp]mo/ deposit ( ! s]ies w be loam or brick-e>?1 ) l& & amphibi\s %ells 7,helix & ,succ9ea71 :ile bel[ w foll[ /rata conta9+ fre%wat] %ells1 imply+ cont9u\s subm]g5ce2 & l[e/ ( all 9 mo/ sections w be ! co>se gravel accumulat$ by a curr5t ( consid]able /r5g? & velocity4 ,:5 ! ,/4 ,ka?>9e docks 7 excavat$ at ,london1 & simil> works execut$ on ! banks ( ! ,m]sey1 old %ips 7 dug out1 z ,i h else:]e notic$199 %[+ h[ ! ,?ames & ,m]sey h 9 mod]n times be5 %ift+ _! *annels4 799 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology #aj? edition volume #b page #edg47 ,rec5tly1 an old silt$-up b$ ( ! ,?ames has be5 discov]$ by bor+ at ,%oeburyness at ! m\? ( ! riv] opposite ,%e]ness1 z ,i le>n f ,mr4 ,mylne4 ,! old des]t$ bran* is sep>at$ f ! new or pres5t *annel ( ! ,?ames1 by a mass ( ,london ,clay :i* has escap$ d5udation4 ,! dep? ( ! old bran*1 or ! ?ickness ( fluviatile /rata ) :i* x has be5 fill$ up1 is #ge feet4 ,! actual *annel 9 ! neighb\rhood is n[ #fj feet deep1 b !re is probably #aj or #ae feet ( /ratifi$ s& & gravel at ! bottom2 s t1 %\ld ! riv] deviate aga9 f its c\rse1 its pres5t b$ might be ! receptacle ( a fluvio-m>9e =mation #ge feet ?ick1 equal to ! =m] "o ( ,%oeburyness1 & m consid]able ?an t ( ,abbeville4 ,x w\ld consi/ bo? ( fre%wat] & m>9e /rata1 z ! salt wat] is c>ri$ by ! tide f> up above ,%e]ness2 b 9 ord] t su* deposits %\ld resemble1 9 geological position1 ! ,m5*ec\rt b$s1 !y mu/ be rais$ #aj or #ae feet above _! pres5t level1 & be p>tially erod$4 ,su* erosion !y w\ld n fail to suff] dur+ ! process ( upheaval1 because ! ,?ames w\ld sc\r out its b$1 & n alt] its position relatively to ! sea1 :ile ! l& 0 gradually ris+4 ,be=e ! canal 0 made at ,abbeville1 ! tide 0 p]ceptible 9 ! ,somme = "s di/ance above t city4 ,x w\ld only require1 !re=e1 a slight subsid5ce to all[ ! salt wat] to rea* ,m5*ec\rt1 z x did 9 ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod4 ,z a /ratum conta9+ exclusively l& & fre%wat] %ells usually und]lies ! fluvio-m>9e s&s at ,m5*ec\rt1 x seems t ! riv] fir/ prevail$ !re1 aft] :i* ! l& subsid$2 & !n !re 0 an upheaval :i* rais$ ! c\ntry to a great] height ?an t at :i* x n[ /&s1 aft] :i* !re 0 a second s9k+1 indicat$ by ! position ( ! peat1 z already expla9$4 ,all ^! *anges happ5$ s9ce ,man fir/ inhabit$ ?is region4 ,at sev]al places 9 ! environs ( ,abbeville !re are fluviatile deposits at a high] level by #ej feet ?an ! upp]mo/ b$s at ,m5*ec\rt1 re/+ 9 l mann] on ! ,*alk4 ,"o ( ^! occurs 9 ! suburbs ( ! city at ,m\l9 ,quignon1 #ajj feet above ! ,somme & on ! same side ( ! valley z ,m5*ec\rt1 & conta9+ fl9t implem5ts ( ! same antique type & ! bones ( elephants2 b no m>9e %ells h be5 f\nd !re1 nor 9 any gravel or s& at high] elevations ?an ! ,m5*ec\rt m>9e %ells4 ,x has be5 a matt] ( discussion among geologi/s :e!r ! high] or ! l[] s&s & gravels ( ! ,somme valley are ! m anci5t4 ,z a g5]al rule1 :5 !re are alluvial =mations ( diff]5t ages 9 ! same valley1 ^? :i* occupy a m elevat$ position above ! riv] pla9 are ! olde/4 ,9 ,auv]gne & ,velay1 9 ,c5tral ,france1 :]e ! bones ( fossil quadrup$s occur at all heights above ! pres5t riv]s f #aj to #ajjj feet1 we obs]ve ! t]re/rial fauna to dep>t 9 "* f t n[ liv+ 9 proportion z we asc5d to high] t]races & plat=ms4 ,we pass f ! l[] alluvium1 conta9+ ! mammo?1 ti*orh9e rh9oc]os1 & re9de]1 to v>i\s old] gr\ps ( fossils1 till1 on a tablel& #ajjj feet high 7ne> ,le ,puy1 = example71 ! abrupt t]m9ation ( :i* ov]looks ! pres5t valley1 we discov] an old ext9ct riv]-b$ cov]$ by a curr5t ( anci5t lava1 %[+ :]e ! l[e/ level 0 once situat$4 ,9 t elevat$ alluvium ! rema9s ( a ,t]ti>y ma/odon & o!r quadrup$s ( l antiquity are emb$d$4 ,if ! ,m5*ec\rt b$s _h be5 fir/ =m$1 & ! valley1 aft] be+ ne>ly z deep & wide z x is n[1 _h subsid$1 ! sea mu/ h advanc$ inl&1 caus+ small delta-l accumulations at successive heights1 :]ev] ! ma9 riv] & its tribut>ies met ! sea4 ,su* a movem5t1 especially if x 7 int]mitt5t1 & int]rupt$ occasionally by long pauses1 w\ld v well acc\nt = ! accumulation ( /ratifi$ debris :i* we enc\nt] at c]ta9 po9ts 9 ! valley1 especially ar\nd ,abbeville & ,ami5s4 ,b we are preclud$ f adopt+ ?is !ory by ! entire abs5ce ( m>9e %ells1 & ! pres5ce ( fre%wat] & l& species1 & mammalian bones1 9 consid]able abundance1 9 ! drift bo? ( high] & l[] levels above ,abbeville4 ,_h !re be5 a total abs5ce ( all organic rema9s1 we might h imag9$ ! =m] pres5ce ( ! sea1 & ! de/ruction ( su* rema9s might h be5 ascrib$ to c>bonic acid or o!r decompos+ causes2 b ! ,plei/oc5e & implem5t-be>+ /rata c be %[n by _! fossils to be ( fluviatile orig94 ,,fl9t ,,implem5ts ,,9 ,,gravel ,,ne> ,,ami5s4 ,,gravel ,,( ,,/4 ,,a*eul4 ,:5 we asc5d ! valley ( ! ,somme1 f ,abbeville to ,ami5s1 a di/ance ( ab\t #be miles1 we obs]ve a repetition ( all ! same alluvial ph5om5a :i* we h se5 exhibit$ at ,m5*ec\rt & its neighb\rhood1 ) ! s+le exception ( ! abs5ce ( m>9e %ells & ( ,cyr5a flum9alis4 ,we f9d l[]-level gravel1 su* z ,numb] #b1 ,figure #g1 & high]-level alluvium1 su* z ,numb] #c1 ! latt] ris+ to #ajj feet above ! pla91 :i* at ,ami5s is ab\t #ej feet above ! level ( ! riv] at ,abbeville4 ,9 bo? ! upp] & l[] gravels1 z ,dr4 ,rigollot /at$ 9 #ahed1 fl9t tools & ! bones ( ext9ct animals1 toge!r ) riv] %ells & l& %ells ( liv+ species1 ab\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,figures #ah1 #ai & #bj4 ,elephas 7,,figure #ah499 ,elephas primig5ius4 ,p5ultimate mol>1 l[] jaw1 "r side1 "o-?ird ( natural size1 ,plei/oc5e4 ,co-exi/$ ) ,man47 7,,figure #ai499 ,elephas antiquus1 ,falcon]4 ,p5ultimate mol>1 l[] jaw1 "r side1 "o-?ird ( natural size1 ,plei/oc5e & ,new] ,plioc5e4 ,co-exi/$ ) ,man47 7,,figure #bj499 ,elephas m]idionalis1 ,ne/i4 ,p5ultimate mol>1 l[] jaw1 "r side1 "o-?ird ( natural size1 ,new] ,plioc5e1 ,sa9t ,pre/1 ne> ,*>tres1 & ,norwi* ,crag4 ,n yet prov$ to h coexi/$ ) ,man47 799 ,= ,figure #bj ,i am indebt$ to ,m4 ,l>tet1 & ,figure #ah w be f\nd 9 8 pap] 9 ,bullet9 de la ,societe ,geologique de ,france ,m>* #ahei4 ,figure #ai is f ,falcon] & ,cautley ,fauna ,sival5sis47 ,imm$iately bel[ ,ami5s1 a great mass ( /ratifi$ gravel1 slightly elevat$ above ! alluvial pla9 ( ! ,somme1 is se5 at ,/4 ,ro*1 & half a mile f>!r d[n ! valley at ,monti]s4 ,betwe5 ^! two places a small tribut>y /ream1 call$ ! ,celle1 jo9s ! ,somme4 ,9 ! gravel at ,monti]s1 ,mr4 ,pre/wi* & ,i f\nd "s fl9t knives1 "o ( !m flat on "o side1 b ! o!r c>efully work$1 & exhibit+ _m fractures1 cle>ly produc$ by bl[s skilfully appli$4 ,"s ( ^! knives 7 tak5 f s l[ a level z to satisfy u t ?is great b$ ( gravel at ,monti]s1 z well z t ( ! contigu\s qu>ries ( ,/4 ,ro*1 :i* seems to be a cont9uation ( ! same deposit1 may be ref]r$ to ! human p]iod4 ,dr4 ,rigollot _h already m5tion$ fl9t hat*ets z obta9$ by him f ,/4 ,ro*1 b z none h be5 f\nd !re ( late ye>s1 8 /atem5t 0 ?\ght to require confirmation4 ,! discov]y1 !re=e1 ( ^! fl9t knives 9 gravel ( ! same age 0 int]e/+1 especially z _m tusks ( a hippopotamus h be5 obta9$ f ! gravel ( ,/4 ,ro*--"s ( ^! rec5tly by ,mr4 ,pre/wi*2 :ile ,m4 ,g>ni] ( ,ami5s has procur$ a f9e elephant's mol> f ! same pits1 :i* ,dr4 ,falcon] ref]s to ,elephas antiquus1 see ,figure #ai4 ,h5ce ,i inf] t bo? ^! animals co-exi/$ ) ,man4 ,! alluvial =mations ( ,monti]s are v in/ructive 9 ano!r po9t ( view4 ,if1 leav+ ! l[] gravel ( t place1 :i* is topp$ ) loam or brick-e>? 7( :i* ! upp] portion is ab\t #cj feet above ! level ( ! ,somme71 we asc5d ! ,*alk slope to ! height ( ab\t #hj feet1 ano!r deposit ( gravel & s&1 ) fluviatile %ells 9 a p]fect condition1 occurs1 indicat+ mo/ cle>ly an anci5t riv]-b$1 ! wat]s ( :i* ran habitually at t high] level be=e ! valley _h be5 scoop$ out to its pres5t dep?4 ,?is sup]ior deposit is on ! same side ( ! ,somme1 & ab\t z high1 z ! l[e/ "p ( ! celebrat$ =mation ( ,/4 ,a*eul1 #b or #c miles di/ant1 to :i* ,i %all n[ allude4 ,! t]race ( ,/4 ,a*eul may be describ$ z a g5tly slop+ l$ge ( ,*alk1 cov]$ ) gravel1 topp$ z usual ) loam or f9e s$im5t1 ! surface ( ! loam be+ #ajj feet above ! ,somme1 & ab\t #aej above ! sea4 ,_m /one c(f9s ( ! ,gallo-,roman p]iod h be5 dug out ( ! upp] portion ( ?is alluvial mass4 ,! tr5*es made = bury+ !m sometimes p5etrate to ! dep? ( #h or #i feet f ! surface1 ent]+ ! upp] "p ( ,numb] #c ( ! sections ,figures #ba & #bb4 ,!y prove t :5 ! ,romans 7 9 ,gaul !y f\nd ?is t]race 9 ! same condition z x is n[1 or r z x 0 be=e ! removal ( s mu* gravel1 s&1 clay1 & loam1 = repair+ roads1 & = mak+ bricks & pott]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ba4 ,section ( ,gravel ,pit 7,,figure #ba4 ,,section ,,( ,,gravel ,,pit ,,conta9+ ,,fl9t ,,implem5ts ,,at ,,/4 ,,a*eul1 ,,ne> ,,ami5s1 ,,obs]v$ ,,9 ,,july #ahfj4 #a4 ,vegetable soil & made gr\nd1 #b to #c feet ?ick4 #b4 ,br[n loam ) "s angul> fl9ts1 9 p>ts pass+ into o*re\s gravel1 fill+ up ind5tations on ! surface ( ,numb] #c1 #c feet ?ick4 #c4 ,:ite silice\s s& ) lay]s ( *alky m>l1 & includ$ fragm5ts ( ,*alk1 = ! mo/ "p un/ratifi$1 #i feet4 #d4 ,fl9t-gravel1 & :iti% *alky s&1 fl9ts subangul>1 av]age size ( fragm5ts1 #c in*es diamet]1 b ) "s l>ge unbrok5 ,*alk fl9ts int]mix$1 cross /ratification 9 p>ts4 ,bones ( mammalia1 gr9d] ( elephant at b1 & fl9t implem5t at c1 #aj to #ad feet4 #e4 ,*alk ) fl9ts4 a4 ,"p ( elephant's mol>1 #aa feet f ! surface4 b4 ,entire mol> ( ,elephas primig5ius1 #ag feet f ! surface4 c4 ,position ( fl9t hat*et1 #ah feet f ! surface47 ,9 ! annex$ section 7,figure #ba71 :i* ,i obs]v$ dur+ my la/ visit 9 #ahfj1 x w be se5 t a fragm5t ( an elephant's too? is notic$ z hav+ be5 dug out ( un/ratifi$ s&y loam at ! po9t a1 #aa feet f ! surface4 ,?is 0 f\nd at ! "t ( my visit2 & at a l[] po9t1 at b1 #ah feet f ! surface1 a l>ge ne>ly entire & unroll$ mol> ( ! same species 0 obta9$1 :i* is n[ 9 my possession4 ,x has be5 pron\nc$ by ,dr4 ,falcon] to belong to ,elephas primig5ius4 ,a /one hat*et ( an oval =m1 l t repres5t$ at ,figure #i1 0 discov]$ at ! same "t1 ab\t "o foot l[] d[n1 at c1 9 d5sely compress$ gravel4 ,! surface ( ! fundam5tal ,*alk is unev5 9 ?is pit1 & slopes t[>ds ! valley-pla9 ( ! ,somme4 ,9 a horizontal di/ance ( #bj feet1 ,i f\nd a diff]5ce 9 v]tical height ( #g feet4 ,9 ! *alky s&1 sometimes occurr+ 9 int]/ices betwe5 ! sep>ate fragm5ts ( fl9t1 con/itut+ ! co>se gravel ,numb] #d1 entire z well z brok5 fre%wat] %ells are (t5 met )4 ,to "s x may appe> enigmatical h[ su* fragile objects c\ld h escap$ annihilation 9 a riv]-b$1 :5 fl9t tools & mu* gravel 7 %ov$ along ! bottom2 b ,i h se5 ! dr$g+ in/rum5t employ$ 9 ! ,?ames1 above & bel[ ,london ,bridge1 to deep5 ! riv]1 & work$ by /eam p[]1 scoop up gravel & s& f ! bottom1 & !n p\r ! cont5ts pell-mell into ! boat1 & /ill _m specim5s ( ,limnaea1 ,planorbis1 ,palud9a1 ,cyclas1 & o!r %ells might be tak5 out un9jur$ f ! gravel4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! gravel ,numb] #d is obliquely /ratifi$1 & t its surface _h und]gone d5udation be=e ! :ite s&y loam ,numb] #c 0 sup]impos$4 ,! mat]ials ( ! gravel at d mu/ h be5 cem5t$ or froz5 toge!r into a some:at coh]5t mass to all[ ! project+ ridge1 d1 to /& up #e feet above ! g5]al surface1 ! sides be+ 9 "s places p]p5dicul>4 ,9 ,numb] #c we probably behold an example ( a passage f riv]-silt to inundation mud4 ,9 "s p>ts ( x1 l& %ells occur4 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$ by ,,mm4 ,buteux1 ,rav91 & o!r obs]v]s conv]sant ) ! geology ( ?is "p ( ,france1 t 9 none ( ! alluvial deposits1 anci5t or mod]n1 are !re any fragm5ts ( rocks =eign to ! bas9 ( ! ,somme--no erratics :i* c\ld only be expla9$ by suppos+ !m to h be5 br\ght by ice1 dur+ a g5]al subm]g5ce ( ! c\ntry1 f "s o!r hydrographical bas94 ,b 9 "s ( ! pits at ,/4 ,a*eul !re are se5 9 ! b$s ,numb] #d1 ,figure #ba1 n only well-r\nd$ ,t]ti>y pebbles1 b great blocks ( h>d s&/one1 ( ! k9d call$ 9 ! s\? ( ,engl& greywe!rs1 "s ( :i* are #c or #d feet & upw>ds 9 diamet]4 ,!y are usually angul>1 & :5 sph]ical owe _! %ape g5]ally to an orig9al concretion>y /ructure1 & n to trituration 9 a riv]'s b$4 ,^! l>ge fragm5ts ( /one ab\nd bo? 9 ! high] & l[] level gravels r\nd ,ami5s & at ! high] level at ,abbeville4 ,!y h also be5 trac$ f> up ! valley above ,ami5s1 :]ev] pat*es ( ! old alluvium occur4 ,!y h all be5 d]iv$ f ! ,t]ti>y /rata :i* once cov]$ ! ,*alk4 ,_! dim5sions are su* t x is impossible to imag9e a riv] l ! pres5t ,somme1 fl[+ ?r\gh a flat c\ntry1 ) a g5tle fall t[>ds ! sea1 to h c>ri$ !m = miles d[n its *annel unless ice co-op]at$ z a transport+ p[]4 ,_! angul>ity also fav\rs ! supposition ( _! hav+ be5 float$ by ice1 or r5d]$ s buoyant by x z to h escap$ mu* ( ! we> & te> :i* blocks propell$ along ! bottom ( a riv] *annel w\ld o!rwise suff]4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! pres5t mildness ( ! w9t]s 9 ,pic>dy & ! nor?we/ ( ,europe g5]ally is exceptional 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 & t l>ge fragm5ts ( granite1 s&/one1 & lime/one are n[ c>ri$ annually by ice d[n ! ,canadian riv]s 9 latitudes f>!r s\? ?an ,p>is499 799 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology #i? edition page #bbj47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bb4 ,contort$ ,/rata 7,,figure #bb4 ,,contort$ ,,fluviatile ,,/rata ,,at ,,/4 ,,a*eul 7,pre/wi*1 ,philosophical ,transactions #ahfa1 page #bii74 #a4 ,surface soil4 #b4 ,br[n loam z 9 ,figure #ba1 ?ickness1 #f feet4 #c4 ,:ite s& ) b5t & fold$ lay]s ( m>l1 ?ickness1 #f feet4 #d4 ,gravel1 z 9 ,figure #ba1 ) bones ( mammalia & fl9t implem5ts4 ,a4 ,graves fill$ ) made gr\nd & human bones4 b & c4 ,seams ( lam9at$ m>l (t5 b5t r\nd ^u !mselves4 d4 ,b$s ( gravel ) %>p curves47 ,ano!r sign ( ice ag5cy1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,pre/wi* has giv5 a good illu/ration 9 "o ( 8 publi%$ sections1 & :i* ,i myself obs]v$ 9 sev]al pits at ,/4 ,a*eul1 des]ves notice4 ,x consi/s 9 flexures & contortions ( ! /rata ( s&1 m>l1 & gravel 7z se5 at b1 c1 & d1 ,figure #bb71 :i* !y h evid5tly und]gone s9ce _! orig9al deposition1 & f :i* bo? ! und]ly+ ,*alk & "p ( ! ov]ly+ b$s ( s& ,numb] #c are usually exempt4 ,9 my =m] writ+s ,i h attribut$ ?is k9d ( d]angem5t to two causes2 fir/1 ! pressure ( ice runn+ agr\nd on yield+ banks ( mud & s&2 &1 secondly1 ! melt+ ( masses ( ice & sn[ ( unequal ?ickness1 on :i* horizontal lay]s ( mud1 s&1 & o!r f9e & co>se mat]ials _h accumulat$4 ,! late ,mr4 ,trimm] fir/ po9t$ out 9 :at mann] ! unequal failure ( support caus$ by ! liquefaction ( und]ly+ or int]calat$ sn[ & ice might give rise to su* complicat$ fold+s499 799 ,see *apt] #ab47 ,:5 ice-jams occur on ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce & o!r ,canadian riv]s 7latitude #df degrees nor?71 ! %eets ( ice1 :i* become pack$ or =c$ "u or ov] "o ano!r1 assume 9 mo/ cases a highly incl9$ & sometimes ev5 a v]tical position4 ,!y are (t5 obs]v$ to be coat$ on "o side ) mud1 s&1 or gravel froz5 on to !m1 d]iv$ f %all[s 9 ! riv] on :i* !y re/$ :5 congelation fir/ rea*$ ! bottom4 ,z (t5 z portions ( ^! packs melt ne> ! m>g9 ( ! riv]1 ! lay]s ( mud1 s&1 & gravel1 :i* result f _! liquefaction1 _c fail to assume a v abnormal arrangem5t--v p]plex+ to a geologi/ :o %\ld und]take to int]pret !m )\t hav+ ! ice-clue 9 8 m9d4 ,mr4 ,pre/wi* has sugge/$ t gr\nd-ice may h _h its influ5ce 9 modify+ ! anci5t alluvium ( ! ,somme499 799 ,pre/wi*1 ,memoir read to ,royal ,society1 ,april #ahfb47 ,x is c]ta9 t ice 9 ?is =m plays an active "p e w9t] 9 giv+ motion to /ones & gravel 9 ! b$s ( riv]s 9 ,european ,russia & ,sib]ia4 ,x appe>s t :5 9 ^? c\ntries ! /reams are r$uc$ ne>ly to ! freez+ po9t1 congelation beg9s frequ5tly at ! bottom2 ! reason be+1 accord+ to ,arago1 t ! curr5t is sl[e/ !re1 & ! gravel & l>ge /ones1 hav+ p>t$ ) mu* ( _! heat by radiation1 acquire a temp]ature bel[ ! av]age ( ! ma9 body ( ! riv]4 ,x is1 !re=e1 :5 ! wat] is cle>1 & ! sky free f cl\ds1 t gr\nd ice =ms mo/ readily1 & (t5] on pebbly ?an on muddy bottoms4 ,fragm5ts ( su* ice1 ris+ occasionally to ! surface1 br+ up ) !m gravel1 & ev5 l>ge /ones4 ,)\t dwell+ long] on ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* ice may affect ! =ms ( /ratification 9 drift1 s z to cause b5d+s & fold+s 9 :i* ! und]ly+ or ov]-ly+ /rata d n p>ticipate1 a subject to :i* ,i %all h occasion aga9 to allude 9 ! sequel1 ,i w /ate 9 ?is place t su* contortions1 :e!r explicable or n1 are v *>act]i/ic ( glacial =mations4 ,!y h also no necess>y connection ) ! transportation ( l>ge blocks ( /one1 & !y !re=e af=d1 z ,mr4 ,pre/wi* rem>ks1 indep5d5t pro( ( ice-action 9 ! ,plei/oc5e gravel ( ! ,somme4 ,let u1 !n1 suppose t1 at ! "t :5 fl9t hat*ets 7 emb$d$ 9 great numb]s 9 ! anci5t gravel :i* n[ =ms ! t]race ( ,/4 ,a*eul1 ! ma9 riv] & its tribut>ies 7 annually froz5 ov] = sev]al mon?s 9 w9t]4 ,9 t case1 ! primitive p may1 z ,mr4 ,pre/wi* h9ts1 h resembl$ 9 _! mode ( life ^? ,am]ican ,indians :o n[ inhabit ! c\ntry betwe5 ,hudson's ,bay & ! ,pol> ,sea4 ,! habits ( ^? ,indians h be5 well describ$ by ,he>ne1 :o sp5t "s ye>s among !m4 ,z (t5 z de] & o!r game become sc>ce on ! l&1 !y betake !mselves to fi%+ 9 ! riv]s2 & = ?is purpose1 & also to obta9 wat] = dr9k+1 !y are 9 ! con/ant practice ( cutt+ r\nd holes 9 ! ice1 a foot or m 9 diamet]1 ?r\gh :i* !y ?r[ bait$ hooks or nets4 ,(t5 !y pit* _! t5t on ! ice1 & !n cut su* holes ?r\gh x1 us+ ice-*isels ( metal :5 !y c get copp] or iron1 b :5 n1 employ+ tools ( fl9t or horn/one4 ,! great accumulation ( gravel at ,/4 ,a*eul has tak5 place 9 "p ( ! valley :]e ! tribut>y /reams1 ! ,noye & ! ,arve1 n[ jo9 ! ,somme4 ,^! tribut>ies1 z well z ! ma9 riv]1 mu/ h be5 runn+ at ! height fir/ ( #ajj feet1 & aft]w>ds at v>i\s l[] levels above ! pres5t valley-pla91 9 ^? e>li] times :5 ! fl9t tools ( ! antique type 7 buri$ 9 successive riv] b$s4 ,i h said at v>i\s levels1 because !re are1 "h & !re1 pat*es ( drift at heights int]m$iate betwe5 ! high] & l[] gravel1 & also "s deposits1 %[+ t ! riv] once fl[$ at elevations above z well z bel[ ! level ( ! plat=m ( ,/4 ,a*eul4 ,z yet1 h[ev]1 no pat* ( gravel skirt+ ! valley at heights exce$+ #ajj feet above ! ,somme has yield$ fl9t tools or o!r signs ( ! =m] soj\rn ( ,man 9 ?is region4 ,possibly1 9 ! e>li] geographical condition ( ?is c\ntry1 ! conflu5ce ( tribut>ies ) ! ,somme af=d$ inducem5ts to a hunt+ & fi%+ tribe to settle !re1 & "s ( ! same natural advantages may h caus$ ! fir/ inhabitants ( ,ami5s & ,abbeville to fix on ! same sites = _! dwell+s4 ,if ! e>ly hunt+ & fi%+ tribes frequ5t$ ! same spots = hundr$s or ?\s&s ( ye>s 9 succession1 ! numb] ( ! /one implem5ts lo/ 9 ! b$ ( ! riv] ne$ n surprise u4 ,ice-*isels1 fl9t hat*ets1 & spe>-heads may h slipp$ accid5tally ?r\gh holes kept con/antly op51 & ! recov]y ( a lo/ treasure once sunk 9 ! b$ ( ! ice-b\nd /ream1 inevitably swept away ) gravel on ! break+ up ( ! ice 9 ! spr+1 w\ld be hopeless4 ,dur+ a long w9t]1 9 a c\ntry af=d+ abundance ( fl9t1 ! manufacture ( tools w\ld be cont9ually 9 progress2 &1 if s1 ?\s&s ( *ips & flakes w\ld be purposely ?r[n into ! ice-hole1 besides a great numb] ( implem5ts hav+ flaws1 or reject$ z too unskilfully made to be wor? pres]v+4 ,z to ! fossil fauna ( ! drift1 consid]$ 9 relation to ! climate1 :51 9 #ahei1 ,i took a collection :i* ,i _h made ( all ! m common species ( l& & fre%wat] %ells f ! ,ami5s & ,abbeville drift1 to my fri5d ,m4 ,de%ayes at ,p>is1 he decl>$ !m to be1 )\t exception1 ! same z ^? n[ liv+ 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,se9e4 ,?is fact may seem at fir/ sight to imply t ! climate _h n alt]$ s9ce ! fl9t tools 7 fabricat$2 b x appe>s t all ^! species ( molluscs n[ range z f> nor? z ,norway & ,f9l&1 & may !re=e h fl\ri%$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,somme :5 ! riv] 0 froz5 ov] annually 9 w9t]499 799 ,see ,pre/wi*1 ,pap] read to ! ,royal ,society 9 #ahfb47 ,9 reg>d to ! accompany+ mammalia1 "s ( !m1 l ! mammo? & ti*orh9e rh9oc]os1 may h be5 able to endure ! rig\rs ( a nor!rn w9t] z well z ! re9de]1 :i* we f9d fossil 9 ! same gravel4 ,x is a m difficult po9t to det]m9e :e!r ! climate ( ! l[] gravels 7^? ( ,m5*ec\rt1 = example7 0 m g5ial ?an t ( ! high] ones4 ,mr4 ,pre/wi* incl9es to ?is op9ion4 ,none ( ^? contortions ( ! /rata above describ$ h z yet be5 obs]v$ 9 ! l[] drift4 ,x conta9s l>ge blocks ( ,t]ti>y s&/one & grit1 :i* may h requir$ ! aid ( ice to convey !m to _! pres5t sites2 b z su* blocks already ab\nd$ 9 ! old] & high] alluvium1 !y may simply be monum5ts ( its de/ruction1 hav+ be5 let d[n successively to l[] & l[] levels )\t mak+ mu* seaw>d progress4 ,! ,cyr5a flum9alis ( ,m5*ec\rt & ! hippopotamus ( ,/4 ,ro* seem to be 9 fav\r ( a less sev]e temp]ature 9 w9t]2 b s _m ( ! species ( mammalia1 z well z ( ! l& & fre%wat] %ells1 are common to bo? =mations1 & our in=mation respect+ ! entire fauna is /ill s imp]fect1 t x w\ld be premature to pret5d to settle ?is "q 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k4 ,we mu/ be cont5t ) ! conclusion 7& x is "o ( no small int]e/71 t :5 ,man fir/ inhabit$ ?is "p ( ,europe1 at ! "t t ! ,/4 ,a*eul drift 0 =m$1 ! climate z well z ! physical geography ( ! c\ntry diff]$ consid]ably f ! /ate ( ?+s n[ e/abli%$ !re4 ,among ! elephant rema9s f ,/4 ,a*eul1 9 ,m4 ,g>ni]'s collection1 ,dr4 ,falcon] recognis$ a mol> ( ! ,elephas antiquus1 ,figure #ai1 ! same species :i* has be5 already m5tion$ z hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ! l[]-level gravels ( ,/4 ,ro*4 ,?is species1 !re=e1 endur$ :ile important *anges took place 9 ! geographical condition ( ! valley ( ! ,somme4 ,assum+ ! l[]-level gravel to be ! new]1 x foll[s t ! ,elephas antiquus & ! hippopotamus ( ,/4 ,ro* cont9u$ to fl\ri% long aft] ! introduction ( ! mammo?1 a well *>act]is$ too? ( :i*1 z ,i be=e /at$1 0 f\nd at ,/4 ,a*eul at ! "t ( my visit 9 #ahfj4 ,z fl9t hat*ets & knives h be5 discov]$ 9 ! alluvial deposits bo? at high & l[ levels1 we may safely affirm t ,man 0 z old an inhabitant ( ?is region z 7 any ( ! fossil quadrup$s above enum]at$1 a conclusion :i* is indep5d5t ( any diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! relative age ( ! high] & l[] gravels4 ,! disappe>ance ( _m l>ge pa*yd]ms & bea/s ( prey f ,europe has (t5 be5 attribut$ to ! int]v5tion ( ,man1 & no d\bt he play$ 8 "p 9 ha/5+ ! era ( _! ext9ction2 b !re is good reason = suspect+ t o!r causes co-op]at$ to ! same end4 ,no naturali/ w\ld = a mom5t suppose t ! ext]m9ation ( ! ,cyr5a flum9alis ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,europe--a species :i* co-exi/$ ) our race 9 ! valley ( ! ,somme1 & :i* 0 v abundant 9 ! wat]s ( ! ,?ames at ! "t :5 ! elephant1 rh9oc]os1 & hippopotamus fl\ri%$ on its banks--0 accel]at$ by human ag5cy4 ,! great modification 9 climate & 9 o!r conditions ( exi/5ce :i* affect$ ?is aquatic mollusc1 may h ma9ly contribut$ to ! gradual dy+ out ( _m ( ! l>ge mammalia4 ,we h already se5 t ! peat ( ! valley ( ! ,somme is a =mation :i*1 9 all likelihood1 took ?\s&s ( ye>s = its gr[?4 ,b no *ange ( a m>k$ "* has occurr$ 9 ! mammalian fauna s9ce x began to accumulate4 ,! contra/ ( ! fauna ( ! anci5t alluvium1 :e!r at high or l[ levels1 ) ! fauna ( ! olde/ peat is almo/ z great z its contra/ ) ! exi/+ fauna1 ! memorials ( ,man be+ common to ! :ole s]ies2 h5ce we may inf] t ! int]val ( "t :i* sep>at$ ! era ( ! l>ge ext9ct mammalia f t ( ! e>lie/ peat1 0 ( f> long] duration ?an t ( ! entire gr[? ( ! peat4 ,yet we by no means ne$ ! evid5ce ( ! anci5t fossil fauna to e/abli% ! antiquity ( ,man 9 ?is "p ( ,france4 ,! m]e volume ( ! drift at v>i\s heights w\ld alone suffice to demon/rate a va/ lapse ( "t dur+ :i* su* heaps ( %+le1 d]iv$ bo? f ! ,eoc5e & ! ,cretace\s rocks1 7 ?r[n d[n 9 a succession ( riv]-*annels4 ,we obs]ve ?\s&s ( r\nd$ & half-r\nd$ fl9ts1 & a va/ numb] ( angul> ones1 ) r\nd$ pieces ( :ite ,*alk ( v>i\s sizes1 te/ify+ to a prodigi\s am\nt ( me*anical action1 accompany+ ! repeat$ wid5+ & deep5+ ( ! valley1 be=e x became ! receptacle ( peat2 & ! position ( _m ( ! fl9t tools leaves no d\bt 9 ! m9d ( ! geologi/ t _! fabrication prec$$ all ?is reit]at$ d5udation4 ,,on ,,! ,,abs5ce ,,( ,,human ,,bones ,,9 ,,! ,,alluvium ,,( ,,! ,,somme4 ,x is naturally a matt] ( no small surprise t1 aft] we h collect$ _m hundr$ fl9t implem5ts 7includ+ knives1 _m ?\s&s71 n a s+le human bone has yet be5 met ) 9 ! old alluvial s& & gravel ( ! ,somme4 ,?is de>? ( ! mortal rema9s ( our species holds true equally1 z yet1 9 all o!r p>ts ( ,europe :]e ! tool-be>+ drift ( ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod has be5 inve/igat$ 9 valley deposits4 ,yet 9 ^! same =mations !re is no want ( bones ( mammalia belong+ to ext9ct & liv+ species4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury1 ?\s&s ( !m h be5 submitt$ to ! exam9ation ( skilful o/eologi/s1 & !y h be5 unable to detect among !m "o fragm5t ( a human skeleton1 n ev5 a too?4 ,yet ,cuvi] po9t$ out long ago1 t ! bones ( ,man f\nd buri$ 9 anci5t battle-fields 7 n m decay$ ?an ^? ( horses int]r$ 9 ! same graves4 ,we h se5 t 9 ! ,liege cav]ns1 ! skulls1 jaws1 & tee?1 ) o!r bones ( ! human race1 7 pres]v$ 9 ! same condition z ^? ( ! cave-be>1 tig]1 & mammo?4 ,t ere long1 n[ t curiosity has be5 s mu* excit$ on ?is subject1 "s human rema9s w be detect$ 9 ! old] alluvium ( ,european valleys1 ,i confid5tly expect4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! abs5ce ( all ve/ige ( ! bones :i* belong$ to t population by :i* s _m weapons 7 design$ & execut$1 af=ds a mo/ /rik+ & in/ructive lesson 9 reg>d to ! value ( negative evid5ce1 :5 adduc$ 9 pro( ( ! non-exi/5ce ( c]ta9 classes ( t]re/rial animals at giv5 p]iods ( ! pa/4 ,x is a new & emphatic illu/ration ( ! extreme imp]fection ( ! geological record1 ( :i* ev5 !y :o are con/antly work+ 9 ! field _c easily =m a j conception4 ,we mu/ n =get t ,dr4 ,s*m]l+1 aft] f9d+ ext9ct mammalia & ,,fl9t ,,tools 9 =ty-two ,belgian cav]ns1 0 only rew>d$ by ! discov]y ( human bones 9 ?ree or f\r ( ^? ri* repositories ( osse\s rema9s4 ,9 l mann]1 x 0 n till ! ye> #ahee t ! fir/ skull ( ! musk ox 7,bubalus mos*atus7 0 detect$ 9 ! fossilif]\s gravel ( ! ,?ames1 & n till #ahfj1 z w be se5 9 ! next *apt]1 t ! same quadrup$ 0 prov$ to h co-exi/$ 9 ,france ) ! mammo?4 ,! same !ory :i* w expla9 ! comp>ative r>ity ( su* species w\ld no d\bt acc\nt = ! /ill great] sc>city ( human bones1 z well z = our g5]al ignorance ( ! ,plei/oc5e t]re/rial fauna1 ) ! exception ( t "p ( x :i* is reveal$ to u by cav]n rese>*es4 ,9 valley drift we meet commonly ) ! bones ( quadrup$s :i* graze on pla9s bord]+ riv]s4 ,c>nivor\s bea/s1 attract$ to ! same gr\nd 9 se>* ( _! prey1 sometimes leave _! rema9s 9 ! same deposits1 b m r>ely4 ,! :ole assemblage ( fossil quadrup$s at pres5t obta9$ f ! alluvium ( ,pic>dy is obvi\sly a m]e fraction ( ! entire fauna :i* fl\ri%$ contemporane\sly ) ! primitive p by :om ! fl9t hat*ets 7 made4 ,in/ead ( its be+ "p ( ! plan ( nature to /ore up endur+ records ( a l>ge numb] ( ! individual plants & animals :i* h liv$ on ! surface1 x seems to be h] *ief c>e to provide ! means ( dis5cumb]+ ! habitable areas ly+ above & bel[ ! wat]s ( ^? myriads ( solid skeletons ( animals1 & ^? massive trunks ( trees1 :i* w\ld o!rwise soon *oke up e riv]1 & fill e valley4 ,to prev5t ?is inconv5i5ce %e employs ! heat & moi/ure ( ! sun & atmosph]e1 ! dissolv+ p[] ( c>bonic & o!r acids1 ! gr9d+ tee? & ga/ric juices ( quadrup$s1 birds1 reptiles1 & fi%1 & ! ag5cy ( _m ( ! inv]tebrata4 ,we are all famili> ) ! efficacy ( ^! & o!r causes on ! l&2 & z to ! bottoms ( seas1 we h only to read ! publi%$ reports ( ,mr4 ,mac,andrew1 ! late ,edw>d ,=bes1 & o!r exp]i5c$ dr$g]s1 :o1 :ile !y fail$ utt]ly 9 draw+ up f ! deep a s+le human bone1 decl>$ t !y sc>cely ev] met ) a "w ( art ev5 aft] c\nt+ t5s ( ?\s&s ( %ells & zoophytes1 collect$ on a coa/ l9e ( sev]al hundr$ miles 9 ext5t1 :]e !y (t5 approa*$ )9 less ?an half a mile ( a l& peopl$ by millions ( human be+s4 ,,lake ,,( ,,ha>lem4 ,x is n _m ye>s s9ce ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,holl& resolv$ to lay dry t great %eet ( wat] =m]ly call$ ! ,lake ( ,ha>lem1 ext5d+ ov] #de1jjj acres4 ,!y succe$$1 9 #ahec1 9 turn+ x into dry l&1 by means ( p[]ful pumps con/antly work$ by /eam1 :i* rais$ ! wat] & dis*>g$ x into a canal runn+ = #bj or #cj miles r\nd ! newly-ga9$ l&4 ,?is l& 0 depress$ #ac feet b5ea? ! mean level ( ! ocean4 ,i travell$1 9 #ahei1 ov] "p ( ! b$ ( ?is old lake1 & f\nd x already conv]t$ into arable l&1 & peopl$ by an agricultural population ( #ejjj s\ls4 ,mr4 ,/>+1 :o _h be5 = "s ye>s employ$ by ! ,dut* ,gov]nm5t 9 con/ruct+ a geological map ( ,holl&1 0 my companion & guide4 ,he in=m$ me t he & 8 associates _h se>*$ 9 va9 = human bones 9 ! deposits :i* _h con/itut$ = ?ree c5turies ! b$ ( ! great lake4 ,!re _h be5 _m a %ipwreck1 & _m a naval fight 9 ^? wat]s1 & hundr$s ( ,dut* & ,spani% soldi]s & sailors _h met !re ) a wat]y grave4 ,! population :i* liv$ on ! bord]s ( ?is anci5t %eet ( wat] numb]$ betwe5 ?irty & =ty ?\s& s\ls4 ,9 digg+ ! great canal1 a f9e section _h be5 laid op51 ab\t #cj miles long1 ( ! deposits :i* =m$ ! anci5t bottom ( ! lake4 ,tr5*es1 also1 innum]able1 sev]al feet deep1 _h be5 fre%ly dug on all ! f>ms1 & _! unit$ l5g? mu/ h am\nt$ to ?\s&s ( miles4 ,9 "s ( ! s&y soil rec5tly ?r[n out ( ! tr5*es1 ,i obs]v$ specim5s ( fre%wat] & bracki%-wat] %ells1 su* z ,unio & ,dreiss5a1 ( liv+ species2 & 9 clay br\ght up f bel[ ! s&1 %ells ( ,tell9a1 ,lutr>ia1 & ,c>dium1 all ( species n[ inhabit+ ! adjo9+ sea4 ,z ! ,dreiss5a is believ$ by con*ologi/s to h be5 introduc$ into ,we/]n ,europe 9 v mod]n times1 br\ght ) =eign timb] 9 ! holds ( vessels f ! riv]s fl[+ into ! ,black ,sea1 ! lay] ( s& conta9+ x 9 ! ,ha>lem lake is probably n m ?an a hundr$ ye>s old4 ,"o or two wreck$ ,spani% vessels1 & arms ( ! same p]iod1 h rew>d$ ! antiqu>ies :o _h be5 wat*+ ! dra9+ op]ations 9 ! hope ( a ri*] h>ve/1 & :o 7 n a little disappo9t$ at ! result4 ,9 a peaty tract on ! m>g9 ( "o "p ( ! lake a few co9s 7 dug up2 b if hi/ory _h be5 sil5t1 & if !re _h be5 a controv]sy :e!r ,man 0 already a d5iz5 ( ?is planet at ! "t :5 ! area ( ! ,ha>lem lake 0 "u wat]1 ! ar*aeologi/1 9 ord] to answ] ?is "q1 mu/ h appeal$1 z 9 ! case ( ! valley ( ! ,somme1 n to fossil bones1 b to works ( art emb$d$ 9 ! sup]ficial /rata4 ,mr4 ,/>+1 9 8 valuable memoir on ! ,geological ,map ( ,holl&1 has attribut$ ! g5]al sc>city ( human bones 9 ,dut* peat1 not)/&+ ! _m works ( art pres]v$ 9 x1 to ! p[] ( ! humic & sulphuric acids to dissolve bones1 ! peat 9 "q be+ pl5tifully impregnat$ ) su* acids4 ,8 !ory may be correct1 b x is n applicable to ! gravel ( ! valley ( ! ,somme1 9 :i* ! bones ( fossil mammalia are frequ5t1 nor to ! upp]mo/ fre%wat] /rata =m+ ! bottom ( a l>ge "p ( ! ,ha>lem ,lake1 9 :i* x is n pret5d$ t su* acids occur4 ,! primitive inhabitants ( ! valley ( ! ,somme may h be5 too w>y & sagaci\s to be (t5 surpris$ & dr[n$ by floods1 :i* swept away _m an incauti\s elephant or rh9oc]os1 horse & ox4 ,b ev5 if ^? rude hunt]s _h *]i%$ a sup]/iti\s v5]ation = ! ,somme1 & _h reg>d$ x z a sacr$ riv] 7z ! mod]n ,h9doos rev]e ! ,ganges71 & _h be5 9 ! habit ( committ+ ! bodies ( _! dead or dy+ to its wat]s--ev5 _h su* fun]al rites prevail$1 x by no means foll[s t ! bones ( _m individuals w\ld h be5 pres]v$ to our "t4 ,a corpse ca/ into ! /ream fir/ s9ks1 & mu/ !n be almo/ imm$iately ov]spread ) s$im5t ( a c]ta9 weight1 or x w rise aga9 :5 di/5d$ ) gases1 & float p]haps to ! sea be=e x s9ks aga94 ,x may !n be attack$ by fi% ( m>9e species1 "s ( :i* are capable ( dige/+ bones4 ,if1 be=e be+ c>ri$ into ! sea & dev\r$1 x is envelop$ ) fluviatile mud & s&1 ! next flood1 if x lie 9 mid-*annel1 may te> x out aga91 scatt] all ! bones1 roll "s ( !m into pebbles1 & leave o!rs expos$ to de/roy+ ag5cies2 & ?is may be repeat$ annually1 till all ve/iges ( ! skeleton may disappe>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a bone wa%$ ?r\gh a r5t into a subt]ranean cavity1 ev5 ?\gh a r>] cont+5cy1 may h a great] *ance ( escap+ de/ruction1 especially if !re be /alactite dropp+ f ! ro( ( ! cave or walls ( a r5t1 & if ! cave be n con/antly trav]s$ by too /rong a curr5t ( engulf$ wat]4 ,,*apt] #i4 -- ,,works ,,( ,,art ,,9 ,,plei/oc5e ,,alluvium ,,( ,,france ,,& ,,engl&4 ,fl9t ,implem5ts 9 anci5t ,alluvium ( ! ,bas9 ( ! ,se9e4 ,bones ( ,man & ( ext9ct ,mammalia 9 ! ,cave ( ,arcy4 ,ext9ct ,mammalia 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,oise4 ,fl9t ,implem5t 9 ,gravel ( same ,valley4 ,works ( ,art 9 ,plei/oc5e ,drift 9 ,valley ( ! ,?ames4 ,musk ,ox4 ,meet+ ( nor!rn & s\!rn ,fauna4 ,migrations ( ,quadrup$s4 ,mammals ( ,mongolia4 ,*ronological ,relation ( ! old] ,alluvium ( ! ,?ames to ! ,glacial ,drift4 ,fl9t ,implem5ts ( ,plei/oc5e ,p]iod 9 ,surrey1 ,middlesex1 ,k5t1 ,b$=d%ire1 & ,suffolk4 ,,fl9t ,,implem5ts ,,9 ,,plei/oc5e ,,alluvium ,,9 ,,! ,,bas9 ,,( ,,! ,,se9e4 ,9 ! anci5t alluvium ( ! valleys ( ! ,se9e & its pr9cipal tribut>ies1 ! same assemblage ( fossil animals1 :i* has be5 allud$ to 9 ! la/ *apt] z *>act]is+ ! gravel ( ,pic>dy1 has long be5 kn[n2 b x 0 n till ! ye> #ahfj1 & :5 dilig5t se>* _h be5 expressly made = !m1 t fl9t implem5ts ( ! ,ami5s type 7 discov]$ 9 ?is "p ( ,france4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,p>is deposits ( drift occur answ]+ bo? to ^? ( ! high] & l[] levels ( ! bas9 ( ! ,somme be=e describ$499 799 ,pre/wi*1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society #ahfb47 ,9 bo? are f\nd1 m+l$ ) ! wreck ( ! ,t]ti>y & ,cretace\s rocks ( ! vic9ity1 a l>ge quantity ( granitic s& & pebbles1 & occasionally l>ge blocks ( granite1 f a few in*es to a foot or m 9 diamet]4 ,^! blocks are peculi>ly abundant 9 ! l[] drift commonly call$ ! diluvium gris4 ,! granitic mat]ials are traceable to a *a9 ( hills call$ ! ,morvan1 :]e ! head wat]s ( ! ,yonne take _! rise1 #aej miles to ! s\?-s\?-ea/ ( ,p>is4 ,x 0 9 ?is l[e/ gravel t ,m4 ,h4,t4 ,gosse1 ( ,g5eva1 f\nd1 9 ,april #ahfj1 9 ! suburbs ( ,p>is1 at ,la ,motte ,piquet1 on ! left bank ( ! ,se9e1 "o or two well-=m$ fl9t implem5ts ( ! ,ami5s type1 accompani$ by a great numb] ( rud] tools or attempts at tools4 ,i visit$ ! spot 9 #ahfa ) ,m4 ,heb]t1 & saw ! /ratum f :i* ! work$ fl9ts _h be5 extract$1 #bj feet bel[ ! surface1 & ne> ! bottom ( ! grey diluvium1 a b$ ( gravel f :i* ,i h myself1 9 & ne> ,p>is1 frequ5tly collect$ ! bones ( ! elephant1 horse1 & o!r mammalia4 ,m rec5tly1 ,m4 ,l>tet has discov]$ at ,cli*y1 9 ! environs ( ,p>is1 9 ! same l[] gravel1 a well-%ap$ fl9t implem5t ( ! ,ami5s type1 toge!r ) rema9s bo? ( ,elephas primig5ius & ,e4 antiquus4 ,no tools h yet be5 met ) 9 any ( ! gravels occurr+ at ! high] levels ( ! valley ( ! ,se9e2 b no importance c be atta*$ to ?is negative fact1 z s little se>* has yet be5 made = !m4 ,mr4 ,pre/wi* has obs]v$ contortions indicative ( ice-action1 ( ! same k9d z ^? ne> ,ami5s1 9 ! high]-level drift ( ,*>onne1 ne> ,p>is2 b z yet no simil> d]angem5t has be5 se5 9 ! l[] gravels--a fact1 s f> z x goes1 9 unison ) ! ph5om5a obs]v$ 9 ,pic>dy4 ,9 ! cav]n ( ,arcy-sur-,yonne a s]ies ( deposits h lately be5 inve/igat$ by ! ,m>quis de ,vibraye1 :o discov]$ human bones 9 ! l[e/ ( !m1 mix$ ) rema9s ( quadrup$s ( ext9ct & rec5t species4 ,?is cav]n occurs 9 ,jurassic lime/one1 at a slight elevation above ! ,cure1 a small tribut>y ( ! ,yonne1 :i* la/ jo9s ! ,se9e ne> ,fonta9ebleau ab\t #dj miles s\? ( ,p>is4 ,! l[e/ =mation 9 ! cav]n resembles ! diluvium gris ( ,p>is1 be+ compos$ ( granitic mat]ials1 & l x d]iv$ *iefly f ! wa/e ( ! cry/all9e rocks ( ! ,morvan4 ,9 x h be5 f\nd ! two bran*es ( a human l[] jaw ) tee? well-pres]v$1 & ! bones ( ! ,elephas primig5ius1 ,rh9oc]os ti*orh9us1 ,ursus spelaeus1 ,hya5a spelaea1 & ,c]vus t>&us1 all specifically det]m9$ by ,m4 ,l>tet4 ,i h be5 %[n ?is collection ( fossils by ,m4 de ,vibraye1 & rem>k$ t ! human & o!r rema9s 7 9 ! same condition & ( ! same col\r4 ,above ! grey gravel is a b$ ( r$ alluvium1 made up ( fragm5ts ( ,jurassic lime/one1 9 a r$ argillace\s matrix1 9 :i* 7 emb$d$ sev]al fl9t knives1 ) bones ( ! re9de] & horse1 b no ext9ct mammalia4 ,ov] ?is1 9 a high] b$ ( alluvium1 7 sev]al poli%$ hat*ets ( ! m mod]n type call$ celts1 & above all loam or cave-mud1 9 :i* 7 ,gallo-,roman antiquities499 799 ,bullet9 de la ,societe ,geologique de ,france #ahfj47 ,! ,fr5* geologi/s h made z yet too little progress 9 id5tify+ ! age ( ! successive deposits ( anci5t alluvium ( v>i\s p>ts ( ! bas9 ( ! ,se9e1 to enable u to speculate ) confid5ce z to ! co9cid5ce 9 date ( ! granitic gravel ) human bones ( ! ,grotte d',arcy & ! /one-hat*ets buri$ 9 grey diluvium ( ,la ,motte ,piquet1 be=e m5tion$2 b z ! associat$ ext9ct mammalia are ( ! same species 9 bo? localities1 ,i feel /rongly incl9$ to believe t ! /one hat*ets f\nd by ,m4 ,gosse at ,p>is1 & ! human bones discov]$ by ,m4 de ,vibraye1 may be ref]able to ! same p]iod4 ,,valley ,,( ,,! ,,oise4 ,a fl9t hat*et1 ( ! old ,abbeville & ,ami5s type1 0 f\nd lately by ,m4 ,peigne ,delac\rt at ,precy1 ne> ,creil1 on ! ,oise1 9 gravel1 resembl+1 9 its geological position1 ! l[]-level gravels ( ,monti]s1 ne> ,ami5s1 already describ$4 ,i visit$ ^! ext5sive gravel-pits 9 #ahfa1 9 company ) ,mr4 ,pre/wi*2 b we rema9$ !re too %ort a "t to entitle u to expect to f9d a fl9t implem5t1 ev5 if !y _h be5 z abundant z at ,/4 ,a*eul4 ,9 #ahei1 ,i exam9$1 9 a high] "p ( ! same valley ( ! ,oise1 ne> ,*auny & ,noyon1 "s f9e railway cutt+s1 :i* pass$ cont9u\sly ?r\gh alluvium ( ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod = half a mile4 ,all ?is alluvium 0 evid5tly ( fluviatile orig91 =1 9 ! int]/ices betwe5 ! pebbles1 ! ,ancylus fluviatilis & o!r fre%wat] %ells 7 abundant4 ,my companion1 ! ,abbe ,e4 ,lamb]t1 _h collect$ f ! gravel a great _m fossil bones1 among :i* ,m4 ,l>tet has recognis$ bo? ,elephas primig5ius & ,e4 antiquus1 besides a species ( hippopotamus 7,h4 major871 also ! re9de]1 horse1 & ! musk ox 7,bubalus mos*atus74 ,! latt] seems nev] to h be5 se5 be=e 9 ! old alluvium ( ,france499 799 ,l>tet1 ,annales des ,sci5ces ,naturelles ,zoologiques tome #ae page #bbd47 ,ov] ! gravel above m5tion$1 ne> ,*auny1 are se5 d5se masses ( loam l ! loess ( ! ,rh9e1 conta9+ %ells ( ! g5]a ,helix & ,succ9ea4 ,we may suppose t ! gravel conta9+ ! fl9t hat*et at ,precy is ( ! same age z t ( ,*auny1 ) :i* x is cont9u\s1 & t bo? ( !m are coeval ) ! tool-be>+ b$s ( ,ami5s1 = ! bas9s ( ! ,oise & ! ,somme are only sep>at$ by a n>r[ wat]-%$1 & ! same fossil quadrup$s occur 9 bo?4 ,! alluvium ( ! ,se9e & its tribut>ies1 l t ( ! ,somme1 conta9s no fragm5ts ( rocks br\ght f any o!r hydrographical bas92 yet ! %ape ( ! l&1 or fall ( ! riv]1 or ! climate1 or all ^! conditions1 mu/ h be5 v diff]5t :5 ! grey alluvium 9 :i* ! fl9t tools occur at ,p>is 0 =m$4 ,! great size ( "s ( ! blocks ( granite1 & ! di/ance :i* !y h travell$1 imply a p[] 9 ! riv] :i* x no long] possesses4 ,we c h>dly d\bt t riv]-ice once play$ a mu* m active "p ?an n[ 9 ! transportation ( su* blocks1 "o ( :i* may be se5 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,ecole des ,m9es at ,p>is1 #c or #d feet 9 diamet]4 ,,plei/oc5e ,,alluvium ,,( ,,engl&1 ,,conta9+ ,,works ,,( ,,art4 ,9 ! anci5t alluvium ( ! bas9 ( ! ,?ames1 at mod]ate heights above ! ma9 riv] & its tribut>ies1 we f9d fossil bones ( ! same species ( ext9ct & liv+ mammalia1 accompani$ by rec5t species ( l& & fre%wat] %ells1 z we h %[n to be *>act]i/ic ( ! bas9s ( ! ,somme & ! ,se9e4 ,we c sc>cely !re=e d\bt t ^! quadrup$s1 dur+ "s "p ( ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod1 rang$ freely f ! cont95t ( ,europe to ,engl&1 at a "t :5 !re 0 an un9t]rupt$ communication by l& betwe5 ! two c\ntries4 ,! read] w n !re=e be surpris$ to le>n t fl9t implem5ts ( ! same antique type z ^? ( ! valley ( ! ,somme h be5 detect$ 9 ,briti% alluvium4 ,! mo/ m>k$ feature ( ?is alluvium 9 ! ,?ames valley is t great b$ ( o*re\s gravel1 compos$ *iefly ( brok5 & slightly worn ,*alk fl9ts1 on :i* a great "p ( ,london is built4 ,x ext5ds f above ,maid5head ?r\gh ! metropolis to ! sea1 a di/ance f we/ to ea/ ( #ej miles1 hav+ a wid? v>y+ f #b to #i miles4 ,its ?ickness ranges commonly f #e to #ae feet499 799 ,pre/wi*1 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society volume #ab #ahef page #aca47 ,int]/ratifi$ ) ?is gravel1 9 _m places1 are b$s ( s&1 loam1 & clay1 ! :ole conta9+ occasionally rema9s ( ! mammo? & o!r ext9ct quadrup$s4 ,f9e sections h be5 expos$ to view1 at diff]5t p]iods1 at ,br5t=d & ,kew ,bridge1 o!rs 9 ,london itself1 & bel[ x at ,eri? 9 ,k5t1 on ! "r bank ( ! ,?ames1 & at ,il=d & ,gray's ,?urrock 9 ,essex1 on ! left bank4 ,! unit$ ?ickness ( ! b$s ( s&1 gravel1 & loam am\nts sometimes to #dj or ev5 #fj feet4 ,!y are = ! mo/ "p elevat$ above1 b 9 "s cases !y desc5d bel[1 ! pres5t level ( ! ov]fl[$ pla9 ( ! ,?ames4 ,if ! read] w ref] to ! section ( ! ,plei/oc5e s&s & gravels ( ,m5*ec\rt1 ne> ,abbeville1 giv5 at page #if1 he w p]fectly und]/& ! relations ( ! anci5t ,?ames alluvium to ! mod]n *annel & pla9 ( ! riv]1 & _! relation1 on ! o!r h&1 to ! b\nd>y =mations ( old] date1 :e!r ,t]ti>y or ,cretace\s4 ,s f> z !y are kn[n1 ! fossil mollusca & mammalia ( ! two di/ricts also agree v closely1 ! ,cyr5a flum9alis be+ common to bo?1 & be+ ! only extra-,european %ell1 ?is & all ! species ( te/acea be+ ,rec5t4 ,( ?is agreem5t ) ! liv+ fauna !re is a f9e illu/ration 9 ,essex2 = ! det]m9ation ( :i* we are indebt$ to ! late ,mr4 ,john ,br[n1 ,f4,g4,s41 :o collect$ at ,cop=d1 9 ,essex1 f a deposit conta9+ bones ( ! mammo?1 a l>ge be> 7probably ,ursus spelaeus71 a beav]1 /ag1 & auro*s1 no less ?an sixty-n9e species ( l& & fre%wat] %ells4 ,=ty-eight ( ^! 7 t]re/rial1 & two ( !m1 ,helix inc>nata & ,h4 rud]ata1 no long] inhabit ! ,briti% ,isles1 b are /ill liv+ on ! cont95t1 rud]ata 9 high nor!rn latitudes499 799 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society volume #h #aheb page #aij4 ,mr4 ,br[n calls !m ext9ct species1 :i* may mislead "s read]s1 b he m]ely meant ext9ct 9 ,engl&4 ,see also ,jeffreys1 ,brit4 ,con*4 page #agd47 ,! ,cyr5a flum9alis & ! ,unio littoralis1 to :i* la/ ,i %all pres5tly allude1 7 n among ! numb]4 ,i long ago sugge/$ ! hypo!sis1 t 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,?ames !re are indications ( a meet+ 9 ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod ( a nor!rn & s\!rn fauna4 ,to ! nor!rn gr\p may h belong$ ! mammo? 7,elephas primig5ius7 & ! ,rh9oc]os ti*orh9us1 bo? ( :i* ,pallas f\nd 9 ,sib]ia1 pres]v$ ) _! fle% 9 ! ice4 ,) ^! are occasionally associat$ ! re9de]4 ,9 #ahee ! skull ( ! musk ox 7,bubalus mos*atus7 0 also f\nd 9 ! o*re\s gravel ( ,maid5head1 by ! ,rev]5d ,c4 ,k+sley & ,mr4 ,lubbock2 ! id5tification ( ?is fossil ) ! liv+ species be+ made by ,pr(essor ,ow54 ,a second fossil skull ( ! same arctic animal 0 aft]w>ds f\nd by ,mr4 ,lubbock ne> ,bromley1 9 ! valley ( a small tribut>y ( ! ,?ames2 & two o!r skulls1 ^? ( a bull & a c[ 7 dug up ne> ,ba? ,ea/on f ! gravel ( ! valley ( ! ,avon by ,mr4 ,*>les ,moore4 ,pr(essor ,ow5 has truly said1 t z ?is quadrup$ has a con/itution fitt+ x at pres5t to inhabit ! high nor!rn regions ( ,am]ica1 we c h>dly d\bt t its =m] companions1 ! w>mly-clad mammo? & ! two-horn$ woolly rh9oc]os 7,r4 ti*orh9us71 7 9 l mann] capable ( support+ life 9 a cold climate499 799 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society volume #ab #ahef page #abd47 ,i h already allud$ to ! rec5t discov]y ( ?is same ox ne> ,*auny1 9 ! valley ( ! ,oise1 9 ,france2 & 9 #ahef ,i f\nd a skull ( x pres]v$ 9 ! museum at ,b]l91 :i* ,pr(essor ,qu5/$t1 ! curator1 _h correctly nam$ s long ago z #ahcf1 :5 ! fossil 0 dug out ( drift1 9 ! hill call$ ! ,kreuzb]g1 9 ! s\!rn suburbs ( t city4 ,by an acc\nt publi%$ at ! "t1 we f9d t ! mammalia :i* accompani$ ! musk ox 7 ! mammo? & ti*orh9e rh9oc]os1 ) ! horse & ox299 b ,i c f9d no record ( ! occurr5ce ( a hippopotamus1 nor ( ,elephas antiquus or ,rh9oc]os leptorh9us1 9 ! drift ( ! nor? ( ,g]many1 bord]+ ! ,baltic4 799 ,leonh>d & ,bronn's ,jahrbu* #ahcf page #bae47 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ano!r locality 9 ! same drift ( ,nor? ,g]many1 ,dr4 ,h5sel1 ( ,b]l91 detect$1 ne> ,qu$l9burg1 ! ,norwegian ,lemm+ 7,myodes lemmus71 & ano!r species ( ! same family call$ by ,pallas ,myodes torquatus 7by ,h5sel1 ,miso!rmus torquatus7--a /ill m arctic quadrup$1 f\nd by ,p>ry 9 latitude #hb degrees1 & :i* nev] /rays f>!r s\? ?an ! nor!rn bord]s ( ! woody region4 ,pr(essor ,beyri* also in=ms me t ! rema9s ( ! ,rh9oc]os ti*orh9us 7 obta9$ at ! same place499 799 ,zeits*rift d] ,deuts*5 ,geologis*5 ,gesells*aft volume #g #ahee page #dig etc47 ,z an example ( :at may possibly h con/itut$ a m s\!rn fauna 9 ! valley ( ! ,?ames1 ,i may allude to ! fossil rema9s f\nd 9 ! fluviatile alluvium ( ,gray's ,?urrock1 9 ,essex1 situat$ on ! left bank ( ! riv]1 #ba miles bel[ ,london4 ,! /rata ( brick-e>?1 loam1 & gravel expos$ to view 9 artificial excavations 9 t spot1 are precisely su* z w\ld be =m$ by ! silt+ up ( an old riv] *annel4 ,among ! mammalia are ,elephas antiquus1 ,rh9oc]os leptorh9us 7,r4 meg>h9us1 ,*ri/ol71 ,hippopotamus major1 species ( horse1 be>1 ox1 /ag1 etc41 &1 among ! accompany+ %ells1 ,cyr5a flum9alis1 :i* is extremely abundant1 in/ead ( be+ sc>ce1 z at ,abbeville4 ,x is associat$ ) ,unio littoralis also 9 great numb]s & ) bo? valves unit$4 ,?is conspicu\s fre%wat] mussel is no long] an inhabitant ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 b /ill lives 9 ! ,se9e1 & is /ill m abundant 9 ! ,loire4 ,ano!r fre%wat] univalve 7,palud9a m>g9ata1 ,mi*aud71 n ,briti%1 b common 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 likewise occurs1 & a peculi> v>iety ( ,cyclas amnica1 :i* by "s naturali/s has be5 reg>d$ z a di/9ct species4 ,) ^!1 moreov]1 is f\nd a peculi> v>iety ( ,valvata pisc9alis4 ,if we consult ,dr4 ,von ,s*r5ck's acc\nt ( ! liv+ mammalia ( ,mongolia1 ly+ betwe5 latitude #de & #ee degrees nor?1 we le>n t1 9 t "p ( ,nor?-,ea/]n ,asia rec5tly annex$ to ! ,russian empire1 no less ?an ?irty-f\r out ( fifty-eight liv+ quadrup$s are id5tical ) ,european species1 :ile "s ( ^? :i* d n ext5d _! range to ,europe are arctic1 o!rs tropical =ms4 ,! ,b5gal tig] ranges nor?w>ds occasionally to latitude #eb degrees nor?1 :]e he *iefly subsi/s on ! fle% ( ! re9de]1 & ! same tig] ab\nds 9 latitude #dh degrees1 to :i* ! small tailless h>e or pika1 a pol> resid5t1 sometimes w&]s s\?w>ds499 799 ,mammalia ( ,amoorl&1 ,natural ,hi/ory ,review volume #a #ahfa page #ab47 ,we may readily conceive t ! c\ntries n[ dra9$ by ! ,?ames1 ! ,somme1 & ! ,se9e1 71 9 ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod1 on ! bord]s ( two di/9ct zoological prov9ces1 "o ly+ to ! nor?1 ! o!r to ! s\?1 9 :i* case _m species belong+ to ea* fauna end[$ ) migratory habits1 l ! liv+ musk-ox or ! ,b5gal tig]1 may h be5 ready to take advantage ( any1 ev5 ! slighte/1 *ange 9 _! fav\r to invade ! neighb\r+ prov9ce1 :e!r 9 ! summ] or w9t] mon?s1 or p]man5tly = a s]ies ( ye>s1 or c5turies4 ,! ,elephas antiquus & its associat$ ,rh9oc]os leptorh9us may h prec$$ ! mammo? & ti*orh9e rh9oc]os 9 ! valley ( ! ,?ames1 or bo? may h alt]nately prevail$ 9 ! same area 9 ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod4 ,9 attempt+ to settle ! *ronology ( fluviatile deposits1 x is almo/ equally difficult to avail ourselves ( ! evid5ce ( organic rema9s & ( ! sup]position ( ! /rata1 = we may f9d two old riv]-b$s on ! same level 9 juxtaposition1 "o ( !m p]haps _m ?\s&s ( ye>s po/]ior 9 date to ! o!r4 ,i h se5 an example ( ?is at ,il=d1 :]e ! ,?ames1 or a tribut>y /ream1 has at "s =m] p]iod cut ?r\gh s&s conta9+ ,cyr5a flum9alis1 & aga9 fill$ up ! *annel ) argillace\s matt]1 evid5tly d]iv$ f ! wa/e ( ! ,t]ti>y ,london ,clay4 ,su* %ift+s ( ! site ( ! ma9 *annel ( ! riv]1 ! frequ5t removal ( gravel & s& previ\sly deposit$1 & ! ?r[+ d[n ( new alluvium1 ! flood+ ( tribut>ies1 ! ris+ & s9k+ ( ! l&1 fluctuations 9 ! cold & heat ( ! climate--all ^! *anges seem to h giv5 rise to t complexity 9 ! fluviatile deposits ( ! ,?ames1 :i* acc\nts = ! small progress we h hi!rto made 9 det]m9+ _! ord] ( succession1 & t ( ! imb$d$ gr\ps ( quadrup$s4 ,x may happ51 z at ,br5t=d & ,il=d1 t s&-pits 9 two adjo9+ fields may ea* conta9 di/9ct species ( elephant & rh9oc]os2 & ! fossil rema9s 9 bo? cases may occur at ! same dep? f ! surface1 yet may be sev]ally ref]able to diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,plei/oc5e epo*1 sep>at$ by ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,! relation ( ! glacial p]iod to alluvial deposits1 su* z t ( ,gray's ,?urrock1 :]e ! ,cyr5a flum9alis1 ,unio littoralis1 & ! hippopotamus seem r to imply a w>m] climate1 has be5 a matt] ( long & animat$ discussion4 ,pat*es ( ! nor!rn drift1 at elevations ( ab\t #bjj feet above ! ,?ames1 occur 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london1 z at ,muswell ,hill1 ne> ,highgate4 ,9 ?is drift1 blocks ( granite1 sy5ite1 gre5/one1 ,coal-measure s&/one ) its fossils1 & o!r ,palaeozoic rocks1 & ! wreck ( ,*alk & ,oolite1 occur confus$ly mix$ toge!r4 ,! same glacial =mation is also f\nd capp+ "s ( ! ,essex hills f>!r to ! ea/1 & ext5d+ "s way d[n _! s\!rn slopes t[>ds ! valley ( ! ,?ames4 ,al?\gh no fragm5ts wa%$ out ( ^! old] & upl& drifts h be5 f\nd 9 ! gravel ( ! ,?ames conta9+ elephants' bones1 x is fair to presume1 z ,mr4 ,pre/wi* has cont5d$199 t ! glacial =mation is ! old] ( ! two4 799 ,pre/wi*1 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society volume #aa #ahee page #aaj2 ibid4 volume #ab #ahef page #acc2 ibid4 volume #ag #ahfa page #ddf47 ,9 %ort1 we mu/ suppose t ! bas9 ( ! ,?ames & all its fluviatile deposits are po/-glacial1 9 ! modifi$ s5se ( t t]m2 i4e4 t !y 7 subsequ5t to ! drift ( ! c5tral & nor!rn c\nties4 ,hav+ (f]$ ^! g5]al rem>ks on ! alluvium ( ! ,?ames1 ,i may n[ say some?+ ( ! implem5ts hi!rto discov]$ 9 x4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum !re is a fl9t weapon ( ! spe>-head$ =m1 su* z is repres5t$ 9 ,figure #h1 :i* we are told 0 f\nd ) an elephant's too? at ,black ,m>y's1 ne> ,gray's ,inn ,lane1 ,london4 ,9 a lett] dat$ #agae1 pr9t$ 9 ,h]ne's edition ( ,lel&'s ,collectanea1 volume #a page #gc1 x is /at$ to h be5 f\nd 9 ! pres5ce ( ,mr4 ,cony]s1 ) ! skeleton ( an elephant499 799 ,evans1 ,ar*aeologia #ahfj47 ,s _m bones ( ! elephant1 rh9oc]os1 & hippopotamus h be5 f\nd 9 ! gravel on :i* ,london /&s1 t !re is no reason to d\bt ! /atem5t z h&$ d[n to u4 ,fossil rema9s ( all ^! ?ree g5]a h be5 dug up on ! site ( ,wat]loo ,place1 ,/4 ,james's ,squ>e1 ,*>+ ,cross1 ! ,london ,docks1 ,limeh\se1 ,be?nal ,gre51 & o!r places )9 ! memory ( p]sons n[ liv+4 ,9 ! gravel & s& ( ,%acklewell1 9 ! nor?-ea/ di/rict ( ,london1 ,i h myself collect$ specim5s ( ! ,cyr5a flum9alis 9 great numb]s 7see ,figure #ag c71 ) ! bones ( de] & o!r mammalia4 ,9 ! alluvium also ( ! ,wey1 ne> ,guild=d1 9 a place call$ ,pease ,m>%1 a w$ge-%ap$ fl9t implem5t1 resembl+ "o br\ght f ,/4 ,a*eul by ,mr4 ,pre/wi*1 & comp>$ by "s antiqu>ies to a sl+-/one1 0 obta9$ 9 #ahcf by ,mr4 ,:itburn1 #d feet deep 9 s& & gravel1 9 :i* ! tee? & tusks ( elephants _h be5 f\nd4 ,! ,wey fl[s ?r\gh ! gorge ( ! ,nor? ,d[ns at ,guild=d to jo9 ! ,?ames4 ,mr4 ,au/5 has %[n t ?is drift is s anci5t t "o "p ( x _h be5 di/urb$ & tilt$ be=e ano!r "p 0 ?r[n d[n499 799 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society volume #g #ahea page #bgh47 ,among o!r places :]e fl9t tools ( ! antique type h be5 met ) 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ ?ree ye>s1 ,i may m5tion "o ( an oval =m f\nd by ,mr4 ,:itak] 9 ! valley ( ! ,d>5t1 9 ,k5t1 & ano!r :i* ,mr4 ,evans f\nd ly+ on ! %ore at ,swalecliff1 ne> ,:it/able1 9 ! same c\nty1 :]e ,mr4 ,pre/wi* _h previ\sly describ$ a fre%wat] deposit1 re/+ on ! ,london ,clay1 & consi/+ *iefly ( gravel1 9 :i* an elephant's too? & ! bones ( a be> 7 emb$d$4 ,! fl9t implem5t 0 deeply discol\r$ & ( a peculi> bright light-br[n col\r1 simil> to t ( ! old fluviatile gravel 9 ! cliff4 ,ano!r fl9t implem5t 0 f\nd 9 #ahfj by ,mr4 ,t4 ,lee*1 at ! foot ( ! cliff betwe5 ,h]ne ,bay & ! ,reculv]s1 & on fur!r se>* five o!r specim5s ( ! spe>-head patt]n s common at ,ami5s4 ,messrs4 ,pre/wi* & ,evans h s9ce f\nd ?ree o!r simil> tools on ! bea*1 at ! base ( ! same wa/+ cliff1 :i* consi/s ( s&y ,eoc5e /rata1 cov]$ by a gravelly deposit ( fre%wat] orig91 ab\t #ej feet above ! sea-level1 f :i* ! fl9t weapons mu/ h be5 d]iv$4 ,su* old alluvial deposits n[ capp+ ! cliffs ( ,k5t seem to h be5 ! riv]-b$s ( tribut>ies ( ! ,?ames be=e ! sea encroa*$ to its pres5t position & wid5$ its e/u>y4 ,on foll[+ up "o ( ^! fre%wat] deposits we/w>d ( ! ,reculv]s1 ,mr4 ,pre/wi* f\nd 9 x1 at ,*islet1 ne> ,grove ,f]ry1 ! ,cyr5a flum9alis among o!r %ells4 ,! *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 ! physical geography ( ?is "p ( ,engl& dur+1 or s9ce1 ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod1 h consi/$ p>tly ( su* encroa*m5ts ( ! sea on ! coa/ z are n[ go+ on1 & p>tly ( a g5]al subsid5ce ( ! l&4 ,among ! signs ( ! latt] movem5t may be m5tion$ a fre%wat] =mation at ,fav]%am1 bel[ ! level ( ! sea4 ,! gravel !re conta9s exclusively l& & fluviatile %ells ( ! same species z ^? ( o!r localities ( ! ,plei/oc5e alluvium be=e m5tion$1 & mu/ h be5 =m$ :5 ! riv] 0 at a high] level & :5 x ext5d$ f>!r ea/4 ,at t era x 0 probably a tribut>y ( ! ,rh9e1 z repres5t$ by ,mr4 ,trimm] 9 8 ideal re/oration ( ! geography ( ! old5 "t499 799 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society volume #i #ahec ,plate #h ,numb] #d47 ,= ,engl& 0 !n unit$ to ! cont95t1 & :at is n[ ! ,nor? ,sea 0 l&4 ,x is well kn[n t 9 _m places1 especially ne> ! coa/ ( ,holl&1 elephants' tusks & o!r bones are (t5 dr$g$ up f ! b$ ( t %all[ sea1 & ! read] w see 9 ! map giv5 9 ,*apt] #ac h[ va/ w\ld be ! conv]sion ( sea into l& by an upheaval ( #fjj feet4 ,v]tical movem5ts ( mu* less ?an half t am\nt w\ld acc\nt = ! annexation ( ,engl& to ! cont95t1 & ! ext5sion ( ! ,?ames & its valley f> to ! nor?-ea/1 & ! fl[+ ( riv]s f ! ea/]nmo/ p>ts ( ,k5t & ,essex into ! ,?ames1 in/ead ( empty+ !mselves into its e/u>y4 ,m ?an a doz5 fl9t weapons ( ! ,ami5s type h already be5 f\nd 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,?ames2 b ! geological position ( no "o ( !m has z yet be5 asc]ta9$ ) ! same accuracy z t ( _m ( ! tools dug up 9 ! valley ( ! ,somme4 ,,fl9t ,,implem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,valley ,,( ,,! ,,ouse1 ,,ne> ,,b$=d4 ,! anci5t fluviatile gravel ( ! valley ( ! ,ouse1 ar\nd ,b$=d1 has be5 not$ = ! la/ ?irty ye>s = yield+ to collectors a ri* h>ve/ ( ! bones ( ext9ct mammalia4 ,by obs]vations made 9 #ahed & #aheh1 ,mr4 ,pre/wi* _h asc]ta9$ t ! valley 0 b\nd$ on bo? sides by ,oolitic /rata1 capp$ by b\ld] clay1 & t ! gravel ,numb] #c1 ,figure #bc1 conta9$ bones ( ! elephant1 rh9oc]os1 hippopotamus1 ox1 horse1 & de]1 :i* animals he !re=e inf]r$ mu/ h be5 po/]ior 9 date to ! b\ld] clay1 ?r\gh :i*1 z well z ! subjac5t ,oolite1 ! valley _h be5 excavat$4 ,mr4 ,evans _h f\nd 9 ! same gravel _m l& & fre%wat] %ells1 & ^! discov]ies induc$ ,mr4 ,james ,wyatt1 ( ,b$=d1 to pay two visits to ,/4 ,a*eul 9 ord] to comp>e ! implem5t-be>+ gravels ( ! ,somme ) ! drift ( ! valley ( ! ,ouse4 ,aft] 8 return he resolv$ to wat* c>efully ! excavation ( ! gravel-pits at ,bidd5ham1 #b miles we/-nor?-we/ ( ,b$=d1 9 ! hope ( f9d+ !re simil> works ( art4 ,) ?is view he paid almo/ daily visits = mon?s 9 succession to ^? pits1 & 0 at la/ rew>d$ by ! discov]y ( two well-=m$ implem5ts1 "o ( ! spe>-head & ! o!r ( ! oval %ape1 p]fect c\nt]p>ts ( ! two prevail+ ,fr5* types4 ,bo? specim5s 7 ?r[n out by ! workm5 on ! same day f ! l[e/ b$ ( /ratifi$ gravel & s&1 #ac feet ?ick1 conta9+ bones ( ! elephant1 de]1 & ox1 & _m fre%wat] %ells4 ,! two implem5ts occurr$ at ! dep? ( #ac feet f ! surface ( ! soil1 & re/$ imm$iately on solid b$s ( ,oolitic lime/one1 z repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ section 7,figure #bc74 ,hav+ be5 invit$ by ,mr4 ,wyatt to v]ify ^! facts1 ,i w5t to ,bidd5ham )9 a =tnight ( ! date ( 8 discov]y 7,april #ahfa71 &1 = ! fir/ "t1 saw evid5ce :i* satisfi$ me ( ! *ronological relations ( ^? ?ree ph5om5a1 ! antique tools1 ! ext9ct mammalia1 & ! glacial =mation4 ,on t occasion ,i exam9$ ! pits 9 company ) ,messrs4 ,pre/wi*1 ,evans1 & ,wyatt1 & we collect$ t5 species ( %ells f ! /ratifi$ drift ,numb] #c1 or ! b$s ov]ly+ ! l[e/ gravel f :i* ! fl9t implem5ts _h be5 exhum$4 ,!y 7 all ( common fluviatile & l& species n[ liv+ 9 ! same "p ( ,engl&4 ,s9ce our visit1 ,mr4 ,wyatt has add$ to !m ,palud9a m>g9ata1 ,mi*aud 7,hydrobia ( "s au?ors71 a species ( ! ,s\? ( ,france no long] inhabit+ ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,! same geologi/ has also f\nd1 s9ce we 7 at ,bidd5ham1 sev]al o!r fl9t tools ( correspond+ type1 bo? !re & at o!r localities 9 ! valley ( ! ,ouse1 ne> ,b$=d4 ,figure #bc4 ,valley ( ! ,ouse 7,,figure #bc4 ,,section ,,across ,,! ,,valley ,,( ,,! ,,ouse1 ,,two ,,miles ,,we/-,,nor?-,,we/ ,,( ,,b$=d499 799 ,pre/wi*1 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society volume #ag #ahfa page #cfd2 & ,wyatt1 ,geologi/ #ahfa page #bdb47 #a4 ,oolitic /rata4 #b4 ,b\ld] clay1 or m>9e nor!rn drift1 ris+ to ab\t n9ety feet above ! ,ouse4 #c4 ,anci5t gravel1 ) elephant bones1 fre%wat] %ells1 & fl9t implem5ts4 #d4 ,mod]n alluvium ( ! ,ouse4 a4 ,bidd5ham gravel pits1 at ! bottom ( :i* fl9t tools 7 f\nd47 ,! b\ld] clay ,numb] #b ext5ds = miles 9 all directions1 & 0 evid5tly once cont9u\s f b to c be=e ! valley 0 scoop$ out4 ,x is a portion ( ! great m>9e glacial drift ( ! midl& c\nties ( ,engl&1 & conta9s blocks1 "s ( l>ge size1 n only ( ! ,oolite ( ! neighb\rhood1 b ( ,*alk & o!r rocks transport$ f /ill great] di/ances1 su* z sy5ite1 basalt1 qu>tz1 & ,new ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,^! erratic blocks ( =eign orig9 are (t5 poli%$ & /riat$1 hav+ und]gone :at is call$ glaciation1 ( :i* m w be said by & by4 ,blocks ( ! same m9]al "*1 emb$d$ at ,bidd5ham 9 ! gravel ,numb] #c1 h lo/ all signs ( ?is /riation by ! friction to :i* !y 7 subject$ 9 ! old riv] b$4 ,! great wid? ( ! valley ( ! ,ouse1 :i* is sometimes #b miles1 has n be5 express$ 9 ! diagram4 ,x may h be5 %ap$ out by ! jo9t action ( ! riv] & ! tides :5 ?is "p ( ,engl& 0 em]g+ f ! wat]s ( ! glacial sea1 ! b\ld] clay be+ fir/ cut ?r\gh1 & !n an equal ?ickness ( und]ly+ ,oolite4 ,aft] ?is d5udation1 :i* may h accompani$ ! em]g5ce ( ! l&1 ! c\ntry 0 inhabit$ by ! primitive p :o fa%ion$ ! fl9t tools4 ,! old riv]1 aid$ p]haps by ! cont9u$ upheaval ( ! :ole c\ntry1 or by oscillations 9 its level1 w5t on wid5+ & deep5+ ! valley1 (t5 %ift+ its *annel1 until at l5g? a broad area 0 cov]$ by a succession ( ! e>lie/ & late/ deposits1 :i* may h correspond$ 9 age to ! high] & l[] gravels ( ! valley ( ! ,somme1 already describ$4 ,at ,bidd5ham1 & else:]e 9 ! same gravel1 rema9s ( ,elephas antiquus h be5 discov]$1 & ,mr4 ,wyatt obta9$1 ,janu>y #ahfc1 a fl9t implem5t associat$ ) bones & tee? ( hippopotamus f gravel at ,summ]h\se hill1 :i* lies ea/ ( ,b$=d1 l[] d[n ! valley ( ! ,ouse1 & #d miles f ,bidd5ham4 ,"o /ep at lea/ we ga9 by ! ,b$=d sections1 :i* ^? ( ,ami5s & ,abbeville _h n enabl$ u to make4 ,!y tea* u t ! fabricators ( ! antique tools1 & ! ext9ct mammalia coeval ) !m1 7 all po/-glacial4 ,,fl9t ,,implem5ts ,,9 ,a ,,fre%wat] ,,deposit ,,at ,,hoxne ,,9 ,,suffolk #ag4 ,s e>ly z ! fir/ ye> ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 a rem>kable pap] 0 communicat$ to ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies by ,mr4 ,john ,fr]e1 9 :i* he gave a cle> description ( ! discov]y at ,hoxne1 ne> ,diss1 9 ,suffolk1 ( fl9t tools ( ! type s9ce f\nd at ,ami5s1 add+ at ! same "t good geological reasons = presum+ t _! antiquity 0 v great1 or1 z he express$ x1 beyond t ( ! pres5t _w1 mean+ ! actual /ate ( ! physical geography ( t region4 ,! fl9ts1 he said1 7 evid5tly weapons ( w>1 fabricat$ & us$ by a p :o _h n ! use ( metals4 ,!y lay 9 great numb]s at ! dep? ( ab\t #ab feet 9 a /ratifi$ soil :i* 0 dug into = ! purpose ( rais+ clay = bricks4 ,"u a foot & a half ( vegetable e>? 0 clay #g #a_/b feet ?ick1 & b5ea? ?is "o foot ( s& ) %ells1 & "u ?is #b feet ( gravel1 9 :i* ! %ap$ fl9ts 7 f\nd g5]ally at ! rate ( #e or #f 9 a squ>e y>d4 ,9 ! s&y b$s ) %ells 7 f\nd ! jawbone & tee? ( an enorm\s unkn[n animal4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! fl9t weapons lay w\ld lead to ! p]suasion t x 0 a place ( _! manufacture1 & n ( _! accid5tal deposit4 ,_! numb]s 7 s great t ! man :o c>ri$ on ! brick-"w told me t be=e he 0 aw>e ( _! be+ objects ( curiosity1 he _h empti$ baskets full ( !m into ! ruts ( ! adjo9+ road4 ,mr4 ,fr]e !n goes on to expla9 t ! /rata 9 :i* ! fl9ts occur are dispos$ horizontally1 & d n lie at ! foot ( any high] gr\nd1 s t portions ( !m mu/ h be5 remov$ :5 ! adjo9+ valley 0 holl[$ out4 ,if ! au?or _h n mi/ak5 ! fre%wat] %ells associat$ ) ! tools = m>9e species1 !re w\ld h be5 no?+ to correct 9 8 acc\nt ( ! geology ( ! di/rict1 = he di/9ctly p]ceiv$ t ! /rata 9 :i* ! implem5ts 7 emb$d$ _h1 s9ce t "t1 und]gone v ext5sive d5udation499 799 ,fr]e1 ,ar*aeologia volume #ac #ahjj page #bjf47 ,specim5s ( ! fl9t spe>-heads1 s5t to ,london by ,mr4 ,fr]e1 are /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & o!rs are 9 ! collection ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bd4 ,position ( ,fl9t ,weapons 7,,figure #bd4 ,,section ,,%[+ ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,fl9t ,,weapons ,,at ,,hoxne1 ,,ne> ,,diss1 ,,suffolk4 ,see ,pre/wi* ,philosophical ,transactions ,plate #aa #ahfj47 #a4 ,gravel ( ,gold ,brook1 a tribut>y ( ! ,wav5ey4 #b4 ,high]-level gravel ov]ly+ ! fre%wat] deposit4 #c & #d4 ,s& & gravel1 ) fre%wat] %ells1 & fl9t implem5ts1 & bones ( mammalia4 #e4 ,peaty & clayey b$s1 ) same fossils4 #f4 ,b\ld] clay or glacial drift4 #g4 ,s& & gravel bel[ b\ld] clay4 #h4 ,*alk ) fl9ts47 ,mr4 ,pre/wi*'s att5tion 0 call$ by ,mr4 ,evans to ^! weapons1 z well z to ,mr4 ,fr]e's memoir aft] 8 return f ,ami5s 9 #ahei1 & he lo/ no "t 9 visit+ ,hoxne1 a village five miles ea/w>d ( ,diss4 ,x is n a little rem>kable t he %\ld h f\nd1 aft] a lapse ( sixty ye>s1 t ! extraction ( clay 0 /ill go+ on 9 ! same brick-pit4 ,only a few mon?s be=e 8 arrival1 two fl9t in/rum5ts _h be5 dug out ( ! clay1 "o f a dep? ( #g & ! o!r ( #aj feet f ! surface4 ,o!rs h s9ce be5 dis9t]r$ f undi/urb$ b$s ( gravel 9 ! same pit4 ,mr4 ,amyot ( ,diss has also obta9$ f ! und]ly+ fre%wat] /rata ! a/ragalus ( an elephant1 & bones ( ! de] & horse2 b al?\gh _m ( ! old implem5ts h rec5tly be5 discov]$ 9 situ 9 regul> /rata & pres]v$ by ,sir ,edw>d ,k]rison1 no bones ( ext9ct mammalia seem z yet to h be5 actually se5 9 ! same /ratum ) "o ( ! tools4 ,by ref]5ce to ! annex$ section1 ! geologi/ w see t ! bas9-%ap$ holl[ a1 b1 c has be5 fill$ up gradually ) ! fre%wat] /rata #c1 #d1 #e1 aft] ! same cavity a1 b1 c _h be5 previ\sly excavat$ out ( ! m anci5t b\ld] clay ,numb] #f4 ,! relative position ( ^! =mations w be bett] und]/ood :5 ,i h describ$ 9 ! twelf? *apt] ! /ructure ( ,norfolk & ,suffolk z laid op5 9 ! sea-cliffs at ,mundesley1 ab\t #cj miles di/ant f ,hoxne1 9 a nor?-nor?-ea/ direction4 ,i exam9$ ! deposits at ,hoxne 9 #ahfj1 :5 ,i _h ! advantage ( be+ accompani$ by ! ,rev]5d ,j4 ,gunn & ! ,rev]5d ,s4,w4 ,k+4 ,9 ! loamy b$s #c & #d1 ,figure #bd1 we obs]v$ ! common riv] %ell ,valvata pisc9alis 9 great numb]s4 ,) x1 b mu* m r>e1 7 ,limnaea palu/ris1 ,planorbis albus1 ,p4 ,spirorbis1 ,succ9ea putris1 ,bi?ynia t5taculata1 ,cyclas cornea2 & ,mr4 ,pre/wi* m5tions ,cyclas amnica & fragm5ts ( a ,unio1 besides sev]al l& %ells4 ,9 ! black peaty mass ,numb] #e1 fragm5ts ( wood ( ! oak1 yew1 & fir h be5 recognis$4 ,! fl9t weapons :i* ,i h se5 f ,hoxne are s mu* m p]fect1 & h _! cutt+ edge s mu* %>p] ?an ^? f ! valley ( ! ,somme1 t !y seem nei!r to h be5 us$ by ,man1 nor to h be5 roll$ 9 ! b$ ( a riv]4 ,! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,fr]e1 !re=e1 t !re may h be5 a manufactory ( weapons on ! spot1 appe>s probable4 ,,fl9t ,,implem5ts ,,at ,,ickl+ham ,,9 ,,suffolk4 ,9 ano!r "p ( ,suffolk1 at ,ickl+ham1 9 ! valley ( ! ,l>k1 bel[ ,bury ,/4 ,edmund's1 !re is a b$ ( gravel1 9 :i* tee? ( ,elephas primig5ius & sev]al fl9t tools1 *iefly ( a lance-head =m1 h be5 f\nd4 ,i h twice visit$ ! spot1 :i* has be5 correctly describ$ by ,mr4 ,pre/wi*499 799 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society volume #ag #ahfa1 page #cfd47 ,! section ( ! ,b$=d tool-be>+ alluvium1 giv5 9 ,figure #bc1 may s]ve to illu/rate t ( ,ickl+ham1 if we sub/itute ,*alk = ,oolite1 & ! riv] ,l>k = ! ,ouse4 ,9 bo? cases1 ! pres5t b$ ( ! riv] is ab\t #cj feet bel[ ! level ( ! old gravel1 & ! ,*alk hill1 :i* b\nds ! valley ( ! ,l>k on ! "r side1 is capp$ l ! ,oolite ( ,bidd5ham by b\ld] clay1 :i* rises to ! height ( #ajj feet above ! ,l>k4 ,ab\t twelve ye>s ago1 a l>ge erratic block1 above #d feet 9 diamet]1 0 dug out ( ! b\ld] clay at ,ickl+ham1 :i* ,i f\nd to consi/ ( a h>d silice\s s*i/1 :i* mu/ h come f a remote region4 ,! tool-be>+ gravel "h1 z 9 ! case to :i* x has be5 comp>$ ne> ,b$=d1 is prov$ to be new] ?an ! glacial drift1 by conta9+ pebbles ( basalt & o!r rocks d]iv$ f t =mation4 ,,*apt] #aj4 -- ,,cav]n ,,deposits1 ,,& ,,places ,,( ,,sepulture ,,( ,,! ,,plei/oc5e ,,p]iod4 ,fl9t ,implem5ts 9 ,cave conta9+ ,hya5a & o!r ext9ct ,mammalia 9 ,som]set%ire4 ,caves ( ! ,g[] ,p59sula 9 ,s\? ,wales4 ,rh9oc]os hemitoe*us4 ,ossif]\s ,caves ne> ,pal]mo4 ,sicily once "p ( ,africa4 ,rise ( ,b$ ( ! ,m$it]ranean to ! ,height ( ?ree hundr$ ,feet 9 ! ,human ,p]iod 9 ,s>d9ia4 ,burial-place ( ,plei/oc5e ,date ( ,aurignac 9 ! ,s\? ( ,france4 ,rh9oc]os ti*orh9us eat5 by ,man4 ,m4 ,l>tet on ext9ct ,mammalia & ,works ( ,art f\nd 9 ! ,aurignac ,cave4 ,relative ,antiquity ( ! same consid]$4 ,,works ,,( ,,art ,,associat$ ,,) ,,ext9ct ,,mammalia ,,9 ,a ,,cav]n ,,9 ,,som]set%ire4 ,! only ,briti% cave f :i* implem5ts resembl+ ^? ( ,ami5s h be5 obta9$1 s9ce ! att5tion ( geologi/s has be5 awak5$ to ! importance ( m9utely obs]v+ ! position ( su* relics relatively to ! associat$ fossil mammalia1 is t rec5tly op5$ ne> ,wells 9 ,som]set%ire4 ,x occurs ne> ! cave ( ,wookey ,hole1 f ! m\? ( :i* ! riv] ,axe issues on ! s\!rn flanks ( ! ,m5dips4 ,no "o _h suspect$ t on ! left side ( ! rav9e1 ?r\gh :i* ! riv] fl[s aft] escap+ f its subt]ranean *annel1 !re 7 o!r caves & fissures conceal$ b5ea? ! gre5 sw>d ( ! /eep slop+ bank4 ,ab\t t5 ye>s ago1 a canal 0 made1 sev]al hundr$ y>ds 9 l5g?1 = ! purpose ( lead+ ! wat]s ( ! ,axe to a pap]-mill1 n[ occupy+ ! middle ( ! rav9e4 ,9 c>ry+ out ?is "w1 ab\t #ab feet ( ! left bank 0 cut away1 & a cav]n\s fissure1 *ok$ up to ! ro( ) ossif]\s loam1 0 !n1 = ! fir/ "t1 expos$ to view4 ,?is great cavity1 orig9ally #i feet high & #cf wide1 trav]s$ ! ,dolomitic ,conglom]ate2 & fragm5ts ( t rock1 "s angul> & o!rs wat]-worn1 7 scatt]$ ?r\gh ! r$ mud ( ! cave1 9 :i* fossil rema9s 7 abundant4 ,= an acc\nt ( !m & ! position !y occupi$ we are indebt$ to ,mr4 ,dawk9s1 ,f4,g4,s41 :o1 9 company ) ,mr4 ,williamson1 explor$ ! cav]n 9 #ahei1 & obta9$ f x ! bones ( ! ,hya5a spelaea 9 su* numb]s z to lead him to conclude t ! cav]n _h = a long "t be5 a hya5a's d54 ,among ! accompany+ animals f\nd fossil 9 ! same bone-e>?1 7 obs]v$ ,elephas primig5ius1 ,rh9oc]os ti*orh9us1 ,ursus spelaeus1 ,bos primig5ius1 ,megac]os hib]nicus1 ,c]vus t>&us 7& o!r species ( ,c]vus71 ,felis spelaea1 ,canis lupus1 ,canis vulpes1 & tee? & bones ( ! g5us ,equus 9 great numb]s4 ,int]mix$ ) ! above fossil bones 7 "s arr[heads1 made ( bone1 & _m *ipp$ fl9ts1 & *ipp$ pieces ( *]t1 a :ite or blea*$ fl9t weapon ( ! spe>head ,ami5s type1 :i* 0 tak5 out ( ! undi/urb$ matrix by ,mr4 ,williamson himself1 toge!r ) a hya5a's too?1 %[+ t ,man _h ei!r be5 contemporane\s ) or _h prec$$ ! ext9ct fauna4 ,aft] p5etrat+ #cd feet f ! entrance1 ,mr4 ,dawk9s f\nd ! cave bifurcat+ into two bran*es1 "o ( :i* 0 v]tical4 ,by ?is r5t1 p]haps1 "s "p ( ! cont5ts ( ! cave may h be5 introduc$499 799 ,boyd ,dawk9s1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,geological ,society ,janu>y #ahfb47 ,:5 ,i exam9$ ! spot 9 #ahfj1 aft] ,i _h be5 %[n "s rema9s ( ! hya5a collect$ !re1 ,i felt conv9c$ t a complete revolution mu/ h tak5 place 9 ! topography ( ! di/rict s9ce ! "t ( ! ext9ct quadrup$s4 ,i 0 n aw>e at ! "t t fl9t tools _h be5 met ) 9 ! same bone-deposit4 ,,caves ,,( ,,g[] ,,9 ,,glamorgan%ire1 ,,s\? ,,wales4 ,! ossif]\s caves ( ! p59sula ( ,g[] 9 ,glamorgan%ire h be5 dilig5tly explor$ ( late ye>s by ,dr4 ,falcon] & ,lieut5ant-,colonel ,e4,r4 ,wood1 :o h ?or\ghly inve/igat$ ! cont5ts ( _m :i* 7 previ\sly unkn[n4 ,among ^! ,dr4 ,falcon]'s skill$ eye has recognis$ ! rema9s ( almo/ e quadrup$ :i* he _h else:]e f\nd fossil 9 ,briti% caves3 9 "s places ! ,elephas primig5ius1 accompani$ by its usual companion1 ! ,rh9oc]os ti*orh9us1 9 o!rs ,elephas antiquus1 associat$ ) ,rh9oc]os hemitoe*us1 ,falcon]2 ! ext9ct animals be+ (t5 emb$d$1 z 9 ! ,belgian caves1 9 ! same matrix ) species n[ liv+ 9 ,europe1 su* z ! common badg] 7,meles taxus71 ! common wolf1 & ! fox4 ,9 a cav]n\s fissure call$ ! ,rav5's ,cliff1 tee? ( sev]al individuals ( ,hippopotamus major1 bo? "y & old1 7 f\nd2 & ?is 9 a di/rict :]e !re is n[ sc>ce a rill ( runn+ wat]1 mu* less a riv] 9 :i* su* quadrup$s c\ld swim4 ,9 "o ( ! caves1 call$ ,spritsail ,tor1 bones ( ! elephants above nam$ 7 obs]v$1 ) a great _m o!r quadrup$s ( ,rec5t & ext9ct species4 ,f "o fissure1 call$ ,bosco's ,d51 no less ?an "o ?\s& antl]s ( ! re9de]1 *iefly ( ! v>iety call$ ,c]vus ,guett>di1 7 extract$ by ! p]sev]+ ex]tions ( ,colonel ,wood1 :o e/imat$ t sev]al hundr$ m /ill rema9$ 9 ! bone-e>? ( ! same r5t4 ,!y 7 mo/ly %$ horns1 & ( "y animals2 & _h be5 wa%$ into ! r5t ) o!r bones1 & ) angul> fragm5ts ( lime/one1 & all envelop$ 9 ! same o*re\s mud4 ,among ! o!r bones1 :i* 7 n num]\s1 7 ^? ( ! cave-be>1 wolf1 fox1 ox1 /ag1 & field-m\se4 ,b ! discov]y ( mo/ importance1 z be>+ on ! subject ( ! pres5t "w1 is ! occurr5ce 9 a newly-discov]$ cave1 call$ ,long ,hole1 by ,colonel ,wood1 9 #ahfa1 ( ! rema9s ( two species ( rh9oc]os1 ,r4 ti*orh9us & ,r4 hemitoe*us1 ,falcon]1 9 an undi/urb$ deposit1 9 ! l[] "p ( :i* 7 "s well-%ap$ fl9t knives1 evid5tly ( human workman%ip4 ,x is cle> f _! position t ,man 0 coeval ) ^! two species4 ,we h else:]e indep5d5t pro(s ( 8 co-exi/5ce ) e o!r species ( ! cave-fauna ( ,glamorgan%ire2 b ?is is ! fir/ well-au!nticat$ example ( ! occurr5ce ( ,r4 hemitoe*us 9 connection ) human implem5ts4 ,9 ! fossil fauna ( ! valley ( ! ,?ames1 ,rh9oc]os leptorh9us 0 m5tion$ z occurr+ at ,gray's ,?urrock ) ,elephas antiquus4 ,dr4 ,falcon]1 9 a memoir :i* he is n[ prep>+ = ! press on ! ,european ,plioc5e & ,plei/oc5e species ( ! g5us ,rh9oc]os1 has %[n t1 "u ! above "n ( ,r4 leptorh9us1 ?ree di/9ct species h be5 conf\nd$ by ,cuvi]1 ,ow51 & o!r palaeontologi/s3-- #a4 ,r4 meg>h9us1 ,*ri/ol1 be+ ! orig9al & typical ,r4 leptorh9us ( ,cuvi]1 f\nd$ on ,cortesi's ,monte ,zago cranium1 & ! ,,only ,plioc5e1 or ,plei/oc5e ,european species1 t _h n a nasal septum4--,gray's ,?urrock1 etc4 #b4 ,r4 hemitoe*us1 ,falcon]1 9 :i* ! ossification ( ! septum divid+ ! no/rils is incomplete 9 ! middle1 besides o!r cranial & d5tal *>act]s di/+ui%+ x f ,r4 ti*orh9us1 accompanies ,elephas antiquus 9 mo/ ( ! olde/ ,briti% bone-caves1 su* z ,kirkdale1 ,cefn1 ,durdham ,d[n1 ,m9*9 ,hole1 & o!r ,g[] cav]ns--also f\nd at ,clacton1 9 ,essex1 & 9 ,nor?ampton%ire4 #c4 ,r4 etruscus1 ,falcon]1 a comp>atively slight & sl5d] =m1 also ) an incomplete bony septum199 occurs deep 9 ! ,val d',arno deposits1 & 9 ! ,=e/ b$1 & sup]impos$ blue clays1 ) lignite1 ( ! ,norfolk coa/1 b n[h]e z yet f\nd 9 ! ossif]\s caves 9 ,brita94 799 ,falcon]1 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society volume #ae #ahei page #fjb47 ,dr4 ,falcon] ann\nc$ 9 #ahfj 8 op9ion t ! fill+ up ( ! ,g[] caves 9 ,s\? ,wales took place aft] ! deposition ( ! m>9e b\ld] clay199 an op9ion 9 h>mony ) :at we h s9ce le>nt f ! section ( ! gravels ne> ,b$=d1 giv5 above 7,figure #bc71 :]e a fauna correspond+ to t ( ! ,wel% caves *>act]ises ! anci5t alluvium1 & is %[n to be cle>ly po/-glacial1 9 ! s5se ( be+ po/]ior 9 date to ! b\ld]-clay ( ! midl& c\nties4 799 ,ibid4 volume #af #ahfj page #dia47 ,9 ! same s5se ! late ,edw>d ,=bes decl>$1 9 #ahdf1 8 conviction t n only ! ,c]vus megac]os1 b also ! mammo? & o!r ext9ct pa*yd]ms & c>nivora1 _h liv$ 9 ,brita9 9 po/-glacial times499 799 ,memoir ( ! ,geological ,survey pages #cid to #cig47 ,! ,g[] caves 9 g5]al h _! floors /rew$ ov] ) s&1 conta9+ m>9e %ells1 all ( liv+ species2 & !re are rais$ bea*es on ! adjo9+ coa/1 & o!r geological signs ( great alt]ation 9 ! relative level ( l& & sea1 s9ce t c\ntry 0 inhabit$ by ! ext9ct mammalia1 "s ( :i*1 z we h se51 7 c]ta9ly coeval ) ,man4 ,,ossif]\s ,,caves ,,9 ,,! ,,nor? ,,( ,,sicily4 ,geologi/s h long be5 famili> ) ! fact t on ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,sicily1 betwe5 ,t]m9i on ! ea/1 & ,trapani on ! we/1 !re are sev]al caves conta9+ ! bones ( ext9ct animals4 ,^! caves are situat$ 9 rocks ( ,hippurite lime/one1 a memb] ( ! ,cretace\s s]ies1 & "s ( !m may be se5 on bo? sides ( ! ,bay ( ,pal]mo4 ,if 9 ! neighb\rhood ( t city we proce$ f ! sea inl&1 asc5d+ a slop+ t]race1 compos$ ( ! m>9e ,new] ,plioc5e /rata1 we rea* ab\t a mile f ! %ore1 & at ! height ( ab\t #ahj feet above x a precipice ( lime/one1 at ! base ( :i* appe> ! entrances ( sev]al caves4 ,9 t ( ,san ,ciro1 on ! ea/ side ( ! bay1 we f9d at ! bottom s& ) m>9e %ells1 =ty species ( :i* h be5 exam9$1 & f\nd almo/ all to agree specifically ) mollusca n[ inhabit+ ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,high] 9 position1 & re/+ on ! s&1 is a breccia1 compos$ ( pieces ( lime/one1 qu>tz1 & s*i/ 9 a matrix ( br[n m>l1 ?r\gh :i* l& %ells are disp]s$1 toge!r ) bones ( two species ( hippopotamus1 z det]m9$ by ,dr4 ,falcon]4 ,c]ta9 bones ( ! skeleton 7 c\nt$ 9 su* numb]s z to prove t !y mu/ h belong$ to sev]al hundr$ individuals4 ,) ^! 7 associat$ ! rema9s ( ,elephas antiquus1 & bones ( ! g5]a ,bos1 ,c]vus1 ,sus1 ,ursus1 ,canis1 & a l>ge ,felis4 ,"s ( ^! bones h be5 roll$ z if p>tially subject$ to ! action ( wat]1 & may h be5 introduc$ by /reams ?r\gh r5ts 9 ! ,hippurite lime/one2 b !re is n[ no runn+ wat] 9 ! neighb\rhood1 no riv] su* z ! hippopotamus might frequ5t1 n ev5 a small brook1 s t ! physical geography ( ! di/rict mu/ h be5 altoge!r *ang$ s9ce ! "t :5 su* rema9s 7 swept into fissures1 or into ! *annels ( engulf$ riv]s4 ,no pro(s seem yet to h be5 f\nd ( ! exi/5ce ( ,man at ! p]iod :5 ! hippopotamus & ,elephas antiquus fl\ri%$ at ,san ,ciro4 ,b !re is ano!r cave call$ ! ,grotto di ,maccagnone1 :i* mu* resembles x 9 geological position1 on ! opposite or we/ side ( ! ,bay ( ,pal]mo1 ne> ,c>9i4 ,9 ! bottom ( ?is cave a bone deposit l t ( ,san ,ciro occurs1 & above x o!r mat]ials rea*+ to ! ro(1 & evid5tly wa%$ 9 f above1 ?r\gh crevices 9 ! lime/one4 ,9 ?is upp] & new] breccia ,dr4 ,falcon] discov]$ fl9t knives1 bone spl9t]s1 bits ( *>coal1 burnt clay1 & o!r objects indicat+ human int]v5tion1 m+l$ ) entire l& %ells1 tee? ( horses1 coprolites ( hya5as1 & o!r bones1 ! :ole agglut9at$ to "o ano!r & to ! ro( by ! infiltration ( wat] hold+ lime 9 solution4 ,! p]fect condition ( ! l>ge fragile helices 7,helix v]miculata7 af=d$ satisfactory evid5ce1 says ,dr4 ,falcon]1 t ! v>i\s articles 7 c>ri$ into ! cave by ! tranquil ag5cy ( wat]1 & n by any tumultu\s action4 ,at a subsequ5t p]iod o!r geographical *anges took place1 s t ! cave1 aft] x _h be5 fill$1 0 wa%$ out aga91 or empti$ ( its cont5ts ) ! exception ( ^? pat*es ( breccia :i*1 be+ cem5t$ toge!r by /alactite1 /ill adh]e to ! ro(499 799 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society volume #af #ahfj page #aje47 ,b>on ,anca1 foll[+ up ^! inve/igations1 explor$1 9 #ahei1 ano!r cave at ,mondello1 we/ ( ,pal]mo1 & nor? ( ,m\nt ,gallo1 :]e he discov]$ mol>s ( ! liv+ ,african elephant1 & aft]w>ds additional specim5s ( ! same species 9 ! neighb\r+ grotto ( ,olivella4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is elephant1 ,dr4 ,falcon] has rem9d$ u t ! di/ance betwe5 ! ne>e/ "p ( ,sicily & ! coa/ ( ,africa1 betwe5 ,m>sala & ,cape ,bon1 is n m ?an #hj miles1 & ,admiral ,smy?1 9 8 ,memoir on ! ,m$it]ranean1 /ates 7page #dii7 t !re is a subaque\s plateau1 nam$ by him ,adv5ture ,bank1 unit+ ,sicily to ,africa by a succession ( ridges :i* are n m ?an f #dj to #ej fa?oms "u wat]499 799 ,cit$ by ,horn]1 ,presid5tial ,address to ! ,geological ,society #ahfa page #db47 ,sicily !re=e might be re-unit$ to ,africa by movem5ts ( upheaval n great] ?an ^? :i* are already kn[n to h tak5 place )9 ! human p]iod on ! bord]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ( :i* ,i %all n[ proce$ to cite a well-au!nticat$ example1 obs]v$ 9 ,s>d9ia4 ,,rise ,,( ,,! ,,b$ ,,( ,,! ,,sea ,,to ,,! ,,height ,,( #cjj ,,feet1 ,,9 ,,! ,,human ,,p]iod1 ,,9 ,,s>d9ia4 ,c\nt ,alb]t de la ,m>mora1 9 8 description ( ! geology ( ,s>d9ia199 has %[n t on ! s\!rn coa/ ( t isl&1 at ,cagli>i & 9 ! neighb\rhood1 an anci5t b$ ( ! sea1 conta9+ m>9e %ells ( liv+ species1 & num]\s fragm5ts ( antique pott]y1 has be5 elevat$ to ! height ( f #bcj to #cbd feet above ! pres5t level ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 799 ,p>tie ,geologique volume #a pages #chb & #chg47 ,oy/]s & o!r %ells1 ( :i* a c>eful li/ has be5 publi%$1 includ+ ! common mussel 7,mytilus edulis71 _m ( !m hav+ bo? valves unit$1 occur1 emb$d$ 9 a breccia 9 :i* fragm5ts ( lime/one ab\nd4 ,! mussels are (t5 9 su* numb]s z to imp>t1 :5 !y h decompos$1 a violet col\r to ! m>9e /ratum4 ,besides pieces ( co>se pott]y1 a flatt5$ ball ( bak$ e>!nw>e1 ) a hole ?r\gh its axis1 0 f\nd 9 ! mid/ ( ! m>9e %ells4 ,x is suppos$ to h be5 us$ = weight+ a fi%+ net4 ,( ?is & ( "o ( ! fragm5ts ( anci5t pott]y ,c\nt de la ,m>mora has giv5 figures4 ,! uprais$ b$ ( ! sea probably belongs 9 ?is in/ance to ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod1 = 9 a bone breccia1 fill+ fissures 9 ! rocks ar\nd ,cagli>i1 ! rema9s ( ext9ct mammalia h be5 detect$2 among :i* is a new g5us ( c>nivor\s quadrup$1 nam$ ,cyno!rium by ,m4 ,/udiati1 & figur$ by ,c\nt de la ,m>mora 9 8 ,atlas 7,plate #g71 also an ext9ct species ( ,lagomys1 det]m9$ by ,cuvi] 9 #ahbe4 ,emb$d$ 9 ! same bone-breccia1 & envelop$ ) r$ e>? l ! mammalian rema9s1 7 detect$ %ells ( ! ,mytilus edulis be=e m5tion$1 imply+ t ! m>9e =mation conta9+ %ells & pott]y _h be5 already upheav$ & expos$ to d5udation be=e ! rema9s ( quadrup$s 7 wa%$ into ^! r5ts & includ$ 9 ! r$ e>?4 ,9 ! vegetable soil cov]+ ! uprais$ m>9e /ratum1 fragm5ts ( ,roman pott]y occur4 ,if we assume ! av]age rate ( upheaval to h be51 z be=e h9t$1 #b #a_/b feet 9 a c5tury1 #cjj feet w\ld give an antiquity ( #ab1jjj ye>s to ! ,cagli>i pott]y1 ev5 if we simply conf9e our e/imate to ! upheaval above ! sea-level1 )\t all[+ = ! orig9al dep? ( wat] 9 :i* ! mollusca liv$4 ,ev5 !n our calculation w\ld m]ely embrace ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! upw>d movem5t 0 go+ on2 & we c =m at pres5t no conjecture z to ! probable era ( its comm5cem5t or t]m9ation4 ,i le>n f ,capta9 ,spratt1 ,r4,n41 t ! isl& ( ,crete or ,c&ia1 ab\t #ace miles 9 l5g?1 has be5 rais$ at its we/]n extremity ab\t #be feet2 s t anci5t ports are n[ high & dry above ! sea1 :ile at its ea/]n end x has sunk s mu* t ! ru9s ( old t[ns are se5 "u wat]4 ,revolutions l ^! 9 ! physical geography ( ! c\ntries bord]+ ! ,m$it]ranean1 may well help u to und]/& ! ph5om5a ( ! ,pal]mo caves1 & ! pres5ce 9 ,sicily ( ,african species ( mammalia4 ,,climate ,,& ,,habits ,,( ,,! ,,hippopotamus4 ,z ,i h allud$ m ?an once 9 ?is *apt] to ! occurr5ce ( ! rema9s ( ! hippopotamus 9 places :]e !re are n[ no riv]s1 n ev5 a rill ( wat]1 & z o!r bones ( ! same g5us h be5 met ) 9 ! l[]-level gravels ( ! ,somme :]e l>ge blocks ( s&/one seem to imply t ice once play$ a "p 9 _! transportation1 x may be well to consid]1 be=e proce$+ f>!r1 :at geographical & climatal conditions are indicat$ by ! pres5ce ( ^! fossil pa*yd]ms4 ,x is n[ v g5]ally conc$$ t ! mammo? & ti*orh9e rh9oc]os 7 fitt$ to inhabit nor!rn regions1 & x is !re=e natural to beg9 by ask+ :e!r ! ext9ct hippopotamus may n 9 l mann] h fl\ri%$ 9 a cold climate4 ,9 answ] to ?is inquiry1 x has be5 rem>k$ t ! liv+ hippopotami1 anatomically speak+ s closely alli$ to ! ext9ct species1 are s aquatic & fluviatile 9 _! habits z to make x difficult to conceive t _! cong5]s c\ld h ?riv5 all ! ye> r\nd 9 regions :]e1 dur+ w9t]1 ! riv]s 7 froz5 ov] = mon?s4 ,moreov]1 ,i h be5 unable to le>n t1 9 any in/ance1 bones ( ! hippopotamus h be5 f\nd 9 ! drift ( nor!rn ,g]many associat$ ) ! rema9s ( ! mammo?1 ti*orh9e rh9oc]os1 musk-ox1 re9de]1 lemm+1 & o!r arctic quadrup$s be=e allud$ to2 yet1 ?\gh n prov$ to h ev] made a "p ( su* a fauna1 ! pres5ce ( ! fossil hippopotamus nor? ( ! fiftie? p>allel ( latitude naturally tempts u to speculate on ! migratory p[]s & in/9cts ( "s ( ! ext9ct species ( ! g5us4 ,!y may h resembl$1 9 ?is respect1 ! liv+ musk-ox1 h]ds ( :i* pass = hundr$s ( miles ov] ! ice to ! ri* pa/ures ( ,melville ,isl&1 & !n return aga9 to s\!rn latitudes be=e ! ice breaks up4 ,we are indebt$ to ,sir ,&rew ,smi?199 an exp]i5c$ zoologi/1 = hav+ giv5 u an acc\nt ( ! migratory habits ( ! liv+ hippopotamus ( ,s\!rn ,africa 7,h4 amphibius1 ,l9n474 799 ,illu/rations ( ! ,zoology ( ,s\? ,africa3 article ,hippopotamus47 ,he /ates t1 :5 ! ,dut* fir/ colonis$ ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ?is animal ab\nd$ 9 all ! great riv]s1 z f> s\? z ! l& ext5ds2 :]eas1 9 #ahdi1 !y _h all disappe>$1 sc>cely "o rema9+ ev5 )9 a mod]ate di/ance ( ! colony4 ,he also tells u t ?is species ev9ces great sagacity 9 *ang+ its qu>t]s :5ev] dang] ?reat5s1 quitt+ e di/rict invad$ by settl]s be>+ fire-arms4 ,bulky z !y are1 !y c travel spe$ily = miles ov] l& f "o pool ( a dri$-up riv] to ano!r2 b x is by wat] t _! p[]s ( locomotion are surpass+ly great1 n only 9 riv]s1 b 9 ! sea1 = !y are f> f conf9+ !mselves to fre% wat]4 ,inde$1 ,sir ,a4 ,smi? f9ds x difficult to decide :e!r1 dur+ ! daytime & :5 n fe$+1 !y pref] ! pools ( riv]s or ! wat]s ( ! ocean = _! abode4 ,9 di/ricts :]e !y h be5 di/urb$ by ,man1 !y fe$ almo/ entirely 9 ! night1 *iefly on c]ta9 k9ds ( grass1 b also on bru%wood4 ,sir ,a4 ,smi? relates t1 9 an exp$ition :i* he made nor? ( ,port ,natal1 he f\nd !m sw>m+ 9 all ! riv]s ab\t ! tropic ( ,capricorn4 ,"h !y 7 (t5 se5 to h left _! footpr9ts on ! s&s1 ent]+ or com+ out ( ! salt wat]2 & on "o occasion ,smi?'s p>ty tri$ 9 va9 to int]cept a female ) h] "y z %e 0 mak+ h] way to ! sea4 ,ano!r female1 :i* !y _h w\nd$ on h] precipitate retreat to ! sea1 0 aft]w>ds %ot 9 t elem5t4 ,! geologi/1 !re=e1 may freely speculate on ! "t :5 h]ds ( hippopotami issu$ f ,nor? ,african riv]s1 su* z ! ,nile1 & swam nor?w>ds 9 summ] along ! coa/s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 or ev5 occasionally visit$ isl&s ne> ! %ore4 ,"h & !re !y may h l&$ to graze or br[se1 t>ry+ a:ile & aft]w>ds cont9u+ _! c\rse nor?w>ds4 ,o!rs may h swum 9 a few summ] days f riv]s 9 ! s\? ( ,spa9 or ,france to ! ,somme1 ,?ames1 or ,sev]n1 mak+ timely retreat to ! s\? be=e ! sn[ & ice set 94 ,,burial-,,place ,,at ,,aurignac1 ,,9 ,,! ,,s\? ,,( ,,france1 ,,( ,,plei/oc5e ,,date4 ,i h allud$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? *apt] to a cu/om preval5t among rude nations ( consign+ to ! tomb works ( art1 once ! prop]ty ( ! dead1 or objects ( _! affection1 & ev5 ( /or+ up1 9 _m cases1 animal food de/9$ = ! manes ( ! defunct 9 a future life4 ,i also cit$ ,m4 ,desnoy]s' comm5ts on ! abs5ce among ! bones ( wild & dome/ic animals f\nd 9 old ,gauli% tombs ( all int]mixture ( ext9ct species ( quadrup$s1 z prov+ t ! olde/ sepul*ral monum5ts !n kn[n 9 ,france 7#ahde7 _h no claims to high antiquity f\nd$ on palaeontological data4 ,m4 ,l>tet1 h[ev]1 has rec5tly publi%$ a circum/antial acc\nt ( :at seems cle>ly to h be5 a sepul*ral vault ( ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod1 ne> ,aurignac1 n f> f ! foot ( ! ,pyr5ees4 ,i h _h ! advantage ( inspect+ ! fossil bones & works ( art obta9$ by him f t grotto1 & ( conv]s+ & correspond+ ) him on ! subject1 & c see no gr\nds = d\bt+ ! s\ndness ( 8 conclusions499 799 ,see ,l>tet1 ,annales des ,sci4 ,nat4 #dmo4 ,s]4 ,zoologie volume #ae page #agg translat$ 9 ,natural ,hi/ory ,review ,london ,janu>y #ahfb47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #be4 ,hill ( ,fajoles 7,,figure #be4 ,,section ,,( ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,hill ,,( ,,fajoles ,,pass+ ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,sepul*ral ,,grotto ,,( ,,aurignac 7,e4 ,l>tet74 a4 ,"p ( ! vault 9 :i* ! rema9s ( sev5te5 human skeletons 7 f\nd4 b4 ,lay] ( made gr\nd1 two feet ?ick1 inside ! grotto 9 :i* a few human bones1 ) entire bones ( ext9ct & liv+ species ( animals1 & _m works ( art 7 emb$d$4 c4 ,lay]s ( a%es & *>coal1 six in*es ?ick1 ) brok51 burnt1 & gnaw$ bones ( ext9ct & ,rec5t mammalia2 also he>?-/ones & works ( art2 no human bones4 d4 ,deposit ) simil> cont5ts & a few scatt]$ c9d]s4 e4 ,talus ( rubbi% wa%$ d[n f ! hill above4 f1 g4 ,slab ( rock :i* clos$ ! vault1 n asc]ta9$ :e!r x ext5d$ to h4 f i4 ,rabbit burr[ :i* l$ to ! discov]y ( ! grotto4 h1 k4 ,orig9al t]race on :i* ! grotto op5$4 ,n4 ,nummulitic lime/one ( hill ( ,fajoles47 ,! t[n ( ,aurignac is situat$ 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,haute-,g>onne1 ne> a spur ( ! ,pyr5ees2 adjo9+ x is ! small flat-topp$ hill ( ,fajoles1 ab\t #fj feet above ! brook call$ ,rodes1 :i* fl[s at its foot on "o side4 ,x consi/s ( ,nummulitic lime/one1 pres5t+ a /eep esc>pm5t t[>ds ! nor?-we/1 on :i* side 9 ! face ( ! rock1 ab\t #de feet above ! brook1 is n[ visible ! entrance ( a grotto a1 ,figure #be1 :i* op5$ orig9ally on ! t]race h1 c1 k1 :i* slopes g5tly t[>ds ! valley4 ,until ! ye> #aheb1 ! op5+ into ?is grotto 0 mask$ by a talus ( small fragm5ts ( lime/one & e>?y matt] e1 su* z ! ra9 may h wa%$ d[n ! slope ( ! hill4 ,9 t ye> a lab\r] nam$ ,bonnemaison1 employ$ 9 repair+ ! roads1 obs]v$ t rabbits1 :5 hotly pursu$ by ! sportsman1 ran into a hole :i* !y _h burr[$ 9 ! talus1 at i f1 ,figure #be4 ,on rea*+ z f> into ! op5+ z ! l5g? ( 8 arm1 he drew out1 to 8 surprise1 "o ( ! long bones ( ! human skeleton2 & 8 curiosity be+ excit$1 & hav+ a suspicion t ! hole communicat$ ) a subt]ranean cavity1 he comm5c$ digg+ a tr5* ?r\gh ! middle ( ! talus1 & 9 a few h\rs f\nd himself opposite a l>ge heavy slab ( rock f h1 plac$ v]tically aga9/ ! entrance4 ,hav+ remov$ ?is1 he discov]$ on ! o!r side ( x an ar*$ cavity a1 #g or #h feet 9 its greate/ height1 #aj 9 wid?1 & #g 9 horizontal dep?4 ,x 0 almo/ fill$ ) bones1 among :i* 7 two entire skulls1 :i* he recognis$ at once z human4 ,! p ( ,aurignac1 a/oni%$ to he> ( ! occurr5ce ( s _m human relics 9 s lonely a spot1 flock$ to ! cave1 & ,dr4 ,amiel1 ! ,mayor1 ord]$ all ! bones to be tak5 out & re9t]r$ 9 ! p>i% cemet]y4 ,b be=e ?is 0 done1 hav+ z a m$ical man a k ( anatomy1 he asc]ta9$ by c\nt+ ! homolog\s bones t !y mu/ h =m$ p>ts ( no less ?an sev5te5 skeletons ( bo? sexes1 & all ages2 "s s "y t ! ossification ( "s ( ! bones 0 incomplete4 ,un=tunately ! skulls 7 injur$ 9 ! transf]2 & :at is worse1 aft] ! lapse ( eight ye>s1 :5 ,m4 ,l>tet visit$ ,aurignac1 ! village sexton 0 unable to tell him 9 :at exact place ! tr5* 0 dug1 into :i* ! skeletons _h be5 ?r[n1 s t ?is ri* h>ve/ ( e?nological k seems = ev] lo/ to ! antiqu>y & geologi/4 ,m4 ,l>tet hav+ be5 %[n1 9 #ahfj1 ! rema9s ( "s ext9ct animals & works ( art1 f\nd 9 digg+ ! orig9al tr5* made by ,bonnemaison ?r\gh ! b$ d "u ! talus1 & "s o!rs br\ght out f ! int]ior ( ! grotto1 det]m9$ to inve/igate sy/ematically :at rema9$ intact ( ! deposits outside & inside ! vault1 ^? inside1 und]ly+ ! human skeletons1 be+ suppos$ to consi/ entirely ( made gr\nd4 ,hav+ obta9$ ! assi/ance ( "s intellig5t workm51 he p]sonally sup]9t5d$ _! lab\rs1 & f\nd outside ! grotto1 re/+ on ! slop+ t]race h k1 ! lay] ( a%es & *>coal c1 ab\t #f in*es ?ick1 ext5d+ ov] an area ( #f or #g squ>e y>ds1 & go+ z f> z ! entrance ( ! grotto & no f>!r1 !re be+ no c9d]s or *>coal 9 ! int]ior4 ,among ! c9d]s outside ! vault 7 fragm5ts ( fissile s&/one1 r$d5$ by heat1 :i* 7 obs]v$ to re/ on a levell$ surface ( ,nummulitic lime/one & to h =m$ a he>?4 ,! ne>e/ place f :5ce su* slabs ( s&/one c\ld h be5 br\ght 0 ! opposite side ( ! valley4 ,among ! a%es1 & 9 "s ov]ly+ e>?y lay]s1 d1 sep>at+ ! a%es f ! talus e1 7 a great v>iety ( bones & implem5ts2 among/ ! latt] n few] ?an a hundr$ fl9t articles--knives1 projectiles1 sl+ /ones1 & *ips1 & among !m "o ( ^? silice\s cores or nuclei ) num]\s facets1 f :i* fl9t flakes or knives _h be5 /ruck (f1 seem+ to prove t "s in/rum5ts 7 occasionally manufactur$ on ! v spot4 ,among o!r articles outside ! entrance 0 f\nd a /one ( a circul> =m1 & flatt5$ on two sides1 ) a c5tral depression1 compos$ ( a t\gh rock :i* does n belong to t region ( ! ,pyr5ees4 ,?is in/rum5t is suppos$ by ! ,dani% antiqu>ies to h be5 us$ = remov+ by skilful bl[s ! edges ( fl9t knives1 ! f+]s & ?umb be+ plac$ 9 ! two opposite depressions dur+ ! op]ation4 ,among ! bone in/rum5ts 7 arr[s )\t b>bs1 & o!r tools made ( re9de] horn1 & a bodk9 =m$ out ( ! m compact horn ( ! ro$e]4 ,?is in/rum5t 0 well %ap$1 & %>ply po9t$1 & 9 s good a /ate ( pres]vation t x might /ill be us$ = pi]c+ ! t\gh sk9s ( animals4 ,scatt]$ ?r\gh ! same a%es & e>? 7 ! bones ( ! v>i\s species ( animals enum]at$ 9 ! subjo9$ li/s1 ) ! exception ( two1 m>k$ ) an a/]isk1 :i* only occurr$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! grotto3-- ,,table #aj_/a4 ,,numb]s ,,( ,,individuals1 ,,bones ,,( ,,:i* ,,7 ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,! ,,aurignac ,,cave4 ,,column #a3 ,,"n ,,( ,,species4 ,,column #b3 ,,numb] ,,( ,,individuals4 #a4 ,,c>nivora #a4 ,ursus spelaeus 7cave-be>73 #e to #f4 #b4 ,ursus arctos8 7br[n be>73 #a4 #c4 ,meles taxus 7badg]73 #a to #b4 #d4 ,putorius vulg>is 7polecat73 #a4 #e4 99,felis spelaea 7cave-lion73 #a4 #f4 ,felis catus f]us 7wild cat73 #a4 #g4 ,hya5a spelaea 7cave-hya5a73 #e to #f4 #h4 ,canis lupus 7wolf73 #c4 #i4 ,canis vulpes 7fox73 #ah to #bj4 #b4 ,,h]bivora4 #a4 ,elephas primig5ius 7mammo?1 two mol>s74 #b4 ,rh9oc]os ti*orh9us 7,sib]ian rh9oc]os73 #a4 #c4 ,equus caballus 7horse73 #ab to #ae4 #d4 ,equus as9us 787 7ass73 #a4 #e4 99,sus scr(a 7pig1 two incisors74 #f4 ,c]vus elaphus 7/ag73 #a4 #g4 ,megac]os hib]nicus 7gigantic ,iri% de]73 #a4 #h4 ,c4 capreolus 7roebuck73 #c to #d4 #i4 ,c4 t>&us 7re9de]73 #aj to #ab4 #aj4 ,bison europaeus 7auro*s73 #ab to #ae4 ,! bones ( ! h]bivora 7 ! mo/ num]\s1 & all ^? on ! outside ( ! grotto :i* _h conta9$ m>r[ 7 inv>iably split op51 z if = its extraction1 _m ( !m be+ also burnt4 ,! spongy p>ts1 moreov]1 7 want+1 hav+ be5 eat5 (f & gnaw$ aft] !y 7 brok51 ! "w1 accord+ to ,m4 ,l>tet1 ( hya5as1 ! bones & coprolites ( :i* 7 mix$ ) ! c9d]s1 & disp]s$ ?r\gh ! ov]ly+ soil d4 ,^! bea/s ( prey are suppos$ to h pr[l$ ab\t ! spot & f$ on su* relics ( ! fun]al fea/s z rema9$ aft] ! retreat ( ! human visitors1 or dur+ ! int]vals betwe5 successive fun]al c]emonies :i* accompani$ ! int]m5t ( ! corpses )9 ! sepul*re4 ,_m ( ! bones 7 also /reak$1 z if ! fle% _h be5 scrap$ (f by a fl9t in/rum5t4 ,among ! v>i\s pro(s t ! bones 7 fre% :5 br\ght to ! spot1 x is rem>k$ t ^? ( ! h]bivora n only bore ! m>ks ( hav+ _h ! m>r[ extract$ & hav+ aft]w>ds be5 gnaw$ & 9 "p dev\r$ z if by c>nivor\s bea/s1 b t !y _h also be5 act$ ^u by fire 7& ?is 0 especially notic$ 9 "o case ( a cave-be>'s bone71 9 su* a mann] z to %[ t !y reta9$ 9 !m at ! "t all _! animal matt]4 ,among o!r quadrup$s :i* appe> to h be5 eat5 at ! fun]al fea/s1 & ( :i* ! bones occurr$ among ! a%es1 7 ^? ( a "y ,rh9oc]os ti*orh9us1 ! bones ( :i* _h be51 l ^? ( ! accompany+ h]bivora1 brok5 & gnaw$ by a bea/ ( prey at bo? extremities4 ,outside ( ! great slab ( /one =m+ ! door1 n "o human bone occurr$2 inside ( x !re 7 f\nd1 mix$ ) loose soil1 ! rema9s ( z _m z sev5te5 human individuals1 besides "s works ( art & bones ( animals4 ,we "k no?+ ( ! arrangem5t ( ^! bones :5 !y 7 fir/ brok5 into4 ,m4 ,l>tet inf]r$ at fir/ t ! bodies 7 b5t d[n ^u !mselves 9 a squatt+ attitude1 a po/ure kn[n to h be5 adopt$ 9 mo/ ( ! sepul*res ( primitive times2 & he has s repres5t$ !m 9 8 re/oration ( ! cave3 b ?is op9ion he has s9ce retract$4 ,8 arti/ also has inadv]t5tly1 9 ! same draw+1 del9eat$ ! ar*$ grotto z if x 7 %ap$ v regul>ly & smoo?ly1 l a f9i%$ piece ( masonry1 :]eas ! surface 0 9 tru? z unev5 & irregul> z are ! ro(s ( all natural grottos4 ,!re 0 no /alagmite 9 ! grotto1 & ,m4 ,l>tet1 an exp]i5c$ inve/igator ( ossif]\s cav]ns 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 came to ! conclusion t all ! bones & soil f\nd 9 ! inside 7 artificially introduc$4 ,! sub/ratum b1 ,figure #be1 :i* rema9$ aft] ! skeletons _h be5 remov$1 0 ab\t #b feet ?ick4 ,9 x 7 f\nd ab\t t5 deta*$ human bones1 includ+ a mol> too?2 & ,m4 ,delesse asc]ta9$ by c>eful analysis ( "o ( ^!1 z well z ( ! bones ( a rh9oc]os1 be>1 & "s o!r ext9ct animals1 t !y all conta9$ precisely ! same proportion ( nitrog51 or _h lo/ an equal am\nt ( _! animal matt]4 ,my fri5d ,mr4 ,evans1 be=e cit$1 has sugge/$ to me t su* a fact1 tak5 alone1 may n be conclusive 9 fav\r ( ! equal antiquity ( ! human & o!r rema9s4 ,no d\bt1 _h ! human skeletons be5 f\nd to conta9 m gelat9e ?an ^? ( ! ext9ct mammalia1 x w\ld h %[n t !y 7 ! m mod]n ( ! two2 b x is possible t aft] a bone has gone on los+ its animal matt] up to a c]ta9 po9t1 x may !n "p ) no m s long z x cont9ues envelop$ 9 ! same matrix4 ,if ?is be s1 x foll[s t bones ( v diff]5t degrees ( antiquity1 aft] !y h la9 = _m ?\s&s ( ye>s 9 a p>ticul> soil1 may all h rea*$ long ago ! maximum ( decomposition atta9able 9 su* a matrix4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 h[ev]1 ! pro( ( ! contemporane\sness ( ,man & ! ext9ct animals does n dep5d simply on ! id5tity ( _! m9]al condition4 ,! *emical analysis ( ,m4 ,delesse is only a fact 9 corroboration ( a great mass ( o!r evid5ce4 ,mix$ ) ! human bones inside ! grotto fir/ remov$ by ,bonnemaison1 7 eighte5 small1 r\nd1 & flat plates ( a :ite %elly sub/ance1 made ( "s species ( cockle 7,c>dium71 pi]c$ ?r\gh ! middle z if = be+ /rung into a bracelet4 ,9 ! sub/ratum also 9 ! int]ior exam9$ by ,m4 ,l>tet 0 f\nd ! tusk ( a "y ,ursus spelaeus1 ! cr[n ( :i* _h be5 /ripp$ ( its enamel1 & :i* _h be5 c>v$ p]haps 9 imitation ( ! head ( a bird4 ,x 0 p]=at$ l5g?wise z if = susp5sion z an ornam5t or amulet4 ,a fl9t knife also 0 f\nd 9 ! int]ior :i* _h evid5tly nev] be5 us$2 9 ?is respect1 unlike ! num]\s worn specim5s f\nd outside1 s t x is conjectur$ t x may1 l o!r associat$ works ( art1 h be5 plac$ !re z "p ( ! fun]al c]emonies4 ,a few tee? ( ! cave-lion1 ,felis spelaea1 & two tusks ( ! wild bo>1 also f\nd 9 ! int]ior1 7 memorials p]haps ( ! *ase4 ,no rema9s ( ! same animals 7 met ) among ! ext]nal relics4 ,on ! :ole1 ! bones ( animals inside ! vault (f] a rem>kable contra/ to ^? ( ! ext]ior1 be+ all entire & un9jur$1 none ( !m brok51 gnaw$1 half-eat51 scrap$1 or burnt l ^? ly+ among ! a%es on ! o!r side ( ! great slab :i* =m$ ! portal4 ,! bones ( ! int]ior seem to h be5 clo!d ) _! fle% :5 buri$ 9 ! lay] ( loose soil /rew$ ov] ! floor4 ,9 confirmation ( ?is idea1 _m bones ( ! skeleton 7 (t5 obs]v$ to be 9 juxtaposition1 & 9 "o spot all ! bones ( ! leg ( an ,ursus spelaeus 7 ly+ toge!r un9jur$4 ,add to ?is1 ! entire abs5ce 9 ! int]ior ( c9d]s & *>coal1 & we c sc>cely d\bt t we h "h an example ( an anci5t place ( sepulture1 clos$ at ! op5+ s effectually aga9/ ! hya5as or o!r c>nivora t no m>ks ( _! tee? appe> on any ( ! bones1 :e!r human or brute4 ,john ,c>v]1 9 8 travels 9 ! int]ior ( ,nor? ,am]ica 9 a #agff-fh 7*apt] #ae471 gave a m9ute acc\nt ( ! fun]al rites ( an ,indian tribe :i* inhabit$ ! c\ntry n[ call$ ,i[a1 at ! junction ( ! ,/4 ,pet]'s ,riv] ) ! ,mississippi2 & ,s*ill]1 9 8 fam\s ,nad[essis*e ,todt5klage1 has fai?fully embodi$ 9 a poetic dirge all ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! c]emonies s graphically describ$ by ! ,engli% travell]1 n omitt+ ! _m fun]al gifts :i*1 we are told1 7 plac$ 9 a cave ) ! bodies ( ! dead4 ,! l9es beg9n+1 ,br+et h] die letzt5 ,gab51 h be5 ?us translat$1 tru?fully1 & ) all ! _s ( ! orig9al1 by ,sir ,e4 ,l4 ,bulw]993-- ,"h br+ ! la/ gifts6--& ) ^! ,! la/ lam5t be said2 ,let all t pleas$1 & yet may please1 ,be buri$ ) ! dead4 ,b5ea? 8 head ! hat*et hide1 ,t he s /\tly swung2 ,& place ! be>'s fat haun* beside-- ,! j\rney h5ce is long6 ,& let ! knife new %>p5$ be ,t on ! battle-day ,%ore ) quick /rokes--he took b ?ree-- ,! foeman's scalp away6 ,! pa9ts t w>riors love to use1 ,place "h )9 8 h&1 ,t he may %9e ) ruddy hues ,amid/ ! _s-l&4 799 ,poems & ,ballads ( ,s*ill]47 ,if we accept ,m4 ,l>tet's int]pretation ( ! ossif]\s deposits ( ,aurignac1 bo? inside & outside ! grotto1 !y add no?+ to ! palaeontological evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ,man's antiquity1 = we h se5 all ! same mammalia associat$ else:]e ) fl9t implem5ts1 & "s species1 su* z ! ,elephas antiquus1 ,rh9oc]os hemitoe*us1 & ,hippopotamus major1 miss+ "h1 h be5 met ) 9 o!r places4 ,an argum5t1 h[ev]1 hav+ an opposite lean+ may p]haps be f\nd$ on ! ph5om5a ( ,aurignac4 ,x may--inde$ x has be5 said1 t !y imply t "s ( ! ext9ct mammalia surviv$ ne>ly to our times3 ,fir/--,because ( ! mod]n /yle ( ! works ( art at ,aurignac4 ,secondly--,because ( ! abs5ce ( any signs ( *ange 9 ! physical geography ( ! c\ntry s9ce ! cave 0 us$ = a place ( sepulture4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! fir/ ( ^! propositions1 ! ut5sils1 x is said1 ( bone & /one indicate a m advanc$ /ate ( ! arts ?an ! fl9t implem5ts ( ,abbeville & ,ami5s4 ,m4 ,l>tet1 h[ev]1 is ( op9ion t !y d n1 & ?9ks t we h no "r to assume t ! fabricators ( ! v>i\s spe>-head$ & o!r tools ( ! ,valley ( ! ,somme possess$ no bone in/rum5ts or ornam5ts resembl+ ^? discov]$ at ,aurignac4 ,^! la/1 moreov]1 he reg>ds z extremely rude 9 comp>ison ) o!rs ( ! /one p]iod 9 ,france1 :i* c be prov$ palaeontologically1 at lea/ by /rong negative evid5ce1 to be ( subsequ5t date4 ,?us1 = example1 at ,savigne1 ne> ,civray1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,vi5ne1 !re is a cave 9 :i* !re are no ext9ct mammalia1 b :]e rema9s ( ! re9de] ab\nd4 ,! works ( art ( ! /one p]iod f\nd !re indicate consid]able progress 9 skill beyond t atte/$ by ! objects f\nd 9 ! ,aurignac grotto4 ,among ! ,savigne articles1 !re is ! bone ( a /ag1 on :i* figures ( two animals1 app>5tly meant = de]1 are engrav$ 9 outl9e1 z if by a %>p-po9t$ fl9t4 ,9 ano!r cave1 t ( ,massat1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,ariege1 :i* ,m4 ,l>tet ascribes to ! p]iod ( ! auro*s1 a quadrup$ :i* surviv$ ! re9de] 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 !re are bone in/rum5ts ( a /ill m advanc$ /ate ( ! arts1 z1 = example1 b>b$ arr[s ) a small canal 9 ea*1 believ$ to h s]v$ = ! ins]tion ( poison2 also a ne$le ( bird's bone1 f9ely %ap$1 ) an eye or p]=ation at "o end1 & a /ag's horn1 on :i* is c>v$ a repres5tation ( a be>'s head1 & a hole at "o end z if = susp5d+ x4 ,9 ?is figure we see1 says ,m4 ,l>tet1 :at may p]haps be ! e>lie/ kn[n example ( l9es us$ to express %ad+4 ,! fauna ( ! auro*s 7,bison europaeus7 agrees ) t ( ! e>li] lake dwell+s 9 ,switz]l&1 9 :i* hi!rto ! re9de] is want+2 :]eas ! re9de] has be5 f\nd 9 a ,swiss cave1 9 ,mont ,saleve1 suppos$ by ,l>tet to be m anci5t ?an ! lake dwell+s4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! mammalian fauna has und]gone at lea/ two fluctuations s9ce ! rema9s ( "s ext9ct quadrup$s 7 eat51 & o!rs buri$ z fun]al gifts 9 ! sepul*ral vault ( ,aurignac4 ,z to ! abs5ce ( any m>k$ *anges 9 ! physical configuration ( ! di/rict s9ce ! same grotto 0 a place ( sepulture1 we mu/ rememb] t x is ! normal /ate ( ! e>?'s surface to be und]go+ great alt]ations 9 "o place1 :ile o!r areas1 (t5 9 close proximity1 rema9 = ages )\t any modification4 ,9 "o region1 riv]s are deep5+ & wid5+ _! *annels1 or ! waves ( ! sea are und]m9+ cliffs1 or ! l& is s9k+ b5ea? or ris+ above ! wat]s1 c5tury aft] c5tury1 or ! volcano is p\r+ =? torr5ts ( lava or %[]s ( a%es2 :ile1 9 tracts h>d by1 ! anci5t =e/1 or ext5sive hea?1 or ! spl5did city cont9ue sca!less & motionless4 ,_h ! talus :i* conceal$ f view ! anci5t he>? ) its c9d]s & ! massive /one portal ( ! ,aurignac grotto escap$ all human int]f]5ce = ?\s&s ( ye>s to come1 !re is no reason to suppose t ! small /ream at ! foot ( ! hill ( ,fajoles w\ld h und]m9$ x4 ,at ! end ( a long p]iod ! only alt]ation might h be5 ! ?ick5+ ( ! talus :i* protect$ ! loose c9d]s & bones f wa/e4 ,we behold 9 _m a valley ( ,auv]gne1 )9 #ej feet ( ! pres5t riv] *annel1 a volcanic cone ( loose a%es1 ) a crat] at its summit1 f :i* p[]ful curr5ts ( basaltic lava h p\r$1 usurp+ ! anci5t b$ ( ! torr5t4 ,by ! action ( ! /ream1 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 va/ masses ( ! h>d column> basalt h be5 remov$1 pill> aft] pill>1 & mu* vesicul> lava1 z 9 ! case1 = example1 ( ! ,puy ,r\ge1 ne> ,*alucet1 & ( ! ,puy de ,t>t>et1 ne> ,ne*]s499 799 ,scrope's ,volcanoes ( ,c5tral ,france #aheh page #ig47 ,! riv]s h ev5 9 "s cases1 z ! ,si\le1 ne> ,*alucet1 cut ?r\gh n only ! basalt :i* dispossess$ !m ( _! anci5t *annels1 b h actually eat5 #ej feet into ! subjac5t gneiss2 yet ! cone1 an incoh]5t heap ( scoriae & spongy ejectam5ta1 /&s unmole/$4 ,_h ! wat]s once ris51 ev5 = a day1 s high z to rea* ! level ( ! base ( "o ( ^! cones--_h !re be5 a s+le flood #ej or #fj feet 9 height s9ce ! la/ eruption occurr$1 a great "p ( ^! volcanoes mu/ inevitably h be5 swept away z readily z all traces ( ! lay] ( c9d]s2 & ! accompany+ bones w\ld h be5 oblit]at$ by ! ,rodes ne> ,aurignac1 _h x ris51 s9ce ! days ( ! mammo?1 rh9oc]os1 & cave-be>1 #ej feet above its pres5t level4 ,! ,aurignac cave adds no new species to ! li/ ( ext9ct quadrup$s1 :i* we h else:]e1 & by indep5d5t evid5ce1 asc]ta9$ to h once fl\ri%$ contemporane\sly ) ,man4 ,b if ! fossil memorials h be5 correctly int]pret$--if we h "h be=e u at ! nor!rn base ( ! ,pyr5ees a sepul*ral vault ) skeletons ( human be+s1 consign$ by fri5ds & relatives to _! la/ re/+-place--if we h also at ! portal ( ! tomb ! relics ( fun]al fea/s1 & )9 x indications ( vi&s de/9$ = ! use ( ! dep>t$ on _! way to a l& ( spirits2 :ile among ! fun]al gifts are weapons :]e) 9 o!r fields to *ase ! gigantic de]1 ! cave-lion1 ! cave-be>1 & woolly rh9oc]os--we h at la/ succe$$ 9 trac+ back ! sacr$ rites ( burial1 &1 m int]e/+ /ill1 a belief 9 a future /ate1 to times long ant]ior to ^? ( hi/ory & tradition4 ,rude & sup]/iti\s z may h be5 ! savage ( t remote era1 he /ill des]v$1 by *]i%+ hopes ( a h]eaft]1 ! epi!t ( noble1 :i* ,dryd5 gave to :at he seems to h pictur$ to himself z ! primitive condition ( our race1 z ,nature fir/ made ,man ,:5 wild 9 woods ! noble savage ran499 799 ,siege ( ,granada ,"p #a ,act #a ,sc5e #a47 ,,*apt] #aa4 -- ,,age ,,( ,,human ,,fossils ,,( ,,le ,,puy ,,9 ,,c5tral ,,france ,,& ,,( ,,nat*ez ,,on ,,! ,,mississippi ,,discuss$4 ,"q z to ! ,au!nticity ( ! ,fossil ,man ( ,d5ise1 ne> ,le ,puy-en-,velay1 consid]$4 ,antiquity ( ! ,human ,race impli$ by t ,fossil4 ,successive ,p]iods ( ,volcanic ,action 9 ,c5tral ,france4 ,) :at ,*anges 9 ! ,mammalian ,fauna !y correspond4 ,! ,elephas m]idionalis ant]ior 9 ,"t to ! ,implem5t-be>+ ,gravel ( ,/4 ,a*eul4 ,au!nticity ( ! ,human ,fossil ( ,nat*ez on ! ,mississippi discuss$4 ,! ,nat*ez ,deposit1 conta9+ ,bones ( ,ma/odon & ,megalonyx1 probably n old] ?an ! ,fl9t ,implem5ts ( ,/4 ,a*eul4 ,among ! fossil rema9s ( ! human species suppos$ to h claims to high antiquity1 & :i* h = _m ye>s attract$ att5tion1 two ( ! mo/ prom95t examples are3-- ,fir/--,! fossil man ( ,d5ise1 compris+ ! rema9s ( m ?an "o skeleton1 f\nd 9 a volcanic breccia ne> ! t[n ( ,le ,puy-en-,velay1 9 ,c5tral ,france4 ,secondly--,! fossil human bone ( ,nat*ez1 on ! ,mississippi1 suppos$ to h be5 d]iv$ f a deposit conta9+ rema9s ( ,ma/odon & ,megalonyx4 ,hav+ c>efully exam9$ ! sites ( bo? ( ^! celebrat$ fossils1 ,i %all consid] 9 ?is *apt] ! nature ( ! evid5ce on :i* ! remote date ( _! entombm5t is inf]r$4 ,,fossil ,,man ,,( ,,d5ise4 ,an acc\nt ( ! fossil rema9s1 s call$1 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahdd by ,m4 ,aym>d ( ,le ,puy1 a writ] ( des]v$ly high au?ority bo? z a palaeontologi/ & ar*aeologi/499 799 ,bullet9 de la ,societe ,geologique de ,france #ahdd1 #ahde1 #ahdg47 ,m4 ,pictet1 aft] visit+ ,le ,puy & inve/igat+ ! site ( ! alleg$ discov]y1 0 satisfi$ t ! fossil bones belong$ to ! p]iod ( ! la/ volcanic eruptions ( ,velay2 b expressly /at$ 9 8 important treatise on palaeontology t ?is conclusion1 ?\gh x might imply t ,man _h co-exi/$ ) ! ext9ct elephant1 did n draw ) x ! admission t ! human race 0 ant]ior 9 date to ! fill+ ( ! cav]ns ( ,france & ,belgium ) ! bones ( ext9ct mammalia499 799 ,traite de ,paleontologie volume #a #ahec page #aeb47 ,at a meet+ ( ! ,sci5tific ,congress ( ,france1 held at ,le ,puy 9 #ahef1 ! "q ( ! age ( ! ,d5ise fossil bones 0 fully gone into1 & 9 ! report ( _! proce$+s publi%$ 9 t ye>1 ! op9ions ( "s ( ! mo/ skilful o/eologi/s respect+ ! po9t 9 controv]sy are record$4 ,! late ,abbe ,croizet1 a mo/ exp]i5c$ collector ( fossil bones 9 ! volcanic regions ( ,c5tral ,france1 & an able naturali/1 & ! late ,m4 ,laurill>d1 ( ,p>is1 :o assi/$ ,cuvi] 9 modell+ _m fossil bones1 & 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! museum ( ! ,j>d91 decl>$ _! op9ion t ! specim5 pres]v$ 9 ! museum ( ,le ,puy is no c\nt]feit4 ,!y believ$ ! human bones to h be5 envelop$ by natural causes 9 ! tuface\s matrix 9 :i* we n[ see !m4 ,9 ! ye> #ahei1 ,pr(essor ,heb]t & ,m4 ,l>tet visit$ ,le ,puy1 expressly to inve/igate ! same specim51 & to inquire into ! au!nticity ( ! bones & _! geological age4 ,lat] 9 ! same ye>1 ,i w5t myself to ,le ,puy1 hav+ ! same object 9 view1 & _h ! good =tune to meet !re my fri5d ,mr4 ,p\lett ,scrope1 ) :om ,i exam9$ ! ,montagne de ,d5ise1 :]e a peasant relat$ to u h[ he _h dug out ! specim5 ) 8 own h&s & 9 8 own v9ey>d1 n f> f ! summit ( ! volcano4 ,i employ$ a lab\r] to make "u 8 directions "s fre% excavations1 foll[+ up ^? :i* _h be5 made a mon? e>li] by ,,mm4 ,heb]t & ,l>tet1 9 ! hope ( v]ify+ ! true position ( ! fossils1 b all ( u )\t success4 ,we fail$ ev5 to f9d 9 situ any exact c\nt]p>t ( ! /one ( ! ,le ,puy ,museum4 ,! osse\s rema9s ( t specim5 consi/ ( a frontal & "s o!r p>ts ( ! skull1 includ+ ! upp] jaw ) tee?1 bo? ( an adult & "y individual2 also a radius1 "s lumb> v]tebrae1 & "s metat>sal bones4 ,!y are all emb$d$ 9 a light por\s tuff1 resembl+ 9 col\r & m9]al composition ! ejectam5ta ( sev]al ( ! late/ eruptions ( ,d5ise4 ,b none ( ! bones p5etrate into ano!r "p ( ! same specim51 :i* consi/s ( a m compact rock ?ickly lam9at$4 ,nev]!less1 ,i agree ) ! ,abbe ,croizet & ,m4 ,aym>d1 t x is n conceivable ev5 t ! less coh]5t "p ( ! museum ,specim5 :i* envelopes ! human bones %\ld h be5 artificially put toge!r1 :atev] may h be5 ! orig9 ( c]ta9 o!r slabs ( tuff :i* 7 aft]w>ds sold z com+ f ! same place1 & :i* also conta9$ human rema9s4 ,:e!r "s ( ^! 7 spuri\s or n is a "q m difficult to decide4 ,"o ( !m1 n[ 9 ! possession ( ,m4 ,pi*ot-,dumazel1 an advocate ( ,le ,puy1 is suspect$ ( hav+ _h "s pla/] ( ,p>is introduc$ into x to b9d ! bones m firmly toge!r 9 ! loose volcanic tuff4 ,i 0 assur$ t a deal] 9 objects ( natural hi/ory at ,le ,puy _h be5 9 ! habit ( occasionally secur+ ! cohesion 9 t mann] ( fragm5ts ( brok5 bones1 & ! juxtaposition ( un9jur$ ones f\nd free & deta*able 9 loose volcanic tuffs4 ,f ?is to ! fabrication ( a factiti\s human fossil 01 x is sugge/$1 b a %ort /ep4 ,b 9 ref]5ce to ,m4 ,pi*ot's specim51 an exp]t anatomi/ rem>k$ to me t x w\ld f> exce$ ! skill1 :e!r ( ! peasant :o own$ ! v9ey>d or ( ! deal] above m5tion$1 to put toge!r 9 _! true position all ! ?irty-eight bones ( ! h& & f+]s1 or ! sixte5 ( ! wri/1 )\t mak+ any mi/ake1 & especially )\t mix+ ^? ( ! "r ) ! homolog\s bones ( ! left h&1 assum+ t !y _h br\ght bones1 f "s o!r spot1 & !n artificially introduc$ !m into a mixture ( volcanic tuff & pla/] ( ,p>is4 ,grant+1 h[ev]1 t ! high prices giv5 = human fossils at ,le ,puy may h l$ to ! p]petration ( "s frauds1 x is /ill an int]e/+ "q to consid] :e!r ! admission ( ! g5u95ess ( a s+le fossil1 su* z t n[ 9 ! museum at ,le ,puy1 w\ld lead u to assign a high] antiquity to ! exi/5ce ( ,man 9 ,france ?an is d$ucible f _m o!r facts expla9$ 9 ! la/ sev5 *apt]s4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is po9t1 ,i may obs]ve t al?\gh ,i 0 n able to fix ) precision ! exact b$ 9 ! volcanic m\nta9 f :i* ! rock conta9+ ! human bones 0 tak51 ,m4 ,felix ,rob]t has1 nev]!less1 aft] /udy+ ! volcanic alluviums ( ,d5ise1 asc]ta9$ t1 on ! side ( ,*eyrac & ! village ( ,mal\teyre1 blocks ( tuff frequ5tly occur exactly l ! "o 9 ! museum4 ,t tuff he consid]s a product ( ! late/ eruption ( ! volcano4 ,9 x h be5 f\nd ! rema9s ( ,hya5a spelaea & ,hippopotamus major4 ,! eruptions ( /eam & gase\s matt] :i* bur/ =? f ! crat] ( ,d5ise broke ?r\gh lam9at$ ,t]ti>y clays1 small pieces ( :i*1 "s ( !m sc>cely alt]$1 o!rs half conv]t$ into scoriae1 7 ca/ out 9 abundance1 :ile o!r portions mu/ h be5 9 a /ate ( argillace\s mud4 ,%[]s ( su* mat]ials w\ld be /yl$ by ! ,neapolitans aque\s lava or lava d'aqua1 & we may well suppose t "s human individuals1 if any exi/$1 w\ld1 toge!r ) wild animals1 be occasionally ov]:elm$ 9 ^! tuffs4 ,f ne> ! place on ! m\nta9 :5ce ! block ) human bones n[ 9 ! museum is said to h come1 a /ream ( lava1 well m>k$ by its tabul> /ructure1 fl[$ d[n ! flanks ( ! hill1 )9 a few feet ( ! alluvial pla9 ( ! ,borne1 a small tribut>y ( ! ,loire1 on ! opposite bank ( :i* /&s ! t[n ( ,le ,puy4 ,its cont9u\s ext5sion to s l[ a level cle>ly %[s t ! valley _h already be5 deep5$ to )9 a few feet ( its pres5t dep? at ! "t ( ! fl[+ ( ! lava4 ,we "k t ! alluvium ( ! same di/rict1 hav+ a simil> relation to ! pres5t geographical outl9e ( ! valleys1 is ( ,plei/oc5e date1 = x conta9s ar\nd ,le ,puy ! bones ( ,elephas primig5ius & ,rh9oc]os ti*orh9us2 & ?is af=ds u a palaeontological te/ ( ! age ( ! human skeleton ( ,d5ise1 if ! latt] be assum$ to be coeval ) ! lava /ream above ref]r$ to4 ,x is important to dwell on ?is po9t1 because "s geologi/s h felt dis9cl9$ to believe 9 ! g5u95ess ( ! fossil man ( ,d5ise1 on ! gr\nd t1 if conc$$1 x w\ld imply t ! human race 0 contempor>y ) an old] fauna1 or t ( ! ,elephas m]idionalis4 ,su* a fauna is f\nd fossil 9 ano!r lay] ( tuff cov]+ ! slope ( ,d5ise1 opposite to t :]e ! museum specim5 0 exhum$4 ,! quadrup$s obta9$ f t m anci5t tuff comprise ,elephas m]idionalis1 ,hippopotamus major1 ,rh9oc]os meg>h9us1 ,antilope torticornis1 ,hya5a breviro/ris1 & twelve o!rs ( ! g5]a horse1 ox1 /ag1 goat1 tig]1 etc41 all suppos$ to be ( ext9ct species4 ,?is tuff1 f\nd betwe5 ,mal\teyre & ,polignac1 ,m4 ,rob]t reg>ds z ! product ( a mu* old] eruption1 & ref]able to ! neighb\r+ ,montagne de ,/4 ,anne1 a volcano 9 a mu* m wa/$ & d5ud$ /ate ?an ,d5ise1 & class$ by ,m4 ,b]tr& de ,d\e z ( int]m$iate age betwe5 ! anci5t & mod]n cones ( ,velay4 ,! fauna to :i* ,elephas m]idionalis & its associates belong1 c be %[n to be ( ant]ior date1 9 ! nor? ( ,france1 to ! fl9t implem5ts ( ,/4 ,a*eul1 by ! foll[+ tra9 ( reason+4 ,! valley ( ! ,se9e is n only geographically contigu\s to ! valley ( ! ,somme1 b its anci5t alluvium conta9s ! same mammo? & o!r fossil species4 ,! ,eure1 "o ( ! tribut>ies ( ! ,se9e1 9 its way to jo9 t riv]1 fl[s 9 a valley :i* foll[s a l9e ( fault 9 ! ,*alk2 & ?is valley is se5 to be comp>atively mod]n1 because x int]sects at ,/4 ,pre/1 #d miles bel[ ,*>tres1 an old] valley belong+ to an ant]ior sy/em ( dra9age1 :i* has be5 fill$ by a m anci5t fluviatile alluvium1 consi/+ ( s& & gravel1 #ij feet ?ick4 ,i h exam9$ ! site ( ?is old] drift1 & ! fossils h be5 det]m9$ by ,dr4 ,falcon]4 ,!y comprise ,elephas m]idionalis1 a species ( rh9oc]os 7n ,r4 ti*orh9us71 & o!r mammalia diff]+ f ^? ( ! implem5t-be>+ gravels ( ! ,se9e & ,somme4 ,! latt]1 belong+ to ! p]iod ( ! mammo?1 might v well h be5 contempor>y ) ! mod]n volcanic eruptions ( ,c5tral ,france2 & we may presume1 ev5 )\t ! aid ( ! ,d5ise fossil1 t ,man may h witness$ ^!4 ,b ! tuffs & gravels 9 :i* ! ,elephas m]idionalis are emb$d$ 7 syn*ron\s ) an old] epo* ( volcanic action1 to :i* ! cone ( ,/4 ,anne1 ne> ,le ,puy1 & _m o!r m\nta9s ( ,m4 ,b]tr& de ,d\e's middle p]iod belong1 hav+ cones & crat]s1 :i* h und]gone mu* wa/e by aque\s erosion4 ,we h z yet no pro( t ,man witness$ ! orig9 ( ^! hills ( lava & scoriae ( ! middle phase ( volcanic action4 ,"s surprise 0 express$ 9 #ahef1 by sev]al ( ! assembl$ naturali/s at ,le ,puy1 t ! skull ( ! fossil man ( ,d5ise1 al?\gh contempor>y ) ! mammo?1 & coeval ) ! la/ eruptions ( ! ,le ,puy volcanoes #ah1 %\ld be ( ! ord9>y ,caucasian or ,european type2 b ! obs]vations ( ,pr(essor ,huxley on ! ,engis skull1 cit$ 9 ! fif? *apt]1 %[+ ! ne> approa* ( t anci5t cranium to ! ,european /&>d1 w help to remove ?is s\rce ( p]plexity4 ,,human ,,fossil ,,( ,,nat*ez ,,on ,,! ,,mississippi4 ,i h already allud$ to ,dr4 ,d[l]'s attempt to calculate1 9 ye>s1 ! antiquity ( ! human skeleton said to h be5 buri$ "u f\r cypress =e/s 9 ! delta ( ! ,mississippi1 ne> ,new ,orleans 7see above1 ,*apt] #c74 ,9 t case no rema9s ( ext9ct animals 7 f\nd associat$ ) ^? ( ,man3 b 9 ano!r "p ( ! bas9 ( ! ,mississippi1 a human bone1 accompani$ by bones ( ,ma/odon & ,megalonyx1 is suppos$ to h be5 wa%$ out ( a m anci5t alluvial deposit4 ,aft] visit+ ! spot 9 #ahdf1 ,i describ$ ! geological position ( ! bones1 & discuss$ _! probable age1 ) a /rong] bias1 ,i mu/ confess1 z to ! antec$5t improbability ( ! contemporane\s entombm5t ( ,man & ! ma/odon ?an any geologi/ w\ld n[ be ju/ifi$ 9 ent]ta9+4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bf4 ,alluvial ,pla9 ( ! ,mississippi 7,,figure #bf4 ,,section ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,alluvial ,,pla9 ,,( ,,! ,,mississippi4 #a4 ,mod]n alluvium ( ! ,mississippi4 #b4 ,loam or loess4 #c4 f4 ,eoc5e4 #d4 ,cretace\s47 ,9 ! latitude ( ,vicksburg1 #cb degrees #ej m9utes nor?1 ! broad1 flat1 alluvial pla9 ( ! ,mississippi1 a b1 ,figure #bf1 is b\nd$ on its ea/]n side by a table-l& d e1 ab\t #bjj feet high] ?an ! riv]1 & ext5d+ #ab miles ea/w>d ) a g5tle upw>d slope4 ,?is elevat$ plat=m ends abruptly at d1 9 a l9e ( p]p5dicul> cliffs or bluffs1 ! base ( :i* is cont9ually und]m9$ by ! great riv]4 ,! table-l& d-e consi/s at ,vicksburg1 ?r\gh :i* ! annex$ section1 ,figure #bf1 passes1 ( loam1 ov]ly+ ! ,t]ti>y /rata f-f4 ,betwe5 ! loam & ! ,t]ti>y =mation !re is usually a deposit ( /ratifi$ s& & gravel1 conta9+ l>ge fragm5ts ( silicifi$ corals & ! wreck ( old] ,palaeozoic rocks4 ,! age ( ?is und]ly+ drift1 :i* is #adj feet ?ick at ,nat*ez1 has n yet be5 det]m9$2 b x may possibly belong to ! glacial p]iod4 ,nat*ez is ab\t #hj miles 9 a /raight l9e s\? ( ,vicksburg1 on ! same left bank ( ! ,mississippi4 ,"h !re is a bluff1 ! upp] #fj feet ( :i* consi/s ( a cont9u\s portion ( ! same calc>e\s loam z at ,vicksburg1 equally resembl+ ! ,rh5i% loess 9 m9]al "* & 9 be+ sometimes b>r5 ( fossils1 sometimes s full ( !m t blea*$ l&-%ells /& out conspicu\sly 9 relief 9 ! v]tical & wea!r$ face ( cliffs :i* =m ! banks ( /reams1 ev]y:]e int]sect+ ! loam4 ,s num]\s are ! %ells t ,i 0 able to collect at ,nat*ez1 9 a few h\rs1 9 #ahdf1 no less ?an tw5ty species ( ! g5]a ,helix1 ,helic9a1 ,pupa1 ,cyclo/oma1 ,a*at9a1 & ,succ9ea1 all id5tical ) %ells n[ liv+ 9 ! same c\ntry2 & 9 "o place ,i obs]v$ 7z happ5s also occasionally 9 ! valley ( ! ,rh9e7 a passage ( ! loam ) l&-%ells into an und]ly+ m>ly deposit ( subaque\s orig91 9 :i* %ells ( ! g5]a ,limnaea1 ,planorbis1 ,palud9a1 ,physa1 & ,cyclas 7 emb$d$1 also consi/+ ( rec5t ,am]ican species4 ,su* deposits1 m di/9ctly /ratifi$ ?an ! loam conta9+ l&-%ells1 are produc$1 z be=e /at$1 9 all great alluvial pla9s1 :]e ! riv] %ifts its position1 & :]e m>%es1 ponds1 & lakes are =m$ 9 its old des]t$ *annels4 ,9 ?is "p ( ,am]ica1 h[ev]1 x may h happ5$ t "s ( ^! lakes 7 caus$ by p>tial subsid5ces1 su* z 7 witness$1 dur+ ! e>?quakes ( #ahaa-ab1 ar\nd ,new ,madrid1 9 ! valley ( ! ,mississippi4 ,ow+ to ! de/ructible nature ( ! yell[ loam1 d e1 ,figure #bf1 e /reamlet fl[+ ov] ! plat=m has cut = itself1 9 its way to ! ,mississippi1 a deep gully or rav9e2 & ?is erosion has ( late ye>s1 especially s9ce #ahab1 proce$$ ) accel]at$ spe$1 ascribable 9 "s degree to ! p>tial cle>+ ( ! native =e/1 b p>tly also to ! effects ( ! e>?quake ( #ahaa-ab4 ,by t convulsion ! region ar\nd ,nat*ez 0 rudely %ak5 & mu* fissur$4 ,"o ( ! n>r[ valleys ne> ,nat*ez1 due to ?is fissur+1 is n[ call$ ! ,mammo? ,rav9e4 ,?\gh no less ?an #g miles long1 & 9 "s p>ts #fj feet deep1 ,i 0 assur$ by a resid5t proprietor1 ,colonel ,wiley1 t x _h no exi/5ce be=e #ahab4 ,) its num]\s ramifications1 x is said to h be5 entirely =m$ s9ce ! e>?quake at ,new ,madrid4 ,be=e t ev5t1 ,colonel ,wiley _h pl\gh$ "s ( ! l& exactly ov] a spot n[ trav]s$ by "p ( ?is wat]-c\rse4 ,i satisfi$ myself t ! rav9e _h be5 consid]ably enl>g$ & l5g!n$ a %ort "t be=e my visit1 & x 0 !n fre%ly und]m9$ & und]go+ con/ant wa/e4 ,f a clayey deposit imm$iately bel[ ! yell[ loam1 bones ( ! ,ma/odon ohioticus1 a species ( ,megalonyx1 bones ( ! g5]a ,equus1 ,bos1 & o!rs1 "s ( ext9ct & o!rs presum$ to be ( liv+ species1 _h be5 deta*$1 & _h fall5 to ! base ( ! cliffs4 ,m+l$ ) ! re/1 ! pelvic bone ( a man1 os innom9atum1 0 obta9$ by ,dr4 ,dickeson ( ,nat*ez1 9 ^: collection ,i saw x4 ,x appe>$ to be q 9 ! same /ate ( pres]vation1 & 0 ( ! same black col\r z ! o!r fossils1 & 0 believ$ to h come l !m f a dep? ( ab\t #cj feet f ! surface4 ,9 my ,second ,visit to ,am]ica1 9 #ahdf1 ,i sugge/$1 z a possible explanation ( ?is association ( a human bone ) rema9s ( ,ma/odon & ,megalonyx1 t ! =m] may possibly h be5 d]iv$ f ! vegetable soil at ! top ( ! cliff1 :]eas ! rema9s ( ext9ct mammalia 7 dislodg$ f a l[] position1 & bo? may h fall5 into ! same heap or talus at ! bottom ( ! rav9e4 ,! pelvic bone might1 ,i conceiv$1 h acquir$ its black col\r by hav+ la9 = ye>s or c5turies 9 a d>k sup]ficial peaty soil1 common 9 t region4 ,i 0 in=m$ t !re 7 _m human bones1 9 old ,indian graves 9 ! same di/rict1 /a9$ ( z black a dye4 ,on sugge/+ ?is hypo!sis to ,colonel ,wiley ( ,nat*ez1 ,i f\nd t ! same idea _h already occurr$ to 8 m9d4 ,no d\bt1 _h ! pelvic bone belong$ to any rec5t mammif] o!r ?an ,man1 su* a !ory w\ld nev] h be5 resort$ to2 b s long z we h only "o isolat$ case1 & are )\t ! te/imony ( a geologi/ :o 0 pres5t to behold ! bone :5 /ill engag$ 9 ! matrix1 & to extract x ) 8 own h&s1 x is all[able to susp5d our judgm5t z to ! high antiquity ( ! fossil4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,i am ask$ :e!r ,i consid] ! ,nat*ez loam1 ) l&-%ells & ! bones ( ,ma/odon & ,megalonyx1 to be m anci5t ?an ! alluvium ( ! ,somme conta9+ fl9t implem5ts & ! rema9s ( ! mammo? & hya5a1 ,i mu/ decl>e t ,i d n4 ,bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica ! l& & fre%wat] %ells accompany+ ! ext9ct pa*yd]ms are ( liv+ species1 & ,i c\ld detect no %ell 9 ! ,nat*ez loam s =eign to ! bas9 ( ! ,mississippi z is ! ,cyr5a flum9alis to ! riv]s ( mod]n ,europe4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! relative ages ( ! ,pic>dy & ,nat*ez alluvium 7 to be decid$ on con*ological data alone1 ! fluvio-m>9e b$s ( ,abbeville might rank z a %ade old] ?an ! loess ( ,nat*ez4 ,my reluctance 9 #ahdf to reg>d ! fossil human bone z ( ,plei/oc5e date arose 9 "p f ! reflection t ! anci5t loess ( ,nat*ez is ant]ior 9 "t to ! :ole mod]n delta ( ! ,mississippi4 ,! table-l&1 d e1 ,figure #bf1 01 ,i believe1 once a "p ( ! orig9al alluvial pla9 or delta ( ! great riv] be=e x 0 uprais$4 ,x has n[ ris5 m ?an #bjj feet above its pri/9e level4 ,aft] ! upheaval1 or dur+ x1 ! ,mississippi cut ?r\gh ! old fluviatile =mation ( :i* its bluffs are n[ =m$1 j z ! ,rh9e has 9 _m p>ts ( its valley excavat$ a passage ?r\gh ! anci5t loess4 ,if ,i 0 "r 9 calculat+ t ! pres5t delta ( ! ,mississippi mu/ h requir$ _m t5s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s = its gr[?1 & if ! claims ( ! ,nat*ez man to h co-exi/$ ) ! ma/odon are admitt$1 x w\ld foll[ t ,nor? ,am]ica 0 peopl$ by ! human race _m t5s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e our "t4 ,b ev5 7 t true1 we c\ld n presume1 reason+ f asc]ta9$ geological data1 t ! ,nat*ez bone 0 ant]ior 9 date to ! antique fl9t hat*ets ( ,/4 ,a*eul4 ,:5 we asc5d ! ,mississippi f ,nat*ez to ,vicksburg1 & !n ent] ! ,ohio1 we are accompani$ ev]y:]e by a cont9u\s fr+e ( t]races ( s& & gravel at a c]ta9 height above ! alluvial pla91 fir/ ( ! great riv]1 & !n ( its tribut>y4 ,we also f9d t ! old] alluvium conta9s ! rema9s ( ,ma/odon ev]y:]e1 & 9 "s places1 z at ,evansville1 ^? ( ! ,megalonyx4 ,z 9 ! valley ( ! ,somme 9 ,europe1 ^? old ,plei/oc5e gravels (t5 occur at m ?an "o level1 & ! anci5t m\nds ( ! ,ohio1 ) _! works ( art1 are new] ?an ! old t]races ( ! ma/odon p]iod1 j z ! ,gallo-,roman tombs ( ,/4 ,a*eul or ! ,celtic weapons ( ! ,abbeville peat are m mod]n ?an ! tools ( ! mammo?-be>+ alluvium4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i may rem9d ! read] t ! v]tical movem5t ( #bej feet1 requir$ to elevate ! loess ( ,nat*ez to its pres5t height1 is exce$$ by ! upheaval :i* ! m>9e /ratum ( ,cagli>i1 conta9+ pott]y1 has be5 asc]ta9$ by ,c\nt de la ,m>mora to h exp]i5c$4 ,su* *anges ( level1 !re=e1 h actually occurr$ 9 ,europe 9 ! human epo*1 & may !re=e h happ5$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 ! second place1 ,i may obs]ve t if1 s9ce ! ,nat*ez ma/odon 0 emb$d$ 9 clay1 ! delta ( ! ,mississippi has be5 =m$1 s1 s9ce ! mammo? & rh9oc]os ( ,abbeville & ,ami5s 7 envelop$ 9 fluviatile mud & gravel1 toge!r ) fl9t tools1 a great ?ickness ( peat has accumulat$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,somme2 & antec$5tly to ! fir/ gr[? ( peat1 !re _h be5 "t = ! ext9ction ( a great _m mammalia1 requir+1 p]haps1 a lapse ( ages _m times great] ?an t dem&$ = ! =mation ( #cj feet ( peat1 = s9ce ! e>lie/ gr[? ( ! latt] !re has be5 no *ange 9 ! species ( mammalia 9 ,europe4 ,%\ld future rese>*es1 !re=e1 confirm ! op9ion t ! ,nat*ez man co-exi/$ ) ! ma/odon1 x w\ld n enhance ! value ( ! geological evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ,man's antiquity1 b m]ely r5d] ! delta ( ! ,mississippi available z a *ronomet]1 by :i* ! lapse ( ,plei/oc5e "t c\ld be measur$ some:at less vaguely ?an by any means ( measur+ :i* h z yet be5 discov]$ or r5d]$ available 9 ,europe4 ,,*apt] #ab4 -- ,,antiquity ,,( ,,man ,,relatively ,,to ,,! ,,glacial ,,p]iod ,,& ,,to ,,! ,,exi/+ ,,fauna ,,& ,,flora4 ,*ronological ,relation ( ! ,glacial ,p]iod1 & ! e>lie/ kn[n ,signs ( ,man's ,appe>ance 9 ,europe4 ,s]ies ( ,t]ti>y ,deposits 9 ,norfolk & ,suffolk imm$iately antec$5t to ! ,glacial ,p]iod4 ,gradual ,refrig]ation ( ,climate prov$ by ! ,m>9e ,%ells ( successive ,gr\ps4 ,m>9e ,new] ,plioc5e ,%ells ( ,nor!rn ,"* ne> ,woodbridge4 ,section ( ! ,norfolk ,cliffs4 ,norwi* ,crag4 ,=e/ ,b$ & ,fluvio-m>9e ,/rata4 ,fossil ,plants & ,mammalia ( ! same4 ,ov]ly+ ,b\ld] ,clay & ,contort$ ,drift4 ,new] fre%wat] ,=mation ( ,mundesley comp>$ to t ( ,hoxne4 ,great ,oscillations ( ,level impli$ by ! ,s]ies ( ,/rata 9 ! ,norfolk ,cliffs4 ,e>lie/ kn[n ,date ( ,man long subsequ5t to ! exi/+ ,fauna & ,flora4 ,frequ5t allusions h be5 made 9 ! prec$+ pages to a p]iod call$ ! glacial1 to :i* no ref]5ce is made 9 ! ,*ronological ,table ( ,=mations giv5 above 7,*apt] #a74 ,x comprises a long s]ies ( ages1 dur+ :i* ! p[] ( cold1 :e!r ex]t$ by glaci]s on ! l&1 or by float+ ice on ! sea1 0 great] 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 & ext5d$ to m s\!rn latitudes ?an n[4 #ai ,x (t5 happ5s t :5 9 any giv5 region we h pu%$ back our geological inve/igations z f> z we c 9 se>* ( evid5ce ( ! fir/ appe>ance ( ,man 9 ,europe1 we are /opp$ by arriv+ at :at is call$ ! b\ld] clay or nor!rn drift4 ,?is =mation is usually q de/itute ( organic rema9s1 s t ! ?read ( our inquiry into ! hi/ory ( ! animate creation1 z well z ( man1 is abruptly cut %ort4 ,! int]ruption1 h[ev]1 is by no means enc\nt]$ at ! same po9t ( "t 9 e di/rict4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,dani% peat1 = example1 we get no f>!r back ?an ! ,rec5t p]iod ( our ,*ronologic ,table1 & !n meet ) ! b\ld] clay2 & x is ! same 9 ! valley ( ! ,clyde1 :]e ! m>9e /rata conta9 ! anci5t canoes be=e describ$ 7,*apt] #c71 & :]e no?+ int]v5es betwe5 t ,rec5t =mation & ! glacial drift4 ,b we h se5 t1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,b$=d ! memorials ( ,man c be trac$ mu* f>!r back into ! pa/1 namely1 into ! ,plei/oc5e epo*1 :5 ! human race 0 contempor>y ) ! mammo? & _m o!r species ( mammalia n[ ext9ct4 ,nev]!less1 9 ,b$=d%ire z 9 ,d5m>k1 ! =mation next antec$5t 9 date to t conta9+ ! human implem5ts is /ill a memb] ( ! glacial drift1 ) its erratic blocks4 ,if ! read] rememb]s :at 0 /at$ 9 ! eigh? *apt] z to ! abs5ce or extreme sc>city ( human bones & works ( art 9 all /rata1 :e!r m>9e or fre%wat]1 ev5 9 ^? =m$ 9 ! imm$iate proximity ( l& inhabit$ by millions ( human be+s1 he w be prep>$ = ! g5]al de>? ( human memorials 9 glacial =mations1 :e!r ,rec5t1 ,plei/oc5e1 or ( m anci5t date4 ,if !re 7 a few w&]]s ov] l&s cov]$ ) glaci]s1 or ov] seas infe/$ ) ice-b]gs1 & if a few ( !m left _! bones or weapons 9 mora9es or 9 m>9e drift1 ! *ances1 aft] ! lapse ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1 ( a geologi/ meet+ ) "o ( !m mu/ be inf9itesimally small4 ,x is natural1 !re=e1 to enc\nt] a gap 9 ! regul> sequ5ce ( geological monum5ts be>+ on ! pa/ hi/ory ( ,man1 :]ev] we h pro(s ( glacial action hav+ prevail$ ) int5sity1 z x has done ov] l>ge p>ts ( ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod4 ,z we advance into m s\!rn latitudes approa*+ ! #ej? p>allel ( latitude 9 ,europe1 & ! #dj? 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ?is di/urb+ cause ceases to oppose a b> to our inquiries2 b ev5 !n1 9 consequ5ce ( ! fragm5t>y nature ( all geological annals1 our progress is inevitably sl[ 9 con/ruct+ any?+ l a connect$ *a9 ( hi/ory1 :i* c only be effect$ by br++ ! l9ks ( ! *a9 f\nd 9 "o area to supply ! in=mation :i* is want+ 9 ano!r4 ,! lea/ int]rupt$ s]ies ( consecutive docum5ts to :i* we c ref] 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 :5 we desire to connect ! ,plioc5e ) ! ,plei/oc5e p]iods1 are f\nd 9 ! c\nties ( ,norfolk1 ,suffolk1 & ,essex2 & ,i %all speak ( !m 9 ?is *apt]1 z !y h a direct be>+ on ! relations ( ! human & glacial p]iods1 :i* w be ! subject ( sev]al ( ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,! fossil %ells ( ! deposits 9 "q cle>ly po9t to a gradual refrig]ation ( climate1 f a temp]ature some:at w>m] ?an t n[ prevail+ 9 our latitudes to "o ( int5se cold2 & ! successive /eps :i* h m>k$ ! com+ on ( ! increas+ cold are matt]s ( no small geological int]e/4 #bj ,x w be se5 9 ! ,*ronological ,table1 t next be=e ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod /&s ! ,plioc5e4 ,! %elly & s&y b$s repres5t+ ^! p]iods 9 ,norfolk & ,suffolk are t]m$ prov9cially ,crag1 hav+ "u ! "n be5 long us$ 9 agriculture to f]tilise soils defici5t 9 calc>e\s matt]1 or to r5d] !m less /iff & imp]vi\s4 ,9 ,suffolk1 ! old] ,plioc5e /rata call$ ,crag are divisible into ! ,corall9e & ! ,r$ ,crags1 ! =m] be+ ! old] ( ! two4 ,9 ,norfolk1 a m mod]n =mation1 commonly t]m$ ! ,norwi*1 or sometimes ! mammalif]\s ,crag1 :i* is ref]able to ! new] ,plioc5e p]iod1 occupies l>ge areas4 ,we are indebt$ to ,mr4 ,se>les ,wood1 ,f4,g4,s41 = an admirable monograph on ! fossil %ells ( ^! ,briti% ,plioc5e =mations4 ,he has n himself giv5 u an analysis ( ! results ( 8 treatise1 b ! foll[+ tables h be5 drawn up = me by ,mr4 ,s4,p4 ,woodw>d1 ! well-kn[n au?or ( ! ,manual ( ,mollusca1 ,rec5t & ,fossil 7,london #ahea-ef71 9 ord] to illu/rate "s ( ! g5]al conclusions to :i* ,mr4 ,wood's c>eful exam9ation ( #ddb species ( mollusca has l$4 ,,table #ab_/a4 ,,numb] ,,( ,,kn[n ,,species ,,( ,,m>9e ,,te/acea ,,9 ,,! ,,?ree ,,engli% ,,plioc5e ,,deposits1 ,,call$ ,,! ,,norwi*1 ,,! ,,r$1 ,,& ,,! ,,corall9e ,,crags4 ,,column #a3 ,,"n4 ,,column #b3 ,,numb]4 ,bra*iopoda3 #f4 ,lamellibran*ia3 #bjf4 ,ga/]opoda3 #bcj4 ,,total3 #ddb4 ,,table #ab_/b4 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,! ,,above ,,m>9e ,,te/acea4 ,,column #a3 ,,"n4 ,,column #b3 ,,numb]4 ,norwi* ,crag3 #ha4 ,r$ ,crag3 #bbe4 ,corall9e ,crag3 #cbg4 ,species common to ! ,norwi* & ,r$ ,crag 7n 9 ,corall9e73 #cc4 ,species common to ! ,norwi* & ,corall9e 7n 9 ,r$73 #d4 ,species common to ! ,r$ & ,corall9e 7n 9 ,norwi*73 #aaf4 ,species common to ! ,norwi*1 ,r$1 & ,corall9e3 #ai499 799 ,^! #ai species mu/ be add$ to ! numb]s #cc1 #d1 & #aaf respectively1 9 ord] to obta9 ! full am\nt ( common species 9 ea* ( ^? cases47 ,,table #ab_/c4 ,,proportion ,,( ,,rec5t ,,to ,,ext9ct ,,species4 ,,column #a3 ,,"n4 ,,column #b3 ,,numb] ,,( ,,rec5t4 ,,column #c3 ,,numb] ,,( ,,ext9ct4 ,,column #d3 ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,rec5t4 ,norwi* ,crag3 #fi3 #ab3 #he4 ,r$ ,crag3 #acj3 #ie3 #eg4 ,corall9e ,crag3 #afh3 #aei3 #ea4 ,,table #ab_/d4 ,,rec5t ,,species ,,n ,,liv+ ,,n[ ,,9 ,,briti% ,,seas4 ,,column #a3 ,,"n4 ,,column #b3 ,,numb] ,,( ,,nor!rn4 ,,column #c3 ,,numb] ,,( ,,s\!rn4 ,norwi* ,crag3 #ab3 #j4 ,r$ ,crag3 #h3 #af4 ,corall9e ,crag3 #b3 #bg4 ,9 ! above li/ ,i h n includ$ ! %ells ( ! glacial b$s ( ! ,clyde & ( sev]al o!r ,briti% deposits ( new] orig9 ?an ! ,norwi* ,crag1 9 :i* ne>ly all--p]haps all--! species are ,rec5t4 ,! l& & fre%wat] %ells1 ?irty-two 9 numb]1 h also be5 purposely omitt$1 z well z ?ree species ( ,london ,clay %ells1 suspect$ by ,mr4 ,wood himself to be spuri\s4 ,by f> ! great] numb] ( ! liv+ m>9e species includ$ 9 ^! tables are /ill inhabitants ( ! ,briti% seas2 b ev5 ^! diff] consid]ably 9 _! relative abundance1 "s ( ! commone/ ( ! ,crag %ells be+ n[ extremely sc>ce2 z1 = example1 ,bucc9opsis ,dalei2 & o!rs1 r>ely met ) 9 a fossil /ate1 be+ n[ v common1 z ,murex er9aceus & ,c>dium e*9atum4 ,! la/ table ?r[s light on a m>k$ alt]ation 9 ! climate ( ! ?ree successive p]iods4 ,x w be se5 t 9 ! ,corall9e ,crag !re are tw5ty-sev5 s\!rn %ells1 includ+ tw5ty-six ,m$it]ranean1 & "o ,we/ ,indian species 7,erato ,maug]iae74 ,( ^! only ?irte5 occur 9 ! ,r$ ,crag1 associat$ ) ?ree new s\!rn species1 :ile ! :ole ( !m disappe> f ! ,norwi* b$s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,corall9e ,crag conta9s only two %ells closely relat$ to arctic =ms ( ! g5]a ,admete & ,limopsis4 ,! ,r$ ,crag conta9s1 z /at$ 9 ! table1 eight nor!rn species1 all ( :i* recur 9 ! ,norwi* ,crag1 ) ! addition ( f\r o!rs1 also inhabitants ( ! arctic regions2 s t !re is good evid5ce ( a cont9ual refrig]ation ( climate dur+ ! ,plioc5e p]iod 9 ,brita94 ,! pres5ce ( ^! nor!rn %ells _c be expla9$ away by suppos+ t !y 7 inhabitants ( ! deep p>ts ( ! sea2 = "s ( !m1 su* z ,tell9a calc>ea & ,a/>te borealis1 occur pl5tifully1 & sometimes1 ) ! valves unit$ by _! ligam5t1 9 company ) o!r littoral %ells1 su* z ,mya ar5>ia & ,littor9a rudis1 & evid5tly n ?r[n up f deep wat]4 ,yet ! nor!rn "* ( ! ,norwi* ,crag is n fully %[n by simply say+ t x conta9s twelve nor!rn species4 ,x is ! pr$om9ance ( c]ta9 g5]a & species1 su* z ,tell9a calc>ea1 ,a/>te borealis1 ,scal>ia gro5l&ica1 & ,fusus c>9atus1 :i* satisfies ! m9d ( a con*ologi/ z to ! arctic "* ( ! ,norwi* ,crag4 ,9 l mann]1 x is ! pres5ce ( su* g5]a z ,pyrula1 ,columbella1 ,t]ebra1 ,cassid>ia1 ,pholadomya1 ,l+ula1 ,disc9a1 & o!rs :i* give a s\!rn aspect to ! ,corall9e ,crag %ells4 ,! cold1 :i* _h gone on increas+ f ! "t ( ! ,corall9e to t ( ! ,norwi* ,crag1 cont9u$1 ?\gh n p]haps )\t "s oscillations ( temp]ature1 to become m & m sev]e aft] ! accumulation ( ! ,norwi* ,crag1 until x rea*$ its maximum 9 :at has be5 call$ ! glacial epo*4 ,! m>9e fauna ( ?is la/ p]iod conta9s1 bo? 9 ,irel& & ,scotl&1 ,rec5t species ( mollusca n[ liv+ 9 ,gre5l& & o!r seas f> nor? ( ! areas :]e we f9d _! rema9s 9 a fossil /ate4 ,! refrig]ation ( climate f ! "t ( ! old] to t ( ! new] ,plioc5e /rata is n n[ ann\nc$ = ! fir/ "t1 z x 0 inf]r$ f a /udy ( ! ,crag %ells 9 #ahdf by ! late ,edw>d ,=bes499 799 ,memoirs ( ! ,geological ,survey ,london #ahdf page #cia47 ,! mo/ s\!rn po9t to :i* ! m>9e b$s ( ! ,norwi* ,crag h yet be5 trac$ is at ,*illes=d1 ne> ,woodbridge1 9 ,suffolk1 ab\t #hj miles nor?-ea/ ( ,london1 :]e1 z ,messrs4 ,pre/wi* & ,se>les ,wood h po9t$ out199 !y exhibit decid$ m>ks ( hav+ be5 deposit$ 9 a sea ( a mu* l[] temp]ature ?an t n[ prevail+ 9 ! same latitude4 799 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society volume #e #ahdi page #cde47 ,out ( tw5ty-?ree %ells obta9$ 9 t locality f argillace\s /rata #bj feet ?ick1 two only1 namely1 ,nucula ,cobboldiae & ,tell9a obliqua1 are ext9ct1 & n a few ( ! o!r species1 su* z ,l$a lanceolata1 ,c>dium gro5l&icum1 ,luc9a borealis1 ,cypr9a isl&ica1 ,panopaea norvegica1 & ,mya truncata1 betray a nor!rn1 & "s ( !m an arctic "*4 ,^! ,*illes=d b$s are suppos$ to be some:at m mod]n ?an any ( ! purely m>9e /rata ( ! ,norwi* ,crag exhibit$ by ! sections ( ! ,norfolk cliffs nor?-we/ ( ,crom]1 :i* ,i am ab\t to describe4 ,yet !y probably prec$$ 9 date ! ,=e/ ,b$ & fluvio-m>9e deposits ( ^? same cliffs4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 ( no small importance 9 ref]5ce to ! *ronology ( ! glacial p]iod1 s9ce !y af=d evid5ce ( an assemblage ( fossil %ells ) a proportion ( betwe5 eight & n9e 9 a hundr$ ( ext9ct species occurr+ s f> s\? z latitude #ec degrees nor?1 & indicat+ s cold a climate z to imply t ! glacial p]iod comm5c$ be=e ! close ( ! ,plioc5e era4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bg4 ,succession ( ,/rata 7,,figure #bg4 ,,diagram ,,to ,,illu/rate ,,! ,,g5]al ,,succession ,,( ,,! ,,/rata ,,9 ,,! ,,norfolk ,,cliffs1 ,,ext5d+ ,,sev]al ,,miles ,,nor?-,,we/ ,,& ,,s\?-,,ea/ ,,( ,,crom]4 ,a4 ,site ( ,crom] ,jetty4 #a4 ,upp] ,*alk ) fl9ts 9 regul> /ratification4 #b4 ,norwi* ,crag1 ris+ f l[ wat] at ,crom] to ! top ( ! cliffs at ,weyb\rn1 sev5 miles di/ant4 #c4 ,=e/ ,b$1 ) /umps ( trees 9 situ & rema9s ( ,elephas m]idionalis1 ,e4 primig5ius1 ,e4 antiquus1 ,rh9oc]os etruscus1 etc4 ,?is b$ increases 9 dep? & ?ickness ea/w>d4 ,no ,crag 7,numb] #b7 kn[n ea/ ( ,crom] ,jetty4 #c prime4 ,fluvio-m>9e s]ies4 ,at ,crom] & ea/w>d1 ) abundant lignite b$s & mammalian rema9s1 & ) cones ( ! ,scot* & spruce firs & wood4 ,at ,runton1 nor?-we/ ( ,crom]1 exp&+ into a ?ick fre%wat] deposit1 ) ov]ly+ m>9e /rata1 else:]e consi/+ ( alt]nat+ s&s & clays1 tranquilly deposit$1 "s ) m>9e1 o!rs ) fre%wat] %ells4 #d4 ,b\ld] clay ( glacial p]iod1 ) f> transport$ erratics1 "s ( !m poli%$ & scrat*$1 #bj to #hj feet 9 ?ickness4 #e4 ,contort$ drift4 #f4 ,sup]ficial gravel & s& ) cov]+ ( vegetable soil47 ,! annex$ section 7,figure #bg7 w give a g5]al idea ( ! ord9>y succession ( ! ,plioc5e & ,plei/oc5e /rata :i* re/ ^u ! ,*alk 9 ! ,norfolk & ,suffolk cliffs4 ,^! cliffs v>y 9 height f fifty to above ?ree hundr$ feet4 ,at ! nor?-we/]n extremity ( ! section at ,weyb\rn 7beyond ! limits ( ! annex$ diagram71 & f !nce to ,crom]1 a di/ance ( #g miles1 ! ,norwi* ,crag1 a m>9e deposit1 reposes imm$iately ^u ! ,*alk4 ,a va/ majority ( its %ells are ( liv+ species su* z ,c>dium edule1 ,cypr9a isl&ica1 ,scal>ia gro5l&ica1 & ,fusus antiquus1 & "s few ext9ct1 z ,tell9a obliqua1 & ,nucula ,cobboldiae4 ,at ,crom] jetty ?is =mation ?9s out1 z express$ 9 ! diagram at ,a2 & to ! s\? we f9d ,numb] #c1 or :at is commonly call$ ! ,=e/ ,b$1 repos+ imm$iately ^u ! ,*alk1 & occupy+1 z x 71 ! place previ\sly held by ! m>9e ,crag ,numb] #b4 ,?is buri$ =e/ has be5 trac$ = m ?an #dj miles1 be+ expos$ at c]ta9 seasons & /ates ( ! bea* betwe5 high & l[ wat] m>k4 ,x ext5ds f ,crom] to ne> ,kess+l&1 & consi/s ( ! /umps ( num]\s trees /&+ erect1 ) _! roots atta*$ to !m1 & p5etrat+ 9 all directions into ! loam or anci5t vegetable soil on :i* !y grew4 ,!y m>k ! site ( a =e/ :i* exi/$ !re = a long "t1 s9ce1 besides ! erect trunks ( trees1 "s ( !m #b & #c feet 9 diamet]1 !re is a va/ accumulation ( vegetable matt] 9 ! imm$iately ov]ly+ clays4 ,?irty ye>s ago1 :5 ,i fir/ exam9$ ?is b$1 ,i saw _m trees1 ) _! roots 9 ! old soil1 laid op5 at ! base ( ! cliff ne> ,happisburgh2 & long be=e my visit1 o!r obs]v]s1 & among !m ! late ,mr4 ,j4,c4 ,taylor1 _h notic$ ! buri$ =e/4 ,( late ye>s x has be5 repeat$ly se5 at _m po9ts by ,mr4 ,gunn1 &1 aft] ! great /orms ( ! autumn ( #ahfa1 by ,mr4 ,k+4 ,9 ord] to expose ! /umps to view1 a va/ body ( s& & %+le mu/ be cle>$ away by ! =ce ( ! waves4 #ba ,z ! sea is always ga9+ on ! l&1 new sets ( trees are br\ght to light f "t to "t1 s t ! bread? z well z l5g? ( ! area ( anci5t =e/ l& seems to h be5 consid]able4 ,next above ,numb] #c1 we f9d a s]ies ( s&s & clays ) lignite 7,numb] #c prime71 sometimes #aj feet ?ick1 & conta9+ alt]nations ( fluviatile & m>9e /rata1 imply+ t ! old =e/ l&1 :i* may at fir/ h be5 consid]ably elevat$ above ! level ( ! sea1 _h sunk d[n s z to be occasionally ov]fl[$ by a riv]1 & at o!r times by ! salt wat]s ( an e/u>y4 ,!re 7 probably sev]al oscillations ( level :i* assi/$ 9 br++ ab\t ^! *anges1 dur+ :i* trees 7 (t5 uproot$ & laid pro/rate1 giv+ rise to lay]s ( lignite4 ,occasionally m>%es 7 =m$ & peaty matt] accumulat$1 aft] :i* salt wat] aga9 pr$om9at$1 s t species ( ,mytilus1 ,mya1 ,l$a1 & o!r m>9e g5]a1 liv$ 9 ! same area :]e ! ,unio1 ,cyclas1 & ,palud9a _h fl\ri%$ = a "t4 ,t ! m>9e %ells liv$ & di$ on ! spot1 & 7 n ?r[n up by ! waves dur+ a /orm1 is prov$1 z ,mr4 ,k+ has rem>k$1 by ! fact t at ,we/ ,runton1 nor?-we/ ( ,crom]1 ! ,mya truncata & ,l$a myalis are f\nd ) bo? valves unit$ & erect 9 ! loam1 all ) _! po/]ior or siphuncul> extremities upp]mo/4 ,?is attitude af=ds z good evid5ce to ! con*ologi/ t ^? mollusca liv$ & di$ on ! spot z ! upright position ( ! trees proves to ! botani/ t !re 0 a =e/ ov] ! ,*alk ea/ ( ,crom]4 ,betwe5 ! /umps ( ! buri$ =e/1 & 9 ! lignite above !m1 are _m well-pres]v$ cones ( ! ,scot* & spruce firs1 ,p9us sylve/ris1 & ,p9us abies4 ,! specific names ( ^! fossils 7 det]m9$ = me 9 #ahdj1 by a botani/ ( no less au?ority ?an ! late ,rob]t ,br[n2 & ,pr(essor ,he] has lately exam9$ a l>ge collection f ! same /ratum1 & recognis$ among ! cones ( ! spruce "s :i* _h only ! c5tral "p or axis rema9+1 ! re/ hav+ be5 bitt5 (f1 precisely 9 ! same mann] z :5 9 our woods ! squirrel has be5 fe$+ on ! se$s4 ,!re is also 9 ! =e/-b$ a great quantity ( res9 9 lumps1 resembl+ t ga!r$ = use1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,he]1 9 ,switz]l&1 f b5ea? spruce firs4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( "s ( ! plants & se$s :i* 7 collect$ by ! ,rev]5d ,s4,w4 ,k+1 9 #ahfa1 f ! =e/ b$ at ,happisburgh1 & nam$ by ,pr(essor ,he]3-- ,,plants ,,& ,,se$s ,,( ,,! ,,=e/ ,,& ,,lignite ,,b$s ,,bel[ ,,! ,,glacial ,,drift ,,( ,,! ,,norfolk ,,cliffs4 ,p9us sylve/ris1 ,scot* fir4 ,p9us abies1 spruce fir4 ,taxus baccata1 yew4 ,nuph> luteum1 yell[ wat]-lily4 ,c]atophyllum dem]sum1 hornwort4 ,potamogeton1 pondwe$4 ,prunus sp9osus1 common sloe4 ,m5yan!s trifoliata1 buckbean4 ,nymphaea alba1 :ite wat]-lily4 ,alnus1 ald]4 ,qu]cus1 oak4 ,betula1 bir*4 ,! insects1 s f> z !y are kn[n1 includ+ sev]al species ( ,donacia1 are1 l ! plants & fre%wat] %ells1 ( liv+ species4 ,x may be rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t ! ,scot* fir has be5 conf9$ 9 hi/orical times to ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 & ! spruce fir is n[h]e indig5\s 9 ,great ,brita94 ,! o!r plants are su* z might n[ be f\nd 9 ,norfolk1 & _m ( !m indicate f5ny or m>%y gr\nd499 799 ,mr4 ,k+ discov]$ 9 #ahfc1 9 ! =e/ b$1 sev]al rhizomes ( ! l>ge ,briti% f]n ,osmunda regalis1 ( su* dim5sions z !y are kn[n to atta9 9 m>%y places4 ,!y are di/+ui%able f ^? ( o!r ,briti% f]ns by ! peculi> arrangem5t ( ! vessels1 z se5 "u ! microscope 9 a cross section47 ,:5 we consid] ! famili> aspect ( ! flora1 ! accompany+ mammalia are c]ta9ly mo/ extraord9>y4 ,!re are no less ?an ?ree elephants1 a rh9oc]os & hippopotamus1 a l>ge ext9ct beav]1 & sev]al l>ge e/u>9e & m>9e mammalia1 su* z ! walrus1 ! n>:al1 & ! :ale4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( "s ( ! species ( :i* ! bones h be5 collect$ by ,messrs4 ,gunn & ,k+4 ,^? m>k$ 7a/]isk7 h be5 record$ by ,pr(essor ,ow5 9 8 ,briti% ,fossil ,mammalia4 ,^? m>k$ 7dagg]7 h be5 recognis$ by ! same au?ority 9 ! cab9ets ( ,messrs4 ,gunn & ,k+1 or 9 ! ,norwi* ,museum2 ! o!r ?ree are giv5 on ! au?ority ( ,dr4 ,falcon]4 ,,mammalia ,,( ,,! ,,=e/ ,,& ,,lignite ,,b$s ,,bel[ ,,! ,,glacial ,,drift ,,( ,,! ,,norfolk ,,cliffs4 ,elephas m]idionalis4 7a/]isk7 ,elephas primig5ius4 ,elephas antiquus4 ,rh9oc]os etruscus4 7a/]isk7 ,hippopotamus 7major874 7a/]isk7 ,sus scr(a4 7a/]isk7 ,equus 7fossilis874 7a/]isk7 ,ursus 7sp4874 7dagg]7 ,canis lupus4 7dagg]7 ,bison priscus4 7dagg]7 ,megac]os hib]nicus4 7a/]isk7 ,c]vus capreolus4 7dagg]7 ,c]vus t>&us4 7dagg]7 ,c]vus ,s$gwickii4 7a/]isk7 ,arvicola amphibia4 7a/]isk7 ,ca/or 7,trogon!rium7 ,cuvi]i4 7a/]isk7 ,ca/or europaeus4 7a/]isk7 ,palaeospalax magnus4 7dagg]7 ,tri*ecus rosm>us1 ,walrus4 7dagg]7 ,monodon monoc]os1 ,n>:al4 7dagg]7 ,bala5opt]a4 ,mr4 ,gunn in=ms me t ! v]tebrae ( two di/9ct :ales 7 f\nd 9 ! fluvio-m>9e b$s at ,bacton1 & t "o ( !m1 %[n to ,pr(essor ,ow51 is said by him to imply t ! animal 0 #fj feet long4 ,a n>:al's tusk 0 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,k+ ne> ,crom]1 & ! rema9s ( a walrus4 ,no less ?an ?ree species ( elephant1 z det]m9$ by ,dr4 ,falcon]1 h be5 obta9$ f ! /rata #c & #c prime1 ( :i*1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,k+1 ,e4 m]idionalis is ! mo/ common1 ! mammo? next 9 abundance1 & ! ?ird1 ,e4 antiquus1 comp>atively r>e4 ,! fre%wat] %ells accompany+ ! fossil quadrup$s1 above enum]at$1 are su* z n[ inhabit riv]s & ponds 9 ,engl&2 b among !m1 z at ,runton1 betwe5 ! =e/ b$ & ! glacial deposits1 a rem>kable v>iety ( ! ,cyclas amnica occurs 7,figure #bh71 id5tical ) t :i* accompanies ! ,elephas antiquus at ,il=d & ,grays 9 ! valley ( ! ,?ames4 ,all ! fre%wat] %ells ( ! b$s int]v5+ betwe5 ! ,=e/-b$ ,numb] #c1 & ! glacial =mation #d1 ,figure #bg1 are ( ,rec5t species4 ,z to ! small numb] ( m>9e %ells occurr+ 9 ! same fluvio-m>9e s]ies1 ,i h se5 none :i* belong$ to ext9ct species1 al?\gh "o or two h be5 cit$ by au?ors4 ,i am 9 d\bt1 !re=e1 :e!r to class ! =e/ b$ & ov]ly+ /rata z ,plei/oc5e1 or to consid] !m z b$s ( passage betwe5 ! ,plioc5e & ,plei/oc5e p]iods4 ,! fluvio-m>9e s]ies usually t]m9ates upw>ds 9 f9ely lam9at$ s&s & clays )\t fossils1 on :i* reposes ! b\ld] clay4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bh4 ,cyclas 7,,figure #bh4 ,cyclas 7,pisidium7 amnica v>48 ,! two middle figures are ( ! natural size47 ,?is =mation1 ,numb] #d1 is ( v v>y+ ?ickness4 ,its glacial "* is %[n1 n only by ! abs5ce ( /ratification1 & ! great size & angul>ity ( "s ( ! includ$ blocks ( di/ant orig91 b also by ! poli%$ & scrat*$ surfaces ( su* ( !m z are h>d en\gh to reta9 any m>k+s4 ,ne> ,crom]1 blocks ( granite f #f to #h feet 9 diamet] h be5 met )1 & small] ones ( sy5ite1 porphyry1 & trap1 besides ! wreck ( ! ,london ,clay1 ,*alk1 ,oolite1 & ,lias1 mix$ ) m anci5t fossilif]\s rocks4 ,erratics ( ,sc&9avian orig9 occur *iefly 9 ! l[] portions ( ! till4 ,i came to ! conclusion 9 #ahcd1 t !y _h really come f ,norway & ,sw$51 aft] hav+ 9 t ye> trac$ ! c\rse ( a cont9u\s /ream ( su* blocks f ^? c\ntries to ,d5m>k1 & across ! ,elbe1 ?r\gh ,we/phalia1 to ! bord]s ( ,holl&4 ,x is n surpris+ t !y %\ld !n reappe> on our ea/]n coa/ betwe5 ! ,twe$ & ! ,?ames1 regions n half s remote f p>ts ( ,norway z are _m ,russian erratics f ! s\rces :5ce !y came4 #bb ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bi4 ,cliff 7,,figure #bi4 ,,cliff #ej ,,feet ,,high ,,betwe5 ,,bacton ,,gap ,,& ,,mundesley4 ,section ?r\gh ,gravel 7top71 ,s&1 ,loam & ,till 7bottom747 ,accord+ to ! obs]vations ( ! ,rev]5d ,j4 ,gunn & ! late ,mr4 ,trimm]1 ! glacial drift 9 ! cliffs at ,l[e/(t consi/s ( two divisions1 ! l[] ( :i* ab\nds 9 ! ,sc&9avian blocks1 suppos$ to h come f ! nor?-ea/2 :ile ! upp]1 probably br\ght by a curr5t f ! nor?-we/1 conta9s *iefly fragm5ts ( ,oolitic rocks1 m roll$ ?an ^? ( ! l[] deposit4 ,! unit$ ?ickness ( ! two divisions1 )\t reckon+ "s int]pos$ lam9at$ b$s1 is #hj feet1 b x probably exce$s #ajj feet ne> ,happisburgh499 799 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society volume #g #ahea page #ba47 ,al?\gh ^! subdivisions ( ! drift may be only ( local importance1 !y help to %[ ! *anges ( curr5ts & o!r conditions1 & ! great lapse ( "t :i* ! accumulation ( s v>i$ a s]ies ( deposits mu/ h requir$4 ,! l[e/ "p ( ! glacial till1 re/+ on ! lam9at$ clays be=e m5tion$1 is v ev5 & regul>1 :ile its upp] surface is rem>kable = ! unev5ness ( its outl9e1 ow+ p>tly1 9 all likelihood1 to d5udation1 b /ill m to o!r causes pres5tly to be discuss$4 ,! ov]ly+ /rata ( s& & gravel1 ,numb] #e1 ,figure #bg1 (t5 display a mo/ s+ul> d]angem5t 9 _! /ratification1 :i* 9 _m places seems to h a v intimate relation to ! irregul>ities ( outl9e 9 ! subjac5t till4 ,!re are "s cases1 h[ev]1 :]e ! upp] /rata are mu* b5t1 :ile ! l[] b$s ( ! same s]ies h cont9u$ horizontal4 ,?us ! annex$ section 7,figure #bi7 repres5ts a cliff ab\t #ej feet high1 at ! bottom ( :i* is till1 or un/ratifi$ clay1 conta9+ b\ld]s1 hav+ an ev5 horizontal surface1 on :i* repose con=mably b$s ( lam9at$ clay & s& ab\t #e feet ?ick1 :i*1 9 _! turn1 are succe$$ by v]tical1 b5t1 & contort$ lay]s ( s& & loam #bj feet ?ick1 ! :ole be+ cov]$ by fl9t gravel4 ,! curves ( ! v>i\sly col\r$ b$s ( loose s&1 loam1 & pebbles1 are s complicat$ t n only may we sometimes f9d portions ( !m :i* ma9ta9 _! v]ticality to a height ( #aj or #ae feet1 b !y h also be5 fold$ ^u !mselves 9 su* a mann] t cont9u\s lay]s might be ?rice pi]c$ 9 "o p]p5dicul> bor+4 ,illu/ration3 ,figures #cj & #ca4 ,/rata 7,,figure #cj4 ,,fold+ ,,( ,,! ,,/rata ,,betwe5 ,,ea/ ,,& ,,we/ ,,runton47 7,,figure #ca4 ,,section ,,( ,,conc5tric ,,b$s ,,we/ ,,( ,,crom]4 #a4 ,blue clay4 #b4 ,:ite s&4 #c4 ,yell[ ,s&4 #d4 ,/rip$ loam & clay4 #e4 ,lam9at$ blue clay47 ,at "s po9ts !re is an app>5t fold+ ( ! b$s r\nd a c5tral nucleus1 z at a1 ,figure #cj1 :]e ! /rata seem b5t r\nd a small mass ( ,*alk1 or1 z 9 ,figure #ca1 :]e ! blue clay ,numb] #a is 9 ! c5tre2 & :]e ! o!r /rata #b1 #c1 #d1 #e are coil$ r\nd x2 ! entire mass be+ #bj feet 9 p]p5dicul> height4 ,?is appe>ance ( conc5tric arrangem5t ar\nd a nucleus is1 nev]!less1 delusive1 be+ produc$ by ! int]section ( b$s b5t into a convex %ape2 & t :i* seems ! nucleus be+1 9 fact1 ! inn]mo/ b$ ( ! s]ies1 :i* has become p>tially visible by ! removal ( ! protub]ant portions ( ! out] lay]s4 ,to ! nor? ( ,crom] are o!r f9e illu/rations ( contort$ drift repos+ on a floor ( ,*alk horizontally /ratifi$ & hav+ a level surface4 ,^! ph5om5a1 9 !mselves suffici5tly difficult ( explanation1 are r5d]$ /ill m anomal\s by ! occasional enclosure 9 ! drift ( huge fragm5ts ( ,*alk _m y>ds 9 diamet]4 ,"o /rik+ in/ance occurs we/ ( ,%]+ham1 :]e an enorm\s p9nacle ( ,*alk1 betwe5 #gj & #hj feet 9 height1 is flank$ on bo? sides by v]tical lay]s ( loam1 clay1 & gravel 7,figure #cb74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cb4 ,p9nacle ( ,*alk 7,,figure #cb4 ,,includ$ ,,p9nacle ,,( ,,*alk ,,at ,,old ,,hy! ,,po9t1 ,,we/ ,,( ,,%]+ham4 d4 ,*alk ) regul> lay]s ( fl9ts4 c4 ,lay] call$ ! pan1 ( ,*alk1 fl9ts1 & m>9e %ells ( ,rec5t species1 cem5t$ by oxide ( iron47 ,?is *alky fragm5t is only "o ( _m deta*$ masses :i* h be5 includ$ 9 ! drift1 & =c$ along ) x into _! pres5t position4 ,! level surface ( ! ,*alk 9 situ 7d7 may be trac$ = miles along ! coa/1 :]e x has escap$ ! viol5t movem5ts to :i* ! incumb5t drift has be5 expos$499 799 ,= a full acc\nt ( ! drift ( ,ea/ ,norfolk1 see a pap] by ! au?or1 ,philosophical ,magaz9e ,numb] #ajd ,may #ahdj47 ,we are call$ ^u1 !n1 to expla9 h[ any =ce c h be5 ex]t$ aga9/ ! upp] masses1 s z to produce movem5ts 9 :i* ! subjac5t /rata h n p>ticipat$4 ,x may be answ]$ t1 if we conceive ! till & its b\ld]s to h be5 drift$ to _! pres5t place by ice1 ! lat]al pressure may h be5 suppli$ by ! /r&+ ( ice-isl&s4 ,we le>n1 f ! obs]vations ( ,messrs4 ,dease & ,simpson 9 ! pol> regions1 t su* isl&s1 :5 !y run agr\nd1 pu% be=e !m l>ge m\nds ( %+le & s&4 ,x is !re=e probable t !y (t5 cause great alt]ations 9 ! arrangem5t ( pliant & incoh]5t /rata =m+ ! upp] "p ( %oals or subm]g$ banks1 ! inf]ior portions ( ! same rema9+ unmov$4 ,or _m ( ! complicat$ curvatures ( ^! lay]s ( loose s& & gravel may h be5 due to ano!r cause1 ! melt+ on ! spot ( ice-b]gs & coa/ ice 9 :i* successive deposits ( pebbles1 s&1 ice1 sn[1 & mud1 toge!r ) huge masses ( rock fall5 f cliffs1 may h become int]/ratifi$4 ,ice-isl&s s con/itut$ (t5 capsize :5 afloat1 & gravel once horizontal may h assum$1 be=e ! associat$ ice 0 melt$1 an incl9$ or v]tical position4 ,! pack+ ( ice =c$ up on a coa/ may lead to a simil> d]angem5t 9 a froz5 conglom]ate ( s& or %+le1 &1 z ,mr4 ,trimm] has sugge/$199 alt]nate lay]s ( e>?y matt] may h sunk d[n sl[ly dur+ ! liquefaction ( ! int]calat$ ice s z to assume ! mo/ fanta/ic & anomal\s positions1 :ile ! /rata bel[1 & ^? aft]w>ds ?r[n d[n above1 may be p]fectly horizontal 7see above74 799 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society volume #g #ahea pages #bb1 #cj47 ,9 mo/ cases :]e ! pr9cipal contortions ( ! lay]s ( gravel & s& h a decid$ correspond5ce ) deep ind5tations 9 ! und]ly+ till1 ! hypo!sis ( ! melt+ ( l>ge lumps & masses ( ice once mix$ up ) ! till af=ds ! mo/ natural explanation ( ! ph5om5a4 ,! quantity ( ice n[ se5 9 ! cliffs ne> ,behr+'s ,/raits1 9 :i* ! rema9s ( fossil elephants are common1 & ! huge fragm5ts ( solid ice :i* ,mey5dorf discov]$ 9 ,sib]ia1 aft] pi]c+ ?r\gh a consid]able ?ickness ( incumb5t soil1 free f ice1 is 9 fav\r ( su* an hypo!sis1 ! p>tial failure ( support necess>ily giv+ rise to fold+s 9 ! ov]ly+ & previ\sly horizontal lay]s1 z 9 ! case ( creeps 9 coal m9es499 799 ,see ,manual ( ,geology by ! au?or1 page #ea47 ,9 ! diagram ( ! cliffs at page #afg1 ! b5t & contort$ b$s ,numb] #e1 la/ allud$ to1 are repres5t$ z cov]$ by undi/urb$ b$s ( gravel & s& ,numb] #f4 ,^! are usually de/itute ( organic rema9s2 b at "s po9ts m>9e %ells ( ,rec5t species are said to h be5 f\nd 9 !m4 ,!y af=d evid5ce at _m po9ts ( repeat$ d5udation & r$eposition1 & may be ! monum5ts ( a long s]ies ( ages4 ,,mundesley ,,po/-,,glacial ,,fre%wat] ,,=mation4 ,9 ! range ( cliffs above describ$ at ,mundesley1 ab\t #h miles s\?-ea/ ( ,crom]1 a f9e example is se5 ( a fre%wat] =mation1 new] ?an all ^? already m5tion$1 a deposit :i* has fill$ up a depression holl[$ out ( all ! old] b$s #c1 #d1 & #e ( ! section ,figure #bg4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cc4 ,new] ,fre%wat] ,=mation 7,,figure #cc4 ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,new] ,,fre%wat] ,,=mation ,i ,n ,,! ,,cliffs ,,at ,,mundesley1 ,,eight ,,miles ,,s\?-,,ea/ ,,( ,,crom]1 ,,drawn ,,up ,,by ,,! ,,rev]5d ,s4,w4 ,,k+4 ,height ( cliff :]e l[e/1 #ce feet above high wat]4 ,,old] ,,s]ies4 #a4 ,fundam5tal ,*alk1 bel[ ! bea* l9e4 #c4 ,=e/ b$1 ) elephant1 rh9oc]os1 /ag1 etc41 & ) tree roots & /umps1 also bel[ ! bea* l9e4 #c prime4 ,f9ely lam9at$ s&s & clays1 ) ?9 lay] ( lignite1 & %ells ( ,cyclas & ,valvata1 & ) ,mytilus 9 "s b$s4 #d4 ,glacial b\ld] till4 #e4 ,contort$ drift4 #f4 ,gravel ov]ly+ contort$ drift4 ,n4,b4--,numb] #b ( ! section1 ,figure #bg1 is want+ "h4 ,,new] ,,fre%wat] ,,b$s4 ,a4 ,co>se riv] gravel1 ) %ells ( ,anodon1 ,valvata1 ,cyclas1 ,succ9ea1 ,limnaea1 ,palud9a1 etc41 se$s ( ,c]atophyllum dem]sum1 ,nuph> lutea1 scales & bones ( pike1 p]*1 salmon1 etc41 elytra ( ,donacia1 ,copris1 ,h>palus1 & o!r beetles4 ,c4 ,yell[ s&s4 ,d4 ,drift gravel47 ,:5 ,i exam9$ ?is l9e ( coa/ 9 #ahci1 ! section allud$ to 0 n s cle>ly laid op5 to view z x has be5 ( late ye>s1 & f9d+ at t p]iod n a few ( ! fossils 9 ! lignite b$s ,numb] #c prime above ! =e/ b$1 id5tical 9 species ) ^? f ! po/-glacial deposits ,b ,c1 ,i suppos$ ! :ole to h be5 ( contemporane\s orig91 & s describ$ !m 9 my pap] on ! ,norfolk cliffs499 799 ,philosophical ,magaz9e volume #af #ahdj page #cde47 ,mr4 ,gunn 0 ! fir/ to p]ceive ?is mi/ake1 :i* he expla9$ to me on ! spot :5 ,i revisit$ ,mundesley 9 ! autumn ( #ahei 9 company ) ,dr4 ,hook] & ,mr4 ,k+4 ,! la/-nam$ geologi/ has _h ! k9dness to draw up = me ! annex$ diagram 7,figure #cc7 ( ! v>i\s b$s :i* he has rec5tly /udi$ 9 detail499 799 ,mr4 ,pre/wi* has giv5 a correct acc\nt ( ?is section 9 a pap] read to ! ,briti% ,association1 ,ox=d1 #ahfj4 ,see ,! ,geologi/ volume #d #ahfa47 ,! =mations #c1 #d1 & #e already describ$1 ,figure #bg1 7 evid5tly once cont9u\s1 = !y may be foll[$ = miles nor?-we/ & s\?-ea/ )\t a break1 & always 9 ! same ord]4 ,a valley or riv] *annel 0 cut ?r\gh !m1 probably dur+ ! gradual upheaval ( ! c\ntry1 & ! holl[ became aft]w>ds ! receptacle ( ! comp>atively mod]n fre%wat] b$s ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 & ,d4 ,!y may well repres5t a silt$ up riv]-*annel1 :i* rema9$ = a "t 9 ! /ate ( a lake or m]e1 & 9 :i* ! black peaty mass ,b accumulat$ by a v sl[ gr[? ov] ! gravel ( ! riv]-b$ ,a4 ,9 ,b we f9d rema9s ( "s ( ! same plants :i* 7 enum]at$ z common 9 ! anci5t lignite 9 #c prime1 su* z ! yell[ wat]-lily & hornwort1 toge!r ) "s fre%wat] %ells :i* occur 9 ! same fluvio-m>9e s]ies #c prime4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cd4 ,palud9a m>g9ata 7,,figure #cd4 ,palud9a m>g9ata1 ,mi*aud 7,p4 m9uta1 ,/rickl&74 ,hydrobia m>g9ata499 799 ,?is %ell is said to h a sub-spiral op]culum 7n a conc5tric "o1 z 9 ,palud9a71 & !re=e to be ref]able to ! ,hydrobia1 a sub-g5us ( ,rissoa4 ,b ?is species is always associat$ ) fre%wat] %ells1 :ile ! ,rissoae frequ5t m>9e & bracki% wat]s47 ,! middle figure is ( ! natural size47 ,! only %ell :i* ,i f\nd n ref]able to a ,briti% species is ! m9ute ,palud9a1 ,figure #cd1 already allud$ to4 ,:5 ,i %[$ ! scales & tee? ( ! pike1 p]*1 roa*1 & salmon1 :i* ,i obta9$ f ?is =mation1 to ,m4 ,agassiz1 he ?\ght !y v>i$ s mu* f _! ne>e/ liv+ repres5tatives t !y might rank z di/9ct species2 b ,mr4 ,y>rell d\bt$ ! propriety ( s di/+ui%+ !m4 ,! insects1 l ! %ells & plants1 are id5tical1 s f> z !y are kn[n1 ) liv+ ,briti% species4 ,no progress has yet be5 made at ,mundesley 9 discov]+ ! contempor>y mammalia4 ,by ref]r+ to ! description & section be=e giv5 ( ! fre%wat] deposit at ,hoxne1 ! read] w at once p]ceive ! /rik+ analogy ( ! ,mundesley & ,hoxne deposits1 ! latt] s productive ( fl9t implem5ts ( ! ,ami5s type4 ,bo? ( !m1 l ! ,b$=d gravel ) fl9t tools & ! bones ( ext9ct mammalia1 are po/-glacial4 ,x w also be se5 t a long s]ies ( ev5ts1 accompani$ by *anges 9 physical geography1 int]v5$ betwe5 ! =e/ b$1 ,numb] #c1 ,figure #bg1 :5 ! ,elephas m]idionalis fl\ri%$1 & ! p]iod ( ! ,mundesley fluviatile b$s ,a1 ,b1 ,c2 j z 9 ,france ,i h %[n t ! same ,e4 m]idionalis belong$ to a sy/em ( dra9age diff]5t f & ant]ior to t ) :i* ! fl9t implem5ts ( ! old alluvium ( ! ,somme & ! ,se9e 7 connect$4 ,be=e ! gr[? ( ! anci5t =e/1 ,numb] #c1 ,figure #cc1 ! ,ma/odon arv]n5sis1 a l>ge proboscidian1 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,norwi* ,crag1 appe>s to h di$ out1 or to h become sc>ce1 z no rema9s ( x h yet be5 f\nd 9 ! ,norfolk cliffs4 ,!re 01 no d\bt1 "t = o!r modifications 9 ! mammalian fauna betwe5 ! era ( ! m>9e b$s1 ,numb] #b1 ,figure #bg 7! %ells ( :i* imply p]man5t subm]g5ce b5ea? ! sea71 & ! accumulation ( ! upp]mo/ ( ! fluvio-m>9e1 & lignite b$s1 ,numb] #c prime1 :i* ov]lie bo? ,numb]s #c & #b1 or ! buri$ =e/ & ! ,crag4 ,9 ! int]val we mu/ suppose repeat$ oscillations ( level1 dur+ :i* l& cov]$ ) trees1 an e/u>y ) its fre%wat] %ells1 & ! sea ) its ,mya truncata & o!r mollusca /ill reta9+ _! erect position1 ga9$ by turns ! asc5d5cy4 ,^! *anges 7 accompani$ by "s d5udation foll[$ by a gr& subm]g5ce ( sev]al hundr$ feet1 probably br\ght ab\t sl[ly1 & :5 float+ ice aid$ 9 transport+ erratic blocks f great di/ances4 ,! glacial till ,numb] #d !n orig9at$1 & ! gravel & s&s ,numb] #e 7 aft]w>ds sup]impos$ on ! b\ld] clay1 fir/ 9 horizontal b$s1 :i* became subsequ5tly contort$4 ,^! 7 cov]$ 9 _! turn by o!r lay]s ( gravel & s&1 ,numb] #f1 ,figures #bg & #cc1 ! d[nw>d movem5t /ill cont9u+4 ,! entire ?ickness ( ! b$s above ! ,*alk at "s po9ts ne> ! coa/1 & ! height at :i* !y n[ are rais$1 are su* z to %[ t ! subsid5ce ( ! c\ntry aft] ! gr[? ( ! =e/ b$ exce$$ #djj feet4 ,! re-elevation mu/ h am\nt$ to ne>ly z _m feet1 z ! site ( ! anci5t =e/1 orig9ally sub-a]ial1 has be5 br\ght up aga9 to )9 a few feet ( high-wat] m>k4 ,la/ly1 aft] all ^! ev5ts1 & probably dur+ ! f9al process ( em]g5ce1 ! valley 0 scoop$ out 9 :i* ! new] fre%wat] /rata ( ,mundesley1 ,figure #cc1 7 gradually deposit$4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ?is succession ( geographical *anges1 ! flora & inv]tebrate fauna ( ,europe appe> to h und]gone no important revolution 9 _! specific *>act]s4 ,! plants ( ! =e/ b$ belong$ already to :at has be5 call$ ! ,g]manic flora4 ,! mollusca1 ! insects1 & ev5 "s ( ! mammalia1 su* z ! ,european beav] & roebuck1 7 ! same z ^? n[ co-exi/+ ) ,man4 ,yet ! olde/ memorials ( our species at pres5t discov]$ 9 ,great ,brita9 are po/-glacial1 or po/]ior 9 date to ! b\ld] clay1 ,numb] #d1 ,figures #bg & #cc4 ,! position ( ! ,hoxne fl9t implem5ts corresponds ) t ( ! ,mundesley b$s1 f ,a to ,d1 ,figure #cc1 & ! mo/ likely /ratum 9 :i* to f9d h]eaft] fl9t tools is no d\bt ! gravel ,a ( t section1 :i* has all ! appe>ance ( an old riv]-b$4 ,no fl9t tools h yet be5 obs]v$ !re1 b _h ! old alluvium ( ,ami5s or ,abbeville occurr$ 9 ! ,norfolk cliffs in/ead ( ! valley ( ! ,somme1 & _h we dep5d$ on ! waves ( ! sea in/ead ( ! lab\r ( _m hundr$ workm5 cont9u$ = tw5ty ye>s1 = expos+ ! fl9t implem5ts to view1 we might h rema9$ ignorant to ?is day ( ! fossil relics br\ght to light by ,m4 ,b\*] de ,p]!s & ^? :o h foll[$ up 8 rese>*es4 ,nei!r ne$ we despair ( "o day meet+ ) ! signs ( ,man's exi/5ce 9 ! =e/ b$ ,numb] #c1 or 9 ! ov]ly+ /rata #c prime1 on ! gr\nd ( any uncong5iality 9 ! climate or incongruity 9 ! /ate ( ! animate creation ) ! well-be+ ( our species4 ,= ! pres5t we mu/ be cont5t to wait & consid] t we h made no inve/igations :i* entitle u to wond] t ! bones or /one weapons ( ! era ( ! ,elephas m]idionalis h fail$ to come to light4 ,if any su* lie hid 9 ^? /rata1 & %\ld h]eaft] be reveal$ to u1 !y w\ld c>ry back ! antiquity ( ,man to a di/ance ( "t probably m ?an twice z great z t :i* sep>ates our era f t ( ! mo/ anci5t ( ! tool-be>+ gravels yet discov]$ 9 ,pic>dy1 or else:]e4 ,b ev5 !n ! read] w p]ceive t ! age ( ,man1 ?\gh pre-glacial1 w\ld be s mod]n 9 ! great geological cal5d>1 z giv5 9 ,*apt] #a1 t he w\ld sc>cely date s f> back z ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod4 ,,*apt] #ac4 -- ,,*ronological ,,relations ,,( ,,! ,,glacial ,,p]iod ,,& ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,signs ,,( ,,man',s ,,appe>ance ,,9 ,,europe4 ,*ronological ,relations ( ! ,close ( ! ,glacial ,p]iod & ! e>lie/ geological ,signs ( ! ,appe>ance ( ,man4 ,effects ( ,glaci]s & ,iceb]gs 9 poli%+ & scor+ ,rocks4 ,sc&9avia once encru/$ ) ,ice l ,gre5l&4 ,outw>d ,movem5t ( ,cont95tal ,ice 9 ,gre5l&4 ,mild ,climate ( ,gre5l& 9 ! ,mioc5e ,p]iod4 ,erratics ( ,rec5t ,p]iod 9 ,sw$54 ,glacial ,/ate ( ,sw$5 9 ! ,plei/oc5e ,p]iod4 ,scotl& =m]ly encru/$ ) ,ice4 ,its subsequ5t ,subm]g5ce & ,re-elevation4 ,late/ ,*anges produc$ by ,glaci]s 9 ,scotl&4 ,rema9s ( ! ,mammo? & ,re9de] 9 ,scot* ,b\ld] ,clay4 ,p>allel ,roads ( ,gl5 ,roy =m$ 9 ,glaci] ,lakes4 ,comp>atively mod]n ,date ( ^! ,%elves4 ,! *ronological relations ( ! human & glacial p]iods 7 frequ5tly allud$ to 9 ! la/ *apt]1 & ! sections obta9$ ne> ,b$=d1 & at ,hoxne1 9 ,suffolk1 & a g5]al view ( ! ,norfolk cliffs1 h taught u t ! e>lie/ signs ( ,man's appe>ance 9 ! ,briti% isles1 hi!rto detect$1 are ( po/-glacial date4 ,we may n[ !re=e inquire :e!r ! peopl+ ( ,europe by ! human race & by ! mammo? & o!r mammalia n[ ext9ct1 0 br\ght ab\t dur+ ! conclud+ phases ( ! glacial epo*4 ,al?\gh x may be impossible 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k to come to a positive conclusion on ?is head1 ,i "k ( no inquiry bett] fitt$ to cle> up our views respect+ ! geological /ate ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e at ! "t :5 ! fabricators ( ! fl9t implem5ts ( ! ,ami5s type fl\ri%$4 ,i %all !re=e n[ proce$ to consid] ! *ronological relations ( t anci5t p ) ! f9al retreat ( ! glaci]s f ! m\nta9s ( ,sc&9avia1 ,scotl&1 ,wales1 & ,switz]l&4 ,,sup]ficial ,,m>k+s ,,& ,,deposits ,,left ,,by ,,glaci]s ,,& ,,iceb]gs4 ,9 ord] fully to discuss ?is "q1 ,i mu/ beg9 by ref]r+ to "s ( ! newe/ !oretical op9ions ent]ta9$ on ! glacial "q4 ,:5 treat+ ( ?is subject 9 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 *apt] #ae1 & 9 ! ,manual 7or ,elem5ts7 ( ,geology1 *apt] #aa1 ,i h /at$ t ! :ole mass ( ! ice 9 a glaci] is 9 con/ant motion1 & t ! blocks ( /one deta*$ f b\nd>y precipices1 & ! mud & s& swept d[n by avalan*es ( sn[1 or by ra9 f ! surr\nd+ heights1 are lodg$ ^u ! surface & sl[ly borne along 9 l5g!n$ m\nds1 call$ 9 ,switz]l& mora9es4 ,^! accumulations ( rocky fragm5ts & detrital matt] are left at ! t]m9ation ( ! glaci]1 :]e x melts 9 a confus$ heap call$ ! t]m9al mora9e1 :i* is un/ratifi$1 because all ! blocks1 l>ge & small1 z well z ! s& & ! f9e/ mud1 are c>ri$ to equal di/ances & quietly deposit$ 9 a confus$ mass )\t be+ subject$ to ! sort+ p[] ( runn+ wat]1 :i* w\ld convey ! f9] mat]ials f>!r ?an ! co>s] ones1 & w\ld produce1 z ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t v>i$ f "t to "t 9 ! same place1 a /ratifi$ arrangem5t4 ,9 ^? regions :]e glaci]s rea* ! sea1 & :]e l>ge masses ( ice break (f & float away1 mora9es1 su* z ,i h j allud$ to1 may be transport$ to indef9ite di/ances1 & may be deposit$ on ! bottom ( ! sea :]ev] ! ice happ5s to melt4 ,if ! liquefaction take place :5 ! b]g has run agr\nd & is /ation>y1 & if !re be no curr5t1 ! heap ( angul> & r\nd$ /ones1 mix$ ) s& & mud1 may fall to ! bottom 9 an un/ratifi$ =m call$ till 9 ,scotl&1 & :i* has be5 %[n 9 ! la/ *apt] to ab\nd 9 ! ,norfolk cliffs2 b %\ld ! action ( a curr5t int]v5e at c]ta9 po9ts or at c]ta9 seasons1 !n ! mat]ials w be sort$ z !y fall1 & arrang$ 9 lay]s accord+ to _! relative weight & size4 ,h5ce !re w be passages f till to /ratifi$ clay1 gravel1 & s&4 ,"s ( ! blocks ( /one ) :i* ! surfaces ( glaci]s are load$1 fall+ occasionally ?r\gh fissures 9 ! ice1 get fix$ & froz5 into ! bottom ( ! mov+ mass1 & are pu%$ along "u x4 ,9 ?is position1 be+ subject$ to great pressure1 !y scoop out long rectil9e> furr[s or grooves p>allel to ea* o!r on ! subjac5t solid rock4 ,small] scrat*es & /riae are made on ! poli%$ surface by cry/als or project+ edges ( ! h>de/ m9]als1 j z a diamond cuts glass4 ,9 all c\ntries ! fundam5tal rock on :i* ! b\ld] =mation reposes1 if x consi/s ( granite1 gneiss1 m>ble1 or o!r h>d /one capable ( p]man5tly reta9+ any sup]ficial m>k+s :i* may h be5 impr9t$ ^u x1 is smoo!d or poli%$1 & exhibits p>allel /riae & furr[s hav+ a det]m9ate direction4 ,?is prevail+ direction1 bo? 9 ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica1 is evid5tly connect$ ) ! c\rse tak5 by ! erratic blocks 9 ! same di/rict1 & is v commonly f nor? to s\?1 or if x be tw5ty or ?irty or m degrees to ! ea/ or we/ ( nor?1 /ill always corresponds to ! direction 9 :i* ! l>ge angul> & r\nd$ /ones h travell$4 ,^! /ones !mselves also are (t5 furr[$ & scrat*$ on m ?an "o side1 l ^? already spok5 ( z occurr+ 9 ! glacial drift ( ,b$=d1 & 9 t ( ,norfolk4 ,:5 we contemplate ! area :i* is n[ expos$ to ! abrad+ action ( ice1 or :i* is ! receptacle ( mora9e matt] ?r[n d[n f melt+ glaci]s or b]gs1 we at once p]ceive t ! subm>9e area is ! mo/ ext5sive ( ! two4 ,! numb] ( l>ge iceb]gs :i* float annually to great di/ances 9 ! nor!rn & s\!rn hemisph]es is extremely great1 & ! quantity ( /one & mud :i* !y c>ry ab\t ) !m enorm\s4 ,"s float+ isl&s ( ice h be5 met ) f #b to #e miles 9 l5g?1 & f #ajj to #bbe feet 9 height above wat]1 ! subm]g$ portion1 accord+ to ! weight ( ice relatively to sea wat]1 be+ f six to eight times m consid]able ?an ! "p :i* is visible4 ,su* masses1 :5 !y run agr\nd on ! bottom ( ! sea1 mu/ ex]t a prodigi\s me*anical p[]1 & may poli% & groove ! subjac5t rocks aft] ! mann] ( glaci]s on ! l&4 ,h5ce !re w (t5 be no small difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! effects ( ! subm>9e & supram>9e ag5cy ( ice4 ,,sc&9avia ,,once ,,cov]$ ,,) ,,ice1 ,,& ,a ,,c5tre ,,( ,,disp]sion ,,( ,,erratics4 ,9 ! nor? ( ,europe1 along ! bord]s ( ! ,baltic1 :]e ! b\ld] =mation is cont9u\s = hundr$s ( miles ea/ & we/1 x has be5 long kn[n t ! erratic blocks1 (t5 ( v l>ge size1 are ( nor!rn orig94 ,"s ( !m h come f ,norway & ,sw$51 o!rs f ,f9l&1 & _! pres5t di/ribution implies t !y 7 c>ri$ s\?w>ds1 = a "p at lea/ ( _! way1 by float+ ice1 at a "t :5 mu* ( ! area ov] :i* !y are scatt]$ 0 "u wat]4 ,b x appe>s f ! obs]vations ( ,boetl+k1 9 #ahdj1 & ^? ( m rec5t inquir]s1 t :ile _m blocks h travell$ to ! s\?1 o!rs h be5 c>ri$ nor?w>ds1 or to ! %ores ( ! ,pol> ,sea1 & o!rs nor?-ea/w>d1 or to ^? ( ! ,:ite ,sea4 ,9 fact1 !y h w&]$ t[>ds all po9ts ( ! compass1 f ! m\nta9s ( ,sc&9avia z a c5tre1 & ! rectil9e> furr[s impr9t$ by !m on ! poli%$ surfaces ( ! m\nta9s :]e ! rocks are h>d en\gh to reta9 su* m>k+s1 radiate 9 all directions1 or po9t outw>ds f ! highe/ l&1 9 a mann] correspond+ to ! c\rse ( ! erratics above m5tion$499 799 ,sir ,r4,i4 ,mur*ison1 9 8 ,russia & ! ,ural ,m\nta9s 7#ahde7 has indicat$ on a map n only ! s\!rn limits ( ! ,sc&9avian drift1 b by arr[s ! direction 9 :i* x proce$$ ecc5trically f a common c5tral region47 ,be=e ! glacial !ory 0 adopt$1 ! ,sw$i% & ,norwegian geologi/s speculat$ on a great flood1 or ! sudd5 ru% ( an enorm\s body ( wat] *>g$ ) mud & /ones1 desc5d+ f ! c5tral heights or wat]%$ into ! adjo9+ l[] l&s4 ,! erratic blocks 7 suppos$ 9 _! d[nw>d passage to h smoo!d & /riat$ ! rock surfaces ov] :i* !y 7 =c$ along4 ,x w\ld be a wa/e ( "t1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce1 to controv]t ?is hypo!sis1 z x is n[ admitt$ t ev5 if ! ru% ( a diluvial curr5t1 inv5t$ = ! occasion & :olly )\t analogy 9 ! kn[n c\rse ( nature1 be grant$1 x w\ld be inadequate to expla9 ! uni=mity1 p>allelism1 p]si/5cy1 & rectil9e>ity ( ! s-call$ glacial furr[s4 ,x is moreov] asc]ta9$ t heavy masses ( rock1 n fix$ 9 ice1 & mov+ z freely z !y d :5 simply swept along by a muddy curr5t1 d n give rise to su* scrat*es & furr[s4 ,m4 ,kj]ulf ( ,*ri/iania1 9 a pap] lately communicat$ to ! ,geological ,society ( ,b]l9199 has object$1 & p]haps ) reason1 to :at he consid]s ! undue ext5t to :i* ,i h1 9 "s ( my writ+s1 suppos$ ! m\nta9s ( nor!rn ,europe1 to h be5 subm]g$ dur+ ! glacial p]iod4 799 ,zeits*rift d] ,deuts*5 ,geologis*5 ,gesells*aft ,b]l9 #ahfj47 ,he rem>ks t ! signs ( glacial action on ! ,sc&9avian m\nta9s asc5d z high z #fjjj feet1 :]eas fossil m>9e %ells ( ! same p]iod nev] rea* elevations exce$+ #fjj feet4 ,! l&1 he says1 may h be5 mu* high] ?an x n[ is1 b x has evid5tly n be5 mu* l[] s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! glacial p]iod1 or m>9e %ells w\ld be traceable to m elevat$ po9ts4 ,9 reg>d to ! abs5ce ( m>9e %ells1 ,i %all po9t out 9 ! sequel h[ small is ! dep5d5ce we c place on ?is k9d ( negative evid5ce1 if we desire to te/ by x ! ext5t to :i* ! l& has be5 subm]g$4 ,i _c !re=e cons5t to limit ! probable depression & re-elevation ( ,sc&9avia to #fjj feet4 ,b t ! l>g] "p ( ! glaciation ( t c\ntry has be5 supram>9e1 ,i am will+ to conc$e4 ,9 support ( ?is view ,m4 ,kj]ulf obs]ves t ! direction ( ! furr[s & /riae1 produc$ by glacial abrasion1 nei!r con=ms to a g5]al movem5t ( float+ ice f ! ,pol> regions1 nor to ! %ape ( ! exi/+ valleys1 z x w\ld d if x _h be5 caus$ by indep5d5t glaci]s g5]at$ 9 ! high] valleys aft] ! l& _h acquir$ its actual %ape4 ,_! g5]al arrangem5t & app>5t irregul>ities are1 he cont5ds1 mu* m 9 accordance ) ! hypo!sis ( !re hav+ be5 at "o "t a univ]sal cov]+ ( ice ov] ! :ole ( ,norway & ,sw$51 l t n[ exi/+ 9 ,gre5l&1 :i*1 be+ annually recruit$ by fre% falls ( sn[1 0 cont9ually press+ outw>ds & d[nw>ds to ! coa/ & l[] regions1 aft] cross+ _m ( ! l[] ridges1 & hav+ no relation to ! m9or depressions1 :i* 7 all *ok$ up ) ice & r$uc$ to "o uni=m level4 ,,cont95tal ,,ice ,,( ,,gre5l&4 ,9 support ( ?is view1 he appeals to ! admirable description ( ! cont95tal ice ( ,gre5l&1 lately publi%$ by ,dr4 ,h4 ,r9k ( ,cop5hag5199 :o resid$ ?ree or f\r ye>s 9 ! ,dani% settlem5ts 9 ,baff9's ,bay1 on ! we/ coa/ ( ,gre5l&1 betwe5 latitudes #fi & #gc degrees nor?4 799 ,j\rnal ( ,royal ,geographical ,society volume #bc #ahec page #ade47 ,9 t c\ntry1 ! l&1 says ,dr4 ,r9k1 may be divid$ into two regions1 ! 'inl&' & ! 'outskirts4' ,! 'inl&1' :i* is #hjj miles f we/ to ea/1 & ( mu* great] l5g? f nor? to s\?1 is a va/ unkn[n cont95t1 buri$ "u "o cont9u\s & colossal mass ( p]man5t ice1 :i* is always mov+ seaw>d1 b a small proportion only ( x 9 an ea/]ly direction1 s9ce ne>ly ! :ole desc5ds t[>ds ,baff9's ,bay4 ,at ! heads ( ! fjords :i* int]sect ! coa/1 ! ice is se5 to rise some:at abruptly f ! level ( ! sea to ! height ( #bjjj feet1 beyond :i* ! ice ( ! int]ior rises cont9u\sly z f> z ! eye c rea*1 & to an unkn[n altitude4 ,all m9or ridges & valleys are levell$ & conceal$1 b "h & !re /eep m\nta9s protrude abruptly f ! icy slope1 & a few sup]ficial l9es ( /ones or mora9es are visible at seasons :5 no rec5t sn[ has fall54 #bc ,al?\gh all ! ice is mov+ seaw>d1 ! greate/ quantity is dis*>g$ at ! heads ( c]ta9 l>ge fjords1 usually ab\t #d miles wide1 :i*1 if ! climate 7 mild]1 w\ld be ! outlet ( z _m great riv]s4 ,?r\gh ^! ! ice is n[ protrud$ 9 huge blocks1 sev]al miles wide1 & f #ajjj to #aejj feet 9 height or ?ickness4 ,:5 ^! masses rea* ! fjords1 !y d n melt or break up into fragm5ts1 b cont9ue _! c\rse 9 a solid =m 9 ! salt wat]1 grat+ along ! rocky bottom1 :i* !y mu/ poli% & score at dep?s ( hundr$s & ev5 ( m ?an #ajjj feet4 ,at l5g?1 :5 !re is wat] en\gh to float !m1 huge portions1 hav+ brok5 (f1 fill ,baff9's ,bay ) iceb]gs ( a size exce$+ any :i* c\ld be produc$ by ord9>y valley glaci]s4 ,/ones1 s&1 & mud are sometimes includ$ 9 ^! b]gs :i* float d[n ,baff9's ,bay4 ,at "s po9ts1 :]e ! ice ( ! int]ior ( ,gre5l& rea*es ! coa/1 ,dr4 ,r9k saw mighty spr+s ( clayey wat] issu+ f "u ! edge ( ! ice ev5 9 w9t]1 %[+ ! gr9d+ action ( ! glacial mass mix$ ) s& on ! subjac5t surface ( ! rocks4 ,! outskirts1 :]e ! ,dani% colonies are /ation$1 consi/ ( num]\s isl&s1 ( :i* ,disco isl& is ! l>ge/ 9 latitude #gj degrees nor?1 & ( _m p59sulas1 ) fjords f #ej to #ajj miles long1 runn+ into ! l&1 & ?r\gh :i* ! ice above allud$ to passes on its way to ! bay4 ,?is area is #cj1 #jjj squ>e miles 9 ext5t1 & conta9s 9 x "s m\nta9s #djjj feet to #ejjj feet high4 ,! p]petual sn[ usually beg9s at ! height ( #bjjj feet1 bel[ :i* level ! l& is = ! mo/ "p free f sn[ betwe5 ,june & ,augu/1 & supports a vegetation ( sev]al hundr$ species ( fl[]+ plants1 :i* rip5 _! se$s be=e ! w9t]4 ,!re are ev5 "s places :]e phan]ogam\s plants h be5 f\nd at an elevation ( #dejj feet2 a fact :i*1 :5 we reflect on ! imm$iate vic9ity ( s l>ge & l(ty a region ( cont95tal ice 9 ! same latitude1 well des]ves ! att5tion ( ! geologi/1 :o %\ld also be> 9 m9d1 t :ile ! ,danes are settl$ to ! we/ 9 ! outskirts1 !re exi/s1 due ea/ ( ! mo/ s\!rn portion ( ?is ice-cov]$ cont95t1 at ! di/ance ( ab\t #abjj miles1 ! home ( ! ,lapl&]s ) _! re9de]1 be>s1 wolves1 seals1 walruses1 & :ales4 ,if1 !re=e1 !re are geological gr\nds = suspect+ t ,sc&9avia or ,scotl& or ,wales 0 ev] 9 ! same glacial condition z ,gre5l& n[ is1 we mu/ n imag9e t ! contemporane\s fauna & flora 7 ev]y:]e poor & /unt$1 or t !y may n1 especially at ! di/ance ( a few hundr$ miles 9 a ,,s\?w>d direction1 h be5 v luxuriant4 #bd ,ano!r s]ies ( obs]vations made by ,capta9 ,graah1 dur+ a survey ( ,gre5l& betwe5 #ahbc & #ahbi1 & by ,dr4 ,p+el 9 #ahcj-cb1 adds n a little to ! geological int]e/ ( ! outskirts1 9 _! be>+ on glacial ph5om5a ( anci5t date4 ,^? ,dani% inve/igators1 ) "o ( :om1 ,dr4 ,p+el1 ,i conv]s$ at ,cop5hag5 9 #ahcd1 asc]ta9$ t ! :ole coa/ f latitude #fj to ab\t #gj degrees nor? has be5 subsid+ = ! la/ f\r c5turies1 s t "s anci5t piles driv5 into ! bea* to support ! boats ( ! settl]s h be5 gradually subm]g$1 & wood5 build+s h _h to be repeat$ly %ift$ f>!r inl&499 799 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology *apt] #cj47 ,9 ,norway & ,sw$51 in/ead ( su* a subsid+ movem5t1 ! l& is sl[ly ris+2 b we h only to suppose t =m]ly1 :5 x 0 cov]$ l ,gre5l& ) cont95tal ice1 x sank at ! rate ( sev]al feet 9 a c5tury1 & we %all be able to expla9 :y m>9e deposits are f\nd above ! level ( ! sea1 & :y ^! g5]ally ov]lie poli%$ & /riat$ surfaces ( rock4 ,we "k t ,gre5l& 0 n always cov]$ ) sn[ & ice1 = :5 we exam9e ! ,t]ti>y /rata ( ,disco ,isl& 7( ! ,upp] ,mioc5e p]iod7 we discov] !re a multitude ( fossil plants1 :i* demon/rate t1 l _m o!r p>ts ( ! arctic regions1 x =m]ly enjoy$ a mild & g5ial climate4 ,among ! fossils br\ght f t isl&1 latitude #gj degrees nor?1 ,pr(essor ,he] has recognis$ ,sequoia ,langsdorfii1 a conif]\s species :i* fl\ri%$ ?r\gh\t a great "p ( ,europe 9 ! ,mioc5e p]iod1 & is v closely alli$ to ! liv+ ,sequoia semp]vir5s ( ,cali=nia4 ,! same plant has be5 f\nd fossil by ,sir ,john ,ri*>dson )9 ! arctic circle1 f> to ! we/ on ! ,mack5zie ,riv]1 ne> ! entrance ( ,be> ,riv]1 also by "s ,dani% naturali/s 9 ,icel& to ! ea/4 ,! ,icel&ic surturbr&1 or lignite1 ( ?is age has also yield$ a ri* h>ve/ ( plants1 m ?an ?irty-"o ( !m1 accord+ to ,/e5/rup & ,he]1 9 a good /ate ( pres]vation1 & no less ?an fifte5 specifically id5tical ) ,mioc5e plants ( ,europe4 ,?irte5 ( ! numb] are arboresc5t2 & among/ o!rs is a tulip-tree 7,liriod5dron71 ) its fruit & *>act]i/ic leaves1 a plane 7,platanus71 a walnut1 & a v9e1 af=d+ unmi/akable evid5ce ( a climate 9 ! p>allel ( ! arctic circle :i* precludes ! supposition ( glaci]s !n exi/+ 9 ! neighb\rhood1 /ill less any g5]al cru/ ( cont95tal ice1 l t ( ,gre5l&499 799 ,he]1 ,re*]*es sur la ,vegetation du ,pays t]tiaire etc4 #ahfa page #agh47 ,z ! old] ,plioc5e flora ( ! ,t]ti>y /rata ( ,italy1 l ! %ells ( ! ,corall9e ,crag1 be=e adv]t$ to1 ,*apt] #ab1 indicate a temp]ature mild] ?an t n[ prevail+ 9 ,europe1 ?\gh n s w>m z t ( ! ,upp] ,mioc5e p]iod1 x is probable t ! accumulation ( sn[ & glaci]s on ! m\nta9s & valleys ( ,gre5l& did n beg9 till aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,plioc5e p]iod1 & may n h rea*$ its maximum until ! close ( t p]iod4 ,norway & ,sw$5 appe> to h pass$ ?r\gh all ! successive phases ( glaciation :i* ,gre5l& has exp]i5c$1 & o!rs :i* t c\ntry w "o day und]go1 if ! climate :i* x =m]ly enjoy$ %\ld ev] be re/or$ to x4 ,!re mu/ h be5 fir/ a p]iod ( sep>ate glaci]s 9 ,sc&9avia1 !n a ,gre5l&ic /ate ( cont95tal ice1 & ?irdly1 :5 t dim9i%$1 a second p]iod ( enorm\s sep>ate glaci]s fill+ _m a valley n[ wood$ ) fir & bir*4 ,la/ly1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,gulf ,/ream1 & v>i\s *anges 9 ! height & ext5t ( l& 9 ! arctic circle1 a melt+ ( ne>ly all ! p]man5t ice betwe5 latitudes #fj & #gj nor?1 correspond+ to ! p>allels ( ! cont95tal ice ( ,gre5l&1 has occurr$1 s t we h n[ to g f>!r nor? ?an latitude #gj degrees be=e we enc\nt] any glaci] com+ d[n to ! sea coa/4 ,among o!r signs ( ! la/ retreat ( ! ext9ct glaci]s1 ,kj]ulf & o!r au?ors describe l>ge transv]se mora9es left 9 _m ( ! ,norwegian & ,sw$i% gl5s4 ,,*ronological ,,relations ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,& ,,glacial ,,p]iods ,,9 ,,sw$54 ,we may n[ consid] :e!r any1 & :at "p1 ( ^! *anges 9 ,sc&9avia may h be5 witness$ by ,man4 ,9 ,sw$51 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ,upsala1 ,i obs]v$1 9 #ahcd1 a ridge ( /ratifi$ s& & gravel1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* occurs a lay] ( m>l1 evid5tly =m$ orig9ally at ! bottom ( ! ,baltic1 by ! sl[ gr[? ( ! mussel1 cockle1 & o!r m>9e %ells ( liv+ species int]mix$ ) "s prop] to fre% wat]4 ,! m>9e %ells are all ( dw>fi% size1 l ^? n[ inhabit+ ! bracki% wat]s ( ! ,baltic2 & ! m>l1 9 :i* myriads ( !m are emb$d$1 is n[ rais$ m ?an #ajj feet above ! level ( ! ,gulf ( ,bo?nia4 ,^u ! top ( ?is ridge 7"o ( ^? call$ os>s 9 ,sw$57 repose sev]al huge erratics consi/+ ( gneiss1 = ! mo/ "p unr\nd$1 f #i to #af feet 9 diamet]1 & :i* mu/ h be5 br\ght into _! pres5t position s9ce ! "t :5 ! neighb\r+ gulf 0 already *>act]is$ by its peculi> fauna4 ,"h1 !re=e1 we h pro( t ! transport ( erratics cont9u$ to take place1 n m]ely :5 ! sea 0 inhabit$ by ! exi/+ ,te/acea1 b :5 ! nor? ( ,europe _h already assum$ t rem>kable feature ( its physical geography1 :i* sep>ates ! ,baltic f ! ,nor? ,sea1 & causes ! ,gulf ( ,bo?nia to h only "o-f\r? ( ! saltness belong+ to ! ocean4 ,i _c d\bt t ^! l>ge erratics ( ,upsala 7 br\ght into _! pres5t position dur+ ! ,rec5t p]iod1 n only because ( _! mod]ate elevation above ! sea-level 9 a c\ntry :]e ! l& is n[ ris+ e c5tury1 b because ,i obs]v$ signs ( a great oscillation ( level :i* _h tak5 place at ,sod]telje1 s\? ( ,/ockholm 7ab\t #de miles di/ant f ,upsala71 aft] ! c\ntry _h be5 inhabit$ by ,man4 ,i describ$1 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #ahce1 ! section !re laid op5 9 digg+ a level 9 #ahai1 :i* %[$ t a subsid5ce foll[$ by a re-elevation ( l&1 ea* movem5t am\nt+ to m ?an #fj feet1 _h occurr$ s9ce ! "t :5 a rude hut _h be5 built on ! anci5t %ore4 ,! wood5 frame ( ! hut1 ) a r+ ( he>?/ones on ! floor1 & mu* *>coal1 7 f\nd1 & ov] !m m>9e /rata1 m ?an #fj feet ?ick1 conta9+ ! dw>f v>iety ( ,mytilus edulis1 & o!r bracki%-wat] %ells ( ! ,bo?nian ,gulf4 ,"s vessels put toge!r ) wood5 pegs1 ( ant]ior date to ! use ( metals1 7 also emb$d$ 9 p>ts ( ! same m>9e =mation1 :i* has s9ce be5 rais$1 s t ! upp] b$s are m ?an #fj feet above ! sea-level1 ! hut be+ ?us re/or$ to ab\t its orig9al position relatively to ! sea4 ,we h se5 9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,dani% kit*5-midd5s ( ! ,rec5t p]iod t ev5 at ! comp>atively late p]iod ( _! orig9 ! wat]s ( ! ,baltic _h be5 r5d]$ m salt ?an !y are n[4 ,! ,upsala erratics may belong to ne>ly ! same era z ^!4 ,b 7 we to g back to a long antec$5t epo*1 or to t ( ! ,belgian & ,briti% caves ) _! ext9ct animals1 & ! signs !y af=d ( a /ate ( physical geography dep>t+ widely f ! pres5t1 or to ! era ( ! implem5t-be>+ alluvium ( ,/4 ,a*eul1 we might expect to f9d ,sc&9avia ov]:elm$ ) glaci]s1 & ! c\ntry un9habitable by ,man4 ,at a mu* remot] p]iod ! same c\ntry 0 9 ! /ate 9 :i* ,gre5l& n[ is1 ov]spread ) "o un9t]rupt$ coat+ ( cont95tal ice1 :i* has left its peculi> m>k+s on ! highe/ m\nta9s4 ,?is p]iod1 probably ant]ior to ! e>lie/ traces yet br\ght to light ( ! human race1 may h co9cid$ ) ! subm]g5ce ( ,engl&1 & ! accumulation ( ! b\ld]-clay ( ,norfolk1 ,suffolk1 & ,b$=d%ire1 be=e m5tion$4 ,x has already be5 /at$ t ! sy5ite & "s o!r rocks ( ! ,norfolk till seem to h come f ,sc&9avia1 & !re is no era :5 iceb]gs are s likely to h float$ !m s f> s\? z :5 ! :ole ( ,sw$5 & ,norway 7 envelop$ 9 a massive cru/ ( ice2 a /ate ( ?+s ! exi/5ce ( :i* is d$uc$ f ! direction ( ! glacial furr[s1 & _! frequ5t uncon=mity to ! %ape ( ! m9or valleys4 ,,glacial ,,p]iod ,,9 ,,scotl& #be4 ,pr(essor ,agassiz1 aft] 8 t\r 9 ,scotl& 9 #ahdj1 ann\nc$ ! op9ion t erratic blocks _h be5 disp]s$ f ! ,scotti% m\nta9s z f an indep5d5t c5tre1 & t ! capp+ ( ice _h be5 ( extraord9>y ?ickness499 799 ,agassiz1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,geological ,society #ahdj & ,ed9burgh ,philosophical ,j\rnal #di page #gi47 ,mr4 ,rob]t ,*amb]s1 aft] visit+ ,norway & ,sw$51 & comp>+ ! signs ( glacial action obs]v$ !re ) simil> appe>ances 9 ! ,grampians1 came to ! conclusion t ! ,highl&s bo? ( ,sc&9avia & ,scotl& _h once be5 m\ld$ 9 ice1 & t ! outw>d & d[nw>d movem5t & pressure ( ! froz5 mass _h n only smoo!d1 poli%$1 & scrat*$ ! rocks1 b _h1 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 deep5$ & wid5$ ! valleys1 & produc$ mu* ( t d5udation :i* has commonly be5 ascrib$ exclusively to aque\s action4 ,! glaciation ( ! ,scot* m\nta9s 0 trac$ by him to ! height ( at lea/ #cjjj feet499 799 ,anci5t ,sea ,m>g9s ,ed9burgh #ahdh4 ,glacial ,ph5om5a ,ed9burgh ,new ,philosophical ,j\rnal ,april #ahec & ,janu>y #ahee47 ,mr4 ,t4,f4 ,jamieson1 ( ,ellon1 9 ,ab]de5%ire1 has rec5tly br\ght =w>d an additional body ( facts 9 support ( ?is !ory4 ,accord+ to him ! ,grampians 7 at ! p]iod ( extreme cold envelop$ 9 "o great w9d+ %eet ( sn[ & ice1 :i* rea*$ ev]y:]e to ! coa/-l9e1 ! l& be+ !n m elevat$ ?an x is n[4 ,he describes ! glacial furr[s sculptur$ on ! solid rocks z po9t+ 9 ,ab]de5%ire to ! s\?-ea/1 ^? ( ! valley ( ! ,=? at ,ed9burgh1 f we/ to ea/1 & high] up ! same valley at ,/irl+1 f nor?-we/ to s\?-ea/1 z !y %\ld d if ! ice _h foll[$ ! l9es ( :at is n[ ! pr9cipal dra9age4 ,! obs]vations ( ,sir ,james ,hall1 ,mr4 ,macl>51 ,mr4 ,*amb]s1 & ,dr4 ,flem+1 are cit$ by him 9 confirmation ( ?is arrangem5t ( ! glacial m>k+s1 :ile 9 ,su!rl& & ,ross-%ire he %[s t ! glacial furr[s along ! nor? coa/ po9t nor?w>ds1 & 9 ,argyle%ire we/w>ds1 always 9 accordance ) ! direction ( ! pr9cipal gl5s & fjords4 ,ano!r argum5t is also adduc$ by him 9 pro( ( ! ice hav+ ex]t$ its me*anical =ce 9 a direction f ! high] & m inl& c\ntry to ! l[] region & sea-coa/4 ,isolat$ hills & m9or prom95ces ( rock are (t5 poli%$ & /riat$ on ! l& side1 :ile !y rema9 r\gh & jagg$ on ! side front+ ! sea4 ,?is may be se5 bo? on ! ea/ & we/ coa/4 ,m5tion is also made ( blocks ( granite :i* h travell$ f s\? to nor? 9 ,ab]de5%ire1 ( :i* !re w\ld h be5 no examples _h ! erratics be5 all br\ght by float+ ice f ! arctic regions :5 ,scotl& 0 subm]g$4 ,x is also urg$ aga9/ ! doctr9e ( attribut+ ! g5]al glaciation to subm]g5ce1 t ! glacial grooves1 in/ead ( radiat+ z !y d f a c5tre1 w\ld1 if !y _h be5 due to ice com+ f ! nor?1 h be5 p>allel to ! coa/-l9e1 to :i* !y are n[ (t5 almo/ at "r angles4 ,! argum5t1 moreov]1 :i* =m]ly _h mo/ weight 9 fav\r ( float+ ice1 namely1 t x expla9$ :y s _m ( ! /ones did n con=m to ! cont\r & direction ( ! m9or hills & valleys1 is n[ br\ght =w>d1 & ) no small effect1 9 fav\r ( ! doctr9e ( cont95tal ice on ! ,gre5l&ic scale1 :i*1 aft] levell+ up ! less] inequalities1 w\ld occasionally fl[ 9 mighty ice-curr5ts1 9 directions (t5 at a high angle to ! small] ridges & gl5s4 ,! application to ,sc&9avia & ,scotl& ( ?is !ory makes x necess>y to reconsid] ! validity ( ! pro(s =m]ly reli$ on z e/abli%+ ! subm]g5ce ( a great "p ( ,scotl& b5ea? ! sea1 at "s p]iod subsequ5t to ! comm5cem5t ( ! glacial p]iod4 ,9 all cases :]e m>9e %ells ov]lie till1 or re/ on poli%$ & /riat$ surfaces ( rock1 ! evid5ce ( ! l& hav+ be5 "u wat]1 & hav+ be5 s9ce upheav$1 rema9s un%ak52 b ?is special pro( r>ely ext5ds to heights exce$+ #ejj feet4 ,9 ! bas9 ( ! ,clyde we h already se5 t ,rec5t /rata occur #be feet above ! sea-level1 ) exi/+ species ( m>9e te/acea1 & ) buri$ canoes1 & o!r works ( art4 ,at ! high] level ( #ej feet occurs ! well-kn[n rais$ bea* ( ! we/]n coa/1 :i*1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,jamieson1 conta9s1 ne> ,=t ,william & on ,lo* ,fyne & else:]e1 an assemblage ( %ells imply+ a cold] climate ?an t ( ! #be-;foot t]race1 or t ( ! pres5t sea2 j z1 9 ! valley ( ! ,somme1 ! high]-level gravels are suppos$ to belong to a cold] p]iod ?an ! l[] ones1 & /ill m decid$ly ?an t ( ! pres5t era4 ,at /ill great] elevations1 old] b$s conta9+ a /ill m arctic gr\p ( %ells h be5 obs]v$ at ,airdrie1 #ad miles s\?-ea/ ( ,glasg[1 #ebd feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,!y 7 emb$d$ 9 /ratifi$ clays1 ) ! un/ratifi$ b\ld] till bo? above & bel[ !m1 & 9 ! ov]ly+ un/ratifi$ drift 7 "s b\ld]s ( granite :i* mu/ h come f di/ances ( #fj miles at ! lea/499 799 ,smi? ( ,jordanhill1 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society volume #f #ahej page #chg47 ,! pres5ce ( ,tell9a calc>ea1 & sev]al o!r nor!rn %ells1 implies a climate cold] ?an t ( ! pres5t ,scotti% seas4 ,9 ! nor? ( ,scotl&1 m>9e %ells h be5 f\nd 9 deposits ( ! same age 9 ,cai?ness & 9 ,ab]de5%ire at heights ( #bej feet1 & on ! %ores ( ! ,moray ,fir?1 z at ,gamrie 9 ,banff1 at an elevation ( #cej feet2 & ! /ratifi$ s&s & b$s ( pebbles :i* belong to ! same =mation asc5d /ill high]--to heights ( #ejj feet at lea/499 799 ,pre/wi*1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,geological ,society volume #b page #ede2 ,jamieson1 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society volume #af #ahfj47 ,at mu* great] heights1 /ratifi$ masses ( drift occur 9 :i* hi!rto no organic rema9s1 :e!r ( m>9e or fre%wat] animals1 h ev] be5 f\nd4 ,x is /ill an undecid$ "q :e!r ! orig9 ( all su* deposits 9 ! ,grampians c be expla9$ )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! sea4 ,"o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s examples has be5 describ$ by ,mr4 ,jamieson z re/+ on ! flank ( a hill call$ ,meal ,ua9e1 9 ,p]?%ire1 on ! ea/ side ( ! valley ( ! ,tummel1 j bel[ ,killiecrankie4 ,x consi/s ( p]fectly horizontal /rata1 ! l[e/ portion ( !m #cjj feet above ! riv] & #fjj feet above ! sea4 ,f ?is elevation to an altitude ( ne>ly #abjj feet ! same s]ies ( /rata is traceable1 cont9u\sly1 up ! slope ( ! m\nta91 & "s pat*es are se5 "h & !re ev5 z high z #aeej feet above ! sea4 ,!y are made up 9 great "p ( f9ely lam9at$ silt1 alt]nat+ ) co>s] mat]ials1 ?r\gh :i* /ones f #d to #e feet 9 l5g? are scatt]$4 ,^! l>ge b\ld]s1 & "s small] ones1 are poli%$ on "o or m sides1 & m>k$ ) glacial /riae4 ,! subjac5t rocks1 also1 ( gneiss1 mica slate1 & qu>tz1 are ev]y:]e groov$ & poli%$ z if by ! passage ( a glaci]499 799 ,jamieson1 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society volume #af #ahfj page #cfj47 ,at "o spot a v]tical ?ickness ( #acj feet ( ?is s]ies ( /rata is expos$ to view by a m\nta9 torr5t1 & 9 all m ?an #bjjj lay]s ( clay1 s&1 & gravel 7 c\nt$1 ! :ole evid5tly accumulat$ "u wat]4 ,"s b$s consi/ ( an impalpable mud1 l putty1 app>5tly d]iv$ f ! gr9d+ d[n ( felsp>1 & resembl+ ! mud produc$ by ! gr9d+ action ( mod]n glaci]s4 ,mr4 ,jamieson1 :5 he fir/ gave an acc\nt ( ?is drift1 inf]r$1 9 spite ( ! abs5ce ( m>9e %ells1 t x impli$ ! subm]g5ce ( ,scotl& b5ea? ! ocean aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! glacial p]iod1 or aft] ! era ( cont95tal ice indicat$ by ! subjac5t floor ( poli%$ & groov$ rock4 ,?is conclusion w\ld require a subm]g5ce ( ! l& z f> up z #aeej feet above ! pres5t sea-level1 aft] :i* a great re-upheaval mu/ h occurr$4 ,b ! same au?or1 hav+ lately revisit$ ! valley ( ! ,tummel1 sugge/s ano!r possible1 & ,i ?9k probable1 explanation ( ! same ph5om5a4 ,! /ratifi$ drift 9 "q is situat$ 9 a deep depression betwe5 two buttresses ( rock1 & if an enorm\s glaci] be suppos$ to h once fill$ ! valley ( ! ,tummel to ! height ( ! /ratifi$ drift1 x may h damm$ up ! m\? ( a m\nta9 torr5t by a transv]se b>ri]1 giv+ rise to a deep pond1 9 :i* b$s ( clay & s& br\ght d[n by ! wat]s ( ! torr5t 7 deposit$4 ,*>p5ti] 9 8 "w on ! ,swiss glaci]s has describ$ _m su* receptacles ( /ratifi$ matt] n[ 9 progress1 & due to su* blockages1 & he has po9t$ out ! remnants ( anci5t & simil> =mations left by ext9ct glaci]s ( an e>li] epo*4 ,he specially notices t angul> /ones ( v>i\s dim5sions1 (t5 poli%$ & /riat$1 :i* re/ on ! glaci] & are let fall :5 ! torr5t und]m9es ! side ( ! mov+ ice1 desc5d into ! small lake & become int]/ratifi$ ) ! gravel & f9e s$im5t br\ght d[n by ! torr5t into ! same499 799 ,*>p5ti]1 ,essai sur les ,glaci]s page #fc #ahda47 ,! evid5ce ( ! =m] soj\rn ( ! sea ^u ! l& aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! glacial p]iod 0 =m]ly inf]r$ f ! height to :i* erratic blocks d]iv$ f di/ant regions c\ld be trac$1 besides ! want ( con=mity 9 ! glacial furr[s to ! pres5t cont\rs ( _m ( ! valleys4 ,"s ( ^! ph5om5a may n[1 z we h se51 be acc\nt$ = by assum+ t !re 0 once a cru/ ( ice resembl+ t n[ cov]+ ,gre5l&4 ,! ,grampians 9 ,=f>%ire & 9 ,p]?%ire are f #cjjj to #djjj feet high4 ,to ! s\?w>d lies ! broad & deep valley ( ,/ra?more1 & to ! s\? ( ?is aga9 rise ! ,sidlaw ,hills to ! height ( #aejj feet & upw>ds4 ,on ! highe/ summits ( ?is *a91 =m$ ( s&/one & %ale1 & at v>i\s elevations1 ,i h obs]v$ huge angul> fragm5ts ( mica-s*i/1 "s #c & o!rs #ae feet 9 diamet]1 :i* h be5 convey$ = a di/ance ( at lea/ #ae miles f ! ne>e/ ,grampian rocks f :i* !y c\ld h be5 deta*$4 ,o!rs h be5 left /rew$ ov] ! bottom ( ! l>ge int]v5+ vale ( ,/ra?more499 799 ,proce$+s ( ! ,geological ,society volume #c page #cdd47 ,x may be argu$ t ! transportation ( su* blocks may h be5 due n to float+ ice1 b to a p]iod :5 ,/ra?more 0 fill$ up ) l& ice1 a curr5t ( :i* ext5d$ f ! ,p]?%ire ,highl&s to ! summit ( ! ,sidlaw ,hills1 & ! total abs5ce ( m>9e or fre%wat] %ells f all deposits1 /ratifi$ or un/ratifi$1 :i* h any connection ) ^! erratics 9 ,=f>%ire & ,p]?%ire may be ?\ght to fav\r su* a !ory4 ,b ! same mode ( transport c sc>cely be imag9$ = ^? fragm5ts ( mica-s*i/1 "o ( !m weigh+ f #h to #aj tons1 :i* 7 obs]v$ mu* f>!r s\? by ,mr4 ,macl>5 on ! ,p5tl& ,hills1 ne> ,ed9burgh1 at ! height ( #aajj feet above ! sea1 ! ne>e/ m\nta9 compos$ ( ?is =mation be+ #ej miles di/ant499 799 ,macl>51 ,geology ( ,fife etc4 page #bbj47 ,on ! same hills1 also1 at all elevations1 /ratifi$ gravels occur :i*1 al?\gh devoid ( %ells1 x seems h>dly possible to ref] to any b a m>9e orig94 ,al?\gh ,i am will+1 !re=e1 to conc$e t ! glaciation ( ! ,scot* m\nta9s1 at elevations exce$+ #bjjj feet1 may be expla9$ by l& ice1 x seems difficult n to embrace ! conclusion t a subsid5ce took place n m]ely ( #ejj or #fjj feet1 z demon/rat$ by ! m>9e %ells1 b to a mu* great] am\nt1 z %[n by ! pres5t position ( erratics & "s pat*es ( /ratifi$ drift4 ,! abs5ce ( m>9e %ells at great] heights ?an #ebe feet above ! sea1 w be treat$ ( 9 a future *apt]4 ,x may 9 "p1 p]haps1 be ascrib$ to ! action ( glaci]s1 :i* swept out m>9e /rata f all ! high] valleys1 aft] ! re-em]g5ce ( ! l&4 ,,late/ ,,*anges ,,produc$ ,,by ,,glaci]s ,,9 ,,scotl&4 ,we may next consid] ! /ate ( ,scotl& aft] its em]g5ce f ! glacial sea1 :5 we _c fail to be approa*+ ! "t :5 ,man co-exi/$ ) ! mammo? & o!r mammalia n[ ext9ct4 ,9 a pap] :i* ,i publi%$ 9 #ahdj1 on ! anci5t glaci]s ( ,=f>%ire1 ,i endeav\r$ to %[ t "s ( ^! exi/$ aft] ! m\nta9s & gl5s _h acquir$ precisely _! pres5t %ape199 & _h left mora9es ev5 9 ! m9or valleys1 j :]e !y w\ld n[ leave !m 7 ! sn[ & ice aga9 to ga9 gr\nd4 799 ,proce$+s ( ! ,geological ,society volume #c page #ccg47 ,i describ$ also "o rem>kable transv]se m\nd1 evid5tly ! t]m9al mora9e ( a retreat+ glaci]1 :i* crosses ! valley ( ! ,s\? ,esk1 a few miles above ! po9t :]e x issues f ! ,grampians1 & ab\t #f miles bel[ ! ,kirkt[n ( ,clova4 ,its c5tral "p1 at a place call$ ,gl5>m1 is #hjj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! valley is ab\t half a mile broad1 & is b\nd$ by /eep & l(ty m\nta9s1 b imm$iately above ! transv]se b>ri] x exp&s into a wide alluvial pla91 sev]al miles broad1 :i* has evid5tly once be5 a lake4 ,! b>ri] itself1 ab\t #aej feet high1 consi/s 9 its l[] "p ( till ) b\ld]s1 #ej feet ?ick1 precisely resembl+ ! mora9e ( a ,swiss glaci]1 above :i* !re is a mass ( /ratifi$ s&1 v>y+ 9 ?ickness f #ej to #ajj feet1 :i* has ! appe>ance ( consi/+ ( ! mat]ials ( ! mora9e re>rang$ 9 a /ratifi$ =m1 possibly by ! wat]s ( a glaci] lake4 ,! /ructure ( ! b>ri] has be5 laid op5 by ! ,esk1 :i* has cut ?r\gh x a deep passage ab\t #djj y>ds wide4 ,i h also giv5 an acc\nt ( ano!r /rik+ feature 9 ! physical geography ( ,p]?%ire & ,=f>%ire1 :i* ,i consid] to belong to ! same p]iod2 namely1 a cont9u\s zone ( b\ld] clay1 =m+ ridges & m\nds f #ej to #gj feet high 7! upp] "p ( ! m\nds usually /ratifi$71 enclos+ num]\s lakes1 "s ( !m sev]al miles long1 & _m ponds & swamps fill$ ) %ell-m>l & peat4 ,?is b& ( till1 ) ,grampian b\ld]s & associat$ riv]-gravel1 may be trac$ cont9u\sly = a di/ance ( #cd miles1 ) a wid? ( #c #a_/b miles1 f ne> ,dunkeld1 by ,c\p>1 to ! s\? ( ,blairg[rie1 !n ?r\gh ! l[e/ "p ( ,/ra?more1 & aft]w>ds 9 a /raight l9e ?r\gh ! greate/ depression 9 ! ,sidlaw ,hills1 f ,=f> to ,lunan ,bay4 ,al?\gh no great riv] n[ takes its c\rse ?r\gh ?is l9e ( anci5t lakes1 mora9es1 & riv] gravel1 yet x evid5tly m>ks an anci5t l9e by :i*1 fir/1 a great glaci] desc5d$ f ! m\nta9s to ! sea1 & by :i*1 secondly1 at a lat] p]iod1 ! pr9cipal wat] dra9age ( ?is c\ntry 0 effect$4 ,! subsequ5t modification 9 geography is comp>able 9 am\nt to t :i* has tak5 place s9ce ! high] level gravels ( ! valley ( ! ,somme 7 =m$1 or s9ce ! ,belgian caves 7 fill$ ) mud & bone-breccia4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ce4 ,oval ,& ,flatti% ,pebbles ,9 ,des]t$ ,*annels 7,,figure #ce4 ,,oval ,,& ,,flatti% ,,pebbles ,,9 ,,des]t$ ,,*annels47 ,mr4 ,jamieson has rem>k$1 9 ref]5ce to ?is & "s o!r ext9ct riv]-*annels ( correspond+ date1 t we h ! means ( asc]ta9+ ! direction 9 :i* ! wat]s fl[$ by obs]v+ ! arrangem5t ( ! oval & flatti% pebbles 9 _! des]t$ *annels2 = 9 ! b$ ( a fa/-fl[+ riv] su* pebbles are se5 to dip t[>ds ! curr5t1 z repres5t$ 9 ,figure #ce1 su* be+ ! position ( greate/ resi/ance to ! /ream499 799 ,jamieson1 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society volume #af #ahfj page #cdi47 ,if ?is be admitt$1 x foll[s t ! high] or m\nta9\s c\ntry bore ! same relation to ! l[] l&s1 at ! "t :5 a great riv] pass$ ?r\gh ?is *a9 ( lakes1 z x does at pres5t4 ,we also seem to h a te/ ( ! comp>atively mod]n orig9 ( ! m\nds ( till :i* surr\nd ! above-m5tion$ *a9 ( lakes 7( :i* t ( ,=f> is "o71 9 ! species ( organic rema9s conta9$ 9 ! %ell-m>l deposit$ at _! bottom4 ,all ! mammalia z well z %ells are ( rec5t species4 ,un=tunately1 we h no in=mation z to ! fauna :i* inhabit$ ! c\ntry at ! "t :5 ! till itself 0 =m$4 ,!re seem to be only ?ree or f\r in/ances z yet kn[n 9 all ,scotl& ( mammalia hav+ be5 discov]$ 9 b\ld] clay4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,bald has record$ ! circum/ances "u :i* a s+le elephant's tusk 0 f\nd 9 ! un/ratifi$ drift ( ! valley ( ! ,=?1 ) ! m9ut5ess :i* su* a discov]y f its r>ity well des]v$4 ,he di/+ui%es ! b\ld] clay1 "u ! "n ( ! old alluvial cov]1 f t m mod]n alluvium1 9 :i* ! :ales ( ,air?rie1 describ$ 9 ,*apt] #c1 7 f\nd4 ,?is cov] he says is sometimes #afj feet ?ick4 ,hav+ nev] obs]v$ any organic rema9s 9 x1 he wat*$ ) curiosity & c>e ! digg+ ( ! ,union ,canal betwe5 ,ed9burgh & ,falkirk1 :i* pass$ = no less ?an #bh miles almo/ cont9u\sly ?r\gh x4 ,mr4 ,baird1 ! eng9e] :o sup]9t5d$ ! works1 assi/$ 9 ! inquiry1 & at "o place only 9 ?is long section did !y meet ) a fossil1 namely1 at ,cliftonhall1 9 ! valley ( ! ,almond4 ,x lay at a dep? ( betwe5 #ae & #bj feet f ! surface1 9 v /iff clay1 & consi/$ ( an elephant's tusk1 #ci in*es long & #ac 9 circumf]5ce1 9 s fre% a /ate t an ivory turn] pur*as$ x & turn$ "p ( x into *essm5 be=e x 0 rescu$ f de/ruction4 ,! rema9d] is /ill pres]v$ 9 ! museum at ,ed9burgh1 b by exposure to ! air x has %runk consid]ably499 799 ,memoirs ( ! ,w]n]ian ,society ,ed9burgh volume #d page #eh47 ,9 #ahag1 two o!r tusks & "s bones ( ! elephant1 z we le>n f ! same au?ority 7,mr4 ,bald71 7 met )1 #c #a_/b feet long & #ac in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 ly+ 9 an horizontal position1 #ag feet deep 9 clay1 ) m>9e %ells1 at ,kilmaurs1 9 ,ayr%ire4 ,! species ( %ells are n giv5499 799 ,ibid4 volume #d page #fc47 ,9 ano!r excavation ?r\gh ! ,scot* b\ld] clay1 made 9 digg+ ! ,clyde & ,=? ,junction ,railway1 ! antl]s ( a re9de] 7 f\nd at ,cr(tamie1 9 ,dumb>ton%ire1 9 ! bas9 ( ! riv] ,endrick1 :i* fl[s into ,lo* ,lomond4 ,!y _h cut ?r\gh #ab feet ( till ) angul> & r\nd$ /ones1 "s ( l>ge size1 & !n ?r\gh #f feet ( und]ly+ clay1 :5 !y came ^u ! de]'s horns1 #ah feet f ! surface1 & )9 a foot ( ! s&/one on :i* ! till re/$4 ,at ! di/ance ( a few y>ds1 & 9 ! same position1 b a foot or two deep]1 7 obs]v$ m>9e %ells1 ,cypr9a isl&ica1 ,a/>te elliptica1 ,a4 compressa1 ,fusus antiquus1 ,littor9a littorea1 & a ,balanus4 ,! height above ! level ( ! sea 0 betwe5 #ajj & #ajc feet4 ,! re9de]'s horn 0 se5 by ,pr(essor ,ow51 :o consid]$ x to be t ( a "y female ( ! l>ge v>iety1 call$ by ! ,hudson's ,bay trapp]s ! c>ib\4 ,! rema9s ( elephants1 n[ 9 ! museums ( ,glasg[ & ,ed9burgh1 purport+ to come f ! sup]ficial deposits ( ,scotl& h be5 ref]r$ to ,elephas primig5ius4 ,9 cases :]e tusks alone h be5 f\nd unaccompani$ by mol> tee?1 su* specific det]m9ations may be unc]ta92 b if any "o specim5 be correctly nam$1 ! occurr5ce ( ! mammo? & re9de] 9 ! ,scot* b\ld]-clay1 z bo? ^! quadrup$s are kn[n to h be5 contempor>y ) ,man1 fav\rs ! idea :i* ,i h already express$1 t ! close ( ! glacial p]iod 9 ! ,grampians may h co9cid$ 9 "t ) ! exi/5ce ( ,man 9 ^? p>ts ( ,europe :]e ! climate 0 less sev]e1 z1 = example1 9 ! bas9s ( ! ,?ames1 ,somme1 & ,se9e1 9 :i* ! bones ( _m ext9ct mammalia are associat$ ) fl9t implem5ts ( ! antique type4 ,,p>allel ,,roads ,,( ,,gl5 ,,roy ,,9 ,,scotl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate #b4 ,gl5 ,roy & ,gl5 ,spean 7,,plate #b4 ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,m\?s ,,( ,,gl5 ,,roy ,,& ,,gl5 ,,spean1 ,,by ,,sir ,t4 ,,dick ,,laud]4 ,,vv4 ,hill ( ,bohunt9e4 ,,vvv4 ,gl5 ,roy4 ,v7inv]t$7,v4 ,meald]ry4 ,v4 ,entrance ( ,gl5 ,spean ,,vv7sup]script7,v4 ,po9t ( division betwe5 ,gl5s ,roy & ,spean47 ,p]haps no portion ( ! sup]ficial drift ( ,scotl& c lay claim to s mod]n an orig9 on ! score ( ! fre%ness ( its aspect1 z t :i* =ms :at are call$ ! ,p>allel ,roads ( ,gl5 ,roy4 ,if !y d n belong to ! ,rec5t epo*1 !y are at lea/ po/]ior 9 date to ! pres5t outl9e ( m\nta9 & gl51 & to ! "t :5 e "o ( ! small] burns ran 9 _! pres5t *annels1 ?\gh "s ( !m h s9ce be5 slightly deep5$4 ,! almo/ p]fect horizontality1 moreov]1 ( ! roads1 "o ( :i* is cont9u\s = ab\t #bj miles f ea/ to we/1 & #ab miles f nor? to s\?1 %[s t s9ce ! era ( _! =mation no *ange has tak5 place 9 ! relative levels ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! di/rict4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cf4 ,map ( ,gl5 ,roy 7,,figure #cf4 ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,p>allel ,,roads ,,( ,,gl5 ,,roy ,,or ,,lo*ab]4 ,a4 five miles di/ant s\?-we/ f ?is po9t is ,=t ,william1 :]e ! ,lo*y jo9s an arm ( ! sea1 call$ ,lo* ,eil4 ,v]tical l9es4 ,cols or wat]%$s at ! heads ( ! gl5s--once ! we/w>d outlet ( ! lakes4 ,dots4 ,conspicu\s delta deposits z laid d[n by ,mr4 ,t4,f4 ,jamieson47 ,gl5 ,roy is situat$ 9 ! ,we/]n ,highl&s1 ab\t #aj miles ea/-nor?-ea/ ( ,=t ,william1 ne> ! we/]n end ( ! great gl5 ( ,scotl&1 or ,cal$onian ,canal1 & ne> ! foot ( ! highe/ ( ! ,grampians1 ,b5 ,nevis4 7,see map1 ,figure #cf47 ,?r\gh\t ne>ly its :ole l5g?1 a di/ance ( m ?an #aj miles1 ?ree p>allel roads or %elves are trac$ along ! /eep sides ( ! m\nta9s1 z repres5t$ 9 ! annex$ view1 ,plate #b1 by ! late ,sir ,t4 ,dick ,laud]1 ea* ma9ta9+ a p]fect horizontality1 & cont9u+ at exactly ! same level on ! opposite sides ( ! gl54 ,se5 at a di/ance1 !y appe> l l$ges1 or roads1 cut artificially out ( ! sides ( ! hills2 b :5 we are ^u !m1 we c sc>cely recognise _! exi/5ce1 s unev5 is _! surface1 & s cov]$ ) b\ld]s4 ,!y are f #aj to #fj feet broad1 & m]ely diff] f ! side ( ! m\nta9 by be+ some:at less /eep4 ,on clos] inspection1 we f9d t ^! t]races are /ratifi$ 9 ! ord9>y mann] ( alluvial or littoral deposits1 z may be se5 at ^? po9ts :]e rav9es h be5 excavat$ by torr5ts4 ,! p>allel %elves1 !re=e1 h n be5 caus$ by d5udation1 b by ! deposition ( detritus1 precisely simil> to t :i* is disp]s$ 9 small] quantities ov] ! declivities ( ! hills above4 ,^! hills consi/ ( clay-slate1 mica s*i/1 & granite1 :i* rocks h be5 worn away & laid b>e at a few po9ts imm$iately above ! p>allel roads4 ,! l[e/ ( ^! roads is ab\t #hej feet above ! level ( ! sea1 ! next ab\t #bab feet high]1 & ! ?ird #hb feet above ! second4 ,!re is a f\r? %elf1 :i* occurs only 9 a contigu\s valley call$ ,gl5 ,gluoy1 :i* is #ab feet above ! highe/ ( all ! ,gl5 ,roy roads1 & consequ5tly ab\t #aaef feet above ! level ( ! sea499 799 ,ano!r deta*$ %elf also occurs at ,kilf9nan4 7,see ,map1 ,figure #cf477 ,"o only1 ! l[e/ ( ! ?ree roads ( ,gl5 ,roy1 is cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ,gl5 ,spean1 a l>ge valley ) :i* ,gl5 ,roy unites4 7,see ,plate #b & map1 ,figure #cf47 ,z ! %elves1 hav+ no slope t[>ds ! sea l ord9>y riv] t]races1 are always at ! same absolute height1 !y become cont9ually m elevat$ above ! riv] 9 proportion z we desc5d ea* valley2 & !y at l5g? t]m9ate v abruptly1 )\t any obvi\s cause1 or any *ange ei!r 9 ! %ape ( ! gr\nd or 9 ! composition or h>dness ( ! rocks4 ,i %\ld exce$ ! limits ( ?is "w1 7 ,i to attempt to give a full description ( all ! geographical circum/ances att5d+ ^! s+ul> t]races1 or to discuss ! +5i\s !ories :i* h be5 sev]ally propos$ to acc\nt = !m by ,dr4 ,maccullo*1 ,sir ,t4 ,laud]1 & ,messrs4 ,d>w91 ,agassiz1 ,milne1 & ,*amb]s4 ,!re is "o po9t1 h[ev]1 on :i* all are agre$1 namely1 t ^! %elves are anci5t bea*es1 or littoral =mations1 accumulat$ r\nd ! edges ( "o or m %eets ( wat] :i* once /ood = a long "t successively at ! level ( ! sev]al %elves4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cg4 ,section ,?r\gh ,side ( ,lo* 7,,figure #cg4 ,,section ,,?r\gh ,,side ,,( ,,lo*4 ,,ab4 ,suppos$ orig9al surface ( rock4 ,,cd4 ,roads or %elves 9 ! out] alluvial cov]+ ( ! hill47 ,x is well kn[n1 t :]ev] a lake or m>9e fjord exi/s surr\nd$ by /eep m\nta9s subject to dis9tegration by fro/ or ! action ( torr5ts1 "s loose matt] is wa%$ d[n annually1 especially dur+ ! melt+ ( sn[1 & a *eck is giv5 to ! desc5t ( ?is detritus at ! po9t :]e x rea*es ! wat]s ( ! lake4 ,! waves !n spread out ! mat]ials along ! %ore1 & ?r[ "s ( !m ^u ! bea*2 _! disp]s+ p[] be+ aid$ by ! ice1 :i* (t5 adh]es to pebbles dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 & gives buoyancy to !m4 ,! annex$ diagram 7,figure #cg7 illu/rates ! mann] 9 :i* ,dr4 ,mac,culloch & ,mr4 ,d>w9 suppose ! roads to con/itute m]e excresc5ces ( ! sup]ficial alluvial coat+ :i* re/s ^u ! hillside1 & consi/s *iefly ( clay & %>p unr\nd$ /ones4 ,among o!r pro(s t ! p>allel roads h really be5 =m$ along ! m>g9 ( a %eet ( wat]1 x may be m5tion$1 t :]ev] an isolat$ hill rises 9 ! middle ( ! gl5 above ! level ( any p>ticul> %elf1 z 9 ,meald]ry1 ,plate #b1 a correspond+ %elf is se5 at ! same level pass+ r\nd ! hill1 z w\ld h happ5$ if x _h once =m$ an isl& 9 a lake or fjord4 ,ano!r v rem>kable peculi>ity 9 ^! t]races is ?is2 ea* ( !m comes 9 "s portion ( its c\rse to a col1 or p>t+ ridge1 betwe5 ! heads ( gl5s1 ! explanation ( :i* w be consid]$ 9 ! sequel4 ,^? writ]s :o fir/ advocat$ ! doctr9e t ! roads 7 ! anci5t bea*es ( fre%wat] lakes1 7 unable to (f] any probable hypo!sis respect+ ! =mation & subsequ5t removal ( b>ri]s ( suffici5t height & solidity to dam up ! wat]4 ,to introduce any viol5t convulsion = _! removal 0 inconsi/5t ) ! un9t]rupt$ horizontality ( ! roads1 & ) ! undi/urb$ aspect ( ^? p>ts ( ! gl5s :]e ! %elves come sudd5ly to an end4 ,mr4 ,agassiz & ,dr4 ,buckl&1 desir\s1 l ! def5d]s ( ! lake !ory1 to acc\nt = ! limitation ( ! %elves to c]ta9 gl5s1 & _! abs5ce 9 contigu\s gl5s1 :]e ! rocks are ( ! same composition1 & ! slope & incl9ation ( ! gr\nd v simil>1 fir/ />t$ ! !ory t ^! valleys 7 once block$ up by enorm\s glaci]s desc5d+ f ,b5 ,nevis1 giv+ rise to :at are call$1 9 ,switz]l& & 9 ! ,tyrol1 glaci]-lakes4 ,9 corroboration ( ?is view1 !y cont5d$ t ! alluvium ( ,gl5 ,roy1 z well z ( o!r p>ts ( ,scotl&1 agrees 9 "* ) ! mora9es ( glaci]s se5 9 ! ,alp9e valleys ( ,switz]l&4 ,x w readily be conc$$ t ?is hypo!sis 0 pref]able to any previ\s lacu/r9e !ory1 by acc\nt+ m easily = ! tempor>y exi/5ce & entire disappe>ance ( l(ty transv]se b>ri]s1 al?\gh ! height requir$ = ! suppos$ dams ( ice appe>$ v enorm\s4 ,be=e ! idea ( glaci]-lakes _h be5 sugge/$ by ,agassiz1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 exam9$ ,gl5 ,roy1 & came to ! op9ion t ! %elves 7 =m$ :5 ! gl5s 7 /ill arms ( ! sea1 &1 consequ5tly1 t !re nev] 7 any seaw>d b>ri]s4 ,accord+ to him1 ! l& em]g$ dur+ a sl[ & uni=m upw>d movem5t1 l t n[ exp]i5c$ ?r\gh\t a l>ge "p ( ,sw$5 & ,f9l&2 b !re 7 c]ta9 pauses 9 ! upheav+ process1 at :i* times ! wat]s ( ! sea rema9$ /ation>y = s _m c5turies z to all[ ( ! accumulation ( an extraord9>y quantity ( detrital matt]1 & ! excavation1 at _m po9ts imm$iately above ! sea-level1 ( deep not*es & b>e cliffs 9 ! h>d & solid rock4 ,?is !ory ,i adopt$ 9 #ahda 7,elem5ts1 #bnd edition71 z appe>+ to me less objectionable ?an any o!r !n propos$4 ,! ph5om5a mo/ difficult to reconcile ) x are1 fir/1 ! abrupt cessation ( ! roads at c]ta9 po9ts 9 ! diff]5t gl5s2 secondly1 _! unequal numb] 9 diff]5t valleys connect+ ) ea* o!r1 !re be+ ?ree1 = example1 9 ,gl5 ,roy1 & only "o 9 ,gl5 ,spean2 ?irdly1 ! precise horizontality ( level ma9ta9$ by ! same %elf ov] a space _m leagues 9 l5g?1 requir+ u to assume1 t dur+ a rise ( #aaef feet no "o portion ( ! l& 0 rais$ ev5 a few y>ds above ano!r2 f\r?ly1 ! co9cid5ce ( level already allud$ to ( ea* %elf ) a col1 or ! po9t =m+ ! head ( two gl5s1 f :i* ! ra9-wat]s fl[ 9 opposite directions4 ,?is la/-m5tion$ feature 9 ! physical geography ( ,lo*ab] ,mr4 ,d>w9 endeav\r$ to expla9 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,he call$ ^! cols l&-/raits1 & reg>d+ !m z hav+ be5 anci5tly s\nds or *annels betwe5 isl&s1 he po9t$ out t !re is a t5d5cy 9 su* s\nds to be silt$ up1 & always ! m s 9 proportion to _! n>r[ness4 ,9 a *>t ( ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 by ,capta9 ,sulivan1 ,r4,n41 x appe>s t !re are sev]al examples !re ( /raits :]e ! s\nd+s dim9i% regul>ly t[>ds ! n>r[e/ "p4 ,"o is s ne>ly dry t x c be walk$ ov] at l[ wat]1 & ano!r1 no long] cov]$ by ! sea1 is suppos$ to h rec5tly dri$ up 9 consequ5ce ( a small alt]ation 9 ! relative level ( sea & l&4 ,simil> /raits1 obs]ves ,mr4 ,*amb]s1 hov]+1 9 "*1 betwe5 sea & l&1 & :i* may be call$ =ds1 are met ) 9 ! ,hebrides4 ,su*1 = example1 is ! passage divid+ ! isl&s ( ,lewis & ,h>ris1 & t betwe5 ,nor? ,ui/ & ,b5becula1 bo? ( :i* w\ld und\bt$ly appe> z cols1 co9cid+ ) a t]race or rais$ bea*1 all r\nd ! isl&s if ! sea 7 to subside499 799 ,r4 ,*amb]s1 ,anci5t ,sea ,m>g9s page #aad47 ,! fir/ ( ! difficulties above allud$ to1 namely1 ! non-ext5sion ( ! %elves ov] c]ta9 p>ts ( ! gl5s1 might be expla9$1 said ,mr4 ,d>w91 by suppos+ 9 c]ta9 places a quick gr[? ( gre5 turf on a good soil1 :i* prev5t$ ! ra9 f wa%+ away any loose mat]ials ly+ on ! surface4 ,b :]ev] ! soil 0 b>r51 & :]e gre5 sw>d took long to =m1 !re may h be5 "t = ! removal ( ! gravel4 ,9 "o case an int]m$iate %elf appe>s = a %ort di/ance 7?ree qu>t]s ( a mile7 on ! face ( ! m\nta9 call$ ,tombhran1 betwe5 ! two upp] %elves1 & is se5 n[h]e else4 ,x occurs :]e !re 0 ! longe/ space ( op5 wat]1 & :]e ! waves may h acquir$ a m ?an ord9>y p[] to heap up detritus4 ,! unequal numb] ( ! %elves 9 valleys communicat+ ) ea* o!r1 & 9 :i* ! b\nd>y rocks are simil> 9 composition1 & ! g5]al abs5ce ( any %elves at correspond+ altitudes 9 gl5s on ! opposite wat]%$1 l t ( ! ,spey1 & 9 valleys :]e ! wat]s fl[ ea/w>d1 are difficulties att5d+ ! m>9e !ory :i* h nev] yet be5 got ov]4 ,mr4 ,t4,f4 ,jamieson1 be=e cit$1 has1 dur+ a late visit to ,lo*ab]1 9 #ahfa1 obs]v$ _m facts highly confirmatory ( ! hypo!sis ( glaci]-lakes :i*1 z ,i h already /at$1 0 orig9ally advanc$ by ,mr4 ,agassiz4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he f\nd mu* sup]ficial scor+ & poli%+ ( rocks1 & accumulation ( b\ld]s at ^? po9ts :]e signs ( glacial action ought to appe>1 if ice _h once damm$ up ! wat]s ( ! gl5s 9 :i* ! roads occur4 ,b5 ,nevis may h s5t d[n its glaci]s f ! s\?1 & ,gl5 ,arkaig f ! nor?1 = ! m\nta9s at ! head ( ! la/-m5tion$ gl5 are #cjjj feet high1 & may1 toge!r ) o!r tribut>y gl5s1 h help$ to *oke up ! great ,cal$onian valley ) ice1 s z to block up = a "t ! m\?s ( ! ,spean1 ,roy1 & ,gluoy4 ,! tempor>y conv]sion ( ^! gl5s into glaci]-lakes is ! m conceivable1 because ! hills at _! upp] ends n be+ l(ty nor ( great ext5t1 !y may n h be5 fill$ ) ice at a "t :5 great glaci]s 7 g5]at$ 9 o!r adjo9+ & mu* high] regions4 ,secondly4 ,! %elves1 says ,mr4 ,jamieson1 are m precisely def9$ & unbrok5 ?an any ( ! rais$ bea*es or ackn[l$g$ anci5t coa/-l9es visible on ! we/ ( ,scotl&1 z 9 ,argyll%ire1 = example4 ,?irdly4 ,at ! level ( ! l[] %elf 9 ,gl5 ,roy1 at po9ts :]e torr5ts n[ cut *annels ?r\gh ! %elf z !y desc5d ! hill-side1 !re are small delta-l ext5sions ( ! %elf1 p]fectly pres]v$1 z if ! mat]ials1 :e!r f9e or co>se1 _h orig9ally settl$ !re 9 a placid lake1 & _h n be5 act$ ^u by tidal curr5ts1 m+l+ !m ) ! s$im5t ( o!r /reams4 ,^! deltas are too entire to all[ u to suppose t !y h at any "t s9ce _! orig9 be5 expos$ to ! waves ( ! sea4 ,f\r?ly4 ,! alluvium on ! cols or wat]%$s1 be=e allud$ to1 is su* z w\ld h be5 =m$ if ! wat]s ( ! riv]s _h be5 made to fl[ ea/1 or out ( ! upp] ends ( ! suppos$ glaci]-lakes1 in/ead ( escap+ at ! l[] ends1 9 a we/]ly direction1 :]e ! great blockages ( ice are assum$ to h occurr$4 ,9 addition to ^! argum5ts ( ,mr4 ,jamieson1 ,i may m5tion t 9 ,switz]l&1 at pres5t1 no te/acea live 9 ! cold wat]s ( glaci]-lakes2 s t ! entire abs5ce ( fossil %ells1 :e!r m>9e or fre%wat]1 9 ! /ratifi$ mat]ials ( ea* %elf1 w\ld be acc\nt$ = if ! !ory above m5tion$ be embrac$4 ,:5 ,i exam9$ ! p>allel roads 9 #ahbe1 9 company ) ,dr4 ,buckl&1 nei!r ?is glaci] !ory nor ,mr4 ,d>w9's sugge/ion ( anci5t sea-m>g9s _h be5 propos$1 & ,i h nev] s9ce revisit$ ,lo*ab]4 ,b ,i reta9 9 my memory a vivid recollection ( ! sc5]y & physical features ( ! di/rict1 & ,i n[ consid] ! glaci]-lake !ory z af=d+ by f> ! mo/ satisfactory solution ( ?is difficult problem4 ,! objection to x1 :i* until lately appe>$ to be ! mo/ =midable1 & :i* l$ ,mr4 ,rob]t ,*amb]s 9 8 ,sea ,m>g9s1 to reject x entirely1 0 ! difficulty ( conceiv+ h[ ! wat]s c\ld be made to /& s high 9 ,gl5 ,roy z to all[ ! upp]mo/ %elf to be =m$4 ,grant a b>ri] ( ice 9 ! l[] "p ( ! gl5 ( suffici5t altitude to /op ! wat]s f fl[+ we/w>d1 /ill1 :at prev5t$ !m f escap+ ov] ! col at ! head ( ,gl5 ,gla/]8 ,?is col co9cides exactly 9 level1 z ,mr4 ,milne ,home fir/ asc]ta9$1 ) ! second or middle %elf ( ,gl5 ,roy4 ,! difficulty "h /at$ appe>s n[ to be remov$ by suppos+ t ! high] l9es or roads 7 =m$ be=e ! l[] ones1 & :5 ! quantity ( ice 0 mo/ 9 excess4 ,we mu/ imag9e t at ! "t :5 ! upp]mo/ %elf ( ,gl5 ,roy 0 =m+ 9 a %all[ lake1 ! l[] "p ( t gl5 0 fill$ up ) ice1 &1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,jamieson1 a glaci] f ,lo* ,treig !n protrud$ itself across ,gl5 ,spean & re/$ on ! flank ( ! hill on ! opposite side 9 su* a mann] z effectually to prev5t any wat] f escap+ ov] ! ,gl5 ,gla/] col4 ,! pro(s ( su* a glaci] hav+ actually exi/$ at ! po9t 9 "q consi/1 he says1 9 num]\s cross /riae obs]vable 9 ! bottom ( ,gl5 ,spean1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( mora9e matt] 9 consid]able abundance on ! flanks ( ! hill ext5d+ to heights above ! ,gl5 ,gla/] col4 ,:5 ! ice %rank into less dim5sions ! second %elf w\ld be =m$1 hav+ its level det]m9$ by ! col la/ m5tion$1 ,gl5 ,spean 9 ! meantime be+ fill$ ) a glaci]4 ,f9ally1 ! ice blockage common to gl5s ,roy1 ,spean1 & ,laggan1 :i* consi/$ probably ( a glaci] f ,b5 ,nevis1 gave rise to ! l[e/ & mo/ ext5sive lake1 ! wat]s ( :i* escap$ ov] ! pass ( ,muckul or ! col at ! head ( ,lo* ,laggan1 :i*1 z ,mr4 ,jamieson has n[ asc]ta9$3 agrees precisely 9 level ) ! l[e/ ( all ! %elves1 & :]e !re are unequivocal signs ( a riv] hav+ fl[$ out = a consid]able p]iod4 ,dr4 ,hook] has describ$ "s p>allel t]races1 v analog\s 9 _! aspect to ^? ( ,gl5 ,roy1 z exi/+ 9 ! high] valleys ( ! ,himalaya1 ( :i* 8 p5cil has giv5 u sev]al graphic illu/rations4 ,he believes ^! ,indian %elves to h orig9at$ on ! bord]s ( glaci]-lakes1 ! b>ri]s ( :i* 7 usually =m$ by ! ice & mora9es ( lat]al or tribut>y glaci]s1 :i* desc5d$ into & cross$ ! ma9 valley1 z we h suppos$ 9 ! case ( ,gl5 ,roy2 b o!rs he ascribes to ! t]m9al mora9e ( ! pr9cipal glaci] itself1 :i* _h retreat$ dur+ a s]ies ( mild] seasons1 s z to leave an int]val betwe5 ! ice & ! t]m9al mora9e4 ,?is int]space caus$ by ! melt+ ( ice becomes fill$ ) wat] & =ms a lake1 ! dra9age ( :i* usually takes place by p]colation ?r\gh ! por\s p>ts ( ! mora9e1 & n by a /ream ov]fl[+ t b>ri]4 ,su* a glaci]-lake ,dr4 ,hook] actually f\nd 9 exi/5ce ne> ! head ( ! ,yangma valley 9 ! ,himalaya4 ,x 0 moreov] p>tially b\nd$ by rec5tly =m$ m>g9al t]races or p>allel roads1 imply+ *anges ( level 9 ! b>ri] ( ice & mora9e matt]499 799 ,hook]1 ,himalayan ,j\rnal volume #a page #bdb2 #b pages #aai1 #aba1 #aff4 ,i h also pr(it$ by ! au?or's p]sonal explanations47 ,x has be5 sometimes object$ to ! hypo!sis ( glaci]-lakes1 z appli$ to ! case ( ,gl5 ,roy1 t ! %elves mu/ h tak5 a v long p]iod = _! =mation4 ,su* a lapse ( "t1 x is said1 might be consi/5t ) ! !ory ( pauses or /ation>y p]iods 9 ! rise ( ! l& dur+ an int]mitt5t upw>d movem5t1 b x is h>dly compatible ) ! idea ( s prec>i\s & fluctuat+ a b>ri] z a mass ( ice4 ,b ! read] w h se5 t ! p]man5cy ( level 9 su* glaci]-lakes has no necess>y connection ) m9or *anges 9 ! height ( ! suppos$ dam ( ice4 ,if a glaci] desc5d+ f high] m\nta9s ?r\gh a tribut>y gl5 ent]s ! ma9 valley 9 :i* !re happ5s to be no glaci]1 ! riv] is arre/$ 9 its c\rse & a lake is =m$4 ,! dam may be con/antly repair$ & may v>y 9 height sev]al hundr$s ( feet )\t affect+ ! level ( ! lake1 s long z ! surplus wat]s escape ov] a col or p>t+ ridge ( rock4 ,! height at :i* ! wat]s rema9 /ation>y is det]m9$ solely by ! elevation ( ! col1 & n by ! b>ri] ( ice1 provid$ ! b>ri] is high] ?an ! col4 ,b if we embrace ! !ory ( glaci]-lakes1 we mu/ be prep>$ to assume n only t ! sea _h no?+ to d ) ! orig9al =mation ( ! p>allel roads1 b t x has nev]1 s9ce ! disappe>ance ( ! lakes1 ris5 9 any "o ( ! gl5s up to ! level ( ! l[e/ %elf1 :i* is ab\t #hej feet high2 = 9 t case ! rem>kable p]si/5cy & integrity ( ! roads & deltas1 be=e describ$1 mu/ h be5 impair$4 ,we h se5 t #ej miles to ! s\? ( ,lo*ab]1 ! glaci] =mations ( ,lan>k%ire ) m>9e %ells ( arctic "* h be5 trac$ to ! height ( #ebd feet4 ,ab\t #ej miles to ! s\?-ea/ 9 ,p]?%ire are ^? /ratifi$ clays & s&s1 ne> ,killiecrankie1 :i* 7 once suppos$ to be ( subm>9e orig91 & :i* 9 t case w\ld imply ! =m] subm]g5ce ( :at is n[ dry l& to ! ext5t ( #aeej feet1 or sev]al hundr$ feet beyond ! highe/ ( ! p>allel roads4 ,ev5 grant+ t ^! lam9at$ drifts may h _h a diff]5t orig91 z above sugge/$1 !re are /ill _m facts connect$ ) ! di/ribution ( erratics & ! /riation ( rocks 9 ,scotl& :i* are n easily acc\nt$ = )\t suppos+ ! c\ntry to h sunk1 s9ce ! era ( cont95tal ice1 to a great] dep? ?an #ebe feet1 ! highe/ po9t to :i* m>9e %ells h yet be5 trac$4 ,aft] :at 0 said ( ! pressure & abrad+ p[] ( a g5]al cru/ ( ice1 l t n[ cov]+ ,gre5l&1 x is almo/ sup]flu\s to say t ! p>allel roads mu/ h be5 ( lat] date ?an su* a /ate ( ?+s1 = e trace ( !m mu/ h be5 oblit]at$ by ! movem5t ( su* a mass ( ice4 ,x is no less cle> t z no glaci]-lakes c n[ exi/ 9 ,gre5l& #bf1 s !re c\ld h be5 none 9 ,scotl&1 :5 ! m\nta9s 7 cov]$ ) "o great cru/ ( ice4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be cont5d$ t ! p>allel roads 7 produc$ :5 ! g5]al cru/ ( ice fir/ gave place to a p]iod ( sep>ate glaci]s1 & t no p]iod ( deep subm]g5ce ev] int]v5$ 9 ,lo*ab] aft] ! "t ( ! lakes4 ,ev5 9 t case1 h[ev]1 x is difficult n to suppose t ! ,gl5 ,roy c\ntry p>ticipat$ 9 ! d[nw>d movem5t :i* sank "p ( ,lan>k%ire #ebe feet b5ea? ! sea1 subsequ5tly to ! fir/ great glaciation ( ,scotl&4 ,yet t am\nt ( subsid5ce might h occurr$1 & ev5 a m consid]able "o1 )\t caus+ ! sea to rise to ! level ( ! l[e/ %elf1 or to a height ( #hej feet above ! pres5t sea-level4 ,?is is a "q on :i* ,i am n prep>$ at pres5t to (f] a decid$ op9ion4 ,:e!r ! horizontality ( ! %elves or t]race-l9es is really z p]fect z has be5 g5]ally assum$ is a po9t :i* w require to be te/$ by a m accurate trigonometrical survey ?an has yet be5 made4 ,! pres]vation ( precisely ! same level 9 ! l[e/ l9e ?r\gh\t ! gl5s ( ,roy1 ,spean1 & ,laggan1 = a di/ance ( #bj miles ea/ & we/1 & #aj or #ab miles nor? & s\?1 w\ld be v wond]ful if asc]ta9$ ) ma!matical precision4 ,mr4 ,jamieson1 aft] mak+ 9 #ahfb sev]al measurem5ts ) a _s-level1 has be5 l$ to suspect a rise 9 ! l[e/ %elf ( "o foot 9 a mile 9 a direction f we/ to ea/1 or f ! m\? ( ,gl5 ,roy to a po9t #f miles ea/ ( x 9 ,gl5 ,spean4 ,to confirm su* obs]vations1 & to det]m9e :e!r a simil> rate ( rise cont9ues ea/w>d1 z f> z ! pass ( ,muckul1 w\ld be mo/ important4 ,on ! :ole1 ,i conclude t ! ,gl5 ,roy t]race-l9es & ^? ( "s neighb\r+ valleys1 7 =m$ on ! bord]s ( glaci]-lakes1 9 times long subsequ5t to ! pr9cipal glaciation ( ,scotl&4 ,!y may p]haps h be5 ne>ly z late1 especially ! l[e/ ( ! %elves1 z t portion ( ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod 9 :i* ,man co-exi/$ 9 ,europe ) ! mammo?4 ,,*apt] #ad4 -- ,,*ronological ,,relations ,,( ,,! ,,glacial ,,p]iod ,,& ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,signs ,,( ,,man',s ,,appe>ance ,,9 ,,europe--,,cont9u$4 ,signs ( ext9ct ,glaci]s 9 ,wales4 ,great ,subm]g5ce ( ,wales dur+ ! ,glacial ,p]iod prov$ by ,m>9e ,%ells4 ,/ill great] ,depression inf]r$ f ,/ratifi$ ,drift4 ,sc>city ( ,organic ,rema9s 9 ,glacial ,=mations4 ,signs ( ext9ct ,glaci]s 9 ,engl&4 ,ice ,action 9 ,irel&4 ,maps illu/rat+ successive ,revolutions 9 ,physical ,geography dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e ,p]iod4 ,s\!rnmo/ ,ext5t ( ,erratics 9 ,engl&4 ,successive ,p]iods ( ,junction & ,sep>ation ( ,engl&1 ,irel&1 & ! ,cont95t4 ,"t requir$ = ^! ,*anges4 ,probable ,causes ( ! ,upheaval & ,subsid5ce ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/4 ,antiquity ( ,man consid]$ 9 relation to ! ,age ( ! exi/+ ,fauna & ,flora4 ,,ext9ct ,,glaci]s ,,9 ,,wales4 ,! consid]able am\nt ( v]tical movem5t 9 opposite directions1 :i* 0 sugge/$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 z af=d+ ! mo/ probable explanation ( ! position ( "s ( ! /ratifi$ & fossilif]\s drifts ( ,scotl&1 =m$ s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! glacial p]iod1 w appe> less />tl+ if x c be %[n t indep5d5t obs]vations lead u to inf] t a geographical revolution ( /ill great] magnitude accompani$ ! successive phases ( glaciation ?r\gh :i* ! ,wel% m\nta9s h pass$4 ,t ,wales 0 once an indep5d5t c5tre ( ! disp]sion ( erratic blocks has long be5 ackn[l$g$4 ,dr4 ,buckl& publi%$ 9 #ahdb 8 reasons = believ+ t ! ,sn[donian m\nta9s 9 ,ca]n>von%ire 7 =m]ly cov]$ ) glaci]s1 :i* radiat$ f ! c5tral heights ?r\gh ! sev5 pr9cipal valleys ( t *a91 :]e /riae & flut+s are se5 on ! poli%$ rocks direct$ t[>ds z _m diff]5t po9ts ( ! compass4 ,he also describ$ ! mora9es ( ! anci5t glaci]s1 & ! r\nd$ masses ( poli%$ rock1 call$ 9 ,switz]l& ro*es m\tonnees4 ,8 views respect+ ! old ext9ct glaci]s ( ,nor? ,wales 7 subsequ5tly confirm$ by ,mr4 ,d>w91 :o attribut$ ! transport ( _m ( ! l>g] erratic blocks to float+ ice4 ,mu* ( ! ,wel% glacial drift _h already be5 %[n by ,mr4 ,trimm] to h _h a subm>9e orig91 & ,mr4 ,d>w9 ma9ta9$ t :5 ! l& rose aga9 to ne>ly its pres5t height1 glaci]s fill$ ! valleys1 & swept !m clean ( all ! rubbi% left by ! sea499 799 ,philosophical ,magaz9e s]ies #c volume #ba page #ahj47 ,pr(essor ,ramsay1 9 a pap] read to ! ,geological ,society 9 #ahea1 & 9 a lat] "w on ! glaciation ( ,nor? ,wales1 describ$ ?ree successive glacial p]iods1 dur+ ! fir/ ( :i* ! l& 0 mu* high] ?an x n[ is1 & ! quantity ( ice excessive2 secondly1 a p]iod ( subm]g5ce :5 ! l& 0 #bcjj feet l[] ?an at pres5t1 & :5 ! high] m\nta9 tops only /ood out ( ! sea z a clu/] ( l[ isl&s1 :i* nev]!less 7 cov]$ ) sn[2 & la/ly1 a ?ird p]iod :5 ! m>9e b\ld] drift =m$ 9 ! middle p]iod 0 pl\gh$ out ( ! l>g] valleys by a second set ( glaci]s1 small] ?an ^? ( ! fir/ p]iod4 ,?is la/ /age ( glaciation may h co9cid$ ) t ( ! p>allel roads ( ,gl5 ,roy1 spok5 ( 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,9 ,wales x 0 c]ta9ly prec$$ by subm]g5ce1 & ! rocks _h be5 expos$ to glacial poli%+ & friction be=e !y sank4 ,=tunately ! evid5ce ( ! soj\rn ( ! ,wel% m\nta9s b5ea? ! wat]s ( ! sea is n defici5t1 z 9 ,scotl&1 9 t complete demon/ration :i* ! pres5ce ( m>9e %ells af=ds4 ,! late ,mr4 ,trimm] discov]$ su* %ells on ,moel ,tryfan1 9 ,nor? ,wales1 9 drift elevat$ m ?an #acjj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,x appe>s f 8 obs]vations1 & ^? ( ! late ,edw>d ,=bes1 corroborat$ by o!rs ( ,pr(essor ,ramsay & ,mr4 ,pre/wi*1 t ab\t twelve species ( %ells1 includ+ ,fusus bamfius1 ,f4 antiquus1 ,v5us /riatula 7,=bes & ,hanley71 h be5 met ) at heights ( betwe5 #ajjj & #adjj feet1 9 drift1 repos+ on a surface ( rock :i* _h be5 previ\sly expos$ to glacial friction & /riation499 799 ,ramsay1 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society volume #h #aheb page #cgb47 ,! %ells1 z a :ole1 are ^? ( ! glacial p]iod1 & n ( ! ,norwi* ,crag4 ,two localities ( ^! %ells 9 ,wales1 9 addition to t fir/ po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,trimm]1 h s9ce be5 obs]v$ by ,pr(essor ,ramsay1 :o1 h[ev]1 is ( op9ion t ! am\nt ( subm]g5ce c by no means be limit$ to ! extreme height to :i* ! %ells happ5 to h be5 trac$2 = drift ( ! same "* z t ( ,moel ,tryfan ext5ds cont9u\sly to ! height ( #bcjj feet4 #bg ,,r>ity ,,( ,,organic ,,rema9s ,,9 ,,glacial ,,=mations4 ,! g5]al de>? ( %ells 9 su* =mations1 bel[ z well z above ! level at :i* ,mr4 ,trimm] fir/ f\nd !m1 des]ves notice4 ,:e!r we c expla9 x or n1 x is a negative "* :i* seems to belong v g5]ally to deposits =m$ 9 glacial seas4 ,! por\s nature ( ! /rata1 & ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* !y h be5 p]meat$ by ra9-wat]1 may p>tly acc\nt1 z we h9t$ 9 a =m] *apt]1 = ! de/ruction ( organic rema9s4 ,b x is also possible t !y 7 orig9ally sc>ce1 = we read ( ! wat]s ( ! sea be+ s fre%5$ & *ill$ by ! melt+ ( ice-b]gs 9 "s ,norwegian & ,icel&ic fjords1 t ! fi% are driv5 away1 & all ! mollusca kill$4 ,! mora9es ( glaci]s are always f ! fir/ devoid ( %ells1 & if transport$ by ice-b]gs to a di/ance1 & deposit$ :]e ! ice melts1 may cont9ue z b>r5 ( e indication ( life z !y 7 :5 !y orig9at$4 ,nev]!less1 x may be said1 on ! o!r h&1 t h]ds ( seals & walruses cr[d ! float+ ice ( ,spitzb]g5 9 latitude #hj degrees nor?1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,lamont has rec5tly giv5 u a lively picture199n& huge :ales fatt5 on myriads ( pt]opods 9 pol> regions4 799 ,seasons ) ! ,sea-,horses #ahfa47 ,x _h be5 sugge/$ t ! bottom ( ! sea1 at ! era ( extreme subm]g5ce 9 ,scotl& & ,wales1 0 s deep z to rea* ! z]o ( animal life1 :i*1 9 "p ( ! ,m$it]ranean 7! ,aegean1 = example71 ! late ,edw>d ,=bes fix$1 aft] a long s]ies ( dr$g+s1 at #cjj fa?oms4 ,b ! %ells ( ! glacial drift ( ,scotl& & ,wales1 :5 !y d occur1 are n always ^? ( deep seas2 &1 moreov]1 our fai? 9 ! un9habitable /ate ( ! ocean at great dep?s has be5 rudely %ak51 by ! rec5t discov]y ( ,capta9 ,mc,clintock & ,dr4 ,walli*1 ( />fi% 9 wat] m ?an a ?\s& fa?oms deep 7#gefj feet671 midway betwe5 ,gre5l& & ,icel&4 ,t ^! radiata 7 really dr$g$ up f ! bottom1 & t !y _h be5 liv+ & fe$+ !re1 appe>$ f ! fact t _! /oma*s 7 full ( ,globig]9a1 ( :i* =am9if]\s creatures1 bo? liv+ & dead1 ! oozy b$ ( ! ocean at t va/ dep? 0 f\nd to be exclusively compos$4 #bh ,:atev] may be ! cause1 ! fact is c]ta91 t ov] l>ge areas 9 ,scotl&1 ,irel&1 & ,wales1 ,i might add ?r\gh\t ! nor!rn hemisph]e on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic1 ! /ratifi$ drift ( ! glacial p]iod is v commonly devoid ( fossils1 9 spite ( ! occurr5ce "h & !re1 at ! height ( #ejj1 #gjj1 & ev5 #adjj feet1 ( m>9e %ells4 ,^!1 :5 met )1 belong1 ) few exceptions1 to kn[n liv+ species4 ,i am !re=e unable to agree ) ,mr4 ,kj]ulf t ! am\nt ( =m] subm]g5ce c be measur$ by ! extreme height at :i* %ells happ5 to h be5 f\nd4 ,,glacial ,,=mations ,,9 ,,engl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ch4 ,dome-%ap$ ,rocks 7,,figure #ch4 ,,dome-,,%ap$ ,,rocks1 ,,or ,,ro*es ,,m\tonees1 ,,9 ,,! ,,valley ,,( ,,! ,,ro?ay1 ,,ne> ,,ambleside1 ,,f ,a ,,draw+ ,,by ,e4 ,,hull1 ,f4,g4,s499 799 ,ed9burgh ,new ,philosophical ,j\rnal volume #aa ,plate #a page #ca #ahfj477 ,! m\nta9s ( ,cumb]l& & ,we/morl&1 & ! ,engli% lake di/rict1 af=d equally unequivocal ve/iges ( ice-action n only 9 ! =m ( poli%$ & groov$ surfaces1 b also ( ^? r\nd$ bosses be=e m5tion$ z be+ s abundant 9 ! ,alp9e valleys ( ,switz]l&1 :]e glaci]s exi/1 or h exi/$4 ,mr4 ,hall has lately publi%$ a fai?ful acc\nt ( ^! ph5om5a1 & has giv5 a repres5tation ( "s ( ! ,engli% ro*es m\tonnees1 :i* precisely resemble hundr$s ( dome-%ap$ protub]ances 9 ,nor? ,wales1 ,sw$51 & ,nor? ,am]ica499 799 ,hull1 ,ed9burgh ,new ,philosophical ,j\rnal ,july #ahfj47 ,! m>ks ( glaciation on ! rocks1 & ! transportation ( erratics f ,cumb]l& to ! ea/w>d1 h be5 trac$ by ,pr(essor ,phillips ov] a l>ge "p ( ,york%ire1 ext5d+ to a height ( #aejj feet above ! sea2 & simil> nor!rn drift has be5 obs]v$ 9 ,lanca%ire1 ,*e%ire1 ,d]by%ire1 ,%rop%ire1 ,/af=d%ire1 & ,worce/]%ire4 ,x is r>e to f9d m>9e %ells1 except at heights ( #bjj or #cjj feet2 b a few in/ances ( _! occurr5ce h be5 notic$1 especially ( ,turritella communis 7a greg>i\s %ell71 f> 9 ! int]ior1 at elevations ( #ejj feet1 & ev5 ( #gjj 9 ,d]by%ire1 & "s adjac5t c\nties1 z ,i le>n f ,mr4 ,b9ney & ,mr4 ,pre/wi*4 ,su* in/ances are ( no small !oretical int]e/1 z enabl+ u to acc\nt = ! scatt]+ ( l>ge erratic blocks at equal or mu* great] elevations1 ov] a l>ge "p ( ! nor!rn & midl& c\nties1 su* z c\ld only h be5 convey$ to _! pres5t sites by float+ ice4 ,( ?is nature1 among o!rs1 is a rem>kable angul> block ( sy5itic gre5/one1 #d #a_/b feet by #d feet squ>e1 & #b feet ?ick1 :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 describes z ly+ on ! summit ( ,a%ley ,hea?1 9 ,/af=d%ire1 #hjc feet above ! sea1 re/+ on ,new ,r$ ,s&/one499 799 ,anci5t ,glaci]s ( ,ca]n>von%ire1 ,philosophical ,magaz9e s]ies #c1 #ba page #ahj47 ,,signs ,,( ,,ice-,,action ,,& ,,subm]g5ce ,,9 ,,irel& ,,dur+ ,,! ,,glacial ,,p]iod4 ,9 ,irel& we enc\nt] ! same difficulty z 9 ,scotl& 9 det]m9+ h[ mu* ( ! glaciation ( ! high] m\nta9s %\ld be ref]r$ to l& glaci]s1 & h[ mu* to float+ ice1 dur+ subm]g5ce4 ,! signs ( glacial action h be5 trac$ by ,pr(essor ,jukes to elevations ( #bejj feet 9 ! ,kill>ney di/rict1 & to great heights 9 o!r m\nta9\s regions2 b m>9e %ells h r>ely be5 met ) high] ?an #fjj feet above ! sea1 & t *iefly 9 gravel1 clay1 & s& 9 ,wickl[ & ,wex=d4 ,!y are s r>e 9 ! drift ea/ ( ! ,wickl[ m\nta9s1 t an exception to ! rule1 lately obs]v$ at ,ballymore ,eu/ace1 by ,pr(essor ,jukes1 is consid]$ z a fact ( no small geological int]e/4 ,! wide ext5t ( drift ( ! same "*1 spread ov] l>ge areas 9 ,irel&1 %[s t ! :ole isl& 01 9 "s "p ( ! glacial p]iod1 an ar*ipelago1 z repres5t$ 9 ! maps1 ,figures #ci & #dj4 ,speak+ ( ! ,wex=d drift1 ! late ,pr(essor ,e4 ,=bes /ates t ,sir ,h4 ,james f\nd 9 x1 toge!r ) _m ( ! usual glacial %ells1 sev]al species :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ! ,crag2 among o!rs ! rev]s$ v>iety ( ,fusus antiquus1 call$ ,f4 contr>ius1 & ! ext9ct species ,nucula ,cobboldiae1 & ,turritella incrassata4 ,p]haps a portion ( ?is drift ( ! s\? ( ,irel& may belong to ! close ( ! ,plioc5e p]iod1 & may be ( a some:at old] date ?an ! %ells ( ! ,clyde1 allud$ to 9 ,*apt] #ac4 ,!y may also correspond /ill m ne>ly 9 age ) ! fauna ( ! upp]mo/ /rata ( ! ,norwi* ,crag1 occurr+ at ,*illes=d4 #bi ,! sc>city ( mammalian rema9s 9 ! ,iri% drift fav\rs ! !ory ( its m>9e orig94 ,9 ! sup]ficial deposits ( ! :ole isl&1 ,i h only met ) ?ree record$ examples ( ! mammo?1 "o 9 ! s\? ne> ,dung>van1 :]e ! bones ( ,elephas primig5ius1 two species ( be> 7,ursus arctos & ,ursus spelaeus871 ! re9de]1 horse1 etc41 7 f\nd 9 a cave299 ano!r 9 ! c5tre ( ! isl& ne> ,belturbet1 9 ! c\nty ( ,cavan4 799 ,e4 ,br5an & ,dr4 ,c>te1 ,dubl9 #ahei47 ,p]haps ! conv]sion into l& ( ! b$ ( ! glacial sea1 & ! immigration into ! newly upheav$ region ( ! elephant1 rh9oc]os1 & hippopotamus1 :i* co-exi/$ ) ! fabricators ( ! ,/4 ,a*eul fl9t hat*ets1 7 ev5ts :i* prec$$ 9 "t ! elevation ( ! ,iri% drift1 & ! union ( t isl& ) ,engl&4 ,irel& may h cont9u$ = a long] "t 9 ! /ate ( an ar*ipelago1 & 0 !re=e = a mu* %ort] "t inhabit$ by ! l>ge ext9ct ,plei/oc5e pa*yd]ms4 ,9 "o ( ! reports ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,irel&1 publi%$ 9 #ahei1 ,pr(essor ,jukes1 9 explanation ( %eet #ahd ( ! maps1 alludes to b$s ( s& & gravel1 & signs ( ! poli%+ & furr[+ ( ! rocks 9 ! c\nties ( ,k]ry & ,kill>ney1 z high z #bejj feet above ! sea1 & supposes 7p]haps ) good reason7 t ! l& 0 depress$ ev5 to t ext5t4 ,he obs]ves t above t elevation 7#bejj feet7 ! rocks are r\gh1 & n smoo!d1 z if by ice4 ,"s ( ! drift 0 trac$ z high z #aejj feet1 ! highe/ hills !re exce$+ #cdjj feet4 ,mr4 ,jukes1 h[ev]1 is by no means incl9$ to insi/ on subm]g5ce to ! ext5t ( #bejj feet1 z he is aw>e t ice1 l t n[ prevail+ 9 ,gre5l&1 might expla9 mo/1 if n all1 ! appe>ances ( glaciation 9 ! highe/ regions4 ,al?\gh ! c\rse tak5 by ! ,iri% erratics 9 g5]al is su* t _! transportation seems to h be5 due to float+ ice or coa/-ice1 yet "s granite blocks h travell$ f s\? to nor?1 z record$ by ,sir ,r4 ,griffi?s1 namely1 ^? ( ! ,ox ,m\nta9s 9 ,sligo2 a fact f :i* ,mr4 ,jamieson inf]s t ^? m\nta9s =m$ at "o "t a c5tre ( disp]sion4 ,9 ! same "p ( ,irel&1 ! g5]al direction 9 :i* ! b\ld]s h travell$ is ev]y:]e f nor?-we/ to s\?-ea/1 a c\rse directly at "r angles to ! prevail+ tr5d ( ! pres5t m\nta9 ridges4 ,,maps ,,illu/rat+ ,,successive ,,revolutions ,,9 ,,physical ,,geography ,,dur+ ,,! ,,plei/oc5e ,,p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ci4 ,map ,( ,! ,briti% ,isles 7,,figure #ci4 ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,isles ,,& ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,nor?-,,we/ ,,( ,,europe1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,great ,,am\nt ,,( ,,suppos$ ,,subm]g5ce ,,( ,,l& ,,b5ea? ,,! ,,sea ,,dur+ ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,glacial ,,p]iod4 ,! subm]g5ce ( ,scotl& is to ! ext5t ( #bjjj feet1 & ( o!r p>ts ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 #acjj4 ,9 ! map1 ! d>k %ade expresses ! l& :i* alone rema9$ above wat]4 ,! area %ad$ by diagonal l9es is t :i* _c be %[n to h be5 "u wat] at ! p]iod ( float+ ice by ! evid5ce ( erratics1 or by m>9e %ells ( nor!rn species4 ,h[ f> ! sev]al p>ts ( ! subm]g$ area 7 simultane\sly or successively laid "u wat]1 9 ! c\rse ( ! glacial p]iod1 _c1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 be det]m9$47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dj4 ,map ,briti% ,isl&s 7,,figure #dj4 ,,map ,,%[+ ,,:at ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,isl&s ,,w\ld ,,rema9 ,,above ,,wat] ,,aft] ,a ,,subsid5ce ,,( ,,! ,,area ,,to ,,! ,,ext5t ,,( #fjj ,,feet4 ,! au?orities to :om ,i am indebt$ = ! in=mation conta9$ 9 ?is map are--=3 ,,scotl&3 ,a4 ,geikie1 ,esquire1 ,f4,g4,s41 & ,t4,f4 ,jamieson1 ,esquire1 ( ,ellon1 ,ab]de5%ire4 ,,engl&3 ,= ! c\nties (3 ,york%ire1 ,lanca%ire1 & ,durham3 ,colonel ,sir ,h5ry ,james1 ,r4,e4 ,dorset%ire1 ,hamp%ire1 & ,isle ( ,wight3 ,h4,w4 ,bri/[1 ,esquire4 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 ,som]set%ire1 & "p ( ,devon3 ,r4 ,e!ridge1 ,esquire4 ,k5t & ,sussex3 ,fr$]ick ,drew1 ,esquire4 ,isle ( ,man3 ,w4 ,:itak]1 ,esquire4 ,,irel&3 ,r$uc$ f a cont\r map con/ruct$ by ,lieut5ant ,l>com1 ,r4,e41 9 #ahcg1 = ! ,railway ,commission]s47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #da4 ,map ,( ,"p ,( ,! ,nor?-,we/ ,( ,europe 7,,figure #da4 ,,map ,,( ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,nor?-,,we/ ,,( ,,europe1 ,,includ+ ,,! ,,briti% ,,isles1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,ext5t ,,( ,,sea ,,:i* ,,w\ld ,,become ,,l& ,,if ,,!re ,,7 ,a ,,g5]al ,,rise ,,( ,,! ,,area ,,to ,,! ,,ext5t ,,( #fjj ,,feet4 ,! d>k] %ade expresses :at is n[ l&1 ! light] %ade ! space int]v5+ betwe5 ! pres5t coa/l9e & ! #ajj fa?om l9e1 :i* w\ld be conv]t$ by su* a movem5t into l&4 ,! orig9al ( ?is map w be f\nd 9 ,sir ,h4 de la ,be*e's ,!oretical ,rese>*es page #aij1 #ahcd1 b sev]al important corrections h be5 introduc$ into x f rec5tly publi%$ ,admiralty ,surveys1 especially3 #a/4 ,a deep *annel pass+ f ! ,nor? ,sea into ! entrance ( ! ,baltic4 #bnd4 ,! m limit$ we/]ly ext5sion ( ! ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,irel&47 ,! late ,mr4 ,trimm]1 be=e ref]r$ to1 has endeav\r$ to assi/ our speculations z to ! successive revolutions 9 physical geography1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,briti% ,isl&s h pass$ s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! glacial p]iod1 by f\r sket* maps z he t]m$ !m1 9 ! fir/ ( :i* he gave an ideal re/oration ( ! orig9al ,cont95tal p]iod1 call$ by him ! fir/ elephant9e p]iod1 or t ( ! =e/ ( ,crom]1 be=e describ$4 ,he 0 n aw>e t ! prevail+ elephant ( t era 7,e4 m]idionalis7 0 di/9ct f ! mammo?4 ,at ?is era he conceiv$ ,irel& & ,engl& to h be5 unit$ ) ea* o!r & ) ,france1 b mu* ( ! area repres5t$ z l& 9 ! map1 ,figure #da1 0 suppos$ to be "u wat]4 ,8 second map1 ( ! great subm]g5ce ( ! glacial p]iod1 0 n ess5tially diff]5t f our map1 ,figure #ci4 ,8 ?ird map express$ a p]iod ( p>tial re-elevation1 :5 ,irel& 0 reunit$ to ,scotl& & ! nor? ( ,engl&2 b ,engl& /ill sep>at$ f ,france4 ,?is re/oration appe>s to me to re/ on insuffici5t data1 be+ con/ruct$ to suit ! suppos$ area ov] :i* ! gigantic ,iri% de]1 or ,megac]os1 migrat$ f ea/ to we/1 also to expla9 an assum$ subm]g5ce ( ! di/rict call$ ! ,weald1 9 ! s\?-ea/ ( ,engl&1 :i* _h rema9$ l& dur+ ! gr& glacial subm]g5ce4 ,! f\r? map is a return to ne>ly ! same cont95tal conditions z ! fir/--,irel&1 ,engl&1 & ! ,cont95t be+ unit$4 ,?is he call$ ! second elephant9e p]iod2 & x w\ld co9cide v closely ) t "p ( ! ,plei/oc5e era 9 :i* ,man co-exi/$ ) ! mammo?1 & :51 accord+ to ,mr4 ,trimm]'s hypo!sis previ\sly indicat$ by ,mr4 ,godw9-,au/51 ! ,?ames 0 a tribut>y ( ! ,rh9e499 799 ,jo%ua ,trimm]1 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society volume #i #ahec1 ,plate #ac1 & ,godw9-,au/51 ibid4 volume #g #ahea page #acd & ,plate #g47 ,^! geographical speculations 7 indulg$ 9 t5 ye>s aft] ,edw>d ,=bes _h publi%$ 8 bold g5]alisations on ! geological *anges :i* accompani$ ! successive e/abli%m5t ( ! ,sc&9avian1 ,g]manic1 & o!r liv+ floras & faunas 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 &1 l ! !ories ( 8 pr$ecessor1 7 ! results ( mu* reflection on a va/ body ( geological facts4 ,x is by repeat$ ef=ts ( ?is k9d1 made by geologi/s :o are prep>$ = ! p>tial failure ( "s ( _! fir/ attempts1 t we %all ultimately arrive at a k ( ! long s]ies ( geographical revolutions :i* h foll[$ ea* o!r s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod4 ,! map1 ,figure #ci1 w give "s idea ( ! great ext5t ( l& :i* w\ld be subm]g$1 7 we to inf]1 z _m geologi/s h done1 f ! jo9t evid5ce ( m>9e %ells1 erratics1 glacial /riae & /ratifi$ drift at great heights1 t ,scotl& 01 dur+ "p ( ! glacial p]iod1 #bjjj feet bel[ its pres5t level1 & o!r p>ts ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 #acjj feet4 ,a subsid5ce to ?is am\nt c be demon/rat$ 9 ! case ( ,nor? ,wales by m>9e %ells4 ,9 ! lake di/rict ( ,cumb]l&1 9 ,york%ire1 & 9 ,irel&1 we mu/ dep5d on pro(s d]iv$ f glacial /riae & ! transportation ( erratics = s mu* ( ! suppos$ subm]g5ce z exce$s #fjj feet4 ,z to c5tral ,engl&1 or ! c\ntry nor? ( ! ,?ames & ,bri/ol ,*annel1 m>9e %ells ( ! glacial p]iod sometimes rea* z high z #fjj & #gjj feet1 & erratics /ill high]1 z we h se5 above4 ,b ?is region is ( su* mod]ate elevation above ! sea1 t x w\ld be almo/ equally laid "u wat]1 7 !re a s9k+ ( no m ?an #fjj feet4 ,to make ?is la/ proposition cle>1 ,i h con/ruct$1 f num]\s docum5ts1 _m ( !m unpubli%$1 ! map1 ,figure #dj1 :i* %[s h[ t small am\nt ( subsid5ce w\ld r$uce ! :ole ( ! ,briti% ,isles to an ar*ipelago ( v small isl&s1 ) ! exception ( p>ts ( ,scotl&1 & ! nor? ( ,engl& & ,wales1 :]e f\r isl&s ( consid]able dim5sions w\ld /ill rema94 ,! map does n indicate a /ate ( ?+s suppos$ to h prevail$ at any "o mom5t ( ! pa/1 because ! di/rict s\? ( ! ,?ames & ! ,bri/ol ,*annel seems to h rema9$ l& dur+ ! :ole ( ! glacial p]iod1 at a "t :5 ! nor!rn area 0 "u wat]4 ,! map simply repres5ts ! effects ( a d[nw>d movem5t ( a hundr$ fa?oms1 or #fjj ,engli% feet1 assum$ to be uni=m ov] ! :ole ( ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,x %[s ! v diff]5t /ate ( ! physical geography ( ! area 9 "q1 :5 contra/$ ) ! results ( an opposite movem5t1 or "o ( upheaval1 to an equal am\nt1 ( :i* ,sir ,h5ry de la ,be*e _h already giv5 u a picture1 9 8 excell5t treatise call$ ,!oretical ,rese>*es499 799 ,also repeat$ 9 ,de la ,be*e's ,geological ,obs]v]47 ,8 map ,i h borr[$ 7,figure #da71 aft] mak+ "s important corrections 9 x4 ,if we are surpris$ :5 look+ at ! fir/ map1 ,figure #dj1 at ! va/ expanse ( sea :i* s mod]ate a subsid5ce z #fjj feet w\ld cause1 we %all probably be /ill m a/oni%$ to p]ceive1 9 ,figure #da1 t a rise ( ! same numb] ( feet w\ld unite all ! ,briti% ,isles1 includ+ ! ,hebrides1 ,orkneys1 & ,%etl&s1 ) "o ano!r & ! ,cont95t1 & lay dry ! sea n[ sep>at+ ,great ,brita9 f ,sw$5 & ,d5m>k4 ,x appe>s f s\nd+s made dur+ v>i\s ,admiralty surveys1 t ! ga9$ l& ?us br\ght above ! level ( ! sea1 in/ead ( pres5t+ a sy/em ( hills & valleys correspond+ ) ^? usually *>act]is+ ! int]ior ( mo/ ( our isl&1 w\ld =m a ne>ly level t]race1 or g5tly incl9$ plane1 slop+ outw>ds l ^? t]races ( d5udation & deposition :i* ,i h else:]e describ$ z occurr+ on ! coa/s ( ,sicily & ! ,morea499 799 ,manual ( ,geology page #gd47 ,x seems t1 dur+ =m] & p]haps repeat$ oscillations ( level und]gone by ! ,briti% ,isles1 ! sea has _h "t to cut back ! cliffs = miles 9 _m places1 :ile 9 o!rs ! detritus d]iv$ f wa/+ cliffs drift$ along ! %ores1 toge!r ) ! s$im5t br\ght d[n by riv]s & swept by curr5ts into subm>9e valleys1 has ex]t$ a levell+ p[]1 fill+ up su* depressions z may h pre-exi/$4 ,ow+ to ?is tw(old action few m>k$ inequalities ( level h be5 left on ! sea-bottom1 ! silv]-pits (f ! m\? ( ! ,humb] (f]+ a r>e exception to ! g5]al rule1 & ev5 !re ! n>r[ depression is less ?an #cjj feet 9 dep?4 ,beyond ! #ajj fa?om l9e1 ! subm>9e slope surr\nd+ ! ,briti% coa/ is s mu* /eep] t a second elevation ( equal am\nt 7or ( #fjj feet7 w\ld add b slightly to ! area ( ga9$ l&2 9 o!r words1 ! #ajj & #bjj fa?om l9es run v ne> ea* o!r499 799 ,de la ,be*e1 ,geological ,rese>*es page #aia47 ,! naturali/ w\ld h be5 entitl$ to assume ! =m] union1 )9 ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod1 ( all ! ,briti% ,isles ) ea* o!r & ) ! ,cont95t1 z express$ 9 ! map1 ,figure #da1 ev5 if !re _h be5 no geological facts 9 fav\r ( su* a junction4 ,= 9 no o!r way w\ld he be able to acc\nt = ! id5tity ( ! fauna & flora f\nd ?r\gh\t ^! l&s4 ,_h !y be5 sep>at$ ev] s9ce ! ,mioc5e p]iod1 l ,madeira1 ,porto ,santo1 & ! ,des]tas1 con/itut+ ! small ,madeiran ,ar*ipelago1 we might h expect$ to discov] a diff]5ce 9 ! species ( l&-%ells1 n only :5 ,irel& 0 comp>$ to ,engl&1 b :5 diff]5t isl&s ( ! ,hebrides 7 contra/$ "o ) ano!r1 & ea* ( !m ) ,engl&4 ,x w\ld n1 h[ev]1 be necess>y1 9 ord] to effect ! complete fusion ( ! animals & plants :i* we witness1 to assume t all p>ts ( ! area =m$ cont9u\s l& at "o & ! same mom5t ( "t1 b m]ely t ! sev]al portions 7 s jo9$ )9 ! ,plei/oc5e era z to all[ ! animals & plants to migrate freely 9 succession f "o di/rict to ano!r4 ,,s\!rnmo/ ,,ext5t ,,( ,,erratics ,,9 ,,engl&4 ,9 ref]5ce to t portion ( ! s\? ( ,engl& :i* is m>k$ by diagonal l9es 9 ,figure #ci1 ! !ory ( its hav+ be5 an area ( dry l& dur+ ! p]iod ( great subm]g5ce & float+ ice does n dep5d m]ely on negative evid5ce1 su* z ! abs5ce ( ! nor!rn drift or b\ld] clay on its surface2 b we h also1 9 fav\r ( ! same conclusion1 ! rem>kable fact ( ! pres5ce ( erratic blocks on ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,sussex1 imply+ ! exi/5ce !re ( an anci5t coa/-l9e at a p]iod :5 ! cold mu/ h be5 at its height4 ,^! blocks are to be se5 9 greate/ numb] at ,pagham & ,selsea1 #ae miles s\? ( ,*i*e/]1 9 latitude #ej degrees #dj m9utes nor?4 ,!y consi/ ( fragm5ts ( granite1 sy5ite & gre5/one1 z well z ( ,devonian & ,silurian rocks1 "s ( !m ( l>ge size4 ,i measur$ "o ( granite at ,pagham1 #bg feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,!y are n ( nor!rn orig91 b mu/ h come f ! coa/ ( ,norm&y or ,brittany1 or f l& :i* may once h exi/$ to ! s\?-we/1 9 :at is n[ ! ,engli% ,*annel4 ,!y 7 probably drift$ into _! pres5t site by coa/ ice1 & ! yell[ clay & gravel 9 :i* !y are emb$d$ are a littoral =mation1 z %[n by ! %ells4 ,b5ea? ! gravel conta9+ ^! l>ge erratics1 is a blue mud 9 :i* skeletons ( ,elephas antiquus1 & o!r mammalia1 h be5 obs]v$4 ,/ill l[] occurs a s&y loam1 f :i* ,mr4 ,r4,g4 ,au/599 has collect$ ?irty-eight species ( m>9e %ells1 all ,rec5t1 b =m+ an assemblage diff]+ z a :ole f t n[ inhabit+ ! ,engli% ,*annel4 799 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society volume #ac #aheg page #ej47 ,! pres5ce among !m ( ,lutr>ia rugosa & ,pect5 polymorphus1 n kn[n to range f>!r nor? 9 ! actual seas ?an ! coa/ ( ,portugal1 indicates a some:at w>m] temp]ature at ! "t :5 !y fl\ri%$4 ,subsequ5tly1 !re mu/ h be5 great cold :5 ! ,selsea erratics 7 drift$ into _! pres5t position1 & ?is cold d\btless co9cid$ 9 "t ) a l[ temp]ature f>!r nor?4 #cj ,^! transport$ rocks ( ,sussex are some:at old] ?an a sea-bea* ) ,rec5t m>9e %ells :i* at ,brighton is cov]$ by ,*alk rubble1 call$ ! elephant-b$ :i* ,i _c describe 9 ?is place1 b ,i allude to x z "o ( _m geological pro(s ( ! =m] exi/5ce ( a sea%ore 9 ?is region1 & ( anci5t cliffs b\nd+ ! *annel betwe5 ,france & ,engl&1 all ( old] date ?an ! close ( ! glacial p]iod4 #ca ,9 ord] to =m a connect$ view ( ! mo/ simple s]ies ( *anges 9 physical geography :i* c possibly acc\nt = ! ph5om5a ( ! glacial p]iod1 & ! p]iod ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! pres5t prov9ces ( animals & plants1 ! foll[+ geographical /ates ( ! ,briti% & adjo9+ areas may be enum]at$4 ,fir/1 a cont95tal p]iod1 t[>ds ! close ( :i* ! =e/ ( ,crom] fl\ri%$3 :5 ! l& 0 at lea/ #ejj feet above its pres5t level1 p]haps mu* high]1 & its ext5t probably great] ?an t giv5 9 ! map1 ,figure #da4 ,secondly1 a p]iod ( subm]g5ce1 by :i* ! l& nor? ( ! ,?ames & ,bri/ol ,*annel1 & t ( ,irel&1 0 gradually r$uc$ to su* an ar*ipelago z is pictur$ 9 map1 ,figure #dj2 & f9ally to su* a g5]al preval5ce ( sea z is se5 9 map1 ,figure #ci4 ,?is 0 ! p]iod ( great subm]g5ce & ( float+ ice1 :5 ! ,sc&9avian flora1 :i* occupi$ ! l[] gr\nds dur+ ! fir/ cont95tal p]iod1 may h obta9$ exclusive possession ( ! only l&s n cov]$ ) p]petual sn[4 ,?irdly1 a second cont95tal p]iod :5 ! b$ ( ! glacial sea1 ) its m>9e %ells & erratic blocks1 0 laid dry1 & :5 ! quantity ( l& equall$ t ( ! fir/ p]iod1 & !re=e probably exce$$ t repres5t$ 9 ! map1 ,figure #da4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod !re 7 glaci]s 9 ! high] m\nta9s ( ,scotl& & ,wales1 & ! ,wel% glaci]s1 z we h se51 pu%$ be=e !m & cle>$ out ! m>9e drift ) :i* "s valleys _h be5 fill$ dur+ ! p]iod ( subm]g5ce4 ,! p>allel roads ( ,gl5 ,roy are ref]able to "s "p ( ! same era4 ,z a reason = presum+ t ! l& :i* 9 map1 ,figure #da1 is only repres5t$ z #fjj feet above its pres5t level1 0 dur+ "p ( ?is p]iod mu* high]1 ,pr(essor ,ramsay has sugge/$ t1 z ! previ\s depression f> exce$$ #ajj fa?oms 7am\nt+ 9 ,wales to #adjj feet1 z %[n by m>9e %ells1 & to #bcjj1 by /ratifi$ drift71 x is n improbable t ! upw>d movem5t 0 on a correspond+ scale4 ,9 pass+ f ! p]iod ( *ief subm]g5ce to ?is second cont95tal condition ( ?+s1 we may conceive a gradual *ange fir/ f t ( ,map #ci to ,map #dj1 !n f ! latt] phase to t ( ,map #da1 & f9ally to /ill great] accessions ( l&4 ,dur+ ?is la/ p]iod ! passage ( ! ,g]manic flora into ! ,briti% area took place1 & ! ,sc&9avian plants1 toge!r ) nor!rn insects1 birds1 & quadrup$s1 retreat$ into ! high] gr\nds4 ,judg+ f ! evid5ce at pres5t be=e u1 ! fir/ appe>ance ( ,man1 :51 toge!r ) ! mammo? & woolly rh9oc]os1 or ) ! ,elephas antiquus1 ,rh9oc]os hemitoe*us1 & ,hippopotamus major1 he rang$ freely f all p>ts ( ! ,cont95t into ! ,briti% area1 took place dur+ ?is second cont95tal p]iod4 ,f\r?ly1 ! next & la/ *ange compris$ ! break+ up ( ! l& ( ! ,briti% area once m into num]\s isl&s1 end+ 9 ! pres5t geographical condition ( ?+s4 ,!re 7 probably _m oscillations ( level dur+ ?is la/ conv]sion ( cont9u\s l& into isl&s1 & su* movem5ts 9 opposite directions w\ld acc\nt = ! occurr5ce ( m>9e %ells at mod]ate heights above ! level ( ! sea1 not)/&+ a g5]al l[]+ ( ! l&4 ,to ! close ( ?is era belong ! m>9e deposits ( ! ,clyde & ! ,c>ses ( ! ,tay & ,=?1 be=e allud$ to4 ,9 a memoir by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,=bes1 be=e cit$1 he obs]ves1 t ! l& ( passage by :i* ! plants & animals migrat$ into ,irel& consi/$ ( ! uprais$ m>9e drift :i* _h previ\sly =m$ ! bottom ( ! glacial sea4 ,portions ( ?is drift ext5d to ! ea/]n %ores ( ,wickl[ & ,wex=d1 o!rs are f\nd 9 ! ,isle ( ,man full ( arctic %ells1 o!rs on ! ,briti% coa/ opposite ,irel&4 ,! fre%wat] m>l1 conta9+ num]\s skeletons ( ! great de]1 or ,megac]os1 ov]lie 9 ! ,isle ( ,man t m>9e glacial drift4 ,pr(essor ,=bes also rem>ks t ! subsequ5t disjunction ( ,irel& f ,engl&1 or ! =mation ( ! ,iri% ,*annel1 :i* is less ?an #djj feet 9 its greate/ dep?1 prec$$ ! op5+ ( ! ,/raits ( ,dov]1 or ! f9al sep>ation ( ,engl& f ! ,cont95t4 ,?is he inf]r$ f ! pres5t di/ribution ( species bo? 9 ! animal & vegetable k+doms4 ,?us1 = example1 !re are twice z _m reptiles 9 ,belgium z 9 ,engl&1 & ! numb] inhabit+ ,engl& is twice t f\nd 9 ,irel&4 ,yet ! ,iri% species are all common to ,engl&1 & all ! ,engli% to ,belgium4 ,x is !re=e assum$ t ! migration ( species we/w>d hav+ be5 ! "w ( "t1 !re 0 n suffici5t lapse ( ages to complete ! fusion ( ! cont95tal & ,briti% reptilian fauna1 be=e ,france 0 sep>at$ f ,engl& & ,engl& f ,irel&4 ,= ! same reason !re are also a great numb] ( birds ( %ort flight1 & small quadrup$s1 inhabit+ ,engl& :i* d n cross to ,irel&1 ! ,iri% ,*annel seem+ to h arre/$ !m 9 _! we/w>d c\rse499 799 ,e4 ,=bes1 ,fauna & ,flora ( ,briti% ,isles1 ,memoir ( ! ,geological ,survey volume #a #ahdf page #cdd47 ,! dep? ( ! ,iri% ,*annel 9 ! n>r[] p>ts is only #cfj feet1 & ! ,engli% ,*annel betwe5 ,dov] & ,calais less ?an #bjj1 & r>ely any:]e m ?an #cjj feet2 s t v]tical movem5ts ( slight am\nt comp>$ to "s ( ^? previ\sly consid]$1 ) ! aid ( d5ud+ op]ations or ! wa/e ( sea cliffs1 & ! sc\r+ out ( ! *annel1 might 9 "t effect ! insulation ( ! l&s above allud$ to4 ,,"t ,,requir$ ,,= ,,successive ,,*anges ,,9 ,,physical ,,geography ,,9 ,,! ,,plei/oc5e ,,p]iod4 ,! "t :i* x w\ld require to br+ ab\t su* *anges ( level1 accord+ to ! av]age rate assum$ 9 ,*apt] #c1 h[ev] va/1 w n be f\nd to exce$ t :i* w\ld be/ expla9 ! successive fluctuations 9 t]re/rial temp]ature1 ! glaciation ( solid rocks1 ! transportation ( erratics above & bel[ ! sea-level1 ! height ( arctic %ells above ! sea1 & la/1 n lea/1 ! migration ( ! exi/+ species ( animals & plants into _! actual /ations1 & ! ext9ction ( "s conspicu\s =ms :i* fl\ri%$ dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e ages4 ,:5 we duly consid] all ^! *anges :i* h tak5 place s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! glacial epo*1 or s9ce ! =e/ ( ,crom] & ! ,elephas m]idionalis fl\ri%$1 we %all f9d t ! ph5om5a become m & m intelligible 9 proportion to ! sl[ness ( ! rate ( elevation & depression :i* we assume4 ,! subm]g5ce ( ,wales to ! ext5t ( #adjj feet1 z prov$ by glacial %ells1 w\ld require #ef1jjj ye>s1 at ! rate ( #b #a_/b feet p] c5tury2 b tak+ ,pr(essor ,ramsay's e/imate ( #hjj feet m1 t depression be+ impli$ by ! position ( "s ( ! /ratifi$ drift1 we mu/ dem& an additional p]iod ( #cb1jjj ye>s1 am\nt+ 9 all to #hh1jjj2 & ! same "t w\ld be requir$ = ! re-elevation ( ! tract to its pres5t height4 ,b if ! l& rose 9 ! second cont95tal p]iod z mu* z #fjj feet above its pres5t level1 z 9 ,figure #da1 ?is #fjj feet1 fir/ ( ris+ & !n ( s9k+1 w\ld require #dh1jjj ye>s m2 ! :ole ( ! gr& oscillation1 compris+ ! subm]g5ce & re-em]g5ce1 hav+ tak5 ab\t #bbd1jjj ye>s = its completion2 & ?is1 ev5 if !re 7 no pause or /ation>y p]iod1 :5 ! d[nw>d movem5t ceas$1 & be=e x 0 conv]t$ into an upw>d "o4 ,i am aw>e t x may be object$ t ! av]age rate "h propos$ is a purely arbitr>y & conjectural "o1 because1 at ! ,nor? ,cape1 x is suppos$ t !re has be5 a rise ( ab\t #e feet 9 a c5tury1 & at ,spitsb]g51 accord+ to ,mr4 ,lamont1 a /ill fa/] upheaval dur+ ! la/ #djj ye>s499 799 ,seasons ) ! ,sea-,horses page #bjb47 ,b1 grant+ t 9 ^! & "s exceptional cases 7none ( !m z yet v well e/abli%$7 ! ris+ or s9k+ has1 = a "t1 be5 accel]at$1 ,i d n believe ! av]age rate ( motion to exce$ t above propos$4 ,mr4 ,d>w91 ,i f9d1 consid]s t su* a mean rate ( upheaval w\ld be z high z we c\ld assume = ! we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e we h m evid5ce ( sudd5 *anges ( level ?an any:]e else4 ,he has n1 h[ev]1 attempt$ to e/imate ! probable rate ( secul> elevation 9 t or any o!r region4 ,little progress has yet be5 made 9 div9+ ! mo/ probable causes ( ^! great movem5ts ( ! e>?'s cru/2 yet :at little we "k ( ! /ate ( ! int]ior leads u to expect t ! gradual expansion or contraction ( l>ge portions ( ! solid cru/ may be ! result ( fluctuations 9 temp]ature1 ) :i* ! exi/5ce ( hundr$s ( active & ?\s&s ( ext9ct volcanoes is probably connect$4 ,x is asc]ta9$ t solid rocks1 su* z granite & s&/one1 exp& & contract annually1 ev5 "u su* a mod]ate range ( temp]ature z t ( a ,canadian w9t] & summ]4 ,if ! heat %\ld g on increas+ ?r\gh a ?ickness1 say only ( #aj miles ( ! e>?'s cru/1 ! gradual upheaval ( ! incumb5t mass may am\nt to _m hundr$s ( feet2 & ! elevation may be c>ri$ /ill f>!r1 by ! complete fusion ( "p ( ! inf]ior rocks4 ,accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,deville1 ! contraction ( granite1 9 pass+ f a melt$1 or z "s w\ld say its pla/ic condition1 to a solid /ate1 mu/ be m ?an #aj p] c5t499 799 ,bull4 ,societe ,geologique ,france #bnd s]ies volume #d page #acab47 ,s t we h at our comm& a s\rce ( depression on a gr& scale1 at e p]iod :5 granitic rocks h orig9at$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,all m9]alogi/s are agre$ t ! passage ( volum9\s masses1 f a liquid or pa/y to a solid & cry/all9e /ate1 mu/ be an extremely sl[ process4 ,x may (t5 happ5 t1 9 ! same s]ies ( sup]impos$ rocks1 "s are exp&+ :ile /ill solid or :ile p>tially melt+1 :ile o!rs are at ! same "t cry/allis+ & contract+2 s t ! alt]ations ( level at ! surface may be ! result ( complicat$ & (t5 ( conflict+ ag5cies4 ,! m gradually we conceive su* *anges to take place1 ! m compreh5sible !y become 9 ! eyes ( ! *emi/ & natural philosoph] :o speculates on ! *anges ( ! e>?'s int]ior2 & ! m f]tile are !y 9 ! h&s ( ! geologi/ 9 acc\nt+ = revolutions on ! habitable surface4 ,we may presume1 t aft] ! movem5t has gone on = a long "t 9 "o det]m9ate direction1 :e!r ( elevation or depression1 ! *ange to an opposite movem5t1 imply+ ! sub/itution ( a heat+ = a refrig]at+ op]ation1 or ! rev]se1 w\ld n take place sudd5ly2 b w\ld be m>k$ by a p]iod ( inaction1 or ( slight movem5t1 or su* a /ate ( quiesc5ce1 z prevails ?r\gh\t l>ge areas ( dry l& 9 ! normal condition ( ! globe4 ,i see no reason = suppos+ t any "p ( ! revolutions 9 physical geography1 to :i* ! maps above describ$ h ref]5ce1 indicate any cata/rophes great] ?an ^? :i* ! pres5t g5]ation has witness$4 ,if ,man 0 9 exi/5ce :5 ! ,crom] =e/ 0 becom+ subm]g$1 he w\ld h felt no m al>m ?an ! ,dani% settl]s on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,baff9's ,bay1 :5 !y f\nd ! poles1 :i* !y _h driv5 into ! bea* to secure _! boats1 _h subsid$ bel[ _! orig9al level4 ,already1 p]haps1 ! melt+ ice has ?r[n d[n till & b\ld]s ^u ^? poles1 a c\nt]p>t ( ! b\ld] clay :i* ov]lies ! =e/-b$ on ! ,norfolk cliffs4 ,we h se5 t all ! plants & %ells1 m>9e & fre%wat]1 ( ! =e/ b$1 & associat$ fluvio-m>9e /rata ( ,norfolk1 are specifically id5tical ) ^? ( ! liv+ ,european flora & fauna2 s t if ^u su* a /ratum a deposit ( ! pres5t p]iod1 :e!r fre%wat] or m>9e1 %\ld be ?r[n d[n1 x might lie con=mably ov] x1 & conta9 ! same inv]tebrate fauna & flora4 ,! /rata s sup]impos$ w\ld1 9 ord9>y geological language1 be call$ contemporane\s1 n only z belong+ to ! same epo*1 b z app]ta9+ /rictly to ! same subdivision ( "o & ! same epo*2 al?\gh !y w\ld 9 fact h be5 sep>at$ by an int]val ( sev]al hundr$ ?\s& ye>s4 ,if1 9 ! l[] ( ! two =mations1 "s ( ! mammalia ( ! g5]a elephant & rh9oc]os 7 f\nd to be di/9ct 9 species f ^? ( ! same g5]a 9 ! upp] or rec5t /ratum1 x might appe> z ?\gh !re _h be5 a sudd5 com+ 9 ( new =ms1 & a sudd5 dy+ out ( old ones2 = !re w\ld n h be5 "t 9 ! int]val = any p]ceptible *ange 9 ! inv]tebrate fauna1 by :i* alone we usually measure ! lapse ( "t 9 ! old] =mations4 ,:5 we are contra/+ ! v]tebrate cont5ts ( two sets ( sup]impos$ /rata ( ! ,cretace\s1 ,oolitic1 or any o!r anci5t =mation 9 :i* ! %ells are id5tical 9 species1 we ought nev] to lose sight ( ! possibility ( _! hav+ be5 sep>at$ by su* int]vals or by two or ?ree ?\s& c5turies4 ,t numb] ( ye>s may sometimes be ( small mom5t 9 ref]5ce to ! rate ( fluctuation ( species 9 ! l[] animals1 b v important :5 ! succession ( =ms 9 ! highe/ classes ( v]tebrata is conc]n$4 ,if we reflect on ! long s]ies ( ev5ts ( ! ,plei/oc5e & ,rec5t p]iods contemplat$ 9 ?is *apt]1 x w be rem>k$ t ! "t assign$ to ! fir/ appe>ance ( ,man1 s f> z our geological inquiries h yet gone1 is extremely mod]n 9 relation to ! age ( ! exi/+ fauna & flora1 or ev5 to ! "t :5 mo/ ( ! liv+ species ( animals & plants atta9$ _! actual geographical di/ribution4 ,at ! same "t x w also be se51 t if ! adv5t ( ,man 9 ,europe occurr$ be=e ! close ( ! second cont95tal p]iod1 & antec$5tly to ! sep>ation ( ,irel& f ,engl& & ( ,engl& f ! ,cont95t1 ! ev5t w\ld be suffici5tly remote to cause ! hi/orical p]iod to appe> q insignificant 9 duration1 :5 comp>$ to ! antiquity ( ! human race4 ,,*apt] #ae4 -- ,,ext9ct ,,glaci]s ,,( ,,! ,,alps ,,& ,,_! ,,*ronological ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,human ,,p]iod4 ,ext9ct ,glaci]s ( ,switz]l&4 ,alp9e ,erratic ,blocks on ! ,jura4 ,n transport$ by float+ ,ice4 ,ext9ct ,glaci]s ( ! ,italian ,side ( ! ,alps4 ,!ory ( ! ,orig9 ( ,lake-,bas9s by ! erosive ,action ( ,glaci]s consid]$4 ,successive phases 9 ! ,developm5t ( ,glacial ,action 9 ! ,alps4 ,probable ,relation ( ^! to ! e>lie/ kn[n ,date ( ,man4 ,correspond5ce ( ! same ) successive ,*anges 9 ! ,glacial ,condition ( ! ,sc&9avian & ,briti% ,m\nta9s4 ,cold ,p]iod 9 ,sicily & ,syria4 ,,ext9ct ,,glaci]s ,,( ,,switz]l&4 ,we h se5 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s t ! m\nta9s ( ,sc&9avia1 ,scotl&1 & ,nor? ,wales h s]v$1 dur+ ! glacial p]iod1 z s _m indep5d5t c5tres = ! disp]sion ( erratic blocks1 j z at pres5t ! ice-cov]$ cont95t ( ,nor? ,gre5l& is s5d+ d[n ice 9 all directions to ! coa/1 & fill+ ,baff9's ,bay ) float+ b]gs1 _m ( !m lad5 ) fragm5ts ( rocks4 ,ano!r great ,european c5tre ( ice-action dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod 0 ! ,alps ( ,switz]l&1 & ,i %all n[ proce$ to consid] ! *ronological relations ( ! ext9ct ,alp9e glaci]s to ^? ( m nor!rn c\ntries previ\sly treat$ (4 #cb ,! ,alps lie f> s\? ( ! limits ( ! nor!rn drift describ$ 9 ! =ego+ pages1 be+ situat$ betwe5 ! #dd? & #dg? degrees ( nor? latitude4 ,on ! flanks ( ^! m\nta9s1 & on ! sub-,alp9e ranges ( hills or pla9s adjo9+ !m1 ^? appe>ances :i* h be5 s (t5 allud$ to1 z di/+ui%+ or accompany+ ! drift1 betwe5 ! #ej? & #gj? p>allels ( nor? latitude1 sudd5ly reappe> & assume1 9 a s\!rn region1 a truly arctic developm5t4 ,:]e ! ,alps are highe/1 ! l>ge/ erratic blocks h be5 s5t =?2 z1 = example1 f ! regions ( ,mont ,blanc & ,monte ,rosa1 into ! adjo9+ p>ts ( ,switz]l& & ,italy2 :ile 9 di/ricts :]e ! great *a9 s9ks 9 altitude1 z 9 ,c>9?ia1 ,c>niola1 & else:]e1 no su* rocky fragm5ts1 or a few only & ( small] bulk1 h be5 deta*$ & transport$ to a di/ance4 ,9 ! ye> #ahba1 ,m4 ,v5etz fir/ ann\nc$ 8 op9ion t ! ,alp9e glaci]s mu/ =m]ly h ext5d$ f> beyond _! pres5t limits1 & ! pro(s appeal$ to by him 9 confirmation ( ?is doctr9e 7 aft]w>ds ackn[l$g$ by ,m4 ,*>p5ti]1 :o /r5g!n$ !m by new obs]vations & argum5ts1 & decl>$ 9 #ahcf 8 conviction t ! glaci]s ( ! ,alps mu/ once h rea*$ z f> z ! ,jura1 & h c>ri$ ?i!r _! mora9es across ! great valley ( ,switz]l&4 ,m4 ,agassiz1 aft] sev]al excursions 9 ! ,alps ) ,m4 ,*>p5ti]1 & aft] devot+ himself "s ye>s to ! /udy ( glaci]s1 publi%$ 9 #ahdj an admirable description ( !m & ( ! m>ks :i* atte/ ! =m] action ( great masses ( ice ov] ! entire surface ( ! ,alps & ! surr\nd+ c\ntry499 799 ,agassiz1 ,etudes sur les ,glaci]s et ,sy/eme ,glaciaire47 ,he po9t$ out t ! surface ( e l>ge glaci] is /rew$ ov] ) gravel & /ones deta*$ f ! surr\nd+ precipices by fro/1 ra91 lightn+1 or avalan*es4 ,& he describ$ m c>efully ?an prec$+ writ]s ! long l9es ( ^! /ones1 :i* settle on ! sides ( ! glaci]1 & are call$ ! lat]al mora9es2 ^? f\nd at ! l[] end ( ! ice be+ call$ t]m9al mora9es4 ,su* heaps ( e>? & b\ld]s e glaci] pu%es be=e x :5 advanc+1 & leaves beh9d x :5 retreat+4 ,:5 ! ,alp9e glaci] rea*es a l[] & a w>m] situation1 ab\t #cjjj or #djjj feet above ! sea1 x melts s rapidly t1 9 spite ( ! d[nw>d movem5t ( ! mass1 x c advance no f>!r4 ,its precise limits are v>iable f ye> to ye>1 & /ill m s f c5tury to c5tury2 "o example be+ on record ( a recession ( half a mile 9 a s+le ye>4 ,we also le>n f ,m4 ,v5etz1 t :]eas1 betwe5 ! elev5? & fifte5? c5turies1 all ! ,alp9e glaci]s 7 less advanc$ ?an n[1 !y began 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies to pu% =w>d1 s z to cov] roads =m]ly op51 & to ov]:elm =e/s ( anci5t gr[?4 ,^! oscillations enable ! geologi/ to note ! m>ks :i* a glaci] leaves beh9d x z x retrogrades2 & among ^! ! mo/ prom95t1 z be=e /at$1 are ! t]m9al mora9es1 or m\nds ( un/ratifi$ e>? & /ones1 (t5 divid$ by subsequ5t floods into hillocks1 :i* cross ! valley l anci5t e>?works1 or embankm5ts made to dam up a riv]4 ,"s ( ^! transv]se b>ri]s 7 =m]ly po9t$ out by ,saussure bel[ ! glaci] ( ! ,rhone1 z prov+ h[ f> x _h once transgress$ its pres5t b\nd>ies4 ,on ^! mora9es we see _m l>ge angul> fragm5ts1 :i*1 hav+ be5 c>ri$ along ! surface ( ! ice1 h n _h _! edges worn (f by friction2 b ! great] numb] ( ! b\ld]s1 ev5 ^? ( l>ge size1 h be5 well r\nd$1 n by ! p[] ( wat]1 b by ! me*anical =ce ( ! ice1 :i* has pu%$ !m aga9/ ea* o!r1 or aga9/ ! rocks flank+ ! valley4 ,o!rs h fall5 d[n ! num]\s fissures :i* int]sect ! glaci]1 :]e1 be+ subject to ! pressure ( ! :ole mass ( ice1 !y h be5 =c$ along1 & ei!r well r\nd$ or gr\nd d[n into s&1 or ev5 ! f9e/ mud1 ( :i* ! mora9e is l>gely con/itut$4 ,z ! t]m9al mora9es are ! mo/ prom95t ( all ! monum5ts left by a rec$+ glaci]1 s are !y ! mo/ liable to oblit]ation2 = viol5t floods or debacles are sometimes occasion$ 9 ! ,alps by ! sudd5 bur/+ ( glaci]-lakes1 or ^? tempor>y %eets ( wat] be=e allud$ to :i* are caus$ by ! damm+ up ( a riv] by a glaci] :i* has increas$ dur+ a succession ( cold seasons1 & desc5d+ f a tribut>y into ! ma9 valley1 has cross$ x f side to side4 ,on ! failure ( ?is icy b>ri] ! accumulat$ wat]s1 be+ let loose1 sweep away & level _m a transv]se m\nd ( gravel & loose b\ld]s bel[1 & spread _! mat]ials 9 confus$ & irregul> b$s ov] ! riv]-pla94 ,ano!r m>k ( ! =m] action ( glaci]s 9 situations :]e !y exi/ no long]1 is ! poli%$1 /riat$1 & groov$ surfaces ( rocks be=e describ$4 ,/ones :i* lie und]nea? ! glaci] & are pu%$ along by x sometimes adh]e to ! ice1 & z ! mass glides sl[ly along at ! rate ( a few in*es1 or at ! utmo/ #b or #c feet p] day1 abrade1 groove1 & poli% ! rock1 & ! l>g] blocks are reciprocally groov$ & poli%$ by ! rock on _! l[] sides4 ,z ! =ces bo? ( pressure & propulsion are enorm\s1 ! s& act+ l em]y poli%es ! surface2 ! pebbles1 l co>se grav]s1 scrat* & furr[ x2 & ! l>ge /ones scoop out grooves 9 x4 ,la/ly1 project+ em95ces ( rock1 call$ ro*es m\tonnees1 are smoo!d & worn into ! %ape ( flatt5$ domes :]e ! glaci]s h pass$ ov] !m4 ,al?\gh ! surface ( almo/ e k9d ( rock :5 expos$ to ! op5 air wa/es away by decomposition1 yet "s reta9 = ages _! poli%$ & furr[$ ext]ior3 & if !y are well protect$ by a cov]+ ( clay or turf1 ^! m>ks ( abrasion seem capable ( endur+ = ev]4 ,!y h be5 trac$ 9 ! ,alps to great heights above ! pres5t glaci]s1 & to great horizontal di/ances beyond !m4 ,ano!r effect ( a glaci] is to lodge a r+ ( /ones r\nd ! summit ( a conical peak :i* may happ5 to project ?r\gh ! ice4 ,if ! glaci] is l[]$ greatly by melt+1 ^! circles ( l>ge angul> fragm5ts1 :i* are call$ p]*$ blocks1 are left 9 a s+ul> situation ne> ! top ( a /eep hill or p9nacle1 ! l[] p>ts ( :i* may be de/itute ( b\ld]s4 ,,alp9e ,,erratic ,,blocks ,,on ,,! ,,jura4 ,n[ "s or all ! m>ks above enum]at$1--! mora9es1 erratics1 poli%$ surfaces1 domes1 /riae1 & p]*$ rocks--are obs]v$ 9 ! ,alps at great heights above ! pres5t glaci]s & f> bel[ _! actual extremities2 also 9 ! great valley ( ,switz]l&1 #ej miles broad2 & almo/ ev]y:]e on ! ,jura1 a *a9 :i* lies to ! nor? ( ?is valley4 ,! av]age height ( ! ,jura is ab\t "o-?ird t ( ! ,alps1 & x is n[ entirely de/itute ( glaci]s2 yet x pres5ts almo/ ev]y:]e mora9es1 & poli%$ & groov$ surfaces ( rocks4 ,! erratics1 moreov]1 :i* cov] x pres5t a ph5om5on :i* has a/oni%$ & p]plex$ ! geologi/ = m ?an half a c5tury4 ,no conclusion c be m inconte/able ?an t ^! angul> blocks ( granite1 gneiss1 & o!r cry/all9e =mations1 came f ! ,alps1 & t !y h be5 br\ght = a di/ance ( #ej miles & upw>ds across "o ( ! wide/ & deepe/ valleys ( ! _w2 s t !y are n[ lodg$ on ! hills & valleys ( a *a9 compos$ ( lime/one & o!r =mations1 altoge!r di/9ct f ^? ( ! ,alps4 ,_! great size & angul>ity1 aft] a j\rney ( s _m leagues1 has ju/ly excit$ wond]1 = hundr$s ( !m are z l>ge z cottages2 & "o 9 p>ticul>1 compos$ ( gneiss1 celebrat$ "u ! "n ( ,pi]re a ,bot1 re/s on ! side ( a hill ab\t #ijj feet above ! lake ( ,neuf*atel1 & is no less ?an #dj feet 9 diamet]4 ,b !re are "s f>-transport$ masses ( granite & gneiss :i* are /ill l>g]1 & :i* h be5 f\nd to conta9 #ej1jjj & #fj1jjj cubic feet ( /one2 & "o lime/one block at ,dev5s1 ne> ,bex1 :i* has travell$ #cj miles1 conta9s #afa1jjj cubic feet1 its angles be+ %>p & unworn4 ,von ,bu*1 ,es*]1 & ,/ud] inf]r$1 f an exam9ation ( ! m9]al composition ( ! b\ld]s1 t ^? re/+ on ! ,jura1 opposite ! lakes ( ,g5eva & ,neuf*atel1 h come f ! region ( ,mont ,blanc & ! ,valais1 z if !y _h foll[$ ! c\rse ( ! ,rhone to ! lake ( ,g5eva1 & _h !n pursu$ _! way un9t]rupt$ly 9 a nor!rly direction4 ,m4 ,*>p5ti]1 :o conceiv$ ! ,alps 9 ! p]iod ( greate/ cold to h be5 high] by sev]al ?\s& feet ?an !y are n[1 _h already sugge/$ t ! ,alp9e glaci]s once rea*$ cont9u\sly to ! ,jura1 convey+ ?i!r ! l>ge erratics 9 "q499 799 ,d',ar*iac1 ,hi/oire des ,progres etc4 volume #b page #bdi47 ,m4 ,agassiz1 on ! o!r h&1 in/ead ( introduc+ di/9ct & sep>ate glaci]s1 imag9$ t ! :ole valley ( ,switz]l& might h be5 fill$ ) ice1 & t "o great %eet ( x ext5d$ f ! ,alps to ! ,jura1 ! two *a9s be+ ( ! same height z n[ relatively to ea* o!r4 ,to ?is idea x 0 object$ t ! diff]5ce ( altitude1 :5 di/ribut$ ov] a space ( #ej miles1 w\ld give an incl9ation ( two degrees only1 or f> less ?an t ( any kn[n glaci]4 ,9 spite ( ?is difficulty1 ! hypo!sis has s9ce receiv$ ! support ( ,pr(essor ,james ,=bes 9 8 v able "w on ! ,alps publi%$ 9 #ahdc4 ,9 #ahda1 ,i advanc$ jo9tly ) ,mr4 ,d>w999 ! !ory t ! erratics may h be5 transf]r$ by float+ ice to ! ,jura1 at ! "t :5 ! great] "p ( t *a9 & ! :ole ( ! ,swiss valley to ! s\? 0 "u ! sea4 799 ,see ,elem5ts ( ,geology #bnd edition #ahda47 ,we po9t$ out t if at t p]iod ! ,alps _h atta9$ only half _! pres5t altitude !y w\ld yet h con/itut$ a *a9 z l(ty z ! ,*ilean ,&es1 :i* 9 a latitude correspond+ to ,switz]l& n[ s5d d[n glaci]s to ! head ( e s\nd1 f :i* iceb]gs cov]$ ) blocks ( granite are float$ seaw>d4 ,opposite t "p ( ,*ile :]e ! glaci]s ab\nd is situat$ ! isl& ( ,*iloe #ajj miles 9 l5g? ) a bread? ( #cj miles1 runn+ p>allel to ! cont95t4 ,! *annel :i* sep>ates x f ! ma9 l& is ( consid]able dep? & #be miles broad4 ,p>ts ( its surface1 l ! adjac5t coa/ ( ,*ile1 are ov]spread ) ,rec5t m>9e %ells1 %[+ an upheaval ( ! l& dur+ a v mod]n p]iod2 & b5ea? ^! %ells is a b\ld] deposit 9 :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 f\nd l>ge blocks ( granite & sy5ite :i* _h evid5tly come f ! ,&es4 ,a cont9uance 9 future ( ! elevatory movem5t n[ obs]v$ to be go+ on 9 ?is region ( ! ,&es & ( ,*iloe might cause ! =m] *a9 to rival ! ,alps 9 altitude & give to ,*iloe a height equal to t ( ! ,jura4 ,! same rise might dry up ! *annel betwe5 ,*iloe & ! ma9 l& s t x w\ld !n repres5t ! great valley ( ,switz]l&4 ,sir ,rod]ick ,i4 ,mur*ison1 aft] mak+ sev]al important geological surveys ( ! ,alps1 propos$ 9 #ahdi a !ory agree+ ess5tially ) t sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 & myself1 namely t ! erratics 7 transport$ to ! ,jura at a "t :5 ! great /ra? ( ,switz]l& & _m valleys rec$+ f> into ! ,alps 7 "u wat]4 ,he ?\ght x impossible t ! glacial detritus ( ! ,rhone c\ld ev] h be5 c>ri$ to ! ,lake ( ,g5eva & beyond x by a glaci]1 or t s va/ a body ( ice issu+ f "o n>r[ valley c\ld h spread its erratics ov] ! l[ c\ntry ( ! cantons ( ,vaud1 ,frib\rg1 ,b]ne1 & ,soleure1 z well z ! slopes ( ! ,jura1 compris+ a region ( ab\t #ajj miles 9 bread? f s\?-we/ to nor?-ea/1 z laid d[n 9 ! map ( ,*>p5ti]4 ,he !re=e imag9$ ! granitic blocks to h be5 translat$ to ! ,jura by ice-floats :5 ! int]m$iate c\ntry 0 subm]g$499 799 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society volume #f #ahej page #fe47 ,x may be rem>k$ t ?is !ory1 provid$ ! wat] be assum$ to h be5 salt or bracki%1 dem&s q z great an oscillation 9 ! level ( ! l& z t on :i* ,*>p5ti] _h speculat$1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t ! "o hypo!sis requires u to beg9 ) a subsid5ce ( #bejj or #cjjj feet1 & ! o!r ) an elevation to ! same am\nt4 ,we %\ld also rememb] t ! cre/s or wat]%$s ( ! ,alps & ,jura are ab\t #hj miles ap>t1 & if once we suppose !m to h be5 9 movem5t dur+ ! glacial p]iod x is v probable t ! movem5ts at su* a di/ance may n h be5 /rictly uni=m4 ,if s ! ,alps may h be5 relatively some:at high]1 :i* w\ld h greatly facilitat$ ! ext5sion ( ,alp9e glaci]s to ! flanks ( ! less elevat$ *a94 ,five ye>s be=e ! publication ( ! memoir la/ m5tion$1 ,m4 ,guyot _h br\ght =w>d a great body ( new facts 9 support ( ! orig9al doctr9e ( ,*>p5ti]1 t ! ,alp9e glaci]s once rea*$ z f> z ! ,jura & t !y _h deposit$ !reon a portion ( _! mora9es499 799 ,bullet9 de la ,societe des ,sci5ces ,naturelles de ,neuf*atel #ahde47 ,! scope ( 8 obs]vations & argum5t 0 laid ) great cle>ness be=e ! ,briti% public 9 #aheb by ,mr4 ,*>les ,macl>51 :o _h himself visit$ ,switz]l& = ! sake ( =m+ an indep5d5t op9ion on a !oretical "q ( s mu* int]e/ & on :i* s _m em95t m5 ( sci5ce _h come to su* opposite conclusions499 799 ,ed9burgh ,new ,philosophical ,magaz9e ,octob] #aheb47 ,m4 ,guyot _h endeav\r$ to %[ t ! ,alp9e erratics1 in/ead ( be+ scatt]$ at r&om ov] ! ,jura & ! great pla9 ( ,switz]l&1 are arrang$ 9 a c]ta9 det]m9ate ord] /rictly analog\s to t :i* ought to prevail if !y _h once con/itut$ ! lat]al1 m$ial1 & t]m9al mora9es ( great glaci]s4 ,! rocks *iefly reli$ on z evid5ce ( ?is di/ribution consi/ ( ?ree v>ieties ( granite1 besides gneiss1 *lorite-slate1 euphotide1 s]p5t9e1 & a peculi> k9d ( conglom]ate1 all ( !m =eign alike to ! great ,/ra? betwe5 ! ,alps & ,jura & to ! /ructure ( ! ,jura itself4 ,9 ^! two regions lime/ones1 s&/ones1 & clays ( ! ,second>y & ,t]ti>y =mations alone crop out at ! surface1 s t ! travell$ fragm5ts ( ,alp9e orig9 c easily be di/+ui%$ & 9 "s cases ! precise localities po9t$ out f :5ce !y mu/ h come4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #db4 ,map ( ,anci5t ,glaci] 7,,figure #db4 ,,map ,,%[+ ,,! ,,suppos$ ,,c\rse ,,( ,,! ,,anci5t ,,& ,,n[ ,,ext9ct ,,glaci] ,,( ,,! ,,rhone1 ,,& ,,! ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,! ,,erratic ,,blocks ,,& ,,drift ,,convey$ ,,by ,,x ,,to ,,! ,,great ,,valley ,,( ,,switz]l& ,,& ,,! ,,jura47 ,! accompany+ map or diagram 7,figure #db7 slightly alt]$ f "o giv5 by ,mr4 ,macl>5 w enable ! read] m fully to appreciate ! l9e ( argum5t reli$ on by ,m4 ,guyot4 ,! dott$ area is t ov] :i* ! ,alp9e fragm5ts 7 spread by ! suppos$ ext9ct glaci] ( ! ,rhone4 ,! site ( ! pres5t r$uc$ glaci] ( t "n is %[n at ,a4 ,f t po9t ! b\ld]s may fir/ be trac$ to ,b1 or ,m>tigny1 :]e ! valley takes an abrupt turn at "r angles to its =m] c\rse4 ,"h ! blocks belong+ to ! "r side ( ! riv] or d]iv$ f c d e h n cross$ ov] to ! left side at ,b1 z !y %\ld h done _h !y be5 transport$ by float+ ice1 b cont9ue to keep to ! side to :i* !y belong$1 assum+ t !y once =m$ "p ( a "r lat]al mora9e ( a great ext9ct glaci]4 ,t glaci]1 aft] arriv+ at ! l[] end ( ! long n>r[ valley ( ! upp] ,rhone at ,f1 fill$ ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 ,f1 ,i1 ) ice4 ,f ,f1 z f a great vomitory1 x !n radiat$ 9 all directions be>+ along ) x ! mora9es ) :i* x 0 load$ & spread+ !m out on all sides ov] ! great pla94 ,b ! pr9cipal icy mass mov$ /raight onw>ds 9 a direct l9e t[>ds ! hill ( ,*ass]on1 ,g 7precisely opposite ,f71 :]e ! ,alp9e erratics atta9 _! maximum ( height on ! ,jura1 t is to say #bjae ,engli% feet above ! level ( ! ,lake ( ,neuf*atel or #cdej feet above ! sea4 ,! granite blocks :i* h asc5d$ to ?is em95ce ,g came f ! ea/ %\ld] ( ,mont ,blanc h1 hav+ travell$ 9 ! direction ,b1 ,f1 ,g4 ,:5 ^! & ! accompany+ blocks re/+ on ! s\?-ea/]n declivity ( ! ,jura are trac$ f _! culm9at+ po9t ,g 9 opposite directions1 :e!r we/w>d t[>ds ,g5eva or ea/w>ds t[>ds ,soleure1 !y are f\nd to decl9e 9 height f ! middle ( ! arc ,g t[>ds ! two extremities ,i & ,k1 bo? ( :i* are at a l[] level ?an ,g1 by ab\t #aejj feet4 ,9 o!r words ! ice ( ! ext9ct glaci]1 hav+ m\nt$ up on ! slop+ flanks ( ! ,jura 9 ! l9e ( greate/ pressure to its highe/ elevation1 began to decl9e lat]ally 9 ! mann] ( a pliant or visc\s mass ) a g5tle incl9ation till x rea*$ two po9ts di/ant f ea* o!r no less ?an #ajj miles4 #cc ,9 fur!r confirmation ( ?is !ory ,m4 ,guyot obs]v$ t fragm5ts d]iv$ f ! "r bank ( ! great valley ( ! ,rhone c d e are f\nd on ! "r side ( ! great ,swiss bas9 or ,/ra? z at l & m1 :ile ^? d]iv$ f ! left bank p h occur on ! left side ( ! bas9 or on ! ,jura betwe5 ,g & ,i2 & ^? aga9 d]iv$ f places f>!/ up on ! left bank & ne>e/ ! s\rce ( ! ,rhone1 z n o1 occupy ! middle ( ! great bas91 con/itut+ betwe5 m & ,k :at ,m4 ,guyot calls ! frontal or t]m9al mora9e ( ! ea/]n prolongation ( ! old glaci]4 ,a huge b\ld] ( talcose granite1 n[ at ,/e9h(f1 #aj miles ea/ f ,k1 or ,soleure1 conta9+ #fa1jjj ,fr5* cubic feet1 or equal 9 bulk to a mass measur+ #dj feet 9 e direction1 0 asc]ta9$ by ,*>p5ti] f its composition to h be5 d]iv$ f n1 "o ( ! highe/ po9ts on ! left side ( ! ,rhone valley f> above ,m>tigny4 ,f ?is spot x mu/ h gone all r\nd by ,f1 :i* is ! only outlet to ! deep valley1 s z to h p]=m$ a j\rney ( no less ?an #aej miles6 ,,g5]al ,,transportation ,,( ,,erratics ,,9 ,,switz]l& ,,due ,,to ,,glaci]s ,,& ,,n ,,to ,,float+ ,,ice4 ,x is evid5t t ! above describ$ re/riction ( c]ta9 fragm5ts ( peculi> li?ological "* to t bank ( ! ,rhone :]e ! p>5t rocks are alone met ) & ! l9e> arrangem5t ( ! blocks 9 correspond+ ord] on ! opposite side ( ! great pla9 ( ,switz]l&1 are facts :i* h>monise s+ul>ly well ) ! !ory ( glaci]s :ile !y are :olly irreconcilable ) t ( float+ ice4 ,aga9/ ! latt] hypo!sis all ! argum5ts :i* ,*>p5ti] orig9ally br\ght =w>d 9 opposition to ! fir/ popul> doctr9e ( a gr& debacle or sudd5 flood ru%+ d[n f ! ,alps to ! ,jura might be reviv$4 ,_h !re ev] be5 su* a ru% ( muddy wat]1 said he1 ! blocks c>ri$ d[n ! bas9s ( ! pr9cipal ,swiss riv]s1 su* z ! ,rhone1 ,a>1 ,reuss1 & ,limmat1 w\ld all h be5 m+l$ confus$ly toge!r in/ead ( hav+ ea* rema9$ 9 sep>ate & di/9ct areas z !y d & %\ld d accord+ to ! glacial hypo!sis4 ,m4 ,morlot pres5t$ me 9 #aheg ) an unpubli%$ map ( ,switz]l& 9 :i* he _h embodi$ ! results ( 8 own obs]vations & ^? ( ,,mm4 ,guyot1 ,es*]1 & o!rs1 m>k+ out by di/9ct col\rs ! limits ( ! ice-transport$ detritus prop] to ea* ( ! great riv]-bas9s4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! drift & erratics ?us depict$ accords p]fectly well ) ,*>p5ti]'s views & is q irreconcilable ) ! supposition ( ! scatt]$ blocks hav+ be5 disp]s$ by float+ ice :5 ,switz]l& 0 subm]g$4 ,z oppos$ to ! latt] hypo!sis1 ,i may also /ate t n[h]e z yet h any m>9e %ells or o!r fossils ?an ^? ( a t]re/rial "*1 su* z ! bones ( ! mammo? & a few o!r mammalia & "s conif]\s wood1 be5 detect$ 9 ^? drifts1 ?\gh !y are (t5 _m hundr$s ( feet 9 ?ickness4 ,a glance at ,m4 ,morlot's map1 above m5tion$199 w %[ t ! two l>ge/ areas1 indicat$ by a s+le col\r1 are ^? ov] :i* ! ,rhone & ! ,rh9e are suppos$ to h spread out 9 anci5t times _! enorm\s mora9es4 799 ,see map1 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society volume #ah #ahfb page #ahe ,plate #ah47 ,"o ( ^! only1 t ( ! ,rhone1 has be5 exhibit$ 9 our diagram1 ,figure #db4 ,! di/9ct "* ( ! drift 9 ! two cases is su* z x w\ld be if two colossal glaci]s %\ld n[ come d[n f ! high] ,alps ?r\gh ! valleys trav]s$ by ^? riv]s1 leav+ _! mora9es 9 ! l[ c\ntry4 ,! space occupi$ by ! glacial drift ( ! ,rh9e is equal 9 dim5sions or r exce$s t ( ! ,rhone1 & its c\rse is n int]f]$ ) 9 ! lea/ degree by ! ,lake ( ,con/ance1 #de miles long1 any m ?an is ! disp]sion ( ! erratics ( ! ,rhone by ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 ab\t #ej miles 9 l5g?4 ,! angul> & o!r blocks h 9 bo? in/ances travell$ on precisely z if ^? lakes _h no exi/5ce1 or z if1 :i* 0 no d\bt ! case1 !y _h be5 fill$ ) solid ice4 ,dur+ my la/ visit to ,switz]l& 9 #aheg1 ,i made excursions1 9 company ) sev]al di/+ui%$ geologi/s1 = ! sake ( te/+ ! relative m]its ( ! two rival !ories above ref]r$ to1 & ,i exam9$ p>ts ( ! ,jura above ,neuf*atel 9 company ) ,m4 ,desor1 ! c\ntry r\nd ,soleure ) ,m4 ,lang51 ! s\!rn side ( ! great /ra? ne> ,lausanne ) ,m4 ,morlot1 ! bas9 ( ! ,a> ar\nd ,b]ne ) ,m4 ,es*] von d] ,l9?2 & hav+ satisfi$ myself t all ! facts :i* ,i saw nor? ( ! ,alps 7 9 accordance ) ,m4 ,guyot's views1 ,i cross$ to ! ,italian side ( ! great *a9 & became conv9c$ t ! same !ory 0 equally applicable to ! anci5t mora9es ( ! pla9s ( ! ,po4 ,m4 ,es*] po9t$ out to me at ,trog5 9 ,app5zel on ! left bank ( ! ,rh9e fragm5ts ( a rock ( a peculi> m9]alogical "*1 commonly call$ ! granite ( ,pontelyas1 ! natural position ( :i* is well kn[n ne> ,trons1 #ajj miles f ,trog51 on ! left bank ( ! ,rh9e ab\t #cj miles f ! s\rce ( t riv]4 ,all ! blocks ( ?is peculi> granite keep to ! left bank1 ev5 :]e ! valley turns almo/ at "r angles to its =m] c\rse ne> ,may5feld bel[ ,*ur1 mak+ a %>p b5d resembl+ t ( ! valley ( ! ,rhone at ,m>tigny4 ,! granite blocks1 :]e !y are trac$ to ! l[ c\ntry1 /ill keep to ! left side ( ! ,lake ( ,con/ance4 ,t !y %\ld n h cross$ ov] to ! opposite riv]-bank bel[ ,*ur is q inexplicable if1 reject+ ! aid ( l&-ice1 we appeal to float+ ice z ! transport+ p[]4 ,9 ,m4 ,morlot's map already cit$ we behold betwe5 ! areas occupi$ by ! glacial drift ( ! ,rh9e & ,rhone ?ree small] yet n inconsid]able spaces di/+ui%$ by di/9ct col\rs1 indicat+ ! peculi> detritus br\ght d[n by ! ?ree great riv]s1 ! ,a>1 ,reuss1 & ,limmat4 ,! anci5t glaci] ( ! fir/ ( ^!1 ! ,a>1 has trav]s$ ! lakes ( ,bri5z & ,?un & has borne angul>1 poli%$1 & /riat$ blocks ( lime/one & o!r rocks z f> z ,b]ne & some:at bel[ t city4 ,! ,reuss has also /amp$ ! li?ological "* ( its own m\nta9\s region ^u ! l[] "p ( its hydrographical bas9 by cov]+ x ) its peculi> ,alp9e drift4 ,9 l mann] ! old ext9ct glaci] ( ! ,limmat dur+ its gradual retreat has left monum5ts ( its c\rse 9 ! ,lake ( ,zuri* 9 ! %ape ( t]m9al mora9es1 "o ( :i* has almo/ divid$ t great %eet ( wat] into two lakes4 ,! ice-"w done by ! ext9ct glaci]s1 z contra/$ ) t p]=m$ by _! dw>f$ repres5tatives ( ! pres5t day1 is 9 due proportion to ! relative volume ( ! suppos$ glaci]s1 :e!r we measure !m by ! di/ances to :i* !y h c>ri$ erratic blocks or ! areas :i* !y h /rew$ ov] ) drift or ! h>d surfaces ( rock & numb] ( b\ld]s :i* !y h poli%$ & /riat$4 ,in/ead ( a l5g? ( #e1 #aj1 or #bj miles & a ?ickness ( #bjj1 #cjj1 or at ! utmo/ #hjj feet1 ^? giants ( ! old5 "t mu/ h be5 f #ej to #aej miles long & betwe5 #ajjj & #cjjj feet deep4 ,9 l mann] ! glaciation al?\gh id5tical 9 k9d is on s small a scale 9 ! exi/+ ,alp9e glaci]s z at fir/ sight to disappo9t a ,sw$i%1 ,scot*1 ,wel%1 or ,nor? ,am]ican geologi/4 ,:5 ,i visit$ ! t]m9al mora9e ( ! glaci] ( ! ,rhone 9 #ahei & tri$ to e/imate ! numb] ( angul> or r\nd$ pebbles & blocks :i* exhibit$ glacial poli%+ or scrat*es z comp>$ to ^? be>+ no su* m>k+s1 ,i f\nd t sev]al ?\s& _h to be reckon$ be=e ,i arriv$ at ! fir/ :i* 0 s /riat$ or poli%$ z to diff] f ! /ones ( an ord9>y torr5t-b$4 ,ev5 9 ! mora9es ( ! glaci]s ( ,z]matt1 ,vies*1 & o!rs1 9 :i* fragm5ts ( lime/one & s]p5t9e are abundant 7rocks :i* mo/ readily receive & mo/ fai?fully reta9 ! signs ( glaciation71 ,i f\nd1 = "o :i* display$ su* indications1 sev]al hundr$s entirely free f !m4 ,( ! mo/ opposite "* 7 ! results obta9$ by me f a simil> scrut9y ( ! b\ld]s & pebbles ( ! t]m9al mora9e ( "o ( ! old ext9ct glaci]s1 namely1 t ( ! ,rhone 9 ! suburbs ( ,soleure4 ,?us at ! po9t ,k 9 ! map1 ,figure #db1 ,i obs]v$ a mass ( un/ratifi$ clay or mud1 ?r\gh :i* a v>iety ( angul> & rubb$ /ones 7 scatt]$ & a m>k$ proportion ( ! :ole 7 poli%$ & scrat*$ & ! clay r5d]$ s compact1 z if by ! incumb5t pressure ( a great mass ( ice1 t x has be5 f\nd necess>y to bl[ x up ) gunp[d] 9 mak+ railway cutt+s ?r\gh "p ( x4 ,a lime/one ( ! age ( our ,portl& /one on :i* ?is old mora9e re/s1 has its surface poli%$ l a look+-glass1 display+ beautiful sections ( fossil %ells ( ! g5]a ,n]9aea & ,pt]oc]as1 :ile occasionally1 besides f9] /riae1 !re are deep rectil9e> grooves1 agree+ 9 direction ) ! c\rse 9 :i* ! ext9ct glaci] w\ld h mov$ accord+ to ! !ory ( ,m4 ,guyot1 be=e expla9$4 ,,ext9ct ,,glaci]s ,,( ,,! ,,italian ,,side ,,( ,,! ,,alps4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dc4 ,map ,( ,! ,mora9es ,( ,ext9ct ,glaci]s 7,,figure #dc4 ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,mora9es ,,( ,,ext9ct ,,glaci]s ,,ext5d+ ,,f ,,! ,,alps ,,into ,,! ,,pla9s ,,( ,,! ,,po ,,ne> ,,tur94 ,f ,map ( ! anci5t ,glaci]s ( ! ,italian side ( ! ,alps by ,signor ,gabriel de ,mortillet4 ,a4 ,cre/ or wat]%$ ( ! ,alps4 ,b4 ,sn[-cov]$ ,alp9e summits :i* f$ ! anci5t glaci]s4 ,c4 ,mora9es ( anci5t or ext9ct glaci]s47 ,to select ano!r example f ! opposite or s\!rn side ( ! ,alps4 ,x w be se5 9 ! elaborate map rec5tly execut$ by ,signor ,gabriel de ,mortillet ( ! anci5t glaci]s ( ! ,italian flank ( ! ,alps t ! old mora9es desc5d 9 n>r[ /rips f ! sn[-cov]$ ridges ?r\gh ! pr9cipal valleys to ! great bas9 ( ! ,po1 on rea*+ :i* !y exp& & cov] l>ge circul> or oval areas4 ,ea* ( ^! gr\ps ( detritus is obs]v$ 7see map1 ,figure #dc7 to conta9 exclusively ! wreck ( su* rocks z occur 9 situ on ! ,alp9e heights ( ! hydrographical bas9s to :i* ! mora9es respectively belong4 ,i _h an opportunity ( v]ify+ ?is fact1 9 company ) ,signor ,ga/aldi z my guide1 by exam9+ ! erratics & b\ld] =mation betwe5 ,susa & ,tur91 on ! banks ( ! ,dora ,rip>ia1 :i* br+s d[n ! wat]s f ,mont ,c5is & f ! ,alps s\?-we/ ( x4 ,i !re obs]v$ /riat$ fragm5ts ( dolomite & gypsum1 :i* _h come d[n f ,mont ,c5is & _h travell$ z f> z ,avigliana2 also masses ( s]p5t9e br\ght f less remote po9ts1 "s ( !m app>5tly exce$+ 9 dim5sions ! l>ge/ erratics ( ,switz]l&4 ,i aft]w>ds visit$1 9 company ) ,signori ,ga/aldi & ,mi*elotti1 a /ill gr&] display ( ! "w ( a colossal glaci] ( ! old5 "t1 #bj miles nor?-ea/ ( ,tur91 ! mora9e ( :i* desc5d$ f ! two highe/ ( ! ,alps1 ,mont ,blanc & ,monte ,rosa1 & aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! valley ( ,ao/a1 issu$ f a n>r[ defile above ,ivrea 7see map1 ,figure #dc74 ,f ?is vomitory ! old glaci] p\r$ into ! pla9s ( ! ,po t wond]ful accumulation ( mud1 gravel1 b\ld]s1 & l>ge erratics1 :i* ext5d = #ae miles f above ,ivrea to bel[ ,caluso & :i* :5 se5 9 pr(ile f ,tur9 h ! aspect ( a *a9 ( hills4 ,9 _m c\ntries1 inde$1 !y might rank z an important range ( hills1 = :]e !y jo9 ! m\nta9s !y are m ?an #aejj feet high1 & reta9 m ?an half t height = a great "p ( _! c\rse1 ris+ v abruptly f ! pla91 (t5 ) a slope ( f #bj to #cj degrees4 ,?is glacial drift reposes ne> ! m\nta9s on anci5t metamorphic rocks & f>!r f !m on m>9e ,plioc5e /rata4 ,portions ( ! ridges ( till & /ratifi$ matt] h be5 cut up into m\nds & hillocks by ! action ( ! riv]1 ! ,dora ,baltea1 & !re are num]\s lakes1 s t ! entire mora9e mu* resembles1 except 9 its great] height & wid?1 ! l9e ( glacial drift ( ,p]?%ire & ,=f>%ire be=e describ$4 ,its complicat$ /ructure c only be expla9$ by suppos+ t ! anci5t glaci] advanc$ & retreat$ sev]al times & left l>ge lat]al mora9es1 ! m mod]n m\nds )9 ! limits ( ! old] ones1 & masses ( till ?r[n d[n ^u ! re>rang$ & /ratifi$ mat]ials ( ! fir/ set ( mora9es4 ,su* appe>ances accord well ) ! hypo!sis ( ! successive phases ( glacial action 9 ,switz]l&1 to :i* ,i %all pres5tly adv]t4 ,,contort$ ,,/rata ,,( ,,glacial ,,drift ,,s\? ,,( ,,ivrea4 ,at ,mazze ne> ,caluso 7see ,figure #dc71 ! s\!rn extremity ( ?is great mora9e has rec5tly be5 cut ?r\gh 9 mak+ a tunnel = ! railway :i* runs f ,tur9 to ,ivrea4 ,9 ! f9e section ?us expos$ ,signor ,ga/aldi & ,i _h an opportunity ( obs]v+ ! int]nal /ructure ( ! glacial =mation4 ,9 close juxtaposition to a great mass ( till ) /riat$ b\ld]s1 we saw /ratifi$ b$s ( alt]nat+ gravel1 s&1 & loam1 :i* 7 s %>ply b5t t _m ( !m _h be5 twice pi]c$ ?r\gh 9 ! same v]tical cutt+4 ,:e!r !y _h be5 ?us fold$ by ! me*anical p[] ( an advanc+ glaci]1 :i* _h pu%$ be=e x a heap ( /ratifi$ matt]1 z ! glaci] ( ,z]matt has be5 sometimes kn[n to %ove =w>d blocks ( /one ?r\gh ! walls ( h\ses1 or :e!r ! melt+ ( masses ( ice1 once int]/ratifi$ ) s& & gravel1 _h giv5 rise to flexures 9 ! mann] be=e sugge/$2 x is at lea/ satisfactory to h detect$ ?is new pro( ( a close connection betwe5 ice-action & contort$ /ratification1 su* z has be5 describ$ z s common 9 ! ,norfolk cliffs & :i* is also v (t5 se5 9 ,scotl& & ,nor? ,am]ica1 :]e /ratifi$ gravel ov]lies till4 ,i h little d\bt t if ! m>9e ,plioc5e /rata :i* und]lie a great "p ( ! mora9e bel[ ,ivrea 7 expos$ to view 9 a v]tical section1 ^? fundam5tal /rata w\ld be f\nd n to p>ticipate 9 ! lea/ degree 9 ! plications ( ! s&s & gravels ( ! ov]ly+ glacial drift4 ,to return to ! m>ks ( glaciation3 9 ! mora9e at ,mazze !re are _m l>ge blocks ( protog9e & l>ge & small ones ( lime/one & s]p5t9e :i* h be5 br\ght d[n f ,monte ,rosa1 ?r\gh ! gorge ( ,ivrea1 aft] hav+ travell$ = a di/ance ( #ej miles4 ,conf9+ my att5tion to a "p ( ! mora9e :]e pieces ( lime/one & s]p5t9e 7 v num]\s1 ,i f\nd t no less ?an "o-?ird ( ! :ole numb] bore unequivocal signs ( glacial action2 a /ate ( ?+s :i* seems to be> "s relation to ! va/ volume & pressure ( ! ice :i* once con/itut$ ! ext9ct glaci] & to ! di/ance :i* ! /ones _h travell$4 ,:5 ,i sep>at$ ! pebbles ( qu>tz1 :i* 7 nev] /riat$1 & ^? ( granite1 mica-s*i/1 & diorite1 :i* d n (t5 exhibit glacial m>k+s1 & conf9$ my att5tion to ! s]p5t9e alone ,i f\nd no less ?an n9ete5 9 tw5ty ( ! :ole numb] poli%$ & scrat*$2 :]eas 9 ! t]m9al mora9es ( "s mod]n glaci]s1 :]e ! mat]ials h travell$ n m ?an #aj or #ae1 in/ead ( #ajj miles1 sc>ce "o 9 tw5ty ev5 ( ! s]p5t9e pebbles exhibit glacial poli% & /riation4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,lake-,,bas9s ,,by ,,! ,,erosive ,,action ,,( ,,glaci]s1 ,,consid]$4 ,geologi/s are all agre$ t ! la/ s]ies ( movem5ts to :i* ! ,alps owe _! pres5t =m & int]nal /ructure occurr$ aft] ! deposition ( ! ,mioc5e /rata2 & x has be5 usual to ref] ! orig9 ( ! num]\s lake-bas9s ( ,alp9e & sub-,alp9e regions bo? 9 ,switz]l& & ,nor!rn ,italy to ! same movem5ts2 = x seem$ n unnatural to suppose1 t =ces capable ( modify+ ! configuration ( ! greate/ ,european *a91 by uplift+ "s ( its compon5t ,t]ti>y /rata 7^? ( m>9e orig9 ( ! ,mioc5e p]iod7 sev]al ?\s& feet above _! =m] level1 aft] ?r[+ !m into v]tical & contort$ positions1 mu/ also h giv5 rise to _m sup]ficial inequalities1 9 "s ( :i* l>ge bodies ( wat] w\ld collect4 ,m4 ,desor1 9 a memoir on ! ,swiss & ,italian lakes1 sugge/$ t !y may h escap$ be+ oblit]at$ by s$im5t>y deposition by hav+ be5 fill$ ) ice dur+ ! :ole ( ! glacial p]iod4 ,subsequ5tly to ! retreat ( ! great glaci]s we "k t ! lake-bas9s h be5 to a c]ta9 ext5t encroa*$ ^u & turn$ into l& by riv] deltas2 "o ( :i*1 t ( ! ,rhone at ! head ( ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 is no less ?an #ab miles long & sev]al miles broad1 besides :i* !re are _m torr5ts on ! bord]s ( ! same lake1 =m+ small] deltas4 ,m4 ,gabriel de ,mortillet aft] a c>eful /udy ( ! glacial =mations ( ! ,alps agre$ ) 8 pr$ecessors t ! great lakes _h exi/$ be=e ! glacial p]iod1 b came to ! op9ion 9 #ahei t !y _h all be5 fir/ fill$ up ) alluvial matt] & !n re-excavat$ by ! action ( ice1 :i* dur+ ! epo* ( int5se cold _h by its weight & =ce ( propulsion scoop$ out ! loose & incoh]5t alluvial /rata1 ev5 :]e !y _h accumulat$ to a ?ickness ( #bjjj feet4 ,besides ?is erosion1 ! ice _h c>ri$ ! :ole mass ( mud & /ones up ! incl9$ planes1 f ! c5tral dep?s to ! l[] outlets ( ! lakes & sometimes f> beyond !m4 ,z "s ( ^! rock-bas9s are #ejj1 o!rs m ?an #bjjj feet deep1 hav+ _! bottoms 9 "s cases #ejj1 9 o!rs #ajjj feet bel[ ! level ( ! sea1 & hav+ areas f #bj to #ej miles 9 l5g? & f #d to #ab 9 bread?1 we may well be />tl$ at ! boldness ( ?is hypo!sis4 ,! foll[+ are ! facts & tra9 ( reason+ :i* induc$ ,m4 de ,mortillet to embrace ^! views4 ,at ! l[] ends ( ! great ,italian lakes1 su* z ,maggiore1 ,como1 ,g>da1 & o!rs1 !re are va/ mora9es :i* are prov$ by _! cont5ts to h come f ! upp] ,alp9e valleys above ! lakes4 ,su* mora9es (t5 repose on an old] /ratifi$ alluvium1 made up ( r\nd$ & worn pebbles ( precisely ! same rocks z ^? =m+ ! mora9es1 b n d]iv$ f !m1 be+ small 9 size1 nev] angul>1 poli%$1 or /riat$1 & ! :ole hav+ evid5tly come f a great di/ance4 ,^! old] alluvial /rata mu/1 accord+ to ,m4 de ,mortillet1 be ( pre-glacial date & c\ld n h be5 c>ri$ pa/ ! sites ( ! lakes1 unless ea* bas9 _h previ\sly be5 fill$ & levell$ up ) mud1 s&1 & gravel1 s t ! riv] *annel 0 cont9u\s f ! upp] to ! l[] extremity ( ea* bas94 ,pr(essor ,ramsay1 aft] acquir+ an intimate k ( ! glacial ph5om5a ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 _h taught _m ye>s be=e t small t>ns & %all[ rock-bas9s su* z we see 9 _m m\nta9 regions owe _! orig9 to glaci]s :i* erode ! s(t] rocks1 leav+ ! h>d] ones /&+ out 9 relief & comp>atively unabrad$4 ,foll[+ up ?is idea aft] he _h visit$ ,switz]l& & )\t any communication ) ,m4 de ,mortillet or cognisance ( 8 views1 he sugge/$ 9 #ahei t ! lake-bas9s 7 n ( pre-glacial date1 b _h be5 scoop$ out by ice dur+ ! glacial p]iod1 ! excavation hav+ = ! mo/ "p be5 effect$ 9 ,mioc5e s&/one1 prov9cially call$1 on acc\nt ( its s(tness1 molasse4 ,by ?is !ory he disp5s$ ) ! necessity ( fill+ up pre-exi/+ cavities ) /ratifi$ alluvium1 9 ! mann] propos$ by ,m4 de ,mortillet4 ,i w n[ expla9 to :at ext5t ,i agree )1 & on :at po9ts ,i feel compell$ to diff] f ! two di/+ui%$ geologi/s above cit$4 ,fir/4 ,x is no d\bt true1 z ,pr(essor ,ramsay rem>ks1 t heavy masses ( ice1 creep+ = ages ov] a surface ( dry l& 7:e!r ?is comprise hills1 plateaus1 & valleys1 z 9 ! case ( ,gre5l&1 be=e describ$1 or be conf9$ to ! bottoms ( great valleys1 z n[ 9 ! high] ,alps71 mu/ (t5 by _! gr9d+ action produce depressions1 9 consequ5ce ( ! diff]5t degrees ( resi/ance (f]$ by rocks ( unequal h>dness4 ,?us1 = example1 :]e qu>tzose b$s ( mica-s*i/ alt]nate ) clay-slate1 or :]e trap-dykes1 (t5 caus+ wat]falls 9 ! c\rses ( torr5ts1 cut ?r\gh s&/one or slate--^! & innum]able o!r common associations ( dissimil> /ony comp\nds mu/ give rise to a v unequal am\nt ( erosion & consequ5tly to lake-bas9s on a small scale4 ,b ! l>g] ! size ( any lake1 ! m c]ta9 x w be to conta9 )9 x rocks ( e degree ( h>dness1 t\ghness1 & s(tness2 & if we f9d a gradual deep5+ f ! head t[>ds ! c5tral p>ts & a %all[+ aga9 f ! middle to ! l[] end1 z 9 sev]al ( ! great ,swiss & ,italian lakes1 :i* are #cj or #dj miles 9 l5g?1 we require a p[] capable ( act+ ) a consid]able degree ( uni=mity on ^! masses ( v>y+ p[]s ( resi/ance4 ,secondly4 ,sev]al ( ! great lakes are by no means 9 ! l9e ( direction :i* !y ought to h tak5 _h !y be5 scoop$ out by ! pressure & onw>d movem5t ( ! ext9ct glaci]s4 ,! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 = in/ance1 _h x be5 ! "w ( ice1 w\ld h be5 prolong$ f ! t]m9ation ( ! upp] valley ( ! ,rhone t[>ds ! ,jura1 9 ! direction f ,f to ,g ( ! map1 ,figure #db1 in/ead ( runn+ f ,f to ,i4 ,?irdly4 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$ exp]im5tally1 t 9 a glaci]1 z 9 a riv]1 ! rate ( motion is accel]at$ or less5$1 accord+ to ! great] or less slope ( ! gr\nd2 also1 t ! l[] /rata ( ice1 l ^? ( wat]1 move m sl[ly ?an ^? above !m4 ,9 ! ,lago ,maggiore1 :i* is m ?an #bfjj feet deep 7#gig metres71 ! ice1 says ,pr(essor ,ramsay1 _h to desc5d a slope ( ab\t #c degrees = ! fir/ #be miles1 & !n to ,,asc5d = ! la/ #ab miles 7f ! deepe/ "p t[>ds ! outlet7 at an angle ( #e degrees4 ,x is = ^? :o are conv]sant ) ! dynamics ( glaci] motion to div9e :e!r 9 su* a case ! dis*>ge ( ice w\ld n be entirely effect$ by ! sup]ior & fa/] mov+ /rata1 & :e!r ! l[e/ w\ld n be motionless or ne>ly s1 & w\ld !re=e ex]t v little1 if any1 friction on ! bottom4 ,f\r?ly4 ,b ! grave/ objection to ! hypo!sis ( glacial erosion on s /up5d\s a scale is af=d$ by ! entire abs5ce ( lakes ( ! fir/ magnitude 9 sev]al areas :]e !y ought to exi/ if ! enorm\s glaci]s :i* once occupi$ ^? spaces _h possess$ ! deep excavat+ p[] ascrib$ to !m4 ,?us 9 ! area laid d[n on ! map1 ,figure #dc1 or t cov]$ by ! anci5t mora9e ( ! ,dora ,baltea1 we see ! monum5ts ( a colossal glaci] d]iv$ f ,mont ,blanc & ,monte ,rosa1 :i* desc5d$ f po9ts ne>ly #ajj miles di/ant1 & !n em]g+ f ! n>r[ gorge above ,ivrea deploy$ ^u ! pla9s ( ! ,po1 advanc+ ov] a floor ( m>9e ,plioc5e /rata ( no great] solidity ?an ! ,mioc5e s&/one & conglom]ate 9 :i* ! lake-bas9s ( ,g5eva1 ,zuri*1 & "s o!rs are situat$4 ,:y did ?is glaci] fail to scoop out a deep & wide bas9 rivall+ 9 size ! lakes ( ,maggiore or ,como1 in/ead ( m]ely giv+ rise to a few ponds above ,ivrea1 :i* may h be5 due to ice action8 ,!re is "o lake1 x is true--t ( ,c&ia1 ne> ! s\!rn extremity ( ! mora9e--:i* is l>g]2 b ev5 ?is1 z w be se5 by ! map1 is q ( subord9ate importance1 & :e!r x is situat$ 9 a rock bas9 or is simply caus$ by a dam ( mora9e matt] has n yet be5 fully made out4 ,!re ought also to h be5 ano!r great lake1 accord+ to ! !ory "u consid]ation1 9 ! space n[ occupi$ by ! mora9e ( ! ,dora ,rip>ia1 betwe5 ,susa & ,tur9 7see map1 ,figure #dc74 ,signor ,ga/aldi has %[n t all ! ponds 9 t area consi/ exclusively ( :at ,m4 de ,mortillet has d5om9at$ mora9ic lakes1 i4e4 caus$ by b>ri]s ( glaci]-mud & /ones4 ,fif?ly4 ,9 pro( ( ! great lakes hav+ _h no exi/5ce be=e ! glacial p]iod1 ,pr(essor ,ramsay obs]ves t we d n f9d 9 ! ,alps any fre%wat] /rata ( an age int]m$iate betwe5 ! close ( ! ,mioc5ic & ! comm5cem5t ( ! glacial epo*499 799 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society volume #ah #ahfb47 ,b al?\gh su* =mations are sc>ce1 !y are by no means :olly want+2 & if x c be %[n t any "o ( ! pr9cipal lakes1 t ( ,zuri* = example1 exi/$ prior to ! glacial era x w foll[ t 9 ! ,alps ! erosive p[] ( ice 0 n requir$ to produce lake-bas9s on a l>ge scale4 ,! deposits allud$ to on ! bord]s ( ! ,lake ( ,zuri* are ^? ( ,utzna* & ,durnt51 situat$ ea* ab\t #cej feet above ! pres5t level ( ! lake & conta9+ valuable b$s ( lignite4 ,! fir/ ( !m1 t ( ,utzna*1 is a delta =m$ at ! head ( ! anci5t & once m ext5sive lake4 ,! argillace\s & lignite-be>+ /rata1 m ?an #ajj feet 9 ?ickness1 re/ uncon=mably on highly incl9$ & sometimes v]tical ,mioc5e molasse4 ,^! clays are cov]$ con=mably by /ratifi$ s& & gravel #fj feet ?ick1 p>tly consolidat$1 9 :i* ! pebbles are ( rocks belong+ to ! upp] valleys ( ! ,limmat & its tribut>ies1 all ( !m small & n glacially /riat$ & :olly )\t admixture ( l>ge angul> /ones4 ,on ! top ( all repose v l>ge erratic blocks1 af=d+ cle> evid5ce t ! colossal glaci] :i* once fill$ ! valley ( ! ,limmat cov]$ ! old littoral deposit4 ,! great age ( ! lignite is p>tly indicat$ by ! bones ( ,elephas antiquus f\nd 9 x4 ,i visit$ ,utzna* 9 company ) ,m4 ,es*] von d] ,l9? 9 #aheg1 & dur+ ! same ye> exam9$ ! lignite ( ,durnt51 _m miles f>!r d[n on ! "r bank ( ! lake1 9 company ) ,pr(essor ,he] & ,m4 ,m>c\4 ,! b$s !re are ( ! same age & )9 a few feet ( ! same height above ! level ( ! lake4 ,!y might easily h be5 ov]look$ or conf\nd$ ) ! g5]al glacial drift ( ! neighb\rhood1 _h n ! b$ ( lignite1 :i* is f #e to #ab feet ?ick1 be5 work$ = fuel1 dur+ :i* op]ation _m organic rema9s came to light4 ,among ^! are ! tee? ( ,elephas antiquus1 det]m9$ by ,dr4 ,falcon]1 & ,rh9oc]os leptorh9us8 7,r4 meg>h9us1 ,*ri/ol71 ! wild bull & r$ de] 7,bos primig5ius1 ,boj41 & ,c]vus elaphus1 ,l471 ! la/ two det]m9$ by ,pr(essor ,rutimey]4 ,9 ! same b$s ,i f\nd _m fre%wat] %ells ( ! g5]a ,palud9a1 ,limnaea1 etc41 all ( liv+ species4 ,! plants nam$ by ,pr(essor ,he] are also ,rec5t & agree s+ul>ly ) ^? ( ! ,crom] buri$ =e/1 be=e describ$4 ,among !m are ! ,scot* & spruce firs1 ,p9us sylve/ris & ,p9us abies1 & ! buckbean1 or ,m5yan!s trifoliata1 etc41 besides ! common bir* & o!r ,european plants4 ,ov]ly+ ?is lignite are fir/1 z at ,utzna*1 /ratifi$ gravel n ( glacial orig91 ab\t #cj feet ?ick2 & secondly1 highe/ ( all1 huge angul> erratic blocks cle>ly indicat+ ! pres5ce ( a great glaci] po/]ior 9 date to all ! organic rema9s above enum]at$4 ,if any "o ( ! exi/+ ,swiss lakes 7 n[ l[]$ by deep5+ its outlet1 or by rais+ ! high] portion ( x relatively to ! l[]1 we %\ld see simil> deltas ( comp>atively mod]n date expos$ to view1 "s ( !m ) emb$d$ trunks ( p9es ( ! same species drift$ d[n dur+ fre%ets4 ,su* deposits w\ld be mo/ frequ5t at ! upp] ends ( ! lakes1 b a few w\ld occur on ei!r bank n f> f ! %ore :]e torr5ts once ent]$1 agree+ 9 geographical position ) ! lignite =mations ( ,utzna* & ,durnt54 ,!re are o!r fre%wat] =mations ) lignite1 besides ^? on ! ,lake ( ,zuri*1 z ^? ( ,wetzikon ne> ! ,pfaffikon ,lake1 ( ,kaltbrunn51 ( ,bu*b]g1 & t ( ,mors*weil betwe5 ,/4 ,gall & ,rors*a*1 b none probably old] ?an ! ,durnt5 b$s4 ,l ! buri$ =e/ ( ,crom] !y are all pre-glacial1 yet !y by no means repres5t ! old] nor ev5 ! new] ,plioc5e p]iod1 b r ! beg9n+ ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,x is !re=e true1 z ,pr(essor ,ramsay rem>ks1 t1 z yet1 no /rata ( ! age ( ! ,engli% ,crag h be5 detect$ 9 any ,alp9e valley4 ,9 o!r words1 !re are no fre%wat] =mations yet kn[n correspond+ 9 date to ! ,plioc5e b$s ( ! upp] ,val d',arno1 above ,flor5ce--a fact f :i* we may inf] 7?\gh ) diffid5ce1 z ! inf]5ce is bas$ on negative evid5ce71 t1 al?\gh ! great ,alp9e valleys 7 erod$ 9 ,plioc5e times1 ! lake-bas9s 71 nev]!less1 ( ,plei/oc5e date--"s ( !m =m$ be=e1 o!rs dur+1 ! glacial epo*4 ,six?ly4 ,9 :at mann] !n did ! great lake-bas9s orig9ate if !y 7 n holl[$ out by ice8 ,my answ] is1 !y are all due to unequal movem5ts ( upheaval & subsid5ce4 ,we h already se5 t ! buri$ =e/ ( ,crom]1 :i* by its organic cont5ts seems cle>ly to be ( ! same age z ! lignite ( ,durnt51 0 pre-glacial & t x has und]gone a great oscillation ( level 7ab\t #ejj feet 9 bo? directions7 s9ce its orig91 hav+ fir/ sunk to t ext5t bel[ ! sea & !n be5 rais$ up aga9 to ! sea-level4 ,9 ! c\ntless ,po/-,mioc5e ages :i* prec$$ ! glacial p]iod !re 0 ample "t = ! sl[ erosion by wat] ( all ! pr9cipal hydrographical bas9s ( ! ,alps1 & ! sites ( all ! great lakes co9cide1 z ,pr(essor ,ramsay truly says1 ) ^! great l9es ( dra9age4 ,! lake-cavities d n lie 9 syncl9al tr\ghs1 foll[+ ! /rike & fold+s ( ! /rata1 b (t51 z ! same geologi/ rem>ks1 cross !m at high angles2 nor are !y due to r5ts or gap+ fissures1 al?\gh ^!1 ) o!r accid5ts connect$ ) ! di/urb+ movem5ts ( ! ,alps1 may sometimes h det]m9$ orig9ally ! direction ( ! valleys4 ,! con=mity ( ! lake-bas9s to ! pr9cipal wat]c\rses is explicable if we assume !m to h result$ f inequalities 9 ! upw>d & d[nw>d movem5ts ( ! :ole c\ntry 9 ,plei/oc5e times1 aft] ! valleys 7 erod$4 ,we "k t 9 ,sw$5 ! rate ( ! rise ( ! l& is f> f uni=m1 be+ only a few in*es 9 a c5tury ne> ,/ockholm1 :ile nor? ( x & beyond ,gefle x am\nts to z _m feet 9 ! same numb] ( ye>s4 ,let u suppose ) ,*>p5ti] t ! ,alps ga9$ 9 height sev]al ?\s& feet at ! "t :5 ! int5se cold ( ! glacial p]iod 0 com+ on4 ,?is gradual rise w\ld be an era ( aque\s erosion & ( ! deep5+1 wid5+1 & l5g!n+ ( ! valleys4 ,x is v improbable t ! elevation w\ld be ev]y:]e id5tical 9 quantity1 b if x 0 nev] 9 excess 9 ! outskirts z comp>$ to ! c5tral region or cre/ ( ! *a91 x w\ld n give rise to lakes4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! p]iod ( upheaval 0 foll[$ by "o ( gradual subsid5ce1 ! movem5t n be+ ev]y:]e /rictly uni=m1 lake-bas9s w\ld be =m$ :]ev] ! rate ( depression 0 9 excess 9 ! upp] c\ntry4 ,let ! region1 = example1 ne> ! head wat]s ( ! great riv]s s9k at ! rate ( f #d to #f feet p] c5tury1 :ile only half z mu* subsid5ce occurs t[>ds ! circumf]5ce ( ! m\nta9s--! rate dim9i%+ ab\t an in* p] mile 9 a di/ance1 say ( #dj miles--?is might conv]t _m ( ! l>ge/ & deepe/ valleys at _! l[] ends into lakes4 ,we h no c]ta9ty t su* movem5ts may n n[ be 9 progress 9 ! ,alps2 = if !y are z sl[ z we h assum$1 !y w\ld be z ins5sible to ! inhabitants z is ! upheaval ( ,sc&9avia or ! subsid5ce ( ,gre5l& to ! ,sw$es & ,danes :o dwell !re4 ,!y only "k ( ! progress ( su* geographical revolutions because a slight *ange ( level becomes manife/ on ! m>g9 ( ! sea4 ,! l9es ( elevation or depression above suppos$ might leave no cle> geological traces ( _! action on ! high ridges & table-l&s sep>at+ ! valleys ( ! pr9cipal riv]s2 x is only :5 !y cross su* valleys t ! di/urbance caus$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?\s&s ( ye>s 9 ! dra9age becomes app>5t4 ,if !re 7 no ice1 ! s9k+ ( ! l& might n give rise to lakes4 ,to accompli% ?is 9 ! abs5ce ( ice1 x is necess>y t ! rate ( depression %\ld be suffici5tly fa/ to make x impossible = ! deposit+ p[] ( ! riv] to keep pace ) x1 or 9 o!r words to fill up ! incipi5t cavity z fa/ z x beg9s to =m4 ,su* levell+ op]ations once complete1 ! runn+ wat]1 aid$ by s& & pebbles1 w gradually cut a gorge ?r\gh ! newly rais$ rock s z to prev5t x f =m+ a b>ri]4 ,b if a great glaci] fill ! l[] "p ( ! valley all ! conditions ( ! problem are alt]$4 ,in/ead ( ! mud1 s&1 & /ones drift$ d[n f ! high] regions be+ left beh9d 9 ! incipi5t bas91 !y all travel onw>ds 9 ! %ape ( mora9es on ! top ( ! ice1 pass+ ov] & beyond ! new depression1 s t :5 at ! end ( fifty or a ?\s& c5turies ! glaci] melts1 a l>ge & deep bas9 repres5t+ ! diff]5ce 9 ! movem5t ( two adjo9+ m\nta9 areas--namely1 ! c5tral & ! circumf]5tial--is = ! fir/ "t r5d]$ visible4 ,by adopt+ ?is hypo!sis1 we conc$e t !re is an intimate connection betwe5 ! glacial p]iod & a pr$om9ance ( lakes1 9 produc+ :i* ! action ( ice is ?reefold2 fir/1 by its direct p[] 9 scoop+ out %all[ bas9s :]e ! rocks are ( unequal h>dness2 an op]ation :i* c by no means be conf9$ to ! l&1 = x mu/ ext5d to bel[ ! level ( high wat] a ?\s& feet & m 9 su* fjords z h be5 describ$ z fill$ ) ice 9 ,gre5l&4 ,secondly4 ,! ice w act indirectly by prev5t+ cavities caus$ by inequalities ( subsid5ce or elevation f becom+ ! receptacles fir/ ( wat] & !n ( s$im5t1 by :i* ! cavities w\ld be levell$ up & ! lakes oblit]at$4 ,?irdly4 ,! ice is also an indirect cause ( lakes1 by heap+ up m\nds ( mora9e matt] & ?us giv+ rise to ponds & ev5 to %eets ( wat] sev]al miles 9 diamet]4 ,! comp>ative sc>city1 !re=e1 ( lakes ( ,plei/oc5e date 9 tropical c\ntries1 & v g5]ally s\? ( ! =tie? & fiftie? p>allels ( latitude1 may be acc\nt$ = by ! abs5ce ( glacial action 9 su* regions4 ,,po/-,,glacial ,,lake-,,dwell+ ,,9 ,,! ,,nor? ,,( ,,italy4 ,we le>n f ,m4 de ,mortillet t 9 ! peat :i* has fill$ up "o ( ! mora9ic lakes =m$ by ! anci5t glaci] ( ! ,tic9o1 ,m4 ,moro has discov]$ at ,m]curago ! piles ( a lake-dwell+ l ^? ( ,switz]l&1 toge!r ) v>i\s ut5sils & a canoe holl[$ out ( ! trunk ( a tree4 ,f ?is fact we le>n t s\? ( ! ,alps z well z nor? ( !m a primitive p hav+ simil> habits fl\ri%$ aft] ! retreat ( ! great glaci]s4 ,,successive ,,phases ,,( ,,glacial ,,action ,,9 ,,! ,,alps1 ,,& ,,_! ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,human ,,p]iod #cd4 ,accord+ to ! geological obs]vations ( ,m4 ,morlot1 ! foll[+ successive phases 9 ! developm5t ( ice-action 9 ! ,alps are pla9ly recognisable3-- ,fir/4 ,!re 0 a p]iod :5 ! ice 0 9 its greate/ excess1 :5 ! glaci] ( ! ,rhone n only rea*$ ! ,jura1 b climb$ to ! height ( #bjae feet above ! ,lake ( ,neuf*atel1 & #cdej feet above ! sea1 at :i* "t ! ,alp9e ice actually ent]$ ! ,fr5* t]ritory at "s po9ts1 p5etrat+ by c]ta9 gorges1 z ?r\gh ! defile ( ! ,=t de l',ecluse1 among o!rs4 ,second4 ,to ?is succe$$ a prolong$ retreat ( ! great glaci]s1 :5 !y evacuat$ n only ! ,jura & ! l[ c\ntry betwe5 t *a9 & ! ,alps1 b retir$ "s way back into ! ,alp9e valleys4 ,m4 ,morlot supposes _! dim9ution 9 volume to h accompani$ a g5]al subsid5ce ( ! c\ntry to ! ext5t ( at lea/ #ajjj feet4 ,! geological =mations ( ! second p]iod consi/ ( /ratifi$ masses ( s& & gravel1 call$ ! anci5t alluvium by ,,mm4 ,neck] & ,favre1 correspond+ to ! old] or l[] diluvium ( "s writ]s4 ,_! orig9 is evid5tly due to ! action ( riv]s1 swoll5 by ! melt+ ( ice1 by :i* ! mat]ials ( p>ts ( ! old mora9es 7 re>rang$ & /ratifi$ & left usually at consid]able heights above ! level ( ! pres5t valley pla9s4 ,?ird4 ,! glaci]s aga9 advanc$ & became ( gigantic dim5sions1 ?\gh !y fell f> %ort ( ^? ( ! fir/ p]iod4 ,t ( ! ,rhone1 = example1 did n aga9 rea* ! ,jura1 ?\gh x fill$ ! ,lake ( ,g5eva & =m$ enorm\s mora9es on its bord]s & 9 _m p>ts ( ! valley betwe5 ! ,alps & ,jura4 ,f\r?4 ,a second retreat ( ! glaci]s took place :5 !y gradually %rank ne>ly into _! pres5t limits1 accompani$ by ano!r accumulation ( /ratifi$ gravels :i* =m 9 _m places a s]ies ( t]races above ! level ( ! alluvial pla9s ( ! exi/+ riv]s4 ,9 ! gorge ( ! ,dranse1 ne> ,?onon1 ,m4 ,morlot discov]$ no less ?an ?ree ( ^! glacial =mations 9 direct sup]position1 namely1 at ! bottom ( ! section1 a mass ( compact till or b\ld]-clay 7,numb] #a7 #ab feet ?ick1 includ+ /riat$ b\ld]s ( ,alp9e lime/one1 & cov]$ by regul>ly /ratifi$ anci5t alluvium 7,numb] #b7 #aej feet ?ick1 made up ( r\nd$ pebbles 9 horizontal b$s4 ,?is mass is 9 its turn ov]laid by a second =mation 7,numb] #c7 ( un/ratifi$ b\ld] clay1 ) erratic blocks & /riat$ pebbles1 :i* con/itut$ ! left lat]al mora9e ( ! great glaci] ( ! ,rhone :5 x advanc$ = ! second "t to ! ,lake ( ,g5eva4 ,at a %ort di/ance f ! above section t]races 7,numb] #d7 compos$ ( /ratifi$ alluvium are se5 at ! heights ( #bj1 #ej1 #ajj1 & #aej feet above ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 :i* by _! position c be %[n to be po/]ior 9 date to ! upp] b\ld]-clay & !re=e belong to ! f\r? p]iod1 or t ( ! la/ retreat ( ! great glaci]s4 ,9 ! deposits ( ?is f\r? p]iod ! rema9s ( ! mammo? h be5 discov]$1 z at ,morges1 = example1 on ! ,lake ( ,g5eva4 ,! conical delta ( ! ,t9i]e1 m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] #b z conta9+ at diff]5t dep?s monum5ts ( ! ,roman z well z ( ! antec$5t bronze & /one ages1 is ! "w ( alluvial deposition go+ on :5 ! t]race ( #ej feet 0 9 progress4 ,?is mod]n delta is suppos$ by ,m4 ,morlot to h requir$ #aj1jjj ye>s = its accumulation4 ,at ! height ( #aej feet above ! lake1 foll[+ up ! c\rse ( ! same torr5t1 we come to a m anci5t delta1 ab\t t5 times z l>ge1 :i* is !re=e suppos$ to be ! monum5t ( ab\t t5 times z _m c5turies1 or #ajj1jjj ye>s1 all ref]able to ! f\r? p]iod m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ page1 or t :i* foll[$ ! la/ retreat ( ! great glaci]s499 799 ,morlot1 ,t]ra9 quat]naire du ,bass9 de ,leman ,bullet9 de la ,societe ,vaudoise des ,sci5ces ,naturelles ,numb] #dd47 ,if ! l[] flatt5$ cone ( ,t9i]e be ref]r$ 9 great "p to ! age ( ! olde/ lake-dwell+s1 ! high] "o might p]haps correspond ) ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod ( ,/4 ,a*eul1 or ! era :5 ,man & ! ,elephas primig5ius fl\ri%$ toge!r2 b no human rema9s or works ( art h z yet be5 f\nd 9 deposits ( ?is age or 9 any alluvium conta9+ ! bones ( ext9ct mammalia 9 ,switz]l&4 ,^u ! :ole1 x is impossible n to be /ruck ) an app>5t correspond5ce 9 ! succession ( ev5ts ( ! glacial p]iod ( ,switz]l& & t ( ! ,briti% ,isles be=e describ$4 ,! "t ( ! fir/ ,alp9e glaci]s ( colossal dim5sions1 :5 t *a9 p]haps 0 sev]al ?\s& feet high] ?an n[1 may h agre$ ) ! fir/ cont95tal p]iod :5 ,scotl& 0 inve/$ ) a univ]sal cru/ ( ice4 ,! retreat ( ! fir/ ,alp9e glaci]s1 caus$ p>tly by a l[]+ ( t *a91 may h be5 syn*ron\s ) ! p]iod ( great subm]g5ce & float+ ice 9 ,engl&4 ,! second advance ( ! glaci]s may h co9cid$ 9 date ) ! re-elevation ( ! ,alps1 z well z ( ! ,scot* & ,wel% m\nta9s2 & la/ly1 ! f9al retreat ( ! ,swiss & ,italian glaci]s may h tak5 place :5 ,man & ! ext9ct mammalia 7 colonis+ ! nor?-we/ ( ,europe & beg9n+ to inhabit areas :i* _h =m$ ! b$ ( ! glacial sea dur+ ! era ( *ief subm]g5ce4 ,b x mu/ be confess$ t 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k ^! attempts to comp>e ! *ronological relations ( ! p]iods ( upheaval & subsid5ce ( areas s widely sep>at$ z are ! m\nta9s ( ,sc&9avia1 ! ,briti% ,isles1 & ! ,alps1 or ! times ( ! advance & retreat ( glaci]s 9 ^? sev]al regions & ! great] or less int5sity ( cold1 mu/ be look$ ^u z v conjectural4 ,we may presume ) m confid5ce t :5 ! ,alps 7 highe/ & ! ,alp9e glaci]s mo/ develop$1 fill+ all ! great lakes ( nor!rn ,italy & load+ ! pla9s ( ,pi$mont & ,lomb>dy ) ice1 ! wat]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean 7 *ill$ & ( a l[] av]age temp]ature ?an n[4 ,su* a p]iod ( refrig]ation is requir$ by ! con*ologi/ to acc\nt = ! preval5ce ( nor!rn %ells 9 ! ,sicilian seas ab\t ! close ( ! ,plioc5e or comm5cem5t ( ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod4 ,= su* %ells z ,cypr9a isl&ica1 ,panopoea norvegica 7 ,p4 bivonae1 ,philippi71 ,l$a pygmaea1 ,mun/1 & "s o!rs1 enum]at$ among ! fossils ( ! late/ ,t]ti>y =mations ( ,sicily by ,philippi & ,edw>d ,=bes1 po9t unequivocally to a =m] m sev]e climate4 ,dr4 ,hook] also 9 8 late j\rney to ,syria 79 ! autumn ( #ahfj7 f\nd ! mora9es ( ext9ct glaci]s1 on :i* ! :ole ( ! anci5t c$>s ( ,lebanon gr[1 to desc5d #djjj feet bel[ ! summit ( t *a94 ,! temp]ature ( ,syria is n[ s mu* mild] t !re is no long] p]petual sn[ ev5 on ! summit ( ,lebanon1 ! height ( :i* 0 asc]ta9$ to be #aj1bjj feet above ! ,m$it]ranean499 799 ,hook]1 ,natural ,hi/ory ,review ,numb] #e ,janu>y #ahfb page #aa47 ,su* monum5ts ( a cold climate 9 latitudes s f> s\? z ,syria & ! nor? ( ,sicily1 betwe5 #cc & #ch degrees nor?1 may be confid5tly ref]r$ to an e>ly "p ( ! glacial p]iod1 or to times long ant]ior to ^? ( ,man & ! ext9ct mammalia ( ,abbeville & ,ami5s4 ,,*apt] #af4 -- ,,human ,,rema9s ,,9 ,,! ,,loess1 ,,& ,,_! ,,probable ,,age4 ,nature1 ,orig91 & ,age ( ! ,loess ( ! ,rh9e & ,danube4 ,impalpable ,mud produc$ by ! ,gr9d+ ,action ( ,glaci]s4 ,disp]sion ( ?is ,mud at ! ,p]iod ( ! ,retreat ( ! great ,alp9e ,glaci]s4 ,cont9uity ( ! ,loess f ,switz]l& to ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4 ,*>act]i/ic ,organic ,rema9s n ,lacu/r9e4 ,alp9e ,gravel 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,rh9e cov]$ by ,loess4 ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ! ,loess & its ,height above ! ,sea4 ,fossil ,mammalia4 ,loess ( ! ,danube4 ,oscillations 9 ! ,level ( ! ,alps & l[] ,c\ntry requir$ to expla9 ! ,=mation & ,d5udation ( ! ,loess4 ,m rapid ,movem5t ( ! ,inl& ,c\ntry4 ,! same ,depression & ,upheaval might acc\nt = ! ,advance & ,retreat ( ! ,alp9e ,glaci]s4 ,himalayan ,mud ( ! ,pla9s ( ! ,ganges comp>$ to ,european ,loess4 ,human ,rema9s 9 ,loess ne> ,mae/ri*t1 & _! probable ,antiquity4 ,,nature ,,& ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,loess4 ,intimately connect$ ) ! subjects treat$ ( 9 ! la/ *apt]1 is ! nature1 orig91 & age ( c]ta9 loamy deposits1 commonly call$ loess1 :i* =m a m>k$ feature 9 ! sup]ficial deposits ( ! bas9s ( ! ,rh9e1 ,danube1 & "s o!r l>ge riv]s dra9+ ! ,alps1 & :i* ext5d d[n ! ,rh9e into ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 & 7 once p]haps cont9u\s ) o!rs ( l composition 9 ! nor? ( ,france4 #ce ,x has be5 report$ ( late ye>s t human rema9s h be5 detect$ at sev]al po9ts 9 ! loess ( ! ,meuse ar\nd & bel[ ,mae/ri*t4 ,i h visit$ ! localities ref]r$ to2 b1 be=e giv+ an acc\nt ( !m1 x w be desirable to expla9 :at is meant by ! loess1 a /ep ! m necess>y z a ,fr5* geologi/ = ^: k & judgm5t ,i h great respect1 tells me he has come to ! conclusion t ! loess is a my?1 hav+ no real exi/5ce 9 a geological s5se or z hold+ a def9ite place 9 ! *ronological s]ies4 ,no d\bt x is true t 9 e c\ntry1 & at all geological p]iods1 riv]s h be5 deposit+ f9e loam on _! inundat$ pla9s 9 ! mann] expla9$ above 9 ,*apt] #c1 :]e ! ,nile mud 0 spok5 (4 ,?is mud ( ! pla9s ( ,egypt1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,bis*(f's *emical analysis agrees closely 9 composition ) ! loess ( ! ,rh9e499 799 ,*emical & ,physical ,geology volume #a page #acb47 ,i h also %[n :5 speak+ ( ! fossil man ( ,nat*ez1 h[ id5tical 9 m9]al "* & 9 ! g5]a ( its t]re/rial & amphibi\s %ells is ! anci5t fluviatile loam ( ! ,mississippi ) ! loess ( ! ,rh9e4 ,b grant+ t loam pres5t+ ! same aspect has orig9at$ at diff]5t times & 9 di/9ct hydrographical bas9s1 x is nev]!less true t dur+ ! glacial p]iod ! ,alps 7 a great c5tre ( disp]sion1 n only ( erratics1 z we h se5 9 ! la/ *apt]1 & ( gravel :i* 0 c>ri$ f>!r ?an ! erratics1 b also ( v f9e mud :i* 0 transport$ to /ill great] di/ances & 9 great] volume d[n ! pr9cipal riv]-c\rses betwe5 ! m\nta9s & ! sea4 ,,mud ,,produc$ ,,by ,,glaci]s4 ,!y :o h visit$ ,switz]l& are aw>e t e torr5t :i* issues f an icy cav]n at ! extremity ( a glaci] is d5sely *>g$ ) an impalpable p[d]1 produc$ by ! gr9d+ action to :i* ! subjac5t floor ( rock & ! /ones & s& froz5 into ! ice are expos$ 9 ! mann] be=e describ$4 ,we may !re=e readily conceive t a mu* great] volume ( f9e s$im5t 0 swept along by riv]s swoll5 by melt+ ice at ! "t ( ! retreat ( ! gigantic glaci]s ( ! old5 "t4 ,! fact t a l>ge proportion ( ?is mud1 in/ead ( be+ c>ri$ to ! ocean :]e x might h =m$ a delta on ! coa/ or h be5 disp]s$ f> & wide by ! tides & curr5ts1 has accumulat$ 9 inl& valleys1 w be f\nd to be an additional pro( ( ! =m] occurr5ce ( ^? gr& oscillations 9 ! level ( ! ,alps & p>ts ( ! adjo9+ cont95t :i* 7 requir$ to expla9 ! alt]nate advance & retreat ( ! glaci]s1 & ! sup]position ( m ?an "o b\ld] clay & /ratifi$ alluvium4 ,! position ( ! loess betwe5 ,basle & ,bonn is su* z to imply t ! great valley ( ! ,rh9e _h already acquir$ its pres5t %ape1 & 9 "s places1 p]haps m ?an its actual dep? & wid?1 previ\sly to ! "t :5 x 0 gradually fill$ up to a great ext5t ) f9e loam4 ,! great] "p ( ?is loam has be5 s9ce remov$1 s t a fr+e only ( ! deposit is n[ left on ! flanks ( ! b\nd>y hills1 or occasionally "s outli]s 9 ! middle ( ! great pla9 ( ! ,rh9e :]e x exp&s 9 wid?4 ,^! outli]s are sometimes on su* a scale z to admit ( m9or hills & valleys1 hav+ be5 %ap$ out ( !m by ! action ( ra9 & small /reamlets1 z ne> ,freiburg 9 ! ,breisgau & o!r di/ricts4 ,,fossil ,,%ells ,,( ,,! ,,loess4 ,illu/ration3 ,figures #dd1 #de1 & #df 7,,figure #dd4 ,succ9ea oblonga47 7,,figure #de4 ,pupa muscorum47 7,,figure #df4 ,helix hispida1 ,l942 ,h4 plebeia1 ,drap47 ,! loess is g5]ally devoid ( fossils1 al?\gh 9 _m places !y are abundant1 consi/+ ( l&-%ells1 all ( liv+ species1 & compris+ no small "p ( ! entire mollusc\s fauna n[ inhabit+ ! same region4 ,! ?ree %ells mo/ frequ5tly met ) are ^? repres5t$ 9 ! annex$ figures 7#dd1 #de & #df74 ,! slug1 call$ ,succ9ea1 is n /rictly aquatic1 b lives 9 damp places1 & may be se5 9 full activity f> f riv]s1 9 mead[s :]e ! grass is wet ) ra9 or dew2 b %ells ( ! g5]a ,limnaea1 ,planorbis1 ,palud9a1 ,cyclas1 & o!rs1 requir+ to be con/antly 9 ! wat]1 are extremely exceptional 9 ! loess1 occurr+ only at ! bottom ( ! deposit :]e x beg9s to alt]nate ) anci5t riv]-gravel on :i* x usually reposes4 ,?is und]ly+ gravel consi/s 9 ! valley ( ! ,rh9e = ! mo/ "p ( pebbles & b\ld]s ( ,alp9e orig91 %[+ t !re 0 a "t :5 ! riv]s _h p[] to convey co>se mat]ials = hundr$s ( miles nor?w>ds f ,switz]l& t[>ds ! sea2 :]eas at a lat] p]iod an entire *ange 0 br\ght ab\t 9 ! physical geography ( ! same di/rict1 s t ! same riv] deposit$ no?+ b f9e mud1 :i* accumulat$ to a ?ickness ( #hjj feet or m above ! orig9al alluvial pla94 ,b al?\gh mo/ ( ! fundam5tal gravel 0 d]iv$ f ! ,alps1 !re has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! pr9cipal m\nta9 *a9s bord]+ ! great valley1 su* z ! ,black ,=e/1 ,vosges1 & ,od5wald1 an admixture ( detritus *>act]i/ic ( ^? sev]al *a9s4 ,we _c d\bt !re=e t z "s ( ^! m\nta9s1 especially ! ,vosges1 _h dur+ ! glacial p]iod _! own glaci]s1 a "p ( ! f9e mud ( _! mora9es mu/ h be5 m+l$ ) loess ( ,alp9e orig92 al?\gh ! pr9cipal mass ( ! latt] mu/ h come f ,switz]l&1 & c 9 fact be trac$ cont9u\sly f ,basle to ,belgium4 ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,! ,,loess4 ,x 0 /at$ 9 ! la/ *apt] t at ! "t ( ! greate/ ext5sion ( ! ,swiss glaci]s ! ,lake ( ,con/ance & all ! o!r great lakes 7 fill$ ) ice1 s t gravel & mud c\ld pass freely f ! upp] ,alp9e valley ( ! ,rh9e to ! l[] region betwe5 ,basle & ! sea1 ! great lake int]cept+ no "p ( ! mora9es :e!r f9e or co>se4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,a> ) its great tribut>ies ! ,limmat & ! ,reuss does n jo9 ! ,rh9e till aft] x issues f ! ,lake ( ,con/ance2 & by _! *annels a l>ge "p ( ! ,alp9e gravel & mud c\ld always h pass$ )\t ob/ruction into ! l[] c\ntry1 ev5 aft] ! ice ( ! great lake _h melt$4 ,x w give ! read] "s idea ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,rh5i% loess occurs1 if he is told t "s ( ! e>li] sci5tific obs]v]s imag9$ x to h be5 =m$ 9 a va/ lake :i* occupi$ ! valley ( ! ,rh9e f ,basle to ,may5ce1 s5d+ up arms or bran*es into :at are n[ ! valleys ( ! ,ma91 ,neck>1 & o!r l>ge riv]s4 ,!y plac$ ! b>ri] ( ?is imag9>y lake 9 ! n>r[ & picturesque gorge ( ! ,rh9e betwe5 ,b+5 & ,cobl5z3 & :5 x 0 object$ t ! lat]al valley ( ! ,lahn1 communicat+ ) t gorge1 _h also be5 fill$ ) loess1 !y 7 compell$ to transf] ! great dam f>!r d[n & to place x bel[ ,bonn4 ,/rictly speak+ x mu/ be plac$ mu* f>!r nor?1 or 9 ! #ea/ p>allel ( latitude1 :]e ! limits ( ! loess h be5 trac$ out by ,,mm4 ,omalius ,d',halloy1 ,dumont1 & o!rs1 runn+ ea/ & we/ by ,cologne1 ,juli]s1 ,l\va91 ,oud5>de1 & ,c\rtrai 9 ,belgium to ,cassel1 ne> ,dunkirk 9 ,france4 ,?is b\nd>y l9e may n indicate ! orig9al seaw>d ext5t ( ! =mation1 z x may h /ret*$ /ill f>!r nor? & its pres5t abrupt t]m9ation may only %[ h[ f> x 0 cut back at "s =m] p]iod by ! d5ud+ action ( ! sea4 ,ev5 if ! imb$d$ fossil %ells ( ! loess _h be5 lacu/r9e1 in/ead ( be+1 z we h se51 t]re/rial & amphibi\s1 ! va/ height & wid? ( ! requir$ b>ri] w\ld h be5 fatal to ! !ory ( a lake3 = ! loess is met ) 9 great =ce at an elevation ( no less ?an #afjj feet above ! sea1 cov]+ ! ,kais]/uhl1 a volcanic m\nta9 :i* /&s 9 ! middle ( ! great valley ( ! ,rh9e1 ne> ,freiburg 9 ,breisgau4 ,! ext5t to :i* ! valley has !re be5 ! receptacle ( f9e mud aft]w>ds remov$ is mo/ rem>kable4 ,! loess ( ,belgium 0 call$ ,hesbayan mud 9 ! geological map ( ! late ,m4 ,dumont1 :o1 ,i am told1 recognis$ x z be+ 9 great "p compos$ ( ,alp9e mud4 ,m4 d',ar*iac1 :5 speak+ ( ! loess1 obs]ves t x envelopes ,ha9ault1 ,brabant1 & ,limburg l a mantle ev]y:]e uni=m & homog5e\s 9 "*1 fill+ up ! l[] depressions ( ! ,ard5nes & pass+ !nce into ! nor? ( ,france1 ?\gh n cross+ into ,engl&4 ,9 ,france1 he adds1 x is f\nd on high plateaus #fjj feet above "s ( ! riv]s1 su* z ! ,m>ne2 b z we g s\?w>ds & ea/w>ds ( ! bas9 ( ! ,se9e1 x dim9i%es 9 quantity1 & f9ally ?9s out 9 ^? directions499 799 ,d',ar*iac1 ,hi/oire des ,progres volume #b pages #afi1 #agj47 ,x may ev5 be a "q :e!r ! limon des plateaux1 or upl& loam ( ! ,somme valley1 be=e allud$ to199 may n be a "p ( ! same =mation4 799 ,numb] #d ,figure #g47 ,z to ! high] & l[] level gravels ( t valley1 :i*1 l t ( ! ,se9e1 conta9 no =eign rocks1 we h se5 t !y are ea* ( !m cov]$ by deposits ( loess or inundation-mud belong+ respectively to ! p]iods ( ! gravels1 :]eas ! upl& loam is ( mu* old] date1 m widely spread1 & occupy+ positions (t5 indep5d5t ( ! pres5t l9es ( dra9age4 ,to re/ore 9 imag9ation ! geographical outl9e ( ,pic>dy1 to :i* riv]s *>g$ ) s mu* homog5e\s loam & runn+ at su* heights may once h belong$ is n[ impossible499 799 ,see above1 ,*apt] #h4 7 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,rh9e1 z ,i be=e obs]v$1 ! body ( ! loess1 in/ead ( hav+ be5 =m$ at successively l[] & l[] levels z 9 ! case ( ! bas9 ( ! ,somme1 0 deposit$ 9 a wide & deep pre-exi/+ bas91 or /ra?1 b\nd$ by l(ty m\nta9 *a9s su* z ! ,black ,=e/1 ,vosges1 & ,od5wald4 ,9 "s places ! loam accumulat$ to su* a dep? z fir/ to fill ! valley & !n to spread ov] ! adjo9+ table-l&s1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,l[] ,eifel1 :]e x encircl$ "s ( ! mod]n volcanic cones ( loose pumice & a%es4 ,9 ^! in/ances x does n appe> to me t ! volcanoes 7 9 eruption dur+ ! "t ( ! deposition ( ! loess1 z "s geologi/s h suppos$4 ,! int]/ratification ( loam & volcanic ejectam5ta 0 probably occasion$ by ! fluviatile mud hav+ gradually envelop$ ! cones ( loose scoriae aft] !y 7 completely =m$4 ,i am ! m incl9$ to embrace ?is view aft] hav+ se5 ! junction ( granite & loess on ! /eep slopes ( "s ( ! m\nta9s b\nd+ ! great pla9 ( ! ,rh9e on its "r bank 9 ! ,b]g/rasse4 ,?us betwe5 ,d>m/adt & ,heidelb]g p]p5dicul> sections are se5 ( loess #bjj feet ?ick1 at v>i\s heights above ! riv]1 "s ( !m at elevations ( #hjj feet & upw>ds4 ,9 "o ( ^! may be se51 re/+ on ! hill side ( ,melibocus 9 ! ,od5wald1 ! usual yell[ loam free f pebbles at its contact ) a /eep slope ( granite1 b divid$ into horizontal lay]s = a %ort di/ance f ! l9e ( junction4 ,9 ^! lay]s1 :i* abut aga9/ ! granite1 a mixture ( mica & ( unr\nd$ gra9s ( qu>tz & felsp> occur1 evid5tly d]iv$ f ! dis9tegration ( ! cry/all9e rock1 :i* mu/ h decompos$ 9 ! atmosph]e be=e ! mud _h rea*$ ?is height4 ,entire %ells ( ,helix1 ,pupa1 & ,succ9ea1 ( ! usual liv+ species1 are emb$d$ 9 ! granitic mixture4 ,we may !re=e be sure t ! valley b\nd$ by /eep hills ( granite exi/$ be=e ! tranquil accumulation ( ?is va/ body ( loess4 ,dur+ ! re-excavation ( ! bas9 ( ! ,rh9e successive deposits ( loess ( new] orig9 7 =m$ at v>i\s heights2 & x is (t5 difficult to di/+ui% _! relative ages1 especially z fossils are (t5 entirely want+1 & ! m9]al composition ( ! =mation is s uni=m4 ,! loess 9 ,belgium is v>iable 9 ?ickness1 usually rang+ f #aj to #cj feet4 ,x caps "s ( ! highe/ hills or table-l& ar\nd ,brussels at ! height ( #cjj feet above ! sea4 ,9 su* places x usually re/s on gravel & r>ely conta9s %ells1 b :5 !y occur !y are ( ,rec5t species4 ,i f\nd ! ,succ9ea oblonga1 be=e m5tion$1 & ,helix hispida 9 ! ,belgian loess at ,ne]ep51 betwe5 ,tongres & ,hasselt1 :]e ,m4 ,bosquet _h previ\sly obta9$ rema9s ( an elephant ref]r$ to ,e4 primig5ius4 ,?is pa*yd]m & ,rh9oc]os ti*orh9us are cit$ z *>act]is+ ! loess 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! valley ( ! ,rh9e4 ,sev]al p]fect skeletons ( ! m>mot h be5 dis9t]r$ f ! loess ( ,aix-la-,*apelle4 ,b mu* rema9s to be done 9 det]m9+ ! species ( mammalia ( ?is =mation & ! relative altitudes above ! valley-pla9 at :i* !y occur4 ,if we asc5d ! bas9 ( ! ,neck>1 we f9d t x is fill$ ) loess ( great ?ickness1 f> above its junction ) ! ,rh9e4 ,at ,can/adt ne> ,/uttg>t1 loess resembl+ t ( ! ,rh9e conta9s _m fossil bones1 especially ^? ( ,elephas primig5ius1 toge!r ) "s ( ,rh9oc]os ti*orh9us1 ! species hav+ be5 lately det]m9$ by ,dr4 ,falcon]4 ,at ?is place ! loess is cov]$ by a ?ick b$ ( trav]t9e1 us$ z a build+ /one1 ! product ( a m9]al spr+4 ,9 ! trav]t9e are _m fossil plants1 all ,rec5t except two1 an oak & popl>1 ! leaves ( :i* ,pr(essor ,he] has n be5 able to id5tify ) any kn[n species4 ,bel[ ! loess ( ,can/adt1 9 :i* bones ( ! mammo? are s abundant1 is a b$ ( gravel evid5tly an old riv] *annel n[ _m feet above ! level ( ! ,neck>1 ! valley hav+ !re be5 excavat$ to "s dep? bel[ its anci5t *annel s z to lie 9 ! und]ly+ r$ s&/one ( ,keup]4 ,al?\gh ! loess1 :5 trac$ f ! valley ( ! ,rh9e into t ( ! ,neck>1 or into any o!r ( its tribut>ies1 (t5 und]goes "s slight alt]ation 9 its "*1 yet !re is s mu* id5tity ( composition z to sugge/ ! idea t ! mud ( ! ma9 riv] pass$ f> up ! tribut>y valleys1 j z t ( ! ,mississippi dur+ floods fl[s f> up ! ,ohio1 c>ry+ its mud ) x into ! bas9 ( t riv]4 ,b ! uni=mity ( col\r & m9]al composition does n ext5d indef9itely into ! high] p>ts ( e bas94 ,9 t ( ! ,neck>1 = example1 ne> ,tub+51 ,i f\nd ! fluviatile loam or brick-e>?1 enclos+ ! usual ,helices & ,succ9eae1 toge!r ) ! bones ( ! mammo?1 v di/9ct 9 col\r & composition f ord9>y ,rh5i% loess1 & su* z no "o c\ld conf\nd ) ,alp9e mud4 ,x is mottl$ ) r$ & gre51 l ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one or ,keup]1 f :i* x has cle>ly be5 d]iv$4 ,su* examples1 h[ev]1 m]ely %[ t :]e a bas9 is s limit$ 9 size t ! detritus is d]iv$ *iefly or exclusively f "o =mation1 ! prevail+ rock w imp>t its col\r & composition 9 a v decid$ mann] to ! loam2 :]eas1 9 ! bas9 ( a great riv] :i* has _m tribut>ies1 ! loam w consi/ ( a mixture ( almo/ e v>iety ( rock1 & w !re=e exhibit an av]age result ne>ly ! same 9 all c\ntries4 ,?us1 ! loam :i* fills to a great dep? ! wide valley ( ! ,saone1 :i* is b\nd$ on ! we/ side by an esc>pm5t ( ,inf]ior ,oolite1 & by ! *a9 ( ! ,jura on ! ea/1 is v l ! loess f\nd 9 ! cont9uation ( ! same great bas9 aft] ! junction ( ! ,rhone1 by :i* a l>ge supply ( ,alp9e mud has be5 add$ & int]mix$4 ,9 ! high] p>ts ( ! bas9 ( ! ,danube1 loess ( ! same "* z t ( ! ,rh9e1 & :i* ,i believe to be *iefly ( ,alp9e orig91 atta9s a f> great] elevation above ! sea ?an any deposits ( ,rh5i% loess2 b ! loam :i*1 accord+ to ,m4 ,/ur1 fills valleys on ! nor? slope ( ! ,c>pa?ians almo/ up to ! wat]%$ betwe5 ,galicia & ,hung>y1 may be d]iv$ f a di/9ct s\rce4 ,,oscillations ,,( ,,level ,,requir$ ,,to ,,expla9 ,,! ,,accumulation ,,& ,,d5udation ,,( ,,! ,,loess4 ,a !ory1 !re=e1 :i* attempts to acc\nt = ! position ( ! loess _c be satisfactory unless x be equally applicable to ! bas9s ( ! ,rh9e & ,danube4 ,s f> z relates to ! s\rce ( s mu* homog5e\s loam1 !re are _m l>ge tribut>ies ( ! ,danube :i*1 dur+ ! glacial p]iod1 may h c>ri$ an ample supply ( mora9e-mud f ! ,alps to t riv]2 & 9 reg>d to gr& oscillations 9 ! level ( ! l&1 x is obvi\s t ! same movem5ts bo? d[nw>d & upw>d ( ! great m\nta9-*a9 w\ld be att5d$ ) analog\s effects1 :e!r ! great riv]s fl[$ nor?w>ds or ea/w>ds4 ,9 ea* case f9e loam w\ld be accumulat$ dur+ subsid5ce & remov$ dur+ ! upheaval ( ! l&4 ,*anges1 !re=e1 ( level analog\s to ^? on :i* we h be5 l$ to speculate :5 endeav\r+ to solve ! v>i\s problems pres5t$ by ! glacial ph5om5a1 are equally available to acc\nt = ! nature & geological di/ribution ( ! loess4 ,b we mu/ suppose t ! am\nt ( depression & re-elevation 9 ! c5tral region 0 consid]ably 9 excess ( t exp]i5c$ 9 ! l[] c\ntries1 or ^? ne>] ! sea1 & t ! rate ( subsid5ce 9 ! latt] 0 nev] s consid]able z to cause subm]g5ce1 or ! admission ( ! sea into ! int]ior ( ! cont95t by ! valleys ( ! pr9cipal riv]s4 ,we h already assum$ t ! ,alps 7 l(ti] ?an n[1 :5 !y 7 ! s\rce ( ^? gigantic glaci]s :i* rea*$ ! flanks ( ! ,jura4 ,at t "t gravel 0 borne to ! greate/ di/ances f ! c5tral m\nta9s ?r\gh ! ma9 valleys1 :i* _h a some:at /eep] slope ?an n[1 & ! quantity ( riv]-ice mu/ at t "t h aid$ 9 ! transportation ( pebbles & b\ld]s4 ,to ?is /ate ( ?+s gradually succe$$ ano!r ( an opposite "*1 :5 ! fall ( ! riv]s f ! m\nta9s to ! sea became less & less1 :ile ! ,alps 7 sl[ly s9k+1 & ! fir/ retreat ( ! great glaci]s 0 tak+ place4 ,suppose ! depression to h be5 at ! rate ( #e feet 9 a c5tury 9 ! m\nta9s & only z _m in*es 9 ! same "t ne>] ! coa/1 /ill1 9 su* areas z ! eye c\ld survey at once1 compris+ a small "p only ( ,switz]l& or ( ! bas9 ( ! ,rh9e1 ! movem5t might appe> to be uni=m & ! pre-exi/+ valleys & heights might seem to rema9 relatively to ea* o!r z be=e4 ,su* inequality 9 ! rate ( ris+ or s9k+1 :5 we contemplate l>ge cont95tal spaces1 is q consi/5t ) :at we "k ( ! c\rse ( nature 9 our own times z well z at remote geological epo*s4 ,?us 9 ,sw$51 z be=e /at$1 ! rise ( l& n[ 9 progress is ne>ly uni=m z we proce$ f nor? to s\? = mod]ate di/ances2 b x greatly dim9i%es s\?w>ds if we comp>e areas hundr$s ( miles ap>t2 s t in/ead ( ! l& ris+ ab\t #e feet 9 a hundr$ ye>s z at ! ,nor? ,cape1 x becomes less ?an ! same numb] ( in*es at ,/ockholm1 & f>!r s\? ! l& is /ation>y1 or1 if n1 seems r to be desc5d+ ?an asc5d+499 799 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology *apt] #cj #i? edition page #eai et seq47 ,to cite an example ( high geological antiquity1 ,m4 ,heb]t has demon/rat$ t1 dur+ ! ,oolitic & ,cretace\s p]iods1 simil> inequalities 9 ! v]tical movem5ts ( ! e>?'s cru/ took place 9 ,switz]l& & ,france4 ,by 8 own obs]vations & ^? ( ,m4 ,lory he has prov$ t ! area ( ! ,alps 0 ris+ & em]g+ f b5ea? ! ocean t[>ds ! close ( ! ,oolitic epo*1 & 0 above wat] at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,cretace\s era2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! area ( ! ,jura1 ab\t #ajj miles to ! nor?1 0 sl[ly s9k+ at ! close ( ! ,oolitic p]iod1 & _h become subm]g$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,cretace\s4 ,yet ^! oscillations ( level 7 accompli%$ )\t any p]ceptible d]angem5t 9 ! /rata1 :i* rema9$ all ! :ile horizontal1 s t ! ,l[] ,cretace\s or ,neocomian b$s 7 deposit$ con=mably on ! ,oolitic499 799 ,bullet9 de la ,societe ,geologique de ,france #b s]ies volume #af #ahei page #eif47 ,tak+ = grant$ !n t ! depression 0 m rapid 9 ! m elevat$ region1 ! great riv]s w\ld lose c5tury aft] c5tury "s portion ( _! velocity or c>ry+ p[]1 & w\ld leave beh9d !m on _! alluvial pla9s m & m ( ! mora9e-mud ) :i* !y 7 *>g$1 till at l5g?1 9 ! c\rse ( ?\s&s or "s t5s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1 a l>ge "p ( ! ma9 valleys w\ld beg9 to resemble ! pla9s ( ,egypt :]e no?+ b mud is deposit$ dur+ ! flood season4 ,! ?ickness ( loam conta9+ %ells ( l& & amphibi\s mollusca might 9 ?is way accumulate to any ext5t1 s t ! wat]s might ov]fl[ "s ( ! heights orig9ally b\nd+ ! valley & deposits ( plat=m mud1 z x has be5 t]m$ 9 ,france1 might be ext5sively =m$4 ,at l5g?1 :5ev] a re-elevation ( ! ,alps at ! "t ( ! second ext5sion ( ! glaci]s took place1 !re w\ld be r5ew$ d5udation & removal ( su* loess2 & if1 z "s geologi/s believe1 !re has be5 m ?an "o oscillation ( level 9 ! ,alps s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! glacial p]iod1 ! *anges w\ld be proportionally m complicat$ & t]races ( gravel cov]$ ) loess might be =m$ at diff]5t heights & at diff]5t p]iods4 ,,himalayan ,,mud ,,( ,,! ,,ganges ,,comp>$ ,,to ,,european ,,loess4 ,"s ( ! revolutions 9 physical geography above sugge/$ = ! cont95t ( ,europe dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e epo*1 may h _h _! c\nt]p>ts 9 ,india 9 ! ,rec5t ,p]iod4 ,! va/ pla9s ( ,b5gal are ov]spread ) ,himalayan mud1 :i* z we asc5d ! ,ganges ext5ds inl& = #abjj miles f ! sea1 cont9u+ v homog5e\s on ! :ole1 ?\gh becom+ m s&y z x ne>s ! hills4 ,!y :o sail d[n ! riv] dur+ a season ( inundation see no?+ b a %eet ( wat] 9 e direction1 except "h & !re :]e ! tops ( trees em]ge above its level4 ,to :at dep? ! mud ext5ds is n kn[n1 b x resembles ! loess 9 be+ g5]ally devoid ( /ratification1 & ( %ells1 ?\gh conta9+ occasionally l& %ells 9 abundance1 z well z calc>e\s concretions1 call$ kunkur1 :i* may be comp>$ to ! nodules ( c>bonate ( lime sometimes obs]v$ to =m lay]s 9 ! ,rh5i% loess4 ,i am told by ,colonel ,/ra*ey & ,dr4 ,hook] t above ,calcutta1 9 ! ,hooghly1 :5 ! flood subsides1 ! ,gangetic mud may be se5 9 riv] cliffs #hj feet high1 9 :i* !y 7 unable to detect organic rema9s1 a rem>k :i* ,i f\nd to hold equally 9 reg>d to ! ,rec5t mud ( ! ,mississippi4 ,dr4 ,walli*1 :ile confirm+ ^! obs]vations1 in=ms me t at c]ta9 po9ts 9 ,b5gal1 f>!r inl&1 he met ) l&-%ells 9 ! banks ( ! great riv]4 ,bor+s h be5 made at ,calcutta1 beg9n+ n _m feet above ! sea-level1 to ! dep? ( #cjj & #djj feet2 & :]ev] organic rema9s 7 f\nd 9 ! /rata pi]c$ ?r\gh !y 7 ( a fluviatile or t]re/rial "*1 imply+ t dur+ a long & gradual subsid5ce ( ! c\ntry ! s$im5t ?r[n d[n by ! ,ganges & ,brahmaputra _h accumulat$ at a suffici5t rate to prev5t ! sea f invad+ t region4 ,at ! bottom ( ! bor+s1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh mu* f9e loam1 b$s ( pebbles1 s&1 & b\ld]s 7 rea*$1 su* z might belong to an anci5t riv] *annel2 & ! bones ( a crocodile & ! %ell ( a fre%wat] tortoise 7 met ) at ! dep? ( #djj feet f ! surface4 ,no pebbles are n[ br\ght d[n )9 a great di/ance ( ?is po9t1 s t ! c\ntry mu/ once h _h a totally diff]5t "* & may h _h its valleys1 hills1 & riv]s1 be=e all 0 r$uc$ to "o common level by ! accumulation ^u x ( f9e ,himalayan mud4 ,if ! latt] 7 remov$ dur+ a gradual re-elevation ( ! c\ntry1 _m old hydrographical bas9s might reappe>1 & portions ( ! loam might alone rema9 9 t]races on ! flanks ( hills1 or on plat=ms1 atte/+ ! va/ ext5t 9 anci5t times ( ! muddy envelope4 ,a simil> succession ( ev5ts has1 9 all likelihood1 occurr$ 9 ,europe dur+ ! deposition & d5udation ( ! loess ( ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod1 :i*1 z we h se5 9 a =m] *apt]1 0 long en\gh to all[ ( ! gradual developm5t ( almo/ any am\nt ( su* physical *anges4 ,,human ,,rema9s ,,9 ,,! ,,loess ,,ne> ,,/rasburg4 ,m4 ,ami ,b\e1 well kn[n by 8 num]\s works on geology & a well-practis$ obs]v] 9 e bran* ( ! sci5ce1 dis9t]r$ 9 ! ye> #ahbc ) 8 own h&s _m bones ( a human skeleton f anci5t undi/urb$ loess at ,lahr1 ne>ly opposite ,/rasburg1 on ! "r side ( ! great valley ( ! ,rh9e4 ,no skull 0 detect$1 b ! tibia1 fibula1 & sev]al o!r bones 7 obta9$ 9 a good /ate ( pres]vation & %[n at ! "t to ,cuvi]1 :o pron\nc$ !m to be human4 ,,human ,,rema9s ,,9 ,,loess ,,ne> ,,mae/ri*t4 ,! banks ( ! ,meuse at ,mae/ri*t1 l ^? ( ! ,rh9e at ,bonn & ,cologne1 are slightly elevat$ above ! level ( ! alluvial pla94 ,on ! "r bank ( ! ,meuse1 opposite ,mae/ri*t1 ! diff]5ce ( level is s m>k$ t a bridge ) _m ar*es has be5 con/ruct$ to keep up1 dur+ ! flood season1 a communication betwe5 ! high] p>ts ( ! alluvial pla9 & ! hills or bluffs :i* b\nd x4 ,?is pla9 is compos$ ( mod]n loess1 undi/+ui%able 9 m9]al "* f t ( high] antiquity1 be=e allud$ to1 & entirely )\t signs ( successive deposition & devoid ( t]re/rial or fluviatile %ells4 ,x is ext5sively work$ = brick-e>? to ! dep? ( ab\t #h feet4 ,! bluffs be=e allud$ to (t5 consi/ ( a t]race ( gravel1 f #cj to #dj feet 9 ?ickness1 cov]$ by an old] loess1 :i* is cont9u\s z we asc5d ! valley to ,liege4 ,9 ! suburbs ( t city pat*es ( loess are se5 at ! height ( #bjj feet above ! level ( ! ,meuse4 ,! table-l& 9 t region1 compos$ ( ,c>bonif]\s & ,devonian rocks1 is ab\t #dej feet high1 & is n ov]spread ) loess4 ,a t]race ( gravel cov]$ ) loess has be5 m5tion$ z exi/+ on ! "r bank ( ! ,meuse at ,mae/ri*t4 ,answ]+ to x ano!r is also se5 on ! left bank bel[ t city1 & a promontory ( x project+ into ! alluvial pla9 ( ! ,meuse & approa*+ to )9 a hundr$ y>ds ( ! riv]1 0 cut ?r\gh dur+ ! excavation ( a canal runn+ f ,mae/ri*t to ,ho*t1 betwe5 ! ye>s #ahae & #ahbc4 ,?is section occurs at ! village ( ,sme]mass1 & is ab\t #fj feet deep1 ! l[] #dj feet consi/+ ( /ratifi$ gravel & ! upp] ( #bj feet ( loess4 ,! numb] ( mol>s1 tusks1 & bones 7probably p>ts ( entire skeletons7 ( elephants obta9$ dur+ ^! digg+s1 0 extraord9>y4 ,n a few ( !m are /ill pres]v$ 9 ! museums ( ,mae/ri*t & ,leyd51 toge!r ) "s horns ( de]1 bones ( ! ox-tribe & o!r mammalia1 & a human l[] jaw1 ) tee?4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,crahay1 :o publi%$ an acc\nt ( x at ! "t1 ?is jaw1 :i* is n[ pres]v$ at ,leyd51 0 f\nd at ! dep? ( #ai feet f ! surface1 :]e ! loess jo9s ! und]ly+ gravel1 9 a /ratum ( s&y loam re/+ on gravel & ov]laid by "s pebbly & s&y b$s4 ,! /ratum is said to h be5 intact & undi/urb$1 b ! human jaw 0 isolat$1 ! ne>e/ tusk ( an elephant be+ six y>ds remov$ f x 9 horizontal di/ance4 ,mo/ ( ! o!r mammalian bones 7 f\nd2 l ^! human rema9s1 9 or ne> ! gravel1 b "s ( ! tusks & tee? ( elephants 7 met ) mu* ne>] ! surface4 ,i visit$ ! site ( ^! fossils 9 #ahfj 9 company ) ,m4 van ,b9khor/1 & we f\nd ! description ( ! gr\nd1 publi%$ by ! late ,pr(essor ,crahay ( ,l\va91 to be v correct499 799 ,m4 van ,b9khor/ has %[n me ! orig9al manuscript read to ! ,mae/ri*t ,a!naeum 9 #ahbc4 ,! memoir 0 publi%$ 9 #ahcf 9 ! ,bullet9 de l',academie ,royale de ,belgique volume #c page #dc47 ,! project+ portion ( ! t]race1 :i* 0 cut ?r\gh 9 mak+ ! canal1 is call$ ! hill ( ,cab]g1 :i* is flat-topp$1 #fj feet high1 & has a /eep slope on bo? sides t[>ds ! alluvial pla94 ,m4 van ,b9khor/ 7:o is ! au?or ( "s valuable works on ! palaeontology ( ! ,mae/ri*t ,*alk7 has rec5tly visit$ ,leyd51 & asc]ta9$ t ! human fossil above m5tion$ is /ill entire 9 ! museum ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,al?\gh we _h no opportunity ( v]ify+ ! au!nticity ( ,pr(essor ,crahay's /atem5ts1 we c\ld see no reason = suspect+ ! human jaw to belong to a diff]5t geological p]iod f t ( ! ext9ct elephant4 ,if ?is 7 grant$1 x might h no claims to a high] antiquity ?an ! human rema9s :i* ,dr4 ,s*m]l+ dis5tomb$ f ! ,belgian cav]ns2 b ! fact ( _! occurr+ 9 a ,plei/oc5e alluvial deposit 9 ! op5 pla9s1 w\ld be "o ( ! fir/ examples ( su* a ph5om5on4 ,! top ( ! hill ( ,cab]g is n s high above ! ,meuse z is ! t]race ( ,/4 ,a*eul ) its fl9t implem5ts above ! ,somme1 b at ,/4 ,a*eul no human bones h yet be5 detect$4 ,9 ! museum at ,mae/ri*t are pres]v$ a human frontal & a pelvic bone1 /a9$ ( a d>k peaty col\r2 ! frontal v rem>kable = its l[ness & ! prom95ce ( ! sup]cili>y ridges1 :i* resemble ^? ( ! ,borreby skull1 ,figure #e4 ,^! rema9s may be ! same z ^? allud$ to by ,pr(essor ,crahay 9 8 memoir1 :]e he says t 9 a black deposit 9 ! suburbs ( ,ho*t 7 f\nd leaves1 nuts1 & fre%wat] %ells 9 a v p]fect /ate1 & a human skull ( a d>k col\r4 ,!y 7 ( an age long po/]ior to t ( ! loess conta9+ ! bones ( elephants & 9 :i* ! human jaw n[ at ,leyd5 is said to h be5 emb$d$4 ,,*apt] #ag4 -- ,,po/-,,glacial ,,dislocations ,,& ,,fold+s ,,( ,,cretace\s ,,& ,,drift ,,/rata ,,9 ,,! ,,isl& ,,( ,,mo51 ,,9 ,,d5m>k4 ,geological ,/ructure ( ! ,isl& ( ,mo54 ,great ,di/urbances ( ! ,*alk po/]ior 9 ,date to ! ,glacial ,drift1 ) ,rec5t ,%ells4 ,m4 ,pugga>d's ,sections ( ! ,cliffs ( ,mo54 ,flexures & ,faults common to ! ,*alk & ,glacial ,drift4 ,diff]5t ,direction ( ! ,l9es ( successive ,movem5t1 ,fracture1 & ,flexure4 ,undi/urb$ ,condition ( ! ,rocks 9 ! adjo9+ ,dani% ,isl&s4 ,unequal ,movem5ts ( ,upheaval 9 ,f9m>k4 ,e>?quake ( ,new ,zeal& 9 #ahee4 ,pr$om9ance 9 all ,ages ( uni=m ,cont95tal ,movem5ts ov] ^? by :i* ! ,rocks are locally convuls$4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ t ! /udy ( ! successive phases ( ! glacial p]iod 9 ,europe1 & ! endur+ m>ks :i* !y h left on _m ( ! solid rocks & on ! "* ( ! sup]ficial drift are ( great assi/ance 9 enabl+ u to appreciate ! va/ lapse ( ages :i* are compris$ 9 ! ,plei/oc5e epo*4 ,!y enl>ge at ! same "t our conception ( ! antiquity1 n only ( ! liv+ species ( animals & plants b ( _! pres5t geographical di/ribution1 & ?r[ light on ! *ronological relations ( ^! species to ! e>lie/ date yet asc]ta9$ = ! exi/5ce ( ! human race4 ,t date1 x w be se51 is v remote if comp>$ to ! times ( hi/ory & tradition1 yet v mod]n if contra/$ ) ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* all ! liv+ te/acea1 & ev5 _m ( ! mammalia1 h inhabit$ ! globe4 ,9 ord] to r5d] my acc\nt ( ! ph5om5a ( ! glacial epo* m complete1 ,i %all describe 9 ?is *apt] "s o!r *anges 9 physical geography & 9 ! int]nal /ructure ( ! e>?'s cru/1 :i* h happ5$ 9 ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod1 because !y diff] 9 k9d f any previ\sly allud$ to1 & are ( a class :i* 7 ?\ght by ! e>li] geologi/s to belong exclusively to epo*s ant]ior to ! orig9 ( ! exi/+ fauna & flora4 ,( ?is nature are ^? faults & viol5t local dislocations ( ! rocks1 & ^? %>p b5d+s & fold+s ( ! /rata1 :i* we s (t5 behold 9 m\nta9 *a9s1 & sometimes 9 l[ c\ntries also1 especially :]e ! rock-=mations are ( anci5t date4 ,,po/-,,glacial ,,dislocations ,,& ,,fold+s ,,( ,,cretace\s ,,& ,,drift ,,/rata ,,9 ,,! ,,isl& ,,( ,,mo51 ,,d5m>k4 ,a /rik+ illu/ration ( su* convulsions ( ,plei/oc5e date may be se5 9 ! ,dani% isl& ( ,mo51 :i* is situat$ ab\t #ej miles s\? ( ,cop5hag54 ,! isl& is ab\t #fj miles 9 circumf]5ce1 & consi/s ( :ite ,*alk1 sev]al hundr$ feet ?ick1 ov]laid by b\ld] clay & s&1 or glacial drift :i* is made up ( sev]al subdivisions1 "s un/ratifi$ & o!rs /ratifi$1 ! :ole hav+ a mean ?ickness ( #fj feet1 b sometimes atta9+ ne>ly twice t ?ickness4 ,9 "o ( ! olde/ memb]s ( ! =mation fossil m>9e %ells ( exi/+ species h be5 f\nd4 ,?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ,mo5 ! /rata ( ! drift are undi/urb$ & horizontal1 z are ^? ( ! subjac5t ,*alk2 b on ! nor?-ea/]n coa/ !y h be5 ?r\gh\t a c]ta9 area b5t1 fold$1 & %ift$1 toge!r ) ! b$s ( ! und]ly+ ,cretace\s =mation4 ,)9 ?is area !y h be5 ev5 m d]ang$ ?an is ! ,engli% ,*alk-)-fl9ts along ! c5tral axis ( ! ,isle ( ,wight 9 ,hamp%ire1 or ( ,purbeck 9 ,dorset%ire4 ,! :ole displacem5t ( ! ,*alk is evid5tly po/]ior 9 date to ! orig9 ( ! drift1 s9ce ! b$s ( ! latt] are horizontal :]e ! fundam5tal ,*alk is horizontal1 & incl9$1 curv$1 or v]tical :]e ! ,*alk displays signs ( simil> d]angem5t4 ,al?\gh ,i _h come to ^! conclusions respect+ ! /ructure ( ,mo5 9 #ahce1 aft] devot+ sev]al days 9 company ) ,dr4 ,=*hamm] to its exam9ation199 799 ,lyell1 ,geological ,transactions #bnd s]ies volume #b page #bdc47 ,i %\ld h hesitat$ to cite ! spot z exemplify+ convulsions on s gr& a scale1 ( su* extremely mod]n date1 _h n ! isl& be5 s9ce ?or\ghly inve/igat$ by a mo/ able & reliable au?ority1 ! ,dani% geologi/1 ,pr(essor ,pugga>d1 :o has publi%$ a s]ies ( detail$ sections ( ! cliffs4 ,^! cliffs ext5d ?r\gh ! nor?-ea/]n coa/ ( ! isl&1 call$ ,mo5s ,kl9t199 :]e ! ,*alk precipices are bold & picturesque1 be+ #cjj & #djj feet high1 ) tall bee*-trees gr[+ on _! summits1 & cov]$ "h & !re at _! base ) huge taluses ( fall5 drift1 v]dant ) wild %rubs & grass1 by :i* ! monotony ( a cont9u\s range ( :ite ,*alk cliffs is prev5t$4 799 ,pugga>d1 ,geologie d4 ,insel ,mo5 ,b]n #ahea2 & ,bullet9 de la ,societe ,geologique de ,france #ahea47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dg & #dh4 ,s\!rn ,extremity ,( ,mo5s ,kl9t 7,,figure #dg4 ,,s\!rn ,,extremity ,,( ,,mo5s ,,kl9t 7,,pugga>d74 ,a4 ,horizontal drift4 ,b4 ,*alk & ov]ly+ drift beg9n+ to rise4 ,c4 ,fir/ flexure & fault4 ,height ( cliff at ?is po9t1 #ahj feet47 7,,figure #dh4 ,,section ,,( ,,mo5s ,,kl9t 7,,pugga>d71 ,,cont9u$ ,,f ,,figure #dg4 ,s4 ,fossil %ells ( rec5t species 9 ! drift at ?is po9t4 ,g4 ,greate/ height ne> ,g1 #bhj feet47 ,9 ! l[ "p ( ! isl&1 at ,a1 ,figure #dg1 or ! s\!rn extremity ( ! l9e ( section above allud$ to1 ! drift is horizontal1 b :5 we rea* ,b1 a *ange1 bo? 9 ! height ( ! cliffs & 9 ! incl9ation ( ! /rata1 beg9s to be p]ceptible1 & ! ,*alk ,numb] #a soon makes its appe>ance f b5ea? ! ov]ly+ memb]s ( ! drift ,numb]s #b1 #c1 #d1 & #e4 ,?is ,*alk1 ) its lay]s ( fl9ts1 is s l t ( ,engl& z to require no description4 ,! incumb5t drift consi/s ( ! foll[+ subdivisions1 beg9n+ ) ! l[e/3 ,numb] #b4 ,/ratifi$ loam & s&1 #e feet ?ick1 conta9+ at "o spot ne> ! base ( ! cliff1 at s1 ,figure #dh1 ,c>dium edule1 ,tell9a solidula1 & ,turritella1 ) fragm5ts ( o!r %ells4 ,betwe5 ,numb] #b & ! ,*alk ,numb] #a1 !re usually int]v5es a breccia ( brok5 fl9ts4 ,numb] #c4 ,un/ratifi$ blue clay or till1 ) small pebbles & fragm5ts ( ,sc&9avian rocks occasionally scatt]$ ?r\gh x1 #bj feet ?ick4 ,numb] #d4 ,a second un/ratifi$ mass ( yell[ & m s&y clay #dj feet ?ick1 ) pebbles & angul> poli%$ & /riat$ blocks ( granite & o!r ,sc&9avian rocks1 transport$ f a di/ance4 ,numb] #e4 ,/ratifi$ s&s & gravel1 ) occasionally l>ge erratic blocks2 ! :ole mass v>y+ f #dj to #ajj feet 9 ?ickness1 b ?is only 9 a few spots4 ,! angul>ity ( _m ( ! blocks 9 ,numb]s #c & #d1 ! glaciat$ surfaces ( o!rs1 & ! transportation f a di/ance atte/$ by _! cry/all9e nature1 prove !m to belong to ! nor!rn drift or glacial p]iod4 ,x w be se5 t ! f\r subdivisions #b1 #c1 #d1 & #e beg9 to rise at ,b1 ,figure #dg1 & t at ,c1 :]e ! cliff is #ahj feet high1 !re is a %>p flexure %>$ equally by ! ,*alk & ! incumb5t drift4 ,betwe5 ,d & ,g1 ,figure #dh1 we obs]ve a great fracture 9 ! rocks ) syncl9al & anticl9al folds1 exhibit$ 9 cliffs ne>ly #cjj feet high1 ! drift b$s p>ticipat+ 9 all ! b5d+s ( ! ,*alk2 t is to say1 ! ?ree l[] memb]s ( ! drift1 includ+ ,numb] #b1 :i*1 at ! po9t ,s 9 ?is diagram1 conta9s ! %ells ( ,rec5t species be=e allud$ to4 ,ne> ! nor!rn end ( ! ,mo5s ,kl9t1 at a place call$ ,tal]1 m ?an #cjj feet high1 are se5 simil> folds1 s %>p t !re is an appe>ance ( f\r di/9ct alt]nations ( ! glacial & ,cretace\s =mations 9 v]tical or highly incl9$ b$s2 ! ,*alk at "o po9t b5d+ ov] s t ! position ( all ! b$s is rev]s$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #di4 ,po/-,glacial ,di/urbances 7,,figure #di4 ,,po/-,,glacial ,,di/urbances ,,( ,,v]tical1 ,,fold$1 ,,& ,,%ift$ ,,/rata ,,( ,,*alk ,,& ,,drift1 ,,9 ,,! ,,dronn+e/ol1 ,,mo51 ,,height #djj ,,feet 7,,pugga>d74 #a4 ,*alk ) fl9ts4 #b4 ,m>9e /ratifi$ loam1 l[e/ memb] ( glacial =mation4 #c4 ,blue clay or till1 ) erratic blocks un/ratifi$4 #d4 ,yell[ s&y till1 ) pebbles & glaciat$ b\ld]s4 #e4 ,/ratifi$ s& & gravel ) erratics47 ,b ! mo/ wond]ful %ift+s & fault+s ( ! b$s are obs]vable 9 ! ,dronn+e/ol "p ( ! same cliff1 #djj feet 9 p]p5dicul> height1 :]e1 z %[n 9 ,figure #di1 ! drift is ?or\ghly entangl$ & mix$ up ) ! dislocat$ ,*alk4 ,if we foll[ ! l9es ( fault1 we may see1 says ,m4 ,pugga>d1 along ! planes ( contact ( ! %ift$ b$s1 ! m>ks ( poli%+ & rubb+ :i* ! ,*alk fl9ts h und]gone1 z h _m /ones 9 ! gravel ( ! drift1 & "s ( ^! h also be5 =c$ into ! s(t ,*alk4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! top ( "s ( ! ar*es ( b5t ,*alk h be5 cut (f 9 ?is & sev]al adjo9+ sections1 atte/s ! great d5udation :i* accompani$ ! di/urbances1 portions ( ! b5t /rata hav+ be5 remov$1 probably :ile !y 7 em]g+ f b5ea? ! sea4 ,m4 ,pugga>d has d$uc$ ! foll[+ conclusions f 8 /udy ( ^! cliffs4 ,fir/4 ,! :ite ,*alk1 :5 x 0 /ill 9 horizontal /ratification1 b aft] x _h suff]$ consid]able d5udation1 subsid$ gradually1 s t ! l[] b$s ( drift ,numb] #b1 ) _! littoral %ells1 7 sup]impos$ on ! ,*alk 9 a %all[ sea4 ,second4 ,! ov]ly+ un/ratifi$ b\ld] clays #c & #d 7 ?r[n d[n 9 deep] wat] by ! aid ( float+ ice com+ f ! nor?4 ,?ird4 ,irregul> subsid5ces !n began1 & occasionally p>tial failures ( support1 caus+ ! b5d+ & sometimes ! engulfm5t ( ov]ly+ masses bo? ( ! ,*alk & drift1 & caus+ ! v>i\s dislocations above describ$ & depict$4 ,! d[nw>d movem5t cont9u$ till x exce$$ #djj feet1 = ^u ! surface ev5 ( ,numb] #e1 9 "s p>ts ( ! isl&1 lie huge erratics #bj feet or m 9 diamet]1 :i* imply t !y 7 c>ri$ by ice 9 a sea ( suffici5t dep? to float l>ge iceb]gs4 ,b ^! big erratics1 says ,pugga>d1 nev] ent] into ! fissures z !y w\ld h done _h !y be5 ( date ant]ior to ! convulsions4 ,f\r?4 ,aft] ?is subsid5ce1 ! re-elevation & p>tial d5udation ( ! ,cretace\s & glacial b$s took place dur+ a g5]al upw>d movem5t1 l t n[ exp]i5c$ 9 p>ts ( ,sw$5 & ,norway4 ,9 reg>d to ! l9es ( movem5t 9 ,mo51 ,m4 ,pugga>d believes1 aft] an elaborate comp>ison ( ! cliffs ) ! int]ior ( ! isl&1 t !y took at lea/ ?ree di/9ct directions at z _m successive eras1 all ( po/-glacial date2 ! fir/ l9e runn+ f ea/-s\?-ea/ to we/-nor?-we/1 ) l9es ( fracture at "r angles to !m2 ! second runn+ f s\?-s\?-ea/ to nor?-nor?-we/1 also ) fractures 9 a transv]se direction2 & la/ly1 a s9k+ 9 a nor? & s\? direction1 ) o!r subsid5ces ( contemporane\s date runn+ at "r angles or ea/ & we/4 ,:5 we approa* ! nor?-we/ end ( ,mo5s ,kl9t1 or ! range ( coa/ above describ$1 ! /rata beg9 to be less b5t & brok51 & aft] travell+ = a %ort di/ance beyond we f9d ! ,*alk & ov]ly+ drift 9 ! same horizontal position z at ! s\!rn end ( ! ,mo5s ,kl9t4 ,:at makes ^! convulsions ! m /rik+ is ! fact t 9 ! o!r adjo9+ ,dani% isl&s1 z well z 9 a l>ge "p ( ,mo5 itself1 bo? ! ,second>y & ,t]ti>y =mations are q undi/urb$4 ,x is impossible to behold su* effects ( reit]at$ local movem5ts1 all ( po/-,t]ti>y date1 )\t reflect+ t1 b = ! accid5tal pres5ce ( ! /ratifi$ drift1 all ( :i* might easily h be5 miss+1 :]e !re has be5 s mu* d5udation1 ev5 if x _h once exi/$1 we might h ref]r$ ! v]ticality & flexures & faults ( ! rocks to an anci5t p]iod1 su* z ! era betwe5 ! ,*alk ) fl9ts & ! ,mae/ri*t ,*alk1 or to ! "t ( ! latt] =mation1 or to ! ,eoc5e1 or ,mioc5e1 or ,plioc5e eras1 ev5 ! la/ ( !m long prior to ! comm5cem5t ( ! glacial epo*4 ,h5ce we may be p]mitt$ to suspect t 9 "s o!r regions1 :]e we h no su* means at our comm& = te/+ ! exact date ( c]ta9 movem5ts1 ! "t ( _! occurr5ce may be f> m mod]n ?an we usually suppose4 ,9 ?is way "s app>5t anomalies 9 ! position ( erratic blocks1 se5 occasionally at great heights above ! p>5t rocks f :i* !y h be5 deta*$1 might be expla9$1 z well z ! irregul> direction ( c]ta9 glacial furr[s l ^? describ$ by ,pr(essor ,keilhau & ,mr4 ,horbye on ! m\nta9s ( ! ,dovrefjeld 9 latitude #fb degrees nor?1 :]e ! /riation & friction is said to be indep5d5t ( ! pres5t %ape & slope ( ! m\nta9s499 799 ,obs]vations sur les ,ph5om5es d',erosion en ,norwege #aheg47 ,al?\gh ev5 9 su* cases x rema9s to be prov$ :e!r a g5]al cru/ ( cont95tal ice1 l t ( ,gre5l& describ$ by ,r9k 7see above1 ,*apt] #ac71 w\ld n acc\nt = ! deviation ( ! furr[s & /riae f ! normal directions :i* !y ought to h foll[$ _h !y be5 due to sep>ate glaci]s fill+ ! exi/+ valleys4 ,x appe>s t 9 g5]al ! upw>d movem5ts 9 ,sc&9avia1 :i* h rais$ sea-bea*es conta9+ m>9e %ells ( ,rec5t species to ! height ( sev]al hundr$ feet1 h be5 tol]ably uni=m ov] v wide spaces2 yet a rem>kable exception to ?is rule 0 obs]v$ by ,m4 ,bravais at ,alt5fjord 9 ,f9m>k1 betwe5 latitude #gj & #ga degrees nor?4 ,an anci5t wat]-level1 indicat$ by a s&y deposit =m+ a t]race & by m>ks ( ! erosion ( ! waves1 c be foll[$ = #cj miles f s\? to nor? along ! bord]s ( a fjord ris+ gradually f a height ( #he feet to an elevation ( #bbj feet above ! sea1 or at ! rate ( ab\t #d feet 9 a mile499 799 ,proce$+s ( ! ,geological ,society #ahde volume #d page #id47 ,to pass to ano!r & v remote "p ( ! _w1 we h witness$ s late z ,janu>y #ahee 9 ! nor!rn isl& ( ,new ,zeal& a sudd5 & p]man5t rise ( l& on ! nor!rn %ores ( ,cook's ,/raits1 :i* at "o po9t1 call$ ,muko-muka1 0 s unequal z to am\nt to #i feet v]tically1 :ile x decl9$ gradually f ?is maximum ( upheaval 9 a di/ance ( ab\t #bc miles nor?-we/ ( ! greate/ rise1 to a po9t :]e no *ange ( level 0 p]ceptible4 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,rob]ts ( ! ,royal ,eng9e]s1 employ$ by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t at ! "t ( ! %ock 9 execut+ public works on ! coa/1 asc]ta9$ t ! extreme upheaval ( c]ta9 anci5t rocks foll[$ a l9e ( fault runn+ at lea/ #ij miles f s\? to nor? into ! int]ior2 & :at is ( great geological int]e/1 imm$iately to ! ea/ ( ?is fault ! c\ntry1 consi/+ ( ,t]ti>y /rata1 rema9$ unmov$ or /ation>y2 a fact well e/abli%$ by ! position ( a l9e ( ,nullipores m>k+ ! sea-level be=e ! e>?quake1 bo? on ! surface ( ! ,t]ti>y & ,palaeozoic rocks499 799 ,bullet9 de la ,societe ,geologique de ,france volume #ac #ahef page #ffj1 :]e ,i h describ$ ! facts communicat$ to me by ,messrs4 ,rob]ts & ,walt] ,mantell47 ,! repetition ( su* unequal movem5ts1 especially if !y recurr$ at int]vals along ! same l9es ( fracture1 w\ld 9 ! c\rse ( ages cause ! /rata to dip at a high angle 9 "o direction1 :ile t[>ds ! opposite po9t ( ! compass !y w\ld t]m9ate abruptly 9 a /eep esc>pm5t4 ,b x is probable t ! multiplication ( su* movem5ts 9 ! po/-,t]ti>y p]iod has r>ely be5 s great z to produce results l ^? above describ$ 9 ,mo51 = ! pr9cipal movem5ts 9 any giv5 p]iod seem to be ( a m uni=m k9d1 by :i* ! topography ( limit$ di/ricts & ! position ( ! /rata are n visibly alt]$ except 9 _! height relatively to ! sea4 ,7 x o!rwise we %\ld n f9d con=mable /rata ( all ages1 includ+ ! prim>y fossilif]\s ( %all[-wat] orig91 :i* mu/ h rema9$ horizontal ?r\gh\t va/ areas dur+ d[nw>d movem5ts ( sev]al ?\s& feet go+ on at ! p]iod ( _! accumulation4 ,/ill less %\ld we f9d ! same prim>y /rata1 su* z ! ,c>bonif]\s1 ,devonian1 or ,silurian1 /ill rema9+ horizontal ov] ?\s&s ( squ>e leagues1 z 9 p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica & ,russia1 hav+ escap$ dislocation & flexure ?r\gh\t ! entire s]ies ( epo*s :i* sep>ate ,palaeozoic f ,rec5t times4 ,n t !y h be5 motionless1 = !y h und]gone s mu* d5udation1 & ( su* a k9d1 z c only be expla9$ by suppos+ ! /rata to h be5 subject$ to great oscillations ( level1 & expos$ 9 "s cases repeat$ly to ! de/roy+ & plan+ action ( ! waves ( ! sea4 ,x seems probable t ! successive convulsions 9 ,mo5 7 contempor>y ) ^? upw>d & d[nw>d movem5ts ( ! glacial p]iod :i* 7 describ$ 9 ! ?irte5? & "s ( ! foll[+ *apt]s1 & t !y end$ be=e ! upp] b$s ( ,numb] #e1 ,figure #di1 ) its l>ge erratic blocks1 7 deposit$1 z "s ( ^? b$s occurr+ 9 ! di/urb$ p>ts ( ,mo5 appe> to h escap$ ! convulsions to :i* ,numb]s #b1 #c1 & #d 7 subject$4 ,if ?is be s1 ! :ole d]angem5t1 al?\gh ,plei/oc5e1 may h be5 ant]ior to ! human epo*1 or r to ! e>lie/ date to :i* ! exi/5ce ( man has z yet be5 trac$ back4 ,,*apt] #ah4 -- ,,! ,,glacial ,,p]iod ,,9 ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 ,po/-glacial ,/rata conta9+ ,rema9s ( ,ma/odon giganteus 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,sc>city ( ,m>9e ,%ells 9 ,glacial ,drift ( ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,great] s\!rn ,ext5sion ( ,ice-action 9 ,nor? ,am]ica ?an 9 ,europe4 ,tra9s ( ,erratic ,blocks ( va/ ,size 9 ,b]k%ire1 ,massa*usetts4 ,description ( _! ,l9e> ,arrangem5t & ,po9ts ( ,dep>ture4 ,_! ,transportation ref]r$ to ,float+ & ,coa/ ,ice4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks on ! ,causes ( =m] ,*anges ( ,climate at successive geological ,epo*s4 ,suppos$ ,effects ( ! ,div]sion ( ! ,gulf ,/ream 9 a ,nor!rly in/ead ( ,nor?-,ea/]ly ,direction4 ,developm5t ( extreme ,cold on ! opposite ,sides ( ! ,atlantic 9 ! ,glacial p]iod n /rictly simultane\s4 ,effect ( ,m>9e ,curr5ts on ,climate4 ,plei/oc5e ,subm]g5ce ( ! ,sah>a4 ,on ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t1 betwe5 ! arctic circle & ! #dbnd p>allel ( latitude1 we meet ) signs ( ice-action on a scale z gr& z1 if n gr&] ?an1 9 ,europe2 & !re also ! excess ( cold appe>s to h be5 fir/ felt at ! close ( ! ,t]ti>y1 & to h cont9u$ ?r\gh\t a l>ge portion ( ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod4 #cf ,! g5]al abs5ce ( organic rema9s 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican glacial =mation makes x z difficult z 9 ,europe to det]m9e :at mammalia liv$ on ! cont95t at ! "t ( ! mo/ int5se refrig]ation1 or :5 ext5sive areas 7 becom+ /rew$ ov] ) glacial drift & erratic blocks1 b x is c]ta9 t a l>ge proboscidean n[ ext9ct1 ! ,ma/odon giganteus1 ,cuv41 toge!r ) _m o!r quadrup$s1 "s ( !m n[ liv+ & o!rs ext9ct1 play$ a conspicu\s "p 9 ! po/-glacial era4 ,by its frequ5cy z a fossil species1 ?is pa*yd]m repres5ts ! ,european ,elephas primig5ius1 al?\gh ! latt] also occurs fossil 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 & ab\nds1 z ,i le>n f ,sir ,john ,ri*>dson1 9 latitudes f>!r nor? ?an ^? to :i* ! ma/odon has be5 trac$4 ,9 ! /ate ( ,new ,york1 ! ma/odon is n unfrequ5tly met ) 9 bogs & lacu/r9e deposits =m$ 9 holl[s 9 ! drift1 & !re=e1 9 a geological position1 mu* resembl+ t ( ,rec5t peat & %ell-m>l 9 ! ,briti% ,isles1 ,d5m>k1 or ! valley ( ! ,somme1 z be=e describ$4 ,sometimes entire skeletons h be5 discov]$ )9 a few feet ( ! surface1 9 peaty e>? at ! bottom ( small ponds1 :i* ! agriculturi/s _h dra9$4 ,! %ells 9 ^! cases belong to fre%wat] g5]a1 su* z ,limnaea1 ,physa1 ,planorbis1 ,cyclas1 & o!rs1 diff]+ f ,european species1 b ! same z ^? n[ prop] to ponds & lakes 9 ! same p>ts ( ,am]ica4 ,i h else:]e giv5 an acc\nt ( sev]al ( ^! localities :i* ,i visit$ 9 #ahdb199 & c /ate t !y c]ta9ly h a m mod]n aspect ?an almo/ all ! ,european deposits 9 :i* rema9s ( ! mammo? occur1 al?\gh a few in/ances are cit$ ( ,elephas ,primig5ius hav+ be5 dug out ( peat 9 ,great ,brita94 799 ,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica volume #a page #ee ,london #ahde2 & ,manual ( ,geology *apt] #ab #e? edition page #add47 ,?us ,i 0 %[n a mammo?'s too? 9 ! museum at ,torquay 9 ,devon%ire :i* is believ$ to h be5 dr$g$ up f a deposit ( vegetable matt] n[ p>tially subm]g$ b5ea? ! sea4 ,a m elevat$ "p ( ! same peaty =mation con/itutes ! bottom ( ! valley 9 :i* ,tor ,abbey /&s4 ,?is individual elephant mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 ( m mod]n date ?an 8 fell[s f\nd fossil 9 ! gravel ( ! ,brixham cave1 be=e describ$1 = x fl\ri%$ :5 ! physical geography ( ,devon%ire1 unlike t ( ! cave p]iod1 0 almo/ id5tical ) t n[ e/abli%$4 ,i _c help suspect+ t _m tusks & tee? ( ! mammo?1 said to h be5 f\nd 9 peat1 may be z spuri\s z are ! horns ( ! rh9oc]os cit$ m ?an once 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,w]n]ian ,society z hav+ be5 obta9$ f %ell-m>l 9 ,=f>%ire & o!r ,scot* c\nties2 yet1 betwe5 ! p]iod :5 ! mammo? 0 mo/ abundant & t :5 x di$ out1 !re mu/ h elaps$ a long int]val ( ages :5 x 0 gr[+ m & m sc>ce2 & we may expect to f9d occasional /raggl]s buri$ 9 deposits long subsequ5t 9 date to o!rs1 until at la/ we may succe$ 9 trac+ a passage f ! ,plei/oc5e to ! ,rec5t fauna1 by geological monum5ts1 :i* w fill up ! gap be=e allud$ to z sep>at+ ! era ( ! fl9t tools ( ,ami5s & ,abbeville f t ( ! peat ( ! valley ( ! ,somme4 ,h[ f> ! lacu/r9e /rata ( ,nor? ,am]ica above m5tion$ may help to less5 ?is hiatus1 & :e!r "s individuals ( ! ,ma/odon giganteus may h come d[n to ! conf9es ( ! hi/orical p]iod1 is a "q n s easily answ]$ z might at fir/ sight be suppos$4 ,a geologi/ might naturally imag9e t ! fluviatile =mation ( ,goat ,isl&1 se5 at ! falls ( ,niag>a1 & at sev]al po9ts bel[ ! falls199 0 v mod]n1 see+ t ! fossil %ells conta9$ 9 x are all ( species n[ inhabit+ ! wat]s ( ! ,niag>a1 & see+ also t ! deposit is m mod]n ?an ! glacial drift ( ! same locality4 799 ,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica by ! au?or1 volume #a *apt] #b & volume #b *apt] #ai47 ,9 fact1 ! old riv] b$1 9 :i* bones ( ! ma/odon occur1 holds ! same position relatively to ! b\ld] =mation z ! /rata ( %ell-m>l & bog-e>? ) bones ( ma/odon1 s frequ5t 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 be> to ! glacial drift1 & all may be ( contemporane\s date4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! valley ( ! ,niag>a we happ5 to h a measure ( "t :i* is want+ 9 ! o!r localities1 namely1 ! te/ af=d$ by ! recession ( ! falls1 an op]ation /ill 9 progress1 by :i* ! deep rav9e ( ! ,niag>a1 #g miles long1 betwe5 ,que5/[n & ,goat ,isl& has be5 holl[$ out4 ,?is rav9e is n only po/-glacial1 b also po/]ior 9 date to ! fluviatile or ma/odon-be>+ b$s4 ,! individual !re=e f\nd fossil ne> ,goat ,isl& fl\ri%$ be=e ! gradual excavation ( ! deep & long *asm1 & we mu/ reckon its antiquity1 n by ?\s&s1 b by t5s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1 if ,i h correctly e/imat$ ! m9imum ( "t :i* 0 requir$ = ! erosion ( t great rav9e499 799 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology #i? edition page #b2 & ,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica volume #a page #cb #ahde47 ,! /ories widely circulat$ ( bones ( ! ma/odon hav+ be5 obs]v$ ) _! surfaces pi]c$ z if by arr[-heads or be>+ ! m>ks ( w\nds inflict$ by "s /one implem5t1 mu/ 9 future be m c>efully inquir$ into1 = we c sc>cely d\bt t ! ma/odon 9 ,nor? ,am]ica liv$ d[n to a p]iod :5 ! mammo? co-exi/$ ) ,man 9 ,europe4 ,b ,i ne$ say no m on ?is subject1 hav+ already expla9$ my views 9 reg>d to ! evid5ce ( ! antiquity ( ,man 9 ,nor? ,am]ica :5 treat+ ( ! human bone discov]$ at ,nat*ez on ! ,mississippi4 ,9 ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates we exp]i5ce ! same difficulty z 9 ,europe :5 we attempt to di/+ui% betwe5 glacial =mations ( subm>9e & ^? ( supra-m>9e orig94 ,9 ! ,new ,_w1 z 9 ,scotl& & ,engl&1 m>9e %ells ( ?is era h r>ely be5 trac$ high] ?an #ejj feet above ! sea1 & #gjj feet seems to be ! maximum to :i* at pres5t !y are kn[n to asc5d4 ,9 ! same c\ntries1 erratic blocks h travell$ f nor? to s\?1 foll[+ ! same direction z ! glacial furr[s & /riae impr9t$ almo/ ev]y:]e on ! solid rocks und]ly+ ! drift4 ,_! direction r>ely deviates m ?an fifte5 degrees ea/ or we/ ( ! m]idian1 s t we c sc>cely d\bt1 9 spite ( ! g5]al de>? ( m>9e %ells1 t iceb]gs float+ 9 ! sea & (t5 runn+ agr\nd on its rocky bottom 7 ! in/rum5ts by :i* mo/ ( ! blocks 7 convey$ to s\!rn latitudes4 ,!re are1 nev]!less1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z 9 ,europe1 sev]al gr\ps ( m\nta9s :i* h act$ z indep5d5t c5tres = ! disp]sion ( erratics1 z1 = example1 ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s1 latitude #dd degrees nor?1 ! highe/ ( :i*1 ,m\nt ,wa%+ton1 rises to ab\t #fcjj feet above ! sea2 & accord+ to ,pr(essor ,hit*cock "s ( ! l(tie/ ( ! hills ( ,massa*usetts once s5t d[n _! glaci]s into ! surr\nd+ l[] c\ntry4 ,,great ,,s\!rn ,,ext5sion ,,( ,,tra9s ,,( ,,erratic ,,blocks ,,9 ,,b]k%ire1 ,,massa*usetts1 ,u4,s41 ,,latitude #db ,,degrees ,,nor?4 ,hav+ treat$ s fully 9 ?is volume ( ! ev5ts ( ! glacial p]iod1 ,i am unwill+ to conclude )\t lay+ be=e ! read] ! evid5ce display$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica ( ice-action 9 latitudes f>!r s\? by ab\t t5 degrees ?an any se5 on an equal scale 9 ,europe4 ,?is ext5sion s\?w>ds ( glacial ph5om5a 9 regions :]e !re are no sn[-cov]$ m\nta9s l ! ,alps to expla9 ! exception1 nor any hills ( m ?an mod]ate elevation1 con/itutes a feature ( ! we/]n z comp>$ to ! ea/]n side ( ! ,atlantic1 & mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt :5 we speculate on ! causes ( ! refrig]ation ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ej4 ,erratic ,blocks ,9 ,b]k%ire1 ,massa*usetts 7,,figure #ej4 ,,map ,,%[+ ,,! ,,relative ,,position ,,& ,,direction ,,( ,,sev5 ,,tra9s ,,( ,,erratic ,,blocks ,,9 ,,b]k%ire1 ,,massa*usetts1 ,,& ,,9 ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,new ,,york4 ,di/ance 9 a /raight l9e1 betwe5 ! m\nta9 ranges ,a & ,c1 ab\t eight miles4 ,a4 ,canaan range1 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york4 ,! cre/ consi/s ( gre5 *loritic rock4 ,b4 ,ri*mond range1 ! we/]n division ( :i* consi/s 9 ,m]riman's ,m\nt ( ! same gre5 rock z ,a1 b 9 a m s*i/ose =m1 :ile ! ea/]n division is compos$ ( slaty lime/one4 ,c4 ,! ,l5ox range1 consi/+ 9 "p ( mica-s*i/1 & 9 "s di/ricts ( cry/all9e lime/one4 d4 ,knob 9 ! range ,a1 f :i* mo/ ( ! tra9 ,numb] #f is suppos$ to h be5 d]iv$4 e4 ,suppos$ />t+ po9t ( ! tra9 ,numb] #e 9 ! range ,a4 f4 ,hiatus ( #age y>ds1 or space )\t blocks4 g4 ,%]man's ,h\se4 h4 ,p]ry's ,peak4 k4 ,flat ,rock4 l4 ,m]riman's ,m\nt4 m4 ,dupey's ,m\nt4 n4 ,l>ge/ block ( tra91 ,numb] #f4 ,see ,figures #ea & #eb4 p4 ,po9t ( div]g5ce ( "p ( ! tra9 ,numb] #f1 :]e a bran* is s5t (f to ,numb] #e4 ,numb] #a4 ,! mo/ s\!rly tra9 exam9$ by ,messrs4 ,hall & ,lyell1 betwe5 ,/ockbridge & ,ri*mond1 compos$ ( blocks ( black slate1 blue lime/one & "s ( ! gre5 ,canaan rock1 ) "h & !re a b\ld] ( :ite qu>tz4 ,numb] #b4 ,tra9 compos$ *iefly ( l>ge lime/one masses1 "s ( !m divid$ into two or m fragm5ts by natural jo9ts4 ,numb] #c4 ,tra9 compos$ ( blocks ( lime/one & ! gre5 ,canaan rock2 passes s\? ( ! ,ri*mond ,/ation on ! ,albany & ,bo/on railway2 is less def9$ ?an ,numb]s #a & #b4 ,numb] #d4 ,tra9 *iefly ( lime/one blocks1 "s ( !m ?irty feet 9 diamet]1 runn+ to ! nor?-we/ ( ! ,ri*mond ,/ation1 & pass+ s\? ( ! ,me?odi/ ,meet+-h\se1 :]e x is int]sect$ by a railway cutt+4 ,numb] #e4 ,s\? tra9 ( ,dr4 ,reid1 compos$ entirely ( l>ge blocks ( ! gre5 *loritic ,canaan rock2 passes nor? ( ! ,old ,ri*mond ,meet+-h\se1 & is ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile nor? ( ! prec$+ tra9 7,numb] #d74 ,numb] #f4 ,! great or pr9cipal tra9 7nor? tra9 ( ,dr4 ,reid71 compos$ ( v l>ge blocks ( ! ,canaan rock1 div]ges at p1 & unites by a bran* ) tra9 ,numb] #e4 ,numb] #g4 ,a well-def9$ tra9 ( lime/one blocks1 ) a few ( ! ,canaan rock1 trac$ f ! ,ri*mond to ! slope ( ! ,l5ox range47 ,9 #aheb1 accompani$ by ,mr4 ,james ,hall1 /ate geologi/ ( ,new ,york1 au?or ( _m able & well-kn[n works on geology & palaeontology1 ,i exam9$ ! glacial drift & erratics ( ! c\nty ( ,b]k%ire1 ,massa*usetts1 & ^? ( ! adjo9+ p>ts ( ! /ate ( ,new ,york1 a di/rict ab\t #acj miles inl& f ! ,atlantic coa/ & situat$ due we/ ( ,bo/on 9 latitude #db degrees #be m9utes nor?4 ,?is latitude corresponds 9 ,europe to t ( ! nor? ( ,portugal4 ,"h num]\s deta*$ fragm5ts ( rock are se51 hav+ a l9e> arrangem5t or be+ cont9u\s 9 long p>allel tra9s1 runn+ ne>ly 9 /raight l9es ov] hill & dale = di/ances ( #e1 #aj1 & #bj miles1 & sometimes great] di/ances4 ,sev5 ( ! m conspicu\s ( ^! tra9s1 f #a to #g inclusive1 ,figure #ej1 are laid d[n 9 ! accompany+ map or gr\nd plan499 799 ,?is gr\nd plan1 & a f>!r acc\nt ( ! ,b]k%ire erratics 0 giv5 9 an ab/ract ( a lecture deliv]$ by me to ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita91 ,april #bg1 #ahee & publi%$ 9 _! ,proce$+s47 ,x w be rem>k$ t !y run 9 a nor?-we/ & s\?-ea/ direction1 or almo/ transv]sely to ! ranges ( hills ,a1 ,b1 & ,c1 :i* run nor?-nor?-ea/ & s\?-s\?-we/4 ,! cre/s ( ^! *a9s are ab\t #hjj feet 9 height above ! int]v5+ valleys4 ,! blocks ( ! nor!rnmo/ tra91 ,numb] #g1 are ( lime/one d]iv$ f ! calc>e\s *a9 ,b2 ^? ( ! two tra9s next to ! s\?1 ,numb]s #f & #e1 are compos$ exclusively 9 ! fir/ "p ( _! c\rse ( a gre5 *loritic rock ( great t\ghness1 b aft] !y h pass$ ! ridge ,b1 a mixture ( calc>e\s blocks is obs]v$4 ,aft] trav]s+ ! valley = a di/ance ( #f miles ^! two tra9s pass ?r\gh depressions or gaps 9 ! range ,c1 z !y _h previ\sly done 9 cross+ ! range ,b1 %[+ t ! disp]sion ( ! erratics be>s "s relation to ! acutal inequalities ( ! surface1 al?\gh ! c\rse ( ! same blocks is p]fectly indep5d5t ( ! m lead+ features ( ! geography ( ! c\ntry1 or ^? by :i* ! pres5t l9es ( dra9age are det]m9$4 ,! great] numb] ( ! gre5 *loritic fragm5ts 9 tra9s #e & #f h evid5tly come f ! ridge ,a1 & a l>ge proportion ( ! :ole f its highe/ summit d1 :]e ! cre/ ( ! ridge has be5 worn into ^? dome-%ap$ masses call$ ro*es m\tonnees1 already allud$ to1 & :]e sev]al fragm5ts hav+ ?is %ape1 "s ( !m #cj feet long1 are se5 9 situ1 o!rs only slightly remov$ f _! orig9al position1 z if !y _h be5 j ready to set out on _! travels4 ,al?\gh smoo? & r\nd$ on _! tops !y are angul> on _! l[] p>ts1 :]e _! outl9e has be5 d]iv$ f ! natural jo9ts ( ! rock4 ,_h ^! blocks be5 convey$ f d by glaci]s1 !y w\ld h radiat$ 9 all directions f a c5tre1 :]eas n "o ev5 ( ! small] ones is f\nd to ! we/w>d ( ,a1 ?\gh a v slight =ce w\ld h made !m roll d[n to ! base ( t ridge1 :i* is v /eep on its we/]n declivity4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t ! propell+ p[]1 :atev] x may h be51 act$ exclusively 9 a s\?-ea/]ly direction4 ,pr(essor ,hall & ,i obs]v$ "o ( ! gre5 blocks--#bd feet long1 pois$ ^u ano!r ab\t #ai feet 9 l5g?4 ,! l>ge/ ( all on ! we/ flank ( m1 or ,dupey's ,m\nt1 call$ ! ,ald]man1 is above #ij feet 9 diamet]1 & ne>ly #cjj feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,we c\nt$ at "s po9ts betwe5 =ty & fifty blocks visible at once1 ! smalle/ ( !m l>g] ?an a camel4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ea4 ,dome-,%ap$ ,block 7,,figure #ea4 ,,erratic ,,dome-,,%ap$ ,,block ,,( ,,compact ,,*loritic ,,rock 7n 9 map 9 ,figure #ej71 ne> ! ,ri*mond ,meet+-h\se1 ,b]k%ire1 ,massa*usetts1 latitude #db degrees #be m9utes ,nor?4 ,l5g?1 #eb feet2 wid?1 #dj feet2 height above ! soil1 #ae feet47 ,! annex$ draw+ 7,figure #ea7 repres5ts "o ( ! be/ kn[n ( tra9 ,numb] #f1 be+ t m>k$ n on ! map 7,figure #ej74 ,accord+ to our measurem5t x is #eb feet long by #dj 9 wid?1 its height above ! drift 9 :i* x is p>tially buri$ be+ #ae feet4 ,at ! di/ance ( sev]al y>ds occurs a small] block1 #c or #d feet 9 height1 #bj feet long1 & #ad broad1 compos$ ( ! same compact *loritic rock1 & evid5tly a deta*$ fragm5t f ! bigg] mass1 to ! l[] & angul> "p ( :i* x w\ld fit on exactly4 ,?is erratic n has a regul>ly r\nd$ top1 worn & smoo!d l ! ro*es m\tonnees be=e m5tion$1 b no "p ( ! attrition c h occurr$ s9ce x left its p>5t rock1 ! angles ( ! l[] portion be+ q %>p & unblunt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #eb4 ,position ( ,block 9 ,figure #ea 7,,figure #eb4 ,,section ,,%[+ ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,block ,,9 ,,figure #ea4 a4 ,! l>ge block 9 ,figure #ea & n 9 ! map 9 ,figure #ej4 b4 ,fragm5t deta*$ f ! same4 c4 ,un/ratifi$ drift ) b\ld]s4 d4 ,silurian lime/one 9 incl9$ /ratification47 ,f railway cutt+s ?r\gh ! drift ( ! neighb\rhood & o!r artificial excavations1 we may inf] t ! position ( ! block n1 if se5 9 a v]tical section1 w\ld be z repres5t$ 9 ,figure #eb4 ,! deposit c 9 t section consi/s ( s&1 mud1 gravel1 & /ones1 = ! mo/ "p un/ratifi$1 resembl+ ! till or b\ld] clay ( ,europe4 ,x v>ies 9 ?ickness f #aj to #ej feet1 be+ ( great] dep? 9 ! valleys4 ,! upp]mo/ portion is occasionally1 ?\gh r>ely1 /ratifi$4 ,"s few ( ! imb$d$ /ones h flatt5$1 poli%$1 /riat$1 & furr[$ sides4 ,!y consi/ inv>iably1 l ! sev5 tra9s above m5tion$1 ( k9ds ( rock conf9$ to ! region ly+ to ! nor?-we/1 none ( !m hav+ come f any o!r qu>t]4 ,:5ev] ! surface ( ! und]ly+ rock has be5 expos$ by ! removal ( ! sup]ficial detritus1 a poli%$ & furr[$ surface is se51 l t und]nea? a glaci]1 ! direction ( ! furr[s be+ f nor?-we/ to s\?-ea/1 or correspond+ to ! c\rse ( ! l>ge erratics4 ,z all ! blocks1 in/ead ( be+ disp]s$ f a c5tre1 h be5 c>ri$ 9 "o direction & across ! ridges ,a1 ,b1 ,c & ! int]v5+ valleys1 ! hypo!sis ( glaci]s is out ( ! "q4 ,i conceive1 !re=e1 t ! erratics 7 convey$ to ! places !y n[ occupy by coa/ ice1 :5 ! c\ntry 0 subm]g$ b5ea? ! wat]s ( a sea cool$ by iceb]gs com+ annually f arctic regions4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ec4 ,canaan ,& ,ri*mond ,valleys 7,,figure #ec4 ,,section ,,?r\gh ,,canaan ,,& ,,ri*mond ,,valleys ,,at ,a ,,"t ,,:5 ,,!y ,,7 ,,m>9e ,,*annels4 d1 e4 ,masses ( float+ ice c>ry+ fragm5ts ( rock47 ,suppose ! highe/ peaks ( ! ridges ,a1 ,b1 ,c 9 ! annex$ diagram 7,figure #ec7 to be alone above wat]1 =m+ isl&s1 & d e to be masses ( float+ ice1 :i* drift$ across ! ,canaan & ,ri*mond valleys at a "t :5 !y 7 m>9e *annels1 sep>at+ isl&s or r *a9s ( isl&s1 hav+ a nor?-nor?-ea/ & s\?-s\?-we/ direction4 ,a fragm5t ( ice su* z d1 freight$ ) a block f ,a1 might run agr\nd & add to ! heap ( erratics at ! nor?-we/ base ( ! isl& 7n[ ridge7 ,b1 or1 pass+ ?r\gh a s\nd betwe5 ,b & ! next isl& ( ! same gr\p1 might float on till x rea*$ ! *annel betwe5 ,b & ,c4 ,ye> aft] ye> two su* expos$ cliffs 9 ! ,canaan range z d & e ( ! map1 ,figure #ej1 und]m9$ by ! waves1 might s]ve z ! po9ts ( dep>ture ( blocks1 compos+ ! tra9s ,numb]s #e & #f4 ,x may be object$ t oceanic curr5ts c\ld n always h _h ! same direction2 ?is may be true1 b dur+ a %ort season ( ! ye> :5 ! ice 0 break+ up ! prevail+ curr5t may h always run s\?-ea/4 ,if x be ask$ :y ! blocks ( ea* tra9 are n m scatt]$1 especially :5 f> f _! s\rce1 x may be obs]v$ t aft] pass+ ?r\gh s\nds sep>at+ isl&s1 !y issu$ aga9 f a new & n>r[ />t+-po9t2 moreov]1 we mu/ n exagg]ate ! regul>ity ( ! tra9s1 z _! wid? is sometimes twice z great 9 "o place 9 z ano!r2 & ,numb] #f s5ds (f a bran* at p1 :i* jo9s ,numb] #e4 ,!re are also /raggl]s1 or l>ge blocks "h & !re 9 ! spaces betwe5 ! two tra9s4 ,z to ! di/ance to :i* any giv5 block w\ld be c>ri$1 t mu/ h dep5d$ on a v>iety ( circum/ances2 su* z ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t1 ! direction ( ! w9d1 ! weight ( ! block or ! quantity & draught ( ! ice atta*$ to x4 ,! small] fragm5ts w\ld1 on ! :ole1 h ! be/ *ance ( go+ f>!/2 because1 9 ! fir/ place1 !y 7 m num]\s1 & !n1 be+ light]1 !y requir$ less ice to float !m1 & w\ld n gr\nd s readily on %oals1 or if /r&$1 w\ld be m easily />t$ aga9 on _! travels4 ,_m ( ! blocks1 :i* at fir/ sight seem to consi/ ( s+le masses1 are f\nd :5 exam9$ to be made up ( two1 ?ree1 or m pieces divid$ by natural jo9ts4 ,9 ! case ( a second removal by ice1 "o or m portions w\ld become deta*$ & be drift$ to diff]5t po9ts fur!r on4 ,:5ev] ?is happ5$1 ! orig9al size w\ld be less5$1 & ! angul>ity ( ! block previ\sly worn by ! break]s w\ld be re/or$1 & ?is t5d5cy to split may expla9 :y "s ( ! f>-transport$ fragm5ts rema9 v angul>4 ,^! v>i\s consid]ations may also acc\nt = ! fact t ! av]age size ( ! blocks ( all ! sev5 tra9s laid d[n on ! plan1 ,figure #ej1 less5s s5sibly 9 proportion z we rec$e f ! pr9cipal po9ts ( dep>ture ( p>ticul> k9ds ( erratics1 yet n ) any regul>ity1 a huge block n[ & !n recurr+ :5 ! re/ ( ! tra9 consi/s ( small] ones4 ,all geologi/s acqua9t$ ) ! di/rict n[ "u consid]ation are agre$ t ! m\nta9 ranges ,a1 ,b1 & c1 z well z ! adjo9+ valleys1 _h assum$ _! actual =m & position be=e ! drift & erratics accumulat$ on & 9 !m & be=e ! surface ( ! fix$ rocks 0 poli%$ & furr[$4 ,i h ! less hesitation 9 ascrib+ ! transport+ p[] to coa/-ice1 because ,i saw 9 #aheb an angul> block ( s&/one1 #h feet 9 diamet]1 :i* _h be5 br\ght d[n sev]al miles by ice only ?ree ye>s be=e to ! m\? ( ! ,petitcodiac e/u>y1 9 ,nova ,scotia1 :]e x jo9s ! ,bay ( ,fundy2 & ,i asc]ta9$ t on ! %ores ( ! same bay1 at ! ,s\? ,jogg9s1 9 ! ye> #ahej1 mu* l>g] blocks _h be5 remov$ by coa/-ice1 & aft] !y _h float$ half a mile1 _h be5 dropp$ 9 salt wat] by ! side ( a pi] built = load+ vessels ) coal1 s t x 0 necess>y at l[ tide to bla/ ^! huge ice-borne rocks ) gunp[d] 9 ord] t ! vessels might be able to draw up alongside ! pi]4 ,^! rec5t exemplifications ( ! va/ c>ry+ p[]s ( ice occurr$ 9 latitude #df degrees nor? 7correspond+ to t ( ,bordeaux71 9 a bay nev] invad$ by iceb]gs4 ,i may "h rem>k t a %eet ( ice ( mod]ate ?ickness1 if x ext5d ov] a wide area1 may suffice to buoy up ! l>ge/ erratics :i* fall ^u x4 ,! size ( ^! w dep5d1 n on ! int5sity ( ! cold b on ! mann] 9 :i* ! rock is jo9t$1 & ! consequ5t dim5sions ( ! blocks into :i* x splits :5 fall+ f an und]m9$ cliff4 ,:5 ,i fir/ endeav\r$ 9 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology 9 #ahcj199 to expla9 ! causes1 bo? ( ! w>m] & cold] climates :i* h at =m] p]iods prevail$ on ! globe1 ,i ref]r$ to successive v>iations 9 ! height & position ( ! l& & its ext5t relatively to ! sea 9 pol> & equatorial latitudes--also to fluctuations 9 ! c\rse ( oceanic curr5ts & o!r geographical conditions1 by ! unit$ influ5ce ( :i* ,i /ill believe ! pr9cipal revolutions 9 ! meteorological /ate ( ! atmosph]e at diff]5t geological p]iods h be5 br\ght ab\t4 799 #a/ edition *apt] #g2 #i? edition ibid47 ,! ,gulf ,/ream 0 p>ticul>ly allud$ to by me z mod]at+ ! w9t] climate ( nor!rn ,europe & z dep5d+ = its direction on tempor>y & accid5tal peculi>ities 9 ! %ape ( ! l&1 especially t ( ! n>r[ ,/raits ( ,bahama1 :i* a slight modification 9 ! e>?'s cru/ w\ld entirely alt]4 ,mr4 ,hopk9s1 9 a valuable essay on ! causes ( =m] *anges ( climate199nhas attempt$ to calculate h[ mu* ! annual temp]ature ( ,europe w\ld be l[]$ if ?is ,gulf ,/ream 7 turn$ 9 "s o!r & new direction1 & e/imates ! am\nt at ab\t six or sev5 degrees ( ,fahr5heit4 799 ,hopk9s1 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society volume #h #aheb page #ef47 ,he also supposes t if at ! same "t a consid]able "p ( nor!rn & c5tral ,europe 7 subm]g$1 s t a cold curr5t f ! arctic seas %\ld sweep ov] x1 an additional refrig]ation ( ?ree or f\r degrees w\ld be produc$4 ,he has speculat$ 9 ! same essay on ! effects :i* w\ld be exp]i5c$ 9 ! ea/]n hemisph]e if ! same mighty curr5t ( w>m wat]1 in/ead ( cross+ ! ,atlantic1 7 made to run nor?w>ds f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico ?r\gh ! region n[ occupi$ by ! valley ( ! ,mississippi1 & s onw>ds to ! arctic regions4 ,aft] reflect+ on :at has be5 said 9 ! ?irte5? *apt] ( ! subm]g5ce & re-elevation ( ! ,briti% ,isles & ! adjo9+ p>ts ( ,europe1 & ! ris+ & s9k+ ( ! ,alps & ! bas9s ( "s ( ! great riv]s fl[+ f t *a91 s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! glacial p]iod1 a geologi/ w n be dispos$ to object to ! !ory above adv]t$ to1 on ! score ( its dem&+ too mu* conv]sion ( l& into sea1 or almo/ any am\nt ( geographical *ange 9 ,plei/oc5e times4 ,b a difficulty ( ano!r k9d pres5ts itself4 ,we h se5 t1 dur+ ! glacial p]iod1 ! cold 9 ,europe ext5d$ mu* f>!r s\? ?an x does at pres5t1 & 9 ?is *apt] we h demon/rat$ t 9 ,nor? ,am]ica ! cold also ext5d$ no less ?an #aj degrees ( latitude /ill f>!r s\?w>ds ?an 9 ,europe2 s t if a great body ( heat$ wat]1 in/ead ( fl[+ nor?-ea/w>d1 7 made to pass ?r\gh :at is n[ ! c5tre ( ! ,am]ican cont95t t[>ds ! ,arctic ,circle1 x c\ld n fail to mitigate ! sev]ity ( ! w9t]'s cold 9 precisely ^? latitudes :]e ! cold 0 greate/ & :]e x has left monum5ts ( ice-action surpass+ 9 ext5t any exhibit$ on ! ,european side ( ! ocean4 ,9 ! actual /ate ( ! globe1 ! iso!rmal l9es1 or l9es ( equal w9t] temp]ature :5 trac$ we/w>d f ,europe to ,nor? ,am]ica b5d #aj degrees s\?1 !re be+ a m>k$ excess ( w9t] cold 9 correspond+ latitudes we/ ( ! ,atlantic4 ,dur+ ! glacial p]iod1 view+ x z a :ole1 we behold signs ( a precisely simil> deflection ( ^! same iso!rmal l9es :5 foll[$ f ea/ to we/2 s t if1 9 ! hope ( acc\nt+ = ! =m] sev]ity ( glacial action 9 ,europe1 we suppose ! abs5ce ( ! ,gulf ,/ream & imag9e a curr5t ( equival5t magnitude to h fl[$ due nor? f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 we introduce1 z we h j h9t$1 a s\rce ( heat into precisely t "p ( ! cont95t :]e ! extreme conditions ( refrig]ation are mo/ manife/4 ,view$ 9 ?is light1 ! hypo!sis 9 "q w\ld r5d] ! glacial ph5om5a describ$ 9 ! pres5t *apt] m p]plex+ & anomal\s ?an ev]4 ,b "h ano!r "q arises1 :e!r ! eras at :i* ! maximum ( cold 0 atta9$ on ! opposite sides ( ! ,atlantic 7 really contemporane\s8 ,we h n[ discov]$ n only t ! glacial p]iod 0 ( va/ duration1 b t x pass$ ?r\gh v>i\s phases & oscillations ( temp]ature2 s t1 al?\gh ! *ief poli%+ & furr[+ ( ! rocks & transportation ( erratics 9 ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica may h tak5 place contemporane\sly1 accord+ to ! ord9>y language ( geology1 or :5 ! same te/acea & ! same ,plei/oc5e assemblage ( mammalia fl\ri%$1 yet ! extreme developm5t ( cold on ! opposite sides ( ! ocean may n h be5 /rictly simultane\s1 b on ! contr>y ! "o may h prec$$ or foll[$ ! o!r by a ?\s& or m ?an a ?\s& c5turies4 ,x is probable t ! greate/ refrig]ation ( ,norway1 ,sw$51 ,scotl&1 ,wales1 ! ,vosges1 & ! ,alps co9cid$ v ne>ly 9 "t2 b :5 ! ,sc&9avian & ,scot* m\nta9s 7 encru/$ ) a g5]al cov]+ ( ice1 simil> to t n[ envelop+ ,gre5l&1 ?is la/ c\ntry may n h be5 9 ne>ly s glacial a condition z n[1 j z we f9d t ! old icy cru/ & great glaci]s1 :i* h left _! m>k on ! m\nta9s ( ,norway & ,sw$51 h n[ disappe>$1 precisely at a "t :5 ! accumulation ( ice 9 ,gre5l& is s excessive4 ,9 o!r words1 we see t 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 at ! di/ance ( ab\t #aejj miles1 two m]idional zones enjoy+ v diff]5t conditions ( temp]ature may co-exi/1 & we are1 !re=e1 at lib]ty to imag9e "s =m] alt]nations ( cold] & mild] climates on ! opposite sides ( ! ocean ?r\gh\t ! ,plei/oc5e era ( a comp5sat+ k9d1 ! cold on ! "o side balanc+ ! mild] temp]ature on ! o!r4 ,by assum+ su* a succession ( ev5ts we c m easily expla9 :y !re has n be5 a great] ext]m9ation ( species1 bo? t]re/rial & aquatic1 9 pol> & temp]ate regions dur+ ! glacial epo*1 & :y s _m species are common to pre-glacial & po/-glacial times4 ,! num]\s plants :i* are common to ! temp]ate zones nor? & s\? ( ! equator h be5 ref]r$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 & ,dr4 ,hook] to migrations :i* took place along m\nta9 *a9s runn+ f nor? to s\? dur+ "s ( ! cold] phases ( ! glacial epo*499 799 ,d>w91 ,orig9 ( ,species *apt] #aa page #cfe2 ,hook]1 ,flora ( ,au/ralia ,introduction page #ah #ahei47 ,su* an hypo!sis enables u to disp5se ) ! doctr9e t ! same species ev] orig9at$ indep5d5tly 9 two di/9ct & di/ant areas2 & x becomes m feasible if we admit ! doctr9e ( ! co-exi/5ce ( m]idional belts ( w>m] & cold] climate1 in/ead ( ! simultane\s preval5ce ( extreme cold bo? 9 ! ea/]n & we/]n hemisph]e4 ,x also seems necess>y1 z cold] curr5ts ( wat] always fl[ to l[] latitudes1 :ile w>m] ones are runn+ t[>ds pol> regions1 t "s su* comp5sation %\ld take place1 & t an increase ( cold 9 "o region mu/ to a c]ta9 ext5t be balanc$ by a mitigation ( temp]ature else:]e4 ,sir ,john ,f4 ,h]s*el1 9 8 rec5t "w on ,physical ,geography1 :5 speak+ ( ! op5 sea :i* is caus$ 9 "p ( ! pol> regions by ! escape ( ice ?r\gh ,behr+'s ,/raits1 & ! fl[ ( w>m] wat] nor?w>ds ?r\gh ! same *annel1 obs]ves t ^! /raits1 by :i* ! cont95ts ( ,asia & ,nor? ,am]ica are n[ p>t$1 are only ?irty miles broad :]e n>r[e/ & only tw5ty-five fa?oms 9 _! greate/ dep?4 ,b ?is n>r[ *annel1 he adds1 is yet important 9 ! economy ( nature1 inasmu* z x all[s a portion ( ! circulat+ wat] f a w>m] region to f9d its way into ! pol> bas91 aid+ !reby n only to mitigate ! extreme rig\r ( ! pol> cold1 b to prev5t 9 all probability a cont9ual accretion ( ice1 :i* else might rise to a m\nta9\s height499 799 ,h]s*el's ,physical ,geography page #da #ahfa47 ,behr+'s ,/raits1 "h allud$ to1 happ5 to agree s+ul>ly 9 wid? & dep? ) ! ,/raits ( ,dov]1 ! diff]5ce 9 dep? n be+ m ?an #c or #d feet2 s t at ! rate ( upheaval1 :i* is n[ go+ on 9 _m p>ts ( ,sc&9avia1 ( #b #a_/b feet 9 a c5tury1 su* /raits might be clos$ 9 #cjjj ye>s1 & a va/ accumulation ( ice to ! nor?w>d comm5ce =?)4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 al?\gh su* an accumulation might spread its refrig]at+ influ5ce = _m miles s\?w>ds beyond ! new b>ri]1 ! w>m curr5t :i* n[ p5etrates ?r\gh ! /raits1 & :i* at o!r times is *ill$ by float+ ice issu+ f !m1 w\ld :5 totally exclud$ f all communication ) ! icy sea h its temp]ature rais$ & its c\rse alt]$1 s t ! climate ( "s o!r area mu/ imm$iately beg9 to improve4 ,!re is /ill ano!r probable cause ( a va/ *ange 9 ! temp]ature ( c5tral ,europe 9 comp>atively mod]n times1 to :i* no allusion has yet be5 made2 namely1 ! conv]sion ( ! great des]t ( ! ,sah>a f sea into l& s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod4 ,:5 t va/ region 0 /ill subm]g$1 no sirocco bl[+ = days 9 succession c>ri$ its hot bla/s f a wide expanse ( burn+ s& across ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! s\? w9ds 7 comp>atively cool1 all[+ ! sn[s ( ! ,alps to augm5t to an ext5t :i* ! colossal dim5sions ( ! mora9es ( ext9ct glaci]s c alone enable u to e/imate4 ,! scope & limits ( ?is volume =bid my pursu+ ^! speculations & reason+s f>!r2 b ,i tru/ ,i h said en\gh to %[ t ! monum5ts ( ! glacial p]iod1 :5 m ?or\ghly inve/igat$1 w d mu* t[>ds exp&+ our views z to ! antiquity ( ! fauna & flora n[ contempor>y ) ,man1 & w !re=e enable u ! bett] to det]m9e ! "t at :i* ,man began 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e to =m "p ( ! exi/+ fauna4 #cg ,,*apt] #ai4 -- ,,recapitulation ,,( ,,geological ,,pro(s ,,( ,,man',s ,,antiquity4 ,recapitulation ( ,results arriv$ at 9 ! e>li] ,*apt]s4 ,ages ( ,/one & ,bronze4 ,dani% ,peat & ,kit*5-,midd5s4 ,swiss ,lake-,dwell+s4 ,local ,*anges 9 ,vegetation & 9 ! wild & dome/icat$ ,animals & 9 ,physical ,geography coeval ) ! ,age ( ,bronze & ! lat] ,/one ,p]iod4 ,e/imates ( ! positive ,date ( "s ,deposits ( ! lat] ,/one ,p]iod4 ,anci5t ,division ( ! ,age ( ,/one ( ,/4 ,a*eul & ,aurignac4 ,migrations ( ,man 9 t ,p]iod f ! ,cont95t to ,engl& 9 ,po/-,glacial ,times4 ,sl[ ,rate ( ,progress 9 b>b>\s ,ages4 ,doctr9e ( ! sup]ior ,intellig5ce & ,end[m5ts ( ! orig9al ,/ock ( ,mank9d consid]$4 ,op9ions ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 & _! ,co9cid5ce ) ^? ( ! ,mod]n ,progressioni/4 ,! ages ( /one & bronze1 s call$ by ar*aeologi/s1 7 spok5 ( 9 ! e>li] *apt]s ( ?is "w4 ,t ( bronze has be5 trac$ back to times ant]ior to ! ,roman occupation ( ,helvetia1 ,gaul1 & o!r c\ntries nor? ( ! ,alps4 ,:5 weapons ( t mix$ metal 7 9 use1 a some:at uni=m civilisation seems to h prevail$ ov] a wide ext5t ( c5tral & nor!rn ,europe1 & ! long duration ( su* a /ate ( ?+s 9 ,d5m>k & ,switz]l& is %[n by ! gradual improvem5t :i* took place 9 ! useful & ornam5tal arts4 ,su* progress is atte/$ by ! increas+ v>iety ( ! =ms1 & ! m p]fect f9i% & ta/eful decoration ( ! tools & ut5sils obta9$ f ! m mod]n deposits ( ! bronze age1 ^? f ! upp] lay]s ( peat1 = example1 z comp>$ to ^? f\nd 9 ! l[] ones4 ,! great numb] also ( ! ,swiss lake-dwell+s ( ! bronze age 7ab\t sev5ty villages hav+ be5 already discov]$71 & ! l>ge population :i* "s ( !m 7 capable ( conta9+1 af=d indication ( a consid]able lapse ( "t1 z does ! ?ickness ( ! /ratum ( mud 9 :i* 9 "s ( ! lakes ! works ( art are entomb$4 ,! unequal antiquity1 also1 ( ! settlem5ts is occasionally atte/$ by ! diff]5t degrees ( decay :i* ! wood5 /akes or piles h und]gone1 "s ( !m project+ m above ! mud ?an o!rs1 :ile all ! piles ( ! antec$5t age ( /one h rott$ away q d[n to ! level ( ! mud1 su* "p ( !m only z 0 orig9ally driv5 into ! b$ ( ! lake hav+ escap$ decomposition499 799 ,troyon1 ,habitations lacu/res ,lausanne #ahfj47 ,among ! monum5ts ( ! /one p]iod1 :i* imm$iately prec$$ t ( bronze1 ! poli%$ hat*ets call$ celts are abundant1 & 7 9 v g5]al use 9 ,europe be=e metallic tools 7 introduc$4 ,we le>n1 f ! ,dani% peat & %ell-m\nds1 & f ! old] ,swiss lake-settlem5ts1 t ! fir/ inhabitants 7 hunt]s :o f$ almo/ entirely on game1 b _! food 9 aft] ages consi/$ m & m ( tam$ animals & /ill lat] a m complete *ange to a pa/oral /ate took place1 accompani$ z population increas$ by ! cultivation ( "s c]eals4 ,bo? ! %ells & quadrup$s belong+ to ! lat] /one p]iod & to ! age ( bronze consi/ exclusively ( species n[ liv+ 9 ,europe1 ! fauna be+ ! same z t :i* fl\ri%$ 9 ,gaul at ! "t :5 x 0 conqu]$ by ,julius ,caes>1 ev5 ! ,bos primig5ius1 ! only animal ( :i* ! wild type is lo/1 be+ /ill repres5t$1 accord+ to ,cuvi]1 ,bell1 & ,rutimey]1 by "o ( ! dome/icat$ races ( cattle n[ 9 ,europe4 ,^! monum5ts1 !re=e1 :e!r ( /one or bronze1 belong to :at ,i h t]m$ geologically ! ,rec5t p]iod1 ! def9ition ( :i* "s may ?9k r too dep5d5t on negative evid5ce1 or on ! non-discov]y hi!rto ( ext9ct mammalia1 su* z ! mammo?1 :i* may "o day turn up 9 a fossil /ate 9 "s ( ! olde/ peaty deposits1 z inde$ x is already said to h done at "s spots1 ?\gh ,i h fail$ z yet to obta9 au!ntic evid5ce ( ! fact499 799 ,a mol> ( ,e4 primig5ius1 9 a v fre% /ate1 9 ! museum at ,torquay1 believ$ to h be5 wa%$ up by ! waves ( ! sea out ( ! subm]g$ mass ( vegetable matt] at ! extremity ( ! valley 9 :i* ,tor ,abbey /&s1 is ! be/ case ,i h se54 ,see above1 ,*apt] #ah47 ,no d\bt "s su* exceptional cases may be met ) 9 ! c\rse ( future inve/igations1 = we are /ill imp]fectly acqua9t$ ) ! entire fauna ( ! age ( /one 9 ,d5m>k z we may inf] f an op9ion express$ by ,/e5/rup1 t "s ( ! in/rum5ts exhum$ by antiqu>ies f ! ,dani% peat are made ( ! bones & horns ( ! elk & re9de]4 ,yet no skeleton or uncut bone ( ei!r ( ^? species has hi!rto be5 obs]v$ 9 ! same peat4 ,nev]!less1 ! exam9ation made by naturali/s ( ! v>i\s ,dani% & ,swiss deposits ( ! ,rec5t p]iod has be5 s se>*+1 t ! f9d+ 9 !m ( a /ray elephant or rh9oc]os1 %\ld x ev] occur1 w\ld prove little m ?an t "s few individuals l+]$ on1 :5 ! species 0 on ! v]ge ( ext9ction1 & su* r>e exceptions w\ld n r5d] ! classification above propos$ inappropriate4 ,at ! "t :5 _m wild quadrup$s & birds 7 gr[+ sc>ce & "s ( !m becom+ locally extirpat$ 9 ,d5m>k1 great *anges 7 tak+ place 9 ! vegetation4 ,! p9e1 or ,scot* fir1 buri$ 9 ! olde/ peat1 gave place at l5g? to ! oak1 & ! oak1 aft] fl\ri%+ = ages1 yield$ 9 its turn to ! bee*1 ! p]iods :5 ^! ?ree =e/ trees pr$om9at$ 9 succession tally+ pretty ne>ly ) ! ages ( /one1 bronze1 & iron 9 ,d5m>k4 ,9 ! same c\ntry also1 dur+ ! /one p]iod1 v>i\s fluctuations1 z we h se51 occurr$ 9 physical geography4 ,?us1 on ! ocean side ( c]ta9 isl&s1 ! old refuse-heaps1 or kit*5-midd5s1 7 de/roy$ by ! waves1 ! cliffs hav+ wa/$ away1 :ile on ! side ( ! ,baltic1 :]e ! sea 0 mak+ no encroa*m5t or :]e ! l& 0 sometimes ga9+ on ! sea1 su* m\nds rema9$ un9jur$4 ,x 0 also %[n t ! oy/]1 :i* suppli$ food to ! primitive p1 atta9$ its full size 9 p>ts ( ! ,baltic :]e x _c n[ exi/ ow+ to a want ( saltness 9 ! wat]1 & t c]ta9 m>9e univalves & bivalves1 su* z ! common p]iw9kle1 mussel1 & cockle1 ( :i* ! ca/away %ells are f\nd 9 ! m\nds1 atta9$ 9 ! old5 "t _! full dim5sions1 l ! oy/]s1 :]eas ! same species1 ?\gh !y /ill live on ! coa/ ( ! inl& sea adjo9+ ! m\nds1 are dw>f$ & nev] half _! natural size1 ! wat] be+ r5d]$ too fre% = !m by ! influx ( s _m riv]s4 ,"s ar*aeologi/s & geologi/s ( m]it h endeav\r$ to arrive at positive dates1 or an exact e/imate ( ! m9imum ( "t assignable to ! lat] age ( /one4 ,^! computations h be5 sometimes f\nd$ on *anges 9 ! level ( ! l&1 or on ! increase ( peat1 z 9 ! ,dani% bogs1 or on ! conv]sion ( wat] into l& by alluvial deposits1 s9ce c]ta9 lake-settlem5ts 9 ,switz]l& 7 ab&on$4 ,alt]ations also 9 ! geographical di/ribution or prepond]ance ( c]ta9 liv+ species ( animals & plants h be5 tak5 into acc\nt 9 corroboration1 z h ! signs ( progress 9 human civilisation1 z s]v+ to m>k ! lapse ( "t dur+ ! /one & bronze epo*s4 ,m4 ,morlot has e/imat$ ) c>e ! probable antiquity ( ?ree sup]impos$ vegetable soils cut op5 at diff]5t dep?s 9 ! delta ( ! ,t9i]e1 ea* conta9+ human bones or works ( art1 belong+ successively to ! ,roman1 bronze1 & lat] /one p]iods4 ,accord+ to 8 e/imate1 an antiquity ( #gjjj ye>s at lea/ mu/ be assign$ to ! olde/ ( ^! rema9s1 ?\gh believ$ to be long po/]ior 9 date to ! "t :5 ! mammo? & o!r ext9ct mammalia fl\ri%$ toge!r ) ,man 9 ,europe4 ,su* computations ( pa/ "t mu/ be reg>d$ z t5tative 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k & mu* collat]al evid5ce w be requir$ to confirm !m2 yet ! results appe> to me already to af=d a r\gh approximation to ! tru?4 ,betwe5 ! new] or ,rec5t division ( ! /one p]iod & ! old] division1 :i* has be5 call$ ! ,plei/oc5e1 !re 0 evid5tly a va/ int]val ( "t--a gap 9 ! hi/ory ( ! pa/1 into :i* _m monum5ts ( int]m$iate date w "o day h to be int]calat$4 ,( ?is k9d are ^? caves 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 9 :i* ,m4 ,l>tet has lately f\nd bones ( ! re9de]1 associat$ ) works ( art some:at m advanc$ 9 /yle ?an ^? ( ,/4 ,a*eul or ( ,aurignac4 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,somme we h se5 t peat exi/s ( great ?ickness1 conta9+ 9 its upp] lay]s ,roman & ,celtic memorials1 ! :ole ( :i* has be5 ( sl[ gr[?1 9 bas9s or depressions con=m+ to ! pres5t cont\r & dra9age levels ( ! c\ntry1 & long po/]ior 9 date to old] gravels1 conta9+ bones ( ! mammo? & a l>ge numb] ( fl9t implem5ts ( a v rude & antique type4 ,"s ( ^? gravels 7 accumulat$ 9 ! *annels ( riv]s :i* fl[$ at high] levels by #ajj feet ?an ! pres5t /reams1 & be=e ! valley _h atta9$ its pres5t dep? & =m4 ,no int]mixture has be5 obs]v$ 9 ^? anci5t riv] b$s ( any ( ! poli%$ weapons1 call$ celts1 or o!r relics ( ! m mod]n times1 or ( ! second or ,rec5t /one p]iod1 nor any int]/ratifi$ peat2 & ! climate ( ^? ,plei/oc5e ages1 :5 ,man 0 a d5iz5 ( ! nor?-we/ ( ,france & ( s\!rn & c5tral ,engl&1 appe>s to h be5 mu* m sev]e 9 w9t] ?an x is n[ 9 ! same region1 ?\gh f> less cold ?an 9 ! glacial p]iod :i* imm$iately prec$$4 ,we may presume t ! "t dem&$ = ! gradual dy+ out or extirpation ( a l>ge numb] ( wild bea/s :i* figure 9 ! ,plei/oc5e /rata & are miss+ 9 ! ,rec5t fauna 0 ( protract$ duration1 = we "k h[ t$i\s a task x is 9 our own times1 ev5 ) ! aid ( fire-arms1 to ext]m9ate a noxi\s quadrup$1 a wolf1 = example1 9 any region compris+ )9 x an ext5sive =e/ or a m\nta9 *a94 ,9 _m villages 9 ! nor? ( ,b5gal1 ! tig] /ill occasionally c>ries (f its human victims1 & ! ab&onm5t ( late ye>s by ! natives ( a "p ( ! ,sund]bunds or l[] delta ( ! ,ganges1 :i* !y once peopl$1 is attribut$ *iefly to ! ravages ( ! tig]4 ,x is probable t causes m g5]al & p[]ful ?an ! ag5cy ( ,man1 alt]ations 9 climate1 v>iations 9 ! range ( _m species ( animals1 v]tebrate & inv]tebrate1 & ( plants1 geographical *anges 9 ! height1 dep?1 & ext5t ( l& & sea1 "s or all ( ^! comb9$1 h giv5 rise 9 a va/ s]ies ( ye>s to ! annihilation1 n only ( _m l>ge mammalia1 b to ! disappe>ance ( ! ,cyr5a flum9alis1 once common 9 ! riv]s ( ,europe1 & to ! diff]5t range or relative abundance ( o!r %ells :i* we f9d 9 ! ,european drifts4 ,t ! gr[+ p[] ( ,man may h l5t its aid z ! de/roy+ cause ( _m ,plei/oc5e species1 mu/1 h[ev]1 be grant$2 yet1 be=e ! introduction ( fire-arms1 or ev5 ! use ( improv$ weapons ( /one1 x seems m wond]ful t ! aborig9es 7 able to hold _! own aga9/ ! cave-lion1 hya5a1 & wild bull1 & to cope ) su* enemies1 ?an t !y fail$ to br+ ab\t _! spe$y ext9ction4 ,x is already cle> t ,man 0 contempor>y 9 ,europe ) two species ( elephant1 n[ ext9ct1 ,e4 primig5ius & ,e4 antiquus1 two also ( rh9oc]os1 ,r4 ti*orh9us & ,r4 hemitoe*us 7,falc471 at lea/ "o species ( hippopotamus1 ! cave-be>1 cave-lion1 & cave-hya5a1 v>i\s bov9e1 equ9e1 & c]v9e animals n[ ext9ct1 & _m small] ,c>nivora1 ,rod5tia1 & ,insectivora4 ,:ile ^! 7 sl[ly pass+ away1 ! musk ox1 re9de]1 & o!r arctic species :i* h surviv$ to our times 7 retreat+ nor?w>ds f ! valleys ( ! ,?ames & ,se9e to _! pres5t m arctic haunts4 ,! human skeletons ( ! ,belgian cav]ns ( times coeval ) ! mammo? & o!r ext9ct mammalia d n betray any signs ( a m>k$ dep>ture 9 _! /ructure1 :e!r ( skull or limb1 f ! mod]n /&>d ( c]ta9 liv+ races ( ! human family4 ,z to ! rem>kable ,ne&]?al skeleton 7,*apt] #e71 x is at pres5t too isolat$ & exceptional1 & its age too unc]ta91 to w>rant u 9 rely+ on its abnormal & ape-l *>act]s1 z be>+ on ! "q :e!r ! f>!r back we trace ,man into ! pa/1 ! m we %all f9d him approa* 9 bodily con=mation to ^? species ( ! an?ropoid quadrumana :i* are mo/ ak9 to him 9 /ructure4 ,9 ! descriptions already giv5 ( ! geographical *anges :i* ! ,briti% ,isles h und]gone s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! glacial p]iod 7z illu/rat$ by sev]al maps1 ,figures #ci to #da71 x has be5 %[n t !re mu/ h be5 a free communication by l& betwe5 ! ,cont95t & ^! isl&s1 & betwe5 ! sev]al isl&s !mselves1 )9 ! ,plei/oc5e epo*1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! ,g]manic fauna & flora hav+ migrat$ into e "p ( ! area1 z well z = ! ,sc&9avian plants & animals to h retreat$ into ! high] m\nta9s4 ,dur+ "s "p ( ! ,plei/oc5e ages1 ! l>ge pa*yd]ms & accompany+ bea/s ( prey1 n[ ext9ct1 w&]$ f ! ,cont95t to ,engl&2 & x is highly probable t ,france 0 unit$ ) "s "p ( ! ,briti% ,isles z late z ! p]iod ( ! gravels ( ,/4 ,a*eul & ! era ( ^? engulf$ riv]s :i*1 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,meuse ne> ,liege1 swept into _m a r5t & cav]n ! bones ( ,man & ( ! mammo? & cave-be>4 ,!re h be5 va/ geographical revolutions 9 ! times allud$ to1 & oscillations ( l&1 dur+ :i* ! ,engli% ,*annel1 :i* c be %[n by ! ,pagham erratics & ! old ,brighton bea* 7,*apt] #ad71 to be ( v anci5t orig91 may h be5 m ?an once laid dry & aga9 subm]g$4 ,dur+ "s "o ( ^! phases1 ,man may h cross$ ov]1 :e!r by l& or 9 canoes1 or ev5 on ! ice ( a froz5 sea 7z ,mr4 ,pre/wi* has h9t$71 = ! w9t]s ( ! p]iod ( ! high]-level gravels ( ! valley ( ! ,somme 7 int5sely cold4 ,! primitive p1 :o co-exi/$ ) ! elephant & rh9oc]os 9 ! valley ( ! ,ouse at ,b$=d1 & :o made use ( fl9t tools ( ! ,ami5s type1 c]ta9ly inhabit$ "p ( ,engl& :i* _h already em]g$ f ! wat]s ( ! glacial sea & ! fabricators ( ! fl9t tools ( ,hoxne1 9 ,suffolk1 7 also1 z we h se51 po/-glacial4 ,we may likewise presume t ! p ( ,plei/oc5e date1 :o h left _! memorials 9 ! valley ( ! ,?ames1 7 ( correspond+ antiquity1 po/]ior to ! b\ld] clay b ant]ior to ! "t :5 ! riv]s ( t region _h settl$ into _! pres5t *annels4 ,! va/ di/ance ( "t :i* sep>at$ ! orig9 ( ! high] & l[] gravels ( ! valley ( ! ,somme1 bo? ( !m ri* 9 fl9t implem5ts ( simil> %ape 7al?\gh ^? ( oval =m pr$om9ate 9 ! new] gravels71 leads to ! conclusion t ! /ate ( ! arts 9 ^? e>ly times rema9$ /ation>y = almo/ indef9ite p]iods4 ,!re may1 h[ev]1 h be5 diff]5t degrees ( civilisation & 9 ! art ( fabricat+ fl9t tools1 ( :i* we _c easily detect ! signs 9 ! fir/ age ( /one1 & "s contempor>y tribes may h be5 consid]ably 9 advance ( o!rs4 ,^? hunt]s1 = example1 :o fea/$ on ! rh9oc]os & buri$ _! dead ) fun]al rites at ,aurignac may h be5 less b>b>\s ?an ! savages ( ,/4 ,a*eul1 z "s ( _! weapons & ut5sils h be5 ?\ght to imply4 ,to a ,european :o looks d[n f a great em95ce on ! products ( ! humble arts ( ! aborig9es ( all times & c\ntries1 ! /one knives & arr[s ( ! ,r$ ,indian ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! hat*ets ( ! native ,au/ralian1 ! tools f\nd 9 ! anci5t ,swiss lake-dwell+s or ^? ( ! ,dani% kit*5-midd5s & ( ,/4 ,a*eul1 seem ne>ly all alike 9 rud5ess & v uni=m 9 g5]al "*4 ,! sl[ness ( ! progress ( ! arts ( savage life is manife/$ by ! fact t ! e>li] in/rum5ts ( bronze 7 modell$ on ! exact plan ( ! /one tools ( ! prec$+ age1 al?\gh su* %apes w\ld nev] h be5 *os5 _h metals be5 kn[n f ! fir/4 ,! reluctance or incapacity ( savage tribes to adopt new inv5tions has be5 %[n 9 ! ,ea/ by _! cont9u+ to ?is day to use ! same /one implem5ts z _! ance/ors1 aft] t mighty empires1 :]e ! use ( metals 9 ! arts 0 well kn[n1 _h fl\ri%$ = ?ree ?\s& ye>s 9 _! neighb\rhood4 ,we see 9 our own times t ! rate ( progress 9 ! arts & sci5ces proce$s 9 a geometrical ratio z k increases1 & s :5 we c>ry back our retrospect into ! pa/1 we mu/ be prep>$ to f9d ! signs ( ret>dation augm5t+ 9 a l geometrical ratio2 s t ! progress ( a ?\s& ye>s at a remote p]iod may correspond to t ( a c5tury 9 mod]n times1 & 9 ages /ill m remote ,man w\ld m & m resemble ! brutes 9 t attribute :i* causes "o g5]ation exactly to imitate 9 all its ways ! g5]ation :i* prec$$ x4 ,! ext5t to :i* ev5 a consid]ably advanc$ /ate ( civilisation may become fix$ & /]eotyp$ = ages1 is ! wond] ( ,europeans :o travel 9 ! ,ea/4 ,"o ( my fri5ds decl>$ to me1 t :5ev] ! natives express$ to him a wi% t he might live a ?\s& ye>s1 ! idea /ruck him z by no means extravagant1 see+ t if he 7 doom$ to soj\rn = ev] among !m1 he c\ld only hope to ex*ange 9 t5 c5turies z _m ideas1 & to witness z mu* progress z he c\ld d at home 9 half a c5tury4 ,x has sometimes happ5$ t "o nation has be5 conqu]$ by ano!r less civilis$ ?\gh m w>like1 or t dur+ social & political revolutions1 p h retrograd$ 9 k4 ,9 su* cases1 ! traditions ( e>li] ages1 or ( "s high] & m educat$ ca/e :i* has be5 de/roy$1 may give rise to ! notion ( deg5]acy f a primaeval /ate ( sup]ior intellig5ce1 or ( sci5ce sup]naturally communicat$4 ,b _h ! orig9al /ock ( mank9d be5 really end[$ ) su* sup]ior intellectual p[]s & ) inspir$ k & _h possess$ ! same improvable nature z _! po/]ity1 ! po9t ( advancem5t :i* !y w\ld h rea*$ ere ?is w\ld h be5 immeasurably high]4 ,we _c asc]ta9 at pres5t ! limits1 :e!r ( ! beg9n+ or ! end1 ( ! fir/ /one p]iod :5 ,man co-exi/$ ) ! ext9ct mammalia1 b t x 0 ( great duration we _c d\bt4 ,dur+ ^? ages !re w\ld h be5 "t = progress ( :i* we c sc>cely =m a conception1 & v diff]5t w\ld h be5 ! "* ( ! works ( art :i* we %\ld n[ be endeav\r+ to int]pret--^? relics :i* we are n[ dis9t]r+ f ! old gravel-pits ( ,/4 ,a*eul1 or f ! ,liege caves4 ,9 !m1 or 9 ! uprais$ b$ ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 on ! s\? coa/ ( ,s>d9ia1 in/ead ( ! rude/ pott]y or fl9t tools s irregul> 9 =m z to cause ! unpractis$ eye to d\bt :e!r !y af=d unmi/akable evid5ce ( design1 we %\ld n[ be f9d+ sculptur$ =ms surpass+ 9 beauty ! ma/]pieces ( ,phidias or ,praxiteles2 l9es ( buri$ railways or electric telegraphs f :i* ! be/ eng9e]s ( our day might ga9 invaluable h9ts2 a/ronomical in/rum5ts & microscopes ( m advanc$ con/ruction ?an any kn[n 9 ,europe1 & o!r indications ( p]fection 9 ! arts & sci5ces su* z ! n9ete5? c5tury has n yet witness$4 ,/ill f>!r w\ld ! triumphs ( inv5tive g5ius be f\nd to h be5 c>ri$1 :5 ! lat] deposits1 n[ assign$ to ! ages ( bronze & iron1 7 =m$4 ,va9ly %\ld we be /ra9+ our imag9ations to guess ! possible uses & mean+ ( su* relics--ma*9es1 p]haps1 = navigat+ ! air or explor+ ! dep?s ( ! ocean1 or = calculat+ ari?metical problems beyond ! wants or ev5 ! conception ( liv+ ma!maticians4 ,! op9ion ent]ta9$ g5]ally by ! classical writ]s ( ,greece & ,rome1 t ,man 9 ! fir/ /age ( 8 exi/5ce 0 b j remov$ f ! brutes1 is fai?fully express$ by ,horace 9 8 celebrat$ l9es1 :i* beg93-- ,quum proreps]unt primis animalia t]ris4--,sat4 lib4 #a1 #c1 #ii4 ,! picture ( transmutation giv5 9 ^! v]ses1 h[ev] sev]e & contemptu\s ! /rictures lavi%ly be/[$ on x by ,*ri/ian comm5tators1 accords s+ul>ly ) ! tra9 ( ?\ght :i* ! mod]n doctr9e ( progressive developm5t has enc\rag$4 ,:5 animals1 he says1 fir/ crept =? f ! newly =m$ e>?1 a dumb & fil?y h]d1 !y f\ght = acorns & lurk+-places ) _! nails & fi/s1 !n ) clubs1 & at la/ ) arms1 :i*1 taught by exp]i5ce1 !y _h =g$4 ,!y !n inv5t$ names = ?+s & words to express _! ?\ghts1 aft] :i* !y began to desi/ f w>1 to =tify cities & enact laws4 ,!y :o 9 lat] times h embrac$ a simil> !ory1 h be5 l$ to x by no def]5ce to ! op9ions ( _! pagan pr$ecessors1 b r 9 spite ( v /rong prepossessions 9 fav\r ( an opposite hypo!sis1 namely1 t ( ! sup]iority ( _! orig9al prog5itors1 ( :om !y believe !mselves to be ! corrupt & deg5]ate desc5dants4 ,s f> z !y are guid$ by palaeontology1 !y arrive at ?is result by an indep5d5t c\rse ( reason+2 b !y h be5 conduct$ p>tly to ! same goal z ! anci5ts by e?nological consid]ations common to bo?1 or by reflect+ 9 :at d>kness ! infancy ( e nation is envelop$ & t true hi/ory & *ronology are ! creation1 z x 71 ( ye/]day4 ,,*apt] #bj4 -- ,,!ories ,,( ,,progression ,,& ,,transmutation4 ,antiquity & ,p]si/5ce 9 ,"* ( ! exi/+ ,races ( ,mank9d4 ,!ory ( _! ,unity ( ,orig9 consid]$4 ,be>+ ( ! ,div]sity ( ,races on ! ,doctr9e ( ,transmutation4 ,difficulty ( def9+ ! ,t]ms ,species & ,race4 ,lam>ck's ,introduction ( ! ,elem5t ( ,"t into ! ,def9ition ( a ,species4 ,8 ,!ory ( ,v>iation & ,progression4 ,objections to 8 ,!ory1 h[ f> answ]$4 ,argum5ts ( mod]n ,writ]s 9 fav\r ( ,progression 9 ! ,animal & ,vegetable ,_w4 ,! old ,l&m>ks suppos$ to indicate ! fir/ ,appe>ance ( ,man1 & ( diff]5t ,classes ( ,animals1 f\nd to be errone\s4 ,yet ! ,!ory ( an advanc+ ,s]ies ( ,organic ,be+s n inconsi/5t ) ,facts4 ,e>lie/ kn[n ,fossil ,mammalia ( l[ ,grade4 ,no ,v]tebrata z yet discov]$ 9 ! olde/ ,fossilif]\s ,rocks4 ,objections to ! ,!ory ( ,progression consid]$4 ,causes ( ! ,popul>ity ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,progression z comp>$ to t ( ,transmutation4 ,:5 speak+ 9 a =m] "w ( ! di/9ct races ( mank9d199 ,i rem>k$ t1 if all ! lead+ v>ieties ( ! human family sprang orig9ally f a s+le pair 7a doctr9e1 to :i* !n1 z n[1 ,i c\ld see no valid objection71 a mu* great] lapse ( "t 0 requir$ = ! sl[ & gradual =mation ( su* races z ! ,caucasian1 ,mongolian1 & ,negro1 ?an 0 embrac$ 9 any ( ! popul> sy/ems ( *ronology4 799 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology #g? edition page #fcg1 #ahdg2 see also #i? edition page #ffj47 ,9 confirmation ( ! high antiquity ( two ( ^!1 ,i ref]r$ to pictures on ! walls ( anci5t temples 9 ,egypt1 9 :i*1 a ?\s& ye>s or m be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! ,negro & ,caucasian physiognomies 7 portray$ z fai?fully1 & 9 z /rong contra/1 z if ! lik5esses ( ^! races _h be5 tak5 ye/]day4 ,9 relation to ! same subject1 ,i dwelt on ! slight modification :i* ! ,negro has und]gone1 aft] hav+ be5 transport$ f ! tropics & settl$ = m ?an two c5turies 9 ! temp]ate climate ( ,virg9ia4 ,i !re=e conclud$ t1 if ! v>i\s races 7 all desc5d$ f a s+le pair1 we mu/ all[ = a va/ s]ies ( antec$5t ages1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ! long-cont9u$ influ5ce ( ext]nal circum/ances gave rise to peculi>ities increas$ 9 _m successive g5]ations & at l5g? fix$ by h]$it>y transmission4 ,s long z physiologi/s cont9u$ to believe t ,man _h n exi/$ on ! e>? above six ?\s& ye>s1 !y might ) good reason )hold _! ass5t f ! doctr9e ( a unity ( orig9 ( s _m di/9ct races b ! difficulty becomes less & less1 exactly 9 proportion z we enl>ge our ideas ( ! lapse ( "t dur+ :i* diff]5t communities may h spread sl[ly1 & become isolat$1 ea* expos$ = ages to a peculi> set ( conditions1 :e!r ( temp]ature1 or food1 or dang]1 or ways ( liv+4 ,! law ( ! geometrical rate ( ! increase ( population :i* causes x always to press h>d on ! means ( subsi/5ce1 w\ld ensure ! migration 9 v>i\s directions ( (f%oots f ! society fir/ =m$ ab&on+ ! area :]e !y _h multipli$4 ,b :5 !y _h gradually p5etrat$ to remote regions by l& or wat]--drift$ sometimes by /orms & curr5ts 9 canoes to an unkn[n %ore--b>ri]s ( m\nta9s1 des]ts1 or seas1 :i* oppose no ob/acle to mutual int]c\rse betwe5 civilis$ nations1 w\ld ensure ! complete isolation = t5s or ?\s&s ( c5turies ( tribes 9 a primitive /ate ( b>b>ism4 ,"s mod]n e?nologi/s1 9 accordance ) ! philosoph]s ( antiquity1 h assum$ t m5 at fir/ f$ on ! fruits ( ! e>?1 be=e ev5 a /one implem5t or ! simple/ =m ( canoe _h be5 inv5t$4 ,!y may1 x is said1 h begun _! c>e] 9 "s f]tile isl& 9 ! tropics1 :]e ! w>m? ( ! air 0 su* t no clo?+ 0 ne$$ & :]e !re 7 no wild bea/s to endang] _! safety4 ,b z soon z _! numb]s increas$ !y w\ld be =c$ to migrate into regions less secure & ble/ ) a less g5ial climate4 ,conte/s w\ld soon arise = ! possession ( ! mo/ f]tile l&s1 :]e game or pa/ure ab\nd$ & _! en]gies & inv5tive p[]s w\ld be call$ =?1 s t at l5g? !y w\ld make progress 9 ! arts4 ,b z e?nologi/s h fail$1 z yet1 to trace back ! hi/ory ( any "o race to ! area :]e x orig9at$1 "s zoologi/s ( em95ce h decl>$ _! belief t ! diff]5t races1 :e!r !y be ?ree1 five1 tw5ty1 or a mu* great] numb] 7= on ?is po9t !re is an endless div]sity ( op9ion7199 h all be5 primordial creations1 hav+ f ! fir/ be5 /amp$ ) ! *>act]i/ic features1 m5tal & bodily1 by :i* !y are n[ di/+ui%$1 except :]e int]m>riage has giv5 rise to mix$ or hybrid races4 799 ,see ,transactions ( ! ,e?nological ,society volume #a #ahfa47 ,7 we to admit1 say !y1 a unity ( orig9 ( su* /rongly m>k$ v>ieties z ! ,negro & ,european1 diff]+ z !y d 9 col\r & bodily con/itution1 ea* fitt$ = di/9ct climates & exhibit+ "s m>k$ peculi>ities 9 _! o/eological1 & ev5 9 "s details ( cranial & c]ebral con=mation1 z well z 9 _! av]age intellectual end[m5ts--if1 9 spite ( ! fact t all ^! attributes h be5 fai?fully h&$ d[n unalt]$ = hundr$s ( g5]ations1 we are to believe t1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 !y h all div]g$ f "o common /ock1 h[ %all we resi/ ! argum5ts ( ! transmutationi/1 :o cont5ds t all closely alli$ species ( animals & plants h 9 l mann] sprung f a common p>5tage1 albeit t = ! la/ ?ree or f\r ?\s& ye>s !y may h be5 p]si/5t 9 "*8 ,:]e are we to /op1 unless we make our /& at once on ! indep5d5t creation ( ^? di/9ct human races1 ! hi/ory ( :i* is bett] kn[n to u ?an t ( any ( ! inf]ior animals8 ,s long z ,geology _h n lift$ up a "p ( ! veil :i* =m]ly conceal$ f ! naturali/ ! hi/ory ( ! *anges :i* ! animate creation _h und]gone 9 times imm$iately antec$5t to ! ,rec5t p]iod1 x 0 easy to treat ^! que/ions z too transc5d5tal1 or z ly+ too f> beyond ! doma9 ( positive sci5ce to require s]i\s discussion4 ,b x is no long] possible to re/ra9 curiosity f attempt+ to pry into ! relations :i* connect ! pres5t /ate ( ! animal & vegetable worlds1 z well z ( ! v>i\s races ( mank9d1 ) ! /ate ( ! fauna & flora :i* imm$iately prec$$4 ,9 ! v outset ( ! inquiry1 we are met ) ! difficulty ( def9+ :at we mean by ! t]ms species & race2 & ! surprise ( ! unle>n$ is usually great1 :5 !y discov] h[ wide is ! diff]5ce ( op9ion n[ prevail+ z to ! significance ( words 9 su* famili> use4 ,b1 9 tru?1 we c come to no agreem5t z to su* def9itions1 unless we h previ\sly made up our m9ds on "s ( ! mo/ mom5t\s ( all ! enigmas ) :i* ! human intellect ev] attempt$ to grapple4 ,x is n[ ?irty ye>s s9ce ,i gave an analysis 9 ! fir/ edition ( my ,pr9ciples ( ,geology 7volume #b #ahcb7 ( ! views :i* _h be5 put =? by ,lam>ck1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 on ?is subject4 ,9 t int]val ! progress made 9 zoology & botany1 bo? 9 augm5t+ ! numb] ( kn[n animals & plants1 & 9 /udy+ _! physiology & geographical di/ribution & above all 9 exam9+ & describ+ fossil species1 is s va/ t ! additions made to our k probably exce$ all t 0 previ\sly kn[n2 & :at ,lam>ck !n =etold has come to pass2 ! m new =ms h be5 multipli$1 ! less are we able to decide :at we mean by a v>iety1 & :at by a species4 ,9 fact1 zoologi/s & botani/s are n only m at a loss ?an ev] h[ to def9e a species1 b ev5 to det]m9e :e!r x has any real exi/5ce 9 nature1 or is a m]e ab/raction ( ! human intellect1 "s cont5d+ t x is con/ant )9 c]ta9 n>r[ & impassable limits ( v>iability1 o!rs t x is capable ( indef9ite & endless modification4 ,be=e ,i attempt to expla9 a great /ep1 :i* has rec5tly be5 made by ,mr4 ,d>w9 & 8 fell[-lab\r]s 9 ?is field ( inquiry1 ,i ?9k x useful to recapitulate 9 ?is place "s ( ! lead+ features ( ,lam>ck's sy/em1 )\t attempt+ to adju/ ! claims ( "s ( 8 contempor>ies 7,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire 9 p>ticul>7 to %>e 9 ! cr$it ( "s ( 8 orig9al speculations4 ,f ! "t ( ,l9naeus to ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury1 x seem$ a suffici5t def9ition ( ! t]m species to say t a species consi/$ ( individuals all resembl+ ea* o!r1 & reproduc+ _! l by g5]ation4 ,b ,lam>ck aft] hav+ fir/ /udi$ botany ) success1 _h !n turn$ 8 att5tion to con*ology1 & soon became aw>e t 9 ! new] 7or ,t]ti>y7 /rata ( ! e>?'s cru/ !re 7 a multitude ( fossil species ( %ells1 "s ( !m id5tical ) liv+ ones1 o!rs simply v>ieties ( ! liv+1 & :i* z su* 7 entitl$ to be designat$1 accord+ to ! ord9>y rules ( classification1 by ! same names4 ,he also obs]v$ t o!r %ells 7 s ne>ly alli$ to liv+ =ms t x 0 difficult n to suspect t !y _h be5 connect$ by a common bond ( desc5t4 ,he !re=e propos$ t ! elem5t ( "t %\ld ent] into ! def9ition ( a species1 & t x %\ld run ?us3 ,a species consi/s ( individuals all resembl+ ea* o!r1 & reproduc+ _! l by g5]ation1 ,,s ,,long ,,z ,,! ,,surr\nd+ ,,conditions ,,d ,,n ,,und]go ,,*anges ,,suffici5t ,,to ,,cause ,,_! ,,habits1 ,,*>act]s1 ,,& ,,=ms ,,to ,,v>y4 ,he came at la/ to ! conclusion t none ( ! animals & plants n[ exi/+ 7 primordial creations1 b 7 all d]iv$ f pre-exi/+ =ms1 :i*1 aft] !y may h gone on = indef9ite ages reproduc+ _! l1 _h at l5g?1 by ! influ5ce ( alt]ations 9 climate & 9 ! animate _w be5 made to v>y gradually1 & adapt !mselves to new circum/ances1 "s ( !m deviat+ 9 ! c\rse ( ages s f> f _! orig9al type z to h claims to be reg>d$ z new species4 ,9 support ( ^! views1 he ref]r$ to wild & cultivat$ plants & to wild & dome/icat$ animals1 po9t+ out h[ _! col\r1 =m1 /ructure1 physiological attributes & ev5 in/9cts 7 gradually modifi$ by exposure to new soils & climates1 new enemies1 modes ( subsi/5ce1 & k9ds ( food4 ,nor did he omit to notice t ! newly acquir$ peculi>ities may be inh]it$ by ! (fspr+ = an indef9ite s]ies ( g5]ations1 :e!r !y be br\ght ab\t naturally--z :5 a species1 on ! extreme v]ge ( its geographical range1 comes into competition ) new antagoni/s & is subject$ to new physical conditions2 or artificially--z :5 by ! act ( ! bre$] or horticulturi/ peculi> v>ieties ( =m or disposition are select$4 ,b ,lam>ck taught n only t species _h be5 con/antly und]go+ *anges f "o geological p]iod to ano!r1 b t !re also _h be5 a progressive advance ( ! organic _w f ! e>lie/ to ! late/ times1 f be+s ( ! simple/ to ^? ( m & m complex /ructure1 & f ! l[e/ in/9cts up to ! highe/1 & f9ally f brute intellig5ce to ! reason+ p[]s ( ,man4 ,! improvem5t 9 ! grade ( be+ _h be5 sl[ & cont9u\s1 & ! human race itself 0 at l5g? evolv$ out ( ! mo/ highly organis$ & end[$ ( ! inf]ior mammalia4 ,9 ord] to expla9 h[1 aft] an indef9ite lapse ( ages1 s _m ( ! l[e/ grades ( animal or plant /ill ab\nd$1 he imag9$ t ! g]ms or rudim5ts ( liv+ ?+s1 :i* he call$ monads1 7 cont9ually com+ into ! _w & t !re 7 diff]5t k9ds ( ^! monads = ea* prim>y division ( ! animal & vegetable k+doms4 ,?is la/ hypo!sis does n seem ess5tially diff]5t f ! old doctr9e ( equivocal or spontane\s g5]ation2 x is :olly unsupport$ by any mod]n exp]im5ts or obs]vation1 & !re=e af=ds u no aid :atev] 9 speculat+ on ! comm5cem5t ( vital ph5om5a on ! e>?4 ,"s ( ! laws :i* gov]n ! appe>ance ( new v>ieties 7 cle>ly po9t$ out by ,lam>ck4 ,he rem>k$1 = example1 t z ! muscles ( ! arm become /r5g!n$ by ex]cise or enfeebl$ by disuse1 "s organs may 9 ?is way1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 become entirely obsolete1 & o!rs previ\sly weak become /rong & play a new or m lead+ "p 9 ! organisation ( a species4 ,& s ) in/9cts1 :]e animals exp]i5ce new dang]s !y become m cauti\s & cunn+1 & transmit ^! acquir$ faculties to _! po/]ity4 ,b n satisfi$ ) su* legitimate speculations1 ! ,fr5* philosoph] conceiv$ t by repeat$ acts ( volition animals might acquire new organs & attributes1 & t 9 plants1 :i* c\ld n ex]t a w ( _! own1 c]ta9 subtle fluids or organis+ =ces might op]ate s z to "w out analog\s effects4 ,aft] comm5t+ on ^! purely imag9>y causes1 ,i po9t$ out 9 #ahcb1 z ! two great flaws 9 ,lam>ck's attempt to expla9 ! orig9 ( species1 fir/1 t he _h fail$ to adduce a s+le in/ance ( ! initiation ( a new organ 9 any species ( animal or plant2 & secondly1 t v>iation1 :e!r tak+ place 9 ! c\rse ( nature or assi/$ artificially by ! bre$] & horticulturi/1 _h nev] yet gone s f> z to produce two races suffici5tly remote f ea* o!r 9 physiological con/itution z to be /]ile :5 int]m>ri$1 or1 if f]tile1 only capable ( produc+ /]ile hybrids1 etc499 799 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology #a/ edition volume #b *apt] #b47 ,to ?is objection ,lam>ck w\ld1 no d\bt1 h answ]$ t !re _h n be5 "t = br++ ab\t s great an am\nt ( v>iation2 = :5 ,cuvi] & "s o!r ( 8 contempor>ies appeal$ to ! embalm$ animals & plants tak5 f ,egyptian tombs1 "s ( !m #cjjj ye>s old1 :i* _h n exp]i5c$ 9 t long p]iod ! slighte/ modification 9 _! specific *>act]s1 he repli$ t ! climate & soil ( ! valley ( ! ,nile _h n v>i$ 9 ! int]val1 & t !re 0 !re=e no reason = expect+ t we %\ld be able to detect any *ange 9 ! fauna & flora4 ,b if1 he w5t on to say1 ! physical geography1 temp]ature1 & o!r conditions ( life _h be5 alt]$ 9 ,egypt z mu* z we "k f geology has happ5$ 9 o!r regions1 "s ( ! same animals & plants w\ld h deviat$ s f> f _! pri/9e types z to be ?\ght entitl$ to take rank z new & di/9ct species4 ,al?\gh ,i cit$ ?is answ] ( ,lam>ck 9 my acc\nt ( 8 !ory199 ,i did n at ! "t fully appreciate ! deep conviction :i* x displays ( ! sl[ mann] 9 :i* geological *anges h tak5 place & ! insignificance ( ?irty or =ty c5turies 9 ! hi/ory ( a species1 & t1 too1 at a p]iod :5 v n>r[ views 7 ent]ta9$ ( ! ext5t ( pa/ "t by mo/ ( ! able/ geologi/s1 & :5 great revolutions ( ! e>?'s cru/1 & its inhabitants1 7 g5]ally attribut$ to sudd5 & viol5t cata/rophes4 799 ,ibid4 page #ehg47 ,:ile 9 #ahcb ,i argu$ aga9/ ,lam>ck's doctr9e ( ! gradual transmutation ( "o species into ano!r1 ,i agre$ ) him 9 believ+ t ! sy/em ( *anges n[ 9 progress 9 ! organic _w w\ld af=d1 :5 fully und]/ood1 a complete key to ! int]pretation ( all ! vicissitudes ( ! liv+ creation 9 pa/ ages4 ,i cont5d$ aga9/ ! doctr9e1 !n v popul>1 ( ! sudd5 de/ruction ( va/ multitudes ( species & ! abrupt u%]+ into ! _w ( new bat*es ( plants & animals4 ,i endeav\r$ to sket* out 7& x 01 ,i believe1 ! fir/ sy/ematic attempt to accompli% su* a task7 ! laws :i* gov]n ! ext9ction ( species1 ) a view ( %[+ t ! sl[ b ceaseless v>iations n[ 9 progress 9 physical geography1 toge!r ) ! migration ( plants & animals into new regions1 mu/ 9 ! c\rse ( ages give rise to ! occasional loss ( "s ( !m & ev5tually cause an entire fauna & flora to die out2 also t we mu/ inf] f geological data t ! places ?us left vacant f "t to "t are fill$ up )\t delay by new =ms adapt$ to new conditions1 sometimes by immigration f adjo9+ prov9ces1 sometimes by new creations4 ,among ! _m causes ( ext9ction enum]at$ by me 7 ! p[] ( ho/ile species1 dim9ution ( food1 mutations 9 climate1 ! conv]sion ( l& into sea & ( sea into l&1 etc4 ,i firmly oppos$ ,broc*i's hypo!sis ( a decl9e 9 ! vital en]gy ( ea* species299 ma9ta9+ t !re 0 e reason to believe t ! reproductive p[]s ( ! la/ surviv+ repres5tatives ( a species 7 z vigor\s z ^? ( _! pr$ecessors1 & t !y 7 z capable1 "u fav\rable circum/ances1 ( repeopl+ ! e>? ) _! k9d4 799 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology #a/ edition volume #b *apt] #h2 & #i? edition page #ffh47 ,! mann] 9 :i* "s species are n[ becom+ sc>ce & dy+ out1 "o aft] ! o!r1 appe>$ to me to fav\r ! doctr9e ( ! fixity ( ! specific "*1 %[+ a want ( pliancy & capability ( v>y+1 :i* ensur$ _! annihilation :5ev] *anges adv]se to _! well-be+ occurr$2 "t n be+ all[$ = su* a trans=mation z might be conceiv$ capable ( adapt+ !m to ! new circum/ances1 & ( conv]t+ !m into :at naturali/s w\ld call new species499 799 ,laws ( ,ext9ction1 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology #a/ edition #ahcb volume #b *apt]s #e to #aa inclusive2 & #i? edition *apt]s #cg to #db inclusive #ahec47 ,b :ile reject+ transmutation1 ,i 0 equally oppos$ to ! popul> !ory t ! creative p[] _h dim9i%$ 9 en]gy1 or t x _h be5 9 abeyance ev] s9ce ,man _h ent]$ ^u ! sc5e4 ,t a r5ovat+ =ce :i* _h be5 9 full op]ation = millions ( ye>s %\ld cease to act :ile ! causes ( ext9ction 7 /ill 9 full activity1 or ev5 int5sifi$ by ! accession ( ,man's de/roy+ p[]1 seem$ to me 9 ! highe/ degree improbable4 ,! only po9t on :i* ,i d\bt$ 0 :e!r ! =ce might n be int]mitt5t in/ead ( be+1 z ,lam>ck suppos$1 9 ceaseless op]ation4 ,might n ! bir?s ( new species1 l ! dea?s ( old ones1 be sudd58 ,might !y n /ill escape our obs]vation8 ,if ! com+ 9 ( "o new species1 & ! loss ( "o o!r :i* _h endur$ = ages1 %\ld take place annually1 /ill1 assum+ t !re are a million ( animals & plants liv+ on ! globe1 x w\ld require1 ,i obs]v$1 a million ( ye>s to br+ ab\t a complete revolution 9 ! fauna & flora4 ,9 t case1 ,i imag9$ t1 al?\gh ! fir/ appe>ance ( a new =m might be z abrupt z ! disappe>ance ( an old "o1 yet naturali/s might nev] yet h witness$ ! fir/ entrance on ! /age ( a l>ge & conspicu\s animal or plant1 & z to ! small] k9ds1 _m ( !m may be conceiv$ to h /ol5 9 unse51 & to h spread gradually ov] a wide area1 l species migrat+ into new prov9ces499 799 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology #a/ edition #ahcb volume #b *apt] #aa2 & #i? edition page #gjf47 ,x may n[ be useful to (f] "s rem>ks on ! v diff]5t reception :i* ! tw9 bran*es ( ,lam>ck's developm5t !ory1 namely1 progression & transmutation1 h met )1 & to inquire into ! causes ( ! popul>ity ( ! "o & ! great unpopul>ity ( ! o!r4 ,we usually te/ ! value ( a sci5tific hypo!sis by ! numb] & v>iety ( ! ph5om5a ( :i* x (f]s a fair or plausible explanation4 ,if transmutation1 :5 ?us te/$1 has decid$ly ! advantage ov] progression & yet is comp>atively 9 disfav\r1 we may reasonably suspect t its reception is ret>d$1 n s mu* by its own inh]5t dem]its1 z by "s appreh5d$ consequ5ces :i* x is suppos$ to involve & :i* run c\nt] to our preconceiv$ op9ions4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,progression4 ,9 treat+ ( ?is "q1 ,i %all beg9 ) ! doctr9e ( progression1 a concise /atem5t ( :i*1 s f> z x relates to ! animal k+dom1 0 ?us giv5 twelve ye>s ago by ,pr(essor ,s$gwick1 9 ! preface to 8 ,disc\rse on ! ,/udies ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,!re are traces1 he says1 among ! old deposits ( ! e>? ( an organic progression among ! successive =ms ( life4 ,!y are to be se5 9 ! abs5ce ( mammalia 9 ! old]1 & _! v r>e appe>ance 9 ! new] ,second>y gr\ps2 9 ! diffusion ( w>m-blood$ quadrup$s 7frequ5tly ( unkn[n g5]a7 9 ! old] ,t]ti>y sy/em1 & 9 _! great abundance 7& frequ5tly ( kn[n g5]a7 9 ! upp] portions ( ! same s]ies2 & la/ly1 9 ! rec5t appe>ance ( ,man on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,?is hi/orical developm5t1 cont9ues ! same au?or1 ( ! =ms & functions ( organic life dur+ successive epo*s1 seems to m>k a gradual evolution ( creative p[]1 manife/$ by a gradual asc5t t[>ds a high] type ( be+4 ,b ! elevation ( ! fauna ( successive p]iods 0 n made by transmutation1 b by creative additions2 & x is by wat*+ ^! additions t we get "s insight into ,nature's true hi/orical progress1 & le>n t !re 0 a "t :5 ,cephalopoda 7 ! highe/ types ( animal life1 ! primates ( ?is _w2 t ,fi%es next took ! lead1 !n ,reptiles2 & t dur+ ! second>y p]iod !y 7 anatomically rais$ f> above any =ms ( ! reptile class n[ liv+ 9 ! _w4 ,mammals 7 add$ next1 until ,nature became :at %e n[ is1 by ! addition ( ,man499 799 ,pr(essor ,s$gwick's ,disc\rse on ! ,/udies ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge ,preface to #e? edition pages #dd1 #aed1 #baf1 #ahej47 ,al?\gh 9 ! half c5tury :i* has elaps$ betwe5 ! "t ( ,lam>ck & ! publication ( ! above summ>y1 new discov]ies h caus$ geologi/s to assign a high] antiquity bo? to ,man & ! olde/ fossil mammalia1 fi%1 & reptiles ?an =m]ly1 yet ! g5]alisation1 z laid d[n by ! ,woodw>dian ,pr(essor1 z to progression1 /ill holds good 9 all ess5tial p>ticul>s4 ,! progressive !ory 0 prop\nd$ 9 ! foll[+ t]ms by ! late ,hugh ,mill] 9 8 ,footpr9ts ( ! ,creator4 ,x is ( itself an extraord9>y fact )\t ref]5ce to o!r consid]ations1 t ! ord] adopt$ by ,cuvi] 9 8 ,animal ,k+dom1 z t 9 :i* ! f\r great classes ( v]tebrate animals1 :5 m>%all$ accord+ to _! rank & /&+1 naturally range1 %\ld be also t 9 :i* !y occur 9 ord] ( "t4 ,! bra91 :i* be>s an av]age proportion to ! sp9al cord ( n m ?an two to "o1 comes fir/--x is ! bra9 ( ! fi%2 t :i* be>s to ! sp9al cord an av]age proportion ( two & a half to "o succe$$ x--x is ! bra9 ( ! reptile2 !n came ! bra9 av]ag+ z ?ree to "o--x is t ( ! bird4 ,next 9 succession came ! bra9 t av]ages z f\r to "o--x is t ( ! mammal2 & la/ ( all !re appe>$ a bra9 t av]ages z tw5ty-?ree to "o--reason+1 calculat+ ,man _h come ^u ! sc5e499 799 ,footpr9ts ( ! ,creator ,ed9burgh #ahdi page #bhc47 ,m4 ,agassiz1 9 8 ,essay on ,classification1 has devot$ a *apt] to ! ,p>allelism betwe5 ! ,geological ,succession ( ,animals & ,plants & _! pres5t relative ,/&+2 9 :i* he has express$ a decid$ op9ion t )9 ! limits ( ! ord]s ( ea* great class !re is a co9cid5ce betwe5 _! relative rank 9 organisation & ! ord] ( succession ( _! repres5tatives 9 "t499 799 ,contributions to ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,"p #a4--;,essay on ,classification page #ajh47 ,pr(essor ,ow51 9 8 ,palaeontology1 has advanc$ simil> views1 & has rem>k$1 9 reg>d to ! v]tebrata t !re is mu* positive z well z negative evid5ce 9 support ( ! doctr9e ( an advance 9 ! scale ( be+1 f anci5t to m mod]n geological p]iods4 ,we obs]ve1 = example1 9 ! ,triassic1 ,oolitic1 & ,cretace\s /rata1 n only an abs5ce ( plac5tal mammalia1 b ! pres5ce ( innum]able reptiles1 "s ( l>ge size1 t]re/rial & aquatic1 h]bivor\s & pr$ace\s1 fitt$ to p]=m ! functions n[ dis*>g$ by ! mammalia4 ,! late ,pr(essor ,bronn1 ( ,heidelb]g1 aft] pass+ 9 review m ?an #bd1jjj fossil animals & plants1 :i* he _h classifi$ & ref]r$ ea* to _! geological position 9 8 ,index ,palaeontologicus1 came to ! conclusion t1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 !re _h be5 introduc$ into ! e>? m & m highly organis$ types ( animal & vegetable life2 ! mod]n species be+1 on ! :ole1 m specialis$1 i4e4 hav+ sep>ate organs1 or p>ts ( ! body1 to p]=m diff]5t functions1 :i*1 9 ! e>li] p]iods & 9 be+s ( simpl] /ructure1 7 dis*>g$ 9 common by a s+le "p or organ4 ,pr(essor ,adolphe ,brongni>t1 9 an essay publi%$ 9 #ahdi on ! botanical classification & geological di/ribution ( ! g5]a ( fossil plants199 arrives at simil> results z to ! progress ( ! vegetable _w f ! e>lie/ p]iods to ! pres5t4 799 ,tableau des ,g5res de ,vegetaux fossiles1 etc4 ,dictionnaire ,univ]sel d',hi/oire ,naturelle ,p>is #ahdi47 ,he does n pret5d to trace an exact hi/orical s]ies f ! sea-we$ to ! f]n1 or f ! f]n aga9 to ! conif]s & cycads1 & la/ly f ^? families to ! palms & oaks1 b he1 nev]!less1 po9ts out t ! cryptogamic =ms1 especially ! acrog5s1 pr$om9ate among ! fossils ( ! prim>y =mations1 ! ,c>bonif]\s especially1 :ile ! gymnosp]ms or conif]\s & cycade\s plants ab\nd 9 all ! /rata1 f ! ,trias to ! ,weald5 inclusive2 & la/ly1 ! m highly develop$ angiosp]ms1 bo? monocotyl$on\s & dicotyl$on\s1 d n become abundant until ! ,t]ti>y p]iod4 ,x is a rem>kable fact1 z he ju/ly obs]ves1 t ! angiosp]m\s exog5s1 :i* comprise f\r-fif?s ( liv+ plants--a division to :i* all our native ,european trees1 except ! ,conif]ae1 belong1 & :i* embrace all ! ,compositae1 ,legum9osae1 ,umbellif]ae1 ,crucif]ae1 ,hea?s1 & s _m o!r families--are :olly unrepres5t$ by any fossils hi!rto discov]$ 9 ! ,prim>y & ,second>y =mations f ! ,silurian to ! ,oolitic inclusive4 ,x is n till we arrive at ! ,cretace\s p]iod t !y beg9 to appe>1 sp>+ly at fir/1 & only play+ a conspicu\s "p1 toge!r ) ! palms & o!r endog5s1 9 ! ,t]ti>y epo*4 ,:5 comm5t+ on ! eag]ness ) :i* ! doctr9e ( progression 0 embrac$ f ! close ( ! la/ c5tury to ! "t :5 ,i fir/ attempt$1 9 #ahcj1 to give "s acc\nt ( ! prevail+ !ories 9 geology1 ,i obs]v$ t f> too mu* reliance 0 commonly plac$ on ! receiv$ dates ( ! fir/ appe>ances ( c]ta9 ord]s or classes ( animals or plants1 su* dates be+ det]m9$ by ! age ( ! /ratum 9 :i* we !n happ5$ to h discov]$ ! e>lie/ memorials ( su* types4 ,at t "t 7#ahcj71 x 0 tak5 = grant$ t ,man _h n co-exi/$ ) ! mammo? & o!r ext9ct mammalia1 yet n[ t we h trac$ back ! signs ( 8 exi/5ce to ! ,plei/oc5e era1 & may anticipate ! f9d+ ( 8 rema9s on "s future day 9 ! ,plioc5e p]iod1 ! !ory ( progression is n %ak52 = we _c expect to meet ) human bones 9 ! ,mioc5e =mations1 :]e all ! species & ne>ly all ! g5]a ( mammalia belong to types widely diff]+ f ^? n[ liv+2 & _h "s o!r rational be+1 repres5t+ ,man1 !n fl\ri%$1 "s signs ( 8 exi/5ce c\ld h>dly h escap$ unnotic$1 9 ! %ape ( implem5ts ( /one or metal1 m frequ5t & m durable ?an ! osse\s rema9s ( any ( ! mammalia4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury x 0 "o ( ! canons ( ! popul> geological cre$ t ! fir/ w>m-blood$ quadrup$s :i* _h inhabit$ ?is planet 7 ^? d]iv$ f ! ,eoc5e gypsum ( ,montm>tre 9 ! suburbs ( ,p>is1 almo/ all ( :i* ,cuvi] _h %[n to belong to ext9ct g5]a4 ,?is dogma cont9u$ 9 =ce = m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 9 spite ( ! discov]y 9 #ahah ( a m>supial quadrup$ 9 ! ,/onesfield /rata1 a memb] ( ! ,l[] ,oolite1 ne> ,ox=d4 ,"s disput$ ! au?ority ( ,cuvi] himself z to ! mammalian "* ( ! fossil2 o!rs1 ! accuracy ( ^? :o _h assign$ to x s anci5t a place 9 ! *ronological s]ies ( rocks4 ,9 #ahcb ,i po9t$ out t ! occurr5ce ( ?is s+le fossil 9 ! ,oolite 0 fatal to ! !ory ( successive developm5t z !n prop\nd$499 799 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology #bnd edition #a #agc47 ,s9ce t p]iod great additions h be5 made to our k ( ! exi/5ce ( l& quadrup$s 9 ! old5 times4 ,we h asc]ta9$ t1 9 ,eoc5e /rata old] ?an ! gypsum ( ,p>is1 no less ?an f\r di/9ct sets ( plac5tal mammalia h fl\ri%$2 namely1 fir/1 ^? ( ! ,headon s]ies 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight1 f :i* f\rte5 species h be5 procur$2 secondly1 ^? ( ! antec$5t ,bag%ot & ,brackle%am b$s1 :i* h yield$1 toge!r ) ! contemporane\s calcaire grossi] ( ,p>is1 tw5ty species2 ?irdly1 ! /ill old] b$s ( ,kyson1 ne> ,ipswi*1 & ^? ( ,h]ne ,bay1 at ! m\? ( ! ,?ames1 9 :i* sev5 species h be5 f\nd2 & f\r?ly1 ! ,woolwi* & ,read+ b$s1 :i* h suppli$ t5 species499 799 ,lyell's supplem5t to #e? edition ( ,elem5ts #aheg47 ,we c sc>cely d\bt t we %\ld already h trac$ back ! evid5ce ( ?is class ( fossils mu* f>!r _h n our inquiries be5 arre/$1 fir/ by ! va/ gap betwe5 ! ,t]ti>y & ,second>y =mations1 & !n by ! m>9e nature ( ! ,cretace\s rocks4 ,! mammalia next 9 antiquity1 ( :i* we h any cognisance1 are ^? ( ! ,upp] ,oolite ( ,purbeck1 discov]$ betwe5 ! ye>s #ahed & #aheg1 & compris+ no less ?an f\rte5 species1 ref]able to eight or n9e g5]a2 "o ( !m1 ,plagiaulax1 consid]$ by ,dr4 ,falcon] to h be5 a h]bivor\s m>supial4 ,! :ole assemblage appe>1 f ! jo9t obs]vations ( ,pr(essor ,ow5 & ,dr4 ,falcon]1 to indicate a l[ grade ( quadrup$1 probably ( ! m>supial type4 ,!y 71 = ! mo/ "p1 dim9utive1 ! two l>ge/ n mu* exce$+ our common h$gehog & polecat 9 size4 ,next ant]ior 9 age are ! mammalia ( ! ,l[] ,oolite ( ,/onesfield1 ( :i* f\r species are kn[n1 also v small & probably m>supial1 ) "o exception1 ! ,/]eogna?us ooliticus1 :i*1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,ow5's conjecture1 may h be5 a ho($ quadrup$ & plac5tal1 ?\gh1 z we h only half ( ! l[] jaw ) tee?1 & ! mol>s are unlike any liv+ type1 su* an op9ion is ( c\rse haz>d$ ) due caution4 ,/ill old] ?an ! above are "s fossil quadrup$s ( small size1 f\nd 9 ! ,upp] ,trias ( ,/uttg>t 9 ,g]many1 & m lately by ,mr4 ,c4 ,moore 9 b$s ( correspond+ age ne> ,frome1 :i* are also ( a v l[ grade1 l ! liv+ ,myrmecobius ( ,au/ralia4 ,beyond ?is limit our k ( ! highe/ class ( v]tebrata does n z yet ext5d into ! pa/1 b ! frequ5t %ift+ back ( ! old l&m>ks1 ne>ly all ( !m once suppos$ 9 _! turn to indicate ! date ( ! fir/ appe>ance ( w>m-blood$ quadrup$s on ?is planet1 %\ld s]ve z a w>n+ to u n to consid] ! goal at pres5t rea*$ by palaeontology z "o beyond :i* !y :o come aft] u are nev] de/9$ to pass4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may be truly said 9 fav\r ( progression t aft] all ^! discov]ies ! doctr9e is n ga9said1 = ! less advanc$ m>supials prec$e ! m p]fect plac5tal mammalia 9 ! ord] ( _! appe>ance on ! e>?4 ,if ! ?ree localities :]e ! mo/ anci5t mammalia h be5 f\nd--,purbeck1 ,/onesfield1 & ,/uttg>t--_h belong$ all ( !m to =mations ( ! same age1 we might well h imag9$ s limit$ an area to h be5 peopl$ exclusively ) p\*$ quadrup$s1 j z ,au/ralia n[ is1 :ile o!r p>ts ( ! globe 7 inhabit$ by plac5tals1 = ,au/ralia n[ supports "o hundr$ & sixty species ( m>supials1 :ile ! re/ ( ! cont95ts & isl&s are t5ant$ by ab\t sev5te5 hundr$ species ( mammalia1 ( :i* only =ty-six are m>supial1 namely1 ! opossums ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,b ! great diff]5ce ( age ( ! /rata 9 ea* ( ^! ?ree localities seems to indicate ! pr$om9ance ?r\gh\t a va/ lapse ( "t 7f ! era ( ! ,upp] ,trias to t ( ! ,purbeck b$s7 ( a l[ grade ( quadrup$s2 & ?is p]si/5cy ( simil> g5]ic & ord9al types 9 ,europe :ile ! species 7 *ang+1 & :ile ! fi%1 reptiles1 & mollusca 7 und]go+ va/ modifications1 raises a /rong presumption t !re 0 also a va/ ext5sion 9 space ( ! same m>supial =ms dur+ t portion ( ! ,second>y epo* :i* has be5 t]m$ ! age ( reptiles4 ,z to ! class ,reptilia1 "s ( ! ord]s :i* prevail$ :5 ! ,second>y rocks 7 =m$ are confess$ly mu* high] 9 _! organisation ?an any ( ! same class n[ liv+4 ,if ! less p]fect ophidians1 or snakes1 :i* n[ ab\nd on ! e>? _h tak5 ! lead 9 ^? anci5t days among ! l& reptiles1 & ! ,de9osaurians _h be5 contempor>y ) ,man1 !re c be no d\bt t ! progressioni/ w\ld h seiz$ ^u ?is fact ) unfeign$ satisfaction z confirmatory ( 8 views4 ,n[ t ! ord] ( succession is precisely rev]s$1 & t ! age ( ! ,iguanodon 0 long ant]ior to t ( ! ,eoc5e ,palaeophis & liv+ boa1 :ile ! crocodile is 9 our own times ! highe/ repres5tative ( its class1 a retrograde movem5t 9 ?is important division ( ! v]tebrata mu/ be admitt$4 ,x may p]haps be acc\nt$ = by ! p[] acquir$ by ! plac5tal mammalia1 :5 !y became dom9ant1 a p[] be=e :i* ! class ( v]tebrata next bel[ !m1 z com+ mo/ directly 9 competition ) !m1 may m ?an any o!r h giv5 way4 ,= no less ?an ?irty-f\r ye>s x _h be5 a receiv$ axiom 9 palaeontology t reptiles _h nev] exi/$ be=e ! ,p]mian or ,magnesian ,lime/one p]iod1 :5 at l5g? 9 #ahdd ?is suppos$ b>ri] 0 ?r[n d[n1 & ,c>bonif]\s reptiles1 t]re/rial & aquatic1 ( sev]al g5]a 7 br\ght to light2 & discussions are n[ go+ on z to :e!r "s rema9s ( an ,enaliosaur 7p]haps a l>ge ,labyr9?odon7 h n be5 detect$ 9 ! coal ( ,nova ,scotia1 & :e!r c]ta9 s&/ones ne> ,elg9 9 ,scotl&1 conta9+ ! bones ( lac]tian1 crocodilian1 & rhyn*osaurian reptiles1 may n be ref]able to ! ,old ,r$ or ,devonian gr\p4 ,/ill1 no traces ( ?is class h yet be5 detect$ 9 rocks z anci5t z ^? 9 :i* ! olde/ fi% h be5 f\nd4 #ch ,z to fossil repres5tatives ( ! i*?yic type1 ! mo/ anci5t 7 n suppos$ be=e #ahch to be ( a date ant]ior to ! ,coal1 b !y h s9ce be5 trac$ back1 fir/ to ! ,devonian1 & !n to ! ,silurian rocks4 ,no rema9s1 h[ev]1 ( !m or ( any v]tebrate animal h yet be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,ordovician /rata1 ri* z ^! are 9 inv]tebrate fossils1 nor 9 ! /ill old] ,cambrian2 s t we seem au?oris$ to conclude1 ?\gh n )\t consid]able res]ve1 t ! v]tebrate type 0 extremely sc>ce1 if n :olly want+1 9 ^? epo*s (t5 spok5 ( z primitive1 b :i*1 if ! ,developm5t ,!ory be true1 7 probably ! la/ ( a long s]ies ( antec$5t ages 9 :i* liv+ be+s fl\ri%$4 ,z to ! ,mollusca1 :i* af=d ! mo/ unbrok5 s]ies ( geological m$als1 ! highe/ ( t class1 ! ,cephalopoda1 ab\nd$ 9 old] ,silurian times1 compris+ sev]al hundr$ species ( *amb]$ univalves4 ,_h !re be5 /rong prepossessions aga9/ ! progressive !ory1 x w\ld probably h be5 argu$ t :5 ^! cephalopods ab\nd$1 & ! siphonat$ ga/]opods 7 abs5t1 a high] ord] ( zoophag\s mollusca dis*>g$ ! functions aft]w>ds p]=m$ by an inf]ior ord] 9 ! ,second>y1 ,t]ti>y1 & ,po/-,t]ti>y seas4 ,b ,i h nev] se5 ?is view sugge/$ z adv]se to ! doctr9e ( progress1 al?\gh mu* /ress has be5 laid on ! fact t ! ,silurian ,bra*iopoda1 creatures ( a l[] grade1 =m]ly dis*>g$ ! functions ( ! exi/+ lamellibran*iate bivalves1 :i* are high] 9 ! scale4 ,x is said truly t ! ,ammonite1 ,or?oc]as1 & ,nautilus ( ^! anci5t rocks 7 ( ! tetrabran*iate division1 & none ( !m s highly organis$ z ! ,belemnite & o!r dibran*iate cephalopods :i* aft]w>ds appe>$1 & "s ( :i* n[ fl\ri% 9 our seas4 ,!re=e1 we may inf] t ! simple/ =ms ( ! ,cephalopoda took prec$5ce ( ! m complex 9 "t4 ,b if we embrace ?is view1 we mu/ n =get t !re are liv+ ,cephalopoda1 su* z ! ,octopods1 :i* are devoid ( any h>d p>ts1 :e!r ext]nal or int]nal1 & :i* c\ld leave beh9d !m no fossil memorials ( _! exi/5ce1 s t we mu/ make a some:at arbitr>y assumption1 namely1 t at a remote era1 no su* ,dibran*iata 7 9 be+1 9 ord] to avail ourselves ( ?is argum5t 9 fav\r ( progression4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is true t 9 ! ,l[] ,cambrian n ev5 ! %ell-be>+ tetrabran*iates h yet be5 discov]$4 ,9 reg>d to plants1 al?\gh ! g5]alisation above cit$ ( ,m4 ,adolphe ,brongni>t is probably true1 !re has be5 a t5d5cy 9 ! advocates ( progression to pu% ! inf]5ces d$ucible f kn[n facts1 9 support ( _! fav\rite dogma1 some:at beyond ! limits :i* ! evid5ce ju/ifies4 ,dr4 ,hook] obs]ves1 9 8 rec5t ,introductory ,essay to ! ,flora ( ,au/ralia1 t x is impossible to e/abli% a p>allel betwe5 ! successive appe>ances ( vegetable =ms 9 "t1 & _! complexity ( /ructure or specialisation ( organs z repres5t$ by ! successively high] gr\ps 9 ! natural me?od ( classification4 ,he also adds t ! e>lie/ recognisable ,cryptogams are n only ! highe/ n[ exi/+1 b h m highly diff]5tiat$ vegetative organs ?an any subsequ5tly appe>+1 & t ! dicotyl$on\s embryo & p]fect exog5\s wood1 ) ! highe/ specialis$ tissue kn[n 7! conif]\s ) gl&ul> tissue71 prec$$ ! monocotyl$on\s embryo & endog5\s wood 9 date ( appe>ance on ! globe--facts :olly oppos$ to ! doctr9e ( progression1 & :i* c only be set aside on ! supposition t !y are fragm5t>y evid5ce ( a "t f>!r remov$ f ! orig9 ( vegetation ?an f ! pres5t day499 799 ,introductory ,essay to ! ,flora ( ,au/ralia1 page #ca ,london #ahei4 ,publi%$ sep>ately47 #ci ,x w\ld be an easy task to multiply objections to ! !ory n[ "u consid]ation2 b f ?is ,i refra91 z ,i reg>d x n only z a useful1 b r 9 ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce z an indisp5sable hypo!sis1 & "o :i* ?\gh de/9$ h]eaft] to und]go _m & great modifications w nev] be ov]?r[n4 ,x may be ?\ght almo/ p>adoxical t writ]s :o are mo/ 9 fav\r ( transmutation 7,mr4 ,c4 ,d>w9 & ,dr4 ,j4 ,hook]1 = example7 are nev]!less among ^? :o are mo/ cauti\s1 & "o w\ld say timid1 9 _! mode ( esp\s+ ! doctr9e ( progression2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! mo/ zeal\s advocates ( progression are (t5] ?an n v vehem5t oppon5ts ( transmutation4 ,we might h anticipat$ a contr>y lean+ on ! "p ( bo?1 = to :at does ! !ory ( progression po9t8 ,x supposes a gradual elevation 9 grade ( ! v]tebrate type 9 ! c\rse ( ages f ! mo/ simple i*?yic =m to t ( ! plac5tal mammalia & ! com+ ^u ! /age la/ 9 ! ord] ( "t ( ! mo/ an?ropomorph\s mammalia1 foll[$ by ! human race--?is la/ ?us appe>+ z an integral "p ( ! same cont9u\s s]ies ( acts ( developm5t1 "o l9k 9 ! same *a91 ! cr[n+ op]ation z x 7 ( "o & ! same s]ies ( manife/ations ( creative p[]4 ,if ! dang]s appreh5d$ f transmutation arise f ! too intimate connection :i* x t5ds to e/abli% betwe5 ! human & m]ely animal natures1 x might h be5 expect$ t ! progressive developm5t ( organisation1 in/9ct1 & intellig5ce might h be5 unpopul>1 z likely to pione] ! way = ! reception ( ! less fav\r$ doctr9e4 ,b ! true explanation ( ! seem+ anomaly is ?is1 t no "o c believe 9 transmutation :o is n pr(\ndly conv9c$ t all we "k 9 palaeontology is z no?+ comp>$ ) :at we h yet to le>n1 & !y :o reg>d ! record z s fragm5t>y1 & our acqua9tance ) ! fragm5ts :i* are extant z s rudim5t>y1 are apt to be a/\nd$ at ! confid5ce plac$ by ! progressioni/s 9 data :i* mu/ be defective 9 ! extreme4 ,b exactly 9 proportion z ! complet5ess ( ! record & our k ( x are ov]rat$1 9 t same degree are _m progressioni/s unconsci\s ( ! goal t[>ds :i* !y are drift+4 ,_! fai? 9 ! fullness ( ! annals leads !m to reg>d all breaks 9 ! s]ies ( organic exi/5ce1 or 9 ! sequ5ce ( ! fossilif]\s rocks1 z pro(s ( orig9al *asms & leaps 9 ! c\rse ( nature--signs ( ! int]mitt5t action ( ! creational =ce1 or ( cata/rophes :i* deva/at$ ! habitable surface4 ,!y d n d\bt t !re is a cont9uity ( plan1 b !y believe t x exi/s 9 ! ,div9e m9d alone1 & !y are !re=e )\t appreh5sion t any facts w be discov]$ :i* w\ld imply a mat]ial connection betwe5 ! outgo+ organisms & ! incom+ ones4 ,,*apt] #ba4 -- ,,on ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,species ,,by ,,v>iation ,,& ,,natural ,,selection4 ,mr4 ,d>w9's ,!ory ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species by ,natural ,selection4 ,memoir by ,mr4 ,wallace4 ,mann] 9 :i* fav\r$ ,races prevail 9 ! ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce4 ,=mation ( new ,races by bre$+4 ,hypo!ses ( def9ite & indef9ite ,modifiability equally arbitr>y4 ,competition & ,ext9ction ( ,races4 ,progression n a necess>y ,accompanim5t ( ,v>iation4 ,di/9ct ,classes ( ,ph5om5a :i* ,natural ,selection expla9s4 ,unity ( ,type1 ,rudim5t>y ,organs1 ,geographical ,di/ribution1 ,relation ( ! ext9ct to ! liv+ ,fauna & ,flora1 & mutual ,relations ( successive ,gr\ps ( ,fossil ,=ms4 ,light ?r[n on ,embryological ,developm5t by ,natural ,selection4 ,:y l>ge ,g5]a h m v>iable ,species ?an small ones4 ,dr4 ,hook] on ! ,evid5ce af=d$ by ! ,vegetable ,k+dom 9 fav\r ( ,creation by ,v>iation4 ,/e5/rup on alt]nation ( ,g5]ations4 ,h[ f> ! ,doctr9e ( ,indep5d5t ,creation is oppos$ to ! ,laws n[ gov]n+ ! ,migration ( ,species4 ,= _m ye>s aft] ! promulgation ( ,lam>ck's doctr9e ( progressive developm5t1 geologi/s 7 mu* occupi$ ) ! "q :e!r ! pa/ *anges 9 ! animate & inanimate _w 7 br\ght ab\t by sudd5 & p>oxysmal action1 or gradually & cont9u\sly1 by causes diff]+ nei!r 9 k9d nor degree f ^? n[ 9 op]ation4 ,! anonym\s au?or ( ,! ,ve/iges ( ,creation publi%$ 9 #ahdd a treatise1 writt5 9 a cle> & attractive /yle1 :i* made ! ,engli% public famili> ) ! lead+ views ( ,lam>ck on transmutation & progression1 b br\ght no new facts or orig9al l9e ( argum5t to support ^? views1 or to combat ! pr9cipal objections :i* ! sci5tific _w ent]ta9$ aga9/ !m4 ,no decid$ /ep 9 ?is direction 0 made until ! publication 9 #aheh ( two pap]s1 "o by ,mr4 ,d>w9 & ano!r by ,mr4 ,wallace1 foll[$ 9 #ahei by ,mr4 ,d>w9's celebrat$ "w on ,! ,orig9 ( ,species by ,means ( ,natural ,selection2 or1 ! ,pres]vation ( fav\r$ ,races 9 ! ,/ruggle = ,life4 ,! au?or ( ?is treatise _h = tw5ty previ\s ye>s /rongly incl9$ to believe t v>iation & ! ord9>y laws ( reproduction 7 among ! second>y causes always employ$ by ! ,au?or ( nature1 9 ! introduction f "t to "t ( new species into ! _w1 & he _h devot$ himself pati5tly to ! collect+ ( facts & mak+ ( exp]im5ts 9 zoology & botany1 ) a view ( te/+ ! s\ndness ( ! !ory ( transmutation4 ,"p ( ! manuscript ( 8 project$ "w 0 read to ,dr4 ,hook] z e>ly z #ahdd & "s ( ! pr9cipal results 7 communicat$ to me on sev]al occasions4 #dj ,dr4 ,hook] & ,i _h repeat$ly urg$ him to publi% )\t delay1 b 9 va91 z he 0 always unwill+ to int]rupt ! c\rse ( 8 inve/igations2 until at l5g? ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,r4 ,wallace1 :o _h be5 engag$ = ye>s 9 collect+ & /udy+ ! animals ( ! ,ea/ ,indian ar*ipelago1 ?\ght out indep5d5tly = himself "o ( ! mo/ novel & important ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ories4 ,?is he embodi$ 9 an essay ,on ! ,t5d5cy ( ,v>ieties to dep>t indef9itely f ! orig9al ,type4 ,x 0 writt5 at ,t]nate 9 ,febru>y #aheh1 & s5t to ,mr4 ,d>w9 ) a reque/ t x might be %[n to me if ?\ght suffici5tly novel & int]e/+4 ,dr4 ,hook] & ,i 7 ( op9ion t x %\ld be imm$iately pr9t$1 & we succe$$ 9 p]suad+ ,mr4 ,d>w9 to all[ "o ( ! manuscript *apt]s ( 8 ,orig9 ( ,species1 entitl$ ,on ! ,t5d5cy ( ,species to =m ,v>ieties1 & on ! ,p]petuation ( ,species & ,v>ieties by natural ,means ( ,selection1 to appe> at ! same "t499 799 ,see ,proce$+s ( ! ,l9naean ,society #aheh47 ,by ref]5ce to ^! memoirs x w be se5 t bo? writ]s beg9 by apply+ to ! animal & vegetable worlds ! ,mal?usian doctr9e ( population1 or its t5d5cy to increase 9 a geometrical ratio1 :ile food c only be made to augm5t ev5 locally 9 an ari?metical "o4 ,!re be+ !re=e no room or means ( subsi/5ce = a l>ge proportion ( ! plants & animals :i* are born into ! _w1 a great numb] mu/ annually p]i%4 ,h5ce !re is a con/ant /ruggle = exi/5ce among ! individuals :i* repres5t ea* species & ! va/ majority c nev] rea* ! adult /ate1 to say no?+ ( ! multitudes ( ova & se$s :i* are nev] hat*$ or all[$ to g]m9ate4 ,( birds x is e/imat$ t ! numb] ( ^? :i* die e ye> equals ! aggregate numb] by :i* ! species to :i* !y respectively belong is on ! av]age p]man5tly repres5t$4 ,! trial ( /r5g? :i* mu/ decide :at individuals are to survive & :at to succumb occurs 9 ! season :5 ! means ( subsi/5ce are fewe/1 or enemies mo/ num]\s1 or :5 ! individuals are enfeebl$ by climate or o!r causes2 & x is !n t ^? v>ieties :i* h any1 ev5 ! slighte/1 advantage ov] o!rs come (f victori\s4 ,!y may (t5 owe _! safety to :at w\ld seem to a casual obs]v] a trifl+ diff]5ce1 su* z a d>k] or light] %ade ( col\r r5d]+ !m less visible to a species :i* preys ^u !m1 or sometimes to attributes m obvi\sly advantage\s1 su* z great] cunn+ or sup]ior p[]s ( flight or swiftness ( foot4 ,^! peculi> qualities & faculties1 bodily & in/9ctive1 may enable !m to outlive _! less fav\r$ rivals1 & be+ transmitt$ by ! =ce ( inh]itance to _! (fspr+ w con/itute new races1 or :at ,mr4 ,d>w9 calls incipi5t species4 ,if "o v>iety1 be+ 9 o!r respects j equal to its competitors1 happ5s to be m prolific1 "s ( its (fspr+ w /& a great] *ance ( be+ among ^? :i* w escape de/ruction1 & _! desc5dants1 be+ 9 l mann] v f]tile1 w cont9ue to multiply at ! exp5se ( all less prolific v>ieties4 ,z bre$]s ( dome/ic animals1 :5 !y *oose c]ta9 v>ieties 9 pref]5ce to o!rs to bre$ f1 speak te*nically ( _! me?od z t ( select+1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 calls ! comb9ation ( natural causes1 :i* may enable c]ta9 v>ieties ( wild animals or plants to prevail ov] o!rs ( ! same species1 natural selection4 ,a bre$] f9ds t a new race ( cattle ) %ort horns or )\t horns may be =m$ 9 ! c\rse ( sev]al g5]ations by *oos+ v>ieties hav+ ! mo/ /unt$ horns z 8 /ock f :i* to bre$2 s nature1 by alt]+ 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 ! conditions ( life1 ! geographical features ( a c\ntry1 its climate1 ! associat$ plants & animals1 & consequ5tly ! food & enemies ( a species & its mode ( life1 may be said1 by ?is means to select c]ta9 v>ieties be/ adapt$ = ! new /ate ( ?+s4 ,su* new races may (t5 supplant ! orig9al type f :i* !y h div]g$1 al?\gh t type may h be5 p]petuat$ )\t modification = c\ntless ant]ior ages 9 ! same region1 s long z x 0 9 h>mony ) ! surr\nd+ conditions !n prevail+4 ,lam>ck1 :5 speculat+ on ! orig9 ( ! long neck ( ! giraffe1 imag9$ t quadrup$ to h /ret*$ himself up 9 ord] to rea* ! b\ghs ( l(ty trees1 until by cont9u$ ef=ts & long+ to rea* high] he obta9$ an elongat$ neck4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 & ,mr4 ,wallace simply suppose t1 9 a season ( sc>city1 a long]-neck$ v>iety1 hav+ ! advantage 9 ?is respect ov] mo/ ( ! h]d1 z be+ able to br[se on foliage out ( _! rea*1 surviv$ !m & transmitt$ its peculi>ity ( c]vical con=mation to its successors4 ,by ! multiply+ ( slight modifications 9 ! c\rse ( ?\s&s ( g5]ations & by ! h&+ d[n ( ! newly-acquir$ peculi>ities by inh]itance1 a great] & great] div]g5ce f ! orig9al /&>d is suppos$ to be effect$1 until :at may be call$ a new species1 or 9 a great] lapse ( "t a new g5us w be ! result4 ,e naturali/ admits t !re is a g5]al t5d5cy 9 animals & plants to v>y2 b x is usually tak5 = grant$1 ?\gh he h no means ( prov+ ! assumption to be true1 t !re are c]ta9 limits beyond :i* ea* species _c pass "u any circum/ances or 9 any numb] ( g5]ations4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 & ,mr4 ,wallace say t ! opposite hypo!sis1 :i* assumes t e species is capable ( v>y+ indef9itely f its orig9al type1 is n a :it m arbitr>y1 & has ?is manife/ claim to be pref]r$1 t x w acc\nt = a multitude ( ph5om5a :i* ! ord9>y !ory is incapable ( expla9+4 ,we h no "r1 !y say1 to assume1 %\ld we f9d t a v>iable species c no long] be made to v>y 9 a c]ta9 direction1 t x has rea*$ ! utmo/ limit to :i* x might "u m fav\rable conditions or if m "t 7 all[$ be made to div]ge f ! p>5t type4 ,hybridisation is n consid]$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 z a cause ( new species1 b r z t5d+ to keep v>iation )9 b\nds4 ,v>ieties :i* are ne>ly alli$ cross readily ) ea* o!r1 & ) ! p>5t /ock1 & su* cross+ t5ds to keep ! species true to its type1 :ile =ms :i* are less ne>ly relat$1 al?\gh !y may int]m>ry1 produce no mule (fspr+ capable ( p]petuat+ _! k9d4 ,! competition ( races & species1 obs]ves ,mr4 ,d>w91 is always mo/ sev]e betwe5 ^? :i* are mo/ closely alli$ & :i* fill ne>ly ! same place 9 ! economy ( nature4 ,h5ce :5 ! conditions ( exi/5ce are modifi$ ! orig9al /ock runs great risk ( be+ sup]s$$ by "s "o ( its modifi$ (f%oots4 ,! new race or species may n be absolutely sup]ior 9 ! sum ( its p[]s & end[m5ts to ! p>5t /ock1 & may ev5 be m simple 9 /ructure & ( a l[] grade ( intellig5ce1 z well z ( organisation1 provid$ on ! :ole x happ5s to h "s slight advantage ov] its rivals4 ,progression1 !re=e1 is n a necess>y accompanim5t ( v>iation & natural selection1 ?\gh :5 a high] organisation happ5s to be co9cid5t ) sup]ior fitness to new conditions1 ! new species w h great] p[] & a great] *ance ( p]man5tly ma9ta9+ & ext5d+ its gr\nd4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal claims ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory to acceptance is t x enables u to disp5se ) a law ( progression z a necess>y accompanim5t ( v>iation4 ,x w acc\nt equally well = :at is call$ degradation1 or a retrograde movem5t t[>ds a simpl] /ructure1 & does n require ,lam>ck's cont9ual creation ( monads2 = ?is 0 a necess>y "p ( 8 sy/em1 9 ord] to expla9 h[1 aft] ! progressive p[] _h be5 at "w = myriads ( ages1 !re 7 z _m be+s ( ! simple/ /ructure 9 exi/5ce z ev]4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 argues1 & ) no small success1 t all true classification 9 zoology & botany is 9 fact g5ealogical1 & t community ( desc5t is ! hidd5 bond :i* naturali/s h be5 unconsci\sly seek+1 :ile !y (t5 imag9$ t !y 7 look+ = "s unkn[n plan ( creation4 ,z ! ,orig9 ( ,species99 is 9 itself a cond5s$ ab/ract ( a mu* l>g] "w n yet publi%$ #da ,i c\ld n easily give an analysis ( its cont5ts )9 n>r[] limits ?an ^? ( ! orig9al1 b x may be useful to enum]ate briefly "s ( ! pr9cipal classes ( ph5om5a on :i* ! !ory ( natural selection w\ld ?r[ light4 799 ,orig9 ( ,species page #aba47 ,9 ! fir/ place x w\ld expla91 says ,mr4 ,d>w91 ! unity ( type :i* runs ?r\gh ! :ole organic _w1 & :y !re is sometimes a fundam5tal agreem5t 9 /ructure 9 ! same class ( be+s :i* is q indep5d5t ( _! habits ( life1 = su* /ructure1 d]iv$ by inh]itance f a remote prog5itor1 has be5 modifi$ 9 ! c\rse ( ages 9 diff]5t ways accord+ to ! conditions ( exi/5ce4 ,x w\ld also expla9 :y all liv+ & ext9ct be+s are unit$1 by complex radiat+ & circuit\s l9es ( aff9ity ) "o ano!r into "o gr& sy/em299 also1 !re hav+ be5 a cont9u$ ext9ction ( old races & species 9 progress & a =mation ( new ones by v>iation1 :y 9 "s g5]a :i* are l>gely repres5t$1 or to :i* a great _m species belong1 _m ( ^! are closely b unequally relat$2 also1 :y !re are di/9ct geographical prov9ces ( species ( animals & plants1 = aft] long isolation by physical b>ri]s ea* fauna & flora by v>y+ cont9ually mu/ become di/9ct f its ance/ral type1 & f ! new =ms assum$ by o!r desc5dants :i* h div]g$ f ! same /ock4 799 ,orig9 page #dih47 ,! !ory ( indef9ite modification w\ld also expla9 :y rudim5t>y organs are s useful 9 classification1 be+ ! remnants pres]v$ by inh]itance ( organs :i* ! pres5t species once us$--z 9 ! case ( ! rudim5ts ( eyes 9 insects & reptiles inhabit+ d>k cav]ns1 or ( ! w+s ( birds & beetles :i* h lo/ all p[] ( flight4 ,9 su* cases ! aff9ities ( species are (t5 m readily disc]n$ by ref]5ce to ^! imp]fect /ructures ?an by o!rs ( mu* m physiological importance to ! individuals !mselves4 ,! same hypo!sis w\ld expla9 :y !re are no mammalia 9 isl&s f> f cont95ts1 except bats1 :i* c rea* !m by fly+2 & also :y ! birds1 insects1 plants1 & o!r inhabitants ( isl&s1 ev5 :5 specifically unlike1 usually agree g5]ically ) ^? ( ! ne>e/ cont95t1 x be+ assum$ t ! orig9al /ock ( su* species came by migration f ! ne>e/ l&4 ,v>iation & natural selection w\ld also af=d a key to a multitude ( geological facts o!rwise :olly unacc\nt$ =1 z = example :y !re is g5]ally an intimate connection betwe5 ! liv+ animals & plants ( ea* great division ( ! globe & ! ext9ct fauna & flora ( ! ,po/-,t]ti>y or ,t]ti>y =mations ( ! same region2 z1 = example1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 :]e we n only f9d among ! liv+ mollusca peculi> =ms =eign to ,europe1 su* z ,gna?odon & ,fulgur 7a subg5us ( ,fusus71 b meet also ) ext9ct species ( ^? same g5]a 9 ! ,t]ti>y fauna ( ! same "p ( ! _w4 ,9 l mann]1 among ! mammalia we f9d 9 ,au/ralia n only liv+ kang>oos & wombats1 b fossil individuals ( ext9ct species ( ! same g5]a4 ,s also !re are rec5t & fossil slo?s1 armadilloes & o!r ,ed5tata 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & liv+ & ext9ct species ( elephant1 rh9oc]os1 tig]1 & be> 9 ! great ,europeo-,asiatic cont95t4 ,! !ory ( ! orig9 ( new species by v>iation w also expla9 :y a species :i* has once di$ out nev] reappe>s & :y ! fossil fauna & flora rec$e f>!r & f>!r f ! liv+ type 9 proportion z we trace !m back to remot] ages4 ,x w\ld also acc\nt = ! fact t :5 we h to int]calate a new set ( fossilif]\s /rata betwe5 two gr\ps previ\sly kn[n1 ! newly discov]$ fossils s]ve to fill up gaps betwe5 specific or g5]ic types previ\sly famili> to u1 supply+ (t5 ! miss+ l9ks ( ! *a91 :i*1 if transmutation is accept$1 mu/ once h be5 cont9u\s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ orig9al speculations 9 ,mr4 ,d>w9's "w is d]iv$ f ! fact t1 9 ! bre$+ ( animals1 x is (t5 obs]v$ t at :atev] age any v>iation fir/ appe>s 9 ! p>5t1 x t5ds to reappe> at a correspond+ age 9 ! (fspr+4 ,h5ce ! "y individuals ( two races :i* h sprung f ! same p>5t /ock are usually m l ea* o!r ?an ! adults4 ,?us ! puppies ( ! greyh\nd & bull-dog are mu* m ne>ly alike 9 _! proportions ?an ! gr[n-up dogs1 & 9 l mann] ! foals ( ! c>?orse & racehorse ?an ! adult individuals4 ,= ! same reason we may und]/& :y ! species ( ! same g5us1 or g5]a ( ! same family1 resemble ea* o!r m ne>ly 9 _! embryonic ?an 9 _! m fully develop$ /ate1 or h[ x is t 9 ! eyes ( mo/ naturali/s ! /ructure ( ! embryo is ev5 m important 9 classification ?an t ( ! adult1 = ! embryo is ! animal 9 its less modifi$ /ate1 & 9 s f> x reveals ! /ructure ( its prog5itor4 ,9 two gr\ps ( animals1 h[ev] mu* !y may at pres5t diff] f ea* o!r 9 /ructure & habits1 if !y pass ?r\gh ! same or simil> embryonic /ages1 we may feel assur$ t !y h bo? desc5d$ f ! same or ne>ly simil> p>5ts1 & are !re=e 9 t degree closely relat$4 ,?us community 9 embryonic /ructure reveals community ( desc5t1 h[ev] mu* ! /ructure ( ! adult may h be5 modifi$499 799 ,d>w91 ,orig9 etc4 page #ddh47 ,if !n !re _h be5 a sy/em ( progressive developm5t1 ! successive *anges ?r\gh :i* ! embryo ( a species ( a high class1 a mammif] = example1 n[ passes1 may be expect$ to pres5t u ) a picture ( ! /ages ?r\gh :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 t class ( animals has successively pass$ 9 advanc+ f a l[] to a high] grade4 ,h5ce ! embryonic /ates exhibit$ "o aft] ! o!r by ! human individual be> a c]ta9 am\nt ( resemblance to ^? ( ! fi%1 reptile1 & bird be=e assum+ ^? ( ! highe/ division ( ! v]tebrata4 ,mr4 ,d>w91 aft] mak+ a labori\s analysis ( _m floras1 f\nd t ^? g5]a :i* are repres5t$ by a l>ge numb] ( species conta9 a great] numb] ( v>iable species1 relatively speak+1 ?an ! small] g5]a or ^? less num]\sly repres5t$4 ,?is fact he adduces 9 support ( 8 op9ion t v>ieties are incipi5t species1 = he obs]ves t ! exi/5ce ( ! l>g] g5]a implies t ! manufactur+ ( species has be5 active 9 ! p]iod imm$iately prec$+ our own1 9 :i* case we ought g5]ally to f9d ! same =ces /ill 9 full activity1 m especially z we h e reason to believe ! process by :i* new species are produc$ is a sl[ "o499 799 ,orig9 ( ,species *apt] #b page #ef47 ,dr4 ,hook] tells u t he 0 long dispos$ to d\bt ?is result1 z he 0 acqua9t$ ) s _m v>iable small g5]a1 b aft] exam9+ ,mr4 ,d>w9's data1 he 0 compell$ to acquiesce 9 8 g5]alisation499 799 ,introductory ,essay to ! ,flora ( ,au/ralia page #f47 ,x is "o ( ^? conclusions1 to v]ify :i* requires ! inve/igation ( _m ?\s&s ( species1 & to :i* exceptions may easily be adduc$ bo? 9 ! animal & vegetable k+doms1 s t x w be long be=e we c expect x to be ?or\ghly te/$1 & if true1 fairly appreciat$4 ,among ! mo/ /rik+ exceptions w be "s g5]a /ill l>ge1 b :i* are beg9n+ to decrease1 ! conditions fav\rable to _! =m] pr$om9ance hav+ already begun to *ange4 ,to _m1 ?is doctr9e ( natural selection1 or ! pres]vation ( fav\r$ races 9 ! /ruggle = life1 seems s simple1 :5 once cle>ly /at$1 & s consonant ) kn[n facts & receiv$ pr9ciples1 t !y h difficulty 9 conceiv+ h[ x c con/itute a great /ep 9 ! progress ( sci5ce4 ,su* is (t5 ! case ) important discov]ies1 b 9 ord] to assure ourselves t ! doctr9e 0 by no means obvi\s1 we h only to ref] back to ! writ+s ( skilful naturali/s :o attempt$ 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury to !orise on ?is subject1 be=e ! inv5tion ( ?is new me?od ( expla9+ h[ c]ta9 =ms are supplant$ by new ones & 9 :at mann] ^! la/ are select$ out ( innum]able v>ieties & r5d]$ p]man5t4 ,,dr4 ,,hook] ,,on ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,creation ,,by ,,v>iation ,,z ,,appli$ ,,to ,,! ,,vegetable ,,k+dom4 ,( ,dr4 ,hook]1 :om ,i h (t5 cit$ 9 ?is *apt]1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has spok5 9 ! ,introduction to 8 ,orig9 ( ,species1 z "o :o _h1 = fifte5 ye>s1 aid$ him 9 e possible way1 by 8 l>ge /ores ( k1 & 8 excell5t judgm5t4 ,?is di/+ui%$ botani/ publi%$ 8 ,introductory ,essay to ! ,flora ( ,au/ralia 9 ,decemb] #ahei1 ! ye> aft] ! memoir on ,natural ,selection 0 communicat$ to ! ,l9naean ,society1 & a mon? aft] ! appe>ance ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,hav+1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 ext5sive travels1 /udi$ ! botany ( arctic1 temp]ate1 & tropical regions1 & writt5 on ! flora ( ,india1 :i* he _h exam9$ at all heights above ! sea f ! pla9s ( ,b5gal to ! limits ( p]petual sn[ 9 ! ,himalaya1 & hav+ specially devot$ 8 att5tion to geographical v>ieties1 or ^? *anges ( "* :i* plants exhibit :5 trac$ ov] wide areas & se5 "u new conditions2 be+ also practically v]s$ 9 ! description & classification ( new plants1 f v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 & hav+ be5 call$ ^u c>efully to consid] ! claims ( ?\s&s ( v>ieties to rank z species1 no "o 0 bett] qualifi$ by obs]vation & reflection to give an au?oritative op9ion on ! "q1 :e!r ! pres5t vegetation ( ! globe is or is n 9 accordance ) ! !ory :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 has propos$4 ,we _c b feel1 !re=e1 deeply int]e/$ :5 we f9d him mak+ ! foll[+ decl>ation3 ,! mutual relations ( ! plants ( ea* great botanical prov9ce1 &1 9 fact1 ( ! _w g5]ally1 is j su* z w\ld h result$ if v>iation _h gone on op]at+ ?r\gh\t indef9ite p]iods1 9 ! same mann] z we see x act 9 a limit$ numb] ( c5turies1 s z gradually to give rise 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 to ! mo/ widely div]g5t =ms4 ,9 ! same essay1 ?is au?or rem>ks1 ,! elem5t ( mutability p]vades ! :ole ,vegetable ,k+dom2 no class1 nor ord]1 nor g5us ( m ?an a few species claims absolute exemption f x1 :il/ ! gr& total ( un/able =ms1 g5]ally assum$ to be species1 probably exce$s t ( ! /able4 ,yet he cont5ds t species are nei!r vision>y1 nor ev5 arbitr>y creations ( ! naturali/1 b realities1 ?\gh !y may n rema9 true = ev]4 ,! majority ( !m1 he rem>ks1 are s f> con/ant1 )9 ! range ( our exp]i5ce1 & _! =ms & *>act]s s fai?fully h&$ d[n ?r\gh ?\s&s ( g5]ations1 t !y admit ( be+ treat$ z if !y 7 p]man5t & immutable4 ,b ! range ( our exp]i5ce is s limit$1 t x w n acc\nt = a s+le fact 9 ! pres5t geographical di/ribution1 or orig9 ( any "o species ( plant1 nor = ! am\nt ( v>iation x has und]gone1 nor w x indicate ! "t :5 x fir/ appe>$1 nor ! =m x _h :5 creat$499 799 ,hook]1 ,introductory ,essay to ! ,flora ( ,au/ralia47 ,to :at an ext5t ! limits ( species are indef9able1 is ev9c$1 he says1 by ! s+ul> fact t1 among ^? botani/s :o believe !m to be immutable1 ! numb] ( fl[]+ plants is by "s assum$ to be #hj1jjj1 & by o!rs ov] #aej1jjj4 ,! g5]al limitation ( species to c]ta9 areas sugge/s ! idea t ea* ( !m1 ) all _! v>ieties1 h sprung f a common p>5t & h spread 9 v>i\s directions f a common c5tre4 ,! frequ5cy also ( ! gr\p+ ( g5]a )9 c]ta9 geographical limits is 9 fav\r ( ! same law1 al?\gh ! migration ( species may sometimes cause app>5t exceptions to ! rule & make ! same types appe> to h orig9at$ indep5d5tly at diff]5t spots499 799 ,ibid4 page #ac47 ,c]ta9 g5]a ( plants1 :i*1 l ! brambles1 roses1 & will[s 9 ,europe1 consi/ ( a cont9u\s s]ies ( v>ieties betwe5 ! t]ms ( :i* no int]m$iate =ms c be int]calat$1 may be suppos$ to be new] types & on ! increase1 & !re=e und]go+ mu* v>iation2 :]eas g5]a :i* pres5t no su* p]plex+ gradations may be ( old] date & may h be5 los+ species & v>ieties by ext9ction4 ,9 ?is case1 ! annihilation ( int]m$iate =ms :i* once exi/$ makes x an easy task to di/+ui% ^? :i* rema94 ,x _h usually be5 suppos$ by ! advocates ( ! immutability ( species t dome/icat$ races1 if all[$ to run wild1 always rev]t to _! p>5t type4 ,mr4 ,wallace _h said 9 reply t a dome/icat$ species1 if x loses ! protection ( ,man1 c only /& its gr\nd 9 a wild /ate by resum+ ^? habits & recov]+ ^? attributes :i* x may h lo/ :5 "u dome/ication4 ,if ^! faculties are s mu* enfeebl$ z to be irrecov]able x w p]i%2 if n & if x c adapt itself to ! surr\nd+ conditions1 x w rev]t to ! /ate 9 :i* ,man fir/ f\nd x3 = 9 "o1 two1 or ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 :i* may h elaps$ s9ce x 0 orig9ally tam$1 !re w n h be5 "t = su* geographical1 climatal1 & organic *anges z w\ld only be suit$ to a new race or a new & alli$ species4 ,b 9 reg>d to plants ,dr4 ,hook] que/ions ! fact ( rev]sion4 ,accord+ to him1 species 9 g5]al d n readily v>y1 b :5 !y once beg9 to d s ! new v>ieties1 z e horticulturi/ kn[s1 %[ a great incl9ation to g on dep>t+ m & m f ! old /ock4 ,z ! be/ m>k$ v>ieties ( a wild species occur on ! conf9es ( ! area :i* x inhabits1 s ! be/ m>k$ v>ieties ( a cultivat$ plant are ^? la/ produc$ by ! g>d5]4 ,cabbages1 = example1 wall fruits1 & c]eal1 %[ no disposition1 :5 neglect$1 to assume ! *>act]s ( ! wild /ates ( ^! plants4 ,h5ce ! difficulty ( det]m9+ :at are ! true p>5t species ( mo/ ( our cultivat$ plants4 ,?us ! f9] k9ds ( apples1 if gr[n f se$1 deg5]ate & become crabs1 b 9 s do+ !y d n rev]t to ! orig9al wild crab-apple1 b become crab /ates ( ! v>ieties to :i* !y belong499 799 ,introductory ,essay to ! ,flora ( ,au/ralia page #i47 ,x w\ld lead me into too long a digression 7 ,i to attempt to give a full] analysis ( ?is admirable essay2 b ,i may add t none ( ! obs]vations are m 9 po9t1 z be>+ on ! doctr9e ( :at ,hook] t]ms creation by v>iation1 ?an ! great ext5t to :i* ! int]nal *>act]s & prop]ties ( plants1 or _! physiological con/itution1 are capable ( be+ modifi$1 :ile !y exhibit ext]nally no visible dep>ture f ! normal =m4 ,?us1 9 "o region a species may possess peculi> m$ic9al qualities :i* x wants 9 ano!r1 or x may be h>di] & bett] able to resi/ cold4 ,! av]age range 9 altitude1 says ,hook]1 ( ea* species ( fl[]+ plant 9 ! ,himalayan ,m\nta9s1 :e!r 9 ! tropical1 temp]ate1 or ,alp9e region1 is #djjj feet1 :i* is equival5t to twelve degrees ( iso!rmals ( latitude4 ,if an individual ( any ( ^! species be tak5 f ! upp] limits ( its range & c>ri$ to ,engl&1 x is f\nd to be bett] able to /& our climate ?an ^? f ! l[] or w>m] /ations4 ,:5 sev]al ( ^! int]nal or physiological modifications are accompani$ by v>iation 9 size1 habits ( gr[?1 col\r ( ! fl[]s1 & o!r ext]nal *>act]s1 & ^! are f\nd to be con/ant 9 successive g5]ations1 botani/s may well beg9 to diff] 9 op9ion z to :e!r !y ought to reg>d !m z di/9ct species or n4 ,,alt]nation ,,( ,,g5]ations4 ,hi!rto1 no rival hypo!sis has be5 propos$ z a sub/itute = ! doctr9e ( transmutation2 = :at we t]m indep5d5t creation1 or ! direct int]v5tion ( ! ,supreme ,cause1 mu/ simply be consid]$ z an av[al t we deem ! "q to lie beyond ! doma9 ( sci5ce4 ,! discov]y by ,/e5/rup ( alt]nate g5]ation enl>ges our views ( ! range ( metamorphosis ?r\gh :i* a species may pass1 s t "s ( its /ages 7z :5 a ,s]tul>ia & a ,m$usa int]*ange7 deviate s f> f o!rs z to h be5 ref]r$ by able zoologi/s to di/9ct g5]a1 or ev5 families4 ,b 9 all ^! cases ! organism1 aft] runn+ ?r\gh a c]ta9 cycle ( *ange1 returns to ! exact po9t f :i* x set out1 & no new =m or species is !reby introduc$ into ! _w4 ,! only second>y cause !re=e :i* has z yet be5 ev5 conjecturally br\ght =w>d1 to expla9 h[ 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature a new specific =m may be g5]at$ is1 z ,lam>ck decl>$1 v>iation1 & ?is has be5 r5d]$ a f> m probable hypo!sis by ! way 9 :i* natural selection is %[n to give int5sity & p]man5cy to c]ta9 v>ieties4 ,,indep5d5t ,,creation4 ,:5 ,i =m]ly advocat$ ! doctr9e t species 7 primordial creations & n d]ivative1 ,i endeav\r$ to expla9 ! mann] ( _! geographical di/ribution1 & ! aff9ity ( liv+ =ms to ! fossil types ne>e/ ak9 to !m 9 ! ,t]ti>y /rata ( ! same "p ( ! globe1 by suppos+ t ! creative p[]1 :i* orig9ally adapts c]ta9 types to aquatic & o!rs to t]re/rial conditions1 has at successive geological epo*s introduc$ new =ms be/ suit$ to ea* area & climate1 s z to fill ! places ( ^? :i* may h di$ out4 ,9 t case1 al?\gh ! new species w\ld diff] f ! old 7= ^! w\ld n be reviv$1 hav+ be5 already prov$ by ! fact ( _! ext9ction to be incapable ( hold+ _! gr\nd71 /ill !y w\ld resemble _! pr$ecessors g5]ically4 ,=1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 /ates 9 reg>d to new races1 ^? ( a dom9ant type inh]it ! advantages :i* made _! p>5t species fl\ri% 9 ! same c\ntry1 & !y likewise p>take 9 ^? g5]al advantages :i* made ! g5us to :i* ! p>5t species belong$ a l>ge g5us 9 its own c\ntry4 ,we might !re=e1 by p>ity ( reason+1 h anticipat$ t ! creative p[]1 adapt+ ! new types to ! new comb9ation ( organic & inorganic conditions ( a giv5 region1 su* z its soil1 climate1 & inhabitants1 w\ld introduce new modifications ( ! old types--m>supials1 = example1 9 ,au/ralia1 new slo?s & armadilloes 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 new hea?s at ! ,cape1 new roses 9 ! nor!rn & new calceol>ias 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,b to ?is l9e ( argum5t ,mr4 ,d>w9 & ,dr4 ,hook] reply t :5 animals or plants migrate into new c\ntries1 :e!r assi/$ by man or )\t 8 aid1 ! mo/ successful colonis]s app]ta9 by no means to ^? types :i* are mo/ alli$ to ! old indig5\s species4 ,on ! contr>y x m frequ5tly happ5s t memb]s ( g5]a1 ord]s1 or ev5 classes1 di/9ct & =eign to ! invad$ c\ntry1 make _! way mo/ rapidly & become dom9ant at ! exp5se ( ! endemic species4 ,su* is ! case ) ! plac5tal quadrup$s 9 ,au/ralia1 & ) horses & _m =eign plants 9 ! pampas ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & numb]less in/ances 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & else:]e :i* might easily be enum]at$4 ,h5ce ! transmutationi/s inf] t ! reason :y ^! =eign types1 s peculi>ly fitt$ = ^! regions1 h nev] be=e be5 develop$ !re is simply t !y 7 exclud$ by natural b>ri]s4 ,b ^! b>ri]s ( sea or des]t or m\nta9 c\ld nev] h be5 ( ! lea/ avail _h ! creative =ce act$ indep5d5tly ( mat]ial laws or _h x n pleas$ ! ,au?or ( ,nature t ! orig9 ( new species %\ld be gov]n$ by "s second>y causes analog\s to ^? :i* we see preside ov] ! appe>ance ( new v>ieties1 :i* nev] appe> except z ! (fspr+ ( a p>5t /ock v closely resembl+ !m4 ,,*apt] #bb4 -- ,,objections ,,to ,,! ,,hypo!sis ,,( ,,transmutation ,,consid]$4 ,/atem5t ( ,objections to ! ,hypo!sis ( ,transmutation f\nd$ on ! ,abs5ce ( ,int]m$iate ,=ms4 ,g5]a ( :i* ! ,species are closely alli$4 ,occasional ,discov]y ( ! miss+ ,l9ks 9 a ,fossil ,/ate4 ,davidson's ,monograph on ! ,bra*iopoda4 ,:y ! ,gradational ,=ms1 :5 f\nd1 are n accept$ z ,evid5ce ( ,transmutation4 ,gaps caus$ by ,ext9ction ( ,races & ,species4 ,va/ ,t]ti>y ,p]iods dur+ :i* ?is ,ext9ction has be5 go+ on 9 ! ,fauna & ,flora n[ exi/+4 ,g5ealogical ,bond betwe5 ,mioc5e & ,rec5t ,plants & ,insects4 ,fossils ( ,o5+54 ,species ( ,insects 9 ,brita9 & ,nor? ,am]ica repres5t$ by di/9ct ,v>ieties4 ,falcon]'s ,monograph on liv+ & fossil ,elephants4 ,fossil ,species & ,g5]a ( ! ,horse ,tribe 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,relation ( ! ,plioc5e ,mammalia ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,asia1 & ,europe4 ,species ( ,mammalia1 ?\gh less p]si/5t ?an ! ,mollusca1 *ange sl[ly4 ,argum5ts = & aga9/ ,transmutation d]iv$ f ! ,abs5ce ( ,mammalia 9 ,isl&s4 ,imp]fection ( ! ,geological ,record4 ,int]calation ( newly discov]$ ,=mation ( int]m$iate ,age 9 ! *ronological ,s]ies4 ,ref]5ce ( ! ,/4 ,cassian ,b$s to ! ,triassic ,p]iods4 ,discov]y ( new organic ,types4 ,fea!r$ ,ar*aeopt]yx ( ! ,oolite4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,transmutation--,,abs5ce ,,( ,,int]m$iate ,,l9ks4 ,! mo/ obvi\s & popul> ( ! objections urg$ aga9/ ! !ory ( transmutation may be ?us express$3 ,if ! ext9ct species ( plants & animals ( ! lat] geological p]iods 7 ! prog5itors ( ! liv+ species1 & gave orig9 to !m by v>iation & natural selection1 :]e are all ! int]m$iate =ms1 fossil & liv+1 ?r\gh :i* ! lo/ types mu/ h pass$ dur+ _! conv]sion into ! liv+ ones8 ,& :y d we n f9d almo/ ev]y:]e passages betwe5 ! ne>e/ alli$ species & g5]a1 in/ead ( su* /rong l9es ( dem>cation & (t5 wide int]v5+ gaps8 ,we may consid] ?is objection "u two heads3-- ,fir/4 ,to :at ext5t are ! gradational l9ks really want+ 9 ! liv+ creation or 9 ! fossil _w1 & h[ f> may we expect to discov] su* z are miss+ by future rese>*8 ,secondly4 ,are ! gaps m num]\s ?an we ought to anticipate1 all[+ = ! orig9al defective /ate ( ! geological records1 _! subsequ5t dilapidation & our slight acqua9tance ) su* p>ts ( !m z are extant1 & all[+ also = ! rate ( ext9ction ( races & species n[ go+ on1 & :i* has be5 go+ on s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod8 ,fir/4 ,z to ! alleg$ abs5ce ( int]m$iate v>ieties connect+ "o species ) ano!r1 e zoologi/ & botani/ :o has engag$ 9 ! task ( classification has be5 occasionally ?r[n into ?is dilemma--if ,i make m ?an "o species 9 ?is gr\p1 ,i mu/1 to be consi/5t1 make a great _m4 ,ev5 9 a limit$ region l ! ,briti% ,isles ?is emb>rassm5t is cont9ually felt4 ,sc>cely any two botani/s1 = example1 c agree z to ! numb] ( roses1 /ill less z to h[ _m species ( bramble we possess4 ,( ! latt] g5us1 ,rubus1 !re is "o set ( =ms respect+ :i* x is /ill a "q :e!r x ought to be reg>d$ z con/itut+ ?ree species or ?irty-sev54 ,mr4 ,b5?am adopts ! fir/ alt]native & ,mr4 ,bab+ton ! second1 9 _! well-kn[n treatises on ,briti% plants4 ,we le>n f ,dr4 ,hook] t at ! antipodes1 bo? 9 ,new ,zeal& & ,au/ralia1 ?is same g5us ,rubus is repres5t$ by sev]al species ri* 9 individuals & rem>kable = _! v>iability4 ,:5 we consid] h[1 z we ext5d our k ( ! same plant ov] a wid] area1 new geographical v>ieties commonly pres5t !mselves1 & !n endeav\r to imag9e ! numb] ( =ms ( ! g5us ,rubus :i* may n[ exi/1 or probably h exi/$1 9 ,europe & 9 regions int]v5+ betwe5 ,europe & ,au/ralia1 compreh5d+ all :i* may h fl\ri%$ 9 ,t]ti>y & ,po/-,t]ti>y p]iods1 we %all p]ceive h[ little /ress %\ld be laid on argum5ts f\nd$ on ! assum$ abs5ce ( miss+ l9ks 9 ! flora z x n[ exi/s4 ,if 9 ! battle ( life ! competition is ke5e/ betwe5 closely alli$ v>ieties & species1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 cont5ds1 _m =ms c nev] be ( long duration1 nor h a wide range1 & ^! mu/ (t5 pass away )\t leav+ beh9d !m any fossil memorials4 ,9 ?is mann] we may acc\nt = _m breaks 9 ! s]ies :i* no future rese>*es w ev] fill up4 ,,davidson ,,on ,,fossil ,,bra*iopoda4 ,x is f fossil con*ology m ?an f any o!r dep>tm5t ( ! organic _w t we may hope to d]ive traces ( a transition f c]ta9 types to o!rs1 & fossil memorials ( all ! int]m$iate %ades ( =m4 ,we may especially hope to ga9 ?is in=mation f ! /udy ( "s ( ! l[] gr\ps1 su* z ! ,bra*iopoda1 :i* are p]si/5t 9 type1 s t ! ?read ( our inquiry is less likely to be int]rupt$ by breaks 9 ! sequ5ce ( ! fossilif]\s rocks4 ,! spl5did monograph j conclud$ by ,mr4 ,davidson on ! ,briti% ,bra*iopoda1 illu/rates1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! t5d5cy ( c]ta9 g5]ic =ms 9 ?is division ( ! mollusca to be p]si/5t ?r\gh\t ! :ole range ( geological "t yet kn[n to u2 = ! f\r g5]a1 ,rhyn*onella1 ,crania1 ,disc9a1 & ,l+ula1 h be5 trac$ ?r\gh ! ,silurian1 ,devonian1 ,c>bonif]\s1 ,p]mian1 ,jurassic1 ,cretace\s1 ,t]ti>y1 & ,rec5t p]iods1 & /ill reta9 9 ! exi/+ seas ! id5tical %ape & "* :i* !y exhibit$ 9 ! e>lie/ =mations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 o!r ,bra*iopoda h gone ?r\gh 9 %ort] p]iods a va/ s]ies ( trans=mations1 s t di/9ct specific & ev5 g5]ic names h be5 giv5 to ! same v>y+ =m1 accord+ to ! diff]5t aspects & *>act]s x has put on 9 successive sets ( /rata4 ,9 proportion z mat]ials ( comp>ison h accumulat$1 ! necessity ( unit+ species previ\sly reg>d$ z di/9ct "u "o d5om9ation has become m & m app>5t4 ,mr4 ,davidson1 accord+ly1 aft] /udy+ n less ?an #bfj reput$ species f ! ,briti% ,c>bonif]\s rocks1 has be5 oblig$ to r$uce t numb] to #ajj1 to :i* he has add$ #bj species ei!r entirely new or new to ! ,briti% /rata2 b he decl>es 8 conviction t1 :5 our k ( ^! #abj ,bra*iopoda is m complete1 a fur!r r$uction ( species w take place4 ,speak+ ( "o ( ^! =ms1 :i* he calls ,spirif] trigonalis1 he says t x is s dissimil> to ano!r extreme ( ! s]ies1 ,s4 crassa1 t 9 ! fir/ "p ( 8 memoir 7publi%$ "s t5 ye>s ago7 he describ$ !m z di/9ct1 & ! idea ( conf\nd+ !m toge!r mu/1 he admits1 appe> absurd to ^? :o h nev] se5 ! int]m$iate l9ks1 su* z are pres5t$ by ,s4 bisulcata1 & at lea/ f\r o!rs ) _! v>ieties1 mo/ ( !m %ells =m]ly recognis$ z di/9ct by ! mo/ em95t palaeontologi/s1 b respect+ :i* ^! same au?orities n[ agree ) ,mr4 ,davidson 9 unit+ !m into "o species499 799 ,monograph on ,briti% ,bra*iopoda ,palaeontographical ,society page #bbb47 ,! same species has sometimes cont9u$ to exi/ "u slightly modifi$ =ms ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! ,ordovician & ,silurian z well z ! entire ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s p]iods1 z 9 ! case ( ! %ell g5]ally kn[n z ,lepta5a rhomboidalis1 ,wahl5b]g4 ,no less ?an fifte5 commonly receiv$ species are demon/rat$ by ,mr4 ,davidson by ! aid ( a long s]ies ( transitional =ms1 to app]ta9 to ?is "o type2 & x is ackn[l$g$ by "s ( ! be/ writ]s t !y 7 induc$ on purely !oretical gr\nds to give di/9ct names to "s ( ! v>ieties n[ suppress$1 m]ely because !y f\nd !m 9 rocks s widely remote 9 "t t !y deem$ x contr>y to analogy to suppose t ! same species c\ld h endur$ s long3 a fallaci\s mode ( reason+1 analog\s to t :i* leads "s zoologi/s & botani/s to di/+ui% by specific names slight v>ieties ( liv+ plants & animals met ) 9 v remote c\ntries1 z 9 ,europe & ,au/ralia1 = example2 x be+ assum$ t ea* species has _h a s+le bir?place or area ( creation1 & t !y c\ld n by migration h gone f ! nor!rn to ! s\!rn hemisph]e across ! int]v5+ tropics4 ,examples are also giv5 by ,mr4 ,davidson ( species :i* pass f ! ,devonian into ! ,c>bonif]\s1 & f t aga9 into ! ,p]mian rocks4 ,! va/ longevity ( su* specific =ms has n be5 g5]ally recognis$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! *ange ( names :i* !y h und]gone :5 d]iv$ f su* di/ant =mations1 z :5 ,atrypa unguicul>is assumes1 :5 d]iv$ f a ,c>bonif]\s rock1 ! "n ( ,spirif] ,urei1 besides sev]al o!r synonyms1 & !n1 :5 x rea*es ! ,p]mian p]iod1 takes ! "n ( ,spirif] ,clannyana1 ,k+2 all ( :i* =ms ! au?or ( ! monograph1 n[ "u consid]ation1 ass]ts to be "o & ! same4 ,no geologi/ w d5y t ! di/ance ( "t :i* sep>ates "s ( ! eras above allud$ to1 or ! dates ( ! e>lie/ & late/ appe>ances ( "s ( ! fossils above m5tion$1 mu/ be reckon$ by millions ( ye>s4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,d>w9's views1 x is only by hav+ at our comm& ! records ( su* enorm\s p]iods t we c expect to be able to po9t out ! gradations :i* unite v di/9ct specific =ms4 ,b ! advocate ( transmutation mu/ n be disappo9t$ if1 :5 he has succe$$ 9 obta9+ "s ( ! pro(s :i* he 0 *all5g$ to produce1 !y make no impression on ! m9d ( 8 oppon5t4 ,all t w be conc$$ is t specific v>iation 9 ! ,bra*iopoda1 at lea/1 has a wid] range ?an 0 =m]ly suspect$4 ,s long z sev]al alli$ species 7 br\ght ne>] & ne>] to ea* o!r1 consid]able uneas9ess might h be5 felt z to ! reality ( species 9 g5]al1 b :5 fifte5 or m are once fairly m]g$ 9 "o gr\p1 con/itut+ 9 ! aggregate a s+le species1 "o & indivisible1 & capable ( be+ readily di/+ui%$ f e o!r gr\p at pres5t kn[n1 all misgiv+s are at an end4 ,implicit tru/ 9 ! immutability ( species is !n re/or$1 & ! m ins5sible ! %ades f "o extreme to ! o!r1 9 a ^w1 ! m complete ! evid5ce ( transition1 ! m nugatory does ! argum5t d]iv$ f x appe>4 ,x !n simply resolves itself into "o ( ^? exceptional in/ances ( :at is call$ a protean =m4 ,?irty ye>s ago a great ,london deal] 9 %ells1 himself an able naturali/1 told me t !re 0 no?+ he _h s mu* reason to dread1 z t5d+ to depreciate 8 /ock 9 trade1 z ! appe>ance ( a good monograph on "s l>ge g5us ( mollusca2 =1 9 proportion z ! "w 0 execut$ 9 a philosophical _s1 x 0 sure to injure him1 e reput$ species pron\nc$ to be a m]e v>iety becom+ f t "t unsaleable4 ,=tunately1 s mu* progress has s9ce be5 made 9 ,engl& 9 e/imat+ ! true ends & aims ( sci5ce1 t specim5s indicat+ a passage betwe5 =ms usually sep>at$ by wide gaps1 :e!r 9 ! ,rec5t or fossil fauna1 are eag]ly s\ght =1 & (t5 m priz$ ?an ! m]e normal or typical =ms4 ,x is cle> t ! m anci5t ! exi/+ mollusca1 or ! f>!r back into ! pa/ we c trace ! rema9s ( %ells /ill liv+1 ! m easy x becomes to reconcile ) ! doctr9e ( transmutation ! di/9ctness 9 "* ( ! majority ( liv+ species4 ,=1 :at we want is "t1 fir/1 = ! gradual =mation1 & !n = ! ext9ction ( races & alli$ species1 occasion+ gaps betwe5 ! survivors4 ,9 ! ye> #ahcj ,i ann\nc$1 on ! au?ority ( ,m4 ,de%ayes1 t ab\t "o-fif? ( ! mollusca ( ! ,falunian or ,upp] ,mioc5e /rata ( ,europe1 belong$ to liv+ species4 ,al?\gh ! s\ndness ( t conclusion 0 aft]w>ds call$ 9 "q by two or ?ree em95t con*ologi/s 7& by ! late ,m4 ,alcide d',orbigny among o!rs71 x has s9ce be5 confirm$ by ! majority ( liv+ naturali/s & is well borne out by ! copi\s evid5ce on ! subject laid be=e ! public 9 ! magnific5t "w edit$ by ,dr4 ,ho]nes1 & publi%$ "u ! auspices ( ! ,au/rian ,gov]nm5t1 ,on ! ,fossil ,%ells ( ! ,vi5na ,bas94 ,! collection ( ,t]ti>y %ells f :i* ^? descriptions & beautiful figures 7 tak5 is almo/ unexampl$ = ! f9e /ate ( pres]vation ( ! specim5s1 & ! c>e ) :i* all ! v>ieties h be5 comp>$4 ,x is n[ admitt$ t ab\t "o-?ird ( ^! ,mioc5e =ms1 univalves & bivalves includ$1 agree specifically ) liv+ mollusca1 s t mu* m ?an ! enorm\s int]val :i* divides ! ,mioc5e f ! ,rec5t p]iod mu/ be tak5 into our acc\nt :5 we speculate on ! orig9 by transmutation ( ! %ells n[ liv+1 & ! disappe>ance by ext9ction ( int]m$iate v>ieties & species4 ,,mioc5e ,,plants ,,& ,,insects ,,relat$ ,,to ,,rec5t ,,species4 ,geologi/s 7 acqua9t$ ) ab\t ?ree hundr$ species ( m>9e %ells f ! ,falunian /rata on ! banks ( ! ,loire1 be=e !y knew any?+ ( ! contempor>y insects & plants4 ,at l5g?1 z if to w>n u aga9/ inf]r+ f negative evid5ce ! pov]ty ( any anci5t set ( /rata 9 organic rema9s prop] to ! l&1 a ri* flora & entomological fauna 0 sudd5ly reveal$ to u *>act]i/ic ( ,c5tral ,europe dur+ ! ,upp] ,mioc5e p]iod4 ,?is result foll[$ ! det]m9ation ( ! true position ( ! ,o5+5 b$s 9 ,switz]l&1 & ( c]ta9 =mations ( ,br[n ,coal 9 ,g]many4 ,pr(essor ,he]1 :o has describ$ ne>ly five hundr$ species ( fossil plants f ,o5+51 besides _m m f o!r ,mioc5e localities 9 ,switz]l&199 e/imates ! phan]ogam\s species :i* mu/ h fl\ri%$ 9 ,c5tral ,europe at t "t at #cjjj1 & ! insects z hav+ be5 m num]\s 9 ! same proportion z !y n[ exce$ ! plants 9 all latitudes4 799 ,he]1 ,flora t]ti>ia ,helvetiae #ahei2 & ,gaud9's ,fr5* translation1 ) additions1 #ahfa47 ,?is ,european ,mioc5e flora 0 rem>kable = ! prepond]ance ( arboresc5t & %rubby ev]gre5s1 & compris$ _m g5]ic types no long] associat$ toge!r 9 any exi/+ flora or geographical prov9ce4 ,"s g5]a1 = example1 :i* are at pres5t re/rict$ to ,am]ica1 co-exi/$ 9 ,switz]l& ) =ms n[ peculi> to ,asia1 & ) o!rs at pres5t conf9$ to ,au/ralia4 ,pr(essor ,he] has n v5tur$ to id5tify any ( ?is va/ assemblage ( ,mioc5e plants & insects ) liv+ species1 s f> at lea/ z to assign to !m ! same specific names1 b he pres5ts u ) a li/ ( :at he t]ms homolog\s =ms1 :i* are s l ! liv+ ones t he supposes ! "o to h be5 d]iv$ g5ealogically f ! o!rs4 ,he hesitates inde$ z to ! mann] ( ! trans=mation or ! precise nature ( ! relation%ip1 :e!r ! *anges 7 br\ght ab\t by "s influ5ce ex]t$ cont9ually = ages1 or :e!r at "s giv5 mom5t ! old types 7 /ruck ) a new image4 ,among ! homolog\s plants allud$ to are =ty species1 ( :i* bo? ! leaves & fruits are pres]v$1 & ?irty o!rs1 kn[n at pres5t by _! leaves only4 ,9 ! fir/ li/ we f9d _m ,am]ican types1 su* z ! tulip tree 7,liriod5dron71 ! decidu\s cypress 7,taxodium71 ! r$ maple & o!rs1 toge!r ) ,japanese =ms1 su* z a c9namon1 :i* is v abundant4 ,& :at is wor?y ( notice1 "s ( ^! fossils s closely alli$ to liv+ plants occur n only 9 ! ,upp]1 b ev5 "s few ( !m z f> back 9 "t z ! ,l[] ,mioc5e =mations ( ,switz]l& & ,g]many1 :i* are probably z di/ant f ! ,upp] ,mioc5e or ,o5+5 b$s z are ! latt] f our own era4 ,"s ( ! fossil plants to :i* ,pr(essor ,he] has giv5 new names h be5 reg>d$ z ,rec5t species by o!r em95t naturali/s4 ,?us1 "o ( ! trees alli$ to ! elm ,ung] _h call$ ,plan]a ,ri*>di1 a species :i* n[ fl\ri%es 9 ! ,caucasus & ,crete4 ,pr(essor ,he] _h attempt$ to di/+ui% x f ! liv+ tree by ! great] size ( its fruit1 b ?is "* he confess$ did n hold good1 :5 he _h an opportunity 7#ahfa7 ( comp>+ all ! v>ieties ( ! liv+ ,plan]a ,ri*>di :i* ,dr4 ,hook] laid be=e him 9 ! ri* h]b>ium ( ,kew4 ,z to ! homolog\s insects ( ! ,upp] ,mioc5e p]iod 9 ,switz]l&1 we f9d among !m1 m+l$ ) g5]a n[ :olly =eign to ,europe1 "s v famili> =ms1 su* z ! common gl[worm1 ,lampyris noctiluca1 ,l9n41 ! dung-beetle1 ,geotrupes /]cor>ius1 ,l9n41 ! ladybird1 ,cocc9ella septempunctata1 ,l9n41 ! e>-wig1 ,=ficula auricul>ia1 ,l9n41 "s ( our common dragon-flies1 z ,libellula depressa1 ,l9n41 ! honey-bee1 ,apis mellif]a1 ,l9n41 ! cuckoo spittle insect1 ,aphrophora spum>ia1 ,l9n41 & a long catalogue ( o!rs1 to all ( :i* ,pr(essor ,he] _h giv5 new names1 b :i* "s entomologi/s may reg>d z m]e v>ieties until "s /rong] reasons are adduc$ = com+ to a contr>y op9ion4 ,sev]al ( ! insects above enum]at$1 l ! common ladybird1 are well kn[n at pres5t to h a v wide range ov] ne>ly ! :ole ( ! ,old ,_w1 = example1 )\t v>y+1 & might !re=e be expect$ to h be5 p]si/5t ?r\gh\t _m successive *anges ( ! e>?'s surface & climate4 ,yet we may fairly anticipate t ev5 ! mo/ con/ant types w h und]gone "s modifications 9 pass+ f ! ,mioc5e to ! ,rec5t epo*1 s9ce 9 ! =m] p]iod ! geography & climate ( ,europe1 ! height ( ! ,alps1 & ! g5]al fauna & flora 7 s diff]5t f :at !y n[ are4 ,b ! deviation may n exce$ t :i* w\ld g5]ally be express$ by :at is call$ a well-m>k$ v>iety4 ,be=e ,i pass on to ano!r topic1 x may be well to answ] a "q :i* may h occurr$ to ! read]2 h[ x happ5s t we rema9$ s long ignorant ( ! vegetation & insects ( ! ,upp] ,mioc5e p]iod 9 ,europe8 ,! answ] may be in/ructive to ^? :o are 9 ! habit ( und]rat+ ! =m] ri*ness ( ! organic _w :]ev] !y happ5 to h no evid5ce ( its condition4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! ,upp] ,mioc5e insects & plants allud$ to h be5 met ) at ,o5+51 ne> ! ,lake ( ,con/ance1 9 two or ?ree spots emb$d$ 9 ?9ly lam9at$ m>ls1 ! entire ?ickness ( :i* sc>cely exce$s #c or #d feet1 & 9 two qu>ries ( v limit$ dim5sions4 ,! r>e comb9ation ( causes :i* seems to h l$ to ! fai?ful pres]vation ( s _m treasures ( a p]i%able nature 9 s small an area1 appe> to h be5 ! foll[+3 fir/1 a riv] fl[+ into a lake2 secondly1 /orms ( w9d1 by :i* leaves & sometimes ! b\ghs ( trees 7 torn (f & float$ by ! /ream into ! lake2 ?irdly1 mephitic gases ris+ f ! lake1 by :i* insects fly+ ov] its surface 7 occasionally kill$3 & f\r?ly1 a con/ant supply ( c>bonate ( lime 9 solution f m9]al spr+s1 ! calc>e\s matt] :5 precipitat$ to ! bottom m+l+ ) f9e mud & ?us =m+ ! fossilif]\s m>ls4 ,,species ,,( ,,insects ,,9 ,,brita9 ,,& ,,nor? ,,am]ica1 ,,repres5t$ ,,by ,,di/9ct ,,v>ieties4 ,if we comp>e ! liv+ ,briti% insects ) ^? ( ! ,am]ican cont95t1 we frequ5tly f9d t ev5 ^? species :i* are consid]$ to be id5tical1 are nev]!less v>ieties ( ! ,european types4 ,i h notic$ ?is fact :5 speak+ ( ! common ,engli% butt]fly1 ,vanessa atalanta1 or r$ admiral1 :i* ,i saw fly+ ab\t ! woods ( ,alabama 9 mid-w9t]4 ,i 0 unable to detect any diff]5ce myself1 b all ! ,am]ican specim5s :i* ,i took to ! ,briti% ,museum 7 obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,d\bl$ay to exhibit a slight peculi>ity 9 ! col\r+ ( a m9ute "p ( ! ant]ior w+199 a "* fir/ detect$ by ,mr4 ,t4,f4 ,/eph5s1 :o has also discov]$ t simil> slight1 b equally con/ant v>iations1 di/+ui% o!r ,lepidopt]a n[ inhabit+ ! opposite sides ( ! ,atlantic1 insects :i*1 nev]!less1 he & ,mr4 ,we/wood & ! late ,mr4 ,kirby1 h always agre$ to reg>d z m]e v>ieties ( ! same species4 799 ,lyell's ,second ,visit to ! ,unit$ ,/ates volume #b page #bic47 ,mr4 ,t4,v4 ,wolla/on1 9 treat+ ( ! v>iation ( insects 9 m>itime situations & small isl&s1 has %[n h[ ! col\r1 gr[? ( ! w+s1 & _m o!r *>act]s1 und]go modification "u ! influ5ce ( local conditions1 cont9u$ = long p]iods ( "t299 & ,mr4 ,br[n has lately call$ our att5tion to ! fact t ! insects ( ! ,%etl& ,isles pres5t slight deviations f ! correspond+ types occurr+ 9 ,great ,brita91 b f> less m>k$ ?an ^? :i* di/+ui% ! ,am]ican f ! ,european v>ieties49999 ,9 ! case ( ,%etl&1 ,mr4 ,br[n rem>ks1 a l& communication may well be suppos$ to h prevail$ ) ,scotl& at a m mod]n era ?an t betwe5 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,9 fact1 we h se5 t ,%etl& c h>dly fail to h be5 unit$ ) ,scotl& aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! glacial p]iod 7see map1 ,figure #da72 :]eas a communication betwe5 ! nor? ( ,europe by ,icel& & ,gre5l& 7:i*1 z be=e /at$1 once enjoy$ a g5ial climate7 mu/ h be5 ant]ior to ! glacial epo*4 ,a mu* l>g] isolation1 & ! impossibility ( v>ieties =m$ 9 ! two sep>at$ areas cross+ ) ea* o!r1 w\ld acc\nt1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory1 = ! mu* wid] div]g5ce obs]v$ 9 ! specific types ( ! two regions4 799 ,wolla/on1 ,on ! ,v>iation ( ,species etc4 ,london #ahef47 79999 ,transactions ( ,nor!rn ,entomological ,society #ahfb47 ,! read] w rememb] t at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,glacial p]iod !re 0 sc>cely any appreciable diff]5ce betwe5 ! mollusc\s fauna & t n[ liv+4 ,:5 !re=e ! ev5ts ( ! ,glacial p]iod1 z describ$ 9 ! e>li] "p ( ?is volume1 are duly pond]$ on1 & :5 we reflect t 9 ! ,upp] ,mioc5e p]iod ! liv+ species ( mollusca con/itute only "o-?ird ( ! :ole fauna1 we see cle>ly by h[ high a figure we mu/ multiply ! "t 9 ord] to express ! di/ance betwe5 ! ,mioc5e p]iod & our own days4 ,,species ,,( ,,mammalia ,,rec5t ,,& ,,fossil--,,proboscidians4 ,b x may p]haps be said t ! mammalia af=d m conspicu\s examples ?an d ! mollusca1 insects1 or plants ( ! wide gaps :i* sep>ate species & g5]a1 & t if 9 ?is high] class su* a multitude ( transitional =ms _h ev] exi/$ z w\ld be requir$ to unite ! ,t]ti>y & ,rec5t species into "o s]ies or net-"w ( alli$ or transitional =ms1 !y c\ld n s entirely h escap$ obs]vation :e!r 9 ! fossil or liv+ fauna4 ,a zoologi/ :o ent]ta9s su* an op9ion w\ld d well to devote himself to ! /udy ( "s "o g5us ( mammalia1 su* z ! elephant1 rh9oc]os1 hippopotamus1 be>1 horse1 ox1 or de]2 & aft] collect+ all ! mat]ials he c get toge!r respect+ ! ext9ct & ,rec5t species1 decide = himself :e!r ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce ju/ifies 8 assum+ t ! *a9 c\ld nev] h be5 cont9u\s1 ! numb] ( ! miss+ l9ks be+ s great4 ,among ! ext9ct species =m]ly contempor>y ) man1 no fossil quadrup$ has s (t5 be5 allud$ to 9 ?is "w z ! mammo?1 ,elephas primig5ius4 ,f a monograph on ! proboscidians by ,dr4 ,falcon]1 x appe>s t ?is species repres5ts "o extreme ( a type ( :i* ! ,plioc5e ,ma/odon borsoni repres5ts ! o!r4 ,betwe5 ^! extremes !re are already enum]at$ by ,dr4 ,falcon] no less ?an tw5ty-six species1 "s ( !m rang+ z f> back 9 "t z ! ,mioc5e p]iod1 o!rs /ill liv+1 l ! ,indian & ,african =ms4 ,two ( ^! species1 h[ev]1 he has always consid]$ z d\btful1 ,/egodon ganesa1 probably a m]e v>iety ( "o ( ! o!rs1 & ,elephas priscus ( ,goldfuss1 f\nd$ p>tly on specim5s ( ! ,african elephant1 assum$ by mi/ake to be fossil1 & p>tly on "s ab]rant =ms ( ,e4 antiquus4 ,! fir/ effect ( ! int]calation ( s _m int]m$iate =ms betwe5 ! two mo/ div]g5t types1 has be5 to break d[n almo/ entirely ! g5]ic di/9ction betwe5 ,ma/odon & ,elephas4 ,dr4 ,falcon]1 inde$1 obs]ves t ,/egodon 7"o ( sev]al subg5]a :i* he has f\nd$7 con/itutes an int]m$iate gr\p1 f :i* ! o!r species div]ge ?r\gh _! d5tal *>act]s1 on ! "o side into ! ma/odons1 & on ! o!r into ! ,elephants499 799 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society volume #ac #aheg page #cad47 ,! next result is to dim9i% ! di/ance betwe5 ! sev]al memb]s ( ea* ( ^! gr\ps4 ,dr4 ,falcon] has discov]$ t no less ?an f\r species ( elephant 7 =m]ly conf\nd$ toge!r "u ! title ( ,elephas primig5ius1 :5ce its suppos$ ubiquity 9 ,plei/oc5e times1 or its wide range ov] half ! habitable globe4 ,b ev5 :5 ?is =m has be5 ?us re/rict$ 9 its specific *>act]s1 x has /ill its geographical v>ieties2 = ! mammo?'s tee? br\ght f ,am]ica may 9 mo/ in/ances1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,falcon]1 be di/+ui%$ f ^? prop] to ,europe4 ,on ?is ,am]ican v>iety ,dr4 ,leidy has conf]r$ ! "n ( ,e4 am]icanus4 ,ano!r race ( ! same mammo? 7z det]m9$ by ,dr4 ,falcon]7 exi/$1 z we h se51 be=e ! ,glacial p]iod1 or at ! "t :5 ! buri$ =e/ ( ,crom] & ! ,norfolk cliffs 0 deposit$2 & ! ,swiss geologi/s h lately f\nd rema9s ( ! mammo? 9 _! c\ntry1 bo? 9 pre-glacial & po/-glacial =mations4 ,s9ce ! publication ( ,dr4 ,falcon]'s monograph1 two o!r species ( elephant1 ,f4 mirificus1 ,leidy1 & ,f4 imp]ator1 h be5 obta9$ f ! ,plioc5e =mations ( ! ,niobr>a ,valley 9 ,nebraska1 "o ( :i*1 h[ev]1 may possibly be f\nd h]eaft] to be ! same z ,e4 columbi1 ,falc4 ,a rem>kable dw>f species also 7,elephas melit5sis7 has be5 discov]$1 belong+1 l ! exi/+ ,e4 africanus1 to ! gr\p ,loxodon4 ,?is species has be5 e/abli%$ by ,dr4 ,falcon] on rema9s f\nd by ,capta9 ,spratt ,r4,n4 9 a cave 9 ,malta499 799 ,proce$+s ( ! ,geological ,society ,london #ahfb47 ,h[ mu* ! difficulty ( discrim9at+ betwe5 ! fossil repres5tatives ( ?is g5us may h]eaft] augm5t1 :5 all ! species ) _! respective geographical v>ieties are kn[n1 may be inf]r$ f ! foll[+ fact--,pr(essor ,h4 ,s*legel1 9 a rec5tly publi%$ memoir1 endeav\rs to %[ t ! liv+ elephant ( ,sumatra agrees ) t ( ,ceylon1 b is a di/9ct species f t ( ,cont95tal ,india1 be+ di/+ui%able by ! numb] ( its dorsal v]tebrae & ribs1 ! =m ( its tee?1 & o!r *>act]i/ics499 799 ,s*legel1 ,natural ,hi/ory ,review ,numb] #e #ahfb page #gb47 ,dr4 ,falcon]1 on ! o!r h&1 consid]s ^! two liv+ species z m]e geographical v>ieties1 ! *>act]s ref]r$ to n be+ con/ant1 z he has asc]ta9$1 on comp>+ diff]5t individuals ( ,e4 indicus 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,b5gal 9 :i* ! ribs v>y f n9ete5 to tw5ty1 & diff]5t v>ieties ( ,e4 africanus 9 :i* !y v>y f tw5ty to tw5ty-"o4 ,an inquiry into ! v>i\s species ( ! g5us ,rh9oc]os1 rec5t & fossil1 has l$ ,dr4 ,falcon] to analog\s results1 z might be inf]r$ f :at 0 said 9 ,*apt] #aj1 & z a =?com+ memoir by ! same writ] w soon m fully demon/rate4 ,among ! fossils br\ght 9 #aheh by ,mr4 ,hayd5 f ! ,niobr>a ,valley1 ,dr4 ,leidy describes a rh9oc]os s l ! ,asiatic species1 ,r4 indicus1 t he at fir/ ref]r$ x to ! same1 &1 :at is mo/ s+ul>1 he rem>ks g5]ally ( ! ,plioc5e fauna ( t "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica t x is f> m relat$ 9 "* to ! ,plei/oc5e & ,rec5t fauna ( ,europe ?an to t n[ inhabit+ ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,x seems inde$ m & m evid5t t :5 we speculate 9 future on ! p$igree ( any ext9ct quadrup$ :i* ab\nds 9 ! drift or cav]ns ( ,europe1 we %all h to look to ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica z a pr9cipal s\rce ( in=mation4 ,?irty ye>s ago1 if we _h be5 se>*+ = fossil types :i* might fill up a gap betwe5 two species or g5]a ( ! horse tribe 7or great family ( ! ,solip$es71 we might h ?\ght x suffici5t to h got toge!r z ample mat]ials z we c\ld obta9 f ! cont95ts ( ,europe1 ,africa1 & ,asia4 ,we might h presum$ t z no liv+ repres5tative ( ! equ9e family1 :e!r horse1 ass1 zebra1 or quagga1 _h be5 furni%$ by ,nor? or ,s\? ,am]ica :5 ^? regions 7 fir/ explor$ by ,europeans1 a se>* 9 ! transatlantic _w = fossil species might be disp5s$ )4 ,b h[ diff]5t is ! prospect n[ op5+ be=e u6 ,mr4 ,d>w9 fir/ detect$ ! rema9s ( a fossil horse dur+ 8 visit to ,s\? ,am]ica1 s9ce :i* two o!r species h be5 met ) on ! same cont95t1 :ile 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 ! valley ( ! ,nebraska alone1 ,mr4 ,hayd51 besides a species n di/+ui%able f ! dome/ic horse1 has obta9$1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,leidy1 repres5tatives ( five o!r fossil g5]a ( ,solip$es4 ,^! he names1 ,hipp>ion1 ,protohippus1 ,m]y*ippus1 ,hypohippus1 & ,p>ahippus4 ,on ! :ole1 no less ?an twelve equ9e species1 belong+ to sev5 g5]a 7includ+ ! ,mioc5e ,an*i!rium ( ,nebraska71 be+ already detect$ 9 ! ,t]ti>y & ,po/-,t]ti>y =mations ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates499 799 ,proce$+s ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ce ,philadelphia = #aheh page #hi47 ,pr(essors ,ung]99 & ,he]9999 h advocat$1 on botanical gr\nds1 ! =m] exi/5ce ( an ,atlantic cont95t dur+ "s "p ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 z af=d+ ! only plausible explanation t c be imag9$1 ( ! analogy betwe5 ! ,mioc5e flora ( ,c5tral ,europe & ! exi/+ flora ( ,ea/]n ,am]ica4 ,pr(essor ,oliv]1 on ! o!r h&1 aft] %[+ h[ _m ( ! ,am]ican types f\nd fossil 9 ,europe are common to ,japan1 incl9es to ! !ory1 fir/ advanc$ by ,dr4 ,asa ,gray1 t ! migration ( species1 to :i* ! community ( types 9 ! ea/]n /ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica & ! ,mioc5e flora ( ,europe is due1 took place :5 !re 0 an ov]l& communication f ,am]ica to ea/]n ,asia betwe5 ! fiftie? & sixtie? p>allels ( latitude1 or s\? ( ,behr+ ,/raits1 foll[+ ! direction ( ! ,aleutian isl&s4999999 ,by ?is c\rse !y may h made _! way1 at any epo*1 ,mioc5e1 ,plioc5e1 or ,plei/oc5e1 antec$5tly to ! glacial epo*1 to ,mongolia1 on ! ea/ coa/ ( nor!rn ,asia4 799 ,die v]sunk5e ,insel ,atlantis47 79999 ,flora t]ti>ia ,helvetiae47 7999999 ,oliv]1 ,lecture at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 ,m>* #g1 #ahfb47 ,we h already se5 t a l>ge proportion ( ! liv+ quadrup$s ( ,mongolia 7#cd out ( #dh7 are specifically id5tical ) ^? at pres5t inhabit+ ! cont95t ( ,we/]n ,europe & ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,a monograph on ! hippopotamus1 be>1 ox1 /ag1 or any o!r g5us ( mammalia common 9 ! ,european drift or cav]ns1 might equally well illu/rate ! defective /ate ( ! mat]ials at pres5t at our comm&4 ,we are r>ely 9 possession ( "o p]fect skeleton ( any ext9ct species1 /ill less ( skeletons ( bo? sexes1 & ( diff]5t ages4 ,we usually "k no?+ ( ! geographical v>ieties ( ! ,plei/oc5e & ,plioc5e species1 lea/ ( all1 ^? successive *anges ( =m :i* !y mu/ h und]gone 9 ! preglacial epo* betwe5 ! ,upp] ,mioc5e & ,plei/oc5e eras4 ,su* be+ ! pov]ty ( our palaeontological data1 we _c wond] t o/eologi/s are at v>iance z to :e!r c]ta9 rema9s f\nd 9 cav]ns are ( ! same species z ^? n[ liv+2 :e!r1 = example1 ! ,talpa fossilis is really ! common mole1 ! ,meles morr5i ! common badg]1 ,lutra antiqua ! ott] ( ,europe1 ,sciurus priscus ! squirrel1 ,arctomys primig5ia ! m>mot1 ,myoxus fossilis ! dorm\se1 ,s*m]l+'s ,felis engih\l5sis ! ,european lynx1 or :e!r ,ursus spelaeus & ,ursus priscus are n ext9ct races ( ! liv+ br[n be> 7,ursus arctos74 ,if at "s future p]iod all ! above-m5tion$ species %\ld be unit$ ) _! alli$ cong5]s1 x _c fail to enl>ge our conception ( ! modifications :i* a species is capable ( und]go+ 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 al?\gh ! same =m may appe> absolutely immutable )9 ! n>r[ range ( our exp]i5ce4 ,,longevity ,,( ,,species ,,9 ,,! ,,mammalia4 ,9 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 9 #ahcc199 ,i /at$ t ! longevity ( species 9 ! class mollusca exce$$ t 9 ! mammalia4 ,x has be5 s9ce f\nd t ?is g5]alisation c be c>ri$ mu* f>!r1 & t 9 fact ! law :i* gov]ns ! *anges 9 organic be+ is su* t ! l[] _! place 9 a graduat$ scale1 or ! simpl] _! /ructure1 ! m p]si/5t are !y 9 =m & organisation4 ,i soon became aw>e ( ! =ce ( ?is rule 9 ! class mollusca1 :5 ,i fir/ attempt$ to calculate ! num]ical proportion ( ,rec5t species 9 ! ,new] ,plioc5e =mations z comp>$ to ! ,old] ,plioc5e1 & ( !m aga9 z contra/$ ) ! ,mioc5e2 = x appe>$ inv>iably t a great] numb] ( ! lamellibran*s c\ld be id5tifi$ ) liv+ species ?an ( ! ga/]opods1 & ( ^! la/ a great] numb] 9 ! l[] division1 t ( entire-m\!d univalves1 ?an 9 t ( ! siphonat$4 ,9 :atev] mann] ! *anges h be5 br\ght ab\t1 :e!r by v>iation & natural selection1 or by any o!r causes1 ! rate ( *ange has be5 great] :]e ! grade ( organisation is high]4 799 #a/ edition volume #c pages #dh & #adj47 ,x is only1 !re=e1 :]e !re is a full repres5tation ( all ! pr9cipal ord]s ( mollusca1 or :5 we comp>e ^? ( correspond+ grade1 t we c fully rely on ! p]c5tage te/1 or on ! proportion ( ,rec5t to ext9ct species z indicat+ ! relation ( two gr\ps to ! exi/+ fauna4 ,! =am9if]a :i* exemplify ! l[e/ /age ( animal exi/5ce exhibit1 z we le>n f ! rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,c>p5t] & ( ,messrs4 ,jones & ,p>k]1 extreme v>iability 9 _! specific =ms1 & yet ^! same =ms are p]si/5t ?r\gh\t va/ p]iods ( "t1 exce$+1 9 t respect1 ev5 ! bra*iopods be=e m5tion$4 ,dr4 ,hook] obs]ves1 9 reg>d to plants ( complex floral /ructure1 t !y manife/ _! physical sup]iority 9 a great] ext5t ( v>iation & 9 ?us bett] secur+ a succession ( race1 an attribute :i* 9 "s s5ses he reg>ds z ( a high] ord] ?an t indicat$ by m]e complexity or specialisation ( organ499 799 ,introductory ,essay to ! ,flora ( ,au/ralia page #g47 ,z "o ( ! consequ5ces ( ?is law1 he says t species1 g5]a1 & ord]s are1 on ! :ole1 be/ limit$ 9 plants ( high] grade1 ! dicotyl$ons bett] ?an ! monocotyl$ons1 & ! ,di*lamydeae bett] ?an ! ,a*lamydeae4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 rem>ks1 ,we c1 p]haps1 und]/& ! app>5tly quick] rate ( *ange 9 t]re/rial1 & 9 m highly organis$ productions1 comp>$ ) m>9e & l[] productions1 by ! m complex relations ( ! high] be+s to _! organic & inorganic conditions ( life499 799 ,orig9 ( ,species #crd edition page #cdj47 ,if we suppose ! mammalia to be m s5sitive ?an are ! inf]ior classes ( ! v]tebrata1 to e fluctuation 9 ! surr\nd+ conditions1 :e!r ( ! animate or inanimate _w1 x w\ld foll[ t !y w\ld (t5] be call$ ^u to adapt !mselves by v>iation to new conditions1 or if unable to d s1 to give place to o!r types4 ,?is w\ld give rise to m frequ5t ext9ction ( v>ieties1 species1 & g5]a1 :]eby ! surviv+ types w\ld be bett] limit$1 & ! av]age duration ( ! same unalt]$ specific types w\ld be less5$4 ,,abs5ce ,,( ,,mammalia ,,9 ,,isl&s ,,consid]$ ,,9 ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,transmutation4 ,b if mammalia v>y ^u ! :ole at a m rapid rate ?an animals l[] 9 ! scale ( be+1 x mu/ n be suppos$ t !y c alt] _! habits & /ructures readily1 or t !y are conv]tible 9 %ort p]iods into new species4 ,! extreme sl[ness ) :i* su* *anges ( habits & organisation take place1 :5 new conditions arise1 appe>s to be well exemplifi$ by ! abs5ce ev5 ( small w>m-blood$ quadrup$s 9 isl&s f> f cont95ts1 h[ev] well su* isl&s may be fitt$ by _! dim5sions to support !m4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has po9t$ to ?is abs5ce ( mammalia z fav\r+ 8 views1 obs]v+ t bats1 :i* are ! only exceptions to ! rule1 might h made _! way to di/ant isl&s by flight1 = !y are (t5 met ) on ! w+ f> out at sea4 ,unque/ionably1 ! total exclusion ( quadrup$s 9 g5]al1 :i* c\ld only rea* su* isolat$ habitations by swimm+1 seems to imply t nature does n disp5se ) ! ord9>y laws ( reproduction :5 %e peoples ! e>? ) new =ms2 = if causes purely immat]ial 7 alone at "w1 we might naturally look = squirrels1 rabbits1 polecats1 & o!r small vegetable fe$]s & bea/s ( prey1 z (t5 z = bats1 9 ! spots allud$ to4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i h f\nd x difficult to reconcile ! antiquity ( c]ta9 isl&s1 su* z ^? ( ! ,madeiran ,ar*ipelago1 & ^? ( /ill l>g] size 9 ! ,can>ies1 ) ! total abs5ce ( small indig5\s quadrup$s1 =1 judg+ by anci5t deposits ( littoral %ells1 n[ rais$ high above ! level ( ! sea1 sev]al ( ^! volcanic isl&s 7,porto ,santo & ! ,gr& ,can>y among o!rs7 mu/ h exi/$ ev] s9ce ! ,upp] ,mioc5e p]iod4 ,b1 waiv+ all su* claims to antiquity1 x is at lea/ c]ta9 t s9ce ! close ( ! ,new] ,plioc5e p]iod1 ,madeira1 & ,porto ,santo h con/itut$ two sep>ate isl&s1 ea* 9 sight ( ! o!r1 & ea* inhabit$ by an assemblage ( l& %ells 7,helix1 ,pupa1 ,clausilia1 etc471 = ! mo/ "p diff]5t or prop] to ea* isl&4 ,ab\t ?irty-two fossil species h be5 obta9$ 9 ,madeira1 & =ty-two 9 ,porto ,santo1 only five ( ! :ole be+ common to bo? isl&s4 ,9 ea* ! liv+ l&-%ells are equally di/9ct1 & correspond1 = ! mo/ "p1 ) ! species f\nd fossil 9 ea* isl& respectively4 ,among ! fossil species1 "o or two appe> to be entirely ext9ct1 & a l>g] numb] h disappe>$ f ! fauna ( ! ,madeiran ,ar*ipelago1 ?\gh /ill extant 9 ,africa & ,europe4 ,_m :i* 7 among/ ! mo/ common 9 ! ,plioc5e p]iod1 h n[ become ! sc>ce/1 & o!rs =m]ly sc>ce1 are n[ mo/ num]\sly repres5t$4 ,! v>iety-mak+ =ce has be5 at "w ) su* en]gy--p]haps we ought to say1 has _h s mu* "t = its developm5t--t almo/ e isolat$ rock )9 gun-%ot ( ! %ores has its peculi> liv+ =ms1 or ^? v m>k$ races to :i* ,mr4 ,l[e1 9 8 excell5t description ( ! fauna1 has giv5 ! "n ( sub-species4 ,s9ce ! fossil %ells 7 emb$d$ 9 s& ne> ! coa/1 ^! volcanic isl&s h und]gone consid]able alt]ations 9 size & %ape by ! wa/+ action ( ! waves ( ! ,atlantic beat+ incessantly aga9/ ! cliffs1 s t ! evid5ce ( a va/ lapse ( "t is d]ivable f inorganic z well z f organic ph5om5a4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod no mammalia1 n ev5 ( small species1 except+ bats1 h made _! appe>ance1 :e!r 9 ,madeira & ,porto-,santo or 9 ! l>g] & m num]\s isl&s ( ! ,can>ian gr\p4 ,x might h be5 expect$1 f "s expressions met ) "h & !re 9 ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 ?\gh n p]haps f a fair int]pretation ( ! :ole t5or ( ! au?or's reason+1 t ?is de>? ( ! highe/ class ( v]tebrata is inconsi/5t ) ! p[]s ( mammalia to accommodate _! habits & /ructures to new conditions4 ,:y did n "s ( ! bats1 = example1 aft] !y _h greatly multipli$1 & 7 h>d press$ by a sc>city ( insects on ! w+1 betake !mselves to ! gr\nd 9 se>* ( prey1 &1 gradually los+ _! w+s1 become trans=m$ into non-volant ,insectivora8 ,mr4 ,d>w9 tells me t he has le>nt t !re is a bat 9 ,india :i* has be5 kn[n occasionally to dev\r frogs4 ,"o might also be tempt$ to ask1 h[ x has happ5$ t ! seals :i* sw>m$ on ! %ores ( ,madeira & ! ,can>ies1 be=e ! ,european coloni/s arriv$ !re1 7 nev] induc$1 :5 food 0 sc>ce 9 ! sea1 to v5ture inl& f ! %ores1 & beg9 9 ,t5]iffe1 & ! ,gr& ,can>y especially1 & o!r l>ge isl&s1 to acquire t]re/rial habits1 v5tur+ fir/ a few y>ds inl&1 & !n f>!r & f>!r until !y began to occupy "s ( ! places left vacant 9 ! economy ( nature4 ,dur+ ^! excursions1 we might suppose "s v>ieties1 :i* _h ! sk9 ( ! webb$ int]vals ( _! toes less develop$1 to succe$ be/ 9 walk+ on ! l&1 & 9 ! c\rse ( sev]al g5]ations !y might ex*ange _! pres5t gait or mann] ( %uffl+ along & jump+ by aid ( ! tail & _! f9-l extremities1 = feet bett] adapt$ = runn+4 ,x is said t "o ( ! bats 9 ! isl& ( ,palma 7"o ( ! ,can>ies7 is ( a peculi> species1 & t "s ( ! ,*eiropt]a ( ! ,pacific isl&s are ev5 ( peculi> g5]a4 ,if s1 we seem1 on organic z well z on geological gr\nds1 to be preclud$ f argu+ t !re has n be5 "t = great div]g5ce ( "*4 ,we seem also entitl$ to ask :y ! bats & rod5ts ( ,au/ralia1 :i* are spread s widely among ! m>supials ov] t cont95t1 h nev]1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! pr9ciple ( progression1 be5 develop$ into high] plac5tal types1 s9ce we h n[ asc]ta9$ t t cont95t 0 by no means unfitt$ to su/a9 su* mammalia1 = ^! :5 once introduc$ by ,man h run wild & become naturalis$ 9 _m p>ts4 ,! foll[+ answ]s may p]haps be (f]$ to ! above criticisms ( "s ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's !oretical views4 ,fir/1 z to ! bats & seals3 !y are :at zoologi/s call ab]rant & highly specialis$ types1 & !re=e precisely ^? :i* might be expect$ to display a fixity & want ( pliancy 9 _! organisation1 or ! smalle/ possible aptitude = deviat+ 9 new directions t[>ds new /ructures1 & ! acquisition ( su* alt]$ habits z a *ange f aquatic to t]re/rial or f ,volant to non-volant modes ( liv+ w\ld imply4 ,secondly1 ! same p[]s ( flight :i* enabl$ ! fir/ bats to rea* ,madeira or ! ,can>ies1 w\ld br+ o!rs f "t to "t f ! ,african cont95t1 :i*1 mix+ ) ! fir/ emigrants & cross+ ) !m1 w\ld *eck ! =mation ( new races1 or keep !m true to ! old types1 z is f\nd to be actually ! case ) ! birds ( ,madeira & ! ,b]mudas4 ,?is w\ld happ5 ! m surely1 if1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 has endeav\r$ to prove1 ! (fspr+ ( races slightly v>y+ are usually m vigor\s ?an ! prog5y ( p>5ts ( ! same race1 & w\ld be m prolific1 !re=e1 ?an ! insul> /ock :i* _h be5 = a long "t bre$+ 9 & 94 ,! same cause w\ld t5d 9 a /ill m decid$ mann] to prev5t ! seals f div]g+ into new races or incipi5t species1 because !y range freely ov] ! wide ocean1 &1 may !re=e h cont9ual int]c\rse ) all o!r individuals ( _! species4 ,?irdly1 z to peculi> species1 & ev5 g5]a ( bats 9 isl&s1 we are p]haps too little acqua9t$ at pres5t ) all ! species & g5]a ( ! neighb\r+ cont95ts to be able to affirm1 ) any degree ( confid5ce1 t ! =ms suppos$ to be peculi> d n exi/ else:]e3 ^? ( ! ,can>ies 9 ,africa1 = example4 ,b :at is /ill m important1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d h[ _m species & g5]a ( ,plei/oc5e mammalia h ev]y:]e become ext9ct by causes indep5d5t ( ,man4 ,x is always possible1 !re=e1 t "s types ( ,*eiropt]a1 orig9ally d]iv$ f ! ma9 l&1 h surviv$ 9 isl&s1 al?\gh !y h gradually di$ out on ! cont95ts f :5ce !y came2 s t x w\ld be ra% to inf] t !re has be5 "t = ! creation1 :e!r by v>iation or o!r ag5cy1 ( new species or g5]a 9 ! isl&s 9 "q4 ,z to ! ,rod5ts & ,*eiropt]a ( ,au/ralia1 we are z yet too ignorant ( ! ,plei/oc5e & ,plioc5e fauna ( t "p ( ! _w1 to be able to decide :e!r ! introduction ( su* =ms dates f a remote geological "t4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 t1 be=e ! ,rec5t p]iod1 t cont95t 0 peopl$ ) l>ge kang>oos1 & o!r h]bivor\s & c>nivor\s m>supials1 ( species long s9ce ext9ct1 _! rema9s hav+ be5 discov]$ 9 ossif]\s cav]ns4 ,! preoccupancy ( ! c\ntry by su* indig5\s tribes may h *eck$ ! developm5t ( ! plac5tal ,rod5ts & ,*eiropt]a1 ev5 7 we to conc$e ! possibility ( su* =ms be+ conv]tible by v>iation & progressive developm5t into high] grades ( mammalia4 ,,imp]fection ,,( ,,! ,,geological ,,record #db4 ,:5 treat+ 9 ! eigh? *apt] ( ! de>? ( human bones 9 alluvium conta9+ fl9t implem5ts 9 abundance1 ,i po9t$ out t x is n "p ( ! plan ( ,nature to write ev]y:]e1 & at all times1 h] autobiographical memoirs4 ,on ! contr>y1 h] annals are local & exceptional f ! fir/1 & portions ( !m are aft]w>ds gr\nd into mud1 s&1 & pebbles1 to furni% mat]ials = new /rata4 ,ev5 ( ^? anci5t monum5ts n[ =m+ ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 :i* h n be5 de/roy$ by riv]s & ! waves ( ! sea1 or :i* h escap$ be+ melt$ by volcanic heat1 ?ree-f\r?s lie subm]g$ b5ea? ! ocean1 & are inaccessible to ,man2 :ile ( ^? :i* =m ! dry l&1 a great "p are hidd5 = ev] f our obs]vation by m\nta9 masses1 ?\s&s ( feet ?ick1 pil$ ov] !m4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has truly said t ! fossilif]\s rocks kn[n to geologi/s consi/1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( su* z 7 =m$ :5 ! bottom ( ! sea 0 subsid+4 ,?is d[nw>d movem5t protects ! new deposits f d5udation1 & all[s !m to accumulate to a great ?ickness2 :]eas s$im5t>y matt]1 ?r[n d[n :]e ! sea-bottom is ris+1 mu/ almo/ inv>iably be swept away by ! waves z fa/ z ! l& em]ges4 ,:5 we reflect1 !re=e1 on ! fractional /ate ( ! annals :i* are h&$ d[n to u1 & h[ little ev5 ^! h z yet be5 /udi$1 we may wond] t s _m geologi/s %\ld attribute e break 9 ! s]ies ( /rata & e gap 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! organic _w to cata/rophes & convulsions ( ! e>?'s cru/ or to leaps made by ! creational =ce f species to species1 or f class to class4 ,= x is cle> t1 ev5 _h ! s]ies ( monum5ts be5 p]fect & cont9u\s at fir/ 7an hypo!sis q oppos$ to ! analogy ( ! work+ ( causes n[ 9 action71 x c\ld n fail to pres5t itself to our eyes 9 a brok5 & disconnect$ /ate4 ,^? geologi/s :o h wat*$ ! progress ( discov]y dur+ ! la/ half c5tury c be/ appreciate ! ext5t to :i* we may /ill hope by future ex]tion to fill up "s ( ! wid] *asms :i* n[ int]rupt ! regul> sequ5ce ( fossilif]\s rocks4 ,! det]m9ation1 = example1 ( late ye>s ( ! true place ( ! ,hall/adt & ,/4 ,cassian b$s on ! nor? & s\? flanks ( ! ,au/rian ,alps1 has reveal$ to u1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! m>9e fauna ( a p]iod 7t ( ! ,upp] ,trias7 ( :i*1 until lately1 b little 0 kn[n4 ,9 ?is case1 ! palaeontologi/ is call$ ^u sudd5ly to int]calate ab\t #hjj species ( ,mollusca & ,radiata1 betwe5 ! fauna ( ! ,l[] ,lias & t ( ! ,middle ,trias4 ,! p]iod 9 "q 0 previ\sly believ$1 ev5 by _m a philosophical geologi/1 to h be5 comp>atively b>r5 ( organic types4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & nor!rn ,g]many1 ! only kn[n /rata ( ,upp] ,triassic date _h consi/$ almo/ entirely ( fre% or bracki%-wat] b$s1 9 :i* ! bones ( t]re/rial & amphibi\s reptiles 7 ! mo/ *>act]i/ic fossils4 ,! new fauna 01 z might h be5 expect$1 9 "p peculi>1 n a few ( ! species ( ,mollusca be+ ref]able to new g5]a2 :ile "s species 7 common to ! old]1 & "s to ! new] rocks4 ,on ! :ole1 ! new =ms h help$ greatly to less5 ! discordance1 n only betwe5 ! ,lias & ,trias1 b also g5]ally betwe5 ,palaeozoic & ,mesozoic =mations4 ,?us ! g5us ,or?oc]as has be5 = ! fir/ "t recognis$ 9 a ,mesozoic deposit1 & ) x we f9d associat$1 = ! fir/ "t1 l>ge ,ammonites ) foliat$ lobes1 a =m nev] se5 be=e bel[ ! ,lias2 also ! ,c]atites1 a family ( ,cephalopods nev] be=e met ) 9 ! ,upp] ,trias1 & nev] be=e 9 ! same /ratum ) su* lob$ ,ammonites4 ,we c n[ no long] d\bt t %\ld we h]eaft] h an opportunity ( /udy+ an equally ri* m>9e fauna ( ! age ( ! ,l[] ,trias 7or ,bunt] ,s&/e971 ! m>k$ hiatus :i* /ill sep>ates ! ,triassic & ,p]mian eras w\ld almo/ disappe>4 ,ar*aeopt]yx macrurus1 ,ow54 ,i c\ld readily add a copi\s li/ ( m9or deposits1 belong+ to ! ,prim>y1 ,second>y & ,t]ti>y s]ies1 :i* we h be5 call$ ^u 9 l mann] to int]calate 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury into ! *ronological s]ies previ\sly kn[n2 b x w\ld lead me into too long a digression4 ,i %all !re=e cont5t myself ) po9t+ out t x is n simply new =mations :i* are br\ght to light f ye> to ye>1 rem9d+ u ( ! elem5t>y /ate ( our k ( palaeontology1 b new types also ( /ructure are discov]$ 9 rocks ^: fossil cont5ts 7 suppos$ to be peculi>ly well kn[n4 ,! la/ & mo/ /rik+ ( ^! novelties is ! fea!r$ fossil f ! li?ographic /one ( ,sol5h(54 ,until ! ye> #aheh1 no well-det]m9$ skeleton ( a bird _h be5 detect$ 9 any rocks old] ?an ! ,t]ti>y4 ,9 t ye>1 ,mr4 ,lucas ,b>rett f\nd 9 ! ,cambridge ,gre5s& ( ! ,cretace\s s]ies1 ! femur1 tibia1 & "s o!r bones ( a swimm+ bird1 suppos$ by him to be ( ! gull tribe4 ,8 op9ion z to ! orni?ic "* ( ! rema9s 0 aft]w>ds confirm$ by ,pr(essor ,ow54 ,! ,ar*aeopt]yx macrurus1 ,ow51 rec5tly acquir$ by ! ,briti% ,museum1 af=ds a second example ( ! discov]y ( ! osse\s rema9s ( a bird 9 /rata old] ?an ! ,eoc5e4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ! great qu>ries ( li?ographic lime/one at ,sol5h(5 9 ,bav>ia1 ! rock be+ a memb] ( ! ,upp] ,oolite4 ,x 0 at fir/ conjectur$ 9 ,g]many1 be=e any exp]i5c$ o/eologi/ _h _h an opportunity ( inspect+ ! orig9al specim51 t ?is fossil might be a fea!r$ ,pt]odactyl 7fly+ reptiles hav+ be5 (t5 met ) 9 ! same /ratum71 or t x might at lea/ supply "s connect+ l9ks betwe5 a reptile & a bird4 ,b ,pr(essor ,ow51 9 a memoir lately read to ! ,royal ,society 7,novemb] #bj1 #ahfb71 has %[n t x is unequivocally a bird1 & t su* ( its *>act]s z are abnormal are by no means /rik+ly reptilian4 ,! skeleton 0 ly+ on its back :5 emb$d$ 9 calc>e\s s$im5t1 s t ! v5tral "p is expos$ to view4 ,x is ab\t #a foot #h in*es long1 & #a foot across1 f ! apex ( ! "r to t ( ! left w+4 ,! furculum1 or m]ry-?\ght1 :i* is entire1 m>ks ! =e "p ( ! trunk2 ! is*ium1 scapula1 & mo/ ( ! w+ & leg bones are pres]v$1 & !re are impressions ( ! quill fea!rs & ( d[n on ! body4 ,! vanes & %afts ( ! fea!rs c be se5 by ! nak$ eye4 ,f\rte5 long quill fea!rs div]ge on ea* side ( ! metac>pal & phalangial bones1 & decrease 9 l5g? f #f in*es to #a in*4 ,! w+s h a g5]al resemblance to ^? ( gall9ace\s birds4 ,! t>so-metat>sal1 or drum/ick1 exhibits at its di/al end a trifid articul> surface support+ ?ree toes1 z 9 birds4 ,! furculum1 pelvis1 & bones ( ! tail are 9 _! natural position4 ,! tail consi/s ( tw5ty v]tebrae1 ea* ( :i* supports a pair ( plumes4 ,! l5g? ( ! tail ) its fea!rs is #aa #a_/b in*es1 & its bread? #c #a_/b4 ,x is obtusely truncat$ at ! end4 ,9 all liv+ birds ! tail-fea!rs are arrang$ 9 fan-%ap$ ord] & atta*$ to a coccygean bone1 consi/+ ( sev]al v]tebrae unit$ toge!r1 :]eas 9 ! embryo /ate ^! same v]tebrae are di/9ct4 ,! greate/ numb] is se5 9 ! o/ri*1 :i* has eighte5 caudal v]tebrae 9 ! foetal /ate1 :i* are r$uc$ to n9e 9 ! adult bird1 _m ( !m hav+ be5 an*ylos$ toge!r4 ,pr(essor ,ow5 !re=e consid]s ! tail ( ! ,ar*aeopt]yx z exemplify+ ! p]si/5cy ( :at is n[ an embryonic "*4 ,! tail1 he rem>ks1 is ess5tially a v>iable organ2 !re are long-tail$ bats & %ort-tail$ bats1 long-tail$ rod5ts & %ort-tail$ rod5ts1 long-tail$ pt]odactyls & %ort-tail$ pt]odactyls4 ,! ,ar*aeopt]yx diff]s f all kn[n birds1 n only 9 ! /ructure ( its tail1 b 9 hav+ two1 if n ?ree1 digits 9 ! h&2 b !re is no trace ( ! fif? digit ( ! w+$ reptile4 ,! conditions "u :i* ! skeleton occurs are su*1 says ,pr(essor ,ow51 z to rem9d u ( ! c>cass ( a gull :i* has be5 a prey to "s ,c>nivore1 :i* _h remov$ all ! s(t p>ts1 & p]haps ! head1 no?+ be+ left b ! bony legs & ! indige/ible quill-fea!rs4 ,b s9ce ,pr(essor ,ow5's pap] 0 read1 ,mr4 ,john ,evans1 :om ,i h (t5 _h occasion to m5tion 9 ! e>li] *apt]s ( ?is "w1 seems to h f\nd :at may indicate a "p ( ! miss+ cranium4 ,he has call$ our att5tion to a smoo? protub]ance on ! o!rwise ev5 surface ( ! slab ( lime/one :i* seems to be ! ca/ ( ! bra9 or int]ior ( ! skull4 ,"s "p ev5 ( ! cranial bone itself appe>s to be /ill buri$ 9 ! matrix4 ,mr4 ,evans has po9t$ out ! resemblance ( ?is ca/ to "o tak5 by himself f ! cranium ( a cr[1 & /ill m to t ( a jay1 obs]v+ t 9 ! fossil ! m$ian l9e :i* sep>ates ! two hemisph]es ( ! bra9 is visible4 ,to conclude1 we may le>n f ?is valuable relic h[ ra%ly ! exi/5ce ( ,birds at ! epo* ( ! ,second>y rocks has be5 que/ion$1 simply on negative evid5ce1 & secondly1 h[ _m new =ms may be expect$ to be br\ght to light 9 /rata ) :i* we are already be/ acqua9t$1 to say no?+ ( ! new =mations :i* geologi/s are cont9ually discov]+4 ,,*apt] #bc4 -- ,,orig9 ,,& ,,developm5t ,,( ,,languages ,,& ,,species ,,comp>$ #dc4 ,aryan ,hypo!sis & ,controv]sy4 ,! ,races ( ,mank9d *ange m sl[ly ?an _! ,languages4 ,!ory ( ! gradual ,orig9 ( ,languages4 ,difficulty ( def9+ :at is meant by a ,language z di/9ct f a ,dialect4 ,great ,numb] ( ext9ct & liv+ ,tongues4 ,no ,european ,language a ,?\s& ,ye>s old4 ,gaps betwe5 ,languages1 h[ caus$4 ,imp]fection ( ! ,record4 ,*anges always 9 ,progress4 ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce betwe5 rival ,t]ms & ,dialects4 ,causes ( ,selection4 ,ea* ,language =m$ sl[ly 9 a s+le ,geographical ,area4 ,may die out gradually or sudd5ly4 ,once lo/ c nev] be reviv$4 ,mode ( ,orig9 ( ,languages & ,species a ,my/]y4 ,speculations z to ! ,numb] ( orig9al ,languages or ,species unpr(itable4 ,! suppos$ exi/5ce1 at a remote & unkn[n p]iod1 ( a language conv5tionally call$ ! ,aryan1 has ( late ye>s be5 a fav\rite subject ( speculation among ,g]man philologi/s1 & ,pr(essor ,max ,mull] has giv5 u lately ! mo/ improv$ v]sion ( ?is !ory1 & has set =? ! v>i\s facts & argum5ts by :i* x may be def5d$1 ) 8 usual p]spicuity & eloqu5ce4 ,he obs]ves t if we "k no?+ ( ! exi/5ce ( ,lat9--if all hi/orical docum5ts previ\s to ! fifte5? c5tury _h be5 lo/--if tradition ev5 0 sil5t z to ! =m] exi/5ce ( a ,roman empire1 a m]e comp>ison ( ! ,italian1 ,spani%1 ,portuguese1 ,fr5*1 ,walla*ian1 & ,rhaetian dialects w\ld enable u to say t at "s "t !re mu/ h be5 a language f :i* ^! six mod]n dialects d]ive _! orig9 9 common4 ,)\t ?is supposition x w\ld be impossible to acc\nt = _! /ructure & composition1 z1 = example1 = ! =ms ( ! auxili>y v]b to be1 all evid5tly v>ieties ( "o common type1 :ile x is equally cle> t no "o ( ! six af=ds ! orig9al =m f :i* ! o!rs c\ld h be5 borr[$4 ,s also 9 none ( ! six languages d we f9d ! elem5ts ( :i* ^! v]bal & o!r =ms c\ld h be5 compos$2 !y mu/ h be5 h&$ d[n z relics f a =m] p]iod1 !y mu/ h exi/$ 9 "s antec$5t language1 :i* we "k to h be5 ! ,lat94 ,b1 9 l mann]1 he goes on to %[1 t ,lat9 itself1 z well z ,greek1 ,sanscrit1 ,z5d 7or ,bactrian71 ,li?uanian1 old ,sclavonic1 ,go?ic1 & ,arm5ian are also eight v>ieties ( "o common & m anci5t type1 & no "o ( !m c\ld h be5 ! orig9al f :i* ! o!rs 7 borr[$4 ,!y h all su* an am\nt ( mutual resemblance z to po9t to a m anci5t language1 ! ,aryan1 :i* 0 to !m :at ,lat9 0 to ! six ,romance languages4 ,! p :o spoke ?is unkn[n p>5t spee*1 ( :i* s _m o!r anci5t tongues 7 (f-%oots1 mu/ h migrat$ at a remote era to widely sep>at$ regions ( ! old _w1 su* z ,nor!rn ,asia1 ,europe1 & ,india s\? ( ! ,himalaya499 799 ,max ,mull]1 ,comp>ative ,my?ology ,ox=d ,essays #ahef47 ,! s\ndness ( "s p>ts ( ?is ,aryan hypo!sis has lately be5 call$ 9 "q by ,mr4 ,crawfurd1 on ! gr\nd t ! ,h9doos1 ,p]sians1 ,turks1 ,sc&9avians1 & o!r p ref]r$ to z hav+ d]iv$ n only words b grammatical =ms f an ,aryan s\rce1 belong ea* ( !m to a di/9ct race1 & all ^! races h1 x is said1 pres]v$ _! peculi> *>act]s unalt]$ f ! e>lie/ dawn ( hi/ory & tradition4 ,if1 !re=e1 no appreciable *ange has occurr$ 9 ?ree or f\r ?\s& ye>s1 we %\ld be oblig$ to assume a f> m remote date = ! fir/ bran*+ (f ( su* races f a common /ock ?an ! suppos$ p]iod ( ! ,aryan migrations1 & ! disp]sion ( t language ov] _m & di/ant c\ntries4 ,b ,mr4 ,crawfurd has1 ,i ?9k1 himself help$ u to remove ?is /umbl+-block1 by admitt+ t a nation speak+ a language alli$ to ! ,sanscrit 7! olde/ ( ! eight tongues allud$ to71 once probably inhabit$ t region situat$ to ! nor?-we/ ( ,india1 :i* )9 ! p]iod ( au!ntic hi/ory has p\r$ out its conqu]+ hordes ov] a great ext5t ( ,we/]n ,asia & ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,! same p1 he says1 may h act$ ! same "p 9 ! long1 d>k night :i* prec$$ ! dawn ( tradition499 799 ,crawfurd1 ,transactions ( ! ,e?nological ,society volume #a #ahfa47 ,^! conqu]ors may h be5 few 9 numb] :5 comp>$ to ! populations :i* !y subdu$4 ,9 su* cases ! new settl]s1 al?\gh reckon$ by t5s ( ?\s&s1 might m]ge 9 a few c5turies into ! millions ( subjects :i* !y rul$4 ,x is an ackn[l$g$ fact t ! col\r & features ( ! ,negro or ,european are entirely lo/ 9 ! f\r? g5]ation1 provid$ t no fre% infusion ( "o or o!r ( ! two races takes place4 ,! di/9ctive physical features1 !re=e1 ( ! ,aryan conqu]ors might soon we> out & be lo/ 9 ^? ( ! nations !y ov]ran2 yet _m ( ! words1 &1 :at is m 9 po9t1 "s ( ! grammatical =ms ( _! language1 might be reta9$ by ! masses :i* !y _h gov]n$ = c5turies1 ^! masses cont9u+ to pres]ve ! same features ( race :i* _h di/+ui%$ !m long be=e ! ,aryan invasions4 ,!re c be no "q t if we c\ld trace back any set ( cognate languages n[ exi/+ to "s common po9t ( dep>ture1 !y w\ld conv]ge & meet soon] 9 "s era ( ! pa/ ?an w\ld ! exi/+ races ( mank9d2 9 o!r words1 races *ange mu* m sl[ly ?an languages4 ,b1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( transmutation1 to =m a new species w\ld take an incomp>ably long] p]iod ?an to =m a new race4 ,no language seems ev] to la/ = a ?\s& ye>s1 :]eas _m a species seems to h endur$ = hundr$s ( ?\s&s4 ,a philologi/1 !re=e1 :o is cont5d+ t all liv+ languages are d]ivative & n primordial1 has a great advantage ov] a naturali/ :o is endeav\r+ to inculcate a simil> !ory 9 reg>d to species4 ,x may n be un9/ructive1 9 ord] fairly to appreciate ! va/ difficulty ( ! task ( ^? :o advocate transmutation 9 natural hi/ory1 to consid] h[ h>d x w\ld be ev5 = a philologi/ to succe$1 if he %\ld try to conv9ce an assemblage ( intellig5t b illit]ate p]sons t ! language spok5 by !m1 & all ^? talk$ by contempor>y nations1 7 mod]n inv5tions1 moreov] t ^! same =ms ( spee* 7 /ill con/antly und]go+ *ange1 & none ( !m de/9$ to la/ = ev]4 ,we w suppose him to beg9 by /at+ 8 conviction1 t ! liv+ languages h be5 gradually d]iv$ f o!rs n[ ext9ct1 & spok5 by nations :i* _h imm$iately prec$$ !m 9 ! ord] ( "t1 & t ^? aga9 _h us$ =ms ( spee* d]iv$ f /ill old] ones4 ,!y might naturally exclaim1 ,h[ /range x is t y %\ld f9d records ( a multitude ( dead languages1 t a "p ( ! human economy :i* 9 our own "t is s rem>kable = its /ability1 %\ld h be5 s incon/ant 9 bygone ages6 ,we all speak z our p>5ts & gr&p>5ts spoke be=e u1 & s1 we are told1 d ! ,g]mans & ,fr5*4 ,:at evid5ce is !re ( su* incessant v>iation 9 remot] times8 &1 if x be true1 :y n imag9e t :5 "o =m ( spee* 0 lo/1 ano!r 0 sudd5ly & sup]naturally creat$ by a gift ( tongues or confusion ( languages1 z at ! build+ ( ! ,t[] ( ,babel8 ,:]e are ! memorials ( all ! int]m$iate dialects1 :i* mu/ h exi/$1 if ?is doctr9e ( p]petual fluctuation be true8 ,& h[ comes x t ! tongues n[ spok5 d n pass by ins5sible gradations ! "o into ! o!r1 & into ! dead languages ( dates imm$iately antec$5t8 ,la/ly1 if ?is !ory ( indef9ite modifiability be s\nd1 :at mean+ c be atta*$ to ! t]m language1 & :at def9ition c be giv5 ( x s z to di/+ui% a language f a dialect8 ,9 reply to ?is la/ "q1 ! philologi/ might confess t ! le>n$ are n agre$ z to :at con/itutes a language z di/9ct f a dialect4 ,"s believe t !re are #djjj liv+ languages1 o!rs t !re are #fjjj1 s t ! mode ( def9+ !m is cle>ly a m]e matt] ( op9ion4 ,"s cont5d1 = example1 t ! ,dani%1 ,norwegian1 & ,sw$i% =m "o ,sc&9avian tongue1 o!rs t !y con/itute ?ree diff]5t languages1 o!rs t ! ,dani% & ,norwegian are "o--m]e dialects ( ! same language1 b t ,sw$i% is di/9ct4 ,! philologi/1 h[ev]1 might fairly argue t ?is v ambiguity 0 greatly 9 fav\r ( 8 doctr9e1 s9ce if languages _h all be5 con/antly und]go+ transmutation1 !re ought (t5 to be a want ( real l9es ( dem>cation betwe5 !m4 ,he might1 h[ev]1 propose t he & 8 pupils %\ld come to an und]/&+ t two languages %\ld be reg>d$ z di/9ct :5ev] ! speak]s ( !m are unable to conv]se toge!r1 or freely to ex*ange ideas1 :e!r by ^w or writ+4 ,sci5tifically speak+1 su* a te/ might be vague & unsatisfactory1 l ! te/ ( species by _! capability ( produc+ f]tile hybrids2 b if ! pupil is p]suad$ t !re are su* ?+s 9 nature z di/9ct languages1 :atev] may h be5 _! orig91 ! def9ition above sugge/$ might be ( practical use1 & enable ! tea*] to proce$ ) 8 argum5t4 ,he might beg9 by und]tak+ to prove t none ( ! languages ( mod]n ,europe 7 a ?\s& ye>s old4 ,no ,engli% s*ol>1 he might say1 :o has n specially giv5 himself up to ! /udy ( ,anglo-,saxon1 c int]pret ! docum5ts 9 :i* ! *ronicles & laws ( ,engl& 7 writt5 9 ! days ( ,k+ ,alfr$1 s t we may be sure t none ( ! ,engli% ( ! n9ete5? c5tury c\ld conv]se ) ! subjects ( t mon>* if ^! la/ c\ld n[ be re/or$ to life4 ,! difficulties enc\nt]$ w\ld n arise m]ely f ! intrusion ( ,fr5* t]ms1 9 consequ5ce ( ! ,norman conque/1 because t l>ge portion ( our language 7includ+ ! articles1 pron\ns1 etc471 :i* is ,saxon has also und]gone great trans=mations by abbreviation1 new modes ( pronunciation1 spell+1 & v>i\s corruptions1 s z to be unlike bo? anci5t & mod]n ,g]man4 ,!y :o n[ speak ,g]man1 if br\ght into contact ) _! ,teutonic ance/ors ( ! n9? c5tury1 w\ld be q unable to conv]se ) !m1 &1 9 l mann]1 ! subjects ( ,*>lemagne c\ld n h ex*ang$ ideas ) ! ,go?s ( ,al>ic's army1 or ) ! soldi]s ( ,arm9ius 9 ! days ( ,augu/us ,caes>4 ,s rapid inde$ has be5 ! *ange 9 ,g]many1 t ! epic poem call$ ! ,nibelung5 ,li$1 once s popul>1 & only sev5 c5turies old1 _c n[ be enjoy$1 except by ! erudite4 ,if we !n turn to ,france1 we meet aga9 ) simil> evid5ce ( ceaseless *ange4 ,!re is a treaty ( peace /ill extant a ?\s& ye>s old1 betwe5 ,*>les ! ,bald & ,k+ ,l\is ( ,g]many 7dat$ ,a4,d4 #hda71 9 :i* ! ,g]man k+ takes an oa? 9 :at 0 ! ,fr5* tongue ( t day1 :ile ! ,fr5* k+ swe>s 9 ! ,g]man ( ! same era1 & nei!r ( ^! oa?s w\ld n[ convey a di/9ct mean+ to any b ! le>n$ 9 ^! two c\ntries4 ,s also 9 ,italy1 ! mod]n ,italian _c be trac$ back mu* beyond ! "t ( ,dante1 or "s six c5turies be=e our "t4 ,ev5 9 ,rome1 :]e !re _h be5 no p]man5t intrusion ( =eign]s1 su* z ! ,lomb>d settl]s ( ,g]man orig9 9 ! pla9s ( ! ,po1 ! common p ( ! ye> #ajjj spoke q a di/9ct language f t ( _! ,roman ance/ors or _! ,italian desc5dants1 z is %[n by ! celebrat$ *ronicle ( ! monk ,b5$ict1 ( ! conv5t ( ,/4 ,&rea on ,m\nt ,soracte1 writt5 9 su* b>b>\s ,lat91 & ) su* /range grammatical =ms1 t x requires a pr(\ndly skill$ l+ui/ to deciph] x499 799 ,see ,g4 ,p]tz1 ,monum5ta ,g]manica volume #c47 ,hav+ ?us e/abli%$ ! prelim9>y fact1 t none ( ! tongues n[ spok5 7 9 exi/5ce t5 c5turies ago1 & t ! anci5t languages h pass$ ?r\gh _m a transitional dialect be=e !y settl$ into ! =ms n[ 9 use1 ! philologi/ might br+ =w>d pro(s ( ! great numb]s bo? ( lo/ & liv+ =ms ( spee*4 ,/rabo tells u t 9 8 "t1 9 ! ,caucasus alone 7a *a9 ( m\nta9s n long] ?an ! ,alps1 & mu* n>r[]71 !re 7 spok5 at lea/ sev5ty languages4 ,at ! pres5t p]iod ! numb]1 x is said1 w\ld be /ill great] if all ! di/9ct dialects ( ^? m\nta9s 7 reckon$4 ,sev]al ( ^! ,caucasian tongues admit ( no comp>ison ) any kn[n liv+ or lo/ ,asiatic or ,european language4 ,o!rs :i* are n peculi> are obsolete =ms ( kn[n languages1 su* z ! ,georgian1 ,mongolian1 ,p]sian1 ,arabic1 & ,t>t>ian4 ,x seems t z (t5 z conqu]+ hordes swept ov] t "p ( ,asia1 always com+ f ! nor? & ea/1 !y drove be=e !m ! inhabitants ( ! pla9s1 :o took refuge 9 "s ( ! retir$ valleys & high m\nta9 fa/nesses1 :]e !y ma9ta9$ _! indep5d5ce1 z d ! ,circassians 9 our "t 9 spite ( ! p[] ( ,russia4 ,9 ! ,himalayan ,m\nta9s1 f ,assam to its extreme nor?-we/]n limit1 & g5]ally 9 ! m hilly p>ts ( ,briti% ,india1 ! div]sity ( languages is surpris+ly great1 imp$+ ! advance ( civilisation & ! lab\rs ( ! mission>y4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica & ,mexico1 ,alex&] ,humboldt reckon$ ! di/9ct tongues by hundr$s1 & ^? ( ,africa are said to be equally num]\s4 ,ev5 9 ,*9a1 "s eighte5 prov9cial dialects prevail1 almo/ all deviat+ s mu* f o!rs t ! speak]s are n mutually intelligible1 & besides ^! !re are o!r di/9ct =ms ( spee* 9 ! m\nta9s ( ! same empire4 ,! philologi/ might next proce$ to po9t out t ! geographical relations ( liv+ & dead languages fav\r ! hypo!sis ( ! liv+ ones hav+ be5 d]iv$ f ! ext9ct1 9 spite ( our inability1 9 mo/ in/ances1 to adduce docum5t>y evid5ce ( ! fact or to discov] monum5ts ( all ! int]m$iate & transitional dialects :i* mu/ h exi/$4 ,?us he w\ld obs]ve t ! mod]n ,romance languages are spok5 exactly :]e ! anci5t ,romans once liv$ or rul$1 & ! ,greek ( our days :]e ! old] classical ,greek 0 =m]ly spok54 ,exceptions to ?is rule might be detect$1 b !y w\ld be explicable by ref]5ce to colonisation & conque/4 ,z to ! _m & wide gaps sometimes enc\nt]$ betwe5 ! dead & liv+ languages1 we mu/ rememb] t x is n "p ( ! plan ( any p to pres]ve memorials ( _! =ms ( spee* expressly = ! edification ( po/]ity4 ,_! manuscripts & inscriptions s]ve "s pres5t purpose1 are occasional & imp]fect f ! fir/1 & are r5d]$ m fragm5t>y 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 "s be+ int5tionally de/roy$1 o!rs lo/ by ! decay ( ! p]i%able mat]ials on :i* !y are writt52 s t to "q ! !ory ( all kn[n languages be+ d]ivative on ! gr\nd t we c r>ely trace a passage f ! anci5t to ! mod]n ?r\gh all ! dialects :i* mu/ h fl\ri%$ "o aft] ! o!r 9 ! int]m$iate ages1 implies a want ( reflection on ! laws :i* gov]n ! record+ z well z ! oblit]at+ processes4 ,b ano!r important "q /ill rema9s to be consid]$1 namely1 :e!r ! trifl+ *anges :i* c alone be witness$ by a s+le g5]ation1 c possibly repres5t ! work+ ( t ma*9]y :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( _m c5turies1 has giv5 rise to su* mighty revolutions 9 ! =ms ( spee* ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,ev]yone may h notic$ 9 8 own lifetime ! /eal+ 9 ( "s slight alt]ations ( acc5t1 pronunciation or spell+1 or ! introduction ( "s words borr[$ f a =eign language to express ideas ( :i* no native t]m precisely convey$ ! import4 ,he may also rememb] he>+ = ! fir/ "t "s cant t]ms or slang phrases1 :i* h s9ce =c$ _! way into common use1 9 spite ( ! ef=ts ( ! puri/4 ,b he may /ill cont5d t )9 ! range ( 8 exp]i5ce1 8 language has cont9u$ un*ang$1 & he may believe 9 its immutability 9 spite ( m9or v>iations4 ,! real "q1 h[ev]1 at issue is1 :e!r !re are any limits to ?is v>iability4 ,he w f9d on f>!r inve/igation1 t new te*nical t]ms are co9$ almo/ daily 9 v>i\s arts1 sci5ces1 pr(essions1 & trades1 t new names mu/ be f\nd = new inv5tions1 t _m ( ^! acquire a metaphorical s5se1 & !n make _! way into g5]al circulation1 z /]eotyp$1 = in/ance1 :i* w\ld h be5 z mean+less to ! m5 ( ! sev5te5? c5tury z w\ld ! new t]ms & images d]iv$ f /eamboat & railway travell+ to ! m5 ( ! eighte5?4 ,if ! num]\s words1 idioms1 & phrases1 _m ( !m ( ephem]al duration1 :i* are ?us inv5t$ by ! "y & old 9 v>i\s classes ( society1 9 ! nurs]y1 ! s*ool1 ! camp1 ! fleet1 ! c\rts ( law & ! /udy ( ! man ( sci5ce or lit]ature1 c\ld all be collect$ toge!r & put on record1 _! numb] 9 "o or two c5turies might comp>e ) ! entire p]man5t vocabul>y ( ! language4 ,x becomes1 !re=e1 a curi\s subject ( inquiry1 :at are ! laws :i* gov]n n only ! inv5tion1 b also ! selection ( "s ( ^! words or idioms1 giv+ !m curr5cy 9 pref]5ce to o!rs8--= z ! p[]s ( ! human memory are limit$1 a *eck mu/ be f\nd to ! endless increase & multiplication ( t]ms1 & old words mu/ be dropp$ ne>ly z fa/ z new ones are put into circulation4 ,sometimes ! new ^w or phrase1 or a modification ( ! old ones1 w entirely supplant ! m anci5t expressions1 or1 in/ead ( ! latt] be+ disc>d$1 bo? may fl\ri% toge!r1 ! old] "o hav+ a m re/rict$ use4 ,al?\gh ! speak]s may be unconsci\s t any great fluctuation is go+ on 9 _! language--al?\gh :5 we obs]ve ! mann] 9 :i* new words & phrases are ?r[n out1 z if at r&om or 9 sport1 :ile o!rs get into vogue1 we may ?9k ! process ( *ange to be ! result ( m]e *ance--!re are nev]!less fix$ laws 9 action1 by :i*1 9 ! g5]al /ruggle = exi/5ce1 "s t]ms & dialects ga9 ! victory ov] o!rs4 ,! slighte/ advantage atta*$ to "s new mode ( pron\nc+ or spell+1 f consid]ations ( brevity or euphony1 may turn ! scale1 or m p[]ful causes ( selection may decide :i* ( two or m rivals %all triumph & :i* succumb4 ,among ^! are fa%ion1 or ! influ5ce ( an ari/ocracy1 :e!r ( bir? or education1 popul> writ]s1 orators1 prea*]s--a c5tralis$ gov]nm5t organis+ its s*ools expressly to promote uni=mity ( diction1 & to get ! bett] ( prov9cialisms & local dialects4 ,betwe5 ^! dialects1 :i* may be reg>d$ z s _m incipi5t languages1 ! competition is always ke5e/ :5 !y are mo/ ne>ly alli$1 & ! ext9ction ( any "o ( !m de/roys "s ( ! l9ks by :i* a dom9ant tongue may h be5 previ\sly connect$ ) "s o!r widely di/9ct "o4 ,x is by ! p]petual loss ( su* int]m$iate =ms ( spee* t ! great dissimil>ity ( ! languages :i* survive is br\ght ab\t4 ,?us1 if ,dut* %\ld become a dead language1 ,engli% & ,g]man w\ld be sep>at$ by a wid] gap4 ,"s languages :i* are spok5 by millions1 & spread ov] a wide area1 w endure mu* long] ?an o!rs :i* h nev] _h a wide range1 especially if ! t5d5cy to incessant *ange 9 "o ( ^! dom9ant tongues is arre/$ = a "t by a /&>d lit]ature4 ,b ev5 ?is s\rce ( /ability is insecure1 = popul> writ]s !mselves are great innovators1 sometimes co9+ new words1 & /ill (t5] new expressions & idioms1 to embody _! own orig9al conceptions & s5tim5ts1 or "s peculi> modes ( ?\ght & feel+ *>act]i/ic ( _! age4 ,ev5 :5 a language is reg>d$ ) sup]/iti\s v5]ation z ! vehicle ( div9e tru?s & religi\s precepts1 & :i* has prevail$ = _m g5]ations1 x w be incapable ( p]man5tly ma9ta9+ its gr\nd4 ,hebrew _h ceas$ to be a liv+ language be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,sanscrit1 ! sacr$ language ( ! ,h9doos1 %>$ ! same fate1 9 spite ( ! v5]ation 9 :i* ! ,v$as are /ill held1 & 9 spite ( _m a ,sanscrit poem once popul> & national4 ,! ,*ri/ians ( ,con/ant9ople & ! ,morea /ill he> ! ,new ,te/am5t & _! liturgy read 9 anci5t ,greek1 :ile !y speak a dialect 9 :i* ,paul might h prea*$ 9 va9 at ,a!ns4 ,s 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ! ,italians pray 9 "o tongue & talk ano!r4 ,lu!r's translation ( ! ,bible act$ z a p[]ful cause ( selection1 giv+ at once to "o ( _m compet+ dialects 7t ( ,saxony7 a prom95t & dom9ant position 9 ,g]many2 b ! /yle ( ,lu!r has1 l t ( our ,engli% ,bible1 already become some:at antiquat$4 ,if ! doctr9e ( gradual transmutation be applicable to languages1 all ^? spok5 9 hi/orical times mu/ ea* ( !m h _h a closely alli$ prototype2 & accord+ly1 :5ev] we c ?or\ghly inve/igate _! hi/ory1 we f9d 9 !m "s int]nal evid5ce ( successive additions by ! inv5tion ( new words or ! modification ( old ones4 ,pro(s also ( borr[+ are disc]nible1 lett]s be+ reta9$ 9 ! spell+ ( "s words :i* h no long] any mean+ z !y are n[ pron\nc$--no connection ) any correspond+ s\nds4 ,su* r$undant or sil5t lett]s1 once useful 9 ! p>5t spee*1 h be5 aptly comp>$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 to rudim5t>y organs 9 liv+ be+s1 :i*1 z he int]prets !m1 h at "s =m] p]iod be5 m fully develop$1 hav+ _h _! prop] functions to p]=m 9 ! organisation ( a remote prog5itor4 ,if all kn[n languages are d]ivative & n primordial creations1 !y mu/ ea* ( !m h be5 sl[ly elaborat$ 9 a s+le geographical area4 ,no "o ( !m c h _h two bir?places4 ,if "o 7 c>ri$ by a colony to a di/ant region1 x w\ld imm$iately beg9 to v>y unless frequ5t int]c\rse 0 kept up ) ! "m c\ntry4 ,! desc5dants ( ! same /ock1 if p]fectly isolat$1 w\ld 9 five or six c5turies1 p]haps soon]1 be q unable to conv]se ) ^? :o rema9$ at home1 or ) ^? :o may h migrat$ to "s di/ant region1 :]e !y 7 %ut out f all communication ) o!rs speak+ ! same tongue4 ,a ,norwegian colony :i* settl$ 9 ,icel& 9 ! n9? c5tury1 ma9ta9$ its indep5d5ce = ab\t #djj ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t ! old ,go?ic :i* !y at fir/ spoke became corrupt$ & consid]ably modifi$4 ,9 ! meantime ! natives ( ,norway1 :o _h enjoy$ mu* comm]cial int]c\rse ) ! re/ ( ,europe1 acquir$ q a new spee*1 & look$ on ! ,icel&ic z hav+ be5 /ation>y1 & z repres5t+ ! pure ,go?ic orig9al ( :i* _! own 0 an (f%oot4 ,a ,g]man colony 9 ,p5nsylvania 0 cut (f f frequ5t communication ) ,europe = ab\t a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 dur+ ! w>s ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution betwe5 #agib & #ahae4 ,s m>k$ _h be5 ! effect ev5 ( ?is brief & imp]fect isolation1 t :5 ,pr9ce ,b]nh>d ( ,saxe-,weim> travell$ among !m a few ye>s aft] ! peace1 he f\nd ! peasants speak+ z !y _h done 9 ,g]many 9 ! prec$+ c5tury1997 & reta9+ a dialect :i* at home _h already become obsolete4 799 ,travels ( ,pr9ce ,b]nh>d ( ,saxe-,weim>1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 #ahbe & #ahbf1 page #abc47 ,ev5 aft] ! r5ewal ( ! ,g]man emigration f ,europe1 :5 ,i travell$ 9 #ahda among ! same p 9 ! retir$ valleys ( ! ,allegh5ies1 ,i f\nd ! newspap]s full ( t]ms half ,engli% & half ,g]man1 & _m an ,anglo-,saxon ^w1 :i* _h assum$ a ,teutonic dress1 z f5c51 to f5ce1 in/ead ( umzaun51 flau] = fl\r1 in/ead ( mehl1 & s on4 ,:at ) ! ret5tion ( t]ms no long] 9 use 9 ! "m c\ntry1 & ! borr[+ ( new ones f neighb\r+ /ates1 !re might h aris5 9 ,p5nsylvania 9 five or six g5]ations1 b = ! influx ( newcom]s f ,g]many1 a mongrel spee* equally un9telligible to ! ,anglo-,saxon & to ! inhabitants ( ! ,european fa!rl&4 ,if languages resemble species 9 hav+ _h ea* _! specific c5tre or s+le area ( creation1 9 :i* !y h be5 sl[ly =m$1 s ea* ( !m is alike liable to sl[ or to sudd5 ext9ction4 ,!y may die out v gradually 9 consequ5ce ( transmutation1 or abruptly by ! ext]m9ation ( ! la/ surviv+ repres5tatives ( ! unalt]$ type4 ,we "k 9 :at c5tury ! la/ ,dodo p]i%$1 & we "k t 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ! language ( ! ,r$ ,indians ( ,massa*usetts1 into :i* ,fa!r ,eliot _h translat$ ! ,bible1 & 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity 0 prea*$ = sev]al g5]ations1 ceas$ to exi/1 ! la/ individuals by :om x 0 spok5 hav+ at t p]iod di$ )\t issue499 799 ,lyell1 ,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica volume #a page #bfj #ahde47 ,b if j be=e t ev5t ! :ite man _h retreat$ f ! cont95t1 or _h be5 swept (f by an epidemic1 ^? ,indians might soon h repeopl$ ! wild]ness1 & _! copi\s vocabul>y & peculi> =ms ( expression might h la/$ )\t important modification to ?is day4 ,! ext9ction1 h[ev]1 ( languages 9 g5]al is n abrupt1 any m ?an t ( species4 ,x w also be evid5t f :at has be5 said1 t a language :i* has once di$ out c nev] be reviv$1 s9ce ! same assemblage ( conditions c nev] be re/or$ ev5 among ! desc5dants ( ! same /ock1 mu* less simultane\sly among all ! r\nd+ nations ) :om !y may be 9 contact4 ,we may comp>e ! p]si/5cy ( languages1 or ! t5d5cy ( ea* g5]ation to adopt )\t *ange ! vocabul>y ( its pr$ecessor1 to ! =ce ( inh]itance 9 ! organic _w1 :i* causes ! (fspr+ to resemble its p>5ts4 ,! inv5tive p[] :i* co9s new words or modifies old ones1 & adapts !m to new wants & conditions z (t5 z ^! arise1 answ]s to ! v>iety-mak+ p[] 9 ! animate creation4 ,progressive improvem5t 9 language is a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! progress ( ! human m9d f "o g5]ation to ano!r4 ,z civilisation advances1 a great] numb] ( t]ms are requir$ to express ab/ract ideas1 & words previ\sly us$ 9 a vague s5se1 s long z ! /ate ( society 0 rude & b>b>\s1 gradually acquire m precise & def9ite mean+s1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* sev]al t]ms mu/ be employ$ to express ideas & ?+s1 :i* a s+le ^w _h be=e signifi$1 ?\gh some:at loosely & imp]fectly4 ,! f>!r ?is subdivision ( function is c>ri$1 ! m complete & p]fect ! language becomes1 j z species ( high] grade h special organs1 su* z eyes1 lungs1 & /oma*1 = see+1 brea?+1 & dige/+1 :i* 9 simple organisms are all p]=m$ by "o & ! same "p ( ! body499 799 ,see ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s ,psy*ology & ,sci5tific ,essays47 ,:5 we _h satisfi$ ourselves t all ! exi/+ languages1 in/ead ( be+ primordial creations1 or ! direct gifts ( a sup]natural ,p[]1 h be5 sl[ly elaborat$1 p>tly by ! modification ( pre-exi/+ dialects1 p>tly by borr[+ t]ms at successive p]iods f num]\s =eign s\rces1 & p>tly by new inv5tions made "s ( !m delib]ately1 & "s casually & z x 7 =tuit\sly--:5 we h discov]$ ! pr9cipal causes ( selection1 :i* h guid$ ! adoption or rejection ( rival names = ! same ?+s & ideas1 rival modes ( pron\nc+ ! same words & prov9cial dialects compet+ "o ) ano!r--we are /ill v f> f compreh5d+ all ! laws :i* h gov]n$ ! =mation ( ea* language4 ,x 0 a pr(\nd say+ ( ,william ,humboldt1 t ,man is ,man only by means ( spee*1 b 9 ord] to inv5t spee* he mu/ be already ,man4 ,o!r animals may be able to utt] s\nds m articulate & z v>i$ z ! click ( ! ,bu%man1 b voice alone c nev] enable brute intellig5ce to acquire language4 ,:5 we consid] ! complexity ( e =m ( spee* spok5 by a highly civilis$ nation1 & discov] t ! grammatical rules & ! inflections :i* d5ote numb]1 "t1 & equality are usually ! product ( a rude /ate ( society--t ! savage & ! sage1 ! peasant & man ( lett]s1 ! *ild & ! philosoph]1 h work$ toge!r1 9 ! c\rse ( _m g5]ations1 to build up a fabric :i* has be5 truly describ$ z a wond]ful in/rum5t ( ?\ght1 a ma*9e1 ! sev]al p>ts ( :i* are s well adju/$ to ea* o!r z to resemble ! product ( "o p]iod & ( a s+le m9d--we _c b look ^u ! result z a pr(\nd my/]y1 & "o ( :i* ! sep>ate build]s h be5 almo/ z unconsci\s z are ! bees 9 a hive ( ! ar*itectural skill & ma!matical k :i* is display$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! honeycomb4 ,9 our attempts to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( species1 we f9d ourselves /ill soon] br\ght face to face ) ! work+ ( a law ( developm5t ( s high an ord] z to /& ne>ly 9 ! same relation z ! ,deity himself to man's f9ite und]/&+1 a law capable ( add+ new & p[]ful causes1 su* z ! moral & intellectual faculties ( ! human race1 to a sy/em ( nature :i* _h gone on = millions ( ye>s )\t ! int]v5tion ( any analog\s cause4 ,if we conf\nd ,v>iation or ,natural ,selection ) su* creational laws1 we deify second>y causes or immeasurably exagg]ate _! influ5ce4 ,yet we ought by no means to und]value ! importance ( ! /ep :i* w h be5 made1 %\ld x h]eaft] become ! g5]ally receiv$ op9ion ( m5 ( sci5ce 7z ,i fully expect x w71 t ! pa/ *anges ( ! organic _w h be5 br\ght ab\t by ! subord9ate ag5cy ( su* causes z ,v>iation & ,natural ,selection4 ,all our advances 9 ! k ( ,nature h consi/$ ( su* /eps z ^!1 & we mu/ n be disc\rag$ because great] my/]ies rema9 beh9d :olly inscrutable to u4 ,if ! philologi/ is ask$ :e!r 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?+s !re 0 "o or five1 or a great] numb] ( languages1 he may answ] t1 be=e he c reply to su* a "q1 x mu/ be decid$ :e!r ! orig9 ( ,man 0 s+le1 or :e!r !re 7 _m primordial races4 ,b he may also obs]ve1 t if mank9d began _! c>e] 9 a rude /ate ( society1 _! :ole vocabul>y w\ld be limit$ to a few words1 & t if !y !n sep>at$ into sev]al isolat$ communities1 ea* ( ^! w\ld soon acquire an entirely di/9ct language1 "s roots be+ lo/ & o!rs corrupt$ & trans=m$ beyond ! possibility ( subsequ5t id5tification1 s t x might be hopeless to expect to trace back ! liv+ & dead languages to "o />t+ po9t1 ev5 if t po9t 7 ( mu* m mod]n date ?an we h n[ good reason to suppose4 ,9 l mann] x may be said ( species1 t if ^? fir/ =m$ 7 ( v simple /ructure1 & !y began to v>y & to lose "s organs by disuse & acquire new ones by developm5t1 !y might soon diff] z mu* z s _m di/9ctly creat$ primordial types4 ,x w\ld !re=e be a wa/e ( "t to speculate on ! numb] ( orig9al monads or g]ms f :i* all plants & animals 7 subsequ5tly evolv$1 m especially z ! olde/ fossilif]\s /rata kn[n to u may be ! la/ ( a long s]ies ( antec$5t =mations1 :i* once conta9$ organic rema9s4 ,x 0 n till geologi/s ceas$ to discuss ! condition ( ! orig9al nucleus ( ! planet1 :e!r x 0 solid or fluid1 & :e!r x ow$ its fluidity to aque\s or igne\s causes1 t !y began to a*ieve _! great triumphs2 & ! va/ progress :i* has rec5tly be5 made 9 %[+ h[ ! liv+ species may be connect$ ) ! ext9ct by a common bond ( desc5t1 has be5 due to a m c>eful /udy ( ! actual /ate ( ! liv+ _w1 & to ^? monum5ts ( ! pa/ 9 :i* ! relics ( ! animate creation ( =m] ages are be/ pres]v$ & lea/ mutilat$ by ! h& ( "t4 ,,*apt] #bd4 -- ,,be>+ ,,( ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,transmutation ,,on ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,man1 ,,& ,,8 ,,place ,,9 ,,! ,,creation4 ,:e!r ,man c be reg>d$ z an ,exception to ! ,rule if ! ,doctr9e ( ,transmutation be embrac$ = ! re/ ( ! ,animal ,k+dom4 ,zoological ,relations ( ,man to o!r ,mammalia4 ,sy/ems ( ,classification4 ,t]m ,quadruman\s1 :y deceptive4 ,:e!r ! ,/ructure ( ! ,human ,bra9 entitles ,man to =m a di/9ct ,sub-class ( ! ,mammalia4 ,intellig5ce ( ! l[] ,animals comp>$ to ! ,intellect & ,reason ( ,man4 ,gr\nds on :i* ,man has be5 ref]r$ to a di/9ct ,k+dom ( ,nature4 ,immat]ial ,pr9ciple common to ,man & ,animals4 ,non-discov]y ( int]m$iate ,l9ks among ,fossil ,an?ropomorph\s ,species4 ,hallam on ! comp\nd ,nature ( ,man1 & 8 ,place 9 ! ,creation4 ,great ,inequality ( m5tal ,end[m5t 9 diff]5t ,human ,races & ,individuals develop$ by ,v>iation & ord9>y ,g5]ation4 ,h[ f> a correspond+ ,div]g5ce 9 physical ,/ructure may result f ! ,work+ ( ! same ,causes4 ,conclud+ rem>ks4 ,"s ( ! oppon5ts ( transmutation1 :o are well v]s$ 9 ,natural ,hi/ory1 admit t ?\gh t doctr9e is unt5able1 x is n )\t its practical advantages z a useful work+ hypo!sis1 (t5 sugge/+ good exp]im5ts & obs]vations & aid+ u to reta9 9 ! memory a multitude ( facts respect+ ! geographical di/ribution ( g5]a & species1 bo? ( animals & plants1 ! succession 9 "t ( organic rema9s1 & _m o!r ph5om5a :i*1 b = su* a !ory1 w\ld be :olly )\t a common bond ( relation%ip4 ,x is 9 fact conc$$ by _m em95t zoologi/s & botani/s1 z be=e expla9$1 t :atev] may be ! nature ( ! species-mak+ p[] or law1 its effects are ( su* a "* z to imitate ! results :i* v>iation1 guid$ by natural selection1 w\ld produce1 if only we c\ld assume ) c]ta9ty t !re are no limits to ! v>iability ( species4 ,b z ! anti-transmutationi/s are p]suad$ t su* limits d exi/1 !y reg>d ! hypo!sis z simply a provisional "o1 & expect t x w "o day be sup]s$$ by ano!r cognate !ory1 :i* w n require u to assume ! =m] cont9u\sness ( ! l9ks :i* h connect$ ! pa/ & pres5t /ates ( ! organic _w1 or ! outgo+ ) ! incom+ species4 ,9 l mann]1 _m ( ^? :o hesitate to give 9 _! full adhesion to ! doctr9e ( progression1 ! o!r tw9 bran* ( ! developm5t !ory1 & :o ev5 object to x1 z frequ5tly t5d+ to ret>d ! reception ( new facts suppos$ to militate aga9/ op9ions solely f\nd$ on negative evid5ce1 are nev]!less agre$ t on ! :ole x is ( great s]vice 9 guid+ our speculations4 ,inde$ x _c be d5i$ t a !ory :i* e/abli%es a connection betwe5 ! abs5ce ( all relics ( v]tebrata 9 ! olde/ fossilif]\s rocks1 & ! pres5ce ( man's rema9s 9 ! newe/1 :i* af=ds a m ?an plausible explanation ( ! successive appe>ance 9 /rata ( int]m$iate age ( ! fi%1 reptile1 bird1 & mammal1 has no ord9>y claims to our fav\r z compreh5d+ ! l>ge/ numb] ( positive & negative facts ga!r$ f all p>ts ( ! globe1 & ext5d+ ov] c\ntless ages1 t sci5ce has p]haps ev] attempt$ to embrace 9 "o gr& g5]alisation4 ,b w n transmutation1 if adopt$1 require u to include ! human race 9 ! same cont9u\s s]ies ( developm5ts1 s t we mu/ hold t ,man himself has be5 d]iv$ by an unbrok5 l9e ( desc5t f "s "o ( ! inf]ior animals8 ,we c]ta9ly _c escape f su* a conclusion )\t ab&on+ _m ( ! weightie/ argum5ts :i* h be5 urg$ 9 support ( v>iation & natural selection consid]$ z ! subord9ate causes by :i* new types h be5 gradually introduc$ into ! e>?4 ,_m ( ! gaps :i* sep>ate ! mo/ ne>ly alli$ g5]a & ord]s ( mammalia are1 9 a physical po9t ( view1 z wide z ^? :i* divide ,man f ! mammalia mo/ ne>ly ak9 to him1 & ! ext5t ( 8 isolation1 :e!r we reg>d 8 :ole nature or simply 8 corporeal attributes1 mu/ be consid]$ be=e we c discuss ! be>+ ( transmutation ^u 8 orig9 & place 9 ! creation4 ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,classification4 ,9 ord] to qualify ourselves to judge ( ! degree ( aff9ity 9 physical organisation betwe5 ,man & ! l[] animals1 we _c d bett] ?an /udy ^? sy/ems ( classification :i* h be5 propos$ by ! mo/ em95t tea*]s ( natural hi/ory4 ,( ^! an elaborate & fai?ful summ>y has rec5tly be5 drawn up by ! late ,isidore ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire1 :i* ! read] w d well to consult499 799 ,hi/oire ,naturale ,g5]ale des ,regnes organiques ,p>is volume #b #ahef47 ,he beg9s by pass+ 9 review num]\s s*emes ( classification1 ea* ( !m hav+ "s m]it1 & mo/ ( !m hav+ be5 inv5t$ ) a view ( assign+ to ,man a sep>ate place 9 ! sy/em ( ,nature1 z1 = example1 by divid+ animals into rational & irrational1 or ! :ole organic _w into ?ree k+doms1 ! human1 ! animal1 & ! vegetable--an arrangem5t def5d$ on ! gr\nd t ,man is rais$ z mu* by 8 intellig5ce above ! animals z are ^! by _! s5sibility above plants4 ,admitt+ t ^! s*emes are n unphilosophical1 z duly recognis+ ! d\ble nature ( ,man 78 moral & intellectual1 z well z 8 physical attributes71 ,isidore ,g4 ,/4 ,hilaire obs]ves t little k has be5 imp>t$ by !m4 ,we h ga9$1 he says1 mu* m f ^? ma/]s ( ! sci5ce :o h n attempt$ any compromise betwe5 two di/9ct ord]s ( ideas1 ! physical & psy*ological1 & :o h conf9$ _! att5tion /rictly to ,man's physical relation to ! l[] animals4 ,l9naeus l$ ! way 9 ?is field ( inquiry by comp>+ ,man & ! apes1 9 ! same mann] z he comp>$ ^! la/ ) ! c>nivores1 rum9ants1 rod5ts1 or any o!r division ( w>m-blood$ quadrup$s4 ,aft] sev]al modifications ( 8 orig9al s*eme1 he end$ by plac+ ,man z "o ( ! _m g5]a 9 8 ord] ,primates1 :i* embrac$ n only ! apes & lemurs1 b ! bats also1 z he f\nd ^! la/ to be ne>ly alli$ to "s ( ! l[e/ =ms ( ! monkeys4 ,b all mod]n naturali/s1 :o reta9 ! ord] ,primates1 agree to exclude f x ! bats or ,*eiropt]a2 & mo/ ( !m class ,man z "o ( sev]al families ( ! ord] ,primates4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 mo/ sy/ems ( classification1 ! families ( mod]n zoologi/s & botani/s correspond ) ! g5]a ( ,l9naeus4 ,blum5ba*1 9 #aggi1 propos$ to deviate f ?is c\rse1 & to sep>ate ,man f ! apes z an ord] ap>t1 "u ! "n ( ,bimana1 or two-h&$4 ,9 mak+ ?is innovation he seems at fir/ to h felt t x c\ld n be ju/ifi$ )\t call+ 9 psy*ological consid]ations to 8 aid1 to /r5g!n ^? :i* 7 purely anatomical2 =1 9 ! e>lie/ edition ( 8 ,manual ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 he def9$ ,man to be animal rationale1 loqu5s1 erectum1 bimanum1 :]eas 9 lat] editions he re/rict$ himself entirely to ! two la/ *>act]s1 namely1 ! erect position & ! two h&s1 or animal erectum1 bimanum4 ,! t]ms biman\s & quadruman\s _h be5 already employ$ by ,buffon 9 #agff1 b n appli$ 9 a /rict zoological classification till s us$ by ,blum5ba*4 ,twelve ye>s lat]1 ,cuvi] adopt$ ! same ord] ,bimana = ! human family1 :ile ! apes1 monkeys1 & lemurs con/itut$ a sep>ate ord] call$ ,quadrumana4 ,respect+ ?is la/ innovation1 ,isidore ,g4 ,/4 ,hilaire asks1 ,h[ c\ld su* a division /&1 repudiat$ z x 0 by ! an?ropologi/s 9 ! "n ( ! moral & intellectual supremacy ( ,man2 & by ! zoologi/s1 on ! gr\nd ( its incompatibility ) natural aff9ities & ) ! true pr9ciples ( classification8 ,sep>at$ z a gr\p ( ord9al value1 plac$ at ! same di/ance f ! ape z ! latt] f ! c>nivore1 ,man is at once too ne> & too di/ant f ! high] mammalia--too ne> if we take into acc\nt ^? elevat$ faculties1 :i*1 rais+ ,man above all o!r organis$ be+s1 accord to him n only ! fir/1 b a sep>ate place 9 ! creation--too f> if we m]ely consid] ! organic aff9ities :i* unite him ) ! quadrumana2 ) ! apes especially1 :i*1 9 a purely physical po9t ( view1 approa* ,man m ne>ly ?an !y d ! lemurs4 ,:at1 !n1 is ?is ord] ( ,bimana ( ,blum5ba* & ,cuvi]8 ,an impracticable compromise betwe5 two opposite & irreconcilable sy/ems--betwe5 two ord]s ( ideas :i* are cle>ly express$ 9 ! language ( natural hi/ory by ^! two words3 ! human ,,k+dom & ! human ,,family4 ,x is "o ( ^? w\ld-be via m$ia propositions :i*1 once se5 ?r\gh1 satisfy no "o1 precisely because !y are int5d$ to please ev]ybody2 half-tru?s1 p]haps1 b also half-falsehoods2 = :at1 9 sci5ce1 is a half-tru? b an error8 ,isidore ,g4 ,/4 ,hilaire !n proce$s to %[ h[1 9 spite ( ! great au?ority ( ,blum5ba* & ,cuvi]1 a l>ge proportion ( mod]n zoologi/s ( note h reject$ ! ord] ,bimana1 & h reg>d$ ,man simply z a family ( "o & ! same ord]1 ,primates4 ,,t]m ,,quadruman\s1 ,,:y ,,deceptive4 ,ev5 ! t]m ,quadruman\s has lately be5 %[n by ,pr(essor ,huxley1 9 a lecture deliv]$ by him 9 ! spr+ ( #ahfj-fa1 :i* ,i _h ! good =tune to he>1 to h prov$ a f]tile s\rce ( popul> delusion1 convey+ ideas :i* ! great anatomi/s ,blum5ba* & ,cuvi] nev] ent]ta9$ !mselves1 namely1 t 9 ! s-call$ ,quadrumana ! extremities ( ! h9d-limbs be> a real resemblance to ! human h&s1 in/ead ( correspond+ anatomically ) ! human feet4 ,z ?is subject be>s v directly on ! "q1 h[ f> ,man is entitl$1 9 a purely zoological classification1 to rank z an ord] ap>t1 ,i %all proce$ to cite1 9 an abridg$ =m1 ! words ( ! lectur] above allud$ to499 799 ,pr(essor ,huxley's ?ird lecture ,on ! ,motor ,organs ( ,man comp>$ ) ^? ( o!r ,animals1 deliv]$ 9 ! ,royal ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 9 ,j]myn ,/reet 7,m>* #ahfa7 has be5 embodi$ ) ! re/ ( ! c\rse 9 8 "w entitl$ ,evid5ce z to ,man's ,place 9 ,nature47 ,to ga91 he obs]ves1 a precise conception ( ! resemblances & diff]5ces ( ! h& & foot1 & ( ! di/9ctive *>act]s ( ea*1 we mu/ look bel[ ! sk91 & comp>e ! bony framework & its motor app>atus 9 ea*4 ,! foot ( ,man is di/+ui%$ f 8 h& by3-- #a4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! t>sal bones4 #b4 ,by hav+ a %ort flexor & a %ort ext5sor muscle ( ! digits4 #c4 ,by possess+ ! muscle t]m$ p]onaeus longus4 ,& if we desire to asc]ta9 :e!r ! t]m9al division ( a limb 9 o!r animals is to be call$ a foot or a h&1 x is by ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ^! *>act]s t we mu/ be guid$1 & n by ! m]e proportions1 & great] or less] mobility ( ! great toe1 :i* may v>y indef9itely )\t any fundam5tal alt]ation 9 ! /ructure ( ! foot4 ,keep+ ^! consid]ations 9 m9d1 let u n[ turn to ! limbs ( ! ,gorilla4 ,! t]m9al division ( ! =e-limb pres5ts no difficulty--bone = bone1 & muscle = muscle1 are f\nd to be arrang$ precisely z 9 ,man1 or ) su* m9ute diff]5ces z are f\nd z v>ieties 9 ,man4 ,! ,gorilla's h& is clumsi]1 heavi]1 & has a ?umb some:at %ort] 9 proportion ?an t ( ,man2 b no "o has ev] d\bt$ its be+ a true h&4 ,at fir/ sight1 ! t]m9ation ( ! h9d-limb ( ! ,gorilla looks v h&-l1 & z x is /ill m s 9 ! l[] apes1 x is n wond]ful t ! appellation ',quadrumana1' or f\r-h&$ creatures1 adopt$ f ! old] anatomi/s by ,blum5ba*1 & un=tunately r5d]$ curr5t by ,cuvi]1 %\ld h ga9$ su* wide acceptance z a "n = ! ape ord]4 ,b ! mo/ cursory anatomical inve/igation at once proves t ! resemblance ( ! s-call$ 'h9dh&' to a true h& is only sk9 deep1 & t1 9 all ess5tial respects1 ! h9d-limb ( ! ,gorilla is z truly t]m9at$ by a foot z t ( ,man4 ,! t>sal bones1 9 all important circum/ances ( numb]1 disposition1 & =m1 resemble ^? ( ,man4 ,! metat>sals & digits1 on ! o!r h&1 are proportionally long] & m sl5d]1 :ile ! great toe is n only proportionally %ort] & weak]1 b its metat>sal bone is unit$ by a f> m movable jo9t ) ! t>sus4 ,at ! same "t1 ! foot is set m obliquely ^u ! leg ?an 9 ,man4 ,z to ! muscles1 !re is a %ort flexor1 a %ort ext5sor1 & a p]onaeus longus1 :ile ! t5dons ( ! long flexors ( ! great toe & ( ! o!r toes are unit$ toge!r & into an accessory fle%y bundle4 ,! h9d-limb ( ! ,gorilla1 !re=e1 ends 9 a true foot ) a v movable great toe4 ,x is a preh5sile foot1 if y w1 b is 9 no s5se a h&3 x is a foot :i* diff]s f t ( ,man 9 no fundam5tal "*1 b 9 m]e proportions--degree ( mobility--& second>y arrangem5t ( its p>ts4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t because ,i speak ( ^! diff]5ces z n fundam5tal1 t ,i wi% to und]rate _! value4 ,!y are important en\gh 9 _! way1 ! /ructure ( ! foot be+ 9 /rict correlation ) t ( ! re/ ( ! organism2 b aft] all1 reg>d$ anatomically1 ! resemblances betwe5 ! foot ( ,man & ! foot ( ! ,gorilla are f> m /rik+ & important ?an ! diff]5ces499 799 ,pr(essor ,huxley1 ibid47 ,aft] dwell+ on "s po9ts ( anatomical detail1 highly important1 b = :i* ,i h n space "h1 ! ,pr(essor cont9ues--,?r\gh\t all ^! modifications1 x mu/ be recollect$ t ! foot loses no "o ( its ess5tial *>act]s4 ,e monkey & lemur exhibits ! *>act]i/ic arrangem5t ( t>sal bones1 possesses a %ort flexor & %ort ext5sor muscle1 & a p]onaeus longus4 ,v>i$ z ! proportions & appe>ance ( ! organ may be1 ! t]m9al division ( ! h9d-limb rema9s 9 plan & pr9ciple ( con/ruction a foot1 & nev] 9 ! lea/ degree approa*es a h&499 799 ,ibid47 ,= ^! reasons1 ,pr(essor ,huxley rejects ! t]m ,quadrumana1 z lead+ to s]i\s misconception1 & reg>ds ,man z "o ( ! families ( ! ,primates4 ,?is me?od ( classification he %[s to be equally borne out by an appeal to ano!r "* on :i* s mu* reliance has always be5 plac$ 9 classification1 z af=d+ 9 ! mammalia ! mo/ tru/wor?y indications ( aff9ity1 namely1 ! d5tition4 ,! numb] ( tee? 9 ! ,gorilla & all ! ,old ,_w monkeys1 except ! lemurs1 is ?irty-two1 ! same z 9 ,man1 & ! g5]al patt]n ( _! cr[ns ! same4 ,b besides o!r di/9ctions1 ! can9es 9 all b ,man project 9 ! upp] or l[] jaws almo/ l tusks4 ,b all ! ,am]ican apes h f\r m tee? 9 _! p]man5t set1 or ?irty-six 9 all1 s t !y diff] 9 ?is respect m f ! ,old ,_w apes ?an d ^! la/ f ,man4 ,if !re=e1 by ref]5ce to ?is "*1 we place ,man 9 a sep>ate ord]1 we mu/ make sev]al ord]s = ! apes1 monkeys1 & lemurs1 & s1 9 reg>d to ! /ructure ( ! h&s & feet be=e allud$ to1 ! ,gorilla diff]s f> m f "s ( ! quadrumana ?an he diff]s f ,man4 ,inde$1 ,pr(essor ,huxley cont5ds t !re is m diff]5ce betwe5 ! h& & foot ( ! ,gorilla & ^? ( ! ,orang1 "o ( ! an?ropomorph\s apes1 ?an betwe5 ^? ( ! ,gorilla & ,man1 = ! ?umb ( ! ,orang diff]s by its %ortness & by ! abs5ce ( any special long flexor muscle f t ( ! ,gorilla m ?an x diff]s f t ( ,man4 ,! c>pus also ( ! ,orang1 l t ( mo/ l[] apes1 conta9s n9e bones1 :ile 9 ! ,gorilla1 z 9 ,man & ! ,*impanzee1 !re are only eight4 ,o!r *>act]s are also giv5 to %[ t ! ,orang's foot sep>ates x m widely f ! ,gorilla ?an t ( ! ,gorilla sep>ates t ape f ,man4 ,9 "s ( ! l[] apes1 ! div]g5ce f ! human type ( h& & foot1 z well z f ^? ( ! ,gorilla1 is /ill great]1 z1 = example1 9 ! spid]-monkey & m>moset499 799 ,huxley1 ibid4 page #bi47 ,if ! muscles1 visc]a1 or any o!r "p ( ! animal fabric1 includ+ ! bra91 be comp>$1 ! results are decl>$ to be simil>4 ,,:e!r ,,! ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,bra9 ,,entitles ,,man ,,to ,,=m ,a ,,di/9ct ,,sub-,,class ,,( ,,! ,,mammalia4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^! & _m o!r zoological consid]ations1 ! ord] ,bimana _h already be5 decl>$1 9 #ahef1 by ,isidore ,g4 ,/4 ,hilaire 9 8 hi/ory ( ! sci5ce above quot$ to h become obsolete1 ev5 ?\gh sanction$ by ! great names ( ,blum5ba* & ,cuvi]4 ,b 9 opposition to ! new views ,pr(essor ,ow5 ann\nc$1 ! ye> aft] ! publication ( ,g4 ,/4 ,hilaire's "w1 t he _h be5 l$ by purely anatomical consid]ations to sep>ate ,man f ! o!r ,primates & f ! mammalia g5]ally z a di/9ct ,,sub-,,class1 ?us dep>t+ f>!r f ! classification ( ,blum5ba* & ,cuvi] ?an !y _h v5tur$ to d f t ( ,l9naeus4 ,! propos$ innovation 0 bas$ *iefly on ?ree c]ebral *>act]s belong+1 x 0 alleg$1 exclusively to ,man & ?us describ$ 9 ! foll[+ passages ( a memoir communicat$ to ! ,l9naean ,society 9 #aheg1 9 :i* all ! mammalia 7 divid$1 accord+ to ! /ructure ( ! bra91 into f\r sub-classes1 repres5t$ by ! kang>oo1 ! beav]1 ! ape1 & ,man respectively3-- ,9 ,man1 ! bra9 pres5ts an asc5sive /ep 9 developm5t1 high] & m /rongly m>k$ ?an t by :i* ! prec$+ sub-class 0 di/+ui%$ f ! "o bel[ x4 ,n only d ! c]ebral hemisph]es ov]lap ! olfactory lobes & c]ebellum1 b !y ext5d 9 advance ( ! "o & f>!r back ?an ! o!r4 ,_! po/]ior developm5t is s m>k$ t anatomi/s h assign$ to t "p ! "* ( a ?ird lobe2 x is peculi> to ! g5us ,homo1 & equally peculi> is ! 'po/]ior horn ( ! lat]al v5tricle' & ! 'hippocampus m9or' :i* *>act]ises ! h9d-lobe ( ea* hemisph]e4 ,! sup]ficial grey matt] ( ! c]ebrum1 ?r\gh ! numb] & dep? ( its convolutions1 atta9s its maximum ( ext5t 9 ,man4 ,peculi> m5tal p[]s are associat$ ) ?is highe/ =m ( bra91 & _! consequ5ces wond]fully illu/rate ! value ( ! c]ebral "*2 accord+ to my e/imate ( :i* ,i am l$ to reg>d ! g5us ,homo z n m]ely a repres5tative ( a di/9ct ord]1 b ( a di/9ct sub-class ( ! mammalia1 = :i* ,i propose ! "n ( ',ar*5cephala4'99 799 ,ow51 ,proce$+s ( ! ,l9naean ,society ,london volume #h page #bj47 ,! above def9ition is accompani$ 9 ! same memoir by ! foll[+ note3--,n be+ able to appreciate1 or conceive1 ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! psy*ical ph5om5a ( a *impanzee & ( a ,bos*isman1 or ( an ,aztec ) arre/$ bra9-gr[?1 z be+ ( a nature s ess5tial z to preclude a comp>ison betwe5 !m1 or z be+ o!r ?an a diff]5ce ( degree1 ,i _c %ut my eyes to ! significance ( t all-p]vad+ similitude ( /ructure--e too?1 e bone1 /rictly homolog\s--:i* makes ! det]m9ation ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,homo & ,pi!cus ! anatomi/'s difficulty2 & !re=e1 ) e respect = ! au?or ( ! ,records ( ,creation199 ,i foll[ ,l9naeus & ,cuvi] 9 reg>d+ mank9d z a legitimate subject ( zoological comp>ison & classification4 799 ,! late ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 ,dr4 ,sumn]47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ed1 #ee & #ef4 ,bra9 ,( ,*impanzee 7,,figure #ed4 ,,upp] ,,surface ,,( ,,bra9 ,,( ,,*impanzee1 ,,di/ort$ 7,,f ,,s*ro$] ,,van ,,d] ,,kolk ,,& ,,vrolik47 ,scale half ! diamet] ( ! natural size4 ,a4 ,left c]ebral hemisph]e4 ,b4 ,"r c]ebral hemisph]e4 ,c4 ,c]ebellum displac$47 7,,figure #ee4 ,,side ,,view ,,( ,,bra9 ,,( ,,*impanzee1 ,,di/ort$ 7,,f ,,s*ro$] ,,van ,,d] ,,kolk ,,& ,,vrolik47 ,scale half ! diamet] ( ! natural size4 e4 ,! ext5sion ( ! displac$ c]ebellum beyond ! c]ebrum at d47 7,,figure #ef4 ,,correct ,,side ,,view ,,( ,,*impanzee',s ,,bra9 7,,f ,,gratiolet74 ,scale half ! diamet] ( ! natural size4 d4 ,backw>d ext5sion ( ! c]ebrum1 beyond ! c]ebellum at e4 f4 ,fissure ( ,sylvius47 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #eg & #eh4 ,*impanzee & ,human ,bra9 7,,figure #eg4 ,,correct ,,view ,,( ,,upp] ,,surface ,,( ,,*impanzee',s ,,bra9 7,,f ,,gratiolet71 9 :i* ! c]ebrum cov]s & conceals ! c]ebellum4 ,scale half ! diamet] ( ! natural size47 7,,figure #eh4 ,,side ,,view ,,( ,,human ,,bra9 7,,f ,,gratiolet71 ,,namely1 ,,t ,,( ,,! ,,bu%woman ,,call$ ,,! ,,hott5tot ,,v5us4 ,scale half ! diamet] ( ! natural size4 ,a4 ,left c]ebral hemisph]e4 ,c4 ,c]ebellum4 ff4 ,fissure ( ,sylvius47 ,to illu/rate ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! human & ,simian bra91 ,pr(essor ,ow5 gave figures ( ! negro's bra9 z repres5t$ by ,ti$emann1 an orig9al "o ( a ,s\? ,am]ican monkey1 ,midas rufimanus1 & "o ( ! *impanzee 7,figure #ed71 f a memoir publi%$ 9 #ahdi by ,,mm4 ,s*ro$] van d] ,kolk & ,m4 ,vrolik499 799 ,comptes r5dus de l',academie ,royale des ,sci5ces ,am/]dam volume #ac47 ,! selection ( ,figure #ed 0 mo/ un=tunate1 = ?ree ye>s be=e1 ,m4 ,gratiolet1 ! highe/ au?ority 9 c]ebral anatomy ( our age1 _h1 9 8 spl5did "w on ,! ,convolutions ( ! ,bra9 9 ,man & ! ,primates 7,p>is1 #ahed71 po9t$ out t1 ?\gh ?is engrav+ fai?fully express$ ! c]ebral fold+s z se5 on ! surface1 x gave a v false idea ( ! relative position ( ! sev]al p>ts ( ! bra91 :i*1 z v commonly happ5s 9 su* prep>ations1 _h %runk & greatly sunk d[n by _! own weight499 799 ,gratiolet's words are3 ,les plis c]ebraux du *impanze y sont =t bi5 etudies1 malheureusem5t le c]veau qui leur a s]vi de modele etait pr(ondem5t affaisse1 aussi la =me g5]ale du c]veau e/-elle r5due1 dans leurs plan*es1 d'une mani]e t\t-a-fait fausse4 ,ibid4 page #ah47 ,anticipat+ ! s]i\s mi/akes :i* w\ld arise f ?is inaccurate repres5tation ( ! bra9 ( ! ape1 publi%$ "u ! auspices ( m5 s des]v+ ( tru/ z ! two above-nam$ ,dut* anatomi/s1 ,m4 ,gratiolet ?\ght x exp$i5t1 by way ( w>n+ to 8 read]s1 to repeat _! incorrect figures 7,figures #ed & #ee71 & to place by ! side ( !m two correct views 7,figures #ef & #eg7 ( ! bra9 ( ! same ape4 ,by ref]5ce to ^! illu/rations1 z well z to ,figure #eh1 ! read] w see n only ! contra/ ( ! relative position ( ! c]ebrum & c]ebellum1 z del9eat$ 9 ! natural z well z 9 ! di/ort$ /ate1 b also ! rem>kable g5]al correspond5ce betwe5 ! *impanzee bra9 & t ( ! human subject 9 ev]y?+ save 9 size4 ,! human bra9 7,figure #eh7 "h giv51 by ,gratiolet1 is t ( an ,african bu%woman1 call$ ! ,hott5tot ,v5us1 :o 0 exhibit$ =m]ly 9 ,london1 & :o di$ 9 ,p>is4 ,respect+ ?is /rik+ analogy ( c]ebral /ructure 9 ,man & ! apes1 ,gratiolet says1 9 ! "w above cit$3 ,! convolut$ bra9 ( ,man & ! smoo? bra9 ( ! m>moset resemble ea* o!r by ! quadruple "* ( a rudim5t>y olfactory lobe1 a po/]ior lobe ,,completely ,,cov]+ ,,! ,,c]ebellum1 a well-def9$ fissure ( ,sylvius 7ff1 ,figure #ef71 & la/ly a po/]ior horn 9 ! lat]al v5tricle4 ,^! *>act]s are n met ) toge!r except 9 ,man & ! apes499 799 ,gratiolet1 ibid4 ,avant-propos page #b #ahed47 ,9 ref]5ce to ! o!r figure ( a monkey giv5 by ,pr(essor ,ow51 namely1 t ( ! ,midas1 "o ( ! m>mosets1 he /ates1 9 #aheg z he _h done 9 #ahcg1 t ! po/]ior "p ( ! c]ebral hemisph]es ext5ds1 z 9 mo/ ( ! quadrumana1 ov] ! great] "p ( ! c]ebellum499 799 ,proce$+s ( ! ,l9naean ,society #aheg page #ah note1 & ,philosophical ,transactions #ahcg page #ic47 ,9 #ahei1 9 8 ,r$e ,lecture1 deliv]$ to ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 ! same illu/rations ( ! ape's bra9 7 giv51 namely1 t ( ! ,midas & ! di/ort$ "o ( ! ,dut* anatomi/s already cit$ 7,figure #ed7499 799 ,see ,app5dix ,m47 ,two ye>s lat]1 ,pr(essor ,huxley1 9 a memoir ,on ! ,zoological ,relations ( ,man ) ! ,l[] ,animals1 took occasion to ref] to ,gratiolet's w>n+1 & to cite 8 criticism on ! ,dut* plates299 b ?is rem9d] appe>s to h be5 ov]look$ by ,pr(essor ,ow51 :o six mon?s lat] came out ) a new pap] on ,! ,c]ebral ,"* ( ,man & ! ,ape1 9 :i* he repeat$ ! incorrect repres5tation ( ,s*ro$] van d] ,kolk & ,vrolik1 associat+ x ) ,ti$emann's figure ( a negro's bra91 expressly to %[ ! relative & diff]5t ext5t to :i* ! c]ebellum is ov]lapp$ by ! c]ebrum 9 ! two cases respectively49999 ,9 ! ape's bra9 z ?us depict$1 ! portion ( ! c]ebellum left uncov]$ is great] ?an 9 ! lemurs1 ! l[e/ type ( ,primates1 & almo/ z l>ge z 9 ! rod5tia1 or "s ( ! l[e/ grades ( ! mammalia4 799 ,huxley1 ,natural ,hi/ory ,review ,janu>y #g1 #ahfa page #gf47 79999 ,annals & ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory volume #g #ahfa page #def & ,plate #bj47 ,:5 ! ,dut* naturali/s above m5tion$ f\nd _! figures s (t5 appeal$ to z au?ority1 by "o ! weight ( ^: op9ion on su* matt]s !y well knew h[ to appreciate1 !y resolv$ to d _! be/ t[>ds prev5t+ ! public f be+ misl$4 ,accord+ly1 !y address$ to ! ,royal ,academy ( ,am/]dam a memoir ,on ! bra9 ( an ,orang-outang :i* _h j di$ 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s ( t city499 799 ,?is pap] is repr9t$ 9 ! orig9al ,fr5* 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,review volume #b #ahfb page #aaa47 ,! dissection ( ?is ape1 9 #ahfa1 fully bore out ! g5]al conclusions at :i* !y _h previ\sly arriv$ 9 #ahdi1 z to ! exi/5ce bo? 9 ! human & ! simian bra9 ( ! ?ree *>act]s1 :i* ,pr(essor ,ow5 _h repres5t$ z exclusively app]ta9+ to ,man1 namely1 ! occipital or po/]ior lobe1 ! hippocampus m9or1 & ! po/]ior cornu4 ,^! la/ two features consi/ ( c]ta9 cavities & furr[s 9 ! po/]ior lobes1 :i* are caus$ by ! fold+s ( ! bra91 & are only visible :5 x is dissect$4 ,,mm4 ,s*ro$] van d] ,kolk & ,vrolik took ?is opportunity ( c&idly confess+ t ,m4 ,gratiolet's comm5ts on ! defects ( _! two figures 7,figures #ed & #ee7 7 p]fectly j1 & !y express$ regret t ,pr(essor ,ow5 %\ld h ov]/at$ ! diff]5ces exi/+ betwe5 ! bra9 ( ,man & ! ,quadrumana1 l$ a/ray1 z !y suppos$1 by 8 zeal to combat ! ,d>w9ian !ory respect+ ! trans=mation ( species1 a doctr9e aga9/ :i* !y !mselves prote/$ /rongly1 say+ t x belongs to a class ( speculations :i* are sure to be reviv$ f "t to "t1 & are always peculi>ly s$uctive to "y & sangu9e m9ds499 799 ,ibid4 page #aad47 ,z ! two memoirs be=e allud$ to by u1 ! "o by ,mr4 ,d>w9 on ,natural ,selection1 & ! o!r by ,mr4 ,wallace ,on ! ,t5d5cy ( ,v>ieties to dep>t indef9itely f ! orig9al ,type1 did n appe> till #aheh1 a ye> aft] ,pr(essor ,ow5's classification ( ! mammalia1 & z ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species 0 n publi%$ till ano!r ye> _h elaps$1 we _c accept ! explanation above (f]$ to u ( ! causes :i* l$ ! f\nd] ( ! sub-class ,ar*5cephala to seek = new po9ts ( di/9ction betwe5 ! human & simian bra9s2 b ! ,dut* anatomi/s may h fall5 into ?is ana*ronism by hav+ j read1 9 ! pap] by ,pr(essor ,ow5 9 ! ,annals1 "s prefatory allusions to ! ,ve/iges ( ,creation1 ,natural ,selection1 & ! "q :e!r man be or be n a desc5dant ( ! ape4 ,! numb] ( orig9al & important memoirs to :i* ?is discussion on ! c]ebral relations ( ,man to ! ,primates has already giv5 rise 9 less ?an five ye>s1 mu/ r5d] ! controv]sy = ev] memorable 9 ! hi/ory ( ,comp>ative ,anatomy499 799 ,rolle/on1 ,natural ,hi/ory ,review ,april #ahfa4 ,huxley1 on ,bra9 ( ,ateles ,proce$+s ( ! ,zoological ,society #ahfa4 ,fl[]1 ,po/]ior ,lobe 9 ,quadrumana etc41 ,philosophical ,transactions #ahfb4 ,id4 ,javan ,loris ,proce$+s ( ! ,zoological ,society #ahfb4 ,id4 on ,anatomy ( ,pi!cia ibid4 #ahfb47 ,9 ,engl& alone1 no less ?an fifte5 g5]a ( ! ,primates 7! subjects hav+ be5 almo/ all furni%$ by t admirable in/itution ! ,zoological ,g>d5s ( ,london7 h be5 anatomically exam9$1 & !y include ne>ly all ! lead+ types ( /ructure ( ! ,old & ,new ,_w apes & monkeys1 f ! mo/ an?ropoid =m to t f>!/ remov$ f ,man2 9 o!r words1 f ! ,*impanzee to ! ,lemur4 ,^! are3-- ,troglodytes 7,*impanzee74 ,pi!cus 7,orang74 ,hylobates 7,gibbon74 ,semnopi!cus4 ,c]copi!cus4 ,macacus4 ,cynocephalus 7,baboon74 ,ateles 7,spid] ,monkey74 ,cebus 7,capu*9 ,monkey74 ,pi!cia 7,saki74 ,nyctipi!cus 7,d\ric\li74 ,hapale 7,m>moset74 ,otolicnus4 ,/5ops4 ,lemur4 ,9 ,july #ahfa ,mr4 ,m>%all1 9 a pap] on ! bra9 ( a "y ,*impanzee1 :i* he _h dissect$ imm$iately aft] its dea?1 gave a s]ies ( photographic draw+s1 %[+ t :5 ! p>ts are all 9 a fre% /ate1 ! po/]ior lobe ( ! c]ebrum1 in/ead ( simply cov]+ ! c]ebellum1 is prolong$ backw>ds beyond x ev5 to a great] ext5t ?an 9 ,gratiolet's figure1 #ef1 &1 :at is m 9 po9t1 9 a great] degree relatively speak+ 7at lea/ 9 ! "y /ate ( ! animal7 ?an 9 ,man4 ,9 fact1 ! projection is to ! ext5t ( ab\t "o-n9? ( ! total l5g? ( ! c]ebrum1 :]eas ! av]age excess ( ov]lapp+ is only "o-elev5? 9 ! human bra9499 799 ,m>%all1 ,natural ,hi/ory ,review ,july #ahfa4 ,see also on ?is subject ,pr(essor ,rolle/on on ! slight degree ( backw>d ext5sion ( ! c]ebrum 9 "s races ( ,man4 ,m$ical ,times ,octob] #ahfb1 page #dai47 ,! same au?or gives an in/ructive acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* displacem5t & di/ortion take place :5 su* bra9s are pres]v$ 9 spirits z 9 ! ord9>y prep>ations ( ! anatomi/4 ,mr4 ,fl[]1 9 a rec5t pap] on ! po/]ior lobe ( ! c]ebrum 9 ! ,quadrumana199 rem>ks1 t al?\gh ,ti$emann _h decl>$ himself unable 9 #ahba to detect ! hippocampus m9or or ! po/]ior cornu ( ! lat]al v5tricle 9 ! bra9 ( a ,macacus dissect$ by him1 ,cuvi]1 nev]!less1 m5tions ! latt] z *>act]i/ic ( ,man & ! apes1 & ,m4 ,s]res 9 8 well-kn[n "w on ! bra9 9 #ahbf1 has %[n 9 at lea/ f\r species ( apes ! pres5ce ( bo? ! hippocampus m9or & ! po/]ior cornu4 799 ,philosophical ,transactions #ahfb page #ahe47 ,ti$emann _h expressly /at$ t ! ?ird or h9d] lobe 9 ! ape cov]$ ! c]ebellum z 9 ,man199 & z to 8 negative evid5ce 9 respect to ! int]nal /ructure ( t lobe1 x c h no weight :atev] aga9/ ! positive pro(s obta9$ to ! contr>y by a ho/ ( able obs]v]s4 ,ev5 be=e ,ti$emann's "w 0 publi%$1 ,kuhl _h dissect$1 9 #ahbj1 ! bra9 ( ! spid]-monkey 7,ateles beelzebu?71 & _h giv5 a figure ( a long po/]ior cornu to ! lat]al v5tricle1 :i* he _h describ$ z su*49999 799 ,ti$emann1 ,icones c]ebri ,simi>um etc4 page #dh47 79999 ,beitrage zur ,zoologie etc4 ,frankfurt am ,ma9 #ahbj47 ,! g5]al results arriv$ at by ! ,engli% anatomi/s already cit$1 & by ,pr(essor ,rolle/on 9 v>i\s pap]s on ! same subject1 h ?us be5 briefly /at$ by ,pr(essor ,huxley3-- ,e lemur :i* has yet be5 exam9$ has its c]ebellum p>tially visible f above1 & its po/]ior lobe1 ) ! conta9$ po/]ior cornu & hippocampus m9or1 m or less rudim5t>y4 ,e m>moset1 ,am]ican monkey1 ,old ,_w monkey1 baboon1 or man-l ape1 on ! contr>y1 has its c]ebellum entirely hidd51 & possesses a l>ge po/]ior cornu1 ) a well-develop$ hippocampus m9or4 ,9 _m ( ^! creatures1 su* z ! ,saimiri 7,*ryso?rix71 ! c]ebral lobes ov]lap & ext5d mu* f>!r beh9d ! c]ebellum 9 proportion ?an !y d 9 ,man499 799 ,huxley1 ,evid5ce z to ,man's place 9 ,nature page #ig47 ,x is by no means pret5d$ t ^! conclusions ( ,briti% obs]v]s z to ! aff9ity 9 c]ebral /ructure ( ,man & ! ,primates are new1 b on ! contr>y t !y confirm ! inductions previ\sly made by ! pr9cipal cont95tal tea*]s ( ! la/ & pres5t g5]ations1 su* z ,ti$emann1 ,cuvi]1 ,s]res1 ,leuret1 ,wagn]1 ,s*ro$] van d] ,kolk1 ,vrolik1 ,gratiolet1 & o!rs4 ,at a late meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 7#ahfb71 ,pr(essor ,ow5 read a pap] ,on ! bra9 & limb *>act]s ( ! ,gorilla z contra/$ ) ^? ( ,man99 9 :i*1 he obs]ves1 t 9 ! gorilla ! c]ebrum ext5ds ov] ! c]ebellum1 n beyond x4 799 ,m$ical ,times & ,gazette ,octob] #ahfb page #cgc47 ,?is /atem5t1 al?\gh slightly at v>iance ) "o publi%$ ! ye> be=e 7#ahfa7 by ,pr(essor ,huxley1 :o ma9ta9s t x does project beyond1 is int]e/+ z correct+ ! description ( ! same bra9 giv5 by ,pr(essor ,ow5 9 t ye>1 9 a lecture to ! ,royal ,in/itution1 9 :i* a consid]able "p ( ! c]ebellum ( ! gorilla 0 repres5t$ z uncov]$499 799 ,a!naeum ,report ( ,royal ,in/itution ,lecture1 ,m>* #bc1 #ahfa1 & ref]5ce to x by ,pr(essor ,ow5 z to ,gorilla1 ibid4 ,m>* #cj page #dcd47 ,9 ! same memoir1 x is rem>k$ t 9 ! ,maimon ,baboon ! c]ebrum n only cov]s b ext5ds backw>ds ev5 beyond ! c]ebellum499 799 ,= ,report ( ,pr(essor ,ow5's ,cambridge ,briti% ,association pap] see ,m$ical ,times ,octob] #aa1 #ahfb page #cgc47 ,?is baboon1 !re=e1 possesses a po/]ior lobe1 accord+ to e description yet giv5 ( su* a lobe1 includ+ a new def9ition ( ! same lately propos$ by ,pr(essor ,ow54 ,= ! po/]ior lobe 0 =m]ly consid]$ to be t "p ( ! c]ebrum :i* cov]s ! c]ebellum1 :]eas ,pr(essor ,ow5 def9es x z t "p :i* cov]s ! po/]ior ?ird ( ! c]ebellum1 & ext5ds beyond x4 ,we may1 !re=e1 consid] ! attempt to di/+ui% ! bra9 ( ,man f t ( ! ape on ! gr\nd ( newly-discov]$ c]ebral *>act]s1 pres5t+ diff]5ces 9 k9d1 z virtually ab&on$ by its orig9ator1 & if ! sub-class ,ar*5cephala is to be reta9$1 x mu/ dep5d on diff]5ces 9 degree1 z1 = example1 ! va/ increase ( ! bra9 9 ,man1 z comp>$ ) t ( ! highe/ ape1 9 absolute size1 & ! /ill great] sup]iority 9 relative size to ! bulk & weight ( ! body499 799 ,ow51 ibid4 page #cgc47 ,if we ask :y ?is "*1 ?\gh well kn[n to ,cuvi] & o!r great anatomi/s be=e our "t1 0 n consid]$ by !m to entitle ,man1 physically consid]$1 to claim a m di/9ct place 9 ! gr\p call$ ,primates ?an t ( a sep>ate ord]1 or1 accord+ to o!rs1 a sep>ate g5us or family only1 we %all f9d ! answ] ?us concisely /at$ by ,pr(essor ,huxley 9 8 new "w1 be=e cit$3-- ,s f> z ,i am aw>e1 no human cranium belong+ to an adult man has yet be5 obs]v$ ) a less cubical capacity ?an #fb cubic in*es1 ! smalle/ cranium obs]v$ 9 any race ( m51 by ,morton1 measur+ #fc cubic in*es2 :ile on ! o!r h&1 ! mo/ capaci\s gorilla skull yet measur$ has a cont5t ( n m ?an #cd #a_/b cubic in*es4 ,let u assume = simplicity's sake1 t ! l[e/ man's skull has twice ! capacity ( ! highe/ gorilla's4 ,no d\bt ?is is a v /rik+ diff]5ce1 b x loses mu* ( its app>5t sy/ematic value1 :5 view$ by ! light ( c]ta9 o!r equally indubitable facts respect+ cranial capacities4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is1 t ! diff]5ce 9 ! volume ( ! cranial cavity ( diff]5t races ( mank9d is f> great]1 absolutely1 ?an t betwe5 ! l[e/ man & ! highe/ ape1 :ile1 relatively1 x is ab\t ! same2 = ! l>ge/ human skull measur$ by ,morton conta9$ #aad cubic in*es1 t is to say1 _h v ne>ly d\ble ! capacity ( ! smalle/1 :ile its absolute prepond]ance ( ov] #ej cubic in*es is f> great] ?an t by :i* ! l[e/ adult male human cranium surpasses ! l>ge/ ( ! gorillas 7#fb m9us #cd #a_/b #bg #a_/b74 ,secondly1 ! adult crania ( gorillas :i* h z yet be5 measur$1 diff] among !mselves by ne>ly "o-?ird1 ! maximum capacity be+ #cd4e cubic in*es1 ! m9imum #bd cubic in*es2 &1 ?irdly1 aft] mak+ all due all[ance = diff]5ce ( size1 ! cranial capacities ( "s ( ! l[] apes fall ne>ly z mu* relatively bel[ ^? ( ! high] apes1 z ! latt] fall bel[ ,man499 799 ,huxley1 ,evid5ce z to ,man's place 9 ,nature ,london #ahfc page #gh4 7 ,are we !n to conclude t diff]5ces 9 m5tal p[] h no intimate connection ) ! comp>ative volume ( ! bra98 ,we _c draw su* an inf]5ce1 because ! highe/ & mo/ civilis$ races ( ,man exce$ 9 ! av]age ( _! cranial capacity ! l[e/ races1 ! ,european bra91 = example1 be+ l>g] ?an t ( ! negro1 & some:at m convolut$ & less symmetrical1 & ^? apes1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* approa* ne>e/ to ,man 9 ! =m & volume ( _! bra9 be+ m intellig5t ?an ! ,lemurs1 or /ill l[] divisions ( ! mammalia1 su* z ! ,rod5ts & ,m>supials1 :i* h small] bra9s4 ,b ! extraord9>y intellig5ce ( ! elephant & dog1 s f> exce$+ t ( ! l>g] "p ( ! ,quadrumana1 al?\gh _! bra9s are ( a type mu* m remote f ! human1 may s]ve to conv9ce u h[ f> we are z yet f und]/&+ ! real nature ( ! dep5d5ce ( intellectual sup]iority on c]ebral /ructure4 ,pr(essor ,rolle/on1 9 ref]5ce to ?is subject1 rem>ks1 t ev5 if x 7 to be prov$ t ! diff]5ces betwe5 ,man's bra9 & t ( ! ape are diff]5ces entirely ( quantity1 !re is no reason1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 :y s _m & su* weighty diff]5ces 9 degree %\ld n am\nt to a diff]5ce 9 k9d4 ,diff]5ces ( degree & diff]5ces ( k9d are1 x is true1 mutually exclusive t]ms 9 ! language ( ! s*ools2 b :e!r !y are s also 9 ! laboratory ( ,nature1 we may v well d\bt499 799 ,report ( a ,lecture deliv]$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution by ,pr(essor ,george ,rolle/on ,on ! ,bra9 ( ,man & ,animals ,m$ical ,gazette ,m>* #ae1 #ahfb page #bfb47 ,! same physiologi/ sugge/s1 t z !re is consid]able pla/icity 9 ! human frame1 n only 9 y\? & dur+ gr[?1 b ev5 9 ! adult1 we ought n always to take = grant$1 z "s advocates ( ! developm5t !ory seem to d1 t ea* advance 9 psy*ical p[] dep5ds on an improvem5t 9 bodily /ructure1 = :y may n ! s\l1 or ! high] intellectual & moral faculties1 play ! fir/ in/ead ( ! second "p 9 a progressive s*eme8 ,,intellig5ce ,,( ,,! ,,l[] ,,animals ,,comp>$ ,,to ,,t ,,( ,,man4 ,ev] s9ce ! days ( ,leibnitz1 metaphysicians :o h attempt$ to draw a l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! intellig5ce ( ! l[] animals & t ( ,man1 or betwe5 in/9ct & reason1 h exp]i5c$ difficulties analog\s to ^? :i* ! mod]n anatomi/ enc\nt]s :5 he tries to di/+ui% ! bra9 ( an ape f t ( ,man by "s *>act]s m m>k$ ?an ^? ( m]e size & weight1 :i* v>y s mu* 9 individuals ( ! same species1 :e!r simian or human4 ,pr(essor ,agassiz1 aft] decl>+ t z yet we sc>cely possess ! mo/ elem5t>y in=mation requisite = a sci5tific comp>ison ( ! in/9cts & faculties ( animals ) ^? ( ,man1 confesses t he _c say 9 :at ! m5tal faculties ( a *ild diff] f ^? ( a "y *impanzee4 ,he also obs]ves1 t ! range ( ! passions ( animals is z ext5sive z t ( ! human m9d1 & ,i am at a loss to p]ceive a diff]5ce ( k9d betwe5 !m1 h[ev] mu* !y may diff] 9 degree & 9 ! mann] 9 :i* !y are express$4 ,! gradations ( ! moral faculties among ! high] animals & ,man are1 moreov]1 s imp]ceptible1 t to d5y to ! fir/ a c]ta9 s5se ( responsibility & consci\sness w\ld c]ta9ly be an exagg]ation ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 animals & ,man4 ,!re exi/s1 besides1 z mu* individuality )9 _! respective capabilities among animals z among ,man1 z e sportsman1 or e keep] ( m5ag]ies1 or e f>m] & %eph]d c te/ify1 :o has _h a l>ge exp]i5ce ) wild1 or tam$1 or dome/icat$ animals4 ,?is argues /rongly 9 fav\r ( ! exi/5ce 9 e animal ( an immat]ial pr9ciple1 simil> to t :i*1 by its excell5ce & sup]ior end[m5ts1 places ,man s mu* above animals4 ,yet ! pr9ciple exi/s unque/ionably1 & :e!r x be call$ s\l1 reason1 or in/9ct1 x pres5ts1 9 ! :ole range ( organis$ be+s1 a s]ies ( ph5om5a closely l9k$ toge!r1 & ^u x are bas$ n only ! high] manife/ations ( ! m9d1 b ! v p]man5ce ( ! specific diff]5ces :i* *>act]ise e organ4 ,mo/ ( ! argum5ts ( philosophy 9 fav\r ( ! immortality ( ,man apply equally to ! p]man5cy ( ?is pr9ciple 9 o!r liv+ be+s499 799 ,contributions to ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica volume #a "p #a pages #fj & #fd47 ,pr(essor ,huxley1 :5 comm5t+ on a passage 9 ,pr(essor ,ow5's memoir1 above cit$1 argues t !re is a unity 9 psy*ical z 9 physical plan among animat$ be+s1 & adds1 t al?\gh he _c g s f> z to say t ! det]m9ation ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,homo & ,pi!cus is ! anatomi/'s difficulty1 yet no imp>tial judge c d\bt t ! roots1 z x 71 ( ^? great faculties :i* conf] on ,man 8 immeasurable sup]iority above all o!r animate ?+s are traceable f> d[n into ! animate _w4 ,! dog1 ! cat1 & ! p>rot1 return love = our love & hatr$ = our hatr$4 ,!y are capable ( %ame & ( sorr[1 & ?\gh !y may h no logic nor consci\s ratioc9ation1 no "o :o has wat*$ _! ways c d\bt t !y possess t p[] ( rational c]ebration :i* evolves reasonable acts f ! premises furni%$ by ! s5ses--a process :i* takes fully z l>ge a %>e z consci\s reason 9 human activity499 799 ,natural ,hi/ory ,review ,numb] #a ,janu>y #ahfa page #fh47 ,,gr\nds ,,= ,,ref]r+ ,,man ,,to ,a ,,di/9ct ,,k+dom ,,( ,,nature4 ,few if any ( ! au?ors above cit$1 :ile !y admit s fully ! analogy :i* exi/s betwe5 ! faculties ( ,man & ! inf]ior animals1 are dispos$ to und]rate ! enorm\s gap :i* sep>ates ,man f ! brutes1 & if !y sc>cely all[ him to be ref]able to a di/9ct ord]1 & mu* less to a sep>ate sub-class1 on purely physical gr\nds1 x does n foll[ t !y w\ld object to ! reason+ ( ,m4 ,quatrefages1 :o says1 9 8 "w on ! ,unity ( ! ,human ,species1 t ,man mu/ =m a k+dom by himself if once we p]mit 8 moral & intellectual end[m5ts to h _! due weight 9 classification4 ,z to 8 organisation1 he obs]ves1 ,we f9d 9 ! mammalia ne>ly absolute id5tity ( anatomical /ructure1 bone = bone1 muscle = muscle1 n]ve = n]ve--simil> organs p]=m+ l functions4 ,x is n by a v]tical position on 8 feet1 ! os sublime ( ,ovid1 :i* he %>es ) ! p5gu91 nor by 8 m5tal faculties1 :i*1 ?\gh m develop$1 are fundam5tally ! same z ^? ( animals1 nor by 8 p[]s ( p]ception1 w1 memory1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( reason1 nor by articulate spee*1 :i* he %>es ) birds & "s mammalia1 & by :i* !y express ideas compreh5d$ n only by individuals ( _! own species b (t5 by ,man1 nor is x by ! faculties ( ! he>t1 su* z love & hatr$1 :i* are also %>$ by quadrup$s & birds1 b x is by some?+ completely =eign to ! m]e animal1 & belong+ exclusively to ,man1 t we mu/ e/abli% a sep>ate k+dom = him 7page #ba74 ,^! di/+ui%+ *>act]s1 he goes on to say1 are ! ab/ract notion ( good & evil1 "r & wrong1 virtue & vice1 or ! moral faculty1 & a belief 9 a _w beyond ours1 & 9 c]ta9 my/]i\s be+s1 or a ,be+ ( a high] nature ?an ours1 :om we ought to fe> or rev]e2 9 o!r words1 ! religi\s faculty4--page #bc4 ,by ^! two attributes ! moral & ! religi\s1 n common to man & ! brutes1 ,m4 ,quatrefages proposes to di/+ui% ! human f ! animal k+dom4 ,b he omits to notice "o ess5tial "*1 :i* ,dr4 ,sumn]1 ! late ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 br\ght out 9 /rong relief fifty ye>s ago 9 8 ,records ( ,creation4 ,!re are writ]s1 he obs]ves1 :o h tak5 an extraord9>y pleasure 9 levell+ ! broad di/9ction :i* sep>ates ,man f ! ,brute ,creation4 ,misl$ to a false conclusion by ! inf9ite v>iety ( ,nature's productions1 !y h describ$ a *a9 ( exi/5ce connect+ ! vegetable ) ! animal _w1 & ! diff]5t ord]s ( animals "o ) ano!r1 s z to rise by an almo/ imp]ceptible gradation f ! tribe ( ,simiae to ! l[e/ ( ! human race1 & f ^! upw>ds to ! mo/ ref9$4 ,b if a comp>ison 7 to be drawn1 x %\ld be tak51 n f ! upright =m1 :i* is by no means conf9$ to mank9d1 nor ev5 f ! vague t]m reason1 :i* _c always be accurately sep>at$ f in/9ct1 b f t p[] ( progressive & improvable reason1 :i* is ,man's peculi> & exclusive end[m5t4 ,x has be5 sometimes alleg$1 & may be f\nd$ on fact1 t !re is less diff]5ce betwe5 ! highe/ brute animal & ! l[e/ savage ?an betwe5 ! savage & ! mo/ improv$ ,man4 ,b1 9 ord] to w>rant ! pret5d$ analogy1 x ought to be also true t ?is l[e/ savage is no m capable ( improvem5t ?an ! ,*impanzee or ,orang-outang4 ,animals1 he adds1 are born :at !y are int5d$ to rema94 ,nature has be/[$ ^u !m a c]ta9 rank1 & limit$ ! ext5t ( _! capacity by an impassable decree4 ,man %e has emp[]$ & oblig$ to become ! artific] ( 8 own rank 9 ! scale ( be+s by ! peculi> gift ( improvable reason499 799 ,records ( ,creation volume #b *apt] #b #bnd edition #ahaf47 ,we h se5 t ,pr(essor ,agassiz1 9 8 ,essay on ,classification1 above cit$1 speaks ( ! exi/5ce 9 e animal ( an immat]ial pr9ciple simil> to t :i*1 by its excell5ce & sup]ior end[m5ts1 places man s mu* above animals2 & he rem>ks1 t mo/ ( ! argum5ts ( philosophy 9 fav\r ( ! immortality ( ,man1 apply equally to ! p]man5cy ( ?is pr9ciple 9 o!r liv+ be+s4 ,al?\gh ! au?or has no int5tion by ?is rem>k to impugn ! tru? ( ! great doctr9e allud$ to1 x may be well to obs]ve1 t if "s ( ! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( a future /ate are applicable 9 common to ,man & ! l[] animals1 !y are by no means ^? :i* are ! weightie/ & mo/ reli$ on4 ,x is no d\bt true t1 9 bo?1 ! id5tity ( ! individual outla/s _m *anges ( =m & /ructure :i* take place dur+ ! passage f ! infant to ! adult /ate1 & f t to old age1 & ! loss aga9 & aga9 ( e p>ticle ( matt] :i* _h ent]$ previ\sly into ! composition ( ! body dur+ its gr[?1 & ! sub/itution ( new elem5ts 9 _! place1 :ile ! individual rema9s always ! same1 c>ries ! analogy a /ep f>!r4 ,b beyond ?is we _c pu% ! comp>ison4 ,we _c imag9e ?is _w to be a place ( trial & moral discipl9e = any ( ! inf]ior animals1 nor c any ( !m d]ive com=t & happ9ess f fai? 9 a h]eaft]4 ,to ,man alone is giv5 ?is belief1 s consonant to 8 reason1 & s cong5ial to ! religi\s s5tim5ts implant$ by nature 9 8 s\l1 a doctr9e :i* t5ds to raise him morally & intellectually 9 ! scale ( be+1 & ! fruits ( :i* are1 !re=e1 mo/ opposite 9 "* to ^? :i* gr[ out ( error & delusion4 ,! oppon5ts ( ! !ory ( transmutation sometimes argue t1 if !re _h be5 a passage by v>iation f ! l[] ,primates to ,man1 ! geologi/ ought ere ?is to h detect$ "s fossil rema9s ( ! int]m$iate l9ks ( ! *a94 ,b :at we h said respect+ ! abs5ce ( gradational =ms betwe5 ! ,rec5t & ,plioc5e mammalia may s]ve to %[ ! weakness 9 ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce ( any argum5t bas$ on su* negative evid5ce1 especially 9 ! case ( ,man1 s9ce we h n yet rea*$ ^? pages ( ! great book ( nature1 9 :i* alone we h any "r to expect to f9d records ( ! miss+ l9ks allud$ to4 ,! c\ntries ( ! an?ropomorph\s apes are ! tropical regions ( ,africa1 & ! isl&s ( ,borneo & ,sumatra1 l&s :i* may be said to be q unkn[n 9 ref]5ce to _! ,plioc5e & ,plei/oc5e mammalia4 ,man is an old-_w type1 & x is n 9 ,brazil1 ! only equatorial region :]e ossif]\s cav]ns h yet be5 explor$1 t ! discov]y1 9 a fossil /ate1 ( ext9ct =ms alli$ to ! human1 c\ld be look$ =4 ,lund1 a ,dani% naturali/1 f\nd 9 ,brazil1 n only ext9ct slo?s & armadilloes1 b ext9ct g5]a ( fossil monkeys1 b all ( ! ,am]ican type1 &1 !re=e1 widely dep>t+ 9 _! d5tition & "s o!r *>act]s f ! ,primates ( ! old _w4 ,at "s future day1 :5 _m hundr$ species ( ext9ct quadrumana may h be5 br\ght to light1 ! naturali/ may speculate ) advantage on ?is subject2 at pres5t we mu/ be cont5t to wait pati5tly1 & n to all[ our judgm5t respect+ transmutation to be influ5c$ by ! want ( evid5ce1 :i* x w\ld be contr>y to analogy to look = 9 ,plei/oc5e deposits 9 any di/ricts1 :i* z yet we h c>efully exam9$4 ,=1 z we meet ) ext9ct kang>oos & wombats 9 ,au/ralia1 ext9ct llamas & slo?s 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 s 9 equatorial ,africa1 & 9 c]ta9 isl&s ( ! ,ea/ ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 may we hope to meet h]eaft] ) lo/ types ( ! an?ropoid ,primates1 alli$ to ! gorilla1 *impanzee1 & orang-outang4 #dd ,europe1 dur+ ! ,plioc5e p]iod1 seems n to h enjoy$ a climate fitt+ x to be ! habitation ( ! quadruman\s mammalia2 b we no soon] c>ry back our rese>*es into ,mioc5e times1 :]e plants & insects1 l ^? ( ,o5+51 & %ells1 l ^? ( ! ,faluns ( ! ,loire1 w\ld imply a w>m] temp]ature bo? ( sea & l&1 ?an we beg9 to discov] fossil apes & monkeys nor? ( ! ,alps & ,pyr5ees4 ,among ! few species already detect$1 two at lea/ belong to ! an?ropomorph\s class4 ,"o ( ^!1 ! ,dryopi!cus ( ,l>tet1 a gibbon or long-arm$ ape1 ab\t equal to man 9 /ature1 0 obta9$ 9 ! ye> #ahef 9 ! ,upp] ,mioc5e /rata at ,sansan1 ne> ! foot ( ! ,pyr5ees 9 ! ,s\? ( ,france1 & "o bone ( ! same ape is report$ to h be5 s9ce procur$ f a deposit ( correspond+ age at ,eppel%eim1 ne> ,d>m/adt1 9 a latitude answ]+ to t ( ! s\!rn c\nties ( ,engl&499 799 ,ow51 ,geologi/ ,novemb] #ahfb47 ,b accord+ to ! doctr9e ( progression x is n 9 ^! ,mioc5e /rata1 b 9 ^? ( ,plioc5e & ,plei/oc5e date1 9 m equatorial regions1 t !re w be ! greate/ *ance ( discov]+ h]eaft] "s species m highly organis$ ?an ! gorilla & *impanzee4 ,! only reput$ fossil monkey ( ,eoc5e date1 namely1 t f\nd 9 #ahdj at ,kyson1 9 ,suffolk1 & s det]m9$ by ,pr(essor ,ow51 has rec5tly be5 pron\nc$ by ! same anatomi/1 aft] re-exam9ation1 & :5 he _h ampl] mat]ials at 8 comm&1 to be a pa*yd]m4 ,m4 ,rutimey]199 h[ev]1 an able o/eologi/1 ref]r$ to 9 ! e>li] *apt]s ( ?is "w1 has j ann\nc$ ! discov]y 9 ,eoc5e /rata1 9 ! ,swiss ,jura1 ( a monkey alli$ to ! lemurs1 b z he has only obta9$ z yet a small fragm5t ( a jaw ) ?ree mol> tee?1 we mu/ wait = full] in=mation be=e we confid5tly rely on ! claims ( 8 ,co5opi!cus lemuroides to take rank z "o ( ! ,primates4 799 ,rutimey]1 ,eoc5e ,sauge?i]e ,zuri* #ahfb47 ,,hallam ,,on ,,man',s ,,place ,,9 ,,! ,,creation4 ,hallam1 9 8 ,lit]ature ( ,europe1 aft] indulg+ 9 "s pr(\nd reflections on ! ?\ghts ( ,pascal1 & ! !ological dogmas ( 8 s*ool respect+ ! fall5 nature ( ,man1 ?us speaks ( ,man's place 9 ! creation--,x might be w&]+ f ! prop] subject ( ^! volumes if we 7 to pause1 ev5 %ortly1 to inquire :e!r1 :ile ! creation ( a _w s full ( evil mu/ ev] rema9 ! mo/ inscrutable ( my/]ies1 we might n be l$ "s way 9 trac+ ! connection ( moral & physical evil 9 mank9d1 ) 8 place 9 t creation1 & especially1 :e!r ! law ( cont9uity1 :i* x has n pleas$ 8 ,mak] to break ) respect to 8 bodily /ructure1 & :i* b9ds t1 9 ! unity ( "o great type1 to ! l[] =ms ( animal life by ! common conditions ( n\ri%m5t1 reproduction1 & self-def5ce1 has n r5d]$ necess>y bo? ! physical appetites & ! prop5sities :i* t]m9ate 9 self2 :e!r aga9 ! sup]ior end[m5ts ( 8 intellectual nature1 8 susceptibility ( moral emotion1 & ( ^? dis9t]e/$ affections :i*1 if n exclusively1 he f> m int5sely possesses ?an an inf]ior be+--above all1 ! gifts ( consci5ce & a capacity to "k ,god1 might n be expect$1 ev5 be=eh&1 by _! conflict ) ! animal passions1 to produce "s p>tial inconsi/5cies1 "s anomalies at lea/1 :i* he c\ld n himself expla9 9 s comp\nd a be+4 ,e l9k 9 ! long *a9 ( creation does n pass by easy transition into ! next4 ,!re are necess>y *asms1 &1 z x 71 leaps f "o creature to ano!r1 :i*1 ?\gh no exceptions to ! law ( cont9uity1 are accommodations ( x to a new s]ies ( be+4 ,if ,man 0 made 9 ! image ( ,god1 he 0 also made 9 ! image ( an ape4 ,! framework ( ! body ( him :o has weigh$ ! />s & made ! lightn+ 8 slave1 approa*es to t ( a spee*less brute1 :o w&]s 9 ! =e/s ( ,sumatra4 ,?us /&+ on ! fronti] l& betwe5 animal & angelic natures1 :at wond] t he %\ld p>take ( bo?699 799 ,hallam1 ,introduction to ! ,lit]ature ( ,europe etc4 volume #d page #afb47 ,! law ( cont9uity "h spok5 (1 z n be+ violat$ by occasional exceptions1 or by leaps f "o creature to ano!r1 is n ! law ( v>iation & natural selection above expla9$ 7,*apt] #ba71 b t unity ( plan suppos$ to exi/ 9 ! ,div9e ,m9d1 :e!r realis$ or n mat]ially & 9 ! visible creation1 ( :i* ! l9ks d n pass by an easy transition ! "o into ! o!r1 at lea/ z beheld by u4 ,dr4 ,asa ,gray1 an em95t ,am]ican botani/1 to :om we are indebt$ = a philosophical essay ( great m]it on ! ,orig9 ( ,species by ,v>iation & ,natural ,selection1 has well obs]v$1 :5 speak+ ( ! axiom ( ,leibnitz1 ,natura non agit saltatim1 t nature secures h] ends & makes h] di/9ctions1 on ! :ole1 manife/ & real1 b )\t any important breaks or long leaps4 ,we ne$ n wond] t gradations betwe5 species & v>ieties %\ld occur1 or t g5]a & o!r gr\ps %\ld n be absolutely limit$1 ?\gh !y are repres5t$ to be s 9 our sy/ems4 ,! classifications ( ! naturali/ def9e abruptly :]e nature m or less bl5ds4 ,our sy/ems are no?+ if n def9ite4 ,! same writ] rem9ds u t plants & animals are s diff]5t1 t ! difficulty ( ! ord9>y obs]v] w\ld be to f9d po9ts ( comp>ison1 :]eas1 ) ! naturali/1 x is all ! o!r way4 ,all ! broad diff]5ces vani% "o by "o z we approa* ! l[] conf9es ( ! animal & vegetable k+doms1 & no absolute di/9ction :atev] is n[ kn[n betwe5 !m499 799 ,gray1 ,natural ,selection n inconsi/5t ) ,natural ,!ology ,trubn] ,co4 ,london #ahfa page #ee47 ,! au?or ( an elaborate review ( ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species1 himself an accompli%$ geologi/1 decl>es t if we embrace ! doctr9e ( ! cont9u\s v>iation ( all organic =ms f ! l[e/ to ! highe/1 includ+ ,man z ! la/ l9k 9 ! *a9 ( be+1 !re mu/ h be5 a transition f ! in/9ct ( ! brute to ! noble m9d ( ,man2 & 9 t case1 :]e1 he asks1 are ! miss+ l9ks1 & at :at po9t ( 8 progressive improvem5t did ,man acquire ! spiritual "p ( 8 be+1 & become end[$ ) ! awful attribute ( immortality899 799 ,physical ,!ories ( ! ,ph5om5a ( ,life ,fras]'s ,magaz9e ,july #ahfj page #hh47 ,be=e we raise objections ( ?is k9d to a sci5tific hypo!sis1 x w\ld be well to pause & inquire :e!r !re are no analog\s enigmas 9 ! con/itution ( ! _w ar\nd u1 "s ( :i* pres5t ev5 great] difficulties ?an t "h /at$4 ,:5 we contemplate1 = example1 ! _m hundr$ millions ( human be+s :o n[ p ! e>?1 we behold ?\s&s :o are doom$ to helpless imbecility1 & we may trace an ins5sible gradation betwe5 !m & ! half-witt$1 & f ^! aga9 to individuals ( p]fect und]/&+1 s t t5s ( ?\s&s mu/ h exi/$ 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 :o 9 _! moral & intellectual condition1 h exhibit$ a passage f ! irrational to ! rational1 or f ! irresponsible to ! responsible4 ,moreov] we may inf] f ! returns ( ! ,regi/r> ,g5]al ( bir?s & dea?s 9 ,great ,brita91 & f ,quetelet's /ati/ics ( ,belgium1 t "o-f\r? ( ! human race die 9 e>ly infancy1 ne>ly "o-t5? be=e !y are a mon? old2 s t we may safely affirm t millions p]i% on ! e>? 9 e c5tury1 9 ! fir/ few h\rs ( _! exi/5ce4 ,to assign to su* individuals _! appropriate psy*ological place 9 ! creation is "o ( ! unpr(itable !mes on :i* !ologians & metaphysicians h exp5d$ mu* +5i\s speculation4 ,! philosoph]1 )\t ignor+ ^! difficulties1 does n all[ !m to di/urb 8 conviction t :atev] is1 is "r1 nor d !y *eck 8 hopes & aspirations 9 reg>d to ! high de/9y ( 8 species2 b he also feels t x is n = "o :o is s (t5 conf\nd$ by ! pa9ful realities ( ! pres5t1 to te/ ! probability ( !ories respect+ ! pa/1 by _! agreem5t or want ( agreem5t ) "s ideal ( a p]fect univ]se :i* ^? :o are oppos$ to op9ions may h pictur$ to !mselves4 ,we may also demur to ! assumption t ! hypo!sis ( v>iation & natural selection obliges u to assume t !re 0 an absolutely ins5sible passage f ! highe/ intellig5ce ( ! inf]ior animals to ! improvable reason ( ,man4 ,! bir? ( an individual ( transc5d5t g5ius1 ( p>5ts :o h nev] display$ any intellectual capacity above ! av]age /&>d ( _! age or race1 is a ph5om5on n to be lo/ sight (1 :5 we are conjectur+ :e!r ! successive /eps 9 advance by :i* a progressive s*eme has be5 develop$ may n admit ( occasional /rides1 con/itut+ breaks 9 an o!rwise cont9u\s s]ies ( psy*ical *anges4 ,! inv5tors ( useful arts1 ! poets & prophets ( ! e>ly /ages ( a nation's gr[?1 ! promulgators ( new sy/ems ( religion1 e?ics1 & philosophy1 or ( new codes ( laws1 h (t5 be5 look$ ^u z mess5g]s f ,heav51 & aft] _! dea? h _h div9e hon\rs paid to !m1 :ile fabul\s tales h be5 told ( ! prodigies :i* accompani$ _! bir?4 ,nor c we wond] t su* notions h prevail$ :5 we consid] :at important revolutions 9 ! moral & intellectual _w su* lead+ spirits h br\ght ab\t2 & :5 we reflect t m5tal z well z physical attributes are transmissible by inh]itance1 s t we may possibly disc]n 9 su* leaps ! orig9 ( ! sup]iority ( c]ta9 races ( mank9d4 ,9 our own "t ! occasional appe>ance ( su* extraord9>y m5tal p[]s may be attribut$ to atavism2 b !re mu/ h be5 a beg9n+ to ! s]ies ( su* r>e & anomal\s ev5ts4 ,if1 9 con=mity ) ! !ory ( progression1 we believe mank9d to h ris5 sl[ly f a rude & humble />t+ po9t1 su* leaps may h successively introduc$ n only high] & high] =ms & grades ( intellect1 b at a mu* remot] p]iod may h cle>$ at "o b\nd ! space :i* sep>at$ ! highe/ /age ( ! unprogressive intellig5ce ( ! inf]ior animals f ! fir/ & l[e/ =m ( improvable reason manife/$ by ,man4 ,to say t su* leaps con/itute no int]ruption to ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature is m ?an we are w>rant$ 9 affirm+4 ,9 ! case ( ! occasional bir? ( an individual ( sup]ior g5ius !re is c]ta9ly no break 9 ! regul> g5ealogical succession2 & :5 all ! mi/s ( my?ological fiction are dispell$ by hi/orical criticism1 :5 x is ackn[l$g$ t ! e>? did n tremble at ! nativity ( ! gift$ infant & t ! face ( heav5 0 n full ( fi]y %apes1 /ill a mighty my/]y rema9s unexpla9$1 & x is ! ,,ord] ( ! ph5om5a1 & n _! ,,cause1 :i* we are able to ref] to ! usual c\rse ( nature4 ,dr4 ,asa ,gray1 9 ! excell5t essay already cit$1 has po9t$ out t !re is no t5d5cy 9 ! doctr9e ( ,v>iation & ,natural ,selection to weak5 ! f\ndations ( ,natural ,!ology1 =1 consi/5tly ) ! d]ivative hypo!sis ( species1 we may hold any ( ! popul> views respect+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! *anges ( ! natural _w are br\ght ab\t4 ,we may imag9e t ev5ts & op]ations 9 g5]al g on 9 virtue simply ( =ces communicat$ at ! fir/1 & )\t any subsequ5t int]f]5ce1 or we may hold t n[ & !n1 & only n[ & !n1 !re is a direct int]position ( ! ,deity2 or1 la/ly1 we may suppose t all ! *anges are c>ri$ on by ! imm$iate ord]ly & con/ant1 h[ev] inf9itely div]sifi$1 action ( ! intellig5t1 effici5t ,cause4 ,!y :o ma9ta9 t ! orig9 ( an individual1 z well z ! orig9 ( a species or a g5us1 c be expla9$ only by ! direct action ( ! creative cause1 may reta9 _! fav\rite !ory compatibly ) ! doctr9e ( transmutation4 ,pr(essor ,agassiz1 hav+ obs]v$ t1 :ile human ?\ght is consecutive1 div9e ?\ght is simultane\s1 ,dr4 ,asa ,gray has repli$ t1 if div9e ?\ght is simultane\s1 we h no "r to affirm ! same ( div9e action4 ,! :ole c\rse ( nature may be ! mat]ial embodim5t ( a preconc]t$ arrangem5t2 & if ! succession ( ev5ts be expla9$ by transmutation1 ! p]petual adaptation ( ! organic _w to new conditions leaves ! argum5t 9 fav\r ( design1 & !re=e ( a design]1 z valid z ev]2 = to d any "w by an in/rum5t mu/ require1 & !re=e presuppose1 ! ex]tion r ( m ?an ( less p[]1 ?an to d x directly499 799 ,asa ,gray1 ,natural ,selection n inconsi/5t ) ,natural ,!ology ,trubn] ,co4 ,london #ahfa page #ee47 ,z to ! *>ge ( mat]ialism br\ght aga9/ all =ms ( ! developm5t !ory1 ,dr4 ,gray has done well to rem9d u t ( ! two great m9ds ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,newton & ,leibnitz1 bo? pr(\ndly religi\s z well z philosophical1 "o produc$ ! !ory ( gravitation1 ! o!r object$ to t !ory1 t x 0 subv]sive ( natural religion499 799 ,ibid4 page #ca47 ,x may be said t1 s f> f hav+ a mat]iali/ic t5d5cy1 ! suppos$ introduction into ! e>? at successive geological p]iods ( life--s5sation--in/9ct--! intellig5ce ( ! high] mammalia bord]+ on reason--& la/ly ! improvable reason ( ,man himself1 pres5ts u ) a picture ( ! ev]-increas+ dom9ion ( m9d ov] matt]4 ,,notes4 ,footnote #a3 ,! classification ( ! /rata above ! ,*alk1 z at pres5t employ$ by ! majority ( ,briti% geologi/s1 is m]ely a slight modification ( t propos$ by ,lyell 9 #ahcc4 ,! subdivisions g5]ally recognis$ are z foll[s 7,lake & ,ra/all1 ,textbook ( ,geology1 ,london1 #aiaj1 page #dch73-- ,neog5e3 ,plei/oc5e ,plioc5e ,mioc5e4 ,palaeog5e3 ,oligoc5e ,eoc5e4 ,?is diff]s *iefly f ,lyell's classification 9 ! introduction ( ! t]m ,oligoc5e = ! upp] "p ( ! orig9al ,eoc5e1 :i* 0 some:at unwieldy4 ,9 ! e>li] editions ( ! ,antiquity ( ,man & ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 ! /rata "h class$ z ,plei/oc5e 7 designat$ z ,po/-plioc5e4 ,! t]m diluvium1 n[ obsolete 9 ,brita9 b /ill l+]+ on ! ,cont95t1 is equival5t to ,plei/oc5e4 ,?is subdivision is /ill sometimes sep>at$ f ! ,t]ti>y1 z ! ,quat]n>y epo*4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is unnecess>y & inde$ objectionable1 z attribut+ too great importance to relatively insignificant deposits4 ,!re is no def9ite break1 ei!r /ratigraphical or palaeontological1 at ! top ( ! ,plioc5e1 & x is mo/ natural to reg>d ! ,t]ti>y epo* z /ill 9 progress4 ,equally unnecess>y is ! sep>ation ( ! po/-glacial deposits z ,rec5t1 a di/9ction :i* /ill prevails 9 _m qu>t]s1 app>5tly ) ! sole object ( add+ ano!r "n to an already ov]-burd5$ li/4 ,footnote #b3 ,! table ( /rata "h pr9t$ is n t giv5 by ,lyell 9 ! lat] editions ( ! ,antiquity ( ,man4 ,?is w\ld h requir$ s mu* explanation 9 ! light ( mod]n "w t x 0 ?\ght bett] to aboli% x altoge!r & to sub/itute an entirely new table1 :i* is to "s ext5t a compromise betwe5 ! num]\s classifications n[ 9 vogue4 ,9 ?is =m x is only /rictly applicable to ! ,briti% ,isles1 ?\gh ! divisions adopt$ 9 o!r c\ntries are g5]ally simil>1 & 9 _m cases id5tical4 ,footnote #c3 ,a simil> succession ( =e/-b$s1 five 9 numb]1 has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! peat ( ! ,f5l&1 ne> ,ely4 ,ea* b$ consi/s = ! mo/ "p ( a s+le species ( tree1 & a def9ite succession ( oak1 yew1 ,scot* fir1 ald]1 & will[ has be5 made out4 ,! =e/ b$s are suppos$ to indicate tempor>ily dri] conditions1 due ei!r to *anges ( climate or to slight uplift ( ! l&1 ! gr[? ( peat be+ r5ew$ dur+ p]iods ( damp climate or ( depression ( ! l&4 7,see ,clem5t ,reid1 ,subm]g$ ,=e/s1 ,cambridge1 #aiac47 ,footnote #d3 ,s9ce ! ,/one ,age1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! t]m is "h employ$1 obvi\sly occupi$ an enorm\s lapse ( "t & embrac$ v diff]5t /ages ( culture1 x has be5 f\nd conv5i5t to subdivide x into two prim>y subdivisions4 ,= ^! ,"l ,avebury propos$ 9 #ahfe ! t]ms ,palaeoli?ic & ,neoli?ic4 7 ,prehi/oric ,times1 ,london1 #ahfe1 page #fj47 ,! fir/ comprises ! ages dur+ :i* man fabricat$ fl9t implem5ts solely by *ipp+1 :]eas ! implem5ts ( ,neoli?ic ,age are poli%$ by rubb+4 ,b !re is ano!r & m fundam5tal di/9ction4 ,palaeoli?ic man 0 exclusively a hunt]1 & consequ5tly nomadic 9 8 habits2 ,neoli?ic man possess$ dome/icat$ animals & cultivat$ crops4 ,a pa/oral & agricultural life implies a settl$ abode1 & ^! are f\nd1 = example1 9 ! lake-villages ( ,switz]l&4 ,! kit*5-midd5s ( ,d5m>k also indicate long cont9uance 9 "o place1 9 ?is in/ance ! sea%ore4 ,footnote #e3 ,! fam\s case ( ! s-call$ ,temple ( ,s]apis at ,pozzuoli1 has giv5 rise to a consid]able lit]ature4 ,! subject is discuss$ by ,suess at l5g? 7,des ,antlitz d] ,erde1 ,vi5na1 #ahhh1 volume #b page #dfc1 or ,engli% translation1 ,! ,face ( ! ,e>?1 ,ox=d1 #aijd74 ,?is au?or %[s t ! :ole region is highly volcanic1 & consequ5tly v liable to di/urbance1 mu* relative movem5t ( l& & sea hav+ occurr$ )9 hi/oric times4 ,h5ce ! facts "h obs]v$ _c be tak5 z evid5ce = any g5]al upw>d or d[nw>d movem5t ( wide-spread or univ]sal ext5t4 ,footnote #f3 ,d>w91 ,voyage ( ! ,beagle1 *apt] #ad1 & a mu* full] acc\nt 9 ! same au?or's ,geological ,obs]vations on ! ,volcanic ,isl&s & ,p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica ,visit$ dur+ ! ,voyage ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,beagle1 *apt] #i4 ,footnote #g3 ,= a full discussion ( ! evid5ce = & aga9/ cont95tal elevation & subsid5ce 9 g5]al1 & z affect+ ! ,briti% ,isles & ,sc&9avia 9 p>ticul>1 see ,sir ,a4 ,geikie's ,presid5tial ,address to ! ,geological ,society = #aijd 7 ,proce$+s ( ! ,geological ,society' volume #fj1 #aijd1 pages #hj to #ajd474 ,"h x is %[n t ! olde/ rais$ bea*es ( ,scotl& are pre-glacial1 & ! same also holds = ! s\? ( ,irel&4 ,footnote #h3 ,! argum5t "h employ$ is fallaci\s1 s9ce ! m]e exi/5ce ( a di/9ct bea* implies a pause 9 ! movem5t & a long cont9uance at "o level4 ,x is impossible to =m any e/imate ( ! lapse ( "t necess>y = ! build+ up ( a bea*-t]race4 ,we c only1 9 "s cases1 obta9 a measure ( ! "t t elaps$ betwe5 ! =mation ( two successive bea*es1 z 9 ?is in/ance4 ,footnote #i3 ,! /r& l9es1 or rais$ bea*es ( ,norway1 h giv5 rise to mu* discussion1 ( :i* a summ>y w be f\nd 9 ! address cit$ 9 ,note #g4 ,footnote #aj3 ,a consid]able numb] ( skulls & skeletons ( ! ,ne&]?al type h n[ be5 f\nd 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,s\!rn ,europe1 ext5d+ f ,belgium to ,gibralt> & ,croatia1 & x is n[ kn[n t ?is type ( skull is associat$ ) fl9t implem5ts ( ,m\/]ian ,age4 7,see ,note #ab47 ,footnote #aa3 ,! mo/ important discov]y ( rec5t ye>s 9 ?is connection is t made 9 ,sussex by ,mr4 ,c4 ,dawson & ,dr4 ,a4 ,smi? ,woodw>d2 ?is f9d is describ$ 9 great detail 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 volume #fi1 #aiac1 pages #aag to #aea4 ,at a height ( ab\t #hj feet above ! pres5t level ( ! ,riv] ,ouse1 at ,piltd[n1 ne> ,uckfield1 is a gravel1 conta9+ _m br[n fl9ts ( peculi> "*1 "s ( :i* are implem5ts ( ,*ellean or e>li] type1 associat$ ) "s rema9s ( ,plei/oc5e animals & a few ( old] date1 d]iv$ f ,plioc5e deposits4 ,emb$d$ 9 ?is gravel 7 f\nd fragm5ts ( a human skull & l[] jaw ( v rem>kable type1 %[+ 9 "s respects di/9ctly simian *>act]s1 :ile 9 o!r respects x is less ape-l ?an ! ,m\/]ian skulls ( ,ne&]?al & o!r localities4 ,= ?is =m ! "n ( ,eoan?ropus has be5 propos$1 ?us con/itut+ a new g5us ( ! ,hom9idae4 ,footnote #ab3 ,x w be well at ?is po9t to give a brief summ>y ( ! mod]n classification ( ! ,palaeoli?ic implem5t-be>+ deposits ( ,europe4 ,f ! lab\rs ( _m geologi/s & prehi/oric ar*aeologi/s1 especially 9 ,france1 a def9ite succession ( types ( implem5t has be5 e/abli%$1 & 9 "s cases x has be5 f\nd possible to correlate ^! ) actual human rema9s & ) c]ta9 well-m>k$ ev5ts 9 ! physical hi/ory ( ,plei/oc5e times1 especially ) ! advance & retreat ( ice-%eets4 ,! pres5t /ate ( our k is admirably summ>is$ by ,pr(essor ,sollas 7,anci5t ,hunt]s1 ,london1 #aiaa71 & f t "w ! foll[+ note is cond5s$4 ,! /ages ( ,palaeoli?ic culture n[ recognis$ are z foll[s3-- ,azilian ,magdal5ian ,solutrean ,aurignacian ,m\/]ian ,a*eulean ,*ellean ,/repyan ,mesv9ian4 ,bel[ ! ,mesv9ian comes ! nebul\s region ( eoli?s1 :i* are n yet def9itely prov$ to be ( human workman%ip4 ,! ,ne&]?al skull belongs to ! ,m\/]ian /age1 b ! olde/ kn[n def9itely human rema91 ! jaw f ! ,mau] s&s ne> ,heidelb]g1 may be old] ?an any ( ^!1 inde$ by "s x is assign$ to ! fir/ int]glacial p]iod ( ,p5ck & ,bruckn] 7see ,note #cb74 ,= figures ( ! types ( implem5t *>act]is+ ea* p]iod1 see ,guide to ! ,antiquities ( ! ,/one ,age 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,briti% & ,m$ieval ,antiquities1 ,briti% ,museum1 #bnd edition1 ,london1 #aiaa1 pages #a to #gd4 ,?is publication gives an admirable summ>y ( rec5t k on ?is subject4 ,= an excell5t & critical summ>y ( ! late/ rese>*es on ,palaeoli?ic man up till ! end ( ! ,aurignacian p]iod1 see ,duckwor?1 ,prehi/oric ,man1 ,cambridge1 #aiab4 ,see also note #dd4 ,footnote #ac3 ,sir ,john ,evans1 ,k4,c4,b4 7#ahbc-aijh71 0 "o ( ! =emo/ au?orities on prehi/oric ar*aeology & a prolific writ] on ! subject4 ,8 be/ kn[n "w is ,! ,anci5t ,/one ,implem5ts1 ,weapons1 & ,ornam5ts ( ,great ,brita91 #bnd edition1 #ahig4 ,footnote #ad3 ,by ! expression ,celtic weapons ( ! /one p]iod is presumably meant ,neoli?ic implem5ts1 ) poli%$ surfaces4 ,footnote #ae3 ,x has rec5tly be5 %[n t ! gr[? ( peat is a v sl[ process1 & at ! pres5t "t x is 9 _m places ei!r at a /&/ill or ev5 9 a /ate ( retrogression4 ,9 ! peat-mosses ( ,scotl&1 ,lewis has trac$ n9e successive lay]s1 m>k$ by diff]5t floras4 ,! l[e/ ( ^! & ano!r at a high] level are di/9ctly ( an arctic "*1 ! int]m$iate =e/ b$s1 on ! o!r h&1 indicate p]iods ( mild] climate1 :5 ! limit ( ! gr[? ( trees 0 at a high] level 9 ,scotl& ?an is n[ ! case4 ,f ^! facts x is c]ta9 t ! peat-mosses ( ,scotl& & nor!rn ,engl& date back at lea/ z f> z ! lat] /ages ( ! glacial p]iod1 & indicate at lea/ "o mild int]glacial episode1 :5 ! climate 0 some:at w>m] ?an x n[ is4 7,see ,lewis1 ,sci5ce ,progress1 volume #b1 #aijg1 page #cjg47 ,h5ce ! /atem5ts ( ! ,fr5* workm51 "h quot$1 d n possess mu* significance4 ,footnote #af3 ,cyr5a flum9alis is v abundant 9 ! gravels ( an old t]race ( ! ,riv] ,cam1 at ,b>nwell1 9 ! suburbs ( ,cambridge1 & also 9 glacial gravels at ,kelsey ,hill 9 ,hold]ness4 ,x is a v rem>kable fact t ?is %ell1 n[ an inhabitant ( w>m regions1 %\ld be s abundant 9 ^! ,plei/oc5e deposits1 9 close association ) glacial accumulations4 ,footnote #ag3 ,! implem5t-be>+ deposits ( ,hoxne1 9 ,suffolk1 7 inve/igat$ ) great c>e by a committee ( ! ,briti% ,association1 & ! results 7 publi%$ 9 a special & detail$ report 7,! ,relation ( ,palaeoli?ic ,man to ! ,glacial ,epo*1 ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association1 ,liv]pool1 #ahif1 pages #djj to #dae74 ,! deposit consi/s ( a s]ies ( lacu/r9e or fluviatile /rata ) plant rema9s1 "s be+ arctic 9 "*1 re/+ on ,*alky ,b\ld] ,clay1 & ?is aga9 on s&4 ,! ,palaeoli?ic deposits are all cle>ly lat] ?an ! late/ b\ld]-clay ( ,ea/ ,anglia1 & betwe5 _! =mation & t ( ! glacial deposits at lea/ two important climatic *anges took place1 indicat+ a v consid]able lapse ( "t4 ,m5tion may conv5i5tly be made "h ( ! suppos$ discov]y ( ! rema9s ( pre-glacial man at ,ipswi*1 :i* appe>s to be f\nd$ on errors ( obs]vation4 ,! b\ld]-clay above ! int]m5t is1 accord+ to ! be/ au?orities1 m]ely a l&slip or fl[4 ,footnote #ah3 ,x has be5 sugge/$ ) a consid]able degree ( probability1 t 9 ,auv]gne volcanic eruptions p]si/$ ev5 into hi/oric times4 ,! subject is obscure1 dep5d+ on ! int]pretation ( difficult passages 9 two ,lat9 *ronicles ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,! mo/ obvi\s mean+ ( bo? passages w\ld c]ta9ly appe> to be ! occurr5ce ( volcanic eruptions & e>?quakes1 b attempts h be5 made to expla9 !m z ref]r+ to "s artificial conflagration1 possibly ! burn+ ( a t[n by an invad]4 7,see ,bonney1 ,volcanoes1 #crd edition1 ,london1 #aiac1 page #abi47 ,footnote #ai3 ,9 ! e>ly days ( glacial geology 9 ,brita91 x 0 commonly accept$ t ! ph5om5a c\ld be mo/ satisfactorily expla9$ on ! hypo!sis ( a g5]al subm]g5ce ( ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! c\ntry to a dep? ( _m hundr$s ( feet1 & ?is 9 spite ( ! orig9al comp>ison by ,agassiz ( ! glacial deposits ( ,brita9 to ^? ( ! ,alps4 ,9 lat] times1 h[ev]1 a s*ool ( geologi/s arose :o attribut$ ! glaciation ( ,brita9 to l&-ice ( ! ,cont95tal or ,gre5l& type4 ,( late ye>s ?is s*ool has be5 dom9ant 9 ,briti% geology1 ) a few notable exceptions1 ( :om ! mo/ important is ,pr(essor ,bonney4 ,! difficulties pres5t$ by bo? !ories are almo/ equally great1 & at ! pres5t "t1 9 spite ( ! vehem5ce ( ! support]s ( ! l&-ice !ory1 x is impossible to hold any dogmatic views on ! subject4 ,aga9/ ! doctr9e ( subm]g5ce is ! abs5ce ( glacial deposits 9 places :]e !y w\ld naturally be expect$ to occur if ! :ole ( ! ,briti% ,isles nor? ( ! ,?ames & ,bri/ol ,*annel _h be5 cov]$ by ! sea1 toge!r ) ! v g5]al abs5ce ( sea-%ells 9 ! deposits4 ,! objections to ! l&-ice hypo!sis are l>gely ( a me*anical nature4 ,if we take into acc\nt ! lat]al ext5t & ! ?ickness t c be assign$ to ! ice-%eet1 we are at once confront$ by v consid]able difficulties z to ! suffici5cy ( ! driv+-p[] beh9d ! ice4 ,ano!r great difficulty is ! %all[ness ( ! ,nor? ,sea1 9 :i* a comp>atively ?9 mass ( ice w\ld run agr\nd at almo/ any po9t4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t ! maximum slope ( ! surface ( ! ice f ,norway to ! ,engli% coa/ c\ld n exce$ half a degree1 & x is !re=e difficult to see :at =ce c\ld compel x to move =w>d at all1 mu* less to climb /eep slopes 9 ! way po/ulat$ by ! extremi/s ( ?is s*ool4 ,footnote #bj3 ,! mo/ complete acc\nt ( ! geology ( ! ,norfolk coa/ is conta9$ 9 ,! ,geology ( ,crom]1 by ,clem5t ,reid 7,memoir ( ! ,geological ,survey74 7,see also ,h>m]1 ,! ,plei/oc5e ,p]iod 9 ! ,ea/]n ,c\nties ( ,engl&1 ,geology 9 ! ,field1 ! ,jubilee ,volume ( ! ,geologi/s ,association1 #aiji1 *apt] #d474 ,above ! ,norwi* ,crag sev]al m subdivisions are n[ recognis$1 & ! complete succession ( ! ,plioc5e & ,plei/oc5e /rata ( ,ea/ ,anglia may be summ>is$ z foll[s3-- ,plei/oc5e3 ,peat & ,alluvium ,gravel ,t]races ( ! pres5t riv] sy/ems ,gravels ( ! old riv]-sy/ems ,plateau gravels ,*alky b\ld]-clay ,int]glacial s&s & gravels & ,contort$ ,drift ,crom] ,till ,arctic ,plant ,b$4 ,plioc5e3 ,crom] ,=e/ ,s]ies ,weyb\rn ,crag ,*illes=d ,crag ,norwi* ,crag ,r$ ,crag ,corall9e ,crag4 ,footnote #ba3 ,x is n[ g5]ally agre$ t ! tree-/umps 9 ! ,crom] ,=e/ b$ are n 9 ! position ( gr[?4 ,_m ( !m are upside d[n or ly+ on _! sides1 & !y 7 probably float$ into _! pres5t position by ! wat]s ( a riv] fl[+ to ! nor?4 ,?is riv] 0 a tribut>y ( ! ,rh9e :i* !n fl[$ = sev]al hundr$ miles ov] a pla9 n[ =m+ ! b$ ( ! ,nor? ,sea1 collect+ all ! dra9age ( ea/]n ,engl&1 & deb\*+ into ! ,nor? ,atlantic some:]e to ! s\? ( ! ,f>oe ,isles4 7,see ,h>m]1 ,! ,plei/oc5e ,p]iod 9 ! ,ea/]n ,c\nties ( ,engl&1 ,geological ,association ,jubilee ,volume1 ,london1 #aiji1 pages #ajc to #abc47 ,footnote #bb3 ,( late ye>s an enorm\s numb] ( *>act]i/ic rocks f ,norway & ,sw$5 h be5 recognis$ 9 ! drifts ( ,ea/]n ,engl&1 z f> s\? z ,essex & ,middlesex4 ,"o ( ! mo/ easily id5tifiable types is ! well-kn[n ,rhombporphyry ( ! ,*ri/iania ,fjord1 a rock :i* occurs n[h]e else 9 ! _w1 & is q unmi/akable 9 appe>ance4 ,along ) x are _m ( ! di/9ctive soda-sy5ites f\nd 9 ! same di/rict1 ! granites ( s\!rn ,sw$51 & _m o!rs4 ,! lit]ature ( ! subject is v l>ge1 b _m details may be f\nd 9 ! annual reports ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,f a /udy ( ^! erratics x has be5 f\nd possible to draw important conclusions z to ! direction & sequ5ce ( ! ice /reams :i* fl[$ ov] ^! regions dur+ ! diff]5t /ages ( ! glacial p]iod4 ,footnote #bc3 ,dur+ 8 fir/ cross+ ( ,gre5l& f ea/ to we/1 ,nans5 atta9$ a height ( #ijjj feet on a va/ expanse ( froz5 sn[1 & x is believ$ t t[>ds ! nor? ! surface ( ?is great sn[-plateau rises to ev5 great] elevations4 ,! surface ( ! sn[ is p]fectly clean & free f mora9e-mat]ial4 ,no rock 9 situ has be5 se5 9 ! int]ior ( ,gre5l& at a di/ance great] ?an #ge miles f ! coa/4 ,a great am\nt ( valuable in=mation conc]n+ ! glacial conditions ( ,gre5l& is to be f\nd 9 ! ,m$delels] om ,gronl&1 a ,dani% publication1 b conta9+ _m summ>ies 9 ,fr5* or ,engli%4 ,= a good acc\nt ( ! ph5om5a se5 9 ! coa/al region ( ! we/ coa/1 see ,drygalski1 ,gronl&-,exp$ition1 a l>ge monograph publi%$ by ! ,gesells*aft fur physis*5 ,erdkunde1 ,b]l91 #ahig4 ,footnote #bd3 ,! argum5t is "h consid]ably und]/at$4 ,! s\!rn po9t ( ,gre5l&1 ,cape ,f>ewell1 is 9 ! same latitude z ! ,%etl& ,isl&s & ,*ri/iania1 & only "o degree nor? ( ,/ockholm2 ,disko is 9 ab\t ! same latitude z ! ,nor? ,cape4 ,h5ce ! inhabit$ portion ( ,gre5l& is 9 ! same latitude z ,norway & ,sw$51 bo? f]tile & well-populat$ c\ntries4 ,ev5 9 ,c5tral ,norway1 9 ! ,gudbr&sdal & ,romsdal1 ?ick =e/s gr[ up to a height ( at lea/ #cjjj feet above sea-level1 a mu* great] elevation ?an trees n[ atta9 9 ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,?is latt] fact is probably to be attribut$ to ! protective effect ( ?ick sn[ ly+ ?r\gh\t ! w9t]4 ,footnote #be3 ,= a summ>y ( ! mo/ rec5t views z to ! classification & succession ( ! glacial deposits ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 see ,lake an ,ra/all1 ,textbook ( ,geology1 ,london1 #aiaj1 pages #dff to #dgc4 ,ref]5ce may also be made to ,jukes-,br[ne1 ,! ,build+ ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 ,london1 #aiab1 pages #dcj to #ddj4 ,footnote #bf3 ,glaci]-lakes are fairly common among ! fjords ( ! we/ coa/ ( ,gre5l&1 & illu/rate v well :at mu/ h be5 ! /ate ( affairs 9 ,gl5 ,roy at ! "t ( =mation ( ! ,p>allel ,roads4 ,footnote #bg3 ,! high-level %ell-be>+ deposits ( ,moel ,tryfan1 ,gloppa1 ne> ,oswe/ry1 & ,macclesfield1 h giv5 rise to mu* controv]sy betwe5 ! support]s ( subm]g5ce & ( l&-ice4 ,at ,moel ,tryfan c]ta9 s&s & gravels1 ) erratics1 at a height ( ab\t #acej feet1 conta9 abundant m>9e %ells1 g5]ally mu* brok54 ,! nor!rn or seaw>d face ( ! hill is mu* pla/]$ ) drift1 b none is to be f\nd on ! l&w>d side1 & x is sugge/$ t ! %ell-be>+ mat]ial is ! gr\nd-mora9e ( a great ice-%eet t came 9 f ! ,iri% ,sea1 & 0 =c$ up on to ! ,wel% coa/1 j rea*+ ! wat]%$1 b fail+ to ov]top x4 ,) reg>d to ! explanation by subm]g5ce1 ! great objection is ! abs5ce ( m>9e drift on ! l&w>d side1 :i* is v difficult to expla9 if ! :ole _h be5 subm]g$ suffici5tly to all[ ( normal m>9e deposits at su* a great height4 ,! %ell b$s ( ,macclesfield & ,gloppa are at a less elevation b ( ess5tially simil> "*4 ,! %ell-be>+ deposits ( ,moel ,tryfan 7 exam9$ by a committee ( ! ,briti% ,association4 7,see ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association ,dov]1 #ahii1 pages #dad to #dbc47 ,at ! end ( ?is report is an ext5sive bibliography4 ,footnote #bh3 ,dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s ! deep-sea dr$g+ exp$itions ( ,h4 ,m4,s4 ,*all5g] & o!rs h %[n ! abundance & v>iety ( animal life at great dep?s1 especially 9 ! ,arctic & ,ant>ctic seas4 ,= a rec5t summ>y1 see ,murray & ,hjort1 ,! ,dep?s ( ! ,ocean1 ,london1 #aiab4 ,footnote #bi3 ,x is n[ g5]ally admitt$ t ^! %ell-b$s 9 ,wex=d are ( ,plioc5e age1 & !y !re=e h no be>+ on ! subject "u discussion4 ,footnote #cj3 ,! b\ld] deposit at ,selsey has be5 describ$ by ,mr4 ,clem5t ,reid 7,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 volume #dh1 #ahib1 page #cee74 ,imm$iately above ! ,t]ti>y b$s is a h>d gre5i% clay1 full ( d]iv$ ,t]ti>y fossils & ,plei/oc5e %ells ) l>ge fl9ts & erratic blocks1 "s ( ! latt] weigh+ sev]al tons4 ,!y include granite1 gre5/one1 s*i/1 slate1 qu>tzite1 & s&/one1 & mo/ ( !m mu/ h be5 transport$ = a long di/ance4 ,above !m are black muds ) m>9e %ells1 !n a %+le bea*1 & above all ! ,coombe ,rock4 7,see next note47 ,footnote #ca3 ,! ,brighton elephant-b$ & its equival5t1 ! ,coombe ,rock1 are fully describ$ by ,clem5t ,reid 7,on ! ,orig9 ( ,dry ,*alk ,valleys & ! ,coombe ,rock1 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 volume #dc1 #ahhg1 page #cfd74 ,! ,coombe ,rock is a mass ( un/ratifi$ fl9ts & ,*alk debris fill+ ! l[] p>ts ( ! dry valleys 7,coombes7 ( ! ,s\? ,d[ns & gradually pass+ into ! brick-e>? 7loam7 ( ! coa/al pla94 ,x is cle>ly a torr5tial accumulation1 & is suppos$ to h be5 =m$ :ile ! ,*alk 0 froz51 ?us prev5t+ p]colation ( wat] & caus+ ! surface wat] to run (f z /rong /reams4 ,?is mu/ h occurr$ dur+ "s "p ( ! glacial p]iod1 :i* w\ld naturally be a p]iod ( heavy precipitation4 ,( v simil> orig9 is ! ,head ( ,cornwall1 a surface deposit (t5 ri* 9 t9/one & o!r m9]als ( economic value4 ,! ,coombe ,rock has rec5tly be5 correlat$ ) deposits ( ,m\/]ian ,age4 ,footnote #cb3 ,! =m] ext5sion ( ! ,alp9e glaci]s & ! deposits =m$ by !m h be5 exhau/ively inve/igat$ by ,p5ck & ,bruckn] 7,die ,alp5 im ,eiszeitalt]1 #c volumes1 ,leipzig1 #aija to #aiji74 ,9 ?is monum5tal "w ! au?ors claim to h e/abli%$ ! occurr5ce ( f\r p]iods ( advance ( ! ice1 to :i* !y give ! names ( ,gunz1 ,m9del1 ,riss1 & ,wurm glaciations1 ) correspond+ int]glacial g5ial episodes1 :5 ! climate 0 possibly ev5 some:at w>m] ?an n[4 ,_! conclusions & ! data on :i* !y are e/abli%$ are summ>is$ by ,sollas 7 ,anci5t ,hunt]s1 ,london1 #aiaa1 especially pages #ah to #bh74 ,= a g5]al acc\nt ( ! glaci]s ( ! ,alps & _! accompany+ ph5om5a1 see ,bonney1 ,! ,build+ ( ! ,alps1 ,london1 #aiab1 pages #ajc to #aea4 ,footnote #cc3 ,at ! "t ( ! maximum advance ( ! ice1 dur+ ! ,riss p]iod ( ,p5ck & ,bruckn]1 ! t]m9al mora9e ( ! great glaci] ( ! ,rhone ext5d$ z f> z ! city ( ,lyon1 & t[>ds ! nor?-ea/ x became cont9u\s ) ! simil> mora9e ( ! ,rh9e glaci]4 ,footnote #cd3 ,= ! successive phases ( advance & retreat ( ! ,alp9e glaci]s1 see ! works quot$ 9 ,note #cb4 ,footnote #ce3 ,! ,loess ( ,c5tral ,europe includes deposits ( two diff]5t ages4 ,accord+ to ,p5ck ! ,old] ,loess 0 =m$ 9 ! p]iod ( w>m & dry climate t int]v5$ betwe5 ! ?ird & f\r? glacial episodes1 :ile ! ,y\ng] ,loess is po/-glacial4 ,bo? divisions are = ! mo/ "p aeolian deposits1 =m$ by ! r$i/ribution ( f9e glacial mud orig9ally laid d[n 9 wat] & c>ri$ by ! w9d (t5 to consid]able heights4 ,a "p1 h[ev]1 ( ! s-call$ ,loess ( nor!rn ,france1 e4g4 9 ! valley ( ! ,somme1 is ra9-wa%1 simil> 9 "* to ! brick-e>? ( p>ts ( s\?-ea/]n ,engl&4 ,! ,old] ,loess conta9s ,a*eulean implem5ts1 :ile ! ,y\ng] ,loess is ( ,aurignacian ,age4 ,! greate/ developm5t ( ! ,loess is 9 ,c5tral ,asia & 9 ,*9a4 7,see ,ri*?(51 ,*9a1 ,b]l91 #ahgg47 ,9 ,*9a ! ,loess rea*es a ?ickness ( sev]al ?\s& feet1 & :ole m\nta9-ranges are sometimes almo/ completely buri$ 9 x4 ,9 ! des]ts ( ,c5tral ,asia ! =mation ( ! ,loess is /ill 9 progress4 ,a v simil> deposit1 call$ adobe1 is also f\nd 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,mississippi valley4 ,! ,loess is a f9e calc>e\s silt or clay ( a yell[i% col\r1 q s(t & crumbl+ betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,h[ev]1 x resi/s d5udation 9 a rem>kable mann]1 & 9 ,*9a x (t5 /&s up 9 v]tical walls hundr$s ( feet 9 height4 ,?is prop]ty is probably assi/$ by ! pres5ce ( num]\s f9e tubes arrang$ v]tically & l9$ ) calcium c>bonate2 ^! are suppos$ to h be5 =m$ 9 ! fir/ place by fibr\s rootlets4 ,footnote #cf3 ,al?\gh highly probable1 x _c yet be reg>d$ z conclusively demon/rat$ t ! ,plei/oc5e glaciations ( ,europe & ( ,nor? ,am]ica 7 exactly contemporane\s4 ,! ice--%eets 9 ea* case radiat$ f indep5d5t c5tres :i* 7 n 9 ! extreme nor? ( ei!r cont95t1 & 7 n 9 any way connect$ ) a g5]al pol> ice-cap4 ,! ,european c5tre 0 ov] ! ,baltic region or ! s\? ( ,sc&9avia1 & ! ,am]ican c5tre 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,hudson's ,bay4 ,! s\!rn m>g9 ( ! ,am]ican ice-%eet ext5d$ ab\t z f> s\? z latitude #ch degrees nor? 9 ! area ly+ s\? ( ! ,great ,lakes1 :]eas ! ,nor? ,european ice b>ely pass$ ! limit ( #ej degrees nor? 9 ,c5tral ,europe4 ,?is great] s\?w>d ext5sion 9 ,am]ica 0 d\btless correlat$ ) ! same causes z n[ produce ! l[ w9t] temp]atures ( ! ea/]n /ates1 especially ! cold ,newf\ndl& curr5t4 ,! lit]ature ( ,nor? ,am]ican glacial geology has n[ atta9$ colossal dim5sions1 & x is impossible to give "h ev5 a %ort ab/ract ( ! ma9 conclusions4 ,= a g5]al summ>y ref]5ce may be made to ,*amb]l9 & ,salisbury1 ,geology1 volume #c2 ,e>? ,hi/ory1 ,london & ,new ,york1 #aije2 or ! same au?ors' ,geology1 ,%ort] ,c\rse1 ,london & ,new ,york1 #aiji4 ,footnote #cg3 ,dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s sc>cely any geological subject has giv5 rise to a great] am\nt ( speculation ?an ! cause ( ! ,ice ,age1 & ! solution ( ! problem is /ill app>5tly f> (f4 ,! !ories put =w>d may = conv5i5ce be divid$ into ?ree gr\ps1 namely a/ronomical1 geographical1 & meteorological4 ,z examples ( a/ronomical explanation1 we may take ! well-kn[n !ory ( ,adhem> & ,crohl1 :i* is f\nd$ on *anges 9 ! ellipticity ( ! e>?'s orbit4 ,?is is exp\nd$ & amplifi$ by ,sir ,rob]t ,ball 9 8 ,cause ( an ,ice ,age4 ,! weak po9t ( ?is !ory1 :i* is ma!matically unassailable1 is t x proves too mu*1 & po/ulates a con/ant succession ( glacial p]iods ?r\gh\t e>?-hi/ory1 & = ?is !re is no evid5ce4 ,! geographical explanations are *iefly f\nd$ on suppos$ *anges 9 ! di/ribution ( sea & l&1 ) consequ5t div]sion ( cold & w>m curr5ts4 ,ano!r sugge/ion is t ! glaciat$ areas _h und]gone elevation into m\nta9 regions1 b ?is is 9 conflict ) evid5ce = subm]g5ce b5ea? ! sea 9 c]ta9 cases4 ,meteorological hypo!ses1 su* z t ( ,h>m]1 f\nd$ on a diff]5t arrangem5t ( air pressures & w9d-directions1 seem to (f] ! mo/ promis+ field = exploration & future "w1 b x is cle> t mu* /ill rema9s to be expla9$4 ,footnote #ch3 ,! reptile-be>+ ,elg9 ,s&/ones are ( ,triassic ,age1 & !y conta9 a mo/ rem>kable assemblage ( /range & ecc5tric =ms1 especially ,anomodont reptiles resembl+ ^? f\nd 9 ! ,k>roo =mation ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,footnote #ci3 ,! mean+ ( ?is /atem5t is n v cle>4 ,! ,conif]s are n dicotyl$ons3 _! se$s conta9 num]\s cotyl$ons1 up to tw5ty 9 numb]1 & ! :ole plant1 & especially ! reproductive sy/em1 belongs to a l[] /age ( developm5t4 ,! argum5t "h employ$ is !re=e fallaci\s1 & 9 po9t ( fact ! diff]5t gr\ps actually appe>$ 9 ! ord] po/ulat$ by ! !ory ( evolution1 namely3 7#a7 ,gymnosp]ms1 7#b7 ,monocotyl$ons1 7#c7 ,dicotyl$ons4 ,see ,arb]1 ,! ,orig9 ( ,gymnosp]ms1 ,sci5ce ,progress1 volume #a1 #aijf1 pages #bbb to #bcg4 ,footnote #dj3 ,! "p ( ! manuscript read to ,dr4 ,hook] 9 #ahdd 0 und\bt$ly ! ,essay ( #ahdd1 =m+ ! second "p ( ! ,f\ndations ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 a volume publi%$ by ,sir ,francis ,d>w9 on ! occasion ( ! ,d>w9 ,c5t5>y at ,cambridge 9 #aiji4 7,see also ,d>w9's ,life & ,lett]s1 volume #b pages #af to #ah47 ,footnote #da3 ,?is project$ l>g] "w1 :i* is (t5 ref]r$ to 9 ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 0 nev] publi%$ z su*1 b ,d>w9's views on v>i\s aspects ( evolution 7 set =? 9 sev]al lat] books1 su* z ,! ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 ,v>i\s ,contrivances by :i* ,or*ids are ,f]tilis$ by ,insects1 ,movem5ts & ,habits ( ,climb+ ,plants1 ,insectivor\s ,plants1 & o!rs4 ,footnote #db3 ,) ?is section comp>e ! fam\s *apt] ) ! same title 9 ! ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,footnote #dc3 ,no attempt has be5 made to annotate ?is *apt]1 ow+ to ! impossibility ( do+ s )9 reasonable compass4 ,_m ( ! !ories "h quot$1 & ! conclusions drawn f !m1 h n /ood ! te/ ( "t1 & rec5t philological & e?nographical rese>* h cle>ly %[n ! dang] ( attempt+ to inf] ! relation%ips ( diff]5t peoples f _! languages4 ,! modifications und]gone by ! languages !mselves are also subject to influ5ces ( su* complex "*1 s l>gely artificial 9 _! orig91 t any attempt to comp>e !m ) natural evolution 9 ! organic _w mu/ lead to false analogies4 ,! *apt] mu/ be reg>d$ z an int]e/+ exposition ( "o phase ( ,mid-,victorian sci5tific ?\ght1 b hav+ little real be>+ on ! subjects discuss$ 9 ! re/ ( ! book4 ,footnote #dd3 ,t ! prophecy "h giv5 0 ju/ifi$ is %[n by ! discov]y 9 ,java 9 #ahia1 ( ! skull & p>ts ( ! skeleton ( ,pi!can?ropus erectus1 a =m :i*1 accord+ to ! be/ au?orities1 mu/ be reg>d$ z 9 _m ways int]m$iate betwe5 man & ! apes1 ?\gh p]haps ) m human ?an ape-l *>act]i/ics4 ,= an acc\nt ( ! circum/ances ( its discov]y & a g5]al description ( ! rema9s1 see ,sollas1 ,anci5t ,hunt]s1 ,london1 #aiaa1 pages #cj to #ci 7) _m ref]5ces74 ,)9 ! la/ ye> or two int]e/ 9 ! ance/ry ( man has be5 greatly increas$1 especially by ! ,piltd[n discov]y 7see ,note #aa74 ,?is has l$ to a revision ( ! :ole subject1 & ! views =m]ly held h und]gone a c]ta9 am\nt ( modification4 ,x n[ seems c]ta9 t ! diff]5t types ( culture z repres5t$ by ! succession ( /ages giv5 9 ,note #ab d n correspond to a cont9u\s developm5t ( "o s+le race ( mank9d4 ,!re is1 und\bt$ly1 a great break betwe5 ! ,m\/]ian & ,aurignacian4 ,m\/]ian or ,ne&]?al man appe>s to h become ext9ct1 possibly hav+ be5 ext]m9at$ by a migration ( ! m highly develop$ ,aurignacian race1 :i* may be reg>d$ z ! ance/or ( mod]n man 9 ,europe4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t ! really important l9e ( division comes1 n z 0 =m]ly ?\ght betwe5 ,palaeoli?ic & ,neoli?ic1 b 9 ! middle ( ! ,palaeoli?ic betwe5 ,m\/]ian & ,aurignacian4 ,h5ce x appe>s t our classification w 9 ! ne> future h to und]go revision1 s9ce ! /ages ( culture f ,aurignacian to ,azilian %[ a mu* clos] aff9ity to ! ,neoli?ic ?an !y d to ! e>li] ,palaeoli?ic4 ,at ! pres5t "t sc>cely suffici5t data are available to det]m9e ! relation%ip ( ,pi!can?ropus & ,eoan?ropus to ! lat] types ( man4 ,= an excell5t summ>y ( ! mo/ rec5t views see ,?ack]1 ,! ,significance ( ! ,piltd[n ,discov]y1 ,sci5ce ,progress1 volume #h1 #aiac1 page #bge4