,,sev5 ,,lectures ,,on ,,! ,,unit$ ,,k+dom ,,= ,,use ,,9 ,,india4 ,reissu$ = use 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,,by ,h4 ,j4 ,,mack9d]1 ,lately ,director ( ! ,london ,s*ool ( ,economics & ,political ,sci5ce3 ,au?or ( 8,brita9 & ! ,briti% ,seas40 ,) ,lant]n ,illu/rations4 ,,"o ,,%ill+ ,,net4 ,,publi%$ ,,= ,,! ,,visual ,,in/ruction ,,committee ,,( ,,! ,,colonial ,,(fice1 ,,by ,,wat]l[ ,,sons ,,limit$1 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,london ,,wall4 #aiji4 ,! ,slides to accompany ^! ,lectures are sold on behalf ( ! ,committee by ,messrs4 ,newton ,co41 ( #c1 ,fleet ,/reet1 ,london1 ,e4,c41 f :om ! books ( lectures c also be obta9$4 ,! complete set ( #cgg ,slides1 _m ( !m col\r$1 may be _h = #ce4 #js4 #j;d4 ,! ,slides to accompany ! sev]al ,lectures w be sold at ! foll[+ prices3 ,fir/ ,lecture1 #f4 #js4 #j;d42 ,second ,lecture1 #e4 #aes4 #j;d42 ,?ird ,lecture1 #d4 #aes4 #j;d42 ,f\r? ,lecture1 #b4 #aes4 #j;d42 ,fif? ,lecture1 #aj4 #aes4 #j;d42 ,six? ,lecture1 #c4 #js4 #j;d42 ,sev5? ,lecture1 #d4 #js4 #j;d4 ,s+le ,slides w n be sold4 99 99 99 99 99 ,_m ( ! slides 9 ?is s]ies are copyright4 ,,ent]$ ,,at ,,/ation]s' ,,hall4 ,,! ,,visual ,,in/ruction ,,committee1 ,,appo9t$ ,,by ,,! ,,secret>y ,,( ,,/ate ,,= ,,! ,,colonies4 ,,! ,,"r ,,hon\rable ,,! ,,e>l ,,( ,,mea?1 ,k4,p41 ,*airman4 ,,! ,,"r ,,hon\rable ,,sir ,,cecil ,,clem5ti ,,smi?1 ,g4,c4,m4,g4 ,,sir ,,philip ,,hut*9s1 ,k4,c4,s4,i41 late ,memb] ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ,india4 ,,sir ,,*>les ,,lucas1 ,k4,c4,m4,g41 ,c4,b41 ( ! ,colonial ,(fice4 ,,sir ,,*>les ,,holroyd1 ,director ( ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,h4 ,f4 ,,hea?1 ,ph4,d41 ,director ( ,special ,enquiries at ! ,bo>d ( ,education4 ,h4 ,j4 ,,mack9d]1 ,m4,a41 late ,director ( ! ,london ,s*ool ( ,economics & ,political ,sci5ce4 ,r4 ,d4 ,,rob]ts1 ,d4,sc41 ,secret>y ( ! ,gil*ri/ ,educational ,tru/4 ,,pr(essor ,,mi*ael ,e4 ,,sadl]1 ,,ll4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ! ,hi/ory & ,adm9i/ration ( ,education 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,man*e/]4 ,,john ,,/ru!rs1 ,c4,b41 ,,ll4,d41 ,secret>y to ! ,scot* ,education ,dep>tm5t4 ,,preface4 ,! compon5t p>ts ( ! ,briti% ,empire are s remote & s diff]5t f "o ano!r1 t x is evid5t t ! ,empire c only be held toge!r by sympa?y & und]/&+1 bas$ on widely diffus$ k ( its geography1 hi/ory1 res\rces1 climates1 & races4 ,x is obvi\s t if ?is k is to be effective x mu/ be imp>t$ to ! com+ g5]ation4 ,9 o!r words x mu/ be taught 9 ! ,s*ools ( ! ,empire4 ,9 ! ,autumn ( #aijb1 a ,committee 0 appo9t$ by ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ! ,colonies to consid] on :at sy/em su* tea*+ might be/ be develop$4 ,! ,committee came to ! conclusion t *ildr5 9 any "p ( ! ,empire w\ld nev] und]/& :at ! o!r p>ts 7 l unless by "s adequate means ( visual in/ruction2 &1 fur!r1 t z f> z possible ! tea*+ %\ld be on ! same l9es 9 all p>ts ( ! ,empire4 ,x 0 decid$ to make a beg9n+ by an exp]im5t on a small scale1 & = ?is purpose to invite ! ?ree ,ea/]n ,colonies ( ,ceylon1 ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 & ,hong ,kong to be> ! exp5se ( a small book ( ,lant]n ,lectures on ! ,unit$ ,k+dom = use 9 ! ,s*ools 9 ^? ,colonies4 ,o!r p>ts ( ! ,empire 7 aft]w>ds invit$ to h editions :i* w\ld be suit$ to _! own special requirem5ts prep>$ at _! own exp5se1 & up to ! pres5t date editions h be5 issu$ = ! ,ea/]n ,colonies1 = ! ,we/ ,indies1 = ,we/ ,africa1 = ,mauritius1 & = ,india4 ,editions are n[ 9 prep>ation = ,canada & = ,s\? ,africa4 ,! lectures conta9$ 9 ?is little volume are id5tical ) ^? prep>$ "u ! =ego+ s*eme = use 9 ,india4 ,x has be5 repres5t$ to ! ,committee t x w\ld be /imulat+ to *ildr5 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom to h pres5t$ to !m an acc\nt ( _! own l& z se5 f ! po9t ( view ( *ildr5 9 ano!r "p ( ! ,empire4 ,! ef=t on ! "p ( ,engli% *ildr5 to imag9e !mselves 9 ! position ( ,indian *ildr5 %\ld t5d to ar\se & impress a valuable feel+ ( political sympa?y4 ,! ,committee1 h[ev]1 h always _h 9 m9d ! prep>ation ( illu/rative lectures on ! ,colonies & ,india z well z on ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,! exp]i5ce :i* !y h n[ ga9$ has conv9c$ !m t if ?is "p ( ! "w is to be done z well z x c be done1 x is advisable to h ! illu/rations prep>$ on a uni=m sy/em by a highly skill$ arti/ or arti/s specially commission$ = ! purpose4 ,!y 7 s =tunate z to int]e/ ,h] ,royal ,highness ! ,pr9cess ( ,wales 9 _! "w1 & ?r\gh h] p[]ful & graci\s support1 & t ( ,lady ,dudley & a ,committee ( ladies :o 7 good en\gh to collect a sum ( #d1jjj = ! purpose1 !y h be5 able to make a beg9n+ ( a "w :i* w take "s ye>s to complete4 ,! ,committee desire me to record _! w>m gratitude to ,h] ,royal ,highness1 to ,lady ,dudley1 & to ! ,committee ( ladies = mak+ ?is "p ( ! und]tak+ possible4 ,dur+ ! pa/ ye> an arti/1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,hugh ,fi%]1 has be5 travell+ ?r\gh ,india collect+ mat]ial = ! ,committee1 & x is hop$ t be=e ano!r twelve mon?s h elaps$ a c\rse ( lectures on t c\ntry1 well illu/rat$ by means ( ! lant]n1 may be publi%$4 ,ceylon1 ,somalil&1 & ,cyprus h also be5 visit$1 & ,mr4 ,fi%] is n[ 9 ,canada1 & w pres5tly g to ! ,f> ,ea/]n ,colonies4 ,o!r p>ts ( ! ,empire w be dealt ) successively1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ?ree or f\r ye>s1 ! ,committee int5d to h available = pur*ase by public educational au?orities & o!rs a complete survey ( ! ,empire1 uni=m 9 me?od4 ,_! hope is t ) ! aid ( ! v>i\s ,gov]nm5ts & ! k9dness ( _m (ficial & private fri5ds1 !y may put toge!r a s]ies ( illu/rations ri* 9 col\r1 sugge/ive ( life & incid5t1 & arti/ic 9 composition4 ,i %all be responsible = ! lett]press1 & 9 t "w hope to h ! assi/ance ( ! ,directors ( ,education 9 ! sev]al ,dom9ions & ,colonies4 ,! ,committee tru/ t 9 ?is way !y may succe$ 9 pres5t+ 9 _! relative importance & proportion all ! *ief facts ess5tial to ! popul> und]/&+ ( ! ,empire4 ,h4 ,j4 ,,mack9d]4 ,,london1 ,decemb]1 #aijh4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,indian ,,edition4 ,! object ( ^! ,lectures1 & ( ! lant]n slides :i* accompany !m1 is to give to ! s*ool *ildr5 ( ,india1 ?r\gh _! eyes z well z _! e>s1 a true & simple impression ( :at ! ,unit$ ,k+dom & its p are l4 ,if ?is int5tion has 9 any degree be5 realis$1 x is probable t ) "s modification ( ! =m ( ! lectures ! int]e/ ( adults may also be ar\s$4 ,! *anges necess>y to suit p>ticul> circum/ances may be introduc$ 9 ! process ( translation into ! v]nacul>4 ,9 reg>d to *ildr51 ea* lecture may well supply sev]al h\rs' lessons1 be+ meant z ! text = tea*+1 & a guide z to ! me?od ( tea*+1 & n simply to be repeat$ ^w = ^w 9 a s+le h\r4 ,my ?anks are due to _m :o h giv5 me help1 especially to ! ,colonial ,(fice ,committee :o debat$ at l5g? ! prelim9>y s*eme1 & to ! ,pr9cipal1 ,/aff1 & ,/ud5ts ( ! ,/ockwell ,tra9+ ,college1 be=e :om ! lectures 7 exp]im5tally deliv]$4 ,i am also "u obligation to ^? :o h suppli$ me ) mat]ial = "s ( ! slides1 p>ticul>ly to ,sir ,william ,abney 7,v4 #di1 #ej71 ,sir ,b5jam9 ,bak] 7,i4 #dj1 #da71 ,mr4 ,g4 ,j4 ,s4 ,broomhall 7,,vi4 #ci1 #dj71 ! ,geological ,photographs ,committee ( ! ,briti% ,association 7,,vi4 #h71 ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ,company 7,,vi4 #db71 ,messrs4 ,huntley ,palm]s 7,,vi4 #da71 ,sir ,walt] ,eg]ton 7,,vii4 #bh71 ,g5]al ,kemball 7,,vii4 #bi1 #cj71 ! ,london ,nor? ,we/]n ,railway ,company 7,,vi4 #dc71 ! ,london ,s\? ,we/]n ,railway ,company 7,,iii4 #ai1 #bj1 #ba71 ,sir ,william ,mat!ws1 ,k4,c4,m4,g41 ( ,messrs4 ,coode1 ,son ,mat!ws 7,i4 #bc1 #bd1 #be1 #bf71 ,sir ,&rew ,noble1 ( ,sir ,william ,arm/rong1 ,:itwor? ,company 7,,vi4 #bf1 #cj71 ! ,p59sul> & ,ori5tal ,/eam%ip ,company 7,i4 #ef1 #eg1 #eh1 #ei71 ,messrs4 ,r4 ,j4 ,h4 ,rea 7,,vii4 #g71 ,mr4 ,william ,taylor 7,i4 #i1 #aa1 #dg71 ,mr4 ,graham ,wallas 7,,vi4 #cf71 ,dr4 ,lynd5 ,macassey & ! late ,mr4 ,y]kes 7,,vi4 #df1 #dg74 ,! s*eme :i* is "h realis$ 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh 9 ! fir/ in/ance ow+ to ! ent]prise ( ! ?ree ,colonies1 ,hong ,kong1 ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 & ,ceylon4 ,?is is "o ( sev]al ,editions adapt$ to ! special po9ts ( view ( o!r p>ts ( ! ,empire4 ,i desire to ?ank = _! k9d sugge/ions ,sir ,william ,lee-,w>n]1 ,k4,c4,s4,i41 ,sir ,philip ,hut*9s1 ,k4,c4,s4,i41 ,sir ,?omas ,holdi*1 ,k4,c4,m4,g41 ,sir ,w4 ,curzon-,wyllie1 ,k4,c4,i4,e41 & ,mr4 ,!odore ,morison4 ,h4 ,j4 ,,mack9d]4 ,,london1 ,m>*1 #aijg4 ,! foll[+ editions ( ^! ,lectures h be5 issu$-- #a4 ,ea/]n ,colonies ,edition1 ,sept41 #aije4 ,9 use 9 ,ceylon1 ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts1 & ,hong ,kong4 #b4 ,mauritius ,edition1 ,june1 #aijf4 ,9 use 9 ,mauritius4 #c4 ,we/ ,african ,edition1 ,sept41 #aijf4 ,9 use 9 ,si]ra ,leone1 ! ,gold ,coa/1 & ,s\!rn ,nig]ia4 #d4 ,we/ ,india ,edition1 ,sept41 #aijf4 ,9 use 9 ,tr9idad1 ,briti% ,guiana1 & ,jamaica4 #e4 ,indian ,edition1 ,m>*1 #aijg4 ,9 use 9 ! foll[+ ,prov9ces3--,madras1 ,bombay1 ,b5gal1 ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces1 ! ,punjab1 ,burma1 ,ea/]n ,b5gal & ,assam1 ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces1 & ! ,nor? ,we/ ,fronti] ,prov9ce4 #f4 ,indian ,edition = use 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ,jan41 #aiji4 ,canadian & ,s\? ,african ,editions are be+ prep>$ by direction ( ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada & ( ! ,s\? ,african ,colonies4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page4 ,,lecture ,i4--,! ,voyage f ,india to ,london1 ) fifty-n9e lant]n slides #a ,,lecture ,,ii4--,london1 ! ,imp]ial ,city1 ) fifty-n9e lant]n slides #ag ,,lecture ,,iii4--,! ,sc5]y ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ) fifty-?ree lant]n slides #cb ,,lecture ,,iv4--,hi/oric ,c5tres & _! ,influ5ce ^u ,national ,life1 ) =ty-f\r lant]n slides #df ,,lecture ,v4--,c\ntry ,life & ! ,small] ,t[ns1 ) sixty-"o lant]n slides #ei ,,lecture ,,vi4--,! ,great ,t[ns1 _! ,indu/ries1 & ,comm]ce1 ) =ty-sev5 lant]n slides #gc ,,lecture ,,vii4--,! ,def5ces ( ! ,empire1 ) fifty-f\r lant]n slides #hd ,,sev5 ,,lectures on ! ,,unit$ ,,k+dom4 ,,lecture ,i4 ,,! ,,voyage ,,f ,,india ,,to ,,london4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,map ( ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,! ,briti% ,empire consi/s ( a numb] ( l&s scatt]$ ov] ! :ole _w4 ,"s ( ! mo/ important ( ^! l&s are r\nd ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,9 ?is map we see to ! ea/ ,au/ralia1 to ! we/ ,s\? ,africa1 & to ! nor? ,india1 :i* are ?ree out ( ! six or sev5 great l&s belong+ to ! ,empire4 ,!n !re are small] l&s2 "s ( !m s small t on ! g5]al map ( ! ,indian ,ocean !y h>dly appe>4 ,we c only %[ _! names & a dot = _! positions4 ,su*1 not)/&+ _! importance 9 ! _w's trade1 are ,s+apore1 ,mauritius1 & ,ad54 ,!re are o!r l&s ( int]m$iate size1 & notable ( ^! is ! ,isl& ( ,ceylon4 ,among ! smalle/ ( all ! ,briti% ,t]ritories are ! ,sey*elles1 a coal+ /ation = ! ,fleet1 plac$ ne>ly midway betwe5 ,mauritius1 ,zanzib>1 & ,colombo4 ,on ! ma9l& ( ,africa 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,zanzib> is also ! consid]able t]ritory ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa1 ?r\gh :i* runs ! ,ug&a ,railway f ,mombasa to ! great lake ( ,victoria ,nyanza & ! s\rces ( ! ,riv] ,nile4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,map ( ,india4 ,( all ^! c\ntries ! mo/ important is our own l& ( ,india4 ,z y "k1 x has ?ree hundr$ million p4 ,"h we h a map ( ,india & ( ! alli$ /ates1 ,afghani/an & ,nepal4 ,y see ^u x 9 ! d>k] t9t ( r$ ! t]ritories :i* are imm$iately "u ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 & y see also 9 ! light] t9t ! ,native ,/ates1 rul$ by _! own *iefs1 al?\gh protect$ by ! ,briti% ,raj4 ,9 no o!r "p ( ! _w d we f9d peace secure f end to end ( a va/ t]ritory1 & yet )9 x great /ates rul$ by _! own *iefs1 z 9 ,ka%mir1 ,rajputana1 ,c5tral ,india1 ,haid>abad1 & ,mysore4 ,"s ( ! pr9cipal c\ntries ( ,europe are little l>g] ?an "s ( ! ,native ,/ates ( ,india1 yet ! cont95t ( ,europe is full ( armam5ts1 & !re is always dang] ( w> !re4 ,india owes to ! ,briti% ,raj peace = a fif? ( ! human race1 & yet ! diff]5t laws1 languages1 & religions h be5 pres]v$1 s t ! p ( ea* "p & ( ea* race are able to live accord+ to _! own hi/oric cu/oms4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,! ,himalayas4 ,india lies betwe5 ! m\nta9s & ! ocean4 ,along "o-half ( h] l& fronti] ! highe/ range ( m\nta9s 9 ! _w makes a great ramp>t1 def5d+ h] f invasion4 ,! railways :i* n[ ext5d ?r\gh ! :ole l& n only help to prev5t dea? f />vation :5 ! h>ve/s fail1 b also enable ! ,indian ,gov]nm5t to conc5trate ! army quickly = ! def5ce ( ! only portions ( ! fronti] ( ,india by :i* invasion is possible4 ,9 #agch1 ,nadir1 ,%ah ( ,p]sia1 invad$ ,india1 took ,delhi & slew "o hundr$ ?\s& ( ! p4 ,9 #agfa1 ,ahm$1 ,%ah ( ,afghani/an1 invad$ ,india & defeat$ ! ,mahra?as 9 ! great battle ( ,panipat1 almo/ at ! gates ( ,delhi4 ,aft] t "t ! ,briti% ,raj grew up1 & no =eign enemy has s9ce be5 able to di/urb ! peace ( ,india4 ,:o c measure ! value ( peace = ! millions ( our p8 ,!re are ne>ly #gcj1jjj villages 9 ,india3 )\t peace !y c\ld n reap _! h>ve/s4 ,!re are ov] #b1jjj t[ns 9 ,india3 )\t peace _! trade w\ld be ru9$4 ,sid5ote3 #d4 ,! ,ocean3 ,! ,surf at ,madras4 ,b we mu/ n =get t m ?an "o-half ( ! b\nd>y ( ,india is wa%$ by ! waves ( ! great sea4 ,:y is x t we ne$ n ma9ta9 great armies along ! coa/ ( ,india8 ,! wat] ( ! ocean spreads r\nd all ! l&s ( ! _w1 & enemies f _m l&s might come 9 %ips to attack u4 ,! reason :y we ne$ give little ?\ght to ! def5ce ( our %ores is t ! ,briti% ,fleet is /rong1 & is ready 9 di/ant p>ts ( ! ocean to fight ) any ho/ile fleet t might set out to invade ,india4 ,no rule 9 ,india has ev] be=e _h ! advantage ( peace on ! ocean4 ,! ,emp]ors at ,delhi 9 =m] c5turies 7 oblig$ to pay = an ,abyss9ian ,fleet to give "s protection to _! %ores4 ,9 ?ree ways !re=e ,india draws great pr(it f h] %>e 9 ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,9 ! fir/ place %e is sav$ ! co/ ( def5d+ h] sea bord] f =eign invasion4 ,9 ! second place ! sea road lies peacefully op5 = a va/ comm]ce ) ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,& 9 ! ?ird place1 by means ( ! railways f h] ports to h] l& fronti]s %e is able to def5d ^? fronti]s n only by ! ,indian ,army1 b1 if necess>y1 by all ! /r5g? ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! ,empire br\ght ov] ! seas & c>ri$ quickly to ! ?reat5$ po9t4 ,nev] be=e has ! peace ( ,india be5 s secure at s small a co/4 ,?is is ! /r5g? :i* comes f /&+ n alone1 b z "o ( ! league ( nations :i* is kn[n z ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,x is a spl5did ?\ght to ?9k ( ! _m sep>ate races1 ea* liv+ _! own lives accord+ to _! own traditions1 :i* are n[ held peacefully toge!r )9 ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,9 ,brita9 itself y mu/ rememb] t !re are ! ,engli%1 ! ,scot*1 ! ,iri%1 & ! ,wel%1 j z 9 ,india !re are ! ,rajputs1 ! ,sikhs1 ! ,mahra?as1 ! ,b5galis1 & _m o!r races4 ,once ! ,engli% & ! ,scot* us$ to fight "o ano!r2 b n[ !re is peace 9 ,brita9 z !re is 9 ,india4 ,yet ?r\gh\t ! ,briti% ,empire all m5 are free to ?9k & say :at !y l4 ,sid5ote3 #e4 ,map ( ! ,railways ( ,india4 ,sid5ote3 #f4 ,sutlej ,bridge4 ,sid5ote3 #g4 ,bhor ,ghat ,rev]s+ ,/ation4 ,! ,empire is held toge!r to-day *iefly by means ( railways on ! l& & /eam%ips on ! sea4 ,! railways ( ,india end at ! foot ( ! m\nta9s4 ,9 ! pla9s !y cross ! broad riv]s by long bridges4 ,9 ! ,deccan !y desc5d to ! sea by ways t are cut into ! m\nta9 face4 ,"h we h a bridge ov] ! ,sutlej1 on ! ,delhi railway1 & "h ! curi\s ,rev]s+ ,/ation on ! ,bhor ,ghat above ,bombay1 :]e ! /eepness ( ! gr\nd does n all[ space = ! railway to b5d on its way d[n ! m\nta9 side4 ,! mod]n capitals ( ,india are naturally on ! coa/1 = x is !re t ! life ( ,india comes into contact ) ! life ( ! _w ov] ! sea4 ,9 ^! capitals1 protect$ by ! ,fleet1 ! comm]ce borne by ! railways connects ) ! ocean-borne comm]ce4 ,sid5ote3 #h4 ,map %[+ ! ,unity ( ! ,ocean4 ,let u sp5d a mom5t consid]+ :y x is t trade ov] ! ocean is ( su* va/ importance to ,india1 & :y1 !re=e1 ! sea-ports are ! greate/ ( h] cities4 ,9 ?is map y see at a glance t all ! l&s ( ! _w are 9 tru? isl&s1 = ev5 ! l>ge/ cont95t is surr\nd$ by ! ocean4 ,!re=e a %ip c g f any coa/ y w to any o!r coa/4 ,b by road or by railway x is possible to travel only f "o "p to ano!r ( ! same isl& or cont95t4 ,h5ce x is t ocean-borne comm]ce is ! mo/ g5]al1 = l&-borne comm]ce is limit$ by ! coa/ & c g no fur!r4 ,x w\ld be impossible = u to trade ov] ! l& ) ,engl&4 ,at "s po9t or o!r we mu/ cross ! sea1 & traffic ov] ! sea is mu* *eap] ?an on ! l&4 ,!re=e1 9 "s cases x ev5 pays to c>ry goods f po9t to po9t along ! coa/ ( ,india1 in/ead ( c>ry+ !m by l&4 ,?is map also tells y :y ! "o ,briti% fleet c def5d all ! coa/s ( ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,x is because ! ocean is "o1 & ! fleet c sail f any "p ( x to any o!r "p4 ,sid5ote3 #i4 ,%ips ( ! "t ( ,vasco da ,gama4 ,sid5ote3 #aj4 ,sail+ ,%ip4 ,! voyage to ,brita9 us$ to be a long "o1 & n )\t dang]4 ,true t ! same %ip c\ld g all ! way f ,calcutta to ,london1 c>ry+ pass5g]s1 mails1 & c>go2 b 9 =m] times ! passage took _m mon?s1 = %ips1 z y "k1 c\ld !n only be mov$ by ! w9d1 & at "s seasons ! w9d blew 9 a direction contr>y to ! c\rse ( ! %ip4 ,moreov]1 ev5 ! ,ea/ ,india %ips 7 small1 & we mu/ rememb] ! r\gh seas :i* !y _h to trav]se :5 r\nd+ ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,"h1 = example1 are ! k9d ( %ips 9 :i* ,europeans fir/ came r\nd ! ,cape to ! ,indies 9 ! "t ( ,vasco da ,gama4 ,& "h is a sail+ %ip ( lat] times1 mu* improv$ bo? 9 hull & sails1 b /ill liable to be delay$ by contr>y w9ds & by calms4 ,sid5ote3 #aa4 ,p4 ,o4 s4s4 8,cal$onia40 ,9 ! pres5t day1 h[ev]1 ! ,briti% ,empire is knit toge!r by means ( l>ge vessels1 mov$ by /eam1 9 :i* m5 come & g ) c]ta9ty ov] ?\s&s ( miles ( trackless ocean4 ,?is is "o ( ! /eam]s ( ! great ,p59sul> & ,ori5tal ,company1 :i*1 toge!r ) o!r companies1 trades ?r\gh ! ,suez ,canal betwe5 ,brita9 & ,india4 ,y w see1 !n1 t by us+ /eam in/ead ( ! w9d1 by sub/itut+ l>ge %ips = small1 & by cutt+ ! ,suez ,canal1 s t ! voyage may be ?r\gh %ort] & g5]ally calm] seas1 m5 h br\ght ,london1 ! capital ( ! ,empire1 )9 less ?an a mon? ( ,india1 :]eas x us$ to be five mon?s away4 ,sid5ote3 #ab4 ,dalh\sie ,squ>e1 ,calcutta4 ,sid5ote3 #ac4 ,! ,hugli4 ,sid5ote3 #ad4 ,madras f ! ,sea4 ,sid5ote3 #ae4 ,arrival ( ! ,vic]oy at ,madras4 ,sid5ote3 #af4 ,bombay ,ramp>t4 ,we h se5 t ! mod]n capitals ( ,india are ! sea-ports4 ,9 no age be=e ?is d>$ m5 place _! great cities on ! op5 coa/1 = !y 7 expos$ to attack !re by pirates z well z =eign enemies4 ,! pres5t capitals ( ,india are !re=e new t[ns4 ,calcutta is on a /rip ( l[ gr\nd beside ! bank ( ! ,riv] ,hugli4 ,only #bjj ye>s ago x 0 a small village4 ,yet "h to-day is a /ately city1 & 9 ! riv] are %ips f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,madras 0 a /ret* ( op5 surf-beat5 coa/ #bgj ye>s ago1 b to-day x has half-a-million p1 & a h>b\r ( /one pi]s built f> out into ! sea to break ! =ce ( ! waves1 s t great %ips may l& _! pass5g]s & c>goes 9 calm wat]4 ,bombay1 also1 "s #bdj ye>s ago 0 an unimportant islet ) only "s #aj1jjj inhabitants1 & to-day1 z y "k1 x is a city :i* rivals ,calcutta 9 its weal? & gr&eur4 ,k>a*i has gr[n simil>ly f a mu* lat] beg9n+ on an utt]ly /]ile des]t coa/4 ,sid5ote3 #ag4 ,que5's ,memorial1 ,bombay4 ,sid5ote3 #ah4 ,bombay ,h>b\r4 ,9 ^! ,lectures we are go+ to make a visit to ! ,briti% ,isles1 ! l& 9 all ! _w :i*1 aft] our own l& ( ,india1 %\ld be ( ! greate/ int]e/ to u1 = x is ! c5tre ( ! ,empire to :i* we owe s mu*4 ,we may />t on our voyage f any "o ( ! five great ports ( ,india3 ,bombay1 ,calcutta1 ,madras1 ,k>a*i1 or ,rangoon1 & we %all naturally leave by t port :i* is mo/ conv5i5tly plac$ ) ref]5ce to ! p>ticul> "p ( ,india 9 :i* we live4 ,if we sail f ,bombay we w visit be=e we />t ! monum5t ( ! great ,que5 ,victoria1 :o = m ?an #fj ye>s rul$ bo? ,india & ,engl&4 ,sid5ote3 #ai4 ,out at ,sea1 ,deck sc5e4 ,sid5ote3 #bj4 ,saloon ( ,p4 & ,o4 ,/eam]4 ,sid5ote3 #ba4 ,eng9es ( ,p4 & ,o4 ,/eam]4 ,sid5ote3 #bb4 ,p4 & ,o4 ,/eam]--a ,/ate ,room4 ,a mail /eam] ^u ! ocean is n[ l a great mov+ hotel1 :i* goes f port to port ) wond]ful punctuality4 ,"h y h a sc5e on deck :5 out at sea4 ,& "h is ! saloon ) ! tables set = ! d9n] ( sev]al hundr$ p4 ,nor mu/ we =get to look at ! eng9es1 :i* turn ! heat ( burn+ coal into p[] equal to t ( t5 ?\s& horses4 ,&1 la/ly1 we w glance into a private cab9 & see ! com=table b]?4 ,all ?is is v diff]5t f ! r\gh voyage ( only fifty ye>s ago4 ,( /eam]s altoge!r--"s ( !m fa/ mail boats1 "s sl[ c>go boats--! ,briti% ,empire possesses = ocean-go+ purposes #i1jjj4 ,^! are p>ts ( ! ,empire j z mu* z ! l&4 ,!re=e y mu/ ?9k ( ! ,briti% ,empire z consi/+ ( _m c\ntries1 :i*1 toge!r1 make "o-fif? ( all ! l& 9 ! _w2 & y mu/ ?9k ( x z consi/+ also ( ^! #i1jjj /eam]s ^u ! ocean1 :i*1 z y "k1 measures ?ree-f\r?s ( ! surface ( ! globe4 ,! :ole ,empire--l&s1 %ips1 & p--is protect$ by ! ,briti% ,navy ^u ! ocean1 & by ! ,army di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! ,briti% l&s4 ,sid5ote3 #bc4 ,colombo ,h>b\r & ,breakwat]4 ,sid5ote3 #bd4 ,colombo ,h>b\r1 ,nor?-,we/ ,breakwat] 9 progress4 ,sid5ote3 #be4 ,colombo ,h>b\r1 ,div] at "w4 ,sid5ote3 #bf4 ,colombo ,h>b\r1 ,blocky>d4 ,b x is n en\gh to h swift1 com=table %ips4 ,deep1 calm h>b\rs are ne$$1 :]e ! great %ips may lie close to ! l& & dis*>ge _! burd54 ,"h = in/ance we h a monum5t ( :i* ,briti% eng9e]s may be pr\d4 ,?is is a view ( ,colombo ,h>b\r 9 ! ,isl& ( ,ceylon :]e ! %ips ga!r f ,calcutta1 & ,madras1 & ,rangoon be=e !y leave ! ,indian seas4 ,! slide %[s ! ma9 breakwat]1 built ^u ! b$ ( ! sea1 :i* protects %ipp+ f ! r\gh waves ( ! s\?-we/ monsoon4 ,& "h we h ano!r view1 %[+ a new "p ( ! breakwat] 9 process ( build+4 ,obs]ve ! huge block :i* is be+ l[]$ by ! crane into ! sea4 ,d y note t ! crane itself is movable ^u :eels1 :i* run ^u two pairs ( rails8 ,next we h ! div] desc5d+ to 8 "w1 ) 8 head 9 a helmet1 into :i* air is pump$ f above4 ,he has to prep>e ! b$ on :i* ! great blocks ( concrete are laid4 ,la/ly1 we h ! blocks %[n 9 ! blocky>d /or$ ready = use4 ,be=e we />t on our voyage1 we w cable to our fri5ds 9 ,london1 tell+ !m to expect u4 ,! electric cables are a v important "p ( ! ,briti% ,empire1 al?\gh !y lie two & ?ree miles deep on ! ocean bottom4 ,indian /ud5ts & o!rs :o happ5 to h no fri5ds 9 ,london are welcom$ & introduc$ by ! ,nor?brook ,society or by ! ,national ,indian ,association4 ,! address ( ! fir/ is #ahe1 ,piccadilly1 ,london1 & ( ! second ,caxton ,hall1 ,we/m9/]4 ,sid5ote3 #bg4 ,=e/ ,sc5e 9 ,ceylon4 ,sid5ote3 #bh4 ,ad5 f ! ,sea4 ,sid5ote3 #bi4 ,ad51 ! ,tanks4 ,n[ let u g on our j\rney4 ,we are trav]s+ ! ocean 9 a mail /eam]2 we leave ,colombo or ,bombay or ,k>a*i & /eam we/w>d into ! ,gulf ( ,ad54 ,"h we h "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable contra/s ( climate to be f\nd 9 ! _w4 ,9 ,ceylon or at ,bombay ra9 & heat comb9e to produce a luxuriant tropical vegetation capable ( support+ mu* human & animal life4 ,!re are o!r c\ntries--& we are go+ to trav]se "s ( !m--:i* al?\gh hot en\gh1 h little ra94 ,let u realise ?is contra/2 = 9 tak+ a voyage f ,colombo or ,bombay to ,ad5 we g f a well wat]$ c\ntry to "o :i* lacks wat]4 ,"h is a sc5e 9 ,ceylon1 %[+ ! rank vegetation :i* results f tropical heat & monsoon ra9s4 ,"h1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! ,briti% =tress ( ,ad54 ,x ra9s on an av]age 9 ,ad5 only once 9 sev]al ye>s1 b :5 x does ra9 x ra9s v h>d1 & ^! great tanks 7 con/ruct$ to ga!r ! wat] f ! nak$ rocky slopes ar\nd1 & to /ore x = use 9 ! next few ye>s4 ,y see t two or ?ree %rubs are gr[n z curiosities beside ! tank4 ,b z ,ad5 grew into a popul\s settlem5t ! tanks 7 n suffici5t = ! wants ( ! p4 ,! ,briti% di/il fre% wat] f ! sea4 ,sid5ote3 #cj4 ,bumboats at ,ad54 ,ad5 is a ,briti% =tress4 ,x is n an isl&1 b x is ! next ?+ to an isl&--x is a p59sula4 ,x is !re=e easily def5d$ by w>%ips on ! sea4 ,! n>r[ i/hmus connect+ x to ! ma9l& has be5 =tifi$4 ,sid5ote3 #ca4 ,r\tes f ,india to ,suez4 ,sid5ote3 #cb4 ,! ,suez ,canal4 ,s we pursue our j\rney until we come to ,suez4 ,?is map %[s y ! r\tes f ,india across ! ,we/]n ,indian ,ocean & up ! ,gulf ( ,ad5 & ! ,r$ ,sea to ,suez1 at ! entrance to ! ,suez ,canal4 ,on ! "r h& we see ,mecca m>k$ 9 ! map4 ,peace on ! ocean1 ! traffic ( /eam%ips1 & ! ,briti% /ation at ,ad5 h r5d]$ ! ,haj less exp5sive ?an x us$ to be & less dang]\s1 s t _m m ,mohamm$ans n[ g to ,mecca f ,india4 ,next we see our /eam] 9 ! ,suez ,canal4 ,! banks are br[n & des]t1 = a %[] ( ra9 is v r>e1 & ! :ole i/hmus is nak$ rock & s&4 ,! sea way is n[ cont9u\s f ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,b ! mak+ ( ! ,canal w\ld h be5 impossible unless !re _h be5 fre% wat] ne> at h& 9 ,egypt = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! work]s4 ,! army ( workm5 :o dug ! ,canal 7 suppli$ ) sweet wat] by means ( a small canal f ! ,nile4 ,s y see t ! ,suez ,canal 0 possible only because ( ! great riv] ( ,egypt1 :i* br+s wat] ?r\gh ! des]t f f> (f s\rces4 ,sid5ote3 #cc4 ,map ( ,l[] ,egypt4 ,9 ?is map ( ,l[] ,egypt y w see nam$ ! ,gulf ( ,suez1 :i* is ! end ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,up ! ,r$ ,sea come %ips f ,ad5 & ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,"h1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! ,m$it]ranean1 ?r\gh :i* we %all pass to ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,& "h is ,suez1 & ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 ) ! l9e ( ! ,suez ,canal4 ,all t is %[n yell[ is b>r51 wat]less des]t1 b ! p>ts t9t$ ) gre5 are f]tile & cultivat$4 ,z y see f ! map1 ! i/hmus is ab\t #ajj miles across4 ,rememb] t ! voyage f ,bombay to ,brita9 is "s #g1jjj miles long--#c1ejj miles z f> z ! ,canal & #c1ejj miles beyond ! ,canal4 ,betwe5 ! ,ea/]n ,ocean & ! ,we/]n ,ocean is only ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 b ?is us$ to compel m5 to take _! %ips f> s\? ?r\gh r\gh seas1 r\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,sid5ote3 #cd4 ,! ,ov]l& ,r\te ?r\gh ! ,des]t4 ,let u1 !re=e1 cross into ,egypt1 & ask :at x is t has made possible ?is great *ange 9 ! r\te ( comm]ce & empire4 ,be=e ! ,canal 0 cut1 b :5 already /eam _h be5 appli$ to ! mov+ ( %ips1 !re 7 a few ye>s 9 :i* pass5g]s & lett]s 7 tak5 by "o %ip f ,bombay to ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 & !n on by ano!r %ip f ! o!r side ( ! ,i/hmus to ,brita94 ,!y 7 c>ri$ across ! des]t on ! backs ( camels4 ,"h we h a picture ( ! ?ir/y des]t4 ,see ! bones ( a camel :i* has fall5 by ! way2 ! fle% has be5 pick$ (f by vultures1 & ! sun & air h dri$ :at rema9$ to c9d]s4 ,! camel is (t5 call$ 8,! ,%ip ( ! ,des]t10 & ?is camel mu/ h brok5 d[n j z %ips are sometimes wreck$4 ,sid5ote3 #ce4 ,cairo--,! ,citadel4 ,sid5ote3 #cf4 ,! ,road to ! ,pyramids4 ,sid5ote3 #cg4 ,! ,pyramids & ! ,sph9x4 ,sid5ote3 #ch4 ,climb+ ! ,pyramids4 ,at ! end ( _! des]t j\rney ! travell]s ov]l&1 be=e ! ,canal 0 made1 came to ! city ( ,cairo4 ,we see x "h ) its citadel 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,notice )9 ! citadel ! great ,mohamm$an mosque ) its t[]+ m9>ets4 ,cairo is n[ occupi$ by ! ,briti%1 & !re is fre$om ( religion = all races1 z 9 e "p ( ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,close to ,cairo are fam\s monum5ts1 ! ,pyramids & ! ,sph9x1 built "s six ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,we see ! ,pyramids fir/ 9 ! di/ance z we drive f ,cairo along ?is road4 ,! trees :i* y see are wat]$ daily1 = ra9 is v r>e 9 ,egypt4 ,"h we h arriv$ at ! ,pyramids1 :i* are j on ! des]t edge1 because ! l& wat]$ by ! ,nile is too valuable = purposes ( cultivation to p]mit ( _! be+ plac$ on f]tile gr\nd4 ,! ,pyramids & ! ,sph9x h h>dly *ang$ 9 ?is int5sely dry climate ?r\gh ! space ( #f1jjj ye>s1 al?\gh ! ,sph9x has be5 p>tly buri$ 9 ! s&4 ,9 ord] t y may appreciate ! size ( ! ,pyramids let u %[ a p>ty ( t\ri/s climb+ ! great ,pyramid1 & note ! huge blocks ( /one ( :i* x is built4 ,sid5ote3 #ci4 ,! ,nile ,valley 9 ,flood4 ,& n[ let u ask ! "q = :i* we are mak+ ?is excursion f ! ,suez ,canal into ,egypt4 ,h[ comes x t "h1 9 ! ra9less des]t1 !re is fre% wat] to make possible ! cutt+ ( ! ,suez ,canal8 ,x is because ! ,nile1 ! riv] ( ,egypt1 comes f ! ,s\? beyond ! des]t4 ,!re e summ] ! ra9s fall 9 ,abyss9ia1 & ! ,egyptian ,nile1 f> away to ! nor?1 rises 9 flood4 ,"h is a view1 tak5 f ! edge ( ! des]t at ! br9k ( ! valley1 9 ! "t ( ! annual flood4 ,:5 ! wat] subsides ! crops are s[n1 & pres5tly ! h>ve/ is reap$ )\t s mu* z a %[] ( ra9 to aid ! gr[?4 ,sid5ote3 #dj4 ,! ,ass\an ,dam4 ,sid5ote3 #da4 ,op5+ ( ! ,ass\an ,dam4 ,n[1 sometimes x happ5s1 z x happ5s also 9 ,india1 t ! ra9s fall %ort 9 ,abyss9ia4 ,9 su* ye>s ! ,nile br+s d[n to ,egypt a mu* small] quantity ( wat]4 ,! f]tilis+ flood is small1 & !re is dang] ( fam9e4 ,z a precaution aga9/ ^! dr\ghts1 & also to ext5d ! cultivat$ area "s way into ! des]t1 ! ,briti% h con/ruct$1 ne> ! s\!rn end ( ,egypt1 a great dam "r across ! valley4 ,"h ! dam is %[n j :5 x 0 f9i%$1 & be=e ! wat] _h ris5 beh9d x4 ,d y notice beside ! dam ! canal ) locks1 by :i* ! riv] traffic goes up & d[n not)/&+ ! b>ri] to ! fl[ ( wat]8 ,d y see also all ! op5+s 9 ! dam to let ! wat] ?r\gh :5 x has ris5 high en\gh beh9d ! masonry8 ,let me %[ y ?is same dam on ! day :5 x 0 op5$ by ! ,duke ( ,connaught1 bro!r ( ! ,k+ ( ,engl&4 ,?is is he1 we>+ a :ite helmet & ) m$als & ord]s on 8 brea/4 ,beside him are /&+ ! ,du*ess ( ,connaught1 ! ,kh$ive ( ,egypt1 :om y may di/+ui% by ! fez :i* he we>s1 & ,"l ,crom]1 ! great ,engli%man :o has help$ ! ,kh$ive to build ! dam4 ,y c di/+ui% ,"l ,crom] by 8 tall :ite hat4 ,! wat] 9 ! picture has ris5 to a high level beh9d ! dam1 ! sluices h j be5 op5$1 & ! /ream is p\r+ on once m t[>ds ! sea4 ,e ye> ! wat] n[ collects beh9d ! dam dur+ ! p]iod ( flood1 & is !n let gradually d[n dur+ ! p]iod ( l[ ,nile4 ,?us ,egypt is becom+ ri* because its p are sav$ f fam9e1 & new l&1 =m]ly des]t1 is br\ght "u cultivation4 ,sid5ote3 #db4 ,port ,said--,coal+4 ,let u return to our %ip1 :i* is wait+ = u at ,port ,said1 ! port at ! nor!rn end ( ! ,suez ,canal4 ,"h is a great mail /eam] tak+ 9 coal = ! rema9d] ( h] voyage f ,india4 ,is x n wond]ful to ?9k ( ! ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( tons ( coal t are dug out ( ! gr\nd 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s & s5t ov] ! seas to drive mo/ ( ! #i1jjj /eam]s :i* d ! trade ( ! ,briti% ,empire8 ,sid5ote3 #dc4 ,map ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,sid5ote3 #dd4 ,malta4 ,sid5ote3 #de4 ,gibralt>4 ,& n[ we h come into ! we/]n seas & to ! l&s ( ! :ite man4 ,on leav+ ,port ,said1 we /e] we/w>d at fir/1 ?r\gh ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea4 ,we call at ,malta & ,gibralt>1 :i* are ,briti% ports1 l ,ad5 & ,colombo4 ,malta is an isl&4 ,"h is a view ( its h>b\r1 %[+ ! =tifications4 ,b ! =tress ( ,gibralt> is on a p59sula l ,ad51 & a l[ i/hmus1 to ! left ( ! picture1 connects x ) ! ma9l&4 ,! front ( ?is tall cliff above ! i/hmus is pi]c$ ) gall]ies1 :i* e "h & !re come out to ! cliff front & all[ place = a cannon4 ,s y see t 9 ,europe1 z 9 ,asia1 ! sea p[] ( ,brita9 has isl&s & little p59sulas = ! call+ places ( its %ips4 ,close to ,gibralt> 0 f\ght ,trafalg>1 ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ,briti% victories at sea4 ,sid5ote3 #df4 ,map ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,sid5ote3 #dg4 ,9 ! ,bay ( ,biscay4 ,we pass ?r\gh ! ,/rait ( ,gibralt>1 :i* is only eight miles across1 & has ,europe visible on ! "o h& & ,africa on ! o!r4 ,n[ we em]ge f ! ,m$it]ranean & /e]+ nor?w>d r\nd ! we/]n l&s ( ,europe1 we at la/ approa* ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,we cross ! ,bay ( ,biscay1 a "p ( ! broad ,atlantic4 ,huge bill[s (t5 roll 9 f ! ocean1 & play ) our great /eam] z a *ild plays ) a toy1 yet !re is a busy traffic ( %ips on ^! wide wat]s4 ,b !re 0 a "t :5 ,brita9 _h no ,colonies1 & consi/$ only ( ,briti% ,isl&s4 ,!re 7 !n few] p 9 ,brita9 ?an !re are n[1 & ! ,engli% ,*annel1 up :i* we are to sail1 protect$ ! ,briti% p f invasion by enemies1 s !y 7 able to develop ! gov]nm5t & ! fre$om :i* h s9ce help$ ,brita9 to give peace & to give ju/ice ?r\gh s l>ge a "p ( ! _w4 ,sid5ote3 #dh4 ,eddy/one ,ligh?\se4 ,z we /e] into ! home wat]s ( ,brita91 ! fir/ object we see is a fam\s ligh?\se1 built on ! dang]\s ,eddy/one rocks1 t5 miles away f ! coa/ ( ,engl&4 ,y w notice t !re is also ! /ump ( an old] ligh?\se4 ,! waves ( ! ocean are sometimes v t]rible1 & ?is is ! f\r? ligh?\se :i* has _h to be built on ^! rocks4 ,brita9 is surr\nd$ by sev]al score ( ligh?\ses plac$ ^u all ! dang]\s po9ts r\nd its %ores4 ,sid5ote3 #di4 ,map ( ! ,/raits ( ,dov] & ! ,?ames ,e/u>y4 ,pass+ ,eddy/one1 we may call at ,plym\? to l& "s ( our pass5g]s1 :o w hurry to ,london by tra94 ,b we w proce$ up ! ,engli% ,*annel4 ,(f ,dov] we turn nor? & r\nd ! promontory ( ,k5t1 ) cliffs ( :ite *alk on our left h&4 ,ent]+ ! broad e/u>y ( ! ,?ames we are soon (f ,graves5d1 hav+ pass$ ,*a?am1 "o ( ! *ief /ations ( ! ,navy4 ,at ,graves5d we %all probably h to an*or = a %ort "t1 because ! riv] is tidal & is deep en\gh = l>ge vessels only at high wat]4 ,sid5ote3 #ej4 ,*annel ,boat approa*+ ,dov]4 ,sid5ote3 #ea4 ,dov]--,admiralty ,pi]1 ,s4,s4 8,pas de ,calais0 unload+4 ,sid5ote3 #eb4 ,dov]--,admiralty ,pi]1 ,s4,s4 8,que50 load+ ! ,indian ,mails4 ,dov]1 se5 f our deck q cle>ly z we came pa/ x1 is a place ( mu* int]e/ to ^? :o live 9 ! ,ea/4 ,y "k t n[adays ! lett]s f ,india & ! neighb\r+ l&s are n c>ri$ to ,brita9 all ! way r\nd by sea pa/ ,gibralt>1 b are l&$ at a ,m$it]ranean port & br\ght across ,europe by rail4 ,!y _c ent] ,engl&1 h[ev]1 )\t once m be+ plac$ ^u a /eam]--?is "t a small packet1 :i* rapidly crosses ! tw5ty miles ( wat] betwe5 ,brita9 & ! ,cont95t1 kn[n z ! ,/raits ( ,dov]4 ,y c see across ! ,/raits ( ,dov]4 ,!re are :ite cliffs :i* gli/5 9 ! sun%9e on bo? sides4 ,"h is "o ( ! ,*annel /eam]s unload+ at ,dov] pi]4 ,d y see ! railway tra9 drawn up alongside8 ,x is ab\t to leave = ,london4 ,notice ! crane lift+ baggage f ! /eam] to ! tra91 s t !re may be z little delay z possible4 ,"h is ano!r ,*annel /eam] at ,dov]4 ,%e is j ab\t to leave = ! ,cont95t4 ,! railway tra9 has arriv$--a :ole van1 less ! :eels1 is be+ rais$ on ! crane & plac$ on ! /eam]4 ,x is full ( baggage1 & is lift$ ?us to save "t--= e m9ute is wor? money4 ,"s hundr$ bags ( mails h to be c>ri$ on to ! vessel4 ,?9k ( ! _m1 _m ?\s& lett]s writt5 e week 9 ,brita9 :i* are go+ to ! ,ea/--to ,india & to ,ceylon1 to ! ,/raits ,settlem5ts & ,hong ,kong & ,mauritius4 ,sid5ote3 #ec4 ,graves5d--,%ipp+ wait+ = ! ,tide4 ,sid5ote3 #ed4 ,sunset ne> ,graves5d4 ,sid5ote3 #ee4 ,! same t5 m9utes lat]4 ,let u n[ g back to our /eam]4 ,! tide turns1 & we leave ,graves5d1 pass+ sl[ly up ! riv] t[>ds ,london4 ,! sc5e is (t5 v animat$ at ,graves5d1 z sev]al score ( vessels1 great & small1 get up _! an*ors & beg9 to move ) ! runn+ /ream4 ,sometimes z y look we/w>d up ! ,?ames 9 ! ev5+1 ! light 9 ! sky is magnific5t1 = ! cl\ds are d5se ) smoke4 ,y mu/ rememb] t ?is city ( #g1jjj1jjj p has a cold w9t]1 & ea* room has a place = a fire to keep its inhabitants w>m4 ,by good =tune we h be5 able to photograph su* a sunset f ! hill above ,graves5d4 ,d y see ! riv] %9+ on ! d>k gr\nd bel[8 ,"h is ! same sunset tak5 t5 m9utes lat]4 ,^! two slides h n be5 pa9t$ ) a bru% accord+ to an arti/'s imag9ation1 !y h be5 photograph$ 9 col\r1 & !y are absolutely true 9 _! effect4 ,sid5ote3 #ef4 ,arrival 9 ,dock4 ,sid5ote3 #eg4 ,welcome on ,deck4 ,sid5ote3 #eh4 ,l&+4 ,sid5ote3 #ei4 ,/eam]s 9 ,dock4 ,at la/ we ent] "o ( ! docks :i* receive %ips f ! riv] at high tide4 ,! dock gates are clos$ beh9d u1 s t :5 ! tide falls 9 ! riv] our /eam] w rema9 afloat beside ! :>f4 ,we see "h ! great vessel be+ pu%$ sl[ly into h] b]? by /eam tugs :i* 7 wait+ = h]4 ,& "h we h a sc5e on deck :5 ! gangways h be5 op5$ to ! %ore1 & fri5ds h come on bo>d to welcome our ,briti% fell[-pass5g]s1 _m ( !m return+ home aft] ye>s ( abs5ce4 ,n[ we set foot on l&1 & run by tra9 pa/ miles ( h\ses until we come into ! c5tre ( ! va/ city1 & rea* our hotel4 ,meantime ! capta9 ( ! %ip & ! crew h gone to _! homes1 & ! great %ip lies at re/ 9 ! dock--sil5t aft] h] long voyage4 ,we w unpack our trunks & sleep = a night be=e we g into ! /reets ( ,london to see ! metropolis ( ! ,empire4 ,,lecture ,,ii4 ,,london1 ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,city4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,areas ( ,india & ! ,briti% ,isles comp>$4 ,be=e we set out ?r\gh ! l>ge/ & mo/ popul\s city ( ! _w1 let u consid] :at x is t we are go+ to look at4 ,let u try to und]/& ! size ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom & ( ,london by comp>+ !m ) ,india & its *ief cities4 ,fir/ we h a map %[+ ! area ( ! ,briti% ,isles comp>$ ) ! area ( ,india4 ,we see t ! ,briti% ,isles are small z comp>$ ) ,india2 b !y h a f> m d5se population4 ,!re are m ?an twice z _m p to ! squ>e mile 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ?an !re are 9 ,india4 ,?is is due to ! fact t ! p ( ,india live = ! mo/ "p 9 villages1 :]eas 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ! majority ( ! p live 9 ! cities4 ,9 ,india only ab\t t5 p] c5t4 ( ! :ole population live 9 t[ns ) m ?an five ?\s& inhabitants4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,populations ( ,london1 ,calcutta1 ,bombay1 ,madras1 ,delhi1 ,rangoon1 & ,k>a*i comp>$4 ,n[ let u comp>e ! populations ( our *ief ,indian cities ) t ( ,london4 ,we h "h circles :i* repres5t by _! areas ! population ( ,london on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r h& ( ,calcutta1 ,bombay1 ,madras1 ,delhi1 ,rangoon1 & ,k>a*i4 ,we see at a glance t ,london has a population great] ?an ! comb9$ population ( all ^! great cities4 ,we notice ! words 8,great] ,london0 r\nd ! black circle4 ,london may be measur$ 9 ?ree ways1 = x consi/s ( ?ree zones1 "o )9 ! o!r4 ,9 ! c5tre !re is ! olde/ "p1 ! ,city ( ,london1 :i* is n[ ! *ief place ( bus9ess4 ,r\nd ! city !re has gr[n up1 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 a great r+ ( population kn[n z ,inn] ,london4 ,outside ?is aga91 !re has sprung up ( rec5t ye>s a /ill wid] zone ( suburbs1 :i* is call$ ,out] ,london4 ,^! ?ree1 ! ,city1 ,inn] ,london & ,out] ,london1 toge!r make ,great] ,london4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,areas ( ,london & ,calcutta comp>$4 ,sid5ote3 #d4 ,areas ( ,london & ,bombay comp>$4 ,sid5ote3 #e4 ,areas ( ,london & ,madras comp>$4 ,we w next consid] h[ mu* space ! sev5 million p ( ,london take4 ,on ?is slide we h two little maps1 ( :i* ! l[] %[s 9 p9k ! gr\nd cov]$ by ! h\ses ( ,london1 & above we h ,calcutta %[n 9 l mann]4 ,9 ! next slide ! map ( ! h\ses ( ,london is repeat$1 b ! outl9e above is t ( ,bombay1 set on its isl& betwe5 ! h>b\r & ! ocean4 ,la/ly1 we h a comp>ison ( ! area ( ,london ) t ( ,madras4 ,9 proportion to its population ,madras cov]s a l>ge area1 = z y "k !re are sev]al spaces )9 x plant$ ) trees & )\t h\ses1 b ev5 ,madras is small z comp>$ ) ,london4 ,sid5ote3 #f4 ,! ,london ,docks4 ,n[ let u />t on our way ?r\gh ! t[n4 ,! *ief feature ( ,london is ! ,riv] ,?ames4 ,! "t 0 :5 ,london 0 only a small village on ! banks ( ! ,?ames4 ,to-day ! ,?ames is ! h>b\r ( ,london1 ! greate/ port 9 ! _w4 ,let u g on a little /eam] along ! riv]1 & let u beg9 ) ! docks4 ,an imm5se quantity ( food is ne$$ to fe$ sev5 million p4 ,great quantities ( coal are requir$ to keep !m w>m 9 _! cold w9t]1 & to supply gas & electricity dur+ _! long w9t] nights4 ,mu* mat]ial is1 ( c\rse1 also requir$ = ! con/ruction ( _! h\ses & public build+s4 ,( all ^! commodities a l>ge "p is br\ght 9 by sea1 & is dis*>g$ 9 ! docks4 ,y w rememb] t at ! end ( ! la/ ,lecture we told h[ ! wat] is held up 9 ! docks1 ev5 :5 ! tide falls 9 ! riv]4 ,_m ( ! small] /eam]s1 h[ev]1 d n g into ! docks4 ,!y are able to lie 9 ! riv] itself & rise & fall ) ! tide4 ,sid5ote3 #g4 ,! ,t[] ,bridge4 ,:5 we leave ! docks & proce$ up ! riv]1 we come pres5tly to a bridge1 ! ne>e/ to ! sea ( _m bridges :i* c>ry roads & railways ov] ! ,?ames4 ,?is is ! ,t[] ,bridge4 ,x is a v /rik+ object1 visible 9 any di/ant view ( ,london1 = z y see x is borne on two l(ty pi]s1 betwe5 :i* !re is an upp] & a l[] way4 ,! upp] way is us$ by foot pass5g]s :5 ! l[] way is lift$1 z 9 ! slide1 to all[ ( ! passage ( %ips ) ma/s4 ,sid5ote3 #h4 ,london ,bridge4 ,b1 ?\gh ! ,t[] ,bridge is s rem>kable a /ructure y mu/ rememb] t x is only new4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ bridge 9 ,london1 p]haps 9 ! _w1 is call$ ,london ,bridge4 ,x /&s next above ! ,t[] ,bridge4 ,two ?\s& ye>s ago !re 0 no ,london2 :]e ! h\ses are n[ 7 !n =e/s & m>%es4 ,"s sev5te5 hundr$ ye>s ago ! fir/ ,london ,bridge 0 built2 x 0 rebuilt aft]w>ds m ?an once2 b no second bridge 0 put ov] ! ,riv] ,?ames to connect ! nor? & ! s\? ( ,london until a c5tury & a half ago4 ,= all ^? c5turies !re 0 "o ,london ,bridge4 ,by means ( ?is ,bridge ! traffic ( ! s\? ( ,engl& cross$ ! ,?ames to ! nor?4 ,b ,london ,bridge /opp$ ! %ips com+ up f ! sea & prev5t$ !m f go+ fur!r into ! l&1 because 9 e>ly days m5 c\ld only build small ar*es = a bridge1 & ^! 7 nei!r broad en\gh nor high en\gh = sea-go+ %ips4 ,s x 0 t ,london grew r\nd ,london ,bridge1 = "h 0 n only ! l[e/ bridge on ! riv] b also ! mo/ inl& po9t to :i* sea-go+ %ips c\ld asc5d4 ,x 0 an important place1 !re=e1 bo? = l& traffic & = wat] traffic4 ,sid5ote3 #i4 ,! ,t[] ( ,london4 ,on ! nor? bank ( ! riv]1 a little bel[ ,london ,bridge1 ! ,k+s ( ,engl& 9 old "t built a =tress to def5d ! t[n1 & also to keep its population 9 ord]4 ,?is =tress is /ill /&+1 al?\gh aga9/ mod]n weapons x w\ld n[ be useless4 ,x is kn[n z ! ,t[] ( ,london1 & is a v int]e/+ old place1 quiet & sil5t amid ! noisy metropolis ar\nd4 ,! ,k+'s ,cr[n & ,coronation jewels are kept "h4 ,sid5ote3 #aj4 ,! ,riv] bel[ ,london ,bridge4 ,! ,t[] ,bridge is s call$ because x crosses ! riv] beside ! ,t[] ( ,london4 ,"h we h a view tak5 f ,london ,bridge1 look+ d[n ! busy riv] to ! ,t[] ,bridge4 ,y c j see ! ,t[] ( ,london on ! left h&4 ,sid5ote3 #aa4 ,plan ( ,great] ,london4 ,on ?is slide we h %[n aga9 ! map ( ! space cov]$ by ! h\ses ( ,great] ,london4 ,! r$ indicates ! area ( ! h\ses & /reets4 ,! gre5 m>ks ! pieces ( tree-cov]$ gr\nd kn[n z p>ks1 :i* h be5 reta9$ = ! pleasure & heal? ( ! p ( ,london4 ,note ! ,riv] ,?ames1 l a v broad /reet1 w9d+ ?r\gh ! mid/ ( ! t[n4 ,note also ! docks bran*+ f ! riv]1 & ! bridges across x4 ,"h1 m>k$ ) _! names1 are ! two l[e/ ( ! bridges--! ,t[] ,bridge & ,london ,bridge4 ,y obs]ve t !re are no bridges l[] ?an ^!1 & t all ! docks op5 bel[ bridge4 ,d y see t ,london ,bridge is /ill almo/ exactly 9 ! c5tre ( ,london8 ,at fir/ ! riv] curv$ ?r\gh =e/s & m>%es2 !n !re grew up a little t[n beside ! bridge2 t t[n w5t on gr[+ l>g] & l>g] until x is n[ z l>ge z a small c\ntry4 ,b ! head ( ! sea navigation is /ill at ,london ,bridge1 & ! va/ metropolis ext5ds 9 all directions r\nd its h>b\r4 ,ea* day !re ent] "s #gjj %ips f all p>ts ( ! _w1 _m ( !m f ! coa/s ( ,engl& itself1 b "s f ! mo/ di/ant l&s--f ,am]ica1 ,africa1 ! ,ea/1 & ,au/ralia4 ,sid5ote3 #ab4 ,great] ,london ) ,c5tral ,london m>k$ (f4 ,sid5ote3 #ac4 ,c5tral ,london ) ! ,city b\nd>ies4 ,y see ?is rectangul> space m>k$ (f on ! map ( ,great] ,london8 ,i am next go+ to give y a map1 on a l>g] scale1 ( ! c5tral & mo/ important "p ( ,london2 x is conta9$ )9 ! rectangle4 ,"h x is1 ) ! b\nd>y ( ! ,city ( ,london %[n 9 r$ ^u x4 ,we see ! *ief /reets1 & we are able to m>k out ! r\te :i* we are go+ to take4 ,we />t f ! ,t[] & ! ,t[] ,bridge2 we pass b5ea? ,london ,bridge1 ) ! ,city1 ! *ief bus9ess c5tre1 on our "r h&2 we g "u sev]al m bridges & arrive at ,we/m9/]1 :]e ,p>liam5t sits & ! ,k+-,emp]or is cr[n$2 !n we l&1 drive pa/ ,buck+ham ,palace1 :]e ! ,k+ lives1 & s to ! *ief p>ks4 ,turn+ ea/w>d aga9 we return ?r\gh ,trafalg> ,squ>e to ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 :i* is ! ,ca!dral ( ,london2 f9ally we rea* ! ,bank ( ,engl&1 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,city1 & come back to ,london ,bridge1 f ^: neighb\rhood we />t$4 ,! :ole r\nd measures ab\t eight miles1 & yet1 z y w rememb]1 ! map ^u :i* we h trac$ x is b ! c5tral & small] "p ( ,london4 ,sid5ote3 #ad4 ,wat]loo ,bridge & ,som]set ,h\se4 ,x w\ld tire y 7 ,i to attempt to %[ all ! bridges "u :i* we pass1 b !re is "o :i* we mu/ n omit4 ,?is is ,wat]loo ,bridge1 ar*itecturally ! f9e/ bridge 9 ,london1 p]haps ! f9e/ ( all ! build+s 9 ,london4 ,! road1 z y see1 is q level1 & x is c>ri$ ^u a s]ies ( great /one ar*es4 ,! bridge is call$ ,wat]loo ,bridge because x 0 complet$ soon aft] ! ,battle ( ,wat]loo4 ,z we g ?r\gh ,london y w f9d t !re are two fam\s battles--! ,battle ( ,wat]loo on ! l&1 & ! ,battle ( ,trafalg> on ! sea--:i* are con/antly rememb]$ by ,engli%m54 ,!y 7 f\ght n9ety & a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,because ,brita9 0 victori\s 9 !m ! ,briti% ,empire exi/s to-day4 ,!re=e ^! battles & ! m5 :o f\ght !m are deem$ wor?y ( commemoration 9 ! metropolis ( ! ,empire4 ,beyond ,wat]loo ,bridge we see on ! slide a f9e build+ kn[n z ,som]set ,h\se1 ! (fice into :i* ! taxes ( ! p ( ,engl& are paid = ! gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry4 ,sid5ote3 #ae4 ,! ,embankm5t at ,wat]loo ,bridge4 ,sid5ote3 #af4 ,cleopatra's ,ne$le & ,som]set ,h\se4 ,sid5ote3 #ag4 ,! ,?ames ,embankm5t4 ,sid5ote3 #ah4 ,! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t & ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,sid5ote3 #ai4 ,we/m9/] ,abbey f ,dean's ,y>d4 ,"h we h "o ( ! ar*es ( ,wat]loo ,bridge1 spann+ ! riv]side road :i* is kn[n z ! ,?ames ,embankm5t4 ,! traffic f nor? to s\? is c>ri$1 z y see1 ov] ! bridge1 :ile t f ea/ to we/ passes "u x4 ,"h we h yet ano!r view ( ! ,embankm5t1 ) ,som]set ,h\se & ,wat]loo ,bridge 9 ! di/ance4 ,we c see ,som]set ,h\se bett] 9 ?is view1 because ! bridge is n 9 ! way4 ,9 ! =egr\nd we h ,cleopatra's ,ne$le1 a s+le piece ( /one z high z a t[]4 ,x 0 br\ght f ,egypt 9 a specially built %ip1 hav+ be5 pres5t$ to ! ,que5 ( ,engl& by a =m] ,kh$ive ( ,egypt4 ,! next slide %[s ! b5d ( ! riv]1 ) ! ,embankm5t beside x4 ,y see ! trees plant$ along ! road--!y are gre5 9 ! summ]1 b 9 w9t] ! leaves fall & !y are black4 ,9 ! di/ance1 %[+ ov] ! h\setops1 is ! great dome ( ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral4 ,at la/ we rea* ,we/m9/]1 & look across ! wat] to two ( ! *ief build+s ( ,london1 ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t & ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t 7 erect$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,que5 ,victoria1 b ,we/m9/] ,abbey 0 built m ?an #fjj ye>s ago4 ,we h "h a view ( ! ,abbey f ! l& side4 ,sid5ote3 #bj4 ,! ,k+ op5+ ,p>liam5t--! ,/ate ,coa*4 ,sid5ote3 #ba4 ,! same--! ,procession4 ,sid5ote3 #bb4 ,! ,coronation 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,sid5ote3 #bc4 ,! same1 ano!r view4 ,sid5ote3 #bd4 ,! ,k+ & ,que5 at ! op5+ ( ,p>liam5t4 ,sid5ote3 #be4 ,8 ,maje/y ! ,k+4 ,we/m9/] is ! c5tre ( ! ,empire4 ,"h at ! beg9n+ ( 8 reign ! ,k+ is cr[n$4 ,"h ea* ye> he op5s ! ,session ( ,p>liam5t4 ,let u see some?+ ( ! spl5did pageants :i* take place at ,we/m9/] on ^! occasions4 ,?is1 = in/ance1 is ! ,k+ driv+ 9 ! ,coa* ( ,/ate1 ) ! ,que5 beside him4 ,& "h is a photograph ( ! procession ?r\gh ! /reets at ! op5+ ( ,p>liam5t4 ,next we h ! ,coronation 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 & 9 ano!r slide a m g5]al view ( ! int]ior ( ! ,abbey on t great day :5 8 pres5t ,maje/y1 ! ,emp]or-,k+1 ,edw>d ,,vii41 0 cr[n$ by ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! *ief m5 ( ! ,k+dom1 & ( ! ,empire1 & ( visitors f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! picture is tak5 at ! mom5t :5 ! ,cr[n1 ! emblem ( royal au?ority1 is be+ plac$ ^u ! ,k+'s head4 ,9 8 h& he holds ! ,sceptre4 ,9 ! next slide we h ! ,k+ & ,que5 ,alex&ra seat$ ^u ! ?rone at ! op5+ ( ,p>liam5t1 & !n foll[s a portrait ( ! ,k+ 9 ! ,robes ( ,/ate4 ,sid5ote3 #bf4 ,we/m9/] ,abbey--,poets' ,corn]4 ,aft] ! solemn /ate ( ^! great c]emonies1 we w return = a mom5t :5 ! ,abbey is empty1 & look1 n at liv+ p1 b at ! monum5ts :i* record ! fam\s m5 :o 9 ! pa/ h help$ to make ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,?is is call$ ! ,poets' ,corn]4 ,"h 9 ?is p>ticul> corn] ( ! ,abbey are ga!r$ toge!r ! monum5ts ( ! m5 :o h writt54 ,by inspir+ ! ,briti% race ) noble ideas !y h help$ to make ! ,empire no less ?an h ! victors ( ,trafalg> & ,wat]loo4 ,all ! ,abbey is full ( monum5ts--9 o!r p>ts ( x y w f9d record ( ! /atesm5 :o h giv5 c\nsel to our ,k+s & ,que5s1 & ( ! soldi]s & sailors :o h f\ght = !m4 ,"h1 too1 are ! monum5ts ( ,vic]oys ( ,india4 ,sid5ote3 #bg4 ,! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t f ,:itehall4 ,let u cross ! road to ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 fir/ glanc+ at !m once m f ! outside4 ,we see ! two l(ty t[]s1 visible1 :5 ! wea!r is cle>1 f e hill r\nd ,london4 ,?is is ! ,victoria ,t[]1 nam$ aft] ,que5 ,victoria1 & ?is is ! ,clock ,t[]4 ,:5 ,p>liam5t is sitt+ by day a flag is fl[n f ! ,victoria ,t[]1 & :5 x sits aft] d>k a p[]ful electric light %9es f ! ,clock ,t[]1 s t all m5 may "k t laws are be+ made = ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,empire4 ,sid5ote3 #bh4 ,we/m9/] ,hall--,int]ior4 ,we w ent] ! build+ ?r\gh ,we/m9/] ,hall1 :i* 0 "p ( ! ,old ,we/m9/] ,palace ( ! ,k+s ( ,engl&4 ,set r\nd x are /atues ( our pa/ ,k+s & ,que5s4 ,=m]ly ! ,p>liam5t met to give c\nsel1 & ! ,judges sat to give ju/ice1 9 ! ,k+'s ,palace1 b 9 m rec5t times ! bus9ess ( ! c\ntry has become s great t x _c well be h\s$ 9 a s+le build+4 ,! ,palace ( ,we/m9/] has1 !re=e1 be5 giv5 :olly to ,p>liam5t1 & has be5 rebuilt1 except = ?is spl5did ,hall1 :i* has be5 pres]v$4 ,sid5ote3 #bi4 ,h\se ( ,lords--,int]ior4 ,sid5ote3 #cj4 ,h\se ( ,commons dur+ ,debate4 ,let u pass on1 & look = a mom5t into ! ,h\se ( ,lords 9 ! morn+ :5 x is empty1 & ! sun is %9+ ?r\gh ! w9d[s4 ,"h is ! ?rone ^u :i* ! ,k+ sits :5 he op5s ! session ( ,p>liam5t ea* ye>4 ,p>liam5t consi/s ( two bodies ( m51 :o are kn[n z ! ,h\se ( ,lords & ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,! ,lords are ! great dignit>ies ( ! realm--! *ief l&[n]s1 m]*ants1 lawy]s1 & bi%ops4 ,! ,commons1 on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh _m ( !m are ri* & clev] m51 d n help to make ! laws because ( _! position 9 ! ,/ate1 b because !y are elect$ by ! p ( ,engl& to tell ! ,k+ :at ! p wi% =4 ,"h is "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ,engli%m51 ! late ,mr4 ,glad/one1 speak+ 9 ! ,commons z ! ,k+'s ,prime ,m9i/]4 ,x is ! ,prime ,m9i/]'s duty ea* ev5+ to tell ! ,k+ :at ! ,commons h said1 & s1 ?\gh ! ,k+ is n !re1 ! ,k+ & ! ,commons "w toge!r = ! gov]nm5t & peace ( ! ,empire4 ,sid5ote3 #ca4 ,cab9et ,c\ncil4 ,^! two l>ge assemblies1 ! ,lords & ! ,commons--ea* ( !m conta9+ sev]al hundr$ m5--c\ld n conduct ! detail$ bus9ess ( ! c\ntry4 ,a small numb] ( !m1 !re=e1 are *os5 to be ! ,k+'s ,m9i/]s1 & ! ,m9i/]s =m a ,committee or ,c\ncil1 :i* is call$ ! ,cab9et4 ,"h is a picture ( a ,cab9et ,meet+4 ,x meets privately2 no "o kn[s :at ! ,cab9et says 9 its discussions--we only "k :at x decides to d4 ,presid+ ov] ! p>ticul> ,cab9et %[n 9 ?is picture is ano!r great ,engli%man1 n[ dead1 ! late ,"l ,salisbury4 ,among ! o!r ,m9i/]s y w see ,"l ,george ,hamilton1 :o 0 at ! "t ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ,india4 ,sid5ote3 #cb4 ,! ,treasury4 ,sid5ote3 #cc4 ,! ,admiralty4 ,sid5ote3 #cd4 ,! ,=eign ,(fice4 ,sid5ote3 #ce4 ,! ,law ,c\rts4 ,ne> to ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t are ! (fices ( ! v>i\s ,m9i/]s4 ,!y are l>ge & h&some build+s1 = ea* ,m9i/] has a /aff ( (ficials "u him4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 is ! ,treasury1 :]e ! f9ances ( ! c\ntry are manag$4 ,& "h is ! ,admiralty1 :5ce ! ,briti% ,navy 9 all p>ts ( ! _w is controll$ by means ( telegraphic messages4 ,"h1 se5 f "o ( ! p>ks1 is ! f9e build+ 9 :i* are h\s$ bo? ! ,india ,(fice & ! ,colonial ,(fice4 ,! "p ( x to ! left h&1 ) ! t[]1 conta9s ! ,=eign ,(fice1 :]e bus9ess is transact$ betwe5 ! ,briti% ,empire & =eign c\ntries4 ,! ,india ,(fice is at ?is "r-h& corn]4 ,! ,prime ,m9i/] lives 9 a h\se opposite to ! door ( ! ,=eign ,(fice1 9 a little /reet call$ ,d[n+ ,/reet1 & ! ,gov]nm5t is1 !re=e1 (t5 spok5 ( simply z ,d[n+ ,/reet4 ,f9ally1 we h ! ,law ,c\rts1 :i*1 until lately 7 9 ! ,palace at ,we/m9/]4 ,sid5ote3 #cf4 ,/4 ,james's ,palace4 ,sid5ote3 #cg4 ,buck+ham ,palace4 ,sid5ote3 #ch4 ,h] ,maje/y1 ,que5 ,victoria1 ) h] ,son1 ,gr&son1 & ,great-,gr&son4 ,! ,palaces ( ! ,k+ are only a %ort way f ! ,abbey & ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t4 ,"h is ,/4 ,james's ,palace1 :]e ! ,sov]eign sometimes holds great receptions ( 8 subjects4 ,d y see ! s5try at ! door8 ,he is "o ( ! ,k+'s ,gu>ds1 a *os5 body ( soldi]s1 :o rema9 ne> ! ,k+'s ,palaces1 except :5 !y are s5t out ( ! c\ntry to take "p 9 =eign w>s4 ,"h is ,buck+ham ,palace1 :]e ! ,k+ lives :5 he is 9 ,london4 ,beh9d x !re is a l>ge g>d54 ,rememb]1 h[ev]1 t great z he is1 ! ,k+ is a man1 j z we are4 ,he is a fa!r & a gr&fa!r1 & he _h a "m1 our belov$ ,que5 & ,empress ,victoria4 ,9 ?is picture we h f\r g5]ations ( ! ,royal ,family ( ,engl&2 ,que5 ,victoria1 :o 0 our ,sov]eign1 ,k+ ,edw>d ,,vii41 :o is our ,sov]eign1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 :o w be ,k+ aft] 8 fa!r1 & ! little ,pr9ce ,edw>d ( ,wales--de/9$1 we hope1 "s day to asc5d ! ?rone ( 8 ance/ors4 ,x is ! ?rone ( "o-fif? ( all ! _w4 ,sid5ote3 #ci4 ,! ,cr[d at ! ,fun]al ( ,que5 ,victoria4 ,sid5ote3 #dj4 ,police regulat+ ,traffic4 ,sid5ote3 #da4 ,a ,policeman4 ,f ! ,k+ let u turn to 8 p4 ,"h is a cr[d ( ! p ( ,london1 ga!r$ 9 ! ,p>k :5 ,que5 ,victoria 0 tak5 to be buri$4 ,x 0 a mighty1 sil5t cr[d1 nev] to be =gott5 by ^? :o saw x4 ,( c\rse !re are "s p 9 ! great cr[ds ( ,london1 z ( all o!r places1 :o are bad & disord]ly1 b 9 g5]al ! p ( ,london obey ! ,law4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 we h a busy po9t :]e f\r /reets meet4 ,two policem5 control ! traffic1 n[ lett+ ?is /ream ( c>riages pass1 & n[ t4 ,(t5 a driv] is 9 ha/e1 b :5 ! policeman raises 8 h&1 ! driv] sil5tly waits until he has leave to proce$4 ,only 9 ?is way c\ld sev5 millions ( p live toge!r & d _! bus9ess4 ,! policem5 ( ,london are a f9e body ( /rong m51 :o v r>ely lose _! temp]s or pres5ce ( m9d1 :atev] ! sudd5 difficulty ) :i* !y may be fac$4 ,"h is "o ( !m politely tell+ ! way to an enquir+ /rang]4 ,y see t he c>ries no fire>ms1 yet !re are only ab\t #bj1jjj police to manage all ^! p4 ,sid5ote3 #db4 ,hyde ,p>k--,rott5 ,r[4 ,sid5ote3 #dc4 ,/4 ,james's ,p>k--,*ildr5 at ,play4 ,sid5ote3 #dd4 ,! same--,*ildr5 ,fi%+4 ,sid5ote3 #de4 ,! ,zoological ,g>d5s4 ,sid5ote3 #df4 ,fl[]s 9 ! ,p>k4 ,sid5ote3 #dg4 ,! ,cry/al ,palace4 ,sid5ote3 #dh4 ,/4 ,?omas's ,hospital4 ,p]haps ! mo/ beautiful possessions ( ,london are ! p>ks1 9 :i*1 9 ! mid/ ( _! prov9ce ( h\ses1 ! p take ex]cise & f9d heal? & amusem5t4 ,none ( ! o!r cities ( ! _w--n ,p>is1 or ,b]l91 or ,new ,york1 or ,pek+1 or ,calcutta--h any?+ q simil> to ! p>ks ( ,london1 = !y are n =mal g>d5s or b>e p>ade gr\nds1 b pieces ( rural c\ntry2 & !y are n j outside ! t[n1 b conta9$ 9 its mid/4 ,?is is a celebrat$ road 9 ,hyde ,p>k1 :]e only horses & no c>riages g4 ,x is call$ ,rott5 ,r[4 ,"h we see x on a summ] day1 :5 ! sun is %9+1 ) m5 & wom5 ^u horseback tak+ ! air4 ,b ! p>ks are n m]ely = ! amusem5t ( ! ri* p :o c af=d to keep horses2 !y are also = ! poor4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 we h a picture ( *ildr5 at play1 & "h ano!r1 tak5 9 ,/4 ,james's ,p>k1 %[+ *ildr5 fi%+ = ! little fi% t live 9 ! wat] ( ! lake4 ,9 ,reg5t's ,p>k !re is a ,zoological ,g>d51 9 :i* are kept animals f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,"h we see a gr\p ( *ildr51 :o1 by way ( a holiday treat1 are hav+ a few mom5ts on ! back ( an elephant4 ,^! p>ks ( ,london h mu* money sp5t ^u !m1 s t ! poor p ( ,london h 9 p>ts ( !m g>d5s to look ^u :i* are z f9e z ! g>d5s ( ri* m54 ,"h1 = example1 we h a sc5e among ! fl[]s 9 ,hyde ,p>k4 ,nor mu/ we =get ! ,cry/al ,palace1 an imm5se h\se ( glass1 :]e ! p may f9d amusem5t 9 all wea!rs4 ,( c\rse !re are /ill l>ge p>ts ( ,london :i* are ugly1 & completely cov]$ ) small h\ses4 ,9 ^! p>ts ! life ( ! p 9 ! d>k1 *illy1 wet w9t] is n v bright4 ,b m5 are always at "w to bett] ^! wret*$ qu>t]s1 & gradually !y w disappe>4 ,to s]ve ! poor :o fall ill1 a numb] ( l>ge hospitals h be5 built1 & "s ( ^! are f9e build+s1 & well plac$4 ,"h1 beside ,we/m9/] ,bridge1 is ,/4 ,?omas's ,hospital1 :i* faces ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t4 ,sid5ote3 #di4 ,! ,imp]ial ,in/itute & ,london ,univ]sity4 ,n[ let u consid] ano!r aspect ( ,london4 ,to rule an ,empire ( #cjj1jjj1jjj p m5 require skill1 & mu/ be educat$4 ,ne>ly e man & woman 9 all ! sev5 millions ( ,london c n[ read & write4 ,!re are hundr$s ( free s*ools :]e ^! ?+s are taught4 ,b ! ,m9i/]s ( ! ,k+1 & ! judges1 & ! adm9i/rators :o g out to ! ,colonies1 require great] skill1 & = !m1 & = ! doctors & eng9e]s & o!r le>n$ p1 !re are ,univ]sities4 ,"h is ! f9e build+ occupi$ 9 "p by ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute & 9 "p by ! ,univ]sity ( ,london4 ,y "k ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,london1 because x holds exam9ations n only 9 ,london b also 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,empire--= in/ance1 9 ,ceylon4 ,sid5ote3 #ej4 ,briti% ,museum--,int]ior ( ! ,egyptian ,room1 ) ,rosetta ,/one4 ,"h we come to ano!r ( ! great c5tres ( le>n+ 9 ,london4 ,?is is ! ,briti% ,museum1 9 :i* h be5 ga!r$ hi/orical treasures & docum5ts f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! libr>y ( ! museum conta9s m ?an a million books4 ,9 ! room t is "h %[n1 y see on ! /& 9 ! c5tre "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ( all docum5ts4 ,x is writt5 on a /one1 call$ ! ,rosetta ,/one1 because x 0 f\nd at ,rosetta 9 ,egypt4 ,m5 h le>nt f x--because x is writt5 9 two languages side by side--to und]/& ! anci5t language ( ! ,egyptians4 ,x is necess>y to ga!r ^! treasures toge!r 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,empire 9 ord] t le>n$ m5 may /udy !m conv5i5tly1 & comp>e !m ) "o ano!r1 )\t hav+ to lose "t 9 long j\rneys4 ,sid5ote3 #ea4 ,trafalg> ,squ>e4 ,n[ let u leave ,we/m9/] & ! ,we/ ,end ( ! t[n1 & z we drive ?r\gh ! /reets t[>ds ! ,city ( ,london1 ! place ( m]*ants1 let u /op on ! way = a mom5t to see "s ( ! *ief monum5ts :i* record ! hi/ory ( ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,?is is ,trafalg> ,squ>e1 nam$ aft] ! greate/ victory at sea4 ,"h is ! monum5t ( ,admiral ,"l ,nelson1 :o won ! battle & di$ 9 ! mom5t ( victory4 ,!re 9 ! c5tre1 /&+ ^u a small] column1 is a m rec5t monum5t1 erect$ 9 memory ( ,g5]al ,gordon1 ( :om probably y h he>d4 ,he f\ght = ,*9a 9 ! ,taip+ rebellion1 & aft]w>ds di$ = ,brita9 at ,kh>t\m4 ,sid5ote3 #eb4 ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral--,we/ ,front4 ,sid5ote3 #ec4 ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral--,int]ior4 ,sid5ote3 #ed4 ,nelson's ,tomb4 ,sid5ote3 #ee4 ,well+ton's ,tomb4 ,next we come to ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 ( :i* ?is is ! ,we/ ,front & ! *ief entry4 ,be=e x is a /atue ( ,que5 ,anne1 "o ( ! ,sov]eigns ( ,engl&1 :o liv$ #bjj ye>s ago4 ,! ,ca!dral 0 rebuilt 9 h] reign4 ,"h is ! int]ior1 ) ! sunbeams /rik+ d[n f ! dome4 ,to ! left is ! tomb ( ! ,duke ( ,well+ton1 :o won ! battle ( ,wat]loo4 ,9 ! crypt bel[ is also ! tomb ( ,"l ,nelson1 :o sav$ ! ,empire 9 ! battle ( ,trafalg>4 ,"h we h ano!r & ne>] view ( ! tomb ( ! ,duke ( ,well+ton4 ,sid5ote3 #ef4 ,! ,royal ,ex*ange & ! ,bank4 ,we w n[ drive on to ! middle ( ! ,city4 ,"h to ! left is ! ,bank ( ,engl&1 ! c5tre ( ! f9ance ( ! ,empire4 ,beside x is ! ,royal ,ex*ange1 on ! upp] floor ( :i* ! insurance ( %ips at sea is effect$4 ,! /atue is ( ! ,duke ( ,well+ton1 & 0 erect$ by ! m]*ants ( ,london4 ,see ! d5se traffic ( c>riages1 = ?is is ! v he>t ( ! bus9ess qu>t] ( ,london1 & x is ! busie/ "t ( ! day4 ,if y saw ?is v spot late on a summ]'s ev5+1 or if y saw x on a ,sunday1 ! day ( re/1 y w\ld f9d x quiet & ne>ly empty4 ,sid5ote3 #eg4 ,view f ! ,dome ( ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral4 ,_h we climb$ j n[ to ! top ( ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral & look$ ea/w>d ov] ! ,city1 we %\ld h se5 9 ! backgr\nd ! riv] & ! ,t[] ,bridge1 b 9 ! =egr\nd ! broad ro( ( ,cannon ,/reet ,railway ,/ation4 ,!re are _m railway /ations 9 ! ,city1 & = ! foll[+ reason4 ,! ,city ( ,london1 :i* measures "o squ>e mile1 is occupi$ at night by only #bg1jjj p4 ,9 ! daytime !re are probably #cfj1jjj p at "w 9 x4 ,^! p g out at night to sleep 9 ,out] ,london1 & are br\ght back 9 ! morn+ by tra9s1 by omnibuses1 & by cabs4 ,sid5ote3 #eh4 ,day & ,night ,populations ( ! ,city4 ,?is diagram %[s y cle>ly ! mean+ ( ^! facts4 ,! l>ge/ 7p9k7 squ>e repres5ts ! population ( ,great] ,london4 ,! v small 7black7 squ>e 9 ! c5tre is ! night population ( ! ,city4 ,! squ>e 7r$7 ( int]m$iate size repres5ts ! numb] ( ! p :o cr[d into ! ,city 9 ! daytime b at night sleep )\t4 ,s t ! ,city is l a huge pulsat+ he>t1 :i* s5ds its blood outw>d ?r\gh ! /reets & along ! railways at ev5+1 & receives x back 9 ! morn+4 ,sid5ote3 #ei4 ,int]ior ( ,/4 ,pancras ,/ation4 ,f9ally1 we ent] "o ( ! *ief /ations ( ,london1 :5ce ! tra9s />t1 n only at morn+ & ev5+1 9 & out betwe5 ! c5tre & ! suburbs1 b also on long] j\rneys pa/ ! gre5 f>ms & busy factories ( ,brita9 to ! coa/s :i* ev]y:]e surr\nd x4 ,london is only ! he>t & ! bra9 ( ! ,empire2 x c\ld n /& alone1 = !re is no food gr[n 9 x4 ,london is great only because ,brita9 is a productive c\ntry & ! ,briti% ,empire is great4 ,!re=e1 :5 we h re/$ aft] our sight-see+ 9 ! metropolis1 we w g out to ! gre5 fields & ! small] t[ns1 & w see :at ,engl& & ,scotl& & ,irel& are l1 = f !m h come ! m5 :o h made bo? ,london & ! ,empire4 ,,lecture ,,iii4 ,,! ,,sc5]y ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,k+dom4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,physical ,map ( ,briti% ,isles4 ,at ! close ( ! la/ ,lecture we f\nd ourselves 9 "o ( ! *ief railway /ations ( ,london1 f :i* ! railways g out ?r\gh ! op5 c\ntry--tw5ty diff]5t l9es 9 tw5ty diff]5t directions--to end on ! coa/s ar\nd ! isl& ( ,great ,brita94 ,we might1 ( c\rse1 take a tra9 f "o ( ^! /ations & travel rapidly ?r\gh ! c\ntry2 b ,i pref] t y %\ld g ano!r way1 by :i* y w see m4 ,"h1 9 ?is map1 we h ! ,engli% ,*annel1 up :i* our /eam] br\ght u f ,india4 ,we see ! promontory ( ,k5t r\nd :i* we came2 we note ! ,/raits ( ,dov] across :i* ! ,indian mails are c>ri$2 & we see ! ,?ames1 up :i* we pass$ into ! mid/ ( ! great city--to ! ,t[] ,bridge & ,london ,bridge4 ,i n[ propose tak+ y up ! ,riv] ,?ames beyond ,london4 ,we w travel up ! riv] almo/ to its s\rce "h 9 ! ,cotswold ,hills1 & we w look f ! br9k ( ! hills we/w>d ov] ! c\ntry beyond4 ,?is w give u a v good idea ( ! roll+1 f]tile pla9 :i* occupies all ! ,s\? ( ,engl&4 ,!n return+ to ! ea/ aga9 we w foll[ ! coa/ r\nd f ! ,f5s to ,k5t1 & to ! promontory ( ,cornwall4 ,! re/ ( ,brita9 may be/ be se5 9 two /rips4 ,! fir/ beg9s "h 9 ,cornwall & ,devon%ire1 & ext5ds nor?w>d ?r\gh ,wales & ! ,lake ,di/rict into ! ea/ ( ,scotl&4 ,x is m\nta9\s1 & has _m beautiful wood$ l&scapes4 ,! second beg9s 9 ! ,s\? & ,we/ ( ,irel&1 & ext5ds up ! ,we/ ( ,scotl&4 ,?is also is m\nta9\s1 b x is on ! edge ( ! /ormy ocean1 & is mo/ly nak$ & )\t trees1 b has magnific5t cliff sc5]y4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,?ames ,/eamboat on ,bank ,holiday4 ,n[ let u />t on our trip ?r\gh ,brita94 ,"h is a /eamboat on ! ,?ames above ,london4 ,x is cr[d$ ) p1 = ! photograph 0 tak5 on a ,bank ,holiday4 ,on f\r week-days1 & f\r only1 9 ! ye> ! ,banks are clos$1 & bus9ess ceases1 :ile ev]yone makes holiday4 ,^? :o live 9 ! metropolis naturally sp5d ! day outside1 among ! gre5 fields & on ! riv] banks4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,ri*mond ,bridge4 ,sid5ote3 #d4 ,ri*mond--,view d[n ! ,riv]4 ,"h is ano!r sc5e on ! ,?ames4 ,x is ne> ,ri*mond ,bridge4 ,!re are holiday mak]s :o pref] to sp5d _! holiday quietly1 fi%+ 9 ! riv]4 ,next is a view f ,ri*mond ,bridge itself4 ,see ! cr[d ( little boats ready = ^? :o w\ld take _! pleasure 9 t mann]4 ,sid5ote3 #e4 ,magna ,*>ta ,isl&4 ,we gradually leave ! neighb\rhood ( ,london & come to quiet] rea*es ( ! ,?ames1 :]e ! wat] is nev] di/urb$ by ! tide1 & ri* gre5 mead[s edge ! sil5t /ream4 ,?is is a little isl& 9 ! riv] :]e1 sev5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 ,magna ,*>ta 0 sign$--! fam\s docum5t by :i* ! !n ,k+ ( ,engl& grant$ to 8 p ways ( ju/ice :i* h be5 practis$ ev] s9ce4 ,b ! isl& is n[ m]ely a little gre5 spot1 surr\nd$ by rippl+ wat]1 ^u :i* a h\se has be5 built = ! refre%m5t ( pass+ boat p4 ,sid5ote3 #f4 ,cliev$54 ,sid5ote3 #g4 ,nuneham ,bridge4 ,we glide on to places :]e ! woods cov] /eep slopes & ov]hang ! wat]4 ,"h1 = example1 we h su* a wood$ bank1 cr[n$ ) ! c\ntry h\se ( a ri* man4 ,& "h ano!r wood$ sc5e1 ) a timb] bridge1 & a cottage hidd5 away among ! leaves4 ,sid5ote3 #h4 ,l&scape f ,cotswolds4 ,sid5ote3 #i4 ,! same--,br$on ,hill4 ,sid5ote3 #aj4 ,! same--,sa9tbury4 ,b we mu/ n ?9k only ( holidays1 or ( ! ,?ames z an idle riv] 9 a ri* c\ntry4 ,engl& is a f]tile c\ntry1 & cultivat$ almo/ f end to end4 ,!re are crops ( gra9--:eat1 b>ley1 & oats1 :i*1 z y "k1 9 ! nor!rn c\ntries take ! place ( rice--& !re are also broad fields ( gre5 grass :]e ! cattle & %eep fe$4 ,"h is a view tak5 f ! edge ( ! ,cotswold ,hills1 ne> ! s\rce ( ! ,?ames4 ,x gives a good idea ( an op5 c\ntryside 9 ,engl&4 ,! l&1 z y see1 is cut into fields by h$g][s1 :i* are long belts ( gre51 gr[+ bu% plant$ = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! cattle & %eep 9 "o field f /ray+ into ! next1 :]e !y might damage ! /&+ crops4 ,if y look$ d[n ^u su* a c\ntry f a balloon1 y w\ld see x divid$ into little oblongs & squ>es1 all beautifully kept4 ,_m ( !m w\ld be gre5 ) grass1 b o!rs w\ld *ange 9 col\r ) ! season1 %[+ pl\gh$ soil 9 ! w9t]1 gre5 gr[+ corn 9 ! spr+1 & gold5 h>ve/ 9 ! autumn4 ,b at all times ! bu%y h$g][s w\ld /rike y mo/1 = 9 o!r c\ntries m5 use f5ces ( dead wood or ( iron wire1 b ! gre5 h$ges ( ,engl&1 (t5 bright ) fl[]s1 are a sight nev] to be =gott54 ,! roads trav]se ! c\ntry betwe5 two l9es ( h$ge almo/ all ! way4 ,"h is ano!r sc5e 9 ! same "p ( ,engl&1 & yet ano!r1 ) ! fields & h$ges spread+ away to ! horizon4 ,sid5ote3 #aa4 ,l&scape--,brook & ,popl>s4 ,next we come to a l&scape su* z y f9d beside ! brooks :i* w&] sluggi%ly ?r\gh ! ri* pla94 ,note ! tall popl> trees set aga9/ ! %9+ we/]n sky1 = x is ev5+1 & ! man & boy are go+ home aft] _! "w 9 ! fields4 ,sid5ote3 #ab4 ,sc5e 9 ! ,f5s4 ,!re are p>ts ( ,engl& :i* 7 once m>%1 b h long be5 dra9$ & br\ght "u tillage4 ,9 ^! ! h$ges are usually want+1 = ! dit*es s]ve to divide ! fields4 ,! *ief di/rict ( ?is k9d is kn[n z ! ,f5s4 ,x is situat$ ne> ! ,ea/ coa/4 ,"h we h a ,f5 sc5e1 ) a horizon l t ( ! sea1 s level is ?is old m>% l&4 ,note ! w9dmill = pump+ ! wat] out ( ! l[] dit*es into ! high]4 ,! w9d sweeps freely ov] ! great flat expanse4 ,sid5ote3 #ac4 ,surrey ,p9e ,wood4 ,sid5ote3 #ad4 ,knole ,p>k4 ,sid5ote3 #ae4 8,! ,mon>*10 ,cassiobury ,p>k4 ,y mu/ rememb] t1 al?\gh x v r>ely ra9s z heavily 9 ,engl& z 9 ,india1 & !re are no ,monsoons1 yet !re is r>ely a season ( s mu* z a few weeks 9 :i* x does n ra9 a little4 ,engl& is1 !re=e1 a moi/ l& on ! :ole4 ,x mu/ once h be5 clo!d ) =e/ & m>% almo/ f end to end2 n[1 h[ev]1 !re are left only small pat*es ( woodl&1 & no m>%es at all4 ,"h is a typical sc5e 9 a p9e wood 9 a s&y di/rict n f> f ,london4 ,mo/ ( ! woods are r\nd ! p>ks or pleasure gr\nds ( ri* m54 ,^! p>ks are among ! mo/ beautiful spots 9 ,engl&4 ,y w rememb] t 9 ! la/ lecture we saw h[ t ! public p>ks ( ,london 7 p]haps ! mo/ beautiful & *>act]i/ic ?+s 9 ! metropolis4 ,if y 7 to look d[n f almo/ any high hill ^u a cultivat$ ,engli% l&scape ) fields & h$ges1 y w\ld probably notice two or ?ree l>ge gre5 spaces--l>g] ?an a good _m fields put toge!r4 ,^! w\ld arre/ y\r att5tion because ( _! lack ( h$ges & because ( ! trees scatt]$ ab\t !m4 ,r\nd _! bord]s y w\ld see sev]al plantations or pat*es ( woodl&4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ea* w\ld be ! mansion ( a ri* man4 ,! p ( ! neighb\rhood are g5]ally all[$ to g freely ?r\gh ^! p>ks1 & to use !m z playgr\nds except1 ( c\rse1 close to ! h\se4 ,"h we h a sc5e 9 ,knole ,p>k4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable po9ts ab\t ! p>ks ( ,engl& is ! fact t s9ce !re is no und]gr[?1 & s9ce ! trees are fell$ & ?9n$ out1 ea* tree gr[s to p]fection1 spread+ out to its prop] %ape 9 a way t we r>ely see :5 trees are cr[d$ toge!r 9 a =e/4 ,"s ( ^! p>k trees gr[ to a magnific5t size1 & to a great age4 ,"h is "o 9 ,cassiobury ,p>k1 kn[n z 8,! ,mon>*40 ,sid5ote3 #af4 ,a ,g>d54 ,imm$iately r\nd ! p>k-h\se ( ! great man y w f9d a g>d5--a g>d5 t is kept1 e y>d ( x1 ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,! grass is beautifully gre51 & is cut %ort1 s t x becomes a natural c>pet4 ,! h$ges are prun$1 & gr[ s ?ick t !y become liv+ walls ?r\gh :i* y _c see4 ,to ^! g>d5s are br\ght trees & plants f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,!re are ev5 tropical plants1 b ^! mu/ ( c\rse be gr[n "u cov] ( glass1 :i* lets 9 ! sun's light & heat b keeps out ! cold4 ,y rememb] ! giant glass h\se ( ,london1 :i* 0 spok5 ( 9 ! la/ lecture z ! ,cry/al ,palace4 ,9 ! g>d5 be=e u we see a tree kn[n z ! ,arauc>ia1 :i* is br\ght f ! cool] p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & w gr[ 9 ! g>d5s ( ,engl& )\t glass %elt]4 ,palms1 h[ev]1 w n gr[ 9 ,engl& 9 ! op5 air1 ?\gh !y are (t5 expos$ 9 ! g>d5s z special treasures dur+ ! summ]4 ,let u n[ look at "s ( ! m exceptional sc5es 9 ! ,briti% ,isles1 = ! ?+s :i* to y are lea/ famili>--! great gre5 c>pet ( grass1 ! long l9es ( gre5 h$g][1 ! :ite roads betwe5 tw9 h$ges--all ^! ?+s1 :i* to y appe> /range1 occur = s _m miles 9 ! c\ntry ( ,engl&1 t !y are common & h>dly notic$ by ! p :o live among !m4 ,!re are sc5es 9 ! ,briti% ,isles1 h[ev]1 :i* ev5 ,engli% p g to look at1 & 9 "s p>ts ^! are s beautiful t p ( o!r c\ntries travel f> 9 ord] to see !m4 ,we w beg9 ) ! coa/ di/ricts along ! ,ea/ & ,s\? ( ,engl&1 & !n we w g to ! two /rips ( m\nta9\s c\ntry :i* ,i po9t$ out to y j n[ on ! map4 ,sid5ote3 #ag4 ,! ,d[ns--,! ,devil's ,dyke4 ,sid5ote3 #ah4 ,dov] ,cliff4 ,?is is a sc5e on ! ,d[ns--long l9es ( hill made ( ! same :ite *alk :i* is expos$ 9 ! cliffs ( ,dov]4 ,! *alk =ms treeless1 h$geless1 breezy upl&s ) w9d+ & bran*+ valleys4 ,! hills betwe5 ! valleys are r\nd$ l great %\ld]s1 & are all ov]gr[n ) a ?9 grass1 %ort l velvet1 ^u :i* fe$ _m small %eep4 ,"h & !re ! :ite *alk %[s ?r\gh1 z x 7 a sc> on ! hillside1 & ! roads are :ite l9es runn+ up & d[n hill4 ,"h is a view on ! edge ( ! ,d[n c\ntry1 ov]look+ l[] wood$ gr\nd4 ,! valley ent]+ ! hills to ! "r is v deeply cut & is kn[n z ! ,devil's ,dyke4 ,at ,dov]1 & at sev]al o!r places on ! coa/1 ! ,d[ns come to a sudd5 end at ! cliff br9k1 & y c see lay] ^u lay] ( :ite *alk cut %ort by ! waves roll+ 9 f ! sea4 ,to-day1 9 places l ,dov]1 m5 h built walls :i* /op ! waves f break+ away m ( ! l&4 ,sid5ote3 #ai4 ,sea break+ at ,lyme ,regis4 ,sid5ote3 #bj4 ,cliff at ,sidm\?4 ,sid5ote3 #ba4 ,bea* at ,exm\?4 ,! p ( ,engl& are v fond ( ! sea-coa/ & _m ( !m live !re = a "t ea* ye> = reasons ( pleasure & heal?4 ,!re is exhil>ation 9 su* sc5es z ?is1 :]e ! waves break aga9/ ! /one pi]s :i* h be5 built out into ! sea4 ,or aga91 :at c\ld be m pleasant ?an to w&] along su* a coa/ z ?is1 & to note ! evid5ce ( ! sea's might 9 ! brok5 & cav]n$ rocks8 ,b *ildr5 love s&y %ores1 :]e !y may dig ) small spades & build ca/les ( s&1 :i* = a few mom5ts resi/ ! waves ( ! incom+ tide4 ,! tides are l>ge along ! ,briti% coa/s1 & 9 _m p>ts broad %ores ( s& are alt]nately cov]$ by ! wat] & uncov]$4 ,sid5ote3 #bb4 ,clovelly4 ,sid5ote3 #bc4 ,lynton--,road ?r\gh ,wood4 ,sid5ote3 #bd4 ,lynm\? ,wat]fall4 ,sid5ote3 #be4 ,d>tmoor4 ,sid5ote3 #bf4 ,l&'s ,end--,long%ips ,ligh?\se4 ,n[ we come to ! fir/ ( ! two /rips ( m\nta9\s c\ntry :i* ,i h describ$ to y on ! map z occupy+ ! ,we/ & ,nor? ( ,brita94 ,!re is mu* ra9 9 ^! di/ricts1 br\ght by ! we/ w9d f ! neighb\r+ ocean4 ,"h is a little village by ! sea 9 ! ,we/ ,c\ntry4 ,x is call$ ,clovelly4 ,y see ! h\ses ( ! fi%]m5 runn+ up ! hillside1 & y see h[ ! :ole hill is cov]$ ) trees1 because ( ! moi/ure ( ! air4 ,let u drive into ^! woods by ! roads :i* h be5 con/ruct$ ?r\gh !m4 ,?is is a view at ,lynton 9 ! same ,we/ ,c\ntry z ,clovelly4 ,"h is yet ano!r sc5e 9 ! di/rict %[+ a wat]fall 9 ! wood4 ,if we drive fur!r inl&1 up "s valley1 we em]ge pres5tly on to ! high gr\nd above1 :]e ! viol5t w9ds & ! torr5ts1 f$ by ! ra9s1 prev5t ! gr[? ( mu* wood1 & give u nak$ l&scapes su* z ?is ^u ,d>tmoor4 ,y notice "h a *>act]i/ic ( ! hilly p>ts ( ,engl&2 ! gre5 h$g][s are want+1 & ! fields are divid$ by /one walls--r\gh /one walls1 )\t cem5t4 ,b ev5 "h !re gr[s a l[ bu%1 call$ gorse1 :i* be>s _m small yell[ fl[]s1 & at times ?is bu% cov]s entire hillsides ) a cloak ( brilliant gold4 ,n[ we come to ! rocky coa/ ( ,cornwall1 kn[n expressively z ! ,l&'s ,end4 ,x is v diff]5t f ! tam] edge ( ! *alk c\ntry4 ,see h[ ! h>d d>k rocks h be5 %att]$ by ! mighty ,atlantic waves1 & see h[ ! dang]s :i* !y pres5t to navigation are gu>d$ aga9/ by ! ,long%ips ,ligh?\se4 ,notice ! %ip go+ r\nd ! po9t beyond ! ligh?\se4 ,x is /e]+ nor?w>d to g up ! *annel ( sea :i* divides ! isl& ( ,great ,brita9 f t ( ,irel&4 ,sid5ote3 #bg4 ,sn[don4 ,sid5ote3 #bh4 ,wel% ,bicknor--,cattle 9 ,riv]4 ,sid5ote3 #bi4 ,! ,wye4 ,we w travel gradually nor?w>d ?r\gh ! inn] /rip ( m\nta9\s c\ntry4 ,we come fir/ to ! p59sul> l& ( ,wales1 :]e live ! ,wel% p1 "s ( :om /ill speak ! ,wel% language1 ?\gh mo/ ( !m c n[ talk ,engli%4 ,"h is a view f ! isl& ( ,anglesea1 across ! ,m5ai ,/rait to ! b>r5 heights ( ,sn[don1 ! highe/ m\nta9 9 ,wales4 ,9 ! =egr\nd are bridges ov] ! n>r[ /rait1 ! "o = ! railway1 ! o!r = ! road4 ,! "n ,sn[don is d]iv$ f ! fact t ! :ite sn[ :i* falls 9 ! w9t] lies ^u ! summit long] ?an ^u ! less] heights ar\nd4 ,b rememb] t 9 ,wales y are /ill 9 ! middle /rip ( ,brita91 & deep d[n 9 ! valleys betwe5 ! m\nta9s !re are ri*1 woodl& sc5es4 ,"h is a spot on ! ,riv] ,wye4 ,x is a /ream ( pure wat] com+ d[n f ! m\nta9s1 ) a wood cov]+ ! hillside & cattle cool+ _! feet 9 ! wat]4 ,"h is yet ano!r sc5e on ! same riv]1 :]e a gorge trav]ses ! rocks1 b ! /eep slope is ov]gr[n ) trees because ( ! moi/ure4 ,next we g nor?w>d f ,wales into t "p ( ! ,nor? ( ,engl& :i* is call$ ! ,lake ,di/rict4 ,9 ! nor!rn1 & also 9 ! m s\!rn regions ( ! _w--9 p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & 9 ,new ,zeal&--!re are c\ntries s[n all ov] ) ! mo/ beautiful lakes--lakes t are n>r[ & long & deep1 ) riv]s fl[+ into "o end & out aga9 f ! o!r end4 ,^! lakes are (t5 9 m\nta9 valleys1 & if ! slopes on ei!r h& be wood$1 !y pres5t "s ( ! mo/ beautiful sc5es 9 ! _w4 ,outside ,brita9 su* valley lakes occur 9 ,norway1 9 ! we/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 ! we/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,! ,lake ,di/rict ( ,engl& is a little knot ( m\nta9s1 ) deep valleys radiat+ f ! c5tral peaks l ! spokes ( a :eel4 ,ea* ( ! valleys conta9s a lake4 ,sid5ote3 #cj4 ,ullswat]4 ,sid5ote3 #ca4 ,lodore ,falls4 ,sid5ote3 #cb4 ,bridge at ,lodore4 ,"h is a view ( ,ullswat]1 "o ( ^! lakes4 ,d y see ! comb9ation ( hill1 & wat]1 & gre5 tree gr[? :i* toge!r make ! picture8 ,"h is ano!r sc5e 9 ! same ,lake ,c\ntry1 :]e ! cle>1 fre% wat] f ! hilltops comes leap+ ov] ! little rocks ?r\gh a tunnel ( gre5 leaves1 ) "h & !re a gleam ( ! sun%9e pi]c+ ?r\gh4 ,& all ! "t !re is laught]1 z ! poets say1 to be he>d 9 ! tumbl+ wat]4 ,yet "o m sc5e ( ! same k9d f ! same ,lake ,c\ntry4 ,sid5ote3 #cc4 ,lo* ,lomond4 ,let u n[ g on to ,scotl&4 ,9 "p x is a lake c\ntry l ! ,nor? ( ,engl&1 b on a r l>g] scale4 ,"h is ,lo* ,lomond1 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( ! ,scotti% lakes4 ,! ^w lo* is ,scotti% = lake4 ,! ,scotti% p us$ 9 _m p>ts to talk a language ( _! own1 b1 l ! ,wel%1 mo/ ( !m n[ talk ,engli%1 & =m1 ) ! ,engli%1 a s+le p1 loyal to "o k+4 ,sid5ote3 #cd4 ,b5 ,v5ue4 ,"h are a few m views 9 ! same c\ntry4 ,?is is ,b5 ,v5ue--! ^w ,b5 9 ,scotti% means 8m\nt40 ,we note 9 ?is slide ! same comb9ation ( beautiful m\nta9 =ms1 wat]1 gre5 foliage1 little isl&s ) gre5 trees ^u !m1 & h\ses hidd5 away 9 ! nooks4 ,x is a wild & yet a s(t & inhabit$ c\ntry4 ,x is lov$ by ! ,scotti% p1 ^: great writ]s h writt5 tales & poems ab\t x4 ,y "k t x is ! poetry & ! songs & ! leg5ds ( a race :i* make a nation pr\d4 ,scot*m5 work+ 9 _m a di/ant l&1 rememb] ! "t ( _! *ildhood :5 !y liv$ among ^! sc5es1 & f> away !y /ill read ! books :i* tell ( !m4 ,sid5ote3 #ce4 ,killiecrankie4 ,sid5ote3 #cf4 ,lo* ,katr9e4 ,"h is ! ,pass ( ,killiecrankie1 fam\s 9 hi/ory = a battle ( a hundr$ & sixty ye>s ago--"o ( ! la/ battles f\ght )9 ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,& "h1 la/ly1 is ,lo* ,katr9e1 ) a /eam] convey+ t\ri/s to enjoy ! sc5]y4 ,lo* ,katr9e is close to ! manufactur+ di/rict ( ,scotl&1 :]e is ,glasg[1 a city ( a million inhabitants4 ,n[ great cities h great wants1 & "o ( ! wants--mo/ co/ly to supply b ess5tial to heal?--is pure wat]4 ,! wat] ( ,lo* ,katr9e1 deep & cle>1 ga!r$ f ! m\nta9s1 is c>ri$ und]gr\nd ?r\gh a tunnel pi]c$ by man to supply ! great city ( ,glasg[4 ,:]ev] y g 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s y w f9d )9 a few miles ( "o ano!r ! sil5t beauties ( ,nature1 & teem+1 noisy homes ( millions ( p1 = ! l& is b a small "o1 & is cr[d$ ) inhabitants4 ,sid5ote3 #cg4 ,giants' ,causeway4 ,sid5ote3 #ch4 ,basalt--ne> view4 ,let u n[ pass to ! second /rip ( m\nta9\s c\ntry--to ! bleak coa/-l& along ! ,atlantic edge ( ,irel& & ,scotl&2 & "h let u fir/ visit a di/rict conta9+ "s ( ! *ief natural wond]s ( ,brita94 ,y "k t 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! _w !re are m\nta9s call$ volcanoes1 :i* h heat )9 !m1 & ?r[ up great cl\ds ( /eam1 to be se5 gl[+ 9 ! brilliant light = a great di/ance r\nd4 ,at times /reams ( hot liquid rock fl[ f !m1 :i* may cov] a :ole c\ntryside1 de/roy+ vegetation1 h\ses1 & p4 ,9 ,asia !re are su* volcanoes1 9 ,japan1 9 ! ,philipp9es1 9 ,sumatra1 & 9 ,java1 b =tunately !re are none 9 ,india4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s also !re are to-day no volcanoes1 b be=e hi/ory began ?is region _h volcanoes on a magnific5t scale4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,c\ntry beside ! ocean--9 ! nor? ( ,irel& & 9 ! ,we/ ( ,scotl&--!re once well$ up f und]nea? imm5se quantities ( fl[+ hot /one1 :i* h>d5$ into ?ick b$s ( rock4 ,:ile ! /one 0 cool+ x usually crack$1 z y may see ! silt beside riv] banks crack 9 hot sun%9e along _m l9es cross+ "o ano!r4 ,9 ! same mann]1 ?is liquid rock crack$ z x cool$1 & because x 0 ( v ev5 consi/5ce ! cracks 7 regul> 9 _! di/ribution4 ,! result 0 t ! rock 0 split into columns /&+ side by side4 ,"h1 9 ! ,nor? ( ,irel&1 is su* column> rock4 ,! place is kn[n z ! ,giants' ,causeway1 = ! p 9 ! ,nor? ( ,irel& :o liv$ c5turies ago1 & 7 ignorant1 wond]$ at ?is beautiful regul> rock /ructure4 ,! tops ( ! columns are l a pavem5t1 & ! ,iri% said t ! pavem5t mu/ h be5 made by giants4 ,!re=e x 0 call$ ! ,giants' ,causeway4 ,b ea* slab1 z we see 9 ! next slide1 is ! top ( a column & is sep>at$ f its neighb\r+ columns by ! cracks :i* =m$ 9 ! cool+ rock z x solidifi$4 ,s we realise h[ mu* m wond]ful is ,nature ?an man 9 8 ignorance is apt to ?9k4 ,b we realise also h[ ! poetry ( a race beg9s1 & we und]/& ! love ) :i* ,iri%m5 & ,scot*m51 scatt]$ ov] ! _w1 look back on ! c\ntry ( _! *ildhood1 :i* is n only beautiful1 b wrapp$ 9 ! leg5ds told !m by _! nurses4 ,sid5ote3 #ci4 ,/affa4 ,sid5ote3 #dj4 ,f+al's ,cave4 ,?is is ! isl& ( ,/affa1 :]e we see ! same r\gh pavem5t ( column tops1 & a wall ( column sides4 ,9 places1 :]e ! waves ( ! ocean beat fi]cely ^u ! expos$ p>ts1 "s ( ! columns h be5 remov$1 s t ! rock above has be5 und]m9$ & caves h be5 =m$1 :i* resemble1 ) _! vaults above & _! *isell$ walls on ei!r h&1 "s great temple made by man4 ,sid5ote3 #da4 ,kill>ney4 ,sid5ote3 #db4 ,kill>ney1 ,old ,weir ,bridge4 ,n[ let u away to ! f> ,s\?-,we/ ( ,irel&4 ,!re1 hidd5 9 ! mid/ ( high m\nta9s1 are ! ,lakes ( ,kill>ney4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful spots 9 all ,brita91 = ! lakes are %elt]$1 & ?\gh close to ! ocean are wood$ along _! %ores4 ,"h is a view at ,kill>ney1 across ! lakes to ! m\nta9s :i* neighb\r !m4 ,hang+ r\nd ! heights are ! mi/s & cl\ds ( ! ,atlantic4 ,all ?is di/rict is ba!d 9 moi/ure1 & gre5 ! ye> r\nd1 b h>dly ev] free f cl\d4 ,x is ! comb9ation ( m\nta91 lake1 wood1 cl\d1 & sun%9e :i* gives an ev] *ang+1 always flick]+1 beauty to ?is "p ( ! ocean edge4 ,"h is ano!r sc5e at ,kill>ney4 ,! boat & ! m5 are wait+ to take visitors d[n ! /ream4 ,sid5ote3 #dc4 ,9 ,connem>a4 ,sid5ote3 #dd4 ,connem>a--,l\gh ,sc5e4 ,nor?w>d ( ,kill>ney1 ^u ! edge ( ,irel&1 is ,connem>a1 a region ( wild1 nak$ rock sc5]y1 s wet & poor t ov] l>ge di/ricts bog moss cl+s to ! surface in/ead ( grass4 ,we see "h ! torr5ts ( ra9 wat] desc5d+ f ! mi/-ba!d m\nta9s4 ,?is is ano!r sc5e 9 ! same c\ntry ( ,connem>a ) a r>e clump ( trees1 mak+ /ill m evid5t ! g5]al nak$ness ( ! l&scape4 ,! beauty ( x dep5ds on ! %apes ( ! hills1 & on ! alt]nation ( l& & wat]4 ,sid5ote3 #de4 ,highl& ,sc5e--,a ,/ag4 ,sid5ote3 #df4 ,highl& ,sc5e--,a ,gold5 ,eagle4 ,& n[ we come to ! gr&e/1 mo/ lonely sc5]y 9 ! ,we/]n ,highl&s ( ,scotl&4 ,"h on ! hea!ry & grassy moors1 :i* spread = miles & miles ov] ! m\nta9 heights1 are /ill to be f\nd "s ( ! wild animals ( ,brita91 :i* else:]e h be5 driv5 f ! l& by civilisation4 ,?is is a /ag ( ! l>ge species kn[n z ! ,r$ ,de]4 ,y see "h ! col\r+ ( ! moors & ! atmosph]ic effects :i* y mu/ put = y\rselves into ! black & :ite photographs t foll[4 ,b fir/ we h ano!r col\r photograph1 a gold5 eagle beside h] ne/ on ! crags4 ,sid5ote3 #dg4 ,sliga*an1 ,skye4 ,sid5ote3 #dh4 ,gl5 ,sliga*an1 ,skye4 ,sid5ote3 #di4 ,lo* ,coruisk1 ,skye4 ,n[ we h two or ?ree views 9 ! ,isl& ( ,skye4 ,!y are 9 black & :ite1 b y\r m9ds mu/ clo! !m 9 ! ri* t9ts we saw j n[4 ,note ! treeless "* ( ! sc5e4 ,& see "h a m\nta9 ris+ nak$ly to ! sky1 )\t ev5 ! cov]+ ( grass or hea!r4 ,& aga91 9 ?is same ,isl& ( ,skye is ,lo* ,coruisk1 "o ( ! wilde/ & remote/ spots 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,f ! head ( ! lo* !re is a walk ( sev]al miles ov] a m\nta9 pass be=e y rea* ! fir/ habitation ( man4 ,s curi\s is ! contra/ betwe5 ! ocean edge ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s & ! ?ickly populat$ pla9 ( ,engl&4 ,london is ! l>ge/ city 9 ! _w1 b ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& are among ! lea/ populat$ regions ( all ,europe4 ,"h1 !re=e1 is ! playgr\nd ( _m ( ! ,briti% p1 :o g 9 ! summ] "t to walk ov] ^! m\nta9s1 to /eam ?r\gh ^! lo*s1 to cat* ! fi%1 & to %oot ! de] & ! birds4 ,s !y ga9 ! heal? :i* enables !m to "w 9 ,london at ! bus9ess ( ! ,empire dur+ ! d>k w9t]4 ,sid5ote3 #ej4 ,clett ,rock1 ,?urso4 ,sid5ote3 #ea4 ,duncansby ,head4 ,f9ally we come out to ! ocean itself1 & "h we see ! great hi/ory ( ,nature4 ,lay] ^u lay]1 hundr$s ( lay]s ?ick1 we h ! b$s ( rock :i* 7 once laid d[n at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,!y are n[ dry & h>d1 & h be5 cut into by ! waves1 s t ?is /ack ( rock1 :i* 0 once a piece ( ,scotl&1 is n[ deta*$ z a little isl&4 ,"h is yet ano!r sc5e :]e ! rocks are ( a diff]5t k9d1 & ! %ape ( ! islets !re=e diff]5t4 ,sid5ote3 #eb4 ,atlantic ,roll]s4 ,sid5ote3 #ec4 ,sunset on ! ,atlantic4 ,^! are ! roll]s ( ! r\gh nor!rn sea1 :i* "w ^u ! h>d /one4 ,b occasionally ev5 ! ,atlantic ,ocean calms4 ,z we look out to ! we/ on ?is lovely summ] ev5+1 let u rememb] a fact nev] to be =gott54 ,! isl&s ( ,brita91 :i* c5tre 9 ,london1 ) all _! natural beauty & _! #dc millions ( p1 are :at !y are1 ! focus ( a great ,empire1 p>tly because !y are set z isl&s 9 ! ocean1 & p>tly because !y 7 peopl$ long ago by pr\d & ma/]ful sea races ( m54 ,,lecture ,,iv4 ,,hi/oric ,,c5tres ,,& ,,_! ,,influ5ce ,,^u ,,national ,,life4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,/oneh5ge4 ,! ,engli% did n always live 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s4 ,!y came1 long c5turies ago1 across ! sea f ! ma9l& ( ,europe4 ,be=e !m !re liv$ 9 ! isl&s peoples ( :om we "k b little4 ,"s ( ^! e>ly peoples h1 h[ev]1 left to u monum5ts1 :i* h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! m lonely p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,!y 7 app>5tly temples1 built ) great /ones1 su* z we see "h at ,/oneh5ge4 ,( ! language ( ! p :o built !m we "k no?+--( _! arts ( life we "k little4 ,we believe t !y 7 b>b>\s tribes :o (f]$ human sacrifices2 b at lea/ !y mu/ h _h "s comm& ov] ma*9]y1 or !y nev] c\ld h rais$ su* /ones z ^!1 :i* are m ?an twice z high z a man4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,! ,roman ,wall4 ,aft] ^! p !re came o!rs1 & yet o!rs1 & at la/ a v p[]ful & highly civilis$ p1 ! ,romans1 :o conqu]$ ne>ly all ! ,we/]n _w4 ,!y conqu]$ ,engl&1 b nev] ,irel& or ,nor!rn ,scotl&4 ,! ,romans h left monum5ts 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 ( :i* ! mo/ rem>kable is ?is wall across ! isl&4 ,!y did n c>e to invade ^? rugg$ regions ( ! ,nor?1 fill$ ) m\nta9s & great moorl&s1 :i* we saw 9 ! pictures ( ! la/ ,lecture4 ,9 ,scotl& !re cont9u$1 !re=e1 to dwell ! wild peoples :o inhabit$ all ! isl& be=e ! com+ ( ! ,romans4 ,! m\nta9e]s 7 kept out ( ! ,s\? by a /one wall1 built "r across ! isl&1 ! rema9s ( :i* are /ill = ! mo/ "p /&+ to-day4 ,! ,roman wall %[s y some?+ ( ! /r5g? ( ! ,roman p1 to :om ! isl&s ( ,brita9 ow$ _! fir/ civilisation4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,roman ,ba? at ,ba?4 ,"h is ano!r evid5ce ( ! ,roman epo* 9 ,brita94 ,x is ! ru9 ( a ,roman ba? 9 ! t[n :i* is n[ call$ ,ba?4 ,! h\ses ar\nd are1 ( c\rse1 mod]n4 ,hot wat] rises at ,ba? f great dep?s1 & is us$ = m$ic9al purposes4 ,! spr+s 7 kn[n to ! ,romans1 & = t reason !y built a ,roman city "h4 ,all ! upp] portion ( ! build+ is1 z y see1 gone1 b !re rema9s ! ba? itself1 ) ! /eps lead+ d[n to x1 & ! bases ( ! columns :i* =m]ly support$ a cov]$ way ar\nd4 ,! ,romans came f ! ,s\?--f ! ,m$it]ranean--& exp]i5c$ a climatic difficulty 9 ,brita91 j z :ite m5 to-day exp]i5ce "o 9 ! tropics4 ,b :ite m5 h difficulty 9 tropical climates because ( ! heat2 ! ,romans _h difficulty 9 ! nor!rn c\ntries because ( ! cold2 & !re=e x 0 t !y valu$ ! w>m wat] ( ! ba?s at ,ba?4 ,sid5ote3 #d4 ,r\nd ,t[] at ,gl5dal\gh4 ,*ri/ianity 0 fir/ prea*$ 9 ,brita9 :ile ! ,romans 7 !re4 ,x 0 c>ri$ by mission>ies ev5 beyond ! ,roman fronti]s into ,irel&1 & aft]w>ds into ,scotl&4 ,:5 ! ,romans left ! c\ntry1 aft] rul+ !re = #djj ye>s1 !re came ov] ! seas ! =efa!rs ( ! ,engli%--a race ( wild1 bold seam54 ,!y 7 n ,*ri/ians2 b at fir/ !y did n conqu] ei!r ,irel& or ,scotl&1 & ! ,*ri/ian religion cont9u$ among ! anci5t peoples ( ^? c\ntries4 ,"s ( ! mo/ anci5t ( ! ,iri% & ,scotti% monum5ts relate to ! "t :5 ! ,engli% 7 newly come into ,engl&4 ,?is r\nd t[]1 = in/ance1 is probably a monum5t ( t "t4 ,x is 9 a v beautiful m\nta9\s portion ( ,irel&1 & is kn[n z ! ,r\nd ,t[] ( ,gl5dal\gh4 ,sid5ote3 #e4 ,iona ,ca!dral4 ,cross+ ! sea to ,scotl&1 we come to ! islet ( ,iona1 plac$ out 9 ! ,we/]n ocean beyond ! coa/ ( ! ma9l& ( ,scotl&4 ,"h are ! ru9s ( a ,ca!dral ( great antiquity4 ,at ,iona !re rul$ ! ,"l ( ! ,isles1 :o 0 ,k+ ov] ! pirates f ! ,nor?4 ,!y seiz$ all ! ,we/]n isles ( ,scotl& & held !m until ab\t six hundr$ ye>s ago1 :5 !y 7 defeat$ at sea1 & !re 0 peace on ! ocean (f ,brita94 ,sid5ote3 #f4 ,k+ ,alfr$'s ,/atue at ,w9*e/]4 ,let u n[ return to ,engl&--to ! ,engl& :i* _h be5 conqu]$ by ! ,romans & ab&on$ by !m1 & _h be5 conqu]$ afre% by ! tribes ( ! ,engli% f ov] ! wat]4 ,let u pass on ?r\gh "s d>k c5turies1 z !y are call$1 because hi/ory has little to tell ( !m1 until we come to ! fir/ great ,engli%man1 ,k+ ,alfr$ ! ,great1 f :om our pres5t ,k+-,emp]or1 ,edw>d ! ,sev5?1 is desc5d$4 ,k+ ,alfr$ liv$ a ?\s& ye>s ago1 & is call$ ,great because he unit$ ! tribes ( ! ,engli%1 & made ! ,k+dom ( ,engl&4 ,"h is ! monum5t erect$ 9 8 city ( ,w9*e/] on ! ?\s&? anniv]s>y ( 8 dea?4 ,sid5ote3 #g4 ,brad=d-on-,avon ,*ur*4 ,"s g5]ations be=e ,k+ ,alfr$1 ,*ri/ian mission>ies came aga9 to ! l& ( ,engl& & sl[ly conv]t$ ! ,engli% to ,*ri/ianity--fir/ "o tribe & !n ano!r4 ,"h is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ anci5t ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es ( ,engl&--x is at ,brad=d-on-,avon4 ,! mission>ies came f ,rome1 & taught ! ,engli% to build 9 /one1 ) r\nd tops to ! w9d[s1 z ! ,romans built4 ,we h n[ m5tion$ five ages ( ,engli% hi/ory4 ,fir/1 7 ! ,anci5t ,britons2 second1 ! ,roman conqu]ors2 ?ird1 ! ,engli% conqu]ors2 f\r?1 ! ,*ri/ian ,mission>ies2 & fif?1 0 ,k+ ,alfr$4 ,a six? age _h to elapse be=e ! ,engl& :i* we "k 0 made4 ,9 ?is a new race ( fi]ce seam5 came ov] ! wat]1 :o 7 call$ ,normans1 or ,nor? m54 ,"o bran* ( !m 7 ! ,pirates j n[ m5tion$ at ,iona4 ,ano!r bran* conqu]$ ! s\!rn "p ( ,brita91 ! "p n[ call$ ,engl&1 & add$ "o m /ra9 ( blood to ! p :o h ev] s9ce liv$ 9 ,brita9 & sail$ ! ocean4 ,! ,normans complet$ ! "w ( ,k+ ,alfr$1 & ! ,engli%1 be+ n[ unit$1 h n s9ce be5 conqu]$ f across ! wat]4 ,y see t x 0 by no *ance t ! p ( ,brita9 became ! race ( sea-fight]s & ( rul]s beyond ! sea su* z !y are n[ kn[n 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,sid5ote3 #h4 ,iffley4 ,sid5ote3 #i4 ,durham ,ca!dral4 ,all ?is "t ! ,engli% 7 advanc+ 9 civilisation4 ,?\gh !y f\ght among !mselves1 ?\gh !y obey$ _! rul]s ) difficulty1 already !y v5]at$ ! *ur*es ( _! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,:ile !y c\ld n put _! weal? into beautiful h\ses1 :i* might be pillag$1 yet !y 7 able to build magnific5t *ur*es1 :i* all m5 respect$1 & ^! *ur*es are ! mo/ spl5did monum5ts !y h left to u4 ,be=e !y cross$ to ,brita9 ! ,normans /ay$ = a "t on ! ma9l& ( ,europe & le>n$ !re a new /yle ( build+4 ,"h is ! ,norman *ur* ( ,iffley4 ,y /ill notice ! r\nd$ ,roman ar*es1 b ! build+ is cle>ly ( a m f9i%$ type ?an ! *ur* ( ,brad=d-on-,avon1 :i* we saw j n[4 ,next is ! great ca!dral at ,durham1 also ,norman "w1 b ) "s lat] build+ add$1 = 9 ea* g5]ation m5 lov$ to enl>ge & enri* ! *ief temple ( _! t[n or di/rict4 ,sid5ote3 #aj4 ,cant]bury ,ca!dral4 ,we n[ come to a ,ca!dral ( lat] date4 ,x is t ( ,cant]bury4 ,"h1 z y see1 ! w9d[s h po9t$ tops to !m1 = !y are built 9 ! ,go?ic /yle1 :i* succe$$ ! ,roman /yle ( ! ,normans4 ,cant]bury ,ca!dral is a v l>ge *ur*4 ,its ?ree great t[]s conta9 bells :i* call ! p to wor%ip4 ,?is is ! ca!dral ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 & is plac$ :]e ! mission>y ,augu/9e fir/ taught ! ,*ri/ian religion to ! ,engli%1 :o _h lately cross$ ! seas into ,brita94 ,sid5ote3 #aa4 ,salisbury--,we/ ,front4 ,"h is ! we/ front ( ,salisbury ,ca!dral4 ,y see cle>ly t we are com+ into civiliz$ times1 = ! m5 :o built ?is ca!dral c\ld "w 9 /one ) delicate skill4 ,!y no long] employ$ great massive columns & r[s ( n>r[1 r\nd head$ w9d[s4 ,all ?is front has po9t$ ar*es1 & 9 _m ( !m y h sculptur$ images ( ! good m5 ( pa/ times4 ,sid5ote3 #ab4 ,wells ,ca!dral4 ,sid5ote3 #ac4 ,wells--,we/ ,front4 ,?is is ,wells ,ca!dral1 surr\nd$ by beautiful trees & g>d5s4 ,& "h is ! front ( ! same ca!dral1 ) /ill m delicate & elaborate "w4 ,d y realise ! love :i* ! build]s put into ea* little piece ( :at !y did8 ,sid5ote3 #ad4 ,*ri/ ,*ur* ,ca!dral1 ,ox=d--,int]ior4 ,& "h la/ly is ! int]ior ( ,ox=d ,ca!dral4 ,x is v int]e/+1 because ^u ar*es ( ,norman date1 r\ghly & massively hewn1 y h a vault$ ro( ( ! late/ & mo/ delicate ,go?ic or po9t$ /yle4 ,9 ?is respect ! ca!drals ( ,engl& are l ev]y?+ else t is ,engli%4 ,9 ea* age ,engli%m5 accept ) v5]ation :at _! =efa!rs h& d[n to !m1 & adapt x ) z little *ange z possible to ! ne$s ( _! own "t4 ,x is only s t a mighty & la/+ ,empire c be f\nd$4 ,9 ! c\ntry p>ts ( ,engl&1 :]e no t[n requires a l>ge build+ = wor%ip1 "h & !re a *ur* has fall51 9 times ( pa/ /rife1 into decay4 ,b ! p ( ! pres5t take c>e ( ^! ru9s1 & reg>d !m ) v5]ation1 = !y are (t5 v beautiful1 & pres]ve a record ( ! pa/ mo/ fai?fully1 because !re has be5 no ne$ to adapt !m to mod]n requirem5ts4 ,sid5ote3 #ae4 ,gla/onbury4 ,sid5ote3 #af4 ,netley4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 is ! ru9 ( ,gla/onbury ,abbey1 & "h t ( ,netley ,abbey4 ,9 bo?1 z y see1 ! ro( has fall5 91 b y c imag9e :at k9d ( *ur* !re mu/ h be5 =m]ly4 ,) ^! exceptions ! build+s 9 ,engl& are ma9ta9$ 9 p]fect ord]1 = ! cool1 moi/ climate requires t1 = com=t sake1 ! wea!r %\ld be kept out4 ,:ile ! ca!drals 7 built )\t def5ce1 & beautiful *ur*es 7 (t5 set 9 ! gre5 c\ntry & yet 7 n attack$ ev5 9 wild ages1 ! h\ses ( ! great m5 ( ! l& 7 =m]ly small =tresses or ca/les4 ,^! ca/les /ill /& 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 hav+ 9 "s cases be5 adapt$ to mod]n requirem5ts2 b = ! mo/ "p !y h become ru9s1 = x 0 easi] to build aga9 f ! f\ndations4 ,moreov]1 _m ( !m 7 brok5 9 w>f>e4 ,sid5ote3 #ag4 ,/irl+ ,ca/le4 ,sid5ote3 #ah4 ,alnwick ,ca/le4 ,"h is ,/irl+ ,ca/le1 set high on a rock1 9 ,scotl&2 & "h is ,alnwick ,ca/le1 built ne> ! fronti] betwe5 ,engl& & ,scotl&4 ,= c5turies !re 0 mu* fight+ betwe5 ! ,engli% & ! ,scots1 ?\gh n[1 z y "k1 !y h jo9$ toge!r 9 fri5d%ip1 & are subjects ( "o ,k+4 ,sid5ote3 #ai4 ,w9dsor ,ca/le4 ,"h is ! greate/ ( all ! ,ca/les4 ,x is ,w9dsor ,ca/le--! ca/le ( ! ,k+ ( ,engl&4 ,x /&s on a hill beside ! ,riv] ,?ames1 high] up ! riv] ?an ,london4 ,y c see ! ,r\nd ,t[] 9 ! c5tre ( x4 ,9 all ! old ca/les !re 0 a /rong refuge 9 ! c5tre = f9al def5ce 9 case a besieg] %\ld effect an entry into ! outworks1 & ?is mo/ important "p ( ! ca/le 0 call$ ! 8keep40 ,at ,w9dsor ! ,r\nd ,t[] 0 ! keep4 ,"h to ! "r we h ! *ur* ( ! ca/le1 call$ ,/4 ,george's ,*apel4 ,9 ! old times !re liv$ )9 su* a ca/le z ?is ( ! ,k+ ( ,engl& almo/ a :ole t[n ( 8 s]vants4 ,y w rememb] f ! second lecture t ! ,p>liam5t & ! ,judges us$ to sit 9 ! ,k+'s ,palace at ,we/m9/]4 ,9 mod]n times p ?9k x heal?i] & m com=table n to be cr[d$4 ,sid5ote3 #bj4 ,w9dsor ,r\nd ,t[]4 ,n[ we g inside ! ca/le & /& beside ! ,r\nd ,t[]4 ,y see f ! slightly po9t$ heads ( ! w9d[s t ! ,t[] belongs to a lat] "t ?an t ( ! ,normans1 :o built ) r\nd-head$ w9d[s4 ,sid5ote3 #ba4 ,w9dsor f ,home ,p>k4 ,"h is "o m view ( ,w9dsor ,ca/le4 ,! ,r\nd ,t[] is 9 ! backgr\nd to ! "r1 = ?is front ( ! build+ is new1 & is 9 ! nature ( a palace r ?an a ca/le4 ,^! wood$ slopes are ! beg9n+ ( ! beautiful p>k :i* lies r\nd ! ca/le4 ,"h are ! rooms 9 :i* us$ to live ,que5 ,victoria1 our ,empress1 ! "m ( ,k+ ,edw>d4 ,we/]n hi/ory is divid$ into ?ree p]iods :i* are g5]ally kn[n z ,antiquity1 ! ,middle ,ages1 & ! ,mod]n ,times4 ,! la/ ( ^! p]iods began ab\t f\r c5turies ago4 ,! ,middle ,ages includ$ ab\t a ?\s& ye>s4 ,! ,romans belong$ to ,antiquity1 b ,k+ ,alfr$ is ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & s are mo/ ( ! ca/les & ca!drals1 except ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 :i* 0 built ab\t two hundr$ ye>s ago1 :5 ! e>li] ca!dral ( ,london _h be5 de/roy$ by fire4 ,sid5ote3 #bb4 ,hatfield4 ,x took ! :ole ( ! ,middle ,ages--a ?\s& ye>s--to e/abli% law & ju/ice & ord] 9 ,engl&1 a fact :i* %[s ) :at c>e ord] %\ld be treasur$1 once x has be5 atta9$4 ,b at la/ m5 began to feel t ev5 _! rul]s1 :o 9 a r\gh age are liable to attack1 might leave _! h\ses un=tifi$1 & place !m 9 ! mid/ ( pleasant g>d5s4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( ,mod]n ,times4 ,"h is ,hatfield ,h\se1 built = "o ( ,engl&'s mo/ fam\s /atesm51 ! ,"l ,burleigh1 :o ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1 s]v$ "o ( h] greate/ mon>*s1 ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,a few ye>s ago ,hatfield 0 ! home ( ano!r ,briti% /atesman1 ,"l ,salisbury1 :o 0 a desc5dant ( ,"l ,burleigh1 & s]v$ a /ill great] mon>*--,que5 ,victoria4 ,y see h[ diff]5t f a ca/le is ! appe>ance ( ?is h\se4 ,x has squ>e broad w9d[s1 giv+ a flood ( light )91 ev5 to ! gr\nd floor2 = ! m5 :o built x _h no long] to fe> t !y w\ld be attack$ by arr[s & by guns ?r\gh _! w9d[s1 & !re=e !y c\ld af=d to let 9 ! light ( ! sun1 :i* is lov$ 9 ?is cool ,nor!rn l&4 ,b y mu/ n ?9k t all ( ,engl&'s greatness has be5 made by h] ri* & p[]ful m54 ,x is ! glory ( ,engl& t "s ( ! mo/ valuable ?+s done = h] h be5 done by poor m54 ,y rememb] f ! second ,lecture t 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 n only 0 our ,k+-,emp]or cr[n$1 ) ! dignit>ies ( ! empire r\nd him1 b also t !re is a space call$ ! ,poets' ,corn]1 :]e are ! tombs & monum5ts ( "s ( ! *ief writ]s :o h inspir$ ! ,engli% ) ideals ( ord] & ju/ice & fre$om4 ,^! poets 7 mo/ly poor m5--"s ( !m v poor4 ,sid5ote3 #bc4 ,/rat=d-on-,avon4 ,"h 9 ! t[n ( ,/rat=d-on-,avon1 9 ! c5tre ( ,engl&1 is ! humble cottage1 /ill pres]v$ ) c>e1 9 :i* at ! "t :5 ! spl5did h\se ( ,hatfield 0 built = ,"l ,burleigh1 !re 0 born & liv$ ! greate/ ( all ,engli% writ]s1 ,%akespe>e4 ,to-day1 9 e t[n 9 :i* ! ,engli% live ?r\gh\t ! _w !re are copies ( at lea/ two books1 ! holy book ( ! ,engli%--! ,*ri/ian ,bible--& ! book full ( human wisdom1 :i* 0 writt5 by ,%akespe>e4 ,sid5ote3 #bd4 ,bl5heim4 ,9 ,london1 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,/4 ,paul1 we saw ! monum5ts ov] ! tombs ( ,nelson & ,well+ton1 ! sailor & ! soldi] :o won ! victories ( ,trafalg> & ,wat]loo4 ,two hundr$ ye>s ago1 t is to say a hundr$ ye>s be=e ,nelson & ,well+ton1 !re liv$ ano!r great g5]al1 :o comm&$ ! armies ( ,engl& & won victories 9 ! days ( ,que5 ,anne4 ,he 0 ! ,duke ( ,m>lbor\gh1 & ?is is ! h\se1 ,bl5heim ,palace1 :i* ,engl& built = him 9 gratitude = ! victories he _h won4 ,9 our own times1 ,que5 ,victoria & ,k+ ,edw>d h giv5 rew>ds to ,"l ,rob]ts & ,"l ,kit*5]1 ^: names & de$s y "k4 ,bl5heim1 z y see1 is a mod]n palace1 n a =tifi$ ca/le ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,b x is built 9 ! anci5t /yle1 = !re 0 law & ord] 9 ! ,empire ( ! ,romans1 & !y also c\ld !re=e build spaci\sly & op5ly4 ,sid5ote3 #be4 ,eton--f ,play+ ,fields4 ,sid5ote3 #bf4 ,eton--f ! ,riv]4 ,sid5ote3 #bg4 ,eton--#d? ,june4 ,n[ !re is "o k9d ( old build+ 9 ! l& ( ,engl& :i* we h n yet m5tion$1 ?\gh x is v int]e/+ & v important4 ,! y\? ( ! ,engli% race1 & especially t "p ( x :i* 9 aft] ye>s is to "w = ,gov]nm5t at ,home1 9 ,india1 & 9 ! ,colonies1 is c>efully br\ght up 9 ! mid/ ( monum5ts ( ! pa/4 ,= ,engli%m5 wi% t ! citiz5s ( ! ,briti% ,empire %\ld n ?9k too greatly ea* ( himself1 b %\ld ?9k greatly ( ! ,/ate :i* !y s]ve4 ,!re=e !y br+ up _! y\?s to "k t among _! ance/ors !re 7 also m5 :o did good "w = ! ,nation4 ,! highe/ ?+ an ,engli%man c d is to play 8 "p well 9 8 g5]ation by add+ a little to ! great s*eme ( ord] & fre$om :i* we call ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,?is is ! anci5t build+ ( ,eton1 ! *ief ( ! public s*ools ( ,brita94 ,x 0 f\nd$ by "o ( ! ,k+s ( ,engl& "u ! %ad[ ( ,w9dsor ,ca/le4 ,"h is ano!r view ( x1 tak5 f ! ,?ames1 :i* fl[s betwe5 ,w9dsor & ,eton4 ,& "h are ! boys amus+ !mselves 9 boats on _! annual fe/ival-day4 ,! view1 z y see1 conta9s ! ,r\nd ,t[] ( ,w9dsor ,ca/le4 ,sid5ote3 #bh4 ,ox=d--f ,magdal5 ,t[]4 ,sid5ote3 #bi4 ,ox=d--,high ,/reet4 ,sid5ote3 #cj4 ,ox=d--,wadham ,g>d54 ,:5 ! boys h gr[n to be "y m51 !y g f s*ool to ! ,univ]sities4 ,!re are two anci5t ,univ]sities 9 ,engl&1 well-kn[n to n a few /ud5ts f ,india1 ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 ea* adorn$ ) beautiful build+s & g>d5s1 & full ( memories ( ! great m5 ( ! pa/4 ,!re are also anci5t ,univ]sities 9 ,scotl& & ,irel&1 & !re are new ,univ]sities 9 ,engl& su* z ! ,london ,univ]sity4 ,b ! hi/oric ,univ]sities ( ,brita9 are ,ox=d & ,cambridge4 ,"h is ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d z view$ f ! t[] ( "o ( its colleges4 ,we see t x is a city fill$ ) monum5ts & spl5did build+s4 ,?is is ! ,high ,/reet 9 ,ox=d1 ) ! ,*ur* ( ! ,univ]sity & "s ( ! ,palaces call$ ,colleges1 )9 :i* ! "y m5 live1 toge!r ) "s ( ! ,pr(essors :o tea* !m4 ,!re are tw5ty-"o ( ^! colleges 9 ,ox=d1 ea* ) #bjj or #cjj /ud5ts liv+ )94 ,"h is ! g>d5 ( "o ( ! colleges1 :]e m5 may walk & ?9k4 ,sid5ote3 #ca4 ,cambridge--,k+'s4 ,sid5ote3 #cb4 ,cambridge--,k+'s ,*apel--,int]ior4 ,sid5ote3 #cc4 ,cambridge--,cl>e ,bridge4 ,let u visit = a mom5t ! si/] ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,?is is ! ,*ur* 9 ! college t is call$ ,k+'s ,college1 = x 0 f\nd$ by "o ( ! ance/ors ( ,k+ ,edw>d4 ,"h is ! int]ior ( t *ur*4 ,y see h[ delicately ! great span ( ! vault is built4 ,?is *ur* 0 erect$ at ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 m5 no long] put up =tresses = h\ses4 ,!re=e !y _h le>n$ to build lightly1 & to plan ar*es & w9d[s ) d>+ skill4 ,next is a sc5e 9 ! g>d5s ( ! ,cambridge colleges1 ) a bridge spann+ ! little ,riv] ,cam4 ,sid5ote3 #cd4 ,ox=d--,commemoration ,procession1 ) ,pr9ce ( ,wales4 ,sid5ote3 #ce4 ,ox=d--,m]ton ,college ,libr>y4 ,we w return = a mom5t to ,ox=d & see some?+ ( ! work+ ( ! ,univ]sities4 ,"h is a solemn procession ( ! dignit>ies ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,?is is ! ,presid5t ( ! ,univ]sity1 call$ ! ,vice-,*ancellor1 & beside him1 z a memb] ( ! ,univ]sity1 is ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 ! son ( ! ,k+4 ,9 front ( !m are two ,b$els c>ry+ ! maces ( /ate4 ,next we h ! int]ior ( "o ( ! _m libr>ies ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,x is ! libr>y ( ,m]ton ,college4 ,! fir/ duty ( ! ,univ]sity is to treasure & increase k4 ,! second is to imp>t t k1 s t x may be us$ = ! good ( mank9d4 ,b !re is also a ?ird1 :i*1 = an imp]ial nation1 is v important4 ,h[ comes x t "y ,engli%m51 at home & 9 all l&s ( ! e>?1 h le>n$ to "w toge!r8 ,9 "p1 no d\bt1 x is because ! s*ools h taught !m n to ?9k too highly ea* ( himself4 ,9 "p1 also1 x is because !y h le>nt f books1 & are intellig5t4 ,b 9 "p x is due to ! games :i* !y play at s*ool & at ! ,univ]sity4 ,^! games n only develop ! body & give decision to ! "*1 b !y also tea* ea* man to sacrifice himself = ! common cause4 ,if eight m5 r[ a boat 9 a race1 no "o c w9 victory = himself alone1 b submitt+ 8 w1 mu/ /rive t 8 boat may w9 aga9/ ! boat :i* is *as+ x4 ,sid5ote3 #cf4 ,ox=d ,boats--,! ,/>t4 ,sid5ote3 #cg4 ,! same--,! ,race4 ,sid5ote3 #ch4 ,! same--,a 8,bump04 ,sid5ote3 #ci4 ,! same--,aft] ! ,race4 ,let u look = a mom5t at two or ?ree sc5es 9 ^! conte/s at ,ox=d1 :]e m5 le>n to "w toge!r1 to keep _! temp]s1 to be> defeat1 & to try aga94 ,! subject is "o ( great int]e/ to u "h 9 ,india1 = our "y m5 n[ play ! same games z ! ,engli%4 ,"h is ! />t = ! race4 ,! boats are arrang$ 9 procession at equal di/ances4 ,all />t toge!r at ! fir+ ( a pi/ol4 ,ea* tries to ov]take & t\* ! boat 9 front ( x4 ,a boat :i* succe$s 9 ! ef=t />ts ! next day 9 ! place ahead ( ! boat :i* x has ov]tak54 ,?us at ! end ( _m days a boat may "w its way up to ! head ( ! procession4 ,b a man :o r[$ 9 t boat w\ld n say t he won ! race--he w\ld only claim to h r[$ along ) o!r good m5 9 ! victori\s boat4 ,?us all m5 w "k t he has n only le>nt to /rive h>d1 b also to obey4 ,"h is ! race 9 progress1 & "h is a 8bump02 ! second boat has caught ! fir/1 & ! man :o /e]s ! fir/ boat is good-temp]$ly ackn[l$g+ defeat by hold+ up 8 arm4 ,"h la/ly are ! boats re/+ at ! close ( ! race4 ,sid5ote3 #dj4 ,a ,football ,mat*--,engl& v4 ,scotl&4 ,y mu/ n ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ^! games are conf9$ to ! ,public ,s*ools & ! ,univ]sities4 ,! millions ( p :o nev] g to ei!r play ! same games & le>n ! same lessons f !m4 ,"h y w recognize a football mat*4 ,x is be+ play$ betwe5 ,engl& & ,scotl&1 ea* c\ntry hav+ *os5 ! be/ team available f among its c\ntrym54 ,9 ?is game y c see at once t a man w\ld be unpopul> :o play$ selfi%ly = 8 own di/9ction & n = ! victory ( 8 team4 ,sid5ote3 #da4 ,a ,cricket ,mat*--,engl& v4 ,au/ralia4 ,football is 9 ,engl& a w9t] game1 = x requires consid]able activity4 ,cricket is m especially ! national game1 & x is a game :i*1 z y "k1 ! ,engli% c>ry ) !m into e corn] ( ! globe1 includ+ ! tropics4 ,! great ,colony ( ,au/ralia is n ev]y:]e tropical1 b z a :ole x is mu* w>m] ?an ! home c\ntry4 ,cricket is play$ !re ) mu* ze/4 ,n[1 because ,au/ralia is 9 ! s\? & ,brita9 9 ! nor?1 _! seasons are rev]s$4 ,!re=e1 dur+ ! ,au/ralian w9t] a cricket elev5 is (t5 s5t to ,engl&1 :]e x arrives dur+ ! nor!rn summ]4 ,?is is a cricket mat*1 play$ be=e _m spectators betwe5 ,engl& & ,au/ralia4 ,sid5ote3 #db4 ,ox=d & ,cambridge ,a?letics--,! ,hurdles4 ,sid5ote3 #dc4 ,f9i% = ! ,half ,mile4 ,!re are _m o!r a?letic conte/s 9 :i* /r5g? & skill are mat*$4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 is a race betwe5 repres5tatives ( ! ,univ]sities ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge4 ,ev5 9 ?is conte/1 :]e "o man only c w91 ! ,engli% d n say simply t he won ! race1 b !y say t he won x = ,ox=d or ,cambridge1 z ! case may be4 ,"p ( ! glory is n 81 x belongs to ! ,univ]sity :i* tra9$ him4 ,"h is ! f9i% ( ano!r race4 ,sid5ote3 #dd4 ,ladies ,play+ ,hockey4 ,la/ly1 we mu/ n =get t half ! nation consi/s ( wom54 ,! ,engli% l _! wom5 to play games1 & to le>n lessons ( c\rage & self-control :i* %all make !m brave & helpful wives 9 =eign c\ntries or on ! bord]s ( ! ,empire4 ,^! ladies are play+ ! game ( hockey4 ,probably1 !y are /ud5ts at "o ( ! ,univ]sities1 = x is felt t wom5 require intellig5ce no less ?an m51 if !y are to be ! wise mo!rs ( a race ( rul]s4 ,,lecture ,v4 ,,c\ntry ,,life ,,& ,,! ,,small] ,,t[ns4 ,9 ! la/ ,lecture we saw h[ ! hi/ory ( ,engl&1 & ! monum5ts :i* h come f x1 surr\nd ! s*ools & ! univ]sities1 & influ5ce ! upbr++ ( ! m5 :om we "k "h 9 ,india z (fic]s ( ! ,army & ( ! ,navy1 z ,civil ,s]vants1 & z m]*ants4 ,let u n[1 h[ev]1 describe ! e>ly surr\nd+s ( ^? :om we "k *iefly z ! rank & file ( ! ,army & z ! sailors ( ! ,navy4 ,let u consid] ! homes ( ! p outside ! ,metropolis--! small t[ns scatt]$ ov] ! :ole l&1 & ! hundr$s ( little villages1 ! f>ms1 & ! cottages 9 ! gre5 c\ntrysides & by ! %ores ( ! sea4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,view ( ,*ipp+ ,campd54 ,"h is ! little t[n ( ,*ipp+ ,campd51 9 ! ,we/ ( ,engl&1 set 9 a valley amid l[ hills & %ad$ by gre5 trees1 ) its *ur* t[] ris+ 9 ! c5tre4 ,d y see ! slop+ ro(s ( ! h\ses :i* speak ( a ra9y climate1 & ! *imneys ris+ f _! ridges1 tell+ ( ! cold w9t]s & ( blaz+ fires r\nd :i* 9 ! long ev5+s ! families ga!r8 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,/reet 9 ,*ipp+ ,campd54 ,?is is a /reet 9 ! same little t[n ( ,*ipp+ ,campd54 ,is x n peaceful & sil5t8 ,h[ diff]5t ! lives ( ! p br\ght up "h f ^? :o live 9 ! s\nd ( ! un5d+ traffic ( ,london6 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,a ,bus9ess ,/reet4 ,"h is ano!r /reet 9 a c\ntry t[n1 ) %ops :]e food & clo?+ are sold4 ,!re is an inn1 too1 :i* be>s ! sign ( a ,cock4 ,! use ( signs in/ead ( names to di/+ui% h\ses is an old cu/om :i* has surviv$ f ! times :5 m5 c\ld n read4 ,see ! s*ool *ildr5 ga!r$ 9 ! /reet wat*+ ! photograph] :o is tak+ ! picture4 ,sid5ote3 #d4 ,a ,resid5tial ,/reet4 ,next we g into a resid5tial /reet1 :]e are ! h\ses ( ! doctors & ! lawy]s ( ! little t[n4 ,"s ( ! %opkeep]s also dwell "h1 = :5 !y c af=d x !y l to )draw 9 ! ev5+ f _! %ops4 ,^! p are kn[n 9 ,engl& z ! middle classes1 = !y are nei!r v ri* nor v poor4 ,f among _! *ildr5 h come _m :o h help$ to make ,engl& :at %e is4 ,sid5ote3 #e4 ,t[n ,*ur* & ,t[n ,hall4 ,9 ! middle ( ! t[n !re is ! ,*ur* & also ! ,t[n ,hall :]e meet+s ( ! inhabitants are f "t to "t held = ! managem5t ( local affairs4 ,?is slide1 = in/ance1 is tak5 9 ! little t[n ( ,cir5ce/]4 ,9 front is ! ,t[n ,hall1 & 9 re> ( x ! ,*ur* ) its t[]4 ,sid5ote3 #f4 ,a ,m>ket4 ,^! small t[ns c\ld n exi/ if x 7 n = ! c\ntry ar\nd !m4 ,on six days ( ! week !y are sil5t & sleepy1 b on ! sev5? !y wake up & d mu* bus9ess4 ,?is day1 kn[n z ,m>ket ,day1 br+s ! f>m]s & _! wives f all ! c\ntry r\nd to sell _! produce & to buy 9 ! %ops _! requirem5ts = ! week4 ,two or ?ree times a ye> ! m>ket is specially a l>ge "o1 & is kn[n z a ,fair4 ,"h is a ,fair 9 ! little t[n ( ,bur=d4 ,z y look d[n ! /reet y c see ! gre5 c\ntry )\t4 ,b ! /reet is full ( p1 & !re are /alls set up 9 x because !re is no room = all ! pur*as]s 9 ! %ops4 ,!re=e x is1 t ^! small t[ns are kn[n z ,m>ket ,t[ns4 ,sid5ote3 #g4 ,y>m\?4 ,"s ( ! t[ns r\nd ! coa/1 h[ev]1 are diff]5tly employ$4 ,!y dep5d n s mu* ^u weekly m>kets z ^u _! fi%]ies4 ,"h is a sc5e at ,y>m\?1 ) a numb] ( old fi%]m5 wait+ ) _! baskets on ! quay = ! return ( ! boats4 ,sid5ote3 #h4 ,newlyn ,h>b\r4 ,sid5ote3 #i4 ,l&+ ,fi%4 ,9 ! next slide we h ! fi%+ fleet ( ,newlyn1 ly+ %elt]$ 9 its h>b\r4 ,& !n we h a view ( ! boats on _! return deeply lad5 ) _! cat*4 ,s9ce ,brita9 consi/s ( isl&s & has %ores on all sides1 ! fi%]ies h mu* importance4 ,b aft] all1 if we w\ld f9d ! old life ( ,engl& 9 :i* h be5 re>$ ! g5]ations ( m5 :o h spread ov] ! :ole _w mak+ ! ,empire & its comm]ce1 we mu/ g n only outside ,london1 b outside ev5 ! m>ket & fi%+ t[ns into ! rural c\ntry4 ,sid5ote3 #aj4 ,a ,c\ntry ,road1 ,sa9tbury4 ,"h is a road runn+ pa/ a f>mh\se & cottages1 ) a flock ( geese 9 ! =egr\nd :i* are be+ re>$ = food 9 ! w9t]4 ,sid5ote3 #aa4 ,a ,village ,/reet4 ,sid5ote3 #ab4 ,village ,*ur* & ,s*ool4 ,& "h we ent] a village1 ) its *ur* visible up ! /reet4 ,a village diff]s f a t[n 9 hav+ no weekly m>ket4 ,x has few] %ops1 & is g5]ally small]4 ,x is ! place :]e ! lab\r]s live :o "w on ! surr\nd+ f>ms4 ,9 its c5tre ?ree build+s g5]ally /& ne> toge!r4 ,!re is ! *ur*1 n infrequ5tly sev]al c5turies old1 & r\nd ! *ur* is ! *ur*y>d ) ! graves ( tw5ty g5]ations ( ! pa/ villag]s4 ,!n !re is ! s*ool1 & ?irdly1 !re is ! h\se ( ! cl]gyman4 ,^! are ! little in/itutions f\nd 9 ea* ( ! sev]al ?\s& villages :i* are scatt]$ at int]vals ( a mile or two ov] ! :ole ( ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,"s ( !m conta9 two or ?ree hundr$ inhabitants1 & "s ( !m a ?\s& or twelve hundr$4 ,sid5ote3 #ac4 ,/oke ,poges ,*ur*4 ,"h is ano!r village *ur*1 ) a po9t$ spire in/ead ( a blunt t[]4 ,x is clo!d1 z y see1 ) creep]s1 & ar\nd are ! tomb/ones 9 ! gravey>d4 ,!re are g5]ally bells 9 ! t[]s & spires ( ^! c\ntry *ur*es4 ,on a bright ,sunday morn+1 :5 lab\r has ceas$ & ! p take _! weekly re/1 ^! bells r+ m]rily ?r\gh all ! gre5 c\ntry summon+ ! p1 ri* & poor1 to assemble 9 ! *ur* = ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,sid5ote3 #ad4 ,cottages1 ,bi%am1 ,b]ks4 ,let u n[ look at "s ( ! h\ses :i* /& n ev5 9 villages1 b q alone1 or 9 gr\ps ( two or ?ree1 amid ! fields4 ,beside ?is road we h a %ort r[ ( cottages clo!d ) creep]s1 l ! *ur* t we saw j n[1 ea* ) its little g>d5 9 front4 ,d y see ! lab\r]'s wife /&+ at h] door ) a *ild on h] arm & a dog at h] feet8 ,x is f ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( su* little homes z ^!1 t h come ! soldi]s & sailors :o h f\ght = ,engl&1 & ! workm5 :o h work$ 9 ! factories & h made ,engl& ! great indu/rial & comm]cial c\ntry :i* we "k4 ,sid5ote3 #ae4 ,a ,c\ntry ,inn4 ,next we h a little inn by ! roadside ) a c>t /opp$ beside x4 ,! dog is wait+ = 8 ma/]1 ! c>t]1 :o has gone )9 to talk & re/ & dr9k4 ,sid5ote3 #af4 ,mapl$urham ,h\se4 ,su* is ! quiet life ( ! humbl] p 9 ! c\ntry p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,b "h & !re ?r\gh all ! l& !re rises also ! c\ntry home ( a ri* family4 ,( all ! features ( ,engl&1 p]haps ! mo/ beautiful & ! mo/ indicative ( peace & /r5g? & weal?1 are ^! c\ntry h\ses ( ! upp] classes4 ,we h "o "h surr\nd$ by p]fect trees & by spread+ lawns ( ?ick %ort gre5 grass4 ,sid5ote3 #ag4 ,int]ior at ,long ,m>/on1 ,*>les ,i4 kit*54 ,_m ( ^! h\ses are old1 & h be5 little *ang$1 ?\gh well c>$ =1 dur+ sev]al g5]ations4 ,?is1 = in/ance1 is a kit*5 9 "o ( !m dat+ f #bej ye>s ago4 ,d y note ! great beam ( oak :i* supports ! ceil+8 ,oak is an ,engli% tree :i*1 l teak 9 ,india1 gives a timb] z /rong z iron4 ,sid5ote3 #ah4 ,knole ,h\se4 ,"h is ano!r & yet gr&] h\se1 surr\nd$ by "o ( ^? noble p>ks ( :i* y he>d 9 ! la/ lecture4 ,sid5ote3 #ai4 ,hunt ,sc5e1 ,/reatley1 ,b]ks4 ,y may imag9e ) :at pleasure ! lead+ m5 ( ,engl& escape f _! "w 9 ,london1 ei!r 9 ,p>liam5t or 9 ! ,law ,c\rts or 9 ! ,city1 to ^! quiet1 pr\d homes 9 ! c\ntry1 :]e !y may give !mselves to sport bo? 9 w9t] & 9 summ]--= ! climate ( ,engl& is r>ely ei!r too hot or too cold = activity ?r\gh\t ! day4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 is a w9t] sc5e 9 a c\ntry p>k1 ) a pack ( dogs1 or1 z !y are call$1 h\nds1 9 ! =egr\nd1 = ! hunt+ ( ! fox4 ,! m5 on horseback are ready to foll[ ! h\nds across ! c\ntry1 leap+ ! h$g][s ( :i* y he>d 9 ! ?ird ,lecture4 ,) !m y may notice two or ?ree ladies on horseback1 :o also w foll[ ! h\nds & leap ! h$ges4 ,t x is w9t] "t y may tell f ! leafless bran*es ( mo/ ( ! trees4 ,sid5ote3 #bj4 ,nuneham ,p>k4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h "h a summ] sc5e 9 a c\ntry p>k ) a cricket mat* 9 progress4 ,n[ ,i ?9k y c und]/& some?+ ( ! c\ntry life ( ,engl&4 ,! village g5]ally consi/s ( ! ,squire1 ! ,vic>1 ! ,s*oolma/]1 ! ,f>m]s1 & ! ,lab\r]s4 ,! ,squire owns mo/ ( ! l&4 ,he 0 educat$ at a great s*ool4 ,8 sons become (fic]s 9 ! ,army & 9 ! ,navy4 ,he is ! unpaid magi/rate ( ! di/rict1 & lives 9 ! great h\se 9 ! p>k4 ,beside him1 & liv+ 9 a small] home1 is ! ,vic>1 :o m9i/]s on ,sundays 9 ! *ur* & visits ! p 9 _! homes to help !m 9 illness or tr\ble4 ,9 addition !re are (t5 ,m9i/]s ( ! ,free ,*ur*es1 = religion is a matt] = ea* man's consci5ce1 not)/&+ ! exi/5ce ( a ,/ate ,*ur*4 ,beside ! ,vic> & ! ,m9i/]s is ! ,s*oolma/]1 to :om by law ! *ildr5 mu/ be s5t to le>n to read & write4 ,!n !re come ! f>m]s1 :o r5t pieces ( l& f ! ,squire1 & f>m !m ) ! help ( ! lab\r]s4 ,! f>m]s live 9 f>mh\ses surr\nd$ by cattle %$s & corn b>ns1 & ! lab\r]s occupy cottages su* z we h se54 ,sid5ote3 #ba4 ,a ,f>mh\se4 ,all ^! dwell]s 9 ! c\ntry--squires1 vic>s1 s*oolma/]s1 f>m]s1 & lab\r]s1 & also ! tradesm5 ( ! m>ket t[ns1 dep5d = _! livelihood on ! crops ( ! field4 ,9 "o way or ano!r !y all receive a %>e ( ! h>ve/s4 ,let u !re=e sp5d a few mom5ts 9 consid]+ ! op]ations ( ,briti% agriculture4 ,!y are v diff]5t f ^? ( a tropical c\ntry1 & x is impossible to und]/& ! writ+s ( ,briti% au?ors unless y "k some?+ ( ! aspects ( ,briti% agriculture4 ,! c5tre ( ! f>m is ! f>mh\se1 su* z we h "h1 ) its ou?\ses = ! f>m implem5ts1 & = ! "y animals :i* require protection aga9/ ! wea!r4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! picture y see ! p\ltry1 :i* are f$ by ! f>m]'s wife & daught]s1 :ile ! f>m] & 8 sons are away 9 ! fields4 ,close by ! h\se a heap ( firewood is laid ready = ! w9t]1 & !re is also ! f>m]'s gig1 9 :i* he drives to sell 8 corn at ! weekly m>ket 9 ! ne>e/ t[n4 ,sid5ote3 #bb4 ,hay ,cutt+3 old /yle4 ,a great *ange has tak5 place ( late 9 ! me?ods ( f>m+1 = ! /eam eng9e has be5 appli$ to agriculture z well z to ! indu/ries4 ,let u look = a mom5t at ! old /yle ( f>m+ :i* is n[ rapidly go+ out4 ,"h1 9 a field surr\nd$ by a h$ge1 are ?ree m5 m[+ grass ) scy!s4 ,! grass w be left to dry 9 ! sun2 x w turn br[n1 & w !n be heap$ into a hay /ack = ! w9t] food ( ! f>m horses4 ,sid5ote3 #bc4 ,?ra%+3 old /yle4 ,next we see ! old me?od ( ?ra%+ corn4 ,! man 9 ! picture holds a flail1 or rod jo9t$ 9 ! c5tre1 ) :i* he beats ! corn1 & s sep>ates ! gra9 f ! /raw4 ,sid5ote3 #bd4 ,old ,man ,digg+4 ,& "h we h an old ru/ic digg+ ! gr\nd ) a spade4 ,probably he is a man :o c nei!r write nor read2 = :5 he 0 a boy ! *ildr5 ( c\ntry villages 7 n oblig$ to g to s*ool4 ,sid5ote3 #be4 ,old ,%eph]d4 ,sid5ote3 #bf4 ,old ,woman4 ,"h is ano!r su* old ru/ic1 a %eph]d1 :o has sp5t 8 life 9 t5d+ %eep4 ,probably he nev] w5t to ,london1 or1 inde$1 to any ( ! l>ge t[ns :i* h n[ be5 br\ght by railways to )9 an h\r or two ( 8 home4 ,b q likely he (t5 has lett]s f a son :o is a sailor 9 ! ,fleet 9 ! ,*9a ,seas1 f ano!r son :o is a soldi] 9 ,india1 & f a daught] :o is m>ri$ to a f>m] 9 ,au/ralia4 ,& "h is 8 wife1 seat$ 9 a corn] ( ! village *ur*4 ,sid5ote3 #bg4 ,m>e & ,foal4 ,sid5ote3 #bh4 ,%ire ,horse4 ,sid5ote3 #bi4 ,l&se]'s 8,blacksmi?'s ,%op40 ,by f> ! mo/ abundant crop 9 ,engl& is gre5 grass1 & ! ,engli% f>m] !re=e keeps _m animals to fe$ ^u x4 ,"h we h a m>e & foal4 ,! f>m horses ( ,engl& are mu* l>g] & ?ick] built ?an ! small horses ( mo/ p>ts ( ! _w4 ,!y are m p[]ful1 b !y are sl[]4 ,"s ( ! ,engli% c>t horses are ne>ly z l>ge z an av]age elephant4 ,until mod]n times1 :5 ! /eam eng9e 0 introduc$1 all ! "w ( ! f>m 0 done by m5 & horses4 ,"h is ano!r gr& horse1 & "h a picture pa9t$ by a great ,engli% arti/1 ,l&se]4 ,x is own$ by ! ,engli% nation & hung 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 :i* /&s 9 ,trafalg> ,squ>e4 ,! picture is 9 ! mid/ ( ,london1 b1 z y see1 x repres5ts a c\ntry sc5e1 ! %op ( a %oe+ smi?1 :o is putt+ an iron %oe on to ! ho( ( a horse 9 ord] t x may n be injur$ by ! pav$ roads4 ,beside ! horse y see two o!r ( ! animals t are common 9 e ,engli% c\ntryside1 a donkey1 :i* is ! poor man's horse1 & a dog4 ,among ! nor!rn nations1 z y "k1 dogs are c>$ = & treat$ z companions4 ,sid5ote3 #cj4 ,pl\gh+4 ,"h we h "o ( ! *ief op]ations ( ,briti% f>m+ 9 :i* horses & m5 "w toge!r4 ,!y are turn+ ov] ! gr\nd ) ! pl\gh to prep>e x = ! se$4 ,pl\gh+ is usually done 9 ! autumn1 s t ! l& may lie fall[1 t is to say at re/1 = a "t be=e ! crops beg9 to gr[ 9 ! spr+4 ,sid5ote3 #ca4 ,:eat 9 ,%eaf4 ,sid5ote3 #cb4 ,c>ry+ ,corn4 ,) ?is col\r$ slide we come to h>ve/ "t4 ,! gra9 has turn$ "u ! summ] sun to a beautiful gold5 br[n1 & has be5 cut & set 9 ^! /ooks1 :]e x is dry+ 9 ! hot ,augu/ wea!r4 ,pres5tly x w be tak5 away 9 wagons1 drawn by horses1 & /ack$4 ,d y see on ! gr\nd ! /raight l9es ( /ubble due to ! fact t ! se$ f :i* ! corn grew 0 ca/ into ! /raight furr[s made by ! pl\gh8 ,9 ?is slide ! la/ %eaves ( ! h>ve/ are be+ ga!r$ 94 ,!re w be mu* rejoic+ 9 ! village to-night because ! h>ve/ has be5 safely got1 & ra9 /orms h caus$ x no h>m dur+ ! critical days aft] x _h be5 cut1 :5 x /ood dry+ 9 ! sun4 ,sid5ote3 #cc4 ,reap+ ,ma*9e4 ,! fir/ f>m ma*9]y introduc$ 9 mod]n times 0 work$ by horses n by /eam eng9es4 ,= example1 9 ?is slide we h a horse-drawn reap+ ma*9e employ$ to cut d[n corn1 ?us sav+ ! h&-"w ( _m m54 ,sid5ote3 #cd4 ,?ra%+ ,ma*9e4 ,"h is a ?ra%+ ma*9e driv5 by a /eam eng9e4 ,! corn is plac$ on ! top ( ! ma*9e :]e /& ! two m52 x is caught into ! runn+ p>ts ( ! ma*9e :i* are driv5 by ! eng9e to ! "r h&2 x is beat5 9 ! ma*9e s t ! gra9 falls f ! /raw into ! bags :i* y see1 :ile ! /raw is lift$ by ! elevator on to ! /ack to ! left h&1 !re to rema9 until requir$ = ! b$d+ ( horses4 ,sid5ote3 #ce4 ,c[s4 ,sid5ote3 #cf4 ,cattle *ew+ ,cud4 ,besides till+ ! gr\nd = ! gr[? ( corn1 ! f>m]s ( ,brita9 keep _m millions ( cattle & %eep :i* fe$ ^u grass4 ,"h is an ord9>y c\ntry sc5e ) c[s1 :i* are kept = ! sake ( _! milk4 ,"o ( ! *ief foods 9 ^! nor!rn c\ntries is ! milk ( c[s1 & ! butt] & *eese prep>$ f milk4 ,^! c[s live ^u ! grass1 :i* is kept gre5 by ! moi/ climate4 ,"h we h cattle ly+ d[n *ew+ ! cud4 ,sid5ote3 #cg4 ,cattle ,m>ket1 ,f>+don4 ,next is a sc5e on a m>ket day 9 a small c\ntry t[n4 ,x is a fair to :i* ! f>m]s h br\ght 9 _! cattle = sale4 ,sid5ote3 #ch4 ,%eep4 ,sid5ote3 #ci4 ,%eep ) ,%eph]d & ,dog4 ,sid5ote3 #dj4 ,%eep ,dog4 ,sid5ote3 #da4 ,%eep ,m>ket3 ,*ipp+ ,campd54 ,! mo/ num]\s animals on ,briti% f>ms are ! %eep4 ,?is is a =tunate fact1 = wool is ! mo/ suitable mat]ial f :i* to manufacture ! w>m clo?+ ne$$ dur+ ! nor!rn w9t]4 ,"h is a flock ( %eep graz+4 ,& "h is ano!r flock ) ! %eph]d :o t5ds !m1 & 8 dog4 ,%eep-dogs are usually ( ! k9d kn[n z ,collies4 ,!y are v rem>kable creatures4 ,a well-tra9$ ,collie obeys ! %eph]d p]fectly1 & c br+ a l>ge flock ( %eep to him or guide x 9 any direction t he ord]s4 ,"h is a col\r$ photograph ( a ,collie dog4 ,& la/ly we h a %eep m>ket1 simil> to ! cattle m>ket :i* we visit$ a mom5t ago4 ,^! are ! pr9cipal rural occupations ( ,brita91 ! gr[+ ( corn & ! t5d+ ( cattle & %eep1 b !re are o!rs1 al?\gh on a small] scale4 ,sid5ote3 #db4 ,hop ,g>d54 ,"h1 = in/ance1 we h a hop g>d51 :]e ! creep]s kn[n z hops are gr[n ^u poles1 & supply a little fruit :i*1 :5 dri$1 is us$ = ! purpose ( giv+ flav\r to be]4 ,hops are pick$ 9 ! hot wea!r1 & a great numb] ( p are requir$ = ! purpose4 ,^! p are1 = ! mo/ "p1 got f ! great city ( ,london1 = ! "p ( ,engl& 9 :i* mo/ hops gr[ is close to ,london4 ,once a ye> ! v poore/ ( ! poor p ( ,london are c>ri$ out by tra91 & !y camp = two or ?ree weeks 9 t5ts 9 ! hop c\ntry4 ,sid5ote3 #dc4 ,apple ,tree 9 ,bloom4 ,sid5ote3 #dd4 ,apple ,blossom4 ,?is is an apple tree 9 blossom4 ,lat] 9 ! ye> x w be> a fruit :i* is us$ = ! purpose ( mak+ a dr9k call$ cid]4 ,!re are :ole or*>ds ( su* apple trees1 pres5t+ a v beautiful sight 9 ! spr+-"t :5 !y are gay ) blossom4 ,"h is a col\r photograph ( apple blossom2 y may easily imag9e t :5 ^! fl[]s deck ! trees ! :ole l&scape is brilliant1 n s mu* ) gre51 z ) p9k & :ite--inde$1 "o ( ! great diff]5ces betwe5 ,engl& & ! tropics is t 9 addition to gre5 !re is s mu* brilliant col\r 9 ! foliage4 ,n only h y ^! or*>ds ( :ite & r$1 b ! grassy fields are at times all gold5 ) fl[]s t are call$ butt]cups & daisies1 &1 z we %all see pres5tly1 ! trees 9 ! autumn turn f gre5 to brilliant %ades ( br[n4 ,sid5ote3 #de4 ,apples4 ,"h is a basket ( apple fruit1 ea* ) a rosy *eek on its gre5 sk94 ,9 ,brita9 o!r fruits take ! place ( ! mango & guava1 :i* are unkn[n 9 ! nor?4 ,sid5ote3 #df4 ,/rawb]ries4 ,sid5ote3 #dg4 ,roses4 ,fruit is gr[n 9 l>ge quantity = ! m>kets ( ! great t[n populations4 ,"h 9 ?is slide is "o ( ! f9e/ ( ! nor!rn fruits1 ! /rawb]ry1 :i* y probably "k4 ,see h[ x is col\r$1 l s _m o!r ?+s nor!rn4 ,& "h is yet ano!r crop ( ,engl&4 ,! va/ cities ) _! millions ( p--_m ( !m well-to-d--dem& 9 _! h\ses ! fl[]s ( ! c\ntry4 ,!re=e !re are p>ts ( ,engl& :]e n m]ely corn & cattle1 & n m]ely fruit1 b also fl[]s are gr[n = ! supply ( ! t[ns4 ,?is is ! be/ kn[n ( ! fl[]s ( ,engl&1 ! rose1 :i* gr[s also 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 b is pre-em95tly ! national emblem ( ,engl&1 & prais$ z su* 9 ,engli% poetry4 ,sid5ote3 #dh4 ,hay-/ack4 ,let u turn = a mom5t f9ally to a side ( ,engli% life :i* is diff]5t f all t we "k "h 9 ! tropics4 ,!re are seasons 9 ,brita91 n ra9y seasons & dry seasons1 b seasons ( heat & ( cold4 ,9 ! w9t] ! vegetation /ops gr[+1 & !re is little food 9 ! fields = ! animals4 ,!n all ! life ( ! l&1 animal & human1 mu/ be ma9ta9$ by =esight1 by ! /orage ( ! fruits ( summ]1 or by ! import ( supplies f o!r c\ntries4 ,! cattle are kept alive by means ( hay1 t is to say1 ( grass cut 9 ! summ]1 dri$ 9 ! sun1 heap$ into hay-/acks1 & !re pres]v$ until requir$ 9 ! w9t]4 ,?is is a hay-/ack laid by = ! w9t] supply ( ! animals4 ,sid5ote3 #di4 ,bee*--,autumn ,t9ts4 ,:5 ! hay & ! corn h be5 h>ve/$ & ! apples h be5 ga!r$ & turn$ to cid]1 & ! roses h bloom$1 & ! /rawb]ries h be5 eat5 or boil$ to jam1 !n ! summ] wanes1 & a *ange sets 94 ,day by day1 z ,septemb] & ,octob] pass1 ! gre5 leaves ( ! trees gradually turn to all mann] ( brilliant hues ( r$ & br[n1 & pres5tly1 z ! ra9s & ! w9ds increase1 !y fall & litt] all ! gr\nd z we see !m "h4 ,at la/1 9 ,novemb]1 ! trees become nak$1 & %[ ! trac]y ( _! bran*es aga9/ ! sky4 ,sid5ote3 #ej4 ,p>k--,autumn ,t9ts4 ,sid5ote3 #ea4 ,riv] ,sc5e ) ,autumnal ,bee*es4 ,!re are few m spl5did natural sc5es ?an ^? ( ! fall ( ! nor!rn ye>4 ,let u look at "o or two m ( !m photograph$ 9 col\r4 ,?is is an ,engli% p>k 9 ! autumn1 & ?is a wood by a riv] bank4 ,sid5ote3 #eb4 ,virg9ia ,creep]4 ,sid5ote3 #ec4 ,hugh5d5 ,*ur*--,autumn creep]s4 ,_m ,engli% h\ses are cov]$ ) creep]s :i* are gre5 9 ! summ] & !n turn to r$--to blood-r$ at times--be=e ! leaves f9ally drop & leave ! h\se nak$4 ,?is is ! ,virg9ia ,creep]1 :i* did n orig9ally gr[ 9 ,brita91 b 0 br\ght f ,am]ica4 ,& "h is a *ur* clo!d ) r$ ,virg9ia ,creep]4 ,gre5 ivy is a creep] native to ,brita94 ,x clo!s ) gre5 _m old build+s ?r\gh\t ! w9t]1 because its leaves are l lea!r1 & ?ick1 & c )/& ! cold4 ,sid5ote3 #ed4 ,leafless ,elm ,trees4 ,?is is a ,decemb] l&scape4 ,! trees h %$ _! leaves1 & _! nak$ b\ghs are cle> aga9/ ! sky4 ,see ! bleak appe>ance ( ! l&1 s t y may look ov] miles & miles ( op5 c\ntry1 ?\gh x is /udd$ ) _m trees4 ,to ! eye ( "o accu/om$ to ! tropical =e/1 ,engl& 9 ! w9t] "t is a nak$ & /range l&4 ,sid5ote3 #ee4 ,cottage1 ,w9t] ,sc5e4 ,sid5ote3 #ef4 ,w9t] ,sc5e 9 ,wood4 ,sid5ote3 #eg4 ,froz5 ,lake side ) ho>-fro/4 ,sid5ote3 #eh4 ,hockey on ice4 ,!re are times :5 ! cold is su* t ! ra9 is froz5 & falls 9 h>d /ones1 kn[n z hail1 & !re are o!r times :5 ! cl\ds !mselves freeze1 & !n !re fall :ite sn[-flakes l little fea!rs1 :i* accumulate on ! gr\nd1 cov]+ x ) a :ite c>pet :i* melts into wat] & disappe>s :5 ! wea!r gr[s w>m aga94 ,"h is a c\ntry cottage half buri$ 9 sn[1 & ! sn[ is on ! road & on ! bran*es ( ! trees4 ,& "h is a wood-side1 hung n ) sn[1 b ) ho>-fro/4 ,y "k h[ dew /&s on ! leaves 9 ! e>ly morn+4 ,9 ,brita91 9 ! w9t] "t1 ! dew cl+s to ! bran*es n z liquid wat]1 b z a :ite fea!ry sub/ance l sn[1 & yet x is n sn[1 = x has n fall5 f ! cl\ds 9 flakes1 b has be5 =m$ f ! air ar\nd1 & cl+s by little /alks to all ! bran*es1 surr\nd+ !m & clo?+ !m4 ,"h is yet ano!r sc5e ( ho>-fro/4 ,! surface ( ! pool is froz5 ov]1 & has a cov]+ ( h>d ice4 ,all ! gr\nd is h>d l iron2 m5 _c dig ) spades1 & ev5 horses _c draw ! pl\gh ?r\gh ! gr\nd4 ,! cattle are ga!r$ into ! %$s ( ! f>ms1 :]e !y are f$ ^u ! hay :i* 0 sav$ = !m 9 ! summ]4 ,! nights are v long & ! days are %ort--n l ! tropical day & night1 ea* approximately twelve h\rs 9 l5g?4 ,ev5 poor m5 mu/ n[ be idle1 & _m sp5d "t 9 active sports4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 ! game ( hockey is be+ play$ on ! ice1 :i* is /rong en\gh to be> p ^u x safely4 ,"h is "o ( ! roots ( ! en]gy ( ! ,briti% race2 x is br$ 9 a climate :i* is w>m en\gh = m5 to "w 9 ?r\gh mo/ ( ! ye> b ) e n[ & !n a spell ( fro/1 :i* appe>s to /imulate human activity4 ,on ! o!r h& ! heat ( ! summ] is r>ely su* t m5 mu/ re/ 9 ! middle ( ! day4 ,sid5ote3 #ei4 ,skat+4 ,^! m5 are skat+ on ! ice :i* is v smoo?4 ,t !y may glide ! m easily !y put skates on _! feet--%>p /eel edges :i* slip s easily t x requires "s skill to /& ^u !m4 ,x is an exhil>at+ sight to see m5 & wom5 mov+ ) ! spe$ ( railway tra9s1 ! blood agl[ 9 _! *eeks & _! eyes fla%+ ) pleasure4 ,sid5ote3 #fj4 ,curl+4 ,9 ,scotl& m5 play ! game ( curl+ ^u ice4 ,! weights glide ov] ! surface in/ead ( roll+ l balls4 ,sid5ote3 #fa4 ,?ames froz5 ov]4 ,la/ly1 we h a v curi\s sc5e4 ,once 9 e few ye>s !re comes a cold] w9t] ?an usual1 & !n ev5 ! runn+ wat] ( consid]able riv]s w freeze4 ,"h is ! ,?ames froz5 completely ov] & be>+ _m p4 ,,lecture ,,vi4 ,,! ,,great ,,t[ns1 ,,_! ,,indu/ries ,,& ,,comm]ce4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,gr\p ( ,t9 ,m9]s4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,t9 ,m9e ,%aft4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,f\r ,hundr$ ,fa?om ,level1 ,dolcoa?4 ,sid5ote3 #d4 ,t9 ,m9e ,bor+ ,ma*9e4 ,sid5ote3 #e4 ,9 a ,t9 ,m9e4 ,five hundr$1 six hundr$1 & sev5 hundr$ ye>s ago ,brita9 0 :at ,au/ralia is n[4 ,x suppli$ ne>ly ! :ole ( ,europe ) wool4 ,z we h se5 9 ! la/ lecture1 ! agriculture & ! pa/ure ( ,brita9 are /ill important1 b n[1 ( c\rse1 ,brita9's fame is *iefly z a m9+1 an indu/rial1 & a comm]cial c\ntry4 ,ev5 9 antiquity !re 0 "o "p ( ! l& :i* 0 important on acc\nt ( its m9es4 ,! olde/ m9es ( ,brita9 are t9 m9es1 & !y are /ill work$1 al?\gh ! t9 ( ! _w is n[ ma9ly got 9 ! ,malay ,p59sula1 & ! neighb\r+ isl&s4 ,s+apore is n[ ! great t9 port ( ! _w1 b at no v di/ant "t t9 0 obta9$ almo/ exclusively 9 ,brita9--9 t "p ( x :i* =ms ! rocky p59sula ( ,cornwall /ret*+ out into ! we/]n seas4 ,! ,corni% m9]s1 ?\gh !y no long] f9d mu* employm5t 9 ,cornwall1 are ! mo/ skill$ m9]s ( gold 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,s we f9d )9 ! ,briti% ,empire ?ree di/ricts :i* are v closely relat$ to "o ano!r by ! bond ( t93 ,cornwall 9 ,engl&1 ! ,malay ,p59sula1 & ! gold m9es ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,"h is a gr\p ( ,corni% m9]s1 m5 f ^: race h come n a few lead]s 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,empire4 ,^! are two ( !m desc5d+ a %aft into ! dep?s ( ! e>? to "w = t94 ,"o ( ! deepe/ m9es 9 ! _w is 9 ,cornwall4 ,& "h is a passage 9 ! dep?s ( ! e>? ) rails laid = trolleys to run along1 c>ry+ ! ore :i* is to be rais$ to ! surface & !re treat$1 s t f rock is obta9$ %9+ metallic t94 ,9 ?is slide we see m9]s at "w on ! face ( ! rock1 drill+ holes 9 ! h>d /one into :i* explosives are ins]t$ ) ! object ( %att]+ ! /one & splitt+ ! ore into fragm5ts t c be h&l$4 ,obs]ve ) h[ little clo?+ !y "w1 = at ^! dep?s ! temp]ature is high4 ,our f9al sc5e 9 a t9 m9e is comp>atively ne> to ! surface4 ,sid5ote3 #f4 ,map %[+ ,coalfields ( ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,sid5ote3 #g4 ,map %[+ di/ribution ( ,population ab\t ! ,coalfields4 ,b1 al?\gh "s t9 is /ill got1 t9 m9es are n[ relatively unimportant 9 ! life ( ! c\ntry4 ,!re has develop$ 9 ,brita9 9 ! la/ c5tury & a-half a va/ sy/em ( indu/ries bas$1 n m]ely on ! use ( human muscles1 b on p[] d]iv$ f ! burn+ ( coal4 ,"h is a map %[+1 9 black1 ! coalfields ( ,brita94 ,!y lie *iefly 9 ,s\? ,wales1 9 ! ,midl&s1 9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl&1 & 9 ,c5tral ,scotl&4 ,^? ( ,irel& produce b little4 ,comp>e ?is map ) ! next1 :i* %[s1 9 r$1 all ! di/ricts ( d5s] population4 ,x is obvi\s t ( all ! l>g] areas col\r$ r$1 only ! ,london di/rict is devoid ( coal1 & coal c easily be br\ght to ,london by sea4 ,^! facts tell u at once t 9 _! mod]n gr[? ! activities ( ! ,briti% population are bas$ *iefly ^u coal4 ,?ree-qu>t]s ( all ! p 9 ,brita9 live )9 ! areas col\r$ p9k1 :i* measure n m ?an ab\t "o-tw5tie? ( ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,9 ! ma91 !re=e1 ,brita9 is a c\ntry ( t[n & factory populations1 & 9 less] degree only ( agricultural & fi%+ p4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago ! population ( ! :ole ,briti% ,isl&s 0 n m ?an #af millions1 & x 0 ma9ly agricultural4 ,to-day x numb]s #dc millions1 & is ma9ly indu/rial4 ,sid5ote3 #h4 ,a seam at ,glasg[ dissect$ to %[ ! orig9 ( ,coal4 ,coal is won f ! dep?s ( ! e>?1 :]e x is laid 9 great %eets1 :i* are kn[n z coal seams1 & ^! are und]laid & ov]laid by ! solid rock4 ,imm$iately "u ea* coal seam !re is usually a lay] ( clay1 & if y exam9e t clay y w (t5 f9d 9 x1 "h & !re1 ?reads ( coal p5etrat+ d[nw>d f ! seam above4 ,^! are obvi\sly ! black5$ roots ( trees4 ,sometimes1 9 ! coal itself1 y w f9d complete /umps ( trees pres]v$4 ,=1 9 fact1 ! coal seams are no?+ m ?an ! buri$1 rott5 =e/s ( va/ly anci5t times4 ,y "k t 9 our great tropical =e/s :5 ! wood rots x turns br[n1 & ev5 black4 ,:]ev] wood gr[s old 9 ! use ( m5 x d>k5s4 ,s we see t ?\gh ! climate ( ,brita9 is cold1 & ?\gh vegetation does n gr[ ) ! same colossal p[] z :5 driv5 by tropical ra9 & heat1 yet buri$ deep 9 ! rocks ( ,brita9 !re is comp5sation 9 ! %ape ( anci5t timb] call$ coal4 ,! sun%9e & ra9 ( f>-(f times are ?us ! *ief bases ( ,briti% prosp]ity1 j z ! sun%9e & ra9 ( to-day are ! *ief bases ( our prosp]ity 9 ! tropics4 ,mo/ ( ! indu/ries ( ,brita9 are 9 ! ,nor? or ,nor? ,midl&s4 ,9 ^! p>ts1 y w rememb]1 we are ma9ly away f ! bett] agricultural di/ricts4 ,! smil+ f]tile cornfields & ri* l[l& mead[s are replac$ by bleak upl&s ) /one walls & few trees4 ,sid5ote3 #i4 ,colli]s' h\ses4 ,"h is a r[ ( cottages :]e dwell colli]s ( ! nor? ( ,engl&4 ,:at a contra/ ) ! homes ( ! agricultural lab\r]s :i* we saw 9 ! la/ lecture6 ,& yet ! colli]s :o "w 9 ! coal m9es are mu* bett] paid ?an ! lab\r]s on ! f>ms4 ,sid5ote3 #aj4 ,view ( ,colli]y above gr\nd4 ,?is is a coal m9e1 or1 z x is call$1 a colli]y4 ,"h is ! *imney ( ! pump+ /ation :i* lifts wat] f ! m9e1 le/ x %\ld be flood$ by und]gr\nd spr+s4 ,! same eng9e is us$ to raise ! coal to ! surface4 ,sid5ote3 #aa4 ,! ,pit-m\?4 ,next we come into ! y>d ( ! colli]y1 to ! pit-m\? itself4 ,^! colli]s h done _! spell ( "w1 & h j come to ! surface aga91 all black5$ & grimy ) coal du/4 ,ea* ( !m holds a small lamp ( a special k9d4 ,x is s made t ! flame _c pass out1 ev5 ?\gh ! lamp be upset4 ,! object is to prev5t explosions ( ! coal gas :i* is (t5 dis5gag$ 9 ! m9e4 ,occasionally ! colli]s are c>eless & op5 ! lamps1 & z a consequ5ce we sometimes he> ( a t]rible explosion ) great loss ( life4 ,sid5ote3 #ab4 ,9 ! ,cage4 ,sid5ote3 #ac4 ,at "w on a f\r-foot ,seam4 ,sid5ote3 #ad4 ,levell+ 9 a ,coal ,m9e4 ,?is is ! cage asc5d+ to ! surface1 br++ m9]s begrim$ ) coal du/1 & ea* c>ry+ 8 lamp & 8 c ( liquid ne$$ = dr9k 9 ! dep?s ( ! e>?1 because ! heat is !re great1 & !re is mu* p]spiration f lab\r4 ,next we see ! actual work+ ( ! m9e4 ,! ro( is support$ by timb]s1 :i* are n[ br\ght to ,brita9 f =eign c\ntries 9 great quantity1 because ,brita9 is s popul\s t m5 _c af=d ! space = ! =e/s 9 :i* to gr[ ! wood ne$$ = ! m9es4 ,note ! v]tical ?ickness ( ! coal4 ,x is to ?is t ! t[]+ =e/ ( =m] times has be5 compress$ 9 its ru94 ,"h ) 8 lamp hung to "o ( ! po/s is ! m9]1 /ripp$ to 8 "w1 us+ 8 pickaxe to deta* ! lumps ( coal4 ,& "h1 f9ally1 ) ! seam ( coal m pla9ly visible ?an 9 ! d>k] corn] we h j left1 are m9]s occupi$ 9 levell+1 & s guid+ ! c\rse ( ! tunnel4 ,! coal is tak5 9 trucks f ! face :]e x is work$ to ! foot ( ! %aft1 & !nce rais$ to ! surface4 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! uses to :i* ! coal ( ,engl& is put4 ,we h already se5 x export$ to drive ,briti% %ips 9 =eign seas4 ,we h also not$ ! *imneys to ! h\ses 9 ,brita91 :i* are w>m$ by coal fires4 ,b ! *ief use is 9 ! indu/ries :i* give employm5t to s _m millions ( ! ,briti% p4 ,sid5ote3 #ae4 ,rope mak+4 ,n[1 ! indu/ries are *iefly textile1 or ( iron & /eel4 ,m5 require clo?+1 & ?is is mo/ly wov5 or textile2 & !y require tools ) :i* to "w1 & ^! are *iefly ( iron & /eel4 ,"h is ! simple/ =m ( textile indu/ry--! manufacture ( ropes & mats4 ,all ! textiles are made ( fibres1 :i* are mo/ly got ei!r f ! /alks & o!r fibr\s p>ts ( plants1 or f ! wool & hair ( animals4 ,9 old5 times m5 clo!d !mselves ) sk9s1 & /ill d 9 "s b>b>\s l&s2 b 9 ^! days ne>ly all ! _w we>s clo!s t are wov51 t is to say1 t are made ( fibres laid across "o ano!r & int]lac$ s t !y =m a %eet ( mat]ial4 ,! r\ghe/ fibres are fit = ! mak+ ( rope4 ,by ! weav+ ( rope1 mats ( "o sort or ano!r are manufactur$4 ,"h we h a factory = rope & mat mak+4 ,! fibres are be+ laid /raight1 & side by side1 9 ! ma*9]y4 ,we notice t ! ma*9es are driv5 by endless /raps1 work$ f a long %aft runn+ ?r\gh ! top ( ! %$4 ,! %aft is rotat$ by ! action ( a /eam eng9e1 :i* is1 ( c\rse1 driv5 by ! burn+ ( coal4 ,n[1 s9ce ! ma*9]y 0 made ) ! help ( coal-heat1 x foll[s t coal has be5 utilis$ twice ov] 9 ?is process--= ! mak+ & also = ! driv+ ( ! ma*9]y4 ,"o o!r ?+ we notice1 ! numb] ( wom5 employ$ to control ! ma*9]y4 ,wom5 us$ =m]ly to sp9 & weave clo? 9 _! own homes4 ,) ! introduction ( ma*9]y & /eam-p[] !y n[ h to p]=m ! same "w 9 factories4 ,sid5ote3 #af4 ,l95 ,sp9n+ ,mill4 ,sid5ote3 #ag4 ,dobbie ,loom4 ,sid5ote3 #ah4 ,jacqu>d ,loom4 ,!re are two ess5tial processes 9 all textile manufacture--sp9n+ & weav+4 ,9 its simple/ =m sp9n+ is ! mak+ ( rope1 & weav+ is ! int]lac+ ( rope 9 two directions = ! purpose ( mak+ a mat4 ,:5 ! rope is a delicate ?read we call x y>n1 & :5 ! mat is a f9e cotton or l95 fabric we call x clo?4 ,"h we h a l95 mill se5 f outside1 & "h a loom = ! weav+ ( ! spun flax4 ,a p[] loom driv5 by /eam c d ! "w ( v _m pairs ( h&s4 ,see ! sp9dles on :i* ! y>n is w\nd1 & ! clo? com+ f ! loom4 ,9 a h& loom !re w\ld be b a s+le sp9dle4 ,s t y c imag9e ! imm5se multiplication ( p[] due to ma*9]y4 ,"h is ano!r k9d ( loom4 ,note1 aga91 ! endless /raps & ! ov]head %aft+ connect$ ) ! eng9e4 ,sid5ote3 #ai4 ,a ,brad=d ,mill4 ,sid5ote3 #bj4 ,wool ,sp9n+4 ,sid5ote3 #ba4 ,cotton ,sp9n+4 ,let u glance = j a mom5t at ?is l>g] mill1 at ?is wool-sp9n+ room1 & at ?is cotton-sp9n+ room4 ,!y require no fur!r description1 = !y m]ely diff] 9 scale f ^? we h already /udi$4 ,sid5ote3 #bb4 ,glass ,bl[+4 ,sid5ote3 #bc4 ,glass ,bl[+4 ,& n[ we w turn f ! mak+ ( textiles1 :i* employs sev]al millions ( ! inhabitants ( ,brita91 & gives rise to p]haps ! l>ge/ s+le trade ( ,brita91 ! cotton trade4 ,let u turn f t to consid] ! o!r great gr\p ( ! indu/ries1 ^? :i* are bas$ ess5tially on ! melt+ ( metals by ! heat got f coal4 ,"o ( ! simple/ & "o ( ! olde/ =ms ( ?is is ! mak+ & bl[+ ( glass4 ,x is true t glass is n a metal1 b = indu/rial purposes x has _m prop]ties some:at simil> to ^? ( metals4 ,x c be melt$1 = in/ance1 & work$ :ile hot4 ,"h we h a man engag$ 9 bl[+ glass :i* has be5 melt$ by ! use ( coal4 ,& "h1 :5 he has bl[n ! bottle1 he is %ap+ x ) tools4 ,sid5ote3 #bd4 ,pott]y mak+4 ,sid5ote3 #be4 ,pott]y mak+4 ,a some:at simil> indu/ry1 al?\gh n involv+ ! melt+ ( ! mat]ial 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 is ! mak+ ( pott]y4 ,pott]y 0 =m]ly made 9 ! homes ( ! p1 & ! pott]'s :eel 0 work$ by ! foot1 z x /ill is 9 ! ,ea/4 ,b n[adays ! :eels ^u :i* ! pots are %ap$ are driv5 by /eam4 ,"h we h wom5 at "w ^u pott]y4 ,& 9 ! next slide are m5 engag$ ^u a simil> process1 b _! tools are driv5 by ! foot4 ,! pott]y t is be+ made 9 ?is in/ance is ( ! co/ly k9d1 :i* is produc$ 9 small quantity1 & dem&s arti/ic lab\r4 ,x requires s little p[] t x is n wor? :ile to drive ! ma*9]y by /eam4 ,9 l>ge measure /eam has n replac$ human skill = ! v f9e/ "w4 ,b ! mo/ important by f> ( ! indu/ries :i* are bas$ on ! use ( coal = ! melt+ ( ! raw mat]ial are ^? :i* deal ) iron & /eel4 ,sid5ote3 #bf4 ,bla/ ,furnace4 ,sid5ote3 #bg4 ,roll+ ,/eel4 ,"h we h a gr\p ( bla/ furnaces1 :]e ! iron ore is mix$ ) coal & burnt4 ,! molt5 iron fl[s out f ! bottom ( ! furnace & cools into long blocks kn[n z 8pigs40 ,x w\ld be impossible to %[ all ! processes ?r\gh :i* ! pig iron is pass$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! _m w>es made ( iron & /eel4 ,let u glance at a v few4 ,"h we h a man ins]t+ a :ite-hot1 ?ick1 %ort block ( metal into a ma*9e4 ,he w lift x f t plate ) 8 p9c]s & w ins]t x "u ! roll]4 ,! roll]1 cru%+ x1 w r$uce x 9 ?ickness & w greatly elongate x to ?is hot flexible rope4 ,:5 cold1 a /eel rod w be ! result4 ,sid5ote3 #bh4 ,mak+ an ,arm\r ,plate4 ,next we see a great %eet ( /eel com+ out ( ! furnace1 n melt$ b :ite hot4 ,?is is to be us$ z an arm\r plate on a battle%ip4 ,we see h[ t ! m5 are clo!d & mask$ = ! purpose ( /&+ ! heat1 & h[ t !y are arm$ ) tools appropriate = ! h&l+ ( ! hot metal4 ,sid5ote3 #bi4 ,/eam ,hamm]4 ,9 ?is slide hot blocks ( metal are be+ hamm]$ "u a /eam hamm]4 ,aga9 we notice t ! man is clo!d & mask$ 9 ord] t ! heat may n injure him4 ,! hamm] is desc5d+ rapidly ) repeat$ bl[s ^u ^! two pieces ( :ite hot metal1 &1 /rik+ !m z a blacksmi? w /rike two pieces ( iron on 8 anvil1 x =ces !m toge!r & welds !m into a s+le piece4 ,n[ we mu/ rememb] t coal is "h us$ no less ?an f\r times4 ,x heats ! metal to be =g$1 x raises ! hamm]1 & be=eh& x 0 us$ 9 ! smelt+ ( ! metal f its ore1 & also 9 ! mak+ ( ! hamm]4 ,sid5ote3 #cj4 ,bor+ a l>ge ,gun4 ,sid5ote3 #ca4 ,build+ an ,ironclad4 ,sid5ote3 #cb4 ,s4,s4 8,oceanic0 9 ,dock4 ,sid5ote3 #cc4 ,! laun*+ ( an ,ironclad4 ,b ! roll+ ( plates & b>s ( /eel1 & ! hamm]+ ( blocks ( hot metal toge!r1 are b ! fir/ & r\ghe/ processes 9 ! highly complicat$ indu/ries :]eby f rocks ( ! e>? are obta9$ ^? wond]ful complicat$ tools ( civilization :i* we call railways1 & bridges1 & locomotive eng9es1 & mail /eam]s1 & battle%ips1 & guns1 &--p]haps mo/ delicate ( all--! ma*9e-tools us$ 9 factories = ! mak+ ( ma*9]y4 ,let u consid] a few in/ances ( ^! m advanc$ processes4 ,"h we see "o ( ! f9e/ exhibitions ( p[]--! bor+ ( a /eel gun :ile cold4 ,next we see ! build+ ( a battle%ip1 also made ( /eel4 ,!n foll[s ! sight ( ! screws ( a great %ip4 ,^! screws are made ( ! mo/ f9ely temp]$ metal1 le/ !y %\ld break "u ! con/ant /ra9 to :i* !y are expos$4 ,f9ally we h "h ! laun*+ ( a battle%ip--an occasion ( rejoic+ & holiday at ! close ( a ye>'s task4 ,z %e floats %e displaces p]haps #ae1jjj tons ( wat]4 ,! great %ip is ( /eel f end to end4 ,x is ! product ( ! "w ( ?\s&s ( p--! colli]s :o got ! coal f ! colli]y2 ! m9]s :o got ! iron ore f ! m9e2 ! mak]s ( iron :o smelt$ ! iron f ! ore2 ! mak]s ( /eel :o conv]t$ ! iron into /eel2 ! roll]s ( b>s & plates1 ! build]s ( ! %ip & ! build]s ( ! eng9es4 ,pres5tly !re w h to be add$ also ! build]s ( ! guns4 ,!n we mu/ n =get ! p :o made ! ma*9]y :]e) ^! p work$1 & also ! p :o built ! h\ses1 & made ! clo!s1 & grew ! food1 :i* !y ne$$ = _! liv+4 ,?us a :ole society ( p is requir$ to con/ruct ! %ips :i* def5d ! ,empire ( ! ,k+4 ,let u turn = a mom5t to consid] ! l>ge t[ns 9 :i* ! ,briti% indu/ries are c>ri$ on4 ,we h "h a phase ( ! national life v diff]5t f ! quiet exi/5ce ( ! little m>ket t[ns :i* we saw 9 ! la/ ,lecture4 ,outside ,london1 !re are "s tw5ty v l>ge t[ns 9 ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,!re are ?ree ( !m--,glasg[1 ,liv]pool-,birk5head1 & ,man*e/]-,sal=d1 ea* ( :i* has a million p4 ,sid5ote3 #cd4 ,m5 ,leav+ ,works4 ,sid5ote3 #ce4 ,a ,hospital ,int]ior4 ,sid5ote3 #cf4 ,a ,s*ool ,int]ior4 ,sid5ote3 #cg4 ,a ,public ,p>k4 ,sid5ote3 #ch4 ,! ,municipal ,build+s1 ,glasg[4 ,?is is a cr[d ( work]s1 p\r+ out ( a factory at ! close ( _! "w4 ,d y note ! tall *imneys ( ! factory 9 ! backgr\nd8 ,!re are probably a hundr$ o!r factories 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,y may imag9e ! organisation t is ne$$ to supply ! wants ( ^! great populations4 ,food mu/ be ga!r$ f ! c\ntry di/ricts & f di/ant p>ts ( ! _w1 & mu/ be br\ght 9 daily to ! cr[d$ areas :]e millions ( m5 live & little or no food is gr[n4 ,& all ! wants ( ! p mu/ be att5d$ to on a simil> great scale4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 is a hospital1 9 :i* ! work]s :o *ance to be injur$ 9 ! pursuit ( _! daily duties are t5d$4 ,d y see ! nurses mov+ ab\t betwe5 ! b$s8 ,?is is a s*ool :]e ! *ildr5 are taught4 ,e *ild is compell$ by law to receive in/ruction4 ,& ?is is a p>k su* z h be5 provid$ = recreation 9 ! great prov9cial t[ns--,man*e/]1 ,liv]pool1 ,birm+ham1 ,glasg[1 & o!rs4 ,"h1 f9ally1 we h ! ,t[n ,hall 9 ! c5tre ( "o ( ^! t[ns1 :5ce a million ( p are gov]n$1 & :]e 9 ^! times ev5 ! g5]ation ( electricity = ! supply ( ! factories is organiz$4 ,note ! monum5ts erect$ to commemorate ! s]vices ( ^? citiz5s1 :o ei!r locally 9 ! t[n1 or 9 ! ,gov]nm5t 9 ,london1 or 9 ! p>ts ( ! ,empire beyond ! seas1 h des]v$ well ( p & ,k+4 ,"o ?+ m rema9s to be consid]$4 ,we h se5 some?+ ( ! metropolis1 some?+ ( ! rural di/ricts1 ! small c\ntry t[ns1 ! fi%+ ports1 & ! great indu/rial t[ns4 ,b1 9 ^! days1 ! :ole l& ( ,brita9 is knit closely into a s+le community by ! facts t ! great] "p ( its food & raw mat]ial = manufacture mu/ be di/ribut$ f ! seaports1 t mod]n means ( communication h s r$uc$ space )9 ! isl&s t almo/ e village has a telegraph (fice1 & t ! extreme ends ( ! isl& are n m ?an #bd h\rs ap>t by express tra94 ,let u look at a few aspects ( ^! mo/ rec5t developm5ts4 ,sid5ote3 #ci4 ,corn ,mill1 ext]ior4 ,sid5ote3 #dj4 ,corn ,mill1 int]ior4 ,sid5ote3 #da4 ,pack+ ,biscuits at ,read+4 ,sid5ote3 #db4 ,locomotive ,eng9e1 ,great ,we/]n ,railway4 ,sid5ote3 #dc4 ,f\r-l9e ,track ) ,london & ,nor? ,we/]n ,express4 ,sid5ote3 #dd4 ,9 a ,travell+ ,po/ ,(fice4 ,"h is a l>ge corn mill1 & "h ! int]ior ( su* a mill4 ,! gra9 is lift$ f ! import+ %ip & c>ri$ on ^! /raps1 runn+ on roll]s1 to ! place :]e x is to be /or$4 ,& "h is a sc5e ( int]e/ to all ,britons :o g to ! remot] fronti]s ( ! ,empire4 ,x repres5ts ! pack+ ( biscuits 9 t9 boxes = export4 ,! food hav+ be5 import$ is c>ri$ into all ! l& by railways4 ,! ,briti% railways are1 ( c\rse1 relatively %ort1 b run ?r\gh d5se populations1 & are probably ! mo/ effici5t 9 ! _w4 ,"h is a rec5t express eng9e capable ( haul+ a pass5g] tra9 )\t /opp+ = #cjj miles4 ,next we see su* an express runn+ on a f\r-l9e track & pick+ up wat] = its boil] f tr\ghs laid betwe5 ! rails4 ,"t is v valuable 9 ,brita94 ,"h1 z an in/ance1 is ! int]ior ( a travell+ po/ (fice1 :i* runs on express tra9s4 ,! lett]s are sort$ on ! road1 & ! mail bags ?r[n out & caught up at fix$ po9ts :ile ! tra9 runs4 ,sid5ote3 #de4 ,! ,=? ,bridge4 ,p]haps ! gr&e/ feat ( eng9e]+ 9 connection ) ! ,briti% railways is ! ,=? ,bridge4 ,see h[ small ! h\ses appe> :5 comp>$ ) x4 ,sid5ote3 #df4 ,electric ,p[] ,/ation1 ,*elsea4 ,sid5ote3 #dg4 ,electric ,tra9 on ,metropolitan ,di/rict ,railway4 ,b ano!r revolution 9 all ! conditions ( ,briti% life is n[ prep>+4 ,electricity is be+ us$ to di/ribute p[] f great fix$ eng9es1 & locomotive /eam eng9es h already be5 displac$ on ! %ort] l9es4 ,"h is "p ( ! int]ior ( ! l>ge/ p[] /ation 9 ! _w1 :]e is g5]at$ ! electricity = f\r railways :i* trav]se ,london4 ,?is is ! boil] h\se1 ) automatic /ok]s4 ,& la/ we h an electric tra94 ,y note ! abs5ce ( a locomotive4 ,?us we see h[ ! #dc million p ( ,brita9 co-op]ate 9 a s+le va/ complex ma*9e4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t x is n only ! pres5t g5]ation :i* has made ,brita9 su* z we see x1 b _m millions 9 ! pa/1 ! results ( ^: "w we ( to-day h inh]it$4 ,,lecture ,,vii4 ,,! ,,def5ces ,,( ,,! ,,empire4 ,?\gh we are s _m miles away1 ,i ?9k y w agree t 9 ! pa/ six ,lectures we h se5 some?+ ( ! two isl&s :i* are ! c5tre ( ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,^! isl&s are int]e/+ to u because ! great ,empire ( :i* we are a "p has gr[n f !m4 ,let u devote ?is la/ ,lecture to ! ,empire z a :ole4 ,let u le>n h[ x is held toge!r1 & h[ x is def5d$1 s t !re may be peace & ju/ice 9 all its p>ts4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,map ( ,empire ) ,naval ,bases4 ,9 ?is map we see once m t ! ,briti% ,empire consi/s ( a l>ge numb] ( sep>ate l&s scatt]$ ov] ! _w4 ,we h fir/ ( all ! two ,briti% ,isl&s set 9 ! sea (f ! coa/ ( ,europe4 ,!y are sep>at$ by wat] f ! milit>y p[]s ( ,europe1 & h no l& fronti] ov] :i* invasion may come4 ,!n we h 9 ,nor? ,am]ica ! great ,dom9ion ( ,canada1 encompass$ on ! ea/ & nor? & on mo/ ( ! we/ by ! ocean1 ) l& fronti]s only t[>ds ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,next we h ! ,au/ralasian ,colonies1 all ( !m isl&s1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,"m ,c\ntry4 ,!re are f\r consid]able isl&s 9 ! ,s\? ,seas--,au/ralia1 ,tasmania1 & ! ,nor? ,isl& & ! ,s\? ,isl& ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,cross+ ! ,indian ,ocean we come to ,s\? ,africa1 ) wat] on ?ree sides4 ,al?\gh ,s\? ,africa appe>s to be neighb\r$ by o!r ,/ates on ! nor?1 yet x is :olly diff]5t f ,india or ,canada1 or "o ( ! great p[]s ( ,europe1 because ! adjac5t t]ritories are only ?9ly peopl$1 ma9ly by savages4 ,s\? ,africa is1 !re=e1 isolat$ almo/ z effectively z is ,au/ralia4 ,!n we come to ,india ) ocean to ! s\?-ea/ & to ! s\?-we/1 ) ! bleak tablel& ( ,tibet to ! nor?-ea/1 & ) accessible neighb\rs only to ! nor?-we/4 ,ev5 ,egypt & ! ,s\dan1 :i* appe> to h great l5g?s ( l& fronti]1 are 9 effect deta*$ by ! des]t1 & h>dly less secure ?an if !y 7 surr\nd$ by wat]4 ,la/ly1 we h on ei!r side ( ! ,atlantic ,we/ ,africa & ! ,we/ ,india colonies4 ,^! are ! l>g] l&s :i* =m ! ,briti% ,empire1 or are protect$ by x4 ,9 addition1 !re are _m isl&s--"s ( !m weal?y & important out ( all proportion to _! size1 because !y are trade c5tres or are cov]$ ) tropical plantations4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,! ,cables ( ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,b ! m]e enum]ation ( ! l&s ( ! ,briti% ,empire gives little idea ( :at t ,empire really is4 ,all ^! l&s1 sev]$ by ocean & m\nta9 & des]t1 w\ld be sep>ate c\ntries 7 !y n ti$ toge!r by "s #i1jjj /eam]s & _m ?\s& miles ( subm>9e electric cable4 ,!re=e1 ! /eam]s ^u ! ocean & ! cables ^u ! b$ ( ! ocean mu/ be c\nt$ z important elem5ts 9 ! mat]ial fabric ( ! ,empire4 ,x is !y1 & !y alone1 :i* give x unity4 ,n[ x is cle> t = practical purposes ! ,briti% ,empire has only two l& fronti]s--! "o on ! nor?-we/ ( ,india1 ! o!r on ! s\? ( ,canada4 ,x is !re=e obvi\s t an attack ^u any o!r "p ( ! ,empire mu/ be conduct$ ov] ! wat]4 ,ev5 if !re 7 attack ^u ! l& fronti]s1 ! enemy w\ld und\bt$ly op]ate also ^u ! ocean = ! purpose ( break+ ! communications betwe5 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,empire4 ,he w\ld seek to de/roy ! /eam]s & cables1 s t "o "p ( ! ,empire might n s5d help to ano!r "p4 ,! fir/ int]e/1 !re=e1 ( e section ( ! ,briti% ,empire1 is t !re %\ld be peace ^u ! ocean1 s t ! /eam]s may ply regul>ly & t ! cables may n be di/urb$4 ,if ! ,briti% ,navy 7 defeat$1 ! ,empire c\ld no long] exi/4 ,d y rememb] ! map :i* 0 %[n e>ly 9 ! fir/ lecture1 giv+ ! l&s ( ! _w 9 black s t !y might contra/ ) ! blue sea8 ,& d y rememb] t ! object ( t map 0 to prove t all ! l&s ( ! _w1 ev5 ! greate/ cont95ts1 are surr\nd$ by ! ocean1 & are 9 reality isl&s8 ,! ocean1 !re=e1 is a s+le va/ %eet ( wat] cov]+ ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! globe4 ,a squadron ( %ips c 9 a voyage ( ab\t a mon? g to any po9t on ! coa/s ( ! _w4 ,cle>ly !n "o ,navy w suffice = ! sea def5ce ( e l& 9 ! ,briti% ,empire1 = if ! enemy's fleet is attack+ "o "p1 a ,briti% fleet c g to t "p1 sure t ! oppon5t fleet is n 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w4 ,b if ! enemy divid$ 8 fleet !n ! ,briti% fleet c be divid$ to meet him4 ,! battle%ips ( ,brita9 are mov+ =tresses1 :i* c be c>ri$ ov] ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! _w in/ead ( be+ fix$ at a s+le po9t z !y w\ld be if !y 7 on l&4 ,i ne$ h>dly rem9d y1 h[ev]1 t a %ip c only keep ! sea :ile x has coal & food4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh "o ,navy is en\gh--provid+ x be /rong--= ! def5ce ( e "p ( ! ,briti% ,empire1 yet x is ess5tial t :]ev] a ,briti% fleet may g x %\ld f9d at no great di/ance ,briti% ports ready f "t to "t to equip x afre%4 ,x is 9 ,brita9's p[] 9 "o %ort mon? to s5d a great fleet ( battle%ips to any "p ( ! ocean :]e !y may be requir$4 ,!y w\ld arrive ready = action1 because at ea* /age ( _! j\rney !re w\ld be ,briti% h>b\rs to repl5i% _! /ores & to make good defects4 ,on ! direct r\te to ,india1 = in/ance1 we h ,gibralt>1 ,malta1 & ,ad54 ,on ! alt]native r\te1 r\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 are ,si]ra ,leone1 ,asc5sion1 ,/4 ,hel5a1 ,simon/[n1 & ,mauritius4 ,!re=e1 :ile ! ,navy def5ds all p>ts ( ! ,empire1 ea* "p has also a duty to ! ,navy4 ,! mo/ necess>y lesson to le>n 9 reg>d to ! sea p[] ( ,brita9 is t ev5 ?\gh no battle fleet %\ld dur+ long ye>s visit our own wat]s1 yet our comm]ce & our peace dep5d ^u ! ,navy4 ,ow+ to ! ,briti% sea p[] ,hong ,kong1 = in/ance1 n[ /&s f\r? among all ! ports ( ! _w 9 ! tonnage ( its %ipp+4 ,x is solely because ! battle%ips ( ! _w1 except ^? ( our ally1 ,japan1 are at pres5t 9 we/]n wat]s t ! ,briti% battle%ips are conc5trat$ !re to wat* !m4 ,d y realise ! economy ( ! ,briti% ,empire8 ,"o ,navy def5ds "o-fif? ( all ! l&s on ! globe4 ,7 ,india & ,canada & ,au/ralia & ,s\? ,africa sep>ate /ates1 ea* mu/ ma9ta9 a navy1 & ! navy ( ea* w\ld be useless unless x 7 /rong en\gh to cont5d ) ! o!r great navies ( ! _w4 ,ev5 ! res\rces ( ,india w\ld n suffice to ma9ta9 a great fleet )\t v heavy taxation4 ,indian security & prosp]ity are at pres5t :olly 9 ! keep+ ( ! ,briti% ,navy4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,fir/-,class ,battle%ip1 ,h4,m4,s4 8,dreadn\ght40 ,let u consid] t ,navy = a few mom5ts z x exi/s at ! pres5t "t4 ,x consi/s 9 ! fir/ place ( battle%ips1 ea* be>+ a few p[]ful guns4 ,! %ip is p>tly clad 9 /eel arm\r to resi/ ho/ile %ot4 ,! guns c fire ) accuracy to a di/ance ( sev]al miles4 ,! crew numb]s "s #hjj skill$ m54 ,! eng9es h ! /r5g? ( #bj1jjj horses4 ,! :ole va/ =tress1 ) h] regim5t ( m51 c be propell$ ov] ! ocean at ! rate ( #bj miles an h\r4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t ! /ronge/ battle%ip afloat w\ld run ! risk ( defeat if %e 7 attack$ simultane\sly by sev]al ho/ile battle%ips4 ,!re=e1 ! ,briti% battle%ips move 9 squadrons ( six or eight1 & to ensure victory ^! squadrons are gr\p$ 9 fleets1 & all ! battle-fleets ( ! ,briti% ,navy are n[ ga!r$ 9 ,atlantic & ,m$it]ranean wat]s1 because x happ5s t j n[ all o!r battle-fleets b t ( our ally are collect$ 9 ^? wat]s4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! ,briti% battle%ips are n di/ribut$--"h a %ip & !re a %ip--ov] all ! _w1 b are ga!r$ toge!r 9 "o "p4 ,%\ld occasion require x1 !y c g toge!r to any o!r "p4 ,^?1 !re=e1 :o ask t battle%ips %\ld be s5t1 a few "h & a few !re1 to def5d e ?reat5$ port1 d n "k ! fir/ pr9ciple ( success 9 w>4 ,if y divide y\r =ce1 ev5 a small fleet--if v effici5t--might defeat y by fight+ ea* ( y\r divisions 9 turn4 ,9 w> y mu/ conc5trate to w94 ,sid5ote3 #d4 ,fir/-,class ,cruis]4 ,h4,m4,s4 8,c>n>von40 ,s mu* = ! battle%ip4 ,b "h is a %ip appe>+ z l>ge & important z any battle%ip4 ,x is a fir/-class arm\r$ cruis]4 ,h] eng9es are1 x any?+1 ev5 m p[]ful ?an ^? ( a battle%ip4 ,%e c>ries m coal & c keep ! sea = a long] "t )\t return+ to port1 b h] guns are n q s p[]ful z ^? ( a battle%ip1 nor is h] arm\r q s ?ick4 ,!re are o!r cruis]s1 some:at less p[]ful ?an arm\r$ cruis]s1 :i* are said to be protect$1 because !y c>ry less def5ce aga9/ %ot1 & !re are /ill o!rs kn[n z sc\ts1 ^: "n reveals _! special purpose4 ,n[ :at is ! object ( ^! cruis]s8 ,?is is an important "q1 because ! ,briti% ,navy conta9s m cruis]s ( "o k9d & ano!r ?an battle%ips1 & yet victory 9 battle is det]m9$ by /r5g? ( battle%ips m ?an ( cruis]s4 ,! fir/ object ( a cruis] is to obta9 intellig5ce = ! battle%ips4 ,al?\gh a battle%ip c move fa/1 yet %e _c move s fa/ z %ips t h n to be> su* va/ weights4 ,! cruis]s f9d out = ! battle%ips :at is go+ on 9 seas ar\nd1 & :e!r ! enemy is ne>4 ,( c\rse !y mu/ be prep>$ to fight ! enemy's cruis]s1 & to prev5t !m f approa*+ to ga9 in=mation = _! own admiral4 ,9 ^! days cruis]s communicate ) ! battle-fleets by wireless telegraphy1 & by act+ toge!r1 s t a message is tak5 up & pass$ on by successive %ips1 an imm5se area ( sea may be cov]$1 & ev5 ! di/ant position ( ! enemy's fleet may be asc]ta9$4 ,b ! cruis]s h also ano!r function1 :i* is to def5d comm]ce4 ,"h aga9 y mu/ n measure ! protection giv5 to our comm]ce by ! frequ5cy ) :i* y see our cruis]s4 ,9 "t ( w> x w\ld n z a rule be ! duty ( cruis]s to accompany or1 z a phrase is1 to convoy our m]*ant %ips f port to port4 ,y w rememb] t we h #i1jjj ocean-go+ /eam]s1 & we %\ld h to build an imm5se & co/ly fleet ( cruis]s1 if we 7 go+ to protect !m all by ! me?od ( convoy4 ,let u try to und]/& ! action ( cruis]s by comp>+ !m to policem5 ^u ! l&4 ,9 almo/ e community !re are a c]ta9 numb] ( ?ieves1 :o f "t to "t break into h\ses & /eal1 b we d n protect our h\ses by hav+ a policeman always on gu>d 9 ea*4 ,our me?od is to detect ! ?ieves & to arre/ !m4 ,9 o!r words1 our aim is n s mu* to def5d our h\ses f robb]y1 z to remove ! ?ieves f society4 ,precisely 9 ! same way our cruis]s w\ld n s mu* def5d our m]*antm51 z hunt d[n & de/roy ! cruis]s ( ! enemy :o broke ! peace ( ! ocean4 ,our aim w\ld be s to cle> ! wat] ( ho/ile cruis]s t our l9]s might /eam ) ! same regul>ity & c]ta9ty 9 "t ( w> z 9 "t ( peace4 ,sid5ote3 #e4 ,fir/-class ,de/roy]4 ,h4,m4,s4 8,d]w5t40 ,sid5ote3 #f4 ,subm>9e ,boat pass+ ! 8,victory40 ,battles at sea are won by ! use ( battle%ips to fight & ( cruis]s to give in=mation & to prev5t ! enemy f ga9+ in=mation4 ,b ne> ! coa/1 & ev5 on ! high seas :5 ! l>g] %ips h be5 injur$1 !re is scope = small] vessels1 :i* laun* torp$oes aga9/ ! enemy4 ,"s ( ^! vessels float on ! surface & are kn[n z de/roy]s4 ,!y move ) great spe$ s z to avoid ! enemy's %ot1 & _! be/ opportunity is by night or 9 ?ick wea!r4 ,o!rs dive bel[ ! surface & are kn[n z subm>9es4 ,!y seek to avoid ! enemy by pass+ out ( 8 sight1 & might ?us deliv] an attack by day4 ,n[ ^! are ! p>ts ( a fleet4 ,! battle%ips :i* d ! s]i\s fight+1 ! cruis]s :i* cov] ! battle%ips1 & ! torp$o craft :i* are us$ to complete ! de/ruction ( an enemy's fleet or to def5d n>r[ & difficult wat]s1 :]e %ips _c move ) spe$ & fre$om4 ,we ne$ n ?9k1 h[ev]1 t a fleet mu/ always fight4 ,if x 7 /rong en\gh1 ! enemy w\ld n risk a battle1 b w\ld take refuge 9 8 h>b\rs4 ,x w\ld be ! duty ( a ,briti% fleet to wat* ^! h>b\rs closely 9 ord] to attack ! enemy at once if he came out4 ,our comm]ce c\ld !n proce$ peacefully1 because ! enemy w\ld h no %ips 9 position to attack x4 ,s y see t a /rong ,navy makes = peace1 :]eas a weak ,navy *all5ges to battle4 ,be=e we leave ?is picture ( a subm>9e let u note alongside ! old sail+ battle%ip1 ,nelson's 8,victory40 ,y see ! ?ree :ite /ripes along h] sides1 ea* pi]c$ by _m por?oles4 ,9 ! "t ( ,nelson !re 0 a gun 9 ea* por?ole1 s t ! old battle%ip sail$ ^u ! w9d & f\ght ) _m small guns4 ,sid5ote3 #g4 ,colli] %ipp+ ,coal at ,c>diff4 ,n[adays a fleet moves by /eam & consumes mu* coal4 ,! be/ coal = fight+ purposes is t :i* gives little smoke1 & ?us does n reveal a fleet to ! enemy or obscure tactical signall+4 ,ne>ly all ! smokeless coal ( ! _w is got f ,s\? ,wales 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s4 ,"h is a /eam colli] %ipp+ su* coal at ! port ( ,c>diff4 ,?is vessel c>ries ab\t #b1cjj tons ( coal1 & c be load$ 9 two h\rs4 ,ea* ( ! f\r tips :i* y see is capable ( %ipp+ a #aj-ton waggon e m9ute1 s t ! %ip receives #dj tons a m9ute4 ,"o ( our great fleets1 su* z ! ,m$it]ranean ,fleet consumes ab\t a %ipload ( coal e day4 ,?us y realise ( :at significance w\ld be coal+ /ations ( ! ,indian ,ocean %\ld x ev] aga9 be necess>y to s5d a battle-fleet into our wat]s4 ,sid5ote3 #h4 ,qu>t]-deck ( ,h4,m4,s4 8,maje/ic0 %[+ #ab-;in* guns4 ,sid5ote3 #i4 ,six-gun 9 action4 ,sid5ote3 #aj4 ,! same4 ,sid5ote3 #aa4 ,gun 9 action 7,m>9es47 ,sid5ote3 #ab4 ,hoi/+ projectiles4 ,n[ let u g quickly ?r\gh a few typical sc5es on a man-(-w> & let u le>n some?+ ( ! life ( ! sailors :o navigate & fight h]4 ,?is is ! qu>t]-deck ( ,8 ,maje/y's ,%ip1 8,maje/ic40 ,! two guns :i* y see h a bore #ab in*es 9 diamet]4 ,"h is a #f-;in* quick fir+ gun ) h] crew 9 battle position4 ,d y see ! m5 to ! left :o are hoi/+ ! ammunition f ! dep?s ( ! %ip8 ,"h is a ne>] view ( ! same gun4 ,& "h yet ano!r ) ! gun's crew1 ?is "t n ( bluejackets1 b ( m>9es4 ,e l>ge man-(-w> c>ries a c]ta9 numb] ( m5 tra9$ to act z soldi]s :o are call$ m>9es4 ,^! help to fight h] guns & are s5t a%ore %\ld x be necess>y to l& a =ce to deal ) "s local difficulty4 ,"h we h yet ano!r sc5e on deck :]e seam51 or bluejackets z !y are call$1 are hoi/+ ammunition f ! magaz9e4 ,sid5ote3 #ac4 ,(fic]s ( ,h4,m4,s4 8,fawn0 9 oilsk9s4 ,sid5ote3 #ad4 ,lieut5ant ( ,h4,m4,s4 8,fawn0 9 lammy suit4 ,sid5ote3 #ae4 ,clean+ arms1 ,h4,m4,s4 8,diadem40 ,sid5ote3 #af4 ,morn+ ,pray]4 ,sid5ote3 #ag4 ,sub-,lieut5ants at ,field-,gun ,drill4 ,m5-(-w> are built ( /eel4 ,!y are mov$ by coal & /eam1 & _! guns fire arm\r-pi]c+ projectiles & %ells fill$ ) high explosives4 ,b !re is "o o!r sub/ance ess5tial to a fleet1 & t is bra94 ,a gun1 h[ev] p[]ful1 is useless unless ! gunn] aims ) accuracy4 ,a %ip1 h[ev] spe$y1 is comp>atively useless unless h&l$ ) skill4 ,a fleet1 h[ev] num]\s1 may be defeat$ unless controll$ by a good admiral4 ,!re=e ! greate/ importance is atta*$ 9 ! ,briti% ,navy to ! effici5cy ( ! m5 & ! (fic]s4 ,x takes sev]al ye>s to make a seaman1 & a bluejacket s]ves = no less ?an #ab ye>s1 b x takes long] to make an (fic]4 ,he beg9s to le>n z a boy1 & he is always aft]w>ds le>n+4 ,he is taught by 8 s5iors 9 ! s]vice4 ,!re=e y w und]/& t no nation c build up an effective navy v quickly4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 x has no (fic]s to tea* ^? :o come aft]4 ,ev5 at ! end ( sev]al ye>s x c\ld only h a few (fic]s ( skill4 ,s y w und]/& t x has tak5 sev]al g5]ations to tra9 ! great s]vice to :i* ! naval (fic]s ( ,brita9 belong4 ,"h are f\r ( !m 9 _! wat]pro(s on a wet or r\gh day4 ,"h is ano!r 9 ?ick clo?+ = a cold] day4 ,"h1 to ! left ( ! picture1 is a w>rant (fic] sup]9t5d+ 8 m5 :ile !y clean _! rifles4 ,& "h1 to give y an idea ( ! comrade%ip ( ! m5 :o sp5d _! lives toge!r 9 ! small space ( a %ip & 9 ! pres5ce ( dang]1 is a sc5e on deck :5 ! %ip's crew are mu/]$ = morn+ pray]4 ,"o la/ slide & we mu/ turn f ! navy to ! army4 ,"h are "s sub-lieut5ants at field-gun drill ^u ! l&4 ,x (t5 happ5s t our %ips mu/ s5d m5 a%ore to fight 9 our l& w>s1 because1 naturally1 our m5-(-w> are v frequ5tly fir/ on ! spot1 & if ! enemy does n ?reat5 a sea-fight1 ! sailors are free to def5d or to attack be=e ! soldi]s arrive4 ,y may1 p]haps1 rememb] t 9 ! ,s\? ,african w> !re 0 a naval brigade at ! def5ce ( ,ladysmi?4 ,if y h foll[$ me ?us f>1 ,i ?9k t y w h little difficulty 9 und]/&+ ! "p 9 ! def5ce ( ! ,empire :i* has to be play$ by our l& =ces4 ,if y h fully realis$ ! necessity = conc5trat+ battle%ips into great fleets1 & = us+ cruis]s boldly to hunt d[n ! comm]ce de/roy]s ( ! enemy1 y w h le>nt t incid5tally mo/ ( ! %ores ( ! ,empire are at times laid op51 p]haps n to invasion 9 =ce1 b at lea/ to raids by ho/ile cruis]s & small milit>y =ces escort$ by !m4 ,x w\ld be v co/ly to tie adequate fleets to e ?reat5$ po9t4 ,9 n9e cases out ( t5 ! :ole w> w\ld g by1 & ! enemy w\ld nev] come into ! neighb\rhood ( su* a ti$ =ce4 ,moreov]1 defeat 9 ! crucial battle w\ld be risk$ 9 ?is attempt to give to e comm]cial c5tre ! protection = :i* 9 panic x cri$ out4 ,sid5ote3 #ah4 ,cape ,t[n4 ,! alt]native is to free ! fleet = its prop] purpose ( attack+ ! enemy & cle>+ him f ! ocean1 by provid+ su* l& =ces 9 ea* locality z %all suffice to deal ) any likely attack4 ,m especially is x ne$ful to protect ! coal+ & refitt+ /ations ( ! fleet1 9 ord] t 9 ea* sea ! %ips may f9d ! refre%m5t !y require1 & may n h to return to di/ant ports :ile ! enemy's cruis]s are left unwat*$4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 is ,cape ,t[n1 a q likely refuge = our damag$ %ips 9 c]ta9 cont+5cies4 ,x might happ51 ?\gh x is n v probable1 t ,cape ,t[n %\ld be seiz$ by a ho/ile raid+ =ce1 ^: aim 0 to injure ! trade go+ r\nd ! ,cape to ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal&4 ,n[ x is cle> t if a ,briti% cruis] squadron _h to wat* ! ,cape x c\ld n hunt = ! enemy's cruis]s 9 ! adjo9+ ocean4 ,9 "t ( w> x might !re=e be ne$ful1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 to ma9ta9 9 ,cape ,t[n & its neighb\rhood su* a l& =ce z w\ld suffice to d5y ! ,cape h>b\rs to ! enemy4 ,?is is call$ ! local def5ce ( ! ,empire4 ,sid5ote3 #ai4 ,new ,s\? ,wales ,lanc]s4 ,sid5ote3 #bj4 ,royal ,canadian ,artill]y4 ,sid5ote3 #ba4 ,a ,b5gal ,lanc]4 ,sid5ote3 #bb4 ,madras ,lanc]s4 ,sid5ote3 #bc4 ,bombay ,artill]yman4 ,sid5ote3 #bd4 ,a ,goorkha4 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,briti% ,t]ritory we f9d local armies int5d$ = ! purpose "h describ$4 ,9 ?is slide1 = in/ance1 we h a troop ( ,new ,s\? ,wales ,lanc]s1 z typical ( ! ,au/ralian ,=ces ( ! ,k+4 ,9 ! next is a batt]y ( ,canadian ,artill]y pass+ ?r\gh a /reet 9 ,ottawa :5 ! w9t] sn[ is on ! gr\nd4 ,!n we come to ! great ,indian ,army4 ,x is compos$1 z y "k1 ( soldi]s ( _m diff]5t races--( ,engli%m5 & ,scot*m51 :o us$ =m]ly to fight ) "o ano!r 9 ! ,briti% ,isles--& ( su* peoples z ! ,m>a?as & ! ,mohamm$ans1 :o us$ =m]ly to fight ) "o ano!r 9 ,india4 ,all are n[ comb9$ = ! def5ce ( ! ,empire1 s t !re may be peace & ord] f ! ,himalayas to ! ocean4 ,"h we h a ,b5gal ,lanc]1 we>+ a m$al :i* he has won 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,emp]or2 & "h a gr\p ( ,madras ,lanc]s--z y see by _! /ripes non-commission$ (fic]s4 ,!n foll[s a ,bombay ,artill]yman1 ) a :ole r[ ( m$als on 8 brea/1 a man :o has se5 repeat$ s]vice 9 ! def5ce ( 8 c\ntry4 ,& !n aga9 we h a ,goorkha4 ,^! f\r repres5tatives ( ! ,indian ,army1 f ! ea/1 ! s\?1 ! we/ & ! nor?1 mu/ suffice to rem9d u ( ! "p we play 9 ! great def5sive s*eme ( ! ,empire4 ,sid5ote3 #be4 ,hong ,kong ,regim5t4 ,sid5ote3 #bf4 ,malay ,/ates ,guides4 ,sid5ote3 #bg4 ,we/ ,india ,regim5t4 ,!re are _m o!r local =ces 9 our v>i\s l&s4 ,"h = in/ance are "s ,sikhs ( ! ,hong ,kong ,regim5t1 & !n we h a private ( ! ,malay ,/ates ,guides4 ,!n1 cross+ half ! _w1 f ! ea/ to ! we/1 we come to a soldi] ( ! ,we/ ,indian ,regim5t1 :o s]ve bo? 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & 9 ,we/ ,africa4 ,?is man we may note is a s]geant1 & he we>s ! ,victoria ,cross = conspicu\s c\rage4 ,! ,victoria ,cross may be won ei!r by an (fic] or a private1 a soldi] or a sailor1 ( any race ?r\gh\t ! _w :i* s]ves 9 ! ,armies or ! ,navy ( our ,emp]or4 ,sid5ote3 #bh4 ,we/ ,african ,fronti] ,=ce4 ,sid5ote3 #bi4 ,soldi] ( ,we/ ,african ,fronti] ,=ce4 ,sid5ote3 #cj4 ,m\nt$ ,infantry 9 ! ,kano-,sokoto ,exp$ition1 #aijc4 ,!re are o!r =ces 9 ,we/ ,africa besides ! ,we/ ,indian ,regim5t4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 is ! ,lagos ,battalion ( ! ,we/ ,african ,fronti] ,=ce drawn up on ! ,p>ade ,gr\nd at ,lagos4 ,& "h is a soldi] ( ! ,gambia ,company ( ! same =ce4 ,!re are frequ5t small w>s 9 ! wild] p>ts ( ! ,we/ ,african ,colonies & ,protectorates1 "o ( :i*1 ,nig]ia1 is half z l>ge z ,india1 ?\gh ( c\rse n s popul\s4 ,"h is a sc5e typical ( ! v>i$ difficulties :i* h to be met by ! v v>i$ army ( our ,k+4 ,m\nt$ ,infantry ( ,we/ ,african soldi]s1 comm&$ by :ite (fic]s1 h arriv$ at "s wells1 "o ( :i* is to be se5 at ! foot ( ! (fic] on ! "r4 ,un=tunately on ?is occasion a c>avan ) cattle _h pass$ & drawn all ! wat]1 s t ! column _h to move on ano!r #aj or #ab miles4 ,su* are ! difficulties to be enc\nt]$ on ! fronti]s ( ! ,empire4 ,x is evid5t t local m5 w meet ^! difficulties mo/ easily4 ,ea* race kn[s its own l& be/4 ,!re=e1 :ile ! ,k+ has "o ,navy to def5d ! :ole ,empire1 he has _m ,armies 9 its diff]5t p>ts4 ,bo? ! ,navy & ! ,armies are ess5tial to "o ano!r4 ,z long z ! ,navy keeps ! sea1 no great =ce c invade ! ,briti% ,empire1 except on its two l& fronti]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,navy c only be free to comm& ! sea if ! ,k+'s subjects 9 ea* l& are prep>$ to def5d ! ,naval ,bases %\ld x be necess>y4 ,sid5ote3 #ca4 ,map ( ,_w %[+ position ( important campaigns on l& s9ce #affj4 ,!re is "o ?+ m1 h[ev]1 to be add$4 ,battle%ips & cruis]s c sail ov] all ! ocean1 except :]e cov]$ ) ! nor!rn & ! s\!rn ice4 ,?ree-qu>t]s ( ! _w1 !re=e1 lies op5 to !m4 ,b battle%ips & cruis]s _c sail ov] ! pla9s & ! m\nta9s4 ,x is1 h5ce (t5 necess>y1 :5 ! enemy has be5 defeat$ at sea1 to l& a ,briti% ,army 9 ord] to a*ieve a giv5 end4 ,9 ?is map ea* r$ dot1 & y see h[ _m !re are1 m>ks ! position ( a l& campaign f\ght by ,brita9 9 ! la/ two c5turies & a-half4 ,! mo/ /rik+ fact is t no dot is plac$ 9 ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,!re 7 a few small battles f\ght 9 ,brita9 dur+ ! fir/ hundr$ ye>s ( ?is "t1 b no great campaigns 9 ! s5se t !re 7 ,briti% campaigns on ! ma9l&s ( ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa & ,am]ica4 ,_h all ! small w>s be5 ins]t$1 "s p>ts ( ! cont95ts w\ld h be5 col\r$ r$ all ov]1 = ! dots w\ld h jo9$4 ,n[ ,i ?9k we may draw ?is conclusion f ! map--t ! ,briti% ,navy has sav$ ! ,briti% ,isles f w> on l&1 b t ! ,briti% ,army has (t5 c>ri$ w> into ! c\ntry ( its oppon5ts4 ,! ,army is n[ /ation$ *iefly 9 ,india1 because ( ! ,indian ,l& ,fronti] 9 ! nor?-we/1 & 9 ! ,briti% ,isles1 b portions ( x are also 9 ,gibralt>1 9 ,malta1 9 ,egypt1 9 ,s\? ,africa1 & 9 o!r p>ts4 ,y w rememb]1 ( c\rse1 t :5 we visit$ ,london 9 ! second ( ^! ,lectures1 we came repeat$ly to ! names ,trafalg> & ,wat]loo4 ,trafalg> 0 ,brita9's culm9at+ victory on ! ocean4 ,x 0 f\ght by a fleet ( battle%ips 9 ord] to free ! ocean f ,brita9's enemies1 & to all[ h] comm]ce to gr[ & h] ,colonies to h peace1 al?\gh !re 0 w> on ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,! battle ( ,wat]loo 0 ,brita9's great victory on ! l&1 f\ght 9 ,europe by h] ,army & t ( h] allies t5 ye>s aft] ,trafalg>4 ,! ,colonies _h peace by reason ( ,trafalg>1 b ,wat]loo br\ght ! w> to an end4 ,sid5ote3 #cb4 ,battle ( ,trafalg>1 %[+ types ( %ips4 ,sid5ote3 #cc4 ,dea? ( ,nelson1 %[+ types ( sailors4 ,sid5ote3 #cd4 ,well+ton at ,wat]loo4 ,sid5ote3 #ce4 ,battle ( ,wat]loo1 ,briti% squ>es prep>$ to resi/ cavalry4 ,sid5ote3 #cf4 ,s\? ,african ,battlefield--soldi]s tak+ cov] on ! ,veldt4 ,sid5ote3 #cg4 ,s\? ,african ,light ,horse cross+ a ,riv]4 ,sid5ote3 #ch4 ,a ,field ,batt]y =d+ a ,riv]4 ,sid5ote3 #ci4 ,royal ,eng9e]s build+ a ,bridge4 ,sid5ote3 #dj4 ,night-,signall+ f an ,arm\r$ ,tra94 ,sid5ote3 #da4 ,arm\r$ ,tra9 "u ,fire4 ,let u look = a mom5t at ! k9d ( ,navy & ,army :i* won ^! victories4 ,"h is an old pr9t ( ! ,battle ( ,trafalg>1 %[+ ! sail+ %ips1 & ! _m guns 9 _! sides4 ,"h is ! copy ( a picture ( ! dea? ( ! great ,admiral ,nelson1 :o fell 9 ! mom5t ( victory at ,trafalg>1 giv+ 8 life = 8 ,k+4 ,"h next is a picture ( ,well+ton at ! battle ( ,wat]loo4 ,! battles ( ^? days 7 /rangely diff]5t f ! battles ( our "t1 = rifles & guns _h n !n a precise aim4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 are ! close ranks ( ! ,briti% infantry1 =m$ 9 squ>e at ,wat]loo4 ,t is ,well+ton1 on horseback1 speak+ to !m4 ,n[ look at ! next picture4 ,x is a battle-field 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,! m5 d n ev5 /& up2 !y lie ap>t f "o ano!r1 ea* tak+ %elt] beh9d "s conv5i5t ob/acle4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> case ! ob/acles are ant-hills1 :i* are frequ5t 9 ! veldt ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,"h are o!r sc5es 9 ! ,s\? ,african ,w>4 ,fir/ we h ,s\? ,african ,light ,horse cross+ a riv]2 !n a field batt]y =d+ a riv]4 ,! uni=ms ( ! m5 are n r$1 z we saw !m at ,wat]loo1 b 8khaki10 t !y may be indi/+ui%able f ! gr\nd1 & may n pres5t a t>get = ! ho/ile m>ksm54 ,"h are ,royal ,eng9e]s build+ a bridge1 ) float+ pontoons1 9 ! case ( a riv] :i* is too deep to be =d$4 ,& s we come to sc5es 9 :i* great] & great] skill & sci5ce are ne$$ & n c\rage alone4 ,x is = ?is reason t prep>ation is ne$ful1 & t ! ,army mu/ be tra9$ & ma9ta9$ dur+ peace4 ,we h1 = in/ance1 "h an arm\r$ tra9 on ! railway1 be>+ an electric light1 :]e) 9 ! night-"t x se>*es ! gr\nd = oppon5ts1 & by ?r[+ ! beam ( light on to ! cl\ds1 signals to fri5ds 9 ! di/ance4 ,"h is ! same tra9 "u attack4 ,sid5ote3 #db4 ,fir+ big ,gun on ,l&4 ,sid5ote3 #dc4 ,cavalry *>g+ at ,la+'s ,nek4 ,9 ! ,s\? ,african ,w> m p[]ful guns 7 employ$ ?an ev] be=e on l&4 ,"h is "o borr[$ f a great cruis] = ! def5ce ( ,ladysmi?4 ,"h1 9 contra/1 is a *>ge ( cavalry4 ,! *ief function ( cavalry is to obta9 in=mation1 & to scre5 ! movem5ts ( infantry by repell+ ho/ile cavalry4 ,9 fact1 ! action ( cavalry is n v unlike t ( cruis]s at sea4 ,!re is a spl5did side to w>4 ,!re are occasionally magnific5t sc5es 9 x4 ,!re is always room = skill & c\rage4 ,b x is none ! less horrible4 ,"s p h ?\ght t x might be possible to c>ry on gov]nm5t )\t w>s & to ma9ta9 no ,navy or ,army4 ,heavy taxation w\ld be avoid$ & mu* suff]+ escap$4 ,z yet1 h[ev]1 no "o has %[n h[ ?is c be accompli%$4 ,! map ( ! _w :i* y _h be=e y j n[1 spr9kl$ ) r$ dots1 ea* m>k+ a long campaign & _m battles1 is evid5ce ( :at ,brita9 has gone ?r\gh 9 ! def5ce ( h] ,empire dur+ ! la/ #bej ye>s4 ,! _w *anges sl[ly1 & !re is at pres5t no likelihood ( w>s ceas+4 ,if t be s1 ! wise/ & ! mo/ humane c\rse is to be /rong s t enemies may %r9k f attack1 & peace may be pres]v$4 ,x is = ?is reason t memb]%ip ( ! ,briti% ,empire is a high privilege4 ,sid5ote3 #dd4 ,ambulance at ,mag]sfonte94 ,some?+1 h[ev]1 may be done to alleviate suff]+s 9 w>1 & by agreem5t among ! nations a r$ cross on a :ite flag rais$ on ! battlefield secures ! imm$iate neighb\rhood f be+ aim$ at int5tionally1 = x indicates t ! w\nd$ are collect$ !re & t ! surgeons are at "w4 ,sid5ote3 #de4 ,troops emb>k+ to g ,abroad4 ,sid5ote3 #df4 ,%rop%ire ,light ,infantry on ,p>ade4 ,sid5ote3 #dg4 ,nor?umb]l& ,fusili]s on ,p>ade4 ,sid5ote3 #dh4 ,black ,wat*--,types ( ,m54 ,sid5ote3 #di4 ,royal ,artill]y--,gun ,drill4 ,la/ly1 let u look = a few mom5ts1 z we did 9 ! case ( ! ,navy1 at ! daily life ( ! soldi] 9 peace "t4 ,we h him "h leav+ ,engl& 9 a troop+ /eam] = =eign s]vice4 ,"h is an infantry battalion on p>ade at home1 & "h ano!r battalion ) its camp 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,next we h "s m5 ( ! regim5t call$ ! ,black ,wat*4 ,!y we> a ,scotti% uni=m--once ! g>b ( ! ,highl&]s :o dwell 9 ^? f> nor!rn regions ( ,brita9 :]e1 z we saw 9 ! ?ird ,lecture1 are /ill to be f\nd ! great r$ /ag & ! gold5 eagle4 ,?is is a gr\p ( ,artill]y at gun drill4 ,"o fact m4 ,! ,briti% ,army is small among ! armies ( ! _w4 ,! aim ( ,brita9 is n to attack any o!r p[]1 b m]ely to def5d h] ,empire4 ,moreov]1 ,brita9 c p]haps af=d to h a small army because %e has a great fleet4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances %e may c\nt on prev5t+ an enemy f invad+ mo/ ( h] t]ritories1 9 =ce at any rate1 by ! help ( h] fleet alone4 ,?is is ! basis ( ! ,briti% ,peace4 ,! use to :i* ,brita9 puts h] /r5g? is to c>ry ! idea ( ju/ice1 :i* h] *ildr5 le>n at home1 ?r\gh all ! l&s ^: happ9ess has1 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 be5 entru/$ to h]4 ,sid5ote3 #ej4 ,holyrood ,palace1 ) ,troops on ,p>ade4 ,sid5ote3 #ea4 ,troop+ ( ! ,col\r4 ,sid5ote3 #eb4 ,sailors ,m>*+ ,pa/4--,bir?day ,review4 ,sid5ote3 #ec4 ,! ,emp]or-,k+ 9 ,naval ,uni=m4 ,! ,army & ! ,navy1 z ev]y?+ else 9 ! ,empire1 are head$ by our ,emp]or-,k+4 ,= "o la/ mom5t let u return f ! ,empire to ,brita9 itself4 ,"h is "o ( ! ,k+'s ,highl& ,regim5ts be=e 8 ,scotti% palace at ,holyrood on 8 bir?day4 ,"h on ! same occasion are 8 ,gu>ds 9 ,london1 & "h 8 sailors at ,portsm\?4 ,= ! sake ( ord]1 ( ju/ice1 & ( peace ! subjects ( ! ,k+ are loyal1 & recognize ! duty ( ob$i5ce4 ,"h1 f9ally1 is our ,emp]or-,k+ ,edw>d1 z ,admiral ( ! ,briti% ,fleet4 ,sid5ote3 #ed4 ,! ,flag ( ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,:at is ! *ief lesson we %\ld c>ry away f ^! ,lectures8 ,is x n t ! ,empire c only be def5d$ z a :ole1 & ) ! full co-op]ation ( all its citiz5s8 ,surely !n x is ! duty ( ea* ( u to uphold ! flag & to le>n some?+ ( ! def5ces ( ! ,empire1 & ( ! way x %\ld be gu>d$ & its rights & hon\r ma9ta9$ be=e ! _w4 ,wat]l[ ,sons ,limit$1 ,pr9t]s1 ,london ,wall1 ,london4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,inconsi/5cies 9 hyph5ation & spell+ su* z 8battle-field_/battlefield0 & 8hay-/ack_/hay /ack0 h be5 ma9ta9$4 ,multiple punctuation errors1 su* z miss+ p]iods1 h sil5tly be5 correct$4 ,cont5ts3 ,*ang$ page 8#bb0 to page 8#cb04 ,page #b3 ,*ang$ 8m\ta9s0 to 8m\nta9s04 ,page #bg3 ,*ang$ 8,pek90 to 8,pek+04 ,page #cb3 ,add$ 8a0 to 8take tra904 ,page #da3 ,*ang$ 8,phillip9es0 to 8,philipp9es04 ,page #gj3 ,*ang$ 8,v irg9ia0 to 8,virg9ia04 ,page #ij3 ,*ang$ 8closelv0 to 8closely04 ,page #ic3 ,*ang$ 8snores0 to 8%ores04