,,seven ,,lectures                      
,,on ,,the                              
,,united ,,kingdom                      
,,for ,,use ,,in                        
,,india4                  ,reissued for 
use in the ,united ,kingdom4            
,,by                            ,h4 ,j4 
,,mackinder1      ,lately ,director of  
the ,london ,school of ,economics and   
,political           ,science3 ,author  
of 8,britain and the ,british ,seas40   
,with ,lantern ,illustrations4          
,,one ,,shilling ,,net4                 
,,published ,,for ,,the ,,visual        
,,instruction ,,committee               
,,of ,,the ,,colonial ,,office1         
,,by             ,,waterlow  ,,sons     
,,limited1 ,,printers1 ,,london ,,wall4 
#aiji4      ,the ,slides to accompany   
these ,lectures are sold on behalf of   
the  ,committee by ,messrs4 ,newton     
,co41 of #c1 ,fleet ,street1 ,london1   
,e4,c41  from whom the books of lectures
 can also be obtained4 ,the complete    
set of #cgg ,slides1 many of them       

coloured1 may be had for #ce4 #js4      
#j;d4 ,the ,slides to accompany the     
several ,lectures will be sold at the   
following prices3 ,first ,lecture1 #f4  
#js4 #j;d42 ,second ,lecture1 #e4  #aes4
 #j;d42 ,third ,lecture1 #d4 #aes4      
#j;d42 ,fourth ,lecture1 #b4 #aes4      
#j;d42  ,fifth ,lecture1 #aj4 #aes4     
#j;d42 ,sixth ,lecture1 #c4 #js4 #j;d42 
,seventh  ,lecture1 #d4 #js4 #j;d4      
,single ,slides will not be sold4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,many of the slides in this series are  
copyright4                              
,,entered ,,at ,,stationers' ,,hall4    
,,the ,,visual ,,instruction            
,,committee1                            
,,appointed ,,by ,,the ,,secretary ,,of 
,,state ,,for                           
,,the ,,colonies4        ,,the ,,right  
,,honourable ,,the ,,earl ,,of ,,meath1 
,k4,p41 ,chairman4      ,,the ,,right   
,,honourable ,,sir ,,cecil ,,clementi   
,,smith1 ,g4,c4,m4,g4      ,,sir        
,,philip ,,hutchins1 ,k4,c4,s4,i41 late 

,member of the ,council of the          
,secretary of ,state for ,india4        
,,sir ,,charles ,,lucas1 ,k4,c4,m4,g41  
,c4,b41 of the ,colonial ,office4       
,,sir ,,charles ,,holroyd1 ,director of 
the ,national ,gallery4      ,h4 ,f4    
,,heath1 ,ph4,d41 ,director of ,special 
,enquiries at the ,board of             
,education4      ,h4 ,j4 ,,mackinder1   
,m4,a41 late ,director of the ,london   
,school of        ,economics and        
,political ,science4      ,r4 ,d4       
,,roberts1 ,d4,sc41 ,secretary of the   
,gilchrist ,educational ,trust4         
,,professor ,,michael ,e4 ,,sadler1     
,,ll4,d41 ,professor of the ,history and
        ,administration of ,education in
 the ,university of ,manchester4        
,,john ,,struthers1 ,c4,b41 ,,ll4,d41   
,secretary to the ,scotch ,education    
,department4                            
,,preface4      ,the component parts of 
the ,british ,empire are so remote and  
so  different from one another1 that it 
is evident that the ,empire can  only be

 held together by sympathy and          
understanding1 based on widely  diffused
 knowledge of its geography1 history1   
resources1 climates1  and races4 ,it is 
obvious that if this knowledge is to be 
effective it  must be imparted to the   
coming generation4 ,in other words it   
must be  taught in the ,schools of the  
,empire4    ,in the ,autumn of #aijb1 a 
,committee was appointed by the         
,secretary of  ,state for the ,colonies 
to consider on what system such teaching
 might  best be developed4 ,the         
,committee came to the conclusion that  
children  in any part of the ,empire    
would never understand what the other   
parts  were like unless by some adequate
 means of visual instruction2 and1      
further1 that as far as possible the    
teaching should be on the same  lines in
 all parts of the ,empire4 ,it was      
decided to make a beginning  by an      
experiment on a small scale1 and for    
this purpose to invite  the three       
,eastern ,colonies of ,ceylon1 the      

,straits ,settlements1 and  ,hong ,kong 
to bear the expense of a small book of  
,lantern ,lectures on  the ,united      
,kingdom for use in the ,schools in     
those ,colonies4 ,other  parts of the   
,empire were afterwards invited to have 
editions which  would be suited to their
 own special requirements prepared at   
their  own expense1 and up to the       
present date editions have been issued  
for the ,eastern ,colonies1 for the     
,west ,indies1 for ,west ,africa1 for   
,mauritius1 and for ,india4 ,editions   
are now in preparation for ,canada  and 
for ,south ,africa4    ,the lectures    
contained in this little volume are     
identical with those  prepared under the
 foregoing scheme for use in ,india4 ,it
 has been  represented to the ,committee
 that it would be stimulating to        
children  in the ,united ,kingdom to    
have presented to them an account of    
their  own land as seen from the point  
of view of children in another part  of 
the ,empire4 ,the effort on the part of 

,english children to imagine  themselves
 in the position of ,indian children    
should tend to arouse  and impress a    
valuable feeling of political sympathy4 
,the ,committee1 however1 have always   
had in mind the preparation  of         
illustrative lectures on the ,colonies  
and ,india as well as on  the ,united   
,kingdom4 ,the experience which they    
have now gained has  convinced them that
 if this part of the work is to be done 
as  well as it can be done1 it is       
advisable to have the illustrations     
prepared on a uniform system by a highly
 skilled artist or artists  specially   
commissioned for the purpose4 ,they were
 so fortunate as to  interest ,her      
,royal ,highness the ,princess of ,wales
 in their work1 and  through her        
powerful and gracious support1 and that 
of ,lady ,dudley  and a ,committee of   
ladies who were good enough to collect a
 sum of  #d1jjj for the purpose1 they   
have been able to make a beginning of  a
 work which will take some years to     

complete4 ,the ,committee desire  me to 
record their warm gratitude to ,her     
,royal ,highness1 to ,lady  ,dudley1 and
 to the ,committee of ladies for making 
this part of the  undertaking possible4 
,during the past year an artist1 ,mr4   
,a4 ,hugh ,fisher1 has been  travelling 
through ,india collecting material for  
the ,committee1  and it is hoped that   
before another twelve months have       
elapsed a  course of lectures on that   
country1 well illustrated by means of   
the  lantern1 may be published4 ,ceylon1
 ,somaliland1 and ,cyprus have also     
been visited1 and ,mr4 ,fisher is now in
 ,canada1 and will presently go  to the 
,far ,eastern ,colonies4 ,other parts of
 the ,empire will be dealt  with        
successively1 and in the course of three
 or four years1 the  ,committee intend  
to have available for purchase by public
 educational  authorities and others a  
complete survey of the ,empire1 uniform 
in  method4 ,their hope is that with the
 aid of the various ,governments  and   

the kindness of many official and       
private friends1 they may put  together 
a series of illustrations rich in       
colour1 suggestive of life  and         
incident1 and artistic in composition4  
,i shall be responsible  for the        
letterpress1 and in that work hope to   
have the assistance of  the ,directors  
of ,education in the several ,dominions 
and ,colonies4  ,the ,committee trust   
that in this way they may succeed in    
presenting  in their relative importance
 and proportion all the chief facts     
essential to the popular understanding  
of the ,empire4                         
,h4 ,j4 ,,mackinder4      ,,london1     
,december1 #aijh4                       
,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,indian ,,edition4
      ,the object of these ,lectures1   
and of the lantern slides which         
accompany them1 is to give to the school
 children of ,india1 through  their eyes
 as well as their ears1 a true and      
simple impression of  what the ,united  
,kingdom and its people are like4 ,if   

this intention  has in any degree been  
realised1 it is probable that with some 
modification of the form of the lectures
 the interest of adults  may also be    
aroused4 ,the changes necessary to suit 
particular  circumstances may be        
introduced in the process of translation
 into  the vernacular4 ,in regard to    
children1 each lecture may well supply  
several hours' lessons1 being meant as  
the text for teaching1 and a  guide as  
to the method of teaching1 and not      
simply to be repeated  word for word in 
a single hour4    ,my thanks are due to 
many who have given me help1 especially 
to the  ,colonial ,office ,committee who
 debated at length the preliminary      
scheme1 and to the ,principal1 ,staff1  
and ,students of the ,stockwell         
,training ,college1 before whom the     
lectures were experimentally  delivered4
 ,i am also under obligation to those   
who have supplied me  with material for 
some of the slides1 particularly to ,sir
 ,william  ,abney 7,v4 #di1 #ej71 ,sir  

,benjamin ,baker 7,i4 #dj1 #da71 ,mr4   
,g4 ,j4 ,s4  ,broomhall 7,,vi4 #ci1     
#dj71 the ,geological ,photographs      
,committee of the  ,british ,association
 7,,vi4 #h71 the ,great ,western        
,railway ,company  7,,vi4 #db71 ,messrs4
 ,huntley  ,palmers 7,,vi4 #da71 ,sir   
,walter ,egerton  7,,vii4 #bh71 ,general
 ,kemball 7,,vii4 #bi1 #cj71 the ,london
  ,north ,western  ,railway ,company    
7,,vi4 #dc71 the ,london  ,south        
,western ,railway ,company  7,,iii4 #ai1
 #bj1 #ba71 ,sir ,william ,matthews1    
,k4,c4,m4,g41 of ,messrs4 ,coode1  ,son 
,matthews 7,i4 #bc1 #bd1 #be1 #bf71 ,sir
 ,andrew ,noble1 of ,sir ,william       
,armstrong1 ,whitworth  ,company 7,,vi4 
#bf1 #cj71 the ,peninsular and          
,oriental ,steamship ,company 7,i4 #ef1 
#eg1 #eh1 #ei71 ,messrs4 ,r4  ,j4 ,h4   
,rea 7,,vii4 #g71 ,mr4 ,william ,taylor 
7,i4 #i1 #aa1 #dg71 ,mr4 ,graham ,wallas
  7,,vi4 #cf71 ,dr4 ,lynden ,macassey   
and the late ,mr4 ,yerkes 7,,vi4 #df1   
#dg74    ,the scheme which is here      

realised was carried through in the     
first  instance owing to the enterprise 
of the three ,colonies1 ,hong ,kong1    
the ,straits ,settlements1 and ,ceylon4 
,this is one of several ,editions       
adapted to the special points of view of
 other parts of the ,empire4    ,i      
desire to thank for their kind          
suggestions ,sir ,william ,lee-,warner1 
,k4,c4,s4,i41 ,sir ,philip ,hutchins1   
,k4,c4,s4,i41 ,sir ,thomas ,holdich1    
,k4,c4,m4,g41 ,sir ,w4 ,curzon-,wyllie1 
,k4,c4,i4,e41 and ,mr4 ,theodore        
,morison4                               
,h4 ,j4 ,,mackinder4      ,,london1     
,march1 #aijg4            ,the following
 editions of these ,lectures have been  
issued--        #a4 ,eastern ,colonies  
,edition1 ,sept41 #aije4            ,in 
use in ,ceylon1 the ,straits            
,settlements1 and ,hong ,kong4          
#b4 ,mauritius ,edition1 ,june1 #aijf4  
,in use in ,mauritius4        #c4 ,west 
,african ,edition1 ,sept41 #aijf4       
,in use in ,sierra ,leone1 the ,gold    

,coast1 and ,southern ,nigeria4         
#d4 ,west ,india ,edition1 ,sept41      
#aijf4            ,in use in ,trinidad1 
,british ,guiana1 and ,jamaica4         
#e4 ,indian ,edition1 ,march1 #aijg4    
,in use in the following                
,provinces3--,madras1 ,bombay1 ,bengal1 
the ,united ,provinces1 the ,punjab1    
,burma1 ,eastern ,bengal                
and ,assam1 the ,central ,provinces1 and
 the ,north ,west              ,frontier
 ,province4        #f4 ,indian ,edition 
for use in the ,united ,kingdom1 ,jan41 
#aiji4      ,canadian and ,south        
,african ,editions are being prepared by
 direction    of the ,governments of the
 ,dominion of ,canada and of the ,south 
,african    ,colonies4                  
,,contents4                             
,,page4      ,,lecture ,i4--,the ,voyage
 from ,india to ,london1                
with fifty-nine lantern slides          
#a      ,,lecture ,,ii4--,london1 the   
,imperial ,city1 with fifty-nine        
lantern slides                          

#ag      ,,lecture ,,iii4--,the ,scenery
 of the ,united ,kingdom1               
with fifty-three lantern slides         
#cb      ,,lecture ,,iv4--,historic     
,centres and their ,influence           
upon ,national ,life1 with forty-four   
lantern slides                          
#df      ,,lecture ,v4--,country ,life  
and the ,smaller ,towns1                
with sixty-one lantern slides           
#ei      ,,lecture ,,vi4--,the ,great   
,towns1 their ,industries1              
and ,commerce1 with forty-seven         
lantern slides                          
#gc      ,,lecture ,,vii4--,the         
,defences of the ,empire1 with          
fifty-four lantern slides               
#hd                          ,,seven    
,,lectures on the ,,united ,,kingdom4   
,,lecture ,i4                      ,,the
 ,,voyage ,,from ,,india ,,to ,,london4 
,sidenote3 #a4 ,map of the ,indian      
,ocean4    ,the ,british ,empire        
consists of a number of lands scattered 
over the  whole world4 ,some of the most

 important of these lands are round the 
,indian ,ocean4 ,in this map we see to  
the east ,australia1 to the west  ,south
 ,africa1 and to the north ,india1 which
 are three out of the six  or seven     
great lands belonging to the ,empire4   
,then there are smaller  lands2 some of 
them so small that on the general map of
 the ,indian  ,ocean they hardly appear4
 ,we can only show their names and a dot
  for their positions4 ,such1           
notwithstanding their importance in the 
world's trade1 are ,singapore1          
,mauritius1 and ,aden4 ,there are other 
lands of intermediate size1 and notable 
of these is the ,island of  ,ceylon4    
,among the smallest of all the ,british 
,territories are the  ,seychelles1 a    
coaling station for the ,fleet1 placed  
nearly midway  between ,mauritius1      
,zanzibar1 and ,colombo4 ,on the        
mainland of ,africa  in the             
neighbourhood of ,zanzibar is also the  
considerable territory  of ,british     
,east ,africa1 through which runs the   

,uganda ,railway from  ,mombasa to the  
great lake of ,victoria ,nyanza and the 
sources of the  ,river ,nile4           
,sidenote3 #b4 ,map of ,india4    ,of   
all these countries the most important  
is our own land of ,india4  ,as you     
know1 it has three hundred million      
people4 ,here we have a  map of ,india  
and of the allied states1 ,afghanistan  
and ,nepal4 ,you  see upon it in the    
darker tint of red the territories which
 are  immediately under the ,british    
,government1 and you see also in the    
lighter tint the ,native ,states1 ruled 
by their own chiefs1 although  protected
 by the ,british ,raj4 ,in no other part
 of the world do we  find peace secure  
from end to end of a vast territory1 and
 yet within  it great states ruled by   
their own chiefs1 as in ,kashmir1       
,rajputana1  ,central ,india1           
,haidarabad1 and ,mysore4 ,some of the  
principal  countries of ,europe are     
little larger than some of the ,native  
,states  of ,india1 yet the continent of

 ,europe is full of armaments1 and there
  is always danger of war there4 ,india 
owes to the ,british ,raj peace  for a  
fifth of the human race1 and yet the    
different laws1 languages1  and         
religions have been preserved1 so that  
the people of each part  and of each    
race are able to live according to their
 own historic  customs4    ,sidenote3   
#c4 ,the ,himalayas4    ,india lies     
between the mountains and the ocean4    
,along one-half  of her land frontier   
the highest range of mountains in the   
world  makes a great rampart1 defending 
her from invasion4 ,the railways  which 
now extend through the whole land not   
only help to prevent  death from        
starvation when the harvests fail1 but  
also enable the  ,indian ,government to 
concentrate the army quickly for the    
defence  of the only portions of the    
frontier of ,india by which invasion is 
possible4 ,in #agch1 ,nadir1 ,shah of   
,persia1 invaded ,india1 took ,delhi    
and slew one hundred thousand of the    

people4 ,in #agfa1 ,ahmed1 ,shah of     
,afghanistan1 invaded ,india and        
defeated the ,mahrathas in the great    
battle of ,panipat1 almost at the gates 
of ,delhi4 ,after that time  the        
,british ,raj grew up1 and no foreign   
enemy has since been able  to disturb   
the peace of ,india4 ,who can measure   
the value of peace  for the millions of 
our people8 ,there are nearly #gcj1jjj  
villages in  ,india3 without peace they 
could not reap their harvests4 ,there   
are  over #b1jjj towns in ,india3       
without peace their trade would be      
ruined4    ,sidenote3 #d4 ,the ,ocean3  
,the ,surf at ,madras4    ,but we must  
not forget that more than one-half of   
the boundary of  ,india is washed by the
 waves of the great sea4 ,why is it that
 we  need not maintain great armies     
along the coast of ,india8 ,the water of
  the ocean spreads round all the lands 
of the world1 and enemies from  many    
lands might come in ships to attack us4 
,the reason why we need  give little    

thought to the defence of our shores is 
that the ,british  ,fleet is strong1 and
 is ready in distant parts of the ocean 
to fight  with any hostile fleet that   
might set out to invade ,india4 ,no rule
  in ,india has ever before had the     
advantage of peace on the ocean4  ,the  
,emperors at ,delhi in former centuries 
were obliged to pay for an  ,abyssinian 
,fleet to give some protection to their 
shores4    ,in three ways therefore     
,india draws great profit from her share
 in  the ,british ,empire4 ,in the first
 place she is saved the cost of         
defending her sea border from foreign   
invasion4 ,in the second place  the sea 
road lies peacefully open for a vast    
commerce with the rest  of the world4   
,and in the third place1 by means of the
 railways from  her ports to her land   
frontiers she is able to defend those   
frontiers  not only by the ,indian      
,army1 but1 if necessary1 by all the    
strength  of the other parts of the     
,empire brought over the seas and       

carried  quickly to the threatened      
point4 ,never before has the peace of   
,india  been so secure at so small a    
cost4 ,this is the strength which comes 
from standing not alone1 but as one of  
the league of nations which is  known as
 the ,british ,empire4 ,it is a splendid
 thought to think of the  many separate 
races1 each living their own lives      
according to their  own traditions1     
which are now held peacefully together  
within the  ,british ,empire4 ,in       
,britain itself you must remember that  
there are  the ,english1 the ,scotch1   
the ,irish1 and the ,welsh1 just as in  
,india  there are the ,rajputs1 the     
,sikhs1 the ,mahrathas1 the ,bengalis1  
and  many other races4 ,once the        
,english and the ,scotch used to fight  
one  another2 but now there is peace in 
,britain as there is in ,india4 ,yet    
throughout the ,british ,empire all men 
are free to think and say what  they    
like4    ,sidenote3 #e4 ,map of the     
,railways of ,india4    ,sidenote3 #f4  

,sutlej ,bridge4    ,sidenote3 #g4 ,bhor
 ,ghat ,reversing ,station4    ,the     
,empire is held together to-day chiefly 
by means of railways on  the land and   
steamships on the sea4 ,the railways of 
,india end at the  foot of the          
mountains4 ,in the plains they cross the
 broad rivers by  long bridges4 ,in the 
,deccan they descend to the sea by ways 
that are  cut into the mountain face4   
,here we have a bridge over the ,sutlej1
 on  the ,delhi railway1 and here the   
curious ,reversing ,station on the ,bhor
  ,ghat above ,bombay1 where the        
steepness of the ground does not allow  
space for the railway to bend on its way
 down the mountain side4    ,the modern 
capitals of ,india are naturally on the 
coast1 for it is  there that the life of
 ,india comes into contact with the life
 of the  world over the sea4 ,in these  
capitals1 protected by the ,fleet1 the  
commerce borne by the railways connects 
with the ocean-borne commerce4          
,sidenote3 #h4 ,map showing the ,unity  

of the ,ocean4    ,let us spend a moment
 considering why it is that trade over  
the  ocean is of such vast importance to
 ,india1 and why1 therefore1 the        
sea-ports are the greatest of her       
cities4 ,in this map you see at a       
glance that all the lands of the world  
are in truth islands1 for even  the     
largest continent is surrounded by the  
ocean4 ,therefore a ship  can go from   
any coast you will to any other coast4  
,but by road or by  railway it is       
possible to travel only from one part to
 another of  the same island or         
continent4 ,hence it is that ocean-borne
 commerce  is the most general1 for     
land-borne commerce is limited by the   
coast  and can go no further4 ,it would 
be impossible for us to trade over  the 
land with ,england4 ,at some point or   
other we must cross the sea1  and       
traffic over the sea is much cheaper    
than on the land4 ,therefore1  in some  
cases it even pays to carry goods from  
point to point along  the coast of      

,india1 instead of carrying them by     
land4 ,this map also  tells you why the 
one ,british fleet can defend all the   
coasts of the  ,british ,empire4 ,it is 
because the ocean is one1 and the fleet 
can  sail from any part of it to any    
other part4    ,sidenote3 #i4 ,ships of 
the time of ,vasco da ,gama4            
,sidenote3 #aj4 ,sailing ,ship4    ,the 
voyage to ,britain used to be a long    
one1 and not without danger4  ,true that
 the same ship could go all the way from
 ,calcutta to ,london1  carrying        
passengers1 mails1 and cargo2 but in    
former times the  passage took many     
months1 for ships1 as you know1 could   
then only be  moved by the wind1 and at 
some seasons the wind blew in a         
direction  contrary to the course of the
 ship4 ,moreover1 even the ,east ,india 
ships were small1 and we must remember  
the rough seas which they had  to       
traverse when rounding the ,cape of     
,good ,hope4 ,here1 for example1  are   
the kind of ships in which ,europeans   

first came round the ,cape  to the      
,indies in the time of ,vasco da ,gama4 
,and here is a sailing  ship of later   
times1 much improved both in hull and   
sails1 but still  liable to be delayed  
by contrary winds and by calms4         
,sidenote3 #aa4 ,p4  ,o4 s4s4           
8,caledonia40    ,in the present day1   
however1 the ,british ,empire is knit   
together by  means of large vessels1    
moved by steam1 in which men come and go
 with  certainty over thousands of miles
 of trackless ocean4 ,this is one of    
the steamers of the great ,peninsular   
and ,oriental ,company1 which1  together
 with other companies1 trades through   
the ,suez ,canal between  ,britain and  
,india4 ,you will see1 then1 that by    
using steam instead of  the wind1 by    
substituting large ships for small1 and 
by cutting the  ,suez ,canal1 so that   
the voyage may be through shorter and   
generally  calmer seas1 men have brought
 ,london1 the capital of the ,empire1   
within less than a month of ,india1     

whereas it used to be five months  away4
    ,sidenote3 #ab4 ,dalhousie ,square1 
,calcutta4    ,sidenote3 #ac4 ,the      
,hugli4    ,sidenote3 #ad4 ,madras from 
the ,sea4    ,sidenote3 #ae4 ,arrival of
 the ,viceroy at ,madras4    ,sidenote3 
#af4 ,bombay ,rampart4    ,we have seen 
that the modern capitals of ,india are  
the sea-ports4 ,in  no age before this  
dared men place their great cities on   
the open  coast1 for they were exposed  
to attack there by pirates as well as   
foreign enemies4 ,the present capitals  
of ,india are therefore new  towns4     
,calcutta is on a strip of low ground   
beside the bank of the  ,river ,hugli4  
,only #bjj years ago it was a small     
village4 ,yet here  to-day is a stately 
city1 and in the river are ships from   
all parts  of the world4 ,madras was a  
stretch of open surf-beaten coast #bgj  
years ago1 but to-day it has            
half-a-million people1 and a harbour  of
 stone piers built far out into the sea 
to break the force of the  waves1 so    

that great ships may land their         
passengers and cargoes in  calm water4  
,bombay1 also1 some #bdj years ago was  
an unimportant islet  with only some    
#aj1jjj inhabitants1 and to-day1 as you 
know1 it is a  city which rivals        
,calcutta in its wealth and grandeur4   
,karachi has  grown similarly from a    
much later beginning on an utterly      
sterile  desert coast4    ,sidenote3    
#ag4 ,queen's ,memorial1 ,bombay4       
,sidenote3 #ah4 ,bombay ,harbour4    ,in
 these ,lectures we are going to make a 
visit to the ,british ,isles1  the land 
in all the world which1 after our own   
land of ,india1 should  be of the       
greatest interest to us1 for it is the  
centre of the ,empire  to which we owe  
so much4 ,we may start on our voyage    
from any one of  the five great ports of
 ,india3 ,bombay1 ,calcutta1 ,madras1   
,karachi1  or ,rangoon1 and we shall    
naturally leave by that port which is   
most  conveniently placed with reference
 to the particular part of ,india in    

which we live4 ,if we sail from ,bombay 
we will visit before we start  the      
monument of the great ,queen ,victoria1 
who for more than #fj years  ruled both 
,india and ,england4    ,sidenote3 #ai4 
,out at ,sea1 ,deck scene4    ,sidenote3
 #bj4 ,saloon of ,p4 and ,o4 ,steamer4  
,sidenote3 #ba4 ,engines of ,p4 and ,o4 
,steamer4    ,sidenote3 #bb4 ,p4 and ,o4
 ,steamer--a ,state ,room4    ,a mail   
steamer upon the ocean is now like a    
great moving hotel1 which  goes from    
port to port with wonderful punctuality4
 ,here you have a  scene on deck when   
out at sea4 ,and here is the saloon with
 the tables  set for the dinner of      
several hundred people4 ,nor must we    
forget to  look at the engines1 which   
turn the heat of burning coal into power
  equal to that of ten thousand horses4 
,and1 lastly1 we will glance  into a    
private cabin and see the comfortable   
berth4 ,all this is very  different from
 the rough voyage of only fifty years   
ago4    ,of steamers altogether--some of

 them fast mail boats1 some slow cargo  
boats--the ,british ,empire possesses   
for ocean-going purposes #i1jjj4  ,these
 are parts of the ,empire just as much  
as the land4 ,therefore you  must think 
of the ,british ,empire as consisting of
 many countries1  which1 together1 make 
one-fifth of all the land in the world2 
and you  must think of it as consisting 
also of these #i1jjj steamers upon the  
ocean1 which1 as you know1 measures     
three-fourths of the surface of  the    
globe4 ,the whole ,empire--lands1 ships1
 and people--is protected  by the       
,british ,navy upon the ocean1 and by   
the ,army distributed  through the      
,british lands4    ,sidenote3 #bc4      
,colombo ,harbour and ,breakwater4      
,sidenote3 #bd4 ,colombo ,harbour1      
,north-,west ,breakwater in progress4   
,sidenote3 #be4 ,colombo ,harbour1      
,diver at work4    ,sidenote3 #bf4      
,colombo ,harbour1 ,blockyard4    ,but  
it is not enough to have swift1         
comfortable ships4 ,deep1 calm  harbours

 are needed1 where the great ships may  
lie close to the land  and discharge    
their burden4 ,here for instance we have
 a monument  of which ,british engineers
 may be proud4 ,this is a view of       
,colombo  ,harbour in the ,island of    
,ceylon where the ships gather from     
,calcutta1  and ,madras1 and ,rangoon   
before they leave the ,indian seas4 ,the
 slide  shows the main breakwater1 built
 upon the bed of the sea1 which         
protects shipping from the rough waves  
of the south-west monsoon4 ,and  here we
 have another view1 showing a new part  
of the breakwater in  process of        
building4 ,observe the huge block which 
is being lowered by  the crane into the 
sea4 ,do you note that the crane itself 
is movable  upon wheels1 which run upon 
two pairs of rails8 ,next we have the   
diver descending to his work1 with his  
head in a helmet1 into which  air is    
pumped from above4 ,he has to prepare   
the bed on which the  great blocks of   
concrete are laid4 ,lastly1 we have the 

blocks shown  in the blockyard stored   
ready for use4    ,before we start on   
our voyage1 we will cable to our friends
 in  ,london1 telling them to expect us4
 ,the electric cables are a very        
important part of the ,british ,empire1 
although they lie two and three  miles  
deep on the ocean bottom4 ,indian       
students and others who happen  to have 
no friends in ,london are welcomed and  
introduced by the  ,northbrook ,society 
or by the ,national ,indian             
,association4 ,the address  of the first
 is #ahe1 ,piccadilly1 ,london1 and of  
the second ,caxton  ,hall1 ,westminster4
    ,sidenote3 #bg4 ,forest ,scene in   
,ceylon4    ,sidenote3 #bh4 ,aden from  
the ,sea4    ,sidenote3 #bi4 ,aden1 the 
,tanks4    ,now let us go on our        
journey4 ,we are traversing the ocean in
 a mail  steamer2 we leave ,colombo or  
,bombay or ,karachi and steam westward  
into the ,gulf of ,aden4 ,here we have  
one of the most remarkable  contrasts of
 climate to be found in the world4 ,in  

,ceylon or at ,bombay  rain and heat    
combine to produce a luxuriant tropical 
vegetation  capable of supporting much  
human and animal life4 ,there are other 
countries--and we are going to traverse 
some of them--which although  hot       
enough1 have little rain4 ,let us       
realise this contrast2 for in  taking a 
voyage from ,colombo or ,bombay to ,aden
 we go from a well  watered country to  
one which lacks water4 ,here is a scene 
in ,ceylon1  showing the rank vegetation
 which results from tropical heat and   
monsoon rains4 ,here1 on the other hand1
 is the ,british fortress of  ,aden4 ,it
 rains on an average in ,aden only once 
in several years1 but  when it does rain
 it rains very hard1 and these great    
tanks were  constructed to gather the   
water from the naked rocky slopes       
around1  and to store it for use in the 
next few years4 ,you see that two or    
three shrubs are grown as curiosities   
beside the tank4 ,but as ,aden  grew    
into a populous settlement the tanks    

were not sufficient for the  wants of   
the people4 ,the ,british distil fresh  
water from the sea4    ,sidenote3 #cj4  
,bumboats at ,aden4    ,aden is a       
,british fortress4 ,it is not an island1
 but it is the  next thing to an        
island--it is a peninsula4 ,it is       
therefore easily  defended by warships  
on the sea4 ,the narrow isthmus         
connecting it to  the mainland has been 
fortified4    ,sidenote3 #ca4 ,routes   
from ,india to ,suez4    ,sidenote3 #cb4
 ,the ,suez ,canal4    ,so we pursue our
 journey until we come to ,suez4 ,this  
map shows you  the routes from ,india   
across the ,western ,indian ,ocean and  
up the  ,gulf of ,aden and the ,red ,sea
 to ,suez1 at the entrance to the ,suez 
,canal4 ,on the right hand we see ,mecca
 marked in the map4 ,peace on the       
ocean1 the traffic of steamships1 and   
the ,british station at ,aden  have     
rendered the ,haj less expensive than it
 used to be and less  dangerous1 so that
 many more ,mohammedans now go to ,mecca

 from ,india4  ,next we see our steamer 
in the ,suez ,canal4 ,the banks are     
brown and  desert1 for a shower of rain 
is very rare1 and the whole isthmus is  
naked rock and sand4 ,the sea way is now
 continuous from the ,red ,sea4  ,but   
the making of the ,canal would have been
 impossible unless there  had been fresh
 water near at hand in ,egypt for the   
nourishment of the  workers4 ,the army  
of workmen who dug the ,canal were      
supplied with  sweet water by means of a
 small canal from the ,nile4 ,so you see
 that  the ,suez ,canal was possible    
only because of the great river of      
,egypt1  which brings water through the 
desert from far off sources4            
,sidenote3 #cc4 ,map of ,lower ,egypt4  
,in this map of ,lower ,egypt you will  
see named the ,gulf of ,suez1  which is 
the end of the ,red ,sea4 ,up the ,red  
,sea come ships from ,aden  and the     
,indian ,ocean4 ,here1 on the other     
hand1 is the ,mediterranean1  through   
which we shall pass to the ,atlantic    

,ocean4 ,and here is ,suez1  and the    
,isthmus of ,suez1 with the line of the 
,suez ,canal4 ,all that  is shown yellow
 is barren1 waterless desert1 but the   
parts tinted  with green are fertile and
 cultivated4 ,as you see from the map1  
the  isthmus is about #ajj miles across4
 ,remember that the voyage from  ,bombay
 to ,britain is some #g1jjj miles       
long--#c1ejj miles as far as the  ,canal
 and #c1ejj miles beyond the ,canal4    
,between the ,eastern ,ocean  and the   
,western ,ocean is only the ,isthmus of 
,suez1 but this used to  compel men to  
take their ships far south through rough
 seas1 round  the ,cape of ,good ,hope4 
,sidenote3 #cd4 ,the ,overland ,route   
through the ,desert4    ,let us1        
therefore1 cross into ,egypt1 and ask   
what it is that has  made possible this 
great change in the route of commerce   
and empire4  ,before the ,canal was cut1
 but when already steam had been applied
 to  the moving of ships1 there were a  
few years in which passengers and       

letters were taken by one ship from     
,bombay to the ,isthmus of ,suez1  and  
then on by another ship from the other  
side of the ,isthmus to  ,britain4 ,they
 were carried across the desert on the  
backs of camels4  ,here we have a       
picture of the thirsty desert4 ,see the 
bones of a  camel which has fallen by   
the way2 the flesh has been picked off  
by  vultures1 and the sun and air have  
dried what remained to cinders4  ,the   
camel is often called 8,the ,ship of the
 ,desert10 and this camel  must have    
broken down just as ships are sometimes 
wrecked4    ,sidenote3 #ce4 ,cairo--,the
 ,citadel4    ,sidenote3 #cf4 ,the ,road
 to the ,pyramids4    ,sidenote3 #cg4   
,the ,pyramids and the ,sphinx4         
,sidenote3 #ch4 ,climbing the ,pyramids4
    ,at the end of their desert journey 
the travellers overland1 before  the    
,canal was made1 came to the city of    
,cairo4 ,we see it here with  its       
citadel in the foreground4 ,notice      
within the citadel the great            

,mohammedan mosque with its towering    
minarets4 ,cairo is now occupied  by the
 ,british1 and there is freedom of      
religion for all races1  as in every    
part of the ,british ,empire4 ,close to 
,cairo are famous  monuments1 the       
,pyramids and the ,sphinx1 built some   
six thousand years  ago4 ,we see the    
,pyramids first in the distance as we   
drive from ,cairo  along this road4 ,the
 trees which you see are watered daily1 
for rain  is very rare in ,egypt4 ,here 
we have arrived at the ,pyramids1 which 
are just on the desert edge1 because the
 land watered by the ,nile is  too      
valuable for purposes of cultivation to 
permit of their being  placed on fertile
 ground4 ,the ,pyramids and the ,sphinx 
have hardly  changed in this intensely  
dry climate through the space of #f1jjj 
years1 although the ,sphinx has been    
partly buried in the sand4 ,in  order   
that you may appreciate the size of the 
,pyramids let us show  a party of       
tourists climbing the great ,pyramid1   

and note the huge  blocks of stone of   
which it is built4    ,sidenote3 #ci4   
,the ,nile ,valley in ,flood4    ,and   
now let us ask the question for which we
 are making this  excursion from the    
,suez ,canal into ,egypt4 ,how comes it 
that here1  in the rainless desert1     
there is fresh water to make possible   
the  cutting of the ,suez ,canal8 ,it is
 because the ,nile1 the river of        
,egypt1 comes from the ,south beyond the
 desert4 ,there every summer  the rains 
fall in ,abyssinia1 and the ,egyptian   
,nile1 far away to the  north1 rises in 
flood4 ,here is a view1 taken from the  
edge of the  desert at the brink of the 
valley1 in the time of the annual flood4
  ,when the water subsides the crops are
 sown1 and presently the harvest  is    
reaped without so much as a shower of   
rain to aid the growth4    ,sidenote3   
#dj4 ,the ,assouan ,dam4    ,sidenote3  
#da4 ,opening of the ,assouan ,dam4     
,now1 sometimes it happens1 as it       
happens also in ,india1 that the  rains 

fall short in ,abyssinia4 ,in such years
 the ,nile brings down  to ,egypt a much
 smaller quantity of water4 ,the        
fertilising flood  is small1 and there  
is danger of famine4 ,as a precaution   
against  these droughts1 and also to    
extend the cultivated area some way into
  the desert1 the ,british have         
constructed1 near the southern end of   
,egypt1 a great dam right across the    
valley4 ,here the dam is shown  just    
when it was finished1 and before the    
water had risen behind  it4 ,do you     
notice beside the dam the canal with    
locks1 by which the  river traffic goes 
up and down notwithstanding the barrier 
to the  flow of water8 ,do you see also 
all the openings in the dam to let the  
water through when it has risen high    
enough behind the masonry8 ,let  me show
 you this same dam on the day when it   
was opened by the ,duke  of ,connaught1 
brother of the ,king of ,england4 ,this 
is he1 wearing a  white helmet and with 
medals and orders on his breast4 ,beside

 him  are standing the ,duchess of      
,connaught1 the ,khedive of ,egypt1 whom
  you may distinguish by the fez which  
he wears1 and ,lord ,cromer1 the  great 
,englishman who has helped the ,khedive 
to build the dam4 ,you  can distinguish 
,lord ,cromer by his tall white hat4    
,the water in the  picture has risen to 
a high level behind the dam1 the sluices
 have  just been opened1 and the stream 
is pouring on once more towards the     
sea4 ,every year the water now collects 
behind the dam during the  period of    
flood1 and is then let gradually down   
during the period  of low ,nile4 ,thus  
,egypt is becoming rich because its     
people are  saved from famine1 and new  
land1 formerly desert1 is brought under 
cultivation4    ,sidenote3 #db4 ,port   
,said--,coaling4    ,let us return to   
our ship1 which is waiting for us at    
,port ,said1 the  port at the northern  
end of the ,suez ,canal4 ,here is a     
great mail  steamer taking in coal for  
the remainder of her voyage from ,india4

 ,is  it not wonderful to think of the  
thousands upon thousands of tons of     
coal that are dug out of the ground in  
the ,british ,islands and sent  over the
 seas to drive most of the #i1jjj       
steamers which do the trade  of the     
,british ,empire8    ,sidenote3 #dc4    
,map of the ,mediterranean4             
,sidenote3 #dd4 ,malta4    ,sidenote3   
#de4 ,gibraltar4    ,and now we have    
come into the western seas and to the   
lands of the  white man4 ,on leaving    
,port ,said1 we steer westward at first1
 through  the ,mediterranean ,sea4 ,we  
call at ,malta and ,gibraltar1 which are
  ,british ports1 like ,aden and        
,colombo4 ,malta is an island4 ,here is 
a  view of its harbour1 showing the     
fortifications4 ,but the fortress of    
,gibraltar is on a peninsula like ,aden1
 and a low isthmus1 to the left  of the 
picture1 connects it with the mainland4 
,the front of this tall  cliff above the
 isthmus is pierced with galleries1     
which every here  and there come out to 

the cliff front and allow place for a   
cannon4  ,so you see that in ,europe1 as
 in ,asia1 the sea power of ,britain has
  islands and little peninsulas for the 
calling places of its ships4  ,close to 
,gibraltar was fought ,trafalgar1 the   
most celebrated of  ,british victories  
at sea4    ,sidenote3 #df4 ,map of      
,western ,europe4    ,sidenote3 #dg4 ,in
 the ,bay of ,biscay4    ,we pass       
through the ,strait of ,gibraltar1 which
 is only eight miles  across1 and has   
,europe visible on the one hand and     
,africa on the  other4 ,now we emerge   
from the ,mediterranean and steering    
northward  round the western lands of   
,europe1 we at last approach the        
,british  ,isles4 ,we cross the ,bay of 
,biscay1 a part of the broad ,atlantic4 
,huge  billows often roll in from the   
ocean1 and play with our great steamer  
as a child plays with a toy1 yet there  
is a busy traffic of ships on  these    
wide waters4    ,but there was a time   
when ,britain had no ,colonies1 and     

consisted  only of ,british ,islands4   
,there were then fewer people in        
,britain  than there are now1 and the   
,english ,channel1 up which we are to   
sail1 protected the ,british people from
 invasion by enemies1 so they  were able
 to develop the government and the      
freedom which have since  helped        
,britain to give peace and to give      
justice through so large a  part of the 
world4    ,sidenote3 #dh4 ,eddystone    
,lighthouse4    ,as we steer into the   
home waters of ,britain1 the first      
object we see  is a famous lighthouse1  
built on the dangerous ,eddystone rocks1
 ten  miles away from the coast of      
,england4 ,you will notice that there is
  also the stump of an older lighthouse4
 ,the waves of the ocean are  sometimes 
very terrible1 and this is the fourth   
lighthouse which has  had to be built on
 these rocks4 ,britain is surrounded by 
several  score of lighthouses placed    
upon all the dangerous points round its 
shores4    ,sidenote3 #di4 ,map of the  

,straits of ,dover and the ,thames      
,estuary4    ,passing ,eddystone1 we may
 call at ,plymouth to land some of our  
passengers1 who will hurry to ,london by
 train4 ,but we will proceed up  the    
,english ,channel4 ,off ,dover we turn  
north and round the promontory  of      
,kent1 with cliffs of white chalk on our
 left hand4 ,entering the  broad estuary
 of the ,thames we are soon off         
,gravesend1 having passed  ,chatham1 one
 of the chief stations of the ,navy4 ,at
 ,gravesend we shall  probably have to  
anchor for a short time1 because the    
river is tidal  and is deep enough for  
large vessels only at high water4       
,sidenote3 #ej4 ,channel ,boat          
approaching ,dover4    ,sidenote3 #ea4  
,dover--,admiralty ,pier1 ,s4,s4 8,pas  
de ,calais0 unloading4    ,sidenote3    
#eb4 ,dover--,admiralty ,pier1 ,s4,s4   
8,queen0 loading the ,indian  ,mails4   
,dover1 seen from our deck quite clearly
 as we came past it1 is a  place of much
 interest to those who live in the      

,east4 ,you know that  nowadays the     
letters from ,india and the neighbouring
 lands are not  carried to ,britain all 
the way round by sea past ,gibraltar1   
but are  landed at a ,mediterranean port
 and brought across ,europe by rail4    
,they cannot enter ,england1 however1   
without once more being placed  upon a  
steamer--this time a small packet1 which
 rapidly crosses  the twenty miles of   
water between ,britain and the          
,continent1 known  as the ,straits of   
,dover4 ,you can see across the ,straits
 of ,dover4  ,there are white cliffs    
which glisten in the sunshine on both   
sides4  ,here is one of the ,channel    
steamers unloading at ,dover pier4 ,do  
you  see the railway train drawn up     
alongside8 ,it is about to leave for    
,london4 ,notice the crane lifting      
baggage from the steamer to the  train1 
so that there may be as little delay as 
possible4 ,here is  another ,channel    
steamer at ,dover4 ,she is just about to
 leave for  the ,continent4 ,the railway

 train has arrived--a whole van1 less   
the  wheels1 is being raised on the     
crane and placed on the steamer4 ,it is 
full of baggage1 and is lifted thus to  
save time--for every minute is  worth   
money4 ,some hundred bags of mails have 
to be carried on to the  vessel4 ,think 
of the many1 many thousand letters      
written every week  in ,britain which   
are going to the ,east--to ,india and to
 ,ceylon1 to  the ,straits ,settlements 
and ,hong ,kong and ,mauritius4         
,sidenote3 #ec4 ,gravesend--,shipping   
waiting for the ,tide4    ,sidenote3    
#ed4 ,sunset near ,gravesend4           
,sidenote3 #ee4 ,the same ten minutes   
later4    ,let us now go back to our    
steamer4 ,the tide turns1 and we leave  
,gravesend1 passing slowly up the river 
towards ,london4 ,the scene is  often   
very animated at ,gravesend1 as several 
score of vessels1 great  and small1 get 
up their anchors and begin to move with 
the running  stream4 ,sometimes as you  
look westward up the ,thames in the     

evening1  the light in the sky is       
magnificent1 for the clouds are dense   
with  smoke4 ,you must remember that    
this city of #g1jjj1jjj people has  a   
cold winter1 and each room has a place  
for a fire to keep its  inhabitants     
warm4 ,by good fortune we have been able
 to photograph  such a sunset from the  
hill above ,gravesend4 ,do you see the  
river  shining on the dark ground below8
 ,here is the same sunset taken ten     
minutes later4 ,these two slides have   
not been painted with a brush  according
 to an artist's imagination1 they have  
been photographed in  colour1 and they  
are absolutely true in their effect4    
,sidenote3 #ef4 ,arrival in ,dock4      
,sidenote3 #eg4 ,welcome on ,deck4      
,sidenote3 #eh4 ,landing4    ,sidenote3 
#ei4 ,steamers in ,dock4    ,at last we 
enter one of the docks which receive    
ships from the river  at high tide4 ,the
 dock gates are closed behind us1 so    
that when the  tide falls in the river  
our steamer will remain afloat beside   

the  wharf4 ,we see here the great      
vessel being pushed slowly into her     
berth by steam tugs which were waiting  
for her4 ,and here we have a  scene on  
deck when the gangways have been opened 
to the shore1 and  friends have come on 
board to welcome our ,british           
fellow-passengers1  many of them        
returning home after years of absence4  
,now we set foot  on land1 and run by   
train past miles of houses until we come
 into the  centre of the vast city1 and 
reach our hotel4 ,meantime the captain  
of  the ship and the crew have gone to  
their homes1 and the great ship  lies at
 rest in the dock--silent after her long
 voyage4    ,we will unpack our trunks  
and sleep for a night before we go into 
the  streets of ,london to see the      
metropolis of the ,empire4              
,,lecture ,,ii4                         
,,london1 ,,the ,,imperial ,,city4      
,sidenote3 #a4 ,areas of ,india and the 
,british ,isles compared4    ,before we 
set out through the largest and most    

populous city of the  world1 let us     
consider what it is that we are going to
 look at4 ,let  us try to understand the
 size of the ,united ,kingdom and of    
,london  by comparing them with ,india  
and its chief cities4 ,first we have a  
map showing the area of the ,british    
,isles compared with the area  of       
,india4 ,we see that the ,british ,isles
 are small as compared with  ,india2 but
 they have a far more dense population4 
,there are more than  twice as many     
people to the square mile in the ,united
 ,kingdom than  there are in ,india4    
,this is due to the fact that the people
 of ,india  live for the most part in   
villages1 whereas in the ,united        
,kingdom the  majority of the people    
live in the cities4 ,in ,india only     
about ten  per cent4 of the whole       
population live in towns with more than 
five  thousand inhabitants4             
,sidenote3 #b4 ,populations of ,london1 
,calcutta1 ,bombay1 ,madras1 ,delhi1    
,rangoon1 and ,karachi compared4    ,now

 let us compare the populations of our  
chief ,indian cities with  that of      
,london4 ,we have here circles which    
represent by their areas  the population
 of ,london on the one hand1 and on the 
other hand of  ,calcutta1 ,bombay1      
,madras1 ,delhi1 ,rangoon1 and ,karachi4
 ,we see at  a glance that ,london has a
 population greater than the combined   
population of all these great cities4   
,we notice the words 8,greater ,london0 
round the black circle4 ,london  may be 
measured in three ways1 for it consists 
of three zones1 one  within the other4  
,in the centre there is the oldest part1
 the ,city  of ,london1 which is now the
 chief place of business4 ,round the    
city there has grown up1 in the course  
of centuries1 a great ring  of          
population known as ,inner ,london4     
,outside this again1 there has  sprung  
up of recent years a still wider zone of
 suburbs1 which is  called ,outer       
,london4 ,these three1 the ,city1 ,inner
 ,london and ,outer  ,london1 together  

make ,greater ,london4    ,sidenote3 #c4
 ,areas of ,london and ,calcutta        
compared4    ,sidenote3 #d4 ,areas of   
,london and ,bombay compared4           
,sidenote3 #e4 ,areas of ,london and    
,madras compared4    ,we will next      
consider how much space the seven       
million people of  ,london take4 ,on    
this slide we have two little maps1 of  
which the  lower shows in pink the      
ground covered by the houses of ,london1
 and  above we have ,calcutta shown in  
like manner4 ,in the next slide the  map
 of the houses of ,london is repeated1  
but the outline above is  that of       
,bombay1 set on its island between the  
harbour and the ocean4  ,lastly1 we have
 a comparison of the area of ,london    
with that of  ,madras4 ,in proportion to
 its population ,madras covers a large  
area1  for as you know there are several
 spaces within it planted with trees    
and without houses1 but even ,madras is 
small as compared with ,london4         
,sidenote3 #f4 ,the ,london ,docks4     

,now let us start on our way through the
 town4 ,the chief feature of  ,london is
 the ,river ,thames4 ,the time was when 
,london was only a  small village on the
 banks of the ,thames4 ,to-day the      
,thames is the  harbour of ,london1 the 
greatest port in the world4 ,let us go  
on a  little steamer along the river1   
and let us begin with the docks4 ,an    
immense quantity of food is needed to   
feed seven million people4  ,great      
quantities of coal are required to keep 
them warm in their  cold winter1 and to 
supply gas and electricity during their 
long  winter nights4 ,much material is1 
of course1 also required for the        
construction of their houses and public 
buildings4 ,of all these  commodities a 
large part is brought in by sea1 and is 
discharged in  the docks4 ,you will     
remember that at the end of the last    
,lecture we  told how the water is held 
up in the docks1 even when the tide     
falls  in the river4 ,many of the       
smaller steamers1 however1 do not go    

into  the docks4 ,they are able to lie  
in the river itself and rise and fall   
with the tide4    ,sidenote3 #g4 ,the   
,tower ,bridge4    ,when we leave the   
docks and proceed up the river1 we come 
presently  to a bridge1 the nearest to  
the sea of many bridges which carry     
roads  and railways over the ,thames4   
,this is the ,tower ,bridge4 ,it is a   
very  striking object1 visible in any   
distant view of ,london1 for as you  see
 it is borne on two lofty piers1 between
 which there is an upper  and a lower   
way4 ,the upper way is used by foot     
passengers when the  lower way is       
lifted1 as in the slide1 to allow of the
 passage of  ships with masts4          
,sidenote3 #h4 ,london ,bridge4    ,but1
 though the ,tower ,bridge is so        
remarkable a structure you must         
remember that it is only new4 ,the most 
celebrated bridge in ,london1  perhaps  
in the world1 is called ,london ,bridge4
 ,it stands next above  the ,tower      
,bridge4 ,two thousand years ago there  

was no ,london2 where  the houses are   
now were then forests and marshes4 ,some
 seventeen  hundred years ago the first 
,london ,bridge was built2 it was       
rebuilt  afterwards more than once2 but 
no second bridge was put over the       
,river ,thames to connect the north and 
the south of ,london until a  century   
and a half ago4 ,for all those centuries
 there was one ,london  ,bridge4 ,by    
means of this ,bridge the traffic of the
 south of ,england  crossed the ,thames 
to the north4 ,but ,london ,bridge      
stopped the ships  coming up from the   
sea and prevented them from going       
further into  the land1 because in early
 days men could only build small arches 
for a bridge1 and these were neither    
broad enough nor high enough  for       
sea-going ships4 ,so it was that ,london
 grew round ,london ,bridge1  for here  
was not only the lowest bridge on the   
river but also the  most inland point to
 which sea-going ships could ascend4 ,it
 was an  important place1 therefore1    

both for land traffic and for water     
traffic4    ,sidenote3 #i4 ,the ,tower  
of ,london4    ,on the north bank of the
 river1 a little below ,london ,bridge1 
the  ,kings of ,england in old time     
built a fortress to defend the town1    
and also to keep its population in      
order4 ,this fortress is still          
standing1 although against modern       
weapons it would now be useless4  ,it is
 known as the ,tower of ,london1 and is 
a very interesting old  place1 quiet and
 silent amid the noisy metropolis       
around4 ,the ,king's  ,crown and        
,coronation jewels are kept here4       
,sidenote3 #aj4 ,the ,river below       
,london ,bridge4    ,the ,tower ,bridge 
is so called because it crosses the     
river beside  the ,tower of ,london4    
,here we have a view taken from ,london 
,bridge1  looking down the busy river to
 the ,tower ,bridge4 ,you can just see  
the  ,tower of ,london on the left hand4
    ,sidenote3 #aa4 ,plan of ,greater   
,london4    ,on this slide we have shown

 again the map of the space covered by  
the  houses of ,greater ,london4 ,the   
red indicates the area of the houses    
and streets4 ,the green marks the pieces
 of tree-covered ground known  as parks1
 which have been retained for the       
pleasure and health of the  people of   
,london4 ,note the ,river ,thames1 like 
a very broad street1  winding through   
the midst of the town4 ,note also the   
docks branching  from the river1 and the
 bridges across it4 ,here1 marked with  
their  names1 are the two lowest of the 
bridges--the ,tower ,bridge and ,london 
,bridge4 ,you observe that there are no 
bridges lower than these1 and  that all 
the docks open below bridge4 ,do you see
 that ,london ,bridge  is still almost  
exactly in the centre of ,london8 ,at   
first the river  curved through forests 
and marshes2 then there grew up a little
  town beside the bridge2 that town went
 on growing larger and larger  until it 
is now as large as a small country4 ,but
 the head of the sea  navigation is     

still at ,london ,bridge1 and the vast  
metropolis extends  in all directions   
round its harbour4 ,each day there enter
 some #gjj  ships from all parts of the 
world1 many of them from the coasts of  
,england itself1 but some from the most 
distant lands--from ,america1  ,africa1 
the ,east1 and ,australia4    ,sidenote3
 #ab4 ,greater ,london with ,central    
,london marked off4    ,sidenote3 #ac4  
,central ,london with the ,city         
boundaries4    ,you see this rectangular
 space marked off on the map of ,greater
  ,london8 ,i am next going to give you 
a map1 on a larger scale1 of the        
central and most important part of      
,london2 it is contained within the     
rectangle4 ,here it is1 with the        
boundary of the ,city of ,london shown  
in red upon it4 ,we see the chief       
streets1 and we are able to mark out    
the route which we are going to take4   
,we start from the ,tower and the       
,tower ,bridge2 we pass beneath ,london 
,bridge1 with the ,city1 the chief      

business centre1 on our right hand2 we  
go under several more bridges  and      
arrive at ,westminster1 where           
,parliament sits and the ,king-,emperor 
is crowned2 then we land1 drive past    
,buckingham ,palace1 where the  ,king   
lives1 and so to the chief parks4       
,turning eastward again we  return      
through ,trafalgar ,square to ,st4      
,paul's ,cathedral1 which is  the       
,cathedral of ,london2 finally we reach 
the ,bank of ,england1 in  the centre of
 the ,city1 and come back to ,london    
,bridge1 from whose  neighbourhood we   
started4 ,the whole round measures about
 eight miles1  and yet1 as you will     
remember1 the map upon which we have    
traced it  is but the central and       
smaller part of ,london4    ,sidenote3  
#ad4 ,waterloo ,bridge and ,somerset    
,house4    ,it would tire you were ,i to
 attempt to show all the bridges under  
which we pass1 but there is one which we
 must not omit4 ,this is  ,waterloo     
,bridge1 architecturally the finest     

bridge in ,london1 perhaps  the finest  
of all the buildings in ,london4 ,the   
road1 as you see1 is  quite level1 and  
it is carried upon a series of great    
stone arches4  ,the bridge is called    
,waterloo ,bridge because it was        
completed soon  after the ,battle of    
,waterloo4 ,as we go through ,london you
 will find  that there are two famous   
battles--the ,battle of ,waterloo on the
  land1 and the ,battle of ,trafalgar on
 the sea--which are constantly          
remembered by ,englishmen4 ,they were   
fought ninety and a hundred  years ago4 
,because ,britain was victorious in them
 the ,british ,empire  exists to-day4   
,therefore these battles and the men who
 fought them  are deemed worthy of      
commemoration in the metropolis of the  
,empire4  ,beyond ,waterloo ,bridge we  
see on the slide a fine building known  
as  ,somerset ,house1 the office into   
which the taxes of the people of        
,england are paid for the government of 
the country4    ,sidenote3 #ae4 ,the    

,embankment at ,waterloo ,bridge4       
,sidenote3 #af4 ,cleopatra's ,needle and
 ,somerset ,house4    ,sidenote3 #ag4   
,the ,thames ,embankment4    ,sidenote3 
#ah4 ,the ,houses of ,parliament and    
,westminster ,abbey4    ,sidenote3 #ai4 
,westminster ,abbey from ,dean's ,yard4 
,here we have one of the arches of      
,waterloo ,bridge1 spanning the         
riverside road which is known as the    
,thames ,embankment4 ,the traffic  from 
north to south is carried1 as you see1  
over the bridge1 while  that from east  
to west passes under it4 ,here we have  
yet another  view of the ,embankment1   
with ,somerset ,house and ,waterloo     
,bridge in  the distance4 ,we can see   
,somerset ,house better in this view1   
because  the bridge is not in the way4  
,in the foreground we have ,cleopatra's 
,needle1 a single piece of stone as high
 as a tower4 ,it was brought  from      
,egypt in a specially built ship1 having
 been presented to the  ,queen of       
,england by a former ,khedive of ,egypt4

 ,the next slide shows  the bend of the 
river1 with the ,embankment beside it4  
,you see the  trees planted along the   
road--they are green in the summer1 but 
in  winter the leaves fall and they are 
black4 ,in the distance1 showing  over  
the housetops1 is the great dome of ,st4
 ,paul's ,cathedral4 ,at  last we reach 
,westminster1 and look across the water 
to two of the  chief buildings of       
,london1 the ,houses of ,parliament and 
,westminster  ,abbey4 ,the ,houses of   
,parliament were erected in the         
beginning of the  reign of ,queen       
,victoria1 but ,westminster ,abbey was  
built more than  #fjj years ago4 ,we    
have here a view of the ,abbey from the 
land side4    ,sidenote3 #bj4 ,the ,king
 opening ,parliament--the ,state ,coach4
    ,sidenote3 #ba4 ,the same--the      
,procession4    ,sidenote3 #bb4 ,the    
,coronation in ,westminster ,abbey4     
,sidenote3 #bc4 ,the same1 another view4
    ,sidenote3 #bd4 ,the ,king and      
,queen at the opening of ,parliament4   

,sidenote3 #be4 ,his ,majesty the ,king4
    ,westminster is the centre of the   
,empire4 ,here at the beginning of  his 
reign the ,king is crowned4 ,here each  
year he opens the ,session  of          
,parliament4 ,let us see something of   
the splendid pageants which  take place 
at ,westminster on these occasions4     
,this1 for instance1  is the ,king      
driving in the ,coach of ,state1 with   
the ,queen beside  him4 ,and here is a  
photograph of the procession through the
 streets  at the opening of ,parliament4
 ,next we have the ,coronation in       
,westminster ,abbey1 and in another     
slide a more general view of the        
interior of the ,abbey on that great day
 when his present ,majesty1  the        
,emperor-,king1 ,edward ,,vii41 was     
crowned by the ,archbishop of           
,canterbury1 in the presence of the     
chief men of the ,kingdom1 and  of the  
,empire1 and of visitors from all parts 
of the world4 ,the  picture is taken at 
the moment when the ,crown1 the emblem  

of royal  authority1 is being placed    
upon the ,king's head4 ,in his hand he  
holds  the ,sceptre4 ,in the next slide 
we have the ,king and ,queen ,alexandra 
seated upon the throne at the opening of
 ,parliament1 and then follows  a       
portrait of the ,king in the ,robes of  
,state4    ,sidenote3 #bf4 ,westminster 
,abbey--,poets' ,corner4    ,after the  
solemn state of these great ceremonies1 
we will return for  a moment when the   
,abbey is empty1 and look1 not at living
 people1 but  at the monuments which    
record the famous men who in the past   
have  helped to make the ,british       
,empire4 ,this is called the ,poets'    
,corner4  ,here in this particular      
corner of the ,abbey are gathered       
together the  monuments of the men who  
have written4 ,by inspiring the ,british
 race  with noble ideas they have helped
 to make the ,empire no less than  have 
the victors of ,trafalgar and ,waterloo4
 ,all the ,abbey is full of             
monuments--in other parts of it you will

 find record of the statesmen  who have 
given counsel to our ,kings and ,queens1
 and of the soldiers  and sailors who   
have fought for them4 ,here1 too1 are   
the monuments of  ,viceroys of ,india4  
,sidenote3 #bg4 ,the ,houses of         
,parliament from ,whitehall4    ,let us 
cross the road to the ,houses of        
,parliament1 first glancing  at them    
once more from the outside4 ,we see the 
two lofty towers1  visible1 when the    
weather is clear1 from every hill round 
,london4  ,this is the ,victoria ,tower1
 named after ,queen ,victoria1 and this 
is  the ,clock ,tower4 ,when ,parliament
 is sitting by day a flag is flown  from
 the ,victoria ,tower1 and when it sits 
after dark a powerful  electric light   
shines from the ,clock ,tower1 so that  
all men may know  that laws are being   
made for the government of the ,empire4 
,sidenote3 #bh4 ,westminster            
,hall--,interior4    ,we will enter the 
building through ,westminster ,hall1    
which was part  of the ,old ,westminster

 ,palace of the ,kings of ,england4 ,set
 round it  are statues of our past      
,kings and ,queens4 ,formerly the       
,parliament met  to give counsel1 and   
the ,judges sat to give justice1 in the 
,king's  ,palace1 but in more recent    
times the business of the country has   
become so great that it cannot well be  
housed in a single building4  ,the      
,palace of ,westminster has1 therefore1 
been given wholly to  ,parliament1 and  
has been rebuilt1 except for this       
splendid ,hall1  which has been         
preserved4    ,sidenote3 #bi4 ,house of 
,lords--,interior4    ,sidenote3 #cj4   
,house of ,commons during ,debate4      
,let us pass on1 and look for a moment  
into the ,house of ,lords in the        
morning when it is empty1 and the sun is
 shining through the windows4  ,here is 
the throne upon which the ,king sits    
when he opens the session  of           
,parliament each year4 ,parliament      
consists of two bodies of men1  who are 
known as the ,house of ,lords and the   

,house of ,commons4 ,the  ,lords are the
 great dignitaries of the realm--the    
chief landowners1  merchants1 lawyers1  
and bishops4 ,the ,commons1 on the other
 hand1  though many of them are rich and
 clever men1 do not help to make the    
laws because of their position in the   
,state1 but because they are  elected by
 the people of ,england to tell the     
,king what the people  wish for4 ,here  
is one of the most celebrated of        
,englishmen1 the late  ,mr4 ,gladstone1 
speaking in the ,commons as the ,king's 
,prime ,minister4  ,it is the ,prime    
,minister's duty each evening to tell   
the ,king what  the ,commons have said1 
and so1 though the ,king is not there1  
the ,king  and the ,commons work        
together for the government and peace of
 the  ,empire4    ,sidenote3 #ca4       
,cabinet ,council4    ,these two large  
assemblies1 the ,lords and the          
,commons--each of them  containing      
several hundred men--could not conduct  
the detailed  business of the country4  

,a small number of them1 therefore1 are 
chosen to be the ,king's ,ministers1 and
 the ,ministers form a  ,committee or   
,council1 which is called the ,cabinet4 
,here is a picture  of a ,cabinet       
,meeting4 ,it meets privately2 no one   
knows what the  ,cabinet says in its    
discussions--we only know what it       
decides to  do4 ,presiding over the     
particular ,cabinet shown in this       
picture is  another great ,englishman1  
now dead1 the late ,lord ,salisbury4    
,among  the other ,ministers you will   
see ,lord ,george ,hamilton1 who was at 
the  time ,secretary of ,state for      
,india4    ,sidenote3 #cb4 ,the         
,treasury4    ,sidenote3 #cc4 ,the      
,admiralty4    ,sidenote3 #cd4 ,the     
,foreign ,office4    ,sidenote3 #ce4    
,the ,law ,courts4    ,near to the      
,houses of ,parliament are the offices  
of the various  ,ministers4 ,they are   
large and handsome buildings1 for each  
,minister  has a staff of officials     
under him4 ,here1 for instance1 is the  

,treasury1 where the finances of the    
country are managed4 ,and here is  the  
,admiralty1 whence the ,british ,navy in
 all parts of the world is  controlled  
by means of telegraphic messages4 ,here1
 seen from one of  the parks1 is the    
fine building in which are housed both  
the ,india  ,office and the ,colonial   
,office4 ,the part of it to the left    
hand1 with  the tower1 contains the     
,foreign ,office1 where business is     
transacted  between the ,british ,empire
 and foreign countries4 ,the ,india     
,office  is at this right-hand corner4  
,the ,prime ,minister lives in a house  
opposite to the door of the ,foreign    
,office1 in a little street called      
,downing ,street1 and the ,government   
is1 therefore1 often spoken of  simply  
as ,downing ,street4 ,finally1 we have  
the ,law ,courts1 which1  until lately  
were in the ,palace at ,westminster4    
,sidenote3 #cf4 ,st4 ,james's ,palace4  
,sidenote3 #cg4 ,buckingham ,palace4    
,sidenote3 #ch4 ,her ,majesty1 ,queen   

,victoria1 with her ,son1 ,grandson1    
and ,great-,grandson4    ,the ,palaces  
of the ,king are only a short way from  
the ,abbey and the  ,houses of          
,parliament4 ,here is ,st4 ,james's     
,palace1 where the ,sovereign  sometimes
 holds great receptions of his subjects4
 ,do you see the  sentry at the door8   
,he is one of the ,king's ,guards1 a    
chosen body  of soldiers1 who remain    
near the ,king's ,palaces1 except when  
they  are sent out of the country to    
take part in foreign wars4 ,here is     
,buckingham ,palace1 where the ,king    
lives when he is in ,london4 ,behind  it
 there is a large garden4 ,remember1    
however1 that great as he is1  the ,king
 is a man1 just as we are4 ,he is a     
father and a grandfather1  and he had a 
mother1 our beloved ,queen and ,empress 
,victoria4 ,in this  picture we have    
four generations of the ,royal ,family  
of ,england2  ,queen ,victoria1 who was 
our ,sovereign1 ,king ,edward ,,vii41   
who is our  ,sovereign1 the ,prince of  

,wales1 who will be ,king after his     
father1  and the little ,prince ,edward 
of ,wales--destined1 we hope1 some day  
to  ascend the throne of his ancestors4 
,it is the throne of one-fifth of  all  
the world4    ,sidenote3 #ci4 ,the      
,crowd at the ,funeral of ,queen        
,victoria4    ,sidenote3 #dj4 ,police   
regulating ,traffic4    ,sidenote3 #da4 
,a ,policeman4    ,from the ,king let us
 turn to his people4 ,here is a crowd of
 the  people of ,london1 gathered in the
 ,park when ,queen ,victoria was taken  
to be buried4 ,it was a mighty1 silent  
crowd1 never to be forgotten by  those  
who saw it4 ,of course there are some   
people in the great crowds  of ,london1 
as of all other places1 who are bad and 
disorderly1 but  in general the people  
of ,london obey the ,law4 ,here1 for    
instance1 we  have a busy point where   
four streets meet4 ,two policemen       
control the  traffic1 now letting this  
stream of carriages pass1 and now that4 
,often a driver is in haste1 but when   

the policeman raises his hand1  the     
driver silently waits until he has leave
 to proceed4 ,only in  this way could   
seven millions of people live together  
and do their  business4 ,the policemen  
of ,london are a fine body of strong    
men1 who  very rarely lose their tempers
 or presence of mind1 whatever the      
sudden difficulty with which they may be
 faced4 ,here is one of them  politely  
telling the way to an enquiring         
stranger4 ,you see that he  carries no  
firearms1 yet there are only about      
#bj1jjj police to manage  all these     
people4    ,sidenote3 #db4 ,hyde        
,park--,rotten ,row4    ,sidenote3 #dc4 
,st4 ,james's ,park--,children at ,play4
    ,sidenote3 #dd4 ,the same--,children
 ,fishing4    ,sidenote3 #de4 ,the      
,zoological ,gardens4    ,sidenote3 #df4
 ,flowers in the ,park4    ,sidenote3   
#dg4 ,the ,crystal ,palace4             
,sidenote3 #dh4 ,st4 ,thomas's          
,hospital4    ,perhaps the most         
beautiful possessions of ,london are the

 parks1 in  which1 in the midst of their
 province of houses1 the people take    
exercise and find health and amusement4 
,none of the other cities  of the       
world--not ,paris1 or ,berlin1 or ,new  
,york1 or ,peking1 or  ,calcutta--have  
anything quite similar to the parks of  
,london1 for  they are not formal       
gardens or bare parade grounds1 but     
pieces of  rural country2 and they are  
not just outside the town1 but contained
  in its midst4 ,this is a celebrated   
road in ,hyde ,park1 where only  horses 
and no carriages go4 ,it is called      
,rotten ,row4 ,here we see  it on a     
summer day1 when the sun is shining1    
with men and women  upon horseback      
taking the air4 ,but the parks are not  
merely for  the amusement of the rich   
people who can afford to keep horses2   
they are also for the poor4 ,here1 for  
instance1 we have a picture  of children
 at play1 and here another1 taken in    
,st4 ,james's ,park1  showing children  
fishing for the little fish that live in

 the water  of the lake4 ,in ,regent's  
,park there is a ,zoological ,garden1 in
 which  are kept animals from all parts 
of the world4 ,here we see a group of   
children1 who1 by way of a holiday      
treat1 are having a few moments  on the 
back of an elephant4 ,these parks of    
,london have much money  spent upon     
them1 so that the poor people of ,london
 have in parts of  them gardens to look 
upon which are as fine as the gardens of
 rich  men4 ,here1 for example1 we have 
a scene among the flowers in ,hyde      
,park4 ,nor must we forget the ,crystal 
,palace1 an immense house of  glass1    
where the people may find amusement in  
all weathers4 ,of course  there are     
still large parts of ,london which are  
ugly1 and completely  covered with small
 houses4 ,in these parts the life of the
 people  in the dark1 chilly1 wet winter
 is not very bright4 ,but men are       
always at work to better these wretched 
quarters1 and gradually they  will      
disappear4 ,to serve the poor who fall  

ill1 a number of large  hospitals have  
been built1 and some of these are fine  
buildings1  and well placed4 ,here1     
beside ,westminster ,bridge1 is ,st4    
,thomas's  ,hospital1 which faces the   
,houses of ,parliament4    ,sidenote3   
#di4 ,the ,imperial ,institute and      
,london ,university4    ,now let us     
consider another aspect of ,london4 ,to 
rule an ,empire of  #cjj1jjj1jjj people 
men require skill1 and must be educated4
 ,nearly  every man and woman in all the
 seven millions of ,london can now read 
and write4 ,there are hundreds of free  
schools where these things  are taught4 
,but the ,ministers of the ,king1 and   
the judges1 and the  administrators who 
go out to the ,colonies1 require greater
 skill1 and  for them1 and for the      
doctors and engineers and other learned 
people1  there are ,universities4 ,here 
is the fine building occupied in part by
  the ,imperial ,institute and in part  
by the ,university of ,london4 ,you     
know of the ,university of ,london1     

because it holds examinations not  only 
in ,london but also in other parts of   
the ,empire--for instance1  in ,ceylon4 
,sidenote3 #ej4 ,british                
,museum--,interior of the ,egyptian     
,room1 with  ,rosetta ,stone4    ,here  
we come to another of the great centres 
of learning in ,london4  ,this is the   
,british ,museum1 in which have been    
gathered historical  treasures and      
documents from all parts of the world4  
,the library  of the museum contains    
more than a million books4 ,in the room 
that  is here shown1 you see on the     
stand in the centre one of the most     
celebrated of all documents4 ,it is     
written on a stone1 called the  ,rosetta
 ,stone1 because it was found at        
,rosetta in ,egypt4 ,men have  learnt   
from it--because it is written in two   
languages side by  side--to understand  
the ancient language of the ,egyptians4 
,it is  necessary to gather these       
treasures together in the centre of the 
,empire in order that learned men may   

study them conveniently1 and  compare   
them with one another1 without having to
 lose time in long  journeys4           
,sidenote3 #ea4 ,trafalgar ,square4     
,now let us leave ,westminster and the  
,west ,end of the town1 and as we  drive
 through the streets towards the ,city  
of ,london1 the place of  merchants1 let
 us stop on the way for a moment to see 
some of the  chief monuments which      
record the history of the ,british      
,empire4 ,this  is ,trafalgar ,square1  
named after the greatest victory at sea4
 ,here is  the monument of ,admiral     
,lord ,nelson1 who won the battle and   
died in  the moment of victory4 ,there  
in the centre1 standing upon a smaller  
column1 is a more recent monument1      
erected in memory of ,general  ,gordon1 
of whom probably you have heard4 ,he    
fought for ,china in the  ,taiping      
rebellion1 and afterwards died for      
,britain at ,khartoum4    ,sidenote3    
#eb4 ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral--,west     
,front4    ,sidenote3 #ec4 ,st4 ,paul's 

,cathedral--,interior4    ,sidenote3    
#ed4 ,nelson's ,tomb4    ,sidenote3 #ee4
 ,wellington's ,tomb4    ,next we come  
to ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral1 of which    
this is the ,west ,front  and the chief 
entry4 ,before it is a statue of ,queen 
,anne1 one of  the ,sovereigns of       
,england1 who lived #bjj years ago4 ,the
 ,cathedral  was rebuilt in her reign4  
,here is the interior1 with the sunbeams
  striking down from the dome4 ,to the  
left is the tomb of the ,duke of        
,wellington1 who won the battle of      
,waterloo4 ,in the crypt below is  also 
the tomb of ,lord ,nelson1 who saved the
 ,empire in the battle of  ,trafalgar4  
,here we have another and nearer view of
 the tomb of the  ,duke of ,wellington4 
,sidenote3 #ef4 ,the ,royal ,exchange   
and the ,bank4    ,we will now drive on 
to the middle of the ,city4 ,here to the
 left is  the ,bank of ,england1 the    
centre of the finance of the ,empire4   
,beside  it is the ,royal ,exchange1 on 
the upper floor of which the insurance  

of ships at sea is effected4 ,the statue
 is of the ,duke of ,wellington1  and   
was erected by the merchants of ,london4
 ,see the dense traffic  of carriages1  
for this is the very heart of the       
business quarter of  ,london1 and it is 
the busiest time of the day4 ,if you saw
 this very  spot late on a summer's     
evening1 or if you saw it on a ,sunday1 
the  day of rest1 you would find it     
quiet and nearly empty4    ,sidenote3   
#eg4 ,view from the ,dome of ,st4       
,paul's ,cathedral4    ,had we climbed  
just now to the top of ,st4 ,paul's     
,cathedral and looked  eastward over the
 ,city1 we should have seen in the      
background the  river and the ,tower    
,bridge1 but in the foreground the broad
 roof of  ,cannon ,street ,railway      
,station4 ,there are many railway       
stations in  the ,city1 and for the     
following reason4 ,the ,city of ,london1
 which  measures one square mile1 is    
occupied at night by only #bg1jjj       
people4  ,in the daytime there are      

probably #cfj1jjj people at work in it4 
,these  people go out at night to sleep 
in ,outer ,london1 and are brought back 
in the morning by trains1 by omnibuses1 
and by cabs4    ,sidenote3 #eh4 ,day and
 ,night ,populations of the ,city4      
,this diagram shows you clearly the     
meaning of these facts4 ,the  largest   
7pink7 square represents the population 
of ,greater ,london4  ,the very small   
7black7 square in the centre is the     
night population  of the ,city4 ,the    
square 7red7 of intermediate size       
represents the  number of the people who
 crowd into the ,city in the daytime but
 at  night sleep without4 ,so that the  
,city is like a huge pulsating heart1   
which sends its blood outward through   
the streets and along the  railways at  
evening1 and receives it back in the    
morning4    ,sidenote3 #ei4 ,interior of
 ,st4 ,pancras ,station4    ,finally1 we
 enter one of the chief stations of     
,london1 whence the  trains start1 not  
only at morning and evening1 in and out 

between the  centre and the suburbs1 but
 also on longer journeys past the green 
farms and busy factories of ,britain to 
the coasts which everywhere  surround   
it4 ,london is only the heart and the   
brain of the ,empire2  it could not     
stand alone1 for there is no food grown 
in it4 ,london  is great only because   
,britain is a productive country and the
  ,british ,empire is great4 ,therefore1
 when we have rested after our          
sight-seeing in the metropolis1 we will 
go out to the green fields  and the     
smaller towns1 and will see what        
,england and ,scotland and  ,ireland are
 like1 for from them have come the men  
who have made both  ,london and the     
,empire4                                
,,lecture ,,iii4                        
,,the ,,scenery ,,of ,,the ,,united     
,,kingdom4      ,sidenote3 #a4 ,physical
 ,map of ,british ,isles4    ,at the    
close of the last ,lecture we found     
ourselves in one of the  chief railway  
stations of ,london1 from which the     

railways go out  through the open       
country--twenty different lines in      
twenty different  directions--to end on 
the coasts around the island of ,great  
,britain4  ,we might1 of course1 take a 
train from one of these stations and    
travel rapidly through the country2 but 
,i prefer that you should go  another   
way1 by which you will see more4 ,here1 
in this map1 we have  the ,english      
,channel1 up which our steamer brought  
us from ,india4 ,we  see the promontory 
of ,kent round which we came2 we note   
the ,straits  of ,dover across which the
 ,indian mails are carried2 and we see  
the  ,thames1 up which we passed into   
the midst of the great city--to the     
,tower ,bridge and ,london ,bridge4     
,i now propose taking you up the ,river 
,thames beyond ,london4 ,we  will travel
 up the river almost to its source here 
in the ,cotswold  ,hills1 and we will   
look from the brink of the hills        
westward over  the country beyond4 ,this
 will give us a very good idea of the   

rolling1 fertile plain which occupies   
all the ,south of ,england4  ,then      
returning to the east again we will     
follow the coast round  from the ,fens  
to ,kent1 and to the promontory of      
,cornwall4 ,the rest  of ,britain may   
best be seen in two strips4 ,the first  
begins here in  ,cornwall and           
,devonshire1 and extends northward      
through ,wales and the  ,lake ,district 
into the east of ,scotland4 ,it is      
mountainous1 and has  many beautiful    
wooded landscapes4 ,the second begins in
 the ,south  and ,west of ,ireland1 and 
extends up the ,west of ,scotland4 ,this
 also  is mountainous1 but it is on the 
edge of the stormy ocean1 and is  mostly
 naked and without trees1 but has       
magnificent cliff scenery4    ,sidenote3
 #b4 ,thames ,steamboat on ,bank        
,holiday4    ,now let us start on our   
trip through ,britain4 ,here is a       
steamboat  on the ,thames above ,london4
 ,it is crowded with people1 for the    
photograph was taken on a ,bank         

,holiday4 ,on four week-days1 and four  
only1 in the year the ,banks are closed1
 and business ceases1 while  everyone   
makes holiday4 ,those who live in the   
metropolis naturally  spend the day     
outside1 among the green fields and on  
the river banks4    ,sidenote3 #c4      
,richmond ,bridge4    ,sidenote3 #d4    
,richmond--,view down the ,river4       
,here is another scene on the ,thames4  
,it is near ,richmond ,bridge4  ,there  
are holiday makers who prefer to spend  
their holiday quietly1  fishing in the  
river4 ,next is a view from ,richmond   
,bridge itself4  ,see the crowd of      
little boats ready for those who would  
take their  pleasure in that manner4    
,sidenote3 #e4 ,magna ,charta ,island4  
,we gradually leave the neighbourhood of
 ,london and come to quieter  reaches of
 the ,thames1 where the water is never  
disturbed by the  tide1 and rich green  
meadows edge the silent stream4 ,this is
 a little  island in the river where1   
seven hundred years ago1 ,magna ,charta 

was  signed--the famous document by     
which the then ,king of ,england granted
  to his people ways of justice which   
have been practised ever since4  ,but   
the island is now merely a little green 
spot1 surrounded by  rippling water1    
upon which a house has been built for   
the refreshment  of passing boat people4
    ,sidenote3 #f4 ,clieveden4          
,sidenote3 #g4 ,nuneham ,bridge4    ,we 
glide on to places where the woods cover
 steep slopes and overhang  the water4  
,here1 for example1 we have such a      
wooded bank1 crowned  with the country  
house of a rich man4 ,and here another  
wooded scene1  with a timber bridge1 and
 a cottage hidden away among the leaves4
    ,sidenote3 #h4 ,landscape from      
,cotswolds4    ,sidenote3 #i4 ,the      
same--,bredon ,hill4    ,sidenote3 #aj4 
,the same--,saintbury4    ,but we must  
not think only of holidays1 or of the   
,thames as an idle  river in a rich     
country4 ,england is a fertile country1 
and cultivated  almost from end to end4 

,there are crops of grain--wheat1       
barley1 and  oats1 which1 as you know1  
in the northern countries take the place
 of  rice--and there are also broad     
fields of green grass where the cattle  
and sheep feed4 ,here is a view taken   
from the edge of the ,cotswold  ,hills1 
near the source of the ,thames4 ,it     
gives a good idea of an open            
countryside in ,england4 ,the land1 as  
you see1 is cut into fields by          
hedgerows1 which are long belts of      
green1 growing bush planted for  the    
purpose of preventing the cattle and    
sheep in one field from  straying into  
the next1 where they might damage the   
standing crops4  ,if you looked down    
upon such a country from a balloon1 you 
would see  it divided into little       
oblongs and squares1 all beautifully    
kept4  ,many of them would be green with
 grass1 but others would change in      
colour with the season1 showing ploughed
 soil in the winter1 green  growing corn
 in the spring1 and golden harvest in   

the autumn4 ,but at  all times the bushy
 hedgerows would strike you most1 for in
 other  countries men use fences of dead
 wood or of iron wire1 but the green    
hedges of ,england1 often bright with   
flowers1 are a sight never to  be       
forgotten4 ,the roads traverse the      
country between two lines of  hedge     
almost all the way4 ,here is another    
scene in the same part of  ,england1 and
 yet another1 with the fields and hedges
 spreading away  to the horizon4        
,sidenote3 #aa4 ,landscape--,brook and  
,poplars4    ,next we come to a         
landscape such as you find beside the   
brooks which  wander sluggishly through 
the rich plain4 ,note the tall poplar   
trees  set against the shining western  
sky1 for it is evening1 and the man  and
 boy are going home after their work in 
the fields4    ,sidenote3 #ab4 ,scene in
 the ,fens4    ,there are parts of      
,england which were once marsh1 but have
 long been  drained and brought under   
tillage4 ,in these the hedges are       

usually  wanting1 for the ditches serve 
to divide the fields4 ,the chief        
district of this kind is known as the   
,fens4 ,it is situated near the  ,east  
coast4 ,here we have a ,fen scene1 with 
a horizon like that of the  sea1 so     
level is this old marsh land4 ,note the 
windmill for pumping  the water out of  
the lower ditches into the higher4 ,the 
wind sweeps  freely over the great flat 
expanse4    ,sidenote3 #ac4 ,surrey     
,pine ,wood4    ,sidenote3 #ad4 ,knole  
,park4    ,sidenote3 #ae4 8,the         
,monarch10 ,cassiobury ,park4    ,you   
must remember that1 although it very    
rarely rains as heavily  in ,england as 
in ,india1 and there are no ,monsoons1  
yet there is  rarely a season of so much
 as a few weeks in which it does not    
rain  a little4 ,england is1 therefore1 
a moist land on the whole4 ,it must     
once have been clothed with forest and  
marsh almost from end to  end2 now1     
however1 there are left only small      
patches of woodland1  and no marshes at 

all4 ,here is a typical scene in a pine 
wood in  a sandy district not far from  
,london4 ,most of the woods are round   
the parks or pleasure grounds of rich   
men4 ,these parks are among  the most   
beautiful spots in ,england4 ,you will  
remember that in the  last lecture we   
saw how that the public parks of ,london
 were perhaps  the most beautiful and   
characteristic things in the metropolis4
 ,if  you were to look down from almost 
any high hill upon a cultivated         
,english landscape with fields and      
hedges1 you would probably notice  two  
or three large green spaces--larger than
 a good many fields put  together4      
,these would arrest your attention      
because of their lack of  hedges and    
because of the trees scattered about    
them4 ,round their  borders you would   
see several plantations or patches of   
woodland4 ,in  the centre of each would 
be the mansion of a rich man4 ,the      
people of  the neighbourhood are        
generally allowed to go freely through  

these  parks1 and to use them as        
playgrounds except1 of course1 close to 
the house4 ,here we have a scene in     
,knole ,park4 ,one of the most          
remarkable points about the parks of    
,england is the fact that since  there  
is no undergrowth1 and since the trees  
are felled and thinned  out1 each tree  
grows to perfection1 spreading out to   
its proper shape  in a way that we      
rarely see when trees are crowded       
together in a  forest4 ,some of these   
park trees grow to a magnificent size1  
and to a  great age4 ,here is one in    
,cassiobury ,park1 known as 8,the       
,monarch40    ,sidenote3 #af4 ,a        
,garden4    ,immediately round the      
park-house of the great man you will    
find a  garden--a garden that is kept1  
every yard of it1 with the greatest     
care4 ,the grass is beautifully green1  
and is cut short1 so that it  becomes a 
natural carpet4 ,the hedges are pruned1 
and grow so thick  that they become     
living walls through which you cannot   

see4 ,to these  gardens are brought     
trees and plants from all parts of the  
world4  ,there are even tropical plants1
 but these must of course be grown      
under cover of glass1 which lets in the 
sun's light and heat but  keeps out the 
cold4 ,you remember the giant glass     
house of ,london1  which was spoken of  
in the last lecture as the ,crystal     
,palace4 ,in  the garden before us we   
see a tree known as the ,araucaria1     
which is  brought from the cooler parts 
of ,south ,america1 and will grow in the
  gardens of ,england without glass     
shelter4 ,palms1 however1 will not  grow
 in ,england in the open air1 though    
they are often exposed in the  gardens  
as special treasures during the summer4 
,let us now look at some of the more    
exceptional scenes in the ,british      
,isles1 for the things which to you are 
least familiar--the great  green carpet 
of grass1 the long lines of green       
hedgerow1 the white  roads between twin 
hedges--all these things1 which to you  

appear  strange1 occur for so many miles
 in the country of ,england1 that they  
are common and hardly noticed by the    
people who live among them4  ,there are 
scenes in the ,british ,isles1 however1 
which even ,english  people go to look  
at1 and in some parts these are so      
beautiful that  people of other         
countries travel far in order to see    
them4 ,we will  begin with the coast    
districts along the ,east and ,south of 
,england1  and then we will go to the   
two strips of mountainous country which 
,i  pointed out to you just now on the  
map4    ,sidenote3 #ag4 ,the            
,downs--,the ,devil's ,dyke4            
,sidenote3 #ah4 ,dover ,cliff4    ,this 
is a scene on the ,downs--long lines of 
hill made of the same  white chalk which
 is exposed in the cliffs of ,dover4    
,the chalk forms  treeless1 hedgeless1  
breezy uplands with winding and         
branching  valleys4 ,the hills between  
the valleys are rounded like great      
shoulders1 and are all overgrown with a 

thin grass1 short like  velvet1 upon    
which feed many small sheep4 ,here and  
there the white  chalk shows through1 as
 it were a scar on the hillside1 and the
 roads  are white lines running up and  
down hill4 ,here is a view on the edge  
of the ,down country1 overlooking lower 
wooded ground4 ,the valley  entering the
 hills to the right is very deeply cut  
and is known as  the ,devil's ,dyke4 ,at
 ,dover1 and at several other places on 
the coast1  the ,downs come to a sudden 
end at the cliff brink1 and you can see 
layer upon layer of white chalk cut     
short by the waves rolling in  from the 
sea4 ,to-day1 in places like ,dover1 men
 have built walls  which stop the waves 
from breaking away more of the land4    
,sidenote3 #ai4 ,sea breaking at ,lyme  
,regis4    ,sidenote3 #bj4 ,cliff at    
,sidmouth4    ,sidenote3 #ba4 ,beach at 
,exmouth4    ,the people of ,england are
 very fond of the sea-coast and many of 
them  live there for a time each year   
for reasons of pleasure and health4     

,there is exhilaration in such scenes as
 this1 where the waves break  against   
the stone piers which have been built   
out into the sea4 ,or  again1 what could
 be more pleasant than to wander along  
such a coast  as this1 and to note the  
evidence of the sea's might in the      
broken  and caverned rocks8 ,but        
children love sandy shores1 where they  
may  dig with small spades and build    
castles of sand1 which for a few        
moments resist the waves of the incoming
 tide4 ,the tides are large  along the  
,british coasts1 and in many parts broad
 shores of sand are  alternately covered
 by the water and uncovered4            
,sidenote3 #bb4 ,clovelly4    ,sidenote3
 #bc4 ,lynton--,road through ,wood4     
,sidenote3 #bd4 ,lynmouth ,waterfall4   
,sidenote3 #be4 ,dartmoor4    ,sidenote3
 #bf4 ,land's ,end--,longships          
,lighthouse4    ,now we come to the     
first of the two strips of mountainous  
country  which ,i have described to you 
on the map as occupying the ,west and   

,north of ,britain4 ,there is much rain 
in these districts1 brought  by the west
 wind from the neighbouring ocean4 ,here
 is a little  village by the sea in the 
,west ,country4 ,it is called ,clovelly4
  ,you see the houses of the fishermen  
running up the hillside1 and  you see   
how the whole hill is covered with      
trees1 because of the  moisture of the  
air4 ,let us drive into these woods by  
the roads  which have been constructed  
through them4 ,this is a view at ,lynton
  in the same ,west ,country as         
,clovelly4 ,here is yet another scene in
  the district showing a waterfall in   
the wood4 ,if we drive further  inland1 
up some valley1 we emerge presently on  
to the high ground  above1 where the    
violent winds and the torrents1 fed by  
the rains1  prevent the growth of much  
wood1 and give us naked landscapes such 
as this upon ,dartmoor4 ,you notice here
 a characteristic of the hilly  parts of
 ,england2 the green hedgerows are      
wanting1 and the fields  are divided by 

stone walls--rough stone walls1 without 
cement4 ,but  even here there grows a   
low bush1 called gorse1 which bears many
  small yellow flowers1 and at times    
this bush covers entire hillsides  with 
a cloak of brilliant gold4 ,now we come 
to the rocky coast of  ,cornwall1 known 
expressively as the ,land's ,end4 ,it is
 very different  from the tamer edge of 
the chalk country4 ,see how the hard    
dark rocks  have been shattered by the  
mighty ,atlantic waves1 and see how the 
dangers which they present to navigation
 are guarded against by the  ,longships 
,lighthouse4 ,notice the ship going     
round the point beyond  the lighthouse4 
,it is steering northward to go up the  
channel of sea  which divides the island
 of ,great ,britain from that of        
,ireland4    ,sidenote3 #bg4 ,snowdon4  
,sidenote3 #bh4 ,welsh ,bicknor--,cattle
 in ,river4    ,sidenote3 #bi4 ,the     
,wye4    ,we will travel gradually      
northward through the inner strip of    
mountainous country4 ,we come first to  

the peninsular land of ,wales1  where   
live the ,welsh people1 some of whom    
still speak the ,welsh  language1 though
 most of them can now talk ,english4    
,here is a view  from the island of     
,anglesea1 across the ,menai ,strait to 
the barren  heights of ,snowdon1 the    
highest mountain in ,wales4 ,in the     
foreground  are bridges over the narrow 
strait1 the one for the railway1 the    
other for the road4 ,the name ,snowdon  
is derived from the fact that  the white
 snow which falls in the winter lies    
upon the summit longer  than upon the   
lesser heights around4 ,but remember    
that in ,wales  you are still in the    
middle strip of ,britain1 and deep down 
in the  valleys between the mountains   
there are rich1 woodland scenes4 ,here  
is a spot on the ,river ,wye4 ,it is a  
stream of pure water coming down  from  
the mountains1 with a wood covering the 
hillside and cattle  cooling their feet 
in the water4 ,here is yet another scene
 on the  same river1 where a gorge      

traverses the rocks1 but the steep slope
 is  overgrown with trees because of the
 moisture4    ,next we go northward from
 ,wales into that part of the ,north of 
,england which is called the ,lake      
,district4 ,in the northern1 and also   
in the more southern regions of the     
world--in parts of ,north ,america1  in 
parts of ,south ,america1 and in ,new   
,zealand--there are countries  sown all 
over with the most beautiful            
lakes--lakes that are narrow  and long  
and deep1 with rivers flowing into one  
end and out again  from the other end4  
,these lakes are often in mountain      
valleys1 and  if the slopes on either   
hand be wooded1 they present some of the
  most beautiful scenes in the world4   
,outside ,britain such valley  lakes    
occur in ,norway1 in the west of ,north 
,america1 in the west of  ,south        
,america1 and in ,new ,zealand4 ,the    
,lake ,district of ,england  is a little
 knot of mountains1 with deep valleys   
radiating from  the central peaks like  

the spokes of a wheel4 ,each of the     
valleys  contains a lake4    ,sidenote3 
#cj4 ,ullswater4    ,sidenote3 #ca4     
,lodore ,falls4    ,sidenote3 #cb4      
,bridge at ,lodore4    ,here is a view  
of ,ullswater1 one of these lakes4 ,do  
you see the  combination of hill1 and   
water1 and green tree growth which      
together  make the picture8 ,here is    
another scene in the same ,lake         
,country1  where the clear1 fresh water 
from the hilltops comes leaping over the
  little rocks through a tunnel of green
 leaves1 with here and there  a gleam of
 the sunshine piercing through4 ,and all
 the time there is  laughter1 as the    
poets say1 to be heard in the tumbling  
water4 ,yet  one more scene of the same 
kind from the same ,lake ,country4      
,sidenote3 #cc4 ,loch ,lomond4    ,let  
us now go on to ,scotland4 ,in part it  
is a lake country like  the ,north of   
,england1 but on a rather larger scale4 
,here is ,loch  ,lomond1 one of the most
 famous of the ,scottish lakes4 ,the    

word loch  is ,scottish for lake4 ,the  
,scottish people used in many parts to  
talk  a language of their own1 but1 like
 the ,welsh1 most of them now talk      
,english1 and form1 with the ,english1 a
 single people1 loyal to one  king4     
,sidenote3 #cd4 ,ben ,venue4    ,here   
are a few more views in the same        
country4 ,this is ,ben ,venue--the  word
 ,ben in ,scottish means 8mount40 ,we   
note in this slide the same  combination
 of beautiful mountain forms1 water1    
green foliage1 little  islands with     
green trees upon them1 and houses hidden
 away in the  nooks4 ,it is a wild and  
yet a soft and inhabited country4 ,it is
 loved  by the ,scottish people1 whose  
great writers have written tales and    
poems about it4 ,you know that it is the
 poetry and the songs and the  legends  
of a race which make a nation proud4    
,scotchmen working in  many a distant   
land1 remember the time of their        
childhood when they  lived among these  
scenes1 and far away they still read the

 books  which tell of them4             
,sidenote3 #ce4 ,killiecrankie4         
,sidenote3 #cf4 ,loch ,katrine4    ,here
 is the ,pass of ,killiecrankie1 famous 
in history for a battle of  a hundred   
and sixty years ago--one of the last    
battles fought within  the ,british     
,isles4 ,and here1 lastly1 is ,loch     
,katrine1 with a steamer  conveying     
tourists to enjoy the scenery4 ,loch    
,katrine is close to  the manufacturing 
district of ,scotland1 where is         
,glasgow1 a city of  a million          
inhabitants4 ,now great cities have     
great wants1 and one of  the wants--most
 costly to supply but essential to      
health--is pure  water4 ,the water of   
,loch ,katrine1 deep and clear1 gathered
 from the  mountains1 is carried        
underground through a tunnel pierced by 
man  to supply the great city of        
,glasgow4 ,wherever you go in the       
,british  ,islands you will find within 
a few miles of one another the silent   
beauties of ,nature1 and teeming1 noisy 

homes of millions of people1  for the   
land is but a small one1 and is crowded 
with inhabitants4    ,sidenote3 #cg4    
,giants' ,causeway4    ,sidenote3 #ch4  
,basalt--near view4    ,let us now pass 
to the second strip of mountainous      
country--to the  bleak coast-land along 
the ,atlantic edge of ,ireland and      
,scotland2  and here let us first visit 
a district containing some of the chief 
natural wonders of ,britain4 ,you know  
that in certain parts of the  world     
there are mountains called volcanoes1   
which have heat within  them1 and throw 
up great clouds of steam1 to be seen    
glowing in the  brilliant light for a   
great distance round4 ,at times streams 
of hot  liquid rock flow from them1     
which may cover a whole countryside1    
destroying vegetation1 houses1 and      
people4 ,in ,asia there are such        
volcanoes1 in ,japan1 in the            
,philippines1 in ,sumatra1 and in ,java1
  but fortunately there are none in     
,india4 ,in the ,british ,islands also  

there are to-day no volcanoes1 but      
before history began this region  had   
volcanoes on a magnificent scale4 ,in   
the ,west ,country beside the  ocean--in
 the north of ,ireland and in the ,west 
of ,scotland--there  once welled up from
 underneath immense quantities of       
flowing hot  stone1 which hardened into 
thick beds of rock4 ,while the stone was
  cooling it usually cracked1 as you may
 see the silt beside river  banks crack 
in hot sunshine along many lines        
crossing one another4  ,in the same     
manner1 this liquid rock cracked as it  
cooled1 and  because it was of very even
 consistence the cracks were regular in 
their distribution4 ,the result was that
 the rock was split into  columns       
standing side by side4 ,here1 in the    
,north of ,ireland1 is  such columnar   
rock4 ,the place is known as the        
,giants' ,causeway1 for  the people in  
the ,north of ,ireland who lived        
centuries ago1 and were  ignorant1      
wondered at this beautiful regular rock 

structure4 ,the  tops of the columns are
 like a pavement1 and the ,irish said   
that the  pavement must have been made  
by giants4 ,therefore it was called the 
,giants' ,causeway4 ,but each slab1 as  
we see in the next slide1 is  the top of
 a column and is separated from its     
neighbouring columns  by the cracks     
which formed in the cooling rock as it  
solidified4  ,so we realise how much    
more wonderful is ,nature than man in   
his  ignorance is apt to think4 ,but we 
realise also how the poetry of  a race  
begins1 and we understand the love with 
which ,irishmen and  ,scotchmen1        
scattered over the world1 look back on  
the country of  their childhood1 which  
is not only beautiful1 but wrapped in   
the  legends told them by their nurses4 
,sidenote3 #ci4 ,staffa4    ,sidenote3  
#dj4 ,fingal's ,cave4    ,this is the   
island of ,staffa1 where we see the same
 rough pavement  of column tops1 and a  
wall of column sides4 ,in places1 where 
the  waves of the ocean beat fiercely   

upon the exposed parts1 some of the     
columns have been removed1 so that the  
rock above has been undermined  and     
caves have been formed1 which resemble1 
with their vaults above  and their      
chiselled walls on either hand1 some    
great temple made by  man4    ,sidenote3
 #da4 ,killarney4    ,sidenote3 #db4    
,killarney1 ,old ,weir ,bridge4    ,now 
let us away to the far ,south-,west of  
,ireland4 ,there1 hidden  in the midst  
of high mountains1 are the ,lakes of    
,killarney4 ,this  is one of the most   
beautiful spots in all ,britain1 for the
 lakes  are sheltered1 and though close 
to the ocean are wooded along  their    
shores4 ,here is a view at ,killarney1  
across the lakes to the  mountains which
 neighbour them4 ,hanging round the     
heights are the  mists and clouds of the
 ,atlantic4 ,all this district is bathed
 in  moisture1 and green the year round1
 but hardly ever free from cloud4  ,it  
is the combination of mountain1 lake1   
wood1 cloud1 and sunshine  which gives  

an ever changing1 always flickering1    
beauty to this part  of the ocean edge4 
,here is another scene at ,killarney4   
,the boat and  the men are waiting to   
take visitors down the stream4          
,sidenote3 #dc4 ,in ,connemara4         
,sidenote3 #dd4 ,connemara--,lough      
,scene4    ,northward of ,killarney1    
upon the edge of ,ireland1 is           
,connemara1 a  region of wild1 naked    
rock scenery1 so wet and poor that over 
large  districts bog moss clings to the 
surface instead of grass4 ,we see  here 
the torrents of rain water descending   
from the mist-bathed  mountains4 ,this  
is another scene in the same country of 
,connemara  with a rare clump of trees1 
making still more evident the general   
nakedness of the landscape4 ,the beauty 
of it depends on the shapes of  the     
hills1 and on the alternation of land   
and water4    ,sidenote3 #de4 ,highland 
,scene--,a ,stag4    ,sidenote3 #df4    
,highland ,scene--,a ,golden ,eagle4    
,and now we come to the grandest1 most  

lonely scenery in the ,western          
,highlands of ,scotland4 ,here on the   
heathery and grassy moors1 which  spread
 for miles and miles over the mountain  
heights1 are still to be  found some of 
the wild animals of ,britain1 which     
elsewhere have been  driven from the    
land by civilisation4 ,this is a stag of
 the large  species known as the ,red   
,deer4 ,you see here the colouring of   
the  moors and the atmospheric effects  
which you must put for yourselves  into 
the black and white photographs that    
follow4 ,but first we have  another     
colour photograph1 a golden eagle beside
 her nest on the  crags4    ,sidenote3  
#dg4 ,sligachan1 ,skye4    ,sidenote3   
#dh4 ,glen ,sligachan1 ,skye4           
,sidenote3 #di4 ,loch ,coruisk1 ,skye4  
,now we have two or three views in the  
,island of ,skye4 ,they are in  black   
and white1 but your minds must clothe   
them in the rich tints  we saw just now4
 ,note the treeless character of the    
scene4 ,and see  here a mountain rising 

nakedly to the sky1 without even the    
covering  of grass or heather4 ,and     
again1 in this same ,island of ,skye is 
,loch  ,coruisk1 one of the wildest and 
remotest spots in the ,united ,kingdom4 
,from the head of the loch there is a   
walk of several miles over  a mountain  
pass before you reach the first         
habitation of man4 ,so  curious is the  
contrast between the ocean edge of the  
,british ,islands  and the thickly      
populated plain of ,england4 ,london is 
the largest  city in the world1 but the 
,highlands of ,scotland are among the   
least  populated regions of all ,europe4
 ,here1 therefore1 is the playground  of
 many of the ,british people1 who go in 
the summer time to walk over  these     
mountains1 to steam through these lochs1
 to catch the fish1  and to shoot the   
deer and the birds4 ,so they gain the   
health which  enables them to work in   
,london at the business of the ,empire  
during  the dark winter4    ,sidenote3  
#ej4 ,clett ,rock1 ,thurso4             

,sidenote3 #ea4 ,duncansby ,head4       
,finally we come out to the ocean       
itself1 and here we see the great       
history of ,nature4 ,layer upon layer1  
hundreds of layers thick1 we  have the  
beds of rock which were once laid down  
at the bottom of the  sea4 ,they are now
 dry and hard1 and have been cut into by
 the waves1  so that this stack of rock1
 which was once a piece of ,scotland1 is
  now detached as a little island4 ,here
 is yet another scene where the  rocks  
are of a different kind1 and the shape  
of the islets therefore  different4     
,sidenote3 #eb4 ,atlantic ,rollers4     
,sidenote3 #ec4 ,sunset on the          
,atlantic4    ,these are the rollers of 
the rough northern sea1 which work upon 
the  hard stone4 ,but occasionally even 
the ,atlantic ,ocean calms4 ,as we  look
 out to the west on this lovely summer  
evening1 let us remember  a fact never  
to be forgotten4 ,the islands of        
,britain1 which centre  in ,london1 with
 all their natural beauty and their #dc 

millions of  people1 are what they are1 
the focus of a great ,empire1 partly    
because they are set as islands in the  
ocean1 and partly because they  were    
peopled long ago by proud and masterful 
sea races of men4                       
,,lecture ,,iv4          ,,historic     
,,centres ,,and ,,their ,,influence     
,,upon ,,national ,,life4               
,sidenote3 #a4 ,stonehenge4    ,the     
,english did not always live in the     
,british ,islands4 ,they came1  long    
centuries ago1 across the sea from the  
mainland of ,europe4  ,before them there
 lived in the islands peoples of whom we
 know  but little4 ,some of these early 
peoples have1 however1 left to us       
monuments1 which have been preserved in 
the more lonely parts of  the country4  
,they were apparently temples1 built    
with great stones1  such as we see here 
at ,stonehenge4 ,of the language of the 
people who  built them we know          
nothing--of their arts of life we know  
little4 ,we  believe that they were     

barbarous tribes who offered human      
sacrifices2  but at least they must have
 had some command over machinery1 or    
they  never could have raised such      
stones as these1 which are more than    
twice as high as a man4    ,sidenote3   
#b4 ,the ,roman ,wall4    ,after these  
people there came others1 and yet       
others1 and at last a  very powerful and
 highly civilised people1 the ,romans1  
who conquered  nearly all the ,western  
world4 ,they conquered ,england1 but    
never  ,ireland or ,northern ,scotland4 
,the ,romans have left monuments in     
various parts of the country1 of which  
the most remarkable is this  wall across
 the island4 ,they did not care to      
invade those rugged  regions of the     
,north1 filled with mountains and great 
moorlands1  which we saw in the pictures
 of the last ,lecture4 ,in ,scotland    
there  continued1 therefore1 to dwell   
the wild peoples who inhabited all the  
island before the coming of the ,romans4
 ,the mountaineers were kept  out of the

 ,south by a stone wall1 built right    
across the island1 the  remains of which
 are still for the most part standing   
to-day4 ,the  ,roman wall shows you     
something of the strength of the ,roman 
people1  to whom the islands of ,britain
 owed their first civilisation4         
,sidenote3 #c4 ,roman ,bath at ,bath4   
,here is another evidence of the ,roman 
epoch in ,britain4 ,it is the  ruin of a
 ,roman bath in the town which is now   
called ,bath4 ,the houses  around are1  
of course1 modern4 ,hot water rises at  
,bath from great  depths1 and is used   
for medicinal purposes4 ,the springs    
were known  to the ,romans1 and for that
 reason they built a ,roman city here4  
,all the upper portion of the building  
is1 as you see1 gone1 but  there remains
 the bath itself1 with the steps leading
 down to it1  and the bases of the      
columns which formerly supported a      
covered way  around4 ,the ,romans came  
from the ,south--from the               
,mediterranean--and  experienced a      

climatic difficulty in ,britain1 just as
 white men  to-day experience one in the
 tropics4 ,but white men have difficulty
  in tropical climates because of the   
heat2 the ,romans had difficulty  in the
 northern countries because of the cold2
 and therefore it was  that they valued 
the warm water of the baths at ,bath4   
,sidenote3 #d4 ,round ,tower at         
,glendalough4    ,christianity was first
 preached in ,britain while the ,romans 
were  there4 ,it was carried by         
missionaries even beyond the ,roman     
frontiers  into ,ireland1 and afterwards
 into ,scotland4 ,when the ,romans left 
the  country1 after ruling there for    
#djj years1 there came over the seas    
the forefathers of the ,english--a race 
of wild1 bold seamen4 ,they  were not   
,christians2 but at first they did not  
conquer either ,ireland  or ,scotland1  
and the ,christian religion continued   
among the ancient  peoples of those     
countries4 ,some of the most ancient of 
the ,irish and  ,scottish monuments     

relate to the time when the ,english    
were newly  come into ,england4 ,this   
round tower1 for instance1 is probably a
  monument of that time4 ,it is in a    
very beautiful mountainous portion  of  
,ireland1 and is known as the ,round    
,tower of ,glendalough4    ,sidenote3   
#e4 ,iona ,cathedral4    ,crossing the  
sea to ,scotland1 we come to the islet  
of ,iona1 placed  out in the ,western   
ocean beyond the coast of the mainland  
of  ,scotland4 ,here are the ruins of a 
,cathedral of great antiquity4 ,at      
,iona there ruled the ,lord of the      
,isles1 who was ,king over the pirates  
from the ,north4 ,they seized all the   
,western isles of ,scotland and  held   
them until about six hundred years ago1 
when they were defeated  at sea1 and    
there was peace on the ocean off        
,britain4    ,sidenote3 #f4 ,king       
,alfred's ,statue at ,winchester4       
,let us now return to ,england--to the  
,england which had been conquered  by   
the ,romans and abandoned by them1 and  

had been conquered afresh  by the tribes
 of the ,english from over the water4   
,let us pass on  through some dark      
centuries1 as they are called1 because  
history has  little to tell of them1    
until we come to the first great        
,englishman1  ,king ,alfred the ,great1 
from whom our present ,king-,emperor1   
,edward the  ,seventh1 is descended4    
,king ,alfred lived a thousand years    
ago1 and is  called ,great because he   
united the tribes of the ,english1 and  
made  the ,kingdom of ,england4 ,here is
 the monument erected in his city of    
,winchester on the thousandth           
anniversary of his death4    ,sidenote3 
#g4 ,bradford-on-,avon ,church4    ,some
 generations before ,king ,alfred1      
,christian missionaries came  again to  
the land of ,england and slowly         
converted the ,english to               
,christianity--first one tribe and then 
another4 ,here is1 perhaps1  the most   
ancient of the ,christian churches of   
,england--it is at  ,bradford-on-,avon4 

,the missionaries came from ,rome1 and  
taught the  ,english to build in stone1 
with round tops to the windows1 as the  
,romans built4    ,we have now mentioned
 five ages of ,english history4 ,first1 
were the  ,ancient ,britons2 second1 the
 ,roman conquerors2 third1 the ,english 
conquerors2 fourth1 the ,christian      
,missionaries2 and fifth1 was ,king     
,alfred4 ,a sixth age had to elapse     
before the ,england which we know  was  
made4 ,in this a new race of fierce     
seamen came over the water1  who were   
called ,normans1 or ,north men4 ,one    
branch of them were the  ,pirates just  
now mentioned at ,iona4 ,another branch 
conquered the  southern part of         
,britain1 the part now called ,england1 
and added  one more strain of blood to  
the people who have ever since lived  in
 ,britain and sailed the ocean4 ,the    
,normans completed the work of  ,king   
,alfred1 and the ,english1 being now    
united1 have not since been  conquered  
from across the water4 ,you see that it 

was by no chance  that the people of    
,britain became the race of sea-fighters
 and of  rulers beyond the sea such as  
they are now known in all parts of the  
world4    ,sidenote3 #h4 ,iffley4       
,sidenote3 #i4 ,durham ,cathedral4      
,all this time the ,english were        
advancing in civilisation4 ,though  they
 fought among themselves1 though they   
obeyed their rulers with  difficulty1   
already they venerated the churches of  
their ,christian  religion4 ,while they 
could not put their wealth into         
beautiful  houses1 which might be       
pillaged1 yet they were able to build   
magnificent churches1 which all men     
respected1 and these churches  are the  
most splendid monuments they have left  
to us4 ,before they  crossed to ,britain
 the ,normans stayed for a time on the  
mainland of  ,europe and learned there a
 new style of building4 ,here is the    
,norman  church of ,iffley4 ,you still  
notice the rounded ,roman arches1 but   
the building is clearly of a more       

finished type than the church of        
,bradford-on-,avon1 which we saw just   
now4 ,next is the great cathedral  at   
,durham1 also ,norman work1 but with    
some later building added1 for  in each 
generation men loved to enlarge and     
enrich the chief temple  of their town  
or district4    ,sidenote3 #aj4         
,canterbury ,cathedral4    ,we now come 
to a ,cathedral of later date4 ,it is   
that of ,canterbury4  ,here1 as you see1
 the windows have pointed tops to them1 
for they  are built in the ,gothic      
style1 which succeeded the ,roman style 
of  the ,normans4 ,canterbury ,cathedral
 is a very large church4 ,its three     
great towers contain bells which call   
the people to worship4 ,this is  the    
cathedral of the ,archbishop of         
,canterbury1 and is placed where  the   
missionary ,augustine first taught the  
,christian religion to the  ,english1   
who had lately crossed the seas into    
,britain4    ,sidenote3 #aa4            
,salisbury--,west ,front4    ,here is   

the west front of ,salisbury ,cathedral4
 ,you see clearly that  we are coming   
into civilized times1 for the men who   
built this  cathedral could work in     
stone with delicate skill4 ,they no     
longer  employed great massive columns  
and rows of narrow1 round headed        
windows4 ,all this front has pointed    
arches1 and in many of them you  have   
sculptured images of the good men of    
past times4    ,sidenote3 #ab4 ,wells   
,cathedral4    ,sidenote3 #ac4          
,wells--,west ,front4    ,this is ,wells
 ,cathedral1 surrounded by beautiful    
trees and gardens4  ,and here is the    
front of the same cathedral1 with still 
more delicate  and elaborate work4 ,do  
you realise the love which the builders 
put  into each little piece of what they
 did8    ,sidenote3 #ad4 ,christ ,church
 ,cathedral1 ,oxford--,interior4    ,and
 here lastly is the interior of ,oxford 
,cathedral4 ,it is very  interesting1   
because upon arches of ,norman date1    
roughly and  massively hewn1 you have a 

vaulted roof of the latest and most     
delicate ,gothic or pointed style4 ,in  
this respect the cathedrals  of ,england
 are like everything else that is       
,english4 ,in each age  ,englishmen     
accept with veneration what their       
forefathers hand down to  them1 and     
adapt it with as little change as       
possible to the needs of  their own     
time4 ,it is only so that a mighty and  
lasting ,empire can be  founded4    ,in 
the country parts of ,england1 where no 
town requires a large  building for     
worship1 here and there a church has    
fallen1 in times  of past strife1 into  
decay4 ,but the people of the present   
take care  of these ruins1 and regard   
them with veneration1 for they are often
  very beautiful1 and preserve a record 
of the past most faithfully1  because   
there has been no need to adapt them to 
modern requirements4    ,sidenote3 #ae4 
,glastonbury4    ,sidenote3 #af4        
,netley4    ,here1 for instance1 is the 
ruin of ,glastonbury ,abbey1 and here   

that  of ,netley ,abbey4 ,in both1 as   
you see1 the roof has fallen in1 but you
  can imagine what kind of church there 
must have been formerly4 ,with  these   
exceptions the buildings in ,england are
 maintained in perfect  order1 for the  
cool1 moist climate requires that1 for  
comfort sake1  the weather should be    
kept out4    ,while the cathedrals were 
built without defence1 and beautiful    
churches were often set in the green    
country and yet were not  attacked even 
in wild ages1 the houses of the great   
men of the land  were formerly small    
fortresses or castles4 ,these castles   
still stand  in different parts of the  
country1 having in some cases been      
adapted  to modern requirements2 but for
 the most part they have become ruins1  
for it was easier to build again from   
the foundations4 ,moreover1 many  of    
them were broken in warfare4            
,sidenote3 #ag4 ,stirling ,castle4      
,sidenote3 #ah4 ,alnwick ,castle4       
,here is ,stirling ,castle1 set high on 

a rock1 in ,scotland2 and here  is      
,alnwick ,castle1 built near the        
frontier between ,england and           
,scotland4 ,for centuries there was much
 fighting between the ,english  and the 
,scots1 though now1 as you know1 they   
have joined together in  friendship1 and
 are subjects of one ,king4             
,sidenote3 #ai4 ,windsor ,castle4       
,here is the greatest of all the        
,castles4 ,it is ,windsor ,castle--the  
castle of the ,king of ,england4 ,it    
stands on a hill beside the ,river      
,thames1 higher up the river than       
,london4 ,you can see the ,round ,tower 
in the centre of it4 ,in all the old    
castles there was a strong refuge  in   
the centre for final defence in case a  
besieger should effect an  entry into   
the outworks1 and this most important   
part of the castle  was called the      
8keep40 ,at ,windsor the ,round ,tower  
was the keep4 ,here  to the right we    
have the church of the castle1 called   
,st4 ,george's  ,chapel4 ,in the old    

times there lived within such a castle  
as this of  the ,king of ,england almost
 a whole town of his servants4 ,you will
  remember from the second lecture that 
the ,parliament and the ,judges  used to
 sit in the ,king's ,palace at          
,westminster4 ,in modern times  people  
think it healthier and more comfortable 
not to be crowded4    ,sidenote3 #bj4   
,windsor ,round ,tower4    ,now we go   
inside the castle and stand beside the  
,round ,tower4 ,you see  from the       
slightly pointed heads of the windows   
that the ,tower belongs  to a later time
 than that of the ,normans1 who built   
with round-headed  windows4             
,sidenote3 #ba4 ,windsor from ,home     
,park4    ,here is one more view of     
,windsor ,castle4 ,the ,round ,tower is 
in the  background to the right1 for    
this front of the building is new1 and  
is in the nature of a palace rather than
 a castle4 ,these wooded  slopes are the
 beginning of the beautiful park which  
lies round the  castle4 ,here are the   

rooms in which used to live ,queen      
,victoria1 our  ,empress1 the mother of 
,king ,edward4    ,western history is   
divided into three periods which are    
generally  known as ,antiquity1 the     
,middle ,ages1 and the ,modern ,times4  
,the last  of these periods began about 
four centuries ago4 ,the ,middle ,ages  
included about a thousand years4 ,the   
,romans belonged to ,antiquity1  but    
,king ,alfred is of the ,middle ,ages1  
and so are most of the castles  and     
cathedrals1 except ,st4 ,paul's         
,cathedral1 which was built about  two  
hundred years ago1 when the earlier     
cathedral of ,london had been  destroyed
 by fire4    ,sidenote3 #bb4 ,hatfield4 
,it took the whole of the ,middle       
,ages--a thousand years--to establish   
law and justice and order in ,england1 a
 fact which shows with what  care order 
should be treasured1 once it has been   
attained4 ,but at  last men began to    
feel that even their rulers1 who in a   
rough age are  liable to attack1 might  

leave their houses unfortified1 and     
place  them in the midst of pleasant    
gardens4 ,this was the beginning of     
,modern ,times4 ,here is ,hatfield      
,house1 built for one of ,england's     
most famous statesmen1 the ,lord        
,burleigh1 who three hundred years  ago1
 served one of her greatest monarchs1   
,queen ,elizabeth4 ,a few  years ago    
,hatfield was the home of another       
,british statesman1 ,lord  ,salisbury1  
who was a descendant of ,lord ,burleigh1
 and served a still  greater            
monarch--,queen ,victoria4 ,you see how 
different from a castle  is the         
appearance of this house4 ,it has square
 broad windows1 giving  a flood of light
 within1 even to the ground floor2 for  
the men who  built it had no longer to  
fear that they would be attacked by     
arrows  and by guns through their       
windows1 and therefore they could afford
  to let in the light of the sun1 which 
is loved in this cool ,northern  land4  
,but you must not think that all of     

,england's greatness has been made  by  
her rich and powerful men4 ,it is the   
glory of ,england that some  of the most
 valuable things done for her have been 
done by poor men4  ,you remember from   
the second ,lecture that in ,westminster
 ,abbey1 not  only was our              
,king-,emperor crowned1 with the        
dignitaries of the empire  round him1   
but also that there is a space called   
the ,poets' ,corner1  where are the     
tombs and monuments of some of the chief
 writers who  have inspired the ,english
 with ideals of order and justice and   
freedom4 ,these poets were mostly poor  
men--some of them very poor4            
,sidenote3 #bc4 ,stratford-on-,avon4    
,here in the town of                    
,stratford-on-,avon1 in the centre of   
,england1  is the humble cottage1 still 
preserved with care1 in which at  the   
time when the splendid house of         
,hatfield was built for ,lord           
,burleigh1 there was born and lived the 
greatest of all ,english  writers1      

,shakespeare4 ,to-day1 in every town in 
which the ,english live  throughout the 
world there are copies of at least two  
books1 the holy  book of the            
,english--the ,christian ,bible--and the
 book full of human  wisdom1 which was  
written by ,shakespeare4    ,sidenote3  
#bd4 ,blenheim4    ,in ,london1 in the  
,cathedral of ,st4 ,paul1 we saw the    
monuments over  the tombs of ,nelson and
 ,wellington1 the sailor and the soldier
 who  won the victories of ,trafalgar   
and ,waterloo4 ,two hundred years ago1  
that is to say a hundred years before   
,nelson and ,wellington1 there  lived   
another great general1 who commanded the
 armies of ,england  and won victories  
in the days of ,queen ,anne4 ,he was the
 ,duke of  ,marlborough1 and this is the
 house1 ,blenheim ,palace1 which        
,england  built for him in gratitude for
 the victories he had won4 ,in our own  
times1 ,queen ,victoria and ,king       
,edward have given rewards to ,lord     
,roberts and ,lord ,kitchener1 whose    

names and deeds you know4 ,blenheim1  as
 you see1 is a modern palace1 not a     
fortified castle of the ,middle  ,ages4 
,but it is built in the ancient style1  
for there was law and  order in the     
,empire of the ,romans1 and they also   
could therefore  build spaciously and   
openly4    ,sidenote3 #be4 ,eton--from  
,playing ,fields4    ,sidenote3 #bf4    
,eton--from the ,river4    ,sidenote3   
#bg4 ,eton--#dth ,june4    ,now there is
 one kind of old building in the land of
 ,england which  we have not yet        
mentioned1 though it is very interesting
 and very  important4 ,the youth of the 
,english race1 and especially that part 
of it which in after years is to work   
for ,government at ,home1 in  ,india1   
and in the ,colonies1 is carefully      
brought up in the midst  of monuments of
 the past4 ,for ,englishmen wish that   
the citizens of  the ,british ,empire   
should not think too greatly each of    
himself1  but should think greatly of   
the ,state which they serve4 ,therefore 

they bring up their youths to know that 
among their ancestors there  were also  
men who did good work for the ,nation4  
,the highest thing  an ,englishman can  
do is to play his part well in his      
generation by  adding a little to the   
great scheme of order and freedom which 
we  call the ,british ,empire4 ,this is 
the ancient building of ,eton1 the      
chief of the public schools of ,britain4
 ,it was founded by one of the  ,kings  
of ,england under the shadow of ,windsor
 ,castle4 ,here is another  view of it1 
taken from the ,thames1 which flows     
between ,windsor and  ,eton4 ,and here  
are the boys amusing themselves in boats
 on their  annual festival-day4 ,the    
view1 as you see1 contains the ,round   
,tower  of ,windsor ,castle4            
,sidenote3 #bh4 ,oxford--from ,magdalen 
,tower4    ,sidenote3 #bi4              
,oxford--,high ,street4    ,sidenote3   
#cj4 ,oxford--,wadham ,garden4    ,when 
the boys have grown to be young men1    
they go from school  to the             

,universities4 ,there are two ancient   
,universities in  ,england1 well-known  
to not a few students from ,india1      
,oxford and  ,cambridge1 each adorned   
with beautiful buildings and gardens1   
and  full of memories of the great men  
of the past4 ,there are also  ancient   
,universities in ,scotland and ,ireland1
 and there are new  ,universities in    
,england such as the ,london            
,university4 ,but the  historic         
,universities of ,britain are ,oxford   
and ,cambridge4 ,here is  the           
,university of ,oxford as viewed from   
the tower of one of its  colleges4 ,we  
see that it is a city filled with       
monuments and splendid  buildings4 ,this
 is the ,high ,street in ,oxford1 with  
the ,church of the  ,university and some
 of the ,palaces called ,colleges1      
within which  the young men live1       
together with some of the ,professors   
who teach  them4 ,there are twenty-one  
of these colleges in ,oxford1 each with 
#bjj or #cjj students living within4    

,here is the garden of one of the       
colleges1 where men may walk and think4 
,sidenote3 #ca4 ,cambridge--,king's4    
,sidenote3 #cb4 ,cambridge--,king's     
,chapel--,interior4    ,sidenote3 #cc4  
,cambridge--,clare ,bridge4    ,let us  
visit for a moment the sister           
,university of ,cambridge4 ,this is  the
 ,church in the college that is called  
,king's ,college1 for it was  founded by
 one of the ancestors of ,king ,edward4 
,here is the interior  of that church4  
,you see how delicately the great span  
of the vault  is built4 ,this church was
 erected at the close of the ,middle    
,ages1  when men no longer put up       
fortresses for houses4 ,therefore they  
had  learned to build lightly1 and to   
plan arches and windows with daring     
skill4 ,next is a scene in the gardens  
of the ,cambridge colleges1 with  a     
bridge spanning the little ,river ,cam4 
,sidenote3 #cd4 ,oxford--,commemoration 
,procession1 with ,prince of  ,wales4   
,sidenote3 #ce4 ,oxford--,merton        

,college ,library4    ,we will return   
for a moment to ,oxford and see         
something of the  working of the        
,universities4 ,here is a solemn        
procession of the  dignitaries of the   
,university of ,oxford4 ,this is the    
,president of the  ,university1 called  
the ,vice-,chancellor1 and beside him1  
as a member  of the ,university1 is the 
,prince of ,wales1 the son of the ,king4
 ,in  front of them are two ,bedels     
carrying the maces of state4 ,next we   
have the interior of one of the many    
libraries of the ,university4 ,it  is   
the library of ,merton ,college4 ,the   
first duty of the ,university  is to    
treasure and increase knowledge4 ,the   
second is to impart that  knowledge1 so 
that it may be used for the good of     
mankind4 ,but there  is also a third1   
which1 for an imperial nation1 is very  
important4  ,how comes it that young    
,englishmen1 at home and in all lands of
  the earth1 have learned to work       
together8 ,in part1 no doubt1 it is     

because the schools have taught them not
 to think too highly each of  himself4  
,in part1 also1 it is because they have 
learnt from books1  and are intelligent4
 ,but in part it is due to the games    
which they  play at school and at the   
,university4 ,these games not only      
develop  the body and give decision to  
the character1 but they also teach  each
 man to sacrifice himself for the common
 cause4 ,if eight men  row a boat in a  
race1 no one can win victory for himself
 alone1 but  submitting his will1 must  
strive that his boat may win against the
  boat which is chasing it4             
,sidenote3 #cf4 ,oxford ,boats--,the    
,start4    ,sidenote3 #cg4 ,the         
same--,the ,race4    ,sidenote3 #ch4    
,the same--,a 8,bump04    ,sidenote3    
#ci4 ,the same--,after the ,race4       
,let us look for a moment at two or     
three scenes in these contests at       
,oxford1 where men learn to work        
together1 to keep their tempers1 to     
bear defeat1 and to try again4 ,the     

subject is one of great interest  to us 
here in ,india1 for our young men now   
play the same games as the  ,english4   
,here is the start for the race4 ,the   
boats are arranged in  procession at    
equal distances4 ,all start together at 
the firing of a  pistol4 ,each tries to 
overtake and touch the boat in front of 
it4 ,a  boat which succeeds in the      
effort starts the next day in the place 
ahead of the boat which it has          
overtaken4 ,thus at the end of many     
days a boat may work its way up to the  
head of the procession4 ,but  a man who 
rowed in that boat would not say that he
 won the race--he  would only claim to  
have rowed along with other good men in 
the  victorious boat4 ,thus all men will
 know that he has not only learnt  to   
strive hard1 but also to obey4 ,here is 
the race in progress1 and  here is a    
8bump02 the second boat has caught the  
first1 and the man  who steers the first
 boat is good-temperedly acknowledging  
defeat by  holding up his arm4 ,here    

lastly are the boats resting at the     
close of  the race4    ,sidenote3 #dj4  
,a ,football ,match--,england v4        
,scotland4    ,you must not think1      
however1 that these games are confined  
to the  ,public ,schools and the        
,universities4 ,the millions of people  
who never  go to either play the same   
games and learn the same lessons from   
them4 ,here you will recognize a        
football match4 ,it is being played     
between ,england and ,scotland1 each    
country having chosen the best  team    
available from among its countrymen4 ,in
 this game you can see at  once that a  
man would be unpopular who played       
selfishly for his own  distinction and  
not for the victory of his team4        
,sidenote3 #da4 ,a ,cricket             
,match--,england v4 ,australia4         
,football is in ,england a winter game1 
for it requires considerable  activity4 
,cricket is more especially the national
 game1 and it is  a game which1 as you  
know1 the ,english carry with them into 

every  corner of the globe1 including   
the tropics4 ,the great ,colony of      
,australia is not everywhere tropical1  
but as a whole it is much  warmer than  
the home country4 ,cricket is played    
there with much zest4  ,now1 because    
,australia is in the south and ,britain 
in the north1  their seasons are        
reversed4 ,therefore1 during the        
,australian winter  a cricket eleven is 
often sent to ,england1 where it arrives
 during  the northern summer4 ,this is a
 cricket match1 played before many      
spectators between ,england and         
,australia4    ,sidenote3 #db4 ,oxford  
and ,cambridge ,athletics--,the         
,hurdles4    ,sidenote3 #dc4 ,finish for
 the ,half ,mile4    ,there are many    
other athletic contests in which        
strength and skill  are matched4 ,here1 
for instance1 is a race between         
representatives  of the ,universities of
 ,oxford and ,cambridge4 ,even in this  
contest1  where one man only can win1   
the ,english do not say simply that he  

won the race1 but they say that he won  
it for ,oxford or ,cambridge1  as the   
case may be4 ,part of the glory is not  
his1 it belongs to the  ,university     
which trained him4 ,here is the finish  
of another race4    ,sidenote3 #dd4     
,ladies ,playing ,hockey4    ,lastly1 we
 must not forget that half the nation   
consists of women4  ,the ,english like  
their women to play games1 and to learn 
lessons of  courage and self-control    
which shall make them brave and helpful 
wives in foreign countries or on the    
borders of the ,empire4 ,these  ladies  
are playing the game of hockey4         
,probably1 they are students  at one of 
the ,universities1 for it is felt that  
women require  intelligence no less than
 men1 if they are to be the wise mothers
 of  a race of rulers4                  
,,lecture ,v4                           
,,country ,,life ,,and ,,the ,,smaller  
,,towns4      ,in the last ,lecture we  
saw how the history of ,england1 and the
  monuments which have come from it1    

surround the schools and the            
universities1 and influence the         
upbringing of the men whom we know  here
 in ,india as officers of the ,army and 
of the ,navy1 as ,civil  ,servants1 and 
as merchants4 ,let us now1 however1     
describe the early  surroundings of     
those whom we know chiefly as the rank  
and file of  the ,army and as the       
sailors of the ,navy4    ,let us        
consider the homes of the people outside
 the ,metropolis--the  small towns      
scattered over the whole land1 and the  
hundreds of little  villages1 the farms1
 and the cottages in the green          
countrysides and  by the shores of the  
sea4    ,sidenote3 #a4 ,view of         
,chipping ,campden4    ,here is the     
little town of ,chipping ,campden1 in   
the ,west of ,england1  set in a valley 
amid low hills and shaded by green      
trees1 with its  church tower rising in 
the centre4 ,do you see the sloping     
roofs of  the houses which speak of a   
rainy climate1 and the chimneys rising  

from their ridges1 telling of the cold  
winters and of blazing fires  round     
which in the long evenings the families 
gather8    ,sidenote3 #b4 ,street in    
,chipping ,campden4    ,this is a street
 in the same little town of ,chipping   
,campden4 ,is  it not peaceful and      
silent8 ,how different the lives of the 
people  brought up here from those who  
live in the sound of the unending       
traffic of ,london6    ,sidenote3 #c4 ,a
 ,business ,street4    ,here is another 
street in a country town1 with shops    
where food and  clothing are sold4      
,there is an inn1 too1 which bears the  
sign of a  ,cock4 ,the use of signs     
instead of names to distinguish houses  
is  an old custom which has survived    
from the times when men could not  read4
 ,see the school children gathered in   
the street watching the  photographer   
who is taking the picture4    ,sidenote3
 #d4 ,a ,residential ,street4    ,next  
we go into a residential street1 where  
are the houses of the  doctors and the  

lawyers of the little town4 ,some of the
 shopkeepers  also dwell here1 for when 
they can afford it they like to withdraw
  in the evening from their shops4      
,these people are known in ,england  as 
the middle classes1 for they are neither
 very rich nor very poor4  ,from among  
their children have come many who have  
helped to make  ,england what she is4   
,sidenote3 #e4 ,town ,church and ,town  
,hall4    ,in the middle of the town    
there is the ,church and also the ,town 
,hall  where meetings of the inhabitants
 are from time to time held for the     
management of local affairs4 ,this      
slide1 for instance1 is taken in  the   
little town of ,cirencester4 ,in front  
is the ,town ,hall1 and in  rear of it  
the ,church with its tower4             
,sidenote3 #f4 ,a ,market4    ,these    
small towns could not exist if it were  
not for the country  around them4 ,on   
six days of the week they are silent and
 sleepy1  but on the seventh they wake  
up and do much business4 ,this day1     

known as ,market ,day1 brings the       
farmers and their wives from all the    
country round to sell their produce and 
to buy in the shops their  requirements 
for the week4 ,two or three times a year
 the market is  specially a large one1  
and is known as a ,fair4 ,here is a     
,fair in  the little town of ,burford4  
,as you look down the street you can see
  the green country without4 ,but the   
street is full of people1 and  there are
 stalls set up in it because there is no
 room for all the  purchasers in the    
shops4 ,therefore it is1 that these     
small towns are  known as ,market       
,towns4    ,sidenote3 #g4 ,yarmouth4    
,some of the towns round the coast1     
however1 are differently employed4      
,they depend not so much upon weekly    
markets as upon their fisheries4  ,here 
is a scene at ,yarmouth1 with a number  
of old fishermen waiting  with their    
baskets on the quay for the return of   
the boats4    ,sidenote3 #h4 ,newlyn    
,harbour4    ,sidenote3 #i4 ,landing    

,fish4    ,in the next slide we have the
 fishing fleet of ,newlyn1 lying        
sheltered in its harbour4 ,and then we  
have a view of the boats on  their      
return deeply laden with their catch4   
,since ,britain consists  of islands and
 has shores on all sides1 the fisheries 
have much  importance4    ,but after    
all1 if we would find the old life of   
,england in which have  been reared the 
generations of men who have spread over 
the whole  world making the ,empire and 
its commerce1 we must go not only       
outside  ,london1 but outside even the  
market and fishing towns into the rural 
country4    ,sidenote3 #aj4 ,a ,country 
,road1 ,saintbury4    ,here is a road   
running past a farmhouse and cottages1  
with a flock of  geese in the foreground
 which are being reared for food in the 
winter4    ,sidenote3 #aa4 ,a ,village  
,street4    ,sidenote3 #ab4 ,village    
,church and ,school4    ,and here we    
enter a village1 with its church visible
 up the street4 ,a  village differs from

 a town in having no weekly market4 ,it 
has fewer  shops1 and is generally      
smaller4 ,it is the place where the     
labourers  live who work on the         
surrounding farms4 ,in its centre three 
buildings  generally stand near         
together4 ,there is the church1 not     
infrequently  several centuries old1 and
 round the church is the churchyard with
  the graves of twenty generations of   
the past villagers4 ,then there is  the 
school1 and thirdly1 there is the house 
of the clergyman4 ,these  are the little
 institutions found in each of the      
several thousand  villages which are    
scattered at intervals of a mile or two 
over the  whole of the ,british ,isles4 
,some of them contain two or three      
hundred  inhabitants1 and some of them a
 thousand or twelve hundred4            
,sidenote3 #ac4 ,stoke ,poges ,church4  
,here is another village church1 with a 
pointed spire instead of a  blunt tower4
 ,it is clothed1 as you see1 with       
creepers1 and around  are the tombstones

 in the graveyard4 ,there are generally 
bells  in the towers and spires of these
 country churches4 ,on a bright  ,sunday
 morning1 when labour has ceased and the
 people take their  weekly rest1 these  
bells ring merrily through all the green
 country  summoning the people1 rich and
 poor1 to assemble in the church for    
the worship of ,god4    ,sidenote3 #ad4 
,cottages1 ,bisham1 ,berks4    ,let us  
now look at some of the houses which    
stand not even in  villages1 but quite  
alone1 or in groups of two or three1    
amid the  fields4 ,beside this road we  
have a short row of cottages clothed    
with  creepers1 like the church that we 
saw just now1 each with its little      
garden in front4 ,do you see the        
labourer's wife standing at her door    
with a child on her arm and a dog at her
 feet8 ,it is from thousands  upon      
thousands of such little homes as these1
 that have come the  soldiers and       
sailors who have fought for ,england1   
and the workmen  who have worked in the 

factories and have made ,england the    
great  industrial and commercial country
 which we know4    ,sidenote3 #ae4 ,a   
,country ,inn4    ,next we have a little
 inn by the roadside with a cart stopped
 beside  it4 ,the dog is waiting for his
 master1 the carter1 who has gone       
within to talk and rest and drink4      
,sidenote3 #af4 ,mapledurham ,house4    
,such is the quiet life of the humbler  
people in the country parts of          
,england4 ,but here and there through   
all the land there rises also  the      
country home of a rich family4 ,of all  
the features of ,england1  perhaps the  
most beautiful and the most indicative  
of peace and  strength and wealth1 are  
these country houses of the upper       
classes4  ,we have one here surrounded  
by perfect trees and by spreading lawns 
of thick short green grass4             
,sidenote3 #ag4 ,interior at ,long      
,marston1 ,charles ,i4 kitchen4    ,many
 of these houses are old1 and have been 
little changed1 though  well cared for1 

during several generations4 ,this1 for  
instance1 is  a kitchen in one of them  
dating from #bej years ago4 ,do you note
 the  great beam of oak which supports  
the ceiling8 ,oak is an ,english tree   
which1 like teak in ,india1 gives a     
timber as strong as iron4    ,sidenote3 
#ah4 ,knole ,house4    ,here is another 
and yet grander house1 surrounded by one
 of those  noble parks of which you     
heard in the last lecture4    ,sidenote3
 #ai4 ,hunt ,scene1 ,streatley1 ,berks4 
,you may imagine with what pleasure the 
leading men of ,england escape  from    
their work in ,london1 either in        
,parliament or in the ,law ,courts  or  
in the ,city1 to these quiet1 proud     
homes in the country1 where  they may   
give themselves to sport both in winter 
and in summer--for  the climate of      
,england is rarely either too hot or too
 cold for  activity throughout the day4 
,here1 for instance1 is a winter scene  
in a country park1 with a pack of dogs1 
or1 as they are called1  hounds1 in the 

foreground1 for the hunting of the fox4 
,the men on  horseback are ready to     
follow the hounds across the country1   
leaping  the hedgerows of which you     
heard in the third ,lecture4 ,with them 
you  may notice two or three ladies on  
horseback1 who also will follow the     
hounds and leap the hedges4 ,that it is 
winter time you may tell from  the      
leafless branches of most of the trees4 
,sidenote3 #bj4 ,nuneham ,park4    ,on  
the other hand1 we have here a summer   
scene in a country park with  a cricket 
match in progress4    ,now ,i think you 
can understand something of the country 
life of  ,england4 ,the village         
generally consists of the ,squire1 the  
,vicar1  the ,schoolmaster1 the         
,farmers1 and the ,labourers4 ,the      
,squire owns  most of the land4 ,he was 
educated at a great school4 ,his sons   
become  officers in the ,army and in the
 ,navy4 ,he is the unpaid magistrate of 
the district1 and lives in the great    
house in the park4 ,beside him1  and    

living in a smaller home1 is the ,vicar1
 who ministers on ,sundays  in the      
church and visits the people in their   
homes to help them in  illness or       
trouble4 ,in addition there are often   
,ministers of the  ,free ,churches1 for 
religion is a matter for each man's     
conscience1  notwithstanding the        
existence of a ,state ,church4 ,beside  
the ,vicar and  the ,ministers is the   
,schoolmaster1 to whom by law the       
children must  be sent to learn to read 
and write4 ,then there come the farmers1
 who  rent pieces of land from the      
,squire1 and farm them with the help of 
the labourers4 ,the farmers live in     
farmhouses surrounded by cattle  sheds  
and corn barns1 and the labourers occupy
 cottages such as we  have seen4        
,sidenote3 #ba4 ,a ,farmhouse4    ,all  
these dwellers in the country--squires1 
vicars1 schoolmasters1  farmers1 and    
labourers1 and also the tradesmen of the
 market  towns1 depend for their        
livelihood on the crops of the field4   

,in  one way or another they all receive
 a share of the harvests4 ,let  us      
therefore spend a few moments in        
considering the operations  of ,british 
agriculture4 ,they are very different   
from those of a  tropical country1 and  
it is impossible to understand the      
writings of  ,british authors unless you
 know something of the aspects of       
,british  agriculture4 ,the centre of   
the farm is the farmhouse1 such as we   
have  here1 with its outhouses for the  
farm implements1 and for the young      
animals which require protection against
 the weather4 ,in the centre  of the    
picture you see the poultry1 which are  
fed by the farmer's  wife and daughters1
 while the farmer and his sons are away 
in the  fields4 ,close by the house a   
heap of firewood is laid ready for the  
winter1 and there is also the farmer's  
gig1 in which he drives to  sell his    
corn at the weekly market in the nearest
 town4    ,sidenote3 #bb4 ,hay ,cutting3
 old style4    ,a great change has taken

 place of late in the methods of        
farming1  for the steam engine has been 
applied to agriculture as well as to    
the industries4 ,let us look for a      
moment at the old style of farming      
which is now rapidly going out4 ,here1  
in a field surrounded by a  hedge1 are  
three men mowing grass with scythes4    
,the grass will be  left to dry in the  
sun2 it will turn brown1 and will then  
be heaped  into a hay stack for the     
winter food of the farm horses4         
,sidenote3 #bc4 ,thrashing3 old style4  
,next we see the old method of thrashing
 corn4 ,the man in the picture  holds a 
flail1 or rod jointed in the centre1    
with which he beats the  corn1 and so   
separates the grain from the straw4     
,sidenote3 #bd4 ,old ,man ,digging4     
,and here we have an old rustic digging 
the ground with a spade4  ,probably he  
is a man who can neither write nor read2
 for when he was  a boy the children of 
country villages were not obliged to go 
to  school4    ,sidenote3 #be4 ,old     

,shepherd4    ,sidenote3 #bf4 ,old      
,woman4    ,here is another such old    
rustic1 a shepherd1 who has spent his   
life  in tending sheep4 ,probably he    
never went to ,london1 or1 indeed1 to   
any of the large towns which have now   
been brought by railways to  within an  
hour or two of his home4 ,but quite     
likely he often has  letters from a son 
who is a sailor in the ,fleet in the    
,china ,seas1  from another son who is a
 soldier in ,india1 and from a daughter 
who  is married to a farmer in          
,australia4 ,and here is his wife1      
seated in  a corner of the village      
church4    ,sidenote3 #bg4 ,mare and    
,foal4    ,sidenote3 #bh4 ,shire ,horse4
    ,sidenote3 #bi4 ,landseer's         
8,blacksmith's ,shop40    ,by far the   
most abundant crop in ,england is green 
grass1 and the  ,english farmer         
therefore keeps many animals to feed    
upon it4 ,here  we have a mare and foal4
 ,the farm horses of ,england are much  
larger  and thicker built than the small

 horses of most parts of the world4     
,they are more powerful1 but they are   
slower4 ,some of the ,english  cart     
horses are nearly as large as an average
 elephant4 ,until modern  times1 when   
the steam engine was introduced1 all the
 work of the farm  was done by men and  
horses4 ,here is another grand horse1   
and here a  picture painted by a great  
,english artist1 ,landseer4 ,it is owned
 by  the ,english nation and hung in the
 ,national ,gallery1 which stands in    
,trafalgar ,square4 ,the picture is in  
the midst of ,london1 but1 as you  see1 
it represents a country scene1 the shop 
of a shoeing smith1 who  is putting an  
iron shoe on to the hoof of a horse in  
order that it  may not be injured by the
 paved roads4 ,beside the horse you see 
two  other of the animals that are      
common in every ,english countryside1 a 
donkey1 which is the poor man's horse1  
and a dog4 ,among the northern  nations1
 as you know1 dogs are cared for and    
treated as companions4    ,sidenote3    

#cj4 ,ploughing4    ,here we have one of
 the chief operations of ,british       
farming in which  horses and men work   
together4 ,they are turning over the    
ground with  the plough to prepare it   
for the seed4 ,ploughing is usually done
 in  the autumn1 so that the land may   
lie fallow1 that is to say at rest1  for
 a time before the crops begin to grow  
in the spring4    ,sidenote3 #ca4 ,wheat
 in ,sheaf4    ,sidenote3 #cb4 ,carrying
 ,corn4    ,with this coloured slide we 
come to harvest time4 ,the grain has    
turned under the summer sun to a        
beautiful golden brown1 and has  been   
cut and set in these stooks1 where it is
 drying in the hot  ,august weather4    
,presently it will be taken away in     
wagons1 drawn by  horses1 and stacked4  
,do you see on the ground the straight  
lines of  stubble due to the fact that  
the seed from which the corn grew was   
cast into the straight furrows made by  
the plough8 ,in this slide the  last    
sheaves of the harvest are being        

gathered in4 ,there will be much        
rejoicing in the village to-night       
because the harvest has been safely     
got1 and rain storms have caused it no  
harm during the critical days  after it 
had been cut1 when it stood drying in   
the sun4    ,sidenote3 #cc4 ,reaping    
,machine4    ,the first farm machinery  
introduced in modern times was worked by
  horses not by steam engines4 ,for     
example1 in this slide we have a        
horse-drawn reaping machine employed to 
cut down corn1 thus saving  the         
hand-work of many men4    ,sidenote3    
#cd4 ,thrashing ,machine4    ,here is a 
thrashing machine driven by a steam     
engine4 ,the corn is  placed on the top 
of the machine where stand the two men2 
it is  caught into the running parts of 
the machine which are driven by the     
engine to the right hand2 it is beaten  
in the machine so that the  grain falls 
from the straw into the bags which you  
see1 while the  straw is lifted by the  
elevator on to the stack to the left    

hand1  there to remain until required   
for the bedding of horses4    ,sidenote3
 #ce4 ,cows4    ,sidenote3 #cf4 ,cattle 
chewing ,cud4    ,besides tilling the   
ground for the growth of corn1 the      
farmers of  ,britain keep many millions 
of cattle and sheep which feed upon     
grass4 ,here is an ordinary country     
scene with cows1 which are kept  for the
 sake of their milk4 ,one of the chief  
foods in these northern  countries is   
the milk of cows1 and the butter and    
cheese prepared  from milk4 ,these cows 
live upon the grass1 which is kept green
 by the  moist climate4 ,here we have   
cattle lying down chewing the cud4      
,sidenote3 #cg4 ,cattle ,market1        
,faringdon4    ,next is a scene on a    
market day in a small country town4 ,it 
is a fair  to which the farmers have    
brought in their cattle for sale4       
,sidenote3 #ch4 ,sheep4    ,sidenote3   
#ci4 ,sheep with ,shepherd and ,dog4    
,sidenote3 #dj4 ,sheep ,dog4            
,sidenote3 #da4 ,sheep ,market3         

,chipping ,campden4    ,the most        
numerous animals on ,british farms are  
the sheep4 ,this is a  fortunate fact1  
for wool is the most suitable material  
from which  to manufacture the warm     
clothing needed during the northern     
winter4  ,here is a flock of sheep      
grazing4 ,and here is another flock with
 the  shepherd who tends them1 and his  
dog4 ,sheep-dogs are usually of the     
kind known as ,collies4    ,they are    
very remarkable creatures4 ,a           
well-trained ,collie obeys the  shepherd
 perfectly1 and can bring a large flock 
of sheep to him  or guide it in any     
direction that he orders4 ,here is a    
coloured  photograph of a ,collie dog4  
,and lastly we have a sheep market1     
similar to the cattle market which we   
visited a moment ago4    ,these are the 
principal rural occupations of ,britain1
 the growing  of corn and the tending of
 cattle and sheep1 but there are others1
  although on a smaller scale4          
,sidenote3 #db4 ,hop ,garden4    ,here1 

for instance1 we have a hop garden1     
where the creepers known  as hops are   
grown upon poles1 and supply a little   
fruit which1 when  dried1 is used for   
the purpose of giving flavour to beer4  
,hops are  picked in the hot weather1   
and a great number of people are        
required  for the purpose4 ,these people
 are1 for the most part1 got from the   
great city of ,london1 for the part of  
,england in which most hops grow  is    
close to ,london4 ,once a year the very 
poorest of the poor people  of ,london  
are carried out by train1 and they camp 
for two or three  weeks in tents in the 
hop country4    ,sidenote3 #dc4 ,apple  
,tree in ,bloom4    ,sidenote3 #dd4     
,apple ,blossom4    ,this is an apple   
tree in blossom4 ,later in the year it  
will bear a  fruit which is used for the
 purpose of making a drink called cider4
  ,there are whole orchards of such     
apple trees1 presenting a very          
beautiful sight in the spring-time when 
they are gay with blossom4  ,here is a  

colour photograph of apple blossom2 you 
may easily imagine  that when these     
flowers deck the trees the whole        
landscape is  brilliant1 not so much    
with green1 as with pink and            
white--indeed1  one of the great        
differences between ,england and the    
tropics is  that in addition to green   
there is so much brilliant colour in the
  foliage4 ,not only have you these     
orchards of white and red1 but the      
grassy fields are at times all golden   
with flowers that are called  buttercups
 and daisies1 and1 as we shall see      
presently1 the trees in  the autumn turn
 from green to brilliant shades of      
brown4    ,sidenote3 #de4 ,apples4      
,here is a basket of apple fruit1 each  
with a rosy cheek on its green  skin4   
,in ,britain other fruits take the place
 of the mango and guava1  which are     
unknown in the north4    ,sidenote3 #df4
 ,strawberries4    ,sidenote3 #dg4      
,roses4    ,fruit is grown in large     
quantity for the markets of the great   

town populations4 ,here in this slide is
 one of the finest of the  northern     
fruits1 the strawberry1 which you       
probably know4 ,see how  it is coloured1
 like so many other things northern4    
,and here is yet  another crop of       
,england4 ,the vast cities with their   
millions of  people--many of them       
well-to-do--demand in their houses the  
flowers  of the country4 ,therefore     
there are parts of ,england where not   
merely  corn and cattle1 and not merely 
fruit1 but also flowers are grown for   
the supply of the towns4 ,this is the   
best known of the flowers of  ,england1 
the rose1 which grows also in other     
parts of the world1 but  is             
pre-eminently the national emblem of    
,england1 and praised as such  in       
,english poetry4    ,sidenote3 #dh4     
,hay-stack4    ,let us turn for a moment
 finally to a side of ,english life     
which  is different from all that we    
know here in the tropics4 ,there are    
seasons in ,britain1 not rainy seasons  

and dry seasons1 but seasons  of heat   
and of cold4 ,in the winter the         
vegetation stops growing1 and  there is 
little food in the fields for the       
animals4 ,then all the life  of the     
land1 animal and human1 must be         
maintained by foresight1 by  the storage
 of the fruits of summer1 or by the     
import of supplies  from other          
countries4 ,the cattle are kept alive by
 means of hay1 that  is to say1 of grass
 cut in the summer1 dried in the sun1   
heaped into  hay-stacks1 and there      
preserved until required in the winter4 
,this is  a hay-stack laid by for the   
winter supply of the animals4           
,sidenote3 #di4 ,beech--,autumn ,tints4 
,when the hay and the corn have been    
harvested and the apples have  been     
gathered and turned to cider1 and the   
roses have bloomed1 and  the            
strawberries have been eaten or boiled  
to jam1 then the summer  wanes1 and a   
change sets in4 ,day by day1 as         
,september and ,october  pass1 the green

 leaves of the trees gradually turn to  
all manner of  brilliant hues of red and
 brown1 and presently1 as the rains and 
the  winds increase1 they fall and      
litter all the ground as we see them    
here4 ,at last1 in ,november1 the trees 
become naked1 and show the  tracery of  
their branches against the sky4         
,sidenote3 #ej4 ,park--,autumn ,tints4  
,sidenote3 #ea4 ,river ,scene with      
,autumnal ,beeches4    ,there are few   
more splendid natural scenes than those 
of the fall  of the northern year4 ,let 
us look at one or two more of them      
photographed in colour4 ,this is an     
,english park in the autumn1 and  this a
 wood by a river bank4    ,sidenote3    
#eb4 ,virginia ,creeper4    ,sidenote3  
#ec4 ,hughenden ,church--,autumn        
creepers4    ,many ,english houses are  
covered with creepers which are green in
  the summer and then turn to red--to   
blood-red at times--before the  leaves  
finally drop and leave the house naked4 
,this is the ,virginia  ,creeper1 which 

did not originally grow in ,britain1 but
 was brought  from ,america4 ,and here  
is a church clothed with red ,virginia  
,creeper4  ,green ivy is a creeper      
native to ,britain4 ,it clothes with    
green many  old buildings throughout the
 winter1 because its leaves are like    
leather1 and thick1 and can withstand   
the cold4    ,sidenote3 #ed4 ,leafless  
,elm ,trees4    ,this is a ,december    
landscape4 ,the trees have shed their   
leaves1  and their naked boughs are     
clear against the sky4 ,see the bleak   
appearance of the land1 so that you may 
look over miles and miles of  open      
country1 though it is studded with many 
trees4 ,to the eye of one  accustomed to
 the tropical forest1 ,england in the   
winter time is a  naked and strange     
land4    ,sidenote3 #ee4 ,cottage1      
,winter ,scene4    ,sidenote3 #ef4      
,winter ,scene in ,wood4    ,sidenote3  
#eg4 ,frozen ,lake side with hoar-frost4
    ,sidenote3 #eh4 ,hockey on ice4     
,there are times when the cold is such  

that the rain is frozen and  falls in   
hard stones1 known as hail1 and there   
are other times when  the clouds        
themselves freeze1 and then there fall  
white snow-flakes  like little feathers1
 which accumulate on the ground1        
covering it  with a white carpet which  
melts into water and disappears when the
  weather grows warm again4 ,here is a  
country cottage half buried in  snow1   
and the snow is on the road and on the  
branches of the trees4  ,and here is a  
wood-side1 hung not with snow1 but with 
hoar-frost4 ,you  know how dew stands on
 the leaves in the early morning4 ,in   
,britain1  in the winter time1 the dew  
clings to the branches not as liquid    
water1 but as a white feathery substance
 like snow1 and yet it is not  snow1 for
 it has not fallen from the clouds in   
flakes1 but has been  formed from the   
air around1 and clings by little stalks 
to all the  branches1 surrounding them  
and clothing them4 ,here is yet another 
scene of hoar-frost4 ,the surface of the

 pool is frozen over1 and has  a        
covering of hard ice4 ,all the ground is
 hard like iron2 men cannot  dig with   
spades1 and even horses cannot draw the 
plough through the  ground4 ,the cattle 
are gathered into the sheds of the      
farms1 where  they are fed upon the hay 
which was saved for them in the summer4 
,the  nights are very long and the days 
are short--not like the tropical  day   
and night1 each approximately twelve    
hours in length4 ,even poor  men must   
now be idle1 and many spend time in     
active sports4 ,here1 for  instance1 the
 game of hockey is being played on the  
ice1 which is  strong enough to bear    
people upon it safely4 ,here is one of  
the roots  of the energy of the ,british
 race2 it is bred in a climate which is 
warm enough for men to work in through  
most of the year but with  every now and
 then a spell of frost1 which appears to
 stimulate human  activity4 ,on the     
other hand the heat of the summer is    
rarely such  that men must rest in the  

middle of the day4    ,sidenote3 #ei4   
,skating4    ,these men are skating on  
the ice which is very smooth4 ,that they
 may  glide the more easily they put    
skates on their feet--sharp steel  edges
 which slip so easily that it requires  
some skill to stand upon  them4 ,it is  
an exhilarating sight to see men and    
women moving with  the speed of railway 
trains1 the blood aglow in their cheeks 
and  their eyes flashing with pleasure4 
,sidenote3 #fj4 ,curling4    ,in        
,scotland men play the game of curling  
upon ice4 ,the weights glide  over the  
surface instead of rolling like balls4  
,sidenote3 #fa4 ,thames frozen over4    
,lastly1 we have a very curious scene4  
,once in every few years there  comes a 
colder winter than usual1 and then even 
the running water of  considerable      
rivers will freeze4 ,here is the ,thames
 frozen completely  over and bearing    
many people4                            
,,lecture ,,vi4               ,,the     
,,great ,,towns1 ,,their ,,industries   

,,and ,,commerce4      ,sidenote3 #a4   
,group of ,tin ,miners4    ,sidenote3   
#b4 ,tin ,mine ,shaft4    ,sidenote3 #c4
 ,four ,hundred ,fathom ,level1         
,dolcoath4    ,sidenote3 #d4 ,tin ,mine 
,boring ,machine4    ,sidenote3 #e4 ,in 
a ,tin ,mine4    ,five hundred1 six     
hundred1 and seven hundred years ago    
,britain was  what ,australia is now4   
,it supplied nearly the whole of ,europe
 with  wool4 ,as we have seen in the    
last lecture1 the agriculture and the   
pasture of ,britain are still important1
 but now1 of course1 ,britain's  fame is
 chiefly as a mining1 an industrial1 and
 a commercial country4  ,even in        
antiquity there was one part of the land
 which was important  on account of its 
mines4 ,the oldest mines of ,britain are
 tin mines1  and they are still worked1 
although the tin of the world is now    
mainly got in the ,malay ,peninsula1 and
 the neighbouring islands4  ,singapore  
is now the great tin port of the world1 
but at no very  distant time tin was    

obtained almost exclusively in          
,britain--in that  part of it which     
forms the rocky peninsula of ,cornwall  
stretching out  into the western seas4  
,the ,cornish miners1 though they no    
longer find  much employment in         
,cornwall1 are the most skilled miners  
of gold in  ,south ,africa4 ,so we find 
within the ,british ,empire three       
districts  which are very closely       
related to one another by the bond of   
tin3  ,cornwall in ,england1 the ,malay 
,peninsula1 and the gold mines of ,south
  ,africa4 ,here is a group of ,cornish 
miners1 men from whose race have  come  
not a few leaders in other parts of the 
,empire4 ,these are two of  them        
descending a shaft into the depths of   
the earth to work for tin4  ,one of the 
deepest mines in the world is in        
,cornwall4 ,and here is a  passage in   
the depths of the earth with rails laid 
for trolleys to  run along1 carrying the
 ore which is to be raised to the       
surface and  there treated1 so that from

 rock is obtained shining metallic tin4 
,in  this slide we see miners at work on
 the face of the rock1 drilling  holes  
in the hard stone into which explosives 
are inserted with the  object of        
shattering the stone and splitting the  
ore into fragments  that can be handled4
 ,observe with how little clothing they 
work1 for  at these depths the          
temperature is high4 ,our final scene in
 a tin  mine is comparatively near to   
the surface4    ,sidenote3 #f4 ,map     
showing ,coalfields of ,united ,kingdom4
    ,sidenote3 #g4 ,map showing         
distribution of ,population about the   
,coalfields4    ,but1 although some tin 
is still got1 tin mines are now         
relatively  unimportant in the life of  
the country4 ,there has developed in    
,britain in the last century and a-half 
a vast system of industries  based1 not 
merely on the use of human muscles1 but 
on power derived  from the burning of   
coal4 ,here is a map showing1 in black1 
the  coalfields of ,britain4 ,they lie  

chiefly in ,south ,wales1 in the        
,midlands1 in the ,north of ,england1   
and in ,central ,scotland4 ,those  of   
,ireland produce but little4 ,compare   
this map with the next1  which shows1 in
 red1 all the districts of denser       
population4 ,it is  obvious that of all 
the larger areas coloured red1 only the 
,london  district is devoid of coal1 and
 coal can easily be brought to ,london  
by sea4 ,these facts tell us at once    
that in their modern growth the         
activities of the ,british population   
are based chiefly upon coal4            
,three-quarters of all the people in    
,britain live within the areas  coloured
 pink1 which measure not more than about
 one-twentieth of the  ,british ,isles4 
,in the main1 therefore1 ,britain is a  
country of town  and factory            
populations1 and in lesser degree only  
of agricultural  and fishing people4 ,a 
hundred years ago the population of the 
whole  ,british ,islands was not more   
than #af millions1 and it was mainly    

agricultural4 ,to-day it numbers #dc    
millions1 and is mainly industrial4     
,sidenote3 #h4 ,a seam at ,glasgow      
dissected to show the origin of ,coal4  
,coal is won from the depths of the     
earth1 where it is laid in great        
sheets1 which are known as coal seams1  
and these are underlaid and  overlaid by
 the solid rock4 ,immediately under each
 coal seam there is  usually a layer of 
clay1 and if you examine that clay you  
will often  find in it1 here and there1 
threads of coal penetrating downward    
from  the seam above4 ,these are        
obviously the blackened roots of trees4 
,sometimes1 in the coal itself1 you will
 find complete stumps of trees          
preserved4 ,for1 in fact1 the coal seams
 are nothing more than the  buried1     
rotten forests of vastly ancient times4 
,you know that in  our great tropical   
forests when the wood rots it turns     
brown1 and  even black4 ,wherever wood  
grows old in the use of men it darkens4 
,so we see that though the climate of   

,britain is cold1 and though  vegetation
 does not grow with the same colossal   
power as when driven  by tropical rain  
and heat1 yet buried deep in the rocks  
of ,britain  there is compensation in   
the shape of ancient timber called coal4
  ,the sunshine and rain of far-off     
times are thus the chief bases of       
,british prosperity1 just as the        
sunshine and rain of to-day are the     
chief bases of our prosperity in the    
tropics4    ,most of the industries of  
,britain are in the ,north or ,north    
,midlands4  ,in these parts1 you will   
remember1 we are mainly away from the   
better  agricultural districts4 ,the    
smiling fertile cornfields and rich     
lowland meadows are replaced by bleak   
uplands with stone walls and  few trees4
    ,sidenote3 #i4 ,colliers' houses4   
,here is a row of cottages where dwell  
colliers of the north of  ,england4     
,what a contrast with the homes of the  
agricultural labourers  which we saw in 
the last lecture6 ,and yet the colliers 

who work in  the coal mines are much    
better paid than the labourers on the   
farms4    ,sidenote3 #aj4 ,view of      
,colliery above ground4    ,this is a   
coal mine1 or1 as it is called1 a       
colliery4 ,here is the  chimney of the  
pumping station which lifts water from  
the mine1 lest  it should be flooded by 
underground springs4 ,the same engine is
 used  to raise the coal to the surface4
    ,sidenote3 #aa4 ,the ,pit-mouth4    
,next we come into the yard of the      
colliery1 to the pit-mouth itself4      
,these colliers have done their spell of
 work1 and have just come to  the       
surface again1 all blackened and grimy  
with coal dust4 ,each of  them holds a  
small lamp of a special kind4 ,it is so 
made that the  flame cannot pass out1   
even though the lamp be upset4 ,the     
object is  to prevent explosions of the 
coal gas which is often disengaged in   
the mine4 ,occasionally the colliers are
 careless and open the lamps1  and as a 
consequence we sometimes hear of a      

terrible explosion with  great loss of  
life4    ,sidenote3 #ab4 ,in the ,cage4 
,sidenote3 #ac4 ,at work on a four-foot 
,seam4    ,sidenote3 #ad4 ,levelling in 
a ,coal ,mine4    ,this is the cage     
ascending to the surface1 bringing      
miners begrimed  with coal dust1 and    
each carrying his lamp and his can of   
liquid  needed for drink in the depths  
of the earth1 because the heat is  there
 great1 and there is much perspiration  
from labour4 ,next we see  the actual   
working of the mine4 ,the roof is       
supported by timbers1  which are now    
brought to ,britain from foreign        
countries in great  quantity1 because   
,britain is so populous that men cannot 
afford  the space for the forests in    
which to grow the wood needed for the   
mines4 ,note the vertical thickness of  
the coal4 ,it is to this that  the      
towering forest of former times has been
 compressed in its ruin4  ,here with his
 lamp hung to one of the posts is the   
miner1 stripped to  his work1 using his 

pickaxe to detach the lumps of coal4    
,and here1  finally1 with the seam of   
coal more plainly visible than in the   
darker corner we have just left1 are    
miners occupied in levelling1  and so   
guiding the course of the tunnel4 ,the  
coal is taken in trucks  from the face  
where it is worked to the foot of the   
shaft1 and thence  raised to the        
surface4    ,we must now consider the   
uses to which the coal of ,england is   
put4 ,we  have already seen it exported 
to drive ,british ships in foreign seas4
  ,we have also noted the chimneys to   
the houses in ,britain1 which are       
warmed by coal fires4 ,but the chief use
 is in the industries which  give       
employment to so many millions of the   
,british people4    ,sidenote3 #ae4     
,rope making4    ,now1 the industries   
are chiefly textile1 or of iron and     
steel4 ,men  require clothing1 and this 
is mostly woven or textile2 and they    
require tools with which to work1 and   
these are chiefly of iron and  steel4   

,here is the simplest form of textile   
industry--the manufacture  of ropes and 
mats4 ,all the textiles are made of     
fibres1 which are  mostly got either    
from the stalks and other fibrous parts 
of plants1  or from the wool and hair of
 animals4 ,in olden times men clothed   
themselves with skins1 and still do in  
some barbarous lands2 but  in these days
 nearly all the world wears clothes that
 are woven1  that is to say1 that are   
made of fibres laid across one another  
and  interlaced so that they form a     
sheet of material4 ,the roughest fibres 
are fit for the making of rope4 ,by the 
weaving of rope1 mats of one  sort or   
another are manufactured4 ,here we have 
a factory for rope and  mat making4 ,the
 fibres are being laid straight1 and    
side by side1  in the machinery4 ,we    
notice that the machines are driven by  
endless  straps1 worked from a long     
shaft running through the top of the    
shed4  ,the shaft is rotated by the     
action of a steam engine1 which is1 of  

course1 driven by the burning of coal4  
,now1 since the machinery  was made with
 the help of coal-heat1 it follows that 
coal has been  utilised twice over in   
this process--for the making and also   
for  the driving of the machinery4 ,one 
other thing we notice1 the number  of   
women employed to control the machinery4
 ,women used formerly to  spin and weave
 cloth in their own homes4 ,with the    
introduction of  machinery and          
steam-power they now have to perform the
 same work in  factories4    ,sidenote3 
#af4 ,linen ,spinning ,mill4            
,sidenote3 #ag4 ,dobbie ,loom4          
,sidenote3 #ah4 ,jacquard ,loom4        
,there are two essential processes in   
all textile  manufacture--spinning and  
weaving4 ,in its simplest form spinning 
is the making of rope1 and weaving is   
the interlacing of rope in  two         
directions for the purpose of making a  
mat4 ,when the rope is a  delicate      
thread we call it yarn1 and when the mat
 is a fine cotton or  linen fabric we   

call it cloth4 ,here we have a linen    
mill seen from  outside1 and here a loom
 for the weaving of the spun flax4 ,a   
power  loom driven by steam can do the  
work of very many pairs of hands4 ,see  
the spindles on which the yarn is wound1
 and the cloth coming from  the loom4   
,in a hand loom there would be but a    
single spindle4 ,so that  you can       
imagine the immense multiplication of   
power due to machinery4  ,here is       
another kind of loom4 ,note1 again1 the 
endless straps and the  overhead        
shafting connected with the engine4     
,sidenote3 #ai4 ,a ,bradford ,mill4     
,sidenote3 #bj4 ,wool ,spinning4        
,sidenote3 #ba4 ,cotton ,spinning4      
,let us glance for just a moment at this
 larger mill1 at this  wool-spinning    
room1 and at this cotton-spinning room4 
,they require no  further description1  
for they merely differ in scale from    
those we  have already studied4         
,sidenote3 #bb4 ,glass ,blowing4        
,sidenote3 #bc4 ,glass ,blowing4    ,and

 now we will turn from the making of    
textiles1 which employs  several        
millions of the inhabitants of ,britain1
 and gives rise to  perhaps the largest 
single trade of ,britain1 the cotton    
trade4 ,let us  turn from that to       
consider the other great group of the   
industries1  those which are based      
essentially on the melting of metals by 
the  heat got from coal4 ,one of the    
simplest and one of the oldest forms  of
 this is the making and blowing of      
glass4 ,it is true that glass  is not a 
metal1 but for industrial purposes it   
has many properties  somewhat similar to
 those of metals4 ,it can be melted1 for
 instance1  and worked while hot4 ,here 
we have a man engaged in blowing glass  
which has been melted by the use of     
coal4 ,and here1 when he has  blown the 
bottle1 he is shaping it with tools4    
,sidenote3 #bd4 ,pottery making4        
,sidenote3 #be4 ,pottery making4    ,a  
somewhat similar industry1 although not 
involving the melting of  the material  

in the first instance1 is the making of 
pottery4 ,pottery  was formerly made in 
the homes of the people1 and the        
potter's wheel  was worked by the foot1 
as it still is in the ,east4 ,but       
nowadays  the wheels upon which the pots
 are shaped are driven by steam4  ,here 
we have women at work upon pottery4 ,and
 in the next slide are  men engaged upon
 a similar process1 but their tools are 
driven by  the foot4 ,the pottery that  
is being made in this instance is of    
the costly kind1 which is produced in   
small quantity1 and demands  artistic   
labour4 ,it requires so little power    
that it is not worth  while to drive the
 machinery by steam4 ,in large measure  
steam has not  replaced human skill for 
the very finest work4    ,but the most  
important by far of the industries which
 are based on  the use of coal for the  
melting of the raw material are those   
which  deal with iron and steel4        
,sidenote3 #bf4 ,blast ,furnace4        
,sidenote3 #bg4 ,rolling ,steel4        

,here we have a group of blast furnaces1
 where the iron ore is mixed  with coal 
and burnt4 ,the molten iron flows out   
from the bottom of  the furnace and     
cools into long blocks known as 8pigs40 
,it would  be impossible to show all the
 processes through which the pig iron   
is passed in the manufacture of the many
 wares made of iron and  steel4 ,let us 
glance at a very few4 ,here we have a   
man inserting a  white-hot1 thick1 short
 block of metal into a machine4 ,he will
 lift  it from that plate with his      
pincers and will insert it under the    
roller4 ,the roller1 crushing it1 will  
reduce it in thickness and will  greatly
 elongate it to this hot flexible rope4 
,when cold1 a steel rod  will be the    
result4    ,sidenote3 #bh4 ,making an   
,armour ,plate4    ,next we see a great 
sheet of steel coming out of the        
furnace1 not  melted but white hot4     
,this is to be used as an armour plate  
on a  battleship4 ,we see how that the  
men are clothed and masked for the      

purpose of standing the heat1 and how   
that they are armed with tools          
appropriate for the handling of the hot 
metal4    ,sidenote3 #bi4 ,steam        
,hammer4    ,in this slide hot blocks of
 metal are being hammered under a steam 
hammer4 ,again we notice that the man is
 clothed and masked in order  that the  
heat may not injure him4 ,the hammer is 
descending rapidly  with repeated blows 
upon these two pieces of white hot      
metal1 and1  striking them as a         
blacksmith will strike two pieces of    
iron on his  anvil1 it forces them      
together and welds them into a single   
piece4  ,now we must remember that coal 
is here used no less than four times4   
,it heats the metal to be forged1 it    
raises the hammer1 and beforehand  it   
was used in the smelting of the metal   
from its ore1 and also in  the making of
 the hammer4    ,sidenote3 #cj4 ,boring 
a large ,gun4    ,sidenote3 #ca4        
,building an ,ironclad4    ,sidenote3   
#cb4 ,s4,s4 8,oceanic0 in ,dock4        

,sidenote3 #cc4 ,the launching of an    
,ironclad4    ,but the rolling of plates
 and bars of steel1 and the hammering   
of blocks of hot metal together1 are but
 the first and roughest  processes in   
the highly complicated industries       
whereby from rocks  of the earth are    
obtained those wonderful complicated    
tools of  civilization which we call    
railways1 and bridges1 and locomotive   
engines1 and mail steamers1 and         
battleships1 and guns1 and--perhaps     
most delicate of all--the machine-tools 
used in factories for the  making of    
machinery4 ,let us consider a few       
instances of these more  advanced       
processes4 ,here we see one of the      
finest exhibitions of  power--the boring
 of a steel gun while cold4 ,next we see
 the building  of a battleship1 also    
made of steel4 ,then follows the sight  
of the  screws of a great ship4 ,these  
screws are made of the most finely      
tempered metal1 lest they should break  
under the constant strain  to which they

 are exposed4 ,finally we have here the 
launching of a  battleship--an occasion 
of rejoicing and holiday at the close of
  a year's task4 ,as she floats she     
displaces perhaps #ae1jjj tons of       
water4 ,the great ship is of steel from 
end to end4 ,it is the product  of the  
work of thousands of people--the        
colliers who got the coal  from the     
colliery2 the miners who got the iron   
ore from the mine2 the  makers of iron  
who smelted the iron from the ore2 the  
makers of steel  who converted the iron 
into steel2 the rollers of bars and     
plates1  the builders of the ship and   
the builders of the engines4 ,presently 
there will have to be added also the    
builders of the guns4 ,then we  must not
 forget the people who made the         
machinery wherewith these  people       
worked1 and also the people who built   
the houses1 and made the  clothes1 and  
grew the food1 which they needed for    
their living4 ,thus  a whole society of 
people is required to construct the     

ships which  defend the ,empire of the  
,king4    ,let us turn for a moment to  
consider the large towns in which the   
,british industries are carried on4 ,we 
have here a phase of the  national life 
very different from the quiet existence 
of the little  market towns which we saw
 in the last ,lecture4 ,outside ,london1
 there  are some twenty very large towns
 in the ,british ,isles4 ,there are     
three of them--,glasgow1                
,liverpool-,birkenhead1 and             
,manchester-,salford1  each of which has
 a million people4    ,sidenote3 #cd4   
,men ,leaving ,works4    ,sidenote3 #ce4
 ,a ,hospital ,interior4    ,sidenote3  
#cf4 ,a ,school ,interior4    ,sidenote3
 #cg4 ,a ,public ,park4    ,sidenote3   
#ch4 ,the ,municipal ,buildings1        
,glasgow4    ,this is a crowd of        
workers1 pouring out of a factory at the
 close  of their work4 ,do you note the 
tall chimneys of the factory in the     
background8 ,there are probably a       
hundred other factories in the          

neighbourhood4 ,you may imagine the     
organisation that is needed to  supply  
the wants of these great populations4   
,food must be gathered  from the country
 districts and from distant parts of the
 world1 and  must be brought in daily to
 the crowded areas where millions of men
  live and little or no food is grown4  
,and all the wants of the people  must  
be attended to on a similar great scale4
 ,here1 for instance1 is  a hospital1 in
 which the workers who chance to be     
injured in the  pursuit of their daily  
duties are tended4 ,do you see the      
nurses  moving about between the beds8  
,this is a school where the children    
are taught4 ,every child is compelled by
 law to receive instruction4  ,and this 
is a park such as have been provided for
 recreation in the  great provincial    
towns--,manchester1 ,liverpool1         
,birmingham1 ,glasgow1  and others4     
,here1 finally1 we have the ,town ,hall 
in the centre of one  of these towns1   
whence a million of people are governed1

 and where in  these times even the     
generation of electricity for the supply
 of the  factories is organized4 ,note  
the monuments erected to commemorate the
  services of those citizens1 who either
 locally in the town1 or in the         
,government in ,london1 or in the parts 
of the ,empire beyond the seas1  have   
deserved well of people and ,king4      
,one thing more remains to be           
considered4 ,we have seen something of  
the metropolis1 something of the rural  
districts1 the small country  towns1 the
 fishing ports1 and the great industrial
 towns4 ,but1 in  these days1 the whole 
land of ,britain is knit closely into a 
single  community by the facts that the 
greater part of its food and raw        
material for manufacture must be        
distributed from the seaports1  that    
modern means of communication have so   
reduced space within the  islands that  
almost every village has a telegraph    
office1 and that  the extreme ends of   
the island are not more than #bd hours  

apart by  express train4 ,let us look at
 a few aspects of these most recent     
developments4    ,sidenote3 #ci4 ,corn  
,mill1 exterior4    ,sidenote3 #dj4     
,corn ,mill1 interior4    ,sidenote3    
#da4 ,packing ,biscuits at ,reading4    
,sidenote3 #db4 ,locomotive ,engine1    
,great ,western ,railway4    ,sidenote3 
#dc4 ,four-line ,track with ,london and 
,north ,western ,express4    ,sidenote3 
#dd4 ,in a ,travelling ,post ,office4   
,here is a large corn mill1 and here the
 interior of such a mill4 ,the  grain is
 lifted from the importing ship and     
carried on these straps1  running on    
rollers1 to the place where it is to be 
stored4 ,and here  is a scene of        
interest to all ,britons who go to the  
remoter frontiers  of the ,empire4 ,it  
represents the packing of biscuits in   
tin boxes  for export4 ,the food having 
been imported is carried into all the   
land by railways4 ,the ,british railways
 are1 of course1 relatively  short1 but 
run through dense populations1 and are  

probably the most  efficient in the     
world4 ,here is a recent express engine 
capable of  hauling a passenger train   
without stopping for #cjj miles4 ,next  
we see  such an express running on a    
four-line track and picking up water for
  its boiler from troughs laid between  
the rails4 ,time is very valuable  in   
,britain4 ,here1 as an instance1 is the 
interior of a travelling  post office1  
which runs on express trains4 ,the      
letters are sorted on  the road1 and the
 mail bags thrown out and caught up at  
fixed points  while the train runs4     
,sidenote3 #de4 ,the ,forth ,bridge4    
,perhaps the grandest feat of           
engineering in connection with the      
,british railways is the ,forth ,bridge4
 ,see how small the houses appear  when 
compared with it4    ,sidenote3 #df4    
,electric ,power ,station1 ,chelsea4    
,sidenote3 #dg4 ,electric ,train on     
,metropolitan ,district ,railway4       
,but another revolution in all the      
conditions of ,british life is  now     

preparing4 ,electricity is being used to
 distribute power from  great fixed     
engines1 and locomotive steam engines   
have already  been displaced on the     
shorter lines4 ,here is part of the     
interior  of the largest power station  
in the world1 where is generated the    
electricity for four railways which     
traverse ,london4 ,this is the  boiler  
house1 with automatic stokers4 ,and last
 we have an electric  train4 ,you note  
the absence of a locomotive4    ,thus we
 see how the #dc million people of      
,britain co-operate in a  single vast   
complex machine4 ,but we must remember  
that it is not only  the present        
generation which has made ,britain such 
as we see it1 but  many millions in the 
past1 the results of whose work we of   
to-day  have inherited4                 
,,lecture ,,vii4                        
,,the ,,defences ,,of ,,the ,,empire4   
,though we are so many miles away1 ,i   
think you will agree that in the  past  
six ,lectures we have seen something of 

the two islands which are  the centre of
 the ,british ,empire4 ,these islands   
are interesting to us  because the great
 ,empire of which we are a part has     
grown from them4  ,let us devote this   
last ,lecture to the ,empire as a whole4
 ,let us  learn how it is held together1
 and how it is defended1 so that there  
may be peace and justice in all its     
parts4    ,sidenote3 #a4 ,map of ,empire
 with ,naval ,bases4    ,in this map we 
see once more that the ,british ,empire 
consists of a  large number of separate 
lands scattered over the world4 ,we have
  first of all the two ,british ,islands
 set in the sea off the coast  of       
,europe4 ,they are separated by water   
from the military powers of  ,europe1   
and have no land frontier over which    
invasion may come4 ,then  we have in    
,north ,america the great ,dominion of  
,canada1 encompassed  on the east and   
north and on most of the west by the    
ocean1 with  land frontiers only towards
 the ,united ,states4 ,next we have the 

,australasian ,colonies1 all of them    
islands1 as in the case of the  ,mother 
,country4 ,there are four considerable  
islands in the ,south                   
,seas--,australia1 ,tasmania1 and the   
,north ,island and the ,south ,island   
of ,new ,zealand4 ,crossing the ,indian 
,ocean we come to ,south ,africa1  with 
water on three sides4 ,although ,south  
,africa appears to be  neighboured by   
other ,states on the north1 yet it is   
wholly different  from ,india or        
,canada1 or one of the great powers of  
,europe1 because  the adjacent          
territories are only thinly peopled1    
mainly by savages4  ,south ,africa is1  
therefore1 isolated almost as           
effectively as is  ,australia4 ,then we 
come to ,india with ocean to the        
south-east and to  the south-west1 with 
the bleak tableland of ,tibet to the    
north-east1  and with accessible        
neighbours only to the north-west4 ,even
 ,egypt  and the ,soudan1 which appear  
to have great lengths of land frontier1 

are in effect detached by the desert1   
and hardly less secure than  if they    
were surrounded by water4 ,lastly1 we   
have on either side  of the ,atlantic   
,west ,africa and the ,west ,india      
colonies4 ,these are  the larger lands  
which form the ,british ,empire1 or are 
protected by  it4 ,in addition1 there   
are many islands--some of them wealthy  
and  important out of all proportion to 
their size1 because they are trade      
centres or are covered with tropical    
plantations4    ,sidenote3 #b4 ,the     
,cables of the ,indian ,ocean4    ,but  
the mere enumeration of the lands of the
 ,british ,empire gives  little idea of 
what that ,empire really is4 ,all these 
lands1 severed  by ocean and mountain   
and desert1 would be separate countries 
were  they not tied together by some    
#i1jjj steamers and many thousand miles 
of submarine electric cable4 ,therefore1
 the steamers upon the ocean  and the   
cables upon the bed of the ocean must be
 counted as important  elements in the  

material fabric of the ,empire4 ,it is  
they1 and they  alone1 which give it    
unity4    ,now it is clear that for     
practical purposes the ,british ,empire 
has  only two land frontiers--the one on
 the north-west of ,india1 the  other on
 the south of ,canada4 ,it is therefore 
obvious that an attack  upon any other  
part of the ,empire must be conducted   
over the water4  ,even if there were    
attack upon the land frontiers1 the     
enemy would  undoubtedly operate also   
upon the ocean for the purpose of       
breaking  the communications between the
 different parts of the ,empire4 ,he    
would seek to destroy the steamers and  
cables1 so that one part of  the ,empire
 might not send help to another part4   
,the first interest1  therefore1 of     
every section of the ,british ,empire1  
is that there  should be peace upon the 
ocean1 so that the steamers may ply     
regularly and that the cables may not be
 disturbed4 ,if the ,british  ,navy were
 defeated1 the ,empire could no longer  

exist4    ,do you remember the map which
 was shown early in the first lecture1  
giving the lands of the world in black  
so that they might contrast  with the   
blue sea8 ,and do you remember that the 
object of that map  was to prove that   
all the lands of the world1 even the    
greatest  continents1 are surrounded by 
the ocean1 and are in reality islands8  
,the ocean1 therefore1 is a single vast 
sheet of water covering  three-quarters 
of the globe4 ,a squadron of ships can  
in a voyage of  about a month go to any 
point on the coasts of the world4       
,clearly  then one ,navy will suffice   
for the sea defence of every land in the
  ,british ,empire1 for if the enemy's  
fleet is attacking one part1 a  ,british
 fleet can go to that part1 sure that   
the opponent fleet  is not in any other 
part of the world4 ,but if the enemy    
divided  his fleet then the ,british    
fleet can be divided to meet him4 ,the  
battleships of ,britain are moving      
fortresses1 which can be carried  over  

three-quarters of the world instead of  
being fixed at a single  point as they  
would be if they were on land4    ,i    
need hardly remind you1 however1 that a 
ship can only keep the  sea while it has
 coal and food4 ,therefore1 although one
 ,navy is  enough--providing it be      
strong--for the defence of every part of
 the  ,british ,empire1 yet it is       
essential that wherever a ,british fleet
  may go it should find at no great     
distance ,british ports ready from  time
 to time to equip it afresh4 ,it is in  
,britain's power in one  short month to 
send a great fleet of battleships to any
 part of  the ocean where they may be   
required4 ,they would arrive ready for  
action1 because at each stage of their  
journey there would be ,british         
harbours to replenish their stores and  
to make good defects4 ,on the  direct   
route to ,india1 for instance1 we have  
,gibraltar1 ,malta1 and  ,aden4 ,on the 
alternative route1 round the ,cape of   
,good ,hope1 are  ,sierra ,leone1       

,ascension1 ,st4 ,helena1 ,simonstown1  
and ,mauritius4  ,therefore1 while the  
,navy defends all parts of the ,empire1 
each part  has also a duty to the ,navy4
    ,the most necessary lesson to learn 
in regard to the sea power of  ,britain 
is that even though no battle fleet     
should during long years  visit our own 
waters1 yet our commerce and our peace  
depend upon the  ,navy4 ,owing to the   
,british sea power ,hong ,kong1 for     
instance1 now  stands fourth among all  
the ports of the world in the tonnage of
 its  shipping4 ,it is solely because   
the battleships of the world1 except    
those of our ally1 ,japan1 are at       
present in western waters that the      
,british battleships are concentrated   
there to watch them4    ,do you realise 
the economy of the ,british ,empire8    
,one ,navy defends  one-fifth of all the
 lands on the globe4 ,were ,india and   
,canada and  ,australia and ,south      
,africa separate states1 each must      
maintain a  navy1 and the navy of each  

would be useless unless it were strong  
enough to contend with the other great  
navies of the world4 ,even  the         
resources of ,india would not suffice to
 maintain a great fleet  without very   
heavy taxation4 ,indian security and    
prosperity are at  present wholly in the
 keeping of the ,british ,navy4         
,sidenote3 #c4 ,first-,class            
,battleship1 ,h4,m4,s4 8,dreadnought40  
,let us consider that ,navy for a few   
moments as it exists at the  present    
time4 ,it consists in the first place of
 battleships1 each  bearing a few       
powerful guns4 ,the ship is partly clad 
in steel  armour to resist hostile shot4
 ,the guns can fire with accuracy to a  
distance of several miles4 ,the crew    
numbers some #hjj skilled men4 ,the     
engines have the strength of #bj1jjj    
horses4 ,the whole vast fortress1  with 
her regiment of men1 can be propelled   
over the ocean at the  rate of #bj miles
 an hour4 ,it is clear1 however1 that   
the strongest  battleship afloat would  

run the risk of defeat if she were      
attacked  simultaneously by several     
hostile battleships4 ,therefore1 the    
,british  battleships move in squadrons 
of six or eight1 and to ensure victory  
these squadrons are grouped in fleets1  
and all the battle-fleets  of the       
,british ,navy are now gathered in      
,atlantic and ,mediterranean  waters1   
because it happens that just now all    
other battle-fleets but  that of our    
ally are collected in those waters4     
,this is the reason  why the ,british   
battleships are not distributed--here a 
ship and  there a ship--over all the    
world1 but are gathered together in one 
part4 ,should occasion require it1 they 
can go together to any other  part4     
,those1 therefore1 who ask that         
battleships should be sent1 a  few here 
and a few there1 to defend every        
threatened port1 do not  know the first 
principle of success in war4 ,if you    
divide your force1  even a small        
fleet--if very efficient--might defeat  

you by fighting  each of your divisions 
in turn4 ,in war you must concentrate to
 win4    ,sidenote3 #d4 ,first-,class   
,cruiser4 ,h4,m4,s4 8,carnarvon40    ,so
 much for the battleship4 ,but here is a
 ship appearing as large  and important 
as any battleship4 ,it is a first-class 
armoured  cruiser4 ,her engines are1 it 
anything1 even more powerful than those 
of a battleship4 ,she carries more coal 
and can keep the sea for a  longer time 
without returning to port1 but her guns 
are not quite  so powerful as those of a
 battleship1 nor is her armour quite so 
thick4 ,there are other cruisers1       
somewhat less powerful than armoured    
cruisers1 which are said to be          
protected1 because they carry less      
defence against shot1 and there are     
still others known as scouts1  whose    
name reveals their special purpose4 ,now
 what is the object of  these cruisers8 
,this is an important question1 because 
the ,british  ,navy contains more       
cruisers of one kind and another than   

battleships1  and yet victory in battle 
is determined by strength of battleships
  more than of cruisers4 ,the first     
object of a cruiser is to obtain        
intelligence for the battleships4       
,although a battleship can move  fast1  
yet she cannot move so fast as ships    
that have not to bear such  vast        
weights4 ,the cruisers find out for the 
battleships what is going  on in seas   
around1 and whether the enemy is near4  
,of course they must  be prepared to    
fight the enemy's cruisers1 and to      
prevent them from  approaching to gain  
information for their own admiral4 ,in  
these days  cruisers communicate with   
the battle-fleets by wireless           
telegraphy1  and by acting together1 so 
that a message is taken up and passed on
  by successive ships1 an immense area  
of sea may be covered1 and even  the    
distant position of the enemy's fleet   
may be ascertained4    ,but the cruisers
 have also another function1 which is to
 defend  commerce4 ,here again you must 

not measure the protection given to our 
commerce by the frequency with which you
 see our cruisers4 ,in time  of war it  
would not as a rule be the duty of      
cruisers to accompany  or1 as a phrase  
is1 to convoy our merchant ships from   
port to port4  ,you will remember that  
we have #i1jjj ocean-going steamers1 and
 we  should have to build an immense and
 costly fleet of cruisers1 if we  were  
going to protect them all by the method 
of convoy4 ,let us try to  understand   
the action of cruisers by comparing them
 to policemen upon  the land4 ,in almost
 every community there are a certain    
number of  thieves1 who from time to    
time break into houses and steal1 but we
 do  not protect our houses by having a 
policeman always on guard in each4  ,our
 method is to detect the thieves and to 
arrest them4 ,in other  words1 our aim  
is not so much to defend our houses from
 robbery1 as  to remove the thieves from
 society4 ,precisely in the same way our
  cruisers would not so much defend our 

merchantmen1 as hunt down and  destroy  
the cruisers of the enemy who broke the 
peace of the ocean4  ,our aim would be  
so to clear the water of hostile        
cruisers that our  liners might steam   
with the same regularity and certainty  
in time of  war as in time of peace4    
,sidenote3 #e4 ,first-class ,destroyer4 
,h4,m4,s4 8,derwent40    ,sidenote3 #f4 
,submarine ,boat passing the 8,victory40
    ,battles at sea are won by the use  
of battleships to fight and of  cruisers
 to give information and to prevent the 
enemy from gaining  information4 ,but   
near the coast1 and even on the high    
seas when the  larger ships have been   
injured1 there is scope for smaller     
vessels1  which launch torpedoes against
 the enemy4 ,some of these vessels float
  on the surface and are known as       
destroyers4 ,they move with great  speed
 so as to avoid the enemy's shot1 and   
their best opportunity is  by night or  
in thick weather4 ,others dive below the
 surface and are  known as submarines4  

,they seek to avoid the enemy by passing
 out of  his sight1 and might thus      
deliver an attack by day4    ,now these 
are the parts of a fleet4 ,the          
battleships which do the  serious       
fighting1 the cruisers which cover the  
battleships1 and  the torpedo craft     
which are used to complete the          
destruction of an  enemy's fleet or to  
defend narrow and difficult waters1     
where ships  cannot move with speed and 
freedom4    ,we need not think1 however1
 that a fleet must always fight4 ,if it 
were strong enough1 the enemy would not 
risk a battle1 but would take  refuge in
 his harbours4 ,it would be the duty of 
a ,british fleet to  watch these        
harbours closely in order to attack the 
enemy at once if  he came out4 ,our     
commerce could then proceed peacefully1 
because the  enemy would have no ships  
in position to attack it4 ,so you see   
that a  strong ,navy makes for peace1   
whereas a weak ,navy challenges to      
battle4    ,before we leave this picture

 of a submarine let us note alongside   
the old sailing battleship1 ,nelson's   
8,victory40 ,you see the three  white   
stripes along her sides1 each pierced by
 many portholes4 ,in  the time of       
,nelson there was a gun in each         
porthole1 so that the old  battleship   
sailed upon the wind and fought with    
many small guns4    ,sidenote3 #g4      
,collier shipping ,coal at ,cardiff4    
,nowadays a fleet moves by steam and    
consumes much coal4 ,the best coal  for 
fighting purposes is that which gives   
little smoke1 and thus  does not reveal 
a fleet to the enemy or obscure tactical
 signalling4  ,nearly all the smokeless 
coal of the world is got from ,south    
,wales in  the ,british ,islands4 ,here 
is a steam collier shipping such coal at
  the port of ,cardiff4 ,this vessel    
carries about #b1cjj tons of coal1  and 
can be loaded in two hours4 ,each of the
 four tips which you see  is capable of 
shipping a #aj-ton waggon every minute1 
so that the  ship receives #dj tons a   

minute4 ,one of our great fleets1 such  
as the  ,mediterranean ,fleet consumes  
about a shipload of coal every day4     
,thus  you realise of what significance 
would be coaling stations of the        
,indian ,ocean should it ever again be  
necessary to send a battle-fleet  into  
our waters4    ,sidenote3 #h4           
,quarter-deck of ,h4,m4,s4 8,majestic0  
showing #ab-;inch guns4    ,sidenote3   
#i4 ,six-gun in action4    ,sidenote3   
#aj4 ,the same4    ,sidenote3 #aa4 ,gun 
in action 7,marines47    ,sidenote3 #ab4
 ,hoisting projectiles4    ,now let us  
go quickly through a few typical scenes 
on a man-of-war  and let us learn       
something of the life of the sailors who
 navigate  and fight her4 ,this is the  
quarter-deck of ,his ,majesty's ,ship1  
8,majestic40 ,the two guns which you see
 have a bore #ab inches in  diameter4   
,here is a #f-;inch quick firing gun    
with her crew in battle  position4 ,do  
you see the men to the left who are     
hoisting the  ammunition from the depths

 of the ship8 ,here is a nearer view of 
the same gun4 ,and here yet another with
 the gun's crew1 this time  not of      
bluejackets1 but of marines4 ,every     
large man-of-war carries  a certain     
number of men trained to act as soldiers
 who are called  marines4 ,these help to
 fight her guns and are sent ashore     
should it  be necessary to land a force 
to deal with some local difficulty4     
,here  we have yet another scene on deck
 where seamen1 or bluejackets as  they  
are called1 are hoisting ammunition from
 the magazine4    ,sidenote3 #ac4       
,officers of ,h4,m4,s4 8,fawn0 in       
oilskins4    ,sidenote3 #ad4 ,lieutenant
 of ,h4,m4,s4 8,fawn0 in lammy suit4    
,sidenote3 #ae4 ,cleaning arms1         
,h4,m4,s4 8,diadem40    ,sidenote3 #af4 
,morning ,prayer4    ,sidenote3 #ag4    
,sub-,lieutenants at ,field-,gun ,drill4
    ,men-of-war are built of steel4     
,they are moved by coal and steam1  and 
their guns fire armour-piercing         
projectiles and shells filled  with high

 explosives4 ,but there is one other    
substance essential  to a fleet1 and    
that is brain4 ,a gun1 however powerful1
 is useless  unless the gunner aims with
 accuracy4 ,a ship1 however speedy1 is  
comparatively useless unless handled    
with skill4 ,a fleet1 however  numerous1
 may be defeated unless controlled by a 
good admiral4  ,therefore the greatest  
importance is attached in the ,british  
,navy to  the efficiency of the men and 
the officers4 ,it takes several years to
  make a seaman1 and a bluejacket serves
 for no less than #ab years1  but it    
takes longer to make an officer4 ,he    
begins to learn as a boy1  and he is    
always afterwards learning4 ,he is      
taught by his seniors in  the service4  
,therefore you will understand that no  
nation can build  up an effective navy  
very quickly4 ,for1 in the first        
instance1 it  has no officers to teach  
those who come after4 ,even at the end  
of  several years it could only have a  
few officers of skill4 ,so you will     

understand that it has taken several    
generations to train the great  service 
to which the naval officers of ,britain 
belong4 ,here are four  of them in their
 waterproofs on a wet or rough day4     
,here is another  in thick clothing for 
a colder day4 ,here1 to the left of the 
picture1  is a warrant officer          
superintending his men while they clean 
their  rifles4 ,and here1 to give you an
 idea of the comradeship of the men  who
 spend their lives together in the small
 space of a ship and in  the presence of
 danger1 is a scene on deck when the    
ship's crew are  mustered for morning   
prayer4 ,one last slide and we must turn
 from the  navy to the army4 ,here are  
some sub-lieutenants at field-gun drill 
upon the land4 ,it often happens that   
our ships must send men ashore  to fight
 in our land wars1 because1 naturally1  
our men-of-war are  very frequently     
first on the spot1 and if the enemy does
 not threaten  a sea-fight1 the sailors 
are free to defend or to attack before  

the  soldiers arrive4 ,you may1 perhaps1
 remember that in the ,south ,african   
war there was a naval brigade at the    
defence of ,ladysmith4    ,if you have  
followed me thus far1 ,i think that you 
will have little  difficulty in         
understanding the part in the defence of
 the ,empire  which has to be played by 
our land forces4 ,if you have fully     
realised  the necessity for             
concentrating battleships into great    
fleets1 and  for using cruisers boldly  
to hunt down the commerce destroyers of 
the  enemy1 you will have learnt that   
incidentally most of the shores of  the 
,empire are at times laid open1 perhaps 
not to invasion in force1  but at least 
to raids by hostile cruisers and small  
military forces  escorted by them4 ,it  
would be very costly to tie adequate    
fleets to  every threatened point4 ,in  
nine cases out of ten the whole war     
would  go by1 and the enemy would never 
come into the neighbourhood of such  a  
tied force4 ,moreover1 defeat in the    

crucial battle would be risked  in this 
attempt to give to every commercial     
centre the protection for  which in     
panic it cried out4    ,sidenote3 #ah4  
,cape ,town4    ,the alternative is to  
free the fleet for its proper purpose of
  attacking the enemy and clearing him  
from the ocean1 by providing  such land 
forces in each locality as shall suffice
 to deal with  any likely attack4 ,more 
especially is it needful to protect the 
coaling and refitting stations of the   
fleet1 in order that in each  sea the   
ships may find the refreshment they     
require1 and may not  have to return to 
distant ports while the enemy's cruisers
 are left  unwatched4 ,here1 for        
instance1 is ,cape ,town1 a quite likely
 refuge  for our damaged ships in       
certain contingencies4 ,it might happen1
  though it is not very probable1 that  
,cape ,town should be seized by a       
hostile raiding force1 whose aim was to 
injure the trade going round  the ,cape 
to ,australia and ,new ,zealand4 ,now it

 is clear that if a  ,british cruiser   
squadron had to watch the ,cape it could
 not hunt for  the enemy's cruisers in  
the adjoining ocean4 ,in time of war it 
might  therefore be needful1 under      
certain circumstances1 to maintain in   
,cape ,town and its neighbourhood such a
 land force as would suffice to  deny   
the ,cape harbours to the enemy4 ,this  
is called the local defence  of the     
,empire4    ,sidenote3 #ai4 ,new ,south 
,wales ,lancers4    ,sidenote3 #bj4     
,royal ,canadian ,artillery4            
,sidenote3 #ba4 ,a ,bengal ,lancer4     
,sidenote3 #bb4 ,madras ,lancers4       
,sidenote3 #bc4 ,bombay ,artilleryman4  
,sidenote3 #bd4 ,a ,goorkha4    ,in     
various parts of ,british ,territory we 
find local armies intended  for the     
purpose here described4 ,in this slide1 
for instance1 we have  a troop of ,new  
,south ,wales ,lancers1 as typical of   
the ,australian  ,forces of the ,king4  
,in the next is a battery of ,canadian  
,artillery  passing through a street in 

,ottawa when the winter snow is on the  
ground4 ,then we come to the great      
,indian ,army4 ,it is composed1  as you 
know1 of soldiers of many different     
races--of ,englishmen  and ,scotchmen1  
who used formerly to fight with one     
another in  the ,british ,isles--and of 
such peoples as the ,marathas and the   
,mohammedans1 who used formerly to fight
 with one another in ,india4  ,all are  
now combined for the defence of the     
,empire1 so that there  may be peace and
 order from the ,himalayas to the ocean4
 ,here we have  a ,bengal ,lancer1      
wearing a medal which he has won in the 
service  of the ,emperor2 and here a    
group of ,madras ,lancers--as you see by
  their stripes non-commissioned        
officers4 ,then follows a ,bombay       
,artilleryman1 with a whole row of      
medals on his breast1 a man who has     
seen repeated service in the defence of 
his country4 ,and then again  we have a 
,goorkha4 ,these four representatives of
 the ,indian ,army1  from the east1 the 

south1 the west and the north1 must     
suffice to  remind us of the part we    
play in the great defensive scheme of   
the  ,empire4    ,sidenote3 #be4 ,hong  
,kong ,regiment4    ,sidenote3 #bf4     
,malay ,states ,guides4    ,sidenote3   
#bg4 ,west ,india ,regiment4    ,there  
are many other local forces in our      
various lands4 ,here for  instance are  
some ,sikhs of the ,hong ,kong          
,regiment1 and then we have  a private  
of the ,malay ,states ,guides4 ,then1   
crossing half the world1  from the east 
to the west1 we come to a soldier of the
 ,west ,indian  ,regiment1 who serve    
both in the ,west ,indies and in ,west  
,africa4  ,this man we may note is a    
sergeant1 and he wears the ,victoria    
,cross  for conspicuous courage4 ,the   
,victoria ,cross may be won either by an
  officer or a private1 a soldier or a  
sailor1 of any race throughout  the     
world which serves in the ,armies or the
 ,navy of our ,emperor4    ,sidenote3   
#bh4 ,west ,african ,frontier ,force4   

,sidenote3 #bi4 ,soldier of ,west       
,african ,frontier ,force4    ,sidenote3
 #cj4 ,mounted ,infantry in the         
,kano-,sokoto ,expedition1 #aijc4       
,there are other forces in ,west ,africa
 besides the ,west ,indian  ,regiment4  
,here1 for instance1 is the ,lagos      
,battalion of the ,west  ,african       
,frontier ,force drawn up on the ,parade
 ,ground at ,lagos4 ,and  here is a     
soldier of the ,gambia ,company of the  
same force4 ,there are  frequent small  
wars in the wilder parts of the ,west   
,african ,colonies  and ,protectorates1 
one of which1 ,nigeria1 is half as large
 as ,india1  though of course not so    
populous4    ,here is a scene typical of
 the varied difficulties which have to  
be  met by the very varied army of our  
,king4 ,mounted ,infantry of ,west      
,african soldiers1 commanded by white   
officers1 have arrived at some  wells1  
one of which is to be seen at the foot  
of the officer on the  right4           
,unfortunately on this occasion a       

caravan with cattle had  passed and     
drawn all the water1 so that the column 
had to move on  another #aj or #ab      
miles4 ,such are the difficulties to be 
encountered  on the frontiers of the    
,empire4 ,it is evident that local men  
will  meet these difficulties most      
easily4 ,each race knows its own land   
best4 ,therefore1 while the ,king has   
one ,navy to defend the whole  ,empire1 
he has many ,armies in its different    
parts4 ,both the ,navy and  the ,armies 
are essential to one another4 ,as long  
as the ,navy keeps  the sea1 no great   
force can invade the ,british ,empire1  
except on its  two land frontiers4 ,on  
the other hand1 the ,navy can only be   
free to  command the sea if the ,king's 
subjects in each land are prepared to   
defend the ,naval ,bases should it be   
necessary4    ,sidenote3 #ca4 ,map of   
,world showing position of important    
campaigns  on land since #affj4         
,there is one thing more1 however1 to be
 added4 ,battleships and  cruisers can  

sail over all the ocean1 except where   
covered with  the northern and the      
southern ice4 ,three-quarters of the    
world1  therefore1 lies open to them4   
,but battleships and cruisers cannot    
sail over the plains and the mountains4 
,it is1 hence often necessary1  when the
 enemy has been defeated at sea1 to land
 a ,british ,army in  order to achieve a
 given end4 ,in this map each red dot1  
and you see  how many there are1 marks  
the position of a land campaign fought  
by  ,britain in the last two centuries  
and a-half4 ,the most striking fact  is 
that no dot is placed in the ,british   
,isles4 ,there were a few small  battles
 fought in ,britain during the first    
hundred years of this  time1 but no     
great campaigns in the sense that there 
were ,british  campaigns on the         
mainlands of ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa and
 ,america4 ,had  all the small wars been
 inserted1 some parts of the continents 
would  have been coloured red all over1 
for the dots would have joined4 ,now  ,i

 think we may draw this conclusion from 
the map--that the ,british  ,navy has   
saved the ,british ,isles from war on   
land1 but that the  ,british ,army has  
often carried war into the country of   
its opponents4  ,the ,army is now       
stationed chiefly in ,india1 because of 
the ,indian  ,land ,frontier in the     
north-west1 and in the ,british ,isles1 
but  portions of it are also in         
,gibraltar1 in ,malta1 in ,egypt1 in    
,south  ,africa1 and in other parts4    
,you will remember1 of course1 that when
 we visited ,london in the  second of   
these ,lectures1 we came repeatedly to  
the names ,trafalgar  and ,waterloo4    
,trafalgar was ,britain's culminating   
victory on the  ocean4 ,it was fought by
 a fleet of battleships in order to free
 the  ocean from ,britain's enemies1 and
 to allow her commerce to grow and  her 
,colonies to have peace1 although there 
was war on the continent  of ,europe4   
,the battle of ,waterloo was ,britain's 
great victory on the  land1 fought in   

,europe by her ,army and that of her    
allies ten years  after ,trafalgar4 ,the
 ,colonies had peace by reason of       
,trafalgar1 but  ,waterloo brought the  
war to an end4    ,sidenote3 #cb4       
,battle of ,trafalgar1 showing types of 
ships4    ,sidenote3 #cc4 ,death of     
,nelson1 showing types of sailors4      
,sidenote3 #cd4 ,wellington at          
,waterloo4    ,sidenote3 #ce4 ,battle of
 ,waterloo1 ,british squares prepared to
 resist  cavalry4    ,sidenote3 #cf4    
,south ,african ,battlefield--soldiers  
taking cover on  the ,veldt4            
,sidenote3 #cg4 ,south ,african ,light  
,horse crossing a ,river4    ,sidenote3 
#ch4 ,a ,field ,battery fording a       
,river4    ,sidenote3 #ci4 ,royal       
,engineers building a ,bridge4          
,sidenote3 #dj4 ,night-,signalling from 
an ,armoured ,train4    ,sidenote3 #da4 
,armoured ,train under ,fire4    ,let us
 look for a moment at the kind of ,navy 
and ,army which won  these victories4   
,here is an old print of the ,battle of 

,trafalgar1  showing the sailing ships1 
and the many guns in their sides4 ,here 
is the copy of a picture of the death of
 the great ,admiral ,nelson1  who fell  
in the moment of victory at ,trafalgar1 
giving his life  for his ,king4 ,here   
next is a picture of ,wellington at the 
battle of  ,waterloo4 ,the battles of   
those days were strangely different from
  the battles of our time1 for rifles   
and guns had not then a precise  aim4   
,here1 for instance1 are the close ranks
 of the ,british infantry1  formed in   
square at ,waterloo4 ,that is           
,wellington1 on horseback1  speaking to 
them4 ,now look at the next picture4 ,it
 is a battle-field  in ,south ,africa4  
,the men do not even stand up2 they lie 
apart from  one another1 each taking    
shelter behind some convenient obstacle4
 ,in  this particular case the obstacles
 are ant-hills1 which are frequent  in  
the veldt of ,south ,africa4 ,here are  
other scenes in the ,south  ,african    
,war4 ,first we have ,south ,african    

,light ,horse crossing a  river2 then a 
field battery fording a river4 ,the     
uniforms of the men  are not red1 as we 
saw them at ,waterloo1 but 8khaki10 that
 they may  be indistinguishable from the
 ground1 and may not present a target   
for the hostile marksmen4 ,here are     
,royal ,engineers building a bridge1    
with floating pontoons1 in the case of a
 river which is too deep to  be forded4 
,and so we come to scenes in which      
greater and greater  skill and science  
are needed and not courage alone4 ,it is
 for this  reason that preparation is   
needful1 and that the ,army must be     
trained  and maintained during peace4   
,we have1 for instance1 here an armoured
  train on the railway1 bearing an      
electric light1 wherewith in the        
night-time it searches the ground for   
opponents1 and by throwing the  beam of 
light on to the clouds1 signals to      
friends in the distance4  ,here is the  
same train under attack4    ,sidenote3  
#db4 ,firing big ,gun on ,land4         

,sidenote3 #dc4 ,cavalry charging at    
,laing's ,nek4    ,in the ,south        
,african ,war more powerful guns were   
employed than ever  before on land4     
,here is one borrowed from a great      
cruiser for the  defence of ,ladysmith4 
,here1 in contrast1 is a charge of      
cavalry4 ,the  chief function of cavalry
 is to obtain information1 and to screen
  the movements of infantry by repelling
 hostile cavalry4 ,in fact1 the  action 
of cavalry is not very unlike that of   
cruisers at sea4    ,there is a splendid
 side to war4 ,there are occasionally   
magnificent  scenes in it4 ,there is    
always room for skill and courage4 ,but 
it is  none the less horrible4 ,some    
people have thought that it might be    
possible to carry on government without 
wars and to maintain no ,navy  or ,army4
 ,heavy taxation would be avoided and   
much suffering escaped4  ,as yet1       
however1 no one has shown how this can  
be accomplished4 ,the  map of the world 
which you had before you just now1      

sprinkled with  red dots1 each marking a
 long campaign and many battles1 is     
evidence  of what ,britain has gone     
through in the defence of her ,empire   
during  the last #bej years4 ,the world 
changes slowly1 and there is at present 
no likelihood of wars ceasing4 ,if that 
be so1 the wisest and the most  humane  
course is to be strong so that enemies  
may shrink from attack1  and peace may  
be preserved4 ,it is for this reason    
that membership of  the ,british ,empire
 is a high privilege4    ,sidenote3 #dd4
 ,ambulance at ,magersfontein4          
,something1 however1 may be done to     
alleviate sufferings in war1 and  by    
agreement among the nations a red cross 
on a white flag raised on  the          
battlefield secures the immediate       
neighbourhood from being aimed  at      
intentionally1 for it indicates that the
 wounded are collected  there and that  
the surgeons are at work4    ,sidenote3 
#de4 ,troops embarking to go ,abroad4   
,sidenote3 #df4 ,shropshire ,light      

,infantry on ,parade4    ,sidenote3 #dg4
 ,northumberland ,fusiliers on ,parade4 
,sidenote3 #dh4 ,black ,watch--,types of
 ,men4    ,sidenote3 #di4 ,royal        
,artillery--,gun ,drill4    ,lastly1 let
 us look for a few moments1 as we did in
 the case of the  ,navy1 at the daily   
life of the soldier in peace time4 ,we  
have him  here leaving ,england in a    
trooping steamer for foreign service4   
,here is an infantry battalion on parade
 at home1 and here another  battalion   
with its camp in the background4 ,next  
we have some men  of the regiment called
 the ,black ,watch4 ,they wear a        
,scottish  uniform--once the garb of the
 ,highlanders who dwell in those far    
northern regions of ,britain where1 as  
we saw in the third ,lecture1  are still
 to be found the great red stag and the 
golden eagle4 ,this  is a group of      
,artillery at gun drill4    ,one fact   
more4 ,the ,british ,army is small among
 the armies of the  world4 ,the aim of  
,britain is not to attack any other     

power1 but  merely to defend her        
,empire4 ,moreover1 ,britain can perhaps
 afford  to have a small army because   
she has a great fleet4 ,under ordinary  
circumstances she may count on          
preventing an enemy from invading  most 
of her territories1 in force at any     
rate1 by the help of her  fleet alone4  
,this is the basis of the ,british      
,peace4 ,the use to which  ,britain puts
 her strength is to carry the idea of   
justice1 which her  children learn at   
home1 through all the lands whose       
happiness has1 in  the course of        
history1 been entrusted to her4         
,sidenote3 #ej4 ,holyrood ,palace1 with 
,troops on ,parade4    ,sidenote3 #ea4  
,trooping of the ,colour4    ,sidenote3 
#eb4 ,sailors ,marching                 
,past4--,birthday ,review4    ,sidenote3
 #ec4 ,the ,emperor-,king in ,naval     
,uniform4    ,the ,army and the ,navy1  
as everything else in the ,empire1 are  
headed by our ,emperor-,king4 ,for one  
last moment let us return from  the     

,empire to ,britain itself4 ,here is one
 of the ,king's ,highland  ,regiments   
before his ,scottish palace at ,holyrood
 on his birthday4  ,here on the same    
occasion are his ,guards in ,london1 and
 here his  sailors at ,portsmouth4 ,for 
the sake of order1 of justice1 and of   
peace the subjects of the ,king are     
loyal1 and recognize the duty of        
obedience4 ,here1 finally1 is our       
,emperor-,king ,edward1 as ,admiral of  
the ,british ,fleet4    ,sidenote3 #ed4 
,the ,flag of the ,british ,empire4     
,what is the chief lesson we should     
carry away from these ,lectures8 ,is  it
 not that the ,empire can only be       
defended as a whole1 and with the  full 
co-operation of all its citizens8       
,surely then it is the duty of  each of 
us to uphold the flag and to learn      
something of the defences  of the       
,empire1 and of the way it should be    
guarded and its rights and  honour      
maintained before the world4            
,waterlow  ,sons ,limited1 ,printers1   

,london ,wall1 ,london4                 
,transcriber's ,notes                   
,inconsistencies in hyphenation and     
spelling such as                        
8battle-field_/battlefield0 and         
8hay-stack_/hay stack0 have been        
maintained4      ,multiple punctuation  
errors1 such as missing periods1 have   
silently    been corrected4             
,contents3 ,changed page 8#bb0 to page  
8#cb04      ,page #b3 ,changed          
8moutains0 to 8mountains04      ,page   
#bg3 ,changed 8,pekin0 to 8,peking04    
,page #cb3 ,added 8a0 to 8take train04  
,page #da3 ,changed 8,phillipines0 to   
8,philippines04      ,page #gj3 ,changed
 8,v irginia0 to 8,virginia04      ,page
 #ij3 ,changed 8closelv0 to 8closely04  
,page #ic3 ,changed 8snores0 to         
8shores04