,anne ,soulard1 ,charles ,franks and the ,online ,distributed ,proofreading ,team4 ,,public ,,speaking ,,principles ,,and ,,practice ,,by ,,irvah ,,lester ,,winter ,,in ,,offering ,a ,,book ,,to ,,students ,,of ,,public ,,speaking ,,the ,,author ,,would ,,pay ,,what ,,tribute ,,is ,,here ,,possible ,,to ,,charles ,,william ,,eliot ,,who ,,for ,,many ,,years ,,has ,,taught ,,by ,,example ,,the ,,power ,,and ,,beauty ,,of ,,perfected ,,speech ,,preface ,this book is designed to set forth the main principles of effective platform delivery1 and to provide a large body of material for student practice4 ,the work laid out may be used to form a separate course of study1 or a course of training running parallel with a course in debating or other original speaking4 ,it has been prepared with a view also to that large number who want to speak1 or have to speak1 but cannot have the advantage of a teacher4 ,much is therefore said in the way of caution1 and untechnical language is used throughout4 ,the discussion of principles in ,part ,one is intended as a help towards the student's understanding of his task1 and also as a common basis of criticism in the relation between teacher and pupil4 ,the preliminary fundamental work of ,part ,two1 ,technical ,training1 deals first with the right formation of tone1 the development of voice as such1 the securing of a fixed right vocal habit4 ,following comes the adapting of this improved voice to the varieties of use1 or expressional effect1 demanded of the public speaker4 ,after this critical detailed drill1 the student is to take the platform1 and apply his acquired technique to continued discourse1 receiving criticism after each entire piece of work4 ,the question as to what should be the plan and the content of ,part ,three1 ,platform ,practice1 has been determined simply by asking what are the distinctly varied conditions under which men most frequently speak4 ,it is regarded as profitable for the student to practice1 at least to some extent1 in all the several kinds of speech here chosen4 ,in thus cultivating versatility1 he will greatly enlarge his power of expression1 and will1 at length1 discover wherein lies his own special capability4 ,the principal aim in choosing the selections has been to have them sufficiently alive to be attractive to younger speakers1 and not so heavy as to be unsuited to their powers4 ,some of them have proved effective by use2 many others are new4 ,in all cases they are of good quality4 ,it is hoped that the new features of the book will be found useful4 ,one of these is a group of lighter after-dinner speeches and anecdotes4 ,it has been said that1 in present-day speech-making1 humor has supplanted former-day eloquence4 ,it plays anyway a considerable part in various kinds of speaking4 ,the young speaker is generally ineffective in the expression of pleasantry1 even his own4 ,practice in the speaking of wholesome humor is good for cultivating quality of voice and ease of manner1 and for developing the faculty of giving humorous turn to one's own thought4 ,it is also entertaining to fellow students4 ,other new features in the book are a practice section for the kind of informal speaking suited to the club or the classroom1 and a section given to the occasional poem1 the kind of poem that is associated with speech- making4 ,a considerable space is given to argumentative selections because of the general interest in debating1 and because a need has been felt for something suited for special forensic practice among students of law4 ,some poetic selections are introduced into ,part ,two in order to give attractive variety to the student's work1 and to provide for the advantage of using verse form in some of the vocal training4 ,the few character sketches introduced may serve for cultivating facility in giving entertaining touches to serious discourse4 ,all the selections for platform practice are designed1 as seems most fitting1 to occupy about five minutes in delivery4 ,original speeches1 wherein the student presents his own thought1 may be intermingled with this more technical work in delivery1 or may be taken up in a more special way in a subsequent course4 ,it should1 perhaps1 be suggested that the plan of procedure here prescribed can be modified to suit the individual teacher or student4 ,the method of advance explained in the ,discussion of ,principles is believed to be the best1 but some who use the book may prefer1 for example1 to begin with the second group of selections1 the familiar1 colloquial passages1 and proceed from these to those more elevated and sustained4 ,this or any other variation from the plan here proposed can1 of course1 be adopted4 ,for any plan the variety of material is deemed sufficient1 and the method of grouping will be found convenient and practical4 ,the making of this kind of book would not be possible except for the generous privileges granted by many authors and many publishers of copyrighted works4 ,for the special courtesies of all whose writings have a place here the editor would make the fullest acknowledgment of indebtedness4 ,the books from which extracts are taken have been mentioned1 in every case1 in a prominent place with the title of the selection1 in order that so far as possible students may be led carefully to read the entire original1 and become fully imbued with its meaning and spirit1 before undertaking the vocal work on the selected portion4 ,for the purpose of such reading1 it would be well to have these books collected on a section of shelves in school libraries for easy and ready reference4 ,the publishers from whose books selections have been most liberally drawn are1 ,messrs4 ,houghton ,mifflin ,company1 ,messrs4 ,lothrop1 ,lee and ,shepard1 ,messrs4 ,little1 ,brown1 and ,company1 of ,boston1 and ,messrs4 ,harper and ,brothers1 ,messrs4 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons1 ,messrs4 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 ,messrs4 ,g4 ,w4 ,dillingham ,company1 ,messrs4 ,doubleday1 ,page and ,company1 and ,mr4 ,c4 ,p4 ,farrell1 ,new ,york4 ,several of the after-dinner speeches are taken from the excellent fifteen volume collection1 ,modern ,eloquence1 by an arrangement with ,geo4 ,l4 ,shuman and ,company1 ,chicago1 publishers4 ,in the first three volumes of this collection will be found many other attractive after-dinner speeches4 ,i4 ,l4 ,w4 ,,cambridge1 ,,massachusetts4 ,,contents ,,preface ,,introduction ,,part ,,one ,a ,,discussion ,,of ,,principles ,,technical ,,training ,establishing the ,tone ,vocal ,flexibility ,the ,formation of ,words ,making the ,point ,indicating ,values and ,relations ,expressing the ,feeling ,showing the ,picture ,expression by ,action ,,platform ,,practice ,the ,formal ,address ,the ,public ,lecture ,the ,informal ,discussion ,argumentative ,speech ,the ,after-,dinner ,speech ,the ,occasional ,poem ,the ,making of the ,speech ,,part ,,two ,,technical ,,training ,,establishing ,,the ,,tone ,o ,scotia644444444444444444444444444 ,robert ,burns ,o ,rome6 ,my ,country64444444444444444 ,lord ,byron ,ring ,out1 ,wild ,bells644444444444444 ,alfred ,lord ,tennyson ,roll ,on1 ,thou ,deep64444444444444444 ,lord ,byron ,thou ,too1 ,sail ,on644444444444444444 ,henry ,w4 ,longfellow ,o ,tiber1 ,father ,tiber64444444444444 ,lord ,macaulay ,marullus to the ,roman ,citizens44444 ,william ,shakespeare ,the ,recessional44444444444444444444 ,rudyard ,kipling ,the ,cradle of ,liberty44444444444444 ,daniel ,webster ,the ,impeachment of ,warren ,hastings4 ,edmund ,burke ,bunker ,hill444444444444444444444444 ,daniel ,webster ,the ,gettysburg ,address4444444444444 ,abraham ,lincoln ,,vocal ,,flexibility ,csar1 the ,fighter44444444444444444 ,henry ,w4 ,longfellow ,official ,duty4444444444444444444444 ,theodore ,roosevelt ,look ,well to your ,speech44444444444 ,george ,herbert ,palmer ,hamlet to the ,players44444444444444 ,william ,shakespeare ,bellario's ,letter444444444444444444 ,william ,shakespeare ,casca1 ,speaking of ,csar44444444444 ,william ,shakespeare ,squandering of the ,voice44444444444 ,henry ,ward ,beecher ,the ,training of the ,gentleman444444 ,william ,j4 ,tucker ,,making ,,the ,,point ,brutus to the ,roman ,citizens4444444 ,william ,shakespeare ,the ,precepts of ,polonius44444444444 ,william ,shakespeare ,the ,high ,standard444444444444444444 ,lord ,rosebery ,on ,taxing the ,colonies4444444444444 ,edmund ,burke ,justifying the ,president44444444444 ,john ,c4 ,spooner ,britain and ,america4444444444444444 ,john ,bright ,,values ,,and ,,transitions ,king ,robert of ,sicily44444444444444 ,henry ,w4 ,longfellow ,laying the ,atlantic ,cable4444444444 ,james ,t4 ,fields ,o',connell1 the ,orator44444444444444 ,wendell ,phillips ,justification for ,impeachment444444 ,edmund ,burke ,wendell ,phillips1 the ,orator4444444 ,george ,william ,curtis ,on the ,disposal of ,public ,lands4444 ,robert ,y4 ,hayne ,the ,declaration of ,independence4444 ,abraham ,lincoln ,,expressing ,,the ,,feeling ,northern ,greeting to ,southern ,veterans4 44444444444444444444444444444444444 ,henry ,cabot ,lodge ,matches and ,overmatches444444444444 ,daniel ,webster ,the ,coalition4444444444444444444444 ,daniel ,webster ,in ,his ,own ,defense44444444444444444 ,robert ,emmet ,on ,resistance to ,great ,britain44444 ,patrick ,henry ,invective against ,louis ,bonaparte44 ,victor ,hugo ,,showing ,,the ,,picture ,mount1 the ,doge of ,venice6444444444 ,mary ,russell ,mitford ,the ,revenge444444444444444444444444 ,alfred ,lord ,tennyson ,a ,vision of ,war44444444444444444444 ,robert ,g4 ,ingersoll ,sunset ,near ,jerusalem44444444444444 ,corwin ,knapp ,linson ,a ,return in ,triumph4444444444444444 ,t4 ,de ,witt ,talmage ,a ,return in ,defeat44444444444444444 ,henry ,w4 ,grady ,,expression ,,by ,,action ,in ,our ,forefathers' ,day444444444444 ,t4 ,de ,witt ,talmage ,cassius against ,csar44444444444444 ,william ,shakespeare ,the ,spirit of the ,south444444444444 ,henry ,w4 ,grady ,something ,rankling ,here444444444444 ,daniel ,webster ,faith in the ,people4444444444444444 ,john ,bright ,the ,french against ,hayti44444444444 ,wendell ,phillips ,the ,necessity of ,force4444444444444 ,john ,m4 ,thurston ,against ,war with ,mexico444444444444 ,thomas ,corwin ,the ,murder of ,lovejoy44444444444444 ,wendell ,phillips ,,depicting ,,character ,a ,tale of the ,plains444444444444444 ,theodore ,roosevelt ,gunga ,din44444444444444444444444444 ,rudyard ,kipling ,address of ,sergeant ,buzfuz444444444 ,charles ,dickens ,a ,natural ,philosopher44444444444444 ,maccabe ,response to a ,toast4444444444444444 ,litchfield ,moseley ,partridge at the ,play44444444444444 ,henry ,fielding ,a ,man's a ,man for a ,that44444444444 ,robert ,burns ,artemus ,ward's ,lecture4444444444444 ,charles ,farrar ,brown ,jim ,bludso1 of the ,prairie ,belle444 ,john ,hay ,the ,trial of ,abner ,barrow4444444444 ,richard ,harding ,davis ,,part ,,three ,,platform ,,practice ,,the ,,speech ,,of ,,formal ,,occasion ,the ,benefits of a ,college ,education ,abbott ,lawrence ,lowell ,what the ,college ,gives4444444444444 ,le ,baron ,russell ,briggs ,memorial ,day ,address444444444444444 ,john ,d4 ,long ,william ,mc,kinley4444444444444444444 ,john ,hay ,robert ,e4 ,lee4444444444444444444444 ,john ,w4 ,daniel ,farewell ,address to the ,united ,states ,senate4 444444444444444444444444444444444444,hen ry ,clay ,the ,death of ,garfield44444444444444 ,james ,g4 ,blaine ,the ,second ,inaugural ,address4444444 ,abraham ,lincoln ,the ,death of ,prince ,albert444444444 ,benjamin ,disraeli ,an ,appreciation of ,mr4 ,gladstone444 ,arthur ,j4 ,balfour ,william ,e4 ,gladstone444444444444444 ,lord ,rosebery ,the ,soldier's ,creed4444444444444444 ,horace ,porter ,competition in ,college4444444444444 ,abbott ,lawrence ,lowell ,,the ,,public ,,lecture ,a ,master of the ,situation4444444444 ,james ,t4 ,fields ,wit and ,humor4444444444444444444444 ,minot ,j4 ,savage ,a ,message to ,garcia4444444444444444 ,elbert ,hubbard ,shakespeare's ,mark ,antony44444444 ,anonymous ,andr and ,hale444444444444444444444 ,chauncey ,m4 ,depew ,the ,battle of ,lexington444444444444 ,theodore ,parker ,the ,homes of the ,people444444444444 ,henry ,w4 ,grady ,general ,ulysses ,s4 ,grant44444444444 ,canon ,g4 ,w4 ,farrar ,american ,courage4444444444444444444 ,sherman ,hoar ,the ,minutemen of the ,revolution4444 ,george ,william ,curtis ,paul ,revere's ,ride44444444444444444 ,george ,william ,curtis ,the ,arts of the ,ancients44444444444 ,wendell ,phillips ,a ,man without a ,country444444444444 ,edward ,everett ,hale ,the ,execution of ,rodriguez444444444 ,richard ,harding ,davis ,,the ,,informal ,,discussion ,the ,flood of ,books44444444444444444 ,henry van ,dyke ,effectiveness in ,speaking4444444444 ,william ,jennings ,bryan ,books1 ,literature and the ,people444 ,henry van ,dyke ,education for ,business4444444444444 ,charles ,william ,eliot ,the ,beginnings of ,american ,oratory4 ,thomas ,wentworth ,higginson ,daniel ,webster1 the ,man444444444444 ,thomas ,wentworth ,higginson ,the ,enduring ,value of ,speech4444444 ,thomas ,wentworth ,higginson ,to ,college ,girls4444444444444444444 ,le ,baron ,russell ,briggs ,the ,art of ,acting444444444444444444 ,henry ,irving ,address to the ,freshman ,class at ,harvard ,university 444444444444444444444444444444444444,cha rles ,william ,eliot ,with ,tennyson at ,farringford4444444 ,by ,his ,son ,notes on ,speech-,making4444444444444 ,brander ,matthews ,hunting the ,grizzly4444444444444444 ,theodore ,roosevelt ,,argument ,,and ,,persuasion ,,debates ,,and ,,campaign ,,speeches ,on ,retaining the ,philippine ,islands ,george ,f4 ,hoar ,on ,retaining the ,philippine ,islands ,william ,mc,kinley ,debate on the ,tariff444444444444444 ,thomas ,b4 ,reed ,debate on the ,tariff444444444444444 ,charles ,f4 ,crisp ,south ,carolina and ,massachusetts444 ,robert ,y4 ,hayne ,south ,carolina and ,massachusetts444 ,daniel ,webster ,the ,republican ,party444444444444444 ,john ,hay ,nominating ,ulysses ,s4 ,grant44444444 ,roscoe ,conkling ,the ,choice of a ,party44444444444444 ,roscoe ,conkling ,nominating ,john ,sherman444444444444 ,james ,a4 ,garfield ,the ,democratic ,party444444444444444 ,william ,e4 ,russell ,the ,call to ,democrats44444444444444 ,alton ,b4 ,parker ,nominating ,woodrow ,wilson4444444444 ,john ,w4 ,wescott ,democratic ,faith4444444444444444444 ,william ,e4 ,russell ,england and ,america4444444444444444 ,john ,bright ,on ,home ,rule in ,ireland444444444444 ,william ,e4 ,gladstone ,,the ,,legal ,,plea ,the ,dartmouth ,college ,case444444444 ,daniel ,webster ,in ,defense of the ,kennistons4444444 ,daniel ,webster ,in ,defense of the ,kennistons1 ,,ii444 ,daniel ,webster ,in ,defense of ,john ,e4 ,cook444444444 ,d4 ,w4 ,voorhees ,in ,defense of the ,soldiers444444444 ,josiah ,quincy1 ,jr4 ,in ,defense of the ,soldiers1 ,,ii44444 ,josiah ,quincy1 ,jr4 ,in ,defense of the ,soldiers1 ,,iii4444 ,josiah ,quincy1 ,jr4 ,in ,defense of ,lord ,george ,gordon444 ,lord ,thomas ,erskine ,pronouncing ,sentence for ,high ,treason 44444444444444444444444444444444444 ,sir ,alfred ,wills ,the ,impeachment of ,andrew ,johnson44 ,george ,s4 ,boutwell ,the ,impeachment of ,andrew ,johnson44 ,william ,m4 ,evarts ,the ,impeachment of ,andrew ,johnson1 ,,ii 44444444444444444444444444444444444 ,william ,m4 ,evarts ,,the ,,after-,,dinner ,,speech ,at a ,university ,club ,dinner44444444 ,henry ,e4 ,howland ,the ,evacuation of ,new ,york444444444 ,joseph ,h4 ,choate ,ties of ,kinship44444444444444444444 ,sir ,edwin ,arnold ,canada1 ,england and the ,united ,states 44444444444444444444444444444444444 ,sir ,wilfred ,laurier ,monsieur and ,madame4444444444444444 ,paul ,blouet 7,max ,o',rell7 ,the ,typical ,american444444444444444 ,henry ,w4 ,grady ,the ,pilgrim ,mothers4444444444444444 ,joseph ,h4 ,choate ,bright ,land to ,westward444444444444 ,e4 ,o4 ,wolcott ,woman444444444444444444444444444444 ,theodore ,tilton ,abraham ,lincoln44444444444444444444 ,horace ,porter ,to ,athletic ,victors4444444444444444 ,henry ,e4 ,howland ,,the ,,occasional ,,poem ,charles ,dickens44444444444444444444 ,william ,watson ,the ,mariners of ,england444444444444 ,thomas ,campbell ,class ,poem4444444444444444444444444 ,langdon ,warner ,a ,troop of the ,guard444444444444444 ,hermann ,hagedorn1 ,jr4 ,the ,boys444444444444444444444444444 ,oliver ,wendell ,holmes ,,the ,,anecdote ,the ,mob ,conquered444444444444444444 ,george ,william ,curtis ,an ,example of ,faith4444444444444444 ,henry ,w4 ,grady ,the ,rail-,splitter444444444444444444 ,h4 ,l4 ,williams ,o',connell's ,wit44444444444444444444 ,wendell ,phillips ,a ,reliable ,team44444444444444444444 ,theodore ,roosevelt ,meg's ,marriage444444444444444444444 ,robert ,collyer ,outdoing ,mrs4 ,partington44444444444 ,sidney ,smith ,circumstance not a ,cause44444444444 ,sidney ,smith ,more ,terrible than the ,lions4444444 ,a4 ,a4 ,mc,cormick ,irving1 the ,actor444444444444444444 ,john ,de ,morgan ,wendell ,phillips's ,tact444444444444 ,james ,burton ,pond ,baked ,beans and ,culture444444444444 ,eugene ,field ,secretary ,chase's ,chin-,fly444444444 ,f4 ,b4 ,carpenter ,,index ,,of ,,titles ,,index ,,of ,,authors ,,introduction ,happily1 it is no longer necessary to argue that public speaking is a worthy subject for regular study in school and college4 ,the teaching of this subject1 in one form or another1 is now fairly well established4 ,in each of the larger universities1 including professional schools and summer schools1 the students electing the courses in speaking number well into the hundreds4 ,these courses are now being more generally placed among those counted towards the academic degrees4 ,the demand for trained teachers in the various branches of the work in schools and colleges is far above the present supply4 ,educators in general look with more favor upon this kind of instruction1 recognizing its practical usefulness and its cultural value4 ,the question of the present time1 then1 is not whether or not the subject shall have a place4 ,some sort of place it always has had and always will have4 ,present discussion should rather bear upon the policy and the method of that instruction1 the qualifications to be required of teachers1 and the consideration for themselves and their work that teachers have a right to expect4 ,naturally1 public speaking in the form of debating has received favor among educators4 ,it seems to serve the ends of practice in speaking and it gives also good mental discipline4 ,the high regard for debating is not misplaced4 ,we can hardly overestimate the good that debating has done to the subject of speaking in the schools and colleges4 ,the rigid intellectual discipline involved in debating has helped to establish public speaking in the regular curriculum1 thus gaining for it1 and for teachers in it1 greater respect4 ,to bring training in speech into close relation with training in thought1 and with the study of expression in ,english1 is most desirable4 ,this1 however1 does not mean that training in speech1 as a distinct object in itself1 should be allowed to fall into comparative neglect4 ,it is quite possible that1 along with the healthy disapproval of false elocution and meaningless declamation1 may come an underestimation of the important place of a right kind and a due degree of technical training in voice and general form4 ,in a recent book on public speaking1 the statement is made that it is all well enough1 if it so happens1 for a speaker to have a pleasing voice1 but it is not essential4 ,this1 though true in a sense1 is misleading1 and much teaching of this sort would be unfortunate for young speakers4 ,it would seem quite unnecessary to say that beauty of voice is not in itself a primary object in vocal training for public speaking4 ,the object is to make voices effective4 ,in the effective use of any other instrument1 we apply the utmost skill for the perfect adjustment or coordination of all the means of control4 ,we do this for the attainment of power1 for the conserving of energy1 for the insuring of endurance and ease of operation4 ,this is the end in the training of the voice4 ,it is to avoid friction4 ,it is to prevent nervous strain1 muscular distortion1 and failing power1 and to secure easy response to the will of the speaker4 ,the point not wholly understood or heeded is that1 as a rule1 the unpleasing voice is an indication of ill adjustment and friction4 ,it denotes a mechanism wearing on itself--it means a voice that will weaken or fail before its time--a voice that needs repair4 ,since speech is to express a speaker's thought1 training in speech should not be altogether dissociated from training in thinking4 ,it ought to go hand in hand1 indeed1 with the study of ,english1 from first to last4 ,but training in voice and in the method of speech is a technical matter4 ,it ought not to be left to the haphazard treatment1 the intense spurring on1 of vocally unskilled coaches for speaking contests4 ,discussions about the teaching of speaking are often very curious4 ,we are frequently told by what means a few great orators have succeeded1 but we are hardly ever informed of the causes from which many other speakers have been embarrassed or have failed4 ,a book or essay is written to prove1 from the individual experience of the author1 the infallibility of a method4 ,he was able to succeed1 the argument runs1 only by this or that means2 therefore all should do as he did4 ,it seems very plausible and attractive to read1 for instance1 that to succeed in speaking1 it is only necessary to plunge in and be in earnest4 ,but another writer points out that this is quite absurd2 that many poor speakers have not lacked in intense earnestness and sincerity2 that it isn't feeling or intense spirit alone that insures success1 but it is the attainment as well of a vocal method4 ,yet he goes on to argue that this vocal method1 this forming of a public speaking voice and style1 cannot be rightly gained from the teachers2 it must be acquired through the exercise of each man's own will2 if a man finds he is going wrong he must will to go right--as if many men had not persistently but unsuccessfully exercised their will to this very end4 ,it is so easy1 and so attractive1 to resolve all problems into one idea4 ,president ,woodrow ,wilson1 of ,princeton ,university1 once said that he always avoided the man or the book that proclaimed one idea for the correcting of society's ills4 ,these ideas on which books or essays are written are too obviously fallacious to need extended comment2 the wonder is that they are often quoted and commended as being beneficial in their teaching4 ,if we want to row or sprint or play golf1 we do not simply go in and do our utmost2 we apply the best technical skill to the art2 we seek to learn how1 from the experience of the past1 and through the best instructors obtainable4 ,both common sense and experience show that the use of the human voice in the art of speaking is not the one thing1 among all things1 that cannot be successfully taught4 ,the results of vocal teaching show1 on the contrary1 from multitudes of examples1 from volumes of testimony1 that there are few branches of instruction wherein the specially trained teacher is so much needed1 and can be so effective as in the art of speaking4 ,in an experience extending over many years1 an experience dealing with about all the various forms of public speaking and vocal teaching1 the present writer has tried many methods1 conducted classes on several different plans1 learned the needs1 observed the efforts1 considered the successes and failures1 of many men and women of various ages and of many callings4 ,the constant and insistent fact in all this period of experience has been that skillful1 technical instruction1 as such1 is the one kind of instruction that should always be provided where public speaking is taught1 and the one that the student should not fail to secure when it is at hand4 ,other elements in good speech-making may1 if necessary1 be obtained from other sources4 ,the teacher of speaking should teach speech4 ,he should teach something else also1 but he should1 as a technician1 teach that4 ,the multitude of men and women who1 in earlier and later life1 come1 in vocal trouble1 to seek help from the experienced teacher1 and the abundance of testimony as to the satisfactory results2 the repeated evidences of failure to produce rightly trained voices wholly by so-called inspirational methods2 the frequent evidences of pernicious vocal results from the forcing of young voices in the overintense and hasty efforts made in preparing for prize speaking1 acting1 and debating1--all these may not come to the understanding of the ordinary observer2 they may not often1 perhaps1 come within the experience of the exceptionally gifted individuals who are usually cited as examples of distinguished success2 they cannot impress themselves on educators who have little or no relation with this special subject2 they naturally come into the knowledge and experience of the specially trained teacher of public speaking1 who is brought into intimate relations with the subject and deals with all sorts and conditions of men4 ,out of this experience comes the strong conviction that the teacher of public speaking should be a vocal technician and a vocal physician1 able to teach constructively and to treat correctively1 knowing all he can of all that has been taught before1 but teaching only as much of what he knows as is necessary to any individual4 ,for the dignity and worth of the teaching1 the teacher of speaking should be trained1 and should be a trainer1 as has been indirectly said1 in some other subject--in ,english literature or composition1 in debating1 history1 or what not4 ,he should be one of the academic faculty--concerned with thought1 which speech expresses4 ,he should not1 for his other subject1 be mainly concerned with gymnastics or athletics2 he should not1 for his own good and the consequent good of his work1 be wholly taken up merely with the teaching of technical form in speaking4 ,he should not be merely--if at all--a coach in inter- collegiate contests2 nor should his service to an institution be adjudged mainly by the results of such contests4 ,he should be an independent1 intellectually grown and growing man1 one who--in his exceptionally intimate relations with students--will have a large and right influence on student life4 ,the offer recently held out by a university of a salary and an academic rank equal to its best1 to a sufficiently qualified instructor in public speaking1 was one of the several signs of a sure movement of to-day in the right direction--the demand for a man of high character and broad culture1 specially skilled in the technical subject he was to teach1 and the providing of a worthy position4 ,one fact that needs to be impressed upon governing bodies of school and college is that the cultivation of good speaking cannot but be unsatisfactory when it is continued over only a very brief time4 ,it may only do mischief4 ,a considerable period is necessary1 as is the case with other subjects1 for reaching the student intelligence1 for molding the faculties1 for maturing the powers1 for adapting method to the individual1 and for bringing the personality out through the method1 so that method disappears4 ,senator ,george ,f4 ,hoar once gave very sensible advice in an address to an audience of ,harvard students4 ,he did not content himself with dwelling on the inevitable platitude1 first have something to say1 and then say it2 he said he had been1 in all his career1 at a special disadvantage in public speaking1 from the want of early training in the use of his voice2 and he urged that students would do well not only to take advantage of such training in college1 but to have their teacher1 if it were possible1 follow them1 for a time1 into their professional work4 ,this idea was well exemplified in the case of ,phillips ,brooks--a speaker of spontaneity1 simplicity1 and splendid power4 ,it is said that1 in the period of his pulpit work1 in the midst of his absorbing church labors1 he made it a duty to go from time to time for a period of work with his teacher of voice1 that he might be kept from falling back into wrong ways4 ,it is often said that1 if a man has it in him1 he will speak well anyway4 ,it is emphatically the man who has it in him1 the man of intense temperament1 like that of ,phillips ,brooks1 who most needs the balance wheel1 the sure reliance1 of technique4 ,that this technique should not be too technical2 that form should not be too formal2 that teaching should not be too good1 or do too much1 is one of the principles of good teaching4 ,the point insisted on is that a considerable time is needed1 as it is in other kinds of teaching1 for thoroughly working out a few essential principles2 for overcoming a few obstinate faults2 for securing matured results by the right process of gradual development4 ,there is much cause for gratification in the evidences of a growing appreciation1 in all quarters1 of the place due to spoken ,english1 as a study to be taught continuously side by side with written ,english4 ,much progress has also been made toward making youthful platform speaking1 as well as youthful writing1 more rational in form1 more true in spirit1 more useful for its purpose4 ,in good time written and spoken ,english1 conjoined with disciplinary training in thought and imagination1 will both become firmly established in their proper place as subjects to be thoroughly and systematically taught4 ,good teaching will become traditional1 and good teachers not rare4 ,and among the specialized courses in public speaking an important place should always be given to an exact training in voice and in the whole art of effective delivery4 ,,part ,,one ,a ,,discussion ,,of ,,principles ,,technical ,,training ,,establishing ,,the ,,tone ,the common trouble in using the voice for the more vigorous or intense forms of speaking is a contraction or straining of the throat4 ,this impedes the free flow of voice1 causing impaired tone1 poor enunciation1 and unhealthy physical conditions4 ,students should1 therefore1 be constantly warned against the least beginnings of this fault4 ,the earlier indications of it may not be observed1 or the nature of the trouble may not be known1 by the untrained speaker4 ,but it ought to have1 from the first1 the attention of a skilled teacher1 for the more deep-seated it becomes1 the harder is its cure4 ,so very common is the throaty tone and so connected is throat pressure with every other vocal imperfection1 that the avoiding or the correcting of this one fault demands constant watchfulness in all vigorous vocal work4 ,the way to avoid the faulty control of voice is1 of course1 to learn at the proper time the general principles of what singers call voice production4 ,these principles are few and1 in a sense1 are very simple1 but they are not easily made perfectly clear in writing1 and a perfect application of them1 even in the simpler forms of speaking1 often requires persistent practice4 ,it will be the aim here to state only what the student is most likely to understand and profit by1 and to leave the rest to the personal guidance of a teacher4 ,the control of the voice1 so far as it can be a conscious physical operation1 is determined chiefly by the action of the breathing muscles about the waist and the lower part of the chest4 ,the voice may be said to have its foundation in this part of the physical man4 ,this foundation1 or center of control1 will be rightly established1 not by any very positive physical action2 not by a decided raising of the chest2 not by any such marked expansion or contraction as to bring physical discomfort or rigid muscular conditions4 ,when the breath is taken in1 by an easy1 natural expansion1 much as air is taken into a bellows1 there is1 to a certain degree1 a firming of the breathing muscles2 but this muscular tension is felt by the speaker or singer1 if felt at all1 simply as a comfortable fullness around1 and slightly above1 the waistline1 probably more in front than elsewhere4 ,an eminent teacher of singing tells his pupils to draw the breath into the stomach4 ,that probably suggests the sensation4 ,when the breath has been taken in1 it is to be gently withheld1--not given up too freely1--and the tone is formed on the top1 so to speak1 of this body of breath1 chiefly1 of course1 in the mouth and head4 ,for the stronger and larger voice the breath is not driven out and dissipated1 but the tone is intensified and given completer resonance within--within the nasal or head cavities1 somewhat within the pharynx and chest4 ,this body of breath1 easily held in good control1 by the lower breathing muscles1 forms what is called the vocal support4 ,it is a fixed base of control4 ,it is a fundamental condition1 and is to be steadily maintained in all the varied operations of the voice4 ,since this fundamental control of voice is so important1 breathing exercises are often prescribed for regular practice4 ,such exercises1 when directed by a thoroughly proficient instructor1 may be vocally effective1 and beneficial to health4 ,unwisely practiced1 they may be unfitted to vocal control and of positive physical harm4 ,moderately taking the breath at frequent intervals1 as a preparation or renforcement for speaking1 should become an unconscious habit4 ,excessive filling of the lungs or pressing downward upon the abdomen should be avoided4 ,in general1 the hearing of the voice1 and an expressional purpose in making the voice1 are the better means of acquiring good breathing4 ,for the purposes of public speaking1 at least1 it is seldom necessary to do much more1 in regard to the breathing1 than to instruct a student against going wrong4 ,the speaker should have a settled feeling of sufficiency2 he should hold himself well together1 physically and morally1 avoiding nervous agitation and physical collapse2 he should allow the breath freedom rather than put it under unnatural constraint4 ,perfect breathing can only be known by certain qualities in the voice4 ,when it is best1 the process is least observed4 ,the student learns the method of breathing mainly by noting the result1 by rightly hearing his voice4 ,he must1 after all1 practice through the hearing4 ,the discussion of vocal support has brought us to the second main principle1 the government of the throat4 ,the right control of the voice1 by placing a certain degree of tension upon the breathing muscles1 tends to take away all pressure and constraint from the throat1 leaving that passage seemingly open and free1 so that the breath body or column2 as some conceive it1 seems almost unbroken in continued speech1 much as it is1 or should be1 in prolonging tone in singing4 ,the throat is opened in a relaxed rather than a constrained way1 so as to give free play for the involuntary action of the delicate vocal muscles connected with the larynx1 which determine all the finer variations of voice4 ,whatever kind of vocal effort is made1 the student should constantly guard himself against the least throat stiffening or contraction1 against what vocalists call a throat grip4 ,he is very likely to make some effort with the throat1 or vocal muscles1 when putting the voice to any unusual test--when prolonging tone1 raising or lowering the pitch1 giving sharp inflections1 or striking hard upon words for emphasis4 ,in these and other vocal efforts the throat muscles should be left free to do their own work in their own way4 ,the throat is to be regarded as a way through2 the motive power is below the throat2 the place for giving sound or resonance1 to voice1 for stamping upon words their form and character1 is in the mouth1 front and back1 and especially in the head4 ,the last of the three main considerations1 the concentration of tone where it naturally seems to be formed1 is often termed voice placing1 or placement4 ,the possible objection to this term is that it may suggest a purely artificial or arbitrary treatment or method4 ,rightly understood1 it is the following of nature4 ,its value is that it emphasizes the constancy of this one of the constant factors in voice4 ,its result is a certain kind and degree of monotony2 without that particular kind of monotony the voice is faulty4 ,when the tone is forced out of its proper place1 it is dissipated and more or less lost4 ,a student once told the writer1 when complimented on the good placement of his voice1 that he learned this in his summer employment as a public crier at the door of a show tent4 ,he said he could not possibly have endured the daily wear upon the voice in any other way4 ,voices are heard among teamsters1 foremen on the street1 and auctioneers1 that conform to this and other principles perfectly4 ,we may say that in such cases the process of learning is unconscious4 ,in the case of the untaught student it was conscious1 and was exactly what he would have been instructed to do by a teacher4 ,the point is that many cannot learn by themselves1 and our more unconscious doings are likely to become our bad habits4 ,just what this voice placement is can perhaps be observed simply by sounding the letter m1 or giving an ordinary hum1 as the mother sings to the child4 ,it is merely finding the natural1 instinctive basal form of the voice1 and making all the vowels simply as variations of this form4 ,the hum is often practiced1 with a soft pure quality1 by singers4 ,it is varied by the sound of ng1 as in rung or hung1 and the elemental sound of l4 ,the practice should always be varied1 however1 by a fuller sounding of the rounder vowels1 lest the voice become too much confined or thinned4 ,the speaker1 like the singer1 must find out how1 by a certain adjustment all along the line from the breathing center to the point of issue of the breath at the front of the mouth1 he can easily maintain a constant hitting place1 to serve as the hammer head2 one singing place for carrying the voice steadily through a sustained passage2 one place where1 as it were1 the tone is held in check so it will not break through itself and go to pieces1--a placing of the voice1 which is to be preserved in every sort of change or play of tone1 whether in one's own character or an assumed character2 a constant focus or a fixed center of resonance1 a forming of tone along the roof of the mouth and well forward in the head1 the safeguard and1 practically1 the one most effective idea in the government of voice4 ,and now it should be hastily stated that this excellent idea1 like other good things1 may be easily abused4 ,if the tone is pushed forward or crowded into the head or held tight in its place1 in the least degree1 there is a drawing or a cramping in the throat2 there is a pressing of the voice4 ,it should be remembered that the constancy of high placement of tone depends upon the certainty of the tone foundation2 that1 after all1 the voice must rest upon itself1 and must not sound as if it were up on tip-toe or on stilts2 that tone placement is merely a convenient term for naming a natural condition4 ,as a final word on this part of the discussion1 the student should of course be impressed with the idea that though these three features of vocal mechanism have been considered separately1 all ideas about voice are ultimately to become one idea4 ,the voice is to be thought of as belonging to the whole man1 and is to become the spontaneous expression of his feelings and will2 it should not draw attention to any particular part of the physical man2 whatever number of conditions may be considered1 the voice is finally to be one condition1 a condition of normal freedom4 ,a lack of freedom is indicated in the voice1 as in other kinds of mechanism by some sign of friction--by a harsh tone from a constrained throat2 by a nasal or a muffled tone1 from some obstruction in the nasal passages of the head1 either because of abnormal physical conditions1 or because of an unnatural direction of the breath1 mainly due probably to speaking with a closed mouth2 by a bound-up1 heavy1 chesty tone1 resulting from a labored method of breathing4 ,voice in its freer state should be pure1 clear1 round1 fairly musical1 and fairly deep and rich4 ,its multitude of expressive qualities had better be cultivated by the true purpose to express1 in the simplest way1 sentiments appropriated to one's self through an understanding and a comprehensive appreciation of various passages of good literature4 ,as soon as possible all technique is to be forgotten1 unless the consciousness is pricked by something going wrong4 ,voices in general need1 in the larger development1 to be rounded4 ,the vowel forms oo as in moon1 o as in roll1 and a as in saw1 greatly help in giving a rounded form to the general speech2 for all vowels can be molded somewhat into the form of these rounder ones4 ,the vowels e as in meet1 a as in late1 short e as in met1 short a as in sat1 are likely to be made very sharp1 thin1 and harsh4 ,when a passage for practice begins with round vowels1 as for example1 ,roll on1 thou deep and dark blue ocean1 roll6 the somewhat rounded form of the lips1 and the opened condition of the throat produced in forming the rounder vowels1 can be to some extent maintained through the whole of the passage1 in forming all the vowels2 and this will give1 by repeated practice1 a gradually rounded and deepened general character to the voice4 ,on the other hand the thinner1 sharper vowels may serve to give keenness and point to tones too thick and dull4 ,in applying these suggestions1 as well as all other vocal suggestions1 moderation and good sense must be exercised1 for the sake of the good outward appearance and the good effect of the speaking4 ,the chief vowel forms running from the deepest to the most shallow are3 oo as in moon1 o as in roll1 a as in saw1 a as in far1 a as in say1 e as in see4 ,since the making of tones means practically the shaping of vowels1 something should here be said about vowel forms4 ,the mouth opening should of course be freely shaped for the best sounding of the vowels4 ,for the vowel a as in far1 the mouth is rather fully opened2 for a as in saw1 it is opened deep1 that is1 the mouth passage is somewhat narrowed1 so as to allow increased depth4 ,the vowel o1 as in no1 has two forms1 the clear open o1 and the o somewhat covered by a closer form of the lips1 ,commonly1 when the vowel is prolonged1 the initial form1 that is the open o1 is held1 with the closed form1 like oo in moon1 touched briefly as the tone is finished4 ,so with long i 7y71 as in thy1 and ou1 as in thou--the first form is like a broad a as in far1 with short i 7sit7 ending the i 7y71 and oo 7moon7 ending the ou4 ,this final sound1 though sometimes accentuated for humorous effect1 is usually not to be made prominent4 ,the sound of oi1 as in voice1 has the main form of aw as in saw1 and the final form in short i1 as in pin4 ,the vowel u is sounded like oo 7moon7 in a few words1 as in rule1 truth4 ,generally1 it sounds about like ew in new or mew4 ,in some of the forms the front of the mouth will be open1 in some half open1 and in some1 as in the case of long e 7meet71 nearly closed4 ,whatever the degree of opening1 the jaw should never be allowed to become stiffly set1 nor the tongue nor lips to be held tight1 in any degree or way4 ,these faults cause a tightening in the throat1 and affect the character of the tone4 ,it will generally be advantage to the tone if the lips are trained to be very slightly protruding1 in bell shape1 and if the corners of the mouth be not allowed to droop1 but be made very slightly to curve upward4 ,the tongue takes of course various positions for different vowels4 ,for our purposes1 it may be sufficient to say that it will play its part best if it be not stiffened but is left quite free and elastic1 perhaps quite relaxed1 and if the tip of it be made to play easily down behind the lower teeth4 ,since voice has here been discussed in an objective sort of way1 it is fitting to emphasize the importance of what is called naturalness1 or more correctly1 simplicity4 ,everybody desires this sort of result4 ,it can readily be seen1 however1 that about everything we do is a second nature2 is done1 that is to say1 in the acquired1 acceptable1 conventional way4 ,voice and speech are largely determined by surrounding influences1 and what we come to regard as natural may be only an acquired bad habit1 which is1 in fact1 quite unnatural4 ,voice should certainly be what we call human4 ,better it should have some human faults than be smoothed out into negative perfection1 without the true ring1 the spunk of individuality4 ,there is1 nevertheless1 a best naturalness1 or second nature1 and a worst4 ,the object of training is to find the best4 ,in this discussion of voice some of the ideas often applied to the first steps in the cultivation of singing have been presented1 as those most effective also for training in speech4 ,although1 on the surface1 singing and speaking are quite different1 fundamentally they are the same4 ,almost all persons have1 if they will use it1 an ear for musical pitch and tone1 and the neglect to cultivate1 in early life1 the musical hearing and the singing tone is a mistake4 ,to prospective public speakers it is something like a misfortune4 ,the best speakers have had voices that sang in their speaking4 ,this applies distinctly to the speaking1 for example1 of ,wendell ,phillips1 who is commonly called the most colloquial of our public speakers4 ,it has often been commented on in the case of ,gladstone1 and applies peculiarly to some of our present-day speakers1 who would be called1 not orators1 but impressive talkers4 ,the meaning is1 not of course that speaking should sound like singing1 or necessarily like oratory1 but that to the trained ear the best speaking has fundamentally the singing conditions1 and the voice has singing qualities2 and the elementary exercises designed for singing are excellent1 in their simpler forms and methods1 for the speaking voice4 ,in carrying out this idea in voice training1 the selections here given for the earliest exercises1 are such as naturally call for some slight approach to the singing tone4 ,some are in the spirit and style of song or hymn2 others are in the form of address to distant auditors1 wherein the reciter would call to a distance1 or sing out1 as we say4 ,this kind of speaking is a way of quickly bringing out the voice4 ,young students especially are very apt in this1 getting the idea at once1 though needing1 as a rule1 special cautions and guidance for keeping the proper vocal conditions1 so as to prevent forcing4 ,the passages are simple in spirit and form4 ,they carry on one dominant feeling1 needing little variation of voice4 ,the idea is to render them in a way near to the monotone1 that the student may learn to control one tone1 so to speak1 or to speak nearly in one key1 before doing the more varied tones of familiar speech or of complex feeling4 ,we might say the passages are to be read in some degree like the chant2 but the chant is likely to bring an excess of head resonance and is too mechanical4 ,the true spirit of the selections is to be given1 from the first1 but reduced to its very simplest form4 ,difficulties arise1 in this first step1 in the case of two classes of student3 those who lack sentiment or imagination1 or at least the faculty of vocally expressing it1 and those with an excess of feeling4 ,the former class have to be mentally awakened2 for some motive element1 aesthetic appreciation or imaginative purpose1 should play a part1 as has been said1 even in technical vocal training4 ,the latter class must be restrained4 ,excessive emotion either chokes off expression1 or runs away with itself4 ,calmness1 evenness1 poise1 the easy control that comes from a degree of relaxation1 without loss of buoyancy1--these are the conditions for good accomplishment of any kind4 ,this self-mastery the high-strung1 ardent spirit must learn1 in order to become really strong4 ,this is accomplished1 in the case of a nervous temperament1 not by tightening up and trying hard1 but by relaxing1 by letting down4 ,in the use of these passages the voice will be set at first slightly high in pitch1 in order to help in keeping a continuous sounding of tone against the roof of the mouth and to a proper degree in the head4 ,this average pitch1 or key1 or at least the character of the tone1 will be maintained without much change1 and with special care that the tone be kept up in its place at the ends of lines or sentences1 and be kept well fixed on its breath foundation4 ,the simpler inflections indicating the plain meaning1 will of course be observed1 the tone will be kept easily supported by the frequently recovered breath that is under it4 ,the back of the mouth will seem to be constantly somewhat open4 ,there will be no attempt at special power1 but only a free1 mellow1 flowing tone of moderate strength4 ,in the exercise each voice will be treated1 in detail1 according to its particular needs1 and in each teacher's own way4 ,at the time of student life1 when physical conditions are not matured1 the counsel should repeatedly be given1 not only that the voice1 though used often and regularly1 should be used moderately1 but also that the voice should be kept youthful--youthful1 if it can be1 even in age--but especially in youth1 whatever the kind of literature used for practice4 ,also youth should be counseled not to try to make a voice like the voice of some one else1 some speaker1 or actor1 or teacher4 ,it will be much the best if it is just the student's own4 ,,vocal ,,flexibility ,in the earliest exercises here given the tone will be1 for the best and most immediate effect1 kept running on somewhat in a straight line1 so to speak2 will have a certain sameness of sound2 will be perhaps somewhat monotonous1 because kept pretty much in one key1 or in one average degree of pitch4 ,it will perhaps be necessary to make the utterance for the time somewhat artificial4 ,the voice is in the artificial stage1 as is the work of an oarsman1 for example1 in learning the parts of the stroke1 or that of a golfer in learning the swing1 although in the case of some students1 when the vocal conditions are good and the tone is well balanced1 very little of the artificial process is necessary4 ,in that case the voice simply needs1 in its present general form1 to be developed4 ,the next step in the training is to try a more varied use of the voice1 without a loss of what has been acquired as to formation of tone4 ,the student is to make himself able to slide the voice up and down in pitch1 by what is called inflection1 to raise or lower the pitch by varied intervals1 momentarily to enlarge or diminish the tone1 in expressive ways2 in short1 to adapt the improved tone1 the more effective method of voice control1 to more varied speech4 ,in the early practice for getting tone variation1 the student must guard most carefully against forcing4 ,additional difficulties arise when we have vocal changes1 and moderate effort1 in the degree of the change1 is best4 ,in running the tone up1 one should let the voice take its own way4 ,the tone should not be pushed or held by any slightest effort at the throat4 ,the control should1 as has been said1 be far below the throat4 ,in running an inflection from low to high1 the tone may be allowed1 especially in the earlier practice1 to thin out at the top4 ,and always when the pitch is high the tone should be smaller1 as it is on a musical instrument1 though it should have a consistent depth and dignity from its proper degree of connection with the chest4 ,this consistent character in the upper voice is attained by giving the tone a bit of pomp or nobleness of quality4 ,in taking a low pitch there is1 among novices1 always a tendency to bear down on the tone in order to gain strength or to give weight to utterance4 ,the voice is thus crowded into1 or on1 the throat4 ,the voice should never be pushed down or pressed back in the low pitch4 ,this practice leads to raggedness of tone1 and finally to virtual loss of the lower voice4 ,the voice should fall of itself with only that degree of force which is legitimately given by the breath tension1 produced easily1 though firmly1 by the breathing muscles4 ,breadth will be given to the tone by some degree of expansion at the back of the mouth1 or in the pharynx4 ,as soon as can be1 the speech should be brought down to the utmost of simplicity and naturalness1 so that the thought of literature can be expressed with reality and truth2 can be made to sound exactly as if it came as an unstudied1 spontaneous expression of the student's own mind1 and yet so it can be heard1 so it will be adequate1 so it will be pleasing in sound4 ,the improved tone is to become the student's inevitable1 everyday voice4 ,,the ,,formation ,,of ,,words ,the term enunciation means the formation of words1 including right vocal shape to the vowels and right form to the consonants4 ,pronunciation is scholastic1 relating to the word accent and the vowel sound4 ,authority for this is in the dictionary4 ,enunciation1 belonging to elocution1 is the act of forming those authorized sounds into finished speech4 ,there is a common error regarding enunciation4 ,it is usual1 if a speaker is not easily understood1 to say that he should articulate more clearly2 that is1 make the consonants more pronounced1 and young students are thus often urged into wrongly directed effort with the tongue and lips4 ,sometimes in books1 articulation stunts1 in the form of nonsense alliterations1 are prescribed1 by which all the vowels are likely to be chewed into consonants4 ,the result is usually an overexertion1 and a consequent tightening1 of the articulating muscles4 ,at first1 and for a time1 it may appear that this forcing of the articulation brings the desired result of clearer speech1 but it will1 in the end1 be destructive to voice and bring incoherent utterance4 ,articulation exercises too difficult for the master1 should not be given to the novice4 ,all teachers of singing train voices1 at first1 on the vowel1 and it should be known that1 without right vowel1 or tone1 formation1 efforts at good articulation are futile4 ,every technical vocal fault must be referred back to the fundamental condition of right formation of tone1 that is1 the vowel4 ,sputtering1 hissing1 biting1 snapping1 of consonants is not enunciation4 ,the student should learn how without constraint1 to prolong vowels2 learn1 if you please1 the fundamentals of singing1 and articulation1 the formation of consonants1 the jointing of syllables1 will become easy4 ,the reason for this is that when the vowel tone is rightly produced1 all the vocal muscles are freed2 the tongue1 lips1 and jaw act without constraint4 ,the principle of rhythm simplifies greatly the problem of enunciation4 ,it is easier1 not only to make good tone1 but also to speak words1 in the reading of verse than of prose4 ,it is much easier to read a rhythmical piece of prose than one lacking in rhythm4 ,all prose1 then1 should be rendered with as much rhythmical flow as is allowed consistently with its spirit and meaning4 ,care must be taken of course that no singsong effect occurs2 that the exact meaning receives first attention4 ,in case of long1 hard words1 ease is attained by making a slight pause before the word or before its preposition or article or other closely attached word1 and by giving a strong beat to its accented syllable or syllables1 with little effort on the subordinate syllables4 ,the particular weakness among ,americans1 in the speaking of words1 is failure adequately to form the nasal1 or head1 sounds4 ,the letters l1 m1 n1 are called vowel consonants4 ,they can be given continuous sound1 a head resonance4 ,this sounding may be carried to a fault1 or affectation2 but commonly it is insufficiently done1 and it should be among the first objects of cultivation in vocal practice4 ,the humming of these head sounds1 with very moderate force1 is excellent for developing and clearing this resonance4 ,the ng sound1 as in rung1 may be added4 ,improper division of words into syllables is a common fault4 ,the word constitution1 for example1 is made cons-titution1 instead of con- stitution2 prin-ciple is pronounced prints-iple4 ,a clean1 correct formation should be made by slightly holding1 and completing the accented syllable4 ,the little word also is often called als-o or als-so or alt-so2 chrysanthemum is pronounced chrysant-themum2 coun-try is called country1 band so forth4 ,in the case of doubled consonants1 as in the word mellow1 commemorate1 bubble1 and the like1 a momentary holding of the first consonant1 so that a bit of separate impulse is given to the second1 makes more perfect speaking4 ,there is a slight difference between mel-low and mel-ow1 bub-ble and bub-le1 com-memorate and com-emorate4 ,these finer distinctions1 if one cares to make speech accurate and refined1 can be observed in words ending in ence and ance as in guidance and credence2 in words with the ending al1 el1 or le1 as in general1 principal1 final1 vessel1 rebel1 principle1 and little4 ,if that troublesome word separate were from the beginning rightly pronounced1 it would probably be less often wrongly spelled4 ,one should hasten to say1 however1 that over-nicety in enunciation1 pedantic exactness1 obtrusive elocutionary excellence1 or any sort of labored or affected effort should be carefully guarded against4 ,the line of distinction between what is perfect and what is slightly strained is a fine one4 ,very often1 for example1 one hears such endings as or in creator1 ed in dedicated1 ess in readiness1 men in gentlemen1 pronounced with incorrect prominence4 ,these syllables1 being very subordinate1 should not be made to stand out with undue distinctness1 and though the vowels should not be distorted into a wrong form1 they should be obscured4 ,in gentlemen1 for example1 the e is1 according to the dictionary1 an obscure vowel1 and the word is pronounced almost as gentlem'n1--not gentlemun1 of course1 but not gentlemen4 ,the fault in such forms is more easily avoided by throwing a sharp accent on the accented syllable1 letting the other syllables fall easily out4 ,the expression of greeting1 ,ladies and gentlemen1 should have a strong accent on each first syllable of the two important words1 with little prominence given to other syllables or the connecting word2 as1 ,la'dies 'nd gen'tlem'n4 ,in the same class of errors is that of making an extra syllable in such words as even1 seven1 heaven1 eleven1 and given1 where properly the e is elided1 leaving ev'n1 heav'n1 and so forth4 ,the mouth should remain closed when the first syllable is pronounced2 the n is then simply sounded in the head4 ,the same treatment should be given to such words as chasm and enthusiasm4 ,if the mouth is opened after the first part of the word is sounded1 we have chas-um1 enthusias-um4 ,the little words and1 as1 at and the like should1 of course1 when not emphatic1 be very lightly touched1 with the vowel hardly formed1 and the mouth only slightly opened4 ,the word and is best sounded1 where not emphatic1 with light touch1 slight opening of the mouth1 and hardly any forming of the vowel2 almost like 'nd4 ,these words should be connected closely with the word which follows1 as if they were a subordinate syllable of that word4 ,often we hear such words as country1 city1 and their plurals1 pronounced countree1 citee1 and citees2 ladies is called ladees4 ,the sound should properly be that of short i not of long e4 ,the vowel sound1 short a1 as in cast1 fast1 can't1 must be treated as a localism1 and yet it is hardly necessary to adhere to any decided extreme because of local associations4 ,vocally1 the very narrow sound of short a1 called ,western1 is impossible4 ,it can't be sung2 in speech it is usually dry and harsh4 ,as a matter of taste the very broad sound of the short a1 when it is made like a in far1 is objectionable because it is extraordinary4 ,there is a form between these extremes1 the correct short a2 this ought to be acceptable anywhere4 ,it is suggestive to observe that localisms are less pronounced among artists than among untrained persons4 ,trained singers and actors belonging to different countries or sections of country1 show few differences among themselves in ,english pronunciation4 ,among localisms the letter r causes frequent comment4 ,in singing and dramatic speaking1 this letter is best formed at the tip of the tongue4 ,in common speech it may be made only by a very slight movement at the back of the tongue4 ,a decided throaty burr should always be avoided4 ,in the case of vigorous dramatic utterance1 the r may be quite decidedly rolled1 on the principle that1 in such cases1 all consonants become a means of effectiveness in expression4 ,in the expression of fine1 delicate1 or tender sentiment1 all consonants should be lightly touched or should be obscured4 ,enumeration of the many kinds of carelessness of speech would be to little purpose4 ,scholarly speech requires a knowledge of correct forms1 gained from the dictionary1 and vocal care and skill in making these forms clear1 smooth1 and finished in sound4 ,this discussion has perhaps suggested the extreme of accuracy in speech4 ,but as has already been said1 any degree of overnicety1 of pedantic elegance1 of stilted correctness1 is especially irritating to a sensitive ear4 ,excessive biting off of syllables1 flipping of the tongue1 showing of the teeth1 twisting of the lips1 is carrying excellence to a fault4 ,the inactive jaw1 tongue1 and lips must be made mobile1 and in the working away of clumsiness and slovenliness of speech1 some degree of stiltedness must perhaps1 for a time1 be in evidence1 but matured practice ought finally to result1 not only in accuracy and finish1 but in simplicity and ease in speaking4 ,,making ,,the ,,point ,when the student has made a fair degree of progress in the more strictly mechanical features of speech1 the formation of tone1 and the delivery of words1 he is ready to give himself up more fully to the effective expression of thought4 ,of first importance to the speaker1 as it is to the writer1 is the way to make himself clear as to his meaning4 ,the question has to be put again and again to the young speaker1 ,what is your point8 ,what is the point in the sentence8 ,what is the point in some larger division of the speech8 ,what is the point1 or purpose1 of the speech as a whole8 ,this point1 or the meaning of what is said1 should be so put1 should be so clear1 that no effort is required of a listener for readily apprehending and appreciating it4 ,discussing now only the question of delivery1 we say that the making of a point depends mainly upon what we commonly call emphasis4 ,extending the meaning of emphasis beyond the limit of mere stress1 or weight1 of voice1 we may define it as special distinctness or impressiveness of effect4 ,in the case of a sentence there is often one place where the meaning is chiefly concentrated2 often the emphasis is laid sharply upon two or more points or words in the sentence2 sometimes it is put increasingly on immediately succeeding words1 called a climax1 and sometimes the stress of utterance seems to be almost equally distributed through all the principal words of the sentence4 ,the particular point of a sentence is determined1 not so much by what the sentence says as it stands by itself1 as by its relation to what goes before or what follows after4 ,the first thing1 then1 for the student to do is to become sure of the precise meaning of the sentence1 with reference to the general context4 ,then he must know whether or not he says1 for the understanding of others1 exactly what is meant4 ,the means of giving special point to a statement is in some way to set apart1 or to make prominent1 the word or words of special significance4 ,there are several ways in which this is done4 ,commonly a stress or added weight of voice is put upon the word2 generally1 too1 there is an inflection1 a turning of the tone downward or upward2 there is frequently a lengthening out of the vowel sound1 and a sudden stop after1 in some cases before1 the word4 ,any or all these special noticeable vocal effects serve to draw attention to the word and give it expressive significance4 ,these effects are everywhere common in good everyday speech4 ,in the formal art of speaking1 they have to be more or less thought out and consciously practiced4 ,emphasis is determined by the comparative importance of ideas4 ,an idea is important when1 being the first to arise in the mind1 it becomes the motive for utterance4 ,we see an object1 the idea of high or broad or beautiful arises in the mind2 we so form a sentence as to make that idea stand forth2 this idea1 or the word expressing it1 becomes vocally emphatic4 ,in this sentence1 ,he has done it in a way to impress upon the ,filipinos1 so far as action and language can do it1 his desire1 and the desire of our people1 to do them good1 the idea to do them good is the one that arose first in the mind of the speaker and called up the other ideas that served to set this one prominently forth4 ,it is the emphatic idea4 ,it should be carried in the mind of the student speaker from the beginning of the sentence4 ,again1 an idea is important when it arises as closely related to the first1 and becomes the chief means of giving utterance concerning the first4 ,this second idea may be something said about the first2 it may be compared or contrasted with the first4 ,being matched against the first1 it may become of equal significance with it4 ,who is here so base that would be a bondman8 ,here the idea base is used to emphasize the quality of bondman1 and becomes equally emphatic with that idea4 ,other ideas1 or other words expressing them1 being formed around these principal ones1 will be subordinated or more loosely run over1 since they simply serve as the setting for the principal ones1 or the connecting links1 holding them together4 ,sometimes an idea arising in the mind grows in intensity1 asserting itself by stronger and stronger successive words4 ,for example1 ,he mocks and taunts her1 he disowns1 insults and flouts her2 and1 ,i impeach him in the name of human nature itself1 which he has cruelly outraged1 injured1 and oppressed1 in both sexes in every age1 rank1 situation1 and condition of life4 ,the impressiveness in delivering these successive words is increased not because they are in the form of a climax1 but they are in the form of a climax because the thought is so insistent as to require new words for its expression4 ,the student will be true and sure in his emphasis only when he takes ideas into his mind in the natural way2 that is1 he should seize upon the central idea before he gives utterance to any part of a statement4 ,if that idea is constantly carried foremost in the mind1 he will then1 in due time1 give it its true emphasis4 ,so1 in the case of a climax1 he must realize the spirit and force behind the utterance1 and not depend upon any mechanical process of merely increasing the strength of his tones4 ,sometimes emphasis must be made to stand so strong as not merely to arrest the movement of thought1 and fix the mind of the hearer upon a point1 but to turn the attention of the hearer for the moment aside2 to draw his mind to the thought of something very remote in time or place or relation1 as in the case of making momentary reference to some historic fact or some well-known expression of literature4 ,allusions and illustrations1 then1 should be given1 not only with color but also with special emphasis4 ,byron1 contemplating the ruins of ,rome1 calls her the ,niobe of nations4 ,the hearer's mind should be arrested1 his imagination stirred1 at that word4 ,words used in contrast with one another are given opposing effect by contrasting emphasis3 ,not that ,i loved ,csar less1 but that ,i loved ,rome more4 ,my words fly up2 my thoughts remain below4 ,when words are used with a double meaning1 as in the case of a pun1 or with a peculiar implication1 or are repeated for some peculiar effect of mere repetition1--when we have1 in any form1 what is called a play upon words1--a peculiar pointedness is given1 wherein the circumflex inflection plays a large part4 ,now is it ,rome indeed and room enough1 when there is in it but one only man4 ,i had rather bear with you than bear you2 yet if ,i did bear you1 ,i should bear no cross1 for ,i think you have no money in your purse4 ,but1 sir1 the ,coalition6 ,the ,coalition6 ,aye1 the murdered ,coalition6 ,although1 as has been said1 the usual method of making a point is to give striking force to an idea1 very often the same effect1 or a better effect1 is produced by a striking sudden suppression of utterance1 by way of decided contrast4 ,when the discourse has been running vigorously and inflections have been repeatedly sharp and strong1 the sudden stop1 and the stilled utterance of a word1 are most effective4 ,only1 the suppressed word must be set apart4 ,there must be the pause before or after1 or both before and after4 ,robert ,ingersoll1 when speaking with great animation1 would often suddenly stop and ask a question in the quietest and most intimate way4 ,this gave point to the question and was impressive4 ,we have been considering thus far only primary or principal emphasis4 ,of equal importance is the question of secondary emphasis4 ,the difference in vocal treatment comes in regarding the principal emphasis as absolute or final1 as making the word absolved from1 cut off from1 the rest of the sentence following1 and having a final stop or conclusive effect1 while the secondary may be regarded as only relatively emphatic1 as being related in a subordinate way to the principal1 and as maintaining a connection with the rest of the sentence1 or as hanging upon the words which follow1 or as being a step leading up to the main idea4 ,the vocal indication of this connective principle is the circumflex inflection4 ,the tone will be raised1 as in the principal emphasis1 but instead of being allowed to fall straight to a finality1 it is turned upward at the finish1 to hook on1 as it were1 to the following4 ,the weight of voice will be less marked1 the inflection less long1 and the pause usually less decided1 than in the case of the primary emphasis4 ,recall romance1 recite the names of heroes of legend and song1 but there is none that is his peer4 ,at the words romance and song there is a secondary emphasis2 the voice is not dropped1 it is kept suspended with the pause4 ,a common failing among students is an inability to avoid a frequent absolute emphatic inflection when it is not in place4 ,many are unable steadily to sustain a sentence till the real point is reached4 ,they fail to keep the voice suspended when they make a pause4 ,it is very important that a student should have a sure method of determining what the principal emphasis is4 ,he should1 as has already been said1 follow1 in rendering the thought of another1 the method of the spontaneous expression of his own ideas4 ,he should take into his mind the principal idea or ideas1 before he speaks the words leading thereto4 ,he should then1 at every pause1 keep the thought suspended1 incomplete1 till he reaches that principal idea2 he should then make the absolute stop1 with the effect of finality1 afterwards running off in a properly related way1 such words as serve to complete the form of expression4 ,take the following sentence3 ,i never take up a paper full of ,congress squabbles1 reported as if sunrise depended upon them1 without thinking of that idle ,english nobleman at ,florence1 who when his brother1 just arrived from ,london1 happened to mention the ,house of ,commons1 languidly asked1 ,ah6 is that thing still going8 ,it is rather curious that very rarely will a student keep the thought of such a sentence suspended and connected until he arrives at the real point at the end4 ,he will first say that he never takes up a paper1 though of course he really does take up a paper4 ,then he says he never takes up this kind of paper2 and this he does not mean4 ,so he goes on misleading his audience1 instead of helping them properly to anticipate the form of statement and so be prepared for the point at the right moment4 ,he should not1 as a general rule1 let his voice take an absolute drop at the places of secondary emphasis4 ,in reference to the emphatic point in a larger division of the speech1 and to the main or climactic points of the whole speech1 the principles for emphasis in the sentence are applied in a larger way4 ,and the way to make the point is1 first of all1 to think hard on what that point is1 what is the end or purpose to be attained4 ,if this does not bring the result--and very often it does not--then the mechanical means of producing emphasis should be studied and consciously applied--the increase1 or perhaps the diminution1 of force1 the lengthening or shortening of tones on the words2 a change in the general level of pitch2 the use of the emphatic pause2 and a lengthening of the emphatic inflection4 ,a more impressive general effect must1 in some way1 be given to the parts of greater importance4 ,,indicating ,,values ,,and ,,relations ,perhaps the most commonly criticized fault among beginners in speaking is that of monotony4 ,monotony that arises from lack of inflection of voice or from lack of pointed-ness or emphasis in a sentence1 will presumably be corrected in the earlier exercises4 ,the monotony that is caused by giving to all sentences an equal value1 saying all sentences1 or a whole speech1 in about the same force1 rate1 and general pitch1 is one that may be considered from another point of view4 ,one fault in the delivery of sentences--perhaps the most frequent one--is that of running them all off in about the same modulation4 ,by modulation we mean the wavelike rise and fall of the voice that always occurs in some degree in speech1--sometimes called melody--and the change of key1 or general pitch1 in passing from one sentence1 or part of a speech1 to another4 ,frequently1 novices in speaking and in reading1 will swing the voice upward in the first part of every sentence1 give it perhaps another rise or two as the sentence proceeds1 and swing it down1 always in precisely the same way1 at the end4 ,the effect of this regular rising at the beginning1 and this giving of a similar concluding cadence at the end1 is to make it appear that each sentence stands quite independent of the others1 that each is a detached statement2 and when1 besides1 each sentence is given with about the same force and rate of speed1 they all seem to be of about equal importance1 all principal or none principal1 but as much alike as ,rosalind's halfpence4 ,sentences that have a close sequence as to thought should be so rendered that one seems to flow out from the other1 without the regular marked rise at the beginning or the concluding cadence at the end4 ,sentences1 and parts of sentences1 which are of less importance than others with which they are associated1 should be made less prominent in delivery4 ,often students are helped by the suggestion that a sentence1 or a part of a sentence1 or a group of sentences1 it may be1 be dropped into an undertone1 or said as an aside1 or rapidly passed over1 or in some way put in the background--said1 so to speak1 parenthetically4 ,other portions of the speech1 or the sentence1 the important ones1 should1 on the same principle1 be made to stand out with marked effect4 ,notice1 in the following quotation1 how the first and the last parts arc held together by the pitch or key and the modulation of the voice1 and the middle part1 the group of examples1 is held together in a different key by being set in the background1 as being illustrative or probative4 ,why1 all these ,irish bulls are ,greek1--every one of them4 ,take the ,irishman carrying around a brick as a specimen of the house he had to sell2 take the ,irishman who shut his eyes1 and looked into the glass to see how he would look when he was dead2 take the ,irishman that bought a crow1 alleging that crows were reported to live two hundred years1 and he meant to set out and try it4 ,well1 those are all ,greek4 ,a score or more of them1 of the parallel character1 come from ,athens4 ,the speaker should cultivate a quick sensitiveness as to close unity and slight diversity1 as to what is principal and what is subordinate1 as to what is in the direct1 main line of thought1 and what is by the way1 casual1 or merely a connecting link4 ,this sense of proportion1 of close or remote relation1 of directness and indirectness1 the feeling for perspective1 so-called1 can be acquired only by continued practice1 for sharpening the faculty of apprehension and appreciation4 ,it is usually the last attainment in the student's work1 but the neglect of it may result in a confirmed habit of monotony4 ,the term transition is commonly used to denote a passing from one to another of the main divisions of the discourse4 ,the making of this transition1 though often neglected1 is not difficult4 ,the finishing of one part and the making of a new beginning on the next1 usually with some change of standing position1 as well as of voice1 has an obvious method4 ,the slighter transition1 or variation1 within a main division1 and the avoidance of the slight transition where none should be made1 require the keener1 quicker insight4 ,sentences will have many other kinds of variation in delivery according to the nature and value of the thought4 ,some will flow on with high successive waves2 some will be run almost straight on as in a monotone4 ,some will be on a higher average tone1 or in a higher key2 others will be lower4 ,some will have lengthened vowel sound1 and will be more continuous or sustained1 so that groups of successive words seem to run on one unbroken tone2 others will be abrupt and irregular4 ,some will be rapid1 some slow2 some light1 others weighty2 some affected by long pauses1 others by no pause1 and some will be done in a dry1 matter-of- fact1 or precise1 or commonplace1 or familiar manner1 others will be touched with feeling1 colored by imagination1 glowing with persuasive warmth1 elevated1 dignified1 or profound4 ,a repetition of the selections to be learned1 with full expression by voice and action1 repetition again1 and again1 and again1 until the sentiment of them becomes a living reality to the speaker1 is the only way to acquire the ability to indicate to others the true proportions1 the relative values1 and the distinctive character1 of what is to be said4 ,,expressing ,,the ,,feeling ,we are in the habit of distinguishing between what proceeds from mere thinking1 what is1 as we say1 purely intellectual1 and what arises more especially from feeling1 what we call emotional4 ,we mean1 of course1 that one or the other element predominates2 and the distinction is a convenient one4 ,the subject1 the occasion1 to a great extent the man1 determine whether a speech is in the main dispassionate or impassioned1 whether it is plain or ornate in statement1 whether it is urgent or aggressive1 or calm and rather impassive4 ,it would be beyond our purpose to consider many of the variations and complexities of feeling that enter into vocal expression4 ,we call attention to only a few of the simpler and more common vocal manifestations of feeling1 counselling the student who is to deliver a selected speech1 to adapt his speaking to the style of that speech4 ,in so doing he will get a varied training1 and at length will find his own most effective style4 ,the speech which is matter-of-fact and commonplace only1 has characteristically much short1 sharp inflection of voice1 with the rapidly varying intervals of pitch that we notice in one's everyday talking4 ,as the utterance takes on force1 it is likely to go in a more direct line of average pitch1 with stronger inflection on specially emphatic words4 ,as it rises to sentiment1 the inflections are less marked1 and in the case of a strain of high1 nobler feeling1 the voice moves on with some approach to the monotone4 ,according as feeling is stronger and firmer1 as in the expression of courage1 determination1 firm resolve1 resistance1 intense devotion1 the voice is kept sustained1 with pauses rather abrupt and decisive2 if the feeling1 though of high sentiment1 is tranquil1 without aggressiveness1 the voice has more of the wavelike rise and fall1 and at the pausing places the tone is gradually diminished1 rather than abruptly broken off4 ,in the case of quickly impulsive1 passionate feeling1 the speech is likely to be much varied in pitch1 broken by frequent abrupt stops1 and decisive inflections4 ,in the case of the expression of tenderness or pathos1 there is a lingering tone1 with the quality and inflection of plaintiveness1 qualified1 in public speech1 by such dignity and strength as is fitting4 ,in all cases the quality of voice is of course the main thing1 and this1 not being technical or mechanical1 must depend on the speaker's entering into the spirit of the piece and giving color1 warmth1 and depth to his tones4 ,the spirit of gladness or triumph has usually the higher1 brighter1 ringing tone2 that of gravity1 solemnity1 awe1 the lower1 darker1 and less varied tone4 ,in the case of the expression of irony1 sarcasm1 scorn1 contempt1 and kindred feelings1 the circumflex inflection is the principal feature4 ,this is the curious quirk or double turn in the voice1 that is heard when one says1 for example1 ,you're a fine fellow1 meaning1 ,you are anything but a fine fellow4 ,in the earlier part of ,webster's reply to ,hayne are some of the finest examples of irony1 grim or caustic humor1 sarcasm1 and lofty contempt4 ,they need significant turns and plays of voice1 but are often spoiled by being treated as high declamation4 ,in the expression of the various kinds and degrees of feeling there may be a fully expressed force or a suppressed or restrained force4 ,often the latter is the more natural and effective4 ,this is intense1 but not loud1 though at times it may break through its restraint4 ,it is most fitting when the hearers are near at hand1 as in the case of a jury or judge in court1 when the din of loudness would offend4 ,the climax is a gradually increasing expression of feeling4 ,it may be by a gradual raising of the voice in pitch2 it may be by any sort of increasing effectiveness or moving power4 ,it is rather difficult to manage1 and may lead to some strained effort4 ,the speaker should keep a steady1 controlled movement1 without too much haste1 but rather a retarded and broadened utterance as the emphatic point is approached2 and always the speaker should keep well within his powers1 maintaining always some vocal reserve4 ,the practice of emotional expression gives warmth1 mellowness1 sympathy and expansiveness to the voice1 and must have considerable cultural value4 ,,showing ,,the ,,picture ,a difficult attainment in speaking is that of vividness4 ,the student may see the picture in his own mind's eye1 but his mode of expression does not reveal the fact to others4 ,imagination in writing he may have1 with no suggestion of it in the voice4 ,too often it is erroneously taken for granted that the human voice1 because it is human1 will at any call1 respond to all promptings of the mind4 ,it will no more do so1 of course1 than the hand or the eye4 ,it must be trained4 ,often it is a case not merely of vocal response1 but of mental awakening as well1 and in that case the student must1 if he can1 learn to see visions and dream dreams4 ,a way to begin the suiting of speech to imaginative ideas is to imitate2 to make the voice sound like the thing to be suggested4 ,some things are fast1 some slow1 some heavy1 some light1 some dark and dismal1 some bright and joyous2 some things are noisy1 some still2 some rattle1 others roar2 the sea is hoarse2 the waves wash2 the winds blow2 the ocean is level1 or it dashes high and breaks2 happy things sing1 and sad things mourn4 ,all life and nature speak just as we speak4 ,how easy it ought to be for us to speak just as nature speaks4 ,and when our abstract notions are put in concrete expression1 or presented as a picture1 how easy it would seem1 by these simple variations of voice1 to speak the language of that picture1 telling the length1 breadth1 action1 color1 values1 spirit of it4 ,that it is a task makes it worth while4 ,it affords infinite variety1 and endless delight4 ,one necessary element in so-called word-painting is that of time4 ,when a speaker expresses himself in pictures for the imagination he must give his hearers time to see these pictures1 and to sufficiently see and appreciate the parts1 or lines of them1 and the significance of them4 ,it is a common fault to hasten over the language of imagination as over the commonplace words4 ,the speaker or reader had better be sure to see the image himself before1 and indeed after1 he speaks it4 ,others will then be with him4 ,although among most young speakers the tone of imagination is lacking1 yet often young persons who become proficient vocally are fain greatly to overdo it1 till the sound that is suited to the sense becomes sound for its own sake1 and thereby obscures the sense4 ,regard for proportion and fitness1 in relation to the central idea or purpose1 should control the feeling for color in the detail4 ,,expression ,,by ,,action ,it should always be borne in mind that gesture means the bearing or the action of the whole man4 ,it does not mean simply movement of the arm and hand4 ,the practice of gesture should be governed by this understanding of the term4 ,a thought1 an emotion1 something that moves the man from within1 will cause a change1 it may be slight1 or it may be very marked1 in eye1 face1 body4 ,this is gesture4 ,this change or movement may1 from the strength of the feeling that prompts it1 extend to the arm and hand4 ,but this latter movement1 in arm and hand1 is only the fuller manifestation of one's thought or feeling--the completion of the gesture1 not the gesture itself4 ,arm movement1 when not preceded or supplemented by body movement1 or body pose1 is obtrusive action2 it brings a member of the body into noticeable prominence1 attracting the auditor's eye and taking his mind from the speaker's thought4 ,better have no gesture than gesture of this kind4 ,the student1 then1 should first learn to appreciate the force of ideas1 to see and feel the full significance of what he would say1 and indicate by some general movement of body and expression of face1 the changing moods of mind4 ,then the arm and hand may come--in not too conspicuous a way--to the aid of the body4 ,when ,wendell ,phillips pointed to the portraits in ,faneuil ,hall and exclaimed3 ,i thought those pictured lips would have broken into voice to rebuke the recreant ,american1--the slanderer of the dead1 it was not1 we may be sure1 the uplifted arm alone1 but the pose of the man1 the something about his whole being1 which bespoke the spirit within him1 and which was really the gesture4 ,in less positive or striking degrees of action1 the body movement will1 of course1 be very slight1 at times almost imperceptible1 but the principle always holds1 and should be from the first taught4 ,in gesture1 the bodily man acts as a unit4 ,the amount of gesture is1 of course1 determined by the temperament of the speaker1 the nature of the speech1 the character of the audience1 and the occasion of the address4 ,one speaker will1 under certain conditions1 gesticulate nearly all the time2 another will1 under the same conditions1 seem seldom to move in any way4 ,the two may be equally effective4 ,a speech that is charged with lively emotion will usually be accompanied by action2 a speech expressive of the profound feeling that subdues to gravity1 or resignation1 would be comparatively without action4 ,the funeral oration by ,mark ,antony is full of action because it is really intended to excite the will of his audience2 in a funeral address simply expressive of sorrow and appreciation1 gesture would1 as a rule1 be out of place4 ,a sharply contested debate may need action that punctuates and enforces2 the pleasantry of after-dinner talk may need only the voice4 ,so1 one audience1 not quick in grasping ideas1 may need1 both in language and action1 much clear1 sharp indication of the point by illustration1 much stirring up by physical attack1 so to speak1 while another audience would be displeased by this unnecessary effort to be clear and expressive4 ,yet again1 given a certain speaker and a certain subject and a certain audience1 it is obvious that the occasion will determine largely how the speaker will bear himself4 ,the atmosphere of a college commencement will be different from that of a barbecue1 and the speaker would1 within the limits set by his own personality and his own dignity1 adapt himself to the one or the other4 ,the general law of appropriateness and good taste must determine the amount of gesture4 ,for the purposes of this work there is probably very little1 if any1 value in a strict classification of gestures4 ,it may1 at times1 be convenient to speak of one gesture as merely for emphasis1 of another as indicating location1 of another as giving illustration1 of one as more subjective1 expressing a thought that reflects back upon the speaker1 or is said more in the way of self-communion1 of another as objective1 concerned only with outer objects or with ideas more apart from the person or the inward feeling of the speaker4 ,but it can easily be shown that one idea1 or one dominant feeling1 may be expressed by many kinds of action1 in fact1 so far at least as prescribed movements are concerned1 in directly opposite kinds1 and gesture is so largely a matter of the individual1 and is governed so much by mixed motive and varying circumstance1 that the general public speaker will profit little by searching for its philosophic basis1 and trying to practice according to any elaborated system4 ,the observing of life1 with the exercise of instinct1 taste1 sense1 above all of honest purpose--these1 with of course the help of competent criticism1 will serve as sufficient practical guides in the cultivation of expressive action4 ,some observations1 or perhaps general principles1 may be offered as helpful4 ,when a speaker is concerned with driving ideas straight home to his audience1 as in putting bare fact in a debate1 his action will be more direct2 it will move in straighter lines and be turned1 like his thought1 more directly upon his audience4 ,as his statement is more exactly to a point1 so his gesture becomes more pointed and definite4 ,when the speaker is not talking to or at his audience1 to move them to his will1 but is rather voicing the ideas and feelings already possessed by them1 and is in a non-aggressive mood1 he is likely to use less of the direct and emphasis-giving gesture1 and to employ principally the gesture that is merely illustrative of his ideas1 more reposeful1 less direct1 less tense4 ,to consider more in detail the principle that the man1 and not the arm1 is the gesture1 a man should look what he is to speak4 ,the eye should always have a relation to gesture4 ,the look may be in the direction of the arm movement or in another direction4 ,no practical rule can be given4 ,it can only be said that the eye must play its part4 ,observing actions in real life1 we see that when one person points out an object to another1 he looks now at the object1 now at the person1 as if to guide that person's look4 ,when he hears a sound he may glance in the direction of it1 but then look away to listen4 ,often a suspended action1 with a fixed look of the face1 will serve to arrest the attention of auditors and fix it upon an idea4 ,one should cultivate first the look1 then the supporting or completing action4 ,as to the movement of the arm and the form of the hand1 one should be careful not to become stiff and precise by following exact rules4 ,in general1 it may be said that the beginning of the arm movement1 being from the body1 is in the upper arm2 the finish of it is at the tips of the fingers1 with the forefinger leading1 or bringing the gesture to a point4 ,there is generally a slightly flexible1 rythmical movement of the arm and hand4 ,this should not1 as a rule1 be very marked1 and in specially energetic action is hardly observable4 ,in this arm action there is an early preparatory movement1 which indicates or suggests1 what is coming4 ,often a moment of suspense in the preparation enhances the effect of the finish1 or stroke1 of the gesture1 which corresponds usually to the vocal emphasis4 ,at the final pointing of the action1 the hand is1 for a moment or for moments1 fixed1 as the mind and the man are fixed1 for the purpose of holding the attention of the auditor2 then follows the recovery1 so-called1 from the gesture1 or it may be1 the passing to another gesture4 ,and all the while1 let it again be said1 slight changes of bodily pose with proper adjustments of the feet1 will make the harmonious1 unified action4 ,it should be remembered that1 as in viewing a house or a picture we should be impressed by the main body and the general effect1 rather than by any one feature1 so on the same principle1 no striking feature of a man's action should attract attention to itself4 ,on the same principle1 no part of the hand should be made conspicuous--the thumb or forefinger should not be too much stuck out1 nor the other fingers1 except in pointing1 be very much curved in4 ,generally1 except in precise pointing1 there is a graduated curving1 not too nice1 from the bent little finger to the straighter forefinger4 ,as the gesture is concerned with thought more delicate1 the action of the hand is lighter and tends more to the tips of the fingers2 as it is more rugged and strong1 the hand is held heavier4 ,it is bad to carry the arm very far back1 causing a strained look2 to stretch the arms too straight out1 or to confine the elbow to the side4 ,the elbow is kept somewhat away even in the smallest gesture4 ,while action should have nerve1 it should not become nervous1 that is1 over- tense and rigid4 ,it should be free and controlled1 with good poise in the whole man4 ,before leaving this subject1 in its physical aspect1 let us consider somewhat the matter of standing and moving on the platform4 ,among imperfections as regards position1 that kind of imperfection which takes the form of perfectly fixed feet1 strictly upright figure1 hands at the side1 head erect1 and eyes straight-of all bad kinds1 this kind is the worst4 ,this is often referred to as school declamation1 or the speaking of a piece4 ,we have discarded many old ideas of restriction in education4 ,let us discard the strait-jacket in platform speaking4 ,nobody else ever speaks as students are often compelled to speak4 ,let them speak like boys--not like men even--much less like machines4 ,there is of course a good and a bad way of standing and moving1 but much is due to youth1 to individuality1 and to earnest intention1 and a student should have free play in a large degree4 ,in walking1 the step should neither be too fast nor too slow1 too long nor too short1 too much on the heel or too much on the toe4 ,a simple1 straightforward way of getting there is all that is wanted4 ,the arms are left to swing easily1 but not too much2 nor should one arm swing more than the other4 ,the head1 it will be noted1 may occasionally rise and fall as one goes up or down steps or walks the platform4 ,before beginning to speak1 one should not obviously take a position and prepare4 ,he should easily stop at his place1 and1 looking at his auditors1 begin simply to say something to them4 ,as to the feet1 they will1 of course1 be variously placed or adjusted according to the pose of the body in the varying moods of the speech4 ,in general1 the body will rest more on one foot than on the other4 ,in a position of ease1 as usually at the beginning of a speech1 one foot will bear most of the weight4 ,in this case1 this foot will normally be pointed nearly to the front2 the other foot will be only very slightly in advance of this and will be turned more outward4 ,the feet will not be close together2 nor noticeably far apart4 ,they need not--they had better not--as it is sometimes pictured in books1 be so set that a line passing lengthwise through the freer foot will pass through the heel of the other foot4 ,as a man becomes earnest in speaking1 his posture will vary1 and often he will stand almost equally on his two feet4 ,in changing one's position1 it is best to acquire the habit of moving the freer foot1 the one lighter on the floor1 first1 thus avoiding a swaying1 or toppling look of the body4 ,in connection with the subject of standing1 naturally comes the question of the arms in the condition of inaction4 ,it is possibly well to train one's self1 when learning to speak1 to let the arms hang relaxed at the side1 but speakers do not often so hold the arms4 ,usually there is a desk near1 and the speaker when at rest drops one hand upon this1 or he lets one arm rest at the waist1 or he brings the two hands together4 ,any of these things may be done1 if done simply1 easily1 without nervous tightening1 or too frequent shifting4 ,one thing1 for practical reasons1 should not be allowed1 the too common habit of clasping the hands behind the back4 ,it will become a fixed mannerism1 and a bad one1 for the hands are thus concealed1 the shoulders and head may droop forward1 and the hands may be so tightened together behind the back as to cause nervous tension in the body and in the voice4 ,the hands should be in place ready for expressive action4 ,the back is not such a place4 ,nearly every movement that a man makes in speaking should have some fitting relation to what he is at the moment saying4 ,these movements will then be varied4 ,when certain repeated actions1 without this proper relation1 are acquired1 they are called mannerisms4 ,they have no meaning1 and are obtrusive and annoying4 ,repeated jerking or bobbing of the head1 for a supposed emphasis2 regularly turning the head from side to side1 for addressing all the audience2 nervous shaking of the head1 as of one greatly in earnest2 repeated1 meaningless punching or pounding of the air1 always in the same way2 shifting of one foot regularly backward and forward2 rising on the toes with each emphatic word1--although single movements similar to these often have appropriate place1 none of these or others should be allowed to become fixed mannerisms1 habitually recurring movements1 without a purpose4 ,we are sometimes told that certain manneristic ways are often a speaker's strength4 ,probably this is at least half true4 ,but eccentricities should not be cultivated or indulged4 ,they will come4 ,we should have as few as possible1 or they won't count4 ,one thing1 however1 should here be said4 ,positive strength1 with positive faults1 is much better than spiritless inoffensiveness4 ,one should not give all his attention to the avoiding of faults4 ,in the application of gesture to the expression of ideas1 one is helped1 as has been said1 by constantly heeding the general principle of suiting the form of the gesture to the nature of the thought1 or of suiting the action to the word4 ,inasmuch as gesture so generally takes the form of objects or actions1 it is undoubtedly easier to begin with the more concrete in language1 or with the discussion of tangible objects1 and work from these to the more abstract and remotely imaginary--from the more1 to the less1 familiar4 ,let the student indicate the location1 or the height1 or the width1 or the form of an object4 ,his action will probably be appropriate4 ,let him apply similar1 probably less definite1 action to certain abstract ideas4 ,let him pass to ideas more remote and vague1 by action largely suggestive1 not definite or literal4 ,the most important1 because the most fundamental1 principle to be borne in mind is that gesture should be made to enforce1 not the superficial1 or incidental1 ideas appearing in a statement1 but the ideas which lie behind the form of expression and are the real basis1 or inhere in the fundamental purpose1 of the speaker's discourse4 ,at the close of ,senator ,thurston's speech on intervention in behalf of ,cuba1 there is picturesque language for impressing the contention that force is justified in a worthy cause4 ,the speaker cites graphically examples of force at ,bunker ,hill1 ,valley ,forge1 ,shiloh1 ,chattanooga1 and ,lookout ,heights4 ,the student is here very likely to be led astray by the fine opportunity to make gesture4 ,he may vividly see and picture the snows of ,valley ,forge1 marked with bloodstained feet1 and the other scenes suggested1 but forget about the central idea1 the purpose behind all the vivid forms of expression4 ,graphic1 detailed gestures may have the effect of making the pictures in themselves the main object4 ,the action here should be informal1 unstudied1 and merely remotely suggestive4 ,the speaker should keep to his one central idea1 and keep with his audience4 ,otherwise the speech will be insincere and purposeless1 perhaps absurd4 ,the fundamental1 not the superficial1 should determine the action4 ,young speakers almost invariably pick out words or phrases1 suggesting the possibility of a gesture1 and give exact illustration to them1 as if the excellence of gesture were in itself an object1 when really the thing primarily to be enforced is not these incidental features in the form of expression1 but the underlying idea of the whole passage4 ,it is as if the steeple were made out of proportion to the church1 or a hat out of proportion to the man4 ,this misconception of what gesture really means is doubtless1 in large measure1 the cause of making platform recitation often false and offensive4 ,the remedy does not lie in omitting gesture altogether1 as some seem to think1 but in making gesture simple and true4 ,finally1 let the student remember that he goes to the platform1 not to make a splendid speech and receive praise for a brilliant exhibition of his art1 but that he goes there because the platform is a convenient place from which to tell the people something he has to say4 ,let him think it nothing remarkable that he should be there2 let him so bear himself1 entering with simplicity1 honesty1 earnestness1 and modesty1 into his work1 that no one will think much about how his work is done4 ,spirited oratory1 with the commanding presence1 the sweeping action1 and an overmastering force of utterance1 may at times be called forth1 but these are given to a man out of his subject and by the occasion2 they are not to be assumed by him merely because he is before an audience1 or as necessary features of speech-making4 ,let the student speak1 first and always1 as a self-respecting1 thinking man1 earnest and strong1 but self-controlled and sensible4 ,,platform ,,practice ,,the ,,formal ,,address ,the selections in the several sections for platform practice are to be used for applying1 in appropriate combination1 the principles heretofore worked out1 one by one4 ,the first group provides practice in the more formal style4 ,the occasion of the formal address requires1 in large degree1 restraint and dignity4 ,the thought is elevated2 the mood serious1 in some cases subdued1 the form of expression exact and firm4 ,the delivery should correspond4 ,the tone should be1 in some degree1 ennobled2 the movement deliberate1 and comparatively even and measured2 the modulation not marked by striking variations in pitch2 the pauses rather regular1 and the gesture always sparing1 perhaps wholly omitted4 ,the voice should be generally pure and fine2 the enunciation should be finished and true4 ,whatever action there may be should be restrained1 well poised1 deliberate1 with some degree of grace4 ,in general it should be felt that carelessness or looseness or aggressiveness or undue demonstrativeness would be out of harmony with the spirit of the occasion4 ,good taste must be exercised at every step1 and the audience should be addressed1 from the outset1 as in sympathy with the speaker and ready at once to approve4 ,the spirit and manner of contention is out of place4 ,in this style of discourse the liability to failure lies in the direction of dullness1 monotony1 lack of vitality and warmth4 ,this is because the feeling is deep and still2 is an undercurrent1 strong but unseen4 ,this restrained1 repressed feeling is the most difficult fittingly to express4 ,in this kind of speech some marring of just the right effect is difficult to avoid4 ,simplicity1 absolute genuineness1 are the essential qualities4 ,the ideas must be conveyed with power and significance1 in due degree2 but nothing too much is particularly the watchword regarding the outward features of the work4 ,,the ,,public ,,lecture ,in the public lecture the element of entertainment enters prominently4 ,the audience1 at first in a passive state1 must be awakened1 and taken on with the speaker4 ,probably it must be instructed1 perhaps amused4 ,the speaker must make his own occasion4 ,he has no help from the circumstance of predisposition among his auditors4 ,he must compel1 or he must win2 he must charm or thrill2 or he must do each in turn4 ,animation1 force1 beauty1 dramatic contrast1 vividness1 variety1 are the qualities that will more or less serve1 according to the style of the composition4 ,aptness in the story or anecdote1 facility in graphic illustration1 readiness in expressing emotion1 happiness in the imitative faculty1 for touching off the eccentric in character or incident1 are talents that come into play1 and in the exercise of these1 gesture of course has an important place4 ,the lecture platform is perhaps the only field1 with possibly the exception of what is properly the after-dinner speech1 wherein public speaking may be viewed as strictly an art1 something to be taken for its own sake1 wherein excellence in the doing is principally the end in view4 ,this means1 generally1 that individual talent1 and training in all artistic requirements1 count for more than the subject or any accidents of office1 in holding the auditor's interest4 ,an animated and versatile style can be cultivated by striving to make effective the public lecture4 ,,the ,,informal ,,discussion ,informal discussion is the name chosen for the lecture or talk in the club or the classroom4 ,it implies a rather small audience and familiar relations between audience and speaker4 ,while the subject may be weighty1 and the language may be necessarily of the literary or scientific sort1 the style of speaking should be colloquial4 ,it ought to bring the hearer pretty near to the speaker4 ,if the subject and language are light1 the speaking will be sprightly and comparatively swift4 ,since the occasion for this kind of speaking is frequent1 and the opportunity for it is likely to fall to almost any educated man1 proficiency in it might well be made an object in the course of one's educational training4 ,the end aimed at is the ability to talk well4 ,this accomplishment is not so easy as it may seem4 ,it marks1 indeed1 the stage of maturity in speech-making4 ,since authoritative opinion from the speaker and interest in the subject on the part of the audience are prime elements in this form of discussion1 little cultivation of form is usually given to this kind of speaking4 ,the result is much complaining from auditors about inaudibleness1 dullness1 monotony1 annoying mannerisms1 or a too formal1 academic tone that keeps the audience remote1 a lack of what is called the human quality4 ,a good talker from the desk not only has the reward of appreciation and gratitude1 but is able to accomplish results in full proportion to all that he puts into the improvement of his vocal work4 ,an agreeable tone1 easy formation of words1 clear1 well-balanced emphasis1 good phrasing1 or grouping of words in the sentence1 some vigor without continual pounding1 easy1 unstudied bodily movement without manneristic repetition of certain motions1 in short1 good form without any obtrusive appearance of form1--these are the qualities desired4 ,,argumentative ,,speech ,in the case of the forensic1 we come nearer to the practical in public speaking4 ,the speaker aims1 as a rule1 to effect a definite purpose1 and he concentrates his powers upon this immediate object4 ,since the speech is for the most part an appeal to the reason1 and therefore deals largely with fact and the logical relations of ideas1 precision and clearness of statement are the chief qualities to be cultivated4 ,but since the aim is to overcome opposition1 and produce conviction1 and so to impress and stir as to affect the will to a desired action1 the element of force1 and the moving quality of persuasion enters in as a renforcement of the speaker's logic4 ,generally the speech is very direct1 and often it is intense4 ,it has in greater degree than any other form the feature of aggressiveness4 ,some form of attack is adopted1 for the purpose of overthrowing the opposing force4 ,that attack is followed up in a direct line of argument1 and is carried out to a finish4 ,in delivery the continuous line of pursuit thus followed often naturally leads to a kind of effective monotone style1 wherein the speaker keeps an even force1 or strikes blow after blow1 or sends shot after shot4 ,the characteristic feature of the forensic style is the climax--climax in brief successions of words1 climax in the sentence1 climax in giving sections of the speech1 climax in the speech as a whole4 ,special notice should be taken of the fact that1 in earnest argument1 sentences have1 characteristically1 a different run from that in ordinary expository speaking4 ,whereas in the expository style the sentence flows1 as a rule1 easily forth1 with the voice rising and falling1 in an undulatory sort of way1 and dropping restfully to a finish1 in the heated forensic style1 the sentence is given the effect of being sent straight forth1 as if to a mark1 with the last word made the telling one1 and so kept well up in force and pitch4 ,the accumulating force has the effect of sending the last word home1 or of making it the one to clinch the statement4 ,the dangers to be guarded against in debate are wearying monotony1 over-hammering--too frequent1 too hard1 too uniform an emphasis--too much1 or too continued heat1 too much speed1 especially in speaking against time1 a loss of poise in the bearing1 a halting or jumbling in speech1 nervous tenseness in action1 an overcontentious or bumptious spirit4 ,bodily control1 restraint1 good temper1 balance1 are the saving qualities4 ,a debater must remember that he need not be always in a heat4 ,urbanity and graciousness have their place1 and the relief afforded by humor is often welcome and effective4 ,in no form of speaking1 except that of dramatic recitation1 is the liability to impairment of voice so great as it is in debating4 ,one of the several excellent features of debating is that of the self- forgetfulness that comes with an earnest struggle to win4 ,but perhaps a man cannot safely forget himself until he has learned to know himself4 ,the intensity of debating often leads1 in the case of a speaker vocally untrained1 to a tightening of the throat in striving for force1 to a stiffening of the tongue and lips for making incisive articulation1 to a rigidness of the jaw from shutting down on words to give decisive emphasis4 ,soon the voice has the juice squeezed out of it4 ,the tone becomes harsh and choked2 then ragged and weak4 ,the only remedy is to go straight back and begin all over1 just as a golfer usually does when he has gone on without instruction4 ,the necessity of going back is often not realized till later in life2 then the process is much harder1 and perhaps can never be entirely effective4 ,the teacher in the course of his experience meets many1 many such cases4 ,the time to learn the right way is at the beginning4 ,among the selections here offered for forensic practice1 examples in debate serve for the cultivation of the aggressiveness that comes from immediate opposition2 examples in the political speech for acquiring the abandon and enthusiasm of the so-called popular style2 in the legal plea for practice in suppressed force4 ,in the case of the last of these1 it is well that the audience be near to the speaker1 as is the case in an address to a judge or jury4 ,the idea is to be forcible without being loud and high2 to cultivate a subdued tone that shall1 at the same time1 be vital and impressive4 ,the importance of a manner of speaking that is not only clear and effective1 but also agreeable1 easy to listen to1 is quite obvious when we consider the task of a judge or a jury1 who have to sit for hours and try to carry in their minds the substance of all that has been said1 weighing point against point1 balancing one body of facts against another4 ,a student can arrange nearly the same conditions as to space1 and can1 by exercise of imagination1 enter into the spirit of a legal conflict4 ,,the ,,after-,,dinner ,,speech ,after-dinner speaking is another form that many men may have an opportunity to engage in4 ,it can also be practiced under conditions resembling those of the actual occasion1 that is1 members of the class can be so seated that the speaking may become intimate in tone1 and speeches can be selected that will serve for cultivating that distinctive1 sociable quality of voice that1 in itself1 goes far in contributing to the comfort and delight of the after-dinner audience4 ,the real after-dinner speech deals much in pleasantry4 ,the tone of voice is characteristically unctuous4 ,old ,fezziwig is described by ,dickens as calling out in a comfortable1 rich1 fat1 jovial1 oily voice4 ,something like this is perhaps the ideal after-dinner voice1 although there is a dry humor as well as an unctuous1 and each speaker will1 after all1 have his own way of making his hearers comfortable1 happy1 and attentive4 ,ease and deliberation are first requisites4 ,nervous intensity may not so much mar the effect of earnest debate4 ,the social chat is spoiled by it4 ,humor1 as a rule1 requires absolute restfulness4 ,especially should a beginner guard himself against haste in making the point at the finish of a story4 ,it does no harm to keep the hearer waiting a bit1 in expectation4 ,the effect may be thus enhanced1 while the effect will be entirely lost if the point1 and the true touch1 are spoiled by uncontrolled haste4 ,the way to gain this ease and control is not by stiffening up to master one's self1 but by relaxing1 letting go of one's self4 ,practice in the speech of pleasantry may have great value in giving a man repose1 in giving him that saving grace1 an appreciation of the humorous1 in affording him a means of relief or enlivenment to the serious speech4 ,,the ,,occasional ,,poem ,the occasional poem is so frequently brought forth in connection with speech-making that some points regarding metrical reading may be quite in place in a speaker's training4 ,practice in verse reading is of use also because of the frequency of quoted lines from the poets in connection with the prose speech4 ,to read a poem well one must become in spirit a poet4 ,he must not only think1 he must feel4 ,he must exercise imagination4 ,he must1 we will say it again1 see visions and dream dreams4 ,what was said about vividness in the discussion of expressional effects applies generally to the reading of poetry4 ,one will read much better if he has tried to write-- in verse as well as in prose4 ,he will then know how to put himself in the place of the poet1 and will not be so likely to mar the poet's verses by reading them ill-favoredly4 ,he will know the value of words that have been so far sought1 and may not slur over them2 he may feel the sound of a line formed to suggest a sound in nature4 ,he will know that a meter has been carefully worked out1 and that1 in the reading1 that meter is of the spirit of the poem2 it is not to be disregarded4 ,likewise he will appreciate the place of rhyme1 and may not try so to cover it up as entirely to lose its effect4 ,in humorous verse1 especially1 rhyme plays an effective part2 and in all verse1 alliteration1 variations in melody1 the lighter and the heavier touch1 acceleration and retard in movement1 the caesura1 or pause in the line1 and the happy effect of the occasional cadence1 are features which one can come to appreciate and respect only with reading one's favorite poems many times1 with spirit warm1 with faculties alert4 ,,the ,,making ,,of ,,the ,,speech ,although the use of selected speeches is best for effective drill in delivery1 yet a student's training for public speaking is of course not complete until he has had experience in applying his acquired skill to the presenting of his own thought4 ,thinking and speaking should be made one operation4 ,the principles of composition for the public speech belong to a separate work4 ,a few hints only can be given here1 and these will be concerned with the informal1 offhand speech rather than with the formal address4 ,the usual directions regarding the choosing of the subject1 the collecting of material1 and the arranging of it in the most effective order1 with exceptions and variations1 hold in all forms of the speech4 ,the subject chosen should be one of special interest to the speaker1 one on which it is known he can speak with some degree of authority1 because of his personal study of it1 or because of his having had exceptional personal relations with it4 ,it must also be1 because of the nature of it1 or because of some special treatment1 of particular interest to the audience to be addressed4 ,either new1 out-of-the-way subjects1 or new1 fresh phases of old subjects are usually interesting4 ,the subject must be limited in its comprehensiveness to suit the time allowed for speaking1 and the title of the speech should be so phrased as to indicate exactly what the subject1 or the part of a subject1 is to be4 ,to this carefully limited and defined subject1 the speaker should rigidly adhere4 ,how to find a subject is generally a topic on which students are advised4 ,though it is often a necessity to hunt for a suitable special topic on which to speak1 the student should know that when he gets outside the classroom1 he will find that he will not be invited to speak because he is ready at finding subjects and clever in speech4 ,it is not strange1 in view of the many advertisements that reach young men1 offering methods of home training1 or promising sure success from this or that special method of schooling1 that they may come to believe that any one has only to learn to stand up boldly on a platform1 and with voice and gesture exercise some mysterious sort of magical control over an audience1 and his success as an orator is secure4 ,they will find that their time and money have been wasted1 so far as public speaking is concerned1 unless1 having at the start some native ability1 they have secured1 in addition1 a kind of training that is fundamental4 ,a man is wanted as a speaker primarily because he stands for something2 because he has done some noteworthy work4 ,his subjects for discussion arise out of his personal interests1 and1 to a large extent1 his method of treatment will be determined by his relation to these subjects4 ,a young man may well be advised1 then1 not simply how to choose and how to present a subject1 but first to secure a good mental training1 and then to find for himself an all-absorbing work to do4 ,the wisdom that comes from a concentrated intellectual activity1 and an interest in men's affairs1 both directed to some unselfish end1 is the essential qualification of the speaker4 ,in considering the arrangement of a speech1 the student will do well to ask himself first1 not what is to be the beginning of it1 but what is to be the end of it2 what is the purpose of it2 and what shall be the central idea2 what impression1 or what principal thought or thoughts1 shall be left with the audience4 ,when this is determined1 then a way of working out this central idea or of working up to it--in a short speech1 by a few points only--must be carefully and thoroughly planned4 ,extemporaneous speaking is putting spontaneously into words what has previously been well thought out and well arranged4 ,without this state of preparation1 the way of wisdom is silence4 ,the language of a speech is largely determined by the man's habit of mind1 the nature of his subject1 and the character of his audience4 ,students often err in one of two directions1 either by being too bookish in language or by allowing the other extreme of looseness1 weak colloquialism in words1 and formless monotony of sentence1 with the endless repetition of the connective and4 ,language should be fresh1 vital1 varied4 ,it should have some dignity4 ,much reading1 writing1 and speaking are necessary to secure an adequate vocabulary1 and a readiness in putting in firm form a variety of sentences4 ,concreteness of expression and occasional illustration are more needed in speech than in writing1 and the brief anecdote or story is welcome and useful if there is room for it1 and if it comes unbidden1 by virtue of its fitness and spontaneity1 and is not drawn in by the ears for half- hearted service4 ,the inevitable story at the opening of an after-dinner speech might often be spared4 ,although a good story is in itself enjoyable1 yet when a speaker feels that he must make one fit into the speech1 whether or no1 by applying it to himself or his subject or the occasion1 the effect is often very unhappy4 ,a man is best guided in these things simply by being true1 by being sincere rather than artful4 ,on this same principle1 a student may need some advice with regard to his spirit and manner in giving expression to his own ideas before an audience4 ,he need not1 as students often seem to think they must1 appear to have full knowledge or final judgment on the largest of subjects4 ,it is more fitting that he should speak as a student1 an inquirer1 not as an authority4 ,if his statements are guarded and qualified2 if he speaks as one only inclined to an opinion when finality of judgment is obviously beyond his reach2 if he directly refers1 and defers1 to opinions that must be better than his can be1 his speech will have much more weight1 and he will grow in strength of character by always being true to himself4 ,it is a question whether students are not too often inspired to be bold and absolute1 for the sake of apparent strength in speaking1 rather than modest and judicious and sensible1 for the sake of being strong as men4 ,in the form of delivering one's thought to an audience1 it is of the first importance that one should speak and not declaim4 ,there is1 of course1 a way of talking on the platform that is merely negatively good1 a way that is fitting enough in general style1 but weak4 ,there should be breadth1 and strength1 and reach4 ,but this does not mean any necessity of sending forth pointless successive sentences over the heads of an audience4 ,a college president recently said1 ,our boys declaim a good deal1 though they're not so bad as they used to be4 ,it seems to me1 he added1 that the idea is to say something to your audience4 ,that is what a teacher must be continually insisting on1 that the student say something to somebody1 not chant or declaim into space4 ,and the student should be continually testing himself on this point1 whether he is looking into the faces of his hearers and speaking1 though on a larger scale1 yet in the usual way of communicating ideas4 ,it is not desirable that men should become overready speakers4 ,methods of training in extemporaneous discussion that require speaking without thought1 on anything or nothing that can be at the moment invented1 are likely to be mischievous4 ,thought suggests expression1 and exact thought will find fit form4 ,sound thinking is the main thing4 ,practice for mere fluency tends to the habit of superficial thinking1 and produces the wearisome1 endless talker4 ,in this connection emphasis may be laid upon the point of ending a speech when its purpose is accomplished1 and that as soon as can be4 ,many speeches are spoiled by the last third or quarter of them1 when a point well made has lost its effect by being overenforced or obscured by a wordy conclusion4 ,let the student study for rare thought and economy of speech4 ,books on speaking have repeatedly insisted that after all has been said1 the public speaker's word will be taken for what he is known to be worth as a man2 that his utterances will have effect according as they are given out with soul-felt earnestness4 ,this has already been touched upon here1 and it is well that it should be often repeated4 ,it may be well1 however1 also to consider quite carefully what part is played in men's efforts by the element of skill4 ,of two equally worthy and equally earnest men1 the man of the superior skill1 acquired by persistent training in method1 will be the stronger man1 the man who will be of more service to his fellows4 ,more than this1 inasmuch as public men can seldom be perfectly known or judged as to character1 and may often1 for a time at least1 deceive1 it is quite possible that the unscrupulous man with great skill will1 at some moment of crisis1 make the worse appear to be the better cause4 ,equally skilled men are therefore wanted to contend for the side of right4 ,the man whose service to men depends largely upon his power of speech--in the pulpit1 at the bar1 or in non-professional capacity--must have1 either from gift or from training1 the speaker's full equipment1 for matching himself against opposing strength4 ,,review ,,exercises ,for convenience of practice1 a few pages of brief exercises1 exemplifying the foregoing principles1 are given at the end of the book4 ,by using each day one example in each group1 and changing from time to time1 the student will have sufficient variety to serve indefinitely4 ,this vocal practice may be made a healthful and pleasurable daily exercise4 ,,part ,,two ,,technical ,,training ,,establishing ,,the ,,tone ,o ,,scotia6 ,from ,the ,cotter's ,saturday ,night ,,by ,,robert ,,burns ,o ,scotia6 my dear1 my native soil6 ,for whom my warmest wish to ,heaven is sent1 ,long may thy hardy sons of rustic toil ,be blest with health1 and peace1 and sweet content6 ,and oh6 may ,heaven their simple lives prevent ,from luxury's contagion1 weak and vile6 ,then1 howe'er crowns and coronets be rent1 ,a virtuous populace may rise the while1 ,and stand a wall of fire around their much-loved isle4 ,o ,thou6 who poured the patriotic tide1 ,that streamed through ,wallace's undaunted heart1 ,who dared to nobly stem tyrannic pride1 ,or nobly die1 the second glorious part1 7,the patriot's ,god1 peculiarly ,thou art1 ,his friend1 inspirer1 guardian and reward67 ,oh never1 never1 ,scotia's realm desert2 ,but still the patriot1 and the patriot bard1 ,in bright succession raise1 her ornament and guard6 ,o ,,rome6 ,,my ,,country6 ,from ,childe ,harold's ,pilgrimage ,,by ,,lord ,,byron ,o ,rome6 my country6 city of the soul6 ,the orphans of the heart must turn to thee1 ,lone mother of dead empires6 and control ,in their shut breasts1 their petty misery4 ,what are our woes and sufferance8--,come and see ,the cypress1 hear the owl1 and plod your way ,o'er steps of broken thrones and temples1 ,ye6 ,whose agonies are evils of a day3-- ,a world is at our feet as fragile as our clay4 ,the ,niobe of nations6 there she stands1 ,childless and crownless1 in her voiceless woe2 ,an empty urn within her withered hands1 ,whose holy dust was scattered long ago2-- ,the ,scipios' tomb contains no ashes now2 ,the very sepulchers lie tenantless ,of their heroic dwellers3--dost thou flow1 ,old ,tiber6 through a marble wilderness8 ,rise1 with thy yellow waves1 and mantle her distress6 ,,ring ,,out1 ,,wild ,,bells6 ,from ,in ,memoriam ,,by ,,alfred ,,lord ,,tennyson ,ring out1 wild bells1 to the wild sky1 ,the flying cloud1 the frosty light2 ,the year is dying in the night2 ,ring out1 wild bells1 and let him die4 ,ring out the old1 ring in the new1 ,ring1 happy bells1 across the snow2 ,the year is going1 let him go2 ,ring out the false1 ring in the true4 ,ring out the grief that saps the mind1 ,for those that here we see no more2 ,ring out the feud of rich and poor1 ,ring in redress to all mankind4 ,ring out a slowly dying cause1 ,and ancient forms of party strife2 ,ring in the nobler modes of life1 ,with sweeter manners1 purer laws4 ,ring out the want1 the care1 the sin1 ,the faithless coldness of the times2 ,ring out1 ring out my mournful rhymes1 ,but ring the fuller minstrel in4 ,ring out false pride in place and blood1 ,the civic slander and the spite2 ,ring in the love of truth and right1 ,ring in the common love of good4 ,,roll ,,on1 ,,thou ,,deep6 ,from ,childe ,harold's ,pilgrimage ,,by ,,lord ,,byron ,roll on1 thou deep and dark blue ,ocean1 roll6 ,ten thousand fleets sweep over thee in vain2 ,man marks the earth with ruin--his control ,stops with the shore3 upon the watery plain1 ,the wrecks are all thy deed1 nor doth remain ,a shadow of man's ravage1 save his own1 ,when for a moment1 like a drop of rain1 ,he sinks into thy depths with bubbling groan1 ,without a grave1 unknell'd1 uncoffin'd1 and unknown4 ,the armaments1 which thunderstrike the walls ,of rock-built cities1 bidding nations quake1 ,and monarchs tremble in their capitals2 ,the oak leviathans1 whose huge ribs make ,their clay creator the vain title take ,of lord of thee1 and arbiter of war2 ,these are thy toys1 and1 as the snowy flake1 ,they melt into thy yeast of waves1 which mar ,alike th' ,armada's pride or spoils of ,trafalgar4 ,thy shores are empires1 changed in all save thee3 ,assyria1 ,greece1 ,rome1 ,carthage1--what are they8 ,thy waters wasted them while they were free1 ,and many a tyrant since2 their shores obey ,the stranger1 slave1 or savage2 their decay ,has dried up realms to deserts3 not so thou2 ,unchangeable1 save to thy wild waves play1 ,time writes no wrinkle on thine azure brow2 ,such as creation's dawn beheld1 thou rollest now4 ,and ,i have loved thee1 ,ocean6 and my joy ,of youthful sports was on thy breast to be ,borne1 like thy bubbles1 onward3 from a boy ,i wanton'd with thy breakers--they to me ,were a delight2 and if the freshening sea ,made them a terror--'twas a pleasing fear4 ,,thou1 ,,too1 ,,sail ,,on6 ,from ,the ,building of the ,ship1 by permission of1 and by special ,arrangement with1 ,houghton ,mifflin ,company1 authorized publishers of this author's works4 ,,by ,,henry ,w4 ,,longfellow ,sail forth into the sea1 ,o ship6 ,through wind and wave1 right onward steer6 ,the moistened eye1 the trembling lip1 ,are not the signs of doubt or fear4 ,sail forth into the sea of life1 ,o gentle1 loving1 trusting wife1 ,and safe from all adversity ,upon the bosom of that sea ,thy comings and thy goings be6 ,for gentleness and love and trust ,prevail o'er angry wave and gust2 ,and in the wreck of noble lives ,something immortal still survives6 ,thou1 too1 sail on1 ,o ,ship of ,state6 ,sail on1 ,o ,union1 strong and great6 ,humanity with all its fears1 ,with all the hopes of future years1 ,is hanging breathless on thy fate6 ,we know what ,master laid thy keel1 ,what ,workmen wrought thy ribs of steel1 ,who made each mast1 and sail1 and rope1 ,what anvils rang1 what hammers beat1 ,in what a forge and what a heat ,were shaped the anchors of thy hope6 ,fear not each sudden sound and shock1 ',tis of the wave and not the rock2 ',tis but the flapping of the sail1 ,and not a rent made by the gale6 ,in spite of rock and tempest's roar1 ,in spite of false lights on the shore1 ,sail on1 nor fear to breast the sea6 ,our hearts1 our hopes1 are all with thee1 ,our hearts1 our hopes1 our prayers1 our tears1 ,our faith triumphant o'er our fears1 ,are all with thee1--are all with thee6 ,o ,,tiber1 ,,father ,,tiber6 ,from ,horatius ,,by ,,lord ,,macaulay ,o ,tiber1 ,father ,tiber6 ,to whom the ,romans pray1 ,a ,roman's life1 a ,roman's arms1 ,take thou in charge this day6 ,so he spake1 and1 speaking1 sheathed ,the good sword by his side1 ,and1 with his harness on his back1 ,plunged headlong in the tide4 ,no sound of joy or sorrow ,was heard from either bank1 ,but friends and foes in dumb surprise1 ,with parted lips and straining eyes1 ,stood gazing where he sank2 ,and when above the surges ,they saw his crest appear1 ,all ,rome sent forth a rapturous cry1 ,and even the ranks of ,tuscany ,could scarce forbear to cheer4 ,but fiercely ran the current1 ,swollen high by months of rain1 ,and fast his blood was flowing1 ,and he was sore in pain1 ,and heavy with his armor1 ,and spent with changing blows2 ,and oft they thought him sinking1 ,but still again he rose4 ,and now he feels the bottom2-- ,now on dry earth he stands2 ,now round him throng the ,fathers ,to press his gory hands4 ,and now1 with shouts and clapping1 ,and noise of weeping loud1 ,he enters through the ,river ,gate1 ,borne by the joyous crowd4 ,,marullus ,,to ,,the ,,roman ,,citizens ,from ,julius ,csar ,,by ,,william ,,shakespeare ,flavius4 ,why dost thou lead these men about the streets8 ,second ,citizen4 ,indeed1 sir1 we make holiday1 to see ,csar1 and to rejoice in his triumph4 ,marullus4 ,wherefore rejoice8 ,what conquest brings he home8 ,what tributaries follow him to ,rome1 ,to grace in captive bonds his chariot-wheels8 ,you blocks1 you stones1 you worse than senseless things6 ,o you hard hearts1 you cruel men of ,rome1 ,knew you not ,pompey8 ,many a time and oft ,have you climb'd up to walls and battlements1 ,to towers and windows1 yea1 to chimney-tops1 ,your infants in your arms1 and there have sat ,the live-long day1 with patient expectation ,to see great ,pompey pass the streets of ,rome2 ,and when you saw his chariot but appear1 ,have you not made an universal shout1 ,that ,tiber trembled underneath her banks1 ,to hear the replication of your sounds1 ,made in her concave shores8 ,and do you now put on your best attire8 ,and do you now cull out a holiday8 ,and do you now strew flowers in his way ,that comes in triumph over ,pompey's blood8 ,be gone6 ,run to your houses1 fall upon your knees1 ,pray to the gods to intermit the plague ,that needs must light on this ingratitude4 ,,the ,,recessional ,from ,collected ,verse1 with the permission of ,a4 ,p4 ,watt and ,son1 ,london1 and ,doubleday1 ,page and ,company1 ,new ,york1 publishers ,,by ,,rudyard ,,kipling ,god of our fathers1 known of old-- ,lord of our far-flung battle-line-- ,beneath whose awful hand we hold ,dominion over palm and pine-- ,lord ,god of ,hosts1 be with us yet1 ,lest we forget--lest we forget4 ,the tumult and the shouting dies-- ,the captains and the kings depart-- ,still stands ,thine ancient ,sacrifice1 ,an humble and a contrite heart4 ,lord ,god of ,hosts1 be with us yet1 ,lest we forget--lest we forget4 ,far-called our navies melt away-- ,on dune and headland sinks the fire1 ,lo1 all our pomp of yesterday ,is one with ,nineveh and ,tyre4 ,judge of the ,nations1 spare us yet1 ,lest we forget--lest we forget4 ,if1 drunk with sight of power1 we loose ,wild tongues that have not ,thee in awe-- ,such boasting as the ,gentiles use ,or lesser breeds without the ,law-- ,lord ,god of ,hosts1 be with us yet1 ,lest we forget--lest we forget4 ,for heathen heart that puts her trust ,in reeking tube and iron shard-- ,all valiant dust that builds on dust1 ,and guarding calls not ,thee to guard-- ,for frantic boast and foolish word1 ,thy ,mercy on ,thy ,people1 ,lord4 ,,the ,,cradle ,,of ,,liberty ,from ,webster's ,reply to ,hayne1 in the ,united ,states ,senate4 ,little1 ,brown and ,company1 ,boston1 publishers of ,the ,great ,speeches and ,orations of ,daniel ,webster ,,by ,,daniel ,,webster ,mr4 ,president1 ,i shall enter on no encomium upon ,massachusetts2 she needs none4 ,there she is4 ,behold her1 and judge for yourselves4 ,there is her history2 the world knows it by heart4 ,the past1 at least1 is secure4 ,there is ,boston1 and ,concord1 and ,lexington1 and ,bunker ,hill2 and there they will remain forever4 ,the bones of her sons1 fallen in the great struggle for independence1 now lie mingled with the soil of every ,state from ,new ,england to ,georgia2 and there they will lie forever4 ,and1 sir1 where ,american liberty raised its first voice1 and where its youth was nurtured and sustained1 there it still lives in the strength of its manhood and full of its original spirit4 ,if discord and disunion shall wound it2 if party strife and blind ambition shall hawk at and tear it2 if folly and madness1 if uneasiness under salutary and necessary restraint1 shall succeed in separating it from that ,union by which alone its existence is made sure1--it will stand1 in the end1 by the side of that cradle in which its infancy was rocked2 it will stretch forth its arm with whatever of vigor it may still retain over the friends who gather round it2 and it will fall at last1 if fall it must1 amidst the proudest monuments of its own glory1 and on the very spot of its origin4 ,,the ,,impeachment ,,of ,,warren ,,hastings ,delivered in the ,house of ,lords1 ,february #ac1 #aghh ,,by ,,edmund ,,burke ,my ,lords1 ,i do not mean to go further than just to remind your ,lordships of this1--that ,mr4 ,hastings's government was one whole system of oppression1 of robbery of individuals1 of spoliation of the public1 and of suppression of the whole system of the ,english government1 in order to vest in the worst of the natives all the power that could possibly exist in any government2 in order to defeat the ends which all governments ought1 in common1 to have in view4 ,in the name of the ,commons of ,england1 ,i charge all this villainy upon ,warren ,hastings1 in this last moment of my application to you4 ,therefore1 it is with confidence that1 ordered by the ,commons of ,great ,britain1 ,i impeach ,warren ,hastings of high crimes and misdemeanors4 ,i impeach him in the name of the ,commons of ,great ,britain in ,parliament assembled1 whose parliamentary trust he has abused4 ,i impeach him in the name of the ,commons of ,great ,britain1 whose national character he has dishonored4 ,i impeach him in the name of the people of ,india1 whose laws1 rights1 and liberties he has subverted4 ,i impeach him in the name of the people of ,india1 whose property he has destroyed1 whose country he has laid waste and desolate4 ,i impeach him in the name of human nature itself1 which he has cruelly outraged1 injured1 and oppressed1 in both sexes4 ,and ,i impeach him in the name and by the virtue of those eternal laws of justice1 which ought equally to pervade every age1 condition1 rank1 and situation1 in the world4 ,,bunker ,,hill ,from the oration at the laying of the corner stone of the monument1 ,june #ag1 #ahbe4 ,little1 ,brown and ,company1 ,boston1 publishers of ,the ,great ,speeches and ,orations of ,daniel ,webster ,by ,,daniel ,,webster ,this uncounted multitude before me and around me proves the feeling which the occasion has excited4 ,these thousands of human faces1 glowing with sympathy and joy1 and from the impulses of a common gratitude turned reverently to heaven in this spacious temple of the firmament1 proclaim that the day1 the place1 and the purpose of our assembling have made a deep impression on our hearts4 ,if1 indeed1 there be anything in local association fit to affect the mind of man1 we need not strive to repress the emotions which agitate us here4 ,we are among the sepulchers of our fathers4 ,we are on ground distinguished by their valor1 their constancy1 and the shedding of their blood4 ,we are here1 not to fix an uncertain date in our annals1 nor to draw into notice an obscure and unknown spot4 ,if our humble purpose had never been conceived1 if we ourselves had never been born1 the #agth of ,june1 #agge1 would have been a day on which all subsequent history would have poured its light1 and the eminence where we stand a point of attraction to the eyes of successive generations4 ,but we are ,americans4 ,we live in what may be called the early age of this great continent2 and we know that our posterity1 through all time1 are here to enjoy and suffer the allotments of humanity4 ,we see before us a probable train of great events2 we know that our own fortunes have been happily cast1 and it is natural1 therefore1 that we should be moved by the contemplation of occurrences which have guided our destiny before many of us were born1 and settled the condition in which we should pass that portion of our existence which ,god allows to man on earth4 ,,the ,,gettysburg ,,address ,in dedication of the ,national ,cemetery at ,gettysburg1 ,pa41 ,nov4 #ai1 #ahfc ,,by ,,abraham ,,lincoln ,fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation1 conceived in ,liberty1 and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal4 ,now we are engaged in a great civil war1 testing whether that nation1 or any nation so conceived and so dedicated1 can long endure4 ,we are met on a great battlefield of that war4 ,we have come to dedicate a portion of that field1 as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live4 ,it is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this4 ,but1 in a larger sense1 we cannot dedicate--we cannot consecrate--we cannot hallow--this ground4 ,the brave men1 living and dead1 who struggled here1 have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract4 ,the world will little note nor long remember what we say here1 but it can never forget what they did here4 ,it is for us1 the living1 rather1 to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced4 ,it is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us--that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion2 that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain2 that this nation1 under ,god1 shall have a new birth of freedom2 and that government of the people1 by the people1 for the people1 shall not perish from the earth4 ,,vocal ,,flexibility ,c,,sar1 ,,the ,,fighter ,from ,the ,courtship of ,miles ,standish1 by permission of1 and by ,special arrangement with1 ,houghton ,mifflin ,company1 authorized publishers of this author's works ,,by ,,henry ,w4 ,,longfellow ,a wonderful man was this ,csar6 ,you are a writer1 and ,i am a fighter1 but here is a fellow ,who could both write and fight1 and in both was equally skillful6 ,straightway answered and spake ,john ,alden1 the comely1 the youthful3 ,yes1 he was equally skilled1 as you say1 with his pen and his weapons4 ,somewhere have ,i read1 but where ,i forget1 he could dictate ,seven letters at once1 at the same time writing his memoirs4 ,truly1 continued the ,captain1 not heeding or hearing the other1 ,truly a wonderful man was ,caius ,julius ,csar6 ,better be first1 he said1 in a little ,iberian village1 ,than be second in ,rome1 and ,i think he was right when he said it4 ,twice was he married before he was twenty1 and many times after2 ,battles five hundred he fought1 and a thousand cities he conquered2 ,he1 too1 fought in ,flanders1 as he himself has recorded2 ,finally he was stabbed by his friend1 the orator ,brutus6 ,now1 do you know what he did on a certain occasion in ,flanders1 ,when the rear-guard of his army retreated1 the front giving way too1 ,and the immortal ,twelfth ,legion was crowded so closely together ,there was no room for their swords8 ,why1 he seized a shield from a soldier1 ,put himself straight at the head of his troops1 and commanded the captains1 ,calling on each by his name1 to order forward the ensigns2 ,then to widen the ranks1 and give more room for their weapons2 ,so he won the day1 the battle of something-or-other4 ,that's what ,i always say2 if you wish a thing to be well done1 ,you must do it yourself1 you must not leave it to others6 ,,official ,,duty ,,by ,,theodore ,,roosevelt ,i want to talk to you of the attitude that should properly be observed by legislators1 by executive officers1 toward wealth1 and the attitude that should be observed in return by men of means1 and especially by corporations1 toward the body politic and toward their fellow citizens4 ,i utterly distrust the man of whom it is continually said3 ,oh1 he's a good fellow1 but1 of course1 in politics1 he plays politics ,it is about as bad for a man to profess1 and for those that listen to him by their plaudits to insist upon his professing something which they know he cannot live up to1 as it is for him to go below what he ought to do1 because if he gets into the habit of lying to himself and to his audience as to what he intends to do1 it is certain to eat away his moral fiber4 ,he won't be able then to stand up to what he knows ought to be done4 ,the temptation of the average politician is to promise everything to the reformers and then to do everything for the organization4 ,i think ,i can say that1 whatever ,i have promised on the stump or off the stump1 either expressly or impliedly1 to either organization or reformers1 ,i have kept my promise2 and ,i should keep it just as much if the reformers disapproved4 ,a public man is bound to represent his constituents1 but he is no less bound to cease to represent them when1 on a great moral question1 he feels that they are taking the wrong side4 ,let him go out of politics rather than stay in at the cost of doing what his own conscience forbids him to do4 ,,look ,,well ,,to ,,your ,,speech ,from ,self-,cultivation in ,english1 with the permission of the author1 and of ,thomas ,y4 ,crowell ,company1 ,new ,york1 publishers ,,by ,,george ,,herbert ,,palmer ,first1 then1 ,look well to your speech4 ,it is commonly supposed that when a man seeks literary power he goes to his room and plans an article for the press4 ,but this is to begin literary culture at the wrong end4 ,we speak a hundred times for every once we write4 ,the busiest writer produces little more than a volume a year1 not so much as his talk would amount to in a week4 ,consequently through speech it is usually decided whether a man is to have command of his language or not4 ,if he is slovenly in his ninety-nine cases of talking1 he can seldom pull himself up to strength and exactitude in the hundredth case of writing4 ,a person is made in one piece1 and the same being runs through a multitude of performances4 ,whether words are uttered on paper or to the air1 the effect on the utterer is the same4 ,vigor or feebleness results according as energy or slackness has been in command4 ,i know that certain adaptations to a new field are often necessary4 ,a good speaker may find awkwardnesses in himself when he comes to write1 a good writer when he speaks4 ,and certainly cases occur where a man exhibits distinct strength in one of the two1 speaking or writing1 and not in the other4 ,but such cases are rare4 ,as a rule1 language once within our control can be employed for oral or for written purposes4 ,and since the opportunities for oral practice enormously outbalance those for written1 it is the oral which are chiefly significant in the development of literary power4 ,we rightly say of the accomplished writer that he shows a mastery of his own tongue4 ,fortunate it is1 then1 that self-cultivation in the use of ,english must chiefly come through speech2 because we are always speaking1 whatever else we do4 ,in opportunities for acquiring a mastery of language1 the poorest and busiest are at no large disadvantage as compared with the leisured rich4 ,it is true the strong impulse which comes from the suggestion and approval of society may in some cases be absent2 but this can be compensated by the sturdy purpose of the learner4 ,a recognition of the beauty of well-ordered words1 a strong desire1 patience under discouragements1 and promptness in counting every occasion as of consequence1--these are the simple agencies which sweep one on to power4 ,watch your speech1 then4 ,,hamlet ,,to ,,the ,,players ,from ,hamlet ,,by ,,william ,,shakespeare ,hamlet4 ,speak the speech1 ,i pray you1 as ,i pronounced it to you1 trippingly on the tongue2 but if you mouth it as many of your players do1 ,i had as lief the town-crier spoke my lines4 ,nor do not saw the air too much with your hand1 thus1 but use all gently2 for in the very torrent1 tempest1 and1 as ,i may say1 the whirlwind of passion1 you must acquire and beget a temperance that may give it smoothness4 ,o1 it offends me to the soul to hear a robustious periwig-pated fellow tear a passion to tatters1 to very rags1 to split the ears of the groundlings1 who for the most part are capable of nothing but inexplicable dumb- shows and noise4 ,i could have such a fellow whipped for o'erdoing ,termagant2 it out-herods ,herod3 pray you1 avoid it4 ,i ,player4 ,i warrant your honor4 ,hamlet4 ,be not too tame neither1 but let your own discretion be your tutor3 suit the action to the word1 the word to the action2 with this special observance1 that you o'erstep not the modesty of nature2 for any thing so overdone is from the purpose of playing1 whose end1 both at the first and now1 was and is1 to hold1 as 'twere1 the mirror up to nature2 to show virtue her own feature1 scorn her own image1 and the very age and body of the time his form and pressure4 ,now this overdone1 or come tardy off1 though it make the unskillful laugh1 cannot but make the judicious grieve2 the censure of the which one must in your allowance o'erweigh a whole theater of others4 ,o1 there be players that ,i have seen play1 and heard others praise1 and that highly1 not to speak it profanely1 that1 neither having the accent of ,christians nor the gait of ,christian1 pagan1 nor man1 have so strutted and bellowed that ,i have thought some of nature's journeymen had made men and not made them well1 they imitated humanity so abominably4 ,,bellario',s ,,letter ,from ,the ,merchant of ,venice ,,by ,,william ,,shakespeare ,duke4 ,this letter from ,bellario doth commend ,a young and learned doctor to our court4 ,where is he8 ,nerissa4 ,he attendeth here hard by1 ,to know your answer1 whether you'll admit him4 ,duke4 ,with all my heart4 ,some three or four of you ,go give him courteous conduct to this place4 ,meantime the court shall hear ,bellario's letter4 ,clerk 7reads74 ,your grace shall understand that at the receipt of your letter ,i am very sick2 but in the instant that your messenger came1 in loving visitation was with me a young doctor of ,rome2 his name is ,balthasar4 ,i acquainted him with the cause in controversy between the ,jew and ,antonio the merchant3 we turned o'er many books together3 he is furnished with my opinion2 which1 bettered with his own learning1 the greatness whereof ,i cannot enough commend1 comes with him1 at my importunity1 to fill up your grace's request in my stead4 ,i beseech you1 let his lack of years be no impediment to let him lack a reverend estimation2 for ,i never knew so young a body with so old a head4 ,i leave him to your gracious acceptance1 whose trial shall better publish his commendation4 ,,casca1 ,,speaking ,,of ,c,,sar ,from ,julius ,csar ,,by ,,william ,,shakespeare ,casca4 ,you pull'd me by the cloak2 would you speak with me8 ,brutus4 ,ay1 ,casca2 tell us what hath chanc'd to-day1 ,that ,csar looks so sad4 ,casca4 ,why1 you were with him1 were you not8 ,brutus4 ,i should not1 then1 ask ,casca what had chanc'd4 ,casca4 ,why1 there was a crown offered him2 and being offered him1 he put it by with the back of his hand1 thus2 and then the people fell a-shouting4 ,brutus4 ,what was the second noise for8 ,casca4 ,why1 for that too4 ,cassius4 ,they shouted thrice3 what was the last cry for8 ,casca4 ,why1 for that too4 ,brutus4 ,was the crown offered him thrice8 ,casca4 ,ay1 marry1 was't1 and he put it by thrice1 every time gentler than other2 and at every putting-by mine honest neighbors shouted4 ,cassius4 ,who offered him the crown8 ,casca4 ,why1 ,antony4 ,brutus4 ,tell us the manner of it1 gentle ,casca4 ,casca4 ,i can as well be hanged as tell the manner of it3 it was mere foolery2 ,i did not mark it4 ,i saw ,mark ,antony offer him a crown2--yet 'twas not a crown neither1 'twas one of these coronets2-- and1 as ,i told you1 he put it by once3 but1 for all that1 to my thinking1 he would fain have had it4 ,then he offered it to him again2 then he put it by again3 but1 to my thinking1 he was very loth to lay his fingers off it4 ,and then he offered it the third time2 he put it the third time by3 and still as he refused it1 the rabblement shouted1 and clapped their chopped hands1 and threw up their sweaty nightcaps1 and uttered such a deal of stinking breath because ,csar refused the crown1 that it had almost choked ,csar2 for he swooned1 and fell down at it3 and for mine own part1 ,i durst not laugh1 for fear of opening my lips1 and receiving the bad air4 ,,squandering ,,of ,,the ,,voice ,from ,lectures on ,oratory ,,by ,,henry ,,ward ,,beecher ,how much squandering there is of the voice6 ,how little there is of the advantage that may come from conversational tones6 ,how seldom does a man dare to acquit himself with pathos and fervor6 ,and the men are themselves mechanical and methodical in the bad way who are most afraid of the artificial training that is given in the schools1 and who so often show by the fruit of their labor that the want of oratory is the want of education4 ,how remarkable is the sweetness of voice in the mother1 in the father1 in the household6 ,the music of no chorded instruments brought together is1 for sweetness1 like the music of familiar affection when spoken by brother and sister1 or by father and mother4 ,conversation itself belongs to oratory4 ,how many men there are who are weighty in argument1 who have abundant resources1 and who are almost boundless in their power at other times and in other places1 but who1 when in company among their kind1 are exceedingly unapt in their methods4 ,having none of the secret instruments by which the elements of nature may be touched1 having no skill and no power in this direction1 they stand as machines before living1 sensitive men4 ,a man may be a master before an instrument2 only the instrument is dead2 and he has the living hand2 and out of that dead instrument what wondrous harmony springs forth at his touch6 ,and if you can electrify an audience by the power of a living man on dead things1 how much more should that audience be electrified when the chords are living and the man is alive1 and he knows how to touch them with divine inspiration6 ,,the ,,training ,,of ,,the ,,gentleman ,from ,personal ,power1 by permission of1 and by special arrangement with1 ,houghton ,mifflin ,company1 authorized publishers of this author's works4 ,,by ,,william ,j4 ,,tucker ,in this talk about the part which the college may take in the training of a gentleman1 ,i have not dwelt1 as you have noticed1 upon forms or conventionalities4 ,every gentleman respects form4 ,respect for form can be taught1 or at least inculcated1 but not form itself4 ,one comes to be at ease in society by going into society4 ,manners come by observation4 ,we imitate1 we follow the better fashion of society1 the better behavior of men4 ,good breeding consists first in the attention of others in our behalf to certain necessary details1 then in our attention to them4 ,we come in time to draw close and nice distinctions4 ,this little thing is right1 that is not quite right4 ,so we grow into the formal habits of a gentleman4 ,good manners are made up of constant and petty sacrifices1 says ,emerson4 ,it is well to keep this saying in mind as a qualification of another of his more familiar sayings3 ,give me a thought1 and my hands and legs and voice and face will all go right4 ,it is only when mind and character slumber that the dress can be seen4 ,i like to see the well-bred man1 to whom the details of social life have become a second nature4 ,i like also to see the play of that first healthy instinct in a true man which scorns a mean act1 which will not allow him to take part in the making of a mean custom1 which for example1 if he be a college fellow1 will not suffer him to treat another fellow as a fag4 ,i am entirely sure that that man is a gentleman4 ,so then it is1 in this world of books1 of companionship1 of sport1 of struggle with some of us1 of temptation also1 and yet more of high incentives1 we are all set to the task of coming out1 and of helping one another to come out1 as gentlemen4 ,do not miss1 ,i beseech you1 the greatness of the task4 ,do not miss its constancy4 ,it is more than the incidental work of a college to train the efficient1 the honorable1 the unselfish man4 ,a college-bred man must be able to show at all times and on all occasions the quality of his distinction4 ,,making ,,the ,,point ,,brutus ,,to ,,the ,,roman ,,citizens ,from ,julius ,csar ,,by ,,william ,,shakespeare ,be patient till the last4 ,romans1 countrymen1 and lovers6 hear me for my cause1 and be silent1 that you may hear3 believe me for mine honor1 and have respect to mine honor1 that you may believe3 censure me in your wisdom1 and awake your senses1 that you may the better judge4 ,if there be any in this assembly1 any dear friend of ,csar's1 to him ,i say1 that ,brutus' love to ,csar was no less than his4 ,if1 then1 that friend demand why ,brutus rose against ,csar1 this is my answer1--,not that ,i loved ,csar less1 but that ,i loved ,rome more4 ,had you rather ,csar were living1 and die all slaves1 than that ,csar were dead1 to live all free men8 ,as ,csar loved me1 ,i weep for him2 as he was fortunate ,i rejoice at it2 as he was valiant1 ,i honor him3 but1 as he was ambitious1 ,i slew him4 ,there is tears for his love2 joy for his fortune2 honor for his valor2 and death for his ambition4 ,who is here so base that would be a bondman8 ,if any1 speak2 for him have ,i offended4 ,who is here so rude that would not be a ,roman8 ,if any1 speak2 for him have ,i offended4 ,who is here so vile that will not love his country8 ,if any1 speak2 for him have ,i offended4 ,i have done no more to ,csar than you shall do to ,brutus4 ,the question of his death is enrolled in the ,capitol2 his glory not extenuated1 wherein he was worthy2 nor his offenses enforced1 for which he suffered death4 ,here comes his body1 mourned by ,mark ,antony3 who1 though he had no hand in his death1 shall receive the benefit of his dying1 a place in the commonwealth2 as which of you shall not8 ,with this ,i depart1-- that1 as ,i slew my best lover for the good of ,rome1 ,i have the same dagger for myself1 when it shall please my country to need my death4 ,,the ,,precepts ,,of ,,polonius ,from ,hamlet ,,by ,,william ,,shakespeare ,yet here1 ,laertes6 aboard1 aboard1 for shame6 ,the wind sits in the shoulder of your sail1 ,and you are stay'd for4 ,there2 my blessing with thee6 ,and these few precepts in thy memory ,see thou character4 ,give thy thoughts no tongue1 ,nor any unproportion'd thought his act4 ,be thou familiar1 but by no means vulgar4 ,those friends thou hast1 and their adoption tried1 ,grapple them to thy soul with hoops of steel2 ,but do not dull thy palm with entertainment ,of each new-hatch'd1 unfledg'd comrade4 ,beware ,of entrance to a quarrel1 but1 being in1 ,bear't that the opposed may beware of thee4 ,give every man thy ear1 but few thy voice2 ,take each man's censure1 but reserve thy judgment4 ,costly thy habit as thy purse can buy1 ,but not express'd in fancy2 rich1 not gaudy2 ,for the apparel oft proclaims the man1 ,and they in ,france of the best rank and station ,are most select and generous1 chief in that4 ,neither a borrower nor a lender be2 ,for loan oft loses both itself and friend1 ,and borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry4 ,this above all3 to thine own self be true1 ,and it must follow1 as the night the day1 ,thou canst not then be false to any man4 ,farewell2 my blessing season this in thee6 ,,the ,,high ,,standard ,from the ,lord ,rector's address1 ,university of ,edinburgh1 #ahhb ,,by ,,lord ,,rosebery ,let us win in the competition of international well-being and prosperity4 ,let us have a finer1 better educated1 better lodged1 and better nourished race than exists elsewhere2 better schools1 better universities1 better tribunals1 ay1 and better churches4 ,in one phrase1 let our standard be higher1 not in the jargon of the ,education ,department1 but in the acknowledgment of mankind4 ,the standard of mankind is not so exalted but that a nobler can be imagined and attained4 ,the dream of him who loved ,scotland best would lie not so much in the direction of antiquarian revival1 as in the hope that his country might be pointed out as one that in spite of rocks1 and rigor1 and poverty1 could yet teach the world by precept and example1 could lead the van and point the moral1 where greater nations and fairer states had failed4 ,those who believe the ,scots to be so eminently vain a race1 will say that already we are in our opinion the tenth legion of civilization4 ,well1 vanity is a centipede with corns on every foot3 ,i will not tread where the ground is most dangerous4 ,but if we are not foremost1 we may at any rate become so4 ,our fathers have declared unto us what was done in their days and in the old time before them3 we know that we come of a strenuous stock4 ,do you remember the words that young ,carlyle wrote to his brother nine years after he had left this ,university as a student1 forty-three years before he returned as its ,rector8-- ,i say1 ,jack1 thou and ,i must never falter4 ,work1 my boy1 work unweariedly4 ,i swear that all the thousand miseries of this hard fight1 and ill-health1 the most terrific of them all1 shall never chain us down4 ,by the river ,styx it shall not6 ,two fellows from a nameless spot in ,annandale shall yet show the world the pluck that is in ,carlyles4 ,let that be your spirit to-day4 ,you are citizens of no mean city1 members of no common state1 heirs of no supine empire4 ,you will many of you exercise influence over your fellow men3 some will study and interpret our laws1 and so become a power2 others will again be in a position to solace and exalt1 as destined to be doctors and clergymen1 and so the physical and spiritual comforters of mankind4 ,make the best of these opportunities4 ,raise your country1 raise your ,university1 raise yourselves4 ,,on ,,taxing ,,the ,,colonies ,delivered in the ,house of ,commons1 ,march1 #agge ,,by ,,edmund ,,burke ,reflect1 sirs1 that when you have fixed a quota of taxation for every colony1 you have not provided for prompt and punctual payment4 ,you must make new ,boston ,port ,bills1 new restraining laws1 new acts for dragging men to ,england for trial4 ,you must send out new fleets1 new armies4 ,all is to begin again4 ,from this day forward the empire is never to know an hour's tranquillity4 ,an intestine fire will be kept alive in the bowels of the colonies1 which one time or other must consume this whole empire4 ,instead of a standing revenue1 you will therefore have a perpetual quarrel4 ,indeed1 the noble lord who proposed this project seems himself to be of that opinion4 ,his project was rather designed for breaking the union of the colonies than for establishing a revenue4 ,but whatever his views may be1 as ,i propose the peace and union of the colonies as the very foundation of my plan1 it cannot accord with one whose foundation is perpetual discord4 ,compare the two4 ,this ,i offer to give you is plain and simple2 the other full of perplexed and intricate mazes4 ,this is mild2 that harsh4 ,this is found by experience effectual for its purposes2 the other is a new project4 ,this is universal2 the other calculated for certain colonies only4 ,this is immediate in its conciliatory operation2 the other remote1 contingent1 full of hazard4 ,mine is what becomes the dignity of a ruling people--gratuitous1 unconditional1 and not held out as a matter of bargain and sale4 ,i have done my duty in proposing it to you4 ,i have indeed tried you by a long discourse2 but this is the misfortune of those to whose influence nothing will be conceded1 and who must win every inch of their ground by argument4 ,you have heard me with goodness4 ,may you decide with wisdom6 ,,justifying ,,the ,,president ,from a speech in the ,senate1 #aijj ,by ,,john ,c4 ,,spooner ,some one asked the other day why the ,president did not bring about a cessation of hostilities4 ,upon what basis could he have brought about a cessation of hostilities8 ,should he have asked ,aguinaldo for an armistice8 ,if so1 upon what basis should he have requested it8 ,what should he say to him8 ,please stop this fighting8 ,what for1 ,aguinaldo would say2 do you propose to retire8 ,no4 ,do you propose to grant us independence8 ,no1 not now4 ,well1 why1 then1 an armistice8 ,the ,president would doubtless be expected to reply3 ,some distinguished gentlemen in the ,united ,states1 members of the ,united ,states ,senate1 and others1 have discovered a doubt about our right to be here at all1 some question whether we have acquired the ,philippines1 some question as to whether we have correctly read the ,declaration of ,independence2 and ,i want an armistice until we can consult and determine finally whether we have acquired the ,philippines or not1 whether we are violating the ,declaration of ,independence or not1 whether we are trampling upon the ,constitution or not4 ,that is practically the proposition4 ,no1 ,mr4 ,president1 men may say in criticism of the ,president what they choose4 ,he has been grossly insulted in this chamber1 and it appears upon the record4 ,he has gone his way patiently1 exercising the utmost forbearance1 all his acts characterized by a desire to do precisely what the ,congress had placed upon him by its ratification of the treaty and its increase of the army4 ,he has done it in a way to impress upon the ,filipinos1 so far as language and action could do it1 his desire1 and the desire of our people1 to do them good1 to give them the largest possible measure of liberty4 ,,britain ,,and ,,america ,from an address in the ,house of ,commons1 ,march1 #ahfe ,,by ,,john ,,bright ,why should we fear a great nation on the ,american ,continent8 ,some people fear that1 should ,america become a great nation1 she will be arrogant and aggressive4 ,but that does not follow4 ,the character of a nation does not depend altogether upon its size1 but upon the intelligence1 instruction1 and morals of its people4 ,you fancy the supremacy of the sea will pass away from you2 and the noble lord1 who has had much experience1 and is supposed to be wiser on the subject than any other man in the ,house1 will say that ,rule ,britannia1 that noble old song1 may become obsolete4 ,well1 inasmuch as the supremacy of the seas means arrogance and the assumption of dictatorial power on the part of this country1 the sooner that becomes obsolete the better4 ,i do not believe that it is for the advantage of this country1 or of any country in the world1 that any one nation should pride itself upon what is termed the supremacy of the sea2 and ,i hope the time is coming--,i believe the hour is hastening--when we shall find that law and justice will guide the councils and will direct the policy of the ,christian nations of the world4 ,nature will not be baffled because we are jealous of the ,united ,states--the decrees of ,providence will not be overthrown by aught we can do4 ,the population of the ,united ,states is now not less than #ce1jjj1jjj4 ,when the next ,parliament of ,england has lived to the age which this has lived to1 that population will be #dj1jjj1jjj1 and you may calculate the increase at the rate of rather more than #a1jjj1jjj of persons per year4 ,who is to gainsay it8 ,will constant snarling at a great republic alter this state of things1 or swell us up in these islands to #dj1jjj1jjj or #ej1jjj1jjj1 or bring them down to our #cj1jjj1jjj8 ,honorable members and the country at large should consider these facts1 and learn from them that it is the interest of the nations to be at one--and for us to be in perfect courtesy and amity with the great ,english nation on the other side of the ,atlantic4 ,,values ,,and ,,transitions ,,king ,,robert ,,of ,,sicily ,from ,king ,robert of ,sicily1 by permission of1 and by special arrangement with1 ,houghton ,mifflin ,company1 authorized publishers of this author's works4 ,,by ,,henry ,w4 ,,longfellow ,days came and went2 and now returned again ,to ,sicily the old ,saturnian reign2 ,under the ,angel's governance benign ,the happy island danced with corn and wine4 ,meanwhile ,king ,robert yielded to his fate1 ,sullen and silent and disconsolate4 ,dressed in the motley garb that ,jesters wear1 ,with look bewildered and a vacant stare1 ,close shaven above the ears1 as monks are shorn1 ,by courtiers mocked1 by pages laughed to scorn1 ,his only friend the ape1 his only food ,what others left1--he still was unsubdued4 ,and when the ,angel met him on his way1 ,and half in earnest1 half in jest1 would say1 ,sternly1 though tenderly1 that he might feel ,the velvet scabbard held a sword of steel1 ,art thou the ,king8 the passion of his woe ,burst from him in resistless overflow1 ,and1 lifting high his forehead1 he would fling ,the haughty answer back1 ,i am1 ,i am the ,king6 ,almost three years were ended2 when there came ,ambassadors of great repute and name ,from ,valmond1 ,emperor of ,allemaine1 ,unto ,king ,robert1 saying that ,pope ,urbane ,by letter summoned them forthwith to come ,on ,holy ,thursday to his city of ,rome4 ,and lo6 among the menials1 in mock state1 ,upon a piebald steed1 with shambling gait1 ,his cloak of fox-tails flapping in the wind1 ,the solemn ape demurely perched behind1 ,king ,robert rode1 making huge merriment ,in all the country towns through which they went4 ,the ,pope received them with great pomp and blare ,of bannered trumpets1 on ,saint ,peter's square1 ,giving his benediction and embrace ,fervent and full of apostolic grace4 ,while with congratulations and with prayers ,he entertained the ,angel unawares1 ,robert1 the ,jester1 bursting through the crowd1 ,into their presence rushed1 and cried aloud3 ,i am the ,king6 ,look1 and behold in me ,robert1 your brother1 ,king of ,sicily6 ,this man who wears my semblance to your eyes1 ,is an imposter in a king's disguise4 ,do you not know me8 does no voice within ,answer my cry1 and say we are akin8 ,the ,pope in silence1 but with troubled mien1 ,gazed at the ,angel's countenance serene2 ,the ,emperor1 laughing1 said1 ,it is strange sport ,to keep a madman for thy ,fool at court6 ,and the poor1 baffled ,jester in disgrace ,was hustled back among the populace4 ,,laying ,,the ,,atlantic ,,cable ,an extract from ,masters of the ,situation1 a lecture ,,by ,,james ,t4 ,,fields ,when ,i talk across an ocean of #cjjj miles1 with my friends on the other side of it1 and feel that ,i may know any hour of the day if all goes well with them1 ,i think with gratitude of the immense energy and perseverance of that one man1 ,cyrus ,w4 ,field1 who spent so many years of his life in perfecting a communication second only in importance to the discovery of this country4 ,think what that enthusiast accomplished by his untiring energy4 ,he made fifty voyages across the ,atlantic4 ,eight years more he encountered the odium of failure1 but still kept plowing across the ,atlantic1 flying from city to city1 soliciting capital1 holding meetings and forcing down this most colossal discouragement4 ,at last day dawned again1 and another cable was paid out--this time from the deck of the ,great ,eastern4 ,twelve hundred miles of it were laid down1 and the ship was just lifting her head to a stiff breeze then springing up1 when1 without a moment's warning1 the cable suddenly snapped short off1 and plunged into the sea4 ,nine days and nights they dragged the bottom of the sea for this lost treasure1 and though they grappled it three times1 they could not bring it to the surface4 ,in five months another cable was shipped on board the ,great ,eastern1 and this time1 by the blessing of heaven1 the wires were stretched unharmed from continent to continent4 ,then came that never- to-be-forgotten search1 in four ships1 for the lost cable4 ,in the bow of one of these vessels stood ,cyrus ,field1 day and night1 in storm and fog1 squall and calm1 intensely watching the quiver of the grapnel that was dragging two miles down on the bottom of the deep4 ,at length on the last night of ,august1 a little before midnight1 the spirit of this great man was rewarded4 ,i shall here quote his own words1 as none others could possibly convey so well the thrilling interest of that hour4 ,he says3 ,all felt as if life and death hung on the issue4 ,it was only when the cable was brought over the bow and onto the deck that men dared to breathe4 ,even then they hardly believed their eyes4 ,some crept toward it to feel of it to be sure it was there4 ,then we carried it along to the electricians' room1 to see if our long- sought treasure was dead or alive4 ,a few minutes of suspense and a flash told of the lightning current again set free4 ,then the feeling long pent up burst forth4 ,some turned away their heads and wept4 ,others broke into cheers1 and the cry ran from man to man1 and was heard down in the engine rooms1 deck below deck1 and from the boats on the water1 and the other ships1 while the rockets lighted up the darkness of the sea4 ,then1 with thankful hearts1 we turned our faces again to the ,west4 ,but soon the wind rose1 and for thirty-six hours we were exposed to all the dangers of a storm on the ,atlantic4 ,yet1 in the very height and fury of the gale1 as ,i sat in the electricians' room1 a flash of light came up from the deep1 which1 having crossed to ,ireland1 came back to me in mid-ocean1 telling me that those so dear to me1 whom ,i had left on the banks of the ,hudson1 were well1 and following us with their wishes and their prayers4 ,this was like a whisper of ,god from the sea1 bidding me keep heart and hope4 ,and now1 after all those thirteen years of almost superhuman struggle and that one moment of almost superhuman victory1 ,i think we may safely include ,cyrus ,field among the masters of the situation4 ,o',,connell1 ,,the ,,orator ,from ,speeches and ,lectures1 with the permission of ,lothrop1 ,lee and ,shepard1 ,boston1 publishers4 ,,by ,,wendell ,,phillips ,broadly considered1 ,o',connell's eloquence has never been equaled in modern times1 certainly not in ,english speech4 ,do you think ,i am partial8 ,i will vouch ,john ,randolph of ,roanoke1 the ,virginia slaveholder1 who hated an ,irishman almost as much as he hated a ,yankee1 himself an orator of no mean level4 ,hearing ,o',connell1 he exclaimed1 ,this is the man1 these are the lips1 the most eloquent that speak the ,english tongue in my day6 ,i think he was right4 ,i remember the solemnity of ,webster1 the grace of ,everett1 the rhetoric of ,choate2 ,i know the eloquence that lay hid in the iron logic of ,calhoun2 ,i have melted beneath the magnetism of ,sergeant ,s4 ,prentiss of ,mississippi1 who wielded a power few men ever had2 it has been my fortune to sit at the feet of the great speakers of the ,english tongue on the other side of the ocean2 but ,i think all of them together never surpassed1 and no one of them ever equaled ,o',connell4 ,nature intended him for our ,demosthenes4 ,never1 since the great ,greek1 has she sent forth one so lavishly gifted for his work as a tribune of the people4 ,in the first place1 he had a magnificent presence1 impressive in bearing1 massive1 like that of ,jupiter4 ,webster himself hardly outdid him in the majesty of his proportions4 ,to be sure1 he had not ,webster's craggy face1 and precipice of brow1 not his eyes glowing like anthracite coal4 ,nor had he the lion roar of ,mirabeau4 ,but his presence filled the eye4 ,a small ,o',connell would hardly have been an ,o',connell at all4 ,these physical advantages are half the battle4 ,i remember ,russell ,lowell telling us that ,mr4 ,webster came home from ,washington at the time the ,whig party thought of dissolution1 a year or two before his death1 and went down to ,faneuil ,hall to protest2 drawing himself up to his loftiest proportion1 his brow clothed with thunder1 before the listening thousands1 he said1 ,well1 gentlemen1 ,i am a ,whig1 a ,massachusetts ,whig1 a ,faneuil-,hall ,whig1 a revolutionary ,whig1 a constitutional ,whig4 ,if you break the ,whig party1 sir1 where am ,i to go8 ,and says ,lowell1 ,we held our breath1 thinking where he could go4 ,if he had been five feet three1 we should have said1 ',who cares where you go8' ,so it was with ,o',connell4 ,there was something majestic in his presence before he spoke2 and he added to it what ,webster had not1 what ,clay might have lent--infinite grace1 that magnetism that melts all hearts into one4 ,i saw him at over sixty-six years of age2 every attitude was beauty1 every gesture grace4 ,you could only think of a greyhound as you looked at him2 it would have been delightful to watch him1 if he had not spoken a word4 ,then he had a voice that covered the gamut4 ,the majesty of his indignation1 fitly uttered in tones of superhuman power1 made him able to indict a nation4 ,carlyle says1 ,he is ,god's own anointed king whose single word melts all wills into his4 ,this describes ,o',connell4 ,emerson says1 ,there is no true eloquence unless there is a man behind the speech4 ,daniel ,o',connell was listened to because all ,england and all ,ireland knew that there was a man behind the speech4 ,i heard him once say1 ,i send my voice across the ,atlantic1 careering like the thunderstorm against the breeze1 to remind the bondman that the dawn of his redemption is already breaking4 ,you seemed to hear the tones come echoing back to ,london from the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,then1 with the slightest possible ,irish brogue1 he would tell a story1 while all ,exeter ,hall shook with laughter4 ,the next moment1 tears in his voice like a ,scotch song1 five thousand men wept4 ,and all the while no effort4 ,he seemed only breathing4 ,as effortless as woodland nooks ,send violets up1 and paint them blue4 ,,justification ,,for ,,impeachment ,against ,warren ,hastings1 ,house of ,lords1 ,february1 #aghh ,,by ,,edmund ,,burke ,in the name of the ,commons of ,england1 ,i charge all this villainy upon ,warren ,hastings1 in this last moment of my application to you4 ,my ,lords1 what is it that we want here to a great act of national justice8 ,do we want a cause1 my ,lords8 ,you have the cause of oppressed princes1 of undone women of the first rank1 of desolated provinces1 and of wasted kingdoms4 ,do you want a criminal1 my ,lords8 ,when was there so much iniquity ever laid to the charge of any one8 ,no1 my ,lords1 you must not look to punish any other such delinquent from ,india4 ,warren ,hastings has not left substance enough in ,india to nourish such another delinquent4 ,my ,lords1 is it a prosecutor you want8 ,you have before you the ,commons of ,great ,britain as prosecutors2 and ,i believe1 my ,lords1 that the sun1 in his beneficent progress round the world1 does not behold a more glorious sight than that of men1 separated from a remote people by the material bounds and barriers of nature1 united by the bonds of a social and moral community--all the ,commons of ,england resenting1 as their own1 the indignities and cruelties that are offered to all the people of ,india4 ,do we want a tribunal8 ,my ,lords1 no example of antiquity1 nothing in the modern world1 nothing in the range of human imagination1 can supply us with a tribunal like this4 ,my ,lords1 here we see virtually1 in the mind's eye1 that sacred majesty of the ,crown1 under whose authority you sit and whose power you exercise4 ,we have here all the branches of the royal family1 in a situation between majesty and subjection1 between the sovereign and the subject-- offering a pledge1 in that situation1 for the support of the rights of the ,crown and the liberties of the people1 both of which extremities they touch4 ,,wendell ,,phillips1 ,,the ,,orator ,from ,the ,orations and ,addresses of ,george ,william ,curtis1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,copyright1 #ahid1 by ,harper and ,brothers4 ,,by ,,george ,,william ,,curtis ,it was not until ,lovejoy fell1 while defending his press at ,alton1 in ,november1 #ahcg1 that an ,american citizen was killed by a raging mob for declaring1 in a free ,state1 the right of innocent men and women to their personal liberty4 ,this tragedy1 like the deadly blow at ,charles ,sumner in the ,senate ,chamber1 twenty years afterward1 awed the whole country with a sense of vast and momentous peril4 ,never since the people of ,boston thronged ,faneuil ,hall on the day after the massacre in ,state ,street1 had that ancient hall seen a more solemn and significant assembly4 ,it was the more solemn1 the more significant1 because the excited multitude was no longer1 as in the ,revolutionary day1 inspired by one unanimous and overwhelming purpose to assert and maintain liberty of speech as the bulwark of all other liberty4 ,it was an unwonted and foreboding scene4 ,an evil spirit was in the air4 ,when the seemly protest against the monstrous crime had been spoken1 and the proper duty of the day was done1 a voice was heard1--the voice of the high officer solemnly sworn to prosecute1 in the name of ,massachusetts1 every violation of law1 declaring1 in ,faneuil ,hall1 sixty years after the battle of ,bunker ,hill1 and amid a howling storm of applause1 that an ,american citizen who was put to death by a mad crowd of his fellow citizens for defending his right of free speech1 died as the fool dieth4 ,boston has seen dark days1 but never a moment so dark as that4 ,seven years before1 ,webster had said1 in the famous words that ,massachusetts binds as frontlets between her eyes1 ,there are ,boston and ,concord1 and ,lexington and ,bunker ,hill1 and there they will remain forever4 ,had they already vanished8 ,was the spirit of the ,revolution quite extinct8 ,in the very ,cradle of ,liberty did no son survive to awake its slumbering echoes8 ,by the grace of ,god such a son there was4 ,he had come with the multitude1 and he had heard with sympathy and approval the speeches that condemned the wrong2 but when the cruel voice justified the murderers of ,lovejoy1 the heart of the young man burned within him4 ,this speech1 he said to himself1 must be answered4 ,as the malign strain proceeded1 the ,boston boy1 all on fire1 with ,concord and ,lexington tugging at his heart1 unconsciously murmured1 ,such a speech in ,faneuil ,hall must be answered in ,faneuil ,hall4 ,why not answer it yourself8 whispered a neighbor1 who overheard him4 ,help me to the platform and ,i will1--and pushing and struggling through the dense and threatening crowd1 the young man reached the platform1 was lifted upon it1 and1 advancing to speak1 was greeted with a roar of hostile cries4 ,but riding the whirlwind undismayed1 as for many a year afterward he directed the same wild storm1 he stood upon the platform in all the beauty and grace of imperial youth1--the ,greeks would have said a god descended1--and in words that touched the mind and heart and conscience of that vast multitude1 as with fire from heaven1 recalling ,boston to herself1 he saved his native city and her ,cradle of ,liberty from the damning disgrace of stoning the first martyr in the great struggle for personal freedom4 ,mr4 ,chairman1 he said1 when ,i heard the gentleman lay down principles which placed the rioters1 incendiaries1 and murderers of ,alton1 side by side with ,otis and ,hancock1 and ,quincy and ,adams1 ,i thought those pictured lips would have broken into voice to rebuke the recreant ,american--the slanderer of the dead4 ,and even as he spoke the vision was fulfilled4 ,once more its native music rang through ,faneuil ,hall4 ,in the orator's own burning words1 those pictured lips did break into immortal rebuke4 ,in ,wendell ,phillips1 glowing with holy indignation at the insult to ,america and to man1 ,john ,adams and ,james ,otis1 ,josiah ,quincy and ,samuel ,adams1 though dead1 yet spake4 ,in the annals of ,american speech there had been no such scene since ,patrick ,henry's electrical warning to ,george the ,third4 ,it was that greatest of oratorical triumphs when a supreme emotion1 a sentiment which is to mold a people anew1 lifted the orator to adequate expression4 ,three such scenes are illustrious in our history3 that of the speech of ,patrick ,henry at ,williamsburg1 of ,wendell ,phillips in ,faneuil ,hall1 of ,abraham ,lincoln in ,gettysburg1--three1 and there is no fourth4 ,,on ,,the ,,disposal ,,of ,,public ,,lands ,from reports of the ,webster-,hayne debate in the ,united ,states ,senate1 ,january1 #ahcj ,,by ,,robert ,y4 ,,hayne ,in #ahbe the gentleman told the world that the public lands ought not to be treated as a treasure4 ,he now tells us that they must be treated as so much treasure4 ,what the deliberate opinion of the gentleman on this subject may be1 belongs not to me to determine2 but ,i do not think he can1 with the shadow of justice or propriety1 impugn my sentiments1 while his own recorded opinions are identical with my own4 ,when the gentleman refers to the conditions of the grants under which the ,united ,states have acquired these lands1 and insists that1 as they are declared to be for the common benefit of all the ,states1 they can only be treated as so much treasure1 ,i think he has applied a rule of construction too narrow for the case4 ,if1 in the deeds of cession1 it has been declared that the grants were intended for the common benefit of all the ,states1 it is clear1 from other provisions1 that they were not intended merely as so much property2 for it is expressly declared that the object of the grants is the erection of new ,states2 and the ,united ,states1 in accepting this trust1 bind themselves to facilitate the foundation of those ,states1 to be admitted into the ,union with all the rights and privileges of the original ,states4 ,this1 sir1 was the great end to which all parties looked1 and it is by the fulfillment of this high trust that the common benefit of all the ,states is to be best promoted4 ,sir1 let me tell the gentleman that1 in the part of the country in which ,i live1 we do not measure political benefits by the money standard4 ,we consider as more valuable than gold1 liberty1 principle1 and justice4 ,but1 sir1 if we are bound to act on the narrow principles contended for by the gentleman1 ,i am wholly at a loss to conceive how he can reconcile his principles with his own practice4 ,the lands are1 it seems1 to be treated as so much treasure1 and must be applied to the common benefit of all the ,states4 ,now1 if this be so1 whence does he derive the right to appropriate them for partial and local objects8 ,how can the gentleman consent to vote away immense bodies of these lands for canals in ,indiana and ,illinois1 to the ,louisville and ,portland ,canal1 to ,kenyon ,college in ,ohio1 to schools for the deaf and dumb1 and other objects of a similar description8 ,,the ,,declaration ,,of ,,independence ,from ,speeches and ,presidential ,addresses1 ,current ,literature ,publishing ,company1 ,new ,york4 ,,by ,,abraham ,,lincoln ,i am filled with deep emotion at finding myself standing in this place1 where were collected together the wisdom1 the patriotism1 the devotion to principle1 from which sprang the institutions under which we live4 ,you have kindly suggested to me that in my hands is the task of restoring peace to our distracted country4 ,i can say in return1 sir1 that all the political sentiments ,i entertain have been drawn1 so far as ,i have been able to draw them1 from the sentiments which originated in1 and were given to the world from1 this hall4 ,i have never had a feeling1 politically1 that did not spring from the sentiments embodied in the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,i have often pondered over the dangers which were incurred by the men who assembled here and framed and adopted that ,declaration4 ,i have pondered over the toils that were endured by the officers and soldiers of the army who achieved that independence4 ,i have often inquired of myself what great principle or idea it was that kept this ,confederacy so long together4 ,it was not the mere matter of separation of the colonies from the motherland1 but that sentiment in the ,declaration of ,independence which gave liberty not alone to the people of this country1 but hope to all the world1 for all future time4 ,it was that which gave promise that in due time the weights would be lifted from the shoulders of all men1 and that all should have an equal chance4 ,this is the sentiment embodied in the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,now1 my friends1 can this country be saved on that basis8 ,if it can1 ,i shall consider myself one of the happiest men in the world if ,i can help to save it4 ,if it cannot be saved upon that principle1 it will be truly awful4 ,but if this country cannot be saved without giving up that principle1 ,i was about to say ,i would rather be assassinated on this spot than surrender it4 ,now1 in my view of the present aspect of affairs1 there is no need of bloodshed and war4 ,there is no necessity for it4 ,i am not in favor of such a course2 and ,i may say in advance that there will be no bloodshed unless it is forced upon the government4 ,the government will not use force1 unless force is used against it4 ,my friends1 this is wholly an unprepared speech4 ,i did not expect to be called on to say a word when ,i came here4 ,i supposed ,i was merely to do something toward raising a flag4 ,i may1 therefore1 have said something indiscreet4 ,but ,i have said nothing but what ,i am willing to live by1 and1 if it be the pleasure of ,almighty ,god1 to die by4 ,,expressing ,,the ,,feeling ,,northern ,,greeting ,,to ,,southern ,,veterans ,from ,speeches and ,addresses1 with the permission of the author and of ,houghton ,mifflin ,company1 publishers4 ,,by ,,henry ,,cabot ,,lodge ,i was a boy ten years old when the troops marched away to defend ,washington4 ,i saw the troops1 month after month1 pour through the streets of ,boston4 ,i saw ,shaw go forth at the head of his black regiment1 and ,bartlett1 shattered in body1 but dauntless in soul1 ride by to carry what was left of him once more to the battlefields of the ,republic4 ,i saw ,andrew1 standing bareheaded on the steps of the ,state ,house1 bid the men godspeed4 ,i cannot remember the words he said1 but ,i can never forget the fervid eloquence which brought tears to the eyes and fire to the hearts of all who listened4 ,to my boyish mind one thing alone was clear1 that the soldiers1 as they marched past1 were all1 in that supreme hour1 heroes and patriots4 ,other feelings have1 in the progress of time1 altered much1 but amid many changes that simple belief of boyhood has never altered4 ,and you1 brave men who wore the gray1 would be the first to hold me or any other son of the ,north in just contempt if ,i should say that now it was all over ,i thought the ,north was wrong and the result of the war a mistake4 ,to the men who fought the battles of the ,confederacy we hold out our hands freely1 frankly1 and gladly4 ,we have no bitter memories to revive1 no reproaches to utter4 ,differ in politics and in a thousand other ways we must and shall in all good nature1 but never let us differ with each other on sectional or state lines1 by race or creed4 ,we welcome you1 soldiers of ,virginia1 as others more eloquent than ,i have said1 to ,new ,england4 ,we welcome you to old ,massachusetts4 ,we welcome you to ,boston and to ,faneuil ,hall4 ,in your presence here1 and at the sound of your voices beneath this historic roof1 the years roll back1 and we see the figure and hear again the ringing tones of your great orator1 ,patrick ,henry1 declaring to the first ,continental ,congress1 ,the distinctions between ,virginians1 ,pennsylvanians1 ,new ,yorkers1 and ,new ,englanders are no more4 ,i am not a ,virginian1 but an ,american4 ,a distinguished ,frenchman1 as he stood among the graves of ,arlington1 said3 ,only a great people is capable of a great civil war4 ,let us add with thankful hearts that only a great people is capable of a great reconciliation4 ,side by side ,virginia and ,massachusetts led the colonies into the ,war for ,independence4 ,side by side they founded the government of the ,united ,states4 ,morgan and ,greene1 ,lee and ,knox1 ,moultrie and ,prescott1 men of the ,south and men of the ,north1 fought shoulder to shoulder1 and wore the same uniform of buff and blue1--the uniform of ,washington4 ,mere sentiment all this1 some may say4 ,but it is sentiment1 true sentiment1 that has moved the world4 ,sentiment fought the war1 and sentiment has reunited us4 ,so ,i say that the sentiment manifested by your presence here1 brethren of ,virginia1 sitting side by side with those who wore the blue1 tells us that if war should break again upon the country the sons of ,virginia and ,massachusetts would1 as in the olden days1 stand once more shoulder to shoulder1 with no distinction in the colors that they wear4 ,it is fraught with tidings of peace on earth1 and you may read its meaning in the words on yonder picture1 ,liberty and union1 now and forever1 one and inseparable6 ,,matches ,,and ,,overmatches ,from ,webster's reply to ,hayne in the ,united ,states ,senate1 ,january1 #ahcj1 ,little1 ,brown and ,company1 ,boston1 publishers4 ,,by ,,daniel ,,webster ,if1 sir1 the honorable member1 modestia gratia1 had chosen thus to defer to his friend and to pay him a compliment without intentional disparagement to others1 it would have been quite according to the friendly courtesies of debate1 and not at all ungrateful to my own feelings4 ,i am not one of those1 sir1 who esteem any tribute of regard1 whether light and occasional or more serious and deliberate1 which may be bestowed on others1 as so much unjustly withholden from themselves4 ,but the tone and manner of the gentleman's question forbid me thus to interpret it1 ,i am not at liberty to consider it as nothing more than a civility to his friend4 ,it had an air of taunt and disparagement1 something of the loftiness of asserted superiority1 which does not allow me to pass it over without notice4 ,it was put as a question for me to answer1 and so put as if it were difficult for me to answer1 whether ,i deemed the member from ,missouri an overmatch for myself in debate here4 ,it seems to me1 sir1 that this is extraordinary language and an extraordinary tone for the discussions of this body4 ,matches and overmatches6 ,those terms are more applicable elsewhere than here1 and fitter for other assemblies than this4 ,sir1 the gentleman seems to forget where and what we are4 ,this is a senate1 a senate of equals1 of men of individual honor and personal character and of absolute independence4 ,we know no masters1 we acknowledge no dictators4 ,this is a hall for mutual consultation and discussion2 not an arena for the exhibitions of champions4 ,i offer myself1 sir1 as a match for no man2 ,i throw the challenge of debate at no man's feet4 ,but then1 sir1 since the honorable member has put the question in a manner that calls for an answer1 ,i will give him an answer2 and tell him that1 holding myself to be the humblest of the members here1 ,i yet know nothing in the arm of his friend from ,missouri1 either alone or when aided by the arm of his friend from ,south ,carolina1 that need deter even me from espousing whatever opinions ,i may choose to espouse1 from debating whenever ,i may choose to debate1 or from speaking whatever ,i may see fit to say on the floor of the ,senate4 ,,the ,,coalition ,from the reply to ,hayne ,the ,great ,speeches and ,orations of ,daniel ,webster1 ,little1 ,brown and ,company1 ,boston1 publishers4 ,,by ,,daniel ,,webster ,sir1 ,i shall not allow myself1 on this occasion1 ,i hope on no occasion1 to betray myself into any loss of temper2 but if provoked1 as ,i trust ,i never shall be1 into crimination and recrimination1 the honorable member may perhaps find that1 in that contest1 there will be blows to take as well as to give2 that others can state comparisons as significant1 at least1 as his own1 and that his impunity may possibly demand of him whatever powers of taunt and sarcasm he may possess4 ,i commend him to a prudent husbandry of his resources4 ,but1 sir1 the ,coalition6 ,the ,coalition6 ,aye1 the murdered ,coalition6 ,the gentleman asks if ,i were led or frighted into this debate by the specter of the ,coalition4 ,was it the ghost of the murdered ,coalition1 he exclaims1 which haunted the member from ,massachusetts2 and which1 like the ghost of ,banquo1 would never down8 ,the murdered ,coalition6 ,sir1 this charge of a coalition1 in reference to the late administration1 is not original with the honorable member4 ,it did not spring up in the ,senate4 ,whether as a fact1 as an argument1 or as an embellishment1 it is all borrowed4 ,he adopts it1 indeed1 from a very low origin1 and a still lower present condition4 ,it is one of the thousand calumnies with which the press teemed during an excited political canvass4 ,it was a charge of which there was not only no proof or probability1 but which was in itself wholly impossible to be true4 ,no man of common information ever believed a syllable of it4 ,yet it was of that class of falsehoods which1 by continued repetition1 through all the organs of detraction and abuse1 are capable of misleading those who are already far misled1 and of further fanning passion already kindling into flame4 ,doubtless it served in its day1 and in greater or less degree1 the end designed by it4 ,having done that1 it has sunk into the general mass of stale and loathed calumnies4 ,it is the very cast-off slough of a polluted and shameless press4 ,incapable of further mischief1 it lies in the sewer1 lifeless and despised4 ,it is not now1 sir1 in the power of the honorable member to give it dignity or decency by attempting to elevate it and to introduce it into the ,senate4 ,he cannot change it from what it is1 an object of general disgust and scorn4 ,on the contrary1 the contact1 if he choose to touch it1 is more likely to drag him down1 down to the place where it lies itself4 ,,in ,,his ,,own ,,defense ,,by ,,robert ,,emmet ,i am asked what ,i have to say why sentence of death should not be pronounced on me1 according to law4 ,i am charged with being an emissary of ,france4 ,an emissary of ,france6 and for what end8 ,it is alleged that ,i wish to sell the independence of my country2 and for what end8 ,was this the object of my ambition8 ,and is this the mode by which a tribunal of justice reconciles contradictions8 ,no2 ,i am no emissary2 and my ambition was to hold a place among the deliverers of my country1 not in power nor in profit1 but in the glory of the achievement4 ,sell my country's independence to ,france6 and for what8 ,was it for a change of masters8 ,no1 but for ambition4 ,o my country6 was it personal ambition that could influence me8 ,had it been the soul of my actions1 could ,i not by my education and fortune1 by the rank and consideration of my family1 have placed myself amongst the proudest of your oppressors8 ,my country was my idol6 ,to it ,i sacrificed every selfish1 every endearing sentiment2 and for it ,i now offer up my life4 ,my lords1 you are impatient for the sacrifice4 ,be yet patient6 ,i have but a few more words to say--,i am going to my cold and silent grave--my lamp of life is nearly extinguished--my race is run--the grave opens to receive me1 and ,i sink into its bosom4 ,i have but one request to ask at my departure from this world3 it is--the charity of its silence4 ,let no man write my epitaph2 for1 as no man who knows my motives dares now vindicate them1 let not prejudice or ignorance asperse them4 ,let them and me rest in obscurity and peace1 and my tomb remain uninscribed1 until other times and other men can do justice to my character4 ,when my country takes her place among the nations of the earth1 then1 and not till then1 let my epitaph be written4 ,i have done4 ,,on ,,resistance ,,to ,,great ,,britain ,from a speech in the ,provincial ,convention1 ,virginia1 ,march1 #agge ,,by ,,patrick ,,henry ,i ask gentlemen1 sir1 what means this martial array1 if its purpose be not to force us to submission8 ,can gentlemen assign any other possible motive for it8 ,has ,great ,britain any enemy in this quarter of the world1 to call for all this accumulation of navies and armies8 ,no1 sir1 she has none4 ,they are meant for us2 they can be meant for no other4 ,they are sent over to bind and to rivet upon us those chains which the ,british ministry have been so long forging4 ,and what have we to oppose them8 ,shall we try argument8 ,sir1 we have been trying that for the last ten years4 ,have we anything new to offer upon the subject8 ,nothing4 ,we have held the subject up in every light of which it is capable2 but it has been all in vain4 ,shall we resort to entreaty and humble supplication8 ,what terms shall we find which have not been already exhausted8 ,let us not1 ,i beseech you1 sir1 deceive ourselves longer4 ,sir1 we have done everything that could be done to avert the storm which is now coming on4 ,we have petitioned1 we have remonstrated1 we have supplicated1 we have prostrated ourselves before the throne1 and have implored its interposition to arrest the tyrannical hands of the ministry and parliament4 ,our petitions have been slighted2 our remonstrances have produced additional violence and insult2 our supplications have been disregarded2 and we have been spurned with contempt from the foot of the throne4 ,in vain1 after all these things1 may we indulge the fond hope of peace and reconciliation4 ,there is no longer any room for hope4 ,if we wish to be free1 if we mean to preserve inviolate these inestimable privileges for which we have been so long contending2 if we mean not basely to abandon the noble struggle in which we have been so long engaged1 and which we have pledged ourselves never to abandon until the glorious object of our contest shall be obtained1 we must fight2 ,i repeat it1 sir1 we must fight6 ,an appeal to arms1 and to the ,god of ,hosts1 is all that is left us6 ,,invective ,,against ,,louis ,,bonaparte ,from a reprint in ,a ,modern ,reader and ,speaker1 by ,george ,ridde1 ,duffield and ,company1 ,new ,york1 publishers4 ,,by ,,victor ,,hugo ,i have entered the lists with the actual ruler of ,europe1 for it is well for the world that ,i should exhibit the picture4 ,louis ,bonaparte is the intoxication of triumph4 ,he is the incarnation of merry yet savage despotism4 ,he is the mad plenitude of power seeking for limits1 but finding them not1 neither in men nor facts4 ,louis ,bonaparte holds ,france2 and he who holds ,france holds the world4 ,he is master of the votes1 master of consciences1 master of the people2 he names his successor1 does away with eternity1 and places the future in a sealed envelope4 ,thirty eager newspaper correspondents inform the world that he has frowned1 and every electric wire quivers if he raises his little finger4 ,around him is heard the clanking of the saber and the roll of the drum4 ,he is seated in the shadow of the eagles1 begirt by ramparts and bayonets4 ,free people tremble and conceal their liberty lest he should rob them of it4 ,the great ,american ,republic even hesitates before him1 and dares not withdraw her ambassador4 ,europe awaits his invasion4 ,he is able to do as he wishes1 and he dreams of impossibilities4 ,well1 this master1 this triumphant conqueror1 this vanquisher1 this dictator1 this emperor1 this all- powerful man1 one lonely man1 robbed and ruined1 dares to rise up and attack4 ,yes1 ,i attack ,louis ,napoleon2 ,i attack him openly1 before all the world4 ,i attack him before ,god and man4 ,i attack him boldly and recklessly for love of the people and for love of ,france4 ,he is going to be an emperor4 ,let him be one2 but let him remember that1 though you may secure an empire1 you cannot secure an easy conscience6 ,this is the man by whom ,france is governed6 ,governed1 do ,i say8-- possessed in supreme and sovereign sway6 ,and every day1 and every morning1 by his decrees1 by his messages1 by all the incredible drivel which he parades in the ,moniteur1 this emigrant1 who knows not ,france1 teaches ,france her lesson6 and this ruffian tells ,france he has saved her6 ,and from whom8 ,from herself6 ,before him1 ,providence committed only follies2 ,god was waiting for him to reduce everything to order2 at last he has come6 ,,ii ,for thirty-six years there had been in ,france all sorts of pernicious things1--the tribune1 a vociferous thing2 the press1 an obstreperous thing2 thought1 an insolent thing1 and liberty1 the most crying abuse of all4 ,but he came1 and for the tribune he has substituted the ,senate2 for the press1 the censorship2 for thought1 imbecility2 and for liberty1 the saber2 and by the saber and the ,senate1 by imbecility and censorship1 ,france is saved4 ,saved1 bravo6 ,and from whom1 ,i repeat8 ,from herself4 ,for what was this ,france of ours1 if you please8 ,a horde of marauders and thieves1 of anarchists1 assassins1 and demagogues4 ,she had to be manacled1 had this mad woman1 ,france2 and it is ,monsieur ,louis ,bonaparte who puts the handcuffs on her4 ,now she is in a dungeon1 on a diet of bread and water1 punished1 humiliated1 garotted1 safely cared for4 ,be not disturbed2 ,monsieur ,bonaparte1 a policeman stationed at the lyse1 is answerable for her to ,europe4 ,he makes it his business to be so2 this wretched ,france is in the straitjacket1 and if she stirs--,ah1 what is this spectacle before our eyes8 ,is it a dream8 ,is it a nightmare8 ,on one side a nation1 the first of nations1 and on the other1 a man1 the last of men2 and this is what this man does to this nation4 ,what6 he tramples her under his feet1 he laughs in her face1 he mocks and taunts her1 he disowns1 insults1 and flouts her6 ,what6 he says1 ,i alone am worthy of consideration6 ,what6 in this land of ,france where none would dare to slap the face of his fellow1 this man can slap the face of the nation8 ,oh1 the abominable shame of it all6 ,every time that ,monsieur ,bonaparte spits1 every face must be wiped6 ,and this can last6 and you tell me it will last6 ,no6 ,no6 by every drop in every vein1 no6 ,it shall not last6 ,ah1 if this did last1 it would be in very truth because there would no longer be a ,god in heaven1 nor a ,france on earth6 ,,showing ,,the ,,picture ,,mount1 ,,the ,,doge ,,of ,,venice6 ,from the play1 ,foscari ,,by ,,mary ,,russell ,,mitford ,doge4 ,what6 didst thou never hear ,of the old prediction that was verified ,when ,i became the ,doge8 ,zeno4 ,an old prediction6 ,doge4 ,some seventy years ago--it seems to me ,as fresh as yesterday--being then a lad ,no higher than my hand1 idle as an heir1 ,and all made up of gay and truant sports1 ,i flew a kite1 unmatched in shape or size1 ,over the river--we were at our house ,upon the ,brenta then2 it soared aloft1 ,driven by light vigorous breezes from the sea ,soared buoyantly1 till the diminished toy ,grew smaller than the falcon when she stoops ,to dart upon her prey4 ,i sent for cord1 ,servant on servant hurrying1 till the kite ,shrank to the size of a beetle3 still ,i called ,for cord1 and sent to summon father1 mother1 ,my little sisters1 my old halting nurse1-- ,i would have had the whole world to survey ,me and my wondrous kite4 ,it still soared on1 ,and ,i stood bending back in ecstasy1 ,my eyes on that small point1 clapping my hands1 ,and shouting1 and half envying it the flight ,that made it a companion of the stars1 ,when close beside me a deep voice exclaimed-- ,aye1 mount6 mount6 mount6--,i started back1 and saw ,a tall and aged woman1 one of the wild ,peculiar people whom wild ,hungary sends ,roving through every land4 ,she drew her cloak ,about her1 turned her black eyes up to ,heaven1 ,and thus pursued3 ,aye1 like his fortunes1 mount1 ,the future ,doge of ,venice6 ,and before ,for very wonder any one could speak ,she disappeared4 ,zeno4 ,strange6 ,hast thou never seen ,that woman since8 ,doge4 ,i never saw her more4 ,,the ,,revenge ,from ,tennyson's ,poetical ,works1 published by ,houghton ,mifflin ,company1 ,boston4 ,,by ,,alfred ,,lord ,,tennyson ,shall we fight or shall we fly8 ,good ,sir ,richard1 tell us now1 ,for to fight is but to die6 ,there'll be little of us left by the time this sun be set4 ,and ,sir ,richard said again3 ,we be all good ,englishmen4 ,let us bang these dogs of ,seville1 the children of the devil1 ,for ,i never turned my back upon don or devil yet4 ,sir ,richard spoke and he laughed1 and we roar'd a hurrah1 and so ,the little ,revenge ran on sheer into the heart of the foe1 ,with her hundred fighters on deck1 and her ninety sick below2 ,for half of their fleet to the right and half to the left were seen4 ,and the little ,revenge ran on thro' the long sea lane between4 ,and while now the great ,san ,philip hung above us like a cloud ,whence the thunderbolt will fall ,long and loud1 ,four galleons drew away ,from the ,spanish fleet that day1 ,and two upon the larboard and two upon the starboard lay1 ,and the battle-thunder broke from them all4 ,and the sun went down1 and the stars came out1 far over the summer sea1 ,but never a moment ceased the fight of the one and the fifty-three4 ,ship after ship1 the whole night long1 their high-built galleons came1 ,ship after ship1 the whole night long1 with her battle-thunder and flame2 ,ship after ship1 the whole night long1 drew back with her dead and her shame1 ,for some were sunk1 and many were shatter'd1 and so could fight us no more-- ,god of battles1 was ever a battle like this in the world before8 ,for he said3 ,fight on6 fight on6 ,tho' his vessel was all but a wreck2 ,and it chanced that1 when half of the summer night was gone1 ,with a grisly wound to be dressed1 he had left the deck1 ,but a bullet struck him that was dressing it suddenly dead1 ,and himself he was wounded again1 in the side and the head1 ,and he said3 ,fight on6 ,fight on6 ,and the night went down1 and the sun smiled out far over the summer sea1 ,and the ,spanish fleet with broken sides lay round us all in a ring2 ,but they dared not touch us again1 for they feared that we still could sting1 ,so they watched what the end would be4 ,and we had not fought them in vain1 ,but in perilous plight were we1 ,seeing forty of our poor hundred were slain and half of the rest of us maimed for life ,in the crash of the cannonades and the desperate strife2 ,and the sick men down in the hold were most of them stark and cold1 ,and the pikes were all broken and bent1 and the powder was all of it spent2 ,and the masts and the rigging were lying over the side2 ,but ,sir ,richard cried in his ,english pride1 ,we have fought such a fight for a day and a night ,as may never be fought again6 ,we have won great glory1 my men6 ,and a day less or more ,at sea or ashore1 ,we die--does it matter when8 ,sink me the ship1 ,master ,gunner--sink her1 split her in twain6 ,fall into the hands of ,god1 not into the hands of ,spain6 ,a ,,vision ,,of ,,war ,from a ,memorial ,day address1 with the permission of ,c4 ,p4 ,farrell1 ,new ,york1 publisher and owner of the ,ingersoll copyrighted books4 ,,by ,,robert ,g4 ,,ingersoll ,the past rises before me like a dream4 ,again we are in the great struggle for national life4 ,we hear the sounds of preparation2 the music of boisterous drums2 the silver voices of heroic bugles4 ,we see thousands of assemblages1 and hear the appeals of orators4 ,we see the pale cheeks of women1 and the flushed faces of men2 and in those assemblages we see all the dead whose dust we have covered with flowers4 ,we lose sight of them no more4 ,we are with them when they enlist in the great army of freedom4 ,we see them part with those they love4 ,some are walking for the last time in quiet1 woody places with the maidens they adore4 ,we hear the whisperings and the sweet vows of eternal love as they lingeringly part forever4 ,others are bending over cradles1 kissing babes that are asleep4 ,some are receiving the blessings of old men4 ,some are parting with mothers who hold them and press them to their hearts again and again and say nothing4 ,kisses and tears1 tears and kisses--divine mingling of agony and joy6 ,and some are talking with wives1 and endeavoring with brave words1 spoken in the old tones1 to drive from their hearts the awful fear4 ,we see them part4 ,we see the wife standing in the door with the babe in her arms--standing in the sunlight1 sobbing4 ,at the turn in the road a hand waves--she answers by holding high in her loving arms the child4 ,he is gone1 and forever4 ,we see them all as they march proudly away under the flaunting flags1 keeping time to the grand1 wild music of war1--marching down the streets of the great cities1 through the towns and across the prairies1 down to the fields of glory1 to do and to die for the eternal right4 ,a vision of the future rises3-- ,i see our country filled with happy homes1 with firesides of content-- the foremost of all the earth4 ,i see a world where thrones have crumbled and kings are dust4 ,the aristocracy of idleness has perished from the earth4 ,i see a world without a slave4 ,man at last is free4 ,nature's forces have by science been enslaved4 ,lightning and light1 wind and wave1 frost and flame1 and all the secret-subtle powers of earth and air are the tireless toilers for the human race4 ,i see a world at peace1 adorned with every form of art1 with music's myriad voices thrilled1 while lips are rich with words of love and truth2 a world in which no exile sighs1 no prisoner mourns2 a world on which the gibbet's shadow does not fall2 a world where labor reaps its full reward1 where work and worth go hand in hand1 where the poor girl trying to win bread with the needle--the needle that has been called the asp for the breast of the poor--is not driven to the desperate choice of crime or death1 of suicide or shame4 ,i see a world without the beggar's outstretched palm1 the miser's heartless1 stony stare1 the piteous wail of want1 the livid lips of lies1 the cruel eyes of scorn4 ,i see a race without disease of flesh or brain1--shapely and fair1--the married harmony of form and function1--and1 as ,i look1 life lengthens1 joy deepens1 love canopies the earth2 and over all1 in the great dome1 shines the eternal star of human hope4 ,,sunset ,,near ,,jerusalem ,from an article in the ,century ,magazine1 ,june1 #aijf1 with the ,permission of the ,century ,company and of the author4 ,,by ,,corwin ,,knapp ,,linson ,to our ,northern eyes the intense brilliancy of the tropical and semi- tropical sky comes as a revelation4 ,sometimes at noon it is painfully dazzling2 but the evening is a vision of prismatic light holding carnival in the air1 wherein ,milton's twilight gray has no part4 ,unless the sky is held in the relentless grip of a winter storm1 the ,orient holds no gray in its evening tones2 these are translucent and glowing from the setting of the sun until the stars appear4 ,in ,greece we are dreamers in that subtle atmosphere1 and in ,egypt visionaries under the spell of an ethereal loveliness where the filigree patterning of white dome and minaret and interlacing palm and feathery pepper tree leaves little wonder in the mind that the ornamentation of their architecture is so ravishing in its tracery4 ,outside the walls of ,jerusalem on the north there is a point on a knoll which commands the venerable city that ,david took for his own4 ,from here you can watch the variable glow of color spread over the whole breadth of country1 from the ground at one's feet to the distant purple hilltops of ,bethlehem4 ,the fluid air seems to swim1 as if laden with incense4 ,the rocks underfoot are of all tones of lavender in shadow1 and of tender1 warm gleams in the light1 casting vivid violet shadows athwart the mottled orange of the ground4 ,down in the little valley just below us a tiny vineyard nestles in the half-light2 the gray road trails outside2 and beyond rise the walls1 serene and stately1 catching on their highest towers the last rays of the sun4 ,the pointed shaft of the ,german church lifts a gray-green finger tipped with rose into the ambient air4 ,the sable dome of the ,holy ,sepulcher yields a little to the subtle influence1 and shows a softer and more becoming purple4 ,all the unlovely traits and the squalor of the city are lost1 so delicately tender is the mass of buildings painted against the background of distance4 ,it had been one of those days in ,march when the clouds of the latter rains had been blowing from the west4 ,as the day drew near its close1 the heavy mists assembled in great masses of ominous gray and blue1 golden-edged against the turquoise sky4 ,with such speed did they move that they seemed suddenly to leap from the horizon1 and the vast dome of the heaven became filled with weird1 flying monsters racing overhead4 ,the violence of the wind tore the blue into fragments1 so that what only a moment since was a colossal weight of cloud threatening to ingulf the universe1 was now like a great host marshaled in splendid array1 flying banners of crimson1 whose ranks were ever changing1 until they scattered in disordered flight across the face of the sky4 ,as the lowering sun neared the horizon1 the color grew more and more vivid1 until the whole heaven was aflame with a whirlwind of scarlet and gold and crimson1 of violet and blue and emerald1 flecked with copper and bronze and shreds of smoky clouds in shadow1 a tempestuous riot of color so wild and extraordinary as to hold one spellbound4 ,had not ,david beheld a similar sky when he wrote3-- ,o ,lord my ,god1 thou art very great2 ,thou art clothed with honor and majesty4 ,who coverest thyself with light as with a garment3 ,who stretchest out the heavens like a curtain3 ,who layeth the beams of his chambers in the waters3 ,who maketh the clouds his chariot3 ,who walketh upon the wings of the wind3 ,who maketh winds his messengers2 ,his ministers a flaming fire4 ,a ,,return ,,in ,,triumph ,from a speech before the ,new ,england ,society of ,new ,york1 ,december1 #ahhf ,,by ,t4 ,,de ,,witt ,,talmage ,i never so realized what this country was and is as on the day when ,i first saw some of these gentlemen of the ,army and ,navy4 ,it was when at the close of the ,war our armies came back and marched in review before the ,president's stand at ,washington4 ,i do not care whether a man was a ,republican or a ,democrat1 a ,northern man or a ,southern man1 if he had any emotion of nature1 he could not look upon it without weeping4 ,god knew that the day was stupendous1 and ,he cleared the heaven of cloud and mist and chill1 and sprung the blue sky as the triumphal arch for the returning warriors to pass under4 ,from ,arlington ,heights the spring foliage shook out its welcome1 as the hosts came over the hills1 and the sparkling waters of the ,potomac tossed their gold to the feet of the battalions as they came to the ,long ,bridge and in almost interminable line passed over4 ,the ,capitol never seemed so majestic as on that morning3 snowy white1 looking down upon the tides of men that came surging down1 billow after billow4 ,passing in silence1 yet ,i heard in every step the thunder of conflicts through which they had waded1 and seemed to see dripping from their smoke-blackened flags the blood of our country's martyrs4 ,for the best part of two days we stood and watched the filing on of what seemed endless battalions1 brigade after brigade1 division after division1 host after host1 rank beyond rank2 ever moving1 ever passing2 marching1 marching2 tramp1 tramp1 tramp-- thousands after thousands1 battery front1 arms shouldered1 columns solid1 shoulder to shoulder1 wheel to wheel1 charger to charger1 nostril to nostril4 ,commanders on horses with their manes entwined with roses1 and necks enchained with garlands1 fractious at the shouts that ran along the line1 increasing from the clapping of children clothed in white1 standing on the steps of the ,capitol1 to the tumultuous vociferation of hundreds of thousands of enraptured multitudes1 crying ,huzza6 ,huzza6 ,gleaming muskets1 thundering parks of artillery1 rumbling pontoon wagons1 ambulances from whose wheels seemed to sound out the groans of the crushed and the dying that they had carried4 ,these men came from balmy ,minnesota1 those from ,illinois prairies4 ,these were often hummed to sleep by the pines of ,oregon1 those were ,new ,england lumbermen4 ,those came out of the coal-shafts of ,pennsylvania4 ,side by side in one great cause1 consecrated through fire and storm and darkness1 brothers in peril1 on their way home from ,chancellorsville and ,kenesaw ,mountain and ,fredericksburg1 in lines that seemed infinite they passed on4 ,we gazed and wept and wondered1 lifting up our heads to see if the end had come1 but no6 ,looking from one end of that long avenue to the other1 we saw them yet in solid column1 battery front1 host beyond host1 wheel to wheel1 charger to charger1 nostril to nostril1 coming as it were from under the ,capitol4 ,forward6 ,forward6 ,their bayonets1 caught in the sun1 glimmered and flashed and blazed1 till they seemed like one long river of silver1 ever and anon changed into a river of fire4 ,no end of the procession1 no rest for the eyes4 ,we turned our heads from the scene1 unable longer to look4 ,we felt disposed to stop our ears1 but still we heard it1 marching1 marching2 tramp1 tramp1 tramp4 ,but hush1--uncover every head6 ,here they pass1 the remnant of ten men of a full regiment4 ,silence6 ,widowhood and orphanage look on and wring their hands4 ,but wheel into line1 all ye people6 ,north1 ,south1 ,east1 ,west--all decades1 all centuries1 all millenniums6 ,forward1 the whole line6 ,huzza6 ,huzza6 ,a ,,return ,,in ,,defeat ,from ,the ,new ,south1 with the permission of ,henry ,w4 ,grady1 ,junior ,,by ,,henry ,w4 ,,grady ,dr4 ,talmage has drawn for you1 with a master hand1 the picture of your returning armies4 ,he has told you how1 in the pomp and circumstance of war1 they came back to you1 marching with proud and victorious tread1 reading their glory in a nation's eyes6 ,will you bear with me while ,i tell you of another army that sought its home at the close of the late war8 ,an army that marched home in defeat and not in victory--in pathos and not in splendor1 but in glory that equaled yours1 and to hearts as loving as ever welcomed heroes home4 ,let me picture to you the footsore ,confederate soldier1 as1 buttoning up in his faded gray jacket the parole which was to bear testimony to his children of his fidelity and faith1 he turned his face southward from ,appomattox in ,april1 #ahfe4 ,think of him1 as ragged1 half-starved1 heavy-hearted1 enfeebled by want and wounds1 having fought to exhaustion1 he surrenders his gun1 wrings the hands of his comrades in silence1 and1 lifting his tear-stained and pallid face for the last time to the graves that dot the old ,virginia hills1 pulls his gray cap over his brow and begins the slow and painful journey4 ,what does he find8--let me ask you who went to your homes eager to find1 in the welcome you had justly earned1 full payment for four years' sacrifice--what does he find when1 having followed the battle-stained cross against overwhelming odds1 dreading death not half so much as surrender1 he reaches the home he left so prosperous and beautiful8 ,he finds his house in ruins1 his farm devastated1 his slaves free1 his stock killed1 his barn empty1 his trade destroyed1 his money worthless2 his social system1 feudal in its magnificence1 swept away2 his people without law or legal status2 his comrades slain1 and the burdens of others heavy on his shoulders4 ,crushed by defeat1 his very traditions gone2 without money1 credit1 employment1 material training2 and besides all this1 confronted with the gravest problem that ever met human intelligence--the establishing of a status for the vast body of his liberated slaves4 ,what does he do--this hero in gray1 with a heart of gold8 ,does he sit down in sullenness and despair8 ,not for a day4 ,surely ,god1 who had stripped him of his prosperity1 inspired him in his adversity4 ,as ruin was never before so overwhelming1 never was restoration swifter4 ,the soldier stepped from the trenches into the furrow2 horses that had charged ,federal guns marched before the plow1 and the fields that ran red with human blood in ,april were green with the harvest in ,june2 women reared in luxury cut up their dresses and made breeches for their husbands1 and1 with a patience and heroism that fit women always as a garment1 gave their hands to work4 ,there was little bitterness in all this4 ,cheerfulness and frankness prevailed4 ,i want to say to ,general ,sherman--who is considered an able man in our parts1 though some people think he is kind of careless about fire--that from the ashes he left us in #ahfd we have raised a brave and beautiful city2 that somehow or other we have caught the sunshine in the bricks and mortar of our homes1 and have builded therein not one ignoble prejudice or memory4 ,but in all this what have we accomplished8 ,what is the sum of our work8 ,we have found that in the general summary the free negro counts more than he did as a slave4 ,we have planted the schoolhouse on the hilltop and made it free to white and black4 ,we have sowed towns and cities in the place of theories1 and put business above politics4 ,above all1 we know that we have achieved in these piping times of peace a fuller independence for the ,south than that which our fathers sought to win in the forum by their eloquence1 or compel on the field by their swords4 ,,expression ,,by ,,action ,,in ,,our ,,forefathers' ,,day ,from a speech before the ,new ,england ,society of ,new ,york1 ,december1 #ahhf ,,by ,t4 ,,de ,,witt ,,talmage ,i must not introduce a new habit into these ,new ,england dinners1 and confine myself to the one theme4 ,for eighty-one years your speakers have been accustomed to make the toast announced the point from which they start1 but to which they never return4 ,so ,i shall not stick to my text1 but only be particular to have all ,i say my own1 and not make the mistake of a minister whose sermon was a patchwork from a variety of authors1 to whom he gave no credit4 ,there was an intoxicated wag in the audience who had read about everything1 and he announced the authors as the minister went on4 ,the clergyman gave an extract without any credit to the author1 and the man in the audience cried out3 ,that's ,jeremy ,taylor4 ,the speaker went on and gave an extract from another author without credit for it1 and the man in the audience said3 ,that is ,john ,wesley4 ,the minister gave an extract from another without credit for it1 and the man in the audience said3 ,that is ,george ,whitefield4 ,when the minister lost his patience and cried out1 ,shut up1 you old fool6 the man in the audience replied3 ,that is your own4 ,well1 what about this ,forefathers' ,day8 ,in ,brooklyn they say the ,landing of the ,pilgrims was ,december the #bast2 in ,new ,york you say it was ,december the #bb;d4 ,you are both right4 ,not through the specious and artful reasoning you have sometimes indulged in1 but by a little historical incident that seems to have escaped your attention4 ,you see1 the ,forefathers landed in the morning of ,december the #bast1 but about noon that day a pack of hungry wolves swept down the bleak ,american beach looking for a ,new ,england dinner and a band of savages out for a tomahawk picnic hove in sight1 and the ,pilgrim ,fathers thought it best for safety and warmth to go on board the ,mayflower and pass the night4 ,and during the night there came up a strong wind blowing off shore that swept the ,mayflower from its moorings clear out to sea1 and there was a prospect that our ,forefathers1 having escaped oppression in foreign lands1 would yet go down under an oceanic tempest4 ,but the next day they fortunately got control of their ship and steered her in1 and the second time the ,forefathers stepped ashore4 ,brooklyn celebrated the first landing2 ,new ,york the second landing4 ,so ,i say ,hail6 ,hail6 to both celebrations1 for one day1 anyhow1 could not do justice to such a subject2 and ,i only wish ,i could have kissed the blarney stone of ,america1 which is ,plymouth ,rock1 so that ,i might have done justice to this subject4 ,ah1 gentlemen1 that ,mayflower was the ark that floated the deluge of oppression1 and ,plymouth ,rock was the ,ararat on which it landed4 ,but let me say that these ,forefathers were of no more importance than the ,foremothers4 ,as ,i understand it1 there were eight of them--that is1 four fathers and four mothers--from whom all these illustrious ,new ,englanders descended4 ,now ,i was not born in ,new ,england1 but though not born in ,new ,england1 in my boyhood ,i had a ,new ,england schoolmaster1 whom ,i shall never forget4 ,he taught us our ,a1 ,b1 ,c's4 ,what is that8 ,i don't know1 sir4 ,that's ,a 7with a slap74 ,what is that8 ,i don't know1 sir4 7,with a slap7--,that is ,b4 ,i tell you1 a boy that learned his letters in that way never forgot them2 and if the boy was particularly dull1 then this ,new ,england schoolmaster would take him over his knee1 and then the boy got his information from both directions4 ,but all these things aside1 no one sitting at these tables has higher admiration for the ,pilgrim ,fathers than ,i have--the men who believed in two great doctrines1 which are the foundation of every religion that is worth anything3 namely1 the fatherhood of ,god and the brotherhood of ,man--these men of backbone and endowed with that great and magnificent attribute of stick-to-it-iveness4 ,,cassius ,,against ,c,,sar ,from ,julius ,csar ,,by ,,william ,,shakespeare ,i know that virtue to be in you1 ,brutus1 ,as well as ,i do know your outward favor4 ,well1 honor is the subject of my story4-- ,i cannot tell what you and other men ,think of this life2 but1 for my single self1 ,i had as lief not be as live to be ,in awe of such a thing as ,i myself4 ,i was born free as ,csar2 so were you3 ,we both have fed as well2 and we can both ,endure the winter's cold as well as he3 ,for once1 upon a raw and gusty day1 ,the troubled ,tiber chafing with her shores1 ,csar said to me1 ,dar'st thou1 ,cassius1 now ,leap in with me into this angry flood1 ,and swim to yonder point8 ,upon the word1 ,accoutred as ,i was1 ,i plunged in1 ,and bade him follow3 so1 indeed1 he did4 ,the torrent roar'd1 and we did buffet it ,with lusty sinews1 throwing it aside ,and stemming it with hearts of controversy2 ,but ere we could arrive the point propos'd1 ,csar cried1 ,help me1 ,cassius1 or ,i sink6 ,i1 as ,aeneas1 our great ancestor1 ,did from the flames of ,troy upon his shoulder ,the old ,anchises bear1 so from the waves of ,tiber ,did ,i the tired ,csar4 ,and this man ,is now become a god2 and ,cassius is ,a wretched creature1 and must bend his body1 ,if ,csar carelessly but nod on him4 ,he had a fever when he was in ,spain1 ,and1 when the fit was on him1 ,i did mark ,how he did shake3 'tis true1 this god did shake3 ,his coward lips did from their color fly2 ,and that same eye1 whose bend doth awe the world1 ,did lose his luster3 ,i did hear him groan3 ,ay1 and that tongue of his1 that bade the ,romans ,mark him1 and write his speeches in their books1 ,alas1 it cried1 ,give me some drink1 ,titinius1 ,as a sick girl4 ,ye gods1 it doth amaze me ,a man of such a feeble temper should ,so get the start of the majestic world1 ,and bear the palm alone4 ,,ii ,why1 man1 he doth bestride the narrow world ,like a ,colossus1 and we petty men ,walk under his huge legs and peep about ,to find ourselves dishonourable graves4 ,men at some time are masters of their fates2 ,the fault1 dear ,brutus1 is not in our stars1 ,but in ourselves1 that we are underlings4 ,brutus and ,csar3 what should be in that ,csar8 ,why should that name be sounded more than yours8 ,write them together1 yours is as fair a name2 ,sound them1 it doth become the mouth as well2 ,weigh them1 it is as heavy2 conjure with 'em1 ,brutus will start a spirit as soon as ,csar4 ,now1 in the names of all the gods at once1 ,upon what meat doth this our ,csar feed1 ,that he is grown so great8 ,age1 thou art shamed6 ,rome1 thou hast lost the breed of noble bloods6 ,when went there by an age1 since the great flood1 ,but it was fam'd with more than with one man8 ,when could they say till now1 that talked of ,rome1 ,that her wide walls encompass'd but one man8 ,now is it ,rome indeed1 and room enough1 ,when there is in it but one only man4 ,o1 you and ,i have heard our fathers say1 ,there was a ,brutus once that would have brook'd ,the eternal devil to keep his state in ,rome ,as easily as a king4 ,,the ,,spirit ,,of ,,the ,,south ,from ,the ,new ,south1 with the permission of ,henry ,w4 ,grady ,junior ,,by ,,henry ,w4 ,,grady ,the ,new ,south is enamored of her new work4 ,her soul is stirred with the breath of a new life4 ,the light of a grander day is falling fair on her face4 ,she is thrilling with the consciousness of growing power and prosperity4 ,as she stands upright1 full-statured and equal among the people of the earth1 breathing the keen air and looking out upon the expanding horizon1 she understands that her emancipation came because in the inscrutable wisdom of ,god her honest purpose was crossed and her brave armies were beaten4 ,this is said in no spirit of time-serving or apology4 ,the ,south has nothing for which to apologize4 ,she believes that the late struggle between the ,states was war and not rebellion1 revolution and not conspiracy1 and that her convictions were as honest as yours4 ,i should be unjust to the dauntless spirit of the ,south and to my own convictions if ,i did not make this plain in this presence4 ,the ,south has nothing to take back4 ,in my native town of ,athens is a monument that crowns its central hills--a plain1 white shaft4 ,deep cut into its shining side is a name dear to me above the names of men1 that of a brave and simple man who died in brave and simple faith4 ,not for all the glories of ,new ,england--from ,plymouth ,rock all the way--would ,i exchange the heritage he left me in his soldier's death4 ,to the foot of that shaft ,i shall send my children's children to reverence him who ennobled their name with his heroic blood4 ,but1 sir1 speaking from the shadow of that memory1 which ,i honor as ,i do nothing else on earth1 ,i say that the cause in which he suffered and for which he gave his life was adjudged by higher and fuller wisdom than his or mine1 and ,i am glad that the omniscient ,god held the balance of battle in his ,almighty hand1 and that human slavery was swept forever from ,american soil--the ,american ,union saved from the wreck of war4 ,this message1 ,mr4 ,president1 comes to you from consecrated ground4 ,every foot of the soil about the city in which ,i live is sacred as a battle ground of the ,republic4 ,every hill that invests it is hallowed to you by the blood of your brothers1 sacred soil to all of us1 rich with memories that make us purer and stronger and better1 speaking an eloquent witness in its white peace and prosperity to the indissoluble union of ,american ,states and the imperishable brotherhood of the ,american people4 ,now what answer has ,new ,england to this message8 ,will she permit the prejudices of war to remain in the hearts of the conquerors1 when it has died in the hearts of the conquered8 ,will she transmit this prejudice to the next generation1 that in their hearts1 which never felt the generous ardor of conflict1 it may perpetuate itself8 ,will she withhold1 save in strained courtesy1 the hand which straight from his soldier's heart ,grant offered to ,lee at ,appomattox8 ,will she make the vision of a restored and happy people1 which gathered above the couch of your dying captain1 ,footnote3 ,general ,ulysses ,s4 ,grant4 filling his heart with grace1 touching his lips with praise and glorifying his path to the grave2 will she make this vision on which the last sigh of his expiring soul breathed a benediction1 a cheat and a delusion8 ,if she does1 the ,south1 never abject in asking for comradeship1 must accept with dignity a refusal2 but if she does not1 if she accepts in frankness and sincerity this message of good will and friendship1 then will the prophecy of ,webster1 delivered in this very society forty years ago amid tremendous applause1 be verified in its fullest and final sense1 when he said3 ,standing hand to hand and clasping hands1 we should remain united as we have been for sixty years1 citizens of the same country1 members of the same government1 united1 all united now and united forever4 ,there have been difficulties1 contentions1 and controversies1 but ,i tell you that in my judgment1-- ',those opposed eyes1 ,which like the meteors of a troubled heaven1 ,all of one nature1 of one substance bred1 ,did lately meet in th' intestine shock1 ,shall now1 in mutual well-beseeming ranks1 ,march all one way4' ,,something ,,rankling ,,here ,from the reply to ,hayne1 in the ,united ,states ,senate1 ,january1 #ahcj4 ,little1 ,brown and ,company1 ,boston1 ,publishers of ,the ,great ,speeches and ,orations of ,daniel ,webster ,,by ,,daniel ,,webster ,the gentleman1 sir1 in declining to postpone the debate1 told the ,senate1 with the emphasis of his hand upon his heart1 that there was something rankling here which he wished to relieve4 ,it would not1 ,mr4 ,president1 be safe for the honorable member to appeal to those around him upon the question whether he did in fact make use of that word4 ,but he may have been unconscious of it4 ,at any rate1 it is enough that he disclaims it4 ,but still1 with or without the use of that particular word1 he had yet something here1 he said1 of which he wished to rid himself by an immediate reply4 ,in this respect1 sir1 ,i have a great advantage over the honorable gentleman4 ,there is nothing here1 sir1 which gives me the slightest uneasiness2 neither fear1 nor anger1 nor that which is sometimes more troublesome than either1 the consciousness of having been in the wrong4 ,there is nothing1 either originating here1 or now received here by the gentleman's shot4 ,nothing originating here1 for ,i had not the slightest feeling of unkindness towards the honorable member4 ,some passages1 it is true1 had occurred since our acquaintance in this body1 which ,i could have wished might have been otherwise2 but ,i had used philosophy and forgotten them4 ,i paid the honorable member the attention of listening with respect to his first speech2 and when he sat down1 though surprised1 and ,i must even say astonished1 at some of his opinions1 nothing was farther from my intention than to commence any personal warfare4 ,through the whole of the few remarks ,i made in answer1 ,i avoided1 studiously and carefully1 everything which ,i thought possible to be construed into disrespect4 ,and1 sir1 while there is thus nothing originating here which ,i wished at any time or now wish to discharge1 ,i must repeat also1 that nothing has been received here which rankles1 or in any way gives me annoyance4 ,i will not accuse the honorable member of violating the rules of civilized war2 ,i will not say that he poisoned his arrows4 ,but whether his shafts were or were not dipped in that which would have caused rankling if they had reached their destination1 there was not1 as it happened1 quite strength enough in the bow to bring them to their mark4 ,if he wishes now to gather up those shafts1 he must look for them elsewhere2 they will not be found fixed and quivering in the object at which they were aimed4 ,but the gentleman inquires why he was made the object of such a reply4 ,why was he singled out8 ,if an attack has been made on the ,east1 he1 he assures us1 did not begin it2 it was made by the gentleman from ,missouri4 ,sir1 ,i answered the gentleman's speech because ,i happened to hear it2 and because1 also1 ,i chose to give an answer to that speech1 which1 if unanswered1 ,i thought most likely to produce injurious impressions4 ,i did not stop to inquire who was the original drawer of the bill4 ,i found a responsible indorser before me1 and it was my purpose to hold him liable1 and to bring him to his just responsibility1 without delay4 ,,faith ,,in ,,the ,,people ,,by ,,john ,,bright ,our opponents have charged us with being the promoters of a dangerous excitement4 ,they have the effrontery to say that ,i am the friend of public disorder4 ,i am one of the people4 ,surely1 if there be one thing in a free country more clear than another1 it is1 that any one of the people may speak openly to the people4 ,if ,i speak to the people of their rights1 and indicate to them the way to secure them1--if ,i speak of their danger to the monopolists of power1--am ,i not a wise counsellor1 both to the people and to their rulers8 ,suppose ,i stood at the foot of ,vesuvius1 or ,aetna1 and1 seeing a hamlet or a homestead planted on its slope1 ,i said to the dwellers in that hamlet1 or in that homestead1 ,you see that vapor which ascends from the summit of the mountain4 ,that vapor may become a dense1 black smoke1 that will obscure the sky4 ,you see the trickling of lava from the crevices in the side of the mountain4 ,that trickling of lava may become a river of fire4 ,you hear that muttering in the bowels of the mountain4 ,that muttering may become a bellowing thunder1 the voice of violent convulsion1 that may shake half a continent4 ,you know that at your feet is the grave of great cities1 for which there is no resurrection1 as histories tell us that dynasties and aristocracies have passed away1 and their names have been known no more forever4 ,if ,i say this to the dwellers upon the slope of the mountain1 and if there comes hereafter a catastrophe which makes the world to shudder1 am ,i responsible for that catastrophe8 ,i did not build the mountain1 or fill it with explosive materials4 ,i merely warned the men that were in danger4 ,so1 now1 it is not ,i that am stimulating men to the violent pursuit of their acknowledged constitutional rights4 ,the class which has hitherto ruled in this country has failed miserably4 ,it revels in power and wealth1 whilst at its feet1 a terrible peril for its future1 lies the multitude which it has neglected4 ,if a class has failed1 let us try the nation4 ,that is our faith1 that is our purpose1 that is our cry4 ,let us try the nation4 ,this it is which has called together these countless numbers of the people to demand a change2 and from these gatherings1 sublime in their vastness and their resolution1 ,i think ,i see1 as it were1 above the hilltops of time1 the glimmerings of the dawn of a better and a nobler day for the country and the people that ,i love so well4 ,,the ,,french ,,against ,,hayti ,from a lecture1 ,toussaint ,l',ouverture1 with the permission of ,lothrop1 ,lee and ,shepard1 ,boston1 publishers ,,by ,,wendell ,,phillips ,you remember when ,bonaparte returned from ,elba1 and ,louis ,,xviii sent an army against him1 ,bonaparte descended from his carriage1 opened his coat1 offering his breast to their muskets1 and saying1 ,frenchmen1 it is the ,emperor6 and they ranged themselves behind him1 his soldiers shouting1 ,vive l',empereur6 ,that was in #ahae4 ,twelve years before1 ,toussaint1 finding that four of his regiments had deserted and gone to ,leclerc1 drew his sword1 flung it on the grass1 went across the field to them1 folded his arms1 and said1 ,children1 can you point a bayonet at me8 ,the blacks fell on their knees1 praying his pardon4 ,it was against such a man that ,napoleon sent his army1 giving to ,general ,leclerc1 the husband of his beautiful sister ,pauline1 thirty thousand of his best troops1 with orders to reintroduce slavery4 ,among these soldiers came all of ,toussaint's old mulatto rivals and foes4 ,holland lent sixty ships4 ,england promised by special message to be neutral2 and you know neutrality means sneering at freedom1 and sending arms to tyrants4 ,england promised neutrality1 and the black looked out on the whole civilized world marshaled against him4 ,america1 full of slaves1 of course was hostile4 ,only the ,yankee sold him poor muskets at a very high price4 ,mounting his horse1 and riding to the eastern end of the island1 ,samana1 he looked out on a sight such as no native had ever seen before4 ,sixty ships of the line1 crowded by the best soldiers of ,europe1 rounded the point4 ,they were soldiers who had never yet met an equal1 whose tread1 like ,csar's1 had shaken ,europe1--soldiers who had scaled the ,pyramids1 and planted the ,french banners on the ,walls of ,rome4 ,he looked a moment1 counted the flotilla1 let the reins fall on the neck of his horse1 and turning to ,christophe1 exclaimed3 ,all ,france is come to ,hayti2 they can only come to make us slaves2 and we are lost6 ,he then recognized the only mistake of his life1--his confidence in ,bonaparte1 which had led him to disband his army4 ,returning to the hills1 he issued the only proclamation which bears his name and breathes vengeance3 ,my children1 ,france comes to make us slaves4 ,god gave us liberty2 ,france has no right to take it away4 ,burn the cities1 destroy the harvests1 tear up the roads with cannon1 poison the wells1 show the white man the hell he comes to make2--and he was obeyed4 ,when the great ,william of ,orange saw ,louis ,,xiv cover ,holland with troops1 he said1 ,break down the dikes1 give ,holland back to ocean2 and ,europe said1 ,sublime6 ,when ,alexander saw the armies of ,france descend upon ,russia1 he said1 ,burn ,moscow1 starve back the invaders2 and ,europe said1 ,sublime6 ,this black saw all ,europe marshaled to crush him1 and gave to his people the same heroic example of defiance4 ,,the ,,necessity ,,of ,,force ,from a speech in the ,united ,states ,senate1 ,march #bd1 #ahih ,,by ,,john ,m4 ,,thurston ,i counseled silence and moderation from this floor when the passion of the nation seemed at white heat over the destruction of the ,maine2 but it seems to me the time for action has now come4 ,no greater reason for it can exist to-morrow than exists to-day4 ,every hour's delay only adds another chapter to the awful story of misery and death4 ,only one power can intervene--the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,ours is the one great nation of the ,new ,world1 the mother of ,american republics4 ,she holds a position of trust and responsibility toward the peoples and affairs of the whole ,western ,hemisphere4 ,it was her glorious example which inspired the patriots of ,cuba to raise the flag of liberty in her eternal hills4 ,we cannot refuse to accept this responsibility which the ,god of the universe has placed upon us as the one great power in the ,new ,world4 ,we must act6 ,what shall our action be8 ,some say1 ,the acknowledgment of the belligerency of the revolutionists4 ,the hour and the opportunity for that have passed away4 ,others say1 ,let us by resolution or official proclamation recognize the independence of the ,cubans4 ,it is too late for even such recognition to be of great avail4 ,others say1 ,annexation to the ,united ,states4 ,god forbid6 ,i would oppose annexation with my latest breath4 ,the people of ,cuba are not our people2 they cannot assimilate with us2 and beyond all that1 ,i am utterly and unalterably opposed to any departure from the declared policy of the fathers1 which would start this republic for the first time upon a career of conquest and dominion utterly at variance with the avowed purposes and the manifest destiny of popular government4 ,there is only one action possible1 if any is taken2 that is1 intervention for the independence of the island4 ,we cannot intervene and save ,cuba without the exercise of force1 and force means war2 war means blood4 ,the lowly ,nazarene on the shores of ,galilee preached the divine doctrine of love1 ,peace on earth1 good will toward men4 ,not peace on earth at the expense of liberty and humanity4 ,not good will toward men who despoil1 enslave1 degrade1 and starve to death their fellow-men4 ,i believe in the doctrine of ,christ4 ,i believe in the doctrine of peace2 but men must have liberty before there can come abiding peace4 ,when has a battle for humanity and liberty ever been won except by force8 ,what barricade of wrong1 injustice1 and oppression has ever been carried except by force8 ,force compelled the signature of unwilling royalty to the great ,magna ,charta2 force put life into the ,declaration of ,independence and made effective the ,emancipation ,proclamation2 force waved the flag of revolution over ,bunker ,hill and marked the snows of ,valley ,forge with bloodstained feet2 force held the broken line of ,shiloh1 climbed the flame-swept hill at ,chattanooga1 and stormed the clouds on ,lookout ,heights2 force marched with ,sherman to the sea1 rode with ,sheridan in the ,valley of the ,shenandoah1 and gave ,grant victory at ,appomattox2 force saved the ,union1 kept the stars in the flag1 made niggers men4 ,the time for ,god's force has come again4 ,let the impassioned lips of ,american patriots once more take up the song3-- ,in the beauty of the lilies ,christ was born across the sea1 ,with a glory in ,his bosom that transfigured you and me4 ,as ,he died to make men holy1 let us die to make men free1 ,for ,god is marching on4 ,others may hesitate1 others may procrastinate1 others may plead for further diplomatic negotiation1 which means delay1 but for me1 ,i am ready to act now1 and for my action1 ,i am ready to answer to my conscience1 my country1 and my ,god4 ,,against ,,war ,,with ,,mexico ,from a speech to the ,united ,states ,senate1 ,february #aa1 #ahdg ,,by ,,thomas ,,corwin ,the ,president has said he does not expect to hold ,mexican territory by conquest4 ,why1 then1 conquer it8 ,why waste thousands of lives and millions of money fortifying towns and creating governments1 if1 at the end of the war1 you retire from the graves of your soldiers and the desolated country of your foes1 only to get money from ,mexico for the expense of all your toil and sacrifice8 ,who ever heard1 since ,christianity was propagated among men1 of a nation taxing its people1 enlisting its young men1 and marching off two thousand miles to fight a people merely to be paid for it in money8 ,what is this but hunting a market for blood1 selling the lives of your young men1 marching them in regiments to be slaughtered and paid for like oxen and brute beasts8 ,sir1 this is1 when stripped naked1 that atrocious idea first promulgated in the ,president's message1 and now advocated here1 of fighting on till we can get our indemnity for the past as well as the present slaughter4 ,we have chastised ,mexico1 and if it were worth while to do so1 we have1 ,i dare say1 satisfied the world that we can fight4 ,sir1 ,i have read in some account of your ,battle of ,monterey1 of a lovely ,mexican girl1 who1 with the benevolence of an angel in her bosom and the robust courage of a hero in her heart1 was busily engaged during the bloody conflict1 amid the crash of falling houses1 the groans of the dying1 and the wild shriek of battle1 in carrying water to slake the burning thirst of the wounded of either host4 ,while bending over a wounded ,american soldier1 a cannonball struck her and blew her to atoms6 ,sir1 ,i do not charge my brave1 generous-hearted countrymen who fought that fight with this4 ,no1 no6 ,we who send them-- we who know what scenes like this1 which might send tears of sorrow down ,pluto's iron cheek1 are the invariable1 inevitable attendants on war--we are accountable for this4 ,and this--this is the way we are to be made known to ,europe4 ,this--this is to be the undying renown of free1 republican ,america6 ,she has stormed a city--killed many of its inhabitants of both sexes--she has room6 ,so it will read4 ,sir1 if this were our only history1 then may ,god of ,his mercy grant that its volume may speedily come to a close4 ,why is it1 sir1 that we1 the ,united ,states1 a people of yesterday compared with the older nations of the world1 should be waging war for territory--for room8 ,look at your country1 extending from the ,alleghany ,mountains to the ,pacific ,ocean1 capable itself of sustaining in comfort a larger population than will be in the whole ,union for one hundred years to come4 ,over this vast expanse of territory your population is now so sparse that ,i believe we provided1 at the last session1 a regiment of mounted men to guard the mail from the frontier of ,missouri to the mouth of the ,columbia2 and yet you persist in the ridiculous assertion1 ,i want room4 ,one would imagine1 from the frequent reiteration of the complaint1 that you had a bursting1 teeming population1 whose energy was paralyzed1 whose enterprise was crushed1 for want of space4 ,why should we be so weak or wicked as to offer this idle apology for ravaging a neighboring ,republic8 ,it will impose on no one at home or abroad4 ,do we not know1 ,mr4 ,president1 that it is a law never to be repealed that falsehood shall be short-lived8 ,was it not ordained of old that truth only shall abide for ever8 ,whatever we may say to-day1 or whatever we may write in our books1 the stern tribunal of history will review it all1 detect falsehood1 and bring us to judgment before that posterity which shall bless or curse us1 as we may act now1 wisely or otherwise4 ,we may hide in the grave 7which awaits us all7 in vain2 we may hope there1 like the foolish bird that hides its head in the sand1 in the vain belief that its body is not seen2 yet even there this preposterous excuse of want of room shall be laid bare and the quick- coming future will decide that it was a hypocritical pretense under which we sought to conceal the avarice which prompted us to covet and to seize by force that which was not ours4 ,,the ,,murder ,,of ,,lovejoy ,from ,speeches and ,lectures1 with the permission of ,lothrop1 ,lee and ,shepard1 ,boston1 publishers4 ,,by ,,wendell ,,phillips ,mr4 ,chairman3 ,we have met for the freest discussion of these resolutions1 and the events which gave rise to them4 ,i hope ,i shall be permitted to express my surprise at the sentiments of the last speaker1--surprise not only at such sentiments from such a man1 but at the applause they have received within these walls4 ,a comparison has been drawn between the events of the ,revolution and the tragedy at ,alton4 ,we have heard it asserted here1 in ,faneuil ,hall1 that ,great ,britain had a right to tax the ,colonies1 and we have heard the mob at ,alton1 the drunken murderers of ,lovejoy1 compared to those patriot fathers who threw the tea overboard6 ,fellow citizens1 is this ,faneuil ,hall doctrine8 ,the mob at ,alton were met to wrest from a citizen his just rights1--met to resist the laws4 ,we have been told that our fathers did the same2 and the glorious mantle of ,revolutionary precedent has been thrown over the mobs of our day4 ,to make out their title to such defense1 the gentleman says that the ,british ,parliament had a right to tax these colonies4 ,it is manifest that1 without this1 his parallel falls to the ground2 for ,lovejoy had stationed himself within constitutional bulwarks4 ,he was not only defending the freedom of the press1 but he was under his own roof1 in arms with the sanction of the civil authority4 ,the men who assailed him went against and over the laws4 ,the mob1 as the gentleman terms it1--mob1 forsooth6 certainly we sons of the tea-spillers are a marvelously patient generation6--the orderly mob which assembled in the ,old ,south to destroy the tea were met to resist1 not the laws1 but illegal exactions4 ,shame on the ,american who calls the tea tax and stamp act laws6 ,our fathers resisted1 not the ,king's prerogative1 but the ,king's usurpation4 ,to find any other account1 you must read our ,revolutionary history upside down4 ,our state archives are loaded with arguments of ,john ,adams to prove the taxes laid by the ,british ,parliament unconstitutional1--beyond its power4 ,it was not till this was made out that the men of ,new ,england rushed to arms4 ,the arguments of the ,council ,chamber and the ,house of ,representatives preceded and sanctioned the contest4 ,to draw the conduct of our ancestors into a precedent for mobs1 for a right to resist laws we ourselves have enacted1 is an insult to their memory4 ,the difference between the excitements of those days and our own1 which the gentleman in kindness to the latter has overlooked1 is simply this3 the man of that day went for the right1 as secured by the laws4 ,they were the people rising to sustain the laws and constitution of the ,province4 ,the rioters of our day go for their own wills1 right or wrong4 ,sir1 when ,i heard the gentleman lay down principles which place the murderers of ,alton side by side with ,otis and ,hancock1 with ,quincy and ,adams1 ,i thought those pictured lips pointing to the portraits in the ,hall would have broken into voice to rebuke the recreant ,american1--the slanderer of the dead4 ,the gentleman said that he should sink into insignificance if he dared to gainsay the principles of these resolutions4 ,sir1 for the sentiments he has uttered1 on soil consecrated by the prayers of ,puritans and the blood of patriots1 the earth should have yawned and swallowed him up4 ,i am glad1 ,sir1 to see this crowded house4 ,it is good for us to be here4 ,when ,liberty is in danger1 ,faneuil ,hall has the right1 it is her duty1 to strike the keynote for these ,united ,states4 ,,depicting ,,character ,a ,,tale ,,of ,,the ,,plains ,from ,hunting the ,grizzly1 with the permission of ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 ,new ,york and ,london1 publishers4 ,,by ,,theodore ,,roosevelt ,one of my valued friends in the mountains1 and one of the best hunters with whom ,i ever traveled1 was a man who had a peculiarly light-hearted way of looking at conventional social obligations4 ,though in some ways a true backwoods ,donatello1 he was a man of much shrewdness and of great courage and resolution4 ,moreover1 he possessed what only a few men do possess1 the capacity to tell the truth4 ,he saw facts as they were1 and could tell them as they were1 and he never told an untruth unless for very weighty reasons4 ,he was preeminently a philosopher1 of a happy1 skeptical turn of mind4 ,he had no prejudices4 ,on one occasion when we were out together we killed a bear1 and after skinning it1 took a bath in a lake4 ,i noticed he had a scar on the side of his foot1 and asked him how he got it1 to which he responded1 with indifference3-- ,oh1 that8 ,why1 a man shoo tin' at me to make me dance1 that was all4 ,i expressed some curiosity in the matter1 and he went on3 ,well1 the way of it was this3 ,it was when ,i was keeping a saloon in ,new ,mexico1 and there was a man there by the name of ,fowler1 and there was a reward on him of three thousand dollars-- ,put on him by the ,state8 ,no1 put on by his wife1 said my friend2 and there was this-- ,hold on1 ,i interrupted2 put on by his wife1 did you say8 ,yes1 by his wife4 ,him and her had been keepin' a faro bank1 you see1 and they quarreled about it1 so she just put a reward on him1 and so-- ,excuse me1 ,i said1 but do you mean to say that this reward was put on publicly8 to which my friend answered with an air of gentlemanly boredom at being interrupted to gratify my thirst for irrelevant detail3-- ,oh1 no1 not publicly4 ,she just mentioned it to six or eight intimate personal friends4 ,go on1 ,i responded1 somewhat overcome by this instance of the primitive simplicity with which ,new ,mexican matrimonial disputes were managed1 and he continued3-- ,well1 two men come ridin' in to see me to borrow my guns4 ,my guns was ,colt's self-cockers4 ,it was a new thing then1 and they was the only ones in town4 ,these come to me1 and ',simpson1' says they1 'we want to borrow your guns2 we are goin' to kill ,fowler4' ',hold on for a moment1' said ,i1 ',i am willin' to lend you them guns1 but ,i ain't goin' to know what you'r' goin' to do with them1 no1 sir2 but of course you can have the guns4' ,here my friend's face lightened pleasantly1 and he continued3-- ,well1 you may easily believe ,i felt surprised next day when ,fowler come ridin' in1 and1 says he1 ',simpson1 here's your guns6' ,he had shot them two men6 ',well1 ,fowler1' says ,i1 'if ,i had known them men was after you1 ,i'd never have let them have the guns nohow1' says ,i4 ,that wasn't true1 for ,i did know it1 but there was no cause to tell him that4 ,i murmured my approval of such prudence1 and ,simpson continued1 his eyes gradually brightening with the light of agreeable reminiscence3-- ,well1 they up and they took ,fowler before the justice of peace4 ,the justice of the peace was a ,turk4 ,now1 ,simpson1 what do you mean by that8 ,i interrupted4 ,well1 he come from ,turkey1 said ,simpson1 and ,i again sank back1 wondering briefly what particular variety of ,mediterranean outcast had drifted down to ,mexico to be made a justice of the peace4 ,simpson laughed and continued3 ,that ,fowler was a funny fellow4 ,the ,turk1 he committed ,fowler1 and ,fowler1 he riz up and knocked him down and tromped all over him and made him let him go6 ,that was an appeal to a higher law1 ,i observed4 ,simpson assented cheerily1 and continued3-- ,well1 that ,turk1 he got nervous for fear ,fowler was goin' to kill him1 and so he comes to me and offers me twenty-five dollars a day to protect him from ,fowler2 and ,i went to ,fowler1 and ',fowler1' says ,i1 'that ,turk's offered me twenty-five dollars a day to protect him from you4 ,now1 ,i ain't goin' to get shot for no twenty-five dollars a day1 and if you are goin' to kill the ,turk1 just say so and go and do it2 but if you ain't goin' to kill the ,turk1 there's no reason why ,i shouldn't earn that twenty-five dollars a day6' and ,fowler1 says he1 ',i ain't goin' to touch the ,turk2 you just go right ahead and protect him4' ,so ,simpson protected the ,turk from the imaginary danger of ,fowler1 for about a week1 at twenty-five dollars a day4 ,then one evening he happened to go out and meet ,fowler1 and1 said he1 the moment ,i saw him ,i know he felt mean1 for he begun to shoot at my feet1 which certainly did seem to offer presumptive evidence of meanness4 ,simpson continued3-- ,i didn't have no gun1 so ,i just had to stand there and take it until something distracted his attention1 and ,i went off home to get my gun and kill him1 but ,i wanted to do it perfectly lawful2 so ,i went up to the mayor 7he was playin' poker with one of the judges71 and says ,i to him1 ',mr4 ,mayor1' says ,i1 ',i am goin' to shoot ,fowler4' ,and the mayor he riz out of his chair and he took me by the hand1 and says he1 ',mr4 ,simpson1 if you do ,i will stand by you'2 and the judge he says1 ',i'll go on your bond4' ,fortified by this cordial approval of the executive and judicial branches of the government1 ,mr4 ,simpson started on his quest4 ,meanwhile1 however1 ,fowler had cut up another prominent citizen1 and they already had him in jail4 ,the friends of law and order1 feeling some little distrust as to the permanency of their own zeal for righteousness1 thought it best to settle the matter before there was time for cooling1 and accordingly1 headed by ,simpson1 the mayor1 the judge1 the ,turk1 and other prominent citizens of the town1 they broke into the jail and hanged ,fowler4 ,the point in the hanging which especially tickled my friend's fancy as he lingered over the reminiscence was one that was rather too ghastly to appeal to our own sense of humor4 ,in the ,turk's mind there still rankled the memory of ,fowler's very unprofessional conduct while figuring before him as a criminal4 ,said ,simpson1 with a merry twinkle of the eye3 ,do you know1 that ,turk1 he was a right funny fellow too after all4 ,just as the boys were going to string up ,fowler1 says he1 ',boys1 stop2 one moment1 gentlemen1--,mr4 ,fowler1 good-by1' and he blew a kiss to him6 ,,gunga ,,din ,from ,departmental ,ditties1 with the permission of ,a4 ,p4 ,watt and ,son1 ,london1 and ,doubleday1 ,page and ,company1 ,new ,york4 ,,by ,,rudyard ,,kipling ,you may talk o' gin and beer ,when you're quartered safe out 'ere1 ,an' you're sent to penny-fights an' ,aldershot it2 ,but when it comes to slaughter ,you will do your work on water1 ,an' you'll lick the bloomin' boots of 'im that's got it4 ,now in ,injia's sunny clime1 ,where ,i used to spend my time ,a-servin' of ',er ,majesty the ,queen1 ,of all them blackfaced crew ,the finest man ,i knew ,was our regimental bhisti1 ,gunga ,din4 ,he was ,din6 ,din6 ,din6 ,you limping lump o' brick-dust1 ,gunga ,din6 ,hi6 slippery hitherao6 ,water1 get it6 ,panee lao6 ,footnote3 ,bring water swiftly4 ,you squidgy-nosed old idol1 ,gunga ,din4 ,the uniform 'e wore ,was nothin' much before1 ,an' rather less than 'arf o' that be'ind1 ,for a piece o' twisty rag ,an' a goatskin water-bag ,was all the field-equipment 'e could find4 ,when the sweatin' troop-train lay ,in a sidin' through the day1 ,where the 'eat would make your bloomin' eyebrows crawl1 ,we shouted ,harry ,by6 ,footnote3 ,o ,brother ,till our throats were bricky-dry1 ,then we wopped 'im 'cause 'e couldn't serve us all4 ,it was ,din6 ,din6 ,din6 ,you 'eathen1 where the mischief 'ave you been8 ,you put some juldee in it ,or ,i'll marrow you this minute1 ,footnote3 ,hit you ,if you don't fill up my helmet1 ,gunga ,din6 ',e would dot an' carry one ,till the longest day was done2 ,an' 'e didn't seem to know the use o' fear4 ,if we charged or broke or cut1 ,you could bet your bloomin' nut1 ',e'd be waitin' fifty paces right flank rear4 ,with 'is mussick ,footnote3 ,water skin on 'is back1 ',e would skip with our attack1 ,an' watch us till the bugles made ,retire1 ,an' for all 'is dirty 'ide ',e was white1 clear white1 inside ,when 'e went to tend the wounded under fire6 ,it was ,din6 ,din6 ,din6 ,with the bullets kickin' dust-spots on the green4 ,when the cartridges ran out1 ,you could hear the front-files shout1 ,hi6 ammunition-mules an' ,gunga ,din6 ,i sha'n't forgit the night ,when ,i dropped be'ind the fight ,with a bullet where my belt-plate should 'a' been4 ,i was chokin' mad with thirst1 ,an' the man that spied me first ,was our good old grinnin'1 gruntin' ,gunga ,din4 ',e lifted up my 'ead1 ,an' he plugged me where ,i bled1 ,an' 'e guv me 'arf-a-pint o' water-green3 ,it was crawlin' and it stunk1 ,but of all the drinks ,i've drunk1 ,i'm gratefullest to one from ,gunga ,din4 ,it was ,din6 ,din6 ,din6 ',ere's a beggar with a bullet through 'is spleen2 ',e's chawin' up the ground1 ,an' 'e's kickin' all around3 ,for ,gawd's sake git the water1 ,gunga ,din6 ',e carried me away ,to where a dooli lay1 ,an' a bullet come an' drilled the beggar clean4 ',e put me safe inside1 ,an' just before 'e died3 ,i 'ope you liked your drink1 sez ,gunga ,din4 ,so ,i'll meet 'im later on ,at the place where 'e is gone-- ,where it's always double drill and no canteen2 ',e'll be squattin' on the coals1 ,givin' drink to poor damned souls1 ,an' ,i'll get a swig in hell from ,gunga ,din6 ,yes1 ,din6 ,din6 ,din6 ,you ,lazarushian-leather ,gunga ,din6 ,though ,i've belted you and flayed you1 ,by the living ,gawd that made you1 ,you're a better man than ,i am1 ,gunga ,din6 ,,address ,,of ,,sergeant ,,buzfuz ,from ,the ,pickwick ,papers ,,by ,,charles ,,dickens ,sergeant ,buzfuz rose with all the majesty and dignity which the grave nature of the proceedings demanded1 and having whispered to ,dodson1 and conferred briefly with ,fogg1 pulled his gown over his shoulders1 settled his wig1 and addressed the jury4 ,sergeant ,buzfuz began by saying that never1 in the whole course of his professional experience1--never1 from the very first moment of his applying himself to the study and practice of the law1 had he approached a case with such a heavy sense of the responsibility imposed upon him1--a responsibility he could never have supported1 were he not buoyed up and sustained by a conviction1 so strong that it amounted to positive certainty1 that the cause of truth and justice1 or1 in other words1 the cause of his much-injured and most oppressed client1 must prevail with the high-minded and intelligent dozen of men whom he now saw in that box before him4 ,counsel always begin in this way1 because it puts the jury on the best terms with themselves1 and makes them think what sharp fellows they must be4 ,a visible effect was produced immediately2 several jurymen beginning to take voluminous notes4 ,the plaintiff is a widow2 yes1 gentlemen1 a widow4 ,the late ,mr4 ,bardell1 after enjoying1 for many years1 the esteem and confidence of his sovereign1 as one of the guardians of his royal revenues1 glided almost imperceptibly from the world1 to seek elsewhere for that repose and peace which a custom-house can never afford4 ,this was a pathetic description of the decease of ,mr4 ,bardell1 who had been knocked on the head with a quart-pot in a public-house cellar4 ,of this man ,pickwick ,i will say little2 the subject presents but few attractions2 and ,i1 gentlemen1 am not the man1 nor are you1 gentlemen1 the men1 to delight in the contemplation of revolting heartlessness and of systematic villainy4 ,here ,mr4 ,pickwick1 who had been writhing in silence1 gave a violent start1 as if some vague idea of assaulting ,sergeant ,buzfuz1 in the august presence of justice and law1 suggested itself to his mind4 ,i say systematic villainy1 gentlemen1 said ,sergeant ,buzfuz1 looking through ,mr4 ,pickwick1 and talking at him1 and when ,i say systematic villainy1 let me tell the defendant1 ,pickwick1--if he be in court1 as ,i am informed he is1--that it would have been more decent in him1 more becoming1 in better judgment1 and in better taste1 if he had stopped away4 ,i shall show you1 gentlemen1 that for two years ,pickwick continued to reside without interruption or intermission at ,mrs4 ,bardell's house4 ,i shall show you that1 on many occasions1 he gave halfpence1 and on some occasions even sixpences1 to her little boy2 and ,i shall prove to you1 by a witness whose testimony it will be impossible for my learned friend to weaken or controvert1 that on one occasion he patted the boy on the head1 and1 after inquiring whether he had won any alley tors or commoneys lately 7both of which ,i understand to be a particular species of marbles much prized by the youth of this town71 made use of this remarkable expression3 ',how should you like to have another father8' ,i shall prove to you1 gentlemen1 on the testimony of three of his own friends1--most unwilling witnesses1 gentlemen1--most unwilling witnesses1--that on that morning he was discovered by them holding the plaintiff in his arms1 and soothing her agitation by his caresses and endearments4 ,and now1 gentlemen1 but one word more4 ,two letters have passed between these parties1--letters which are admitted to be in the handwriting of the defendant4 ,let me read the first3--',garraway's1 twelve o'clock4 ,dear ,mrs4 ,b4--,chops and ,tomato sauce4 ,yours1 ,pickwick4' ,gentlemen1 what does this mean8 ,chops6 ,gracious heavens6 and ,tomato sauce6 ,gentlemen1 is the happiness of a sensitive and confiding female to be trifled away by such shallow artifices as these8 ,the next has no date whatever1 which is in itself suspicious4 ',dear ,mrs4 ,b41 ,i shall not be at home till to-morrow4 ,slow coach4' ,and then follows this very remarkable expression4 ',don't trouble yourself about the warming-pan4' ,why1 gentlemen1 who does trouble himself about a warming-pan8 ,why is ,mrs4 ,bardell so earnestly entreated not to agitate herself about this warming-pan1 unless it is1 as ,i assert it to be1 a mere cover for hidden fire1--a mere substitute for some endearing word or promise1 agreeably to a preconcerted system of correspondence1 artfully contrived by ,pickwick with a view to his contemplated desertion1 and which ,i am not in a condition to explain8 ,enough of this4 ,my client's hopes and prospects are ruined4 ,but ,pickwick1 gentlemen1--,pickwick1 the ruthless destroyer of this domestic oasis in the desert of ,goswell ,street1--,pickwick1 who has choked up the well1 and thrown ashes on the sward1--,pickwick1 who comes before you to-day with his heartless ,tomato sauce and warming-pans1--,pickwick still rears his head with unblushing effrontery1 and gazes without a sigh on the ruin he has made4 ,damages1 gentlemen1 heavy damages1 are the only punishment with which you can visit him1 the only recompense you can award to my client4 ,and for those damages she now appeals to an enlightened1 a high-minded1 a right-feeling1 a conscientious1 a dispassionate1 a sympathizing1 a contemplative jury of her civilized countrymen4 ,a ,,natural ,,philosopher ,,by ,,maccabe ,ladies and ,gentlemen3 ,i see so many foine-lookin' people sittin' before me that if you'll excuse me ,i'll be after takin' a seat meself4 ,you don't know me1 ,i'm thinking1 as some of yees 'ud be noddin' to me afore this4 ,i'm a walkin' pedestrian1 a travelin' philosopher4 ,terry ,o',mulligan's me name4 ,i'm from ,dublin1 where many philosophers before me was raised and bred4 ,oh1 philosophy is a foine study6 ,i don't know anything about it1 but it's a foine study6 ,before ,i kirn over ,i attended an important meetin' of philosophers in ,dublin1 and the discussin' and talkin' you'd hear there about the world 'ud warm the very heart of ,socrates or ,aristotle himself4 ,well1 there was a great many imminent and learned min there at the meetin'1 and ,i was there too1 and while we was in the very thickest of a heated argument1 one comes to me and says he1 ,do you know what we're talkin' about8 ,i do1 says ,i1 but ,i don't understand yees4 ,could ye explain the sun's motion around the earth8 says he4 ,i could1 says ,i1 but ,i'd not know could you understand or not4 ,well1 says he1 we'll see1 says he4 ,sure'n ,i didn't know anything1 how to get out of it then1 so ,i piled in1 for1 says ,i to myself1 never let on to any one that you don't know anything1 but make them believe that you do know all about it4 ,so says ,i to him1 takin' up me shillalah this way 7holding a very crooked stick perpendicular71 ,we'll take that for the straight line of the earth's equator--how's that for gehography8 7to the audience74 ,ah1 that was straight till the other day ,i bent it in an argument4 ,wery good1 says he4 ,well1 says ,i1 now the sun rises in the east 7placing the disengaged hand at the eastern end of the stick74 ,well1 he couldn't deny that4 ,and when he gets up he ,darts his rosy beams ,through the mornin' gleams4 ,do you moind the poetry there8 7to the audience with a smile74 ,and he keeps on risin' and risin' till he reaches his meriden4 ,what's that8 says he4 ,his dinner-toime1 says ,i2 sure'n that's my ,latin for dinner-toime1 and when he gets his dinner ,he sinks to rest ,behind the glorious hills of the west4 ,oh1 begorra1 there's more poetry6 ,i fail it creepin' out all over me4 ,there1 says ,i1 well satisfied with myself1 will that do for ye8 ,you haven't got done with him yet1 says he4 ,done with him1 says ,i1 kinder mad like2 what more do you want me to do with him8 ,didn't ,i bring him from the east to the west8 ,what more do you want8 ,oh1 says he1 you'll have to bring him back again to the east to rise next mornin'4 ,by ,saint ,patrick6 and wasn't ,i near betrayin' me ignorance1 ,sure'n ,i thought there was a large family of suns1 and they rise one after the other4 ,but ,i gathered meself quick1 and1 says ,i to him1 ,well1 says ,i1 ,i'm surprised you axed me that simple question4 ,i thought any man 'ud know1 says ,i1 when the sun sinks to rest in the west--when the sun-- says ,i4 ,you said that before1 says he4 ,well1 ,i want to press it stronger upon you1 says ,i4 ,when the sun sinks to rest in the east--no--west1 why he--why he waits till it grows dark1 and then he goes back in the noight toime6 ,,response ,,to ,a ,,toast ,from ,a ,charity ,dinner ,,by ,,litchfield ,,moseley ,milors and ,gentlemans6 commences the ,frenchman1 elevating his eyebrows and shrugging his shoulders4 ,milors and ,gentlemans--,you excellent chairman1 ,m4 le ,baron de ,mount-,stuart1 he have say to me1 ',make de toast4' ,den ,i say to him dat ,i have no toast to make2 but he nudge my elbow ver soft1 and say dat dere is von toast dat nobody but von ,frenchman can make proper2 and1 derefore1 wid your kind permission1 ,i vill make de toast4 ',de brevete is de sole of de feet1' as you great philosophere1 ,dr4 ,johnson1 do say1 in dat amusing little vork of his1 de ,pronouncing ,dictionnaire2 and1 derefore1 ,i vill not say ver moch to de point4 ,ven ,i vas a boy1 about so moch tall1 and used for to promenade de streets of ,marseilles et of ,rouen1 vid no feet to put onto my shoe1 ,i nevare to have expose dat dis day vould to have arrive4 ,i vas to begin de vorld as von garon--or1 vat you call in dis countrie1 von vaitaire in a caf--vere ,i vork ver hard1 vid no habillemens at all to put onto myself1 and ver little food to eat1 excep' von old blue blouse vat vas give to me by de proprietaire1 just for to keep myself fit to be showed at2 but1 tank goodness1 tings dey have change ver moch for me since dat time1 and ,i have rose myself1 seulement par mon industrie et perseverance4 ,ah6 mes amis6 ven ,i hear to myself de flowing speech1 de oration magnifique of you ,lor' ,maire1 ,monsieur ,gobbledown1 ,i feel dat it is von great privilege for von trang to sit at de same table1 and to eat de same food1 as dat grand1 dat majestique man1 who are de terreur of de voleurs and de brigands of de metropolis2 and who is also1 ,i for to suppose1 a halterman and de chef of you common scoundrel4 ,milors and gentlemans1 ,i feel dat ,i can perspire to no greatare honneur dan to be von common scoundrelman myself2 but1 hlas6 dat plaisir are not for me1 as ,i are not freeman of your great cit1 not von liveryman servant of von of you compagnies joint-stock4 ,but ,i must not forget de toast4 ,milors and ,gentlemans6 ,de immortal ,shakispeare he have write1 ',de ting of beauty are de joy for nevermore4' ,it is de ladies who are de toast4 ,vat is more entrancing dan de charmante smile1 de soft voice1 der vinking eye of de beautiful lady6 ,it is de ladies who do sweeten de cares of life4 ,it is de ladies who are de guiding stars of our existence4 ,it is de ladies who do cheer but not inebriate1 and1 derefore1 vid all homage to de dear sex1 de toast dat ,i have to propose is1 ,de ,ladies6 ,god bless dem all6 ,,partridge ,,at ,,the ,,play ,from ,tom ,jones ,,by ,,henry ,,fielding ,in the first row of the first gallery did ,mr4 ,jones1 ,mrs4 ,miller1 her youngest daughter1 and ,partridge1 take their places4 ,partridge immediately declared it was the finest place he had ever been in4 ,when the first music was played1 he said1 ,it was a wonder how so many fiddlers could play at one time1 without putting one another out4 ,while the fellow was lighting the upper candles1 he cried out to ,mrs4 ,miller1 ,look1 look1 madam1 the very picture of the man in the end of the common-prayer book before the gunpowder-treason service4 ,nor could he help observing1 with a sigh1 when all the candles were lighted1 ,that here were candles enough burnt in one night1 to keep an honest poor family for a whole twelvemonth4 ,as soon as the play1 which was ,hamlet1 ,prince of ,denmark1 began1 ,partridge was all attention1 nor did he break silence till the entrance of the ghost2 upon which he asked ,jones1 ,what man that was in the strange dress2 something1 said he1 like what ,i have seen in a picture4 ,sure it is not armor1 is it8 ,jones answered1 ,that is the ghost4 ,to which ,partridge replied with a smile1 ,persuade me to that1 sir1 if you can4 444 ,no1 no1 sir1 ghosts don't appear in such dresses as that1 neither4 ,in this mistake1 which caused much laughter in the neighborhood of ,partridge1 he was suffered to continue1 till the scene between the ghost and ,hamlet1 when ,partridge gave that credit to ,mr4 ,garrick1 which he had denied to ,jones1 and fell into so violent a trembling1 that his knees knocked against each other4 ,jones asked him what was the matter1 and whether he was afraid of the warrior upon the stage8 ,o la6 sir1 said he1 ,i perceive now it is what you told me4 444 ,nay1 you may call me coward if you will2 but if that little man there upon the stage is not frightened1 ,i never saw any man frightened in my life4 ,ay1 ay3 go along with you3 ,ay1 to be sure6 ,who's fool then8 ,will you8 ,lud have mercy upon such foolhardiness6--,whatever happens1 it is good enough for you4--,follow you8 ,i'd follow the devil as soon4 ,nay1 perhaps it is the devil--for they say he can put on what likeness he pleases4--,oh6 here he is again4--,no farther6 ,no1 you have gone far enough already2 farther than ,i'd have gone for all the king's dominions4 ,jones offered to speak1 but ,partridge cried1 ,hush1 hush6 dear sir1 don't you hear him8 ,and during the whole speech of the ghost1 he sat with his eyes fixed partly on the ghost and partly on ,hamlet1 and with his mouth open2 the same passions which succeeded each other in ,hamlet1 succeeding likewise in him4 ,during the second act1 ,partridge made very few remarks4 ,he greatly admired the fineness of the dresses2 nor could he help observing upon the king's countenance4 ,well1 said he1 how people may be deceived by faces6 ,nulla fides fronti is1 ,i find1 a true saying4 ,who would think1 by looking into the king's face1 that he had ever committed a murder8 ,he then inquired after the ghost2 but ,jones1 who intended he should be surprised1 gave him no other satisfaction than that he might possibly see him again soon1 and in a flash of fire4 ,partridge sat in a fearful expectation of this2 and now1 when the ghost made his next appearance1 ,partridge cried out1 ,there1 sir1 now2 what say you now8 is he frightened now or no8 ,as much frightened as you think me1 and1 to be sure1 nobody can help some fears4 ,i would not be in so bad a condition as what's his name1 squire ,hamlet1 is there1 for all the world4 ,bless me6 what's become of the spirit6 ,as ,i am a living soul1 ,i thought ,i saw him sink into the earth4 ,indeed1 you saw right1 answered ,jones1 ,well1 well1 cries ,partridge1 ,i know it is only a play3 and besides1 if there was any thing in all this1 ,madam ,miller would not laugh so2 for as to you1 sir1 you would not be afraid1 ,i believe1 if the devil was here in person4--,there1 there--,aye1 no wonder you are in such a passion2 shake the vile wicked wretch to pieces4 ,if she was my own mother1 ,i would serve her so4 ,to be sure all duty to a mother is forfeited by such wicked doings4--,aye1 go about your business1 ,i hate the sight of you4 ,little more worth remembering occurred during the play1 at the end of which ,jones asked him which of the players he had liked best8 ,to this he answered1 with some appearance of indignation at the question1 ,the king1 without doubt4 ,indeed1 ,mr4 ,partridge1 says ,mrs4 ,miller1 you are not of the same opinion with the town2 for they are all agreed1 that ,hamlet is acted by the best player who ever was on the stage4 ,he the best player6 cries ,partridge1 with a contemptuous sneer1 why1 ,i could act as well as he myself4 ,i am sure1 if ,i had seen a ghost1 ,i should have looked in the very same manner1 and done just as ne did4 ,and then1 to be sure1 in that scene1 as you called it1 between him and his mother1 where you told me he acted so fine1 why1 ,lord help me1 any man1 that is1 any good man1 that had such a mother1 would have done exactly the same4 ,i know you are only joking with me2 but indeed1 madam1 though ,i was never at a play in ,london1 yet ,i have seen acting before in the country2 and the king for my money2 he speaks all his words distinctly1 half as loud again as the other4--,anybody may see he is an actor4 ,a ,,man',s ,a ,,man ,,for ,a' ,,that ,,by ,,robert ,,burns ,is there for honest poverty ,that hings his head1 an' a' that8 ,the coward slave1 we pass him by-- ,we dare be poor for a' that4 ,for a' that1 an' a' that1 ,our toils obscure1 an' a' that1 ,the rank is but the guinea's stamp1 ,the man's the gowd ,footnote3 gold for a' that6 ,what tho' on hamely ,footnote3 homely1 plain fare we dine1 ,wear hoddin ,footnote3 homespun gray1 an' a' that2 ,gie fools their silks1 and knaves their wine-- ,a man's a man1 for a' that4 ,for a' that1 an' a' that1 ,their tinsel show1 an' a' that1 ,the honest man1 though e'er sae poor1 ,is king o' men for a' that6 ,ye see yon birkie ,footnote3 fellow1 ca'd a lord1 ,wha struts1 an' stares1 an' a' that2 ,tho' hundreds worship at his word1 ,he's but a coof ,footnote3 fool 7pronounce like ,german o or oe7 for a' that2 ,for a' that1 an' a' that1 ,his riband1 star1 an' a' that2 ,the man of independent mind1 ,he looks an' laughs at a' that4 ,a prince can mak a belted knight1 ,a marquis1 duke1 an' a' that2 ,but an honest man's aboon ,footnote3 above his might-- ,gude faith1 he maunna fa' ,footnote3 must not claim 7to make the honest man7 that6 ,for a' that1 an' a' that1 ,their dignities1 an' a' that1 ,the pith o' sense1 an' pride o' worth1 ,are higher ranks than a' that4 ,then let us pray that come it may1 ,as come it will for a' that1 ,that sense an' worth1 o'er a' the earth1 ,shall bear the gree1 ,footnote3 prize an' a' that4 ,for a' that1 an' a' that1 ,it's comin' yet1 for a' that-- ,that man to man1 the warld o'er1 ,shall brothers be for a' that4 ,,artemus ,,ward',s ,,lecture ,from ,complete ,works of ,artemus ,ward with the permission of the ,g4 ,w4 ,dillingham ,company1 ,new ,york1 publishers4 ,,by ,,charles ,,farrar ,,brown 7,,artemus ,,ward7 ,i don't expect to do great things here--but ,i have thought that if ,i could make money enough to buy me a passage to ,new ,zealand ,i should feel that ,i had not lived in vain4 ,i don't want to live in vain4 ,i'd rather live in ,texas--or here4 ,if you should be dissatisfied with anything here to-night--,i will admit you all free in ,new ,zealand--if you will come to me there for the orders4 ,any respectable cannibal will tell you where ,i live4 ,this shows that ,i have a forgiving spirit4 ,i really don't care for money4 ,i only travel round to see the world and to exhibit my clothes4 ,these clothes ,i have on have been a great success in ,america4 ,how often do large fortunes ruin young men6 ,i should like to be ruined1 but ,i can get on very well as ,i am4 ,i am not an ,artist4 ,i don't paint myself--though perhaps if ,i were a middle-aged single lady ,i should--yet ,i have a passion for pictures4--,i have had a great many pictures--photographs--taken of myself4 ,some of them are very pretty--rather sweet to look at for a short time--and as ,i said before1 ,i like them4 ,i've always loved pictures4 ,i could draw on wood at a very tender age4 ,when a mere child ,i once drew a small cartload of raw turnips over a wooden bridge4--,the people of the village noticed me4 ,i drew their attention4 ,they said ,i had a future before me4 ,up to that time ,i had an idea it was behind me4 ,time passed on4 ,it always does1 by the way4 ,you may possibly have noticed that ,time passes on4--,it is a kind of way ,time has4 ,i became a man4 ,i haven't distinguished myself at all as an artist--but ,i have always been more or less mixed up with art4 ,i have an uncle who takes photographs--and ,i have a servant who--takes anything he can get his hands on4 ,when ,i was in ,rome--,rome in ,new ,york ,state1 ,i mean--a distinguished sculpist wanted to sculp me4 ,but ,i said ,no4 ,i saw through the designing man4 ,my model once in his hands--he would have flooded the market with my busts--and ,i couldn't stand it to see everybody going round with a bust of me4 ,everybody would want one of course--and wherever ,i should go ,i should meet the educated classes with my bust1 taking it home to their families4 ,this would be more than my modesty could stand--and ,i should have to return home--where my creditors are4 ,i like art4 ,i admire dramatic art--although ,i failed as an actor4 ,it was in my schoolboy days that ,i failed as an actor4--,the play was ,the ,ruins of ,pompeii4--,i played the ruins4 ,it was not a very successful performance--but it was better than the ,burning ,mountain4 ,he was not good4 ,he was a bad ,vesuvius4 ,the remembrance often makes me ask--,where are the boys of my youth8 ,i assure you this is not a conundrum4 ,some are amongst you here--some in ,america--some are in jail4 ,hence arises a most touching question--,where are the girls of my youth8 ,some are married--some would like to be4 ,oh1 my ,maria6 ,alas6 she married another4 ,they frequently do4 ,i hope she is happy--because ,i am4--,some people are not happy4 ,i have noticed that4 ,a gentleman friend of mine came to me one day with tears in his eyes4 ,i said1 ,why these weeps8 ,he said he had a mortgage on his farm--and wanted to borrow #bjj4 ,i lent him the money--and he went away4 ,some time afterward he returned with more tears4 ,he said he must leave me forever4 ,i ventured to remind him of the #bjj he borrowed4 ,he was much cut up4 ,i thought ,i would not be hard upon him--so told him ,i would throw off #ajj4 ,he brightened--shook my hand--and said1--,old friend-- ,i won't allow you to outdo me in liberality--,i'll throw off the other hundred4 ,i like ,music4--,i can't sing4 ,as a singist ,i am not a success4 ,i am saddest when ,i sing4 ,so are those who hear me4 ,they are sadder even than ,i am4 ,i met a man in ,oregon who hadn't any teeth--not a tooth in his head-- yet that man could play on the bass drum better than any man ,i ever met4 ,he kept a hotel4 ,they have queer hotels in ,oregon4 ,i remember one where they gave me a bag of oats for a pillow--,i had nightmares of course4 ,in the morning the landlord said1--,how do you feel--old hoss-- hay8--,i told him ,i felt my oats4 ,as a manager ,i was always rather more successful than as an actor4 ,some years ago ,i engaged a celebrated ,living ,american ,skeleton for a tour through ,australia4 ,he was the thinnest man ,i ever saw4 ,he was a splendid skeleton4 ,he didn't weigh anything scarcely--and ,i said to myself--the people of ,australia will flock to see this tremendous cu- riosity4 ,it is a long voyage--as you know--from ,new ,york to ,melbourne-- and to my utter surprise the skeleton had no sooner got out to sea than he commenced eating in the most horrible manner4 ,he had never been on the ocean before--and he said it agreed with him--,i thought so6--,i never saw a man eat so much in my life4 ,beef1 mutton1 pork--he swallowed them all like a shark--and between meals he was often discovered behind barrels eating hard-boiled eggs4 ,the result was that1 when we reached ,melbourne1 this infamous skeleton weighed sixty-four pounds more than ,i did6 ,i thought ,i was ruined--but ,i wasn't4 ,i took him on to ,california-- another very long sea voyage--and when ,i got him to ,san ,francisco ,i exhibited him as a fat man4 ,this story hasn't anything to do with my entertainment1 ,i know--but one of the principal features of my entertainment is that it contains so many things that don't have anything to do with it4 ,,jim ,,bludso1 ,,of ,,the ,,prairie ,,belle ,by permission of1 and by special arrangement with1 ,houghton ,mifflin ,company1 authorized publishers of this author's work4 ,,by ,,john ,,hay ,wall1 no6 ,i can't tell whar he lives1 ,because he don't live1 you see2 ,leastways1 he's got out of the habit ,of livin' like you and me4 ,whar have you been for the last three year ,that you haven't heard folks tell ,how ,jimmy ,bludso passed in his checks ,the night of the ,prairie ,belle8 ,he weren't no saint1--them engineers ,is all pretty much alike1-- ,one wife in ,natchez-under-the-,hill ,and another one here1 in ,pike2 ,a keerless man in his talk was ,jim1 ,and an awkward hand in a row1 ,but he never flunked1 and he never lied1-- ,i reckon he never knowed how4 ,and this was all the religion he had1-- ,to treat his engine well2 ,never be passed on the river2 ,to mind the pilot's bell2 ,and if ever the ,prairie ,belle took fire1-- ,a thousand times he swore1 ,he'd hold her nozzle agin the bank ,till the last soul got ashore4 ,all boats has their day on the ,mississip1 ,and her day come at last1-- ,the ,movastar was a better boat1 ,but the ,belle she wouldn't be passed4 ,and so she come tearin' along that night-- ,the oldest craft on the line-- ,with a nigger squat on her safety valve1 ,and her furnace crammed1 rosin and pine4 ,the fire bust out as she cleared the bar1 ,and burnt a hole in the night1 ,and quick as a flash she turned1 and made ,for that willer-bank on the right4 ,there was runnin' and cursing but ,jim yelled out1 ,over all the infernal roar1 ,i'll hold her nozzle agin the bank ,till the last galoot's ashore4 ,through the hot1 black breath of the burnin' boat ,jim ,bludso's voice was heard1 ,and they all had trust in his cussedness1 ,and knowed he would keep his word4 ,and1 sure's you're born1 they all got off ,afore the smokestacks fell1-- ,and ,bludso's ghost went up alone ,in the smoke of the ,prairie ,belle4 ,he weren't no saint1--but at jedgment ,i'd run my chance with ,jim1 ',longside of some pious gentlemen ,that wouldn't shake hands with him4 ,he seen his duty1 a dead-sure thing1-- ,and he went for it thar and then2 ,and ,christ ain't agoing to be too hard ,on a man that died for men4 ,,the ,,trial ,,of ,,abner ,,barrow ,from ,the ,boy ,orator of ,zepata ,city in ,the ,exiles and ,other ,stories4 ,copyrighted1 #ahid1 ,harper and ,brothers4 ,reprinted with permission4 ,,by ,,richard ,,harding ,,davis ,abe ,barrow had been closely associated with the early history of ,zepata2 he had killed in his day several of the ,zepata citizens4 ,his fight with ,thompson had been a fair fight--as those said who remembered it--and ,thompson was a man they could well spare2 but the case against ,barrow had been prepared by the new and youthful district attorney1 and the people were satisfied and grateful4 ,harry ,harvey1 ,the ,boy ,orator of ,zepata ,city1 as he was called1 turned slowly on his heels1 and swept the court room carelessly with a glance of his clever black eyes4 ,the moment was his4 ,this man1 he said1 and as he spoke even the wind in the corridors hushed for the moment1 is no part or parcel of ,zepata city of to-day4 ,he comes to us a relic of the past--a past that was full of hardships and glorious efforts in the face of daily disappointments1 embitterments and rebuffs4 ,but the part this man played in that past lives only in the court records of that day4 ,this man1 ,abe ,barrow1 enjoys1 and has enjoyed1 a reputation as a 'bad man1' a desperate and brutal ruffian4 ,free him to-day1 and you set a premium on such reputations2 acquit him of this crime1 and you encourage others to like evil4 ,let him go1 and he will walk the streets with a swagger1 and boast that you were afraid to touch him--afraid1 gentlemen--and children and women will point after him as the man who has sent nine others into eternity1 and who yet walks the streets a free man4 ,and he will become1 in the eyes of the young and the weak1 a hero and a god4 ,for the last ten years1 your honor1 this man1 ,abner ,barrow1 has been serving a term of imprisonment in the state penitentiary2 ,i ask you to send him back there again for the remainder of his life4 ,abe ,barrow is out of date4 ,this ,rip ,van ,winkle of the past returns to find a city where he left a prairie town2 a bank where he spun his roulette-wheel2 this magnificent courthouse instead of a vigilance committee6 ,he is there1 in the prisoner's pen1 a convicted murderer and an unconvicted assassin1 the last of his race1--the bullies and bad men of the border1--a thing to be forgotten and put away forever from the sight of men4 ,and ,i ask you1 gentlemen1 to put him away where he will not hear the voice of man nor children's laughter1 nor see a woman's smile4 ,bury him with the bitter past1 with the lawlessness that has gone--that has gone1 thank ,god--and which must not return4 ,the district attorney sat down suddenly1 and was conscious of nothing until the foreman pronounced the prisoner at the bar guilty of murder in the second degree4 ,judge ,truax leaned across his desk and said1 simply1 that it lay in his power to sentence the prisoner to not less than two years' confinement in the state penitentiary1 or for the remainder of his life4 ,before ,i deliver sentence on you1 ,abner ,barrow1 he said with an old man's kind severity1 is there anything you have to say on your own behalf8 ,barrow's face was white with the prison tan1 and pinched and hollow- eyed and worn4 ,when he spoke his voice had the huskiness which comes from non-use1 and cracked and broke like a child's4 ,i don't know1 ,judge1 he said1 that ,i have anything to say in my own behalf4 ,i guess what the gentleman said about me is all there is to say4 ,i am a back number1 ,i am out of date2 ,i was a loafer and a blackguard4 ,he told you ,i had no part or parcel in this city1 or in this world2 that ,i belonged to the past2 that ,i ought to be dead4 ,now that's not so4 ,i have just one thing that belongs to this city1 and to this world--and to me2 one thing that ,i couldn't take to jail with me1 and ,i'll have to leave behind me when ,i go back to it4 ,i mean my wife4 ,you1 sir1 remember her1 sir1 when ,i married her twelve years ago4 ,she gave up everything a woman ought to have1 to come to me4 ,she thought she was going to be happy with me2 that's why she come1 ,i guess4 ,maybe she was happy for about two weeks4 ,after that first two weeks her life1 sir1 was a hell1 and ,i made it a hell4 ,respectable women wouldn't speak to her because she was my wife--and she had no children4 ,that was her life4 ,she lived alone over the dance-hall1 and sometimes when ,i was drunk--,i beat her4 ,at the end of two years ,i killed ,welsh1 and they sent me to the pen for ten years1 and she was free4 ,she could have gone back to her folks and got a divorce if she'd wanted to1 and never seen me again4 ,it was an escape most women'd gone down on their knees and thanked their ,maker for4 ,but what did this woman do--my wife1 the woman ,i misused and beat and dragged down in the mud with me8 ,she was too mighty proud to go back to her people1 or to the friends who shook her when she was in trouble2 and she sold out the place1 and bought a ranch with the money1 and worked it by herself1 worked it day and night1 until in ten years she had made herself an old woman1 as you see she is to-day4 ,and for what8 ,to get me free again2 to bring me things to eat in jail1 and picture papers1 and tobacco--when she was living on bacon and potatoes1 and drinking alkali water--working to pay for a lawyer to fight for me--to pay for the best lawyer4 ,and what ,i want to ask of you1 sir1 is to let me have two years out of jail to show her how ,i feel about it4 ,it's all ,i've thought of when ,i was in jail1 to be able to see her sitting in her own kitchen with her hands folded1 and me working and sweating in the fields for her1 working till every bone ached1 trying to make it up to her4 ,and ,i can't1 ,i can't6 ,it's too late6 ,it's too late6 ,don't send me back for life6 ,give me a few years to work for her--to show her what ,i feel here1 what ,i never felt for her before4 ,look at her1 gentlemen1 look how worn she is1 and poorly1 and look at her hands1 and you men must feel how ,i feel--,i don't ask you for myself4 ,i don't want to go free on my own account4 ,my ,god6 ,judge1 don't bury me alive1 as that man asked you to4 ,give me this last chance4 ,let me prove that what ,i'm saying is true4 ,judge ,truax looked at the papers on his desk for some seconds1 and raised his head1 coughing as he did so4 ,it lies--it lies at the discretion of this ,court to sentence the prisoner to a term of imprisonment of two years1 or for an indefinite period1 or for life4 ,owing to--on account of certain circumstances which were--have arisen--this sentence is suspended4 ,this ,court stands adjourned4 ,,part ,,three ,,platform ,,practice ,,the ,,speech ,,of ,,formal ,,occasion ,,the ,,benefits ,,of ,a ,,college ,,education ,from an address by the ,president to the students of ,harvard ,university1 at the announcement of ,academic ,distinctions1 #aiji ,,by ,,abbott ,,lawrence ,,lowell ,this meeting is held not merely to honor the men who have won prizes1 attained high rank1 or achieved distinction in studies4 ,in a larger sense it is a tribute paid by the ,university to the ideals of scholarship4 ,it is a public confession of faith in the aims for which the ,university was established4 ,we may1 therefore1 not inappropriately consider here the nature and significance of scholarship4 ,without attempting an exhaustive catalogue of the benefits of education1 we may note three distinct objects of college study4 ,the first is the development of the mental powers with a view to their use in any subsequent career4 ,in its broadest sense this may be called training for citizenship1 for we must remember that good citizenship does not consist exclusively in rendering public service in political and philanthropic matters4 ,it includes also conducting an industrial or professional career so as not to leave the public welfare out of sight4 ,popular government is exacting4 ,it implies that in some form every man shall voluntarily consecrate a part of his time and force to the state1 and the better the citizen1 the greater the effort he will make4 ,on the function of colleges in fitting men for citizenship and for active work1 much emphasis has been laid of late4 ,yet it is not the only aim of college studies4 ,another object is cultivation of the mind1 refinement of taste1 a development of the qualities that distinguish the civilized man from the barbarian4 ,nor does the value of these things lie in personal satisfaction alone4 ,there is a culture that is selfish and exclusive1 that is self-centered and conceited4 ,the intellectual snob is quite as repellant as any other4 ,but this is true of the moral distortion of all good qualities4 ,the culture that narrows the sympathies1 instead of enlarging them1 has surely missed the object that should give its chief worth and dignity4 ,the culture that reveals beauty in all its forms1 that refines the sensibilities1 and expands the mental horizon1 that1 without a sense of superiority1 desires to share these things with others1 and makes the lives of all men better worth living1 is like the glow of fire in a cold room4 ,it is a form of social service of a high order4 ,a third benefit of college education is the contact it affords with the work of creative imagination4 ,the highest type of scholar is the creative scholar1 just as the highest type of citizen is the statesman4 ,the greatest figures in history1 as almost every one will admit1 are the thinkers and the rulers of men4 ,people will always differ in the relative value they ascribe to these two supreme forms of human power4 ,but if one may indulge in apocalyptic visions1 ,i should prefer in another world to be worthy of the friendship of ,aristotle rather than of ,alexander1 of ,shakespeare or ,newton than of ,napoleon or ,frederick the ,great4 ,when ,i spoke of the benefit of college life in training for citizenship1 and in imparting culture1 ,i was obviously dealing with things which lie within the reach of every student2 but in speaking of creative scholarship you may think that ,i am appealing only to the few men who have the rare gift of creative genius4 ,but happily the progress of the world is not in the exclusive custody of the occasional men of genius4 ,great originality is1 indeed1 rare2 but on a smaller scale it is not uncommon1 and the same principles apply to the production of all creative work4 ,the great scholar and the lesser intellectual lights differ in brilliancy1 but the same process must be followed to bring them to their highest splendor4 ,nor is it the genius alone1 or even the man of talent1 who can enjoy and aid productive thought4 ,it is not given to all men to possess creative scholarship themselves2 but most men by following its footsteps can learn to respect it and feel its charm2 and for any man who passes through college without doing so1 college education has been in one of its most vital elements a failure4 ,if he has not recognized the glowing imagination1 the lofty ideals1 the patience and the modesty1 that characterize the true scholar1 his time here has been spent1 not perhaps without profit1 but without inspiration4 ,all productive work is largely dependent upon appreciation by the community4 ,the great painters of ,italy would have been sterile had not the citizens of ,florence been eager to carry ,cimabue's masterpiece in triumph through the streets4 ,kant would never have written among a people who despised philosophy2 and the discoveries of our own day would have been impossible in an unscientific age4 ,every man who has learned to respect creative scholarship can enter into its spirit1 and by respecting it he helps to foster it4 ,,what ,,the ,,college ,,gives ,from ,girls and ,education1 a commencement address1 ,bryn ,mawr ,college1 #aiaa1 by permission of1 and by special arrangement with1 ,houghton ,mifflin ,company1 authorized publishers of this author's works4 ,,by ,,le ,,baron ,,russell ,,briggs ,one of the best gifts that a college can bestow is the power of taking a new point of view through putting ourselves into another's place4 ,to many students this comes hard1 but come it must1 as they hope to be saved4 ,to the ,american world the name of ,charles ,eliot ,norton stands for all that is fastidious1 even for what is over-fastidious2 but ,charles ,eliot ,norton's collection of verse and prose called ,the ,heart of ,oak ,books shows a catholicity which few of his critics could approach1 a refined literary hospitality not less noteworthy than the refined human hospitality of his ,christmas ,eve at ,shady ,hill4 ,as an old man this interpreter of ,dante saw and hailed with delight the genius of ,mr4 ,kipling4 ,if you leave college without catholicity of taste1 something is wrong either with the college or with you4 ,as in literature1 so in life4 ,the greatest teachers--even ,christ himself--have taught nothing greater than the power of seeing with the eyes of another soul4 ,browning1 said a woman who loves poetry1 seems to me not so much man as ,god4 ,for ,browning1 beyond all men in the past century1 beyond nearly all men of all time1 could throw himself into the person of another4 ,god be thanked1 the meanest of his creatures ,boasts two soul-sides1 one to face the world with1 ,one to show a woman when he loves her1 said this same great poet1 writing to his wife4 ,but ,browning has as many soul-sides as humanity4 ,hence it has been truly called a new life1 like conversion1 or marriage1 or the mystery of a great sorrow1--a change and a bracing change in our outlook on the whole world1 to discover ,browning4 ,the college should be our ,browning1 revealing the motive power of every life1 the poetry of good and bad4 ,it is only the little folk of little soul who come out of college as the initiated members of an exclusive set4 ,justify yourself and your college years by your catholic democracy4 ,it is the duty of the college not to train only1 but to inspire2 to inspire not to learning only1 but to a disciplined appreciation of the best in literature1 in art1 and in life1 to a catholic taste1 to a universal sympathy4 ,it is the duty of the student to take the inspiration1 to be not disobedient to the heavenly vision1 but to justify four years of delight1 by scholarship at once accurate and sympathetic1 by a finer culture1 by a leadership without self-seeking or pride1 by a whole-souled democracy4 ,how simple and how old it all is6 ,yet it is not so simple that any one man or woman has done it to perfection2 nor so old that any one part of it fails to offer fresh problems and fresh stimulus to the most ambitious of you all4 ,nothing is harder than to take freely and eagerly the best that is offered us1 and never turn away to the pursuit of false gods4 ,now the best that is offered in college is the inspiration to learn1 and having learned1 to do3-- ,friends of the great1 the high1 the perilous years1 ,upon the brink of mighty things we stand-- ,of golden harvests and of silver tears1 ,and griefs and pleasures that like grains of sand ,gleam in the hourglass1 yield their place and die4 ,so said the college poet4 ,art without an ideal1 said a great woman1 is neither nature nor art4 ,the question involves the whole difference between ,phidias and ,mme4 ,tussaud4 ,let us never forget that the chief business of college teachers and college taught is the giving and receiving of ideals1 and that the ideal is a burning and a shining light1 not now only1 or now and a year or two more1 but for all time4 ,what else is the patriot's love of country1 the philosopher's love of truth1 the poet's love of beauty1 the teacher's love of learning1 the good man's love of an honest life1 than keeping the ideal1 not merely to look at1 but to see by8 ,in its light1 and only in its light1 the greatest things are done4 ,thus the ideal is not merely the most beautiful thing in the world2 it is the source of all high efficiency4 ,in every change1 in every joy or sorrow that the coming years may bring1 do you who graduate to-day remember that nothing is so practical as a noble ideal steadily and bravely pursued1 and that now1 as of old1 it is the wise men who see and follow the guiding star4 ,,memorial ,,day ,,address ,from ,after-,dinner and ,other ,speeches1 with the permission of the author4 ,,by ,,john ,d4 ,,long ,in memory of the dead1 in honor of the living1 for inspiration to our children1 we gather to-day to deck the graves of our patriots with flowers1 to pledge commonwealth and town and citizen to fresh recognition of the surviving soldier1 and to picture yet again the romance1 the reality1 the glory1 the sacrifice of his service4 ,as if it were but yesterday1 you recall him4 ,he had but turned twenty4 ,the exquisite tint of youthful health was in his cheek4 ,his pure heart shone from frank1 outspeaking eyes4 ,his fair hair clustered from beneath his cap4 ,he had pulled a stout oar in the college race1 or walked the most graceful athlete on the village green4 ,he had just entered on the vocation of his life4 ,the doorway of his home at this season of the year was brilliant in the dewy morn with the clambering vine and fragrant flower1 as in and out he went1 the beloved of mother and sisters1 and the ideal of a ,new ,england youth3-- ,in face and shoulders like a god he was2 ,for o'er him had the goddess breathed the charm ,of youthful locks1 the ruddy glow of youth1 ,a generous gladness in his eyes3 such grace ,as carver's hand to ivory gives1 or when ,silver or ,parian stone in yellow gold ,is set4 ,and when the drum beat1 when the first martyr's blood sprinkled the stones of ,baltimore1 he took his place in the ranks and went forward4 ,you remember his ingenuous and glowing letters to his mother1 written as if his pen were dipped in his very heart4 ,how novel seemed to him the routine of service1 the life of camp and march6 ,how eager the wish to meet the enemy and strike his first blow for the good cause6 ,what pride at the promotion that came and put its chevron on his arm or its strap upon his shoulder6 ,they took him prisoner4 ,he wasted in ,libby and grew gaunt and haggard with the horror of his sufferings and with pity for the greater horror of the sufferings of his comrades who fainted and died at his side4 ,he tunneled the earth and escaped4 ,hungry and weak1 in terror of recapture1 he followed by night the pathway of the railroad4 ,he slept in thickets and sank in swamps4 ,he saw the glitter of horsemen who pursued him4 ,he knew the bloodhound was on his track4 ,he reached the line2 and1 with his hand grasping at freedom1 they caught and took him back to his captivity4 ,he was exchanged at last2 and you remember1 when he came home on a short furlough1 how manly and war-worn he had grown4 ,but he soon returned to the ranks and to the welcome of his comrades4 ,they recall him now alike with tears and pride4 ,in the rifle pits around ,petersburg you heard his steady voice and firm command4 ,some one who saw him then fancied that he seemed that day like one who forefelt the end4 ,but there was no flinching as he charged4 ,he had just turned to give a cheer when the fatal ball struck him4 ,there was a convulsion of the upward hand4 ,his eyes1 pleading and loyal1 turned their last glance to the flag4 ,his lips parted4 ,he fell dead1 and at nightfall lay with his face to the stars4 ,home they brought him1 fairer than ,adonis over whom the goddess of beauty wept4 ,they buried him in the village churchyard under the green turf4 ,year by year his comrades and his kin1 nearer than comrades1 scatter his grave with flowers4 ,do you ask who he was8 ,he was in every regiment and every company4 ,he went out from every ,massachusetts village4 ,he sleeps in every ,massachusetts burying ground4 ,recall romance1 recite the names of heroes of legend and song1 but there is none that is his peer4 ,,william ,,mckinley ,from an address in the ,united ,states ,senate ,,by ,,john ,,hay ,for the third time the ,congress of the ,united ,states are assembled to commemorate the life and the death of a ,president slain by the hand of an assassin4 ,the attention of the future historian will be attracted to the features which reappear with startling sameness in all three of these awful crimes3 the uselessness1 the utter lack of consequence of the act2 the obscurity1 the insignificance of the criminal2 the blamelessness--so far as in our sphere of existence the best of men may be held blameless--of the victim4 ,not one of our murdered ,presidents had an enemy in the world2 they were all of such preeminent purity of life that no pretext could be given for the attack of passional crime2 they were all men of democratic instincts1 who could never have offended the most jealous advocates of equality2 they were of kindly and generous nature1 to whom wrong or injustice was impossible2 of moderate fortune1 whose slender means nobody could envy4 ,they were men of austere virtue1 of tender heart1 of eminent abilities1 which they had devoted with single minds to the good of the ,republic4 ,if ever men walked before ,god and man without blame1 it was these three rulers of our people4 ,the only temptation to attack their lives offered was their gentle radiance--to eyes hating the light that was offense enough4 ,the obvious elements which enter into the fame of a public man are few and by no means recondite4 ,the man who fills a great station in a period of change1 who leads his country successfully through a time of crisis2 who1 by his power of persuading and controlling others1 has been able to command the best thought of his age1 so as to leave his country in a moral or material condition in advance of where he found it1--such a man's position in history is secure4 ,if1 in addition to this1 his written or spoken words possess the subtle qualities which carry them far and lodge them in men's hearts2 and1 more than all1 if his utterances and actions1 while informed with a lofty morality1 are yet tinged with the glow of human sympathy1--the fame of such a man will shine like a beacon through the mists of ages--an object of reverence1 of imitation1 and of love4 ,it should be to us an occasion of solemn pride that in the three great crises of our history such a man was not denied us4 ,the moral value to a nation of a renown such as ,washington's and ,lincoln's and ,mc,kinley's is beyond all computation4 ,no loftier ideal can be held up to the emulation of ingenuous youth4 ,with such examples we cannot be wholly ignoble4 ,grateful as we may be for what they did1 let us be still more grateful for what they were4 ,while our daily being1 our public policies1 still feel the influence of their work1 let us pray that in our spirits their lives may be voluble1 calling us upward and onward4 ,there is not one of us but feels prouder of his native land because the august figure of ,washington presided over its beginnings2 no one but vows it a tenderer love because ,lincoln poured out his blood for it2 no one but must feel his devotion for his country renewed and kindled when he remembers how ,mc,kinley loved1 revered1 and served it1 showed in his life how a citizen should live1 and in his last hour taught us how a gentleman could die4 ,,robert ,e4 ,,lee ,from an address at the unveiling of a statue of ,general ,lee1 at ,washington and ,lee ,university1 #ahhc ,,by ,,john ,w4 ,,daniel ,mounted in the field and at the head of his troops1 a glimpse of ,lee was an inspiration4 ,his figure was as distinctive as that of ,napoleon4 ,the black slouch hat1 the cavalry boots1 the dark cape1 the plain gray coat without an ornament but the three stars on the collar1 the calm1 victorious face1 the splendid1 manly figure on the gray war horse1--he looked every inch the true knight--the grand1 invincible champion of a great principle4 ,the men who wrested victory from his little band stood wonder-stricken and abashed when they saw how few were those who dared oppose them1 and generous admiration burst into spontaneous tribute to the splendid leader who bore defeat with the quiet resignation of a hero4 ,the men who fought under him never revered or loved him more than on the day he sheathed his sword4 ,had he but said the word1 they would have died for honor4 ,it was because he said the word that they resolved to live for duty4 ,plato congratulated himself1 first1 that he was born a man2 second1 that he had the happiness of being a ,greek2 and third1 that he was a contemporary of ,sophocles4 ,and in this audience to-day1 and here and there the wide world over1 is many an one who wore the gray1 who rejoices that he was born a man to do a man's part for his suffering country2 that he had the glory of being a ,confederate2 and who feels a justly proud and glowing consciousness in his bosom when he says unto himself3 ,i was a follower of ,robert ,e4 ,lee4 ,i was a soldier in the army of ,northern ,virginia4 ,as president of ,washington and ,lee ,university1 ,general ,lee exhibited qualities not less worthy and heroic than those displayed on the broad and open theater of conflict when the eyes of nations watched his every action4 ,in the quiet walks of academic life1 far removed from war or battle's sound1 came into view the towering grandeur1 the massive splendor1 and the loving-kindness of his character4 ,there he revealed in manifold gracious hospitalities1 tender charities1 and patient1 worthy counsels1 how deep and pure and inexhaustible were the fountains of his virtues4 ,and loving hearts delight to recall1 as loving lips will ever delight to tell1 the thousand little things he did which sent forth lines of light to irradiate the gloom of the conquered land and to lift up the hopes and cheer the works of his people4 ,come we then to-day in loyal love to sanctify our memories1 to purify our hopes1 to make strong all good intent by communion with the spirit of him who1 being dead1 yet speaketh4 ,let us crown his tomb with the oak1 the emblem of his strength1 and with the laurel1 the emblem of his glory4 ,and as we seem to gaze once more on him we loved and hailed as ,chief1 the tranquil face is clothed with heaven's light1 and the mute lips seem eloquent with the message that in life he spoke1 ,there is a true glory and a true honor2 the glory of duty done1 the honor of the integrity of principle4 ,,farewell ,,address ,,to ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,senate ,,by ,,henry ,,clay ,from #ahjf1 the period of my entrance upon this noble theater1 with short intervals1 to the present time1 ,i have been engaged in the public councils1 at home or abroad4 ,of the services rendered during that long and arduous period of my life it does not become me to speak2 history1 if she deign to notice me1 and posterity1 if the recollection of my humble actions shall be transmitted to posterity1 are the best1 the truest1 and the most impartial judges4 ,i have not escaped the fate of other public men1 nor failed to incur censure and detraction of the bitterest1 most unrelenting1 and most malignant character4 ,but ,i have not meanwhile been unsustained4 ,everywhere throughout the extent of this great continent ,i have had cordial1 warmhearted1 faithful1 and devoted friends1 who have known me1 loved me1 and appreciated my motives4 ,in the course of a long and arduous public service1 especially during the last eleven years in which ,i have held a seat in the ,senate1 from the same ardor and enthusiasm of character1 ,i have no doubt1 in the heat of debate1 and in an honest endeavor to maintain my opinions against adverse opinions alike honestly entertained1 as to the best course to be adopted for the public welfare1 ,i may have often inadvertently and unintentionally1 in moments of excited debate1 made use of language that has been offensive1 and susceptible of injurious interpretation towards my brother ,senators4 ,if there be any here who retain wounded feelings of injury or dissatisfaction produced on such occasions1 ,i beg to assure them that ,i now offer the most ample apology for any departure on my part from the established rules of parliamentary decorum and courtesy4 ,on the other hand1 ,i assure ,senators1 one and all1 without exception and without reserve1 that ,i retire from this chamber without carrying with me a single feeling of resentment or dissatisfaction toward the ,senate or any one of its members4 ,in retiring1 as ,i am about to do1 forever1 from the ,senate1 suffer me to express my heartfelt wishes that all the great and patriotic objects of the wise framers of our ,constitution may be fulfilled2 that the high destiny designed for it may be fully answered2 and that its deliberations1 now and hereafter1 may eventuate in securing the prosperity of our beloved country1 in maintaining its rights and honor abroad1 and upholding its interests at home4 ,i retire1 ,i know1 at a period of infinite distress and embarrassment4 ,i wish ,i could take my leave of you under more favorable auspices2 but1 without meaning at this time to say whether on any or on whom reproaches for the sad condition of the country should fall1 ,i appeal to the ,senate and to the world to bear testimony to my earnest and continued exertions to avert it1 and to the truth that no blame can justly attach to me4 ,may the most precious blessings of heaven rest upon the whole ,senate and each member of it1 and may the labors of every one redound to the benefit of the nation and the advancement of his own fame and renown4 ,and when you shall retire to the bosom of your constituents1 may you receive that most cheering and gratifying of all human rewards--their cordial greeting of ,well done1 good and faithful servant4 ,and now1 ,mr4 ,president1 and ,senators1 ,i bid you all a long1 a lasting1 and a friendly farewell4 ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,garfield ,from an address before both houses of ,congress1 ,february1 #ahhb ,,by ,,james ,g4 ,,blaine ,surely1 if happiness can ever come from the honors or triumphs of this world1 on that quiet ,july morning ,james ,a4 ,garfield may well have been a happy man4 ,no foreboding of evil haunted him1 no slightest premonition of danger clouded his sky4 ,his terrible fate was upon him in an instant4 ,one moment he stood erect1 strong1 confident in the years stretching peacefully out before him4 ,the next he lay wounded1 bleeding1 helpless1 doomed to weary weeks of torture1 to silence and the grave4 ,great in life1 he was surpassingly great in death4 ,for no cause1 in the very frenzy of wantonness and wickedness1 by the red hand of ,murder he was thrust from the full tide of this world's interest1 from its hopes1 its aspirations1 its victories1 into the visible presence of death4 ,and he did not quail4 ,not alone for the one short moment in which1 stunned and dazed1 he could give up life1 hardly aware of its relinquishment1 but through days of deadly languor1 through weeks of agony that was not less agony because silently borne1 with clear sight and calm courage he looked into his open grave4 ,what blight and ruin met his anguished eyes whose lips may tell--what brilliant broken plans1 what baffled high ambitions1 what sundering of strong1 warm1 manhood's friendships1 what bitter rending of sweet household ties6 ,behind him a proud1 expectant nation2 a great host of sustaining friends2 a cherished and happy mother wearing the full1 rich honors of her early toil and tears2 the wife of his youth1 whose whole life lay in his2 the little boys not yet emerged from childhood's day of frolic2 the fair young daughter2 the sturdy sons just springing into closest companionship1 claiming every day1 and every day rewarding1 a father's love and care2 and in his heart the eager1 rejoicing power to meet all demand4 ,before him desolation and great darkness6 ,and his soul was not shaken4 ,his countrymen were thrilled with instant1 profound1 and universal sympathy4 ,masterful in his mortal weakness1 he became the center of a nation's love1 enshrined in the prayers of a world4 ,but all the love and all the sympathy could not share with him his suffering4 ,he trod the winepress alone4 ,with unfaltering front he faced death4 ,with unfailing tenderness he took leave of life4 ,above the demoniac hiss of the assassin's bullet he heard the voice of ,god4 ,with simple resignation he bowed to the divine decree4 ,as the end drew near1 his early craving for the sea returned4 ,the stately mansion of power had been to him the wearisome hospital of pain1 and he begged to be taken from its prison walls1 from its oppressive1 stifling air1 from its homelessness and its hopelessness4 ,gently1 silently1 the love of a great people bore the pale sufferer to the longed-for healing of the sea1 to live or to die1 as ,god should will1 within sight of its heaving billows1 within sound of its manifold voices4 ,with wan1 fevered face tenderly lifted to the cooling breeze he looked out wistfully upon the ocean's changing wonders--on its far sails whitening in the morning light2 on its restless waves rolling shoreward to break and die beneath the noonday sun2 on the red clouds of evening arching low to the horizon2 on the serene and shining pathway of the stars4 ,let us think that his dying eyes read a mystic meaning which only the rapt and parting soul may know4 ,let us believe that in the silence of the receding world he heard the great waves breaking on a farther shore1 and felt already upon his wasted brow the breath of the eternal morning4 ,,the ,,second ,,inaugural ,,address ,delivered from the steps of the ,capitol at ,washington1 #ahfe4 ,,by ,,abraham ,,lincoln ,,fellow ,,countrymen1--,at this second appearing to take the oath of the ,presidential office there is less occasion for an extended address than there was at first4 ,then a statement1 somewhat in detail1 of a course to be pursued seemed very fitting and proper4 ,now1 at the expiration of four years1 during which public declarations have been constantly called forth on every point and phase of the great contest which still absorbs the attention and engrosses the energies of the nation1 little that is new could be presented4 ,the progress of our arms1 upon which all else chiefly depends1 is as well known to the public as to myself1 and it is1 ,i trust1 reasonably satisfactory and encouraging to all4 ,with high hope for the future1 no prediction in regard to it is ventured4 ,on the occasion corresponding to this four years ago1 all thoughts were anxiously directed to an impending civil war4 ,all dreaded it1 all sought to avoid it4 ,while the inaugural address was being delivered from this place1 devoted altogether to saving the ,union without war1 insurgent agents were in the city seeking to destroy it with war-- seeking to dissolve the ,union and divide the effects by negotiation4 ,both parties deprecated war1 but one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive1 and the other would accept war rather than let it perish1 and the war came4 ,one eighth of the whole population were colored slaves1 not distributed generally over the ,union1 but localized in the ,southern part of it4 ,these slaves constituted a peculiar and powerful interest4 ,all knew that this interest was somehow the cause of the war4 ,to strengthen1 perpetuate1 and extend this interest was the object for which the insurgents would rend the ,union by war1 while the ,government claimed no right to do more than to restrict the territorial enlargement of it4 ,neither party expected for the war the magnitude or the duration which it has already attained4 ,neither anticipated that the cause of the conflict might cease when1 or even before1 the conflict itself should cease4 ,each looked for an easier triumph1 and a result less fundamental and astounding4 ,both read the same ,bible1 and pray to the same ,god1 and each invokes ,his aid against the other4 ,it may seem strange that any men should dare to ask a just ,god's assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of other men's faces2 but let us judge not1 that we be not judged4 ,the prayer of both could not be answered4 ,that of neither has been answered fully4 ,the ,almighty has ,his own purposes4 ,woe unto the world because of offenses1 for it must needs be that offenses come1 but woe to that man by whom the offense cometh4 ,if we shall suppose that ,american slavery is one of those offenses which1 in the providence of ,god1 must needs come1 but which having continued through ,his appointed time1 ,he now wills to remove1 and that ,he gives to both ,north and ,south this terrible war as the woe due to those by whom the offense came1 shall we discern there any departure from those divine attributes which the believers in a living ,god always ascribe to ,him8 ,fondly do we hope1 fervently do we pray1 that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away4 ,yet if ,god wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bondsman's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk1 and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be repaid by another drawn with the sword1 as was said three thousand years ago1 so still it must be said1 that the judgments of the ,lord are true and righteous altogether4 ,with malice toward none1 with charity for all1 with firmness in the right as ,god gives us to see the right1 let us finish the work we are in1 to bind up the nation's wounds1 to care for him who shall have borne the battle1 and for his widow and his orphans1 to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and a lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations4 ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,prince ,,albert ,from an address in the ,house of ,commons1 ,february1 #ahfb ,,by ,,benjamin ,,disraeli ,no person can be insensible to the fact that the ,house meets to-night under circumstances very much changed from those which have attended our assembling for many years4 ,of late years--indeed1 for more than twenty years past--whatever may have been our personal rivalries1 and whatever our party strife1 there was at least one sentiment in which we all coincided1 and that was a sentiment of admiring gratitude to that ,throne whose wisdom and whose goodness had so often softened the acerbities of our free public life1 and had at all times so majestically represented the matured intelligence of an enlightened people4 ,sir1 all that is changed4 ,he is gone who was the comfort and support of that ,throne4 ,it has been said that there is nothing which ,england so much appreciates as the fulfillment of duty4 ,the ,prince whom we have lost not only was eminent for the fulfillment of duty1 but it was the fulfillment of the highest duty under the most difficult circumstances4 ,prince ,albert was the ,consort of his ,sovereign--he was the father of one who might be his ,sovereign--he was the ,prime ,councillor of a realm1 the political constitution of which did not even recognize his political existence4 ,sir1 it is sometimes deplored by those who admired and loved him that he was thwarted occasionally in his undertakings1 and that he was not duly appreciated4 ,but these are not circumstances for regret1 but for congratulation4 ,they prove the leading and original mind which has so long and so advantageously labored for this country4 ,had he not encountered these obstacles1 had he not been subject to this occasional distrust and misconception1 it would only have shown that he was a man of ordinary mold and temper4 ,those who improve must change1 those who change must necessarily disturb and alarm men's prejudices4 ,what he had to encounter was only a demonstration that he was a man superior to his age1 and therefore admirably adapted for the work of progress4 ,there is one other point1 and one only1 on which ,i will presume for a moment to dwell1 and it is not for the sake of you1 ,sir1 or those who now hear me1 or of the generation to which we belong1 but it is that those who come after us may not misunderstand the nature of this illustrious man4 ,prince ,albert was not a mere patron2 he was not one of those who by their gold or by their smiles reward excellence or stimulate exertion4 ,his contributions to the cause of ,state were far more powerful and far more precious4 ,he gave to it his thought1 his time1 his toil2 he gave to it his life4 ,on both sides and in all parts of the ,house ,i see many gentlemen who occasionally have acted with the ,prince at those council boards where they conferred and consulted upon the great undertakings with which he was connected4 ,i ask them1 without fear of a denial1 whether he was not the leading spirit1 whether his was not the mind which foresaw the difficulty1 his not the resources that supplied the remedy2 whether his was not the courage which sustained them under apparently overpowering difficulties2 whether every one who worked with him did not feel that he was the real originator of those plans of improvement which they assisted in carrying into effect8 ,but what avail these words8 ,this ,house to-night has been asked to condole with the ,crown upon this great calamity4 ,no easy office4 ,to condole1 in general1 is the office of those who1 without the pale of sorrow1 still feel for the sorrowing4 ,but in this instance the country is as heart-stricken as its ,queen4 ,yet in the mutual sensibility of a ,sovereign and a people there is something ennobling--something which elevates the spirit beyond the level of mere earthly sorrow4 ,the counties1 the cities1 the corporations of the realm--those illustrious associations of learning and science and art and skill1 of which he was the brightest ornament and the inspiring spirit1 have bowed before the ,throne4 ,it does not become the ,parliament of the country to be silent4 ,the expression of our feelings may be late1 but even in that lateness may be observed some propriety4 ,to-night the two ,houses sanction the expression of the public sorrow1 and ratify1 as it were1 the record of a nation's woe4 ,,an ,,appreciation ,,of ,,mr4 ,,gladstone ,from an address in the ,house of ,commons ,,by ,,arthur ,j4 ,,balfour ,i feel myself unequal even to dealing with what is1 perhaps1 more strictly germane to this address--,i mean1 ,mr4 ,gladstone as a politician1 as a ,minister1 as a leader of public thought1 as an eminent servant of the ,queen2 and if ,i venture to say anything1 it is rather of ,mr4 ,gladstone1 the greatest member of the greatest deliberative assembly1 which1 so far1 the world has seen4 ,sir1 ,i think it is the language of sober and unexaggerated truth to say that there is no gift which would enable a man to move1 to influence1 to adorn an assembly like this that ,mr4 ,gladstone did not possess in a supereminent degree4 ,debaters as ready there may have been1 orators as finished4 ,it may have been given to others to sway as skillfully this assembly1 or to appeal with as much directness and force to the simpler instincts of the great masses in the country2 but1 sir1 it has been given to no man to combine all these great gifts as they were combined in the person of ,mr4 ,gladstone4 ,from the conversational discussion appropriate to our work in committees1 to the most sustained eloquence befitting some great argument1 and some great historic occasion1 every weapon of ,parliamentary warfare was wielded by him with the success and ease of a perfect1 absolute1 and complete mastery4 ,i would not venture myself to pronounce an opinion as to whether he was most excellent in the exposition of a somewhat complicated budget of finance or legislation1 or whether he showed it most in the heat of extemporary debate4 ,at least this we may say1 that from the humbler arts of ridicule or invective to the subtlest dialectic1 the most persuasive eloquence1 the most cogent appeals to everything that was highest and best in the audience that he was addressing1 every instrument which could find place in the armory of a member of this ,house1 he had at his command without premeditation1 without forethought1 at the moment and in the form which appeared best suited to carry out his purpose4 ,it may1 perhaps1 be asked whether ,i have nothing to say about ,mr4 ,gladstone's place in history1 about the judgment we ought to pass upon the great part which he has played in the history of his country and the history of the world during the many years in which he held a foremost place in this assembly4 ,these questions are legitimate questions4 ,but they are not to be discussed by me to-day4 ,nor1 indeed1 do ,i think that the final answer can be given to them--the final judgment pronounced--in the course of this generation4 ,but one service he did--in my opinion incalculable--which is altogether apart from the judgment which we may be disposed to pass on the particular opinions1 the particular views1 or the particular lines of policy which ,mr4 ,gladstone may from time to time have adopted4 ,sir1 he added a dignity and he added a weight to the deliberations of this ,house by his genius which ,i think it is impossible adequately to express4 ,it is not enough1 in my opinion1 to keep up simply a level1 though it be a high level1 of probity and of patriotism4 ,the mere virtue of civic honesty is not sufficient to preserve this assembly from the fate which has overcome so many other assemblies1 the products of democratic forces4 ,more than this is required1 more than this was given to us by ,mr4 ,gladstone4 ,those who seek to raise in the public estimation the level of our proceedings will be the most ready to admit the infinite value of those services1 and realize how much the public prosperity is involved in the maintenance of the work of public life4 ,sir1 that is a view which1 it seems to me1 places the services of ,mr4 ,gladstone to this assembly1 which he loved so well1 and of which he was so great a member1 in as clear a light and on as firm a basis as it is possible to place them4 ,,william ,e4 ,,gladstone ,from an address in the ,house of ,lords1 ,may1 #ahih ,,by ,,lord ,,rosebery ,my ,lords1 this is1 as has been pointed out1 an unique occasion4 ,mr4 ,gladstone always expressed a hope that there might be an interval left to him between the end of his political and of his natural life4 ,that period was given to him1 for it is more than four years since he quitted the sphere of politics4 ,those four years have been with him a special preparation for his death1 but have they not also been a preparation for his death with the nation at large8 ,had he died in the plenitude of his power as ,prime ,minister1 would it have been possible for a vigorous and convinced ,opposition to allow to pass to him1 without a word of dissent1 the honors which are now universally conceded8 ,hushed for the moment are the voices of criticism2 hushed are the controversies in which he took part2 hushed for the moment is the very sound of party conflict4 ,i venture to think that this is a notable fact in our history4 ,it was not so with the elder ,pitt4 ,it was not so with the younger ,pitt4 ,it was not so with the elder ,pitt--in spite of his tragic end1 of his unrivaled services1 and of his enfeebled old age4 ,it was not so with the younger ,pitt--in spite of his long control of the country and his absolute and absorbed devotion to the ,state4 ,i think that we should remember this as creditable not merely to the man1 but to the nation4 ,my ,lords1 there is one deeply melancholy feature of ,mr4 ,gladstone's death--by far the most melancholy--to which ,i think none of my noble friends have referred4 ,i think that all our thoughts must be turned1 now that ,mr4 ,gladstone is gone1 to that solitary and pathetic figure who1 for sixty years1 shared all the sorrows and all the joys of ,mr4 ,gladstone's life2 who received his every confidence and every aspiration2 who shared his triumphs with and cheered him under his defeats2 who1 by her tender vigilance1 ,i firmly believe1 sustained and prolonged his years4 ,i think that the occasion ought not to pass without letting ,mrs4 ,gladstone know that she is in all our thoughts to- day4 ,and yet1 my ,lords--putting that one figure aside--to me1 at any rate1 this is not an occasion for absolute and entire and unreserved lamentation4 ,were it1 indeed1 possible so to protract the inexorable limits of human life that we might have hoped that future years1 and even future generations1 might see ,mr4 ,gladstone's face and hear his matchless voice1 and receive the lessons of his unrivaled experience-- we might1 perhaps1 grieve to-day as those who have no hope4 ,but that is not the case4 ,he had long exceeded the span of mortal life2 and his latter months had been months of unspeakable pain and distress4 ,he is now in that rest for which he sought and prayed1 and which was to give him relief from an existence which had become a burden to him4 ,surely this should not be an occasion entirely for grief2 when a life prolonged to such a limit1 so full of honor1 so crowned with glory1 had come to its termination4 ,the nation lives that produced him4 ,the nation that produced him may yet produce others like him2 and1 in the meantime1 it is rich in his memory1 rich in his life1 and rich1 above all1 in his animating and inspiring example4 ,nor do ,i think that we should regard this heritage as limited to our own country or to our own race4 ,it seems to me that1 if we may judge from the papers of to-day1 that it is shared by1 that it is the possession of1 all civilized mankind1 and that generations still to come1 through many long years1 will look for encouragement in labor1 for fortitude in adversity1 for the example of a sublime ,christianity1 with constant hope and constant encouragement1 to the pure1 the splendid1 the dauntless figure of ,william ,ewart ,gladstone4 ,,the ,,soldier',s ,,creed ,from a centennial address at the ,united ,states ,military ,academy at ,west ,point1 with the author's permission4 ,,by ,,horace ,,porter ,as we stand here to-day a hundred years of history pass in review before us4 ,the present permanent ,academy was founded in #ahjb4 ,the class that year contained two cadets4 ,during the ten years following the average number was twenty4 ,we might say of the cadets of those days what ,curran said of the books in his library--not numerous1 but select4 ,and now a word to the ,corps of ,cadets1 the departure of whose graduating class marks the close of the first century of the ,academy's life4 ,the boy is father to the man4 ,the present is the mold in which the future is cast4 ,the dominant characteristics of the cadet are seen in the future general4 ,you have learned here how to command1 and a still more useful lesson1 how to obey4 ,you have been taught obedience to the civil1 as well as to the military1 code1 for in this land the military is always subordinate to the civil law4 ,not the least valuable part of your education is your service in the cadet ranks1 performing the duties of a private soldier4 ,that alone can acquaint you with the feelings and the capabilities of the soldiers you will command4 ,it teaches you just how long a man can carry a musket in one position without overfatigue1 just how hard it is to keep awake on sentry duty after an exhausting day's march4 ,you will never forget this part of your training4 ,when ,marshal ,lannes's grenadiers had been repulsed in an assault upon the walls of a fortified city1 and hesitated to renew the attack1 ,lannes seized a scaling ladder and1 rushing forward1 cried3 ,before ,i was a marshal ,i was a grenadier1 and ,i have not forgotten my training4 ,inspired by his example1 the grenadiers carried the walls and captured everything before them4 ,courage is the soldier's cardinal virtue4 ,you will seldom go amiss in following ,general ,grant's instructions to his commanders1 ,when in doubt move to the front4 ,a generous country has with fostering care equipped you for your career4 ,it is entitled to your undivided allegiance4 ,in closing1 let me mention1 by way of illustration1 a most touching and instructive scene which ,i once witnessed at the annual meeting in the great hall of the ,sorbonne in ,paris for the purpose of awarding medals of honor to those who had performed acts of conspicuous bravery in saving human life at sea4 ,a bright-eyed boy of scarcely fourteen summers was called to the platform4 ,the story was recounted of how one winter's night when a fierce tempest was raging on the rude ,normandy coast1 he saw signals of distress at sea and started with his father1 the captain of a small vessel1 and the mate to attempt a rescue4 ,by dint of almost superhuman effort the crew of a sinking ship was safely taken aboard4 ,a wave then washed the father from the deck4 ,the boy plunged into the seething waves to save him1 but the attempt was in vain1 and the father perished4 ,the lad struggled back to the vessel to find that the mate had also been washed overboard4 ,then lashing himself fast1 he took the wheel and guided the boat1 with its precious cargo of human souls1 through the howling storm safely into port4 ,the minister of public instruction1 after paying a touching tribute to the boy's courage in a voice broken with emotion1 pinned the medal on his breast1 placed in his hands a diploma of honor1 and then1 seizing the brave lad in his arms1 imprinted a kiss on each cheek4 ,for a moment the boy seemed dazed1 not knowing which way to turn1 as he stood there with the tears streaming down his bronzed cheeks while every one in that vast hall wept in sympathy4 ,suddenly his eyes turned toward his old peasant mother1 she to whom he owed his birth and his training1 as she sat at the back of the platform with bended form and wearing her widow's cap4 ,he rushed to her1 took the medal from his breast1 and1 casting it and his diploma into her lap1 threw himself on his knees at her feet4 ,men of ,west ,point1 in the honorable career which you have chosen1 whatever laurels you may win1 always be ready to lay them at the feet of your country to which you owe your birth and your education4 ,,competition ,,in ,,college ,from an address at ,columbia ,university1 ,june1 #aiji ,,by ,,abbott ,,lawrence ,,lowell ,we have seen that the sifting out of young men capable of scholarship is receiving to-day less attention than it deserves2 and that this applies not only to recruiting future leaders of thought1 but also to prevailing upon every young man to develop the intellectual powers he may possess4 ,we have seen also that1 while the graduate school can train scholars1 it cannot create love of scholarship4 ,that work must be done in undergraduate days4 ,we have found reasons to believe that during the whole period of training1 mental and physical1 which reaches its culmination in college1 competition is not only a proper but an essential factor2 and we have observed the results that have been achieved at ,oxford and ,cambridge by its use4 ,in this country1 on the other hand1 several causes1 foremost among them the elective system1 have almost banished competition in scholarship from our colleges2 while the inadequate character of our tests1 and the corporate nature of self-interest in these latter times1 raise serious difficulties in making it effective4 ,nevertheless1 ,i have faith that these obstacles can be overcome1 and that we can raise intellectual achievement in college to its rightful place in public estimation4 ,we are told that it is idle to expect young men to do strenuous work before they feel the impending pressure of earning a livelihood2 that they naturally love ease and self- indulgence1 and can be aroused from lethargy only by discipline1 or by contact with the hard facts of a struggle with the world4 ,if ,i believed that1 ,i would not be president of a college for a moment4 ,it is not true4 ,a normal young man longs for nothing so much as to devote himself to a cause that calls forth his enthusiasm1 and the greater the sacrifice involved1 the more eagerly will he grasp it4 ,if we were at war and our students were told that two regiments were seeking recruits1 one of which would be stationed at ,fortress ,monroe1 well- housed and fed1 living in luxury1 without risk of death or wounds1 while the other would go to the front1 be starved and harassed by fatiguing marches under a broiling sun1 amid pestilence1 with men falling from its ranks killed or suffering mutilation1 not a single man would volunteer for the first regiment1 but the second would be quickly filled4 ,who is it that makes football a dangerous and painful sport8 ,is it the faculty or the players themselves8 ,a young man wants to test himself on every side1 in strength1 in quickness1 in skill1 in courage1 in endurance2 and he will go through much to prove his merit4 ,he wants to test himself1 provided he has faith that the test is true1 and that the quality tried is one that makes for manliness2 otherwise he will have none of it4 ,now we have not convinced him that high scholarship is a manly thing worthy of his devotion1 or that our examinations are faithful tests of intellectual power2 and in so far as we have failed in this we have come short of what we ought to do4 ,universities stand for the eternal worth of thought1 for the preeminence of the prophet and the seer2 but instead of being thrilled by the eager search for truth1 our classes too often sit listless on the bench4 ,it is not because the lecturer is dull1 but because the pupils do not prize the end enough to relish the drudgery required for skill in any great pursuit1 or indeed in any sport4 ,to make them see the greatness of that end1 how fully it deserves the price that must be paid for it1 how richly it rewards the man who may compete for it1 we must learn--and herein lies the secret--we must learn the precious art of touching their imagination4 ,a ,,master ,,of ,,the ,,situation ,from a lecture1 entitled ,masters of the ,situation ,,by ,,james ,t4 ,,fields ,there was once a noble ship full of eager passengers1 freighted with a rich cargo1 steaming at full speed from ,england to ,america4 ,two thirds of a prosperous voyage thus far were over1 as in our mess we were beginning to talk of home4 ,fore and aft the songs of good cheer and hearty merriment rose from deck to cabin4 ,as if the beauteous ship enjoyed the beauty of the sea1 ,she lifteth up her stately head1 and saileth joyfully1 ,a lovely path before her lies1 a lovely path behind2 ,she sails amid the loveliness like a thing of heart and mind4 ,suddenly1 a dense fog came1 shrouding the horizon1 but as this was a common occurrence in the latitude we were sailing1 it was hardly mentioned in our talk that afternoon4 ,there are always croakers on board ship1 if the weather changes however slightly1 but the ,britannia was free1 that voyage1 of such unwelcome passengers4 ,a happier company never sailed upon an autumn sea6 ,the storytellers are busy with their yarns to audiences of delighted listeners in sheltered places2 the ladies are lying about on couches1 and shawls1 reading or singing2 children in merry companies are taking hands and racing up and down the decks1--when a quick cry from the lookout1 a rush of officers and men1 and we are grinding on a ledge of rocks off ,cape ,race6 ,one of those strong currents1 always mysterious1 and sometimes impossible to foresee1 had set us into shore out of our course1 and the ship was blindly beating on a dreary coast of sharp and craggy rocks4 ,i heard the order given1 ,every one on deck6 and knew what that meant--the masts were in danger of falling4 ,looking over the side1 we saw bits of the keel1 great pieces of plank1 floating out into the deep water4 ,a hundred pallid faces were huddled together near the stern of the ship where we were told to go and wait4 ,i remember somebody said that a little child1 the playfellow of passengers and crew1 could not be found1 and that some of us started to find him2 and that when we returned him to his mother she spake never a word1 but seemed dumb with terror at the prospect of separation and shipwreck1 and that other specter so ghastly when encountered at sea4 ,suddenly we heard a voice up in the fog in the direction of the wheelhouse1 ringing like a clarion above the roar of the waves1 and the clashing sounds on shipboard1 and it had in it an assuring1 not a fearful tone4 ,as the orders came distinctly and deliberately through the captain's trumpet1 to ship the cargo1 to back her1 to keep her steady1 we felt somehow that the commander up there in the thick mist on the wheelhouse knew what he was about1 and that through his skill and courage1 by the blessing of heaven1 we should all be rescued4 ,the man who saved us so far as human aid ever saves drowning mortals1 was one fully competent to command a ship2 and when1 after weary days of anxious suspense1 the vessel leaking badly1 and the fires in danger of being put out1 we arrived safely in ,halifax1 old ,mr4 ,cunard1 agent of the line1 on hearing from the mail officer that the steamer had struck on the rocks and had been saved only by the captain's presence of mind and courage1 simply replied1 ,just what might have been expected in such a disaster2 ,captain ,harrison is always master of the situation4 ,now1 no man ever became master of the situation by accident or indolence4 ,i believe with ,shelley1 that the ,almighty has given men and women arms long enough to reach the stars if they will only put them out6 ,it was an admirable saying of the ,duke of ,wellington1 that no general ever blundered into a great victory4 ,st4 ,hilaire said1 ,i ignore the existence of a blind chance1 accident1 and haphazard results4 ,he happened to succeed1 is a foolish1 unmeaning phrase4 ,no man happens to succeed4 ,,wit ,,and ,,humor ,reprinted from ,american ,wit and ,humor1 copyrighted in ,modern ,eloquence1 ,geo4 ,l4 ,shuman and ,company1 ,chicago1 publishers4 ,,by ,,minot ,j4 ,,savage ,wit may take many forms1 but it resides essentially in the thought or the imagination4 ,in its highest forms it does not deal in things but with ideas4 ,it is the shock of pleased surprise which results from the perception of unexpected likeness between things that differ or of an unexpected difference between things that are alike4 ,or it is where utterly incongruous things are apparently combined in the expression of one idea4 ,wit may be bitter or kindly or entirely neutral so far as the feelings are concerned4 ,when extremes of feeling1 one way or the other1 are concerned1 then it takes on other names which will be considered by themselves4 ,but not to stop any longer with definition1 it is almost pure wit when some one said of an endless talker that he had occasional brilliant flashes of silence4 ,so of the saying of ,mr4 ,henry ,clapp4 ,you know it is said of ,shakespeare1 ,he is not for a day1 but for all time4 ,speaking of the bore who calls when you are busy and never goes1 ,mr4 ,clapp said1 ,he is not for a time1 but for all day4 ,and what could be more deliciously perfect than the following3 ,senator ,beck of ,kentucky was an everlasting talker4 ,one day a friend remarked to ,senator ,hoar1 ,i should think ,beck would wear his brain all out talking so much4 ,whereupon ,mr4 ,hoar replied1 ,oh1 that doesn't affect him any3 he rests his mind when he is talking4 ,this has1 indeed1 a touch of sarcasm2 but it is as near the pure gold of wit as you often get4 ,or1 take this4 ,there being two houses both of which are insisted on as the real birthplace of the great philosopher and statesman1 ,mark ,twain gravely informs us that ,franklin was twins1 having been born simultaneously in two different houses in ,boston4 ,one of the finest specimens of clear-cut wit is the saying of the ,hon4 ,carroll ,d4 ,wright4 ,referring to the common saying1 he once keenly remarked3 ,i know it is said that figures won't lie1 but1 unfortunately1 liars will figure4 ,in contradistinction from wit1 humor deals with incidents1 characters1 situations4 ,true humor is altogether kindly2 for1 while it points out and pictures the weaknesses and foibles of humanity1 it feels no contempt and leaves no sting4 ,it has its root in sympathy and blossoms out in toleration4 ,it would take too long at this point in my lecture to quote complete specimens of humor2 for that would mean spreading out before you detailed scenes or full descriptions4 ,but fortunately it is not necessary4 ,cervantes1 ,shakespeare1 ,charles ,lamb1 ,dickens1 and a host of others will readily occur to you4 ,but what could be better of its kind than this8 ,general ,joe ,johnston was one day riding leisurely behind his army on the march4 ,food had been scarce and rations limited4 ,he spied a straggler in the brush beside the road4 ,he called out sharply1 ,what are you doing here8 ,being caught out of the ranks was a serious offense1 but the soldier was equal to the emergency4 ,so to the ,general's question he replied1 ,pickin' 'simmons4 ,the persimmon1 as you know1 has the quality of puckering the mouth1 as a certain kind of wild cherry used to mine when ,i was a boy4 ,what are you picking 'simmons for8 sharply rejoined the ,general4 ,then came the humorous reply that disarmed all of the officer's anger and appealed to his sympathy1 while it hinted all the boys were suffering for the cause4 ,well1 the fact of it is1 ,general1 ,i'm trying to shrink up my stomach to the size of my rations1 so ,i won't starve to death4 ,a ,,message ,,to ,,garcia ,from an article in ,the ,philistine1 with the permission of the author ,,by ,,elbert ,,hubbard ,when war broke out between ,spain and the ,united ,states1 it was very necessary to communicate quickly with the leader of the ,insurgents4 ,garcia was somewhere in the mountain fastnesses of ,cuba--no one knew where4 ,no mail or telegraph message could reach him4 ,the ,president must secure his cooperation1 and quickly4 ,what to do6 ,some one said to the ,president1 ,there's a fellow by the name of ,rowan will find ,garcia for you if anybody can4 ,rowan was sent for and given a letter to be delivered to ,garcia4 ,how the fellow by the name of ,rowan took the letter1 sealed it up in an oilskin pouch1 strapped it over his heart1 in four days landed by night off the coast of ,cuba from an open boat1 disappeared into the jungle1 and in three weeks came out on the other side of the island1 having traversed a hostile country on foot1 and delivered his letter to ,garcia1 are things ,i have no special desire now to tell in detail4 ,the point ,i wish to make is this3 ,mc,kinley gave ,rowan a letter to be delivered to ,garcia2 ,rowan took the letter and did not ask1 ,where is he at8 ,by the ,eternal6 there is a man whose form should be cast in deathless bronze and the statue placed in every college of the land4 ,it is not book learning young men need1 nor instruction about this and that1 but a stiffening of the vertebrae which will cause them to be loyal to a trust1 to act promptly1 concentrate their energies2 do the thing--,carry a message to ,garcia6 ,general ,garcia is dead now1 but there are other ,garcias4 ,no man who has endeavored to carry out an enterprise where many hands were needed1 but has been well-nigh appalled at times by the imbecility of the average man--the inability or unwillingness to concentrate on a thing and do it4 ,slipshod assistance1 foolish inattention1 dowdy indifference1 and half-hearted work seem the rule2 and no man succeeds1 unless by hook or crook1 or threat1 he forces or bribes other men to assist him2 or mayhap1 ,god in ,his goodness performs a miracle1 and sends him an angel of light for an assistant4 ,and this incapacity for independent action1 this moral stupidity1 this infirmity of the will1 this unwillingness to catch hold and lift1 are the things that put pure socialism so far into the future4 ,if men will not act for themselves1 what will they do when the benefit of the effort is for all8 ,my heart goes out to the man who does his work when the boss is away as well as when he is at home4 ,and the man1 who1 when given a letter for ,garcia1 quietly takes the missive1 without asking any idiotic questions1 and with no lurking intention of chucking it into the nearest sewer1 or of doing aught else but deliver it1 never gets laid off1 nor has to go on a strike for higher wages4 ,civilization is one long anxious search for just such individuals4 ,anything such a man asks shall be granted2 his kind is so rare that no employer can afford to let him go4 ,he is wanted in every city1 town1 and village--in every office1 shop1 store1 and factory4 ,the world cries out for such2 he is needed1 and needed badly-the man who can carry a message to ,garcia4 ,,shakespeare',s ,,mark ,,antony ,,anonymous ,a ,roman1 an orator1 and a triumvir1 a conqueror when all ,rome seemed armed against him only to have his glory false played by a woman unto an enemy's triumph1--such is ,shakespeare's story of ,mark ,antony4 ,passion alternates with passion1 purpose with purpose1 good with evil1 and strength with weakness1 until his whole nature seems changed1 and we find the same and yet another man4 ,in ,julius ,csar ,antony is seen at his best4 ,he is the one triumphant figure of the play4 ,csar falls4 ,brutus and ,cassius are in turn victorious and defeated1 but ,antony is everywhere a conqueror4 ,antony weeping over ,csar's body1 ,antony offering his breast to the daggers which have killed his master1 is as plainly the sovereign power of the moment as when over ,csar's corpse he forces by his magnetic oratory the prejudiced populace to call down curses on the heads of the conspirators4 ,csar's spirit still lives in ,antony1--a spirit that dares face the conspirators with swords still red with ,csar's blood and bid them1 ,whilst their purple hands do reek and smoke1 fulfill their pleasure1--a spirit that over the dead body of ,csar takes the hand of each and yet exclaims3-- ,had ,i as many eyes as thou hast wounds1 ,weeping as fast as they stream forth thy blood1 ,it would become me better than to close ,in terms of friendship with thine enemies4 ,permission is granted ,antony to speak a farewell word over the body of ,csar in the crowded market place4 ,before the populace1 hostile and prejudiced1 ,antony stands as the friend of ,csar4 ,slowly1 surely1 making his approach step by step1 with consummate tact he steals away their hearts and paves the way for his own victory4 ,the honorable men gradually turn to villains of the blackest dye4 ,csar's mantle1 which but a moment before had called forth bitter curses1 now brings tears to every ,roman's eye4 ,the populace fast yields to his eloquence4 ,he conquers every vestige of distrust as he says3-- ,i am no orator1 as ,brutus is2 ,but1 as you know me all1 a plain1 blunt man1 ,that love my friend2 and that they know full well ,that gave me public leave to speak of him4 ,and now the matchless orator throws off his disguise4 ,with resistless vehemence he pours forth a flood of eloquence which bears the fickle mob like straws before its tide3-- ,i tell you that which you yourselves do know2 ,show you sweet ,csar's wounds1 poor1 poor dumb mouths1 ,and bid them speak for me2 but were ,i ,brutus1 ,and ,brutus ,antony1 there were an ,antony ,would ruffle up your spirits1 and put a tongue ,in every wound of ,csar1 that would move ,the stones of ,rome to rise and mutiny4 ,the effect is magical4 ,the rage of the populace is quickened to a white heat2 and1 baffled1 beaten by a plain1 blunt man1 the terror-stricken conspirators ride like madness through the gates of ,rome4 ,,andr4 ,,and ,,hale ,from ,orations and ,after-,dinner ,speeches1 the ,cassell ,publishing ,company1 ,new ,york1 publishers4 ,,by ,,chauncey ,m4 ,,depew ,andr's story is the one overmastering romance of the ,revolution4 ,american and ,english literature is full of eloquence and poetry in tribute to his memory and sympathy for his fate4 ,after the lapse of a hundred years1 there is no abatement of absorbing interest4 ,what had this young man done to merit immortality8 ,the mission whose tragic issue lifted him out of the oblivion of other minor ,british officers1 in its inception was free from peril or daring1 and its objects and purposes were utterly infamous4 ,had he succeeded by the desecration of the honorable uses of passes and flags of truce1 his name would have been held in everlasting execration4 ,in his failure the infant ,republic escaped the dagger with which he was feeling for its heart1 and the crime was drowned in tears for his untimely end4 ,his youth and beauty1 the brightness of his life1 the calm courage in the gloom of his death1 his early love and disappointment1 surrounded him with a halo of poetry and pity which have secured for him what he most sought and could never have won in battles and sieges1--a fame and recognition which have outlived that of all the generals under whom he served4 ,are kings only grateful1 and do not republics forget8 ,is fame a travesty1 and the judgment of mankind a farce8 ,america had a parallel case in ,captain ,nathan ,hale4 ,of the same age as ,andr1 he1 after graduation at ,yale ,college with high honors1 enlisted in the patriot cause at the beginning of the contest1 and secured the love and confidence of all about him4 ,when none else would go upon a most important and perilous mission1 he volunteered1 and was captured by the ,british4 ,while ,andr received every kindness1 courtesy1 and attention1 and was fed from ,washington's table1 ,hale was thrust into a noisome dungeon in the sugarhouse4 ,while ,andr was tried by a board of officers and had ample time and every facility for defense1 ,hale was summarily ordered to execution the next morning4 ,while ,andr's last wishes and bequests were sacredly followed1 the infamous ,cunningham tore from ,hale his cherished ,bible and destroyed before his eyes his last letter to his mother and sister1 and asked him what he had to say4 ,all ,i have to say1 was his reply1 is1 ,i regret ,i have but one life to lose for my country4 ,the dying declarations of ,andre and ,hale express the animating spirit of their several armies1 and teach why1 with all her power1 ,england could not conquer ,america4 ,i call upon you to witness that ,i die like a brave man1 said ,andr1 and he spoke from ,british and ,hessian surroundings1 seeking only glory and pay4 ,i regret ,i have but one life to lose for my country1 said ,hale2 and1 with him and his comrades1 self was forgotten in that absorbing1 passionate patriotism which pledges fortune1 honor1 and life to the sacred cause4 ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,lexington ,,by ,,theodore ,,parker ,one raw morning in spring--it will be eighty years the nineteenth day of this month--,hancock and ,adams1 the ,moses and ,aaron of that ,great ,deliverance1 were both at ,lexington2 they also had obstructed an officer with brave words4 ,british soldiers1 a thousand strong1 came to seize them and carry them over sea for trial1 and so nip the bud of ,freedom auspiciously opening in that early spring4 ,the town militia came together before daylight1 for training4 ,a great1 tall man1 with a large head and a high1 wide brow1 their captain1--one who had seen service1--marshaled them into line1 numbering but seventy1 and bade every man load his piece with powder and ball4 ,i will order the first man shot that runs away1 said he1 when some faltered4 ,don't fire unless fired upon1 but if they want to have a war1 let it begin here4 ,gentlemen1 you know what followed2 those farmers and mechanics fired the shot heard round the world4 ,a little monument covers the bones of such as before had pledged their fortune and their sacred honor to the ,freedom of ,america1 and that day gave it also their lives4 ,i was born in that little town1 and bred up amid the memories of that day4 ,when a boy1 my mother lifted me up1 on ,sunday1 in her religious1 patriotic arms1 and held me while ,i read the first monumental line ,i ever saw-- ,sacred to ,liberty and the ,rights of ,mankind4 ,since then ,i have studied the memorial marbles of ,greece and ,rome1 in many an ancient town2 nay1 on ,egyptian obelisks1 have read what was written before the ,eternal roused up ,moses to lead ,israel out of ,egypt1 but no chiseled stone has ever stirred me to such emotion as these rustic names of men who fell ,in the ,sacred ,cause of ,god and their ,country4 ,gentlemen1 the ,spirit of ,liberty1 the ,love of ,justice1 was early fanned into a flame in my boyish heart4 ,the monument covers the bones of my own kinsfolk2 it was their blood which reddened the long1 green grass at ,lexington4 ,it was my own name which stands chiseled on that stone2 the tall ,captain who marshaled his fellow farmers and mechanics into stern array1 and spoke such brave and dangerous words as opened the war of ,american ,independence1--the last to leave the field1--was my father's father4 ,i learned to read out of his ,bible1 and with a musket he that day captured from the foe1 ,i learned also another religious lesson1 that ,rebellion to ,tyrants is ,obedience to ,god4 ,i keep them both ,sacred to ,liberty and the ,rights of ,mankind1 to use them both ,in the ,sacred ,cause of ,god and my ,country4 ,,the ,,homes ,,of ,,the ,,people ,reprinted with the permission of ,henry ,w4 ,grady1 ,jr4 ,,by ,,henry ,w4 ,,grady ,i went to ,washington the other day1 and ,i stood on the ,capitol ,hill2 my heart beat quick as ,i looked at the towering marble of my country's ,capitol1 and the mist gathered in my eyes as ,i thought of its tremendous significance1 and the armies and the treasury1 and the judges and the ,president1 and the ,congress and the courts1 and all that was gathered there4 ,and ,i felt that the sun in all its course could not look down on a better sight than that majestic home of a republic that had taught the world its best lessons of liberty4 ,and ,i felt that if honor and wisdom and justice abided therein1 the world would at last owe that great house in which the ark of the covenant of my country is lodged1 its final uplifting and its regeneration4 ,two days afterward1 ,i went to visit a friend in the country1 a modest man1 with a quiet country home4 ,it was just a simple1 unpretentious house1 set about with big trees1 encircled in meadow and field rich with the promise of harvest4 ,inside was quiet1 cleanliness1 thrift1 and comfort4 ,outside1 there stood my friend1 the master1 a simple1 upright man1 with no mortgage on his roof1 no lien on his growing crops1 master of his own land and master of himself4 ,there was his old father1 an aged1 trembling man1 but happy in the heart and home of his son4 ,they started to their home1 and as they reached the door the old mother came with the sunset falling fair on her face1 and lighting up her deep1 patient eyes1 while her lips1 trembling with the rich music of her heart1 bade her husband and son welcome to their home4 ,beyond was the housewife1 busy with her household cares1 clean of heart and conscience1 the buckler and helpmeet of her husband4 ,down the lane came the children1 trooping home after the cows1 seeking as truant birds do the quiet of their home nest4 ,and ,i saw the night come down on that house1 falling gently as the wings of the unseen dove4 ,and the old man--while a startled bird called from the forest1 and the trees were shrill with the cricket's cry1 and the stars were swarming in the sky--got the family around him1 and1 taking the old ,bible from the table1 called them to their knees1 the little baby hiding in the folds of its mother's dress1 while he closed the record of that simple day by calling down ,god's benediction on that family and on that home4 ,and while ,i gazed1 the vision of that marble ,capitol faded4 ,forgotten were its treasures and its majesty1 and ,i said1 ,oh1 surely here in the homes of the people are lodged at last the strength and the responsibility of this government1 the hope and the promise of this republic4 ,,general ,,ulysses ,s4 ,,grant ,,by ,,canon ,g4 ,w4 ,,farrar ,when ,abraham ,lincoln sat1 book in hand1 day after day1 under the tree1 moving round it as the shadow crossed1 absorbed in mastering his task2 when ,james ,garfield rang the bell at ,hiram ,institute on the very stroke of the hour and swept the schoolroom as faithfully as he mastered his ,greek lesson2 when ,ulysses ,grant1 sent with his team to meet some men who came to load his cart with logs1 and1 finding no men1 loaded the cart with his own boy's strength1 they showed in the conscientious performance of duty the qualities which were to raise them to become kings of men4 ,when ,john ,adams was told that his son1 ,john ,quincy ,adams1 had been elected ,president of the ,united ,states1 he said1 ,he has always been laborious1 child and man1 from infancy4 ,but the youth was not destined to die in the deep valley of obscurity and toil1 in which it is the lot--and perhaps the happy lot--of most of us to spend our little lives4 ,the hour came2 the man was needed4 ,in #ahfa there broke out that most terrible war of modern days4 ,grant received a commission as ,colonel of ,volunteers1 and in four years the struggling toiler had been raised to the chief command of a vaster army than has ever been handled by any mortal man4 ,who could have imagined that four years would make that enormous difference8 ,but it is often so4 ,the great men needed for some tremendous crisis have stepped often1 as it were1 out of a door in the wall which no man had noticed2 and1 unannounced1 unheralded1 without prestige1 have made their way silently and single-handed to the front4 ,and there was no luck in it4 ,it was a work of inflexible faithfulness1 of indomitable resolution1 of sleepless energy1 and iron purpose and tenacity4 ,in the campaigns at ,fort ,donelson2 in the desperate battle at ,shiloh2 in the siege of ,corinth2 in battle after battle1 in seige after seige2 whatever ,grant had to do1 he did it with his might4 ,other generals might fail--he would not fail4 ,he showed what a man could do whose will was strong4 ,he undertook1 as ,general ,sherman said of him1 what no one else would have ventured and his very soldiers began to reflect something of his indomitable determination4 ,his sayings revealed the man4 ,i have nothing to do with opinions1 he said at the outset1 and shall only deal with armed rebellion4 ,in riding over the field1 he said at ,shiloh1 ,i saw that either side was ready to give way1 if the other showed a bold front4 ,i took the opportunity1 and ordered an advance along the whole line4 ,no terms1 he wrote to ,general ,buckner at ,fort ,donelson 7and it is pleasant to know that ,general ,buckner stood as a warm friend beside his dying bed72 no terms other than unconditional surrender can be accepted4 ,my headquarters1 he wrote from ,vicksburg1 will be on the field4 ,with a military genius which embraced the vastest plans while attending to the smallest details1 he defeated1 one after another1 every great general of the ,confederates except ,stonewall ,jackson4 ,the ,southerners felt that he held them as in the grasp of a vise2 that this man could neither be arrested nor avoided4 ,for all this he has been severely blamed4 ,he ought not to be blamed4 ,he has been called a butcher1 which is grossly unjust4 ,he loved peace2 he hated bloodshed2 his heart was generous and kind4 ,his orders were to save lives1 to save treasure1 but at all costs to save his country--and he did save his country4 ,after the surrender at ,appomattox ,court ,house1 the war was over4 ,he had put his hand to the plow and had looked not back4 ,he had made blow after blow1 each following where the last had struck2 he had wielded like a hammer the gigantic forces at his disposal1 and had smitten opposition into the dust4 ,it was a mighty work1 and he had done it well4 ,surely history has shown that for the future destinies of a mighty nation it was a necessary and blessed work6 ,,american ,,courage ,from the copyrighted print in ,a ,modern ,reader and ,speaker1 by ,george ,riddle1 with the permission of ,duffield and ,company1 ,new ,york1 publishers4 ,,by ,,sherman ,,hoar ,i fear we undervalue the devotion to country which comes from a contemplation of what has been done and suffered in her name4 ,i feel that we teach those who are to make or mar the future of this nation too much of what has been done elsewhere1 and too little of what has been done here4 ,courage is the characteristic of no one land or time4 ,the world's history is full of it and the lessons it teaches4 ,american courage1 however1 is of this nation2 it is ours1 and if the finest national spirit is worth the creating2 if patriotism is still a quality to be engendered in our youth2 if love of country is still to be a strong power for good1 those acts of devotion and of heroic personal sacrifice with which our history is filled1 are worthy of earnest study1 of continued contemplation1 and of perpetual consideration4 ,let him who will1 sing deeds done well across the sea1 ,here1 lovely ,land1 men bravely live and die for ,thee4 ,the particular example ,i desire to speak about is of that splendid quality of courage which dares everything not for self or country1 but for an enemy4 ,it is of that kind which is called into existence not by dreams of glory1 or by love of land1 but by the highest human desire2 the desire to mitigate suffering in those who are against us4 ,in the afternoon of the day after the battle of ,fredericksburg1 ,general ,kershaw of the ,confederate army was sitting in his quarters when suddenly a young ,south ,carolinian named ,kirkland entered1 and1 after the usual salutations1 said3 ,general1 ,i can't stand this4 ,the general1 thinking the statement a little abrupt1 asked what it was he could not stand1 and ,kirkland replied3 ,those poor fellows out yonder have been crying for water all day1 and ,i have come to you to ask if ,i may go and give them some4 ,the poor fellows were ,union soldiers who lay wounded between the ,union and ,confederate lines4 ,to go to them1 ,kirkland must go beyond the protection of the breastworks and expose himself to a fire from the ,union sharpshooters1 who1 so far during that day1 had made the raising above the ,confederate works of so much as a head an act of extreme danger4 ,general ,kershaw at first refused to allow ,kirkland to go on his errand1 but at last1 as the lad persisted in his request1 declined to forbid him1 leaving the responsibility for action with the boy himself4 ,kirkland1 in perfect delight1 rushed from the general's quarters to the front1 where he gathered all the canteens he could carry1 filled them with water1 and going over the breastworks1 started to give relief to his wounded enemies4 ,no sooner was he in the open field than our sharpshooters1 supposing he was going to plunder their comrades1 began to fire at him4 ,for some minutes he went about doing good under circumstances of most imminent personal danger4 ,soon1 however1 those to whom he was taking the water recognized the character of his undertaking4 ,all over the field men sat up and called to him1 and those too hurt to raise themselves1 held up their hands and beckoned to him4 ,soon our sharpshooters1 who luckily had not hit him1 saw that he was indeed an ,angel of ,mercy1 and stopped their fire1 and two armies looked with admiration at the young man's pluck and loving- kindness4 ,with a beautiful tenderness1 ,kirkland went about his work1 giving of the water to all1 and here and there placing a knapsack pillow under some poor wounded fellow's head1 or putting in a more comfortable position some shattered leg or arm4 ,then he went back to his own lines and the fighting went on4 ,tell me of a more exalted example of personal courage and self-denial than that of that ,confederate soldier1 or one which more clearly deserves the name of ,christian fortitude4 ,in that terrible ,war of the ,rebellion1 ,kirkland gave up his life for a mistaken cause in the battle of ,chickamauga1 but ,i cannot help thanking ,god that1 in our reunited country1 we are joint heirs with the men from the ,south in the glory and inspiration that come from such heroic deeds as his4 ,,the ,,minutemen ,,of ,,the ,,revolution ,reprinted1 with permission1 from ,the ,orations and ,addresses of ,george ,william ,curtis1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,copyright1 #ahid1 by ,harper and ,brothers4 ,,by ,,george ,,william ,,curtis ,the ,minuteman of the ,revolution6 ,and who was he8 ,he was the old1 the middle-aged1 and the young4 ,he was the husband and the father1 who left his plow in the furrow and his hammer on the bench1 and marched to die or be free4 ,he was the son and lover1 the plain1 shy youth of the singing school and the village choir1 whose heart beat to arms for his country1 and who felt1 though he could not say with the old ,english cavalier3-- ,i could not love thee1 dear1 so much1 ,loved ,i not honor more4 ,he was the man who was willing to pour out his life's blood for a principle4 ,intrenched in his own honesty1 the king's gold could not buy him2 enthroned in the love of his fellow citizens1 the king's writ could not take him2 and when1 on the morning of ,lexington1 the king's troops marched to seize him1 his sublime faith saw1 beyond the clouds of the moment1 the rising sun of the ,america we behold1 and1 careless of himself1 mindful only of his country1 he exultingly exclaimed1 ,oh1 what a glorious morning6 ,and then1 amid the flashing hills1 the ringing woods1 the flaming roads1 he smote with terror the haughty ,british column1 and sent it shrinking1 bleeding1 wavering1 and reeling through the streets of the village1 panic-stricken and broken4 ,him we gratefully recall to-day2 him we commit in his immortal youth to the reverence of our children4 ,and here amid these peaceful fields1-- here in the heart of ,middlesex ,county1 of ,lexington and ,concord and ,bunker ,hill1 stand fast1 ,son of ,liberty1 as the minuteman stood at the old ,north ,bridge4 ,but should we or our descendants1 false to justice or humanity1 betray in any way their cause1 spring into life as a hundred years ago1 take one more step1 descend1 and lead us1 as ,god led you in saving ,america1 to save the hopes of man4 ,no hostile fleet for many a year has vexed the waters of our coast2 nor is any army but our own likely to tread our soil4 ,not such are our enemies to-day4 ,they do not come1 proudly stepping to the drumbeat1 their bayonets flashing in the morning sun4 ,but wherever party spirit shall strain the ancient guarantees of freedom2 or bigotry and ignorance shall lay their fatal hands on education2 or the arrogance of caste shall strike at equal rights2 or corruption shall poison the very springs of national life1--there1 ,minuteman of ,liberty1 are your ,lexington ,green and ,concord ,bridge4 ,and as you love your country and your kind1 and would have your children rise up and call you blessed1 spare not the enemy4 ,over the hills1 out of the earth1 down from the clouds1 pour in resistless might4 ,fire from every rock and tree1 from door and window1 from hearthstone and chamber4 ,hang upon his flank from morn to sunset1 and so1 through a land blazing with indignation1 hurl the hordes of ignorance and corruption and injustice back--back in utter defeat and ruin4 ,,paul ,,revere',s ,,ride ,reprinted with permission from ,the ,orations and ,addresses of ,george ,william ,curtis1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,copyright #ahid1 by ,harper and ,brothers4 ,,by ,,george ,,william ,,curtis ,on ,tuesday1 ,april #ah1 #agge1 ,gage1 the royal governor1 who had decided to send a force to ,concord to destroy the stores1 picketed the roads from ,boston into ,middlesex1 to prevent any report of the intended march from spreading into the country4 ,but the very air was electric4 ,in the tension of the popular mind1 every sound and sight was significant4 ,in the afternoon1 one of the governor's grooms strolled into a stable where ,john ,ballard was cleaning a horse4 ,john ,ballard was a son of liberty2 and when the groom idly remarked in nervous ,english about what would occur to-morrow1 ,john's heart leaped and his hand shook1 and1 asking the groom to finish cleaning the horse1 he ran to a friend1 who carried the news straight to ,paul ,revere4 ,gage thought that his secret had been kept1 but ,lord ,percy1 who had heard the people say on the ,common that the troops would miss their aim1 undeceived him4 ,gage instantly ordered that no one should leave the town4 ,but ,dr4 ,warren was before him1 and1 as the troops crossed the river1 ,paul ,revere was rowing over the river farther down to ,charlestown1 having agreed with his friend1 ,robert ,newman1 to show lanterns from the belfry of the ,old ,north ,church1-- ,one1 if by land1 and two1 if by sea1 as a signal of the march of the ,british4 ,it was a brilliant ,april night4 ,the winter had been unusually mild and the spring very forward4 ,the hills were already green2 the early grain waved in the fields1 and the air was sweet with blossoming orchards4 ,under the cloudless moon the soldiers silently marched1 and ,paul ,revere swiftly rode1 galloping through ,medford and ,west ,cambridge1 rousing every house as he went1 spurring for ,lexington and ,hancock and ,adams1 and evading the ,british patrols1 who had been sent out to stop the news4 ,stop the news6 ,already the village church bells were beginning to ring the alarm1 as the pulpits beneath them had been ringing for many a year4 ,in the awakening houses lights flashed from window to window4 ,drums beat faintly far away and on every side4 ,signal guns flashed and echoed4 ,the watchdogs barked2 the cocks crew4 ,stop the news6 ,stop the sunrise6 ,the murmuring night trembled with the summons so earnestly expected1 so dreaded1 so desired4 ,and as1 long ago1 the voice rang out at midnight along the ,syrian shore1 wailing that great ,pan was dead1 but in the same moment the choiring angels whispered1 ,glory to ,god in the highest1 for ,christ is born1 so1 if the stern alarm of that ,april night seemed to many a wistful and loyal heart to portend the passing glory of ,british dominion and the tragical chance of war1 it whispered to them with prophetic inspiration1 ,good will to men2 ,america is born6 ,there is a tradition that long before the troops reached ,lexington an unknown horseman thundered at the door of ,captain ,joseph ,robbins in ,acton1 waking every man and woman and babe in the cradle1 shouting that the regulars were marching to ,concord and that the rendezvous was the old ,north ,bridge4 ,captain ,robbins' son1 a boy of ten years1 heard the summons in the garret where he lay1 and in a few minutes was on his father's old mare1 a young ,paul ,revere1 galloping along the road to rouse ,captain ,isaac ,davis1 who commanded the minutemen of ,acton4 ,the company assembled at his shop1 formed1 and marched a little way1 when he halted them and returned for a moment to his house4 ,he said to his wife1 ,take good care of the children1 kissed her1 turned to his men1 gave the order to march1 and saw his home no more4 ,such was the history of that night in how many homes6 ,the hearts of those men and women of ,middlesex might break1 but they could not waver4 ,they had counted the cost4 ,they knew what and whom they served2 and1 as the midnight summons came1 they started up and answered1 ,here am ,i6 ,,the ,,arts ,,of ,,the ,,ancients ,from ,speeches and ,lectures1 with the permission of ,lothrop1 ,lee and ,shepard1 ,boston1 publishers4 ,,by ,,wendell ,,phillips ,we have a pitying estimate1 a tender compassion1 for the narrowness1 ignorance1 and darkness of the bygone ages4 ,we seem to ourselves not only to monopolize1 but to have begun1 the era of light4 ,in other words1 we are all running over with a fourth-day-of-,july spirit of self-content4 ,i am often reminded of the ,german whom the ,english poet ,coleridge met at ,frankfort4 ,he always took off his hat with profound respect when he ventured to speak of himself4 ,it seems to me1 the ,american people might be painted in the chronic attitude of taking off its hat to itself4 ,considering their employment of the mechanical forces1 and their movement of large masses from the earth1 we know that the ,egyptians had the five1 seven1 or three mechanical powers2 but we cannot account for the multiplication and increase necessary to perform the wonders they accomplished4 ,there is a book telling how ,domenico ,fontana of the sixteenth century set up the ,egyptian obelisk at ,rome on end1 in the ,papacy of ,sixtus ,v4 ,wonderful6 ,yet the ,egyptians quarried that stone1 and carried it a hundred and fifty miles1 and the ,romans brought it seven hundred and fifty miles1 and never said a word about it4 ,take canals4 ,the ,suez canal absorbs half its receipts in cleaning out the sand which fills it continually1 and it is not yet known whether it is a pecuniary success4 ,the ancients built a canal at right angles to ours2 because they knew it would not fill up if built in that direction1 and they knew such a one as ours would4 ,there were magnificent canals in the land of the ,jews1 with perfectly arranged gates and sluices4 ,we have only just begun to understand ventilation properly for our houses2 yet late experiments at the ,pyramids in ,egypt show that those ,egyptian tombs were ventilated in the most perfect and scientific manner4 ,again1 cement is modern1 for the ancients dressed and joined their stones so closely1 that1 in buildings thousands of years old the thin blade of a penknife cannot be forced between them4 ,the railroad dates back to ,egypt4 ,arago has claimed that they had a knowledge of steam4 ,a painting has been discovered of a ship full of machinery1 and a could only be accounted for by supposing the motive power to have been steam4 ,bramah acknowledges that he took the idea of his celebrated lock from an ancient ,egyptian pattern4 ,de ,tocqueville says that there was no social question that was not discussed to rags in ,egypt4 ,well1 say you1 ,franklin invented the lightning rod4 ,i have no doubt he did2 but years before his invention1 and before muskets were invented1 the old soldiers on guard on the towers used ,franklin's invention to keep guard with2 and if a spark passed between them and the spearhead1 they ran and bore the warning of the state and condition of affairs4 ,after that you will admit that ,benjamin ,franklin was not the only one that knew of the presence of electricity1 and the advantages derived from its use4 ,solomon's ,temple you will find was situated on an exposed point of the hill3 the temple was so lofty that it was often in peril1 and was guarded by a system exactly like that of ,benjamin ,franklin4 ,well1 ,i may tell you a little of ancient manufactures4 ,the ,duchess of ,burgundy took a necklace from the neck of a mummy1 and wore it to a ball given at the ,tuileries2 and everybody said they thought it was the newest thing there4 ,a ,hindoo princess came into court2 and her father1 seeing her1 said1 ,go home1 you are not decently covered1--go home2 and she said1 ,father1 ,i have seven suits on2 but the suits were of muslin so thin that the king could see through them1 ,a ,roman poet says1 the girl was in the poetic dress of the country4 ,i fancy the ,french would be rather astonished at this4 ,four hundred and fifty years ago the first spinning machine was introduced into ,europe4 ,i have evidence to show that it made its first appearance two thousand years before4 ,why have ,i groped among these ashes8 ,i have told you these facts to show you that we have not invented everything--that we do not monopolize the encyclopedia4 ,the past had knowledge4 ,but it was the knowledge of the classes1 not of the masses4 ,the beauty that was ,greece and the grandeur that was ,rome were exclusive1 the possession of the few4 ,the science of ,egypt was amazing2 but it meant privilege-- the privilege of the king and the priest4 ,it separated royalty and priesthood from the people1 and was the engine of oppression4 ,when ,cambyses came down from ,persia and thundered across ,egypt1 treading out royalty and priesthood1 he trampled out at the same time civilization itself4 ,the distinctive glory of the nineteenth century is that it distributes knowledge2 that it recognizes the divine will1 which is that every man has a right to know whatever may be serviceable to himself or to his fellows2 that it makes the church1 the schoolhouse1 and the town hall1 its symbols1 and humanity its care4 ,this democratic spirit will animate our arts with immortality1 if ,god means that they shall last4 ,a ,,man ,,without ,a ,,country ,an extract from ,a ,man ,without a ,country ,,by ,,edward ,,everett ,,hale ,philip ,nolan was as fine a young officer as there was in the ,legion of the ,west1 as the ,western division of our army was then called4 ,when ,aaron ,burr made his first dashing expedition down to ,new ,orleans in #ahje1 at ,fort ,massac1 or somewhere above on the river1 he met1 as the devil would have it1 this gay1 dashing1 bright young fellow2 at some dinner party1 ,i think4 ,burr marked him1 talked to him1 walked with him1 took him a day or two's voyage in his flatboat1 and1 in short1 fascinated him4 ,for the next year1 barrack life was very tame to poor ,nolan4 ,he occasionally availed himself of the permission the great man had given him to write to him4 ,long1 high-worded1 stilted letters the poor boy wrote and rewrote and copied4 ,but never a line did he have in reply from the gay deceiver4 ,the other boys in the garrison sneered at him1 because he sacrificed in this unrequited affection for a politician the time which they devoted to ,monongahela1 hazard1 and high-low-jack4 ,but one day ,nolan had his revenge4 ,this time ,burr came down the river1 not as an attorney seeking a place for his office1 but as a disguised conquerer4 ,he had defeated ,i know not how many district attorneys2 he had dined at ,i know not how many public dinners2 he had been heralded in ,i don't know how many ,weekly ,arguses1 and it was rumored that he had an army behind him and an empire before him4 ,it was a great day--his arrival--to poor ,nolan4 ,burr had not been at the fort an hour before he sent for him4 ,that evening he asked ,nolan to take him out in his skiff1 to show him a canebrake or a cottonwood tree1 as he said--really to seduce him2 and by the time the sail was over1 ,nolan was enlisted body and soul4 ,from that time1 though he did not yet know it1 he lived as ,a ,,man ,,without ,a ,,country4 ,what ,burr meant to do ,i know no more than you4 ,it is none of our business just now4 ,only1 when the grand catastrophe came1 and ,jefferson and the ,house of ,virginia of that day undertook to break on the wheel all the possible ,clarences of the then ,house of ,york1 by the great treason trial at ,richmond1 some of the lesser fry in that distant ,mississippi ,valley1 which was farther from us than ,puget's ,sound is to- day1 introduced the like novelty on their provincial stage2 and1 to while away the monotony of the summer at ,fort ,adams1 got up1 for spectacles1 a string of court-martials on the officers there4 ,one and another of the colonels and majors were tried1 and1 to fill out the list1 little ,nolan1 against whom1 ,heaven knows1 there was evidence enough--that he was sick of the service1 had been willing to be false to it1 and would have obeyed any order to march any-whither with any one who would follow him had the order been signed1 ,by command of ,his ,exc4 ,a4 ,burr4 ,the courts dragged on4 ,the big flies escaped--rightly for all ,i know4 ,nolan was proved guilty enough1 as ,i say2 yet you and ,i would never have heard of him1 but that1 when the president of the court asked him at the close whether he wished to say anything to show that he had always been faithful to the ,united ,states1 he cried out1 in a fit of frenzy3--,damn the ,united ,states6 ,i wish ,i may never hear of the ,united ,states again6 ,i suppose he did not know how the words shocked old ,colonel ,morgan1 who was holding the court4 ,he1 on his part1 had grown up in the ,west of those days1 in the midst of ,spanish plot1 ,orleans plot1 and all the rest4 ,he had spent half his youth with an older brother1 hunting horses in ,texas2 and1 in a word1 to him ,united ,states was scarcely a reality4 ,yet he had been fed by ,united ,states for all the years since he had been in the army4 ,he had sworn on his faith as a ,christian to be true to ,united ,states4 ,it was ,united ,states which gave him the uniform he wore1 and the sword by his side4 ,i do not excuse ,nolan2 ,i only explain to the reader why he damned his country1 and wished he might never hear her name again4 ,he never did hear her name but once again4 ,from that moment1 ,september #bc1 #ahjg1 till the day he died1 ,may #aa1 #ahfc1 he never heard her name again4 ,for that half century and more he was a man without a country4 ,old ,morgan1 as ,i said1 was terribly shocked4 ,he called the court into his private room1 and returned in fifteen minutes1 with a face like a sheet1 to say3-- ,prisoner1 hear the sentence of the court6 ,the court decides1 subject to the approval of the president1 that you never hear the name of the ,united ,states again4 ,nolan laughed4 ,but nobody else laughed4 ,old ,morgan was too solemn1 and the whole room was hushed dead as night for a minute4 ,even ,nolan lost his swagger in a moment4 ,then ,morgan added3-- ,mr4 ,marshal1 take the prisoner to ,orleans in an armed boat1 and deliver him to the naval commander there4 ,the marshal gave his orders and the prisoner was taken out of court4 ,mr4 ,marshal1 continued old ,morgan1 see that no one mentions the ,united ,states to the prisoner4 ,mr4 ,marshal1 make my respects to ,lieutenant ,mitchell at ,orleans1 and request him to order that no one shall mention the ,united ,states to the prisoner while he is on board ship4 ,you will receive your written orders from the officer on duty here this evening4 ,the court is adjourned without day4 ,the plan then adopted was substantially the same which was necessarily followed ever after4 ,the ,secretary of the ,navy was requested to put ,nolan on board a government vessel bound on a long cruise1 and to direct that he should be only so far confined there as to make it certain that he never saw or heard of the country4 ,one afternoon a lot of the men sat on the deck smoking and reading aloud4 ,well1 so it happened that in his turn ,nolan took the book and read to the others2 and he read very well4 ,nobody in the circle knew a line of the poem1 only it was all magic and ,border chivalry1 and was ten thousand years ago4 ,poor ,nolan read steadily through the fifth canto without a thought of what was coming3-- ,breathes there the man with soul so dead1 ,who never to himself hath said1-- ,it seems impossible to us that anybody ever heard this for the first time2 but all these fellows did then1 and poor ,nolan himself went on1 still unconsciously or mechanically3-- ,this is my own1 my native land6 ,then they all saw something was to pay2 but he expected to get through1 ,i suppose1 turned a little pale1 but plunged on3-- ,whose heart hath ne'er within him burned ,as home his footsteps he hath turned ,from wandering on a foreign strand8-- ,if such there breathe1 go1 mark him well1-- ,by this time the men were all beside themselves1 wishing there was any way to make him turn over two pages2 but he had not quite presence of mind for that2 he gagged a little1 colored crimson1 and staggered on3-- ,for him no minstrel raptures swell2 ,high though his titles1 proud his name1 ,boundless his wealth as wish can claim1 ,despite these titles1 power1 and pelf1 ,the wretch1 concentred all in self1-- and here the poor fellow choked1 could not go on1 but started up1 swung the book into the sea1 vanished into his stateroom1 and we did not see him for two months again4 ,he never entered in with the young men exactly as a companion again2 but generally he had the nervous1 tired look of a heart-wounded man4 ,and when ,nolan died1 there was found in his ,bible a slip of paper at the place where he had marked the text3-- ,they desire a country1 even a heavenly2 wherefore ,god is not ashamed to be called their ,god2 for ,he hath prepared for them a city4 ,on this slip of paper he had written3-- ,bury me in the sea2 it has been my home1 and ,i love it4 ,but will not some one set up a stone for my memory at ,fort ,adams or at ,orleans1 that my disgrace may not be more than ,i ought to bear8 ,say on it3-- ,in ,memory of ,,philip ,,nolan1 ,lieutenant in the ,army of the ,united ,states4 ,he loved his country as no other man has loved her2 but no man deserved less at her hands4 ,,the ,,execution ,,of ,,rodriguez ,from ,cuba in ,war ,time1 with the author's permission ,,by ,,richard ,,harding ,,davis ,adolfo ,rodriguez was the only son of a ,cuban farmer4 ,when the revolution broke out1 young ,rodriguez joined the insurgents1 leaving his father and mother and two sisters at the farm4 ,he was taken by the ,spanish1 was tried by a military court for bearing arms against the government1 and sentenced to be shot by a fusillade some morning before sunrise4 ,his execution took place a half mile distant from the city1 on the great plain that stretches from the forts out to the hills1 beyond which ,rodriguez had lived for nineteen years4 ,there had been a full moon the night preceding the execution1 and when the squad of soldiers marched out from town1 it was still shining brightly through the mists4 ,it lighted a plain two miles in extent broken by ridges and gullies and covered with thick1 high grass and with bunches of cactus and palmetto4 ,the execution was quickly finished with rough1 and1 but for one frightful blunder1 with merciful swiftness4 ,the crowd fell back when it came to the square of soldiery1 and the condemned man1 the priests1 and the firing squad of six young volunteers passed in and the lines closed behind them4 ,rodriguez bent and kissed the cross which the priest held up before him4 ,he then walked to where the officer directed him to stand1 and turned his back to the square and faced the hills and the road across them which led to his father's farm4 ,as the officer gave the first command he straightened himself as far as the cords would allow1 and held up his head and fixed his eyes immovably on the morning light which had just begun to show above the hills4 ,the officer had given the order1 the men had raised their pieces1 and the condemned man had heard the clicks of the triggers as they were pulled back1 and he had not moved4 ,and then happened one of the most cruelly refined1 though unintentional1 acts of torture that one can very well imagine4 ,as the officer slowly raised his sword1 preparatory to giving the signal1 one of the mounted officers rode up to him and pointed out silently--the firing squad were so placed that when they fired they would shoot several of the soldiers stationed on the extreme end of the square4 ,their captain motioned his men to lower their pieces1 and then walked across the grass and laid his hand on the shoulder of the waiting prisoner4 ,it is not pleasant to think what that shock must have been4 ,the man had steeled himself to receive a volley of bullets in the back4 ,he believed that in the next instant he would be in another world2 he had heard the command given1 had heard the click of the ,mausers as the locks caught--and then1 at that supreme moment1 a human hand had been laid upon his shoulder and a voice spoke in his ear4 ,you would expect that any man who had been snatched back to life in such a fashion would start and tremble at the reprieve1 or would break down altogether1 but this boy turned his head steadily1 and followed with his eyes the direction of the officer's sword1 then nodded his head gravely1 and with his shoulders squared1 took up a new position1 straightened his back again1 and once more held himself erect4 ,as an exhibition of self-control this should surely rank above feats of heroism performed in battle1 where there are thousands of comrades to give inspiration4 ,this man was alone1 in sight of the hills he knew1 with only enemies about him1 with no source to draw on for strength but that which lay within himself4 ,the officer of the firing squad1 mortified by his blunder1 hastily whipped up his sword1 the men once more leveled their rifles1 the sword rose1 dropped1 and the men fired4 ,at the report the ,cuban's head snapped back almost between his shoulders1 but his body fell slowly1 as though some one had pushed him gently forward from behind and he had stumbled4 ,he sank on his side in the wet grass without a struggle or sound1 and did not move again4 ,at that moment the sun1 which had shown some promise of its coming in the glow above the hills1 shot up suddenly from behind them in all the splendor of the tropics1 a fierce1 red disk of heat1 and filled the air with warmth and light4 ,,the ,,informal ,,discussion ,,the ,,flood ,,of ,,books ,from ,essays in ,application1 with the permission of ,charles ,scribner's ,sons1 ,new ,york1 publishers4 ,,by ,,henry ,,van ,,dyke ,there is the highest authority for believing that a man's life1 even though he be an author1 consists not in the abundance of things that he possesses4 ,rather is its real value to be sought in the quality of the ideas and feelings that possess him1 and in the effort to embody them in his work4 ,the work is the great thing4 ,the delight of clear and steady thought1 of free and vivid imagination1 of pure and strong emotion2 the fascination of searching for the right words1 which sometimes come in shoals like herring1 so that the net can hardly contain them1 and at other times are more shy and fugacious than the wary trout which refuse to be lured from their hiding places2 the pleasure of putting the fit phrase in the proper place1 of making a conception stand out plain and firm with no more and no less than is needed for its expression1 of doing justice to an imaginary character so that it shall have its own life and significance in the world of fiction1 of working a plot or an argument clean through to its inevitable close3 these inward and unpurchasable joys are the best wages of the men and women who write4 ,what more will they get8 ,well1 unless history forgets to repeat itself1 their additional wages1 their personal dividends under the profit- sharing system1 so to speak1 will be various4 ,some will probably get more than they deserve1 others less4 ,the next best thing to the joy of work is the winning of gentle readers and friends who find some good in your book1 and are grateful for it1 and think kindly of you for writing it4 ,the next best thing to that is the recognition1 on the part of people who know1 that your work is well done1 and of fine quality4 ,that is called fame1 or glory1 and the writer who professes to care nothing for it is probably deceiving himself1 or else his liver is out of order4 ,real reputation1 even of a modest kind and of a brief duration1 is a good thing2 an author ought to be able to be happy without it1 but happier with it4 ,,effectiveness ,,in ,,speaking ,from the ,introduction to ,the ,world's ,famous ,orations1 with the permission of ,funk and ,wagnalls ,company1 ,new ,york and ,london1 publishers4 ,,by ,,william ,,jennings ,,bryan ,while it is absolutely necessary for the orator to master his subject and to speak with earnestness1 his speech can be made more effective by the addition of clearness1 brevity and apt illustrations4 ,clearness of statement is of very great importance4 ,it is not sufficient to say that there are certain self-evident truths2 it is more accurate to say that all truth is self-evident4 ,because truth is self-evident1 the best service that one can render a truth is to state it so clearly that it can be comprehended1 needs no argument in its support4 ,in debate1 therefore1 one's first effort should be to state his own side so clearly and concisely as to make the principles involved easily understood4 ,his second object should be so to divest his opponent's argument of useless verbiage as to make it stand forth clearly2 for as truth is self-evident1 so error bears upon its face its own condemnation4 ,error needs only to be exposed to be overthrown4 ,brevity of statement also contributes to the force of a speaker4 ,it is possible so to enfold a truth in long-drawn-out sentences as practically to conceal it4 ,the epigram is powerful because it is full of meat and short enough to be remembered4 ,to know when to stop is almost as important as to know where to begin and how to proceed4 ,the ability to condense great thoughts into small words and brief sentences is an attribute of genius4 ,often one lays down a book with the feeling that the author has said nothing with elaboration1 while in perusing another book one finds a whole sermon in a single sentence1 or an unanswerable argument couched in a well-turned phrase4 ,the interrogatory is frequently employed by the orator1 and when wisely used is irresistible4 ,what dynamic power for instance1 there is in that question propounded by ,christ1 ,what shall it profit a man if he gain the whole world and lose his own soul8 ,volumes could not have presented so effectively the truth that he sought to impress upon his hearers4 ,the illustration has no unimportant place in the equipment of the orator4 ,we understand a thing more easily when we know that it is like something which we have already seen4 ,illustrations may be drawn from two sources--nature and literature--and of the two1 those from nature have the greater weight4 ,all learning is valuable2 all history is useful4 ,by knowing what has been we can better judge the future2 by knowing how men have acted heretofore we can understand how they will act again in similar circumstances4 ,but people know nature better than they know books1 and the illustrations drawn from everyday life are the most effective4 ,if the orator can seize upon something within the sight or hearing of his audience1--something that comes to his notice at the moment and as if not thought of before1--it will add to the effectiveness of the illustration4 ,for instance1 ,paul's speech to the ,athenians derived a large part of its strength from the fact that he called attention to an altar near by1 erected to the ,unknown ,god1 and then proceeded to declare unto them the ,god whom they ignorantly worshiped4 ,abraham ,lincoln used scripture quotations very frequently and very powerfully4 ,probably no ,bible quotation1 or1 for that matter1 no quotation from any book ever has had more influence upon a people than the famous quotation made by ,lincoln in his ,springfield speech of #aheh1--;,a house divided against itself cannot stand4 ,it is said that he had searched for some time for a phrase which would present in the strongest possible way the proposition he intended to advance--namely1 that the nation could not endure half slave and half free4 ,it is a compliment to a public speaker that the audience should discuss what he says rather than his manner of saying it2 more complimentary that they should remember his arguments1 than that they should praise his rhetoric4 ,the orator should seek to conceal himself behind his subject4 ,if he presents himself in every speech he is sure to become monotonous1 if not offensive4 ,if1 however1 he focuses attention upon his subject1 he can find an infinite number of themes and1 therefore1 give variety to his speech4 ,,books1 ,,literature1 ,,and ,,the ,,people ,from ,essays in ,application1 with the permission of ,charles ,scribner's ,sons1 ,new ,york1 publishers4 ,,by ,,henry ,,van ,,dyke ,every one knows what books are4 ,but what is literature8 ,it is the ark on the flood4 ,it is the light on the candlestick4 ,it is the flower among the leaves2 the consummation of the plant's vitality1 the crown of its beauty1 and the treasure house of its seeds4 ,it is hard to define1 easy to describe4 ,literature is made up of those writings which translate the inner meanings of nature and life1 in language of distinction and charm1 touched with the personality of the author1 into artistic forms of permanent interest4 ,the best literature1 then1 is that which has the deepest significance1 the most lucid style1 the most vivid individuality1 and the most enduring form4 ,on the last point contemporary judgment is but guess-work1 but on the three other points it should not be impossible to form1 nor improper to express1 a definite opinion4 ,literature has its permanent marks4 ,it is a connected growth1 and its life history is unbroken4 ,masterpieces have never been produced by men who have had no masters4 ,reverence for good work is the foundation of literary character4 ,the refusal to praise bad work1 or to imitate it1 is an author's personal chastity4 ,good work is the most honorable and lasting thing in the world4 ,four elements enter into good work in literature3--,an original impulse--not necessarily a new idea1 but a new sense of the value of an idea4 ,a first-hand study of the subject and the material4 ,a patient1 joyful1 unsparing labor for the perfection of form4 ,a human aim--to cheer1 console1 purify1 or ennoble the life of the people4 ,without this aim literature has never sent an arrow close to the mark4 ,it is only by good work that men of letters can justify their right to a place in the world4 ,the father of ,thomas ,carlyle was a stonemason1 whose walls stood true and needed no rebuilding4 ,carlyle's prayer was1 ,let me write my books as he built his houses4 ,,education ,,for ,,business ,from an address before the ,new ,york ,chamber of ,commerce1 #ahij ,,by ,,charles ,,william ,,eliot ,before we can talk together to advantage about the value of education in business1 we ought to come to a common understanding about the sort of education we mean and the sort of business4 ,we must not think of the liberal education of to-day as dealing with a dead past--with dead languages1 buried peoples1 exploded philosophies2 on the contrary1 everything which universities now teach is quick with life and capable of application to modern uses4 ,they teach indeed the languages and literature of ,judea1 ,greece1 and ,rome2 but it is because those literatures are instinct with eternal life4 ,they teach mathematics1 but it is mathematics mostly created within the lifetime of the older men here present4 ,in teaching ,english1 ,french1 and ,german1 they are teaching the modern vehicles of all learning--just what ,latin was in medieval times4 ,as to history1 political science1 and natural science1 the subjects1 and all the methods by which they are taught1 may properly be said to be new within a century4 ,liberal education is not to be justly regarded as something dry1 withered1 and effete2 it is as full of sap as the cedars of ,lebanon4 ,and what sort of business do we mean8 ,surely the larger sorts of legitimate and honorable business2 that business which is of advantage both to buyer and seller1 and to producer1 distributor1 and consumer alike1 whether individuals or nations1 which makes common some useful thing which has been rare1 or makes accessible to the masses good things which have been within reach only of the few--,i wish ,i could say simply which make dear things cheap2 but recent political connotations of the word cheap forbid4 ,we mean that great art of production and exchange which through the centuries has increased human comfort1 cherished peace1 fostered the fine arts1 developed the pregnant principle of associated action1 and promoted both public security and public liberty4 ,with this understanding of what we mean by education on the one hand and business on the other1 let us see if there can be any doubt as to the nature of the relations between them4 ,the business man in large affairs requires keen observation1 a quick mental grasp of new subjects1 and a wide range of knowledge4 ,whence come these powers and attainments--either to the educated or to the uneducated--save through practice and study8 ,but education is only early systematic practice and study under guidance4 ,the object of all good education is to develop just these powers--accuracy in observation1 quickness and certainty in seizing upon the main points of new subjects1 and discrimination in separating the trivial from the important in great masses of facts4 ,this is what liberal education does for the physician1 the lawyer1 the minister1 and the scientist4 ,this is what it can do also for the man of business2 to give a mental power is one of the main ends of the higher education4 ,is not active business a field in which mental power finds full play8 ,again1 education imparts knowledge1 and who has greater need to know economics1 history1 and natural science than the man of large business8 ,further1 liberal education develops a sense of right1 duty1 and honor2 and more and more1 in the modern world1 large business rests on rectitude and honor1 as well as on good judgment4 ,education does this through the contemplation and study of the moral ideals of our race2 not in drowsiness or dreaminess or in mere vague enjoyment of poetic and religious abstractions1 but in the resolute purpose to apply spiritual ideals to actual life4 ,the true university fosters ideals1 but always to urge that they be put into practice in the real world4 ,when the universities hold up before their youth the great ,semitic ideals which were embodied in the ,decalogue1 they mean that those ideals should be applied in politics4 ,when they teach their young men that ,asiatic ideal of unknown antiquity1 the ,golden ,rule1 they mean that their disciples shall apply it to business2 when they inculcate that comprehensive maxim of ,christian ethics1 ,ye are all members of one another1 they mean that this moral principle is applicable to all human relations1 whether between individuals1 families1 states1 or nations4 ,,the ,,beginnings ,,of ,,american ,,oratory ,from the author's lectures on oratory1 with his permission ,,by ,,thomas ,,wentworth ,,higginson ,it is a singular fact that the three leaders of the revolution1 in the ,massachusetts colony1 ,john ,adams1 ,sam ,adams1 and ,oxenbridge ,thatcher1 were all trained originally to be clergymen1 and all afterwards determined to be lawyers1 and get their legal training in addition4 ,john ,adams did it2 ,oxenbridge ,thatcher did it4 ,sam ,adams's parents held so hard to the doctrine that the law was a disreputable profession that they never allowed him to enter it4 ,he went into business1 but before he got through1 mixed himself up with legal questions more than the two others put together4 ,and what is more1 and what has only lately been brought out distinctly1 there existed in the southern colonies represented by ,virginia very much the same feeling1 only coming from a different source4 ,it was not a question of church membership or of ecclesiastical training--the southern colonies never troubled themselves very much about those things--but turned upon a wholly different thing4 ,the southern colonies were based on land ownership2 the aim was to build up a type of society like the ,english type1 an aristocratic system of landowners as in ,england4 ,and these miscellaneous men who1 without owning large estates or large numbers of slaves1 came forward to try cases in court1 were regarded with the same sort of suspicion which the same class had to meet in ,massachusetts4 ,patrick ,henry1 the greatest of ,virginians for the purpose for which ,providence had marked him out1 was always regarded by ,jefferson in very much the same light in which ,sam ,adams was by his uncles1 who were afraid he wanted to be a lawyer4 ,henry was regarded as a man from the people1 an irregularly trained man4 ,jefferson1 you will find1 criticizes his pronunciation severely4 ,he talked about yearth instead of earth4 ,he said that a man's nateral parts needed to be improved by eddication4 ,jefferson had traveled in ,europe and talked with cultivated men in other countries4 ,he did not do that sort of thing1 and he1 not being a man of the most generous or candid nature1 always tries to make us think that ,patrick ,henry was a nobody who had very little practice4 ,and it was not until the admirable life of him written for the ,american ,statesmen series by my predecessor in this lectureship1 ,moses ,coit ,tyler1 whose loss we so greatly mourn1 that it was clearly made out that1 on the contrary1 he had an immense legal practice and was wonderfully successful in a great variety of cases4 ,so1 both ,north and ,south1 there was this antagonism to this new class coming forward2 and yet that new class stepped forward and took the leadership of the ,american ,revolution4 ,not that the clergy were false to their duty4 ,they did their duty well4 ,there is a book by ,j4 ,wingate ,thornton1 called ,the ,clergy of the ,american ,revolution1 which contains an admirable and powerful series of sermons by those very clergymen whom ,i have criticized for their limitations4 ,they did their part admirably1 and yet one sees as time goes on that the lawyers are taking matters into their own hands4 ,but the change was not always a benefit to the style of oratory4 ,it was a period of somewhat formal style2 it was not a period when the ,english language was reaching to its highest sources4 ,you will be surprised to find1 for instance1 in the books and addresses of that period how little ,shakespeare is quoted1 how much oftener much inferior poets4 ,in ,edmund ,burke's orations he quotes ,shakespeare very little2 and ,edmund ,burke's orations are interesting especially for this1 that they are not probably the original addresses which he gave1 are literature rather than oratory1 and are now generally supposed to have been written out afterwards4 ,like ,burke most of the orators of that period have a certain formal style4 ,when all is said and done1 the clergy got a certain pithiness from that terrific habit they had of going back every little while and pinning down their thought with a text4 ,one ,english clergyman of the period compared his text to a horse block on which he ascended when he wished to mount his horse1 and then he rode his horse as long as he wished and might or might not come back to that horse block again4 ,therefore we see in the oratory of that time a certain formality4 ,moreover1 in the absence of the modern reporter1 we really do not know exactly what was said in the greatest speeches of that day4 ,the modern reporter1 whose aim is to report everything that is said1 and who generally succeeds in putting in a great many fine things which haven't occurred to the orators--the modern reporter was not known1 and we have but very few descriptions even of the great orations4 ,,daniel ,,webster1 ,,the ,,man ,from the author's lectures on oratory1 with his permission ,,by ,,thomas ,,wentworth ,,higginson ,it happened to me1 when ,i was in college1 to be once on some business at an office on ,state ,street in ,boston1 then as now the central business street of the place1 in a second-story office where there were a number of young men writing busily at their desks4 ,presently one of the youths1 passing by accident across the room1 stopped suddenly and said1-- ,there is ,daniel ,webster6 ,in an instant every desk in that room was vacated1 every pane in every window was filled with a face looking out1 and ,i1 hastening up behind them1 found it difficult to get a view of the street so densely had they crowded round it4 ,and once looking out1 ,i saw all up and down the street1 in every window ,i could see1 just the same mass of eager faces behind the windows4 ,those faces were all concentrated on a certain figure1 a farmer-like1 sunburned man who stood1 roughly clothed1 with his hands behind him1 speaking to no one1 looking nowhere in particular2 waiting1 so far as ,i could see1 for nothing1 with broad shoulders and heavy muscles1 and the head of a hero above4 ,such a brow1 such massive formation1 such magnificent black eyes1 such straight black eyebrows ,i had never seen before4 ,that man1 it appeared1 was ,daniel ,webster6 ,i saw people go along the street sidling along past him1 looking up at him as if he were the ,statue of ,liberty ,enlightening the ,world in ,new ,york harbor4 ,nobody knew what he wanted1 it never was explained2 he may have been merely waiting for some companion to go fishing4 ,but there he was1 there he stands in my memory4 ,i don't know what happened afterwards1 or how these young men ever got back to their desks--if they ever did4 ,for me1 however1 that figure was revealed by one brief duplicate impression1 which came in a few months afterwards when ,i happened to be out in ,brookline1 a suburb of ,boston1 where people used to drive then1 as they drive now1 on summer afternoons for afternoon tea--only1 afternoon tea not having been invented1 they drove out to their neighbors' houses for fruit or a cup of chocolate4 ,you have heard ,boston perhaps called the ,hub of the universe4 ,a lady1 not a ,bostonian1 once said that if ,boston were the hub of the universe1 ,brookline ought to be called the ,sub-hub4 ,in the sub-hub ,i was sitting in the house of a kinsman who had a beautiful garden2 who was the discoverer1 in fact1 of the ,boston nectarine1 which all the world came to his house to taste4 ,i heard voices in the drawing-room and went in there4 ,and there ,i saw again before me the figure of that day on ,state street1 but it was the figure of a man with a beamingly good- natured face1 seated in a solid chair brought purposely to accommodate his weight1 sitting there with the simple culinary provision of a cup of chocolate in his hand4 ,it so happened that the great man1 the godlike ,daniel1 as the people used to call him1 had expressed the very mortal wish for a little more sugar in his chocolate2 and ,i1 if you please1 was the fortunate youth who1 passing near him1 was selected as the ,ganymede to bring to him the refreshment desired4 ,i have felt ever since that ,i1 at least1 was privileged to put one drop of sweetness into the life of that great man1 a life very varied and sometimes needing refreshment4 ,and ,i have since been given by my classmates to understand--,i find they recall it to this day--that upon walking through the college yard for a week or two after that opportunity1 ,i carried my head so much higher than usual as to awaken an amount of derision which undoubtedly1 if it had been at ,west ,point1 would have led to a boxing match4 ,that was ,daniel ,webster1 one of the two great lawyers of ,boston--,i might almost say1 of the ,american bar at that time4 ,,the ,,enduring ,,value ,,of ,,speech ,from the author's lectures on oratory1 with his permission ,,by ,,thomas ,,wentworth ,,higginson ,the ,englishman1 as far as ,i have observed1 as a rule gets up with reluctance1 and begins with difficulty4 ,just as you are beginning to feel seriously anxious for him1 you gradually discover that he is on the verge of saying some uncommonly good thing4 ,before you are fully prepared for it he says that good thing1 and then to your infinite amazement he sits down6 ,the ,american begins with an ease which relieves you of all anxiety4 ,the anxiety begins when he talks a while without making any special point4 ,he makes his point at last1 as good perhaps as the ,englishman's1 possibly better4 ,but then when he has made it1 you find that he goes on feeling for some other good point1 and he feels and feels so long1 that perhaps he sits down at last without having made it4 ,my ideal of a perfect speech in public would be that it should be conducted by a syndicate or trust1 as it were1 of the two nations1 and that the guaranty should be that an ,american should be provided to begin every speech and an ,englishman provided to end it4 ,then1 when we go a little farther and consider the act of speech itself1 and its relation to the word1 we sometimes meet with a doubt that we see expressed occasionally in the daily papers provided for us with twenty pages per diem and thirty-two on ,sunday1 whether we will need much longer anything but what is called sometimes by clergymen the printed word--whether the whole form of communication through oral speech will not diminish or fade away4 ,it seems to me a truly groundless fear--like wondering whether there will ever be a race with only one arm or one leg1 or a race of people who live only by the eye or by the ear4 ,the difference between the written word and the spoken word is the difference between solitude and companionship1 between meditation and something so near action that it is at least halfway to action and creates action4 ,it is perfectly supposable to imagine a whole race of authors of whom not one should ever exchange a word with a human being while his greatest work is being produced4 ,the greatest work of ,american literature1 artistically speaking1 ,hawthorne's ,scarlet ,letter1 was thus produced4 ,his wife records that during the year that he was writing it1 he shut himself up in his study every day4 ,she asked no questions2 he volunteered no information4 ,she only knew that something was going on by the knot in his forehead which he carried all that year4 ,at the end of the year he came from his study and read over to her the whole book2 a work of genius was added to the world4 ,it was the fruit of solitude4 ,and sometimes solitude1 ,i regret as an author to say1 extends to the perusal of the book1 for ,i have known at least one volume of poems of which not a copy was ever sold2 and ,i know another of which only one copy was sold through my betraying the secret of the author and mentioning the book to a classmate1 who bought that one copy4 ,therefore1 in a general way1 we may say that literature speaks in a manner the voice of solitude4 ,as soon as the spoken word comes in1 you have companionship4 ,there can be no speech without at least one person present1 if it is only the janitor of the church4 ,dean ,swift in reading the ,church of ,england service to his manservant only1 adapted the service as follows3 ,dearly beloved ,roger1 the ,scripture moveth thee and me in sundry places1 etc42 but in that very economy of speech he realized the presence of an audience4 ,it takes a speaker and an audience together to make a speech--,i can say to you what ,i could not first have said to myself4 ,the sea of upturned faces1 as ,daniel ,webster said1 borrowing the phrase1 however1 from ,scott's ,rob ,roy-- the sea of upturned faces makes half the speech4 ,and therefore we may assume that there will always be this form of communication4 ,it has1 both for the speaker and for the audience1 this one vast advantage4 ,,to ,,college ,,girls ,from ,girls and ,education1 by permission of1 and by special arrangement with1 ,houghton ,mifflin ,company1 authorized publishers of this author's works4 ,,by ,,le ,,baron ,,russell ,,briggs ,i doubt whether any one has told more effectively what a college may do for a girl's mind than ,dr4 ,thomas ,fuller4 ,in his ,church ,history of ,britain he gives a short chapter to ,the ,conveniency of ,she-,colleges4 7,i once quoted this chapter at ,smith ,college1 and was accused of making it up47 ,nunneries also1 he observes1 were good ,she-,schools1 wherein the girls and maids of the neighborhood were taught to read and work2 and sometimes a little ,latin was taught them therein4 ,yea1 give me leave to say1 if such feminine foundations had still continued1 haply the weaker sex might be heightened to a higher perfection than hitherto hath been attained4 ,that sharpness of their wits1 and suddenness of their conceits1 which their enemies must allow unto them1 might by education be improved into a judicious solidity4 ,the feminine mind1 with its quick intuitions and unsteady logic1 may keep the intuitions and gain a firmness which makes it more than transiently stimulating4 ,the emotional mind has its charm1 especially if its emotions are favorable to ourselves4 ,in some things it may be well that emotion is greater than logic2 but emotion in logic is sad to contend with1 sad even to contemplate--and such is too often the reasoning of the untrained woman4 ,do not for a moment suppose that ,i believe such reasoning peculiar to women2 but from the best men it has been in great measure trained out4 ,in a right-minded1 sound-hearted girl1 college training tends toward control of the nervous system2 and control of the nervous system-- making it servant and not master--is almost the supreme need of women4 ,without such control they become helpless2 with it they know scarcely a limit to their efficiency4 ,the world does not yet understand that for the finest and highest work it looks and must look to the naturally sensitive1 whether women or men4 ,i remember expressing to the late ,professor ,greenough regret that a certain young teacher was nervous4 ,his answer has been a comfort to me ever since4 ,i wouldn't give ten cents for any one who isn't4 ,the nervous man or woman is bound to suffer2 but the nervous man or woman may rise to heights that the naturally calm can never reach and can seldom see4 ,to whom do you go for counsel8 ,to the calm1 no doubt2 but never to the phlegmatic-never to the calm who are calm because they know no better 7like the man in ,ruskin to whom the primrose is very accurately the primrose because he does not love it74 ,you go to the calm who have fought for their calmness1 who have known what it is to quiver in every nerve1 but have put through whatever they have taken in hand4 ,there are numberless sweet and patient women who never studied beyond the curriculum of the district school1 women who help every one near them by their own unselfish loveliness2 but the intelligently patient1 the women who can put themselves into the places of all sorts of people1 who can sympathize not merely with great and manifest griefs1 but with every delicate jarring of the human soul--hardest of all1 with the ambitions of the dull--these women1 who must command a respect intellectual as well as moral1 reach their highest efficiency through experience based on college training4 ,college life1 designed as it is to strengthen a girl's intellect and character1 should teach her to understand better1 and not worse1 herself as distinguished from other beings of her own sex or the opposite1 should fortify her individuality1 her power of resisting1 and her determination to resist1 the contagion of the unwomanly4 ,exaggerated study may lessen womanly charm2 but there is nothing loud or masculine about it4 ,nor should we judge mental training or anything else by scattered cases of its abuse4 ,the only characteristics of women that the sensible college girl has lost are feminine frivolity1 and that kind of headless inaccuracy in thought and speech which once withheld from the sex--or from a large part of it--the intellectual respect of educated men4 ,at college1 if you have lived rightly1 you have found enough learning to make you humble1 enough friendship to make your hearts large and warm1 enough culture to teach you the refinement of simplicity1 enough wisdom to keep you sweet in poverty and temperate in wealth4 ,here you have learned to see great and small in their true relation1 to look at both sides of a question1 to respect the point of view of every honest man or woman1 and to recognize the point of view that differs most widely from your own4 ,here you have found the democracy that excludes neither poor nor rich1 and the quick sympathy that listens to all and helps by the very listening4 ,here too1 it may be at the end of a long struggle1 you have seen--if only in transient glimpses--that after doubt comes reverence1 after anxiety peace1 after faintness courage1 and that out of weakness we are made strong4 ,suffer these glimpses to become an abiding vision1 and you have the supreme joy of life4 ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,acting ,from an address to the students of ,harvard ,university1 #ahhe4 ,published in ,the ,drama2 ,addresses by ,henry ,irving1 ,william ,heinemann1 ,london1 publisher1 #ahic ,,by ,,henry ,,irving ,what is the art of acting8 ,i speak of it in its highest sense1 as the art to which ,roscius1 ,betterton1 and ,garrick owed their fame4 ,it is the art of embodying the poet's creations1 of giving them flesh and blood1 of making the figures which appeal to your mind's eye in the printed drama live before you on the stage4 ,to fathom the depths of character1 to trace its latent motives1 to feel its finest quiverings of emotion1 to comprehend the thoughts that are hidden under words1 and thus possess one's self of the actual mind of the individual man--such was ,macready's definition of the player's art2 and to this we may add the testimony of ,talma4 ,he describes tragic acting as the union of grandeur without pomp and nature without triviality4 ,it demands1 he says1 the endowment of high sensibility and intelligence4 ,you will readily understand from this that to the actor the well-worn maxim that art is long and life is short has a constant significance4 ,the older we grow the more acutely alive we are to the difficulties of our craft4 ,i cannot give you a better illustration of this fact than a story which is told of ,macready4 ,a friend of mine1 once a dear friend of his1 was with him when he played ,hamlet for the last time4 ,the curtain had fallen1 and the great actor was sadly thinking that the part he loved so much would never be his again4 ,and as he took off his velvet mantle and laid it aside1 he muttered almost unconsciously the words of ,horatio1 ,good-night1 sweet ,prince then turning to his friend1 ,ah1 said he1 ,i am just beginning to realise the sweetness1 the tenderness1 the gentleness of this dear ,hamlet6 ,believe me1 the true artist never lingers fondly upon what he has done4 ,he is ever thinking of what remains undone3 ever striving toward an ideal it may never be his fortune to attain4 ,it is often supposed that great actors trust to the inspiration of the moment4 ,nothing can be more erroneous4 ,there will1 of course1 be such moments1 when an actor at a white heat illumines some passage with a flash of imagination 7and this mental condition1 by the way1 is impossible to the student sitting in his armchair72 but the great actor's surprises are generally well weighed1 studied1 and balanced4 ,we know that ,edmund ,kean constantly practiced before a mirror effects which startled his audience by their apparent spontaneity4 ,it is the accumulation of such effects which enables an actor1 after many years1 to present many great characters with remarkable completeness4 ,i do not want to overstate the case1 or to appeal to anything that is not within common experience1 so ,i can confidently ask you whether a scene in a great play has not been at some time vividly impressed on your minds by the delivery of a single line1 or even of one forcible word4 ,has not this made the passage far more real and human to you than all the thought you have devoted to it8 ,an accomplished critic has said that ,shakespeare himself might have been surprised had he heard the ,fool1 fool1 fool6 of ,edmund ,kean4 ,and though all actors are not ,keans1 they have in varying degree this power of making a dramatic character step out of the page1 and come nearer to our hearts and our understandings4 ,after all1 the best and most convincing exposition of the whole art of acting is given by ,shakespeare himself3 ,to hold1 as 'twere1 the mirror up to nature1 to show virtue her own feature1 scorn her own image1 and the very age and body of the time his form and pressure4 ,thus the poet recognized the actor's art as a most potent ally in the representation of human life4 ,he believed that to hold the mirror up to nature was one of the worthiest functions in the sphere of labor1 and actors are content to point to his definition of their work as the charter of their privileges4 ,,address ,,to ,,the ,,freshman ,,class ,,at ,,harvard ,,university ,from ,the ,harvard ,graduates ,magazine ,,by ,,charles ,,william ,,eliot ,just in the last few years we have had a striking illustration of strong reaction against prevailing educational policies4 ,there has come upon us right here on these grounds and among ,harvard's constituents1 and widespread over the country as well1 a distrust of freedom for students1 of freedom for citizens1 of freedom for backward races of men4 ,this is one of the striking phenomena of our day1 a distrust of freedom4 ,now1 there is no moment in life when there comes a greater sudden access of freedom than this moment in which you find yourselves4 ,when young men come to an ,american college1 ,i care not at all which college--to any ,american college from the parents' home or from school1 they experience a tremendous access of freedom4 ,is it an injury8 ,is it a danger8 ,are you afraid of it8 ,has society a right to be afraid of it8 ,what is freedom for8 ,what does it do for us8 ,does it hurt us or help us8 ,do we grow in it1 or do we shrink in it8 ,that is quite an important question in the management of ,harvard ,university4 ,it is the important question in modern government4 ,it is pretty clear that when young men or old men are free1 they make mistakes1 and they go wrong2 having freedom to do right or wrong1 they often do right and they often do wrong4 ,when you came hither1 you found yourselves in possession of a new freedom4 ,you can overeat yourselves1 for example2 you can overdrink2 you can take no care for sleep2 you can take no exercise or too much2 you can do little work or too much2 you can indulge in harmful amusements3 in short1 you have a great new freedom here4 ,is it a good thing for you or a bad thing8 ,clearly you can go astray1 for the road is not fenced4 ,you can make mistakes2 you can fall into sin4 ,have you learned to control yourselves8 ,have you got the will-power in you to regulate your own conduct8 ,can you be your own taskmaster8 ,you have been in the habit of looking to parents1 perhaps1 or to teachers1 or to the heads of your boarding schools or your day schools for control in all these matters4 ,have you got it in yourselves to control yourselves8 ,that is the prime question which comes up with regard to every one of you when you come to the ,university4 ,have you the sense and the resolution to regulate your own conduct8 ,it is pretty clear that in other spheres freedom is dangerous4 ,how is it with free political institutions8 ,do they always yield the best government8 ,look at the ,american cities and compare them with the cities of ,europe4 ,clearly1 free institutions do not necessarily produce the best government4 ,are then free institutions wrong or inexpedient8 ,what is freedom for8 ,why has ,god made men free1 as he has not made the plants and the animals8 ,is freedom dangerous8 ,yes6 but it is necessary to the growth of human character1 and that is what we are all in the world for1 and that is what you and your like are in college for4 ,that is what the world was made for1 for the occupation of men who in freedom through trial win character4 ,it is choice which makes the dignity of human nature4 ,it is habitual choosing after examination1 consideration1 reflection1 and advice1 which makes the man of power4 ,it is through the internal motive power of the will that men imagine1 invent1 and thrust thoughts out into the obscure beyond1 into the future4 ,the will is the prime motive power2 and you can only train your wills1 in freedom4 ,that is what freedom is for1 in school and college1 in society1 industries1 and governments4 ,fine human character is the ultimate object1 and freedom is the indispensable condition of its development4 ,now1 there are some clear objects for choice here in college1 for real choice1 for discreet choice4 ,i will mention only two4 ,in the first place1 choose those studies--there is a great range of them here--which will1 through your interest in them1 develop your working power4 ,you know it is only through work that you can achieve anything1 either in college or in the world4 ,choose those studies on which you can work intensely with pleasure1 with real satisfaction and happiness4 ,that is the true guide to a wise choice4 ,choose that intellectual pursuit which will develop within you the power to do enthusiastic work1 an internal motive power1 not an external compulsion4 ,then choose an ennobling companionship4 ,you will find out in five minutes that this man stirs you to good1 that man to evil4 ,shun the latter2 cling to the former4 ,choose companionship rightly1 choose your whole surroundings so that they shall lift you up and not drag you down4 ,make these two choices wisely1 and be faithful in labor1 and you will succeed in college and in after life4 ,,with ,,tennyson ,,at ,,farringford ,from ,alfred ,lord ,tennyson1 ,a ,memoir by ,his ,son1 with the permission of ,the ,macmillan ,company1 ,new ,york and ,london1 publishers4 ,before leaving for ,aldworth we spent some delightful sunny days in the ,farringford gardens4 ,in the afternoons my father sat in his summerhouse and talked to us and his friends4 ,this spring he had enjoyed seeing the unusually splendid blossom of apple and pear tree1 of white lilacs1 and of purple aubretia that bordered the walks4 ,at intervals he strolled to the bottom of the kitchen garden to look at the roses1 or at the giant fig tree 7like a breaking wave1 as he said7 bursting into leaf2 or he marked the branching grace of the stately line of elms1 between the boles of which1 from his summerhouse1 he caught a glimpse of far meadows beyond4 ,he said that he did not believe in ,emerson's pretty lines3-- ,only to children children sing1 ,only to youth the ,spring is ,spring4 ,for age does feel the joy of spring1 though age can only crawl over the bridge while youth skips the brook4 ,his talk was grave and gay together4 ,in the middle of anecdotes he would stop short and say something of what he felt to be the sadness and mystery of life4 ,what impressed all his friends was his choice of language1 the felicity of his turns of expression1 his imagery1 the terseness of his unadorned ,english1 and his simple directness of manner1 which none will ever be able to reproduce1 however many notes they may have taken4 ,his dignity and repose of manner1 his low musical voice1 and the power of his magnetic dark eye kept the attention riveted4 ,his argument was clear and logical and never wandered from the point except by way of illustration1 and his illustrations were the most various ,i have ever heard1 and were taken from nature and science1 from high and low life1 from the rich and from the poor1 and his analysis of character was always subtle and powerful4 ,while he talked of the mysteries of the universe1 his face1 full of the strong lines of thought1 was lighted up2 and his words glowed as it were with inspiration4 ,when conversing with my brother and myself or our college friends1 he was1 ,i used to think1 almost at his best1 for he would quote us the fine passages from ancient or modern literature and show us why they are fine1 or he would tell us about the great facts and discoveries in astronomy1 geology1 botany1 chemistry1 and the great problems in philosophy1 helping us toward a higher conception of the laws which govern the world and of the law behind the law4 ,he was so sympathetic that the enthusiasm of youth seemed to kindle his own4 ,he spoke out of the fullness of his heart1 and explained more eloquently than ever where his own difficulties lay1 and what he1 as an old man1 thought was the true mainspring of human life and action2 and ,how much of act at human hands ,the sense of human will demands ,by which we dare to live or die4 ,the truth is that real genius1 unless made shallow by prejudice1 is seldom frozen by age1 and that1 until absolute physical decay sets in1 the powers of the mind may become stronger and stronger4 ,on one of these ,june mornings1 ,miss ,l--1 who was a stranger to us1 but whose brother we had known for some time1 called upon us4 ,my father took her over the bridge to the summerhouse looking on the ,down4 ,after a little while he said3 ,miss ,l--1 my son says ,i am to read to you1 and added1 ,i will read whatever you like4 ,he read some of ,maud1 ,the ,spinster's ,sweet-,arts1 and some ,enoch ,arden4 ,his voice1 as ,miss ,l-- noticed1 was melodious and full of change1 and quite unimpaired by age4 ,there was a peculiar freshness and passion in his reading of ,maud1 giving the impression that he had just written the poem1 and that the emotion which created it was fresh in him4 ,this had an extraordinary influence on the listener1 who felt that the reader had been present at the scenes he described1 and that he still felt their bliss or agony4 ,he thoroughly enjoyed reading his ,the ,spinster's ,sweet-,arts1 and when he was reading ,enoch ,arden he told ,miss ,l-- to listen to the sound of the sea in the line1 ,the league-long roller thundering on the reef1 and to mark ,miriam ,lane's chatter in ,he ceased2 and ,miriam ,lane ,made such a voluble answer promising all4 ,,notes ,,on ,,speech-,,making ,from ,notes on ,speech-,making1 with the permission of ,longmans1 ,green and ,company1 ,new ,york and ,london1 publishers4 ,,by ,,brander ,,matthews ,we are told that the five-minute speeches with which ,judge ,hoar year after year delighted the ,harvard chapter of the ,phi ,beta ,kappa contained but one original idea1 clearly stated1 and but one fresh story1 well told4 ,this is indeed a model to be admired of all men2 yet how few of us will take the trouble of copying it6 ,the speaker who rambles and ambles along1 saying nothing1 and his fellow1 the speaker who links jest to jest1 saying little more1 are both of them unabashed in the presence of an audience4 ,they are devoid of all shyness4 ,they are well aware that they have the gift of the gab2 they rejoice in its possession2 they lie in wait for occasions to display it4 ,they have helped to give foreigners the impression that every ,american is an oratorical revolver1 ready with a few remarks whenever any chairman may choose to pull the trigger4 ,and yet there are ,americans not a few to whom the making of an after-dinner speech is a most painful ordeal4 ,when the public dinner was given to ,charles ,dickens in ,new ,york1 on his first visit to ,america1 ,washington ,irving was obviously the predestined presiding officer4 ,curtis tells us that ,irving went about muttering3 ,i shall certainly break down2 ,i know ,i shall break down4 ,when the dinner was eaten1 and ,irving arose to propose the health of ,dickens1 he began pleasantly and smoothly in two or three sentences2 then hesitated1 stammered1 smiled1 and stopped2 tried in vain to begin again2 then gracefully gave it up1 announced the toast1 ,charles ,dickens1 the guest of the nation1 and sank into his chair amid immense applause1 whispering to his neighbor1 ,there6 ,i told you ,i should break down1 and ,i've done it4 ,when ,thackeray came1 later1 ,irving consented to preside at a dinner1 if speeches were absolutely forbidden2 the condition was faithfully observed 7so ,curtis records71 but it was the most extraordinary instance of ,american self-command on record4 ,thackeray himself had no fondness for after-dinner speaking1 nor any great skill in the art4 ,he used to complain humorously that he never could remember all the good things he had thought of in the cab2 and in ,philip he went so far as to express a hope that a day will soon arrive 7but ,i own1 mind you1 that ,i do not carve well7 when we shall have the speeches done by a skilled waiter at a side table1 as we now have the carving4 ,hawthorne was as uncomfortable on his feet as were ,thackeray and ,irving2 but his resolute will steeled him for the trial4 ,when he dined with the ,mayor of ,liverpool1 he was called upon for the toast of the ,united ,states4 ,being at bay1 and with no alternative1 ,i got upon my legs and made a response1 he wrote in his notebook1 appending this comment3 ,anybody may make an after-dinner speech who will be content to talk onward without saying anything4 ,my speech was not more than two or three inches long2 444 but1 being once started1 ,i felt no embarassment1 and went through it as coolly as if ,i were going to be hanged4 ,he also notes that his little speech was quite successful1 considering that ,i did not know a soul there1 except the ,mayor himself1 and that ,i am wholly unpracticed in all sorts of oratory1 and that ,i had nothing to say4 ,to each of these three considerations of ,hawthorne's it would be instructive to add a comment1 for he spoke under a triple disadvantage4 ,a speech cannot really be successful when the speaker has nothing to say4 ,it is rarely successful unless he knows the tastes and the temper of those he is addressing4 ,it can be successful only casually unless he has had some practice in the simpler sort of oratory4 ,,hunting ,,the ,,grizzly ,from ,hunting the ,grizzly with the permission of ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 ,new ,york and ,london1 publishers4 ,,by ,,theodore ,,roosevelt ,for half a mile ,i walked quickly and silently over the pine needles1 across a succession of slight ridges separated by narrow1 shallow valleys4 ,the forest here was composed of lodge-pole pines1 which on the ridges grew close together1 with tall slender trunks1 while in the valleys the growth was more open4 ,though the sun was behind the mountains1 there was yet plenty of light by which to shoot1 but it faded rapidly4 ,at last1 as ,i was thinking of turning toward camp1 ,i stole up to the crest of one of the ridges1 and looked over into the valley some sixty yards off4 ,immediately ,i caught the loom of some large1 dark object2 and another glance showed me a big grizzly walking slowly off with his head down4 ,he was quartering to me1 and ,i fired into his flank1 the bullet1 as ,i afterward found1 ranging forward and piercing one lung4 ,at the shot he uttered a loud1 moaning grunt and plunged forward at a heavy gallop1 while ,i raced obliquely down the hill to cut him off4 ,after going a few hundred feet1 he reached a laurel thicket1 some thirty yards broad1 and two or three times as long1 which he did not leave4 ,i ran up to the edge and there halted1 not liking to venture into the mass of twisted1 close-growing stems and glossy foliage4 ,moreover1 as ,i halted1 ,i heard him utter a peculiar1 savage kind of whine from the heart of the brush4 ,accordingly1 ,i began to skirt the edge1 standing on tiptoe and gazing earnestly to see if ,i could not catch a glimpse of his hide4 ,when ,i was at the narrowest part of the thicket1 he suddenly left it directly opposite1 and then wheeled and stood broadside to me on the hillside1 a little above4 ,he turned his head stiffly toward me2 scarlet strings of froth hung from his lips2 his eyes burned like embers in the gloom4 ,i held true1 aiming at the shoulder1 and my bullet shattered the point or lower end of his heart1 taking out a big nick4 ,instantly the great bear turned with a harsh roar of fury and challenge1 blowing the bloody foam from his mouth1 so that ,i saw the gleam of his white fangs2 and then he charged straight at me1 crashing and bounding through the laurel bushes1 so that it was hard to aim4 ,i waited till he came to a fallen tree1 raking him as he topped it with a ball1 which entered his chest and went through the cavity of his body1 but he neither swerved nor flinched1 and at the moment ,i did not know that ,i had struck him4 ,he came steadily on1 and in another second was almost upon me4 ,i fired for his forehead1 but my bullet went low1 entering his open mouth1 smashing his lower jaw and going into the neck4 ,i leaped to one side almost as ,i pulled the trigger2 and through the hanging smoke the first thing ,i saw was his paw as he made a vicious side blow at me4 ,the rush of his charge carried him past4 ,as he struck he lurched forward1 leaving a pool of bright blood where his muzzle hit the ground2 but he recovered himself and made two or three jumps onward1 while ,i hurriedly jammed a couple of cartridges into the magazine1 my rifle holding only four1 all of which ,i had fired4 ,then he tried to pull up1 but as he did so his muscles seemed suddenly to give way1 his head dropped1 and he rolled over and over like a shot rabbit4 ,each of my first three bullets had inflicted a mortal wound4 ,it was already twilight1 and ,i merely opened the carcass1 and then trotted back to camp4 ,next morning ,i returned and with much labor took off the skin4 ,the fur was very fine1 the animal being in excellent trim1 and unusually bright colored4 ,unfortunately1 in packing it out ,i lost the skull1 and had to supply its place with one of plaster4 ,the beauty of the trophy1 and the memory of the circumstances under which ,i produced it1 make me value it perhaps more highly than any other in my house4 ,,argument ,,and ,,persuasion ,,debates ,,and ,,campaign ,,speeches ,,on ,,retaining ,,the ,,philippine ,,islands ,,speech ,,of ,,george ,f4 ,,hoar ,a famous orator once imagined the nations of the world uniting to erect a column to ,jurisprudence in some stately capital4 ,each country was to bring the name of its great jurist to be inscribed on the side of the column1 with a sentence stating what he and his country through him had done toward establishing the reign of law and justice for the benefit of mankind4 ,i have sometimes fancied that we might erect here in the capital of the country a column to ,american ,liberty which alone might rival in height the beautiful and simple shaft which we have erected to the fame of the ,father of the ,country4 ,i can fancy each generation bringing its inscription1 which should recite its own contribution to the great structure of which the column should be but the symbol4 ,the generation of the ,puritan and the ,pilgrim and the ,huguenot claims the place of honor at the base4 ,i brought the torch of freedom across the sea4 ,i cleared the forest4 ,i subdued the savage and the wild beast4 ,i laid in ,christian liberty and law the foundations of empire4 ,the next generation says3 ,what my fathers founded ,i builded4 ,i left the seashore to penetrate the wilderness4 ,i planted schools and colleges and churches4 ,then comes the generation of the great colonial day3 ,i stood by the side of ,england on many a hard-fought field4 ,i helped humble the power of ,france4 ,then comes the generation of the revolutionary time3 ,i encountered the power of ,england4 ,i declared and won the independence of my country4 ,i placed that declaration on the eternal principles of justice and righteousness which all mankind have read1 and on which all mankind will one day stand4 ,i affirmed the dignity of human nature and the right of the people to govern themselves4 ,the next generation says3 ,i encountered ,england again4 ,i vindicated the right of an ,american ship to sail the seas the wide world over without molestation4 ,i made the ,american sailor as safe at the ends of the earth as my fathers had made the ,american farmer safe in his home4 ,then comes the next generation3 ,i did the mighty deeds which in your younger years you saw and which your fathers told4 ,i saved the ,union4 ,i freed the slave4 ,i made of every slave a freeman1 and of every freeman a citizen1 and of every citizen a voter4 ,then comes another who did the great work in peace1 in which so many of you had an honorable share3 ,i kept the faith4 ,i paid the debt4 ,i brought in conciliation and peace instead of war4 ,i built up our vast domestic commerce4 ,i made my country the richest1 freest1 strongest1 happiest people on the face of the earth4 ,and now what have we to say8 ,what have we to say8 ,are we to have a place in that honorable company8 ,must we engrave on that column3 ,we repealed the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,we changed the ,munroe ,doctrine from a doctrine of eternal righteousness and justice1 resting on the consent of the governed1 to a doctrine of brutal selfishness1 looking only to our own advantage4 ,we crushed the only republic in ,asia4 ,we made war on the only ,christian people in the ,east4 ,we converted a war of glory into a war of shame4 ,we vulgarized the ,american flag4 ,we introduced perfidy into the practice of war4 ,we inflicted torture on unarmed men to extort confession4 ,we put children to death4 ,we established reconcentrado camps4 ,we devastated provinces4 ,we baffled the aspirations of a people for liberty8 ,no1 ,mr4 ,president4 ,never6 ,never6 ,other and better counsels will yet prevail4 ,the hours are long in the life of a great people4 ,the irrevocable step is not yet taken4 ,let us at least have this to say3 ,we1 too1 have kept the faith of the fathers4 ,we took ,cuba by the hand4 ,we delivered her from her age-long bondage4 ,we welcomed her to the family of nations4 ,we set mankind an example never beheld before of moderation in victory4 ,we led hesitating and halting ,europe to the deliverance of their beleaguered ambassadors in ,china4 ,we marched through a hostile country--a country cruel and barbarous--without anger or revenge4 ,we returned benefit for injury1 and pity for cruelty4 ,we made the name of ,america beloved in the ,east as in the ,west4 ,we kept faith with the ,philippine people4 ,we kept faith with our own history4 ,we kept our national honor unsullied4 ,the flag which we received without a rent we handed down without a stain4 ,,speech ,,of ,,william ,,mckinley ,i do not know why in the year #ahii this ,republic has unexpectedly had placed before it mighty problems which it must face and meet4 ,they have come and are here1 and they could not be kept away4 ,we have fought a war with ,spain4 ,the ,philippines1 like ,cuba and ,porto ,rico1 were intrusted to our hands by the war1 and to that great trust1 under the ,providence of ,god and in the name of human progress and civilization1 we are committed4 ,it is a trust we have not sought2 it is a trust from which we will not flinch4 ,the ,american people will hold up the hands of their servants at home to whom they commit its execution1 while ,dewey and ,otis and the brave men whom they command will have the support of the country in upholding our flag where it now floats1 the symbol and assurance of liberty and justice4 ,there is universal agreement that the ,philippines shall not be turned back to ,spain4 ,no true ,american consents to that4 ,even if unwilling to accept them ourselves1 it would have been a weak evasion of manly duty to require ,spain to transfer them to some other power or powers1 and thus shirk our own responsibility4 ,even if we had had1 as we did not have1 the power to compel such a transfer1 it could not have been made without the most serious international complications4 ,such a course could not be thought of4 ,and yet had we refused to accept the cession of them1 we should have had no power over them even for their own good4 ,we could not discharge the responsibilities upon us until these islands became ours1 either by conquest or treaty4 ,there was but one alternative1 and that was either ,spain or the ,united ,states in the ,philippines4 ,the other suggestions--first1 that they should be tossed into the arena of contention for the strife of nations2 or1 second1 be left to the anarchy and chaos of no protectorate at all--were too shameful to be considered4 ,the treaty gave them to the ,united ,states4 ,could we have required less and done our duty8 ,could we1 after freeing the ,filipinos from the domination of ,spain1 have left them without government and without power to protect life or property or to perform the international obligations essential to an independent state8 ,could we have left them in a state of anarchy and justified ourselves in our own consciences or before the tribunal of mankind8 ,could we have done that in the sight of ,god or man8 ,no imperial designs lurk in the ,american mind4 ,they are alien to ,american sentiment1 thought1 and purpose4 ,our priceless principles undergo no change under a tropical sun4 ,they go with the flag4 ,they are wrought in every one of its sacred folds1 and are indistinguishable as its shining stars4 ,why read ye not the changeless truth1 ,the free can conquer but to save8 ,if we can benefit these remote peoples1 who will object8 ,if in the years of the future they are established in government under law and liberty1 who will regret our perils and sacrifices8 ,who will not rejoice in our heroism and humanity8 ,always perils1 and always after them safety2 always darkness and clouds1 but always shining through them the light and the sunshine2 always cost and sacrifice1 but always after them the fruition of liberty1 education1 and civilization4 ,i have no light or knowledge not common to my countrymen4 ,i do not prophesy4 ,the present is all-absorbing to me1 but ,i cannot bound my vision by the blood-stained trenches around ,manila1 where every red drop1 whether from the veins of an ,american soldier or a misguided ,filipino1 is anguish to my heart2 but by the broad range of future years1 when that group of islands1 under the impulse of the year just past1 shall have become the gems and glories of those tropical seas2 a land of plenty and of increasing possibilities2 a people redeemed from savage indolence and habits1 devoted to the arts of peace1 in touch with the commerce and trade of all nations1 enjoying the blessings of freedom1 of civil and religious liberty1 of education and of homes1 and whose children and children's children shall for ages hence bless the ,american ,republic because it emancipated and redeemed their fatherland and set them in the pathway of the world's best civilization4 ,,debate ,,on ,,the ,,tariff ,,speech ,,of ,,thomas ,b4 ,,reed ,whether the universal sentiment in favor of protection as applied to every country is sound or not1 ,i do not stop to discuss4 ,whether it is best for the ,united ,states of ,america alone concerns me now1 and the first thing ,i have to say is1 that after thirty years of protection1 undisturbed by any menace of free trade1 up to the very year now last past1 this country was the greatest and most flourishing nation on the face of this earth4 ,moreover1 with the shadow of this unjustifiable bill resting cold upon it1 with mills closed1 with hundreds of thousands of men unemployed1 industry at a standstill1 and prospects before it more gloomy than ever marked its history--except once--this country is still the greatest and the richest that the sun shines on1 or ever did shine on4 ,according to the usual story that is told1 ,england had been engaged with a long and vain struggle with the demon of protection1 and had been year after year sinking farther into the depths until at a moment when she was in her distress and saddest plight her manufacturing system broke down1 protection1 having destroyed home trade by reducing1 as ,mr4 ,atkinson says1 the entire population to beggary1 destitution1 and want4 ,mr4 ,cobden and his friends providentially appeared1 and after a hard struggle established a principle for all time and for all the world1 and straightway ,england enjoyed the sum of human happiness4 ,hence all good nations should do as ,england has done and be happy ever after4 ,suppose ,england1 instead of being a little island in the sea1 had been the half of a great continent full of raw material1 capable of an internal commerce which would rival the commerce of all the rest of the world4 ,suppose every year new millions were flocking to her shores1 and every one of those new millions in a few years1 as soon as they tasted the delights of a broader life1 would become as great a consumer as any one of her own people4 ,suppose that these millions1 and the #gj1jjj1jjj already gathered under the folds of her flag1 were every year demanding and receiving a higher wage and therefore broadening her market as fast as her machinery could furnish production4 ,suppose she had produced cheap food beyond all her wants1 and that her laborers spent so much money that whether wheat was sixty cents a bushel or twice that sum hardly entered the thoughts of one of them1 except when some ,democratic tariff bill was paralyzing his business4 ,suppose that she was not only but a cannon shot from ,france1 but that every country in ,europe had been brought as near to her as ,baltimore is to ,washington--for that is what cheap ocean freights mean between us and ,european producers4 ,suppose all those countries had her machinery1 her skilled workmen1 her industrial system1 and labor forty per cent cheaper4 ,suppose under that state of facts1 with all her manufacturers proclaiming against it1 frantic in their disapproval1 ,england had been called upon by ,cobden to make the plunge into free trade1 would she have done it8 ,not if ,cobden had been backed by the angelic host4 ,history gives ,england credit for great sense4 ,,speech ,,of ,,charles ,f4 ,,crisp ,i assume that the cause of protection has no more able advocate than the gentleman from ,maine4 ,i assume that the argument for protection can be put in no more alluring form than that to which we have listened to- day4 ,so assuming1 ,i shall ask you calmly and dispassionately to examine with me that argument1 to see upon what it is based1 and then ,i shall invoke the unprejudiced judgment of this ,house as to whether the cause attempted to be sustained by the gentleman from ,maine has been sustained1 or can be before any tribunal where the voice of reason is heard or the sense of justice is felt4 ,the gentleman from ,maine1 with a facility that is unequaled1 when he encounters an argument which he is unable to answer passes it by with some bright and witty saying and thereby invites and receives the applause of those who believe as he does4 ,but the gentleman does not attempt1 the gentleman has not to-day attempted1 to reply to the real arguments that are made in favor of freer trade and greater liberty of commerce4 ,the gentleman points to the progress of the ,united ,states1 he points to the rate of wages in the ,united ,states1 he points to the aggregated wealth of the ,united ,states1 and claims all this is due to protection4 ,but he does not explain how we owe these blessings to protection4 ,he says1 we have protection in the ,united ,states1 wages are high in the ,united ,states2 therefore protection makes high wages4 ,when we ask the gentleman from ,maine to give us a reason why a high protective tariff increases the rate of wages he points to the glory1 the prosperity1 and the honor of our country4 ,we on this side unite with him in every sentiment1 in every purpose1 in every effort that has for its object the advancement of the general welfare of the people of the ,united ,states1 but we differ from him as to the method of promoting their welfare4 ,the gentleman belongs to that school who believe that scarcity is a blessing1 and that abundance should be prohibited by law4 ,we belong to that school who believe that scarcity is a calamity to be avoided1 and that abundance should be1 if possible1 encouraged by law4 ,the gentleman belongs to that class who believe that by a system of taxation we can make the country rich4 ,he believes that it is possible by tax laws to advance the prosperity of all the industries and all the people in the ,united ,states4 ,either1 ,mr4 ,speaker1 that statement is an absurdity upon its face1 or it implies that in some way we have the power to make some persons not resident of the ,united ,states pay the taxes that we impose4 ,i insist that you do not increase the taxable wealth of the ,united ,states when you tax a gentleman in ,illinois and give the benefit of that tax to a gentleman in ,maine4 ,such a course prevents the natural and honest distribution of wealth1 but it does not create or augment it4 ,,south ,,carolina ,,and ,,massachusetts ,delivered in the ,united ,states ,senate1 ,january1 #ahcj ,,by ,,robert ,y4 ,,hayne ,the gentleman has made a great flourish about his fidelity to ,massachusetts4 ,i shall make no profession of zeal for the interests and honor of ,south ,carolina2 of that my constituents shall judge4 ,if there be one ,state in the ,union1 ,mr4 ,president 7and ,i say it not in a boastful spirit71 that may challenge comparison with any other for a uniform1 zealous1 ardent1 and uncalculating devotion to the ,union1 that ,state is ,south ,carolina4 ,sir1 from the very commencement of the ,revolution up to this hour there is no sacrifice1 however great1 she has not cheerfully made1 no service she has ever hesitated to perform4 ,she has adhered to you in your prosperity2 but in your adversity she has clung to you with more than filial affection4 ,no matter what was the condition of her domestic affairs1 though deprived of her resources1 divided by parties1 or surrounded with difficulties1 the call of the country has been to her as the voice of ,god4 ,domestic discord ceased at the sound2 every man became at once reconciled to his brethren1 and the sons of ,carolina were all seen crowding together to the temple1 bringing their gifts to the altar of their common country4 ,what1 sir1 was the conduct of the ,south during the ,revolution8 ,sir1 ,i honor ,new ,england for her conduct in that glorious struggle4 ,but great as is the praise which belongs to her1 ,i think at least equal honor is due to the ,south4 ,they espoused the quarrel of their brethren with a generous zeal1 which did not suffer them to stop to calculate their interest in the dispute4 ,favorites of the mother country1 possessed of neither ships nor seamen to create a commercial rivalship1 they might have found in their situation a guaranty that their trade would be forever fostered and protected by ,great ,britain4 ,but1 trampling on all considerations either of interest or of safety1 they rushed into the conflict1 and1 fighting for principle1 periled all in the sacred cause of freedom4 ,never were there exhibited in the history of the world higher examples of noble daring1 dreadful suffering1 and heroic endurance than by the ,whigs of ,carolina during the ,revolution4 ,the whole ,state1 from the mountains to the sea1 was overrun by an overwhelming force of the enemy4 ,the fruits of industry perished on the spot where they were produced1 or were consumed by the foe4 ,the plains of ,carolina drank up the most precious blood of her citizens4 ,black and smoking ruins marked the places where had been the habitations of her children4 ,driven from their homes into the gloomy and almost impenetrable swamps1 even there the spirit of liberty survived1 and ,south ,carolina 7sustained by the example of her ,sumters and her ,marions7 proved by her conduct that1 though her soil might be overrun1 the spirit of her people was invincible4 ,,reply ,,by ,,daniel ,,webster ,the eulogium pronounced by the honorable gentleman on the character of the ,state of ,south ,carolina for her ,revolutionary and other merits meets my hearty concurrence4 ,i shall not acknowledge that the honorable member goes before me in regard for whatever of distinguished talent1 or distinguished character1 ,south ,carolina has produced4 ,i claim part of the honor1 ,i partake in the pride1 of her great names4 ,i claim them for countrymen1 one and all1--the ,laurenses1 the ,rutledges1 the ,pinckneys1 the ,sumters1 the ,marions1 ,americans all1 whose fame is no more to be hemmed in by ,state lines than their talents and patriotism were capable of being circumscribed within the same narrow limits4 ,in their day and generation they served and honored the country1 and the whole country2 and their renown is of the treasures of the whole country4 ,him whose honored name the gentleman himself bears1--does he esteem me less capable of gratitude for his patriotism1 or sympathy for his sufferings1 than if his eyes had first opened upon the light of ,massachusetts instead of ,south ,carolina8 ,sir1 does he suppose it in his power to exhibit a ,carolina name so bright as to produce envy in my bosom8 ,no1 sir1 increased gratification and delight1 rather4 ,i thank ,god that1 if ,i am gifted with little of the spirit which is able to raise mortals to the skies1 ,i have yet none1 as ,i trust1 of that other spirit which would drag angels down4 ,when ,i shall be found1 sir1 in my place here in the ,senate or elsewhere1 to sneer at public merit because it happens to spring up beyond the little limits of my own ,state or neighborhood2 when ,i refuse1 for any such cause1 or for any cause1 the homage due to ,american talent1 to elevated patriotism1 to sincere devotion to liberty and the country2 or1 if ,i see an uncommon endowment of ,heaven1 if ,i see extraordinary capacity and virtue in any son of the ,south1 and if1 moved by local prejudice or gangrened by ,state jealousy1 ,i get up here to abate the tithe of a hair from his just character and just fame1--may my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth6 ,sir1 let me recur to pleasing recollections2 let me indulge in refreshing remembrance of the past2 let me remind you that1 in early times1 no ,states cherished greater harmony1 both of principle and feeling1 than ,massachusetts and ,south ,carolina4 ,would to ,god that harmony might again return6 ,shoulder to shoulder they went through the ,revolution2 hand in hand they stood round the administration of ,washington1 and felt his own great arm lean on them for support4 ,unkind feeling1 if it exist1 alienation and distrust1 are the growth1 unnatural to such soils1 of false principles since sown4 ,they are weeds1 the seeds of which that same great arm never scattered4 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i shall enter on no encomium upon ,massachusetts2 she needs none4 ,there she is4 ,behold her1 and judge for yourselves4 ,there is her history2 the world knows it by heart4 ,the past1 at least1 is secure4 ,there is ,boston1 and ,concord1 and ,lexington1 and ,bunker ,hill2 and there they will remain forever4 ,the bones of her sons1 falling in the great struggle for independence1 now lie mingled with the soil of every ,state from ,new ,england to ,georgia2 and there they will lie forever4 ,and1 sir1 where ,american liberty raised its first voice1 and where its youth was nurtured and sustained1 there it still lives in the strength of its manhood and full of its original spirit4 ,if discord and party strife shall succeed in separating it from that ,union by which alone its existence is made sure1--it will stand in the end by the side of that cradle in which its infancy was rocked1 and it will fall at last1 if fall it must1 amidst the proudest monuments of its own glory and on the very spot of its origin4 ,,the ,,republican ,,party ,,by ,,john ,,hay ,our platform is before the country4 ,perhaps it is lacking in novelty4 ,there is certainly nothing sensational about it4 ,its principles have been tested by eight years of splendid success and have received the approval of the country4 ,it is in line with all our platforms of the past1 except where prophecy and promise in those days have become history in these4 ,we stand by the ancient ways which have proved good4 ,we come before the country in a position which cannot be successfully attacked in front1 or flank1 or rear4 ,what we have done1 what we are doing1 and what we intend to do--on all three we confidently challenge the verdict of the ,american people4 ,the record of fifty years will show whether as a party we are fit to govern2 the state of our domestic and foreign affairs will show whether as a party we have fallen off2 and both together will show whether we can be trusted for a while longer4 ,i want to say a word to the young men whose political life is beginning4 ,any one entering business would be glad of the chance to become one of an established firm with years of success behind it1 with a wide connection1 with unblemished character1 with credit founded on a rock4 ,how infinitely brighter the future when the present is so sure1 the past so glorious6 ,everything great done by this country in the last fifty years has been done under the auspices of the ,republican ,party4 ,is not this consciousness a great asset to have in your mind and memory8 ,as a mere item of personal comfort is it not worth having8 ,lincoln and ,grant1 ,hayes and ,garfield1 ,harrison and ,mc,kinley--names secure in the heaven of fame--they all are gone1 leaving small estates in worldly goods1 but what vast possessions in principles1 memories1 sacred associations6 ,it is a start in life to share that wealth4 ,who now boasts that he opposed ,lincoln8 who brags of his voting against ,grant8 though both acts may have been from the best of motives4 ,in our form of government there must be two parties1 and tradition1 circumstances1 temperament1 will always create a sufficient opposition4 ,but what young man would not rather belong to the party that does things1 instead of one that opposes them2 to the party that looks up1 rather than down2 to the party of the dawn1 rather than of the sunset8 ,for fifty years the ,republican ,party has believed in the country and labored for it in hope and joy2 it has reverenced the flag and followed it2 it has carried it under strange skies and planted it on far- receding horizons4 ,it has seen the nation grow greater every year and more respected2 by just dealing1 by intelligent labor1 by a genius for enterprise1 it has seen the country extend its intercourse and its influence to regions unknown to our fathers4 ,yet it has never abated one jot or tittle of the ancient law imposed on us by our ,god-fearing ancestors4 ,we have fought a good fight1 but also we have kept the faith4 ,the ,constitution of our fathers has been the light to our feet2 our path is1 and will ever remain1 that of ordered progress1 of liberty under the law4 ,the country has vastly increased1 but the great-brained statesmen who preceded us provided for infinite growth4 ,the discoveries of science have made miraculous additions to our knowledge4 ,but we are not daunted by progress2 we are not afraid of the light4 ,the fabric our fathers builded on such sure foundations will stand all shocks of fate or fortune4 ,there will always be a proud pleasure in looking back on the history they made2 but1 guided by their example1 the coming generation has the right to anticipate work not less important1 days equally memorable to mankind4 ,we who are passing off the stage bid you1 as the children of ,israel encamping by the sea were bidden1 to ,go ,forward2 we whose hands can no longer hold the flaming torch pass it on to you that its clear light may show the truth to the ages that are to come4 ,,nominating ,,ulysses ,s4 ,,grant ,,by ,,roscoe ,,conkling ,in obedience to instructions ,i should never dare to disregard-- expressing1 also1 my own firm convictions--,i rise to propose a nomination with which the country and the ,republican party can grandly win4 ,the election before us is to be the ,austerlitz of ,american politics4 ,it will decide1 for many years1 whether the country shall be ,republican or ,cossack4 ,the supreme need of the hour is not a candidate who can carry ,michigan4 ,all ,republican candidates can do that4 ,the need is not of a candidate who is popular in the ,territories1 because they have no vote4 ,the need is of a candidate who can carry doubtful ,states4 ,not the doubtful ,states of the ,north alone1 but doubtful ,states of the ,south1 which we have heard1 if ,i understand it aright1 ought to take little or no part here1 because the ,south has nothing to give1 but everything to receive4 ,no1 gentlemen1 the need that presses upon the conscience of this ,convention is of a candidate who can carry doubtful ,states both ,north and ,south4 ,and believing that he1 more surely than any other man1 can carry ,new ,york against any opponent1 and can carry not only the ,north1 but several ,states of the ,south1 ,new ,york is for ,ulysses ,s4 ,grant4 ,never defeated in peace or in war1 his name is the most illustrious borne by living man4 ,his services attest his greatness1 and the country--nay1 the world-- knows them by heart4 ,his fame was earned not alone in things written and said1 but by the arduous greatness of things done4 ,and perils and emergencies will search in vain in the future1 as they have searched in vain in the past1 for any other on whom the nation leans with such confidence and trust4 ,never having had a policy to enforce against the will of the people1 he never betrayed a cause or a friend1 and the people will never desert nor betray him4 ,standing on the highest eminence of human distinction1 modest1 firm1 simple1 and self-poised1 having filled all lands with his renown1 he has seen not only the highborn and the titled1 but the poor and the lowly1 in the uttermost ends of the earth1 rise and uncover before him4 ,he has studied the needs and the defects of many systems of government1 and he has returned a better ,american than ever4 ,his integrity1 his common-sense1 his courage1 his unequaled experience1 are the qualities offered to his country4 ,the only argument1 the only one that the wit of man or the stress of politics has devised is one that would have dumbfounded ,solomon1 because he thought there was nothing new under the sun4 ,having tried ,grant twice and found him faithful1 we are told that we must not1 even after an interval of years1 trust him again4 ,my countrymen6 my countrymen6 what stultification does not such a fallacy involve6 ,is this an electioneering juggle1 or is it hypocrisy's masquerade8 ,there is no field of human activity1 responsibility1 or reason1 in which rational beings object to an agent because he has been weighed in the balance and not found wanting4 ,there is1 ,i say1 no department of human reason in which sane men reject an agent because he has had experience making him exceptionally competent and fit4 ,this ,convention is master of a supreme opportunity4 ,it can name the next ,president4 ,it can make sure of his election4 ,it can make sure not only of his election1 but of his certain and peaceful inauguration4 ,gentlemen1 we have only to listen above the din and look beyond the dust of an hour to behold the ,republican party advancing with its ensigns resplendent with illustrious achievements1 marching to certain and lasting victory with its greatest ,marshal at its head4 ,,the ,,choice ,,of ,a ,,party ,from a speech delivered in ,new ,york1 #ahhj4 ,depew's ,library of ,oratory1 ,e4 ,j4 ,bowen and ,company1 ,new ,york1 publishers4 ,,by ,,roscoe ,,conkling ,we are citizens of a republic4 ,we govern ourselves4 ,here no pomp of eager array in chambers of royalty awaits the birth of boy or girl to wield an hereditary scepter4 ,we know no scepter save a majority's constitutional will4 ,to wield that scepter in equal share is the duty and the right1 nay1 the birthright1 of every citizen4 ,the supreme1 the final1 the only peaceful arbiter here1 is the ballot box2 and in that urn should be gathered and from it should be sacredly recorded the conscience1 the judgment1 the intelligence of all4 ,the right of free self-government has been in all ages the bright dream of oppressed humanity1--the sighed-for privilege to which thrones1 dynasties1 and power have so long blocked the way4 ,in the fullness of freedom the ,republic of ,america is alone in the earth2 alone in its grandeur2 alone in its blessings2 alone in its promises and possibilities1 and therefore alone in the devotion due from its citizens4 ,the time has come when law1 duty1 and interest require the nation to determine for at least four years its policy in many things4 ,two parties exist2 parties should always exist in a government of majorities1 and to support and strengthen the party which most nearly holds his views is among the most laudable1 meritorious acts of an ,american citizen2 and this whether he be in official or in private station4 ,two parties contend for the management of national affairs4 ,the question is1 ,which of the two is it safer and wiser to trust8 ,it is not a question of candidates4 ,a candidate1 if he be an honest1 genuine man1 will not seek and accept a party nomination to the presidency1 vice presidency1 or ,congress1 and after he is elected become a law unto himself4 ,the higher obligations among men are not set down in writing and signed or sealed2 they reside in honor and good faith4 ,the fidelity of a nominee belongs to this exalted class1 and therefore the candidate of a party is but the exponent of a party4 ,the object of political discussion and action is to settle principles1 policies1 and issues4 ,it is a paltry incident of an election affecting fifty million people that it decides for an occasion the aspirations of individual men4 ,the ,democratic party is the ,democratic candidate1 and ,i am against the ticket and all its works4 ,a triumphant nationality--a regenerated constitution--a free ,republic-- an unbroken country--untarnished credit--solvent finances--unparalleled prosperity--all these are ours despite the policy and the efforts of the ,democratic party4 ,along with the amazing improvement in national finances1 we have amazing individual thrift on every side4 ,in every walk of life new activity is felt4 ,labor1 agriculture1 manufactures1 commerce1 enterprises1 and investments1 all are flourishing1 content and hopeful4 ,but in the midst of this harmony and encouragement comes a harsh discord crying1 ,give us a change--anything for a change4 ,this is not a bearing year for a change4 ,every other crop is good1 but not the crop of change--that crop is good only when the rest are bad4 ,the country does not need nor wish the change proposed1 and to the pressing invitation of our ,democratic friends a good-natured but firm ,no1 ,i thank you1 will be the response at the polls4 ,upon its record and its candidates the ,republican party asks the country's approval1 and stands ready to avow its purposes for the future4 ,it proposes to rebuild our commercial marine4 ,it proposes to foster labor1 industry1 and enterprise4 ,it proposes to stand for education1 humanity1 and progress4 ,it proposes to administer the government honestly1 to preserve amity with all the world1 observing our own obligations with others and seeing that others observe theirs with us1 to protect every citizen in his rights and equality before the law1 to uphold the public credit and the sanctity of engagements2 and by doing these things the ,republican party proposes to assure to industry1 humanity1 and civilization in ,america the amplest welcome and the safest home4 ,,nominating ,,john ,,sherman ,from a speech nominating a candidate for ,president of the ,united ,states at the ,republican ,national ,convention1 #ahhj ,,by ,,james ,a4 ,,garfield ,i have witnessed the extraordinary scenes of this ,convention with deep solicitude4 ,nothing touches my heart more quickly than a tribute of honor to a great and noble character2 but as ,i sat in my seat and witnessed this demonstration1 this assemblage seemed to me a human ocean in tempest4 ,i have seen the sea lashed into fury and tossed into spray1 and its grandeur moves the soul of the dullest man2 but ,i remember that it is not the billows1 but the calm level of the sea1 from which all heights and depths are measured4 ,when the storm has passed and the hour of calm settles on the ocean1 when the sunlight bathes its peaceful surface1 then the astronomer and surveyor take the level from which they measure all terrestrial heights and depths4 ,gentlemen of the ,convention1 your present temper may not mark the healthful pulse of our people4 ,not here1 in this brilliant circle1 where fifteen thousand men and women are gathered1 is the destiny of the ,republic to be decreed for the next four years4 ,not here1 where ,i see the enthusiastic faces of seven hundred and fifty-six delegates1 waiting to cast their lots into the urn and determine the choice of the ,republic1 but by four millions of ,republican firesides1 where the thoughtful voters1 with wives and children about them1 with the calm thoughts inspired by love of home and country1 with the history of the past1 the hopes of the future1 and reverence for the great men who have adorned and blessed our nation in days gone by1 burning in their hearts1--there ,god prepares the verdict which will determine the wisdom of our work to-night4 ,not in ,chicago1 in the heat of ,june1 but at the ballot boxes of the ,republic1 in the quiet of ,november1 after the silence of deliberate judgment1 will this question be settled4 ,now1 gentlemen1 ,i am about to present a name for your consideration1-- the name of one who was the comrade1 associate1 and friend of nearly all the noble dead1 whose faces look down upon us from these walls to- night2 a man who began his career of public service twenty-five years ago4 ,you ask for his monument4 ,i point you to twenty-five years of national statutes4 ,not one great1 beneficent law has been placed on our statute books without his intelligent and powerful aid4 ,he aided in formulating the laws to raise the great armies and navies which carried us through the war4 ,his hand was seen in the workmanship of those statutes that restored and brought back the unity and married calm of ,states4 ,his hand was in all that great legislation that created the war currency1 and in all the still greater work that redeemed the promises of the government and made the currency equal to gold4 ,when at last he passed from the halls of legislation into a high executive office1 he displayed that experience1 intelligence1 firmness1 and poise of character1 which have carried us through a stormy period of three years1 with one half the public press crying ,crucify him6 and a hostile ,congress seeking to prevent success4 ,in all this he remained unmoved until victory crowned him4 ,the great fiscal affairs of the nation1 and the vast business interests of the country1 he guarded and preserved while executing the law of resumption1 and effected its object without a jar and against the false prophecies of one half of the press and of all the ,democratic party4 ,he has shown himself able to meet with calmness the great emergencies of the government4 ,for twenty-five years he has trodden the perilous heights of public duty1 and against all the shafts of malice has borne his breast unharmed4 ,he has stood in the blaze of that fierce light that beats against the throne2 but its fiercest ray has found no flaw in his armor1 no stain upon his shield4 ,i do not present him as a better ,republican or a better man than thousands of others that we honor2 but ,i present him for your deliberate and favorable consideration4 ,i nominate ,,john ,,sherman1 ,,of ,,ohio4 ,,the ,,democratic ,,party ,from ,the ,speeches and ,addresses of ,william ,e4 ,russell4 ,copyrighted #ahic1 by ,little1 ,brown and ,company1 ,boston1 publishers4 ,,by ,,william ,e4 ,,russell ,as ,i stand here to-night1 a ,democrat1 speaking to ,democrats1 and to men whose conscience party could not bind1--men who carry their sovereignty each under his own hat1--there comes vividly back to me the stirring words with which the chairman opened a similar meeting on the eve of the great battle of #ahhd1 ,this is a union meeting2 and1 as he spoke1 the minds of his hearers went back to war days1 when principle was placed above party1 and patriotism above partisanship4 ,our union is not for the triumph of any man1 but for the triumph of ideas2 for a living faith1 a progressive spirit4 ,it is of that to-night ,i speak4 ,it has often been said that there was little difference between the two parties4 ,perhaps that was the criticism of honest men1 whose earnest desire for honest candidates led them to look no farther4 ,to-day every intelligent man in ,massachusetts knows that there is a wide difference between the parties1--all the difference that there is between standing still and moving forward4 ,i do not believe that this difference is accidental4 ,it is the natural evolution of the history and purpose of the parties4 ,a political prophet of a generation ago1 who knew this history1 who had studied the ,democratic faith1 had seen the birth of the ,republican party and its purpose1 could have predicted the position of the parties to-day4 ,the ,democratic party is old enough to have outlived and defeated all other parties1 young enough to represent the progressive spirit of to-day4 ,it must be founded on vital principles and have a living faith4 ,its creed from its first to its thirty-ninth article is an abiding trust in the people1 a belief that men1 irrespective of the accident of birth or fortune1 have a right to a voice in the government that rules them4 ,its principles are the equality and freedom of all men in affairs of ,state and before the altar of their ,god1--that there should be allowed the greatest possible personal liberty1 that a government least felt is best1 that it should lightly and never unnecessarily impose its burdens of taxation and restriction1 that in its administration there should be simplicity1 purity1 and economy1 and in its form it should be closely within the reach and control of the people4 ,progress1 merely as progress1 is nothing2 but progress that sees the changes of a generation1--a blessed1 lasting peace in place of the horrors and burdens of civil war1 a reunited1 loyal country2 progress that hears the demand of the people for pure and economic administration1 for relief from restrictions and taxation2 progress that feels the discontent and suffering of great masses of the people1--this progress1 if willing and ready to shape into legislation the new wishes and the new wants1 rises to the height of statesmanship4 ,,the ,,call ,,to ,,democrats ,from a speech opening the ,national ,democratic ,convention1 at ,baltimore1 ,maryland1 ,june1 #aiab4 ,,by ,,alton ,b4 ,,parker ,it is not the wild and cruel methods of revolution and violence that are needed to correct the abuses incident to our ,government as to all things human4 ,neither material nor moral progress lies that way4 ,we have made our ,government and our complicated institutions by appeals to reason1 seeking to educate all our people that1 day after day1 year after year1 century after century1 they may see more clearly1 act more justly1 become more and more attached to the fundamental ideas that underlie our society4 ,if we are to preserve undiminished the heritage bequeathed us1 and add to it those accretions without which society would perish1 we shall need all the powers that the school1 the church1 the court1 the deliberative assembly1 and the quiet thought of our people can bring to bear4 ,we are called upon to do battle against the unfaithful guardians of our ,constitution and liberties and the hordes of ignorance which are pushing forward only to the ruin of our social and governmental fabric4 ,too long has the country endured the offenses of the leaders of a party which once knew greatness4 ,too long have we been blind to the bacchanal of corruption4 ,too long have we listlessly watched the assembling of the forces that threaten our country and our firesides4 ,the time has come when the salvation of the country demands the restoration to place and power of men of high ideals who will wage unceasing war against corruption in politics1 who will enforce the law against both rich and poor1 and who will treat guilt as personal and punish it accordingly4 ,what is our duty8 ,to think alike as to men and measures8 ,impossible6 ,even for our great party6 ,there is not a reactionary among us4 ,all ,democrats are ,progressives4 ,but it is inevitably human that we shall not all agree that in a single highway is found the only road to progress1 or each make the same man of all our worthy candidates his first choice4 ,it is possible1 however1 and it is our duty to put aside all selfishness1 to consent cheerfully that the majority shall speak for each of us1 and to march out of this convention shoulder to shoulder1 intoning the praises of our chosen leader--and that will be his due1 whichever of the honorable and able men now claiming our attention shall be chosen4 ,,nominating ,,woodrow ,,wilson ,at the ,national ,democratic ,convention1 ,baltimore1 ,maryland1 ,june1 #aiab4 ,,by ,,john ,w4 ,,wescott ,the ,new ,jersey delegation is commissioned to represent the great cause of ,democracy and to offer you as its militant and triumphant leader a scholar1 not a charlatan2 a statesman1 not a doctrinaire2 a profound lawyer1 not a splitter of legal hairs2 a political economist1 not an egotistical theorist2 a practical politician1 who constructs1 modifies1 restrains1 without disturbance and destruction2 a resistless debater and consummate master of statement1 not a mere sophist2 a humanitarian1 not a defamer of characters and lives2 a man whose mind is at once cosmopolitan and composite of ,america2 a gentleman of unpretentious habits1 with the fear of ,god in his heart and the love of mankind exhibited in every act of his life2 above all a public servant who has been tried to the uttermost and never found wanting--matchless1 unconquerable1 the ultimate ,democrat1 ,woodrow ,wilson4 ,new ,jersey has reasons for her course4 ,let us not be deceived in our premises4 ,campaigns of vilification1 corruption and false pretence have lost their usefulness4 ,the evolution of national energy is towards a more intelligent morality in politics and in all other relations4 ,the situation admits of no compromise4 ,the temper and purpose of the ,american public will tolerate no other view4 ,the indifference of the ,american people to politics has disappeared4 ,any platform and any candidate not conforming to this vast social and commercial behest will go down to ignominious defeat at the polls4 ,men are known by what they say and do4 ,they are known by those who hate and oppose them4 ,many years ago ,woodrow ,wilson said1 ,no man is great who thinks himself so1 and no man is good who does not try to secure the happiness and comfort of others4 ,this is the secret of his life4 ,the deeds of this moral and intellectual giant are known to all men4 ,they accord1 not with the shams and false pretences of politics1 but make national harmony with the millions of patriots determined to correct the wrongs of plutocracy and reestablish the maxims of ,american liberty in all their regnant beauty and practical effectiveness4 ,new ,jersey loves ,woodrow ,wilson not for the enemies he has made4 ,new ,jersey loves him for what he is4 ,new ,jersey argues that ,woodrow ,wilson is the only candidate who can not only make ,democratic success a certainty1 but secure the electoral vote of almost every ,state in the ,union4 ,new ,jersey will indorse his nomination by a majority of #ajj1jjj of her liberated citizens4 ,we are not building for a day1 or even a generation1 but for all time4 ,new ,jersey believes that there is an omniscience in national instinct4 ,that instinct centers in ,woodrow ,wilson4 ,he has been in political life less than two years4 ,he has had no organization2 only a practical ideal--the reestablishment of equal opportunity4 ,not his deeds alone1 not his immortal words alone1 not his personality alone1 not his matchless powers alone1 but all combined compel national faith and confidence in him4 ,every crisis evolves its master4 ,time and circumstance have evolved ,woodrow ,wilson4 ,the ,north1 the ,south1 the ,east1 and the ,west unite in him4 ,new ,jersey appeals to this convention to give the nation ,woodrow ,wilson1 that he may open the gates of opportunity to every man1 woman1 and child under our flag1 by reforming abuses1 and thereby teaching them1 in his matchless words1 to release their energies intelligently1 that peace1 justice and prosperity may reign4 ,new ,jersey rejoices1 through her freely chosen representatives1 to name for the presidency of the ,united ,states the ,princeton schoolmaster1 ,woodrow ,wilson4 ,,democratic ,,faith ,from ,the ,speeches and ,addresses of ,william ,e4 ,russell4 ,copyrighted1 #ahid1 by ,little1 ,brown and ,company1 ,boston1 ,publishers ,,by ,,william ,e4 ,,russell ,for the honor and privilege of addressing this gathering of ,young ,democracy ,i am deeply grateful4 ,with earnestness and enthusiasm1 with devotion to the party and its principles1 and with unflinching loyalty to its glorious leaders1 ,young ,democracy meets to-day for organization and action4 ,gladly it volunteers in a campaign where its very faith is at stake2 impatiently it awaits the coming of the battle4 ,we fight for measures1 not men2 the principles of government1 not men's characters1 are to be discussed2 a nation's policy1 not personal ambition1 is to be determined4 ,thank ,god1 we enter the fight with a living faith1 founded upon principles that are just1 enduring1 as old as the nation itself1 yet ever young1 vigorous1 and progressive1 because there is ever work for them to do4 ,our party was not founded for a single mission1 which accomplished1 left it drifting with no fixed star of principle to guide it4 ,it was born and has lived to uphold great truths of government that need always to be enforced4 ,the influence of the past speaks to us in the voice of the present4 ,jefferson and ,jackson still lead us1 not because they are glorious reminiscences1 but because the philosophy of the one1 the courage of the other1 the ,democracy of both1 are potent factors in determining ,democracy to-day4 ,we believe that a government which controls the lives1 liberties1 and property of a people in its administration should be honest1 economical1 and efficient2 and in its form a local self-government kept near to the power that makes and obeys it4 ,to safeguard the rights and liberty of the individual1 the ,democratic party demands home rule4 ,democracy stands beside the humblest citizen to protect him from oppressive government2 it is the bulwark of the silent people to resist having the power and purpose of government warped by the clamorous demands of selfish interests4 ,its greatest good1 its highest glory1 is that it is1 and is to be1 the people's party4 ,to it government is a power to protect and encourage men to make the most of themselves1 and not something for men to make the most out of4 ,and1 lastly1 we believe in the success1 the glory1 and the splendid destiny of this great ,republic4 ,it leaped into life from the hands of ,democrats4 ,more than three-quarters of a century it has been nurtured and strengthened by ,democratic rule4 ,under ,democratic administrations1 in its mighty sweep1 it has stretched from ocean to ocean1 not as a ,north and ,south and ,east and ,west1 but now as a glorious ,union of sovereign ,states1 reunited in love and loyalty1 a great nation of millions of loyal subjects4 ,the faith we profess is distinctly an ,american faith2 the principles we proclaim are distinctly ,american principles1 and have been from their first utterance in the ,declaration of ,independence to their latest in the platform of the ,st4 ,louis ,convention2 the policy they demand of us as ,democrats is emphatically an ,american policy4 ,our great leader lives in the faith we profess4 ,he speaks in the principles we assert4 ,he leads because we follow ,democracy1 its faith1 its principles1 and its policy and hail him as the foremost ,democrat of the ,nation4 ,thus comes victory4 ,thus victory means something4 ,thus power and responsibility go together1 and the only influence behind him are the wishes1 the rights1 and the welfare of the great ,american people4 ,in such a cause1 with such a leader1 there is no room for failure4 ,to doubt would be disloyalty1 ,to falter would be sin4 ,,england ,,and ,,america ,,by ,,john ,,bright ,what can be more monstrous than that we1 as we call ourselves1 to some extent1 an educated1 a moral1 and a ,christian nation--at a moment when an accident of this kind occurs1 before we have made a representation to the ,american government1 before we have heard a word from it in reply--should be all up in arms1 every sword leaping from its scabbard1 and every man looking about for his pistols and his blunderbusses8 ,i think the conduct pursued--and ,i have no doubt just the same is pursued by a certain class in ,america--is much more the conduct of savages than of ,christian and civilized men4 ,no1 let us be calm4 ,you recollect how we were dragged into the ,russian war--how we drifted into it4 ,you know that ,i1 at least1 have not upon my head any of the guilt of that fearful war4 ,you know that it cost one hundred millions of money to this country2 that it cost at least the lives of forty thousand ,englishmen2 that it disturbed your trade2 that it nearly doubled the armies of ,europe2 that it placed the relations of ,europe on a much less peaceful footing than before2 and that it did not effect a single thing of all those that it was promised to effect4 ,now1 then1 before ,i sit down1 let me ask you what is this people1 about which so many men in ,england at this moment are writing1 and speaking1 and thinking1 with harshness1 ,i think with injustice1 if not with great bitterness8 ,two centuries ago1 multitudes of the people of this country found a refuge on the ,north ,american continent1 escaping from the tyranny of the ,stuarts and from the bigotry of ,laud4 ,many noble spirits from our country made great experiments in favor of human freedom on that continent4 ,bancroft1 the great historian of his own country1 has said1 in his own graphic and emphatic language1 ,the history of the colonization of ,america is the history of the crimes of ,europe4 ,at this very moment1 then1 there are millions in the ,united ,states who personally1 or whose immediate parents have at one time been citizens of this country4 ,they found a home in the ,far ,west2 they subdued the wilderness2 they met with plenty there1 which was not afforded them in their native country2 and they have become a great people4 ,there may be persons in ,england who are jealous of those ,states4 ,there may be men who dislike democracy1 and who hate a republic2 there may be those whose sympathies warm only toward an oligarchy or a monarchy4 ,but of this ,i am certain1 that only misrepresentation the most gross1 or calumny the most wicked1 can sever the tie which unites the great mass of the people of this country with their friends and brethren beyond the ,atlantic4 ,now1 whether the ,union will be restored or not1 or the ,south achieve an unhonored independence or not1 ,i know not1 and ,i predict not4 ,but this ,i think ,i know--that in a few years1 a very few years1 the twenty millions of freemen in the ,north will be thirty millions1 or even fifty millions--a population equal to or exceeding that of this kingdom4 ,when that time comes1 ,i pray that it may not be said among them1 that in the darkest hour of their country's trials1 ,england1 the land of their fathers1 looked on with icy coldness and saw unmoved the perils and calamities of her children4 ,as for me1 ,i have but this to say3 ,i am but one in this audience1 and but one in the citizenship of this country2 but if all other tongues are silent1 mine shall speak for that policy which tends1 and which always shall tend1 to generous thoughts1 and generous words1 and generous deeds1 between the two great nations who speak the ,english language1 and from their origin are alike entitled to the ,english name4 ,,on ,,home ,,rule ,,in ,,ireland ,,by ,,william ,e4 ,,gladstone ,there has been no great day of hope for ,ireland1 no day when you might hope completely and definitely to end the controversy till now--more than ninety years4 ,the long periodic time has at last run out1 and the star has again mounted into the heavens4 ,what ,ireland was doing for herself in #agie we at length have done4 ,the ,roman ,catholics have been emancipated--emancipated after a woeful disregard of solemn promises through twenty-nine years1 emancipated slowly1 sullenly1 not from good will1 but from abject terror1 with all the fruits and consequences which will always follow that method of legislation4 ,the second problem has been also solved1 and the representation of ,ireland has been thoroughly reformed2 and ,i am thankful to say that the franchise was given to ,ireland on the readjustment of last year with a free heart1 with an open hand2 and the gift of that franchise was the last act required to make the success of ,ireland in her final effort absolutely sure4 ,we have given ,ireland a voice2 we must all listen for a moment to what she says4 ,we must all listen1 both sides1 both parties--,i mean as they are divided on this question--divided1 ,i am afraid1 by an almost immeasurable gap4 ,we do not undervalue or despise the forces opposed to us4 ,i have described them as the forces of class and its dependents2 and that as a general description--as a slight and rude outline of a description--is1 ,i believe1 perfectly true4 ,you have power1 you have wealth1 you have rank1 you have station1 you have organization4 ,what have we8 ,we think that we have the people's heart2 we believe and we know we have the promise of the harvest of the future4 ,as to the people's heart1 you may dispute it1 and dispute it with perfect sincerity4 ,let that matter make its own proof4 ,as to the harvest of the future1 ,i doubt if you have so much confidence2 and ,i believe that there is in the breast of many a man who means to vote against us to- night a profound misgiving1 approaching even to a deep conviction1 that the end will be as we foresee1 and not as you do--that the ebbing tide is with you1 and the flowing tide with us4 ,ireland stands at your bar1 expectant1 hopeful1 almost suppliant4 ,her words are the words of truth and soberness4 ,she asks a blessed oblivion of the past1 and in that oblivion our interest is deeper than even hers4 ,my right honorable friend1 the member for ,east ,edinburgh1 asks us tonight to abide by the traditions of which we are the heirs4 ,what traditions8 ,by the ,irish traditions8 ,go into the length and breadth of the world1 ransack the literature of all countries1 find1 if you can1 a single voice1 a single book--find1 ,i would almost say1 as much as a single newspaper article1 unless the product of the day1--in which the conduct of ,england towards ,ireland is anywhere treated except with profound and bitter condemnation4 ,are these the traditions by which we are exhorted to stand8 ,no2 they are a sad exception to the glory of our country4 ,they are a broad and black blot upon the pages of its history2 and what we want to do is to stand by the traditions of which we are the heirs in all matters except our relations with ,ireland1 and to make our relations with ,ireland to conform to the other traditions of our country4 ,so we treat our traditions1 so we hail the demand of ,ireland for what ,i call a blessed oblivion of the past4 ,she asks also a boon for the future2 and that boon for the future1 unless we are much mistaken1 will be a boon to us in respect of honor1 no less than a boon to her in respect of happiness1 prosperity1 and peace4 ,such1 sir1 is her prayer4 ,think1 ,i beseech you1 think well1 think wisely1 think1 not for the moment1 but for the years that are to come1 before you reject this ,bill4 ,,the ,,legal ,,plea ,,the ,,dartmouth ,,college ,,case ,,by ,,daniel ,,webster ,the case before the court is not of ordinary importance1 nor of everyday occurrence4 ,it affects not this college only1 but every college1 and all the literary institutions of the country4 ,they have flourished hitherto1 and have become in a high degree respectable and useful to the community4 ,they have all a common principle of existence1 the inviolability of their charters4 ,it will be a dangerous1 a most dangerous experiment to hold these institutions subject to the rise and fall of popular parties1 and the fluctuations of political opinions4 ,if the franchise may be at any time taken away1 or impaired1 the property also may be taken away1 or its use perverted4 ,benefactors will have no certainty of effecting the object of their bounty2 and learned men will be deterred from devoting themselves to the service of such institutions1 from the precarious title of their offices4 ,colleges and halls will be deserted by all better spirits1 and become a theater for the contentions of politics4 ,party and faction will be cherished in the places consecrated to piety and learning4 ,when the court in ,north ,carolina declared the law of the ,state1 which repealed a grant to its university1 unconstitutional and void1 the legislature had the candor and the wisdom to repeal the law4 ,this example1 so honorable to the ,state which exhibited it1 is most fit to be followed on this occasion4 ,and there is good reason to hope that a ,state which has hitherto been so much distinguished for temperate counsels1 cautious legislation1 and regard to law1 will not fail to adopt a course which will accord with her highest and best interests1 and in no small degree elevate her reputation4 ,it was for many and obvious reasons most anxiously desired that the question of the power of the legislature over this charter should have been finally decided in the ,state court4 ,an earnest hope was entertained that the judges of the court might have reviewed the case in a light favorable to the rights of the trustees4 ,that hope has failed4 ,it is here that those rights are now to be maintained1 or they are prostrated forever4 ,this1 sir1 is my case4 ,it is the case1 not merely of that humble institution1 it is the case of every college in the land4 ,it is more4 ,it is the case of every eleemosynary institution throughout our country--of all those great charities formed by the piety of our ancestors1 to alleviate human misery1 and scatter blessings along the pathway of life4 ,it is more6 ,it is1 in some sense1 the case of every man among us who has property1 of which he may be stripped1 for the question is simply this3 ,shall our ,state legislatures be allowed to take that which is not their own2 to turn it from its original use1 and to apply it to such ends or purposes as they in their discretion shall see fit8 ,sir1 you may destroy this little institution2 it is weak2 it is in your hands6 ,i know it is one of the lesser lights in the literary horizon of our country4 ,you may put it out4 ,but1 if you do so1 you must carry through your work6 ,you must extinguish1 one after another1 all those greater lights of science1 which1 for more than a century1 have thrown their radiance over our land6 ,it is1 sir1 as ,i have said1 a small college1 and yet there are those who love it4 ,sir1 ,i know not how others may feel1 but for myself1 when ,i see my ,alma ,mater surrounded1 like ,csar1 in the senate house1 by those who are reiterating stab after stab1 ,i would not1 for this right hand1 have her turn to me1 and say1 et tu quoque1 mi fili6 ,and thou too1 my son6 ,,in ,,defense ,,of ,,the ,,kennistons ,,by ,,daniel ,,webster ,gentlemen of the ,jury1--,it is true that the offense charged in the indictment in this case is not capital2 but perhaps this can hardly be considered as favorable to the defendants4 ,to those who are guilty1 and without hope of escape1 no doubt the lightness of the penalty of transgression gives consolation4 ,but if the defendants are innocent1 it is more natural for them to be thinking upon what they have lost by that alteration of the law which has left highway robbery no longer capital1 than what the guilty might gain by it4 ,they have lost those great privileges in their trial1 which the law allows1 in capital cases1 for the protection of innocence against unfounded accusation4 ,they have lost the right of being previously furnished with a copy of the indictment1 and a list of the government witnesses4 ,they have lost the right of peremptory challenge2 and1 notwithstanding the prejudices which they know have been excited against them1 they must show legal cause of challenge1 in each individual case1 or else take the jury as they find it4 ,they have lost the benefit of assignment of counsel by the court4 ,they have lost the benefit of the ,commonwealth's process to bring in witnesses in their behalf4 ,when to these circumstances it is added that they are strangers1 almost wholly without friends1 and without the means for preparing their defense1 it is evident they must take their trial under great disadvantages4 ,but without dwelling on these considerations1 ,i proceed1 ,gentlemen of the ,jury1 to ask your attention to those circumstances which cannot but cast doubts on the story of the prosecutor4 ,the jury will naturally look to the appearances exhibited on the field after the robbery4 ,the portmanteau was there4 ,the witnesses say that the straps which fastened it to the saddle had been neither cut nor broken4 ,they were carefully unbuckled4 ,this was very considerate for robbers4 ,it had been opened1 and its contents were scattered about the field4 ,the pocket book1 too1 had been opened1 and many papers it contained found on the ground4 ,nothing valuable was lost but money4 ,the robbers did not think it well to go off at once with the portmanteau and the pocket book4 ,the place was so secure1 so remote1 so unfrequented2 they were so far from the highway1 at least one full rod2 there were so few persons passing1 probably not more than four or five then in the road1 within hearing of the pistols and the cries of ,goodridge2 there being1 too1 not above five or six dwelling-houses1 full of people1 within the hearing of the report of a pistol2 these circumstances were all so favorable to their safety1 that the robbers sat down to look over the prosecutor's papers1 carefully examined the contents of his pocket book and portmanteau1 and took only the things which they needed6 ,there was money belonging to other persons4 ,the robbers did not take it4 ,they found out it was not the prosecutor's1 and left it4 ,it may be said to be favorable to the prosecutor's story1 that the money which did not belong to him1 and the plunder of which would seem to be the most probable inducement he could have to feign a robbery1 was not taken4 ,but the jury will consider whether this circumstance does not bear quite as strongly the other way1 and whether they can believe that robbers could have left this money1 either from accident or design4 ,,ii ,the witnesses on the part of the prosecution have testified that the defendants1 when arrested1 manifested great agitation and alarm2 paleness overspread their faces1 and drops of sweat stood on their temples4 ,this satisfied the witnesses of the defendants' guilt1 and they now state the circumstances as being indubitable proof4 ,this argument manifests1 in those who use it1 an equal want of sense and sensibility4 ,it is precisely fitted to the feeling and the intellect of a bum-bailiff4 ,in a court of justice it deserves nothing but contempt4 ,is there nothing that can agitate the frame or excite the blood but the consciousness of guilt8 ,if the defendants were innocent1 would they not feel indignation at this unjust accusation8 ,if they saw an attempt to produce false evidence against them1 would they not be angry8 ,and1 seeing the production of such evidence1 might they not feel fear and alarm8 ,and have indignation1 and anger1 and terror no power to affect the human countenance or the human frame8 ,miserable1 miserable1 indeed1 is the reasoning which would infer any man's guilt from his agitation when he found himself accused of a heinous offense2 when he saw evidence which he might know to be false and fraudulent brought against him2 when his house was filled1 from the garret to the cellar1 by those whom he might esteem as false witnesses2 and when he himself1 instead of being at liberty to observe their conduct and watch their motions1 was a prisoner in close custody in his own house1 with the fists of a catchpoll clenched upon his throat4 ,from the time of the robbery to the arrest1 five or six weeks1 the defendants were engaged in their usual occupations4 ,they are not found to have passed a dollar of money to anybody4 ,they continued their ordinary habits of labor4 ,no man saw money about them1 nor any circumstance that might lead to a suspicion that they had money4 ,nothing occurred tending in any degree to excite suspicion against them4 ,when arrested1 and when all this array of evidence was brought against them1 and when they could hope in nothing but their innocence1 immunity was offered them again if they would confess4 ,they were pressed1 and urged1 and allured1 by every motive which could be set before them1 to acknowledge their participation in the offense1 and to bring out their accomplices4 ,they steadily protested that they could confess nothing because they knew nothing4 ,in defiance of all the discoveries made in their house1 they have trusted to their innocence4 ,on that1 and on the candor and discernment of an enlightened jury1 they still rely4 ,if the jury are satisfied that there is the highest improbability that these persons could have had any previous knowledge of ,goodridge1 or been concerned in any previous concert to rob him2 if their conduct that evening and the next day was marked by no circumstance of suspicion2 if from that moment until their arrest nothing appeared against them2 if they neither passed money1 nor are found to have had money2 if the manner of the search of their house1 and the circumstances attending it1 excite strong suspicions of unfair and fraudulent practices2 if1 in the hour of their utmost peril1 no promises of safety could draw from the defendants any confession affecting themselves or others1 it will be for the jury to say whether they can pronounce them guilty4 ,,in ,,defence ,,of ,,john ,e4 ,,cook ,published in ,depew's ,library of ,oratory1 ,e4 ,j4 ,bowen and ,company1 ,new ,york1 publishers4 ,,by ,d4 ,w4 ,,voorhees ,who is ,john ,e4 ,cook8 ,he has the right himself to be heard before you2 but ,i will answer for him4 ,sprung from an ancestry of loyal attachment to the ,american government1 he inherits no blood of tainted impurity4 ,his grandfather1 an officer of the ,revolution1 by which your liberty1 as well as mine1 was achieved1 and his gray-haired father1 who lived to weep over him1 a soldier of the war of #ahab1 he brings no dishonored lineage into your presence4 ,born of a parent stock occupying the middle walks of life1 and possessed of all those tender and domestic virtues which escape the contamination of those vices that dwell on the frozen peaks1 or in the dark and deep caverns of society1 he would not have been here had precept and example been remembered in the prodigal wanderings of his short and checkered life4 ,poor deluded boy6 wayward1 misled child6 ,an evil star presided over thy natal hour and smote it with gloom4 ,in an evil hour--and may it be forever accursed6--,john ,e4 ,cook met ,john ,brown on the prostituted plains of ,kansas4 ,on that field of fanaticism1 three years ago1 this fair and gentle youth was thrown into contact with the pirate and robber of civil warfare4 ,now look at ,john ,cook1 the follower4 ,he is in evidence before you4 ,never did ,i plead for a face that ,i was more willing to show4 ,if evil is there1 ,i have not seen it4 ,if murder is there1 ,i am to learn to mark the lines of the murderer anew4 ,if the assassin is in that young face1 then commend me to the look of an assassin4 ,no1 gentlemen1 it is a face for a mother to love1 and a sister to idolize1 and in which the natural goodness of his heart pleads trumpet-tongued against the deep damnation that estranged him from home and its principles4 ,john ,brown was the despotic leader and ,john ,e4 ,cook was an ill-fated follower of an enterprise whose horror be now realizes and deplores4 ,i defy the man1 here or elsewhere1 who has ever known ,john ,e4 ,cook1 who has ever looked once fully into his face1 and learned anything of his history1 to lay his hand on his heart and say that he believes him guilty of the origin or the results of the outbreak at ,harper's ,ferry4 ,here1 then1 are the two characters whom you are thinking to punish alike4 ,can it be that a jury of ,christian men will find no discrimination should be made between them8 ,are the tempter and the tempted the same in your eyes8 ,is the beguiled youth to die the same as the old offender who has pondered his crimes for thirty years8 ,are there no grades in your estimations of guilt8 ,is each one1 without respect to age or circumstances1 to be beaten with the same number of stripes8 ,such is not the law1 human or divine4 ,we are all to be rewarded according to our works1 whether in punishment for evil1 or blessings for good that we have done4 ,you are here to do justice1 and if justice requires the same fate to befall ,cook that befalls ,brown1 ,i know nothing of her rules1 and do not care to learn4 ,they are as widely asunder1 in all that constitutes guilt1 as the poles of the earth1 and should be dealt with accordingly4 ,it is in your power to do so1 and by the principles by which you yourselves are willing to be judged hereafter1 ,i implore you to do it6 ,,in ,,defense ,,of ,,the ,,soldiers ,published in ,depew's ,library of ,oratory1 ,e4 ,j4 ,bowen and ,company1 ,new ,york1 publishers ,,by ,,josiah ,,quincy1 ,,jr4 ,may it please your honors1 and you gentlemen of the jury1--,we have at length gone through the evidence in behalf of the prisoners4 ,the witnesses have now placed before you that state of facts from which results our defense4 ,i stated to you1 gentlemen1 your duty in opening this cause--do not forget the discharge of it4 ,you are paying a debt you owe the community for your own protection and safety3 by the same mode of trial are your own rights to receive a determination2 and in your turn a time may come when you will expect and claim a similar return from some other jury of your fellow subjects4 ,how much need was there for my desire that you should suspend your judgment till the witnesses were all examined8 ,how different is the complexion of the cause8 ,will not all this serve to show every honest man the little truth to be attained in partial hearings8 ,in the present case1 how great was the prepossession against us8 ,and ,i appeal to you1 gentlemen1 what cause there now is to alter our sentiments8 ,will any sober1 prudent man countenance the proceedings of the people in ,king ,street1--can any one justify their conduct1--is there any one man or any body of men who are interested to espouse and support their conduct8 ,surely1 no6 ,but our inquiry must be confined to the legality of their conduct1 and here can be no difficulty4 ,it was certainly illegal1 unless many witnesses are directly perjured3 witnesses1 who have no apparent interest to falsify1--witnesses who have given their testimony with candor and accuracy1--witnesses whose credibility stands untouched1--whose credibility the counsel for the king do not pretend to impeach or hint a suggestion to their disadvantage4 ,i say1 gentlemen1 by the standard of the law are we to judge the actions of the people who were the assailants and those who were the assailed and then on duty4 ,and here1 gentlemen1 the rule we formerly laid down takes place4 ,to the facts1 gentlemen1 apply yourselves4 ,consider them as testified2 weigh the credibility of the witnesses-- balance their testimony--compare the several parts of it--see the amount of it2 and then1 according to your oath1 make true deliverance according to your evidence4 ,that is1 gentlemen1 having settled the facts1 bring them truly to the standard of the law2 the king's judges1 who are acquainted with it1 who are presumed best to know it1 will then inspect this great standard of right and wrong1 truth and justice2 and they are to determine the degree of guilt to which the fact rises4 ,,ii ,may it please your honors1 and you gentlemen of the jury1--,after having thus gone through the evidence and considered it as applicatory to all and every one of the prisoners1 let us take once more a brief and cursory survey of matters supported by the evidence4 ,and here let me ask in sober reason1 what language more opprobrious1 what actions more exasperating1 than those used on this occasion8 ,words1 ,i am sensible1 are no justification of blows1 but they serve as the grand clew to discover the temper and the designs of the agents2 they serve also to give us light in discerning the apprehensions and thoughts of those who are the objects of abuse4 ,you lobsters6--,you bloody-back6--,you coward6--,you dastard6 are but some of the expressions proved4 ,what words more galling8 ,what more cutting and provoking to a soldier8 ,but accouple these words with the succeeding actions1--,you dastard6--,you coward6 ,a soldier and a coward6 ,this was touching the point of honor and the pride of virtue4 ,but while these are as yet fomenting the passions and swelling the bosom1 the attack is made2 and probably the latter words were reiterated at the onset2 at least1 were yet sounding in the ear4 ,gentlemen of the jury1 for ,heaven's sake1 let us put ourselves in the same situation6 ,would you not spurn at that spiritless institution of society which tells you to be a subject at the expense of your manhood8 ,but does the soldier step out of his ranks to seek his revenge8 ,not a witness pretends it4 ,did not the people repeatedly come within the points of their bayonets and strike on the muzzles of the guns8 ,you have heard the witnesses4 ,does the law allow one member of the community to behave in this manner towards his fellow citizen1 and then bid the injured party be calm and moderate8 ,the expressions from one party were--,stand off1 stand off6--,i am upon my station4--,if they molest me upon my post1 ,i will fire4--,keep off6 ,these words were likely to produce reflection and procure peace4 ,but had the words on the other hand a similar tendency8 ,consider the temper prevalent among all parties at this time4 ,consider the situation of the soldiery2 and come to the heat and pressure of the action4 ,the materials are laid1 the spark is raised1 the fire enkindles1 all prudence and true wisdom are utterly consumed4 ,does common sense1 does the law expect impossibilities8 ,here1 to expect equanimity of temper1 would be as irrational as to expect discretion in a madman4 ,but was anything done on the part of the assailants similar to the conduct1 warnings1 and declarations of the prisoners8 ,answer for yourselves1 gentlemen6 ,the words reiterated all around stabbed to the heart2 the actions of the assailants tended to a worse end1--to awaken every passion of which the human breast is susceptible2 fear1 anger1 pride1 resentment1 revenge1 alternately take possession of the whole man4 ,to expect1 under these circumstances1 that such words would assuage the tempest1 that such actions would allay the flames1--you might as rationally expect the inundations of a torrent would suppress a deluge1 or rather that the flames of ,aetna would extinguish a conflagration6 ,,iii ,gentlemen of the ,jury1--,this case has taken up much of your time1 and is likely to take up so much more that ,i must hasten to a close4 ,indeed1 ,i should not have troubled you1 by being thus lengthy1 but from a sense of duty to the prisoners2 they who in some sense may be said to have put their lives in my hands2 they whose situation was so peculiar that we have necessarily taken up more time than ordinary cases require4 ,they1 under all these circumstances1 placed a confidence it was my duty not to disappoint1 and which ,i have aimed at discharging with fidelity4 ,i trust you1 gentlemen1 will do the like2 that you will examine and judge with a becoming temper of mind2 remembering that they who are under oath to declare the whole truth think and act very differently from bystanders1 who1 being under no ties of this kind1 take a latitude which is by no means admissible in a court of law4 ,i cannot close this cause better than by desiring you to consider well the genius and spirit of the law which will be laid down1 and to govern yourselves by this great standard of truth4 ,to some purposes1 you may be said1 gentlemen1 to be ministers of justice2 and ministers1 says a learned judge1 appointed for the ends of public justice1 should have written on their hearts the solemn engagements of his ,majesty1 at his coronation1 to cause law and justice in mercy to be executed in all his judgments4 ,the quality of mercy is not strained2 ,it droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven3444 ,it is twice blessed2 ,it blesseth him that gives1 and him that takes4 ,i leave you1 gentlemen1 hoping you will be directed in your inquiry and judgment to a right discharge of your duty4 ,we shall all of us1 gentlemen1 have an hour of cool reflection when the feelings and agitations of the day shall have subsided2 when we shall view things through a different and a much juster medium4 ,it is then we all wish an absolving conscience4 ,may you1 gentlemen1 now act such a part as will hereafter insure it2 such a part as may occasion the prisoners to rejoice4 ,may the blessing of those who were in jeopardy of life come upon you--may the blessing of ,him who is not faulty to die descend and rest upon you and your posterity4 ,,in ,,defense ,,of ,,lord ,,george ,,gordon ,before the ,court of ,king's ,bench1 #agha ,,by ,,lord ,,thomas ,,erskine ,gentlemen1--,you have now heard1 upon the solemn oaths of honest1 disinterested men1 a faithful history of the conduct of ,lord ,george ,gordon1 from the day that he became a member of the ,protestant ,association to the day that he was committed a prisoner to the ,tower4 ,and ,i have no doubt1 from the attention with which ,i have been honored from the beginning1 that you have still kept in your minds the principles to which ,i entreated you would apply it1 and that you have measured it by that standard4 ,you have1 therefore1 only to look back to the whole of it together2 to reflect on all you have heard concerning him2 to trace him in your recollection through every part of the transaction2 and1 considering it with one manly1 liberal view1 to ask your own honest hearts1 whether you can say that this noble and unfortunate youth is a wicked and deliberate traitor1 who deserves by your verdict to suffer a shameful and ignominious death1 which will stain the ancient honors of his house forever4 ,the crime which the ,crown would have fixed upon him is1 that he assembled the ,protestant ,association round the ,house of ,commons1 not merely to influence and persuade ,parliament by the earnestness of their supplications1 but actually to coerce it by hostile1 rebellious force2 that1 finding himself disappointed in the success of that coercion1 he afterward incited his followers to abolish the legal indulgences to ,papists1 which the object of the petition was to repeal1 by the burning of their houses of worship1 and the destruction of their property1 which ended1 at last1 in a general attack on the property of all orders of men1 religious and civil1 on the public treasures of the nation1 and on the very being of the government4 ,to support a charge of so atrocious and unnatural a complexion1 the laws of the most arbitrary nations would require the most incontrovertible proof4 ,and what evidence1 gentlemen of the jury1 does the ,crown offer to you in compliance with these sound and sacred doctrines of justice8 ,a few broken1 interrupted1 disjointed words1 without context or connection--uttered by the speaker in agitation and heat--heard1 by those who relate them to you1 in the midst of tumult and confusion--and even those words1 mutilated as they are1 in direct opposition to1 and inconsistent with1 repeated and earnest declarations delivered at the very same time and on the very same occasion1 related to you by a much greater number of persons1 and absolutely incompatible with the whole tenor of his conduct4 ,which of us all1 gentlemen1 would be safe1 standing at the bar of ,god or man1 if we were not to be judged by the regular current of our lives and conversations1 but by detached and unguarded expressions1 picked out by malice1 and recorded1 without context or circumstances1 against us8 ,yet such is the only evidence on which the ,crown asks you to dip your hands1 and to stain your consciences1 in the innocent blood of the noble and unfortunate youth who stands before you4 ,i am sure you cannot but see1 notwithstanding my great inability1 increased by a perturbation of mind 7arising1 thank ,god6 from no dishonest cause71 that there has been not only no evidence on the part of the ,crown to fix the guilt of the late commotions upon the prisoner1 but that1 on the contrary1 we have been able to resist the probability1 ,i might almost say the possibility of the charge1 not only by living witnesses1 whom we only ceased to call because the trial would never have ended1 but by the evidence of all the blood that has paid the forfeit of that guilt already2 since1 out of all the felons who were let loose from prisons1 and who assisted in the destruction of our property1 not a single wretch was to be found who could even attempt to save his own life by the plausible promise of giving evidence to-day4 ,what can overturn such a proof as this8 ,surely a good man might1 without superstition1 believe that such a union of events was something more than natural1 and that a ,divine ,providence was watchful for the protection of innocence and truth4 ,i may now1 therefore1 relieve you from the pain of hearing me any longer1 and be myself relieved from speaking on a subject which agitates and distresses me4 ,since ,lord ,george ,gordon stands clear of every hostile act or purpose against the ,legislature of his country1 or the properties of his fellow-subjects--since the whole tenor of conduct repels the belief of the traitorous intention charged by the indictment--my task is finished4 ,i shall make no address to your passions4 ,i will not remind you of the long and rigorous imprisonment he has suffered2 ,i will not speak to you of his great youth1 of his illustrious birth1 and of his uniformly animated and generous zeal in ,parliament for the ,constitution of his country4 ,such topics might be useful in the balance2 yet1 even then1 ,i should have trusted to the honest hearts of ,englishmen to have felt them without excitation4 ,at present1 the plain and rigid rules of justice and truth are sufficient to entitle me to your verdict4 ,,pronouncing ,,sentence ,,for ,,high ,,treason ,,by ,,sir ,,alfred ,,wills ,arthur ,alfred ,lynch1 otherwise ,arthur ,lynch1 the jury have found you guilty of the crime of high treason1 a crime happily so rare that in the present day a trial for treason seems to be almost an anachronism-- a thing of the past4 ,the misdeeds which have been done in this case1 and which have brought you to the lamentable pass in which you stand1 must surely convince the most skeptical and apathetic of the gravity and reality of the crime4 ,what was your action in the darkest hour of your country's fortunes1 when she was engaged in the deadly struggle from which she has just emerged8 ,you joined the ranks of your country's foes4 ,born in ,australia1 a land which has nobly shown its devotion to its parent country1 you have indeed taken a different course from that which was adopted by her sons4 ,you have fought against your country1 not with it4 ,you have sought1 as far as you could1 to dethrone ,great ,britain from her place among the nations1 to make her name a byword and a reproach1 a synonym for weakness and irresolution4 ,nor can ,i forget that you have shed the blood1 or done your best to shed the blood1 of your countrymen who were fighting for their country4 ,how many wives have been made widows1 how many children orphans1 by what you and those who acted under your command have done1 ,heaven only knows6 ,you thought it safe at that dark hour of the ,empire's fate1 when ,ladysmith1 when ,kimberley1 when ,mafeking1 were in the very jaws of deadly peril--you thought it safe1 no doubt1 to lift the parricidal hand against your country4 ,you thought she would shrink from the costly struggle wearied out by her gigantic efforts1 and that1 at the worst1 a general peace would be made which would comprehend a general amnesty and cover up such acts as yours and save you from personal peril4 ,you misjudged your country and failed to appreciate that1 though slow to enter into a quarrel1 however slow to take up arms1 it has yet been her wont that in the quarrel she shall bear herself so that the opposer may beware of her1 and that she is seldom so dangerous to her enemies as when the hour of national calamity has raised the dormant energies of her people--knit together every nerve and fiber of the body politic1 and has made her sons determined to do all1 to sacrifice all on behalf of the country that gave them birth4 ,and against what a ,sovereign and what a country did you lift your hand6 ,a ,sovereign the best beloved and most deeply honored of all the long line of ,english ,kings and ,queens1 and whose lamented death was called back to my remembrance only yesterday as a fresh sorrow to many an ,english household4 ,against a country which has been the home of progress and freedom1 and under whose beneficent sway1 whenever you have chosen to stay within her dominions1 you have enjoyed a liberty of person1 a freedom of speech and action1 such as you can have in no other country in ,europe1 and it is not too much to say in no other country in the world4 ,the only--,i will not say excuse1 but palliation that ,i can find for conduct like yours is that it has been for some years past the fashion to treat lightly matters of this kind1 so that men have been perhaps encouraged to play with sedition and to toy with treason1 wrapt in a certain proud consciousness of strength begotten of the deep-seated and well-founded conviction that the loyalty of her people is supreme1 and true authority in this country has slumbered or has treated with contemptuous indifference speeches and acts of sedition4 ,it may be that you have been misled into the notion that1 no matter what you did1 so long as your conduct could be called a political crime1 it was of no consequence4 ,but it is one thing to talk sedition and to do small seditious acts1 it is quite another thing to bear arms in the ranks of the foes of your country1 and against it4 ,between the two the difference is immeasurable4 ,but had you and those with whom you associated yourself succeeded1 what fatal mischief might have been done to the great inheritance which has been bequeathed to us by our forefathers--that inheritance of power which it must be our work to use nobly and for good things2 an inheritance of influence which will be of little effect even for good unless backed by power1 and of duty which cannot be effectually performed if our power be shattered and our influence impaired4 ,he who has attempted to do his country such irreparable wrong must be prepared to submit to the sentence which it is now my duty to pronounce upon you4 ,the sentence of this ,court--and it is pronounced in regard to each count of the indictment--is that you be taken hence to the place from which you came1 and from thence to a place of execution1 there to be hanged by the neck until you are dead4 ,,the ,,impeachment ,,of ,,andrew ,,johnson ,from the ,official ,records of the ,trial in the ,united ,states ,senate1 #ahfh ,,by ,,george ,s4 ,,boutwell ,andrew ,johnson has disregarded and violated the laws and ,constitution of his own country4 ,under his administration the government has not been strengthened1 but weakened4 ,its reputation and influence at home and abroad have been injured and diminished4 ,ten ,states of this ,union are without law1 without security1 without safety2 public order everywhere violated1 public justice nowhere respected2 and all in consequence of the evil purposes and machinations of the ,president4 ,forty millions of people have been rendered anxious and uncertain as to the preservation of public peace and the perpetuity of the institutions of freedom in this country4 ,all classes are oppressed by the private and public calamities which he has brought upon them4 ,they appeal to you for relief4 ,the nation waits in anxiety for the conclusion of these proceedings4 ,forty millions of people1 whose interest in public affairs is in the wise and just administration of the laws1 look to this tribunal as a sure defense against the encroachments of a criminally minded ,chief ,magistrate4 ,will any one say that the heaviest judgment which you can render is any adequate punishment for these crimes8 ,your office is not punishment1 but to secure the safety of the republic4 ,but human tribunals are inadequate to punish those criminals who1 as rulers or magistrates1 by their example1 conduct1 policy1 and crimes1 become the scourge of communities and nations4 ,no picture1 no power of the imagination1 can illustrate or conceive the suffering of the poor but loyal people of the ,south4 ,a patriotic1 virtuous1 law-abiding chief magistrate would have healed the wounds of war1 soothed private and public sorrows1 protected the weak1 encouraged the strong1 and lifted from the ,southern people the burdens which now are greater than they can bear4 ,travelers and astronomers inform us that in the southern heavens1 near the southern cross1 there is a vast space which the uneducated call the hole in the sky1 where the eye of man1 with the aid of the powers of the telescope1 has been unable to discover nebulae1 or asteroid1 or comet1 or planet1 or star1 or sun4 ,in that dreary1 cold1 dark region of space1 which is only known to be less than infinite by the evidences of creation elsewhere1 the ,great ,author of celestial mechanism has left the chaos which was in the beginning4 ,if this earth were capable of the sentiments and emotions of justice and virtue1 which in human mortal beings are the evidences and the pledge of our ,divine origin and immortal destiny1 it would heave and throw1 with the energy of the elemental forces of nature1 and project this enemy of two races of men into that vast region1 there forever to exist in a solitude eternal as life1 or as the absence of life1 emblematical of1 if not really1 that outer darkness of which the ,savior of man spoke in warning to those who are the enemies of themselves1 of their race1 and of their ,god4 ,but it is yours to relieve1 not to punish4 ,this done and our country is again advanced in the intelligent opinion of mankind4 ,in other governments an unfaithful ruler can be removed only by revolution1 violence1 or force4 ,the proceeding here is judicial1 and according to the forms of law4 ,your judgment will be enforced without the aid of a policeman or a soldier4 ,what other evidence will be needed of the value of republican institutions8 ,what other test of the strength and vigor of our government8 ,what other assurance that the virtue of the people is equal to any emergency of national life8 ,,by ,,william ,m4 ,,evarts ,mr4 ,chief ,justice and ,senators1--,if indeed we have arrived at a settled conclusion that this is a court1 that it is governed by the law1 that it is to confine its attention to the facts applicable to the law1 and regard the sole evidence of those facts to be embraced within the testimony of witnesses or documents produced in court1 we have made great progress in separating1 at least1 from your further consideration much that has been impressed upon your attention heretofore4 ,it follows from this that the ,president is to be tried upon the charges which are produced here1 and not upon common fame4 ,i may as conveniently at this point of the argument as at any other pay some attention to the astronomical punishment which the learned and honorable manager1 ,mr4 ,boutwell1 thinks should be applied to this novel case of impeachment of the ,president4 ,cicero ,i think it is who says that a lawyer should know everything1 for sooner or later there is no fact in history1 in science1 or of human knowledge that will not come into play in his arguments4 ,painfully sensible of my ignorance1 being devoted to a profession which sharpens and does not enlarge the mind1 ,i yet can admire without envy the superior knowledge evinced by the honorable manager4 ,indeed1 upon my soul1 ,i believe he is aware of an astronomical fact which many professors of that science are wholly ignorant of4 ,but nevertheless1 while some of his honorable colleagues were paying attention to an unoccupied and unappropriated island on the surface of the seas1 ,mr4 ,manager ,boutwell1 more ambitious1 had discovered an untenanted and unappropriated region in the skies1 reserved1 he would have us think1 in the final councils of the ,almighty1 as the place of punishment for convicted and deposed ,american ,presidents4 ,at first ,i thought that his mind had become so enlarged that it was not sharp enough to discover the ,constitution had limited the punishment2 but on reflection ,i saw that he was as legal and logical as he was ambitious and astronomical1 for the ,constitution has said removal from office1 and has put no limit to the distance of the removal1 so that it may be1 without shedding a drop of his blood1 or taking a penny of his property1 or confining his limbs1 instant removal from office and transportation to the skies4 ,truly1 this is a great undertaking2 and if the learned manager can only get over the obstacles of the laws of nature the ,constitution will not stand in his way4 ,he can contrive no method but that of a convulsion of the earth that shall project the deposed ,president to this infinitely distant space2 but a shock of nature of so vast an energy and for so great a result on him might unsettle even the footing of the firm members of ,congress4 ,we certainly need not resort to so perilous a method as that4 ,how shall we accomplish it8 ,why1 in the first place1 nobody knows where that space is but the learned manager himself1 and he is the necessary deputy to execute the judgment of the court4 ,let it then be provided that in case of your sentence of deposition and removal from office the honorable and astronomical manager shall take into his own hands the execution of the sentence4 ,with the ,president made fast to his broad and strong shoulders1 and1 having already essayed the flight by imagination1 better prepared than anybody else to execute it in form1 taking the advantage of ladders as far as ladders will go to the top of this great ,capitol1 and spurning then with his foot the crest of ,liberty1 let him set out upon his flight1 while the two houses of ,congress and all the people of the ,united ,states shall shout1 ,sic itur ad astra4 ,,ii ,but here a distressing doubt strikes me2 how will the manager get back8 ,he will have got far beyond the reach of gravitation to restore him1 and so ambitious a wing as his could never stoop to a downward flight4 ,indeed1 as he passes through the constellations1 that famous question of ,carlyle by which he derides the littleness of human affairs upon the scale of the measure of the heavens1 ,what thinks ,botes as he drives his dogs up the zenith in their race of sidereal fire8 will force itself on his notice4 ,what1 indeed1 would ,botes think of this new constellation8 ,besides1 reaching this space1 beyond the power of ,congress even to send for persons and papers1 how shall he return1 and how decide in the contest1 there become personal and perpetual1 the struggle of strength between him and the ,president8 ,in this new revolution1 thus established forever1 who shall decide which is the sun and which is the moon8 ,who determine the only scientific test which reflects the hardest upon the other8 ,mr4 ,chief ,justice and ,senators1 we have come all at once to the great experiences and trials of a full-grown nation1 all of which we thought we should escape--the distractions of civil strife1 the exhaustions of powerful war4 ,we could summon from the people a million of men and inexhaustible treasure to help the ,constitution in its time of need4 ,can we summon now resources enough of civil prudence and of restraint of passion to carry us through this trial1 so that whatever result may follow1 in whatever form1 the people may feel that the ,constitution has received no wound6 ,to this court1 the last and best resort for this determination1 it is to be left4 ,and oh1 if you could only carry yourselves back to the spirit and the purpose and the wisdom and the courage of the framers of the government1 how safe would it be in your hands8 ,how safe is it now in your hands1 for you who have entered into their labors will see to it that the structure of your work comports in durability and excellence with theirs4 ,indeed1 so familiar has the course of the argument made us with the names of the men of the convention and of the first ,congress that ,i could sometimes seem to think that the presence even of the ,chief ,justice was replaced by the serene majesty of ,washington1 and that from ,massachusetts we had ,adams and ,ames1 from ,connecticut1 ,sherman and ,ellsworth1 from ,new ,jersey1 ,paterson and ,boudinot1 and from ,new ,york1 ,hamilton and ,benson1 and that they were to determine this case for us4 ,act1 then1 as if under this serene and majestic presence your deliberations were to be conducted to their close1 and the ,constitution was to come out from the watchful solicitude of these great guardians of it as if from their own judgment in this court of impeachment4 ,,the ,,after-,,dinner ,,speech ,,at ,a ,,university ,,club ,,dinner ,reprinted1 with the author's permission1 from a speech at a dinner of ,the ,harvard ,club of ,new ,york ,city4 ,,by ,,henry ,e4 ,,howland ,there should be a proper amount of modesty in one called upon to address such an intelligent audience of educated men as ,i see before me1 and ,i am conscious of it in the same sense as the patient who said to his physician1 ,i suffer a great deal from nervous dyspepsia1 and ,i attribute it to the fact that ,i attend so many public dinners4 ,ah1 ,i see1 said the doctor1 you are often called upon to speak1 and the nervous apprehension upsets your digestion4 ,not at all2 my apprehension is entirely on account of the other speakers2 ,i never say a thing2 and it is with some hesitation that ,i respond to your call4 ,following out that line of thought1 there is a great deal that is attractive in a gathering of ,college men4 ,they have such a winsome and a winning way with them4 ,richest in endowments1 foremost in progress1 honored by the renown of a long line of distinguished sons1 the university that claims you is worthy of the homage and respect which it receives from the educated men of ,america4 ,the study of the development of the human race by educational processes which change by necessity under changing conditions and environment1 is one of the most interesting that we can engage in4 ,the greatest men of this country1 or any other1 have not always been made by the university1 however it may be with the average4 ,you cannot always tell by a man's degree what manner of man he is likely to be4 ,but the value of a technical or academic training is apparent as time goes on1 population increases1 occupations multiply and compete1 and the strife of life becomes more fierce and strenuous4 ,many in these days seem to prefer notoriety to fame1 because it runs along the line of least resistance4 ,a man has to climb for fame1 but he can get notoriety by an easy tumble4 ,and others forget the one essential necessary to success1 of personal effort1 and1 assuming there is a royal road to learning1 are content with the distinction of a degree from a university1 without caring for what it implies1 and answer as the son did to his father who asked him3 ,why don't you work1 my son8 ,if you only knew how much happiness work brings1 you would begin at once4 ,father1 ,i am trying to lead a life of self-denial in which happiness cuts no figure2 do not tempt me4 ,but notwithstanding all these tendencies1 the level of mankind is raised at these fountains of learning1 the tone is higher1 and the standards are continually advanced4 ,the discipline and the training reaches and acts upon a willing and eager army of young recruits and works its salutary effect1 like that upon a man who listened with rapt attention to a discourse from the pulpit and was congratulated upon his devotion1 and asked if he was not impressed4 ,yes1 he replied1 for it is a mighty poor sermon that doesn't hit me somewhere4 ,however discouraging the action of our governing bodies through the obstruction and perverse action of an ignorant or corrupt majority or minority in them may be in the administration of great public affairs1 the time at last comes when the nation arouses from its lethargy1 shakes off its torpor1 shows the strain of its blood1 and follows its trained and intelligent leaders1 like the man who1 in a time of sore distress1 after the ancient fashion1 put ashes on his head1 rent his garments1 tore off his coat1 his waistcoat1 his shirt1 and his undershirt1 and at last came to himself4 ,at such times1 by the universal voice of public opinion and amid hearty applause of the whole people1 we welcome to public office and the highest responsible stations such men as our universities have given to the country4 ,it matters not to what family we belong--,harvard1 ,yale1 ,columbia1 or ,princeton--we are all of us one in our welcome to them1 for they represent the university spirit and what it teaches--honor1 high- mindedness1 intelligence1 truthfulness1 unselfishness1 courage1 and patriotism4 ,,the ,,evacuation ,,of ,,new ,,york ,reprinted with the author's permission ,,by ,,joseph ,h4 ,,choate ,mr4 ,president and ,gentlemen1--,i came here to-night with some notes for a speech in my pocket1 but ,i have been sitting next to ,general ,butler1 and in the course of the evening they have mysteriously disappeared4 ,the consequence is1 gentlemen1 that you may expect a very good speech from him and a very poor one from me4 ,when ,i read this toast which you have just drunk in honor of ,her ,gracious ,majesty1 the ,queen of ,great ,britain1 and heard how you received the letter of the ,british ,minister that was read in response1 and how heartily you joined in singing ,god ,save the ,queen1 when ,i look up and down these tables and see among you so many representatives of ,english capital and ,english trade1 ,i have my doubts whether the evacuation of ,new ,york by the ,british was quite as thorough and lasting as history would fain have us believe4 ,if ,george ,,iii1 who certainly did all he could to despoil us of our rights and liberties and bring us to ruin--if he could rise from his grave and see how his granddaughter is honored at your hands to-night1 why1 ,i think he would return whence he came1 thanking ,god that his efforts to enslave us1 in which for eight long years he drained the resources of the ,british ,empire1 were not successful4 ,the truth is1 the boasted triumph of ,new ,york in getting rid of the ,british once and forever has proved1 after all1 to be but a dismal failure4 ,we drove them out in one century only to see them return in the next to devour our substance and to carry off all the honors4 ,we have just seen the noble ,chief ,justice of ,england1 the feasted favorite of all ,america1 making a triumphal tour across the ,continent and carrying all before him at the rate of fifty miles an hour4 ,night after night at our very great cost we have been paying the richest tribute to the reigning monarch of the ,british stage1 and nowhere in the world are ,english men and women of character and culture received with a more hearty welcome1 a more earnest hospitality1 than in this very state of ,new ,york4 ,the truth is1 that this event that we celebrate to-day1 which sealed the independence of ,america and seemed for a time to give a staggering blow to the prestige and the power of ,england1 has proved to be no less a blessing to her own people than to ours4 ,the latest and best of the ,english historians has said that1 however important the independence of ,america might be in the history of ,england1 it was of overwhelming importance in the history of the world1 and that though it might have crippled for a while the supremacy of the ,english nation1 it founded the supremacy of the ,english race4 ,and in the same spirit we welcome the fact that those social1 political1 and material barriers that separated the two nations a century ago have now utterly vanished2 that year by year we are being drawn closer and closer together1 and that this day may be celebrated with equal fitness on both sides of the ,atlantic and by all who speak the ,english tongue4 ,,ties ,,of ,,kinship ,from ,modern ,eloquence1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,geo4 ,l4 ,shuman and ,company1 ,chicago1 publishers4 ,,by ,,sir ,,edwin ,,arnold ,when ,i was conversing recently with ,lord ,tennyson1 he said to me3 ,it is bad for us that ,english will always be a spoken speech1 since that means that it will always be changing1 and so the time will come when you and ,i will be as hard to read for the common people as ,chaucer is to-day4 ,you remember what opinion your brilliant humorist1 ,artemus ,ward1 let fall concerning that ancient singer4 ,mr4 ,chaucer1 he observed casually1 is an admirable poet1 but as a spellist1 a very decided failure4 ,to the treasure house of that noble tongue the ,united ,states has splendidly contributed4 ,it would be far poorer to-day without the tender lines of ,longfellow1 the serene and philosophic pages of ,emerson1 the convincing wit and clear criticism of my illustrious departed friend1 ,james ,russell ,lowell1 the ,catullus-like perfection of the lyrics of ,edgar ,allan ,poe1 and the glorious1 large-tempered dithyrambs of ,walt ,whitman4 ,these stately and sacred laurel groves grow here in a garden forever extending1 ever carrying further forward1 for the sake of humanity1 the irresistible flag of our ,saxon supremacy1 leading one to falter in an attempt to eulogize ,america and the idea of her potency and her promise4 ,the most elaborate panegyric would seem but a weak impertinence1 which would remind you1 perhaps too vividly1 of ,sydney ,smith1 who1 when he saw his grandchild pat the back of a large turtle1 asked her why she did so4 ,the little maid replied3 ,grandpa1 ,i do it to please the turtle4 ,my child1 he answered1 you might as well stroke the dome of ,st4 ,paul's to please the ,dean and chapter ,i myself once heard1 in our ,zoological gardens in ,london1 another little girl ask her mamma whether it would hurt the elephant if she offered him a chocolate drop4 ,in that guarded and respectful spirit is it that ,i venture to tell you here to-night how truly in ,england the peace and prosperity of your republic is desired1 and that nothing except good will is felt by the mass of our people toward you1 and nothing but the greatest satisfaction in your wealth and progress4 ,between these two majestic sisters of the ,saxon blood the hatchet of war is1 please ,god1 buried4 ,no cause of quarrel1 ,i think and hope1 can ever be otherwise than truly out of proportion to the vaster causes of affection and accord4 ,we have no longer to prove to each other1 or to the world1 that ,englishmen and ,americans are high-spirited and fearless2 that ,englishmen and ,americans alike will do justice1 and will have justice1 and will put up with nothing else from each other and from the nations at large4 ,our proofs are made on both sides1 and indelibly written on the page of history4 ,not that ,i wish to speak platitudes about war4 ,it has been necessary to human progress2 it has bred and preserved noble virtues2 it has been inevitable1 and may be again2 but it belongs to a low civilization4 ,other countries have1 perhaps1 not yet reached that point of intimate contact and rational advance1 but for us two1 at least1 the time seems to have come when violent decisions1 and even talk of them1 should be as much abolished between us as cannibalism4 ,i ventured1 when in ,washington1 to propose to ,president ,harrison that we should some day1 the sooner the better1 choose five men of public worth in the ,united ,states1 and five in ,england2 give them gold coats if you please1 and a handsome salary1 and establish them as a standing and supreme tribunal of arbitration1 referring to them the little family fallings-out of ,america and of ,england1 whenever something goes wrong between us about a sealskin in ,behring ,strait1 a lobster pot1 an ambassador's letter1 a border tariff1 or an ,irish vote4 ,he showed himself very well disposed toward my suggestion4 ,mr4 ,president1 in the sacred hope that you take me to be a better poet than orator1 ,i thank you all from the bottom of my heart for your reception to-night1 and personally pray for the tranquility and prosperity of this free and magnificent republic4 ,,canada1 ,,england1 ,,and ,,the ,,united ,,states ,from an address in ,brewer's ,the ,world's ,best ,orations1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 ,ferd ,p4 ,kaiser1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,chicago1 publishers4 ,,by ,,sir ,,wilfred ,,laurier ,mr4 ,toastmaster1 ,mr4 ,president1 and ,gentlemen1--,i very fully and very cordially appreciate the very kind feelings which have just now been uttered by the toastmaster in terms so eloquent1 and which you gentlemen have accepted and received in so sympathetic a manner4 ,let me say at once1 in the name of my fellow-,canadians who are here with me and also1 ,i may say1 in the name of the ,canadian people1 that these feelings we shall at all times reciprocate2 reciprocate1 not only in words evanescent1 but in actual living deeds4 ,because ,i must say that ,i feel that1 though the relations between ,canada and the ,united ,states are good1 though they are brotherly1 though they are satisfactory1 in my judgment they are not as good1 as brotherly1 as satisfactory as they ought to be4 ,we are of the same stock4 ,we spring from the same races on one side of the line as on the other4 ,we speak the same language4 ,we have the same literature1 and for more than a thousand years we have had a common history4 ,let me recall to you the lines which1 in the darkest days of the ,civil ,war1 the ,puritan poet of ,america issued to ,england3-- ,oh1 ,englishmen6 ,oh1 ,englishmen6 ,in hope and creed1 ,in blood and tongue1 are brothers1 ,we all are heirs of ,runnymede4 ,brothers we are1 in the language of your own poet4 ,may ,i not say that while our relations are not always as brotherly as they should have been1 may ,i not ask1 ,mr4 ,president1 on the part of ,canada and on the part of the ,united ,states1 if we are sometimes too prone to stand by the full conceptions of our rights1 and exact all our rights to the last pound of flesh8 ,may ,i not ask if there have not been too often between us petty quarrels1 which happily do not wound the heart of the nation8 ,there was a civil war in the last century4 ,there was a civil war between ,england1 then1 and her colonies4 ,the union which then existed between ,england and her colonies was severed4 ,if it was severed1 ,american citizens1 as you know it was1 through no fault of your fathers1 the fault was altogether the fault of the ,british ,government of that day4 ,if the ,british ,government of that day had treated the ,american colonies as the ,british ,government for the last twenty or fifty years has treated its colonies2 if ,great ,britain had given you then the same degree of liberty which it gives to ,canada1 my country2 if it had given you1 as it has given us1 legislative independence absolute1--the result would have been different2 the course of victory1 the course of history1 would have been very different4 ,but what has been done cannot be undone4 ,you cannot expect that the union which was then severed shall ever be restored2 but can we not expect--can we not hope that the banners of ,england and the banners of the ,united ,states shall never1 never again meet in conflict1 except those conflicts provided by the arts of peace1 such as we see to-day in the harbor of ,new ,york in the contest between the ,shamrock and the ,columbia for the supremacy of naval architecture and naval prowess8 ,can we not hope that if ever the banners of ,england and the banners of the ,united ,states are again to meet on the battlefield1 they shall meet entwined together in the defense of some holy cause1 in the defense of holy justice1 for the defense of the oppressed1 for the enfranchisement of the downtrodden1 and for the advancement of liberty1 progress1 and civilization8 ,,monsieur ,,and ,,madame ,from a speech in ,modern ,eloquence1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,geo4 ,l4 ,shuman and ,company1 ,chicago1 publishers4 ,,by ,,paul ,,blouet 7,,max ,o',,rell7 ,now1 the attitude of men towards women is very different1 according to the different nations to which they belong4 ,you will find a good illustration of that different attitude of men toward women in ,france1 in ,england1 and in ,america1 if you go to the dining-rooms of their hotels4 ,you go to the dining-room1 and you take1 if you can1 a seat near the entrance door1 and you watch the arrival of the couples1 and also watch them as they cross the room and go to the table that is assigned to them by the head waiter4 ,now1 in ,europe1 you would find a very polite head waiter1 who invites you to go in1 and asks you where you will sit2 but in ,america the head waiter is a most magnificent potentate who lies in wait for you at the door1 and bids you to follow him sometimes in the following respectful manner1 beckoning1 ,there4 ,and you have got to do it1 too4 ,i traveled six times in ,america1 and ,i never saw a man so daring as not to sit there4 ,in the tremendous hotels of the large cities1 where you have got to go to ,number #iib or something of the sort1 ,i generally got a little entertainment out of the head waiter4 ,he is so thoroughly persuaded that it would never enter my head not to follow him1 he will never look round to see if ,i am there4 ,why1 he knows ,i am there1 but ,i'm not4 ,i wait my time1 and when he has got to the end ,i am sitting down waiting for a chance to be left alone4 ,he says1 ,you cannot sit here4 ,i say3 ,why not8 ,what is the matter with this seat8 ,he says1 ,you must not sit there4 ,i say1 ,i don't want a constitutional walk2 don't bother1 ,i'm all right4 ,once1 indeed1 after an article in the ,north ,american ,review--for your head waiter in ,america reads reviews--a head waiter told me to sit where ,i pleased4 ,i said1 ,now1 wait a minute1 give me time to realize that2 do ,i understand that in this hotel ,i am going to sit where ,i like8 ,he said1 ,certainly6 ,he was in earnest4 ,i said1 ,i should like to sit over there at that table near the window4 ,he said1 ,all right1 come with me4 ,when ,i came out1 there were some newspaper people in the hotel waiting for me1 and it was reported in half a column in one of the papers1 with one of those charming headlines which are so characteristic of ,american journalism1 ,max sits where he likes6 ,well1 ,i said1 you go to the dining-room1 you take your seat1 and you watch the arrival of the couples1 and you will know the position of men4 ,in ,france ,monsieur and ,madame come in together abreast1 as a rule arm in arm4 ,they look pleasant1 smile1 and talk to each other4 ,they smile at each other1 even though married4 ,in ,england1 in the same class of hotel1 ,john ,bull comes in first4 ,he does not look happy4 ,john ,bull loves privacy4 ,he does not like to be obliged to eat in the presence of lots of people who have not been introduced to him1 and he thinks it very hard he should not have the whole dining-room to himself4 ,that man1 though1 mind you1 in his own house undoubtedly the most hospitable1 the most kind1 the most considerate of hosts in the world1 that man in the dining-room of a hotel always comes in with a frown4 ,he does not like it1 he grumbles1 and mild and demure1 with her hands hanging down1 modestly follows ,mrs4 ,john ,bull4 ,but in ,america1 behold the arrival of ,mrs4 ,jonathan6 behold her triumphant entry1 pulling ,jonathan behind6 ,well1 ,i like my own country1 and ,i cannot help thinking that the proper and right way is the ,french4 ,ladies1 you know all our shortcomings4 ,our hearts are exposed ever since the rib which covered them was taken off4 ,yet we ask you kindly to allow us to go through life with you1 like the ,french1 arm in arm1 in good friendship and camaraderie4 ,,the ,,typical ,,american ,from ,the ,new ,south1 with the permission of ,henry ,w4 ,grady1 ,jr4 ,,by ,,henry ,w4 ,,grady ,pardon me one word1 ,mr4 ,president1 spoken for the sole purpose of getting into the volumes that go out annually freighted with the rich eloquence of your speakers--the fact that the ,cavalier as well as the ,puritan was on the continent in its early days1 and that he was up and able to be about4 ,i have read your books carefully and ,i find no mention of that fact1 which seems to me an important one for preserving a sort of historical equilibrium if for nothing else4 ,let me remind you that the ,virginia ,cavalier first challenged ,france on this continent-- that ,cavalier1 ,john ,smith1 gave ,new ,england its very name1 and was so pleased with the job that he has been handing his own name around ever since--and that while ,miles ,standish was cutting off men's ears for courting a girl without her parents' consent1 and forbade men to kiss their wives on ,sunday1 the ,cavalier was courting everything in sight1 and that the ,almighty had vouchsafed great increase to the ,cavalier colonies1 the huts in the wilderness being full as the nests in the woods4 ,but having incorporated the ,cavalier as a fact in your charming little books1 ,i shall let him work out his own salvation1 as he always has done with engaging gallantry1 and we will hold no controversy as to his merits4 ,why should we8 ,neither ,puritan nor ,cavalier long survive as such4 ,the virtues and traditions of both happily still live for the inspiration of their sons and the saving of the old fashion4 ,but both ,puritan and ,cavalier were lost in the storm of the first ,revolution2 and the ,american citizen1 supplanting both and stronger than either1 took possession of the ,republic bought by their common blood and fashioned to wisdom1 and charged himself with teaching men government and establishing the voice of the people as the voice of ,god4 ,my friend ,dr4 ,talmage has told you that the typical ,american has yet to come4 ,let me tell you that he has already come4 ,great types1 like valuable plants1 are slow to flower and fruit4 ,but from the union of these colonist ,puritans and ,cavaliers1 from the straightening of their purposes and the crossing of their blood1 slow perfecting through a century1 came he who stands as the first typical ,american1 the first who comprehended within himself all the strength and gentleness1 all the majesty and grace1 of this ,republic--,abraham ,lincoln4 ,he was the sum of ,puritan and ,cavalier1 for in his ardent nature were fused the virtues of both1 and in the depths of his great soul the faults of both were lost4 ,he was greater than ,puritan1 greater than ,cavalier1 in that he was ,american1 and in that in his homely form were first gathered the vast and thrilling forces of his ideal government--charging it with such tremendous meaning and so elevating it above human suffering that martyrdom1 though infamously aimed1 came as a fitting crown to a life consecrated from the cradle to human liberty4 ,let us1 each cherishing the traditions and honoring his fathers1 build with reverent hands to the type of this simple but sublime life1 in which all types are honored2 and in our common glory as ,americans there will be plenty and to spare for your forefathers and for mine4 ,,the ,,pilgrim ,,mothers ,reprinted with the author's permission ,,by ,,joseph ,h4 ,,choate ,i really don't know1 at this late hour1 ,mr4 ,chairman1 how you expect me to treat this difficult and tender subject4 ,i might take up the subject etymologically1 and try and explain how woman ever acquired that remarkable name4 ,but that has been done before me by a poet with whose stanzas you are not familiar1 but whom you will recognize as deeply versed in this subject1 for he says3-- ,when ,eve brought woe to all mankind1 ,old ,adam called her woe-man1 ,but when she woo'd with love so kind1 ,he then pronounced her woman4 ,but now1 with folly and with pride1 ,their husbands' pockets trimming1 ,the ladies are so full of whims ,that people call them w7h7imen4 ,mr4 ,chairman1 ,i believe you said ,i should say something about the ,pilgrim mothers4 ,well1 sir1 it is rather late in the evening to venture upon that historic subject4 ,but1 for one1 ,i pity them4 ,the occupants of the galleries will bear me witness that even these modern ,pilgrims-- these ,pilgrims with all the modern improvements--how hard it is to put up with their weaknesses1 their follies1 their tyrannies1 their oppressions1 their desire of dominion and rule4 ,but when you go back to the stern horrors of the ,pilgrim rule1 when you contemplate the rugged character of the ,pilgrim fathers1 why1 you give credence to what a witty woman of ,boston said--she had heard enough of the glories and sufferings of the ,pilgrim fathers2 for her part1 she had a world of sympathy for the ,pilgrim mothers1 because they not only endured all that the ,pilgrim fathers had done1 but they also had to endure the ,pilgrim fathers to boot4 ,well1 sir1 they were afraid of woman4 ,they thought she was almost too refined a luxury for them to indulge in4 ,miles ,standish spoke for them all1 and ,i am sure that ,general ,sherman1 who so much resembles ,miles ,standish1 not only in his military renown but in his rugged exterior and in his warm and tender heart1 will echo his words when he says3-- ,i can march up to a fortress1 and summon the place to surrender1 ,but march up to a woman with such a proposal1 ,i dare not4 ,i am not afraid of bullets1 nor shot from the mouth of a cannon1 ,but of a thundering ',no6' point-blank from the mouth of a woman1 ,that ,i confess ,i'm afraid of1 nor am ,i ashamed to confess it4 ,mr4 ,president1 did you ever see a more self-satisfied or contented set of men than these that are gathered at these tables this evening8 ,i never come to the ,pilgrim dinner and see these men1 who have achieved in the various departments of life such definite and satisfactory success1 but that ,i look back twenty or thirty or forty years1 and see the lantern-jawed boy who started out from the banks of the ,connecticut1 or some more remote river of ,new ,england1 with five dollars in his pocket and his father's blessing on his head and his mother's ,bible in his carpetbag1 to seek those fortunes which now they have so gloriously made4 ,and there is one woman whom each of these1 through all his progress and to the last expiring hour of his life1 bears in tender remembrance4 ,it is the mother who sent him forth with her blessing4 ,a mother is a mother still--the holiest thing alive2 and if ,i could dismiss you with a benediction to-night1 it would be by invoking upon the heads of you all the blessing of the mothers that we left behind us4 ,,bright ,,land ,,to ,,westward ,from ,modern ,eloquence1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,geo4 ,l4 ,shuman and ,company1 ,chicago1 publishers4 ,,by ,e4 ,o4 ,,wolcott ,mr4 ,president and ,gentlemen1--,it was with great diffidence that ,i accepted the invitation of your ,president to respond to a toast to- night4 ,i realized my incapacity to do justice to the occasion1 while at the same time ,i recognized the high compliment conveyed4 ,i felt somewhat as the man did respecting the ,shakespeare-,bacon controversy2 he said he didn't know whether ,lord ,bacon wrote ,shakespeare's works or not1 but if he didn't1 he missed the greatest opportunity of his life4 ,we are a plain people1 and live far away4 ,we are provincial2 we have no distinctive literature and no great poets2 our leading personage abroad of late seems to be the ,honorable ,buffalo ,bill2 and we use our adjectives so recklessly that the polite badinage indulged in toward each other by your ,new ,york editors to us seems tame and spiritless4 ,in mental achievement we may not have fully acquired the use of the fork1 and are but in the gristle and not yet hardened into the bone of manhood4 ,we stand toward the ,east somewhat as country to city cousin2 about as ,new to ,old ,england1 only we don't feel half so badly about it1 and on the whole are rather pleased with ourselves4 ,there is not in the whole broad ,west a ranch so lonely or so remote that a public school is not within reach of it4 ,with generous help from the ,east1 ,western colleges are elevating and directing ,western thought1 and men busy making ,states yet find time to live manly lives and to lend a hand4 ,all this may not be aesthetic1 but it is virile1 and it leads up and not down4 ,there are some things more important than the highest culture4 ,the ,west is the ,almighty's reserve ground1 and as the world is filling up1 ,he is turning even the old arid plains and deserts into fertile acres1 and is sending there the rain as well as the sunshine4 ,a high and glorious destiny awaits us2 soon the balance of population will lie the other side of the ,mississippi1 and the millions that are coming must find waiting for them schools and churches1 good government1 and a happy people3-- ,who love the land because it is their own1 ,and scorn to give aught other reason why2 ,would shake hands with a ,king upon his throne1 ,and think it kindness to his ,majesty4 ,in everything which pertains to progress in the ,west1 the ,yankee renforcements step rapidly to the front4 ,every year she needs more of them1 and as the country grows the annual demand becomes greater4 ,genuine ,new ,englanders are to be had on tap only in six small ,states1 and remembering this we feel that we have the right to demand that in the future1 even more than in the past1 the heads of the ,new ,england households weary not in the good work4 ,in these days of booms and ,new ,souths and ,great ,wests1 when everybody up ,north who fired a gun is made to feel that he ought to apologize for it1 and good fellowship everywhere abounds1 there is a sort of tendency to fuse2 only big and conspicuous things are much considered2 and ,new ,england being small in area and most of her distinguished people being dead1 she is just now somewhat under an eclipse4 ,but in her past she has undying fame4 ,you of ,new ,england and her borders live always in the atmosphere of her glories2 the scenes which tell of her achievements are ever near at hand1 and familiarity and contact may rob them of their charms1 and dim to your eyes their sacredness4 ,the sons of ,new ,england in the ,west revisit her as men who make pilgrimage to some holy shrine1 and her hills and valleys are still instinct with noble traditions4 ,in her glories and her history we claim a common heritage1 and we never wander so far away from her that1 with each recurring anniversary of this day1 our hearts do not turn to her with renewed love and devotion for our beloved ,new ,england2 yet-- ,not by ,eastern windows only1 ,when daylight comes1 comes in the light2 ,in front the sun climbs slow1 how slowly1 ,but ,westward1 look1 the land is bright6 ,,woman ,from ,modern ,eloquence1 ,vol4 ,ill1 ,geo4 ,l4 ,shuman and ,company1 ,chicago1 publishers4 ,,by ,,theodore ,,tilton ,you must not forget1 ,mr4 ,president1 in eulogizing the early men of ,new ,england1 who are your clients to-night1 that it was only through the help of the early women of ,new ,england1 who are mine1 that your boasted heroes could ever have earned their title of the ,pilgrim ,fathers4 ,a health1 therefore1 to the women in the cabin of the ,mayflower6 ,a cluster of ,mayflowers themselves1 transplanted from summer in the old world to winter in the new6 ,counting over those matrons and maidens1 they numbered1 all told1 just eighteen4 ,their names are now written among the heroines of history6 ,for as over the ashes of ,cornelia stood the epitaph ,the ,mother of the ,gracchi1 so over these women of the ,pilgrimage we write as proudly ,the ,mothers of the ,republic4 ,there was good ,mistress ,bradford1 whose feet were not allowed of ,god to kiss ,plymouth ,rock1 and who1 like ,moses1 came only near enough to see but not to enter the ,promised ,land4 ,she was washed overboard from the deck--and to this day the sea is her grave and ,cape ,cod her monument6 ,there was ,mistress ,carver1 wife of the first governor1 who1 when her husband fell under the stroke of sudden death1 followed him first with heroic grief to the grave1 and then1 a fortnight after1 followed him with heroic joy up into ,heaven6 ,there was ,mistress ,white--the mother of the first child born to the ,new ,england ,pilgrims on this continent4 ,and it was a good omen1 sir1 that this historic babe was brought into the world on board the ,mayflower between the time of the casting of her anchor and the landing of her passengers--a kind of amphibious prophecy that the newborn nation was to have a birthright inheritance over the sea and over the land4 ,there also was ,rose ,standish1 whose name is a perpetual ,june fragrance1 to mellow and sweeten those ,december winds4 ,then1 after the first vessel with these women1 there came other women-- loving hearts drawn from the olden land by those silken threads which afterwards harden into golden chains4 ,for instance1 ,governor ,bradford1 a lonesome widower1 went down to the seabeach1 and1 facing the waves1 tossed a love letter over the wide ocean into the lap of ,alice ,southworth in old ,england1 who caught it up1 and read it1 and said1 ,yes1 ,i will go4 ,and she went6 ,and it is said that the governor1 at his second wedding1 married his first love6 ,which1 according to the ,new ,theology1 furnishes the providential reason why the first ,mrs4 ,bradford fell overboard6 ,now1 gentlemen1 as you sit to-night in this elegant hall1 think of the houses in which the ,mayflower men and women lived in that first winter6 ,think of a cabin in the wilderness--where winds whistled--where wolves howled--where ,indians yelled6 ,and yet1 within that log house1 burning like a lamp1 was the pure flame of ,christian faith1 love1 patience1 fortitude1 heroism6 ,as the ,star of the ,east rested over the rude manger where ,christ lay1 so--speaking not irreverently--there rested over the roofs of the ,pilgrims a ,star of the ,west--the ,star of ,empire2 and to-day that empire is the proudest in the world6 ,and now1 to close1 let me give you just a bit of good advice4 ,the cottages of our forefathers had few pictures on the walls1 but many families had a print of ,king ,charles's ,twelve ,good ,rules1 the eleventh of which was1 ,make no long meals4 ,now ,king ,charles lost his head1 and you will have leave to make a long meal4 ,but when1 after your long meal1 you go home in the wee small hours1 what do you expect to find8 ,you will find my toast--,woman1 a beautiful rod6 ,now my advice is1 ,kiss the rod6 ,,abraham ,,lincoln ,reprinted with the author's permission ,,by ,,horace ,,porter ,the story of the life of ,abraham ,lincoln savors more of romance than reality4 ,it is more like a fable of the ancient days than the story of a plain ,american of the nineteenth century4 ,the singular vicissitudes in the life of our martyred ,president surround him with an interest which attaches to few men in history4 ,he sprang from that class which he always alluded to as the plain people1 and never attempted to disdain them4 ,he believed that the government was made for the people1 not the people for the government4 ,he felt that true ,republicanism is a torch--the more it is shaken in the hands of the people the brighter it will burn4 ,he was transcendently fit to be the first successful standard bearer of the progressive1 aggressive1 invincible ,republican party4 ,he might well have said to those who chanced to sneer at his humble origin what a marshal of ,france raised from the ranks said to the haughty nobles of ,vienna boasting of their long line of descent1 when they refused to associate with him3 ,i am an ancestor2 you are only descendants6 ,he was never guilty of any posing for effect1 any attitudinizing in public1 any mawkish sentimentality1 any of that puppyism so often bred by power1 that dogmatism which ,johnson said was only puppyism grown to maturity4 ,he made no claim to knowledge he did not possess4 ,he felt with ,addison that pedantry and learning are like hypocrisy in religion--the form of knowledge without the power of it4 ,he had nothing in common with those men of mental malformation who are educated beyond their intellects4 ,the names of ,washington and ,lincoln are inseparably associated1 and yet as the popular historian would have us believe one spent his entire life in chopping down acorn trees and the other splitting them up into rails4 ,washington could not tell a story4 ,lincoln always could4 ,and ,lincoln's stories always possessed the true geometrical requisites1 they were never too long1 and never too broad4 ,but his heart was not always attuned to mirth2 its chords were often set to strains of sadness4 ,yet throughout all his trials he never lost the courage of his convictions4 ,when he was surrounded on all sides by doubting ,thomases1 by unbelieving ,saracens1 by discontented ,catilines1 his faith was strongest4 ,as the ,danes destroyed the hearing of their war horses in order that they might not be affrighted by the din of battle1 so ,lincoln turned a deaf ear to all that might have discouraged him1 and exhibited an unwavering faith in the justice of the cause and the integrity of the ,union4 ,it is said that for three hundred years after the battle of ,thermopyl every child in the public schools of ,greece was required to recite from memory the names of the three hundred martyrs who fell in the defense of that pass4 ,it would be a crowning triumph in patriotic education if every school child in ,america could contemplate each day the grand character and utter the inspiring name of ,abraham ,lincoln1 who has handed down unto a grateful people the richest legacy which man can leave to man--the memory of a good name1 the inheritance of a great example6 ,,to ,,athletic ,,victors ,from a speech at a dinner of graduates of ,yale ,university1 in ,new ,york1 #ahhi4 ,by the kindness of the author4 ,,by ,,henry ,e4 ,,howland ,on ,boston ,common1 under the shadow of the ,state ,house1 and within the atmosphere of ,harvard ,university1 there is an inscription on a column1 in honor of those who1 on land and sea1 maintained the cause of their country during four years of civil war4 ,the visitor approaches it with respect and reverently uncovers as he reads4 ,with similar high emotions we1 as citizens of the world of letters1 and acknowledging particular allegiance to the province thereof founded by ,elihu ,yale1 are assembled to pour libations1 to partake of a sacrificial feast1 and to crown with honors and with bays those who1 on land and sea1 with unparalleled courage and devotion1 have borne their flag to victory in desperate encounters4 ,peace hath her victories no less renowned than war4 ,on large fields of strife1 the record of success like that which we are called upon to commemorate would give the victors a high place in history and liken their country to ancient ,thebes1-- ,which spread her conquest o'er a thousand states1 ,and poured her heroes through a hundred gates4 ,there are many reasons why ,yale men win4 ,one is that which was stated by ,lord ,beaconsfield1 ,the ,secret of success is constancy of purpose4 ,that alone sufficiently accounts for it4 ,we are here present in no vain spirit of boasting1 though if our right to exalt ourselves were questioned1 we might reply in the words of the ,american girl who was shown some cannon at ,woolwich ,arsenal1 the sergeant in charge remarking1 ,you know we took them from you at ,bunker ,hill4 ,yes1 she replied1 ,i see you've got the cannon1 but ,i guess we've got the hill4 ,we come rather in a spirit of true modesty to recognize the plaudits of an admiring world1 to tell you how they were won4 ,it was said in the days of ,athenian pride and glory that it was easier to find a god in ,athens than a man4 ,we must be careful in these days of admiration of athletic effort that no such imputation is laid upon us1 and that the deification of the human form divine is not carried to extremes4 ,it is a curious coincidence that a love of the classics and proficiency in intellectual pursuits should coexist with admiration for physical perfection and with athletic superiority during all the centuries of which the history is written4 ,the youth who lisped in ,attic numbers and was brought up on the language we now so painfully and imperfectly acquire1 who was lulled to sleep by songs of schylus and ,sophocles1 who discussed philosophy in the porches of ,plato1 ,aristotle1 and ,epicurus1 was a more accomplished classical scholar than the most learned pundit of modern times1 and was a model of manly beauty1 yet he would have died to win the wreath of parsley at the ,olympian games1 which all esteemed an immortal prize4 ,while1 in our time1 to be the winning crew on the ,isis1 the ,cam1 the ,english or ,american ,thames1 is equal in honor and influence to the position of senior wrangler1 valedictorian1 or ,deforest prize man4 ,the man who wins the world's honors to-day must not be overtrained mentally or physically2 not1 as ,john ,randolph said of the soil of ,virginia1--poor by nature and ruined by cultivation1 hollow-chested1 convex in back1 imperfect in sight1 shuffling in gait1 and flabby in muscle4 ,the work of such a man will be musty like his closet1 narrow as the groove he moves in1 tinctured with the peculiarities that border on insanity1 and out of tune with nature4 ,no man can work in the world unless he knows it1 struggles with it1 and becomes a part of it1 and the statement of the ,english statesman that the undergraduate of ,oxford or ,cambridge who had the best stomach1 the hardest muscles1 and the greatest ambition would be the future ,lord ,chancellor of ,england1 had a solid basis of truth4 ,gentlemen of the bat1 the oar1 the racquet1 the cinder path1 and the leathern sphere1 never were conquerors more welcome guests1 in palace or in hall1 at the tables of their friends than you are here4 ,you come with your laurels fresh from the fields you have won1 to receive the praise which is your due and which we so gladly bestow4 ,your self-denial1 devotion1 skill1 and courage have brought honor to your ,university1 and for it we honor you4 ,,the ,,babies ,at a banquet in honor of ,general ,grant1 ,chicago1 #ahgg ,,by ,,samuel ,l4 ,,clemens 7,mark ,twain7 ,,mr4 ,,chairman ,,and ,,gentlemen1--,the ,babies4 ,now1 that's something like4 ,we haven't all had the good fortune to be ladies2 we have not all been generals1 or poets1 or statesmen2 but when the toast works down to the babies1 we stand on common ground--for we've all been babies4 ,it is a shame that for a thousand years the world's banquets have utterly ignored the baby1 as if he didn't amount to anything6 ,if you1 gentlemen1 will stop and think a minute--if you will try to go back fifty or a hundred years1 to your early married life1 and recontemplate your first baby--you will remember that he amounted to a good deal--and even something over4 ,you soldiers all know that when that little fellow arrived at family headquarters1 you had to hand in your resignation4 ,he took entire command4 ,you had to execute his order whether it was possible or not4 ,and there was only one form of marching in his manual of tactics1 and that was the double-quick4 ,when he called for soothing syrup1 did you venture to throw out any remarks about certain services unbecoming to an officer and a gentleman8 ,no2 you got up and got it6 ,if he ordered his pap bottle1 and it wasn't warm1 did you talk back8 ,not you2 you went to work and warmed it4 ,you even descended so far in your menial office as to take a suck at that warm1 insipid stuff yourself1 to see if it was right6--three parts water to one of milk1 a touch of sugar to modify the colic1 and a drop of peppermint to kill those immortal hiccoughs4 ,i can taste that stuff yet4 ,and how many things you learned as you went along6 ,sentimental young folks still take stock in that beautiful old saying1 that when a baby smiles in his sleep it is because the angels are whispering to him4 ,very pretty1 but too thin--simply wind on the stomach1 my friends4 ,i like the idea that a baby doesn't amount to anything6 ,why1 one baby is just a house and a front yard full by itself2 one baby can furnish more business than you and your whole interior department can attend to2 he is enterprising1 irrepressible1 brimful of lawless activities4 ,do what you please you can't make him stay on the reservation4 ,sufficient unto the day is one baby4 ,as long as you are in your right mind don't ever pray for twins4 ,twins amount to a permanent riot2 and there ain't any real difference between triplets and insurrections4 ,among the three or four million cradles now rocking in the land there are some which this nation would preserve for ages as sacred things1 if we could know which ones they are4 ,for in one of these cradles the unconscious ,farragut of the future is at this moment teething2 in another the future great historian is lying1 and doubtless he will continue to lie until his earthly mission is ended4 ,and in still one more cradle1 somewhere under the flag1 the future illustrious commander-in-chief of the ,american armies is so little burdened with his approaching grandeurs and responsibilities as to be giving his whole strategic mind at this moment1 to trying to find out some way to get his own big toe into his mouth1 an achievement to which 7meaning no disrespect7 the illustrious guest of this evening also turned his attention some fifty-six years ago6 ,and if the child is but the prophecy of the man1 there are mighty few will doubt that he succeeded4 ,,the ,,occasional ,,poem ,,charles ,,dickens ,read by ,mr4 ,watson in ,new ,york1 at the celebration of the ,dickens ,centenary1 #aiab4 ,reprinted from the public press4 ,,by ,,william ,,watson ,when ,nature first designed ,in her all-procreant mind ,the man whom here tonight we are met to honor-- ,when first the idea of ,dickens flashed upon her-- ,where1 where she said1 upon my populous earth ,shall this prodigious child be brought to birth8 ,where shall we have his earliest wondering look ,into my magic book8 ,shall he be born where life runs like a brook1 ,pleasant and placid as of old it ran1 ,far from the sound and shock of mighty deeds1 ,among soft ,english meads8 ,or shall he first my pictured volume scan ,where ,london lifts its hot and fevered brow ,for cooling night to fan8 ,nay1 nay1 she said1 ,i have a happier plan ,for where at ,portsmouth1 on the embattled tides ,the ships of war step out with thundering prow ,and shake their stormy sides-- ,in yonder place of arms1 whose gaunt sea wall ,flings to the clouds the far-heard bugle call-- ,he shall be born amid the drums and guns1 ,he shall be born among my fighting sons1 ,perhaps the greatest warrior of them all4 ,,ii ,so there1 where from the forts and battle gear ,and all the proud sea babbles ,nelson's name1 ,into the world this later hero came-- ,he1 too1 a man that knew all moods but fear-- ,he1 too1 a fighter4 ,yet not his the strife ,that leaves dark scars on the fair face of life4 ,he did not fight to rend the world apart2 ,he fought to make it one in mind and heart1 ,building a broad and noble bridge to span ,the icy chasm that sunders man from man4 ,wherever wrong had fixed its bastions deep1 ,there did his fierce yet gay assault surprise ,some fortress girt with lucre or with lies2 ,there his light battery stormed some ponderous keep2 ,there charged he up the steep1 ,a knight on whom no palsying torpor fell1 ,keen to the last to break a lance with ,hell4 ,and still undimmed his conquering weapons shine2 ,on his bright sword no spot of rust appears1 ,and still across the years ,his soul goes forth to battle1 and in the face ,of whatso'er is false1 or cruel1 or base1 ,he hurls his gage and leaps among the spears1 ,being armed with pity and love and scorn divine1 ,immortal laughter and immortal tears4 ,,the ,,mariners ,,of ,,england ,,by ,,thomas ,,campbell ,ye ,mariners of ,england ,that guard our native seas6 ,whose flag has braved1 a thousand years1 ,the battle and the breeze6 ,your glorious standard launch again ,to match another foe3 ,and sweep through the deep1 ,while the stormy winds do blow2 ,while the battle rages loud and long ,and the stormy winds do blow4 ,the spirit of your fathers ,shall start from every wave1 ,for the deck it is our field of fame1 ,and ,ocean was their grave3 ,where ,blake and mighty ,nelson fell ,your manly heart shall glow1 ,as ye sweep through the deep1 ,while the stormy winds do blow2 ,while the battle rages loud and long ,and the stormy winds do blow4 ,britannia needs no bulwarks1 ,no towers along the steep2 ,her march is o'er the mountain waves1 ,her home is on the deep4 ,with thunders from her native oak ,she quells the floods below1 ,as they roar on the shore1 ,when the stormy winds do blow2 ,when the battle rages loud and long ,and the stormy winds do blow4 ,the meteor-flag of ,england ,shall yet terrific burn2 ,till danger's troubled night depart ,and the star of peace return4 ,then1 then1 ye ocean warriors6 ,our song and feast shall flow ,to the fame of your name1 ,when the storm has ceased to blow2 ,when the fiery fight is heard no more1 ,and the storm has ceased to blow4 ,,class ,,poem ,read in ,sanders ,theater at the ,harvard ,class ,day ,exercises1 #aijc4 ,reprinted with permission4 ,,by ,,langdon ,,warner ,not unto every one of us shall come ,the bugle call that sounds for famous deeds2 ,not far lands1 but the pleasant paths of home1 ,not broad seas to traffic1 but the meads ,of fruitful midland ways1 where daily life ,down trellised vistas1 heavy in the ,fall1 ,seems but the decent way apart from strife2 ,and love1 and work1 and laughter there seem all4 ,war1 and the ,orient ,sun uprising1 ,the ,east1 the ,west1 and ,man's shrill clamorous strife1 ,travail1 disaster1 flood1 and far emprising1 ,man may not reach1 yet take fast hold on life4 ,let us now praise men who are not famous1 ,striving for good name rather than for great2 ,hear we the quiet voice calling to claim us1 ,heed it no less than the trumpet-call of fate6 ,profit we to-day by the men who've gone before us1 ,men who dared1 and lived1 and died1 to speed us on our way4 ,fair is their fame1 who make that mighty chorus1 ,and gentle is the heritance that comes to us to-day4 ,they pulled with the strength that was in them1 ,but 'twas not for the pewter cup1 ,and not for the fame 'twould win them ,when the length of the race was up4 ,for the college stood by the river1 ,and they heard1 with cheeks that glowed1 ,the voice of the coxswain calling ,at the end of the course--,well rowed6 ,we have pulled at the sweep and run at the games1 ,we have striven to stand to our boyhood aims1 ,and we know the worth of our fathers' names2 ,shall we have less care for our own8 ,the praise of men they dared despise1 ,they set the game above the prize1 ,must we fear to look in our fathers' eyes1 ,nor reap where they have sown8 ,do we lose the zest we've known before8 ,the joy of running8--,the kick of the oar ,when the ash sweeps buckle and bend8 ,is the goal too far8--,too hard to gain8 ,we know that the candle is not the play1 ,we know the reward is not to-day1 ,and may not come at the end4 ,but we hear the voice of each bygone class ,from the river's bank when our own crews pass1 ,and the backs of the men are bowed1 ,with a steady lift and a squandering strength1 ,for the heave that shall drive us a nation's length1 ,till the coxswain calls--,well rowed4 ,now all to the tasks that may find us-- ,to the saddle1 the home1 or the sea1 ,still hearing the voices behind us ,the voices that set us free2 ,free to be bound by our honor1 ,free to our birthright of toil1 ,the masters1 and slaves1 of the nation1 ,the ,serfs1 and the ,lords1 of the soil6 ,proudly we lift the burdens ,that humbled the ages past1 ,and pray to the ,god that gave them ,we may bear them on to the last2 ,that our sons and our younger brothers1 ,when our gaps in the front they fill1 ,may know that the class has faltered not1 ,and the line is even still4 ,then out to the wind and weather6 ,down the course our fathers showed1 ,and finish well together1 ,as the coxswain calls--,well rowed6 ,a ,,troop ,,of ,,the ,,guard ,harvard ,class ,poem1 #aijg1 ,houghton ,mifflin ,company1 ,boston1 publishers1 ,reprinted with permission4 ,,by ,,hermann ,,hagedorn1 ,,jr4 ,there's a trampling of hoofs in the busy street1 ,there's a clanking of sabers on floor and stair1 ,there's a sound of restless1 hurrying feet1 ,of voices that whisper1 of lips that entreat1-- ,will they live1 will they die1 will they strive1 will they dare8-- ,the houses are garlanded1 flags flutter gay1 ,for a troop of the ,guard rides forth to-day4 ,oh1 the troopers will ride and their hearts will leap1 ,when it's shoulder to shoulder and friend to friend-- ,but it's some to the pinnacle1 some to the deep1 ,and some in the glow of their strength to sleep1 ,and for all it's a fight to the tale's far end1 ,and it's each to his goal1 nor turn nor sway1 ,when the troop of the ,guard rides forth to-day4 ,the dawn is upon us1 the pale light speeds ,to the zenith with glamour and golden dart4 ,on1 up6 ,boot and saddle6 ,give spurs to your steeds6 ,there's a city beleaguered that cries for men's deeds1 ,with the pain of the world in its cavernous heart4 ,ours be the triumph6 ,humanity calls6 ,life's not a dream in the clover6 ,on to the walls1 on to the walls1 ,on to the walls1 and over6 ,the wine is spent1 the tale is spun1 ,the revelry of youth is done4 ,the horses prance1 the bridles clink1 ,while maidens fair in bright array ,with us the last sweet goblet drink1 ,then bid us1 ,mount and away6 ,into the dawn1 we ride1 we ride1 ,fellow and fellow1 side by side2 ,galloping over the field and hill1 ,over the marshland1 stalwart still1 ,into the forest's shadowy hush1 ,where specters walk in sunless day1 ,and in dark pool and branch and bush ,the treacherous will-o'-the-wisp lights play4 ,out of the wood 'neath the risen sun1 ,weary we gallop1 one and one1 ,to a richer hope and a stronger foe ,and a hotter fight in the fields below-- ,each man his own slave1 each his lord1 ,for the golden spurs and the victor's sword6 ,an anxious generation sends us forth ,on the far conquest of the thrones of might4 ,from west to east1 from south to north1 ,earth's children1 weary-eyed from too much light1 ,cry from their dream-forsaken vales of pain1 ,give us our gods1 give us our gods again6 ,a lofty and relentless century1 ,gazing with ,argus eyes1 ,has pierced the very inmost halls of faith2 ,and left no shelter whither man may flee ,from the cold storms of night and lovelessness and death4 ,old gods have fallen and the new must rise6 ,out of the dust of doubt and broken creeds1 ,the sons of those who cast men's idols low ,must build up for a hungry people's needs ,new gods1 new hopes1 new strength to toil and grow2 ,knowing that nought that ever lived can die1-- ,no act1 no dream but spreads its sails1 sublime1 ,sweeping across the visible seas of time ,into the treasure-haven of eternity4 ,the portals are open1 the white road leads ,through thicket and garden1 o'er stone and sod4 ,on1 up6 ,boot and saddle6 ,give spurs to your steeds6 ,there's a city beleaguered that cries for men's deeds1 ,for the faith that is strength and the love that is ,god6 ,on1 through the dawning6 ,humanity calls6 ,life's not a dream in the clover6 ,on to the walls1 on to the walls1 ,on to the walls1 and over6 ,,the ,,boys ,at a class reunion4 ,by permission of1 and by special arrangement with1 ,houghton ,mifflin ,company1 authorized publishers of this author's works4 ,,by ,,oliver ,,wendell ,,holmes ,has there any old fellow got mixed with the boys8 ,if there has1 take him out1 without making a noise4 ,hang the ,almanac's cheat and the ,catalogue's spite6 ,old ,time is a liar6 ,we're twenty to-night6 ,we're twenty6 ,we're twenty6 ,who says we are more8 ,he's tipsy1 young jackanapes6--show him the door6 ',gray temples at twenty8'--,yes6 white if we please2 ,where the snowflakes fall thickest there's nothing can freeze6 ,was it snowing ,i spoke of8 ,excuse the mistake6 ,look close1--you will see not a sign of a flake6 ,we want some new garlands for those we have shed1-- ,and these are white roses in place of the red4 ,we've a trick1 we young fellows1 you may have been told1 ,of talking 7in public7 as if we were old3-- ,that boy we call ',doctor1' and this we call ',judge'2 ,it's a neat little fiction1--of course it's all fudge4 ,that fellow's the ',speaker1'--the one on the right3 ',mr4 ,mayor1' my young one1 how are you to-night8 ,that's our ',member of ,congress1' we say when we chaff2 ,there's the ',reverend' ,what's his name8--don't make me laugh4 ,that boy with the grave mathematical look ,made believe he had written a wonderful book1 ,and the ,,royal ,,society thought it was true6 ,so they chose him right in2 a good joke it was1 too6 ,there's a boy1 we pretend1 with a three-decker brain1 ,that could harness a team with a logical chain2 ,when he spoke for our manhood in syllabled fire1 ,we called him ',the ,justice1' but now he's ',the ,squire4' ,and there's a nice youngster of excellent pith1-- ,fate tried to conceal him by naming him ,smith2 ,but he shouted a song for the brave and the free1-- ,just read on his medal1 ',my country1' 'of thee6' ,you hear that boy laughing8--,you think he's all fun2 ,but the angels laugh1 too1 at the good he has done2 ,the children laugh loud as they troop to his call1 ,and the poor man that knows him laughs loudest of all6 ,yes1 we're boys1--always playing with tongue or with pen1-- ,and ,i sometimes have asked1--,shall we ever be men8 ,shall we always be youthful1 and laughing1 and gay1 ,till the last dear companion drops smiling away8 ,then here's to our boyhood1 its gold and its gray6 ,the stars of its winter1 the dews of its ,may6 ,and when we have done with our life-lasting toys1 ,dear ,father1 take care of thy children1 the ,,boys6 ,,the ,,anecdote ,,the ,,mob ,,conquered ,from ,the ,orations and ,addresses of ,george ,william ,curtis1 ,vol4 #a ,copyright #ahic1 by ,harper and ,brothers4 ,reprinted with permission4 ,,by ,,george ,,william ,,curtis ,it is especially necessary for us to perceive the vital relation of individual courage and character to the common welfare1 because ours is a government of public opinion1 and public opinion is but the aggregate of individual thought4 ,we have the awful responsibility as a community of doing what we choose2 and it is of the last importance that we choose to do what is wise and right4 ,in the early days of the antislavery agitation a meeting was called at ,faneuil ,hall1 in ,boston1 which a good-natured mob of sailors was hired to suppress4 ,they took possession of the floor and danced breakdowns and shouted choruses and refused to hear any of the orators upon the platform4 ,the most eloquent pleaded with them in vain4 ,they were urged by the memories of the ,cradle of ,liberty1 for the honor of ,massachusetts1 for their own honor as ,boston boys1 to respect liberty of speech4 ,but they still laughed and sang and danced1 and were proof against every appeal4 ,at last a man suddenly arose from among themselves1 and began to speak4 ,struck by his tone and quaint appearance1 and with the thought that he might be one of themselves1 the mob became suddenly still1 ,well1 fellow-citizens1 he said1 ,i wouldn't be quiet if ,i didn't want to4 ,the words were greeted with a roar of delight from the mob1 which supposed it had found its champion1 and the applause was unceasing for five minutes1 during which the strange orator tranquilly awaited his chance to continue4 ,the wish to hear more hushed the tumult1 and when the hall was still he resumed3 ,no1 ,i certainly wouldn't stop if ,i hadn't a mind to2 but then1 if ,i were you1 ,i would have a mind to6 ,the oddity of the remark and the earnestness of the tone1 held the crowd silent1 and the speaker continued1 not because this is ,faneuil ,hall1 nor for the honor of ,massachusetts1 nor because you are ,boston boys1 but because you are men1 and because honorable and generous men always love fair play4 ,the mob was conquered4 ,free speech and fair play were secured4 ,public opinion can do what it has a mind to in this country4 ,if it be debased and demoralized1 it is the most odious of tyrants4 ,it is ,nero and ,caligula multiplied by millions4 ,can there then be a more stringent public duty for every man--and the greater the intelligence the greater the duty--than to take care1 by all the influence he can command1 that the country1 the majority1 public opinion1 shall have a mind to do only what is just and pure and humane8 ,,an ,,example ,,of ,,faith ,from ,the ,new ,south4 ,reprinted with permission ,,by ,,henry ,w4 ,,grady ,permitted1 through your kindness1 to catch my second wind1 let me say that ,i appreciate the significance of being the first ,southerner to speak at this board1 which bears the substance1 if it surpasses the semblance1 of original ,new ,england hospitality--and honors the sentiment that in turn honors you1 but in which my personality is lost1 and the compliment to my people made plain4 ,i bespeak the utmost stretch of your courtesy to-night4 ,i am not troubled about those from whom ,i come4 ,you remember the man whose wife sent him to a neighbor with a pitcher of milk1 and who1 tripping on the top step1 fell with such casual interruptions as the landings afforded into the basement1 and1 while picking himself up1 had the pleasure of hearing his wife call out3 ,john1 did you break the pitcher8 ,no1 ,i didn't1 said ,john1 but ,i'll be dinged if ,i don't4 ,so1 while those who call me from behind may inspire me with energy1 if not with courage1 ,i ask an indulgent hearing from you4 ,i beg that you will bring your full faith in ,american fairness and frankness to judgment upon what ,i shall say4 ,there was an old preacher once who told some boys of the ,bible lesson he was going to read in the morning4 ,the boys1 finding the place1 glued together the connecting pages4 ,the next morning he read on the bottom of one page1 ,when ,noah was one hundred and twenty years old he took unto himself a wife1 who was-- then turning the page--#adj cubits long1 #dj cubits wide1 built of gopher wood--and covered with pitch inside and out4 ,he was naturally puzzled at this4 ,he read it again1 verified it1 and then said1 ,my friends1 this is the first time ,i ever met this in the ,bible1 but ,i accept this as an evidence of the assertion that we are fearfully and wonderfully made4 ,if ,i could get you to hold such faith to-night ,i could proceed cheerfully to the task ,i otherwise approach with a sense of consecration4 ,,the ,,rail-,,splitter ,from ,the ,lincoln ,story ,book1 with the permission of ,g4 ,w4 ,dillingham and ,co41 ,new ,york1 publishers4 ,,by ,h4 ,l4 ,,williams ,the ,illinois ,republican ,state ,convention of #ahfj met at ,decatur1 in a wigwam built for the purpose1 a type of that noted in the ,lincoln ,annals as at ,chicago4 ,a special welcome was given to ,abraham ,lincoln as a distinguished citizen of ,illinois1 and one she will ever be delighted to honor4 ,the session was suddenly interrupted by the chairman saying3 ,there is an old ,democrat outside who has something to present to the convention4 ,the present was two old fence rails1 carried on the shoulder of an elderly man1 recognized by ,lincoln as his cousin ,john ,hanks1 and by the ,sangamon folks as an old settler in the ,bottoms4 ,the rails were explained by a banner reading3 ,two rails from a lot made by ,abraham ,lincoln and ,john ,hanks1 in the ,sangamon ,bottom1 in the year #ahcj4 ,thunderous cheers for the rail-splitter resounded1 for this slur on the statesman had recoiled on aspersers and was used as a title of honor4 ,the call for confirmation of the assertion led ,lincoln to rise1 and blushing--so recorded--said3 ,gentlemen1--,i suppose you want to know something about those things4 ,well1 the truth is1 ,john and ,i did make rails in the ,sangamon ,bottom4 ,he eyed the wood with the knowingness of an authority on stumpage1 and added3 ,i don't know whether we made those rails or not2 the fact is1 ,i don't think they are a credit to the makers6 ,it was ,john ,hanks' turn to blush4 ,but ,i do know this3 ,i made rails then1 and1 ,i think1 ,i could make better ones now6 ,whereupon1 by acclamation1 ,abraham ,lincoln was declared to be first choice of the ,republican party in ,illinois for the ,presidency4 ,riding a man in on a rail became of different and honorable meaning from that out4 ,this incident was a prepared theatrical effect4 ,governor ,oglesby arranged with ,lincoln's stepbrother1 ,john ,d4 ,johnston1 to provide two rails1 and with ,lincoln's mother's cousin1 ,dennis ,hanks1 for the latter to bring in the rails at the telling juncture4 ,lincoln's guarded manner about identifying the rails1 and sly slap at his ability to make better ones1 show that he was in the scheme1 though recognizing that the dodge was of value politically4 ,o',,connell',s ,,wit ,from a lecture on ,daniel ,o',connell in ,speeches and ,lectures1 with the permission of ,lothrop1 ,lee and ,shepard1 ,boston1 publishers4 ,,by ,,wendell ,,phillips ,we used to say of ,webster1 ,this is a great effort2 of ,everett1 ,it is a beautiful effort2 but you never used the word effort in speaking of ,o',connell4 ,it provoked you that he would not make an effort4 ,i heard him perhaps a score of times1 and ,i do not think more than three times he ever lifted himself to the full sweep of his power4 ,and this wonderful power1 it was not a thunderstorm3 he flanked you with his wit1 he surprised you out of yourself2 you were conquered before you knew it4 ,he was once summoned to court out of the hunting field1 when a young friend of his of humble birth was on trial for his life4 ,the evidence gathered around a hat found next the body of the murdered man1 which was recognized as the hat of the prisoner4 ,the lawyers tried to break down the evidence1 confuse the testimony1 and get some relief from the directness of the circumstances1 but in vain1 until at last they called for ,o',connell4 ,he came in1 flung his riding-whip and hat on the table1 was told the circumstances1 and1 taking up the hat1 said to the witness1 ,whose hat is this8 ,well1 ,mr4 ,o',connell1 that is ,mike's hat4 ,how do you know it8 ,i will swear to it1 sir4 ,and did you really find it by the body of the murdered man8 ,i did that1 sir4 ,but you're not ready to swear to that8 ,i am1 indeed1 ,mr4 ,o',connell4 ,pat1 do you know what hangs on your word8 ,a human soul4 ,and with that dread burden1 are you ready to tell this jury that the hat1 to your certain knowledge1 belongs to the prisoner8 ,y-yes1 ,mr4 ,o',connell2 yes1 ,i am4 ,o',connell takes the hat to the nearest window1 and peers into it--,j-a- m-e-s1 ,james4 ,now1 ,pat1 did you see that name in the hat8 ,i did1 ,mr4 ,o',connell4 ,you knew it was there8 ,yes1 sir2 ,i read it after ,i picked it up4----,no name in the hat1 your ,honor4 ,so again in the ,house of ,commons4 ,when he took his seat in the ,house in #ahcj1 the ,london ,times visited him with its constant indignation1 reported his speeches awry1 turned them inside out1 and made nonsense of them2 treated him as the ,new ,york ,herald use to treat us ,abolitionists twenty years ago4 ,so one morning he rose and said1 ,mr4 ,speaker1 you know ,i have never opened my lips in this ,house1 and ,i expended twenty years of hard work in getting the right to enter it1--,i have never lifted my voice in this ,house1 but in behalf of the saddest people the sun shines on4 ,is it fair play1 ,mr4 ,speaker1 is it what you call ',english fair play' that the press of this city will not let my voice be heard8 ,the next day the ,times sent him word that1 as he found fault with their manner of reporting him1 they never would report him at all1 they never would print his name in their parliamentary columns4 ,so the next day when prayers were ended ,o',connell rose4 ,those reporters of the ,times who were in the gallery rose also1 ostentatiously put away their pencils1 folded their arms1 and made all the show they could1 to let everybody know how it was4 ,well1 you know nobody has a right to be in the gallery during the session1 and if any member notices them1 the mere notice clears the gallery2 only the reporters can stay after that notice4 ,o',connell rose4 ,one of the members said1 ,before the member from ,clare opens his speech1 let me call his attention to the gallery and the instance of that 'passive resistance' which he is about to preach4 ,thank you1 said ,o',connell4 ,mr4 ,speaker1 ,i observe the strangers in the gallery4 ,of course they left2 of course the next day1 in the columns of the ,london ,times1 there were no parliamentary debates4 ,and for the first time1 except in ,richard ,cobden's case1 the ,london ,times cried for quarter1 and said to ,o',connell1 ,if you give up the quarrel1 we will4 ,a ,,reliable ,,team ,from ,hunting the ,grizzly1 with the permission of ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 ,new ,york and ,london1 ,publishers4 ,,by ,,theodore ,,roosevelt ,in the cow country there is nothing more refreshing than the light- hearted belief entertained by the average man to the effect that any animal which by main force has been saddled and ridden1 or harnessed and driven a couple of times1 is a broke horse4 ,my present foreman is firmly wedded to this idea1 as well as to its complement1 the belief that any animal with hoofs1 before any vehicle with wheels1 can be driven across any country4 ,one summer on reaching the ranch ,i was entertained with the usual accounts of the adventures and misadventures which had befallen my own men and my neighbors since ,i had been out last4 ,in the course of the conversation my foreman remarked3 ,we had a great time out here about six weeks ago4 ,there was a professor from ,ann ,arbor came out with his wife to see the ,bad ,lands1 and they asked if we could rig them up a team1 and we said we guessed we could1 and ,foley's boy and ,i did2 but it ran away with him and broke his leg6 ,he was here for a month4 ,i guess he didn't mind it1 though4 ,of this ,i was less certain1 forlorn little ,medora being a busted cow town1 concerning which ,i once heard another of my men remark1 in reply to an inquisitive commercial traveler3 ,how many people lives here8 ,eleven--counting the chickens--when they're all in town6 ,my foreman continued3 ,by ,george1 there was something that professor said afterward that made me feel hot4 ,i sent word up to him by ,foley's boy that seein' as how it had come out1 we wouldn't charge him nothin' for the rig2 and that professor answered that he was glad we were showing him some sign of consideration1 for he'd begun to believe he'd fallen into a den of sharks1 and that we gave him a runaway team apurpose4 ,that made me hot1 calling that a runaway team4 ,why1 there was one of them horses never could have run away before2 it hadn't never been druv but twice6 and the other horse maybe had run away a few times1 but there was lots of times he hadn't run away4 ,i esteemed that team full as liable not to run away as it was to run away1 concluded my foreman1 evidently deeming this as good a warranty of gentleness in a horse as the most exacting could possibly require4 ,,meg',s ,,marriage ,from a lecture entitled ,clear ,grit1 published in ,modern ,eloquence1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,geo4 ,l4 ,shuman and ,company1 ,chicago4 ,,by ,,robert ,,collyer ,in what we call the good old times--say1 three hundred years ago--a family lived on the border between ,england and ,scotland1 with one daughter of a marvelous homeliness4 ,her name was ,meg4 ,she was a capital girl1 as homely girls generally are4 ,she knew she had no beauty1 so she made sure of quality and faculty4 ,but the ,scotch say that while beauty may not make the best kail1 it looks best by the side of the kail-pot4 ,so ,meg had no offer of a husband1 and was likely to die in what we call single blessedness4 ,everybody on the border in those days used to steal1 and their best holt1 as we say1 was cattle4 ,if they wanted meat and had no money1 they would go out and steal as many beef cattle as they could lay their hands on1 from somebody on the other side of the border4 ,well1 they generally had no money1 and they were always wanting beef1 and they could always be hung for stealing by the man they stole from if he could catch them1 and so they had what an ,irishman would call a fine time entirely4 ,one day a young chief1 wanting some beef as usual1 went out with part of his clan1 came upon a splendid herd on the lands of ,meg's father1 and went to work to drive them across to his own4 ,but the old fellow was on the lookout1 mustered his clan1 bore down on the marauders1 beat them1 took the young chief prisoner1 and then went home to his peel very much delighted4 ,meg's mother1 of course1 wanted to know all about it1 and then she said1 ,noo1 laird1 what are you gaun to do with the prisoner8 ,i am gaun to hang him1 the old man thundered1 just as soon as ,i have had my dinner4 ,but ,i think ye're noo wise to do that1 she said4 ,he has got a braw place1 ye ken1 over the border1 and he is a braw fellow4 ,noo ,i'll tell ye what ,i would do4 ,i would give him his chance to be hung or marry oor ,meg4 ,it struck the old man as a good idea1 and so he went presently down into the dungeon1 told the young fellow to get ready to be hung in thirty minutes1 but then got round to the alternative1 and offered to spare his life if he would marry ,meg1 and give him the beef into the bargain4 ,he had heard something about ,meg's wonderful want of beauty1 and so1 with a fine ,scotch prudence1 he said1 ,ye will let me see her1 laird1 before ,i mak' up my mind1 because maybe ,i would rather be hung4 ,aye1 mon1 that's fair1 the old chief answered1 and went in to bid the mother get ,meg ready for the interview4 ,the mother did her best1 you may be sure1 to make ,meg look winsome1 but when the poor fellow saw his unintentional intended he turned round to the chief and said1 ,laird1 if ye have nae objection1 ,i think ,i would rather be hung4 ,and sae ye shall1 me lad1 and welcome1 the old chief replied1 in a rage4 ,so they led him out1 got the rope around his neck2 and then the young man changed his mind1 and shouted1 ,laird1 ,i'll tak' her4 ,so he was marched back into the castle1 married before he had time to change his mind1 if that was possible1 and the tradition is that there never was a happier pair in ,scotland1 and never a better wife in the world than ,meg4 ,but ,i have told the story because it touches this point1 of the way they hold their own over there when there are great families of children4 ,they tell me that the family flourishes famously still2 no sign of dying out or being lost about it4 ,meg's main feature was a very large mouth1 and now in the direct line in almost every generation the neighbors and friends are delighted1 as they say1 to get ,meg back4 ,here's ,meg again1 they cry when a child is born with that wonderful mouth4 ,sir ,walter ,scott was one of the descendants of the family4 ,he had ,meg's mouth1 in a measure1 and was very proud of it when he would tell the story4 ,,outdoing ,,mrs4 ,,partington ,from a speech published in ,brewer's ,the ,world's ,best ,orations1 ,vol4 ,,ix1 ,ferd4 ,p4 ,kaiser1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,chicago1 publisher4 ,,by ,,sidney ,,smith ,i have spoken so often on this subject1 that ,i am sure both you and the gentlemen here present will be obliged to me for saying but little1 and that favor ,i am as willing to confer1 as you can be to receive it4 ,i feel most deeply the event which has taken place1 because1 by putting the two houses of ,parliament in collision with each other1 it will impede the public business and diminish the public prosperity4 ,i feel it as a churchman1 because ,i cannot but blush to see so many dignitaries of the ,church arrayed against the wishes and happiness of the people4 ,i feel it more than all1 because ,i believe it will sow the seeds of deadly hatred between the aristocracy and the great mass of the people4 ,the loss of the bill ,i do not feel1 and for the best of all possible reasons--because ,i have not the slightest idea that it is lost4 ,i have no more doubt1 before the expiration of the winter1 that this bill will pass1 than ,i have that the annual tax bills will pass1 and greater certainty than this no man can have1 for ,franklin tells us there are but two things certain in this world--death and taxes4 ,as for the possibility of the ,house of ,lords preventing ere long a reform of ,parliament1 ,i hold it to be the most absurd notion that ever entered into human imagination4 ,i do not mean to be disrespectful1 but the attempt of the lords to stop the progress of reform reminds me very forcibly of the great storm of ,sidmouth1 and of the conduct of the excellent ,mrs4 ,partington on that occasion4 ,in the winter of #ahbd1 there set in a great flood upon that town1 the tide rose to an incredible height1 the waves rushed in upon the houses1 and everything was threatened with destruction4 ,in the midst of this sublime and terrible storm1 ,dame ,partington1 who lived upon the beach1 was seen at the top of her house with mop and pattens1 trundling her mop1 squeezing out the water1 and vigorously pushing away the ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,the ,atlantic was roused4 ,mrs4 ,partington's spirit was up2 but ,i need not tell you that the contest was unequal4 ,the ,atlantic ,ocean beat ,mrs4 ,partington4 ,she was excellent at a slop or a puddle1 but she should not have meddled with a tempest4 ,gentlemen1 be at your ease--be quiet and steady4 ,you will beat ,mrs4 ,partington4 ,,circumstance ,,not ,a ,,cause ,from the same speech as the foregoing ,,by ,,sidney ,,smith ,an honorable member of the honorable house1 much connected with this town1 and once its representative1 seems to be amazingly surprised1 and equally dissatisfied1 at this combination of king1 ministers1 nobles1 and people1 against his opinion1--like the gentleman who came home from serving on a jury very much disconcerted1 and complaining he had met with eleven of the most obstinate people he had ever seen in his life1 whom he found it absolutely impossible by the strongest arguments to bring over to his way of thinking4 ,they tell you1 gentlemen1 that you have grown rich and powerful with these rotten boroughs1 and that it would be madness to part with them1 or to alter a constitution which had produced such happy effects4 ,there happens1 gentlemen1 to live near my parsonage a laboring man of very superior character and understanding to his fellow laborers1 and who has made such good use of that superiority that he has saved what is 7for his station in life7 a very considerable sum of money1 and if his existence is extended to the common period he will die rich4 ,it happens1 however1 that he is 7and long has been7 troubled with violent stomachic pains1 for which he has hitherto obtained no relief1 and which really are the bane and torment of his life4 ,now1 if my excellent laborer were to send for a physician and to consult him respecting this malady1 would it not be very singular language if our doctor were to say to him3 ,my good friend1 you surely will not be so rash as to attempt to get rid of these pains in your stomach4 ,have you not grown rich with these pains in your stomach8 have you not risen under them from poverty to prosperity8 has not your situation since you were first attacked been improving every year8 ,you surely will not be so foolish and so indiscreet as to part with the pains in your stomach8 ,why1 what would be the answer of the rustic to this nonsensical monition8 ,monster of rhubarb6 7he would say7 ,i am not rich in consequence of the pains in my stomach1 but in spite of the pains in my stomach2 and ,i should have been ten times richer1 and fifty times happier1 if ,i had never had any pains in my stomach at all4 ,gentlemen1 these rotten boroughs are your pains in the stomach--and you would have been a much richer and greater people if you had never had them at all4 ,your wealth and your power have been owing not to the debased and corrupted parts of the ,house of ,commons1 but to the many independent and honorable members whom it has always contained within its walls4 ,if there had been a few more of these very valuable members for close boroughs we should1 ,i verily believe1 have been by this time about as free as ,denmark1 ,sweden1 or the ,germanized ,states of ,italy4 ,this is the greatest measure which has ever been before ,parliament in my time1 and the most pregnant with good or evil to the country2 and though ,i seldom meddle with political meetings1 ,i could not reconcile it to my conscience to be absent from this4 ,every year for this half century1 the question of reform has been pressing upon us1 till it has swelled up at last into this great and awful combination2 so that almost every city and every borough in ,england are at this moment assembled for the same purpose1 and are doing the same thing we are doing4 ,,more ,,terrible ,,than ,,the ,,lions ,from ,modern ,eloquence1 ,vol4 ,x1 ,geo4 ,l4 ,shuman and ,company1 ,chicago1 publishers4 ,,by ,a4 ,a4 ,,mccormick ,i do not want to be in the position of a man ,i once heard of who was a lion tamer4 ,he was a very brave man4 ,there was no lion1 no matter how big1 or strong1 or vicious1 that had not succumbed to this man's fearlessness4 ,this man had a wife1 and she did not like him to stay out late at night1 and big as he was1 and as brave1 he had never dared to disrespect his wife's wishes1 until one evening1 meeting some old friends1 he fell to talking over old times with them1 their early adventures and experiences4 ,finally1 looking at his watch1 to his amazement he discovered it was midnight4 ,what to do he knew not4 ,he didn't dare to go home4 ,if he went to a hotel1 his wife might discover him before he discovered her4 ,finally1 in desperation1 he sped to the menagerie1 hurriedly passed through and went to the cage of lions4 ,entering this he closed and locked the door1 and gave a sigh of relief4 ,he quieted the dangerous brutes1 and lay down with his head resting on the mane of the largest and most dangerous of them all4 ,his wife waited4 ,her anger increased as the night wore on4 ,at the first sign of dawn she went in search of her recreant lord and master4 ,not finding him in any of the haunts that he generally frequented1 she went to the menagerie4 ,she also passed through and went to the cage of the lions4 ,peering in she saw her husband1 the fearless lion tamer1 crouching at the back of the cage4 ,a look of chagrin came over her face1 closely followed by one of scorn and fine contempt1 as she shook her finger and hissed1 ,you coward6 ,,irving1 ,,the ,,actor ,from ,in ,lighter ,vein1 with the permission of ,paul ,elder and ,company1 ,san ,francisco1 publishers4 ,,by ,,john ,,de ,,morgan ,henry ,irving1 the actor1 was always fond of playing practical jokes4 ,clement ,scott tells of one played by ,irving and ,harry ,montague upon a number of their associates4 ,irving and ,montague1 hitherto the best of friends1 began to quarrel on their way to a picnic1 and their friends feared some tragic consequences4 ,after luncheon both of the men disappeared4 ,business ,manager ,smale's face turned pale4 ,he felt that his worst fears had been realized4 ,with one cry1 ,they're gone6 ,what on earth has become of them8 he made a dash down the ,dargle1 over the rocks and bowlders1 with the remainder of the picnickers at his heels4 ,at the bottom of a dreadful hollow behind the little wood1 a fearful sight presented itself to the astonished friends4 ,there1 on a stone1 sat ,henry ,irving1 in his shirtsleeves1 his long hair matted over his eyes1 his thin hands and white face all smeared with blood1 and dangling an open clasp-knife4 ,he was muttering to himself1 in a savage tone3 ,i've done it1 ,i've done it6 ,i said ,i would1 ,i said ,i would6 ,tom ,smale1 in an agony of fear1 rushed up to ,irving4 ,for ,heaven's sake1 man1 he screamed1 tell us where he is6 ,irving1 scarcely moving a muscle1 pointed to a heap of dead leaves1 and1 in that sepulchral tone of his1 cried3 ,he's there6 ,i've done for him6 ,i've murdered him6 ,smale literally bounded to the heap1 almost paralyzed with fear1 and began pulling the leaves away4 ,presently he found ,montague lying face downward and nearly convulsed with laughter4 ,never was better acting seen on any stage4 ,,wendell ,,phillips',s ,,tact ,from ,memories of the ,lyceum1 in ,modern ,eloquence1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 ,geo4 ,l4 ,shuman and ,company1 ,chicago1 publishers4 ,,by ,,james ,,burton ,,pond ,wendell ,phillips was the most polished and graceful orator our country ever produced4 ,he spoke as quietly as if he were talking in his own parlor and almost entirely without gestures1 yet he had as great a power over all kinds of audiences as any ,american of whom we have any record4 ,often called before howling mobs1 who had come to the lecture- room to prevent him from being heard1 and who would shout and sing to drown his voice1 he never failed to subdue them in a short time4 ,one illustration of his power and tact occurred in ,boston4 ,the majority of the audience were hostile4 ,they yelled and sang and completely drowned his voice4 ,the reporters were seated in a row just under the platform1 in the place where the orchestra plays in an ordinary theater4 ,phillips made no attempt to address the noisy crowd1 but bent over and seemed to be speaking in a low tone to the reporters4 ,by and by the curiosity of the audience was excited2 they ceased to clamor and tried to hear what he was saying to the reporters4 ,phillips looked at them and said quietly3-- ,go on1 gentlemen1 go on4 ,i do not need your ears4 ,through these pencils ,i speak to thirty millions of people4 ,not a voice was raised again4 ,the mob had found its master and stayed whipped until he sat down4 ,eloquent as he was as a lecturer1 he was far more effective as a debater4 ,debate was for him the flint and steel which brought out all his fire4 ,his memory was something wonderful1 ,he would listen to an elaborate speech for hours1 and1 without a single note of what had been said1 in writing1 reply to every part of it as fully and completely as if the speech were written out before him4 ,those who heard him only on the platform1 and when not confronted by an opponent1 have a very limited comprehension of his wonderful resources as a speaker4 ,he never hesitated for a word or failed to employ the word best fitted to express his thought on the point under discussion4 ,,baked ,,beans ,,and ,,culture ,from ,writings in ,prose and ,verse1 by ,eugene ,field1 with the permission of ,charles ,scribner's ,sons1 ,new ,york1 publishers4 ,,by ,,eugene ,,field ,the members of the ,boston ,commercial ,club are charming gentlemen4 ,they are now the guests of the ,chicago ,commercial ,club1 and are being shown every attention that our market affords4 ,last night five or six of these ,boston merchants sat around the office of the hotel and discussed matters and things4 ,pretty soon they got to talking about beans2 this was the subject which they dwelt on with evident pleasure4 ,waal1 sir1 said ,ephraim ,taft1 a wholesale dealer in maple sugar and flavored lozenges1 you kin talk 'bout your new-fashioned dishes an' high-falutin' vittles2 but when you come right down to it1 there ain't no better eatin' than a dish o' baked pork 'n' beans4 ,that's so1 b'gosh6 chorused the others4 ,the truth o' the matter is1 continued ,mr4 ,taft1 that beans is good for everybody--'t don't make no difference whether he's well or sick4 ,why1 ,i've known a thousand folks--waal1 mebbe not quite a thousand2 but--waal1 now1 jest to show1 take the case of ,bill ,holbrook1--you remember ,bill1 don't ye8 ,bill ,holbrook8 said ,mr4 ,ezra ,eastman4 ,why1 of course ,i do4 ,used to live down to ,brimfield1 next to ,moses ,howard farm4 ,that's the man1 resumed ,mr4 ,taft4 ,waal1 ,bill fell sick--kinder moped 'round1 tired-like1 for a week or two1 an' then tuck to his bed4 ,his folks sent for ,dock ,smith--ol' ,dock ,smith that used to carry a pair o' leather saddlebags4 ,gosh1 they don't have no sech doctors nowadays6 ,waal1 the dock he come2 an' he looked at ,bill's tongue1 an' felt uv his pulse1 an' said that ,bill had typhus fever4 ,ol' ,dock ,smith was a very careful1 conserv'tive man1 an' he never said nothin' unless he knowed he was right4 ,bill began to git wuss1 an' he kep' a-gittin' wuss every day4 ,one mornin' ol' ,dock ,smith sez1 ',look a-here1 ,bill1 ,i guess you're a goner2 as ,i figger it1 you can't hol' out till nightfall4' ,bill's mother insisted on a con-sul-tation bein' held2 so ol' ,dock ,smith sent over for young ,dock ,brainerd4 ,i calc'late that1 next to ol' ,dock ,smith1 young ,dock ,brainerd was the smartest doctor that ever lived4 ,waal1 pretty soon along come ,dock ,brainerd2 an' he an' ,dock ,smith went all over ,bill1 an' looked at his tongue1 an' felt uv his pulse1 an' told him it was a gone case1 an' that he had got to die4 ,then they went on into the spare chamber to hold their con-sul-tation4 ,waal1 ,bill he lay there in the front room a-pantin' an' a-gaspin'1 an' a wond'rin' whether it wuz true4 ,as he wuz thinkin'1 up comes the girl to git a clean tablecloth out of the clothespress1 an' she left the door ajar as she come in4 ,bill he gave a sniff1 an' his eyes grew more natural like2 he gathered together all the strength he had1 an' he raised himself up on one elbow an' sniffed again4 ',sary1' says he1 'wot's that a-cookin'8' ',beans1' says she2 'beans for dinner4' ',sary1' says the dyin' man1 ',i must hev a plate uv them beans6' ',sakes alive1 ,mr4 ,holbrook6' says she2 'if you wuz to eat any o' them beans it'd kill ye6' ',if ,i've got to die1' says he1 ',i'm goin' to die happy2 fetch me a plate uv them beans4' ,waal1 ,sary she pikes off to the doctor's4 ',look a-here1' says she2 ',mr4 ,holbrook smelt the beans cookin' an' he says he's got to have some4 ,now1 what shall ,i do about it8' ',waal1 ,doctor1' says ,dock ,smith1 'what do you think 'bout it8' ',he's got to die anyhow1' says ,dock ,brainerd1 'an' ,i don't suppose the beans 'll make any diff'rence4' ',that's the way ,i figger it1' says ,dock ,smith2 'in all my practice ,i never knew of beans hurtin' anybody4' ,so ,sary went down to the kitchen an' brought up a plateful of hot baked beans4 ,dock ,smith raised ,bill up in bed1 an' ,dock ,brainerd put a piller under the small of ,bill's back4 ,then ,sary sat down by the bed an' fed them beans into ,bill until ,bill couldn't hold any more4 ',how air you feelin' now8' asked ,dock ,smith4 ,bill didn't say nuthin2 he jest smiled sort uv peaceful-like and closed his eyes4 ',the end hez come1'f said ,dock ,brainerd sof'ly2 ',bill is dyin'4' ,then ,bill murmured kind o' far-away like2 ',i ain't dyin'2 ,i'm dead an' in heaven4' ,next mornin' ,bill got out uv bed an' done a big day's work on the farm1 an' he ain't bed a sick spell since4 ,them beans cured him6 ,,secretary ,,chase',s ,,chin-,,fly ,from ,speeches and ,addresses of ,abraham ,lincoln1 ,current ,literature ,publishing ,company1 ,new ,york1 publishers4 ,,by ,f4 ,b4 ,,carpenter ,within a month after ,mr4 ,lincoln's first accession to office1 says the ,hon4 ,mr4 ,raymond1 when the ,south was threatening civil war1 and armies of office seekers were besieging him in the ,executive ,mansion1 he said to a friend that he wished he could get time to attend to the ,southern question2 he thought he knew what was wanted1 and believed he could do something towards quieting the rising discontent2 but the office seekers demanded all his time4 ',i am1' said he1 'like a man so busy in letting rooms in one end of his house that he can't stop to put out the fire that is burning the other4' ,two or three years later when the people had made him a candidate for reflection1 the same friend spoke to him of a member of his ,cabinet who was a candidate also4 ,mr4 ,lincoln said that he did not concern himself much about that4 ,it was important to the country that the department over which his rival presided should be administered with vigor and energy1 and whatever would stimulate the ,secretary to such action would do good4 ',r----1' said he1 'you were brought up on a farm1 were you not8 ,then you know what a chin-fly is4 ,my brother and ,i1' he added1 'were once plowing corn on a ,kentucky farm1 ,i driving the horse1 and he holding the plow4 ,the horse was lazy2 but on one occasion rushed across the field so that ,i1 with my long legs1 could scarcely keep pace with him4 ,on reaching the end of the furrow1 ,i found an enormous chin-fly fastened upon him1 and knocked him off4 ,my brother asked me what ,i did that for4 ,i told him ,i didn't want the old horse bitten in that way4 ,why1 said my brother1 that's all that made him go6 ,now1' said ,mr4 ,lincoln1 'if ,mr4 ---- has a presidential chin-fly biting him1 ,i'm not going to knock him off if it will only make his department go4' ,,review ,,exercises ,,exercises ,there exercises should be practiced in only a moderately strong voice1 at times perhaps in a very soft voice1 and always with a good degree of ease and naturalness4 ,they had better be memorized1 and as the technique becomes more sure1 less thought may be given to that and more to the true expression of the spirit of each passage--or let the spirit from the first1 if it will1 help the technique4 ,,tone ,for rounding and expanding the voice4 ,to be given in an even sustained tone1 with rather open throat and easy low breathing4 ,suspend the speech where pauses are marked1 for a momentary recovery of breath4 ,keep the breath easily firm4 ,don't drive the breath through the tone4 #a ,roll on1 thou deep and dark blue ,ocean1 roll6 ,ten thousand fleets sweep over thee in vain2 ,man marks the earth with ruin--his control ,stops with the shore4 #b ,o ,tiber1 ,father ,tiber ,to whom the ,romans pray1 ,a ,roman's life1 a ,roman's arms1 ,take thou in charge this day #c ,o ,rome6 my country6 city of the soul6 ,the orphans of the heart must turn to thee1 ,lone mother of dead empires6 and control ,in their shut breasts their petty misery4 #d ,ring joyous chords6-- ring out again6 ,a swifter still and a wilder strain6 ,and bring fresh wreaths6-- we will banish all ,save the free in heart from our banquet hall4 #e ,o joy to the people and joy to the throne1 ,come to us1 love us and make us your own3 ,for ,saxon or ,dane or ,norman we1 ,teuton or ,celt1 or what ever we be1 ,we are all of us ,danes in our welcome of thee1 ,alexandra6 #f ,liberty6 ,freedom6 ,tyranny is dead6-- ,run hence1 proclaim1 cry it about the streets4 ,some to the common pulpits1 and cry out1 ,liberty1 freedom1 and enfranchisement6 ,,inflection ,give these with a rather vigorous colloquial effect1 with clear-cut form1 with point and spirit4 #a ,armed1 say you8 ,armed1 my lord4 ,from top to toe8 ,my lord1 from head to foot4 ,then saw you not ,his face8 ,oh1 yes1 my lord2 he wore his beaver up4 ,what1 looked he frowningly8 ,a countenance more ,in sorrow than in anger4 ,pale or red8 ,nay1 very pale4 ,and fixed his eyes upon you8 ,most constantly4 #b ,but1 sir1 the ,coalition6 ,the ,coalition6 ,aye1 the murdered ,coalition6 ,the gentleman asks if ,i were led or frighted into this debate by the specter of the ,coalition4 ,was it the ghost of the murdered ,coalition1 he exclaims1 which haunted the member from ,massachusetts2 and which1 like the ghost of ,banquo1 would never down8 ,the murdered ,coalition4 #c ,should he have asked ,aguinaldo for an armistice8 ,if so1 upon what basis should he have requested it8 ,what should he say to him8 ,please stop this fighting8 ,what for8 ,aguinaldo would say2 do you propose to retire8 ,no4 ,do you propose to grant us independence8 ,no1 not now4 ,well1 why then1 an armistice8 #d ,alas1 poor ,yorick6--,i knew him1 ,horatio2 a fellow of infinite jest1 of most excellent fancy3 he hath borne me on his back a thousand times2 and now1 how abhorred in my imagination it is6 my gorge rises at it4--,where be your gibes now8 your gambols8 your songs8 your flashes of merriment1 that were wont to set the table in a roar8 ,not one now1 to mock your own grinning8 quite chop-fallen8 ,now get you to my lady's chamber1 and tell her1 let her paint an inch thick1 to this favor she must come2 make her laugh at that4 ,,enunciation ,keep first of all a good form to the vowels4 ,make consonants definitely by sufficient action of jaw1 tongue1 and lips4 ,keep the throat easy2 avoid stiffening and strain4 ,a particularly light1 soft1 pure tone1 with fine articulation1 may generally be best for practice4 ,in these first passages1 carry the tone well in the head1 so as to give a pure1 soft1 clear sound to the m's1 n's1 ng's1 and l's4 ,if need be1 these letters may be marked4 #a ,one cry of wonder1 ,shrill as the loon's call1 ,rang through the forest1 ,startling the silence1 ,startling the mourners ,chanting the death-song4 #b ,one after one1 by the star-dogged ,moon1 ,too quick for groan or sigh1 ,each turned his face with a ghastly pang1 ,and cursed me with his eye4 ,four times fifty living men1 7,and ,i heard nor sigh nor groan17 ,with heavy thump1 a lifeless lump1 ,they dropped down one by one4 #c ,these abominable principles1 and this more abominable avowal of them1 demand the most decisive indignation4 #d ,lay the proud usurpers low6 ,tyrants fall in every foe6 ,liberty's in every blow6 ,forward6 let us do or die6 #e ,i closed my lids1 and kept them close1 ,and the balls like pulses beat2 ,for the sky and the sea1 and the sea and the sky ,lay like a load on my weary eye1 ,and the dead were at my feet4 ,,review ,,exercises ,give clearly the k and the g forms1 making a slight percussion in the back of the mouth4 ,finish clearly all main words4 #a ,with throats unslaked1 with black lips baked1 ,we could nor laugh nor wail2 ,through utter drought all dumb we stood6 ,i bit my arm1 ,i sucked the blood1 ,and cried1 ,a sail6 a sail6 ,with throats unslaked1 with black lips baked1 ,agape they heard me call3 ,gramercy6 they for joy did grin1 ,and all at once their breath drew in1 ,as they were drinking all4 #b ,where dwellest thou8 ,under the canopy4 ,under the canopy6 ,ay6 ,where's that8 ,i' the city of kites and crows4 ,i' the city of kites and crows6-- ,then thou dwellest with daws1 too8 ,no3 ,i serve not thy master4 #c ,strike till the last armed foe expires6 ,strike for your altars and your fires6 ,strike for the green graves of your sires6 ,god and your native land6 ,for flexibility of the lips1 form well the o's and w's4 #a ,blow1 blow1 thou winter wind1 ,thou art not so unkind as man's ingratitude4 #b ,o wonderful1 wonderful1 and most wonderful1 wonderful6 and yet again wonderful1 and after that1 out of all hooping6 #c ,water1 water1 everywhere1 ,and all the boards did shrink2 ,water1 water1 everywhere1 ,nor any drop to drink4 #d ,o ,wedding-,guest6 this soul hath been ,alone on a wide1 wide sea3 ,so lonely 'twas1 that ,god himself ,scarce seemed there to be4 ,have care for t's1 d's1 s's1 the th and the st's4 #a ,day after day1 day after day1 ,we stuck1 nor breath nor motion2 ,as idle as a painted ship ,upon a painted ocean4 ,down dropt the breeze1 the sails dropt down1 ',twas sad as sad could be2 ,and we did speak only to break ,the silence of the sea6 #b ,what loud uproar bursts from that door6 ,the wedding-guests are there3 ,but in the garden-bower the bride ,and bride-maids singing are3 ,and hark the little vesper bell1 ,which biddeth me to prayer6 #c ,farewell1 farewell6 but this ,i tell ,to thee1 thou ,wedding-,guest6 ,he prayeth well1 who loveth well ,both man and bird and beast4 ,he prayeth best1 who loveth best ,all things both great and small2 ,for the dear ,god who loveth us1 ,he made and loveth all4 ,attend especially to b's and in passage #b to p's4 ,give a very soft1 slightly echoing continuation to the ing in dying4 #a ,blow1 bugle1 blow1 set the wild echoes flying1 ,blow1 bugle2 answer1 echoes1 dying1 dying1 dying4 ,blow1 let us hear the purple glens replying3 ,blow1 bugle2 answer1 echoes1 dying1 dying1 dying4 #b ,hop1 and ,mop1 and ,drop so clear1 ,pip1 and ,trip1 and ,skip that were ,to ,mab their sovereign dear1 ,her special maids of honor2 ,fib1 and ,tib1 and ,pinck1 and ,pin1 ,tit1 and ,nit1 and ,wap1 and ,win1 ,the train that wait upon her4 ,,emphasis ,determine the exact sense and express it pointedly4 ,the primary or central emphasis takes an absolute fall from a pitch above the general level2 the secondary emphasis takes a circumflex inflection--a fall and a slight rise4 ,primary1 ,hebrew ,letter ,yod2 secondary ,gujarati ,vowel ,sign li4 ,in the question1 the main part of the inflection is usually rising instead of falling4 ,the effect of suspense or of forward look requires the slightly upward final turn to the inflection4 ,note this in passages #d1 #e1 and #f4 #a ,in #ahbe the gentleman told the world that the public lands ought not to be treated as a treasure4 ,he now tells us that they must be treated as so much treasure4 ,what the deliberate opinion of the gentleman on this subject may be1 belongs not to me to determine4 #b ,compare the two4 ,this ,i offer to give you is plain and simple2 the other full of perplexed and intricate mazes4 ,this is mild2 that harsh4 ,this is found by experience effectual for its purposes2 the other is a new project4 ,this is universal2 the other calculated for certain colonies only4 ,this is immediate in its conciliatory operation2 the other remote1 contingent1 full of hazard4 #c ,as ,csar loved me1 ,i weep for him2 as he was fortunate1 ,i rejoice at it2 as he was valiant1 ,i honor him2 but as he was ambitious1 ,i slew him4 ,there is tears for his love2 joy for his fortune2 honor for his valor2 and death for his ambition4 #d ,one moment he stood erect1 strong1 confident in the years stretching peacefully out before him2 the next he lay wounded1 bleeding1 helpless1 doomed to weary weeks of torture1 to silence and the grave4 #e ,for no cause1 in the very frenzy of wantonness and wickedness1 by the red hand of ,murder he was thrust from the full tide of this world's interest1 from its hopes1 its aspirations1 its victories1 into the visible presence of death2 and he did not quail4 #f ,there was no flinching as he charged4 ,he had just turned to give a cheer when the fatal ball struck him4 ,there was a convulsion of the upward hand--his eyes1 pleading and loyal1 turned their last glance to the flag--his lips parted--he fell dead1 and at nightfall lay with his face to the stars4 ,home they brought him1 fairer than ,adonis over whom the goddess of beauty wept4 #g ,but the gentleman inquires why he was made the object of such a reply4 ,why was he singled out8 ,if an attack has been made on the ,east1 he1 he assures us1 did not begin it2 it was made by the gentleman from ,missouri4 ,sir1 ,i answered the gentleman's speech because ,i happened to hear it2 and because1 also1 ,i chose to give an answer to that speech which1 if unanswered1 ,i thought most likely to produce injurious impressions4 ,,melody ,give musical tone and a fitting modulation1 or tune1 avoiding the so- called singsong4 ,note the occasional closing cadence4 ,observe the rhythmic movement1 with beat and pause4 #a ,you think me a fanatic to-night1 for you read history not with your eyes1 but with your prejudices4 ,but fifty years hence1 when ,truth gets a hearing1 the ,muse of ,history will put ,phocian for the ,greek1 and ,brutus for the ,roman1 ,hampden for ,england1 ,fayette for ,france1 choose ,washington as the bright consummate flower of our earlier civilization1 and ,john ,brown the ripe fruit of our noonday1 then1 dipping her pen in the sunlight1 will write in the clear blue1 above them all1 the name of the soldier1 the statesman1 the martyr1 ,toussaint ,l',ouverture4 #b ,have you read in the ,talmud of old1 ,in the ,legends the ,rabbins have told ,of the limitless realms of the air1 ,have you read it1--the marvelous story ,of ,sandalphon1 the ,angel of ,glory1 ,sandalphon1 the ,angel of ,prayer8 #c ,you remember ,king ,charles' ,twelve ,good ,rules1 the eleventh of which was1 ,make no long meals4 ,now ,king ,charles lost his head1 and you will have leave to make a long meal4 ,but when1 after your long meal1 you go home in the wee small hours1 what do you expect to find8 ,you will find my toast--,woman1 a beautiful rod6 ,now my advice is1 ,kiss the rod6 #d ,then here's to our boyhood1 its gold and its gray6 ,the stars of its winter1 the dews of its ,may6 ,and when we have done with our life-lasting toys1 ,dear ,father1 take care of ,thy children1 the ,boys6 ,,feeling ,have great care not to put any strain upon the throat4 ,breathe low4 ,be moderate in force4 #a ,o mighty ,csar6 dost thou lie so low8 ,are all thy conquests1 glories1 triumphs1 spoils1 shrunk to this little measure8 ,fare thee well4 #b ,yes1 ,i attack ,louis ,napoleon2 ,i attack him openly1 before all the world4 ,i attack him before ,god and man4 ,i attack him boldly and recklessly for love of the people and for love of ,france4 #c ,i am asked what ,i have to say why sentence of death should not be pronounced on me according to law4 ,i am charged with being an emissary of ,france6 and for what end8 ,no2 ,i am no emissary4 #d ,i see a race without disease of flesh or brain1--shapely and fair1--the married harmony of form and function1--and as ,i look1 life lengthens1 joy deepens1 love canopies the earth4 ,,tone ,,color ,use the imagination to see and hear4 ,suit the voice to the sound1 form or movement of your image1 or to the mood of mind indicated4 ,read with melody and pause4 ,take plenty of time4 #a ,there's a lurid light in the clouds to-night1 ,in the wind there's a desolate moan1 ,and the rage of the furious sea is white1 ,where it breaks on the crags of stone4 #b ,the ,sun's rim dips2 the stars rush out3 ,at one stride comes the dark2 ,with far-heard whisper1 o'er the sea1 ,off shot the specter-bark4 #c ,is this a time to be gloomy and sad2 ,when our mother ,nature laughs around2 ,when even the deep blue heavens look glad1 ,and gladness breathes from the blossoming ground8 #d ,the breeze comes whispering in our ear1 ,that dandelions are blossoming near1 ,that maize has sprouted1 that streams are flowing1 ,that the river is bluer than the sky1 ,that the robin is plastering his nest hard by2 ,and if the breeze kept the good news back1 ,for other couriers we should not lack2 ,we could guess it all by yon heifer's lowing1-- ,and hark6 how clear bold chanticleer1 ,warmed by the new wine of the year1 ,tells all by his lusty crowing6 ,,variety--,,in ,,pitch1 ,,time1 ,,force1 ,,color1 ,,and ,,modulation #a ,ring out1 wild bells1 to the wild sky2 ,ring out the false1 ring in the true4 #b ,good work is the most honorable and lasting thing in the world4 #c ,o ,thou that rollest above1 round as the shield of my fathers1 whence are thy beams1 ,o ,sun1 thy everlasting light6 #d ,i am thy father's spirit1 ,doomed for a certain term to walk the night1 ,and for the day confined to fast in fires1 ,till the foul crimes done in my days of nature ,are burnt and purg'd away4 #e ,well1 gentlemen1 ,i am a ,whig4 ,if you break up the ,whig party1 where am ,i to go8 ,and1 says ,lowell1 we all held our breath1 thinking where he could go4 ,but1 says ,lowell1 if he had been five feet three1 we should have said1 ,who cares where you go8 ,,gesture ,have the action simple and unstudied1 expressing the dominant purpose rather than illustrating mere words or phrases4 ,avoid stiltedness and elaboration4 ,try to judge where and how the gesture would be made4 ,i ,nor do not saw the air too much with your hand1 thus1 but use all gently2 for in the very torrent1 tempest1 and1 as ,i may say1 the whirlwind of passion1 you must acquire and beget a temperance that may give it smoothness4 #b ,in my native town of ,athens is a monument that crowns its central hills--a plain1 white shaft4 ,deep cut into its shining side is a name dear to me above the names of men1 that of a brave and simple man who died in brave and simple faith4 ,not for all the glories of ,new ,england--from ,plymouth ,rock all the way--would ,i exchange the heritage he left me in his soldier's death4 #c ,sir1 when ,i heard the gentleman lay down principles which place the murderers of ,alton side by side with ,otis and ,hancock1 with ,quincy and ,adams1 ,i thought those pictured lips 7pointing to the portraits in the ,hall7 would have broken into voice to rebuke the recreant ,american1--the slanderer of the dead4 #d ,suppose ,i stood at the foot of ,vesuvius1 or tna1 and1 seeing a hamlet or a homestead planted on its slope1 ,i said to the dwellers in that hamlet1 or in that homestead1 ,you see that vapor which ascends from the summit of the mountain4 ,that vapor may become a dense1 black smoke1 that will obscure the sky4 ,you see the trickling of lava from the crevices in the side of the mountain4 ,that trickling of lava may become a river of fire4 ,you hear that muttering in the bowels of the mountain4 ,that muttering may become a bellowing thunder1 the voice of violent convulsion1 that may shake half a continent4 #e ,and what have we to oppose them8 ,shall we try argument8 ,sir1 we have been trying that for the last ten years4 ,have we anything new to offer upon the subject8 ,nothing4 ,we have held the subject up in every light of which it is capable2 but it has been all in vain4 ,shall we resort to entreaty and humble supplication8 ,what terms shall we find which have not been already exhausted8 ,let us not1 ,i beseech you1 sir1 deceive ourselves longer4 ,,characterization #a ,learn from real life4 ,don't go by the spelling4 ,don't overdo the dialect4 ',e carried me away ,to where a dooli lay1 ,an' a bullet come an' drilled the beggar clean4 ',e put me safe inside1 ,an' just before 'e died3 ,i 'ope you liked your drink1 sez ,gunga ,din4 #b ,sergeant ,buzfuz began by saying that never1 in the whole course of his experience1--never1 from the very first moment of his applying himself to the study and practice of the law1 had he approached a case with such a heavy sense of the responsibility imposed upon him4 #c ,i'm a walkin' pedestrian1 a travelin' philosopher4 ,terry ,o',mulligan's me name4 ,i'm from ,dublin1 where many philosophers before me was raised and bred4 ,oh1 philosophy is a foine study6 ,i don't know anything about it1 but it's a foine study6 #d ,it is de ladies who do sweeten de cares of life4 ,it is de ladies who are de guiding stars of our existence4 ,it is de ladies who do cheer but not inebriate1 and1 derefore1 vid all homage to de dear sex1 de toast dat ,i have to propose is1 ,de ,ladies6 ,god bless dem all6 #e ,what tho' on hamely fare we dine1 ,wear hoddin' gray1 an' a' that2 ,gie fools their silks1 and knaves their wine-- ,a man's a man1 for a' that4 ,for a' that1 an' a' that1 ,their tinsel show1 an' a' that1 ,the honest man1 though e'er sae poor1 ,is king o' men for a' that6 #f ,a keerless man in his talk was ,jim1 ,and an awkward hand in a row1 ,but he never flunked1 and he never lied1-- ,i reckon he never knowed how4 ,he seen his duty1 a dead-sure thing1-- ,and he went for it thar and then2 ,and ,christ ain't agoing to be too hard ,on a man that died for men4