,,! ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,pe>l ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cz>9a ,,( ,,russia ,illu/ration ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,pe>l ,,! ,,hi/ory1 ,,art1 ,,sci5ce1 ,,& ,,indu/ry ,,( ,,! ,,que5 ,,( ,,gems ,,by ,,george ,,fr$]ick ,,kunz1 ,a4,m41 ,ph4,d4 ,,& ,,*>les ,,hugh ,,/ev5son1 ,,ll4,m41 ,d4,c4,l4 ,ori5t pe>ls fit = a que5 ,w ,i give ?y love to w91 ,& a %ell to keep !m 94 --,! ,fai?ful ,%eph]dess 7#afaa7 ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,,! ,,c5tury ,,co4 #aijh ,copyright1 #aijh1 by ,,! ,,c5tury ,,co4 ,publi%$ ,octob]1 #aijh ,,! ,,de ,,v9ne ,,press ,,to ,,m>g>et1 ,,! ,,pe>l ,,z ,a ,,slight ,,m>k ,,( ,,appreciation ,,by ,,! ,,au?ors ,,( ,,h] ,,fa!r',s ,,g5]\s ,,enc\ragem5t ,,( ,,sci5ce1 ,,art1 ,,eng9e]+1 ,,te*nology1 ,,& ,,lit]ature ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,,introduction xv ,i ,,pe>ls ,,among ,,! ,,anci5ts #c ,,ii ,,m$ieval ,,& ,,mod]n ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,pe>ls #ae ,,iii ,,orig9 ,,( ,,pe>ls #ce ,,iv ,,/ructure ,,& ,,=ms ,,( ,,pe>ls #ea ,v ,,s\rces ,,( ,,pe>ls #fe ,,vi ,,! ,,pe>l ,,fi%]ies ,,( ,,! ,,p]sian ,,gulf #he ,,vii ,,ea/ ,,african ,,pe>l ,,fi%]ies #aec ,,viii ,,pe>l ,,fi%]ies ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,isles #aei ,,ix ,,pe>l ,,fi%]ies ,,( ,,! ,,s\? ,,sea ,,isl&s #ahi ,x ,,pe>l ,,fi%]ies ,,( ,,v5ezuela #bbe ,,xi ,,pe>l-,,culture ,,& ,,pe>l-,,f>m+ #bhe ,,xii ,,my/ical ,,& ,,m$ic9al ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,pe>ls #cja ,,xiii ,,values ,,& ,,comm]ce ,,( ,,pe>ls #cai ,,xiv ,,treatm5t ,,& ,,c>e ,,( ,,pe>ls #cge ,,xv ,,pe>ls ,,z ,,us$ ,,9 ,,ornam5ts ,,& ,,decoration #djc ,,xvi ,,fam\s ,,pe>ls ,,& ,,collections #ddi ,,xvii ,,! ,,aborig9al ,,use ,,( ,,pe>ls1 ,,& ,,_! ,,discov]y ,,9 #dhe ,,m\nds ,,& ,,graves ,,bibliography #eag ,,index #eda ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,! ,cz>9a ( ,russia ,frontispiece ,,fac+ ,,page ,anci5t ,*9ese cr[n ) pe>ls4 ,anci5t ,*9ese pe>l ros>y4 ,*9ese prie/s keep+ gu>d ov] ! tombs ( ! k+s1 9 ,mukd51 :]e ! cr[ns are pres]v$ #d ,grecian pe>l & gold necklace #h ,front cov] ( ,a%burnham manuscript ( ! ,f\r ,gospels #af ,francis ,i1 ,k+ ( ,france1 #adid-aedg4 ,isabelle de ,valois #ai 7,f photographs by ,a4 ,giraudon7 ,m>ia ,!resa 7#agag-aghj71 ,que5 ( ,hung>y #bd ,facsimile ( title-page ( decrees ( ,v5etian ,s5ate regulat+ ! we>+ ( pe>ls #bg ,lady ,ab+]4 ,mrs4 ,adair4 ,b>oness de ,=e/4 ,hon4 ,mrs4 ,r5>d ,grville4 ,m>*ioness ( ,lansd[ne4 ,lady ,londond]ry4 ,lady ,wimborne #cj 7,f photographs1 copyright by ,lafayette1 ,ltd41 ,london7 ,v5ezuela %ell4 ,panama %ell #cf ,%ells f ,v5ezuela ) atta*$ pe>ls4 ,ext]ior view ( same4 ,x-ray photograph ( %ell1 pr9t$ ?r\gh ext]ior ( %ell & %[+ ency/$ pe>ls #ci ,mexican pe>l-oy/] ) adh]5t pe>l4 ,gr\p ( ency/$ pe>ls 9 %ell ( ,au/ralian pe>l-oy/]4 ,mexican pe>l-oy/] ) ency/$ fi%4 ,gr\p ( ency/$ pe>ls 7ori5tal74 ,rev]se ( same gr\p1 %[+ outl9e ( ! individual pe>ls #db ,cross section ( an irregul> pe>l1 magnifi$ #hj diamet]s4 ,cross sections ( pe>ls1 magnifi$ #cj diamet]s4 ,?9 section ( "m-(-pe>l1 magnifi$1 %[+ sponge bor+s :i* trav]s$ ! pe>l %ell4 ,/ructure ( con* pe>l produc$ by fractur+1 magnifi$ #hj diamet]s #ec ,pe>ls f common clam ( ea/]n coa/ ( ,am]ica4 ,pe>l 8nuggets0 f ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,w+ pe>ls f ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,dog-too? pe>ls f ! ,mississippi ,valley #ee ,actual sizes ( pe>ls f gra9 to #afj gra9s #eg ,broo*es made ( petal1 dog-too?1 & w+ pe>ls #eh ,gray pe>ls 9 ! possession ( an ,am]ican lady & broo* f ,tiffany ,co4's exhibit1 ,p>is ,exposition1 #aijj #fj ,%ell ( pe>l-oy/] ) atta*$ pe>l #fh ,p9na or w+ %ell4 ,pe>l-oy/] ( ,ceylon #gb ,%ell & pe>ls ( ! common con* #gf ,c>go boat 9 pe>l fi%]y ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,huts ( mats & palm leaves1 ! homes ( ! pe>l fi%]m5 at ,m5amah1 ,bahre9 ,isl&s1 ,p]sian ,gulf #hg ,agha ,mohamm$ 7#afff-agbe74 ,%ah ,sulaiman 7#afdg-afid7 #hh ,arab pe>l-div]s at "w 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf #ij ,8 ,imp]ial ,maje/y1 ,mohamm$ ,ali1 ,%ah ( ,p]sia #id ,! 8,pr9ce ( ,pe>ls02 ! late ,rana ( ,dholpur 9 8 pe>l regalia #aja ,! late ,mah>ajah ( ,patiala #ajh ,facsimiles ( notices ( pe>l-fi%+ at ,m>i**ikadde1 9 ,engli% & ,c+alese #aaj-aaa ,unload+ oy/]s f ! vessels into ! kottus at ,m>i**ikadde1 ,ceylon4 ,! pe>l+ fleet on ! %ore at ,m>i**ikadde1 ,ceylon4 ,h9du workm5 prep>+ to drill pe>ls1 ,m>i**ikadde1 ,ceylon #aae ,indian pe>l m]*ants ready = bus9ess4 ,*ildr5 ( ,p]sian pe>l deal]s #abj ,/reet sc5e 9 ,m>i**ikadde1 ! pe>l+ camp ( ,ceylon4 ,return ( ! fleet f ! pe>l reefs to ,m>i**ikadde1 ,ceylon #abf ,pe>ls pres5t$ by ! ,imam ( ,muscat to ,presid5t ,van ,bur5 #aca ,necklace & e>r+s f ! treasury ( ! ,emir ( ,bohk>a #acf ,c>v$ 8,j]usalem ,%ell0 f ! ,r$ ,sea #adb ,cap ( ,/ate1 f loot+ ( summ] palace1 ,pek91 9 #ahfj #ade ,fi%+ = ! awabi 7abalone7 %ells at ,wada-no-h>a1 ,japan #adh 7,f 8,! ,burl+ton ,art ,magaz9e07 ,old pr9t %[+ f\r me?ods ( cat*+ pe>l-be>+ mollusks #afj ,madame ,noris*k9e ne ,/raudman4 ,du*esse ,elizabe? 7,con/ant974 7,f a photograph by ,*4 ,b]gamasco1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg7 7,f a photograph by ,a4 ,pasetti1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg7 ,daught] ( ,g5]al ,sobelieff1 fir/ ,c\ntess ,beauh>nais #afc ,scot* pe>l riv]s #afg ,great ,cameo ,pe>l #agj ,d[ag] ,cz>9a ( ,russia4 ,gr& ,du*ess ,vladimir4 7,f a photograph by ,*4 ,b]gamasco1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg7 ,gr& ,du*ess ,m>ie ,pavlovna #agd ,mit] ( ,patri>* ,nikon #agf ,panagia or ornam5t worn on ! brea/ ( a bi%op 9 ,russia #ahj ,russian ,boy>d ladies ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 %[+ caps & o!r ornam5ts ( pe>ls #ahd ,pe>l-div]s ( ! ,tuamotu ,ar*ipelago4 ,settlem5t ( pe>l fi%]m5 at ,hiqu]u1 ,tuamotu ,ar*ipelago #aig ,pe>l+ boats at ,hiqu]u1 ,tuamotu ,ar*ipelago4 ,au/ralian pe>l-div] 7armor$7 com+ up f ! dep?s #bjd ,op5+ pe>l-oy/]s & se>*+ = pe>ls1 (f ! coa/ ( ,au/ralia4 ,grad+1 weigh+1 & pack+ "m-(-pe>l1 (f ! coa/ ( ,au/ralia #bac ,moro boats1 us$ among ! pe>l isl&s ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,raft us$ = pe>l-fi%+ 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago #baf ,pe>l+ village1 ) y\?ful fi%]m51 ,sulu ,isl&s4 ,japanese div] 9 ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies1 come up to 8bl[0 = a few m9utes #bbj ,gray pe>ls f ,l[] ,cali=nia1 & diamonds #bbh ,cl>a ,eug5ia1 daught] ( ,philip ,,ii #bcg ,! ,adams gold vase #bdh ,negro pe>l+ camp1 on bank ( an ,arkansas riv]4 ,gr\p ( ,arkansas pe>l fi%]m5 #bed ,broo*1 ,r5aissance /yle1 set ) b>oque pe>ls1 f ,am]ican /reams #bei ,broo*es & r+s ( fre%-wat] pe>ls f ,wiscons9 & ,t5nessee #bfb ,pe>l-be>+ unios #bff ,pe>l+ sc5e on ,:ite ,riv]1 ,arkansas4 ,pe>l+ camp on upp] ,mississippi ,riv] #bgj ,! evolution ( buttons1 made f ,mississippi %ells #bge ,necklace ( fre%-wat] pe>ls #bgf ,%ell ( pe>l-be>+ abalone #bhj ,%ell ( ,dipsas plicatus1 ) atta*$ metal figures ( ,buddha coat$ ) nacre4 ,%ell ( ,dipsas plicatus1 ) atta*$ porcela9 beads coat$ ) nacre #bhf ,artificial re>+-ponds = ! developm5t ( pe>l-oy/]s on ! ,isl& ( ,espirit ,santo1 ,gulf ( ,cali=nia4 ,trays conta9+ small pe>l-oy/]s prep>$ = plac+ at ! bottom ( artificial re>+-ponds #bia ,japanese leg5d ( ! dragon & ! pe>l1 idealiz$ 9 ,jade #cjb ,russian eikon ( ! ,madonna #cab ,pectoral cross ( ,con/ant9e ,,ix1 ,monoma*us 7#ajjj-ajed ,a4,d47 #cba ,great pe>l necklace ( ! ,fr5* cr[n jewels #ccb ,! ,siamese ,pr9ce 9 full regalia #ccf ,half-pe>ls3 lots ( ?ree diff]5t sizes4 ,broo* ( half-pe>ls & onyx1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ahfj #cdc ,pe>l nose r+s1 ,b>oda1 ,india4 ,ea/ ,indian e>r+ ( /r+s ( pe>ls & table diamonds4 ,grape p5dants4 ,ori5tal pe>ls #cde ,necklace conta9+ #abf1jjj se$-pe>ls1 ,l\is ,,xvi p]iod #cdf ,se$-pe>ls & gold2 ,*9ese ornam5ts ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,complete set ( se$-pe>l jewelry 9 orig9al case #ceg ,p]sian pr9cess & ladies 9 wait+ #cfd ,facsimiles ( ! title-page & la/ leaf ( an enactm5t aboli%+ duty on pe>ls1 ,engli% ,p>liam5t1 #agcb #cfh ,pe>l drill+ #cgf ,pe>l /r++ #chc ,necklace ( se$-pe>ls1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,civil ,w> p]iod #chi ,"m-(-pe>l %ell f ,tahiti #cij ,ladies' sew+ case & scissors inlaid ) half-pe>ls2 wat*es incru/$ ) half-pe>ls2 snuff-box1 ivory inlaid ) fre%-wat] pe>ls2 m9iature surr\nd$ by half-pe>ls #cie ,evolution ( a se$-pe>l broo*4 ,se$-pe>ls1 ,indian /r+s4 ,:ite horsehair = /r++ #cif ,facsimile ( lett] ( ,m4 ,ga/on ,mogeaud1 ,director ( ! ,l\vre #cih ,madame ,?i]s's pe>l necklace1 bequea!d to ! ,l\vre ,museum1 ,p>is #cih 7,f a photograph by ,a4 ,giraudon7 ,antique ornam5ts ( pe>ls #djd ,tyszkiewizc bronze /atuette ( ,aphrodite #djg ,pe>l e>r+s f ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii #djh ,antique pe>l ornam5ts #daj ,ea/ ,indian necklace ( pe>ls1 table diamonds1 glass beads1 gold & enamel #dac ,cr[n ( ,reccesv9?us & o!r ,go?ic cr[ns ( ! sev5? c5tury #daf 7,f a photograph by ,a4 ,giraudon7 ,h] ,maje/y1 ,que5 ,alex&ra ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 ,empress ( ,india #dah 7,f a photograph by ,w4 ,d4 ,d[ney1 ,london7 ,cr[n ( ,/4 ,edw>d #dbd 7,f 8,! ,engli% ,regalia10 publi%$ by ,kegan ,paul1 ,tr5*1 ,trbn] ,company1 ,ltd41 ,london7 ,! ,empress ,d[ag] ( ,*9a #dca ,pe>l ornam5ts ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies #dcd ,m>gh]ita1 ,d[ag] ,que5 ( ,italy #dci ,collection ( black pe>ls belong+ to an ,am]ican lady #ddj ,seora ,c>m5 ,rom]o ,rubio de ,diaz1 wife ( ,presid5t ,porfirio ,diaz ( ,mexico #ddb 7,f a photograph by ,valleto ,co41 ,mexico7 ,jade j> inlaid ) pe>ls set ) f9e gold4 ,japanese decoration set ) pe>ls #ddd ,gaikw> ( ,b>oda1 #aijh #dej ,m>y1 ,que5 ( ,scots #dec 7,f 8,portraits & ,jewels ( ,m>y ,/u>t10 publi%$ by ,james ,mac,lehose & ,sons1 ,glasg[7 ,que5 ,elizabe? ( ,engl&4 ,elizabe? ( ,france #def ,pe>l c>pet or %awl ( ! ,gaikw> ( ,b>oda #dfj ,! ,hope pe>l4 ,weighs #ahjj gra9s #dfc ,h] ,grace1 ! ,du*ess ( ,m>lbor\gh #dfe 7,f a photograph by ,lafayette1 ,ltd41 ,london7 ,! ,madame ,nordica collection ( color$ pe>ls #dfh ,gr& pe>l diadem ( ! ,fr5* cr[n jewels #dga ,! ,imp]ial ,au/rian cr[n #dgb ,! ,great ,svign ( ! ,fr5* cr[n jewels #dgd ,madame ,nordica #dgf ,mrs4 ,george ,j4 ,g\ld #dhj ,fre%-wat] pe>ls f ,hopewell gr\p ( m\nds1 ,ross ,c\nty1 ,ohio #dii ,fre%-wat] pe>ls f ,hopewell gr\p ( m\nds1 ,ross ,c\nty1 ,ohio #eaj ,,maps ,,page ,! pe>l+ regions 9 ,ceylon & ,briti% ,india #abi ,p]sian ,gulf & ! ,r$ ,sea1 ! pe>l+ c5t] ( ! _w #adj ,! pe>l+ regions 9 ,oceania & ,malaysia #aia ,v5ezuela & ,panama1 ! pr9cipal pe>l+ regions ( ,s\? ,am]ica #bbg ,gulf ( ,cali=nia & ! pe>l+ t]ritory ( we/]n ,mexico #bdc ,,introduction ,! prep>ation ( ?is book has be5 a jo9t labor dur+ ! sp>e mom5ts ( ! two au?ors1 ^: "t has be5 occupi$ ) subjects to :i* pe>ls are n :olly =eign--"o z a gem exp]t1 & ! o!r 9 ! fi%]ies bran* ( ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t4 ,b = ! views & expressions conta9$ h]e91 !y alone are p]sonally responsible1 & d n repres5t or speak = any int]e/ :atev]4 ,= _m ye>s ! writ]s h collect$ data on ! subject ( pe>ls1 & h accumulat$ all ! obta9able lit]ature1 n only ! easily procurable books1 b likewise manuscripts1 copies ( r>e volumes1 orig9al edicts1 & legislative enactm5ts1 ?\s&s ( newspap] clipp+s1 & int]e/+ illu/rations1 _m ( !m unique1 mak+ probably ! l>ge/ s+le collection ( data 9 exi/5ce on ?is p>ticul> subject4 ,x 0 deem$ advisable to pres5t ! results ( ^! /udies & obs]vations 9 "o h>moni\s volume1 r ?an 9 two diff]5t publications4 ,?is publication is n a pione] 9 an untrodd5 field4 ,z may be se5 f ! app5d$ bibliography1 dur+ ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s hundr$s ( p]sons h discuss$ pe>ls--my/ically1 hi/orically1 poetically1 & le>n$ly4 ,among ! old] writ]s :o /& out ) special prom95ce 9 _! respective p]iods are ! encyclop$i/ ,pl9y1 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d42 ,ovi$o & ,pet] ,m>tyr ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 ! physician ,anselmus ,de ,boot1 & t obs]vant travel] & pr9ce ( jewel]s1 ,tav]ni]1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x w\ld be difficult to d ju/ice to ! _m writ]s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury & ( ! pres5t "t2 b probably mo/ att5tion has be5 attract$ by ! writ+s ( ,hessl+ & ,mbius ( ,g]many2 ,kela>t1 ,/reet]1 ,h]dman1 & ,hornell ( ,great ,brita92 ,filippi ( ,italy1 & ,seurat & ,dubois ( ,france4 ,:ile ! book is a jo9t "w 9 ! s5se t ea* writ] has contribut$ mat]ial to all ( ! *apt]s & has critically exam9$ & approv$ ! entire "w1 ! s5ior au?or has m closely appli$ himself to ! latt] half ( ! text1 cov]+ antiquity values1 comm]ce1 we>+ manipulation1 treatm5t1 fam\s collections1 aborig9al use1 & ! illu/rations1 :ile ! junior au?or has att5d$ to ! e>li] half ( ! book1 ) ref]5ce to hi/ory1 orig91 s\rces1 fi%]ies1 culture1 my/ical prop]ties1 & ! lit]ature ( ! pe>l4 ,! s5ior au?or has _h exceptionally favorable opportunities to exam9e ! preci\s objects conta9$ 9 ! v>i\s imp]ial & royal treasuries4 ,?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ! late ,c\nt ,sipuig9e1 ,c\rt ,*amb]la91 & ( ! late ,g5]al ,philaman(f1 cu/odian ( ! ,ourej5a ,palata1 he 0 p]mitt$ to critically exam9e ! ,russian cr[n jewels 9 ! ,summ] ,palace on ! ,neva1 & 9 ! ,palata 9 ! ,kreml91 at ,mosc[1 he exam9$ ! cr[ns & jewels ( all ! e>ly cz>s4 ,?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ,b>on von ,!ile1 he 0 p]mitt$ to inspect c>efully & 9 detail ! wond]ful jewels ( ! ,au/rian cr[n1 :i* are beautifully ord]$ & arrang$4 ,! ,engli% & ,saxon cr[n jewels 7 also se5 "u favorable conditions :i* p]mitt$ detail$ exam9ation1 & ! jewel collections ( almo/ all ! pr9cipal museums ( ,europe & ,am]ica 7 c>efully /udi$4 ,z reg>ds ! lit]ature ( ! subject1 ! s5ior au?or has ga!r$ toge!r ! l>ge/ kn[n exi/+ collection ( works treat+ ( pe>ls & preci\s /ones4 ,9 cov]+ s compreh5sive a subject1 _m obligations h be5 incurr$ f individuals & (ficials1 to ^: c\rtesy & assi/ance is due mu* ( ! int]e/ ( ?is "w4 ,to li/ all ( ^! is impossible1 yet x w\ld be ungrateful n to note ! foll[+3 h] ,maje/y ,que5 ,m>gh]ita ( ,italy2 8 ,royal ,highness ! ,gaikw> ( ,b>oda2 to ,h4 ,r4 ,h4 le ,pr9ce ,rupre*t ( ,bav>ia1 ( ,muni*2 to ! late ,pr9ce ,sipuig9e1 !n *amb]la9 ( ! ,russian ,imp]ial ,appanages2 to ,sir ,edw>d ,rob]t ,pe>ce ,edgcumbe = data relative to fi%]ies ( ,ea/ ,africa2 ,dr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,bumpus1 director ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york1 = _m c\rtesies 9 reg>d to mat]ials & illu/rations2 ,sir ,casp> ,purdon ,cl>ke1 director1 ,dr4 ,edw>d ,rob9son1 assi/ant director1 ,j4 ,h4 ,buck1 curator ( ,metal-"w1 & ,a4 ,g4 ,/4 ,m4 ,d',h]villy1 assi/ant curator ( ,pa9t+s1 all ( ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art1 = num]\s c\rtesies2 ,ar*] ,m4 ,hunt+ton1 f\nd] ( ! ,hispanic ,society & ,museum 9 ,new ,york ,city2 ,dr4 ,ba%=d ,dean1 ,pr(4 ,fri$ri* ,hir?1 ,*9ese pr(essor1 ,dr4 ,b]?old ,lauf]1 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,v4 ,williams ,jackson1 pr(essor ( ,indo-,iranian languages1 & ,pr(4 ,m4 ,h4 ,saville1 all ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,new ,york ,city2 ,j4 ,pi]pont ,morgan1 = ! "r to publi% ! illu/ration ( ,a%burnham missal2 ,dr4 ,w4 ,hayes ,w>d1 ,assyriologi/2 ,dr4 ,*>les ,s4 ,braddock1 =m]ly ,*ief ( ,m$ical ,inspection = ! ,k+ ( ,siam2 ,rob]t ,hoe1 = ! two plates ( unique ,p]sian illu/rations f 8 manuscripts2 ,edmund ,russell1 = ,ea/ ,indian mat]ial2 ,f4 ,cunliffe-,ow51 ! au?or ( diplomatic subjects2 ,t5 ,broeck ,morse2 ,walt] ,joslyn2 ,/ansbury ,hag>2 ,h5ri de ,morgan1 explor]2 ,dr4 ,na?aniel ,l4 ,britton1 director ,new ,york ,botanical ,g>d51 ,j4 ,h4 ,lawles1 & ,ludwig ,/ross1 = _m c\rtesies2 ,miss ,m4 de ,b>ril & ,miss ,belle da ,co/a ,gre5e1 all ( ,new ,york2 ,dr4 ,/ew>t ,w4 ,cul91 ( ! ,brooklyn ,in/itute ( ,arts & ,sci5ces2 ! ,contessa ,casa ,cortez1 = ,p]uvian in=mation1 ( ,brooklyn2 ,dr4 ,*>les ,b4 ,dav5port1 ( ! ,c>negie ,in/itution ,laboratory1 ,cold ,spr+ ,h>bor2 ,ar?ur ,c4 ,p>k]1 ar*ologi/1 ,/ate ,museum1 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y42 ,a4 ,s4 ,cl>k1 antiqu>ian1 ,peekskill1 ,n4 ,y42 ,dr4 ,ri*>d ,ra?bun1 assi/ant secret>y1 ,dr4 ,cyrus ,adl]1 curator1 ,dr4 ,otis ,s4 ,mason1 curator ( ,e?nology1 all ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution2 ,dr4 ,s4 ,w4 ,/ratton1 *ief ( ! ,bureau ( ,/&>ds2 ,miss ,e4 ,r4 ,scidmore2 ,gilb]t ,h4 ,grosv5or1 editor1 ,national ,geographic ,magaz9e2 ,hon4 ,william ,el]oy ,curtis2 8 ,excell5cy ,enrique ,c4 ,creel1 ,embajador de ,mexico1 & ,james ,t4 ,ar*bold1 w> correspond5t1 all ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c42 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,p4 ,wilson1 director ,philadelphia ,comm]cial ,museum1 ,cl>5ce ,b4 ,moore1 ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces1 & ,t4 ,l\is ,comp>ette1 curator ,numismatic ,collection1 ,u4 ,s4 ,m9t1 all ( ,philadelphia2 ,pr(4 ,h5ry ,montgom]y1 ,univ]sity ( ,toronto1 ,toronto1 ,canada2 ,dr4 ,w>r5 ,k4 ,moorehead1 ar*ologi/1 ,&ov]1 ,mass42 ,h4 ,d4 ,/ory1 & ,!o4 ,m4 ,davis1 curators ( ! ,bo/on ,museum ( ,f9e ,arts1 ,bo/on1 ,mass42 ,miss ,ma?ilde ,laigle ( ,wellesley ,college2 ,pr(4 ,f4 ,w4 ,putnam & ,alfr$ ,m4 ,tozz]1 ,peabody ,museum ( ,ar*ology1 ,cambridge1 ,mass42 ,pr(4 ,edw>d ,s4 ,morse1 ,salem1 ,mass42 ,dr4 ,hiram ,b+ham1 ,yale ,univ]sity2 ,w4 ,e4 ,fro/1 ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i42 ,dr4 ,edg> ,j4 ,banks1 ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 ,*icago1 ,ill42 ,hon4 ,f4 ,j4 ,v4 ,skiff1 director1 = sev]al photographs ( museum mat]ial1 & ,dr4 ,george ,a4 ,dorsey1 curator ( ,an?ropology ( ! ,field ,columbian ,museum2 ,dr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,crook1 curator ( ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,spr+field1 ,ill42 ,ri*>d ,h]mann1 director ,h]mann ,museum1 ,dubuque1 ,ia42 ,*>les ,russell ,orcutt1 ,san ,diego1 ,cal42 ,david ,i4 ,bu%nell1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo42 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,/anton1 ,prairie du ,*i51 ,wis42 ,joe ,gassett1 ,cl9ton1 ,t5n42 ,pr(4 ,wm4 ,c4 ,mills1 ,univ]sity ( ,ohio1 ,columbus1 ,o41 = mat]ial cov]+ ! new ,ohio m\nd discov]ies2 ,mrs4 ,m>ie ,rob9son ,wright1 au?or & ,s\? ,am]ican travel]1 ,new ,york ,city2 ,miss ,hel5 ,woolley ( ,judson ,college1 ,alabama2 ,pr(4 ,dr4 ,eug5e ,hussak1 ,rio ,janeiro2 ,hon4 ,george ,e4 ,&]son1 ,consul ,g5]al ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,rio de ,janeiro1 ,brazil2 ,seor ,l4 ,e4 ,bonilla1 ,consul ,g5]al ( ,colombia2 ,madam ,zelia ,nuttall1 ,coyoacan1 ,mexico2 ,pr(4 ,wald/e91 ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 ,cambridge1 ,engl&2 ,dr4 ,o4 ,f4 ,bell1 assi/ant keep] ,a%molean ,museum1 ,ox=d2 ,dr4 ,/eph5 ,w4 ,bu%ell1 ,*9ese au?ority2 ,lady ,*ri/oph] ,john/on1 ,dr4 ,william ,f4 ,petrie1 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,dr4 ,*>les ,h]cules ,read1 director ( ! dep>tm5t ( ,ar*ology1 ,briti% ,museum1 = illu/rations & data2 ,cyril ,dav5port1 antiqu>ian writ] ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 = ! illu/ration ( ! ,engli% cr[n1 & cr[n in=mation2 to ,sir ,john ,evans1 late vet]an ar*ologi/ & writ]2 ,?omas ,tyr]1 *emi/1 ,w4 ,talbot ,ready1 ,a4 ,w4 ,feav]ye>1 ,e4 ,alfr$ ,jones1 au?or on metal-"w1 ,edw9 ,w4 ,/reet]1 all ( ,london1 ,engl&2 ,pr(4 ,h4 ,p4 ,blackmore1 curator ,blackmore ,museum1 ,salisbury1 ,engl&2 ,dr4 ,?os4 ,gann1 ,h>rogate1 ,engl&2 ,pr(4 ,ar?ur ,e4 ,%ipley1 ,cambridge1 ,engl&2 ,dr4 ,wilfr$ ,gr5fell1 ,labrador2 ,t4 ,w4 ,ly/]1 libr>ian ( ! ,national ,libr>y ( ,irel&1 ,pr(4 ,r4 ,f4 ,s*>ff1 director ( ! ,national ,museum ( ,irel&1 ,dubl91 ,w4 ,=bes ,h\rie1 all ( ,irel&2 ,mr4 ,james ,hornell1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,h]dmann1 all on in=mation conc]n+ ! ,ceylon fi%]ies2 ,pr(4 ,james ,m4 ,milne1 ,belfa/1 ,irel&2 ,david ,mac,gregor1 ,p]?1 ,scotl&2 ,joseph ,ba] ,co41 ,frankfurt1 ,g]many2 ,h]rn ,c4 ,w4 ,kessell]1 ,id>1 ,g]many2 ,pr(4 ,dr4 ,c>l ,sapp]1 ,univ]sity ( ,tb+51 ,g]many2 ,geheimra? ,pr(4 ,dr4 ,max ,bau]1 ,univ]sity ( ,m>burg1 ,g]many2 ,h]rn ,pr(4 ,dr4 ,h(]1 director ,biologis*e ,v]su*s/ation1 ,muni*2 ,h]rn ,ern/ ,gideon ,bek1 ,p=zheim1 ,g]many2 ,hon4 ,alb]t ,h4 ,mi*els51 ,am]ican ,consul at ,tur92 ,sabbat9o ,de ,angelis1 ( ,naples1 ,italy2 ,mons4 ,alphonse ,falco1 ( ! ,*ambre ,syndicale ,pi]res ,prcieuses ( ,p>is2 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,lacroix1 ,muse ,hi/oire ,naturale1 ,p>is2 ,mons4 ,georges ,pellisi]1 ,p>is2 ,sr4 ,ga/on ,j4 ,vives1 ,la ,paz1 ,mexico2 ,pr(4 ,r4 ,dubois1 ,facult des ,sci5ces1 ,univ]sity ( ,lyons1 ,france2 ,pr(4 ,p4 ,c&ias1 director ( ! ,national ,museum1 ,a!ns1 ,greece2 ,pr(4 ,g4 ,a4 ,f4 ,mol5graaff1 ,univ]sity ( ,delft1 ,holl&2 ! late ,pr(4 ,dr4 ,furtwngl] ( ,muni*2 ,dr4 ,otto ,le9]1 ,cu/us ,l&es-,museum at ,con/anz1 ,bad52 ,h]rn ,dr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,mey]1 ,h]rn ,c>l ,m>fels1 ,b]l92 ,pr(4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,s*uma*]1 ,univ]sity ( ,bonn2 ,geheimra? ,c4 ,f4 ,h9tze1 ,breslau2 ,h]rn ,r4 ,fri$la5d] ,sohn1 ,b]l92 ,h]rn ,reg4-,ra? ,dr4 ,w4 von ,seidlitz1 ,dresd52 ,dr4 ,r4 ,jacobi1 director ,knig ,zoologi*5 ,museum1 ,dresd51 ,g]many2 8 ,excell5cy ,dr4 ,szalaz1 director ,hung>ian ,national ,museum2 ,dr4 ,s4 ,radis*i1 director ,national ,indu/rial ,museum ( ,budape/2 & to ,h]rn ,a4 ,b4 ,ba*ra*1 ,budape/1 ,hung>y2 ,frau ,melanie ,glaz]1 ( ,prague1 & ,h]rn ,v4 ,fric1 ,prague1 ,bohemia2 ,h]rn ,pr(4 ,dr4 ,f4 ,heg]1 ,cu/us ,imp]ial ,ar*ological ,collection1 ,vi5na2 ,h]rn ,h4 von ,will] & ,h]rn ,max ,zirn]1 ( ,vi5na2 ,h]rn ,leopold ,we9+]1 ! artisan goldsmi? ( ,au/ria1 = _m c\rtesies2 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,v]nadskij1 ,univ]sity ( ,mosc[2 ,mons4 ,c4 ,fab]je1 ,joailli] de la ,c\r1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ,russia2 8 ,excell5cy ,b>on ,p4 ,mey]dorff1 assi/ant director1 ,muse des ,antiques1 ,ermitage ,impriale1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 = important data & illu/rations2 8 ,excell5cy ,n4 ,j4 ,moore1 ,premi]1 ,we/]n ,au/ralia2 ,dr4 ,k4 ,van ,dort1 eng9e] ( ,bankok1 ,siam2 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h5ry ,burkill1 ( ! ,india ,museum1 ,calcutta1 ,india2 ,alphaeus ,e4 ,williams1 manag] ( ! ,de ,be]s ,m9e1 ,kimb]ley2 ,capt4 ,e4 ,l4 ,/eev]1 ,di/rict ,gov]nor ( ,jolo1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s2 ,dr4 ,t4 ,ni%ikawa1 ,zological ,in/itute2 ,k4 ,mikimoto1 bo? ( ,tokio1 ,japan2 ,dr4 ,s4 ,m4 ,zwem] ( ,bahre91 ,p]sian ,gulf2 ,mr4 ,hugh ,millman ( ,?ursday ,isl&1 ,au/ralia2 ,julius ,d4 ,dreh]1 ,am]ican ,consul at ,tahiti1 ,society ,isl&s2 & n lea/1 by any means1 ! uni=m promptness & complet5ess ) :i* ! (ficials ( ! ,briti% ,colonial ,s]vice h respond$ to ! _m inquiries :i* ! writ]s h address$ to !m4 ,,! ,,au?ors4 ,septemb]1 #aijh4 ,i ,,pe>ls ,,among ,,! ,,anci5ts ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,pe>l ,i ,,pe>ls ,,among ,,! ,,anci5ts ,! ri*e/ m]*&ise ( all1 & ! mo/ sov]aigne commoditie ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w1 are ^! pe>les4 ,,pl9y1 ,hi/oria naturalis4 ,lib4 ,,ix1 c4 #ce4 ,p]fect$ by nature & requir+ no art to enhance _! beauty1 pe>ls 7 naturally ! e>lie/ gems kn[n to prehi/oric man4 ,probably ! memb]s ( "s fi%-eat+ tribe--maybe ( ! coa/ ( ,india or bord]+ an ,asiatic riv]--:ile op5+ mollusks = food1 7 attract$ by _! lu/]4 ,& z man's e/imation ( beauty develop$1 he f\nd 9 !m ! means ( satisfy+ t fondness = p]sonal decoration s *>act]i/ic ( half-nak$ savages1 :i* has its c\nt]p>t amid ! weal? & fa%ion ( ! pres5t day4 ,pe>ls seem to be peculi>ly sugge/ive ( ori5tal luxury & magnific5ce4 ,x is 9 ! ,ea/ t !y h be5 especially lov$1 enhanc+ ! *>ms ( ,asiatic beauty & add+ spl5dor to b>b>ic c\rts celebrat$ = _! display ( co/ume4 ,f _! possession ( ! ri* pe>l res\rces x is natural t ! p ( ,india & ( ,p]sia %\ld h e>ly f\nd beauty & value 9 ^! jewels1 & %\ld h be5 among ! fir/ to collect !m 9 l>ge quantities4 ,& no ori5tal div9ity1 no object ( v5]ation has be5 )\t ?is ornam5t2 no poetical production has lack$ ?is symbol ( purity & *a/ity4 ,9 a p]sonal memor&um1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,v4 ,williams ,jackson1 pr(essor ( ,indo-,iranian languages 9 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 /ates t x is g5]ally suppos$ t ! ,v$as1 ! olde/ sacr$ books ( ! ,brahmans1 conta9 sev]al allusions to pe>l decorations a mill5nium or m be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 z ! ^w krisana & its d]ivatives--:i* occur a half doz5 times 9 ! ,rigv$a1 ! olde/ ( ! ,v$as--are g5]ally translat$ z signify+ 8pe>l40 ,ev5 if ?is int]pretation ( ! t]m be call$ into "q on ! gr\nd t ! ,h9dus ( ! ,panjab 7 n well acqua9t$ ) ! sea1 !re c be little or no d\bt t ! ,a?>vav$a1 at lea/ five hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 alludes to an amulet made ( pe>ls & us$ z a sort ( talisman 9 a hymn#a ( magic =mulas4 ,^? two great epics ( anci5t ,india1 ! ,ramayana & ! ,mahabh>ata1 ref] to pe>ls4 ,! ,ramayana speaks ( a necklace ( tw5ty-sev5 pe>ls1 & has pe>l drill]s to accompany a great milit>y exp$ition4#b ,an old my? rec\nts ! (f]+s made by ! elem5ts z gifts wor?y ( ! deity3 ! air (f]$ ! ra9b[1 ! fire a meteor1 ! e>? a ruby1 & ! sea a pe>l4 ,! ra9b[ =m$ a halo ab\t ! god1 ! meteor s]v$ z a lamp1 ! ruby decorat$ ! =ehead1 & ! pe>l 0 worn ^u ! he>t4 ,! lit]ature ( ,h9duism frequ5tly associates ! pe>l ) ,kri%na1 ! eigh? avat> or inc>nation ( ,vi%nu1 ! mo/ popul> god ( ,h9du wor%ip4 ,"o leg5d cr$its its discov]y to ! adorable ,kri%na1 :o drew x f ! dep?s ( ! sea to adorn 8 daught] ,p&aa on h] nuptial day4 ,ano!r v]sion makes ! pe>l a trophy ( ! victory ( ,kri%na ov] ! mon/] ,pankagna1 & x 0 us$ by ! victor z a decoration = 8 bride4 ,9 ! classic p]iod ( ,sanskrit lit]ature1 ab\t ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 !re 7 abundant ref]5ces to pe>ls1 g5]ally call$ mukta 7lit]ally 8! pure072 & !re are doz5s ( words = pe>l necklaces1 circlets1 /r+s1 & ornam5tal fe/oons1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! dramas ( ,kalidasa--! ,h9du ,%aksp]e1 :o liv$ ab\t ! ?ird c5tury ,a4,d4--& ( 8 successors4 ,9 ! ,mahavansa & ! ,dipavansa1 ! anci5t *ronicle hi/ories ( ,ceylon 9 ! ,pali language1 are sev]al e>ly ,c+alese records ( pe>l production & e/imation4#c ,! ,mahavansa li/s pe>ls among ! native products s5t f ,ceylon ab\t #eej ,b4,c41 ,k+ ,wijayo s5d+ 8 fa!r-9-law gifts ( pe>ls & *anks to ! value ( two lacs ( rupees2 & notes t ab\t #cjj ,b4,c41 sev]al v>ieties ( ,ceylon pe>ls 7 c>ri$ z pres5ts by an embassy to ,india4 ,illu/ration3 ,anci5t ,*9ese cr[n ) pe>ls ,illu/ration3 ,anci5t ,*9ese pe>l ros>y ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese prie/s keep+ gu>d ov] ! tombs ( ! k+s1 9 ,mukd51 :]e ! cr[ns are pres]v$ ,9 ! anci5t civilization ( ,*9a1 pe>ls 7 likewise e/eem$2 ?is is evid5c$ by ! frequ5t m5tion ( !m 9 traditional hi/ory1 _! employm5t 9 ! v5]ation ( idols1 & z tribute by =eign pr9ces to ! emp]or4 ,"o ( ! v e>lie/ ( books1 ! ,%u ,k+ 7dat+ f ab\t #bcej-fbe ,b4,c471 notes t1 9 ! tw5ty-?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 ,y receiv$ z tribute oy/] pe>ls f ! riv] ,hwai1 & f ! prov9ce ( ,k+ ,kau he receiv$ 8/r+s ( pe>ls t 7 n q r\nd40#d ,t anci5t ,*9ese diction>y1 ! ,nh'ya1 orig9at+ ?irty c5turies ago1 speaks ( !m z preci\s jewels f\nd 9 ! prov9ce ( ,%5-si on ! we/]n fronti]4 ,_m fanta/ic !ories reg>d+ pe>ls are to be f\nd 9 anci5t ,*9ese lit]ature4 ,"s writ]s cr$it$ !m z orig9at+ 9 ! bra9 ( ! fabl$ dragon2 o!rs not$ t !y 7 especially abundant dur+ ! reign ( illu/ri\s emp]ors1 & !y 7 us$ z amulets & *>ms aga9/ fire & o!r disa/]s4 ,curi\s allusions 7 made to pe>ls s brilliant t !y 7 visible at a di/ance ( ne>ly a ?\s& y>ds1 or t rice c\ld be cook$ by ! light f !m4 ,& "o f\nd ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ne> ,yang*[-fu1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,kiang-su1 0 report$ s lu/r\s z to be visible 9 ! d>k at a di/ance ( ?ree miles4 ,9 ,p]sia1 ! popul>ity ( pe>ls seems to date f a v e>ly p]iod4 ,pr(essor ,jackson /ates t if !y are n m5tion$ 9 ! extant fragm5ts ( ! anci5t ,zoroa/rian lit]ature1 ! ,ave/a & ! ,pahlavi1 or by ! ,middle ,p]sian books f ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 to ! n9? c5tury ,a4,d41 x is probably a m]e accid5t1 due to ! "* ( ! "w or to ! fragm5t>y condition ( ! lit]ature2 = pe>ls 7 well kn[n dur+ t entire p]iod1 & seem to be indicat$ 9 extant sculptures4 ,! co9 & ! gem portraits ( ,p]sian que5s commonly %[ e>-p5dants ( ^!4 ,! rema9s ( a magnific5t necklace ( pe>ls & o!r gems 7 rec5tly f\nd by ,j4 de ,morgan 9 ! s>cophagus ( an ,a*m5id pr9cess exhum$ at ,susa or ,%u%an1 ! w9t] resid5ce ( ! k+s ( ,p]sia4 ,?is necklace1 p]haps ! mo/ anci5t pe>l ornam5t /ill 9 exi/5ce1 dates c]ta9ly f n lat] ?an ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 & is n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,p]sian ,gall]y ( ! ,l\vre4#e ,ev5 if we _h no o!r evid5ce1 x w\ld be natural to assume t ! k ( pe>ls 0 z wide-spread among ! ,iranians 9 antiquity z x 0 among ! ,h9dus1 s9ce ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 l ! ,indian ,ocean1 has be5 fam\s = its fi%]ies f anci5t times4 ,9 ! ru9s ( ,babylon no pe>ls h be5 f\nd2 inde$1 x w\ld be surpris+ if !y c\ld survive = s _m ages 9 ! relatively moi/ soil :i* conta9s mu* saltpet]4 ,inlays ( "m-(-pe>l & decorations ( ?is mat]ial h be5 secur$ f ! ru9s ( ,bismaya1 :i* ,dr4 ,edg> ,j4 ,banks ref]s to ab\t #dejj ,b4,c4 ,!re is likewise little evid5ce t pe>ls 7 ext5sively employ$ by ! anci5t ,assyrians1 not)/&+ t excavations at ,n9eveh & ,nimrud h furni%$ mu* in=mation reg>d+ _! ornam5ts2 & ! coll>s1 bracelets1 sword-hilts1 etc41 wr\ght 9 gold & ornam5t$ ) gems1 %[ t ! jewel]s' art _h made mu* progress4 ,?is is n :olly tru/wor?y z det]m9+ ! relative abundance2 = be+ ( organic or non-m9]al orig91 pe>ls w\ld n h surviv$ ! burial = ?\s&s ( ye>s s well z ! cry/al gems4 ,an inscription on ! ,n9eveh ,obelisk1 :i* /ates1 accord+ to ,sir ,h5ry ,rawl9son1 t 9 ! n9? ye> ( 8 reign ,tem5b> receiv$1 z 8tribute ( ! k+s ( ! ,*aldees1 gold1 silv]1 gems1 & pe>ls10#f %[s t ! sea-born gems 7 highly valu$ !re4 ,! "m-(-pe>l %ell 0 9 use z an ornam5t 9 anci5t ,egypt c]ta9ly z e>ly z ! six? dyna/y 7circa #cbjj ,b4,c471 ! p]iod ( ! ,tanis ,sph9x4 ,9 a rec5t lett] f ,luxor1 :]e he is /udy+ ! ru9s ( anci5t ,!bes1 ,dr4 ,james ,t4 ,d5nis /ates t he has f\nd sev]al ( ^! %ells be>+ c>t\*es ( t p]iod2 & 9 ! 8pan-be>+ graves0 ( ! twelf? dyna/y 7#bejj ,b4,c471 ! %ell occurr$ n only complete1 b cut 9 r\ghly circul> or oblong angul> blocks & /rung on *a9s ) beads ( c>nelian1 pott]y1 etc4 ,s f> z c be det]m9$ f ! repres5tations ( anci5t ,egyptian co/umes1 pe>ls d n seem to h be5 employ$ to any great ext5t 9 _! decoration4 ,! necklaces1 e>r+s1 & o!r jewels f\nd 9 ! tombs1 :i* are compos$ l>gely ( gold set ) cry/al gems1 conta9 ! rema9s ( a few pe>ls1 b give no indication t !y 7 num]\s4 ,9 fact1 no evid5ce exi/s t !y 7 us$ ext5sively be=e ! ,p]sian conque/ 9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c42 & probably x 0 n until ! "t ( ! ,ptolemies t !re began ! lavi% abundance :i* *>act]iz$ ! c\rt ( ,alex&ria at ! height ( h] p[]4 ,! au?orities diff] 9 reg>d to ! m5tion ( pe>ls 9 anci5t ,hebrew lit]ature2 al?\gh 9 ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ?is significance has be5 giv5 to ! ^w gab% 9 ,job xxviii4 #ah1 :]e ! value ( wisdom is contra/$ ) t ( gab%4 ,"s writ]s claim t ?is ^w ref]s to rock cry/al4 ,o!r au?orities are ( ! op9ion t ! ^w p59im 9 ,lam4 iv4 #g1 :i* has be5 translat$ z 8rubies10 actually signifies pe>ls4 ,9 ,g54 ii4 #ab1 ,pr(4 ,paul ,haupt has propos$ to r5d] %oham /ones by pe>ls1 s9ce ! ,hebrew ^w translat$ 8onyx10 if connect$ ) ! ,assyrian sndu1 might mean 8! gray gem40 ,x does n appe> t !y ent]$ into ! decorations ( ! ,tab]nacle & ! ,temple1 or 7 l>gely employ$ 9 ! p>aph]nalia ( ! synagogue4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 h[ev]1 !re are num]\s ref]5ces to ! e/imation 9 :i* pe>ls 7 held4 ,9 8 tea*+s1 ,*ri/ repeat$ly ref]r$ to !m z typify+ some?+ mo/ preci\s3 8,! k+dom ( heav5 is l unto a m]*ant man1 seek+ goodly pe>ls3 :o1 :5 he _h f\nd "o pe>l ( great price1 w5t & sold all t he _h1 & b\ght x0 7,matt4 xiii4 #de1 #df72 & 9 8ca/+ pe>ls be=e sw9e10 9 t great ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt 7,matt4 vii4 #f74 ,9 pictur+ ! glories ( ! ,heav5ly ,city1 ,/4 ,john made ! twelve gates ( pe>ls 7,rev4 xxi4 #ba72 & :at c\ld bett] s]ve z portals ?r\gh ! walls ( preci\s /ones8 ,9 ! ,talmud1 pe>ls are frequ5tly m5tion$1 & usually z signify+ some?+ beautiful or v co/ly1 z 8a pe>l t is wor? ?\s&s ( zuzim0 7,baba ,batra1 #adf;a72 a 8pe>l t has no price0 7,y]u%almi1 ix4 #ab;d72 ! coats :i* ,god made = ,adam & ,eve 7 8z beautiful z pe>ls0 7,g54 ,r4 xx4 #ab71 & ! manna 0 8z :ite z a pe>l0 7,yoma1 #ge;a74 ,_! pur*ase =m$ "o ( ! exceptions to ! law ( ,ona'ah 7ov]*>ge71 = ! reason t two mat*$ pe>ls greatly exce$$ ! value ( ea* "o sep>ately 7,baba ,mezi'a1 iv4 #h74 ,! high value atta*$ to pe>ls by ! anci5t ,hebrews is illu/rat$ by a beautiful ,rabb9ical /ory 9 :i* only "o object 9 nature is rank$ above !m4 ,on approa*+ ,egypt1 ,abraham hid ,s>ah 9 a *e/1 t =eign eyes might n behold h] beauty4 ,:5 he rea*$ ! place = pay+ cu/om dues1 ! collectors said1 8,pay u ! cu/om02 & he repli$1 8,i w pay y\r cu/om40 ,!y said to him1 8,?\ c>rie/ clo!s02 & he /at$1 8,i w pay = clo!s40 ,!n !y said to him1 8,?\ c>rie/ gold02 & he answ]$1 8,i w pay = gold40 ,on ?is !y said to him1 8,surely ?\ be>e/ ! f9e/ silk02 & he repli$1 8,i w pay cu/om = ! f9e/ silk40 ,!n said !y1 8,truly x mu/ be pe>ls t ?\ take/ ) !e02 & he answ]$1 8,i w pay = pe>ls40 ,see+ t !y c\ld "n no?+ ( value = :i* ! patri>* 0 n will+ to pay cu/om1 !y said1 8,x _c be b t ?\ op5 ! box & let u see :at is )940 ,s ! *e/ 0 op5$1 & ! l& 0 illum9$ by ! lu/] ( ,s>ah's beauty4#g ,! love :i* ! e>ly ,arabs bore to pe>ls is evid5c$ by ! ref]5ces to !m 9 ! ,koran1 & especially ! figurative description giv5 ( ,p>adise4 ,! /ones are pe>ls & jac9?s2 ! fruits ( ! trees are pe>ls & em]alds2 & ea* p]son admitt$ to ! delights ( ! cele/ial k+dom is provid$ ) a t5t ( pe>ls1 jac9?s & em]alds2 is cr[n$ ) pe>ls ( incomp>able lu/]1 & is att5d$ by beautiful maid5s resembl+ hidd5 pe>ls4#h ,! e/imation ( pe>ls among ! art-lov+ ,greeks may be trac$ to ! "t ( ,hom]1 :o appe>s to h allud$ to !m "u ! "n 7triple drops or beads7 9 8 description ( ,juno2 9 ! ,iliad1 ,,xiv1 #ahc3 ,9 ?ree bright drops1 ,h] glitt]+ gems susp5d$ f h] e>s4 & 9 ! ,odyssey1 ,,xviii1 #bih3 ,e>r+s bright ,) triple drops t ca/ a trembl+ light4 ,classical designs ( ,juno usually %[ ! ?ree pe>-%ap$ pe>ls p5d5t f h] e>s4 ,! anci5t ,greeks probably obta9$ _! pe>ls f ! ,ea/ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,ph5ician trad]s1 & a survival ( ! ^w seems to exi/ 9 ! ,wel% gla9 7bead71 ! "n hav+ be5 c>ri$ to ,brita9 by ! same trad]s1 :o ex*ang$ textiles1 glass beads1 etc41 = t9 & salt4 ,! ,p]sian w>s 9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 d\btless ext5d$ ! acqua9tance :i* ! ,greeks _h ) pe>ls1 z well z ) o!r ori5tal products1 & increas$ _! popul>ity4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ( ! ,greek writ]s to m5tion pe>ls specifically appe>s to h be5 ,!ophra/us 7#cgb-bhg ,b4,c471 ! disciple & successor ( ,ari/otle1 :o ref]r$ to !m "u ! "n 7m>g>ites71 probably d]iv$ f "s ori5tal ^w l ! ,sanskrit m>acata or ! ,p]sian mirw>e$4 ,he /at$ t pe>ls 7 produc$ by %ell-fi% resembl+ ! p9na1 only small]1 & 7 us$ 9 mak+ necklaces ( great value4 ,9 ,pl9y's 8,hi/oria naturalis10 t great /oreh\se ( classical le>n+1 ref]5ce is made to _m o!r writ]s--mo/ly ,greeks--:o treat$ ( gems2 b virtually all ( ^! writ+s h disappe>$1 except fragm5ts f ,!ophra/us1 ,*>es ( ,mytil5e1 & ,isidorus ( ,*>ace4 ,illu/ration3 ,,grecian ,,pe>l ,,& ,,gold ,,necklace ,( ab\t ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,n[ 9 ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art1 ,new ,york ,f ,greece admiration = pe>ls quickly ext5d$ to ,rome1 :]e !y 7 kn[n "u ! ,greek ^w m>g>it4 ,h[ev]1 a m common "n = ?is gem 9 ,rome 0 unio1 :i* ,pl9y expla9$ by say+ t ea* pe>l 0 unique & unlike any o!r "o4 ,! conclusion ( ! hi/orian ,ammianus ,m>cell9us 7#ccj-cie ,a4,d471 t x 0 because ea* "o 0 f\nd s+ly 9 a %ell1#i seems sc>cely correct4 ,claude de ,saumaise1 ! ,fr5* classical s*ol>1 ?\ght t ! common "n = an onion 0 transf]r$ to ! pe>l1 ow+ to its lam9at$ con/ruction4#aj ,accord+ to ,pl9y1 ! ,romans us$ ! ^w unio to di/+ui% a l>ge p]fect pe>l f ! small] & less attractive ones1 :i* 7 call$ m>g>it4#aa ,x 0 n until ! ,mi?ridatic ,w>s 7#hh-fc ,b4,c47 & ! conque/s by ,pompey t pe>ls 7 v abundant & popul> 9 ,rome1 ! great treasures ( ! ,ea/ enri*+ ! victori\s army & ?r\gh x ! ari/ocracy ( ! republic4 ,9 ^? greate/ spectacul> functions ! _w has ev] kn[n--! triumphal processions ( ! conqu]+ ,romans--pe>ls _h a prom95t "p4 ,pl9y records t 9 great ,pompey's triumphal procession 9 #fa ,b4,c4 7 borne ?irty-?ree cr[ns ( pe>ls & num]\s pe>l ornam5ts1 includ+ a portrait ( ! victor1 & a %r9e d$icat$ to ! muses1 adorn$ ) ! same gems4#ab ,! luxuries ( ,mi?ridates1 ! treasures ( ,alex&ria1 ! ri*es ( ! ,ori5t 7 p\r$ into ! lap ( victory-fatt5$ ,rome4 ,f t "t ! pe>l reign$ supreme1 n only 9 ! enorm\s prices giv5 = s+le specim5s1 b also 9 ! great abundance 9 possession ( ! deg5]ate desc5dants ( ! victori\s ,romans4 ,! int]ior ( ! temple ( ,v5us 0 decorat$ ) pe>ls4 ,! dress ( ! weal?y 0 s pe>l-b$eck$ t ,pl9y exclaim$ 9 irony3 8,x is n suffici5t = !m to we> pe>ls1 b !y mu/ trample & walk ov] !m02#ac & ! wom5 wore pe>ls ev5 9 ! /ill h\rs ( ! night1 s t 9 _! sleep !y might be consci\s ( possess+ ! beautiful gems4#ad ,x is relat$ t ! voluptu\s ,caligula 7#ab-da ,a4,d47--he :o rais$ 8 favorite horse ,incitatus to ! consul%ip--decorat$ t horse ) a pe>l necklace1 & t he himself wore slipp]s embroid]$ ) pe>ls2 & ! tyrannical ,n]o 7#cg-fh ,a4,d471 n cont5t ) hav+ 8 scept] & ?rone ( pe>ls1 provid$ ! actors 9 8 !at] ) masks & scept]s decorat$ ) !m4 ,?us wrote ! obs]vant ,philo1 ! envoy ( ! ,jews to ! ,emp]or ,caligula3 8,! c\*es ^u :i* ! ,romans recl9e at _! repa/s %9e ) gold & pe>ls2 !y are spl5did ) purple cov]+s int]wov5 ) pe>ls & gold40 ,yet n all ! m5 ( ,rome 7 en?usia/ic ov] ! beautiful 8gems ( ! sea1 :i* resemble milk & sn[10 z ! poet ,manlius call$ !m4 ,ev5 !n1 z n[1 !re 7 "s faultf9d]s4 ,! immortal ,cs> int]dict$ _! use by wom5 b5ea? a c]ta9 rank2 ,m>tial & ,tibullus inveigh$ aga9/ !m2 ! witty ,horace direct$ 8 /++ %afts ( satire aga9/ ! extravagance4 ,ref]r+ to a woman nam$ ,gellia1 ,m>tial wrote3 8,by no gods or goddesses does %e swe>1 b by h] pe>ls4 ,^! %e embraces & kisses4 ,^! %e calls h] bro!rs & si/]s4 ,%e loves !m m de>ly ?an h] two sons4 ,%\ld %e by "s *ance lose !m1 ! mis]able woman w\ld n survive an h\r40#ae ,he> :at /]n old ,s5eca _h to say3 8,pe>ls (f] !mselves to my view4 ,simply "o = ea* e>8 ,no6 ,! lobes ( our ladies h atta9$ a special capacity = support+ a great numb]4 ,two pe>ls alongside ( ea* o!r1 ) a ?ird susp5d$ above1 n[ =m a s+le e>r+6 ,! crazy fools seem to ?9k t _! husb&s are n suffici5tly torm5t$ unless !y we> ! value ( an inh]itance 9 ea* e>60#af ,! prices report$ = "s *oice ones at t "t seem fabul\s4 ,x is record$ by ,suetonius1 t ! ,roman g5]al1 ,vitellius1 paid ! exp5ses ( a milit>y campaign ) ! proce$s ( "o pe>l f 8 "m's e>s3 8,atque ex aure matris detractum unionem pign]av]it ad it9]is imp5sas40 ,9 8 8,hi/oria naturalis10 ,pl9y says t 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d41 !y rank$ fir/ 9 value among all preci\s ?+s1#ag & reports sixty million se/]tii#ah z ! value ( ! two fam\s pe>ls--8! s+ul> & only jewels ( ! _w & ev5 nature's wond]0--:i* ,cleopatra wore at ! celebrat$ banquet to ,m>k ,antony4 ,& ,suetonius#ai places at six million se/]tii ! value ( ! "o pres5t$ by ,julius ,cs> z a tribute ( love to ,s]vilia1 ! "m ( ,brutus1 :o ?us wore ,! spoils ( nations 9 an e>1 ,*ang$ to ! treasure ( a %ell4 ,or1 z ,/4 ,j]ome express$ x 9 8 8,vita ,pauli ,eremit03 ,uno filo vill>um insunt pretia4 ,we are told by lius ,lampridius t an ambassador once br\ght to ,alex&] ,sev]us two rem>kably l>ge & heavy pe>ls = ! empress4 ,! emp]or (f]$ !m = sale1 & z no pur*as] 0 f\nd1 he _h !m hung 9 ! e>s ( ! /atue ( ,v5us1 say+3 8,if ! empress %\ld h su* pe>ls1 %e w\ld give a bad example to ! o!r wom51 by we>+ an ornam5t ( s mu* value t no "o c\ld pay = x40 ,! ^w 8m>g>ita0 0 us$ symbolically to designate ! mo/ *]i%$ object2 = in/ance1 a favorite *ild4 ,9 an inscription publi%$ by ,fabretti1 p4 #dd1 ,no4 #bec1 ! ^w m>g>itio has ! same significance4 7,sex4 ,bruttidio juv5i m>g>itioni c>issimo1 vixit annis ,,ii m5sibus ,,vii1 diebus ,,xviii47#bj ,:ile ! anci5t writ]s 7 famili> ) ! pe>l itself1 !y knew little ( ! fi%]ies1 & relat$ _m curi\s /ories :i* _h come to ,a!ns & ,rome4 ,pl9y & lianus quot$ f ,mega/h5es t ! pe>l-oy/]s liv$ 9 communities l sw>ms ( bees1 & 7 gov]n$ by "o rem>kable = its size & great age1 & :i* 0 wond]fully exp]t 9 keep+ its subjects out ( dang]1 & t ! fi%]m5 endeavor$ fir/ to cat* ?is "o1 s t ! o!rs might easily be secur$4 ,procopius1 "o ( ! mo/ ent]ta9+ ( ! old ,byzant9e *ronicl]s1 wrote ( social relations betwe5 ! pe>l-oy/]s & ! %>ks1 & ( me?ods ( induc+ ! gr[? ( pe>ls4 ,! pr9cipal fi%]ies ( antiquity 7 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 on ! coa/s ( ,ceylon & ,india1 & 9 ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,! pe>ls ref]r$ to 9 anci5t ,*9ese lit]ature appe> to h be5 tak5 f ! riv]s & ponds ( t c\ntry1 :ile ^? 9 ,co*9 ,*9a & ,japan seem to h come f ! adjo9+ seas4 ,! pe>ls 7 di/ribut$ among ! nations 9 control ( ! fi%]ies1 & f !m1 o!r p receiv$ collections1 ei!r z pres5ts1 9 conque/1 or by way ( trade4 ,hi/ory makes no m5tion ( pe>ls hav+ be5 obta9$ else:]e ?an 9 ! ,ori5t up to ! "t ( ,julius ,cs>1 :5 small quantities ( inexp5sive ones 7 collect$ 9 ,brita9 by ! invad+ ,romans4 ,& 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d41 ,pl9y /ates t small r$di% pe>ls 7 f\nd ab\t ,italy & 9 ! ,bosphorus ,/raits ne> ,con/ant9ople4 ,a numb] ( specim5s ( pe>ls ( ! arti/ic ,greeks & ( ! luxuri\s ,romans are yet 9 exi/5ce1 & "s ( ^! are 9 a fairly good /ate ( pres]vation4 ,a notable & int]e/+ example is a sup]b ,greek necklace ( pe>ls & gold1 ref]r$ to ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 & n[ 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art 9 ,new ,york4 ,sev]al e>r+s n[ 9 t museum1 9 ! ,h]mitage at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! ,l\vre 9 ,p>is1 & 9 ! ,bo/on ,museum ( ,f9e ,arts1 are %[n 9 ?is book4 ,"s ( ^! may h decorat$ e>s t li/5$ to ! com$ies ( ,ari/ophanes1 ! trag$ies ( ,euripides1 ! philosophies ( ,plato1 or ! oratory ( ,demo/h5es4 ,a numb] ( classic /atues h ! e>s pi]c$ = e>r+s1 notably ! ,v5us de ,m$ici n[ 9 ! ,tribuna ( ! ,uffizi1 ,flor5ce2 & a magnific5t pair ( half-pe>ls is said to h decorat$ ! ,v5us ( ! ,pan!on 9 ,rome4#ba ,pe>l grape e>r+s are %[n on ! arti/ic intaglio by ,aspasios1 repres5t+ ! bu/ ( ! ,a!ne ,p>!nos ( ,phidias1 :i* has be5 9 ! ,gemm5 ,mnz5 ,cab9et at ,vi5na s9ce #affi4 ,! beautiful ,tyszkiewicz bronze /atuette ( ,aphrodite 0 acquir$ 9 #aijj by ! ,bo/on ,museum ( ,f9e ,arts1 & has ev5 yet a pe>l 9 a fairly good /ate ( pres]vation susp5d$ f ea* e> by a spiral ?read ( gold :i* passes q ?r\gh ! gem & also ?r\gh ! lobe ( ! e>4 ,?is /atuette has be5 describ$ z 8! mo/ beautiful bronze ,v5us kn[n40#bb ,pr(essor ,froehn] consid]s t x belongs ne>] to ! p]iod ( ,phidias 7circa #ejj-dcj ,b4,c47 ?an to t ( ,praxiteles 7circa #djj-ccf ,b4,c472 b ,dr4 ,edw>d ,rob9son does n concur 9 ?is op9ion1 & ref]s x to ! ,hell5ic p]iod 7circa #ccj-adf ,b4,c474 ,h[ev]1 consid]+ ! v l>ge accumulations1 relatively few pe>ls ( antiquity n[ rema91 & none ( ^! is ( great ornam5tal value4 ,^? 9 ar*ological collections & art museums are m or less decay$ ?r\gh ! ravages ( "t & accid5t to :i* !y h be5 subject$4 ,:ile co9s1 gold jewelry1 cry/al gems1 etc41 ( anci5t civilizations are relatively num]\s1 ! less durable pe>ls h n surviv$ ! _m c5turies ( pillage1 wa/e1 & burial 9 ! e>?4 ,a well-kn[n in/ance ( ?is decay is f\nd 9 ! ,/ili*o pe>ls1 :i* owe _! prom95ce to ! incid5t ( _! long burial4 ,! daught]s ( ?is fam\s ,roman g5]al1 :o 7 successively betro!d to ! ,emp]or ,honorius1 di$ 9 #djg ,a4,d41 & 7 buri$ ) _! pe>ls & ornam5ts4 ,9 #aebf1 or m ?an elev5 c5turies aft]w>d1 9 excavat+ = an ext5sion ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ! tomb 0 op5$1 & ! ornam5ts 7 f\nd 9 fair condition1 except ! pe>ls1 :i* 7 z lu/]less & dead z a wrea? ( la/ ye>'s fl[]s4 ,,ii ,,m$ieval ,,& ,,mod]n ,,hi/ory ,,ii ,,m$ieval ,,& ,,mod]n ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,pe>ls ,i'll set !e 9 a %[] ( gold1 & hail ,ri* pe>ls ^u !e4 ,antony & ,cleopatra1 ,act ,,ii1 sc4 #e4 ,! popul>ity ( pe>ls 9 ,rome has its c\nt]p>t 9 ! ,empire ( ! ,ea/ at ,byzantium or ,con/ant9ople on its developm5t 9 weal? & luxury aft] becom+ ! capital ( t empire 9 #ccj ,a4,d4 ,ow+ to its control ( ! trade betwe5 ,asia & ,europe1 & ! influ5ce ( ori5tal ta/e & fa%ion1 enorm\s collections 7 made2 & = c5turies aft] ,rome _h be5 pillag$1 ?is capital 0 ! focus ( all ! arts1 & pe>ls 7 ! favorite ornam5ts4 ,! fam\s mosaic 9 ! sanctu>y ( ,san ,vitale at ,rav5na1 %[s ,ju/9ian 7#dhc-efe7 ) 8 head cov]$ ) a jewel$ cap1 & ! ,empress ,!odora we>+ a ti>a encircl$ by ?ree r[s ( pe>ls1 & /r+s ( pe>ls dep5d !refrom almo/ to ! wai/4 ,9 _m in/ances ! decorations ( ! emp]ors excell$ ev5 ^? ( ! mo/ pr(ligate ( ,roman rul]s4 ,an exam9ation ( ! co9s1 f ^? ( ,arcadius 9 #cie to ! la/ dribble ( a long l9e ( obscure rul]s :5 ! city 0 captur$ & pillag$ by ,v5etian & ,lat9 adv5tur]s 9 #abjd1 %[s 9 ! =m ( diadems1 coll>s1 necklaces1 etc41 ! great quantity ( pe>ls worn by !m4 ,! olde/ exi/+ cr[n 9 use at ! pres5t "t1 ! ,hung>ian cr[n ( ,/4 ,/eph51 :i* is radiant ) pe>ls1 is ( ,byzant9e workman%ip4 ,outside ( ,con/ant9ople1 ! dem& & fa%ion = pe>ls did n cease ) ! d[nfall ( ! ,roman ,empire & ! spoliation ( ,rome 9 ! fif? c5tury4 ,! treasures accumulat$ !re1 & ! gems & jewels1 7 c>ri$ away by ! conqu]+ ,go?s & scatt]$ among ! great t]ritorial lords ( we/]n & nor!rn ,europe4 ,9 ! anci5t cities ( ,gaul1 9 ,t\l\se & ,n>bonne1 ! ,o/rogo? & ! ,visigo? k+s collect$ enorm\s treasures4 ,! citadel ( ,c>cassonne held magnific5t spoils br\ght f ! sack+ ( ,rome 9 #daj by ,al>ic1 k+ ( ! ,o/rogo?s1 consi/+ 9 "p ( jewels f ! ,temple1 ^! hav+ be5 c>ri$ to ,rome aft] ! spoliation ( ,j]usalem 9 #gj ,a4,d4 ,sev]al beautiful objects ( ?is & some:at lat] p]iods are yet 9 exi/5ce1 notably ! ,visigo?ic cr[ns & crosses1 9 ! ,muse de l',htel de ,cluny1 ,p>is1 ! mo/ beautiful ( :i* are probably ! cr[n & ! cross ( ,reccesv9?us4#bc ,ev5 z ! treasures ( ,rome 7 despoil$ by ! ,o/rogo?s & ! ,visigo?s1 s1 lat]1 _! collections 7 deplet$ by ! milit>y op]ations ( ! ,franks1 :5 ,n>bonne 0 pillag$2 :5 ,t\l\se 0 sack$ by ,clovis1 or ,*lod[ig1 9 #ejg2 :5 ! *ur*es ( ,b>celona & ,tol$o 7 despoil$ by ,*ildeb]t 9 #eca & #edb2 & by v>i\s exp$itions 9 succe$+ ye>s4 ,! milit>y triumphs ( ! ,franks plac$ !m 9 ! highe/ rank among ! peoples ( ,europe1 9 ! six? & sev5? c5turies1 9 ! possession ( treasures ( jewels :i* enri*$ _! palaces & great *ur*es4 ,& ! ta/e :i* ! triumphs ( w> _h develop$ 0 ma9ta9$ by ! trade c>ri$ on by ! ,jewi% & ,syrian m]*ants4 ,! inhabitants ( ,gaul 7 extremely fond ( objects ( art1 ( ri* co/umes1 & ( p]sonal decorations2 & ! c\rts ( "s ( ! e>ly k+s rival$ 9 magnific5ce ^? ( ori5tal mon>*s4 ,especially 0 ?is true dur+ ! reign ( ,k+ ,dagob]t 7#fbh-fch71 :o compet$ 9 spl5dor ) ! rul]s ( ,p]sia & ,india4 ,8 skilful jewel]1 ,eligius 7#ehh-fei71 0 rais$ to ! bi%opric ( ,noyon1 & ev5tually--"u ! "n ( ,/4 ,eloi--became "o ( ! mo/ popul> sa9ts 9 ,gaul4 ,"u direction ( ?is arti/ic bi%op1 ! anci5t *ur*es receiv$ %r9es1 ve/m5ts1 & reliqu>ies sup]bly decorat$ ) pe>ls & o!r gems4 ,inde$1 = sev]al c5turies foll[+ ! "t ( ,eligius1 ! greate/ treasures ( jewels seem to h be5 collect$ 9 ! *ur*es4 ,! use ( gems 9 enri*+ regalia1 ve/m5ts1 & reliqu>ies 9 ,europe1 advanc$ greatly dur+ ! reign ( ,*>lemagne 7#gfh-had72 & pr9ces & bi%ops compet$ ) ea* o!r 9 ! magnific5ce ( _! gifts to ! *ur*es1 sacrific+ _! laical jewels = ! sacr$ treasures4 ,few ( ! great ornam5ts ( ,*>lemagne's "t are n[ 9 exi/5ce 9 ! orig9al =m4 ,d\btless ! mo/ rem>kable pieces are ! sacr$ regalia ( ! great emp]or1 pres]v$ among ! imp]ial treasures 9 ,vi5na4 ,illu/ration3 ,,front ,,cov] ,,( ,,a%burnham ,,manuscript ,,( ,,! ,,f\r ,,gospels ,f ! n9? c5tury4 ,"o qu>t] ( ! actual dim5sions4 ,own$ by ,j4 ,pi]pont ,morgan1 ,esq4 ,an arti/ic use = pe>ls at t "t 0 9 ! ri* & elegant b9d+s ( ! spl5didly writt5 missals & *ronicles1 f9i%$ 9 ! highe/ degree ( excell5ce & at va/ exp5se4 ,an arti/ might devote 8 :ole life to complet+ a s+le manuscript1 s great 0 ! detail & s exquisite ! f9i%4 ,vas>i /ates t ,julio ,clovio devot$ n9e ye>s to pa9t+ tw5ty-six m9iatures 9 ! ,brevi>y ( ! ,virg9 n[ 9 ! royal libr>y at ,naples4 ,! libr>y at ,r\5 has a l>ge missal on :i* a monk ( ,/4 ,&o5 is said to h labor$ = ?irty ye>s4 ,^! books 7 among ! mo/ valu$ possessions ( ! *ur*es1 & _! b9d+s 7 enri*$ ) gold & pe>ls & color$ /ones4 ,! weal?y *ur*es _h _m su* volumes2 ,gregory ( ,t\rs /ates t f ,b>celona 9 #eca ,a4,d4 ,*ildeb]t br\ght tw5ty 8evangeliorum capsas0 ( pure gold set ) gems4 ,sev]al ( ^! sup]bly b\nd volumes are yet 9 exi/5ce1 9 ! ,basilica ( ,/4 ,m>k 9 ,v5ice2 9 ! treasury ( ! ca!dral at ,milan2 among ! imp]ial ,russian collections 9 ! ,ourej5aya ,palata at ,mosc[1 etc42 & !y furni% probably ! mo/ reliable examples ( arti/ic jewel "w ( ! ,d>k ,ages4 ,! mo/ rem>kable specim5 ( ^! books 9 ,am]ica is d\btless ! ,a%burnham manuscript ( ! ,f\r ,gospels1 n[ own$ by ,j4 ,pi]pont ,morgan1 ,esq41 :i* af=ds an int]e/+ example ( ! jewel]'s art4 ,= _m c5turies x belong$ to ! ,abbey ( ! ,noble ,canonesses1 f\nd$1 9 #hcd1 at ,l9dau1 on ,lake ,con/ance4 ,aft] an ext5d$ exam9ation1 ,mr4 ,alex&] ,nesbit conclud$ t ! ri* cov] ( ! manuscript 0 probably made betwe5 #hif & #hii by ord] ( ,emp]or ,arnulf ( ! ,c>ol+ian dyna/y4 ,mo/ ( ! n9ety-eight pe>ls appe> to be f fre% wat]1 & probably all ( !m 7 obta9$ f ! riv]s ( ,europe4 ,?is is "o ( ! few rema9+ pieces ( ! magnific5t ecclesia/ical jewel+ ( t p]iod4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,*>lemagne1 int]nal diss5sions1 sep>ations & ! division ( ! ,empire into ! nations ( ,europe1 annihilat$ comm]ce1 oppress$ ! p1 & impov]i%$ ! arts4 ,9 ! n9? c5tury1 ! ,normans pillag$ _m ( ! palaces & *ur*es 9 ,ang\lme1 ,t\rs1 ,orlans1 ,r\51 & ,p>is1 & de/roy$ or c>ri$ away l>ge treasures4 ,! t5? & ! elev5? c5turies 7 inde$ ! ,d>k ,ages 9 respect to ! cultivation ( ! arts2 yet ev5 dur+ t p]iod ! *ur*es ( we/]n ,europe receiv$ _m gems f p5it5t & fe>-/rick5 subjects4 ,! he>t ( man1 fill$ ) ! love ( ,god1 laid its e>?ly treasure ^u ! alt> 9 ex*ange = heav5ly consolation4 ,pi\s fai? d$icat$ pe>ls to ! glorification ( ! ritual2 alt>s1 /atues1 & images ( ! sa9ts1 prie/ly ve/m5ts1 & sacr$ vessels1 7 sur*>g$ ) !m4 ,! great museums & ! imp]ial collections conta9 "s beautiful & highly v5]at$ objects ( ?is nature4 ,9 ! meantime pe>ls ( small size & ( fair lu/] _h be5 collect$ 9 ! riv]s ( ,scotl&1 ,irel&1 & ,france1 ! headwat]s ( ! ,danube1 & 9 ! c\ntries nor? !re(4 ,9 ,engl&1 z not$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 !y 7 obta9$ by ,cs>'s invad+ legions1 :o c>ri$ _m to ,rome4 ,anci5t co9s indicate t pe>ls =m$ ! pr9cipal ornam5t ( ! simple cr[ns worn by ! e>ly k+s ( ,brita9 previ\s to ,alfr$ ! ,great4 ,! riv] pe>ls 7 n s beautiful z ori5tal ones2 b1 ow+ to ! ease ) :i* !y 7 obta9$1 !y 7 employ$ m ext5sively & especially 9 ecclesia/ical decorations1 ! pr9cipal use = pe>ls f ! eigh? to ! elev5? c5tury4 ,app>5tly au!ntic specim5s ( fre%-wat] pe>ls ( an e>ly p]iod are ! f\r n[ 9 ! coronation spoon ( ! ,engli% regalia1 :i* is attribut$ to ! twelf? c5tury4 ,f ! mo/ anci5t times until ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,roman ,empire1 practically ! only use = pe>ls 0 ornam5tal2 b aft] ! eigh? c5tury !re develop$ a new employm5t = ^! z well z = o!r gems4 ,natural hi/ory 0 little /udi$ 9 ,europe f ! n9? to ! f\rte5? c5tury1 except = ! effect :i* its subjects _h 9 m$ic9e & magic1 :i* 7 closely alli$4 ,l>gely ?r\gh ,arabic influ5ce1 ! practice ( m$ic9e _h develop$ into adm9i/]+ mo/ :imsical rem$ies1 among :i* gems1 & especially pe>ls1 play$ a prom95t "p1 & belief 9 ! influ5ce ( ^! 0 z /rong z 9 t ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,= ?is application1 l>ge dem&s _h aris5 = pe>ls1 :i* seem to h be5 prescrib$ = ne>ly e ill to :i* ! fle% 0 heir4 ,on acc\nt ( _! *eapness1 ! small ones--se$-pe>ls--7 us$ pr9cipally2 ?\gh l>g] ones 7 pref]r$ by p]sons :o c\ld af=d !m4 ,:ile _m ( ^! s-call$ m$ic9al pe>ls 7 obta9$ f ! ,ori5t1 mo/ ( !m 7 secur$ f ! home /reams 9 ! nor? ( ,europe & 9 ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,aft] ! decad5ce ( ,roman p[] 9 ! ,ea/1 ! rul]s ( ,india & ,p]sia1 ?r\gh _! control ( ! fi%]ies1 aga9 accumulat$ enorm\s quantities ( pe>ls4 ,all ( ! e>ly travel]s to ^? c\ntries 7 a/oni%$ at ! lavi% display ( ^! gems 9 decorative co/ume4 ,! manuscript ( ,r5audot's two ,mohamm$ans1 :o visit$ ,india & ,*9a 9 ! n9? c5tury1 notes t ! k+s ( ! ,indies 7 ri* 9 ornam5ts1 8yet pe>ls are :at !y mo/ e/eem1 & _! value surpasses t ( all o!r jewels2 !y ho>d !m up 9 _! treasures ) _! mo/ preci\s ?+s4 ,! gr&ees ( ! c\rt1 ! great (fic]s & capta9s1 we> ! l jewels 9 _! coll>s40#bd ,illu/ration3 ,,francis ,i1 ,,k+ ,,( ,,france1 #adid-aedg ,l\vre1 ,p>is ,illu/ration3 ,,isabelle ,,de ,,valois ,by ,pantoia de la ,cruz1 ,prado ,museum1 ,madrid ,inv5tories ( "s ( ! ori5tal collections ( lat] times seem to be extravagant fiction r ?an v]itable hi/ory4 ,9 t int]e/+ book dictat$ 9 a ,g5oese prison to ,ru/iciano da ,pisa1 acc\nts are giv5 by ,m>co ,polo ( great treasures se5 by ! fir/ ,europeans to p5etrate into ,*9a4 ,he describes ! k+ ( ,malab> z we>+ susp5d$ ab\t 8 neck a /r+ ( #ajd l>ge pe>ls & rubies ( great value1 :i* he us$ z a ros>y4 ,likewise on 8 legs 7 anklets & on 8 toes 7 r+s1 all ?ickly set ) co/ly pe>ls1 ! :ole 8wor? m ?an a city's ransom4 ,& 'tis no wond] he ha? great /ore ( su* ge>2 = !y are f\nd 9 8 k+dom4 ,no "o is p]mitt$ to remove !refrom a pe>l weigh+ m ?an half a saggio4 ,! k+ desires to res]ve all su* to himself1 & s ! quantity he has is almo/ incr$ible40#be ,lat] travel]s give wond]ful descriptions ( ?is excessive passion = pe>ls4 ,lit]ature is full ( ?is appreciation1 & ( ! "p :i* ^! gems play$ 9 ! affairs ( ! ,ori5tals4 ,:o has n dwelt ) delight ^u ^? imp]i%able leg5ds su* z are embodi$ 9 ! ,arabian ,nights1 ( ! pe>l voyages by ,s9dbad ! ,sailor1 ( ! wond]ful treasure *e/s1 & ( ! sup]b necklaces adorn+ ! beautiful black-ey$ wom56 ,! return+ ,crusad]s 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 & ! developm5t ( ! knightly ord]s1 _h mu* to d ) spread+ ?r\gh ,europe a fondness = pe>ls 9 p]sonal decoration4 ,^? :o1 l ,*auc]'s knight1 _h be5 ) ,pet]1 ,k+ ( ,cyprus1 at ! capture & plund] :5 8,alex&ria 0 won10 return$ to _! homes ) ri*es ( pe>ls & gold & preci\s /ones4 ,& le>n+ mu* relative to decorative art f ,moori% craftsm51 ! jewel]s ( we/]n ,europe set ^! 9 designs n always crude & ineffective4 ,al?\gh !y 7 well kn[n & valu$1 pe>ls d n seem to h be5 mu* us$ 9 ,engl& be=e ! twelf? c5tury1 z ! ,anglo-,saxons 7 n an especially art-lov+ p4 ,! ^w itself is ( =eign d]ivation & occurs 9 a simil> =m 9 all mod]n languages1 bo? ,romance & ,teutonic2 p]le1 ,fr5* & ,g]man2 p]la1 ,italian1 ,portuguese1 ,prov5al1 ,spani%1 & ,sw$i%2 pa>l1 ,dani% & ,dut*4 ,its orig9 is d\btful4 ,"s philologi/s consid] x ,teutonic & ! dim9utive ( be]e1 a b]ry2 ,claude de ,saumaise d]ives x f pirula1 ! dim9utive ( pirum1 a sph]e2 :ile ,diez & _m o!rs ref] x to pira or to ! m$ieval ,lat9 pirula1 9 allusion to ! pe> %ape frequ5tly assum$ by ! pe>l4#bf ,! ^w pe>l seems to h come into g5]al use 9 ! ,engli% language ab\t ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,9 ,wyclif's translation ( ! ,scriptures 7ab\t #acfj71 he commonly us$ ! ^w m>g>ite or m>g>itis1 :]eas ,tyndale's translation 7#aebf7 9 simil> places us$ ! ^w p]le4 ,tyndale translat$ ,matt4 xiii4 #df3 8,:5 he _h f\nde "o preci\s pe>le02 ,wyclif us$ 8oo preci\se m>g>ite40 ,also 9 ,matt4 vii4 #f1 ,tyndale wrote1 8,ne!r ca/e ye y\re pe>les be=e swyne02 yet ,wyclif us$ 8m>g>itis10 al?\gh tw5ty ye>s lat] he express$ x 8putt5 preci\s p]lis to hoggis40 ,langl&'s ,pi]s ,pl[man 7#acfb71 ,,xi1 #i1 wrote ?is3 8,noli mitt]e ,m>g]i p]les ,among hogges40 ,! olde/ ,engli% v]sion ( ,m&eville's ,travels1 writt5 ab\t #adjj1 conta9$ ! expression3 8,! fyn ,p]l congeles & wexes gret ( ! dew ( hev5e02 b 9 #addg1 ,bok5ham's 8,seyntys0 /at$3 8,a m>g]ye p]le aftyr ! phylosophyr ,gr[y? on a %elle ( lytyl pryhs02 & ,knight de la ,t\r 7ab\t #adej7 /at$3 8,! s[le is ! preci\s m>gu>ite unto ,god40 ,! ^w is giv5 8p]le0 9 ! e>lie/ manuscripts ( ^? old epic poems ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 8,pe>l0 & 8,cleanness10 :i* h caus$ s mu* le>n$ !ological discussion & :i* te/ify to ! great love & e/eem 9 :i* ! gem 0 held4 ,! fir/ /anza ( 8,pe>l0 we quote f ,gollancz's r5dition3 ,pe>l6 fair en[ = pr9ces' pleasance1 s deftly set 9 gold s pure1-- f ori5t l&s ,i dur/ av\*1 ne'er saw ,i a gem its pe]1-- s r\nd1 s comely-%ap$ )al1 s small1 ) sides s smoo?1-- :]e'er ,i judg$ ( radiant gems1 ,i plac$ my pe>l supreme4#bg ,! f\rte5?-c5tury manuscript 9 ! ,briti% ,museum gives ?is z foll[s3 ,p]le plesaunte to prynces paye1 ,to clanly clos 9 gold s cl]e1 ,oute ( ory5t ,i h>dyly saye1 ,ne prov$ ,i nev] h] precios p]e1-- ,s r\nde1 s rek5 9 u*e a raye1 ,s smal1 s smo! h] sydez 71-- ,qu]esoev] ,i jugg$ gemmez gaye1 ,i sette hyr s5geley 9 syngl]e4 ,& f a mod]n r5d]+ ( 8,cleanness0 we quote3 ,! pe>l is prais$ :]ev] gems are se51 ?\gh x be n ! de>e/ by way ( m]*&ise4 ,:y is ! pe>l s priz$1 save = its purity1 t w9s praise = x above all :ite /ones8 ,x %9e? s bright2 x is s r\nd ( %ape2 )\t fault or /a92 if x be truly a pe>l4 ,9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies ?r\gh\t ,europe pe>ls 7 v fa%ionable z p]sonal ornam5ts1 & 7 worn 9 enorm\s quantities2 ! dresses ( m5 z well z ( wom5 7 decorat$ & embroid]$ ) !m1 & !y 7 not$ 9 ne>ly e acc\nt ( a fe/ive occasion1 :e!r x 7 a m>riage1 a brilliant t\rney1 ! consecration ( a bi%op1 or ! celebration ( a victory 9 battle4 ,! facet+ ( cry/al gems 0 n kn[n at t "t1 & ^? dep5d5t on artifice = _! beauty 7 n mu* s\ght aft]4 ,al?\gh ! diamond _h be5 kn[n f ! eigh? c5tury1 x 0 n g5]ally treasur$ z an ornam5t1 & n until long aft] ! inv5tion ( cutt+ 9 regul> facets--ab\t #adej--;did x atta9 its great popul>ity4 ,9 ! ,d>k ,ages1 x 0 cu/om>y = pr9ces & great nobles to c>ry _! valuables ab\t ) !m ev5 on ! battle-fields2 fir/1 9 ord] to h !m always 9 possession1 & second1 on acc\nt ( ! my/]i\s p[] !y attribut$ to preci\s /ones4 ,s9ce jewels con/itut$ a l>ge portion ( _! portable weal?1 nobles & knights w5t into battle sup]bly array$4 ,9 ?is mann] ! treasures 7 easily lo/ & de/roy$2 consequ5tly1 relatively few ( ! p]sonal ornam5ts ( t p]iod are pres]v$ to ! pres5t "t4 ,among ! greate/ lov]s ( pe>ls 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies 7 ! memb]s ( ! ducal h\se ( ,burgundy1 & especially ,philip ! ,bold 7#acdb-adjd71 ,philip ! ,good 7#acif-adfg71 & ,*>les ! ,bold 7#adcc-gg71 & "s ( ! gems :i* !y own$ are ev5 n[ treasur$ 9 ,au/ria1 ,spa91 & ,italy4 ,:5 ,duke ,*>les ! ,bold1 9 ! ye> #adgc1 att5d$ ! ,diet ( ,treves1 accompani$ by 8 five ?\s& spl5didly equipp$ horsem51 he 0 attir$ 9 clo? ( gold g>ni%$ ) pe>ls1 :i* 7 valu$ at #bjj1jjj gold5 flor9s4#bh ,we are told t 8almo/ a sea ( pe>ls0 0 on view at ! m>riage ( ,george ! ,ri* ) ,h$wig1 ! daught] ( ,casimir ,,iii ( ,pol&1 at ,l&%ut1 9 #adge4 ,among ! _m ornam5ts 0 a pe>l *aplet valu$ at #ej1jjj flor9s :i* ,duke ,george wore on 8 hat1 & also a clasp wor? #fjjj flor9s4#bi ,memb]s ( ! relat$ h\ses ( ,anj\ & ,valois also held great collections4 ,nor 9 ?is acc\nt %\ld we omit "s ( ! ,engli% sov]eigns1 includ+ especially ,ri*>d ,,ii 7#acff-adjj71 "o ( ! greate/ d&ies ( 8 day4 ,dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury1 enorm\s quantities ( pe>ls 7 worn by p]sons ( rank & fa%ion4 ,a rem>kable #adhc portrait ( ,m>g>et1 wife ( ,james ,,iii ( ,scotl&1 :i* is n[ pres]v$ at ,hampton ,c\rt1 %[s h] we>+ su* wond]ful pe>l ornam5ts t %e might well be call$ ,m>g>et f h] decorations4 ,z ?is que5 0 prais$ = h] beauty1 we fe> ! arti/ has sc>cely done ju/ice to h] appe>ance2 or possibly s9ce t p]iod ta/es h *ang$ z to :at on a ?rone passes = beauty4 ,h] head-dress is und\bt$ly ! mo/ rem>kable pe>l decoration :i* we h se5 ( t c5tury4 ,! uxori\s & sumptu\s ,h5ry ,,viii ( ,engl& 7#adia-aedg7 sp5t mu* ( ! great weal? accumulat$ by 8 p5uri\s fa!r1 ,h5ry ,,vii1 9 enri*+ ! appe>ance ( 8 semi-b>b>ic c\rt4 ,9 ?is reign1 ! spoliation ( ! ,ca?olic ca!drals & *ur*es contribut$ _m pe>ls to ! royal treasury2 & onw>d f t "t1 !y 7 prom95tly display$ among ! ornam5ts ( ! wom5 ( rank 9 ,engl&4 ,mo/ ( ! portraits ( ,h5ry's wives %[ great quantities ( ^! gems2 _m ( !m ) sett+s d\btless design$ by arti/ic ,hans ,holbe9 ! ,y\ng] 7#adig-aedc72 & dur+ ! succe$+ reigns ! wom5 ne> ! ?rone 7 commonly depict$ ) elaborate pe>l decorations4 ,! cold1 unflatt]+ portraits by ,holbe9 ( ! c\rt celebrities ( t p]iod1 n only ( ! graci\s wom5 & ( ! d&ifi$ m51 b ( ! cl]gy z well1 %[ ! prom95ce ( pe>ls4 ,note 8 portrait ( ,jane ,seym\r1 ( ,anne ( ,cleves1 ( ,*ri/9a ( ,d5m>k1 & ! pe>l-incru/$ mit] ( ,ar*bi%op ,w>ham ( ,cant]bury4 ,an int]e/+ /ory is told ( ,sir ,?omas ,m1 ! le>n$ *ancellor ( ,h5ry ,,viii1 %[+ 8 view ( ! great display ( jewels :i* di/+ui%$ ! p]iod 9 :i* he liv$3 ,8 sonne ,john's wife (t5 _h reque/$ h] fa!r-9-law1 ,sir ,?omas1 to buy h] a billim5t sett ) pe>les4 ,he _h (t5 put h] (f ) _m pretty slights2 b at la/1 = h] importunity1 he provid$ h] "o4 ,in/ead ( pe>les1 he caus$ :ite peaze to be sett1 s t at 8 next com+ home1 8 daught]-9-law dem&$ h] jewel4 8,ay1 m>ry1 daught]1 ,i h n =gott5 !e60 ,s out ( 8 /udie he s5t = a box1 & solemnlie deliv]$ x to h]4 ,:5 %e1 ) great joy1 lookt = h] billim5t1 %e f\nd1 f> f h] expectation1 a billim5t ( peaze2 & s %e almo/ wept = v]ie griefe4#cj ,mean:ile1 9 ! yet unkn[n ,am]ica1 pe>ls 7 highly priz$1 & _! magic *>m _h tak5 an irresi/ible hold on aborig9es & on ! m highly civiliz$ inhabitants ( ,mexico & ,p]u4 ,9 ,mexico ! palaces ( ,montezuma 7 /udd$ ) pe>ls & em]alds1 & ! ,aztec k+s possess$ pe>ls ( ine/imable value4 ,t !y _h be5 collect$ else:]e = a long "t is evid5c$ by ! l>ge quantities 9 ! rec5tly op5$ m\nds ( ! ,ohio ,valley1 :i* rank among ! anci5t works ( man 9 ,am]ica4 ,z 9 ! ,old ,_w1 s 9 ! ,new1 !y _h be5 us$ z decoration = ! gods & = ! temples1 z well z = m5 & wom54 ,! pr9cipal imm$iate effect ( ,columbus's discov]y & ( ! comm]cial int]c\rse ) ! ,new ,_w1 0 ! great weal? ( pe>ls :i* enri*$ ! ,spani% trad]s4 ,! natives 7 f\nd 9 possession ( ri* fi%]ies on ! coa/ ( ,v5ezuela1 & some:at lat] on ! ,pacific coa/ ( ,panama & ,mexico1 :5ce ,eldorado adv5tur]s return$ to ,spa9 ) su* l>ge collections t--us+ an old *ronicl]'s expression--8!y 7 to e man l *aff40 ,= _m ye>s ,am]ica 0 be/ kn[n 9 ,seville1 ,cadiz1 & "s o!r ports ( ,europe1 z ! l& :5ce ! pe>ls came4 ,until ! developm5t ( ! m9es 9 ,mexico & ,p]u1 ! value ( ! pe>ls exce$$ t ( all o!r exports comb9$4 ,humboldt /ates t till #aecj ^! av]ag$ 9 value m ?an #hjj1jjj pia/res ye>ly4#ca ,& ?r\gh\t ! sixte5? c5tury ! ,am]ican fi%]ies--prosecut$ by ! ,spani>ds ) ! help ( native labor--furni%$ ,europe ) l>ge quantities1 ! records = "o ye> %[+ imports ( 8#fig p\nds' weight0 into ,seville alone4 ,= two c5turies foll[+ ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 extravagance 9 p]sonal decoration 0 almo/ unlimit$ at ! ,european c\rts1 & ! pe>ls exce$$ 9 quantity t ( all o!r gems4 ,enorm\s numb]s 7 worn by p]sons ( rank & =tune4 ,?is is app>5t1 n only f ! antiqu>ian records & ! hi/orical acc\nts1 b also 9 ! pa9t+s & engrav+s ( t "t2 portraits ( ! ,hapsburgs1 ! ,valois1 ! ,m$icis1 ! ,borgias1 ! ,tudors1 & ! ,/u>ts %[ great quantities ( pe>ls1 & relatively few o!r gems4 ,probably ! l>ge/ treasures 7 9 possession ( ! ,hapsburg family1 :i* furni%$ s _m sov]eigns to ! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 to ,au/ria1 & to ,spa91 & :i*1 by desc5t ?r\gh ,m>ia ,!resa1 cont9u$ to rule ! ,holy ,roman ,empire until its abolition 9 #ahjf1 & has s9ce rul$ ,au/ria & ,hung>y4 ,a numb] ( sup]b pieces ( jewelry own$ c5turies ago by memb]s ( ?is illu/ri\s family are yet 9 exi/5ce2 notably ! buckle ( ,*>les ,v1 & especially ! imp]ial cr[n ( ,au/ria1 made 9 #afjb by ord] ( ,rudolph ,,ii4#cb ,two great wom5 ( t p]iod are not$ = _! passion = pe>ls1 ,ca?>9e de' ,m$ici 7#aeai-hi71 & ,elizabe? ( ,engl& 7#aecc-afjc74 ,x requires b a glance at almo/ any ( _! portraits1 :]e9 !y are repres5t$ we>+ elaborate pe>l ornam5ts1 to see to :at an ext5t !y c>ri$ ?is fondness4 ,& _m o!r wom5 7 n f> beh9d !m1 among :om 7 ,m>y ,/u>t1 ,m>ie de' ,m$ici1 & ,h5rietta ,m>ia4 ,& n only by ! wom51 b by ! m5 also1 pe>ls 7 worn to :at n[ seems an extravagant ext5t4 ,ne>ly all ! portraits ( ,francis ,i 7#adid-aedg71 ,h5ry ,,ii 7#aeai-ei71 ,*>les ,,ix 7#aeej-gd71 & ,h5ry ,,iii 7#aeea-hi7 ( ,france2 ( ,james ,i 7#aeff-afbe71 & ( ,*>les ,i 7#afjj-di7 ( ,engl&1 & likewise ( o!r celebrities1 %[ a great pe>-%ap$ pe>l 9 "o e>4 ,_m portraits also %[ pe>ls on ! hats1 cloaks1 gloves1 etc4 ,:5 ! ,duke ( ,buck+ham w5t to ,p>is 9 #afbe1 to br+ ov] ,h5rietta ,m>ia to be que5 to ,*>les ,i1 he _h1 accord+ to an acc\nt 9 ! 8,antiqu>ian ,rep]tory10 9 addition to tw5ty-six o!r suits1 8a ri* suit ( purple sat91 embroid]$ all ov] ) ri* ori5t pe>ls1 ! cloak made aft] ! ,spani% mode1 ) all ?+s suitable1 ! value :]e( w be tw5ty ?\s& p\nds1 & ?is1 x is ?\ght1 %all be = ! w$d+ day at ,p>is40 ,9 ! ri* & prosp]\s cities ( s\!rn ,europe1 pe>ls 7 no less popul>4 ,f its %>e ( ! spoils ( ! ,byzant9e ,empire1 aft] its p>tition 9 #abjd1 pe>ls & o!r ri*es 7 pl5tiful 9 ,v5ice1 & !y 7 increas$ by ! rapidly develop+ trade ) ! ,ori5t4 ,9 ! rival m>itime cities1 ,g5oa & ,pisa1 ! gem 0 equally popul>2 & likewise 9 ,flor5ce 8! ,beautiful40 ,:5 ,h]cule d',e/e s\ght ,lucrezia ,borgia 7#adhj-aeai7 9 m>riage = 8 son1 h] fa!r1 ,pope ,alex&] ,,vi1 plung+ bo? h&s 9 a box fill$ ) pe>ls1 said3 8,all ^! are = h]6 ,i desire t 9 all ,italy %e %all be ! pr9cess ) ! mo/ beautiful pe>ls & ) ! greate/ numb]40#cc ,sep>at$ by ?ree c5turies ( "t & by ! int]v5+ simplicities ( puritanism & democracy1 x is difficult = u to appreciate ! passion = pe>ls 9 ,europe at t p]iod1 :i* may well be call$ ! ,pe>l ,age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>ia ,,!resa 7#agag-aghj71 ,,que5 ,,( ,,hung>y ,by ,m>t9 de ,myt5s1 #agdb ,! sumptu>y laws :i* prevail$ at diff]5t times 9 ,france1 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 & o!r c\ntries1 did n ov]look ?is extravagance2 & an entire volume might be devot$ to ! ef=ts to curb ! excessive use4 ,9 ,france !y 7 probably mo/ /r+5t dur+ ! reign ( ,philip ,,iv 7#abhe-acad71 ( ,l\is ,,xi 7#adfa-hc71 ( ,*>les ,,ix 7#aefj-gd71 ( ,h5ry ,,iii 7#aegd-hi71 & ( ,l\is ,,xiii 7#afaj-dc74 ,9 ,g]many almo/ e city _h its special re/rictions4 ,a sumptu>y law ( ,ulm1 9 #acde1 provid$ t no m>ri$ woman or maid51 ei!r among ! patricians or ! artisans1 %\ld we> pe>ls on h] dresses2 & ano!r1 9 #adaa1 re/rict$ !m to 8"o pe>l *aplet10 & ?is %\ld n exce$ twelve lo? 7half ounce7 9 weight4 ,a ,franki% sumptu>y law ( #adgi provid$ t ord9>y nobles s]v+ a knight at a t\rney %\ld n we> any pe>l ornam5ts1 embroid]$ or o!rwise1 except+ "o /r+ ar\nd ! cap or hat4 ,! regulations decre$ by ! ,diet ( ,worms1 9 #adie1 set =? t ! citiz5s :o 7 n ( noble bir?1 & nobles :o 7 n knights1 mu/ )hold f ! use ( gold & pe>ls4 ,a simil> provision 0 enact$ by ! ,diet ( ,freiburg 9 #adih1 & likewise by ! ,diet ( ,augsburg 9 #aecj1 :i* p]mitt$ ! wives ( nobles f\r silk dresses1 b )\t pe>ls4 ,9 ! sumptu>y law ( ,duke ,john ,george ( ,saxony1 ,april #bc1 #afab1 we read3 8! nobility are n all[$ to we> any dresses ( gold or silv]1 or g>ni%$ ) pe>ls2 nei!r %all ! pr(essors & doctors ( ! univ]sities1 nor _! wives1 we> any gold1 silv] or pe>ls = fr+es1 or any *a9s ( pe>ls1 or caps1 neck ornam5ts1 %oes1 slipp]s1 %awls1 p9s1 etc41 ) gold or silv] or ) pe>ls40 ,beadles1 burgoma/]s1 & ^? connect$ ) ! law-c\rts 7 =bidd5 to we> *a9s ( pe>ls & ornam5ts ( preci\s /ones on _! dresses1 caps1 etc41 or slipp]s or *aplets ) pe>ls4 ,probably 9 no place 7 ^! laws m /r+5t ?an 9 ! art-lov+ republic ( ,v5ice f ! f\rte5? to ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,?is seems rem>kable 9 view ( ! fact t ?is city 0 l>gely dep5d5t = its weal? & prom95ce on comm]ce ) ! ,ea/1 ( :i* pe>ls con/itut$ a prom95t item4 ,! e>lie/ ,v5etian re/riction t we h f\nd reg>d+ pe>ls 0 made 9 #abii2 :51 9 a decree det]m9+ ! maximum numb] ( gue/s at a m>riage c]emony & ! ext5t ( ! bridal tr\sseau1 ! gr& c\ncil ( ! republic provid$ t no "o b ! bride %\ld we> pe>l decorations1 & %e %\ld be p]mitt$ only "o girdle ( !m on h] w$d+ dress4 ,?is enactm5t 0 modifi$ 9 #acjf1 b num]\s o!r re/rictions 7 sub/itut$1 notably 9 #accd1 #acdj1 #acfj1 #adig1 & #aefb4 ,^! diff]$ 9 _m p>ticul>s3 "s =bade ornam5ts or trimm+s ( pe>ls1 gold1 or silv] on ! dresses ( any wom5 except a memb] ( ! ,doge's family2 & o!r enactm5ts requir$ t1 aft] a def9ite p]iod ( m>ri$ life1 no woman %\ld be p]mitt$ to we> pe>ls ( any k9d4 ,b an exam9ation ( ! docum5ts & ( ! pa9t+s ( t p]iod %[s t ^! decrees _h little effect1 & ! luxury ( ! 8,que5 ( ! ,adriatic0 9 ! use ( pe>ls at ! mo/ brilliant epo* 9 h] hi/ory is aptly reproduc$ 9 ! portraits by ,giovanni ,bell9i1 ,lor5zo ,lotto1 ! great ,titian1 ,t9toretto1 ,paul ,v]onese1 & o!r arti/s ( ! highe/ rank4 ,9 ! engrav+ by ,h5drik ,goltzius ( a m>riage at ,v5ice 9 #aehd1 n "o ( ! _m wom5 pres5t seems to be )\t h] necklace & e>r+s ( pe>ls1 & "s ( !m h sev]al necklaces4#cd ,& ! same appe>s true ( ! pr9cipal female figures 9 ,jo/ ,amman's not$ engrav+1 8,! ,esp\sal ( ! ,sea10 execut$ 9 #aefe4ce ,z pres]vation ( ! republic became m difficult ) decl9+ res\rces & ) ! cont9u$ gr[? ( dazzl+ spl5dor1 a resolution 9 ! ,s5ate1 dat$ ,july #h1 #aeii1 set =? t 8! use & price ( pe>ls has become s excessive & increases to su* an ext5t f day to day1 t if "s rem$y is n provid$1 x w cause injury1 disord]s1 & notable inconv5i5ce to public & private well-be+1 z ea* "o ( ?is c\ncil 9 8 wisdom c v easily appreciate40 ,& !n x 0 enact$3 8,t1 )\t repeal+ ! o!r regulations :i* absolutely prohibit ! we>+ ( pe>ls1 x %all be expressly enjo9$ t any woman1 :e!r ( noble bir? or a simple citiz51 or ( any o!r condition1 :o %all reside 9 ?is our city = "o ye> 7except h] ,s]5ity ! ,dog>essa & h] daught]s & h] daught]s-9-law :o live 9 ! palace71 aft] ! expiration ( fifte5 ye>s f ! day ( h] fir/ m>riage1 %all lay aside ! /r+ ( pe>ls ar\nd h] neck & %all n we> or use1 ei!r ^u h] neck or ^u any o!r "p ( h] p]son1 ?is /r+ or any o!r k9d ( pe>ls or any?+ :i* imitates pe>ls1 nei!r 9 ?is city nor 9 any o!r city or place )9 our dom9ion1 "u ! irremissible p5alty ( two hundr$ ducats40 ,& yet t5 ye>s lat]1 on ,may #e1 #afji1 ano!r law enact$ 9 ! ,s5ate /at$3 ,al?\gh 9 ! ye> #aeii ?is c\ncil decid$ ) great wisdom t m>ri$ wom5 %\ld be p]mitt$ to we> pe>ls = only fifte5 ye>s aft] _! fir/ m>riage1 nev]!less x is v evid5t t ! desir$ end has n be5 atta9$1 & ! extravagance has cont9u$ up to ! pres5t "t & /ill cont9ues ) ! grave/ injury to private p]sons4 ,!re=e1 z x is necess>y to rem$y1 by a new provision1 n only ?is consid]able incommodity1 b also to prev5t 9 ! future ! introduction into ! city ( a great] quantity ( pe>ls ?an are f\nd "h at pres5t1 x is enact$1 t m>ri$ wom5 z well z ^? :o %all m>ry 9 ! future 7except ! ,s]5e ,dog>essa & h] daught]s & h] daught]s-9-law liv+ 9 ! palace7 ( :atev] grade & condition !y may be1 :o h resid$ 9 ?is city = "o ye>1 _c we> pe>ls ( any k9d except = t5 ye>s imm$iately foll[+ ! day ( _! fir/ m>riage2 & aft] t p]iod !y mu/ lay aside ^! pe>ls :i* !y are =bidd5 to we> on any "p ( _! p]sons1 at home or abroad1 & z well 9 ?is z 9 ! o!r cities1 l&s1 & o!r places ( our dom9ion1 "u ! p5alty ( two hundr$ ducats4 ,& if ! husb& ( ! (f5d+ wife is a noble1 he %all be proclaim$ 9 ! great] c\ncil & decl>$ a debtor to ! (fice ( ! gov]nors ( ! rev5ue 9 ! sum ( tw5ty-five ducats = ea* f9e2 & if he is a citiz5 or ( any o!r condition1 besides ! p5alty ( two hundr$ ducats & ! f9e ( tw5ty-five ducats above m5tion$1 he %all be bani%$ = ?ree ye>s f ,v5ice & ! ,du*y1 & ! same = ea* (f5ce4 ,& pe>ls or any?+ :i* imitates pe>ls1 %all be =bidd5 to all o!r wom51 m5 & boys or girls ( e age & condition at all times & 9 all places1 "u ! same p5alty ( two hundr$ ducats4 ,9 ! future no "o %all 9 any mann] br+ pe>ls to ?is city z m]*&ise1 "u ! p5alty ( _! seizure & =feiture4 ,& ! m]*ant %all be imprison$ = five consecutive ye>s2 & if he flees1 he %all be bani%$ f ! city & di/rict ( ,v5ice & f all o!r cities1 l&s1 & places ( our dom9ion = eight consecutive ye>s4444 ,& all :o at pres5t h pe>ls to sell are requir$ to deposit a li/ ( !m ) ! sumptu>y (fice1 s z to avoid all fraud :i* c\ld be practic$ 9 ?is matt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p>ti ,,prese ,,nell ,,eccell5tiss ,conseglio di ,pregadi4 #aeii4 ,adi #h4 ,luglio1 #afji4 #e4 ,maggio4 ,9 mat]ia di ,p]le4 ,/ampata p] ,antonio ,p9elli1 ,/ampator ,ducale4 ,a ,s4 ,m>ia ,=mosa1 9 ,cale del ,mondo ,novo4 ,a copy ( ! title-page ( ?is enactm5t is pres5t$ above4 ,! decrees & edicts 7 n conf9$ to ,v5ice1 or to ,italy1 ,france1 or ,g]many2 !y made _! appe>ance q g5]ally ?r\gh\t we/]n & nor!rn ,europe & ! int]dictions ( ! civil au?orities 7 /r5g!n$ by ! voice ( ! bi%ops & o!r cl]gy1 especially 9 ! imp]ial cities ( s\!rn ,g]many4 ,yet ! unit$ au?ority ( *ur* & /ate 0 ineffectual 9 /emm+ ! tide ( fa%ion & p]sonal fancy1 & :e!r or n pe>ls %\ld be worn became "o ( ! mu* discuss$ que/ions ( t p]iod4 ,to ! "q1 8,:e!r ! /atute & regulation ( ,bi%op ,tud]t9us1 :o _h excommunicat$ all wom5 :o wore pe>ls1 0 b9d+10 ,joannes ,guidius repli$ t _m d5i$ t ?is 0 s1 & made ! subtle def5se t 8! wom5 _h n accept$ x & all _h worn pe>ls1 & x 0 consid]$ t su* a law 0 b9d+ only :5 x 0 accept$ by ^? = :om x 0 int5d$40#cf ,& z to ! validity ( ! /atutes requir+ t wom5 %\ld n we> m ?an a def9ite numb] ( pe>ls1 he decid$ t 8su* a /atute is valid & 9 itself good4 ,& if ! "q is put :e!r e woman :o infr+es incurs ! p5alty1 an answ] may be ga!r$ f ! say+s ( ! doctors1 :o di/+ui% betwe5 m>ri$ & unm>ri$ wom54 ,!y consid] t an unm>ri$ woman is oblig$ to obey ! /atute & regulation or to incur ! p5alty4 ,b z to a m>ri$ woman1 if h] husb& approves1 %e %\ld obey ! /atute2 if1 h[ev]1 ! husb& objects1 !n ! wife ought to wi% to obey ! /atute1 b 9 effect %e %\ld r obey h] husb&1 = %e is mo/ imm$iately & /rongly b\nd to d ?is40#cg ,aid$ by su* +5i\s op9ions z ^!1 ! wom5 cont9u$ to foll[ _! own incl9ations not)/&+ ! opposition ( *ur* & /ate4 ,o!r f9e di/9ctions 7 drawn by ! lawy]s ( t day reg>d+ own]%ip ( gems "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,= in/ance1 x 0 decid$ t pe>ls giv5 by a fa!r to 8 unm>ri$ daught] rema9$ h] prop]ty aft] m>riage because 8!y are giv5 = a reason1 namely to induce a m>riage02 yet 8pe>ls h&$ to a wife by h] husb& are n consid]$ z h] prop]ty1 b mu/ be giv5 to 8 heirs1 s9ce x is suppos$ t !y 7 giv5 only = h] adornm5t4 ,! same holds good z respects pe>ls h&$ to a daught]-9-law by h] fa!r-9-law40#ch ,h[ev]1 ! gre$ ( fa%ion1 :i* law-mak]s & bi%ops c\ld n arre/1 0 gradually satiat$2 &1 influ5c$ probably by ! horrors ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 m simple ta/e prevail$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,9 ! meantime1 improvem5ts 9 cutt+ & poli%+ _h greatly increas$ ! beauty & popul>ity ( diamonds & o!r cry/al gems1 & ?is adv]sely affect$ ! dem& = pe>ls4 ,fur!rmore1 clev]ly fa%ion$ imitations manufactur$ at a l[ co/ also s]v$ to decrease ! relative rank & fa%ion ( ! sea-born gems4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 pe>ls 7 relatively sc>ce2 ! res\rces ( ! ,am]ican seas 7 l>gely exhau/$1 likewise ! ,ceylon & ,r$ ,sea fi%]ies 7 n to be dep5d$ on1 & practically ! entire supply came f ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 ) a few f ,european riv]s & ! wat]s ( ,*9a4 ,z a result1 al?\gh !y cont9u$ to be priz$ by connoisseurs1 pe>ls 7 n s ext5sively s\ght aft] by ! rank & file ( jewel pur*as]s4 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t f ! mo/ anci5t times1 ! pr9ces ( ,india & ( ,p]sia h _h _! pick & *oice ( ! output f ,ceylon & ! ,p]sian ,gulf2 & ! l>ge/ s+le collections ( ! ,we/]n _w h nev] equal$ ! possessions ( "s ( ^? rul]s4 ,"s ,indian pr9ces h load$ !mselves ) ?\s&s ( pe>ls1 & individual ornam5ts h be5 valu$ n only by ori5tal1 b by ,european exp]ts1 at sev]al millions ( doll>s4 ,! great diamond res\rces ( ,brazil 7 discov]$ 9 #agbg1 & aft] a few ye>s ^! came on ! m>ket at ! rate ( #adj1jjj c>ats annually4 ,at t "t ladies ( rank did n e/eem diamonds s highly z pe>ls4 ,?is di/9ction 0 acc5tuat$ by ,"l ,h]vey 9 8 acc\nt ( ! coronation1 9 #agbg1 ( ,george ,,ii & 8 consort ,c>ol9e1 :o wore n only ! great pe>l necklace inh]it$ f ,que5 ,anne1 b 8_h on h] head & %\ld]s all ! pe>ls %e c\ld borr[ ( ! ladies ( quality at "o end ( ! t[n1 & on h] petticoat all ! diamonds %e c\ld hire ( ! ,jews & jewel]s at ! o!r2 s t ! appe>ance & ! tru? ( h] f9]y 0 a mixture ( magnific5ce & meanness n unlike ! clat ( royalty 9 _m o!r p>ticul>s1 :5 x comes to be nicely consid]$ & its s\rce trac$ to :at money hires or flatt]y l5ds40#ci ,9 a portrait ( ,*>lotte 7#agdd-ahah71 wife ( ,george ,,iii1 ! pe>ls & diamonds appe> equally popul>4 ,on ! entry ( ! ,briti% into possession ( ,ceylon 9 #agif1 ! fi%]ies ( t c\ntry 7 resum$ ) great success aft] ?irty ye>s ( idl5ess1 result+ 9 v l>ge outputs = sev]al seasons4 ,b ow+ to exhau/ion ( ! areas1 !y 7 soon r$uc$1 & ! yield became small & unc]ta94 ,ab\t #ahde1 pe>ls came on ! m>ket f ! ,tuamotu ,ar*ipelago & o!r ,s\? ,sea isl&s1 & ! indu/ry 0 reviv$ on ! ,mexican coa/4 ,! pe>ls f ^! localities are not$ = _! range ( coloration1 & p>ticul>ly = ! v d>k %ades1 black or gre5i% black be+ especially prom95t4 ,b ! fa%ion1 & ?us1 necess>ily1 ! dem&1 _h always be5 = :ite & yell[ pe>ls2 consequ5tly1 ^! black ones 7 ( little value 9 ! m>kets until ab\t t5 ye>s lat]1 :5 !y became fa%ionable 9 ,europe l>gely ?r\gh _! popul>ity ) ,empress ,eugnie ( ,france1 !n at ! height ( h] p[]4 ,to ?is que51 pe>ls owe mu* ( _! high rank 9 fa%ion 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury2 & on h] head !y 7 royal gems royally worn1 z appe>s f ,w9t]halt]'s portrait ( h]1 %[+ h] magnific5t necklace4 ,! discov]y ( ! res\rces on ! ,au/ralian coa/ ab\t #ahfe1 & ! developm5t ( ! fi%]y !re = "m-(-pe>l1 result$ 9 _m l>ge :ite pe>ls com+ f t coa/4 ,! se>* 0 conf9$ to ! relatively %oal wat]s1 until ! introduction ( div+-suits ab\t #ahhj4 ,! use ( ^! facilitat$ a consid]able ext5sion ( ! fi%]ies n only on ! ,au/ralian coa/1 b also 9 ,mexico1 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 sev]al ( ! ,s\? ,sea isl&s1 & "s m9or localities4 ,9 ,am]ica1 few jewels 7 worn previ\s to ! ,civil ,w>1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( great weal? & to ! simplicity ( ta/e 9 p]sonal decorations4 ,! rapid increase 9 weal? & luxury1 on ! t]m9ation ( t w>1 result$ 9 a great dem& = gems1 & ! mo/ brilliant & %[y ones 7 select$1 especially diamonds4 ,?is dem& 0 ! m readily suppli$ by ! discov]y ( ! ,s\? ,african m9es1 ) _! great yield f #ahgj to ! pres5t "t4 ,s popul> did t gem become t _m a "y man inve/$ 8 fir/ e>n+s 9 a 8brilliant10 & an enorm\s diamond 9 ! %irt-front became ! c>icatur$ emblem ( a prosp]\s hotel cl]k4 ,b 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 9 ,europe1 z well z 9 ,am]ica & else:]e :]e gems are worn1 luxury f\nd 9 pe>ls a ref9em5t1 associat$ ) ri*ness & beauty1 exce$+ t ( diamonds & o!r cry/al gems1 & 9 ! la/ few ye>s !y h tak5 ! highe/ rank among jewels4 ,?is *ange 9 fa%ion & ! increase 9 weal? among ! p develop$ va/ly great] dem&s & consequ5tly v mu* high] prices4 ,^! h result$ 9 greatly ext5d+ ! field ( se>*1 & dur+ ! la/ two or ?ree decades _m new t]ritories h be5 br\ght into production4 ,by f> ! mo/ important ( ^! new regions is ! ,mississippi ,valley 9 ,am]ica1 ! pe>l res\rces ( :i* 7 made kn[n ab\t a score ( ye>s ago4 ,z ! exploitation develop$1 ! gems f ^! /reams add$ v l>gely to ! supply1 especially ( ! b>oque or irregul> pe>ls1 :i* h increas$ greatly 9 fa%ion 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s4 ,illu/ration ,,lady ,,ab+] ,,mrs4 ,,adair ,,lady ,,wimborne ,,hon4 ,,mrs4 ,,r5>d ,,gr,,ville ,,m>*ioness ,,( ,,lansd[ne ,,lady ,,londond]ry ,,b>oness ,,de ,,=e/ ,not)/&+ ! popul> idea t pe>ls are sc>ce ow+ to depletion ( ! fi%]ies1 !y are d\btless produc$ 9 great] quantities at pres5t ?an ev] be=e 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,true1 !y 7 m pl5tiful 9 ,rome aft] ! ,p]sian conque/1 & 9 ,spa9 imm$iately foll[+ ! exploitation ( tropical ,am]ica2 b x is highly probable t 9 no equal p]iod h ! entire fi%]ies ( ! _w yield$ great] quantities ?an 9 ! five ye>s f #aijc to #aijg inclusive4 ,c]ta9 individual fi%]ies are n[ less productive ?an at ! height ( _! prosp]ity2 ^? 9 ! ,r$ ,sea d n comp>e favorably ) _! condition 9 anci5t times1 ! ,european res\rces are ne>ly exhau/$1 ! supplies f ! ,v5ezuelan coa/ d n equal ^? obta9$ e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! yield f ,mexico is n s ext5sive z tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 & ! same is true ( "s o!r regions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! great fi%]ies ( ,p]sia & ,ceylon are yet v prosp]\s1 ! ,ceylon fi%]y ( #aije surpass+ all records1 & ! numb] ( m9or pe>l+ regions has l>gely increas$4 ,! pres5t value ( pe>ls--:i* has advanc$ enorm\sly s9ce #ahic--;is due to ! ext5d$ m>kets & ! increas$ weal? & fa%ion 9 ,we/]n c\ntries1 r ?an to dim9i%$ fi%]ies4 ,! ori5tal dem& /ill consumes ! bulk ( ! ,p]sian & ,indian output1 & ! va/ increase 9 weal? among ! middle classes 9 ,am]ica1 ,europe1 & else:]e1 has increas$ ! dem& t5fold ov] t ( a c5tury ago4 ,:ile wom5 no long] appe> ornam5t$ f head to foot z 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 pe>ls are 9 ! highe/ fa%ion1 & ! woman ( rank & weal? usually prizes fir/ among h] jewels h] necklace ( pe>ls4 ,,iii ,,orig9 ,,( ,,pe>ls ,,iii ,,orig9 ,,( ,,pe>ls ,heav5-born & cradl$ 9 ! deep blue sea1 x is ! pure/ ( gems & ! mo/ preci\s4 ,s4 ,m4 ,,zwem]4 ,! orig9 ( pe>ls has be5 a fruitful subject ( speculation & discussion among naturali/s ( all ages1 & has provok$ _m curi\s explanations4 ,mo/ ( ! e>ly views--univ]sally accept$ dur+ ^? c5turies :5 tradition _h m influ5ce ?an obs]vation & exp]im5t--h no /&+ among naturali/s at ! pres5t "t4 ,& al?\gh mu* in=mation has be5 ga9$ z to ! conditions accompany+ _! gr[?1 & _m !ories are ent]ta9$1 ea* ) "s basis 9 obs]v$ fact1 sci5ce does n yet speak ) conclusive & unque/ion$ au?ority z to ! precise mann] ( _! orig9 & developm5t4 ,ow+ to ! *a/e & subdu$ beauty ( pe>ls1 x is n /range t poets ( _m c\ntries h f\nd$ _! orig9 9 te>s--te>s ( angels1 ( wat]-nymphs1 ( ! lovely & devot$4 ,sir ,walt] ,scott 9 8,! ,bridal ( ,tri]ma90 ref]s to-- ,! pe>ls t long h slept1 ,^! 7 te>s by ,naiads wept4 ,9 "o ( 8 mo/ lovely & consol+ ?\ghts1 ,%aksp]e says3 ,! liquid drops ( te>s t y h %$1 ,%all come aga91 trans=m'd to ori5t pe>l1 ,advantag+ _! loan ) int]e/ ,( t5 times d\ble ga9 ( happ9ess4 ,& we quote f ,rck]t's 8,edel/e9 und ,p]l503 ,i 0 ! ,angel1 :o ( old b[$ d[n ,f ,heav5 to e>? & %$ t te>1 ,o ,pe>l1 ,f :i* ?\ w]t fir/-fa%ion$ 9 ?y %ell4 ,to !e ,i gave t long+ 9 ?y %ell1 ,:i* guid$ !e & caus$ !e to escape1 ,o ,pe>l1 f ! bewit*+ sir5s' song4 ,9 lu/] !y s closely resemble ! limpid1 sp>kl+ dewdrop z x fir/ receives ! sun's rays1 t ! anci5ts v naturally conceiv$ t pe>ls are =m$ f drops ( dew or ra94 ,! usual leg5d is1 t at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>1 ! pe>l-oy/]s rise to ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! morn+1 & !re op5 _! %ells & imbibe ! dewdrops2 ^!1 aid$ by ! brea? ( ! air & ! w>m? ( ! sunlight1 are1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 trans=m$ into lu/r\s pe>ls2 b if ! air & ! sunlight are n receiv$ 9 suffici5t quantities1 ! pe>ls d n atta9 p]fection & are faulty 9 =m1 color1 & lu/]4 ,h[ev] rem>kable & ev5 absurd ?is may seem at pres5t1 x appe>s to h be5 univ]sally accept$ = c5turies by ! mo/ le>n$ m5 ( ,europe z well z by primitive p :o delight 9 ! my/ical & fanta/ic4 ,?is op9ion 0 record$ 9 ! ,sanskrit books ( ! ,brahmans & 9 o!r ori5tal lit]ature4 ,! classical & m$ieval writ+s ( ,europe conta9 num]\s ref]5ces to x2 & x is f\nd ev5 yet 9 ! traditions & folk-lore ( "s peoples4 ,9 ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d41 ,pl9y wrote 9 8 8,hi/oria naturalis10 accord+ to ,dr4 ,philemon ,holl&'s qua9t translation3 ,! fruit ( ^! %ell fi%es are ! ,pe>les1 bett] or worse1 great or small1 accord+ to ! qualitie & quantitie ( ! dew :i* !y receiv$4 ,= if ! dew 7 pure & cle>e :i* w5t into !m1 !n are ! ,pe>les :ite1 faire1 & ,ori5t2 b if grosse & tr\bl$1 ! ,pe>les likewise are dimme1 f\le1 & duski%2 pale !y are1 if ! wea!r 7 close1 d>ke & ?reat5+ ra9e 9 ! "t ( _! conception4 ,:]eby 7no d\bt7 x is app>5t & pla9e1 t !y p>ticipate m ( ! aire & sky1 ?an ( ! wat] & ! sea2 = accord+ z ! morn+ is faire1 s are !y cle]e3 b o!rwise1 if x 7 mi/y & cl\dy1 !y also w be ?icke & muddy 9 col\r4 ,if !y may h _! full "t & season to fe$1 ! ,pe>les likewise w ?rive & gr[ bigge3 b if 9 ! "t x *ance to light51 !n !y close _! %ells toge!r1 & = want ( n\ri%m5t are kept hungrie & fa/+1 & s ! pe>les keepe at a /ay & prosp] n accord+ly4 ,b if x ?und] )all1 !n sudd5ly !y %ut h>d at once1 & bre$ only ^? excresc5ces :i* be call$ ,physemata1 l unto bladd]s puft up & hoov$ ) w9d1 no corporal sub/ance at all3 & ^! are ! abortive untimely fruits ( ^! %ell fi%es4#dj ,illu/ration3 ,,panama ,,%ell 7,m>g>itif]a m>g>itif]a mazatlanica7 ,) pe>ls atta*$ ,illu/ration3 ,,v5ezuela ,,%ell 7,m>g>itif]a radiata7 ,%[+ gr[? ( pe>ls ,pl9y's views 7 probably d]iv$ f ! anci5t au?orities ( 8 "t1 p>ticul>ly f ,mega/h5es1 ,*>es ( ,mytil5e1 & ,isidorus ( ,*>ace2 & ^! curi\s fictions 7 incorporat$ by subsequ5t writ]s & influ5c$ popul> op9ion = _m c5turies4 ,) sc>cely a s+le exception1 e record$ !ory f ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 to ! fifte5? c5tury evid5ces a belief 9 dew-=m$ pe>ls4 ,?is !ory is ref]r$ to by ,?omas ,moore 9 8 well-kn[n l9es3 ,& preci\s ! te> z t ra9 f ! sky1 ,:i* turns into pe>ls z x falls 9 ! sea4 ,! ,spani%-,hebrew travel] ,b5jam9 ( ,tudela1 9 8 8,masao?0 9 ,p]sia 7f #aafj to #aagc71 wrote3 8,9 ^! places pe>ls are f\nd1 made by ! wond]ful artifice ( nature3 = on ! f\r & tw5tie? day ( ! mon? ,nisan1 a c]ta9 dew falle? into ! wat]s1 :i* be+ suck$ 9 by ! oy/]s1 !y imm$iately s9k to ! bottom ( ! sea2 aft]w>ds1 ab\t ! middle ( ! mon? ,tisri1 m5 desc5d to ! bottom ( ! sea1 &1 by ! help ( cords1 ^! m5 br++ up ! oy/]s 9 great quantities f !nce1 op5 & take out ( !m ! pe>ls40#da ,f ! 8,bu/an10 "o ( ! mo/ popul> works ( ,sadi1 ! ,p]sian poet 7#aaij-abia ,a4,d471 ,davie quotes3 ,f ! cl\d !re desc5d$ a droplet ( ra92 ',twas a%am$ :5 x saw ! expanse ( ! ma91 ,say+3 8,:o may ,i be1 :]e ! sea has its run8 ,if ! sea has exi/5ce1 ,i1 truly1 h none60 ,s9ce 9 its own eyes ! drop humble appe>$1 ,9 its bosom1 a %ell ) its life ! drop re>$2 ,! sky br\ght ! "w ) success to a close1 ,& a fam$ royal pe>l f ! ra9-drop arose4 ,because x 0 humble x excell5ce ga9$2 ,pati5tly wait+ till success 0 atta9$4 ,ev5 ! usually well-in=m$ ,william ,camd5 7#aeea-afbc71 9 ^: honor ! ,camd5 ,hi/orical ,society ( ,engl& 0 nam$1 accept$ ! !ory ( dew-=m$ pe>ls4 ,he /at$ t ! riv] ,conway 9 ,wales 8bre$s a k9d ( %ells1 :i* be+ pregnat$ ) dew1 produce pe>l40#db ,also1 speak+ ( ! ,irt 9 c\nty ,cumb]l&1 ,engl&1 he said3 8,9 ?is brook1 ! %ell-fi%1 eag]ly suck+ 9 ! dew1 conceive & br+ =? pe>ls1 or 7to use ! poet's ^w7 %ell b]ries 7,baccas con*eas740#dc ,a rec5t lett] f ! ,am]ican consul at ,ad5 indicates t ?is view is held ev5 yet by ! ,arabs ( t region4 ,9 giv+ _! explanation = ! pres5t sc>city 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 he /ates3 8,!re is a belief among !m t a pe>l is =m$ f a drop ( ra9 caught 9 ! m\? ( ! pe>l-oy/]1 :i* by "s *emical process aft] a "t turns into a pe>l2 & z !re has be5 v little ra9 9 t region = sev]al ye>s pa/1 !re are few pe>ls40 ,s firmly e/abli%$ ?r\gh\t ,europe 0 ! belief 9 dew-=m$ pe>ls1 t its non-acceptance by ! native ,indians ( ,am]ica excit$ ! commis]ation ( ! ,italian hi/orian ,pet] ,m>tyr1 9 8 8,de ,orbe ,novo10 "o ( ! v fir/ books on ,am]ica1 publi%$ 9 #aeag4 ,he /ates3 8,b t !y pe>ls ( ,m>g>ita ,isl& on ! pres5t coa/ ( ,v5ezuela become :ite by ! cle>nesse ( ! morn+ dewe1 or waxe yel[e 9 tr\bl$ wea!r1 or o!rwise t !y seeme to rejoice 9 fayre wea!r & de> ayre1 or contr>y-wise1 to be z x 7 a/oni%$ & dymme 9 ?und] & tempe/s1 ) su* o!r1 ! p]fect k h]e( is n to be look$ = at ! h&s ( ^! unle>n$ m51 :i* h&le ! matt] b grossly & enquire no fur!r ?an occasion s]ve?40#dd ,pet] ,m>tyr 0 di/+ui%$ = 8 le>n+1 0 an in/ructor at ! c\rt ( ,spa9 at ! height ( its p[]1 & came 9 contact ) ! mo/ enlight5$ m5 ( ,europe1 consequ5tly x may be assum$ t he reflect$ ! be/ op9ions ( 8 "t4 ,x 0 n long be=e ! aborig9es ( ,am]ica 7 n alone 9 discr$it+ ! views :i* _h prevail$ 9 ,europe = m ?an fifte5 hundr$ ye>s4 ,t practical old sailor ,sir ,ri*>d ,hawk9s conclud$ t ?is mu/ be 8"s old philosoph]'s conceit1 = x c n be made probable h[ ! dew %\ld come into ! oy/]40#de ,a simil> view is express$ by ,urba9 ,*auveton 9 8 edition ( ,girolamo ,b5zoni's 8,hi/oria del ,mondo ,nuovo10 publi%$ at ,g5eva 9 #aegh4 ,f 8 ref]5ce to pe>l-oy/]s on ! ,v5ezuelan coa/1 we translate3 ,illu/ration3 ,%ells f ,v5ezuela 7,m>g>itif]a radiata7 ) atta*$ pe>ls ,illu/ration3 ,ext]ior view ( same ,illu/ration3 ,x-ray photograph ( %ell1 pr9t$ ?r\gh ext]ior ( %ell & %[+ ency/$ pe>ls ,ar\nd ! isl& ( ,cubagua & else:]e on ! ea/]n coa/1 are s&y places :]e ! pe>l-oy/]s gr[4 ,!y produce _! eggs 9 v l>ge quantities & likewise pe>ls at ! same "t4 ,b x is necess>y to h pati5ce to let !m gr[ & mature to p]fection4 ,!y are s(t at ! beg9n+ l ! roe ( fi%2 & z ! mollusk gradually gr[s1 !y gr[ also & sl[ly h>d54 ,sometimes _m are f\nd 9 "o %ell1 :i* are h>d & small1 l gravel4 ,p]sons :o h se5 !m :ile fi%+ say t !y are s(t z long z !y are 9 ! sea1 & t ! h>dness comes to !m only :5 !y are out ( ! wat]4 ,pl9y says z mu*1 speak+ ( ! ,ori5tals 9 ,book ,,ix1 ( 8 ,natural ,hi/ory1 *4 #ce4 ,b z to t au?or & ,alb]t ! ,great & o!r writ]s ^u ! g5]ation ( pe>ls1 :o h said t ! oy/]s conceive !m by means ( ! dew :i* !y suck 91 & t accord+ z ! dew is cle> or cl\dy ! pe>ls also are transluc5t or d>k1 etc41 etc41--all ?is is a little difficult to believe2 = daily obs]vation %[s t all ! pe>ls f\nd 9 ! same %ell are n ( ! same excell5ce1 nor ( ! same =m1 ! same p]fection ( color1 nor ! same size1 z !y w\ld or mu/ be if !y 7 conceiv$ by ! dew all at "o "t4 ,besides ?is1 9 _m ( ! isl&s ! ,indians g fi%+ = !m 9 t5 or twelve fa?oms dep?1 & 9 "s cases !y are s firmly atta*$ to ! rocks 9 ! sea t !y c be wr5*$ (f only by ma9 /r5g?4 ,w\ld x n be difficult = !m to inhale ! qu9tess5ce ( ! air !re8 ,x seems !n t x is ! g]m & ! mo/ noble "p ( ! eggs ( ! oy/] :i* are conv]t$ into pe>ls r ?an any o!r ?+2 & ! div]sities ( size1 color1 & o!r qualities1 proce$ f ! fact t "s are m advanc$ ?an o!rs1 z we see eggs 9 ! body ( ! h54#df ,! old !ory ( dew-=m$ pe>ls 0 illu/rat$ ev5 z late z #afhd on a m$al /ruck 9 honor ( ,el5a ,piscopia ( ! ,corr>o family ( ,v5ice4 ,?is bore an oy/]-%ell op5 & receiv+ drops ( dew1 & und]nea? 0 engrav$ ! motto 8,rore div9o0 7,by div9e dew74 ,ev5 yet "o he>s occasionally f out-(-!-way places--z 9 ! in/ance report$ by ! ,am]ican consul at ,ad5--( pe>ls =m$ f ra9 or dew1 not)/&+ t !re seems to exi/ absolutely no ju/ification = x 9 sci5tific zology4 ,probably ! mo/ popul> !ory ent]ta9$ f ! fifte5? to ! sev5te5? c5tury 0 t pe>ls 7 =m$ f ! eggs ( ! oy/]4 ,?is 0 intimat$ by ,*auveton 9 ! quotation above giv51 & x 0 also ref]r$ to by _m naturali/s4 ,9 an int]e/+ lett]1 dat$ ,dec4 #a1 #afgc1 & giv+ z 8 au?ority ! te/imony ( an eye-witness1 8,h5ricus ,arnoldi1 an +5i\s & v]aci\s ,dane10 ,*ri/oph] ,s&ius wrote3 8,pe>l %ells 9 ,norway d bre$ 9 sweet wat]s2 _! %ells are l mussels1 b l>g]2 ! fi% is l an oy/]1 x produces clu/]s ( eggs2 ^!1 :5 ripe1 are ca/ out & become l ^? t ca/ !m2 b sometimes x appe>s t "o or two ( ^! eggs /ick fa/ to ! side ( ! matrix1 & are n void$ ) ! re/4 ,^! are f$ by ! oy/] aga9/ h] w & !y d gr[1 accord+ to ! l5g? ( "t1 into pe>ls ( diff]5t bigness40#dg ,?is possibly hit ! m>k ) great] accuracy ?an ! obs]vations ( ! 8+5i\s & v]aci\s ,dane0 w>rant$1 = he seems to h _h q a diff]5t idea z to ! mann] 9 :i* ! pe>ls are 8f$ by ! oy/] aga9/ h] w0 f ^? g5]ally ent]ta9$ by naturali/s at ! pres5t "t4 ,h[ev]1 ,oliv] ,goldsmi? settl$ ! matt] by decl>+ briefly3 8,:e!r pe>ls be a disease or an accid5t 9 ! animal is sc>ce wor? enquiry40#dh ,?us x seems t not)/&+ all t _h be5 writt5 & ! ext5d$ att5tion giv5 to ! subject1 !ory prevail$ to ! almo/ complete exclusion ( practical inve/igation1 ) little intellig5t advance ov] ,topsy's 8'spect !y j gr[$40 ,ow+1 d\btless1 to ! sc>city ( pe>l-be>+ mollusks 9 _! vic9ities1 naturali/s ( ,europe 7 some:at sl[ 9 giv+ att5tion to ! orig9 ( pe>ls4 ,?is is fur!r acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ! gems occur m frequ5tly 9 old & diseas$ %ells ?an 9 ! *oice specim5s :i* h naturally attract$ ! notice ( con*ologi/s4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ( ! orig9al obs]vations made on ?is subject 0 t by ,rondelet1 :o1 9 #aeed1 advanc$ ! idea t pe>ls are diseas$ concretions occurr+ 9 ! mollusca1 simil> to ! morbid calculi 9 ! mammalia4#di ,! fir/ writ] to intimate ! simil>ity 9 /ructural mat]ial or sub/ance betwe5 pe>ls & ! int]ior ( ! %ell 9 :i* !y are =m$1 appe>s to h be5 ,anselmus de ,boot 7circa #afjj71 :o wrote t ! pe>ls 8are g5]at$ 9 ! body ( ! creature ( ! same hum\r ( :i* ! %ell is =m$2 444 = :5ev] ! little creature is ill & ha? n /r5g? en\gh to bel* up or expel ?is hum\r :i* /icke? 9 ! body1 x become? ! rudim5ts ( ! pe>l2 to :i* new hum\r1 be+ add$ & assimilat$ into ! same nature1 begets a new sk91 ! cont9u$ addition ( :i* g5]ates a pe>l40#ej ,! ,portuguese travel]1 ,p$ro ,teixeira 7#afjh71 /at$3 8,i hold x = c]ta9 t pe>ls are born ( & =m$ ( ! v matt] ( ! %ell & ( no?+ else4 ,?is is support$ by ! great resemblance ( ! pe>l & ! oy/]-%ell 9 sub/ance & color4 ,fur!r1 :atev] oy/] conta9s pe>ls has ! fle% uns\nd & almo/ rott5 9 ! p>ts :]e ! pe>ls are produc$1 & ^? oy/]s t h no pe>ls are s\nd & clean fle%$40#ea ,some:at m ?an "o hundr$ ye>s lat]1 ?is !ory 0 confirm$ by inve/igations made by ! fam\s physici/ ,raumur 7#afhc-ageg74 ,microscopic exam9ation ( cross sections ( pe>ls %[ t !y are built up ( conc5tric lam9 simil>1 except 9 curvature1 to ^? =m+ ! nacre\s portion ( ! %ell4 ,9 a pap] publi%$ by ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ce 9 #agag1eb ,raumur not$ ?is condition1 & sugge/$ t pe>ls are misplac$ pieces ( organiz$ %ell1 & are =m$ f a secretion :i* ov]fl[s f ! %ell-=m+ organ or f a ruptur$ vessel connect$ !re)1 & t ! rupture or ov]fl[ is ord9>ily produc$ by ! intrusion ( "s =eign or irritat+ sub/ance4 ,sir ,edw9 ,arnold calls att5tion to ?is !ory 9 8 beautiful l9es3 ,"k y1 p]*ance1 h[ t poor =mless wret*-- ,! ,oy/]--gems 8 %all[ moonlit *alice8 ,:]e ! %ell irks him1 or ! sea-s& frets1 ,he %$s ?is lovely lu/re on 8 grief4 ,9 pursuance ( ?is idea1 we f9d1 9 #agfa1 ! ,sw$i% naturali/ ,l9nu1 8! fa!r ( natural hi/ory10 exp]im5t+ 9 ! artificial production ( pe>ls by ! introduction ( =eign bodies 9 ! %ell1 & meet+ ) "s degree ( success4 ,8 discov]y 0 rat$ s highly t x has be5 ann\nc$ by "s writ]s z ! reason :y ! great naturali/ receiv$ ! pat5t ( nobility1 :i* is g5]ally suppos$ to h be5 ! rew>d = 8 s]vices to sci5ce4 ,x seems t ,l9nu's discov]y b v]ifi$ ! old say+ t !re is no?+ new "u ! sun1 = lat] x 0 ann\nc$#ec t 9 ,*9a--:]e s _m inv5tions h orig9at$--?is idea _h be5 put to practical acc\nt = c5turies prec$+1 & ! crafty ,*9aman _h succe$$ 9 produc+ n only small pe>ly objects1 b ev5 images ( ,buddha1 ) :i* to awe ! disciples ( t deifi$ tea*]4 ,! me?od consi/$ 9 slightly op5+ or bor+ ?r\gh ! %ell ( ! liv+ mollusk & introduc+ aga9/ ! s(t body a small piece ( nacre1 mold$ metal1 or o!r =eign matt]4 ,! irritation causes ! =mation ( pe>ly lay]s ab\t ! =eign body1 result+1 9 ! c\rse ( mon?s or ( ye>s1 9 a pe>l-l gr[?4 ,:ile ^! h "s value z objects ( curiosity or ( slight beauty1 !y are n *oice pe>ls1 nor = t matt] 7 ^? produc$ by ,l9nu4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! !ory ( ,raumur1 & also t ( ,l9nu1 requir$ ! intrusion ( "s h>d sub/ance1 su* z a gra9 ( s&1 a p>ticle ( %ell1 etc41 to con/itute a nucleus ( ! pe>l2 & ?is is ! accept$ explanation at ! pres5t "t z to ! orig9 ( _m ( ! b>oque or irregul> pe>ls1 & likewise ! pe>ly 8bli/]s0 & excresc5ces atta*$ to ! %ell4 ,b n s z to ! *oice or gem pe>ls1 ^? beautiful symmetrical objects ( great lu/] :i* are usually ref]r$ to 9 speak+ ( pe>ls4 ,exam9ations ( _m ( ^! h fail$1 except 9 r>e in/ances1 to reveal a =eign nucleus ( s& or simil> inorganic sub/ance4 ,9 se>*+ _m fre%-wat] mussels1 ,sir ,ev]>d ,home frequ5tly met ) small pe>ls 9 ! ov>ium1 & he fur!r notic$ t ^!1 z well z ori5tal pe>ls1 :5 split into halves1 (t5 %[$ a brilliant cell 9 ! c5t]1 ab\t equal 9 size to ! ova ( ! same mollusk4 ,f ^! obs]vations1 9 #ahbf he d$uc$ 8 8abortive ova0 !ory1 & ann\nc$3 ,a pe>l is =m$ ^u ! ext]nal surface ( an ovum1 :i*1 hav+ be5 blight$1 does n pass ) ! o!rs into ! oviduct1 b rema9s atta*$ to its p$icle 9 ! ov>ium1 & 9 ! foll[+ season receives a coat ( nacre at ! same "t t ! int]nal surface ( ! %ell receives its annual supply4 ,?is conclusion is v]ifi$ by "s pe>ls be+ sph]ical1 o!rs hav+ a pyramidal =m1 f ! p$icle hav+ receiv$ a coat ( nacre z well z ! ovum4#ed ,naturali/s g5]ally accept$ ^! conclusions1 t pe>ls orig9ate 9 pa?ological secretions =m$1 ei!r z ! result ( ! intrusion ( h>d sub/ances1 or by ! ency/+ or cov]+ ( ova or o!r objects ( int]nal orig92 & !re 0 no important cleavage ( op9ion until ! developm5t ( ! p>asitic !ory1 z a result ( ! rese>*es ( ! ,italian naturali/ ,filippi1 & ^? foll[+ 8 l9e ( inve/igations4 ,?is !ory is n sev]ely 9 conflict ) ^? ( ,raumur1 ,l9nu1 ,home1 etc41 b relates pr9cipally to ! id5tity ( ! irritat+ or /imulat+ sub/ance :i* =ms ! nucleus ( ! pe>l4 ,9 exam9+ a species ( fre%-wat] mussel1 ! ,anodonta cygnea1 occurr+ 9 ponds ne> ,tur91 & especially ! _m small pe>ly =mations !re91 ,filippi obs]v$ t ^! 7 associat$ ) ! pres5ce ( a trematode or p>asitic worm1 :i* he nam$ ,di/omum duplicatum1 & :i* appe>s to be closely alli$ to ! p>asite :i* causes ! fatal 8rot0 or di/emp] 9 %eep4 ,"u ! microscope1 ! smalle/ & presumably ! y\nge/ ( ^! pe>ls %[$ organic nuclei :i* appe>$ und\bt$ly to be ! remnants ( ! trematode4 ,9 ,anodonta f o!r regions1 :i* 7 n infe/$ ) ! di/oma1 pe>ls 7 v r>ely f\nd by ,filippi4 ,9 a pap]1#ee publi%$ 9 #aheb1 conta9+ a summ>y ( 8 obs]vations1 he conclud$ t a lead+1 if n ! pr9cipal1 cause ( pe>l-=mation 9 ^? mussels 0 ! p>asite above not$2 & 9 lat] pap]s#ef he includ$ su* o!r =ms z ,atax ypsilophorus )9 ! li/ ( p>asitic ag5cies :i* might excite ! pe>l-=m+ secretions1 comp>+ _! action to t ( ! =mation ( plant-galls4 ,illu/ration3 ,mexican pe>l-oy/] 7,m>g>itif]a m>g>itif]a mazatlanica7 ) adh]5t pe>l ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p ( ency/$ pe>ls 9 %ell ( ,au/ralian pe>l-oy/] 7,m>g>itif]a maxima7 ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory ,illu/ration3 ,mexican pe>l-oy/] 7,m>g>itif]a m>g>itif]a mazatlanica7 ) ency/$ fi% ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p ( ency/$ pe>ls 7,ori5tal7 ,illu/ration3 ,rev]se ( same gr\p1 %[+ outl9e ( ! individual pe>ls ,! discov]y ( ! p>asitic orig9 ( pe>ls 0 ext5d$ to ! pe>l-oy/]s & to o!r p>asites by ,k*5mei/]#eg 9 #ahef1 by ,mbius#eh 9 #aheg1 & by sev]al o!r inve/igators4 ,prom95t among ^! 7 ,e4 ,f4 ,kela>t & 8 assi/ant ,humb]t1 :o1 9 #aheiei disclos$ ! important relation :i* ! pres5ce ( v]mean p>asites be>s to ! orig9 ( pe>ls 9 ! ,ceylon oy/]s4 ,^! naturali/s f\nd 89 addition to ! ,fil>ia & ,c]c>ia1 ?ree o!r p>asitical worms infe/+ ! visc]a & o!r p>ts ( ! pe>l-oy/]4 ,we bo? agree t ^! worms play an important "p 9 ! =mation ( pe>ls40 ,dr4 ,kela>t likewise f\nd eggs f ! ov>ium ( ! oy/] coat$ ) nacre & =m+ pe>ls1 & also sugge/$ t ! silici\s int]nal skeletons ( microscopic diatoms might possibly p]meate ! mantle & become ! nuclei ( pe>ls4 ,un=tunately1 ,dr4 ,kela>t's inve/igations 7 t]m9at$ by 8 dea? a few mon?s !reaft]4 ,9 #ahga1 ,g>n] ascrib$ ! occurr5ce ( pe>ls 9 ! common ,engli% mussel 7,mytilus edulis7 to ! pres5ce ( di/omid l>v4#fj ,gi>d1#fa & o!r ,fr5* zologi/s1 made simil> discov]ies 9 ! case ( ,donax & "s o!r bivalves4 ,9 #aija1 ,raphael ,dubois confirm$ ! obs]vations ( ,g>n]1 associat+ ! production ( pe>ls 9 ! edible mussels on ! ,fr5* coa/s ) ! pres5ce ( l>v ( a p>asite1 to :i* he gave ! "n ( ,di/omum m>g>it>um1 & boldly ann\nc$3 8,la plus belle p]le n'e/ donc1 en df9itive1 que le brillant s>cophage d'un v]40#fb ,pr(4 ,h4 ,l4 ,jameson1 9 #aijb1 disclos$ ! relation :i* exi/s betwe5 pe>ls 9 ,engli% mussels 7,mytilus7 & ! l>v ( ,di/omum somat]i4#fc ,! life hi/ory ( ?is trematode1 z reveal$ by ,dr4 ,jameson1 is especially int]e/+ f a biological /&po9t1 s9ce x is ent]ta9$ by ?ree ho/s at diff]5t times3 ! fir/ ho/ is a memb] ( ! duck family2 ! second is ! ,tapes clam 7,tapes decussatus71 or p]haps ! common cockle 7,c>dium edule71 :i* incloses ! fir/ l>val /age1 & ! ?ird is ! edible mussel1 9 :i* ! second l>val /age ( ! p>asite /imulates ! =mation ( pe>ls4 ,at ! ,brighton ,aqu>ium & ! ,fi% ,hat*]y at ,kiel1 ,dr4 ,jameson claims to h succe$$ 9 artificially inoculat+ p]fectly heal?y mussels ) ^! p>asites by associat+ !m ) infe/$ mollusks1 & !reby produc+ small pe>ls4 ,f ,dr4 ,jameson's int]e/+ pap] we abridge ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! pe>ls are develop$4 ,! trematode ent]s ,mytilus edulis z a tailless c]c>ia1 & at fir/ may (t5 be f\nd betwe5 ! mantle & ! %ell4 ,! l>v1 aft] a :ile1 ent] ! connective tissue ( ! mantle1 :]e !y come to re/1 assum+ a sph]ical =m1 visible to ! nak$ eye z little yell[i% spots ab\t "o half millimet] 9 diamet]4 ,at fir/ ! worm occupies only a space l9$ by connective-tissue fibrils1 b soon ! tissues ( ! ho/ give rise to an epi!lial lay]1 :i* l9es ! space & ultimately becomes ! pe>l-sac4 ,if ! trematode l>va completes its maximum possible t]m ( life1 x dies1 & ! tissues ( ! body break d[n to =m a /ructureless mass :i* reta9s ! =m ( ! p>asite1 ow+ to ! rigid cuticle4 ,9 ?is mass arise "o or m c5t]s ( calcification1 & ! precipitation ( c>bonate ( lime goes on until ! :ole l>va is conv]t$ into a nodule ) calcosph]itic /ructure4 ,! granul> matt] surr\nd+ ! worm1 if pres5t1 also und]goes calcification4 ,! epi!lium ( ! sac !n beg9s to %$ a cuticle ( con*iol91 & f ?is po9t ! gr[? ( ! pe>l probably takes place on ! same l9es & at ! same rate z ! ?ick5+ ( ! %ell4#fd ,fully z rem>kable z ! obs]vations ( ,dr4 ,jameson are ! results claim$ by ,pr(essor ,dubois 9 exp]im5t+ ) a species ( pe>l-oy/] 7,m4 vulg>is7 f ! ,gulf ( ,gabes on ! coa/ ( ,tunis1 :]e !y are almo/ devoid ( pe>ls1 a ?\s& or m %ells yield+ on an av]age only "o pe>l4 ,convey+ ^! to ! coa/ ( ,france 9 #aijc1 he !re associat$ !m ) a species ( trematode-infe/$ mussel 7,mytilus gallo-prov9cialis71 & aft] a %ort p]iod !y became s infe/$ t e ?ree oy/]s yield$ an av]age ( two pe>ls4#fe ,?is claim has n be5 )\t criticism2 b :o ev] knew sci5ti/s to agree8 ,9 ! pe>l-oy/] ( ! ,gambi] ,isl&s 7,m4 m>g>itif]a cum+i71 ,dr4 ,l4 ,g4 ,seurat f\nd t ! orig9 ( pe>ls 0 due to irritation caus$ by ! embryo ( a worm ( ! g5us ,tylocephalum1 ! life ( :i* is complet$ 9 ! eagle-ray1 a fi% :i* fe$s on ! pe>l-oy/]4#ff ,9 #aijc1 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,a4 ,h]dman1 :o1 at ! in/ance ( ! colonial gov]nm5t1 & ) ! assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,james ,hornell1 exam9$ ! pe>l-oy/] res\rces ( ,ceylon1 ann\nc$3 8,we h f\nd1 z ,kela>t did1 t 9 ! ,ceylon pe>l-oy/] !re are sev]al diff]5t k9ds ( worms commonly occurr+ z p>asites1 & we %all1 ,i ?9k1 be able to %[ t ,ce/odes1 ,trematodes1 & ,nematodes may all be conc]n$ 9 pe>l =mation4 ,unlike ! case ( ! ,european mussels1 h[ev]1 we f9d t 9 ,ceylon ! mo/ important cause is a l>val ,ce/ode ( ! ,tetr>hyn*us =m40#fg ,9 8 inve/igation ( ! ,placuna oy/] 9 #aije1 ,mr4 ,james ,hornell f\nd t ! orig9 ( pe>ls 0 due to m9ute l>va ( ! same /age & species z t :i* causes ! pe>ls 9 ! ,gulf ( ,man> oy/]4#fh ,! sph]ical l>v ( ?is tapeworm sometimes occur 9 great abundance1 & !re is evid5ce ( =ty hav+ be5 f\nd 9 a s+le pe>l-oy/]4 ,mr4 ,hornell /ates t ! liv+ worm does n induce pe>l =mation1 ?is occurr+ only :5 dea? ov]takes x :ile 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! oy/]4 ,z a consequ5ce1 pe>ls are m num]\s 9 oy/]s :i* h be5 long infect$1 :]e ! worms are old] & m liable to die4 ,?is p>asitic worm has be5 trac$ f ! pe>l-oy/] to ! trigg]-fi%es1 :i* eat ! pe>l-oy/]s1 & !nce into c]ta9 l>ge fi%-eat+ rays1 :]e x becomes sexually mature & produces embryos :i* ent] ! pe>l-oy/] & beg9 a new cycle ( life-phases4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 t ! late/ conclusions ( sci5ce appe> entirely favorable to ! p>asitic !ory z expla9+ at lea/ "o1 & probably ! mo/ important1 ( ! causes = ! =mation ( pe>ls2 & t "s tru? exi/s 9 ! /atem5t t ! mo/ beautiful pe>l is only ! brilliant s>cophagus ( a worm4 ,?is morphological *ange is n peculi> to mollusks1 = 9 mo/ animal bodies a cy/ is =m$ ab\t 9-w&]+ l>v4 ,=tunately = lov]s ( ! beautiful1 9 ! pe>l-oy/]s ! "* ( ! cy/-wall foll[s t ( ! int]ior l9+ ( ! %ell1 & n only simulates1 b f> surpasses x 9 lu/]4 ,:ile ! !ory t pe>ls are caus$ by ! intrusion ( "s unusual sub/ance has ! evid5ce ( actual demon/ration 9 _m in/ances1 & is unque/ionably true to a l>ge ext5t1 yet microscopic exam9ation ( "s pe>ls sugge/s ! !ory t a =eign sub/ance is n always ess5tial to _! =mation1 & t !y may orig9ate 9 calc>e\s concretions ( m9ute size1 t]m$ 8calcosph]ules40 ,z reg>ds _! orig91 ,pr(essor ,h]dman classifies pe>ls into ?ree sorts3 7#a7 8,ampull> pe>ls10 :i* are n =m$ )9 clos$ sacs ( ! %ell-secret+ epi!lium l ! o!rs1 b lie 9 pockets or ampull ( ! epid]mis4 ,! nuclei may be s&-gra9s or any o!r =eign p>ticles introduc$ ?r\gh break+ or p]=ation ( ! %ell4 7#b7 8,muscle pe>ls10 :i* are analog\s to gall/ones1 =m$ ar\nd calcosph]ules at or ne> ! ins]tion ( ! muscles4 ,& 7#c7 8,cy/ pe>ls10 9 :i* conc5tric lay]s ( nacre are deposit$ on cy/s conta9+ p>asitic worms 9 ! connective tissue ( ! mantle & )9 ! s(t tissues ( ! body4#fi ,ev5 a p>ticle ( e>?1 clay1 or mud may =m ! nucleus ( a pe>l4 ,?is 0 illu/rat$ a few ye>s ago 9 a f9e button-%ap$ pe>l1 :i* 0 accid5tally brok5 "u normal usage & 0 f\nd to consi/ ( a h>d lump ( :ite clay surr\nd$ by a relatively ?9 coat+ ( nacre4 ,m rem>kable yet are ! cases 9 :i* a m9ute fi%1 a crayfi%1 or ! fru/ule ( a diatom has =m$ ! nucleus4 ,sev]al in/ances h be5 describ$ by ,woodw>d1 ,gun!r1 ,putnam1 ,/e>ns1 & o!rs1 :]e small fi% h p5etrat$ betwe5 ! mantle & ! %ell ( ! mollusk1 & ! latt] has res5t$ ! intrusion by cov]+ ! intrud] ) a pe>ly coat+4 ,9 two or ?ree in/ances ! secretion occurr$ 9 s %ort a "t t ! fi% suff]$ no appreciable decomposition1 & its species is readily id5tifi$ by obs]vation ?r\gh ! nacre\s lay]4 ,among ! rem>kable specim5s ( ?is nature :i* h come "u our obs]vation are two v curi\s %ells receiv$ 9 ,m>*1 #aijg1 f ! ,mexican fi%]ies4 ,"o ( ^! specim5s %[s an ency/$ fi%1 s quickly cov]$ & s p]fectly pres]v$ t ev5 ! scales & small bones are 9 evid5ce2 inde$1 "o c almo/ detect ! gloss on ! scales ( ! fi%2 & 9 ! o!r--) a rem>kable comet-l appe>ance--a piece ( ribb$ seawe$ is app>5tly ! object cov]$4 ,f ! =ego+1 x appe>s t ! pe>l is n a product ( heal? associat$ ) undi/urb$ conditions1 b results f a d]angem5t 9 ! normal /ate ( ! mollusk4 ,unable to resi/1 to rid itself ( ! oppos+ evil1 x ex]cises ! p[]s giv5 to x by a b5efic5t ,creator & conv]ts ! pa9 into p]fection1 ! grief into glory4 ,nature has _m in/ances ( ! humble & l[ly rais$ to high degree1 b none m /rik+ly beautiful ?an ?is4 ,"o ( ! l[e/ ( e>?'s creatures1 suff]+ a mis=tune1 furni%es a wond]ful lesson ^u ! uses ( pa9 & adv]sity by conv]t+ its affliction into a preci\s gem symbolical ( all t is pure & beautiful4 ,z writt5 by a =gott5 poet3 8,=asmu* z ! pe>l is a product ( life1 :i* f an inw>d tr\ble & f a fault produces purity & p]fection1 x is pref]r$2 = 9 no?+ does ,god s mu* delight z 9 t5d]ness & lu/re born ( tr\ble & rep5tance40 ,z ! great ,p]sian poet ,hafiz says3 ,le>n f yon ori5t %ell to love ?y foe1 ,& /ore ) pe>ls ! w\nd t br+s !e woe4 ,,iv ,,/ructure ,,& ,,=ms ,,iv ,,/ructure ,,& ,,=ms ,,( ,,pe>ls 8,?is maskellez p]le t boght is d]e1 ,! j\el] gef =e alle hys gold1 ,is lyke ! reme ( hev5es cl]e02 ,s sayde ! fad] ( folde & flode1 8,= hit is w]mlez1 cl5e & cl]e1 ,& endelez r\nde & bly! ( mode1 ,& commune to all t ryghtwys 740 ,,f\rte5?-,,c5tury ,,mss4 ,,( 8,,pe>l10 ,,9 ,,! ,,briti% ,,museum4 ,z ,kadir ,mun%i says1 8pe>ls h no p$igree02 _! beauty is n to be trac$ to _! orig91 b exi/s :olly 9 ! excell5ce ( ! surr\nd+s 9 :i* !y develop4 ,! pe>l-be>+ mollusks are luxuri\s creatures1 & = ! purpose ( protect+ _! delicate bodies !y cov] ! int]ior ( _! %ells ) a smoo? lu/r\s mat]ial1 dy$ ) ra9b[ hues1 & possess+ a beautiful b subdu$ opalesc5ce4 ,no matt] h[ f\l1 h[ coral cov]$1 or ov]gr[n ) sponges or seawe$s ! ext]ior may be1 all is clean & beautiful )94 ,?is mat]ial is nacre or "m-(-pe>l4 ,x consi/s ord9>ily ( an accumulation ( extremely ?9 semi-transp>5t films or lam9 ( a granul> organic sub/ance call$ con*iol91 ) ! int]/ices fill$ ) calc>e\s matt]4 ,! nacre decreases 9 ?ickness f ! h+e t[>d ! lip ( ! %ell1 & t]m9ates a %ort di/ance f ! extreme edge4 ,next to ! nacre is ! middle lay] or ! %ell prop]4 ,9 species ( ,m>g>itif]a1 ?is /ratum is commonly =m$ ( lay]s ( calc>e\s prisms arrang$ v]tically to ! %ell surface4 ,ext]nal to ?is middle or prismatic lay] is ! epid]mis or p]io/racum1 ! r\gh out] coat+ ( v>y+ %ades1 usually yell[ or br[n4 ,:]e ! waves are r\gh1 & ! bottom h>d & rocky1 ?is cov]+ is ?ick & heavy1 to af=d great] protection2 b :]e ! wat]s are smoo? & g5tle1 & ! bottom free f rocks1 ,nature--nev] work+ 9 va9--furni%es only ?9 sides & slight def5se4 ,z is ! case ) ! nacre1 ! prismatic lay] & ! p]io/racum decrease 9 ?ickness f ! h+e to ! edge1 & ! inside lip ( ! %ell %[s ! gradual union ( ! ?ree sup]impos$ lay]s4 ,! two out] lay]s are =m$ by ! ?ick edge ( ! mantle1 ! rema9+ portion--or ne>ly ! entire surface--( ?is organ secretes ! nacral lay]4 ,n only is ! int]ior ( ! %ell made lu/r\s & beautiful1 b ?is t5d5cy is ex]t$ t[>d all objects t come 9 contact ) ! s(t body ( ! mollusk1 ei!r by intrusion simply )9 ! %ell1 or deeply )9 ! organs & tissues ( ! animal itself4 ,all =eign bodies--su* z small p>asites1 diatoms1 m9ute pebbles1 etc41--irritate ! t5d] tissues ( ! mollusk1 & /imulate ! pe>ly =mation :i* 9 c\rse ( "t cov]s !m4 ,at fir/ ! nacre\s cov]+ is v ?92 b ) add$ lay] aft] lay] ! ?ickness is enhanc$1 & ! size ( ! object increases z long z x rema9s undi/urb$ & ! mollusk is 9 heal?ful gr[?4 ,*emically consid]$1 aside f ! nucleus1 ! /ructure ( pe>ls is id5tical 9 composition ) t ( ! nacre ( ! %ell 9 :i* !y are =m$4 ,analyses h %[n t ^? f ! fre%-wat] mussels ( ,engl& & ,scotl&1 & f ! pe>l-oy/]s ( ,au/ralia & ( ,ceylon1 h ne>ly id5tical composition 9 ! proportion ( ab\t #e4id p] c5t4 ( organic matt]1 #b4cd ( wat]1 & #ia4gb p] c5t4 ( c>bonate ( lime4#gj ,! specific gravity ranges f ne>ly #b to ab\t #b4ge1 increas+ ) ! deposit ( ! nacre\s coat+s4 ,! foll[+ summ>y by ,von ,hessl+#ga %[s ! results ( c]ta9 det]m9ations ( specific gravity3 ,au?ority ,specific ,note ,gravity ,mus*5broet #b4gej at mod]ate temp]ature ,brisson #b4fhd at #ad ,raumur ,mbius #b4fhf #d f9e pe>ls1 weigh+ #b4cif gms4 ,mbius #b4fej #bd pe>ls1 weigh+ #f4bba gms4 ,mbius #b4ccf #fc br[n pe>ls f ,mazatlan1 weigh+ #d4hdi gms4 ,voit #b4gbb ,bav>ian pe>ls1 #c-caf c>ats1 m$ium quality ,voit #b4faf ,bav>ian pe>ls1 #c c>ats1 f9] quality ,voit #b4gbd ,bav>ian pe>ls1 #a c>ats1 v f9e ,voit #b4egh ,bav>ian pe>ls1 gray1 ) "s lu/] ,voit #b4gfe ,bav>ian pe>ls1 br[n1 rank+ betwe5 good black ,voit #b4bch ,bav>ian pe>ls1 poor black pe>ls1 impure ,illu/ration3 ,cross section ( an irregul> pe>l1 magnifi$ #hj diamet]s ,illu/ration3 ,cross sections ( pe>ls1 magnifi$ #cj diamet]s ,illu/ration3 ,?9 section ( "m-(-pe>l1 magnifi$1 %[+ sponge bor+s :i* trav]s$ ! pe>l %ell ,illu/ration3 ,/ructure ( con* pe>l produc$ by fractur+1 magnifi$ #hj diamet]s ,! di/9ctive *>act]i/ic1 ! great beauty ( a true pe>l1 is its lu/] or ori5t1 :i* is a subdu$ iridesc5ce1 r ?an ! glitt]+ brilliance ( ! diamond2 & unless ! %elly gr[? be lu/r\s x does n rank z a gem pe>l1 no matt] h[ p]fect its =m or beautiful its color4 ,?is lu/] is due to ! /ructural arrangem5t ( ! surface z well z to ! quality ( ! mat]ial4 ,! nacre\s mat]ial =m+ true pe>ls1 & likewise "m-(-pe>l1 is commonly deposit$ 9 irregul> t5u\s lay]s1 v ?9 & v small 9 area comp>$ ) ! surface ( ! pe>l4 ,^! lam9 ov]lap "o ano!r1 ! surfaces are microscopically crumpl$ & corrugat$1 & ! edges =m s]rat$ outl9es4 ,! great] ! angle :i* ! lam9 =m ) ! surface1 ! clos] w be ^! s]rat$ outl9es1 & :]e ! plane ( ! ext]ior lam9a is p>allel ) ! plane ( ! surface ! l9es are n pres5t4 ,?is arrangem5t causes ! waves ( light to be reflect$ f diff]5t levels on ! surface1 j z 9 a soap bubble1 & ! m9ute prisms split ! rays up into _! color$ con/itu5ts1 produc+ ! *romatic or iridesc5t effect4 ,! cause is :olly me*anical1 & an impression ( ! surface made 9 v f9e wax %[s a simil> iridesc5ce4 ,also1 if a piece ( "m-(-pe>l be imm]s$ 9 acid until ! surface lime or %elly matt] is dissolv$1 ! pellucid membrane %[s ! iridesc5ce until x is s compress$ t ! corrugations are r$uc$4 ,ab\t two score ye>s ago an ,engli%man inv5t$ /eel buttons ) simil> m9ute corrugations produc+ pe>ly effect1 b ! manufacture 0 unpr(itable1 ow+1 pr9cipally1 to _! liability to t>ni%4 ,9 ! %ells ( "s mollusks--z ! edible oy/]s 7,o/rea7 or ! giant clam 7,tridacna71--!re is almo/ a total abs5ce ( ! crumpl$ corrugat$ lam91 &1 consequ5tly1 !re is little lu/]4 ,9 o!rs ! nacre is ( bett] quality1 result+ 9 sup]ior ori5t1 & x probably rea*es its highe/ degree ( p]fection 9 ! pe>l-oy/] 7,m>g>itif]a74 ,z ! curvature ( ! surface ( pe>ls is great]1 & ! m9ute /ri are m num]\s1 ?an 9 ord9>y "m-(-pe>l1 x foll[s t ! iridesc5ce is likewise great]4 ,sup]ior nacre is m or less transluc5t1 dep5d+ on its quality2 & to ! iridesc5ce ( ! out] lam9 is add$ t ( _m int]ior ones1 s t ! lu/] is va/ly increas$4 ,! position ( ! pe>l )9 ! %ell may greatly affect ! quality ( ! mat]ial &1 consequ5tly1 ! ori5t4 ,! *oice/ are commonly f\nd )9 ! s(t p>ts ( ! animal1 & ^? ( poor] quality are at ! edges ( ! mantle1 or )9 ! fib]s ( ! adductor muscle ( bivalves4 ,! /ructure ( pe>ls may be /udi$ by exam9+ ?9 cross sections "u ! microscope1 or by transmitt$ pol>iz$ light4 ,x appe>s t ord9>ily a pe>l is made up ( _m indep5d5t lam9 sup]impos$ "o ^u ano!r 8l ! lay]s ( an onion10 or1 r1 resembl+ ! leaves ne> ! upp] "p ( a well =m$ cabbage4 ,:5 subject$ to suffici5t heat1 ! lam9 sep>ate f ea* o!r1 z d %ells ( edible oy/]s & simil> mollusks "u l conditions4 ,:5 brok5 by a hamm]1 a pe>l may exhibit ?is lam9at$ =mation4 ,if n split directly ?r\gh ! c5t]1 ! c5tral section may reta9 ! sph]ical =m2 & z ?is commonly rema9s atta*$ to "o ( ! p>ts1 its concave impression appe>s 9 ! o!r portion ( ! brok5 pe>l4 ,! out] lam9 ( _m pe>ls may be remov$ ) a fair prospect ( f9d+ a good subjac5t surface1 & ?is may be cont9u$ until ! size is greatly r$uc$4 ,^! lam9 are n always simil> 9 color or lu/]4 ,h[ev]1 n all pe>ls are lam9at$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,in/ead ( sup]impos$ lay]s1 "s ( !m exhibit a cry/all9e =m1 compos$ ( beautiful prismatic cry/als radiat+ f ! c5t] to ! circumf]5ce4 ,9 at lea/ "o ori5tal pe>l exam9$1 ^! cry/als 7 9 well def9$ arcs1 & 7 fur!r sep>at$ into conc5tric r+s ( diff]5t degrees ( ?ickness1 dep? ( color1 & di/ance ap>t4 ,ano!r specim5--a ,scot* pe>l--comb9$ 9 sep>ate lay]s bo? ! lam9at$ =m & ! cry/all9e /ructure4 ,dr4 ,h>ley po9ts out t "s cry/all9e pe>ls app>5tly orig9ate 9 m]e coalesc5ces ( m9]al p>ticles1 r ?an 9 well def9$ nuclei4#gb ,microscopic sections ( cry/all9e pe>ls convey ! idea t ! prisms bran* & int]lace ) "o ano!r1 & also t 9 "s in/ances !y are ( fusi=m %ape4 ,h[ev]1 ^! appe>ances seem to be due simply to ! cross sections hav+ cut ! prisms at diff]5t angles4 ,pe>ls %[+ ^! types 7 exhibit$ at a meet+ ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 ,june #h1 #ahhg4 ,t exhibit also conta9$ a section ( a we/ ,au/ralian pe>l ( curi\sly complex cry/all9e =mation2 in/ead ( "o c5tral />t+-po9t1 x _h m ?an a doz5 scatt]$ ab\t1 f :i* ! cry/all9e prisms radiat$ 9 all directions4 ,s9ce ! ?ree sup]impos$ lay]s ( ! %ell are secret$ by sep>ate p>ts ( ! mantle1 viz41 ! nacre by ! g5]al surface1 ! prismatic lay] by ! inn] edge1 & ! epid]mis by ! out] edge1 x foll[s t if a pe>l 9 c\rse ( =mation is mov$ f "o ( ^! di/9ctive portions ( ! palial organ to ano!r1 ! nature ( its lam9 *anges4 ,?us1 if a pe>l =m$ on ! broad surface ( ! mantle is mov$ 9 "s way to ! inn] edge ( t organ1 x may be cov]$ ) a prismatic lay]2 if !n mov$ to ! out] edge x may receive a lam9a ( epid]mis1 & !n by *ang+ aga9 to ! broad surface ( ! mantle x receives fur!r coats ( nacre4 ,illu/ration3 ,pe>ls f common clam 7,v5us m]c5>ia7 ( ea/]n coa/ ( ,am]ica ,illu/ration3 ,pe>l 8nuggets0 f ! ,mississippi ,valley ,illu/ration3 ,w+ pe>ls f ! ,mississippi ,valley ,illu/ration3 ,dog-too? pe>ls f ! ,mississippi ,valley ,! /ructure ( pe>ls f univalve mollusks1 su* z ! con*1 ! abalone1 etc41 z well z ^? f "s bivalves1 z ! ,p9na1 = in/ance1 diff]s f t ( ! true pe>ls =m$ 9 species ( ,m>g>itif]a4 ,in/ead ( ! alt]nate lay]s ( con*iol9 & ( c>bonate ( lime1 _m ( ^! h an alveol> /ructure4 ,:5 greatly magnifi$1 ! surface ( a ,p9na pe>l appe>s to be =m$ ( v small polygones1 :i*1 z decalcification %[s1 are ! bases ( small pyramids radiat+ f ! nucleus4 ,! walls ( ^! pyramids are =m$ ( con*iol91 & !y are fill$ ) c>bonate ( lime ( a prismatic cry/all9e /ructure4 ,?is is simply a modification ( ! p>allel lam9 9 ! ,m>g>itif]a pe>ls1 =1 z ,dubois po9ts out1 9 "s sections we c see portions :]e ! alveol> =mation has proce$$ = a "t co9cid5tally ) ! lamell> =m4 ,pe>ls are affect$ by acids & fetid gases1 & may be calc9$ on exposure to heat4 ,_! solubility 9 v9eg> 0 ref]r$ to by ! ,roman ar*itect ,vitruvius 78,de ,ar*itectura10 ,l4 viii4 c4 #c7 & also by ,pausanias1 a ,greek geograph] 9 ! second c5tury 78,hellados ,p]iegesis10 ,l4 viii1 c4 #ah72 b x seems t !re c\ld be little f\ndation = ,pl9y's well-kn[n anecdote 9 :i* ,cleopatra is cr$it$ ) dissolv+ a magnific5t pe>l 9 v9eg> & dr9k+ x--8! ransom ( a k+dom at a draught0--to ! heal? ( h] lov] ,antony4#gc ,x is no m easy to dissolve a pe>l 9 v9eg> ?an x is to dissolve a pe>l-button--= ! composition is simil>1 & "o may easily exp]im5t = himself z to ! difficulty 9 do+ ?is4 ,n only does x take _m days to dissolve 9 cold v9eg> ! m9]al elem5ts ( a pe>l ( fair size1 b ev5 ) boil+ v9eg> x requires sev]al h\rs to extract ! m9]al matt] f "o f\r or five gra9s 9 weight1 ! acid p5etrat+ to ! int]ior v sl[ly4 ,& 9 nei!r case c ! pe>l be made to disappe>1 = ev5 aft] ! c>bonate ( lime has dissolv$1 ! organic matrix ( animal matt]--:i* is insoluble 9 v9eg>--reta9s almo/ ! id5tical %ape1 size1 & appe>ance z be=e4 ,if ! pe>l is fir/ pulv]iz$1 x becomes readily soluble 9 v9eg>1 & might be ?us drunk z a lov]'s potion1 b x w\ld sc>cely prove a bonne b\*e4 ,pe>ls assume an almo/ inf9ite v>iety ( =ms1 due l>gely to ! %apes ( ! nuclei1 & also to _! positions )9 ! mollusk4 ,! mo/ usual--&1 =tunately1 also ! mo/ valuable--is ! sph]ical1 result+ f a v m9ute or a r\nd body z a nucleus & ! uni=m addition ( nacre on all sides4 ,( c\rse1 sph]ical pe>ls c result only :]e !y are q free f o!r h>d sub/ances2 consequ5tly !y orig9ate only 9 ! s(t p>ts ( ! mollusk & n by ! fixation ( "s nucleus to ! int]ior surface ( ! %ell4 ,! p]fectly sph]ical pe>ls range 9 weight f a small fraction ( a gra9 to ?ree hundr$ gra9s or m1 b x is v1 v r>e t "o ( *oice lu/] weighs m ?an "o hundr$ gra9s4 ,! l>ge/ ( :i* we h any specific in=mation 0 t among ! ,fr5* cr[n jewels z e>ly z ! "t ( ,napoleon1 an egg-%ap$ pe>l1 weigh+ #ccg gra9s4 ,! l>ge/ pe>l kn[n to ,pl9y 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 weigh$ 8half a ,roman ounce & "o scruple ov]10 or #bcd gra9s ,troy4 ,^! v l>ge ones1 weigh+ 9 excess ( "o hundr$ gra9s1 are call$ 8p>agons40 ,! small pe>ls--weigh+ less ?an half a gra9 ea*--are kn[n z 8se$-pe>ls40 ,! v small ones1 weigh+ less ?an #abe ( a gra91 are call$ 8du/-pe>ls40 ,^! are too small to be ( economic value z ornam5ts4 ,slight dep>tures f ! p]fect sph]e1 result 9 egg %apes1 pe> %apes1 drop %apes1 p5deloque1 button %apes1 etc4 ,"s ( ^! are valu$ q z highly at ! pres5t "t z ! sph]ical pe>ls1 & _m ( ! mo/ highly priz$ pe>ls 9 ! _w are ( o!r ?an sph]ical =m4 ,inde$1 pe>ls ( ?is k9d are f\nd ( l>g] size ?an ! p]fectly r\nd pe>ls4 ,! egg-%ap$ pe>l1#gd call$ 8la ,rg5te10--"o ( ! ,fr5* cr[n jewels sold 9 ,may1 #ahhg--weigh$1 z /at$ above1 #ccg gra9s4 ,! great pe> pe>l describ$ by ,tav]ni]--8! l>ge/ ev] discov]$0--weigh$ ab\t #ejj gra9s4 ,a button pe>l receiv$ f ,panama 9 #aijf weigh$ #baf gra9s4 ,wid] dep>tures f ! sph]ical =m result 9 cyl9drical1 conical1 top-%ap$1 etc4 ,"s pe>ls pres5t ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 turn$ 9 a la! ) intricate tool+4 ,rem>kable examples ( ^! 8turn$ pe>ls0 h be5 f\nd1 compet+ 9 _! circul> p]fection ) ! be/ "w ( a jewel]'s la!4 ,_m /&>d v>ieties ( non-sph]ical1 b normally %ap$ pe>ls1 are recogniz$ by ! fi%]m5 & ! jewel]s4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! nom5clature ( ! ,am]ican fi%]m51 b\ton1 or button pe>ls are divid$ into 8hay/acks0 & 8turtle-backs10 accord+ to ! height ( ! projection4 ,also1 c]ta9 imp]fections result 9 di/+ui%+ names3 8bird's-eye0 ref]s to a pe>l hav+ a little imp]fection on ! be/ surface2 8r+-ar\nds0 h a d>k or discolor$ r+ ab\t !m2 & 8/rawb]ries0 h num]\s m9ute projections on ! surface4 ,dur+ its gr[?1 a sph]ical pe>l may come 9 contact ) a =eign body1 su* z grit or a vegetable film1 & ! additional nacral lay]s envelop ! adjac5t matt] until x is entirely conceal$ )9 ! pe>l1 its position be+ recogniz$ only by ! excresc5ce on "o side1 &1 ) cont9u$ increase 9 size1 ev5 ?is may be almo/ ov]come4 ,illu/ration3 ,,actual ,,sizes ,,( ,,pe>ls ,,f ,,gra9 ,,to #afj ,,gra9s ,sometimes d\ble1 triple1 or multiple pe>ls are =m$2 ea* ( ^! may h a sep>ate nucleus & gr[ indep5d5tly = a "t until !y adjo9 ea* o!r2 cont9u+ to gr[1 !y become s unit$ z to =m a connect$ mass4 ,! 8,s\!rn ,cross0 is a rem>kable example ( ?is4 ,x appe>s to consi/ ( sev5 ne>ly sph]ical pe>ls atta*$ to "o ano!r 9 a /raight l9e1 & "o project+ f ea* side ( ! second 9 ! r[1 ?us =m+ a ,roman cross4#ge ,a few ye>s ago1 ne> ,%>ks ,bay1 on ! coa/ ( we/]n ,au/ralia1 a clu/] 0 f\nd conta9+ ab\t #aej pe>ls closely compact$4 ,?is clu/] measur$ ab\t "o & a half in*es 9 l5g?1 ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* 9 bread?1 & half an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,:5 a gr[+ pe>l is v ne> to ! nacre\s l9+ ( ! %ell1 ! pressure betwe5 ! two h>d sub/ances results 9 a rupture ( ! pe>l-=m+ sac & ! epi!lial lay] ( ! %ell1 & ! pe>l comes 9 actual contact ) ! nacre4 ,! pe>l gradually becomes atta*$ to ! %ell1 & ! "u portion is prev5t$ f gr[+ fur!r2 ! upp] or expos$ surface receives o!r lay]s1 result+ 9 ! =mation ( a b\ton4 ,z ! %ell ar\nd ! pe>l cont9ues to gr[1 x gradually closes ab\t1 & almo/ :olly conceals ! pe>l4 ,s9ce x is con/antly wa/+ away on ! ext]ior surface z x gr[s on ! int]ior1 x foll[s t 9 "t ! %ell passes ! pe>l q ?r\gh to ! outside1 :]e x rapidly decays4 ,?us ! oy/] virtually =ces ! annoy+ intrud] directly ?r\gh ! wall ( its h\se in/ead ( by way ( ! op5 door1 & magically closes ! brea* ) its m>vel\s masonry4 ,^! emb$d$ pe>ls are g5]ally faulty & ( dim9i%$ lu/]1 b 9 ! aggregate1 l>ge quantities ( imp]fect ones1 & especially half & qu>t] pe>ls1 are secur$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,sometimes--p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,au/ralian fi%]ies--l>ge pe>ls are ?us f\nd1 weigh+ tw5ty1 =ty1 sixty1 & ev5 eighty gra9s2 & :5 ! faulty outside lay]s ( nacre are remov$1 a subjac5t surface ( f9e lu/] may possibly be reveal$4 ,9 bivalves1 ^! adh]5t pe>ls are commonly 9 ! deep or l[] valve1 except 9 ^? unusual cases :]e ! mollusks h be5 ly+ 9 a rev]se position4 ,at ! fi%]ies1 ! surfaces ( ! %ells are c>efully inspect$ = evid5ce ( pe>ly nodules1 & ^! are brok5 op5 9 se>* = ency/$ objects4 ,cutt]s ( "m-(-pe>l occasionally f9d emb$d$ pe>ls ( ?is k9d :i* h escap$ ! vigilant eyes ( ! fi%]m54 ,we read ( an in/ance 9 an important pap] treat+ ( ! jewel+ trade ( ,birm+ham3 8,a few ye>s s9ce ! pap] 0 writt5 9 #ahff a small lot ( %ells 0 br\ght to ,birm+ham1 :i* ei!r f ignorance or mi/ake _h n be5 cle>$ ( ! pe>ls at ! fi%]y4 ,a consid]able numb] 7 f\nd & sold1 & "o especially 0 sold by ! man :o _h b\ght ! %ell = work+ into buttons1 = #dj4 ,! pur*as]1 we believe1 resold ! same = a pr(it ( #afj2 & we h he>d t x 0 aft]w>d held 9 ,p>is = sale at #hjj40 ,a *oice gem :i* 0 f\nd 9 ,new ,york1 9 ,octob]1 #aije1 9 an ,au/ralian %ell1 sold f9ally = #abjj4 ,! intrusion & cont9u$ pres5ce ( gra9s ( s& or simil> mat]ial betwe5 ! mantle & ! %ell causes ! =mation ( nacre ov] ! =eign body1 result+ 9 a *icot 7bli/] pe>l71 or possibly a qu>t] or a half-pe>l4 ,! gr[? ( a *icot sometimes results f ! mollusk cov]+ a *oice pe>l :i* has become loos5$ f ! s(t tissues & adh]es to ! %ell1 z above cit$4 ,h5ce1 x is sometimes desirable to break a *icot to secure its m valuable inclosure4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( 8 int]e/+ pe>l+ exp]i5ces on ! ,au/ralian coa/1 ,h5ry ,taunton /ates3 8,dur+ ! fir/ season's %ell+ at ,roebuck ,bay1 we came across an old worm-eat5 %ell conta9+ a l>ge bli/]1 :i* 0 remov$ 9 ! usual mann] by pun*+ a r+ ( m9ute holes ar\nd its base2 a slight tap 0 !n suffici5t to deta* x4 ,= _m weeks x 0 unt\*$1 no "o c>+ to risk op5+ x1 = if fill$ ) black ooze1 :i* is frequ5tly ! case1 x w\ld be ( little value4 ,at la/1 baffl$ 9 8 attempt to solve ! problem1 & embold5$ by an ov]dose ( #8squ>e face1' ! skipp] gave x a sm>t bl[ ) a hamm]1 :i* crack$ x op51 & out roll$ a huge pe>l1 ne>ly p]fect1 & weigh+ eighty gra9s4 ,a few specks & discolorations 7 remov$ by a skilful #8pe>l-fak]1' & x 0 sold 9 ,london = #aejj40gf ,bli/] pe>ls are also caus$ by ! def5sive or protective action ( ! mollusk 9 resi/+ ! intrusion ( "s animal1 z a bor+ sponge or a burr[+ worm1 :i* has begun to p5etrate ! out] lay]s ( ! %ell4 ,?is /imulation causes ! mollusk to pile nacre\s mat]ial ^u ! spot1 ?us mak+ a sub/antial m\nd closely resembl+ a segm5t ( a l>ge pe>l4 ,?is wall+-out ( intrud]s is n ! result ( intellig5t =e?\ght or ( in/9ct1 analog\s to ! repair+ ( a damag$ web by a spid]1 or ! retunnel+ ( a collaps$ gall]y by ants2 x is a pa?ological r ?an an intellig5t action4 ,illu/ration3 ,,broo*es ,,made ,,( ,,petal1 ,,dog-,,too?1 ,,& ,,w+ ,,pe>ls ,f ! ,upp] ,mississippi ,valley ,:5 ! nucleus ( a pe>l is l>ge & v irregul>1 x necess>ily foll[s t ! deposit$ nacre r\ghly assumes ! irregul> outl9e ( ! inclos$ object4 ,?is is /rik+ly %[n 9 pe>ls cov]+ a m9ute fi%1 a crayfi%1 or a small crab4 ,sev]al specim5s h be5 f\nd 9 :i* ! species c\ld be id5tifi$ by exam9ation ?r\gh ! nacre\s coat+4 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,unios !re is a /rong t5d5cy to produce elongat$ pe>ls ne> ! h+e ( ! %ell1 :i* are consequ5tly kn[n z 8h+e pe>ls40 ,! occurr5ce & =m ( ^! sugge/ t _! orig9 may n be due to nuclei1 b t !y result f an excess ( c>bonate ( lime 9 ! wat]1 & t ! animal /ores a surplus ( nacre 9 ?is conv5i5t =m4 ,!re are sev]al /&>d =ms ( ^! h+e pe>ls4 ,_m are elongat$ or dog-too!d1 "s are hamm]-%ap$1 o!rs resemble ! w+s ( birds1 ! petals ( fl[]s1 ! bodies ( fi%1 & v>i\s o!r objects4 ,a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! pe>ls f\nd 9 ,unios ( ! ,mississippi ,valley are ( ^! types4 ,"s irregul> pe>ls or b>oques are v l>ge1 weigh+ an ounce or m4 ,a well-kn[n example is ! ,hope pe>l1 describ$ on page #dfc1 :i* weighs ?ree ounces4 ,^! mon/] pe>ls sometimes assume odd %apes1 su* z clasp$ h&s1 ! body ( a man1 lion1 or o!r animal1 etc4 ,al?\gh b>oques may h a pe>ly lu/]1 !y are n highly priz$ unless unusually attractive1 & !y h little p]man5t value1 ap>t f _! e/imation 9 ! eyes ( admir]s ( ! curi\s & unique4 ,!y are us$ l>gely 9 l'art n\veau1 & 9 =m+ odd & fanciful objects ( jewelry1 ! design] tak+ advantage ( ! resemblance :i* !y be> to common objects ( e-day life1 & by additions ( gold & o!r ornam5ts complet+ ! =m :i* nature _h m]ely sugge/$4 ,"s rem>kable examples ( b>oque m\nt+s h be5 produc$1 & a few are to be f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! l>ge pe>l collections4 ,9 a s+le case 9 ! ,imp]ial ,treasury at ,vi5na are b>oques =m+ ! pr9cipal p>ts or figures ( a horse1 /ag1 lamb1 tortoise1 liz>d1 cock1 dragon1 butt]fly1 gondola1 hippopotamus1 female bu/1 & ?ree m]maids4 ,o!r well-kn[n collections are ^? ( ! royal family ( ,saxony 9 ! ,grne ,gewlbe at ,dresd52 ^? 9 ! ,palace ( ,ros5b]g at ,cop5hag52 9 ! ,waddesd5 7,ro?s*ild7 collection ( ! ,briti% ,museum2 among ! jewels 9 ! ,l\vre 9 ,p>is2 ) ! treasures ( ! ,basilica ( ,/4 ,m>k 9 ,v5ice2 & 9 ! museum ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,mosc[4 ,a rem>kable pe>l-l ornam5t m common 9 ,asia ?an 9 ! ,occid5t1 is ! coque de p]le1 :i* is an oval section ( ! globose :orl ( ! ,indian nautilus4 ,! ext]ior or convex surface is highly lu/r\s1 b ! mat]ial is v ?94 ,x is commonly provid$ ) a suitable fill+ or back+ ( putty or cem5t to imp>t solidity1 & is us$ l a bli/] pe>l4 ,sometimes two p]fectly mat*$ coques de p]le are fill$ & cem5t$ toge!r1 giv+ ! appe>ance ( an abnormally l>ge oblong or ne>ly sph]ical pe>l4 ,! color ( pe>ls has no connection ) ! lu/]4 ,9 g5]al x is ! same z t ( ! %ell 9 :i* !y are =m$4 ,black pe>ls are f\nd 9 ! black %ells ( ,mexico1 & p9k pe>ls 9 ! p9k-hu$ ,/rombus ( ! ,bahamas4 ,ceylon pe>ls are seldom ( any o!r color ?an :ite1 & ,%>ks ,bays are almo/ inv>iably q yell[ or /raw-color$1 :ile ^? ( ,v5ezuela are commonly yell[i% t+$4 ,b f o!r localities1 pe>ls simulate e t9t ( ! ra9b[1 z well z :ite & black4 ,! mo/ common1 z well z ! mo/ desirable ord9>ily1 is :ite1 or r1 silv]y or moonlight gl9t1--8la gran ,m>gh]ita10 z ,dante calls x2 b yell[1 p9k1 & black are num]\s4 ,!y may also be piebald--a portion :ite & ! re/ p9k or br[n or black4 ,"s ye>s ago !re 0 on ! m>ket a l>ge bean-%ap$ pe>l ( great lu/]1 "o half ( :i* 0 :ite & ! o!r q black1 ! divid+-l9e be+ %>ply def9$ 9 ! plane ( ! greate/ circumf]5ce4 ,! pe>ls f ,mexico1 ! ,s\? ,sea isl&s1 & ! ,am]ican riv]s are especially not$ = _! great v>iety ( coloration1 cov]+ e kn[n t9t & %ade1 & requir+ su* a ma/] z ,?ophile ,gauti] to d ju/ice to !m4 ,_m !ories h be5 advanc$ to expla9 ! coloration ( pe>ls4 ,:5 ! old idea ( dew =mation prevail$1 x 0 consid]$ t :ite pe>ls 7 =m$ 9 fair wea!r1 & ! d>k ones :5 ! wea!r 0 cl\dy4 ,x 0 fur!r consid]$ t ! color 0 influ5c$ by ! dep? ( ! wat] 9 :i* !y grew3 t 9 deep wat] !y 7 :ite1 b :]e x 0 s %all[ t ! sunlight easily p5etrat$1 ! pe>ls 7 m likely to be d>k 9 color4 ,tav]ni] curi\sly expla9$ t ! black pe>ls ( ,panama & ,mexico ow$ _! color to ! black mud 9 :i* ! pe>l-oy/]s ( ^? localities liv$1 & t ,p]sian ,gulf pe>ls 7 m incl9$ to yell[ ?an ^? ( ,ceylon1 ow+ to ! great] putrefaction ( ! fle% be=e !y 7 remov$ !refrom4#gg ,two c5turies ago ! color ( a pe>l 0 attribut$ to t ( ! c5tral nucleus1 & x 0 conclud$ t if ! nucleus 0 d>k1 ! pe>l w\ld be ( a simil> hue4#gh ,?is !ory has also be5 upset1 = pe>ls are f\nd :ite on ! ext]ior & q d>k )91 & also ) ^! conditions rev]s$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gray ,,pe>ls ,,9 ,,! ,,possession ,,( ,,an ,,am]ican ,,lady ,,& ,,broo* ,,f ,,tiffany ,,co4',s ,,exhibit1 ,,p>is ,,exposition1 #aijj ,! color ( a pe>l is det]m9$ by t ( ! con*iol91 z appe>s f its rema9+ un*ang$ aft] decalcification4 ,:ile g5]ally x is ! same z t ( ! "m-(-pe>l at ! correspond+ po9t ( ! %ell 9 :i* x is =m$1 !re are _m exceptions to ?is1 & ! reasons = ! v>y+ t9ts & colors are probably to be f\nd 9 ! *anges 9 position ( ! pe>l1 ! +r$i5ts ( ! wat]1 ! heal? ( ! mollusk1 accid5ts ( v>i\s k9ds1 etc4 ,^! factors w be ref]r$ to lat] 9 discuss+ ! pe>ls f diff]5t mollusks & regions2 b 9 g5]al x is no m easy to expla9 ! colors ( pe>ls ?an x is to say :y "o rose is :ite & ano!r is yell[4 ,m$ieval writ]s _h mu* to say reg>d+ unripe or immature pe>ls1 lik5+ !m to eggs 9 ! body ( a h51 :i* foll[ a uni=m rate ( gr[?2 & ?is idea is n entirely abs5t ev5 9 contemporane\s writ+s4 ,h[ev]1 x is an int]e/+ fact t ! humble mollusks1 l ! five wise virg9s ) prep>$ lamps1 keep _! gems p]fect 9 beauty & lu/] at all times4 ,x matt]s n :e!r ! pe>l be remov$ :5 x is only ! size ( a p9head or n until x rea*es t ( a m>ble1 x is at all times a complete1 a ripe1 a p]fect pe>l1 & ! l>ge/ surpasses ! smalle/ only 9 ! *>act]i/ics & prop]ties :i* are incid5tal to size4 ,imp>t+ p]fection & completion e day1 e mom5t1 ! mollusk utilizes ! add$ "t simply 9 enl>g+ its beautiful "w4 ,al?\gh art has made wond]ful progress 9 t direction1 ! pe>l1 l tru?1 is n easily imitat$4 ,!re is z mu* diff]5ce betwe5 ! ubiquit\s imitations & ! p]fect gem z !re is betwe5 a *romoli?ograph & a silv]y ,corot1 or betwe5 ! effects ( cosmetics & ! fre%ness ( y\?4 ,:ile to ! unskill$1 or "u sup]ficial inspection1 ! false has "s ( ! prop]ties ( ! g5u9e1 x is only necess>y to place !m side by side to make ! diff]5ce app>5t4 ,h[ev] clev] ! imitation may be 9 color1 9 =m1 & 9 d5sity1 x always lacks 9 ri*ness1 9 sweetness1 & 9 bl5d$ iridesc5ce4 ,v ,,s\rces ,,( ,,pe>ls ,v ,,s\rces ,,( ,,pe>ls ,ri* hone/y dwells l a mis]1 sir1 9 a poor h\se1 z y\r pe>l 9 y\r f\l oy/]4 ,z ,y ,l ,x1 ,act ,v1 sc4 #d4 ,9 geographic range1 ! s\rces ( pe>ls are widely di/ribut$1 ea* "o ( ! six cont95ts yield+ its quota2 b ! places :]e pr(itable fi%]ies are prosecut$ are re/rict$ 9 area4 ,fir/ 9 po9t ( value1 & possibly ( antiquity also1 are ! fi%]ies ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 giv+ employm5t ord9>ily to ?irty ?\s& or m div]s4 ,! yield 9 ! likewise anci5t fi%]ies ( ! ,gulf ( ,mana> is unc]ta91 b sometimes rem>kably l>ge4 ,! ,r$ ,sea res\rces are n[ ( slight importance comp>$ ) _! ext5t 9 ! "t ( ! ,ptolemies4 ,o!r ,asiatic fi%]ies are 9 ! ,gulf ( ,ad51 ab\t ,m]gui ,ar*ipelago1 on ! coa/ ( ,*9a1 ,japan1 ,korea1 & ,siam1 & also 9 ! riv]s ( ,*9a1 ,man*uria1 & ,sib]ia4 ,aside f ^? produc$ 9 ! ,r$ ,sea & ! ,gulf ( ,ad51 ! pe>l fi%]ies ( ,africa are ( small ext5t4 ,"s reefs exi/ on ! l[] coa/ ( ! ,g]man ,ea/ ,african t]ritory & also 9 ,portuguese ,ea/ ,africa1 b !y h n be5 ?or\ghly exploit$4 ,9 mo/ ( ! in%ore wat]s ( ,au/ralasia pe>ls may be secur$2 ! fi%]ies are mo/ ext5sive on ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,au/ralia1 9 ! ,sulu ,ar*ipelago1 & ab\t ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies4 ,tuamotu ,ar*ipelago1 ,gambi]1 ,fiji1 & ,p5rhyn are prom95t 9 ! ,s\? ,pacific ,ocean4 ,9 ! seas ( ,europe few pe>ls h be5 f\nd1 b ! riv]s h yield$ _m2 & al?\gh ! res\rces h be5 greatly impair$1 _m beautiful gems are yet f\nd !re4 ,s\? ,am]ica contributes ! important reefs on ! coa/ ( ,v5ezuela--! l& ( unre/ & revolutions1 ^: fi%]ies 7 fir/ exploit$ by ,columbus4 ,o!r ,s\? ,am]ican c\ntries 9 :i* pe>ls are collect$ are ,panama1 ,ecuador1 ,p]u1 etc4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 pe>ls are f\nd 9 ! pe>l-oy/] ( ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia1 ! abalone ( ! ,pacific coa/1 ! que5 con* ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & 9 ! ,unios ( mo/ ( ! riv]s1 especially ^? ( ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,s9ce pe>ly concretions p>take ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! %ell )9 :i* !y are =m$1 x foll[s t practically all species ( mollusks ^: %ells h a well-develop$ nacre\s l9+ yield pe>ls to a great] or less ext5t4 ,b ! numb] ( ^! species is relatively small4 ,!y belong *iefly to ! ,m>g>itif]1 or pe>l-oy/] family ( ! sea1 & to ! ,unionid1 or family ( fre%-wat] mussels4 ,pe>ls occur also 9 "s univalves1 b n s abundantly z 9 bivalves ( ! families m5tion$4 ,broadly /at$1 we may hope to f9d pe>ls )9 any mollusk ^: %ell possesses a nacre\s surface2 & x is useless to se>* = !m 9 %ells ^: int]ior is dull & opaque1 su* z ! edible oy/] = in/ance4 ,! great bulk ( ! pe>ls on ! m>ket1 & likewise ^? ( ! highe/ quality1 are f ! ,m>g>itif]1 :i* are widely di/ribut$ ab\t tropical wat]s4 ,al?\gh ^! mollusks are spok5 ( z pe>l-oy/]s1 !y are n relat$ 9 any way to ! edible oy/]s 7,o/rea7 ( ,am]ica & ,europe4#gi ,! fle% is fat & glut9\s1 & s rank 9 flavor z to be almo/ unfit = food1 al?\gh eat5 at times by ! poor] fi%]m5 9 lieu ( bett] f>e4 ,! orig9 ( ! "n is d\btless due to ! fact t 9 ! some:at circul> =m ( ! %ell !y resemble oy/]s r ?an ! elongat$ mussels ( ,europe1 to :i* !y are m ne>ly relat$ 9 anatomy4 ,also 9 t--l _! namesakes--!y are monomy>ian1 hav+ only "o adductor muscle4 ,! two valves or sides ( ! pe>l-oy/] %ell are ne>ly simil> 9 %ape & almo/ equal 9 size2 :]eas 9 ! edible oy/]s "o valve is ?9 & some:at flat1 :ile ! o!r is ?ick]1 l>g]1 & highly convex4 ,9 ! latt]1 also1 ! h+e1 or umbo1 is an angul> beak2 b 9 ! pe>l-oy/]s ! umbo is prolong$ by s-call$ e>s or w+s into a /raight l9e ! l5g? ( :i* is ne>ly equal to ! bread? ( ! %ell4 ,! byssus1 or bun* ( fib]s1 by :i* pe>l-oy/]s atta* !mselves to ! bottom indicates _! relation%ip to ! mussels4 ,! possession ( a small foot & some:at ext5d$ migratory p[]s--at lea/ 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( gr[?--also di/+ui% !m f ! s$5t>y edible oy/]s4 ,b f an economic po9t ( view1 ! pr9cipal diff]5ce is ! possession ( a ?ick1 nacre\s1 int]ior l9+ 9 ! %ells ( pe>l-oy/]s1 :i* is :olly lack+ 9 ! edible species4 ,l _! namesakes1 ! pe>l-oy/]s are exce$+ly f]tile1 a s+le specim5 numb]+ its annual increase by millions4 ,comm]cially consid]$1 ! pe>l-oy/]s are r\ghly divisible into two gr\ps1 7#a7 ^? fi%$ exclusively = ! pe>ls :i* !y conta91 & 7#b7 ^? ^: %ells are s ?ick z to give !m suffici5t value to w>rant _! capture indep5d5tly ( ! yield ( pe>ls4 ,! be/ examples ( ! fir/ gr\p are ! pe>l-oy/]s ( ,ceylon & ( ,v5ezuela1 & to a less ext5t ^? ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 ! coa/ ( ,japan1 & ( ,%>ks ,bay1 on ! ,au/ralian coa/4 ,( ! second gr\p1 ! pe>l-oy/]s ( ,torres ,/raits & ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago are ! mo/ prom95t memb]s4 ,betwe5 ^! two gr\ps are ! _m species & v>ieties ^: %ells & pe>ls are m ev5ly divid$ ) respect to value1 includ+ ^? ( ,mexico1 ,panama1 ! ,r$ ,sea1 ! ,s\? ,sea isl&s1 etc4 ,"s con*ologi/s recognize a l>ge numb] ( species ( ,m>g>itif]1 :ile o!r au?orities consid] _m ( ^! z local v>iations ( ! same species4 ,!re is mu* diff]5ce 9 ! size1 color1 & m>k+s ( ! %ells 9 diff]5t localities1 ow+ to v>y+ geographical & physical conditions4 ,! di/9ction ( species & ! nom5clature h]e9 adopt$ are ^? ( ,dr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,jameson1 :o has rec5tly revis$ & re>rang$ ! collection ( %ells belong+ to ?is family 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1#hj & to :om we are indebt$ = descriptive notes relative to sev]al ( ! species4 ,! greate/ pe>l-produc] 9 ! family ( pe>l-oy/]s is ! ,m>g>itif]a vulg>is ( ! ,gulf ( ,mana> & ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 & to a mu* less ext5t ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,x occurs 9 v>i\s o!r in%ore wat]s ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 & ab\t ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago & ! coa/ ( ,au/ralia & ,new ,gu9ea1 al?\gh x is n ! pr9cipal pe>l-oy/] ( ^? wat]s4 ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( its immigration into ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea ?r\gh ! ,suez ,canal 0 giv5 by ,vassel 9 #ahif4ha ,?is species is q small1 av]ag+ two & a half in*es 9 diamet] 9 ,ceylon wat]s1 & some:at m 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 :5ce l>ge quantities ( ! %ell are export$ "u ! "n ( 8,l+ah %ell40 ,! ,ceylon v>iety has ! nacre\s l9+ almo/ uni=mly :ite ov] ! entire surface1 only ! lip hav+ a slightly p9ki% gr\nd color4 ,! ext]ior is m>k$ by sev5 or eight r$di% br[n radial b&s on a pale yell[ gr\nd4 ,9 addition to its great] size1 ! ,p]sian v>iety is d>k]1 & ! lip ( ! %ell has a r$di% t+e4 ,= c5turies ! ,m>g>itif]a vulg>is has su/a9$ ! great pe>l fi%]ies ( ,ceylon1 ,india1 & ,p]sia1 & at pres5t yields ! bulk ( pe>ls on ! m>ket1 especially ! se$-pe>ls & also ^? ( m$ium size4 ,x produces relatively few l>ge ones1 r>ely exce$+ twelve gra9s 9 weight4 ,^! pe>ls are commonly silv]y :ite1 & = _! size comm& ! highe/ prices1 because ( _! beautiful =m & sup]ior lu/]4 ,except+ ! ,v5ezuelan species1 ?is is ! only pe>l-oy/] :i* at pres5t supports ext5sive fi%]ies exclusively = pe>ls2 9 ! fi%]ies = all o!r species ! value ( ! %ells furni%es consid]able rev5ue1 & 9 "s localities ?is repres5ts sev]al times z mu* z ! income f ! pe>ls4 ,rank+ next to ,m>g>itif]a vulg>is 9 ext5t ( pe>l production is ! ,m>g>itif]a m>g>itif]a1 :i* is widely di/ribut$ ab\t ! tropical in%ore wat]s ( ! ,pacific & ,indian oceans4 ,x is v mu* l>g] ?an ! ,l+ah oy/]1 good specim5s measur+ sev5 or eight in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! nacre\s int]ior is usually ( a d>k] color4 ,9 addition to its yield ( pe>ls1 ! %ell ( ?is species is ( value 9 ! "m-(-pe>l trade1 & contributes l>gely to ! economic results ( ! fi%]ies4 ,inde$1 9 sev]al regions ! %ell is ( m value ?an ! pe>ls1 :i* repres5t only an incid5tal yield4 ,z ,jameson notes1 ! color & m>k+s ( ! %ell1 ?\gh extremely v>iable1 g5]ally suffice to di/+ui% ?is species4 ,! gr\nd color ( ! ext]ior ranges ?r\gh v>i\s %ades f yell[i% br[n to v d>k br[n4 ,its *>act]i/ic m>k+s consi/ ( f t5 to eighte5 radial r[s ( :ite & yell[ spots1 runn+ f ! umbo1 or h+e1 to ! m>g94 ,sev]al v>ieties ( ,m>g>itif]a m>g>itif]a are recogniz$4 ,! type species occurs along ! nor? coa/ ( ,au/ralia1 f ,brisbane on ! ea/ to ,%>ks ,bay on ! we/2 on ! ,new ,gu9ea coa/2 at ,=mosa2 & ab\t _m ( ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific4 ,! well-kn[n 8black lip %ell0 ( ,au/ralian wat]s is ( ?is species2 x %[s a gre5i% black on ! m>g9 ( ! nacre4 ,! yield ( ?is is v small comp>$ ) t ( ! l>ge pe>l-oy/] ( ,au/ralia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%ell ,,( ,,pe>l-,,oy/] ,,) ,,atta*$ ,,pe>l 7,m>g>itif]a m>g>itif]a mazatlanica7 ,f ,co/a ,rica ,! ,m>g>itif]a m>g>itif]a occurs on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,arabia 9 two v>ieties1 :i* diff] some:at f ! type species4 ,^! h be5 designat$ by ,jameson z ,m4 m>g>itif]a p]sica & ,m4 m>g>itif]a ery?rensis4 ,^! are mu* l>g] ?an ! ,l+ah %ell ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 b are small] ?an ! ,au/ralian species4 ,! p]c5tage ( pe>ls 9 !m is less ?an 9 ! ,l+ah species1 b f a comm]cial po9t ( view ?is is to "s ext5t (fset by ! great] value ( ! %ell4 ,! ,m4 m4 p]sica is m num]\s 9 ! gulf ?an ! ,m4 m4 ery?rensis1 & l>ge quantities ( ! %ell are m>ket$ 9 ,europe4 ,=m]ly ! %ipm5ts 7 made pr9cipally by way ( ,bombay1 h5ce ! %ell is kn[n 9 ! "m-(-pe>l trade z 8,bombay %ell40 ,! ext]ior is ( a light grayi% or gre5i% br[n color1 ) yell[i% :ite radial b&s4 ,! nacre has a slightly roseate t9t1 & ! m>g9 is gre5i% yell[4 ,! pe>ls f\nd h]e9 are m yell[i% 9 color & atta9 a l>g] size ?an ^? f ! ,l+ah oy/]4 ,! ,m4 m4 ery?rensis occurs also 9 ! ,r$ ,sea & along ! %ores ( ! ,arabian ,sea4 ,among "m-(-pe>l deal]s x is kn[n z 8,egyptian %ell0 or 8,alex&ria %ell10 ow+ to ! fact t prior to ! op5+ ( ! ,suez ,canal %ipm5ts 7 commonly made by way ( ,alex&ria4 ,! color ( ! nacre is d>k] ?an t ( its relat$ v>iety 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,9 ! trade1 ?ree grades ( ?is %ell are recogniz$1 class$ accord+ to ! %ade ( color4 ,! lighte/ comes f ,mass[ah & ne> ! s\!rn end ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 & ! d>ke/ f f>!r nor?1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,jiddah & ,suakim4 ,! isl&s ( ! s\!rn ,pacific1 & ( ea/]n ,polynesia especially1 yield ano!r v>iety ( ,m4 m>g>itif]a1 to :i* ! "n ,m4 m4 cum+i has be5 giv54 ,! nacre is ( a d>k metallic gre51 & 9 ! "m-(-pe>l trade ! %ell is designat$ z 8black-edg$40 ,x atta9s a l>ge size1 only slightly small] ?an ! l>ge ,au/ralian species2 _m individual specim5s measure t5 in*es 9 diamet]1 & weigh six or sev5 p\nds = ! two valves4 ,belong+ to ?is v>iety are ^? oy/]s ^: %ells are kn[n 9 ! m>kets ( ,europe & ,am]ica z 8,tahiti10 8,gambi]10 & 8,auckl&0 %ells1 ! "n designat+ ! port ( %ipm5t4 ,yet ano!r subspecies1 ! ,m4 m4 mazatlanica1 occurs on ! coa/s ( ,panama & ,mexico1 & especially 9 ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia4 ,?is is likewise gre5-edg$1 & ! ext]ior color is yell[ or light br[n4 ,?is %ell has be5 m>ket$ 9 quantities s9ce #ahej1 & is kn[n 9 ! "m-(-pe>l trade z 8,panama %ell40 ,x is small] ?an ! ,au/ralian species1 specim5s r>ely exce$+ eight in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x yields a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! black pe>ls t h be5 s fa%ionable 9 ! la/ fifty ye>s4 ,s9ce #ahgj1 ! l>ge/ pe>ls h be5 f\nd ma9ly 9 a v l>ge species ( pe>l-oy/]1 ,m>g>itif]a maxima1 obta9$ (f ! nor? & we/ coa/s ( ,au/ralia1 among ! ,sulu ,isl&s1 & else:]e 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,9 ! fi%]ies = ?is species1 ! "m-(-pe>l is ! pr9cipal object s\ght1 & ! pe>ls are obta9$ incid5tally4 ,x is ! l>ge/ ( all ! memb]s ( ?is family1 rea*+ 9 exceptional cases twelve or ?irte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 & weigh+ upw>d ( twelve p\nds2 :ile ! ,ceylon oy/] r>ely exce$s f\r ounces 9 weight4 ,s m>k$ is ?is diff]5ce1 t ! ,au/ralian species is (t5 designat$ ! 8"m-(-pe>l oy/]10 & ! ,ceylon species ! 8pe>l-oy/]40 ,jameson notes t x diff]s f ! ,m>g>itif]a m>g>itif]a1 its ne>e/ competitor 9 size1 9 its mu* long] h+e1 its %ape1 its less] convexity1 & 9 its color & m>k+s4 ,z describ$ by him1 ! color ranges f pale yell[i% br[n to deep br[n1 ) traces ( radial m>k+s ( d>k br[n1 gre51 or r$ 9 ! umbonal area4 ,9 its m>g9al region1 ! %ell is m>k$ by a s]ies ( circumf]5tial l9es ab\t "o ?ird ( a millimet] ap>t4 ,sev]al geographical v>ieties ( ?is species are recogniz$ 9 ! "m-(-pe>l trade1 diff]+ pr9cipally 9 ! color+ ( ! int]ior surface4 ,! *ief comm]cial v>ieties are 8,sydney0 or 8,que5sl&10 8,port ,d>w910 8,we/ ,au/ralian10 8,new ,gu9ea10 8,manila10 8,macass>10 & 8,m]gui40 ,! nacre ( ^? f ! ,au/ralian coa/ is almo/ uni=mly silv]y :ite4 ,t ( ! 8,manila %ell0 is *>act]iz$ by a broad gold5 bord] surr\nd+ ! silv]y :ite nacre4 ,! 8,macass> %ell0 lacks ! gold5 bord] ( ! 8,manila %ell10 & is simil> 9 its uni=m :it5ess to ! 8,sydney %ell10 b its iridesc5ce is mu* great]4 ,! ,m>g>itif]a c>*>ium1 f ,%>ks ,bay1 on ! coa/ ( ,au/ralia1 yields yell[ pe>ls & small quantities ( "m-(-pe>l4 ,?is species is small--?ree or f\r in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! color is grayi% or gre5i% yell[1 ) sev]al some:at indi/9ct radial b&s ( br[ni% gre54 ,! nacre has a yell[i% gre5 t9t1 ) a m>g9 ( pale yell[1 ) br[n m>k+s4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies & on ! ,atlantic coa/ ( tropical ,am]ica1 especially ! coa/ ( ,v5ezuela1 occurs ! ,m>g>itif]a radiata4 ,?is species is q small1 & seems to be closely alli$ to ! ,ceylon oy/]4 ,l ! latt]1 ! nacre\s int]ior is ri* & brilliant1 b ow+ to its small size1 ! %ell is :olly valueless z "m-(-pe>l4 ,! pr9cipal & almo/ ! only fi%]y = ?is species is on ! ,v5ezuelan coa/1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,m>g>ita ,isl&1 ! isl&s ( ,cubagua1 & ,co*e4 ,! coa/ ( ,japan yields ! ,m>g>itif]a m>t5si1 :i* occurs among ! num]\s isl&s 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! empire1 b does n ext5d beyond #dj nor? latitude4 ,?is species is likewise small1 & closely resembles ! pe>l-oy/] ( ,ceylon1 f :i* x diff]s pr9cipally 9 coloration4 ,z not$ by ,jameson1 br[n & :ite pr$om9ate 9 ! ext]ior color+1 & ! int]ior ( ! lip is m>bl$ ) yell[ o*] & *ocolate br[n1 in/ead ( p9k1 z 9 ! ,ceylon %ell4 ,!re are num]\s o!r species ( pe>l-oy/]s1 b !y are ( slight economic importance1 & d n support fi%]ies ( value4 ,z only a small p]c5tage ( ! individual mollusks conta9 pe>ls1 x foll[s t va/ quantities are de/roy$ )\t any return :atev]1 & h&l+ !m m]ely adds to ! exp5se ( ! indu/ry1 z well z r$uces ! res\rces ( ! reefs4 ,?is c\ld be obviat$ if x 7 possible1 )\t op5+ !m1 to det]m9e ! individual mollusks conta9+ pe>ls4 ,among ! sev]al me?ods propos$ = ?is purpose1 especially int]e/+ is ! use ( ,x-rays1 :i* 0 sugge/$ by ,raphael ,dubois ( ,lyons1 ,france1 9 #aija4hb ,! %ells ( "s pe>l-oy/]s--^? ( ,ceylon & ( ,v5ezuela = in/ance--are relatively ?91 & x 0 ?\ght t by ! means ( ! rays ! pres5ce ( pe>ls c\ld be asc]ta9$1 & non-pe>l-be>]s c\ld be sav$ f op5+1 & be return$ to ! reefs )\t injury4 ,al?\gh ! calc>e\s %ell p>tly int]rupts ! radiations1 x is n difficult to recognize ! pres5ce ( l>ge pe>ls4 ,! !ory has nev] be5 f\nd practical 9 application1 ow+ l>gely to ! r\gh & irregul> ext]ior ( ! %ell & ! small size ( ! pe>ls4 ,! pres5ce ( ! l>g] pe>ls may be asc]ta9$ by ?is me?od2 b x is exce$+ly probable t a v l>ge p]c5tage ( ! small ones1 & especially ! se$-pe>ls1 w\ld be ov]look$4 ,fur!rmore1 if 9 _! six? ye> oy/]s conta9 no pe>ls1 ! probability ( appe>ance !re9 lat] is v small1 & little b5efit w\ld result f _! return to ! wat]4 ,z to sav+ ! tr\ble ( op5+ ! non-pe>l-be>+ mollusks1 labor 9 ! pe>l+ regions is usually inexp5sive1 & ?is co/ is f> m ?an (fset by ! reasonable c]ta9ty ( secur+ practically all ! small z well z ! l>ge pe>ls by ! pres5t me?od ( op]ation4 ,ow+ to ! great] ?ickness & ! economic value ( ! l>ge pe>l-oy/]s--z ^? ( ,au/ralia or ( ,mexico1 = in/ance--! application ( ,x-rays to !m is obvi\sly impractical4 ,h[ev]1 :5 pe>l-oy/] culture becomes a highly develop$ indu/ry1 ) p]sonal own]%ip 9 ^? mollusks return$ to ! wat]1 "s me?od su* z ?is might be ( great value4 ,pe>ls are yield$ by v>i\s species ( ,unionid or ,naiades occurr+ 9 ! riv]s ( ,am]ica1 ,scotl&1 ,saxony1 ,bav>ia1 ,norway1 ,sw$51 ,russia1 ,france1 ,*9a1 etc4 ,^! mollusks exi/ exclusively 9 ! fre%-wat] /reams1 lakes1 & ponds1 & quickly die :5 subm]g$ 9 salt wat]4 ,! ,unionid are ( p>ticul> int]e/ 9 ,am]ica1 z x is "h t ?is gr\p is mo/ abundant1 & ne>ly e /ream ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s conta9s m or less ( !m4 ,! ,mississippi bas9 ab\nds 9 ,unios1 or 8clams10 z !y are kn[n to ! fi%]m5 ( t region1 & furni%es ab\t #djj ( ! #ajjj recogniz$ species ( ?is important family4 ,! ,unios are mo/ abundant 9 cle>1 runn+ wat]1 :]e ! bottom is gravelly or s&y4 ,! int]iors ( ! %ells are iridesc5t1 & v>y greatly 9 t9t1 exhibit+ _m delicate %ades ( color f silv]y :ite to /raw color1 p9k1 purple1 br[n1 etc4 ,ab\t five hundr$ species ( ,am]ican fre%-wat] mussels h be5 recogniz$ by con*ologi/s4 ,_m ( ^! diff] f "o ano!r s v slightly t !y are sc>cely di/+ui%able f an exam9ation ( ! %ells !mselves1 or ev5 f ! descriptions1 & a detail$ index to ! complete li/ is ( little economic importance4 ,! pr(essional fi%]m5 & ! %ell-buy]s take ! tr\ble to "n only ! species ) :i* !y deal1 :i* includes only ab\t tw5ty-five species1 all ( :i* are m>g>itif]\s1 ?\gh "s to a great] ext5t ?an o!rs4 ,9 ! pe>l+ regions a popul> nom5clature exi/s1 ! names giv5 by ! fi%]m5 hav+ ref]5ce to ! %ape1 color1 etc4 ,! nigg]head 7,quadrula eb5a7 is ! mo/ num]\s 9 ! ,mississippi1 & x is ext5sively us$ 9 button manufacture4 ,! ?ick %ell ( ?is species is almo/ r\nd1 ) a black out] surface & a pe>ly :ite int]ior4 ,at maturity x av]ages ab\t f\r in*es 9 diamet] & f\r ounces 9 weight4 ,ow+ to its uni=m :it5ess & ! flatness ( its surface1 x is well adapt$ to button manufacture1 & = ?is purpose m ?an tw5ty ?\s& tons are tak5 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley e ye>4 ,:5 ! fi%]y orig9at$1 ! nigg]head 0 v abundant 9 "s places1 & especially betwe5 ,la ,crosse & ,burl+ton4 ,f a s+le b$ ne> ,new ,bo/on1 ,ill9ois1 measur+ ab\t #bjj acres 9 area1 #gejj tons1 or ab\t #gj1jjj1jjj individual %ells1 7 remov$ 9 ?ree ye>s4 ,9 #ahig1 a b$ ( #cbj acres ne> ,muscat9e furni%$ #ejj tons1 or ab\t #d1gej1jjj %ells4 ,?is species occasionally yields valuable pe>ls4 ,two species ( ,unios1 ,quadrula undulata & ,q4 plicata1 are kn[n among ! fi%]m5 z 8?ree-ridges40 ,! =m] is also kn[n z ! 8blue-po9t0 f ! fact t ! %>p edge is usually t+$ fa9t blue on ! inside4 ,al?\gh n ! be/ = button manufacture1 ! %ells yield ! greate/ numb] ( pe>ls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p9na ,,or ,,w+ ,,%ell 7,p9na sem9uda7 ,"o ?ird natural size ,illu/ration3 ,,pe>l-,,oy/] ,,( ,,ceylon 7,m>g>itif]a vulg>is7 ,natural size ,a species some:at simil> to ! nigg]head is ! bullhead 7,pleurobema sopus74 ,?is %ell is ?ick & opaque1 ! nacre is n s iridesc5t z t ( ! nigg]head1 nor does x yield pe>ls ( su* good quality4 ,^! two species are n ev5ly di/ribut$ ov] ! bottom ( ! /reams1 b occur 9 great pat*es or b$s1 sometimes sev]al feet 9 ?ickness & cov]+ _m hundr$s ( acres4 ,"s ( ! b$s are sev]al miles 9 l5g?1 & !y may be sep>at$ by tw5ty or ?irty miles 9 :i* ! mollusks are s sc>ce t pr(itable fi%+ c n be made2 b usually ! reefs are small] & m closely situat$4 ,! s& %ells 7,lampsilis7--( :i* !re are sev]al species--d n occur 9 l>ge b$s1 b are scatt]$ ov] ! s&y bea*es & slop+ mud-banks4 ,9 %ape !y are n>r[ & long1 adults measur+ five or six in*es 9 l5g?4 ,ow+ to ! small wa/e 9 cutt+1 due to uni=mity 9 ?ickness1 ^! %ells are sold to button manufactur]s = m ?an ! nigg]head1 :i* 9 turn is m valuable ?an ! bullhead4 ,! buckhorn 7,tritigonia v]rucosa7 is v long & n>r[2 on ! d>k br[n ext]ior x is r\gh1 z is ! horn f :i* x takes its "n1 :ile ! int]ior %[s a beautiful display ( colors4 ,?is is n f\nd 9 b$s1 b lies scatt]$ among o!r species4 ,x sells at a relatively high price--usually 9 excess ( #bj p] ton--= button manufacture4 ,ano!r species is ! butt]fly 7,plagiola securis71 :i* is v prettily m>k$ on ! outside ) fa9tly color$ dott$ /ripes ( v>y+ l5g?4 ,ov] a backgr\nd ( d>k yell[ run black /ripes to ! out] edge ( ! %ell1 ) d>k dots betwe5 ! /ripes4 ,! %ell is small & ?ick1 & l ! s& %ell & ! buckhorn1 is f\nd 9 small quantities4 ,ow+ to ! beauty & p]man5cy ( its lu/]1 ?is %ell is 9 dem& = button manufacture1 & its pe>ls are (t5 v beautiful4 ,o!r well-kn[n species are ! pancake 7,lampsilis alatus71 ! maple-leaf 7,quadrula w>di71 & hackle-back 7,symphynota complanata74 ,on ! ,atlantic seabo>d1 ! pr9cipal species 9 :i* pe>ls h be5 f\nd are ,unio complanata2 ! ,alasmodon arcuata1 :i* has h+e tee?1 & a species ( ,anodon4 ,pe>ls f ! ,unio complanata are usually small] b m lu/r\s ?an ^? f ei!r ( ! o!r species4 ,among ! _m fre%-wat] mussels are f\nd "s rem>kable conditions ( animal life4 ,probably ! mo/ curi\s is ! p>asitic /age ( c]ta9 species4 ,:5 hat*$ f ! egg1 ea* "o ( ^! is provid$ ) hooks or sp9es1 by means ( :i* x atta*es itself to ! gills or f9s ( a swimm+ fi% & becomes emb$d$ !re94 ,aft] conf9em5t 9 ?is cy/ = a p]iod ( two mon?s or m1 ! small mollusk works its way out & falls to ! bottom ( ! riv] or pond1 :]e its developm5t cont9ues along l9es m conv5tional to molluscan life4 ,9 mo/ ( ! species ( ,unios ! sexes are sep>ate2 b x has be5 det]m9$ t 9 "s ! individuals are provid$ ) bo? sets ( sexual organs4 ,x is claim$ by "s naturali/s t c]ta9 species may *ange f "o sex to ano!r2 yet ?is does n seem to h be5 positively e/abli%$4 ,n ! lea/ int]e/+ ( ! habits ( ! ,unios is ! mann] 9 :i* !y 8walk10 bu%els ( !m *ang+ _! habitation 9 a few h\rs4 ,! %ell op5s slightly & ! muscul> tongue-l 8foot0 is ?ru/ out1 & by pressure ( ?is on ! bottom1 ! mollusk is propell$ 9 a j]ky1 jumpy movem5t ) m spe$ ?an "o w\ld suppose possible = ! app>5tly in]t creature4 ,! numb] ( eggs produc$ by an individual 9 "o season ranges f a few hundr$ 9 "s species to _m millions 9 o!rs1 z 9 ! ,quadrula h]os1 = in/ance4 ,mo/ ( ! fre%-wat] mollusks are ( sl[ gr[?1 rea*+ maturity 9 six or eight ye>s1 & x is believ$ t if undi/urb$ !y live to be f fifte5 to fifty ye>s old2 inde$1 "s writ]s cr$it !m ) atta9+ an age ( "o hundr$ ye>s4 ,:ile outw>dly !re is no positive indication ( ! exi/5ce ( pe>ls1 !y are relatively sc>ce 9 "y mollusks1 & likewise 9 ^? hav+ a normal1 heal?y appe>ance1 ) smoo? ext]ior free f blemi%es1 & !y are f\nd g5]ally 9 ! old]1 irregul>1 & de=m$ %ells1 :i* be> excresc5ces & ! m>ks ( hav+ p>asites4 ,h[ev]1 "s ( ! *oice/ pe>ls h come f %ells relatively "y & app>5tly 9 p]fect condition4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t ) ! fre%-wat] ,unios !re are ?ree indications on :i* ! fi%]m5 to "s ext5t rely = det]m9+ ! pres5ce ( pe>ls f ! outw>d aspects ( ! %ell4 ,!re are1 fir/1 ! ?read or elevat$ ridge ext5d+ f ! v]tex to ! edge2 second1 ! kidney-%ape ( ! %ell1 & ?ird1 ! contortion ( bo? valves t[>d ! middle plane ( ! mollusk4 ,a s+le mollusk may conta9 sev]al small pe>ls1--m ?an "o hundr$ h be5 f\nd1--b 9 su* cases usually none has comm]cial value4 ,ord9>ily only "o is f\nd 9 ! exam9ation ( v _m %ells4 ,( ^! objects x may be tru?fully said t 8_m are f\nd1 b few are *os510 few t are ( fir/ quality or are wor?y ( a f9e necklace4 ,9 _m in/ances1 sev]al p\nds ( *eap pe>ls w\ld be gladly ex*ang$ = a *oice gem weigh+ an equal numb] ( gra9s4 ,on ! ,atlantic seabo>d ( ,am]ica1 ! ,anodontas1 or 8mussels10 z !y are kn[n locally1 are m num]\s ?an ! ,unios4 ,!y pref] ! /ill wat]s ( ! ponds & lakes1 r ?an ! swift curr5ts ( ! /reams4 ,! %ell is mu* ?9n] ?an t ( ! ,unios1 & x is usually n s brilliant 9 color & iridesc5ce2 consequ5tly ! pe>ly concretions obta9$ f !m are less lu/r\s4 ,! riv]s ( ,europe1 & ( ,asia also1 conta9 numb]s ( pe>l-be>+ mussels4 ,9 _m localities ! yield ( pe>ls has at times attract$ att5tion & produc$ mu* pr(it1 ?\gh probably nev] equal+ ! pres5t ext5t ( ! ,mississippi ,riv] f9ds4 ,! pr9cipal pe>l-be>] ( ,europe is ! ,unio m>g>itif]a1 ! %ell ( :i* has be5 ( "s local importance 9 ! manufacture ( pe>l buttons4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 x is kn[n z ! pe>l-mussel2 9 ,france z ! m\le or hutre p]lire2 9 ,g]many z p]l5mus*el2 9 ,belgium z pa>l mossel de rivi]52 9 ,d5m>k z p]le-skiael2 9 ,sw$5 z p]lmussla2 9 ,russia z s*emts*us*uaja rakav9a1 & 9 ,f9l& z simpsuckan cuosi4 ,! ,unio m>g>itif]a likewise exi/s 9 ,sib]ia1 & possibly else:]e 9 ,asia4 ,o!r species ( ,unio exi/ !re & 9 ,mongolia1 ,man*uria1 etc41 z1 = in/ance1 ,u4 mongolicus1 ,u4 dahuricus1 etc4 ,a lead+ species 9 ea/]n ,*9a1 ! ,dipsas plicatus1 has long be5 ext5sively employ$ 9 ! artificial production ( pe>ly objects or culture pe>ls4#hc ,unio pe>ls %[ less uni=mity ( t9ts ?an ^? d]iv$ f ! pe>l-oy/]s4 ,!y pres5t an ext5d$ s]ies ( %ades1 correspond+ to ^? on ! int]ior ( ! %ells1 f almo/ p]fect :ite ?r\gh v>i\s t9ts ( cream1 p9k1 yell[1 bright r$1 blue1 gre51 russet1 & br[n4 ,! metallic %ades are num]\s1 especially ! /eels & ! copp]s4 ,mo/ ( ! memb]s ( ! ,mytilid family1 :i* includes ! m>9e mussels1 are ( slight lu/]2 & ! pe>ly concretions f\nd 9 !m are ( ! grade kn[n z 8druggi/s' pe>ls10 s-call$ because1 =m]ly1 !y 7 us$ 9 a p[d]$ =m 9 a/r+5t & o!r m$ic9es4 ,h[ev]1 "s ( ^! mussels on ! ,european coa/ yield pe>ls t are fairly lu/r\s4 ,! :ite & ! p9k are mo/ num]\s1 b purple1 r$1 bronze1 & yell[ are by no means uncommon4 ,a few pe>ls are also obta9$ f ! sea-w+s or w+-%ells 7,p9na71 ! silkworms ( ! sea1 f\nd 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 ! ,indian ,ocean1 ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,am]ica1 & else:]e4 ,^! %ells are n>r[ at ! umbo1 or h+e1 long1 & fan-%ap$2 !y are g5]ally brittle1 & pres5t a horn-l appe>ance4 ,! int]ior is commonly ( a silv]y r$di% or orange-color$ hue1 & ?is t9t is imp>t$ to ! pe>ls4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature ( ! ,p9na is ! ?ick rope ( silky fib]s1 f f\r to t51 & sometimes tw5ty or m in*es 9 l5g?1 con/itut+ ! byssus1 a rem>kable provision by means ( :i* x an*ors itself to ! bottom & ?us outrides ! /orm4 ,=m]ly ! byssus 0 ga!r$ 9 ,sicily1 wa%$ 9 soap & wat]1 dri$1 cord$1 & fabricat$ into gloves & simil> articles ( a f9e texture4 ,! f9i%$ g>m5ts 7 ( a beautiful gold5 br[n color1 resembl+ ! burni%$ gold on ! backs ( "s spl5did flies or beetles4 ,! yield ( ,p9na pe>ls is v small4 ,a few are obta9$ f ! ,m$it]ranean1 especially on ! ,adriatic coa/4 ,^! are usually rose-t9t$ or r$di% 9 color1 b ( dim9i%$ ori5t1 & inf]ior 9 size4 ,p9na pe>ls are also report$ f ! ,isle ( ,p9es & f ,new ,cal$onia1 :]e !y are commonly v d>k1 almo/ black 9 color4 ,! w9d[-glass %ell 7,placuna plac5ta71 ! vitre *9oise ( "s writ]s1 yields a few small1 irregul>ly %ap$ pe>ls ( a dull lead5 color4 ,x occurs 9 ! in%ore wat]s ( ! ,indian & ! s\?we/]n ,pacific oceans2 fi%]ies are prosecut$ 9 ,tablegram ,lake1 ne> ,tr9comali1 on ! nor!a/ coa/ ( ,ceylon2 on ! coa/ ( ,borneo1 especially at ,pados ,bay1 & to a less ext5t 9 "s o!r localities4 ,?is mollusk is q di/9ct f ! true pe>l-oy/]1 & 9 adult life is devoid ( ! byssus1 liv+ on ! muddy bottom ( ! %all[ wat]s4 ,! %ell is almo/ circul>1 ! "r valve is q flat1 & ! left only slightly convex4 ,x is rem>kable = its transp>5cy1 especially 9 ! fir/ ye> ( gr[?1 :5 ! beat+ ( ! he>t ( ! mollusk is visible ?r\gh x4 ,rea*+ maturity 9 ab\t two ye>s1 ! %ell becomes :ite & transluc5t1 resembl+ press$ is+lass some:at 9 its texture4 ,x !n measures ab\t six or sev5 in*es 9 l5g?1 & ne>ly ! same 9 wid?4 ,! outside is r\gh2 ! int]ior is glaz$ ov] & has a subdu$ pe>ly lu/]4 ,x is s ?9 & transp>5t t ) a /rong light v co>se pr9t c be read ?r\gh x4 ,x is commonly us$ 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies z a sub/itute = glass 9 w9d[s1 admitt+ a s(t mell[ light into ! room4 ,= ?is purpose x is usually cut into small rectangul> or diamond-%ap$ pieces1 ab\t five or six squ>e in*es 9 area1 & ^! are ins]t$ into sa% frames4 ,x =ms a good economical sub/itute = glass1 n only 9 w9d[s ( native resid5ces1 b also 9 lant]ns & ! l4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%ell ,,& ,,pe>ls ,,( ,,! ,,common ,,con* 7,/rombus gigas7 ,( ,florida & ! ,we/ ,indies ,! giant clam 7,tridacna gigas7 ( tropical wat]s yields a few l>ge opal-:ite symmetrical pe>ls1 ) fa9t lu/] & ( little value4 ,! transv]sely oval %ell ( ! ,tridacna1 ) its great squam\s ribs1 is probably ! l>ge/ & heavie/ 9 exi/5ce1 s+le pairs weigh+ upw>d ( #ejj p\nds4 ,x is f\nd 9 tropical seas1 & especially 9 ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,x is mu* us$ = ornam5t1 p>ticul>ly = f\nta9-bas9s1 & = bniti]s1 or holy-wat] fonts4 ,a beautiful pair us$ z bniti]s 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,sulpice 9 ,p>is is said to h be5 a gift ( ! ,republic ( ,v5ice to ,francis ,i4 ,!re seems to be no e/abli%$ fi%]y = ?is mollusk1 & ! pe>ls v r>ely come on ! m>ket4 ,ab\t f\r ye>s ago 9 ,new ,york ,city an ef=t 0 made to m>ket "o weigh+ ab\t #bjj gra9s4 ,! own] repres5t$ t x 0 a 8cocoanut pe>l10 & (f]$ to sell x = #bjjj2 :]eas its actual value 0 probably n ov] #aj or #bj1 & t only = a museum collection4 ,pe>ls ( slight lu/] also occur 9 ! quahog1 or h>d clam 7,v5us m]c5>ia71 ( ! ,atlantic coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,al?\gh ^! are r>e1 !y are g5]ally ( good =m1 & "s weigh upw>d ( eighty gra9s ea*4 ,!y are commonly ( d>k color1 purpli%1 ord9>ily1 b !y may be :ite1 pale lilac1 br[n1 & ev5 purpli% black1 or black4 ,! :ite ones--:i* s ne>ly resemble ivory buttons z readily to pass = !m at a casual glance--are ( little value2 b f9e d>k ones h retail$ at f #aj to #ajj ea*4 ,!re is little dem& = !m1 = unless ! color is v good1 !y possess slight beauty1 lack+ ! ori5t peculi> to *oice pe>ls4 ,pe>ls h also be5 report$ f ! edible clam ( ! ,pacific coa/ ( ,am]ica4 ,%elly concretions are f\nd 9 ! edible oy/] ( ,am]ica 7,o/rea virg9ica71 z well z 9 t ( ,europe 7,o4 edulis72 b ^! are commonly objects ( p]sonal int]e/ or ( local curiosity1 r ?an ( arti/ic or comm]cial value1 z !y are lack+ 9 lu/] & iridesc5ce4 ,mo/ ( !m are dull or opal-:ite1 "s are purple1 & a few are :ite on "o side & purple on ! o!r4 ,z _m z fifty ( ^! =mations h be5 f\nd 9 a s+le oy/]4 ,sometimes !y are ( odd appe>ance1 sugge/+ ! human eye or face1 & rec5tly "o 0 f\nd :i* bore a /rik+ resemblance to a human skull4 ,not)/&+ _m news items to ! contr>y1 x is d\btful :e!r ! *oice/ pe>l f an edible oy/] w\ld sell = z high z #bj on its own m]its2 pr(essional %uck]s h op5$ ?\s&s ( bu%els ( oy/]s )\t f9d+ "o :i* w\ld sell = t5 c5ts4 ,among univalves1 ! mo/ prom95t pe>l-produc] is probably ! common con* or great con* 7,/rombus gigas7 ( ! ,we/ ,indies & ! ,florida coa/1 :i* secretes beautiful p9k pe>ls ( consid]able value4 ,?is is "o ( ! l>ge/ ( ! univalve %ells1 "s individuals measur+ twelve in*es 9 l5g?1 & weigh+ five or six p\nds4 ,! graceful curves & ! delicate t9ts ( lovely p9k color make x exce$+ly attractive4 ,! con* ab\nds 9 ! wat]s ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 especially 9 ! ,bahamas1 :]e _m ?\s&s are annually tak5 = ! %ell1 :i* =ms q an article ( comm]ce4 ,! fle% is e/eem$ z food & is also us$ = bait2 & x is p>ticul>ly 9 prep>+ = ^! purposes t ! pe>ls are f\nd1 z no e/abli%$ fi%]ies exi/ = ! pe>ls alone4 ,! e>-%ells or abalones 7,haliotid7 f\nd on ! coa/s ( ,cali=nia1 ,japan1 ,new ,zeal&1 & o!r localities 9 ! ,pacific1 secrete pe>ly concretions1 sometimes ) f9e lu/]1 b usually ( small value4 ,^! %ells resemble 9 g5]al outl9e ! =m ( ! human e>4 ,di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics are ! flatly-spiral b[l-l %ape1 & ! regul> s]ies ( holes 9 ! back ne> ! di/al m>g91 = ! admission ( wat] to ! respiratory organs4 ,! holes are on ! left side & p>allel ) ! columell> lip1 & ^? ne>e/ ! apex close up z ! %ell increases 9 size4 ,! %ells are r\gh ext]nally1 b beautifully nacre\s )94 ,9 v>iety & int5sity ( color+1 ! nacre is sup]ior to t ( ! pe>l-oy/]s1 b x is n s h>moni\s1 & x does n =m s ?ick & flat a lay]4 ,abalone pe>ls are especially int]e/+ on acc\nt ( _! brilliant & unusual colors4 ,gre5 pr$om9ates1 b blue & yell[ also occur4 ,al?\gh commonly v small1 "s ( ! well =m$ ones exce$ sev5ty-five gra9s 9 weight1 & ^? ( irregul> %ape may be v mu* l>g]4 ,! e>-%ells also produce _m irregul> pe>ly masses4 ,al?\gh ^! are )\t an e/abli%$ comm]cial value1 _! beautiful gre5i% or blui% t9ts adapt !m = arti/ic jewel$ objects1 su* z ! body ( a fly or ( a beetle4 ,simil> concretions are f\nd 9 species ( turbos & turb9ella1 especially ! ,indian *ank 7,turb9ella rapa71 :i* yields p9k & pale r$ pe>ls4 ,! pe>ly nautilus 7,nautilus pompilius7 yields a few yell[i% pe>ls1 especially ^? tak5 9 ,au/ralian wat]s2 b f ! pap] nautilus--8! sea-born sailor ( 8 %ell canoe0--no pe>ls are obta9$1 ow+ to ! non-lu/r\s nature ( ! %ell4 ,9 bygone days1 especially 9 ,asia1 & also to "s ext5t 9 ,europe1 pe>ls 7 cr$it$ z com+ f _m non-molluscan s\rces4 ,! ,rabbis _h ! idea t !y came also f fi%1 z not$ 9 ! /ory ( a tailor :o 0 rew>d$ by f9d+ a pe>l 9 "o :i* he b\ght 7,g54 ,r4 xi4 #e74 ,! ,raganighantu ( ,n>ah>i1 a ,ka%mir physician ( ab\t #abdj ,a4,d41 report$ !m z com+ f bamboos1 cocoanuts1 heads ( elephants1 be>s1 s]p5ts1 :ales1 fi%1 etc42#hd al?\gh x conc$$ t ^! 7 defici5t 9 lu/]1 :i* is recogniz$ z ! *>act]i/ic feature ( pe>ls4 ,we und]/&1 !re=e1 t ?is use ( ! ^w signifies only h>d concretions ( a sph]ical =m4 ,9 ! apology = 8 book1 prison-b\nd ,bunyan wrote3 ,a pe>l may 9 a toad's head dwell1 ,& may be f\nd 9 an oy/] %ell4 ,! cry/al gems--! diamonds1 rubies1 etc4--are practically unlimit$ 9 _! longevity1 exi/+ ?\s&s ( ye>s un*ang$ 9 condition4 ,except ^? :i* h be5 discov]$ by man1 ! e>? conta9s ab\t z _m z x ev] did1 & x is n unreasonable to suppose t 9 c\rse ( "t a consid]able p]c5tage ( ! total w be discov]$4 ,b 9 ! seas z well z 9 ! riv]s1 ! longevity ( pe>ls is greatly re/rict$1 & ,full _m a gem ( pure/ ray s]5e ,! d>k1 unfa?om$ caves ( ocean be>#he to run _! c\rse ( exi/5ce & decay unse5 & unkn[n4 ,p]i%able :ile 9 ! seas1 almo/ z c]eals & fruits on l&1 ! h>ve/ mu/ be ga!r$ ) promptness or x is wa/$4 ,& x seems probable t only a small p]c5tage ( ! beautiful gems produc$ 9 ! wat]s h gladd5$ ! sight ( man4 ,) consid]able hesitancy we h attempt$ to e/imate ! numb] ( p]sons employ$ 9 ! pe>l fi%]ies ( ! _w1 & ! aggregate local value ( _! cat*4 ,= two or ?ree regions1 ?is is n a matt] ( great difficulty4 ,= in/ance1 ! div]s employ$ 9 ! ,ceylon fi%]y are numb]$ ea* season1 & ! auction sales ( _! cat* furni% a reasonably satisfactory basis = det]m9+ ! value ( ! output4 ,likewise 9 ,au/ralia1 ,v5ezuela1 & "s m9or localities1 ! fi%]m5 are numb]$2 b ! reports are less satisfactory z to ! value ( ! pe>ls4 ,9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 ! ,r$ ,sea1 ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia1 & ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific1 :]e pe>l-div+ is a pr(ession & a regul> s\rce ( livelihood1 ! numb] ( employees is fairly con/ant4 ,b 9 ! riv]s & ponds ( ,am]ica1 z well z ( ,europe & ( ,asia1 :]e nei!r exp]i5ce nor co/ly equipm5t is requir$ = ! indu/ry1 & pe>ls to ! value ( v _m ?\s&s ( doll>s are obta9$ by m51 wom51 & ev5 *ildr51 on pleasure b5t1 z well z 9 ! widely fluctuat+ pr(essional fi%]ies1 ! problem is f> m difficult4 ,cont5d+ ) ^! _m difficulties1 we v5ture to pres5t ! foll[+ e/imate ( ! numb] ( p]sons employ$ 9 ! pe>l fi%]ies ( ! _w1 & ! value ( ! output 9 #aijf4 ,localities4 ,pe>ls ,%ells ,fi%]m5 ,local ,local ,no4 ,values4 ,values4 ,asia3 ,p]sian ,gulf #ce1jjj #d1jjj1jjj #aaj1jjj ,ceylon#hf #ah1ejj #a1bjj1jjj #dj1jjj ,india #a1bej #ajj1jjj #ie1jjj ,r$ ,sea1 ,gulf ( ,ad51 etc4#hg #c1jjj #bjj1jjj #aej1jjj ,*9a1 ,japan1 ,sib]ia1 etc4 #bj1jjj #djj1jjj #ej1jjj -------------- -------------------- -------------------- ,total #gg1gej #e1ijj1jjj #dde1jjj ,europe3 ,briti% ,isles #bjj #ae1jjj ,cont95t ( ,europe #a1jjj #ajj1jjj #c1jjj -------------- -------------------- -------------------- ,total #a1bjj #aae1jjj #c1jjj ,isl&s ( ! ,pacific3 ,s\? ,sea isl&s #d1ejj #abe1jjj #ejj1jjj ,au/ralian coa/#hh #f1bej #dej1jjj #a1bjj1jjj ,malay ,ar*ipelago #e1jjj #cjj1jjj #hjj1jjj -------------- -------------------- -------------------- ,total #ae1gej #hge1jjj #b1ejj1jjj ,am]ica3 ,unit$ ,/ates riv]s #h1ejj #fej1jjj #cej1jjj ,v5ezuela #a1ijj #bge1jjj #aj1jjj ,mexico #a1bej #baj1jjj #bjj1jjj ,panama #djj #dj1jjj #ge1jjj ,miscellane\s #a1jjj #ge1jjj #be1jjj -------------- -------------------- -------------------- ,total #ac1jej #a1bej1jjj #ffj1jjj ,gr& total #ajg1gej #h1adj1jjj #c1fjh1jjj ,our returns d n repres5t ! annual output ( pe>ls 9 ! values be/ kn[n to gem buy]s4 ,! diff]5ce 9 price betwe5 pe>ls 9 ! fi%]man's h&s 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf or at ! ,pacific isl&s1 & t = :i* !y are ex*ang$ ov] ! c\nt]s 9 ,new ,york or ,p>is1 is ne>ly z great z ! diff]5ce 9 value ( wool on ! %eep's back & ( ! same mat]ial wov5 into fa%ionable fabrics4 ,= ea* doll> receiv$ by ! fi%]man1 ! retail buy] probably pays ?ree2 & x is n unreasonable to suppose t ! pe>ls h]e9 repres5t$ probably sold ultimately = an aggregate ( #bd1dbj1jjj4 ,?is summ>y falls f> %ort 9 giv+ a correct idea ( ! importance ( ! pe>l fi%]ies 9 furni%+ a livelihood to humanity2 = x takes no consid]ation ( t great body ( m5 :o contribute incid5tally to ! prosecution ( ! fi%]ies1 su* z %ell-op5]s1 pe>l-wa%]s1 wat*m51 cooks1 labor]s1 etc4 ,9 ! ,ceylon pe>l fi%]y ( #aijf1 = in/ance1 our e/imate %[s #ah1ejj fi%]m52 b !re 7 #dj1jjj p]sons engag$ at ! pe>l camp alone1 & _m o!rs 7 giv5 employm5t 9 boat-build+1 supply+ provisions1 sell+ ! pe>ls1 etc41 & ?is does n include ! wives & *ildr5 dep5d+ on ! indu/ry = su/5ance4 ,inde$1 x seems n unreasonable to e/imate t in/ead ( only ! #ah1ejj fi%]m51 #he1jjj p]sons 7 9 a l>ge measure dep5d5t = _! livelihood on ! ,ceylon fi%]y 9 #aijf4 ,e/imat$ on ! same basis1 we h a total ( #ejj1jjj p]sons dep5d+ l>gely on ! pe>l fi%]ies ( ! _w = _! support4 ,?us we see t pe>l buy]s & pe>l we>]s n only gratify a comm5dable admiration = ! beautiful1 b contribute l>gely to ! economic balance :]eby "o class ( humanity ei!r su/a9s or is dep5d5t ^u ano!r1 ev5 ?\gh ^! classes be s widely sep>at$ z ! cr[n ( ,russia f ! half-/>v$ div] ( ! tropical seas4 ,h[ /range is ! provid5ce ( ,god1 :o1 by grant+ ! pe>l to ! poor ,arab1 ! ,tamil ( ,india1 ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]1 & ! =gott5 ,selang ( ,m]gui1 makes ! greate/ & weal?ie/ 9 ! _w contribute to _! support4 ,,vi ,,pe>ls ,,f ,,asia ,,! ,,p]sian ,,gulf1 ,,fi%]ies ,,( ,,india1 ,,ceylon ,,pe>l ,,fi%]ies1 ,,r$ ,,sea ,,& ,,arabian ,,sea1 ,,*9a1 ,,japan1 ,,sib]ia1 ,,etc4 ,,vi ,,! ,,pe>l ,,fi%]ies ,,( ,,! ,,p]sian ,,gulf ,de> z ! wet div] to ! eyes ,( 8 pale wife1 :o waits & weeps on %ore1 ,by s&s ( ,bahre9 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf2 ,plung+ all day 9 ! blue waves2 at night1 ,hav+ made up 8 toll ( preci\s pe>ls1 ,rejo9s h] 9 _! hut ^u ! %ore4 ,,sir ,,edw9 ,,arnold4 ,! pe>l fi%]ies ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf are ! mo/ fam\s & valuable 9 ! _w1 & h be5 prosecut$ = m ?an two ?\s& ye>s4 ,a translation by t em95t ,assyriologi/1 ,jules ,opp]t1 ( a cunei=m inscription on a brok5 obelisk1 erect$ presumably by a k+ ( ,n9eveh1 seems to indicate a v e>ly orig9 = ^! fi%]ies4#hi ,pr(essor ,opp]t's translation is3 ,9 ! sea ( ! *angeable w9ds 7i4e41 ! ,p]sian ,gulf71 8 m]*ants fi%$ = pe>ls2 ,9 ! sea :]e ! ,nor? ,/> culm9ates1 !y fi%$ = yell[ amb]4 ,! e>lie/ writ+ ( ,europeans on ! ,ea/ ref] to ^! fi%]ies4 ,an acc\nt ( !m 0 giv5 by ! ,greek writ] ,mega/h5es1 :o accompani$ ,seleucus ,nicator1 ! ,mac$onian g5]al1 9 8 ,asiatic conque/s1 ab\t #cjg ,b4,c4 ,%ortly aft]w>d !y 7 not$ by ! ,greek hi/orian1 ,isidorus ( ,*>ace1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! ,p>?ian ,empire4 ,extracts f ,ne>*us pres]v$ by ,arrian also m5tion !m4 ,ptolemy speaks ( ! pe>l fi%]ies :i* exi/$ f "t immemorial at ,tylos1 ! ,roman "n = ! pres5t ,isl& ( ,bahre94 ,^! res\rces 7 well kn[n 9 ! days ( ,pl9y4 ,9 8 8,hi/oria ,naturalis10 ,book ,,ix1 *4 #ce1 he says3 8,b ! mo/ p]fect & exquisite pe>ls ( all o!rs be !y t are gott5 ab\t ,arabia1 )9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf40#ij ,pl9y /ates also 7,book ,,vi1 *4 #be7 t ,catifa 7,el ,katiff71 on ! ,arabian coa/ opposite ,bahre91 0 ! c5t] ( an important fi%]y4 ,9 ! n9? c5tury ^! fi%]ies 7 not$ by ,mass\di1 "o ( ! e>lie/ ,arabian geograph]s4#ia ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! twelf? c5tury !y 7 visit$ & describ$ by ! ,spani%-,hebrew travel]1 ,rabbi ,b5jam9 ( ,tudela4#ib ,! ,arabian travel]1 ,ibn ,batuta1 wrote ( !m ab\t #accf4ic ,9 #aejh !y 7 not$ 9 ! acc\nt ( ,lodovico ,b>!ma's exp$ition to ! ,isl& ( ,ormus4 ,accord+ to him3 ,at ?ree days' j\rney f ?is isl& !y fi%$ ! l>ge/ pe>ls :i* are f\nd 9 ! _w2 & :oev] wi%es to "k ab\t x1 behold6 ,!re are c]ta9 fi%]m5 :o g !re 9 small boats & ca/ into ! wat] two l>ge /ones atta*$ to ropes1 "o at ! b[1 ! o!r at ! /]n ( ea* boat to /ay x 9 place4 ,!n "o ( ! fi%]m5 hangs a sack f 8 neck1 atta*es a l>ge /one to 8 feet1 & desc5ds to ! bottom--ab\t fifte5 paces "u wat]1 :]e he rema9s z long z he c1 se>*+ = oy/]s :i* be> pe>ls1 & puts z _m z he f9ds into 8 sack4 ,:5 he c rema9 no long]1 he ca/s (f ! /one atta*$ to 8 feet1 & asc5ds by "o ( ! ropes fa/5$ to ! boat4 ,!re are s _m connect$ ) ! bus9ess t y w (t5 see #cjj ( ^! little boats :i* come f _m c\ntries4#id ,%ortly foll[+ ! visit ( ,b>!ma1 ! ,portuguese "u ,albuqu]que took possession ( ! pr9cipal ports ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 & !y impos$ heavy taxes on ! pe>l fi%]y ?r\gh\t ! c5tury ( _! ret5tion4 ,:ile "u _! jurisdiction1 ! fi%]ies 7 visit$ & describ$ by ,j4 ,h4 van ,l9s*ot5 9 #aeif1 :o wrote3 ,! pr9cipall & ! be/ t are f\nd 9 all ! ,ori5tall ,c\ntries1 & ! "r ,ori5tall pe>les1 are betwe5 ,ormus & ,bassora 9 ! /raights1 or ,s9us ,p]sicus1 9 ! places call$ ,b>eyn1 ,catiffa1 ,julf>1 ,cam>on1 & o!r places 9 ! said ,s9us ,p]sicus1 f :5ce !y are br\ght into ,ormus4 ,! k+ ( ,port+ale ha? also 8 factor 9 ,b>eyn1 t /aye? !re onlie = ! fi%+ ( pe>les4 ,!re is great trafficke us$ ) !m1 z well 9 ,ormus z 9 ,goa4#ie ,illu/ration3 ,c>go boat 9 pe>l fi%]y ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf ,illu/ration3 ,huts ( mats & palm leaves1 ! homes ( ! pe>l fi%]m5 at ,m5amah1 ,bahre9 ,isl&s1 ,p]sian ,gulf ,?is 0 ! ,ormus :]e ! treasures ( ! ,ori5t 7 ga!r$ 9 abundance1 ! half-way h\se betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/1 mak+ x "o ( ! greate/ emporia ( ! _w4 ,s r5[n$ 0 its weal? & comm]ce t x 0 a say+ among ! ,portuguese1 7 ! :ole _w a gold5 r+1 ,ormus w\ld be ! jewel$ signet4 ,x 0 built on an isl&1 support$ a population ( #dj1jjj p]sons1 & 0 p>ticul>ly well situat$ z a di/ribut+ po9t = ! pe>ls1 :i* enri*$ ! argosies ( ,portugal1 & contribut$ s l>gely to ! weal? ( ,ormus & ( ,ind1 ,or :]e ! gorge\s ,ea/ ) ri*e/ h& ,%['rs on h] k+s b>b>ic pe>l & gold1 :i* ,milton celebrates 9 8,p>adise ,lo/40 ,?is wond]ful ,ormus1 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies "o ( ! weal?ie/ places 9 ! _w1 is n[ only a fi%+ village ( less ?an a hundr$ huts4 ,x 0 at ,ormus1 ne>ly a c5tury lat]1 9 #afgj1 t ! %rewd old jewel m]*ant1 ,tav]ni]1 ^: acqua9tance ) gems d\btless equal$ t ( any man ( 8 "t1 saw :at he call$ 8! mo/ beautiful pe>l 9 ! _w02 n s mu* = its size1 = x weigh$ only #dh gra9s1 nor = its regul>ity 9 =m1 b because ( its mo/ wond]ful lu/]4#if ,9 describ+ ! fi%]ies1 :i* _h be5 retak5 by ! ,p]sians 9 #afbb1 ,tav]ni] wrote 9 #afgj1 accord+ to ,ball's translation3 ,!re is a pe>l fi%]y r\nd ! isl& ( ,bahr51 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,x belongs to ! ,k+ ( ,p]sia1 & !re is a good =tress !re1 :]e a g>rison ( #cjj m5 is kept4444 ,:5 ! ,portuguese held ,hormuz ,ormus & ,muscat1 ea* boat :i* w5t to fi% 0 oblig$ to take out a lic5se f !m1 :i* co/ fifte5 abassis #e4de1 & _m brigant9es 7 ma9ta9$ !re1 to s9k ^? :o 7 unwill+ to take out lic5ses4 ,b s9ce ! ,arabs h retak5 ,muscat1 & ! ,portuguese are no long] supreme 9 ! ,gulf1 e man :o fi%es pays to ! ,k+ ( ,p]sia only five abassis1 :e!r 8 fi%+ is successful or n4 ,! m]*ant also pays ! k+ some?+ small = e #a1jjj oy/]s4 ,! second pe>l fi%]y is opposite ,bahr51 on ! coa/ ( ,arabia ,felix1 close to ! t[n ( ,el ,katif1 :i*1 ) all ! neighbor+ c\ntry1 belongs to an ,arab pr9ce4#ig ,dur+ ! c5tury foll[+ ,tav]ni]'s "t1 ! fi%]ies 7 vigor\sly prosecut$1 ow+ to ! impov]i%$ condition ( ! reefs 9 ,india & ,am]ica1 & to ! l>ge dem& = pe>ls1 n only by ! ,ori5tal c\rts1 b by ! weal? & fa%ion ( ,europe4 ,except = ! la/ f\r ye>s1 :5 ! ,ceylon fi%]y 0 v productive1 ?r\gh\t ! eighte5? c5tury ! ,p]sian ,gulf 0 almo/ ! only important s\rce ( supply = pe>ls4 ,= sev]al ye>s foll[+ ! reop5+ ( ! ,ceylon fi%]y 9 #agif1 t region div]t$ "s ( ! att5tion :i* ! ,p]sian wat]s _h be5 receiv+1 b x 0 n long be=e ^! rega9$ _! asc5dancy4 ,9 #ahch1 ,lieut5ant ,j4 ,r4 ,well/$1 an (fic] 9 ! ,briti% ,india s]vice1 report$ t ! fi%]ies ( ! gulf employ$ #dcjj boats1 mann$ by some:at m ?an #cj1jjj m54#ih ,( ^! boats1 #cejj 7 f ! ,isl& ( ,bahre91 #ajj f ! ,p]sian coa/1 & ! rema9+ #gjj f ! ,pirate ,coa/ situat$ betwe5 ,bahre9 & ! entrance to ! ,gulf ( ,oman4 ,lieut5ant ,well/$ e/imat$ ! value ( ! pe>ls secur$ annually z approximately #djj1jjj1 :i* is some:at less ?an ! av]age value ( ! output 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,tw5ty-sev5 ye>s lat]1 accord+ to ,sir ,lewis ,pelly1#ii :o 0 9 ! ,indian s]vice f #ahea to #ahgg1 !re 7 #aejj boats at ,bahre91 & ! annual return f ! :ole fi%]y 0 #djj1jjj1 ! same z previ\sly report$ by ,well/$4 ,9 #ahgi1 ! value ( ! output 0 e/imat$ at #fjj1jjj by ! ,briti% ,resid5t1 ,colonel ,ross1 & at #hjj1jjj by ,capta9 ,l4 ,e4 ,dur&1 ( ! ,briti% ,protectorate ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,ow+ to ! increas$ m>ket value1 ! av]age output 9 ! la/ five ye>s has am\nt$ to approximately f\r million doll>s annually4 ,?is ref]s to ! local value only1 :i* is greatly increas$ by ! "t ! pe>ls leave ! m>kets 9 ,bombay & ,bagdad4 ,! ,p]sian ,gulf is ne>ly #fjj miles long1 ) an av]age wid? ( some:at m ?an #ajj miles4 ,! ,/rait ( ,ormus--?irty to sixty miles wide--connects x ) ! ,gulf ( ,oman1 :i* op5s directly into ! ,arabian ,sea4 ,! dep? ( wat] r>ely exce$s ?irty fa?oms4 ,oy/] reefs are well di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! gulf1 & are 9 greate/ abundance on ! ,arab side betwe5 ! #bd? & #bg? degrees ( nor? latitude & ! #ej? & #ed? degrees ( ea/ longitude1 at a di/ance ( f a few hundr$ y>ds to sixty miles f ! %ore1 & especially 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,bahre9 ,isl&s4 ,! oy/]s are scatt]$ ov] level areas ( coral rock & s&1 ) dep?s rang+ f two to eighte5 fa?oms4#ajj ,! div]s r>ely desc5d 9 deep] wat] ?an twelve fa?oms1 not)/&+ t valuable pe>ls are app>5tly obta9able at great] dep?s4 ,al?\gh ! ,briti% ,protectorate ext5ds ov] ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 insur+ ! peaceful prosecution ( ! fi%]ies & ! settlem5t ( int]tribal cont5tions by ! gov]nm5t resid5t1 ! fi%]ies are "u ! regulations ( ! m>itime ,arab %eiks4 ,! re/rictions impos$ by ^!1 h[ev]1 are pr9cipally ) a view to collect+ a rev5ue f ea* boat employ$4 ,! total am\nt realiz$ !reby is unkn[n1 b !re is good reason = suppos+ t x is consid]able4 ,illu/ration3 ,,agha ,,mohamm$ 7#afff-agbe7 ,f\nd] ( ! pres5t ,p]sian dyna/y ,f a ,p]sian manuscript 9 ! libr>y ( ,rob]t ,hoe1 ,esq4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%ah ,,sulaiman 7#afdg-afid7 ,f a ,p]sian manuscript 9 ! libr>y ( ,rob]t ,hoe1 ,esq4 ,! fi%]ies are c>ri$ on dur+ ! great] "p ( e ye>1 pres5t+ a /rong contra/ to ! ,ceylon fi%]y1 :i* is prosecut$ usually less ?an =ty days1 & 9 only ab\t "o ye> 9 ?ree on an av]age4 ,?is is especially rem>kable :5 x is consid]$ t no p>ticul> c>e is tak5 ( ! ,p]sian reefs &1 except = c]ta9 tribal re/rictions1 ! fi%]m5 may "w :5ev] & :]ev] !y *oose4 ,ow+ to ! ext5d$ area ov] :i* ! fi%+ is prosecut$ & ! exi/5ce ( undi/urb$ bre$+-oy/]s 9 ! deep] wat]s1 ! reefs are n readily exhau/$1 not)/&+ ! t5s ( millions ( mollusks annually remov$ !refrom4 ,! fi%]ies are at _! height f ,june to ,septemb]1 :5 ne>ly e p]son on ! coa/ is int]e/$ 9 "s capacity1 if n 9 fi%+1 at lea/ 9 furni%+ supplies1 clean+ %ells1 buy+ pe>ls1 etc4 ,9 ,april & ,may ! wat] on ! deep banks is s cold t ! fi%]m5 conf9e _! ef=ts to ! m %all[ areas4 ,dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 ! cold wea!r & ! nor?we/]ly gales int]f]e ) ! "w1 except su* z is prosecut$ 9 ! small] bays & inlets4 ,! pe>l+ op]ations are f9anc$ mo/ly by ,indian bunnias1 or trad]s1 pr9cipally f ,bombay1 :o furni% capital = equipm5t1 supplies ( food1 etc41 & :o pur*ase ! pe>ls 9 gross lots4 ,^! m5 be> v h>d on ! fi%]m51 furni%+ ! supplies & buy+ ! pe>ls almo/ at _! own prices2 & ! poor div]s :o explore ! dep?s & secure ! pe>ls d]ive f _! ex]tions little m ?an ! crude/ necess>ies ( life1 & are usually 9 debt to ! trad]s4 ,! actual fi%+ op]ations are c>ri$ on ma9ly by ! m>itime tribes ( ,hasa & ,oman1 includ+ ^? on ! ,pirate ,coa/4 ,! inhabitants ( ! ,bahre9 ,isl&s & ! adjac5t %ores h be5 devot$ to pe>l+ f "t immemorial2 b ! ,wahabis ( ! ,pirate ,coa/--! ,i*?yophagi ( ,ptolemy's "t--h m rec5tly1 "u ! p]suasive influ5ce ( ,briti% gunboats & magaz9e-rifles1 sub/itut$ pe>l+ = _! two-c5tury inh]it$ life ( fanatical piracy4 ,ref]r+ to ^! p 9 8 qua9t sket*es ( ,p]sia eighty ye>s ago1 ,sir ,john ,malcolm wrote3 8,_! occupation is piracy1 & _! delight murd]1 & to make x worse !y give y ! mo/ pi\s reasons = e villa9y !y commit4 ,!y abide by ! lett] ( ! sacr$ volume1 reject+ all comm5t>ies & traditions4 ,if y are _! captive & (f] all to save y\r life1 !y say1 8,no6 ,x is writt5 9 ! ,koran t x is n lawful to plund] ! liv+2 b we are n prohibit$ f /ripp+ ! dead4 ,s say+ !y knock y on ! head40#aja ,mo/ ( ! ,wahabi pe>l]s congregate 9 ! mat-hut settlem5ts ( ,dobai1 ,abu ,?ubi1 & ,ras-el-,kheima1 locat$ at ! m\?s ( creeks :i* =m fairly good h>bors = ! small boats4 ,! ,bat9a coa/ also furni%es "s pe>l fi%]m51 ^! com+ pr9cipally f ,fujaira1 ,%5as1 ,soh>1 ,suaik1 & ,sib4 ,! headqu>t]s = ! pe>l+ fleet are at ,bahre9 ,isl&1 ! l>ge/ ( ! insul> gr\p be>+ ! same "n1 ! islets ( ,moh>rek1 ,sitrah1 & ,nissan complet+ ! gr\p4 ,?is is ! e>ly home ( ,*aldean civilization1 & "o ( ! traditional s\rces ( ! ,ph5icians1 & :5ce came t fi%-god :o--accord+ to ! ,babylonian my?--bore ! ark ov] ! deluge4 ,?is isl&1 ! c5t] ( ! greate/ pe>l fi%]y 9 ! _w1 is half way d[n on ! s\!rn side ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 & tw5ty miles f ! ma9l& ( 8,araby ! ble/40 ,x is ab\t tw5ty-eight miles 9 l5g?1 & t5 9 wid? at ! wide/ "p4 ,! population approximates #fj1jjj1 all ,moslems1 except ab\t #ajj ,banyan trad]s f ,s9dh1 ,india4 ,! nor!rn half ( ! isl& is describ$ z ( great beauty1 be+ a g>d5 ( pomegranate1 lemon1 citron1 & qu9ce-trees1 & especially ! magnific5t date-palms1 ) num]\s spr+s furni%+ an abundance ( excell5t fre% wat]4 ,! pr9cipal settlem5t1 ,manama1 ) ab\t #aj1jjj inhabitants1 is poorly built1 ! h\ses consi/+ mo/ly ( huts ( mats & palm leaves2 yet x pres5ts a bett] appe>ance ?an any o!r settlem5t along ?is coa/4 ,! "o great indu/ry1 & ! c5t] ( all int]e/ ?r\gh\t ?is region1 is ! pe>l fi%]y4 ,! pres5t conditions are precisely z ,palgrave wrote 9 #ahfc3 8,x is f ! sea1 n f ! l&1 t ! natives subsi/2 & x is also ma9ly on ! sea t !y dwell1 pass+ amid its wat]s ! "o half ( ! ye> 9 se>* ( pe>ls1 ! o!r half 9 fi%]y or trade4 ,h5ce _! real homes are ! c\ntless boats :i* /ud ! placid pool1 or /& drawn up 9 long black l9es on ! %ore1 :ile little c>e is tak5 to ornam5t _! l& h\ses1 ! abodes ( _! wives & *ildr5 at mo/1 & ! unsightly /rong boxes ( _! treasures4 #8,we are all1 f ! highe/ to ! l[e/1 slaves ( "o ma/]--,pe>l1' said ,mohamm$ b9 ,?anee to me "o ev5+2 nor 0 ! expression out ( place4 ,all ?\ght1 all conv]sation1 all employm5t1 turns on t "o subject2 ev]y?+ else is m]ely by-game1 & bel[ ev5 second>y consid]ation40#ajb ,illu/ration3 ,,arab ,,pe>l-,,div]s ,,at ,,"w ,,9 ,,! ,,p]sian ,,gulf ,accord+ to rec5t returns1 ! ,p]sian ,gulf fi%]ies employ ab\t #cejj boats1#ajc l>ge & small1 ( :i* #abjj ( ! be/ are own$ at ,bahre91 #gjj on ! coa/ ( ,el ,hassa f ,el ,kat> to ,kuweit1 & ! rema9+ #afjj are f v>i\s p>ts ( ! gulf1 & especially f ! ,pirate ,coa/ ea/ ( ,el ,kat>4 ,!y measure f "o to fifty tons4 ,! small] ones1 ) ?ree to fifte5 m5 ea*1 "w ne> ! %ores2 ! l>g]1 c>ry+ fifte5 to ?irty m51 fi% ov] ! :ole gulf1 rema9+ out = weeks at a "t4 ,^! craft are v picturesque ) _! arti/ic rigs & spoon-%ap$ sails1 & :5 ! fi%]y is at its height ! sc5e is "o ( r>e int]e/4 ,! boats f ,bahre9 are ( excell5t con/ruction made by native workm5 us+ local mat]ials1 ) home-wov5 sailclo? & rigg+ ( twi/$ date-fib]4 ,ea* ( ! l>g] ones usually evid5ces a l+]+ trace ( ,semitic influ5ce 9 its kubait1 or figurehead1 cov]$ ) sk9 ( ! %eep or goat sacrific$ 9 ! laun*+ c]emonies4#ajd ,! boats f ,el ,hassa & ! ,pirate ,coa/ are usually small] & less sub/antial ?an ^? f ,bahre91 ! fi%]m5 f ! latt] place f> surpass+ ^? ( ! ma9l& 9 civilization & indu/rial weal?4 ,! fleet is mann$ by approximately #ce1jjj fi%]m54 ,9 addition to ! nakhoda1 or capta91 :o is (t5 ! own] ( ! boat1 ! crew consi/s ( ghoas or div]s1 :o are ma9ly ,arabs & ,s$ees1 & sebs1 or rope-t5d]s1 :o are usually ,b$\9s or ,p]sians & att5d ! div]s & p]=m o!r duties4 ,_m ,h9dus f ,india1 & flat-nos$1 sable-hu$ ,negroes f ! ea/ coa/ ( ,africa f9d employm5t "h4 ,on ea* ( ! l>g] boats is a g5]al utility man1 kn[n z el musully1 lit]ally ! 8pray]-man10 :o1 9 addition to v>i\s o!r duties1 relieves ^? sebs :o /op to pray4 ,among ! fi%]m5 are all types & classes to be met ) 9 ?is "p ( ! _w1 ) ! usual cont+5t ( ! lame1 ! halt1 & ! bl9d4 ,!re are a numb] ( fi%]m5 :o h be5 maim$ & mutilat$ by %>k bites4 ,a surpris+ly l>ge numb] ( m5 :o h become totally bl9d engage 9 div+1 & !y usually d fairly well :]e ! oy/]s are abundant on ! reefs4 ,& "o or two un=tunate div]s are report$ :o cont9ue ! "w ev5 ?\gh h&icapp$ by ! loss bo? ( a leg & ( eyesight1 ?is int]f]+ less ) _! div+ ?an ) _! movem5ts on l&4 ,! fi%]y 9 ?is region owes absolutely no?+ to mod]n civilization 9 ! me?od ( secur+ ! pe>ls f ! dep? ( ! sea2 x is c>ri$ on to-day practically z x 0 six hundr$ ye>s ago1 & probably has be5 )\t important v>iation = two ?\s& ye>s4 ,aside f a lo9-clo?1 ! div] is devoid ( clo?+ except t r>ely1 e>ly 9 ! season :5 polypi ab\nd1 he is envelop$ 9 a cotton ov]all z a protection4 ,ov] ea* f+] & ?umb he we>s a %ield or /all 7khubaat1 or f+]-hat71 ab\t two in*es long1 made ( flexible lea!r1 to protect ! f+]s f ! %>p %ells & coral-gr[?s4 ,z ea* fi%]man usually we>s out at lea/ two sets ( ^! %ields ea* season1 x w be se5 t a v l>ge quantity ( !m is requir$ to supply ! entire fleet4 ,! div]s use /ones on :i* !y desc5d feet =emo/4 ,al?\gh ?is is less spectacul> ?an ! me?od ( div+ practis$ by ! natives ( ! ,s\? ,sea isl&s1 x enables ! fi%]man to rea* ! bottom m spe$ily & ) f> less ef=t4 ,! div+-/ones range 9 weight f ?irty to fifty p\nds ea*1 dep5d+ l>gely on ! dep? ( wat] & ! weight ( ! fi%]man4 ,!y are some:at oval 9 %ape1 & h "o end p]=at$ to admit a rope4 ,imm$iately above ! atta*m5t is =m$ a loop1 resembl+ a /irrup1 to receive ! div]'s foot4 ,:5 prep>$ = ! day's "w1 ea* /one is susp5d$ by a /\t rope ov] outrigg]s project+ f ! side ( ! boat1 & by a slip-knot is tempor>ily held f\r & a half or five feet bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,a v /\t div] may h a /one affix$ to 8 wai/ to ov]come 8 great] buoyancy4 ,usually two div]s use "o /one toge!r & desc5d alt]nately4 ,ea* "o has an att5dant 9 ! boat :o assi/s him 9 asc5d+1 & looks aft] ! ropes1 baskets ( %ells1 etc4 ,9 prep>+ = desc5t1 ! fi%]man takes hold ( ! rope f :i* ! div+ /one is susp5d$1 puts "o foot 9 ! loop j above ! /one & places ! o!r foot 9 ! rim ( a net basket1 eighte5 in*es wide1 made ( coir rope4 ,:5 ready1 he signals 8 att5dant1 inhales sev]al good brea?s1 closes 8 no/rils ) a fitaam or no/ril-clasp ( flexible horn atta*$ to a cord ar\nd 8 neck1 raises 8 body some:at above ! surface to give =ce to ! desc5t1 releases ! slip-knot reta9+ ! /one1 & s9ks rapidly to ! bottom4 ,imm$iately dis5gag+ 8 foot f ! /one1 he ?r[s himself 9 a /oop+ position on ! gr\nd & collects z _m oy/]s z possible dur+ ! fifty seconds or m 9 :i* he is able to rema9 "u wat]4 ,:5 ne> 8 limit ( endurance1 he ha/ily gives a signal j]k to ! rope atta*$ to ! basket1 & ! wat*ful att5dant hauls him up z spe$ily z possible1 ! div] frequ5tly quick5+ ! asc5t by h& ov] h& movem5t up ! rope4 ,:5 ne> ! surface1 he lets g ( ! rope & ) 8 arms close to 8 body pops above ! surface puff+ & bl[+4 ,! cont5ts ( ! net bag are empti$ into a l>ge basket by ! att5dant1 & ! dead %ells & o!r refuse are sep>at$ f ! live oy/]s & ?r[n back into ! sea1 ! div] hav+ work$ too rapidly at ! bottom to discrim9ate closely z to :at he ga!r$4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! /one has be5 drawn up & susp5d$ by ! slip-knot 9 its cu/om>y position & ! div+ p>tn] is re/+ at ! surface prep>atory to desc5d+4 ,?us1 div+ alt]nately at int]vals ( five or six m9utes1 ea* fi%]man desc5ds ?irty or =ty times 9 an ord9>y day's "w4 ,! numb] ( oy/]s ga!r$ at ea* desc5t dep5ds on su* conditions z _! abundance1 ! dep? & cle>ness ( ! wat]1 etc4 ,x ranges f none to fifty or m1 b ord9>ily t5 or twelve is a good av]age4 ,z ! m5 commonly "w on %>es1 ! %ells br\ght up by ea* div] or by ea* pair ( div]s are kept sep>ate4 ,! be/ type ( ,arab div]s are v c>eful ( !mselves1 dry+ ! body ?or\ghly ) t[els on com+ out ( ! wat]1 tak+ int]vals ( re/ dur+ ! day's "w2 & ev5 :ile 9 ! wat] betwe5 dives !y may enjoy ! luxury ( a *]oot or pipe1 or possibly a cig>ette may pass f m\? to m\? ( sev]al m54 ,:5 pursu+ _! "w1 ! div]s are ab/emi\s4 ,aft] devotions at sunrise & a light breakfa/ ( p]haps dates or rice & c(fee1 !y beg9 fi%+4 ,ab\t noon !y knock (f = c(fee1 pray]s1 & an h\r's sie/a1 & !n resume "w = sev]al h\rs4 ,:5 ! day's "w is ov] & !y h fac$ ,meccaw>d ) ! cu/om>y pray]s1 !y re/ & eat a sub/antial meal1 commonly ( dates & fi% roa/$ ov] a *>coal fire4 ,9 equal dep?s ! ,arab fi%]m5 rema9 "u wat] long] ?an ^? ( ,india :o resort to ! ,ceylon fi%]y1 b ?is is p>tly c\nt]balanc$ by ! latt] desc5d+ some:at m frequ5tly4 ,:5 prep>+ = a l5g?y dive1 ! fi%]man imbibes l>ge quantities ( air1 op5+ 8 m\? & inhal+ l>ge volumes4 ,! l5g? ( "t a div] rema9s subm]g$ 9 ! av]age dep? ( sev5 or eight fa?oms r>ely exce$s sixty seconds1 al?\gh "s may rema9 sev5ty1 eighty1 & ev5 n9ety seconds on special occasion4 ,a fully sub/antiat$ in/ance is report$ f ,mana> ( an ,arab div] hav+ rema9$ #aji seconds 9 sev5 fa?oms ( wat]4 ,?is occurr$ ,april #ac1 #ahhg1 & 0 witness$ & report$#aje by ,capta9 ,james ,donnan1 ! inspector ( ! fi%]y4 ,well/$ reports#ajf a div+ conte/ 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf 9 :i* only "o man1 ( ! hundr$s :o compet$1 rema9$ d[n #aaj seconds2 ! dep?1 h[ev]1 is n not$4 ,!re are num]\s reports ( mu* long] /ays ?an ^!2 inde$1 a /udy ( ! publi%$ evid5ce be>+ ^u ! subject furni%es surpris+ results4 ,ribeiro wrote1 9 #afhe1 t a div] c\ld rema9 bel[ :ile two cr$os 7 repeat$3 8,il s'y ti5t l'espace de deux cr$o40#ajg ,9 8 int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! ,ceylon fi%]y1 ,p]cival /at$ t ! usual l5g? ( "t = div]s to rema9 "u wat] 8does n mu* exce$ two m9utes1 yet !re are in/ances kn[n ( div]s :o c\ld rema9 f\r or ev5 five m9utes1 :i* 0 ! case ) a ,caffre boy ! la/ ye> ,i visit$ ! fi%]y4 ,! longe/ in/ance ev] kn[n 0 ( a div] :o came f ,anjango 9 #agig1 & :o absolutely rema9$ "u wat] full six m9utes40#ajh ,le ,beck says1 t 9 #agig1 he saw a div] f ,k>ikal rema9 d[n = ! space ( sev5 m9utes4#aji ,! m]*ant travel]1 ,jean ,*>d91 report$ 9 #agaa t ! div]s rema9 up to sev5 & a half m9utes "u wat]3 8,les plongeurs qui p*5t les p]les sont quelquefois jusqu' demi-qu>t-d'heure s\s l'eau40#aaj ,9 #affg1 ! ,royal ,society ( ,london address$ an inquiry on ?is subject to ,sir ,philib]to ,v]natti1 ! ,briti% ,resid5t at ,batavia 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,v]natti's reply gave c]ta9 details reg>d+ ! ,ceylon fi%]y1 b did n t\* ^u ! l5g? ( div+ because1 z he /at$1 he c\ld n 8meet ) any "o t c satisfy me1 & be+ unsatisfi$ myself1 ,i _c nor w obtrude any?+ ^u y :i* may h]eaft] prove fabul\s2 b %all /ill s]ve y ) tru?40#aaa ,two ye>s lat]1 & presumably aft] inve/igation1 ,v]natti report$3 8,! greate/ l5g? ( "t t pe>l-div]s 9 ^! p>ts c cont9ue "u wat] is ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r2 & t by no o!r means ?an cu/om2 = pe>l-div+ la/s n above six weeks1 & ! div]s /ay a great :ile long] at ! end ( ! season ?an at ! beg9n+40#aab ,illu/ration3 ,photograph1 ,und]wood ,und]wood1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,8 ,,imp]ial ,,maje/y1 ,,mohamm$ ,,ali1 ,,%ah ,,( ,,p]sia ,we>+ ! ,kaj> cr[n ,! anatomi/ ,diem]broeck relates#aac ! case ( a pe>l div] :o1 "u 8 own obs]vation1 rema9$ half an h\r at a "t "u wat] :ile pursu+ 8 "w2 & ?is 0 s]i\sly adopt$ )\t comm5t by ,john ,mason ,goode 9 8 8,/udy ( ,m$ic9e40#aad ,ibn ,batuta1 8! ,doctor ( ,tangi]10 wrote ab\t #accf t 8"s rema9 d[n an h\r1 o!rs two h\rs1 o!rs less40#aae ,a /ill e>li] writ]1 ,j\*anan ibn ,mas\iah1#aaf 9 8 book on /ones1 /ates t 8! div]1 :5 he dives1 places ^u 8 nose a masfsa le/ wat] %\ld ent] into him1 & brea!s ?r\gh ! fissure1 & rema9s "u wat] = half an h\r40 ,accord+ to ,sebaldus ,rau#aag ?is masfsa 0 an article resembl+ a hood or cap1 :i* ! div] plac$ ov] 8 nose4 ,x 0 made ( "s imp]vi\s mat]ial & _h a projection s long t x rea*$ to ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! same writ] believes t ?is object 0 allud$ to by ,ari/otle 78,de "p4 animal410 ,lib4 ,,ii1 c4 #af71 :]e he lik5s ! trunk ( ! elephant to ! in/rum5t us$ by c]ta9 div]s = aid+ _! respiration1 s t !y c\ld rema9 long] 9 ! wat] & draw 9 air f above ! surface4#aah ,& "h we cease pursuit ( fur!r records1 le/ our fai? 9 record$ te/imony be too sev]ely te/$4#aai ,a sup]ficial inspection ( ! above evid5ce1 f ! "o or two h\rs not$ by ,ibn ,batuta ab\t ! ye> #accf1 to ! half an h\r ( ,diem]broeck 9 #afgb1 ! qu>t] ( an h\r ( ,v]natti 9 #affi1 ! sev5 & "o half m9utes ( ,*>d9 9 #agaa1 ! six m9utes ( ,p]cival 9 #ahjc1 to ! #aaj seconds ( ! pres5t "t1 seems to indicate v cle>ly a gradual b some:at rem>kable decrease 9 ! ability ( ! ,asiatic div]s1 & t ! pe>l fi%]m5 ( ! pres5t day are v diff]5t creatures f _! ance/ors4 ,& especially is ?is s :5 x is consid]$ t ! above records are n isolat$ reports select$ = ! p>ticul> purpose ( %[+ a decrease 9 ! l5g? ( div+2 on ! contr>y !y are au?oritative & repres5tative publications ( _! respective p]iods4 ,we d n recall hav+ se5 9 any report issu$ previ\s to #afge1 an intimation t ! limit ( "t 0 less ?an t5 m9utes4 ,h[ev]1 a c>eful consid]ation ( ! subject leads to ! belief t !re has be5 no s]i\s decrease 9 ! l5g? ( "t t ! ,arab & ,indian div]s rema9 "u wat]1 & t ei!r ! writ]s 7 mis9=m$ or t ! individual cases report$ 7 extremely exceptional4 ,ibn ,batuta's in/ance ( "o to two h\rs c\ld easily be caus$ by a mi/ake 9 copy+ ,arabic manuscript1 or 9 ! translation4 ,! case relat$ by ,diem]broeck 9 :i* a pe>l div] rema9$ subm]g$ half an h\r1 is m p]plex+1 especially z ! physician reports t ?is 0 done "u 8 own obs]vation4 ,! num]\s reports ( five or six m9utes may h be5 bas$ on a v exceptional case4 ,^! /atem5ts are view$ z highly incr$ible by m5 :o h sp5t scores ( ye>s at ! fi%]ies4 ,a man may rema9 subm]g$ = sev]al m9utes1 b ! conditions are va/ly diff]5t f ! activities ( pe>l-ga!r+ at a dep? ( t5 fa?oms1 :]e ! pressure ( ! wat] is ne>ly ?irty p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 & ! slighte/ ex]cise is fatigu+4 ,unless ! "t is tak5 by a wat*1 x is easy to ov]e/imate ! /ay2 ! seconds pass v sl[ly :5 "o is wait+ mom5t>ily = ! appe>ance ( ! div]'s head above ! wat]1 & c]ta9ly to ! ne>ly exhau/$ fi%]man ) /ra9+ *e/ & palpitat+ he>t1 ! la/ few seconds mu/ seem extremely long inde$4 ,an in/ance is not$ 9 :i* an ,arab div] rema9$ subm]g$ sev5ty-"o seconds1 & on 8 reappe>ance1 navely inquir$ if he _h n be5 d[n t5 m9utes4 ,x seems d\btful :e!r ! #aaj seconds h]e9 not$ has be5 greatly exce$$1 9 rec5t ye>s at lea/1 by ,arab or ,indian div]s1 :o d n appe> to equal ! semi-amphibi\s natives ( ! ,s\? ,sea isl&s 9 _! exploits4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s features ( ! pe>l+ indu/ry is ! mann] 9 :i* ! fi%]m5 secure supplies ( dr9k+ wat]4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,bahre91 num]\s fre%-wat] spr+s exi/ at ! bottom ( ! gulf 9 dep?s ( two or ?ree fa?oms1 & ! fi%]m5 dive into ! dep? ( ! salt wat] d[n to :]e ! fre% wat] is spr++ =? & !re fill a sk9 or o!r suitable receptacle :i* !y br+ to ! surface4 ,by runn+ a pipe d[n ne> ! bottom 9 ! vic9ity ( "o ( ^! spr+s1 an abundance ( fre% wat] may be pump$ into ! boat4 ,?ree species--or at lea/ ?ree v>ieties--( pe>l-be>+ oy/]s are obta9$ 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,^! are kn[n locally z mah>1 sudaifee1 & z9ni4 ,( ^!1 ! mah> or ,l+ah oy/]1 :i* corresponds to ! ,ceylon pe>l-oy/]1 yields ! greate/ quantity ( pe>ls1 & ^? ( ! f9e/ quality4 ,x measures ?ree or ?ree & a half in*es 9 diamet]1 & is f\nd 9 deep] wat] ?an ! o!rs4 ,! sudaifee & ! z9ni1 :i* are l>g]1 yield pe>ls 9 mu* small] quantities ?an ! mah>4 ,on l>ge boats1 :i* rema9 out = two or ?ree weeks at a "t1 ! oy/]s are left on deck ov]night1 & ! foll[+ morn+ !y are op5$ by means ( a curv$ knife 7miflaket71 f\r or five in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! small] boats work+ ne> %ore convey ! cat* to ! l& = ! op5+ & se>*+ = pe>ls4 ,! ,p]sian ,gulf pe>ls are commonly n s :ite z ^? f ,ceylon1 b !y are f\nd ( l>g] size1 & x is believ$ 9 ,asia t !y reta9 _! lu/] = a great] l5g? ( "t4 ,_m ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf pe>ls1 especially ^? f sudaifee & z9ni %ells1 h a di/9ctly yell[ color4 ,tav]ni] made a curi\s explanation ( ?is4 ,he /at$3 ,z = ! pe>ls t5d+ to yell[1 ! color is due to ! fact t ! fi%]m5 sell ! oy/]s 9 heaps1 & ! m]*ants await+ sometimes up to #ad or #ae days till ! %ells op5 ( !mselves1 9 ord] to extract ! pe>ls1 "s ( ^! oy/]s lose _! wat] dur+ ?is "t1 decay1 & become putrid1 & ! pe>ls become yell[ by contact4 ,?is is s true t 9 all oy/]s :i* h reta9$ _! wat]1 ! pe>ls are always :ite4 ,!y are all[$ to op5 ( !mselves1 because if !y are op5$ by =ce1 z we op5 our oy/]s 9 ! %ell1 ! pe>ls may be damag$ & brok54 ,! oy/]s ( ! ,man> ,/rait op5 ( !mselves1 #e or #f days soon] ?an ^? ( ! ,gulf ( ,p]sia1 because ! heat is mu* great] at ,man>1 :i* is at ! t5? degree ( ,nor? latitude1 :ile ! isl& ( ,bahre9 is at ab\t ! tw5ty-sev5?4 ,& consequ5tly among ! pe>ls :i* come f ,man> !re are few yell[ ones f\nd4#abj ,tav]ni] 0 m famili> ) ! pe>ls !mselves ?an ) ! me?ods ( ! fi%]y4 ,! yell[ color is n due to contact ) ! putrefactive fle%1 & is indep5d5t ( ! mann] ( op5+4 ,9 fact1 if putrefaction caus$ ! yell[ color1 ?is %ade w\ld be f> m preval5t 9 ! ,mana> or ,ceylon pe>ls ?an 9 ^? f ,bahre91 = practically all ( ! ,ceylon oy/]s are p]mitt$ to putrefy1 :]eas only a portion ( ^? 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf are op5$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,fur!rmore1 not)/&+ t x is ne>] ! equator1 ! heat at ,mana> dur+ ! pe>l+ season is n to be comp>$ ) t at ,bahre9 :5 ! season is at its height1 = ! ,p]sian ,gulf dur+ ,july & ,augu/ is notori\s z "o ( ! hotte/ places on ! globe4 ,:ile ! great bulk ( ! pe>ls are ei!r :ite or yell[i%1 ^! fi%]ies yield a few p9k1 blui%1 gray1 & occasionally ev5 black pe>ls4 ,^! unusual colors are n especially priz$4 ,a curi\s & rem>kably detail$ /ory has gone ! r\nds 9 :i* ! qualities ( ,p]sian & ,ceylon pe>ls are comp>$1 to ! disp>agem5t ( ! latt]1 & dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s few acc\nts h be5 publi%$ ( ?is fi%]y )\t record+ x4 ,we notice x fir/ 9 ,mori]'s 8,j\rney ?r\gh ,p]sia 9 #ahjh & #ahji10aba b possibly x ant$at$ t report4 ,! /atem5t is t ! pe>ls ( ,ceylon peel (f1 :ile ^? ( ,p]sia are z 8firm z ! rock on :i* !y gr[02 & ?\gh !y lose 9 color & lu/] "o p] c5t4 annually = fifty ye>s1 !y /ill lose less ?an ^? ( ,ceylon1 & at ! expiration ( ! fifty ye>s !y cease to dim9i% 9 appe>ance4 ,! pe>l output 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf at ! pres5t "t appe>s f ! (ficial returns to exce$ f\r million doll>s annually at local valuation4 ,! exports 9 #aijc 7 report$ at #hbg1ddg1 & 9 #aijd1 #a1jgg1bda4 ,x is g5]ally und]/ood t all ( ! pe>ls are n ent]$ 9 ! (ficial figures1 & ! valuations 9 ! m>kets ( ,asia & ,europe are greatly 9 excess ( ^! am\nts4 ,! pr(its ( ! fi%]y are divid$ among a great numb] ( p]sons4 ,a l>ge p]c5tage goes to ! %rewd bunnias f ,india1 :o f9ance ! fi%]y op]ations1 & :o1 by all sorts ( tricks connect$ ) advances ( supplies1 valuation ( ! cat*1 etc41 manage to make a v good ?+ out ( ! bus9ess4 ,x is no?+ unusual = ! valuation ( a lot ( pe>ls to d\ble & ev5 treble aft] leav+ ! h&s ( ! fi%]m54 ,:ile _m ( ! gulf pe>ls--& especially ( ! small se$-pe>ls--g to ,bagdad1 ! great bulk ( !m are sold to repres5tatives ( ,h9du & ,arab m]*ants ( ,bombay = %ipm5t to t city1 :i* to ! ,bahre9 fi%]man is ! he>t ( ! outside _w4 ,few ( ! pe>ls g directly into ,arabia or ,p]sia1 z ! c]ta9 sale 9 ! l>g] ,bombay m>ket is pref]able to a sometimes high] b less regul> price 9 o!r m>kets4 ,inde$1 pe>ls may usually be pur*as$ at a less co/ 9 ,india ?an a /rang] w\ld be oblig$ to pay at ,bahre94 ,! ,bombay m]*ants 8s[ ! e>? ) ,ori5t pe>l10 deal+ direct ) ,london1 ,p>is & ,b]l91 & ) ! ori5tal jewel]s4 ,mo/ ( ! yell[ pe>ls f9d ori5tal pur*as]s1 ) ^: d>k complexions !y h>monize bett] ?an ! silv]y :ite ones4 ,!y are also m popul> because ( a belief exi/+ ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/ t !y are less likely to lose _! lu/] ) ! lapse ( ye>s4 ,! %ell ( ! pe>l-oy/]s is n us$ locally1 b l>ge quantities are export$ to ,europe = manufacture4 ,al?\gh x is ! smalle/ & *eape/ produc$ 9 ! gulf1 yet1 ow+ to ! enorm\s quantity tak5 = _! pe>ls1 ! %ell ( ! mah> 7,m>g>itif]a vulg>is7 con/itutes ! bulk ( ! exports4 ,=m]ly mo/ ( ! %ipm5ts 7 made f ! h>bor ( ,l+ah1 h5ce x is kn[n 9 ! m>kets ( ,europe z 8,l+ah %ell40 ,b 9 ! la/ ?ree or f\r ye>s1 mu* ( x has be5 transport$ to ,europe via ,b&] ,abbas & ,bu%ire4 ,a ,g]man firm at ,bahre9 is ext5sively employ$ 9 export+ ?is %ell1 & sev]al ,indian m]*ants are also engag$ 9 ! trade4 ,! total exports 9 #aijf am\nt$ to #cbfb tons1 valu$ at #bf1djh accord+ to ! port returns1 b wor? ab\t #ace1jjj 9 ,europe4 ,v l>ge quantities are receiv$ 9 ,london1 & ov] #bejj tons h be5 (f]$ at auction 9 a s+le ye>4 ,?is %ell is v small1 av]ag+ ab\t ?ree in*es 9 diamet] & ab\t "o & a half ounces 9 weight4 ,x is ! *eape/ ( all "m-(-pe>l4 ,! be/ quality sells 9 ,london = t5 to tw5ty %ill+s p] hundr$weight1 b ! ord9>y grade is wor? usually less ?an n9e %ill+s1 & sometimes z l[ z ?ree %ill+s p] hundr$weight4 ,am]ica =m]ly import$ x1 b few lots h be5 receiv$ s9ce ! exploitation ( ! ,mississippi %ell ab\t fifte5 ye>s ago4 ,! %ell ( ! l>g] species ( pe>l-oy/]s 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf is wor? consid]ably m ?an ! 8,l+ah %ell10 sell+ 9 ,europe = #ab to #fj p] ton1 yet manufactur]s consid] x z furni%+ only poor qualities ( "m-(-pe>l4 ,sev]al hundr$ tons are export$ annually4 ,x measures six or sev5 in*es 9 diamet] & is us$ pr9cipally 9 mak+ *eap grades ( buttons4 ,,! ,,pe>l ,,fi%]ies ,,( ,,ceylon ,errors1 l /raws1 ^u ! surface fl[2 ,he :o w\ld se>* = pe>ls mu/ dive bel[4 ,,dryd51 ,all = ,love1 ,prologue4 ,second 9 ext5t to ^? ( ,p]sia only1 are ! int]mitt5t & unc]ta9 pe>l fi%]ies ( ! ,gulf ( ,mana>4 ,?is is an arm ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 f #fe to #aej miles 9 wid?1 sep>at+ ! isl& ( ,ceylon f ! s\!rnmo/ "p ( ,india4 ,! pe>l-oy/] banks--kn[n locally z pa>s--are situat$ (f ! nor?we/ coa/ ( ,ceylon & also 9 ! vic9ity ( ,tuticor9 on ! ,madras coa/ ( ! ma9l&4 ,! ,ceylon fi%]ies are "u ! control ( ! colonial gov]nm5t ( ! ,briti% ,empire1 & ^? ( ! ma9l& are monopoliz$ by ! ,madras gov]nm5t4 ,not)/&+ ! fact t !y are outside ( ! ?ree-mile limit e/abli%$ z ! b\nd ( national jurisdiction1 exclusive privileges are ex]cis$ ov] ^! fi%]ies by ! respective gov]nm5ts1#abb & poa*+ vessels are liable to seizure & puni%m5t4 ,?\gh possibly n s anci5t z ^? ( ,p]sia1 ! ,ceylon pe>l fi%]ies are ( great antiquity4 ,ref]5ces to !m occur 9 ,c+alese records dat+ f #eej ,b4,c4 ,pl9y1 ,ptolemy1 ,/rabo1 & o!r anci5t writ]s speak ( _! importance4 ,! 8,p]iplus ( ! ,ery?ran0--writt5 ab\t ! end ( ! second c5tury ,a4,d4--ref]s to ^! fi%]ies1 & /ates t1 ow+ to ! dang]s involv$1 x 0 cu/om>y to employ convicts !re94 ,9 ! days ( ! 8,arabian ,nights10 "u ! "n 8,s]5dib10 ?is 0 ! sc5e ( ! pe>l+ adv5tures ( ,s9dbad ! ,sailor1 & ! reputation ( ! valuable pe>l res\rces is reflect$ 9 ^? wond]ful tales4 ,! fir/ ext5sive description we h ( ! ,gulf ( ,mana> fi%]ies 0 giv5 by ! ,v5etian travel]1 ,m>co ,polo1 :o visit$ ! region ab\t #abid4 ,he wrote3 ,! pe>l fi%]s take _! vessels1 great & small1 & proce$ into ! gulf :]e !y /op f ! beg9n+ ( ,april till ! middle ( ,may4 ,!y g fir/ to a place call$ ,bettel>1 & !n g #fj miles into ! ,gulf4 ,"h !y ca/ an*or & %ift f _! l>ge vessels into small boats4 ,y mu/ "k t ! _m m]*ants :o g divide into v>i\s companies1 & ea* ( ^! mu/ engage a numb] ( m5 on wages1 hir+ !m = ,april & half ( ,may4 ,( all ! produce !y h fir/ to pay ! k+1 z 8 royalty1 ! t5? "p4 ,& !y mu/ also pay ^? m5 :o *>m ! great fi%es to prev5t !m f injur+ ! div]s :il/ engag$ 9 seek+ pe>ls "u wat]1 "o-tw5tie? ( all t !y take4 ,^! fi%-*>m]s are t]m9$ ,abraiaman2 & _! *>m holds good = t day only1 = at night !y dissolve ! *>m s t ! fi%es c "w mis*ief at _! w4 ,^! ,abraiaman "k also h[ to *>m bea/s & birds & e liv+ ?+4 ,:5 ! m5 h got into ! small boats !y jump into ! wat] & dive to ! bottom1 :i* may be at a dep? ( f #d to #ab fa?oms1 & !re !y rema9 z long z !y are able4 ,& !re !y f9d ! %ells t conta9 ! pe>ls1 & ^? !y put into a net bag ti$ r\nd ! wai/1 & m\nt up to ! surface ) !m1 & !n dive anew4 ,:5 !y c't hold _! brea? any long] !y come up aga91 & aft] a little d[n !y g once m1 & s !y g on all day4 ,^! %ells are 9 fa%ion l oy/]s or sea-hoods4 ,& 9 ^! %ells are f\nd pe>ls1 great & small1 ( e k9d1 /ick+ 9 ! fle% ( ! %ell-fi%4 ,9 ?is mann] pe>ls are fi%$ 9 great quantities1 = !nce 9 fact come ! pe>ls :i* are spread all ov] ! _w4 ,& ,i c tell y ! ,k+ ( t ,/ate ha? a v great receipt & treasure f 8 dues ^u ^? pe>ls4#abc ,t qua9t old mission>y bi%op1 ,fri> ,jordanus1 9 8 8,mirabilia ,descripta1 or ! ,wond]s ( ! ,ea/0 7circa #accj71 reports t 8m ?an #hjjj boats0 7 sometimes employ$ = ?ree mon?s cont9ually 9 ^! fi%]ies1 :i* 7 !n prosecut$ "u ! jurisdiction ( ! ,c+alese k+s ( ,k&y1 & t ! quantity ( pe>ls tak5 0 8a/\nd+ & almo/ incr$ible40#abd ,illu/ration3 ,,! 8,,pr9ce ,,( ,,pe>ls03 ,,! ,,late ,,rana ,,( ,,dholpur ,,9 ,,8 ,,pe>l ,,regalia ,?is numb] ( boats seems entirely too l>ge1 especially 9 view ( ! fact t ,jordanus secur$ 8 in=mation at second h&2 b x leaves ! impression t ! fi%]ies ( t p]iod 7 ( great importance4 ,:5 ! ,portuguese1 attract$ by ! weal? ( its res\rces1 obta9$ control ( ?is region ab\t #aeaj1 !y exact$ f ! local rul]s an annual tribute 9 pe>ls & spices4 ,lat] !y conduct$ ! fi%]ies on _! own acc\nt1 p]mitt+ ! native fi%]m5 to reta9 "o f\r? ( ! cat* z comp5sation = _! "w1 & divid+ ! rema9d] into ?ree equal portions1 = ! k+1 ! *ur*1 & ! soldi]s1 respectively4 ,l9s*ot51 :o visit$ ,india ab\t #aeij1 leaves ?is int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! fi%]y at t "t3 8,!re are also o!r fi%+s = pe>le1 z betwe5 ! ,il& ( ,seylon1 & ! ,cape de ,comori91 :]e great numb]s are ye>lie f\nd1 = t ! ,k+ ( ,port+ale ha? a capta9e !re ) soldi]s t looke? unto x2 !y h ye>lie at ! lea/ above #c or #d ?\s& duck]s div]s1 yt live onlie by fi%+ = pe>les1 & s ma9ta9e !mselves40 ,he describes ! me?ods ( fi%+1 :i* appe> to be simil> to ^? ( ! pres5t "t1 & adds3 8,:5 !y h made an end ( ! day's fi%+1 all ! fi%]s ) ! capta9e1 soldi]s1 labor]s & wat*m5 = ! k+1 goe toge!r1 & tak+ all ! pe>ls pe>l-oy/]s t are caught t day !y divide !m into c]ta9e heaps1 t is1 "o "p = ! k+1 ano!r "p = ! capta9e & soldi]s1 ! ?ird "p = ! ,jesuits1 because !y h _! ,cloy/] 9 t place1 & br\ght ! c\ntrie fir/ into ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & ! la/ "p = ! ,fi%]s1 :i* is done ) ,ju/ice & ,equalitie4 ,?is fi%+ is done 9 ! ,summ] tyme1 & !re passe? n any ye>e b t div]s ,fi%]s are dr[n$ by ! ,cape de ,comori9 7:i* is call$ ! ,k+'s fi%+7 & manie dev\r$ by fi%es1 s t :5 ! fi%+ is done !re is great & pitiful noyse & cry ( wom5 & *ildr5 he>d4 ,yet ! next ye>e !y mu/ d ! same "w aga9e1 = t !y h no o!r means to live1 z also = t !y are p>tlie compell$ !reunto by ! ,port+ales1 b mo/ "p because ( ! ga9e40#abe ,! be/ description we h se5 ( ! ,ceylon fi%]ies at ! "t ( ! ,portuguese occupation1 is t ( ,caes> ,fr$]ick1 a ,v5etian trad]1 :o ref]r$ to ! p]iod f #aefc to #aeha4 ,fr$]ick report$1 accord+ to ,hickocke's translation 9 ! ,hakluyt edition3 ,! sea t lie? betwe5 ! coa/ :i* desc5de? f ,cao ,comori1 to ! l[e l& ( ,*ilao1 & f ,isl& ,zeilan1 !y call ! fi%+ ( ,pe>les1 :i* fi%+ !y make e ye>e1 beg9n+ 9 ,m>* or ,april1 & x la/e? fiftie dayes1 b !y doe n fi%e e ye]e 9 "o place1 b "o ye]e 9 "o place1 & ano!r ye]e 9 ano!r place ( ! same sea4 ,:5 ! "t ( ?is fi%+ drawe? ne]e1 !y s5d v good ,div]s1 t goe to discov] :]e ! greate/ heapes ( ,oi/]s bee "u wat]1 & "r agayn/ t place :]e greate/ /ore ( ,oi/]s bee1 !re !y make or plant a village ) h\ses & a ,baz>o1 :i* /&e? z long z ! fi%+ "t la/e?1 & x is furni%$ ) all ?+s necess>ie1 & n[e & !n x is ne]e unto places t are inhabit$1 & o!r times f>re (f1 accord+ to ! place :]e !y fi%e4 ,! fi%]m5 are all ,*ri/ians ( ! c\ntrey1 & :o s w may goe to fi%+1 pay+ a c]ta9 dutie to ! k+ ( ,portugall1 & to ! ,*ur*es ( ! ,fri]s ( ,sa9t ,paule1 :i* are 9 t coa/4 ,all ! :ile t !y are fi%+1 !re are ?ree or f\re ,fu/es arm$ to def5d ! ,fi%]m5 f ,rov]s4 ,x 0 my *ance to bee !re "o "t 9 my passage1 & ,i saw ! ord] t !y us$ 9 fi%+1 :i* is ?is4 ,!re are ?ree or f\re ,b>kes t make consort toge!r1 :i* are l to our litle ,pilot boates1 & a little lesse1 !re goe sev5 or eight m5 9 a boate3 & ,i h se5e 9 a morn+ a great numb] ( !m goe out1 & ank] 9 fifte5e or eighte5e fadome ( wat]1 :i* is ! ord9>ie dep? ( all t coa/4 ,:5 !y are at ank]1 !y ca/ a rope into ! sea1 & at ! end ( ! rope1 !y make fa/ a great /one1 & !n !re is readie a man t ha? 8 nose & 8 e>es well /opp$1 & anno9t$ ) oyle1 & a basket ab\t 8 necke1 or "u 8 left arme1 !n he goe? d[ne by ! rope to ! bottome ( ! ,sea1 & z fa/ z he c hee fille? ! basket1 & :5 x is full1 he %ake? ! rope1 & 8 fell[s t are 9 ! ,b>ke hale him up ) ! basket3 & 9 su* wise !y g "o by "o untill !y h lad5 _! b>ke ) oy/]s1 & at ev5+ !y come to ! village1 & !n e company make? _! m\nta9e or heape ( oy/]s "o di/ant f ano!r1 9 su* wise t y %all see a great long r[e ( m\nta9es or heapes ( oy/]s1 & !y are n t\*$ until su* "t z ! fi%+ bee end$1 & at ! ende ( ! fi%+ e companie sitte? r\nd ab\t _! m\nta9e or heape ( oy/]s1 & fall to op5+ ( !m1 :i* !y may easilie doe because !y bee dead1 drie & brittle3 & if e oy/] _h pe>les 9 !m1 x w\ld be a v good pur*ase1 b !re are v _m t h no pe>les 9 !m3 :5 ! fi%+ is end$1 !n !y see :e!r x bee a good ga!r+ or a badde3 !re are c]ta9e exp]t 9 ! pe>les :om !y call ,*it9i1 :i* set & make ! price ( pe>les accord+ to _! c>racts c>ats or weight1 beautie1 & goodnesse1 mak+ f\re sorts ( !m4 ,! fir/ sort bee ! r\nd pe>les1 & !y bee call$ ,aia ( ,portugale1 because ! ,portugales doe buy !m4 ,! second sorte :i* are n r\nd1 are call$ ,aia ( ,b5gala4 ,! ?ird sort :i* are n s good z ! second1 !y call ,aia ( ,can>a1 t is to say1 ! k+dome ( ,bez5eg]4 ,! f\r? & la/ sort1 :i* are ! lea/ & wor/ sort1 are call$ ,aia ( ,cambaia4 ,?us ! price be+ set1 !re are m]*ants ( e c\ntrey :i* are readie ) _! money 9 _! h&es1 s t 9 a fewe dayes all is br\ght up at ! prises set accord+ to ! goodnesse & c>acts ( ! pe>les4#abf ,a rem>kable in/ance ( ! immutability ( cu/om 9 ! ,ori5t is f\nd 9 ! fact t1 except 9 a few m9or p>ticul>s1 ,fr$]ick's acc\nt1 writt5 m ?an ?ree c5turies ago1 c\ld s]ve z a description ( ! me?ods ( ! fi%]ies 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,! indu/ry 0 !n v ext5sive1 z appe>s f an acc\nt %ortly aft]w>d 7ab\t #afjh7 by ,p$ro ,teixeira1 :o report$#abg t f #djj to #ejj boats 7 employ$1 & f #ej1jjj to #fj1jjj p]sons resort$ to ! fi%]y4 ,9 #afeh1 possession ( ,ceylon & ,india pass$ f ! ,portuguese to ! ,dut*1 :o = a "t cont9u$ ! pe>l fi%]ies aft] ! mann] practis$ by _! pr$ecessors2 b ow+ to cont5tions z to ! details ( managem5t1 !y soon resort$ to leas+ !m ea* ye> to ! highe/ bidd]1 or to sev]al bidd]s1 = a def9ite money paym5t4 ,! successful bidd]s prosecut$ ! indu/ry 9 ! same mann] z ! gov]nm5t _h previ\sly done1 employ+ ! same native fi%]m5 & comp5sat+ !m ) "o f\r? ( ! oy/]s secur$4 ,"u ! ,dut* rule ! fi%]ies 7 v unpr(itable1 & p>ticul>ly s dur+ ! la/ sev5ty ye>s ( _! au?ority4 ,!re 0 practically no fi%+ f #agcb to #agdf1 & !re 0 also a susp5sion--b n entirely f lack ( oy/]s or ( pe>ls--f #agfh until ! t]ritory pass$ into ! control ( ! ,briti% 9 #agif4 ,! colonial gov]nm5t ( ! ,briti% ,empire cont9u$ ! ,dut* policy ( leas+1 only re/rict+ ! limits ( t]ritory & season = fi%+4 ,_m objections 7 f\nd to ?is me?od4 ,x 0 difficult to regulate ! bus9ess prop]ly1 & !re 7 no reliable means ( det]m9+ its proce$s & conditions4 ,at l5g? 9 #ahce1 ! gov]nm5t began to op]ate ! fi%]y on its own acc\nt1 z ! ,portuguese _h done two hundr$ ye>s be=e1 all[+ ! fi%]m5 "o f\r? ( ! oy/]s tak5 by !m & sell+ ! rema9+ ?ree f\r?s = ! b5efit ( ! treasury4 ,9 ?is way ! full value ( ! res\rces 0 realiz$ )\t my/]y1 deception1 or concealm5t1 & ! plan work$ satisfactorily = all conc]n$4 ,ow+1 presumably1 to ! long p]iod 9 :i* !y _h la9 undi/urb$1 ! ,ceylon oy/] reefs 7 9 excell5t condition at ! beg9n+ ( ,briti% rule4 ,9 #agif ! gov]nm5t d]iv$ a rev5ue ( ,rs4#a1ajj1jjj !refrom1 & 9 #agig ! rev5ue 0 ,rs4#a1djj1jjj2 ^! two ye>s 7 by f> ! mo/ productive dur+ ! fir/ c5tury ( ,briti% occupation4 ,sev]al v int]e/+ reports on ! indu/ry 7 prep>$ ab\t t "t4 ,especially to be not$ among ^! 7 ! acc\nts by ,h5ry ,j4 ,le,beck 9 #agih2abh by ,rob]t ,p]cival 9 #ahjc2abi & by ,james ,cord9] 9 #ahjg1acj to :i* ref]5ce is made = detail$ acc\nts ( ! fi%]ies ( t p]iod4 ,! ,ceylon fi%]y 0 prosecut$ ab\t e o!r ye> f #agii to #ahji1 & ! annual returns rang$ f #ae1jbb 9 #ahja to #hd1beg 9 #ahjh4 ,f #ahaj to #ahac1 inclusive1 !re 0 a blank s f> z receipts 7 conc]n$4 ,9 #ahad ! fi%]y 0 v good1 br++ 9 a rev5ue ( #aje1ahg4 ,) ! exception ( v slight returns 9 #ahae1 #ahaf1 & #ahbj1 no oy/]s 7 !n obta9$ until #ahbh4 ,except+ #ahcb & #ahcd1 ! indu/ry 0 prosecut$ ea* ye> f #ahbh to #ahcg1 ! rev5ue to ! gov]nm5t av]ag+ ab\t #cj1jjj annually4 ,!n came a long blank ( sev5te5 ye>s1 = !re 0 no fi%+ f #ahch to #ahed1 & likewise f #ahfd to #ahgc4 ,inde$1 s deplet$ _h ! b$s ?r\gh\t ! ,gulf ( ,mana> become 9 #ahff1 t s]i\s consid]ation 0 giv5 to ! possibilities ( secur+ se$ oy/]s f ! ,p]sian ,gulf = re/ock+ ! reefs2 b =tunately ?is 0 r5d]$ unnecess>y by ! discov]y soon aft]w>d ( a few oy/]s on sev]al reefs on bo? ! ,ceylon & ! ,malab> coa/s4 ,f #ahee to #ahfc1 & also f #ahgd to #ahha1 ! returns 7 only ord9>y1 ! highe/ be+ #ea1jag 9 #ahfc1 & #ei1hfh 9 #ahha1--! be/ ye> s9ce #ahad2 & dur+ ^! two p]iods fi%+ 0 entirely omitt$ 9 ne>ly "o half ! seasons4 ,!re 7 five lean ye>s f #ahhb to #ahhf1 & ! #ahhg fi%]y 0 only fair1 ) a yield ( #ci1fji4 ,b ! returns = #ahhh 7 l>ge1 am\nt+ to #hj1dbd2 & ^? = #ahia 7 ev5 great]1 be+ #if1cgj1 repres5t+ a yield ( #dd1caa1dda oy/]s4 ,no oy/]s 7 caught f #ahib to #aijb1 inclusive4 ,9 #aijc1 ! fi%]y 0 pr(itable1 yield+ #da1ahj1acg oy/]s1 & ! %>e ( ! gov]nm5t am\nt$ to #ee1cjc2 & 9 #aijd ! yield 0 almo/ ! same1 be+ #da1jci1jhe oy/]s & a rev5ue ( #ga1jej to ! gov]nm5t4 ,9 #aije occurr$ ! greate/ fi%]y 9 ! mod]n hi/ory ( ,ceylon4 ,! season ext5d$ f ,febru>y #bj until ,april #ba1 giv+ =ty-sev5 work+ days1 exclusive ( ,sundays & five days ( bad wea!r1 ! longe/ p]iod 9 ov] half a c5tury4#aca ,! boats employ$ numb]$ #cah1 ) #diia div]s & #dhid att5dant m&uks4 ,! yield ( oy/]s exce$$ all records1 am\nt+ to #ha1ehj1gaf 9 numb]1 or ne>ly twice z _m z 9 any previ\s ye> )9 ! p]iod ( ,briti% occupation4 ,! prices at :i* ^! sold rang$ f ,rs4#bd to ,rs4#abd p] ?\s&1 ) an av]age ( ,rs4#dh4hi = ! entire season4 ,! gov]nm5t receiv$ ,rs4#b1eaj1gbg z its %>e ( ! rev5ue1 :i* 0 twice z mu* z 9 any previ\s ye> s9ce ! ,briti% h be5 9 control1 & d\btless ! l>ge/ receiv$ by any gov]nm5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! indu/ry4 ,! oy/]s fall+ to ! %>e ( ! div]s mu/ h sold = at lea/ ,rs4#a1bee1cfc 7s9ce #ahha ! div]s h receiv$ "o ?ird ( ! cat* z _! comp5sation1 in/ead ( "o f\r?74 ,! pr(its ( ! m]*ants1 :o pur*as$ & op5$ ! gov]nm5t oy/]s z well z ^? ( ! div]s1 d\btless am\nt$ to fully z mu*1 mak+ a total ( ,rs4#e1jba1dec1 or ne>ly #b1jjj1jjj z a l[ e/imate ( ! local value ( ! pe>ls secur$ at ,ceylon 9 #aije4 ,ow+ to ! great success 9 #aije1 an enorm\s numb] ( p]sons flock$ to ! camp at ! beg9n+ ( ! season 9 #aijf4 ,employm5t 0 giv5 to #dgc boats1 ! l>ge/ numb] on record1 & ov] #hfjj div]s 7 engag$1 ) an equal numb] ( att5dants4 ,ow+ to unfavorable wea!r & ! great quantity ( oy/]s remov$ 9 #aije1 ! cat* 9 #aijf 0 less ?an 9 t record ye>1 am\nt+ to #fg1aej1fda 9 numb]1 f ! sale ( :i* ,rs4#a1cgf1gdf 0 realiz$4 ,! prices cov]$ a wide range4 ,= ! l>ge ,*eval oy/]s1 ev5 ,rs4#bgf1 ,rs4#bia1 & ,rs4#cji p] #ajjj 7 receiv$4 ,! inf]ior1 /unt$ oy/]s f ! ,muttuv>atu pa> rang$ f ,rs4#bj to ,rs4#da p] #ajjj1 & ev5 at ^! prices _m buy]s su/a9$ losses4 ,on ! o!r h& consid]able money 0 made by ! buy]s ( ^? f ,*eval1 9 :i* "s v l>ge & beautiful pe>ls 7 f\nd4 ,! results ( ! #aijg fi%]y 7 surpris+ly good1 excell5t prices be+ obta9$4 ,! proce$s f ! sale ( two ?irds ( ! #ba1jjj1jjj oy/]s am\nt$ to ,rs4#a1jdj1jjj1 or j "u #cej1jjj4 ,! fi%]y la/$ ?irty-six work+ days4 ,only #agc boats 7 us$1 z x 0 consid]$ t a fleet ( ?is size is fully z l>ge z c be employ$ advantage\sly to ! greate/ satisfaction ( all int]e/$4 ,accord+ to ! compilations ( ! colonial secret>y's (fice1 ! gross rev5ue to ! gov]nm5t f #agif to #aijg1 inclusive1 am\nt$ to #b1jih1hcj4 ,if to ?is be add$ ! fi%]m5's %>e & ! m]*ants' comp5sation1 we h a total ( ab\t #d1bjj1jjj or #ba1jjj1jjj z ! local value ( ! pe>ls produc$ 9 ,ceylon dur+ ! p]iod ( ,briti% occupation4 ,! value ( ^! 9 ! m>kets ( ,asia & ,europe 0 und\bt$ly v mu* great]4 ,9 _m respects ! ,ceylon pe>l fi%]ies are ! mo/ int]e/+ 9 ! _w4 ,ow+ to _! ready accessibility & ?or\gh organization1 !y are f> bett] kn[n ?an any o!rs4 ,reliable data exi/ z to ! numb] ( oy/]s tak5 dur+ ea* season s9ce #ahed1 & x is possible to e/imate r\ghly ! pe>ls obta9$ !refrom4 ,?r\gh\t ! #aab ye>s ( ,briti% occupation1 & previ\sly to "s ext5t "u ! successive rule ( ! ,c+alese k+s1 ( ! ,portuguese1 & ( ! ,dut*1 = c5turies1 ! reefs 7 annually exam9$ by (ficial inspectors1 & fi%+ 0 p]mitt$ only 9 ^? ye>s :5 !y appe>$ 9 satisfactory condition4 ,a noticeable feature ( ^! fi%]ies is _! unc]ta9ty1 a prosp]\s season be+ foll[$ by an abs5ce ( fi%+ sometimes ext5d+ ov] t5 ye>s or m4 ,?is is n ( rec5t developm5t4 ,ov] eight hundr$ ye>s ago a total cessation ( yield = a consid]able p]iod 0 record$#acb by ,albyr\ni1 :o s]v$ "u ,mahmud ( ,ghazni4 ,he /at$ t1 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 ! oy/]s :i* =m]ly exi/$ 9 ! ,gulf ( ,s]5dib 7,ceylon7 disappe>$ simultane\sly ) ! appe>ance ( a fi%]y at ,s(ala 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,z5ds1 :]e previ\sly ! exi/5ce ( pe>ls _h be5 unkn[n2 h5ce x 0 conjectur$ t ! pe>l-oy/]s ( ,s]5dib _h migrat$ to ,s(ala4 ,9 ! #bdi ye>s s9ce ,ceylon pass$ f ! dom9ion ( ! ,portuguese 9 #afeh1 !re h be5 only sixty-n9e ye>s 9 :i* ! pe>l fi%]ies 7 prosecut$4 ,dur+ ! la/ c5tury !re 7 only ?irty-six regul>ly au?oriz$ fi%]ies4 ,enorm\s quantities ( oy/]s h appe>$ on ! reefs1 giv+ rise to hopes ( great results1 only to end 9 disappo9tm5t1 ow+ to _! complete disappe>ance4 ,9 ! fall ( #ahhg1 = in/ance1 exam9ation ( "o ( ! reefs reveal$ an enorm\s quantity ( oy/]s1 cov]+ an area five miles 9 l5g? by "o & a half miles 9 wid?1 ) 8#fjj to #gjj oy/]s to ! squ>e y>d0 9 places4 ,x 0 e/imat$ by ! inspection (ficials t !re 7 #afd1jjj1jjj oy/]s1 :i* exce$$ ! total numb] tak5 9 ! prec$+ sixty ye>s1 & :i* %\ld h yield$ sev]al million doll>s' wor? ( pe>ls 9 ! foll[+ season1 accord+ to ! usual returns4 ,b "s mon?s lat] n an oy/] 0 to be f\nd on ?is l>ge reef1 ! great ho/ presumably hav+ be5 de/roy$ by action ( ! sea4 ,num]\s reasons are assign$ = ! failure ( promis+ reefs4 ,^? mo/ frequ5tly he>d are t ! curr5ts sweep ! oy/]s away1 t !y are dev\r$ by pr$ace\s enemies1 t !y are cov]$ by ! %ift+ bottom1 or t !y volunt>ily move to new gr\nds4 ,! oy/]s are f\nd 9 well-kn[n & p]man5tly locat$ banks or pa>s 9 ! upp] end ( ! ,gulf ( ,mana>1 9 ! wide %all[ plateau (f ! nor?we/ end ( ! isl& & directly s\? ( ,adams ,bridge4 ,! h>d calcrete bottom is =m$ mo/ly ( s& comb9$ ) organic rema9s 9 a compact mass & ) m or less coral & %ell deposits4 ,! d5sity ( ! wat]1 z det]m9$ by ,pr(essor ,h]dman 7to ^: important & valuable report#acc we are indebt$ = mu* in=mation71 is fairly con/ant at #a4jbc1 & ! temp]ature has a normal range ( f #hb to #hf ,f4 dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ye>4 ,! *>ts & records ref] to ab\t tw5ty pa>s1 b mo/ ( ^! h nev] yield$ ext5sively1 ei!r to ! ,engli% or to ! ,dut*4 ,9 ! aggregate1 !y cov] an area fifty miles 9 l5g? & tw5ty miles 9 wid?4 ,mo/ ( !m are f five to tw5ty miles f ! %ore1 & at a dep? ( five to t5 fa?oms4 ,! pr9cipal pa>s are ,*eval1 ,mad>agam1 ,p]iya1 ,muttuv>atu1 ,k>ativu1 ,vankalai1 ,*ilaw1 & ,condat*y4 ,only ?ree h af=d$ pr(itable fi%]ies 9 rec5t ye>s1 i4 e43 ,*eval1 ,mad>agam & ,muttuv>atu4 ,! o!r pa>s are ( practically no economic value at ! pres5t "t4 ,!y become populat$ ) t5s ( millions ( oy/]s1 :i* my/]i\sly disappe> be=e !y are old en\gh = ga!r+4 ,especially is ?is true ( ! ,p]iya pa>1 :i* is ab\t fifte5 miles f ! %ore1 & runs elev5 miles nor? & s\?1 v>y+ f "o to two miles 9 wid?4 ,frequ5tly ?is is f\nd cov]$ ) "y oy/]s1 :i* almo/ inv>iably disappe> be=e ! next inspection1 ow+1 probably1 to _! be+ cov]$ by ! %ift+ bottom caus$ by ! s\?we/ monsoon4 ,! natives call ?is ! 8,"m pa>10 "u ! impression t ^! oy/]s migrate to ! o!r pa>s4 ,! ,ceylon gov]nm5t has giv5 v c>eful att5tion to all matt]s affect+ ! prosp]ity ( ! pe>l res\rces4 ,x has ma9ta9$ a 8,pe>l ,fi%]y ,e/abli%m5t10 consi/+ ( a sup]9t5d5t1 an inspector & num]\s div]s1 att5dants1 & sailors4 ,! inspector exam9es ! pa>s1 det]m9es :5 & to :at ext5t !y %\ld be fi%$1 & directs ! op]ations4 ,! sup]9t5d5t conducts ! "w on %ore1 divides & sells ! oy/]s1 etc4 ,! exp5se ( ?is e/abli%m5t has approximat$ #dj1jjj p] annum :5 !re has be5 a fi%]y1 & ab\t #bb1ejj )\t fi%]y exp5ses4 ,x has be5 decid$ by naturali/s t ,ceylon oy/]s less ?an f\r ye>s old produce v few m>ketable pe>ls2 9 ! fif?1 & aga9 9 ! six? ye> ! value ( ! yield d\bles1 & 9 ! sev5? x is suppos$ to increase f\rfold4 ,beyond t age !re appe>s to be little increase1 & !re is ! risk ( ! oy/]s dy+1 & ( ! pe>ls det]iorat+ or becom+ lo/4 ,eight ye>s seems to be ! natural limit ( life4 ,:ile exp]i5ce has %[n t ! mo/ pr(itable p]iod = tak+ ! pe>l-oy/]s is :5 !y are f five to sev5 ye>s old1 ! mollusks are liable to disappe>1 especially aft] ! fif? ye>1 & ! dang] ( wait+ too long is z great z t ( beg9n+ too e>ly4 ,! fi%+ on any p>ticul> bank is det]m9$ by v>i\s circum/ances & conditions1 & is p]mitt$ only aft] c>eful exam9ation4 ,! diff]5t b$s are inspect$ f "t to "t1 & no fi%+ is p]mitt$ until ! condition ( ! pe>l-oy/]s on ! p>ticul> reef ?r[n op5 seems to w>rant ! mo/ valuable returns4 ,9 ! exam9ation ( a b$ app>5tly 9 suitable condition1 sev]al ?\s& oy/]s--usually eight or t5 ?\s&--are tak5 up & ! pe>ls f\nd !re9 are exam9$ & valu$4 ,if !y av]age ,rs4#be or ,rs4#cj p] ?\s& oy/]s1 pr(itable results may be expect$1 provid$ !re is a suffici5t quantity ( oy/]s on ! b$4 ,?is me?od ( det]m9+ ! fi%]y is v anci5t4 ,tav]ni] wrote1 ab\t #afej1 8be=e !y fi%1 !y try :e!r x w turn to any acc\nt by s5d+ sev5 or eight boats to br+ #ajjj oy/]s ea*1 :i* !y op51 & if ! oy/]s p] #ajjj yield five fanos or above1 !y !n "k ! fi%+ w turn to acc\nt40#acd ,& mu* ! same me?od 0 describ$ by ,ribeiro 9 #afhe4 ,:5 x has be5 decid$ to hold a fi%]y1 public notice is giv5 by adv]tisem5t1 /at+ :i* ( ! _m pa>s or reefs w be op51 & ! e/imat$ quantity ( oy/]s to be remov$1 ! numb] ( boats t w be giv5 employm5t1 & ! date = beg9n+ ! season & ! l5g? ( "t x w probably la/4 ,?is notice is usually giv5 9 ,decemb] prec$+ ! fi%]y1 & x is ! signal = prep>ation by t5s ( ?\s&s ( p]sons 9 ?is "p ( ,asia1 & especially on ! ,madras & ! ,malab> coa/s ( ,india1 & on ! coa/ ( ,arabia4 ,! fi%]m51 ! m]*ants1 & ! multitude ( artisans1 me*anics1 & labor]s :o contribute to ! indu/ry1 set _! homes & bus9ess 9 ord] s t !y may att5d4 ,we give ! notice issu$ 9 #aijg1 bo? 9 ,c+alese & 9 ,engli%4#ace ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,late ,,mah>ajah ,,( ,,patiala ,e>ly 9 ,febru>y ! area to be glean$ is aga9 exam9$1 ! limits ( ! oy/]s are *>t$ & buoy$ (f1 ! numb] t may be obta9$ is e/imat$ z accurately z possible1 & valuation samples are collect$4 ,sev]al ?\s& oy/]s are tak5 up1 ! pe>ls are remov$1 exam9$1 & valu$ by un9t]e/$ exp]ts1 & ! results are publi%$1 s t prospective buy]s may h a reliable idea z to _! value4 ,o!rwise ?is w\ld n be possible until ! m]*ants _h wa%$ "s ( _! own pur*ases1 :i* ord9>ily w\ld n be = a week or t5 days aft] ! op5+ ( ! season4 ,! fi%]y usually beg9s late 9 ,febru>y or e>ly 9 ,m>*1 z ! sea is !n relatively calm1 ! curr5ts lea/ p]ceptible1 & !re is less dang] ( /orms4 ,x is prosecut$ f a tempor>y settlem5t or camp on ! s&y %ore at a place conv5i5tly ne> ! reefs4 ,! important fi%]ies ( ! five ye>s end+ 9 #aijg1 7 c5t]$ at ! improvis$ settlem5t kn[n z ,m>i**ikadde4 ,al?\gh prosecut$ f ! coa/ ( ,ceylon1 relatively few ,c+alese att5d comp>$ ) ! l>ge numb]s :o assemble f ,india1 ,arabia1 & else:]e4 ,a week or two be=e ! op5+ ( ! season1 ! boats beg9 to arrive1 sometimes fifty or m 9 a s+le day1 lad5 ) m51 wom5 & *ildr51 & 9 _m cases ) ! mat]ials = _! huts4 ,9 a %ort "t ! er/:ile desolate bea* becomes populat$ ) ?\s&s ( p]sons f all ov] ! ,indian littoral1 & !re is ! noisy traffic ( congregat$ humanity1 & a confusion ( tongues :]e be=e only ! s\nd ( ! ocean waves 0 he>d4 ,beside ! eight or t5 ?\s& fi%]m51 mo/ ( :om are ,moorm51 ,tamils1 & ,arabs1 !re are pe>l m]*ants--ma9ly ,*etties & ,moorm51 boat repair]s & o!r me*anics1 provision deal]s1 prie/s1 pawnbrok]s1 gov]nm5t (ficials1 koddu-c\nt]s1 cl]ks1 boat gu>ds1 a police =ce ( #bjj (ficials1 coolies1 dome/ic s]vants1 ) numb]s ( wom5 & *ildr54 ,& = ! ent]ta9m5t ( ^!1 & to obta9 a %>e ( ! weal? f ! sea1 !re are juggl]s1 fakirs1 gambl]s1 begg>s1 female danc]s1 loose *>act]s1 ) e allurem5t t appeals to ! sons ( ,brahma1 ,buddha or ,mohamm$4 ,natives f ! seaport t[ns ( ,india are !re 9 ?\s&s2 ! sl5d]-limb$ & delicate-featur$ ,c+alese ) _! scant attire & unique head-dress2 en]getic ,arabs f ! ,p]sian ,gulf2 burly ,moorm51 /urdy ,k&yans1 outca/ ,v$dahs1 ,*9ese1 ,jews1 ,portuguese1 ,dut*1 half-ca/es1 ! scum ( ! ,ea/ & ! riffraff ( ! ,asiatic littoral1 ! :ole mak+ up a tempor>y city ( =ty ?\s& or m inhabitants4#acf ,,! ,ceylon ,company ( ,pe>l ,fi%]s1 ,,limit$4 ,,notice ,is h]eby giv5 t a ,pe>l ,fi%]y w take place at ,m>i**ukkaddi1 9 ! ,isl& ( ,ceylon1 on or ab\t ,febru>y #bj1 #aijg4 ,! ,banks to be fi%$ are-- ,! ,k>ativu1 ,dut* ,mod]agam & ,alanturai ,p>s1 e/imat$ to conta9 #ba1jjj1jjj oy/]s1 suffici5t to employ #ajj boats = tw5ty-"o days ) av]age loads ( #aj1jjj ea* p] day4 ,! ,nor?we/ & ,mid-,we/ ,*eval1 e/imat$ to conta9 #b1jjj1jjj oy/]s1 suffici5t to employ #ajj boats = two days ) av]age loads ( #aj1jjj oy/]s4 ,! ,muttuv>atu ,p>1 e/imat$ to conta9 #h1jjj1jjj oy/]s1 suffici5t to employ #ajj boats = eight days ) av]age loads z be=e /at$3 ea* boat be+ fully mann$ ) div]s4 #b4 ,x is notifi$ t fi%+ w beg9 on ! fir/ fav\rable day aft] ,febru>y #ai4 ,conditions gov]n+ ! employm5t ( div]s w be issu$ sep>ately4 #c4 ,m>i**ukkaddi is on ! ma9l&1 eight miles by sea s\? ( ,sillavaturai1 & supplies ( good wat] & provisions c be obta9$ !re4 #d4 ,! ,fi%]y w be conduct$ on acc\nt ( ! ,ceylon ,company ( ,pe>l ,fi%]s1 ,ltd41 & ! oy/]s put up to sale 9 su* lots z may be deem$ exp$i5t4 ,illu/ration ,a popul\s t[n spr+s up ) well-plann$ & light$ /reets & va/ numb]s ( tempor>y abodes ( all sorts1 accord+ to ! means & ! ca/e ( ! occupants1 "s ( !m j l>ge en\gh = two or ?ree p]sons to creep into4 ,al?\gh made mo/ly ( poles1 mats1 cajans or plait$ fronds ( ! cocoanut tree1 !y furni% ample %elt] = ! locality & season1 ! unc]ta9ty ( ! fi%]y f ye> to ye> be+ suffici5t argum5t aga9/ exp5sive & sub/antial build+s4 ,num]\s wells & ci/]ns yield wat] = ! use ( all4 ,sanit>y measures are /rictly en=c$1 ) a lib]al use ( dis9fectants4 ,at a consid]able di/ance s\?w>d f ! settlem5t are con/ruct$ ! private toddis1 or inclosures1 = decompos+ ! oy/]s & wa%+ ! pe>ls !refrom4 ,ne>] ! camp or settlem5t itself are ! police c\rt1 ! jail1 ! bank1 ! po/ & telegraph (fices1 ! auction room1 ! hospital & ! cemet]y--all to endure ?r\gh a /r5u\s six weeks ( toil & labor1 ( money-gett+ & gambl+1 & !n ! inhabitants 8fold _! t5ts l ! ,arabs1 & sil5tly /eal away10 leav+ ! debris to ! %ore-birds & ! jackals4 ,! fi%+ fleet consi/s ( sev]al hundr$ boats#acg ( v>i\s rigs & sizes4 ,^! are int]e/+ on acc\nt ( _! picturesque appe>ance & also _! rem>kable div]sity ( types 9 hull & rigg+3 !re is ! broad & roomy ,jaffna dhoney1 commonly pa9t$ black2 ! lugg]-l ,paumb5 boat2 ! v n>r[ & spe$y canoes1--n unlike ! s+le ma/$ bugeyes ( ! ,*esapeake region--f ,kilak>ai & neighbor+ villages1 mo/ noticeable ow+ to _! great numb] & _! bright colors--r$1 gre51 or yell[2 ! clumsy look+1 s+le ma/$ ,tuticor9 light]s1 %>p /]n$ & copp] bottom$1 ! l>ge/ boats 9 ! fleet1 rang+ 9 capacity f tw5ty to =ty tons ea*2 &1 mo/ s+ul> ( all1 ! ?ree ma/$ great canoes f ,adirampatnam & ,muttupat on ! ,tanjore coa/1 pale blue 9 color & ) curv$ pr[4 ,9 addition to ^! /&>d types1 add$ novelty is imp>t$ by a few boats ( design s odd & fanta/ic z w\ld be conceiv$ only by ! m9d ( an ori5tal build]4 ,rea*+ ! camp at ! beg9n+ ( ! season1 ^! boats are exam9$ by ! (ficials z to condition & equipm5t &1 if f\nd satisfactory1 are regi/]$ & numb]$4 ,:5 ! quantity ( oy/]s to be remov$ is small1 _m m boats may arrive ?an is necess>y or ?an c f9d pr(itable employm5t4 ,=m]ly :5 ?is occurr$ a lott]y 0 held to det]m9e ^? to be employ$4 ,m rec5tly ! (ficials h endeavor$ to engage all boats pass+ ! inspection1 al?\gh to d s might necessitate arrang+ ! fleet into two divisions1 ea* fi%+ on alt]nate days4 ,9 #ahgd1 ! boats 7 arrang$ 9 ?ree divisions1 ! r$1 blue & gre51 ) fifty boats 9 ea*2 9 #ahgi1 & aga9 9 #ahha1 !re 7 two divisions1 ! r$ & ! blue2 & likewise 9 #ahhj1 9 #aijc & 9 #aijf !re 7 two1 ! r$ & ! :ite divisions4 ,( ! #cah boats employ$ 9 ! #aije fi%]y1 #adc 7 f ,kilak>ai1 sev5ty-f\r f ,jaffna1 ?irty-five f ,tuticor91 ?irty-f\r f ,paumb51 n9e f ,mana>1 six f ,negapatam1 five f ,colombo1 f\r ea* f ,tondi & ,kayalpatam1 & "o ea* f ,devipatam1 ,adrapatam1 ,ammopatam1 & ,koddaipatam4 ,! numb] ( p]sons on ea* boat ranges f ab\t twelve to sixty-five1 ) an av]age = ! entire fleet ( ab\t ?irty-five m5 p] boat4 ,?is includes ! sammatti1 or ma/]1 :o repres5ts ! own]2 ! t9dal1 or pilot2 ! todai1 or wat]-bail]1 :o is v necess>y on ^! leaky craft1 & :o also takes *>ge ( ! food & dr9k+ wat]2 at times a gov]nm5t inspector or 8boat gu>d02 & f five to ?irty div]s1 ) an equal numb] ( m&ucks1 or att5dants4#ach ,! sammattis1 t9dals1 & todais are ne>ly all f ! coa/ ( s\!rn ,india4 ,! 8boat gu>ds0 or inspectors are natives ( ,ceylon1 & are employ$ by ! gov]nm5t to prev5t ! fi%]m5 f op5+ ! oy/]s4 ,mo/ ( ! m&ucks are f ! ,indian coa/4 ,( ! #diia div]s employ$ 9 #aije1 #bfdi 7 ,moorm5 or ,lubbais f ,kilak>ai1 ,tondi1 etc41 on ! ,madura coa/2 #ibc 7 ,arabs2 #dbd 7 ,erukkalampiddi ,moorm5 f ,ceylon1 & ! rema9+ #iie 7 ,tamils f ,tuticor91 ,ramesw>am & else:]e on ! ,madras coa/1 ,malayalans f ! ,malab> coa/1 ) small numb]s f o!r localities on ! ,asiatic coa/s4 ,among ! #hfjj div]s 9 #aijf1 7 #djij ,arabs1 ! l>ge/ numb] ( ^? p employ$ 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,9 #aije !re 7 only #ibc ,arab div]s1 9 #aijd only #bch1 & previ\sly ! numb] 0 mu* less4 ,"s h work$ on ! ,ceylon coa/ s9ce #ahhg1 b mo/ ( !m are newly arriv$ f ,bahre9 & ,kuweit1 :]e !y receiv$ _! tra9+ z pe>l-div]s4 ,!y are v en]getic & skilful fi%]m51 f> surpass+ ! ,tamils1 com+ e>ly 9 ! season & /ay+ late1 & work+ on _m days :5 r\gh seas det] ! ,indian div]s f v5tur+ out4 ,! ,erukkalampiddi div]s ( ,ceylon are by no means s en]getic or /eady 9 "w z ! ,arabs1 & commonly des]t ! fi%]y be=e ! close4 ,! ,tamil div]s belong to ! ,p>awa & ,kadeiy> ca/es4 ,! season 9 ! ,ceylon fi%]y is v %ort1 only ab\t six or eight weeks at ! mo/2 & ! holidays & /orms usually r$uce ! numb] ( actual work+ days to less ?an ?irty4 ,9 no o!r pe>l fi%]y ( importance is ! season less ?an f\r mon?s 9 l5g?1 & 9 mo/ ( !m x ext5ds ?r\gh m ?an half ( ! ye>4 ,ow+ to ?is re/rict$ "t1 !re is great] activity 9 ! ,ceylon fi%]y comp>$ ) ! value ( ! output ?an 9 any o!r pe>l fi%]y 9 ! _w4 ,al?\gh ! season is %ort1 x is /r5u\s4 ,aris+ %ortly aft] midnight1 ! ?\s&s ( fi%]m5 breakfa/1 p]=m _! devotions & prep>e to get "u way s z to rea* ! reefs ab\t sunrise4 ,!re ea* boat takes its position on ! gr\nd allott$ = ! day's "w1 & :i* has be5 m>k$ 9 advance by buoys topp$ ) flags2 & %ortly aft]w>d1 on a signal f ! gu>d vessel1 ! div+ comm5ces4 ,?is is c>ri$ on 9 ! same mann] z already describ$ = ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 except t ! ,indian div]s d n use nose-clips1 only compress+ ! no/rils ) ! f+]s dur+ ! desc5t4 ,r>ely d !y desc5d to a great] dep? ?an t5 fa?oms4 ,! div]s "w 9 pairs1 ea* pair us+ a s+le div+ /one 9 common1 & desc5d+ alt]nately1 precisely z 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,x is rem>kable :at few *anges h occurr$ 9 ! me?ods ( ! fi%]y 9 ! la/ six c5turies2 ! description#aci ( ,m>co ,polo1 :o visit$ ! region ab\t #abid1 & ( writ]s some:at m rec5t1 indicat+ t1 9 ! ma9 features1 x 0 !n conduct$ 9 ! same mann] z at ! pres5t "t4 ,an exception to ! usual mode ( div+ is practis$ by ! ,malayalam fi%]m51 :o1 9 "s seasons--z 9 #aijc1 = in/ance--att5d 9 l>ge numb]s f ,travancore & nor?w>d on ! ,malab> coa/4 ,^! m5 are r l[ 9 skill & physical endurance4#adj ,!y dive head =emo/ f a spr+-bo>d1 & ev5 ) ?is assi/ance1--or possibly we %\ld say1 h&icapp$ by ?is me?od1--!y f9d ! av]age dep? ( eight fa?oms too great = !m to "w 9 ) mu* com=t1 r>ely rema9+ "u wat] long] ?an =ty-five seconds4 ,! numb] ( oy/]s secur$ on ea* visit to ! bottom ranges f no?+ to sev5ty-five or m1 av]ag+ betwe5 fifte5 & fifty4 ,?is dep5ds n only on ! ability ( ! fi%]m51 b also on ! abundance ( oy/]s & ! ease ) :i* !y may be collect$4 ,sometimes !y are held toge!r 9 loose bun*es ( five to t5 9 ea*1 & a div] c easily ga!r "o hundr$ 9 ! %ort l5g? ( "t he rema9s subm]g$4 ,9 o!r localities !y may be some:at firmly atta*$ individually to ! bottom1 s t "s =ce is necess>y to release !m1 ?us r$uc+ ! possible quantity4 ,ord9>ily "o dive cle>s a space ( sev]al squ>e y>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,unload+ oy/]s f ! vessels into ! kottus1 at ,m>i**ikadde1 ,ceylon ,illu/ration3 ,! pe>l+ fleet on ! %ore at ,m>i**ikadde1 ,ceylon ,illu/ration3 ,h9du workm5 prep>+ to drill pe>ls1 ,m>i**ikadde1 ,ceylon ,s9ce #aijd1 a /eam] has be5 employ$ ea* season by ! gov]nm5t = dr$g+ oy/]s 9 connection ) exp]im5ts 9 oy/]-culture4 ,! (fic] 9 *>ge ( ?is "w concludes t 8dr$g+ is economically a m s\nd me?od ( fi%+ ?an is div+40#ada ,?is view is disput$ by ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! fi%]y1 :o po9ts out t ! av]age cat* by ! /eam] :5 dr$g+ mature oy/]s only slightly exce$s t ( an ord9>y div+ boat1 & ! co/ ( ma9t5ance & op]ation is va/ly great]4#adb ,a rem>kable tribute to ! skill ( ! nude div]s1 br\ght out by ?is discussion1 is t1 dur+ "s days :5 !y 7 at "w1 ! sea 0 too r\gh = dr$g+ by ! /eam]1 not)/&+ t %e 0 a typical ,grimsby or ,nor? ,sea trawl] ( #aej tons measurem5t1 built 9 #ahif4adc ,a r\gh comp>ison ( ! ,ceylon me?od ( cat*+ pe>l-oy/]s ) t practis$ by ! ,am]ican oy/]-gr[]s may n be un9t]e/+4 ,on a basis ( #djj to ! bu%el1 ! total ,ceylon cat* ( #ha1ehj1gaf pe>l-oy/]s 9 #aije repres5ts a trifle m ?an #bjj1jjj bu%els1 or ab\t ! quantity annually produc$ by ea* ( ! half doz5 lead+ oy/]-gr[]s ( ?is c\ntry4 ,ea* "o ( ^! gr[]s requires only ab\t ?ree /eam]s1 at a total co/1 maybe1 ( #be1jjj1 & mann$ by tw5ty-five m52 in/ead ( "o /eam] at a co/ ( #be1jjj & #cah div+ boats mann$ by #aj1jjj m51 :i* 0 ! equipm5t 9 ,ceylon4 ,to be sure1 ! conditions "u :i* ! "w is prosecut$ are diff]5t--h[ev]1 n s entirely unlike z might be suppos$--& ! ,am]ican season is ab\t six mon?s long in/ead ( ! two mon?s 9 ,ceylon2 b ! comp>ison is pres5t$ simply z a sugge/ion ( ! possibilities ( dr$g+ on ! ,ceylon reefs4 ,until #ahhe1 "o ( ! mo/ novel features ( ! fi%]y 0 ! employm5t ( %>k-*>m]s or 8b9d]s ( %>ks0 7kadal-kotti 9 ! ,tamil language1 hai-b&a 9 ,h9du/ani71 ^: pres5ce 0 r5d]$ necess>y by ! sup]/ition ( ! ,indian div]s4 ,! fi%]m5 plac$ implicit reliance ^u ! alleg$ sup]natural p[]s ( ^! impo/ors1 resembl+ 9 "s respects t repos$ 9 ! 8m$ic9e m50 by ! ,am]ican ,indians1 & w\ld n dive )\t _! sup]vision4 ,x is unkn[n at :at p]iod ! influ5ce ( ^! semi-prie/s develop$1 b at ! "t ( ,m>co ,polo's visit ab\t #abid1 !y 7 9 ! full bloom ( _! au?ority1 receiv+ "o tw5tie? ( ! total cat* ( oy/]s1#add :i* am\nt$ to a v consid]able sum4 ,x is probable t ! numb] ( %>k-*>m]s 0 !n q l>ge1 "s writ]s m rec5tly ref]r+ to "o = ea* boat4 ,dur+ ! ,portuguese occupation ! numb] 0 r$uc$ to twelve1 & at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,briti% influ5ce1 x 0 fur!r r$uc$ to two4 ,int]e/+ descriptions h be5 giv5 ( ! me?ods by :i* ^! m5 ex]cis$ _! alleg$ p[]s4 ,9 #ahjg1 ,cord9] /at$3 ,"o goes out regul>ly 9 ! head pilot's boat4 ,! o!r p]=ms c]ta9 c]emonies on %ore4 ,he is /ripp$ nak$1 & %ut up 9 a room1 :]e no p]son sees him f ! p]iod ( ! sail+ ( ! boats until _! return4 ,he has be=e him a brass bas9 full ( wat]1 conta9+ "o male & "o female fi% made ( silv]4 ,if any accid5t %\ld happ5 f a %>k at sea1 x is believ$ t "o ( ^! fi%es is se5 to bite ! o!r4 ,! div]s likewise believe t1 if ! conjur] %\ld be dissatisfi$1 he has ! p[] ( mak+ ! %>ks attack !m1 on :i* acc\nt he is sure ( receiv+ lib]al pres5ts f all qu>t]s4#ade ,amus+ /ories are told ( ! %rewdness display$ by ^! fell[s 9 inv5t+ explanations to r$eem _! cr$it :5 a fi%]man became a victim ( ! %>ks4 ,^! acc\nts are by m5 :o evid5tly bore no good-w t[>d ! %>k-*>m]s1 & x w\ld be ( int]e/ to he> f ! o!r side2 b we h be5 unable to f9d any "o :o has appe>$ 9 pr9t 9 _! def5se4 ,! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 9 its policy ( non9t]f]5ce ) ! sup]/itions or semi-religi\s cu/oms ( ! natives1 tol]at$ ^! seem+ impo/ors1 ow+1 probably1 9 a measure1 to ! fact t ! sup]/iti\s belief 9 _! necessity 0 favorable to ! pres]vation ( ! res\rces1 s9ce x re/rict$ poa*+ on ! reefs4 ,h[ev]1 ! gov]nm5t endeavor$ to prev5t an extravagant misuse ( ! influ5ce1 & re/rict$ ! comp5sation ( ! %>k-*>m]s to "o oy/] p] day f ea* div]4 ,lat]1 !y 7 remun]at$ by ! gov]nm5t1 & 7 n all[$1 "u any pret5se :atev]1 to dem&1 exact1 or receive oy/]s or any o!r comp5sation f ! boatm51 div]s1 or any o!r p]sons4 ,&1 f9ally1 9 #ahhe1 ! %>k-*>m]s 7 done away ) entirely1 aft] hav+ exact$ _! toll = upw>d ( six c5turies at lea/4 ,! dang]s to :i* ! ,ceylon div]s are expos$ h be5 greatly exagg]at$1 & especially ! risks f %>ks4 ,poets tell h[ 8! ,ceylon pe>l] w5t all nak$ to ! hungry %>k10 & ! /ruggle ( ! div] has be5 a favorite !me ) s5sational writ]s4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! tr\ble f ?is s\rce is v slight1 & ! occupation is less dang]\s ?an t ( mo/ ( ! deep-wat] fi%]ies1 n to be comp>$1 = in/ance1 ) t ( ! w9t] haddock-fi%]y (f ! ,new ,engl& coa/4 ,ev5 9 #aije1 :5 #diia div]s & an equal numb] ( assi/ants 7 employ$ 9 pe>l+1 n a s+le fatal accid5t 0 report$1 & al?\gh mu* r\gh wea!r prevail$1 n a fi%+ boat 0 lo/4 ,9 ! important fi%]y ( #aijd1 ) #cjdi div]s1 only "o fatal accid5t occurr$1 ?is 0 an eld]ly ,moorman1 ^: dea? at ! bottom 0 app>5tly due ei!r to apoplexy or to exhau/ion f rema9+ "u wat] too long4 ,! sup]9t5d5t ( ! fi%]y report$ t n a s+le %>k 0 se5 dur+ ! #aijd season4#adf ,accord+ to ! /atem5t ( ,sir ,william ,twynam1 ^: ,ceylon pe>l fi%+ exp]i5ce & obs]vation equal ^? ( any ,european1 he has nev] kn[n ( a div] be+ c>ri$ (f by a %>k1 & has he>d ( only "o case--8:i* 0 a v d\btful "o40#adg ,pr(4 ,james ,hornell1 ! inspector ( pe>l banks1 report$ 9 #aijd3 8,dur+ all ! mon?s ,i h sp5t ^u ! pe>l banks dur+ ! la/ two ye>s & a half ,i h nev] _h a glimpse ( a %>k dang]\s to man4 ,sev]al times ! boatm5 h caught bask+ %>ks ( consid]able size1 b all 7 ( a species t lives almo/ entirely ^u small cru/aceans40#adh ,! late ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,f]guson wrote 9 #ahhg3 8,i ?9k x is pretty c]ta9 t 9 ! :ole c\rse ( ! ,ceylon fi%]ies only two human be+s h fall5 victims to ^! fi]ce fi%es40#adi ,! div+ cont9ues until a signal is giv5 f ! gu>d vessel ab\t twelve or "o o'clock1 ?is "t dep5d+ l>gely on ! beg9n+ ( ! sea breeze :i* r\gh5s ! wat] & int]f]es ) ! "w1 & likewise s]ves to spe$ ! passage ( ! sail vessels to ! %ore4 ,occasionally ! breeze is unfavorable1 & ! boatm5 are oblig$ to r[ = miles1 delay+ _! return 9 "s in/ances until nightfall4 ,!n ! %ore is light$ up to guide !m to ! l&+s1 & extra precautions are ma9ta9$ to prev5t !m f gett+ away ) "s ( ! oy/]s 9 ! d>kness4 ,x is claim$--& d\btless ) mu* tru?--t x is n unusual = ! boatm5 to take advantage ( ! "t sp5t 9 rea*+ ! %ore to surreptiti\sly op5 _m ( ! oy/]s & extract ! pe>ls !refrom1 ?r[+ ! refuse back into ! sea4 ,x w\ld appe> f "s au?orities t ?is is a g5]al practice4 ,"o (ficial--& probably ! "o 9 ! be/ position to "k--report$ 9 #aije t m ?an #ae1jjj1jjj oy/]s1 or ne>ly "o fif? ( ! enorm\s cat* dur+ t season1 7 illicitly op5$4#aej ,h[ev]1 ?is /atem5t is /rongly disput$ by ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! fi%]y1 :o /ates3 ,z a matt] ( fact ! op5+ ( oy/]s t goes on 9 ! boats is ( a mu* m casual description ?an ?is4 ,! div]s occasionally pick out "s ( ! be/ look+ oy/]s t happ5 to be conspicu\s1 or "s t op51 & look inside !m4 ,x is q possible t a valuable pe>l might be f\nd 9 ?is way1 b ! *ances are aga9/ x4 ,x is h>dly likely t ! div]s w\ld ?r[ into ! sea an enorm\s quantity ( p]functorily exam9$ oy/]s 9 :i* !y h a %>e & :i* conta9 pe>ls1 :ile !y 7 aw>e t imm$iately on l&+ !y c\ld get good prices = _! %>es4#aea ,! gov]nm5t (ficials h endeavor$ to put a /op to :atev] loot+ may exi/1 se>*+ boats & occupants at ! %ore1 revok+ ! lic5se ( any boat %[+ evid5ce ( oy/]s hav+ be5 op5$ or c>ry+ knives or o!r appliances = t purpose4 ,! fi%]m5 are alleg$ to resort to all sorts ( devices to secrete _! illicit f9d ( pe>ls1 conceal+ !m 9 ! nose1 e>s1 eyes1 & o!r p>ts ( ! body1 & ev5 hid+ !m 9 p>cels 9 ! furl$ sails or atta*$ to ! emb$d$ an*or4 ,9 "s seasons--z 9 #aijd & #aije--! gov]nm5t employ$ a gu>d = ea* boat4 ,b s]i\s criticism has be5 made ( ! integrity ( ^! gu>ds1 :o1 ) comp5sation ( only "o rupee p] diem1 c\ld sc>cely be expect$ to resi/ ! action ( ?irty or =ty fi%]m5 & report _! do+s1 :5 by sil5ce !y w\ld h mu* to ga91 & 8! gu>ds simply add to ! numb] ( ?ieves on bo>d0 0 report$ by "o sup]9t5d5t4 ,d\btless ! mo/ int]e/+ sight 9 ! ,ceylon fi%]y is af=d$ by ! return1 ab\t mid-aft]noon1 ( ! hundr$s ( novel1 sail-spread+ boats runn+ be=e ! w9d & cr[d$ ) turban$ fi%]m5 dress$ 9 _! few brilliant rags1 & ea* anxi\s to be ! fir/ at ! wave-wa%$ bea*1 :]e !y are welcom$ by an equal if n great] numb] ( (ficials1 m]*ants1 labor]s1 & camp foll[]s1 ga!r$ on ! %ore to le>n ! result ( ! fi%]y4 ,! fanta/ic appe>ance ( ! boats1 ! div]sifi$ co/umes ( ! p1 ! g5]al sc5e ( animation1 af=d a view :i* = novelty is r>ely equal$ ev5 9 ! picturesque ,ori5t4 ,! av]age numb] ( oy/]s br\ght 9 daily by ea* boat is ab\t #aj1jjj4 ,"s days :5 ! wea!r is unfavorable _m ( ! boats return empty2 on o!r days !y may h #be1jjj or m4 ,9 #aije ! maximum cat* 9 "o day = "o boat 0 #bi1iij1 :ile 9 #aijd a s+le boat br\ght 9 #cg1fge oy/]s4 ,! cat* by ! entire fleet "o day 9 #aije 0 #d1igh1fhf oy/]s1 or an av]age ( #af1dhe = ea* ( ! #cjb boats out on t occasion4 ,ea* p]son tak+ "p 9 ! fi%]y receives z 8 comp5sation a def9ite portion ( ! oy/]s4 ,by gov]nm5t regulations1 publi%$ 9 #ahee & yet op]ative1 ea* sammatti1 t9dal1 & todai receives daily "o dive ( oy/]s f ea* div] 9 ! boat to :i* !y are respectively atta*$4 ,9 "s in/ances ! hire ( ! boat is paid = 9 ca%--ab\t ,rs4#a4ej p] day f ea* div]1--b 9 mo/ cases ei!r "o fif? or "o six? ( ea* div]'s portion is devot$ to ?is purpose4 ,aft] ^! provisions h be5 made1 ea* div] gives "o ?ird ( 8 rema9+ portion to 8 m&uck1 reta9+ ! balance = himself4 ,! ,moorm5 div]s f ,kilak>ai commonly contribute "o dive daily to ! mosque ( _! native t[n1#aeb 9 addition to ! portions giv5 to ! sammatti1 t9dal1 & todai4 ,previ\s to #ahee1 ! ,h9du temples ( ! ,madras ,presid5cy 7 all[$ to op]ate a c]ta9 numb] ( boats on _! own acc\nt1 b ?is l$ to s _m abuses t x 0 aboli%$4 ,aft] ! boats are run up on ! firm1 h>d bea*1 all ! oy/]s are remov$ by ! crews ( ! boats into ! gov]nm5t koddu or palisade1 a l>ge wattle-wall$ & palm-?at*$ inclosure ) squ>e p5s1 ea* be>+ a numb] correspond+ to t ( ea* boat4 ,?is is done "u close sup]vision to prev5t a div]sion ( ! oy/]s f ! regul> *annels1 :i* o!rwise w\ld be relatively easy among ! animation & excitem5t caus$ by ! ?\s&s ( p]sons ab\t ! l&+-place4 ,)9 ! gov]nm5t inclosure1 ! oy/]s tak5 by ea* boat are divid$ by ! fi%]m5 !mselves into ?ree portions z ne>ly equal z possible4 ,?is applies n only to ! oy/]s fall+ to ! %>e ( ! div]s & m&ucks1 b also to ^? set ap>t = ! sammatti1 t9dals1 & todais1 = hire ( ! boat & ev5 = ! ,kilak>ai mosque4 ,an (ficial indicates "o ( ^! z ! %>e ( ! fi%]m51 :o at once remove _! portion f ! inclosure ?r\gh a n>r[ gate on ! l&w>d side4 ,by ?is arrangem5t a satisfactory division ( ! oy/]s is secur$ & all cause = compla9t or unfairness is remov$4 ,previ\s to #ahha1 ! fi%]m5 receiv$ only "o f\r? ( ! cat* z comp5sation = _! "w2 b 9 t ye> _! portion 0 increas$ to "o ?ird1 at :i* x has s9ce rema9$4 ,z soon z ! fi%]m5 pass out ( ! gov]nm5t koddu ) _! quota1 !y are met by a cr[d ( natives eag] to buy ! oy/]s 9 small lots1 & frequ5tly at s _m p] rupee--rang+ f eight to twelve ord9>ily4 ,?is 8outside m>ket0 is "o ( ! _m int]e/+ features ( ! camp1 = !re are few p]sons on ! %ore :o d n risk small sums 9 te/+ _! =tunes 9 ?is lott]y4 ,& a wond]ful lott]y x is too1 9 :i* a man may risk a few copp]s & w9 a prize wor? hundr$s ( doll>s4 ,a poor ,tamil once b\ght five oy/]s = half a rupee1 & 9 "o ( !m he f\nd ! l>ge/ pe>l ( ! season4 ,any n sold among ?is eag]1 animat$ ?rong are at once m>ket$ ) a native buy]4 ,! div] !n ha/5s to imm]se himself 9 "o ( ! ba?+ tanks provid$ = ! purpose4 ,x is claim$ t if ?is ba? is omitt$ aft] imm]sion all ! morn+ 9 ! salt wat] ( ! gulf1 ! div] is liable to fall ill2 & a suffici5t supply ( fre% wat] = ?is purpose is an important factor 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! camp4 ,ow+ to _! sale 9 mu* small] lots1 or z we may say1 at retail1 ! fi%]m5 succe$ 9 gett+ relatively high prices = _! oy/]s1 & _! e>n+s exce$ "o half ( ! gov]nm5t's %>e4 ,9 #aije ?is am\nt$ to probably #hf1jjj1 or an av]age ( ab\t #acej = ea* ( ! #cah boats4 ,h[ev]1 "s crews made v mu* m ?an ?is1 ) a correspond+ decrease = ! o!rs4 ,al?\gh #aije 0 a record ye> = l>ge returns1 ev5 9 an ord9>y season pe>l fi%+ is relatively pr(itable1 z a skill$ div] e>ns five or six times z mu* z a common labor] 9 ,ceylon4 ,! regulations p>ticul>ly =bid ! employm5t ( div]s = a monet>y consid]ation in/ead ( = a %>e ( ! oy/]s accord+ to ! e/abli%$ cu/om4 ,! rema9+ two ?irds ( ! oy/]s 9 ! koddu are ! prop]ty ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,^! are comb9$ & c\nt$4 ,at n9e o'clock ea* ev5+ !y are sold at auction1 & by noon ( ! foll[+ day all h be5 remov$1 & ! inclosure is ready = ! incom+ cat*4 ,at ! auction ! numb] ( oy/]s to be sold t ev5+ is ann\nc$1 & bids are invit$4 ,"s "o />ts ! bidd+ at1 maybe1 ,rs4#bj or #be1 & ?is is advanc$ by successive bids until ! limit appe>s to be rea*$1 :i* may possibly be ,rs4#ej or #fj4 ,! successful bidd] is p]mitt$ to take z _m oy/]s 9 multiples ( #ajjj z he *ooses2 & aft] he is suppli$1 o!r m]*ants desir+ !m at t p>ticul> price are accommodat$4 ,if !re is no fur!r dem& = !m at t price1 ! bidd+ on ! rema9+ oy/]s is begun precisely z at fir/1 & :5 ! maximum bid is rea*$1 all m]*ants will+ to give t am\nt are furni%$ ) z _m z !y wi% 9 multiples ( #ajjj z be=e4 ,if ?is does n exhau/ ! oy/]s1 ! bidd+ on ! rema9d] is />t$ up aga91 & s on until all are sold4#aec ,no "o kn[s at ! "t :e!r he is buy+ a =tune 9 gems or only wor?less %ells4 ,illu/ration3 ,indian pe>l m]*ants ready = bus9ess ,illu/ration3 ,*ildr5 ( ,p]sian pe>l deal]s ,! prices at :i* ! oy/]s are sold at auction may diff] greatly f ! e/imat$ valuation ( ! samples secur$ 9 ! ,febru>y exam9ation4 ,= in/ance1 9 #aije ! valuation ( ! ,s\? ,mad>agam oy/]s 0 ,rs4#ag4hf p] #ajjj1 yet ! auction sales on ! fir/ day began at ,rs4#ec & w5t up to ,rs4#fa p] #ajjj1 or ?ree times ! valuation2 & ab\t ! same g5]al proportion ( increase prevail$ = ! oy/]s f ! rema9+ banks1 a result ( great advances 9 ! m>ket = pe>ls4 ,! auction prices = ! diff]5t lots & f day to day are fairly con/ant4 ,b ! %rewd ,indian m]*ants "k _! bus9ess well & keep 9 close t\* ) ! yield1 s t !re are _m v>iations 9 ! sell+ price t are puzzl+ to ! un9itiat$4 ,a some:at high] e/imation is plac$ on ! oy/]s f c]ta9 banks1 & also on ^? f rocky portions ( a p>ticul> reef1 ow+ to _! reputation = yield+ a l>g] p]c5tage ( pe>ls4 ,! e/imation ( p>ticul> oy/]s v>ies to "s ext5t accord+ to ! am\nt ( adh]+ rock & coral gr[?4 ,z already %[n1 ! prices 9 #aijf cov]$ ! rem>kable range ( f ,rs4#bj to #cji p] #ajjj4 ,sup]/iti\s belief 9 luck also has its influ5ce1 & a buy] may consid] a c]ta9 day z unfavorable = him & ab/a9 f bidd+ on t occasion2 or consid]+ a p>ticul> day z lucky1 he may bid v high to secure a consid]able portion ( ! sales4 ,! prices 9 diff]5t seasons v>y greatly4 ,9 #ahfj1 ! av]age 0 ,rs4#acd4bc p] #ajjj1 :i* 0 unprec$5t$ly l>ge2 ! ne>e/ to ?is 0 ,rs4#gi4jg 9 #ahgd & ,rs4#di 9 #aije4 ,9 #ahhj1 ! av]age price p] #ajjj 0 only ,rs4#aa1 :i* 0 ! l[e/ ev] record$4 ,! records = individual days greatly exce$ ^! limits4 ,! highe/ figures at :i* oy/]s h sold on any "o day 0 ,rs4#cji p] #ajjj 9 #aijf1 ! equival5t = ea* oy/] ( #aj c5ts 9 ,am]ican money4 ,9 #ahgd1 ! price rea*$ ,rs4#baj p] #ajjj1 & 9 #aije1 ! maximum price 0 ,rs4#abd1 or ab\t #d c5ts = ea* oy/]4 ,! oy/]-buy]s are pr9cipally weal?y ,*etties f ,madura1 ,ramnad1 ,tri*9opoli1 ,p>ambakudi1 ,tevakoddai1 ,paumb51 ,kumbhakonam1 & o!r t[ns ( s\!rn ,india4 ,^! are q diff]5t f ! scantily clo!d ,naddukoddai ,*etties s common 9 ,ceylon4 ,_m ( !m are fa%ionably dress$ 9 semi-,european co/ume1 ) walk+-/ick1 pat5t lea!r boots1 & o!r evid5ces ( contact ) ,europe4 ,small] quantities ( oy/]s are pur*as$ by ,moorm5 ( ,kilak>ai1 ,ramnad1 ,bombay1 ,adrampatam1 ,tondi1 etc4 ,a few oy/]s are also pur*as$ by ! ,nadans or ,*nr ca/e p ( ,p]unali1 ,kamuti1 & ,k>akal4 ,ov] #ii p] c5t4 ( ! #ej1cdf1fja oy/]s sold by ! gov]nm5t 9 #aije 7 secur$ by ,indian buy]s1 & less ?an "o p] c5t4 by ,c+alese4 ,a few ( ! oy/]s--f two to five p] c5t4--are s5t to ,indian & ,ceylon ports1 b mo/ ( !m are op5$ at ! fi%+ camp4 ,! pur*as] ( only a small numb] ( oy/]s may op5 !m at once by means ( a knife1 & ) 8 f+]s & eyes se>* = ! pe>ls4 ,by ?is me?od v small pe>ls may be easily ov]look$1 & x is sc>cely practicable 9 h&l+ l>ge quantities ( oy/]s4 ,^! are remov$ to private inclosures kn[n z toddis or tottis1 situat$ "s di/ance f ! inhabit$ portions ( ! camp2 :]e1 expos$ to ! sol> heat1 !y are p]mitt$ to putrefy1 & ! fle%y p>ts to be eat5 by ! sw>ms ( big r$-ey$ bluebottle flies1 & ! residue is !n repeat$ly wa%$4 ,%aksp]e may h _h 9 view "s su* sc5e z ?is :5 he spoke ( ! 8pe>l 9 y\r f\l oy/]40 ,! lady :o *]i%es & adorns h]self ) a necklace ( ,ceylon pe>ls w\ld be horrifi$ 7 %e to see & especially to smell ! putrid mass f :i* h] lu/r\s gems are evolv$4 ,! great quantity ( repulsive bluebottle flies are s ess5tial to success 9 releas+ ! pe>ls f ! fle%1 t a sc>city ( !m is look$ ^u z a mis=tune to ! m]*ants4 ,h[ev]1 except x may be at ! beg9n+ ( a fi%]y1 !re is r>ely ev] a cause = compla9t on ?is score1 = commonly !y are s num]\s z to be a great plague to p]sons unaccu/om$ to !m1 cov]+ ev]y?+1 & r5d]+ eat+ & dr9k+ a difficult & unpleasant necessity1 until d>kness puts a /op to _! activities4 ,b ! intol]able /5*1 impossible ( description1 ! qu9tess5ce ( millions ( rott+ oy/]s1 fills ! place1 & makes exi/5ce a burd5 to ^? :o h n acquir$ odor-pro( no/rils4 ,?is animal decomposition seems almo/ h>mless to heal?2 inde$1 ! natives evid5tly ?rive on x1 & eat & sleep )\t app>5t notice ( ! nause\s conditions4 ,& yet vegetable decomposition 9 ?is region is usually foll[$ by fatal results4 ,not)/&+ sanit>y precautions & ! usual qu>ant9e camp & hospitals1 *ol]a occasionally becomes epidemic & puts a /op to ! fi%]y1 z 0 ! case 9 #ahhi2 b ?is probably 0 due m to ! violation ( ord9>y sanit>y laws ?an to ! decay+ oy/]s4 ,9 a l>ge toddi ! oy/]s are plac$ 9 a ballam1 or a dug-out tank or tr\gh1 fifte5 or tw5ty feet long & two or ?ree feet deep1 smoo? on ! inside s t pe>ls may n lodge 9 ! crevices4 ,?is tank is cov]$ ) matt+1 & ! toddi is clos$ up1 seal$1 & gu>d$ = a week or t5 days1 :5 ! fly maggots w h consum$ practically all ( ! fle% tissues1 leav+ little else ?an ! %ells & pe>ls4 ,! tank is !n fill$ ) sea wat] to float out ! myriads ( maggots4 ,sev]al nude coolies squat along ! sides to wa% & remove ! %ells4 ,! valves ( ea* %ell are sep>at$1 ! outsides rubb$ toge!r to remove all lodgm5ts = pe>ls1 & ! int]ior exam9$ = atta*$ or ency/$ pe>ls4 ,! wa%]s are kept "u con/ant sup]vision by inspectors to prev5t concealm5t ( pe>ls2 !y are n p]mitt$ to remove _! h&s f ! wat] except to take out ! %ells1 & "u no circum/ances are !y all[$ to c>ry ! h&s to ! m\? or to any o!r place 9 :i* pe>ls c\ld be conceal$4 ,aft] ! %ells h be5 remov$1 fre% supplies ( wat] are add$ to wa% ! debris1 :i* is turn$ ov] & ov] repeat$ly1 ! dirty wat] be+ bail$ out ?r\gh sieves to prev5t ! loss ( pe>ls4 ,aft] ?or\gh wa%+s1 e p>ticle ( ! s>raku1 or mat]ial at ! bottom ( ! ballam1 consi/+ ( s&1 brok5 pieces ( %ell1 pe>ls1 etc41 is ga!r$ up 9 a cotton clo?4 ,lat] ! s>raku is spread out on clo?s 9 ! sun to dry1 & ! mo/ conspicu\s pe>ls are remov$4 ,:5 dry1 ! mat]ial is critically exam9$ ov] & ov] aga91 & w9n[$ & rew9n[$1 & aft] x seems t ev]y?+ ( value has be5 secur$1 ! refuse is turn$ ov] to wom5 & *ildr51 ^: ke5 eyes & deft f+]s pick out _m masi-tul or du/-pe>ls2 & ev5 aft] ! skill ( ^! has be5 exhau/$1 ! app>5tly wor?less refuse has a m>ket value among p]sons ^: pati5ce & skill meets ) "s rew>d4 ,x is due l>gely to ! extreme c>e 9 ! se>* t s _m se$-pe>ls are f\nd 9 ,ceylon4 ,& ?is leads to a discussion ( :at is commonly kn[n 9 ,ceylon z ! 8,dixon wa%+ ma*9e40 ,?is is an inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,g4 ,g4 ,dixon :o con/ruct$ x at ,m>i**ikadde 9 #aijd & #aije1 at a total co/ to ! gov]nm5t ( ab\t ,rs4#afb1jjj1aed includ+ all exp5ses incid5tal to ! exp]im5t4 ,! ma*9e involves two sep>ate processes2 ! fir/ consi/s 9 sep>at+ ! %ells f ! s(t portion ( ! oy/]s1 & ! second 9 recov]+ ! pe>ls f ! resultant s>raku aft] x has be5 dri$4 ,9 #aije1 ab\t #e1jjj1jjj oy/]s 7 put ?r\gh ?is ma*9e1#aee b ) :at result has n be5 ann\nc$4 ,! %ells hav+ pe>ls atta*$ to ! int]ior surface are turn$ ov] to skill$ natives1 :o remove ! valuable objects by break+ ! %ell ) hamm]s1 & !n ) files & o!r implem5ts remove ! irregul> pieces ( atta*$ %ell & o!rwise improve ! appe>ance4 ,9 no fi%]y 9 ! _w is ! av]age size ( ! pe>ls secur$ small]1 nor is ! relative numb] great] ?an 9 t ( ,ceylon4 ,x is r>e t "o is f\nd weigh+ ov] t5 gra9s1 & ! numb] weigh+ less ?an two gra9s is rem>kable4 ,= r\ndness & ori5t !y are unsurpass$ by ^? ( any region4 ,h[ev]1 ,ceylon pe>ls wor? locally ,rs4#ajjj 7#djj7 are by no means abundant4 ,! mo/ valuable "o f\nd 9 ! important fi%]y ( #aijd1 is said to h be5 sold 9 ! camp = ,rs4#bejj4 ,! fi%]y ( #aije yield$ "o weigh+ #gf *evu1 & valu$ at ,rs4#ab1jjj4 ,! quantity ( se$-pe>ls obta9$ 9 ! ,ceylon fi%]y exce$s t ( any o!r--probably all o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! v smalle/--! masi-tul1--= :i* !re is no use :atev] 9 ,europe1 h an e/abli%$ value 9 ,india1 be+ p[d]$ = mak+ *unam = *ew+ ) betel4 ,^? slightly l>g]1--tul pe>ls--= :i* also !re is no m>ket 9 ,europe1 are plac$ 9 ! m\? ( deceas$ ,h9dus ( weal?1 in/ead ( ! rice :i* is us$ by poor] p4 ,! great bulk ( ! ,ceylon pe>ls are silv]y :ite 9 color1 b occasionally yell[i%1 p9ki%1 & ev5 8black0 pe>ls are f\nd1 al?\gh ! s-call$ 8black0 pe>ls are really br[n or slate-color$4 ,9 "s seasons ^! are relatively num]\s1 z 9 #ahhg1 = in/ance4 ,not)/&+ ! l>ge product at ! fi%]y camp1 x is difficult to pur*ase s+le pe>ls or small quantities !re at a reasonable price1 ! m]*ants object+ to break+ a mudi**u1 or ! lot result+ f wa%+ a def9ite numb] ( oy/]s4 ,! %ells obta9$ 9 ! ,ceylon fi%]ies d n possess suffici5t ?ickness ( lu/r\s nacre = use z "m-(-pe>l1 & are mo/ly us$ = camp-fill+4 ,a few are burn$ & conv]t$ into *unam1 i4e43 prep>$ lime = build+ purposes1 or to be us$ by natives = *ew+ ) ! betel-nut4 ,=ty or fifty ye>s ago1 be=e ! l>ge receipts ( "m-(-pe>l f ,au/ralia & ! s\!rn ,pacific1 !re 0 a good m>ket = ! %ell = button manufacture & ! l1 b s9ce #ahge only ! *oice/ h be5 us$ = ?is purpose1 & ^! are wor? only ab\t #be p] ton deliv]$ 9 ,europe4 ,x w be obs]v$ t up to ! close ( ! season ( #aijf1 ! ,ceylon fi%]ies 7 op]at$ by ! colonial gov]nm5t z a /ate monopoly4 ,9 #aijd1 proposals 7 made to ! ,briti% colonial (fice by a ,london syndicate ) a view to leas+ ! fi%]ies = a t]m ( ye>s4 ,! orig9al sugge/ion 0 t !y %\ld be leas$ = ?irty ye>s 9 consid]ation ( an annual r5tal ( #ac1jjj or ,rs4#aie1jjj1 toge!r ) a %>e ( ! net pr(its aft] paym5t ( a reasonable rate ( int]e/ on ! inve/m5t2 & lat] x 0 sugge/$ t ! r5tal be ,rs4#ajj1jjj a ye> & tw5ty p] c5t4 ( ! pr(its aft] sev5 p] c5t4 on capital _h be5 paid to ! %>ehold]s4 ,b ! gov]nm5t pref]r$ a def9ite money paym5t )\t any rights to %>e 9 ! pr(its realiz$2 & aft] l5g?y negotiations ?is 0 fix$ at ,rs4#caj1jjj annually1 ) c]ta9 prelim9>y paym5ts4 ,accord+ly1 on ,novemb] #cj1 #aije1 a prelim9>y agreem5t 0 execut$ betwe5 ! cr[n ag5ts = ! colonies1 act+ on behalf ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,ceylon1 & repres5tatives ( ! ,ceylon ,company ( ,pe>l ,fi%]s1 ,limit$4 ,on ,febru>y #bg1 #aijf1 ?is agreem5t 0 confirm$ & made effective by special ord9ance#aef ( ! gov]nor & legislative c\ncil ( ,ceylon1 & ! cr[n ag5ts 7 au?oriz$ to execute ! lease z ( ,janu>y #a1 #aijf4 ,! pr9cipal f9ancial t]ms ( ?is lease requir$ ! company to pur*ase ! exp5sive ,dixon pe>l-wa%+ ma*9e at a co/ ( ,rs4#abj1jjj1 :i* 0 ,rs4#db1jjj less ?an x co/ ! gov]nm5t dur+ ! prec$+ two ye>s2 to pur*ase at a co/ ( ,rs4#fb1eja ! /eam%ip ,violet1 :i* ! gov]nm5t _h us$ 9 its exp]im5tal oy/]-culture2 to reimburse ! gov]nm5t ea* ye> ! am\nt sp5t 9 polic+1 sanitation & hospital s]vices at ! fi%]y camp1 :i* _h 9 "s individual seasons am\nt$ to m ?an ,rs4#bjj1jjj2 to exp5d ea* ye> f ,rs4#ej1jjj to ,rs4#aej1jjj 9 ! developm5t ( pe>l-oy/] culture2 & to pay an annual r5tal ( ,rs4#cae1jjj1 a rate bas$ r\ghly on ! av]age return ( ! prec$+ tw5ty ye>s1 includ+ ! record ye> ( #aije4 ,! company 0 au?oriz$ to take up ! pe>l-oy/]s by means ( div]s1 or by /eam dr$ges1 or by su* o!r me*anical means z might appe> mo/ advantage\s1 & to c>ry on su* exp]im5ts ) ! immature oy/]s z appe>$ mo/ conducive to ! pr(itable work+ ( ! fi%]ies1 provid$ !y d no?+ to make ! res\rces less valuable at ! expiration ( ! lease4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ features ( ! lease is t relat+ to ! p[] ( ! colonial gov]nm5t to grant an exclusive "r ( fi%+ on ! banks outside ! ?ree-mile limit4 ,! "q ( ?is exclusive "r arose 9 #ahij1 b 0 n conclusively det]m9$4 ,fe>+ le/ ?is au?ority did n exi/1 ! t]ms 9 :i* ! "r ( fi%+ 0 convey$ 7 c>efully *os5 by ! attorney g5]al to protect ! gov]nm5t f liability 8%\ld any int]national "q arise02#aeg & ! gov]nm5t leas$ to ! company 8all ! "r or privilege :i* ! lessors h h]eto ex]cis$ & enjoy$ ( fi%+ = & tak+ pe>l-oy/]s on ! coa/s ( ,ceylon betwe5 ,talaimann> & ,dut* ,bay ,po9t1 to ! int5t t ! company s f> z ! lessors c secure ! same may h ! exclusive "r1 lib]ty & au?ority to fi% =1 take & c>ry away pe>l-oy/]s )9 ! said limits4444 ,b no?+ 9 ?is lease %all be tak5 to make ! lessors answ]able 9 damages if ow+ to any cause beyond ! control ( ! lessors ! company is prev5t$ f fully ex]cis+ & enjoy+ su* exclusive "r & privilege40#aeh ,9 ! meantime1 :ile ! negotiations 7 9 progress1 !re occurr$ ! v pr(itable fi%]y ( #aije1 f :i* ! colonial gov]nm5t d]iv$ a rev5ue ( ,rs4#b1eaj1gbg1 or approximately eight times ! propos$ annual r5tal2 & be=e ! lease 0 f9ally conclud$ occurr$ ! fi%]y ( #aijf1 ) its rev5ue ( ,rs4#a1cgf1gdf4 ,:ile x is true t a succession ( b>r5 seasons prevail$ f #ahib to #aijb1 yet1 z ! rev5ue 9 #aijc 0 ,rs4#hbi1edh1 & 9 #aijd x 0 ,rs4#a1jfe1gea1 !re 01 9 ! f\r ye>s end+ 9 #aijf1 a rev5ue to ! gov]nm5t ( ,rs4#e1ghb1ggb1 or ne>ly z mu* z ! total am\nt to be d]iv$ f ! lease dur+ ! tw5ty ye>s x 0 to run4 ,^! figures seem$ to furni% /rong reasons = reta9+ su* a valuable s\rce ( rev5ue1 ) its possibilities ( /ill great] expansion "u ! sup]vision & direction ( speciali/s 9 ! employ ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,_m ( ! inhabitants ( ,ceylon saw 9 ?is a decid$ objection to ! lease1 & !re 0 a g5]al feel+ ( indignation 9 ! colony1 ) public meet+s 9 prote/1 & ! l4 ,9 reply to a memorial prep>$ at "o ( ^! meet+s held 9 ,colombo1 ,"l ,elg91 ! ,briti% secret>y ( /ate = ! colonies1 wrote "u date ( ,may #i1 #aijf3 ,! memoriali/s h prote/$ aga9/ ! lease on ! d\ble gr\nd t a lease on any t]ms is contr>y to ! be/ int]e/s ( ,ceylon1 & t ! r5t agre$ ^u is 8"u exi/+ circum/ances :olly inadequate40 ,!re mu/ always be 9 cases ( ?is k9d a diff]5ce ( op9ion z to :e!r a fix$ annual sum1 ) immunity f all exp5se & sundry o!r advantages1 is or is n pref]able to cont9u+ to face all ! risks = ! sake ( all ! pr(its4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance ! lease appe>s to me to h be5 draft$ ) a s9c]e desire to safegu>d to ! utmo/ ! prop]ty & int]e/s ( ! ,colony4 ,illu/ration3 ,/reet sc5e 9 ,m>i**ikadde1 ! pe>l+ camp ( ,ceylon ,illu/ration3 ,return ( ! fleet f ! pe>l reefs to ,m>i**ikadde1 ,ceylon ,x may be true t ! developm5t ( ! fi%]y ^u a sci5tific sy/em af=ds good prospect ( a great] return 9 ! future ?an has be5 obta9$ 9 ! pa/1 & af=ds at lea/ ! hope t ! b>r5 cycles :i* h be5 s common 9 ! pa/ w n recur to ! same ext5t4 ,b ! op]ations necess>y to t end are ( a highly te*nical & exp]im5tal "*1 & ,i am v d\btful :e!r any ma*9]y :i* c\ld be set 9 motion by ! ,gov]nm5t w\ld be suit$ to develop processes at once s d\btful & s delicate4 ,9 tw5ty ye>s' "t ! ,colonial ,gov]nm5t w receive back ! fi%]y1 n only intact1 b 9 ! mo/ p]fect /ate to :i* comm]cial ent]prise & sci5tific me?ods c raise x1 &1 9 ! mean:ile1 a regul> & sub/antial paym5t is assur$4 ,tw5ty ye>s are no d\bt a consid]able p]iod 9 ! lifetime ( individuals2 b if )9 t "t all ! res\rces t sci5ce c contribute t[>d sy/ematic developm5t ( ! fi%]ies h be5 appli$ & ?or\ghly te/$1 ! p]iod w n1 ,i ?9k1 be reg>d$ z excessive or un=tunate 9 ! hi/ory ( a fi%]y :i* has la/$ = m ?an two ?\s& ye>s4#aei ,! ,ceylon ,company ( ,pe>l ,fi%]s1 ,limit$1 ) a paid up capital ( #afe1jjj1 has j ent]$ into possession ( its lease1 & x is unc]ta9 :at *anges w be made 9 ! me?ods ( ! fi%]y or :at measure ( success w foll[ ! attempts at pe>l-oy/] culture & ! gr[? ( pe>ls4 ,! att5tion ( ! pe>l+ int]e/s ( ! _w is n[ direct$ to ! "w ( ?is company 9 ! developm5t ( its magnific5t leasehold1 & x seems n unlikely t great] *anges w be made 9 ! me?ods ( ! indu/ry dur+ ! ensu+ decade ?an h occurr$ 9 ! :ole ( ! la/ t5 c5turies4#afj ,a curi\s fi%]y1 ) ! ,placuna plac5ta = its object1 exi/s 9 ,tablegram ,lake1 a small bay 9 nor!a/]n ,ceylon adjac5t to ! magnific5t h>bor ( ,tr9comali1 :i* ,nelson decl>$ to be 8! f9e/ 9 ! _w40 ,at int]vals dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! ,ceylon gov]nm5t leas$ ! ,tablegram ,lake fi%]y to native bidd]s = a p]iod ( ?ree consecutive ye>s4 ,9 #aheg1 ,dr4 ,kela>t visit$ ! place & calculat$ t 9 ! ?ree ye>s prec$+1 eighte5 million oy/]s _h be5 remov$4#afa ,ow+ to sc>city ( ! mollusk1 no fi%]ies h exi/$ s9ce #ahij1 b f #ahhb to #ahij !y 7 regul>ly leas$ at an av]age ( ,rs4#ejjj = ea* t]m ( ?ree ye>s4 ,pr(4 ,james ,hornell1 :o made a c>eful exam9ation 9 #aije1 report$ t if ! bus9ess 7 c>ri$ on provid5tly & sy/ematically1 8x %\ld become ! s\rce ( a fairly regul> annual rev5ue to ,gov]nm5t ( f ,rs4#aj1jjj to ,rs4#ab1jjj1 possibly ev5 m40#afb ,! ,placuna oy/]s are caught by ,moorm5 div]s1 :o are sc>cely equal physically to ! pe>l fi%]y 9 ! sea4 ,!y r>ely desc5d m ?an f\r fa?oms1 & mo/ ( ! "w 9 ,tablegram ,bay is 9 less ?an two fa?oms4 ,ea* div] returns ) f "o to five or m oy/]s1 dep5d+ on _! abundance1 & receives "o half ( ! cat* z 8 %>e ( ! proce$s4 ,unlike ! me?od 9 ! pe>l-oy/] fi%]y ( ,ceylon1 ! ,placuna oy/]s are op5$ :ile fre%1 ?is "w be+ p]=m$ by coolies1 :o are comp5sat$ at ! rate ( ab\t ,rs4#c p] #ajjj4 ,,! ,,pe>l ,,fi%]ies ,,( ,,india ,!re are two mom5ts 9 a div]'s life3 ,"o1 :5 a begg>1 he prep>es to plunge2 ,!n1 :5 a pr9ce1 he rises ) 8 prize4 ,,rob]t ,,br[n+4 ,not)/&+ ! great fame ( ! pe>l fi%]ies ( ,india1 ^? prosecut$ )9 ! limits ( ,briti% ,india prop] are ( small ext5t4 ,! only pe>l res\rces )9 ! empire are ! r>ely productive reefs on ! ,madras coa/ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,tuticor91 ! relatively mod]n fi%]ies ( ,m]gui ,ar*ipelago1 & "s small reefs ( only local importance on ! ,malab> coa/ & 9 ! ,bombay presid5cy4 ,! celebrity ( ,india 9 connection ) ! pe>l fi%]ies has nev] re/$ on ! ext5t ( ^? )9 ! t]ritorial limits or "u ! control ( ?is gov]nm5t4 ,x orig9at$ 9 ! fact t x is l>gely ,indian capital :i* f9ances ! fi%]ies ( ,ceylon & ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf2 ne>ly all ( ! div]s & o!rs employ$ 9 ,ceylon are f ! coa/ ( ?is empire1 & mo/ ( ! pe>ls are pur*as$ by m]*ants ( ,bombay1 ,madura1 ,tri*9opoli1 & o!r l>ge t[ns4 ,?us1 f an economic & indu/rial po9t ( view1 ! pe>l fi%]ies ( ,ceylon1 & to a less ext5t ^? ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 h contribut$ to ! fame & to ! weal? ( ! ,empire ( ,india4 ,! pe>l fi%]ies (f ,tuticor9 9 ! ,madras presid5cy h be5 ref]r$ to incid5tally 9 ! acc\nt ( ! fi%]ies ( ,ceylon4 ,!y are sep>at$ by only a few miles ( wat]1 & are prosecut$ by ! same fi%]m5 & 9 precisely ! same mann]4 ,consequ5tly1 x is difficult to discuss !m sep>ately1 especially 9 _! e>ly hi/ory & dur+ ! "t t ?is "p ( ! _w 0 "u ! rule ( ! ,portuguese & lat] ( ! ,dut*4 ,illu/ration3 ,! pe>l+ regions 9 ,ceylon & ,briti% ,india ,! fi%]ies ( ! ,madras coa/ compete 9 antiquity ) ^? ( ,ceylon4 ,inde$1 f ! "t ( ,ptolemy to ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! indu/ry seems to h be5 prosecut$ l>gely f ! ,madras side ( ! gulf1 c5t]+ at ,*ayl or ,coil on ! s&y promontory ( ,ramnad4 ,?is place appe>s to be ! ( ,ptolemy1 ! ,ramana ,koil ( ! natives1 z well z ! ,cael ( ! travel]s ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,b dur+ ! la/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 ! ,ceylon side has be5 ! sc5e ( ! greate/ pe>l+ op]ations2 & f ! ,madras coa/1 ! fi%]ies h n be5 prosecut$ except at long int]vals1 av]ag+ once 9 fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s4 ,ow+ to ! sc>city ( oy/]s & to o!r causes1 ! fi%]y 0 prosecut$ on ! ,madras coa/ 9 only eight ye>s ( ! :ole p]iod f #agfh to #aijg4 ,^! ye>s ( productivity 7 #ahbb1 #ahcj1 #ahfj1 #ahfa1 #ahhb1 #ahhi1 #ahij1 & #aijj2 & ev5 !n ! yield 0 relatively small4 ,! l>ge/ 0 #ae1hgd1ejj oy/]s 9 #ahfj1 f :i* ! ,madras gov]nm5t d]iv$ a rev5ue ( ,rs4#bej1bgf2 & ab\t half z _m oy/]s 7 obta9$ 9 #ahfa ) a rev5ue ( ,rs4#abi1jjc4 ,num]\s & prolong$ exp]im5ts 9 cons]v+ ! reefs & 9 cultivat+ ! oy/]s h be5 made )\t success4 ,! reason usually giv5 = ! great] weal? ( oy/]s on ! ,ceylon side is1 t x is m %elt]$ f ! /rong curr5ts :i* sweep d[n ! ,bay ( ,b5gal into ! ,gulf ( ,mana> & imp+e directly on ! coa/ ( ! ma9l&4 ,! headqu>t]s ( ! fi%]y are at ,tuticor91 ne> to ,madura1 ! ,b5>es ( ! s\?1 ! holy 8,city ( ,sweetness0 :i* ! gods h delight$ to honor f "t immemorial4 ,b ! camp is commonly erect$ ( palmyra & bamboo on ! b>r5 %ore sev]al miles di/ant f ,tuticor94 ,! #ahij fi%]y 0 at ,salpatturai1 & t ( #aijj at a place :i* receiv$ ! m\?-fill+ "n ( ,ve]ap&ianpatanam4 ,! prep>ations = pe>l+ at ,tuticor9 are simil> to ^? on ! ,ceylon coa/4 ,9 ! autumn ! reefs are exam9$ by gov]nm5t inspectors1 & if ! conditions seem to w>rant a fi%]y 9 ! foll[+ spr+1 arrangem5ts are made !re= & ! prop] notification issu$4 ,! ann\ncem5t foll[s ! g5]al plan ( t 9 ,ceylon4 ,! foll[+1 f ! ,=t ,/4 ,george 8,gazette10 ,madras1 ,janu>y #af1 #aijj1 is a copy ( ! notification prec$+ ! la/ fi%]y :i* has occurr$3 ,notice is h]eby giv5 t a pe>l fi%]y w take place at ,ve]ap&ianpatanam on or ab\t ! #ab? ,m>*1 #aijj4 #a4 ,! bank to be fi%$ is ! ,!radipulipudi?ap>1 e/imat$ to employ #ajj boats = tw5ty days ) av]age loads ( #g1jjj oy/]s p] day4 #b4 ,x is !re=e recomm5d$ t su* boat own]s & div]s z may wi% to be employ$ %all be at ,tuticor9 on or be=e ! #a/ ( ,m>* next & an*or _! boats abrea/ ( ! gov]nm5t flag/aff2 ! fir/ day's fi%+ w take place on ! #ab? ( ,m>*1 wea!r p]mitt+4 #c4 ,! fi%]y w be conduct$ on acc\nt ( ,gov]nm5t1 & ! oy/]s put up = sale 9 su* lots z may be deem$ exp$i5t4 #d4 ,! arrangem5ts ( ! fi%]y w be ! same z h be5 usual on simil> occasions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pe>ls ,,pres5t$ ,,by ,,! ,,imam ,,( ,,muscat ,,to ,,presid5t ,,van ,,bur5 ,n[ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #e4 ,paym5ts to be made 9 ready money 9 rupees or 9 ,gov]nm5t ( ,india notes4 ,*ecks on ! ,bank ( ,madras or ,bank ,ag5cies w be receiv$ on lett]s ( cr$it be+ produc$ to w>rant ! draw+ ( su* *ecks4 #f4 ,all p>ticul>s c be obta9$ on application to ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,pe>l ,fi%]ies1 ,tuticor94 ,sd_/--,j4 ,p4 ,,b$=d1 ,collector4 ,t9nevelly ,collector's ,(fice1 #af? ,novemb] #ahii4 ,on ! long sweep ( desolate %ore at a place conv5i5t to ! reefs1 a tempor>y camp is erect$1 j z is done on ! ,ceylon coa/4 ,h[ev]1 ?is camp is n ne>ly s l>ge1 only ab\t "o f\r? or "o fif? ! size ( t on ! ea/]n side ( ! gulf4 ,x resembles ! l>g] "o 9 ! qu>t]s = div]s & m]*ants1 ! baza>s1 ! bungal[s = ! (ficials1 ! hospital1 ! sale & wa%+ inclosures1 etc42 9 addition to ^! is ! tempor>y ,roman ,ca?olic *apel4 ,! div]s are ma9ly ( ! ,p>awa ca/e f ,tuticor91 ,p9nacoil1 ,pamban1 etc4 on ! ,madras coa/4 ,al?\gh influ5c$ by _m ,h9du sup]/itions1 !y are nom9ally ,roman ,ca?olics1 z evid5c$ by ! scapul>s susp5d$ f ! neck1 _! ance/ors hav+ be5 conv]t$ & baptiz$ ?r\gh ! zeal\s "w ( t pr9ce ( mission>ies1 ,/4 ,francis ,xavi]1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,ev5 yet a *apel at ,p9nacoil is held 9 special rev]5ce by ^! p z a place :]e ! sa9tly fa!r prea*$4 ,pr(essor ,hornell writes t ! pres5t h]$it>y head ( ?is ca/e is ,don ,gabriel de ,croos ,laz>us ,mo?a ,vaz1 kn[n (ficially z ! ,jati ,talaiva ,m1 or ,jati ,talaivan4 ,he resides at ,tuticor91 & is l>gely ! int]m$i>y betwe5 ! gov]nm5t & ! ,p>awa fi%]m54 ,9 ! details ( its prosecution1 ! ,madras fi%]y diff]s 9 no important p>ticul> f t ( ,ceylon4 ,! boats are mann$ & op]at$ 9 precisely ! same way2 !y fi% 9 ! morn+ only1 tak+ advantage ( ! prevail+ favorable w9ds2 ! div]s c>ry ! oy/]s into ! gov]nm5t inclosure1 & divide !m into ?ree equal lots1 ( :i* !y receive "o2 ! %>e ( ! gov]nm5t is auction$ daily1 ! div]s dispos+ ( !irs z !y *oose2 & ! oy/]s are rott$ & wa%$ 9 ! same mann] z 9 ,ceylon4 ,9 addition to ! fi%]y = pe>l-oy/]s at ,tuticor91 two o!r species ( pe>l-produc+ mollusks are collect$ 9 ! ,madras presid5cy2 "o ( ^! is a species ( mussel 7,mytilus sm>agd9us1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,edg> ,?ur/on ( ! ,madras ,museum71 :i* is collect$ f ! e/u>y ( ! ,sonnapore ,riv] ne> ,b]hampore2 & ! o!r is ! ,placuna plac5ta1 f\nd 9 _m places 9 ?is presid5cy1 & especially 9 ,pulicat ,lake & 9 ! vic9ity ( ,tuticor94 ,! ,sonnapore mussels1 :i* are small & bright gre5 9 color1 are f\nd adh]+ to ! masses ( edible oy/]s 9 dep?s ( t5 or twelve feet ( wat]4 ,!y are caught 9 a novel mann]1 z describ$ 9 a lett] f ! act+ collector ( cu/oms at ,ganjam4 ,?ru/+ a long bamboo pole deep into ! bottom ( ! reef1 ! fi%]man dives d[n1 & hold+ on to ?is bamboo1 breaks (f z l>ge a mass ( ! oy/]s z he c br+ to ! surface 9 "o h&1 help+ himself up ! bamboo pole ) ! o!r4 ,remov+ ! mussels f ! mass1 he op5s !m ) a suitable knife & by runn+ 8 ?umbs & f+]s ov] ! fle% tissues1 detects ! pe>ls !re94 ,^! pe>ls are ( v inf]ior quality & ( little ornam5tal value4 ,!y are sold mo/ly = *unm & = plac+ 9 ! m\? ( deceas$ ,h9dus4 ,along ! we/ coa/ ( ,india1 9 ! ,bombay presid5cy1 a few pe>ls are f\nd at v>i\s places1 b ! output is ( slight value4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! is (f ! coa/ ( ,nawanag>1 on ! s\? side ( ! ,gulf ( ,cut*1 :]e ! true pe>l-oy/] is f\nd4 ,accord+ to ! 8,jamnag> ,diwan10 ! ye>ly value ( ! ,nawanag> fi%]ies is ab\t ,rs4#djjj4 ,?is is small] ?an =m]ly1 z ! reefs are 9 a deplet$ /ate2 to give !m a *ance to recup]ate1 a close season 0 e/abli%$ 9 #aije4 ,! oy/]s are f\nd along a coa/-l9e eighty miles 9 l5g? ext5d+ f ,mangra1 ne> ,jodya ,bund]1 to ,p9d]a 9 ! ,gulf ( ,cut*1 & also ab\t ! isl&s ( ,ajad1 ,*auk1 ,kalumb>1 & ,nora1 :i* are also situat$ 9 ! ,cut* ,gulf4 ,!y are n procur$ by div+1 b are ga!r$ (f ! rocks :5 ! tide is out4 ,dur+ ! monsoon1 ! collection is limit$ to eight days 9 ! mon?2 i4e41 f ! twelf? to ! fifte5? ( ea* half accord+ to ! ,h9du cal5d>4 ,! fi%]ies are by law re/rict$ exclusively to ! wagh]s ( t5 villages1 :i* are ,v>9>1 ,sa%ana1 ,sika1 ,bala*$i1 ,jhakh]1 ,s>mat1 ,bh>ana1 ,salaya1 ,*udes>1 & ,b$i4 ,! collection ( ! pe>ls is left entirely to ^! m51 :o at ,divala--! ,h9du new ye>--br+ all ! pe>ls ga!r$ by !m to ! durb>4 ,!re an e/imate is made ( _! value1 "o f\r? ( :i* is paid to ! wagh]s1 & ! pe>ls are turn$ ov] to ! repres5tatives ( ! /ate treasury = sale4 ,?is me?od ( conduct+ ! indu/ry has be5 long e/abli%$4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! gov]nm5t exp]im5t$ 9 f>m+ out ! rev5ue1 b ! old cu/om has be5 resum$ 9 ord] to placate ! native fi%]m54 ,a few pe>l-oy/]s are also f\nd on ! ,ratnagiri coa/ bel[ ,bombay1 & likewise at ,kananur 9 ! ,malab> di/rict4 ,9 #aija-aijb1 !re 0 "s local excitem5t ab\t pe>ls f\nd at ,belapur & quantities 7 report$ z collect$2 b s9ce !n little has be5 he>d ( ! indu/ry 9 t region4 ,else:]e on ! we/ coa/ ( ,india1 pe>ls are obta9$ f ! s-call$ 8w9d[-glass0 %ell1 ( ! g5us ,placuna4 ,! individual %ells are flat1 ?91 & transp>5t1 & are /ill us$ 9 ,goa & vic9ity z a sub/itute = glass 9 w9d[s4 ,?is mollusk is abundant f ,k>a*i1 ne> ! ,balu*i/an bord]1 to ! ,kan>a di/rict s\? ( ,bombay2 & :]ev] x occurs 9 any abundance x is collect$ = ! sake ( ! small pe>ls f\nd !re94 ,( ! fi%]y at ,k>a*i1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,aitk5 writes3 8,x is f>m$ out by ,gov]nm5t = a good sum4 ,9 #aija1 ! am\nt realiz$ 0 ,rs4#cfej = a p]iod ( ?ree ye>s2 b ! lessee lo/ heavily1 & 9 #aijd ! highe/ (f] = a simil> p]iod ( ?ree ye>s 0 ,rs4#ahea4 ,pe>ls may be f\nd 9 z _m z t5 to tw5ty p] c5t4 ( ! mature mollusks40 ,pe>ls are f> m num]\s 9 ! ,placuna ?an 9 ! pe>l-oy/]s1 b few ( !m are ( suffici5t size or lu/] to be us$ z ornam5ts1 rank+ ) ! s-call$ m$ic9al pe>ls ( ,europe4 ,!y are mu* s(t] 9 texture ?an ! pe>ls ( ! ,m>g>itif]4 ,! l>ge/ are commonly ( irregul> =m1 ) ! surface slightly botryoidal or l ! 8/rawb]ry0 pe>ls ( ! ,mississippi4 ,:ile n (t5 us$ z ornam5ts1 !y are highly valu$ by ! ,h9dus 9 calc9$ or p[d]$ =m = m$ic9al purposes1 & especially to be *ew$ ) ! betel-nut1 & are also us$ 9 ! orig9al =m 9 fun]al rites1 a small quantity be+ plac$ 9 ! m\? ( a deceas$ p]son4 ,9 ! ,m]gui ,ar*ipelago1 :i* is )9 ! t]ritory ( l[] ,burma & "u ! jurisdiction ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,briti% ,india1 pat*es ( pe>l-oy/] reefs are scatt]$ ov] an area r\ghly comput$ at #aa1jjj squ>e miles1 tak+ #ig #dj z ! we/]n b\nd>y4 ,!y occur pr9cipally 9 ! /rong tidal passages among ! isl&s4 ,! bottom is =m$ l>gely ( porphyritic granite int]sp]s$ ) s& & ?9ly cov]$ ) corals1 coral cups1 ! long :ip-l black coral 7,antipa!s arborea71 & o!r subm>9e animal & vegetable gr[?s4#afc ,^! con/itute a home mo/ favorable to ! gr[? & developm5t ( molluscan life4 ,( ! sev]al species ( pe>l-be>+ mollusks occurr+ 9 ! ,m]gui ,ar*ipelago1 by f> ! mo/ important is ! 8mok10 or l>ge ,au/ralian pe>l-oy/] 7,m>g>itif]a maxima74 ,! %ell atta9s a maximum size ( ab\t ?irte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! nacre is ( a milky or silv]y color4 ,?is species occurs 9 its two v>ieties ( 8gold5 lip0 & 8silv] edge10 ! =m] be+ 9 great] abundance4 ,! 8silv] edge0 %ell is ! m valuable ow+ to its uni=mity ( color+1 & ! pe>ls f\nd !re9 are ( sup]ior lu/] & ori5t4 ,! 8pate g\ng10 or ,l+ah pe>l-oy/] 7,m>g>itif]a vulg>is71 is simil> to t ( ! ,gulf ( ,mana>4 ,x is circul> 9 %ape & measures ab\t two & "o half in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! nacre is silv]y1 ) slight yell[i% t+e4 ,_m ( ! pe>ls f ?is species are ( a silv]y color1 b mo/ ( !m are yell[i% or gold54 ,! fi%]y = ?is mollusk is ( little importance comp>$ ) t = ! l>g] pe>l-oy/]1 :i* is ! species ref]r$ to 9 ,m]gui :5 n o!rwise m5tion$4 ,! pe>l fi%]ies ( ,m]gui orig9at$ ) ! ,selangs or ,salangs1 a nomadic race ( m>itime gipsies1 ! la/ remnants ( :om live among ! ?ree ?\s& isl&s ( ?is gr\p4 ,!y are suppos$ to be ( ,malay desc5t2 b _! e>ly hi/ory is unkn[n1 & !y are rapidly pass+ away 9 ! conflict ( exi/5ce ) ! neighbor+ peoples4 ,probably 9 no "p ( ! _w are ! pe>l fi%]ies prosecut$ by a m primitive class ( m54 ,) _! wom5 & *ildr51 !y live ma9ly 9 roomy dug-out boats2 b dur+ ! s\?we/ monsoon !y erect tempor>y %elt]s on ! %ore1 ^! consi/+ ( a few frail /icks1 support+ cov]+s ( braid$ mats1 & floors ( bamboo /rips4 ,!y h few wants & d]ive a livelihood pr9cipally f ga!r+ & b>t]+ %ells1 pe>ls1 cur$ ?adecon1 & ne/s ( ! sea-swall[ 7,collocalia74 ,)9 dep?s ( six or eight fa?oms !y are fairly good div]s1 bo? ! m5 & ! wom51 b _! physical endurance is slight4 ,_! trade is mo/ly ) ,*9ese m]*ants :o visit !m 9 small vessels4 ,no in=mation exi/s z to :5 ! ,selangs fir/ f\nd pr(it 9 se>*+ = pe>ls2 b x 0 probably _m c5turies ago1 & = a long "t !y made contributions ( !m to ! ,buddhi/ rul]s ( ,burma4 ,%ortly aft] ! acquisition ( ,m]gui ,ar*ipelago 9 #ahbf1 repres5tatives ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t br\ght exp]i5c$ div]s f s\!rn ,india to exam9e m fully ! res\rces :i* ! ,selangs _h made kn[n2 b z only se$-pe>ls 7 secur$1 ! gov]nm5t conclud$ t !y w\ld yield an insignificant rev5ue1 & ! attempt to develop ^! res\rces 0 giv5 up4#afd ,h[ev]1 ! ,selangs cont9u$ to fi% 9 _! primitive fa%ion2 & z ! m>ket = ! %ell develop$1 ! pr(its increas$4 ,b _! wants 7 easily appeas$1 & ! increas$ pr(its 7 c\nt]balanc$ by decreas$ activities4 ,old trad]s among ! isl&s tell ( ! opportunities ( ^? days :5 *oice pe>ls c\ld be obta9$ = a p9* ( opium or = a few ounces ( tobacco4 ,f> f ! highways ( ! _w1 ! ,selangs rema9$ undi/urb$ 9 _! beautiful seas until ne>ly tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,mean:ile1 #hjj miles di/ant1 ,s+apore _h aris5 f a des]t %ore to ! rank ( a great seaport1 & ! headqu>t]s = ! pe>l fi%]y ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago & ( ! nor?we/]n coa/ ( ,au/ralia4 ,9 ?is fi%]y ! vessels 7 well equipp$ & dep5d$ on ! use ( div+ app>atus r ?an on nude div]s4 ,beg9n+ ab\t #ahhh1 "s ( ^! vessels made occasional visits to ! ,m]gui pe>l-oy/] reefs1 & usually ) v pr(itable results4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ in/ance 9 :i* div+ app>atus 0 successfully introduc$ on any "p ( ! ,asiatic coa/ f ! ,r$ ,sea to ,malacca ,/rait4 ,s great 0 ! pr(it t ne>ly e "o on ! l[] coa/ ( ,burma ) suffici5t capital or cr$it ha/5$ to obta9 a boat & div+ equipm5t4 ,! success ( "s ( ^! e>ly v5tures 0 rem>kable1 s+le pe>ls wor? #cjjj1 #ejjj1 & ev5 #aj1jjj ea* be+ secur$4 ,! reefs 9 ! %oal wat]s 7 rapidly deplet$1 to ! great disadvantage ( ! nude ,selangs1 :o c d little 9 deep wat]4 ,) a view to d]iv+ a rev5ue f ^! well-equipp$ vessels1 ! gov]nm5t ( ,burma 9 #ahih divid$ ! #aa1jjj squ>e miles ( pe>l+ t]ritory into five def9ite areas kn[n z 8blocks40 ,! area )9 ea* ( ^! blocks 0 survey$1 m>k$1 & *>t$2 & ! f9ancial commission] f "t to "t det]m9$ z to ea* block :e!r lic5ses = pe>l fi%+ %\ld be issu$1 or :e!r ! exclusive "r !re9 %\ld be leas$4 ,^! leases 7 dispos$ ( ei!r by invit+ t5d]s & grant+ ! lease to any ( ! p]sons :o might t5d]1 or by public auction1 z ! f9ancial commission] might direct4 ,by ! t]ms ( ! lease1 ! lessee 0 oblig$ to regi/] at ! (fice ( ! deputy commission] ( f9ance ! numb] ( boats & pumps employ$ by him2 to decl>e by lett]1 at ! end ( ea* mon?1 ! numb]1 weight1 & e/imat$ value ( all "m-(-pe>l %ell & pe>ls collect$ dur+ ! mon?1 & to refra9 f tak+ any "m-(-pe>l measur+ less ?an six in*es f lip to h+e4 ,outside ! limits ( blocks 9 :i* ! exclusive pe>l fi%+ 0 leas$1 lic5ses to use div+ implem5ts 7 grant$ 9 su* numb] & on paym5t ( su* fees1 n exce$+ ,rs4#ajjj p] app>atus1 z might f "t to "t be fix$1 e su* lic5se expir+ on ,june #cj next foll[+ ! date on :i* x 0 grant$1 & no lic5se 0 transf]able4 ,! five blocks 9 :i* ! ,m]gui pe>l+ rights 7 leas$ are ( l>ge area1 av]ag+ some:at ov] #bjjj squ>e miles ea*4 ,! lessees cu/om>ily grant$ p]mits to subsidi>y fi%]m5 to op]ate 9 _! respective blocks1 on paym5t ( a royalty1 ?is rang+ 9 am\nt f #ab to #be p] c5t4 ( ! "m-(-pe>l secur$1 & ! pe>ls f\nd 7 ! absolute prop]ty ( ! fi%]m54 ,until #aijj ! pe>l+ rights 7 leas$ by blocks z above not$4 ,rights to cat* tro*us1 gre5 snail %ells1 & sea-slugs1 7 includ$ 9 ! lease4 ,x 0 notic$ t ,european pe>l]s always sublet ! tro*us & gre5 snail rights1 & x 0 decid$ to auction ^! sep>ately2 :ile z reg>ds pe>l+ prop] ! auction sy/em 0 aboli%$ 9 t ye> 9 favor ( a sy/em ( lic5s+ individual vessels = a fee ( ,rs4#djj ea*4 ,! "r to collect pe>ls by nude div+ 0 ?\ght = "s "t to h be5 left free2 b subsequ5tly x 0 auction$ along ) ! rights to collect gre5 snails1 tro*us & sea-slugs4 ,! foll[+ summ>y1 compil$ f data furni%$ by ,mr4 ,i4 ,h4 ,burkill ( ! ,indian ,civil ,s]vice1 %[s ! ext5t ( ! pe>l & %ell fi%]ies ( ,m]gui = a s]ies ( ye>s4 ,ye>4 ,no4 ( ,rev5ue f ,rev5ue f ,report$ ,value ( ,pumps4 ,pumps4 ,auction ,rights4 ,yield4 ,rs4 ,rs4 ,rs4 #aijd #gj #bh1jjj #bb1ejj #adi1bci #aije #gg #cj1hjj #ad1bjj #aca1iba #aijf #hj #cb1jjj #ae1cjj #abd1gih #aijg #gf #cj1djj #ai1gjj ,! local headqu>t]s ( ! indu/ry are at ,m]gui1 b mo/ ( ! supplies are drawn f ,maulma9 & ,rangoon1 or f ! m di/ant ,s+apore1 :]e ! indu/ry is f9anc$4 ,! season ext5ds f ,octob] to ,april or ,may1 :5 ! s\?we/ monsoon beg9s & puts a /op to ! fi%]y on ?is expos$ coa/4 ,! boats us$ are mo/ly ( ,burmese build4 ,!y measure f #be to #ce feet 9 l5g?1 & #g or #h feet 9 wid?1 & h #ah to #bd in*es ( draft1 ) curv$ or half-moon %ap$ keels1 & ) high squ>e /]ns4 ,ow+ to ! v light draft & ! am\nt ( free-bo>d1 !y are defici5t 9 wea!rly qualities2 b are fa/ sailors be=e ! w9d & are easily r[$ f place to place4 ,= ?is reason !y are especially suit$ to ! indu/ry 9 ,m]gui1 because dur+ ! pe>l+ season calms & light w9ds prevail & o>s =m ! pr9cipal motive p[]1 especially 9 ! *annels & passageways betwe5 ! isl&s :]e ! tides are frequ5tly v swift4 ,if a numb] ( boats are ( ! same own]%ip1 a s*oon] ( ?irty to "o hundr$ tons' capacity is commonly provid$ z a float+ /ation & base ( supplies = !m2 ! ga!r+ ( su* a fleet pres5ts an int]e/+ sight1 l a great :ite h5 among h] brood ( *ick5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f ,,! ,,treasury ,,( ,,! ,,emir ,,( ,,bokh>a ,necklace & e>r+s4 ,prop]ty ( an ,am]ican lady ,mo/ ( ! boats are f ,m]gui1 & are *>t]$ at a mon?ly rate ( f ,rs4#aje to ,rs4#abj ea*1 includ+ a crew ( f\r or five ,burmans ) _! subsi/5ce1 consi/+ pr9cipally ( rice & salt$ fi%2 ! *>t]] is fur!r requir$ to pay ea* memb] ( ! crew f\r annas1 or "o rupee1 = ea* day actually employ$ 9 op]at+ ! div+ pump4 ,9 addition to ^! m51 ea* boat c>ries "o div] & an att5dant1 commonly kn[n z 8t5d]40 ,! boat is sail$ or r[$ by ! crew1 z direct$ by ! div]2 & :ile ! latt] is subm]g$1 ! boat & crew are "u ! sup]vision ( ! att5dant4 ,! div]s are ! mo/ important m5 9 ! fleet1 = on _! ability & effici5cy dep5ds ! success ( ! ent]prise4 ,a v consid]able portion ( !m are natives ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 al?\gh _m ,japanese h be5 employ$ rec5tly1 & ! numb] is increas+4 ,! comp5sation is at ! rate ( #b to #d p] mon?1 & #bj = ea* ton ( "m-(-pe>l secur$4 ,! att5dants are likewise mo/ly ,manilam51 b _m ,malayans & ,burmans are employ$2 ! wages range f ,rs4#ej to ,rs4#hj p] mon?1 includ+ provisions4 ,! peculi> duties ( ! att5dant are to help ! div] into 8 dress1 place ! %\ld] leads into position1 screw on ! helmet1 & especially to receive & respond to signals & to direct ! movem5ts ( ! vessel 9 accordance !re)4 ,! scaph&]1 or div+ dress1 is compos$ ( solid %eet rubb]1 cov]$ on bo? sides ) canvas4 ,! head-piece is made ( t9n$ copp]1 & is fitt$ ) ?ree glasses1 "o at ! front & "o on ea* side1 s z to af=d ! div] z wide a view z is consi/5t ) /r5g? ( con/ruction4 ,x has a valve by :i* he c regulate ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! dress has a d\ble coll>1 ! inn] portion com+ up ar\nd ! neck1 & ! o!r h]metically fa/5$ to ! brea/plate4 ,! brea/plate is likewise made ( copp]4 ,! suit is connect$ ) ! air-pump by means ( a /\t rubb] tube :i* ent]s ! helmet1 & ?r\gh :i* air is suppli$ to ! div] incas$ !re94 ,?is air-tube consi/s ( ?ree or f\r l5g?s--ea* ( fifty feet--( light hose1 commonly call$ 8pipe40 ,?is is buoyant s t x may be easily pull$ along1 & may n readily f\l among ! rocks4 ,h[ev]1 :5 work+ on v r\gh bottom ) %>p-edg$ /ones1 ! l[] l5g? is ( /\t] mat]ial 9 ord] to resi/ ! *af+ on ! bottom4 ,be=e desc5d+1 ! air-l9e is loosely coil$ ar\nd ! div]'s arm to prev5t a sudd5 /ra9 on x :5 x is tight5$1 & a signal-l9e is atta*$ to 8 wai/ to enable him to communicate ) ! m5 above4 ,9 fi%+1 if ! curr5t is slight1 ! boat is p]mitt$ to drift !re)1 & if !re is little or no curr5t1 x is propell$ by o>s z may be requir$4 ,! div]--fully dress$ 9 ! rubb] suit ) helmet1 etc41--goes ov]bo>d easily by means ( a ,jacob's ladd] ( five or six rungs on ! port side ( ! boat1 & is l[]$ by an att5dant1 :o gives close att5tion to ! l9es1 ! crew hav+ mann$ ! pump 9 ! meantime4 ,on rea*+ bottom1 ! div] walks along1 foll[+ ! c\rse ( ! mov+ boat & sw++ 8 %\ld]s f side to side to take 9 a wide vision 9 8 se>* = oy/]s4 ,9 cle> wat] he c discov] !m at a di/ance ( tw5ty-five or ?irty feet1 ev5 :5 fifte5 fa?oms bel[ ! surface2 b sometimes ! wat] is s cl\d$ t x may be necess>y = him to g almo/ on h&s & knees to see !m1 & :5 ! seawe$s are ?ick & high1 he may locate !m almo/ z mu* by feel+ z by sight4 ,ow+ to ?is difficulty 9 see+ ! oy/]s1 ! "w is susp5d$ 9 r\gh wea!r & = _m days foll[+4 ,! cat* is plac$ 9 a sack or basket ( qu>t] in* rope1 :i* is rais$ :5 fill$1 empti$1 & return$ to ! bottom by means ( a rope4 ,f9d+ ! %ell is by no means an easy matt]1 & mu* natural hunt]-craft is necess>y4 ,( a neutral color1 x is n at all conspicu\s z x lies on a gray coral b$1 itself cov]$ ) coral or sponge or hidd5 9 d5se masses ( gorge\s seawe$s4 ,/ill less visible is ! %ell on a muddy bottom1 = !re x emb$s itself & exposes only half an in* or s ( ! 8lip40 ,z ! boat is impell$ by ! tide1 ! div] may h to walk rapidly 9 a sw++ gait2 & if he %\ld /umble or fall :ile /oop+ to pick up ! %ell1 recov]y ( balance may be difficult4 ,he mu/ be con/antly on ! al]t & has _m dang]s to avoid4 ,%>ks are num]\s 9 ^! cle> tropical wat]s2 b al?\gh disa/] sometimes results1 !y are timid1 a /ream ( air bubbles f ! sleeve ( ! dress s5d+ !m away 9 fright4 ,m fruitful s\rces ( dang] are f\l$ air-pipes1 brok5 pumps1 fall+ into holes1 & especially p>alysis f recklessly deep div+4 ,:5 ! div] wi%es to come up1 he closes ! escape valve 9 8 helmet2 8 dress fills & di/5ds ) air1 caus+ a spe$y return to ! surface1 & ! t5d] hauls him alongside by means ( ! life-l9e4 ,aft] 8bl[+0 = a few m9utes ) ! helmet remov$1 & usually enjoy+ ! indisp5sable cig>ette1 he returns to ! bottom4 ,:5 ! ,m]gui reefs 7 fir/ exploit$ by div+ app>atus1 ! bulk ( ! %ells 7 secur$ f dep?s ( t5 to twelve fa?oms4 ,^! %all[ reefs h be5 exhau/$1 tempor>ily1 at lea/1 & ! div]s n[ "w 9 deep] wat]1 fifte51 tw5ty1 & ev5 tw5ty-five fa?oms1 if ! bottom is v unev5 & rocky4 ,_m %ells are f\nd 9 ! depressions betwe5 ! l>ge b\ld]s1 :i* may be tw5ty or ?irty feet deep] ?an ! surr\nd+ areas4 ,! oy/]s are op5$ by means ( ! long-blad$ work+-knife ( ! c\ntry1 kn[n z dah-%e4 ,! fle% is ?r[n into a l>ge basket or wa%tub1 :]e x is se>*$ by ! proprietor ( ! boat1 :o takes ea* piece betwe5 ! h&s & squeezes & feels ?r\gh e "p ( x4 ,aft] ! fle% has be5 c>efully exam9$1 ! s$im5t at ! bottom ( ! tub is wa%$ & pann$ to obta9 ^? pe>ls :i* h fall5 ?r\gh ! fle% tissues4 ,! ,m]gui pe>ls are commonly ( good color & lu/]1 & comp>e favorably ) ^? f ! ,sulu ,ar*ipelago or ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies4 ,! sea-gre5 %ell ( ! snail 7,turbo m>moratus7 is ga!r$ 9 l>ge quantities by ! nude div+ ,selangs1 :o b>t] x to ,*9ese trad]s at ! equival5t ( ,rs4#h or #aj p] #ajj 9 numb]4 ,! fle% is also dri$ & dispos$ ( to ^! trad]s "u ! "n ( ?adecon1 at ab\t ,rs4#c p] viss ( #c4cc p\nds4 ,?is mollusk yields a few gre5i% yell[ pe>ls4 ,9 #ahie1 ?ree pe>l reefs 7 discov]$ (f ! ,basse9 coa/ 9 ! di/rict ( ,irawadi4#afe ,^! prov$ fairly remun]ative = "o season & a portion ( ano!r1 :5 !y 7 ab&on$4 ,,! ,,pe>l ,,fi%]ies ,,( ,,! ,,r$ ,,sea1 ,,gulf ,,( ,,ad51 ,,etc4 ,"u ! ,ptolemies1 & ev5 long aft]--"u ! ,califs--^! 7 isl&s ^: m]*ants 7 pr9ces2 b _! bu/le & glory h s9ce dep>t$ f !m1 & !y are n[ ?9ly inhabit$ by a race ( mis]able fi%]m54 ,,james ,,bruce 7#agij74 ,! ,r$ ,sea 0 "o ( ! mo/ anci5t s\rces ( pe>ls1 furni%+ ^! gems = c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 & p>ticul>ly dur+ ! reign ( ! ,ptolemies4 ,^! pe>ls 7 allud$ to by ,/rabo1 lianus1 & o!r classical writ]s4 ,al?\gh ! prom95ce ( ! fi%]ies has suff]$ by comp>ison ) ^? ( ,p]sia & ,ceylon1 ! yield has be5 m or less ext5sive f ! days ( ,solomon up to ! pres5t "t4 ,( ! sev]al pe>l-yield+ mollusks 9 ! ,r$ ,sea & on ! s\!a/ coa/ ( ,arabia1 ! l>ge/ & be/ kn[n is t call$ 8sad(0 by ! ,arabs1 & :i* has be5 id5tifi$ by ,jameson z ,m>g>itif]a m4 ery?rensis4 ,?is is closely relat$ to ! l>ge species 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,x is commonly f\r or five in*es 9 diamet]1 & 9 exceptional in/ances atta9s a diamet] ( eight in*es & a weight ( ?ree p\nds or m4 ,9 addition to its size1 x is di/+ui%$ by a d>k gre5 color+ ab\t ! edges1 & a m or less gre5i% t9t ov] ! nacre\s int]ior surface2 ?is color is d>k] 9 ! vic9ity ( ,jiddah & ,suak9 ?an at ! s\!rn end ( ! sea1 or 9 ! ,gulf ( ,ad54 ,?is species occurs s+ly r ?an congregat$ 9 b$s or reefs4 ,al?\gh x is f\nd 9 dep?s ( fifte5 fa?oms or m1 mo/ ( ! fi%+ is 9 less ?an five fa?oms ( wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,p]sian ,gulf & ! ,r$ ,sea1 ! pe>l+ c5t] ( ! _w ,! 8sad(0 yields pe>ls only r>ely1 & is s\ght pr9cipally = ! %ells1 :i* af=d good qualities ( "m-(-pe>l1 ! pe>ls furni%+ an additional b always look$-= pr(it to ! regul> s\rce ( income4 ,z 9 o!r regions1 !re is no con/ant relation betwe5 ! value ( ! pe>ls & ! quantity ( mollusks tak54 ,! oy/]s ( "s reefs are comp>atively ri* 9 c]ta9 ye>s2 :ile 9 o!r seasons or on o!r reefs ! mollusks may be num]\s b yield v few pe>ls4 ,! second species ( importance 9 ! ,r$ ,sea is simil> to ! ,l+ah oy/] & is kn[n to ! ,arabs z 8bulbul40 ,?is is mu* small] ?an ! 8sad(10 av]ag+ less ?an ?ree in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x is collect$ = ! pe>ls exclusively1 ! %ells be+ too small = indu/rial use2 b only #c or #d p] c5t4 ( ! individuals yield pe>ls4 ,x is claim$ by writ]s ( au?ority t x is ! r$ ,p9na pe>l f ?is sea t is ref]r$ to 9 ! ,scriptures "u ! "n p59im z ! mo/ preci\s product1 & :i* has be5 translat$ z rubies4#aff ,! %ell is extremely fragile1 & ! nacre\s int]ior is :ite t+$ ) a beautiful r$4 ,x is ( little importance 9 ! comm]cial fi%]ies ( ! ,r$ ,sea at ! pres5t "t4 ,! 8sad(0 is m scatt]$ & less num]\s ?an ! 8bulbul02 & 9 ord] to save mu* useless div+1 x is cu/om>y to inspect ! bottom be=e desc5d+4 ,!re=e1 op]ations are l>gely re/rict$ to calm wea!r1 :5 ! wat] is suffici5tly cle> to enable ! div]s to sight ! individual oy/]s on ! bottom4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 wat]-telescopes h be5 us$ to assi/ 9 locat+ !m4 ,! mo/ popul> =m consi/s ( a t9 c ) a %eet ( glass ins]t$ 9 ! bottom4 ,! glaz$ end ( ! t9 is subm]g$ sev]al in*es bel[ ! surface1 af=d+ a f>-rea*+ & mu* cle>] vision4 ,9 ?is fi%]y ! div]s "w f small canoes 7uri71 ea* mann$ by two m51 "o ( :om r[s :ile ! o!r leans ov] ! b[ & se>*es = ! oy/]s4 ,:5 "o is sight$1 he dives into ! wat] = x1 & !n returns to ! boat to resume ! se>*4 ,! pe>l+ season beg9s commonly 9 ,m>* or ,april1 & cont9ues until ab\t ! end ( ,may2 x is r5ew$ 9 ! autumn1 cont9u+ ?r\gh ,septemb] & ,octob]4#afg ,! vessels employ$ are ( two v>ieties3 dh[s c>ry+ f tw5ty to eighty m5 ea*1 & ! mu* small] sambuks or sail-boats )\t decks1 ea* ) f six to tw5ty-five m51 mo/ ( :om are ,negro slaves4 ,_m ( ! l>ge vessels are f ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,! sambuks are own$ pr9cipally by ,zobeid ,b$\9s inhabit+ ! coa/ betwe5 ,jiddah & ,yambo1 & also ! isl&s ne> ! s\!rn end ( ! sea1 :i* are v hot-b$s ( pe>ls1 %ells1 religi\s fr5zy & half fami%$ ,arabs & ,negro slaves4 ,! 8bulbul0 oy/]s are tak5 9 ne>ly ! same mann] z 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,:5 ! vessel is locat$ ov] ! reef1 ea* div] desc5ds1 commonly ) a %ort /ick ( iron or h>d wood1 ) :i* he releases ! oy/]s )9 rea*2 plac+ !m 9 a sack1 he is pull$ up by an att5dant :5 8 brea? is ne>ly exhau/$4 ,! fi%]ies are prosecut$ along bo? sides ( ! ,r$ ,sea & 9 ! *annels among ! isl&s1 f ! ,gulf ( ,akabah to ,bab-el-,m&eb4 ,!y are especially ext5sive among ! ,dahlak ,isl&s on ! coa/ ( ! ,italian colony ,eritrea1 :]e ! population is l>gely support$ by !m4 ,?is 0 ! c5t] ( ! indu/ry dur+ ! "t ( ! ,ptolemies & 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian era4 ,! fi%]ies are also important 9 ! vic9ity ( ,jiddah1 ! port ( entrance = ,mecca & ,m$9a1 holie/ places ( ,islam4 ,!y likewise exi/ ne> ,kosseir at ! nor!rn end ( ! sea1 & at ,suak91 ,massawa1 ! ,f>san ,isl&s1 & ,loheia1 ne> ! l[] end4 ,!y are c>ri$ on by ,arabs1 :o succe$ 9 evad+ ef=ts at control on ! "p ( ! local gov]nm5ts4 ,ev5 on ! ,african side1 ! ,arab fi%]m5 pr$om9ate1 = ! native ,egyptian has nev] ev9c$ mu* fondness = v5tur+ on ! sea4 ,on ! s\!a/ coa/ ( ,arabia1 pe>l fi%]m5 are to be f\nd at ! v>i\s h>bors f ,ad5 to ,muscat4 ,_! fanta/ic dh[s are met ) 9 ! h>bor ( ,makalla1 & also 9 t ( ,%ehr4 ,on ! ,oman coa/1 ! ports ( ,sur & ( sun-scor*$ ,muscat d a consid]able pe>l+ bus9ess1 n only locally b to ! ,sokotra ,isl&s1 & ev5 on ! coa/ ( ,ea/ ,africa & ,zanzib>1 ! trad+ baggalas add+ pe>l+ & illicit slave-trad+ to _! _m s\rces ( income4 ,a numb] ( ^! trad]s1 ea* ) an in/9ct = pe>ls equal to t ( a tra9$ h\nd = game1 visit ! fi%+ c5t]s at int]vals1 & ex*ange ne$ful commodities = pe>ls & %ells4 ,! ,arab pe>l-div]s ( ! ,r$ ,sea h be5 not$ = ! dep?s to :i* !y c desc5d4 ,lieut5ant ,j4 ,r4 ,well/$1 ( ! ,indian ,navy1 :o _h unusual facilities = acqua9tance ) _! exploits1 report$ t 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf ! fi%]m5 r>ely desc5d$ beyond elev5 or twelve fa?oms1 & ev5 !n !y exhibit$ signs ( exhau/ion2 b t 9 ! ,r$ ,sea !y g d[n twice t dep?4 ,among ! mo/ not$ ( ^! div]s ( ! la/ c5tury 0 old ,s]r1 :o attract$ ! notice ( _m travel]s4 ,lieut5ant ,well/$ /ates t he saw him desc5d repeat$ly to tw5ty-five fa?oms )\t ! slighte/ evid5ce ( di/ress2 t he frequ5tly div$ 9 ?irty fa?oms1 & is report$ to h br\ght up mud f ! bottom at a dep? ( ?irty-five fa?oms1 :i* is ab\t ! record1 ! pressure ( ! wat] be+ ne>ly #ij p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,8 sons 7 also rem>kably exp]t2 "o ( !m :5 sc>cely ?irte5 ye>s ( age w\ld desc5d to a dep? ( tw5ty-five fa?oms4#afh ,illu/ration3 ,,c>v$ 8,,j]usalem ,,%ell0 ,,f ,,! ,,r$ ,,sea ,9 ! collection ( ,dr4 ,ba%=d ,dean ,an int]e/+ /ory ( an ,arab's div+ ability is told by ,lieut5ant ,well/$3 8,9 #ahbg1 we 7 cruis+ 9 ! sloop ,t]nate on ! pe>l banks4 ,:il/ becalm$ & drift+ sl[ly along ) ! curr5t1 sev]al ( ! (fic]s & m5 7 look+ ov] ! side at our ,arab pilot1 :o _h be5 amus+ himself 9 div+ = oy/]s4 ,aft] sev]al attempts1 8 se>* prov$ unsuccessful4 #8,s9ce ,i _c get oy/]s ,i w n[1' said he1 #8dive = & cat* fi%4' ,all ridicul$ ! idea4 ,he w5t d[n aga91 & great 0 our a/oni%m5t to see him1 aft] a %ort "t1 rise to ! surface ) a small rock-fi% 9 ea* h&4 ,8 own explanation ( ! feat 01 t z he seat$ himself at ! bottom1 ! fi% came ar\nd & nibbl$ at 8 sk94 ,wat*+ 8 opportunity1 he seiz$ & secur$ 8 prey by ?ru/+ 8 ?umb & =ef+] into _! exp&$ gills40#afi ,ow+ to ! "* ( ! fi%]y & ! lack ( gov]nm5t sup]vision1 x is extremely difficult to det]m9e accurately ! ext5t ( ?is indu/ry 9 ! ,r$ ,sea & ! ,arabian ,gulf4 ,all ov] ?is coa/ ext5ds ! influ5ce ( ! ,h9du trad]s1 :o f9ance ! fi%]ies & pur*ase mo/ ( ! cat*4 ,! pe>ls are s5t mo/ly to ,bombay1 & are n report$ 9 ! (ficial returns ( ! ,r$ ,sea ports4 ,! fi%]m5 are suspici\s ( outside inquiries1 & are f> f anxi\s to imp>t reliable in=mation4 ,probably ! be/ e/imates ( ! cat* are to be obta9$ f ,bombay m]*ants1 f :om ,a4 ,p]azzoli le>n$ 9 #ahih t pe>ls to ! value ( #b1jjj1jjj lire 7#djj1jjj7 7 c>ri$ f ! ,r$ ,sea to ,bombay ea* ye>4#agj ,9 ! la/ f\r or five ye>s ! output has be5 small] ?an usual1 ow+ to di/urb$ political conditions4 ,! annual product ( 8,egyptian0 & 8,bombay0 %ells 9 ^! fi%]ies is usually upw>d ( #ajjj tons1 wor? f #ajj to #fjj p] ton1 accord+ to quality4 ,mo/ ( ^! g to ,au/ria & ,france1 only ab\t #bjj tons rea*+ ,london ea* ye>4 ,ow+ to ! d>k color & ! lack ( ?ickness 9 ! nacre\s lay]1 !y are sc>cely suitable = any?+ else ?an button manufacture4 ,_m ( !m are s5t to ,be?lehem & ,j]usalem1 :]e !y are cut into v>i\s %apes = crosses1 crucifixes1 waf]-boxes1 beads1 & ne>ly e conceivable article 9 :i* "m-(-pe>l is manufactur$4 ,_m ( ! *oice/ %ells are incis$ ) scriptural or allegorical designs = sale to t\ri/s z well z = export4 ,! be/ ( ! engrav$ %ells sell = #aj to #ej1 & ! *eap] ones = less ?an #a ea*4 ,?is indu/ry is ( great importance 9 ,be?lehem1 giv+ employm5t to a consid]able p]c5tage ( ! eight ?\s& inhabitants ( ! village4 ,d\btless 9 no pe>l fi%]y 9 ! _w are great] h>d%ips endur$ ?an 9 ! ,r$ ,sea & along ! coa/ ( ! ,arabian ,gulf4 ,9 practically e o!r region1 ! indu/ry is c>ri$ on "u gov]nm5t sup]vision1 & !re is little opportunity = ill-treatm5t ( ! humbl] fi%]m54 ,b ! fanatics :o control ! fi%]y on ! ,arabian coa/--untrammel$ by au?orities & responsible to none--%[ little consid]ation = ! poor div]s1 & p>ticul>ly = ! un=tunate black slaves br\ght f ! coa/ ( ,africa4 ,^! pe>l fi%]m5 lead a v ev5tful life1 ! div]s especially4 ,!y see "s wond]ful sights d[n bel[ ! surface-plant life & creep+ ?+s & enemies innum]able4 ,dropp+ f ! sun-scor*$ surface d[n into ! deep cool wat]s1 ev]y?+ %[s 8a sea *ange1 into some?+ ri* & /range10 j z ! eyes ( ! dr[n$ man 9 ,ariel's song are turn$ into pe>ls & 8 bones into coral4 ,& !re are enemies innum]able4 ,! t]rible %>ks1 pr[l+ ab\t ne> ! bottom1 prove a s\rce ( p]petual uneas9ess1 & 9 ! aggregate _m fi%]m5 are eat5 by ^! blood?ir/y tig]s ( ! sea4 ,!re are horrible conflicts ) devil-fi% equal+ t 9 ,hugo's 8,toil]s ( ! ,sea40 ,! saw-fi% is also a s\rce ( dang]1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,arabian ,gulf1 & in/ances are report$ 9 :i* div]s h be5 cut 9 two by ^! animals1 :i* sometimes atta9 a l5g? ( twelve or fifte5 feet1 & possess a saw five feet long & ?ree in*es broad1 arm$ on ea* edge ) tee? two in*es 9 l5g?4 ,ano!r m5ac+ p]il is ! giant clam 7,tridacna gigas71 a mon/] bivalve1 ^: %ell measures two or ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 & is firmly an*or$ to ! bottom4 ,?is mollusk occurs on _m ( ! ,asiatic pe>l+ gr\nds4 ,ly+ ) ! scallop$ edges a foot or m ap>t1 a foot or a h& ( ! div] may be accid5tally ins]t$4 ,:5 su* a fate befalls a fi%]man1 ! only escape is = him to amputate ! memb] imm$iately4 ,once 9 a :ile on ! pe>l+ %ores a native may be f\nd :o has be5 maim$ 9 ?is mann]1 b usually ! un=tunate man does n escape ) 8 life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cap ,,( ,,/ate1 ,,f ,,loot+ ,,( ,,summ] ,,palace1 ,,pek91 ,,9 #ahfj ,n[ 9 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum ,,! ,,pe>l ,,fi%]ies ,,( ,,*9a1 ,,japan1 ,,sib]ia1 ,,etc4 ,d *urls ,"k ! wor? ( ,ori5t pe>ls8 ,give ! gem :i* dims ! moon ,to ! noble/ or to none4 ,,em]son1 ,fri5d%ip4 ,x appe>s f anci5t ,*9ese lit]ature1 not$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ?is book1 t pe>l fi%]ies h exi/$ 9 ! riv]s ( ,*9a = sev]al ?\s& ye>s4 ,! ,*9ese also d]iv$ pe>ls f ! sea1 & especially f ! coa/ ( ! prov9ce ( ,*e-kiang4 ,little is kn[n ( ! e>ly fi%]ies1 b ! fragm5t>y lit]ature conta9s s _m allusions to pe>ls z to lead u to believe t !y 7 ( consid]able ext5t & importance4 ,x is relat$ t ab\t #bjj ,b4,c41 a pe>l deal] at ,%ao-h+1 an anci5t city betwe5 ,hang-*au & ,n+-po1 on ! %ore ( ,hang-*au ,bay1 furni%$ to ! empress a pe>l "o in* 9 diamet]1 = :i* he receiv$ five hundr$ pieces ( silv]2 & to an envi\s pr9cess ! same deal] sold a 8f\r-in* pe>l40 ,a hundr$ ye>s lat]1 ! reign+ emp]or s5t an ag5t to ! coa/ to pur*ase 8moon pe>ls10 ! l>ge/ ( :i* 7 two ?irds ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,9 ! t5? c5tury ,a4,d41 ,m+ti1 "o ( ! mo/ extravagant ( ! e>ly mon>*s1 us$ s _m pe>ls--n only 9 8 p]sonal decoration b on 8 equipage & ret9ue1--t aft] a =mal procession ! way w\ld be ri* 9 ! jewels :i* dropp$ f ! gorge\s cortge4 ,ab\t #ajjj ,a4,d41 an embassy to ! emp]or br\ght z tribute an ornam5t compos$ ( /r+s ( pe>ls1 & also #aje liang 7#h lbs47 ( ! same gems unm\nt$4 ,an int]e/+ /ory is told ( 8pe>l-scatt]+0 by an embassy to ! ,*9ese c\rt f a ,malayan /ate ab\t #ajfj4 ,foll[+ ! cu/oms ( _! c\ntry1 ! ambassadors knelt at ! ?re%old ( ! audi5ce *amb]1 & !n advanc$ t[>d ! ?rone1 be>+ a gold5 goblet fill$ ) *oice pe>ls & wat]-lilies wr\ght ( gold4 ,^! !y scatt]$ ^u ! floor at ! feet ( ! emp]or2 & ! c\rti]s1 ha/5+ to pick !m up1 secur$ t5 hang 7#ae oz47 ( pe>ls4#aga ,! ,keh ,*i ,k+ ,yu51 a ,*9ese encyclop$ia1 describes a pe>l fi%]y 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,kwang-tung prov9ce1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,li5-*au & ne> ! city ( ,hhp4 ,fi%+ began 9 ! spr+1 & 0 prec$$ by conciliat+ ! gods ?r\gh c]ta9 sacrifices1 9 ord] t ! wea!r might be propiti\s & t no disa/] might be suff]$ ?r\gh %>ks & o!r ag5cies4 ,! five sacrificial animals1--horses1 cattle1 %eep1 sw9e1 & f[ls1--7 pres5t$2 b ord9>ily pap] images ( ^! 7 economically sub/itut$1 z equally acceptable to ! ,*9ese rul]s ( de/9y4 ,9 ! details ( ! div+1 ! fi%]y resembl$ some:at t prosecut$ ab\t ! same p]iod 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mana>4 ,! div] 0 let d[n by a rope1 & aft] collect+ ! mollusks & plac+ !m 9 a basket1 he 0 drawn up at a giv5 signal4 ,mu* compla9t 0 made t ! div]s w\ld op5 ! mollusks1 extract ! pe>ls & conceal !m 9 ! m\? be=e return+ to ! surface4 ,! bus9ess became s p]il\s & ! loss s great1 t ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 accord+ to ! same encyclop$ia1 dr$ges 7 adopt$4 ,^! at fir/ 7 simple rakes2 lat] l>ge dr$ges 7 trail$ along betwe5 two boats1 by means ( :i* great quantities ( %ells 7 ga!r$4 ,s important 0 ! indu/ry t an (fic] 0 designat$ by ! vic]oy ( ,canton to collect a rev5ue !refrom4 ,x does n appe> t pe>ls h be5 collect$ 9 consid]able numb]s on ?is "p ( ! ,*9ese coa/ = v _m ye>s1 probably n s9ce ! adv5t ( ,europeans4 ,pe>ls are yet f\nd 9 ! riv] mussels 9 all p>ts ( ea/]n ,asia1 f ,sib]ia to ! ,indian ,ocean1 & f ! ,himalayas to ! ,pacific4 ,x is repres5t$ t !y are n f ! ,unio m>g>itif]a1 ! common riv]-mussel ( ,europe1 b f o!r species1 su* z ,unio mongolicus1 ,u4 dahuricus1 ,dipsas plicatus1 etc4 ,x is q impossible to obta9 a reliable e/imate ( ! total numb] ( p]sons employ$1 or ! output ( pe>ls 9 ,*9a1 b ^! items are c]ta9ly v mu* l>g] ?an ! av]age ,occid5tal believes4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,canton ! ,dipsas plicatus has be5 us$ = c5turies by ! ,*9ese 9 ! production ( artificial pe>ls1 ?is indu/ry giv+ employm5t to ?\s&s ( p]sons4#agb ,! pe>l-mussel fi%]y is ( importance 9 ,man*uria1 :]e x has be5 c>ri$ on = hundr$s ( ye>s1 n only by ! citiz5s1 b by ! milit>y dep>tm5t on acc\nt ( ! gov]nm5t1 & especially 9 ! /reams :i* fl[ into ! ,song>i1 a tribut>y ( ! ,amur4 ,jac9? relates t 9 case ( a deficit1 ! (fic]s & subalt]ns 7 puni%$ by a d$uction f _! pay1 & also by corporal *a/isem5t4#agc ,wits5 speaks ( ! pe>ls f ! ,riv] ,gan1 a tribut>y ( ! ,amur1 & also f ! isl&s ( ! ,amur1 ! b\nd>y riv] ( ,man*uria4 ,pe>l fi%]ies 7 e/abli%$ at ^! places by ! ,russians ne>ly two c5turies ago4#agd ,pe>ls become f9] & m pl5tiful ! fur!r we p5etrate into ,man*uria2 & !y are num]\s 9 ! lake ( ,heik[ or ,h+-*\-m51 8,black ,lake0 or 8,gate ( ,preci\s ,gems10 :]e !y h long be5 exploit$ = ! acc\nt ( ! emp]or ( ,*9a4 ,! occurr5ce ( pe>ls 9 _m p>ts ( ,asiatic ,russia 0 not$ by ,von ,hessl+4 ,9 nor!rn ,sib]ia1 accord+ to ,wits51 writ+ 9 #agje1age pe>ls 7 f\nd 9 ! wat]s ab\t ! t[n ( ,mangasea on ! ,turu*an2 & ,von ,midd5dorf notes t !y 7 f\nd 9 ! ,tunguska ,riv]1 :i* fl[s into ! ,y5isei4 ,:e!r1 h[ev]1 !y come f ! ,unio m>g>itif]a is consid]$ d\btful by ,von ,midd5dorf4 ,wits5 ref]r$ to _! occurr5ce 9 ! riv]s & /reams ( ,irkutsk & ,onon1 & ?is is confirm$ by sev]al writ]s ( m rec5t times4 ,pallas says t ! mussels f\nd !re are q l>ge1 & speaks ( ! ,ilim1 :i* fl[s into ! ,ang>a1 z ano!r riv] :]e !y occur4 ,anci5t books relat+ to ,japan repeat$ly allude to ! occurr5ce ( pe>ls on ! coa/s ( t c\ntry4 ,!y are m5tion$ 9 ! ,nihonki1 ( ! eigh? c5tury1 ! olde/ ,japanese hi/ory4 ,tav]ni] wrote ab\t #afgj3 8,x is possible t ( ^? :o h writt5 be=e me conc]n+ pe>ls1 none h record$ t "s ye>s back a fi%]y 0 discov]$ 9 a c]ta9 "p ( ! coa/s ( ,japan1 & ,i h se5 "s ( ! pe>ls :i* ! ,dut* br\ght f !nce4 ,!y 7 ( v beautiful wat]1 & "s ( !m ( l>ge size1 b all b>oques4 ,! ,japanese d n e/eem pe>ls4 ,if !y c>$ ab\t !m x is possible t by _! means "s banks might be discov]$ :]e f9] ones w\ld be obta9$40#agf ,9 #agbg1 ,kaempf] wrote t pe>ls1 call$ by ! ,japanese ka9otamma or %ell jewels1 7 f\nd 9 oy/]s & o!r mollusks almo/ ev]y:]e ab\t ,saikokf4 ,e p]son 0 at lib]ty to fi% = !m4 ,=m]ly ! natives _h little or no value = !m1 till !y le>n$ ( _! e/imation by ! ,*9ese1 :o 7 ready to pay good prices = !m1 _! wom5 be+ v pr\d ( we>+ necklaces & o!r ornam5ts ( pe>ls4 8,! l>ge/ & f9e/ pe>ls are f\nd 9 ! small sort ( oy/]s1 call$ akoja1 :i* is n unlike ! ,p]sian pe>l-oy/]4 ,^! are f\nd only 9 ! seas ab\t ,satzuma & 9 ! ,gulf ( ,omura 7,kiusiu74 ,"s ( ! pe>ls weigh f f\r to five c&>e5s#agg & ^! are sold = a hundr$ kobans ea*4#agh ,! inhabitants ( ! ,loo*oo ,isl&s buy mo/ ( ^? ab\t ,satzuma1 s9ce !y trade to t prov9ce4 ,^? f\nd on ! ,gulf ( ,omura are sold *iefly to ! ,*9ese & ,tunqu9ese1 & x is comput$ t !y buy = ab\t #cjjj taels#agi a ye>4 ,?is great pr(it occasion$ ! /rict ord]s1 :i* 7 made n long ago by ! pr9ces bo? ( ,satzuma & ,omura1 t = ! future !re %\ld be no m ( ^! oy/]s sold 9 ! m>ket ) o!r oy/]s1 z _h be5 done =m]ly40#ahj ,kaempf] also not$ t ! ,japanese obta9$ pe>ls f ! yell[ snail %ell & f ! taira gai 7,placuna7 9 ! ,gulf ( ,arima1 & especially f ! awabi or abalone 7,haliotis74 ,?is mollusk 0 mu* s\ght aft] = food1 be+ tak5 9 l>ge quantities by ! fi%]m5's wives1 8!y be+ ! be/ div]s ( ! c\ntry40#aha ,( ! sev]al species ( pe>l-oy/]s :i* occur 9 ! coa/al wat]s ( ,japan1 ! only "o ( importance at pres5t is ! ,m>g>itif]a m>t5si4 ,:ile ?is occurs 9 v _m localities1 x is mo/ num]\s among ! s\!rn isl&s1 :]e "s f9e pe>ls h be5 secur$4 ,! fi%]y = ?is species 0 q ext5sive ?irty or =ty ye>s ago1 & ! reefs 7 l>gely deplet$4 ,= ne>ly a score ( ye>s x has be5 us$ 9 gr[+ culture pe>ls1 an acc\nt ( :i* is giv5 on pages #bib1 #bic4 ,a few pe>ls are obta9$ f sev]al o!r bivalve mollusks 9 ,japan4 ,among ! collections ( ! pres5t writ]s are pe>ls f ,m>g>itif]a m>t5si1 collect$ at ,bay ,agu2 f ,m4 panasis1 ab\t ! ,liu-kiu ,isl&s2 f ,pect5 yezocusis1 9 ,sokhaido2 f ,mytilus crasite/a1 9 ! ,inl& ,sea1 & f ,nor? ,japan1 & f a species ( ,dipsas f\nd 9 ,lake ,biwa4 ,:ile ! pe>l fi%]ies ( ,japan are n ( great importance 9 any s+le locality1 ! di/ribution ( ! reefs is s ext5sive t ! aggregate yield is consid]able4 ,! awabi or e>-%ell 7,haliotis gigantea71 f\nd on ! coa/ ( ,japan1 ,korea1 etc41 yields _m pe>ly =ms4 ,?is species is mu* small] ?an ! ,cali=nia abalones4 ,x has a fairly smoo?1 nacre\s surface1 b its value is depreciat$ by ! great size ( ! m>g9al p]=ations1 :i* r5d] useless = comm]cial purposes all ( ! %ell ext]nal to ! l9e ( p]=ations4 ,:ile its opalesc5t t9ts make x desirable = manufactur+ into c]ta9 /yles ( buttons & buckles1 its pr9cipal use is = inlay+ "w or m>quetry1 = :i* x is especially adapt$1 ow+ to its f95ess ( texture & beauty ( color+ ev5 :5 r$uc$ to ?9 %eets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fi%+ ,,= ,,! ,,awabi 7,,abalone7 ,,%ells ,,at ,,wada-,,no-,,h>a1 ,,japan ,probably ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! abalone fi%]ies is t on ! %ores ( ,quelpa]d ,isl&1 ab\t sixty miles s\? ( ! ,korean coa/1 :i* is prosecut$ l>gely by ! wom54 ,dress$ only 9 a scanty g>m5t1 ^! wom5 swim out to ! fi%+ gr\nds1 di/ant sev]al hundr$ y>ds 9 "s cases1 c>ry+ ) !m a /\t knife & a small sack susp5d$ f a g\rd4 ,on rea*+ ! reefs1 !y dive to ! bottom--sometimes to a dep? ( six or eight fa?oms--& by means ( ! knife1 remove ! abalones f ! bottom & place !m 9 ! sack4 ,!y may rema9 out an h\r1 div+ repeat$ly until ! sack is fill$1 :5 !y swim back to ! %ore4 ,pe>ls are f\nd only r>ely2 9 "o lot ( "o hundr$ %ells1 only five 7 f\nd be>+ pe>ls2 two ) ?ree pe>ls ea*1 two ) two pe>ls ea*1 & "o ) a s+le pe>l4 ,! fle% ( ?is mollusk aft] x has be5 clean$ & dri$1 is q popul> z an article ( diet4 ,al?\gh :ite :5 fre%1 ! color *anges to a d>k r$4 ,! pieces ( dri$ fle%1 9 ! =m ( flat r$di% disks f\r or five in*es 9 diamet]1 are fa/5$ on sl5d] /icks--ab\t t5 to ea* /ick--& display$ 9 ! groc]y %ops 9 ,seul & o!r cities4 ,9 ! ,gulf ( ,siam on ! ,asiatic coa/1 pe>ls are obta9$ f a small oy/] ) a ?9 %ell1 presumably a v>iety ( ! ,l+ah oy/]4 ,! b$s h n yet be5 ?or\ghly exploit$1 z ! ,siamese d n especially value pe>ls1 attribut+ "s sup]/iti\s s5tim5ts ( ill luck to !m4 ,h[ev]1 f "t to "t ,*9ese trad]s h b\ght !m f ! ,malay div]s & sold !m at great pr(it 9 ! ,s+apore m>ket4 ,! kn[n b$s occur *iefly 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! gulf1 on ! we/ coa/1 & ext5d 9 a n>r[ belt = a di/ance ( ab\t "o hundr$ miles4 ,! fi%+ is prosecut$ by nude div]s 9 %all[ wat]4 ,a rec5t lett] f ,dr4 ,k4 ,van ,dort1 a m9+ eng9e] ( ,bangkok1 ,siam1 /ates t 9 #aijf 9 six weeks1 ) ! aid ( half a doz5 div]s he 0 able to collect #gbj gra9s' weight ( pe>ls1 mo/ly small ones1 b includ+ "o ( #bj gra9s1 "o ( #ad gra9s1 two ( #ab gra9s ea*1 & sev5 ov] #i gra9s 9 weight4 ,he reports t ! total value ( ! l>ge ones 9 ,bangkok 0 #aejj1 b ! small ones c\ld n be sold to any advantage1 z !y are little priz$ by ! ,siamese4 ,! %ells are ( no comm]cial value1 z !y are too ?9 = indu/rial use o!r ?an = inlaid "w4 ,"s f9e old specim5s ( m>quetry 9 :i* ^! %ells 7 us$ exi/ 9 ! ,buddhi/ temples at ,bangkok4 ,?is art ( inlay+ is almo/ lo/ among ! ,siamese1 & !re is said to be only "o man 9 ! k+'s palace :o c lay any claims to pr(ici5cy 9 work+ "m-(-pe>l %ell4 ,,vii ,,pe>ls ,,f ,,! ,,african ,,coa/s ,,vii ,,ea/ ,,african ,,pe>l ,,fi%]ies ,! ,isl&]s ) fleecy curls1 ,^: homes are compass'd by ! ,arabian waves2 ,by :om ^? %ells :i* bre$ ! ori5t pe>ls ,are div$ & fi%'d = 9 _! gre5 sea caves4 ,,tasso1 ,j]usalem ,deliv]$4 ,! pr9cipal pe>l fi%]ies ( ! coa/s ( ,africa are ^? prosecut$ 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 betwe5 ?is cont95t & ,asia4 ,^! h already be5 describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 among ! ,asiatic fi%]ies2 =1 al?\gh situat$ betwe5 ! two cont95ts1 !y are prosecut$ l>gely by ,arabs r ?an by natives ( ! we/]n %ores ( ! sea4 ,o!r ?an ^? 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 ! only pe>l res\rces 9 ,africa :i* h receiv$ att5tion are on ! ea/]n coa/1 s\? ( ! ,gulf ( ,ad54 ,little in=mation exi/s z to ! orig9 ( ^! fi%]ies4 ,9 a pap] publi%$ by ! ,lisbon ,geographical ,society1 ,janu>y1 #aijc1 ,seor ,iv5s ,f]ranz /ates t1 accord+ to tradition1 9 remote times ! ,ibo ,ar*ipelago1 on ! nor!a/ coa/ ( ,portuguese ,ea/ ,africa1 0 inhabit$ by a ,semitic colony1 :i* locat$ !re to fi% = pe>ls1 & ^! 7 c>ri$ ?r\gh ! ,r$ ,sea to ,k+ ,solomon4 ,he adds t !re is little d\bt t1 aft] ! great emigration :i* />t$ f ! ,p]sian ,gulf 9 #ihb & f\nd$ ,zanzib>1 ,kilwa1 & ,s(ala on ?is coa/1 "s ,arabs engag$ 9 fi%+ = pe>ls ab\t ! isl&s ne> ,s(ala4 ,9 #afji ,joao dos ,santos wrote t on ! s&y sea bottom ab\t ! ,baz>uto ,isl&s1 :i* are ab\t #aej miles s\? ( ,s(ala1 !re 7 _m l>ge oy/]s :i* bore pe>ls1 & ! natives fi%$ = !m by div+ 9 practically ! same mann] z 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf4#ahb ,9 a p]sonal memor&um1 ,sir ,rob]t ,edgcumbe /ates t 9 ! v e>ly times ( ,portuguese exploitation on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,africa1 pe>l fi%+ 0 c>ri$ on 9 ^! wat]s4 ,= a long p]iod ! t5ure ( p[] ex]t$ by ! ,portuguese 0 ( a feeble "*2 !y practically occupi$ no position ( importance on ! ma9l&1 b seiz$ ^u /ations on ! isl&s :i* (f]$ dec5t h>bors4 ,?us _! *ief settlem5ts1 su* z ,mozambique & ,ibo1 7 on isl&s ly+ (f ! coa/1 & until rec5t ye>s !y made no s]i\s attempt to occupy ! ma9l&4 ,arabs & ,banyans c>ri$ on ! comm]cial traffic ( ! c\ntry1 z !y /ill d1 & !y 7 m truly ! ma/]s ( ?is coa/ ?an 7 ! ,portuguese1 :o 7 little m ?an nom9al rul]s4 ,trad+ to & f ,india 9 _! small dh[s1 ! ,arabs & ,banyans _h full k ( ! value ( pe>ls1 & und\bt$ly secur$ all t 7 obta9able4 ,b !y obs]v$ no re/rictions1 & )\t d\bt--= a "t1 at any rate--greatly impair$ ! productive p[] ( ! fi%]ies4 ,! pr9cipal pe>l reefs ( ,ea/ ,africa1 s f> z kn[n at pres5t1 ext5d along ! coa/ ( ! ,g]man ,ea/ ,african t]ritory f ! ,prov9ce ( ,uz>amo to ! ,rovuma ,riv]1 ! s\!rn limit ( t t]ritory1 & also into ,portuguese ,ea/ ,africa z f> s\? z ,pemba ,bay1 a total di/ance ( ab\t #cjj miles4 ,along mu* ( ?is coa/1 !re are isl&s ly+ f "o to two miles (f %ore1 & betwe5 ^! isl&s are b>ri]s ( reefs1 :i* create a s]ies ( lagoons4 ,9 ^! lagoons1 protect$ by ! isl&s & ! reefs f ! influ5ce ( ! surf =m$ by ! ,indian monsoons1 !re are l>ge pat*es ( coral rock & gr\ps ( liv+ coral1 :i* =m excell5t atta*m5ts = ! pe>l-oy/]s4 ,x is only rec5tly t s]i\s att5tion has be5 paid to ^! pe>l res\rces1 al?\gh ye> by ye> a consid]able numb] ( pe>ls h be5 collect$ by ! natives & sold to ,arabs & ,banyans1 :o h s5t !m *iefly to ,india by way ( ,zanzib>4 ,! natives ( ^! p>ts are n v exp]t 9 div+1 & !y collect ! oy/]s pr9cipally by wad+ out z f> z !y c at l[ tide4 ,!y d n wait = ! mollusks to atta9 a prop] age1 & z a result !y f9d few pe>ls ( l>ge size4 ,_m p>cels ( pe>ls fi%$ 9 ?is v elem5t>y way pass ?r\gh ! cu/om-h\se1 :]e !y are subject to a small duty = export1 & o!rs are smuggl$ out ( ! c\ntry4 ,quantities ( se$-pe>ls are s5t to ,india1 :]e !y are us$ pr9cipally z a m$ic9e & 9 cosmetics2 & occasionally !re are rumors t "s *oice pe>ls h be5 discov]$4 ,9 ! ,g]man t]ritory a concession ( ! fi%]ies 0 grant$ a few ye>s ago to ,dr4 ,aurel ,s*ulz2 &1 al?\gh we are n 9 position to say :at success he has met )1 x is report$ t he has secur$ a consid]able numb] ( pe>ls "u f\r gra9s 9 weight1 ( fair %ape & quality & ( good m>ketable value4 ,a concession ( ! pe>l fi%]y on ! ,portuguese coa/ nor? ( ,ibo has be5 grant$ to ! ,ea/ ,african ,pe>l ,company4 ,= ?is company an exam9ation ( ! res\rces is n[ be+ made by ,mr4 ,james ,j4 ,simpson1 act+ "u direction ( ,pr(4 ,w4 ,a4 ,h]dman1 ( ! ,liv]pool ,univ]sity1 ! te*nical advisor ( ! ,ceylon ,company ( ,pe>l ,fi%]s4 ,at lea/ f\r species ( pe>l-be>+ mollusks exi/ "h2 ^! are ,m>g>itif]a vulg>is1 ,m4 m>g>itif]a1 ,p9na nobilis1 & a species ( ,p]na1 nam$ 9 ! ord] ( _! importance4 ,a prelim9>y report ( ,mr4 ,simpson 7suppli$ ?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ,sir ,rob]t ,edgcumbe71 /ates t among ! ,ibo ,isl&s ab\t "o half ( ! bottom is s&y & ! o!r half is cov]$ ) deta*$ pieces ( coral rock1 gr\ps ( liv+ corals1 masses ( nullipore1 & expanses ( fix$ seawe$4 ,on all ( ^! 9 ! %oal wat]s1 !re is su* an abundance ( pe>l-oy/]s 7,m4 vulg>is7 t a s+le div]1 by simply desc5d+ & br++ up a few 9 8 h&s ea* "t1 c secure ab\t #bjj 9 fifte5 m9utes4 ,oy/]s also occur s+ly on ! s&y bottom1 b n s abundantly4 ,)9 ! ?ree-ye>-old oy/]s !re are _m se$-pe>ls4 ,x is evid5t t !re has be5 an ext5sive removal ( l>ge oy/]s 9 rec5t ye>s & t l>ge pe>ls 7 !n f\nd2 b ! depr$ations ( ! natives n[ prev5t ! mollusks f atta9+ an age & size :i* r5d] !m useful z pe>l-be>]s4 ,said ,mr4 ,simpson 9 8 report3 8,! wom5 "h play great havoc on ! reefs by go+ out daily & collect+ ! pe>l-oy/]s at l[ tide4 ,all along ! coa/ f ,muliga ,po9t to ,arimba ! %ores are cov]$ ) %ells4 ,at "o place we came across a heap ( fre%ly-op5$ oy/]s :i* consi/$ ( ?irty or =ty ?\s& at ! l[e/ e/imate2 :ile an old] heap conta9$ betwe5 =ty to sixty millions4 ,f\r wom5 :o 7 fi%+ on ! reefs :ile we 7 !re _h ov] two ?\s& oy/]s 9 _! baskets4 ,?us x is evid5t t imm5se quantities are annually de/roy$4 ,& ! wor/ feature is t out ( ^? de/roy$1 n "o p] c5t4 7 ov] two ye>s old40 ,x is ! int5tion ( ! ,ea/ ,african ,pe>l ,company1 z soon z ! inve/igation ( ! res\rces is complet$1 to police ! fi%+ gr\nds s z to put an end to ! removal ( immature oy/]s1 :i* yield only se$-pe>ls1 & to p]mit !m to atta9 maturity4 ,9 addition to ?is1 x is _! purpose to utilize ! ext5sive b$s ( oy/]s ly+ 9 comp>atively deep wat]1 :i* are n[ inaccessible to ! natives ow+ to _! lack ( div+ skill4 ,sir ,rob]t ,edgcumbe writes t x is impossible to say m at pres5t ?an t ^! fi%]ies at "o "t bore a high repute1 & t ! oy/]s h cont9u$ to exi/ 9 multitudes ?\gh fi%$ by ! natives 9 ! immature /ate2 & !re is e indication t if prop]ly polic$ & work$ 9 a sci5tific way ^! fi%]ies %\ld once aga9 become ( mu* importance4 ,! fact t ! pe>l-be>+ oy/]s are f\nd !re 9 l>ge quantities1 not)/&+ t !y h be5 poa*$ )\t re/riction by ! natives1 indicates t only prop] managem5t & polic+ are necess>y to make !m valuable & productive4 ,on ! l[] coa/ ( ,portuguese ,ea/ ,africa1 pe>l fi%+ has be5 ( "s local importance4 ,! reefs are mo/ ext5sive ab\t ! ,baz>uto ,isl&s1 previ\sly ref]r$ to z ab\t #aej miles s\? ( ,s(ala4 ,9 #ahhh1 :5 fam9e prevail$ on ?is coa/1 ! inhabitants ( ?is ar*ipelago1 ( bo? sexes & ( all ages1 fi%$ = ! l>ge pe>l-oy/]s 7kn[n locally z mapalo71 sell+ _! cat* at ,*iloane to ,asiatic trad]s1 :o gave !m a h&ful ( rice = a l>ge basket ( ! mollusks4 ,x 0 e/imat$ t dur+ two mon?s ( t ye>1 pe>ls to ! value ( eighty contos 7#hc1ejj7 7 tak54#ahc ,9 #ahhi ?ree ,briti% subjects attempt$ to r5ew ! fi%]y by us+ dr$ges1 b )\t success1 ow+1 x is said1 to ! great weight ( ! implem5ts4 ,! ,kafirs ( ,baz>uto cont9ue to fi% irregul>ly1 b _! cat* is n ( importance4 ,^! pe>ls are c>ri$ by trad]s to ,zanzib>1 ,muscat1 & ,bombay4 ,! ,am]ican consul writes t "s ye>s ago ! ,portuguese gov]nm5t grant$ a concession to a company ( ,am]ican fi%]m5 to exploit ! ,baz>uto reefs1 b ! attempt to "w ! concession fail$ ?r\gh 8bad managem5t1 lack ( funds1 heavy exp5ses1 & political difficulties10 a comb9ation app>5tly suffici5t to wreck a simil> attempt 9 ! mo/ favorable locality4 ,! ,am]ican consul at ,tamatave /ates t 9 #aijg ! gov]nm5t ( ,madagasc> aw>d$ two grants = pe>l fi%]ies1 cov]+ ! entire we/]n coa/1 a di/ance ( "o ?\s& miles1 except+ two hundr$ miles1 = :i* two grants 7 giv5 9 #aijf4 ,app>5tly no ef=t 0 made to develop ! e>li] grants2 ! lat] ones may be op]at$1 p]haps jo9tly4 ,^! concessions are p]sonal1 & may n be sold or transf]r$ )\t ! gov]nor-g5]al's cons5t4 ,! use ( div]s1 ma*9]y1 dr$ges1 & o!r app>atus1 & ! build+ ( necess>y /ations are all[$1 if !re be no int]f]5ce ) navigation1 fi%+1 or coa/ travel4 ,an annual tax is to be paid1 ) a /at$ increase ea* ye>1 & revis$ accord+ to ! success ( ! ent]prise4 ,a report mu/ be s5t ye>ly to ! gov]nor-g5]al4 ,! grants may be revok$ if "w is n begun )9 a /at$ p]iod2 if ! "w is ne$lessly ab&on$ dur+ "o ye>1 or if ! tax is n paid4 ,:5ev] ! int]e/s ( ! colony or ( ! public s]vice require x1 ! privilege may be )drawn )\t indemnity4 ,,viii ,,european ,,pe>l ,,fi%]ies ,,! ,,briti% ,,isles1 ,,! ,,cont95t ,,( ,,europe ,,viii ,,pe>l ,,fi%]ies ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,isles ,& ,brita9's anci5t %ores great pe>ls produce4 ,,m>bodus 7circa #ajgj74 ,! occurr5ce ( pe>ls 9 ! ,briti% ,isles 0 kn[n two ?\s& ye>s ago1 & frequ5t ref]5ces to !m 7 made 9 ,roman writ+s ( ! fir/ & second c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,9 8 8,lives ( ! ,cs>s10 ! biograph] ,suetonius1 aft] speak+ ( ! admiration :i* ,julius ,cs> _h = pe>ls1 /ates t _! occurr5ce 9 ,brita9 0 an important factor 9 induc+ ! fir/ ,roman invasion ( t c\ntry 9 #ee ,b4,c4#ahd ,if ?is be true1 ! ,engli%-speak+ p owe a va/ debt ( gratitude to ^! pe>ls 9 br++ _! ,briton ance/ors 9 contact ) ,roman civilization2 & ! influ5ce :i* !y h ?us ex]cis$ on ! _w's hi/ory has be5 great] ?an t ( ! pe>ls f all o!r regions or1 we might add1 ?an all o!r jewels4 ,! naturali/ ,pl9y 7#bc-gi7 /at$3 8,9 ,britta9e x is c]ta9 t "s d gr[2 b !y bee small1 dim ( col\r1 & no?+ ori5t4 ,= ,julius ,cs> 7late ,emp]or ( fam\s memorie7 do? n dissimble1 t ! cuirace or brea/plate :i* he d$icat$ to ,v5us "m )9 h] temple 0 made ( ,engli% pe>les40#ahe ,?is decoration ( pe>ls 0 a v prop] (f]+ to ! goddess :o arose f ! sea4 ,! hi/orian ,tacitus not$ 9 8,vita ,agricol0 t ! pe>ls f ,brita9 7 dusky or br[ni% 7subfusca ac liv5tia74#ahf ,9 8 comm5t>ies on ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w1 ,orig5 7#ahe-bec71 "o ( ! ,greek fa!rs ( ! *ur*1 describ$ ! ,briti% pe>ls z next 9 value to ! ,indian4 ,_! surface1 he /at$1 0 ( a gold5 color1 b !y 7 cl\dy & less transp>5t ?an ^? f ,india4 ,we h no c]ta9 in=mation :e!r ! pe>ls secur$ by ! ,romans 7 f ! edible mussel 7,mytilus edulis7 ( ! sea-coa/ or f ! ,unios ( ! fre%-wat] /reams4 ,tacitus's /atem5t t !y 7 collect$ 8z ! sea ?r[s !m up10 seems to locate !m on ! sea-coa/2 b conditions 9 mod]n times make x appe> m probable t !y 7 f ! fre% wat]s4 ,"s ( ! v e>ly co9s ( ! c\ntry indicate t pe>ls 7 us$ to ornam5t ! imp]ial diadem ( ! sov]eigns ( anci5t ,brita94 ,9 8,hi/oria ecclesia/ica g5tis ,anglorum10 ! celebrat$ ,engli% monk1 ,b$e 7#fgc-gce7 surnam$ 8,! ,v5]able10 enum]at$ among o!r ?+s = :i* ,brita9 0 fam\s 9 8 day1 8_m sorts ( %ell-fi%1 among :i* are mussels1 9 :i* are (t5 f\nd excell5t pe>ls ( all col\rs2 r$1 purple1 violet & gre51 b mo/ly :ite40#ahg ,& ,m>bodus1 ,bi%op ( ,r5nes1 9 8 lapid>ium1 writt5 ab\t #ajgj1 ref]s to ! ,briti% pe>ls z equal+ ^? ( ,p]sia & ,india4 ,ab\t #ajid a pres5t ( an ,iri% pe>l 0 made to ,anselm1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 by ,gilb]t1 ,bi%op ( ,lim]ick4#ahh ,9 ! twelf? c5tury !re 0 a m>ket = ,scot* pe>ls 9 ,europe1 b !y 7 less valu$ ?an ^? f ! ,ori5t4#ahi ,an ord9ance ( ,john ,,ii1 ,k+ ( ,france1 9 ,augu/1 #acee1 :i* confirm$ ! old /atutes & privileges ( goldsmi?s & jewel]s1 expressly =bade m\nt+ ,scot* & ori5tal pe>ls toge!r 9 ! same article1 except 9 ecclesia/ical jewelry 7,orfvre ne peut mettre en uvre d'or ne arg5t p>les d',ecosse avec p>les d'ori5t se ce n'e/ en gr&s joyaulx d'glise74#aij ,writ+ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! hi/orian ,william ,camd5 7#aeea-afbc7 /at$ 9 8 8,britannia03 ,illu/ration3 ,,old ,,pr9t ,,%[+ ,,f\r ,,me?ods ,,( ,,cat*+ ,,pe>l-,,be>+ ,,mollusks ,reproduc$ f 8,m>g>itologia1 sive ,diss]tatio de ,m>g>itis10 by ,mala*ias ,geig]1 ,mona*ii1 #afcg ,! ,briti% & ,iri% ,pe>ls are f\nd 9 a l>ge black ,muscle4444 ,!y are peculi> to rapid & /ony riv]s2 & are common 9 ,wales1 & 9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl&1 & 9 ,scotl&1 & "s p>ts ( ,irel&4 ,9 ?is c\ntry !y are call$ by ! vulg> ,kreg9 ,diliw1 i4e4 ,deluge %ells2 z if ,nature _h n int5d$ ! %ells = ! riv]s2 b be+ br\ght ?i!r by ! ,univ]sal ,deluge1 !y _h cont9u$ !re1 & s propagat$ _! k9d ev] s9ce4 ,^? :o fi% "h = ,pe>ls1 "k p>tly by ! outside ( ^! ,muscles1 :e!r !y conta9 any2 = g5]ally su* z h !m are a little contract$ or di/ort$ f _! usual %ape4 ,a curi\s & accompli%$ ,g5tleman1 lately ( ^! p>ts1 %[$ me a valuable ,collection ( ! ,pe>ls ( ! ,conway ,riv] 9 ,wales2 among/ :i* ,i not$ a /ool-pe>l button-pe>l1 weigh+ sev5te5 gra9s1 & di/+ui%$ on ! convex side ) a fair r\nd spot ( a ,cornelian col\r1 exactly 9 ! c5t]4#aia ,9 #aefj 8l>ge h&some pe>ls0 7 s5t f ,scotl& to ,antw]p4#aib ,9 #afbj a great pe>l 0 f\nd 9 ! ,kellie ,burn1 9 ,ab]de5%ire4 ,?is 0 c>ri$ to ,k+ ,james by ! provo/1 :o 0 rew>d$ ) 8twelve to f\rde5 *ald] ( victuals ab\t ,dunf]ml9e1 & ! ,cu/oms ( ,m]*ants' goods 9 ,ab]de5 dur+ 8 life40 ,no record appe>s ( ! rew>d paid to ! f9d]2 possibly x 0 n wor? record+4 ,9 #afba ! ,privy ,c\ncil ( ,scotl& issu$ a proclamation t pe>ls f\nd )9 ! realm belong$ to ! ,cr[n2 & cons]vators ( ! pe>l fi%]ies 7 appo9t$ 9 sev]al ( ! c\nties1 includ+ ,ab]de51 ,ross1 & ,su!rl&4 ,x 0 ! duty ( ! cons]vators1 among o!r ?+s1 to nom9ate exp]ts to fi% = pe>ls dur+ ,july & ,augu/1 8:5 !y are at *ief p]fection40 ,! cons]vators & fi%]m5 7 comp5sat$ by sell+ ^? pe>ls ( ord9>y quality1 b 8! be/ = bignesse & col\r0 7 to be remitt$ to ! k+4 ,x 0 report$ to ! ,privy ,c\ncil t ! cons]vator 9 ,ab]de5%ire did v well 9 ! fir/ ye>4 8,he ha? n only tak5 div]s pe>ls ( good value1 b ha? f\nd "s 9 wat]s :]e none 7 expect$40 ,! fir/ p>liam5t ( ,*>les ,i aboli%$ ^! privileges4 ,rob]t ,sibbald1 physician to ,*>les ,,ii1 wrote t he _h se5 a necklace ( ,scot* pe>ls :i* 0 valu$ at two ?\s& cr[ns2 !y 7 8l>g] ?an peas1 p]fectly r\nd1 & ( a brilliant :it5ess40#aic ,x is said t ,sir ,ri*>d ,wynne ( ,gwydir pres5t$ to ,ca!r9e ( ,braganza1 que5 ( ,*>les ,,ii ( ,engl&1 a pe>l f ! ,conway 9 ,wales1 :i* is said to be ev5 yet reta9$ 9 ! royal cr[n4 ,9 8 8,fa]ie ,que5e0 7#aeij71 ,sp5s] speaks ( ! ,conway1 :i* out ( 8 /reame do? s5d ,pl5ty ( pe>les to deck 8 dames )al4 ,! ,:ite ,c>t ,riv] 9 ,scotl&1 on :i* ! city ( ,paisley is situat$1 0 di/+ui%$1 accord+ to ,camd51 8= ! l>g5ess & ! f95ess ( ! ,pe>ls t are frequ5tly f\nd h]eab\ts & ?ree miles above40#aid ,& ! pe>ls f ,irton 9 ,cumb]l&1 ,engl&1 7 s not$ at t "t t 8fair z ,irton pe>ls0 became a byword 9 ! nor? c\ntry4 ,9 _! hi/ory ( ,we/morel& & ,cumb]l&1#aie ,nicolson & ,burn /ate t 8,mr4 ,?omas ,patrickson1 late ( ,h[ ( ?is c\nty 7,cumb]l&71 hav+ employ$ div]s poor inhabitants to ga!r ^! pe>ls1 obta9$ su* a quantity z he sold to ! jewell]s 9 ,london = above #hjj40 ,b 9 #agid ,hut*9son#aif /at$ t none _h be5 se5 = _m ye>s pa/4 ,pe>l fi%+ 9 ,irel& 0 ( "s consequ5ce 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,speak+ ( ! ,slaney ,riv]1 ,solomon ,ri*>ds1 9 a description ( ,wex=d ab\t ! ye> #afef1 said3 8,x ought to prec$e all ! riv]s 9 ,irel& = its pe>le fi%+1 :i* ?\gh n abundant are yet excell5t1 = muscles are daily tak5 out ( x ab\t f[re1 five & six in*es long1 9 :i* are (t5 f\nd pe>les1 = lu/re1 magnitude & rotundity n inf]ior to ori5tal or any o!r 9 ! _w40#aig ,9 #afic ,sir ,rob]t ,r$d+ wrote t !re 7 f\r riv]s 9 ! c\nty ( ,tyrone 9 nor!rn ,irel& :i* ab\nd$ 9 pe>l-mussels1 all f\r empty+ into ,l\gh ,foyle & !nce into ! sea4 ,!y 7 also to be f\nd 9 sev]al riv]s 9 ! adjac5t ,donegal ,c\nty4 ,r$d+ gave an int]e/+ description ( ! fi%]y3 ,9 ! w>m mon?s be=e h>ve/ is ripe1 :il/ ! riv]s are l[ & cle>1 ! poor p g into ! wat] & take !m up1 "s ) _! toes1 "s ) wood5 tongs1 & "s by putt+ a %>p5$ /ick into ! op5+ ( ! %ell2 & al?\gh by common e/imate n above "o %ell 9 a hundr$ may h a pe>l1 & ( ^! pe>ls n above "o 9 a hundr$ be tol]ably cle>1 yet a va/ numb] ( fair m]*antable pe>ls1 & too good = ! apo!c>y1 are (f]$ to sale by ^? p e summ] assize4 ,"s g5tlem5 ( ! c\ntry make good advantage !re(1 & ,i myself1 :il/ !re1 saw a pe>l b\ght = #b1 #ajs4 t weigh$ #cf c>ats1 & 0 valu$ at #dj1 & _h x be5 z cle> z "s o!rs produc$ !re) x w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 v valuable4 ,ev]ybody ab\nds ) /ories ( ! good p5nywor?s ( ! c\ntry1 b ,i w add b "o m4 ,a mill] took a pe>l1 :i* he sold = #d1 #ajs4 to a man t sold x = #aj to ano!r1 :o sold x to ! late ,lady ,gl5anly = #cj1 ) :om ,i saw x 9 a necklace2 %e refus$ #hj = x f ! late ,du*ess ( ,ormond4 ,! "y muscles nev] h any pe>l 9 !m4 ,! %ells t h ! be/ pe>ls are wr9kl$1 twi/$1 or bun*$1 & n smoo? & equal1 z ^? t h none4 ,& ! crafty fell[s w guess s well by ! %ell1 t ?\gh y wat* !m nev] s c>efully1 !y w op5 su* %ells "u ! wat]1 & put ! pe>ls 9 _! m\?s1 or o!rwise conceal !m4 ,yet sometimes :5 !y h be5 tak+ up %ells1 & believ+ by su* signs z ,i h m5tion$1 t !y 7 sure ( good pur*ase1 & refus$ good sums = _! %>es1 !y f\nd no pe>l at all 9 !m4 ,^u disc\rse ) an old man t _h be5 long at ?is trade1 he advis$ me to seek n only :5 ! wat]s 7 l[1 b on a dusky1 gloomy day also1 le/1 said he1 ! fi% see y1 = !n he w %$ 8 pe>l 9 ! s&2 ( :i* ,i believe no m ?an t "s muscles h void$ _! pe>ls1 & su* are (t5 f\nd 9 ! s&s4#aih ,illu/ration ,,madame ,,noris*k9e ,,du*esse ,,elizabe? ,,daught] ,,( ,,g5]al ,,sobelieff ,n,e ,,/raudman 7,,con/ant97 ,,fir/ ,,c\ntess ,,beauh>nais ,= sev]al ye>s foll[+ #agfj1 ! ,scot* pe>l fi%]ies 7 ( consid]able local value4 ,! zologi/1 ,?omas ,p5nant1 wrote ( !m sev]al times 9 8 8,t\r ( ,scotl&40 ,ref]r+ to ! ,tay & ,isla riv]s1 !n z n[ ! c5t] ( ! ,scot* pe>l+1 he /ates3 8,!re has be5 9 ^! p>ts a v great fi%]y ( pe>l1 got out ( ! fre%-wat] muscles4 ,f ! ye> #agfa to #agfd1 #aj1jjj wor? 7 s5t to ,london1 & sold f #ajs4 to #a #fs4 p] ounce4 ,i 0 told t a pe>l _h be5 tak5 !re t weigh$ #cc gra9s4 ,b ?is fi%]y is at pres5t exhau/$1 f ! av>ice ( ! und]tak]s4 ,x once ext5d$ z f> z ,lo* ,tay40#aii ,& he adds lat] t1 "s ye>s prec$+1 a pe>l fi%]y 0 prosecut$ 9 ,lo* ,do*>t ) great success & ! pe>ls 7 e/eem$ ! faire/ & l>ge/ ( any4 ,f #aggj to #ahfj ! pe>l res\rces ( ,scotl& rema9$ almo/ dormant1 & ,scot* pe>ls 7 r>ely met ) 9 ! m>kets4 ,9 #ahfa a ,g]man m]*ant1 :o 0 acqua9t$ ) ! beauty ( ^! gems1 travel$ ?r\gh ! di/ricts ( ,tay1 ,doon & ,don1 obta9+ a great numb] :i* ! poor p kept = _! own pleasure1 n e/eem+ !m ( any m>ket value1 & int]e/$ ! fi%]m5 9 se>*+ = ! mussels4 ,! seem+ly high prices :i* he paid & ! abundance ( ! pe>ls s5t hundr$s ( p]sons to ! riv]s & small brooks4 ,^? :o 7 o!rwise employ$ dur+ ! day devot$ h\rs ( ! long summ] nights to dilig5t se>* aft] ! covet$ %ells2 :ile boys & old p]sons1 :o 7 )\t regul> avocations1 wad$ day aft] day :]e !re 0 a probability ( rew>d4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a %ort "t pe>ls1 good1 bad & indiff]5t1 rea*$ ! orig9ator ( ! movem5t at ,ed9burgh1 f ,ayr%ire1 f ,p]?%ire1 & f ! ,highl& regions f> beyond ! ,grampians4 ,he 0 soon ! possessor ( a collection :i*1 = ri*ness & v>iety1 _h seldom be5 surpass$4 ,a trade 9 ^! gems 0 develop$1 ! patronage ( royalty 0 obta9$1 & once m ,scot* pe>ls became fa%ionable1 & _! vogue 0 enhanc$ by ! fondness :i* ,que5 ,victoria ent]ta9$ = !m4 ,9 addition to ! riv]s nam$1 pe>ls 7 f\nd 9 ! ,=?1 ! ,tei?1 ! ,y?an1 & ! ,spey 9 ea/]n ,scotl&4 ,! summ] ( #ahfb 0 mo/ favorable = pe>l+1 ow+ to ! dryness ( ! season & ! l[ wat]1 & unusually l>ge quantities ( pe>ls 7 f\nd1 ! prices rang+ ord9>ily f #ajs4 to #b #fs4 ,que5 ,victoria is said to h pur*as$ "o = =ty gu9eas2 o!rs 7 b\ght by ,empress ,eugnie & by ! ,du*ess ( ,hamilton4 ,a necklace ( !m 0 sold = #cej 9 #ahfc4bjj ,! value ( ! entire cat* 9 ,scotl& 9 #ahfd 0 e/imat$ at #ab1jjj to ! fi%]m51 ! yield be+ unusually l>ge 9 t season ow+ to ! unprec$5t$ dr\ght :i* p]mitt$ access to ! deep b$s ( ! riv]s4 ,9 "s ( ! /reams ! res\rces 7 quickly deplet$1 b 9 o!rs ! fi%]ies yield$ pr(itable returns = _m ye>s4 ,:ile mo/ ( ! pe>ls 7 small1 "s ( !m 7 *oice & ( consid]able individual value1 rang+ f #e to #aej1 & #ejj is said to h be5 paid = "o f9e specim54 ,! pe>l-mussel ( ! ,briti% ,isles 7,unio m>g>itif]a7 has a ?ick1 co>se & unsightly %ell1 f #c to #g in*es 9 wid? & #a to #b in*es 9 l5g? f ! umbo to ! lip4 ,! r\gh ext]ior is d>k br[n1 & x is sometimes twi/$1 di/ort$ & b>nacl$4 ,x g5]ally lies scatt]$ & deta*$ ov] ! pebbly bottoms1 b x also exi/s 9 reefs or b$s :i* are sometimes ( consid]able ext5t4 ,^! occur usually :]e a /ret* ( wat] is /ill & deep1 & (t5times :]e ! dep? places ! mussels beyond ! rea* ( ! fi%]m54 ,ap>t f ! pe>ls x conta9s1 ! mussel is ( no economic value except t 9 "s localities ! mollusk is us$ = bait 9 cod-fi%+4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! pe>l-mussel has be5 num]\s 9 sev]al ( ! riv]s ( ,scotl&1 su* z ! ,tay1 ,e>n1 & ,tei? 9 ,p]?%ire2 ! ,dee1 ! ,don1 & ! ,y?an 9 ,ab]de5%ire2 ! ,spey & ,f9dhorn 9 ,inv]ness-%ire1 & also ! classic ,doon ( ,burns1 ! ,ni?1 ! ,annan & o!rs 9 s\!rn ,scotl&2 h[ev]1 x is r>e 9 ! ,clyde & ! ,twe$4 ,! ,tei? has long be5 fam$ = pe>l-be>+1 ?\gh l o!r riv]s x has become ne>ly fi%$ out4 ,! ,tay produces _m pe>ls1 yet z a rule !y are n ( ! be/ class4 ,"s ( its tribut>ies1 z ! ,tummel & ! ,isla1 also be> pe>ls2 ^? 9 ! ,isla are usually f9e & rank high] ?an ^? f ! ,tay4 ,! ,e>n is also fam\s = ! f9e quality ( its pe>ls1 b ! :ole riv] 0 robb$ ( its weal? "s ye>s ago by a body ( pr(essional fi%]m51 & x has n yet recov]$ f ! raid2 few pe>ls n[ exi/ !re save 9 ! deep] pools1 :]e d\btless may /ill be hid 8full _m a gem ( pure/ ray s]5e40 ,9 ,irel& pe>ls h be5 f\nd pr9cipally 9 ! riv]s ( c\nties ,k]ry1 ,donegal1 ,tyrone1 ,antrum1 etc4 ,9 an article 9 8,! ,field10 ,decemb] #aj1 #ahfd1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,t4 ,buckl& /at$ t !y ab\nd ne> ,ought]>d1 & t a man call$ 8,jemmy ! ,pe>l-cat*]10 :o liv$ !re1 told him t he knew :5 a mussel _h a pe>l 9 x ev5 )\t op5+ ! %ell1 because 8%e ! mussel sits upright ) h] m\? 9 ! mud1 & h] back is crook$10 t is1 corrugat$ l a ram's horn4 ,pe>ls are yet f\nd 9 sev]al localities 9 ! ,em]ald ,isle1 notably 9 ! riv] ,bann 9 ! nor!a/]n "p & 9 ! beautiful ,connem>a di/rict 9 we/]n ,irel&4 ,9 #ahib ! ,bann yield$ "o ( ! *oice/ pe>ls t ev] came f ,irel&4 ,)9 ! la/ twelve mon?s ,lady ,dudley1 wife ( ! ,vic]oy ( ,irel&1 pres5t$ to ,que5 ,alex&ra a numb] ( pe>ls f ! ,connem>a4 ,^! 7 m\nt$ 9 a gre5 enamel$ broo*1 & excit$ s mu* admiration t an active dem& = simil> gems quickly develop$ 9 ,c\nty ,galway4 ,mr4 ,d4 ,mac,gregor1 a well-kn[n jewel] ( ,p]?1 to :om we are indebt$ = mu* in=mation relative to pe>ls 9 ,scotl&1 /ates t no att5tion :atev] is giv5 to cons]v+ ! mussel2 on ! contr>y1 ! wat]s are unscrupul\sly despoil$ by ! gre$y pe>l fi%]man :o de/roys all t he f9ds1 s9ce1 by *ance1 !y may yield ! covet$ gem4 ,imm5se numb]s are ?us wantonly de/roy$1 :i* if all[$ to gr[ & propagate w\ld be m likely to contribute to ! pe>l yield1 z x is well kn[n t x is ! ag$ mussels 9 :i* a pe>l is mo/ likely to be f\nd4 ,!re is no close "t1 & s ext5sive h be5 ! raids ^u ! mussels 9 rec5t ye>s t !y h be5 rapidly ext]m9at$ 9 places accessible to ! fi%]m52 & %\ld ! spoliation cont9ue & ext5d to ! deep wat]s1 ! pe>l-mussel may soon become ext9ct4 ,pe>l fi%+ is n prosecut$ ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 z x c be c>ri$ on only 9 ! dry season :5 ! wat]s are l[4 ,!re are a numb] ( pr(essional fi%]m5 :o se>* 9 _! favorite /reams1 & sometimes v pr(itably1 z mu* z #bjj hav+ be5 ga9$ 9 a s+le season by "o fi%]man4 ,"o ( ! mo/ not$ ( ^! 0 8,pe>l ,johnnie10 :o a few ye>s ago hail$ f ,comp>-,angus1 9 ,p]?%ire1 & :o /yl$ himself 8,pe>l ,fi%] to ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales10 by reason ( "s deal+s he once _h ) 8 ,royal ,highness4 ,he 0 v successful 9 8 exp]i5ce ( m ?an ?irty ye>s4 ,!re is little my/]y 9 ! se>*2 skill does n always avail1 & m51 wom5 & *ildr5 are rew>d$ or disappo9t$ indiscrim9ately4 ,! b$ ( ! /ream is se>*$ until ! pat*es ( mussels are discov]$1 & ?is is usually ! mo/ t$i\s "p ( ! "w4 ,^! may be 9 v %oal wat]1 :]e a small boy has only to wade ) wat] above 8 knees & pick up ! mussels by /oop+2 b m frequ5tly ! wat] cov]s a man's hips1 & at times he is imm]s$ almo/ to ! %\ld]s4 ,! equipm5t ( a pe>l fi%]man is simple4 ,if he wades1 he commonly we>s long boots ) tops rea*+ to 8 brea/4 ,provid$ ) a pole five or six feet long hav+ a cleft at ! l[] end1 & ) a tube sev]al in*es 9 diamet] ) ! l[] end clos$ by a glass1 he invades ! home ( ! pe>l-mussel4 ,?ru/+ ! tube or wat] glass b5ea? ! surface1 he scans ! b$ ( ! /ream1 & :5 a mussel is sight$1 ! cleft pole is br\ght into use & x is pick$ up by means ( ^! primitive tongs4 ,ow+ to ! close resemblance :i* ! pe>l-mussel be>s to ! /ones 9 ! riv]b$1 good eyesight is requir$ to avoid ov]look+ x4 ,a bag by ! fi%]'s side receives ! cat*2 & :5 ?is is well fill$1 he goes to ! bank ( ! /ream & op5s 8 lott]y1 9 ! great majority ( cases to f9d t he has drawn a blank4 ,a boat is seldom us$1 simply because x is n available1 b 9 ! tidal wat]s x is indisp5sable4 ,! 8box0 is a risky device = fi%+ 9 ! deep] wat]s4 ,x is a small contrivance1 some:at l ! anci5t ,briti% coracle1 9 :i* ! fi%]man sits or lies ov] on 8 *e/2 v5tur+ out 9 ! deep] p>ts :i* c n be wad$1 he c>efully pe]s ?r\gh ! tube & draws up 8 f9d ) ! long cleft /ick4 ,?is is a tiresome me?od1 b "s places c n be readily fi%$ 9 any o!r mann]4 ,9 ,ab]de5%ire1 ,p]?%ire1 etc41 !re are a few m5 :o regul>ly sp5d ! season 8at ! pe>ls40 ,! kn[+ ones dispose ( _! be/ f9ds to weal?y resid5ts or to /rang]s & t\ri/s :o frequ5t ! vic9ity4 ,9 addition to ^! exp]i5c$ fi%]m51 _m ( ! idl]s & unemploy$ ab\t ! riv]side t[ns1 & also ! f>m s]vants 9 ! c\ntry1 se>* ! wat]s 9 _! neighborhood 9 ! hope ( pick+ up "s gems4 ,b v (t5 x is sev]e & disappo9t+ labor1 = ! pe>l-seek] may travel f> & endure privation & h>d%ips = days1 & yet1 aft] de/roy+ hundr$s & ev5 ?\s&s ( mussels1 he may be rew>d$ ) only a little almo/ wor?less dross2 b aga9 & aga9 he returns to ! elusive game1 inspir$ by ! 8hope :i* spr+s et]nal 9 ! human brea/40 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,valley ( ! ,tay ,illu/ration3 ,! ,riv] ,e>n ,photographs by ,! ,raeburn ,portrait ,/udio1 ,p]?1 ,scotl& ,,scot* ,,pe>l ,,riv]s ,! ,briti% pe>ls are 9 great v>iety ( colors1 b mo/ ( !m are practically valueless on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( ori5t or lu/]2 = "o possess+ ! :ite pe>ly lu/]1 fifty may be f\nd ( a dull color & devoid ( value4 ,_m ( ^! opaque pe>ls are d>k1 lu/]less br[n1 & h&fuls ( !m sell = only a few %ill+s4 ,a l>ge p]c5tage are ( a grayi% or milky color1 or ( a blui% :ite t+e2 ^! seldom atta9 mu* value unless aid$ by excell5ce ( %ape & purity ( sk94 ,a few are ( a d>k1 fi]y t9t & ( great lu/]4 ,sometimes ! pe>l is ( a beautiful p9k t9t1 sometimes ( a light violet1 or o!r exquisite %ade4 ,! f9e p9k ones are v r>e & are highly priz$4 ,! be/ are ^? hav+ ! sweet1 pure :ite light :i* con/itutes ! inimitable lovel9ess ( a pe>l2 b few ( !m are f\nd ev5 9 ! mo/ favorable seasons1 & usually ^! are f ! /reams 9 ! nor!a/]n c\nties & "s ( ! /reams 9 ! s\?we/4 ,v few comb9e ! qualities ( p]fection 9 %ape & lu/]2 & ! product ( _m seasons might be exam9$ 9 va9 to furni% en\gh pe>ls to make a well-mat*$ necklace ( gems weigh+ f five to t5 gra9s ea*4 ,b occasionally beautiful specim5s are discov]$1 weigh+ fifte5 or tw5ty gra9s or m4 ,"o f\nd 9 ,ab]de5%ire a few ye>s ago1 p]fect 9 %ape & lu/]1 weigh$ tw5ty-five gra9s1 & sold at fir/ h& = #ej4 ,ano!r "o1 f\nd at ! conflu5ce ( ! ,almond & ! ,tay 9 #ahfe1 weigh$ ?irty gra9s4 ,:ile mo/ ( ^! pe>ls are sold to jewel]s 9 ,ed9burgh1 ,ab]de51 ,inv]ness1 ,p]?1 & o!r t[ns1 _m ( ! f9e/ specim5s h gone into ! possession ( prom95t ,scot* & ,engli% families1 :o h a fancy = collect+ !m4 ,que5 ,victoria possess$ a f9e collection ( ,scot* pe>ls1 *oice specim5s ( _m ye>s' se>*1 obta9$ almo/ exclusively f ! ,ab]de5%ire wat]s :i* murmur r\nd h] beautiful ,highl& home4 ,9 #aijg1 a ,scot* pe>l 0 sold 9 ,p]? = ! sum ( #hj2 ?is 0 ( a good lu/] ) a blui% t9t1 x 0 sph]ical1 measur$ sev5 sixte5?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & weigh$ tw5ty-"o gra9s4 ,! fall+ (f 9 ! yield ( pe>ls 9 "s /reams is cr$it$ to a c]ta9 ext5t to ! build+ ( bridges & ! consequ5t ab&onm5t ( =ds4 ,?is is bas$ on ! !ory t injury to ! mollusk has some?+ to d ) ! production ( pe>ls1 & t !y are to be f\nd m pl5tiful ab\t =ds & places :]e cattle dr9k4 ,! !ory is beautifully /at$ by ! lam5t$ ,hugh ,mill]3 8,i f\nd occasion to conclude t ! ,unio ( our riv]-=ds secretes pe>ls s mu* m frequ5tly ?an ! ,unionidae & ,anadonta ( our /ill pools & lakes1 n f any specific peculi>ity 9 ! con/itution ( ! creature1 b f ! effects ( ! habitat :i* x *ooses4 ,x receives 9 ! =ds & %all[s ( a rapid riv] _m a r\gh bl[ f ! /icks & pebbles c>ri$ d[n 9 "t ( flood1 & occasionally f ! feet ( m5 & animals t cross ! /ream dur+ dr\ghts1 & ! bl[s induce ! morbid secretions1 ( :i* pe>ls are ! result4 ,!re seems to exi/ no inh]5t cause :y ,anadon cygnea1 ) its beautiful silv]y nacre--z bright (t51 & always m delicate1 ?an t ( ,unio m>g>itif]us--%\ld n be equally productive ( pe>ls2 b secure f viol5ce 9 its /ill pools & lakes1 & unexpos$ to ! circum/ances t provoke abnormal secretions1 x does n produce a s+le pe>l = e hundr$ t are rip5$ into value & beauty by ! expos$1 curr5t-toss$ ,unionidae ( our rapid m\nta9 riv]s4 ,w\ld t h>d%ip & suff]+ bore always 9 a creature ( a greatly high] family simil> results1 & t ! h>d buffets dealt him by =tune 9 ! r\gh /ream ( life c\ld be transmitt$1 by "s bless$ int]nal pre-disposition ( 8 nature1 into pe>ls ( great price40#bja ,! small blue mussel 7,mytilus edulis7 ( ! ,briti% seas yields opaque pe>ls ( a deep blue color1 b mo/ ( !m are m or less :ite 9 "s "p4 ,sometimes a %ell is f\nd 9 :i* a blue pe>l w be adh]+ to ! blue lip ( ! %ell :ile a dull :ite "o adh]es to ! :ite portion ( ! %ell4 ,^! pe>ls are commonly flatt5$ on "o side1 d\btless :]e !y h be5 adjac5t to ! %ell4 ,none ( !m is ( m ?an v slight value4 ,probably ! pr9cipal fi%]y = ! salt-wat] mussel pe>ls is t 9 ! e/u>y ( ! ,conway 9 ,wales4 ,^! are mo/ly q small & well answ] ! designation ( se$-pe>ls1 al?\gh a few are ( fair size4 ,9 color mo/ ( !m range f dirty :ite to ! dusky or br[ni% t9t not$ by ,tacitus eighte5 c5turies ago1 b a few are ( a pure silv]y t9t4 ,9 "s seasons ,london deal]s h ag5ts at ,conway = pur*as+ ^! pe>ls4 ,! price is usually f eight to ?irty %ill+s p] ounce4 ,,! ,,cont95t ,,( ,,europe ,aprs l'esprit de disc]nem5t1 ce qu'il y a au monde de plus r>e1 ce sont les diamants et les p]les4 ,,la ,,bruy,,re1 ,les c>actres4 ,pe>ls occur 9 species ( mussels f\nd 9 ! /reams & lakes ( ,europe1 9 "s ( :i* ! fi%]ies h be5 ( consid]able local int]e/4 ,x appe>s t ^! res\rces 7 exploit$ by ! ,romans1 !n by ! ,go?s & ! ,lomb>ds1 & lat] ! natives cont9u$ to draw =? ! treasures :i* lay hidd5 ab\t _! homes4 ,^! pe>ls h attract$ att5tion up to ! pres5t "t2 & :ile !y d n comp>e ) ^? ( ! seas1 ei!r 9 quality or 9 aggregate value1 yet !y are priz$ on acc\nt ( _! intr9sic wor? z well z because !y are a product ( ! fa!rl&4 ,9 ! d5sely populat$ valleys1 ! riv]s are s pollut$ by refuse & sewage t ! mollusks h be5 greatly deplet$2 b 9 ! /reams ( cle>1 cool wat]1 dra9+ ! m\nta9 regions ( ,france1 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 & also 9 ! riv]s ( ,norway1 ,sw$51 ,russia1 etc41 ! fi%]ies are n unimportant4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ ( ! pe>l fi%]ies 9 ,france are ^? ( ! ,vologne1 a small riv] 9 ! extreme ea/]n "p ( ! c\ntry1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,vosges4 ,its s\rces are 9 ,lake ,longm]e 9 ! ,vosges m\nta9s on ! ,alsace fronti]1 & x fl[s into ! ,moselle at ,j>m5il1 betwe5 ,remiremont & p9al4 ,:ile ! pe>l-mussel occurs to "s ext5t 9 ne>ly ! :ole l5g? ( ?is riv]1 &1 inde$1 is to be met ) 9 ! wild brooks & =e/ /reams ( ne>ly all ! m\nta9\s p>ts ( ,france1 x is mo/ abundant 9 ! vic9ity ( ,bruyres1 :]e ! ,vologne receives ! wat]s ( ! ,neur4 ,^! res\rces 7 describ$ 9 #ahde by ,erne/ ,puton1#bjb & 9 #ahfi by ,d4 ,a4 ,godron2#bjc to :om--& especially to ,godron--we are indebt$ = mu* ( our in=mation4 ,! fi%]ies ( ! ,vologne h be5 celebrat$ = ne>ly f\r c5turies4 ,writ+ 9 #aecj1 ,volcyr /at$3 8,9 ! riv] ,vologne betwe5 ,ar*e & ,bruyres1 ne> ! anci5t ca/le ( ,p]le1 beautiful pe>ls are f\nd4 ,9 ! op9ion ( jewel]s & arti/s !y closely resemble ! ori5tal40#bjd ,a few ye>s lat] ,francis ,reues wrote3 8,!re is ne> ! ,vosges m\nta9s 9 ,lorra9e a riv] f]tile 9 pe>ls1 yet !y are n v brilliant4 ,! /range ?+ is t ! quality :i* !y lack by nature is suppli$ by ! aid ( pigeons1 :i* swall[ !m & re/ore !m pur] ?an be=e40#bje ,9 a publication ( #afji1 ?is little riv] is repres5t$ 9 ! frontispiece by ! figure ( a nymph be>+ _m pe>ls1 :ile b5ea? is ! emblem3 ,vologna m>g>itif]a suas m>g>itas o/5tat4#bjf ,9 8 pap] above not$1 ,godron recites sev]al ord]s issu$ f #afaf to #afai by ! ,duke ( ,lorra9e1 :o !n _h jurisdiction ov] ! pres5t dep>tm5t ( ,vosges1 %[+ t a high value 0 atta*$ to ^! pe>ls & t ! res\rces 7 well look$ aft]4 ,writ+ 9 #afii1 ,dr4 ,m>t9 ,li/] allud$ to ! _m pe>ls tak5 f ! riv]s ab\t ,lorra9e & ,s$an4 ,a ,p>is m]*ant %[$ him a fre%-wat] pe>l ( #bc gra9s1 valu$ at #djj1 & assur$ him t he _h se5 "s weigh+ #fj gra9s ea*4#bjg ,9 #aggi ,durival gave an ext5sive acc\nt#bjh ( ! ,vologne fi%]y4 ,he records t = sixty ye>s pe>ls _h be5 abundant1 b at ! "t he wrote !y 7 v sc>ce4 ,puton /ates t1 9 #ahjf1 :5 tak+ ! ba?s at ,plombires 9 ! ,vosges1 ,empress ,joseph9e =m$ a great lik+ = ! ,vologne pe>ls1 & at h] reque/ "s ( ! mussels 7 s5t to /ock ! ponds at ,malmaison4 ,x does n appe> t any favorable result foll[$ ?is transplant+4 ,ow+ to ! ext5sive fi%]ies1 ! mussels became s sc>ce t 9 #ahbf1 :5 ! ,du*esse d',ang\lme 0 visit+ 9 ! ,vosges1 x 0 impossible to secure en\gh pe>ls to =m a bracelet = h]4 ,?is sc>city has cont9u$ up to ! pres5t "t2 & yet 9 ! aggregate _m pe>ls h be5 secur$1 s t !re are few prom95t families 9 ! neighborhood :o d n possess "s ( !m4 ,!y are especially priz$ z bridal pres5ts to ,vosges maid5s4 ,:ile ! ,vologne pe>ls are ( good =m & ( mu* beauty1 !y d n equal ori5tal pe>ls 9 lu/]4 ,! color is commonly milky :ite1 b "s ( !m h a p9k1 yell[1 r$1 or gre5i% t9t4 ,9 size !y r>ely exce$ #d gra9s4 ,! ,nancy museum ( natural hi/ory possesses "o :i* weighs #e gra9s & measures #f mm4 9 diamet]4 ,9 we/]n ,france1 accord+ to ,bonnem]e1#bji ! pe>l-mussel is widely diffus$1 & 9 ! aggregate _m pe>ls are secur$ !refrom4 ,!y are some:at num]\s 9 ! riv] ,ille ne> its union ) ! ,vila9e at ,r5nes2 ?\gh small1 ^! are commonly ( good color & lu/]4 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,morbihan & t ( ,f9i/re1 _m pe>ls h be5 secur$1 especially 9 ! ,/eir1 ! ,odet1 & 9 ! ,/ang-,alla ne> ,quimp]4 ,small pe>ls1 frequ5tly ( "s value1 are f\nd 9 ! ,m5e* ne> ! t[n ( ,lesnev51 a few miles nor!a/ ( ,bre/1 ! great naval port ( ,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,,great ,,cameo ,,pe>l1 ,,actual ,,size #bb ,,in*es ,sold at auction 9 ,am/]dam 9 #aggf = #ahj1jjj flor9s4 ,note great b>oque pe>l =m+ body ( ! swan at ! base1 diamet] #a4cg in*es ,! ,unio s9uatus 7pictorum71 ! mulette ( ! arti/s1 :i* has a %ort] & small] %ell ?an ! pe>l-mussel1 has also yield$ _m small pe>ls ( good quality1 z well z %ells = manufactur+ purposes4 ,?is species has be5 regul>ly exploit$ 9 ! ,ad\r1 9 ! ,*>5te1 9 ! ,gironde & its tribut>ies--! ,g>onne & ! ,dordogne & _! afflu5ts1 & 9 "s o!r /reams 9 we/]n ,france4 ,!re is a pe>l fi%]y 9 ! ,*>5te ,riv] ne> ! we/]n coa/ ( ,france1 & likewise 9 ! ,seugne1 a small tribut>y ent]+ x f ! s\?4 ,! mussel is kn[n locally "u ! "n ( pal\rde4 ,9 an acc\nt ( ?is fi%]y1#baj ,daniel ,bellet /ates t 9 ! ,seugne1 :]e ! wat] is %all[ & cle>1 ! mussel is secur$ by ent]+ ! po9t$ end ( a wood5 /aff or /ick betwe5 ! valves ( ! op5 %ell z ! mollusk lies fe$+ on ! bottom2 z ! %ell is imm$iately clos$ tightly ^u ! intrud+ /ick1 x is easily remov$ f ! wat]4 ,9 ! deep] wat]s ( ! ,*>5te1 ! fi%]y is prosecut$ on a l>g] scale4 ,until rec5tly1 ! pal\rdes 7 caught by means ( a dr$ge t[$ by a small boat1 :i* 0 rais$ f "t to "t & ! cat* remov$4 ,t5 or fifte5 ye>s ago ! scaph&] or div+ app>atus 0 introduc$1 requir+ sev5 m5 = its op]ation1 & by its use l>ge cat*es h be5 made4 ,! mussels are tak5 to ! bank & !re boil$ = a "t to cause ! %ells to op51 s t ! cont5ts may be easily remov$4 ,! %ells are exam9$ "o by "o to f9d any pe>ls t may adh]e !reto1 & !n ! fle% ( ! mollusk is cru%$ betwe5 ! f+]s to locate pe>ls conta9$ 9 ! mass2 ?is is done l>gely by *ildr51 work+ "u compet5t sup]vision4 ,_m pe>ls ( fairly good size & lu/] are obta9$4 ,! fle% ( ?is mollusk is edible & well-lik$ 9 s\?we/]n ,france2 & ! %ells are also ( value 9 ! manufacture ( buttons & simil> objects4 ,9 ,g]many ! pe>l fi%]ies are mo/ important 9 /reams ( ! s\!rn di/ricts1 9 ,bav>ia1 ,saxony1 & ,silesia4 ,! pe>l-mussel 9 ^! wat]s is n s abundant z =m]ly2 yet1 ow+ to ! c>e :i* has be5 giv5 to ^! res\rces1 x is probably z num]\s "h z 9 any o!r "p ( ! cont95t4 ,! mussel r>ely occurs s+ly1 g5]ally 9 small b$s or banks contigu\s to ea* o!r1 & 9 "s favorable regions ^! are ext5sive4 ,! pe>l fi%]ies ( ,bav>ia h be5 prom95t s9ce ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,!y exi/ pr9cipally 9 ! di/ricts ( ,upp] ,franconia 7,ob]frank57 & ,upp] ,palat9ate 7,ob]pfalz71 ! sev]al tribut>ies ( ! ,danube betwe5 ,ratisbon & ,passau1 & 9 ^? tribut>ies ( ! ,ma9 & ! ,saale :i* rise 9 ! ,bav>ian m\nta9s1 su* z ! ,oelsnitz1 ! ,lamnitz1 ,s*wesnitz1 ,grneba*1 ,vils1 & ! ,p]lba*2 also 9 ! di/rict ( ,l[] ,bav>ia1 :]e 9 n9e di/ricts alone !re are "o hundr$ pe>l-be>+ /reams & lakes1 ( :i* ! mo/ important are ! ,reg51 ! ,is>1 & ! ,ilz4#baa ,e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! riv] ,ilz _h ! reputation ( yield+ ! *oice/ pe>ls 9 ,l[] ,bav>ia4 ,! "r to !m 0 res]v$ to ! bi%op ( ,passau1 & a decree 0 made 9 #aegi t p]sons convict$ ( poa*+ on ^! res]ves %\ld be hang$4#bab ,s9ce t "t !re h be5 few decades 9 :i* ! gems h n be5 f\nd 9 ! woodl& brooks & m\nta9 /reams t fl[ ?r\gh ! rav9es & pa/ qua9t1 int]e/+ ca/les ( ! wond]ful ,bav>ian highl&s4 ,mo/ ( ! prom95t families 9 ?is beautiful region h collections ( native pe>ls1 & !re is /ill "s trade 9 !m 9 picturesque ,passau1 at ! junction ( ! ,danube1 ! ,ilz & ! ,inn4 ,tav]ni] wrote ab\t #afgj3 8,z = ! pe>ls ( ,scotl&1 & ^? :i* are f\nd 9 ! riv]s ( ,bav>ia1 al?\gh necklaces are made ( !m :i* are wor? up to #ajjj cus 7#bbe7 & beyond1 !y _c ent] into comp>ison ) ^? ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies40#bac ,! (ficial returns = ! ,bav>ian fi%]ies1 dat+ f ! latt] "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 7 exam9$ by ,von ,hessl+ 9 #aheh4 ,he not$ _m gaps 9 ! /atem5ts ( ! ye>ly returns1 p>tly on acc\nt ( ! loss ( ! records & p>tly because ! pe>ls 7 deliv]$ directly into ! h&s ( ! pr9ces4 ,! results ( ! fir/ fi%]ies are record$ 9 ! di/rict ( ,hals = ! ye>s #aeha-ii1 9 ,vie*ta* = #aeha-hc & #aeij-ic1 & 9 ,weiss5/adt & ,zwiesel = #aehc4 ,! range ( ! fi%]ies 0 enl>g$ ?r\gh ! discov]y ( new areas dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury2 b ?is 0 (fset by ! bad seasons & by di/urb$ conditions dur+ ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,f #afej to #aghc ! pe>ls 9 ! =e/ l&s ( ! ,palat9ate 7 exploit$ regul>ly & un9t]rupt$ly1 ) ! exception ( ! di/rict ( ,wett]feld & t ( ,neunburg vor dem ,wald1 :]e !y 7 prosecut$ = a few ye>s only4 ,f #aghc to #ahad1 !y 7 almo/ entirely neglect$1 & ! take 0 conf9$ to a few /reams 9 ,upp] ,palat9ate & 9 ! ,bav>ian =e/s4 ,9 ! =m] episcopal pr9cipality ( ,passau1 :]e1 accord+ to g5]al acc\nts1 ! wat]s 7 ri* 9 pe>ls1 ! records 7 scanty previ\s to #aghf2 ?is 0 probably ow+ to ! fact t ! head gamekeep] 0 oblig$ to transmit ! cat* ( pe>ls directly to ! pr9ce-bi%op4 ,! records = ! fi%]ies 9 ! di/ricts ( ,rehau & ,kulmba* began ) ! ye> #agcc4 ,f ^! fragm5t>y returns--mak+ no e/imate = ! ye>s = :i* !re 7 no figures available--,von ,hessl+ f\nd t f #afjj to #aheg !re 7 tak5 #ae1cbf pe>ls ( ! fir/ class1 :i* 7 cle> :ite 9 color & ( good lu/]2 #bg1ffb pe>ls ( ! second class1 :i* 7 some:at defici5t 9 lu/]1 & #bea1ggh pe>ls ( ! ?ird or poore/ class1 or 8,s&p]l510 :i*1 ?\gh ( poor quality1 _h suffici5t :it5ess & lu/] to be us$ z ornam5ts4 ,_h ! records be5 complete1 ^! figures w\ld probably h be5 at lea/ fifty p] c5t4 great]1 or a total ( ab\t #dde1jjj pe>ls 9 ! #beg ye>s4 ,9 ! la/ =ty-?ree ye>s ( ?is p]iod1 = :i* ! records are fairly complete1 ! annual av]age 0 #bjh pe>ls ( ! fir/1 #cie ( ! second1 & #cjia ( ! ?ird class1 a total ea* ye> ( #cfid pe>ls ( all grades4 ,?is 0 divid$ among ! di/ricts z foll[s3 ,,annual ,,av]age ,di/rict ,fir/ class ,second class ,?ird class ,total ,upp] ,franconia #ac #cd #eb #ii ,upp] ,palat9ate #ch #gg #bjg #cbb ,l[] ,bav>ia #aeg #bhd #bhcb #cbgc ------ ------ -------- -------- ,total #bjh #cie #cjia #cfid ,probably ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! pe>l fi%]ies 9 ,g]many are ^? prosecut$ 9 ! extreme s\?we/]n "p ( ! k+dom ( ,saxony1 9 ! picturesque region kn[n z ,vogtl&4 ,?is is n on acc\nt ( _! ext5t1 = ! output r>ely exce$s #bjjj 9 value 9 any season2 b because = ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ye>s !y h be5 conduct$ ) ! utmo/ c>e & reg>d = ! pres]vation ( ! res\rces4 ,inde$1 a record exi/s ( practically e pe>l obta9$ = ne>ly two c5turies4 ,! wat]s 9 :i* ! ,saxon ,vogtl& fi%]ies are prosecut$ are ! ,el/] ,riv]1 f ! heal? resort ( t "n to a %ort di/ance bel[ ,el/]b]g2 its tribut>ies1 ! ,mlhas]1 ,freib]g]1 & ,m>i5ey] brooks2 ! ,h>tmannsgrn] & ! ,triebel brooks1 ! ,trieb1 ! ,mes*elsgrn]1 ! ,teil1 & ,lo* brooks1 & tw5ty-five or m small ponds4 ,= mo/ ( ! data relative to ^! fi%]ies1 we are indebt$ to ,j4 ,g4 ,jahn's 8,die ,p]l5fis*]ei im ,voigtl&e10 ,oelsnitz1 #ahed2 to ,h9ri* ,nits*e's 8,ssswass]p]l51 ,int]nationale ,fis*]ei-,aus/ellung zu ,b]l910 #ahhj1 & to ,o4 ,wohlb]$t's 8,na*trag zur ,mollusk5fauna des ,knigrei*es ,sa*s510 8,na*ri*tsblatt d] deuts*5 ,malakozoologis*5 ,gesells*aft10 ,frankfurt-am-,ma91 #ahii1 pp4 #ig-ajd4 ,9 ! ye> #afba1 ! electoral pr9ce1 ,johann ,georg ,i1 res]v$ ! pe>l fi%]y ( ! ,vogtl& 9 ,saxony z a royal privilege1 & appo9t$ ,moritz ,s*m]l] z sup]9t5d5t & fi%]man4 ,f t "t until ! pres5t1 ?is fi%]y has rema9$ a royal pr]ogative2 &1 rem>kable to /ate1 except at ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury :5 ! fa!r-9-law ( a ,s*m]l] enjoy$ ! privilege1 all ! sup]9t5d5ts ( ! fi%]y--tw5ty-f\r p]sons 9 numb]--h be5 direct desc5dants ( ! second pe>l]1 ,abraham ,s*m]l]1 :o1 9 #afdc1 succe$$ 8 bro!r ,moritz4 ,! pres5t sup]9t5d5t ,julius ,s*m]l] has be5 9 *>ge s9ce #ahhi4 ,?is fi%]y is conduct$ 9 accordance ) regulations ( ! *ief inspector ( =e/s = ! di/rict ( ,au]ba*4 ,! pres5t regulations date f ,june #ae1 #ahbg4 ,9 compliance !re) an inspection is made ( ! wat]s ea* spr+ to remove all ob/ructions & debris t w\ld injure ! res\rces2 &1 if necess>y1 entire b$s ( mussels are remov$ f "o locality to ano!r :i* appe>s m favorable4 ,no mussels are op5$ at t "t1 = ! real se>* = pe>ls does n beg9 until ! season is f> advanc$ & ! fi%]m5 c wade up to ! wai/ 9 ! wat] )\t discom=t4 ,dr4 ,nits*e /ates t ! :ole pe>l+ di/rict is n se>*$ ov] e ye>1 b is divid$ into #cac sections1 ea* "o con/itut+ a day's "w = ?ree fi%]m51 & r>ely are m ?an tw5ty or ?irty ( ^! fi%$ 9 any "o ye>4 ,?us ea* section or di/rict is p]mitt$ to re/ & recup]ate = t5 or fifte5 ye>s be=e x is aga9 invad$4 ,e mussel is op5$ c>efully by h&1 ) ! aid ( a peculi>ly con/ruct$ iron in/rum5t4 ,by ins]t+ ! edge ( ?is betwe5 ! nibs ( ! %ell & turn+ x at "r angles1 ! valves are op5$ suffici5tly to det]m9e :e!r a pe>l is conta9$ !re94 ,if none is obs]v$1 ! in/rum5t is releas$ & ! mussel return$ un9jur$ to ! wat]2 b if a pe>l is f\nd )91 ! %ell is =c$ op5 & ! f9d remov$4 ,9 case small pe>ls are obs]v$ :i* give promise ( gr[+ l>g] 9 "t1 !y are n remov$1 b ! ye> is m>k$ ^u ! %ell ) ! op5+ implem5t & ! mussel return$ to ! wat]4 ,x (t5 happ5s t good pe>ls are lat] remov$ f %ells m>k$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,complete records exi/ ( ! yield ( ?is fi%]y dur+ ea* ye> s9ce #agai1 :5 ! ,vogtl& pass$ to ! electorate ( ,saxony4 ,! foll[+ is a summ>y ( ^! records arrang$ 9 s]ies ( tw5ty ye>s ea*4 ,illu/ration ,,d[ag] ,,cz>9a ,,( ,,gr& ,,du*ess ,,vladimir ,,gr& ,,du*ess ,,m>ie ,,russia ,,pavlovna ,ye>s ,half ,cle> cle> ,s& ,damag$ ,av]age pe>ls pe>ls pe>ls pe>ls ,total p] ye> ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 ,no4 #agbj-agci #a1hji #gbg #a1bja #eeb #d1bhi #bad #agdj-agei #a1dab #egh #dhd #bha #b1gee #ach #agfj-aggi #a1jdb #bgb #dbg #bai #a1ifj #ih #aghj-agii #a1bfa #bdc #ceg #agi #b1jdj #ajb #ahjj-ahai #a1fjc #bfa #cbe #bjc #b1cib #abj #ahbj-ahci #a1fei #cdj #cbf #cbf #b1fea #acc #ahdj-ahei #a1hhd #faj #chg #eje #c1chf #afi #ahfj-ahgi #a1fah #fhb #dej #ead #c1bfd #afc #ahhj-ahii #dga #cid #hf #cgc #a1cbd #ff #aijj-aije #gi #afa #bb #hf #cdh #eh ------------ ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------ ------ ,total 9 #ahf ye>s #ab1hch #d1bfh #d1jfe #c1bch #bd1dji ,av]age p] ye> #fi #bc #bb #ag #aca ,9 rec5t ye>s ! developm5t ( manufactur+ indu/ries 9 ,saxony & ! resultant pollution ( ! wat] has greatly r$uc$ ! abundance ( ! mollusks & consequ5tly ! output has be5 mu* re/rict$4 ,! av]age annual yield 9 ! tw5ty ye>s end+ 9 #ahgi 0 #afc pe>ls2 9 ! tw5ty ye>s end+ 9 #ahii x 0 #ff pe>ls1 & 9 ! six ye>s end+ 9 #aije ! annual av]age 0 #eh pe>ls4 ,ow+ to high wat]1 !re 0 no fi%+ 9 #ahhh2 & ) a view to p]mitt+ ! res\rces to recup]ate1 ! fi%]y 0 susp5d$ f #ahif to #ahii1 inclusive4 ,omitt+ ^! five ye>s1 ! av]age yield dur+ ea* season 9 ! two decades end+ #ahii 0 #hh pe>ls4 ,at ! end ( ea* season1 ! pe>ls secur$ are turn$ ov] to ! director ( =e/ry = ! di/rict ( ,au]ba*2 by him !y 7 =m]ly s5t to ! royal cab9et ( natural hi/ory1 or to ! royal collection at ,dresd51 b s9ce #ahcj !y h be5 s5t to ! royal m9i/] ( f9ance1 by :om !y are sold ea* ye>4 ,! total proce$s f ^! sales n[ am\nt to ab\t #ee1jjj m>ks4 ,9 =m] times1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,nits*e1 x 0 cu/om>y to use ^! pe>ls 9 mak+ royal ornam5ts4 ,?is 0 ! orig9 ( ! fam\s ,el/] necklace1 consi/+ ( #agg pe>ls1 n[ 9 ! art collection 9 ! ,grne ,gewlbe 9 ! palace at ,dresd54 ,ano!r assortm5t 9 t collection consi/s ( n9e *oice1 well-mat*$ pe>ls1 weigh+ #adj gra9s4 ,= a necklace ( ,saxon pe>ls1 ! prop]ty ( a du*ess ( ,sa*s5-,zeitz1 ! sum ( #dj1jjj ?al]s 7#bh1djj7 is said to h be5 refus$4 ,9 ,prussian ,silesia ! pe>l-mussel is f\nd 9 ! upp] tribut>ies ( ! ,od]1 especially 9 ,bob] ,riv] f ,lw5b]g to ! s\rces among ! foot-hills ( ! beautiful ,ries5gebirge1 9 ! ,lusatian ,neisse to ,grlitz1 ! ,queiss above ,m>klissa1 & 9 ! ,juppel z f> z ,weid5au4 ,! ,queiss has be5 fam\s = its pe>ls s9ce ! sixte5? c5tury1 & ev5 yet specim5s ( great beauty are obta9$ !refrom4 ,z long ago z #afij1 ,l$el compla9$ ( ! dim9ution ( ! numb] ( mollusks ow+ to _! wilful de/ruction by *ildr52 & 9 #agbi ! gov]nm5t issu$ a rescript 9 ,upp] ,lusatia 7,ob]lausitz7 recomm5d+ ! c>e ( ! "y mollusks4#bad ,pe>ls are also f\nd 9 ! ,:ite ,ma9 a %ort di/ance f its s\rce1 9 ! head wat]s ( ! ,saale1 & 9 num]\s o!r m\nta9-dra9+ /reams ( middle ,g]many4 ,inde$1 ref]5ces c\ld be made to ! discov]y ( pe>ls 9 ne>ly e /ream ( ,g]many at "s "t dur+ ! la/ ?ree or f\r c5turies4 ,! records ( pe>l fi%]ies 9 ! prov9ce ( ,hanov] 7 trac$ by ,von ,hessl+ z f> back z ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 !y 7 prosecut$ 9 ! ,all]1 ,ovia or ,om1 ,lua or ,l[1 & 9 ! ,seva 9 ! di/rict ( ,lneburg4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,*ri/ian ,ludwig 7#afda-fe7 & 9 t ( ,george ,william 7#afff-agje71 pe>l fi%+ 0 c>ri$ on by ! /ate1 & old records ( ! =m] di/rict ( ,bod5tei* note ! cu/oms & practices ( t p]iod & ( e>li] times1 & ! implem5ts employ$4 ,9 #agjf1 = in/ance1 #bfe cle> & #bib imp]fect pe>ls 7 tak5 by ?ree (ficial fi%]m5 f ! ,g]dau]ba*4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 ow+ to indiff]5t managem5t1 ! brooks yield$ less & less2 ! gov]nm5t seems to h entirely ab&on$ sup]vision ( !m1 s t1 accord+ to ,taube's 8,communication10#bae slight results 7 obta9$ 9 #agff2 inde$1 only a few pe>ls c\ld be %[n z curiosities4#baf ,reg>d+ ! condition ( ! ,hanov]ian pe>l-brooks1 especially ( ^? 9 ! vic9ity ( ,uelz51 ,mbius wrote3 8,uelz5 lies at ! conflu5ce ( elev5 small rivulets1 ?ree ( :i*1 ! ,wipp]au1 ! ,g]dau & ! ,b>nbeck1 conta9 pe>l-mussels4 ,fi%+ has be5 pursu$ "h = c5turies1 & !re exi/s an old regulation ( ! sixte5? c5tury 9 reg>d to ! pe>l fi%]ies 9 ! ,ilm5au4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day1 hundr$s ( pe>ls are f\nd "h :i* comm& a good price :5 !y are bright & ( good =m4 ,^! ei!r h a silv]y %e5 or !y are ( a r$di% color4 ,! season = fi%+ is dur+ ! mon?s ( ,july & ,augu/4 ,! pe>ls are usually f\nd 9 de=m$ %ells4 ,_! %ape v>ies greatly2 mo/ ( !m are flat on "o side4 ,naturally ^? :i* are sph]ical are ! be/1 b ! pe> %apes are highly priz$40 ,mbius frequ5tly fail$ to f9d "o pe>l 9 a hundr$ %ells1 b at o!r times he came across six or eight 9 ?is quantity4 ,mo/ ( ! mussels are f\nd 9 ! deepe/ places1 especially ne> ! banks ( ! /reams4 ,"o end ( ! %ell usually projects out ( ! s&4 ,! fi%]man is repres5t$ z feel+ ab\t ! bottom ) 8 feet1 & :5 he f9ds a %ell1 he seizes x betwe5 8 toes1 picks x out1 & !n places x 9 ! basket susp5d$ f 8 neck4#bag ,illu/ration3 ,,mit] ,,( ,,patri>* ,,nikon ,pres5t$ by ! ,cz> ,alexis ,mikhailovit* & ! ,cz>9a ,m>ie ,illi9i*na4 ,decorat$ l>gely ) ,european fre%-wat] pe>ls4 ,n[ 9 ! treasury ( ! ,patri>*s1 ,mosc[4 ,9 ,bad5 & 9 ,hesse are small pe>l fi%]ies4 ,9 #agfj1 ,elector ,maximilian ,,iii s5t to ,mannheim1 !n 9 ! ,palat9ate1 eight hundr$ liv+ pe>l-mussels f ! ,bav>ian =e/s1 & aga9 9 #agfi1 he s5t f\r hundr$ mussels f ,degg5dorf on ! ,danube1 s t !y might be e/abli%$ 9 ! ,palat9ate4 ,! mussels 7 plac$ 9 ! ,/e9ba* n f> f ,heidelb]g1 :]e !y ?riv$ s well t fi%+ 0 in/itut$ 9 #aghc4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 mo/ ( ! mussels became buri$ 9 ! s&1 & ! rema9d] 7 transplant$ into a quiet] portion ( ! ,/e9ba*1 betwe5 ,kreutz/e9a* & ,s*nau1 ab\t five miles nor!a/ ( ,heidelb]g4 ,"h !y seem to h be5 =gott51 & 7 left undi/urb$ until1 ab\t #ahbj1 a f9e pe>l valu$ at two l\is d'or 0 f\nd ne> ,s*nau4 ,?is discov]y soon l$ to su* reckless exploitation t ! gov]nm5t res]v$ ! fi%]y z a /ate monopoly4 ,! mussels 7 exam9$ & sort$1 & a portion ( ! brook 0 specially prep>$ = _! reception4 ,h[ev]1 ! co/ ( sup]vision 0 great] ?an ! proce$s ( ! fi%]y1 & ! bus9ess 0 r5t$ to private p>ties = a v small am\nt4 ,?is 0 paid z late z #ahdj by ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,society ( ,mannheim1 ! annual rate !n be+ t5 flor9s4 ,an ef=t 0 made ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s ago to develop ! pe>l fi%]ies 9 ,hesse4 ,9 #agag1 ,l&grave ,pr9ce ,william reque/$ 8 c\s91 ,duke ,moritz ( ,saxony1 to s5d a pe>l fi%]man 8to exam9e "s /reams 9 8 t]ritory :]e mussels h be5 f\nd & to det]m9e :e!r !y are fitt$ = pe>l fi%+ & :e!r fi%]ies c be e/abli%$40#bah ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 a memb] ( ! fam\s ,s*m]l] family f ! ,saxon fi%]ies 0 s5t to ,cassel1 b ) :at result is unkn[n4 ,:5 ! pe>l+ excitem5t develop$ at ,s*nau ab\t #ahbj1 ,l&ra? ,welk]1 ( ,hirs*horn on ! ,neck>1 reque/$ ! gr& duke ( ,hesse to place him 9 *>ge ( ! fi%]y1 & :5 ! proposition 0 decl9$1 he =m$ a small company = pe>l-culture4 ,9 #ahbh 8 company _h #eeh mussels1 #hh ( :i* %[$ pe>l =mations2 9 #ahcc1 out ( #fea1 #ih conta9$ su* objects1 & 9 #ahea1 #aag mussels 7 f\nd ) pe>l =mations out ( #hfg exam9$4#bai ,ow+ to ! policy ( ! company 9 sell+ ! pe>ls only among ! memb]s !re(1 ! pr(its 7 altoge!r insuffici5t to cov] ! exp5ses1 & gradually ! fi%]y dw9dl$ d[n until x 0 prosecut$ only z a pa/ime4 ,pe>ls are f\nd 9 ! prov9ce ( ,s*leswig-,hol/e91 :i* =m]ly belong$ to ,d5m>k1 b s9ce #ahff has be5 a "p ( ! k+dom ( ,prussia4 ,mbius relates t ! ,bav>ian soldi]s 9 #ahfd collect$ l>ge quantities ( pe>ls f ! /reams ( ?is prov9ce & sold _m ( !m to jewel]s 9 ,hamburg4#bbj ,mo/ ( !m 7 ( good =m & lu/]2 milky :ite 0 ! prevail+ t9t1 b "s 7 p9k & o!rs 7 rose-t9t$4 ,9 ,au/ria1 pe>l fi%]ies are mo/ important 9 ! prov9ce ( ,bohemia1 :]e !y are prosecut$ 9 ! headwat]s ( ! ,moldau f ,krumau1 a few miles above ,budweis1 to bel[ ,tur5b]g1 & to a mu* less ext5t 9 its tribut>y1 ! ,wottawa1 on ! nor!a/]n slopes ( ! ,bhm] ,wald or ,bohemian ,=e/ m\nta9s4 ,f v e>ly times ! "r ( fi%]y belong$ to ^? doma9s & e/ates ?r\gh :i* ! /reams fl[1 z = example1 ! cloi/] ( ,hoh5fur?1 ! doma9 ( ,ros5b]g1 ( ,krumau1 etc4 ,! ,s*w>z5b]g family =m]ly drew a consid]able rev5ue !refrom4 ,ov] a hundr$ ye>s ago ! fi%]y 0 actively prosecut$ by ,c\nt ,adolph ,s*w>z5b]g1 :o exhibit$ at ! ,bohemian ,exposition1 held 9 ,prague 9 #agia1 an int]e/+ collection ( %ells1 app>atus employ$ 9 ! fi%]y1 & _m beautiful pe>ls obta9$ f 8 doma9s4 ,! fi%]ies ( ! ,wottawa 7 not$ 9 #aefj by ! ,swiss naturali/ ,konrad von ,gesn]1#bba & aga9 9 #aehb by ! di/rict treasur]1 ,wolf ,hub] von ,purg/all4 ,9 #afgi1 ,balb9us ref]r$ to ! excell5t qualities ( ! pe>ls1 e/imat+ ! value ( _m ( !m at tw5ty1 ?irty1 & ev5 "o hundr$ gold5 flor9s ea*4 ,he describ$ ! me?ods by :i* !y 7 tak51 & also compla9$ ( ! de/ruction ( ! reefs by depr$ations ( poa*]s4#bbb ,! ,wottawa or ,otawa ,riv] has long _h l9k$ ) its "n ! epi!t 8! gold- & pe>l-be>+ brook40 ,=m]ly1 along its %ores gold wa%+ 0 m or less c>ri$ on1 z well z ! fre%-wat] pe>l-mussel indu/ry4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 e ?ird or f\r? ye>1 ^! mussels are ga!r$1 by means ( small1 f9e-wov5 nets1 f ! b$ ( ! riv]1 & a goodly numb] ( pe>ls are collect$4 ,! reefs 9 ! ,moldau f ,hoh5fur? to ,krumau 7 almo/ entirely ru9$ 9 #afbj by ! troops :o 7 canton$ !re :5 ! ,bohemian ,prote/ants 7 ov]?r[n ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 & !y nev] rega9$ ! reputation !y =m]ly enjoy$4 ,accord+ to ! ,vi5na 8,h&els- und ,brs5zeitung10 ! output ( ! pe>ls fifty ye>s ago 9 ! upp] ,moldau1 9 ! ,wottawa1 & 9 ! ,*rudimka--a tribut>y ( ! ,elbe--rea*$ 9 "s ye>s ! sum ( "o million flor9s 9 value1 & z mu* z eighty & sometimes ev5 "o hundr$ & tw5ty flor9s 7 paid = an individual specim54#bbc ,^! pe>ls closely resemble ^? f ,passau 9 ,bav>ia1 & "s approa* ! ori5tal gems 9 lu/]4 ,9 ! ar*du*y ( ,au/ria1 pe>ls occur 9 sev]al ( ! tribut>ies ( ! 8beautiful blue ,danube40 ,!y are especially important 9 /reams )9 ! =m] di/rict ( ,s*rd+1 su* z ! ,ludhamm]ba*1 ! ,ranz5b]g]ba*1 ! ,glatzba*5ba*1 ! ,bramba*1 ! ,s*w>zb]g]ba*1 ! ,mos5ba*1 & ! ,holl5ba*2 ^? 9 ! =m] di/rict ( ,waizkir*51 includ+ ! ,pirn+]ba*1 ! ,kesselba*1 & _m ( _! tribut>y brooks1 & ! ,mi*el1 ! ,tagl9sba*1 ! ,fixelba*1 & ! ,ha>ba*1 9 ! doma9 ( ,m>ba*4#bbd ,fi%+ 9 ! ,pirn+]ba* & ! ,kesselba* 0 prosp]\s ab\t #agfe1 & ,empress ,m>ia ,!resa receiv$ a beautiful necklace & bracelets ( ! pe>ls !refrom4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,m>ba*1 ! fi%+ 0 prosecut$ z long ago z #afhe = ! acc\nt ( ! ar*bi%op ( ,passau4 ,9 ,hung>y f "t immemorial1 ! native pe>ls h be5 popul> ) ! ,magy> wom51 & v _m yet exi/ 9 ! old ,hung>ian jewelry worn ) ! national co/ume4 ,a c5tury ago !re 0 sc>cely a family ( local prom95ce :i* did n possess a necklace ( pe>ls1 al?\gh ^! 7 frequ5tly n ( *oice quality or ( consid]able size4 ,) a fall+ (f 9 ! output ( ! native /reams !re has be5 a great increase 9 ! quantity ( *oice ori5tal pe>ls pur*as$ by ! weal?y families1 & "s ( ! mo/ co/ly necklaces 9 ,europe are n[ own$ "h4 ,9 ! k+dom ( ,d5m>k no pe>l fi%]ies are n[ prosecut$1 b ?ree c5turies ago ! gems 7 tak5 9 ! ,kold+ ,fjord 9 ! prov9ce ( ,veile1 ,jutl&4 ,! great ,holb]g1 :o ranks fir/ 9 ,dani% lit]ature1 wrote t ! gov]nor ( ! ca/le at ,kold+ employ$ z a pe>l fi%]man a ,gre5l&] :o _h come to ,d5m>k 9 #afje or #afjf1 & :o 8_h giv5 ! gov]nor to und]/& t 9 8 native l& he 0 accu/om$ to fi% = pe>ls40 ,be+ requir$ to "w cont9u\sly1 bo? w9t] & summ]1 he fell ill & di$1 & z no "o else wi%$ to pursue ! occupation1 ! fi%]y ceas$4#bbe ,9 _m ( ! ,norwegian brooks1 pe>l fi%+ has be5 c>ri$ on = two or ?ree c5turies1 & (t5 ) satisfactory results4 ,x appe>s f ord9ances dat$ ,novemb] #aj1 #afia1 ,may #ad1 #agjg1 & ,may #bh1 #agah1 t ! fi%]ies 7 "u special sup]vision z a royal pr]ogative ( ! que5 ( ,d5m>k4#bbf ,jahn notes t 9 #agai & 9 #agbb1 ,saxon pe>l fi%]m5 7 s5t =4 ,9 #agcd ,*>les ,,vi ( ,d5m>k reque/$ ! elector ( ,saxony to s5d "o ( ! pe>l fi%]m5 ( ,vogtl& to exam9e ! brooks ( ,norway 9 ref]5ce to ! pe>l res\rces1 & to det]m9e ! practicability ( e/abli%+ fi%]ies !re4 ,9 response to ?is reque/1 ,c4 ,h4 ,s*m]l] 0 s5t to ,cop5hag5 & !nce to ,*ri/iania1 :]e he began an inve/igation ( ! ,norwegian wat]s1 ! gov]nor himself att5d+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! "w4 ,s great 0 ! e/imation ( its importance1 t ,s*m]l] 0 soon aft]w>d receiv$ 9 audi5ce by ! k+ & que5 ( unit$ ,d5m>k & ,norway at ,fr$]iksborg palace ne> ,cop5hag51 & 0 aw>d$ a gift ( "o hundr$ ducats & a life-p5sion4#bbg ,9 #agea1 accord+ to ,pontoppidan1 ,bi%op ( ,b]g51 ! ,norwegian pe>l fi%]ies 7 plac$ "u ! jurisdiction ( ! diocese ( ,*ri/ians&4 ,among ! pr9cipal pe>l+ regions at t "t 7 ! ,gon1 ,nrim & ,quasim riv]s 9 ! ,/avang] di/rict or amt2 ! ,undol1 ,rossel& & o!r brooks 9 ! ,li/] & ,m&al prov9ce2 & sev]al /reams 9 ! di/rict ( ,nad5s4#bbh ,! returns f ! ,norwegian fi%]ies gradually decreas$4 ,aft] #agfh ! rights 7 leas$1 & ! rev5ue !refrom 0 paid into ! royal treasury4 ,ow+ to small returns1 ?is s\rce ( rev5ue receiv$ less & less att5tion1 & ab\t a c5tury ago x 0 altoge!r neglect$1 al?\gh f "t to "t *oice f9ds 7 made4 ,due to unusually l[ wat] 9 #ahda1 a numb] ( valuable pe>ls 7 f\nd ne> ,j$d]5 9 ! prov9ce ( ,*ri/ians&1 "s sell+ z high z #cjj ea*2 sev]al ( ^! 7 %[n at ! ,london ,indu/rial ,exhibition by ! diocese ( ,*ri/iania4 ,illu/ration3 ,,panagia ,,or ,,ornam5t ,,worn ,,on ,,! ,,brea/ ,,( ,a ,,bi%op ,,9 ,,russia ,! pe>l fi%]ies ( ,sw$5 7 not$1 ne>ly f\r c5turies ago1 by ,olaus ,magnus1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,upsala4#bbi ,! gems 7 s\ght = by exp]t fi%]m5 9 ! int]ior di/ricts1 & 7 br\ght 9 l>ge quantities to ! coa/s = sale1 ! wom5 & girls ( all classes1 ri* & poor1 us+ !m ext5sively 9 p]sonal decoration4 ,! celebrat$ ,l9nu left a detail$ acc\nt ( ! me?od by :i* mussels 7 caught 9 ,sw$5 ne>ly two c5turies ago4 ,he wrote3 8,9 ! summ] season1 if ! wat] is %all[1 ! fi%]m5 wade 9 ! /ream & ga!r ! mussels ) _! h&s4 ,%\ld ! wat] be deep]1 !y dive = ! mussels & place su* z !y f9d 9 a vessel made ( bir* b>k1 :i* !y c>ry ) !m4 ,sunny days are select$1 because !n !y c see deep] into ! wat]4 ,b1 %\ld ?is n suffice1 !y trav]se ! riv] on rafts :i* are pa9t$ :ite b5ea? s t ! b$ ( ! /ream may be illum9$ by ! reflect$ light4 ,! m5 lie prone on ! rafts & look d[n into ! dep?s s t !y may imm$iately seize ) wood5 tongs ! mussels :i* !y discov]4 ,or else1 hang+ by _! h&s to ! rafts1 !y seize !m 9 ! wat] ) _! toes4 ,if ! wat] is too deep ev5 = ?is1 !y dive & feel ar\nd on ! bottom ) _! h&s until x becomes necess>y to rise aga9 to ! surface 9 ord] to brea!4 ,h[ev]1 out ( a hundr$ mussels1 sc>cely "o conta9s a good pe>l2 b sometimes z _m z tw5ty pe>ls ( ! size ( a gra9 ( s& are f\nd 9 "o %ell4 ,_m ( ! l>g] pe>ls are r$di% or d>k1 b occasionally a beautiful :ite pe>l is hidd5 "u su* a cov]+2 al?\gh1 naturally1 x is r>e t ?is is altoge!r p]fect4 ,x has be5 not$ t mussels sev5 ye>s old conta9 pe>ls2 & 9 ea* ( two mussels eighte5 ye>s old1 a pe>l 0 f\nd atta*$ to ! %ell40#bcj ,! li/ ( /reams 9 ,sw$5 f :i* pe>ls 7 tak51 z not$ by ,olaf ,maim]1 ,j4 ,fis*]/e91 & ,gissl]#bca a c5tury & a half ago1 seems to cov] ne>ly all ! riv]s & brooks :i* fl[ f ! m\nta9s ( ?is beautiful c\ntry4 ,9 ,russia ! love = ! pe>l has be5 almo/ z great z 9 ,p]sia & ,india4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 pe>ls 7 worn ^u ! clo!s ( ne>ly all well-to-d ,russians4 ,! great head-dresses ( ! wom5 7 ornam5t$ ) !m2 & !y 7 us$ 9 decorat+ ! /oles1 ve/m5ts1 crosses1 & ! priceless relics 9 ! *ur*es4 ,! pe>l-mussel is f\nd 9 v _m ( ! ,russian /reams4 ,x occurs ?r\gh\t ,ar*angel1 9 mo/ ( ! riv]s :i* fl[ into ! ,:ite ,sea1 into ,lake ,ladoga1 ,lake ,onega1 & ! ,baltic ,sea2 & likewise 9 ! ,volga wat]%$4 ,von ,hessl+ /ates t ea/ ( ! ,volga its s\!rn b\nd>y ext5ds to ,lat4 #ef1 :ile on ! we/ x ext5ds fur!r s\?w>d1 s t 9 ! region ( ! ,dniep] x rea*es ,lat4 #ea4 ,! extreme s\!rn limit is ne> ! m\? ( ! ,don1 ab\t #dg nor? latitude4#bcb ,9 nor!rn ,russia pe>ls are secur$ 9 ! prov9ces ( ,livonia4 ,e/honia1 & ,olonetz1 & 9 ! gr& du*y ( ,f9l&1 :]e !y h be5 s\ght aft] = ?ree c5turies or m4 ,mo/ ( !m are blui% gray 9 color & !y atta9 a maximum weight ( ab\t twelve gra9s4 ,al?\gh n equal+ ! ori5tal gems1 ^! pe>ls are ( good quality & are highly e/eem$1 n only by ! peasants b by ! nobility & by ! royal family ( ,russia4 ,= ref]5ce to mo/ ( ! hi/orical data relative to ! fi%]y 9 ,livonia1 we are indebt$ to an acc\nt writt5 by ,h4 ,kawall4#bcc ,s long ago z #afab1 ,dionysius ,fabricius comp>$ ! pe>ls ( ,livonia ) ^? ( ,india4 ,said he3 8,nor %\ld ,i omit to m5tion t !re are riv]s 9 ,livonia :]e9 l>ge pe>ls are produc$ 9 %ells2 & ,i myself h se5 "s z l>ge z ! ori5tal1 especially :5 !y are well gr[n4 ,b because ! peasants ( ?is region are too ignorant to det]m9e ) c]ta9ty :5 !y mature1 !y are unable to collect !m prop]ly1 & !re=e ! pe>ls h become r>]40#bcd ,accord+ to ,mylius1#bce 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 ,livonia belong$ to ,sw$51 ! pe>l res\rces receiv$ att5tion f ! gov]nm5t4 ,*>les ,,ix ( ,sw$5 decre$ ,octob] #bb1 #afid1 t ! pe>ls !refrom %\ld n be export$ b %\ld be sold to (fic]s ( ! cr[n at a def9ite price4 ,9 #agjj1 an inspector ( ! fi%]y 9 ,livonia1 ^: "n 0 ,krey1 report$ t ! peasants collect$ pe>ls secretly f ! small riv]s & brooks1 & =w>d$ !m to ,mosc[ = sale4 ,z ! peasants object$ to sell+ !m to ! k+'s commission]s at ! prices fix$1 ! fi%]y soon dw9dl$ 9 ext5t4 ,h[ev]1 on ! annexation ( ,livonia to ,russia 9 #agab1 & ! removal ( ^! re/rictions1 x reviv$ & became ( local importance dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( ! reign ( ,pet] ! ,great4 ,9 #agdb ! ,livonian fi%]y 0 reorganiz$ at ! sugge/ion ( a ,sw$e nam$ ,h$5b]g4 ,furni%$ by ! gov]nm5t ) funds & an escort1 he began an exploration ( ! pe>l-be>+ wat]s1 comm5c+ ) ,lake ,kolk1 :]e he secur$ _m pe>ls ( value1 "s ( :i* 7 pres5t$ to ,empress ,elizabe?4#bcf ,! fi%]y !n came into great favor4 ,to ! nobility ( ,livonia1 9 ^: doma9s ! brooks 7 situat$1 ! cr[n accord$ sixty rubles = ea* half ounce ( *oice pe>ls secur$1 & = e half ounce ( ! second class1 ?irty rubles2 b ! nobles 7 oblig$ to r5\nce _! rights to ! fi%]ies & to p]mit ! lakes & brooks to be gu>d$ by imp]ial soldi]s4 ,ow+ to ! v great de/ruction ( mussels :i* yield$ no pe>ls1 a rew>d 0 (f]$ to any "o :o w\ld discov] a me?od ( det]m9+ f ext]nal *>act]i/ics ^? individual %ells :i* conta9 gems ( value4 ,9 #agdf1 :5 ! ,empress ,elizabe? pass$ ! summ] 9 ,livonia1 l>ge quantities ( pe>ls f ! neighbor+ brooks 7 pres5t$ to h]4 ,b1 ow+ to ! co/ ( sup]vision1 ! exp5ditures soon exce$$ ! rev5ues & ! gov]nm5t ab&on$ ! gu>d & dismiss$ ! fi%]m54 ,little by little ! se>* decreas$1 & by #aggd relatively few pe>ls 7 f\nd4#bcg ,accord+ to ,hupel1 ! ,s*w>zba* ,riv]1 ne> ,w]ro1 0 celebrat$ = its pe>ls1 :i* 7 not$ = _! size & beauty2 "o ( ! tribut>ies ( ?is riv] is nam$ ,p]l5ba* 7,pe>l ,brook74 ,! ,ammat & ,tirse /reams1 & =ty o!r brooks & lakes also yield$ !m4 ,pe>ls ( slight value 7 likewise produc$ 9 ! ,palze & ! ,rause1 ne> ,palzm>2 ! ,paddez1 a tribut>y ( ! ,eve/ :i* empties into ! ,dna1 & ! ,voidau & ! ,petriba*1 ea* ( :i* fl[s into ! ,s*w>zba*4 ,ne> ! ,tirse 0 a v old road h\se1 patroniz$ by ! peasants1 :i* f "t immemorial _h borne ! "n ,pehrlu-kroghs 7,pe>l ,tav]n74 ,=m]ly "s ( ! brooks ( ,e/honia on ! ,gulf ( ,f9l&1 & pr9cipally ^? ne> ,kolk & ! adjac5t lakes1 furni%$ beautiful pe>ls4 ,f ^! wat]s came ! beautiful necklace :i* is yet an heirloom 9 ! ,kolk family4 ,! *oice/ ( ^! weigh$ f five to t5 gra9s1 & ! color 0 grayi% blue4 ,! ,emp]or ,alex&] ,i is said to h receiv$ a pres5t ( pe>ls collect$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,tamm]=s1 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,tava/ehus1 9 ! gr& du*y ( ,f9l&4 ,! developm5t ( manufactur+ 9 t region1 h[ev]1 has de/roy$ mo/ ( ! mussels4 ,von ,hessl+ notes t 9 ! prov9ce ( ,olonetz1 pe>ls are f\nd 9 ! ,pov5t%anka1 9 ! ,o/jor1 & 9 ! ,kums1 :]e !y are secur$ by ! neighbor+ peasants :o sometimes make valuable f9ds4#bch ,:5 ! brooks dry up1 ! mussels are easily secur$2 old inhabitants note t on "o occasion ( ?is k9d _m sup]b pe>ls 7 f\nd 9 ! ,pov5t%anka1 & a necklace ( !m 0 pres5t$ to ! ,empress ,ca!r9e ,alexievna4 ,^! pe>ls r>ely leave ! prov9ce 9 :i* !y are collect$1 z ! inhabitants are fond ( us+ !m = p]sonal decoration4 ,"y girls att5d to ! fi%+1 & workm5 pi]ce !m = ab\t two copecks ea*4 ,*oice ones sell = ?irty to "o hundr$ rubles apiece4 ,9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,ar*angel pe>ls h be5 collect$ = c5turies f ! /reams fl[+ into ! ,:ite ,sea & ! ,arctic ,ocean4 ,an ext5d$ acc\nt ( ! fi%]ies ( ?is region 0 giv5 by ,von ,midd5dorff4#bci ,he /ates t ! ,unio m>g>itif]a inhabits all ! riv]s 9 :i* ! desc5t is n too rapid1 & especially 9 ! ,tjura1 ! ,tuloma1 ! ,kovda1 ,k]$a1 ! ,k&a1 etc4 ,! fi%]ies h be5 conduct$ exclusively by ! %ore ,lapl&]s2 b !y h be5 neglect$ 9 rec5t ye>s ow+ to ! small returns4 ,von ,hessl+ notes t ! pe>ls are dull 9 color2 9 ! op9ion ( ! fi%]m5 ?is is caus$ by ! my/]i\s influ5ce ( ! copp] money :i* !y c>ry ) !m4 ,! ,tuloma 0 =m]ly a productive riv]2 its pe>ls 7 sold 9 ,kola1 :5ce !y 7 c>ri$ to ,ar*angel1 #cce miles di/ant1 :]e !y 7 pi]c$ by exp]t workm54 ,! ,tjura also yield$ _m pe>ls2 b s9ce a ,lapl&] 0 dr[n$ :ile fi%+ = !m1 a leg5d has spread t ! _s ( ! riv] gu>ds ! pe>ls1 & ! natives hesitate ab\t seek+ !m4 ,probably ! occurr5ce ( s _m 9 ! home /reams _h mu* to d ) develop+ 9 ,russia t great love = ! pe>l :i* has made x ! national ornam5t1 all classes f9d+ pleasure 9 its possession4 ,:ile ! sup]b gems treasur$ by ! nobility are mo/ly f ori5tal seas1 a consid]able p]c5tage ( ^? worn by ! peasantry are f ! native wat]s4 ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ?is fondness among a c]ta9 class ( ,russian wom5--! ,jewesses ( ,little ,russia--0 giv5 sixty ye>s ago by ! ,g]man travel] ,kohl4 ,illu/ration3 ,,russian ,,boy>d ,,ladies ,,( ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury1 ,,%[+ ,,caps ,,& ,,o!r ,,ornam5ts ,,( ,,pe>ls ,9 ,alex&ria1 a small city 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,kh]son 9 ,s\? ,russia1 a ,jew kept a caf1 & 8 *>m+ daught] s]v$ u ) c(fee4 ,we paid h] complim5ts on h] beautiful eyes & tee?4 ,b %e seem$ to be mu* less va9 ( ^! natural ornam5ts ?an ( ! acquir$ ones 9 ! magnific5t glitt]+ pe>l-cap :i* %e wore ^u h] head4 ,= all ! wom5 ?r\gh ,s\? & ,little ,russia ev5 z f> z ,galicia we> a c]ta9 /iff1 baggy cap :i* is v disfigur+1 & is cov]$ all ov] ) a great numb] ( pe>ls1 ^u a f\ndation ( black velvet4 ,x is call$ a 8mu%ka40 ,?is cap1 ) v unimportant modifications1 has almo/ always ! same =m2 ! only diff]5ce is t1 9 ! case ( ! weal?y1 ! pe>ls are l>g]1 & sometimes a numb] ( small pe>ls & preci\s /ones are susp5d$ "h & !re1 set 9 ! same way z ! e>r+s ( our ladies4 ,x is common = !m to we> half _! =tune on _! heads 9 ?is way4 ,= ^! caps g5]ally co/ f five hundr$ to "o ?\s& r\bles1 & _m are wor? five or six ?\s& & ev5 m2 !y we> !m e day1 holidays z well z ord9>y days1 & /rut ar\nd ! kit*5s & cell>s ) _! 8mu%ka40 ,!y sp5d _! la/ p5ny 9 ord] to secure su* a pe>l-cap1 & ev5 :5 !y are clad 9 rags _! head is cov]$ ) pe>ls4 ,9 ord] to furni% ! requisite mat]ial = ?is wide-spread fa%ion1 ! comm]ce 9 pe>ls ( ,odessa1 ,taganrog & "s o!r places 9 s\!rn ,russia is n unimportant4 ,!re may live 9 ! region :]e ! pe>l-caps ( :i* ,i speak are worn at lea/ #b1jjj1jjj ,jewesses4 ,let u e/imate t among !m !re are b #cjj1jjj adults1 & t only half ( ^!1 #aej1jjj1 we> pe>l-caps 7only ! mo/ indig5t & ! mo/ ari/ocratic d n we> ! 8mu%ka072 let u !n e/imate ! av]age value ( su* a cap at only five hundr$ r\bles--^! are ! l[e/ m9ima & fall f> %ort ( ! real figures--& we h a total capital ( #gf1jjj1jjj r\bles1 :i* ! ,jewesses ( ?is region we> ^u _! heads4 ,naturally ! annual dim9ution ( ?is capital is small1 s9ce ^! pe>ls are transmitt$ f ! mo!rs to _! daught]s & gr&daught]s4 ,/ill1 if we e/imate t !y la/ = a c5tury1 ! necess>y ye>ly contribution am\nts to ne>ly "o million4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 probable t a mu* l>g] capital is employ$ 9 ! comm]ce ( pe>ls4 ,!y are1 = ! mo/ "p1 ori5tal & come by way ( ,turkey & ,odessa or else by way ( ,arm5ia & ,tiflis4 ,we inquir$ ( our beautiful ,jewess :e!r %e 0 n 9 p]petual dread on acc\nt ( h] pe>l-cap1 & h[ %e protect$ x f ?ieves4 ,%e answ]$ t %e wore x on h] head all day & at night plac$ x 9 a casket :i* re/$ "u h] pill[4 ,s t ! :ole %ort life ( ^! ,jewesses ( ! /eppes revolves ar\nd _! pe>l-cap z ! e>? does ar\nd ! sun4#bdj ,sev]al species ( m>9e mollusks on ! coa/s ( ,europe yield pe>ly =mations1 b none ( mu* ornam5tal or comm]cial value4 ,probably ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! are f ! ,p9na on ! ,m$it]ranean coa/s1 & especially on ! coa/ ( ,s>d9ia & ! %ores ( ! ,adriatic4 ,an int]e/+ collection ( ^! ,p9na pe>ls 0 furni%$ to ! writ]s by ,alex&ro ,ca/ellani ( ,rome4 ,,ix ,,isl&s ,,( ,,! ,,pacific ,,s\? ,,sea ,,isl&s1 ,,au/ralian ,,coa/s1 ,,malay ,,ar*ipelago ,,ix ,,pe>l ,,fi%]ies ,,( ,,! ,,s\? ,,sea ,,isl&s ,sea-girt isles1 ,t1 l to ri* & v>i\s gems1 inlay ,! unadorn$ bosom ( ! deep4 ,,milton4 ,ga!r+ pe>l %ells & pe>ls is ! pr9cipal indu/ry ( ! semi-amphibi\s natives ( ! hundr$s ( palm-cr[n$ & foam-girdl$ isl&s ( ! s\!rn ,pacific1 commonly kn[n z ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s4 ,among ^! ! mo/ prom95t = pe>l fi%+ are ! ,tuamotu ,isl&s or ,l[ ,ar*ipelago1 ! ,society ,isl&s1 ! ,m>quesas1 ! ,fiji ,isl&s1 ,p5rhyn or ,tong>eva1 & ,new ,cal$onia4 ,^! are "u ! protection ( ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1 except ,fiji & ,p5rhyn1 :i* belong to ,great ,brita94 ,almo/ ev] s9ce ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s h be5 kn[n to civilization !y h contribut$ pe>ls2 & ! fi%]y has be5 "o ( ! pr9cipal indu/ries1 n only = ! natives1 b also = ! n inconsid]able numb] ( sailors :o1 pref]r+ ! lotus on %ore to ! salt pork & monotony ( %ip life1 h yield$ to ! insul> attractions & =m$ dome/ic ties4 ,! indu/ry has be5 especially ext5sive dur+ ! la/ sev5ty ye>s1 :5 !re has be5 a pr(itable m>ket = ! %ells4 ,mo/ ( ! natives--m51 wom51 & *ildr5--foll[ x = a liv+4 ,dome/ic duties re/ v lightly ^u ! wom51 & _m ( ^!1 & ev5 "y girls1 f9d employm5t 9 div+1 9 :i* at mod]ate dep?s ^! dusky m]maids are ne>ly1 if n q z exp]t z ! m5 & boys4 ,tahiti1 ! l>ge/ ( ! elev5 ,society ,isl&s1 is ! c5t] ( ! pe>l+ indu/ry ( ,fr5* ,oceanica4 ,x is situat$ 9 ab\t ,lat4 #ag ,s4 & ,long4 #aej ,w41 & has an area ( approximately #daj squ>e miles & a population ( #aa1jjj1 ne>ly "o half ( :om live 9 ,papeiti1 ! pr9cipal t[n4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ agreeable ( ! 8,summ] ,isles ( ,ed510 ,nature furni%+ food 9 abundance1 & climate & social cu/oms requir+ little 9 ! way ( dress & habitation4 ,not)/&+ its importance z ! headqu>t]s ( ! pe>l+ indu/ry1 few pe>l-oy/]s are caught at ,tahiti1 mo/ ( !m com+ f ! ar*ipelagoes ( ,tuamotu1 ,gambi]1 & occasionally ,tubai4 ,! ,tuamotu ,ar*ipelago is ! sc5e ( ! pr9cipal pe>l fi%]ies ( ! ,s\? ,seas2 & f ! local importance ( ?is indu/ry ! gr\p is sometimes call$ ! ,pe>l ,isl&s4 ,^! coral-=m$ isl&s are /rung out = a di/ance ( #ijj miles 9 a nor?we/ & s\!a/ direction1 & ext5d f ,lat4 #ad to #bc ,s4 & f ,long4 #acf to #adi ,w4 ,!y numb] ab\t sev5ty-eight1 _m ( !m made up ( small atolls only a few feet above ! surface ( ! ocean1 & ) an aggregate area ( ab\t #cfj squ>e miles4 ,! total population is approximately #fjjj1 ) _m visitors f ,tahiti & o!r neighbor+ isl&s dur+ ! pe>l+ season4 ,! pr9cipal products are pe>l %ell & pe>ls1 copra1 & cocoanut oil2 & ne>ly "o half ( ! isl&s yield no?+ b %ell & pe>ls4 ,! *ief port is ,fak>ava on an isl& ( ! same "n1 & ! trade is almo/ entirely ) ,tahiti4 ,z ! ,tuamotus are ( coral =mation1 !y produce little vegetable gr[?1 & ! p seem (t5 on ! br9k ( />vation1 =m+ a /rik+ contra/ ) ^? ( ! neighbor+ ,society ,isl&s4 ,draw+ _! subsi/5ce entirely f ! sea1 except = ! native cocoanuts & breadfruit1 ^! p h1 at times1 be5 9 great /raits = food1 & x 0 d\btless sev]e hung] t drove !m to ! acts ( cannibalism ) :i* !y h be5 *>g$4 ,& ! sea :i* supplies !m ) food has also visit$ !m ) great de/ruction4 ,z rec5tly z ,janu>y1 #aijc1 a great /orm swept ov] ?is gr\p1 dr[n+ ov] #ejj ( ! inhabitants1 & de/roy+ a v consid]able portion ( ! pe>l+ fleet & o!r prop]ty4 ,! pe>l-oy/] reefs ( ! ,tuamotu ,ar*ipelago are v ext5sive1 only eight or t5 ( ! isl&s fail+ to contribute to ! supply4 ,!y occur 9 ! protect$ lagoons ( ! atolls1 :]e ! bottom is well cov]$ ) coral gr[?1 ) num]\s elevations & depressions ( v>i\s sizes2 & x is ab\t ! bases & 9 ! recesses ( ^! coral gr[?s t ! be/ %ells are usually f\nd4 ,mo/ ( !m are ( ! black-edg$ v>iety ( ,m>g>itif]a m>g>itif]a1 :i* "h atta9s a great size1 rea*+ a diamet] ( twelve in*es 9 extreme cases4 ,:ile pe>l-oy/]s are f\nd ab\t ne>ly all ( ! ,tuamotu ,isl&s1 ! reefs are ri*e/ at ,hiku]u or ,melville ,isl&4 ,:5 t lagoon is op5 x is ! sc5e ( ! greate/ op]ations1 & x is cr$it$ ) ne>ly "o half ( ! total product ( ! ar*ipelago4 ,at ! op5+ ( ! season1 ?is is ! resort ( fi%]m5 f all ov] ! gr\p1 ev5 f a di/ance ( five hundr$ miles1 & ?\s&s ( natives camp 9 tempor>y leaf-?at*$ huts among ! cocoanut-palms on ! bea*1 ^? f ! diff]5t isl&s congregat+ 9 isolat$ settlem5ts4 ,z _m z five ?\s& p]sons are sometimes br\ght toge!r 9 ?is way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pe>l+ ,,regions ,,9 ,,oceania ,,& ,,malaysia ,! volcanic-=m$ ,gambi] ,isl&s1 ) high peaks rea*+1 9 "o in/ance1 an altitude ( ov] #abjj feet1 pres5t a /rik+ contra/ to ! ,tuamotu atolls4 ,?is gr\p consi/s ( five l>ge & sev]al small isl&s1 surr\nd$ by a coral reef ( an irregul> triangul> figure4 ,! #aajj inhabitants ( ! ,gambi] ,isl&s d]ive a l>ge p]c5tage ( _! support f ! pe>l fi%]y4 ,! pat*es ( pe>l-oy/]s are locat$ betwe5 ! isl&s & ! b>ri] reefs4 ,!y are num]\s ab\t ! isl& ( ,mang>eva1 :i* is well surr\nd$ by !m on ! nor?1 ea/1 & s\!a/4 ,oy/]s f ! reef ( ,te>ae1 :i* ext5ds f ! ea/]n po9t ( ,mang>eva to ! small isl& ( ,auk5a1 a di/ance ( two miles1 are especially ri* 9 pe>ls4 ,on ?is reef1 :]e ! wat] is f "o to f\r fa?oms 9 dep?1 ! mollusks are small1 r>ely exce$+ five or six in*es at maturity1 b ! %ell is v ?ick & coral cov]$2 ^! yield _m pe>ls4 ,9 great] dep?s1 ! oy/]s atta9 a l>g] size1 b !y yield few pe>ls4 ,! fir/ :ite man to attempt ! exploitation ( ! pe>l res\rces ( ! ,tuamotus appe>s to h be5 ,mr5h\t4 ,9 a voyage to ! ,oceanic ,isl&s 9 #ahbg1 he le>n$ ( ! great weal? ( pe>l %ell1 & appli$ to ,que5 ,pom> at ,tahiti = p]mission to employ ! natives 9 ! fi%]y4 ,) an eye to bus9ess1 %e requir$ a fee ( #ejjj = h]self be=e grant+ ! desir$ au?ority4#bda ,consid]+ ?is excessive1 ,mr5h\t attempt$ to deal ) ! natives )\t p]mission ( ! dusky que51 b "u ^! adv]se conditions he f\nd ! trade unsatisfactory & soon ab&on$ x4 ,9 #ahcj1 & ! ye>s imm$iately succe$+1 desultory pe>l+ voyages 7 made f ,valp>aiso1 ,*ile1 & ^! 7 foll[$ by exp$itions f ,am]ica & else:]e4 ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! trade at t "t is conta9$ 9 ,lucatt's 8,rov+s 9 ! ,pacific f #ahcg to #ahdi10 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #ahea4 ,! ,mormon influx 9 #ahdf result$ 9 a fur!r developm5t ( ! pe>l fi%]y2 & ,gr\>d1 ! local lead] ( t d5om9ation1 is cr$it$ ) mak+ a =tune 9 ! bus9ess4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! indu/ry up to #ahhj1 :5 control ( ! isl&s pass$ to ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1 x is e/imat$ t ab\t #ae1jjj tons ( pe>l-oy/]s 7 secur$4 ,! ext5t ( ! fi%]y dur+ ! few ye>s prec$+ #ahhj made su* dra9s ^u ! productiv5ess ( ! reefs t _m ( !m gave signs ( exhau/ion4 ,) a view to adopt+ me?ods = cons]v+ ! indu/ry1 s ess5tial to ! welf>e ( ! natives1 ! ,fr5* ,m9i/ry ( ,m>9e & ,colonies 9 #ahhc inaugurat$ an inve/igation ( its condition1 & ( ! possibilities = improvem5t4 ,?is 0 made "u ! imm$iate direction ( ,g4 ,b\*on-,br&ely1 ^: int]e/+ report#bdb conta9s mu* data on ?is subject4 ,z a result ( ^! inve/igations & recomm5dations1 a re/rict$ season = fi%+ 0 adopt$1 & only a portion ( ! reefs 0 ?r[n op5 ea* ye>1 a decree ( ! gov]nor1 publi%$ 9 ! 8,j\rnal ,(ficiel0 ( ! colony1 det]m9+ ! isl&s 9 :i* ! fi%]y might be prosecut$4 ,?is int]diction1 kn[n locally z rahui1 is = ! purpose ( p]mitt+ ! oy/]s to develop1 & ?us prev5t ! exhau/ion ( ! reefs4 ,by decree ( ,janu>y #bd1 #ahhe1 a re/riction 0 made aga9/ tak+ %ells measur+ less ?an #ag c5timet]s 9 diamet] on ! int]ior nacre1 or weigh+ less ?an #bjj grams p] valve4 ,b ?is 0 repeal$ 9 #ahij1 & s9ce !n !re has be5 no re/riction on ! size ( ! oy/]s t may be fi%$4 ,! pe>l fi%]y & ! isolat$ lep] /ation are ! pr9cipal claims :i* attract ! att5tion ( ! outside _w to ! isl& ( ,p5rhyn or ,tong>eva1 "o ( ! ,manahiki gr\p1 9 ,lat4 #i ,s41 & ,long4 #aeh ,w4 ,?is desolate atoll isl& consi/s ( a r+ ( l& a few hundr$ y>ds 9 wid?1 inclos+ a lagoon n9e miles long & five miles wide1 & x produces little else ?an pe>ls & pe>l %ell4 ,! :ite gravelly %ore yields little vegetation except cocoanuts1 :i* %>e ) fi% 9 furni%+ su/5ance to ! semi-amphibi\s natives4 ,at ,p5rhyn ! pe>l fi%]y is c>ri$ on 9 ! cle>1 limpid wat]s ( ! atoll :]e ! oy/]s are undi/urb$ by /orms4 ,! %ells belong mo/ly to ! gold5-edg$ v>iety1 & are ( good quality1 ! value 9 ,london rang+ f #ajj to #bej p] ton4 ,relatively few pe>ls are f\nd1 am\nt+ 9 aggregate value to only ab\t "o f\r? ( ! value ( ! %ells4 ,^! are ! pr9cipal objects ( ! fi%]y2 ! f9d+ ( pe>ls is incid5tal1 b c>eful se>* is always made = !m1 & "s *oice specim5s h be5 secur$4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,new ,cal$onia1 pe>l+ is ( rec5t orig91 dat+ z an indu/rial ent]prise f #ahig1 al?\gh previ\s to t "t "s %ells & pe>ls _h be5 secur$ by native bea*-comb]s4 ,?is isl& is #bbj miles 9 l5g? & #cj 9 wid?1 situat$ #hej miles s\!a/ ( ,au/ralia1 & ab\t ! same di/ance f ,new ,zeal&4 ,x is a ,fr5* colony1 & has be5 us$ by t gov]nm5t z a p5al settlem5t s9ce #ahfd4 ,9 #ahig1 ri* b$s ( pe>l-oy/]s 7 discov]$ (f ! we/ coa/ ( ?is isl&4 ,!y are mo/ num]\s betwe5 ! %ore & ! b>ri] reefs on ! we/ coa/ f ,p\emb\t ,riv] to ,gom5 ,bay1 & especially ab\t ! small isl& ( ,koni5ne at ! m\? ( ! ,p\emb\t ,riv]4 ,!y are also abundant among ! ,loyalty ,isl&s (f ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,new ,cal$onia1 & especially at ! isl& ( ,lifu4#bdc ,! %ell is simil> to t f ,torres ,/raits1 & ! yield ( pe>ls is v l>ge4 ,sev]al concessions h be5 obta9$ to exploit ^! b$s1 "o ( !m cov]+ #acj miles 9 l5g?4 ,! indu/ry is c>ri$ on by means ( scaph&]s1 9 a mann] simil> to t ( ,torres ,/raits4 ,virtually all ( ! cat* is s5t to ,france4 ,! natives ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1 & p>ticul>ly ( ,p5rhyn & ! ,tuamotu gr\p1 are d\btless ! mo/ exp]t div]s 9 ! _w4 ,?is c be readily appreciat$ by ^? :o h read ( ,hua ,manu 9 ,c4 ,w4 ,/odd>d's ?rill+ n>rative1 or h he>d ! /ory ( ! br[n woman :o swam = =ty h\rs 9 a /orm ) a helpless husb& on h] back4 ,accu/om$ to ! wat] f infancy1 ^! human ott]s swim all day long z readily z !y w\ld walk1 g miles f %ore )\t a boat 9 se>* ( fi% :i* !y take by means ( bait$ hook & l9e1 & boldly attack a %>k s+le-h&$4 ,seem+ly fabul\s /ories are told ( _! desc5d+1 unaid$1 #aej feet or m b5ea? ! surface1 & rema9+ at less] dep?s = ne>ly ?ree m9utes1 f> surpass+ any mod]n records ( ! div]s ( ,india4 ,! wat] 9 ! ,s\? ,seas is wond]fully cle>1 enabl+ ! fi%]m5 to detect small objects at consid]able dep?s1 & especially s :5 us+ ! wat]-telescope1 simil> to t employ$ 9 ! ,r$ ,sea fi%]ies4 ,by imm]s+ ?is to a dep? ( sev]al in*es & cutt+ (f ! light f ! upp] end z he gazes ?r\gh x d[n into ! wat]s1 ! fi%]man c readily inspect ! bottom at a dep? ( fifte5 fa?oms1 & ?us locate ! %ells be=e he desc5ds4 ,! div+ is q unlike t 9 ,ceylon & ,arabia4 ,! m5 d n desc5d on /ones1 b swim to ! bottom4 ,! div] is /ripp$ to 8 p>u or bree*-cl\t1 8 "r h& is protect$ by a cotton mitt5 or by only a wrapp+ ( cotton clo?1 & 9 8 left h& he c>ries a pe>l %ell to assi/ 9 direct+ 8 movem5ts & 9 deta*+ ! oy/]s at ! bottom4 ,9 prep>+ = a deep desc5t1 he sits = sev]al m9utes 9 *>act]i/ic attitude ) h&s hang+ ov] knees1 & repeat$ly inflates 8 lungs to ! fulle/ capacity1 exhal+ ! air sl[ly ?r\gh 8 m\?4 ,aft] five or six m9utes ( 8tak+ ! w9d10 ! div] inhales a good brea?1 drops ov] ! gunwale into ! wat] to give him a />t1 & desc5ds feet =emo/4 ,at a di/ance ( twelve or fifte5 feet bel[ ! surface1 gracefully z an ott] or a seal1 he b5ds =w>d & turns head d[nw>d &1 ) limbs %[+ dimly 9 frog-l motion1 he swims v]tically ! rema9+ di/ance to ! bottom4 ,!re he assumes a horizontal position & swims sl[ly j above ! gr\nd1 se>*+ critically = suitable oy/]s1 9 ?is way trav]s+ a di/ance possibly ( fifty feet or m4 ,:5 he has secur$ an oy/]1 or 8 brea? is approa*+ exhau/ion1 he spr+s f ! gr\nd 9 an erect position & rapidly swims upw>d1 ! buoyancy ( 8 body ha/5+ 8 asc5t s t he pops head & %\ld]s above ! surface1 & falls back ) labor+ pulse & pant+ brea?4 ,9 case ! dive has be5 unusually ext5d$1 a few drops ( blood may trickle f ! nose & m\?4 ,8 f9d--consi/+ frequ5tly ( no?+ & r>ely ( m ?an "o oy/]--is c>ri$ 9 a cocoanut fib] sack susp5d$ f ! neck1 or is held 9 ! left h&1 or may be hugg$ b5ea? ! left arm4 ,ord9>ily 9 actual fi%+ op]ations1 ! fi%]m5 d n desc5d to great] dep?s ?an fifte5 fa?oms1 & rema9 f sixty to n9ety seconds4 ,writ+ 9 #ahea1 a trad] :o _h sp5t sev]al ye>s 9 collect+ pe>ls & pe>l %ells among ! ,tuamotus /at$3 8,i tim$ sev]al by ! wat*1 & ! longe/ p]iod ,i knew any ( !m to keep b5ea? ! wat] 0 a m9ute & a qu>t]1 & !re 7 only two :o accompli%$ ?is feat4 ,r less ?an a m9ute 0 ! usual duration4 ,x is unusual = !m to attempt deep div+2 & let ! %ells be ev] s abundant1 !y w come up & swe> !re are none40#bdd ,h[ev]1 9 mutual conte/s or 9 special exhibitions1 reports ( tw5ty1 tw5ty-?ree1 & ev5 tw5ty-five fa?oms are num]\s1 & !y h repeat$ly be5 tim$ two & a half to ?ree m9utes4 ,b\*on-,br&ely speaks ( a woman at ,anaa1 "o ( ! ,tuamotus1 :o w\ld g d[n tw5ty-five fa?oms & rema9 ?ree m9utes "u wat]4#bde ,?is seems v unusual1 b !re are num]\s reports ( two & a half m9utes at ab\t sev5te5 or eighte5 fa?oms4 ,9 ,octob]1 #ahii1 at ,hiku]u ,isl&1 ano!r ( ! ,tuamotu gr\p1 a "y native made an exhibition dive = ! (fic]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,fi% ,commission /eam%ip ,albatross4 ,he rea*$ bottom at a dep? ( #ajb feet "u ! boat's keel1 & rema9$ subm]g$ two m9utes & =ty seconds4 ,! wat] 0 s transp>5t t he 0 cle>ly se5 f ! surface4 ,aft] he t\*$ bottom at t great dep?1 he calmly pick$ ov] ! coral & %ells to select a piece to br+ up4#bdf ,! div] 0 ready to g d[n aga9 only a few m9utes aft] he came up4 ,9 8 "w on ,fr5* ,oceanica1 ,*>ti] /ates3 8,!re are ?ree wom5 well kn[n 9 ! ar*ipelago ( ,tuamotu :o h no equals else:]e2 !y explore ! dep? at tw5ty-five fa?oms & rema9 n less ?an ?ree m9utes be=e reappe>+ at ! surface40#bdg ,h[ev]1 ^! unusual dep?s & ext5sions ( "t are dang]\s1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 or s]i\s results foll[4 ,mo/ ( ! cat* is obta9$ 9 ab\t t5 fa?oms ( wat]4 ,at ! reque/ ( ! writ]1 ,mr4 ,julius ,d4 ,dreh]1 ,am]ican ,consul at ,tahiti1 made inquiries among ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s 9 reg>d to ! record ( ! be/ div]s1 & wrote z foll[s3 ,mr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,"y1 :o has liv$ 9 ^! isl&s = ?irty ye>s1 in=ms me t he has nev] se5 a div] rema9 "u wat] long] ?an #hj seconds1 & t at a dep? ( twelve to fifte5 fa?oms4 ,at "o "t he te/$ a man :o claim$ to be able to /ay "u = ?ree m9utes1 yet ?is man c\ld hold 8 brea? on l& less ?an #hj seconds by ! wat*4 ,eld] ,joseph ,f4 ,burton1 :o has sp5t _m ye>s z a mission>y 9 ^! isl&s1 /ates t once 9 ,hiku]u1 ( ! ,tuamotu gr\p1 he w5t out 9 a boat ) ! div]s to "t !m4 ,! be/ record made 0 #ajg seconds1 b he 0 in=m$ t !re 7 bett] div]s on ! isl& ?an ^? he te/$4 ,he ?9ks ! wat] 0 t5 to twelve fa?oms 9 dep?4 ,a native ( ,tak>oa1 nam$ ,metu>o1 told ,mr4 ,burton t he c\ld /ay "u wat] ?ree m9utes or long]4 ,:5 ^! div]s come up !y take a brea? & imm$iately put _! head "u wat] to prev5t heada*e4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,lamb ,doty1 =m]ly ,consul & n[ ,vice-,consul at ,tahiti1 :o has sp5t eighte5 ye>s "h1 is will+ to be quot$ z affirm+ t he once tim$ a div] :o rema9$ "u wat] #b m9utes #ce seconds4 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,b4 ,m]w91 a lead+ trad] ) ! ,tuamotu ,isl&s1 is will+ to be quot$ z say+ t he saw a div] rema9 "u wat] #d m9utes #de seconds by ! wat*4 ,?is is g5]ally reg>d$1 s f> z my inquiries g1 z improbable2 b mo/ p]sons int]view$ believe t m5 d rema9 "u wat] #b to #c m9utes4 ,a native ( ,tak>oa1 nam$ ,tai1 assur$ me 9 ! pres5ce ( o!rs t !re 7 tw5ty m5 9 t isl& :o c\ld rema9 "u wat] #b to #c m9utes at a dep? ( tw5ty fa?oms4 ,he claim$ to be able to /ay #c m9utes at t dep?4 ,illu/ration3 ,pe>l-div]s ( ! ,tuamotu ,ar*ipelago2 m51 wom5 & *ildr5 dive 9 ^! wat]s ,illu/ration3 ,settlem5t ( pe>l fi%]m5 at ,hiqu]u1 ,tuamotu ,ar*ipelago ,div+-suits1 or scaph&]s1 h be5 us$ at mo/ ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1 b 9 a v irregul> mann]4 ,9 #ahij ! use ( scaph&]s 0 re/rict$ 9 ! ,tuamotu gr\p1 & by decree ( ,decemb] #bh1 #ahib1 x 0 int]dict$ altoge!r ) a view to pres]v+ ! indu/ry to ! natives1 z x repres5ts _! pr9cipal means ( livelihood4 ,! suit commonly employ$ at ,p5rhyn consi/s ( a helmet & a jump]1 nei!r boots nor tr\s]s be+ worn4 ,ow+ to ! abs5ce ( weights on ! feet1 x r>ely b nev]!less sometimes happ5s t a div] turns upside d[n1 & ! unwieldy helmet keeps him head d[nw>d :ile ! air ru%es out "u ! bottom cord ( ! jump] & he is suffocat$4 ,also1 :5 a good pat* ( %ells has be5 locat$1 ! temptation to rema9 d[n too long is great1 & p>alysis (t5 results4 ,on ! :ole1 ^! div+-suits h prov5 v dang]\s to ! light1 graceful swimm]s ( ^! s\!rn seas1 to :om !y are ab\t z mu* ( an imp$im5t z 0 ,saul's armor to ! %eph]d lad :o slew ! giant ) ! simple pebble f a sl+4 ,& !re are dang]s also 9 nude div+1 ev5 to ^? :o h sp5t a lifetime ab\t ! wat]4 ,%>ks & /+-rays & devil-fi% !re are 9 abundance1 & _m ( !m "k ! ta/e ( div]'s fle%2 on ! o!r h& _m a d>+ ,s\? ,sea ,isl&] c\ld tell ( a fi]ce combat m ?rill+ ?an ev5 ^? pictur$ by ,victor ,hugo4 ,"o ( ! *ief advantages ( ! div+-suit is t 9 case a %>k comes along1 ! div] c bide 8 "t until ! fi% is ready to leave1 or he c fright5 x away by eject+ air bubbles f ! sleeve ( 8 suit or by o!r demon/rations2 :]eas a nude div] is oblig$ to seek ! air )\t delay1 & 9 ! retreat is seiz$ by ! fi% :o1 human l1 has 8 appetite increas$ by ! visible retreat ( ! object ( 8 desire4 ,n ,s*ill] nor ,edg> ,allan ,poe ev] conjur$ up a picture m gha/ly ?an t ( a ,p5rhyn div] caught l a rat 9 a trap by "s huge1 man-eat+ %>k or fi]ce k>a mauua1 cr\*+ 9 a cleft ( ! ov]hang+ coral1 "u ! d>k gre5 gloom ( a hundr$ feet ( wat]1 ) bur/+ lungs & crack+ eyeballs1 :ile ! ?reat5+ bulk ( 8 t]rible enemy looms d>k & /eady1 full 9 ! road to life & air4 ,a m9ute or m has be5 sp5t 9 ! d[nw>d j\rney2 ano!r m9ute has pass$ 9 ! agoniz$ wait "u ! rock4444 ,has he be5 se58444 ,w ! creature move away n[1 :ile !re is /ill "t to return8 ,! div] kn[s to a second h[ mu* "t has pass$2 ! ?ird m9ute is on its way2 b "o goes up quick] ?an "o comes d[n1 & !re is /ill hope4444 ,two m9utes & a half2 x is b>ely possible n[1 b--! s5t9el ( dea? glides =w>d2 8 cruel eyes1 phosphoresc5t 9 ! gloom1 look "r into ! cleft :]e ! wret*$ creature is cr\*+1 ) almo/ tw5ty seconds ( life /ill left1 b n[ n a %r$ ( hope4 ,a few m beats ( ! labor+ pulse1 a gasp f ! tortur$ lungs1 a sudd5 ru% ( silv]y air bubbles1 & ! br[n limbs collapse d[n out ( ! cleft l wrea?s ( seawe$4 ,! %>k has 8 own4 7,beatrice ,grim%aw 9 ! 8,graphic407 ,at ! end ( ! day's "w1 ! cat* is op5$ by means ( a l>ge knife1 & c>efully se>*$ = ! mu* priz$ pe>ls4 ,usually ! fi%]man f9ds none2 occasionally he discov]s a small r\nd "o or a l>ge b>oque1 & at long int]vals--possibly once 9 two or ?ree ye>s--8 se>* is rew>d$ ) a f9e pe>l = :i* he may receive #ej or #fj1 & !re is always ! *ance t ! v next oy/] w disclose a gem :i* w make him indep5d5t = ! rema9d] ( 8 life2 & if no pe>ls :atev] are f\nd1 !re are ! %ells1 ! sale ( :i* furni%es suffici5t to pur*ase tobacco1 knives1 fi%-hooks1 ! gaudy cotton clo?s1 ! fl\r & o!r simple articles ( food1 & especially rum1 t fatal gift ( civilization :i* has be5 ! curse ( s _m primitive peoples4 ,"s ( ! individual pe>ls secur$ h be5 rem>kably l>ge1 weigh+ #ajj gra9s & ov]4 ,return+ visitors f ,tahiti1 ) views magnifi$ d\btless 9 proportion to ! di/ance ( ! objects ( _! description1 cr$it$ ,que5 ,pom> ) ! possession ( "s suffici5tly l>ge to be us$ = billi>d-balls4 ,sixty ye>s ago sup]b pe>ls c\ld be obta9$ f ! natives = a few gallons ( rum or a small numb] ( pieces ( *eap calico1 & sev]al %rewd trad]s made great pr(its 9 ! bus9ess4 ,b z trade at ! isl&s 0 op5 to vessels ( all nationalities1 ! competition increas$1 ) ! result t ! natives gradually le>n$ ! high e/imation 9 :i* pe>ls are held1 & 9 rec5t ye>s x has n be5 unusual = "o ( m$ium grade to sell high] 9 ,oceanica ?an x w\ld 9 ,europe4 ,x is difficult to =m a reliable e/imate ( ! value ( ! pe>l+ indu/ry ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s4 ,! ,tuamotu gr\p1 ) #djjj fi%]m51 yields1 9 an av]age season1 ab\t #dej tons ( "m-(-pe>l1 wor? ab\t #fe1jjj 9 ,london1 :]e mo/ ( x is m>ket$4 ,! yield at ! rema9+ ,fr5* isl&s is less ?an t ( ! ,tuamotus4 ,probably ! total yield ( "m-(-pe>l 9 all ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s is n f> f #ijj tons1 wor? ab\t #gjj1jjj4 ,no /ati/ics :atev] are available reg>d+ ! yield ( pe>ls1 & ! e/imates s5t f ! isl&s are small comp>$ ) ^? made by ,london & ,p>is firms :o import ! pe>ls4 ,a l>ge numb] ( p]sons liv+ 9 ,papeiti & _m trad]s visit+ ! isl&s dep5d v l>gely on pe>l-deal+ = a livelihood4 ,f ! yield ( pe>l %ell & e/imates made by deal]s1 we are incl9$ to put ! value ( ! pe>ls secur$ 9 an av]age season f all ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s at ab\t #abe1jjj1 only a small portion ( :i* goes to ! fi%]m5 !mselves1 ! great] "p repres5t+ pr(its ( ! trad]s4 ,,pe>l ,,fi%]ies ,,( ,,au/ralia ,ocean's gem1 ! pure/ ,( nature's works6 ,:at days ( we>y j\rney+s1 ,:at sleepless nights1 :at toils on l& & sea1 ,are borne by m5 to ga9 !e6 ,,unkn[n4 ,z reg>ds area ( di/ribution ! mo/ ext5sive pe>l-oy/] gr\nds ( ! _w are situat$ on ! nor!rn & we/]n coa/s ( ,au/ralia4 ,^! are locat$ )9 ! jurisdictions ( ,que5sl&1 ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 & ,s\? ,au/ralia2 & ext5d 9 irregul> pat*es f ne> ,cookt[n on ! nor!a/ almo/ to ,fremantle at ! s\?we/1 a di/ance ( ne>ly #cjjj miles4 ,^? 9 ,que5sl& are commonly kn[n z ! ,torres ,/raits fi%]ies1 z !y are especially important !re2 b !y ext5d a consid]able di/ance beyond ea* end ( ! /rait1 & pe>l+ exp$itions are made f ! limits ( ! ,great ,b>ri] coral reef nor?w>d to ! vic9ity ( ,new ,gu9ea4#bdh ,^? ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia are commonly spok5 ( z ! ,nor?we/ fi%]ies4 ,! fi%]ies ( ,que5sl& & ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia are approximately equal 9 ext5t1 z reg>ds numb] ( vessels1 boats1 & m5 employ$1 & ! quantity & value ( ! cat*1 ) ! advantage slightly 9 favor ( ! ,nor?we/ fi%]y 9 ! la/ f\r or five ye>s4 ,9 #aije1 accord+ to ! (ficial figures1 ! ,que5sl& fi%]y gave employm5t to #cdh vessels & #bhej m51 & yield$ %ell & pe>ls wor? #ace1jjj1 :i* 0 ! smalle/ output s9ce #ahij4 ,! ,we/]n ,au/ralia fi%]y1 exclusive ( ,%>ks ,bay1 employ$ #cfe vessels 9 #aije1 & ab\t ! same numb] ( m5 z 9 ,que5sl&1 & yield$ #aif1jjj wor? ( %ell & pe>ls4 ,! fi%]y ( ,s\? ,au/ralia employ$ ab\t #fj vessels & #cge m51 & yield$ ab\t #be1jjj wor? ( %ell & pe>ls4 ,?is makes = ! :ole ( ,au/ralia1 except ,%>ks ,bay h]e9aft] not$1 a total ( #ggc vessels1 #fjge m51 & an output wor? #cef1jjj4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood t ! ,s\? ,au/ralia fi%]y is n prosecut$ on ! s\!rn coa/ ( ! cont95t1 b on ! nor!rn coa/1 9 :at is kn[n z ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritory ( ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,?ree species ( pe>l-oy/]s are f\nd 9 ,au/ralian wat]s4 ,! l>ge/ species1 ,m>g>itif]a maxima1 :i* is by f> ! mo/ important & widely di/ribut$1 occurs to a great] or less ext5t ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ?is region4 ,?is yields ! /&>d mo!r(-pe>l ( comm]ce4 ,al?\gh ! pe>ls :i* x yields are among ! l>ge/ & f9e/ 9 ! _w1 ?is mollusk is s\ght m p>ticul>ly = ! %ell1 ! value ( :i* f season to season av]ages ?ree or f\r times z mu* z t ( ! pe>ls4 ,ord9>ily ?is %ell is uni=mly :ite ov] ! entire inn] surface1 & is commonly kn[n locally z 8silv] lip02 b "s 8gold5-edg$0 %ell occurs on ! muddy gr\nds 9 n>r[ passages betwe5 ! isl&s on ! nor?we/ coa/4 ,:ile ?is species is greg>i\s1 x is n locat$ 9 d5sely cov]$ b$s1 b is scatt]$ 9 pat*es ov] ! reefs4 ,"s ( ^! are miles 9 l5g? & conta9 scores ( tons1 b visually !y are v mu* small]4 ,! oy/]s occur pr9cipally on rocky bottom1 & also on clay & s& :5 well cov]$ ) seawe$s1 b are r>ely f\nd on muddy gr\nd4 ,!y are mo/ num]\s 9 ! *annels :]e ! curr5t is /rong4 ,! small oy/]s are g5]ally loosely atta*$ by ! byssus to rock1 gravel or o!r %ells2 :ile ! mature ones lie loosely on ! bottom or slightly turn$ 9 ! s&4 ,! second species ( ! ,au/ralian pe>l-oy/]s1 ,m>g>itif]a m>g>itif]a1 is small]1 r>ely exce$+ eight in*es 9 diamet] & a weight ( two p\nds4 ,! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic is ! black edge bord]+ ! inn] surface ( ! %ell1 :5ce x acquir$ ! local designation 8black lip40 ,?is v>iety is n r>e 9 ,que5sl&1 & 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia its range ext5ds z f> z ,*ampion ,bay 9 ,lat4 #bi ,s4 ,h[ev]1 ! cat* is small comp>$ ) t ( ! ,m>g>itif]a maxima1 am\nt+ to only two or ?ree p] c5t4 9 ,que5sl&4 ,9 #aije1 ! export ( 8silv] lip0 & 8gold5-edg$0 f ,?ursday ,isl& 0 #ebg tons1 & ( 8black lip0 only #aa tons2 9 #aijd1 ^! figures 7 #ggh & #g respectively4 ,9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia ! p]c5tage ( yield is mu* l>g] ?an ?is4 ,! ?ird species1 ,m>g>itif]a c>*>ium1 is conf9$ almo/ entirely to ! limits ( ,%>ks ,bay1 on ! extreme we/]n coa/ ( ,au/ralia4 ,at maturity x is ! smalle/ ( ! ?ree1 av]ag+ ?ree or f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 & ab\t equals 9 size ! ,l+ah pe>l-oy/] ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,! p]c5tage ( pe>ls !refrom is relatively great] ?an f ! l>g] v>iety2 b1 ow+ to its small size & lack ( ?ickness1 ! %ell is ( little comm]cial value4 ,! value ( ! output 9 rec5t ye>s has approximat$ two or ?ree ?\s& p\nds /]l+1 :i* is v mu* less ?an =m]ly1 ! value ( ! %ell hav+ greatly decreas$ s9ce ! introduction ( ! ,mississippi %ell 9 button manufacture4 ,! pe>l fi%]y on ! coa/ ( ,au/ralia orig9at$ ab\t #ahfa4 ,x appe>s t an ,am]ican sailor nam$ ,tays 0 ! pione] 9 ! bus9ess2 & on 8 dea? by dr[n+1 ! bus9ess 0 conduct$ by 8 p>tn] nam$ ,seub]t4#bdi ,?is 0 on ! nor?we/ coa/1 & ! output rea*$ ! m>ket by way ( ,s+apore4 ,at fir/ ! oy/]s 7 s abundant 9 %all[ wat] t !y c\ld be pick$ up at l[ tide1 & bea*-comb+ 0 pr(itable1 especially :5 c>ri$ on ) *eap native labor4 ,z ! bea*-b$s became exhau/$1 ! natives 7 enc\rag$ to wade out to great] dep?s1 & soon !y became accu/om$ to 8bob "u0 = ^? oy/]s visible f ! surface4 ,! ,au/ralian blacks 7 ?us taught to dive1 & 9 #ahfg div+ f boats 9 two or ?ree fa?oms 0 attempt$ ) su* success t 9 ! foll[+ ye> ! practice 0 g5]ally adopt$1 ! dep? 9 :i* !y work$ gradually ext5d+ to six or eight fa?oms4 ,9 div+ f a boat1 ! m5 imitat$ 8bobb+ "u0 :i* !y _h practis$ 9 %oal] wat]2 !y slipp$ (f ! gunwale feet =emo/1 & :5 six or eight feet bel[ ! surface1 turn$ & swam d[nw>d4 ,ow+ to ! close labor relations exi/+ betwe5 ! natives & ! %eep-rais]s ( nor?we/]n ,au/ralia1 ! latt] 7 br\ght into ! bus9ess1 & = a numb] ( ye>s pe>l+ & %eep-rais+ 7 closely associat$4 ,! blacks 7 employ$ 9 v>i\s duties 9 connection ) rais+ & %e>+ %eep1 & x 0 important to f9d "s occupation = !m :5 ran*-"w 0 slack1 n only = _! own subsi/5ce b = ! protection ( ! h]dsm5 & _! prop]ty4 ,=tunately1 ?is opportunity 0 furni%$ by ! pe>l fi%]y1 = :i* ^! m5 7 well qualifi$4 ,! pr(its ( ! bus9ess soon attract$ _m outside capitali/s1 & x became difficult to procure div]s4 ,n only did ! pe>l]s--& p>ticul>ly new-com]s--resort to impress+ ! blacks into s]vice1 b skill$ fi%]m5 7 br\ght ov] f ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 & 9 "s cases ! me?ods us$ 9 secur+ !m 7 by no means regul>4 ,9 #ahga ! ,nor?we/ pe>l fi%]y gave employm5t to #ab vessels ( #ae to #ej tons ea*1 & yield$ ab\t #ahj tons ( "m-(-pe>l4 ,dur+ ! same ye>1 9 ,torres ,/raits1 :]e ! indu/ry _h ext5d$ ab\t #ahfh1 !re 7 #aj vessels--mo/ly f ! port ( ,sydney--& ! cat* ( "m-(-pe>l approximat$ #bjj tons1 valu$ at #fj1jjj 9 ,london4#bej ,ea* vessel 0 commonly mann$ by two or ?ree :ite m5 & f t5 to fifty div]s1 :o work$ f d+hys1 9 gangs ( six or eight ea* ) an ov]se] 9 *>ge4 ,z ! fi%]y increas$ rapidly 9 ext5t1 ! problem ( secur+ nude div]s became a s]i\s "o1 & 8nigg] hunt+0 became r common1 ! ,au/ralian black man repres5t+ ! *eape/ =m ( labor1 work+ = 8 food1 tobacco1 & ! simple/ articles ( clo?+4 ,!re 0 no compla9t t ! m5 ?us impress$ 7 treat$ ) inhumanity2 on ! contr>y !y 7 well f$ & c>$ =2 yet1 ) a view to protect+ !m & prev5t+ ev5 a suspicion ( wrong-do+1 ! ,au/ralian gov]nm5t enact$ regulations re/rict+ pe>l+ contracts ) ! natives4 ,ne>ly e ye> ^! regulations became m /r+5t1 affect+ ! h\rs = div+1 & limit+ ! "w to dep?s ( six & a half fa?oms1 s t ! employm5t ( ,au/ralian aborig9es 9 ! fi%]y became extremely tr\blesome & annoy+4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! ,ne!rl&s also plac$ sev]e re/rictions on ! employm5t ( natives ( ! ,dut* ,indies1 requir+ security ( #bj p] head = ! repatriation ( ea* man2 & ! local *iefs or rajahs also expect$ a rake-(f be=e p]mitt+ _! m5 to %ip4 ,^! ,malays--f ! isl&s ( ,solor1 ,allor1 ,adon>e1 etc41--also expect$ mu* bett] pay & bett] provisions ?an ! ,au/ralian blacks4 ,! foll[+ int]e/+ acc\nt by ,h5ry ,taunton gives a graphic description ( ! fi%]y z c>ri$ on at t "t3 ,! "w 0 f> f easy4 ,x 0 exhau/+ & p]il\s = ! div]s1 & full ( privation1 exposure1 & dang] = ! :ite m54 ,only ! hope ( a prosp]\s season reconcil$ "o to ! life4 ,:5 %ells 7 pl5tiful & ! wea!r f9e1 ! "w 0 excit+ & int]e/+ en\gh2 b dur+ r\gh wea!r1 :5 "o _h to be con/antly /ra9+ at ! o> to keep ! d+hy f drift+ too rapidly1 or :5 h\r aft] h\r might pass )\t ! m5 br++ up a s+le %ell1 ! disc\ragem5t 0 great4 ,! rays ( ! v]tical sun beat+ d[n on "o's %\ld]s at su* times seem$ z if x w\ld nev] rea* ! we/]n horizon1 :i* 0 ! signal = return+ on bo>d4 ,z may well be imag9$1 :5 ?ree or f\r :ite m5 _h to control & compel "s ?irty or =ty natives to c>ry on "w :i* !y dete/$1 a v /rict discipl9e _h to be ma9ta9$4 ,x 0 ! rule t no talk+ 0 all[$ among/ ! div]s :5 9 ! d+hy1 nor 7 !y ev5 p]mitt$ to address ! :ite man1 unless1 maybe1 to answ] a "q z to ! nature ( ! bottom1 :e!r nanoo 7s&7 or bann9 7%elly bottom71 etc41 or unless "s urg5t necessity arose4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 ,i h pu%$ (f f ! vessel's side ( a morn+ & h n he>d a ^w spok5 until we return$ on bo>d at night1 unless *ance might take me )9 hail ( "s o!r d+hy1 :5 felicitations or condol5ces w\ld be ex*ang$1 z good or bad luck might happ54 ,at times1 :5 ! 8pat*0 0 small1 ! d+hys ( ! :ole fleet might be congregat$ on a v small area1 9 :i* case ! sc5e 0 animat$ en\gh4 ,on all sides y c\ld see div]s slipp+ into ! wat] & o!rs j com+ to ! surface1 puff+1 bl[+1 & c\gh+ to cle> _! eyes1 e>s1 & m\? f ! salt wat]--"s )1 o!rs )\t %ells4 ,o!rs w\ld be swimm+ to rega9 _! d+hy or squatt+ 9 _! places = ! few m9utes' re/ p]mitt$1 &1 if ! w9d 7 at all fre%1 %iv]+ ) cold2 = al?\gh ! wea!r might be extremely hot1 ! con/ant plung+ 9 & out = _m h\rs at a "t t5d$ to r$uce ! bodily temp]ature consid]ably4 ,! :ite m5 w\ld be se5 /&+ up 9 ea* d+hy4 ,!y 7 lightly clad1 ) %irt sleeves & tr\s]s roll$ up1 9 all v>ieties & col\rs ( co/ume1 f ! regulation %irt1 tr\s]s1 & felt hat1 ) lea!r belt su/a9+ %ea?-knife & p\*1 to ! m com=table pyjama suit1 or ev5 ! ,malay s>ong4 ,"s w\ld be /ra9+ h>d at ! end ( ! scull-o>1 =c+ ! boat aga9/ w9d & tide 9 ! endeavor to keep x z long z possible on ! 8pat*10 :i* 0 m>k$ by ! discov]]'s buoy1 :i* also might be obs]v$ nodd+ on ! surface1 & cant$ ov] by ! swiftly ru%+ tide4 ,o!rs1 _! m5 all be+ bel[1 j kept ! d+hy's head to w9d until1 by judici\s use ( ! o> & well-calculat$ drift+1 all ! div]s reappe> on ! surface )9 a %ort di/ance f _! own boat4 ,?is is ! secret ( sav+ ! div]s f wa/+ _! p[]s & "t uselessly4444 ,z may be suppos$1 :]e ! tide sweeps ! div]s along ! bottom at ! rate ( ?ree or f\r or ev5 six miles an h\r1 !y h to be v sm>t 9 seek+ & grabb+ any %ell )9 rea*4 ,i h nev] te/$ !m ) a "t-keep]2 b by c\nt+ seconds on _m occasions1 f ! mom5t a div]'s head sank bel[ until x aga9 came above ! surface1 ,i e/imat$ ! av]age "t "u wat] 0 fifty-sev5 seconds4 ,"p ( ?is is ( c\rse exp5d$ 9 swimm+ to ! bottom1 :]e !y c rema9 only a v few seconds1 z "t mu/ be all[$ = rea*+ ! surface be=e lett+ g _! brea?4 ,practice 9 ev]-v>y+ dep?s enables !m to gauge ?is limit ( "t to a nicety4 ,b sometimes !y cut ?+s too f9e1 & !n a cata/rophe 0 inevitable1 unless mu* wat*fulness 0 ex]cis$ by ! :ite man1 :o has to keep 8 eyes turn$ 9 all directions once 8 m5 are d[n4 ,s long z a div] c hold 8 brea? ! pressure =ces him to ! surface at a spe$ :i* seldom requires accel]at+ by /rokes ) ! h&s or feet2 b ! mom5t he lets g 8 brea?--if "u wat]--8 upw>d c\rse is arre/$ & 8 body comm5ces to s9k4 ,n[1 :5 ! :ite man sees ?is1 ei!r he mu/ plunge 9 to ! rescue himself1 or direct su* div]s :o may be on ! top to d ! ne$ful4 ,on a calm day1 :5 "o c see f> into ! blue cle> dep?s bel[1 ,i h (t5 se5 "o ( my m5 %oot+ rapidly upw>ds until )9 p]haps a foot or two f ! surface1 :5 a sudd5 gu% ( bubbles f ! man's m\? w\ld tell its own tale4 ,in/antly he w\ld beg9 to s9k g5tly d[nw>ds1 & only quick action c\ld save ?is div] :o _h miscalculat$ 8 "t4 ,h[ev]1 z x 0 n infrequ5t = div]s to g d[n & nev] come up at all1 "o may conclude t1 :]e ! "t to be all[$ is compris$ 9 s few seconds1 ev5 ! mo/ exp]i5c$ make fatal errors4#bea ,! difficulties 9 secur+ labor at l5g? result$ 9 exp]im5ts ) ! scaph&] or div+ dress1 & gradually its adoption by mo/ ( ! pe>l+ fleet4 ,! labor problem & ! exhau/ion ( ! oy/]s 9 m$ium dep?s develop$ m quickly 9 ,torres ,/raits ?an on ! nor?we/ coa/1 & div+ outfits 7 introduc$ !re ab\t #ahgi1 :ile ?is 0 delay$ ab\t five ye>s long] on ! nor?we/ coa/4 ,! outfit did n imm$iately supplant nude div+ 9 ei!r locality4 ,9 #ahhc1 only #hj ( ! #bjf ,que5sl& vessels 7 suppli$ ) scaph&]s1 ! o!rs cont9u+ to use nude div+1 & ev5 yet ne>ly "o ?ird ( ! vessels dep5d on t =m ( fi%]y4 ,( ! #cec vessels fi%+ 9 #aijd1 #ajh dep5d$ on nude div]s & #bde 7 suppli$ ) armor$ equipm5t4 ,9 #ahha ! ,que5sl& gov]nm5t took cognizance ( ! rapidly develop+ indu/ry1 & enact$ a lic5se sy/em & o!r regulations4 ,= e boat "u two tons an annual lic5se fee ( #a 79 #ahhf ?is 0 r$uc$ to t5 %ill+s7 0 enact$1 & = e vessel ( t5 tons or "u1 ! sum ( #c1 ) an additional am\nt = vessels 9 excess ( t measurem5t2 b n exce$+ #bj 9 any case4#beb ,9 #ahhf x 0 requir$ by ! ,que5sl& gov]nm5t t e p]son employ$ 8z a div]1 & us+ a div+ app>atus10 mu/ be lic5s$ annually1 = :i* a fee ( #a is exact$4#bec ,& 9 #ahia x 0 requir$ t 8e div+ dress & air-pump & all air-tubes & ge> us$ 9 ! fi%]y 9 connection ) div+ mu/ be submitt$ to an inspector = exam9ation once at lea/ 9 e p]iod ( six mon?s40#bed ,! lic5se sy/em 0 adopt$ 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia 9 #ahhf1 a fee ( #a p] annum be+ exact$ = ea* vessel engag$ 9 ! fi%]y4#bee ,9 #ahia1 ,s\? ,au/ralia adopt$ ! lic5se sy/em1 requir+ t e boat ( two tons or "u %\ld pay t5 %ill+s1 & t ea* boat ov] t measurem5t %\ld pay tw5ty %ill+s4 ,) a view to protect+ ! reefs1 ! gov]nm5t ( ,que5sl& 9 #ahia enact$ a law =bidd+ ! sale or removal--except = cultivation purposes--( any pe>l %ell 8( ! k9d sci5tifically kn[n z ,meleagr9a m>g>itif]a1 & ( ei!r ( ! v>ieties commonly kn[n z #8gold5-edg$' & #8silv] lip1' ( :i* ! nacre or "m-(-pe>l measures less ?an six in*es f ! butt or h+e to ! opposite edge or lip1 b ?is does n apply to ! v>iety commonly call$ #8dw>f-%ell4'0#bef ,ow+ to ! difficulty 9 en=c+ ?is regulation1 ! size re/riction 0 r$uc$ 9 #ahig to five in*es f ! h+e to ! opposite lip1 or six & "o half in*es ext]iorly1 %ells ( ?is size weigh+ approximately "o p\nd4 ,x is claim$ t _m oy/]s less ?an five in*es 9 l5g? are rais$1 op5$ = pe>ls1 & !n ca/ back into ! wat]4#beg ,9 #ahii ! gov]nor ( ,s\? ,au/ralia int]dict$ ! capture 9 ! wat]s ( t t]ritory ( any %ell ( 8,meleagr9a m>g>itif]a measur+ less ?an f\r in*es f ! butt or h+e to ! opposite edge or lip40 ,compet5t evid5ce exi/s t a good-siz$ pe>l has be5 f\nd 9 an oy/] measur+ "o in* 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,pe>l+ boats at ,hiqu]u1 ,tuamotu ,ar*ipelago ,illu/ration3 ,au/ralian pe>l-div] 7armor$7 com+ up f ! dep?s ,! fi%]m5 ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia r5dezv\s at ,broome1 ab\t "o ?\s& miles by wat] nor? ( ,p]?1 ! ne>e/ railway /ation4 ,) only a ?\s& or s inhabitants1 "u normal conditions1 ?is is a sc5e ( great activity1 & be>s a reputation ( be+ no ,sunday-s*ool :5 ! fi%]m5 are 91 ) tons ( %ell & _m a pickle bottle m or less full ( pe>ls4 ,cossack & ,onsl[ are also important /ations4 ,9 #aije1 #cdj lugg]s & #be s*oon]s 7 employ$ 9 ! pe>l fi%]ies ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 exclusive ( ,%>ks ,bay4 ,( ?is numb] ab\t #he p] c5t4 hail$ f ,broome4 ,! s*oon]s rang$ 9 size f #ac to #acc tons1 & ! lugg]s 7 mo/ly ab\t #ab tons1 ) a m9imum ( #c & a maximum ( #ad tons4 ,! total numb] ( fi%]m5 approximat$ #bijj1 a m$ley ( races1 ,japanese1 ,malays1 ,*9ese1 ,arabs1 native aborig9als & ,s\? ,sea ,isl&]s work+ toge!r m or less h>moni\sly4 ,! yield consi/$ ( #acid tons ( "m-(-pe>l1 ) a decl>$ value ( #adf1bbe1 & ab\t #ej1jjj wor? ( pe>ls1 a total ( #aif1bee = ! ye>1 :i* 0 an increase ( #cb1bhf ov] #aijd4beh ,! headqu>t]s = ! fi%]y ( ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritory ( ,s\? ,au/ralia are at ,port ,d>w94 ,9 #aije ?is fi%]y employ$ =ty-n9e sail vessels & two canoes mann$ by ,europeans1 & two proas & twelve canoes mann$ by ,malays4 ,! crews1 numb]+ ab\t #cge1 consi/$ ma9ly ( ,malays1 ,japanese & ,filip9os4 ,9 #aije1 #db p] c5t4 7 ,malays1 #bd p] c5t4 7 ,japanese1 & #bj p] c5t4 7 ,filip9os4 ,ow+ to ! l[ price ( pe>l %ell1 ! fi%]y 0 n prosecut$ actively1 & _m ( ! ,asiatics left = ! pe>l+ reefs at ! ,aru ,isl&s4 ,! total value ( pe>l %ells report$ among ! exports = t ye> 0 #ah1ebf2 dur+ ! prec$+ ye> x 0 #bh1cia4 ,no record is available = ! value ( ! pe>ls4 ,! ,que5sl& pe>l+ fleet has its r5dezv\s at ,port ,k5n$y1 ,?ursday ,isl&1 :i* 0 orig9ally ma9ta9$ by ! ,briti%1 ! ,que5sl&1 & ! ,new ,s\? ,wales gov]nm5ts z a h>bor ( refuge = m>9]s4 ,politically ?is port is important z ! /rategic key to ! nor!a/ ( ,au/ralia1 b its prosp]ity is almo/ :olly dep5d5t on ! pe>l-oy/] fi%]y4 ,! population approximates #afjj1 consi/+ l>gely ( ,japanese1 ,malays1 ,c+alese1 ,pacific isl&]s1 & ,au/ralian aborig9es1 ) specim5s f ne>ly e ,asiatic & ,european nationality1 & "s f ,am]ica & ,africa4 ,! ,japanese pr$om9ate1 _! influx dat+ f #ahia2 & at pres5t ! indu/ry is l>gely dep5d5t on ^! ,scot*m5 ( ! ,ori5t = its mo/ skilful workm54 ,! het]og5e\s nationalities1 & ! abundance ( s&-flies1 mosquitos1 etc41 make ?is isl& r less desirable z a place ( resid5ce ?an x is int]e/+ f a political & e?nological po9t ( view4 ,! ,que5sl& fi%]y 9 #aije employ$ #cdh vessels1 & yield$ #edc tons ( %ell1 accord+ to ! gov]nm5t returns4 ,9 #aijd1 #cec vessels 7 engag$1 & ! cat* 0 #gih tons ( %ell4 ,dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s !re has be5 a v /eady decrease 9 ! av]age cat* ( pe>l-oy/]s p] boat 9 ! ,au/ralian fi%]y4 ,! av]age cat* 9 ! ,que5sl& fleet 9 #ahij approximat$ #g tons p] boat2 f #ahih to #aijc x 0 ab\t #c tons annually2 9 #aijd x 0 only #b tons1 & 9 #aije a trifle m ?an #a tons4 ,! ye>ly increas+ numb] ( boats w\ld naturally l[] ! av]age1 b ! decrease is g5]ally ascrib$ to ! d5udation ( ! reefs1 due to close work+ = ?irty-five ye>s )\t giv+ !m a *ance to recup]ate4 ,! small yield 9 ,que5sl& 9 #aijd & #aije 0 due l>gely ta ! ext5d$ r\gh wea!r & ! accompany+ ?ick or muddy wat]1 :i* pres5t$ an ob/acle to ! prosecution ( ! "w4 ,mr4 ,hugh ,milman1 ! gov]nm5t resid5t at ,?ursday ,isl&1 /ates t ea* ye> ! b$s 9 ! m %elt]$ spots h be5 ext5sively fi%$1 r5d]+ x necess>y = ! fleet to g f>!r afield 9 places :]e ! dep? ( wat] is great]1 & :]e ! vessels are m expos$ to ! full =ce ( ! s\!a/ w9ds :i* prevail = ab\t sev5 mon?s ( ! ye>1 & :i* 7 unusually sev]e 9 #aije4bei ,! g5]al d5udation ( ! b$s is n ! pr9cipal cause ( ! decreas$ take4 ,an additional cause = ! fall+ (f 9 #aije 0 ! deflection ( a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! fleet to new fields ( op]ation1 #aaj vessels leav+ = ! ,aru ,isl&s 9 ! ,arafura ,sea1 :5 ! season 0 ab\t half f9i%$4 ,= vessels us+ div+ app>atus1 ! season cont9ues ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 b x is frequ5tly int]rupt$ by /orms1 :i* may cause ! boats to lie 9 h>bor = t5 days1 or ev5 two weeks at a "t4 ,! nude div]s susp5d "w f ,decemb] to ,m>*1 & also dur+ ! season ( gales4 ,ea* vessel is mann$ by a div]1 8 att5dant1 & a crew ( f\r m51 :o 9 pairs take alt]nate %ifts at ! manual pump = supply+ air to ! div]4 ,! entire =ce ( m5 take "p 9 manag+ ! vessel & 9 c>+ = ! cat*4 ,! vessel is provid$ ) full equipm5t & supplies ( food1 wat]1 etc41 to la/ two or ?ree weeks1 dep5d+ on ! di/ance ( ! fi%+ gr\nds f ! %ore /ation1 or ! frequ5cy ( trips made by a supply vessel4 ,except a numb] ( own]s & _! repres5tatives1 !re are n[ v few :ite p]sons engag$ 9 pe>l+ 9 ,au/ralian wat]s4 ,ev5 ! p]sons 9 *>ge ( ! vessels are l>gely natives ( ! ,pacific ,isl&s4 ,ow+ to ! h>d%ips enc\nt]$ & ! small remun]ation1 x is difficult to secure :ite labor2 & ali5s f ,japan1 ! ,philipp9es1 ,java1 ,s+apore1 ,india & ,new ,gu9ea1 are employ$4 ,! div]s are ( _m nationalities1 pr9cipally ,japanese & ,malays1 & ! =m] are said to be ! mo/ effici5t4 ,previ\s to #ahij1 !y 7 mo/ly :ites1 & 7 paid at ! rate ( #dj p] ton ( %ells2 b increas$ competition & ! influx ( *eap] labor caus$ a consid]able decrease 9 ! rate ( comp5sation1 driv+ mo/ ( ! :ite m5 out ( ! employm5t4 ,at pres5t ! ,japanese almo/ monopolize ! bus9ess4 ,( ! #cfg div]s lic5s$ at ,?ursday ,isl& 9 #aije1 #bia 7 ,japanese1 #cb 7 ,filip9os1 #ba 7 f ,rotuma ,isl&1 #af 7 ,malays1 & #g 7 ( o!r nationalities2 ?is %[s h[ completely ! :ite man has be5 driv5 out ( ?is skill$ bran* ( labor4 ,! oy/]s are s scatt]$ t consid]able walk+ is necess>y to f9d !m4 ,!y usually lie ) ! %ells p>tly op51 & 9 grasp+ !m ! fi%]man mu/ be c>eful n to ins]t a f+] )9 ! op5 %ell1 or a v bad p9* w result4 ,! progress ( ! vessel mu/ be adapt$ to t ( ! div]1 & :5 a good clump ( oy/]s is f\nd x may ev5 be desirable to an*or4 ,if ! curr5t & w9d are j "r1 ! vessel may repeat$ly drift ov] a b$1 ! div] asc5d+ & rema9+ on bo>d :ile ! vessel is retrac+ its c\rse to ! w9dw>d side ( ! reef4 ,on new gr\nds1 ! nature ( ! bottom is det]m9$ by ca/+ ! lead prop]ly tipp$ ) soap or tall[1 & ! prospects = oy/]s ?us det]m9$ )\t desc5d+4 ,dur+ good wea!r & 9 eight or t5 fa?oms ( wat]1 a div] c "w almo/ cont9ually1 & ne$ n return to ! surface = two h\rs or m2 b z ! dep? increases1 ! l5g? ( "t he may rema9 at ! bottom 9 safety decreases almo/ 9 geometric ratio1 & he comes to ! surface frequ5tly = a 8bl[0 ) helmet remov$4 ,evid5ce secur$ by a dep>tm5tal commission ( ! ,que5sl& gov]nm5t 9 #ahig1 %[$ t 9 good wea!r at a dep? ( eight or t5 fa?oms1 a div] works f sunrise to sunset1 com+ to ! surface only a few times4 ,9 a dep? ( ov] fifte5 fa?oms ! att5dant usually has in/ructions n to let him rema9 long] ?an fifte5 m9utes at a "t2 yet a div]'s eag]ness 9 work+ :]e good %ell is pl5tiful sometimes impels him to ord] ! att5dant to disreg>d ?is rule4 ,! v great pressure ( ! wat]--am\nt+ to ?irty-n9e p\nds or m to ! squ>e in*--is liable to cause p>alysis1 & dea? occasionally results4 ,9 work+ at a dep? ( tw5ty to tw5ty-five fa?oms1 a div] is r>ely "u wat] long] ?an half an h\r altoge!r dur+ ! day4 ,! greate/ dep? f :i* %ell is br\ght appe>s f ! same evid5ce to be 8#cj fa?oms & a little ov]02 b at t dep?--:]e ! pressure is sev5ty-eight p\nds to ! squ>e in*--! fi%]man rema9s d[n only a few m9utes at a /ret*1 & %\ld be exce$+ly c>eful4 ,! "w is injuri\s1 & ev5 "u ! be/ conditions ! div] n infrequ5tly becomes semi-p>alyz$ & disqualifi$ 9 a few ye>s4 ,not)/&+ t ! "w is p]=m$ by m5 9 vigor\s heal?1 ne>ly e ye> !re are f t5 to tw5ty-five dea?s 9 ! ,que5sl& fleet alone2#bfj ?ree f\r?s ( ^! are due to p>alysis1 & mo/ ( ! rema9+ result f suffocation1 ow+ l>gely to inexp]i5ce 9 use ( ge>4 ,f five to t5 ye>s is ! usual l5g? ( a man's div+ c>e]1 al?\gh 9 ! fleet may be f\nd m5 :o h be5 div+ = tw5ty-five ye>s or m4 ,on ! vessels mann$ by ,japanese1 commonly sev]al memb]s ( ! crew are compet5t div]s & take a turn at ! "w1 al?\gh only "o lic5se is secur$4 ,su* a vessel c>ries only "o head-piece1 b two o!rwise complete suits1 ! helmet fitt+ ei!r1 s t z soon z "o exhau/$ div] comes up to re/1 a successor is ready to h ! helmet screw$ to 8 body-dress & desc5d )\t delay1 ?us sav+ ab\t half an h\r 9 ! *ang+4 ,! nude div]s 9 ! ,au/ralian pe>l fi%]ies are mo/ly ,malays & ,au/ralian aborig9es4 ,!y "w f d+hys op]at$ f a vessel1 ea* d+hy c>ry+ six or eight div]s1 usually ) a :ite man z ov]se]4 ,! man 9 *>ge sculls aga9/ ! tide to keep ! boat /ation>y ov] ! gr\nd1 & all ! fi%]m5 ( a p>ticul> d+hy desc5d toge!r = great] safety f %>ks1 & to cov] ! gr\nd sy/ematically4 ,on ris+1 ea* div] swims to ! boat1 ?r[s 8 cat* ov] ! gunwale1 & climbs 9 to re/ = a few m9utes4 ,sometimes two or possibly ev5 ?ree oy/]s may be br\ght up at a s+le desc5t1 b a div] is do+ well if he br+s up "o oy/] 9 t5 desc5ts4 ,! av]age daily cat* ( ea* man is probably two or ?ree oy/]s1 b a fi%]man has be5 kn[n to br+ up fifty 9 "o day4 ,on "s vessels1 ^? :o fall beh9d 9 ! cat* are puni%$ by extra duty abo>d %ip4 ,! pe>l+ indu/ry has _h a m>k$ effect on ! indu/rial & social condition ( ! natives ( ! ,au/ralian coa/ & ! adjac5t isl&s4 ,_m ( ^! natives n[ h boats ( _! own1 & o!rs seek employm5t on o!r vessels4 ,law & ord] & dec5t respect = prop]ty h aris51 ) s*ools & *ur*es4 ,! result is all ! m rem>kable :5 x is consid]$ t sc>cely m ?an a g5]ation has pass$ s9ce labor among ! m5 0 unkn[n1 ! wom5 do+ all ! "w necess>y to meet _! scanty requirem5ts4 ,z n[ c>ri$ on 9 ,au/ralia1 pe>l+ is a h>d life1 ! m5 work+ = two ?irds ( ! season 9 a dead calm & oppressive heat1 :ile 9 ! rema9+ mon?s !y are roll+ day & night4 ,! memb]s ( ! crew are n all[$ a%ore )\t a writt5 p]mission f ! capta9 ( ! boat1 & m5 & luggage are se>*$ on leav+ ! vessel4 ,9 addition to ^! objections1 life on bo>d is n unusually made int5sely disagreeable by ! myriads ( in*-long cockroa*es1 :i* are attract$ by & multiply rapidly on ! %r$s ( muscle left on ! pe>l %ell /or$ 9 ! hold4 ,/orms are frequ5t on ! coa/4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #ahii1 ?ree s*oon]s & eighty small] vessels 7 wreck$1 & elev5 :ite & f\r hundr$ color$ m5 7 dr[n$4 ,at ! end ( ea* day's fi%+1 ! oy/]s are clean$ ( subm>9e gr[?s4 ,sometimes ?is is by no means an easy task1 z _m ( ! %ells are s cov]$ ) we$s1 coral1 & sponge z to be> little resemblance to oy/]s4 ,aft] !y h be5 scrubb$ & ! edges h be5 *ipp$1 !y are wa%$ & /or$ on deck4 ,e>ly ! foll[+ morn+ !y are op5$ & exam9$ = pe>ls4 ,?is op5+ is done c>efully to avoid injury to any pe>l t may be )94 ,! h+e ( ! %ell is plac$ on ! deck & a broad knife =c$ d[n s z to sev] ! adductor muscle1 caus+ ! %ells to spr+ op5 & p]mitt+ ! removal ( ! s(t p>ts4 ,! fle% is c>efully exam9$1 bo? by sight & by feel+1 to locate all pe>ls1 :i* are pick$ out by h& & plac$ 9 a suitable receptacle4 ,)9 ! adductor muscle are f\nd se$-pe>ls & small b>oques2 ! l>ge pe>ls are f\nd emb$d$ 9 ! mantle1 :]e _! pres5ce may be detect$ z soon z ! %ell is op5$1 ! pe>ly gleam contra/+ ) ! light blue ( ! mantle4 ,sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 l>ge pe>ls are f\nd loose )9 ! %ell1 :5ce !y roll out :5 ! %ell is op5$4 ,valuable pe>ls are occasionally remov$ f bli/]s on ! surface ( ! %ell1 or f )9 ! body ( ! nacre itself4 ,ev5 :5 empty1 ^! bli/]s are valuable1 & are especially adapt$ = broo*es & o!r ornam5ts requir+ a broad & relatively flat surface4 ,aft] ! fle% has be5 c>efully exam9$ ?r\gh\t1 x is disc>d$1 z x is n consid]$ suitable = food1 & ! %ell is dri$ = half a day or s to make ! h+e brittle 9 ord] t x may be brok5 )\t injury to ! "m-(-pe>l4 ,aft] ! %ell has be5 r\ghly clean$1 x is plac$ 9 ! hold1 if ! vessel is op]at+ f a %ore /ation1 z is commonly ! case 9 ,torres ,/raits4 ,s9ce long exposure to ! sun affects ! quality ( ! "m-(-pe>l1 x is important t x be kept "u cov]4 ,on return+ to ! /ation1 x is ?or\ghly clean$1 assort$1 dri$1 ! d>k edges clipp$ (f1 & ! clean$ %ell is pack$ 9 %ipp+ cases1 ea* conta9+ f #bej to #cbe p\nds4 ,on ! we/ coa/1 :]e ! vessels at times op]ate #bjj or #cjj miles f port1 ! %ell is clean$1 assort$ & crat$ on ! vessels2 :5ce x may be deliv]$ direct to ! /eam]s4 ,! ,nor?we/ %ell is some:at small] ?an ! mature %ell ( ,torres ,/raits1 av]ag+ ab\t #aajj to ! ton1 :]eas t ( ,?ursday ,isl& runs ab\t #gbe to ! ton4 ,x is v difficult to prev5t ! !ft ( pe>ls by ! fi%]m5 z !y are liable to treat !m z p]quisites if n c>efully wat*$4 ,inde$1 on ! ,torres ,/raits vessels x has come ab\t t pe>ls d n con/itute a recogniz$ s\rce ( income to ! proprietors4 ,!re ! fi%]y is n[ conduct$ almo/ exclusively = ! %ells1 z ! wage-e>n]s secrete probably z _m valuable pe>ls z !y turn ov] to ! rightful own]s4 ,! hot sun causes _m ( ! oy/]s to op51 & deft f+]s quickly pick out su* pe>ls z may be visible4 ,an oy/] may be induc$ to op5 its %ell by be+ held ne> ! galley fire on ! lugg]1 & ! ins]tion ( a piece ( cork holds x op5 :ile a pe>l is %ak5 out or hook$ out by means ( a piece ( wire4 ,!n ! cork is remov$ & ! oy/] closes aga9 ) no evid5ce ( robb]y4 ,! proprietors ( boats :o !mselves op5 ! oy/]s almo/ inv>iably secure l>g] yields ( f9e pe>ls ?an ^? :o dep5d on paid employees1 :o r>ely h ! luck to f9d *oice pe>ls1 judg+ f :at !y turn 94 ,! gov]nm5t ( ,que5sl& has endeavor$ to put a /op to pe>l /eal+1 & by enactm5t#bfa ( #ahia1 x re/rict$ all sell+ or buy+ ( pe>ls )9 ! fi%+ region except ?r\gh regul>ly lic5s$ deal]s1 ^: transactions are op5 to exam9ation4 ,b ! fi%]m5 seem to h little difficulty 9 evad+ ! laws1 & ?r\gh\t ! fleet ! m5 h become s adept t !y reg>d ! pe>ls z _! contrab& p]quisites4 ,& ! ease ) :i* ^! may be secret$ is surpass$ only by ! facility ) :i* !y may be sold1 not)/&+ legislation to ! contr>y4 ,inde$1 "s employ]s make no claim to ! pe>ls f\nd1 ?us enabl+ !m to secure fi%]m5 at l[] rates ( wages4 ,z previ\sly not$1 ! pe>ls con/itute only an incid5tal cat* 9 ! fi%]ies on ! ,au/ralian coa/1 b 9 ! aggregate ! yield is v l>ge4 ,! yield 9 ! nor?we/ ,au/ralian fi%]y 9 #aijf is e/imat$ at #ej1jjj1 local valuation2 9 ! ,que5sl& fi%]y #cc1jjj2 9 t ( ,s\? ,au/ralia #ejjj1 a total ( #hh1jjj or #ddj1jjj4bfb ,relatively few se$-pe>ls are obta9$1 & "s ( ! pe>ls are ( great size4 ,"s beautiful specim5s h be5 f\nd1 b usually !y h less lu/] & are m irregul> 9 =m ?an ! ,p]sian or ! ,indian output4 ,among ! rem$ies sugge/$ = improv+ ! condition ( ! ,au/ralian pe>l reefs may be m5tion$ ! e/abli%m5t ( six in*es z ! m9imum size ( ! %ell t may be tak5 7five in*es is n[ p]mitt$ 9 ,que5sl&1 & !re is no re/riction 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia71 ! closure ( c]ta9 areas = /at$ p]iods f "t to "t1 & a limit on ! numb] ( vessels employ$4 ,! gov]nm5t resid5t at ,?ursday ,isl&1 ,mr4 ,hugh ,milman1 :o has _h long acqua9tance ) ! indu/ry1 /rongly recomm5ds ! adoption ( a sy/em ( artificial culture2 & 9 ! meantime1 to fo/] ! indu/ry1 8lic5ses %\ld be grant$ to a r$uc$ numb] ( boats & c]ta9 %elt]$ areas %\ld be clos$ altoge!r = a few ye>s to give ! b$s "t to recov]4 ,?is latt] proc$ure1 h[ev]1 ! pe>l]s !mselves are n 9 favor (1 z !y are ( ! op9ion t ! wea!r conditions aga9/ :i* !y h to cont5d are suffici5t protection to prev5t ! d5udation ( ! pr9cipal gr\nds40 ,a few ye>s ago c]ta9 areas 9 ,torres ,/raits 7 proclaim$ clos$ = a p]iod aga9/ ! removal ( pe>l %ell2 b1 ow+ to ! want ( effective patrol1 ! %ell 0 poa*$ to a v l>ge ext5t1 & consequ5tly ! good t %\ld h result$ f ! exp]im5t 0 n app>5t4 ,ow+ to ! impracticability ( cont9u\s patrol1 & ! want ( prop] legislation to br+ die (f5d]s to book1 x 0 decid$ to remove ! re/rictions4 ,! ,%>ks ,bay fi%]y1 to :i* we h previ\sly ref]r$1#bfc is prosecut$ by means ( small sail-boats us+ light dr$ges1 except 9 ! case ( ! v %all[ or 8pick-up banks10 :]e ! oy/]s are commonly remov$ by h&4 ,"s ye>s ago ?is fi%]y 0 ( mu* local importance2 b ! develop+ sc>city ( ! oy/]s1 & ! pres5t l[ value ( ?is grade ( %ell 9 ,europe1 due to ! competition ) ,mississippi %ell1 h result$ 9 a great r$uction4 ,9 #aije1 ! indu/ry gave employm5t to #ag small boats & #db m51 ( :om #ah 7 ,europeans1 #ac ,asiatics1 & #aa aborig9al natives4 ,! yield ( pe>ls1 accord+ to (ficial report ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 approximat$ #bjjj 9 value1 & ( pe>l %ell !re 0 #hh tons1 ) a decl>$ value ( #fjg4 ,9 #ahif ! gov]nm5t ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia survey$ ! ,%>ks ,bay reefs1 & op5$ !m to premption 9 small areas = cultivat+ ?is species ( pe>l-oy/]4 ,at pres5t !y are mo/ly held "u exclusive lic5ses = a p]iod ( f\rte5 ye>s4 ,! bus9ess is "u an elaborate sy/em ( regulations2 b z appe>s f ! above figures ! results h n be5 important4 ,pe>ls are m num]\s 9 ?is pe>l-oy/] ?an 9 ! two o!r ,au/ralian species4 ,9 remov+ !m f ! fle%1 a modification ( ! ,ceylon process is adopt$4 ,! mollusks are op5$ by means ( a knife1 & ! cont5ts ( ! %ells are plac$ 9 vats or tubs--kn[n locally z 8poogie tubs02 &1 expos$ to ! hot sun1 are all[$ to putrefy4 ,sea wat] is add$1 & ! putrid mass /irr$2 aft] sev]al days ! wat] & ! ?or\ghly dis9tegrat$ fle% tissues are decant$1 leav+ ! pe>ls at ! bottom4 ,! odor f a numb] ( ^! 8poogie tubs0 is said to almo/ rival t ( ! 8wa%+ toddies0 at ,m>i**ikadde4 ,! ,%>ks ,bay pe>ls are commonly yell[i% or /raw-color$1 & sometimes h a beautiful gold5 t+e4 ,al?\gh obta9$ f small %ells1 !y are sometimes ( consid]able size--tw5ty gra9s or m 9 weight1 & f9e specim5s sell = sev]al hundr$ doll>s ea*4 ,*9a & ,india furni% bett] m>kets = !m ?an ,europe or ,am]ica4 ,,pe>l ,,fi%]ies ,,( ,,! ,,malay ,,ar*ipelago ,my ?\ghts arise & fade 9 solitude2 ,! v]se t w\ld inve/ !m melts away ,l moonlight 9 ! heav5 ( spread+ day4 ,h[ beautiful !y 71 h[ firm !y /ood1 ,fleck+ ! />ry sky l wov5 pe>l4 ,,%elley1 ,my ,?\ghts4 ,illu/ration3 ,op5+ pe>l-oy/]s & se>*+ = pe>ls1 (f ! coa/ ( ,au/ralia ,illu/ration3 ,grad+1 weigh+1 & pack+ "m-(-pe>l1 (f ! coa/ ( ,au/ralia ,= ne>ly f\r hundr$ ye>s1 pe>ls & pe>l %ells h be5 ! mo/ beautiful objects :i* h rea*$ ! outside _w f ! _m isl&s ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,on 8 visit to ?is "p ( ! _w 9 #aebj1 ,pigopitta1 a companion ( ,magalhes1 report$ pe>ls among ! priz$ possessions ( ! natives4 ,! fi%]ies h nev] be5 ( great importance1 al?\gh ! reefs are widely scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! ar*ipelago1 & ! possibilities seem favorable = v great developm5t4 ,?omas de ,comyn /at$ a c5tury ago1 t pe>l fi%]ies _h be5 und]tak5 8f "t to "t ab\t ,m9danao1 ,zebu1 & "s ( ! small] isl&s1 b ) little success & less regul>ity1 n because ( a sc>city ( f9e pe>ls1 b on acc\nt ( a lack ( skill ( ! div]s & _! well-e/abli%$ dread ( %>ks40#bfd ,giac9to ,gemmi1#bfe writ+ ( ,philipp9e pe>ls1 repeats a /range tale f ! 8,/oria de ,m9danao0 by ! ,jesuit fa!r1 ,combes1 to ! effect t 9 a c]ta9 spot1 "u _m fa?oms ( wat]1 !re 0 a pe>l ( ine/imable value1 z l>ge z an egg2 b1 al?\gh ! k+'s m9i/]s _h made e ef=t to h x secur$1 !y _h always be5 unsuccessful4 ,dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 pe>ls & pe>l %ells h be5 secur$ f mo/ ( ! in%ore wat]s ( ,malaysia1 b ! output has n be5 s regul> or s ext5sive z ! conditions seem to w>rant4 ,our obs]vation leads to ! conviction t ?is is n due s mu* to lack ( skill on ! "p ( ! div]s1 or to _! dread ( %>ks1 m5tion$ by ,comyn2 b to ! fact t =eign capital1 attract$ to ?is "p ( ! _w1 has f\nd m security & pr(it 9 develop+ plantations1 & ! natives h n _h suffici5t ent]prise to sy/ematize & develop ! fi%]y res\rces4 ,?r\gh\t ,malaysia1 includ+ ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 ! pe>l is kn[n z mutya1 moot>a1 or a simil> "n1 closely resembl+ ! ,sanskrit mukta or ! ,c+alese mootoo1 indicat+ ! s\rce ( ! influ5ce orig9at+ ! fi%]y & trade4 ,! mo/ widely-kn[n pe>l fi%]ies ( ,malaysia are 9 ! ,sulu ,ar*ipelago1 a gr\p ( isl&s compris+ ab\t #ajjj squ>e miles 9 area1 & conta9+ a population ( #ajj1jjj4 ,! beautiful yell[ pe>ls %>$ ) ! _m acts ( piracy 9 attract+ att5tion to ?is gr\p previ\s to #ahgh1 :5 ! isl&s 7 br\ght "u ! influ5ce ( ,spani% rule2 & s9ce ! ,spani%-,am]ican ,w>1 pe>l fi%+ has be5 ! lead+ indu/ry1 ?\gh x has receiv$ less att5tion f outside s\rces1 p]haps1 ?an has ! exi/5ce ( slav]y & h>ems z "p ( ! social sy/em4 ,writ+ 9 #ahbj1 ,john ,crawfurd /at$ t ! annual export ( pe>ls f ,sulu ,isl&s to ,*9a approximat$ #be1jjj ,spani% doll>s 9 value1 & ! "m-(-pe>l simil>ly export$ 0 wor? #gj1jjj doll>s4 8,consid]+ ! turbul5t & piratical habits ( ! natives ( ! ,sulu gr\p1 x is c]ta9 t a great] %>e ( skill & indu/ry ?an c at pres5t be appli$ to ! fi%]ies1 w\ld greatly enhance ! value & am\nt ( _! produce40#bff ,9 ! ,sulu ,ar*ipelago1 ! pe>l-oy/] reefs exi/ f ,sibtu ,pass to ,basilan ,/rait1 & r\ghly cov] an e/imat$ area ( #ae1jjj squ>e miles2 t is1 9 ! mo/ favorable localities ?r\gh\t ?is area1 pe>l-oy/]s occur to a great] or less ext5t4 ,! fi%]ies are prosecut$ by ,malays & ,*9ese1 & are l>gely c5t]$ at ,sulu4 ,pe>l-oy/]s occur ab\t _m o!r isl&s4 ,!y exi/ at ,maimbun & ,p>ong2 & also (f ! isl& ( ,tapul & its neighbor ,lagos1 bo? s\?we/ ( ,maimbun4 ,9 ! *annels among ^! isl&s1 on ! rocky gravelly bottom :]e !re is a good curr5t1 oy/]s are commonly f\nd4 ,!y also occur (f ,lam9usa1 nor!a/ ( ,tawi-,tawi1 at ,cuyo ,isl&1 & 9 ! wat]s ab\t ,malampaya & ,bacuit4 ,! l>ge "m-(-pe>l oy/] 7,m>g>itif]a maxima7 kn[n locally z con*a de nacr1 is by f> ! mo/ abundant4 ,:5 full-gr[n 9 ?is region x is ord9>ily betwe5 t5 & ?irte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! "y oy/] atta*es itself to ! bottom by means ( ! gre5 byssus2 b aft] atta9+ a weight ( "o p\nd1 x is too heavy to be easily mov$ by ! tide1 & ! ligature gradually disappe>s4 ,! ,au/ralian 8black lip0 7,m>g>itif]a m>g>itif]a71 kn[n "h z con*a de nagra1 is also f\nd4 ,9 ^! wat]s x atta9s a diamet] ( ab\t eight in*es1 b mo/ specim5s are consid]ably small]4 ,!re is ano!r pe>ly %ell 9 ! ,philipp9es1 a spiral ga/]opod kn[n locally z c>acoles1 :i* is ord9>ily five or six in*es 9 diamet]1 & has a beautiful pe>ly surface4 ,?is yields v few pe>ls2 x is s\ght = pe>l-button manufacture1 sell+ = ab\t ! same z ! con*a de nagra4 ,/reet] /ates t x is decl>$ by ! natives ( ! ,sulu ,ar*ipelago t pe>ls ( a yell[i% hue h be5 f\nd 9 ! pe>ly nautilus 7,nautilus pompilius71 "o ( ! gr\p ( cephalopod\s mollusks4 ,z1 h[ev]1 !re is a sup]/ition t !y br+ ill luck1 ! natives say t !y ?r[ !m away1 believ+ t any "o :o %\ld fight :ile we>+ "o ( ^! pe>ls 9 a r+1 w\ld c]ta9ly be kill$4 ,if we consid] ! habits & organism ( ?is rem>kable animal1 & ! spl5did nacre\s coat+ ( its %ell1 ! ass]tion t pe>ls are f\nd 9 x seems q natural4 ,inde$1 ! occurr5ce ( pe>ls 9 ! pe>ly nautilus is g5]ally recogniz$4 ,= _m ye>s ! successive sultans ( ,sulu ex]cis$ au?ority ov] ! fi%]ies &--9 addition to exact+ c]ta9 p]c5tages & pres5ts f ! fi%]m5--claim$ z _! p]quisites all pe>ls exce$+ a designat$ weight4 ,! fi%]ies 7 prosecut$ by nude div]s1 ( :om !re 7 a l>ge numb]4 ,a ,*9ese company _h be5 p>ticul>ly =tunate 9 its relations ) ! ,sulus1 & _h an ext5sive equipm5t 9 ! fi%]y1 consi/+ ( a numb] ( small vessels1 ea* c>ry+ a crew ( sev5 m51 :o us$ div+-suits4 ,9 addition to ^!1 "s ( ! native ,moros own$ boats f :i* div+-suits 7 employ$4 ,foll[+ ! ,spani%-,am]ican ,w> & ! transf] ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s to ,am]ica1 sev]al vessels proce$$ to engage 9 ! fi%]ies )\t previ\sly consult+ ! repres5tatives ( ! ,sultan ( ,sulu4 ,?is call$ =? f t (ficial an appeal to ! ,am]ican au?orities = protection 9 8 claims4 ,he gave an acc\nt ( ! pe>l fi%]y 9 ?is int]e/+ docum5t1 :i* we quote at l5g?--?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ! ,am]ican ,bureau ( ,insul> ,affairs--because ( ! light x ?r[s1 n only on ! indu/ry1 b also on ! *>act]i/ics ( ^! p ) :om ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t is n[ deal+4 ,,/atem5t ,,made ,,by ,,! ,,sultan ,,( ,,sulu ,,relative ,,to ,,! ,,pe>l ,,fi%]ies 7,=w>d$ by ! ,gov]nor ( ,moro ,prov9ce47 ,translation4 7,,seal ( ! ,,sultan47 ,no date4 ,i beg to in=m my fa!r1 ! civil gov]nor1 ,major ,scott1 z y want to "k ab\t ! "m-(-pe>l %ell1 :y x is ! "r ( all ,sulu p1 above all my own "r1 ?is is ! reason3 ,! =efa!rs ( ! ,sulu p us$ to take ! "m-(-pe>l %ell f ! d[ns because ! "m-(-pe>l %ell belong$ to ! d[ns1 & !y took !m to eat ! oy/] ) o!r food2 ( ! %ell !y made plates & sauc]s to put ! food on1 & ! pe>ls !y us$ to make a hole ?r\gh & put !m on a /r+ z necklaces = _! *ildr54 ,?is 0 at a "t :5 no o!r nation _h come to ,sulu to buy ! "m-(-pe>l %ell4 ,lat]1 a big boat1 call$ ! ,sampang1 w&]$ f ,*9a to ,sulu2 !re 7 on bo>d _m p1 all ,*9ese2 x 0 load$ ) m]*&ise4 ,! p came a%ore & saw ! "m-(-pe>l %ell :i* ! ,sulu p 7 c>ry+4 ,! capta9 ( ! boat said3 8,h y _m m ( ^! ?+s80 & ! p answ]$1 8,pl5ty2 ?is is :at we take f ! d[ns to eat ) o!r food40 ,! ,capta9 said4 8,ga!r me pl5ty4 ,i w buy !m f y40 ,! p w5t & ga!r$ !m & b>t]$ !m = plates & sauc]s4 ,:5 all ! %ells f ! d[ns 7 f9i%$ !y look$ into ! deep1 & t is h[ !y f\nd ! pe>l+ gr\nds1 & ! p not$ !m1 & rememb]$ !m4 ,?is is :at !y agre$ ^u2 :oev] f9ds pe>l+ gr\nds !y belong to him f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,t is :at !y agre$ ^u4 ,t is ! reason :y ! ,sulu p h ! "r1 & t !y came to make ! dr$ge 7badja7 to get ! "m-(-pe>l %ell f ! deep1 because !y c n see !m4 ,lat] ,salips came f ,mecca ( ! ,arab nation2 !y came to ,sulu to conv]t ! p into ,mohamm$ans1 z !y _h no religion4 ,& :5 ! ,sulu p1 includ+ ! isl&]s1 adopt$ ! fai?1 !n !y agre$ to h a sultan & !y elect$ ,s>ipul ,hassim to be sultan4 ,s>ipul ,hassim said3 8,i don't want y to make me y\r sultan if ,i d n "k :at ! rights ( ! sultan are1 & :o ,i h to gov]n ov]1 because ?is is n my c\ntry1 ?is is y\r c\ntry40 ,& ?is is h[ ev]ybody agre$ to accept him z sultan ov] ,sulu & all ! isl&s2 ?is is h[ he became ,sultan & gov]n$ ov] all1 & ?is is h[ ,s>ipul ,hassim accept$ to be ! sultan ( ,sulu1 to h full p[] ov] l& & sea1 & ! p's rights1 :]e !y got _! liv+ f on l& & sea1 7 left to !m1 because !y 7 ! means ( _! gett+ _! livelihood4 ,b a law 0 made1 if !y f\nd valuables 9 ! sea1 su* z pe>ls1 tortoise %ell1 ambal or any?+ extraord9>y1 !y h to %[ x to ! sultan1 & if ! pe>ls weigh six *u*uk or ov] !y become ! %>e ( ! sultan2 if !y d n h t weight1 ! p c d ) !m z !y please & sell !m4 ,if ! sultan wants !m1 he w buy !m accord+ to cu/om4 ,z to tortoise %ell1 if !y weigh two ketties1 !y g to ! sultan1 & z to ! ambal1 :e!r x is mu* or little1 x falls to ! sultan4 ,:oev] f9ds x mu/ take x to ! sultan4 ,:oev] ( 8 subjects violates ?is law z agre$ ^u1 ! sultan c puni% him z he pleases4 ,!y accept$ ?is law z agre$ ^u1 to be c>ri$ out by !m 7sultan & p71 & _! desc5dants1 & n to be *ang$2 b !y ask$ ( ! sultan n to let any o!r nation take a %>e 9 ?is indu/ry2 x is en\gh = !m2 & ! sultan agre$ to ?is because !y did n "k h[ to e>n _! liv+ o!rwise4 ,?is is :at ! sultan & 8 subjects agre$ to because ! ,sulu _h no o!r treasures on l& beyond ! cultivation2 ! treasures came f ! sea only1 !re=e o!r p are =bidd5 because ?is is ! prop]ty ( all my subjects1 & especially my own4 ,rec5tly1 9 my "t & 9 ! ,spani% "t1 !re came to me ,capta9 ,tiana2 he want$ to dive = pe>l %ells4 ,i said 8,i _c give y my cons5t at once because s9ce our =efa!rs 7sultan & p7 we h an agreem5t1 ,i w conf] ) my p40 ,i s5t = ! *iefs & ! dattos & ,i told !m ab\t x1 t ,capta9 ,tiana came to me & ask$ to dive = pe>l %ells4 ,!y said x _c be done1 because !re is an agreem5t betwe5 our =efa!rs t o!r nations _c jo9 9 ?is indu/ry ( ! ,sulu seas1 because !re is no o!r means ( e>n+ a liv+ = y\r subjects4 ,illu/ration3 ,moro boats1 us$ among ! pe>l isl&s ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago ,illu/ration3 ,raft us$ = pe>l fi%+ 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago ,i in=m$ ,capta9 ,tiana ( x4 ,he said3 8,all[ me to dive = pe>l %ells1 ,i w give toll to y z sultan & ,i w also give toll to ! own]s ( ! pe>l gr\nds accord+ to :at we agree ^u40 ,s ,i in=m$ all ! own]s ( ! pe>l+ gr\nd1 & !y said1 8,if he is really 9 e>ne/ to give toll to u own]s ( ! gr\nd accord+ to :at we agree ^u1 if we don't agree1 we w n all[ him to fi%40 ,!reupon ,capta9 ,tiana & ,i w5t to ! ,spani% gov]nor to be> witness4 ,! gov]nor said3 8,all "r2 any?+ y agree ^u2 ,i _c *ange ! law ( ! ,moro p1 & ,i w n int]f]e40 ,t is h[ ,i all[$ ,capta9 ,tiana to fi%1 & ,i gave him a lett] ( ! tru? accord+ to agreem5t4 ,!re=e if any p]son ( o!r nation wants to fi% = "m-(-pe>l %ell1 he w h to d z ,capta9 ,tiana did1 & ask me = a lett] ( tru?1 & if he has no lett] & does n pay toll to ! own]s ( ! gr\nd1 & especially to me1 he _c dive1 & if he violates ?is & if any?+ befalls him1 ,i am n responsible & d n want to be held responsible1 because ! "m-(-pe>l %ells are l ! prop]ty 9 our boxes giv5 to u by ,god4 ,!y d n g away f ! places :]e !y are put1 !y are n l fi% t g ab\t4 ,!re=e1 we =bid x4 ,x is our h]itage f our =efa!rs4 7,sign$7 ,,hadji ,,mohamad ,,jamaul ,,kiram1 ,sultan ( ,sulu4 ,,seal ,,( ,,! ,,sultan4 ,foll[+ ^! repres5tations1 ! legislative c\ncil ( ! ,moro prov9ce1 by au?ority ( ! ,philipp9e ,commission1 int]dict$ all fi%+ = pe>l-oy/]s )9 ?ree m>9e leagues ( any l& )9 ! t]ritorial limits ( ! ,moro prov9ce1 )\t lic5se fir/ obta9$ f ! treasur] ( ! di/rict )9 :i* ! vessel c>ries on ! major "p ( its op]ations4#bfg ,no lic5se 0 to be issu$ to any vessel n own$ 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s or 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & n :olly own$ by citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by natives ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 or by p]sons :o h acquir$ ! political rights ( natives1#bfh except t =eign vessels :i* = "o ye> imm$iately prec$+ _h actually engag$ 9 pe>l fi%+ might secure lic5se to cont9ue !re9 = a p]iod ( five ye>s !reaft]4 ,lic5ses 7 ( two k9ds1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! fi%]y4 ,to engage 9 fi%+ ) ! aid ( div+-suits1 ! fee 0 five hundr$ pesos annually1 = ea* ( ! greate/ numb] ( div]s b5ea? ! surface ( ! wat] at any "o "t4 ,= fi%+ )\t subm>9e armor1 ! fee 0 five pesos annually1 = ea* ( ! greate/ numb] ( nude div]s to be employ$ by ! vessel dur+ any voyage1 & ! same sum = ea* ( ! greate/ numb] ( dr$ges or rakes to be employ$ b5ea? ! surface at any "o "t2 b ?is did n apply to vessels "u #ae tons1 own$ & op]at$ :olly by native ,moros1 until ,janu>y #a1 #aijf4 ,x 0 also made unlawful to cat* or to h 9 "o's possession )9 ! ,moro prov9ce 8any pe>l %ell or any bivalvul> or lat]al plate1 or any pe>l %ell ( less ?an #d in*es 9 diamet]1 measur$ ) a flat1 rigid measur+ rod along ! l9e ( ! ligam5t :i* jo9s "o b9ocul> or lat]al plate to ! o!r at ! h+e1 unless ! lat]al plate ( su* %ell be m ?an #g in*es 9 diamet] measur$ ) a flat1 rigid measur+ rod f ! out] edge ( ! horny lips to ! c5t] ( ! h+e1 ! rod be+ s plac$ z to =m a "r angle ) ! l9e ( ! h+e40#bfi ,accord+ to a report furni%$ by ! ,m9+ ,bureau at ,manila1 !re 7 sev5 vessels fi%+ ) div+-suits 9 ! ,sulu ,ar*ipelago 9 #aije1 ea* repres5t+ an inve/m5t ( ab\t #fjjj pesos4 ,9 #aijf !re 7 t5 vessels engag$ 9 ?is indu/ry1 & ! collection on lic5ses = t fiscal ye> am\nt$ to #ccge pesos4 ,^! vessels are mo/ly small ,moro craft :i* _c v5ture ^u di/ant cruises 9 ! ar*ipelago = prospect+ purposes1 & _! op]ations are conf9$ = ! mo/ "p to ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ,jolo4 ,ea* vessel c>ries "o div]1 a t5d]1 a cook1 & f\r sailors4 ,9 addition to food supplies1 ! sailors & ! cook ea* receive twelve to fifte5 pesos p] mon?1 ! t5d] ?irty to =ty pesos p] mon?1 & ! div] ! same am\nt & 9 addition !reto a bonus ( tw5ty c5ts = ea* %ell secur$4 ,ne> ,jolo ! vessels "w ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 b f>!r nor? v little fi%+ is done f ,decemb] to ,april1 :5 monsoons prevail4 ,! man 9 *>ge ( ea* vessel is oblig$ by law to keep an accurate record ( ! numb] & weight ( %ells f\nd1 & 8 figures are *eck$ up by a cu/oms (ficial at ei!r ,jolo or ,zamboanga1 ! ports ( dis*>ge4 ,to enable !m to secure pe>l-oy/]s at dep?s ( f tw5ty to =ty fa?oms1 ! ,sulus h long made use ( a dr$ge 7badja7 peculi>ly con/ruct$ ( native mat]ials1 & admirably adapt$ to ! purpose4 ,?is consi/s ( five or m long wood5 tee? slightly curv$ & spread+ outw>d1 ) an expanse at ! ends ( tw5ty in*es or m4 ,! dr$ge is prop]ly balanc$ by two /ones1 & a bridle rope is s atta*$ to x t1 :5 ?r[n ov]bo>d & t[$ beh9d a canoe drift+ ) ! curr5t or ! w9d1 ! implem5t re/s on ! curve ( ! tee?1 :i* are 9 almo/ a horizontal position4 ,z ! tee? ent] ! gap+ %ell ( an oy/] ly+ on ! bottom1 ! animal in/antly closes tightly on ! intrud] & effects its own capture4 ,! pr9ciple is simil> to t ( ! 8cr[foot0 dr$ge ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 al?\gh ! design ( ! implem5t is radically diff]5t4 ,a second rope is atta*$ s z to raise & l[] ! implem5t & to deta* x f corals1 rocks1 & o!r objects aga9/ :i* x may cat* 9 its c\rse on ! bottom4 ,?is dr$ge is design$ = v deep areas1 :]e ! bottom is relatively smoo?4 ,! ,moros employ yet ano!r me?od ( fi%+1 us+ a magtung-tung or ?ree-prong$ cat*]1 :i* is let d[n by a rattan rope & by means ( :i* individual %ells sight$ f ! surface are obta9$4 ,:5 ! wat] is p]fectly cle> ?is implem5t c be op]at$ :]e ! dep? is fifte5 or eighte5 fa?oms1 b its use is impractical :]e ! wat] is cl\d$ or !re is ev5 a slight ripple on ! surface4 ,h[ev]1 ! bulk ( ! cat* is made by ! nude div]s1 ( :i* !re are hundr$s at ,maimbun1 ,tapul1 ,lugus & else:]e4 ,9 _! small boats ^! ,moro fi%]m5 visit ! reefs1 :]e ! boats are an*or$4 ,provid$ only ) a %ort1 heavy knife1 ) :i* to release ! %ells f ! bottom or1 p]*ance1 z a weapon ( def5se aga9/ %>ks & o!r fi%1 !y ent] ! wat] feet fir/1 b soon turn & desc5d head d[nw>d1 precisely z on ! ,au/ralian coa/1 swimm+ t[>d ! bottom ) bold /rokes4 ,! ,sulu pe>l-div]s--& especially ^? at ,p>ang1 ,patian & ,sicubun--are among ! mo/ exp]t 9 ! _w4 ,!y easily p5etrate to twelve fa?oms &1 if necess>y1 to eighte5 or tw5ty fa?oms4 ,b !y are n v indu/ri\s1 & seldom desc5d m ?an twelve or fifte5 times a day1 pref]r+ r to g ) _! wants half satisfi$ ?an to satiate !m by m active ex]tions4 ,_m desc5ts may be necess>y to locate & obta9 a s+le oy/]1 b :5 ?is is secur$ ! %ell alone may ord9>ily be trad$ = suffici5t to supply ! fi%]man's ne$s = sev]al days1 & !re is always ! *ance ( a pe>l4 ,aft] a %ort day ( labor1 ! fi%]m5 return1 & ! oy/]s :i* !y h secur$ are op5$ & exam9$ = pe>ls4 ,aft] ! fle% has be5 c>efully se>*$ x is plac$ 9 ! sun to dry &1 lat]1 to be us$ = food1 & ! %ells are c>efully clean$ & plac$ "u cov] until !y may be b>t]$ or sold4 ,! ,sulu %ell is *>act]iz$ by a peculi> yell[i% t9t ar\nd ! rim1 by means ( :i* x is readily di/+ui%$4 ,its size & beautiful iridesc5ce make x v attractive1 & = *oice individual specim5s high prices are receiv$4 ,x is ! l>ge/ ( ! "m-(-pe>l %ells1 s+le half-%ells ( 8bold0 size av]age "o & "o half p\nds 9 weight1 :ile "s atta9 a weight ( six p\nds4 ,! body ( ! %ell furni%es ! mo/ beautiful ( all "m-(-pe>l1 yet ! necessity = disc>d+ ! yell[ rim1 or1 r1 = us+ x sep>ate f ! re/1 makes x unpopul> ) manufactur]s4 ,! annual product is e/imat$ at #bjj tons1 valu$ 9 ,london & ,new ,york at #bjj1jjj1 & ( pe>ls ab\t #cj1jjj wor?4 ,! ,sulu pe>ls are frequ5tly l>ge & ( *oice quality1 b !y are f> m incl9$ to a yell[i% t9t ?an ^? f ,au/ralian wat]s1 #acjj miles s\?w>d4 ,! sultans accumulat$ ! f9e/ collection ( !m1 & "s ( ^! f\nd _! way into ! m>kets f "t to "t z ! condition ( ! ex*equ] ran l[ or royal em]g5cy requir$1 z 9 #ahhb1 = in/ance1 :5 x 0 necess>y to defray ! exp5se ( ,sultan ,bud]ood9's pilgrimage to ,mecca4 ,dur+ ! la/ six or sev5 ye>s1 mu* has be5 he>d ( ! pres5t sultan's collection1 :i* he l>gely inh]it$1 & "s fairly good specim5s h be5 pres5t$ to prom95t ,am]icans4 ,pe>l-oy/]s are among ! important res\rces ( ! in%ore wat]s ( ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies1 includ+ ! surr\nd+ seas ( ,sumatra1 ,java1 ,borneo1 ,celebes1 ! ,aru ,isl&s1 ! ,moluccas or ,spice ,isl&s1 & ,papua or ,new ,gu9ea4 ,= v _m ye>s ! natives h ga!r$ pe>l %ell & pe>ls f ^! wat]s1 & especially on ! coa/ ( ! ,aru ,isl&s1 at ,gilolo or ,halmah]a1 & ! isl&s !reab\t1 on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,celebes1 & ab\t ! ,sunda gr\p4 ,! collections 7 made 9 ! %all[ wat]s by bea*-comb+ & by nude div+1 & 7 b>t]$ ) ! ,*9ese & ,arab trad]s sail+ f ,s+apore1 ,macass>1 & o!r ports4 ,occasionally a pe>l+ vessel f ,s+apore or f ,torres ,/raits w\ld try its luck 9 ^! wat]s2 b1 except = ! "w ( ! natives1 ! reefs 7 practically unt\*$ previ\s to #ahhc4 ,z ! ,au/ralian fleet increas$ 9 size & ! oy/]s became sc>ce 9 ,torres ,/raits & on ! nor?we/ coa/1 "s ( ! vessels occasionally visit$ ! ,aru ,isl&s1 ! coa/ ( ,papua1 etc4 ,^! met ) consid]able success & ! numb] ( trips increas$1 especially 9 #ahic1 :5 oy/]s 7 unusually sc>ce 9 ,au/ralia4 ,! foll[+ ye>1 #ahid1 ! gov]nm5t re/rict$ ! fi%]y to inhabitants ( ! ,ne!rl&s & ( ,ne!rl&s ,india1 or to companies e/abli%$ 9 ^? c\ntries & op]at+ "u ! ,dut* flag4 ,ow+ to ! activity ( ,dut* capital 9 c(fee1 tobacco & o!r plantation ent]prises1 ! pe>l res\rces receiv$ v little att5tion f !m4 ,! success ( ! ,au/ralian fi%]y enc\rag$ ! =mation 9 #ahif ( an ,am/]dam company to exploit ! ,aru gr\nds2 b app>5tly )\t f9ancial success1 = x liquidat$ 9 #ahih4 ,illu/ration3 ,pe>l+ village1 ) y\?ful fi%]m54 ,sulu ,isl&s ,illu/ration3 ,japanese div] 9 ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies1 come up to 8bl[0 = a few m9utes ,9 ! meantime1 resid5ts ( ^! isl&s paid m & m att5tion to ! pe>l fi%]y2 also ,europeans1 ,*9am5 & ,arabs arrang$ ) ! native *iefs = fi%+ 9 _! t]ritorial wat]s1 pay+ !re= a fix$ sum 9 ca% or a p]c5tage ( ! cat*1 :i* 0 p]mitt$ on approval by ! gov]nor-g5]al ( ,dut* ,india4 ,! fleet cont9u$ to increase f ye> to ye>1 & 9 #aije !re 0 a v l>ge influx ( vessels f ! ,au/ralian fi%]ies1 #aaj lugg]s & #g t5d]s com+ f ,?ursday ,isl& alone4 ,! species are ! same z occur on ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,au/ralia1 ! 8silv] edge0 or 8gold5 lip0 7,m>g>itif]a maxima7 occurr+ 9 greate/ abundance1 & ! 8black lip0 7,m4 m>g>itif]a7 to a less ext5t4 ,! %ells are ! pr9cipal object ( ! se>*1 & ! pe>ls f\nd incid5tally =m an additional s\rce ( rev5ue4 ,^! %ells divide ) ^? ( ,au/ralia ! reputation ( be+ ! mo/ valuable 9 ! _w4 ,!y are commonly kn[n 9 ! trade by ! "n ( ! port f :i* !y are orig9ally %ipp$1 z ,manila1 ,macass>1 ,b&a1 ,c]am1 ,p5ang1 ,m]gui1 etc4 ,be=e ! exploitation ( ! ,au/ralian gr\nds1 !y sold at v high prices1 & #bjjj or m p] ton 0 sometimes realiz$ = ^? ( ! be/ quality4 ,s+apore is ! headqu>t]s = supplies = ! indu/ry 9 all ?is region1 & x is f t port t ! %ells & pe>ls are mo/ly di/ribut$4 ,! pe>ls obta9$ 9 ,ne!rl&s ,india are ( *oice quality & ( relatively l>ge size1 a consid]able p]c5tage ( !m weigh+ ov] eight gra9s1 & fairly good pe>ls ( fifty gra9s or m are occasionally report$4 ,color$ pe>ls are r>ely met )1 ne>ly all ( !m be+ cle> :ite1 l ! beautiful ,macass> %ell4 ,at ,pados ,bay1 isl& ( ,borneo1 "o hundr$ or m p]sons f9d employm5t fi%+ ! ,placuna oy/]s1 sell+ ! %ells = ab\t #b p] picul 7#aci p\nds to ! picul71 ! dri$ meats at #d to #f a picul1 & ! se$-pe>ls 7seleesip7 at ab\t #b p] mayam4 ,_m ( ^! pe>ls are sold 9 ! village ( ,batu ,batu4 ,:5 a fi%]man buys 8 few necess>ies at ! ,*9ese %ops1 he pulls out 8 little package ( se$-pe>ls & pays 9 t curr5cy1 ! ,*9aman mak+ a good pr(it by ! transaction4 ,x ,,am]ican ,,pe>ls ,,v5ezuela1 ,,panama1 ,,mexico1 ,,am]ican ,,fre% ,,wat]s1 ,,miscellane\s ,x ,,pe>l ,,fi%]ies ,,( ,,v5ezuela ,:5 ,i discov]$ ! ,indies1 ,i said t !y compos$ ! ri*e/ c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,i spake ( gold & pe>ls & preci\s /ones1 & ! traffic t might be c>ri$ on 9 !m4 ,extract f ,columbus's ,f\r? ,lett]4 ,! ,c>ibbean ,sea furni%es "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ *apt]s 9 ! hi/ory ( ! pe>l fi%]ies4 ,9 no region ( ! _w h ^! res\rces caus$ m rapid exploitation or affect$ ! inhabitants to a great] ext5t ?an on ! %ores ( ,v5ezuela4 ,be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 ! natives ( ?is region collect$ pe>ls f ! mollusks :i* !y op5$ = food 9 times ( necessity1 & also s\ght !m = ornam5tal purposes4 ,& al?\gh !y _h l>ge collections :i* !y us$ = p]sonal ornam5tation & = decorat+ _! temples1 x does n appe> t !y priz$ !m extravagantly1 readily b>t]+ !m = small returns4 ,9 ,columbus's acc\nt ( 8 ?ird & f\r? voyages to ,am]ica1 he repeat$ly ref]s to pe>ls4 ,on ! ?ird voyage1 9 #adih1 aft] pass+ ! m\? ( ! ,or9oco ,riv]1 he ent]$ ! ,gulf ( ,p>ia1 :]e ! natives 8came to ! %ip 9 _! canoes 9 c\ntless numb]s1 _m ( !m we>+ pieces ( gold on _! brea/s1 & "s ) bracelets ( pe>ls on _! arms2 see+ ?is ,i 0 mu* delight$ & made _m inquiries ) ! view ( le>n+ :]e !y f\nd !m4 ,!y repli$ t !y 7 to be procur$ 9 _! own neighborhood & also at a spot to ! nor?w>d ( t place4 ,i w\ld h rema9$ "h1 b ! provisions ( corn1 & w9e1 & meats1 :i* ,i _h br\ght out ) s mu* c>e = ! p :om ,i _h left beh9d1 7 ne>ly wa/$1 s t all my anxiety 0 to get !m into a place ( safety1 & n to /op = any?+4 ,i wi%$1 h[ev]1 to get "s ( ! pe>ls t ,i _h se51 & ) t view s5t ! boats on %ore4 ,i inquir$ !re also :]e ! pe>ls 7 obta9$4 ,& !y likewise direct$ me to ! we/w>d & also to ! nor? beh9d ! c\ntry !y occupi$4 ,i did n put ?is in=mation to ! te/1 on acc\nt ( ! provisions & ! weakness ( my eyes & because ! %ip 0 n calculat$ = su* an und]tak+40 ,9 8 lett] to "o ( ! que5's att5dants1 writt5 9 #aejj1 ,columbus says1 9 ju/ification ( 8 conduct t[>d 8 mis]able detractors3 8,i believ$ t ! voyage to ,p>ia w\ld 9 "s degree pacify !m because ( ! pe>ls & ! discov]y ( gold 9 ! isl& ( ,espaola4 ,i left ord]s = ! p to fi% = pe>ls1 & call$ !m toge!r & made an agreem5t t ,i %\ld return = !m1 & ,i 0 giv5 to und]/& t ! supply w\ld be abundant40 ,& aga9 9 ! same lett]1 aft] speak+ ( a quantity ( gold :i* my/]i\sly disappe>$ :5 ,gov]nor ,bobadilla s5t him & 8 bro!rs load$ ) *a9s to ,spa91 he says3 8,i h be5 yet m conc]n$ respect+ ! affair ( ! pe>ls1 t ,i h n br\ght !m to _! ,maje/ies4444 ,already ! road is op5$ to gold & pe>ls1 & x may surely be hop$ t preci\s /ones1 spices1 & a ?\s& o!r ?+s w also be f\nd40 ,a m detail$ acc\nt ( ,columbus's pe>l+ adv5tures1 & ( ! subsequ5t discov]ies & explorations on ! ,c>ibbean coa/ is giv5 by ,francisco ,lopez de ,gom>a 9 8 8,hi/oria g5]al de las ,indias10 publi%$ 9 #aeed1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is a lit]al translation slightly abridg$3 ,s9ce !re are pe>ls on m ?an f\r hundr$ leagues ( ?is coa/ betwe5 ,cape ,vela & ! ,gulf ( ,p>ia1 be=e we proce$ f>!r x is prop] to say :o discov]$ !m4 ,9 ! ?ird voyage made by ,*ri/oph] ,columbus to ! ,indies1 9 #adih1 hav+ rea*$ ! isl& ( ,cubagua1 :i* he call$ 8,isle ( ,pe>ls10 he s5t a boat ) c]ta9 sailors to seize a boat ( fi%]m51 to le>n :at p !y 7 & = :at !y 7 fi%+4 ,! sailors rea*$ ! %ore :]e ! ,indians _h l&$ & 7 wat*+4 ,a sailor broke a di% ( ,malaga w>e & w5t to trade ) !m & to look at _! cat*1 because he saw a woman ) a /r+ ( r\gh pe>ls 7alj(>7 on h] neck4 ,he made an ex*ange ( ! plate = "s /r+s ( r\gh pe>ls1 :ite & l>ge1 ) :i* ! sailors return$ highly delight$ to ! %ips4 ,to assure himself bett]1 ,columbus ord]$ o!rs to g ) buttons1 ne$les1 scissors1 & fragm5ts ( ! same ,val5cian e>!nw>e1 s9ce !y seem$ to prize x4 ,^! sailors w5t & br\ght back m ?an six m>cs 7=ty-eight ounces7 ( r\gh pe>ls1 l>ge & small1 ) _m good pe>ls among !m4 ,said ,columbus !n to ! ,spani>ds3 8,we are 9 ! ri*e/ c\ntry ( ! _w4 ,let u give ?anks to ! ,"l40 ,!y wond]$ at see+ all ^? r\gh pe>ls s l>ge1 = !y _h nev] se5 s _m1 & c\ld n conta9 _! delight4 ,!y und]/ood t ! ,indians did n c>e mu* = ! small ones1 ei!r because !y _h pl5ty ( l>ge ones1 or because !y did n "k h[ to pi]ce !m4 ,columbus left ! isl& & approa*$ ! l&1 :]e _m p _h collect$ along ! %ore1 to see if !y also _h pe>ls4 ,! %ore 0 cov]$ ) m51 wom51 & *ildr51 :o came to look at ! %ips1 a /range ?+ = !m4 ,_m ,indians pres5tly visit$ ! %ips1 w5t on bo>d & /ood amaz$ at ! dress1 swords1 & be>ds ( ! ,spani>ds1 & ! cannon1 tackle1 & arms ( ! %ip4 ,our p cross$ !mselves1 & 7 delight$ to see t all ^? ,indians wore pe>ls on _! necks & wri/s4 ,columbus ask$ by signs :]e !y fi%$ !m1 & !y po9t$ to ! coa/ & isl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,v5ezuela & ,panama2 ! pr9cipal pe>l+ regions ( ,s\? ,am]ica ,columbus !n s5t to ! %ore two boats ) _m ,spani>ds1 = great] c]ta9ty ( ^? new ri*es1 & because !y importun$ him4 ,! *ief took !m to a place :]e !re 0 a circul> build+ t resembl$ a temple1 :]e pres5tly mu* bread & fruits ( diff]5t k9ds 7 br\ght4 ,at ! end ( ! fea/ he gave !m pe>ls = sweetmeats1 & took !m aft]w>d to ! palace to see ! wom5 & ! arrangem5t ( ! h\se4 ,( ! num]\s wom5 !re1 n "o 0 )\t r+s ( gold & necklaces ( pe>ls4 ,! ,spani>ds return$ to ! %ips1 w&]+ at su* pe>ls & gold1 & reque/$ ,columbus to leave !m !re4 ,b he did n wi% to d s1 say+ !y 7 too few to settle4 ,he hoi/$ sail & ran along ! coa/ z f> z ,cape ,vela1 & f !re came to ,santo ,dom+o1 ) ! int5tion ( return+ to ,cubagua aft] regulat+ ! affairs ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,he suppress$ ! joy he felt at hav+ f\nd su* treasures1 & did n write to ! k+ reg>d+ ! discov]y ( pe>ls1 or at all ev5ts did n write x until x 0 already kn[n 9 ,ca/ile4 ,?is 0 l>gely ! cause = ! ang] ( ! k+1 & ! ord] to br+ ,columbus a prison] to ,spa94 ,!y say t he did n s mu* int5d to conceal ?is discov]y f ! k+1 :o has _m eyes1 z t he ?\ght by a new agreem5t to get ?is ri* isl& = himself4 ,( ! sailors :o w5t ) ,*ri/oph] ,columbus :5 he f\nd ! pe>ls1 ! great] numb] 7 f ,palos4 ,z soon z ^! came to ,spa91 !y told ab\t ! c\ntry ( pe>ls1 display$ _m1 & c>ri$ !m to ,seville to sell1 :5ce !y w5t to ! c\rt & into ! palace4 ,excit$ by ?is report1 "s p]sons !re hurri$ly prep>$ a %ip & made ,p$ro ,alonso ,nio its capta94 ,he _h f ! ,ca?olic k+ lic5se to g 9 se>* ( pe>ls & l&1 provid$ he %\ld n g )9 fifty leagues ( any discov]$ by ,columbus4 ,nio emb>k$ 9 ,augu/1 #adii1 ) ?irty-?ree companions1 "s ( :om _h be5 ) ,columbus4 ,he sail$ z f> z ,p>ia1 visit$ ! coa/ ( ,cumana1 ,m>acapan1 ,port ,ple*ado1 & ,curiana1 :i* lies unit$ to ,v5ezuela4 ,!re he l&$1 & a *ief1 :o came to ! coa/ ) fifty ,indians1 conduct$ him amicably to a l>ge t[n to take wat]1 refre%m5ts1 & ! b>t] he 0 9 se>* (4 ,he b>t]$ = & secur$ fifte5 ounces ( pe>ls 9 ex*ange = p9s1 r+s ( horn & t91 glass beads1 small bells1 & simil> trifles4 ,! ,spani>ds /ay$ 9 ! t[n tw5ty days1 trad+ = pe>ls4 ,! natives gave a pigeon = a ne$le1 a turtl$ove = "o glass bead1 a pheasant = two1 & a turkey = f\r4 ,= t price !y also gave rabbits & qu>t]s ( de]4 ,! ,indians ask$ to be %[n ! use ( ne$les1 s9ce !y w5t nak$ & c\ld n sew1 & 7 told to extract ! ?orns ) !m1 = !y w5t b>efoot$3 ,nio br\ght to ,galicia n9ety-six p\nds ( r\gh pe>ls1 among :i* 7 _m f9e1 r\nd1 lu/r\s ones ( five & six c>ats1 & "s ( m4 ,b !y 7 n well pi]c$1 :i* 0 a great fault4 ,on ! r\te a qu>rel arose ov] ! division1 & c]ta9 sailors accus$ ,nio be=e ! gov]nor 9 ,galicia1 say+ t he _h /ol5 _m pe>ls & *eat$ ! k+ 9 8 fif?1 & trad$ 9 ,cumana & o!r places :]e ,columbus _h be54 ,! gov]nor seiz$ ,nio1 b did n keep him 9 prison v long1 :]e he consum$ pe>ls en\gh4#bgj ,illu/ration3 ,,gray ,,pe>ls ,,f ,,l[] ,,cali=nia1 ,,& ,,diamonds ,pan-,am]ican ,exposition1 #aija ,?is exp$ition ( ,p$ro ,alonso ,nio 0 ! fir/ f9ancially pr(itable voyage to ,am]ica4 ,aft] 8 return1 ! ,cubagua pe>l fi%]y became ! object ( num]\s speculations1 & _m o!r ,spani>ds fitt$ out voyages1 mo/ ( !m sail+ f ,hispaniola or ,haiti1 n9e hundr$ miles di/ant4 ,ow+ to ! ill-treatm5t ( ! ,indians & excessive cruelties t[>d !m1 mu* difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 secur+ div]s4 ,?is 0 reliev$ 9 #aejh by transport+ l>ge numb]s ( ,indians f ! ,lucayan or ,bahama ,isl&s & impress+ !m into ! s]vice4 ,^! 7 s exp]t 9 ! "w t individuals sold = upw>d ( #aej ducats ea*4#bga ,) _! aid ! fi%]y prosp]$ s greatly t 9 #aeae a settlem5t1 call$ ,new ,cadiz1 0 e/abli%$ on ,cubagua ,isl& by ! gov]nor ( ,hispaniola1 ,diego ,columbus1 son ( ! discov]]4 ,?is small isl& 0 dry & desolate1 )\t wat] or wood1 :i* 7 br\ght f ! ma9l& tw5ty miles di/ant1 or f ,m>g>ita ,isl& ab\t ?ree miles to ! nor?w>d4 ,an int]e/+ description ( ! mann] ( secur+ ! pe>ls by ^! e>ly adv5tur]s 0 giv5 by ,gonzalo ,f]n&ez de ,ovi$o y ,valdes 7#adgh-aeeg7 9 8 8,hi/oria natural y g5]al de las ,indias10 writt5 less ?an ?irty ye>s aft] ! discov]y ( ! ma9l& ( ,am]ica4 ,a translation ( ?is book 0 publi%$ 9 #aeee by ,ri*>d ,ed5 9 8 8,decades ( ! ,new ,_w02 f :i* we extract ! foll[+ acc\nt1 ! ret5tion ( ,ed5's qua9t phraseology seem+ p]missible ow+ to ?is be+ "o ( ! v e>lie/ books on ,am]ica4 ,( ! man] ( fy%ynge = p]les ,! ,indians ex]cise ?is kynde ( fys*ynge = ! mo/e p>te 9 ! coa/es ( ! ,nor? 9 ,cubagua & ,cumana4 ,& manye ( !ym :i* dwell 9 ! h\ses ( c]teyne p>ticul> lordes 9 ! ,il&es ( ,san ,dom9ico & ,sancti ,iohannis1 resort to ! ,il&e ( ,cubagua = ?is purpose4 ,!yr cu/ome is to g fyve1 syxe1 or sev51 or m 9 "o ( !yr ,canoas or b>kes erly 9 ! mornynge to sume place 9 ! sea !re ab\t :]e x appe>e? unto !m t !re %ulde bee greate pl5tie ( ^? %ell fy%es 7:i* sume caule muscles & sume oy/]s7 :]e9 p]les are eng5d]$4 ,& !re !y plonge !m selves "u ! wat]1 ev5 unto ! bottome1 savynge "o t remayne! 9 ! ,canoa or boate :i* he keepe? /yll 9 "o place z ne>e z he c1 lookynge = !yr returne owte ( ! wat]4 ,& :5 "o ( !m ha? byn a good :yle "u ! wat]1 he ryse? up & comme? swymmynge to ! boate1 ent]ynge into ! same1 & leavynge !re all ! oy/]s :i*e he ha? tak5 & br\ght ) hym4 ,= 9 ^!1 are ! p]les f\nde4 ,& :5 he ha! !re re/$ hym selfe a :yle1 & eat5 p>te ( ! oy/]s1 he returne? ageyne to ! wat]1 :]e he remayne! z longe z he c endure1 & !n ryse? ageyne1 & swimme? to ! boate ) 8 pray1 :]e he re/e? hym z be=e1 & ?us cont9ue? c\rse by c\rse1 z doo all ! o!r 9 lyke man]1 be+ all mo/e exp]te swymm]s & dyv]s4 ,& :5 ! nyght drawe? ne>e1 !y returne to ! ,il&e to !yr h\ses1 & pres5te all ! oy/]s to ! ma/] or /ew>de ( ! h\se ( !yr lorde :o ha? *>ge ( ! sayde ,indians4 ,& :5 he ha? gyv5 !m sum:at to eate1 he laye? up ! oy/]s 9 safe cu/odie untyll he h a great quantitie !re(4 ,!n hee cause? ! same fys%] m5 to op5 !m4 ,& !y fynde 9 e ( !m pe>les o!r great or smaul1 two or ?ree or f\re1 & sumtymes five & syxe1 & _m smaule gra9es accordyng to ! lyb]alitie ( nature4 ,!y save ! pe>les bo! smaule & great :i*e !y h f\nde3 ,& ey!r eate ! oy/]s if !y wyl1 or ca/e !m away1 havynge s great quantitie !re( t !y 9 man] abhorre !m4 ,^? oy/]s are ( h>d fle%e1 & n s pleasant 9 eatyng z are owres ( ,spayne4 ,?is ,il&e ( ,cubagua :]e ?is mann] ( fys*+ is ex]cis$1 is 9 ! ,nor! coa/e1 & is no bygg] !n ! ,il& ( ,zel&e4 ,(t5tymes ! sea encrease? greatly1 & mu*e m !n ! fy%]s = pe>les wold1 bycause :]e z ! place is v depe1 a man c n naturally re/ at ! bottome by reason ( ! ab\ndaunce ( a]y sub/annce :i*e is 9 hym1 z ,i h (t5tymes prov$4 ,= al?\ghe he may by vyol5ce & =ce desc5de to ! bottome1 yet are 8 feete lyft$ up ageyne s t he c cont9ue no tyme !re4 ,& !re=e :]e ! sea is v]ye deepe1 ^! ,indian fy%]s use to tye two great /oones ab\te !m ) a corde1 on e side "o1 by ! weyght :]e( !y desc5d to ! bottome & remayne !re untyl !m ly/e? to ryse age9e3 ,at :i* tyme !y unlose ! /ones1 & ryse uppe at _! pleasure4 ,b ?is _! apt5esse & agilitie 9 swimm+1 is n ! ?ynge t cause? m5 mo/e to m>vaile3 ,b r to consyd] h[ _m ( !m c /&e 9 ! bottome ( ! wat] = ! space ( "o hole h\re & summe m or lesse1 accordynge z "o is m apte h]eunto !n an o!r4 ,an o!r ?ynge !re is :i*e seeme? to me v /raunge4 ,& ?is is1 t :]e z ,i h (t5tymes demaund$ ( summe ( ^! lordes ( ! ,indians1 if ! place :]e !y accu/om$ to fys*e = pe>les beynge b lyttle & n>r[e wyll n 9 %orte tyme bee utt]ly )\t oy/]s if !y consume !m s fa/e1 !y al answ]$ me1 t al?\gh !y be consum$ 9 "o p>te1 yet if !y g a fys*ynge 9 an o!r p>te or on ano!r coa/e ( ! ,il&e1 or at an o!r contr>y wynd1 & cont9ue fys%+ !re also untyll ! oy/]s be lykewyse consum$1 & !n returne ageyne to ! fyr/e place1 or any o!r place :]e !y fys%$ be=e & empti$ ! same 9 lyke man]1 !y f9d !m age9e z ful ( oy/]s z ?\gh !y _h nev] b9 fys%$4 ,:]by we may judge t ^! oy/]s ey!r remove f "o place to an o!r z d o!r fys%es1 or elles t !y are eng5d]$ & encrease 9 c]teyne ord9aire places4 ,?is ,il& ( ,cumana & ,cubagua :]e !y fy%e = ^! p]les1 is 9 ! twelfe degree ( ! "p ( ! said coa/e :i* incl9e? t[>d ! ,nor?4 ,! cupidity ( ! proprietors ( ! fi%]y l$ to mo/ cruel treatm5t ( ! div]s &1 if ! acc\nts ( ! "t are to be reli$ ^u1 a l>ge p]c5tage ( !m di$ "u ! h>% regime4 ,ab\t #aeae ! un=tunate natives obta9$ an e>ne/ & influ5tial advocate 9 ,b>tolom de las ,casas1 :o1 9 #aeaf1 prevail$ ^u ! y\?ful ,*>les ,v to decree t ! fi%]y %\ld be prosecut$ only 9 summ]1 t ! div]s %\ld n be requir$ to "w m ?an f\r h\rs a day :]e ! dep? exce$$ six fa?oms1 t !y %\ld receive good n\ri%m5t & half a qu>t ( w9e daily1 %\ld h hammocks or b$s 9 :i* to sleep1 & %\ld be provid$ ) clo!s to put on z soon z !y left ! wat]4#bgb ,& by lat] ord9ances x 0 /ipulat$ t dea? %\ld be inflict$ on any "o =c+ a free ,indian to dive = pe>ls4 ,9 #aebh ! res\rces ( ,co*e ,isl& 7 exploit$ ) s mu* success t )9 six mon?s 8#aejj m>cs 7#ab1jjj ounces7 ( pe>ls0 7 secur$4 ,pe>l banks 7 successively f\nd at ,porlam>1 ,m>acapana1 ,curiano1 & at v>i\s places on ! coa/ f ! ,gulf ( ,p>ia to ! ,gulf ( ,coro1 a di/ance ( ov] five hundr$ miles1 :i* became designat$ ! 8,pe>l ,coa/40 ,= a numb] ( ye>s previ\s to #aecj1 ! output exce$$ 9 value #hjj1jjj pia/res annually1 approximat+ "o half ! produce ( ! ,am]ican m9es at t "t4#bgc ,x 0 l>gely ^! pe>ls t enri*$ ! c>goes ( _m ( ^? fam\s c>avels t cross$ ! ,atlantic to ,spa94 ,inde$1 = sev]al decades1 ,am]ica 0 be/ kn[n 9 cont95tal ,europe z ! l& :5ce ! pe>ls came4 ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( an e>ly ef=t to use dr$ges 9 ! ,cubagua pe>l fi%]y 0 giv5 by ,girolamo ,b5zoni1 :o _h liv$ 9 ,am]ica f #aedb to #aeee1 & 0 famili> ) ! conditions4 ,he /ates3 8,at ! "t ! pe>l fi%]y fl\ri%$ on ?is isl& !re came "h "o ,l\is de ,lampugnan ) an imp]ial lic5se au?oriz+ him to fi% su* quantities ( pe>ls z he pleas$ )9 all ! limits & b\nds ( ,cubagua4 ,?is man set out f ,spa9 ) f\r c>avels load$ ) all ! necess>y provisions & munitions = su* an ent]prise1 :i* "s ,spani% m]*ants furni%$ him4 ,he _h made a k9d ( rake1 ! fa%ion ( :i* 0 su* t 9 :atev] "p ( ! sea x 0 us$1 n an oy/] w\ld escape4 ,at ! same "t he w\ld h rak$ & drawn out all t bore pe>ls if he _h n be5 disappo9t$4 ,b ! ,spani>ds 9 ,cubagua all b&$ aga9/ him 9 ! execution ( 8 privilege4 ,!y said ! emp]or 0 too lib]al ) o!r p's goods1 & if he wi%$ to give he might give 8 own z he wi%$4 ,z = !mselves !y _h conqu]$ & kept t c\ntry ) great labor & at ! p]il ( _! lives1 & !re 7 f> bett] reasons :y !y %\ld enjoy x ?an a /rang]4 ,poor ,lampugnan1 see+ t 8 pat5ts did n avail him ! value ( a /raw1 & at ! same "t n d>+ to return to ,spa91 p>tly ?r\gh fe> ( be+ ridicul$ & p>tly on acc\nt ( ! money he ow$1 0 ru9$4 ,9 fact1 ! bus9ess & its anxieties drove him crazy & he 0 expos$ to ! mock]y ( all ! _w z a lunatic4 ,9 ! end1 aft] dragg+ out five ye>s 9 ?is mis]able condition1 he di$ 9 ?is isle ( ,cubagua40#bgd ,! av]age size ( ^! pe>ls d]iv$ f ! ,v5ezuelan fi%]ies 0 small1 specim5s r>ely exce$+ tw5ty gra9s4 ,9 #aegg1 ,urba9 ,*auveton wrote3 8,! pe>ls ( ,cubagua are mo/ly #b1 #c1 #d1 & #e c>ats4 ,b ! quantity ( !m is s great t ! fif? "p :i* is paid to ! k+ ( ,spa9 yields e ye> ! value ( m ?an #ae1jjj ducats2 ?is besides ! frauds committ$ & ! pe>ls :i* /ick to ! f+]s ( ^? :o manage ! bus9ess1 & :o pilf] ! mo/ beautiful 9 great numb]s1 s5d+ !m "h & !re = sale4 ,!y place !mselves 9 great dang] if ! facts become kn[n1 b !y d x all ! same40#bge ,! enorm\s dem&s made by ! ,spani>ds soon _h its effect on ! res\rces1 = ,*auveton adds3 8,x is app>5t !y decrease & n s _m are f\nd z 9 ! beg9n+4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! ,spani>ds are s eag] to ga!r l>ge quantities ( !m quickly t !y are n cont5t to use _! div]s to se>* = !m 9 ! dep?s ( ! sea1 b !y h conceiv$ & inv5t$ ,i "k n h[ _m ma*9es ( rakes & drags to scrape up ev]y?+4 ,9 fact !y h at times collect$ !m all s t ano!r c\ld n be f\nd1 & h _h to ab&on _! fi%+ = a consid]able "t to give ! oy/]s a *ance to lay _! eggs & gr[ _! pe>ls40#bgf ,! decrease not$ by ,*auveton 0 probably n v s]i\s1 = ! ,spani% hi/orian1 ,jose de ,aco/a1 reports t 9 #aeha he saw 8! note ( :at came f ! ,indies = ! k+2 !re 7 #ah m>cs ( pe>les1 besides #c caskets2 & = private p]sons !re 7 #abfe m>cs1 & besides !m1 #g caskets n pi]c$1 :i* h]et(ore we w\ld h e/eem$ & helde = a lie40#bgg ,also ! records %[ t 9 #aeig ,spa9 receiv$ f ! ,v5ezuelan fi%]ies 8#cej p\nds' weight ( pe>ls40 ,x is to be regrett$ t ! ,spani>ds s frequ5tly report$ ! yield ( pe>ls by p\nds' weight1 =--ow+ to ! great v>iation 9 quality--?is is ab\t z unsatisfactory z to report ! weal? ( an individual by ! p\nds' weight ( 8 title-de$s or ( 8 /ock c]tificates4 ,! value ( 8#cej p\nds ( pe>ls0 might h be5 any:]e f tw5ty ?\s& doll>s to z _m millions4 ,assum+ t all 7 two gra9s ea* 9 weight & ( good quality1 ! total value w\ld approximate #fjj1jjj accord+ to ! valuation ( t p]iod2 & on a basis ( eight gra9s ea*1 x w\ld be #i1fjj1jjj1 or sixte5 times z mu*4 ,b z orig9al p>cels ( pe>ls f ! fi%]ies1 ^! figures %\ld be divid$ by ?ree4 ,foll[+ #aeig1 ! productiv5ess ( ! ,cubagua b$s rapidly decreas$4 ,by acts ( cruelty & oppression ! ,spani>ds _h conv]t$ ! surviv+ ,indians into deadly foes1 ready to take advantage ( any opportunity to av5ge !mselves on _! oppressors1 & ?us t]rify+ ! settl]s into ab&on+ ! ent]prise4 ,e>ly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ! developm5t ( m9+ res\rces 9 ,mexico1 ,p]u1 etc41 attract$ ! adv5tur\s ,spani>ds4 ,a consid]able decrease 9 ! value ( pe>ls1 br\ght ab\t by ! skilful manufacture ( imitations at ,v5ice1 & else:]e 9 s\!rn ,europe1 also affect$ ! prosp]ity ( ! fi%]ies4 ,z a result ( ^! comb9$ influ5ces1 ! output 9 ,v5ezuela 0 greatly r$uc$1 & x ceas$ long be=e ! close ( ! foll[+ c5tury4 ,?us end$ an ent]prise :i*1 = a numb] ( ye>s1 repres5t$ ! greate/ s+le indu/ry ( ! ,european p on ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,accord+ to ,g5]al ,manuel ,laudecta ,rosales1 ! ,v5ezuela ar*ives conta9 no ref]5ce to any r5ewal ( ! fi%]y until e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,at ! "t ( ,humboldt's visit 9 #agii1 ! fi%]y 0 entirely neglect$ ar\nd ! isl&s ( ,m>g>ita1 ,cubagua1 & ,co*e1 & ! only evid5ce ( pe>ls 0 a few v insignificant ones pick$ up ab\t ,cumana & sold among ! natives at a pia/] p] doz54#bgh ,aft] ! ov]?r[ ( ,spani% au?ority on ?is coa/1 ,messrs4 ,rundell1 ,bridge & ,rundell1 a firm ( well-kn[n goldsmi?s ( ,london1 obta9$1 9 #ahbc1 f ! gov]nm5t ( ,colombia1 a t5-ye> monopoly ( ! fi%]y at sev]al places on ! coa/ ( ! new republic1 9 consid]ation ( "o fif? ( ! pe>ls secur$4#bgi ,aft] ! indep5d5ce ( ,v5ezuela 9 #ahbi1 ! taxes impos$ 7 s heavy t ! indu/ry langui%$1 & ab\t #ahcc x 0 practically ab&on$4 ,ow+ to ! improv$ physical condition ( ! reefs1 ! fi%]y develop$ l>gely 9 #ahde2 & = sev]al ye>s an av]age ( #afjj ounces ( pe>ls 7 secur$1 an ounce ( good quality sell+ = #aej to #ejj boliv>s 7"o boliv> #ai c5ts71 & ! inf]ior quality at #hj to #ajj boliv>s4#bhj ,at t "t !re 0 a tax ( sixte5 boliv>s p] boat mon?ly4 ,9 #ahec ?is 0 increas$ to =ty-eight boliv>s p] boat1 & ! use ( dr$ges 7arra/ras7 0 int]dict$1 soon r$uc+ ! fi%]y to a v l[ /age4 ,subject$ to frequ5t *anges 9 regulations1 & burd5$ by heavy taxes1 ! indu/ry rema9$ 9 poor condition until ab\t #ahie4 ,s9ce !n ! enhanc$ value ( pe>ls1 & ! increas$ indu/rial activity on ! coa/1 has result$ 9 a v l>ge developm5t ( ! fi%]y4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! gov]nm5t ( ,v5ezuela has grant$ concessions to individuals & to companies = ! exploitation ( def9$ areas = a limit$ p]iod1 exact+ #aj p] c5t4 royalty on ! proce$s ( ! ent]prise4 ,9 grant+ ^! concessions1 ! gov]nm5t usually res]ves ! "r to exam9e ! books1 & to int]v5e :5 necess>y 9 any phase ( ! ent]prise4 ,= protect+ its rev5ue1 ! gov]nm5t requires t %ipm5ts ( ! pe>ls mu/ be sign$ by its ag5t1 & bills ( sale mu/ be c\nt]sign$ by ! ,v5ezuelan consul 9 ! place :]e ! sales are consummat$4 ,! ,v5ezuelan pe>l fi%]y n[ gives employm5t to ab\t #cej boats1 mann$ by five or six m5 ea*1 sail+ f ! ports ( ,juan ,griego1 ,cumana1 & ,c>upano4 ,^! are sail craft1 measur+ f two to fifte5 tons ea*1 & are lic5s$ by ! ,v5ezuelan au?orities at a *>ge ( #ae boliv>s 7#b4ib7 ea*4 ,mo/ ( ! boats use dr$ges1 b "s ( !m resort to nude div+1 aft] ! mann] ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,attempts h be5 made to use ! scaph&]1 or div+ armor1 b )\t success1 ow+ l>gely to ! difficulty 9 obta9+ exp]i5c$ workm51 & also to local prejudice aga9/ ?is =m ( fi%]y4 ,x is claim$ t 9 us+ ! scaph&]1 all oy/]s are remov$ f ! reefs1 :]eas ! arra/ra or dr$ge spreads ! oy/]s & !reby enl>ges ! reefs4 ,?is is ! pr9cipal &1 except ^? at ,%>ks ,bay & ! ,sulu ,isl&s1 ! only important pe>l fi%]y 9 :i* ! oy/]s are secur$ by means ( dr$ges4 ,^! are made ( iron & are simil> to ^? implem5ts us$ 9 ! scallop fi%]ies ( ,new ,york & ,rhode ,isl&4 ,!y are dragg$ ov] ! b$s1 & :5 fill$ are lift$ & _! cont5ts empti$ into ! boat1 ! fi%]m5 cull+ out ! desirable oy/]s f ! mass & ?r[+ ! refuse mat]ial ov]bo>d4 ,! pe>l-oy/] 7,m>g>itif]a radiata7 secur$ on ! coa/ ( ,v5ezuela is closely relat$ to ! ,ceylon species4 ,x av]ages slightly l>g] 9 size1 & !re is a mu* great] range 9 coloration4 ,! pe>ls are ( good quality4 ,9 color !y range f :ite to bronze1 & occasionally a s-call$ black "o is f\nd4 ,! total output is valu$ locally at ab\t #a1gej1jjj francs 7#cej1jjj7 p] ye>4 ,mo/ ( !m are sold 9 ,p>is4 ,ow+ to _! small size & lack ( ?ickness1 ! %ells ( ! ,v5ezuela pe>l-oy/] are ( little or no value 9 ! "m-(-pe>l trade4 ,?\s&s ( tons ( !m1 ! accumulations ( scores ( fi%]ies1 lie 9 heaps & ridges along ! coa/1 z ?\gh 9 ye>s long pa/ va/ armies ( oy/]s1 engag$ 9 deadly combat1 _h left _! innum]able myriads ( sla9 comrades to blea* on ! %ores4 ,,! ,,panama ,,pe>l ,,fi%]ies ,! bordr+ ,il&s1 seat$ "h 9 k51 ,^: ,%ores are spr9kl$ ) ri* ,ori5t ,pe>le1 ,m bright ( hew ?an 7 ! ,m>g>ets ,t ,caes> f\nd 9 weal?y ,albion4 ,,rob]t ,,gre5e1 ,orl&o ,furioso 7#aeid74 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! ,spani>ds ( 8 day1 ! greate/ result ( ,balboa's immortal j\rney 9 #aeac across ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama to ! broad wat]s ( ! ,pacific1 0 ! discov]y ( ! pe>l res\rces ( ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,mi*ael1 n[ kn[n z ! ,gulf ( ,panama4 ,probably ! be/ description ( ?is is giv5 by ,lopez de ,gom>a 9 8 8,hi/oria g5]al de las ,indias10 publi%$ 9 #aeed1 f :i* we translate ! foll[+ acc\nt4 ,aft] ,balboa _h rea*$ ! ,pacific 9 #aeac1 he proce$$ a %ort di/ance along ! coa/ until he met ) an ,indian *ief by ! "n ( ,tomaco4 ,be+ que/ion$ ab\t ! gold & pe>ls :i* "s ( 8 p wore1 ,tomaco s5t = "s gold & #bdj l>ge pe>ls & a great numb] ( small ones--a ri* pres5t1 :i* fill$ ! ,spani>ds ) pleasure4 ,see+ ! ,spani>ds s delight$1 ,tomaco ord]$ "s ( 8 m5 to g & fi% = pe>ls4 ,^! w5t & 9 a few days obta9$ #fd ounces1 :i* also he gave !m4 ,! ,spani>ds 7 surpris$ to see su* pe>ls1 & t _! own]s did n value !m2 !y n only gave !m away1 b _! paddles 7 decorat$ !re)1 = ! pr9cipal income & weal? ( ^! *iefs 0 ! pe>l fi%]y4 ,tomaco told ,balboa t ^! ri*es 7 no?+ 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( ,t>>equi1 :i* _h pe>ls l>g] ?an a man's eye1 tak5 f oy/]s ! size ( sombr]os4 ,! ,spani>ds wi%$ to g !re at once1 b fe>+ ano!r tempe/1 left x = _! return4 ,!y dismiss$ ,tomaco & re/$ 9 ! c\ntry ( ,*iape1 :o1 at ! reque/ ( ,balboa1 s5t ?irty ( 8 m5 to fi%4 ,^! did x 9 ! pres5ce ( sev5 ,spani>ds1 :o look$ on & saw !m take six loads ( small %ells4 ,z x 0 n ! season = t fi%]y1 !y did n g into v deep wat] :]e ! %ells 74 ,n only did !y n fi% 9 ,septemb] & ! foll[+ mon?s1 b !y did n ev5 travel by wat]1 on acc\nt ( ! /ormy wea!r :i* !n prevails 9 t sea4 ,! pe>ls :i* !y extract$ f ^? %ells 7 l peas1 b v f9e & :ite4 ,( ^? receiv$ f ,tomaco1 "s 7 black1 o!rs gre51 blue1 & yell[4 ,on ! return ( ,balboa's exp$ition to ,d>i5 9 #aead1 ! sight ( ! pe>ls & ! wond]ful reports made by ! m51 caus$ 8 successor1 ,p$r>ias1 to fit out ano!r exp$ition1 an acc\nt ( :i* we likewise translate f ,gom>a4 ,by comm& ( ,p$r>ias1 ,gasp> de ,morales w5t 9 ! ye> #aeae to ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,mi*ael1 ) #eej ,spani>ds1 9 que/ ( ! isl& ( ,t>>equi1 :i* 0 said by ,balboa's m5 to be s abundant 9 pe>ls & s ne> ! coa/4 ,! *ief ( t isl& salli$ =? ) _m p to prev5t 8 entrance1 & clamor$ & f\ght ?ree times ) our p on equal t]ms1 b ! f\r? "t he 0 defeat$4 ,he !n made fri5ds1 c>ri$ ! *ief ( ! ,spani>ds to 8 h\se1 :i* 0 a l>ge & good "o1 gave him food to eat1 & a basket ( pe>ls :i* weigh$ #aaj m>cs #hhj ounces4 ,! *ief receiv$ = !m "s look+-glasses1 /r+$ beads1 bells1 scissors1 axes1 & small w>es ( b>t]1 :i* he valu$ m ?an he _h ! pe>ls4 ,he promis$ to give z tribute to ! emp]or1 9 ^: gu>dian%ip he plac$ himself1 #ajj m>cs ( pe>ls e ye>4 ,) ^! ! ,spani>ds return$ to ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,mi*ael & f !nce to ,d>i54 ,t>>equi is )9 five degrees ( ! equator4 ,x possess$ a great fi%]y = pe>ls1 :i* are ! l>ge/ & be/ ( ! new _w4 ,_m ( ! pe>ls :i* ! cacique gave 7 l filb]ts1 o!rs l nutmegs1 & !re 0 "o ( #bf & ano!r ( #ca c>ats1 pe>-%ap$1 v lu/r\s1 & mo/ p]fect1 :i* ,pet] ( ! ,port1 a %op-keep]1 b\ght ( ,gasp> de ,morales = #ab1jjj ca/ilians4 ,! pur*as] c\ld n sleep t night = ?9k+ on ! fact t he _h giv5 s mu* money = "o /one1 & s he sold x ! v next day to ,p$r>ias de ,avila1 = 8 wife ,donna ,isabel de ,bovadilla1 at ! same price1 & aft]w>ds ! ,bovadilla sold x to ,donna ,isabella ! ,empress4 ,p$r>ias1 :o delight$ 9 su* fi%]y1 reque/$ ! cacique to make 8 m5 fi% = pe>ls 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,spani>ds4 ,! fi%]m5 7 great swimm]s & div]s1 & seem$ to h sp5t all _! lives 9 t employm5t4 ,!y w5t 9 small boats :5 ! sea 0 calm1 & n 9 any o!r mann]4 ,!y ca/ a /one = an an*or f ea* canoe1 ti$ by /rong1 flexible )es l b\ghs ( ! hazel4 ,!y plung$ to se>* = oy/]s ea* ) a sack or bag at ! neck1 & return$ load$ ) !m4 ,!y ent]$ f\r1 six1 & ev5 t5 fa?oms ( wat]1 = ! %ell is l>g] ! deep] !y g1 & if at times ! l>g] ones come 9 %all[ wat] x is ?r\gh /orms1 or because !y g f "o place to ano!r 9 se>* = food1 & hav+ f\nd _! pa/ure !y /ay !re until !y h f9i%$ x4 ,!y p]ceive ^? :o se>* = !m1 & /ick s close to ! rocks or gr\nd1 or "o to ano!r1 t mu* /r5g? is ne$$ to deta* !m1 & _m times ! fi%]m5 _c raise !m & leave !m1 ?9k+ !y are /ones4 ,9 ?is fi%]y _m p]sons are dr[n$1 ei!r by rema9+ too long at ! bottom1 or because !y become entw9$ or entangl$ 9 ! cord1 or su* c>nivor\s fi% z ! %>k dev\r !m4 ,?is is ! mann] ( fi%+ pe>ls 9 all ! ,indies1 & _m fi%]m5 die f ! dang]s a=esaid1 & f ! excessive & con/ant labor1 ! little food1 & ! maltreatm5t !y h4 ,! emp]or 0 l$ to enact a law among ^? :om ,blasco ,nunez ,vela br\ght1 :i* impos$ ! p5alty ( dea? ^u him :o %\ld =cibly compel any free ,indian to fi% = pe>ls4 ,he ?\ght m ( ! lives ( ! m5 ?an ( 8 int]e/ 9 pe>ls1 ?\gh !y 7 ( great value4 ,! law 0 wor?y ( su* a pr9ce & ( p]petual memory4#bha ,illu/ration3 ,,cl>a ,,eug5ia1 ,,daught] ,,( ,,philip ,,ii ,pa9t+ by ,gonzales1 9 ! ,gal]ia del ,prado1 ,madrid ,mo/ ( ^! pe>ls 7 d\btless f ! e>ly ,am]ican fi%]ies ,gonzalo de ,ovi$o ref]r$ to ! pe>l res\rces ( ,panama 9 8 8,hi/oria natural de las ,indias10 ,tol$o1 #aebf1 m5tion$ 9 ! *apt] on pe>l fi%]ies ( ,v5ezuela4 ,aft] describ+ ! res\rces ( ,cubagua & ,cumana on ! ,v5ezuelan coa/1 he /ates1 accord+ to ,ed5's qua9t translation3 ,lykewise pe>les are f\nde & ga!r$ 9 ! ,s\? sea caul$ m>e del sur4 ,& ! pe>les ( ?is sea ! ,c>ibbean coa/ are v]ye bygge4 ,yet n s bigge z !y ( ! ,il&e ( pe>les caul$ de las p]las1 or ,m>g>itea1 :i*e ! ,indians caule ,t]>equi1 ly+ 9 ! gulfe ( sa9cte ,mi*ael1 :]e great] pe>les are f\nde & ( great] price !n 9 any o!r coa/e ( ! ,nor! sea1 9 ,cumana1 or any o!r porte4 ,i speake ?is z a trewe te/imonie ( syght1 havyng byn longe 9 t ,s\? sea1 & makynge curi\s inquisition to bee c]t5ly in=m$ ( all t p]teyne? to ! fys%vnge ( p]les4 ,f ?is ,il&e ( ,t>>equi1 !re 0 br\ght a pe>le ( ! fas%yon ( a pe>e1 way+e xxxi c>attes1 :i* ,petrus ,arias _h amonge a ?\s&e & soo _m p\ndes weight ( o!r pe>les :i* hee _h :5 capitayne ,gasp> ,morales 7be=e ,petrus ,arias7 pass$ to ! saide ,il&e 9 ! ye>e #aeae1 :i* pe>le 0 ( great prise4 ,f ! saide ,il&e also1 came a great & v]ye r\nde pe>le1 :i*e ,i br\ght owte ( ! sea4 ,?is 0 z bygge z a smaule pellet ( a /one b[e1 & ( ! weight ( xxvi c>attes4 ,i b\ghte x 9 ! citie ( ,panama 9 ! sea ( ,sur3 & paide = x syxe hundr$? & fyftie tymes ! weyght !r( ( good gold1#bhb & _h x ?re ye>es 9 my cu/odie3 & aft] my returne into ,spa9e1 s\lde x to ! erle ( ,nansao1 ,m>quisse ( ,z5ete1 great *amb]leyne to y\re maie/ie1 :o gave x to ! ,m>quesse 8 wyfe1 ! ladye ,m5tia ( ,m5dozza4 ,i ?yncke v]ely t ?is pe>le 0 ! greate/1 fayre/1 & r\nde/ t ha? byn se5e 9 ^? p>tes4 ,= y\re maie/ie owght to und]/&e t 9 ! coa/e ( ! sea ( ,sur1 !re are f\nde a hundr$? great pe>les r\nde aft] ! fas%yon ( pe>e1 to "o t is p]fectly r\nde & greate4 ,?is ,il& ( ,t]>equi :i* ! ,*ri/ians caule ! ,il&e ( pe>les1 & o!r caule x ! ,il&e ( fl\res1 is f\nde 9 ! eyght degree on ! s\! syde ( ! firme l&e 9 ! provynce ( gold5 ,ca/yle or ,b]agua4 7,arb]1 8,! ,fir/ ,?ree ,engli% ,books on ,am]ica10 ,birm+ham1 #ahhe47 ,9 addition to ! gems not$ by ,ovi$o1 ^! wat]s furni%$ _m o!r beautiful pe>ls 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & add$ l>gely to ! collections ( ! ,spani% c\rt & ( ! ca!drals ( ,seville1 ,tol$o1 etc4 ,! ,italian travel]1 ,gemelli-,c>]i1 :o visit$ ! ,panama fi%]ies 9 #afig1 report$ t !y yield$ pe>ls equal to ^? ( ,ceylon4 ,he m5tion$ "o weigh+ #fj gra9s1 = :i* ! own]--a ,jesuit prie/--refus$ #gj1jjj pesos4#bhc ,9 #agce1 ! ,spani% admiral1 ,antonio de ,ulloa visit$ ! ,panama pe>l fi%]ies & wrote an ext5d$ description ( !m4#bhd ,accord+ to 8 acc\nt ! pe>ls 7 !n f\nd 9 su* pl5ty t !re 7 few slavehold]s 9 ! vic9ity :o did n employ at lea/ a portion ( _! ,negroes 9 ! fi%]y4 ,^! 7 select$ = _! dext]ity 9 div+1 & 7 s5t to ! isl&s 9 gangs ( f eight to tw5ty m5 ea*1 "u ! comm& ( an ov]se]4 ,!y liv$ 9 tempor>y huts on ! %ore1 & visit$ ! pe>l reefs 9 small boats4 ,an*or+ 9 eight or t5 fa?oms ( wat]1 ! ,negroes w\ld1 dive 9 succession to ! bottom1 return+ ) z _m oy/]s z possible4 ,x 0 labori\s "w1 att5d$ ) dang] ow+ to ! num]\s %>ks4 ,e "o ( ^! ,negro div]s is oblig$ daily to deliv] to 8 ma/] a fix$ numb] ( pe>ls2 s t :5 !y h got ! requisite numb] ( oy/]s 9 _! bag1 !y beg9 to op5 !m1 & deliv] ! pe>ls to ! (fic]1 till !y h made up ! numb] due to _! ma/]2 & if ! pe>l be b =m$1 x is suffici5t1 )\t any reg>d to its be+ small or faulty4 ,! rema9d]1 h[ev] l>ge or beautiful1 are ! ,negro's own prop]ty1 nor has ! ma/] ! lea/ claim to !m1 ! slaves be+ all[$ to sell !m to :om !y please1 ?\gh ! ma/] g5]ally pur*ases !m at a v small price4444 ,"s ( ^! pe>ls1 ?\gh inde$ b few1 are s5t to ,europe1 ! great] "p be+ c>ri$ to ,lima1 :]e ! dem& = !m is v great1 be+ n only univ]sally worn !re by all p]sons ( rank1 b also s5t f !nce to ! inl& portions ( ,p]u4#bhe ,dur+ ! hundr$ ye>s foll[+1 ! pe>l reefs ( ,panama 7 n v productive1 & relatively little att5tion 0 paid to !m4 ,! developm5t ( a m>ket = ! %ells 9 ! "m-(-pe>l trade1 ab\t #ahdj1 enhanc$ ! pr(its ( ! few natives engag$ 9 pe>l+ 9 a desultory mann]1 & l$ to an increase 9 ! numb] ( fi%]m54 ,dur+ "s ye>s :5 indu/rial & m>ket conditions 7 favorable1 l>ge quantities ( %ells 7 export$4 ,9 #ahee1 = in/ance1 #fej tons ( ^! %ells 7 %ipp$ to ,engl& alone1 & 9 #ahei ! report$ quantity 0 #ieg tons4 ,^? f ! ,isl& ( ,san ,jos1 "o ( ! ,pe>l ,ar*ipelago1 7 said to be ! l>ge/ & *oice/ 9 ! bay4 ,_m ( !m 7 us$ 9 decorat+ ! tw9 t[]s ( ! /ately old ca!dral at ,panama4 ,s9ce !n ! indu/ry has fluctuat$ greatly1 dep5d+ on ! m>ket = ! %ell4 ,_m outsid]s h exp]im5t$ 9 ! fi%]y1 b mo/ ( ^! attempts h result$ 9 f9ancial loss1 ?r\gh mismanagem5t1 /orms1 sickness1 or o!r causes4 ,a /ory is told locally ( a p>ty ( ?irty m51 pr9cipally f ,scotl&1 :o arriv$ at ,panama equipp$ ) a div+-bell & su* necess>y ma*9]y z air-pumps1 w9dlasses1 etc4 ,mu* 0 expect$ ( _! op]ations1 b soon yell[ fev] broke out among !m1 & )9 six weeks two ?irds ( ! memb]s ( ! p>ty _h di$4 ,! rema9+ memb]s1 becom+ di%e>t5$1 & 9 fe> ( ! dread disease1 lo/ no "t 9 leav+ ! c\ntry4 ,! div+-bell & ma*9]y rema9$ = sev]al ye>s z a curiosity at ,panama1 = no "o return$ to claim !m1 nor has ! use ( simil> app>atus be5 attempt$ s9ce !n4 ,! scatt]$ pe>l reefs ext5d f ! ea/ side ( ! ,bay ( ,panama ne>ly to ! ,co/a ,rica b\nd>y4 ,h[ev]1 ?is gives an exagg]at$ idea ( _! area1 z mu* ( ?is t]ritory yields no pe>l-oy/]s :atev]4 ,! pr9cipal reefs & ! headqu>t]s ( ! fi%]y are at ,ar*ipelago de las ,p]las or ,pe>l ,isl&s1 :i* are f ?irty to sixty miles s\!a/ ( ! ,pacific t]m9us ( ! project$ ,panama ,canal4 ,?is ar*ipelago conta9s sixte5 small isl&s1 on :i* are ab\t twice t numb] ( small settlem5ts ( ,negro & ,indian desc5dants1 ) a total population ( p]haps "o ?\s&4 ,ab\t half ( ^! live on ,isla del ,rey1 ! l>ge/ isl&1 ab\t fifte5 miles long & half t 9 wid?4 ,! *ief village1 ,san ,miguel1 is ! c5t] ( ! pe>l+ indu/ry1 & consi/s mo/ly ( palm-?at*$ huts & a h&some /one *ur*1 m co/ly ?an all ! rema9+ build+s ( ! t[n comb9$4 ,:ile ! soil is f]tile & "s vegetables are rais$1 ! inhabitants dep5d almo/ :olly on ! fi%]ies4 ,9 #aija1 ! ,republic ( ,colombia invit$ bids = ! "r to op]ate ! pe>l & coral fi%]ies = a t]m ( fifte5 ye>s1 b no?+ seems to h come ( x1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,panama ,republic 9 #aijc t]m9at$ ! au?ority ( ,colombia 9 ^! res\rces4 ,! ,panama fi%]ies diff] widely 9 _! "* f ^? ( ,v5ezuela4 ,! mollusk is mu* l>g]1 av]ag+ ab\t six in*es 9 diamet] :5 fully gr[n1 ?us furni%+ a valuable quality ( "m-(-pe>l4 ,! %ell con/itutes ! pr9cipal object ( ! fi%]y2 ! pe>ls !mselves are ( incid5tal importance1 b are always look$ = & anxi\sly expect$4 ,! season ext5ds f ,may to ,novemb]1 ) a re/ dur+ ! rema9+ five mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,! fi%]y is op5 to natives & to =eign]s alike4 ,:ile ! lead+ fi%]m5 employ div+-suits1 :i* 7 introduc$ "h ab\t #ahij1 nude div+ is yet practis$ to a consid]able ext5t1 ! m5 desc5d+ 9 eight or t51 & "s ev5 9 twelve fa?oms ( wat]4 ,!re is no re/riction :atev] on ! nude fi%]m51 b = ea* ma*9e div] an annual lic5se fee ( #abe ,unit$ ,/ates curr5cy is exact$4 ,ow+ to ! l[ m>ket price = ,panama %ell dur+ rec5t ye>s1 ! fi%]y has n be5 vigor\sly prosecut$1 & x has ev5 dw9dl$ to l[ proportions4 ,a lett] f "o ( ! lead+ pe>l+ companies 9 ,panama /ates t ! ma*9e div]s numb] ab\t tw5ty1 :ile !re are ab\t f\r hundr$ nude fi%]m52 & ano!r firm likewise prom95t1 e/imates ^! fi%]m5 at tw5ty & ?ree hundr$ respectively4 ,yet a ?ird pe>l+ company writes t !re are fifte5 ma*9e div]s & two hundr$ head div]s2 & adds t ! small dem& = ?is quality ( "m-(-pe>l has made ! condition ( ! indu/ry ab\t z bad z x c\ld be2 _m :o h capital inve/$ are gett+ out ( ! bus9ess1 & unless ! m>ket improves1 ! indu/ry may be ab&on$4 ,probably ) ! introduction ( new capital & me?ods 9 ! infant republic1 ! pe>l res\rces may receive great] att5tion & a l>ge developm5t ensue4 ,! ,panama pe>ls are ( good quality & frequ5tly ( l>ge size4 ,9 color !y range f :ite to gre5 & lead-gray1 & frequ5tly gre5i% black4 ,valuable pe>ls are n common1 b occasionally ! fi%]man is amply rew>d$4 ,a lett] f ! ,am]ican consul at ,panama /ates t 9 #ahii a native boy1 fifte5 ye>s old1 fi%+ 9 %all[ wat]1 z mu* = sport z = pr(it1 f\nd a pe>l :i* he sold to a local speculator = #djjj silv] doll>s 7#agfj72 ?is speculator deliv]$ ! same pe>l to a deal] 9 ,panama = #aj1jjj silv] doll>s 7#ddjj71 & an (f] ( #cj1jjj francs 0 refus$ = x lat] 9 ,p>is4 ,a pe>l wor? #bdjj 0 report$ z f\nd )9 half a mile ( ! /eam%ip an*orage at ,panama4 ,a pe>l f a giant oy/] resembl+ ,tridacna1 0 an absolute egg-%ape1 pure cocoanut :ite1 & weigh$ #afi gra9s2 x 0 #ba mm4 at ! longe/ & #af4e mm4 at ! n>r[e/ "p4 ,! surface %[$ v di/9ctly a wavy /ructure1 occasionally ) a t9y1 bright] c5tral po9t2 ! surface "u ! glass resembl+ a honeycomb network4 ,at ! smalle/ po9t !re 0 a radiat$ c5t] ) q a brilliant field4 ,x 0 wor? only #ajj4 ,n always1 h[ev]1 does ! poor1 ignorant fi%]man receive ! full value ( 8 f9d2 & _m a /ory is told ( "s ?\ghtless improvid5t native1 :o1 = less ?an a mess ( pottage1 8l ! base ,indian1 ?rew a pe>l away1 ri*] ?an half 8 tribe40 ,mo/ ( ! ,panama pe>ls are sold 9 ,p>is1 relatively few ( !m com+ to ,am]ica direct4 ,?is is n because ( any great] e/imation ( !m 9 ,p>is or high] prices obta9$2 b ! trade relation has be5 long cont9u$ & ! cr$its are well e/abli%$4 ,f ,p>is _m ( ^! pe>ls rea* ! ,am]ican m>ket4 ,,! ,,pe>l ,,fi%]ies ,,( ,,mexico ,!n1 too1 ! pe>l f out its %ell1 ,unsightly 9 ! sunless sea1 7,z 'tw]e a _s1 =c$ to dwell ,9 =m unlovely7 0 set free1 ,& r\nd ! neck ( woman ?rew ,a light x l5t & borr[$ too4 ,,?omas ,,moore1 ,! ,loves ( ! ,angels4 ,pe>l-be>+ oy/]s are f\nd at v>i\s places on ! ,pacific coa/ ( ,mexico1 & especially along ! coa/ ( ,l[] ,cali=nia1 :]e ext5sive fi%]ies are prosecut$4 ,! pe>ls are not$ = ! great v>iety ( colors :i* !y display4 ,a l>ge p]c5tage are black1 o!rs are :ite1 br[n1 peacock gre51 etc4 ,g5]ally !y are small & ( irregul> =m1 yet sometimes v l>ge ones are secur$1 weigh+ #ajj1 #bjj1 & ev5 #cjj gra9s4 ,european k ( ! pe>l res\rces ( ,mexico dates f ! conque/ ( t c\ntry by ,h]n&o ,corts ab\t #aebb4 ,! di>y ( 8 lieut5ant1 ,=tuno ,xim9es1 tells ( f9d+ native *iefs liv+ 9 primitive huts along ! sea-%ore1 ) quantities ( beautiful pe>ls ly+ c>elessly ar\nd4 ,f a tribe ne> ! pres5t site ( ,h]mosillo1 9 ! ,/ate ( ,sonora1 ,corts secur$ great quantities ( ! gems4 ,x appe>$ t ! fi%]y _h be5 9 exi/5ce = c5turies4 ,! location ( ! pe>l reefs 0 prom95tly not$ on ,corts' map ( ?is coa/1 made 9 #aece1 a copy ( :i* 0 procur$ by ! ,rev4 ,edw>d ,e4 ,hale :5 9 ,spa9 9 #ahhc4 ,foll[+ ,corts' explorations ( ! ,pacific coa/ ( ,mexico 7#aecc-aech71 a numb] ( exp$itions 7 fitt$ out = secur+ pe>ls by trad+ ) ! natives1 by =c+ !m to fi%1 & by ev5 m que/ionable means4 ,sev]al ( ^! exp$itions f\nd record 9 hi/ory ei!r by reason ( _! unusual success or ?r\gh ! extreme cruelty ) :i* !y 7 conduct$4 ,! contact ( ! ,spani>ds ) ! ,indians result$ 9 v bitt] feel+s on ! "p ( ! latt]1 s t x became risky = small trad]s to v5ture among !m4 ,f "t to "t1 successful exp$itions 7 made1 especially ! "o ( #bjj m5 s5t 9 #aeif by ! vic]oy ( ,mexico to 8! ri* ,isles ( ,cali=nia10 m5tion$ by ,teixeira4#bhf ,antonio de ,ca/illo1 a ,spani% coloni/1 ) headqu>t]s s\? ( ,mazatlan1 0 "o ( ! mo/ successful ( ! e>ly adv5tur]s1 & ,iturbide ,ortega & ,jos ,c>borel 7 also among ! =tunate ones ( t p]iod4#bhg ,ortega m>ket$ 8 pe>ls 9 ! city ( ,mexico1 & ! report$ sale ( "o = #dejj doll>s _h consid]able effect 9 /imulat+ ! indu/ry4 ,! adv5t ( ! ,jesuits to we/]n ,mexico 9 #afdb1 develop$ amicable relations ) ! ,indians2 & al?\gh ! mission>ies 7 agriculturi/s r ?an fi%]m51 ! re/oration ( h>mony result$ 9 a m favorable prosecution ( ! fi%]ies4 ,! coloni/s ( ,s9aloa & ,nueva ,galicia1 :o _h =m]ly1 9 small vessels & ) great dang]1 made occasional visits to ! pe>l b$s1 built l>g] vessels & made m frequ5t visits )\t appreh5sion4 ,! skilful ,yaqui & ,mayo ,indians 7 employ$ or impress$ z div]s1 j z natives ( ! ,bahamas _h s]v$ 9 ! fi%]ies ( ,v5ezuela4 ,great pr(its result$ f ! op]ations4 ,v5egas wrote t 8x 0 c]ta9 t ! fif? ( e vessel 0 ye>ly f>m$ = #ab1jjj doll>s40#bhh ,s pr(itable 0 ! fi%]y t ! ,spani% soldi]s & sailors /ation$ 9 ! ,gulf ( ,cortes--z ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia 0 !n call$--7 frequ5tly *>g$ ) devot+ m att5tion to pe>l+ ?an to _! (ficial duties4 ,9 ord] to put a /op to ?is evil1 9 #agjd1 ,fa!r ,silva-,ti]ra1 :o 0 9 au?ority 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry1 ord]$ t no soldi] or sailor %\ld engage 9 ! fi%]y4 ,) a view to remov+ ! demoraliz+ influ5ces ( promiscu\s adv5tur]s among ! ,indians1 ! indu/ry 0 lat] re/rict$ to p]sons specially au?oriz$4 ,probably ! mo/ successful ( ! e>ly pe>l]s 0 ,manuel ,osio1 :o is cr$it$ ) hav+ m>ket$ 8#abg p\nds' weight ( pe>ls 9 #agdc10 & 8#bge p\nds' weight0 9 #agdd4bhi ,he op]at$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,mulege & nor?w>d1 employ+ ! ,yaqui ,indians2 & ?r\gh 8 pe>l+ int]e/s is said to h become ! ri*e/ man 9 ,l[] ,cali=nia4 ,illu/ration3 ,gulf ( ,cali=nia & ! pe>l+ t]ritory ( we/]n ,mexico ,! rev5ue f ! royal fif?1 some:at lat]1 0 report$ by ,alv>ado#bij at #ab1jjj doll>s p] ye>2 b ?is 0 disput$ by ,jacob ,baeg]t1 a ,jesuit prie/4 ,baeg]t sp5t sev5te5 ye>s 9 ,mexico &1 return+ to ,europe on ! expulsion ( 8 ord] f t c\ntry 9 #agfg1 publi%$ a report 9 #aggb1 conta9+ r an unfavorable view ( ! fi%]y4 ,he /at$ t ea* summ] eight1 t51 or twelve poor ,spani>ds f ,sonora1 ,s9aloa1 & else:]e on ! ma9l&1 cross$ ! gulf 9 small boats to ! ,cali=nia %ore = ! purpose ( obta9+ pe>ls4 ,!y c>ri$ supplies ( ,indian corn & dri$ beef1 & also a numb] ( ,indians :o s]v$ z div]s1 ! ,spani>ds !mselves %[+ little incl9ation to engage 9 ! "w :5 native fi%]m5 c\ld be employ$ s *eaply4 ,provid$ ) a sack = receiv+ ! oy/]s :i* !y remov$ f ! bottom1 ! fi%]m5 div$ head fir/ into ! sea1 & :5 !y c\ld no long] hold _! brea? !y asc5d$ ) ! ga!r$ treasure4 ,! oy/]s 7 c\nt$ be=e op5+2 &1 :5 ! law 0 compli$ )1 e fif? "o 0 put aside = ! k+'s rev5ue4 ,mo/ ( ! oy/]s yield$ no pe>ls2 "s conta9$ black pe>ls1 o!rs :ite ones1 ! latt] usually small & ill-%ap$4 ,if1 aft] six or eight weeks ( h>d labor & d$uct+ all exp5ses1 a ,spani>d ga9$ a hundr$ ,am]ican pesos1 he ?\ght he _h made a little =tune1 b ?is he c\ld n d e season4 8,god kn[s10 said ,baeg]t1 8:e!r a fif? ( ! pe>ls secur$ 9 ! ,cali=nia sea yields to ! ,ca?olic k+ an av]age ( #aej or #bjj pesos 9 a ye>1 ev5 )\t frauds 9 ! transaction4 ,i he>d ( only two p]sons--) :om also ,i 0 p]sonally acqua9t$--:o _h accumulat$ "s weal?1 aft] sp5d+ #bj or m ye>s 9 ! bus9ess4 ,! o!rs rema9$ poor not)/&+ _! pe>l fi%+40#bia ,fa!r ,baeg]t's /atem5t ( ! returns seems to be sub/antiat$ by ! reports ( ! royal fif? a few ye>s lat]4 ,= ! p]iod f #agib to #agif ?is 0 plac$ at 8#b lbs4 #b ozs40 by "s writ]s2 & accord+ to o!rs1 f #aghh to #agig x am\nt$ to only 8#c lbs4 #i ozs410 :i* is ! quantity assign$ by "s acc\nts to #agig alone4#bib ,^! returns app>5tly indicate t a great decrease _h occurr$ s9ce ! days ( ,osio2 b x seems v d\btful :e!r1 "u ! conditions exi/+ 9 ,mexico at t "t1 ! royal treasury receiv$ its due %>e ( ! proce$s4 ,%ortly foll[+ ! indep5d5ce ( ,mexico 9 #ahba1 & aft] a p]iod ( little activity1 sev]al attempts 7 made to exploit ! pe>l res\rces4 ,! great prosp]ity 9 ,engl&1 ensu+ ^u ! t]m9ation ( ! ,napoleonic ,w>s1 result$ 9 mu* speculation & ! promotion ( /ock subscriptions 9 _m vision>y s*emes4 ,among ^! 0 8,! ,g5]al ,pe>l & ,coral-,fi%+ ,association ( ,london10 :i* 9 #ahbe equipp$ & s5t out to ,mexico1 by way ( ,cape ,horn1 two vessels prep>$ to exploit ! pe>l res\rces by ! use ( div+-bells simil> to ^? =m]ly employ$ 9 subm>9e con/ruction4 ,?is exp$ition 0 "u ! direction ( ,lieut5ant ,r4 ,w4 ,h4 ,h>dy1 ^: report !reon pres5ts an int]e/+ exhibit ( ! condition ( ! pe>l fi%]y at t "t4 ,h>dy f\nd ! fi%]y at a v l[ ebb1 ow+1 l>gely1 to ! sc>city ( oy/]s & ! unc]ta9ty ( dep5d+ on ! native div]s4 ,he adds ) peculi> navet3 8,i _h almo/ =gott5 to m5tion a v curi\s circum/ance ) respect to ! pe>l-oy/]1 namely t on ! coa/ ( ,sonora !re are none at all1 except at ,guaymas40 ,he /ates also t to ! nor?w>d ( #bh #cj n ! trace ( a %ell c\ld be discov]$ on ei!r side ( ! gulf4 ,! c5t] ( ! indu/ry 0 !n at ,loreto1 a village ( #bej inhabitants2 b ano!r small /ation exi/$ at ,la ,paz4 ,at ,loreto six or eight vessels ( tw5ty-five tons ea* 7 employ$1 ea* hav+ ?ree or f\r sailors & fifte5 or tw5ty ,yaqui ,indians :o s]v$ z div]s4 ,head-div+ 0 9 vogue1 ! "w proce$+ f #aa ,a4,m4 to #b ,p4,m41 & ! dep? rang+ f ?ree to twelve fa?oms4 ,! annual cat* ( pe>ls 0 8#d or #e p\nds' weight1 wor? f #hjjj to #aj1jjj40bic ,aft] ! gov]nm5t's claim ( "o fif? _h be5 set ap>t1 ! own] & capta9 ( ! vessel receiv$ "o half & ! div]s ! o!r half4 ,x 0 f\nd impossible to use div+-bells :5 ! sea 0 at all r\gh1 & ev5 dur+ calm wea!r !y 7 impracticable on acc\nt ( ! unev5ness ( ! gr\nd & ! /rong und]curr5ts4 ,an ef=t 0 made to employ native div]s1 b ow+ to ! disorganiz$ /ate ( affairs only f\r c\ld be secur$4 ,9 ! ,gulf ( ,mulege a l>ge numb] ( oy/]s 7 collect$1 b :5 ^! 7 op5$ 8six v small pe>ls0 7 all t c\ld be f\nd4 ,aft] sp5d+ ab\t ?ree ye>s on ! coa/1 ,h>dy return$ to ,engl&1 & ! company ab&on$ ! ent]prise4 ,9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,mexican pe>l fi%]y1 ! %ells 7 ( no m>ket value2 b ab\t #ahcj a ,fr5* trad] nam$ ,combi] made exp]im5tal %ipm5ts to ,france1 secur+ *eap freight rates by us+ ! wa/e %ells l>gely z balla/ = ! vessels4#bid ,! be/ quality sold = ab\t #fjj francs p] ton1 & ! m>ket 0 f\nd suffici5t = regul> %ipm5ts4 ,! value gradually increas$1 & 9 #ahed x approximat$ #bjjj francs p] ton 9 ,france1 plac+ ! indu/ry ^u a v remun]ative basis4 ,?is result$ 9 mu* activity 9 ! fi%]y1 & an increase 9 ! numb] ( boats & div]s4 ,9 #ahee1 ! fi%]y gave employm5t to #cfh div]s1 & yield$ #bc1hjj wor? ( pe>ls1 & #cej tons ( %ells wor? #ac1ejj4bie ,x 0 e/imat$ by ,lassepas t f #aehj to #aheg1 inclusive1 #ie1jjj tons ( oy/]s 7 remov$ f ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia1 yield+ #bggj p\nds ( pe>ls1 wor? #e1edj1jjj4bif ,= protection ( ! reefs1 ! ,mexican gov]nm5t 9 #aheg divid$ ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia into f\r pe>l+ di/ricts1 & provid$ t only "o ( !m %\ld be work$ ea* ye>1 & !n only 9 areas leas$ = ! season to ! highe/ bidd]s1 !reby p]mitt+ ! reefs successively to rema9 undi/urb$ = ?ree ye>s4 ,! yield ( pe>ls 9 #ahfh approximat$ #ee1jjj1 & t ( %ells #aj1fjj 9 value2 :ile 9 #ahfi ^! items 7 giv5 z #fb1jjj & #be1jjj1 respectively4#big ,! local prices rang$ f #ae p] ounce = se$-pe>ls to #aejj = a *oice gem4 ,at t p]iod ! fi%]y 0 c>ri$ on f %ore camps or f l>ge vessels1 ea* c>ry+ tw5ty to fifty div]s1 :o 7 mo/ly ,yaqui ,indians f ! ea/]n %ore ( ! gulf4 ,! camp or vessel 0 locat$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! reefs or b$s1 & ! fi%+ 0 prosecut$ f small boats1 ea* c>ry+ ?ree or f\r nude div]s4 ,fa/5$ to ! wai/ or susp5d$ f ! neck 0 a net = ! reception ( oy/]s1 & ea* div] c>ri$ a %ort spud or /ick ) :i* to deta* !m f ! bottom1 & to "s ext5t = use z a weapon ( def5se aga9/ %>ks & simil> enemies4 ,! div+ progress$ mo/ly 9 ! morn+1 :5 ! sea 0 unruffl$ by ! breeze :i* usually beg9s %ortly aft] noon4 ,! season la/$ f ,may to late 9 ,septemb]1 :5 ! wat] became too cold = fur!r op]ations4 ,! div]s 7 paid a def9ite %>e ( ! cat*1 & kept 9 debt-bondage by means ( advances & supplies4 ,little clo?+ 0 necess>y1 & ! provisions consi/$ pr9cipally ( corn1 beans1 & sun-dri$ beef4 ,luxuries 7 add$ 9 ! =m ( tobacco1 & ( mescal di/ill$ f ! maguey plant1 indulg5ce 9 ^! con/itut+ ! *ief remun]ation = ! season's labor4 ,! f9d+ ( an unusually *oice pe>l br\ght to ! lucky fi%]man a gratuity ( a few doll>s1 & %ore leave = sev]al days 9 :i* to sp5d x4 ,dress+ 9 8 be/ calico g>m5ts1 he ha/5$ to ! ne>e/ t[n to indulge 9 release f re/ra9t1 9 drunk5ness & debau*]y--! highe/ dreams ( happ9ess ( a ,yaqui ,indian--?\ghts ( :i* s]v$ to br+ him to ! fi%]y ea* ye> f 8 home across ! gulf4 ,f ! ,spani% conque/ until #ahgd1 ! ,mexican pe>l fi%]y 0 conduct$ exclusively by nude div]s4 ,! exp]im5ts ) ! div+-bell 9 #ahbe _h be5 )\t favorable result1 & also an attempt by an ,am]ican 9 #ahed to use a div+-suit ) air-pump1 etc41 ?is failure be+ cr$it$ to imp]fection ( app>atus4 ,9 #ahgd1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,european pe>l m]*ants1 two s*oon]s1 ea* ( ab\t #bjj tons' measurem5t1 "o f ,au/ralia & ! o!r f ,engl&1 visit$ ! ,mexican gr\nds1 ) a doz5 boats fully equipp$ ) scaph&]s or div+ armor1 includ+ helmets1 rubb] suits1 pumps1 etc4 ,ow+ to _! work+ 9 deep] wat] ?an ! nude div]s 7 able to exploit1 _! success 0 rem>kable1 & !y secur$ upw>d ( a hundr$ ?\s& doll>s' wor? ( pe>ls & %ells dur+ ! fir/ season4 ,! hi!rto somnol5t inhabitants ( ,l[] ,cali=nia 7 amaz$ at see+ _! res\rces ?us easily remov$1 & 7 awak5$ to ! opportunities af=d$ !m to acquire ! weal? :i* nature _h scatt]$ at _! v doors4 ,) ?is object-lesson be=e !m1 companies 7 =m$ = rais+ suffici5t capital = ! bus9ess1 & ! lead+ op]ators equipp$ _! m5 ) scaph&]s1 to ! great annoyance ( ! w\ld-be indep5d5t fi%]m51 :o _h n suffici5t means to pur*ase ! co/ly equipm5t4 ,_m ( ^! cont9u$ to employ nude div]s1 b aft] #ahhj ?is me?od ( fi%]y 0 subord9ate to ! use ( div+ app>atus4 ,! *ange 0 accompani$ by _m accid5ts1 & r>ely did a mon? pass )\t ! loss ( a man1 due 9 mo/ cases to faulty app>atus or to inexp]i5c$ managem5t4 ,9 #ahhd ,presid5t ,gonzalez inaugurat$ ! policy ( grant+ exclusive concessions to ! pe>l reefs4 ,on ,febru>y #bh ( t ye>1 five concessions 7 grant$ to z _m p]sons1 giv+ !m & _! associates & assigns ! exclusive "r to all %ell fi%]ies 9 _! respective zones ( l>ge area1 = a p]iod ( sixte5 ye>s1 9 consid]ation ( a royalty & export duty1 am\nt+ altoge!r to ab\t #aj p] ton ( %ells export$ 9 ! fir/ ?ree ye>s1 & #ae p] ton = ! rema9+ ?irte5 ye>s ( ! t]m4 ,imm$iately ^! five grants 7 consolidat$1 =m+ ! ,l[] ,cali=nia ,pe>l ,fi%+ ,company 78,compaia ,p]lf]a de la ,baja ,cali=nia071 incorporat$ "u ! laws ( ,cali=nia ) an inve/$ capital ( #ajj1jjj4 ,o!r concessions 7 giv5 cov]+ ! ocean %ore ( ,l[] ,cali=nia1 ! ea/]n side ( ! gulf )9 ! ,/ates ( ,sonora & ,s9aloa1 & ! ocean %ore ( ,mexico s\?w>d f ,s9aloa4 ,9 addition to ^!1 c]ta9 t]ritorial rights ( fi%+ are claim$ ?r\gh grants dat+ back v e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( ! c\ntry4 ,s eag]ly h ^! concessions be5 s\ght 9 rec5t ye>s1 t !re is n[ little pe>l+ gr\nd on ! coa/ :i* is n "u corporate or private claim4 ,&1 ow+ to speculation 9 ^! concessions & 9 ! =mation ( companies to develop !m1 x is some:at difficult to obta9 :olly reliable data relative to ! condition & ext5t ( ! indu/ry4 ,two species ( pe>l-be>+ mollusks occur on ! ,mexican coa/4 ,! pr9cipal "o is ! ,m4 m>g>itif]a mazatlanica1 kn[n locally z ! con*a de p]la f9a4 ,?is species is closely relat$ to ! 8black lip %ell0 ( ! ,au/ralian coa/4 ,x is consid]ably l>g] ?an ! ,v5ezuelan oy/]1 av]ag+ f\r or five in*es 9 diamet] & atta9+ an extreme diamet] ( sev5 or possibly eight in*es4 ,x occurs to "s ext5t all along ! ,pacific coa/ ( ,mexico1 9 deta*$ b$s int]calat$ 9 places4 ,! pr9cipal reefs1 :i* h be5 exploit$ = ne>ly f\r c5turies1 are 9 ! %all[ wat]s ( ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia & especially )9 ! #cjj miles betwe5 ,cape ,san ,lucas & ,mulege ,bay4 ,! fi%]ies h c5t]$ ab\t ! isl&s ( ,c]ralvo1 ,espiritu ,santo1 ,c>m51 & ,san ,jos1 & 9 ! bays ( ,mulege1 ,v5tana1 & ,san ,lor5zo4 ,! dep? ( wat] on ! reefs ranges f two to tw5ty-five fa?oms1 ) an av]age ( probably six or eight fa?oms4 ,! species is g5]ally isolat$1 & firmly atta*$ by ! byssus to ! bottom rocks or ! /one corals1 f :i* x may remove 9 case ( necessity1 ?\gh x probably does n d s frequ5tly4 ,! second species is kn[n locally "u ! "n con*a nac>1 & has be5 nam$ ,m>g>itif]a 7,avicula7 v9esi 7,ro*ebonne74#bih ,x occurs only 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! gulf ne> ! m\? ( ! ,colorado ,riv]4 ,=m]ly x 0 abundant 9 t region1 occurr+ 9 l>ge areas1 b x has become mu* r$uc$ & is n[ little s\ght aft]4 ,x is claim$ t ?is species is f> m productive ( pe>ls ?an ! ,m4 m>g>itif]a1 & t x yield$ ! l>ge quantities obta9$ by ,osio 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,al?\gh iridesc5t1 ! %ell is s ?9 & convex t x is )\t comm]cial value4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,adams ,,gold ,,vase ,ornam5t$ ) ,am]ican gems & fre%-wat] pe>ls1 rock cry/al1 gold qu>tz & agatiz$ wood ,top ( vase & side view ,n[ 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art ,! headqu>t]s ( ! ,mexican pe>l fi%]y are at ,la ,paz1 ! capital ( ,l[] ,cali=nia1 #bdj miles nor?we/ ( ,mazatlan & #aej miles nor? ( ,cape ,san ,lucas4 ,?is 8,mantle ( ,peace0--! lit]al translation ( ,la ,paz--conta9s ab\t #ejjj inhabitants1 ne>ly all ( :om are m or less dep5d5t on ! pe>l fi%]y4 ,x pres5ts an attractive picture1 ) ! cocoanut-palms ext5d+ d[n almo/ to ! wat]'s edge1 & ! high m\nta9s =m+ a backgr\nd4 ,! l[1 /one h\ses1 ! tile ro(s1 ! plaza ) tropical trees1 & ! beautiful fl[] b$s "u p]5nial sunny skies1 give x a qua9t appe>ance4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s objects f ! h>bor are ! l>ge old w>eh\ses1 ) ?ick walls & iron-b>r$ w9d[s1 = ! /orage ( ! pe>ls & ! %ells4 ,dur+ ! season1 f ,april to ,novemb]1 ! arrival & dep>ture ( ! pe>l+ vessels pres5ts a sc5e ( great animation4 ,! pres5t me?ods ( ! fi%]y on ! ,mexican coa/ are q diff]5t f ^? ( ?irty ye>s ago :5 nude div+ 0 ! only me?od 9 vogue4 ,in/ead ( ! haphaz>d "w1 l>gely 9 %all[ wat]1 ! indu/ry is conduct$ sy/ematically1 & ! limit ( dep? is increas$1 mu* ( ! div+ be+ 9 dep?s ( t5 to fifte5 fa?oms4 ,! fi%]m5 op]ate ei!r f a l>ge vessel mak+ a cruise two or ?ree mon?s 9 l5g?1 or f a camp on ! %ore ne> ! reefs4 ,a vessel visits !m frequ5tly to furni% supplies & to transport ! cat* to ,la ,paz4 ,! fi%+ boats are undeck$ craft1 ea* equipp$ ) an air-pump & a crew ( six m53 a div]1 a cabo de vida or life-l9e man1 :o is usually ! capta91 two bomb]os at ! air-pump1 & two r[]s4 ,! greate/ dep? at :i* armor$ div+ is attempt$ 9 ,mexico r>ely exce$s tw5ty fa?oms2 tw5ty-five fa?oms is fully z deep z x is practicable to g1 & x is n advisable to rema9 at t dep? m ?an a v few m9utes4 ,at fifte5 fa?oms a div] may rema9 half an h\r or m1 & at six or eight fa?oms he may "w un9t]rupt$ly = sev]al h\rs4 ,:5 ! wat] is v cold1 ! div] comes up frequ5tly to re/ore 8 numb$ circulation by vigor\s rubb+4 ,! occupation is especially conducive to rheumatism1 & p>alysis is m or less g5]al1 due1 n only to ! compress$ atmosph]e1 b to ! abrupt *anges ( temp]ature4 ,! "w is v debilitat+1 ) p>ticul> effect on ! n]ves1 & p>tial deafness is common4 ,x is important t ! div] be c>eful ab\t ov]eat+ be=e desc5d+1 z heavy foods1 & meats especially1 make respiration difficult2 !re=e1 breakfa/ consi/s ( little m ?an bread & c(fee4 ,! risks & dang]s f %>ks1 devil-fi%1 etc41 h greatly dim9i%$ s9ce ! introduction ( scaph&]s2 = a /\t div] 9 8 wat]pro( dress1 ) leads on ! brea/1 %\ld]s1 & %oes1 & on 8 head a massive helmet conta9+ great gap+ w9d[s = eyes1 is en\gh to cause ev5 a hungry %>k to hesitate & to seek a m dige/ible meal4 ,!re are yet _m nude div]s 9 ,mexico1 :o op]ate 9 %all[ wat]s1 _! *eap labor mak+ !m successful competitors ( ! armor$ div]s4 ,9 arrang+ ) ^!1 ! pe>l+ company commonly grub-/akes a crew1 pays a /ipulat$ sum p] hundr$weight = ! %ells1 & b>ga9s = ! pe>ls4 ,if ! fi%]m5 are n satisfi$ ) ! price (f]$ = ^!1 !y are at lib]ty to sell to o!r buy]s "u c]ta9 re/rictions4 ,nude div+ is conf9$ to ! w>m mon?s1 beg9n+ ab\t ! middle ( ,may & cont9u+ until ,octob]4 ,ow+ to ! cl\dy or muddy condition ( ! wat] 9 ! gulf1 ! nude div] c n inspect ! bottom f ! surface & select ! be/ oy/]s be=e desc5d+1 nor c he "w satisfactorily at dep?s great] ?an sev5 or eight fa?oms4 ,:ile ! "w is h>d1 x is m remun]ative ?an ! av]age bran* ( labor 9 ?is region4 ,ea* day ! boats deliv] _! cat* ( oy/]s at ! fi%+-camps or on bo>d ! receiv+ vessels4 ,aft] !y h be5 fre$ f m>9e gr[?s & refuse1 ! mollusks are op5$ & se>*$ = pe>ls4 ,?is op]ation is p]=m$ by tru/$ employees1 usually eld]ly m5 :o h become physically disqualifi$ = div+1 & :o1 seat$ toge!r at a l[ table1 "w "u ! wat*ful eyes ( ov]se]s4 ,a knife is introduc$ betwe5 ! valves ( ! oy/]1 ! adductor muscle is sev]$1 & ! valves are sep>at$ by break+ ! h+e4 ,! animal is remov$ f ! %ell & c>efully exam9$ ) ! eyes & ! f+]s1 & !n squeez$ 9 ! h&s to locate any pe>l :i* may be conceal$ 9 ! organs or tissues4 ,! debris is pass$ to o!r p]sons1 :o submit x to fur!r exam9ations4 ,a man may "w all day long & f9d only a few se$-pe>ls1 b occasionally !re is ! excitem5t ( discov]+ a beautiful gem4 ,9 "s localities ! fle% ( ! pe>l-oy/] is a s\rce ( pr(it ?r\gh its sale to ,*9am51 :o dry & o!rwise prep>e x = sale among _! c\ntrym5 9 ,mexico & ,am]ica1 z well z 9 ! ,ori5t4 ,frequ5tly ! l>ge adductor muscle is dri$ = food1 mak+ excell5t s\p-/ock1 &1 inde$1 x is q palatable :5 /ew$4 ,x is difficult to approximate ! output ( ! ,mexican pe>l fi%]ies1 o!r ?an ! pe>l %ell1 because ! deal]s place a m]ely nom9al value on ! pe>ls 9 _! invoices :5 s5d+ !m to ,europe1 an invoice ( #ejj sometimes repres5t+ gems valu$ 9 ,p>is at sev]al ?\s& doll>s4 ,fur!rmore1 x is difficult to obta9 satisfactory in=mation f ! pe>l+ companies1 ow+1 presumably1 to ! fe> ( develop+ great] competition4 ,accord+ to ! e/imates at ,la ,paz1 ! local value ( ! pe>l yield n[ approximates #bej1jjj annually1 & ! value ( ! same ov] ! c\nt]s 9 ,europe & ,am]ica probably exce$s "o million doll>s4 ,"s rem>kably l>ge pe>ls h be5 secur$ 9 ! ,mexican fi%]ies1 especially consid]+ ! small size ( ! oy/]s4 ,9 #ahga a pe>l ( #if gra9s1 pe>-%ap$ & )\t a flaw1 sold at ,la ,paz = #cjjj pesos4 ,9 ,m>*1 #aijg1 a beautiful p9ki% :ite "o1 f\nd ne> ! l[] end ( ! p59sula1 sold = #bh1jjj pesos or #ad1jjj4 ,"o ( ! be/ ye>s = *oice f9ds 0 #ahha1 :5 ! scaph&]s 7 fir/ employ$ to _! greate/ effici5cy4 ,a black pe>l 0 !n secur$ :i* weigh$ #aab gra9s1 & :i* br\ght #dj1jjj francs 9 ,p>is4 ,9 #ahhb two1 weigh+ #abd & #ahj gra9s respectively1 sold = #aa1jjj pesos4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> a light br[n pe>l1 fleck$ ) d>k br[n1 & weigh+ #bfj gra9s1 sold = #gejj pesos4 ,^! are ! prices :i* ! ,la ,paz m]*ants receiv$ = ^! pe>ls1 & n ! mu* great] am\nts = :i* !y 7 f9ally sold by ! jewel]s4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ pe>ls 0 f\nd 9 #ahhd ne> ,mulege4 ,?is weigh$ #cgb gra9s4 ,! ,indian fi%]man is said to h sold x = #ij2 ! pur*as] decl9$ an (f] ( #ajjj pesos1 & also a second (f] ( #ejjj1 & soon sold x to a ,la ,paz deal] = #aj1jjj pesos4 ,its value 9 ,p>is 0 e/imat$ at #he1jjj francs4 ,probably ! mo/ fam\s ( all pe>ls obta9$ f ^! gr\nds 0 8! #djj-;gra9 pe>l0 f\nd ne> ,loreto1 & 8:i* is n[ among ! royal jewels ( ,spa940 ,x is said t ?is 0 (f]$ by ! lucky fi%]man to ! ,mission ( ,loreto1 & by ! ,director ( ,missions 9 ,l[] ,cali=nia 0 pres5t$ to ! ,que5 ( ,spa94#bii ,z 9 e o!r fi%]y1 "o he>s 9 ,mexico ( fi%]m5 :o h grasp$ a prize only to lose x ?r\gh inexp]i5ce or improvid5ce4 ,! acc\nt giv5 above ( ! sale ( ! #cgb-;gra9 pe>l f\nd ne> ,mulege furni%es an in/ance ( ?is4 ,x is relat$ 9 ,la ,paz t 9 #ahhc an ,indian sold = t5 pesos a gem weigh+ #abh gra9s1 = :i* ! pur*as] receiv$ #bg1ejj francs 9 ,p>is4 ,on ano!r occasion a ,mexican sold two pe>ls1 easily wor? #djjj1 = #af wor? ( groc]ies4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! ,notre ,dame de ,loreto possess$ a rem>kable collection ( ,mexican pe>ls1 :i* _h be5 pres5t$ f "t to "t by ! fi%]m54 ,dur+ ! rgime ( ! ,jesuits1 x 0 cu/om>y to devote ! proce$s ( ! la/ day ( ! fi%]y to ! decoration ( ! alt> ( t mission4 ,aft] ! expulsion ( ?is religi\s ord] 9 #agfg1 ! mission 0 pillag$ & ! collection dissipat$4 ,f ! old ari/ocracy ( ,mexico1 family heirlooms ( _m *oice pe>ls 7 plac$ on ! ,european m>ket dur+ ! civil w>s 9 ,mexico to contribute to ! support ( ! cont5d+ armies4 ,"o lady 9 ,sonora is said to h dispos$ ( h] collection = #eej1jjj francs4 ,a f9e collection ( ^! pe>ls1 accumulat$ f #agfj to #ahej1 & %[+ !m 9 a great v>iety ( colors1 %apes1 & sizes1 0 9 ,*ihuahua until rec5tly4 ,,am]ican ,,fre% ,,wat]s ,& my pe>ls are pure z ?y own fair neck1 ,) ^: radiant light !y vie4 ,,:itti]1 ,! ,vaudois ,tea*]4 ,! mo/ rec5tly develop$ pe>l fi%]ies are )9 ! limits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ! riv]s & fre%-wat] lakes1 & especially ^? 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,z an important indu/rial ent]prise1 ^! fi%]ies are less ?an two decades old1 yet !y are v productive1 yield+ annually above half a million doll>s' wor? ( pe>ls1 _m ( :i* comp>e favorably 9 quality ) ^? f ori5tal seas4 ,! prehi/oric m\nds 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley pres5t evid5ce ( ! e/imation 9 :i* pe>ls 7 held by a race ( m5 :o pass$ away ages be=e ,am]ica 0 fir/ visit$ by ,europeans4 ,9 "s ( ^! m\nds1 erect$ by a long-=gott5 race1 pe>ls h be5 f\nd n only 9 hundr$s & 9 ?\s&s1 b by gallons & ev5 by bu%els4 ,"s ( ^! equal ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & 9 quantity exce$ ! ri*e/ individual collections ( ! pres5t day4 ,damag$ & p>tly decompos$ by heat & ?r\gh c5turies ( burial1 !y h lo/ _! beauty1 & are ( value only to ! ar*ologi/ & to indicate ! quantity ( pe>ly treasures possess$ by ^! e>ly p4 ,ow+ to ! great weal? ( pe>ls :i* _h be5 uncov]$ on ! ,spani% ,ma91 at ,panama1 & 9 ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia1 ,eldorado explor]s1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 7 p>ticul>ly eag] 9 se>*+ = !m )9 ! pres5t limits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 9 ! reports ( _! w&]+s1 mu* space is giv5 to ^! gems1 & ^! reports aid$ l>gely 9 induc+ & enc\rag+ o!r exp$itions4 ,"s ( ^! acc\nts read l ! m>vel\s /ories ( ,s9dbad ! ,sailor1 quantities ( pe>ls--hundr$s ( p\nds 9 "s in/ances--be+ secur$ by ! ex*ange ( tr9kets & by m que/ionable means4 ,x w\ld be easy to br+ toge!r num]\s acc\nts ( app>5tly reliable au?orities to %[ t 9 ! sixte5? c5tury pe>ls 7 obta9$ "h 9 f> great] quantities ?an 7 ev] kn[n 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w2 b ?is conclusion seems n :olly correct4 ,! un=tunate w&]+s ( ,h]n&o de ,soto f #aeci to #aedb gave rise to mo/ ( ! reports ( ri* pe>l f9ds )9 ! limits ( ?is c\ntry4 ,( ?is voyage !re are ?ree pr9cipal acc\nts4 ,! fir/ 0 by ,luis ,h]n&ez de ,bi$ma1 :o _h accompani$ ,de ,soto z factor = ,*>les ,v ( ,spa94 ,8 brief report 0 pres5t$ to ! k+ 9 #aedd1 al?\gh x 0 n publi%$ until #ahda1 ne>ly ?ree c5turies lat]1 :5 x appe>$ 9 a ,fr5* translation4#cjj ,! second1 & 9 our op9ion ! mo/ reliable acc\nt1#cja publi%$ at ,evora 9 #aegg1 0 by an unnam$ ,portuguese 79 ,engli% editions1 commonly spok5 ( z ! ,g5tleman ( ,elvas71 :o 0 a memb] ( ! exp$ition4 ,! ?ird acc\nt1#cjb by f> ! longe/ & mo/ widely kn[n1 b :i* 0 n writt5 until #aeia1 0 by ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 :o repres5t$ t 8 in=mation 0 f a ,spani% cavali] :o _h accompani$ ,de ,soto4 ,! only ref]5ce made to pe>ls 9 ,bi$ma's report seems to be 8 allusion to ! l>ge quantity secur$ at ! village ( ,c(aciqui1 on ! ea/ bank ( ! ,savannah ,riv]4 ,he /ates3 8,:5 we arriv$ !re1 ! que5 444 pres5t$ ! gov]nor ) a necklace ( pe>ls ( five or six r[s1 procur$ = u canoes to pass ! riv]1 & assign$ ! half ( ! village = our qu>t]s4 ,aft] hav+ be5 9 our company ?ree or f\r days1 %e escap$ into ! =e/2 ! gov]nor caus$ se>* to be made aft] h]1 b )\t success2 he !n gave ord]s to break op5 a temple erect$ 9 ?is village1 :]e9 ! *iefs ( ! c\ntry 7 int]r$4 ,we took out ( x a va/ quantity ( pe>ls1 :i* might am\nt to six or sev5 arrobas1#cjc b !y 7 spoil$ by hav+ be5 und]gr\nd40#cjd ,! ,portuguese n>rative alludes to ! pe>ls at ,c(aciqui1 /at+ t ! que5 8took f h] own neck a great cordon ( pe>ls1 & ca/ x ab\t ! neck ( ! gov]nor4444 ,& ! lady1 p]ceiv+ t ! ,*ri/ians e/eem$ ! pe>ls1 advis$ ! gov]nor to se>* c]ta9 graves 9 ! t[n1 :]e he w\ld f9d _m2 & t if he w\ld s5d to ! ab&on$ t[ns1 he might load all 8 horses4 ,he s\ght ! graves ( t t[n & !re f\nd f\rte5 r[s ( pe>ls1 & little babies & birds made ( !m40#cje ,?is acc\nt makes no fur!r m5tion ( pe>ls1 except to /ate t at ! battle ( ,mavilla ?is great collection 0 burn$1 & t :5 ! ,que5 ( ,c(aciqui escap$ f ! ,portuguese %e c>ri$ ) h] a little *e/ full ( unbor$ pe>ls1 :i* "s ( ! ,spani>ds ?\ght 7 ( great value2#cjf & fur!r1 t on "o or two o!r occasions a few pe>ls 7 receiv$ f ! ,indians z pres5ts4 ,! acc\nt ( ,de ,soto's w&]+s1 giv5 by ,g>cilasso1 ! ,p]uvian hi/orian1 conta9s _m ref]5ces to pe>ls1 :i* read m l romance ?an reality4 ,) 8 k ( ! jewels1 temples1 etc41 9 ,mexico & ,p]u1 & recogniz+ "s simil>ities 9 ! mann]s ( ! p ( ^? c\ntries & ! ones ) :om ,de ,soto came 9 contact1 ,g>cilasso 0 easily l$ to /atem5ts :i*1 ?\gh possibly true 9 ! "o case1 seem fictiti\s 9 ! o!r4 ,he gives ! /ory ( ! ,que5 ( ,c(aciqui1 ) "s additional p>ticul>s4 ,! /r+ ( pe>ls :i* %e pres5t$ to ! gov]nor made ?ree circuits ( h] neck & desc5d$ to h] wai/4 ,9 8 acc\nt1 ! graves 9 ,c(aciqui became a temple conta9+1 among o!r ri*es1 m ?an a ?\s& measures ( pe>ls1 ( :i* !y took only two4 ,ne> ,c(aciqui 0 ! temple ( ,talomeco1 ov] a hundr$ /eps long by =ty broad1 ) ! walls high 9 proportion4 ,^u ! ro( ( ! temple 7 %ells ( diff]5t sizes1 plac$ ) ! inside out1 to give m brilliancy1 & ) ! int]vals 8fill$ ) _m /r+s ( pe>ls ( div]s sizes1 9 ! =m ( fe/oons1 f "o %ell to ! o!r1 & ext5d+ f ! top ( ! ro( to ! bottom40 ,)9 ! temple1 fe/oons ( pe>ls hung f ! ceil+ & f all o!r p>ts ( ! build+4 ,9 ! middle 7 ?ree r[s ( *e/s ( grad$ sizes1 arrang$ 9 pyramids ( five or six *e/s ea*1 accord+ to _! sizes4 8,all ^! *e/s 7 fill$ ) pe>ls1 9 su* a mann] t ! l>ge/ conta9 ! l>ge/ pe>ls1 & ?us1 9 succession1 to ! smalle/1 :i* 7 full ( se$-pe>ls only4 ,! quantity ( pe>ls 0 su*1 t ! ,spani>ds av[$1 t ev5 if !re _h be5 m ?an n9e hundr$ m5 & ?ree hundr$ horses1 !y all toge!r c\ld n h c>ri$ (f at "o "t all ! pe>ls ( ?is temple4 ,we ought n to be too mu* a/oni%$ at ?is1 if we consid] t ! ,indians ( ! prov9ce convey$ into ^! *e/s1 dur+ _m ages1 all ! pe>ls :i* !y f\nd1 )\t reta9+ a s+le "o ( !m40#cjg ,9 ! armory atta*$ to ?is temple 7 long pikes1 maces1 clubs1 & o!r weapons m\nt$ ) l9ks & tassels ( pe>ls4 ,g>cilasso has an int]e/+ /ory ( an incid5t said to h occurr$ a few days aft] leav+ ,c(aciqui1 :5 ! troops 7 pass+ ?r\gh ! wild]ness4 ,illu/ration3 ,negro pe>l+ camp on bank ( an ,arkansas riv] ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p ( ,arkansas pe>l fi%]m52 photograph$ %ortly aft] ! woman 9 ! c5t] ( ! gr\p _h f\nd a pe>l = :i* %e receiv$ #hjj ,juan ,t]ron1 "o ( ! /\te/ soldi]s ( ! army1 t[>d noon1 drew f 8 saddle-bags ab\t six p\nds ( pe>ls1 & press$ a cavali]1 "o ( 8 fri5ds1 to take !m4 ,! cavali] ?ank$ him & told him t he ought to keep !m1 or r1 s9ce ! report 0 curr5t t ! g5]al w\ld s5d to ,havana1 s5d !m !re to buy horses & g no long] afoot4 ,(f5d$ at ?is answ]1 ,t]ron repli$ t 8^! pe>ls !n %all n g any f>!r10 & !reupon scatt]$ !m "h & !re ^u ! grass & ?r\gh ! bu%es4 ,!y 7 surpris$ at ?is folly1 = ! pe>ls 7 z l>ge z hazel-nuts1 & ( v f9e wat]1 & because !y 7 n pi]c$ !y 7 wor? m ?an six ?\s& ducats4 ,!y collect$ ab\t ?irty ( ^! pe>ls1 :i* 7 s beautiful t x made !m regret ! loss ( ! o!rs1 & say1 9 raill]y1 ^! words1 :i* pass$ into a prov]b ) !m1 8,!re are no pe>ls = ,juan ,t]ron40#cjh ,at ! capital ( ,iciaha1 ,de ,soto receiv$ f ! cacique or *ief1 a /r+1 five feet 9 l5g?1 ( beautiful & well-mat*$ pe>ls z l>ge z filb]ts4 ,^u ,de ,soto's express+ a desire to le>n h[ ! gems 7 extract$ f ! %ells1 ! *ief imm$iately ord]$ f\r boats to fi% all night & return 9 ! morn+4 ,9 ! meantime !y burnt a great deal ( wood ^u ! %ore1 9 ord] to make !re a great b$ ( live coals1 t at ! return ( ! boats !y might put !reon ! %ells1 :i* w\ld op5 ) ! heat4 ,!y f\nd1 at ! op5+ ( ! fir/ %ells1 t5 or twelve pe>ls ( ! size ( a pea1 :i* !y took to ! cacique1 & to ! g5]al :o 0 pres5t1 & :o f\nd !m v beautiful1 except t ! fire _h depriv$ !m ( a "p ( _! lu/re4 ,:5 ! g5]al _h se5 :at he wi%$1 he return$ to d9e2 & imm$iately aft]1 a soldi] ent]$1 :o in/antly said to him t1 9 eat+ oy/]s :i* ! ,indians _h caught1 8 tee? _h enc\nt]$ a v beautiful pe>l ( a v lively color1 & t he begg$ him to receive x to s5d to ! gov]ness ( ,cuba4 ,soto politely refus$ ?is pe>l1 & assur$ ! soldi] t he 0 z oblig$ to him z if he _h accept$ x2 & t "s day he w\ld try to ackn[l$ge 8 k9dness1 & ! honor :i* he did 8 wife2 & t he %\ld pres]ve x to pur*ase horses at ,havana4 ,! ,spani>ds valu$ x at f\r hundr$ ducats2 & z !y _h n made use ( fire to extract x1 x _h n lo/ any ( its lu/re4#cji ,not)/&+ ! /rong indorsem5t giv5 to ,g>cilasso's n>rative by ,!odore ,irv+ & "s o!r writ]s1 8 t5d5cy to exagg]ate depreciates greatly ! hi/orical value ( 8 acc\nt1 & x seems :olly unreliable z an au?ority relative to e>ly res\rces 9 ,am]ica4 ,we may reasonably d\bt :e!r ,de ,soto's exp$ition came 9 contact ) m pe>ls ?an ^? m5tion$ by ,bi$ma & ! ,portuguese writ]4 ,! acc\nt ( ! fir/ voyage along ! coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t ( ! ,italian1 ,juan ,v]razano1 9 #aebd1 conta9s no ref]5ce to pe>ls1 al?\gh he p5etrat$ into ! int]ior a score or two ( miles1 & 0 frequ5tly 9 contact ) ! natives1 :o liv$ l>gely by fi%+1 & :o priz$ _m ornam5ts ( diff]5t color$ /ones1 copp] r+s1 etc4 ,! fir/ exp$ition :i* w5t f> into ! int]ior 0 ! ill-fat$ "o "u comm& ( ,pnfilo de ,n>vaez 9 #aebh4 ,a ?rill+ acc\nt#caj ( ?is j\rney 0 writt5 by ,cabeza de ,vaca1 :o 0 "o ( ! f\r survivors1 aft] eight ye>s' w&]+ ?r\gh ,am]ica to ,mexico4 ,cabeza _h be5 controll] & royal treasur] ( ! exp$ition1 & 9 t position x 0 8 p>ticul> duty to acqua9t himself ) all ! pe>ls1 gold1 & simil> ri*es f\nd by ! p>ty4 ,not)/&+ 8 trad+s ) ! ,indians & _! ef=ts to ga9 8 fri5d%ip by means ( pres5ts1 8 acc\nt makes no m5tion ( pe>ls1 except to ref] to a /atem5t made by "s ,indians t on ! coa/ ( ! ,s\? ,sea !re 7 pe>ls & great ri*es4 ,h]n&o ,d',escalante ,fontan$a1 :o 0 %ipwreck$ on ! ,florida coa/ ab\t #aeej1 & 0 deta9$ !re a prison] = sev5te5 ye>s1 wrote3 8,betwe5 ,abola*i ,appala*icola & ,olagale is a riv] :i* ! ,indians call ,guasaca-,esqui1 :i* means ,re$ ,riv]4 ,x is on ! sea-coa/1 & at ! m\? ( ?is riv] ! pe>ls are f\nd 9 oy/]s & o!r %ells2 f !nce !y are c>ri$ into all ! prov9ces & villages ( ,florida40#caa ,! ,european n>rators also report$ great /ores ( pe>ls along ! ,atlantic seabo>d4 ,among ! fir/ ( ^! may be m5tion$ ,david ,+ram1 :o is repres5t$ z travel+ by l& f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico to ! vic9ity ( ,cape ,breton 9 ! ye>s #aefh & #aefi4 ,z x appe>$ 9 ! fir/ edition ( ,hakluyt's ,voyages1 ?is relation /ates3 8,!re is 9 "s ( ^? ,c\ntreys great abundance ( ,pe>le1 = 9 e ,cottage he f\nde ,pe>le1 9 "s h[se a qu>te1 9 "s a pottel half a gallon1 9 "s a pecke1 m or less1 :]e he did see "s z great z an ,acorn2 & ,ri*>d ,br[ne1 "o ( 8 ,companyons1 f\nd "o ( ^! great ,pe>ls 9 "o ( _! ,canoes1 or ,boates1 w* ,pe>ls he gave to ,m\ns ,campa9e1 :oe toke !m abo>de 8 %ippe40#cab ,e/imation ( ,+ram's wond]ful relation is decreas$ by ,pur*as's comm5t3 ,z = ,david ,+ram's p]ambulations to ! nor? p>ts1 ,ma/] ,hakluyt1 9 8 fir/ edition pr9t$ ! same2 b x seeme? "s incr$ibilities ( 8 reports caus$ him to leave him out 9 ! next impression2 ! rew>d ( ly+ be+1 n to be believ$ 9 tru?s4#cac ,ev5 ! memb]s ( ,raleigh's ,roanoke ,colony ( #aehe report$ pe>ls4 ,h>iot /at$3 ,sometimes 9 fe$+ on ,muscles we f\nd "s ,pe>le3 b x 0 our happe to meet ) ragges1 or ( a pide col\r3 n hav+ yet discov]$ ^? places :]e we he>d ( bett] & m pl5ty4 ,"o ( our company1 a man ( skill 9 su* matt]s1 _h ga!r$ f among ! ,savage p ab\t five ?\s&3 ( :i* numb] he *ooses s _m z made a faire *a9e1 :i* = _! lik5esse & uni=mity 9 r\nd5esse1 ori5tnesse1 & pi$nesse ( _m excell5t col\rs1 ) equality 9 greatnesse1 7 v faire & r>e3 & _h !re=e be5 pres5t$ to h] ,maje/y1 _h we n by casualty1 & ?r\gh extremity ( a /orme lo/ !m1 ) _m ?+s els 9 com+ away f ! c\ntrey4#cad ,s f> z we c le>n1 !re is no evid5ce to %[ t1 dur+ ! sixte5? or ! sev5te5? c5tury1 any pe>ls ( value 7 receiv$ 9 ,europe f )9 ! pres5t limits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z 0 ! case ) ! res\rces ( ,v5ezuela1 ,panama & ,mexico4 ,_m ( ! acc\nts quot$ above seem :olly fictiti\s1 "s ( !m possibly drawn up = ! purpose ( promot+ explor+ exp$itions4 ,x is also probable t k ( ! enorm\s collections at ,v5ezuela & ,panama misl$ "s ( ! n>rators into recogniz+ z pe>ls ! sph]ical pieces ( %ell or ev5 ! cyl9drical wampum :i* ! ,indians made 9 l>ge quantities & us$ z money4 ,h[ev]1 x is unque/ionable t pe>ls ( value 7 9 ! possession ( "s ( ! weal?i] tribes4 ,bi$ma's acc\nt ( ! #aej p\nds or m ( damag$ pe>ls 9 ! graves at ,c(aciqui seems :olly reliable1 & likewise _m o!r /atem5ts2 & x is an int]e/+ problem to det]m9e ! s\rce f :i* ! ,indians obta9$ !m4 ,mo/ ( ! n>ratives ref] to ! pe>ls z com+ f ! coa/ ( ! ,s\? ,sea or ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,! evid5ce ( ,fontan$a1 :o _h sp5t sev5te5 ye>s 9 ! c\ntry1 ?r[s "s light on ?is4 ,he /ates t pe>ls 7 obta9$ at ! m\? ( ,re$ ,riv] ne> ,appala*icola1 :5ce !y 7 di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ,florida4 ,?is seems to indicate t on ! we/ coa/ ( ,florida !re might h be5 ext5sive reefs ( pe>l-be>+ mollusks1 :i* h s9ce become ext9ct1 al?\gh exi/+ %ell-heaps d n confirm ?is4 ,:ile x is possible & ev5 probable t _m ( ^! pe>ls 9 ! possession ( ! ,indians came f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico or ev5 f ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 x seems mu* m likely t !y came l>gely f ! ,unios ( ! inl& lakes & riv]s4 ,! voyages ( ,n>vaez1 ,ayllon1 ,de ,soto1 ,ribault1 etc41 _h be5 s un=tunate t = a c5tury little exploration 0 made 9 ! t]ritory ( ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:5 ?is t]ritory 0 aga9 invad$1 little 0 se5 9 ! way ( pe>ls4 ,ib]ville1 :o e/abli%$ ! ,fr5* settlem5t ne> ! m\? ( ! ,mississippi 9 #afii1 0 specially direct$ to look = !m4 ,8 in/ructions /ate3 8,al?\gh ! pe>ls pres5t$ to 8 ,maje/y are n f9e ei!r 9 wat] or %ape1 !y mu/ nev]!less be c>efully s\ght1 z bett] may be f\nd1 & 8 ,maje/y desires ,m4 d',ib]ville to br+ all he c2 asc]ta9 :]e ! fi%]y is c>ri$ on1 & see x 9 op]ation40#cae ,pe>ls 7 f\nd 9 ! t]ritory ( ! ,pascag\las1 b !y 7 n wor? ! tr\ble ( secur+ !m4 ,x appe>s t f ^! ! ,pe>l ,riv] 9 ,mississippi d]iv$ its "n4 ,! only ref]5ce to pe>ls 9 ! sev5ty-"o volumes ( ,travels & ,explorations ( ! ,jesuit ,mission>ies 9 ,new ,france1 f #afaj to #agia1 is a note by ,fa!r ,gravi] /at+ t he saw no *oice pe>ls3 8,x is true ! *ief's wife has "s small pe>ls2 b !y are nei!r r\nd nor well pi]c$1 ) ! exception ( sev5 or eight1 :i* are z l>ge z small peas1 & h be5 b\ght = m ?an !y are wor?40#caf ,daniel ,coxe's description1 9 #agbb1 ( pe>l res\rces 9 ,am]ica1 is ( special int]e/ because ( ! ext5d$ exp]i5ce ( 8 fa!r z a trad] 9 ! c\ntry4 ,he /ates3 ,pe>ls are f\nd to be 9 great abundance 9 ?is c\ntry2 ! ,indians put "s value ^u !m1 b n s mu* z on ! color$ beads we br+ !m4 ,on ! :ole coa/ ( ?is prov9ce1 = two hundr$ leagues1 !re are _m va/ b$s ( oy/]s :i* bre$ pe>ls1 z has be5 f\nd 9 div]s places4 ,b1 :i* is v rem>kable1 f> f ! sea1 9 fre% wat] riv]s & lakes1 !re is a sort ( %ell-fi% betwe5 a mussel & a 1 :]e9 are f\nd abundance ( pe>ls1 & _m ( an unusual magnitude4 ,! ,indians1 :5 !y take ! oy/]s1 broil !m ov] ! fire till !y are fit to eat1 keep+ ! l>ge pe>ls !y f9d 9 !m1 :i* by ! heat are t>ni%$ & lose _! native lu/re2 b1 :5 we h taught !m ! "r me?od1 d\btless x w\ld be a v pr(itable trade4 ,!re are two places we already "k )9 l&1 9 ea* ( :i* !re is a great pe>l fi%]y4 ,"o ab\t ,illu/ration3 ,,broo*1 ,,r5aissance ,,/yle1 ,,set ,,) ,,b>oque ,,pe>ls1 ,,f ,,am]ican ,,/reams ,pan-,am]ican ,exposition1 #aija "o hundr$ & tw5ty leagues up ! ,riv] ,mes*acebe ,mississippi1 on ! we/ side1 9 a lake made by ! riv] ( ! ,na*es1 ab\t =ty miles f its m\?1 :]e !y are f\nd 9 great pl5ty & _m v l>ge4 ,! o!r on ! ,riv] ,*iaha1 :i* runs into ! ,coza or ,cussaw ,riv] 7z our ,engli% call x71 & :i* comes f ! nor!a/1 &1 aft] a c\rse ( "s hundr$ miles1 disembogues into ! ,gulf ( ,florida1 ab\t "o hundr$ miles to ! ea/ ( ! ,mes*acebe4#cag ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! fir/ place m5tion$ by ,coxe z ! location ( a great pe>l fi%]y is n f> f "o ( ! mo/ productive pe>l+ regions ( ! la/ fifte5 ye>s1 viz41 ! ea/]n "p ( ,arkansas4 ,! second place not$ by him appe>s to be id5tical ) ! ,iciaha1 :]e1 ne>ly two c5turies be=e1 ! ,indians exhibit$ ! me?ods ( _! fi%+ to ,de ,soto & 8 companions4 ,except+ ,coxe's notice1 = #bej ye>s foll[+ #afjj1 little 0 he>d ( ! occurr5ce ( pe>ls )9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?is does n indicate necess>ily t ! gems 7 abs5t f ! wat]s2 b1 n us+ ! ,unios = food z did ! aborig9es1 ! resid5ts _h little occasion to op5 !m & 9 ?is way le>n ( _! cont5ts4 ,& ev5 :]e pe>ls 7 occasionally f\nd 9 mollusks op5$ = fi%-bait1 ! p 7 9 few in/ances in=m$ z to _! m>ket value1 & did n attempt to sell !m1 al?\gh ! mo/ attractive ones may h be5 treasur$ z ornam5ts or z keepsakes4 ,?is 0 p>allel$ 9 ! diamond fields ( ,s\? ,africa1 :]e gems wor? ?\s&s ( doll>s 7 us$ z play?+s by ! f>m]s' *ildr54 ,a jewel1 l a prophet1 is frequ5tly )\t honor 9 its own c\ntry until ! resid5ts ( t c\ntry le>n ( ! great e/eem 9 :i* x is held else:]e4 ,& yet1 9 "s localities a few pe>ls 7 collect$ f "t to "t4 ,! ,moravians--famili> ) ! pe>ls ( _! native /reams 9 ,europe--ga!r$ _m f ! ,lehigh ,riv] ne> ,be?lehem1 ,p5nsylvania1 ov] a c5tury ago2#cah & f ,rhode ,isl& & else:]e a few 7 obta9$4 ,! fir/ awak5+ to a realization ( ! value ( fre%-wat] pe>ls 9 ,am]ica occurr$ fifty ye>s ago1 :5 sev]al beautiful gems 7 m>ket$ f ! nor!rn "p ( ,new ,j]sey4 ,! /ory ( ?is f9d has be5 frequ5tly told4 ,a %oemak] nam$ ,david ,h[ell1 :o liv$ on ! outskirts ( ,pat]son1 occasionally reliev$ ! monotony ( 8 trade by a fi%+ excursion to "s neighbor+ /ream1 :]e he w\ld usually collect a 8mess0 ( mussels4 ,return+ f "o ( ^! visits to ,not* ,brook 9 ! spr+ ( #aheg1 ! mussels 7 fri$ ) ! usual abundance ( grease & heat4 ,aft] ?is prep>ation1 "o ( !m 0 f\nd to conta9 a l>ge1 r\nd pe>l weigh+ 8ne>ly #djj gra9s10 :i* possibly might h prov5 ! f9e/ ( mod]n times1 _h n its lu/] & beauty be5 de/roy$ by ! heat & grease4#cai ,_h ! pe>l be5 discov]$ 9 "t1 its value might h exce$$ #be1jjj1 ?us mak+ poor ,h[ell's fri$ mussels "o ( ! mo/ exp5sive ( supp]s4 ,hop+ to duplicate 8 wond]ful f9d1 ,h[ell collect$ & se>*$ o!r mussels1 & 8 example 0 foll[$ by sev]al ( 8 neighbors4 ,)9 a few days a magnific5t p9k pe>l 0 f\nd by a ,pat]son c>p5t] nam$ ,jacob ,quack5bu%4 ,?is weigh$ n9ety-?ree gra9s1 & 0 b\ght by ! late ,*>les ,l4 ,tiffany = ,messrs4 ,tiffany ,co41 ,new ,york ,city1 = #aejj4 ,mr4 ,tiffany lat] describ$ ) mu* int]e/ ! feel+s he exp]i5c$ aft] mak+ ! pur*ase4 ,said he3 8,"h ?is man f9ds a pe>l )9 sev5te5 miles ( our place ( bus9ess6 ,:at if ?\s&s %\ld be f\nd1 & _m p]haps f9] ?an ?is "o6 ,h[ev]1 we risk$ buy+ ! pe>l1 & z no "o 9 ,new ,york seem$ int]e/$ 9 x1 we s5t x to our ,p>is h\se = sale1 & a ,fr5* gem deal] (f]$ = x a v l>ge advance on ! orig9al price1 pay+ #ab1ejj francs40 ,f ?is deal] x pass$ into ! possession ( ! "y & beautiful ,empress ,eugnie1 f :om & f its great lu/] x d]iv$ ! "n 8,que5 ,pe>l40 ,its pres5t m>ket value w\ld d\btless am\nt to #aj1jjj or m4 ,:5 news ( ! v l>ge price receiv$ = ,quack5bu%'s f9d became public1 great excitem5t develop$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,not* ,brook4 ,p]sons came f all directions to se>* 9 ! %all[ /reams = valuable pe>ls4 ,f>m]s ( ! neighborhood tri$ _! luck1 & also me*anics & o!r resid5ts ( ! adjac5t villages & t[ns1 & ev5 "s f ,new>k1 ,j]sey ,city1 & ,new ,york4 ,an old resid5t1 :o 0 an eye-witness1 describes ! sc5e z "o ( great animation1 ! cr[ds ( p & ! horses & wagons along ! %ore giv+ 8an appe>ance ( camp-meet+ "t40 ,at lea/ "o s*oolma/] 9 ! vic9ity is said to h clos$ 8 s*ool to give 8 pupils an opportunity to engage 9 ! hunt4 ,) tr\s]s roll$ up1 ! p wad$ into ! %all[ wat] & s\ght = ! mussels 9 ! mud & s& on ! bottom4 ,_m pe>ls 7 secur$1 b none approa*$ 9 size or value ! two above not$4#cbj ,dur+ #aheg1 ! ,new ,york ,city m>ket receiv$ ab\t #ae1jjj wor? ( pe>ls f ^! wat]s1 & 9 addition _m 7 sold locally or reta9$ z s\v5irs ( ! hunt4 ,at ! l[ price ( pe>ls exi/+ !n1 ?is figure w\ld mean possibly t5 times z mu* at pres5t1 or #aej1jjj4 ,! active se>* soon deplet$ ! res\rces ( ! little /ream1 s t 9 ! foll[+ ye> ! report$ value ( ! yield 0 only a few ?\s& doll>s4 ,! decrease cont9u$ until 9 a few ye>s practically e mussel 0 remov$1 & at pres5t sc>cely a s+le ,unio is to be f\nd 9 ^! wat]s4 ,! int]e/ 9 pe>l+ ext5d$ f> f ! place ( ! orig9al f9d2 & 9 ,p5nsylvania1 ,ohio1 & ev5 z f> away z ,texas1 se>* 0 made 9 ! /reams4 ,9 ! ,colorado & its tribut>ies1 ab\t #bj1jjj 7 f\nd 9 a %ort :ile4 ,mo/ ( ^! 7 small & unattractive1 b a consid]able numb] 7 report$ 8z l>ge z pepp]-corns0 & a few 8! size ( a small rifle ball10 ! numb] decreas+ ) ! increase 9 size4 ,a correspond5t 9 ! 8,neue ,zeit0 wrote3 ,sometimes !y are r\nd1 sometimes cyl9drical1 elliptical1 hemisph]ical1 or ( an altoge!r irregul> %ape4 ,! f9e/ h a milk-:ite1 silv]y %e52 _m1 h[ev]1 are r$di% yell[1 blui% br[n1 or q black2 ! la/ naturally h no value :atev]4 ,z to _! value1 !re is consid]able unc]ta9ty1 & x c easily be und]/ood t ^? :o h a great numb] ( !m 9 _! possession greatly ov]e/imate !m4 ,s f> !y are f\nd pr9cipally 9 ! ,llano & ! ,san ,saba4#cba ,aft] ! res\rces 9 nor!rn ,new ,j]sey 7 deplet$ & ! excitem5t _h di$ out1 little 0 he>d ( pe>l+ 9 ?is c\ntry until #ahgh1 :5 _m 7 f\nd 9 ,little ,miami ,riv] 9 s\?we/]n ,ohio4 ,! fi%+ 0 c>ri$ on at l[ wat]1 & pr9cipally by boys1 :o w\ld wade out 9 ! wat] & feel = ! mollusks ) _! feet1 & !n bob "u & pick !m up ) _! h&s4 ,! s5ior au?or sp5t a day 9 ?is fi%]y ) a p>ty ( six boys ) "s success4 ,dur+ #ahgh ab\t #be1jjj wor? ( pe>ls 7 collect$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,waynesville on t /ream4 ,mr4 ,israel ,h4 ,h>ris1 a bank] ( ,waynesville1 !n began collect+ ^! pe>ls2 & by pur*as+ dur+ sev]al ye>s ne>ly e int]e/+ specim5 f\nd 9 ! vic9ity1 he made 8 collection "o ( ! l>ge/ & be/ kn[n 9 ! c\ntry4 ,:5 sold 9 #ahhh1 x conta9$ sev]al ?\s& pe>ls1 mo/ly ( small size1 av]ag+ 9 weight little m ?an "o gra9 ea*4 ,a l>ge portion ( ?is collection 0 exhibit$ 9 ! ,am]ican section ( ! ,p>is ,exposition ( #ahhi1 & 0 aw>d$ a gold m$al4 ,includ$ 9 ?is exhibit 0 a s]ies ( ornam5ts 9 :i* ! gems 7 arrang$ accord+ to color1 s t 9 "o ! pe>ls 7 gre51 9 ano!r purpli% br[n1 9 ano!r p9k1 9 ano!r waxy :ite1 & 9 "o a cream-:ite4 ,x also conta9$ a button-%ap$ pe>l weigh+ ?irty-eight gra9s & sev]al p9k ones almo/ transluc5t4 ,a p9k pe>l ( eight gra9s 0 admir$ by all :o saw x2 by reflect$ light ?is _h ! color & transluc5cy ( a drop ( molt5 silv]4 ,_m ( ! p9k pe>ls f\nd 9 ! ,little ,miami & its tribut>ies 7 ( ! mo/ beautiful rose-petal p9k2 pe>ls ( ?is peculi> color h nev] be5 f\nd 9 any o!r wat]s4 ,f ,ohio ! indu/ry gradually ext5d$ we/w>d & s\?w>d1 & new fields 7 develop$1 pe>ls to ! value ( ab\t #aj1jjj annually com+ on ! m>ket f su* widely sep>at$ ,/ates z ,v]mont1 ,k5tucky1 ,t5nessee1 ,florida1 ,texas1 ,wa%+ton1 etc4 ,h[ev]1 little g5]al int]e/ 0 tak5 9 fre%-wat] pe>ls1 & few *oice ones 7 f\nd until ! magnific5t res\rces ( ! upp] ,mississippi ,valley 7 discov]$4 ,ow+ to ! ease ) :i* ! mollusks may be collect$ by wad+1 x 0 9 ! relatively %all[ tribut>ies t ! fi%]y fir/ develop$1 r ?an 9 ! deep *annels ( ! ma9 /ream & ( ! l>ge afflu5ts4 ,! fir/ region 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley to attract att5tion 0 s\?we/]n ,wiscons94 ,e>ly 9 ! summ] ( #ahhi1 _m beautiful pe>ls 7 f\nd 9 ,pecatonica ,riv]1 a tribut>y ( ,rock ,riv]1 :i* 9 turn empties into ! ,mississippi4 ,)9 ?ree mon?s1 #aj1jjj wor? ( gems 7 s5t f ?is region to ,new ,york ,city alone1 includ+ "o wor? #ejj1 :i* 0 a v consid]able sum = a fre%-wat] pe>l at t "t4 ,! int]e/ quickly spread to neighbor+ wat]s1 & )9 a %ort "t pe>ls 7 f\nd also 9 ,sug> ,riv]1 9 ,apple ,riv]1 9 ,rock ,riv]1 9 ,wiscons9 ,riv]1 & 9 ! ,mississippi 9 ! vic9ity ( ,prairie du ,*i54 ,! fact t little exp]i5ce & no capital 0 requir$ = ! bus9ess drew l>ge numb]s ( p]sons to ! newly-f\nd ,klondike2 & ! f9ds 7 s num]\s & ( su* high quality t ab\t #cjj1jjj wor? ( pe>ls 7 collect$ be=e ! end ( #ahia1 greatly exce$+ all records = fre% wat]s4 ,! ,wiscons9 pe>ls are rem>kable = _! beauty1 lu/]1 & div]sifi$ color+1 & "s lovely %ades ( p9k1 purple1 & especially metallic gre5 h be5 f\nd4 ,sev]al ( !m h weigh$ 9 excess ( fifty gra9s ea*1 & "s individual values ran well into f\r figures4 ,"o %ipm5t made f ,sug> ,riv] to ,london 9 ,septemb]1 #ahij1 conta9$ n9ety-?ree pe>ls1 weigh+ f f\r to tw5ty-eight gra9s ea*1 = :i* #aa1gjj 0 receiv$ 9 paym5t4 ,9 ! limits ( "o c\nty 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 pe>ls to ! value ( ne>ly #ajj1jjj 7 secur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,broo*es ,,& ,,r+s ,,( ,,fre%-,,wat] ,,pe>ls ,,f ,,wiscons9 ,,& ,,t5nessee ,p>is ,exposition1 #aijj ,%ortly foll[+ ! outbreak ( pe>l+ 9 ,wiscons9 came ! developm5t ( int]e/ 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,t5nessee4 ,= _m ye>s pe>ls _h be5 secur$ f ! ,cumb]l& & ,t5nessee riv]s & _! tribut>ies1 especially ,caney ,=k1 ,duck1 ,calf ,kill]1 & ,elk riv]s1 ! headqu>t]s ( ! fi%]y & ! local m>kets be+ ,c>?age1 ,smi?ville1 ,columbia1 & ,arl+ton4 ,! se>* _h be5 conduct$ 9 a mod]ate way by pleasure p>ties 9 ! summ]1 & by f>m]s aft] ! crops _h be5 laid aside4 ,9 #aija pe>l+ excitem5t develop$ 9 ! m\nta9 regions ( ea/]n ,t5nessee1 especially 9 ,cl9* ,riv]4 ,^! newly-discov]$ res\rces prov$ s valuable t ! local int]e/ became v great4 ,vivid & picturesque acc\nts publi%$ 9 ! local pap]s report$ hundr$s ( p]sons z camp+ at v>i\s po9ts along ! /reams1 "s 9 t5ts & "s 9 r\gh %anties1 & o!rs go+ f %oal to %oal 9 newly-built h\se-boats4 ,!y 7 describ$ z easygo+1 pleasure-lov+ p1 ! m51 wom51 & *ildr5 work+ h>d all day1 subsi/+ l>gely on fi% caught 9 ! same /ream1 & danc+ at night to ! music ( a banjo ar\nd ! camp-fires4 ,! c5t] ( ! new indu/ry 0 ,cl9ton1 ! c\nty seat ( ,&]son ,c\nty1 :i!r ! successful hunt]s betook !mselves ea* ,saturday1 ! pref]r$ "t = sell+ ! cat*4 ,! next outbreak ( pe>l+ excitem5t 0 9 ,arkansas1 9 ! region ref]r$ to by ,daniel ,coxe two c5turies ago z ! location ( great pe>l res\rces4#cbb ,al?\gh 9 rec5t times little _h be5 he>d ( pe>ls 9 ,arkansas previ\s to #ahie1 !y 7 n unkn[n 9 t ,/ate4 ,= ye>s !y _h be5 pick$ up by ! fi%]m51 & us$ z lucky /ones or giv5 to ! *ildr5 = play?+s4 ,"s _h come into ! possession ( p]sons acqua9t$ ) _! value4 ,ab\t #ahge1 a few pe>ls 7 collect$ by a p>ty ( m5 engag$ 9 cutt+ c$> poles on ,:ite ,riv]2 9 #ahhh1 a brilliant pe>-%ap$ p9k pe>l ( tw5ty-sev5 gra9s 0 secur$ f ! same riv]1 & sold to a prom95t resid5t4 ,little _h be5 said ab\t ^! f9ds1 & 9 g5]al ! p ( ,arkansas _h slight idea ( ! occurr5ce or ! value ( pe>ls 9 ^? wat]s4 ,9 #ahie1 a survey+ p>ty on ,:ite ,riv] f\nd pe>ls 9 ! ,unios ( t /ream1 & collect$ !m to ! value ( ab\t #ejjj4 ,news ( ?is discov]y attract$ att5tion to ! res\rce1 & o!r p]sons s\ght = ! gems 9 ! ,:ite ,riv] & its tribut>ies1 9 ! ,/4 ,francis & ! ,arkansas riv]s4 ,! unusually l[ wat] 9 #ahif facilitat$ ! fi%]y1 & result$ 9 ! discov]y ( _m l>ge & valuable gems4 ,! int]e/ develop$ rapidly1 & )9 twelve mon?s ne>ly e /ream ( wat] 9 ,arkansas yield$ pe>ls1 ) ! f9ds mo/ ext5sive & valuable 9 ,:ite ,riv] & its tribut>y ! ,black ,riv]1 :i* has prov$ to be ! ri*e/ pe>l+ region 9 ,am]ica4 ,! indu/ry c5t]$ at ,black ,rock1 m ?an a ?\s& p]sons fi%+ )9 tw5ty miles ( t place4 ,x is e/imat$ t )9 ?ree ye>s foll[+ ! developm5t ( ?is fi%]y1 ?is ,/ate yield$ pe>ls to ! value ( m ?an #ejj1jjj4 ,:5 ! ,arkansas fi%]y 0 at its height1 x 0 report$ t t5 ?\s& p]sons 7 employ$ !re94 ,! fi%]m5 7 f ne>ly e class & condition 9 ! ,/ate4 ,wom5 7 n abs5t2 ev5 *ildr5 p>ticipat$ 9 ! indu/ry1 & "s prov$ m =tunate ?an ! old] hunt]s4 ,x 0 n uncommon to see sev]al hundr$ p]sons congregat$ at "o b> or 9 "o /ret* ( ! riv]1 all int5t on mak+ a =tune1 & all occupi$ 9 fi%+ or 9 op5+ ! %ells4 ,s complete 0 ! absorption ( ! p 9 ?is pursuit1 & s _m ( ! f>m-h&s 7 occupi$ 9 ! eag] se>* = anticipat$ =tunes1 t ! local pap]s report$ mu* appreh5sion & difficulty 9 h>ve/+ ! cotton & o!r crops4 ,)9 ! ma9 *annel ( ! ,mississippi1 ! relative sc>city ( pe>ls 9 ! ,unios1 & ! great] prep>ation requir$ = collect+ ! mollusks 9 ! deep wat]s1 ret>d$ ! fi%]y until ! e/abli%m5t ( button manufacture af=d$ a m>ket = ! %ells1 ?is orig9at+ 9 #ahia4 ,! indu/ry develop$ rapidly1 & = sev]al ye>s has consum$ ab\t #ce1jjj tons ( %ells annually1 obta9$ pr9cipally 9 ! ,mississippi betwe5 ,qu9cy & ,la ,crosse1 & to a mu* less ext5t 9 o!r /reams 9 ?is valley4 ,?is is m ?an twice ! total product ( "m-(-pe>l %ell 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,h[ev]1 ! value p] ton is v mu* less ?an t ( ! be/ grade ( "m-(-pe>l2 t f ,au/ralia1 = in/ance1 commonly sell+ = #abjj p] ton1 :]eas ! ,mississippi %ell usually sells = less ?an #bj1 al?\gh ! v *oice/ may br+ upw>d ( #ej p] ton4 ,! ga!r+ ( %ells = manufacture has ext5d$ to _m ( ! l>ge tribut>ies ( ! ,mississippi1 especially ! ,arkansas1 ! ,:ite1 ! ,/4 ,francis1 ! ,ohio & ! ,ill9ois riv]s1 & ?is indu/ry has add$ l>gely to ! pe>l yield 9 ^! wat]s4 ,9 ! la/ ?ree ye>s1 ! sc5es ( greate/ activity h be5 ! ,waba% ,riv] & its tribut>ies1 :]e %ell-collect+ develop$ 9 #aijc1 & ! ,ill9ois ,riv]1 :]e ! indu/ry 0 ( little importance previ\s to #aijf4 ,on ! ,waba%1 camps 7 e/abli%$ at almo/ e t[n1 f ! m\? up to ,/4 ,francis1 ,ill9ois1 & ab\t "o ?\s& p]sons f\nd employm5t4 ,"s ( ! mo/ beautiful ,am]ican gems h come f ?is riv]4 ,!y are usually silv]y :ite 9 color & ( ! sweete/ lu/]4 ,a s+le pe>l weigh+ only t5 gra9s has be5 sold at ! riv] = #ajjj2 b x is frequ5tly ! case t a f9e gem w sell = m at ! place :]e f\nd ?an 9 ! great m>kets4 ,dur+ ! spr+ ( #aijg1 ?ree pe>ls 7 f\nd 9 ! ,waba% ne> ,v9c5nes1 :i* weigh$ =ty-"o1 fifty-"o1 & fifty-?ree gra9s respectively4 ,"o ( ^! 0 :ite1 "o fa9t p9k1 & ! ?ird 0 yell[4 ,! f9e/ pe>ls h be5 report$ f ! vic9ity ( ,m\nt ,c>mel ne> ! l[] end ( ! riv]4 ,v l>ge quantities ( b>oques or slugs are f\nd 9 ! ,waba% & ! ,ill9ois2 #cj1jjj ounces 7 report$ f ^? riv]s & _! tribut>ies 9 #aijg1 = :i* ! fi%]m5 receiv$ a total ( #ej1jjj4 ,a l>ge symmetrical pe>l f\nd dur+ #aijg weigh$ a trifle "u #aej gra9s1 & a slug 0 f\nd :i* weigh$ fully "o ounce1 or #fjf gra9s4 ,! pe>l-hunt+ excitem5t has be5 felt ev5 on ! ,atlantic seabo>d1 z a result ( ! publication ( ! discov]ies 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,9 ,ma9e _m pe>ls h be5 report$1 especially 9 ! vic9ity ( ,moosehead ,lake4 ,9 #aija ov] "o hundr$ 7 f\nd 9 t vic9ity2 mo/ ( !m 7 ( little value1 b m ?an a doz5 7 wor? #aj or #ae ea*4 ,?ree f\nd by ,k9eo guides 7 sold = an aggregate ( #cjj4 ,! *oice/ "o report$ 9 t ye> weigh$ twelve & "o half gra9s & sold = #aej2 _h x be5 p]fect 9 =m & lu/] its value w\ld h be5 sev]al times t am\nt4 ,mo/ ( ^! pe>ls 7 f\nd by ,moosehead guides1 :o f\nd pur*as]s among ! visit+ fi%]m5 & hunt]s4 ,s9ce #aija _m f>m-boys z well z guides h devot$ mu* att5tion to ! bus9ess1 "s ( !m d]iv+ z l>ge a rev5ue !refrom z f ! use ( ! rifle4 ,good f9ds h be5 made1 dur+ ! la/ ye> or two especially4 ,9 #aijf1 "o *oice pe>l sold = #gjj1 & _m h sold = #aj to #ge ea*4 ,! se>* has prov5 s allur+ t return+ visitors h compla9$ t "s ( ! guides c>e to d little m ?an se>* e rill1 brook1 & creek !y come across look+ = ! mollusks4 ,j at pres5t ! pr9cipal att5tion seems to be direct$ to ! /reams 9 ! we/]n "p ( ,ma9e1 :]e ! riv]-b$s are m s&y & ! %ell-fi% m abundant ?an 9 ! nor!rn & ea/]n "p ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 ,massa*usetts pe>ls h be5 collect$ f _m ( ! ponds & brooks4 ,9 ,nonesu* ,pond 9 ,we/on1 ! ,unio complanata has yield$ _m small ones ( attractive appe>ance1 b n ( suffici5t size or lu/] to sell = m ?an #aj ea*4 ,ponds 9 ! t[n ( ,gre5wi* & also 9 ,pelham 9 ,hamp%ire ,c\nty are among ! be/ 9 ,massa*usetts = pe>ls4 ,! ,sudbury ,riv] above ,concord also yields _m4 ,relatively few ( ! ,unios conta9 pe>ls1 & ! gem-be>+ individuals seem to be gr\p$ 9 special localities4 ,outside ( ^! places1 ?\s&s ( mussels may be op5$ )\t reveal+ a s+le gem4 ,a collection ( small ,massa*usetts pe>ls 0 br\ght toge!r a few ye>s ago by ,mr4 ,%]man ,f4 ,d5ton ( ,wellesley ,f>ms1 :o has devot$ mu* "t to explor+ ! inl& wat]s ( ,massa*usetts4 ,connecticut also has _h a slight t\* ( ! pe>l fev]4 ,9 #ahig1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,s4 ,c>well ( ,l$y>d1 explor$ ! headwat]s ( ,my/ic ,riv]1 & 9 a few weeks collect$ a numb] ( pe>ls1 "o ( :i* he is report$ z hav+ sold = #ejj1 & two o!rs 7 e/imat$ at #djj ea*4 ,& f ! o!r end ( ! ,/ate1 along ! ,%epaug ,riv]1 is report$ a simil> acc\nt ( ! success ( ,mr4 ,arlo ,k9ney ( ,/eep ,rock4 ,attract$ by ^! reports1 cr[ds ( seek]s h proce$$ 9 ! usual reckless mann] to make :olesale de/ruction ( ! mollusks4 ,! f9ds h be5 especially l>ge & valuable 9 ! lakes & /reams ( ,lit*field ,c\nty1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,bantam ,lake4 ,9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 pe>ls h be5 f\nd 9 ! swift %all[ /reams 9 ! ,adirondack region1 & 9 sev]al ( ^? ent]+ ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 p>ticul>ly ! ,grass ,riv] 9 ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,c\nty4 ,pe>ls 7 fir/ report$ f ?is region 9 #ahid4 ,9 #ahif ! ,grass yield$ "o pe>l weigh+ fifty-eight gra9s1 wor? #fjj locally2 & 9 #ahig "o weigh+ sixty-eight gra9s 0 f\nd1 ! fi%]man sell+ x = #hjj4 ,a resid5t ( ,russell t[n%ip devot$ mo/ ( 8 "t to pe>l+ 9 ,grass ,riv] dur+ #ahif & #ahig1 f :i* he is said to h realiz$ #bjjj4 ,9 ?is region ! mussels are f\nd by wad+ 9 ! %all[ wat] & scann+ ! bottom ?r\gh a wat]-telescope4 ,mo/ ( ! pe>ls are ( slight value1 b _m individuals are report$ z wor? f #cj to #fj ea*4 ,pe>l ,riv] 9 ,rockl& ,c\nty1 ,new ,york1 has furni%$ a numb] ( br[n pe>ls4 ,^! are commonly small1 weigh+ f "o eigh? to "o half gra9 ea*1 al?\gh "s weigh sev5 or eight gra9s ea*4 ,mo/ ( ^! are n lu/r\s1 b occasionally a bright br[n or a bright copp]-br[n specim5 ( f "o to f\r gra9s is met )4 ,at ! ,p>is ,exposition1 9 #aijj1 7 exhibit$ "o hundr$ ( ^! pe>ls1 ) an aggregate weight ( #bha gra9s2 ^! n[ =m "p ( ! ,morgan-,tiffany ,collection1 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,ev5 9 ! ri* coal regions ( ,p5nsylvania pe>ls are f\nd4 ,possibly ! mo/ productive section 9 t ,/ate has be5 ! headwat]s ( ! ,s*uylkill ,riv] 9 ! vic9ity ( ,tamaqua1 ,quakake1 & ,mahony ,city4 ,( ! tribut>ies ( ! ,s*uylkill1 ^? contribut+ l>gely to ! yield h be5 ,lewi/on1 ,nip]t1 ,/ill1 ,locu/1 & ,hecla4 ,^! rise 9 ! m\nta9s & are rivulets ( fair size by ! "t !y rea* _! common outlet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pe>l-,,be>+ ,,unios ,f ! ,mississippi ,valley ,! upp] pictures %[ ! two valves ( ! same %ell1 & ! pe>l is deta*able ,! orig9al pe>l f9ds 9 ! ,s*uylkill date f half a c5tury ago1 :5 !y 7 secur$ by f>m]s :o us$ ! mussel %ells 9 remov+ hair f ! hides ( slaught]$ pigs4 ,dur+ ! ,mississippi pe>l+ excitem5t 9 #ahig1 sev]al p]sons f ,new ,york1 :o 7 summ]+ 9 ,s*uylkill ,c\nty1 se>*$ ! small /reams = pe>l-be>+ mussels ) su* success t )9 a %ort :ile _m f>m]s became en?usia/ic hunt]s dur+ _! sp>e "t4 ,half a doz5 or m m5 did v well1 _! cat* am\nt+ to ?\s&s ( doll>s' wor?4 ,mr4 ,frank ,m4 ,eb]t1 ( ,quakake1 has put mo/ ( 8 sp>e "t 9 ! bus9ess 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s1 & has secur$ _m good pe>ls4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! total cat* 9 ,s*uylkill ,c\nty alone approximates #bj1jjj at local values4 ,s actively has ! se>* be5 conduct$ t at pres5t few adult mussels ( ! pe>l-be>+ species rema91 & a day's "w may result 9 f9d+ less ?an a doz54 ,! be/ price report$ z receiv$ by a local fi%]man 0 #bjj = a tw5ty-gra9 pe>l 9 ! ye> #aijd4 ,_m individual specim5s h be5 sold at prices rang+ f #ajj to #age4 ,x is claim$ t a pe>l sold by a fi%]man 9 ,s*uylkill = fifty c5ts 0 lat] m>ket$ 9 ,philadelphia = #abe1 & ) slight m\nt+ 0 ultimately sold = #afjj4 ,! mo/ attractive weigh f t5 to tw5ty gra9s ea*2 l>g] ones h be5 f\nd1 weigh+ up to ?irty-eight gra9s1 b z a rule ! lu/] is n s good z t possess$ by pe>ls ( m$ium size4 ,! common colors are d>k blue1 p9k1 lav5d]1 & :ite4 ,a few are black & "s are br[n4 ,! br[n pe>ls are seldom ( value1 ow+ to defici5cy 9 lu/]4 ,9 ,m>yl& pe>ls h be5 collect$ f ! brooks ne> ! head ( ,*esapeake ,bay1 & especially 9 ,k5t & ,cecil c\nties4 ,^! are ( almo/ e conceivable color1 rang+ f a cle> :ite to a da9ty p9k1 & to v d>k colors1 especially bronze & copp]4 ,mo/ ( !m are too small = comm]cial value1 & only a few rea* suffici5t size to comm& m ?an #e or #aj ea*1 b s+le specim5s h sold z high z #ej4 ,georgia has yield$ "s pe>ls1 *iefly 9 ! vic9ity ( ,rome1 at ! junction ( ! ,et[ah & ,oo/anaula riv]s4 ,?is is believ$ to be ! site ( ! ,indian t[n ,c(aciqui1 :]e1 9 8 memorable exp$ition ( #aedj-aeda1 ,de ,soto f\nd ! natives 9 possession ( s _m pe>ls4 ,! g5]al news ( f9ds 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley /irr$ up local int]e/ 9 ?is region 9 #ahig1 & :5 ! /reams 7 l[ & cle> 9 ! autumn _m p]sons engag$ 9 hunt+ ! mussels4 ,an ex-%]iff ( ,rome is report$ z hav+ secur$ ab\t fifty pe>ls1 lu/r\s b irregul>4 ,a few miles above ,rome1 a f>m] made a trial on ,johns ,creek1 a tribut>y ( ! ,oo/anaula2 & f a basketful ( ,unios he reports f9d+ sev]al m>ketable pe>ls = :i* he receiv$ #ahj f a ,baltimore jewel]4 ,o!rs foll[$1 & _m f9e specim5s 7 secur$4 ,unios are especially abundant 9 ! ,fl9t1 ,ocmulgee1 & ,oconee riv]s1 & x seems probable t _m pe>ls might be f\nd 9 ^! /reams4 ,florida has n yet be5 actively exploit$1 b x may prove a productive region ere long4 ,! reports ( ,de ,soto's exp$ition make special ref]5ce to ! size & beauty ( ! pe>ls f\nd at a po9t :]e he cross$ ! ,ocklocknee ,riv] ab\t ?irty miles above its m\?1 ne> ! pres5t site ( ,lang/on1 ,wakulla ,c\nty4 ,& !re seems little d\bt t pe>ls may be f\nd 9 ! ,ocklocknee & also 9 its afflu5t1 ! ,sop*oppy ,riv]4 ,! banks ( ^! /reams are full ( %ells1 & pe>ls ( *oice color h be5 s5t f !re4 ,x is unnecess>y to ref] 9 detail to ! orig9 ( pe>l+ 9 ea* ( ! ,/ates4 ,! g5]al int]e/ 9 ?is indu/ry f #ahhi to ! pres5t "t has result$ 9 ! exam9ation ( mo/ ( ! riv]s & creeks1 & 9 few has ! se>* be5 entirely unrew>d$1 al?\gh ! f9ds h be5 relatively mu* great] 9 "s wat]s ?an 9 o!rs4 ,z a rule1 pe>l-be>+ ,unios are mo/ num]\s 9 cle>1 swift /reams1 ) s&y or gravelly bottoms & :i* fl[ ?r\gh calc>e\s rocks4 ,) pe>l]s z ) m9]s1 !re is a /amp$e to ! places :]e a good f9d is report$1 s9ce ! riv]s are free = all2 consequ5tly1 !re is mu* v>iation f ye> to ye> 9 ! am\nt ( att5tion :i* ! individual /reams & localities receive4 ,:ile _m ( ! pe>l]s op]at+ 9 ! ,mississippi ,riv] are pr(essional fi%]m5 or riv]m51 mo/ ( ^? 9 ! small] /reams h _h no previ\s exp]i5ce 9 simil> "w4 ,frequ5tly :ole families come tw5ty or ?irty miles1 & ev5 great] di/ances1 & camp on ! riv] bank4 ,9 _m in/ances f>m-h&s are !re :o h ab&on$ _! crops1 me*anics :o h left /eady jobs1 railway m5 :o h tak5 a lay-(f1 tea*]s1 m]*ants1 all eag] & expect+ to f9d a =tune4 ,9 "s localities1 pe>l fi%+ has be5 us$ z an attraction 9 big picnic adv]tisem5ts1 & has drawn l>g] cr[ds ?an a public orator4 ,! mollusks are remov$ f ! riv] bottoms 9 v>i\s ways & by _m =ms ( app>atus4 ,9 ! %all[ /reams ! fi%]m5 simply wade out 9 ! wat] & pick up ! %ells by h&4 ,if n readily visible f ! surface1 ! %ells may be locat$ ) ! b>e feet or by ! use ( a wat]-telescope4 ,:]e ! wat] is too deep = wad+1 ! fi%]m5 "w f small boats1 & use g>d5 rakes or o!r conv5i5t inplem5ts4 ,:]e pe>l+ has develop$ into m ( an indu/ry1 special =ms ( rakes & drags are employ$4 ,a %\ld] rake1 ) a h&le twelve to tw5ty feet 9 l5g?1 is us$ ext5sively "u ! ice 9 froz5 riv]s1 & 9 lakes & o!r places :]e ! wat] is /ill & f eight to fifte5 feet 9 dep?4 ,?is is simply an ov]gr[n or enl>g$ g>d5 rake1 arm$ ) twelve or fifte5 iron tee? ab\t five in*es 9 l5g?4 ,a wire scoop or basket is atta*$ to receive ! cat* z x is pull$ f ! bottom by ! tee?1 & :5 ?is scoop is well fill$ x is lift$ & ! cont5ts dump$ on ! ice or into ! skiff4 ,?is me?od is labori\s1 & is employ$ only :]e ! wat] is %all[ & ! mollusks are abundant4 ,scissor tongs--simil> to ^? us$ by oy/]m5 on ! ,atlantic coa/--are also employ$ 9 "s localities1 especially 9 ,arkansas1 :]e x is e/imat$ t #agjj pairs 7 manufactur$ & sold 9 #ahii & #aijj1 at ab\t #g ea*4 ,9 ! l>ge /reams ( ! ,mississippi ,valley1 ) _! sl[ & /eady curr5ts1 & :]e ! ,unios are tak5 l>gely = _! %ells to be us$ 9 button manufacture1 ! mo/ popul> =m ( app>atus s9ce #ahif has be5 ! cr[foot drag4 ,?is +5i\s contrivance consi/s ( a cross-b> ( holl[ iron tub+ or common gas-pipe1 six or eight feet long1 to :i* are atta*$1 at int]vals ( five or six in*es1 /\t tw9e or *a9 snoods or /ag+s1 ea* ab\t eighte5 in*es 9 l5g?4 ,to ea* ( ^! are atta*$ ?ree or f\r prongs or 8hooks10 ab\t six in*es ap>t4 ,^! 8hooks0 are f\r-prong$1 & are made ( two pieces ( /\t wire b5t at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,accord+ to ! dep? ( ! wat]1 f tw5ty-five to sev5ty-five feet ( ?ree qu>t] in* rope is atta*$ to ! drag = ! purpose ( t[+ x beh9d ! boat1 :i* is p]mitt$ to drift d[n ! /ream ) ! curr5t4 ,?is contrivance co/s ab\t #c1 & ea* fi%]man g5]ally has at lea/ two ( !m1 z well z a wide flat-bottom boat co/+ #e or #aj4 ,sometimes1 :5 ! curr5t is light1 ! fi%]man prep>es a 8mule0 to assi/ ! boat 9 t[+ ! resi/+ drag4 ,?is 8mule0 consi/s ( a wood5 frame1 h+$ 9 ,v-%ape1 & is fa/5$ sev]al feet 9 advance ( ! boat ) ! ,v end po9t$ d[n ! /ream4 ,x s9ks l[ 9 ! wat]1 & ! curr5t press+ aga9/ ! angle c>ries x along1 & ?us t[s ! skiff & ! resi/+ drag at a uni=m rate ( spe$4 ,:5 !re is n suffici5t curr5t ev5 = ?is contrivance1 z 9 ! wide rea*es & 9 ! lakes1 o>s1 sails1 & ev5 p[] eng9es may be us$ = propell+ ! boat4 ,z ! cr[foot drag is sl[ly drawn along ! bottom1 x comes 9 contact ) ! mollusks fe$+ ) op5 %ells4 ,:5 a hook or o!r "p ( ! drag ent]s an op5 %ell1 ! mollusk imm$iately closes firmly ^u ! intrud+ object & cl+s !reto long en\gh to be drawn up into ! boat4 ,9 ?is way1 :]e ! ,unios are ?ick1 ne>ly e hook becomes freight$1 & "s may h two or ?ree %ells cl++ !reto4 ,x is easy to collect fifty mollusks 9 pass+ ov] a l5g? ( two hundr$ feet4 ,two drags are c>ri$ by ea* fi%]man1 & ! second "o is put ov]bo>d z soon z ! fir/ "o is ready to be rais$4 ,?is is susp5d$ ) ! b> across two upright =ks on ei!r side ( ! boat ) ! prongs sw++ freely1 & ! mussels are remov$ !refrom4 ,:5 ?is op]ation is complet$1 ! drag is put ov]bo>d & ! o!r "o is ready = lift+4 ,?is app>atus is v effective1 & z mu* z a ton ( %ells has be5 tak5 by "o man 9 twelve h\rs1 b ! av]age is v mu* less1 probably n ov] f\r or five hundr$ p\nds4 ,objection is made to ?is mann] ( fi%+1 s9ce _m mollusks n br\ght to ! surface are s injur$ t !y die4 ,a crud] implem5t ( simil> type has long be5 employ$ on _m logg+ /reams4 ,! weight$ bran* ( a tree is dragg$ on ! bottom beh9d a raft ( logs1 & ! mussels atta* !mselves to ! twigs 9 ! same mann] z on ! cr[foot hooks4 ,dur+ ! pe>l+ excitem5t 9 ,arkansas1 a consid]able portion ( ! *oice pe>ls 7 f\nd1 n 9 ! mussels1 b ly+ loosely 9 ! mud ( ! %ores1 indicat+ t "u "s circum/ances1 z agitation by fre%ets or floods1 ! loose pe>ls are %ak5 out f ! ,unios4 ,9 "s in/ances1 inde$1 ! pe>ls 7 f\nd ^u or 9 ! soil at "s di/ance f /reams or lakes4 ,x is report$ t 9 ,octob]1 #ahig1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,mc,intosh1 ( ! nor!rn "p ( ,lonoke ,c\nty1 :ile digg+ po/-holes 9 ! old b$ ( ,cypress ,bay\1 f\nd a numb] ( pe>ls1 "s 8z l>ge z a #dd-;calib] ,w9*e/] ball10 ly+ )9 ! %ells at a dep? ( a foot & a half bel[ ! surface4 ,?is peculi> occurr5ce is p>tly expla9$ by ! wide ext5sion ( ! wat]s 9 flood times ov] ! l[ region1 & by ! %ift+ ( /reams & ! isolation ( cut-(fs4 ,/ray pe>ls h be5 f\nd 9 _m o!r odd places1 z 9 ! visc]a ( *ick5s & ducks1 9 ! /oma*s ( fi%1 & ev5 )9 a pig's m\?4 ,x is n an uncommon sc5e 9 ! pe>l+ region to see m5 rak+ ov] ! muck 9 hog-p5s along ! riv] banks1 hop+ !re to f9d a /ray pe>l lo/ f ! mussels ) :i* ! animals _h be5 f$ by p]sons :o _h inde$ 8ca/ pe>ls be=e sw9e40 ,x is relat$ t a ,negro ne> ,m>ley1 ,ill9ois1 9 ?is way secur$ a pe>l weigh+ #aah gra9s1 = :i* he receiv$ #bjjj f a ,/4 ,l\is buy]1 & :i* 0 ultimately sold to a ,new ,york deal] = #ejjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,pe>l+ sc5e on ,:ite ,riv]1 ,arkansas ,! fi%]m5 are us+ scissor tongs f flat-bottom skiffs ,illu/ration3 ,pe>l+ camp on upp] ,mississippi ,riv] ,cr[foot drags are %[n on ! flat-bottom skiffs at ! riv] bank ,dur+ ! height ( ! ,arkansas pe>l+ excitem5t 9 #ahig1 ! speculative _s 0 s rife t _m p]sons--unwill+ to engage 9 ! labor ( fi%+--pur*as$ unop5$ mussels f ! fi%]m5 9 ! v5ture = aleatory pr(its4 ,! price = ^! rang$ f tw5ty-five c5ts to #b p] hundr$1 & fluctuat$ rapidly1 accord+ to ! imm$iate results1 increas+ sev]al hundr$ p] c5t4 9 a few m9utes "u ! influ5ce ( a valuable f9d4 ,"o fi%]man sold mussels to ! value ( #bh 9 "o day1 & ?\ght he _h made an excell5t b>ga9 until ov] #ajjj wor? ( pe>ls 7 reveal$ :5 ! %ells 7 op5$4 ,:ile "s pe>l]s "w 9 s\!rn /reams ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 g5]ally ! season is co9cid5t ) w>m wea!r1 :5 ! wat] is l[ & ! "w may be conduct$ ) com=t4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,muscat9e & ,rock ,isl& ab\t twelve ye>s ago1 l>ge quantities ( ,unios 7 tak5 dur+ ! w9t] :5 ! riv] 0 froz5 ov]1 ! m5 work+ ) long rakes f ! surface ( ! ice4 ,:5 only a few mollusks are tak51 !y are readily op5$ ) a knife to p]mit a se>* = ! pe>ls4 ,b :]e !re are _m1 z 9 ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 ! op5+ is facilitat$ by heat+4 ,aft] a suffici5t cat* has be5 obta9$1 !y are subject$ to ! action ( /eam 9 a box1 or !y are heat$ 9 an ord9>y kettle2 a few m9utes ( /eam+ or cook+ are suffici5t to cause ! %ells to spr+ op54 ,! fle%y p>ts are remov$ & ?or\ghly se>*$1 ! int]ior surfaces ( ! %ells are likewise exam9$ = atta*$ pe>ls1 & ! liquid at ! bottom ( ! vessel is /ra9$ s t no?+ ( value may escape4 ,?is cook+ is a conv5i5t me?od ( op5+ ! %ells1 b unque/ionably x injures ! quality ( _m pe>ls4 ,9 "s in/ances :5 ! %ells op51 ! pe>ls fall out & desc5d to ! heat$ iron bottom1 :]e !y are quickly injur$4 ,! surface ( "o expos$ too long to ! heat %[s num]\s m9ute cracks1 :i* increase 9 numb] & size :5 subject$ to *anges ( temp]ature4 ,"s *oice gems h 9 ?is mann] be5 r5d]$ almo/ valueless4 ,if a jacket boil]1 or "o ) a d\ble bottom1 7 us$1 !re w\ld be less dang] ( injur+ ! pe>ls2 or a simil> result c\ld be accompli%$ by plac+ a wire scre5 a few in*es above ! bottom4 ,sev]al fi%]m5 h endeavor$ to devise me*anical me?ods = remov+ ! pe>ls & ?us avoid ! pa9/ak+ se>* among ! fle% tissues n[ necess>y2 b ^! contrivances h n prov$ satisfactory1 & h n be5 employ$ except exp]im5tally4 ,9 ! ,mississippi & its tribut>ies1 :]e ! fi%]y is v ext5sive1 aft] ! pe>ls h be5 secur$1 ! %ells are sold to button manufactur]s & to export]s at prices rang+ f #d to #dj p] ton1 accord+ to species1 quality1 & m>ket conditions4 ,?is provides a fairly remun]ative income to ! fi%]m5 ev5 if no pe>ls :atev] are f\nd4 ,b 9 ! small tribut>ies & :]e ! mollusks are less num]\s1 ! %ells are ( little value ow+ to ! exp5se ( br++ !m toge!r & convey+ !m to m>ket4 ,n e mollusk conta9s a pe>l1 & ! village belle1 int5t on h] ev5+ toilet1 ne$ n buy a bu%el ( clams ) ! pleasant anticipation ( f9d+ a suffici5t numb] ( gems = a necklace4 ,small & irregul> pe>ls are n at all uncommon1 b *oice ones are decid$ly sc>ce1 & ea* "o repres5ts ! de/ruction ( t5s ( ?\s&s ( mollusks4 ,quantities ( irregul> & imp]fect nodules kn[n z slugs are collect$1 :i* sell = only a few doll>s p] ounce4 ,9 "s sections ( ! ,mississippi1 ! slugs are s v num]\s t _! aggregate value exce$s t ( ! *oice pe>ls4 ,9 ! ,mississippi1 ! p]c5tage ( pe>ls f\nd 9 a def9ite quantity ( mollusks is less ?an 9 ! tribut>y /reams1 yet ! mu* great] quantity ( %ells collect$ raises ! total yield to a v consid]able am\nt4 ,pe>l+ is subord9ate & incid5tal to ga!r+ ! %ells = manufacture4 ,9 t l5g? ( ! riv] f ,/4 ,paul to ,/4 ,l\is1 a fair av]age yield to ! fi%]m5 is ab\t f\rte5 doll>s' wor? ( pe>ls & slugs to ea* ton ( %ells4 ,( c\rse1 ?is is n ! individual exp]i5ce1 = a s+le ,unio may conta9 a gem wor? #ejjj1 & on ! o!r h& sev]al tons ( %ells may yield only a few c5ts' wor? ( b>oques4 ,! m>ket = ! %ells places ! ,mississippi fi%+ ^u an indu/rial basis1 & gu>antees a sub/antial income to e fi%]man ev5 :5 no pe>ls :atev] are f\nd4 ,unios f ! upp] "p ( ! ,mississippi yield a mu* great] p]c5tage ?an ^? f bel[ ,dav5port4 ,9 #aijd1 = in/ance1 f ! #dcca tons ( %ells tak5 9 ,wiscons9 ! fi%]m5 secur$ pe>ls :i* !y sold = #ia1cde1 an av]age ( #ba p] ton2 f ! #hbb tons 9 ,m9nesota ! av]age 0 #af p] ton2 9 ,i[a ! av]age 0 #ab = ea* ( ! #ghdf tons2 9 ,ill9ois1 #e p] ton = ! #bcfd tons1 & 9 ,miss\ri less ?an #a wor? ( pe>ls 0 secur$ by ! fi%]m5 = ea* ton ( %ells :i* !y took 9 ! ye> nam$4 ,a l>ge numb] ( *oice pe>ls weigh+ ov] ?irty gra9s ea* 7 f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ,prairie du ,*i5 & ,mc,gregor4 ,)9 a riv] l5g? ( "o hundr$ miles 9 t region1 ! fi%]m5 9 #aijd ga!r$ pe>ls :i* ultimately sold = #cjj1jjj4 ,x is !re=e app>5t t ! returns v>y greatly 9 ! diff]5t regions2 nev]!less1 ev5 9 ! less productive localities f9e pe>ls are sometimes f\nd1 :i* contribute to make ! indu/ry a pr(itable "o4 ,success 9 pe>l+ is l t 9 m9+4 ,9 ! ,:ite ,riv] 9 ,arkansas1 = in/ance1 "o man f\nd #dbjj wor? 9 "o mon?4 ,ano!r discov]$ a #ej pe>l 9 ! fir/ %ell he op5$4 ,a ,negro f\nd an #he pe>l ! fir/ day he work$1 :ile ano!r fi%]man work$ sev5 mon?s & secur$ less ?an #aj wor?4 ,x is a "q ( f9d+ or n f9d+2 ! f9d+ br+s ri*es sometimes1 & ?\gh ! failures r$uce ! av]age pr(its z l[ z 9 o!r local v5tures1 ! big prizes affect ! m9d1 & ! av]age is lo/ to sight4 ,tak+ ! c\ntry z a :ole1 x is probable t ! total f9d has be5 suffici5t to pay ! av]age fi%]man little if any m ?an #a = ea* day's "w4 ,! fre%-wat] pe>ls range 9 size f t ( ! smalle/ se$ to t ( a pe>l weigh+ sev]al hundr$ gra9s4 ,!re is relatively only a small quantity ( se$-pe>ls1 especially :5 comp>$ ) ! output 9 ! fi%]ies ( ,ceylon & ,p]sia4 ,possibly ?is is due l>gely to a sc>city ( ! p>asites :i* seem to p]=m s important a function 9 ! regions not$4 ,a fur!r reason may be f\nd 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! mollusks are op5$ & se>*$4 ,7 ! ,ceylon me?od ( op5+ employ$ "h--:i*1 h[ev]1 is n at all practicable--x seems probable t ! quantity ( se$-pe>ls f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry w\ld be greatly increas$4 ,! pe>ls f ! tribut>ies ( ! ,mississippi are not$ = _! great range ( coloration4 ,f a dead :ite1 ! color is gradually enhanc$ to fa9t %ades ( p9k1 yell[1 or salmon t9ts1 !n to a m decid$ =m ( ^!4 ,f ! light %ades1 ! range ext5ds to purple & to bright copp] r$1 closely resembl+ a drop ( molt5 copp]4 ,"s are v light gre52 o!rs rose1 /eel blue1 or russet br[n1 :ile purpli% & v d>k br[n are n uncommon4 ,:ite pe>ls are probably ! mo/ num]\s2 b p9k1 bronze1 & lav5d] are by no means r>e4 ,a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! ,mississippi ,riv] pe>ls are v irregul> 9 =m1 _m ( !m resembl+ dogs' tee?1 birds' w+s1 ! heads or bodies ( diff]5t animals1 etc4 ,z a rule ! fre%-wat] pe>ls d n rank s high 9 value z ^? f ori5tal seas1 s9ce ord9>ily !y are n s lu/r\s4 ,h[ev]1 "s ( !m h sold at v high figures4 ,a r\nd pe>l weigh+ #ajc gra9s1 f\nd 9 ,black ,riv]1 ,arkansas1 9 #aijd1 0 ev5tually sold = #be1jjj2 & "o ( #fh gra9s1 f\nd1 9 #aijg1 on ! ,wiscons9 side ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 0 rec5tly m>ket$ at #ae1jjj4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ ,am]ican pe>l necklaces1 br\ght toge!r 9 #aijd1 consi/$ ( ?irty-eight pe>ls weigh+ #agaj gra9s 9 ! aggregate1 an av]age ( #de gra9s = ea* pe>l4 ,! c5tral gem weigh$ #ih gra9s & ^? on ! left ( x respectively #he1 #gi1 #fe1 #ei1 #di1 #df1 #de1 #dc1 #da1 #dj1 #dj1 #ce1 #cg1 #cj1 #be1 #bb1 #bj1 & #ai gra9s4 ,! pe>ls on ! "r 7 graduat$ z foll[s3 #he1 #gf1 #fd1 #ei1 #dg1 #df1 #de1 #dd1 #db1 #da1 #ch1 #cg1 #cf1 #ce1 #cd1 #bi1 #be1 #ba1 & #bj1 gra9s4 ,?is necklace 0 exhibit$ at ! ,/4 ,l\is ,_w's ,fair4 ,x 0 sold to a ,london m]*ant1 :o 9 turn sold x to a ,p>isian deal]1 & x 0 f9ally pur*as$ by a ,spani% nobleman at a price said to be ab\t #ejj1jjj francs4 ,ano!r necklace %[n at ! ,/4 ,l\is ,_w's ,fair1 0 ( ,am]ican fre%-wat] pe>ls f ! riv]s ( ,arkansas4 ,! total weight ( ^! pe>ls1 sixte5 9 numb]1 0 #hfa gra9s1 an av]age ( #fa gra9s = ea* pe>l4 ,( ^! "o drop pe>l weigh$ #gg gra9s1 & two o!rs ea* #fe gra9s4 ,a r\nd pe>l ( #gj gra9s complet$ ! adornm5t ( ! p5dant4 ,! circlet consi/$ ( t5 r\nd pe>ls alt]nat+ ) preci\s /ones4 ,! c5tral pe>l weigh$ #ih gra9s & on ea* side 7 two ( #fa gra9s1 !n two ( #ef gra9s1 two ( #ed1 & two ( #dh gra9s1 "o ( #de gra9s be+ at ! back ( ! necklace4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( pe>l hunt+ 9 ,am]ican /reams1 ! fi%]m5 _h little idea ( _! value1 & sold *oice gems = insignificant sums4 ,9 #ahhg1 a fi%]man on ,rock ,riv]1 ,ill9ois1 f\nd a #dj-;gra9 pe>l :i* he c>ri$ 9 8 pocket = sev]al mon?s4 ,%[+ x "o day 9 ,dav5port1 he 0 (f]$ #bj = x4 ,he quickly accept$ ! (f]1 & on 8 return home told 8 fri5ds ab\t 8! suck] :o gave #bj = ! %ell slug40 ,at pres5t ?is 8%ell slug0 is wor? m ?an "o hundr$ times t am\nt4 ,num]\s in/ances ( a simil> nature occurr$ until ! av]age fi%]man lo/ all confid5ce 9 8 judgm5t z to ! values1 & extravagant ideas prevail$ reg>d+ ev5 almo/ wor?less nacre\s concretions4 ,?us1 :5 a *oice pe>l is f\nd1 an exorbitant price is set ^u x & ! sell] feels = ! m>ket value by repeat$ dick]+s ) sev]al buy]s4 ,& unless "o is an exp]t1 he is q likely to pay two or ?ree times z mu* = a pe>l at ! riv] bank z 9 a metropolitan m>ket4 ,"s ( ! fi%]m5 collect ev]y?+ 9 ! %ape ( nacre\s concretions1 & v (t5 pe>l buy]s 9 ,new ,york & else:]e receive packages :i* are n wor? ! po/age2 9 _m o!r packages n9e t5?s ( ! lot is wor?less2 & ! practical jok] & ! sw9dl] h solicit$ bids on bright m>bles1 r\nd$ pieces ( pe>l %ell1 & ev5 sug>-coat$ pills4 ,:ile _m pe>ls ( f9e lu/] & beautiful & regul> =m h be5 d]iv$ f ^! fi%]ies1 x occasionally happ5s1 9 ! case ( pe>ls consign$ to ! city pe>l deal]1 t cracks1 breaks or m>ks1 :i* might detract f _! value1 are clos$ or remov$1 ei!r by means ( wat] or oil1 ! pe>ls hav+ be5 kept 9 "o or ! o!r until a few mom5ts be=e !y 7 %[n to ! m]*ant4 ,pe>ls wor? hundr$s ( doll>s h sometimes %[n breaks1 & 9 "o in/ance a pe>l valu$ at #gjjj %[$ ^! cracks ev5 a v %ort "t aft] ! sale4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,buttons1 ,,made ,,f ,,mississippi ,,%ells ,9 _m ( ! pe>l+ regions ( ! ,mississippi ,valley1 inquiry ( almo/ any fi%]man w result 9 8 br++ =? f an inside pocket a small box padd$ ) raw cotton & conta9+ an assortm5t ( pe>ls & slugs4 ,mo/ ( ! slugs he w sell at prices rang+ f fifty c5ts to #e p] ounce1 = sev]al ( ! small pe>ls he w likely ask f #b to #bj ea*1 & "o or two ( ! l>ge/ he may value at #ej or m4 ,at v r>e int]vals1 a *oice pe>l w be f\nd1 = :i* he may expect any:]e f #bjj to #ejjj4 ,:ile ! highe/ prices are n receiv$ by ! fi%]m51 !re are _m :o h be5 s =tunate z to obta9 #ajjj or m = a s+le pe>l1 & sev]al h receiv$ d\ble t am\nt4 ,probably ! highe/ figure obta9$ by ! orig9al f9d] 0 #chjj1 not)/&+ exagg]at$ /ories ( enorm\s five-figure prices4 ,rec5tly ! press cr$it$ a lad sixte5 ye>s ( age ) secur+ #bj1jjj = a pe>l he _h f\nd4 ,a p>ticul>ly /rik+ y>n relative to a s-call$ 8,que5 ,m>y0 pe>l w5t ! r\nds ( ! press "s "t ago4 ,accord+ to ! newspap] report1 ?is pe>l 0 f\nd by ! wife ( a fi%]man :o 0 a cripple or some?+ equally pa!tic1 &1 =tunately1 :5 ! family res\rces 7 at ! l[e/4 ,) te>s ( joy1 ! fi%]man embrac$ 8 wife & told h] x 0 h] v own & %e %\ld we> x4 ,h[ev]1 by means ( a *eck = #ag1ejj1 he 0 induc$ to "p ) x1 b only on condition t x be nam$ ,que5 ,m>y 9 honor ( ! h>d-work+ wife4 ,! report cont9ues t ! orig9al buy] sold x = #be1jjj1 & at la/ acc\nts x 0 held by a ,*icago deal] :o _h 8refus$ #dj1jjj & probably w\ld n accept #ej1jjj = x40 ,! facts seem to be t ?is pe>l1 :i* 0 f\nd ne> ,prairie du ,*i5 9 #aija & weigh$ #ajc gra9s1 0 orig9ally sold = #bej1 & ! local buy] sold x 9 ,*icago = #eej1 :]e = _m mon?s x 0 (f]$ at #ajjj4 ,all sorts ( /ories ( valuable f9ds are told 9 ! pe>l+ regions3 /ories ( mortgages t h be5 releas$1 ( homes b\ght1 ( college educations secur$ f ! proce$s ( a s+le gem2 b ^! tales are (fset by ! untold /ories ( ! und]m9+ ( f9e1 /rong "* 9 await+ ! turn ( =tune :i* nev] comes4 ,! public is quickly appris$ ( ! valuable f9ds1 b x does n he> ( ! "t & labor lo/ by ! hundr$s :o are unsuccessful4 ,pe>l+ excitem5t has _m ( ! features ( a m9+ craze4 ,:ile a few are b5efit$1 hundr$s are made poor]1 & 9 _m in/ances r$uc$ to absolute want4 ,p]sons h giv5 up _! e/abli%$ bus9ess to devote _! "t to pe>l+1 /ak+ all on ! aleatory pr(its1 & h squ&]$ days & mon?s 9 ! hope t "o great1 imm5se1 all-rew>d+ f9d w be made4 ,! monotony ( cont9u$ disappo9tm5t is occasionally bright5$ by ! news t "s "o--possibly a ne> neighbor--has made a lucky f9d1 & !n ! "w is cont9u$ ) r5ew$ en?usiasm4 ,a _s ak9 to t :i* dom9ates ! gambl] takes possession ( ! fi%]man1 & ! days g on & ! seasons g by :ile ! gem t is to br+ ! =tune /ill eludes him4 ,9 _m localities ! pursuit yields f> less pr(it ?an pleasure1 & _m a man :o sp5ds a summ] 9 pe>l+ is 9 a fair way to sp5d ! w9t] at ! exp5se ( "s "o else4 ,! pe>ls are collect$ = ! trade by a score or m ( buy]s1 :o visit ! fi%]ies at int]vals & pur*ase ( ! individual fi%]m5 by p]sonal dick]+ & b>ga9+4 ,! buy]s endeavor to keep in=m$ ( all *oice pe>ls discov]$1 & :5 an especially valuable f9d is report$ ea* "o endeavors to h ! fir/ *ance to secure x4 ,! pr9cipal local c5t]s ( ! pe>l+ indu/ry & m>ket+ are ,prairie du ,*i51 ,wiscons92 ,mc,gregor1 ,cl9ton1 & ,muscat9e1 ,i[a2 ,newport1 ,black ,rock1 & ,bald ,knob1 ,arkansas2 ,cl9ton1 ,c>?age1 & ,smi?ville1 ,t5nessee2 ,/4 ,francisville1 ,ill9ois2 & ,v9c5nes & ,leav5wor?1 ,indiana4 ,h[ev]1 a l>ge numb] ( ! pe>ls f ,am]ican riv]s are consign$ by ! f9d]s to well-kn[n gem deal]s1 ! own]s dep5d+ = fair treatm5t on ! integrity & high /&+ ( ^! exp]ts4 ,an int]e/+ /ory is told ( ! pe>l & ! accompany+ %ell 9 :i* x 0 f\nd1 :i* 0 s5t to a ,new ,york deal] by a poor woman4 ,! price %e receiv$ pleas$ h] imm5sely2 & 9 writ+ h] appreciation1 %e add$ t %e 0 especially gratifi$ at receiv+ s good a price because x enabl$ h] to s5d h] boy to s*ool4 ,! deal] s5t ano!r *eck z a gift1 & a few days be=e ! next ,?anksgiv+ ,day a ?irty-five-p\nd turkey 0 receiv$ by ! f\r-score-ye>-old jewel] z an evid5ce ( ! "m's gratitude4 ,illu/ration3 ,,necklace ,,( ,,fre%-,,wat] ,,pe>ls ,p>is ,exposition1 #aijj ,! outbreak ( pe>l hunt+ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry is frequ5tly *ronicl$ by ! newspap]s4 ,^! despat*es are mu* alike1 usually tell+ h[ "s fi%]man discov]$ a beautiful pe>l :i* he sold to "s responsible jewel] = an am\nt v>y+ f #ajj to #bjjj4 ,! despat*es g5]ally /ate fur!r t ! effect ( ! f9d has be5 rem>kable2 ! :ole region is seiz$ ) ! fev]1 & into ! riv]s & creeks sw>m ! hunt]s ( bo? sexes1 ( all ages1 & f all classes ( ! community4 ,factory-m5 leave _! mills1 f>m]s _! crops1 & m]*ants _! /ores1 & ) ! memb]s ( _! families jo9 9 se>*+ = ! gems4 ,! mussels are secur$ by :atev] means is mo/ conv5i5t4 ,if valuable f9ds cont9ue1 ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( mollusks are de/roy$ 9 ! se>*1 & :5 ! ef=ts beg9 to prove futile ! excitem5t subsides almo/ z quickly z x began4 ,9 v _m localities ! indu/ry has run ! :ole gamut ( ! fev]i% excitem5t ( its beg9n+1 ! humor & romance ( its exi/5ce1 & ! pa?os ( its end+4 ,if di/urb$ labor conditions at ! height ( ! excitem5t 7 ! only disagreeable att5dant1 ^! pe>l+ furors c\ld be view$ m favorably4 ,b1 un=tunately1 9 _m localities1 especially 9 %oal wat]s ( re/rict$ area1 ! fi%]y has be5 prosecut$ s vigor\sly t x appe>s probable ! res\rces w be v mat]ially impov]i%$ if n ru9$ 9 a few ye>s1 unless prompt & decisive protective measures are adopt$4 ,9 "s wat]s ! cr[ds engag$ 9 ! se>* h remov$ practically e mussel )\t reg>d n only to protect+ ! immature mussels1 b ev5 to ! necessity = pres]v+ bre$+ mollusks4 ,_m ponds & small riv] bas9s h be5 s d5ud$ t n = _m ye>s1 if ev]1 c !y recov] _! =m] weal? ( pe>l-be>]s4 ,?is /ate ( affairs has n come ab\t )\t opposition on ! "p ( ^? int]e/$ 9 ! indu/ry & ! g5]al welf>e ( ! localities4 ,intellig5t & well-direct$ ef=ts h be5 made to provide a sy/em ( regulations = protect+ ! mussels s t ! maximum yield ( pe>ls may be secur$4 ,b ?is is a v difficult problem to deal )4 ,x involves n only ! me?ods ( fi%]y1 b ! "q ( sewage disposal by ! cities & ! l>ge factories1 ?r\gh :i* great quantities ( mussels h be5 de/roy$4 ,und\bt$ly x w be difficult to devise regulations t w be satisfactory alike to ! fi%]m51 ! button manufactur]s & ! f>m]s4 ,! great desid]atum 9 ! pe>l fi%]ies--( ! seas z well z 9 ! fre%-wat] /reams--is a re/riction ( ! ga!r+ to su* mollusks & to su* seasons & p]iods ( ye>s z produce ! l>ge/ results ) ! lea/ injury to ! p]man5cy ( ! res\rces4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t ! "y or immature mollusks %\ld be protect$2 b x is n easy to det]m9e :at is an immature ,unio1 z "s species nev] gr[ l>ge4 ,likewise1 ! b$s %\ld n be di/urb$ :5 ! mollusks are load$ ) "y1 b x is difficult to select p>ticul> mon?s :i* w\ld be bett] = close season ?an any o!rs4 ,! propositions :i* seem to be mo/ actively advocat$ impose re/rictions on ! numb] & size ( ! mussels to be tak51 a cessation ( fi%+ f ,janu>y #a to ,may #ca1 clos+ c]ta9 areas :5 p>tly deplet$1 & prohibit+ ! use ( especially injuri\s =ms ( app>atus4 ,b :atev] is done %\ld be done )\t delay1 be=e ! pe>l hunt]s & ! button manufactur]s kill ! goose :i* = "s ye>s has be5 lay+ ! gold5 eggs4#cbc ,,miscellane\s ,,pe>l ,,fi%]ies ,,( ,,am]ica ,! deep's weal?1 coral1 & pe>l1 & s& ,l spangl+ gold1 & purple %ells engrav5 ,) my/ic leg5ds by no mortal h&4 ,,%elley1 ,! ,revolt ( ,islam4 ,! beautiful pe>ls ( ! con* 7,/rombus gigas7 are s\ght = 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & on ! neighbor+ cont95tal coa/s4 ,!y are f\nd mo/ abundantly ab\t ! ,bahamas1 a gr\p ( m ?an f\r hundr$ isl&s (f ! ,florida coa/1 :]e _m ( ! fi%]m5 devote a consid]able portion ( _! "t to collect+ !m4 ,x is f ?is indu/ry t ! bea*-comb]s ( ?is gr\p ( isl&s1 z well z ^? ( ! ,florida reefs1 h receiv$ ! designation 8,con*s40 ,ne> ! %ores1 :]e !y =m]ly ab\nd$1 a few con*s are yet pick$ up by wad+ fi%]m54 ,9 wat]s ( m$ium dep? !y are secur$ ei!r by div+ or by means ( a long pole ) a hook at ! end4 ,9 great dep?s1 ! mollusks are locat$ by means ( a wat]glass simil> to ! type employ$ 9 ! ,r$ ,sea or among ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s4 ,! animal is readily remov$ f ! %ell aft] cru%+ ! tip end ( ! spire :]e ! l>ge muscle is atta*$4 ,! fle% =ms an important article ( food to ! fi%]m5 & to ! resid5ts ( ! outly+ isl&s4 ,x is said t a 8,con*0 c make a visit to ,nassau ( a week or t5 days1 & subsi/ almo/ entirely on ?is dri$ meat1 ) :i* he fills 8 pockets on />t+4 ,a l>ge dem& exi/s = ! beautiful %ells = ornam5t+ fl[]-b$s1 g>d5-walks1 etc4 ,_m ( !m are burn$ into lime = build+ purposes4 ,=m]ly sev]al hundr$ ?\s& %ells 7 export$ annually to ,engl& = use 9 porcela9 manufacture4 ,! pe>ls are g5]ally f\nd emb$d$ 9 ! fle% ( ! mollusk2 q (t5 !y are 9 a sac or cy/ ) an ext]nal op5+1 f :i* !y are sometimes dislodg$ by ! muscul> movem5t ( ! animal4 ,! yield is small1 a ?\s& %ells 9 _m cases yield+ only a v small numb] ( se$-pe>ls or p]haps none at all4 ,mo/ ( !m are oval1 commonly some:at elongat$4 ,! usual size is ab\t "o gra9 9 weight1 b "s ( !m weigh ov] tw5ty1 & a v few exce$ fifty gra9s ea*4 ,^! pe>ls are g5]ally ( a deep p9k color1 %ad+ t[>d :iti% p9k at ea* end4 ,:ile ?is is ! usual color1 yell[1 :ite1 r$1 & ev5 br[n con* pe>ls are occasionally obta9$2 ^! are n s highly priz$ z ! p9k ones4 ,con* pe>ls pres5t a peculi> wavy appe>ance & a %e5 some:at l wat]$ silk1 a result ( ! reflections produc$ by ! fibr\s /ellat$ /ructure4 ,:ile _m are beautifully lu/r\s1 !y are commonly defici5t 9 ori5t1 & ! color is some:at evanesc5t4 ,mo/ ( ! ,bahama con* fi%]m5 sell _! cat* ( pe>ls at ,nassau4 ,accord+ to ! late ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,e4 ,/e>ns1 !re are 9 ,nassau f\r deal]s :o h an arrangem5t ) ,p>is & ,london h\ses1 to :om !y c %ip pe>ls 9 any numb] & draw aga9/ !m ) a bill ( lad+4 ,9 addition to ^!1 !re are a doz5 deal]s 9 ,nassau :o buy :at pe>ls !y c secure & (f] !m = sale4 ,! value ( con* pe>ls is z v>iable z _! =m1 color1 & size1 & !y are sold by ! fi%]m5 at prices rang+ f tw5ty-five c5ts to "o doll> or m ea*4 ,^? weigh+ f ?ree to t5 gra9s1 & ( good color & lu/]1 b n q regul> 9 =m1 sell = ab\t #aj p] gra92 ^? ( exceptional p]fection 9 color & =m1 & ( ab\t ! same weights1 sell = f #ae to #cj p] gra94 ,9 o!r & exceptional cases1 :]e ! size is v l>ge1 ! =m p]fect1 & ! color & lu/] *oice1 ! value is enhanc$ to sev]al hundr$ & ev5 sev]al ?\s& doll>s ea*4 ,a p]fect con* pe>l is among ! mo/ r>e & mo/ valuable ( gems4 ,an unusually *oice "o has sold 9 ,new ,york ,city = m ?an #ejjj4 ,! yield fluctuates consid]ably1 b p]haps av]ages ab\t #he1jjj 9 value annually4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ con* pe>ls ev] f\nd is %[n on ! plate ) ! con* %ell4 ,!re are two important mat]ials t h occasionally be5 sold & mi/ak5 = ! con* pe>l4 ,fir/1 ! pale ,italian1 ,japanese1 or ,we/ ,indian coral1 ) a color v closely approa*+ t ( ! pe>l4 ,by means ( a l5s x c readily be se5 t ! coral is 9 lay]s1 & does n possess ! conc5tric /ructure ( ! pe>l1 or ! peculi> int]wov5 /ructure1 ) its *>act]i/ic %e51 s frequ5t 9 con* pe>ls4 ,secondly1 ! p9k con* %ell 9 :i* ! pe>l itself is f\nd2 ?is is frequ5tly cut to imitate ! pe>l & sold z su* 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & else:]e4 ,?is c also be detect$ by ! fact t ! lay]s are almo/ horizontal & ! /ructure is n conc5tric or int]wov51 z x is 9 ! con* pe>l1 :ile ! lu/] is m l t ( ! %ell ?an t ( ! pe>ly nacre4 ,/reet] relates t _m ye>s ago an +5i\s ,am]ican turn$ out "s bits ( con* %ell into ! %ape ( pe>ls & plac$ !m 9 ! con* %ells4 ,a slight secretion =m$ ov] !m1 b x 0 n ! true pe>ly secretion1 & ! lay] 0 v ?91 s t ! deception 0 easily detect$4 ,n ! lea/ int]e/+ ( ! ,am]ican pe>l fi%]ies is t :i* has ! abalones 7,haliotis7 = its object4 ,^! occur 9 _m in%ore tropical & semi-tropical wat]s1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! m>g9al wat]s ( ! ,pacific4 ,!y atta* !mselves to ! rocks by means ( _! l>ge muscul> disk-%ap$ foot1 :i* acts l a suck] or an exhau/-cup4 ,on ! ,cali=nia coa/ ! abalones are ga!r$ 9 l>ge quantities = ! pe>ls1 = ! %ells1 & especially = ! fle%1 :i* is dri$ & us$ = food4 ,! pr9cipal fi%+ gr\nds are at ,po9t ,lobos 9 ,mont]ey ,c\nty1 & along ! %ores ( ,catal9a & ,santa ,rosa isl&s 9 ,santa ,b>b>a ,c\nty1 ) small] quantities f ,halfmoon ,bay & f ! rocks along ! %ores ( ,m5doc9o ,c\nty4 ,at l[ tide ! fi%]m5 wade out 9 %all[ wat]1 &1 by means ( a knife1 sep>ate ! mollusk f its re/+-place4 ,unless ?is is done quickly & be=e ! mollusk has "t to prep>e itself = ! attack1 x closes d[n on ! rock by means ( its suck]-l foot1 f :i* x _c be remov$ )\t break+ ! %ell4 ,a /ory is told at ,santa ,b>b>a ( a ,*9ese fi%]man hav+ be5 dr[n$ (f "o ( ! out] isl&s by hav+ 8 h& caught und]nea? ! %ell ( an abalone4 ,a few ye>s ago1 ,japanese fi%]m5 introduc$ ! use ( div+-suits 9 tak+ ^! mollusks 9 ?ree fa?oms ( wat]2 b 9 ,m>*1 #aijg1 ! ,cali=nia legislature int]dict$ ?is =m ( fi%]y4 ,t legislature also int]dict$ ! capture ( black abalones measur+ 8less ?an twelve in*es ar\nd ! out] edge ( ! %ell1 or any o!r abalone1 ! %ell ( :i* %all measure less ?an fifte5 in*es ar\nd ! out] edge40 ,! animal is remov$ f ! %ell by ?ru/+ a ?9 blade ( s(t /eel betwe5 ! fle% & ! %ell1 & ?us loos5+ ! great muscle4 ,! fle% is salt$ & boil$1 & !n /rung on long rods to dry 9 ! op5 air4 ,:5 prop]ly cur$1 ! pieces are almo/ z h>d & /iff z sole lea!r4 ,mo/ ( x is pack$ 9 sacks & export$ to ,*9a1 b l>ge quantities are sold on ! ,pacific coa/ at f five to t5 c5ts p] p\nd4 ,! cat* is mu* less ?an x 0 =ty ye>s ago4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%ell ,,( ,,pe>l-,,be>+ ,,abalone ,f ! coa/ ( ,cali=nia ,_m pe>ly masses are obta9$ f ! abalones1 & a few ( ^! are ( consid]able beauty4 ,"s are v l>ge1 measur+ two in*es 9 l5g? & half an in* or m 9 wid?2 b !y are r>ely ( good =m1 & _! value is commonly f> less ?an t ( *oice ,ori5tal pe>ls4 ,ow+ to _! irregul>ity 9 =m1 !y are sc>cely suitable = necklaces4 ,"o ( ! be/ necklaces ( ^! pe>ls ev] br\ght toge!r sold a few ye>s ago = #bjjj2 b individual specim5s h exce$$ #ajjj 9 m>ket value4 ,:ile abalone pe>ls are n on ! m>ket 9 any great quantities1 "o resid5t ( ,santa ,b>b>a has a collection ( m ?an a ?\s& specim5s1 rang+ 9 value f sev]al hundr$ doll>s to less ?an "o doll> ea*4 ,mo/ ( ! objects sold 9 curio & jewelry /ores on ! ,pacific coa/ z abalone pe>ls are simply irregul> knots or protub]ances cut f ! surface ( ! %ell4 ,! ,cali=nia fi%]m5 are cr$it$ ) hav+ receiv$ #cjjj = ! abalone pe>ls 9 #aijd2 b x is safe to say t ?is repres5ts only a small fraction ( _! f9al sale value4 ,9 ! riv] mussels ( ,canada1 & especially 9 ^? f ! ,prov9ce ( ,quebec1 & ! ,ungava ,region1 pe>ls are occasionally f\nd4 ,^! are usually :ite & ( good lu/]4 ,!y are n ! object ( sy/ematic se>*1 b 9 ! aggregate _m are secur$ by ,indians & ,eskimos1 & "s by ! trapp]s & fi%]m5 :o op]ate f ,quebec & ,montreal4 ,a numb]1 weigh+ f "o to sixty-five gra9s ea*1 7 %[n at ! ,colonial ,exhibition 9 ,london 9 #ahhf1 & receiv$ favorable notice4 ,rec5tly1 two beautifully mat*$ p9k pe>ls1 weigh+ ab\t f\rte5 gra9s ea*1 7 obta9$ f "o mussel4 ,a s+le pe>l f\nd 9 ,canada has sold = #ajjj1 b z a g5]al rule !y are ( relatively little value4 ,! ,hudson ,bay trad]s are repres5t$ z hav+ secur$ a fair %>e ( ^! pe>ls4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 _m pe>ls h be5 f\nd 9 ! /reams ( ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,isl& & ( ,new ,brunswick ,prov9ce1 & also 9 ^? ( ,nova ,scotia4 ,mo/ ( !m are well =m$1 b _! color is g5]ally inf]ior & _! lu/] defici5t4 ,_m ( !m are buff or br[n 9 color1 "s are bright & fairly good1 a few are rose-t9t$1 & o!rs are slate-color$ & ev5 almo/ black4 ,toronto jewel]s report t _m ,canadian pe>ls are 9 ! possession ( f>m]s & o!rs 9 ! l[] prov9ces1 held by !m = high] prices ?an ! jewel]s are will+ to pay4 ,! ,nova ,scotia pe>ls are f a bivalve :i* has be5 id5tifi$ z ,alasmodon m>g>itif]a4 ,!y are especially abundant 9 ,annapolis & ,k+ c\nties4 ,ev5 9 ! /reams ( nor!rn ,labrador & ( ! ,caniapuscaw wat]%$1 pe>ls are obta9$ by ! natives1 & by ! hunt]s & fi%]m5 :o resort to t desolate c\ntry4 ,^! closely resemble ! pe>ls ( ,scotl& 9 color1 size1 & lu/]4 ,a /ory is told ( a fi%]man :o by *ance f\nd 9 "o %ell two well-mat*$ pe>ls1 :i* he lat] sold = #aej2 s pleas$ 0 he ) 8 success t he sp5t a =tnight 9 dilig5t se>*1 b secur$ only half a doz5 small ones1 wor? p]haps #c = ! lot4 ,mo/ ( ^! pe>ls are silv]y :ite1 b beautiful p9k ones are n r>e4 ,an unusually *oice #bj-;gra9 pe>l f ?is region sold 9 #aije = #ajjj4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,ecuador1 pe>l fi%]ies ( m9or importance h be5 prosecut$ f "t to "t4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,saville1 ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 /ates t 9 8 explorations 9 t c\ntry he frequ5tly came across evid5ce ( pe>ls & ! in=mation t fi%]ies _h exi/$ on ! coa/ c5turies ago4 ,an int]e/+ lett] f t _w-wide travel] & int]e/+ writ]1 ,william ,e4 ,curtis1 /ates t =m]ly !re 0 a pe>l fi%]y on ! coa/ ( ,ecuador at ! little t[n kn[n z ,manta1 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,manabi2 b x _h to be ab&on$ on acc\nt ( a p>ticul>ly voraci\s species ( fi% call$ el manti1 :i* ab\nds 9 t locality & gives ! place its "n4 ,pe>ls are said to be ev5 m abundant at ,manta ?an 9 ,panama ,bay4 ,x is report$ t ?is is ! place :]e ! ,incas obta9$ ^? spl5did gems :i* ! ,spani>ds f\nd 9 ! palaces & temples ( ,p]u4 ,9 ! wat]s ( ,co/a ,rica1 pe>l-oy/]s are f\nd1 & at times ! fi%]y has be5 ( consid]able local importance4 ,ow+ to fe> ( injury to ! reefs1 ! use ( div+ ma*9]y 0 int]dict$ !re a few ye>s ago2 b 9 #aijf its employm5t 0 au?oriz$ "u c]ta9 re/rictions4 ,lic5ses good = six mon?s 7 au?oriz$ = a maximum ( ?irty ma*9es1 :i* may "w at a m9imum dep? ( ?irty-sev5 feet4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,colombia1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 scatt]$ reefs ( pe>l-oy/]s occur4 ,a lease ( ! pe>l fi%]ies & ^? = corals & sponges 0 grant$ ,july #b1 #aijf1 b x is unkn[n :at results h foll[$4 ,?is lease la/s five ye>s1 beg9n+ ,augu/ #a1 #aijf4 ,!re is almo/ an absolute paucity ( in=mation 9 reg>d to ! occurr5ce ( fre%-wat] pe>ls 9 o!r p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! only data we h obta9$ are f ,pr(4 ,eug5e ,hussak ( ! ,m9+ ,s*ool ( ,sao ,paulo1 ,brazil1 :o writes u t "s pe>ls h be5 obta9$ f "o ( ! ,bahia riv]s4 ,possibly1 :5 ! res\rces ( ! int]ior ( t cont95t are bett] kn[n1 _m pe>ls may be f\nd4 ,,xi ,,pe>l-,,culture ,,& ,,pe>l-,,f>m+ ,,xi ,,pe>l-,,culture ,,& ,,pe>l-,,f>m+ ,"s ask$ h[ pe>ls did gr[1 & :]e4 ,!n spoke ,i to my girl1 ,to "p h] lips1 & %[ !m !re ,! qu>elets ( pe>l4 ,,h]rick1 ,! ,qu>rie ( ,pe>ls4 ,! great pr(it t w\ld accrue f an increas$ output ( pe>ls has long direct$ att5tion to ! problem ( br++ ?is ab\t by artificial means4 ,9 8 life ( ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 ,philo/ratus1 a ,greek writ] ( ! ?ird c5tury1 repeats a /ory afloat at ! "t1 :i* cr$it$ ! ,arabs ( ! ,r$ ,sea ) possess+ "s me?od ( gr[+ pe>ls artificially4 ,! /ory z x rea*$ ,greece 0 t !y fir/ p\r$ oil ^u ! sea = ! purpose ( calm+ ! waves1 & !n div$ d[n & caus$ ! oy/]s to op5 _! %ells4 ,hav+ effect$ ?is1 !y prick$ ! fle% ) a %>p in/rum5t & receiv$ ! liquor :i* fl[$ f ! w\nds into suitable molds1 & ?is liquor !re h>d5$ into ! %ape1 color1 & consi/5ce ( ! natural gems4#cbd ,:ile ! description giv5 by ,philo/ratus is *>g$ ) _m improbable details1 & c\ld sc>cely develop belief1 ev5 9 ! mo/ cr$ul\s1 z to ! exact me?od ( proc$ure1 x seems t ! /ory may n h be5 :olly )\t f\ndation1 & t attempts 7 made at t remote date to /imulate ! gr[? ( pe>ls4 ,9 m mod]n times1 ! possibility ( aid+ or />t+ pe>ly =mations 9 mollusks seems fir/ to h be5 conceiv$ by ! ,*9ese ab\t ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,9 #agcf !re appe>$ 9 t /oreh\se ( ,ori5tal in=mation1 8,lettres difiantes et curieuses crites des missions trangres10#cbe a communication f ,f4 ,x4 de ,entrecolles1 dat$ ,pek91 #d? ,novemb]1 #agcd1 :i* set =? t !re 7 p 9 ,*9a :o busi$ !mselves ) gr[+ pe>ls1 & ! product 0 n only va/ly sup]ior to ! imitations manufactur$ 9 ,europe1 b 7 sc>cely to be di/+ui%$ f ! g5u9e4 ,f ,fa!r ,entrecolles's v detail$ quotation ( 8 unnam$ ,*9ese au?ority1 we cond5se ?is acc\nt4 ,9 a bas9 "o half full ( fre% wat]1 place ! l>ge/ mussels obta9able1 set ?is bas9 9 a seclud$ place :]e ! dew may fall !reon1 b :]e no female approa*es1 & nei!r ! b>k+ ( dogs nor ! cr[+ ( *ick5s is to be he>d4 ,pulv]ize "s se$-pe>ls 7,yo t*u71 su* z are commonly us$ 9 m$ic9e1 moi/5 ?is p[d] ) juice express$ f leaves ( a species ( holly 7,*e ta-kong lao71 & !n roll ! moi/5$ p[d] into p]fectly r\nd pellets ! size ( a pea4 ,^! are p]mitt$ to dry "u a mod]ate sunlight1 & !n are c>efully ins]t$ )9 ! op5 %ells ( ! mollusks4 ,ea* day = "o hundr$ days ! mussels are n\ri%$ ) equal p>ts ( p[d]$ g9s5g1 *9a root1 peki1 :i* is a root m glut9\s ?an is+lass1 & ( pe*o1 ano!r m$ic9al root1 all comb9$ ) honey & mold$ 9 ! =m ( rice gra9s4 ,al?\gh extremely detail$ 9 "s p>ticul>s1 ! ,*9ese acc\nt omits mu* to be desir$ z to ! me?od 9 :i* ! %ells 7 op5$ to receive ! pellets & ! n\ri%m5t1 & z to ! importance ( seclusion f females & l\d noises4 ,admitt+ t x is 8inaccurate & mislead+10 ?is lett] seems to indicate v cle>ly t ! ,*9ese _h "s me?od ( assi/+ nature 9 gr[+ pe>ls 9 riv] mussels4 ,! fir/ p]son 9 ,europe ^: sugge/ion ( ! possibility ( pe>l-culture attract$ g5]al att5tion 0 ,l9nu1 ! ,sw$i% naturali/ 7#agjg-aggh74 ,9 a lett] to ,von ,hall]1 ! ,swiss anatomi/1 dat$ #ac? ,septemb]1 #agdh1 he wrote3 8,at l5g? ,i h asc]ta9$ ! mann] 9 :i* pe>ls orig9ate & gr[ 9 %ells2 & 9 ! c\rse ( five or six ye>s ,i am able to produce1 9 any "m-(-pe>l %ell ! size ( "o's h&1 a pe>l z l>ge z ! se$ ( ! common vet*40#cbf ,!re 0 mu* secrecy ab\t ,l9nu's discov]y1 & ev5 yet !re is unc]ta9ty z to ! details ( ! me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,%ell ( ,dipsas plicatus1 ) atta*$ metal figures ( ,buddha coat$ ) nacre ,illu/ration3 ,%ell ( ,dipsas plicatus1 ) atta*$ porcela9 beads coat$ ) nacre ,! ,l9nean ,society ( ,london app>5tly possesses "s ( ! v pe>ls gr[n by ,l9nu1 z well z sev]al manuscripts :i* ?r[ mu* light on ?is subject4 ,x appe>s f ! latt] t1 "u date ( #f? ,febru>y1 #agfa1 ,l9nu wrote t he 8possess$ ! art0 ( impregnat+ mussels = pe>l production1 & (f]$ = a suitable rew>d f ! /ate to publi% ! 8secret0 = ! public use & b5efit4 ,a select committee ( ! /ate c\ncil ( ,sw$5 0 appo9t$ to conf] ) him1 & on #bg? ,july1 #agfa1 ! naturali/ appe>$ & v]bally expla9$ 8 discov]y4 ,aft] v>i\s meet+s1 ! select committee approv$ ! 8art0 & recomm5d$ a comp5sation ( #ab1jjj dal>s 7ab\t #dhjj74 ,x does n appe> t ! aw>d 0 paid1 & ! foll[+ ye> ! secret 0 pur*as$ by ,pet] ,bagge1 a ,go!nb]g m]*ant1 = ! sum ( #fjjj dal>s4 ,on #g? ,septemb]1 #agfb1 ,k+ ,adolph ,fr$]ick issu$ a grant to ?is m]*ant 8to practice ! art )\t int]f]5ce or competition40#cbg ,pet] ,bagge 0 unable to ex]cise ! rights :i* he _h acquir$1 nor 0 he able to dispose ( !m to advantage4 ,on 8 dea? ! memor&um ( ! secret became lo/1 & x 0 n f\nd until ab\t #ahba1 :5 x 0 discov]$ by a gr&son1 ,j4 ,p4 ,bagge4 ,"u ! date ( #bg? ,febru>y1 #ahbb1 ! ,k+ ( ,sw$5 confirm$ to ?is gr&son ! privileges :i* 8 ance/or _h pur*as$ 9 #agfb4 ,fruitless ef=ts 7 aga9 made to dispose pr(itably ( ! rights ei!r to individuals or to ! ,sw$i% gov]nm5t4 ,! details ( ,l9nu's 8secret0 h nev] be5 publi%$ au?oritatively4 ,9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,inv5tions10 ,beckmann /ates t be=e ! naturali/ ?\ght ( ! pr(its t might accrue f 8 discov]y1 he intimat$ ! process 9 ! six? edition ( 8 8,sy/ema natur10 :]e9 he /ates3 8,m>g>ita te/ excresc5tia lat]e int]iore1 dum ext]ius latus p]=atur40#cbh 8,i once told him10 says ,beckmann1 8t ,i _h discov]$ 8 secret 9 8 own writ+s2 he seem$ to be displeas$1 made no inquiry z to ! passage1 & *ang$ ! disc\rse40#cbi ,9 ! second volume ( 8 edition ( 8,l9nu's ,correspond5ce10#ccj ,sir ,j4 ,e4 ,smi? rem>ks3 8,specim5s ( pe>ls s produc$ by art 9 ! ,mya m>g>itif]a are 9 ! ,l9nean cab9et4 ,! %ell appe>s to h be5 pi]c$ by flexible wires1 ! ends ( :i* p]haps rema9 !re940 ,ref]r+ to ?is rem>k1 ,j4 ,p4 ,bagge comm5ts3 8,?is is ! ne>e/ ,i h se5 any "o come to tru?1 b /ill x w be rem>k$ by read+ ! #8secret' t m in=mation is requir$ to enable p]sons to practice ! art40 ,aft] a ?or\gh exam9ation ( ! manuscripts & o!r mat]ial1 ,pr(essor ,h]dman concludes t ! ess5tial po9ts ( ,l9nu's process are to make a v small hole 9 ! %ell & ins]t a r\nd pellet ( lime/one fix$ at ! end ( a f9e silv] wire1 ! hole be+ ne> ! end ( ! %ell s z to int]f]e only slightly ) ! mollusk1 & ! nucleus be+ kept free f ! int]ior ( ! %ell s t ! result+ pe>l may n become adh]5t to x by a deposit ( nacre4#cca ,%ortly aft] ,l9nu communicat$ ) ! ,sw$i% gov]nm5t & be=e 8 dea?1 x 0 le>n$ 9 ,europe t ! art ( produc+ 8culture pe>ls0 by a some:at simil> process _h be5 practis$ by ! ,*9ese = c5turies4#ccb ,!y us$ sev]al =ms ( matrices or nuclei1 b pr9cipally sph]es ( nacre & bits ( flat metal or mold$ lead1 :i* 7 n infrequ5tly 9 conv5tional outl9e ( ,buddha4 ,9 ! spr+ or e>ly summ]1 ^! 7 introduc$ "u ! mantle ( ! liv+ mollusk aft] ! %ell _h be5 c>efully op5$ a fraction ( an in*1 & ! animal 0 !n return$ to ! pond1 or lake4 ,! mollusk did its "w 9 a leisurely way1 l "s p :o h little to d1 & _m mon?s elaps$ be=e x 0 ready = op5+ & ! removal ( ! pe>ly objects4 ,! mo/ satisfactory description we h se5 ( ?is process appe>s to be t communicat$ ne>ly a c5tury lat] to ! ,london ,society ( ,arts by ,dr4 ,d4 ,t4 ,macg[an1#ccc ?r\gh ,h4 ,b4 ,m4 pl5ipot5ti>y 9 ,*9a1 f :i* ?is acc\nt is abridg$ & modifi$4 ,! indu/ry is prosecut$ 9 two villages ne> ! city ( ,tits91 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! prov9ce ( ,*e-kiang1 a silk-produc+ region4 ,9 ,may or ,june l>ge specim5s ( ! fre%-wat] mussels1 ,dipsas plicatus1 are br\ght 9 baskets f ,lake ,tai-hu1 ab\t ?irty miles di/ant4 ,= recup]ation f ! j\rney1 !y are imm]s$ 9 fre% wat] = a few days 9 bamboo cages1 & are !n ready to receive ! matrices4 ,^! nuclei are ( v>i\s =ms & mat]ials1 ! mo/ common be+ sph]ical beads ( nacre1 pellets ( mud moi/5$ ) juice ( camphor se$s1 & especially ?9 lead5 images1 g5]ally ( ,buddha 9 ! usual sitt+ po/ure4 ,9 introduc+ ^! objects1 ! %ell is g5tly op5$ ) a spatula ( bamboo or ( pe>l %ell1 & ! mantle ( ! mollusk is c>efully sep>at$ f "o surface ( ! %ell ) a metal probe4 ,! =eign bodies are !n successively introduc$ at ! po9t ( a bifurcat$ bamboo /ick1 & plac$1 commonly 9 two p>allel r[s1 ^u ! inn] surface ( ! %ell2 a suffici5t numb] hav+ be5 plac$ on "o valve1 ! op]ation is repeat$ on ! o!r4 ,z soon z releas$1 ! animal closes its %ell1 ?us keep+ ! matrices 9 place4 ,! mussels are !n deposit$ "o by "o 9 canals or /reams1 or 9 ponds connect$ !re)1 five or six in*es ap>t1 & :]e ! dep? is f two to five feet "u wat]4 ,if tak5 up )9 a few days & exam9$1 ! nuclei w be f\nd atta*$ to ! %ell by a membran\s secretion2 lat] ?is appe>s to be impregnat$ ) calc>e\s matt]1 & f9ally lay]s ( nacre are deposit$ ar\nd ea* nucleus1 ! process be+ analag\s to ! =mation ( calcul>y concretions 9 animals ( high] developm5t4 ,a ridge g5]ally ext5ds f "o pe>ly tumor to ano!r1 connect+ !m all toge!r4 ,ea* mon? sev]al tubs ( night soil are ?r[n into ! res]voir = ! n\ri%m5t ( ! animals4 ,great c>e is tak5 to keep goat excretia f ! wat]1 z x is highly detrim5tal to ! mussels1 prev5t+ ! secretion ( good nacre or ev5 kill+ !m if ! quantity be suffici5t4 ,p]sons inexp]i5c$ 9 ! managem5t lose t5 or fifte5 p] c5t4 by dea?s2 o!rs lose virtually none 9 a :ole season4 ,9 ,novemb]1 ! mussels are remov$ f ! wat] & op5$1 & ! pe>ly masses are deta*$ by means ( a knife4 ,if ! matrix be ( nacre1 ?is is n remov$2 b ! e>!n & ! metallic matrices are cut away1 melt$ res9 or :ite seal+-wax p\r$ into ! cavity1 & ! orifice cov]$ ) a piece ( %ell4 ,^! pe>ly =mations h "s ( ! lu/] & beauty ( true pe>ls1 & are furni%$ at a rate s *eap z to be procurable by almo/ any "o4 ,mo/ ( !m are pur*as$ by jewel]s1 :o set !m 9 v>i\s p]sonal ornam5ts1 & especially 9 decorations = ! hair4 ,^? =m$ 9 ! image ( ,buddha are us$ l>gely = amulets z well z = ornam5ts4 ,!y are ab\t half an in* long1 & :ile 9 ! %ell h a blui% t9t1 :i* disappe>s ) removal ( ! matrix4 ,quantities ( !m are sold z talismans to pilgrims at ! ,buddhi/ %r9es ab\t ,pooto & ,hang-*au4 ,9 "s %ells ! culture pe>ls are p]mitt$ to rema9 by ! ,*9ese gr[]s1 = sale z curios or s\v5irs2 specim5s ( ^! h f\nd _! way into _m public & private collections ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,^! %ells are g5]ally ab\t sev5 in*es long & f\r or five in*es broad1 & conta9 a d\ble or triple r[ ( pe>ls or images1 z _m z tw5ty-five ( ! =m] & sixte5 ( ! latt] to ea* valve4 ,t ! animal %\ld survive ! introduction ( s _m irritat+ bodies1 & 9 su* a brief p]iod secrete a cov]+ ( nacre ov] !m all1 is c]ta9ly a /rik+ physiological fact4 ,inde$1 "s naturali/s h express$ /rong d\bts z to its possibility1 suppos+ ! =ms 7 made to adh]e to ! %ell by "s composition2 b ! exam9ation ( liv+ specim5s 9 diff]5t /ages ( gr[?1 ) bo? valves /udd$ ) !m1 has fully demon/rat$ its tru?4 ,x is repres5t$ t 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,*e-kiang prov9ce ab\t five ?\s& families are employ$ 9 ?is "w 9 connection ) rice-gr[+ & silk-culture4 ,to "s ( !m x is ! *ief s\rce ( income1 s+le families realiz+ z mu* z #cjj silv] doll>s annually !refrom4 ,9 ! village ( ,*ung-kwan-o1 ! headqu>t]s = culture pe>ls 9 ,*9a1 a temple has be5 erect$ to ! memory ( ! orig9ator ( ?is indu/ry1 ,yu ,%un ,yang1 :o liv$ late 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & 0 an ance/or ( _m p]sons n[ employ$ !reby4 ,! me?od 9 vogue 9 ,*9a = s _m c5turies has be5 ! />t+-po9t = simil> attempts 9 v>i\s o!r c\ntries4 ,dur+ ! ,new ,j]sey pe>l+ excitem5t 9 #aheg1 !re 7 f\nd sev]al sph]ical pieces ( nacre :i* _h be5 introduc$ into ,unios app>5tly = exp]im5tal pe>l-culture2 & 9 ! collection ( %ells bequea!d to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum by ! late ,dr4 ,isaac ,lea1 is a hemisph]ical piece ( c&le grease p>tly coat$ ) p9ki% nacre4 ,kela>t appli$ ! ,*9ese me?od to ! ,ceylon pe>l-oy/]s ) mu* success 9 #aheh4 ,at ! ,b]l9 ,fi%]ies ,exhibition1 9 #ahhj1 appe>$ ! results ( exp]im5ts 9 gr[+ culture pe>ls 9 ! riv] mussels 9 ,saxony4 ,small =eign bodies _h be5 introduc$ 9 ! mantle1 & o!rs _h be5 ins]t$ betwe5 ! mantle & ! %ell4 ,^! nuclei consi/$ ( %ell beads1 unsightly pe>ls f o!r mussels1 etc42 b un=tunately ! %ape ( ^! 0 su* t ! mantle c\ld n fit closely ar\nd !m1 consequ5tly ! result 0 s irregul> z to be ( no value except to %[ t ,g]man ,unios z well z ^? ( ,*9a c\ld be made to cov] =eign objects ) pe>ly mat]ial4 ,pr(essor ,h]dman notes t1 betwe5 #agea & #aged1 an inspector nam$ ,fr$]ick ,h$5b]g receiv$ an annual sal>y 8to inoculate ! pe>l-mussels ( ,lulea 79 ! nor!rn "p ( ,sw$57 ) #8pe>l-se$s' :i* he manufactur$1 & !n to replant ! mussels4 ,c]ta9 pe>ls 7 produc$ by ! inspector1 :i* x is record$ 7 sold = "s #cjj silv] doll>s40#ccd ,z not$ by ,br\ssonnet1 9 ,f9l& artificial pe>ls 7 produc$ by ins]t+ a r\nd piece ( nacre betwe5 ! inn] face ( ! %ell & ! mantle4 ,! own] ( ! pe>l fi%]ies at ,vil%(5 has succe$$ 9 produc+ pe>ly figures by introduc+ into ! mollusk flat figures ( pewt]1 mo/ ( !m repres5t+ fi% 9 =m4 ,9 #ahhd1 ,b\*on-,br&ely made exp]im5ts 9 pe>l production at ,tahiti4 ,gimlet holes ab\t half an in* 9 diamet] 7 drill$ ?r\gh diff]5t places 9 ! %ells ( pe>l-oy/]s1 & ?r\gh ea* ( ^! holes a pellet ( nacre or ( glass 0 ins]t$ & held by brass wire pass+ ?r\gh a /opp] ( cork or burao wood1 by means ( :i* ea* op5+ 0 h]metically clos$1 s t ! pellet 0 ! only =eign sub/ance protrud+ on ! inside ( ! %ell4#cce ,! oy/]s 7 return$ to ! sea )\t fur!r injury1 & aft] ! lapse ( a mon? ! pellets 7 f\nd cov]$ ) ?9 lay]s ( nacre4 ,illu/ration3 ,artificial re>+-ponds = ! developm5t ( pe>l-oy/]s on ! ,isl& ( ,espirit ,santo1 ,gulf ( ,cali=nia ,illu/ration3 ,trays conta9+ small pe>l-oy/]s prep>$ = plac+ at ! bottom ( artificial re>+-ponds at ,espirit ,santo ,isl&1 ,gulf ( ,cali=nia ,exp]im5ts 9 gr[+ pe>ls 9 ! abalone or ,haliotis 7 made 9 #ahig by ,l\is ,b\ton1 an acc\nt ( :i* 0 giv5 at ! meet+ ( ! ,p>is ,acadmie des ,sci5ces 9 #ahih4ccf ,! t5acity ( life 9 ?is mollusk makes x especially desirable = exp]im5ts ( ?is nature4 ,?r\gh small holes bor$ into ! %ell1 pellets ( "m-(-pe>l 7 ins]t$ & plac$ )9 ! mantle1 ! small holes be+ aft]w>d clos$ up4 ,o!r nacre\s pellets 7 introduc$ directly into ! bron*ial cavity4 ,! objects 7 soon cov]$ ) ?91 pe>ly lay]s1 result+ 9 a few mon?s 9 sph]es ( mu* beauty1 resembl+ some:at ! pe>ls naturally produc$ by ?is mollusk4 ,9 six mon?s1 accord+ to ,m4 ,b\ton1 ! lay]s became ( suffici5t ?ickness to be attractive4 ,)9 limitations1 ! size ( ! pe>l produc$ is 9 proportion to ! l5g? ( "t x is all[$ to rema9 )9 ! mollusk4 ,! results ( ! exp]im5ts seem to enc\rage fur!r ef=ts 9 ?is l9e1 & possibly 9 c\rse ( "t !re may be a pr(itable bus9ess 9 gr[+ pe>ls 9 abalones on ! ,pacific coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,inde$1 ! exp]im5ts 9 transplant+ & cultivat+ ! pe>l-oy/] 9 ,au/ralia leads "o to fancy t ! culture ( t species 9 ! w>m coa/al wat]s ( ,am]ica is by no means an impossibility4 ,_m o!r exp]im5ts along simil> l9es h be5 made m rec5tly4 ,an int]e/+ feature ( attempts made by ,mr4 ,vane ,simmonds ( ,c$> ,rapids1 ,i[a1 9 #ahif-ahih1 is t 9 ord] to avoid /ra9+ ! adductor muscles by =cibly op5+ ! %ell :ile ! mollusk resi/$ ! intrusion1 ea* select$ ,unio 0 expos$ 9 ! op5 air & sun%9e until ! valves op5$2 !n a wood5 w$ge 0 c>efully ins]t$ 9 ! op5+1 & ! mollusk imm$iately imm]s$ 9 wat] to revive x or to su/a9 life4 ,aft] a few mom5ts ( imm]sion1 ! op]ator c>efully rais$ ! mantle f ! %ell1 ins]t$ ! pellet ( wax or o!r small article to be cov]$ ) nacre1 drew ! mantle to its normal position1 remov$ ! w$ge1 & return$ ! mollusk to a select$ place 9 ! /ream at suffici5t dep? to avoid dang] ( freez+ 9 w9t]4 ,probably x w\ld be m satisfactory to /upefy ! mollusks by means ( "s *emical 9 ord] to ins]t ! pellets4 ,m>9e mollusks h be5 successfully /upefi$ by sl[ly add+ magnesium sulphate cry/als to ! sea wat] until ! animals no long] respond to contact4 ,if treatm5t is n too prolong$1 !y may be return$ to normal sea wat] ) good prospects ( recov]y4 ,to /upefy fre%-wat] mollusks1 ei!r *loral hydrate or *lorosone may be employ$1 al?\gh ! latt] is exp5sive to use 9 great quantity4 ,dr4 ,*>les ,b4 ,dav5port1 ( ! ,c>negie ,in/itution1 sugge/s t x might be well to exp]im5t ) p\r+ e!r or *lor(orm ov] !m4 ,9 ,japan ! production ( ^! pe>ly =mations 9 ,m>g>itif]a m>t5si1 :i* is closely relat$ to ! ,ceylon oy/]1 has develop$ into "s prom95ce s9ce #ahij1 & ! results h be5 well adv]tis$4 ,! indu/ry is locat$ 9 ,ago ,bay1 ne> ! celebrat$ temple ( ,ise 9 ! prov9ce ( ,%ima1 & gives employm5t to ab\t "o hundr$ p]sons4 ,x is /at$ t ! proprietor1 ,koki*i ,mikimoto1 has leas$ ab\t "o ?\s& acres ( sea bottom1 on :i* are a million oy/]s ( ?is species1 :i* yield f #cj1jjj to #ej1jjj culture pe>ls annually4 ,z describ$ by ,dr4 ,k4 ,mitsukuri1 ! %oal portions ( ?is area are us$ = bre$+ ! oy/]s & rais+ !m to maturity1 & 9 ! deep] p>ts--cov]$ by sev]al fa?oms ( wat]--! oy/]s are specially treat$ = produc+ ! culture pe>ls4 ,9 ! =m]1 ! spat is collect$ on small /ones1 weigh+ six or eight p\nds ea*1 plac$ dur+ ,may or ,june4 ,! foll[+ ,novemb] ^! /ones1 ) ! atta*$ spat or "y1 are remov$1 = protection f cold1 to dep?s great] ?an five or six feet1 :]e !y rema9 = ab\t ?ree ye>s4 ,at ! end ( t p]iod1 ! gr[+ oy/]s are tak5 f ! wat]1 ! %ells op5$ slightly1 & r\nd$ bits ( pe>l %ell or nacre are introduc$ "u ! mantle )\t injury to ! mollusks4 ,ab\t #cjj1jjj are ?us treat$ annually1 & plac$ 9 ! deep] wat] at ! rate ( ab\t "o to ea* squ>e foot ( bottom area4 ,aft] ! lapse ( ab\t f\r ye>s m1 ! oy/]s are remov$ f ! wat] & op5$1 :5 a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! pellets are f\nd cov]$ on ! upp] or expos$ surface ) nacre ( good lu/]4 ,mo/ ( ^! culture pe>ls are button-%ap$ & weigh two or ?ree gra9s ea*4 ,al?\gh some:at attractive & sup]ior to ! culture pe>ls ( ,*9a & o!r fre% wat]s1 !y by no means comp>e favorably ) *oice pe>ls4 ,!y are r>ely1 if ev]1 sph]ical1 & only ! upp] surface is lu/r\s2 consequ5tly !y s]ve only ! purpose ( half-pe>ls4 ,a cross section %[s ! nacre\s gr[? 9 a ?9 conc5tric lay]1 =m+ a fragile hemisph]ical cap1 ! concave wall ( :i* is cov]$ ) a br[ni% granul> secretion :i* prev5ts p]fect adhesion4 ,comp>$ ) *oice pe>ls1 !y are n only defici5t 9 lu/]1 b are fragile1 & are beautiful only on ! upp] surface1 & n available = necklaces4 ,good specim5s sell = sev]al doll>s ea*1 & "s individuals rea* #ej or m4 ,specim5s exhibit$ at ! ,p>is ,exposition 9 #aijj 7 aw>d$ a silv] m$al2 at ! ,/4 ,pet]sburg ,exhibition 9 #aijb !y 7 aw>d$ a gold m$al2 at ! ,tokio ,exhibition a gr& prize1 & a m$al at ! ,/4 ,l\is ,exposition 9 #aijd4 ,! aw>ds 7 giv5 9 ! fi%]ies1 & n ! gem divisions4 ,! "w ( ,mikimoto is n ! only attempt n[ be+ made 9 ,japan to produce pe>ls4 ,a lett] f ,dr4 ,t4 ,ni%ikawa1 ( ! ,tokio ,imp]ial ,univ]sity1 /ates3 8,x is a great pleasure = me to tell y t ,i am /udy+ pe>l =mation & pe>l-oy/] culture 9 ! univ]sity laboratory1 & rec5tly ,i h got my pe>l laboratory at ,fukura1 on ! ,isl& ( ,awaji1 :]e ,i began ! pe>l-culture "w ?is summ] 7#aijg74 ,=tunately1 ,i f\nd ! cause ( ,japanese pe>l =mation1 i4e41 ! reason :y & h[ ! pe>l is produc$ 9 ! tissue ( an oy/]4 ,i made practical application ( ?is !ory ) great prospects = produc+ ! natural & true pe>ls at w40 ,among ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! pe>l-culture ent]prises are ^? ( ! ,compaia ,criadora de ,con*a y ,p]la1 "u ! direction ( ,sr4 ,ga/on ,j4 ,vives1 9 ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia4 ,?is company has an ext5sive /ation at ,san ,gabriel1 ne> ,la ,paz1 :]e bre$+ oy/]s are plac$ 9 prep>$ *e/s or cages = collect+ ! spat on trays4 ,aft] rema9+ !re = sev]al weeks or mon?s1 ! "y mollusks are remov$ to prep>$ places 7viv]os7 = fur!r gr[?4 ,exp]im5ts are n[ made 9 deposit+ !m betwe5 a s]ies ( p>allel dams alt]nately t\*+ ea* %ore ( a lagoon1 ?us develop+ a curr5t ( wat] ov] ! oy/]s = convey+ food to !m1 & ?us ha/5+ _! gr[?4 ,9 ef=ts to increase ! output ( pe>ls1 att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! possibilities = ext5d+ ! area & production ( ! reefs1 & = /ock+ new areas & repl5i%+ exhau/$ ones1 ?us br++ ! pe>l-be>+ mollusks to maturity 9 great] abundance4 ,al?\gh !oretically x does n seem a v difficult und]tak+ to cultivate ! pe>l-oy/]s by me?ods some:at simil> to ! cultivation ( edible oy/]s & clams1 9 no "p ( ! _w has ?is be5 successfully done on an ext5sive scale4 ,:ile 9 c]ta9 m9or cases1 ! areas ( "s species ( pe>l mollusks h be5 ext5d$ indirectly ?r\gh man's ag5cy--z ! range ( ! ,r$ ,sea pe>l-oy/] into ! ,m$it]ranean s9ce ! ,suez ,canal 0 op5$--!re is no well-kn[n in/ance 9 :i* new areas h be5 abundantly populat$ ?r\gh direct ef=ts4 ,9 ! *apt] on ! pe>l fi%]ies ( ,asia are not$ ! hi!rto unsuccessful ef=ts made 9 ,ceylon & ,india to pres]ve ! "y & immature oy/]s on ! /orm-swept reefs by remov+ !m to less expos$ areas4 ,?is has receiv$ close att5tion f ! ,ceylon au?orities dur+ ! la/ two ye>s4 ,o!r practical measures :i* are recomm5d$ = t region include 8cult*+10 or ! deposit ( suitable solid mat]ial1 su* z %ells or brok5 /one1 to :i* ! "y oy/]s c atta* !mselves2 ?9n+ out ov]cr[d$ reefs1 & clean+ ! b$s by means ( a dr$ge1 !reby remov+ />fi% & o!r injuri\s animals4 ,! attempts made by individuals & associations to ext5d ! range ( ! reefs on ! coa/ ( ,au/ralia1 among ! ,tuamotu ,isl&s1 9 ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia1 & "s o!r localities1 are not$ 9 ! appropriate *apt]s4 ,b x may be /at$ t 9 mo/ in/ances lack ( adequate police protection has be5 n ! lea/ ( ! difficulties ) :i* ^! exp]im5ts h _h to cont5d4 ,nor has mu* great] success foll[$ ^u ef=ts to prev5t ! exhau/ion ( ! reefs & productive gr\nds ?r\gh ov]fi%+1 except 9 ^? in/ances 9 :i* ! gov]nm5t ex]cises a proprietory int]e/ & det]m9es ! season1 ! area to be fi%$1 & ! quantity ( mollusks to be remov$4 ,! mo/ prom95t in/ance ( ?is is 9 ,ceylon1 :]e ! fi%]y has be5 re/rict$ to su* seasons & p]iods z appe>$ to insure ! maximum yield ( pe>ls4 ,)\t re/riction ^u ! fi%]y1 ! pe>l-oy/] 9 t popul\s region w\ld d\btless become almo/ ext9ct 9 a few ye>s4 ,ano!r in/ance ( proprietory int]e/ on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t is 9 "s ( ! ,g]man ,/ates1 :]e pe>l fi%+ has be5 regulat$ & re/rict$ = c5turies4 ,b !re ! sewage f cities & factories has accompli%$ almo/ z effectively1 if less rapidly1 :at unre/rict$ fi%+ w\ld h done4 ,mu* att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! subject ( pe>l-culture 9 ,bav>ia1 :]e ! gov]nm5t has grant$ a small subsidy to enc\rage ?is indu/ry1 & a model pe>l-mussel bank has be5 e/abli%$ 9 "o ( ! brooks = ! rational culture ( ! mussels4 ,on ! ,au/ralian coa/1 ! only !oretical protection ( consequ5ce is ! re/riction on tak+ small or immature oy/]s2 b1 ow+ to ! great area ov] :i* ! fi%]ies are prosecut$ !re1 x has n be5 possible to en=ce ! regulations4 ,at "s ( ! ,pacific isl&s & else:]e1 int]dictions exi/ z to use ( c]ta9 app>atus ( capture1 b ?is is int5d$ = ! purpose ( res]v+ ! indu/ry to dep5d5t natives r ?an = protect+ ! reefs4 ,sev]al ef=ts h be5 made to insure adequate protection = ! ,unios 9 our ,am]ican riv]s1 b no?+ 9 ?is direction has yet be5 accompli%$ by legislative enactm5t1 except 9 ,ill9ois4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! p>asitic /age ( ,unios4#ccg ,! atta*m5t ( ! newly-hat*$ mollusks to ! gills or f9s ( a fi% is entirely a matt] ( *ance1 & unless ?is takes place !y die )9 a few days4 ,"u natural conditions ! fi% ?us infect$ w r>ely be f\nd c>ry+ z _m ( ! p>asitic ,unios z !y c )\t s]i\s injury4 ,if ! fi% are plac$ 9 a tank or a pond conta9+ l>ge numb]s ( newly-hat*$ ,unios1 x is possible to br+ ab\t ! atta*m5t ( hundr$s ( !m = e "o t w\ld be f\nd !re by *ance ( nature4 ,a fi% six in*es 9 l5g? may ?us be made to c>ry sev]al hundr$ p>asitic ,unios1 & ?us a ?\s& fi% artificially infect$ may d ! "w ( sev]al hundr$ ?\s& 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,exp]im5ts ) small numb]s ( fi% "u obs]vation 9 ! laboratory indicate t _! infection on a l>ge scale is entirely possible1 & ! exp]im5t by ,messrs4 ,lefevre & ,curtis n[ 9 progress at ,la ,crosse1 ,wiscons91 9 :i* ov] #be1jjj "y fi% h be5 infect$1 gives e indication t su* "w may be begun ev5 ) ! scanty k n[ possess$4 ,s9ce x has already be5 %[n t ! production ( pe>ls is an abnormal condition1 x does n foll[ t an increase 9 ! quantity ( mollusks w\ld necess>ily result 9 a correspond+ increase 9 ! yield ( pe>ls4 ,inde$1 x might ev5 be t ! artificial conditions br++ ab\t an enhanc$ prosp]ity & abundance ( ! mollusks w\ld result 9 a correspond+ decrease 9 ! product ( gems1 ! improv$ surr\nd+s impair+ if n de/roy+ ! conditions to :i* ! pe>ls owe _! orig94 ,?is has result$ 9 direct+ ef=ts t[>d abnormally increas+ ! abundance ( pe>ls 9 a def9ite numb] ( mollusks4 ,! developm5t ( ! p>asitic !ory ( pe>l =mation has naturally invit$ att5tion to ! possibilities ( increas+ ! yield ( pe>ls by inoculat+ heal?y mollusks ) di/omid p>asites4 ,x does n appe> t ?is has yet advanc$ beyond ! exp]im5tal /age1 & virtually all t has be5 accompli%$ has be5 set =? 9 ! *apt] on ! orig9 ( pe>ls4 ,x seems t !re are great possibilities 9 ! artificial production along ^! l9es2 & t "u skilful managem5t x c\ld be made a pr(itable indu/ry1 especially if c>ri$ on concurr5tly ) ! sy/ematic cultivation ( "m-(-pe>l %ells4 ,al?\gh !re is sci5tific basis = ! belief t x may be possible 9 "t to br+ ab\t pe>l gr[? 9 ?is mann]1 ! public %\ld n be too ha/y 9 f9anc+ companies solicit+ capital = e/abli%+ s-call$ 8pe>l f>ms40 ,e once 9 a :ile ann\ncem5t is made 9 ! public press ( wond]ful success :i* has be5 atta9$ by "s inve/igator1 :o surr\nds 8 discov]y ) z mu* my/]y z envelop$ ! ,keeley motor1 & :o is z anxi\s to sell /ock z 0 ! own] ( t my?ical inv5tion4 ,a prospectus ( "o ( ^! 8pe>l syndicates10 :i* is n[ be=e u1 claims to 8increase & ha/5 pe>l production by =c+ ! oy/]1 ?r\gh doctor+ ! wat] 9 :i* x is imm]s$ & also by irritat+ ! mollusk itself40 ,s f> z ! writ]s are aw>e1 aside f ! inexp5sive b some:at attractive culture pe>ls1 no comm]cial success has yet foll[$ ! _m attempts at artificial production4 ,?is *apt] %\ld n close )\t ref]5ce to ! s-call$ 8bre$+ pe>ls10 probably ! mo/ curi\s ( all !ories ( pe>l gr[?1 reg>d+ :i* _m inquiries h be5 made4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago !re exi/s a g5]ally accept$ belief t if sev]al select$ pe>ls ( good size are seal$ 9 a box ) a few gra9s ( rice = n\ri%m5t !y w increase 9 numb] z well z 9 size4 ,if exam9$ at ! expiration ( "o ye>1 small pe>ls may be f\nd /rewn ab\t ! bottom ( ! box1 accord+ to ! !ory2 & 9 "s in/ances ! orig9al pe>ls !mselves w be f\nd to h increas$ 9 size4 ,if aga9 inclos$ = a fur!r p]iod ( a ye> or m1 ! adh]5ts ( ! !ory say1 ! se$-pe>ls w fur!r increase 9 size1 & additional se$-pe>ls w =m4 ,fur!rmore1 ! gra9s ( rice w pres5t ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 nibbl$ or z ?\gh a rod5t _h tak5 a bite 9 ! end ( ea*4 ,x is claim$ t ! bre$+ pe>ls are obta9$ f sev]al species ( mollusks1 mo/ly f ! ,m>g>itif]a1 b also f ! ,tridacna 7giant clam7 & ! ,placuna 7w9d[ %ell74 ,:ile cotton is ! usual m$ium 9 :i* ! pe>ls & rice are reta9$1 "s collectors sub/itute fre% wat] & yet o!rs pref] salt wat]4 ,x seems t rice is consid]$ ess5tial to success4 ,! e>lie/ acc\nt we h se5 ( ?is extraord9>y belief 0 giv5 by ,dr4 ,engelb]t ,kmpf]1#cch :o 0 connect$ ) ! ,dut* embassy to ,japan f #afij to #afif1 & s9ce t "t x has be5 ref]r$ to by _m travel]s 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,a correspond5t 9 ! "t-honor$ 8,notes & ,qu]ies10 #bj? ,septemb]1 #ahfb1 writes3 ,ne>ly five ye>s ago1 :ile /ay+ ) fri5ds 9 ,pulo ,p5ang 7,/raits ( ,malacca71 ,i 0 %[n by ! wife ( a prom95t m]*ant five small pe>ls1 :i* _h increas$ & multipli$ 9 h] possession4 ,%e _h set !m aside = ab\t #ab mon?s 9 a small wood5 box1 pack$ 9 s(t cotton & ) half a doz5 gra9s ( common rice4 ,on op5+ ! box at ! expiration ( t "t1 %e f\nd f\r additional pe>ls1 ab\t ! size ( a small p9head & ( mu* beauty1 :i* ,i saw & exam9$ n long aft] ! lady made ! discov]y4 ,:ile my /ory may be receiv$ ) laught]1 ,i c mo/ solemnly assure y ( ! tru? ( my hav+ se5 ^! pe>ls1 & ,i h n ! slighte/ d\bt ( ! p]fect tru?fulness ( ! lady :o possess$ !m4 ,i que/ion$ an em95t ,malay m]*ant ( ,p5ang on ?is subject1 & he assur$ me t "o ( 8 daught]s _h once possess$ a simil> gr[? ( pe>ls4#cci ,not)/&+ ! app>5t absurdity ( ?is pe>l-bre$+ !ory1 belief 9 x appe>s to be n only s9c]e b wide-spread1 z c be atte/$ by any "o famili> ) affairs 9 ! ar*ipelago4 ,a critical exam9ation into ! matt] 0 made 9 #ahgg by ,dr4 ,n4 ,b4 ,d5nys1 curator ( ! ,raffles ,museum at ,s+apore1 ! result ( :i* 0 communicat$ to ! ,/raits bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 #bh? ,febru>y1 #ahgh4cdj ,f 8 num]\s quotations ( p]sons :o gave ! results ( _! exp]i5ces we extract two in/ances4 ,"o g5tleman _h #abj small pe>ls 9 addition to ! five bre$+ ones ) :i* ! exp]im5t _h />t$ tw5ty ye>s be=e1 & dur+ ! entire p]iod ! box _h n be5 mole/$ except t x 0 op5$ occasionally = inspection by int]e/$ p]sons4 ,ano!r exp]im5tor inclos$ ?ree bre$+ pe>ls ) a few gra9s ( rice on #ag? ,july1 #ahgd2 on op5+ ! box on #ad? ,july1 #ahge1 n9e additional pe>ls 7 discov]$1 & ! ?ree orig9al ones appe>$ l>g]4 ,! belief has _m curi\s v>iations4 ,x is /at$ t 9 ,borneo & ! adjac5t isl&s1 _m ( ! fi%]m5 res]ve e n9? pe>l reg>dless ( its size1 & put ! collection 9 a small bottle :i* is kept cork$ ) a dead man's f+]4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,kimm]ly1 ne>ly e burial-place along ! ,borneo coa/ has be5 desecrat$ 9 se>*+ = 8corks0 = ^! bottles1 & almo/ e hut has its dead-f+] bottle1 ) f t5 to fifty 8bre$+ pe>ls0 & twice t numb] ( rice gra9s4#cda ,a correspond5t at ,s&akan1 ,nor? ,borneo1 writes t at ! "t ( 8 dea? at ,hongkong 9 #aija1 ,dr4 ,d5nys _h 9 8 possession a small box conta9+ 8bre$+ pe>ls02 b ^! disappe>$ aft] 8 dea?1 & 8 bro!r1 ! cr[n solicitor1 0 unable to f9d !m4 ,?is correspond5t also /ates t ! ,ranee ( ,s>awak1 a ,briti% protectorate 9 we/]n ,borneo1 has a collection ( 8bre$+ pe>ls0 numb]+ ab\t two hundr$1 & t ?is is ! only l>ge collection kn[n at pres5t4 ,z contra/$ ) abundant & unque/ionably s9c]e te/imony t pe>ls d 8bre$10 x may be /at$ t absolutely no result has foll[$ "o or two native exp]im5ts made "u sup]vision4 ,:ile x mu/ be admitt$ t negative evid5ce is always weak] ?an positive1 & tw5ty failures w\ld be outweigh$ by "o successful exp]im5t1 yet ! sci5tific objections to ! possibility ( pe>ls 8bre$+0 _c be ov]come4 ,! ph5om5on is d\btless "o ( ^? curiosities ( natural hi/ory 9 :i* "s important factor has be5 ov]look$4 ,ano!r curi\s !ory is t peculi> pe>ls cont9ue to gr[ aft] removal f ! mollusk 9 :i* !y orig9ate4 ,q rec5tly x 0 report$ f ,new ,durham1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 t a pe>l f\nd !re 9 #ahif _h be5 gr[+ cont9ually s9ce x 0 f\nd & remov$ f ! wat]4 ,un=tunately1 x 0 weigh$ only :5 ! la/ obs]vation 0 made1 & its increas$ size d\btless exi/$ only 9 ! imag9ation ( its possessor4 ,,xii ,,my/ical ,,& ,,m$ic9al ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,pe>ls ,,xii ,,my/ical ,,& ,,m$ic9al ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,pe>ls ,div]s are ! virtues ( gems2 "s give favor 9 ! sight ( lords2 "s protect aga9/ fire2 o!rs make p belov$2 o!rs give wisdom2 "s r5d] m5 invisible2 o!rs repel lightn+2 "s baffle poisons2 "s protect & augm5t treasures1 & o!rs cause t husb&s %\ld love _! wives4 ,arabic v]sion ( ,solomon's writ+s4 ,:ile no special gems are m5tion$ 9 ! tribute :i* ! ,arabs cr$it to ,solomon1 x seems t pe>ls mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 includ$1 = 9 ne>ly all c\ntries :]e ^! gems h be5 priz$ & f ! e>lie/ p]iod1 !y h be5 cr$it$ ) my/ic prop]ties & heal+ virtues4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ?is book1 ref]5ce 0 made to ! ,a?>vav$a1 dat+ f at lea/ #bdjj ye>s ago1 & its allusion to ! use ( an amulet ( pe>l %ell & ( pe>ls among ! ,h9dus 9 be/[+ long life & prosp]ity ^u "y ,brahmanical disciples4 ,z ?is amulet is fa/5$ ^u ! y\?1 ! foll[+ hymn is recit$1 accord+ to ?is anci5t ,v$a ( ! ,a?>vans3 ,born ( ! w9d1 ! atmosph]e1 ! lightn+1 & ! light1 may ?is pe>l %ell1 born ( gold1 protect u f /raits6 ,) ! %ell :i* 0 born 9 ! sea1 at ! head ( bright sub/ances1 we slay ! ,rak%as & conqu] ! ,atr9s dev\r+ demons4 ,) ! %ell we conqu] disease & pov]ty2 ) ! %ell1 too1 ! ,sadanvas4 ,! %ell is our univ]sal rem$y2 ! pe>l %all protect u f /raits6 ,born 9 ! heav5s1 born 9 ! sea1 br\ght on f ! riv] ,s9dhu1 ?is %ell1 born ( gold1 is our life-prolong+ amulet4 ,! amulet1 born f ! sea1 a sun1 born f ,vritra ! cl\d1 %all on all sides protect u f ! missiles ( ! gods & ! ,asuras6 ,?\ art "o ( ! gold5 sub/ances1 ?\ art born f ,soma ! moon4 ,?\ art sightly on ! *>iot1 ?\ art brilliant on ! quiv]4 7,may x prolong our lives67 ,! bone ( ! gods turn$ into pe>l2 t1 animat$1 dwells 9 ! wat]s4 ,t d ,i fa/5 ^u !e unto life1 lu/]1 /r5g?1 longevity1 unto a life la/+ a hundr$ autumns4 ,may ! amulet ( pe>l protect !e6#cdb ,! my/ical ,taoi/s1 9 _! pursuit ( immortality1 made mu* ( pe>ls z an important +r$i5t 9 =mul = p]petuat+ y\?4 ,accord+ to an old ,taoi/ au?ority1 9 prep>+ "o ( ^! elixirs1 an extra long pe>l :i* has be5 worn = _m ye>s is /eep$ 9 "s infusion ( malt1 or a prep>ation ( s]p5ts' gall1 honeycomb1 & pumice-/one4 ,:5 ! pe>l becomes pla/ic1 x is drawn out to ! l5g? ( two or ?ree feet1 cut into suitable l5g?s1 & =m$ into pills1 ! tak+ ( :i* r5d]s food !nce=? unnecess>y4#cdc ,! my? ( ! dragon & ! pe>l has be5 a f>-rea*+ !me ( ! arti/s 9 ,japan & ,*9a1 :e!r 9 color1 metal1 or /one4 ,!re has be5 mu* writt5 z to h[ ! my? became s fix$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,ori5tals1 & ,pr9ce ,ruppre*t ( ,bav>ia1 :o has made an exhau/ive /udy ( ! my? ( ! dragon 9 all its phases1 has v c\rte\sly communicat$ to u ! foll[+ facts4 ,p]sonally he _h nev] be5 able to le>n ( a true or cle> description ( ! orig9 ( ! my? o!r ?an ! well-record$ leg5d giv5 by ,legge 9 ! 8,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/0 7,vol4 ,,xl1 p4 #baa71 9 :i* !re is a quotation f ,%uangtze1 a writ] ( ! f\r? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 :o says3 8,ne> ! ,ho riv] !re 0 a poor man1 :o support$ 8 family by weav+ ru%es4 ,8 son1 :5 div+ 9 a deep pool1 f\nd a pe>l wor? a ?\s& ounces ( silv]4 ,! fa!r said3 #8,br+ a /one & beat x 9 pieces4 ,a pe>l ( ?is value mu/ h be5 9 a pool n9e khung deep & "u ! *9 ( ! black dragon4 ,t y 7 able to get x mu/ h be5 ow+ to y\r hav+ f\nd him asleep4 ,let him awake1 & ! consequ5ces w n be small4'0 ,pr9ce ,ruppre*t says3 ,?is leg5d has no?+ to d ) ! illu/ration to :i* y ref]2 x belongs to a cycle ( my?s conc]n+ a /one 9 ! head ( a s]p5t1 or ! cr[n ( ! k+ ( ! s]p5ts or dragons2 my?s :i* also exi/ 9 ,g]many s9ce ! days ( old4 ,i %\ld r be incl9$ to ?9k t ! commonly accept$ pe>l betwe5 ! two dragons is n a pe>l at all4 ,at lea/ ?is pe>l is always surr\nd$ by ornam5ts 9 ! %ape ( flames or claws1 & ,pr(essor ,hir? discov]$ on su* a repres5tation 9 woodcut1 an explanation ( ! flames by ! sign = ,yangsui1 a v anci5t k9d ( metallic mirrors1 ( concave =m1 t 7 us$ to produce ! heav5ly fire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,japanese ,,leg5d ,,( ,,! ,,dragon ,,& ,,! ,,pe>l1 ,,idealiz$ ,,9 ,,jade ,heb] ,r4 ,bi%op ,collection1 ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art ,?is explanation is probably errone\s & due to a misund]/&+ ( ! signs = flames4 ,9 my op9ion1 ano!r explanation1 t ! pe>l is n really a pe>l b a spid]1 is ne>] to ! tru?4 ,z an argum5t 9 favor ( ?is !ory ! foll[+ s5t5ce may be quot$ f an encyclop$ia ( ! elev5? c5tury 78,pieu-tzi-lei10 *ap4 #bbc73 8,! pe>l ( a fi% is its eye1 ! pe>l ( a tortoise is its foot1 ! pe>l ( ! spid] is its belly40 ,pe>l1 z well z spid]1 are bo? call$ 9 ,*9ese by ! same ^w b are writt5 9 a diff]5t way4 ,i1 = my "p1 believe t ! pe>l is ! belly n inde$ ( a spid]1 b ( ,g>uda1 ! eagle ( ,vi%nu1 kn[n 9 ! old ,h9du my?ology z ! foe ( ! ,vagas1 be+s ) human bodies & ! tails ( s]p5ts4 ,at lea/1 ,i f\nd on an old ,*9ese gateway1 dat+ back to ! times ( ! ,mongol emp]ors1 a sculpture %[+ ! conte/ betwe5 ,g>uda & ! ,vagas4 ,on ano!r sculpture ( ! late ,k+ epo* ! ,vagas are already *ang$ into dragons1 & ! w+s1 ! limbs & ! head ( ,g>uda h become q insignificant1 :ile 8 belly is prom95t l a ball4 ,a beautiful metaphor occurs 9 anci5t ,*9ese writ+s1 9 ! ,book ( ! ,lat] ,han1#cdd = in/ance1 :i* reg>ds ?is gem z ! hidd5 s\l ( ! oy/]4 ,!re is no end ( leg5ds & my?s reg>d+ ! pe>l 9 ori5tal lit]ature4 ,"o fable cr$its x ) a peculi> magical p[]3 by speak+ ! "r ^w1 a _s c be call$ !refrom :i* makes ! own] a possessor ( all ! happ9ess ( ! e>?4 ,br[n+ notes ?is 9 two exquisite /anzas1 8,a ,pe>l1 a ,girl10 publi%$ on ! day ( 8 dea? 9 #ahhi1 9 :i* he comp>es ?is *>act]i/ic ) a woman's love call$ =? by ! my/ic ^w4 ,a simple r+ ) a s+le /one4 ,to ! vulg> eye no /one ( price2 ,:isp] ! "r ^w1 t alone-- ,=? />ts a sprite1 l fire f ice1 ,& lo1 y are "l 7says an ,ea/]n scroll7 ,( heav5 & e>?1 "l :ole & sole1 ,?r\gh ! p[] 9 a pe>l4 ,a woman 7'tis ,i ?is "t t say7 ,) little ! _w c\nts wor?y praise2 ,utt] ! true ^w--out & away ,escapes h] s\l3 ,i am wrapt 9 blaze1 ,creation's "l1 ( heav5 & e>?1 ,"l :ole & sole--by a m9ute's bir?-- ,?r\gh ! love 9 a girl4 ,9 ! folk-song ( ,s]via is a pretty little poem :i* te/ifies to ! love !y be> to pe>ls3 ,a y\? unmat$ prays to ,god1 ,to turn him to pe>ls 9 ! sea1 ,:]e ! maid5s come to fill _! urns2 ,t s !y might ga!r him into _! laps1 ,& /r+ him on a f9e gre5 ?read1 ,& we> him p5dant f ! neck2 ,t he might he> :at ea* "o said1 ,& :e!r 8 lov$ "o spoke ( him4 ,8 pray] 0 grant$ & he lay ,turn$ to pe>ls 9 ! d>k blue sea1 ,:]e ! maid5s come to fill _! urns2 ,!n quickly !y ga!r him into _! laps1 ,& /r+ him on a gre5 silk ?read1 ,& we> him p5dant f ! neck2 ,s he he>s :at ea* "o says ( h] own ,& :at 8 lov$ "o says ( him4#cde ,9 ! days :5 romance & *ivalry held sway 9 ,europe1 pe>ls & o!r favors 7 pres5t$ by ladies = ! brave knights to we> at t\rnam5ts4 ,& we are told 9 ! ,ar?urian leg5ds h[ ,ela9e1 8! lily maid ( ,a/olat10 gave to ,sir ,lancelot 8a r$ sleeve ( sc>let1 embroid]$ ) great pe>ls10 = him to we> on 8 helmet3 & 8!n to h] t[] %e climb$ & took ! %ield1 !re kept x & s liv$ 9 fantasy02 :ile he f\ght & won at ! tilt1 8we>+ h] sc>let sleeve1 ?o' c>v$ & cut1 & half ! pe>ls away40#cdf ,! sweet s5tim5t ( purity associat$ ) ! pe>l ennobles x above all o!r gems4 ,rabanus ,maurus1 ar*bi%op ( ,ma9z1 wrote1 ab\t #hej1 t 8my/ically1 ! pe>l signifies ! hope ( ! ,k+dom ( ,heav51 or *>ity & ! sweetness ( cele/ial life40#cdg ,true1 x 0 n among ! twelve gems :i* adorn$ ! brea/plate ( ! high prie/ ( ! ,temple1 symbolical ( ! twelve apo/les4 ,a ,fa!r ( ! ,*ur*--,/4 ,augu/9e1 we believe--expla9s ?is by say+ t x 0 res]v$ = a m sacr$ (fice1 t ( repres5t+ ,*ri/ himself4 ,pe>l signifies purity1 innoc5ce1 humility1 & a retir+ _s4 ,all /ones ( ! gray color ( ! pe>l h ! significances :i* are giv5 to ?is beautiful gem4#cdh ,unlike o!r gems1 ! pe>l comes to u p]fect & beautiful1 direct f ! h& ( nature4 ,o!r preci\s /ones receive c>eful treatm5t f ! lapid>y1 & owe mu* to 8 art4 ,! pe>l1 h[ev]1 owes no?+ to man4 ,p]haps ?is has mu* to d ) ! s5tim5ts we *]i% = x4 ,x t\*es u ) ! same s5se ( simplicity & sweetness z ! m\nta9 daisy or ! wild rose4 ,x is absolutely a gift ( nature1 on :i* man _c improve4 ,we turn f ! brilliant1 dazzl+ ornam5t ( diamonds or em]alds to a necklace ( pe>ls ) a s5se ( relief1 & ! eye re/s ^u x ) quiet1 satisfi$ repose & is delight$ ) its mode/ spl5dor1 its s(t gleam1 borr[$ f its home 9 ! dep?s ( ! sea4 ,x seems truly to typify /eady & abid+ affection1 :i* ne$s no accessory or adornm5t to make x m attractive4 ,& !re is a purity & sweetness ab\t x :i* makes x especially suitable = ! maid54 ,! idea ( pe>ly purity is insep>ably l9k$ ) ! "n ,m>g>et1 d]iv$ f ! ,p]sian ,murw>i 7pe>l1 or *ild ( light7 ?r\gh ! ,greek 4 ,?is "n--beautiful 9 s\nd z well z 9 orig9--is popul> 9 all ,european c\ntries1 & likewise are its abbreviations & dim9utives3 9 ,italian1 ,m>gh]ita & ,rita2 9 ,fr5*1 ,m>gu]ite1 ,m>got1 & ,grot52 9 ,g]man1 ,m>g>e!1 ,gret*51 & ,gre!l2 & 9 ,engli%1 ,m>g>et1 ,m>jorie1 ,madge1 ,maggie1 ,peggy1 etc4 ,! use ( ! ^w z a prop] "n among ! e>ly ,*ri/ians 0 d\btless sugge/$ by ! sweet simplicity & lovel9ess ( ! pe>l1 & by ! beautiful symbolical ref]5ces to ?is gem 9 ! ,scriptures2 & ! mean+ ( ! "n has be5 /r5g!n$ by ! pure lives & ! good de$s ( ! _m beautiful ,m>g>ets 9 all l&s1 includ+ ! virg9 m>tyr1 ,/4 ,m>g>et ( ,antio*1 8! mild maid ( ,god0 ref]r$ to 9 ! ,liturgy1 :o1 be=e ! fif? c5tury1 0 ! embodim5t ( fem99e innoc5ce & fai? ov]com+ evil1 & :o is (t5 repres5t$ we>+ a /r+ ( pe>ls2 also ,/4 ,m>g>et !l+ ( ! elev5? c5tury1 :o ende>$ ! "n 9 ,scotl&1 0 canoniz$ 9 #abae1 & 0 adopt$ z ! patron sa9t ( ,scotl& 9 #afgc2 & ,m>g>et1 8,pe>l ( ,bohemia10 s belov$ by ! ,danes4 ,especially among ! ,g]mans has ! "n a t5d] significance2 ) !m x is symbolical ( maid5ly sweetness & purity associat$ ) ri*ness ( womanhood1 su* z 0 typifi$ by ,goe! 9 ! h]o9e ( 8 8,fau/40 ,?is idea may h impell$ ,wordswor? 9 ! selection ( a "n = ! lovely1 girli% "* 9 8 8,excursion02 & ,t5nyson = 8 8,sweet pale ,m>g>et10 & likewise ,scott = 8,ladye ,m>g>et1 ! fl[] ( ,teviot40 ,) ! memory ( ^! lives & *>act]s be=e h]1 _m a lov+ "m has cry/alliz$ ! hope ent]ta9$ = a baby daught] by enri*+ h] ) ?is beautiful "n4 ,poets seem nev] to tire ( us+ ! pe>l z a symbol ( p]fection 9 =m1 9 purity1 9 lu/]1 & 9 sweetness4 ,b probably none has made a m lovely comp>ison ?an ,ow5 ,m]$i?3 ,z pure z a pe>l1 ,& z p]fect3 a noble & innoc5t girl4#cdi ,! ,ori5tal poets unite ) ^? ( ! ,we/ 9 _! love = ?is gem1 & ^? gift$ writ]s are lavi% 9 its use4 ,let u b add ! lam5t ( ,%abl ,abdullah on ! dea? ( ,nozami3 ,nozami's gone1 our faire/ pe>l is lo/4 ,f pure/ dew1 k9d ,heav5 _h giv5 h] bir?1 ,& !n _h fa%ion$ h] ! pe>l supreme4 ,%e s(tly %one1 b hidd5 f mank9d1 ,s ,god has n[ re/or$ h] to h] %ell4 ,f> m crude1 b possibly equally pa!tic1 is t old epitaph f ,york%ire1 ,engl&3 ,9 %ells & gold pe>ls are n kept alone1 ,a ,m>g>et "h lies b5ea? a /one4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,pi]re de ,rosnel wrote 9 a bur/ ( en?usiasm3 ,! pe>l is a jewel s p]fect t its excell5t beauty dem&s ! love & e/eem ( ! :ole univ]se4 ,suidas expresses himself 9 reg>d to x ?us3 8,! possession ( ! pe>l is "o ( love's greate/ delights2 ! delight ( possess+ x suffices to fe$ love40 ,9 a pa9t+1 ,philo/ratus1 :o _h ! same ideas1 has repres5t$ cupids ) b[s enri*$ ) pe>ls2 & ! anci5ts 7 all agre$ to d$icate ! pe>l to ,v5us4 ,n[1 to my ?9k+1 ! reason = _! s do+ 01 t inasmu* z ?is goddess ( love1 ! faire/ ( all div9ities1 is desc5d$ f heav5 & is =m$ ( ! sea1 s 9 l mann] ! pe>l--! lovelie/ ( all gems--is =m$ 9 ! sea & is ! (fspr+ ( ! dew ( heav54 ,b he t w\ld le>n m ( ! excell5ce ( ! pe>l1 let him inquire ( ! ladies1 :o w relate mu* m 9 its praise ?an ,i c write1 & :o w d\btless confess t no?+ else s well adorns !m4#cej ,emblematic z ! pe>l is ( maid5ly purity & sweetness1 x is deem$ especially appropriate z a w$d+ gift4 ,?is use dates f ! e>lie/ dawn ( ,h9du civilization1 :5 ! belov$ ,kri%na drew x f ! sea to decorate 8 beautiful daught] on h] nuptial day4 ,& among ! ,h9dus n uncommonly ! pres5tation ( a virg9 pe>l & its pi]c+ =ms "p ( ! m>riage c]emony4 ,9 mo/ ( ! ,european royal w$d+s 9 rec5t ye>s1 pe>ls h be5 prom95t among ! bridal gifts2 nor h !y be5 ov]look$ among ! pres5ts to ,am]ican brides1 includ+ "o mu* 9 ! public pr9t ab\t #aijf1 = :om a necklace ( !m 0 select$ by a neighbor+ republic z an appropriate pres5t4 ,! d$ication ( ! pe>l to love & m>riage appe>s to h be5 recogniz$ by ! arti/ic ,greeks4 ,"o ( ! *oice/ engrav+s pres]v$ f classic times is a magnific5t s>donyx %[+ ! m>riage ( ,cupid & ,psy*e1 9 :i* ! lov]s are unit$ by :at "s au?orities consid] a /r+ ( pe>ls--emblematic ( conjugal bonds--by means ( :i* ! god ,hym5 leads !m to ! nuptial c\*4#cea ,?is engrav$ gem n[ =ms "o ( ! *oice/ objects 9 ! ,bo/on ,museum ( ,f9e ,arts1 hav+ be5 pur*as$ at ! sale ( ! ,m>lbor\gh gems1 ,london1 #ahih1 at a co/ ( ab\t #aj1jjj4 ,& yet 9 ,we/]n c\ntries ! ill om5 ( pe>ls z bridal ornam5ts has be5 widely recogniz$1 ^! det]m9+ ! te>s t w be %$ 9 ! m>ri$ life4 ,z ,milton says1 ref]r+ to ! ,m>*ioness ( ,w9*e/]3 ,& ^? pe>ls ( dew %e we>s1 ,prove to be presag+ te>s4 ,x 0 told t :5 ! ,empress ,eugnie ( ,france 0 f9i%+ h] toilet prep>atory to h] w$d+ 9 ,notre ,dame 9 #ahec1 a p]sonal att5dant rem9d$ h] ( ! om51 & begg$ t %e refra9 f we>+ h] pe>l necklace on t occasion4 ,eug5ie paid no he$ to ! w>n+ & wore ! beautiful jewels j ! same2 &1 z all ! _w kn[s1 h] life has be5 "o long trag$y4 ,s9ce t necklace 0 a l5g?y "o1 conta9+ v _m pe>ls1 ! bride :o we>s only a few on h] w$d+ day ne$ n dread ! adage s mu*1 =1 un=tunately1 no woman's life is :olly free f grief2 & mo/ brides w\ld d\btless risk a few te>s r ?an refuse to we> a w$d+ gift ( pe>ls4 ,x 0 a v old idea t to dream ( pe>ls betok5s te>s4 ,a sugge/ion ( ?is occurs 9 ,john ,web/]'s 8,du*ess ( ,malfi0 7#afbc71 ,act ,,iii1 sc4 #e3 ,du*ess3 ,i _h a v /range dream to-night2 ,me?\ght ,i wore my coronet ( /ate1 ,& on a suda9e all ! diamonds ,7 *ang'd to pe>les4 ,antonio3 ,my int]pretation ,is1 y'll weepe %ortly2 ,= to me ! pe>les ,doe signifie y\r te>es4 ,& we quote also f 8,! ,p>son's ,w$d+0 7#affc71 ,act ,,ii1 sc4 #e1 :]e ,jolly exclaims3 8,:at6 9 ?y dumps1 bro!r8 ,! capta9 sad6 ',tis prophetic4 ,i'd z lieve h dreamt ( pe>l1 or ! loss ( my tee?40 ,tradition relates t ,que5 ,m>g>et ,tudor1 wife ( ,james ,,iv ( ,scotl&1 j be=e ! battle ( ,flodd5 ,field 7#aeac71 _h _m fe>s z to ! disa/r\s issue ( t conflict1 ow+ to hav+ dream$ on ?ree nights 9 succession t all h] jewels 7 sudd5ly turn$ into pe>ls4 ,?is 0 int]pret$ z a sign ( com+ wid[hood & sorr[1 :i* 0 soon v]ifi$2 & a simil> /ory is told ( ,m>ie de' ,m$ici %ortly be=e ! murd] ( ,h5ry ,,iv ( ,france 9 #afaj4 ,! employm5t ( pe>ls m$ic9ally dates f an anci5t p]iod4 ,?is use is m5tion$ 9 ! olde/ exi/+ ,sanskrit m$ical "w1 ! 8,*>aka-,samhita10#ceb compos$ e>ly 9 ! ,*ri/ian era2 & likewise 9 ! some:at m mod]n 8,susruta10#cec :i* probably orig9at$ be=e ! eigh? c5tury4 ,x is p>ticul>ly 9 ,ori5tal c\ntries t !rapeutic prop]ties h be5 cr$it$ to pe>ls4 ,! p[d] ( ^! gems has be5 rat$ v highly !re1 & is /ill us$ to "s ext5t4 ,x 0 consid]$ b5eficial 9 cases ( ague1 indige/ion1 & hemorrhages1 & 0 reg>d$ z possess+ /imulative qualities4 ,m$ical lit]ature ( ! ,ori5t conta9s _m acc\nts ( ! uses ( pe>ls & ( ! me?ods ( =m+ !m into pills1 o9tm5ts1 etc4 ,accord+ to a treatise writt5 by ,n>ah>i1 a physician ( ,ka%mir1 ab\t #abdj ,a4,d41 ! pe>l cures diseases ( ! eyes1 is an antidote to poisons1 cures consumption & morbid di/urbances1 & increases /r5g? & g5]al heal?4#ced ,9 ,*9a1 z well z 9 o!r ,asiatic c\ntries1 a di/9ction 0 made 9 ! !rapeutic effects ( s-call$ 8virg90 pe>ls & ( ^? pi]c$ or bor$ = /r++4 ,! ,*9ese natural hi/ory ( ,li ,%i ,*91 complet$ ab\t #aeif1 /ates t bor$ pe>ls w n s]ve = m$ic9e1 = :i* unpi]c$ ones %\ld be us$4 ,x fur!r adds t ! ta/e is salti%1 sweeti%1 & cold2 & t !y b5efit ! liv]1 cle> ! eyes1 & cure deafness4 ,dr4 ,t4 ,ni%ikawa in=ms u t at ! pres5t "t _m ,mytilus se$-pe>ls are export$ f ,japan to ,*9a = m$ic9al purposes4 ,quot+ pr9cipally f ,ahm$ ,teifa%i1 ,:itel[ ,a9slie wrote 9 #ahbe t ,arabian physicians suppose ! p[d] ( ! pe>l to h virtues 9 weak eyes2 & !y cr$it x ) efficacy 9 palpitations1 n]v\s tremors1 melan*olia1 & hemorrhage4 ,also !y h ?is /range notion1 t :5 appli$ ext]nally & :ile 9 ! %ell1 x cures leprosy4#cee ,/atem5ts ( ! curative prop]ties ( pe>ls come also f ,japan at a some:at rec5t date4 ,! catalogue ( ! ,national ,exhibition at ,y$o 9 #ahgg1 ,"p ,v1 page #gh1 notes t !y soo! ! he>t1 less5 phlegm1 are an antidote to poison1 & cure fev]1 smallpox1 & ble>-ey$ness4 ,! popul> mod]n idea 9 ,india z to ! !rapeutic value 0 ?us express$ by a native pr9ce1 ,s\r9dro ,mohun ,tagore1 ,mus4 ,doc41 ! ,mah>ajah ( ,tagore1 9 #ahha3 ,! use ( pe>ls conduces to cont5tm5t ( m9d & to /r5g? ( body & s\l4 ,! burnt p[d] ( ?is gem1 if tak5 ) wat] z %]bet1 cures vomit+ ( blood ( all k9ds4 ,x prev5ts evil spirits work+ mis*ief 9 ! m9ds ( m51 takes (f bad smell f ! m\?1 cures lunacy ( all descriptions & all m5tal diseases1 jaundice & all diseases ( ! he>t1 inte/9es & /oma*4 ,burnt pe>l mix$ ) wat] & tak5 into ! no/rils1 z a p[d]1 takes away headsickness1 cures cat>act1 la*ryma & swell+ ( ! eyes1 ! pa9ful s5sation su* z is caus$ by ! entry ( s& into !m1 & ulc]s4 ,us$ z a d5tifrice1 x /r5g!ns ! gums & cleanses ! tee?4 ,rubb$ on ! body ) o!r m$ic9es1 x cures all sk9 diseases4 ,x /ops ble$+ f cuts & ultimately heals !m up4 ,:e!r tak5 int]nally or ext]nally1 x is a sure antidote to poison4 ,x drives away all imag9>y fe>s & removes all bodily pa94 ,to prev5t its t5d5cy to affect ! bra91 x %\ld always be us$ ) ! burnt p[d] ( basud1 & 9 its abs5ce ) t ( :ite "m-(-pe>l4 ,! dose ( pe>l-p[d] %\ld n exce$ #b ma%as #ai4fh grs44#cef ,! ,h9dus cr$it$ specific virtues to pe>ls ( diff]5t colors3 ! yell[ br\ght weal?1 ! honey %ade fo/]$ und]/&+1 ! :ite attract$ fame1 & ! blue1 good luck4 ,defective pe>ls caus$ leprosy1 loss ( =tune1 disgrace1 insanity1 & dea?1 accord+ to ! degree ( defect4 ,! 8,mani-ml10 previ\sly quot$1 /ates t 8pe>ls possess$ ( e valuable quality %ield _! ma/] f e evil1 & suff] no?+ h>mful to come ne> him4 ,! h\se :i* conta9s a p]fect pe>l ! ev]-re/less ,lak%mi 7goddess ( weal?7 *ooses to make h] dwell+ = ev] & a day40#ceg ,a simil> idea is express$ 9 an old ,h9du treatise on gems by ,buddhabhatta1 :]e we read3 8,! pe>l f ! %ell ought always to be worn z an amulet by ^? :o desire prosp]ity40#ceh ,pe>ls /ill f9d a place 9 ! ph>macopia ( ,india4 ,"o ( ! late/ /&>d works1 t ( ,r4 ,n4 ,khory & ,n4 ,n4 ,katrak1#cei cr$its ! p[d] z a /imulant1 tonic1 & aphrodisiac4 ,x is "o ( ! +r$i5ts 9 num]\s ,indian prescriptions us$ 9 cur+ impot5ce1 he>t-disease1 consumption1 etc4 ,accord+ to ^! au?orities1 ! dose is f "o f\r? to "o half gra9 ( ! p[d]$ pe>l4 ,ow+ to ! high co/ ( sea pe>ls1 ev5 ^? ( ! smalle/ size1 a sub/itute = m$ic9al & simil> purposes is f\nd 9 ! ,placuna pe>ls ( ,ceylon1 ,borneo1 etc4 ,^! are ( su* slight lu/] t only ! *oice/ are ( ornam5tal value1 consequ5tly !y are sold at relatively small prices4 ,a consid]able dem& exi/s = !m to be plac$ 9 ! m\?s ( deceas$ ,h9dus ( ! middle class1 in/ead ( ! sea pe>ls :i* are us$ by ! weal?y1 or ! rice :i* is employ$ 9 a simil> mann] by p]sons ( poor] rank4 ,?is cu/om seems to be analog\s to t ( ! anci5t ,britons1 & also to t ( ! ,am]ican ,indians1 9 deposit+ food & o!r requisites = a j\rney 9 burial graves4 ,! practice is an old "o 9 ,india & 0 not$ by ,m>co ,polo m ?an six hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,mo/ ( ! ,placuna pe>ls are calc9$ & are us$ ) areca-nuts & betel-pepp] leaves 9 a v popul> ma/icatory1 "o ( ! 8sev5 si/]s ( sleep10 :i* is to ! ,h9du :at opium is to ! ,*9aman1 or tobacco to ! ,am]ican or ,european4 ,! h>d :ite areca-nut 7,areca ,cate*u7 is ab\t ! size & %ape ( a h5's egg4 ,?ree or f\r ?\s& tons ( ! small1 t5d] nuts are annually %ipp$ f ,ceylon to ,india = ?is ma/icatory1 :i* is *ew$ by a hundr$ million p]sons4 ,aft] boil+ 9 wat]1 pellets ( !m are plac$ 9 a leaf ( ! betel-pepp] 7,pip] betle7 ) a small quantity ( lime made f pe>ls or %ells1 accord+ to ! desir$ quality & value ( product4 ,x is cr$it$ ) h>d5+ ! gums1 sweet5+ ! brea?1 aid+ dige/ion1 & /imulat+ ! n]v\s sy/em l c(fee or tobacco2 its mo/ visible effect is t+e+ ! saliva & black5+ ! tee?1 :i* is f> f attractive1 especially 9 an o!rwise beautiful woman4 ,a m rec5t use = ^! ,placuna pe>ls is z an +r$i5t 9 a propriet>y face p[d] & enamel1 :i* is m>ket$ 9 ,europe4 ,x is n alone ! ,ori5tals t h f\nd m$ic9al virtues 9 pe>ls4 ,ev5 9 ,europe !y h occupi$ a prom95t place 9 mat]ia m$ica1 especially dur+ ! ,middle ,ages :5 a k ( ! occult prop]ties ( gems 0 an important bran* ( le>n+4 ,inde$1 !y c\ld sc>cely h be5 ov]look$ by p :o at "o "t or ano!r swall[$ pretty mu* ev]y?+1 f dri$ snake's eyes to ! fil+s ( a murd]]'s irons1 9 _! que/ = ! unusual & co/ly ) :i* to relieve & com=t !mselves4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages 9 ,europe1 writ]s :o gave att5tion to pe>ls1 z well z to o!r gems1 treat$ almo/ exclusively ( _! reput$ efficacy 9 magic & 9 m$ic9e2 & mo/ ( ! acc\nts f ! n9? to ! f\rte5? c5tury seem :olly )\t sci5tific value1 & at times rea* ! climax ( extravagance & absurdity 9 _! claims = ! wond]ful pot5cy ( ! gem4 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ! ,dom9ican s*ol> born 9 ,g]many 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 wrote t pe>ls 7 us$ 9 m5tal diseases1 9 affections ( ! he>t1 9 hemorrhages1 & dys5t]y4#cfj ,! 8,lapid>io0 ( ,alfonso ,x ( ,ca/ile 7#abba-abhd71 call$ 8,! ,wise10 ! fa!r ( ! ,spani% language1 /ates3 ,! pe>l is mo/ excell5t 9 ! m$ic9al art1 = x is ( great help 9 palpitation ( ! he>t1 & = ^? :o are sad or timid1 & 9 e sickness :i* is caus$ by melan*olia1 because x purifies ! blood1 cle>s x & removes all its impurities4 ,!re=e1 ! physicians put !m 9 _! m$ic9e & lectu>ies1 ) :i* !y cure ^! infirmities1 & give !m to be swall[$4 ,!y also make p[d]s ( !m1 :i* are appli$ to ! eyes2 because !y cle> ! sight wond]fully1 /r5g!n ! n]ves & dry up ! moi/ure :i* ent]s ! eyes4#cfa ,anselmus de ,boot1 physician to ,emp]or ,rudolph ,,ii1 & "o ( ! great au?orities at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 gave ! foll[+ directions = mak+ 8aqua p]lata1 :i* is mo/ excell5t = re/or+ ! /r5g? & almo/ = resuscitat+ ! dead4 ,dissolve ! pe>ls 9 /rong v9eg>1 or bett] 9 lemon juice1 or 9 spirits ( vitriol or sulphur1 until !y become liquifi$2 fre% juice is !n add$ & ! fir/ decant$4 ,!n1 to ! milky & turbid solution1 add en\gh sug> to sweet5 x4 ,if !re be f\r ounces ( ?is solution1 add an ounce ea* ( rose-wat]1 ( t9cture ( /rawb]ries1 ( borage fl[]s & ( balm & two ounces ( c9namon wat]4 ,:5 y wi% to give ! m$ic9e1 %ake ! mixture s t ! s$im5t may be swall[$ at ! same "t4 ,f "o ounce to an ounce & a half may be tak51 & no?+ m excell5t c be _h4 ,9 p]nici\s & pe/il5tial fev]s1 ! ord9>y aqua p]lata _c be comp>$ to ?is4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to cov] ! glass c>efully :ile ! pe>ls are dissolv+1 le/ ! ess5ce %\ld escape40#cfb ,a curi\s book on ! m$ic9al use ( pe>ls 0 writt5 9 #afcg by ,mala*ias ,geig]1#cfc 9 :i* he especially praises ! efficacy ( ,bav>ian pe>ls4 ,x 0 true t _! mat]ial value 0 less ?an t ( ori5tal pe>ls1 b ?is 0 comp5sat$ by _! !rapeutic qualities4 ,he _h accompli%$ _m cures ( a v s]i\s disease & _h us$ ^! pe>ls successfully 9 cases ( epilepsy1 insanity1 & melan*olia4 ,quotations might be giv5 f a hundr$ m$ieval writ]s z to ! !rapeutics ( pe>ls4 ,! diseases = :i* !y 7 recomm5d$1 z not$ by ,rob]t ,lovell's 8,panm9]alogicon1 or ,summe ( all ,au?ors10 publi%$ at ,ox=d 9 #affa1 seems to h includ$ a l>ge portion ( ! entire li/ kn[n at t p]iod4 ,?is summ>y /ates3 ,pe>ls /r5g!n & confirme ! he>t2 !y *]i% ! spirits & pr9cipall p>ts ( ! body2 be+ put into collyries1 !y cleanse weafts ( ! eyes1 & dry up ! wat] !re(1 help _! fil?1 & /r5g!n ! n]ves by :i* moi/ure fl[e? into !m2 !y are v good aga9/ melan*olick griefes2 !y helpe ^? t are subject to c>diack passions2 !y def5d aga9/ pe/il5t diseases1 & are mix$ ) cordiall rem$ies2 !y are good aga9/ ! li5t]ie1 t is1 ! flux ( ! belly1 proce$+ f ! slip]9ess ( ! inte/9es1 insomu* t !y _c reta9e ! meat1 b let x passe undige/$2 !y are good aga9/ sw\n+s2 !y help ! trembl+ ( ! he>t & gidd9esse ( ! head2 !y are mix$ ) ! ,manus ,*ri/i aga9/ fa9t+ 7call$ ,manus ,*ri/i p]lata 9 ! ,london ,ph>macopaea72 !y are put into antidotes or corroborat+ p[d]s2 !y help ! flux ( bl\d2 !y /op ! t]ms1 & cleanse ! tee?2 !y are put into antidotes = ! b[els1 & increase _! v]tue1 make ! bl\d m ?91 & cl>ify t :i* is m ?ick & fecul5t2 !y help feav]s4 ,! oile ( ,pe>les or unions helpe? ! resolution ( ! n]ves1 convulsion1 decay ( old age1 phr5sie1 keepe? ! body s\nd1 & recov]e? x :5 out ( ord]1 x rectifie? wom5s milk1 & increase? x1 corrects ! vices ( ! natural p>ts & se$4 ,x cure? absesses1 eat+ ulc]s1 ! canc] & hemorrhoides4444 ,! be/ are an excell5t cordial1 by :i* ! oppress$ balsame ( life & decay$ /r5g? are recreat$ & /r5g!n$1 !re=e !y resi/ poyson1 ! plague1 & putrefaction1 & exhil>ate1 & !re=e !y are us$ z ! la/ rem$ie 9 sick p]sons4#cfd ,illu/ration3 ,,russian ,,eikon ,,( ,,! ,,madonna ,ornam5t$ ) pe>ls ,s p[]ful & my/]i\s 7 _! alleg$ virtues1 t 9 "s in/ances x 0 necess>y only t ! pe>ls be worn to make effective _! prophylaxis aga9/ disease4 ,?is belief 0 by no means conf9$ to ! ignorant & inexp]i5c$1 = we are told t ev5 ,pope ,adrian 0 nev] )\t 8 amulet made ( ! extraord9>y comb9ation ( ori5tal pe>ls1 a dri$ toad1 etc4#cfe ,leon>do1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 wrote t pe>ls r5d] true & virtu\s all :o we> !m4#cff ,al?\gh we wond] at :at we call ! sup]/itions ( ! ,middle ,ages1 p]*ance future g5]ations w smile at _m ( our mi/ak5 follies4 ,a prom95t hi/orical in/ance ( adm9i/]+ pe>ls m$ic9ally 0 9 ! treatm5t ( ,*>les ,,vi ( ,france 7#acfh-adbb71 to :om pe>l p[d] mix$ ) di/ill$ wat] 0 giv5 = ! cure ( insanity4 ,a f> m illu/ri\s pati5t 0 ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 8,! ,magnific5t0 7#addh-adib71 ! celebrat$ rul] ( ,flor5ce4 ,:5 ?is plebeian pr9ce lay dy+ ( a fev] at ,c>eggi1 j aft] t fam\s int]view ) ,savon>ola1 8 fri5ds call$ 9 ,laz>o da ,tic9o1 a physician ( reputation1 :o adm9i/]$ pulv]iz$ pe>ls4 ,politian1 :o 0 pres5t1 is cr$it$ ) ! /atem5t t :5 ! m$ic9e 0 adm9i/]$1 to ! inquiry z to h[ x ta/$1 ,lor5zo repli$3 8,z pleasant z any?+ c be to a dy+ man40#cfg ,ev5 ! ,engli% philosoph]1 ,francis ,bacon 7#aefa-afbf71 m5tion$ pe>ls among m$ic9es = ! prolongation ( life4 ,he adds3 8,pe>ls are tak51 ei!r 9 a f9e p[d] or 9 a k9d ( pa/e or solution made by ! juice ( v s\r & fre% lemons4 ,sometimes !y are giv5 9 aromatic confections1 sometimes 9 a fluid =m4 ,pe>ls no d\bt h "s aff9ity ) ! %ells :]e9 !y gr[2 p]haps may h ne>ly ! same qualities z ! %ells ( crawfi%40#cfh ,p[d]$ pe>l or "m-(-pe>l mix$ ) lemon juice 0 us$ z a wa% = ! face1 & 0 consid]$ 8! be/ 9 ! _w40#cfi ,! pe>l p[d] & lemon juice 7 p]mitt$ to /& = a day or two & ! comb9ation 0 !n filt]$ be=e us+4 ,ano!r me?od ( prep>+ ?is 03 ,dissolve two or ?ree ounces ( f9e se$-pe>l 9 di/ill$ v9eg>1 & :5 x is p]fectly dissolv$1 p\r ! v9eg> into a clean bas92 !n drop "s oil ( t>t> ^u x1 & x w ca/ d[n ! pe>l into f9e p[d]2 !n p\r ! v9eg> clean (f s(tly2 put to ! pe>l cle> conduit or spr+ wat]2 p\r t (f1 & d s (t5 until ! ta/e ( ! v9eg> & t>t> be clean gone2 !n dry ! p[d] ( pe>l ^u w>m emb]s1 & keep x = y\r use4#cgj ,?r\gh _! composition ( c>bonate ( lime1 pe>ls possibly possess "s slight !rapeutic value1 :i*1 h[ev]1 c easily be suppli$ by o!r mat]ials--z ! %ell1 = in/ance--& is entirely out ( proportion to _! m>ket value z ornam5ts4 ,al?\gh pe>ls h lo/ _! !rapeutic pre/ige & no long] h a recogniz$ place 9 mat]ia m$ica1 _! heal+ qualities are n to be d5i$1 = !re are few ills to :i* wom5 are subject t _c be bett]$ or at lea/ endur$ ) great] pati5ce :5 ! suff]] receives a gift ( pe>ls2 ! tru? ( :i* any d\bt+ ,?omas may easily v]ify 9 8 own h\sehold to ! limit ( 8 purse-/r+s4 ,ow+ to _! beauty & great value1 pe>ls h be5 deem$ p>ticul>ly appropriate z a sacrifice 9 enri*+ a dr9k = a toa/ or tribute4 ,%aksp]e alludes to ?is 9 ! words ( ,k+ ,claudius1 ! pe>l be+ frequ5tly designat$ union 9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies3 ,! k+ %all dr9k to ,hamlet's bett] brea?2 ,& 9 ! cup an union %all he ?r[1 ,ri*] ?an t :i* f\r successive k+s ,9 ,d5m>k's cr[n h worn4#cga ,x is /at$ t a pe>l wor? #ae1jjj 0 r$uc$ to p[d] & drunk by ,sir ,?omas ,gre%am1 ! ,engli% m]*ant1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,spani% ambassador1 z a tribute to ,que5 ,elizabe?1 by :om he _h be5 knight$4#cgb ,! mo/ celebrat$ in/ance ( enri*+ a dr9k ) a pe>l 0 d\btless ,cleopatra's tribute to ,antony1 ,pl9y's acc\nt ( :i* we give 9 ! words ( old ,philemon ,holl&3 ,?is pr9cesse1 :5 ,m4 ,antonius _h /ra9$ himselfe to doe h] all ! pleasure he possibly c\ld1 & _h fea/$ h] day by day mo/ sumptu\sly1 & sp>$ = no co/3 9 ! hight ( h] pride & wanton brav]ie 7z be+ a noble c\rtezan1 & a que5e )all7 began to debase ! exp5se & provision ( ,antonie1 & made no reckon+ ( all 8 co/ly f>e4 ,:5 he !reat dem&$ aga9e h[ x 0 possible to goe beyond ?is magnific5ce ( 81 %e answ]$ aga9e1 t %e w\ld sp5d ^u him at "o supp] t5 million ,se/]tij4 ,antonie laid a great wag] ) h] ab\t x1 & %ee b\nd x aga9e1 & made x good4 ,! morr[ aft]1 ,cleopatra made ,antonie a supp] :i* 0 sumptu\s & roiall yn\gh3 h[beit1 !re 0 no extraord9>ie s]vice se5e ^u ! bo>d3 :]eat ,antonius laugh$ h] to scorne1 & by way ( mock]ie requir$ to see a bill ) ! acc\nt ( ! p>ticul>s4 ,%e aga9 said1 t :atsoev] _h be5 s]v$ up alreadie 0 b ! ov]plus above ! rate & proportion 9 "q1 affirm+ /ill t %e w\ld yet 9 t supp] make up ! full summe t %e 0 seaz$ at3 yea1 h]selfe alone w\ld eat above t reckon+1 & h] owne supp] %\ld co/ #fj million ,se/]tij3 & ) t comm&$ ! second s]vice to be br\ght 94 ,! s]vitors set be=e h] "o only crewet ( %>pe v9eg]1 ! /r5g? :]e( is able to resolve pe>les4 ,n[ %e _h at h] e>es hang+ ^! two mo/ preci\s pe>les1 ! s+ul> & only jewels ( ! _w1 & ev5 ,natures wond]4 ,z ,antonie look$ wi/ly ^u h]1 %ee tooke "o ( !m f h] e>e1 /eep$ x 9 ! v9eg]1 & s soon z x 0 liquifi$1 dranke x (f4 ,& z %e 0 ab\t to doe ! l by ! o!r1 ,l4 ,plancius ! judge ( t wag]1 laid fa/ hold ^u x ) 8 h&1 & pron\nc$ )al1 t ,antonie _h lo/ ! wag]4#cgc ,else:]e has be5 set =? ! impracticability ( dissolv+ a pe>l 9 a glass ( v9eg> )\t fir/ pulv]iz+ x4#cgd ,x seems probable t if ,pl9y's int]e/+ /ory has any f\ndation1 ,cleopatra might h swall[$ a solid pe>l 9 a glass ( w9e--c]ta9ly a m pleas+ draught z well z a m graphic sacrifice2 & we %\ld accept its report$ value ) a gra9 ( salt1 = x w\ld sc>cely h be5 safe = ! c\rt gossip to belittle ! value ( ?is tribute ( love4 ,pl9y1 & o!r ,roman writ]s1 m5tion ano!r in/ance1 t ( ,clodius 8! sonne ( ,aesope ! ,trag$ian ,poet10 :o took two pe>ls ( great price 89 a brav]ie1 & to "k :at ta/ pe>les _h1 mortifi$ !m 9 v5egre1 & drunke !m up4 ,& f9d+ !m to cont5t 8 palat wondr\s well1 because he w\ld n h all ! pleasure by himselfe1 & "k ! goodnesse !re( alone1 he gave to e gue/ at 8 table "o pe>le apeece to dr9ke 9 l mann]40#cge ,! *ronicl] fails to tell :at ! gue/s ?\ght ( ! flavor ( pe>ls1 or :e!r "s w\ld n h pref]r$ !m = a m appropriate use4 ,,xiii ,,values ,,& ,,comm]ce ,,( ,,pe>ls ,,xiii ,,values ,,& ,,comm]ce ,,( ,,pe>ls ,a pe>l1 ,^: price ha? laun*'d above a ?\s& %ips1 ,& turn'd cr[n'd k+s to m]*ants4 ,troilus & ,cressida1 ,act ,,ii1 sc4 #b4 ,to trace ! m>kets ( ! pe>l is to trace ! r\tes ( comm]ce f e>ly times4 ,! fir/ r\tes f ! ,f> ,ea/ seem to h be5 two3 "o by ! ,p]sian ,gulf & ! ,euphrates to ,babylonia & ,assyria1 & !nce by c>avan ?r\gh ,damascus to ,tyre & ,sidon2 ! o!r by ! ,r$ ,sea & ,suez to ,egypt4 ,z reg>ds ! =m] r\te1 ,sir ,george ,birdwood furni%es positive evid5ce t ! ,ph5icians visit$ ,india z e>ly z #bbjj ,b4,c4 ,x seems highly probable t pe>ls 7 introduc$ by ?is r\te at an e>ly p]iod1 al?\gh x is difficult to f9d mat]ial pro( ( ! fact4 ,by means ( ?is comm]ce1 ! great anci5t civilizations ( ,ph5icia1 ,mesapotamia & ! ,nile valley d\btless became famili> ) ! gem treasures ( ea/]n ,asia4 ,!n came ! op5+ ( ! ,m$it]ranean ) fir/ 8! great ,sidon10 & lat] ,tyre1 z ! />t+-po9ts ( comm]ce1 exploration1 & colonial settlem5t among ! isl&s & on ! %ores ( :at1 to ! ,asiatic peoples1 0 ! great we/]n sea4 ,h[ev]1 z ! ,greek isl&s & _! colonies develop$1 ! ,ph5icians 7 m /rictly conf9$ to ! coa/s ( ,africa & ,spa94 ,gades1 ,t>tessus1 & ,c>?age 7 _! great colonies & trad+-ports1 & _! adv5tur\s sailors pass$ on ?r\gh ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt> & direct$ _! c\rse nor?w>d to ! ,briti% ,isles1 :]e !y v probably obta9$ ! pe>ls ( ! ,scot* riv]s4 ,mean:ile1 ! campaigns ( ,alex&] _h c>ri$ ,greek influ5ce & au?ority ov] all we/]n ,asia1 rea*+ ev5 to ,india itself1 & _h l$ to a widely increas$ int]c\rse4 ,al?\gh he di$ at ! age ( ?irty-two1 ,alex&] ! ,great did m ?an any s+le individual 9 ! _w's hi/ory to br+ ! nations ( ! ,ea/]n & ! ,we/]n worlds into contact ) ea* o!r1 & x is c]ta9ly due to ?is circum/ance t we f9d mu* great] evid5ces ( ! use ( pe>ls 9 ! we/]n c\ntries aft] 8 "t4 ,besides ?is1 ! f\nd+ ( ,alex&ria provid$ a m>t1 9 ^: baza>s ! trad]s ( ,india1 ,p]sia1 & ,arabia b>t]$ _! treasur$ gems1 j z _! desc5dants d 9 ! same place at ! pres5t day4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,roman empire t ?is comm]cial int]c\rse rea*$ its highe/ developm5t4 ,! ,romans1 ) _! m>vel\s capacity = organization1 7 ! fir/ to build a great sy/em ( p]man5t & well-kept roads to facilitate l& travel & l& traffic4 ,^! great roads1 />t+ f ! ,=um1 rea*$ out 9 e direction1 ev5 to ! limits ( ! empire2 &1 z a result ( increas$ comm]cial activity1 m gems 7 engrav$1 m\nt$1 & set dur+ ! five hundr$ ye>s ( ,rome's comm]cial supremacy ?an dur+ any o!r e>ly epo* ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,9 ,rome1 ! trade 9 pe>ls 0 s important t !re 0 a corporation ( 8m>g>it>ii40 ,! (fic9 m>g>it>iorum 7 in/all$ 9 ! ,=um1 9 ! neighborhood ( ! tab]nae arg5t>i2 "s 7 also on ! ,via ,sacra4#cgf ,h[ev]1 ! "n m>g>it>ius did n only apply to ! jewel]s1 m]*ants1 & sett]s ( pe>ls1 b also to ^? :o fi%$ = !m & to ! gu>dians ( ! gems & jewels :]e9 pe>ls 7 us$4 ,) ! fall ( ! ,we/]n empire1 ! ,d>k ,ages settl$ d[n l a cl\d ov] ,europe = five hundr$ ye>s4 ,only among ! ,s>ac5s & at ,byzantium did ! culture ( ! old civilization survive1 & ev5tually ! light ( k & ( progress 0 rek9dl$ f ^! s\rces4 ,! ,crusades 7 ! *ief factors 9 ?is new developm5t2 !y gave a mighty /imulus1 by means ( :i* ,europe 0 ar\s$ f h] le?>gy & once m br\ght into contact ) ! ,ori5t4 ,v5ice & ,g5oa n[ became ! great c>ri]s1 & f ?is "t1 & to ?is s\rce1 may be trac$ _m ( ! ori5tal gems 9 ,europe4 ,! ,v5etian fleet ( ?ree hundr$ m]*ant %ips br\ght ! products ( ! ,ea/ & di/ribut$ !m ov] ,europe1 by way ( ! ,g]man cities ( ,augsburg & ,nuremb]g1 :]e ! great jewel]s & silv]smi?s made _w-fam$ ornam5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pectoral ,,cross ,,( ,,con/ant9e ,,ix4 ,,monoma*us 7#ajjj-ajed ,a4,d47 ,conta9+ "s wood attribut$ to ! true cross4 ,:5 ,con/ant9ople fell into ! h&s ( ! ,turks1 ! treasures ( ! ,ea/]n empire 7 scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ,europe2 b1 at ! same "t1 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,turki% empire s]v$ to close ! way to ,india & ! f> ,ea/ = ! m]*ants & travel]s ( ,europe1 &1 h5ce1 new means ( access _h to be s\ght by sea4 ,?is1 z is well kn[n1 0 ! cause ( ! voyages ( ,de ,gama & ,columbus4 ,! unexpect$ result ( ^! voyages--! discov]y ( a new cont95t--u%]$ 9 ! wond]ful p]iod ( ,spani% & ,portuguese developm5t & _! colonization ( bo? ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/ ,indies2 & to ?is epo* belongs ! introduction ( ,am]ican pe>ls to ! m>kets ( ,europe4 ,! gradual decl9e ( ! p[] ( ,spa9 & ,portugal--l>gely ow+ to bigotry & to ! reckless exploitation ( ! regions "u _! control--br+s u to ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t phase ( comm]cial int]c\rse 9 :i* all ! nations ( ! civiliz$ _w are engag$ 9 v>y+ proportion1 accord+ to _! p[] & aptitude4 ,nev] be=e h ! diff]5t regions ( ! e>? be5 m closely 9 t\* ) ea* o!r1 & we may safely say t no?+ is likely to occur :i* c p]man5tly int]rupt ! progressive developm5t ( ! _w's comm]ce4 ,) ! v>i\s means ( transportation & locomotion t h exi/$ 9 ! pa/ tw5ty-?ree or tw5ty-f\r c5turies1 !re is no d\bt t ! comm]ce ( pe>ls has v>i$ m or less1 b !re has ev] be51 9 "s "p ( ! _w1 a great pot5tate1 a great collector or deal] :o has influ5c$ ! f9e/ gems to gravitate 8 way4 ,nev] has !re be5 a "t :5 "s p]son 0 n prep>$ to enc\rage--& to ri*ly enc\rage--! sale ( f9e jewels to him4 ,! hi/ory ( ! comm]ce ( preci\s /ones is a hi/ory ( travel & exploration1 ( h>d%ip1 pleasure1 rew>d1 & sometimes ( s]i\s disappo9tm5t4 ,! lesson we d]ive f ^! decorative objects ( natural beauty & s(tness--treasur$ alike by savage1 b>b>ian1 anci5t w>rior1 /atesman1 k+1 emp]or1 peasant1 b\rgeois1 magy>1 lady1 & que5--always c>ries ) x ! moral t ! gifts ( creation are ev] priz$ by "s "o 9 e age or place4 ,! necess>y qualifications affect+ ! value ( a pe>l are3 fir/1 t x %\ld be p]fectly r\nd1 pe>-%ap$1 drop-%ap$1 egg-%ap$1 or button-%ap$1 & z ev5 9 =m z ?\gh x 7 turn$ on a la!4 ,x mu/ h a p]fectly cle> sk91 & a decid$ color or t9t1 :e!r :ite1 p9k1 creamy1 gray1 br[n or black4 ,if :ite1 x mu/ n h a cl\d or a blur or haze1 nor %\ld ! sk9 h ! slighte/ appe>ance ( be+ opaque or dead4 ,x mu/ be absolutely free f all cracks1 scrat*es1 spots1 flaws1 ind5tations1 %ad[y reflections or blemi%es ( any k9d4 ,x mu/ possess ! peculi> lu/] or ori5t *>act]i/ic ( ! gem4 ,! sk9 mu/ be unbrok51 & n %[ any evid5ce ( hav+ be5 poli%$4 ,diamonds & ! m valuable preci\s /ones g5]ally are b\ght & sold by ! weight call$ a c>at4 ,?is c>at1 :atev] its precise value1 is always consid]$ z divisible into f\r diamond or pe>l gra9s1 b ! subdivisions ( ! c>at are usually express$ by ! vulg> fractions1 "o f\r?1 "o eigh?1 "o twelf?1 "o sixte5?1 "o tw5ty-f\r?1 "o ?irty-second1 & "o sixty-f\r?4 ,! orig9 ( ! c>at is to be s\ght 9 c]ta9 small1 h>d1 legum9\s se$s1 :i*1 :5 dri$1 rema9 con/ant 9 weight4 ,! brilliant1 glossy1 sc>let-&-black se$ ( ,abrus precatorius con/itutes ! ,indian rati1 ab\t ?ree gra9s2 ! ,ad5an!ra pavon9a se$ weighs ab\t f\r gra9s4 ,! se$ ( ! locu/-tree1 ,c]atonia siliqua1 weighs on ! av]age ?ree & "o six? gra9s1 & con/itutes1 no d\bt1 ! true orig9 ( ! c>at4 ,ano!r#cgg ( ! m notable ( ^! weight-units us$ = preci\s /ones & preci\s metals is ! c&>91 condor9e1 or cant>ai1 also t]m$ by ! ,*9ese fun or fan1 & by ! s\? ,indians a fanam1 & us$ all ov] ! ,indo-,*9ese ar*ipelago4 ,?is is by orig9 a l>ge l5til or pea ( a p9ki% color dott$ ) black1 ab\t d\ble ! size ( ! gonj1 & possess+ ! same quality ( v slight v>iability ( weight :5 dri$4 ,x is probably a v>iety ( ! same botanic g5us or species z ! ,abrus precatorius4 ,! value :5 r$uc$ to absolute /&>d became a subsidi>y "p or submultiple ( ! weight ( "s local co91 rupee1 or pagoda1 or a decimal fraction ( "s local t*51 z 9 ,*9a & ,japan4 ,! foll[+ d]ivation ( ! ^w c>at is giv5 by ,grimm3 8,c>at4 ,italian3 c>ato2 ,fr5*3 c>at2 ,spani% & ,portuguese3 quilate2 ,old ,portuguese3 quirate1 f ,arabic qirat1 & ?is f ! ,greek1 40#cgh ,! c>at is n absolutely ( ! same value 9 all c\ntries4 ,its weight1 z us$ = weigh+ ! diamond1 pe>l1 & o!r gem/ones 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 is giv5 9 decimals ( a gram1 by ! majority ( ! au?orities1 z foll[s3 ,grams ,9 ,gra9s ,troy ,indian 7,madras7 4#bjgcecc #c4aiiidh ,au/rian 7,vi5na7 4#bjfac #c4ahajg ,g]man 7,frank=t7 4#bjegg #c4ageead ,brazil & ,portugal 4#bjege #c4agebjf ,france 4#bjee #c4agacdg ,engl& 4#bjedji #c4afiidc ,spa9 4#bjecic #c4afifif ,holl& 4#bjejdd #c4afdca ,pe>l ,gra9s 9 ,grams ,9 ,gra9s ,troy ,indian 7,madras7 4#jeahchc 4#giiihg ,au/rian 7,vi5na7 4#jeaec 4#giebf ,g]man 7,frank=t7 4#jeadd 4#gichgh ,brazil & ,portugal 4#jeadc 4#gichja ,france 4#jeacge 4#gibhcf ,engl& 4#jeaceb 4#gibdhe ,spa9 4#jeacdh 4#gibdbd ,holl& 4#jeabfa 4#giajgg ,assum+ t ! gram corresponds to #ae4dcbce ,engli% gra9s1 an ,engli% diamond c>at w ne>ly equal #c4ag gra9s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 spok5 ( z be+ equal to f\r gra9s1 ! gra9s meant be+ 8diamond0 or 8pe>l0 gra9s1 & n ord9>y troy or avoirdupois gra9s4 ,?us a diamond or pe>l gra9 is b 4#gibe ( a true gra94 ,9 an ,engli% troy ounce ( #dhj gra9s !re are #aea c>ats2 & s x w be se5 t a c>at is n inde$ q #c4ag gra9s1 b some?+ l #c4afhcafh gra9s1 or less exactly1 #c4afh gra9s4 ,fur!r1 if we accept ! equival5t 9 gra9s ( "o gram to be1 z /at$ above1 #ae4dcbce1 & if !re be #aea c>ats 9 a troy ounce ( #dhj gra9s1 x w foll[ t an ,engli% diamond c>at is 4#bjecjd ( a gram1 n 4#bjedji1 z commonly affirm$4 ,! foll[+ exact equival5ts1 9 metric grams & gra9s troy1 ( ! diamond c>at z us$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w 9 #ahhb1 are giv5 by ,mr4 ,l[is d',a4 ,jackson3 ,,diamond ,,c>ats ,grams ,gra9s ,troy ,tur9 4#bace #c4bidhj ,p]sia 4#bjie #c4bccjg ,v5ice 4#bjga #c4aifjc ,au/ro-,hung>y 4#bjfa #c4ahjfj ,france 7old7 4#bjei #c4aggeb ,france 7lat]7 4#bjee #c4agace ,france 7mod]n7 4#bjej #c4afcfc ,portugal 4#bjeh #c4ageig ,frank=t & ,hamburg 4#bjeh #c4ageig ,g]many 4#bjee #c4agace ,ea/ ,indies 4#bjee #c4agace ,engl& & ,briti% ,india 4#bjec #c4afhbf ,belgium 7,antw]p7 4#bjec #c4afhbf ,russia 4#bjea #c4afeag ,holl& 4#bjea #c4afeag ,turkey 4#bjje #c4jidah ,spa9 4#aiii #c4jhdib ,java & ,borneo 4#aifi #c4jchfb ,flor5ce 4#aife #c4jcbde ,arabia 4#aidd #c4jjjjd ,brazil 4#aibb #b4iffaj ,egypt 4#aiag #b4iehch ,bologna 4#ahhf #b4iajed ,int]national c>at 4#bjej #c4afcfc ,propos$ new int]national c>at 4#bjjj #c4jhfdg ,recalculat+ ! above figures into pe>l gra9s we h3 ,,pe>l ,,gra9s ,grams ,gra9s ,troy ,tur9 4#jeccge 4#hbcgjj ,p]sia 4#jebcge 4#hjhbfg ,v5ice 4#jeagge 4#giijjg ,au/ro-,hung>y 4#jeaebe 4#gieaej ,france 7old7 4#jeadge 4#gidchj ,france 7lat]7 4#jeacge 4#gibhcg ,france 7mod]n7 4#jeabej 4#gijijg ,portugal 4#jeadej 4#gicijb ,frank=t & ,hamburg 4#jeadej 4#giciib ,g]many 4#jeacge 4#gibhcg ,ea/ ,indies 4#jeacge 4#gibhcg ,engl& & ,briti% ,india 4#jeacbe 4#gibjfe ,belgium 7,antw]p7 4#jeacbe 4#gibjfe ,russia 4#jeabge 4#giabib ,holl& 4#jeabge 4#giabib ,turkey 4#jejabe 4#ggcede ,spa9 4#jdiige 4#ggabcj ,java & ,borneo 4#jdibbe 4#geifee ,flor5ce 4#jdiabe 4#gehaab ,arabia 4#jdhfjj 4#gejjaj ,brazil 4#jdhjej 4#gdaebb ,egypt 4#jdgibe 4#gcieie ,bologna 4#jdgaej 4#gbgfce ,int]national 4#jeabej 4#gijijg ,propos$ ,int]national 4#jejjjj 4#ggafag ,) ! pres5t sy/em ( diamond c>ats & pe>l gra9s x is necess>y to keep two entirely diff]5t sets ( weights or to resort to tr\blesome calculations4 ,! /ock-book ( a jewel]1 at ! pres5t "t1 w conta9 ! foll[+ fractions1 express+ ! weight ( a s+le pe>l3 1 1 1 #aaf1 #acb1 #afd1 :5 ! weight c\ld be mu* bett] /at$ z #fcfd ( a c>at4 ,x requires b a glance to see h[ mu* easi] ?is w\ld be4 ,c]ta9 deal]s h !re=e propos$ ! use ( sets ( fractions arrang$ 9 a simil> way4 ,9 ?is mann] a /ock-book c be kept mu* m easily & ) great] precision4 ,o!rs1 aga91 h adopt$ a decimal notation ( ! fractions ( a c>at1 :i* is ev5 m simple & feasible1 s9ce ! common fractions 1 1 1 etc4 c be express$ z 4#e1 4#be1 4#abe1 etc41 ( a c>at1 ?is be+ ei!r a c>at ( 4#bjec ( a gram or ! ,engli% c>at ( 4#bjecd ( a gram4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an agreem5t 0 arriv$ at1 z ! result ( a conf]5ce betwe5 ! diamond m]*ants ( ,london1 ,p>is1 & ,am/]dam1 by :i* ! uni=m weight ( a diamond c>at 0 fix$ at 4#bje ( a gram1 mak+ ! pe>l gra9 4#jeabe ( a gram4 ,?is /&>d1 :i* 0 sugge/$ 9 #ahga1 by a syndicate ( ,p>isian jewel]s1 goldsmi?s1 & o!rs deal+ 9 preci\s /ones1 0 subsequ5tly 7#ahgg7 confirm$4 ,b !re is /ill a lack ( uni=mity 9 ! /&>d by :i* diamonds & pe>ls are b\ght & sold1 & v s]i\s discrepancies exi/ 9 ! sets ( c>at weights turn$ out by diff]5t mak]s1 al?\gh ! int]national c>at is almo/ univ]sally us$4 ,at ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,weights & ,measures held at ! ,_w's ,fair at ,*icago 9 #ahic1 ! writ] sugge/$ t ! c>at %\ld consi/ ( #bjj milligrams1 s t ( a c>at w\ld be #ajj milligrams & ( a gra9 w\ld be #ab4e milligrams4 ,?is w\ld mean #e c>ats or #bj gra9s to a ,fr5* gram1 & #ejjj c>ats or #bj1jjj pe>l gra9s to a ,fr5* kilogram4 ,?is w\ld depreciate ! pres5t diamond c>at or pe>l gra9 only ab\t "o p] c5t41 & x w\ld d away ) ! ne$less s]ies ( c>ats & gra9s ( ! _m nationalities4 ,x c\ld be simply expla9$ to any private individual 9 any c\ntry1 especially z !re are only two c\ntries :i* d n use ! metric sy/em4 ,?is c>at has be5 e>ne/ly indors$1 its introduction advocat$1 & its m]its cle>ly %[n1 by ,m4 ,guilliame1 ( ! ,fr5* ,bureau des ,arts et ,meti]s1 ^: en]getic "w has f\nd a reasonable coop]ation1 9 ?is c\ntry z well z 9 ,europe1 9 introduc+ :at w be a sci5tific1 logical1 compreh5sive1 & possibly ! f9al & int]national c>at2 & any anci5t1 obsolete1 or =eign c>at c be readily r$uc$ to ?is c>at once ! metric value ( ! =m] is comput$4 ,! ,association ( ,diamond ,m]*ants ( ,am/]dam has already1 to avoid confusion1 fix$ ! value ( ! c>at 7#ag? ,octob]1 #ahij7 at #a kilogram #dhge c>ats1 or #a c>at #c4afefa gra9s troy #bje4abh mg4 ,"o pe>l gra9 4#giad gra9s troy #ea4bhb mg42 b ! association has decid$ t1 9 case ( litigation1 ^! values %all be det]m9$ by appo9t$ bureaus1 :i* w\ld express !m 9 grams & milligrams1 a mo/ important & valuable decision1 z ! gram & ! milligram w always be kn[n z weights ( con/ant value4 ,9 view ( ! difficulty ( induc+ ! abolition ( ! c>at 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 ! ,g]man ,f$]ation ( ,jewel]s decid$ to petition ! imp]ial gov]nm5t = au?ority to use ! c>at1 9 ord] t x might be legally recogniz$4 ,su* a proposition n be+ 9 accord ) ! ,g]man laws 9 =ce on ! subject ( ! metric sy/em1 x 0 propos$ to sub/itute = ! c>ats !n 9 use "o c>at only1 weigh+ two hundr$ milligrams4 ,?is proposal 0 v favorably receiv$ 9 trade circles & may be tak5 into consid]ation by ! ,int]national ,committee ( ,weights & ,measures4 ,! ,commission des ,in/rum5ts et ,travaux1 to :i* ?is proposition 0 ref]r$1 recomm5d$ its adoption to ! committee 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 8,! ,commission recognizes t x w\ld be v desirable t ! unit ( weight ( preci\s /ones 7! c>at7 :i* v>ies 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 %\ld be made uni=m1 & %\ld be r$uc$ to ! ne>e/ metric equival5t4 ,! weight ( #bjj mg41 :i* is v close to ! c>at mo/ 9 use 7#bje4e mg471 w\ld seem to be ! be/ = ?is purpose4 ,! ,commission believes t !re c be no objection to ?is /&>d ( #bjj mg4 be+ call$ #8! metric c>at' 9 ord] to facilitate ! abolition ( ! old c>at40 ,?is proposition1 adopt$ at ! meet+ ( ! ,int]national ,committee on ! #ac? ( ,april1 0 communicat$ to ! m important associations4 ,! ,*ambre ,syndicale de la ,bij\t]ie1 ,joaill]ie et ,orfvr]ie de ,p>is1 & ! ,*ambre ,syndicale des ,ngotiants en ,diamants1 ,p]les1 ,pi]res ,prcieuses et des ,lapidaires de ,p>is assur$ ! committee ( _! support ( ?is measure4 ,! foll[+ is ! text ( ! resolution :i* 0 pass$ by bo? ! above associations 9 ,janu>y1 #aijf3 8,! ,c\ncil1 recogniz+ ! advantages :i* w\ld result to ! int]national trade 9 preci\s /ones f ! use ( a unit bas$ on ! metric sy/em1 desires t ! metric c>at ( #bjj mg4 be univ]sally adopt$40 ,! ,g]man ,f$]ation ( ,jewel]s pass$ ! foll[+ resolution 9 ,augu/1 #aijf3 8,! ,g]man ,f$]ation consid]s t x is bo? necess>y & advantage\s to replace ! old c>at by ! metric c>at ( #bjj mg42 x au?orizes its presid5t to approa* ! imp]ial gov]nm5t & ! ,int]national ,bureau ( ,weights & ,measures1 & ! =eign associations 9 ord] t ! metric c>at may be introduc$ z soon z possible 9 all c\ntries40 ,! ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce ( ,antw]p promis$1 9 a lett] dat$ ! #g? ( ,decemb]1 #aijf1 to resc9d a decision ( #bi? ( ,april1 #ahie1 approv+ ! adoption ( a c>at ( #bje4c mg41 :5 ! metric c>at ( #bjj mg4 %\ld come into univ]sal use 9 ! m>kets4 ,! ,association ( ,jewel]s & ,goldsmi?s ( ,prague =mally au?oriz$ ! ,g]man ,f$]ation to act 9 its "n1 9 ord] t ! re=m %\ld come ab\t z soon z possible by int]national agreem5t1 & ! ,association ( ,goldsmi?s ( ,cop5hag5 has decl>$ its will+ness to support ! re=m4 ,! ,committee ( ,weights & ,measures 9 ,belgium prep>$ a law = ! adoption ( ! metric c>at 9 ,decemb]1 #aijf4 ,mr4 ,l>k+1 presid5t ( ! ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce ( ,melb\rne1 ,au/ralia1 has transmitt$ by lett] ( ,septemb] #af1 #aijg1 ! foll[+ resolution ( ! ,association ( ,manufactur+ ,jewel]s ( ! ,colony ( ,victoria3 8,x is desirable t ! c>at weight %\ld be ! same 9 all c\ntries1 & our association approves a metric c>at ( #bjj milligrams40 ,on ,octob] #af1 #aijg1 ! ,association ( ,societies = ! ,protection ( ,comm]ce 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom pass$ ! foll[+ resolution3 8,! ,committee ( ! ,association approves ! attempt to urge ! adoption 9 all c\ntries ( an int]national c>at ( #bjj milligrams1 & hopes t1 9 ! int]e/ ( ! unification ( weights1 x w prove successful40 ,! f\r? ,g5]al ,conf]5ce ( ,weights & ,measures1 held 9 ,p>is 9 ,octob]1 #aijg1 pass$ ?is resolution3 8,! ,conf]5ce approves ! proposition ( ! ,int]national ,committee & decl>es t x sees no infr+em5t ( ! integrity ( ! metric sy/em 9 ! adoption ( ! appellation #8metric c>at' to designate a weight ( #bjj milligrams = ! comm]ce 9 diamonds1 pe>ls1 & preci\s /ones40#cgi ,! foll[+ resolution 0 pass$ by ,! ,birm+ham ,jewel]s' & ,silv]smi?s' ,association1 ,janu>y #bc1 #aijh3 8,t ! be/ ?anks ( ?is ,committee be convey$ to ! ,decimal ,association = ! good "w !y are do+1 & ?is ,committee expresses ! hope t all c\ntries w adopt an ,int]national ,c>at ( #bjj milligrams 9 weight40 ,f9ally1 on ,m>* #aa1 #aijh1 ! metric c>at ( #bjj milligrams 0 adopt$ 9 ,spa9 z ! (ficial c>at = diamonds1 pe>ls1 & preci\s /ones4 ,pe>ls h become ( s mu* importance to s _m deal]s t a special =m ( weight has be5 propos$ = !m4 ,?is w\ld h a diamond =m & n a squ>e =m1 & x w\ld be /amp$ 8,gra90 in/ead ( 8,c>at40 ,ano!r set w\ld be /amp$ 9 milligrams1 ! regul> milligram weight ) ! pe>l fraction above x1 & !y c\ld ev5 be made r\nd s z bett] to designate ! pe>l4 ,! great value ( pe>ls has sugge/$ ! mak+ ( a gage1 call$ ! ,kunz gage1 by means ( :i* r\nd pe>ls c be v accurately measur$4 ,pe>ls ( a giv5 weight & p]fectly sph]ical =m h be5 weigh$ & !n measur$ by ?is gage1 & ! !oretical diamet]s z comput$ f ! measurem5t ( a s+le pe>l are 9 ! majority ( in/ances 9 exact accord ) ^! actual measurem5ts1 ! occasional v>iations 9 ! small] pe>ls b>ely exce$+ ! ?\s&? "p ( an in*4 ,^! discrepancies may be due to imp]ceptible div]g5cies 9 sph]icity or1 possibly1 to trifl+ diff]5ces 9 specific gravity4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! diamet]s ( r\nd pe>ls by measurem5t1 f #aaf to #ejj gra9s1 9 millimet]s & in*es3 ,weight ,gra9s ,diamet] ,millimet]s ,in*es #aaf #a4c 4#jeab #a4ff 4#jfec #b4ji 4#jhbc #b4fe 4#ajdc #b4ii 4#aahg #a #c4cb 4#acjg #a #c4fj 4#adag #a #c4hj 4#adif #a #c4ih 4#aefg #b #d4ah 4#afde #b #d4cb 4#agja #b #d4dg 4#agei #b #d4fc 4#ahbc #c #d4hj 4#ahhi #c #d4hh 4#aiba #c #e4ja 4#aigb #c #e4ag 4#bjce #d #e4bc 4#bjeh #d #e4dd 4#bada #e #e4fe 4#bbbd #e #e4hf 4#bbhc #f #f4jc 4#bcgd #f #f4bj 4#bddb #g #f4cf 4#bejd #h #f4fd 4#bfad #i #f4ij 4#bgaf #aj #g4ae 4#bhae #aa #g4ch 4#bije #ab #g4fj 4#biib #ac #g4ha 4#cjgd #ad #h4jj 4#cadi #ae #h4ah 4#cbbj #af #h4cf 4#cbia #ag #h4ec 4#cceh #ah #h4gj 4#cdbe #ai #h4hf 4#cdhh #bj #i4ja 4#cedg #be #i4ga 4#chbc #cj #aj4ca 4#djei #ce #aj4hf 4#dbge #dj #aa4ce 4#ddfh #de #aa4hb 4#dfec #ej #ab4bc 4#dhae #fj #ac4jj 4#eaah #gj #ac4ch 4#echf #hj #ad4cj 4#efcj #ij #ad4hi 4#ehfb #ajj #ae4db 4#fjga #abe #af4fj 4#fece #aej #ag4fc 4#fida #bjj #ai4da 4#gfda #cjj #bb4bb 4#hgdh #djj #bd4df 4#ifcj #ejj #bf4ce #a4jcgd ,! new & f9] analytical balances weigh to ! t5? "p ( a milligram1 ! two ?\s&? "p ( a c>at1 ! five hundr$? "p ( a gra92 b ?is is n necess>y4 ,if ! #bjj-milligram c>at 7 us$1 ! two hundr$? "p ( a c>at c\ld readily be asc]ta9$1 & !n a %ort-beam1 rapid-weigh+ balance w\ld answ] e purpose & save mu* "t = ! deal] :o mu/ make _m weigh+s 9 ! c\rse ( a day4 ,9 an (fice :]e ?\s&s ( weigh+s 7 made 9 a mon?1 ! task 0 accompli%$ ) su* m9ute accuracy t ! m>g9 ( error did n exce$ "o c>at dur+ t "t4 ,! m9a1 ! sixtie? "p ( ! less] ,alex&rian tal5t ( silv]1 0 divid$ by ! ,romans1 :5 !y occupi$ ,egypt1 into twelve ounces 7unciae71 &1 weigh+ z x did #edfj gra9s1 x became ! pr$ecessor ( ! ,european p\nds ( :i* ! troy p\nd is a type4 ,if we may believe a ,syrian au?ority1 ,anania ( ,%iraz1 :o wrote 9 ! six? c5tury1 ! c>at or diamond weight 0 orig9ally =m$ f "o ( ^! ounces by tak+ ! #aadd "p4#chj ,we f9d 9 ,murray#cha t ! ,greek 0 orig9ally id5tical ) ! ,lat9 siliqua1 & 0 call$ ! siliqua ,graeca4 ,z a measure ( weight & f95ess ! c>at repres5ts ! ,roman siliqua z #abd ( ! gold5 solidus ( ,con/ant9e1 :i* 0 ( an ounce1 h5ce ! v>i\s values into :i* #abd & #aadd ent]1 or orig9ally ent]$4 ,z a measure ( weight = diamonds & preci\s /ones1 x 0 orig9ally #aadd ( an ounce or #c gra9s4 ,x is /at$ 9 ,hakluyt 7,voy4 ,,ii1 pp4 #a1 #bbe1 #aeih73 8,^? pe>ls are prais$ accord+ to ! c>acts :i* !y weigh2 e c>act is f\r gra9es40 ,!re h be5 at all times m5 :o possess$ a delicate t\* or a f9e s5se ( feel+1 b probably few m5 are liv+ to-day :o w\ld be able to accompli% ! feat attribut$ to ,julius ,cs>1 namely1 t ( e/imat+ ! weight ( a pe>l by simply hold+ x 9 8 h&4 ,!re are v few :o c tell ! weight ( a pe>l 9 ?is way1 & :ile ! /ory may be hi/orically int]e/+1 x is r dubi\s4 ,to attempt to =mulate a li/ ( prices1 comp>ative or o!rwise1 ( pe>ls1 is almo/ an impossibility1 z probably no two au?ors ( ! pa/ ?ree c5turies h ev] se5 ! same lot ( pe>ls1 nor h _! e/imates always be5 ! same z to quality1 r>ity & value4 ,z int]e/+ /ati/ics f an hi/orical po9t ( view1 !re w be pres5t$ "h a li/ ( ! values ( pe>ls dat+ back "s t5 c5turies4 ,t !re always has exi/$ a high] valuation = ! l>g] pe>ls1 :i* are ! r>e/1 w readily be app>5t1 b t ! correct value ( a pe>l ( "o1 t51 tw5ty or fifty gra9s be def9itely giv5 = ! ye>s #afjb1 #agjb1 #ahjb1 or #aijb is an impossibility4 ,h[ev]1 we believe ?is to be ! fir/ attempt to pres5t s l>ge a body ( c>efully select$ quotations1 & !y are giv5 to ! read]1 :e!r he be layman or pr(essional1 = :at !y are wor?4 ,9 reg>d to ! small] pe>ls1 z is ! case ) ! small] diamonds1 prices h be5 dep5d5t ^u ! *anges ( fa%ion2 t is1 :e!r ! prevail+ /yle ( jewelry 0 su* t ! small] pe>l or diamond 0 9 dem&4 ,9 o!r words1 if !y 7 us$ z a decoration =m+ a bord]1 a fl[]1 a scroll ornam5t1 or a pave requir+ _m small gems1 ! dem& naturally increas$ & ! prices 7 high] or l[] z ! occasion requir$4 ,x is n ! project ( ?is book to fix ! prices ( pe>ls at ! pres5t "t1 = any su* attempt w\ld prove mislead+1 ow+ to ! fact t pe>ls v>y 9 ! e/imation ( ! diff]5t deal]s1 & a figure giv5 "h = ! highe/ /&>d1 if appli$ to an inf]ior grade1 w\ld necess>ily mislead ! buy] to 8 positive injury4 ,?is mu*1 h[ev]1 c be said3 dur+ ! ye> #aijg pe>ls f five gra9s upw>d h be5 sold accord+ to _! quality1 at a base ( five1 eight1 t51 fifte51 or ev5 tw5ty doll>s 9 v exceptional cases2 t is to say1 tw5ty1 ?irty-two1 =ty1 sixty1 or eighty %ill+s1 or tw5ty-five1 =ty1 fifty1 sev5ty-five or "o hundr$ francs4 ,nev]!less1 x w\ld be impossible1 )\t consid]able exp]i5ce1 = a layman to apply ^! valuations to objects t require mu* practice 9 det]m9+ _! quality & p]fection4 ,) diamonds1 rubies1 & em]alds !re may be a /at$ price p] c>at = /ones ( a c]ta9 size1 b a gem ( unusual p]fection or brilliancy1 or ( exceptionally f9e color1 w (t5 comm& a price f> beyond t g5]ally quot$4 ,x is ! same ) ! pe>l4 ,sums :i* may seem exorbitant 9 comp>ison ) ^? t are paid = ord9>y pe>ls1 are (t5 giv5 = specim5s rem>kable = _! beauty1 size1 or lu/]4 ,pe>ls ( "o hundr$ gra9s are ev5 m r>e at ! pres5t "t ?an are diamonds ( "o hundr$ c>ats4 ,until ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! diamonds ( ! _w weigh+ "o hundr$ c>ats or ov] c\ld be c\nt$ on ! f+]s1 b s9ce ! op5+ ( ! ,african m9es 9 #ahgj1 ! numb] ( l>ge diamonds has increas$ at a mu* great] ratio ?an h ! pe>ls ( "o qu>t] ( _! weight4 ,x w\ld ?us seem t pe>ls ( great size are wor? f\r times z mu* z diamonds ( equal weight4 ,= in/ance1 a #ajj-;c>at diamond ( ! f9e/ quality w\ld be wor? at lea/ f #ajjj to #aejj a c>at1 mak+ a total value ( #ajj1jjj to #aej1jjj2 & a pe>l ( #ajj gra9s at a base ( #aj w\ld be wor? #ajj1jjj4 ,b no su* high price has ev] be5 paid4 ,! usual me?od ( e/imat+ ! value ( pe>ls is by e/abli%+ a base value = ^? weigh+ "o gra9 & !n multiply+ ?is am\nt by ! squ>e ( ! numb] ( gra9s t ! pe>l weighs4 ,= in/ance1 if ! base value ( a "o-gra9 pe>l %\ld be fix$ at #a1 a pe>l weigh+ two gra9s w\ld be wor? #d 7#b #b #d71 or #b p] gra92 "o weigh+ five gra9s w\ld be wor? #be1 or #e p] gra91 etc4 ,naturally1 ^! values increase 9 proportion to ! increase 9 ! value ( ! base4 ,a base ( #c w\ld give a value ( #ge = a five-gra9 pe>l1 or #ae p] gra91 :ile a #aj base w\ld make ! value #ej p] gra91 or #bej4 ,?is me?od ( e/imat+ pe>ls by squ>+ _! weights has be5 cr$it$ by _m au?ors to ,david ,jeffries1 :o publi%$ an int]e/+ treatise on diamonds & pe>ls 9 #agej-agec4 ,x has also be5 cr$it$ to ,tav]ni]1 ! ori5tal travel] ( ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 trac$ ?is me?od back to ,anselmus de ,boot1 9 8 treatise on preci\s /ones1 dat$ #afji4 ,be=e ?is date we h n be5 able to f9d any m5tion ( ! computation ( ! value ( diamonds & pe>ls by squ>+ _! weight & multiply+ ! product by a base ( a franc1 guild]1 cr[n1 doll>1 or ( _m doll>s1 z w\ld be necess>y at pres5t4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t ?is sy/em is ( ori5tal orig9 & x may h come to ,europe ?r\gh "s ( ! ori5tal trad]s1 ) ! preci\s /ones1 z did ! use ( ! c>at4 ,de ,boot makes ! c>at 7f\r gra9s7 8 unit ( comp>ison1 increas+ 8 base value by "o ?ird = pe>ls weigh+ elev5 c>ats 7=ty-f\r gra9s7 or ov]4 ,9 ,pio ,naldi's treatise1 publi%$ 9 ,bologna 9 #agia1 ! unit is ! gra91 ! base be+ ! f\r? "p ( ! value ( f\r pe>ls weigh+ toge!r "o c>at4 ,naldi1 also1 increases 8 base value mak+ x #a lire 74#cj7 = pe>ls weigh+ less ?an t5 gra9s1 & #b lire 74#ej7 = ^? weigh+ tw5ty gra9s & upw>d4 ,a curi\s me?od ( valu+ pe>ls by _! weight is %[n 9 a treatise by ,buteo1 publi%$ 9 #aeed4chb ,! writ] /ates t a pe>l weigh+ two c>ats 0 valu$ at #e gold cr[ns2 "o ( f\r c>ats at #be cr[ns2 & s on1 ! price increas+ fivefold :5 ! weight 0 d\bl$4 ,! int]m$iate figures 7 obta9$ by comput+ ! proportional mean ( any two kn[n weights & values4 ,= example3 #h #d #cb1 ! squ>e root ( :i* is #e4fef4 ,n[1 ! value ( a f\r-c>at pe>l is #be & t ( an eight-c>at pe>l #abe cr[ns1 & #abe #be #cabe1 ! squ>e root be+ #ee4i2 h5ce a pe>l weigh+ #e4fef c>ats 0 wor? #ee4i cr[ns4 ,! base value ( a necklace c be det]m9$ 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,%\ld ! c5t] pe>l weigh #be gra9s1 multiply #be by #be2 ! result is #fbe2 !n1 take ! next two1 ?ree1 or f\r pe>ls1 z _m z are ( approximately ! same weight1 add _! weights toge!r1 multiply ! result+ figure by itself & divide ! product by ! numb] ( pe>ls 9 ! gr\p4 ,proce$ 9 exactly ! same way ) ! rema9d] ( ! necklace1 always gr\p+ ! pe>ls s t !re %all n be a consid]able diff]5ce 9 weight betwe5 ! smalle/ & ! l>ge/ pe>l1 & !n add toge!r ! figures obta9$ = ! c5t] pe>l & = ! v>i\s gr\ps & divide ! price ( ! necklace by ?is total2 ! quoti5t w repres5t ! multiple or base4 ,z may be se5 by comp>ison ( ! fir/ ) ! second & ?ird ( ! accompany+ tables1 ! result arriv$ at 9 ?is way w1 if !re is any diff]5ce 9 ! weight ( ! pe>ls 9 ! v>i\s gr\ps1 v>y slightly f t obta9$ by calculat+ ! weight ( ea* pe>l sep>ately1 b x repres5ts a satisfactory approximation4 ,,necklace ,,( #da ,,graduat$ ,,pe>ls ,,on ,a #aj ,,base #a pe>l1 weigh+ #be grs4 #be #be #fbe4jjj #b pe>ls1 ea* ( #bb grs4 #dd #dd #aicf #b #ifh4jjj #b pe>ls1 ea* ( #bj grs4 #dj #dj #afjj #b #hjj4jjj #b pe>ls1 ea* ( #ai grs4 #ch #ch #addd #b #gbb4jjj #b pe>ls1 ea* ( #ah grs4 #cf #cf #abif #b #fdh4jjj #b pe>ls1 ea* ( #ag grs4 #ce #ce #abbe #b #fab4ejj #b pe>ls1 ea* ( #ag grs4 #cd #cd #aaef #b #egh4jjj #b pe>ls1 ea* ( #af grs4 #cc #cc #ajhi #b #edd4ejj #b pe>ls1 ea* ( #af grs4 #cb #cb #ajbd #b #eab4jjj #b pe>ls1 ea* ( #ae grs4 #ca #ca #ifa #b #dhj4ejj #b pe>ls1 ea* ( #ae grs4 #cj #cj #ijj #b #dej4jjj #b pe>ls1 ea* ( #ad grs4 #bi #bi #hda #b #dbj4ejj #b pe>ls1 ea* ( #ad grs4 #bh #bh #ghd #b #cib4jjj #b pe>ls1 ea* ( #ac grs4 #bg #bg #gbi #b #cfd4ejj #b pe>ls1 ea* ( #ac grs4 #bf #bf #fgf #b #cch4jjj #b pe>ls1 ea* ( #ab grs4 #be #be #fbe #b #cab4ejj #b pe>ls1 ea* ( #ab grs4 #bd #bd #egf #b #bhh4jjj #b pe>ls1 ea* ( #aa grs4 #bc #bc #ebi #b #bfd4ejj #b pe>ls1 ea* ( #aa grs4 #bb #bb #dhd #b #bdb4jjj #b pe>ls1 ea* ( #aj grs4 #ba #ba #dfb #b #bca4abe #b pe>ls1 ea* ( #aj grs4 #bj #bj #dbj #b #baj4abe ---- ------ -------------------- #da #fbd #aj1jjc4gej #aj #aj1jjc4ge #ajj1jcg4ej ,,! ,,same ,,necklace ,,figur$ ,,9 ,,gr\ps #a pe>l1 weigh+ #be grs4 #be #be #fbe4jj #b pe>ls1 total weight #dd grs4 #dd #dd #aicf #b #ifh4jj #d pe>ls1 total weight #gh grs4 #gh #gh #fjhd #d #aeba4jj #d pe>ls1 total weight #ga grs4 #ga #ga #ejda #d #abfj4be #f pe>ls1 total weight #ii grs4 #ii #ii #ihja #f #afcc4ej #f pe>ls1 total weight #ij grs4 #ij #ij #hajj #f #acej4jj #f pe>ls1 total weight #ha grs4 #ha #ha #fefa #f #ajic4ej #f pe>ls1 total weight #gb grs4 #gb #gb #eahd #f #hfd4jj #f pe>ls1 total weight #fd grs4 #fd #fd #djif #f #fhb4fg ------ -------------- #fbd #iiig4ib #aj #iiig4ib #ii1igi4bj ,illu/ration3 ,,great ,,pe>l ,,necklace ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,cr[n ,,jewels ,compos$ ( #cfb pe>ls1 weigh+ #eh4h gra9s4 ,actual size4 ,worn by ,empress ,eug5ia ,on a #e base ?is necklace w\ld be wor? #ej1jah4ge accord+ to ! fir/ reckon+1 & #di1ihi4fj accord+ to ! second2 on a base ( #b4ej ! figures w\ld be #be1jji4cg & #bd1iid4hj respectively4 ,,! ,,same ,,necklace ,,figur$ ,,9 ,,o!r ,,gr\ps #a pe>l1 weigh+ #be grs4 #be #be #fbe4jj #d pe>ls1 total weight #hd grs4 #hd #hd #gjef #d #agfd4jj #f pe>ls1 total weight #aji grs4 #aji #aji #aahha #f #aihj4af #f pe>ls1 total weight #ii grs4 #ii #ii #ihja #f #afcc4ej #f pe>ls1 total weight #ij grs4 #ij #ij #hajj #f #acej4jj #h pe>ls1 total weight #ajf grs4 #ajf #ajf #aabcf #h #adjd4ej #aj pe>ls1 total weight #aaa grs4 #aaa #aaa #abcba #aj #abcb4aj ------ -------------- #fbd #iihi4bf #aj #iihi4bf #ii1hib4fj ,on a #e base ?is w\ld repres5t a value ( #di1idf4cj & "o ( #bd1igc4ae on a base ( #b4ej4 ,! diff]5t gr\p+ ( ! pe>ls acc\nts = ! slight r$uction 9 value4 ,a sy/em ( e/imat+ ! value ( pe>ls :i* has rec5tly be5 introduc$ into ,g]many1 is an adaptation ( ! ord9>y me?od ( squ>+ ! numb] ( gra9s & !n multiply+ ! result by a c]ta9 base figure4 ,! pe>ls are fir/ gr\p$ accord+ to quality & size1 & a figure is agre$ ^u z ! multiplicator ( ea* class4 ,9 ,g]many ! c>at is employ$ z ! weight unit = pe>ls z well z = diamonds1 & 9 ?is new sy/em ! total weight ( a giv5 numb] ( pe>ls ( ! same class is fir/ r$uc$ to gra9s2 ! numb] ( gra9s is !n multipli$ by f\r & ! quoti5t is multipli$ by ! figure agre$ ^u4 ,! result+ sum1 aft] be+ divid$ by ! numb] ( pe>ls1 gives ! c>at value ( su* pe>ls4 ,= example1 if ! base figure agre$ ^u is #e1 & we wi% to f9d ! c>at wor? ( #d pe>ls ( simil> size1 weigh+ toge!r #c-adfd c>ats1 ! sum w\ld be z foll[s3 #bjf #d #d #e ------------------------------ #fd4cg #fd #d ,at ?is rate p] c>at1 reckon+ 9 m>ks1 ! value ( ! #c-adfd c>ats w\ld be #bjg4bj m>ks4 ,?is result is id5tical ) t obta9$ by ! ord9>y me?od1 b ! calculation is p]haps a trifle simplifi$4#chc ,a curi\s ,h9du treatise on gems has be5 pres]v$ = u 9 ! ,brhatsamhit ( ,v>hamihira 7#eje-ehg ,a4,d474 ,x is ! e>lie/ "w ( ?is k9d t we h 9 ,sanskrit1 & ,m4 ,l\is ,f9ot1#chd :o has publi%$ x1 toge!r ) sev]al o!r simil> treatises1 believes t x 0 bas$ ^u an orig9al compos$ at a mu* e>li] p]iod4 ,9 8 introduction ,m4 ,f9ot says3 8,x w\ld be an error to reg>d ! ratnaa/ra treatise on gems z a simple manual = ! use ( jewel]s4 ,)\t d\bt ?is subject =m$ "o ( ! pr9cipal bran*es ( comm]cial in/ruction1 444 b x 0 also taught to pr9ces & x is = _! use t ! ratnaa/ras we publi% seem to h be5 compos$40 ,?is treatise only describes f\r gems1 al?\gh a l>g] numb] are enum]at$4 ,^! gems are ! diamond1 ! pe>l1 ! ruby1 & ! em]ald4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ portions is t treat+ ( ! valuation ( pe>ls4 ,! sy/em describ$ is peculi>1 &1 un=tunately1 !re is "s difficulty 9 f9d+ an absolutely correct equival5t = ! values express$4 ,a price is fir/ plac$ ^u a pe>l weigh+ #d msakas 7ab\t #de gra9s74 ,?is is e/imat$ at #ecjj krspanas 7ab\t #afjj74 ,z ! weight dim9i%es ! valuation decreases z foll[s3 #d msakas #ecjj krspanas #c msakas #cbjj krspanas #c msakas #bjjj krspanas #b msakas #acjj krspanas #b msakas #hjj krspanas #a msakas #cec krspanas #a msakas #ace krspanas #d gujas#che #ij krspanas #c gujas #ej krspanas #b gujas #ce krspanas ,small] pe>ls 7 gr\p$ toge!r 9 dh>anas 7"o dh>ana ab\t #gb gra9s74 ,if !re 7 ?irte5 f9e pe>ls 9 a dh>ana1 !y 7 valu$ at #cbe rpakas 7ab\t #ajj72 ! o!r values 7 z foll[s3 #af pe>ls 9 a dh>ana 7 wor? #bjj rpakas #bj pe>ls 9 a dh>ana 7 wor? #agj rpakas #be pe>ls 9 a dh>ana 7 wor? #acj rpakas #cj pe>ls 9 a dh>ana 7 wor? #gj rpakas #dj pe>ls 9 a dh>ana 7 wor? #ej rpakas #ee-fj pe>ls 9 a dh>ana 7 wor? #dj rpakas #hj pe>ls 9 a dh>ana 7 wor? #cj rpakas #ajj pe>ls 9 a dh>ana 7 wor? #be rpakas #bjj pe>ls 9 a dh>ana 7 wor? #ab rpakas #cjj pe>ls 9 a dh>ana 7 wor? #f rpakas #djj pe>ls 9 a dh>ana 7 wor? #e rpakas #ejj pe>ls 9 a dh>ana 7 wor? #c rpakas ,x w\ld be extremely int]e/+ if we c\ld f9d at ?is e>ly date 7six? c5tury ,a4,d47 an indication ( ! use ( ! sy/em ( comput+ ! value ( pe>ls by ! squ>e ( _! weight z express$ 9 "s weight unit1 & x is s+ul> t ! ?ree valuations giv5 = ! weight 9 gujas are graduat$ 9 accordance ) ?is sy/em4 ,a pe>l weigh+ #b gujas & valu$ at #ce krapz w\ld h a base value ( #e4f krpaz4 ,e/imat$ at ?is ratio we w\ld h ! foll[+ figures3 #c gujas #ej4d krpaz #d gujas #hi4f krpaz ,n[1 ! values actually giv5 are #ej & #ij krpaz1 respectively1 & ^! figures are easily obta9$ by reject+ ! fraction t is less ?an "o half & c\nt+ ! fraction t is 9 excess ( "o half z a unit4 ,aft] ?is1 h[ev]1 ! progression becomes irregul>4 ,a pe>l weigh+ #a maka 7#e gujas7 is valu$ at #ace krpaz1 :ile ! equival5t accord+ to ! sy/em w\ld be #adj4 ,h[ev]1 x is possible t ! writ] may h *ang$ ?is figure int5tionally s z to add exactly "o half to ! prec$+ valuation 7#ij #de #ace74 ,! succe$+ values be> no relation to ! sy/em & appe> to be entirely arbitr>y4 ,/ill1 x c sc>cely be due to haz>d t ! fir/ ?ree figures are practically 9 exact accord ) ! sy/em & ! f\r? 9 close approximation4 ,z ! *ange seems to come :5 ! weight is express$ 9 makas in/ead ( gujas1 we are tempt$ to ?9k t ! sy/em may h be5 us$ = s+le pe>ls weigh+ less ?an twelve gra9s 7#a maka #aa gra9s71 :ile ! value ( ^? ov] t weight 0 e/imat$ 9 a diff]5t way4 ,9 a mu* lat] ,h9du treatise1 by ,buddhabhatta1 aft] c]ta9 values h be5 giv5 = pe>ls ( ! be/ quality1 a pe>l ( ?is class is describ$ z foll[s3 ,:ite1 r\nd1 heavy1 smoo?1 lum9\s1 spotless1 ! pe>l gift$ ) ^! qualities is call$ qualifi$ 7guavat74 ,if x be yell[1 x is wor? half ?is price2 if x be n r\nd1 a ?ird2 if flat or triangul>1 a six?4#chf ,"o ( ! e>lie/ records we h ( a sy/em ( prices = pe>ls is ! treatise on preci\s /ones writt5 9 ! ye> #abfe1 by ,ahm$ ibn ,yusuf al ,teifa%i1 :o 0 probably a native jewel] ( ,egypt4 ,9 8 "t pe>ls 7 sold 9 ,bagdad 9 bun*es ( t5 /r+s1 ea* /r+ compris+ ?irty-six pe>ls4 ,if "o ( ^! /r+s weigh$ "o six? ( a miskal 7f\r c>ats or sixte5 gra9s71 ! t5 /r+s 7 valu$ at f\r d9>s 7ab\t t5 doll>s74 ,! values increas$ progressively z foll[s3#chg ,av]age weight #aj /r+s ( #cf pe>ls1 ,value ( ea* pe>l weight ( ea* /r+ ,gra9s ,c>ats ,gra9s ,d9>s ,u4 ,s4 money #d #af #d #aj4jj #f #bd #e #ab4ej #a #ab #dh #f #ae4jj #b #ah #gb #aj #be4jj #c #cj #abj #ae #cg4ej #d #cf #add #bj #ej4jj #d #db #afh #be #fb4ej #e #dh #aib #ce #hg4ej #f #ed #baf #dj #ajj4jj #g #ff #bfd #gj #age4jj #h #gb #bhh #hj #bjj4jj #i #hd #ccf #aaj #bge4jj #aj #ij #cfj #aej #cge4jj #aj #if #chd #bjj #ejj4jj #ab #ajh #dcb #djj #ajjj4jj #ab #aad #def #eej #acge4jj #ac #abj #dhj #fej #afbe4jj #ad #abf #ejd #gej #ahge4jj #ad #acb #ebh #hjj #bjjj4jj #af #add #egf #ajjj #bejj4jj #ah #afh #fgb #aejj #cgej4jj ,al ,teifa%i !n proce$s to describe a pe>l ( ! fir/ quality2 x mu/ be 8p]fectly r\nd 9 all its p>ts1 colorless & gift$ ) a f9e wat]4 ,:5 a pe>l possesses ^! requisites & weighs "o miskal #bd c>ats or #if gra9s x is wor? #cjj d9>s #gej4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a mat* is f\nd = ?is pe>l & ea* "o weighs "o miskal & has ! same =m1 ! two pe>ls toge!r co/ #gjj d9>s #agej40 ,?is writ] also m5tions t 9 ! %ops ( ! ,arab jewel]s1 ! pe>l :i* exce$$ ! weight ( a dra*ma 7#ab c>ats or #dh gra9s7 ev5 by "o gra91 0 call$ dorra1 :ile ! "n joh> 0 us$ = t :i* did n rea* ! above weight4 ,9 #ahch1 ,feu*twang] gave ! price ( a "o-c>at pe>l z five doll>s1 & us$ ?is am\nt z ! multipli] ( ! squ>e ( ! weight2 !re=e1 a f\r-c>at pe>l w\ld co/ f\r times f\r multipli$ by five doll>s1 ! value ( ! fir/ c>at2 t is to say1 a sixte5-gra9 7f\r-c>at7 pe>l w\ld h be5 wor? eighty doll>s 9 #ahch1 accord+ to ?is computation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,siamese ,,pr9ce ,,9 ,,full ,,regalia ,9 #aheh1 ,b>bot#chh gave ! value ( pe>ls "u ord9>y conditions1 b v indef9itely1 z foll[s3 ,gra9s ,c>ats ,francs p] c>at ,u4 ,s4 curr5cy #a #d #j4hj #b #aj #b4jj #c #be #e4jj #d #a #ej #aj4jj ,above f\r gra9s !y sold by ! piece1 & bel[1 by ! ounce4 ,b>oque pe>ls sold = #cjj to #ajjj francs p] ounce4 ,se$-pe>ls1 if q r\nd1 7 wor? ab\t #abj francs p] ounce4 ,emanuel#chi gave ! foll[+ table ( prices = ! pe>l1 r$uc$ to ,unit$ ,/ates curr5cy3 ,gra9s #ahfe #ahfg #c #b4hh-- #c4hd #d4cb-- #d4hj #d #e4bh-- #f4gb #f4gb-- #h4dj #e #h4dj-- #aj4hj #i4fj-- #ab4jj #f #ac4bj-- #ae4fj #af4hj-- #ai4bj #h #ba4fj-- #bf4dj #bd4jj-- #bh4hj #aj #ch4dj-- #dc4bj #dh4jj-- #eb4hj #ab #eg4fj-- #gb4jj #fg4bj-- #gf4hj #ad #gb4jj-- #hf4dj #hf4dj-- #if4jj #af #if4jj--add4jj #if4jj--add4jj #ah #add4jj--aib4jj #add4jj--aib4jj #bj #aib4jj--bdj4jj #aib4jj--bdj4jj #bd #bhh4jj--cde4fj #bhh4jj--cde4fj #cj #chd4jj--dhj4jj #chd4jj--dhj4jj ,! foll[+ values appe> 9 ! 8,encyclop$ia ,hispano-,am]icana10 ,b>celona1 #ahid1 ,vol4 ,,xv1 p4 #ahj 7,l\is ,dieulafait73 ,gra9s ,value1 #ahfe ,value1 #ahfg ,pesetas ,u4 ,s4 curr5cy ,pesetas ,u4 ,s4 curr5cy #c #ag-- #ah #c4dj-- #c4fj #ba-- #bc #d4bj-- #d4fj #d #be-- #cb #e4jj-- #f4dj #cb-- #dj #f4dj-- #h4jj #e #da-- #eb #h4bj-- #aj4dj #df-- #eh #i4bj-- #aa4fj #f #fd-- #ge #ab4hj-- #ae4jj #ha-- #ic #af4bj-- #ah4fj #h #ajd-- #abh #bj4hj-- #be4fj #aaf-- #aci #bc4bj-- #bg4hj #aj #bjb-- #bbg #dj4dj-- #de4dj #beb-- #bgg #ej4dj-- #ee4dj #ab #cjb-- #cgh #fj4dj-- #ge4fj #ceb-- #djc #gj4dj-- #hj4fj #ad #cgh-- #dec #ge4fj-- #ij4fj #dee-- #ejd #ia4jj--ajj4hj #af #ejd-- #gef #ajj4hj--aea4bj #ejd-- #gef #ajj4hj--aea4bj #ah #gef--ajje #aea4bj--bja4jj #gef--ajje #aea4bj--bja4jj #bj #ajje--abfj #bja4jj--beb4jj #ajje--abfj #bja4jj--beb4jj #bd #aeab--ahae #cjb4dj--cfc4jj #aeab--ahae #cjb4dj--cfc4jj #cj #baag--beba #dbc4dj--ejd4bj #baag--beba #dbc4dj--ejd4bj ,,comp>ative ,,/atem5t ,,%[+ ,,! ,,values ,,( ,,pe>ls ,,at ,,/at$ ,,times ,weight #afjicij #afgbcia #afgecib #ageacic #aggdcid #agiacie ,gra9s ,?al4 ,kreutz4 ,livres s s s ,lire #a #j #ac #j #j #a #j #a #b #j #eb #b #j #b #j #d #j #b #f #c #a #dg #e #j #f #j #i #j #g #ac #d #c #j #aj #j #ab #j #af #j #ah #bd #e #d #dh #ah #a #e #a #e #a #aj #cg #f #f #eb #bh #b #aj #a #af #b #e #ed #g #i #ac #ch #d #aj #b #i #c #a #gc #h #ab #j #ee #f #j #c #d #d #aj #if #i #ae #bc #ge #h #j #d #a #f #j #aba #aj #ah #eb #ajj #aj #j #e #j #h #e #aej #aa #bb #dh #acj #ab #j #f #a #i #ae #bdb #ab #bg #age #ad #j #g #d #bhh #ac #ca #dh #af #j #h #i #ac #ae #cch #ad #cf #eb #bgj #ah #j #i #af #cib #ae #db #ac #ba #aj #aa #e #ba #j #dej #af #dh #chj #be #j #ab #af #eab #ag #ed #ac #cj #j #ad #i #bg #aj #egh #ah #fj #eb #ejj #ce #j #af #d #fdh #ai #fg #dh #cg #aj #ah #a #gbb #bj #ge #fej #dj #j #bj #j #cg #aj #hjj #bb #ij #eb #ej #j #bd #d #eb #aj #abaj #bd #ajh #fj #j #bh #af #hb #aj #addj #bf #abf #eb #cc #af #ii #j #afij #bh #adg #ci #ad #aej #j #aifj #cb #aib #ea #d #bbe #j #befj #cf #bdc #fd #af #bfb #aj #cbdj #dj #cjj #hj #j #cjj #j #djjj #de #ejf #ag #aja #e #ejfb #ej #fbe #abe #j #fbej #fj #ijj #ahj #j #ijjj #gj #abbe #bde #j #abbej #hj #afjj #cbj #j #afjjj #ij #bjbe #dje #j #bjbej #ajj #bejj #ejj #j #bejjj ,,comp>ative ,,/atem5t ,,%[+ ,,! ,,values ,,( ,,pe>ls ,,at ,,/at$ ,,times1 ,,r$uc$ ,,to ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,curr5cy ,weight ,gra9s #afji #afgb #afge #agea #aggd #agia #a #j4bj #j4ab #j4bd #j4ji #j4cj #b #j4ha #j4hj #j4dh #j4if #j4ej #a4bj #c #a4hb #a4ij #a4dd #b4af #a4hg #b4gj #d #c4bd #c4hj #b4hh #c4hd #d4ej #d4hj #e #e4jf #f4hd #f4jj #f4jj #g4ej #g4ej #f #g4bh #aj4fd #ab4jj #h4fd #aa4be #aj4hj #g #aj4ib #ad4dd #ba4fj #aa4gf #ae4be #ad4gj #h #ab4if #bj4ij #bh4hj #ae4cf #bb4ej #ai4bj #i #af4dj #bh4ej #ch4dj #ai4dd #cj4jj #bd4cj #aj #bj4be #ch4jj #dh4jj #bd4jj #da4be #cj4jj #aa #bd4ej #di4dj #eg4fj #bi4jd #dh4ge #dh4dj #ab #bi4af #ff4ej #fg4bj #cd4ef #eg4fj #ac #cd4bb #gf4hj #dj4ef #fh4ge #fg4fj #ad #ci4fi #ajb4fj #hf4dj #dg4jd #gh4dj #ae #de4ef #ajc4bj #ed4jj #aje4jj #ij4jj #af #ea4hd #add4dj #abj4jj #fa4dd #ajb4dj #ag #eh4eb #add4jj #fj4cf #acg4ej #aae4fj #ah #fe4fa #aij4jj #afh4jj #gg4gf #abi4fj #ai #gc4aj #ahj4jj #hf4fd #add4dj #bj #ha4jj #bdg4jj #aib4jj #if4jj #ahg4ej #afj4jj #bb #ih4ja #bdj4jj #aaf4af #bfb4ej #bdb4jj #bd #aaf4fd #bhh4jj #ach4bd #dab4ej #bhh4jj #bf #acf4hi #afb4bd #die4jj #cch4jj #bh #aeh4gf #ahh4af #gej4jj #cib4jj #cb #bjg4cf #bde4gf #aabe4jj #eab4jj #cf #bfb4dd #caa4jd #acab4ej #fdh4jj #dj #cbd4jj #chd4jj #aejj4jj #hjj4jj #de #edf4ge #dhf4jj #ajab4ej #ej #fge4jj #fjj4jj #abej4jj #fj #igb4jj #hfd4jj #ahjj4jj #gj #acbc4jj #aagf4jj #bdej4jj #hj #agbh4jj #aecf4jj #cbjj4jj #ij #bahg4jj #aidd4jj #djej4jj #ajj #bgjj4jj #bdjj4jj #ejjj4jj ,giv+ ! pe>l values 9 #ahfg1 ,emanuel#cif says3 8,x w\ld be almo/ useless to give any value = drop pe>ls1 z :5 ( l>ge size & f9e quality !y are ( s r>e occurr5ce z to comm& fancy prices2 /ill1 z a slight guide1 x may be m5tion$ t p]fect :ite drop pe>ls1 ( #hj to #ajj gra9s1 may be e/imat$ at f #g to #aa #ce-ee p] gra92 ^? ( #ej to #hj gra9s at f #d to #g #bj-ce p] gra91 & ^? ( #cj to #ej gra9s at f #c-e #ae-be p] gra92 small] sizes br+ f #bjs4 to #fjs4 #e-ae p] gra940 ,emanuel also /ates t mis%ap5 pieces call$ 8b>oque pe>ls0 7p]les b>oques71 are sold by ! ounce1 ! price v>y+ f #aj to #bjj 7#ej-ajjj7 p] ounce1 dep5d+ on quality1 color1 & size4 ,,prices ,,9 ,,new ,,york ,,city ,,9 #ahgh ,gra9s ,value p] gra9 ,total value #a #a4jj #a4jj #b #a4hc #c4ff #c #b4ge #h4be #d #c4fj #ad4dj #e #d4jc #bj4ae #f #d4fi #bh4ad #g #f4cb #dd4bd #h #f4hg #ed4if #i #g4db #ff4gh #aj #h4be #hb4ej #aa #i4fb #aje4hb #ab #aj4de #abe4dj #ac #aa4fh #aea4hd #ad #ab4ee #age4gj #ae #ad4bj #bac4jj #bj #ai4gj #cid4jj #bd #bd4ge #eid4jj ,,half-,,pe>ls ,i ,,quality4 ,,p] ,,hundr$ ,diamet] ,size ,no4 ,millimet]s ,in*es #ahgc #ahgf #ahgh #ahhe #aijh #d #a4aj #j4he #j4ej #a4ee #e #a4bj 4#jdg #a4ce #j4gj #a4jj 4#fj #a4ie #f #a4bb 4#jdh #a4hj 4#ij #a4ce 4#gj #b4ij #g #a4bd 4#jdi #b4be #a4aj #a4gj #a4ab #c4hh #h #a4bf 4#jdi #b4gj #a4ce #b4jj #a4hj #e4bg #i #a4bh 4#jej #c4ce #a4hj #b4ej #b4jj #f4fe #aj #a4hj 4#jga #d4ej #b4be #c4dj #c4jj #i4ae #aa #a4hc 4#jgb #e4fj #b4gj #d4bj #d4jj #aa4cf #ab #a4hf 4#jgc #h4jj #c4ce #e4ij #e4jj #ac4hf #ac #a4ij 4#jge #i4jj #d4ej #f4ge #e4ge #ae4ea #ad #b4jj 4#jgh #aa4jj #e4fj #h4dj #f4ge #ag4ej #ae #b4aj 4#jhb #ad4jj #h4jj #aj4jj #h4be #bj4hj #af #b4be 4#jhh #ag4jj #i4jj #ab4ej #aj4ej #be4jj #ag #b4dj 4#jid #ai4jj #aa4jj #ad4jj #ab4jj #cj4ej #ah #b4fj 4#ajb #bc4jj #ad4jj #ag4jj #ad4ej #cg4dj #ai #b4ge 4#ajh #bh4jj #ag4jj #ba4jj #af4be #dh4ej #bj #b4ij 4#aad #cc4jj #ai4jj #bd4jj #ah4be #fa4jj #bb #c4je 4#abj #db4jj #bh4jj #ca4jj #cc4jj #bd #c4ae 4#abd #ec4jj #ch4jj #ci4jj #dh4jj #bf #c4cj 4#acj #fg4jj #de4jj #ej4jj #fi4jj #bh #c4ee 4#adj #aja4jj #ef4jj #ge4jj #ih4jj #cj #c4ij 4#aec #abd4jj #gi4jj #ib4jj #aej4jj ,,half ,,pe>ls ,,ii ,,quality4 ,,p] ,,hundr$ ,size ,no4 #ahgc #ahgf #ahgh #ahhe #aijh #d #j4ee #j4de #j4cj #j4hd #e 4#gj #j4ce 4#ej 4#ce #a4bb #f 4#ij 4#de 4#gj 4#ej #a4hg #g #a4aj 4#ee 4#he 4#hj #c4je #h #a4ce 4#gj #a4jj #a4je #d4dc #i #a4hj 4#ij #a4ce #a4de #e4hb #aj #b4be #a4aj #a4gj #a4hj #h4cb #aa #c4ce #a4ce #b4ej #b4fj #aj4ec #ab #d4jj #a4hj #c4jj #c4jj #ab4ge #ac #d4ej #b4be #c4dj #c4ge #ad4da #ad #e4fj #c4ce #d4bj #d4be #ae4ea #ae #f4ge #d4jj #e4jj #d4ge #ah4jj #af #i4jj #d4ej #f4ge #e4be #bj4hj #ag #aj4jj #e4fj #g4ej #f4jj #bf4ce #ah #aa4jj #f4ge #h4dj #g4jj #ca4ij #ai #ad4jj #i4jj #aj4jj #g4ge #da4fj #bj #ag4jj #aj4jj #ab4ej #h4ge #eb4gj #bb #bj4jj #ad4jj #ae4jj #bd #bg4jj #ai4jj #bj4jj #bf #cd4jj #bc4jj #be4jj #bh #ea4jj #bh4jj #ch4jj #cj #fb4jj #dj4jj #df4jj ,,half ,,pe>ls ,,iii ,,quality4 ,,p] ,,hundr$ ,size ,no4 #ahgf #aijg ,size ,no4 #ahgf #aijh #d #j4dg #ae #b4gj #h4ic #e #j4be 4#gj #af #c4ce #aa4bj #f 4#ce #a4aa #ag #d4jj #ac4ij #g 4#dj #a4id #ah #d4ej #ah4jj #h 4#de #b4gg #ai #e4fj #bb4bj #i 4#gj #c4hf #bj #f4ge #bg4ge #aj 4#hj #d4ii #bb #i4jj #dj4jj #aa 4#ij #e4hb #bd #ad4jj #ge4jj #ab #a4aj #f4fe #bf #ag4jj #he4jj #ac #a4fj #g4dh #bh #ai4jj #ajj4jj #ad #b4be #h4cb #cj #bh4jj #bjj4jj ,,value ,,( ,,irregul> ,,pe>ls ,,9 #aggdcig ,pe>ls to ! ,value 9 ,engli% money ,equival5t 9 ,av]age = ounce ,u4 ,s4 curr5cy ea* pe>l s4 #ejj #c #j #ae4jj #j4jc #cjj #f #j #cj4jj 4#aj #aej #aa #b #ee4ej 4#cg #ajj #ah #j #ij4jj 4#ij #fj #cc #ae #afh4ge #b4ha #cj #ge #j #cge4jj #ab4ej ,! foll[+ values = ! small] ori5tal pe>ls are giv5 9 ! 8,museum ,brittanicum0 ( ,john & ,&rew van ,rymsdyck1 #aggh1 p4 #i4 ,no4 to ! ounce ,rix doll>s ,equival5t 9 ,u4 ,av]age = ea* ,s4 curr5cy pe>l #bjj #gj #ge4fj #j4cgh #cjj #ej #ed4jj 4#ah #ijj #aj #aj4hj 4#jab #bjjj #c #d4bd 4#jjbab #djjj #b #b4gj 4#jjfgee #hjjj #b #b4af 4#jjjbg #aj1jjj 4#jjjbaf ,pio ,naldi's treatise ( #agia gives ! foll[+ rule = e/imat+ ! value ( small1 r\nd pe>ls1 weigh+ less ?an "o c>at or f\r gra9s4 ,z ! c>at value ( f\r su* pe>ls is giv5 z five lire & #egf "o-gra9 pe>ls 7 c\nt$ z "o ounce1 ^! two numb]s 7 us$ to det]m9e ! value ( an ounce ( small pe>ls4 ,! product ( #egf multipli$ by #e is #bhhj1 & ?is numb] 0 !n divid$ by #bjjj1 #ajjj1 #ejj1 or :atev] might be ! numb] ( pe>ls 9 a giv5 ounce4 ,if !re 7 #bjjj pe>ls1 ! c>at value w\ld be #a4dd lire or 4#bi2 if !re 7 #ajjj1 ! c>at w\ld be wor? #b4hh lire or 4#eg2 if #ejj1 #e4gf lire or #a4ae1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,half-,,pe>ls3 ,,lots ,,( ,,?ree ,,diff]5t ,,sizes4 ,,broo* ,,( ,,half-,,pe>ls ,,& ,,onyx4 ,,unit$ ,,/ates1 #ahfj ,! same au?or#cih gives tables express+ ! values ( pe>ls n p]fectly sph]ical 9 =m1 :i* he designates z 8p]le dolce40 ,^! pe>ls he consid]s to be wor? half ! price ( good r\nd pe>ls2 t is to say1 #b lire 7ab\t 4#ej7 p] c>at = f\r weigh+ toge!r "o c>at4 ,:]e !re are z _m z ?ree ?\s& ( ^! 8p]le dolce0 9 an ounce1 ! #b lire base is multipli$ by #egf1 ! numb] ( gra9s giv5 to ! ounce2 ?is makes ! value ( an ounce ( "o-gra9 pe>ls #bhh4 ,?is am\nt is !n divid$ by #cjjj1 & ! quoti5t1 4#jif1 repres5ts ! value ( "o c>at ( ^! small pe>ls4 ,multiply+ ?is by #add we obta91 z ! value ( an ounce ( su* pe>ls1 #ac4hb4 ,an ounce consi/+ ( two ?\s& w\ld be wor? #bj4gc1 :ile if !re 7 b "o hundr$ to ! ounce x w\ld be valu$ at #dad4gb1 or #d4ae = ea* pe>l & 4#gb p] gra9 ( weight4 ,9 ?is latt] case ! pe>ls w\ld av]age #e gra9s4 ,ano!r class ( pe>ls d5om9at$ by ?is au?or z 8sc>amazzi10 pe>ls ( an irregul> =m & ) protub]ances1 are e/imat$ 9 a simil> way1 b at exactly half ( ! above values4 ,! b>oque pe>ls 7 n consid]$ to be wor? ev5 half z mu* z ! 8sc>amazzi40 ,scot* pe>ls 7fre%-wat]7 are m5tion$ by ,de ,boot 7#afji1 p4 #hh sq47 among ! o!r we/]n pe>ls--,bohemian1 etc4 ,he rem>ks t !y 7 valu$ mu* less ?an ! ori5tal pe>ls1 b if !y 7 ( especially pure color _! value 0 great]1 al?\gh !y lack$ ! silv]y hue *>act]i/ic ( ! ea/]n pe>l4 ,f9e pe>ls ( ?is sort 7 valu$ on a c>at base ( "o f\r? ( a ?al] 74#bg71 s t a =ty-gra9 pe>l 0 wor? #bg1 & "o ( eighty gra9s1 #ajh4 ,! au?or ( ! ,bologna treatise1 8,delle ,gemme10 #agia1 attributes ! lack ( lu/] 9 ! ,scot* pe>ls to ! pres5ce ( a d>k mass 9 ! int]ior :i* int]f]$ ) ! passage ( light4 ,he e/imates ,scot* pe>ls to be wor? "o half ! value ( ori5tal pe>ls ( m$iocre quality1 provid$ ! =m] are fairly good4 ,a ,scot* writ] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury is m en?usia/ic 9 reg>d to ^! pe>ls2 he m5tions hav+ paid "o hundr$ rix doll>s = an exceptionally f9e "o1 b he does n specify its weight4 ,?is is ! value giv5 by ,de ,boot = a pe>l ( ?is class weigh+ eighty gra9s1 z we h j m5tion$4 ,! ,scot* writ] ass]ts t he c\ld nev] sell a necklace ( f9e ,scot* pe>ls 9 ,scotl& itself1 z e "o want$ ori5tal pe>ls2 he cont9ues3 8,at ?is v day ,i c %[ "s ( our own ,scots ,pe>ls z f9e1 m h>d & transp>5t ?an any ,ori5tal4 ,x is true t ! ,ori5tal c be easi] mat*$1 because !y are all ( a yell[ wat]1 yet =eign]s covet ,scots ,pe>ls40 ,9 ,ceylon#cii & ,india1 pe>l-grad+ & valu+ has receiv$ close att5tion1 & an elaborate sy/em has be5 evolv$ by ! pe>l m]*ants4 ,?is sy/em has be5 9 use = g5]ations & possibly = c5turies4 ,al?\gh app>5tly v complicat$1 x is 9 reality q simple1 if we only rememb] t ! value ( inf]ior pe>ls is det]m9$ by _! weight1 :]eas ! value ( sup]ior pe>ls is comput$ f ! squ>e ( _! weight4 ,! pe>ls are fir/ gr\p$ accord+ to ! size1 ( :i* t5 grades are made4 ,?is is done by pass+ !m successively ?r\gh t5 brass sauc]-l sieves or baskets 7p$di71 ea* ab\t ?ree & a half in*es 9 diamet] & "o in* deep4 ,! holes 9 ! bottom ( ea* sieve are ( uni=m size1 b !y are graduat$ 9 size = ! diff]5t baskets4 ,! pe>ls are sift$ 9 ! basket ) ! l>ge/ holes1 & ^? :i* w n pass ?r\gh are ( ! fir/ size4 ,! pe>ls :i* pass ?r\gh are !n sift$ 9 ! second basket1 & ^? reta9$ are ( ! second size2 & s on ?r\gh ! entire s]ies ( t5 sieves or baskets4 ,^? :i* pass ?r\gh ! t5? sieve are kn[n z masi-tl1 or p[d] pe>ls2 !y are ( little value ow+ to _! v small size1 & are n subject to fur!r classification4 ,( c\rse1 ! atta*$ pe>ls or v irregul> b>oques--! oddumuttu--are n subject to ! sift+ process1 & are valu$ indep5d5tly ( ?is4 ,sometimes 9 ,india1 z well z 9 we/]n c\ntries1 false measures are us$1 & an ori5tal pe>l m]*ant may h "o set ( sieves = use 9 buy+ & ano!r = sell+4 ,! rule = det]m9+ ! prop] size ( ! holes 9 ! fir/ sieve is t !y may pass pe>ls weigh+ #bj to ! kalan*1 :5ce ?is sieve is commonly kn[n z ! 8#bj p$di40 ,! second sieve is ! 8#cj p$di10 s9ce x passes pe>ls weigh+ #cj to ! kalan*4 ,9 ! prop] ord] ! o!r sieves respectively pass pe>ls requir+ #ej1 #hj1 #ajj1 #bjj1 #djj1 #fjj1 #hjj1 & #ajjj to ! kalan*4 ,?is use ( sieves = grad+ ! ,ceylon pe>ls 0 m5tion$ by ,cle&ro ,arnobio1 a writ] ( ! latt] "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 9 8 8,tesoro delle ,gioie10 & he took 8 description f an old] writ]1 ,g>zia dell' ,horto4 ,aft] ! sift+1 ea* ( ! t5 grad$ lots ( pe>ls are plac$ on pieces ( clo? = classification z to quality1 %ape1 & lu/]4 ,?is classification requires mu* skill & judgm5t on ! "p ( ! valu]4 ,n only w two p]sons commonly fail to class a l>ge lot ( pe>ls exactly alike1 b "o p]son is n likely to class ! same lot twice 9 precisely ! same mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,b4 ,pe>l nose r+s4 ,b>oda1 ,india4 ,c4 ,ea/ ,indian e>r+ ( /r+s ( pe>ls & table diamonds4 ,collection ( ,edmund ,russell1 ,esq4 ,d4 ,e4 ,grape p5dants4 ,ori5tal pe>ls4 ,f long e/abli%$ cu/om1 recognition is made ( twelve classes into :i* ! t5 grades or sizes ( pe>ls are divid$ ) respect to %ape & lu/]1 ! local names ( ^! classes giv+ a fair indication ( _! respective *>act]i/ics4 ,^! names are3 #a ,ani1 8be/03 p]fect 9 sph]icity & lu/]1 ! true ori5t pe>l4 #b ,anatri1 8foll[]03 fail+ slightly 9 sph]icity & lu/]4 #c ,masanku or ,masaku3 badly color$ pe>ls1 usually gray1 symmetrical1 & ) lu/]4 #d ,kaiyral1 8! clasp ( a necklace03 a d>k-color$ treble pe>l1 n q r\nd4 #e ,ma**akai4 #f ,vadivu1 8beauty10 also 8decreas+03 t :i* is /ra9$ or sift$2 f\nd 9 ! #ajj1 #bjj1 & #djj sieves4 ,^! small pe>ls1 regul> 9 %ape1 & ( good lu/]1 are especially favor$ 9 ! ,ea/4 #g ,madanku1 8fold$10 or 8b5t03 all pe>ls ( vadivu size t are imp]fect 9 =m or color4 #h ,krval1 8%ort03 de=m$ & d\ble pe>ls2 !y may1 h[ev]1 be ( excell5t lu/]4 ,ani ,krval3 :]e two ni are fus$ toge!r1 b s =m$ t if sep>ate !y w\ld be p]fectly sph]ical4 ,psal ,krval3 :]e sev]al pe>ls ( good lu/] & color are fus$ p>tially & irregul>ly toge!r4 ,pamp>a ,krval3 a pe>l groov$ regul>ly1 l a top4 #i ,kalippu1 8abundance10 or 8reject$03 inf]ior to ,anatri2 a good pe>l1 may be l5s-%ap$ or elongat$2 usually flatt5$4 #aj ,psal1 8torn03 a de=m$ pe>l or clu/] ( small mis%ap5 pe>ls2 ( poor color & ( little value4 #aa ,kurl3 v mis%ap5 & small4 #ab ,tl1 8p[d]03 ! se$-pe>ls1 ^? reta9$ by ! #fjj1 #hjj1 & #ajjj sieves4 ,9 addition to ! above designations1 ! foll[+ are also us$3 ,samadiam3 a pe>l ( a r$di% hue2 pe>-%ap$ b ( dull color4 ,nimelai3 a nose-pe>l1 p]fect sk9n$1 & pe>- or egg-%ap$4 ,sirippu3 a pe>l groov$ ) irregul> wr9kle-l furr[s4 ,kodai1 8br[n03 l a nut1 ) no nacre\s lu/]2 =m$ ( prismatic %ell2 may be l>ge1 is usually sph]ical1 & includes pe>ls ( v>i\s colors4 ,?is "n is also us$ = :ite pe>ls ) black or br[n m>ks4 ,van ,kodai3 a kodai pe>l ) "o side nacre\s4 ,k>unk ,kodai3 a black or blue-black slag-l pe>l4 ,masi-tl1 8ink-du/10 or 8*alk-p[d]03 small] ?an ! #ajjj sieve4 ,g5]ally us$ = m$ic9al purposes1 or burnt & eat5 ) areca-nut & betel by ! natives4 ,oddu--or ,ottumuttu1 8%ell-pe>l03 an atta*$ pe>l or nacre\s excresc5ce on ! outside ( ! %ell4 ,( ! twelve classes nam$ above1 ! fir/ f\r are kn[n z ! *evv1 or sup]ior classes2 ! next ?ree z ! vadivu1 or beautiful classes2 & ! la/ five z ! kalan*1 or inf]ior classes4 ,! *evv pe>ls are f\nd only 9 ! fir/ f\r sieves or baskets2 & = ?is reason ^! are kn[n z ! *evv p$di or 8*evv baskets10 al?\gh !y may also reta9 inf]ior pe>ls4 ,a "n us$ to indicate ! class ( pe>ls f\nd 9 ! fir/ f\r sieves is mel or melmuttu1 8upp]0 or 8sup]ior pe>l10 :ile vadivu designates ^? reta9$ by ! next ?ree & tl ^? ( ! la/ ?ree4 ,aft] ! pe>ls h be5 grad$ accord+ to size & classifi$ accord+ to quality1 !y are weigh$4 ,! unit ( weight is ! man*di1 ! se$ ( ,abrus precatorius1 a small1 r$ b]ry ( practically uni=m weight :5 ripe4 ,h4 ,w4 ,gillman ( ! ,ceylon ,civil ,s]vice reports ! weight ( ! man*di to be #c4ce gra9s troy4 ,fractional p>ts ( a unit are obta9$ by us+ a b]ry call$ kundumani1 gra9s ( rice1 etc41 ^: weights h be5 det]m9$ be=eh&4 ,a brass weight--! kalan*--is also employ$2 x equals #fg gra9s or #bj man*di4 ,h[ev]1 *oice pe>ls--^? ( ! sup]ior classes--are n valu$ 9 ?is mann]1 b at s mu* p] *evv ( _! weight1 :i* is ?ree f\r?s ( ! squ>e ( ! weight 9 man*di4 ,?us1 to f9d ! value ( an anatri pe>l 9 ! second sieve1 if ! weight be f\nd to be ?ree man*di1 ?ree f\r?s ( ! squ>e ( ?ree1 or #f1 is multipli$ by ! base value ( ! anatri class4 ,! actual process ( ! calculation ( value is z foll[s3 ow+ to ! small size ( ! pe>ls1 _m fractions ent] into ! computations2 to pres]ve uni=mity x is cu/om>y to increase all fractions s t ea* may h #cbj z a d5om9ator1 ?is be+ a common multiple ( ^? t ord9>ily arise 9 *evv calculations4 ,! weight 9 man*di ( ! pe>ls is increas$ to a fractional figure hav+ #cbj z a d5om9ator4 ,?ree f\r?s ( ! squ>e ( ! num]ator ( ?is fraction is divid$ by ! numb] ( pe>ls1 & ?is quoti5t is divid$ twice consecutively by #cbj1 giv+ ! *evv ( ! weight4 ,! m>ket value !n foll[s f ! quot$ price ( ! pe>ls p] *evv at ! "t4 ,9 actual practice1 ^! computations are n made2 b ea* m]*ant provides himself ) sets ( tables %[+ ! calculations = diff]5t weights1 analog\s to ! use ( int]e/ tables by bank]s1 or ( tables ( log>i?ms by surveyors4 ,"s ( ! m]*ants commit ^! tables to memory1 & at times may be he>d recit+ !m quietly to !mselves to refre% ! memory4 ,if a pe>l ( a p>ticul> grade & class is ( exceptional m]it1 ! m]*ant adds some:at to ! money value comput$ by ! above process4 ,?is applies especially to d\ble pe>ls ( ! krval class1 :i* sometimes consi/ ( two f9e b\ton pe>ls suitable = sett+1 b n = /r++4 ,pe>ls ( "o ( ! inf]ior or kalan* classes are valu$ by simple weight1 at s mu* p] kalan*1 ! m>ket price1 ( c\rse1 diff]+ = pe>ls ( ! v>i\s classes4 ,! weight hav+ be5 asc]ta9$1 ea* 9 its class z be=e not$1 ! value is det]m9$ by multiply+ t weight by ! curr5t m>ket price p] unit ( su* pe>ls1 at s _m rupees p] kalan*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,necklace ,,conta9+ #abf1jjj ,,se$-,,pe>ls4 ,,l\is ,,xvi ,,p]iod ,prop]ty ( an ,am]ican lady ,! /> pagoda is us$ 9 calculat+ ! values4 ,?is small gold co9 0 curr5t 9 s\? ,india 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,9 ! computations x is consid]$ to be wor? ?ree & a half rupees1 al?\gh its intr9sic value z a gold co9 is ab\t six rupees4 ,x is consid]$ probable t ! ,london syndicate1#djj :i* has lately leas$ ! ,ceylon pe>l fi%]ies = a p]iod ( tw5ty ye>s1 w d away ) ! complicat$ calculations employ$ = s _m g5]ations1 surviv+ all *anges ( adm9i/ration1 ,portuguese1 ,dut*1 & ,briti%4 ,?is is only "o ( ! _m in/ances %[+ ! t5d5cy ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t to aboli% "t-honor$ usages 9 ,india1 )\t reg>d to ! wi%es ( its population2 &1 unimportant z _m ( ^! *anges may seem to u1 !y all s]ve to fo/] a _s ( discont5t t may lead to s]i\s tr\ble4 ,?is conduct on ! "p ( ,great ,brita9 is all ! /rang] 9 view ( ! /ubborn opposition ( t c\ntry to ! adoption ( ! sci5tific & logical metric sy/em4 ,9 ,bombay1 ! weight ( pe>ls 9 tanks is made ! basis ( _! valuation2 ! tank equals #bd ratti or ab\t #gb gra9s troy4 ,! squ>e ( ! numb] ( tanks is multipli$ by #ccj & ! quoti5t divid$ by ! numb] ( pe>ls2 ?is gives ! numb] ( *evvs1 or *[s1 z !y are sometimes call$1 & ! m>ket price ( ! *evvs = a giv5 class ( pe>ls %[s _! value4 ,if1 = in/ance1 we h #ef pe>ls ( a c]ta9 quality1 weigh+ #e tanks1 & ! *evvs ( ^! pe>ls is wor? #ad rupees1 ! sum w\ld be z foll[s3 #e #e #ccj #ad -------------------------------- #bjfb4e rupees1 or ab\t #hbe4 #ef ,9 ?is case1 z 9 ! o!r sy/em ( weigh+ :i* we h m5tion$1 ! *evvs is only a nom9al weight2 b !re is 9 ,india a real weight unit :i* be>s ?is "n4#dja ,! high e/eem 9 :i* ! pe>l 0 held by ! ,h9dus is well illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ /atem5t f an old treatise on gems3 8,a pe>l weigh+ two kalanjas 7ab\t #ahj gra9s7 %\ld n be worn ev5 by k+s4 ,x is = ! gods1 x is )\t equal40#djb ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( a great savant's exp]i5ce1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 reg>d+ ! value ( pe>ls1 is giv5 by ,guillaume ,bud#djc 7#adfg-aedj71 ! celebrat$ ,fr5* ,hell5i/ :o liv$ dur+ ! reign ( ,francis ,i & :o is reg>d$ z ! f\nd] ( ! ,college de ,france4 ,9 8 "w entitl$ 8,de ,asse10 he /ates t he once inquir$ ( a gem deal] 9 ,p>is :e!r ! latt] c\ld recall ! weight ( "s rem>kable pe>l :i* _h pass$ ?r\gh 8 h&s4 ,! deal] repli$ t he _h se5 "o weigh+ #cj c>ats 7#abj gra9s71 :]eupon ano!r gem deal]1 :o 0 pres5t1 rem>k$ t he _h 9 8 possession "o ( #dj c>ats 7#afj gra9s74 ,?is pe>l 0 sold a few days lat] = #cjjj gold cr[ns 7#fgej74 ,on ano!r occasion ,bud 0 told t a pe>l ( exquisite beauty weigh+ #cj c>ats1 _h be5 sold to ! ,du*esse de ,b\rbon1 daught] ( ,l\is ,,xi ( ,france1 = ! sum ( #djjj gold cr[ns 7#ijjj74 ,9 reg>d to ! mann] ( comput+ ! value ( pe>ls ,bud writes3 8,i ?9k ! ratio ( ^! prices c be calculat$4 ,:5 ,i ask$ a gem deal] :at 0 ! value ( a pe>l ( f\r c>ats sixte5 gra9s1 accord+ to ! =mula1 he repli$3 #8,i h se5 su* a pe>l sell = ?irty gold cr[ns #fg4ej4' ,:]eupon ,i ask$3 #8,h[ mu* w\ld y e/imate "o weigh+ eight c>ats ?irty-two gra9s8' #8,at lea/ two hundr$ gold cr[ns #dej1' he answ]$2 & z ,i cont9u$ to ply him ) que/ions1 gradually increas+ ! weight1 he respond$ 9 su* a way t ,i c\ld und]/& t ! increase ( ! price bore n a num]ical1 b a proportional relation to ! weight2 s t ! above m5tion$ eight-c>at pe>l1 hav+ d\ble ! weight ( a f\r-c>at pe>l1 0 valu$ at sev5 times z mu*4 ,! same 0 true ( a pe>l weigh+ twelve c>ats1 tw5ty c>ats1 & s on2 ! price augm5t+ by a great] & great] increm5t z ! weight increas$40 ,9 ! 8,coronae ,gemma ,noblissima0 ( ,wilhelmus ,eo 7#afba1 pp4 #cb1 #cc71 an in/ance is giv5 ( ! rapid *anges t are possible 9 ! wor? ( a pe>l4 ,a l>ge & beautiful pe>l 0 br\ght to ,nuremb]g by a m]*ant :o _h paid #ejj flor9s = x2 he soon f\nd a pur*as] among ! m]*ants !re1 :o 0 will+ to pay him #hjj flor9s4 ,?is latt] m]*ant 9 8 turn dispos$ ( 8 gem = #ajjj flor9s1 & %ortly aft] x aga9 *ang$ h&s twice1 ! fir/ "t at an advance ( #bjj flor9s & ! second at an advance ( #cjj flor9s4 ,all ?is happ5$ )9 a few days4 ,! writ] tells u t ! la/ pur*as]1 :o paid #aejj flor9s = ! pe>l1 took x ) him to ,v5ice 8:]e ! weal?y dames we> a great treasure ( beautiful pe>ls z necklaces ^u _! b>e sk91 & he w n h lo/ any?+ on 8 pe>l !re40 ,9 #ahhd1 ,mr4 ,edw9 ,/reet] 0 ask$ by a memb] ( a ,london syndicate to proce$ to ! ,ea/1 to value a l>ge quantity ( jewels1 z a heavy sum ( money 0 ab\t to be advanc$ to a c]ta9 ,p[]1 to provide ! s9ews ( w>4 ,on 8 way he 0 reque/$ to /op at "o ( ! pr9cipal t[ns 9 ,g]many to pur*ase "s jewels :i* _h be5 valu$ = probate b 7 n easy ( sale 9 t m>ket4 ,! valuation pap] 0 %[n to him1 & aft] exam9+ ! ornam5ts1 he agre$ to take !m at ! prices nam$4 ,among !m 0 an old gold broo* ( ,russian manufacture1 valu$ at #d2 9 ! c5t] ( ?is broo* 0 :at appe>$ to be a piece ( hematite1 b 0 9 reality a f9e1 r\nd1 black pe>l1 weigh+ #gg gra9s4 ,! color _h fad$ f exposure to ! sun4 ,?is pe>l 0 br\ght to ,london1 & ! out] lay] 0 tak5 (f1 :5 a p]fect black pe>l ( #fg gra9s 0 uncov]$4 ,?is 0 sold to a manufactur+ jewel] 9 ,london = #djj2 b1 hav+ he>d t 9 ,p>is !re 0 a pe>l t w\ld exactly mat* x1 ,mr4 ,/reet] b\ght x back aga9 = #fjj1 & !n sold x at a l>ge pr(it to "o ( ! ,p>is cr[n jewel]s1 :o1 9 8 turn1 sold ! pair to a ri* iron m]*ant = #ej1jjj francs 7#bjjj or #aj1jjj74 ,s9ce !n ! sum ( #ajj1jjj francs 7#djjj or #bj1jjj7 has be5 refus$ = ?is pair ( mat*less black pe>ls4 ,at pres5t values !y may be wor? d\ble ?is sum4 ,at diff]5t times ! values assign$ to ! diff]5t =ms & colors ( pe>ls h v>i$4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! ,fr5* ,encyclopdie ( #aggd 7,vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #che71 x is /at$ t pe>-%ap$ pe>ls1 al?\gh !y might be equally p]fect & ( ! same weight z r\nd pe>ls1 7 valu$ mu* less ?an ^!4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( well-mat*$ pairs1 _! price 0 a ?ird less ?an t ( r\nd pe>ls4 ,z e>ly z ! sixte5? c5tury x 0 n uncommon t jewel]s :o _h 9 _! possession a f9e pe>-%ap$ pe>l w\ld h a replica ( x mold$ 9 lead1 & !n s5d ! ca/s to ! l>ge cities ( ,europe & ! ,ea/4 ,if a mate 0 f\nd = x1 ! respective own]s soon came to t]ms1 = su* pe>ls comm& a mu* high] price toge!r ?an !y d sep>ately4 ,an int]e/+ /ory is told ( no less a collector ?an ! ,duke ( ,brunswick1 :o 0 s g5]\s to ! city ( ,g5eva4 ,= _m ye>s e pe>-%ap$ pe>l f e l& _h be5 submitt$ to him = exam9ation4 ,he always claim$ ! privilege ( exam9+ x alone = a mom5t or two & 9 e in/ance he return$ x4 ,at la/ a new pe>-%ap$ pe>l ( m>vel\s size & beauty 0 he>d ( 9 a di/ant c\ntry4 ,x 0 s5t to ,g]many1 :]e ! duke 0 visit+ at t "t1 to a local deal] :o act$ z ag5t = ! own]4 ,! price dem&$ = x seem$ excessive1 b ! duke took ! pe>l1 /epp$ aside = a mom5t1 & said1 quick z a fla%1 8,! pe>l is m9e40 ,! next day he %[$ x ) a mate he _h own$ = _m ye>s & t 0 a mo/ faultless mat*4 ,?r\gh all ! ye>s ( 8 se>* he _h nev] in=m$ any "o ( 8 int5tion to mat* ! pe>l he already own$4 ,9 #ahgi1 at ! "t ( ! dea? ( ! fa!r ( ,sultan ,bud]udd9 ( ! ,sulu ,isl&s1 a box ( l>ge & f9e pe>ls 0 among ! treasures he left beh9d him4 ,_m ( ^! disappe>$1 b "s ( !m came into ! h&s ( ,sultan ,bud]udd9 & 8 "m4 ,! =m] sold ^? :i* he _h inh]it$1 9 ord] to defray ! exp5ses ( a pilgrimage to ,mecca1 9 #ahhb4 ,8 "m1 :o ex]t$ a great influ5ce ov] ! conduct ( affairs1 reta9$ a numb] ( ! pe>ls1 & x 0 always difficult to induce h] to "p ) any ( !m4 ,:51 z v r>ely happ5$1 %e 0 p]suad$ to d s1 %e inv>iably got a high] price = !m ?an !y w\ld h comm&$ 9 ,london1 because %e 0 nev] anxi\s to sell1 & always said3 8,:y %\ld ,i sell my pe>ls8 ,if ! ,spani>ds come to attack u1 ,i c put !m 9 a h&k]*ief & g into ! hills2 b if ,i _h doll>s ,i %\ld ne$ a numb] ( m5 to c>ry !m40 ,we d n yet "k :at became ( ! /ol5 pe>ls4 ,_m times has a deal] put ne>ly all t he possess$ into a f9e pe>l or necklace1 frequ5tly )\t a rew>d2 (t5 gradually buy+ m & m1 hop+ = "s great patron to relieve him4 ,:5 ! cli5t appe>s1 !re is happ9ess1 b :5 he does n1 !re is woe4 ,?is in/ance is well illu/rat$ :5 ,philip ,,iv ( ,spa9 ask$ ( ! m]*ant ,gogibus3 8,h[ h y v5tur$ to put all y\r =tune into su* a small object80 8,because ,i knew !re 0 a k+ ( ,spa9 to buy x ( me10 0 ! quick reply4 ,& ,philip rew>d$ ! fai? ( ! jewel] by pur*as+ ! pe>l4 ,caire & ,dufie#djd /ate3 ,we ne$ h no fe> t ei!r ! price or ! use ( pe>ls w dim9i% :5 we consid] ! great dem& = !m bo? on acc\nt ( luxury & sup]/ition4 ,!re is no ,h9du :o does n reg>d x z a matt] ( religion t he %\ld pi]ce at lea/ "o pe>l on ! occasion ( 8 m>riage4 ,?is mu/ be a new pe>l :i* has nev] be5 p]=at$4 ,:atev] may be ! my/]i\s signification1 ?is v anci5t usage is1 at lea/1 v useful = ! comm]ce ( pe>ls4 ,9 #ahih1 "o ( ! writ]s _h a long talk ) 8 late *ief1 :o _h1 at t "t1 devot$ sixty ye>s ( 8 life to ! jewelry pr(ession4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! conv]sation ! latt] rem>k$3 8,x seems to me t pe>ls are too de>02 to :i* ! writ] rejo9$3 8,h pe>ls ev] gone d[n 9 price dur+ y\r entire connection ) ! jewelry pr(ession80 ,! answ] 03 8,no1 !y h always advanc$40 ,:]eupon ! writ] said3 8,i c give y /ati/ics = two hundr$ ye>s prec$+ y\r e>lie/ exp]i5ce1 :i* prove t pe>ls con/antly advanc$ 9 value dur+ t p]iod40 ,! foll[+ are ! names giv5 to ! diff]5t k9ds ( pe>ls1 accord+ to _! orig94 ,! t]m 8ori5tal0 designates ^? pe>ls t are f\nd 9 ! true pe>l-oy/]1 & h a m>9e or salt-wat] orig91 be+ f\nd ei!r 9 ! ocean or "o ( its adjac5t tribut>ies1 & belong+ to "o ( ! num]\s species ( ! ,m>g>itif]4 ,! t]m 8fre%-wat]0 is giv5 to ^? pe>ls t are f\nd 9 ! fre%-wat] brooks1 rivulets1 riv]s1 or fre%-wat] lakes1 & n 9 salt wat]1 & :i* belong to ! ,unionid4 ,! t]m 8con*0 is appli$ to t v>iety ( pe>l :i* is usually p9k1 or yell[1 9 color1 & t is ei!r f\nd 9 ! univalve %ell1 kn[n z ! common con* 7,/rombus gigas71 or 9 ! yell[ %ell 7,cassis madagasc>5sis74 ,! ^w 8clam pe>l0 is us$ to designate ^? pe>ls t are f\nd 9 ! common clam ( ! ,atlantic coa/1 & are ei!r black1 d>k purple1 purple1 or mix$ ) :ite1 m especially if !y are boil$4 8,placuna pe>l0 designates ^? pe>ls t are f\nd 9 ! ,placuna1 or w9d[-glass %ell1 9 ! ,ea/4 ,!y h a micace\s lu/]1 are r>ely ( mu* value1 & are sold entirely 9 ! ,ori5t1 almo/ exclusively = m$ic9al purposes4 8,oy/] pe>l0 signifies ^? concretions t are f\nd 9 ! common edible oy/] 7,o/rea74 ,!y are g5]ally black1 purple1 or ) a mixture ( black & :ite1 or purple & :ite4 ,!y are devoid ( nacre\s lu/] & possess nei!r beauty nor value4 8,coque de p]le0 designates ! globuse walls ( ! nautilus & possibly o!r %ells t h a pe>ly nacre2 !y are almo/ hemisph]ical & are ei!r r\nd or long1 hav+ a pe>ly effect4 8,abalone03 a "n appli$ to ^? pe>ls t are f\nd 9 ! univalve 8e>-%ell0 or awabi1 z x is call$ 9 ,japan4 ,!y are g5]ally gre51 blue-gre51 or fawn-yell[1 & h an int5se r$1 flame-l iridesc5ce4 ,!y are r>ely r\nd1 g5]ally flat1 or irregul>1 & are occasionally wor? sev]al hundr$s ( doll>s ea*4 8,p9na pe>ls03 ^? pe>ls t are f\nd 9 ! ,p9na1 or w+-%ells ( ! ,m$it]ranean & adjac5t seas4 ,^! possess no ori5t1 b are m highly cry/all9e ?an any o!r pe>ls4 ,!y are almo/ transluc5t & h a peculi> r$ or yell[ color1 & are ( little value except locally4 8,cocoanut pe>l03 ?is "n is giv5 to ^? pe>ls t are f\nd 9 ! giant oy/] or clam ( ! vic9ity ( ,s+apore2 !y are errone\sly call$ cocoanut pe>ls because !y h ! appe>ance ( ! meat ( ! cocoanut4 ,!y are (t5 ( great size1 b h no comm]cial value4 ,! foll[+ are special designations ( ! diff]5t v>ieties ( pe>ls accord+ to _! =ms & appe>ance3 ,p>agon3 ?is t]m 0 =m]ly us$ to designate l>ge & exceptionally p]fect or beautiful pe>ls1 usually weigh+ ov] "o hundr$ gra9s4 ,r\nd3 :5 ! pe>l is absolutely sph]ical1 z if turn$ on a la!1 )\t any flatt5+ or any ind5tations on ! sides4 ,button or ,b\ton3 if ! pe>l is dom$ on top & has ei!r a flat or slightly convex back4 ,pe>-%ap$3 :5 ! pe>l is =m$ l a pe>1 t]m9at+ 9 a po9t1 & is ei!r flat at ! l[] end or r\nd$4 ,drop-%ap$3 :5 ! pe>l is elongat$ l a pe>1 b is l>g] at ! l[] end ?an a pe>-%ap$ pe>l4 ,egg-%ap$3 :5 ovate 9 =m1 r\nd$ m or less at ea* end1 or =m$ l an egg4 ,cone-%ap$3 appli$ to pe>ls t are elongat$ & r\nd$ ) "o flat end1 & h ! =m ( a cone4 ,top-%ap$3 a "n giv5 to ^? pe>ls t are broad1 flatt5$ at ! top & r\nd$ on ! sides1 t]m9at+ 9 a po9t1 l a top4 ,se$-pe>ls is a "n giv5 to pe>ls t are r\nd or irregul>1 & weigh "o f\r? gra9 or ev5 less4 ,!y are frequ5tly s small t #ah1jjj are conta9$ 9 a s+le ounce1 & !y are (t5 s5t f ! ,ea/ 9 bun*es ( ab\t a doz5 or s ( /r+s4 ,du/-pe>ls4 ,:5 se$-pe>ls are v small !y are kn[n z 8du/-pe>ls02 !y are really z f9e z du/ & h v little value2 /ill1 _! =m is 9 _m cases wond]fully p]fect4 ,petal pe>ls are ^? :i* are some:at flat1 frequ5tly m po9t$ at "o end ?an at ! o!r1 & h ! appe>ance ( a petal or leaf4 ,h+e pe>ls are ^? pe>ls t are long1 g5]ally po9t$ at ei!r or bo? ends1 & are f\nd ne> ! h+e "p ( ! %ell4 ,!y are divid$ into two di/9ct =ms1 namely dog-too?1 & w+-%ap$4 ,w+ pe>ls3 ^? t are elongat$ or irregul>1 resembl+ a w+ or "p ( a w+4 ,dog-too?3 appli$ to pe>ls ) po9t$ e>s1 elongat$1 & :i* are n>r[] ?an ! w+ pe>ls4 ,slugs3 a "n us$ = ! v irregul>1 di/ort$ pe>ls1 frequ5tly made up ( masses or gr\ps ( small pe>ls2 usually )\t lu/] or =m1 & ( little value except = m$ic9al purposes4 ,nuggets3 :5 ! pe>ls are some:at r\nd1 b are ind5t$ or slightly irregul>4 ,hay/acks3 :5 ! pe>ls are ei!r r\nd or oval1 ) ! top consid]ably elevat$4 ,turtlebacks3 :5 ! pe>ls are a trifle long] ?an !y are wide1 ) a dom$ surface n mu* elevat$4 ,?is =m is q preval5t among ,am]ican pe>ls4 ,/rawb]ry pe>ls3 ^? t are r\nd or elongat$ & entirely cov]$ ) prickly po9ts1 some:at resembl+ a /rawb]ry or pickle4 ,x is believ$ t ^! irregul> m>ks are frequ5tly produc$ by m9ute pe>ls4 8,bli/]0 & 8,*icot0 are names appli$ to ^? pe>ls t are f\nd emb$d$ )9 a nacre\s coat+1 (t5 conta9+ mud1 wat]1 or imp]fect "m-(-pe>l4 ,aft] ^! 8bli/]s10 z !y are t]m$1 are brok51 & lay] aft] lay] has be5 remov$ f ! cont5ts1 v f9e pe>ls h frequ5tly be5 f\nd4 ,peel]s3 a t]m appli$ to pe>ls hav+ imp]fect surfaces or sk9s t may h "s inn] lay]s :i* are p]fect4 ,pe>ls hav+ opaque b&s or r+s are r>ely peel$ ) mu* success z ?is opaque lay] frequ5tly ext5ds to "s dep?4 ,cyl9drical pe>ls3 = pe>ls t h ! =m ( a cyl9d]1 be+ elongat$ & flatt5$ at ea* end4 ,hamm] pe>ls3 :5 pe>ls are long & some:at r\nd$ & assume ! %ape ( a hamm] or b>rel4 ,^! are r\nd$ or dom$ at ! side & flatt5$ at ! ends4 ,b>oque 7,w>t pe>ls 9 ,g]man73 :5 pe>ls are n ( any p]fect =m su* z r\nd1 pe>1 ovate1 or any regul> =m1 !y are t]m$ b>oque1 & ?is t]m cov]s a l>ge class ( v>ieties1 su* z all t foll[ 7except se$- & half-pe>ls74 ,d\ble1 triple1 or tw9 pe>ls are ^? t are made up ( two or m pe>ls unit$ toge!r 9 a s+le nacre\s coat+1 %[+1 h[ev]1 t !y are /ill sep>ate pe>ls4 ,mon/] pe>ls3 ?is "n 0 =m]ly appli$ to v l>ge1 irregul>1 pe>ly masses :i* ei!r resembl$ "s animal or 7 adapt$ to =m ! head1 trunk1 or o!r "p ( an animal3 ^! are also occasionally call$ 8,p>agons40 ,bird's-eye3 a "n us$ = a pe>l t has dull spots1 giv+ x ! appe>ance ( a bird's-eye4 8,r+-a-r\nd0 is a t]m appli$ to su* pe>ls z are black1 br[n1 p9k1 or :ite1 & h a circle runn+ ar\nd ! pe>l itself ( "s di/9ctive contra/+ color1 z :ite on black1 p9k on br[n or black on :ite4 ,emb$d$ pe>ls are ^? t are p>tly or entirely surr\nd$ by "m-(-pe>l1 hav+ be5 envelop$ & pass$ outw>d f ! int]ior ( ! %ell by ! mollusk s t 9 "t ! pe>l w\ld h be5 lo/ on ! outside ( ! %ell4 ,^! emb$d$ pe>ls are occasionally f\nd 9 ! manufacture ( "m-(-pe>l articles4 ,:5 ! "m-(-pe>l is split1 ! pe>l w fall out f betwe5 ! lay]s4 ,half-pe>ls is ! "n giv5 to su* pe>ls z are r\nd & sph]ically dom$1 & are ei!r some:at flat or almo/ ! %ape ( "o half ( a :ole pe>l ( ! same diamet]4 ,!y are usually made by cutt+ (f ! be/ "p ( a hemisph]ical bright spot f a l>ge irregul> pe>l2 frequ5tly two to f\r cutt+s are made f ! bright spots ( a s+le pe>l1 ea* ( ! cutt+s hav+ ! appe>ance ( half a pe>l4 ,! s-call$ ,indian pe>ls h a fa9t rosy t9t ) mu* ori5t4 ,^! are g5]ally pe>ls f ! ,ceylonese fi%]ies t are sold f ! ,bombay side4 ,! t]m 8,madras :ite0 describes ! :it] v>ieties1 !re be+ a pref]5ce = ^! 9 ,madras1 :ile ! rosy1 yell[1 & d>k] %ades are favor$ 9 ,bombay4 ,au/ralian pe>ls are g5]ally a pure waxy :ite & lu/r\s1 (t5 ) a silv]-:ite %e51 extremely brilliant & beautiful4 ,ne>ly all ! ,v5ezuela & ,panama pe>ls h a fa9t gold5-yell[ t9t1 v (t5 extremely lu/r\s1 & are especially desir$ by ! d>k] sk9n$ p & brunettes4 ,! pref]5ce at v>i\s times has v>i$ ) diff]5t peoples3 9 ,*9a & ,india1 gold5-yell[ & sat9-yell[ pe>ls are pref]r$2 f ,panama we h ! v :ite2 9 ,bombay ! yell[ pe>ls f ! ,p]sian ,gulf are highly appreciat$4 ,yell[ pe>ls f o!r %ells ?an ! pe>l-oy/] are frequ5tly (f]$ = sale 9 ! ,ea/1 :]e !y are greatly appreciat$1 al?\gh !y f9d little favor 9 ,engl&4 ,"s ( ^! pe>ls are attribut$ to ! pe>ly nautilus 7,nautilus pompilius74 ,?is may be ! case ) ^? t h a pe>ly lu/]1 b ^? t h ! appe>ance ( porcela91 & are z bright z poli%$ *9a1 are c]ta9ly n f ?is %ell1 b evid5tly f ! l>ge ,melo or o!r %ells ( t "*4 ,"s may come f ! l>ge con* 7,cassis madagasc>5sis74 ,a yell[ pe>l1 v p]fect 9 =m & color1 & weigh+ m ?an "o hundr$ gra9s1 0 %[n at ! ,p>is ,exposition ( #ahhi & 0 valu$ at #ej1jjj francs4 ,wond]ful gold5-yell[ pe>ls ) a saffron t9t are unusually lu/r\s & beautiful4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable pe>ls ( ?is "* is ( a brilliant gold5-yell[ color :i* belongs to an ,am]ican lady1 & weighs #cj gra9s4 ,^! pe>ls are f ,%>k's ,bay1 ,we/ ,au/ralia1 & only a limit$ numb] ( !m are f\nd annually4 ,black pe>ls d n seem to h be5 reg>d$ ) any favor by ! anci5ts1 & we f9d no m5tion ( !m by m$ieval writ]s4 ,only fifty ye>s ago a p]fectly r\nd1 black pe>l1 weigh+ #h gra9s1 0 sold = #d 7#bj72 to-day ?is pe>l w\ld easily br+ #ajj 7#ejj74 ,empress ,eug5ie1 ! wife ( ,napoleon ,,iii1 may be said to h br\ght !m into favor2 %e own$ a spl5did necklace ( black pe>ls :i* 0 sold at ,*ri/ie's1 aft] ! fall ( ,napoleon1 = ! sum ( #djjj 7#bj1jjj74 ,"s "t lat]1 ! ,m>quis ( ,ba? b\ght1 at ,*ri/ie's1 ! pe>l :i* =m$ ! clasp ( ! necklace1 pay+ #ajjj 7#ejjj7 = x2 he de/9$ x = ! c5t] ( a bracelet4 ,gre5i%-black pe>ls are p]haps valu$ high] ?an any o!r color$ pe>ls1 if !y h ! prop] ori5t2 ?is is probably p>tly ow+ to _! r>ity4 ,a blui%-black pe>l possess+ a f9e ori5t comm&s almo/ ! same price z a pure black pe>l4 ,^? :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,placuna plac5ta are (t5 ( a dull gray hue1 :ile ^? produc$ by ! ,p9na squamosa are g5]ally br[n 9 color4 ,b>oque pe>ls 7 =m]ly mu* worn & appreciat$ 9 ,spa9 & ,pol&4 ,_! price v>ies greatly1 accord+ to _! size1 _! beauty1 & also to _! sc>city 9 any p>ticul> place4 ,! pieces ( pe>l deta*$ f ! %ells--(t5 half-pe>l & half "m-(-pe>l1 & call$ 8de fantaisie0--are always v irregul> 9 =m1 & sometimes (f] a c]ta9 resemblance to a "p ( ! human or animal =m4#dje ,h[ is x t su* quantities ( jewels are cont9ually br\ght f ! ,ea/1 & su* a weal? ( !m cont9ues to exi/ !re1 :5 !re are n[ no v ext5sive m9es t ma9ta9 a con/ant supply8 ,! reason is t f "t immemorial1 preci\s /ones h be5 ! =m 9 :i* weal?1 9 ^? l&s1 has be5 ho>d$ & pres]v$4 ,until v rec5tly1 9 ! ,ori5t1 int]e/-be>+ securities h be5 unkn[n2 & h5ce jewels h be5 s\ght & kept z an inve/m5t1 & sold only :5 money 0 ne$$ = special purposes1 z 9 times ( w>1 fam9e1 or o!r em]g5cy4 ,_! small bulk made !m easy to conceal & to transport1 & h5ce !y 7 well adapt$ = su* use4 ,h[ long ?is condition w la/1 is p]haps dep5d5t only ^u ! introduction ( int]e/-pay+ inve/m5ts1 & ( ! new =ms ( ,we/]n civilization t involve great] exp5ses & require means ( income 9 excess ( ! old] & simpl] conditions4 ,! weal? ( jewels possess$ by ,ori5tal mon>*s1 notables1 & deal]s1 has be5 ! !me ( /ory & tradition1 "t out ( m9d4 ,we ( ! ,we/ h be5 dispos$ to reg>d ^! tales z l>gely exagg]at$1 & to "s ext5t !y may be2 yet any "o :o has witness$ an important social function or /ate occasion :]e ,ea/ ,indian rajahs & nabobs are pres5t1 kn[s t ! pr(usion ( jewels :i* !y we> is simply a/\nd+ to our ,we/]n eyes4 ,^! objects repres5t1 moreov]1 ! ga!r+s ( g5]ations & c5turies2 !y are heirlooms & ance/ral treasures1 priceless to _! own]s z ! pride ( _! h\ses2 h&$ d[n f fa!rs to sons 9 long succession2 & !y h also ! inve/m5t feature already not$1 9 t :5ev] necessity arises !y c be turn$ into available funds4 ,! mann] ( keep+ & ( sell+ su* objects is also diff]5t f ours4 ,if x be a "q ( buy+ gems f an ,ea/]n own]1 ! be/ are nev] %[n fir/1 b on ! contr>y1 ! mo/ inf]ior4 ,! pur*as] mu/ ei!r be cont5t ) ^!1 or else mu/ prove cle>ly t he is a sub/antial buy] or ev9ce a k & appreciation t m>k him z a judge ( su* objects4 ,! ord] 9 :i* !y are produc$ is1 fir/ ! poore/1 !n successively1 poor1 m$ium1 fair1 good1 f9e1 & at la/ ! r>e & wond]ful prizes4 ,9 visit+ an ,ori5tal dignit>y1 8 jewel-treasures are n all %[n at once1 z at an ,am]ican reception or an ,indian durb>1 or ev5 z a collector or connoisseur among u exhibits 8 cab9et1 arrang$ = *oice display4 ,! me?od is f> diff]5t4 ,! visitor may be %[n a few objects 9 ! fir/ day or h\r2 p]haps a few m lat] 9 ! day2 "s on ! next day or ! "o foll[+1 & s on2 & he may rema9 a gue/ = weeks1 & nev] see all1 or ! f9e/ ( ! jewels belong+ to 8 ho/4 ,:5 !y are produc$1 moreov]1 !y are n 9 iron caskets or 9 gold or silv] jewel-cases1 cov]$ or l9$ ) f9e lea!r or ) silk or sat94 ,on ! contr>y1 !y are (t5 9 old g+] j>s1 %abby boxes1 t9 cans1 & all sorts ( unsightly or unpromis+ receptacles1 :i*1 :5 plac$ betwe5 ! own] & 8 gue/1 may well cause ! latt] to wond]4 ,nor is 8 surprise less5$ z ! wrapp+s are unfold$1 "o aft] ano!r1 p]haps a doz5 old clo?s1 until ! piece ( jewelry or ! spl5did pe>l is at la/ br\ght to view1 aft] hav+ be5 hidd5 f sight 9 its manifold wrapp+s = mon?s or p]haps = ye>s4 ,b ?is me?od ( keep+ su* treasures is n 9 reality s /range z x appe>s4 ,!re are none ( ! provisions t we h = ! responsible safe-gu>d+ ( inve/m5ts or valuable objects1--no fire-pro( safes1 no banks1 no deposit-vaults4 ,security is be/ atta9$ by concealm5t 9 unattractive & improbable receptacles1 & by divid+ & di/ribut+ ! treasur$ objects4 ,! own]1 too1 mu/ le>n to "k 8 visitor q well be=e he exhibits to him all1 or ! be/1 t he possesses4 ,h5ce ! ori5tal me?od1 ?\gh s peculi> to u1 has be5 ! be/ adapt$ to ! conditions among ^? peoples4 ,illu/ration3 ,se$-pe>ls & gold2 ,*9ese ornam5ts ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ,illu/ration3 ,complete set ( se$-pe>l jewelry 9 orig9al case ,new ,york1 #ahfj ,z an illu/ration ( ! int]e/ tak5 by ,ori5tal pot5tates 9 ! collection ( jewels1 we quote an in/ance f ,m>co ,polo1 :o1 c5turies ago1 wrote ! foll[+3#djf 8,sev]al times e ye> ! ,k+ ( ,maab> s5ds 8 proclamation ?r\gh ! realm t if any "o :o possesses a pe>l or /one ( great value w br+ x to him1 he w pay = x twice z mu* z x co/4 ,ev]ybody is glad to d ?is1 & ?us ! ,k+ gets all into 8 own h&s1 giv+ e man 8 price40 ,great quantities ( pe>ls1 ! result ( c5turies ( accumulation1 & exce$+ 9 spl5dor ! collections ( ! pres5t day1 mu/ h be5 g>n]$ up 9 _m cities ( ! ,ori5t dur+ ! p]iod ( _! prosp]ity4 ,b ^! cities h disappe>$1 wreck$ & ru9$ by fire & sword1 & no ve/ige ( _! =m] weal? rema9s ) !m4 ,_! treasures h be5 loot$1 ho>d$1 buri$1 or scatt]$ to ! f\r ends ( ! ,ori5t1 frequ5tly f9d+ _! way 9 =m] times to ,europe1 b n[ m (t5 to ,am]ica1 :]e f9e gems always f9d a g5]\s buy]4 ,9 ,syria1 & "s ( ! ,ori5tal c\ntries1 until rec5tly1 & p]haps at ! pres5t "t1 x has be5 ! cu/om1 :5 a native wi%$ to emb>k 9 ! pe>l bus9ess1 = him to all[ himself to drift gradually into a /ate ( vagrancy1 becom+ a v]itable tramp = fully a ye>4 ,!n1 ) ! money t he _h himself or t :i* 0 suppli$ by 8 back]1 he w\ld visit ! pe>l fi%]ies & %rewdly acquire ! gems to ! be/ advantage1 return+ aga9 z a vagrant2 = if x 7 kn[n at any po9t along ! r\te t he c>ri$ ) him sums ( money 8 life w\ld be 9 jeop>dy1 & he w\ld probably nev] rea* ! fi%]ies2 or1 if he did1 ! *ances are t he w\ld nev] return4 ,?is may rem9d u ( ,m>co ,polo's old coat1 9 :i* he _h conceal$ "s valuable gems1 ! gift ( ! ,gr& ,khan4 ,8 wife he$lessly gave ! coat to a begg> & x 0 only rega9$ by a clev] /ratagem4 ,! product ( ! pe>l fi%]ies1 ei!r t ( entire fi%]ies :]e !y are manag$ by a company1 or ! ga!r+s ( m]*ants1 or ev5 ! s+le gems :i* may be acquir$ by ! small] m]*ants1 all ^! usually f9d _! way to ! great m>kets1 al?\gh occasionally !y *ange h&s at once4 ,9 ! ,ea/ !y are s5t ei!r to ,bombay1 ,calcutta1 ,madras or ,colombo2 frequ5tly !y are int5d$ = a high] m>ket4 ,_m ( !m rema9 9 ! ,ea/1 = 9 ! ,ea/ to-day a f9e pe>l is z mu* priz$ z ev]1 & !re are ^? :o love pe>ls z mu* z did ! ,k+ ( ,maab> 9 ! "t ( ,m>co ,polo4 ,h[ev]1 ! _w ov]1 !re is a feel+ t if ?+s are s5t to ! greate/ m>ket !re w be an opportunity = dispos+ ( !m at ! greate/ price4 ,!re=e1 ! l>g] numb] ( p>cels ( exceptionally f9e pe>ls are s5t to ! ,london m>ket1 a few ( !m go+ to ,p>is1 ! cable1 (t5 )9 a few days aft] _! arrival1 in=m+ ! s5d] ( ! acceptance or rejection ( a p>cel1 or ( a new (f] :i* is (t5 accept$4 ,9 ?is m>ket !y are acquir$ by ! deal]s1 :o frequ5tly exhibit _m times be=e ! lot is pur*as$4 ,pe>ls f a fi%]y are 9 _m cases ( mix$ quality2 t is to say1 !y are ( diff]5t sizes & v>y+ grades ( p]fection z reg>ds sk91 color1 & ori5t4 ,^! p>cels are (t5 sold directly on (f]s to deal]s1 b g5]ally !y are sold by brok]s :o %[ ! v>i\s p>cels to ! deal]s1 ea* ( ! latt] 9 turn mak+ 8 (f] on t portion ( ! p>cel :i* is ( mo/ value to him4 ,?us a s+le deal] may want "o pe>l1 a doz51 or ev5 tw5ty or m1 to complete a great necklace1 or else to add to1 or improve ! necklace1 by bett] graduation or by increas+ ! ev5ness ( ! color4 ,:5 ! brok] receives en\gh (f]s to give him ! desir$ price = ! entire p>cel1 ! sale is consummat$1 & ea* "o :o has made an (f] & :o has seal$ 8 p>ticul> p>cel until 8 (f] is accept$ or reject$1 receives 8 portion4 ,pe>ls d n gr[ 9 ! =m ( necklaces1 al?\gh !y are frequ5tly se5 9 ?is =m only1 & to create a l>ge necklace means n only ! use ( ! pe>ls ( "o fi%]y alone1 b x (t5 requires a selection f pe>ls ( v>i\s sizes1 ! product ( _m fi%]ies4 ,x is ne$less to say t ev5 ! %rewde/ deal]s d n always succe$ 9 _! pur*ases ( lots :i* are to be brok5 up :5 ! prop] numb] ( bids are obta9$4 ,:5 ! pe>l revival came 9 #ahih !re 0 a sudd5 & rapid upw>d t5d5cy 9 ! prices1 because at t "t1 9 ,engl&1 money c\ld be borr[$ ^u a v l[ rate ( int]e/--z l[ z #c p] c5t41--& x 0 a temptation to a numb] ( "y m5 to ent] z deal]s into ! pe>l trade4 ,! result 0 t a numb] ( new /ocks 7 creat$1 n = a regul>1 b = a speculative dem&1 & ?is t5d$ to advance ! price spasmodically1 r ?an gradually1 z x w\ld h ris5 by regul> consumption4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ! =eign m>ket became high]1 ! dem& = pe>ls 0 n z great z _h be5 anticipat$1 & !re 0 a sudd5 adju/m5t ( prices & a readju/m5t ( ! pe>l /ocks1 result+ 9 ! elim9ation ( a c]ta9 numb] ( speculative deal]s2 &1 not)/&+ ! /ate ( ! fi%]ies1 pe>ls h n advanc$ s rapidly 9 ! pa/ two ye>s z !y did f #ahih to #aije4 ,m ?an g p] c5t4 ( ! pe>ls ( comm]ce1 :e!r !y are r\nd1 p]fect1 half- or se$-pe>ls1 are ( ori5tal orig92 t is1 pe>ls f ! true pe>l-oy/]4 ,ab\t #h p] c5t4 are probably f ! fre%-wat] mussels1 ?ree f\r?s ( :i* are f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,am]ican fre%-wat] pe>ls h _h _m prejudices to ov]come1 (t5 because ( ! natural indiff]5ce 9 reg>d to any?+ t is f\nd at home or is easily obta9able4 ,x has be5 said t1 9 comp>ison ) =eign pe>ls1 !y _h less specific gravity2 t !y 7 n s h>d1 & t _! lu/] 0 n z good4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ! sk9 is g5]ally smoo?1 & al?\gh !y may n h s peculi> an ori5t1 _! brilliancy equals t ( any kn[n pe>ls4 ,sometimes !y are transluc5t & ei!r p9k or ( a fa9tly blui% t9t1 l molt5 silv]4 ,m frequ5tly _! hue is :ite1 rose1 pale yell[1 or pale copp]1 deep5+ to copp] r$ until !y resemble ! mo/ int5se & highly poli%$ copp] button4 ,accord+ to ! e/imates ( ! value ( ,european fre%-wat] pe>ls giv5 by sev5te5? & eighte5? c5tury writ]s1 _! wor? 0 consid]$ to be "o half t ( ori5tal pe>ls ( approximately ! same quality4 ,few ,european pe>ls1 we feel sure1 7 ev] f\nd t possess$ ! wond]ful beauty & brilliancy ( ! pe>ls f\nd ei!r 9 ! ,miami or ! ,mississippi & its _m tribut>ies4 ,s great a quantity ( ! poor] quality ( pe>ls h be5 f\nd1 pr9cipally 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley1 t a =eign deal] has b\ght #cj1jjj ounces ( b>oque pe>ls at #a an ounce1 & ( ! slightly bett] grades fully #ajj1jjj doll>s' wor? 7 obta9$ 9 ! ye> #aijf4 ,! exportation 0 /rictly limit$ to ! poor] qualities4 ,:5 pe>ls are wor? f #a to #f a gra9 & upw>d1 !y are r>ely s5t abroad1 z ! regul> pe>ls ( ?is quality are mu* appreciat$ by ,am]icans1 & f9d a ready sale 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! poor pe>ls above m5tion$ 7 pr9cipally s5t to ,new ,york1 ei!r f ! local fi%]m51 or else ?r\gh ! deal]s 9 sweet-wat] %ells1 9 lots ( a fraction ( an ounce1 or 9 bags weigh+ a numb] ( p\nds4 ,?irty ?\s& ounces w\ld equal #ah1ahj1jjj gra9s4 ,aft] all ! f9e pe>ls h be5 select$--buttons1 b>oques1 turtle-backs1 hay/acks1 w+s1 petals & o!r pe>ls t c be us$ 9 any way z a jewel on ?is side ( ! wat]--! balance ( ! mat]ial is sold by ! ounce1 v>y+ 9 price f #a to #e4 ,^! are %ipp$ to ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,au/ria1 :]e !y are aga9 select$ = *eap] =ms ( jewelry ?an are made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,( ^! pe>ls ! b>oques & slugs g ma9ly to ,g]many1 :ile ! some:at f9] ones are s5t to ,france1 :]e !y are us$ 9 arti/ic b inexp5sive "w1 su* z fl[]s & o!r imitative =ms1 & 9 art n\veau jewelry4 ,"s1 aga91 are %ipp$ to ,algi]s1 ,morocco1 & ,egypt1 = ! decoration ( saddles1 g>m5ts1 etc41 & quantities g to ,india to be us$ = m$ic9al purposes4 ,9 ?is way all ! mat]ial is utiliz$ & ev5 ! poore/ is n wa/$4 ,no bett] pro( c be requir$ ( ! wide-spread appreciation ( ! pe>l among all ! races ( mank9d4 ,s ext5sive has become ! f9d+ ( ,am]ican pe>ls t great quantities h be5 ga!r$ toge!r ( all v>ieties4 ,at ! "t ( ?is writ+ !re are _m l>ge s+le lots ( ^! pe>ls1 slightly irregul>1 & n ( f9e quality1 b yet ( suffici5t regul>ity ( size to be t]m$ b>oques4 ,at "o "t su* quantities 7 gott5 toge!r t s+le pap]s ( pe>ls1 weigh+ "o f\r?1 "o half1 "o1 two or ?ree gra9s ea*1 conta9$ m ?an #aj1jjj gra9s1 & quantities ( ! w+ & dog-too? v>ieties weigh+ z mu* z #bj1jjj gra9s 7 inclos$ 9 a s+le pap]4 ,s prolific has be5 ! yield ( ^! common ,am]ican pe>ls t ! m>kets ( ,europe & ,asia h almo/ be5 flood$ ) !m4 ,9 #aijf1 a s+le %ipm5t ( #cejj ounces1 troy 7equal+ ov] #b1ajj1jjj gra9s71 7 s5t abroad1 at prices v>y+ f #a to #ae p] ounce1 accord+ to ! quality4 ,?is alone w\ld repres5t a wor? ( #cj1jjj at "o "t4 ,! turtleback is a =m q preval5t among ,am]ican pe>ls1 & !y are (t5 mat*$ 9 pairs slightly resembl+ ea* o!r & weigh+ f #aj to #ajj or m gra9s = ea* pair4 ,"s ( !m are lu/r\s & _m are ( v good color & regul> 9 =m4 ,al?\gh diff]+ b little 9 %ape1 !y naturally are mu* less exp5sive ?an a f9] =m$ pe>l1 & _m ( !m h be5 sold = l9k buttons1 & m especially = e>screws4 ,al?\gh !y =m]ly sold = #ej c5ts a gra91 !y are n[ held at f #a to #h p] gra94 ,9 reg>d to ! prices ( "s ( ! f9] ,am]ican pe>ls1 "o ( #ae gra9s1 ( wond]ful brilliancy1 lu/]1 & p]fection1 0 sold = m ?an #bejj-aff a gra91 or a base value ( ov] #aa a gra94 ,two extraord9>ily well-mat*$ button pe>ls1 weigh+ a trifle ov] #cj gra9s1 7 held at ab\t #cejj1 or #aae a gra91 a base value ( ab\t #h a gra94 ,at ! "t ( ?is writ+ !re are = sale 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates a pair ( button e>r+s1 almo/ r\nd1 n ( absolutely p]fect color1 weigh+ ab\t #adj gra9s1 ! price be+ #fjjj2 a r\nd1 slightly ovate pe>l1 n ( ! f9e/ color1 weigh+ #he gra9s1 held at #cejj2 & a wond]ful pe>l ) a ri*1 fa9tly p9k lu/]1 r\nd1 b slightly button on ea* side1 weigh+ ab\t #dd gra9s1 & beautiful z are ,am]ican pe>ls1 is held at a fanciful valuation ( ov] #fjjj4 ,! cupidity ( _m ( ! ,am]ican pe>l f9d]s & pe>l deal]s _c be exce$$ ev5 by t ( ! =eign pe>l f9d] 9 any o!r l&1 & ?is is %[n by ! v>iety ( mat]ials t f "t to "t are sold to ! unsuspect+ public1 or t are s5t to pe>l deal]s 9 ! l>ge cities4 ,?is is surpris+ & sugge/s ei!r t ! s5d] believes ! pe>l deal]s are n famili> ) ^! deceptions1 or else t he himself has be5 impos$ ^u1 & is innoc5t 9 8 comm]cial deceit4 ,among ! notable examples are1 fir/1 sph]es made out ( ! v>i\s %ells1 ei!r f a good "p ( ! mat]ial or f h+e-mat]ial1 or else f ! spot :]e ! mussel is atta*$1 ^! pieces ( ! %ell be+ r\nd$ & poli%$2 su* sph]es v>y 9 color f :ite to p9k or yell[1 j z ! %ell itself may h be5 color$4 ,second1 ! pupils ( fi%-eyes4 ,?ird1 imitation pe>ls4 ,f\r?1 yell[ or br[n transluc5t or transp>5t masses ( h+e-b9d+ mat]ial hav+ no great] h>dness ?an horn1 & ab\t ! same appe>ance4 ,! mo/ int]e/+1 h[ev]1 are ! absolutely beautiful1 smoo? sph]es ( an?racite coal1 :i* admits ( a ri* poli% & has a peculi> lu/]2 ^! !y attempt to pass (f z black pe>ls4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t 9 ,arkansas a negro sold a v valuable pe>l = a few doll>s1 "u ! p]suasion ( a :ite man1 :o1 x is said1 resold ! pe>l = ne>ly a hundr$ times m ?an :at he paid = x4 ,! local au?orities inve/igat$ ! matt]2 ! case 0 br\ght to c\rt1 & ! negro receiv$ a l>ge advance on ! price t _h orig9ally be5 paid him4 ,if a li/ 7 kept ( ! ?\s& & "o diff]5t me?ods ( wrapp+ ,am]ican pe>ls = %ipm5t to ! l>g] cities1 x w\ld %[ h[ mu* +5uity is display$ 9 environm5ts t frequ5tly diff] v mu* f ea* o!r4 ,a box t has conta9$ ! pills t reliev$ him ( fev]1 ague1 & o!r ills due to swamps & damp climates1 s]ves a second>y purpose = ! =tunate f9d] ( a pe>l 9 =m+ a receptacle 9 :i* he c %ip x to ! great] m>ket4 ,sometimes !y are sew$ 9 lea!r cut f gloves & %oes1 or 9 /rips ( clo?1 g5]ally ( ! humbl] v>ieties1 su* z calico or blue jean2 9 o!r cases !y are wrapp$ 9 tissue-pap] & newspap]2 & occasionally !y are pack$ 9 boxes made by holl[+ out a bit ( wood1 a cov] be+ nail$ ov] ! op5+4 ,9 almo/ e in/ance !y h be5 treat$ ) a c]ta9 degree ( c>e4 ,! majority ( con* pe>ls :i* are c>ri$ by individuals to ,new ,york1 ,london1 or ,p>is1 are g5]ally br\ght 9 small pap]s or bits ( clo?1 ea* pe>l be+ wrapp$ sep>ately4 ,usually1 !re are a few :ite ones1 a few yell[1 a few pale p9k1 occasionally a few ( a v beautiful ri* p9k1 & once 9 a great :ile a f9e1 l>ge pe>l appe>s4 ,_m ( ^! pe>ls1 commonly ! inf]ior ones1 are sold 9 ! ,we/ ,indies directly to ! t\ri/s :o wi% to pur*ase some?+ 9 ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* !y are travel+1 ) ! result t bett] prices are g5]ally obta9$ ?an w\ld h be5 secur$ if ! pe>ls _h be5 s5t to ! great m>kets4 ,! t>iff on pe>ls at pres5t op]ative 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is s indef9ite z to h l$ to mu* s]i\s mis9t]pretation & misund]/&+1 z well z to an endless *a9 ( lawsuits1 (t5 result+ 9 s]i\s loss to ! deal] or cli5t :o imports4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ! en=c$ outlay ( l>ge sums = unexpect$ & additional duties1 ! import]1 :o 0 bo? ready & will+ to pay :at seem$ to him a j duty1 (t5 f\nd t1 :]e he _h quot$ a price to a cu/om]1 he 0 a los] by ! transaction2 & if1 to escape ?is loss1 he endeavors to dispute ! paym5t ( ! duty1 he becomes involv$ 9 an exp5sive & occasionally unsuccessful lawsuit4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a private buy] :o has paid all t he feels he c af=d at ! "t = a necklace1 expect+ to pay a duty ( #aj p] c5t4 & int]pret+ ! law to mean a duty ( #aj p] c5t41 may be call$ ^u to pay a duty ( #fj p] c5t41 or h ! notoriety ( a public lawsuit1 because ! pe>ls h be5 /rung1 or because x is held t !y _h rec5tly or at "s =m] "t be5 assembl$ z a necklace4 ,9 o!r words1 if ! pe>ls con/itut+ su* a necklace are b\ght at v>i\s times f v>i\s p1 ei!r "h or 9 ,europe1 & n z a necklace1 ! duty is held to be #aj p] c5t41 b if !y are s5t 9 "o %ipm5t1 a duty ( #fj p] c5t4 is levi$4 ,z x is held t pe>ls assembl$ 9 ! =m ( a necklace h a great] value ?an be=e !y 7 s assembl$1 ! pur*as] might naturally expect to pay ! #aj p] c5t4 duty on ?is high] value1 b in/ead ( ?is a #fj p] c5t4 duty is dem&$ on ! high] assembl$ value4 ,! ambiguity ( ?is clause ( ! t>iff is su* t a logical rul+ %\ld be made by "s sup]ior (ficial su* z ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury4 ,z ! law is n[ int]pret$1 a pe>l wor? #bj1jjj c be br\ght 9 ) a duty ( #aj p] c5t42 ! addition ( a simple gold wire makes x a piece ( jewelry1 ) a duty ( #fj p] c5t4 ,x w\ld seem t an am5dm5t might be made to ! t>iff by :i* an import]1 :e!r a private buy] or deal]1 c\ld be call$ ^u to pay a #fj p] c5t4 duty on a high valuation ( ! sett+ ( ! r+1 broo*1 or jewel1 su* z #bj1 #be or #ej2 :ile ! cont5ts ( ! r+ or ornam5t1 :e!r a pe>l1 diamond1 em]ald1 or a collection ( /ones1 %\ld pay a duty ( only #aj p] c5t4 ,?is duty w\ld suffici5tly protect ! jewelry indu/ry1 & w\ld at ! same "t prev5t ! levy+ ( an unju/ & unexpect$ impo/ ^u a f9e pe>l or gem ( any k9d4 ,x is em95tly desirable t ^? resid+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o pur*ase pe>ls 9 =eign c\ntries1 %\ld1 if possible1 consult ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates consul 9 ! city :]e !y make _! pur*ase1 9 case !y wi% to br+ ! pe>ls into ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ?is way a prop] decl>ation c be made1 !y w be correctly in/ruct$ z to ! duties ^u ! pe>ls1 :e!r un/rung1 /rung1 or set1 & !y w ?us avoid all complications :5 !y rea* ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,( c\rse1 ?is may n be necess>y %\ld ! firm ) :i* !y are deal+ be able to att5d to ! matt] = !m4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! duty ( #be p] c5t4 on preci\s /ones1 :i* 0 impos$ dur+ ,clevel&'s adm9i/ration1 0 enact$ = ! purpose ( obta9+ an increas$ rev5ue = ! gov]nm5t1 & !re is no d\bt b t ! "t 0 "o ( great f9ancial /ress4 ,yet ev5 ) ! duty two & a half times z high z 9 ! previ\s ye>s1 only a small fraction 0 add$ to ! income ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,b "o adequate explanation c be giv5 ( ?is rem>kable decrease 9 ! record$ imports1 m especially :5 we consid] t legitimate deal]s c\ld1 at t "t1 buy preci\s /ones 9 ,new ,york ,city = less ?an x co/ !m to pur*ase !m abroad & pay ! duty4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 t a #aj p] c5t4 rate is calculat$ to produce ! be/ & mo/ satisfactory results 9 e way4 ,z examples ( ! difficulties enc\nt]$ 9 ! attempt to arrive at a prop] classification ( pe>ls we cite ! foll[+ cases :i* h be5 ! subjects ( rec5t litigation3 ,9 #aija1 two v valuable collections ( pe>ls 7 br\ght to ?is c\ntry4 ,"o ( ^! consi/$ ( #de drill$ pe>ls weigh+ 9 all #fgb gra9s & ent]$ at #fj1gcd2 ! o!r1 ( #ci pe>ls1 hav+ an aggregate weight ( #fgh gra9s & ent]$ at #fc1jgj4 ,at fir/ a duty ( #bj p] c5t4 ad valorem 0 impos$ ^u ^! pe>ls "u ,section #f ( ! ,t>iff ,act1 treat+ !m z 8un5um]at$ articles p>tly manufactur$10 accord+ to ! rule t _h be5 foll[$ s9ce ! enactm5t ( ! pres5t t>iff4 ,?is 0 prote/$1 & ! case 0 br\ght be=e ! ,bo>d ( ,apprais]s4#djg ,subsequ5t to ! prote/1 h[ev]1 ! collector reliquidat$ ! entry ( ! #de pe>ls & impos$ ^u !m a duty ( #fj p] c5t4 ad valorem1 z pe>ls set or /rung4 ,?is 0 done 9 view ( ,judge ,lacombe's decision 9 ano!r notable case :i* _h be5 tak5 %ortly be=e to ! ,circuit ,c\rt ( ,appeals4#djh ,?is decision 0 to ! effect t pe>ls 9 any =m n especially cov]$ by p>agraphs #dcd or #dcf ( ! ,t>iff ,act %\ld be ref]r$ to "o or ! o!r ( ^? p>agraphs1 by similitude1 accord+ to ! provisions ( ,section #g ( ! ,act4 ,! te/imony tak5 be=e ! ,bo>d ( ,apprais]s reveal$ ! fact t ea* ( ! collections ( pe>ls _h be5 inclos$ 9 a h&some silk-l9$ morocco case1 ) a groove runn+ ?r\gh ! c5t]2 9 ?is groove ! pe>ls 7 laid1 ! l>ge/ "o 9 ! middle & ! o!rs dispos$ on ei!r side1 graduat$ accord+ to _! size2 ! r[ or s]ies hav+ ! effect ( a necklace1 al?\gh ! pe>ls 7 un/rung4 ,! import] te/ifi$ t ?is arrangem5t 0 only made 9 ord] to enable him to judge ( ! size & quality ( ! pe>ls1 & evid5ce 0 giv5 %[+ t x 0 necess>y to rebore "s ( !m & to ream out ! holes be=e any use c\ld be made ( ! pe>ls 9 jewelry4 ,nev]!less1 ! apprais]s adh]$ to _! op9ion t ^! gems _h be5 select$ especially to =m a necklace1 & t ! "t & labor requisite = ! assembl+ ( a c>efully mat*$ & graduat$ s]ies ( pe>ls suitable = a necklace con/itut$ ! ma9 factor 9 its production1 s9ce ! co/ ( /r++ x 0 trifl+2 !y1 !re=e1 consid]$ t su* a s]ies ( pe>ls 0 dutiable1 by similitude1 "u p>agraph #dcd ( ! ,t>iff ,act z jewelry4 ,an application 0 made to ! ,circuit ,c\rt ( ! ,s\!rn ,di/rict ( ,new ,york = a review ( ! apprais]s' rul+1#dji ! judge decid$ aga9/ ! petition]1#daj & an appeal 0 !n tak5 f 8 decision4 ,on ,decemb] #ab1 #aijd1 ! ,circuit ,c\rt ( ,appeals decid$ t ! pe>ls 7 dutiable1 by similitude1 at #aj p] c5t4 ad valorem1 "u ,section #g1 p>agraph #dcf1 & ! excess ( duty collect$ 0 refund$4 ,ano!r case has to d ) a collection ( #cg pe>ls1 ent]$ at #bbj1jjj1 br\ght to ,new ,york 9 ,janu>y1 #aijf4 ,duty to ! am\nt ( #bb1jjj 7#aj p] c5t4 ad valorem7 0 paid by ! import]1 b ! entry 0 liquidat$ at #fj p] c5t4 & #aaj1jjj additional duty dem&$4 ,?is 0 paid & a prote/ 0 made to ! ,bo>d ( ,g5]al ,apprais]s1 :o decid$ 9 favor ( ! petition]4 ,! ,gov]nm5t appeal$ & ! case#daa 0 tri$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,circuit ,c\rt on ,febru>y #bd ( ?is ye> 7#aijh74 ,x 0 %[n t ! pe>ls _h be5 worn sev]al times 9 ,p>is z a necklace1 b ! def5se held t1 z !y 7 loose :5 import$ & 7 n wor? m collectively ?an sep>ately1 ?is 0 n mat]ial4 ,! judge decid$ = ! ,gov]nm5t & an appeal has be5 tak5 9 ,june1 #aijh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p]sian ,,pr9cess ,,& ,,ladies ,,9 ,,wait+ ,f a ,p]sian illum9at$ manuscript ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 9 ! libr>y ( ,rob]t ,hoe1 ,esq4 ,! prop] classification ( half-pe>ls has also be5 a matt] ( controv]sy4 ,?is "q 0 br\ght be=e ! ,bo>d ( ,g5]al ,apprais]s 9 ,new ,york on a prote/#dab ent]$ 9 #ahig aga9/ ! imposition ( a duty ( #bj p] c5t4 on sev]al lots ( s-call$ half-pe>ls import$ dur+ t ye>4 ,?is duty 0 impos$ "u ,section #f ( ! ,t>iff ,act1 provid+ = a duty ( #bj p] c5t4 on 8un5um]at$ p>tly manufactur$ articles40 ,! petition] claim$ t half-pe>ls 7 dutiable at #aj p] c5t4 ad valorem1 8ei!r directly or by similitude or compon5t ( *ief value1 "u p>agraph #dcf1 or z preci\s /ones1 "u p>agraph #dce ( ! ,t>iff ,act40 ,aft] he>+ ! te/imony ( a numb] ( compet5t & reliable exp]ts connect$ ) "s ( ! lead+ h\ses deal+ 9 preci\s /ones & pe>ls1 ! apprais]s decid$ t ! evid5ce %[$ t pe>ls1 be+ ! product ( animal secretion1 c\ld n prop]ly be d5om9at$ /ones1 & t !y 7 n 9 fact s designat$ comm]cially4 ,at ! same "t1 half-pe>ls c\ld n be look$ ^u z 8pe>ls 9 _! natural /ate10 s9ce "t & labor _h be5 exp5d$ 9 _! production2 x 01 !re=e1 evid5t t p>agraph #dcf did n apply to !m4 ,= ?is reason ! orig9al rul+ 0 reaffirm$4 ,9 #aijb a duty ( #fj p] c5t4 0 levi$ on an assort$ lot ( half-pe>ls "u a new rul+ :i* br\ght !m by similitude "u ! provisions ( p>agraph #dcd ( ! ,t>iff ,act1 provid+ a duty ( #fj p] c5t4 on 8jewelry 444 includ+ 444 pe>ls set or /rung40 ,a prote/ 0 ent]$ aga9/ ?is rul+ also4#dac ,9 ! mean:ile ,judge ,lacombe _h giv5 ! op9ion to :i* we h allud$ above1 & ! ,bo>d ( ,apprais]s upheld ! duty ( #fj p] c5t41 bas+ _! decision ^u ! fact t ! mat]ial ( half-pe>ls 0 simil> to t ( pe>ls 9 _! natural /ate or ( pe>ls set or /rung1 ?us satisfy+ ! requirem5ts z to similitude ( ,section #g ( ! ,t>iff ,act4 ,! same section provides t1 9 case two or m rates ( duty %all be applicable to any import$ article1 x %all pay duty at ! highe/ rate1 & !re=e ! #fj-p] c5t4 rate apply+ to pe>ls set or /rung 0 impos$1 in/ead ( ! #aj-p] c5t4 rate on pe>ls 9 _! natural /ate4 ,9 bo? ( ^! cases an application = a review 0 made to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,circuit ,c\rt4#dad ,,duties ,,on ,,pe>ls ,,9 ,,v>i\s ,,c\ntries1 ,,m>*1 #aijh ,am\nt 9 money ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,basis4 c\ntry4 curr5cy4 ,great ,brita9 ,free ,briti% ,india ,free ,au/ralia ,free ,new ,zeal& ,free ,canada1 preci\s /ones 7pe>ls71 poli%$ b n set1 pi]c$1 or o!rwise manufactur$ ad val4 #aj ,au/ro-,hung>y1 unset #ajj kilogr4 #fj kr4 #bd4jj ,belgium1 un5um]at$4 ,bulg>ia1 preci\s /ones 7pe>ls7 9 ! natural /ate1 poli%$1 cut1 or #ge lev engrav$1 b n m\nt$ kilogr4 7francs7 #ad4be ,d5m>k1 un5um]at$4 ,france ,free ,g]many1 wr\ght 7smoo!d1 poli%$1 #ajj p]=at$71 unset kilogr4 #fj m>ks #ad4dj ,unset1 b /rung on textile ?reads or tape = ! purpose ( pack+ #ajj & transportation kilogr4 #ajj m>ks #bd4jj ,greece ,free ,holl&1 un5um]at$4 ,italy1 preci\s /ones 7pe>ls7 wr\ght hectogr4 #ad lire #b4ff ,mont5egro1 preci\s /ones 7pe>ls7 m94 #aj ad val4 max4 #ae ,norway1 preci\s /ones 7pe>ls7 m94 #bej kilogr4 krone 4#ff max4 #c 4#hj ,portugal1 un5um]at$4 ,portuguese ,s4 ,e4 ,africa 7,quilimane1 ,*9de & ,zambesia7 ,export ,duty ad val4 #f ,portuguese ,india1 real pe>ls or se$-pe>ls ad val4 ,rumania kilogr4 #bj lei #c4hj ,russia1 loose or ?read$ funt #aj rubles #e4jj ,f9l& ,free ,s]via1 ?read$ = facilitat+ _! pres]vation or sale kilogr4 #ej d9>s #i4ej ,?read$ = special uses kilogr4 #gj d9>s #ae4cj ,spa91 loose or m\nt$ hectogr4 #be pesetas #d4ge ,sw$51 n set ,free ,switz]l&1 n m\nt$ #ajj kilogr4 #ej francs #i4ge ,turkey1 unset #c pia/]s gramme 7gold7 ,egypt 7on all imports7 ad val4 #h ,*9a 7on all un5um]at$ imports7 ad val4 #e ,japan ad val4 #fj ,p]sia1 ,export ,duty ad val4 #e ,import ,duty1 preci\s /ones1 r\gh or cut1 includ+ f9e pe>ls ad val4 #be ,morocco 7on all imports7 ad val4 #b ,guatemala1 un5um]at$4 ,salvador1 preci\s /ones 7pe>ls7 #aj pesos1 unm\nt$ kilogr4 nom4 val4 #i4fj ,nic>agua1 preci\s /ones 7pe>ls7 #ajj pesos1 kilogr4 #if4jj ,honduras #e pesos1 kilogr4 #d4hj ,co/a ,rica1 unset #ajj colones1 kilogr4 #if4jj ,panama ad val4 #ae ,mexico1 unset #ajj pesos1 kilogr4 #if4jj ,unit$ ,/ates1 n /rung1 n set ad val4 #aj ,/rung1 set1 or n1 & split pe>ls sort$ z to ei!r size1 quality1 or %ape ad val4 #fj ,philipp9e1 unset ad val4 #ae ,arg5t9e ,republic1 preci\s /ones 7pe>ls7 ad val4 #e ,bolivia appraisal #c ,brazil 7natural7 ad val4 #b ,*ili ad val4 #e ,colombia1 preci\s /ones 7pe>ls7 set 9 jewelry ad val4 #aj ,ecuador1 preci\s /ones 7pe>ls71 set #ej sucres1 or n set kilogr4 nom4 val4 #dh4jj ,p>aguay1 unset ad val4 #b ,p]u1 unset appraisal #c ,uruguay #ac on eval gramme ( #a peso 4#ab ,v5ezuela kilogr4 #aj boliv>s #a4ij ,cuba1 n set hectogr4 #g4ej surtax ( #be ,dom9ican ,republic #f pesos1 ounce nom4 val4 #e4gf ,! only *anges f ! cu/oms li/s z !y exi/$ 9 ! t>iffs ( #ahif are z foll[s3 #ahif #aijh ,portugal #c ad val4 un5um]at$ ,mexico #ej pesos p] c>at #ajj pesos p] kilogram ,nic>agua #e pesos p] libra #ajj pesos p] kilogram ,haiti #bj ad val4 un5um]at$ ,san ,dom+o #c4fj pesos p] ounce #f pesos p] ounce ,arg5t9a #cf pesos p] gram preci\s /ones #e ad val4 ,au/ro-,hung>y #bd flor9s p] #ajj kilogr4 #fj kron] p] #ajj kilogr4 ,9 ! ,p>liam5t ( #agbg-agcb1 ! duty on pe>ls & preci\s /ones 0 aboli%$ 9 ,engl&4 ,we give facsimiles ( ! title-page & la/ leaf ( ! report ( ?is enactm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,anno ,regni ,,georgii ,,ii4 ,,regis ,magn1 ,britanni1 ,franci1 ,hib]ni1 ,,sexto4 ,at ! ,p>liam5t ,begun & ,hold5 at ,we/m9/]1 ! ,tw5ty ?ird ,day ( ,janu>y1 ,anno ,dom4 #agbg4 ,9 ! ,fir/ ,ye> ( ! ,reign ( our ,sov]eign ,"l ,,george ! ,second1 by ! ,grace ( ,god1 ( ,great ,brita91 ,france1 & ,irel&1 ,k+1 ,def5d] ( ! ,fai?1 c4 ,& f !nce cont9u$ by sev]al ,prorogations to ! ,sixte5? ,day ( ,janu>y1 #agcb1 be+ ! ,six? ,session ( ?is pres5t ,p>liam5t4 ,,london1 ,pr9t$ by ,john ,baskett1 ,pr9t] to ! ,k+'s mo/ ,excell5t ,maje/y4 #agcb4 #ajh ,anno ,regni ,sexto ,georgii ,,ii4 ,regis4 ,sid5ote3 ,aft] #aj ,april1 #agcc1 ,diamonds & all o!r preci\s ,/ones may be import$ or export$ free f ,duty4 ,diamonds1 preci\s ,/ones1 ,jewels1 & ,pe>ls ( all ,sorts1 %all pass outw>ds1 )\t ,w>rant or ,fee1 may x !re=e please y\r mo/ ,excell5t ,maje/y t x may be enact$1 & be enact$ by ! ,k+'s mo/ ,excell5t ,maje/y1 by & ) ! ,advice & ,cons5t ( ! ,lords ,spiritual & ,temporal1 & ,commons1 9 ?is pres5t ,p>liam5t assembl$1 & by ! ,au?ority ( ! ,same1 ,t f & aft] ! ,t5? ,day ( ,april1 :i* %all be 9 ! ,ye> ( our ,"l ,"o ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & ,?irty ?ree1 all ,diamonds1 ,pe>ls1 ,rubies1 ,em]alds1 & all o!r preci\s ,/ones & ,jewels1 %all pass inw>ds )\t ,w>rant or ,fee1 9 ! ,mann] z !y n[ pass outw>ds1 & free f ! ,paym5t ( any ,duty grant$ to 8 ,maje/y1 8 ,heirs1 or ,successors2 & x %all & may be lawful = any ,p]son or ,p]sons to import or export ! same1 9 ! ,%ip or ,vessel :atsoev]2 & ,law1 ,cu/om1 or ,usage to ! contr>y 9 any wise not)/&+1 subject nev]!less to ! ,proviso h]e9 aft] conta9$4 ,sid5ote3 ,proviso z to ! ,ea/ ,india ,company4 ,provid$ always1 ,t no?+ h]e9 conta9$ %all ext5d to annul or make void ! ,duty grant$ to 8 ,maje/y = ! ,use ( ! unit$ ,company ( ,m]*ants ( ,engl& trad+ to ! ,ea/ ,indies1 by an act pass$ 9 ! ,n9? & ,t5? ,ye>s ( ! ,reign ( 8 late ,maje/y ,k+ ,william ! ,?ird1 = su* ,pe>ls1 ,diamonds1 & o!r preci\s ,/ones or ,jewels1 z %all be import$ into ?is k+dom f any ,place )9 ! ,limits ( ! ,*>t] grant$ to ! said ,company1 or to take away or alt] any ,privileges1 ,pr(its1 or ,advantages1 grant$ to or n[ held or enjoy$ by ! said ,company4 ,,f9is4 ,! total value ( diamonds & preci\s /ones import$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! p]iod f #ahfg to #aijf inclusive1 0 z foll[s3 ,glazi]s' 7except #ahgc-hc7 #b1bae1igb ,du/ #f1djg1eii ,r\gh or uncut 7includ$ ) diamonds & o!r /ones1 #ahia-if7 #gd1jde1bia ,set 7n specifi$ be=e #ahig7 #cf1agj ,unset 7n specifi$ be=e #ahig7 #abd1fae1ffb ,diamonds & o!r /ones1 n set #bjg1ach1fbi ,set 9 gold or o!r metal #ag1gii ,pe>ls 7f #aijc7 #g1hji1bfa ------------------------ ,total #dbb1bhf1chc ,,classifi$ ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,! ,,imports ,,( ,,pe>ls ,,into ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,f #ahia ,,to #aijg ,,inclusive ,pe>ls ,pe>ls1 ,pe>ls 9 ,pe>ls split includ+ pe>ls natural /ate1 etc4 /rung b n n /rung or set set ,ye> #aj #aj #aj #bj #ahia #aa1gaa #ahib #cb1jbc #ahic #f1ibf #ahid #ab1igh #ahie #bhc1jah #ahif #ehc1bad #ahig #cib1hfg #ahih #dia1jfj #bje1iih #ahii #a1dab1ieb #chi1hii #aijj #a1afc1chb #dcb1ebh #aija #ibi1bdg #a1agc1cci #aijb #a1hif1cbb #a1cad1cfh #aijc #b1hce1icf #g1bbj #aijd #a1fhj1fae #b1ijh #aije #a1fbf1dgf #aijf #b1jgb1efa #bah #aijg #a1eic1dih -------------- -------------------- ---------------------- -------------------- #fc1fch #a1bei1jii #ae1gjb1jdi #c1ebf1dgh ,,note4 ,previ\s to #ahia pe>ls 7 classifi$ ) 8jewelry & preci\s /ones10 & x 0 n until #ahie t mo/ ( !m 7 report$ sep>ately4 ,!re are sev]al ?+s t are ess5tial 9 pe>l buy+1 & "o ( ! mo/ important ( ^! is t ! light 9 :i* ! pe>ls are select$ %all be absolutely pure daylight1 ) no reflections f ! side or f above t c enhance or detract f ! color ( ! pe>l4 ,?is mu/ be c>efully consid]$1 z x is n uncommon--m especially 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,europe--t jewel]s h = _! sell+-(fices rooms sumptu\sly fitt$ up ) hang+s ( diff]5t colors1 & sometimes ) gr\nd glass w9d[s1 provid$ ) heavy silk hang+s1 s t artificial light becomes a necessity to make ! article sold pla9ly visible4 ,9 absolutely pure daylight1 m especially ) an uncl\d$ sky--on su* days z are probably m frequ5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an 9 "s ( ! ,european c\ntries--x is possible to see ! exact t9t or color ( ! pe>ls2 t is1 :e!r x is really a pure :ite ) a t+e ( p9k or an ori5t t5d+ to cream-:ite1 or :e!r x is m or less t9t$ ) :at is consid]$ a crude or r$ color 9 a pe>l4 ,besides ?is1 9 a pure light x is possible to see :e!r ! pe>l is brilliant1 & to e/imate ! exact degree ( its brilliancy2 :e!r !re are any cracks1 scrat*es1 or m>s on ! surface2 &1 la/ly1 :e!r ! =m is entirely regul>4 ,if "o %\ld select two necklaces1 "o absolutely p]fect & ! o!r hav+ slight blemi%es z to color or brilliancy1 or ) breaks1 m>ks1 or irregul>ities1 ^! two necklaces w\ld be sc>cely di/+ui%able f ea* o!r 9 artificial light1 or 9 daylight :i* _h be5 p>tly confus$ ) artificial light2 al?\gh ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! two w\ld signify t ! =m] 0 wor? two or ?ree times z mu* z ! latt]4 ,at great receptions1 l>ge1 & app>5tly magnific5t pe>ls are frequ5tly se51 :i* are really ( inf]ior quality1 & yet1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( pure daylight1 !y c easily be mi/ak5 = p]fect specim5s by any "o n especially famili> ) pe>ls4 ,inde$1 if ! royalties ( ,europe %\ld we> all ! pe>ls belong+ to ! cr[n jewels at ! same "t1 9 a palace or hall light$ ) c&les1 gas1 or ev5 ) "s types ( electric light1 !y w\ld frequ5tly seem to h a quality :i* _m ( !m d n & nev] did possess4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ess5tial = ! buy] to use e precaution 9 ref]5ce to ! light 9 :i* he exam9es 8 pur*ase4 ,& we may add t x is j z ess5tial t he %\ld "k ! deal] f :om he buys2 =1 sometimes1 aft] a few weeks or mon?s1 cracks or blemi%es develop t 7 n app>5t at fir/1 m especially :5 ! pe>ls h be5 8improv$0 = a prospective pur*as]4 ,a te/ to asc]ta9 ! quality ( pe>ls is qua9tly express$ 9 a "w publi%$ 9 #aggh1 z foll[s3 ,h[ to "k good pe>ls4 ,to discov] ! hidd5 ,defects & ,faults ( a ,pe>l & to "k :e!r %e is speckl$ or brok5 or has any o!r imp]fections1 ! be/ way is to make trial ( x by ! ,rev]b]ation ( ! ,sun-beams2 = by ?is means y\r eye w p5etrate into ! v ,c5tre ( ! ,pe>l & discov] ! lea/ defect x has2 y w !n see :e!r x be pure1 or has any spots or n1 & consequ5tly y may ! bett] guess its value4#dae ,if y c cause a ray ( sunlight or ( electric light to fall on a pe>l1 ! light w p5etrate x & %[ any specks1 inclos$ blemi%es or impurities4 ,?is c probably be/ be done by wrapp+ ab\t ! pe>l a d>k clo? ( velvet or o!r mat]ial & hav+ ! ray fall slant+ly1 :]eby ! defects are mu* m cle>ly %[n ?an if ! ray be all[$ to fall directly ^u ! gem4 ,a pe>l necklace valu$ at #bjj1jjj1 %[n at "o ( our rec5t great expositions1 0 to all appe>ances a rem>kably beautiful collection1 & x 0 only :5 ! int5d+ pur*as] took !m f _! velvet b$ & held !m 9 8 h&s t he realiz$ t !re 0 n a p]fect pe>l 9 ! entire collection4 ,x mu/ h tak5 m ?an a week ( /udy = ! clev] deal] to arrange !m s t ! be/ "p1 sometimes ! only good "p ( ea* pe>l1 %\ld be :]e ! eye w\ld fall ^u x4 ,aft] !y _h be5 turn$ 9 ! h&s a few seconds1 n "o p]fect specim5 0 visible4 ,! dem& = pe>ls has be5 s great1 & ! enhancem5t ( value s rapid1 t ! greate/ +5uity has be5 employ$ 9 pres5t+ ! be/ "p ( ! gems to view1 z well z 9 _m o!r ways4 ,! result is t :5 pe>ls are to be us$ z bord]s or z a gall]y on a comb or broo*1 !y are pi]c$ 9 su* a way t only ! be/ side %all be outw>d1 s t ! g5]al effect produc$ is t ( a p]fect r[ ( pe>ls2 b a c>eful exam9ation may %[ t two ?irds or ?ree f\r?s ( !m are irregul>1 & be> abrasion m>ks1 ind5tations1 or o!r imp]fections4 ,foll[+ ! analogy ( ! well-kn[n preci\s /ones--! diamond1 ! ruby1 ! sapphire1 ! em]ald & ^? ( less importance--! pe>l is equally pot5t 9 creat+ great & p]man5t values = itself 9 cat]+ to ! human love ( adornm5t2 & ?\gh ^! l>ge values may be greatly 9 excess ( ! orig9al price t x comm&$ 9 ! native ori5tal m>ket1 yet ! increas$ valuation gives pr(itable livelihood to hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( p]sons4 ,^! embrace ! deal]s :o sell ! orig9al pe>ls 9 lots1 ^? :o clean & treat !m1 o!rs :o drill & /r+ !m1 & o!rs aga9 :o h&le !m 9 sett+ jewelry ( all k9ds1 & also ! l>ge numb] ( deal]s ?r\gh\t ! entire _w :o sell ei!r ! jewelry or ! unm\nt$ pe>ls4 ,directly connect$ ) ! indu/ry 9 localities :]e ! fi%]ies are pursu$ are a suffici5t numb] ( p]sons to populate a city ! size ( ,bo/on1 & to ^! we may safely add an equal numb] z h]e9 not$1 aggregat+ ab\t #a1jjj1jjj p ^: livelihood is directly dep5d5t ^u ! production & traffic ( ! pe>l indu/ry1 & :o = lack ( x w\ld be =c$ to seek "s o!r employm5t4 ,br\ght ?us to a concrete =m1 "o may readily grasp ! important be>+ :i* ! pe>l has 9 a compreh5sive e/imate ( ! complexity ( ! _w's civilization z we "k x to-day4 ,,xiv ,,treatm5t ,,& ,,c>e ,,( ,,pe>ls ,,xiv ,,treatm5t ,,& ,,c>e ,,( ,,pe>ls ,! pe>l is at ! height ( its p]fection :5 tak5 f ! %ell2 f t mom5t x nev] improves4 ,:5 x is drawn f ! dep?s ( ! ocean by ! h& ( man & giv5 to ! *>m$ gaze ( ! _w1 x is z complete & p]fect 9 its way z ! mo/ beautiful "w ( art1 &1 :e!r z t9y z ! po9t ( a p9 or z l>ge z a m>ble1 x is always a p]fect1 fully =m$ individual2 x is always 9 its maturity4 ,:o f\nd ! fir/ pe>l8 ,:5 did he discov] x1 & :at 7 8 emotions8 ,0 x f\nd by primitive man8 ,v likely x 0 discov]$ by *ance 9 a "m-(-pe>l %ell ca/ up by ! sea1 or p]haps 9 a mussel 9 a brook4 ,if ?is happ5$ 9 an ori5tal c\ntry1 ! native mu/ h already se5 _m equally rem>kable objects1 end[$ ) life1 :ile ! pe>l c\ld *>m him only by its lu/] & purity4 ,b1 besides ! impression produc$ by its beauty1 x mu/ h ar\s$ 9 ! s\l ( ! discov]] ! s5sation ( wond] :i* e new & lovely object excites :5 se5 = ! fir/ "t4 ,t primitive man appreciat$ ! pe>l is evid5c$ by ! fact t x is f\nd 9 ! m\nds & graves ( ! ,am]ican cont95t1 f ! ,/ate ( ,ohio to ,p]u 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,almo/ all pe>ls are 9 p]fect condition = sett+ :5 !y are f\nd2 all t ne$s to be done is to rub !m ) a damp or moi/ clo? or ) a p[d] ( f9ely pulv]iz$ small or brok5 pe>ls1 & !y are !n ready = ! succe$+ processes4 ,if !re are any blemi%es1 ^! c be remov$ by peel+ or 8fak+10 al?\gh few f9e pe>ls require any su* treatm5t2 & !n ! gems may be drill$1 /rung1 & set1 & all t is necess>y = _! pres]vation is due c>e & att5tion4 ,pe>ls are frequ5tly injur$ 9 op5+ ! %ells or 9 removal ( ! out] lay]s ar\nd ! true pe>ly nacre4 ,bo? ! ,*9ese & ! ,sulu fi%]m5 are v clev] 9 ! art ( pe>l peel+ & pe>l improv+4 ,?is me?od is call$ 8fak+10 al?\gh x is a p]fectly legitimate op]ation4 ,all x requires is a v %>p knife1 a set ( files1 & a p[d] obta9$ by gr9d+ pe>ls or pe>l %ells4 ,?is p[d] is plac$ ^u a buff] ( lea!r or clo? to poli% su* p>ts ( a lay] z may n h be5 entirely remov$4 ,! ,*9ese are unusual adepts 9 pe>l peel+ & h be5 frequ5tly kn[n to sell z true pe>ls scales t !y h remov$1 aft] fill+ ^! scales or peel+s ) wax or %ellac1 & /r5g!n+ !m by cem5t+ !m on a piece ( "m-(-pe>l4 ,!y are !n set ) ! convex side up & ! edges c>efully cov]$ s z to conceal ! deception4 ,! ,*9ese are also v exp]t 9 remov+ lay]s ( "m-(-pe>l f an ency/$ or buri$ pe>l1 tak+ (f lay] aft] lay] ) ! greate/ c>e1 & ) a delicacy ( t\* t enables !m to realize ! mom5t :5 ! pe>l itself has be5 rea*$1 r>ely injur+ ! latt]1 al?\gh ! coat+ is almo/ z h>d z ! inclos$ pe>l4 ,peel+ is employ$ to remove a protub]ance or acid /a91 to smoo? a surface brok5 by abrasion1 or to take (f a dead spot produc$ by c>eless we>+ ( ! pe>ls & all[+ !m to rub aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,!re are _m in/ances :]e1 by c>eful peel+1 a p]fect lay] & sk9 h be5 br\ght to light1 & :]e irregul> or brok5 pe>ls1 or ^? ) a blemi%1 h be5 r5d]$ mu* m valuable by a good peel]4 ,b 9 _m o!r cases ! pe>l has n only be5 r$uc$ 9 value1 b ev5 r5d]$ altoge!r wor?less1 :5 x _h a dead c5t] or 0 pitt$ ) clay or o!r impurities4 ,if a pe>l has be5 injur$ by com+ 9 contact ) ! acids frequ5tly us$ 9 m$ic9e1 ! surface may become r\gh5$2 or x may be scrat*$ by be+ rubb$ aga9/ a /one 9 case ( a fall or o!r accid5t4 ,if ! surface only is injur$1 x c be re/or$ to its orig9al beauty ) only a slight loss ( weight by c>efully peel+ (f ! out] lay]s4 ,9 sk9n+ or peel+ a pe>l1 a magnify+ glass1 or pref]ably a fix$ l5s1 su* z is us$ by engrav]s1 is ( great assi/ance1 & a %>p knife1 or1 bett] /ill1 ! %>p5$ edge ( a /eel file1 is a v ess5tial in/rum5t4 ,gloves are (t5 worn by ! peel] s t no p]spiration %all rea* ! pe>l & cause x to slip 9 ! h& :ile x is be+ manipulat$1 & ?us h a lay] or m injur$ by ! knife4 ,illu/ration3 ,drill+ a pe>l by means ( ! b[-drill ,illu/ration3 ,?9 lay]s ( pe>l remov$ by peel+ 7fak+7 ,illu/ration3 ,examples ( prop]ly & poorly drill$ pe>ls ,illu/ration3 ,side view ( same pe>ls ,,pe>l ,,drill+ ,/reet] m5tions a v int]e/+ incid5t 9 reg>d to a g5u9e black pe>l4 ,?is pe>l1 set ) diamonds1 0 %[n 9 a jewel]'s w9d[2 b aft] exposure 9 ?is way = "s "t to ! sun's rays1 ! brilliant black lu/] disappe>$ & gave place to a dull1 grayi% hue4 ,:5 ! pe>l 0 remov$ f its sett+1 x 0 se5 t ! "p :i* _h n be5 expos$ to ! light 0 ( z good color z :5 fir/ remov$ f ! %ell4 ,x 0 f9ally det]m9$ to sk9 (f ! out] lay]1 an op]ation :i* 0 p]=m$ ) s mu* success t ! orig9al brilliant black hue 0 fully re/or$1 prov+ t ! action ( ! sunlight _h only *ang$ ! color ( ! surface4 ,we may add t ! pe>l1 al?\gh x 0 %[n 9 ! sun1 may nev] h _h a good 8sk90 or lay] expos$2 or ! lay] :i* 0 n p]fect may h be5 affect$ by an exudation ( ! we>] produc$ by illness or m$ic9e4 ,:5 pe>ls are ( a poor yell[ or dull br[n t9t1 unscrupul\s deal]s sometimes intru/ !m to an op]ator :o drills !m almo/ entirely ?r\gh1 cracks ! sk9 slightly & impregnates !m ) a solution ( nitrate ( silv]2 ?is affects ! out] lay]s ( ! pe>ls1 &1 aft] its decomposition1 ! metallic silv] is deposit$1 & !y become absolutely black4 ,! effect is sometimes ha/5$ by expos+ !m to ! fumes ( nitrate ( silv]4 ,^! pe>ls are !n rubb$ up or slightly poli%$ & may reta9 a good appe>ance = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,! upp] lay]s1 h[ev]1 :i* h be5 injur$ by ! *emicals us$ 9 ! color+1 (t5 scale (f1 & ! poor & unattractive color b5ea? appe>s4 ,?is is sometimes n detect$ until ye>s aft] & :5 ! deal] f :om !y 7 pur*as$ has be5 =gott54 ,! breaks or cracks :i* h be5 made c readily be detect$ by means ( a pocket l5s1 if ! obs]v] is at all exp]i5c$4 ,9 _m cases ! out] lay] ( ! pe>l has be5 color$ a good black1 al?\gh sc>cely any crack is visible4 ,frequ5tly1 :5 a small knob or protub]ance appe>s 9 ! pe>l1 or :5 x has adh]$ to ano!r pe>l or to ! %ell itself1 ?is protub]ance is poli%$ (f1 & ! pe>l is drill$ at ?is po9t4 ,?is portion ( ! surface1 h[ev] c>efully poli%$1 w nev] h ! true ori5t1 b x is plac$ 9 ! necklace 9 su* a way t x is completely hidd54 ,(t5 pe>ls become scrat*$ ?r\gh r\gh usage1 or by ! knife us$ 9 op5+ ! %ells4 ,^! are occasionally poli%$ by means ( pe>l-p[d]1 or else ! entire out] lay] is remov$1 ! new sk9 b5ea? appe>+ absolutely bright & p]fect4 ,x sometimes happ5s t a pe>l w h a good lu/]1 b a slightly r\gh5$ sk94 ,?is is at times poli%$ d[n2 b an exp]i5c$ eye easily detects t x has be5 tamp]$ )4 ,yell[i% pe>ls are sometimes blea*$ by means ( /rong blea*+ sub/ances su* z *lor9e or o!r p[]ful reag5ts1 :i*1 al?\gh !y may :it5 ! pe>l1 cause x to become v friable1 z ! animal sub/ance becomes m brittle4 ,pe>ls treat$ 9 ?is way frequ5tly we> (f1 lay] by lay]1 until fully "o half ( ! pe>l is worn out ( ! sett+4 ,:5 pe>ls are /a9$ yell[i% f ! exudations ( ! sk91 grease1 or o!r impurities1 !y c be clean$ by putt+ !m 9 moi/ cau/ic magnesia & all[+ x to dry on !m4 ,:5 ?is is remov$1 ! pe>ls w (t5 be f\nd mu* pur] 9 color ?an be=e4 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w c]ta9 dubi\s me?ods h be5 us$ = re/or+ ! beauty ( pe>ls :i* h gr[n dim4 ,9 ,india !y are rubb$ 9 boil$ rice4 ,"s p]sons h ev5 f$ !m to a *ick5 fa/5$ 9 a coop2 aft] ! lapse ( an h\r or two ! *ick5 is kill$1 & ! pe>ls rescu$ f _! tempor>y lodg+-place1 :]e !y h be5 some:at re/or$ by ! dige/ive juices ( ! f[l4 ,"s curi\s te/s appli$ to pe>ls are giv5 u 9 a ,h9du treatise on gems by ,buddhabhatta4 ,= in/ance1 we read3 8,if ! pur*as] conceives a d\bt z to ! g5u95ess ( a pe>l1 let him place x dur+ "o night 9 a mixture ( wat] & oil ) salt1 & heat x4 ,or let him wrap x 9 a dry clo? & rub x ) gra9s ( rice2 if x d n become discolor$1 x %\ld be reg>d$ z g5u9e40#daf ,x is ne$less to /ate t ^! te/s w\ld be ei!r useless or injuri\s4 ,if ! read] is ! own] ( a pe>l or ( a pe>l necklace & feels t ! pe>ls ne$ treatm5t1 any attempt to foll[ ! directions giv5 by _m anci5t writ]s w\ld infallibly result 9 _! injury or de/ruction4 ,pe>l drill+ is a mo/ delicate op]ation4 ,x is necess>y t ! drill po9ts %\ld h ! prop] %ape1--t is1 %\ld n be too tap]+1 b slightly blunt at ! end1 & turn+ some:at 9 a ,v-%ape1--x is also important t ! drill %\ld be revolv$ ) p]fect regul>ity1 s z n to j> or jolt ! pe>l1 z ?is is likely to lead to ! crack+ ( ! pe>l or to ! break+ ( ! drill4 ,?is latt] happ5s n infrequ5tly1 & is due ei!r to ! /ructure ( ! pe>l1 ! clogg+ ( ! drill1 or to enc\nt]+ a h>d gra9 ( s& inclos$ 9 ! pe>l4 ,%\ld ! drill break 9 ! pe>l1 x c be/ be remov$ by drill+ f a po9t directly opposite1 & sl[ly =c+ ! brok5 drill outw>d4 ,?is process requires great c>e 9 ! regulation ( ! spe$1 & great exactness ( direction 9 ord] to meet ! brok5 drill accurately4 ,pe>l drill+ 0 =m]ly a labori\s process1 & x 0 sc>cely possible = a drill] to p]=ate m ?an f =ty to fifty pe>ls p] day by means ( ! b[-drill op]at$ by h&4 ,n[1 by ! use ( a mod]n ma*9e1 #aejj pe>ls ( av]age size c be drill$ )\t any difficulty 9 ! same "t4 ,"s ( ! mo/ successful drill+ ( f9e pe>ls is done by means ( ! b[- or fiddle-drill4 ,! arm ( ?is is made ei!r ( /eel or ( wood1 ) a /rong cord /ret*$ across x 9 ! /yle ( an ar*]'s b[4 ,! drill is ins]t$ 9 ! end ( a brass circul> disk ) a ,v-%ap$ groove on its edge1 to admit ( ! /r+ be+ pass$ entirely ar\nd x l a pulley1 s t :5 ! drill is plac$ on any?+ & held at ! o!r side1 & ! b[ is mov$ up & d[n1 ! :eel ) ! drill-end rotates rapidly4 ,if ! pe>l is n prop]ly secur$1 if ! drill po9t is too irregul>1 if x is n prop]ly c5t]$1 or if x is too rapidly rotat$ at ! />t1 "o or m lay]s ( ! pe>l are likely to be brok51 giv+ an irregul>1 ragg$ appe>ance4 ,if1 aga91 ! drill is rotat$ too rapidly z x is leav+ ! o!r side ( ! pe>l1 "o or m lay]s are occasionally =c$ (f1 & ?is 9 turn w produce a break on ! pe>l4 ,x happ5s n infrequ5tly t pe>ls are brok5 away on ! surfaces at bo? drill holes if ! workman is c>eless4 ,z pe>ls h become m valuable1 only ! mo/ effici5t workm5 are employ$ 9 drill+ !m4 ,:]eas =m]ly a drill hole w\ld be half a millimet] 9 diamet]1 at pres5t x is mu* small]1 & su* drill+ requires ! greate/ skill 9 manipulation4 ,! use ( ^! v f9e drill holes is due pr9cipally to ! fact t pe>ls h become s valuable t ! slighte/ loss1 ev5 ! fraction ( a gra91 w\ld am\nt to a consid]able sum 9 a necklace ( l>ge pe>ls4 ,:5 a pe>l has be5 p]=at$ ) a v f9e drill hole1 ! hole may be enl>g$ some:at by us+ a sl5d] copp] wire1 ! f95ess ( ! drill hole itself1 *>g$ ) ei!r diamond-du/1 em]y1 or s&4 ,:5 ! wire ?us *>g$ is drawn 9 & out1 ! drill hole c be enl>g$ to any desir$ size4 ,a l>ge pe>l is held 9 ! h& or secur$ 9 a wood5 block1 or else x is held 9 a small pair ( =ceps ) a r\nd$1 cup-%ap$ receptacle at ! end1 :i* is usually l9$ ) *amois lea!r & is pi]c$ ) a hole ?r\gh ! c5t]4 ,?is hole s]ves z a guide = ! drill1 direct+ x :ile ! pe>l is be+ p]=at$4 ,adju/able cups or =ceps ) cup-l ends ( e size are necess>y1 accord+ to ! size ( ! pe>l2 & 9 ord] t x may be prop]ly se51 x is requisite t ! pe>l %\ld always be l>g] ?an ! cup 9 :i* x is plac$4 ,! poore/ "p or spot is select$ to =m ! beg9n+ ( ! drill hole4 ,! pe>l is plac$ 9 a pair ( calip]s ) a circul> disk1 "o end ( ! calip] be+ plac$ on ! spot to be pi]c$1 ! o!r end naturally t\*+ exactly opposite1 ! pe>l absolutely c5t]+ x4 ,z ^! calip] ends h be5 rubb$ ) ei!r r\ge1 lampblack1 or "s color$ sub/ance t w readily rub (f1 ^! two spots ( color rema9 on ! pe>l & s]ve z a guide = ! drill]4 ,! drill end is !n plac$ on ! pe>l1 & ! b[ mov$ up & d[n2 & s rapid is ?is "w t five pe>ls weigh+ fifte5 gra9s ea* c be drill$ ) ! greate/ c>e 9 less ?an "o h\r's "t4 ,( small pe>ls1 weigh+ ab\t "o gra91 z _m z fifty h be5 drill$ 9 less ?an "o h\r by ! h&-drill me?od4 ,_m ( ! ?9ne/ & be/ drills are made out ( ?9 /eel ne$les4 ,^! are gr\nd flat by means ( a small c>borundum :eel1 s z to h two flat sides4 ,!y are !n ?9 po9t$1 & ) a ,v-%ap$ edge4 ,^! prev5t ! drill f clogg+ up1 all[+ ! f9e du/ to pass upw>d & outw>d readily1 & ! h>d /eel almo/ inv>iably p5etrates ! c5tral core ( ! pe>l1 no matt] h[ h>d or t\gh ?is may be4 ,! ne$le-drill is !n secur$ 9 a small *uck atta*$ to ! brass revolv+ :eel4 ,"s recomm5d lubricat+ a drill ) milk :5 x is employ$ = pi]c+ a pe>l1 b a well-made drill1 t all[s ! du/ to escape z x is =m$1 does n require ?is treatm5t4 ,! drill %\ld always be made to revolve q sl[ly s t no unnecess>y heat may be g5]at$ by friction to injure ! color ( ! pe>l & also to avoid ! possibility ( ! drill becom+ clogg$ by ! pe>l-du/4 ,by means ( c5t]+ calip]s or m>k]s1 ! drill]1 especially 9 ! drill+ ( a l>ge pe>l1 w g5]ally drill fir/ f "o end1 & !n rev]se ! pe>l & drill f ! o!r end1 meet+ absolutely 9 ! c5t]4 ,?is prev5ts ! break+ ( ! out] lay] ( ! pe>l4 ,a skilful workman c1 by turn+ ! pe>l1 s op]ate ! calip]s t ! true c5t] c be obta9$1 ev5 if ! pe>l is n absolutely r\nd1 & ! drill holes s c5t]$ t ! irregul>ity ( ! pe>l is less app>5t4 ,:5 ! pe>l has be5 half drill$ ?r\gh f "o side1 consid]able caution is necess>y 9 drill+ f ! o!r1 t :5 ! two drill holes are ab\t meet+ ! drill be n revolv$ too rapidly1 z ! clogg+ is likely to crack ! pe>l or break ! drill4 ,if ! pe>l is only to be drill$ "o f\r? or "o half ?r\gh1 ! dep? c always be gag$ by wat*+ ! drill-end1 fir/1 by measur+ ! drill-end itself1 &1 secondly1 by not+ to :at "p ( x pe>l-p[d] adh]es4 ,pe>ls are m easily manipulat$ ?an any o!r gems4 ,!y are also m easily damag$4 ,/ill1 :5 prop]ly treat$ by ! workman1 !re is no mat]ial t (f]s him m satisfactory results ?an ! pe>l1 if good judgm5t be us$4 ,drill]s occasionally f9d t :5 ! drill rea*es ! c5t] ( ! pe>l1 !re is a %>p click1 ! pe>l (t5 break+ at ?is po9t4 ,?is is evid5tly due to ! fact t a h>d] k]nel may exi/ 9 ! c5t]1 su* z a t9y gra9 ( s&1 :i* c turn ! drill po9t2 or else ! resi/ance may cause ! t9y drill to break4 ,:5 a pe>l is crack$ by a bl[ or by "s accid5t1 x is cu/om>y to drill x at ! end ( ! l>ge/ crack2 ?is me?od prev5ts ! crack f ext5d+ 9 t direction4 ,^! fissures are sometimes p>tly fill$ by means ( a solution1 & may n be visible at ! "t :5 ! pe>l is b\ght1 b !y are liable to appe> lat]4 ,to illu/rate ! diff]5ce 9 ! c>e us$ 9 drill+1 we h select$ eight pe>ls f a pap] ( poor ones1 & reproduce two views ( !m1 "o to %[ ! irregul>ity ( ! pe>ls1 & ! o!r to %[ ! v>y+ size ( ! drill holes4 ,^? on ! left 7 drill$ by an arti/1 :ile ^? on ! "r %[ ! "w ( an inexp]i5c$ drill]4 ,at pres5t p5dant pe>ls are nev] drill$ entirely ?r\gh1 & r>ely m ?an half way4 ,b 9 ! ,ori5t1 & ev5 9 ,europe f ! f\rte5? to ! sixte5? c5tury1 !y 7 (t5 entirely pi]c$2 ev5 pe>-%ap$ pe>ls 7 entirely drill$ ?r\gh1 ) a metal edge project$ bel[ = safety4 ,frequ5tly old pe>ls1 & m especially ori5tal pe>ls1 h be5 entirely drill$ ?r\gh1 z are (t5 l>ge ori5tal rubies1 diamonds1 & sapphires4 ,:5 ^! are set1 ! holes are ei!r plugg$ ) pe>l %ell & poli%$ smoo?1 or a t9y ruby or diamond is set 9 a metal rim fitt+ entirely into ! drill hole or only slightly project+4 ,?is is well in/anc$ 9 ! portrait ( ,m>gu]ite ( ,france 7#aeec-afae71 9 :i* ! arti/ ,delpe* %[s all ! pe>-%ap$ pe>ls worn by ! ,fr5* que5 entirely pi]c$4 ,frequ5tly1 :]e pe>ls h be5 drill$ by ori5tal workm51 ! drill holes are exce$+ly l>ge1 five or six times ! wid? ( ! silk /r+2 9 fact (t5 f "o to two millimet]s 9 diamet]4 ,9 ! se>* to supply ! great dem&1 _m ori5tal pe>ls h be5 secur$ :i* =m]ly 7 /rung to an ori5tal jewel by means ( a ?ick wire2 x is necess>y to close ?is ap]ture1 z ! pe>l w\ld lie unev5ly on ! /r+4 ,?is is done by introduc+ a "m-(-pe>l plug1 ?r\gh :i* a new drill hole is made4 ,unless ! pe>ls are un/rung1 ?is is r>ely visible2 b n infrequ5tly ! plug drops out4 ,9 o!r cases ! pe>l has be5 drill$ n only f end to end1 b also f ! side1 & ?is ?ird hole is fill$ ) a plug ( "m-(-pe>l & poli%$ ov] s z to hide ! blemi% f ! buy]4 ,x is also no uncommon ?+ = a pur*as] to f9d1 aft] a ye>1 t cracks beg9 to develop :]e none app>5tly exi/$ at ! "t ( 8 pur*ase1 or !y 7 s m9ute z to be consid]$ ( no consequ5ce4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ref]5ces to drill+ pe>ls 0 made by ,rug]us1 a monk :o liv$ 9 ! elev5? c5tury4 ,he says3 ,pe>ls are f\nd 9 ! sea-%ell & %ells ( o!r wat]s2 ^! are p]=at$ ) a f9e /eel$ in/rum5t :i* is fix$ 9 wood1 hav+ a small :eel ( lead1 also ano!r wood 9 :i* x may be turn$1 to :i* a /rap mu/ be plac$ by :i* x may be revolv$4 ,b %\ld x be necess>y t ! ap]ture ( any pe>l be made l>g]1 a wire may be plac$ 9 ! op5+ ) a little f9e s&1 "o end ( :i* may be held 9 ! tee?1 ! o!r 9 ! left h&1 & by ! "r ! pe>l is conduct$ upw>ds & d[nw>ds1 & 9 ! meantime s& is appli$1 t ! ap]tures may become wid]4 ,sea-%ells are also cut into pieces & are fil$ z pe>ls1 suffici5tly useful ^u gold1 & !y are poli%$ z above4#dag ,9 8,! ,toy ,c>t10 a ,h9du drama by ,sudrake1 :o liv$ ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 !re is a description ( a jewel]'s work%op atta*$ to ! h\se ( a c\rtezan4 ,he says3 8,"s set rubies 9 gold1 "s /r+ gold beads on color$ ?read1 "s /r+ pe>ls1 "s gr9d lapis lazuli1 "s cut %ells & "s gr9d & pi]ce coral40#dah ,! ,*9ese & ,korean me?od ( drill+ pe>ls diff]s mat]ially f t ( ! ,occid5t4 ,a pe>-%ap$ pe>l is frequ5tly drill$ horizontally & secur$ by wire or silk1 & n drill$ p]p5dicul>ly1 z ) u1 to h a metal wire or peg fa/5$ into x4 ,if ! ori5tals drill a pe>l p]p5dicul>ly1 ! hole is g5]ally c>ri$ entirely ?r\gh x1 & a gold knot1 :i* is us$ z a bead1 is plac$ at ! l[] end1 & sometimes a t9y gem is set 9 ?is peg1 or else ! pe>l is secur$ ei!r by "s projection bel[1 or by means ( a bit ( enamel1 or "s o!r object may be atta*$ to ! gold or wire bel[ x4 ,button pe>ls1 especially ^? ( ! abalone1 are drill$ horizontally ?r\gh ! base & secur$ to ! ornam5t1 or to ! silk or o!r mat]ial on :i* !y are sew$1 by means ( a ?read or wire2 or else !y may be drill$ f bel[ by means ( two slop+ holes =m+ a ,v1 ! ?read or wire be+ pass$ upw>d until x /rikes ! angle1 & !n pass$ outw>d aga9 ?r\gh ! o!r bran* ( ! hole4 ,_m f9e1 r\nd1 & pe>-%ap$ pe>ls ( ori5tal orig9 may be se5 ) ?is end clos$ ei!r ) a speck ( pe>l1 a diamond1 or a ruby4 ,a mo/ int]e/+ & c>eful description ( ! me?ods ( drill+ pe>ls 0 giv5 by ,james ,cord9] 9 8 valuable volume1 8,a ,description ( ,ceylon10 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #ahjg1 pages #fd-ff4 ,illu/ration3 ,scrap+ ends ( silk ?reads = /r++ pe>l necklace ,illu/ration3 ,/r++ a pe>l coll> 9 sections2 clean+ & ream+ out a pe>l ,illu/ration3 ,slid+ a pe>l along ! /r+ 9 pe>l /r++ ,illu/ration3 ,ty+ a knot betwe5 pe>ls 9 pe>l /r++ ,,pe>l ,,/r++ ,! next op]ation :i* claims att5tion is ! drill+ ( ! pe>ls4 ,i neglect$ to inspect ?is "p ( ! bus9ess2 b h be5 in=m$ t mu* admiration is excit$1 bo? by ! dext]ity ( ! arti/1 & ! rude simplicity ( ! ma*9]y :i* he employs4 ,a block ( wood1 ( ! =m ( an inv]t$ cone1 is rais$ ^u ?ree feet ab\t twelve in*es f ! gr\nd4 ,small holes or pits ( v>i\s sizes are cut 9 ! upp] flat surface1 = ! reception ( ! pe>ls4 ,! drill] sits on 8 haun*es close to ?is ma*9e1 :i* is call$ a vadeagrum4 ,! pe>ls are driv5 /eady into _! sockets by a piece ( iron ) flat sides1 ab\t "o in* & a half 9 l5g?4 ,a well temp]$ ne$le is fix$ 9 a re$ five in*es long1 ) an iron po9t at ! o!r end1 =m$ to play 9 ! socket ( a cocoanut %ell1 :i* presses on ! =ehead ( ! drill]4 ,a b[ is =m$ ( a piece ( bamboo & a /r+4 ,! workman br+s 8 "r knee 9 a l9e ) ! vadeagrum1 & places on x a small cup1 =m$ ( "p ( a cocoanut %ell1 :i* is fill$ ) wat] to mod]ate ! heat ( friction4 ,he b5ds 8 head ov] ! ma*9e1 & apply+ ! po9t ( ! ne$le to a pe>l sunk 9 "o ( ! pits1 drills ) great facility1 e n[ & !n dext]\sly dipp+ ! little f+] ( 8 "r h& 9 ! wat]1 & apply+ x to ! ne$le1 )\t imp$+ ! op]ation4 ,9 ?is mann] he bores a pe>l 9 ! space ( two or ?ree m9utes2 & 9 ! c\rse ( a day p]=ates ?ree hundr$ small or six hundr$ l>ge pe>ls4 ,! ne$le is frequ5tly %>p5$ ) oil on a /one slab1 & sometimes1 be=e ! op]ation is p]=m$1 is heat$ 9 ! flame ( a lamp4 ,! l>ge pe>ls are g5]ally drill$ fir/1 9 ord] to br+ ! h& 9 to "w ) m ease on ^? ( a small] size2 & pe>ls less ?an a gra9 ( mu/>d-se$ are pi]c$ ) little difficulty4 ,aft] ! pe>ls h be5 drill$1 !y mu/ be imm$iately wa%$ 9 salt & wat]1 to prev5t ! /a9s :i* w\ld o!rwise be occasion$ by ! p]=at+ in/rum5t4 ,a qua9t description ( pe>l drill+ 0 giv5 by ,anselmus de ,boot 9 #afji4dai ,s9ce all are n aw>e ( ! mann] 9 :i* pe>ls are p]=at$1 ,i wi% "h to give an acc\nt ( ! me?od4 ,! h&le4 ,a1 is held ) ! left h&1 & !n ! h&le1 ,b1 ( ! b[ is pu%$ back & =? ) ! "r h&1 s t !re is a reciprocal movem5t ( ! lance ,,ac4 ,! extreme end1 ,c1 has a ne$le1 n s %>p z to come to a po9t1 b slightly blunt$4 ,! ne$le is plac$ on ! pe>l :i* is to be p]=at$4 ,if ! pe>ls are too small to be held1 !y are fa/5$ 9 ! case1 ,d1 ) a small hamm] ( s(t wood1 le/ !y %\ld slip4 ,! bo>d is inclos$ on e side by /rips ( wood s t ! wat] :i* comes f ! pe>ls %all n fl[ (f4 ,! b[ be+ mov$1 ! ne$le p5etrates & pi]ces ! pe>l & x is n corrod$ by ! wat]4 ,a my?ical /ory1 b a pleasant "o1 is told ( a great pe>l collector :o _h own$ a wond]ful pe>-%ap$ pe>l = _m ye>s & _h absolutely fail$ to f9d any mat* = x4 ,aft] ye>s ( fruitless se>* he 0 at la/ rew>d$ by f9d+ an absolutely p]fect mate4 ,he took ?is to 8 favorite jewel] 9 "o ( ! great capitals ( ,europe1 & ord]$ ! new gem to be pi]c$ to mat* ! o!r s t bo? c\ld be set4 ,! jewel] call$ a small ,g]man boy f an adjo9+ work%op1 simply say+1 8,jakey1 drill ?is pe>l to mat* ! o!r40 ,! collector 0 dumf\nd$ t no caution %\ld be giv5 to ! boy :5 s important a piece ( "w 0 intru/$ to 8 c>e4 ,sc>cely _h ! boy left ! room :5 ! collector inquir$ ( ! jewel]1 almo/ 9 con/]nation1 8,h[ c y tru/ s valuable a pe>l to s small a boy )\t a ^w ( caution80 ,to ?is ! deal] repli$3 8,jakey is ! mo/ c>eful pe>l drill] ,i h ev] kn[n4 ,i "k t !re w be no failure 9 ! drill+4 ,i h nev] caution$ him ab\t su* "w4 ,he nev] has drill$ a pe>l wrong4 ,_h ,i w>n$ him ( ! value ( ! gem or told him h[ important a piece ( "w he 0 do+1 he probably w\ld h become n]v\s &1 z a result1 y\r pe>l w\ld h be5 crack$40 ,! conv]sation _h sc>cely be5 complet$ be=e ,jakey return$ ) ! pe>l z beautifully drill$ z ! orig9al "o :i* x mat*$4 ,9 ! ,ori5t & else:]e1 :5 x is consid]$ desirable to m\nt a pe>l s t x %all n turn1 especially :5 only "o "p ( ! pe>l is p]fect & t is to rema9 outside1 ! drill hole is sometimes made squ>e1 t is to say1 drill$ r\nd & !n ream$ out ) a small saw until x becomes squ>e1 :5 a squ>e wire is ins]t$2 or else ! pe>l is fir/ drill$ ) a t9y r\nd hole & ?is is !n ream$ out until x is triangul>1 :5 a triangul> wire is introduc$4 ,?is me?od is sometimes us$ = /uds or r+-sett+s4 ,9 sett+ pe>ls ) po9ts or claws on ! wire or b& ( a r+1 ! pe>ls are drill$ only half way ?r\gh4 ,a gold p9 is !n ins]t$1 & sometimes a ?read is cut into ! pe>l itself2 x is secur$ by means ( gum ma/ic or "s o!r /rong gum4 ,occasionally1 to add great] /r5g?1 a side p9 is put 91 s t ! pe>l is drill$ ) two bits ( metal1 :i* p5etrate ! "o side 9 a p]fectly /raight l9e & ! o!r at an angle ( ab\t tw5ty-five or ?irty degrees 7?is is call$ side-pegg+74 ,?is gives m /r5g? & firmness to ! pe>l itself1 & prev5ts x f twi/+ or tw9+ & becom+ loose4 ,sometimes ! pe>l hole is drill$ s t ! op5+ is t ( a screw-?read1 9 ord] to hold x to ! e>r+1 ! /ud1 or ! r+4 ,! gold p9 :i* is ins]t$ to atta* ! pe>l to ! r+ or /ud has a screw-?read also1 & ! peg or p9 is screw$ on z well z secur$4 ,an +5i\s me?od1 t]m$ 8key+10 = secur+ ! peg 9 pe>ls to be set on r+s or /uds1 consi/s 9 drill+ a hole half ?r\gh ! pe>l & !n two small] holes or grooves on ea* side ( ! fir/4 ,cutt+ tools ( a ,t-%ape are n[ introduc$ into ! ap]ture & work$ ab\t until ! pe>l is und]cut all ar\nd1 s t :5 a peg ) a cross-piece is ins]t$1 ! latt] c be turn$ )9 ! pe>l until x sets at "r angles ) ! wide/ "p ( ! ap]ture4 ,9 ?is way ! peg is p]man5tly secur$ & _c slip out4 ,! fact t 9 rec5t ye>s m pe>ls h appe>$ 9 necklaces t are irregul>ly bor$1 t ! bore holes are s l>ge t !y are plugg$ ) "m-(-pe>l1 or t "o meets ) pe>ls 9 :i* a plug has be5 plac$ 9 ! side imm$iately 9 ! c5t] betwe5 ! two drill holes1 is due to ! fact t ! great dem& has result$ 9 ! de/ruction ( _m ori5tal ornam5ts 9 :i* ! pe>ls 7 drill$ 9 v>i\s ways1 z well z 9 ! de/ruction ( ! diff]5t ,magy> & o!r semi-(ficial jewels ( ea/]n ,europe4 ,! mo/ primitive kn[n drills 7 ! fl9t drills1 made by ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians by *ipp+ *]t or fl9t-l m9]als to a f9e po9t4 ,) ^! rude in/rum5ts a l>ge1 irregul> hole 0 made1 :i* g5]ally measur$ sev]al times ! diamet] ( ! f9e drill hole made by a mod]n pe>l drill] ) an improv$ drill4 ,! ,indians are also said to h us$ hot copp] drills = bor+ holes4 ,! e>lie/1 & /ill a v g5]al & p]haps ! be/ way ( drill+ pe>ls1 is by means ( ! b[- or fiddle-drill4 ,?is me?od has be5 us$ 9 a m or less p]fect$ =m by all ! aborig9al peoples ( ! ,new ,_w f ,icel& to ,ti]ra del ,fuego4 ,b z none ( ^! peoples 7 famili> ) f9e1 h>d /eel1 !y sc>cely ev] succe$$ 9 mak+ drill holes z f9e z ^? t c be produc$ by ! use ( temp]$ /eel4 ,by ! latt] means1 pe>ls half an in* 9 diamet] are (t5 drill$ entirely ?r\gh ) an ap]ture no l>g] ?an a ?9 bit ( /raw4 ,! l>ge/ & f9e/ pe>ls are frequ5tly drill$ ) ! smalle/ holes1 z ! slighte/ loss 9 weight means a dim9ution 9 value4 ,!n1 too1 a pe>l ) a small drill hole is n s liable to %ift on ! /r+1 & ?us is less likely to cut ! silk ?read :i* holds ! pe>ls toge!r4 ,x w\ld be difficult to enum]ate all ! tricks to :i* "s jewel]s n[ resort 9 ord] to utilize e fragm5t ( a pe>l !y c lay _! h&s on4 ,"s ( !m are wond]fully clev] at recon/ruction1 b to ! woman :o loves pe>ls1 no?+ c take ! place ( ! s(t1 beautiful1 r\nd gem1 ) its natural surface4 ,9 sort+ pe>ls = ! small] necklaces1 x is cu/om>y to op5 up a numb] ( doz5 bun*es ( ! ,ea/ ,indian pe>ls z !y are s5t f ! ,ea/1 /rung1 ! ends fa/5$ toge!r 9 bun*es1 & !n seal$4 ,^! pe>ls are plac$ on a table & are fir/ arrang$ accord+ to color & lu/] on ! sort+ bo>d4 ,!y are !n gr\p$ accord+ to size & graduation1 ! greate/ c>e be+ ex]cis$ 9 ! selection = color1 lu/]1 & =m4 ,9 ?is way t5 necklaces may be re-/rung into t5 o!rs1 ! necklaces probably be+ improv$ z reg>ds selection1 or else bett] arrang$ = ! uses to :i* ! jewel] wi%es to put !m4 ,9 ! case ( ! l>g] necklaces1 x frequ5tly requires _m ye>s ( selection & arrangem5t be=e "o becomes p]fect en\gh to pass ! criticism or suit ! fancy ( ! jewel]4 ,we h no record z to :5 ! fir/ pe>l necklace 0 /rung1 nor h we a def9ite record ( ! fir/ use ( silk = /r++ a necklace4 ,! e>lie/ illu/ration t we h be5 able to obta9 ( ! use ( pe>ls 9 ! =m ( a necklace is ! "o f ,susa1 9 :i* ! pe>ls 7 secur$ ) gold4 ,a ,syrian necklace1 dat+ ab\t "o or two c5turies be=e ,*ri/1 0 /rung by means ( a bronze wire4 ,we w endeavor to give a few facts on ! int]e/+ process ( prep>+ pe>ls = we>+4 ,pe>l /r++ is an art1 easy z ! process may seem1 & x is int]e/+ to note ! precision1 c>e1 & delicacy ) :i* ! pe>l /r+] p]=ms 8 task4 ,! fir/ /ep is to grade ! pe>ls accord+ to _! size & color1 s t !y may produce ! be/ possible effect4 ,! l>ge/ & f9e/ pe>l is plac$ 9 ! c5t]2 alongside ( ?is1 on ea* side1 are laid ! two pe>ls next 9 size :i* are ! mo/ ne>ly alike 9 =m & hue2 & s on to ! end ( ! necklace4 ,?is gr\p+ requires bo? exp]i5ce & judgm5t1 & is ( great importance1 s9ce ! value ( ! pe>ls is (t5 consid]ably enhanc$ by a prop] arrangem5t4 ,a skilful /r+] is able to grade !m s clev]ly t only a trifl+ diff]5ce w be f\nd 9 ! weight ( ! two halves ( a necklace4 ,! /r++ process consi/s 9 secur+ ! end pe>l by a knot to ! diamond1 pe>l1 or o!r clasp :i* may be us$4 ,:5 a necklace is be+ /rung1 ! ?read is pass$ ?r\gh ! metal eye1 or pe>l1 or o!r object t s]ves z a clasp4 ,x is !n ti$ ) "o knot1 pass$ ?r\gh ! next pe>l1 & knott$ betwe5 t & ! second pe>l1 & sometimes betwe5 ! second & ! ?ird1 ?us mak+ ! jo9t d\bly secure4 ,! o!r pe>ls are !n /rung 9 _! ord]1 a knot be+ plac$ aft] ea* fif?1 f\r?1 ?ird1 or second pe>l1 or1 %\ld !re n be en\gh to give a prop] l5g? to ! necklace1 betwe5 ea* s+le pe>l4 ,! deftness ) :i* ! knot is ti$ s z n to hold ! pe>l too tightly1 & risk ! break+ ( ! ?read1 & ! precision ) :i* =ty1 fifty1 & ev5 sometimes sev]al hundr$ knots are made on a s+le /r+1 is a pleas+ op]ation to witness1 & requires ! greate/ c>e & nicety ( t\*4 ,if knots are made frequ5tly betwe5 ! pe>ls1 !re is less dang] ( los+ !m %\ld ! ?read break1 z only "o or two c fall (f2 sometimes1 inde$1 :5 ! drill holes are v small1 ! silk ?read1 wax$ or unwax$1 fits s closely t ! pe>l does n become deta*$ ev5 :5 ! ?read breaks4 ,! ?read us$ is inv>iably ( silk ( ! highe/ /&>d ( purity1 /r5g?1 & texture1 undy$1 & n conta9+ any *emicals4 ,two or ?ree ( ^! ?reads are held toge!r1 !n ) a knife ! edges are v c>efully scrap$ till ! comb9$ mat]ial ( ! ?ree ?reads is less ?an ! ?ickness ( "o4 ,"s use a ne$le to scrape or fray to a %>p po9t4 ,!n ?is po9t is /iff5$ by means ( 8:ite glue10 ! be/ mat]ial ( ?is k9d be+ pure gum arabic dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,a little ( ?is is rubb$ on ! po9t$ ?reads4 ,x /iff5s 9 a mom5t1 !n ! pe>ls are pass$ on1 "o aft] ! o!r4 ,if ! pe>ls to be /rung are already on a necklace1 ?is process is simplifi$ by ! unknott+ ( ! end ( ! necklace to be re-/rung2 two or ?ree ( ! pe>ls are slid on to ! new /r+1 ! ends or po9ts ( ! new necklace ?read are twi/$ toge!r ) ! old ends & ! pe>ls are simply transf]r$4 ,frequ5tly ! holes h be5 drill$ s z to leave ! rims r %>p2 9 ?is way ! ?read may be fray$ out or ev5 cut4 ,?is %>p edge c easily be remov$ by c>eful ream+4 ,silk ( pure quality is ! be/ mat]ial kn[n = /r++ pe>ls4 ,a s]ies ( exp]im5ts 7 made ) e available fib] ( suffici5t durability f e qu>t] ( ! globe1 b silk alone 0 f\nd to possess ! /r5g?1 ! flexibility1 & ! smoo?ness necess>y to p]mit a v f9e set ( ?reads to pass ?r\gh an op5+ z small z ! drill hole ( a pe>l4 ,9 ! case ( a long *a9 or sautoire1 m ?an ?ree hundr$ pe>ls w be /rung on a s+le r[1 "o ( ov] eighty in*es 9 l5g? conta9+ ov] ?ree hundr$ pe>ls1 & x requires a degree ( neatness & pati5ce t few possess to d ?is 9 exactly ! "r way1 s t ! ?read may n be cut1 t ! pe>ls may n be too tightly /rung1 & t ! ends %all be c>efully atta*$ at ! clasp1 s t ! necklace may hang well & !re may be no dang] ( ! ends break+ loose4 ,accord+ to ! frequ5cy ) :i* x is worn1 a necklace %\ld be re-/rung e ?ree1 six1 or twelve mon?s4 ,! prop] "t = re-/r++ c g5]ally be det]m9$ by ! /ret*+ ( ! ?read s t x c be se5 ei!r betwe5 ! pe>ls or at ei!r end1 giv+ ! impression t "o or m pe>ls are miss+4 ,a newly /rung necklace is taut4 ,:]e a coll> is f ?irte5 to f\rte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 !re are frequ5tly tw5ty-?ree r[s ( pe>ls1 kept /raight by f\r jewel$ b>s1 & sometimes f t5 to tw5ty-five pe>ls 9 a section betwe5 a b>4 ,?is w\ld mean t !re are m ?an two ?\s& pe>ls 9 a coll> ( small pe>ls4 ,:5 "o consid]s t at ea* b> & at ! cat* & clasp ( ! coll> x is necess>y to make a knott+1 x is n surpris+ t x requires f ?ree to f\r days' "t ( a v exp]t pe>l /r+] to /r+ or re-/r+ su* a pe>l coll>4 ,a spl5did example ( su* a tw5ty-?ree-r[ coll> is t belong+ to ,seora ,diaz1 wife ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,republic ( ,mexico4#dbj ,frequ5t /r++ may sometimes s]ve z a protection = pe>ls1 z1 if wax is us$1 ! drill hole is likely to become coat$ ) wax f ! ?read1 & ?is prev5ts ! absorption by ! pe>l ( p]spiration or moi/ure ( any k9d ?r\gh ! ?read4 ,inde$1 ! ?read itself1 :5 wax$1 does n readily absorb moi/ure1 & z ! int]ior ( ! pe>l also becomes wax$1 ?is s]ves to protect x f ! absorption ( humidity ( any k9d4 ,9 mak+ pe>l necklets or muff-*a9s1 a piece ( gold wire ( ! prop] /r5g? & pliability is tak54 ,?is wire is pass$ ?r\gh ! hole ( ! pe>l & !n clev]ly b5t into a loop on ea* side & firmly sold]$4 ,x is important t ! wire %\ld be v slightly small] ?an ! dim5sion ( ! hole 9 ! pe>l s t x may fit closely4 ,sometimes1 in/ead ( ?is me?od1 a r+ is sold]$ to "o end ( ! wire be=e ?is is pass$ ?r\gh ! pe>l1 ! o!r end be+ !n secur$ 9 ! mann] describ$ above4 ,/ill ano!r me?od is occasionally employ$2 9 ?is a piece ( ! wire is b5t into a r+1 b n q clos$1 ! ap]ture be+ j l>ge en\gh to admit ! wire t has trav]s$ ! pe>l2 9 ?is way ! wire c be introduc$ into ! op5+ 9 ! r+1 :i* grips x tightly1 & is !n sold]$ to x4 ,9 _m cases two small r+s are /rung on ! wire on ea* side ( ! pe>l be=e ! loops are made1 s t !y int]pose betwe5 ! latt] & ! pe>l itself4 ,?is s]ves to protect ! sides ( ! pe>l1 z !re is o!rwise "s dang] t ! hole may become *ipp$ or ragg$2 ! same result c be obta9$ if small caps1 closely fitt+ ! pe>l1 are us$ in/ead ( ! r+s4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 only possible :5 ! pe>l is q r\nd1 & 9 ?is case ! effect produc$ is (t5 v attractive4 ,illu/ration3 ,,necklace ,,( ,,se$-,,pe>ls4 ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,,civil ,,w> ,,p]iod4 ,_m ( ! pe>ls set z r+s & /uds are no long] set 9 po9ts1 b are set ^u a peg1 or are 8pegg$10 z x is t]m$4 ,sett+ a pe>l 9 claws g5]ally hides m ?an "o half ( ! entire sph]e4 ,b if ! pe>l is n prop]ly secur$ ^u ! peg1 x w occasionally fall (f4 ,h[ev]1 ?is c be obviat$ to a great ext5t by atta*+ ! pe>l to a d\ble peg :i* keeps x f turn+ & also prev5ts its fall+ (f4 ,pe>ls h occasionally be5 damag$ ) ! %ellac us$1 or :5 ! gold peg on :i* ! pe>l is plac$ 0 too hot4 ,9 m\nt+ v small pe>ls z l9k *a9s s z to =m a cont9u\s pe>ly rope )\t any break 9 ! way ( gold l9ks1 occasionally ,v-%ap$ cavities are drill$ into ea* end ( ! pe>l1 & ! sett+ itself is hidd5 9 ?is ,v-%ap$ cavity4 ,?is is only done :]e ! pe>ls are small & n ( great value4 ,! jewel]1 9 sett+ pe>ls1 mu/ use ! greate/ possible c>e1 fir/1 9 cutt+ away ! sett+s1 z !y are fa/5$ to ! pe>l1 n to scrat* or m> x2 & !n1 :5 he files ! sett+s1 n to all[ ! file to t\* ! pe>l1 z bo? ! /eel tool & ! file w\ld injure x4 ,he mu/ p>ticul>ly avoid plac+ ! pe>l too close to a diamond1 ruby1 or o!r preci\s /one2 =1 ev5 if ! pe>l only slightly t\*es ! gem aga9/ :i* x is set1 a knock ( ! h& may m> ! pe>l's surface4 ,m especially1 z pe>ls are set at pres5t1 8pegg$0 & )\t po9ts1 x is ( ! greate/ importance t !y be worn 9 su* a way t !y may n t\* ! unexpos$ edges ( any preci\s /ones1 z ?is also w\ld injure ! pe>ls4 ,= lack ( ?is precaution f9e pe>ls h frequ5tly be5 h>m$4 ,a l>ge jewelry firm has "u consid]ation ! foll[+ pe>l ord]3 ,any workman :o 9 any way mutilates a pe>l by fil+1 imp]fect drill+ or %ap+1 or 9 any way affects ! %ape ( a pe>l1 )\t ! au?ority ( ! =eman1 w be call$ ^u to pay = ! same4 ,z pe>ls are natural objects1 any *ange ( ! same to fit ! sett+1 or = atta*m5t to any gold object1 mutilates ! gem & greatly affects its value4 ,if belong+ to a cu/om]1 ?is frequ5tly means its replacem5t1 (t5 at a great co/ to ! jewel]4 ,pe>l 8bli/]s0 frequ5tly h ! appe>ance ( be+ empty2 !y are g5]ally fill$ ) a fluid1 ei!r wat] or ! product ( animal & vegetable decomposition4 ,^! cont5ts usually emit a peculi> & unpleasant odor4 ,z ! ext]ior ( ! inclosure gradually we>s away & disappe>s1 ! cont5ts ( ! bli/] are sl[ly absorb$ by ! %ell itself1 & any organic or insoluble sub/ances are deposit$ on its inn] surface4 ,?us1 :5 a %ell %[s any protub]ance on ?is surface1 ! peel] w cut or scrape away a portion ( ! decay+ %ell beh9d ! spot4 ,%\ld he discov] ! hole ( a bor]1 he lays ! %ell aside2 b if he f9ds x to be p]fect at ?is spot1 x is evid5t t ! inclusion came f )91 & frequ5tly x turns out to be an includ$ pe>l4 ,?is is remov$ by break+ ! %ell1 or by cutt+ ar\nd ! protub]ance v ne> to its edge1 & !n break+ away ! %ell4 ,! pe>l is (t5 visible1 & lay] aft] lay] ( ! cov]+ mass is remov$ ) ! greate/ c>e by ! peel]1 :o is rew>d$ by br++ to light pe>ls ( v>i\s qualities1 & frequ5tly ^? ( great value4 ,an in/ance 9 :i*1 by op5+ a pe>l bli/]1 ! speculator receiv$ a good rew>d is giv5 by ,/reet]1 :o says3 8,! ,h>riet _h ! good luck to f9d1 9 #ahhb1 a pe>l #ajc gra9s 9 weight1 :i* 0 inclos$ 9 a huge bli/]4 ,x 0 a f9e b\ton1 ( spl5did color 9 ! upp] portion1 b a trifle *alky bel[4 ,?is 0 attribut$ to ! admission ( salt wat] into ! %ell ?r\gh a hole made by a bor] :i* happ5$ to pi]ce ! %ell j :]e ! pe>l lay1 & _h p5etrat$ ! latt] = almo/ a qu>t] ( an in*40 ,sometimes pe>l masses are holl[4 ,b>bot#dba m5tions t a ,fr5* m]*ant resid+ 9 ,mexico1 hav+ b\ght "o ( ^! pieces f a fi%]man at a l[ price1 resolv$ to satisfy 8 curiosity by f9d+ out :at 0 inside4 ,he split x 9 two p>ts & 0 agreeably surpris$ to f9d a pe>l weigh+ #ad c>ats 7#eg gra9s71 s r\nd1 ( su* good wat]1 & su* f9e ori5t1 t he sold x 9 ,p>is = ne>ly #ejjj francs 7#ajjj7 9 #ahej4 ,se$-pe>l "w 0 introduc$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ab\t sev5ty ye>s ago1 by ,h5ry ,dubosq1 :o _h /udi$ ! me?ods employ$ 9 ,europe & has be5 succe$$ 9 ?is indu/ry by 8 son1 ,augu/us ,dubosq4 ,! fa!r b\ght a l>ge quantity ( ,engli% se$-pe>l jewelry1 br\ght x to ?is c\ntry1 & hir$ a numb] ( girls to take x ap>t c>efully & re-/r+ x ) :ite horsehair1 to le>n h[ x 0 made4 ,) no m tea*+1 he e/abli%$ an indu/ry t has already la/$ = ?ree score & t5 ye>s4 ,se$-pe>l jewelry 0 mo/ 9 vogue f ! ye> #ahdj to #ahfj4 ,x 0 g5]ally sold 9 sets1 9 a case consi/+ ( a coll>1 two bracelets1 two e>r+s1 a small broo*1 & a l>ge spray or corsage ornam5t4 ,if ! object 0 almo/ r\nd1 occasionally !re 0 a l>g] c5tral pe>l1 weigh+ f "o to five gra9s1 usually a button pe>l2 or1 if ! ornam5t 0 elongat$1 !re 7 g5]ally ?ree l>g] pe>ls4 ,^! sometimes possess$ a fairly good lu/]4 ,se$-pe>l jewelry 0 at "o "t s popul>1 & ! values 7 s small 9 ?is c\ntry1 t a #ajjj se$-pe>l set =m$ a pr9cipal feature ( ! ,tiffany exhibit at ! ,int]national ,exposition held at ! ,cry/al ,palace1 ,new ,york1 9 #ahee4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"m-,,(-,,pe>l ,,%ell ,,f ,,tahiti ,illu/ration ( a "m-(-pe>l %ell1 %[+ :]e a bli/] has be5 cut out4 ,9 ?is in/ance a l>ge pe>-%ap$ pe>ly bli/] appe>$ almo/ 9 ! c5t] ( ! %ell4 ,a deal] remov$ ?is by means ( a saw1 & 0 surpris$ to f9d t ! "m-(-pe>l1 in/ead ( rema9+ intact1 p>t$ 9 two pieces4 ,betwe5 ^! two pieces 0 a mass ( gre5 & :ite calc>e\s matt]4 ,! two upp] figures %[ ! pe>ly side & ! outside ( ! %ell :5ce ! bli/] 0 cut4 ,! figures bel[ %[ ! inside & outside ( ea* half ( ! bli/] & ! e>?y matt] inclos$4 ,a is ! pe>l sawn f ! %ell4 ,b is ! piece ( pe>l t p>t$ f ! back ( ?is pe>ly mass4 ,c & ,f are two views ( ! includ$ calc>e\s matt]4 ,d is ! rev]se ( ,a1 %[+ ! cavity4 ,e is ! rev]se ( ,b2 orig9ally ,a re/$ on ,b4 ,!re 0 no indication ( any holl[ space1 or t ! mass 0 n p]fect4 ,se$-pe>l ti>as sell = f #ge to #bjj or #cjj ea*4 ,! "w is almo/ entirely done by girls1 ei!r ,g]man or ( ,g]man orig94 ,z labor is high] & pe>ls h advanc$ 9 price1 none ( ! old "w c\ld n[ be duplicat$ = ! am\nt x co/ tw5ty or ?irty ye>s ago4 ,! /r++ ( ! pe>ls on ! ,engli% scroll means probably twelve h\rs ( cont9u\s "w4 ,an effici5t pe>l work] receives #c4ej a day1 :i* consi/s ( n m ?an eight h\rs1 z1 ow+ to ! v try+ "* ( ! "w1 cle> daylight is necess>y to see ! holes 9 ! small pe>ls & 9 ! "m-(-pe>l %ell4 ,! f\ndation ( all se$-pe>l "w is "m-(-pe>l4 ,! %ell is br\ght 9 ?9 plates1 measur+ f "o & "o half to two & "o half in*es squ>e4 ,"o ( ! mo/ popul> & attractive patt]ns is ! ,engli% scroll4 ,if a design is to be repeat$1 a brass figure is made4 ,= ! fabrication ( a broo*1 = in/ance1 a design is fir/ made by draw+ on a pap] or c>dbo>d2 !n a brass plate or patt]n is cut out1 leav+ spaces :]ev] !re are to be no pe>ls4 ,aft] ?is a slab ( /ock "m-(-pe>l1 ne>e/ ! size ( ! brass plate1 is select$1 & is sawn out1 us+ ! brass plate z a guide = ! outl9es4 ,! "m-(-pe>l is !n pi]c$ :]ev] a pe>l is to be secur$1 & ! pe>ls = its embelli%m5t are *os51 & are /rung onto ! "m-(-pe>l outl9es ) a special horsehair ?read4 ,all ! "w t rema9s = ! jewel] is ! addition ( a p9 or cat* on ! back4 ,a repres5tation is giv5 ( ! designs1 ! brass plate1 ! "m-(-pe>l1 ! horsehair1 ! pe>ls1 & ! complet$ broo* made by ?is model4 ,f9e horsehair is us$ = /r++ se$-pe>ls1 because ! holes drill$ 9 !m are usually too small to admit ( ! use ( silk1 & x is v important t :at is kn[n z pull$ hair1 tak5 f a liv+ horse1 %\ld be us$1 z o!rwise ! hair is too brittle4 ,?is hair1 9 bun*es ( f eight to f\rte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 is sold at an av]age price ( #a4ej a p\nd1 & frequ5tly only "o ounce is select$ = use f ! entire p\nd4 ,all ! pe>ls us$ by ! se$-pe>l work]s are pur*as$ 9 /r+s & bun*es2 ! f9e/ are ^? kn[n z ! ,*9ese se$-pe>ls2 !y are drill$ & /rung 9 bun*es1 weigh+ ?ree ounces1 & are wor? #dj an ounce4 ,!y are drill$ ) s f9e an ap]ture t silk w n pass ?r\gh ! pe>l1 & only horsehair c be us$4 ,! ,indian ,madras pe>ls1 h[ev]1 h a l>g] drill hole & c be /rung ) silk2 !y are at pres5t wor? f eight to fifte5 c5ts a gra91 t is1 #dh to #ij p] ounce4 ,imm5se quantities ( ^! v m9ute pe>ls are also us$ 9 bun*es or /r+s1 sometimes z _m z tw5ty or ?irty /r+s be+ gr\p$ toge!r & ei!r b\nd /raight or else twi/$ into v]itable ropes ( pe>ls4 ,se$-pe>ls are sold by ! ounce1 a s+le ounce frequ5tly conta9+ z _m z #ijjj1--t is1 fifte5 pe>ls to ! pe>l gra9 or sixty to ! c>at1--sell+ = f #dh to #fj an ounce4 ,naturally1 "s ( ^! pe>ls are ev5 small] ?an ?is1 b ! av]age is ma9ta9$ by ^? t are a little l>g]4 ,pe>ls z small z #ajj to a diamond c>at are drill$ & us$ 9 se$-pe>l "w4 ,diamonds1 rubies1 & ev5 sapphires1 h[ev]1 are cut 9 brilliant =m :5 !y are z small z #bej to #cjj to ! c>at1 or #de1jjj to ! ounce4 ,! price ( ^! small pe>ls1 h[ev]1 is only f eight to fifte5 c5ts p] c>at1 :]eas diamonds ( ?is size are wor? f #bjj to #cjj1 _! value be+ ?ree times t ( ^? weigh+ "o sixte5? to "o eigh? c>at ea*4 ,?is is due to ! fact t ! labor exp5d$ 9 cutt+ ! small] diamonds is mu* great] ?an t be/[$ ^u ! pe>ls1 :i* simply require drill+ & n cutt+4 8,half-pe>l10 z we h m5tion$1 is ! "n giv5 to su* pe>ls z are r\nd & sph]ically dom$ & are ei!r some:at flat or almo/ ! %ape ( "o half ( a :ole pe>l ( ! same diamet]4 ,!y are produc$ 9 two ways3 "s are cut away z hemisph]es f ! inn] surface ( ! %ell ( ! pe>l-mussel1 b m usually !y are ! bett] portions ( defective :ole pe>ls :i* are sawn or split by h& into two 8halves0 ) a m9ute saw1 ! defective "p be+ reject$ altoge!r or classifi$ z inf]ior half-pe>l1 :ile ! bett] half is classifi$ z a ,i or ,,ii quality half-pe>l4 ,frequ5tly a f9e specim5 is obta9$ f an elongat$ pe>l1 & sometimes two1 ?ree1 or ev5 f\r half-pe>ls are secur$ f ! v>i\s bright p>ts ( a r\nd pe>l4 ,9 splitt+ half-pe>ls1 ! pe>l to be op]at$ ^u is held by h& 9 a k9d ( groov$ vice or p9c]s & sawn ?r\gh ) a v f9e saw2 ?is process is at once simple1 rapid1 & ( insignificant co/4 ,only pe>ls :i* _c be cut are fil$4 ,9 ?is process ! poor] side ( ! pe>l 9 "q is laid ^u ! file1 & ! op]ator takes a piece ( ord9>y h>d wood1 s =m$ t he c grasp x firmly 9 8 h&1 presses x d[n ^u ! pe>l1 & rubs ! latt] on ! file1 remov+ all b ! good side4 ,9 ?is way a half-pe>l is produc$4 ,! small] half-pe>ls are f 4#e to 4#ge millimet]s 9 diamet]1 & an ord9>y ounce ( half-pe>l mat]ial w numb] #ah1jjj4 ,( ! manufactur$ half-pe>ls !re are1 on an av]age1 #bj1ebh to an ounce4 ,! half-pe>l indu/ry is l>gely c>ri$ on 9 ,id>1 on ! ,nahe ,riv]1 & 9 ,ob]/e91 9 ! ,du*y ( ,old5burg1 ,g]many4 ,! pe>ls are usually pur*as$ f ,london or ,p>is h\ses 9 lots valu$ up to #ab1jjj or m1 al?\gh "s ( ! firms buy directly f ,india4 ,9 ,id> ab\t "o hundr$ p are employ$ 9 ?is indu/ry4 ,frequ5tly x is pursu$ m ! home ( ! manufactur]1 :o may employ f "o to a doz5 or m work]s4 ,^! g5]ally include a sort] or arrang]1 & a m>k] to indicate ! "p ( ! pe>l :i* %\ld be sawn (f4 ,!re is also a trimm] or "o :o f9ally adju/s ! pe>ls4 ,an unusually clev] bit ( deception 0 practis$ by an ,am]ican pe>l fi%] :o _h f\nd two pe>l bli/]s ( almo/ id5tical size4 ,bo? ( ^! bli/]s 7 holl[1 & 7 alike 9 =m4 ,! pe>l deal] v clev]ly poli%$ d[n bo? sides1 r\nd$ (f ! edges1 cem5t$ ! two backs toge!r1 & except = a t9y edge !y _h all ! appe>ance ( a drop pe>l t 0 fairly p]fect on bo? sides4 ,x requir$ b a little heat+ to sep>ate ! p>ts & %[ ! deception4 ,9 sett+ half-pe>ls1 !y are g5]ally select$ f l>ge lots ) great c>e z to _! be+ ( uni=m size4 ,a circul> place = ! sett+ is (t5 drill$ ) a /eel drill1 ei!r = sev]al or = a s+le "o4 ,! half-pe>l is frequ5tly plac$ on "o or m t9y disks ( pap]1 to give x ! exact height 9 ! sett+1 & ! edge ( gold is rubb$ up aga9/ ! pe>l1 :i* is ?us secur$ 9 its place2 or else t9y edges ( gold are left project+ betwe5 ea* pe>l4 ,^! are press$ d[n aft] ! pe>l is 9 place4 ,?is process requires great delicacy & skill & is frequ5tly employ$ 9 ! decoration ( pe>l lockets & wat*es4 ,9 "s ( ! *eap] "w1 ! half-pe>ls are cem5t$ into ! %all[ disks t 7 drill$ = !m1 b frequ5tly !y are secur$ by metal po9ts skilfully rais$ out ( ! disks 9 :i* ! pe>ls are set1 & !n press$ d[n to hold ! latt] 9 place4 ,al?\gh app>5tly frailly set1 x is surpris+ t half-pe>l ornam5ts h be5 own$ = m ?an a c5tury1 sc>cely a pe>l dropp+ out2 & ev5 if "o or two pe>ls %\ld be lo/ f ! piece ( jewelry1 ! exp5se ( replac+ !m is n v great4 ,!y are (t5 n z safely set :5 !y are m\nt$ ) diamonds1 rubies1 or o!r /ones1 m especially 9 r\nd$ r+s or bracelets4 ,9 drill+ gold = ! sett+ ( half-pe>ls1 :]e ! hole mu/ n be c>ri$ "r ?r\gh ! metal1 a s-call$ 8pe>l drill0 is us$4 ,?is is design$ to cut a hole ) a flat base 9 comp>atively ?9 lay]s ( metal )\t disfigur+ ! opposite side1 a task t c easily be accompli%$ if c>e be tak5 n to drill deep] ?an is /rictly necess>y = ! safe adju/m5t ( ! pe>l4 ,= ! con/ruction ( ?is drill a piece ( r\nd /eel wire ( suitable size is *os52 ?is is hamm]$ flat at "o end & !n fil$ away at ea* side1 leav+ a small spike /&+ 9 ! c5t]1 :i* projects a little beyond ! cutt+ edges & acts z a pivot on :i* ! drill revolves4 ,! /eel on bo? sides ( ?is spike is fil$ d[n to a f9e edge1 c>e be+ tak5 to pres]ve ! horizontal l9e1 s t :5 ! spike is emb$d$ 9 ! metal bo? cutt+ edges come into play simultane\sly4 ,if ! drill is 9 good condition1 x does its "w v rapidly1 s9ce x is us$ 9 an upright drill-/ock1 ^: weight gives a uni=m & con/ant pressure4 ,a good range ( sizes ( ?is drill %\ld be kept ready = use1 s t "o may be f\nd to suit ! dim5sions ( any giv5 pe>l4 ,?is is ess5tial 9 ord] to make an op5+ j l>ge en\gh to hold ! gem1 s t x may fit tightly1 )\t ! necessity ( ream+ out ! hole4 ,half-pe>ls 7 frequ5tly us$ ) ! mo/ pleas+ effect 9 ! decoration ( antique wat*es4 ,a numb] ( rem>kable examples ( ?is type are among ! collection ( antique wat*es ( ,h5ry ,walt]s ( ,baltimore4 ,?is collection _h be5 acquir$ by ,tiffany ,co4 aft] ! sale ( ! ,san ,donato ,palace1 ! wat*es hav+ be5 )drawn f ! pr9ce's collection by 8 si/] sometime be=e ! sale4 ,9 m\nt+ pe>ls on gold1 a :ite pa/e is sometimes employ$ 9 half-pe>l m\nt+1 :i* is call$ by ! ,fr5* jewel]s g\a*e4 ,?is sub/ance conta9s :ite lead1 & its use is liable to be injuri\s to ! workm51 cases ( lead colic hav+ be5 rec5tly recogniz$ z ?us produc$4 ,?is subject has lately 7#aijg7 be5 br\ght =w>d at ! ,socit ,mdicale des ,hpitaux 9 ,p>is4 ,! cases 7 at fir/ mi/ak5 = app5dicitis1 b prov$ to be well-m>k$ cases ( lead poison+4 ,!y _h n be5 report$ previ\sly1 & are evid5tly n frequ5t1 ^? not$ be+ conf9$ to in/ances 9 :i* ! employees _h c>elessly be5 9 ! habit ( remov+ an excess ( ! pa/e ) ! tongue4 ,pe>ls t are con/antly worn ) judici\s c>e d n seem to det]iorate 9 any way4 ,by judici\s c>e we mean t pe>ls %\ld n be dropp$ or ?r[n d[n viol5tly or plac$ on any sub/ance :i* is likely to act injuri\sly on ! surface ( ! pe>l itself4 ,/r+s ( pe>ls %\ld nev] be dipp$ into wat] or solutions ( any k9d1 because ! /r+ :i* passes ?r\gh !m is likely to absorb & to draw ! liquid into ! pe>l1 & z ! pe>l is made up ( _m conc5tric lay]s1 x is q possible t1 ?r\gh capill>y action1 "s liquid1 ei!r pure1 or /a9$ ) a =eign sub/ance1 might be br\ght into ! pe>l1 :i* w\ld 9 ?is way ev5tually become discolor$4 ,r+s & broo*es conta9+ half-pe>ls frequ5tly *ange color f ?is cause2 b contact ) ! sk91 or ) lace1 or ) fabrics :i* are n /a9$ ) c]ta9 *emical solutions1 seems to h no injuri\s effect ^u pe>ls4 ,illu/ration3 ,ladies' sew+ case & scissors inlaid ) half-pe>ls ,eighte5? ,c5tury ,illu/ration3 ,wat* incru/$ ) half-pe>ls ,p>is ,exposition1 #aijj ,illu/ration3 ,snuff-box1 ivory inlaid ) fre%-wat] pe>ls ,eighte5? ,c5tury4 ,collection1 ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art ,illu/ration3 ,wat* incru/$ ) half-pe>ls ,p>is ,exposition1 #aijj ,illu/ration3 ,m9iature ( ,ca!r9e ,emilie ,peake1 by ,ri*>d ,cosway4 ,gold frame1 surr\nd$ by half-pe>ls4 ,eighte5? ,c5tury ,illu/ration3 ,wat* incru/$ ) half-pe>ls ,p>is ,exposition1 #aijj ,x is q possible t 9 "s in/ances :]e pe>ls :i* h be5 inh]it$ are ?\ght to h *ang$ & lo/ _! beauty1 ?is belief has be5 ow+ to an exagg]at$ op9ion ( _! quality on ! "p ( ^? :o expect$ to inh]it !m & :o nev] _h ! opportunity to exam9e !m c>efully4 ,9 o!r words1 9 _m cases :]e pe>ls are believ$ to h lo/ _! lu/]1 to h di$1 or p>tly di$1 !re seems1 f ! p]sonal obs]vation ( ! writ]1 to be little d\bt t !y nev] 7 really f9e pe>ls1 & t no *ange _h actually tak5 place 9 !m4 ,t pe>ls *ange b slightly is evid5c$ by ! fact t a spl5did necklace belong+ to ! ,empress ,eug5ie1 :i* 0 pur*as$ ab\t ! ye> #ahfj1 is 9 z good condition to-day z :5 x fir/ pass$ into ! h&s ( ! un=tunate empress ( ! ,second ,empire4 ,_m ( ! pe>ls 9 ! royal treasury 9 ,vi5na t belong$ to ,m>ia ,!resa1 & ^? t 7 dispos$ ( at ! sale ( ! ,fr5* cr[n jewels 9 #ahhf1 z well z ! pe>ls t are 9 ! imp]ial collection at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 d n seem to %[ any appreciable evid5ce ( age4 ,! pe>l is ( a l[] h>dness ?an any ( ! preci\s or semipreci\s /ones1 & almo/ z s(t z mala*ite1 ?\gh n s friable or liable to break z is t m9]al2 nev]!less1 x is 9 _m ways "o ( ! mo/ inde/ructible ( natural objects ( ! l[ h>dness4 ,/ill1 pe>ls1 & especially f9e pe>ls1 require "s c>e2 b1 if ! same att5tion is accord$ !m z w\ld be giv5 to a f9e piece ( lace1 velvet1 or o!r fabric1 or to a f9e jewel1 !y w la/ = a numb] ( g5]ations4 ,if1 h[ev]1 pe>ls are worn at all times )\t removal1 if !y are worn 9 ! ba?1 if !y are ?r[n on a dress+-table1 dropp$ on ! floor1 or o!rwise ill-treat$1 if !y are worn on du/y automobile rides1 9 bicycle rid+1 or dur+ o!r gymna/ic or viol5t ex]cise1 x is inevitable t _! sides w rub toge!r & we> "o ano!r away4 ,if !y are worn 9 ! ba? or 9 swimm+1 ! silk /r+ :i* holds !m1 %\ld x become soak$1 may draw "s ( ! wat]1 accompani$ p]haps ) du/ & p]spiration1 ?r\gh ! drill hole into ! c5t] ( ! pe>l1 & ?is is likely to be absorb$ 9 turn by ! v>i\s lay]s ( ! pe>l1 9 "s in/ances und\bt$ly affect+ ! color1 *ang+ x to a yell[ or a gray4 ,x w\ld be well n to we> pe>ls "u ! exceptional conditions above m5tion$2 &1 if !y are c>efully wip$ at times1 s z to remove any p]spiration or du/1 _! color is n likely to be affect$ = a long p]iod ( "t4 ,dr4 ,george ,h>ley writes 9 ! 8,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society10 ,m>* #a1 #ahhh1 p4 #dfc3 ,on "o occasion be+ desir\s to cru% into p[d] a split-pea siz$ pe>l1 we fold$ x betwe5 two plies ( note-pap]1 turn$ up ! corn] ( ! c>pet1 & plac+ x on ! h>d1 b>e floor1 /ood ^u x ) all our weight4 ,yet1 not)/&+ t we weigh ov] twelve /one1 we fail$ to make any impression :atev] ^u ! pe>l1 & ev5 /amp+ ^u x ) ! heel ( our boot did n suffice s mu* z to fracture x4 ,x 0 accord+ly giv5 to ! s]vant to break ) a hamm]1 & on 8 return he in=m$ u t on attempt+ to break x ) ! hamm] aga9/ ! pantry table1 all he succe$$ 9 do+ 0 to make ! pe>l pi]ce ?r\gh ! pap] & s9k into ! wood5 table1 j z if x _h be5 ! top "p ( an iron nail1 & t x 0 n until he _h giv5 x a h>d bl[ ) ! hamm] aga9/ ! bottom ( a flat-iron t he succe$$ 9 break+ x4 ,z ! =ego+ & o!r notes _h appe>$ on ?is subject1 ! au?or 0 l$ to obs]ve t pe>ls are possess$ ( great] durability ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,9 ord] to demon/rate ?is satisfactorily1 he took a numb] ( ,am]ican pe>ls & plac$ !m ^u diff]5t k9ds ( woods1 su* z :ite & yell[ p9e1 :ite oak1 teak1 a%1 *]ry1 *e/nut1 & rosewood4 ,he !n /ood ^u !m1 ?us br++ a weight ( m ?an two hundr$ p\nds to be> ^u !m by means ( 8 heel4 ,! pe>ls 7 driv5 into ! diff]5t woods1 ) ! s+le exception ( ! rosewood1 :i* (f]$ great] resi/ance s t ! pe>l only ent]$ p>tly4 ,9 b "o in/ance did a pe>l suff] by a slight scal+ (f4 ,?is %[s ! /r5g? ( ! _m conc5tric lay]s1 bo? m9]al & vegetable4 ,?is does n signify t pe>ls %\ld be /epp$ ^u1 trodd5 ^u1 or ?r[n ab\t1 z x is n unlikely t a pe>l w\ld crack if x %\ld fall f "s height ^u a h>dwood or /one floor4 ,x is believ$ by _m t wrapp+ pe>ls 9 dy$ velvets or 9 fatty wool5 mat]ials1 & lock+ !m up 9 safe-deposit vaults1 may slightly *ange !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no d\bt t sunlight w blea* a pe>l1 & h5ce x is t we>+ !m 9 ! light & air _c injuri\sly affect !m4 ,= clean+ pe>ls1 fir/ rub !m ) a clo? dipp$ 9 alcohol dilut$ ) w>m 7n hot7 wat]1 or 9 a weak solution ( soap & wat]1 !n dip ano!r clo? 9 clean wat] & rub ! pe>ls until !y are dry4 ,be c>eful n to leave !m wet4 ,ei!r salt1 rice1 pe>l-p[d]1 or "s exce$+ly s(t sub/ance may aid 9 clean+ !m1 b no abrasive su* z gr\nd pumice1 electro-silicon1 or any p[d] t is sold z a poli%+ p[d]1 %\ld be us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,evolution ,,( ,a ,,se$-,,pe>l ,,broo* ,"m-(-pe>l plate ,brass model ,pe>l broo* complet$ ,design ( broo* ,"m-(-pe>l sawn out ,illu/ration3 ,se$-pe>ls1 ,indian /r+s ,:ite horsehair = /r++ ,!re are _m ?+s t w cause injury to pe>ls4 ,occasionally !y are affect$ by ! we>] hav+ exudations f ! sk9 induc$ by "s disease or else by acids :i* pass out ?r\gh ! pores ) ! p]spiration4 ,a smoky atmosph]e 9 :i* a sulphuric acid is pres5t ow+ to sulphur 9 ! coal1 viol5t usage su* z knock+ sev]ely1 or dropp+--all ( ^! w 9 "t cause m or less injury to a pe>l1 m especially to "o ( ! :it] v>ieties2 b x is believ$ t ^? ( a yell[i% ca/ are n s susceptible4 ,did]ot m5tion$ ?is z e>ly z #agfe4 ,! 8life0 ( a pe>l is said to be fifty1 "o hundr$1 & p]haps ev5 "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s2 !y c]ta9ly la/ = sev]al g5]ations4 ,x has be5 ass]t$1 )\t any p>ticul> au?ority1 t pe>ls f ! ,pacific ,ocean & ^? f ,mexico d n la/ z long z ^? f ! ,ori5t1 b ?is /atem5t is que/ionable4 ,if !re be any f\ndation = ! belief t x is n well to lock pe>ls 9 a safe-deposit box1 ?is is probably ow+ to ! fact t ! absolute exclusion f ! air may cause ! dry+ out ( ! organic con/itu5t ( ! pe>l4 ,?is may be obviat$ by putt+ ! pe>ls 9 a piece ( l95 absolutely free f any *emical1 at ! same "t plac+ ) !m a bit ( blott+-pap] or fib]-pap] saturat$ ) wat]2 ! :ole %\ld !n be wrapp$ up 9 p>aff9 pap]1 :i* w prev5t ! evaporation ( ! moi/ure4 ,_m s5tim5tal recitals h appe>$ 9 ! press dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s 9 reg>d to ! dy+ ( pe>ls4 ,9 connection ) ?is !re is a beautiful ?\gh my?ical /ory to ! effect t ,c>lotta1 wife ( ! ill-fat$ ,maximilian1 ,emp]or ( ,mexico1 0 ! possessor ( a l>ge collection ( pe>ls :i* _h di$1 & t ^! pe>ls _h be5 plac$ 9 a casket & sunk 9 ! dep?s ( ! ,adriatic1 opposite ! beautiful b unhappy palace home1 ,miram>1 9 ! hope t ! salt wat] w\ld revive & re/ore _! orig9al lu/]4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! "t came to br+ up ! pe>ls f ! sea1 x 0 f\nd t ! casket _h1 9 "s way1 brok5 loose f ! *a9s1 & all trace ( x 0 lo/4 ,x is ne$less to /ate t !re 0 absolutely no f\ndation = ?is romantic tale2 inde$1 ^! v pe>ls 7 aft]w>d sold4 ,fur!rmore1 pe>ls h nev] liv$1 & h5ce !y c nev] die4 ,!y d1 h[ev]1 decay1 if expos$ to influ5ces :i* de/roy ei!r ! calc>e\s or ! animal lay] ( ! pe>l itself4 ,?is is due to _m causes3 fir/1 ov]heat+1 sometimes ?r\gh ! inexp]i5ce ( a pe>l drill]2 secondly1 undue exposure to heat 9 ! wa%+ ( a pe>l necklace2 ?irdly1 exposure to acids or acid fumes4 ,app>5tly !re seems to be "s f\ndation = ! belief t if !y are conf9$ 9 safe-deposit boxes1 probably 9 contact ) wool or ) ! color$ velvets ( jewel-cases1 ! sk9 ( ! pe>l may be m or less affect$4 ,!re is no "q t 9 ! ori5tal fi%]ies s-call$ dead pe>ls h be5 f\nd 9 ! %ell itself1 probably ow+ to "s disease ( ! pe>l-oy/]2 & !y h also appe>$ 9 ! fre%-wat] pe>l fi%]ies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e ! pe>ls h be5 too long boil$ 9 ! op5+ ( ! %ell1 or :]e !y h be5 swall[$ & h pass$ ?r\gh ! body ( "s rum9ant1 su* z a hog1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,facsimile lett] ( ,m4 ,ga/on ,mogeaud1 ,director ( ! ,l\vre1 ,p>is1 /at+ t ! ,madame ,?i]s' pe>ls are 9 p]fect condition1 & h nev] be5 9 bett] heal?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,madame ,,?i]s',s ,,pe>l ,,necklace1 ,,bequea!d ,,to ,,! ,,l\vre ,,museum1 ,,p>is ,probably ab\t no necklace has m be5 pr9t$ ?an ab\t ! fam\s necklace ( ,madame ,?i]s1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre ,museum ( ,p>is4 ,article aft] article has gone ov] ! face ( ! e>?1 /at+ t ! pe>ls 9 ?is necklace 7 dy+1 & t a record 0 be+ kept ( ! sl[ dea? t 0 ov]tak+ !m4 ,?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ! director ( ! museum1 ,m4 ,ga/on ,mogeaud1 we are p]mitt$ to reproduce ! foll[+ /atem5t f a lett]1 %[+ v cle>ly t !re is absolutely no tru? 9 ! ass]tion1 & t ?is necklace has 9 no way suff]$1 or is likely to suff]1 = _m ye>s to come4 8,! necklace ( ,madame ,?i]s has caus$ mu* ink to fl[1 to su* an ext5t t1 a few mon?s ago1 ! m9i/] ord]$ an exam9ation to be made by ?ree exp]t jewel]s1 :o h f\nd t ! pe>ls are 9 p]fect condition1 & h nev] be5 9 bett] heal?40 ,= assur+ ! safety ( jewels !re are ! primitive me?ods su* z are us$ 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ( hid+ pe>ls 9 out-(-!-way places1 :]e !y (t5 escape detection2 or else !y may be protect$ by means ( an armor$ room1 l ! gem-room t conta9$ ! wond]ful collection ( ! ,duke ( ,brunswick :5 he resid$ 9 ,p>is4 ,decoy necklaces h ev5 be5 made to repres5t ! orig9al1 & s plac$ t !y 7 tak5 away by ! highwayman or /ol5 by ! burgl> "u ! belief t he 0 /eal+ ! jewels2 :ile 9 o!r cases ! pe>ls h be5 c>ri$ 9 receptacles t w\ld n be tak5 = jewel-caskets1 a device resort$ to by "s travel]s4 ,a ^w 9 reg>d to ! =m] sy/em ( /rong boxes or small safes = ! home4 ,^! protect f fire & f ! ord9>y ?ief1 b !y h sometimes n prov$ s invuln]able to ! exp]t cracksman4 ,q rec5tly a jewel *e/ has be5 devis$ :i* c be plac$ 9 a trunk & c>ri$ f city to city by ! own]4 ,x is provid$ ) an exce$+ly s5sitive electrical app>atus1 by means ( :i* a l\d burgl> al>m is set (f %\ld ! *e/ be lift$ ev5 "o ?irty-second ( an in* or j>r$ ev] s slightly4 ,?is al>m is set automatically :5 ! own] turns ! key1 & if once />t$1 x w r+ = a c\ple ( h\rs1 /opp+ only :5 ! box is unlock$1 ?us prev5t+ ! c>ry+ away ( :at is o!rwise a portable box4 ,la/ly1 !re are ! m advanc$ me?ods1 9 use dur+ ! pa/ two c5turies1 su* z tak+ ! jewels to a bank] & all[+ him to place !m 9 8 vault1 :]e !y are gu>d$ z well z are 8 own belong+s1 b n always ) ! security ( ! mod]n safe-deposit vaults1 :]e ! gems are absolutely "u ! control ( ! own]1 & c frequ5tly be obta9$ at any h\r ( ! day2 or z safely kept z !y are :5 deposit$ 9 ! safe deposit ( ! jewel]1 9 ^: e/abli%m5t !y c be clean$1 repair$1 add$ to1 or *ang$ )\t risk+ _! removal to ano!r build+4 ,,xv ,,pe>ls ,,z ,,us$ ,,9 ,,ornam5ts ,,& ,,decoration ,,xv ,,pe>ls ,,z ,,us$ ,,9 ,,ornam5ts ,,& ,,decoration ,& ! necklace1 ,an ,india 9 itself1 yet dazzl+ n4 ,,byron1 ,m>9o ,fali]o4 ,! brilliant diamond & ! love ( its possession has captivat$ _m to su* a degree t x has (t5 be5 ! cause ( intrigue & blood%$2 & national hi/ory has be5 influ5c$ by its acquisition or ret5tion4 ,! pe>l1 h[ev]1 ?\gh ! mo/ quiet ( gems1 has1 9 its own way1 f\nd favor 9 ! sight ( emp]ors & empresses1 k+s & que5s1 g5]als1 nobles1 & prie/s2 & ev5 savages h admir$ its quiet1 /ately dignity4 ,! foll[+ pages are devot$ to a description ( ! v>i\s ornam5tal uses ( ! pe>l 9 diff]5t times & c\ntries4 ,naturally1 _m ( ! fam\s pe>ls 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 if consid]$ purely z ornam5ts1 might h f\nd a place "h4 ,! ,egyptians ( old5 times d n appe> to h us$ f9e pe>ls1 al?\gh !y probably knew ( !m on acc\nt ( ! proximity ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,m4 ,j4 de ,morgan1 ! explor]1 says3 8,9 ! tombs ( ,da%\r ,i h nev] se5 any2 ! only ones t ,i "k ( 9 ,egyptian jewelry belong to ! ,ptolemaic p]iod & are m\nt$ 9 ,greek /yle40#dbb ,?is /atem5t is confirm$ by ,dr4 ,william ,f4 ,petrie1 ! well-kn[n ,egyptologi/1 :o writes "u date ( ,july #bf1 #aijg3 8,! pe>l 0 (t5 us$ 9 ,roman jewelry 9 ,egypt1 b ,i d n "k ( any in/ance ( x 9 pure ,egyptian "w4 ,! ,romans pi]c$ x & hung x by gold wire on e>r+s4 ,!y also made glass1 pe>l-l beads1 call$ luli by ! mod]n natives4 ,^! beads are made by silv]+ glass beads & !n fla%+ ov] !m ano!r coat ( glass40 ,among specim5s ( ! late ,egyptian "w we may note "h "s objects 9 ! ,l\vre3 ,a pleas+ decoration on gold wire is a necklace 9 ! collection ( ! ,egyptian ,gall]y4 ,9 ?is v small pe>ls are us$ z a connective decoration = ! po9ts ( leaves1 & to hold ! leaves & ornam5ts is a gold wire :i* is secur$ by b5d+4 ,?is piece comprises #ajd pe>ls1 a great] numb] ?an is conta9$ 9 any o!r object ( antiquity f\nd 9 ,egypt4 ,an ,egyptian p5dant ( unkn[n orig9 is also %[n 9 ?is collection4 ,at ! l[] end is a bull's head1 cap>ison$1 & ! tip ( ea* horn is fitt$ ) a ball l ! embolados toros ( ! ,spani% bull-fights4 ,! re9 is d\ble1 & above ?is !re are two rondelles ( an unid5tifi$ mat]ial2 !n comes a rondelle ( lapis lazuli1 & aft] ?is a rondelle ( gold4 ,! :ole is /rung ) twi/$ gold wire4 ,! c5t] /one is an hexagonal ame?y/1 evid5tly a cry/al1 ! two faces ( :i* _h be5 poli%$ & incis$4 ,"o ( ^! faces repres5ts a prie/ ) a /aff ( (fice1 & ! o!r a prie/ hold+ an inc5se-burn] ) ! hi]oglyph ( ! alt>4 ,) "o h& he is (f]+ ! two sacrifices1 ! m9]al & ! vegetable2 9 ! o!r he holds a g>l& ( fl[]s or leaves4 ,above ?is is an ,ori5tal pe>l some:at worn & abrad$4 ,all ^! are secur$ by a twi/$ gold wire1 to :i* f\r t9y gold beads ( graduat$ size are affix$ at ! top ( ! p5dant4 ,!re are six o!r p5dants & e>r+s 9 ! ,egyptian ,gall]y1 all ( :i* conta9 pe>ls1 & 9 mo/ in/ances ^! pe>ls h be5 drill$ & susp5d$ by metal wires1 unless !y are us$ z an ornam5t fac+ outw>d4 ,9 f\r in/ances !y are secur$ by a peg ( gold4 ,! ,assyrian & ,p]sian bas-reliefs %[ t ! sov]eigns & great p]sonages ( ^? c\ntries adorn$ !mselves pr(usely ) pe>ls4 ,!y wore !m n only 9 _! jewelry1 b also on _! g>m5ts & ev5 9 _! be>ds6#dbc ,! co9s ( ! ,p]sian k+s also be> te/imony to ! use ( ! gem 9 anci5t ,p]sia1 s9ce ! sov]eigns are repres5t$ we>+ ti>as ornam5t$ ) triple r[s ( pe>ls4#dbd ,! same may be said ( ! imp]ial ,roman diadem f ! "t ( ,c>acalla 7#ahh-bag ,a4,d474 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all anci5t pe>l necklaces1#dbe conta9+ m pe>ls ?an any o!r t has be5 f\nd1 & 9 a bett] /ate ( pres]vation1 is ! ,susa necklace n[ 9 ! ,p]sian ,gall]y ( ! ,l\vre ,museum4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree r[s1 ea* conta9+ #gb pe>ls1 s t !re are #baf 9 all4 ,t5 gold b>s1 =m$ ( ?ree small disks1 ea* ab\t five millimet]s 9 diamet]1 divide ! necklace into n9e equal sections2 at ea* end !re is a disk1 t5 millimet]s 9 diamet]1 to :i* ! ?ree /r&s are secur$4 ,if !re 0 any o!r sett+1 x has evid5tly disappe>$1 al?\gh x is q possible t !re may only h be5 a /r+ at ea* end1 z 9 ! ,ea/ ,indian necklaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,antique ,,ornam5ts ,,( ,,pe>ls ,no4 #a4 ,gold p9 f ,paphos1 ,isl& ( ,cyprus1 m\nt$ ) l>ge m>9e & small fre%-wat] pe>l1 n[ 9 ,briti% ,museum4 ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h4 ,gold e>r+s & p9s set ) pe>ls1 n[ 9 ! ,egyptian ,gall]y ( ! ,l\vre1 ,p>is4 ,no4 #i4 ,pe>l & gold necklace f\nd at ,susa1 ,p]sia1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 ,p>is4 ,?is ornam5t 0 f\nd on ! site ( ! anci5t ,susa or ,%u%an by ,m4 ,j4 de ,morgan1 ,febru>y #aj1 #aija1 9 a bronze s>cophagus1 :i* conta9$ ! skeleton ( a woman1 adorn$ ) a great numb] ( gold ornam5ts set & incru/$ ) preci\s /ones4 ,m4 de ,morgan gives circa #cej ,b4,c4 z ! probable date ( ^! objects4 ,! pe>ls 7 mu* det]iorat$4 ,ab\t #bch 7 f\nd1 b _m ( !m crumbl$ away :5 !y 7 t\*$4 ,m4 de ,morgan consid]s t ! necklace 0 ( ! type ( ! 8dog-coll>0 ( to-day1 & he believes t x orig9ally compris$ f #djj to #ejj pe>ls4 ,accord+ to a p]sonal communication f ,m4 ,p4 ,cavvadias1 ( ! ,socit ,ar*ologique d',a?nes1 !re are no pe>ls on ! anci5t ornam5ts pres]v$ 9 ! ,national ,museum at ,a!ns4 ,?is is h>dly surpris+ 9 view ( ! fact t ! great] "p ( ^! ornam5ts belong to ! ar*aic p]iod ( ,greek art2 t is to say1 to a "t :5 ! pe>l 0 evid5tly unkn[n to ! ,greeks4 ,! fact t we d n f9d m evid5ce ( ! use ( pe>ls 9 ,greece at a lat] p]iod ne$ cause no surprise1 :5 we consid] h[ _m ( ! treasures ( ,greek art h disappe>$ 9 ! c\rse ( m ?an tw5ty c5turies4 ,!re c be no "q t !y 7 kn[n & us$ z ornam5ts at an e>ly "t1 z we c inf] f ! description ( !m by ,!ophra/us & lat] ,greek au?ors4 ,dr4 ,edw>d ,rob9son ( ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art1 & o!r au?orities on ,greek art & ar*ology1 ma9ta9 t ! ,are?usa necklace1 & o!r ornam5ts ( t "t1 depict$ on co9s1 etc41 7 meant to repres5t gold ornam5ts1 z x is believ$ by _m t pe>ls 7 unkn[n 9 ,greece at t p]iod4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ specim5s %[+ ! use ( a pe>l 9 anci5t times is a v beautiful pe>l p9 f ,paphos1 on ! ,isl& ( ,cyprus1 :i* is m\nt$ ) a l>ge m>9e pe>l1 probably ! l>ge/ antique pe>l ev] f\nd1 measur+ f\rte5 millimet]s 9 diamet]1 & weigh+ ab\t #gj gra9s4 ,?is1 un=tunately1 has be5 v mu* abrad$ & worn away1 al?\gh m ?an half ( ! pe>l is /ill pres5t4 ,x is surm\nt$ by a small fre%-wat] pe>l1 f\r millimet]s 9 diamet]1 weigh+ ab\t two gra9s & 9 a mu* bett] /ate ( pres]vation4 ,?is unusually int]e/+ example ( prehi/oric pe>l is 9 ! ,greek & ,roman dep>tm5t ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 & we are able to %[ x by ! c\rtesy ( ! keep] ( t dep>tm5t1 ,dr4 ,*>les ,h]cules ,read4 ,9 excavations made la/ spr+ 7#aijg71 9 ! ,hauran di/rict 9 ,syria1 ,azeez ,khayat f\nd a numb] ( loose pe>ls :i* _h =m$ a necklace4 ,! tomb 9 :i* !y 7 discov]$ 0 cut 9 ! rock1 & appe>$ to be ( ,roman orig94 ,! pe>ls 7 /ill atta*$ to ! old bronze wire ) :i* !y _h be5 /rung4 ,mr4 ,khayat also m5tions ! f9d+ ( a pe>l p91 & a s+le e>r+ be>+ a pe>l1 9 a rock-tomb at ,cs>ea1 9 ,syria4 ,rock-cut tombs f t5 to twelve feet 9 dep? are frequ5tly discov]$1 & !y probably date f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! habit 0 s common ( us+ pe>ls z a base to ?r[ up ! brilliance ( o!r gems1 t we may1 p]haps1 believe ev5 9 ,caligula's slipp]s ( pe>ls1 ) rubies & em]alds set ^u !m l fl[]s4 ,! ,roman ladies _h a special favor = pe>ls z e>r+s1 & x 0 "o ( _! consum+ ambitions to possess exceptionally f9e specim5s = ?is purpose4 ,!y pref]r$ pe>-%ap$ pe>ls1 & (t5 wore two or ?ree ( !m /rung toge!r4 ,!y j+l$ g5tly z !y mov$ ab\t--a fitt+ accompanim5t1 x may be said1 to _! graceful movem5ts--& f ?is j+l+ ! "n crotalia1 or 8rattles10 0 appli$ to !m4 ,! description giv5 by ,pl9y ( ! pe>l ornam5ts ( ,lollia ,paul9a is ! pr9cipal claim :i* ! wife ( ,caligula has on our int]e/4 ,i myselfe h se5 ,lollia ,paul9a :5 %e 0 dress$ 444 s beset & b$eckt all ov] ) hem]aulds & pe>les1 dispos$ 9 rewes1 ranks1 & c\rses "o by ano!r2 r\nd ab\t ! attire ( h] head1 h] cawle1 h] bord]s1 h] p]ruke ( hair1 h] bongrace & *aplet2 at h] e>s p5dant1 ab\t h] neck 9 a c>canet1 ^u h] wre/ 9 bracelets1 on h] f+]s 9 r+s2 t %e glitt]$ & %one aga9e l ! sun z %e w5t4 ,! value ( ^! ornam5ts %e e/eem$ & rat$ at =ty million ,se/]tij#dbf & (f]$ op5ly to prove x out ( h& by h] bookes ( acc\nts & reckon+s4 ,yet 7 n ^! jewels ! gifts & pres5ts ( ! prodigall pr9ce h] husb&1 b ! goods & ornam5ts f h] owne h\se1 fall5 to h] by way ( inh]itance f h] gr&fa!r1 :i* he _h gott5 toge!r ev5 by ! robb+ & spoil+ ( :ole prov9ces4 ,see :at ! issue & end 0 ( ^? extortions & outrage\s exactions ( 83 ?is 0 x4 ,t ,m4 ,lollius1 sl&]$ & defam$ = receiv+ bribes & pres5ts ( ! k+s 9 ! ,ea/2 & be+ out ( favor ) ,c4 ,cs>1 sonne ( ,augu/us1 & hav+ lo/ 8 amitie1 dranke a cup ( poison1 & prev5t$ 8 judiciall triall3 t =soo? 8 neece ,lollia1 all to be hang$ ) jewels ( #djj hundr$ ?\s& ,se/]tij1 %\ld be se5e glitt]+1 & look$ at ( e man by c&le-light all a supp] "t4#dbg ,illu/ration3 ,,tyszkiewicz ,,bronze ,,/atuette ,,( ,,aphrodite1 ,,%[+ ,,e>r+s ,,( ,,pe>l ,,& ,,gold ,,( ,,e>ly ,,greek ,,p]iod ,n[ 9 ,museum ( ,f9e ,arts1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,& ! ta/e ( ! ,roman ladies = pe>ls has p]petuat$ itself 9 ,italy1 ?\gh o!r ( ! luxuri\s habits :i* 9 _! case accompani$ x1 h long s9ce di$ out4 ,! wom5 ( ,flor5ce ev5 n[ are n cont5t if !y d n possess a necklet ( pe>ls1 & ?is g5]ally =ms ! m>riage portion ( ! middle-class wom54 ,x is ?\ght1 j z x 0 9 anci5t ,rome1 t ?is gives an air ( respectability1 & =ms a sure protection f insult 9 ! /reet or else:]e4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ illu/rations %[+ a pe>l e>r+ is ! "o 9 ! e> ( ,julia1 ! daught] ( ,titus1 incis$ on a spl5did aquam>9e 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale4 ,?is gem 0 =m]ly 9 ! ,treasury ( ,/4 ,d5is1 & is consid]$ to belong to ! ,c>lov+ian p]iod4#dbh ,s l>ge & heavy 7 ! e>r+s worn 9 ,rome t !re 7 wom5 kn[n z auricul ornatrices1 special doctresses ^: sole occupation 0 ! heal+ ( e> tumors & ( injur$ or infect$ e>s4 ,9 a simil> way1 at ! pres5t day1 we h ! e> pi]c]1 ^: vocation1 h[ev]1 is rapidly becom+ useless because ( ! +5i\s mod]n devices = hold+ ! pe>ls to unpi]c$ e>s2 & we mu/ consid] ?is em95tly desirable :5 we ?9k ( ! e>-pi]c+ outfits ( ! =m] jewel]1 :o nev] dis9fect$ 8 app>atus1 & :5 we recall ! fact t x 0 always expect$ t ! e> w\ld swell1 fir/1 f ! crude awl t 0 us$1 &1 secondly1 f ! un/]iliz$ in/rum5ts4 ,t ! ,romans believ$ 9 decorat+ ! /atues ( _! goddesses ) pe>ls & d$icat+ !m z (f]+s1 is evid5c$ by ! gift ( ,cleopatra's pe>l1 :i* 0 cut 9 halves to make e>r+s = ! ,v5us ( ! ,pan!on2 & by ! buckl] ( ,briti% pe>ls = ! /atue ( ,v5us ,g5etrix1 giv5 by ,julius ,cs>4 ,q a numb] ( /atues & bu/s ( ! ,roman p]iod1 & "s ( an e>li] "t1 h ! e>s pi]c$ = ! reception ( e>r+s1 & x is highly probable t pe>ls 7 us$ = ?is decoration4 ,among ^! are ! bu/s ( ,pallas & ,juno ,lanuv9a 9 ! ,vatican2 t ( ,eir5e1 a m>ble copy ( a "w ( ,cephisdotus1 9 ! ,glypto!k1 ,muni*1 & ! ,v5us de ,m$ici 9 ! ,uffizi1 ,flor5ce4 ,potti]#dbi m5tions sev]al o!r ,greek /atues :i* %[ t e>r+s 7 us$ = _! adornm5t2 z1 = example1 ! w+$ ,victory ( ,ar*]nos1 9 ,delos2 ! head ( "o ( ! c>yatids f\nd at ,delphi1 a ca/ ( :i* is 9 ! ,l\vre2 ! ar*aic ,aphrodite ( ! ,villa ,ludovisi2 ! ,a!na f ! frieze ( ! temple at g9a2 ! ,v5us ( ,milo1 etc4 ,9 o!r in/ances ! ornam5t 0 simply pa9t$ on ! e> z is %[n 9 ! ,aphrodite 9 :ite m>ble :i* has be5 f\nd 9 ,m>seilles4 ,?is may also h be5 ! case 9 ! frieze at ,olympia4 ,! e>r+s us$ 9 ^! /atues 7 usually metal disks entirely cov]+ ! lobe ( ! e>4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 _m repres5tations ( pe>l e>r+s 9 ! pa9t+s at ,pompeii1 & on cameos & co9s4 ,^! %[ u sev]al ( ! types m5tion$ by ,pl9y & o!r au?ors2 /ill1 !y are small] & m unpret5ti\s ?an we might expect 9 view ( ! well-kn[n luxury ( ! ,roman ladies 9 ?is respect4 ,! great] "p ( ! e>r+s repres5t$ %[ a pe>l susp5d$ f a s+le wire2 !re are "s1 h[ev]1 ) ?ree pe>ls1 "o above ! o!r1#dcj & a few be>+ sev]al pe>ls loosely hung toge!r1 answ]+ to ! description ( ! crotalia4 ,o!rs1 aga91 be> pe>-%ap$ pe>ls or el5*i4#dca ,x is a s+ul> fact t sc>cely any ( ! bu/s ( ,roman wom5 are ornam5t$ ) e>r+s1 b x is q possible t ! cause = ?is mu/ be s\ght 9 ! desire ( ! arti/ to disp5se ) unimportant details :i* might detract f ! g5]al effect he wi%$ to produce4 ,we may note1 h[ev]1 f\r female figures 9 ! ,gall]ie des ,emp]eurs 9 ! ,l\vre ,museum1 ) ! e>s pi]c$ = ! reception ( e>r+s 7,nos4 #aaie1 #abjb1 #abcj1 & #abfi74 ,illu/ration3 ,pe>l e>r+s f ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii ,_m numismati/s1 among !m ,dr4 ,f4 ,l\is ,comp>ette1#dcb believe t ! necklaces & e>r+s repres5t$ on ,greek co9s f ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 are int5d$ to repres5t pe>l ornam5ts1 s9ce ! p]sonages depict$ are 9 all cases female div9ities1 goddesses1 or nymphs1 held 9 great v5]ation 9 ! city :]e ! co9s 7 m9t$1 & x is almo/ c]ta9 t ! arti/ int5d$ to portray ! *oice/ & mo/ beautiful ( gems z an adornm5t = ! beautiful head ( ! city's patron4 ,! ,syracusan co9s1 by ,euv5etus1 m9t$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 & be>+ ! head ( ,are?usa1 seem to be ! e>lie/ co9s %[+ a neck & e> ornam5t4 ,?is 0 lat] imitat$ on ! ,greek & ,greco-,roman co9s4 ,a co9 ( ,sulla %[s a d\ble necklace1 "o /r& consi/+ ( r\nd beads & ! o!r ( p5dants4 ,! lat] co9s almo/ always repres5t ! goddesses ) neck & e> ornam5ts4 ,"s ( ! latt]1 h[ev]1 resembl+ amphor1 are nei!r r\nd nor pe>-%ap$4 ,9 view ( ! great fondness ( ! ,romans = pe>ls1 x is n surpris+ t _m ( ^! gems h be5 f\nd 9 ! excavations at ,pompeii1 ,h]culaneum1 & ,capodimonte4 ,! collection ( e>r+s pres]v$ 9 ! ,naples ,museum is especially notewor?y4 ,"h we c see e>r+s consi/+ ( a simple gold5 hoop1 f :i* hangs a wire be>+ a s+le pe>l2 o!rs 9 :i* a cross-b> is atta*$ to ! hoop1 & at ea* end ( ?is b> is a loosely hung wire ) a pe>l at its extremity1 ?is e>r+ sugge/+ ! crotalia m5tion$ by ,pl9y 7see ,fig4 ,a72 & /ill o!rs :]e9 ! pe>ls are /rung directly on ! hoop4 ,! cross-b>s are ( v>i\s designs1 sometimes entirely smoo?1 & aga9 %ap$ l a cornice or a p$im5t2 9 o!r cases we h an e>r+ ) two pe>ls on a wire1 !n a pi]c$ transp>5t /one1 & b5ea? t1 two pe>ls t]m9at+ ! l>ge drop4 ,a few ( ! e>r+s are m elaborate1 z1 = example1 "o repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 ,b :i* 0 f\nd 9 ,pompeii1 ,m>* #h1 #ahgj4 ,"h !re is an em]ald 9 ! c5t]1 surr\nd$ by gold rays1 betwe5 :i* 7 set eight pe>ls1 two ( :i* are n[ miss+2 above is a small pe>l4 ,! s+le e>r+ %[n 9 ,fig4 ,d came f ,h]culaneum1 & be>s a circlet ( ?irte5 pe>ls1 alt]nat+ ) rubies & o!r /ones2 b5ea? !re is a l9k f :i* dep5ds a pe>l ab\t sev5 & a fif? millimet]s 9 diamet]1 & weigh+ ne>ly twelve gra9s4 ,! fact t we "k ! late/ date to :i* ^! pe>ls c be assign$1 namely1 #gi ,a4,d41 r5d]s !m peculi>ly int]e/+ & valuable f a hi/orical po9t ( view4 ,naturally1 _m ( !m are calc9$ or o!rwise damag$1 b o!rs are fairly well pres]v$ z to =m1 al?\gh ! lu/] has dep>t$ f !m4 ,!re are tw5ty-sev5 e>r+s 9 ! collection1 & ! pe>ls numb] ab\t "o hundr$4 ,no great pe>ls 7 f\nd4 ,9 ! ,roman excavations1 & 9 ^? ( o!r e>ly rema9s1 _m objects are f\nd 9 :i* !re may be a sapphire1 an em]ald1 or sev]al o!r /ones1 pi]c$1 & p5dant on a gold wire1 ) a blank space betwe51 %[+ t some?+ 0 !re orig9ally4 ,?is object has app>5tly decompos$ & fall5 away4 ,we may reasonably suppose t x 0 ei!r a pe>l or a glass bead1 & x is unlikely t glass w\ld be us$ 9 connection ) ! m preci\s mat]ials4 ,?is pe>l or glass may h be5 affect$ by ! organic acids or ! acids result+ f ! decomposition ( ! body ) :i* ! ornam5t 0 buri$ = a score ( c5turies4 ,among ! anci5t jewels conta9+ pe>ls :i* are pres]v$ 9 ! ,h]mitage at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 we may m5tion a brok5 gold r+ ) a r\ghly cut turquoise & two p5dants1 ea* set ) two pe>ls sep>at$ by a g>net4 ,?is object 0 f\nd 9 s\!rn ,sib]ia dur+ ! reign ( ,pet] ! ,great1 & may belong to ! second c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,also may be not$ a pair ( gold e>r+s1 ) an engrav$ six-ray$ />1 9 ! c5t] ( :i* a pe>l is set1 :ile bel[ hang ?ree p5dant /icks1 two ( :i* h a pe>l at ! extremity4 ,^! e>r+s 7 f\nd 9 #ahib 9 a tomb situat$ close to ! site ( ! anci5t t[n ( ,*]sonesus1 9 ! ,crimea4 ,z a co9 ( ! ,emp]or ,gordianus ,,iii 7#bbd-bdd ,a4,d47 0 discov]$ 9 ! same tomb1 we may assign ! e>r+s to ! fir/ half ( ! ?ird c5tury ,a4,d4 ,beside ano!r pair ( e>r+s1 "o ( :i* is set ) a pe>l1 & two pe>l-head$ p9s1 all f ! neighborhood ( ,tiflis1 9 ! ,crimea1 we may especially ref] to an e>r+ made ( a pla91 ?ick1 gold5 wire1 on :i* sev5 pe>ls are ?read$2 "o ( ^! occupies ! c5t] & ! o!rs are gr\p$ ar\nd x4 ,?is e>r+ 0 pur*as$ 9 #aijc by ! ,russian ,imp]ial ,ar*ological ,commission f a collector resid+ at ,odessa2 x is said to h be5 f\nd on ! site ( ! anci5t ,greek colony ( ,olbia1 b we h no def9ite ext]nal or int]nal evid5ce to su/a9 ?is view4 ,we may also note ! gold necklace & e>r+s#dcc conta9+ pe>ls f\nd ne> ! site ( ,olbia dur+ ! reign ( ,napoleon ,,iii1 & n[ 9 ! collection ( ! ,roman1 ,campana4 ,^! objects are especially int]e/+ ow+ to ! fact t ! pe>ls are drill$ & a gold cap is set on ea* side4 ,a pair ( pe>l e>r+s 7 f\nd 9 a tomb on ,m\nt ,mi?ridates1 ne> ,k]t*1 9 ! ,crimea4 ,^! e>r+s probably belong to ! ?ird or f\r? c5tury ( our era4 ,( ! f\r pe>ls :i* orig9ally adorn$ ! cross-b>s1 only "o has be5 pres]v$4 ,ano!r pair ( e>r+s 0 discov]$ 9 ! same place4 ,x is probable t !y 7 ornam5t$ ) pe>ls 9 a simil> way1 b ! latt] h entirely disappe>$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,antique ,,pe>l ,,ornam5ts ,no4 #a4 ,gold e>r+ ) turquoise top4 ,two pe>ls1 two g>nets1 & two pe>ls4 ,f\nd 9 s\!rn ,sib]ia 9 #agbf2 believ$ to be ( ! second c5tury1 ,a4,d4 ,no4 #b4 ,brass e>r+ ) "o pe>l & glass beads4 ,f\r? c5tury1 ,a4,d4 ,no4 #c4 ,brass dress p94 ,sph]e ( amb]1 surm\nt$ by a pe>l4 ,f\nd ne> village ( ,mz*et ,caucasus4 ,f\r? c5tury1 ,a4,d4 ,no4 #d4 ,c>nelian dress p9s ) pe>l tops4 ,e>ly ,*ri/ian4 ,no4 #e4 ,gold e>r+1 hook & eye type4 ,f ,olbia1 ! site ( an anci5t ,greek colony4 ,f\r? c5tury1 ,a4,d4 ,nos4 #a to #e are f ! collection ( ! ,imp]ial ,h]mitage 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,nos4 #f-h-i4 ,pe>l & gold e>r+s1 ,greek1 f ! ,isl& ( ,cyprus4 ,second c5tury1 ,a4,d4 ,no4 #g4 ,roman broo* 7pe>ls & gold71 f\nd 9 ! riv] ,?ames1 ,engl&4 ,n9? c5tury1 ,a4,d4 ,gabriele ,bremond /ates 9 8 8,viaggi di ,egitto10 ,lib4 ,i1 c4 #cj1 t x 0 a ,mohamm$an cu/om to embroid] balda*9s & c>pets ( preci\s metals ) pe>ls4 ,?is use is especially typifi$ 9 a balda*9 ( gold embroid]$ ) pe>ls :i* is ov] ! sepul*] ( ,mohamm$ at ,mecca4#dcd ,:5 ! ,mohamm$ans captur$ ! ,p]sian city ,ctesiphon1 9 #fcg1 !y collect$ an imm5se booty4 ,ea* ( ! #fj1jjj soldi]s receiv$ ! value ( #ab1jjj dirhems 7#aefj71 a total ( #ic1fjj1jjj4 ,among ! treasures s5t to ,caliph ,om> 7#eha-fdd71 9 ,m$9a1 0 a cr[n1 p]haps t ( ,khusrau ,i 7#dii-egi71 :i* ,tab>i says 0 /udd$ ) #ajjj pe>ls ea* z l>ge z a bird's egg4#dce ,!re 0 also a wond]ful c>pet #dej feet long & #ij broad1 ) a bord] ( em]alds1 rubies1 sapphires1 & pe>ls1 repres5t+ luxuriant foliage & beautiful fl[]s4 ,tab>i /ates t x 0 call$ ! 8,w9t] ,c>pet10 because 8! ,p]sian k+s us$ x 9 w9t] :5 !re 0 no long] v]dure or fl[]s1 = :oev] 0 seat$ on ?is c>pet ?\ght he look$ out ^u a g>d5 or a gre5 field40#dcf ,on ! occasion ( ! m>riage ( ! ,caliph ,al-,mamun 7#ghf-hcc7 ) ! daught] ( ,hassan ,sahal1 all ! gr&ees ( ,al-,mamun receiv$ slaves ( bo? sexes z pres5ts f ! bride's fa!r4 ,! prelim9>y negotiations 7 held at ,fomal ,saleh1 & ! road trav]s$ by ! bride & bridegroom to rea* ,bagdad1 a di/ance ( "o hundr$ miles1 0 cov]$ ) mats ( clo? ( gold & silv]4 ,we are told t ! bride wore on h] head-dress a ?\s& pe>ls1 ea* ( :i* is said to h be5 ( enorm\s value4#dcg ,describ+ ! bir?day fe/ival ( ,kublai ,khan 7circa #abge ,a4,d471 ,m>co ,polo says3 8,! ,great ,kaan dresses 9 ! be/ ( 8 robes1 all wr\ght ) beat5 gold2 & full #ab1jjj ,b>ons & ,knights on t day came =? dress$ 9 robes ( ! same col\r1 & precisely l ^? ( ! ,great ,kaan1 except t !y are n s co/ly2 b /ill !y are all ( ! same col\r z 81 & are also ( silk & gold4 ,e man s clo!d has a girdle ( gold2 & ?is z well z ! dress is giv5 him by ! ,sov]eign4 ,& ,i w av] t !re are "s ( ^! suits deck$ ) s _m pe>ls & preci\s /ones t a s+le suit %all be wor? full #aj1jjj gold5 bezants ab\t #be1jjj40dch ,9 ! ,kan p]iod1 9 ,*9a1 ! dead bodies ( ! emp]ors 7 embalm$ & wrapp$ 9 a g>m5t ornam5t$ ) pe>ls4 ,!y 7 !n inclos$ 9 a case ( jade4#dci ,speak+ ( ! jewels ( ! ,k+ ( ,maab>1 or :at is n[ kn[n z ! ,corom&el ,coa/1 ,m>co ,polo tells u3 8,x is a fact t ! k+ goes z b>e z ! re/1 only r\nd 8 lo9s he has a piece ( f9e clo? & r\nd 8 neck he has a necklace entirely ( preci\s /ones1--rubies1 sapphires1 em]alds1 & ! l1 insomu* t ?is coll> is ( great value4 ,he we>s also hang+ 9 front ( 8 *e/ f ! neck d[nw>ds1 a f9e silk ?read /rung ) #ajd l>ge pe>ls & rubies ( great price4 ,! reason :y he we>s ?is cord ) ! #ajd great pe>ls is 7accord+ to :at !y tell7 t e day1 morn+ & ev5+1 he has to say #ajd pray]s to 8 idols4 ,su* is _! religion & cu/om2 & ?us did all ! k+s 8 ance/ors be=e him1 & !y bequea!d ! /r+ ( pe>ls to him t he %\ld d ! l40#ddj ,a favorite ,ea/ ,indian amulet is kn[n z ! 8,nao-ratna0 or 8,nao-ratan10 & consi/s ( 8n9e gems03 9 =m] times ! pe>l1 ruby1 topaz1 diamond1 em]ald1 lapis lazuli1 coral1 sapphire1 & a /one1 n id5tifi$1 call$ ! gom$a4 ,at ! pres5t "t ^! /ones are g5]ally ! coral1 topaz1 sapphire1 ruby1 flat diamond1 cut diamond1 em]ald1 hyac9?1 & c>buncle4 ,?is talisman may sugge/ ! ,urim & ,?umm9 or sacr$ oracle ( ! ,jews1 :i* 0 said to h be5 tak5 f ,j]usalem 9 #fae ,a4,d4 by ,khusrau ,,ii1 ! ,sassanian ,p]sian k+4 ,! ,ea/ ,indian cu/om = p]sons ( quality 0 to we> a pe>l betwe5 two color$ /ones 9 ea* e>1 t is1 ei!r betwe5 two rubies or two em]alds2 & ,tav]ni] not$1 ab\t #afgj1 t !re 0 no p]son ( any consid]ation 9 ^? regions :o did n we>1 9 ea* e>1 a pe>l set betwe5 two color$ /ones4 ,ano!r favorite ornam5t = wom5 9 ,india is a girdle elegantly embroid]$1 be>+ a l>ge p5dant pe>l 9 front1 :]e x is fa/5$4#dda ,a necklace ( tw5ty-sev5 pe>ls be>s 9 ,india ! "n ( nak%atra ml1 nak%atras 7orig9ally 8/>s07 be+ ! "n ( ! tw5ty-sev5 divisions ( ! ,h9du zodiac4#ddb ,9 ! ,indian jewels (t5 a small spot ( enamel is fa/5$ or melt$ on to a gold wire1 & !n "o or sev]al pe>ls are hung ^u x2 or beads ( "s gems1 z sapphire1 ruby1 em]ald1 or ev5 glass1 may be add$ or alt]nat$ ) pe>ls4 ,!n ! enamel /op-piece is turn$ d[n & ! o!r end ( ! gold wire is twi/$ on to ! sett+1 loosely1 9 su* a mann] z to sw+ freely4 ,x is ! effect ( ^! doz5s or ev5 hundr$s ( sw++ drops t add su* grace & elegance to ,ea/ ,indian jewelry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ea/ ,,indian ,,necklace ,,( ,,pe>ls1 ,,table ,,diamonds1 ,,glass ,,beads1 ,,gold ,,& ,,enamel ,prop]ty ( an ,am]ican lady ,9 ,*9a1 su* preci\s /ones z ! ruby1 sapphire--bo? blue & yell[--! em]ald1 & ! p9k t\rmal9e1 are n facett$1 z ) u1 b are g5]ally poli%$ 9 con=mity to ! %ape ( ! bead or o!r ornam5t1 & nev] h a la!-turn$ or cut appe>ance2 !y are ei!r set 9 cabo*on or z beads1 r\nd$1 oval1 or elongat$4 ,all ^! =ms1 & ! colors us$ by ! ,*9ese1 l5d !mselves well to comb9ations ) pe>ls2 & h5ce pe>ls are (t5 f\nd 9 ,*9ese jewelry1 especially 9 ^? ornam5ts :i* are flexible & graceful1 9 :i* ! pe>ls & gems are /rung on wire & all[$ to sw+ freely ) a g5tle t9kle :5 ! we>] moves4 ,?is is n unlike ! sett+ ( su* gems 9 anci5t ,roman times4 ,an admirable example is %[n & describ$ 9 ,bu%ell's 8,*9ese ,art0 7,vol4 ,,ii1 plate #ajh1 page #ij74 ,9 ?is head-dress ( a ,man*u lady1 !re are comb9$ ) ! pe>ls1 jadeite1 ame?y/1 amb]1 & coral1 on a gilt silv] op5work1 ) blue k+fi%] fea!rs4 ,?is great cap ( /ate is an admirable example ( pure ,*9ese design & workman%ip4 ,! p5dant /r+s ( pe>ls are occasionally reliev$ by a bit ( c>v$ jade1 c>nelian or coral1 especially ! latt]4 ,ano!r example1 ! 8cap ( /ate0 has silv]-gilt op5work & immortelles 7,taoi/ symbols71 & is mu* enhanc$ 9 beauty by a decoration or inlay ( plates ( ! beautiful blue fea!rs ( ! k+fi%]1 :i* are us$ s ext5sively & effectively 9 ,*9ese jewelry4 ,! pe>ls are scatt]$ at int]vals ov] ! cap1 & t5 /r+s ( !m hang f ! sides ( x4 ,?is is believ$ to be ( ,man*u orig9 by ,dr4 ,/eph5 ,w4 ,bu%ell1 ! great ,*9ese s*ol>1 to :om we are indebt$ = ! use ( ! illu/ration4 ,we are also told t "y ladies 9 ,*9a we> a sort ( cr[n con/ruct$ ( pa/ebo>d1 cov]$ ) silk4 ,?is is adorn$ ) pe>ls1 diamonds1 & o!r jewels4#ddc ,! pe>ls on _m ,*9ese ornam5ts 7 g5]ally /rung ^u silk1 (t5 ) half a doz5 or a doz5 se$-pe>ls above & bel[ ! l>ge pe>l1 to hold ! latt] 9 place1 & also to add a s(tness to ! :ole jewel4 ,! end p5dant pe>l1 ev5 if pe>-%ap$1 0 usually pi]c$ entirely ?r\gh1 & a wire t 0 work$ ?r\gh x 0 flatt5$ out1 & ?is gold head 0 aga9 ornam5t$ 9 "s way4 ,a ,*9ese p5dant f ! ,*9a-,japan w>-loot (f]s an excell5t illu/ration ( ?is k9d ( pe>l-sett+4 ,?is 0 pres]v$ 9 a d\ble box ( f9ely c>v$ gold4 ,! ros>ies conta9+ #ajd pe>ls1 :i* are us$ to-day1 7 m5tion$ c5turies ago by ,m>co ,polo1 & an excell5t pe>l /r+ ( ?is k9d has be5 9 ! ,russian ,treasury at ,mosc[ = ov] two hundr$ ye>s4 ,dr4 ,/ew>t ,cul91 ! ar*ologi/1 :o has paid mu* att5tion to ,*9ese cu/oms1 in=ms u t ! black & :ite c\nt]s made = use 9 games by ! ,*9ese are call$ black & :ite pe>ls4 ,dr4 ,t4 ,ni%ikawa writes u 9 #aijh t pe>ls 7 us$ 9 ,japan = ornam5tal purposes m ?an a ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,l>ge abalone pe>ls are f\nd 9 images ( ,buddha made 9 #cjj ,a4,d4 ,fre%-wat] pe>ls1 usually f ,dipsas & ,unio1 7 also us$4 ,a beautiful color-pr9t 0 made by ,hoku'ai ( ! fir/ pe>l1 call$ 8tide-jewel0 by ! ,japanese4 ,mo/ int]e/+ pe>ls are ^? 9 a broo* 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i* 0 discov]$ 9 #ahci :ile excavat+ a sew] opposite ,ludgate ,hill 9 ,?ames ,/reet1 at ! dep? ( ab\t n9e feet1 9 a d>k-color$ artificial /ratum ( e>?1 unaccompani$ by any rema9s t c\ld aid 9 ?r[+ light ^u its hi/ory4 ,x is f\r in*es & a half 9 circumf]5ce1 & is compos$ ( a circul> comp>tm5t an in* & a qu>t] 9 diamet]1 set ) v>iegat$ enamel1 repres5t+ a full-fac$ head & bu/1 ) a cr[n on ! head1 & ! drap]y ( a mantle1 =m$ ( ?reads ( gold effectively arrang$ s z to m>k ! features ( ! face & ! folds ( ! drap]y2 ?is is inclos$ 9 a bord] ( ri* gold filigree "w1 set at equal di/ances ) f\r pe>ls4#ddd ,dr4 ,*>les ,roa* ,smi? attributes ?is broo* to ! "t ( ,k+ ,alfr$1 & supposes x to h be5 execut$ 9 ,engl& by a =eign arti/4 ,he only v5tures a conjecture t ! head might be t ( ,k+ ,alfr$4 ,cr[ns1 bo? anci5t & mod]n1 are ri*ly ornam5t$ ) pe>ls4 ,we %all treat ( ! cr[n ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire & ( ! imp]ial ,au/rian cr[n 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & anci5t is ! fam\s cr[n ( ,khusrau ,,ii 7reign$ #eij-fch71 made 9 ! latt] "p ( ! six? c5tury1 :i* 0 br\ght to light by ,%ah ,abbas aft] a ?\s& ye>s ( concealm5t 9 an obscure =tress among ! m\nta9s ( ,lauri/an4 ,x does n conta9 diamonds among its ornam5ts1 b is incru/$ ) pe>ls & rubies4#dde ,f ! repres5tation giv5 on ! cup ( ,khusrau1 ! ?rone ( ! ,sassanian ,p]sian k+s appe>s to h be5 z l>ge z a c\*2 x 0 support$ by f\r w+$ animals1 ^: model _h be5 borr[$ by ! ,sassanians f _! ance/ors1 & x 0 cov]$ ) an embroid]$ /uff ?r[n ov] mattresses & cu%ions4 ,if we may believe ,tab>i 78,*ronicles10 trans4 by ,zot5b]g1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cjd71 ?is ?rone 0 ( gold1 enri*$ ) preci\s /ones1 & surm\nt$ by a cr[n ( gold & pe>ls1 s heavy t ! sov]eign c\ld n we> x1 & !re=e _h x susp5d$ above 8 head4#ddf ,"o ( ! cr[ns 9 ! ,h]mitage at ,/4 ,pet]sburg 0 discov]$ 9 #ahfd 9 a tumulus ne> ,novo-,t*]kask1 ) _m o!r valuable objects1 all ( :i* _h app>5tly be5 buri$ ) "s important p]sonage4 ,?is cr[n resembles some:at t ( ,reccesv9?us 9 ! treasure ( ,gu]raz>1 al?\gh "s portions ( x seem to belong to ! p]iod ( ! ,roman empire4 ,! conjecture has be5 made t ! cr[n may h be5 worn by a que5 s9ce x is decorat$ ) a f9ely execut$ bu/ ( a woman 9 ame?y/4 ,! cr[n itself is ( pure gold1 & 0 bord]$ ) two r[s ( pe>ls1 :i* h disappe>$1 leav+ only ! small disks to :i* !y 7 atta*$2 besides ^!1 x 0 ornam5t$ ) a numb] ( uncut preci\s /ones4 ,! date ( ?is object _c be exactly det]m9$1 al?\gh ! cons5sus ( op9ion is t x belongs to ab\t ! ?ird c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 ,possibly ! bu/ & "s o!r portions1 :i* appe> to be ( ,greco-,roman workman%ip1 are ( ?is p]iod1 :ile ! re/ ( ! cr[n 0 execut$ "o or two c5turies lat]2 x is ab\t sev5 in*es 9 diamet] & two 9 height4#ddg ,t[>d ! end ( ! ye> #aheh a ,fr5* (fic] :o liv$ 9 ,spa91 :ile mak+ "s excavations on a prop]ty he own$ !re1 discov]$ f\rte5 small gold cr[ns4 ,!y 7 tak5 to ! ,spani% m9t & are said to h be5 melt$ = bullion4 ,new excavations on ! same spot br\ght to light eight o!r cr[ns ( consid]able weight1 ( ! f9e/ workman%ip1 & incru/$ ) preci\s /ones1 pe>ls1 etc4 ,!re is no d\bt t ^! cr[ns 7 buri$ 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! eigh? c5tury1 :5 ! ,arabs1 l$ by ,t>ik1 invad$ ,spa9 & =c$ ! ,go?ic dyna/y to take refuge 9 ! nor? ( ,europe4 ,! importance ( ?is discov]y is v great1 s9ce x gives u positive evid5ce ( ! developm5t ( ! goldsmi?'s art 9 ,spa9 at t e>ly p]iod4 ,an inscription proves t "o ( ! cr[ns 0 d$icat$ 9 ! second half ( ! sev5? c5tury1 & x is "o ( ! few au!ntic memorials we possess ( t epo*4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #ahei1 ! eight cr[ns 7 pur*as$ by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t & plac$ 9 ! ,muse de ,cluny4 ,two o!r cr[ns f\nd 9 ! same place 7 add$ 9 #ahfj1 & complete ! collection4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! cr[ns is t ( ! ,go?ic k+1 ,reccesv9?us1 :o 0 ,k+ ( ,spa9 f #fdi to #fgb4 ,x is compos$ ( a wide b& ( solid gold1 t5 c5timet]s wide & tw5ty-"o c5timet]s 9 diamet] 7ab\t f\r & eight in*es respectively74 ,?is b&1 :i* op5s by means ( a h+e1 is surr\nd$ by two bord]s ( gold set ) ! r$ /ones ( ,c>ia1 call$ 8gemmae alab&5ses10 & ! b& itself is /udd$ ) ?irty l>ge ori5tal sapphires ( ! greate/ beauty4 ,?irty f9e pe>ls ( appropriate size alt]nate ) ! sapphires on a gr\nd incru/$ ) ! r$ /ones above m5tion$4 ,f tw5ty-?ree small gold *a9s dep5d l>ge lett]s 9 cloisonn1 & also incru/$1 =m+ ! s5t5ce3 ,,reccesv9?us ,,rex ,,(f]et4 ,ea* lett] has a gold p5dant ) a pe>l f :i* hangs a pe>-%ap$ sapphire4 ,! cr[n is susp5d$ f f\r *a9s1 conv]g+ to a d\ble floral ornam5t ( solid gold1 adorn$ ) twelve sapphire p5dants4 ,?is ornam5t1 ! leaves ( :i* are op51 is surm\nt$ by a capital ( rock cry/al1 !n comes a ball ( ! same mat]ial1 & ! :ole is t]m9at$ by ! gold c5t] to :i* ! f\r *a9s are atta*$4 ,! cross1 :i* is susp5d$ und]nea? ! cr[n by a gold *a91 is rem>kable = its elegance & its ri*ness4 ,x is ( solid gold & is inlaid ) six v f9e sapphires & eight l>ge pe>ls1 ea* ( :i* is m\nt$ 9 relief ) claws4 ,at ! back1 ! cross /ill be>s ! wire by :i* x 0 atta*$ to ! royal mantle4 ,! inside ( ! cr[n is q smoo?2 ! outside is compos$ ( elegant fleurettes 9 op5work1 ! leaves be+ fill$ ) ! same species ( r$ c>nelian m5tion$ above4 ,!re are ?irty sapphires1 all ( ! f9e/ wat]1 & a few ( !m %[ ! natural facett$ cry/allization2 ! two pr9cipal ones1 plac$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! b&1 are ?irty millimet]s 9 diamet]4 ,! pe>ls are ( an exceptional size1 & only a few ( !m h be5 injur$ by "t4 ,! total numb] on ! cr[n1 cross1 & top ornam5t1 is sev5ty1 ?irty ( :i* are unusually l>ge4 ,! *a9s are ea* compos$ ( five op5work ornam5ts ) an enamel pa/e inlaid 9 ! gold edge4 ,a close exam9ation ( ! cr[n %[s t x _h be5 worn be=e ! k+ pres5t$ x to "s *ur*4 ,! royal ,hung>ian cr[n giv5 to ,/4 ,/eph5 by ! pope 9 ! ye> #ajjj ,a4,d41 :5 ,hung>y became an empire1 is "o ( ! mo/ anci5t cr[ns 9 exi/5ce4 ,x conta9s #cbj pe>ls & 0 procur$ 9 ,byzantium4 ,x 0 pl$g$ to ! emp]or1 ,fr$]ick ,,iv1 by ,que5 ,elizabe? ( ,hung>y1 probably ab\t #addj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cr[n ,,( ,,reccesv9?us ,,& ,,o!r ,,go?ic ,,cr[ns ,,( ,,! ,,sev5? ,,c5tury ,f ! treasure ( ,gu>raz>1 ne> ,tol$o ,muse de ,cluny1 ,p>is ,9 ! ca!dral ( ,prague 7! metropolitan *ur* ( ,/4 ,vitus7 !re may be se5 ! cr[n :i* 0 made by ! ord] ( ,*>les ,,iv 7#acgh7 out ( f\r p\nds1 t5 & a qu>t] ounces ( gold4 ,x is adorn$ ) tw5ty-n9e pe>ls1 =ty-sev5 rubies1 tw5ty sapphires1 & tw5ty-five em]alds4 ,! value ( ! gold & gems 0 e/imat$ at #aj1jjj 9 #ahih1 :i* is probably less ?an x w\ld be wor? to-day4 ,! sacr$ cr[n worn by ,/4 ,w5ceslaus 0 ins]t$ )9 ! cr[n ( ,*>les ,,iv at ! in/ance ( ,que5 ,blanca4 ,! gold5 scept] & ! gold5 orb are ( v beautiful workman%ip4 ,! scept] has six rubies1 eight sapphires1 & ?irty-"o pe>ls4 ,!re may also be se5 9 ! treasury a gild$ mon/rance1 9 ! /yle ( ! ,r5aissance1 /udd$ ) pe>ls & preci\s /ones1 a gift ( ! pr9cely family ( ,s*w>z5b]g4 ,)9 ! same ca!dral1 9 ! tab]nacle ( ! *apel ( ,/4 ,ludmilla1 wife ( ! fir/ ,duke ( ,bohemia1 is ! head ( t sa9t1 be>+ a cr[n /udd$ ) #ahjj pe>ls4#ddh ,! cr[n ( ,vladimir1 ) its s+ul> & ?or\ghly ,russian =m1 is pres]v$ 9 ! treasury ( ! ,kreml9 at ,mosc[1 & has be5 us$ at ! coronation ( all ! ,russian emp]ors4 ,x has borne ! "n ( ! cr[n or cap ( ,monoma*us f ! reign ( ,ivan ,,iv4 ,al?\gh1 to judge f ?is designation1 ! cr[n 0 probably execut$ 9 ! twelf? or ?irte5? c5tury1 !re is a leg5d to ! effect t x 0 s5t1 9 #ihh1 f ,byzantium by ! rul] z a gift to ,/4 ,vladimir4 ,x is execut$ 9 filigree "w1 & is surm\nt$ by a pla9 cross ) f\r pe>ls at ! extremities2 betwe5 ^! pe>ls are set a topaz1 a sapphire1 & a ruby4 ,! cr[n itself is ornam5t$ ) f\r em]alds1 f\r rubies1 & tw5ty-five pe>ls f ,ormus1 set 9 gold4 ,! cap has a bord]+ ( sable fur1 & is l9$ ) r$ sat94 7,see ,maskell1 8,russian ,art10 ,london1 #ahhd1 p4 #abe47 ,! imp]ial /ate cr[n ( h] ,maje/y ,que5 ,victoria1 0 made 9 ! ye> #ahch by ,messrs4 ,rondell & ,bridge1 ) jewels tak5 f old cr[ns1 & o!rs furni%$ by comm& ( h] ,maje/y4 ,x consi/$ ( diamonds1 pe>ls1 rubies1 sapphires1 & em]alds1 set 9 silv] & gold4 ,x _h a crimson velvet cap ) erm9e bord]1 & 0 l9$ ) :ite silk4 ,its gross weight 0 ?irty-n9e ounces five p5nyweights troy4 ,! l[] "p ( ! b& above ! erm9e bord] consi/$ ( a r[ ( #abi pe>ls1 & ! upp] "p ( a r[ ( #aab pe>ls2 betwe5 ^! r[s1 9 ! front ( ! cr[n1 0 a l>ge sapphire 7p>tly drill$7 pur*as$ = ! cr[n by 8 ,maje/y ,george ,,iv4 ,9 ! front ( ! cr[n1 & 9 ! c5t] ( a diamond ,maltese cross1 0 ! fam\s ruby said to h be5 giv5 to ,edw>d1 ,pr9ce ( ,wales 7! ,black ,pr9ce71 by ,don ,p$ro1 ,k+ ( ,ca/ile1 aft] ! battle ( ,nj]a1 ne> ,vittoria1 #acfg ,a4,d4 ,?is ruby 0 worn 9 ! helmet ( ,h5ry ,v at ! battle ( ,ag9c\rt1 #adae ,a4,d4 ,x 0 pi]c$ q ?r\gh1 aft] ! ea/]n cu/om1 ! upp] "p ( ! pi]c+ be+ fill$ up by a small ruby4 ,f ! ,maltese cross issu$ f\r imp]ial ar*es compos$ ( oak leaves & acorns1 ?irty-two pe>ls =m+ ! acorns4 ,f ! upp] "p ( ! ar*es 7 susp5d$ f\r l>ge p5dant1 pe>-%ap$ pe>ls ) rose diamond cups4#ddi ,writ+ 9 #ahej1 ,b>bot1 ! ,fr5* jewel]1 plac$ ! value ( ?is cr[n at #fjj1jjj4 ,! cr[n ( ,/4 ,edw>d1 ! (ficial cr[n ( ,engl&1 is us$ at ea* coronation4#dej ,! orig9al cr[n ( ?is "n 0 de/roy$ by ! republicans 9 #afdi1 b at ! "t ( ! coronation ( ,*>les ,,ii1 ano!r cr[n 0 made to take its place1 "u ! direction ( ,sir ,rob]t ,v9]4 ,z f> z c be kn[n1 ?is cr[n 0 an exact copy ( ! old] "o1 :i* 0 worn by ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 & p]haps ev5 by ,k+ ,alfr$4 ,! cr[n 9 use at pres5t is ( gold1 ri*ly /udd$ ) pe>ls & preci\s /ones ( v>i\s k9ds3 diamonds1 rubies1 em]alds1 & sapphires4 ,!re is a m\nd ( gold on top1 & on ?is a cross ( gold ornam5t$ ) v l>ge oval pe>ls1 "o atta*$ to ! top & ! two o!rs p5dant f ! ends ( ! cross4 ,! pres5t arrangem5t ( ! jewels _c date back e>li] ?an #afhi1 z ! cr[n 0 f\nd to be despoil$ ( !m at ! "t ( ! accession ( ,william & ,m>y4 ,^? n[ 9 ! cr[n are ackn[l$g$ to be inf]ior to ! =m] ones4 ,! orb or m\nd :i* is plac$ 9 ! k+'s h& imm$iately aft] 8 coronation1 is a ball ( gold1 six in*es 9 diamet]1 surr\nd$ by a b& ( ! same metal ornam5t$ ) roses ( diamonds set ar\nd o!r preci\s /ones1 & bord]$ ) pe>ls4 ,x is surm\nt$ by a cross1 embelli%$ ) f\r l>g] pe>ls at ! angles ne> its c5t]1 & ?ree o!rs at ! ends4 ,! orb1 includ+ ! cross1 is elev5 in*es high1 & x is figur$ on ! co9s ( _m ( ! ,engli% k+s1 :o are repres5t$ hold+ x 9 _! left h&s4 ,! regalia ( ,scotl&1#dea consi/+ ( ! cr[n1 scept]1 & sword ( /ate1 are pres]v$ 9 ! ca/le ( ,ed9burgh4 ,x is n c]ta9ly kn[n at :at "t ?is cr[n 0 execut$4 ,at ! coronation ( ,rob]t ,bruce 7#abgd-acbi7 a simple circlet ( gold 0 us$2 ?is fell into ! h&s ( ! ,engli% aft] ! battle ( ,me?v5 9 #acjf4 ,9 #acjg ,edw>d ,i issu$ a p>don at ! reque/ ( 8 8belov$ ,que5 ,m>g>ate10 to a c]ta9 ,galfr$us de ,coigni]s1 :o 0 said to h conceal$ & kept 8a c]ta9 coronet ( gold ) :i* ,rob]t ! ,bruce1 enemy & rebel ( ! ,k+1 _h caus$ himself to be cr[n$ 9 our own ,k+dom ( ,scotl&40 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph by ,w4 ,d4 ,d[ney1 ,london ,,h] ,,maje/y1 ,,que5 ,,alex&ra ,,( ,,great ,,brita9 ,,& ,,irel&1 ,,empress ,,( ,,india ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! regalia1 gives x z 8 op9ion t ! pres5t cr[n 0 probably made = ,rob]t ,bruce at a lat] date1 & t x 0 us$ at ! coronation ( 8 son1 ,david ,,ii 7#acbd-acgf74 ,! /yle ( workman%ip indicates a f\rte5?-c5tury orig94 ,! cr[n 0 orig9ally op5 & 0 ar*$ ov] by ,james ,v 7#aeab-aedb74 ,z ,scott notes1 ?is 0 done to _m royal cr[ns 9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 9 ord] to assimilate !m to ! type ( ! old imp]ial cr[ns4 ,! foll[+ description is slightly abridg$ f t giv5 by ,sir ,walt] ,scott3 ,! l[] "p consi/s ( two circles1 ! und]mo/ mu* broad] ?an t :i* rises ov] x2 bo? are ( ! pure/ gold & ! upp]mo/ is surm\nt$ by a range ( fleur-de-lis int]*ang$ ) crosses fleures1 & ) knobs or p9nacles ( gold topp$ ) l>ge pe>ls2 ?is produces a v ri* effect4 ,! "u & broad] circle is adorn$ ) tw5ty-two preci\s /ones1 betwixt ea* ( :i* is int]pos$ an ori5tal pe>l4 ,! /ones are topazes1 ame?y/s1 em]alds1 rubies & jac9?s2 !y are n poli%$ by ! lapid>y1 or cut into facets 9 ! m mod]n fa%ion1 b are set pla91 9 ! anci5t /yle ( jewell]s' "w4 ,! small] circle is adorn$ ) small diamonds & sapphires alt]nately4 ,^! two circles1 ?us ornam5t$1 seem to h =m$ ! orig9al ,diadem or ,cr[n ( ,scotl&1 until ! reign ( ,james ,v1 :o add$ two imp]ial ar*es ris+ f ! circle1 & cross+ ea* o!r1 clos+ at ! top 9 a m\nd ( gold1 :i* aga9 is surm\nt$ by a l>ge cross pate ornam5t$ ) pe>ls & be>+ ! *>act]s ,j4,r4,v4 ,^! additional ar*es are atta*$ to ! orig9al cr[n by tacks ( gold1 & !re is "s inf]iority 9 ! quality ( ! metal4 ,! bonnet or ti>a worn "u ! cr[n 0 anci5tly ( purple1 b is n[ ( crimson velvet1 turn$ up ) erm9e--a *ange fir/ adopt$ 9 ! ye> #afie4 ,! ti>a is adorn$ ) f\r sup]b pe>ls set 9 gold1 & fa/5$ 9 ! velvet :i* appe>s betwe5 ! ar*es4 ,! cr[n measures ab\t n9e in*es 9 diamet]1 tw5ty-sev5 9 circumf]5ce1 & ab\t six & a half 9 height f ! bottom ( ! l[] circle to ! top ( ! cross4 ,! scept]1 made by ord] ( ,james ,v at ! "t he add$ ! ar*es to ! cr[n1 is a sl5d] silv] rod ab\t ?irty-n9e in*es long4 ,an antique capital ( emboss$ leaves supports ?ree small figures repres5t+ ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 ,/4 ,&rew1 & ,/4 ,james1 above :i* is a cry/al ball1 surm\nt$ by an ori5tal pe>l4 ,! regalia h pass$ ?r\gh _m vicissitudes4 ,aft] ! execution ( ,*>les ,i1 8 son ,*>les ,,ii 0 cr[n$ ,k+ ( ,scotl& at ,scone on ,janu>y #a1 #afea4 ,on ! advance ( ! p>liam5t>y army into ,scotl&1 ! regalia 7 plac$ 9 ! c>e ( ! ,e>l ,m>es*al :o pres]v$ !m 9 8 ca/le ( ,dunrott>1 & "h !y 7 kept until ! ca/le 0 besieg$ & on ! po9t ( fall+ into ! h&s ( ! ,engli%4 ,9 ?is extremity1 !y 7 rescu$ by ,*ri/ian ,flet*]1 wife ( ! ,rev4 ,james ,grang]1 m9i/] ( ,k9neff4 ,%e obta9$ p]mission f ! ,engli% g5]al to pay a visit to ! ,lady ,m>es*al & succe$$ 9 c>ry+ (f ! regalia4 ,h] husb& buri$ !m 9 ! *ur* ( ,k9neff1 j 9 front ( ! pulpit4 ,:5 !y 7 br\ght to light aga9 aft] ! ,re/oration1 an ,act ( ,p>liam5t 0 pass$ :i*1 aft] recit+ ,*ri/ian ,flet*]'s s]vices 9 ! matt]1 /at$3 8,!re=e1 ! ,k+'s ,maje/ie1 ) advice ( 8 e/ates 9 ,p>liam5t1 doe appo9t ,two ,?\s& ,m]ks ,scots to be =?) paid unto h] by 8 ,maje/ie's ?resaur]1 out ( ! readie/ ( 8 ,maje/ie's r5ts1 z a te/imony ( _! s5se ( h] s]vice40 ,9 #agjg1 aft] ! union ( ,engl& & ,scotl&1 x 0 consid]$ wis] to remove ! regalia f public view1 s9ce !y 7 calculat$ to ar\se memories ( ! old ,scot* mon>*y4 ,^! preci\s objects 7 !re=e inclos$ 9 a *e/1 :i* 0 _! usual receptacle1 & lock$ up 9 ! cr[n-room1 a /rong vault$ ap>tm5t 9 ,ed9burgh ,ca/le4 ,!re ! regalia rema9$ until #ahag1 :51 z d\bts _h be5 express$ z to _! exi/5ce1 a commission ( inve/igation 0 appo9t$1 "o ( ! memb]s be+ ,sir ,walt] ,scott4 ,! *e/--:i* _h probably be5 ! jewel-safe ( ! ,/u>ts--0 =c$ op51 & ! regalia 7 f\nd )91 j z !y _h be5 deposit$ 9 #agjg4 ,an imp]ial ,g]man cr[n does n exi/2 a design has be5 made & accept$1 b at ! pres5t date1 #aijg1 x has n yet be5 execut$4 ,on fe/ive occasions1 :5 ! imp]ial insignia are necess>y1 ! ,prussian insignia are us$1 especially ! ,prussian royal cr[n4 ,?is consi/s ( a circlet ( gold set ) ?irte5 diamonds4 ,on ?is are five leaves1 ea* compos$ ( ?ree l>g] diamonds & a small] "o1 & f\r prongs1 ea* be>+ a diamond & above x a l>ge pe>l4 ,f ! five leaves />t ! same numb] ( semicircul> ar*es1 tap]+ t[>d ! c5tral po9t1 :]e !y unite4 ,ea* ( ^! is set ) t5 diamonds ( decreas+ size4 ,on ! c5t] re/s an imp]ial globe4 ,x consi/s ( a l>ge ,indian-cut sapphire1--! c\nt]p>t ( ! "o on ! ,au/rian imp]ial cr[n1 evid5tly dat+ f ! "t ( ! ,crusades1--& above x rises a *aplet ornam5t$ ) diamonds4 ,! cr[n has a l9+ ( purple velvet rea*+ to ! ar*es4 ,betwe5 ! ar*es are eight pe>l p5dants ( an av]age weight ( #hj gra9s2 !y are #be millimet]s 9 l5g?1 & h a f9e1 brilliant :ite color1 al?\gh !y are n p]fectly regul> 9 =m4 ,9 addition !re belongs to ! regalia a pe>l necklace ( ?ree r[s2 ! fir/ consi/s ( ?irty-sev5 pe>ls av]ag+ #bh gra9s ea*2 ! second ( ?irty-n9e pe>ls av]ag+ #cd gra9s1 & ! ?ird ( =ty-five pe>ls av]ag+ #ci gra9s4 ,!re is also a gu>d *a9 ( #aad pe>ls1 av]ag+ #bj gra9s1 mak+ a total ( #bbhj gra9s = ! *a94 ,^! pe>ls are also ( irregul> =m4#deb ,! cr[n jewels ( ! ,sultan ,abdul-,aziz 7#ahcj-ahgf7 7 ( imm5se ri*ness & value4 ,at ! exhibition 9 ,vi5na1 #ahgc1 _m ( ^! 7 exhibit$ 9 a build+ creat$ specially = ! purposes ( display & protection4 ,!y 7 9 five comp>tm5ts1 9 :at might be t]m$ five impregnable fire-pro( safes ( a peculi> con/ruction4 ,among o!r int]e/+ objects 0 ! armor ( ,sultan ,murad ,i 7#acai-achi71 ! f\nd] ( ! ,ottoman empire 9 ,europe4 ,?is armor is ( ! mo/ delicate ori5tal workman%ip4 ,diamonds1 pe>ls1 & rubies are work$ broadca/ ov] x ) exquisite ta/e4#dec ,9 ,g]many & ,au/ro-,hung>y !re are _m valuable ecclesia/ical ornam5ts1 "s ( :i* possess great int]e/ = ! hi/ory ( e>ly ,g]man art4 ,!y also s]ve to %[ ! appreciation ( ! pe>l ev5 9 ! ,d>k ,ages & ! ,e>ly ,r5aissance p]iod4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s productions ( e>ly ,g]man art is a reliqu>y 9 ! =m ( a sack1 :i* is f ,eng] ne> ,h]=d1 & is exhibit$ 9 ! ,kun/gew]be ,museum 9 ,b]l94 ,x is set ) cameos & pe>ls2 sev]al ( ! latt] h dropp$ out2 a few1 h[ev]1 rema9 9 _! sett+4 ,accord+ to a v probable tradition1 ?is reliqu>y 0 giv5 by ,*>lemagne to ! ,saxon duke1 ,wittek9d1 on ! occasion ( 8 baptism 9 #ghe4 ,x is ( v rude & primitive workman%ip &1 if we accept ! tradition1 x is n unlikely t x 0 execut$ at ,aix-la-,*apelle4#ded ,an int]e/+ example ( ,g]man art1 f ! "t ( ,ar*bi%op ,egb]t ( ,treves 7#igg-iic71 is a frame n[ 9 ! ,beu?-,s*9kel ,museum1 at ,*>lott5burg4 ,?is 0 probably ! framework ( a portable alt>4 ,x is decorat$ ) a simple geometrical design 9 ! ?ree prim>y colors1 & has f\r poli%$ /ones & f\r pe>ls on ! out] bord] ( gold filigree4 ,ano!r example ( ! art ( ,treves at ! "t ( ,ar*bi%op ,egb]t is ! ,e*t]na*] ,codex4 ,! gold-plat$ cov] is a wor?y product ( ! s*ool3 ivory1 enamel1 & mosaic are comb9$ 9 its decoration ) r[s ( pe>ls4 ,among ! repres5tations ( _m sa9ts1 appe>s ! figure ( ! ,empress ,!ophanu1 daught] ( ! ,greek emp]or1 ,romanos ,,ii1 ) ! inscription 8,!ophaniu imp40 ,opposite is a y\?ful figure1 probably t ( h] son1 ,o?o ,,iii4 ,x seems likely t ! "w 0 execut$1 at ! comm& ( ! empress1 betwe5 #ihc & #iia4dee ,9 ! ca!dral ( ,treves is ! portable alt> kn[n z ! alt> ( ,/4 ,&rew4 ,?is 0 prim>ily a reliqu>y & second>ily an alt>4 ,9 memory ( ! relic ( ! s&al ( ,/4 ,&rew1 :i* 0 greatly priz$ by ,ar*bi%op ,egb]t1 ?is alt> be>s ! repres5tation ( a foot execut$ 9 wood & cov]$ ) plates ( gold4 ,! front ( ! case is divid$ into ?ree fields2 t 9 ! middle conta9+ a ,byzant9e lion 9 gold relief1 & ! o!rs ! symbols ( ! f\r evangeli/s 9 enamel "w4 ,! bord] is =m$ ( rectangul> pieces ( enamel & small] ones ( gold1 & x is set ) r\nd /ones alt]nat+ ) half-pe>ls2 ! ends are cov]$ ) filigree & enamel "w :]e9 are emb$d$ /r+s ( pe>ls4 ,a co9 ( ,ju/9ian ,,ii is set 9 ! middle ( ! back ( ! case & is surr\nd$ by a wrea? ( l>g] pe>ls4#def ,a gold cross1 ! "w ( ,rogk]us ,!ophilus1 is 9 ! ,kun/gew]be ,museum 9 ,b]l91 & comes f ,h]=d4 ,! frame1 :i* is ( wood1 is cov]$ ) plates ( gold2 at ! extremities & 9 ! c5t] are gr\ps ( preci\s /ones surr\nd$ by pe>ls2 at ! base is a f9e ,augu/an cameo ) a wrea? ( pe>ls2 ! entire cross is cov]$ ) filigree "w & decorat$ ) pe>ls 9 gr\ps ( ?rees4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! preci\s /ones1 & ! enhancem5t ( _! beauty by means ( ! circles ( pe>ls1 are highly arti/ic4 ,z a "w ( ,rogk]us1 ?is cross mu/ h be5 execut$ at ! v end ( ! elev5? c5tury & x may be reg>d$ z "o ( ! f9e/ examples ( ! art ( ?is p]iod4#deg ,a v ri* collection ( ecclesia/ical ornam5ts is conta9$ 9 ! treasury ( ! ca!dral ( ,gran 9 ,hung>y4#deh ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ objects is a reliqu>y 9 ! =m ( a ,lat9 cross1 :i* is ( great hi/orical & arti/ic value4 ,an inv5tory made aft] #aebh describes x briefly3 8crux aurea cont95s lignum vitae0 7a gold cross conta9+ ! wood ( life74 ,al?\gh ?is reliqu>y probably belongs to ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury1 ! inv5tory ( #afei describes x z a gift ( ,k+ ,/eph51 & proce$s to say t ! k+s ( ,hung>y took _! coronation oa? ^u x4 ,?is cu/om has be5 pres]v$ to ! pres5t day1 & ,emp]or ,francis ,joseph1 on ! occasion ( 8 coronation z ,k+ ( ,hung>y1 ,june #h1 #ahfg1 swore1 ^u ?is cross1 to uphold ! con/itution & ! laws ( ! l&4 ,! cross is decorat$ ) plates ( gold 9 filigree design1 & has f\r en cabo*on cut sapphires & eighte5 ori5tal pe>ls4 ,! greate/ treasure ( ! collection is kn[n z ! cross ( ,corv9us1 ,k+ ( ,hung>y1 & is decorat$ ) a great numb] ( pe>ls4#dei ,x is a rem>kable example ( e>ly ,italian ,r5aissance art4 ,! entire /ructure is ab\t tw5ty-eight in*es high2 ! p$e/al is triangul> & ornam5t$ ) pe>ls & preci\s /ones2 ?ree sph9xes be>+ %ields ) ! arms ( ,corv9us support a disk f :i* spr+s a triangul> support slop+ outw>d2 on ! ?ree sides are my?ological figures4 ,^u ?is base re/s ! *apel1 a light ,go?ic /ructure ) ! figure ( ! ,savi\r b\nd to a pill> 9 ! c5t]1 & ! bu/s ( ?ree prophets 9 ! ni*es outside4 ,above all is ! crucifix1 on ea* side ( :i* are figures ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 & ( ,/4 ,john4 ,ar\nd ! base & ab\t ea* division ( ?is elaborate design is a r[ ( pe>ls2 ! ,go?ic *apel is surm\nt$ by a close-set r[1 & ea* ( its six p9nacles t]m9ates 9 an oval pe>l4 ,! cross itself has fifte5 l>ge pe>ls dispos$ 9 twos & ?rees1 & _m small] ones4 ,!re are at lea/ two hundr$ pe>ls on ! :ole /ructure4 ,ano!r cross1 ) ! arms ( ! primate1 ,george ,szolep*nyi1 & be>+ ! date #affg1 is ( pure design & ri*ly decorat$ ) pe>ls & preci\s /ones4#dfj ,x is q possible t ?is cross1 :i* seems to belong to a bett] p]iod1 0 b\ght by ! ar*bi%op1 :o aft]w>d add$ 8 arms4 ,!re are ?irte5 ori5tal pe>ls1 ?ree at ! top1 ?ree at ! end ( ea* ( ! arms1 & f\r at ! int]section4 ,?is cross 0 us$ z an 8in/rum5tum pacis10 = ! kiss ( peace1 on solemn occasions su* z coronations4 ,we may also note ! p5dant ) ! image ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y z patroness ( ,hung>y1 :i* is ( gold enamel & has two p5dant pe>ls & a sapphire1 & likewise ! pectoral cross ( ! primate1 ,em]i* ,losy2 ?is is ( gold1 decorat$ ) gre51 blue1 & black enamel1 & has ?ree p5dant pe>-%ap$ pe>ls1 "o q l>ge1 z well z ?irty-f\r small] r\nd pe>ls4 ,among ! _m valuable & int]e/+ objects 9 ! treasury ( ! h\se & *apel ( ,m>ia ,loretto am ,hrads*91#dfa at ,prague1 !re is a mon/rance ( silv]-gilt1 ?irty-sev5 & a half in*es high & fifte5 & ?ree qu>t] in*es wide4 ,x dates f ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & is n a h>moni\s :ole1 b only a comb9ation ( diff]5t ornam5ts ( preci\s /ones1 corals1 & sev]al hundr$ pe>ls ( v>i\s sizes4 ,all ^! are ! devotional (f]+s ( n[ unkn[n giv]s1 & _m ( ! pieces are ( arti/ic workman%ip4 ,?is mon/rance owes its orig9 to ,josef von ,bil91 :o 0 a monk ( ! ,capu*9 ord] & a sacri/an ( ,m>ia ,loretto4 ,on acc\nt ( ! _m pe>ls :i* adorn x1 x is kn[n by ! "n ( ! 8,pe>l ,mon/rance40 ,ano!r mon/rance ( ,arabic gold1 ( ! ye> #afhj1 is tw5ty in*es high & is /udd$ ) fifty-"o pe>ls1 ( :i* tw5ty-n9e surr\nd ! disk1 :ile ! rema9d] are on ! plate & ! base4 ,!re are also two cr[ns ( silv]-gilt = ! /atues ( ! ,virg9 & ( ! ,infant ,jesus4 ,! l>g] ( ^! cr[ns has eighte5 diamonds1 a ruby1 & #ajb pe>ls set 9 two r[s2 :ile ! small] has n9ete5 diamonds & a great numb] ( pe>ls2 bo? cr[ns are made up ( ! (f]+s ( ! fai?ful4 ,9 a hi/oric description ( ! pe>ls 9 ! treasury ( ! ,kreml91 ,m>g]et1 a ,burgundian capta9 78,e/at de l'empire de ,russie10 #afdi71 says t ! treasury 0 8full ( all k9ds ( jewels1 pr9cipally pe>ls1 = !y are worn 9 ,russia m ?an 9 ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,i h se5 fifty *anges ( raim5t = ! emp]ors ar\nd ea* ( :i* !re 7 jewels = a bord]+1 & ! robes 7 entirely bord]$ ) pe>ls1 "s ) a bord] ( pe>ls measur+ a foot1 half a foot1 or f\r in*es 9 wid?4 ,i h se5 doz5s ( b$-cov]+s embroid]$ ) pe>ls40#dfb ,9 ! treasury ( ! celebrat$ ,troiza ,mona/]y ne> ,mosc[1 !re is an imm5se collection ( ornam5tal objects = ecclesia/ical use1 ! value ( :i* has be5 e/imat$ at _m millions ( rubles4 ,"h may be se5 mit]s & bi%ops' crooks--_m ( !m ( solid gold & set ) preci\s /ones--,bibles & missals 9 gold5 b9d+s1 prie/ly ve/m5ts1 alt>-clo?s1 etc41 all lit]ally cov]$ ) pe>ls4 ,!re is also a di% fill$ ) l>ge pe>ls ( enorm\s value4#dfc ,! use ( fre%-wat] pe>ls 9 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ecclesia/ical objects ( antiquity is %[n 9 ! 8,%r9e ( ,/4 ,patrick's ,gospels10 :i* is 9 ! ,dubl9 ,museum4 ,x 0 pur*as$ by ! ,iri% ,royal ,academy 9 #ahde = #cjj 7#aejj74 ,?is %r9e1 kn[n z ! 8domna* airgid10 is ( ,iri% manufacture & 0 p]haps made 9 ! elev5? or twelf? c5tury4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ! neighborhood ( ,clones1 9 ,c\nty ,monaghan1 & is ornam5t$ ) ?ree bosses :i* conta9$ uncut cry/als1 & are decorat$ ) figures ( grotesque animals & trac]ies enamel$ 9 blue pa/e2 betwe5 ^! may be se5 repres5tations ( f\r horsem54 ,on ea* ( ! f\r corn]s !re 0 a fre%-wat] pe>l1 "o ( :i* /ill rema9s 9 its sett+4 ,accord+ to ,george ,petrie1 ,,ll4,d41 9 8 8,*ri/ian ,inscriptions 9 ! ,iri% ,language10 ! %r9e be>s an inscription to ! effect t x 0 made by ,john ,o',b>rdan at ! in/ance ( ,john ,o',c>bry1 ,abbot ( ,clones1 :o di$ 9 #acec4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cr[n ,,( ,,/4 ,,edw>d ,! (ficial cr[n ( ,engl& ,dr4 ,r4 ,f4 ,s*>ff in=ms u t !re is also 9 ! ,dubl9 ,museum a mod]n ,celtic gold broo*1 pres5t$ to ,que5 ,victoria on ! occasion ( h] visit to ,irel& 9 #ahdi1 & conta9+ a pe>l ( beautiful lu/]1 discov]$ 9 ,l\gh ,esk1 :i* is 9 ! we/]n "p ( ,irel&4 ,dr4 ,s*>ff says t ?is pe>l is und\bt$ly f ! ,m>g>itif]a m>g>itif]a4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,=bes ,h[ie ( ,dubl9 writes t ! %r9e ( ,o',donnel1 made 9 #ajhd1 orig9ally conta9$ pe>ls4 ,x /ill reta9s "s pieces ( amb] & coral4 ,mr4 ,h[ie believes t fre%-wat] pe>ls 7 freely us$ 9 ! decoration ( anci5t ,iri% %r9es4 ,! inv5tories ( jewels & ornam5ts belong+ to ! k+s & que5s ( ,france1 to ! nobility1 & to ! treasures ( ! ,sa9te-,*apelle1 9 ,p>is1 & ( ! abbey & *ur* ( ,/4 ,d5is1 all m5tion a l>ge numb] ( objects decorat$ ) pe>ls4#dfd ,! m important ( ^! are giv5 bel[4 ,! foll[+ ornam5ts decorat$ ) pe>ls are m5tion$ 9 ! inv5tory ( ,l\is1 ,duke ( ,anj\1 :i* 0 made circa #acfj3dfe ,a l>ge silv]-gilt foot = a vase or *alice1 re/+ ^u six lions c\*ant1 & set ) gr\ps ( f\r pe>ls ) a g>net 9 ! middle4 ,a half girdle ( gold ) a h+e be>+ two ornam5ts1 "o a balas set betwe5 two eagles4 ,betwe5 ! ornam5ts is a gold b> set ) eight pe>ls 9 two r[s4 ,9 front is a clasp ) a l>ge sapphire 9 ! middle1 surr\nd$ by two balases & two sapphires alt]nat+ ) pe>ls4 ,a gold broo* hav+ a balas-ruby 9 ! middle1 & at ea* side f\r sapphires & f\r clu/]s ea* ( five q l>ge pe>ls4 ,a gold broo* ( a v pretty design1 ) five balas-rubies1 two sapphires1 & eight v r\nd pe>ls weigh+ ab\t f\r c>ats ea*4 ,at ea* end ( ! broo* is a flat pe>l weigh+ ab\t five c>ats4 ,!re is 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale#dff 9 ,p>is1 ! orig9al record ( ! execution ( ! te/am5t ( ! ,comte de ,montp5si]1 son ( ! ,duc de ,b]ri4 ,?is docum5t 0 writt5 9 #acih1 & x m5tions t ! sale ( ! jewels & plate ( ! c\nt produc$ ! sum ( 8#bcij livres t\rnois #aa sols #c d5i]s ab\t #hbfe40 ,9 ! record we h a description ( 8a l>ge gold cup1 weigh+ #e m>cs1 #g ounces1 #a gros ne>ly #c lbs41 :]eon !re is a cr[n ( preci\s /ones40 ,! decoration ( ! cup compris$ ?irty l>ge pe>ls1 six balas-rubies1 & f\r sapphires1 & we are told t ! ,duc de ,b]ri reta9$ x = 8 own use4 ,an e>ly m5tion ( ! use ( pe>ls 9 r+s occurs 9 ! inv5tory ( ! ,duc de ,b]ri1#dfg to :om we h j ref]r$4 ,?is inv5tory1 :i* 0 made 9 #adaf1 notes a gold r+ ) black enamel1 set ) a pe>l call$ 8! great pe>l ( ,b]ri40 ,! inv5tory ( ! p]sonal prop]ty ( ,m>gu]ite1 ,c\ntess ( ,fl&]s1 ! "m ( ! ,duke ( ,burgundy1 0 made 9 #adje4dfh ,9 ?is inv5tory we h a li/ ( an imm5se numb] ( ornam5tal objects ( e sort & k9d1 & ev]y?+1 f ! ducal cr[n to ! smalle/ tr9ket1 is g>ni%$ ) pe>ls4 ,9 mo/ cases ! numb] ( pe>ls is giv51 & we f9d t no less ?an #ddid are enum]at$4 ,evid5tly ! du*ess 0 ev] ready to honor ! preci\s gem to :i* %e ow$ h] "n1 & fully recogniz$ its poetical significance4 ,! foll[+ are a few ( ! m notewor?y ornam5ts 9 ! inv5tory3 ,! circlet ( ! great cr[n1 compos$ ( eight sections2 f\r ( :i* ea* comprise sixte5 pe>ls1 f\r diamonds1 & f\r balas-rubies1 ) a sapphire 9 ! c5t]2 ! f\r o!rs conta9 sixte5 pe>ls1 f\r diamonds1 & f\r sapphires1 ) a balas-ruby 9 ! c5t]2 beside ?is !re are two pe>ls 9 ea* section4 ,also1 eight l>ge fleurons ( ! great cr[n1 f\r ( :i* be> ea* tw5ty-?ree pe>ls1 five diamonds1 ?ree balas-rubies & a sapphire1 & ! o!r f\r ea* tw5ty-?ree pe>ls1 five diamonds1 f\r sapphires1 & a balas-ruby2 & eight small fleurons ( ! said cr[n g>ni%$ ea* ) a pe>l1 a sapphire1 & a balas-ruby4 ,! :ole is valu$ at #hgbd flor9s 7#bb1fhb74 ,a gold cap ) t5 l>ge ornam5ts fa%ion$ l broo*es1 five ( :i* are ea* ( six pe>ls & a balas-ruby1 & ! o!r five ea* ( five pe>ls & two balas-rubies1 & betwe5 ea* ornam5t !re is a balas-ruby4 ,?is is apprais$ at #baei flor9s 7#efac74 ,a head-dress g>ni%$ ) balas-rubies & sapphires & tassels ( l>ge pe>ls1 ea* ( six pe>ls1 & ) a r[ ( l>g] balas-rubies1 l>g] sapphires & l>g] pe>ls4 ,?is 0 e/imat$ at #bjcj flor9s 7#ebgh74 ,a gold necklace1 enamel$ :ite & gre51 g>ni%$ ) n9e rubies1 ?irte5 diamonds & ?irte5 pe>ls1 ) a clasp ( ?ree small rubies1 & ?ree l>ge pe>ls ) "o l>ge diamond 9 ! c5t]4 ,! wor? ( ?is necklace is giv5 z #aibc flor9s 7#ejjj74 ,! jewels & ornam5tal objects 9 ?is inv5tory are apprais$ at ! sum ( #ef1abi flor9s1--ab\t #ade1jjj1--;equival5t to a mu* l>g] sum to-day 9 consid]ation ( ! great] pur*as+ p[] ( money 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,9 #adhj1 dur+ ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xi1 an inv5tory 0 made ( ! objects pres]v$ 9 ! treasury ( ! ,sa9te-,*apelle 9 ,p>is4#dfi ,we select ! foll[+ items f ?is inv5tory3 ,a v beautiful cross1 cov]$ ) gold1 be>+ on "o side a cry/al reliqu>y :i* conta9$ a piece ( ! ,true ,cross4 ,on supports atta*$ to ! cross 7 images ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y & ( ,/4 ,john1 ea* hold+ a reliqu>y4 ,! cross itself re/$ on a squ>e silv]-gilt base be>+ ! images ( ! f\r evangeli/s4 ,! ornam5tation consi/$ ( fifty l>ge ,scot* pe>ls & #adb small ones1 int]mix$ ) g>nets & em]alds2 !re 7 also _m balas-rubies & sapphires ( diff]5t sizes4 ,! inv5tory says3 8,! goldsmi? ,ni*olas ,roet decl>es t ! /ones are g5u9e & t ! pe>ls are f ,scotl&40 ,ano!r gold cross1 re/+ on a silv]-gilt base :i* bore ! arms ( ,france & ,burgundy1 0 decorat$ ) f\rte5 sapphires1 tw5ty balas-rubies1 & tw5ty-f\r ,scot* pe>ls4 ,on ! base 7 ! figures ( ,/4 ,l\is & ( ! que51 kneel+ 9 pray]4 ,/ill ano!r cross1 cov]$ ) gold & ( ,v5etian workman%ip1 bore ?irty-n9e pe>ls1 tw5ty-sev5 balas-rubies1 & f\r sapphires4 ,a clasp atta*$ to ?is cross 0 set ) f\r l>ge p]=at$ pe>ls surr\nd$ by small em]alds & sapphires4 ,a silv]-gilt ornam5t1 consi/+ ( a gold5 image ( ,/4 ,l\is seat$ on a silv] ?rone & hold+ 9 8 h& a reliqu>y decorat$ ) twelve pe>ls1 six em]alds1 & six ,alex&rian rubies4 ,! cr[n ( ! image 0 set ) f\r l>ge ori5tal pe>ls1 ?ree balas-rubies1 etc4 ,an ivory image ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 support$ by a silv]-gilt base ) ! arms ( ,france4 ,?is base 0 borne by f\r lions4 ,on ! head ( ! ,virg9 0 a cr[n ( gold adorn$ ) eight l>ge1 r\nd1 ori5tal pe>ls & f\r small ones1 z well z f\r em]alds & f\r balas-rubies4 ,on ! brea/ ( ! image 0 a v l>ge1 squ>e em]ald4 ,a spl5did mit] /udd$ ) good-siz$ pe>ls & decorat$ ) em]alds1 rubies1 sapphires1 & balas-rubies4 ,! p5dants 7 cov]$ ) se$-pe>ls & preci\s /ones4 ,a f9e *asuble ( ,indian sat9 l9$ ) crimson taffeta & cov]$ ) lilies1 birds1 unicorns1 etc41 embroid]$ 9 gold & pe>ls4 ,x 0 also adorn$ ) small clu/]s ( pe>ls & ) two %ields be>+ ! arms ( ,france & ,nav>re1 qu>t]$4 ,a beautiful copy ( ! gospels ) cov]s ( gold1 ornam5t$ ) f\rte5 l>ge sapphires1 ?irte5 balas-rubies1 two cameos1 & eighty-n9e good-siz$ pe>ls4 ,! foll[+ items are tak5 f ! inv5tory ( ! treasury ( ! abbey ( ,/4 ,d5is1 made 9 #aecd1 dur+ ! reign ( ,francis ,i4 ,?is record is 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale1 9 ,p>is3#dgj ,a cr[n ( gold1 ) f\r fleurons1 g>ni%$ ) sev]al balas-rubies1 em]alds1 sapphires1 & pe>ls2 valu$ at #ei1ihj cr[ns 7ab\t #ace1jjj74 ,a gold5 cross & )9 x a piece ( ! ,true ,cross :i* belong$ to 8,jeanne d',evreux1 royne de ,france et de ,nav>re10 valu$1 ) ! pe>ls t decorate x1 at #cde cr[ns 7#ggf74 ,a wood5 *e/ conta9+ elev5 cases 9 :i* 7 _m preci\s /ones & l>ge & small pe>ls1 bo? ori5tal & ,scot*2 valu$ at #aheh cr[ns 7#dahj74 ,a numb] ( prie/ly ve/m5ts embroid]$ ) se$-pe>ls are inv5tori$ at #abjj cr[ns 7#bgjj74 ,a blue sat9 *asuble bord]$ ) pe>ls is valu$ at #cej cr[ns 7#ghg74 ,an alt>-table1 set 9 ! 8gr& alt>10 is describ$ z elaborately decorat$ ) 8ar*es & pill>s & images ( gold0 9 l[ relief1 & g>ni%$ ) preci\s /ones & pe>ls4 ,! value is giv5 z #abjc cr[ns 7#bgjj74 ,ano!r alt>-table simil>ly ornam5t$ is valu$ at #bfde cr[ns 7#ehej74 ,above ?is table 0 a great cross ( gold ) a silv] bord]1 call$ ! 8cross ( ,/4 ,eloysius0 7! patron sa9t ( goldsmi?s72 ?is 0 valu$ at #bbia cr[ns 7#eaed74 ,ov] ! s>cophagus conta9+ ! body ( ,/4 ,d5is1 !re 0 8a l>ge tab]nacle ( wood-"w resembl+ a *ur*1 ) a l(ty nave & l[ ar*es40 ,9 ?is nave & 9 ! transepts !re 7 ?ree repres5tations ( s>cophagi2 ! :ole 0 cov]$ ) gold1 preci\s /ones1 & pe>ls1 & 0 valu$ at #gbge cr[ns 7#af1cfh74 ,! head ( ,/4 ,d5is1 incas$ 9 gold1 0 borne by two silv]-gilt angels1 :ile a ?ird held a small %r9e conta9+ a portion ( ! jaw-bone ( ! sa9t4 ,all ^! objects 7 /udd$ ) preci\s /ones & pe>ls1 & 7 valu$ at #efbb cr[ns 7#ab1fej74 ,!re 7 also 9 ! treasury sev]al mit]s cov]$ ) 8ounce-pe>ls0 & decorat$ ) gold & silv] b&s2 on ?is field sev]al l>g] pe>ls 7 set4 ,"o ( ^! mit]s is valu$ at #ifd cr[ns 7#bafi7 & ano!r at #eji cr[ns 7#aace74 ,! total value ( ! articles inv5tori$ is #ahe1ejj cr[ns 7at lea/ #dag1cge74 ,inv5tories ( ! prop]ty ( ! dukes ( ,lorra9e1 dat$ #aedd1 #aeeb1 & #afad1 m5tion a numb] ( pe>l ornam5ts4 ,9 ! inv5tory ( #aedd1 made ab\t ! "t ( ! accession ( ,francis ,i ( ,lorra9e1 we read ( 8a v f9e case ( silv]-gilt ar\nd :i* are ?irte5 p]sonages 9 gold1 & on ! lock ?ree balases & five pe>ls40 ,! inv5tory ( #aeeb1 made :ile ,*>les ,,ii 0 duke1 m5tions 8a cap ( crimson velvet :]eon !re are l>ge pe>ls10 & ano!r cap 8entirely cov]$ ) pe>ls40 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 ! inv5tory ( #afad1 made a few ye>s aft] ! accession ( ,h5ry ,,ii ( ,lorra9e1 t we f9d ! greate/ numb] ( items relat+ to pe>ls4 ,an e/imate ( ! value ( ! r+s & jewels 0 8faicte du comm&em5t de son ,altze p> j\ailli]s et ,lapidaires et ,esp]tz dudit ars40 ,all ^! jewels 7 to rema9 =ev] ! prop]ty ( ! ,du*y ( ,lorra9e4 ,among ! items relat+ to pe>ls1 ! foll[+ are wor?y ( note3 ,a gold coll> ) sev5 sett+s1 ea* conta9+ "o l>ge diamond & two l>ge pe>ls4 ,! diamond 9 ! c5t] 0 believ$ to weigh fifte5 c>ats1 & ! coll> 0 valu$ at #ce1jjj cr[ns 7ab\t #gj1jjj74 ,ano!r coll> conta9$ sev5 diamonds & sixte5 pe>ls set 9 pairs1 & 0 consid]$ to be wor? #ai1gej cr[ns 7ab\t #dj1jjj74 ,a collection ( "o hundr$ l>ge pe>ls1 "s weigh+ tw5ty gra9s1 "s tw5ty-f\r1 "s tw5ty-eight1 & a few ?irty-two gra9s1 7 e/imat$ at #ab1jjj cr[ns 7#bd1jjj74 ,a l>ge pe>l1 v ne>ly pe>-%ap$ & almo/ z l>ge z a pigeon's egg1 0 set d[n at #bjjj cr[ns 7#djjj74 ,a v f9e pe>-%ap$ pe>l weigh+ =ty-eight gra9s 0 valu$ at #hjj cr[ns 7#afjj74 ,ano!r pe>-%ap$ pe>l weigh+ ab\t ?irty-two gra9s 0 plac$ at #ejj cr[ns 7#ajjj74 ,f\r o!r pe>-%ap$ pe>ls1 ne>ly z l>ge z ! "o above m5tion$1 7 e/imat$ at #cjj cr[ns 7#fjj71 :ile a r\nd 8pe>l ( ,seville0 0 valu$ at only fifty cr[ns 7#ajj74 ,six clu/]s ( pe>ls1 ea* conta9+ two ( f\rte5 gra9s1 & f\r ( eight gra9s1 7 ?\ght to be wor? #gjj cr[ns 7#adjj74 ,a l>ge *alice 0 decorat$ ) sev5 l>ge ori5tal em]alds & eight clu/]s1 ea* compos$ ( f\rte5 f9e1 r\nd pe>ls1 six ( twelve gra9s & eight ( eight gra9s2 ! :ole valu$ at #bdjj cr[ns 7#dhjj74 ,a hat ornam5t compos$ ( elev5 f9e rubies & t5 l>ge1 r\nd pe>ls1 ea* weigh+ twelve gra9s1 0 e/imat$ at #hjj cr[ns 7#afjj74 ,a simil> ornam5t1 compos$ ( ?irte5 rubies & f\rte5 pe>ls1 p>tly flat & p>tly r\nd1 0 plac$ at #bjjj cr[ns 7#djjj74 ,a coll> set ) sev5 f9e rubies & ! same numb] ( r\nd pe>ls1 ea* weigh+ twelve gra9s1 & ) sev5 o!r p5dant pe>ls1 0 valu$ at #eej cr[ns 7#aajj74 ,!re 0 also a b$ call$ ! 8b$ ( pe>ls10 :i* 0 elaborately decorat$ ) ornam5tation 9 gold & ri*ly /udd$ ) pe>ls4 ,! inv5tory made 9 #afcd ( ! ornam5ts1 etc41 conta9$ 9 ! abbey ( ,/4 ,d5is1 (f]s "s new mat]ial & a full] description ( a few ( ! objects m5tion$ 9 ! inv5tory ( #aecd4 ,! mo/ notewor?y entries are giv5 bel[3 ,a gold5 scept] ^u a /aff ( wood4 ,! scept] be>s ! figure ( ,*>lemagne seat$ ^u a ?rone2 at ! corn]s are two lions & two eagles 7"o ( ! latt] 0 lack+ 9 #afcd74 ,! figure holds a scept] 9 its "r h&1 & a globe surm\nt$ by a cross 9 its left2 on its head is a cr[n ) a l>ge1 r\nd1 ori5tal pe>l valu$ at #bjj livres 7#ace74 ,! ?rone re/$ on a fleur-de-lys1 b5ea? :i* 0 a ball ( gold ornam5t$ ) eight ori5tal pe>ls4 ,ar\nd ! ?rone 0 ! inscription3 8,sanctus ,c>olus ,magnus ,italia ,roma ,gallia ,g]mania10 & ?ree clu/]s ( ?ree pe>ls ea*4 ,! value ( ?is scept] 0 giv5 at #ccjj livres1 or ab\t #bbjj4 ,! reliqu>y ( ! h& ( ,/4 ,?omas4 ,two angels1 re/+ on a silv]-gilt base1 bore ! cry/al receptacle conta9+ ! relic4 ,! ornam5tation consi/$ ( eight clu/]s ( f\r l>ge pe>ls ea*1 ) a small diamond 9 ! c5t]4 ,on ! h& 0 a gold b& be>+ ! inscription3 8,hic e/ manus beati ,?omae apti4 quam misit 9 latus dom9i no/ri ,jesu ,*ri/i40 ,on ! h& 0 a pontifical r+ set ) a l>ge sapphire4 ,! reliqu>y also bore ! images ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 ( ,/4 ,?omas1 & ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,x 0 valu$ at #eeij livres1 or ab\t #cgjj4 ,a vessel made ( a porphyry resembl+ jasp] & embelli%$ ) =ty-six pe>ls2 e/imat$ at #aejj livres 7#ajjj74 ,a cope giv5 by ,anne ( ,bretagne1 ,que5 ( ,france1 & be>+ six sc5es f ! life ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y embroid]$ 9 gold & pe>ls2 ! :ole bord]$ ) pe>ls & gold ( ,cyprus4 ,on ! cope 7 ! lett]s ,a & ,s1 & ! words 8pluto/ m\rir40 ,!re 7 two ounces ( pe>ls4 ,valu$ at #bjjj livres 7#acej74 ,a vase ( rock cry/al1 ( antique workman%ip1 ) a cov] & base ( silv]-gilt2 ! top decorat$ ) a b& ( ame?y/s1 g>nets1 & sapphires1 alt]nat+ ) ,scot* & ori5tal pe>ls4 ,on ! base are v>i\s preci\s /ones & tw5ty-?ree ,scot* & ori5tal pe>ls1 & ! inscription 8,hoc vas sponsa d$it ,anor4 regi ,ludovico40 ,?is vase 0 giv5 by ,eleanor ( ,aquita9e to h] husb&1 ,l\is ,,vii ( ,france 7#aacg-aahj71 by :om x 0 be/[$ ^u ,sug]1 ,abbot ( ,/4 ,d5is 7#ajhb-aaeb74 ,! goldsmi? "w & decoration belong to ! "t ( ,sug]4 ,! vase is n[ 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,a *alice ( agate1 ) two h&les1 & engrav$ ) ! figures ( m51 animals1 & birds4 ,x /ood on a foot ( gold adorn$ ) sixte5 sapphires1 =ty-f\r pe>ls1 & tw5ty-two clu/]s ( f\rte5 pe>ls ea*4 ,?is *alice re/$ ^u a pat5 ( porphyry decorat$ ) sev5 fi%es inlaid 9 gold1 & ) a bord]+ ( pe>ls & preci\s /ones dispos$ ar\nd ! edge4 ,bo? toge!r valu$ at #be1jjj livres 7ab\t #af1jjj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,empress ,,d[ag] ,,( ,,*9a ,f a portrait pa9t$ by ,miss ,ka?>9e ,a4 ,c>l ,a vase ( agate ) a foot ( silv]-gilt1 & furni%$ ) a cov] & a sp\t 9 ! =m ( a s]p5t1 bo? ( silv]-gilt4 ,ar\nd ! base an inscription3 8,dum lib>e deo gemmis debemus et auro1 ,hoc ego ,sug]us (f]o vas dom9o0 7,s9ce we %\ld p\r libations to ,god out ( gems & gold1 ,i1 ,sug]1 (f] ?is vessel to ! ,"l74 ,?is vase1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,l\vre & is ( s>donyx1 0 enri*$ ) _m preci\s /ones & ) n9ete5 ,scot* & ori5tal pe>ls4 ,! value giv5 0 #aejj livres 7ab\t #ajjj74 ,a book beg9n+3 8,kyrie ,eleison10 ) cov]s ( wood1 "o ov]laid ) gold & ! o!r ) silv]4 ,on ! gold5 cov] 0 an ivory crucifix1 & images1 9 ivory1 ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y & ( ,/4 ,john4 ,! cross 0 bord]$ ) se$-pe>ls1 z 7 ! diadems ( ! images4 ,! cov] 0 also decorat$ ) an engrav$ crysolite1 an engrav$ p]idot1 & ) sapphires1 em]alds1 & g>nets4#dga ,a curi\s item reg>d+ ! use ( pe>ls 9 embroid]y is conta9$ 9 "o ( ! inv5tories ( ! dukes ( ,burgundy1 made 9 #adad2 ?is reads z foll[s3 ,! sum ( #bgf livres #g sols #f d5i]s t\rnois 7ab\t #ifj71 ! price ( #ifj pe>ls de/9$ to ornam5t a dress2 along ! sleeves are embroid]$ ! words ( ! song 8,madame1 je suis joyeulx10 & ! notes are also m>k$ along ! sleeves4 ,on ea* sleeve are #bfd pe>ls :i* help 9 =m+ ! notes ( ! said song1 numb]+ #adb2 t is to say1 a squ>e made ( f\r pe>ls = ea* note4#dgb ,m5tion is made 9 two old ,fr5* docum5ts ( ! use ( pe>ls f ,compiegne 9 ornam5tation4 ,9 ! 8,inv5taire de la royne ,clm5ce10 9 #acbh1 we read ( 8a cock cov]$ ) preci\s /ones & be>+ a pe>l ( ,compigne02 & 9 ! 8,comptes ,royaux10 "u date ( #acec1 appe>s ?is item3 8,= f\r pe>ls1 ori5tal1 ,scot* & ( ,compigne1 = ! said arm-*air1 #dh cr[ns40 ,z ^! pe>ls c\ld n h be5 f\nd 9 ,compigne1 we may suppose t !re 0 a m>ket = _! sale 9 t place1 :i* gave rise to ! designation4#dgc ,! ,engli% au?ority & writ] on e>ly ,engli% silv]1 ,f4 ,alfr$ ,jones1 communicat$1 "u date ( ,septemb]1 #aijg1 t pe>ls 7 r>ely us$ 9 old ,engli% plate2 9 fact1 any su* embelli%m5ts 7 ( exce$+ly infrequ5t occurr5ce4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! inv5tory ( ! m>vel\s collection ( gold plate disp]s$ by ,*>les ,i ( ,engl&1 :i* may h dat$ f ! "t ( ! loot+ ( ! *ur*es & mona/]ies by ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,! foll[+ items are f ! inv5tories ( ,philip ,,ii ( ,spa9 & ( ,m>g>ita1 wife ( ,philip ,,iii4 ,! orig9al docum5ts are 9 ! ,au/rian ar*ives4 ,a gold5 cup :i* came f ,engl&4 ,ar\nd ! foot 0 a wrea? ( fifte5 fleurons1 ea* conta9+ pe>ls1 & also f\r ,/4 ,&rew's crosses compris+ eighte5 pe>ls ea*4 ,! int]ior ( ! cup %[$ sc5es f ! life ( ,/4 ,george & 0 /udd$ ) pe>ls1 :ile ?irty-"o pe>l p5dants hung f ! edge4 #aa1hig reals 7ab\t #agjj74dgd ,"s curi\s jewels1 belong+ to ,que5 ,m>g>ita1 wife ( ,philip ,,iii ( ,spa91 7 ent]$ 9 an inv5tory made 9 #afaa4 ,an imp]ial eagle1 full ( diamonds1 t came f ,engl&1 ) two p5dants ( two pe>ls1 :i* c\ld be unhook$ f ! said eagle & 7 worn by h] ,maje/y at two masks z e>r+s4 ,valu$ at #gg1jjj reals 7ab\t #aa1jjj74 ,gold e>r+s1 enamel$ 9 v>i\s colors1 ) sev5 diamonds 9 ea* "o & ?ree p5dant pe>ls1 two small ones ( equal size & ! o!r %ap$ l a pe>4 ,valu$ at #acbj reals 7#ahh74dge ,9 ! old] ,spani% jewelry pe>ls 7 frequ5tly entirely pi]c$ ?r\gh1 z if !y _h be5 worn 9 necklaces2 & if hung z drops ( "o to ?ree or m1 !y 7 /rung on a wire1 ! upp] end usually =m+ an ornam5t1 & !y 7 kept f fall+ (f bel[ by flatt5+ ! l[] end ( ! wire1 ?is flatt5+ act+ z a /op4 ,^! /yles h a m>k$ resemblance to ! ori5tal me?ods else:]e describ$1 & sugge/ ! d]ivation ( ! e>ly ,spani% pe>l m\nt+ f ! ,moori% occupation ( ! c\ntry4 ,if !y 7 set s+ly on any "p ( ! jewel1 !y 7 put on a wire peg fa/5$ to x1 & !n ! end ( ! wire :i* project$ 0 hamm]$ flat to keep ! pe>l 9 place4 ,excell5t examples ( ^! /yles are ! ,spani% e>r+s 9 ! collection ( ! ,hispano-,am]ican ,museum ( ,new ,york4 ,! same me?od 0 us$ 9 ,transylvania 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ) rem>kably arti/ic effect4 ,! pe>ls ( ! ,virg9 ( ! ,ros>y 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,dom+o1 ,lima1 7 fam\s4 ,x is believ$ t !y 7 sold 9 ! w> ( indep5d5ce4 ,^? ( ! mon/rance 9 ! sanctu>y ( ! ca!dral ( ,lima 7 sold dur+ ! la/ w> ) ,*ile4 ,! mon/rance ( ! ca!dral ( ,cuzco /ill %[s pe>ls & em]alds1 b !y are ( small size4 ,a lady :o left a great =tune 9 pe>ls to ! *ur* ( ,naz>5o & ! ,h\se ( ! ,poor ( ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,pet]1 ,lima1 0 ,da ,m>ia ,f]n&ez de ,crdoba1 f ! family ( ,borda1 gr&mo!r to ! m9i/] ( ,p]u 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,%e 0 a desc5dant ( ,h]nan ,corts & ( ,piz>ro by h] ance/or ,c>m5 ,corts4 ,! pe>ls ( ,lima figure prom95tly 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,p]uvian families4 ,! w> ( indep5d5ce1 :i* end$ 9 #ahbb1 0 foll[$ by ! suppression ( ! entail$ e/ates2 ?is =c$ a division ( ! family =tunes1 & x became necess>y to sell ! family jewels 9 ,europe4 ,?i!r w5t all ! fam\s pe>ls ( ! ,p]uvian ari/ocracy1 ^: luxury is prov5 by ! fact t 9 #aghj !re 7 9 ,lima no less ?an two ?\s& private c>riages4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable uses ( ,bohemian pe>ls 0 t ( a l>ge tripty* own$ by ,c\nt ,moritz ( ,lobk[itz & ,duke ( ,raudnitz4 ,x measur$ six or m feet 9 height4 ,! entire bord]s 7 ornam5t$ ) pe>ls4 ,! c5t] ( ! tripty* repres5t$ ! asc5sion ( ,*ri/ on a *>iot drawn by lambs4 ,9 ! panel to ! "r 0 ! ,angel ,gabriel1 & to ! left ! ,virg9 ,m>y pray+4 ,! bord]s & lett]+ 7 magnific5tly embroid]$ & decorat$ 9 ,bohemian pe>ls4 ,?is object probably dat$ f ! sixte5? or e>ly "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x 0 e/imat$ by "o ( ! au?ors to conta9 at lea/ "o hundr$ ?\s& pe>ls4 ,madame ,zelie ,nuttal1 ! great ,maya s*ol>1 p]sonally writes t pe>ls are n m5tion$ ei!r z articles ( tribute or ( decoration 9 anci5t ,mexican codices2 possibly a lack ( f9e1 h>d in/rum5ts ) :i* to drill holes 9 pe>ls may h caus$ !m to be comp>atively little us$ 9 p]sonal adornm5t4 ,nei!r d !y appe> to h be5 f\nd incru/$ 9 prehi/oric objects1 & we h no writt5 evid5ce ( _! hav+ be5 us$ 9 ?is way4 ,we d n "k ( any in/ances ( ! we>+ ( pe>ls by ! ,indian wom51 b ! wom5 ( ! high] classes us$ to we> !m pr(usely1 m especially drop-e>r+s & p5dants4 ,madame ,nuttal also communicates z foll[s3 ,b]nad9o de ,sahagun /ates3 8,!re are also pe>ls 9 ,new ,spa91 & !y are famili> to ev]ybody4 ,!y are nam$ epyollotti1#dgf :i* means ! he>t ( ! %ell1 because !y are =m$ 9 ! %ell ( ! oy/]40 ,9 ,mol9a's diction>y 8se$-pe>ls0 are nam$ 8piciltic epyollotti10 :i* means 8wat]-/>s10 a poetical "n1 compos$ ( ! ^w a att wat]1 & cittall9 />4 ,! latt] "n leads u to inf] ! possibility t ! 8/>-skirt1 or skirt (1 or ) />s10 ! 8cittall9 icue0 ( ! liv+ image ( ! goddess 8,tlamateculitti0 0 decorat$ ) pe>ls1 al?\gh x is only describ$ 7,book ,,ii1 *ap4 #cf7 z be+ 8( lea!r1 cut into /rips at ! bottom 7=m+ a fr+e71 at ! end ( ea* ( :i* hung a small %ell nam$ #8cueclitti' :i* reproduc$ a s\nd :5 %e walk$40 ,z x is /at$ t ?is 8/>-skirt0 0 worn ov] 8a :ite "o0 x seems z ?\gh x mu/ h be5 ( ! k9d1 repres5t$ 9 codices & sculptures1 made ( op5work & netlike1 & /udd$ ) r\nd objects--possibly pe>ls--at ! cross+s or 9 ! c5t]s ( ! op5 spaces4 ,oil-pa9t+s ( ! madonnas repres5t !m ) robes ri*ly embroid]$ ) pe>ls1 & we>+ 8ropes ( pe>ls40 ,! ,virg9 ( ! ,ros>io1 9 ! *ur* at ,santo ,dom+o1 ,mexico1 0 not$ = h] pe>ls1 & !re is a small oil-pa9t+ ( ?is virg91 9 :i* %e is depict$ ) a weal? ( pe>ls4 ,9 ! ,bohemian ,national ,exposition1 held at ,prague 9 #ahia1 ,c\nt ,s*w>z5b]g exhibit$ f\r embroid]ies1 ea* f\rte5 by eight in*es4 ,!y 7 embroid]$ ) ,bohemian pe>ls f\nd on 8 doma9s a c5tury or m previ\s1 & conta9$ _m ?\s&s ( pe>ls4 ,9 ,hung>y pe>ls h always be5 ! favorite jewels1 especially among ! ari/ocracy1 & !y h s]v$ to adorn ! national co/ume ( bo? m5 & wom54 ,a c5tury ago ne>ly e family ( di/9ction own$ a necklace1 b mo/ ( ! pe>ls 7 small & ( indiff]5t quality4 ,s9ce t "t f9e pe>ls h become m usual1 & _m weal?y ,hung>ian families h acquir$ beautiful pe>ls ( good size & excell5t quality1 & _m spl5did necklaces c n[ be se5 9 ,hung>y4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! f9e/3 ,a necklace ( ?ree l>ge r[s1 own$ by ! ,ar*duke ,joseph & valu$ at "o million francs4 ,a /ill l>g] necklace 9 ! possession ( ,pr9ce ,ni*olas ,e/]hazy2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is an entail$ heirloom1 & may n be p>t$ ) )\t ! k+'s p]mission4 ,a v f9e necklace ( five r[s1 also an entail$ heirloom1 own$ by ,c\nt ,maurice ,e/]hazy4 ,a l>ge necklace1 possess$ by ,c\ntess ,alois ,k>oly1 wife ( ! late ambassador 9 ,london4 ,?is is ano!r entail$ heirloom2 its value is at lea/ a million & a half francs4 ,an unusually l>ge necklace ( f\r r[s1 su* z "o r>ely sees1 own$ by ! ,c\ntess ,w5kheim4 ,! pe>ls are :ite1 & h a good %ape1 b n mu* brilliancy4 ,! av]age size ( ^! pe>ls is approximately tw5ty-f\r gra9s4 ,an equally l>ge necklace consi/+ ( a s+le r[1 av]ag+ tw5ty-six gra9s1 9 ! possession ( ,c\ntess ,l\is ,bat?yani4 ,!re are a great _m o!r necklaces ( f9e quality1 wor? f #cjj1jjj francs d[n to #ajj1jjj francs1 belong+ to families su* z ^? ( ,c\nt ,joseph ,hunyadi1 ,c\ntess ,fe/etics-,hamilton1 ,c\nt ,l&or ,nako1 ,pe] ,leo ,lanczi1 ,c\nt ,alb]t ,apponyi1 ,mr4 ,eug5e ,dreh]1 ,madame ,emma de ,ba*ra*1 etc41 etc4 ,inde$1 almo/ e weal?y family ( ! bett] class owns a necklace wor? up to #ajj1jjj francs & ov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pe>l ,,ornam5ts ,,( ,,! ,,sev5te5? ,,& ,,eighte5? ,,c5turies ,hung>ian ,aigret ,e>r+1 ,hung>y ,e>r+s1 ,nijni-,novgorod ,spani% e>r+ ,! portraits ( ! fifte5?1 sixte5?1 & sev5te5? c5turies af=d u _m int]e/+ evid5ces reg>d+ ! v>i\s =ms ( jewelry 9 :i* pe>ls 7 us$4 ,inde$1 _h we no o!r records1 ^! pictures alone w\ld prove ! great popul>ity ( ! gem z an ornam5t4 ,9 ! f9ely execut$ portrait ( ! ,du*ess ,anne de ,france1 %e we>s a coronet ) ?ree pe>ls at ea* po9t4 ,x seems to be made up ( ?ree l>ge pe>ls1 set on a r[ ( pe>ls circl+ ! entire top ( h] head1 b5ea? :i* is a r[ ( great em]alds1 & !n ano!r r[ ( pe>ls4 ,fl>+ d[nw>d & entirely cov]+ ! side ( h] head ne> ! e>1 are two r[s ( pe>ls ) a r[ ( f9e em]alds betwe5 !m1 ! r[s ( pe>ls deflect+ slightly d[nw>d until ! *9 l9e is rea*$1 & !n turn+ back & slightly upw>d1 meet+ at ! back4 ,z 9 ! cr[n cap1 ! same sev]e decoration 9 pe>ls is ! ma9 feature1 & is repeat$ on ea* side ( ! robe1 ! front ( :i* is ( erm9e4 ,beg9n+ on a l9e ) ! %\ld] is a broad b& ( pe>ls & em]alds set 9 gold :i* ext5ds bel[ h] wai/4 ,at ! top ( ?is are six pe>ls set 9 a /raight l9e4 ,!n f ! end ( ?is l9e1 dropp+ /raight d[n1 is a r[ on ea* side4 ,betwe5 ! two r[s is a gem1 !n two great pe>ls & ano!r gem1 !n two m pe>ls1 ?is be+ repeat$ to bel[ ! wai/4 ,! erm9e is held at h] wai/ by a trefoil rev]s$2 t is1 two pe>ls above & "o bel[ a great gem1 & !n a trefoil rev]s$ bel[ ?is4 ,?is portrait is dat$ #adih & is on a tripty* 9 ! ca!dral ( ,m\l9s4 ,q unique is ! pe>l decoration 9 a picture ( ,/4 ,b>b>a1 pa9t$ by an arti/ ( ! ,fr5* s*ool1 & dat$ #aebj1 :i* is 9 ! ,national ,museum ( ,budape/4 ,?is arti/ uses pe>ls ) ! utmo/ sev]ity ( ta/e & ri*ness4 ,beg9n+ a trifle above ! c5t] ( h] =ehead is an em]ald ornam5t1 & on ea* side !re ext5d to ! back ( h] head ?ree r[s ( pe>ls1 n plac$ exactly "o r[ above ! o!r1 b ! r[s int]tw9$ ) ea* o!r4 ,! :ole is enri*$ by a great /r+ ( pe>ls ab\t h] neck4 ,! effect produc$ is extremely arti/ic & beautiful4 ,ca?>9e de' ,m$ici wore two r[s ( pe>ls on h] bonnet1 & a qua9t necklace 9 sections ( two r[s ( f\r pe>ls1 ) a l>ge pe>l betwe52 a pe>-%ap$ p5dant on a ,r5aissance jewel2 a r[ ( pe>ls ar\nd h] l[-cut bodice1 & a girdle ( jewels alt]nat+ ) pe>ls1 :i* ext5d$ to ! l[] end ( h] g[n4 ,9 addition to all ?is1 %e wore a bracelet ( jewels ) a pe>l set betwe5 ea* ornam5t4 ,?is arti/ic comb9ation is be/ %[n 9 h] portrait 9 ! ,uffizi1 ,flor5ce 7,no4 #gbf71 pa9t$ by an unkn[n arti/4 ,"o ( ! mo/ unique1 ri*1 & *ic collections ( pe>ls1 & "o worn ) unusual grace1 is t ( ! ,infanta ,isabella ,cl>a ,eug5ia1 %[n 9 ! f9e portrait ( h] by ,coello ,san*ez4 ,9 ?is portrait h] hat %[s ! plumes embroid]$ ) slant+ r[s ( ?ree1 f\r1 & five pe>ls4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! hat is an ornam5t %ap$ l a fl[]1 ) sev5 l>ge pe>l petals surr\nd+ a great pe>l c5t]4 ,! hat is tilt$ to "o side %[+ h] hair on ! left1 :ile a little to ! "r ( ! c5t] ( h] =ehead1 & t\*+ x1 !re hangs f h] hair a great pe>-%ap$ pe>l1 :i* adds a wond]ful am\nt ( "* to ! jewel+ ( h] head4 ,ar\nd h] neck is a high flut$ ruff2 bel[ :i* is a coll> ( l>ge gems reliev$ by an ornam5t ( two pe>ls plac$ betwe5 ea* gem4 ,! same int]e/+ motive is c>ri$ out 9 a girdle ( gems :i* comes d[n v l[ to h] wai/1 t]m9at+ 9 a l>ge jewel$ he>t ornam5t4 ,! pa9t+ %[s sixte5 rem>kable pe>ls 9 ! coll>1 & ?irty-six pe>ls 9 ! jewel$ girdle4 ,a v int]e/+ collection ( portraits 0 exhibit$ la/ spr+ 7#aijg7 at ! ,biblio?que ,nationale 9 ,p>is4 ,! pictures are conta9$1 9 "s in/ances1 9 old illum9at$ manuscripts1 :ile 9 o!rs !y are contempor>y crayon sket*es4 ,_m pe>l decorations are repres5t$1 & we give a few ( ! mo/ important4 ,! portrait ( ,anne de ,bretagne 7#adgf-aead71 wife ( ,l\is ,,xii1 f ! 8,heures d',anne de ,bretagne10 illum9at$ by ,jean ,b\rdi*on1 repres5ts ! que5 kneel+2 %e we>s a coll> ornam5t$ ) gr\ps ( f\r pe>ls alt]nat+ ) preci\s /ones4 ,a crayon sket* ( ,franoise de ,foix1 ,comtesse de ,*teaubriant 7#adij-aecg71 :o became ! mi/ress ( ,francis ,i1 %[s h] we>+ a hood or coif ornam5t$ ) =ty oval pe>ls4 ,%e also we>s a necklace ( sixty f9e r\nd pe>ls4 ,diane de ,poiti]s 7#adii-aeff71 gr&daught] ( ,*>les ,,vii & ,agnes ,sorel1 is repres5t$ ) a head-dress simil> to t worn by ! ,comtesse de ,*teaubriant 4 ,x has a bord] ( sixty r\nd pe>ls4 ,?is crayon is ( ! "t ( ,jean ,cl\et4 ,a portrait ( ,philip ,/rozzi 7#aeda-aehb7 :o1 al?\gh an ,italian1 _h ! rank ( colonel-gnral 9 ! ,fr5* army1 is int]e/+ z an illu/ration ( ! we>+ ( e>r+s by ! m5 ( ?is p]iod4 ,! f9e r\nd pe>l :i* hangs f 8 e> /rikes u n[ z a curi\s ornam5t = a w>rior4 ,a crayon sket* ( ,gabrielle d',e/res 7d4 #aeii71 mi/ress ( ,h5ri ,,iv1 is attribut$ to ! h& ( ,daniel ,dumon/i]4 ,"h may be se5 a spl5did pe>l necklace1 :i* app>5tly consi/s ( six sections1 ea* compris+ ?ree r[s ( eight r\nd pe>ls1 ! sections be+ connect$ ) ea* o!r by a l>ge oval pe>l4 ,! necklace1 :i* hangs d[n ov] ! bosom1 is fa/5$ by a clasp 9 ! =m ( a f\r-leav$ clov]1 f :i* dep5d two o!r sections simil> to ^? describ$ above1 & t]m9at+ 9 an oval pe>l p5dant4 ,! portrait ( ! ,du*esse de ,montp5si] 7#afbg-afic71 ! 8,gr&e ,mademoiselle0 ( ,mme4 de ,svign's lett]s1 is f ! 8,maximes de no/re salut10 d$icat$ to ! du*ess by ! au?or1 ,m4 de la ,s]re1 & is attribut$ to ,nicolas ,j>ry4 ,x repres5ts ! du*ess we>+ a beautiful necklace ( r\nd pe>ls & a l>ge pe>-%ap$ pe>l e>r+1 :ile ano!r pe>-%ap$ pe>l dep5ds f a clasp :i* s]ves to loop up h] fi*u on ! %\ld]4 ,a f9e example ( ! ,r5aissance /yle exi/+ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury is t ( a gold & enamel necklace ( ,italian workman%ip1 embelli%$ ) pe>ls4 ,?is necklace 0 pres5t$ to ! ,l\vre ,museum by ,don ,a4 de ,rots*ildt4 ,! two-pe>l motive is c>ri$ out exquisitely1 two pe>ls appe>+ 9 a small connect+ ornam5t betwe5 two l>g] enamel$ & engrav$ gold plaques1 :i* repres5t sc5es f ! life ( our ,savi\r4 ,at ! exposition ( #aijj !re 0 %[n 9 ! ,russian ,pavilion1 a mo/ int]e/+ collection ( jewelry ( decid$ly ori5tal "*1 dat+ f ! sixte5? to ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,^! jewels 7 said to h belong$ to ! ,emir ( ,bokh>a4 ,!y diff]$ slightly f ! ,ea/ ,indian 9 "*1 & g5]ally consi/$ ( comb9ations ( pe>ls1 rubies1 & em]alds1 ! ?ree colors ( ^! gems pr$om9at+4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! necklaces1 acquir$ by ,j4 ,gelatley1 ,esq41 %[s an arrangem5t ( ! pe>ls :i* is peculi>ly attractive & decorative4 ,! h]aldic significance ( pe>ls has at times be5 v important4 ,:ile 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ! cr[ns ( ! ,fr5* nobles 7 surm\nt$ ) silv] po9ts1 x appe>s t 9 ! sixte5? c5tury !y 7 provid$ ) pe>l po9ts4 ,accord+ to ,rudolphus1#dgg ! dukes wore a leaf cr[n ( eight leaves1 ) or )\t z _m comm+l$ pe>l po9ts2 ! m>quises a cr[n ( f\r leaves ) twelve pe>l po9ts1 or ) f\r gr\ps ( ?ree pe>ls set "o ov] ! o!r2 & ! c\nts1 a pe>l cr[n :i* sometimes _h f\r pe>ls 9 ea* corn]1 "o above ! o!r4 ,! visc\nts wore a gold r+ set ) f\r pe>ls1 & ! b>ons a gold r+ entw9$ ) pe>ls4 ,! same is true ( ! ,engli% coronets4 ,in/ead ( ! pe>ls :i* !y bore at an e>li] p]iod1 silv] balls are n[ us$ on ^? ( ! ,engli% b>ons1 visc\nts1 e>ls1 & m>quises4 ,?is *ange probably ow$ its orig9 to ! desire on ! "p ( ! sov]eigns to conf9e ! (ficial use ( pe>ls & o!r preci\s /ones to !mselves4 ,! rules at ! coronation ( ,edw>d ,,vii =bade ! use ( pe>ls except z a special royal privilege4 ,! e>l's coronet has eight balls rais$ on po9ts1 ) gold /rawb]ry leaves betwe5 ! po9ts4 ,! m>quis we>s "o ) f\r gold /rawb]ry leaves & f\r silv] balls alt]nat+1 ! latt] rais$ above ! rim4#dgh ,a pe>l & gold r+1 =m]ly belong+ to ,wa%+ton1 is n[ 9 ! possession ( ,vice-,*ancellor ,e4 ,b4 ,le>n+1 ( ,camd51 ,n4 ,j4 ,x be>s 9 ! c5t] a lock ( ,wa%+ton's hair "u a conical glass1 ar\nd :i* is a sett+ ( blue & :ite enamel ) a squ>e ( r$ at ea* corn]4 ,! :ole is surr\nd$ by a circle ( ?irte5 pe>ls4 ,?is r+ 0 pres5t$ by ,wa%+ton to ,lieut5ant ,ri*>d ,som]s prior to ! latt]'s dep>ture on ! exp$ition aga9/ ! ,alg]9e pirates 9 ,tripoli1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he lo/ 8 life4 ,be=e 8 dep>ture he left ! r+ ) 8 si/]1 ,s>ah ,ke54 ,vice-,*ancellor ,leam+'s pat]nal gr&mo!r inh]it$ x z heir to ,som]s's e/ate1 & f h] x desc5d$ successively to h] son & gr&son4 ,! lock ( ,wa%+ton's hair is admitt$ to be "o ( only ?ree n[ exi/+1 ( ! o!r two1 "o is at ,wa%+ton's headqu>t]s at ,newburg & ! o!r 9 ! museum at ,bo/on4 ,! r+ 0 exhibit$ at ! ,c5t5nial ,exposition 9 #ahgf4 ,& :at a weal? ( pe>ls 0 se5 at ! m>riage ( ! late ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,iii ( ,g]many ) ,pr9cess ,victoria1 9 #aheh6 ,! w$d+ gift ( ! bridegroom consi/$ ( a necklace ( ?irty-six enorm\s pe>ls1 ?ree sup]b ones 9 ! middle1 & graduat$ 9 size t[>d ! ends4 ,f h] "m1 ,que5 ,victoria1 ! bride receiv$ a diamond necklace & ?ree massive broo*es set ) unusually l>ge pe>ls2 & f ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 a magnific5t hair-net ( pe>ls1 diamonds1 & em]alds4 ,! k+ & que5 ( ,prussia pres5t$ a diadem ( brilliants surr\nd$ ) a spl5did circlet ( pe>ls4 ,on ! day ( h] entry into ,b]l91 ! que5 be/[$ on ! bride a co/ly broo* ( pe>ls & diamonds1 repres5t+ a b\quet1 ! leaves ( :i* consi/$ ( diamonds1 :ile ! fl[]s !mselves 7 ( pe>-%ap$ pe>ls ( l>ge size1 "o weigh+ #afj gra9s1 & f\rte5 ( !m weigh+ #fjj gra9s toge!r4 ,"o ( ! mo/ spl5did & be/ kn[n collection ( pe>ls1 & "o worn ) z mu* grace z any 9 ,europe1 consi/s ( ^? own$ by ! d[ag] ,que5 ,m>gh]ita ( ,italy1 ^: "n signifies pe>l1 & :o has always be5 fond ( ! ocean jewel4 ,h] husb&1 ,k+ ,humb]t1 made h] _m pres5ts ( ?is regal gem4 ,a photograph1 sign$ by ! que5 & s5t to u = ?is volume by h] graci\s c\rtesy1 %[s h] we>+ h] magnific5t twelve /r+s ( pe>ls1 a pe>l bracelet1 & a pe>l ti>a ) pe>-%ap$ pe>l tips4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>gh]ita1 ,,d[ag] ,,que5 ,,( ,,italy ,at ! coronation ( ,edw>d ,,vii & ,que5 ,alex&ra1 beside h] coronation cr[n1 ! latt] wore _m ( h] ri*e/ & mo/ beautiful jewels4 ,^! consi/$ ( sev5 imm5se r[s ( pe>ls1 ea* tw5ty-f\r to ?irty in*es 9 l5g?1 hang+ bel[ five l>ge neck circlets ( diamonds & a great corsage ornam5t :i* cov]$ h] entire bodice2 & b5ea? "p ( ?is 0 a spl5did ornam5t ( diamonds ) l>ge1 pe>-%ap$ pe>ls4 ,a c>eful /udy ( ! decorations conf]r$ by pot5tates & gov]nm5ts %[s t ! pe>l is r>ely us$ 9 ! ornam5tation ( ^! m>ks ( di/9ction4 ,a notable exception is t giv5 by ! ,siamese gov]nm5t4 ,?is decoration is kn[n z ! n9e-jewel ,siamese decoration1 & be>s a l>ge c5t] pe>l4 ,x is only conf]r$ on n9e memb]s ( ! royal ,siamese family1 includ+ 8 ,maje/y ! ,k+ ( ,siam4 ,! c5tral pe>l repres5ts ! k+ & ! eight o!r jewels surr\nd+ x ! memb]s ( 8 family4 ,x is /range t ,siam %\ld f9d s mu* significance 9 :ite1 z is illu/rat$ by ! :ite elephant1 & also by ! use ( ! :ite pe>l = ?is ord]4 ,! ,ord] ( ,*ri/1 ! *ief ,portuguese ord]1 has a long cross enamel$ 9 bright r$ sur*>g$ ) a :ite cross & bord]$ ) f9e pe>ls4 ,! effect is bo? /rik+ & beautiful4 ,! ord] ( ! cr[n ( ,india is a jewel$ badge ) a device compos$ ( ! imp]ial ciph]1 ,e4 ,r4 & ,i41 9 diamonds1 pe>ls1 & turquoises1 set )9 a bord] ( pe>ls & surm\nt$ by ! imp]ial cr[n4#dgi ,a rem>kable pe>l necklace 0 rec5tly ! subject ( litigation 9 ,engl&4 ,x 0 ! prop]ty ( ! late ,du*ess ( ,s]monata1 an ,engli%woman :o m>ri$ an ,italian4 ,%e 0 a daught] ( ! late ,"l ,h[>d de ,wald51 "o ( ! weal?ie/ ( ! ,engli% nobility4 ,! du*ess 0 9 ! habit ( inve/+ all h] sp>e ca% 9 pe>ls1 & x seems t %e *ose a v good =m ( inve/m5t1 s9ce pe>ls h increas$ 9 value to a great] ext5t ev5 ?an diamonds dur+ ! same p]iod4 ,( ! t5 r[s ( :i* ?is necklace consi/$1 six 7 deposit$ = safekeep+ 9 a ,london bank & ! o!r f\r 7 9 ,flor5ce at ! "t ( ! dea? ( ! du*ess4 ,%e _h bequea!d ! gems at ! bank to h] niece1 ,miss ,h5rietta ,ellis1 & _h left directions t1 if h] pe>l necklace 0 9 ,london :5 %e di$1 x %\ld be s5t to h] ,italian executors4 ,all ! jewels are n[ claim$ by ^! executors1 :ile ,miss ,ellis cont5ds t x 0 ! int5tion ( ! du*ess to leave to h] ! pe>ls 9 ! h&s ( ! ,london bank]s4 ,! necklace consi/$ at "o "t ( t5 r[s2 ! fir/1 ?irte5 & a half in*es long1 compris$ =ty-"o pe>ls2 ! second1 f\rte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 ?irty-n9e pe>ls2 ! ?ird1 f\rte5 & a half in*es1 =ty-?ree pe>ls2 ! f\r?1 sev5te5 in*es1 =ty-sev5 pe>ls2 ! fif?1 sev5te5 & a half in*es1 =ty-n9e pe>ls2 ! six?1 n9ete5 & a half in*es1 fifty-five pe>ls2 ! sev5?1 tw5ty-"o in*es1 sixty-six pe>ls2 ! eigh?1 tw5ty-?ree & a half in*es1 sev5ty pe>ls2 ! n9?1 tw5ty-six in*es1 eighty-two pe>ls2 ! t5?1 tw5ty-n9e & a half in*es1 n9ety-"o pe>ls4 ,! total numb] ( pe>ls is #ehc1 & ! necklace is valu$ at #aej1jjj4 ,a widely adv]tis$ necklace ( l>ge size 0 %[n 9 ! ,engli% section ( ! ,p>is ,exposition ( #aijj4 ,?is necklace consi/$ ( =ty-six pe>ls weigh+ #aeif gra9s1 & 0 valu$ at #dej1jjj4 ,x 0 loan$ by an ,engli% g5tleman n[ dead1 & 0 return$ to him at ! close ( ! exposition & lat] disp]s$4 ,9 reg>d to ! possession ( pe>ls by families 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 we may safely say t !re is n a lett] 9 ! alphabet "u :i* we _c f9d ! names ( f "o to a doz5 families1 own+ s+le /r+s or collections f ! value ( #aj1jjj to #bjj1jjj1 or ev5 m4 ,if "o is a we>] ( jewels1 pe>ls are an absolute necessity2 inde$1 !y are z ess5tial & indisp5sable = ! weal?y z are h\ses1 horses1 & automobiles4 ,at no p]iod 9 ! _w's hi/ory h pe>ls be5 m widely di/ribut$2 & "s ( ^? ( to-day are f9] 9 quality & ori5t1 & also m c>efully mat*$1 ?an ^? 9 ! great collections ( ! pa/4 ,( c\rse !re are exceptions1 :]e royal p]sonages h be5 c>eful obs]v]s & h us$ good ta/e1 b x is a "q :e!r !re h ev] be5 m critical or bett] buy]s1 z f> z selection is conc]n$1 ?an are _m ,am]ican m5 & wom5 :o h pur*as$ ?is gem4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ pe>l necklaces 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is 9 ! possession ( an ,am]ican lady4 ,!re are p]haps ?irty pe>ls 9 ! necklace1 weigh+ 9 all ab\t #adjj gra9s2 ! l>ge/ pe>l weighs ne>ly #abj gra9s4 ,!re is also "o ( #ge gra9s & "o ( #gj gra9s1 ! o!rs graduat+ d[n to #bj gra9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,collection ,,( ,,black ,,pe>ls ,,belong+ ,,to ,,an ,,am]ican ,,lady ,) increas+ weal?1 & a dem& = ri* r ?an gaudy or %[y jewelry1 !re is no?+ t comm5ds itself s highly z ! pe>l1 :i* acts z a foil to ! diamond1 em]ald1 ruby1 & sapphire1 & at ! same "t h>monizes ) !m & 9 fact ) all ! color$ /ones4 ,! true pe>l1 z x increases 9 size & beauty1 becomes proportionately m r>e & co/ly2 & yet x diff]s f o!r jewels 9 ! fact t !y are m9$ 9 ! dep?s ( ! e>?1 & _! exi/+ quantity is speculative1 :ile ! home ( ! pe>l is mu* m accessible1 & x is possible to make an e/imate ( ! numb] ( pe>ls 9 c\rse ( gr[?4 ,pe>ls1 h[ev]1 are =m+ all ! "t1 :ile o!r gems are p]haps to-day z !y 7 ages be=e ! adv5t ( man4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 if pe>ls 7 cultivat$ z !y %\ld be1 & p c>$ = ! mollusks z ! oy/]-ga!r] does = 8 crop--by plant+ x1 gu>d+ x & ga!r+ x sy/ematically--/ill1 ! ev]-increas+ dem& w\ld m ?an balance ! great] supply4 ,z we h said1 at no "t s9ce pe>ls 7 worn h !y enjoy$ su* favor2 & :ile !y h always increas$ 9 value1 ?is increase has nev] be5 s rapid z 9 ! pa/ t5 ye>s4 ,!y are jewels :i* c be worn by "y or old1 & :i* adapt !mselves to e fabric t man or woman c use = attire2 :e!r !y are :ite1 gray1 or black1 !y are nev] obtrusive1 b always h a ref9+ effect4 ,r\nd z ! globe ^u :i* we live1 !y w probably be worn & appreciat$ z long z life exi/s ^u ?is sph]e4 ,x is int]e/+ to note ! *ange ( ta/e & ! diff]5ce ( op9ion1 at v>i\s epo*s1 9 reg>d to ! respective m]its ( pe>-%ap$ & r\nd pe>ls4 ,9 ! ,roman p]iod ! pe>-%ap$ pe>ls 7 m highly valu$2 9 ! eighte5? c5tury r\nd pe>ls 7 e/eem$ ! m valuable1 :ile at ! pres5t day !y are bo? on ab\t ! same basis4 ,) ! progressive tw5tie? c5tury ta/e = indep5d5ce 9 fa%ion1 our mod]n ladies take f e epo* :at !y ?9k w be/ suit _! sup]ref9$ beauty4 ,!re=e we are n surpris$ to f9d 9 _! jewel-cases ! long e>r+s & l>ge broo*es adorn$ ) se$-pe>ls1 simil> to ^? worn by _! gr&mo!rs ( ! e>ly ,victorian p]iod4 ,al?\gh ^! jewels _c be consid]$ v beautiful accord+ to ! arti/ic /&>d ( to-day1 !y1 nev]!less1 l5d to _! we>]s a c]ta9 qua9t dignity & piquancy :i* is v attractive4 ,z an in/ance ( mod]n pe>l-we>+ by a lady ( ! pres5t c5tury1 we may note a portrait 9 :i* !re is a simple necklace ( l>ge pe>ls2 ov] ?is a coll> ( tw5ty-?ree r[s ( pe>ls ) a diamond c5t]piece1 & to relieve ! sev]ity1 a sautoir1 :i* is made up ( alt]nate pe>ls & diamonds1 & pe>l e>r+s4 ,no bett] illu/ration c be giv5 ?an ! portrait ( ,seora ,c>m5 ,rom]o ,rubio de ,diaz1 wife ( ,presid5t ,porfirio ,diaz ( ,mexico1 :i*1 by h] c\rtesy1 we are able to figure4 ,! ga!r+ ( a great necklace is n ! "w ( a day2 x (t5 requires _m ye>s4 ,su* necklaces are frequ5tly held = a long "t by deal]s or by a numb] ( p :o are int]e/$ 9 _! sale1 & :5ev] "o or m pe>ls c be pur*as$ :i* =m a bett] graduation or :i* are ( bett] color or m p]fect1 !y are usually pur*as$ to improve ! necklace if ! price is a prop] "o4 ,9 ! e>ly sixties1 :5 mo/ ,am]ican wom5 aspir$ to own+ a pair ( diamond e>r+s1 x 0 n uncommon = ladies to />t ) a hundr$1 two hundr$1 five hundr$1 or a ?\s&-doll> pair1 &1 = a doz5 ye>s to come1 to add an annual sum ( "o hundr$1 two hundr$ or five hundr$ doll>s to increas+ ! size ( ^! by ex*ang+ !m ) ! deal] at ! co/ price & pay+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! value ( ! pair t _h be5 pur*as$ & t ( ! new pair4 ,9 ?is way ladies :o nev] w\ld h ?\ght ( sp5d+ five ?\s& doll>s = a pair ( e>r+s1 virtually made a sav+s-bank ( ! jewels4 ,?is is frequ5tly done ) pe>ls4 ,a small necklace or a few pe>ls w be pur*as$2 ^! are add$ to annually or at su* times z ! own] may h sp>e sav+s or gifts to inve/4 ,x is n uncommon = a family to buy a pe>l = a daught] on h] fir/ bir?day1 & ea* succe$+ ye> add "o pe>l to ?is1 s t %e may fir/ we> "o pe>l1 !n two1 !n ?ree1 & by ! "t ! "y lady makes h] db 9 society1 a good />t has be5 made t[>d a pe>l necklace4 ,x 0 ! cu/om ( ,k+ ,humb]t ( ,italy to pres5t 8 que51 ,m>gh]ita1 ) "o f9e pe>l e ye>1 & ) ?is succession ( annual gifts %e possess$ "o ( ! f9e/ collections 9 ,europe4 ,9 ! portraits ( ! f\r daught]s ( ! pres5t ,cz>9a ( ,russia1 ! ,gr& ,du*esses ,tatiana1 ,olga1 ,m>ia1 & ,ana/asia1 we c see t _! pe>l necklaces 7 built up gradually1 z t ( ! elde/ daught] is notably long] ?an ^? ( h] y\ng] si/]s4 ,^! pe>ls 7 annual gifts f ! ,cz> & ,cz>9a & f o!rs ( ! imp]ial family4 ,!re are few ornam5ts worn by man or woman t h n at "o "t or ano!r be5 bepe>l$1 ei!r ) l>ge or small pe>ls1 ) "o pe>l or _m pe>ls1 ) pe>ls ( high or l[ degree1 & no object is ev] made ! less ri* by ! addition ( ! pe]less gem ( ! ocean dep?s4 ,z ! prices ( pe>ls h increas$1 naturally ! s+le objects conta9+ !m h also become m co/ly4 ,x is n unusual to see r+s ) pe>ls ea* co/+ f #ejjj to #aj1jjj1 #bj1jjj1 & ev5 #cj1jjj & ov]1 ! pe>ls n infrequ5tly be+ 9 button =m4 ,r+s are occasionally made up ( "o :ite & "o black ori5tal pe>l1 & if a p9k "o is comb9$ ) ^!1 x is ei!r a fre%-wat] or a con* pe>l4 ,su* r+s sell = #ejjj1 #hjjj1 #aj1jjj & #ae1jjj ea*4 ,p5dant pe>ls1 ei!r r\nd1 ovate1 drop1 or pe>-%ap$1 sell f #ejjj to #aj1jjj1 #bj1jjj1 #ej1jjj1 & ev5 #ajj1jjj4 ,! prices = "o or two *oice pe>ls worn = ! adornm5t ( a man's %irt-front are #bjjj1 #cjjj1 #ejjj1 & ev5 #aj1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s5ora ,,c>m5 ,,rom]o ,,rubio ,,de ,,diaz1 ,,wife ,,( ,,presid5t ,,porfirio ,,diaz ,,( ,,mexico ,9 l9k buttons1 slightly ovate1 button or r\nd pe>ls are us$1 ! l9k be+ made up ( "o :ite & "o black pe>l1 co/+ #bjjj1 #cjjj1 #ejjj1 & ev5 #bj1jjj a set4 ,x is n unusual = a man to we> a sc>f-p9 set ) a r\nd1 ovate1 or pe>-%ap$ pe>l co/+ #bjjj1 #ejjj1 #aj1jjj1 #ae1jjj1 & ev5 #cj1jjj4 ,= m5's sc>f-p9s1 a v>iety ( colors are frequ5tly select$1 su* z a :ite ori5tal1 a p9k ,am]ican1 a p9k con*1 or a gray & black ori5tal pe>l4 ,s+le pe>l necklaces sell = #ajjj1 #bjjj1 #ejjj1 #hjjj1 #aj1jjj1 #ae1jjj1 #bj1jjj1 #ej1jjj1 #ajj1jjj1 #bej1jjj1 & #ejj1jjj necklaces are n unkn[n4 ,ti>as sell = #aj1jjj1 #bj1jjj1 #ej1jjj1 & #ajj1jjj4 ,wai/coat buttons1 sometimes made up ( b>oque pe>ls1 co/ f #bjj to #ejj2 sometimes1 h[ev]1 :5 f9e pe>ls are us$1 ! price paid = a set ( five or six buttons is z high z #aj1jjj4 ,x is sc>cely possible to m5tion all ! v>i\s =ms 9 :i* ! pe>l has be5 worn3 :e!r z a spray ( _m small pe>ls or a few l>ge ones1 ei!r r\nd1 ovate1 or pe>-%ap$ = aigrets2 9 po9ts on cr[ns1 us$ ei!r = ornam5tal or h]aldic purposes2 = ! decoration ( ! orbs1 scept]s1 & cr[ns ( k+s & emp]ors2 = =m+ an edg+ on bonnets1 caps1 fillets1 or diadems2 9 p5dant =m1 usually consi/+ ( "o1 al?\gh sometimes ( ?ree or f\r p5dants 9 r[s & l9es to ornam5t ! side ( ! face2 or "o1 two1 ?ree1 or a bun* toge!r to adorn ! e>2 z a s+le pe>l on a wire or a gr\p ( !m1 z worn 9 ! nose ( ! ,ea/ ,indian beauty2 z a s+le1 two1 ?ree1 or _m-r[$ necklace to grace ! lady1 ! que51 & ! empress2 or else 9 six1 t51 to tw5ty or m r[s ) a t9y gold jewel$ b>1 or a l>ge diamond c5t]1 9 ! =m ( coll>s2 z a long *a9 f f\r to t5 feet long to hang f ! neck to ! wai/1 or else to be worn once1 twice1 or ?rice ar\nd ! neck1 hang+ d[n & !n encircl+ ! wai/ 9 ! =m ( a sautoir2 ei!r z a s+le drop1 consi/+ ( an ovate or pe>-%ap$ pe>l or a numb] ( !m toge!r 9 ! =m ( a p5dant comb9$ ) diamonds2 z a s+le pe>l surr\nd$ ) pe>ls or diamonds = buttons to adorn my lady's cr[n2 9 r[s1 or comb9$ ) jewels & enamel1 9 ! =m ( a b[-knot ) long bun*es ( pe>ls1 = %\ld] b>s2 ei!r z "o pe>l alone or alt]nat+ ) gold wire1 ) jewels1 or ) _m pe>ls1 9 endless =ms1 z bracelets2 ei!r z a s+le r[1 two r[s or alt]nate r[s 9 inf9ite v>iety on bodices1 z worn 9 ! pa/ m ?an at ! pres5t2 9 a s+le r[ on ornam5t+ metal1 enamel1 or jewelwork 9 ! =m ( girdles2 9 five hundr$ =ms = r+s2 z an embroid]y or 9 r[s p5dant on slipp]s2 &1 f9ally1 z a /ole4 ,^! are only a few ( ! uses to :i* a lady c put pe>ls4 ,by m51 pe>ls are worn to adorn ! %irt1 to we> 9 ! sc>f1 z l9k buttons1 z wai/coat buttons1 or z a fob4 ,! pe>ls us$ 9 ?is way are sometimes q z exp5sive z any ( ^? worn by ! ladies4 ,ecclesia/ics1 = m ?an two ?\s& ye>s1 h appreciat$ ! ri*ness ( bepe>l+4 ,9 ,russia we f9d pe>ls decorat+ crosses1 missal cov]s1 ve/m5ts1 b9d+s on books1 *alices & crook-tops2 !y are employ$ z bord]s to ikon frames1 or = ! decoration ab\t ! ,madonna & ,*ild4 ,9 ,p]sia we f9d pe>l-embroid]$ rugs1 pill[s1 & bol/]s4 ,half-pe>ls are us$ 9 qua9t decorations = wat*es1 snuff-boxes1 m9iatures1 & portrait frames4 ,ev5 saddles & horse-trapp+s 9 ! ,ea/ d n escape ! *>m & beauty ( ! pe>l4 ,ev5 ! ,engli% coronation spoon is kn[n = ! pe>ls :i* ornam5t x4 ,( ! _m =ms ( e>r+s t h come d[n to u1 none is simpl] or da9ti] ?an a s+le pe>l worn z an e>-screw1 or p>tly or entirely /rung on a ?9 gold wire4 ,ano!r da9ty /yle is ?ree pe>ls1 worn "o bel[ ! o!r z 9 anci5t ,rome1 kn[n z a triclum2 or ! r\nd pe>l ) a pe>-%ap$ p5dant or bun*es ( pe>ls kn[n z crotalia1 also worn 9 anci5t times4 ,a pe>l necklace is usually clasp$ ei!r by a r\nd or ovate pe>l1 drill$ s t ! cat* & snap are conta9$ )9 ! pe>l itself1 or else by a pe>l surr\nd$ by diamonds1 rubies1 or o!r gems4 ,su* a clasp frequ5tly s]ves to b9d f two to fifte5 r[s ( pe>ls1 ! fir/ or small] r[ encircl+ ! neck1 & ea* r[ 9 turn be+ l>g] until ! fifte5? r[ rea*es to ! bosom or ev5 to ! wai/4 ,pe>l coll>s are usually made up ( f\r1 six1 t51 tw5ty1 & ev5 tw5ty-five r[s2 (t5 ( v small pe>ls1 g5]ally fitt+ closely to ! neck4 ,! pe>ls are held 9 position ei!r by f\r gold1 diamond1 or jewel$ b>s1 or frequ5tly ! entire front ( ! coll> is occupi$ by a l>ge diamond ornam5t4 ,9 anci5t times1 pe>ls 7 a favorite decoration ( crosses2 frequ5tly an entire cross 0 made up ( pe>ls1 ei!r ( a s+le or a d\ble r[4 ,_m portraits dat+ f ! fifte5? to ! sev5te5? c5tury %[ ! cross us$ 9 connection ) a necklace1 ?is ei!r />t+ f ! top ( ! cross or f ea* side at ! end ( ea* arm4 ,sometimes f bel[ ! arms & ! l[] "p ( ! cross !re hung p5dant ei!r r\nd or pe>-%ap$ pe>ls4 ,we h o!r in/ances :]e at ! top1 ! cross 0 atta*$ to a pe>l necklace1 :ile bel[ ea* ( ! two arms !re hung a pe>l1 & f ! l[] "p ( ! cross a d\ble necklace aga9 rea*$ to ! back ( ! neck4 ,frequ5tly a fe/oon coll> w be made up ( five r[s ( pe>ls1 ea* ( a graduat$ l5g?1 & p5dant on ea* a diamond4 ,rec5tly pe>ls h be5 drill$ & invisibly jo9$ by f9e plat9um l9ks1 s z to =m a cont9u\s ribbon or ev5 a coll> two in*es wide2 occasionally1 a ,greek bord] or "s o!r design1 ( l>g] pe>ls or ( diamonds1 rubies1 sapphires or o!r gems1 is int]wov54 ,?is con/itutes a v]itable1 smoo? pe>l clo?1 or pe>l me%1 v beautiful & also com=table to we>4 ,inde$1 a purse1 measur+ five by six in*es1 has be5 made ( ?is clo? ( pe>ls4 ,illu/ration3 ,jade j> inlaid ) pe>ls set ) f9e gold ,heb] ,r4 ,bi%op ,collection1 ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art ,illu/ration3 ,japanese decoration set ) pe>ls ,ord] ( ! cr[n ( ! ,fir/ ,class4 ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art ,du/-pe>ls1 too m9ute to drill1 & numb]+ ov] #ajj1jjj to ! ounce1 7 us$1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? & ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5turies1 = ! embelli%m5t ( ! hair-"w !n s mu* 9 favor & :i* 0 plac$ "u glass4 ,:]e foliage 0 repres5t$ ! leaves 7 made ( ! mo/ m9ute se$-pe>ls1 graduat$ 9 size & set on an outl9e ( enamel or :ite pa9t1 ! pe>ls be+ cem5t$ to ! outl9e4 ,?is add$ a s(tness to ! hair-"w & o!r decoration4 ,z long z ! pe>l has be5 kn[n1 !re has be5 a desire to obta9 possession ( "o 9 "s ( its degrees ( p]fection1 & = ?is reason _m attempts h be5 made to prep>e some?+ t might pass = a pe>l or ev5 sugge/ a pe>l4 ,sometimes ! "m-(-pe>l %ell has1 naturally1 a protub]ance1 ei!r r\nd or pe>-%ap$1 :i*1 if cut (f & highly poli%$ may resemble an imp]fect pe>l2 & ?is op]ation is (t5 s clev]ly p]=m$ t1 at ! fir/ glance1 ?is object may pass = a true pe>l4 ,9 ,russia1 & especially 9 ,bohemia1 !y h gone f>!r ?an ?is4 ,!y h cut out a bit ( "m-(-pe>l %ell1 leav+ a piece ( ! natural %ell = ! top1 or ! "p t w be visible1 & r\nd+ (f ! re/ ( ! surface s z to give x a pe>ly effect4 ,^! objects are ( trifl+ value & are us$ 9 necklaces & e>r+s1 & 9 ! ornam5tation ( icons & m9iature frames & ev5 z beads4 ,glass ) ei!r an ext]ior or int]ior coat+ ( a nacre\s sub/ance is sometimes made absolutely r\nd1 :ile at o!r times x is made ) _m imp]fections s z to resemble ei!r a m>9e b>oque or a fre%-wat] irregul> pe>l4 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian1 z describ$ else:]e1 has coat$ little balls ( clay ) a p[d] made f a pe>l-be>+ fre%-wat] mussel & !n bak$ !m4 ,,xvi ,,fam\s ,,pe>ls ,,& ,,collections ,,xvi ,,fam\s ,,pe>ls ,,& ,,collections ,! k+dom ( heav5 is l unto a m]*ant man1 seek+ goodly pe>ls3 :o1 :5 he _h f\nd "o pe>l ( great price1 w5t & sold all t he _h & b\ght x4 ,/4 ,mat!w1 ,,xiii1 #de1 #df4 ,9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty c5turies _m pe>ls & pe>l collections h become fam\s1 ei!r because ( _! intr9sic value or else ?r\gh hi/oric associations4 ,an attempt is made "h to li/ briefly ! m important ( ^!4 ,:ile we h purposely omitt$ any m5tion ( ! pe>l collections 9 private h&s at ! pres5t "t1 "s ( :i* are m valuable ?an _m ( ^? not$ 9 ! foll[+ pages1 we h1 nev]!less1 giv5 ! pr9cipal sales ( pe>ls at auction dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,_m specim5s ( rem>kable size & beauty h *ang$ h&s 9 ?is way1 m especially 9 ,engl&4 ,,cleopatra ,,pe>ls4 ,next to t 8pe>l ( great price10 m5tion$ by ,*ri/1 probably ! mo/ fam\s ( all pe>ls 7 ! two :i* ,pl9y records z hav+ be5 worn 9 ! e>s ( ,cleopatra1 8! s+ul> & onely jewels ( ! _w & ev5 ,nature's wond]40 ,?is writ] does n note _! size1 b e/imates _! value at sixty million se/]tii4 ,we h already quot$ ! passage 9 :i* ,pl9y relates h[ "o ( ^! pe>ls 0 dissolv$ & swall[$ by ,cleopatra 9 ord] to w9 a wag] %e _h made ) ,antony4 ,aft] ! dea? ( t que5 ! o!r pe>l 80 cut 9 twa9e1 t 9 memoriall ( t "o halfe supp] ( !irs1 x %\ld rema9e unto po/]ite1 hang+ at bo? ! e>es ( ,v5us at ,rome 9 ! temple ( ,pan!on40#dhj ,bud e/imat$ ! value ( ! pe>l d$icat$ to ,v5us at #bej1jjj escus ( gold4#dha ,ano!r fam\s pe>l m5tion$ by ,pl9y 0 ! "o :i* ,julius ,cs> pres5t$ to ,s]vilia1 "m ( ,brutus1 ! value ( :i* he notes z six million se/]tii4#dhb ,,p]oz ,,pe>l4 ,! hi/orian ,procopius1#dhc ( ! six? c5tury1 tells ( a magnific5t pe>l :i* belong$ to ,p]oz1 or ,firuz 7#dei-dhd71 "o ( ! ,sassanian k+s ( ,p]sia4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 disa/r\s battle ) ! ,:ite ,huns1 9 :i* bo? he & 8 sons p]i%$1 ,p]oz1 hav+ a pres5tim5t ( ! mis=tune ab\t to befall him1 took ! pe>l f 8 "r e> & ca/ x away1 le/ any "o %\ld we> x aft] him4 ,?is pe>l is describ$ z be+ 8su* z no k+ _h ev] worn up to t "t40 ,procopius1 h[ev]1 ?9ks x m probable t ! e> ( ,p]oz 0 cut (f 9 ! combat1 & he /ates t ! emp]or 7,z5o1 #dbf-dia7 0 v anxi\s to buy ! gem f ! ,huns1 b t all se>* = x 0 9 va94 ,nev]!less1 a rumor 0 curr5t t x 0 recov]$ lat]1 b t ano!r pe>l 0 sub/itut$ = x & sold to ,kobad1 a successor ( ,p]oz4 ,a diff]5t v]sion is giv5 by ,panciroli1#dhd :o quotes ,zon>as1 a ,byzant9e hi/orian ( ! twelf? c5tury1 z 8 au?ority4 ,accord+ to ?is v]sion ,ju/9ian ! ,great1 :o succe$$ to ! ?rone =ty-?ree ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,p]oz1 (f]$ "o hundr$ p\nds ( gold 7ab\t #be1jjj7 = ! pe>l1 b ! b>b>ians refus$ to "p ) x1 pref]r+ to keep x z a memorial ( ,p]sian folly4 ,on ! co9s ( ,p]oz he is repres5t$ we>+ an e>r+ ) ?ree p5dants1 "o ( :i* may h be5 ?is wond]ful pe>l4 ,,*>les ,,! ,,bold4 ,"o ( ! greate/ jewels ( ! fifte5? c5tury 0 t belong+ to ,*>les ! ,bold1 ,duke ( ,burgundy 7#adcc-adgg74 ,accord+ to notes & draw+s#dhe made 9 #aeee by ,j4 ,j4 ,fugg] ( ,nuremb]g1 :o 0 ! bank] jewel] ( 8 g5]ation1 ?is consi/$ ( a l>ge pyramid diamond five eigh?s ( an in* squ>e at ! base1 ) ! apex cut z a f\r-ray$ /> 9 relief2 surr\nd+ ?is 7 ?ree rectangul> pyramid-%ap$ rubies & ?ree magnific5t pe>-%ap$ pe>ls1 & a l>ge ovate pe>l 0 susp5d$ f ! l[e/ ruby4 ,! pe> pe>ls are describ$ z measur+ half an in* 9 diamet] & mu/ h weigh$ ab\t sixty gra9s ea*4 ,?is magnific5t jewel 0 probably ! mo/ celebrat$ 9 ,europe dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,accord+ to ,com9es1 on ! defeat ( ! ,gr& ,duke & ! plund]+ ( 8 baggage by ! ,swiss at ,granson 9 #adgf1 ! ornam5t 0 f\nd by a c>eless soldi] :o toss$ x away1 b reta9$ ! gold box conta9+ x4 ,on second ?\ght1 he se>*$ = & recov]$ ! jewel & sold x to a prie/ = "o flor91 & ! ecclesia/ic sold x to a ,b]nese gov]nm5t (ficial = ! sum ( ?ree flor9s4 ,"s ye>s lat] ?is jewel1 toge!r ) ! ducal cap ( ,*>les ! ,bold1 :i* 0 cov]$ ) pe>ls1 & bore a plume case1 set ) diamonds 7po9ts71 alt]nat+ ) pe>ls & balas-rubies1 0 sold by ! ,b]nese gov]nm5t to ,jacob ,fugg]1 z relat$ by ,j4 ,j4 ,fugg] 9 ! manuscript above not$1 8= no m ?an #dg1jjj flor9s40 ,9 ! va9 hope t x w\ld be pur*as$ by ,emp]or ,*>les ,v1 gr&son ( ,*>les ! ,bold1 ,fugg] held ! jewel = _m ye>s1 b he broke up ! cap & reset ! /ones 9 x = ,maximilian ,,ii4 ,! broo* 0 f9ally sold to ,h5ry ,,viii ( ,engl& j be=e 8 dea?1 & x pass$ to 8 daught] & successor1 ,bloody ,m>y1 :o pres5t$ x to h] ,spani% bridegroom1 ,philip4 ,?us1 aft] sev5ty-six ye>s1 ! jewel 0 re/or$ to a desc5dant ( ! orig9al own]4 ,?is hi/ory has be5 giv5 at "s l5g? ow+ to its illu/ration ( ! mann] 9 :i* great pe>ls 7 easily lo/ on battle-fields & 7 pass$ ab\t f "o c\ntry to ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gaikw> ,,( ,,b>oda1 #aijh ,,t>>equi ,,pe>ls4 ,! e>ly ,am]ican fi%]ies yield$ sev]al magnific5t pe>ls1 _m ( :i* ev5tually became "p ( ! imp]ial ,spani% jewels4 ,prom95t among ^! 0 ! ,hu]fana or ,sola4 ,accord+ to ,gom>a1 ?is 0 secur$ 9 #aeae f ! ,indians at ,t>>equi1 9 ! ,gulf ( ,panama1 9 a l>ge collection :i* weigh$ #hhj ounces4 ,x 0 pe>-%ap$ & weigh$ ?irty-"o c>ats4 ,gom>a /ates t ?is pe>l 0 pur*as$ f ,gasp> de ,morales1 lead] ( ! ,spani% exp$ition1 by a m]*ant1 = ! sum ( #ab1jjj ca/ilians4 8,! pur*as] c\ld n sleep t night = ?9k+ on ! fact t he _h giv5 s mu* money = "o /one1 & sold x ! v next day to ,p$r>ias de ,avila1 = 8 wife ,donna ,isabel de ,bovadilla02 & aft]w>d x pass$ to ,isabella1 wife ( ,emp]or ,*>les ,v 7#aejj-aeeh74 ,x 0 rem>kable = its lu/]1 color1 & cle>ness1 z well z = its size4 ,ano!r l>ge pe>l 9 ?is collection weigh$ tw5ty-six c>ats4 ,,ovi$o ,,pe>l4 ,z already not$ on page #bcg1 9 8 8,hi/oria natural y g5]al de las ,indias10 publi%$ at ,tol$o 9 #aebf1 ,gonzalo de ,ovi$o wrote ( hav+ pur*as$ at ,panama a pe>l weigh+ tw5ty-six c>ats = :i* he paid #fej times its weight 9 f9e gold1 & :i* he claim$ 0 ! 8greate/1 faire/ & r\nde/0 t _h ev] be5 se5 at ,panama4 ,probably ?is 0 ! tw5ty-six-c>at pe>l obta9$ at ,t>>equi by ,gasp> de ,morales 9 #aeae4 ,at #fej times its weight 9 gold ! value ( ?is pe>l w\ld be #bbid4ed2 repres5t+ a base ( 4#babd p] gra92 b at a base ( #e p] gra9 ! same pe>l w\ld be wor? #ed1jhj1 equal+ #ae1cbj times its weight 9 gold4 ,,temple ,,( ,,talomeco4 ,among great collections ( pe>ls1 "s writ]s w\ld place t describ$ by ,g>cilasso de la ,vega z hav+ be5 f\nd by ,de ,soto & 8 foll[]s 9 #aedj 9 ! ,temple ( ,talomeco ne> ! ,savannah ,riv] 9 ,am]ica4#dhf ,accord+ to ,g>cilasso1 ! quantity ( pe>ls !re 0 s great t #cjj horses & #ijj m5 w\ld n h suffic$ = its transportation1 va/ly excell+ e o!r if n all o!r collections 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,un=tunately ! accuracy ( ?is acc\nt has n be5 unque/ion$4 ,,la ,,p]egr9a4 ,mo/ celebrat$ among ! e>ly ,am]ican pe>ls 0 ,la ,p]egr9a 7! incomp>able71 or ! ,philip ,,ii pe>l1 :i* weigh$ #acd gra9s4 ,accord+ to ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 :o says t he saw x at ,seville 9 #aeig1dhg ?is 0 f\nd at ,panama 9 #aefj by a negro :o 0 rew>d$ ) 8 lib]ty1 & 8 own] ) ! (fice ( alcalde ( ,panama4 ,o!r au?orities note t x came f ! ,v5ezuelan fi%]ies 9 #aegd4 ,x 0 c>ri$ to ,spa9 by ,don ,diego de ,temes1 :o pres5t$ x to ,philip ,,ii 7#aebg-aeih74 ,jacques de ,treco1 c\rt jewel] to ! k+1 is cr$it$ ) say+ t x might be wor? #cj1jjj1 #ej1jjj or #ajj1jjj ducats1 z "o might *oose to e/imate1 = 9 fact x 0 s rem>kable z to be beyond any /&>d valuation4 ,if we c cr$it ,g>cilasso1 at "o "t ?is pe>l decorat$ ! cr[n ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 9 ! *ur* ( ,guadel\pe1 :i* 0 respl5d5t ) gems4#dhh ,a contemporane\s acc\nt#dhi notes t x 0 worn at ,madrid by ,que5 ,m>g>ita1 wife ( ,philip ,,iii1 at ! ftes giv5 9 celebration ( ! treaty ( peace betwe5 t c\ntry & ,engl& 9 #afje4 ,,*>les ,,ii ,,pe>l4 ,some:at simil> to ! =ego+ 0 ! pe>l ( ,*>les ,,ii ( ,spa9 7#affa-agjj71 :i* 0 pres5t$ to t mon>* by ,don ,p$ro de ,aponte1 ,conde del ,palm]1 a native ( ! ,can>ies4 ,?is gem 0 f\nd 9 #afia1 or m ?an a c5tury aft] ,la ,p]egr9a4 ,^! two pe>ls 7 ne>ly equal 9 size1 & = _m ye>s !y 7 worn z e>r+s by ! successive que5s ( ,spa94 ,x is report$ t !y 7 de/roy$ 9 #agcd1 :5 a l>ge portion ( ! old palace at ,madrid 0 burn$4#dij ,illu/ration3 ,,m>y1 ,,que5 ,,( ,,scots ,! prop]ty ( ! ,e>l ( ,lev5 & ,melville4 ,ab\t #aeei-aefj ,! jewels ( ! ,spani% cr[n h pass$ ?r\gh s _m vicissitudes t x is n surpris+ t b few ( !m rema9 9 ! ,spani% treasury4 ,aft] ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,spani% mon>*y by ! ,fr5* 9 #ahjh1 ,f]d9& ,,vii1 dur+ ! "t ( 8 exile1 dispos$ ( _m ( ^! jewels4 ,x is ass]t$ t1 aft] ! deposition ( ,que5 ,isabella1 9 #ahfh1 ! cr[n jewels 7 divid$ betwe5 h]self & h] si/]1 ! pi\s ,du*esse de ,montp5si]1 & a consid]able portion 0 ev5tually di/ribut$ among ! num]\s desc5dants ( ! latt]4 ,x is also /at$ t !re is no m5tion ( ! ,spani% cr[n jewels dur+ ! reign ( ,k+ ,amadeus1 ! fir/ sov]eign ( ! re/or$ mon>*y4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 great quantities ( pe>ls & o!r gems belong+ to ! v>i\s madonnas 9 ! ,spani% *ur*es1 z1 = example1 ,nue/ra ,seora de ,ato*a1 ,cavadonga & o!rs4 ,,pe>ls ,,( ,,m>y ,,/u>t4 ,! pe>ls own$ by ! un=tunate ,m>y ,que5 ( ,scots 7#aedb-aehg7 7 among ! mo/ beautiful 9 ,europe4 ,inv5tories ( ^!#dia %[ great bordures de t\r ( l>ge pe> pe>ls ) entr$eux ( r\nd pe>ls1 long ropes ( pe>ls /rung l beads on a ros>y1 c>cans or broad belts set ) pe>ls1 & a l>ge numb] ( loose pe>ls4 ,_m ( ^! appe> 9 ! portraits ( ?is popul> que52 b probably ! mo/ rem>kable exhibition ( !m is 9 ! portrait n[ own$ by ! ,e>l ( ,lev5 & ,melville1#dib :i* appe>s to agree fairly well ) ! inv5tories ( h] jewels1 al?\gh ?is portrait is n :olly free f impea*m5t z to its accuracy & contemporane\sness4 ,aft] ! d[nfall ( ! que51 mo/ ( h] jewels 7 sold1 pawn$1 or lo/ by !ft4 ,a numb] ( !m pass$ into ! possession ( ,que5 ,elizabe? 9 #aefh1 9 a mann] n :olly satisfactory to lov]s ( ju/ice4 ,"s ( ^! 7 describ$ 9 a lett] dat$ ,may #h1 #aefh1 & address$ to ,ca?>9e de' ,m$ici by ,bodutel de la ,=e/1 ! ,fr5* ambassador at ! ,engli% c\rt1 z 8six cordons ( l>ge pe>ls1 /rung z pat]no/]s2 b !re are ab\t tw5ty-five sep>ate f ! o!rs mu* l>g] & m beautiful ?an ^? :i* are /rung4 ,!y 7 fir/ %[n to ?ree or f\r jewel]s & lapid>ies ( ?is city1 :o e/imat$ !m at ?ree ?\s& p\nds /]l+1 & :o (f]$ to give t sum2 c]ta9 ,italian m]*ants :o view$ !m aft]w>ds valu$ !m at #ab1jjj escus1 :i* is ! price1 z ,i am told1 ?is que5 ,elizabe? w take !m at4 ,!re is a ,g5evese :o saw !m aft] ! o!rs & e/imat$ !m z wor? #af1jjj escus #bd1jjj40dic ,ca?>9e de' ,m$ici1 :o 0 a "m-9-law ( ,m>y ,/u>t1 0 v anxi\s to obta9 ^! pe>ls2 b ! ambassador wrote on ,may #ae1 #aefh1 t he _h f\nd x impossible to pur*ase !m2 =1 z he _h told h] f ! fir/1 !y 7 int5d$ = ! gratification ( ! ,que5 ( ,engl&1 :o _h pur*as$ !m at h] own price1 & 0 ev5 !n 9 possession ( !m4#did ,,que5 ,,elizabe?',s ,,pe>ls4 ,al?\gh 9 h] y\? %e is said to h _h a di/a/e = p]sonal decorations1 9 h] lat] ye>s ,que5 ,elizabe? ent]ta9$ an extravagant fondness = pe>ls4 ,9 speak+ ( h] portraits1 ,horace ,walpole says3 8,a pale ,roman nose1 a head ( hair load$ ) cr[ns & p[d]$ ) diamonds1 a va/ ruff1 a va/] f>d+ale1 & a bu%el ( pe>ls1 are features by :i* ev]ybody kn[s at once ! pictures ( ,que5 ,elizabe?40#die ,& to ! end1 h] love = !m 0 unabat$1 = 9 ! la/ tragi-comic sc5e ( h] life1 to meet ! ,angel ( ,dea? himself1 %e 0 dress$ up 9 h] mo/ spl5did jewels ) great pe>l necklaces & e>r+s & p5dants1 z ,paul ,del>o*e s successfully pictur$ 9 8 rem>kable pa9t+ 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,! fad$ waxwork effigy ( h]1 long pres]v$ 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey 9 t curi\s collection ( effigies#dif--! 8,ragg$ ,regim5t10 z ,walpole call$ !m--has a coronet ( l>ge sph]ical pe>ls 9 wax1 long necklaces ( !m1 a great pe>l-ornam5t$ /oma*]1 pe>l e>r+s ) l>ge pe>-%ap$ p5dants1 & ev5 broad1 pe>l m$allions on ! %oe-b[s4 ,9 accordance ) t s+ul> cu/om :i* prevail$ f ! "t ( ,h5ry ,v 7#adbb71 to t ( ,que5 ,anne 7#agad71dig ?is effigy lay on h] c(f9 at ! fun]al & caus$1 says ,/[ 9 8 ,*ronicle1 8su* a g5]al sigh+1 gron+1 & weep+1 z ! l ha? n be5e se5e or kn[ne 9 ! memory ( man40 ,a contemporane\s poet wrote t :5 ! corpse ) ! effigy pass$ d[n ! ,?ames to lie 9 /ate at ,:itehall1 ,fi% wept _! eyes ( pe>l q out1 ,& swam bl9d aft]4 ,,gre%am ,,pe>l4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 ,sir ,?omas ,gre%am1 ! m]*ant pr9ce1 0 cr$it$ ) possess+ a pe>l valu$ at #ae1jjj1 :i* he r$uc$ to p[d] & drank 9 a glass ( w9e to ! heal? ( ! que51 9 ord] to a/oni% ! ,spani% ambassador1 ) :om he _h laid a wag] t he w\ld give a m co/ly d9n] ?an c\ld ! ,spani>ds4#dih ,no o!r in=mation reg>d+ ?is pe>l seems available4 ,! valuation c]ta9ly appe>s excessive :5 comp>$ ) t ( "s o!r pe>ls ( t p]iod4 ,we quote an item f ,burgon1#dii tak5 f ! manuscript j\rnal kept by ,edw>d ,,vi3 #be ,april1 #aeea4 ,a b>ga9e made ) ! ,fulc>e = ab\t #fj1jjj l4 t 9 ,may & ,augu/ %\ld be paid1 = ! def]r+ ( x4 ,fir/1 t ! ,f\lc>e %\ld put x (f = t5 9 ! hundr$4 ,secondly1 t ,i %\ld buy #ab1jjj m>ks weight at #f %il+es ! ounce to be deliv]$ at ,antw]pe1 & s convey$ ov]4 ,?irdly1 ,i %\ld pay #ajj1jjj cr[ns = a v faire juel ( 81 f\r rubies m>vel\s big1 "o ori5t & great diam\nt1 & "o great pe>le4 ,,rudolph ,,ii ,,pe>ls4 ,! sci5tific1 art-lov+1 b ecc5tric ,rudolph ,,ii 7#aeeb-afab71 ,emp]or ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 ga!r$ ab\t him at ,prague a great collection ( jewels & weal? ( all sorts4 ,! values ( 8 pe>ls & preci\s /ones1 ( ! gold & silv] articles1 0 e/imat$ by ! ar*ologi/1 ,jules ,cs> ,b\l5g]1 at sev5te5 millions ( gold flor9s1 :i* 0 a v consid]able sum at t "t1 z appe>s :5 we consid] t "o hundr$ gold flor9s annually 0 deem$ a good sal>y = an (ficial at ! emp]or's c\rt4 ,de ,boot m5tions a pe>l belong+ to ,rudolph ,,ii :i* weigh$ 8?irty c>ats & co/ z _m ?\s&s ( gold pieces40 ,x is q likely t ?is 0 ! "o not$ by ,gom>a z com+ f ! ,gulf ( ,panama1#ejj & :i* ,rudolph probably inh]it$ f 8 gr&fa!r1 ,emp]or ,*>les ,v4 ,! pe>l b\ght by ,ovi$o 9 ,panama1 prior to #aebf1 may be "o ( ! pr9cipal decorations ( ! imp]ial cr[n ( ,au/ria4 ,we read 9 t curi\s & int]e/+ book1 8,! ,g5]all ,hi/orie ( ! ,turkes10 by ,ri*>d ,knolles1#eja t ,abbas ! ,great1 ,%ah ( ,p]sia 7#aeeg-afbh71 aft] hav+ defeat$ ! ,turks 9 _m battles1 desir$ to =m an alliance ) ,emp]or ,rudolph ,,ii1 & to induce him to break 8 engagem5ts ) ! ,turks4 ,to ?is end ,%ah ,abbas1 9 #afaj s5t an embassy to ,prague1 ) _m valuable gifts = ! emp]or1 among :i* 7 8?ree ori5tall pe>les exce$+ big40 ,x has be5 conjectur$1 & x is also claim$1 t ^! may be ?ree ( ! eight pe>-%ap$ pe>ls :i* are n[ to be se5 9 ! cr[n ( ,rudolph ,,ii4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ pe>ls 9 ! ,au/rian cr[n1 z we h /at$1 is mo/ probably ! ,ovi$o pe>l4 ,,*>les ,i ,,pe>l4 ,admir]s ( ,v&yke's pictures ( ,*>les ,i 7#afjj-afdi7 readily recall ! pe>l p5dant f 8 "r e>1 :i* appe>s 9 ne>ly all ( 8 portraits by t arti/4 ,jan9 wrote3 8,?is pe>l 9 ! e> ( 8 maje/y 0 greatly covet$1 & z soon z 8 head _h fall51 ! witnesses ( ! dreadful sc5e ru%$ =w>d1 ready to imbue _! h&s 9 8 blood 9 ord] to secure ! royal jewel40 ,x seems m probable t ! m>tyr k+ w\ld h left ?is gem 9 ! h&s ( a tru/y fri5d = 8 family ?an to ! risk ( injury by ! ax & to be torn f 8 mutilat$ head by a scrambl+ mob4 ,,ow+ to _! control ( ! great fi%]ies1 ! mo/ valuable collections ( pe>ls h be5 held by ea/]n mon>*s1 & p>ticul>ly by ^? ( ,india & ,p]sia4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t "o ?ird ( ! portable weal? ( ^! c\ntries is 9 jewels4 ,mo/ ,ori5tals are z suspici\s ( int]e/ 9 _! jewels z !y are ( inquiry reg>d+ _! h>ems1 imag9+1 d\btless1 t ! int]e/ conceals a s5tim5t ( cupidity1 h5ce x is n practicable to give a m9ute description ( !m4 ,h[ev]1 sev]al travel]s h record$ gl[+ acc\nts ( collections :i* !y h exam9$1 :i* read mu* l a description ( ,aladd9's palace 9 ! ,arabian ,nights4 ,among ^!1 "s ( ! greate/ are ! ,,pe>ls ,,describ$ ,,by ,,tav]ni]4 ,= acc\nts ( rem>kable pe>ls 9 ea/]n c\ntries 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 we are indebt$ to t well-in=m$ old ,fr5* jewel]1 ,tav]ni]1 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable gem deal]s ! _w has ev] kn[n4 ,he made num]\s j\rneys to ,p]sia1 ,turkey1 ,c5tral ,asia1 & ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ga9+ ! confid5ce ( ! highe/ (ficials & trad+ 9 gems ( ! greate/ value4 ,aft] amass+ a l>ge =tune & pur*as+ a b>ony ne> ,lake ,g5eva1 he di$ at ,mosc[ 9 #afhi :ile on a m]cantile trip to ! ,ori5t1 at ! age ( eighty-f\r ye>s4 ,8 8,voyages10 publi%$ 9 #afgf-afgi1 reveal a critical k ( gems1 a rem>kable insight into human nature1 & ! abs5ce ( any int5tion to imp>t mislead+ in=mation4 ,9 ! fir/ ,engli% edition ( 8 travels1 publi%$ 9 #afgh1 ,tav]ni] gave sket*es ( five ( ! pr9cipal pe>ls :i* came "u 8 c>eful obs]vation4 ,figure #a ( ,tav]ni]'s diagram %[s :at he consid]$ 8! l>ge/ & mo/ p]fect pe>l ev] discov]$1 & )\t ! lea/ defect40 ,! weight ( ?is pe>-%ap$ gem does n appe> to h be5 not$1 b f ! sket* x may be e/imat$ at ab\t #ejj gra9s4 ,tav]ni] /ates t ! blood?ir/y ,%ah ,s(i1 ,k+ ( ,p]sia1 pur*as$ x 9 #afcc f an ,arab :o _h j receiv$ x f ! fi%]ies at ,el ,katif4 8,x co/ him #cb1jjj tomans1 or #a1djj1jjj livres ( our money1 at ! rate ( #df livres & #f d5i]s p] toman 7#eeb1jjj740ejb ,illu/ration3 ,,que5 ,,elizabe? ,,( ,,engl& ,illu/ration3 ,,elizabe? ,,( ,,france ,v mu* small] b m beautiful ?an ?is great pe>l1 0 ! "o :i* ,tav]ni] saw 9 #afgj at ,ormus 9 ! possession ( ! ,imam ( ,muscat1 :o _h rec5tly recov]$ ! ,muscat p59sula f ! ,portuguese4 ,! jewel] /at$ t al?\gh ?is weigh$ only twelve & "o sixte5? c>ats 7=ty-eight & a qu>t] gra9s71#ejc & 0 n p]fectly r\nd1 x surpass$ 9 beauty all o!rs 9 ! _w at t "t4 ,x 0 s cle> & lu/r\s z to appe> transluc5t4 ,at ! conclusion ( a gr& ent]ta9m5t giv5 by ! ,khan ( ,ormus1 at :i* ,tav]ni] 0 pres5t1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,muscat drew ?is gem f a small purse susp5d$ ab\t 8 neck1 & exhibit$ x to ! company4 ,! ,khan ( ,ormus (f]$ #bjjj tomans 7ab\t #cd1ejj7 = x1 b ! own] w\ld n "p ) 8 treasure4 ,tav]ni] /ates t lat] ! pr9ce refus$ an (f] ( #dj1jjj escus 7#de1jjj7 f ,aurangzeb1 ! ,great ,mogul ( ,india4#ejd ,figure #c 9 ! diagram repres5ts a pe>-%ap$ pe>l ( fifty-five c>ats 7#bbj gra9s7 :i* ,tav]ni] sold to ,%ai/a ,khan1 uncle ( ! ,gr& ,mogul4 ,al?\gh ( l>ge size & good %ape1 ?is 0 defici5t 9 lu/]4 ,accord+ to ! jewel]1 ?is pe>l 0 f ! ,isl& ( ,m>g>ita on ! ,v5ezuelan coa/1 & 0 ! l>ge/ ev] c>ri$ f ,occid5t to ,ori5t4 ,tav]ni] li/$ among ! ,great ,mogul's jewels a l>ge olive-%ap$ pe>l1 p]fect 9 =m & lu/]4 ,! weight 0 n not$1 b f ! sket* :i* he gave 7see ,fig4 #d7 x may be e/imat$ at ab\t #abe gra9s4 ,x =m$ ! c5tral ornam5t ( a *a9 ( em]alds & rubies1 :i* ! ,mogul sometimes wore ab\t 8 neck4 ,he also li/$ a r\nd pe>l ( p]fect =m 7see ,fig4 #e74 ,! weight ( ?is also is n not$1 b f ! sket* x may be e/imat$ at #aaj gra9s4 ,?is 0 ! l>ge/ p]fectly sph]ical pe>l kn[n to ,tav]ni]4 ,its equal _h nev] be5 f\nd1 & = t reason x 0 kept ) ! unm\nt$ jewels4 ,among ! o!r pe>l treasures ( ! ,great ,mogul1 ,tav]ni] not$ ! foll[+3 7a7 ,two gr&1 pe>-%ap$ pe>ls1 "o weigh+ ab\t sev5ty ratis1#eje a little flatt5$ on bo? sides1 & ( beautiful wat] & good =m4 7b7 ,a button-%ap$ pe>l1 weigh+ f fifty-five to sixty ratis1 ( good =m & good wat]4 7c7 ,a r\nd pe>l ( great p]fection1 a little flat on "o side & weigh+ fifty-six ratis2 ?is _h be5 pres5t$ to ! ,great ,mogul by ,%ah ,abbas ,,ii1 ,k+ ( ,p]sia4 7d7 ,?ree r\nd yell[i% pe>ls weigh+ f tw5ty-five to tw5ty-eight ratis ea*4 7e7 ,a p]fectly r\nd pe>l1 ?irty-five & a half ratis1 :ite & p]fect 9 all respects4 ,?is 0 ! only jewel pur*as$ by ! ,great ,mogul himself1 ! o!rs be+ inh]it$ or com+ to him z pres5ts4 7f7 ,two pe>ls p]fectly %ap$ & equal1 ea* weigh+ tw5ty-five & a qu>t] ratis4 7g7 ,also two *a9s1 "o ( pe>ls & rubies ( diff]5t %apes pi]c$ l ! pe>ls2 ! o!r ( pe>ls & em]alds1 r\nd & bor$4 ,all ( ^! pe>ls 7 r\nd & rang$ 9 weight f t5 to twelve ratis ea*4#ejf ,,peacock ,,?rone4 ,! fam\s ,takht-i-,t's1 or 8,peacock ,?rone10 at ,delhi d\btless conta9$ ! greate/ accumulation ( gems 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x 0 complet$1 9 ! eigh? ye> ( 8 reign 7#ajdd ,a4,h41 #afcd ,a4,d47 by ,%ah ,jehan1 greate/ ( ,mogul sov]eigns1 :o likewise built ! ,taj ,mahal at ,agra1 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful edifices ev] design$ by man4 ,abd-al-,hamid1 ( ,lahore1 9 8 ,pd-%h-nmah1 8,book ( ! ,k+10 compos$ prior to #afed1 writes z foll[s3#ejg ,9 ! c\rse ( ye>s _m valuable gems _h come into ! imp]ial jewel h\se1 ea* "o ( :i* might s]ve z an e>-drop = ,v5us or z an adornm5t = ! girdle ( ! ,sun4 ,^u ! accession ( ! emp]or1 x occurr$ to him t1 9 ! op9ion ( f>-see+ m5 ! acquisition ( su* r>e jewels & ! keep+ ( su* wond]ful brilliants c\ld r5d] b "o s]vice1 t ( adorn+ ! ?rone ( ! empire4 ,!y ought1 !re=e1 to be put to su* a use t behold]s might b5efit by _! spl5d\r & t maje/y might %9e ) increas$ brilliancy4 ,z describ$ by ,tav]ni] 9 #afgf1 great quantities ( pe>ls 7 us$ 9 ! ornam5tation ( ?is ?rone1 ! ar*$ ro(1 ! support+ pill>s1 ! adjac5t sun-umbrellas1 be+ well cov]$ ) ^! gems1 _m ( !m ( great value4 ,! *oice/ "o 0 pe>-%ap$1 yell[i% 9 color1 & weigh$ ab\t fifty c>ats 7#bjj gra9s72#ejh ?is 0 susp5d$ f a great ruby :i* ornam5t$ ! brea/ ( ! peacock4 8,b t :i* 9 my op9ion is ! mo/ co/ly ?+ ab\t ?is magnific5t ?rone is t ! twelve columns support+ ! canopy are surr\nd$ ) beautiful r[s ( pe>ls1 :i* are r\nd & ( f9e wat]1 & weigh f #f to #aj c>ats ea* #bd to #dj gra9s40#eji ,! total value ( ! jewels ent]+ into ! ornam5tation 0 e/imat$ at #afj1ejj1jjj livres or #fj1ahg1ejj2 & ! pres5t value ( ! ?rone z x /&s 9 ! %ah's palace at ,teh]an1 :i!r x 0 c>ri$ by ,nadir ,%ah f ! sack ( ,delhi 9 #agci1 ev5 ?\gh dive/$ ( _m ( its mo/ valuable gems1 is e/imat$ at #ac1jjj1jjj4eaj ,! design] ( ! ,peacock ,?rone 0 ,au/9 de ,bordeaux1 :o also plann$ ! magnific5t ,taj ,mahal4 ,he 0 nam$ by ,%ah ,jehan1 8,jewel-,h&$10 & receiv$ a sal>y ( two ?\s& rupees a mon?4 ,,%ah',s 8,,tippet40 ,sir ,h>=d ,jones ,brydges' description ( ! jewels ( ! ,%ah ( ,p]sia at ,teh]an is ( p>ticul> value1 s9ce he _h =m]ly dealt 9 jewels & 0 an exp]t 9 su* matt]s4 ,he says3 ,i 0 p>ticul>ly /ruck ) ! k+'s tippet1 a cov]+ = "p ( 8 back1 8 %\ld]s & 8 arms1 :i* is only us$ on ! v highe/ occasions4 ,x is a piece ( pe>l "w ( ! mo/ beautiful patt]n2 ! pe>ls are work$ on velvet1 b !y /& s close toge!r t little1 if any1 ( ! velvet is visible4 ,x took me a good h\r to exam9e ?is s+le article1 :i* ,i h no fe> ( say+ c n be mat*$ 9 ! _w4 ,!re 0 n a s+le pe>l employ$ 9 =m+ ?is mo/ gorge\s trapp+ less 9 size ?an ! l>ge/ m>r[-fat pea ,i ev] saw rais$ 9 ,engl&1 & _m--,i %\ld suppose f #aej to #bjj--! size ( a wild plum1 & ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ^! pe>ls1 x w\ld puzzle ! be/ jewel] :o %\ld exam9e !m mo/ critically to discov] 9 m ?an #d or #e a s]i\s fault4 ,! tassel is =m$ ( pe>ls ( ! mo/ uncommon size & beauty2 & ! em]ald :i* =ms ! top ( ! tassel is p]haps ! l>ge/ p]fect "o 9 ! _w4444 ,= "s days aft] ,i _h se5 ^! jewels1 ,i attempt$ to make an e/imate ( _! value1 b ,i got s confus$ 9 ! recollection ( _! weight & ! all[ance to be made 9 "s ( !m = _! p]fection 9 wat] & color1 t ,i gave x up z impossible4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 ?9k ,i %all mu* mislead if ,i say t on a mod]ate1 p]haps a l[ calculation1 _! value _c be less ?an fifte5 millions /]l+8 ( our money4#eaa ,,%ah',s ,,pe>ls ,,9 #ahbj4 ,ne>ly a c5tury ago ! elaborate /ate co/ume ( ! ,%ah ( ,p]sia 0 describ$ by ! ,engli% arti/1 ,sir ,rob]t ,k] ,port]4 ,9 ?is description he m5tion$ p>ticul>ly ! pe>ls 9 ! ti>a1 ! pe>-%ap$ pe>ls ( imm5se size ) :i* ! plumes 7 tipp$1 ! two /r+s ( pe>ls--8probably ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w0--:i* cross$ ! k+'s %\ld]s1 & ! l>ge cu%ion incas$ 9 a network ( beautiful pe>ls aga9/ :i* he recl9$4#eab ,,pe>ls ,,( ,,! ,,gaikw> ,,( ,,b>oda4 ,among ! greate/ jewel$ treasures ( ,india are ^? ( ! pres5t ,mahratta ,gaikw> ( ,b>oda1 :o has prec$5ce ov] all ! rul]s 9 ,india at all functions1 & is "o ( ! mo/ prom95t & enlight5$ ( ! ,indian pr9ces4 ,he gov]ns a prov9ce ( ab\t #hbbe squ>e miles & #b1dae1cif inhabitants 9 ! nor?we/]n "p ( ,india1 #bdh miles nor? ( ,bombay4 ,mo/ ( ^! treasures1 ^: value is e/imat$ at a doz5 million doll>s1 7 collect$ by 8 pr$ecessor1 ,mahratta ,kh&>ao1 :o liv$ 9 b>b>ic spl5dor1 & !y are r>ely worn by ! pres5t gaikw>4 ,^! treasures include a sa% ( "o hundr$ r[s ( pe>ls1 t]m9at+ 9 a great tassel ( pe>ls & em]alds2 sev5 r[s ( sup]b pe>ls ^: value is e/imat$ at half a million doll>s2 a litt] set ) se$-pe>ls1 quantities ( un/rung pe>ls1 & m rem>kable yet1 a %awl or c>pet ( pe>ls1 :i* closely resembles ! 8tippet0 at ,teh]an describ$ by ,brydge4 ,?is c>pet is said to be t5 & "o half feet long by six feet wide1 & to be made up ( /r+s ( pe>ls1 except t a bord]1 elev5 in*es wide1 & also c5t] ornam5ts1 are work$ out 9 diamonds4 ,"s writ]s ass]t t ?is co/ly ornam5t 0 orig9ally int5d$ by ! late ,mahratta ,kh&>ao z a cov]+ = ! tomb ( ,mohamm$4 ,o!rs /ate t x 0 design$ z a pres5t = a woman ( :om he 0 enam\r$1 b t ! ,briti% resid5t int]f]$1 claim+ t ! weal? ( ,b>oda 0 n suffici5t to w>rant su* an exp5sive gift on ! "p ( ! rul]4 ,?is ornam5t is n[ reta9$ among ! regalia at ,b>oda1 & is probably ! mo/ co/ly pe>l ornam5t 9 ! _w1 its value be+ e/imat$ at sev]al million doll>s4 ,,summ] ,,palace ,,9 #ahfj4 ,_m sup]b pe>ls 7 among ! preci\s objects 9 ! ,yu5-,m9-,yu5 or ,summ] ,palace 9 ,pek9 at ! "t ( its capture by ! ,european =ces 9 #ahfj4 ,numb]s ( ^! 7 lo/ 9 ! confusion ( ! sack+ & plund]1 :5 ! soldi]s' pockets 7 fill$ & ! floors 7 /rewn ) jewels1 beautiful objects ( gold & silv]1 ri* silks & furs1 c>v$ jade1 lapis lazuli1 etc4 ,"s ( ! pe>ls f\nd _! way to ,europe1 & especially to ,france & ,engl&4 ,!y 7 ( good size & lu/] & 7 mo/ly yell[i% 9 color4 ,un=tunately1 _m 7 crudely drill$ ) l>ge holes1 & _h be5 /rung on gold wires by :i* !y 7 atta*$ to ! idols !y decorat$ at ! "t !y 7 /ol54 ,m ?an "o hundr$1 ea* ov] ?irty gra9s 9 weight1 7 receiv$ 9 ,engl&1 & sold at an av]age ( ne>ly "o ?\s& doll>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pe>l ,,c>pet ,,or ,,%awl ,,( ,,! ,,gaikw> ,,( ,,b>oda ,a simil> booty came f ! spoliation dur+ ! w> betwe5 ,*9a & ,japan 9 #ahid1 & dur+ ! ,box] outbreaks ( #aija1 & quantities ( pe>ls1 (t5 l>ge & ( f9e color1 b a little ! worse = we>1 7 br\ght to ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,europe by ! soldi]s & (ficials1 & also by trad]s & travel]s :o obta9$ !m 9 ,*9a4 ,! p5dant figur$ is "o ( ^! objects4 ,,! ,,gogibus ,,pe>l4 ,?is fam\s pe>l1 said to h be5 ! l>ge/ 9 ,europe1 weigh$ no less ?an #abf c>ats 7#ejd gra9s74 ,x 0 pe>-%ap$ & ( f9e ori5t1 & 0 br\ght f ! ,we/ ,indies1 9 #afbj1 by ,franois ,gogibus1 a native ( ,calais1 :o sold x to ,philip ,,iv ( ,spa94 ,z no mat* c\ld be f\nd = ?is magnific5t gem1 x 0 m\nt$ z a button 9 ! royal cap4#eac ,,la ,,re9e ,,des ,,p]les4 ,! l>ge r\nd pe>l ( ! ,fr5* cr[n jewels :i* is li/$ 9 ! inv5tory ( #agia at #bjj1jjj francs1 0 pur*as$ 9 #affiead = ! sum ( #dj1jjj livres1 f a gem deal] nam$ ,bazu1 :o _h travel$ 9 ! ,ea/ at ab\t ! "t ( ,tav]ni]'s voyage4 ,9 ! inv5tory ( #afia1 x is describ$ z 8a virg9 pe>l1 p]fect1 r\nd1 & ( f9e wat]10 weigh+ #bg c>ats & valu$ at #ij1jjj livres4 ,:5 ! great] "p ( ! jewels 7 /ol5 f ! ,g>de-,meuble 9 #agib1 we are told t ! ?ieves took a pe>l inclos$ 9 a gold box on :i* 0 writt53 8,! que5 ( pe>ls40 ,?is 0 mo/ probably ! "o we h describ$ & !re is reason to believe t ?is same pe>l came lat] into ! possession ( ! ,zozima bro!rs1 & 0 call$ ,la ,pellegr9a4 ,,la ,r,,g5te4 ,?is "n 0 be/[$ ^u a big1 ovate pe>l :i* 0 9 ! collection ( ! ,fr5* cr[n jewels4 ,?is pe>l1 :i* weighs #ccg gra9s1 0 furni%$ 9 ,novemb]1 #ahaa1 by ! c\rt jewel]s1 ,messrs4 ,noitat1 = a ti>a1 worn by ,m>ie ,l\ise1 ,empress ( ,france4 ,by ord] ( ! emp]or1 ,napoleon ,,iii1 ! pe>l 0 tak5 out ( ! ti>a & m\nt$1 9 ,augu/1 #ahec1 by ! ,p>is jewel] ,lem\ni] into a broo*4 ,?is great broo*1 ) 8,la ,rg5te0 z ! c5tral gem1 0 b\ght by ,fab]ge ,company ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ,russia1 = ! ,pr9cess ,y\ss\p(f at ! 8,v5te des ,diamants de la ,c\ronne0 9 #ahhg4 ,,la ,,pellegr9a4 ,= ne>ly a c5tury !re has be5 9 ,russia "o ( ! mo/ lovely pe>ls 9 ! _w2 ?is is ,la ,pellegr9a1 =m]ly own$ by ! ,zozima bro!rs ( ,mosc[1 :o 7 antiqu>ians ( note 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,9 #ahah a small book ( =ty-eight pages 0 writt5 ab\t ?is beautiful gem by ,g4 ,fis*] de ,waldheim1 vice-presid5t ( ! ,imp]ial ,m$ico-,*irurgical ,academy1 probably ! only book ev] devot$ to a s+le pe>l4 ,accord+ to ?is writ]1 ,la ,pellegr9a 0 pur*as$ at ,leghorn by "o ( ! ,zozima bro!rs f an ,engli% admiral :o _h j return$ f ,india4 ,x comb9es all ! requisites ( p]fection3 x is absolutely sph]ical & has nev] be5 pi]c$2 its lu/]1 its silv]y %e51 make x appe> almo/ transp>5t1 & = a pe>l ( ?is high grade1 x is ( rem>kable size1 weigh+ #aaa gra9s4 ,! ,zozima bro!rs reta9$ x 9 a sea-ur*9 %ell m\nt$ 9 gold & ) a convex l5s z cov]2 ?is 0 conta9$ 9 a silv] box1 & ?is 9 turn 9 ano!r box /udd$ ) gems4 ,al?\gh ! l5s enl>g$ ! appe>ance ( ! pe>l1 x detract$ f its beautiful =m1 giv+ x an oval %ape4 ,b :5 remov$ f ! triple inclosure1 x roll$ ab\t l a globule ( quicksilv]1 & surpass$ t metal 9 :it5ess & brilliancy4 ,ev]y?+ t is beautiful & p]fect takes su* possession ( ! behold] t words become insuffici5t to express 8 feel+s2 & t is :at happ5$ to me 9 ! case ( ,la ,pellegr9a ( ,zozima4 ,"o mu/ h se5 an object ( ?is k9d 9 ord] to appreciate ! impression x makes4 ,z an evid5ce ( ?is1 ,i %all note ! la/ visit :i* ,i made to ! own] 9 company ) sev]al di/+ui%$ p]sons4 ,aft] hav+ exam9$ _m curi\s m$als & co9s1 & also "s pe>ls :i* exce$$ 9 size ! "o ( :i* ,i treat1 & aft] !y _h receiv$ _! due me$ ( admiration1 ,la ,pellegr9a appe>$1 roll$ ^u a %eet ( pap] by ! own]'s little f+]4 ,att5tion & admiration 0 depict$ on e face2 a p]fect sil5ce reign$4 ,x 0 only :5 ! pe>l _h be5 remov$ v c>efully le/ x %\ld slip away1 & 0 aga9 triply enclos$1 t we recov]$ ! p[] ( spee* & c\ld unanim\sly express our admiration4#eae ,z x _h be5 /at$ t ?is pe>l 0 9 ! possession ( ! ,pr9cess ,y\ss\p(f1 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,w4 ,hill] ( ,new ,york1 :o 0 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 c\rte\sly made inquiries & 0 successful 9 obta9+ a view ( ! two spl5did pe>-%ap$ pe>ls4 ,^! are almo/ exactly alike1 b nei!r ( !m c well be ,la ,pellegr9a1 s9ce ?is is a r\nd pe>l2 possibly ! "o on ! "r may be ,la ,p]egr9a4#eaf ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,hope ,,pe>l4 ,,weighs #ahjj ,,gra9s ,actual size ,! own] ( ,la ,pellegr9a 9 #ahah1 ,z4 ,p4 ,zozima1 di$ 9 ,mosc[ at a great age1 9 #ahbg4 ,he 0 a ,greek deal] 9 curiosities & gems1 :o _h resid$ 9 ,mosc[ = a long "t1 & _h _m cli5ts among ! nobility ( ,russia4 ,x is /at$ t a few mon?s be=e 8 dea? ! be/ pieces ( 8 collection1 includ+ ,la ,pellegr9a1 7 /ol5 f him by a compatriot4 ,,mosc[ ,,pe>l1 #ahdj4 ,! ,g]man travel]1 ,johann ,georg ,kohl 7#ahjh-ahgh71 9 ! acc\nt ( 8 travels 9 ,russia1 relates an int]e/+ incid5t connect$ ) a beautiful pe>l 9 ! ,imp]ial ,treasury4 ,%ortly previ\s to #ahdj1 a ri* ,mosc[ m]*ant di$ 9 a conv5t1 :i!r he _h retreat$ aft] ! mann] ( ! weal?y pi\s ones ( 8 nation4 ,feel+ ! approa* ( age1 he _h giv5 up ! toils ( bus9ess to 8 sons4 ,8 wife 0 dead1 & ! only belov$ object :i* ev5 9 ! cloi/] 0 n sep>at$ f him 0 a l>ge1 beautiful1 ori5tal pe>l4 ,?is preci\s object _h be5 pur*as$ = him by "s ,p]sian or ,arabian fri5d at a high price1 &1 en*ant$ by its wat]1 magnific5t size1 & color1 its p]fect %ape & lu/]1 he w\ld nev] "p ) x1 h[ev] enorm\s ! sum (f]$4 ,he himself inhabit$ an ord9>y cell 9 ! conv5t2 b ?is object ( 8 love repos$ on silk 9 a gold5 casket4 ,x 0 %[n to few p]sons1 & favorable circum/ances & /rong recomm5dations 7 necess>y to obta9 su* a favor4 ,a ,mosc[ resid5t report$ ! /yle & mann] ( ! c]emony4 ,on ! appo9t$ day he w5t ) 8 fri5ds to ! conv5t1 & f\nd ! old g5tleman await+ 8 gue/s 9 8 holiday clo!s4 ,_! reception _h some?+ ( solemnity ab\t x4 ,! old man w5t into 8 cell & br\ght out ! casket 9 its ri* cov]+4 ,he spread :ite sat9 on ! table1 &1 unlock+ ! casket1 let ! preci\s pe>l roll out be=e ! en*ant$ eyes ( ! spectators4 ,no "o v5tur$ to t\* x1 b all bur/ into acclamations1 & ! old man's eyes gleam$ l 8 pe>l4 ,aft] a %ort "t x 0 return$ to ! casket4 ,dur+ 8 la/ illness1 ! old g5tleman nev] let ! pe>l out ( 8 h&1 & aft] 8 dea? x 0 ) difficulty tak5 f 8 /iff5$ f+]s4 ,!re seems to be a great simil>ity betwe5 ! description ( ?is pe>l & t ( ,la ,pellegr9a1 al?\gh we h be5 unable to v]ify our surmise z to _! id5tity4 ,,! ,,hope ,,pe>l4 ,9 ! fir/ half ( ! la/ c5tury1 ,h5ry ,philip ,hope1 a ,london bank]1 br\ght toge!r a great collection ( gems1 among :i* 7 _m pe>ls4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( ^! 0 ! (t5-describ$ ,hope pe>l1 "o ( ! l>ge/ kn[n2 ! value ( :i*1 h[ev]1 is n 9 proportion to its size1 ow+ to its irregul> =mation4 ,z describ$ 9 ! catalogue ( ! ,hope collection1 publi%$ 9 #ahci1 ?is ori5tal pe>l is ( an irregul> pe>-%ape1 weighs #ahjj gra9s1 or ?ree ounces1 measures two in*es 9 l5g?1 & 9 circumf]5ce f\r & "o half in*es at ! broade/ & ?ree & "o f\r? in*es at ! n>r[e/ end4 ,! color at ! l>g] end is ( a bronze or a d>k gre5 copp] t9t1 ?is gradually cle>+ into a f9e :ite lu/] = )9 "o & "o half in*es ( ! small] end4 ,?is b>oque pe>l 0 firmly atta*$ to ! %ell1 & x yet %[s ! po9t ( atta*m5t1 :i* has be5 poli%$ s z to correspond to ! rema9+ portion4 ,x is attractively m\nt$1 ! small] end be+ capp$ ) an ar*$ cr[n ( r$ enamel$ gold set ) diamonds1 rubies1 & em]alds4#eag ,aft] rema9+ 9 ! ,hope jewel collection at ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum = _m ye>s1 x 0 sold at auction1 at ,*ri/ie's1 9 #ahhf1 :5 t collection 0 plac$ on ! m>ket4 ,?is pe>l is n[ held by ,messrs4 ,g>r>d ,company ( ,london1 at ! price ( #ijjj4 ,! ,hope collection also conta9$ ab\t #adh pe>ls ( good =m4 ,notable among ^! 7 ! foll[+3 7a7 a conical pe>l weigh+ #aea gra9s1 cream-:ite 9 color1 f ,polynesia2 7b7 a b\ton pe>l ( #abd gra9s1 blui%-:ite at ! top & encircl$ by a d>k bronze color2 7c7 an oval cream-color$ pe>l1 weigh+ n9ety-f\r gra9s1 f ! ,s\? ,seas2 7d7 an eighty-n9e-gra91 r\ghly sph]ical pe>l1 "o side blui% & ! o!r ( a light bronze2 7e7 an eighty-five-gra91 acorn-%ap$1 blui%-:ite pe>l1 ) a b& ( opaque :ite ne> ! base2 7f7 an oval con* pe>l1 p9k 9 g5]al color & some:at :iti% at ! ends1 weigh+ eighty-two & "o f\r? gra9s2 7g7 ano!r con* pe>l1 sev5ty-sev5 & "o half gra9s1 button-%ap$1 yell[i% :ite ) a slight %ade ( p9k2 7h7 a sev5ty-six-&-"o-half-gra9 drop-%ap$ pe>l ( a *atoyant aspect1 ( :ite color %ad$ ) r$1 purple1 & gre52 & 7i7 a pe>-%ap$ ,scotti% pe>l ( ?irty-f\r & ?ree f\r?s gra9s1 ( a milky blui% ca/e1 slightly t+$ ) p9k4 ,,van ,,bur5 ,,pe>ls4 ,among ! collections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum are two p5dant pe>ls ea* weigh+ ab\t ?irty gra9s1 & a necklace conta9+ #adh pe>ls ) an aggregate weight ( #gjj gra9s4 ,^! 7 pres5t$ 9 #ahdj to ,presid5t ,van ,bur5 by ! ,imam ( ,muscat4 ,!y 7 deposit$ 9 ! vaults ( ! ,treasury ,dep>tm5t1 :]e !y rema9$ until a few ye>s ago1 :51 by ! ord] ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 !y 7 transf]r$ to ! cu/ody ( ! ,national ,museum :]e !y n[ are4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h] ,,grace1 ,,! ,,du*ess ,,( ,,m>lbor\gh ,,?i]s ,,necklace4 ,9 ! gall]ies ( ! ,l\vre at ,p>is may be se5 a pe>l necklace =m]ly own$ by ! wife ( ,presid5t ,?i]s 7#agig-ahhg71 consi/+ ( #ade pe>ls 9 ?ree r[s4 ,! weights ( ! ?ree l>ge/ individual pe>ls are fifty-"o1 ?irty-n9e1 & ?irty-six gra9s1 respectively4 ,! aggregate weight is #bjgi gra9s1 & ! value at ! "t ( _! deposit 0 e/imat$ at #cjj1jjj francs4 ,?is is on a base ( #b4jb2 at a high] valuation ! figures w\ld be3 #adh1idg #ga4fd p] gra92 base1 #e #bch1cae #aad4fc p] gra92 base1 #h ! la/ be+ v probably ne>] to ! correct value ( ! necklace at ! pres5t "t4 ,,tiffany ,,que5 ,,pe>l4 ,d\btless ! mo/ fam\s pe>l ev] f\nd )9 ! limits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & likewise "o ( ! *oice/1 is ! well-kn[n 8,que5 ,pe>l10 f\nd 9 ,not* ,brook ne> ,pat]son1 ,new ,j]sey1 9 #aheg4eah ,9 =m x is a p]fect sph]e1 & weighs n9ety-?ree gra9s4 ,! hi/ory ( ! discov]y & ( ! sale ( ?is beautiful gem is set =? on page #bfj4 ,,! ,,bap/ ,,pe>ls4 ,v practical is ! acc\nt giv5 by ,/reet] ( a pair ( magnific5t sph]ical pe>ls exhibit$ at ! ,p>is ,exhibition 9 #ahgh by ,messrs4 ,bap/ ( ,p>is4 ,"o ( ^! pe>ls--!n weigh+ #aaf gra9s--0 pur*as$ by ,mr4 ,/reet] 9 #ahgg1 & by him sold to a lead+ m]*ant ( ,london1 :o skilfully remov$ a blemi% on x1 r$uc+ x to #aac gra9s 9 weight4 ,aft] hold+ x = "s mon?s1 x occurr$ to him t x w\ld mat* a pe>l sold by ,hunt & ,roskell to ,dhuleep ,s+h ab\t fifte5 ye>s previ\sly4 ,on comp>ison1 ! two 7 f\nd to mat* p]fectly1 "o weigh+ #aac & ! o!r #aac gra9s4 ,! two 7 ev5tually sold e>ly 9 #ahgh 8= #dhjj1 :i* 0 ev5 !n mu* bel[ _! value1 & to-day !y w\ld be wor? #aj1jjj4 ,!y 7 exhibit$ 9 ! great ,p>is ,exposition 9 #ahgh1 :]e !y attract$ univ]sal att5tion1 & 7 pron\nc$ by connoisseurs to be ! mo/ extraord9>y pair ( pe>ls ev] se5 9 ,europe4 ,!y 7 sold f ! exhibition to an individual = a v l>ge sum40#eai ,,! 8,,s\!rn ,,cross40 ,! 8,s\!rn ,cross0 is an unusual pe>l or r clu/] ( pe>ls :i* attract$ mu* att5tion tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,x consi/s ( n9e atta*$ pe>ls =m+ a ,roman cross ab\t "o & "o half in*es 9 l5g?1 sev5 pe>ls con/itut+ ! %aft or /&>d1 :ile ! arms are =m$ by "o pe>l on ea* side ( ! second "o f ! upp] end4 ,! lu/] is good1 b ! individual pe>ls are n p]fect sph]es1 be+ mutually compress$ at ! po9t ( juncture & consid]ably flatt5$ at ! back4 ,if sep>at$1 ! aggregate value ( ! individual pe>ls w\ld be small1 & ! celebrity ( ! ornam5t is due almo/ exclusively to its =m4 ,?is /rik+ =mation 0 exhibit$ at ! ,colonial & ,indian ,exhibition at ,london 9 #ahhf1 & lat] at ! ,p>is ,exhibition 9 #ahhi1 :]e x 0 ! c5t] ( int]e/1 & obta9$ a gold m$al = ! exhibitors4 ,x is report$ t an ef=t 0 made to br+ ab\t its sale at #aj1jjj1 ! own]s sugge/+ t x 0 especially appropriate = pres5tation to ,leo ,,xiii1 on ! occasion ( 8 jubilee 9 #ahif4 ,! writ]s h be5 unable to obta9 in=mation z to its pres5t location4 ,mu* in=mation relative to ! 8,s\!rn ,cross0 0 volunte]$ by ,h5ry ,taunton 9 ! v int]e/+ acc\nt ( 8 w&]+s 9 ,au/ralia4 ,he pres5ts app>5tly reliable /atem5ts %[+ t x 0 f\nd on ,m>* #bf1 #ahhc1 (f ,baldw9 ,creek 9 ,lat4 #ag ,s4 & ,long4 #abb ,e41 by a boy nam$ ,cl>k1 9 ! employ ( ,james ,w4 ,s4 ,kelly1 a ma/] pe>l]4 ,:5 deliv]$ to ,kelly1 x 0 9 ?ree di/9ct pieces1 b ! boy report$ t x 0 9 "o piece :5 he f\nd x a few h\rs be=e4 ,kelly sold x 9 ! ?ree pieces 9 :i* he receiv$ x = #aj to a fell[ pe>l] nam$ ,roy2 ,roy sold x = #dj to a man nam$ ,craig1 & he sold x to an ,au/ralian syndicate4 ,h[ev]1 accord+ to ,taunton's positive /atem5t1 !re 7 only eight pe>ls 9 ! clu/] :5 x 0 sold by ,kelly 9 #ahhc1 & to make x resemble a well-proportion$ cross--! "r arm be+ abs5t--ano!r pe>l ( suitable size & %ape 0 subsequ5tly secur$ at ,cossack & atta*$ 9 ! prop] place to ! o!rs1 :i*1 9 ! meantime1 _h be5 refa/5$ toge!r by diamond cem5t1 ?us mak+ ?ree artificial jo9ts 9 ! pres5t clu/]4 8,z if to assi/ 9 ! deception1 nature _h fa%ion$ a holl[ 9 ! side ( ! c5tral pe>l j :]e ! add$ pe>l w\ld h to be fitt$2 &--! :ole pe>l+ fleet ) _! pe>ls & %ells com+ into ,cossack ab\t ?is "t--x 0 no difficult matt] to select a pe>l ( ! "r size & ) ! convexity requir$4 ,! hold] paid "s t5 or twelve p\nds = ! option ( select+ a pe>l )9 giv5 limits2 & !n once m1 ) ! aid ( diamond cem5t & t ( a skilful #8fak]1' ?is celebrat$ gem 0 trans=m$ into a p]fect cross40#ebj ,,morgan-,,tiffany ,,collection4 ,probably ! mo/ int]e/+ assortm5t ( ,am]ican pe>ls is ! ,morgan-,tiffany ,collection 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york4 ,! excell5ce ( ?is collection lies1 n 9 ! high co/ ( any individual pe>l1 b 9 its illu/rat+ 9 a compreh5sive mann] ! great v>iety1 colors1 & =ms ( ,am]ican pe>ls4 ,n only are ! _m v>ieties ( fre%-wat] pe>ls repres5t$1 b likewise abalone pe>ls f ! ,pacific coa/1 con* pe>ls f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & a good assortm5t ( pe>ly concretions f edible oy/]s & clams ( ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,?is collection conta9s #eeg species ( :ite & color$ ,unio pe>ls1 f\r multicolor$1 five mallet-%apes1 #aff b>oques1 ?irty-n9e h+e pe>ls1 tw5ty pe>lace\s masses1 ?irty-f\r clam 7,v5us7 pe>ls1 fifte5 abalone pe>ls1 elev5 con* pe>ls1 & twelve oy/] 7,o/rea7 pe>ls4 ,! collection 0 exhibit$ 9 two p>ts1 ! fir/ at ! ,p>is ,exposition ( #ahhi1 & ! second at ! ,p>is ,exposition ( #aijj4 ,on ea* occasion a gold m$al 0 aw>d$4 ,,c\nt ,,bat?yani',s ,,pe>l4 ,a curi\s hi/ory is connect$ ) a beautiful black pe>l#eba :i* 0 at "o "t 9 ! possession ( ,c\nt ,l\is ,bat?yani1 ! premi] ( ! revolution>y gov]nm5t ( ,hung>y4 ,! c\nt 0 %ot 9 #ahdi1 by ! ord]s ( a c\rt-m>tial1 & on ! eve ( 8 execution he gave ! pe>l1 :i* he _h worn m\nt$ on a sc>f-p91 to 8 tru/y & fai?ful valet4 ,! latt] left x to 8 son1 :o1 :5 9 /raight5$ circum/ances1 s\ght to raise money ^u ! pe>l4 ,! pawnbrok] ( ! small t[n 0 di/ru/ful ( its value & took x to ,budape/ = appraisal4 ,!re ! suspicions ( ! au?orities 7 ar\s$1 an inve/igation 0 ord]$1 & x 0 f9ally discov]$ t ! pe>l _h be5 /ol5 "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s be=e f ! ,engli% cr[n4 ,! ,engli% gov]nm5t r$eem$ x = ! sum ( #bejj 7#ab1ejj74 ,h[ x came into ! possession ( ,c\nt ,bat?yani is a my/]y2 probably he pur*as$ x f "s antiqu>ian4 ,9 #aijj !re 0 %[n 9 ,p>is "o ( ! mo/ important black pe>ls ( any "t1 a pe>-%ap$ pe>l ( =ty-n9e gra9s1 ( a mo/ wond]ful black color ) a gre5 %e51 z p]fectly =m$ z ?\gh x _h be5 turn$ out ( a la!2 x did n t]m9ate 9 a po9t at ! small end1 b 0 slightly flatt5$4 ,x 0 s beautiful an object t x almo/ seem$ x %\ld nev] be drill$ = m\nt+4 ,?is pe>l ultimately sold = m ?an #cj1jjj1 & x is probably ! f9e/ black pe>l t has ev] rea*$ ! ,european m>kets4 ,accord+ to a p]sonal communication f ,e4 ,z4 ,/eev]1 gov]nor ( ! ,di/rict ( ,sulu1 ! l>ge/ pe>l t he has se5 9 ! isl&s belongs to ! sultan1 & is n[ 9 ! possession ( ,hadji ,butu1 =m] prime m9i/]4 ,x is an oblate sph]oid1 !re be+ a trifl+ diff]5ce betwe5 ! two diamet]s4 ,! upp] hemisph]e is v beautiful2 ! l[] "o has a few m9ute1 black specks :i* are sup]ficial & c\ld be easily remov$1 ! pe>l n hav+ be5 treat$ s9ce x 0 tak5 f ! oy/]4 ,?is pe>l measures five eigh?s ( an in* at its greate/ diamet] & is said to weigh twelve c>ats 7=ty-eight gra9s74 ,hadji ,butu in=m$ ,gov]nor ,/eev] t ! sultan _h refus$ #be1jjj = ! pe>l 9 ,s+apore4 ,! ,nordica pe>l is ! f9e/ abalone ( :i* we h any record4 ,x weighs #age gra9s1 is a drop pe>l ( a gre5i% hue1 ) brilliant r$ fire-l fla%es1 & s]ves z a p5dant to ! fam\s collection ( color$ pe>ls belong+ to ! belov$ & admir$ ,am]ican prima donna1 ,madam ,nordica4 ,at ! ,int]national ,exposition 9 ,p>is 9 #ahhi1 ,mr4 ,alphonse ,falco1 presid5t ( ! ,*ambre ,syndicale1 exhibit$ a r\nd pe>l1 :ite & lu/r\s1 weigh+ sev5ty gra9s1 & valu$ at #ej1jjj francs4 ,augu/o ,ca/ellani1 ! well-kn[n ,italian jewel] ( ,rome1 9 ! ye> #ahfh1 dur+ ! ,papal regime1 execut$ a cr[n = ,k+ ,victor ,emmanuel ,,ii4 ,?is cr[n 0 de/9$ = ! ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re1 9 ,j]usalem1 & on x is a pe>l :i*1 al?\gh slightly irregul>1 is z l>ge z ! fam\s ,gogibus pe>l4 ,a rem>kable gold5-yell[ pe>l f ,%>k's ,bay1 ,we/ ,au/ralia1 is 9 ! possession ( a ,new ,york lady2 x weighs ?irty & "o half gra9s1 is p]fectly r\nd1 & is )\t a flaw or blemi%4 ,,cr[n ,,jewels ,,( ,,france4 ,! collection ( gems kn[n z ! ,cr[n ,jewels ( ,france ow$ its orig9 to ,francis ,i 7#adid-aedg74 ,:ile 9 ,bordeaux1 on 8 way to meet 8 bride1 ,eleanor ( ,au/ria1 si/] ( ,emp]or ,*>les ,v1 ,francis creat$ by lett] pat5t ! ,treasure ( ! ,cr[n ,jewels1 giv+ to ! /ate a numb] ( 8 mo/ valu$ diamonds1 "u ! condition t at ea* *ange ( sov]eign a c>eful inv5tory %\ld be made4 ,! orig9al collection consi/$ ( six pieces ( jewelry valu$ at #bgb1bdb 8cus soleil10 or ab\t #gjj1jjj4 ,! cr[n jewels h pass$ ?r\gh _m vicissitudes 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,a numb] ( ! gems 7 at v>i\s times pl$g$ z security = loans made 9 ,france & ,italy1 & x is said t 9 #aehh1 dur+ ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iii1 all ! jewels disappe>$ f ! royal treasury4 ,h5ry ,,iv /rove to rega!r ! scatt]$ ornam5ts1 b x 0 only 9 ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv t ! collection became really important4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 9 #agia1 an inv5tory 0 made by ! ord] ( ! ,national ,assembly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,madam ,,nordica ,,collection ,,( ,,color$ ,,pe>ls ,! ,nordica drop pe>l weighs #age gra9s ,! jewels 7 !n deposit$ 9 ! ,g>de-,meuble1 :]e !y 7 expos$ to public view4 ,ei!r !y 7 v c>elessly gu>d$1 or ! gu>dians 7 9 collusion ) a b& ( ?ieves1 = ! room :]e9 !y 7 kept 0 ent]$ on five successive nights1 & :5 ! !ft 0 f9ally discov]$ only ab\t #ejj1jjj francs' 7#ajj1jjj7 wor? ( ! gems rema9$4 ,_m ( ! mo/ valuable objects 71 h[ev]1 trac$ & recov]$4 ,napoleon ,i1 :5 he became emp]or1 made e ef=t to enri* ! treasure1 & pur*as$ gems to ! value ( #f1jjj1jjj francs 7#a1bjj1jjj71 & subsequ5t rul]s add$ to ! collection on v>i\s occasions4 ,at ! "t ( ! (ficial inv5tory 9 #agia ! entire collection ( pe>ls 0 e/imat$ at ab\t #a1jjj1jjj francs 7#bjj1jjj74 ,! f9e/ specim5 9 ! collection 0 a spl5did r\nd pe>l weigh+ #aji gra9s#ebb & e/imat$ at #bjj1jjj francs 7#dj1jjj71 or #cff p] gra91 on a base ( #c4ce4 ,!n came two pe>-%ap$ pe>ls ( a f9e ori5t & well-mat*$1 weigh+ respectively #aag & #aac gra9s1 & valu$ at #cjj1jjj francs 7#fj1jjj7 or #bfj p] gra91 on a base ( #b4be4 ,9 addition to ! above !re 7 tw5ty-five sep>ate r\nd pe>ls :i* _h con/itut$ ! necklace ( ! que52 !y rang$ 9 weight f #cf to #afe gra9s1 & 7 valu$ at ab\t #ij1jjj francs 7#ah1jjj74 ,beside ! pe>-%ap$ pe>ls to :i* we h allud$1 !re 7 two o!r pairs1 ea* valu$ at #cb1jjj francs 7#fdjj7 = ! two pe>ls2 !y av]ag$ ab\t #ajj gra9s 9 weight4 ,9 addition to ^! !re 7 two weigh+ respectively #age & #bje gra9s1 ea* valu$ at #bj1jjj francs 7#djjj71 & sev5 o!rs rang+ 9 weight f #ib to #afg gra9s & valu$ at f #aj1jjj to #ae1jjj francs 7#bjjj to #cjjj74 ,! be/ oval pe>l 0 "o weigh+ sev5ty-six & "o half gra9s & e/imat$ at #bj1jjj francs 7#djjj72 !re 7 two o!rs1 "o ( n9ety-?ree gra9s1 valu$ at #ab1jjj francs 7#bdjj71 & "o ( #aba gra9s1 valu$ at #aj1jjj francs 7#bjjj74 ,we may also m5tion an egg-%ap$ pe>l weigh+ #ade gra9s1 e/imat$ z wor? #aj1jjj francs 7#bjjj71 & a button pe>l ( #aih gra9s ent]$ at #ae1jjj francs 7#cjjj74 ,beside ^! sep>ate pe>ls !re 7 elev5 /r+s compris+ #caj pe>ls1 weigh+ 9 all #fggh gra9s & valu$ at b #bi1djj francs 7ab\t #fjjj74 ,! av]age p] pe>l 0 #ie francs 7#ai71 less ?an "o doll> a gra94 ,^! pe>ls1 accord+ to _! beauty1 w\ld n[ be wor? f f\r to six times ! valuation "h giv51 s t ! two l>ge pe>-%ap$ pe>ls ( ! ,fr5* cr[n may be wor? to-day #bjj1jjj & ! great r\nd pe>l f #ajj1jjj to #bej1jjj4 ,_m ( ^! pe>ls 7 a c5tury old4 ,!y 7 collect$ at a "t :5 n z mu* att5tion 0 paid to _! absolute p]fection & beauty z at ! pres5t "t1 = !re probably nev] has be5 a p]iod :5 r>e & p]fect pe>ls1 diamonds1 or rubies h be5 appreciat$ s mu* m highly ?an ^? ( m$iocre quality4 ,,recapitulation ,weight 9 gra9s ,value ,no4 ,av]age ,total ,francs ,u4 ,s4 curr5cy ,r\nd ,pe>ls #a #aji #bjj1jjj #dj1jjj #c #gi #bch #bi1jjj #e1hjj #aa #gg #hjd #cg1cjj #g1dfj #g #fd #dej #ai1djj #c1hhj #ad #ec #gec #bc1ajj #d1fbj #dc #cd #adhh #af1ajj #c1bbj ,pe>-%ap$ #b #aae #bcj #cjj1jjj #fj1jjj #d #ii #cig #fd1jjj #ab1hjj #f #afc #igh #ib1jjj #ah1djj #h #aad #iad #ee1jjj #aa1jjj #dg #db #aihi #bd1fjj #d1ibj ,oval #c #bg #bij #db1jjj #h1djj #i #gb #fed #bj1ajj #d1jbj #aa #dc #dgc #e1jjj #a1jjj ,egg-%ap$ #a #ade #aj1jjj #b1jjj ,irregul> #ab #ci #dge #g1cjj #a1dfj ,button #a #aih #ae1jjj #c1jjj #f #ff #cih #d1ijj #ihj ,b>oque #d #cg #aej #a1ejj #cjj ,/r+s #caj #ba #fggh #bi1djj #e1hhj ----- ------ -------------- -------------- ---------------- #ejc #ce #ag1iai #iie1gjj #aii1adj ,illu/ration3 ,,gr& ,,pe>l ,,diadem ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,cr[n ,,jewels ,conta9+ #bab pe>ls weigh+ #bdeb gra9s1 & #aiij diamonds weigh+ #gd #bg-cb c>ats4 ,worn by ! ,empress ,eugnie ,aft] ! d[nfall ( ,napoleon ,,iii & ! proclamation ( ! ,fr5* ,republic1 ! jewels 7 inv5tori$1 &1 by a law pass$ ,decemb] #aj1 #ahhf1 x 0 decre$ t a l>ge "p ( ! treasure %\ld be sold at public auction4 ,! sale 0 held 9 ! ,pavilion de ,flore1 a "p ( ! ,palace ( ! ,tuil]ies1 on ,may #ab1 #ahhg1 &1 v naturally1 all ! pr9cipal gem deal]s & collectors 7 repres5t$4 ,a numb] ( rem>kable pe>l ornam5ts 7 among ! objects (f]$ at ?is sale1 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful be+ a diadem ( an exceptionally arti/ic op5work design1 adorn$ ) l>ge1 r\nd pe>ls & surm\nt$ by a r[ ( magnific5t pe>-%ap$ pe>ls4 ,! total numb] ( pe>ls 9 ?is diadem 0 #bab1 & _! weight #bdeb gra9s4 ,x 0 sold = ! sum ( #gh1jjj francs 7#ae1fjj74 ,! coronet :i* accompani$ ! diadem compris$ #bgd pe>ls1 weigh+ #ihd gra9s2 ! design 0 simil> to t ( ! diadem1 b ! po9ts consi/$ ( a r\nd & a pe>-%ap$ pe>l 9 alt]nation4 ,?is ornam5t realiz$ ! sum ( #cj1jjj francs 7#fjjj74 ,a l>ge broo* ( v elaborate & beautiful design1 beside a numb] ( small] pe>ls1 compris$ f\r f9e1 pe>-%ap$ p5dants1 weigh+ #ajj gra9s ea*1 & two *oice b\ton pe>ls1 & _h 9 ! c5t] ! fam\s pe>l kn[n z 8,la ,rg5te10 :i* 0 pur*as$ 9 #ahaa = #dj1jjj francs 7#hjjj74 ,?is spl5did ornam5t br\ght ! sum ( #agf1jjj francs 7#ce1bjj74 ,f\r o!r broo*es ea* conta9$ sev5 pe>ls & _m brilliants1 ! tw5ty-eight pe>ls hav+ a total weight ( #adif gra9s1 an av]age ( m ?an fifty-?ree gra9s4 ,ea* broo* _h two pe>ls surr\nd$ ) brilliants1 & five l>ge1 pe>-%ap$ pe>ls set z p5dants4 ,!y 7 sold to diff]5t pur*as]s at prices rang+ f #ah1ejj francs 7#cgjj7 to #dc1jjj francs 7#hfjj71 ! f\r toge!r realiz+ #aac1ejj francs 7#bb1gjj74 ,six pe>l necklaces 7 also (f]$4 ,"o ( =ty-sev5 pe>ls weigh+ #fih gra9s 0 sold = #cd1fjj francs 7#fibj71 & two o!rs1 ea* consi/+ ( fifty-eight pe>ls1 ) a total weight ( #ebd & #djj gra9s respectively1 br\ght ! sum ( #bb1cjj francs 7#ddfj7 & #ae1jjj francs 7#cjjj74 ,ano!r necklace compos$ ( ?irty-eight r\nd pe>ls & n9e pe>-%ap$ p5dants1 ! total weight be+ #afab gra9s1 sold = #gd1cjj francs 7#ad1hfj74 ,! two f9e/ necklaces 7 brok5 up into a numb] ( sep>ate lots4 ,"o ( !m1 consi/+ ( #cfb pe>ls & weigh+ 9 all #ehjh gra9s1--an av]age ( a trifle ov] sixte5 gra9s1--0 (f]$ 9 f\r lots :i* toge!r br\ght #bie1hjj francs 7#ei1afj74 ,! o!r necklace compris$ #edb pe>ls weigh+ #fgeb gra9s1 & 0 dispos$ ( 9 eight lots1 realiz+ 9 all #cca1hjj francs 7#ff1cfj74 ,two bracelets adorn$ ) #bjb pe>ls & a numb] ( small brilliants 7 pur*as$ = ! sum ( #ij1bjj francs 7#ah1jdj74 ,! total am\nt realiz$ = ! pe>l ornam5ts 0 #a1bfa1ejj francs 7#beb1cjj74 ,!re are sev]al ,am]ican ladies :o own s+le /r+s ( pe>ls :i* are ( m value ?an ! :ole pe>l p>ure ( ! ,empress ,eugnie4 ,pe>l p>ure ( ! cr[n jewels ( ,france1 worn by ! ,empress ,eugnie1 & sold at ! ,tuil]ies1 ,may #ab1 #ahhg4 ,a diadem conta9+ #bab pe>ls1 weigh+ #bdeb gra9s4 ,a coronet ) #bgd pe>ls1 weigh+ #ihd gra9s4 ,f\r broo*es1 ea* conta9+ f\r l>ge pe>ls1 two r\nd1 two pe>-%ap$1 & ?ree small] ones1 weigh+ 9 all #adif gra9s4 ,a l>g] broo* compris+ f\r l>ge pe>-%ap$ pe>ls1 ea* weigh+ #ajj gra9s4 ,9 ! c5t] is ! pe>l call$ 8,la ,rg5te40 ,two necklaces ea* consi/+ ( =ty-sev5 pe>ls1 ) an aggregate weight ( #fih & #afab gra9s1 respectively4 ,two bracelets ) #bjb pe>ls1 weigh+ #bjjj gra9s4 ,five buttons1 ?ree ) n9e & two ) t5 pe>ls4 ,a necklace ( #edb pe>ls1 weigh+ #fgeb gra9s4 ,ano!r necklace ( #cfb pe>ls1 weigh+ #ehjh gra9s4 ,two o!r necklaces1 ea* conta9+ fifty-eight pe>ls1 ! total weight be+ #djj & #ebd gra9s1 respectively4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,pe>l ,,ornam5ts ,,=m+ ,,! ,,pe>l ,,p>ure ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,cr[n ,,jewels ,,sold ,,at ,,palace ,,( ,,! ,,tuil]ies ,,9 ,,may1 #ahhg ,designation ,no4 ( pe>ls ,aggregate weight ,am\nt rec'd gra9s francs #a necklace #cfb #e1hjh #bie1hjj #a necklace #edb #f1geb #cca1hjj #a necklace #dg #fih #cd1fjj #a necklace #eh #ebd #bb1cjj #a necklace #eh #djj #ae1jjj #a necklace #dg #a1fab #gd1cjj #b bracelets #bjb #b1jjj #ij1bjj #a l>ge diadem #bab #b1deb #gh1jjj #a coronet #bgd #ihd #cj1jjj #a broo* #de #a1bjj #agf1jjj #d broo*es #bh #a1dif #aac1ejj -------- ------------ ---------------- ,total #ahge #bc1ibf #a1bfa1ejj ,,imp]ial ,,au/rian ,,s*atzkamm]4 ,! weights & values ( ! great ga!r+ ( pe>ls ( ! imp]ial ,au/rian ,s*atzkamm] 7 c>efully e/imat$ by "o ( ! au?ors & by 8 fri5ds1 & x is ! fir/ attempt$ inv5tory ev] publi%$4#ebc ,! imp]ial cr[n ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 pres]v$ 9 ! treasury ( ! imp]ial ,burg at ,vi5na1 & kn[n z ! cr[n ( ,*>lemagne1 has 9 front sev5te5 pe>ls weigh+ #dbd gra9s1 ( :i* two weigh fifty-six gra9s ea*4 ,! rema9+ fifte5 pe>ls av]age #bj4h gra9s4 ,! values ( ^! pe>ls are z foll[s3 ,base #b4ej #e4jj #g4ej #ae pe>ls1 #bj4h gra9s #af1bbd #cb1ddh #dh1fgb #b #ef-;gra9 pe>ls #ae1fhj #ca1cfj #dg1jdj -------------- -------------- -------------- ,total #ca1ijd #fc1hjh #ie1gab ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,au/rian ,,cr[n ,made by ord] ( ,emp]or ,rudolph ,,ii1 9 #afjd ,at ! back ( ! cr[n !re are eighte5 pe>ls1 weigh+ #ahj gra9s4 ,"o ( ^! has a weight ( tw5ty-six gra9s2 ! rema9+ sev5te5 av]age #i4jeh gra9s4 ,! values e/imat$ are z foll[s3 ,base #b4ej #e4jj #g4ej #ag pe>ls1 #i4jeh gra9s #c1dhg4ee #f1ige4aj #aj1dfb4fe #a pe>l ( #bf gra9s #a1fij4jj #c1chj4jj #e1jgj4jj -------------- -------------- -------------- ,total #e1agg4ee #aj1cee4aj #ae1ecb4fe ,! pe>ls 9 ! cross surm\nt+ ! cr[n h a weight ( ?irty-six gra9s4 ,! imp]ial cross is pr(usely ornam5t$ ) pe>ls 9 front1 :ile ! back consi/s simply ( silv]-gilt4 ,!re are ?ree /r+s ( pe>ls 9 ! front runn+ 9 ea* direction4 ,! total weight ( ! pe>ls is #djib gra9s2 "o weigh+ sixty-f\r gra9s1 & ! smalle/ two gra9s4 ,! crucifix ( ! ,gold5 ,fleece is ornam5t$ only 9 front ) pe>ls2 ^! h a weight ( b #acf gra9s4 ,! imp]ial ,au/rian regalia1 dat+ f ! "t ( ,emp]or ,rudolph ,,ii1 are also 9 ! imp]ial ,burg2 "s ( ! emp]or's jewels 7 sold at auction 9 ,prague 9 #agbh4 ,! cr[n is adorn$ ) two r[s ( pe>ls1 weigh+ respectively #ifj & #hdj gra9s2 betwe5 ^! r[s are pe>ls hav+ a total weight ( #ddj gra9s1 :ile ! ornam5ts & eight l>ge drops weigh #bjeb gra9s4 ,! l>ge/ pe>l on ?is cr[n weighs #ajd gra9s4 ,x is drop-%ap$ & belong$ to ,rudolph ,,ii2 x is slightly unev5 & ! color1 al?\gh :ite1 is n t ( a new pe>l1 b ?is pe>l has a positive hi/ory ( ?ree hundr$ & six ye>s1 & at ! pres5t "t is probably ! olde/ kn[n un*ang$ pe>l ) a direct & au!ntic record4 ,! imp]ial orb is /udd$ ) pe>ls weigh+ 9 all #aefj gra9s4 ,f\r ( ^! weigh =ty gra9s ea*1 ! o!rs are ( less] size1 ! smalle/ weigh+ t5 gra9s4 ,! scept] is adorn$ ) pe>ls to ! weight ( #cjj gra9s4 ,9 addition to ^! insignia & regalia !re are 9 ! treasury two magnific5t pe>l necklaces1 deposit$ by ,empress ,m>ia ,!resa 9 #agfe4 ,! fir/ consi/s ( a s+le /r+ ( #aad l>ge-siz$ pe>ls ) ! 8,bad5 ,solitaire10 a diamond ( #cj c>ats1 z a clasp4 ,?ree ( ^! pe>ls weigh f #ib to #ajj gra9s ea*1 & ! :ole /r+ has a total weight ( #cdjj gra9s4 ,?is w\ld give u ! foll[+ values1 ! pe>ls av]ag+ #bi4hb gra9s4 ,base #b4ej #bec1dcb4ab #e4jj #ejf1hfd4bd ,! o!r necklace conta9s #aba pe>ls ( a total weight ( #cghh gra9s1 arrang$ 9 ?ree r[s2 ^! pe>ls av]age #ca4c gra9s1 ! l>ge/ weigh+ =ty gra9s & ! smalle/ t5 gra9s4 ,! necklace has a diamond clasp ( #ad-acb c>ats4 ,! pe>ls are wor?3 ,base #b4ej #bif1dej #e4jj #eib1ijj #g4ej #hhi1cej ,two bracelets ) brilliant clasps1 belong+ to ! same set1 & consi/+ ( #bdj m$ium-siz$ pe>ls weigh+ #bhjj gra9s & av]ag+ #aa gra9s1 h ! foll[+ values3 ,base #b4ej #ha1feh4hj #e4jj #afc1cag4fj #g4ej #bdd1igf4dj ,!re is also a p5dant ( six pe>ls1 weigh+ #cjj gra9s & av]ag+ fifty gra9s2 ^! pe>ls are wor?3 ,base #b4ej #cg1ejj #e4jj #ge1jjj #g4ej #aab1ejj ,ano!r necklace1 bequea!d to ! treasury by ! late ,empress ,c>ol9e ,augu/a1 consi/s ( eighty-six pe>ls dispos$ 9 two r[s1 ! l>ge/ pe>l weigh+ sev5ty-two gra9s & ! smalle/ eight gra9s4 ,! total weight is #bfjj gra9s & ! av]age1 #cj4b4 ,?is necklace is wor?3 ,base #b4ej #aif1jhh4fj #e4jj #cib1agg4bj #g4ej #ehh1bfe4hj ,/ill ano!r necklace is compos$ altoge!r ( black pe>ls1 ( :i* !re are ?irty1 ! l>ge/ weigh+ =ty-eight gra9s & ! smalle/ t54 ,! total weight ( ?is necklace is #ajdj gra9s1 an av]age ( #cd4ff gra9s = ea* pe>l4 ,on a base ( #e ?is necklace is wor? #ahj1aej4 ,! diamond cr[n ( ! empress be>s pe>ls to ! total weight ( #bjjj gra9s2 among !m are f\r weigh+ #ajj gra9s ea*4 ,^! pe>ls alone1 on a #e base1 w\ld be wor? #bjj1jjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,great ,s,,vign ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,cr[n ,,jewels ,conta9+ 8,! ,reg5t ,pe>l10 weigh+ #ccg gra9s1 & f\r pe>-%ap$ pe>ls ( #ajj gra9s ea*2 also #ajj c>ats ( diamonds ,! total weight ( ! pe>ls 9 all ^! ornam5ts is #ce1haf gra9s1 equal to f\r & a half p\nds1 avoirdupois1 & !y are wor? f #b1jjj1jjj to #d1jjj1jjj4 ,! s-call$ cr[n ( ,*>lemagne be>s ! inscription3 8,*uonradus ,rex ,dei gratia ,romanorum ,imp]ator ,aug40 ,x is believ$ to be a "w ( ! twelf? c5tury & orig9ally ! royal cr[n ( ,conrad ,,iii1 k+ ( ! ,g]mans 7#ajic-aaeb71 ! fir/ ,hoh5/auf54#ebd ,! ar* is said to h be5 add$ to adapt ?is royal cr[n = use 9 ! expect$ coronation ( ,conrad z emp]or4 ,he di$1 h[ev]1 :ile mak+ prep>ations = 8 j\rney to ,rome4 ,! imp]ial ve/m5ts us$ 9 ! coronation c]emonies ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 7 produc$ 9 ! celebrat$ ,htel de ,tirz1 at ,pal]mo4 ,rog] ,,ii1 ,k+ ( ,sicily 7#ajif-aaed71 aft] a victori\s campaign 9 ,greece1 br\ght back ) him to ,sicily a numb] ( skill$ silk-weav]s & embroid]]s1 :om he e/abli%$ at ,pal]mo4 ,! imp]ial mantle is ( a brilliant purple & be>s an inscription1 embroid]$ 9 gold & pe>ls1 /at+ t ! g>m5t 0 made 9 ! royal manufactory 9 ! ye> #aacc4 ,two pe>l-embroid]$ repres5tations ( a lion1 :o has /rick5 d[n a camel & is ab\t to te> x to pieces1 also appe> on ?is mantle4 ,?is symbol ( royal p[] 0 us$ frequ5tly by ! ,s>ac5s1 & x is said t ,ri*>d ,cur de ,lion _h ?is design embroid]$ on 8 saddleclo?s4#ebe ,a f9e collection ( l>ge b>oque pe>ls is pres]v$ 9 ! ,grne ,gewlbe 7,gre5 ,vaults7 9 ! palace at ,dresd51 :i* conta9s ! treasures ( ! royal family ( ,saxony4 ,mo/ ( ^! 7 m\nt$ dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury by ,j4 ,m4 ,d+l+] 7#affe-agca71 ! fam\s goldsmi? to ! ,saxon ,elector1 ,k+ ,augu/us ,,ii ( ,pol&1 & :o is sometimes call$ ! ,g]man ,cell9i4 ,a spl5did specim5 ( 8 "w is a vase ( ,egyptian jasp] 9 ! %ape ( a %ell1 be>+ a repres5tation ( ,h]cules fight+ ) ! ,neman lion2 ?is be>s ref]5ce to ! imm5se p]sonal /r5g? & p[] ( ,augu/us ,,ii1 ^: portrait is pa9t$ 9 enamel on a mirror at ! back4 ,! p$e/al is adorn$ ) a great _m preci\s /ones1 pe>ls1 & enamel pa9t+s 9 ! %ape ( cameos repres5t+ ! twelve labors ( ,h]cules4 ,a dragon is /udd$ ) em]alds & its back is =m$ ( pe>ls1 ) a l>ge s>donyx 9 ! middle4 ,h]cules & ! lion are 9 enamel4 ,9 ! same collection may be se5 ! figure ( a dw>f made by ,f]becq1 :o 0 "o ( ! goldsmi?s ( ,k+ ,augu/us4 ,! body ( ! dw>f is =m$ ( a b>oque pe>l1 :i* is /udd$ ) small diamonds4 ,8 sleeves & tr\s]s are 9 black & gre5 enamel2 8 hat is also ( gre5 enamel & on x is a /r+ ( diamonds4 ,9 8 "r h& ! dw>f holds a spit & 9 8 left a roa/4 ,on 8 left %\ld] he be>s a goose1 ! upp] "p ( ^: body is =m$ ( a pe>l2 at 8 "r side hangs a bottle also =m$ ( a pe>l4 ,! gild$ p$e/al is ornam5t$ ) :ite enamel "w on a p9k gr\nd4 ,above & bel[1 x is set ) :ite & yell[ diamonds4 ,ano!r figure1 simil>ly =m$ ( a l>ge b>oque pe>l ornam5t$ ) gold & diamonds1 %[s a drunk5 v9tag] & 8 dog2 & an exce$+ly grotesque1 ornam5t$ b>oque is said to be> a /rik+ resemblance to ,seor ,pepe1 ! c\rt dw>f ( ,*>les ,,ii ( ,spa94 ,exhibit$ at ! ,palace ( ,ros5b]g at ,cop5hag51 are simil> designs 9 :i* l>ge b>oques =m ! pr9cipal "p ( fi%1 birds1 dragons1 m]maids1 etc4 ,prom95t among !m is ! figure ( a skat]1 execut$ by ! jewel]1 ,di$]i*s52 x is said t ?is 0 made = ,fr$]ick ,,vii1 :o di$ be=e x 0 accept$1 & 9 #ahie x 0 pres5t$ to ! museum4 ,a beautiful & co/ly figure ( ?is nature 0 complet$ a ye> or two ago by ! c\rt jewel]1 ,alfr$ ,drags51 ( ,cop5hag54 ,?is is ne>ly f\r in*es 9 height1 & repres5ts a female snake-*>m]4 ,a v long b>oque pe>l =ms ! body f ! %\ld]s to ! knees1 & ! head1 arms1 & ! legs bel[ ! knees are ( gold4 ,! figure is ornam5t$ ) a diamond-/udd$ g>l&1 ruby necklace & e>r+s1 & g>t]s set ) simil> gems1 a r$ enamel$ girdle ornam5t$ ) pe>ls1 & gold5 anklets ) black pe>ls4 ,) a flute %e *>ms a s]p5t tw9$ ab\t h] body & grasp$ ) ! o!r h&4 ,:at is said to be ! f9e/ collection ( black pe>ls 9 all ,europe is t belong+ to ! ,du*ess ( ,anhalt ,dessau1 ,g]many4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree l>ge caskets ( black pe>ls t h tak5 a c5tury to collect4 ,x is traditional 9 ! family t ^! pe>ls are nev] to be sold except z _! la/ possession1 s9ce !y "k !y w always f9d a pur*as]4 ,a collection ( pe>ls _h be5 kept = _m ye>s 9 ! ,monte de ,pi$ad ( ,mexico ,city1 :i* x 0 claim$ _h be5 pawn$ by a fri5d ( ! ,empress ,c>lotta1 9 ord] to provide h] ) money at ! "t ( ! assass9ation ( ,emp]or ,maximilian4 ,^! pe>ls 7 conta9$ 9 a necklace & a pe>l & diamond ti>a1 :i* 7 sewn ^u c>dbo>d cov]$ ) black velvet1 & _h ! appe>ance ( n hav+ be5 di/urb$ = _m ye>s4 ,! necklace consi/$ ( old pe>ls1 bo? ( ! s-call$ ,madras & ,panama v>ieties2 9 ! c5t] 0 a l>ge diamond m$allion f :i* pe>-%ap$ pe>ls 7 susp5d$4 ,x is believ$ t ^! pe>ls 7 "p ( ,empress ,c>lotta's m>riage portion1 & t !y came f ! ,au/rian cr[n jewel collection4 ,none ( !m possess$ mu* quality ) ! exception ( "o1 a l>ge pe>-%ap$ pe>l :i* 0 set at ! base ( ! necklace & weigh$ eighty-f\r gra9s4 ,! drill+ ( ?is pe>l 0 ( a v old /yle1 be+ ( t type 9 :i* a tube is ins]t$ 9 ! drill hole1 ?r\gh :i* a gold wire passes to hold ! pe>l2 a diamond is !n set at ! base ( ! tube to disguise ! drill m>k4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 possible t ! pe>l came f ! ,ea/ ,indies1 :]e l>ge drill holes are usual4 ,illu/ration3 ,,madam ,,nordica ,! pe>ls 7 s5t 9 bond to ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a collection1 & !n to ,europe1 :]e !y 7 sold sep>ately1 ! pe>-%ap$ pe>l appe>+ aga9 9 ! ,new ,york m>ket 9 #aijf4 ,!re has be5 "s d\bt z to ^! really be+ ,c>lotta's pe>ls1 b ! ,mexican acc\nt is fairly consi/5t1 & x satisfactorily disposes ( ! newspap] romance 9 :i* x 0 claim$ t ,c>lotta _h tak5 ^! pe>ls ) h] to ,europe & t !y _h be5 buri$ 9 a casket 9 ! ,adriatic ,sea4 ,,rec5t ,,auction ,,sales4 ,9 ,engl& & 9 ,france1 m ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 great auction sales ( jewels are common4 ,!y are held 9 ,london1 pr9cipally at ,*ri/ie's1 orig9ally a c(fee h\se1 e/abli%$ 9 #ahhj2 & 9 ,p>is1 at ! ,htel ,dr\ot4 ,good prices are g5]ally realiz$1 z ! buy]s ( ! entire cont95t att5d ^! great sales4 ,! pur*ases are usually made by deal]s :o frequ5tly d n neglect ea* o!r's int]e/s if private buy]s are pres5t4 ,no matt] h[ great may be ! am\nt involv$1 no matt] :e!r ! collections consi/ ( pa9t+s1 furniture1 or jewels1 !re are always buy]s1 to a mu* great] ext5t ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! price = f9e jewels may naturally v>y a trifle 9 ! diff]5t m>kets1 accord+ to ! conditions ( paym5t4 ,x mu/ evid5tly make an appreciable diff]5ce :e!r almo/ ! entire am\nt is paid 9 ca% or :e!r a cr$it ( ?irty days is ext5d$1 or "o = a mu* long] p]iod1 9 "s c\ntries = z long z "o1 two1 or ev5 ?ree ye>s4 ,:ile 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates su* sales ( valuable jewels are v unusual1 x has be5 a cu/om 9 ,engl& & 9 ,france = _m ye>s1 9 ! settlem5t ( e/ates1 to sell n only ! furniture1 bric--brac1 etc41 b also ! jewels4 ,sales ( ?is k9d are naturally calculat$ to attract n only ! deal]s1 b also _m ri* collectors & connoisseurs1 & z !y are frequ5tly widely adv]tis$1 & ,london & ,p>is are1 at ! mo/1 b "o to two days' j\rney f all p>ts ( ,europe1 _m p att5d1 mo/ ( ! private buy]s be+ repres5t$ by _! ag5ts4 ,by means ( ^! sales _m heirlooms1 :i* h be5 h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation1 (t5 pass into ! possession ( /rang]s4 ,9 ! matt] ( jewels1 x has be5 frequ5tly notic$ t deal]s are 9 ! majority ( cases ! ultimate buy]s1 & x has also be5 inf]r$ t :5 an outsid] p>ticipates 9 ! bidd+1 ! prices are advanc$ to su* an ext5t t x does n (t5 appe> pr(itable = him to buy 9 ! face ( su* competition4 ,all mann] ( p h _h _! e/ates dispos$ ( 9 ?is way1 & ! li/ ( ^! sales dur+ ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s is a /rik+ "o3 royalty1 nobility1 m]*ants1 & p 9 _m o!r conditions ( life f9d a place 9 x4 ,x is n an infrequ5t cu/om 9 ,london = solicitors to advance money on jewels1 & :5 ! paym5ts are n =?com+ ^! jewels are sold4 ,h5ce1 _m sales appe> at ! l>g] auction rooms 9 :i* no "n is giv51 ! own]s frequ5tly be+ p ( high degree4 ,on ,july #ai1 #ahib1 a necklace conta9+ eighty-five graduat$ pe>ls ( unusual size & quality1 ! prop]ty ( ! late ,h4 ,w4 ,f4 ,bol*[1 ,m4,p41 0 sold 9 ,london = ! sum ( #bejj 7#ab1ejj74 ,ano!r necklace ( #adf f9e graduat$ pe>ls dispos$ 9 two r[s1 br\ght #bdjj 7#ab1jjj72 a s+le-r[ necklace ( eighty-five pe>ls realiz$ #afjj 7#hjjj71 & "o ( #aah pe>ls 9 two r[s #affj 7#hcjj74 ,an exceptionally f9e pe>l necklace :i* belong$ to h] ,grace ! late ,c>ol9e1 ,du*ess ( ,montrose1 "m ( ! pres5t ,duke ( ,montrose1 0 sold at ,*ri/ie's on ,april #cj1 #ahie4 ,! necklace compris$ #cfb graduat$ pe>ls1 arrang$ 9 sev5 r[s ( =ty-f\r1 =ty-sev51 =ty-eight1 =ty-n9e1 fifty-two1 fifty-eight1 & sixty-f\r pe>ls1 respectively4 ,! am\nt realiz$ = ?is ornam5t 0 #aa1ejj 7#eg1ejj74 ,on ,july #i1 #aija1 a pe>l necklace1 adv]tis$ z ! prop]ty ( 8a ,fr5* lady ( rank10 & sev]al o!r valuable pe>l ornam5ts1 7 (f]$ at ,*ri/ie's4 ,x is suppos$ by _m t ^! jewels belong$ to ,madame ,humb]t4 ,! necklace 0 compos$ ( six r[s ( graduat$ pe>ls consi/+ ( fifty-five1 sixty-"o1 sixty-sev51 sev5ty-?ree1 sev5ty-n9e1 & eighty-n9e pe>ls1 respectively1 a total ( #dbd1 all ( good color & lu/]4 ,a ,london deal] consid]s t !y ow$ _! value ma9ly to skilful mat*+ & f95ess ( color2 !y are p]haps a c5tury old4 ,z may be suppos$1 !re 7 _m bidd]s :o compet$ eag]ly = possession ( ?is f9e ornam5t1 & x 0 at la/ adjudg$ = ! sum ( #bj1jjj 7#ajj1jjj74 ,:ile ?is 01 up to t date1 a record price 9 an auction room1 x 0 by no means an exceptional figure = private sales2 inde$1 at ab\t ! "t ?is necklace 0 sold1 a ,london deal] dispos$ ( ano!r = #cd1jjj 7#agj1jjj74 ,a necklace1 ! prop]ty ( ! late ,lady ,ma!son ( ! ,lews1 0 sold at ,*ri/ie's1 ,m>* #e1 #aijb4 ,well-mat*$ & graduat$ r\nd pe>ls1 to ! numb] ( #bcc1 7 dispos$ 9 f\r r[s1 & /rung ) se$-pe>ls betwe54 ,?is necklace1 :i* _h be5 pres5t$ to ,lady ,ma!son at ! "t ( h] m>riage 9 #ahdc by ,sir ,jamsetjee ,jejeebhoy1 ,b>t41 br\ght ! sum ( #fhjj 7#cd1jjj74 ,a pe>l necklace1 conta9+ fifty-?ree f9e & graduat$ pe>ls1 0 sold 9 ,london1 ,june #i1 #aijb1 = ! sum ( #bbej 7#aa1bej74 ,ano!r necklace ( sixty-eight f9e r\nd pe>ls1 "o ( :i* =m$ ! clasp1 br\ght #aehj 7#gijj74 ,a beautiful pe>l & brilliant p5dant ( op5 scroll design1 ) a l>ge1 r\nd :ite pe>l 9 ! c5t]1 & a l>ge1 pe>-%ap$ black pe>l z drop1 realiz$ #hjj 7#djjj71 & a pe>l coll> ( t5 r[s ( r\nd pe>ls br\ght #hbj 7#dajj74 ,a notewor?y (f]+ at ?is sale 0 a rope ( #ace pe>ls1 an heirloom sold "u ! w ( ,lady ,m>ianna ,augu/a ,hamilton4 ,^! pe>ls _h be5 giv5 to ,lady ,augu/a ,anne ,cockburn 9 #agfi on ! occasion ( h] m>riage to ,sir ,james ,cockburn1 ,b>t41 by h] godmo!r1 ,augu/a1 ,du*ess ( ,brunswick1 si/] to ,george ,,iii4 ,! rope 0 sold = #ijj 7#dejj74 ,! pe>ls ( ,lady ,dudley 7 sold at ,*ri/ie's on ,july #d1 #aijb4 ,among !m 0 a magnific5t necklace ( =ty-sev5 slightly graduat$ r\nd pe>ls1 ( l>ge size & unusually brilliant ori5t2 _! gross weight 0 #ajij gra9s4 ,?is necklace br\ght ! sum ( #bb1bjj 7#aaa1jjj74 ,a s+le pe>-%ap$ pe>l ( ! f9e/ ori5t m\nt$ ) a diamond cap1 z a p5dant1 & weigh+ #bji gra9s1 0 sold = #ac1ejj 7#fg1ejj74 ,a rope ( #bbb graduat$ r\nd pe>ls ( ! highe/ quality1 weigh+ #bcbj gra9s 0 pur*as$ = #af1gjj 7#hc1ejj71 & a pe>l & brilliant ti>a br\ght #aj1cjj 7#ea1ejj74 ,! entire casket ( ?irty-"o lots realiz$ #hi1ebf 7#ddg1fcj74 ,at ! sale ( ! jewels ( ,mlle4 ,w&a de ,boncza1 at ! ,htel ,dr\ot1 ,p>is1 ,decemb] #f1 #aijb1 a f9e necklace 0 dispos$ ( = ! sum ( #aej1jjj francs 7#cj1jjj71 & a rope ( #ajj small pe>ls realiz$ #ch1ajj francs 7#gfbj72 ! proce$s ( ! entire sale ( ^! jewels 7 #a1bdi1egh francs 7#bdi1iae74 ,among ! ,aqualia jewels1 sold 9 ,london 9 #aijc1 0 a pe>l necklace t br\ght #ddhj 7#bb1djj74 ,! jewels ( ! late ,m>quis ( ,anglesey1 an en?usia/ic jewel & art collector1 7 dispos$ ( at ,*ri/ie's on ,may #d & #e1 #aijd4 ,at ! "t ( 8 dea?1 ! m>quis 0 suppos$ to be a bankrupt1 b ! value ( ! gems :i* he _h pur*as$ _h increas$ s rapidly t ! sale realiz$ ! sum ( #bb1ihh #ajs4 7#aad1idb71 m ?an en\gh to cov] all ! obligations ( ! e/ate4 ,( ?is am\nt a magnific5t drop pe>l1 m\nt$ z a sc>f-p91 br\ght #djjj 7#bj1jjj72 ano!r drop pe>l ( ! f9e/ ori5t1 weigh+ #aje gra9s1 b slightly crack$1 0 sold = #cgjj 7#ah1ejj74 ,f\r o!r drop-%ap$ pe>ls1 m\nt$ z sc>f-p9s1 7 sold = #ebbj 7#bf1ajj71 "o ( !m br++ #agbj 7#hfjj74 ,a s+le b\ton pe>l1 us$ z a coat fa/5]1 realiz$ #ihj 7#dijj71 & a pe>l trefoil 0 pur*as$ = #ehj 7#bijj74 ,"o f9e l>ge b\ton pe>l1 set z a /ud1 0 dispos$ ( = #cjjj 7#ae1jjj71 & ano!r some:at small] b\ton1 also set z a /ud1 br\ght #afjj 7#hjjj74 ,a spl5did necklace compris+ =ty-n9e well-mat*$ & graduat$ pe>ls ( f9e quality1 weigh+ #efc gra9s1 0 sold 9 ,london on ,june #bi1 #aije1 = ! sum ( #dgjj 7#bc1ejj74 ,at ! same sale a necklace ( ?irty-two graduat$ pe>ls1 weigh+ ab\t #hij gra9s1 br\ght #bfjj 7#ac1jjj74 ,on ,july #bj1 #aije1 a pe>l necklace compris+ =ty-five graduat$ pe>ls ( f9e ori5t1 ) a cabo*on ruby clasp1 ! gross weight be+ #hcb gra9s1 0 sold 9 ,london = #caej 7#ae1gej74 ,a f9e pe>l & brilliant p5dant 0 dispos$ ( at ! sale 9 ,london1 ,febru>y #ba1 #aijf1 ( ! /ock ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,m4 ,m>coso4 ,?is p5dant 0 compos$ ( "o l>ge :ite brilliant1 weigh+ #ah-acb c>ats1 & a drop-%ap$ pe>l weigh+ #ge gra9s4 ,! ornam5t br\ght ! sum ( #bjej 7#aj1bej74 ,a pe>l necklace compos$ ( #bhe well-mat*$ & graduat$ pe>ls dispos$ 9 five r[s 0 sold 9 ,london on ,june #ac1 #aijf1 = ! sum ( #aj1jjj 7#ej1jjj74 ,at ! same sale a ?ree-r[ necklace1 ) #bac graduat$ & mat*$ pe>ls ( f9e ori5t1 br\ght #cbjj 7#af1jjj71 & a rope ( #bcg f9e pe>ls realiz$ #bhjj 7#ad1jjj74 ,among ! jewels dispos$ ( at a sale 9 ,london on ,july #aa1 #aijf1 may be m5tion$ a five-r[ pe>l necklace ( #dde graduat$ ori5tal pe>ls :i* 0 sold = #bejj 7#ab1ejj74 ,?ree o!r necklaces 7 (f]$ at ! same sale2 "o ( fifty-five mat*$ & graduat$ pe>ls ( f9e quality br++ #cdjj 7#ag1jjj72 "o ( fifty-sev5 pe>ls1 #bgjj 7#ac1ejj71 & ! o!r ( #bai well-mat*$ & graduat$ pe>ls realiz+ #bcej 7#aa1gej74 ,/ill ano!r necklace ( #dag mat*$ & graduat$ pe>ls arrang$ 9 five r[s 0 sold = #dhjj 7#bd1jjj74 ,a spl5did pe>l drop1 ( ! f9e/ ori5t1 br\ght #afej 7#hbej71 & a pe>l rope ( #aia ori5tal pe>ls1 arrang$ s z to =m ?ree s+le-r[ necklaces1 realiz$ ! sum ( #cgjj 7#ah1ejj71 ?ree f9e black pe>ls1 m\nt$ z /uds1 7 sold = #ajjj 7#ejjj74 ,! mo/ important necklace 0 res]v$ = ! end ( ! sale2 ?is 0 compos$ ( =ty-sev5 l>ge ori5tal pe>ls1 & 0 pur*as$ = ! sum ( #aj1jjj 7#ej1jjj74 ,at ! sale ( ! ,massey-,ma9w>+ collection at ,*ri/ie's on ,m>* #ah1 #aijg1 a five-r[ pe>l necklace consi/+ ( #dga graduat$ pe>ls1 ) a b\ton pe>l 9 ! c5t]1 0 sold = #dfjj 7#bc1jjj74 ,ano!r collection1 sold at ,*ri/ie's1 ,april #ae1 #aijg1 0 ! prop]ty ( ! late ,mrs4 ,lewis-,hill1 & ! proce$s ( ! fir/ day's sale rea*$ ! h]et(ore unapproa*$ total ( #id1hje 7#dgd1jbe71 ?us exce$+ by #bf1cie ! am\nt obta9$ 9 "o day by ! sale ( ,lady ,dudley's jewels4 ,among ! valuable pe>ls 9 ?is collection1 we may m5tion a pair ( l>ge b\ton pe>l e>r+s1 ) small diamond tops1 :i* br\ght #aahj 7#eijj74 ,! en?usiasm & int]e/ ( ! assembly 7 ar\s$ by a necklace ( =ty-five l>ge1 graduat$ pe>ls ( f9e ori5t1 ) a b\ton pe>l & brilliant clu/] snap2 aft] spirit$ bidd+ ?is 0 b\ght = #fajj 7#cj1ejj74 ,! greate/ ev5t ( ! day1 h[ev]1 0 ! appe>ance ( a spl5did rope ( #bbi pe>ls ( v good =m1 well-mat*$ & graduat$4 ,! op5+ bid 0 #aj1jjj 7#ej1jjj7 & aft] a w>m conte/ ! pe>ls 7 f9ally acquir$ = ! sum ( #af1gjj 7#hc1ejj74 ,a necklace consi/+ ( fifte5 graduat$ drops1 ea* =m$ ( "o b\ton pe>l1 "o brilliant1 & "o pe>-%ap$ pe>l drop1 dep5d+ f a n>r[ b& ( small diamonds1 drew =? a bid ( #ejjj 7#be1jjj7 & 0 f9ally aw>d$ = ! sum ( #ab1bjj 7#fa1jjj74 ,a pe>l rope ( #ahc graduat$ & well-mat*$ pe>ls realiz$ #gbjj 7#cf1jjj71 & a f9e pair ( pe>ls set z e>r+s br\ght #cdjj 7#ag1jjj74 ,! cr[d$ auction room1 ! ke5 competition among ! bidd]s1 & ! am\nt obta9$ = ^! jewels are good indications ( ! firmness ( ! m>ket at ! pres5t "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright1 #aijg1 by ,!o4 ,c4 ,m>ceau1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,mrs4 ,,george ,j4 ,,g\ld ,at ! sale ( ! jewels ( ,lady ,h5ry ,gordon-,l5nox1 held at ,*ri/ie's on ,may #ab1 #aijg1 a spl5did necklace 0 (f]$4 ,x compris$ #bhg graduat$ pe>ls ( ! f9e/ ori5t1 dispos$ 9 five r[s1 ) a l>ge circul> pe>l4 ,?is magnific5t ornam5t 0 sold = #be1ejj 7#abg1ejj74 ,on ,july #aa1 #aijg1 a spl5did necklace ( =ty-n9e graduat$ pe>ls1 ( f9e lu/] & c>efully mat*$1 0 sold at auction by ,deb5ham & ,/orr ( ,london1 = ! sum ( #efjj 7#bh1jjj74 ,at ! same sale a s+le-r[ necklace ( =ty-five pe>ls br\ght #ecjj 7#bf1ejj71 & a rope ( ori5tal pe>ls realiz$ #dejj 7#bb1ejj74 ,at ! auction sale ( ! collection ( ! late ,bi%op ,bubics ( ,hung>y1 among o!r objects1 a v h&some sab] p\* 0 (f]$1 ( ! /yle worn by ! ,hung>ian huss>s4 ,x 0 ( gre5 silk & ri*ly embroid]$ ) hundr$s ( pe>ls ( v>y+ sizes4 ,aft] a spirit$ competition ?is p\* 0 sold to ,pr9ce ,e/]hazy = #ac1ejj cr[ns 7#bgjj74 ,"s "t aft] ! sale a lett] f ! late bi%op 0 f\nd1 conta9+ ! /atem5t t he _h borr[$ ! ornam5t f ! jewel-room ( ! ,pr9cess ,e/]hazy4 ,naturally1 ,pr9ce ,e/]hazy 0 n call$ ^u to pay ! am\nt ( 8 bid4 ,x is a gratification to "k t at lea/ "o ( ! rem>kable ,magy> jewel$ ornam5ts has escap$ ! cupidity ( ent]pris+ jewel]s :o h brok5 up s _m ( ^! ornam5ts = ! gems :i* !y conta9$4 ,a ,,brief ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,great ,,pe>ls ,,( ,,hi/ory ,weight ,*>les ! ,bold's ,pe>ls4 ,?ree1 ea* ab\t #fj gra9s ,gom>a ,pe>l1 #ca c>ats #abd gra9s ,ovi$o ,pe>l1 #bf c>ats 7probably ! ,morales or ,piz>ro ,pe>l7 #ajd gra9s ,la ,p]egr9a #acd gra9s ,*>les ,,ii's ,pe>l1 7ne>ly equal to ,la ,p]egr9a7 ,morales & ,piz>ro ,pe>l1 #bf c>ats #ajd gra9s ,rudolph ,,ii's ,pe>l1 #cj c>ats #abj gra9s ,tav]ni]'s ,pe>ls3 ,%ah ,s(i's ,pe>l 7e/imat$7 #ejj gra9s ,imam ( ,muscat's ,pe>l1 #ab-aaf c>ats #dh gra9s ,%ai/a ,khan ,pe>l1 #ee c>ats #bbj gra9s ,great ,mogul's ,pe>ls3 ,peacock ,?rone ,pe>l #bjj gra9s ,two pe>-%ap$1 "o ab\t #gj ratis #ahf4b gra9s ,olive-%ap$ pe>l 7e/imat$7 #abe gra9s ,"o button-%ap$1 #ee-fj ratis #adf4c-aei4f gra9s ,"o r\nd pe>l1 #ef ratis 7gift ( ! ,%ah ,abbas ,,ii7 #adh4i gra9s ,r\nd pe>l 7e/imat$7#ebf #aaj gra9s ,?ree yell[i% pe>ls1 #be-bh ratis #ff4e-gd4e gra9s ,"o p]fectly r\nd pe>l1 #ce ratis #id gra9s ,two p]fectly %ap$ & equal1 ea* #be ratis #fg4a gra9s ,la ,re9e des ,p]les #aji gra9s ,pe>ls ( ,m>ia ,!resa's ,necklace 7?ree7 #ib-ajj gra9s ,la ,rg5te 7n[ own$ by ,pr9cess ,y\s\p(f7 #ccg gra9s ,la ,pellegr9a #aaa gra9s ,! ,ynaffit1 pe>-%ap$ #adc gra9s ,hope ,pe>l1 drop-%ap$ b>oque #ahjj gra9s ,also 9 ! ,hope ,collection3 ,conical pe>l #aea gra9s ,b\ton pe>l #abd gra9s ,oval pe>l #id gra9s ,r\ghly sph]ical pe>l #hi gra9s ,acorn-%ap$ pe>l #he gra9s ,oval con* pe>l #hb gra9s ,button-%ap$ con* pe>l #gg gra9s ,drop-%ap$ pe>l #gf gra9s ,pe>-%ap$ ,scot* pe>l #cd gra9s ,van ,bur5 ,pe>ls3 ,two1 ea* ab\t #cj gra9s ,also necklace #adh pe>ls #gjj gra9s ,tiffany ,que5 ,pe>l1 ,am]ican #ic gra9s ,black b\ton e>r+-pe>l #hh gra9s ,:ite b\ton e>r+-pe>l #ic gra9s ,bap/ ,pe>ls1 two #aac & #aac gra9s ,r\nd pe>l ( ,p>is ,exposition ( #ahhi #gj gra9s ,mme4 ,nordica's ,pe>l 7abalone7 #age gra9s ,great ,bahama ,con* ,pe>l #ach gra9s ,! ,que5 ,con* ,pe>l #ij gra9s ,w4 ,h4 ,moore's ,pe>l 7,arkansas pe>l1 br[n7 #abb gra9s ,%>k's ,bay ,pe>l1 gold5 yell[ #cj gra9s ,rudolph ,,ii ,cr[n ,pe>l1 #bf c>ats #ajd gra9s ,c>lotta's ,pe>l1 pe>-%ap$ #hd gra9s ,m>quis ( ,anglesey's ,pe>l1 drop-%ap$ #aje gra9s ,black pe>-%ap$ pe>l 7,l[] ,cali=nia7 #di gra9s ,,xvii ,,! ,,aborig9al ,,use ,,( ,,pe>ls1 ,,& ,,_! ,,discov]y ,,9 ,,m\nds ,,& ,,graves ,,xvii ,,! ,,aborig9al ,,use ,,( ,,pe>ls1 ,,& ,,_! ,,discov]y ,,9 ,,m\nds ,,& ,,graves ,! use ( pe>ls by ! aborig9es ( ! t]ritory n[ compris$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is prov5 by _! appe>ance 9 ! m\nds & c]ta9 graves ( pre-,columbian date4 ,?is is ( great int]e/ 9 view ( ! unique sy/em ( burial & ! great v>iety ( objects buri$ ) ! pe>ls4 ,x is evid5t f ! quantities discov]$ 9 "s ( ! m\nds t a v great numb] ( pe>ls1 _m ( l>ge size1 mu/ h be5 own$ by ^! aborig9es1 & !y 7 evid5tly q exp]t 9 ! art ( drill+ !m4 ,pe>ls mu/ h be5 freely us$ = ornam5tal purposes1 & x is cle> t _m riv]s 9 ?is region mu/ h produc$ !m 9 great numb]s1 :5 we consid] t 9 all probability ! mussels 7 tak5 only z !y 7 requir$ = food or = bait 9 fi%+1 & _h probably rea*$ _! full gr[?4 ,x is n unlikely t pe>ls 7 us$ on ?is cont95t = a long p]iod1 & !y may h be5 9 use c5turies be=e any employm5t 0 made ( !m 9 ,europe4 ,9 ! age ( ! m\nd-build]s !re 7 z _m pe>ls 9 ! possession ( a s+le tribe ( ,indians z exi/$ 9 any ,european c\rt4 ,we h no means ( asc]ta9+ ! precise date ( any ( ^! burials1 & !re are no hi/orical records relat+ to ?is region1 su* z 7 kept 9 ,mexico z well z 9 ,europe & ,asia4 ,no trace has be5 f\nd ( ! employm5t ( pe>ls1 ei!r = decoration or ornam5t1 by ! aborig9es ( ,europe or ,asia2 ei!r !y did n use !m or else ! pe>ls h entirely pass$ away 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty or m c5turies4 ,we d "k1 h[ev]1 t nei!r pe>ls nor ,unio %ells 7 us$ by any ( ! lake-dwell]s ( ,switz]l& or ! adjac5t c\ntries4 ,_m em95t ar*ologi/s h inve/igat$ ! f9d+ & hi/ory ( ! pe>ls ( ! m\nd-build]s ( ,ohio & ,alabama1 especially ,squi] & ,davis1 ,f4 ,w4 ,putnam1 ,w>r5 ,k4 ,moorehead1 ,c4 ,c4 ,jones1 ,w4 ,c4 ,mills1 & ,cl>5ce ,b4 ,moore4 ,! discov]ies made up to #ahij 7 fully treat$ by "o ( ! writ]s 9 sev]al pamphlets 7"o ( !m1 8,gems & ,preci\s ,/ones ( ,nor? ,am]ica074 ,x is n unlikely t ! ,indians ( ! ,atlantic coa/ may h kn[n ( pe>ls f ! common clam z well z f ! edible oy/]4 ,! =m] may h (t5 conta9$ pe>ls weigh+ f fifty to "o hundr$ gra9s ea*1 z at t p]iod ! mollusks 7 p]mitt$ to atta9 _! full gr[?1 & p]haps 7 n eat5 except :5 !y 7 z small z little-neck clams2 ! l>g] ones 7 s\ght = ! purple spot :i* held ! muscle1 & 0 us$ = wampum4 ,we h no record ( ! f9d+ ( pe>ls 9 any graves nor? ( ,virg9ia1 z ! _m graves op5$ 9 ! pa/ c5tury h fail$ to reveal !m1 nor has ! use ( pe>ls be5 m5tion$ by any ( ! e>ly writ]s4 ,!y may h be5 worn1 b if s !y h pass$ away or may h be5 mi/ak5 = a%es if !y _h decrepitat$4 ,! fir/ ,engli% settl]s f\nd ! ,indians ( ! tidewat] region ( :at n[ con/itutes ! ,middle ,/ates us+ pe>ls q freely & e/eem+ !m among _! favorite treasures & ornam5ts4 ,capta9 ,john ,smi?1 & all ! e>ly *ronicl]s ( ! ,virg9ia colony1 h giv5 _m acc\nts ( ?is aborig9al use ( pe>ls4 ,9 view ( ! g5]al int]e/ awak5$ by ! t]c5t5>y ( ! f\nd+ ( ,jame/[n1 & ! exposition 9 commemoration !re(1 ! 8,am]ican ,an?ropologi/0 devot$ its fir/ numb] = #aijg pr9cipally to topics relat+ to ! ,virg9ia ,indians4#ebg ,among ^! articles is "o ( mu* int]e/ by ,mr4 ,*>les ,c4 ,will\ghby1 ( ! ,peabody ,museum at ,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts1 deal+ ) ! tribes occupy+ tidewat] ,virg9ia at ! "t ( ! fir/ colonization1 _! habits & cu/oms1 _! di/ribution1 & _! subsequ5t hi/ory ( dim9ution & almo/ ( ext9ction4 ,^! 7 a bran* ( ! ,algonquian /ock1 & ext5d$ z f> s\? z ! ,neuse ,riv] 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,to ! s\? & we/ !y 7 hemm$ 9 by tribes ( ,iroquoian & ,si\an race1 & on ! nor? !y 7 sep>at$ f o!r ho/ile ,indians by ! ,potomac ,riv] & ,*esapeake ,bay4 ,! p[]ful conf$]acy "u ,p[hatan compris$ "s ?irty tribes or 8prov9ces10 cov]+ mo/ ( ! tidewat] region ( ,virg9ia prop]4 ,to ! great] *iefs1 ,john ,smi? /ates t tribute 0 paid1 consi/+ ( 8sk9nes1 beads1 copp]1 pe>le1 de]e1 turkies1 wild bea/s & corne40#ebh ,_m o!r ref]5ces 9 ?is article confirm & illu/rate ?is g5]al /atem5t1 especially reg>d+ pe>ls1 bo? z to _! use by ! liv+ & _! deposit ) ! rema9s ( ! dead4 ,9 ! acc\nt giv5 ( ! native clo?+1 ! out] mantles are describ$1 made usually ( de]sk9 ) ! hair remov$1 & bord]$ ) a fr+e4 ,^! 7 (t5 8c\l\r$ ) "s pretty "w1 444 bea/s1 f[le1 tortayses1 or su* l imag]y10#ebi or adorn$ ) %ells1 :ite beads1 copp] ornam5ts1 pe>ls1 or ! tee? ( animals4#ecj ,/ra*ey describes a wond]ful cloak made ( fea!r-"w1 belong+ to an ,indian pr9cess1 ! wife ( a depos$ *ief1 ,pipisco2 ) x %e wore 8p5dants ( great b imp]fect c\l\r$ & worse drill$ pe>les1 :i* %e put into h] e>es10 besides a long necklace made ( copp] l9ks4#eca ,) reg>d to su* ornam5ts1 ,mr4 ,will\ghby says 7p4 #ga7 t 8! e>s ( bo? sexes 7 pi]c$ ) great holes1 ! wom5 commonly hav+ ?ree 9 ea* e>1 9 :i* 7 hung /r+s ( bones1 %ell1 & copp] beads1 copp] p5dants1 & o!r ornam5ts4 ,capta9 ,amidas met ! wife ( a *ief :o wore 9 h] e>s /r+s ( pe>l beads z l>ge z #8great pease' :i* hung d[n to h] middle4#ecb ,! husb& ( ?is woman wore five or six copp] p5dants 9 ea* e>4 ,x 0 a common cu/om = ! m5 to we> a claw ( a hawk1 eagle1 turkey1 or be>1 or ev5 a live snake z an e> ornam5t40 8,bracelets & neck ornam5ts ( v>i\s k9ds ( beads 7 common4 ,beads ( copp] seem to h be5 mo/ highly valu$ 9 ! e>ly colonial p]iod4 ,^! 7 made ( #8%re$s ( copp]1 beat5 ?9ne & bright1 & w\nd up holl[e1' & 7 sometimes /rung alt]nately ) pe>ls :i* 7 occasionally /a9$ to r5d] !m m attractive4#ecc ,beads ( poli%$ bone or %ell 7 /rung into necklaces ei!r alone or ) p]=at$ pe>ls or copp] beads4 ,"s ( ^! *a9s 7 long en\gh to pass sev]al times ar\nd ! neck4 ,necklaces ( su* con/ruction z to be easily id5tifi$ 7 worn by mess5g]s z a pro( ( good fai?4 ,p[hatan gave ,sir ,?omas ,dale a pe>l necklace1 & reque/$ t any mess5g] s5t by ,dale to him %\ld we> x z a gu>anty t ! message 0 au!ntic40#ecd 8,pe>ls ( v>i\s %apes & sizes 7 comp>atively common1 b symmetrical pe>ls ( uni=m size 7 m r>e4 ,/ra*ey writes ( hav+ se5 #8manie *aynes & braceletts 7( pe>ls7 worne by ! p1 & wee h f\nd pl5tie ( !m 9 ! sepul*]s ( _! k+s1 ?\gh discol\r$ by burn+ ! oy/]s 9 ! fi]1 & de=m$ by grosse bor+4' ,"o ( ,h>iot's companions obta9$ f ! ,indians ab\t five ?\s& pe>ls1 f :i* a suffici5t numb] ( good quality & ( uni=m size 7 obta9$ to make a #8fayre *a9e1 :i* = _! lik5esse & uni=mitie 9 r\ndnesse1 ori5tness & pid5esse ( _m excell5t col\rs1 ) equalitie 9 greatnesse1 7 v]ie fayre & r>e4'#ece 8,^? :o h exam9$ ! ?\s&s ( pe>ls f ! ,ohio m\nds1 to be m5tion$ lat]1 c readily und]/& ^! conditions4 ,! pe>l beads f ! m\nds v>y 9 diamet] f ab\t an eigh? ( an in* to ne>ly an in*1 ! great majority be+ small & irregul>1 al?\gh !re are _m among !m ( good =m & value4 ,x is probable t mo/ ( ! ,virg9ia pe>ls 7 obta9$ f ! fre%-wat] mussel 7,unio702 n unlikely f ! common m>9e clam 7,v5us m]c5>ia71 or ! common oy/] 7,o/rea virg9ica74 ,z reg>ds ! burial ( pe>ls ) ! dead & _! use 9 religi\s rites1 curi\s & q full acc\nts are giv5 by ,/ra*ey1 ,smi?1 ,h>iot1 & ,bev]ley4#ecf ,!re 0 a 8temple10 also occupi$ z a resid5ce by "o or m prie/s1 9 ! t]ritory ( e *ief4 ,?is build+ 0 usually "s eighte5 or tw5ty feet wide1 & v>i$ 9 l5g? f ?irty to "o hundr$ feet1 ) an entrance at ! ea/]n end1 & ! we/]n portion p>tition$ (f ) mats to =m a sort ( sanctu>y or 8*ancel40 ,)9 ?is 7 kept ! dri$ bodies ( deceas$ *iefs1 & an image ( ! god1 call$ ,okee1 made 9 ! %ape ( a man1 8all black1 dress$ ) *aynes ( p]le40 ,full descriptions ( ^! idols & _! manufacture are giv5 by ,h>iot & ,bev]ley1 also ( ! process ( pres]v+ ! rema9s ( ! *iefs4#ecg ,aft] ! body _h be5 disemb[el$1 ! sk9 0 laid back & ! fle% 0 cut away f ! bones4 ,:5 ?is op]ation 0 complet$1 ! skeleton1 held toge!r by its ligam5ts1 0 aga9 inclos$ 9 ! sk91 & /uff$ ) :ite s&1 or ) 8pe>le1 copp]1 beads1 & su* tra% s[$ 9 a skynne40#ech ,x 0 !n dress$ 9 f9e sk9s & adorn$ ) all sorts ( valuables1 includ+ /r+s ( pe>ls & beads4 ,! same k9ds ( treasures 7 also deposit$ 9 a basket at ! feet ( ! mummy4 ,capta9 ,smi? describes ! temple ( ,p[hatan1 at ,uttamussack1 :i* 0 9 *>ge ( sev5 prie/s1 & 0 held 9 great awe by 8! salvages40 ,at a place call$ ,orapaks1 0 also 8 treasure-h\se1 fifty or sixty y>ds long1 frequ5t$ only by prie/s1 :]e he kept a great am\nt ( sk9s1 beads1 pe>ls1 & copp]1 /or$ up aga9/ ! "t ( 8 dea? & burial4 ,a vivid acc\nt is giv5 ( ! f\r grotesque images t /ood gu>d at ! corn]s ( ?is build+1 all made 8evill fav\r$ly accord+ to _! be/ workman%ip40#eci ,! use ( pe>ls z ornam5ts1 & _! deposit ) ! rema9s ( *iefs & p]sons ( di/9ction1 h already be5 describ$ z famili> among ! ,indian tribes ( tidewat] ,virg9ia1 9 ! notes above cit$ f e>ly explor]s & coloni/s4 ,x is a curi\s circum/ance1 h[ev]1 t ?is habit does n appe> to h ext5d$ 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry mu* beyond ! dom9ions ( ,p[hatan1 z no pe>ls h be5 not$ 9 ! ,indian graves 9 ,m>yl&4 ,?is /atem5t1 9 reply to a lett] ( special inquiry1 is made by ,dr4 ,p4 ,r4 ,uhl]1 ( ! ,peabody ,in/itute ( ,baltimore1 :o has be5 mak+ v c>eful /udies ( all aborig9al rema9s 9 t region1 = ! ,m>yl& ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,x w\ld seem f ?is & o!r evid5ce1 t ! use & appreciation ( pe>ls mu/ h be5 9 "s way a tribal matt]1 famili> to "s & n to o!rs1 ( ! ,indian peoples4 ,9 ! ,mississippi ,valley1 ! anci5t population kn[n z ! m\nd-build]s1 by "s reg>d$ z a di/9ct & e>li] race1 & by o!rs z ( true ,indian /ock1 al?\gh mu* m advanc$ 9 arts & culture1 h left 9 _! m\nds mo/ rem>kable quantities ( pe>ls4 ,b "h aga91 ! same feature appe>s1 t ^! treasures are n f\nd :]ev] !re are m\nds1 b only 9 c]ta9 regions4 ,( ^!1 by f> ! mo/ celebrat$ is t ( ! ,scioto & ,miami valleys1 9 ,ohio4 ,outside ( ^!1 no l>ge am\nts h be5 f\nd1 & only at a few localities are !y met ) at all4 ,! valleys ( ! ,miami & ,scioto riv]s & _! tribut>ies conta9 _m rem>kable m\nds & 8e>?works10 :i* h attract$ mu* att5tion1 & h be5 m or less explor$ at diff]5t times1 ) increas+ c>e & ?or\ghness z ar*ological sci5ce has advanc$4 ,x may be well to give a brief1 g5]al acc\nt ( ^! inve/igations & "s lead+ features ( ! m\nds z a :ole1 be=e go+ into p>ticul>s z to ! occurr5ce ( pe>ls4 ,! fir/ important & sci5tific /udy ( ^! rem>kable /ructures 0 t conduct$ 9 ! e>ly =ties by ,dr4 ,edw9 ,h4 ,davis & ,mr4 ,e4 ,george ,squi]1 & publi%$ 9 _! celebrat$ & /&>d "w entitl$ 8,anci5t ,monum5ts ( ! ,mississippi ,valley10 issu$ by ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution 9 #ahdh4 ,?is book & ! 8,correspond5ce0 9 reg>d to ! m\nds by ! same writ]s1 publi%$ 9 #ahdg1 7 ! fir/ works issu$ by ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,accord+ to ,squi] & ,davis1#edj two qu>ts ( pe>ls 7 orig9ally deposit$ 9 "o ( ^! m\nds4 ,! writ]s consid] t ! pe>ls 7 probably d]iv$ f ! fi%]ies 9 ! s\!rn wat]s1 & !y reg>d _! pres5ce 9 ! ,ohio m\nds z a pro( ( 8an ext5sive communication ) s\!rn & tropical regions & a migration f t direction40 ,a numb] ( pe>ls or pe>l beads f ! ,ohio m\nds & :i* =m]ly belong$ to ! ,squi] & ,davis collection1 are n[ 9 ! ,blackmore ,museum at ,salisbury1 ,engl&4 ,accord+ to a communication f ,dr4 ,h4 ,p4 ,blackmore1 director ( ! museum1 ^! pe>ls1 :i* orig9ally =m$ five necklaces1 h be5 mu* injur$ by ! action ( fire at ! "t ! bodies ( ^? int]r$ 9 ! m\nds 7 burn$4 ,mr4 ,blackmore consid]s t ! great] "p ( ! pe>l beads are ( "m-(-pe>l cut f "s l>ge %ell1 made into a r\nd %ape & p]=at$1 b1 aft] v c>eful exam9ation1 he is ( ! op9ion t ab\t t5 may be class$ z natural pe>ls4 ,_! pres5t color is a dull1 lead5 gray1 r light] ?an ! 8black pe>l0 ( comm]ce4 ,! size ( ^! pe>ls or beads v>ies f f\r millimet]s to tw5ty millimet]s 9 diamet]4 ,"o ( ! necklaces consi/s ( ?irty-?ree beads well graduat$1 b ( a dead :ite color f ! action ( ! e>?4 ,a qu>t] ( a c5tury lat]1 :5 ! ,c5t5nial ,exposition 0 9 prep>ation1 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution und]took ! =mation ( a public exhibit illu/rat+ ,am]ican ar*ology1 & engag$ ,pr(4 ,f4 ,w4 ,putnam1 ( ,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts1 to op5 & exam9e "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! m\nds describ$ by ,squi] & ,davis4 ,^! explorations 7 cont9u$ = "s ye>s1 p>tly = ! gov]nm5t & p>tly = ! ,peabody ,museum ( ,ar*ology at ,cambridge1 & _! results 7 exhibit$ at ! ,columbian ,exposition 9 #ahic4 ,! m\nds explor$ 7 *iefly 9 ! valley ( ! ,little ,miami1 & p>ticul>ly ^? kn[n z ! ,turn] gr\p4 ,a v important s]ies ( explorations 0 also c>ri$ on by ,mr4 ,w>r5 ,k4 ,moorehead1 cov]+ ! ye>s f #ahhg to #ahic1 l>gely 9 prep>ation = ! ,columbian ,exposition4 ,^! inve/igations 7 ma9ly 9 ! ,scioto valley1 9 ! c\nties ( ,ross1 ,frankl91 & ,pickaway1 ,ohio4 ,among ! mo/ important results !n obta9$ 7 ^? f ! m\nds ( ! 8,port]0 & 8,hopewell0 gr\ps1 9 ,ross ,c\nty4 ,s9ce t "t1 mu* valuable "w has be5 done by ,mr4 ,moorehead & o!rs1 & p>ticul>ly "u ! auspices ( ! ,ohio ,/ate ,ar*ological & ,hi/orical ,society4 ,! late/ & mo/ complete inve/igation 0 made = ?is society 9 #aijc1 by its curator1 ,pr(4 ,william ,c4 ,mills1 9 ! ,h>ness m\nd1 sev5 miles nor? ( ,*illico!1 ,ohio1 ne> ! ,scioto ,riv]1 9 ,ross ,c\nty4 ,?is locality _h be5 previ\sly explor$ 9 "p1 by ,pr(essor ,putnam 9 #ahhe1 & ,mr4 ,moorehead 9 #ahif2 x 0 n[ sy/ematically exam9$ d[n to ! orig9al surface at e po9t4 ,squi] & ,davis divid$ ^! anci5t monum5ts into f\r classes3 7#a7 ,alt> m\nds1 :i* conta9 :at appe> to be alt>s1 & are also call$ he>?s1 ( /one or h>d5$ clay2 7#b7 ,burial m\nds1 conta9+ human bones2 7#c7 ,temple m\nds1 ) nei!r alt>s nor bones1 b seem+ to h _h "s special religi\s significance2 & 7#d7 ,anomal\s m\nds1 includ+ 8m\nds ( obs]vation0 & o!rs ( mix$ or unc]ta9 "*4 ,! burials are f\nd to be ( two k9ds1 simple int]m5t & cremation2 & ^! are sometimes met ) 9 ! same m\nd4 ,?is classification has be5 g5]ally foll[$ 9 describ+ ^! anci5t /ructures1 al?\gh ! :ole subject is obscure & difficult1 f our ignorance ( ! purposes & conditions ( _! =mation4 ,9 _m ( ! m\nds ( ! fir/ two classes especially1 n only h pe>ls be5 f\nd1 b quantities ( int]e/+ & rem>kable objects1 _m ( :i* h be5 br\ght f di/ant po9ts1 & prove cle>ly ! exi/5ce ( an ext5sive int]tribal comm]ce at a remote p]iod4 ,gal5a f ,ill9ois & ,wiscons91 mica f ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 obsidian f beyond ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & sea-%ells f ! ,gulf coa/1 are among ^! objects1 & p>ticul>ly native copp] f ,lake ,sup]ior1 f :i* _m articles 7 fa%ion$ by hamm]+4 ,pe>ls are extremely abundant1 & 7 at fir/ suppos$ to h be5 br\ght f ! coa/1 & may h be5 ! pe>ls ( ! common clam & ! common oy/]1 ! pe>ls be+ f\nd 9 op5+ ! mollusks = food2 b ! rec5t developm5t ( pe>l hunt+ 9 ! we/]n riv]s1 :]e ! fre%-wat] mussels 7,unios7 are s abundant & produce su* beautiful pe>ls1 %[s t ^! treasures 7 und\bt$ly ga!r$1 p>tly1 if n :olly1 9 ! region :]e ! m\nds exi/4 ,! enorm\s numb]s f\nd are1 inde$1 no s\rce ( surprise1 z su* quantities ( pe>ls h be5 obta9$1 = ov] tw5ty ye>s pa/1 f ! same regions4 ,! mollusks are /ill abundant 9 all ! /reams ( ! ,mississippi ,valley1 except :]e !y h be5 r$uc$ or ext]m9at$ by ! reckless me?ods ( pe>l hunt+ employ$ :]e ! 8pe>l fev]0 has prevail$4 ,x is q possible t ! fre%-wat] ,unios 7 n s\ght = _! pe>ls alone1 b 7 also us$ z food1 & p]haps z bait = fi%+4 ,!y 7 evid5tly ga!r$ 9 great quantities1 z is %[n by ! old heaps ( %ells f\nd along ! banks ( /reams at _m po9ts2 & d\btless !re are multitudes ( su* heaps t h nev] be5 obs]v$4 ,!y are kn[n z f> nor? z ,idaho1 z communicat$ by ,dr4 ,rob]t ,n4 ,bell1 ,/ate m9]alogi/1 & !y ext5d /ill f>!r nor?1 z not$ by ,dr4 ,h>lan ,i4 ,smi?1 9 8 8,prelim9>y ,notes on ! ,ar*ology ( ! ,yakima ,valley40#eda ,he says3 8,small heaps ( fre%-wat] clam-%ells 7 exam9$1 b ^! be+ only ab\t five feet 9 diamet] & z _m in*es 9 dep?1 are h>dly to be comp>$ to ! imm5se %ell-heaps ( ! coa/40 ,^! ,unio %ell-heaps are frequ5t 9 ! ,s\?1 & "s ( ! ,spani% *ronicl]s ( ,de ,soto's exp$ition 9 #aedj-aeda1 describe ! ga!r+ & cook+ ( ! mussels1 & ! f9d+ ( occasional pe>ls !re94 ,! same writ]s also give gl[+ acc\nts ( ! pe>ls possess$ by ! natives4 ,"s ( ^! acc\nts may be exagg]at$1 b !y _c be :olly s4 ,x w\ld seem t "s ( ! pe>ls may h come f m>9e %ells1 & o!rs f ^? ( ! riv]s & /reams2 b !re are few pe>l-produc+ %ells on our own coa/s1 & x is n v likely t !re 0 any trade or int]c\rse ) ! ,we/ ,indian ,isl&s1 :]e m>9e pe>ls occur freely4 ,alb]t ,h4 ,pickett1 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,alabama10 ref]s to ! acc\nts ( ,de ,soto's hi/orian1 ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 & holds t ! pe>ls :i* he not$ 7 evid5tly f ! ,unios ( ,alabama4 8,heaps ( mussel %ells10 he says1 8are n[ to be se5 on our riv] banks :]ev] ,indians us$ to live4 ,!y 7 mu* us$ by ! anci5t ,indians = "s purpose1 & old w>riors h in=m$ me t _! ance/ors once us$ ! %ells to temp] ! clay ) :i* !y made _! vessels4 ,b z ?\s&s ( ! %ells lie bank$ up1 "s deep 9 ! gr\nd1 we may also suppose t ! ,indians 9 ,de ,soto's "t1 ev]y:]e 9 ,alabama1 obta9$ pe>ls f !m4 ,!re c be no d\bt ab\t ! quantity ( pe>ls f\nd 9 ?is ,/ate & ,georgia 9 #aedj1 b !y 7 ( a co>s] & m valueless k9d ?an ! ,spani>ds suppos$4 ,! ,indians us$ to p]=ate !m & /r+ !m ar\nd _! necks & arms l beads40#edb ,! use ( fragm5ts ( ^! %ells 9 temp]+ ! clay = pott]y1 allud$ to 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph1 is well kn[n4 ,pr(4 ,daniel ,s4 ,m>t9 describes an old village site 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ne> ! ,cong>ee ,riv]1 a few miles s\? ( ! city ( ,columbia1 :]e ! gr\nd _h be5 pl[$1 & along ! furr[s ! soil 0 gleam+ ) brilliant pe>ly fragm5ts ( ,unio %ells1 int]m+l$ ) bits ( pott]y4 ,mr4 ,cl>5ce ,b4 ,moore discov]$ pe>ls pi]c$ = /r++ 9 sev]al ( ! m\nds at ,m\ndville1 ,alabama4 ,he also f\nd a %eet-copp] p5dant1 elongat$ oval 9 outl9e1 ) an excis$ rep\ss decoration1 embrac+ a swa/ika )9 a circle1 & a triangle4 ,?is p5dant1 :i* lay ne> ! skull ( burial ,no4 #acb1 be>s a p]=at$ pe>l ne>ly sev5 millimet]s 9 diamet] & weigh+ ab\t n9e gra9s2 x is fa/5$ to ! p5dant by a piece ( vegetable fib] t passes ?r\gh ! pe>l4 ,) ano!r burial 7,no4 #afb71 ! skeleton ( an adult1 0 an elliptical gorget ( %eet-copp] decorat$ ) a pe>l4#edc ,9 a p]sonal communication ,mr4 ,moore /ates t all ! pe>ls f\nd by him 9 ! m\nds 7 v mu* dis9tegrat$ by ! lapse ( "t2 he also writes t he has nev] f\nd any %ells imm$iately ) ! pe>ls1 al?\gh masses ( ,unio %ells 7 (t5 met ) 9 ! m\nds4 ,he believes ! %ell-fi% _h be5 us$ = food4 ,unio %ell-heaps exi/ likewise on ! %ores ( ! inl& lakes ( ,florida1 & 9 middle ,georgia & ,alabama2 & sev]al ( !m on ! banks ( ! ,savannah ,riv]1 above ,augu/a1 are fully describ$ by ,colonel ,*>les ,c4 ,jones4#edd ,he says3 8,9 ^! relic-b$s no two p>ts ( ! same %ell are1 z a g5]al rule1 f\nd 9 juxtaposition4 ,! h+e is brok51 & ! valves ( ! %ell1 aft] hav+ be5 artificially torn asund]1 seem to h be5 c>elessly ca/ aside & all[$ to accumulate40 ,?us1 9 addition to ! hi/orical evid5ce1 physical pro( is abundant ( ! pe>l fi%]ies ( ! aborig9al tribes ( ! ,s\?4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! precise v>ieties ( %ells f :i* ! s\!rn ,indians obta9$ _! pe>ls1 ,colonel ,jones invit$ an expression ( op9ion f a numb] ( sci5ti/s ^: /udies r5d]$ !m famili> ) ! con*ology ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,_! responses ?r[ consid]able light ^u ?is inquiry1 ?\gh ) "s curi\s v>iation4 ,pr(4 ,william ,s4 ,jones1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,georgia1 says t he has se5 small pe>ls 9 _m ( ! ,unios f\nd 9 t ,/ate4 ,pr(4 ,jeffries ,wyman1 on ! o!r h&1 aft] a c>eful & ext5sive s]ies ( excavations 9 ! %ell-heaps ( ,florida1 fail$ to f9d a s+le pe>l4 8,x is h>dly probable10 he rem>ks1 8t ! ,spani>ds c\ld h be5 mi/ak5 z to ! fact ( ! ornam5ts ( ! ,indians be+ pe>ls1 b 9 view ( _! frequ5t exagg]ations1 ,i am almo/ compell$ to ! belief t !re 0 "s mi/ake2 & possibly !y may n h di/+ui%$ betwe5 ! pe>ls & ! %ell beads1 "s ( :i* w\ld correspond ) ! size & %ape ( ! pe>ls m5tion$ by ! ,spani>ds40 ,pr(4 ,joseph ,jones1 ^: inve/igations ?r[ mu* valuable light ^u ! cont5ts ( ! anci5t tumuli ( ,t5nessee1 says3 8,i d n rememb] f9d+ a g5u9e pe>l 9 ! _m m\nds :i* ,i h op5$ 9 ! valleys ( ! ,t5nessee1 ! ,cumb]l&1 ! ,h>pe?1 & else:]e4 ,_m ( ! pe>ls describ$ by ! ,spani>ds 7 probably little else ?an poli%$ beads cut out ( l>ge sea-%ells & f ! ?ick] portions ( fre%-wat] mussels1 & prep>$ s z to resemble pe>ls4 ,i h exam9$ ?\s&s ( ^!1 & !y all pres5t a lam9at$ /ructure1 z if c>v$ out ( ?ick %ells & sea con*s40 ,?is po9t w be ref]r$ to aga94 ,dr4 ,*>les ,rau#ede writes3 8,i le>n$ f ,dr4 ,samuel ,g4 ,bri/[1 :o 0 a surgeon 9 ! ,army ( ! ,cumb]l& dur+ ! ,civil ,w>1 t mussels ( ! ,t5nessee ,riv] 7 occasionally eat5 #8z a *ange' by ! soldi]s ( t corps1 & pron\nc$ no bad article ( diet4 ,%ells ( ! ,unio are sometimes f\nd 9 ,indian graves1 :]e !y _h be5 deposit$ ) ! dead1 to s]ve z food dur+ ! j\rney to ! l& ( spirits40 ,dr4 ,br9ton saw on ! ,t5nessee ,riv] & its tribut>ies num]\s %ell-heaps consi/+ almo/ exclusively ( ! ,unio virg9ianus 7,lam>ck74 ,9 e in/ance he f\nd %ell-heaps close to ! wat]-c\rses1 on ! ri* alluvial bottom-l&4 ,he says3 8,! mollusks _h evid5tly be5 op5$ by plac+ !m on a fire4 ,! ,t5nessee mussel is m>g>itif]\s1 & !re is no d\bt b t x 0 f ?is species t ! e>ly tribes obta9$ ! ho>ds ( pe>ls :i* ! hi/orian ( ,de ,soto's exploration e/imat$ by bu%els1 & :i* 7 s mu* priz$ z ornam5ts40#edf ,a s\rce has rec5tly be5 po9t$ out :5ce small pe>ls1 & p]haps "s f9e specim5s1 c\ld h be5 obta9$ by ! ,indians ( ,florida1 & 9 consid]able quantities4 ,9 ! ,unios ( "s ( ! fre%-wat] lakes ( t ,/ate1 !re 7 f\nd n less ?an #cjjj pe>ls1 mo/ ( !m small1 b _m l>ge en\gh to be p]=at$ & worn z beads4 ,f "o ,unio !re 7 tak5 eighty-f\r se$-pe>ls2 f ano!r1 fifty2 f a ?ird1 tw5ty1 & f sev]al1 t5 or twelve ea*4 ,! exam9ations 7 *iefly conf9$ to ,lake ,griff9 & its vic9ity4 ,x is said t ^u "o ( ! isles 9 ,lake ,okee*obee are ! rema9s ( an old pe>l fi%]y1 & x is propos$ to op5 ! %ells ( ?is lake1 :i* are l>ge1 9 hopes ( f9d+ pe>ls ( sup]ior size & quality4 ,! use ( ! pe>l z an ornam5t by ! s\!rn ,indians1 & ! quantities ( %ells op5$ by !m 9 v>i\s localities1 make x seem /range t x is n m frequ5tly met ) 9 ! relic-b$s & sepul*ral tumuli ( t region2 b1 aft] explor+ _m %ell- & e>?-m\nds1 ,colonel ,*>les ,c4 ,jones fail$1 except 9 a few in/ances1 to f9d pe>ls4#edg ,a few 7 obta9$ 9 an ext5sive relic-b$ on ! ,savannah ,riv]1 above ,augu/a1 ! l>ge/ be+ f\r t5?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 b all ( !m black5$ by fire4 ,_m ( ! small] m\nds on ! coa/ ( ,georgia d n conta9 pe>ls1 because at ! p]iod ( _! con/ruction ! cu/om ( burn+ ! dead appe>s to h prevail$ v g5]ally2 h5ce1 x may be t ! pe>ls 7 ei!r imm$iately consum$ or s s]i\sly injur$ z to crumble out ( sight4 ,?is abs5ce ( pe>ls t5ds some:at to confirm ! op9ion t beads made f ! ?ick] portions ( %ells t 7 c>v$1 p]=at$1 & brilliant ) nacre1 7 reg>d$ by ! imag9ative ,spani>ds z pe>ls4 ,m m9ute inve/igation1 h[ev]1 w d\btless reveal ! exi/5ce ( pe>ls 9 localities :]e ! pe>l-be>+ %ells 7 collect$4 ,p]=at$ pe>ls h be5 f\nd 9 an anci5t bury+-gr\nd locat$ ne> ! bank ( ! ,ogee*ee ,riv]1 9 ,bryan ,c\nty1 ,georgia2 & _m ye>s ago1 aft] a heavy fre%et on ! ,oconee ,riv]1 :i* laid b>e _m ,indian graves 9 ! neighborhood ( ! l>ge m\nds on ,p\lla9's plantation1 fully a hundr$ pe>ls ( consid]able size 7 ga!r$4 ,x seems q cle> t _m ( ! pe>ls report$ by ! e>ly ,spani% voyag]s 7 really su*1 al?\gh x is well kn[n also t %ell beads h be5 f\nd 9 m\nds 9 connection ) pe>ls2 b ! numb]s f\nd 9 ,ohio1 by ,pr(essor ,putnam1 ,mr4 ,moorehead1 & o!rs1 leave no room = d\bt 9 ?is matt]4 ,t ! ,indians ( ! ,s\? also _h ^! pe>ls1 bo? drill$ & undrill$1 is beyond "q4 ,! same fact comes to view1 h[ev]1 9 ^! v>i\s acc\nts1 t has be5 allud$ to already1 viz41 t ! use ( pe>ls among ! aborig9es appe>s to h be5 local1 & probably tribal4 ,all ! fre% wat]s ( ,nor? ,am]ica conta9 ,unios1 especially 9 ! ,mississippi bas9 & 9 ! ,s\?1 & all ! ,unios are m or less pe>l-be>+2 b x is only at c]ta9 po9ts t pe>ls are f\nd deposit$ 9 anci5t graves1 sometimes1 h[ev]1 9 extraord9>y quantities4 ,fa!r ,l\is ,h5nep9 relates t ! ,indians along ! ,mississippi wore bracelets & e>r+s ( f9e pe>ls1 :i* !y spoilt1 hav+ no?+ to bore !m ) b fire4 ,he adds3 8,!y gave u to und]/& t !y receiv$ !m 9 ex*ange = _! calumets f nations inhabit+ ! coa/ ( ! great lake to ! s\?w>d1 :i* ,i take to be ! ,gulph ( ,florida40#edh ,! /atem5t "h made1 t ! ,indians p]=at$ _! pe>ls only 8) fire10 evid5tly ref]s to ! use ( a heat$ copp] wire1 or po9t1 z m5tion$ by ,pickett & o!rs ( ! e>ly explor]s4 ,?is po9t is ( importance1 z app>5tly indicat+ a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,indians met ) by ! fir/ ,european visitors1 & ! m\nd-build+ p ( an e>li] "t1 among :om ! p]=ation 0 made ) small /one drills4 ,on ?is po9t1 a rec5t lett] f ,pr(4 ,wm4 ,c4 ,mills1 :o has conduct$ ! v full exploration ( ! ,h>ness m\nd 9 ,ohio1 is ( int]e/4 ,he describes ! small & c>efully-wr\ght fl9t drills1 :i* he f\nd1 & believes to h be5 made & us$ = ?is purpose4 ,9 size & =m !y answ] all requirem5ts2 !y are delicate little implem5ts1 some:at ,t-%ap$ or gimlet-%ap$1 an in* & a qu>t] long2 ! n>r[ bor+ "p is ab\t an in* 9 l5g? & tap]s f "o eigh? ( an in* to q a f9e po9t2 ! wid] upp] end is abruptly exp&$ into ! transv]se h&le1 :i* is ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick1 i4e41 l5g?wise ( ! in/rum5t1 & half an in* 9 span1 i4e41 across1 s z to give a good hold = ! f+]s to rotate ! drill1 j z 9 an ord9>y gimlet4 ,pass+ n[ to ! actual discov]ies ( pe>ls 9 ! m\nds ( ! ,mississippi ,valley1 ^! w be review$ 9 ! ord] ( ! successive explorations 9 :i* !y 7 made kn[n4 ,z already /at$1 ! only region :]e any l>ge am\nts h be5 enc\nt]$1 is t ( ! ,scioto & ,miami valleys 9 ,ohio4 ,ev5 "h1 pe>ls are f\nd only at c]ta9 po9ts1 & ?\gh ! numb]s are great1 ! graves :i* conta9 !m are few4 ,!y 7 app>5tly buri$ only ) ! rema9s ( individuals ( especial di/9ction1 probably ei!r *iefs or em95t m$ic9e m54 ,! acc\nts ( rec5t explorations 9 ^! m\nds br+ to m9d v =cibly ! /atem5t be=e cit$ f ,capta9 ,john ,smi?1 z to ,p[hatan's treasure-h\se1 :]e all 8 mo/ valu$ articles1 includ+ pe>ls1 7 collect$ & kept1 9 prep>ation = 8 dea? & burial4 ,pe>ls appe> also to h be5 us$ only by ! m cultur$ tribes1 & 7 kept 9 ! l>g] & m prosp]\s communities exclusively4 ,!y are conf9$ to ! great 8m\nd gr\ps10 & are n f\nd 9 isolat$ m\nds4 ,! tumuli ( nor!rn ,ohio1 ! hill m\nds1 & ! village sites along ! small] /reams1 h yield$ practically none4 ,accord+ to ! mann] ( burial1 ! pe>ls v>y greatly 9 _! pres5t condition4 ,:]e !y h be5 plac$ ) cremat$ bodies1 !y are1 ( c\rse1 mu* damag$1 be+ black5$ & l>gely decompos$4 ,o!rwise1 al?\gh injur$ 9 color & lu/]1 ! m]e fact ( burial 9 ! gr\nd has n entirely ru9$ !m4 ,!y are g5]ally p]=at$1 s z to be /rung or atta*$ to g>m5ts1 & traces ( bo? ^! me?ods ( use are sometimes cle>ly %[n4 ,! t]m 8pe>l beads10 (t5 employ$ by writ]s1 is unc]ta9 9 mean+2 z x may ref] ei!r to actual pe>ls1 bor$ s z to be /rung1 or to imitations !re( made f pe>ly %ell4 ,) reg>d to ?is po9t1 al?\gh su* quantities h be5 obta9$1 !re seems to h be5 v little close exam9ation z to _! /ructure1 :i* w\ld at once indicate ! facts1 accord+ z ! m9ute lay]s ( ! pe>ly mat]ial are conc5tric or n4 ,! only di/9ct te/imony is t we h cit$ above f ,pr(4 ,joseph ,jones1#edi :o /ates t he has exam9$ l>ge numb]s1 & f\nd !m to be app>5tly cut f %ells4 ,he makes ! sugge/ion t !y may h be5 c>v$ f ! ?ick] portions ( ! fre%-wat] ,unios4 ,?is is n only probable1 b w\ld g f> to solve ! my/]y ( ! enorm\s numb]s f\nd1 z comp>$ ) any?+ kn[n ( ! yield ( g5u9e pe>ls by ^! mollusks1 ev5 ) all ! pe>l hunt+ ( rec5t ye>s4 ,an int]e/+ fact be>+ directly on ?is "q is ! discov]y 9 ! ,taylor m\nd1 at ,oregonia1 ,w>r5 ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 ( sev]al ,unio %ells 9 :i* _h be5 made a circul> hole1 two ?irds ( an in* 9 diamet]1 ei!r = "s ornam5tal use ( ! %ell or to extract pieces to be %ap$ into beads4 ,^! may h be5 made 9 ei!r ( two ways4 ,fir/ly1 by break+ pieces ( ! %ell f "o ( ! valves1 z a lapid>y 8r\ghs out0 a piece ( gem mat]ial be=e he beg9s to gr9d x into %ape2 or1 secondly1 by cutt+ out a circul> disk ( %ell by means ( a holl[ copp] drill or a holl[ re$1 j z !y p]=at$ h>d pieces ( qu>tz or granite = pipes1 or z !y treph9$ circul> disks f ! skulls4 ,decorat$ disks ( ,unio %ell 7 also f\nd 9 ! same m\nd4 ,if ! anci5t p made beads 9 ?is mann]1 !re is little difficulty 9 acc\nt+ = ! quantities describ$1 especially 9 connection ) ! evid5t ga!r+ ( ,unios on a l>ge scale1 z %[n by ! widely di/ribut$ %ell-heaps already describ$4 ,!y c]ta9ly did make beads f v>i\s m>9e %ells1 & ^! are f\nd ) ! pe>l beads 9 _m ( ! m\nds1 z p>ticul>ly not$ by ,pr(essor ,jones1 cit$ above1 & by o!rs4 ,9 ! rec5t exploration ( ! ,h>ness m\nd1 by ,pr(essor ,mills1 a v curi\s discov]y 0 made ( imitation pe>ls ( a k9d nev] be=e met )2 ^! 7 made ( clay1 model$ app>5tly aft] ! l>g] natural pe>ls associat$ ) !m1 & aft] be+ bak$ h>d1 _h be5 8cov]$ ) a flexible mica10 s z to resemble pe>ls4#eej ,! mica 0 a silv]y mica t may h be5 burn$ & w\ld pulv]ize into a gray p[d] ) a pe>ly lu/]1 z almo/ all micas are too resili5t to be atta*$ 9 any o!r way4 ,tak+ up n[ ! hi/ory ( pe>l discov]y 9 ! m\nds1 ! fir/ def9ite record goes back to ab\t #ahdd1 :5 p]=at$ pe>ls 7 f\nd by ,dr4 ,edw9 ,h4 ,davis#eea on ! he>?s ( five di/9ct gr\ps ( m\nds 9 ,ohio1 & sometimes 9 su* abundance t !y c\ld be ga!r$ by ! hundr$4 ,!y 7 g5]ally ( irregul> =m1 mo/ly pe>-%ap$1 ?\gh p]fectly r\nd ones 7 also f\nd among !m4 ,! small] specim5s measur$ ab\t "o f\r? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 b ! l>ge/ _h a diamet] ( ?ree qu>t]s ( an in*4 ,! next great discov]y ( ^! ,unio pe>ls 0 9 ! ,port] gr\p ( m\nds1 9 ! ,little ,miami ,valley1 explor$ by ,pr(4 ,fr$]ick ,w4 ,putnam1 & ,dr4 ,*>les ,l4 ,metz1 :o procur$ ov] #fj1jjj pe>ls1 ne>ly two bu%els1 drill$ & undrill$1 und\bt$ly ( ,unio orig92 all ( !m1 h[ev]1 decay$ or mu* alt]$1 & ( no comm]cial value4 ,9 #ahhd ^! sci5ti/s exam9$ ! ,m>riott m\nd1 :]e !y f\nd ne>ly "o hundr$ ,unio %ells1 & among o!r objects ( special int]e/ six can9e tee? ( be>s1 t 7 p]=at$ by a lat]al hole ne> ! edge at ! po9t ( greate/ curvature ( ! root1 s t by pass+ a cord ?r\gh ?is1 ! too? c\ld be fa/5$ to any object or worn z an ornam5t4 ,two ( ^! tee? _h a hole bor$ ?r\gh ne> ! end ( ! root on ! side opposite ! lat]al p]=ation1 & ! hole c\nt]sunk 9 ord] to receive a l>ge sph]ical pe>l1 ab\t ?ree eigh?s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,:5 ! tee? 7 f\nd1 ! pe>ls 7 9 place1 al?\gh *alky f decay4 ,upw>d ( #bej pe>l beads 7 f\nd "h1 conc]n+ :i* !y say3 8,! pe>l beads f\nd 9 ! sev]al positions m5tion$ are natural pe>ls1 probably obta9$ f ! sev]al species ( ,unios 9 ! ,ohio riv]s4 ,9 size !y v>y f "o t5? ( an in* to ov] half an in* 9 diamet]1 & _m are sph]ical4 ,!y are neatly drill$1 & ! l>g] f opposite sides4 ,^! pe>ls are n[ *alky1 & crumble on h&l+1 b :5 fre% !y w\ld h =m$ brilliant necklaces & p5dants40#eeb ,illu/ration3 ,necklace ( fre%-wat] pe>ls & cut %ell beads1 f ,m\nd ,no4 #be ,illu/ration3 ,be>-too? inlaid ) fre%-wat] pe>l f ! neck ( skeleton ,no4 #bji1 ,m\nd #bc ,illu/ration3 ,p]=ation 9 *>r$1 cut fre%-wat] pe>l2 weight1 #eefi grams ,illu/ration3 ,p]=at$ fre%-wat] pe>l2 weight1 #bb1iee grams ,,fre%-,,wat] ,,pe>ls ,,f ,,hopewell ,,gr\p ,,( ,,m\nds1 ,,ross ,,c\nty1 ,,ohio ,x is easy to see1 ev5 at a glance1 t mo/ ( ^? 9 ?is great deposit ( #fj1jjj are true pe>ls4 ,_m are v irregul> 9 =m1 & q a numb] are ! elongat$1 some:at fea!r-%ap$1 8h+e pe>ls10 t are f\nd 9 ! region ( ! h+e tee? ( ,unios4 ,a l>ge & int]e/+ exhibit ( ^! is %[n 9 ! ,field ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,*icago4 ,b ?\s&s ( sph]ical pe>ls 7 also obta9$1 f ! 8alt>s0 or 8he>?s0 ( m\nds belong+ to ! fir/ division ( ,squi] & ,davis's classification1 above not$4 ,f ! ,turn] gr\p1 9 ,cl]mont ,c\nty1 9 ! ,little ,miami ,valley1 ,pr(essor ,putnam obta9$ = ! ,peabody ,museum z mu* z half a bu%el ( pe>ls ( ?is "*4 ,z ^! _h be5 expos$ to fire1 ne>ly all 7 black5$1 "s crack$1 & all greatly impair$4#eec ,! next great s]ies ( explorations 7 ^? conduct$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,k4 ,moorehead 9 ! ,scioto ,valley1 9 ! c\nties ( ,ross1 ,frankl9 & ,pickaway1 ,ohio4 ,he op5$ & exam9$ a numb] ( m\nds1 & f\nd pe>ls or pe>l beads 9 t5 or twelve ( !m1 b ! l>g] deposits 7 conf9$ to c]ta9 limit$ di/ricts1 :i* seem to h be5 occupi$ by tribes m advanc$ 9 culture & 9 traffic ?an ! re/4 ,9 ^!1 ! pe>ls & also objects ( o!r k9ds br\ght f a di/ance1 are pr9cipally f\nd4 ,! scatt]$ m\nds1 n associat$ ) any village or community sites1 h few ( ^! valuable objects4 ,b ev5 :]e !y are f\nd freely1 pe>ls 7 app>5tly us$ or possess$ by only a few individuals4 ,mr4 ,moorehead inve/igat$ 9 all #aag burial m\nds1 conta9+ ab\t #adjj skeletons4 ,pe>ls 7 met ) 9 only sev5 ( ^! m\nds1 & 9 connection ) b tw5ty-two skeletons4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 yield$ a total ( #bfjj pe>ls1 app>5tly f ,unios1 ! numb]s f\nd ) s+le skeletons v>y+ f #ah to #fjb1 an av]age ( #aah4 ,x ?us appe>s t 9 ,mr4 ,moorehead's rese>*es1 pe>ls 7 f\nd 9 ab\t "o m\nd out ( sev5te51 & 9 ^!1 ) ab\t "o skeleton out ( eight4 ,f 8alt> m\nds10 pe>ls h be5 9 "s cases tak5 9 va/ numb]s4 ,pr(essor ,putnam's discov]ies are m5tion$ above2 & ,mr4 ,moorehead obta9$ t5s ( ?\s&s f two alt>s or he>?s 9 ! ,hopewell gr\p1 :i* w be describ$ h]eaft]4 ,:5 f\nd 9 ! burial m\nds ) skeletons1 pe>ls are g5]ally se5 to h be5 plac$ at ! wri/s or ankles1 or ab\t ! neck1 or 9 ! m\?4 ,sometimes !y are f\nd on copp] plates1 & occasionally !y %[ evid5ce ( hav+ be5 sewn or atta*$ to a g>m5t4 ,p>ticul>s on ^! po9ts w be giv5 fur!r on4 ,mr4 ,moorehead has also f\nd be>s' tee?1 set ) pe>ls1 z ,putnam & ,metz did 9 ! ,m>riott m\nd1 ly+ ) or ne> skeletons4 ,9 ! case ( ! alt> m\nds1 !re seems to h be5 a diff]5t proc$ure1 n a burial1 b a great fun]al sacrifice 9 honor ( "s v di/+ui%$ p]son1 9 :i* treasures ( e k9d1 includ+ great /ores ( pe>ls1 7 consum$1 or meant to be4 ,( ?is1 ,mr4 ,moorehead says1 9 a lett] to ! au?or3 8,9 ! case ( all alt> (f]+s1 a fire _h be5 k9dl$ 444 & all ^! ?+s 7 heap$ ^u x4 ,!y 7 utt]ly ru9$1 save a few2 444 ^? at ! top 7 n s mu* affect$ z ^? at ! bottom40 ,mr4 ,moorehead's inve/igations already m5tion$ 7 9 ! ye>s #ahhh to #ahia inclusive2 he next took up especially ! rem>kable ,hopewell gr\ps ( m\nds1 9 #ahia-ahib1 & explor$ ^! ext5sively = ! ar*ological exhibit at ! ,_w's ,columbian ,exposition ( #ahic1 at ,*icago4#eed ,?is 0 8 mo/ important & elaborate inve/igation1 & w be describ$ 9 "s detail4 ,9 #ahif1 he made a p>tial exploration ( ! ,h>ness m\nd ne> ,*illico!1 :i* has be5 fully complet$ m rec5tly by ,pr(4 ,william ,c4 ,mills1 & w also be describ$ fur!r on4 ,! inve/igations made 9 ! ,hopewell gr\p ( m\nds 7 record$ by ,mr4 ,moorehead 9 a s]ies ( articles 9 ! 8,antiqu>ian40#eee ,he gives a g5]al acc\nt ( ! rem>kable region ( anci5t rema9s 9 ,ross ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,! ,/ate ar*ological map %[s ! 8m\nd belt10 z a /rip ( c\ntry "s fifte5 miles wide & "o hundr$ miles long1 ext5d+ ?r\gh ! ,scioto ,valley1 f ab\t ,columbus to ,portsm\?4 ,! anci5t works not$ on ?is map1 ?\gh n all t exi/ !re1 yet numb] ov] #ijj m\nds1 #bd village sites1 #cf circles ( e>? & /one1 #hg o!r inclosures & works ( simil> "*1 & #ca sites ( gravel or kame burials4 ,five gr\ps ( m\nds 9 p>ticul> exi/ 9 ,ross ,c\nty1 all ( !m %[+ a 8high culture0 /ate4 8,all ( ! l[] ,scioto ,valley10 says ,mr4 ,moorehead1 80 occupi$ by a m\nd-build+ tribe rank+ high] 9 intellig5ce & num]ically /rong] ?an t ( any o!r section ( ! :ole ,ohio region40 ,among ! _m rem>kable anci5t works 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry1 ! five gr\ps 9 ,ross ,c\nty are ! mo/ important1 & among ^!1 ! ,hopewell gr\p is prem95t4 ,! fir/ publi%$ notice ( !m1 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahbj1 0 by ,mr4 ,caleb ,atwat]4#eef ,squi] & ,davis exam9$ & describ$ !m 9 ! ye>s #ahdd-ahdf1 & obta9$ l>ge & notable collections f !m :i* are n[ 9 ,engl&1 9 ! ,blackmore ,museum at ,salisbury1 z n en\gh int]e/ 9 su* matt]s !n exi/$ 9 ,am]ica to induce ! pur*ase & ret5tion ( ^! valuable treasures4 ,f t "t until #ahia1 :5 ,mr4 ,moorehead began 8 explorations !re1 no "o _h paid mu* att5tion to ^! m\nds1 all publi%$ acc\nts be+ d]iv$ f ^? ( ,squi] & ,davis4 ,!y describ$ !m "u ! "n ( ,cl>k's works1 f ! own] ( ! f>m )9 :i* !y lie2 b ! prop]ty has s9ce pass$ into ! possession ( ,mr4 ,m4 ,c4 ,hopewell4 ,f ?is fact1 yet m f 8 k9d & intellig5t int]e/ 9 ! "w ( exploration1 8 "n has be5 giv5 to ! gr\p4 ,! ,hopewell works are situat$ on ! nor? =k ( ,pa9t ,creek1 ab\t "o ?ird ( a mile f ! /ream4 ,! int]v5+ space is l[ bottom-l&1 & ! works /& ^u a t]race ab\t tw5ty feet high1 f :i* aga9 !re is a r /eep rise ( ?irty or =ty feet m1 to ! g5]al level ( ! c\ntry4 ,!y consi/ ( a ne>ly quadrangul> inclosure1 ab\t half a mile 9 l5g? 7/rictly #bhjj feet71 & half z mu* 9 wid?1 occupy+ ! entire bread? ( ! t]race4 ,at its ea/]n end1 ?is l>ge inclosure op5s into a second & small] "o1 an exact squ>e ( #hej feet4 ,)9 ! ma9 inclosure are "o or m village sites1 a numb] ( sep>ate m\nds1 & especially a gr\p ( sev]al connect$ elevations1 toge!r kn[n z ! ,effigy m\nd1 ^! be+ mu* ! highe/ & mo/ conspicu\s1 & !mselves surr\nd$ by a semicircul> inclosure4 ,! :ole sugge/s a def5sive "w1 or 8wall$ t[n02 b ! wall1 al?\gh /rongly & c>efully built1 p>tly ( /ones & p>tly ( h>d clay1 is s l[--only f f\r to six feet 9 height--t x c\ld n h be5 a v =midable ob/acle to a vigor\s assault2 &1 moreov]1 ! :ole is ov]look$ & 8comm&$0 f ! bluff above x4 ,! m\nds1 z ,squi] & ,davis exam9$ !m1 7 pron\nc$ to be ma9ly ( ! sacrificial or 8alt>0 type4 ,s9ce _! v full & accurate acc\nt 0 publi%$1 "t & ! h& ( man h r$uc$ & almo/ oblit]at$ portions ( ! wall & "s ( ! small] m\nds1 :ile ! creek has slightly %ift$ its c\rse4 ,:5 !y wrote _! description1 x 0 a little ne>] ?an x is n[2 & !y !n express$ ! belief t x _h =m]ly wa%$ ! base ( ! t]race :]e ! works are locat$4 ,mr4 ,moorehead's explor+ p>ty1 aid$ by ,dr4 ,h4 ,t4 ,cresson1 began op]ations at ?is notable gr\p ( m\nds 9 ,augu/1 #ahia1 & cont9u$ !m ?r\gh ab\t sev5 mon?s1 )\t int]ruption1 mu* ( ! "t 9 sev]e w9t] wea!r4 ,! "w 0 c>ri$ on "u au?ority ( ! ,an?ropological ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,columbian ,exposition ( #ahic1 at ,*icago4 ,all ! mo/ int]e/+ & important ( ! v ext5sive body ( relics obta9$ 0 display$ !re2 & ! :ole rema9s z a p]man5t exhibit 9 ! ,field 7,columbian7 ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,! ,hopewell gr\p comprises 9 all "s tw5ty l>g] & small] m\nds )9 ! g5]al inclosure1 besides a few unimportant ones outside ( x1 & ! ma9 connect$ gr\p 9 ! special inclosure ne> ! c5t]4 ,^! latt] =m toge!r :at is kn[n z ! ,effigy m\nd1 a "n bas$ ^u its g5]al resemblance to a recl9+ human figure2 b x is n con/ruct$ on a human or animal design1 z are ! effigy m\nds prop]ly s call$4 ,aft] work+ = a "t ^u "s ( ! o!rs1 & f9d+ mu* int]e/+ mat]ial1 ,mr4 ,moorehead set 8 m5 to "w ^u ! ,effigy m\nd1 & sp5t mo/ ( 8 "t & ef=t ^u t rem>kable /ructure1 ( :i* he made a v ?or\gh & sy/ematic exploration4 ,! ,effigy m\nd is ab\t #ejj feet long & #bbj feet wide1 & rises #bc feet above ! g5]al surface at its highe/ po9t4 ,x proves to belong to ! f\r? class ( ,squi] & ,davis1 ^? ( mix$ "*1 ) bo? alt>s & burials1 z x conta9$ ?ree l>ge alt>s & z _m z #age skeletons1 ne>ly all ( adults4 ,review+ n[ ! entire exploration ( ! ,hopewell gr\p1 ! fir/ m\nd op5$1 kn[n z ,no4 #ag1 0 ( consid]able size1 ne>ly n9ety feet 9 diamet]1 & 0 notable = a lay] ( mica--"s #cjjj %eets--t ext5d$ almo/ entirely ?r\gh x4 ,x conta9$ a rude alt>1 ) a%es & bones1 "s copp] implem5ts1 bone ne$les1 %>ks' tee?1 & ne>ly #bjj p\nds ( bright gal5a4 ,! next exam9$1 ,no4 #ah1 conta9$ sev]al decay$ skeletons1 & a good example ( an 8alt>10 toge!r ) ornam5ts cut f human skulls4 ,! next1 ,no4 #ai1 _h an alt> ( e>?1 p>tially h>d5$ by heat1 :i* 0 tak5 out entire & box$4 ,x 0 r\ghly cubical1 ab\t ?ree feet ea* way4 ,9 ! 8b[l10 or concavity1 on ! top ( x1 7 v>i\s m9or implem5ts1 ) "s gal5a & mica1 etc4 ,! next attack$ 0 a l>ge m\nd1 ,no4 #b1 :i* _h be5 p>tly op5$ by ,squi] & ,davis1 ne>ly fifty ye>s be=e4 ,x is rem>kable = its imm5se /ore ( r\ghly *ipp$ fl9t disks1 ov] #hjjj 9 numb]1 ( :i* #fjj 7 tak5 out by ,squi] & ,davis1 & mo/ ( ! rema9d] by ,mr4 ,moorehead4 ,x w\ld seem to h be5 a place ( /orage = p>tly work$ mat]ial ( ?is k9d1 to pres]ve x f ! h>d5+ effect ( long exposure to ! air4 ,sev]al o!r m\nds yield$ little ( importance1 save t f ! soil on ! site ( ,no4 #a1 :i* _h be5 oblit]at$1 7 tak5 a numb] ( fragm5ts ( bone1 curi\sly ornam5t$ ) f9ely c>v$ patt]ns4 ,two o!rs1 ,nos4 #d & #e1 _h peculi>ly con/ruct$ alt>s1 ( :i* an ext5d$ acc\nt is giv54 ,! fir/ discov]y ( pe>ls by ,squi] & ,davis 0 made 9 _! m\nd ,no4 #i1 n[ oblit]at$ by a railroad4 ,) ! pe>ls1 !y report z f\nd on ! top ( a small alt>1 brok5 in/rum5ts ( obsidian1 cut patt]ns ( mica1 ve/iges ( clo?1 etc4 ,mr4 ,moorehead's fir/ discov]y ( pe>ls 0 9 a small b int]e/+ m\nd1 ,no4 #bj1 ab\t =ty feet 9 diamet]4 ,x _h be5 r$uc$ by pl[+ to only "s two feet 9 height2 & its cont5ts w\ld ere long h be5 brok5 into & scatt]$ by ! same process4 ,?is 0 /rictly a burial m\nd1 & soon yield$ five skeletons1 "o ( !m be+ t ( a *ild1 n9e or t5 ye>s ( age4 ,) ^! bones 7 num]\s objects3 two l>ge %ells made into cups = dr9k+1 sev]al copp] articles & ornam5ts1 among !m a broad copp] bracelet encircl+ ! "r wri/1 & sev]al hundr$ pe>l & %ell beads & small %ells4 ,! same m\nd yield$ lat] "s o!r *ildr5's rema9s1 b ) no important objects4 ,a f9ely poli%$ pipe & two be>'s tee? coat$ ) copp] 7 also f\nd4 ,mr4 ,moorehead po9ts out ! evid5ces ( a long occupation ( ?is site by a cultur$ tribe1 :o _h comm]ce ) ! ,s\? & ,we/ m ?an ) ! ,nor? or ,ea/4 ,"w 0 !n begun1 9 ! latt] "p ( ,septemb]1 on a l>ge & important m\nd kn[n z ! ,oblong 7,no4 #bc71 #aee feet long by #ajj feet wide1 ) an elevation at pres5t ( #ad feet1 & orig9ally ( p]haps #bj feet4 ,?is m\nd yield$ ?irty-n9e skeletons1 ly+ at dep?s v>y+ f eight & ?ree f\r?s to elev5 feet bel[ ! pres5t surface1 ne>ly on ! base-l9e ( ! m\nd4 ,"s ( ^! 7 surr\nd$ by b\ld]s1 o!rs 7 mu* *>r$1 & a good deal ( v>iety exi/s 9 _! condition1 all ( :i* ,mr4 ,moorehead describes p>ticul>ly4 ,all mann] ( relics & objects 7 obta9$1 includ+ pe>l beads & a spl5did copp] ax ( sev5te5 p\nds' weight1 ( c\rse entirely too l>ge = any practical use1 & h5ce pla9ly a c]emonial object or badge ( "s high di/9ction4 ,among ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! _m int]e/+ objects discov]$ "h 7 ! l>ge can9e tee? ( be>s1#eeg :i* _h n only be5 drill$ ?r\gh ne> ! base ( ! root = susp5sion1 l _m o!rs1 b _h also be5 p>tly drill$ at ! middle ( "o side1 & a l>ge pe>l ins]t$ into ! cavity4 ,^! s+ul> ornam5ts 7 f\nd at ! neck ( a skeleton1 & _h evid5tly be5 worn z p5dants4 ,x w be rememb]$ t almo/ id5tical specim5s 7 f\nd by ,pr(essor ,putnam 9 ! ,m>riott m\nd 9 ! ,miami ,valley4#eeh ,! "o "h figur$ is n[ 9 ! ,field ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,*icago1 ) mo/ ( ! o!r ,hopewell mat]ial4 ,ano!r some:at simil> example ( ! ta/e & art ( ! same p1 also pres]v$ 9 ! ,field ,museum1 came f ! m\nd kn[n z ,no4 #be4 ,?is consi/$ ( a l>ge figure ( a bird1 9 hamm]$ copp]1 fifte5 & sev5 eigh?s in*es long1 ) a pe>l ins]t$ to =m ! eye4 ,! head is q expressive1 & ! tail-fea!rs well repres5t$1 al?\gh ! w+s & ! g5]al proportions are rude4 ,?is is %[n ab\t "o ?ird ( ! actual l5g?4 ,! ,effigy m\nd 0 next exam9$4 ,! fir/ trial %afts prov$ x to be evid5tly ( human con/ruction1 & n ( glacial orig91 z "s _h suppos$4 ,"o or two op5 cuts 7 !n begun1 us+ teams ) a l>ge %ovel until indications ( burials 7 f\nd1 :5 ! fur!r "w w\ld be c>ri$ on by h&1 ) extreme c>e4 ,aft] ab\t two weeks1 9 :i* "t sev]al skeletons 7 une>!d1 ) "s %ells1 beads1 & copp] ornam5ts1 a burial ( extraord9>y "* 0 rea*$ on ,novemb] #ad4 ,"h 0 ly+ a skeleton :i* ! newspap]s soon report$ z 8,! ,k+ ( ! ,m\nd-,build]s40 ,x 0 mu* decay$1 b 0 cov]$ & surr\nd$ ) a weal? ( relics4 ,! skull 0 surm\nt$ by a tall cap or helmet ( copp]1 f :i* ext5d$ a wond]ful pair ( antl]s1 exactly imitat+ ^? ( a de]1 b made ( wood & cov]$ ) copp]4 ,! :ole skeleton1 to quote ! words ( ,mr4 ,moorehead1 8glitt]$ ) mica1 pe>l1 %ell1 & copp]40 ,plates ( ! latt] 7 above1 b5ea?1 & ar\nd x1 ) be>s' & pan!rs' tee?1 etc41 & ov] #ajjj beads1 _m ( !m ( pe>l4 ,! succe$+ mon?1 dur+ :i* ! la/ cut 0 f9i%$ d[n to ! base-l9e1 & a ?ird "o mu* advanc$1 reveal$ num]\s skeletons1 ) abundant objects ( ! same g5]al k9d1 includ+ a rem>kable sep>ate deposit ( copp] articles ( curi\s workman%ip1 ornam5ts ( cut mica1 & "o ( cannel coal1 fragm5ts ( meteoric iron & celts made !refrom1 & 8_m ?\s& pe>l & %ell beads40 ,! late/ trophy "h une>!d 0 ano!r enorm\s ax ( copp]1 ne>ly two feet 9 l5g?1 unp>allel$ 9 ! _w4 ,! fir/ alt> 0 next rea*$2 x 0 ab\t f\r by five feet1 & "s six in*es deep1 & _h an imm5se v>iety ( objects ^u x & ar\nd x1 ne>ly all entirely ru9$ by ! fire4 ,among !m 7 pe>l beads4 ,! l>ge/ alt> _h be5 n only heap$ ) all sorts ( valuables1 b !y _h be5 pil$ ar\nd x s z to =m a slop+ mass ( twelve feet or m 9 diamet] at ! base4 ,among ^! 0 a lay] ( mica plates ( extraord9>y size1 eighte5 or tw5ty in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x is n easy ev5 n[ to obta9 %eets ( mica ( su* dim5sions1 9 any quantity4 ,c>v+s & effigies 9 bone & slate1 rock cry/al arr[-heads1 obsidian knives1 etc41 etc41 damag$ & brok5 by heat1 7 cem5t$ toge!r by half-melt$ copp]4 ,! pe>l & %ell beads tak5 out amid ! a%es are e/imat$ at n less ?an #ajj1jjj4 ,! ,effigy m\nd1 8a place = c]emony1 = sacrifice1 = burial10 z ,mr4 ,moorehead calls x1 ?us comb9+ ! "* ( ! fir/ ?ree classes di/+ui%$ by ,squi] & ,davis1 is se5 n to h be5 con/ruct$ at "o "t1 b to h develop$ gradually ?r\gh p]haps a long p]iod4 ,! sev]al alt>s1 ! m important burials1 ! /ore ( copp] objects1 ea* 0 surm\nt$ by a small & sep>ate m\nd4 8,^! may h be5 built on ! level dance or c]emonial floors1 f "t to "t4 ,:5 ! entire floor 0 cov]$1 ! p br\ght l>ge quantities ( e>? & gravel1 heap$ x on top ( ! irregul> cont\r ( ! small m\nds1 & ?is =m$ ! pres5t ,effigy40 ,! population t occupi$ ! ma9 inclosure 0 app>5tly n v l>ge1 z comp>$ ) "s o!r ( ! important e>?works1 su* z ,=t ,anci5t1 or ,madisonville4 ,f ! di/ribution ( village-site debris1 ,mr4 ,moorehead e/imates t !re c\ld h be5 only f two hundr$ to ?ree hundr$ lodges1 ev5 if ^! 7 all occupi$ at ! same "t4 ,b ! indications ( traffic & ( art %[ t x mu/ h be5 a community advanc$ 9 culture beyond mo/ ( its neighbors4 ,mr4 ,moorehead believes x to h be5 a sort ( capital among a body ( alli$ or affiliat$ tribes :o made & occupi$ ! simil> e>?work t[ns ( ! 8m\nd belt10--a c5t] ( production & di/ribution ( art objects1 & a place = ! hold+ ( great religi\s c]emonials4 ,x may be not$1 h[ev]1 t ! art 0 develop$ 9 c]ta9 directions & n 9 o!rs :]e9 x might be expect$4 ,9 hamm]$ copp]-"w & 9 drill+1 x 0 mo/ rem>kable1 9 ! latt] ext5d+ ev5 to ! p]=ation ( qu>tz cry/als1 b ( pott]y !re is little1 & t n v *oice--a /rik+ contra/ to ! abundant & elaborately ornam5tal pott]'s art ( ! tribes 9 ! ,s\?we/4 ,tonti1 ! hi/orian ( ,la ,salle's exp$ition1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 /ates t ,la ,salle actually saw m\nd-dwell]s among s\!rn tribes ( ,indians1 liv+ v mu* z ! ,ohio m\nd-build]s mu/ h done1 & q unt\*$ z yet by any contact ) ! :ites4 ,tonti describes ! dwell+s1 made ( sun-dri$ mud & ) dome-%ap$ ro(s ( cane2 two ( !m 7 l>g] & bett] con/ruct$ ?an ! re/1 "o ! *ief's h\se & ! o!r a temple1 bo? ab\t =ty feet squ>e4 ,! latt] held ! bones ( deceas$ *iefta9s1 & 0 surm\nt$ by ?ree rude1 wood5 eagles4 ,9 ! c5t] 0 app>5tly 8a k9d ( alt>10 :]e 0 ma9ta9$ a p]petual fire ( logs1 wat*$ by two ag$ m54 ,a recess1 to :i* /rang]s 7 n admitt$1 conta9$ ! treasures ( ! tribe1 especially pe>ls f ! ,gulf1 z he 0 told4 ,! *ief return$ ! visit ( ,la ,salle1 com+ 9 great /ate1 ) att5dants1 "o ( :om bore a disk ( copp]1 suppos$ to repres5t ! sun1 ! *ief's great ance/or4#eei ,! wood5 eagles recall ! l>ge copp] bird tak5 f m\nd ,no4 #be at ,hopewell2 & ! copp] disk c>ri$ be=e ! *ief sugge/s a simil> use = "s ( ! l>ge objects ( ! same metal4 ,! :ole acc\nt is extremely int]e/+ 9 its resemblance to ! ,ohio rema9s4 ,! mo/ complete /udy ( ^! anci5t /ructures is t ( ! ,h>ness m\nd1 n f> di/ant f ! ,hopewell1 conduct$ "u ! direction ( ! ,ohio ,/ate ,ar*ological & ,hi/orical ,society1 9 #aije1 by _! curator & libr>ian1 ,pr(4 ,william ,c4 ,mills4#efj ,! ,h>ness gr\p conta9s )9 & ab\t x f\rte5 m\nds2 ! works z a :ole 7 describ$ by ,squi] & ,davis1 on page #ef ( _! great report 78,anci5t ,monum5ts ( ! ,mississippi ,valley10 #ahdh71 & h be5 frequ5tly m5tion$ & pictur$ = _! /rik+ =m1--a l>ge & p]fect circle1 op5+ at "o side into a small] circle & also into an exact squ>e4 ,!y are locat$1 l ! ,hopewell1 9 ,ross ,c\nty1 & /& on a t]race ( ! ,scioto ,riv]1 ne>ly a mile f its ea/]n bank1 & ab\t eight miles s\? ( ,*illico!4 ,! squ>e inclosure measures #ajhj feet on ea* side1 & ! diamet]s ( ! two circles are ab\t #afjj feet = ! l>g] & #fej feet = ! small]4 ,9 g5]al "*1 ?is gr\p closely resembles ! ,hopewell3 !re is ! same l[ wall or embankm5t1 "s f\r feet high1 ?\gh )\t any dit* z at ,hopewell1 & ! same problem z to its object4 ,a numb] ( small m\nds are plac$ "h & !re1 & "o l>ge & important "o recalls ! ,effigy1 ?\gh x is some:at less 9 size & mu* m regul> 9 =m4 ,9 #ahdf1 :5 ,squi] & ,davis exam9$ x1 un=tunately mo/ ( ! gr\nd 0 cov]$ ) woods2 b ^! are gone1 & ! works h s9ce be5 mu* r$uc$ by tillage & p>tly oblit]at$ by railroad & o!r con/ructions4 ,! "o l>ge m\nd is nam$ = ! rec5t own] ( ! prop]ty1 ,mr4 ,edw9 ,h>ness2 ! pres5t own]1 8 son1 ,mr4 ,john ,m4 ,h>ness1 aid$ & facilitat$ ! explorations 9 e way4 ,?is fact1 z also 9 ! case ( ,mr4 ,hopewell1 /&s 9 pleas+ & honorable contra/ to ! n>r[ policy ( "s l&-own]s1 :o refuse p]mission = any su* "w1 ev5 :5 ! /ructures are ^u unus$ & valueless gr\nd4 ,! l>ge m\nd is an almo/ p]fect oval 9 =m1 #afj feet long & "s #hj feet across at its wide/ po9t1 :i* is ab\t "o ?ird ( ! way f ! nor!rn end2 9 height x is ne>ly #bj feet1 or 0 be=e its rec5t removal4 ,x 0 p>tly explor$ by ,squi] & ,davis 9 #ahdf1 & q ext5sively by ,pr(essor ,putnam 9 #ahhe1 &1 unlike ! ,effigy m\nd1 _h be5 repeat$ly op5$ & exam9$ 9 a small way by bo? (ficial & un(ficial explor]s4 ,9 #ahif1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,k4 ,moorehead took up ! "w :]e ,pr(essor ,putnam _h /opp$1 & c>ri$ x consid]ably fur!r1 "u ! auspices ( ! ,ohio ,ar*ological & ,hi/orical ,society2 & ! same body1 9 #aije1 commission$ ,mr4 ,mills to resume & complete ! exam9ation1 remov+ ! entire /ructure d[n to its base4 ,! ,h>ness m\nd1 unlike ! ,effigy1 0 = burial purposes only4 ,!re mu/ h be5 ne>ly two hundr$4 ,squi] & ,davis f\nd "o ( ^!1 & possibly ano!r :i* !y mi/ook = an 8alt>02 & !y /ate _! belief t ! m\nd probably conta9$ o!r burials :i* _! two pits _h n reveal$4 ,pr(essor ,putnam enc\nt]$ #ab burials1 ,mr4 ,moorehead #bg1 & ! f9al exploration #acc1 mak+ a total ( #agd4 ,besides ^!1 an unkn[n numb] h be5 di/urb$ & remov$ by occasional explor]s4 ,( ! #agd record$1 only t5 _h be5 buri$ )\t be+ burn$2 ! re/ 7 all cremat$1 "s :]e !y 7 laid1 b mo/ ( !m else:]e1 & ! a%es br\ght & plac$ 9 ! grave4 ,?is 0 9 all cases c>efully prep>$1 )9 a small inclosure ( logs1 ! decay$ & *>r$ rema9s ( :i* are cle>ly traceable4 ,! entire m\nd itself _h be5 outl9$ ) po/s set 9 ! gr\nd4 ! holes & impressions rema9+ z evid5ce ( ! fact4 ,mr4 ,mills outl9es ! hi/ory ( ?is m\nd1 9 a way t recalls ,mr4 ,moorehead's views z to ! gradual gr[? ( ! ,effigy4 ,x began z a place = ! hold+ ( fun]al rites & ! deposit ( ! dead1 m>k$ out by l9es ( po/s1 :i* %[ t x 0 f "t to "t enl>g$4 ,f9ally1 :5 ! place 0 sub/antially fill$1 e>? & gravel 7 deposit$ ov] ! :ole1 & slabs ( /one 7p>ticul>ly not$ by ,squi] & ,davis7 7 laid ar\nd x1 ^u ! l[] "p ( ! slope4 ,mu* description is giv5 ( ! sep>ate graves or burial *amb]s1 :i* are ( sev]al types1 & ( ! v>i\s details ( ! cremat$ & uncremat$ int]m5ts4 ,! m\nd is ri* 9 relics1 al?\gh none ( ! pr(use sacrificial accumulations ( ! 8alt>s0 7 enc\nt]$1 ?is be+ a m\nd ( burial only4 ,! relics are ( ! same k9d1 9 g5]al1 z ^? f\nd 9 ! ,hopewell gr\p1 & to specify !m 9 detail w\ld be only repetition4 ,f ! #acc graves op5$ 9 ,mr4 ,mills's f9al inve/igation1 no less ?an #abjj specim5s 7 obta9$ = ! museum ( ! ,ar*ological ,society at ,columbus4 ,among ^! 7 artefacts ( ,lake ,sup]ior copp] 7& "s pieces ( native silv]71 l>ge %ells f ! ,gulf1 gal5a1 obsidian1 & mu* mica1 bo? 9 8blocks0 & cut into ornam5ts1 all %[+ ! same range ( aborig9al comm]ce z already describ$ at ,hopewell4 ,9 ref]5ce to pe>ls1 ! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal obs]vations3 ,beads made f ,unio pe>ls 7 v abundant ev]y:]e 9 ! ,h>ness m\nd1 z also beads ( %ell4 ,!y are f\nd 9 su* position z to %[ t !y 7 /rung & worn ar\nd ! neck or wri/s4 ,"o burial 7,no4 #ajj7 _h "s #bajj pe>l beads1 all r small1 & "s ( !m p]fectly r\nd4 ,sev]al hundr$ 7 obta9$1 h[ev]1 t rang$ f "o qu>t] to "o half an in* 9 diamet]4 ,a numb] ( ^! are %[n ( natural size4 ,! l>g] pe>ls1 in/ead ( be+ bor$ ?r\gh = beads1 are frequ5tly some:at flatt5$ by gr9d+1 & !n pi]c$ ) two holes s z to atta* !m to a fabric4 ,v l>ge ones 7 sometimes set 9 copp]1--a /yle ( "w nev] obs]v$ be=e4 ,mr4 ,mills says ( ?is3 8,l>ge & select pe>ls 7 flatt5$ ^u "o side by gr9d+1 & !n plac$ ^u a circul> disk ( copp] a little l>g] ?an ! pe>l4 ,! edges 7 !n turn$ 7up7 ar\nd ! pe>l1 hold+ x 9 place4 ,n only 7 pe>ls set 9 ?is way1 b v>i\s pieces ( %ell cut 9 a circul> =m40 ,f9e examples ( ?is unique /yle ( jewelry1 ( natural size1 & ano!r copp] sett+ ( l "*1 f :i* ! pe>l has be5 lo/1 are %[n 9 plates fac+ pages #dii & #eaj4 ,m curi\s /ill is ! discov]y ( imitation pe>ls1 made ( clay1 & app>5tly model$ f real ones z !y reproduce all ! irregul>ities ( =m ( ! true pe>ls4 ,!y c\ld easily h be5 made m ne>ly sph]ical1 z ! beads cut f %ell are s regul> z to look z ?\gh made by ma*9]y4 ,^! some:at irregul> clay imitations1 f\nd ) ! g5u9e pe>ls1 7 fir/ coat$ ) a pulv]5t mica & !n burn$ s z to pres]ve a pe>ly appe>ance4 ,o!r =ms ( art "w 7 abundantly repres5t$ 9 ! ,h>ness m\nd1 su* z c>v+s & decorations 9 /one & bone2 a v>iety ( textile fabrics1 ( :i* remnants are pres]v$ :5 !y 7 9 contact ) plates ( copp]1 ! salts ( ! metal hav+ p5etrat$ ! fabric & prev5t$ its entire decay2 v skilful "w 9 copp]1 & to "s ext5t 9 native silv] & meteoric iron2 & num]\s fragm5ts ( pott]y1 m or less ornam5tal ) simple impress$ patt]ns4 ,! 8culture10 z a :ole1 appe>s to h be5 equal1 & v simil>1 to t ( ! ,hopewell community1 & ^! are reg>d$ z hav+ be5 ! mo/ advanc$ among ! ,ohio m\nd-build]s2 :ile ! t]m 8,=t ,anci5t culture0 is appli$ to a some:at l[] grade 9 ! matt] ( arts1 :i* has its *ief illu/ration among ! build]s & occupants ( t celebrat$ "w4 ,by su* rese>*es1 ?us m9utely & sy/ematically conduct$1 !re is n[ beg9n+ to be possible some?+ l a classification ( ^! anci5t unkn[n tribes1 :i* w d\btless be develop$ m fully1 z inve/igation %all be ext5d$ & its results comb9$ & comp>$4 ,z to pe>ls 9 ! m\nds ( ,ill9ois1 we are in=m$ by ! vet]an ar*ologi/1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,snyd]1 t 9 #ahhi he f\nd ! skeletons ( ?ree adult ,indians at ! base ( a small m\nd on ! bluffs ( ! ,sangomon ,riv] 9 ,cass ,c\nty4 ,^! skeletons 7 9 a squatt+ po/ure2 artefacts--su* z gre5/one celts1 a bicave /one & a heavy pipe--_h only be5 deposit$ ) "o ( !m4 ,ar\nd ea* wri/ & ankle ( ?is skeleton 7 p]=at$ beads made f ,m>g9ella %ells1 & re/+ on ! /]num 0 a solit>y pe>l :i* _h evid5tly =m$ ! c5t] ( a necklace ( ! same small m>9e %ells4 ,al?\gh mu* decay$1 x /ill reta9$ some?+ ( its orig9al lu/]4 ,x 0 sph]ical1 measur$ approximately sev5 eigh?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & 0 p]=at$ ?r\gh ! middle4 ,dr4 ,snyd] also /ates t at ! base ( "o ( ! l>ge m\nds he op5$ 9 #ahie1 9 ,br[n ,c\nty1 on ! we/ side ( ! ,ill9ois ,riv]1 he discov]$ a numb] ( ! l>ge can9e tee? ( ! be>1 p]=at$ at ! roots1 s z to be us$ = necklaces4 ,on ! convex side ( ea* too? 7 f two to f\r pits ab\t "o ?ird ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & ! same 9 dep?1 9 :i* gems _h be5 ins]t$4 ,two small pe>ls 7 /ill 9 place4 ,ne> by 7 ! rema9s ( ano!r necklace compos$ ( alt]nate pe>ls & bone beads2 ! latt] 7 oblong & p]=at$ l5g?wise4 ,eight ( ! pe>ls 7 recov]$1 rang+ 9 diamet] f "o half to "o ?ird ( an in*1 & pi]c$ ?r\gh ! c5t]1 b all 7 v badly injur$ by ! action ( fire4 ,mr4 ,david ,i4 ,bu%nell1 :o has excavat$ ! ,mc,evers m\nd 9 ,montezuma1 ,pike ,c\nty1 ,ill9ois1 = ! ,miss\ri ,hi/orical ,society1 f\nd 9 ?is m\nd a cy/ conta9+ a skeleton six feet 9 height & also a skull repos+ on a bundle ( bones ne> :i* lay =ty-five pe>ls1 "o ( !m weigh+ fifty-two gra9s & /ill %[+ a beautiful lu/]4 ,almo/ all ! objects discov]$ 9 ! m\nd w be pres5t$ to ! ,miss\ri ,hi/orical ,society4 ,! l>ge pe>l w\ld be wor? f #ab1jjj to #ae1jjj if x 7 9 p]fect condition4 ,we le>n f ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,h]rmann1 f\nd] ( ! ,h]rmann ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,dubuque1 ,i[a1 t on ! top ( ! high cliff f ,eagle's ,po9t to its end at ,mc,knight's ,spr+1 !re 7 =m]ly a great _m m\nds :i* 7 long ago exam9$ by gov]nm5t exp]ts4 ,_m anci5t ornam5ts 7 f\nd 9 ^! m\nds1 among !m a /r+ ( pe>ls1 greatly damag$ f hav+ be5 buri$ = a long p]iod4#efa ,mr4 ,h]rmann believes t ^! pe>ls 7 tak5 f ! ,mississippi ,riv] by ! m\nd-build]s4 ,en\gh has be5 said1 9 ?is g5]al sket*1 to give "s idea ( ! ext5t to :i* pe>ls1 l>gely ^? f ! fre%-wat] ,unios1 7 ga!r$ & us$ by ! native tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 f ! anci5t m\nd-build]s ( ! ,ohio ,valley to ! ,indians enc\nt]$ by ! explor]s & coloni/s ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies4 ,! love ( pe>ls %[n by ! ,indians 0 z notewor?y z 0 _! devotion to _! dead & ! sup]/iti\s my/]y :i* en%r\ds _! fun]al rites2 =1 :5 ! human sacrifice 0 consummat$1 ! act 0 p]=m$ 9 z e>ne/ a _s ( devotion z 0 %[n by ,abraham 9 8 read9ess to sacrifice ,isaac1 & ! ,indians evid5c$ an almo/ pa!tic s5tim5t ei!r ( rev]5ce1 duty1 or sup]natural dread4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,walt] ,fewkes writes t 9 none ( 8 excavations has he ev] not$ pe>ls4 ,haliotis %ells1 con* %ells1 & fragm5ts ( ! same h be5 f\nd 9 ! great ru9s at ,casa ,gr&e1 ,arizona4 ,dr4 ,*>les ,h]cules ,read1 director ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,ar*ology ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 /ates t ! ,mexican mosaic masks 9 ! ,*ri/y collection1 :i* are pre-,columbian 9 orig91 & probably date hundr$s ( ye>s 9 advance ( ! conque/1 prove ( special int]e/ f ! fact t five ( !m conta9 an inlay ( "m-(-pe>l %ell4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is a pla9 mask 9 :i* ! eyes are ( "m-(-pe>l2 ! second is a dagg] hav+ ! details ( fea!r-"w 9 "m-(-pe>l2 ! ?ird1 a circul> %ield c5t] hav+ ! eyes1 tee?1 f+]s1 & toes ( ! figures 9 "m-(-pe>l2 ! f\r?1 a helmet ) small pieces ( pe>l-%ell repres5t+ coll>s ar\nd ! necks ( rattlesnakes2 & ! fif? is a jagu> 9 ! side ( :i* are simil> inlays4 ,^! masks are describ$ by ,dr4 ,read 9 8,ar*ologia10 ,society ( ,antiqu>ies1 ,london1 ,vol4 ,,liv1 p4 #chc2 9 ?is volume ! objects are %[n 9 color4 ,dr4 ,read communicates t ! pe>l jagu> seems to be ( m rec5t execution1 b he believes ! fir/ f\r to be orig9al4 ,he is n entirely sure t ^! objects conta9 ! true "m-(-pe>l1 ! sub/ance hav+ *ang$ s mu* z to make a decision d\btful ev5 if x 7 extract$4 ,he /ates1 h[ev]1 t x is a pe>ly1 nacre\s %ell1 resembl+ t ( ! ord9>y pe>l-oy/]4 ,9 ^! masks are also o!r %ells1 among !m a r$ %ell1 probably a spondylus1 almo/ z r$ z coral4 ,! "m-(-pe>l is ( special int]e/ z x is q possible t ! %ell itself 0 kn[n1 & x may be t pe>ls also =m$ "p ( a comm]ce t exi/$ betwe5 ! coa/ & ! int]ior4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr\p ( *>r$1 cut fre%-wat] pe>ls2 m ?an #ajj1jjj f\nd 9 m\nds ,illu/ration3 ,f+]-%ap$ piece ( lignite inlaid ) fre%-wat] pe>l ,illu/ration3 ,copp] bird1 #ae in*es long ) eye ( fre%-wat] pe>l ,,fre%-,,wat] ,,pe>ls ,,f ,,hopewell ,,gr\p ,,( ,,m\nds1 ,,ross ,,c\nty1 ,,ohio ,we are in=m$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,p4 ,dieseldorf1 ( ,coban1 ,republic ( ,guatemala1 t he has nev] obs]v$ pe>ls 9 ! pre-,columbian graves 9 ,guatemala2 he _h1 h[ev]1 frequ5tly f\nd m>9e %ells1 :ole1 & elaborat$ 9 connection ) jadeite beads4 ,9 a p]sonal communication1 ,mr4 ,?omas ,gann1 ( ,yucatan1 /ates t1 9 excavat+ a m\nd at ,san ,antonio1 ne> ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,hondo1 9 ,yucatan1 he uncov]$ a small /one cy/ or *amb]1 conta9+ two p]=at$1 pe>-l ornam5ts ( consid]able size1 toge!r ) portions ( a human skeleton1 pa9t$ pott]y1 etc4 ,he also /ates t ornam5ts su* z beads1 gorgets1 & e>-p5dants1 made f ! pe>ly %ell ( bo? ! oy/] & ! con*1 are ( common occurr5ce 9 _m sepul*ral m\nds 9 ,briti% ,honduras & 9 ,yucatan1 & he notes ! fact t p9k con* pe>ls are f\nd 9 consid]able numb]s at ! pres5t day along ! coa/ ( ,briti% ,honduras4 ,!re is no especial fi%+ = pe>ls1 & !y are f\nd only incid5tally 9 con*s :i* h be5 ga!r$ = food4 ,^! pe>ls are sold by fi%]m5 9 ,balize at prices v>y+ f two or ?ree doll>s to tw5ty or ?irty apiece4 ,9 size !y range f t ( a l>ge p9's head to t ( a small pea4 ,mrs4 ,m>ie ,rob9son ,wright in=ms u t %e has nev] f\nd pe>ls 9 ! ,bolivian graves1 al?\gh !y are q pl5tiful 9 ,bolivia to-day1 & hundr$s ( !m are (f]$ 9 ! m>kets4 ,! pretty girls we> !m z e>r+s & 9 _! topos4 ,!re is no d\bt t pe>ls exi/$ long be=e ! adv5t ( man1 bo? 9 ! fre%-wat] & 9 ! m>9e =m4 ,?is is m cle>ly evid5c$ by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 :o calls att5tion to ! fact t ! fre%-wat] mussel 7,unio littoralis ,gray71 =m]ly f\nd 9 abundance at ,grays ,?urrock1 ,essex1 no long] exi/s 9 ,engl&1 b occurs 9 ,france1 %[+ t n only _h ?is mollusk be5 unse5 by any ,engli%man1 b t ! =m _h become ext9ct 9 an entire c\ntry4 ,?us1 bo? ! pe>l %ell ( ! ocean & ! pe>l-mussel ( ! riv]1 = _m c5turies produc$ pe>ls1 :i* pass$ away ) ! %ell itself4 ,a great numb] ( fossil ,unios 7 collect$ by ,b>num ,br[n f ! ,l>amie clays1 #acj miles nor?we/ ( ,miles ,city1 ,montana4 ,! %ells 7 f\nd 9 a b$ situat$ ab\t #ahj feet above ! ,=t ,pi]re %ales &1 !re=e1 well above ! recogniz$ cretace\s /rata4 ,^! %ells 7 9 fairly good condition & reta9$ ! nacre\s color+ to a consid]able ext5t4 ,z "s ( !m resemble ! mod]n species1 x seems t ! same designations might be appli$ to !m4 ,pr(4 ,r4 ,p4 ,:itfield1 "o ( our greate/ palontologi/s1 :o has c>efully exam9$ ^! fossil %ells1 sugge/s t !y are probably ! prog5itors ( ! species ( ,unios & fre%-wat] mussels t n[ inhabit ! ,mississippi & ,wiscons9 riv]s & _! tribut>ies1 & he proposes ! foll[+ names = "s ( !m1 indicat+ at ! same "t ! liv+ species ) :i* he comp>es !m3 ,unio bisopoides1 ,unio sopoides & ,unio sopi=mis1 all resembl+ ,u4 sopus ,gre52 ,unio letsoni ,u4 cornutus ,b>nes2 ,unio cyl9dricoides ,u4 cyl9dricus ,say2 ,unio gibbosoides ,u4 gibbosus ,b>nes2 ,unio pyramidatoides ,u4 pyramidatus ,lea2 ,unio retusoides ,u4 retusus ,lam42 ,unio v]ucosi=mis ,u4 v]rucosus ,b>nes4 ,al?\gh x is almo/ c]ta9 t ^! anci5t ,unios 7 pe>l-be>+1 ,pr(essor ,:itfield in=ms u t1 9 a p]iod ( fifty ye>s ( palontological rese>*1 he has nev] f\nd a fossil pe>l4 ,we are in=m$ by ,sophus ,mll]1 ,director ( ! ,royal ,dani% ,museum ( ,antiquities at ,cop5hag51 t no ,dani% ornam5ts conta9+ pe>ls h be5 f\nd dat+ f an e>li] p]iod ?an #ajjj ,b4,c42 he also /ates t no fre%-wat] pe>ls h ev] be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,dani% graves4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,ulmann1 director ( ! great ,swiss ,l&esmuseum at ,zuri*1 & ,dr4 ,otto ,le9]1 director ( ! ,ros5g>t5 ,museum at ,con/ance1 p]sonally communicat$ to u t no pe>ls exi/ 9 ei!r ( ! collections ( ^! great museums1 nor to _! k h any be5 discov]$ 9 ! lake-dwell+s or ! prehi/oric graves ( ei!r ,switz]l& or ,bad54 ,?is may ei!r be due to conditions favorable to ! dissolution ( ! pe>l by ! action ( ! ooze on ! lake bottom1 or else to ! entire abs5ce ( k ( !m on ! "p ( a p :o 7 famili> ) _m mat]ials1 s9ce ! museum collections ev5 %[ jade implem5ts ( a numb] ( types4 ,dr4 ,le9]1 ^: fa!r 0 curator ( ! ,ros5g>t5 ,museum be=e him1 in=ms u t at ,bodman on ,lake ,con/ance !re 7 f\nd a l>ge numb] ( bor$ cyl9d]s1 f "o f\r? ( an in* to "o in* 9 l5g?1 made out ( lime/one4 ,!y 7 us$ = necklaces1 some:at 9 ! /yle ( our ,indian wampum1 & 7 ei!r worn alone or 9 connection ) bor$ cyl9d]s made ( ! tuff-rock & also ( encr9ite /ems4 ,dr4 ,le9] also ass]ts t he has nev] se5 ,unio m>g>itif]a 9 ,lake ,con/ance2 nor 0 !re any evid5ce ( %ells1 brok5 or o!rwise1 obs]v$ by him 9 ! excavations 9 ! lake-dwell+s4 ,! curator ( ! ,rhodesia ,museum1 ,bulawayo1 ,s\? ,africa1 /ates t 9 ,rhodesia1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,bulawayo1 beads made out ( ! %ell ( ! common ,unio or fre%-wat] mussel 7,unio v]reauxi7 h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! graves1 al?\gh pe>ls !mselves h nev] be5 f\nd ) !m 9 any burials4 ,,add5da ,"o ( ! au?ors us$ e endeavor 9 #ahic & #ahid to h a bill pass$ by ,congress = ! regulation ( pe>l-fi%+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! ef=ts 7 fru/rat$ by ! influ5ce ( ! local pe>l fi%]s4 ,an attempt has n[ be5 made to pres]ve ! indu/ry 9 ,ill9ois1 :]e ! legislature has ?is spr+ pass$ a bill = its regulation4 ,! fir/ section ( ! bill provides3 ,x %all be unlawful = any p]son or p]sons to take or cat*1 by any means :atev]1 9 any ( ! navigable wat]s )9 ! jurisdiction ( ?is ,/ate1 any mussel1 fre%-wat] clam or %ell-fi% f ! fir/ day ( ,octob] to ! fir/ day ( ,april 7bo? dates inclusive7 ( ea* succe$+ ye>4 ,! bill imposes ^u any "o :o violates ^! provisions a f9e ( n less ?an #be1 nor m ?an #ajj1 or imprisonm5t 9 ! c\nty jail = a t]m n exce$+ "o ye>1 or else bo? f9e & imprisonm5t at ! discretion ( ! c\rt4 ,ano!r section provides t any "o n a resid5t ( ,ill9ois1 :o takes clams1 %ell-fi%1 or mussels1 )\t procur+ a lic5se1 %all be subject to a f9e ( n less ?an #ej1 nor m ?an #ajj1 or to imprisonm5t = "o ye>1 or to bo? p5alties4 ,! lic5ses may be procur$ on application & paym5t ( #ej = ea* vessel to be employ$1 & !y expire on ! fir/ day ( ,octob] foll[+ _! issuance4 ,! am\nt receiv$ = ^! lic5ses is to be turn$ ov] to ! ,/ate ,treasur] at ! end ( ea* mon? & plac$ to ! cr$it ( ! ,/ate ,fi% ,protective ,fund4 ,no boat hav+ m ?an two b>s1 ea* n exce$+ sixte5 feet 9 l5g?1 %all be us$ = ?is fi%]y1 & ! space sep>at+ ! hooks on ^! b>s is n to be less ?an eight in*es4 ,miss ,c>l1 ! arti/ :o pa9t$ ! portraits ( ! ,empress & t ( ! ,d[ag] ,empress ( ,*9a1 /ates t %e we>s a diamond r+4 ,:5 %e %[s ?is %e apologizes = we>+ x1 /at+ t x _h be5 giv5 to h] by ! ,vic]oy1 ,li ,hung ,*ang1 say+ t %e1 h]self1 sees no beauty 9 ! sp>kle ( ! diamond2 = h] !re is m beauty 9 ! s(t1 quiet tones ( ! pe>l ?an 9 ! brilliancy ( ! diamond4 ,dur+ ! ,box] ,w> 9 ,*9a1 ! loot+ 0 c>ri$ on to s great an ext5t1 t a ,fr5* hotel-keep] is said to h obta9$ a basket ( pe>ls1 :i* he b\ght = a trifle1 & :i* are said to h nett$ him v ne>ly #a1jjj1jjj4 ,,bibliography ,,bibliography#efb ,,alb]tus ,,magnus1 ,bi%op ( ,ratisbon ,le libro de le pietre preciose e de le loro u7ir7tude 7,old ,italian v]sion ( ! ,de lapidibus74 #ad? c5tury ,,ms41 vellum1 #dd;ff4 #dto4 ,9 ! libr>y ( ,george ,f4 ,kunz4 ,! ,secrets ( ,alb]tus ,magnus ( ! ,v]tues ( ,he>bs1 ,/ones & ,c]ta9e ,bea/s4 ,london1 #afag4 #abmo4 ,,angl]ius 7,,petrus ,,m>tyr7 ,de orbe nove decades 7#h74 ,compluti1 #aecj4 ,fol4 ,! ,hi/orie ( ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,hakluyt's ,voyages4 ,vol4 v4 ,london1 #ahji4 #dto4 ,! ,decades ( ! ,new ,worlde4 ,translat$ by ,ri*>d ,ed54 ,edit$ by ,edw>d ,arb]4 ,birm+ham1 #ahhe4 #dto4 ,,anson 7,,george71 ,b>on ,a ,voyage ,r\nd ! ,_w1 9 ! ,ye>s ,,mdccxl1 ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii1 ,,iv4 ,london1 #agdh4 #dto4 ,,a!n,,u1 ,naucratita ,deipnosophi/>um libri qu9decim4 ,gr4 & ,lat4 #ad vols4 ,arg5torati1 #ahja-jg4 #hvo4 ,! ,deipnosophi/s1 or ,banquet ( ! ,le>n$1 ( ,a!nu4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahed4 #hvo4 ,,bacci 7,,&rea7 ,de gemmis et lapidibus pretiosis4 ,franc(urti1 #aedc4 #hvo4 ,,balf\r 7,,edw>d7 ,article 8,pe>ls40 ,! ,cyclopdia ( ,india4 ,?ird edition4 ,london1 #ahhe4 #hvo4 ,,b>bosa 7,,du>te7 ,a ,description ( ! ,coa/s ( ,ea/ ,africa & ,malab> 9 ! ,beg9n+ ( ! #af? ,c5tury4 ,london1 ,hakluyt ,society1 #ahff4 #hvo4 ,,b>r]a 7,a4 ,,de71 ,madame ,gems & ,jewels3 ,_! ,hi/ory1 ,geography1 ,*emi/ry1 & ,ana4 ,london1 #ahfj4 #hvo4 ,,b>!ma 7,,lodovico ,,di7 ,! ,travels ( ,lodovico di ,v>!ma 9 ,egypt1 ,syria1 ,arabia ,des]ta & ,arabia ,felix1 9 ,p]sia1 ,india1 & ,e?iopia1 ,a4,d4 #aejc to #aejh4 ,london1 ,hakluyt ,society1 #ahfc4 #hvo4 ,,bau] 7,,max7 ,preci\s ,/ones2 a ,popul> ,acc\nt ( ,_! ,*>act]i/ics & ,applications1 ,) an ,app5dix on ,pe>ls & ,coral4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man ) additions by ,l4 ,j4 ,sp5c]4 ,london1 #aijd4 #hvo4 ,,baugniet 7,,h5ri ,,de7 ,description hi/orique et sci5tifique de la ,collection de ,pi]res prcieuses4 ,bruxelles1 #ahdg4 #abmo4 ,,beckmann 7,,johann7 ,beytrge zur ,ges*i*te d] ,erf9dung54 #b vols4 ,leipzig1 #aghb-ahje4 #hvo4 ,,belleau 7,,remi7 ,les am\rs et n\veaux s*anges des pi]res prcieuses3 v]tus et proprietez d'icelles4 ,disc\rs de la vanit1 pris de l',ecclsia/e de ,salomon4 ,p>is1 #aegf4 #dto4 ,,b5jam9 7,,b5 ,,jonah7 ( ,tudela ,! ,it9]>y ( ,rabbi ,b5jam9 ( ,tudela2 ,translat$ & ,edit$ by ,a4 ,a%]4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahdj-da4 #abmo4 ,,b5t 7,,!odore ,,& ,,mrs4 ,,!odore7 ,s\!rn ,arabia4 ,london1 #aijj4 #hvo4 ,,b5zoni 7,,girolamo7 ,nov novi orbis hi/ori2 id e/ r]um ab ,hispanis 9 ,india occid5tali hact5us ge/>um 444 libri tres1 ,u4 ,calvetonis op]a ex ,italicis ,hi]onymi ,b5zonis4 ,g5eva1 #aegh4 #hvo4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,new ,_w2 ,%[+ 8 ,travels 9 ,am]ica1 f ,a4,d4 #aeda to #aeef4 ,london1 ,hakluyt ,society1 #aheg4 #hvo4 ,,b]qu5 7,,rob]t ,,de7 ,les ,m]veilles des ,indes ,ori5tales et ,occid5tals1 ou n\veau4 ,trait des ,pi]res prcieuses1 et des ,p]les4 ,p>is1 #affa4 #hvo4 ,,b]!lot 7,m47 ,traitem5t des p]les4 ,collection des anci5s ,al*imi/es ,grecs1 pp4 #ceb-cef4 ,p>is1 #ahhh4 ,,beum5b]g] 7,,johann ,,gottlieb7 ,d] ,vollkomm5e ,juweli]4 ,weim>1 #ahbh4 #hvo4 ,,bi$]mann 7,,wilhelm7 ,unt]su*ung5 b] ,bau und ,ent/ehung d] ,mollusk5s*al51 ,j5ais*e ,zeits*rift fr ,naturwiss5s*aft51 ,,vol4 ,,xxxvi1 pp4 #a-afd4 ,j5a1 #aija4 ,,bion 7,,jean ,,m>ie7 ,inv5taire des ,diamans de la ,c\ronne1 ,p]les1 ,pi]r]ies1 ,tableaux1 444 exi/ans au ,g>de-,meuble 444 fait 444 p> ses commissaires ,,mm4 ,bion1 ,*ri/9 et ,delattre4 ,p>is1 #agia4 #hvo4 ,,biron 7,c4 ,c47 ,curiositez de la ,nature et de l',art1 aportes dans deux ,voyages des ,indes4 ,p>is1 #agjc4 #abmo4 ,,black/one 7,a4 ,g47 ,briti% ,pe>ls4 8,belgravia ,magaz9e10 ,vol4 ix1 pp4 #cdc-cej4 ,london1 ,septemb]1 #ahfi4 ,also 9 8,eclectic ,magaz9e10 ,,vol4 ,x1 pp4 #fjd-fjh4 ,,london1 ,novemb]1 #ahfi4 ,,blake 7,,h5ry ,a471 ,sir ,leas+ ( ! ,pe>l ,fi%]ies ( ,ceylon4 ,sessional ,pap]s1 pp4 #cbg-ccf4 ,colombo1 #aijf4 ,fol4 ,,blanco 7,,guzman71 ,presid5t ,apuntes ,e/ad/icos del ,e/ado ,nueva ,esp>ta4 ,c>acas1 #ahgf4 #hvo4 ,,bo*>t 7,,samuel7 ,hi]ozoicon1 sive ,bip>titum opus de animalibus ,sacr ,scriptur4 ,lond9i1 #affc4 ,fol4 ,,bo,,?ius 7,,anselmus7 ,gemm>um et lapidum hi/oria4 ,hanovi1 #afji4 #dto4 ,rec5suit et comm5t>iis illu/ravit ,adrianus ,tollius4 ,leyd51 #afcf4 #dto4 ,tollius' #crd edition 7#afdg7 app5ds ! ,greek text ( ,!ophra/us & a %ort "w1 8,de ,gemmis et ,lapidibus10 by ,johannis de ,laet ( ,antw]p4 ,,bohads* 7,,joannes ,,bapti/a7 ,de quibusdam animalibus m>9is4 ,dresd1 #agfa4 #dto4 ,,bohl5 7,,pet] ,,von7 ,das alte ,indi51 mit besond]] ,rcksi*t auf ,aegypt54 #b vols4 ,knigsb]g1 #ahcj4 #hvo4 ,,bonnem]e 7,,lionel7 ,les ,p]les f9es de l',oue/ de la ,france4 ,revue des ,sci5ces ,naturelles de l',oue/4 ,,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #ig-ii4 ,nantes1 #ahic4 ,les ,mollusques des eaux d\ces de ,france et leurs p]les4 ,in/itut ,int]national de ,bibliographie ,sci5tifique4 ,p>is1 #aija4 #hvo4 ,,b\*on-,,br&eley 7,g47 ,la ,p*e et la ,culture des ,hutres ,p]lires ,tahiti2 ,p*]ies de l',ar*ipel ,tuamotu4 ,j\rnal ,(ficiel1 ,june #bc1 #be1 #bf1 & #bg4 ,p>is1 #ahhe4 ,translat$ 9 ,report ,u4 ,s4 ,fi% ,commission1 #ahhe1 pp4 #cec-cgg4 ,,b\tan 7,,l\is7 ,production artificielle des p]les *ez les ,haliotis4 ,comptes ,r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 ,,vol4 ,,cxxvii1 pp4 #hbh-hcj4 ,p>is1 #ahih4 ,l',orig9e relle des p]les f9es4 ,comptes ,r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 ,,vol4 ,,cxxxvii1 pp4 #ajgc-ajge4 ,p>is1 #aijc4 ,,b[]bank 7,,james ,,scott7 ,on ! ,/ructure ( ! ,%ells ( ,mollusc\s & ,con*if]\s ,animals4 ,transactions ( ! ,microscopic ,society1 ,,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #abc-aed4 ,london1 #ahdd4 ,also 9 ,froriep1 ,notiz5 aus dem ,gebiete d] ,natur und ,heilkunde1 ,,vol4 ,,xxv1 #ahdc4 ,,brew/] 7,,david71 ,sir ,on ! ,new ,prop]ties ( ,light1 ,exhibit$ 9 ! ,optical ,ph5om5a ( ,"m-(-,pe>l4 ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 #ahad1 ,,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cig-dah4 ,also 9 ,j\rnal de ,physique1 ,,vol4 ,,lxxxi1 pp4 #aha-ahh1 #dga-dgc1 #ahae4 ,a ,treatise on ,optics4 ,london1 #ahca4 #hvo4 ,,brodie 7,,james7 ,! ,pe>ls ( ! ,y?an1 ,ab]de5%ire4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,physical ,society1 ,,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #cid-cif4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahfg4 ,,bruce 7,,james7 ,select ,specim5s ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,collect$ 9 ,travels to ,discov] ! ,s\rce ( ! ,nile1 9 ,egypt1 ,arabia1 ,abyss9ia1 & ,nubia4 ,dubl91 #agij4 #hvo4 ,,brydges 7,,h>=d ,,jones71 ,sir ,mission to ! ,c\rt ( ,p]sia1 9 ! ye>s #ahjg-aa4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahcd4 #hvo4 ,,buckl& 7,francis ,trevelyan7 ,log-book ( a ,fi%]man & ,zoologi/4 ,london1 #ahge4 #hvo4 ,,buffum 7,e4 ,,g\ld7 ,pe>l ,div+ ,gulf ( ,cali=nia4 8,! ,pione]1 or ,cali=nia ,mon?ly ,magaz9e10 ,,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ce-ci4 ,san ,francisco1 ,janu>y1 #ahed4 ,,burnham 7,s4 ,m47 ,preci\s ,/ones 9 ,nature1 ,art & ,lit]ature4 ,bo/on1 #ahhf4 #hvo4 ,c4 7,d47 ,"s ,acc\nt ( ! ,briti% ,pe>l ,fi%]y n[ ,exi/+ on ! ,conway4 8,l\don's ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory10 ,,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #acb-acd4 ,london1 #ahcj4 ,,caire 7,a47 ,la ,sci5ce des pi]res prcieuses1 applique aux arts4 ,p>is1 #ahbf4 #hvo4 ,,calv]t 7,,alb]t ,,fr$]ick7 ,pe>ls3 _! ,orig9 & ,=mation4 ,london1 #ahib4 #hvo4 ,,camd5 7,,william7 ,britannia2 or ,a ,*orographical ,description ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 ,toge!r ,) ! ,adjac5t ,isl&s4 #b vols4 ,london1 #agbb4 ,fol4 ,,c>p5t] 7,,william ,b47 ,on ! ,microscopic ,/ructure ( ,%ells4 ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,septemb]1 #ahdd1 pp4 #a-bh4 ,london1 #ahde4 ,! ,microscope & its ,revelations4 ,six? edition4 ,london1 #ahha4 #hvo4 ,,catalogue ,diamants1 ,p]les et ,pi]r]ies prov5ant de la collection dite des ,joyaux de la ,c\ronne4 ,p>is1 ,imprim]ie ,national1 #ahhg4 ,fol4 ,,cattelle 7,w4 ,r47 ,preci\s ,/ones3 a ,book ( ,ref]5ce = ,jewel]s4 ,philadelphia1 #aijc4 #hvo4 ,! ,pe>l4 ,philadelphia1 #aijg4 #hvo4 ,,*amb]s',s ,,j\rnal ,pe>ls & ,pe>l ,fi%]ies 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 8,*amb]s's ,j\rnal10 ,,vol4 ,,xix1 pp4 #aeg-afj4 ,ed9burgh1 ,m>* #e1 #ahec4 ,fi%+ = ,pe>ls4 8,*amb]s's ,j\rnal10 ,,vol4 ,,lv1 pp4 #hg-ij1 ,febru>y #i1 #ahgh4 ,,*appuzeau 7,,le ,,sieur7 ,hi/oire des ,joyaux1 et des pr9cipales ,ri*esses de l',ori5t et de l',occid5t4 ,g5ve1 #affe4 #abmo4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,jewels & ( ! ,pr9cipal ,ri*es ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,,london1 #afga4 #abmo4 ,,*>d9 7,,jean7 ,voyages en ,p]se1 et autres lieux de l',ori5t4 #aj vols4 ,am/]dam1 #agaa4 #abmo4 ,,*>ti] 7,h4 ,,le7 ,tahiti et les ,colonies ,franaises de la ,polynsie4 ,p>is1 #ahhg4 #hvo4 ,,*ur* 7,,ar?ur ,,h]b]t7 ,preci\s ,/ones ,consid]$ 9 ,_! ,sci5tific & ,arti/ic ,relations4 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum ,h&book4 ,london1 #ahhc4 #hvo4 ,,clave 7,,ti5ne ,,de7 ,p>adoxes1 ou traittz ,philosophiques des pi]res et pi]r]ies1 contre l'op9ion vulgaire4 ,p>is1 #afce4 #hvo4 ,,clavio 7,d4 ,,s]vatio7 ,piscatura m>g>it>um4 ,miscellanea ,curiosa sive ,ephem]idum ,m$ico-,physic>um ,g]manic>um ,academi1 pp4 #dag-dai4 ,norimb]g1 #afhe4 ,,cloquet 7,j47 ,,& ,,moqu9-,,t&on 7,m47 ,obs]vations sur les p]les des bivalves d'eau d\ce4 ,bullet9 de la ,societe d',acclimatation1 ,,vol4 ,v1 pp4 #deb-dfa4 ,p>is1 #aheh4 ,,coate 7,h4 ,e4 ,,acraman7 ,pe>l ,fi%+ ,ceylon1 8,"t ,magaz9e10 ,,vol4 ,,xxi1 pp4 #fdf-fec4 ,london1 ,decemb]1 #ahhi4 ,,collett 7,,oliv]7 ,pe>l-oy/]s & ,pe>l ,fi%]ies4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,ceylon ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ,,vol4 ,,xvi1 pp4 #afe-aig4 ,colombo1 #aija4 #hvo4 ,,comba 7,b47 ,la ,madrep]la4 ,tor9o1 #ahih4 #hvo4 ,,comb] 7,e47 ,economic ,uses ( ,%ells4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,bombay ,natural ,hi/ory ,society1 ,,vol4 ,,xvi1 pp4 #dfb-dgb4 ,bombay1 #aije4 ,,comyn 7,,tom,s ,,de7 ,/ate ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,london1 #ahbj4 #hvo4 ,,cord9] 7,,james7 ,a ,description ( ,ceylon1 ,conta9+ an ,acc\nt ( ! ,c\ntry1 ,inhabitants & ,natural ,productions4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahjg4 #dto4 ,,cornhill ,,magaz9e ,! ,pe>l ,h>ve/4 8,cornhill ,magaz9e10 ,,vol4 ,,xiv1 pp4 #afa-agc4 ,london1 ,augu/1 #ahff4 ,,c\tance 7,a47 ,la ,p]le4 ,diamant et ,pi]res ,prcieuses2 444 au po9t de vue de leur hi/oire et de leur travail 444 ,p> ,e4 ,jannettaz1 444 ,a4 ,c\tance4 ,p>is1 #ahha4 #hvo4 ,,coxe 7,,daniel7 ,a ,description ( ! ,engli% ,prov9ce ( ,c>olana1 by ! ,spani>ds call'd ,florida1 & by ! ,fr5* ,la ,l\isiana1 z also ( ! great & fam\s riv] ,mes*acebe or ,missisipi4 ,london1 #agbb4 #hvo4 ,,curzon 7,,george ,,na?aniel71 ,b>on ,p]sia & ! ,p]sian ,"q4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahib4 #hvo4 ,d4 7,m4 ,l4 ,m4 ,d4 ,s47 ,le dnombrem5t1 facultz et orig9e des pi]res prcieuses4 ,p>is1 #affg4 #hvo4 ,,dall 7,w4 ,h47 ,pe>ls & ,pe>l ,fi%]ies4 8,am]ican ,naturali/10 ,,vol4 ,,xvii1 pp4 #egi-ehf & #gca-gde4 ,philadelphia1 ,june1 #ahhc1 & ,july1 #ahhc4 ,,dallas 7,w4 ,s47 ,on ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,c+alese ,pe>l-oy/] & on ! ,production ( ,pe>ls4 ,annals & ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,s]4 #c1 ,,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ha-ij4 ,london1 ,febru>y1 #aheh4 ,,dampi] 7,,william7 ,a ,new ,voyage ,r\nd ! ,_w4 #b vols4 ,london1 #afii-agjc4 #hvo4 ,,d>b\x 7,g47 ,l',indu/rie des ,p*es aux ,colonies4 ,les ,produits de la ,p*e4 ,m>seille1 #aijf4 #dto4 ,,da/re 7,a47 ,les ,p]les f9es2 ,production naturelle et production artificielle4 ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 ,,vol4 ,,cli1 pp4 #fga-fij4 ,p>is1 #ahii4 ,,dav5port 7,,cyril ,,james7 ,! ,engli% ,regalia4 ,london1 #ahig4 #dto4 ,,delondre 7,,augu/97 ,nacroculture et o/riculture p]lire aux les ,pomotu 7,ocanie74 ,bullet9 de la ,socit ,national d',acclimatation1 ,,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #chi-cij4 ,p>is1 #ahgf4 ,,d5nys 7,n4 ,b47 ,bre$+ ,pe>ls4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,/raits ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ,,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ca-cg4 ,s+apore1 ,july1 #ahgh4 ,,dick5s 7,,*>les71 ,editor ,pe>l ,fi%]y ,ceylon1 #ahcf4 8,h\sehold ,words10 ,,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #ge-hj4 ,london1 ,april #ab1 #ahea4 ,pe>ls ( ,price4 8,all ! ,ye> ,r\nd10 ,,vol4 ,,xvii1 pp4 #ecd-ecg4 ,london1 ,june #a1 #ahfg4 ,scot* pe>ls4 8,all ! ,ye> ,r\nd10 ,,vol4 ,,xxi1 pp4 #abe-abg1 ,janu>y #i1 #ahfi4 ,also 9 8,e ,saturday10 ,,vol4 ,,vii1 pp4 #aeg-aeh4 ,bo/on1 ,janu>y #cj1 #ahfi4 ,,dieulafait 7,,l\is7 ,diamonds & ,preci\s ,/ones2 a ,popul> ,acc\nt ( ,gems4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* 444 by ,f4 ,san=d4 ,cambridge1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 #ahgd4 #hvo4 ,,diguet 7,l,,on7 ,p*e de l'hutre p]lire dans le ,golfe de ,cali=nie4 ,bullet9 de la ,socit ,c5trale d',aquiculture4 ,,vol4 ,,vii1 pp4 #a-ah4 ,p>is1 #ahie4 ,sur la =mation de la p]le f9e *ez la ,meleagr9a m>g>itif]a4 ,comptes ,r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 ,,vol4 ,,cxxviii1 pp4 #aehi-ia4 ,p>is1 #ahii4 ,exploitation de l'hutre p]lire dans le ,golfe de ,cali=nie4 ,bullet9 de la ,socit ,c5trale d',aquiculture1 ,,vol4 ,,ix1 pp4 #bba-bce4 ,p>is1 #ahii4 ,,dobrz5sky 7,,jacobus ,,joannes ,,w5ceslaus7 ,p]l>um maturationis hi/oria4 ,miscellanea ,curiosa ,m$ico-physica1 obs4 #ahc1 pp4 #bha-bhb4 ,j51 #afga4 ,,donnan 7,,james7 ,report on ! ,inspection ( ,pe>l ,banks1 #ahge4 ,sessional ,pap]s4 ,colombo1 #ahge4 ,fol4 ,report on ! ,inspection ( ! ,pe>l ,oy/] ,banks1 #ahgf4 ,sessional ,pap]s4 ,colombo1 #ahgf4 ,fol4 ,report on ! ,inspection ( ! ,pe>l ,oy/] ,banks1 #ahgh4 ,sessional ,pap]s4 ,colombo1 #ahgh4 ,fol4 ,report on a ,rec5t ,inspection ( ! ,pe>l ,banks4 ,sessional ,pap]s4 ,colombo1 #ahhj4 ,fol4 ,report on ! ,pe>l ,fi%]y (f ,*ilaw4 ,sessional ,pap]s4 ,colombo1 #ahhd4 ,fol4 ,report ( an ,exp]im5tal ,cultivation ( ,pe>l-,oy/]s4 ,sessional ,pap]s4 ,colombo1 #ahhe4 ,fol4 ,report on a ,rec5t ,inspection ( ! ,pe>l ,banks4 ,sessional ,pap]s4 ,colombo1 #ahhe4 ,fol4 ,report ( a ,rec5t ,inspection ( ! ,pe>l ,banks4 ,sessional ,pap]s4 ,colombo1 #ahhf4 ,fol4 ,report ( an ,inspection ( ! ,pe>l ,banks1 #ahhg4 ,sessional ,pap]s4 ,colombo1 #ahhh4 ,fol4 ,report on ! ,failure ( ,oy/]s on ! ,*eval ,pa>1 #ahhg4 ,sessional ,pap]s4 ,colombo1 #ahhh4 ,fol4 ,,donnan 7,,james7 ,,& ,,twynam 7,w4 ,c47 ,reports by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,fi%]y & ! ,inspector ( ! ,pe>l ,banks4 ,sessional ,pap]s4 ,colombo1 #ahhg4 ,fol4 ,,d\m]t 7,a47 ,nos ,p>ures4 ,le ,jais et les ,p]les ,fausses4 ,p>is1 #ahij4 #abmo4 ,,dubois 7,,rapha,l7 ,sur le mcanisme de la =mation des p]les f9es dans le ,mytilus edulis4 ,comptes ,r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 ,,vol4 ,,cxxxiii1 pp4 #fjc-fje4 ,p>is1 #aija4 ,sur la nature et la =mation des p]les f9es naturelles4 ,mmoires et ,comptes ,r5dus des ,sances du ,congrs ,int]national d',aquiculture et de ,p*e4 ,p>is1 #aijc4 #hvo4 ,sur l'acclimatation et la culture des ,p9tad9es1 ou hutres p]lires vraies1 sur les ctes de ,france1 et sur la production =ce des p]les f9es4 ,comptes ,r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 ,,vol4 ,,cxxxvii1 pp4 #faa-fac4 ,p>is1 #aijc4 ,application des rayons ,x la re*]*e des p]les f9es4 ,comptes ,r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 ,,vol4 ,,cxxxviii1 pp4 #cja-cjb4 ,p>is1 #aijd4 ,sur les p]les de nacre4 ,comptes ,r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 ,,vol4 ,,cxxxviii1 pp4 #ehc-ehd4 ,p>is1 #aijd4 ,sur le mcanisme scrtoire producteur des p]les4 ,comptes ,r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 ,,vol4 ,,cxxxviii1 pp4 #gaj-gab4 ,p>is1 #aijd4 ,,dut5s 7,,l\is7 ,des pi]res prcieuses et des p]les f9es1 avec les moy5s de les connotre et de les valu]4 ,londres1 #aggf4 #abmo4 ,,eb]h>d 7,,johann ,,pet]7 ,abh&lung von dem ,ursprung d] ,p]le1 wor9 d]5 ,zeugung1 ,wa*/hum und ,bes*aff5heit erklrt1 und e9e ,na*ri*t von v]s*i$55 ,p]l5fis*]ei5 gegeb5 wird4 ,halle1 #agea4 #hvo4 ,,ed\>d-,,petit 7,,alix7 ,aux les des p]les4 ,j\rnal le ,correspond5t1 pp4 #igg-iif4 ,p>is1 ,m>* #aj1 #aijf4 ,,elg91 ,e>l ( ,leas+ ( ! ,pe>l ,fi%]ies ( ,ceylon4 ,sessional ,pap]s1 pp4 #fej-fea4 ,colombo1 #aijf4 ,,emanuel 7,,h>ry7 ,diamonds & preci\s /ones4 ,london1 #ahfe4 #hvo4 ,,entrecolles 7,f4 ,x4 ,d'7 ,manire de faire des p]les artificielles4 ,lettre ,pek91 #d ,nov4 #agcd4 ,lettres difiantes et curieuses crites des ,missions trangres1 ,,vol4 ,,xxii1 pp4 #dbe-dcg4 ,p>is1 #agcf4 ,,e/eva 7,,jos ,,m>ia7 ,memoria sobre la pesca de la p]la en la ,baja ,cali=nia4 ,bolet9 de la ,soci$ad ,mexicana de ,geografa y ,e/ad/ica1 ,,vol4 ,x1 pp4 #fgc-fig4 ,mexico1 #ahfe4 ,,f>r+ton 7,,oliv] ,,cumm+s7 ,gems & ,gem ,m9]als4 ,*icago1 #aijc4 #hvo4 ,,f]guson 7,,ala/air ,,mak5zie ,,& ,,john7 ,all ab\t ,gold1 ,gems1 & ,pe>ls 9 ,ceylon & ,s\!rn ,india4444 ,second edition4 ,colombo1 #ahhh4 #hvo4 ,,f]n&es ,,de ,,queiros 7,,p$ro7 ,! ,voyages ( ,p$ro ,f]n&ez de ,quiros1 #aeie-afjf4 ,translat$ & edit$ by ,sir ,clem5ts ,m>kham4 #b vols4 ,london1 ,hakluyt ,society1 #aijd4 #hvo4 ,,feu*twang] 7,,lewis7 ,a ,popul> ,treatise on ,gems1 9 ,ref]5ce to ,_! ,sci5tific ,value4 ,new ,york1 #ahei4 #hvo4 ,,fi*tn] 7,,conrad ,,he9ri*7 ,e9ige ,na*ri*t5 von dem ,rehauis*5 ,p]l5 ,ba*4 ,frankis*e ,sammlung5 von ,anm]kung5 aus d] ,naturlehre ,arzneigelehr!it4 ,nurnb]g1 #agfh4 #hvo4 ,,fields 7,j4 ,t47 ,und]bru%4 ,bo/on1 #ahha4 #hvo4 ,,filippi 7,,filippo ,,de7 ,sull' orig9e delle p]le4 ,il ,cim5to revi/a di ,sci5za1 ,lett]e1 ed ,arti1 ,,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #dbi-dci4 ,tor9o1 #aheb4 ,translat$ into ,g]man by ,dr4 ,k*5mei/] 9 ,mll]s' ,ar*iv fr ,anatomie1 ,physiologie1 und wiss5s*aftli*e ,m$ic91 #ahef1 pp4 #bea-bfi4 ,b]l91 #ahef4 ,mmoire p\r s]vir l'hi/oire gntique des ,trmatodes4 ,memorie della ,reale ,accademia delle ,sci5ze di ,tor9o1 ,,vol4 ,,xv1 pp4 #cca-ceh1 #ahee2 ,,vol4 ,,xvi1 pp4 #dai-ddb4 ,tor9o1 #aheg4 ,also 9 ,annales des ,sci5ces ,naturelles1 ,,vol4 ,,ii 7,zool471 pp4 #bed-bhd4 ,p>is1 #ahed4 ,n\velles obs]vations sur le dveloppem5t des ,trmatodes4 ,annales des ,sci5ces ,naturelles1 ,,iii 7,zool471 pp4 #aaa-aac4 ,p>is1 #ahee4 ,encore un mot sur la =mation des p]les4 ,mll]s' ,ar*iv fr ,anatomie1 ,physiologie1 und wiss5s*aftli*e ,m$ic91 #ahef1 pp4 #dij-dic4 ,b]l91 #ahef4 ,troisime mmoire p\r s]vir l'hi/oire gntique des ,trmatodes4 ,memorie della ,reale ,accademia delle ,sci5ze di ,tor9o4 ,,vol4 ,,xviii1 pp4 #bja-bcb4 ,tor9o1 #ahei4 ,,fis*] 7,,got!lf7 ,essai sur la ,pellegr9a1 ou la ,p]le incomp>able des ,frres ,zozima4 ,mosc\4 #ahah4 #hvo4 ,,fis*] 7,p47 ,production artificielle des p]les4 ,j\rnal de ,con*yliologie1 ,,vol4 ,,xiii1 pp4 #fd-fe4 ,p>is1 #ahfe4 ,,frank ,,leslie',s ,,magaz9e ,pe>l-mussel ,fi%]y ( ,new ,j]sey4 8,frank ,leslie's ,magaz9e10 ,,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #chd-chf4 ,new ,york1 ,may #bc1 #aheg4 ,,fr,d 7,,pi]re7 ,la ,p*e aux ,p]les4 ,p>is1 #ahhg4 #hvo4 ,la ,p*e aux ,p]les en ,p]se et ,ceylon4 ,p>is1 #ahij4 #hvo4 ,,fr$]ick 7,c,,s>7 ,! ,fi%+ = ,pe>ls 9 ,ceylon1 #aefc-ha4 ,translat$ out ( ,italian by ,?omas ,hickoke4 ,hakluyt's ,voyages1 ,,vol4 ,v4 ,glasg[1 #aijd4 #hvo4 ,,fri$la5d] 7,s47 ,p]l5 d] ,juweli]aus/ellung4 ,int]nationale ,fis*]ei-,au/ellung zu ,b]l91 #ahhj1 pp4 #ge-hc4 ,b]l91 #ahha4 #hvo4 ,,friswell 7,j4 ,h47 ,pe>ls & ,oy/]s4 8,once a ,week10 ,,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #gh-ha4 ,london1 ,july #ad1 #ahfj4 ,,fry] 7,,john7 ,a new ,acc\nt ( ,ea/-,india & ,p]sia4 ,london1 #afih4 ,fol4 ,,ganong 7,w4 ,f47 ,bibliography ( ! ,fre%-wat] ,pe>l ,fi%]y 9 ,new ,brunswick4 ,bullet9 ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,society ( ,new ,brunswick1 ,,no4 ,,xvii1 pp4 #acd-acf41 ,/4 ,john1 ,n4 ,b41 #ahii4 ,,g>n] 7,,rob]t7 ,on ! ,pe>ls ( ! ,conway ,riv]1 ,nor? ,wales4 ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,report = #ahef1 ,,"p ,,ii1 pp4 #ib-ic4 ,london1 #aheg4 ,notes on ,anatomy & ,pe>ls ( ,alasmodon m>g>itif]a4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,zoological ,society ( ,london1 ,,vol4 ,,xi1 pp4 #dbf-dbh1 #ahgb4 ,on ! ,=mation ( ,briti% ,pe>ls & ,_! ,possible ,improvem5t4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,l9nean ,society 7,zool471 ,,vol4 ,,xi1 pp4 #dbf-dbh4 ,london1 #ahgc4 ,,g>ran 7,,&rew7 ,au/ralasia ,illu/rat$4 #c vols4 ,sydney1 #ahib4 #dto4 ,,geig] 7,,mala*ias7 ,m>g>itologia1 sive diss]tatio de ,m>g>itis1 9 qua1 po/ v>ia ad ,m>g>itas p]t95tia1 demon/ratur1 ,m>g>itas bav>icas1 9 usu m$ic9ali1 viribus et effectibus quival]e ori5talibus et occid5talibus4 ,mona*ii1 #afcg4 #abmo4 ,,gemelli-,,c>]i 7,,giovanni ,,francesco7 ,giro del mondo4 ,nuova edizione1 accresciuta1 ricorretta1 e divisa 9 nove volumi4 ,v5ezia1 #agai4 #hvo4 ,,gi>d 7,,alfr$7 ,l'pi?lium scrteur des p]les4 ,comptes ,r5dus de la ,socit de ,biologie1 sance du #bi decembre1 #aijc1 ,,vol4 ,,lv1 pp4 #abbb-abbe4 ,p>is1 #aijc4 ,,gibb9s 7,,h]b]t ,,james7 ,curiosities ( ,pe>ls4 8,g5tleman's ,magaz9e10 ,,vol4 ,,cclxxvii1 pp4 #cjf-cae4 ,london1 ,septemb]1 #ahid4 ,,gill 7,,william ,,wyatt7 ,life 9 ! ,s\!rn ,isles2 or ,sc5es & ,incid5ts 9 ! ,s\? ,pacific & ,new ,gu9ea4 ,london1 #ahgf4 #hvo4 ,,gillman 7,,h]b]t ,w47 ,valuation ( ,pe>ls 9 ,ceylon4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,ceylon ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 #ahhg1 ,,vol4 ,x1 pp4 #cb-dj4 ,colombo1 #ahhh4 ,,gimma 7,,giac9to7 ,della /oria naturale delle gemme1 delle pietre1 e di tutti i m9]ali1 ovv]o della fisica sott]ranea4 #b vols4 ,napoli1 #agcj4 #dto4 ,,godron 7,d4-,a47 ,les p]les de la ,vologne1 et le ,*teau-sur-p]le4 ,mmoires de l',acadmie de ,/anislas1 #ahfi1 pp4 #aj-cj4 ,nancy1 #ahgj4 ,,gr& 7,s47 ,m?ode de culture de l'hutre p]lire dans les lagons de ,tahiti4 ,revue ,m>itime et ,coloniale1 ,,vol4 ,,cxxv1 pp4 #ege-eij4 ,p>is1 ,may1 #ahie4 ,,gray 7,,john ,,edw>d7 ,on ! ,/ructure ( ,pe>ls1 & on ! ,*9ese mode ( produc+ !m ( a l>ge size & regul> =m4 ,?omson's ,annals ( ,philosophy1 ,new ,s]ies1 ,,vol4 ,,ix1 pp4 #bg-bi4 ,london1 ,janu>y1 #ahbe2 ,,vol4 ,x1 pp4 #chi-cij1 ,novemb]1 #ahbe4 ,,griff9 7,g4 ,w47 ,! ,pe>l-%ell ,fi%]ies ( ,que5sl&4 ,u4 ,s4 ,consul> ,reports1 ,,no4 ,,lv4 ,wa%+ton1 ,augu/1 #ahhe4 ,also publi%$ 9 ,bullet9 ,u4 ,s4 ,fi% ,commission1 ,,vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #dcc-dce4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahhg4 ,,grill 7,,johan ,,abraham7 ,b]i*t wie die ,*9es5 *te ,p]l5 na*ma*54 ,abh&lung5 d] ,knigli*5 ,s*w$is*5 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft5 = #aggb1 ,,vol4 ,,xxxiv1 pp4 #hh-ij4 ,leipzig1 #aggf4 ,,grimm 7,,h]manni ,,nicolai7 ,de piscatura m>g>it>um apud ,insulam ,mana>1 non procul ,ceylon sitam4 ,miscellanea ,curiosa ,m$ico-physic>um1 obs4 #cf1 pp4 #ii-ajg4 ,norimb]g1 #afhe4 ,,gross 7,j4 ,g47 ,de ,m>g>itis1 e>umque ,virtute ,m$ica4 ,wirceburgi1 #agdd4 #dto4 ,,grylls 7,,james ,,willyams7 ,! ,pe>l ,fi%]y4 8,! ,new ,mon?ly ,magaz9e10 ,,vol4 ,,lxxxii1 pp4 #gj-gi4 ,london1 ,janu>y1 #ahdh4 ,! ,out-/ation2 or ,jaunts 9 ! ,jungle4 ,london1 #ahdh4 #afmo4 ,,guido 7,,joannis7 ,de ,m9]alibus tractatus absolutissimus4 ,franc(urti1 #afbg4 #hvo4 ,,guillem& 7,,francis ,,h5ry ,,hill7 ,malaysia & ! ,pacific ,ar*ipelago4 ,london1 #ahid4 #hvo4 ,g,,n!r 7,,alb]t7 ,a ,small ,fi% ( ! ,g5us ,fi]asf] ,imb$d$ 9 ! ,%ell ( ,m>g>ita m>g>itif]a4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,zological ,society ( ,london1 #ahhf1 pp4 #cah-cbj4 ,,hague 7,w4 ,f47 ,on ! ,natural & ,artificial ,production ( ,pe>ls 9 ,*9a4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 ,,vol4 ,,xvi1 pp4 #bhj-bhd1 #ahef4 ,,hale 7,,s>ah ,j47 ,hi/ory ( ,pe>ls1 ,natural & ,artificial4 8,godey's ,magaz9e10 ,,vol4 ,,xlviii1 pp4 #ecc-ecg4 ,philadelphia1 #ahed4 ,,hall 7,,anna ,,m>ia7 ,pe>ls & ,pe>l ,div]s ( ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia4 8,/4 ,james's ,magaz9e10 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bhi-bie4 ,london1 ,octob]1 #ahfa4 ,,hall 7,,francis7 ,colombia3 its pres5t /ate4 ,philadelphia1 #ahbe4 #abmo4 ,,hamilton 7,,alex&]71 ,capta9 ,a ,new ,acc\nt ( ! ,ea/ ,indies4 #b vols4 ,ed9burgh1 #agbg4 #hvo4 ,,hamonville 7,l4 ,d'7 ,les m\les p]lires de ,billi]s 7,mytilus edulis74 ,bullet9 de la ,socit ,zoologique de ,france1 ,,vol4 ,,xix1 pp4 #adj-adb4 ,p>is1 #ahid4 ,,h>dy 7,,rob]t ,,william ,,hall71 ,lieut4 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,mexico1 9 #ahbe1 #ahbf1 #ahbg1 & #ahbh4 ,london1 #ahbi4 #hvo4 ,,h>ley 7,,george7 ,microscopic ,exam9ation ( ,pe>ls4 8,! ,*elt5ham ,ladies' ,college ,magaz9e10 ,,no4 ,,xvii1 pp4 #cg-db4 ,london1 #ahhh4 ,,h>ley 7,,george ,,& ,,h>old ,s47 ,! ,*emical ,composition ( ,pe>ls4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 ,,vol4 ,,xliii1 pp4 #dfa-dfe1 #ahhh4 ,! ,/ructural ,arrangem5t ( ! ,m9]al ,matt]s 9 ,s$im5t>y & ,cry/all9e ,pe>ls4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 ,,vol4 ,,xlv1 pp4 #fab-fad1 #ahhi4 ,,h>p]',s ,,magaz9e ,pe>ls & ,gems4 8,h>p]'s ,new ,mon?ly ,magaz9e10 ,,vol4 ,,xxi1 pp4 #gfd-ghj4 ,new ,york1 ,novemb]1 #ahfj4 ,treasures ( ! ,deep4 8,h>p]'s ,new ,mon?ly ,magaz9e10 ,,vol4 ,,lviii1 pp4 #cba-ccf4 ,new ,york1 ,febru>y1 #ahgi4 ,,h>t+ 7,,piet]7 ,sur la production artificielle de quelques-unes des pr9cipales =mations calcaires organiques4 ,comptes ,r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 ,,vol4 ,,lxxiii1 pp4 #cfa-cfb4 ,p>is1 #ahga4 ,also 9 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ,microscopic ,sci5ce1 ,,vol4 ,,xii1 pp4 #aah-abc4 ,london1 #ahgb4 ,,h>tmann 7,,philipp ,,jacob7 ,ex]citatio de g5]atione m9]alium1 vegetabilum1 et animalium 9 a]e4 ,konigsb]g7871 #afhi4 #dto4 ,,hasan ,,ibn ,,yaz,d 7,,ab ,,zaid7 ,al-,srf ,anci5t ,acc\nts ( ,india & ,*9a1 by two ,mohamm$an travell]s :o w5t to ^? p>ts 9 ! #i? ,c5tury4 ,london1 #agcc4 #hvo4 ,,hawk9s 7,,ri*>d71 ,sir ,! ,obs]vations ( ,sir ,ri*>d ,hawk9s 9 8 ,voyage into ! ,s\? ,sea1 9 ! ,ye> #aeic4 ,repr9t$ f ! edition ( #afbb4 ,london1 ,hakluyt ,society1 #ahdg4 #hvo4 ,,he]5 7,,arnold ,,h]mann ,,ludwig7 ,hi/orical ,rese>*es into ! ,politics1 ,int]c\rse & ,trade ( ! ,pr9cipal ,nations ( ,antiquity4 #c vols4 ,ox=d1 #ahcc4 #hvo4 ,,h]dman 7,,william ,,abbott7 ,! ,pe>l ,fi%]ies ( ,ceylon4 ,ab/ract ( a disc\rse deliv]$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution on ,m>* #bg1 #aijc4 8,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly10 ,,vol4 ,,lxiii1 pp4 #bbi-bch1 ,july1 #aijc4 ,also 9 ,smi?sonian ,report = #aijd1 pp4 #dhe-dic4 ,presid5tial ,address1 #aije4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,l9nean ,society ( ,london1 #aag? ,session1 pp4 #bj-cj1 ,octob]1 #aije4 ,report to ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,ceylon on ! ,pe>l-,oy/] ,fi%]ies ( ! ,gulf ( ,man>4 #e vols4 ,london1 ,! ,royal ,society1 #aijc-aijf4 #dto4 ,! ,pe>l ,fi%]ies ( ,ceylon4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita91 ,,vol4 ,,xvii1 pp4 #bgi-bhg4 ,london1 ,m>*1 #aije4 ,,h]tz 7,,bram7 ,a ,catalogue ( ! ,collection ( ,pe>ls & ,preci\s ,/ones =m$ by ,h4 ,p4 ,hope1 ,esq4 ,london1 #ahci4 ,fol4 ,,hesse 7,p47 ,die ,p]lfi%*]ei im ,rot5 ,me]e4 ,zoologis*] ,g>t51 ,,vol4 ,,xxxix1 pp4 #chb-che4 ,frankfurt-a4-,m41 ,decemb]1 #ahih4 ,,hessl+ 7,,!odor ,,von7 ,ueb] ,p]l5 und ihre ,ent/ehung4 ,we/]mann's ,illu/rirt5 ,monat%eft51 #aheg4 ,ueb] die ,ursa*5 d] ,p]lbildung bei ,unio m>g>itif]4 ,siebold und ,kllik]1 ,zeits*rift fr ,wiss5s*aftli*e ,zoologie1 ,,vol4 ,,ix1 pp4 #edc-edf4 ,leipzig1 #aheh4 ,die ,p]lmus*eln und ihre ,p]l54 ,leipzig1 #ahei4 #hvo4 ,die ,v]breitung d] ,seep]l5mus*el und d] ,p]lfis*]ei4 ,zeits*rift fr die ,gesammt5 ,naturwiss5s*aft51 ,,vol4 ,,xiv1 pp4 #ag-cb4 ,halle1 #ahei4 ,ueb] die ,befru*tung d] ,flussp]l5mus*el4 ,siebold und ,kllik]1 ,zeits*rift fr ,wiss5s*aftli*e ,zoologie1 ,,vol4 ,x1 pp4 #ceh-cfc4 ,leipzig1 #ahfj4 ,,hill 7,,john7 ,!ophra/us's ,hi/ory ( ,/ones1 ) ! ,greek ,text & an ,engli% ,v]sion1 & ,notes ,critical & ,philosophical1 ,includ+ ! ,mod]n ,hi/ory ( ,gems ,describ$ by t ,au?or4 ,london1 #agdf4 #hvo4 ,,holdswor? 7,,edmund ,,william ,,hunt7 ,report on ! ,conditions & ,prospects ( ! ,pe>l ,oy/] ,banks1 #ahfh4 ,colombo1 #ahfh4 ,fol4 ,,home 7,,ev]>d71 ,sir1 ,b>t4 ,on ! ,production & ,=mation ( ,pe>ls4 ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 ,,vol4 ,,cxvi1 pp4 #cch-cda4 ,london1 #ahbf4 ,,hornell 7,,james7 ,biological ,results ( ! ,ceylon ,pe>l ,fi%]y ( #aijd1 ) ,notes on ,div]s & ,_! ,occupation4 ,colombo1 #aije4 #dto4 ,report on ! ,placuna plac5ta ,pe>l ,fi%]y ( ,lake ,tampalakamam4 ,ceylon ,m>9e ,biological ,reports1 ,,"p ,,ii1 ,,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #da-ed4 ,colombo1 #aijf4 ,report on ! ,op]ations on ! ,pe>l ,banks ,dur+ ! ,fi%]y ( #aije4 ,ceylon ,m>9e ,biological ,reports1 ,,"p ,,ii1 ,,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ee-gi4 ,colombo1 #aijf4 ,,humboldt 7,,fri$ri* ,,he9ri* ,,alex&] ,,von71 ,b>on ,p]sonal ,n>rative ( ,travels to ! ,equ9octial ,regions ( ! ,new ,cont95t ,dur+ ! ,ye>s #agii-ahjd4 #g vols4 ,london1 #ahad-bi4 #hvo4 ,,ibn ,,batuta ,! ,travels ( ,ibn ,batuta4 ,translat$ f ! orig9al ,arabic manuscript copies 444 by ,samuel ,lee4 ,london1 #ahbi4 #dto4 ,,irv+ 7,,!odore7 ,! ,conque/ ( ,florida1 "u ,h]n&o de ,soto4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahce4 #abmo4 ,,issel 7,,arturo7 ,i ,mollus*i ,comme/ibili1 le ,applicazioni delle ,con*iglie1 le ,p]le e i ,coralli4 ,annali dell' ,indu/ria e del ,comm]cio1 #ahhj1 num4 #bh4 ,roma1 #ahha4 #hvo4 ,,jahn 7,j4 ,g47 ,die ,p]l5fis*]ei im ,voigtl&e4 ,oelsnitz1 #ahed4 #hvo4 ,,jameson 7,h4 ,,ly/]7 ,on ! ,id5tity & ,di/ribution ( ! ,"m-(-pe>l ,oy/]s4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,zoological ,society ( ,london = #aija1 ,,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #cgb-cid4 ,on ! ,orig9 ( ,pe>ls4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,zoological ,society ( ,london = #aijb1 ,,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #adj-aff4 ,! ,=mation ( ,pe>ls4 8,nature10 ,,vol4 ,,lxvii1 pp4 #bhj-bhb4 ,london1 ,janu>y #bb1 #aijc4 ,,j>d9e 7,,frank ,l47 ,report ,relat+ to ! ,m]gui ,pe>l & ,pe>l ,%ell ,fi%]ies4 ,rangoon1 #ahid4 ,fol4 ,,jeffreys 7,,john ,,gwyn7 ,briti% ,con*ology1 or an ,acc\nt ( ! ,mollusca ,:i* n[ ,inhabit ! ,briti% ,isles & ! ,surr\nd+ ,seas4 #e vols4 ,london1 #ahfb-fi4 #abmo4 ,,jeffries 7,,david7 ,treatise on ,diamonds & ,pe>ls & ! ,true ,me?od ( ,manufactur+ ,diamonds4 ,london1 #agej4 #hvo4 ,a ,treatise on ,diamonds & ,pe>ls4 ,f\r? edition1 correct$ to ! pres5t "t4 ,london1 #ahga4 #abmo4 ,,jones 7,,*>les ,,colcock7 ,antiquities ( ! ,s\!rn ,indians1 ,p>ticul>ly ( ! ,georgia ,tribes4 ,new ,york1 #ahgc4 #hvo4 ,,jones 7,,william7 ,hi/ory & ,my/]y ( ,preci\s ,/ones4 ,london1 #ahhj4 #hvo4 ,,jopp 7,,alex&] ,h47 ,days ) ,indu/ries3 ,adv5tures & ,exp]i5ces ,among ,curi\s ,indu/ries4 ,london1 #ahhi4 #hvo4 ,,jordanus 7,,catalani71 ,bi%op ,mirabilia ,descripta4 ,! ,wond]s ( ! ,ea/1 by ,fri> ,jordanus 7circa #accj74 ,translat$ by ,col4 ,sir ,h5ry ,yule4 ,london1 ,hakluyt ,society1 #ahfc4 #hvo4 ,k,,mpf] 7,,engelb]t7 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,japan4 #b vols4 ,london1 #agbg4 ,fol4 ,,kawall 7,j4 ,h47 ,la p*e des p]les en ,livonie4 ,annales de la ,socit ,malacologique de ,belgique1 ,,vol4 ,,vii1 pp4 #ch-df4 ,brussels1 #ahgb4 ,,kela>t 7,,edw>d ,,fr$]ick7 ,introductory ,report on ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,pe>l-oy/] ( ,ceylon4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 ,,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #cii-dje1 #aheg4 ,also 9 ,madras ,j\rnal ( ,lit]ature & ,sci5ce1 ,,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #hi-ajd1 #aheh4 ,report on ! ,tablegam ,pe>l-oy/] ,fi%]y4 ,madras ,j\rnal ( ,lit]ature & ,sci5ce1 ,,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #aje-aaj1 #aheh4 ,introductory ,report on ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,pe>l-oy/] ( ,ceylon1 #aheh-ei4 ,tr9comalee1 #ahei4 ,fil>ia 9 ,oy/]s ,ceylon4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,physical ,society1 ,,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aja-ajb4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahfc4 ,,kela>t 7,,edw>d ,,fr$]ick7 ,,& ,m,,bius 7,,k>l7 ,on ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,c+alese ,pe>l-oy/] & on ! ,production ( ,pe>ls4 ,annals ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 #crd s]ies1 ,,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ha-ajj4 ,london1 #aheh4 ,,kelly 7,h4 ,m47 ,a ,/ati/ical ,/udy ( ! ,p>asites ( ! ,unionid4 ,ill9ois ,/ate ,laboratory ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,,vol4 ,v1 pp4 #cii-dah4 ,spr+field1 ,ill41 #ahii4 ,,k5t 7,,william ,,saville7 ,report on ! ,pe>l & ,pe>l ,%ell ,fi%]ies ( ,nor? ,que5sl&4 ,brisbane1 #ahij4 ,fol4 ,on ! ,exp]im5tal ,cultivation ( ! ,"m-(-pe>l ,%ell 9 ,que5sl&4 ,report ,au/ralian ,association1 ,,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #eda-edh4 ,sydney1 #ahia4 ,! ,great ,b>ri] ,reef ( ,au/ralia2 ,its ,products & ,pot5tialities4 ,london1 #ahic4 ,fol4 ,,k+ 7,,*>les ,,william7 ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,preci\s ,/ones & ( ! ,preci\s ,metals4 ,london1 #ahgj4 #hvo4 ,,k+smill 7,,walt]7 ,! ,pe>l+ ,indu/ry ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,illu/rat$ ,h&book ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,p>is ,int]national ,exhibition1 #aijj4 ,p]?1 ,w4 ,a41 #aijj4 #hvo4 ,,kle9 7,,jacob ,,!odor7 ,t5tam5 ,me?odi ,o/racologic sive ,dispositio ,naturalis ,co*lidum et ,con*>um4 ,lugduni ,batavorum1 #agec4 #dto4 ,,kle9 7,,johann7 ,de ,jure circa ,m>g>itas vulgo von dem ,p]l5-re*t4 ,ro/o*ii1 #agjj4 #hvo4 ,,knau! 7,,k>l7 ,p]le 9 ,unio ro/ratus4 ,zoologis*] ,g>t51 p4 #aee4 ,b]l91 #ahif4 ,,kogel 7,j47 ,tripang- und ,p]l5fis*]ei 9 ni$]lndis*5 ,au/rali54 ,ausl&1 #aheg4 #hvo4 ,k,,*5mei/] 7,,fri$ri*7 ,ueb]setzung d] ,arbeit3 8,sull' orig9e delle ,p]le1 del ,dottore ,f4 de ,filippi40 ,neb/ auf ,unt]su*ung5 gegrndet5 ,anm]kung54 ,mll]'s ,ar*iv fr ,anatomie1 ,physiologie1 und wiss5s*aftli*e ,m$ic91 pp4 #bea-bfh4 ,b]l91 #ahef4 ,ueb] e9e d] hufig/5 ,ursa*5 d] ,el/]p]l5 und das ,v]fahr51 wel*es zur kn/li*5 ,v]mehrung d] ,p]l5 dem ,knigl4-,s*sis*5 ,m9i/]ium d] ,f9anz5 vorges*lag5 wurde4 ,mll]'s ,ar*iv fr ,anatomie1 ,physiologie1 und wiss5s*aftli*e ,m$ic91 pp4 #bfi-bha4 ,b]l91 #ahef4 ,,kunz 7,,george ,,fr$]ick7 ,am]ican ,pe>ls4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 #ccrd meet+1 pp4 #ffe-fgd4 ,salem1 #ahhe4 ,preci\s ,/ones 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 8,h>p]'s ,magaz9e10 ,,vol4 ,,lxxvi1 pp4 #ig-ajf4 ,new ,york1 ,decemb]1 #ahhg4 ,gems & ,preci\s ,/ones ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,a ,popul> ,description ( ,_! ,occurr5ce1 ,value1 ,hi/ory1 ,ar*ology1 & ( ! ,collections 9 :i* !y ,exi/1 also a ,*apt] on ,pe>ls & on ,rem>kable ,=eign ,gems ,own$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,new ,york1 #ahij4 #dto4 ,on ! ,occurr5ce ( ,pe>ls 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,fi%]y ,society1 pp4 #af-cb4 ,new ,york1 #ahic4 ,a ,brief ,hi/ory ( ! ,ga!r+ ( ,fre%-wat] ,pe>ls 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,bullet9 ,u4 ,s4 ,fi% ,commission1 ,,vol4 ,,xiii1 pp4 #cba-ccj4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahid4 ,on ,pe>ls & ! ,application & ,utilization ( ! ,%ells1 etc41 z ,%[n at ! ,_w's ,columbian ,exposition4 ,bullet9 ,u4 ,s4 ,fi% ,commission1 ,,vol4 ,,xiii1 pp4 #dci-deg4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahid4 ,! ,fre%-wat] ,pe>ls & ,pe>l ,fi%]ies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,bullet9 ,u4 ,s4 ,fi% ,commission1 ,,vol4 ,,xvii1 pp4 #cgc-dbf4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahih4 ,fre%-wat] ,pe>ls ( ,am]ica4 8,nature10 ,,vol4 ,,lx1 pp4 #aej-aeb4 ,new ,york1 ,june #ae1 #ahii4 ,preci\s ,/ones ( ,cali=nia4 ,sacram5to1 #aije4 #hvo4 ,,kusnetz[ 7,i4 ,d47 ,fis*]ei und ,?i]]beutung 9 d5 ,gewss]n ,russl&s4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahih4 #hvo4 ,,laf]ri,,re 7,j47 ,de ,p>is ,guatmala4 ,notes de ,voyages au ,c5tre-,amrique1 #ahff-ahge4 ,p>is1 #ahgg4 #hvo4 ,,l&aeta ,,rosales 7,,manuel7 ,gran ,recopilacion geografica1 e/adi/ica e hi/orica de ,v5ezuela4 #b vols4 ,c>cas1 #ahhi4 ,fol4 ,,lang]us 7,,johannes7 ,de dulcissimo m>g>itas nom9e de ,m>g>it4 ,scriptorum ,publice propositorum a ,gub]natoribus4 ,viteb]g4 #aeee4 ,fol4 ,,la/eyrie 7,,f]d9& ,,de7 ,description du ,trsor de ,gu>raz>4 ,p>is1 #ahfj4 #dto4 ,,lea* 7,,william ,,el=d7 ,! ,zoologi/s ,miscellany2 be+ descriptions ( new or int]e/+ animals4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahad-ag4 #hvo4 ,,le ,,beck 7,,h5ry ,j47 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,pe>l ,fi%]y 9 ! ,gulph ( ,man> 9 ,m>* & ,april1 #agig4 ,asiatic ,rese>*es1 ,,vol4 ,v1 pp4 #cic et seq4 ,london1 #agih4 ,,le ,,comte 7,,l\is7 ,memoirs & ,rem>ks 444 ,made 9 ,above ,t5 ,ye>s' ,travel ,?r\gh ! ,empire ( ,*9a3 ,p>ticul>ly ,^u ,_! ,pott]y1 ,v>ni%+1 ,silk1 & ,pe>l-fi%+4 ,london1 #agcg4 #hvo4 ,,l$elius 7,,samuel7 ,de p]lis ,lusato-silesiacis4 ,miscellanea ,curiosa1 obs]vatio #aej1 pp4 #cbg-cbh4 ,norimb]g1 #afij4 ,,leon>dus 7,,camillus7 ,speculum lapidum4 ,v5ice1 #aejb4 #dto4 ,,leuw5hoeck 7,m47 ,microscopical ,obs]vations on ! ,salts ( ,pe>ls1 ,oy/]-%ells1 etc4 ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london = #agjg1 ,no4 #caa1 pp4 #bdaf-bd4 ,,lewis 7,,james7 ,on ! ,color+ ,matt] ( ,pe>l-%ells4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces ( ,philadelphia = #ahfj1 pp4 #hh-hi4 ,,lewis 7,j4 ,p47 ,,& ,,hornell 7,,james7 ,reports on ! ,pe>l ,fi%]y ( #aijd4 ,sessional ,pap]s4 ,colombo1 #aijd4 ,fol4 ,reports on ! ,pe>l ,fi%]y ( #aije4 ,sessional ,pap]s4 ,colombo1 #aije4 ,fol4 ,,l9s*ot5 7,,john ,,huygh5 ,,van7 ,! ,voyage ( ,john ,huygh5 van ,l9s*ot5 to ! ,ea/ ,indies4 #b vols4 ,london1 ,hakluyt ,society1 #ahhd4 #hvo4 ,,li/] 7,,m>t97 ,a ,j\rney to ,p>is 9 ! ,ye> #afih4 ,london1 #afii4 #hvo4 ,,london ,,magaz9e ,pe>ls4 8,london ,magaz9e10 ,,vol4 ,,xi1 pp4 #gae-gbb4 ,london1 ,janu>y1 #aijd4 ,,lopes ,,de ,,ca/anh$a 7,,f]nham7 ,! ,fir/ ,booke ( ! ,hi/orie ( ! ,discov]ie & ,conque/ ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ,ent]pris$ by ! ,port+ales4 ,london1 #aehb4 #dto4 ,,lopez ,,de ,,gom>a 7,,francisco7 ,hi/oria g5]al de las ,indias con todo el descubrimi5to y cosas notables que han acaecido desde que se gan>on ha/a el ao de #aeea4 aragoa1 #aeeb4 ,fol4 ,,lovell 7,,rob]t7 ,panm9]alogicon1 or an ,univ]sal ,hi/ory ( ,m9]als1 conta9+ ! summe ( all ,au?ors4 ,ox=d1 #affa4 #hvo4 ,,lovetzky ,notice sur les p]les du g\v]nem5t de ,viatka4 ,bullet9 de la ,socit des ,naturali/es4 ,mosc\1 #ahcj4 ,,l[ 7,,franz7 ,die ,flussp]l5mus*eln-fis*]ei 9 d] ,moldau 9 ,bhm54 ,v]h&lung5 d] ,zoologis*-,botanis*e ,gesells*aft1 pp4 #ccc-ccf4 ,wi51 #ahei4 ,,lucatt ,rov+s 9 ! ,pacific f #ahcg to #ahdi4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahea4 #hvo4 ,m4 ,l',hi/oire ,naturelle claircie dans deux de ses p>ties pr9cipales1 ,la ,li?ologie et la ,con*yliogie dont l'une traite des pi]res et l'autre des ,coquillages 444 p> ,m444 de la ,socit ,royale des ,sci5ces de ,montpelli]4 ,p>is1 #agdb4 #dto4 ,,mccullo* 7,,john ,,ramsay7 ,article 8,pe>ls40 ,diction>y ( ,comm]ce4 ,london1 #ahhb4 #hvo4 ,,macdonald 7,,alex&] ,c47 ,9 ,se>* ( ,el ,dorado3 a ,w&]]'s ,exp]i5ces4 ,london1 #aije4 #hvo4 ,,macg[an 7,d4 ,t47 ,pe>ls & ,pe>l-mak+ 9 ,*9a4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 ,,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #gb-ge4 ,london1 ,dec4 #af1 #ahec4 ,,mc9to% 7,,william ,,c>mi*ael7 ,! ,/ory ( a ,pe>l4 8,! ,zoologi/10 ,no4 #geb1 ,,vol4 ,,lxii1 pp4 #da-ef4 ,london1 ,febru>y1 #aijd4 ,,malcolm 7,,john71 ,sir ,sket*es ( ,p]sia1 f ! ,j\rnals ( a ,travell] 9 ! ,ea/4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahbg4 #hvo4 ,,m&eville 7,,john71 ,sir ,le ,gr& ,lapidaire1 o sont dcl>ez les noms de ,pi]res ori5tales1 avec les ,v]tues et ,proprits d'icelles1 aussi les isles et pays o elles croiss5t4 ,p>is1 #aefa4 #abmo4 ,,m>bodus1 ,bi%op ( ,r5nes ,m>bodei1 ,galli poetae vetu/issimi de lapidibus pretiosis en*]idion cum s*oliis ,pictorii ,vill+5sis4 ,p>is1 #aeca4 #hvo4 ,lib] ,lapidum seu de ,gemmis v>ietate lectionis et p]petua annotatione illu/ratus a ,johanne ,beckmanno4 ,gott+1 #agii4 #hvo4 ,,m>iot ,la reproduction des hutres p]lires aux les ,tuamotu4 ,bullet9 de la ,socit d',acclimatation1 ,,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #cda-cdb4 ,p>is1 #ahgd4 ,,m>kham 7,,clem5ts ,,rob]ts7 ,t9nevelly ,pe>l ,banks4 8,intellig5t ,obs]v]10 ,,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #dah-dbf4 ,london1 ,janu>y1 #ahfd4 ,also 9 8,electric ,magaz9e10 ,,vol4 ,,cxi1 pp4 #dif-eja4 ,london1 ,april1 #ahfd4 ,! ,t9nevelly ,pe>l ,fi%]y4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 ,,vol4 ,,xv1 pp4 #bef-bfb4 ,london1 ,m>* #a1 #ahfg4 ,,m>t5s 7,,georg ,,von7 ,purpur und ,p]l54 ,b]l91 #ahgd4 #hvo4 ,,maund] 7,,samuel7 ,! ,treasury ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,london1 #ahgh4 #abmo4 ,,meckel ,,von ,,hemsba* 7,,johann ,,he9ri*7 ,mikrogeologie4 ,ueb] die ,concrem5te im ?i]is*5 ,organismus4 ,na* des ,v]fass]s ,tode h]ausgegeb5 und bevorwortet von ,t4 ,billro?4 ,b]l91 #ahef4 #hvo4 ,m,,ry 7,m47 ,rem>ques faites sur la ,m\le des ,e/angs4 ,hi/oires de l',acadmie ,royale des ,sci5ces1 ,novemb] #bb1 #agaj1 pp4 #djh-dbf4 ,p>is1 #agcb4 #dto4 ,,mexia 7,,p$ro7 ,,& ,,sansov9o 7,m4 ,,francesco7 ,treasurie ( ,aunci5t & ,mod]ne ,times4 #b vols4 ,london1 #afai4 ,fol4 ,,midd5dorf 7,,alex&] ,,von7 ,reise 9 d5 uss]/5 ,nord5 und ,o/5 ,sib]i5s whr5d d] ,jahre #ahdc und #ahdd1 ,,vol4 ,,ii1 ,zoologie4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahea4 #dto4 ,,milburn 7,,william7 ,ori5tal ,comm]ce2 ,conta9+ a ,geographical ,description ( ! ,pr9cipal ,places 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ,*9a & ,japan1 ) ,_! ,produce4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahac4 #dto4 ,,mitsukuri 7,k47 ,! ,cultivation ( ,m>9e & ,fre%-wat] ,animals 9 ,japan4 ,bullet9 ( ! ,bureau ( ,fi%]ies = #ahhd1 ,,vol4 ,,xxiv1 pp4 #beg-bhi4 ,wa%+ton1 #aije4 ,m,,bius 7,,k>l7 ,die e*t5 ,p]l54 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,luxus-1 ,h&els- und ,naturges*i*te d]selb54 ,hamburg1 #aheh4 #dto4 ,,mon>des 7,,nicolas7 ,delle cose *e v5gono portate dall' ,indie ,occid5tali1 p]t95ti all' uso della m$ic9a4 ,v5etia1 #aege4 #abmo4 ,,moqu9-,,t&on 7,m47 ,,& ,,cloquet 7,j4 ,s47 ,sur la production artificielle des p]les1 rapport fait la ,socit d',acclimatation1 #aheh4 ,j\rnal de ,con*yliologie1 ,,vol4 ,x1 pp4 #hg-hh4 ,p>is1 #aheh4 ,,moresby 7,,john7 ,new ,gu9ea & ,polynesia4 ,discov]ies & ,surveys 9 ,new ,gu9ea & ! ,d',entreca/eaux ,isl&s3 a ,cruise 9 ,polynesia & ,visits to ! ,pe>l-%ell+ ,/ations 9 ,torres ,/raits1 ( ,h4 ,m4 ,s4 ,basilisk4 ,london1 #ahgf4 #hvo4 ,,mori] 7,,james ,p47 ,a ,j\rney ,?r\gh ,p]sia1 ,arm5ia1 & ,asia ,m9or1 to ,con/ant9ople1 9 ! ,ye>s #ahjh & #ahji4 ,london1 #ahab4 #hvo4 ,,moyni] ,,de ,,villepoix 7,r47 ,re*]*es sur la =mation et l'accroissem5t de la coquille des mollusques4 ,j\rnal de l',anatomie et de la ,physiologie1 ,,vol4 ,,xxviii1 pp4 #dfa-eah4 ,p>is1 #ahib4 ,m,,ll] 7,,felix7 b] die ,s*al5bildung bei ,lamellibran*iat54 ,s*neid]'s ,zoologis*e ,beitrge1 ,,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bjf-bdf4 ,breslau1 #ahhe4 ,,naldi 7,,pio7 ,delle ,gemme1 e delle regole p] valut>le4 #b vols4 ,bologna1 #agia4 #hvo4 ,,na?usius-,k,,nigsborn 7,w4 ,,von7 b] die ,ge/altungsursa*5 d] ,ha>e1 d] ,eis*al51 d] ,mollusk5s*al5 und d] ,h>t+'s*5 ,krp]*54 ,ar*iv fr ,entwickelungsme*anik d] ,organism51 ,,vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #cfe-cic4 ,leipzig1 #ahih4 ,,ni*ols 7,,?omas7 ,a ,lapid>y2 or1 ! ,hi/ory ( ,preti\s ,/ones2 ) ,cautions = ! ,undeceiv+ ( all ^? t deal ) ,preti\s ,/ones4 ,cambridge1 ,engl&1 #afeb4 #dto4 ,,niebuhr 7,,c>/57 ,bes*reibung von ,arabi54 ,kop5hag51 #aggb4 #dto4 ,,nilsson 7,,sv57 ,hi/oria molluscorum ,sveciae t]re/rium et fluviatilium brevit] del9eata4 ,lund1 #ahbb4 #hvo4 ,,nisbet 7,,john7 ,burma "u ,engli% ,rule & ,be=e4 #b vols4 ,we/m9/]1 #aija4 #hvo4 ,,nits*e 7,,h9ri*7 ,see- und ,ssswass]-,p]l54 ,int]nationale ,fis*]ei-,aus/ellung zu ,b]l91 #ahhj1 pp4 #hc-ie4 ,b]l91 #ahha4 #hvo4 ,die ,ssswass]p]l5 auf d] int]national5 ,fis*]ei-,aus/ellung zu ,b]l91 #ahhj4 ,na*ri*tsblatt d] ,deuts*5 ,malakozoologis*5 ,gesells*aft1 pp4 #di-fd4 ,frankfurt1 #ahhb4 ,,no 7,,l\is ,,pantal,,on ,,jude ,,am,d,e ,,de71 ,c\nt ,mmoires relatifs l'exp$ition anglaise p>tie du ,b5gale en #ahjj p\r all] combattre en gypte l'arme d',ori5t4 ,p>is1 #ahbf4 #hvo4 ,,nu,,ez ,,cabeca ,,de ,,vaca 7,,alv>7 ,la relacion que dio ,alv> ,nunez ,cabeca de ,vaca de lo acaescido enlas ,indias enla armada donde yua por g\]nador ,paphilo de ,n>baez4 ,valladolid1 #aedb4 #dto4 ,see ,,smi? 7,,buck+ham74 ,,olaus 7,,magnus7 ,hi/oria de ,g5tium ,sept5trionalium v>iis conditionibus4 ,basile1 #aefg4 ,fol4 ,,osborn 7,,h5ry ,,leslie7 ,obs]vations on ! ,p>asitism ( ,anodonta plana1 etc4 ,zoological ,bullet91 pp4 #cja-caj4 ,new ,york1 #ahih4 ,,ott 7,e4 ,c47 ,! ,ori5tal ,pe>l4 8,macmillan's ,magaz9e10 ,,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #bbi-bcg4 ,london1 ,july1 #ahfa4 ,,ouseley 7,,william71 ,sir ,travels 9 ,v>i\s ,c\ntries ( ! ,ea/2 ,m ,p>ticul>ly ,p]sia1 etc4 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahai-bc4 #dto4 ,,ovi$o ,y ,,valdes 7,,gonzalo ,,f]n&ez ,,de7 ,hi/oria natural y g5]al de las ,indias4 ,tol$o1 #aebf4 ,fol4 ,,pag5/e*] 7,,h]mann ,,alex&]7 ,trematod5l>v5 und ,trematod54 ,helm9?ologis*] ,beitrag4 ,heidelb]g1 #aheg4 ,fol4 ,ueb] ,p]l5bildung4 ,siebold und ,kllik] ,zeits*rift fr wiss5s*aftli*e ,zoologie1 ,,vol4 ,,ix1 pp4 #dif-eje4 ,leipzig1 #aheh4 ,also 9 ,v]h&lung5 des ,naturhi/oris*-m$ic9is*5 ,v]e9s1 pp4 #aeg-aeh4 ,heidelb]g1 #ahei4 ,,palgrave 7,,william ,,gif=d7 ,n>rative ( a ,ye>'s ,j\rney ,?r\gh ,c5tral & ,ea/]n ,arabia 7#ahfb-fc74 ,london1 #ahfe4 #hvo4 ,,panciroli 7,,guido7 ,r]um memorabilium jam olim dep]dit>um4 ,amb]g1 #aeii4 #hvo4 ,,p>azzoli 7,a47 ,la ,pesca nel ,m> ,rosso4 ,bollett9o della ,societ di ,esplorazioni comm]ciali di ,africa1 pp4 #agg-aij4 ,milano1 ,june1 #ahih4 ,,p5field 7,,fr$]ic ,,c\rtl&7 ,! ,lure ( ! ,pe>l4 8,! ,c5tury ,magaz9e10 ,,vol4 ,,lxxiii1 pp4 #fa-gg4 ,new ,york1 ,novemb]1 #aijf4 ,,p5nant 7,,?omas7 ,briti% ,zoology4 #d vols4 ,london1 #agfh-gj4 #hvo4 ,a ,t\r 9 ,scotl& 9 #agfi4 ,*e/]1 #agga4 #hvo4 ,,p]cival 7,,rob]t7 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,isl& ( ,ceylon4 ,london1 #ahjc4 #dto4 ,,p]ez ,y ,,h]n&ez 7,,jos ,,m>ia7 ,e/adi/ica de la ,republica ,mejicana4 ,guadalaj>a1 #ahfb4 #dto4 ,,p]le ,,et ,,algi(> ,tesoro delle ,gioie ,tratto ,curioso1 444 come ,p]le1 ,gemme1 ,auori1 ,unicorni1 ,bezz>i1 ,cocco1 ,malacca1 ,balsami1 ,contrah]ba1 ,mus*io1 ,ambra1 ,zelieto4 ,pad\a1 #afcj4 #abmo4 ,,p]ri] 7,,edmond7 ,,& ,,falco 7,,alphonse7 ,rapports du ,jury ,int]national4 ,classe #ec4--;,eng9s1 in/rum5ts et produits de la p*e4--,aquiculture4 ,p>is1 ,imprim]ie ,nationale1 #aija4 ,fol4 ,,petau ,obs]vations sur les m\les d'tang dans lesquelles on a tr\v des ,p]les4 ,mmoire de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 pp4 #bc-bd4 ,p>is1 #agfi4 ,,pfeiff] 7,,ida ,,laura7 ,e9e ,frau5fahrt um die ,welt4 #c vols4 ,wi51 #ahej4 #hvo4 ,,pfizmai] 7,,augu/7 ,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te d] ,p]l54 ,sitzungsb]i*te d] philosophis*-hi/oris*5 ,klasse d] kais]li*5 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft51 ,,vol4 ,,lvii1 pp4 #fag-fed4 ,wi51 #ahfh4 ,,philo/ratus ,philo/ratorum qu sup]sunt omnia 444 access]e ,apollonii ,tyan5sis ,epi/ol1 ,eusebii lib] adv]sus ,hi]oclem1 ,calli/rati descript4 ,lipsi1 #agji4 ,fol4 ,,plat 7,,hugh71 ,sir ,! ,jewel ,h\se ( ,art & ,nature4444 ,:]eunto is add$ a r>e & excell5t ,disc\rse ( ,m9]als1 ,/ones1 ,gums1 & ,res9s4 ,london1 #afec4 #dto4 ,,pl9ius ,,secundus 7,,caius7 ,c4 ,pl9ii ,naturalis ,hi/oria4 ,d4 ,detlefs5 rec5suit4 #f vols4 ,b]ol9i1 #ahff-hb4 #hvo4 ,! ,hi/orie ( ! ,_w1 ,commonly call$ ! ,naturall ,hi/orie ( ,c4 ,pl9ius ,secundus4 ,translat$ into ,engli% by ,philemon ,holl&1 ,doctor ( ,physick4 #b vols4 ,london1 #afja4 ,fol4 ,,polo 7,,m>co7 ,la ,description gographique des prov9ces et villes plus fameuses de l',inde ,ori5tale4 ,p>is1 #aeef4 #dto4 ,! ,book ( ,s] ,m>co ,polo1 ! ,v5etian1 conc]n+ ! k+doms & m>vels ( ! ,ea/4 ,newly translat$ & edit$1 ) notes1 by ,h4 ,yule4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahga4 #hvo4 ,,port] 7,,rob]t ,,k]71 ,sir ,travels 9 ,georgia1 ,p]sia1 ,arm5ia1 ,anci5t ,babylonia1 444 dur+ ! ,ye>s #ahag1 #ahah1 #ahai & #ahbj4 ,london1 #ahba-bb4 #dto4 ,,p\get 7,,jean ,,h5ri ,,prosp]7 ,trait des ,pi]res prcieuses1 et de la manire de les employ] en p>ure4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #agfb4 #dto4 ,,pratt 7,,*>les ,,/u>t7 ,pe>ls & ,"m-(-pe>l4 8,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly10 ,,vol4 ,,xlix1 pp4 #cij-cih4 ,new ,york1 ,july1 #ahif4 ,,pridham 7,,*>les7 ,an ,hi/orical1 ,political & ,/ati/ical ,acc\nt ( ,ceylon & its ,dep5d5cies4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahdi4 #hvo4 ,,procopius 7,,( ,c,,s>ea7 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,w>res ( ! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian 444 ,writt5 9 ,greek by ,procopius 444 & ,engli%$ by ,h4 ,holcr(t1 ,knight4 ,london1 #afec4 ,fol4 ,,pujol 7,t4 ,f47 ,e/udio ,biolgico sobre la o/ra ,avicula m>g>itif]us4 ,bolet9 de la ,soci$ad ,mexicana de ,geografa y ,e/ad/ica1 ,,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aci-aej4 ,mexico1 #ahei4 ,,pult5ey 7,,ri*>d7 ,a ,g5]al ,view ( ! ,writ+s ( ,l9nu4 ,second edition4 ,london1 #ahje4 #dto4 ,,putnam 7,f4 ,w47 ,notes on ,fi]asf] dubius f ,panama ,pe>l-oy/]s4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,,vol4 ,,xvi1 pp4 #cdc-cdf4 ,bo/on1 #ahgd4 ,,puton 7,,erne/7 ,mollusques t]re/res et fluviales des ,vosges3 ,le ,dp>tem5t des ,vosges1 /ati/ique1 hi/orique1 et adm9i/rative1 p> ,h5ri ,lepaye et ,*4 ,*>ton4 #b vols4 ,nancy1 #ahde4 #hvo4 ,,que5sl& ,,report ,dep>tm5tal ,commission on ,pe>l-%ell & ,b*e-de-m] ,fi%]ies4 ,report1 ,toge!r ,) ! ,m9utes ( ,evid5ce & ,proce$+s ( ! ,commission ,appo9t$ to ,inquire into ! ,g5]al ,work+ ( ! ,laws ,regulat+ ! ,pe>l-%ell & ,b*e-de-m] ,fi%]ies ( ! ,colony4 ,brisbane1 #ahig4 ,fol4 ,,qui,,vreux 7,h471 ,consul de ,france ,la p*e des p]les au ,v5ezuela4 ,revue ,m>itime1 ,,vol4 ,,cxlvi1 pp4 #ddd-ddh4 ,p>is1 ,augu/1 #aijj4 ,,ra9]i 7,,antonio7 ,fior di p5si]i sulle ,pietre ,preziose di ,ahmad ,teifascite4 ,fir5ze1 #ahah4 #hvo4 ,,rau 7,,sebold ,,fulco ,,jan7 ,specim5 ,arabicum1 cont95s descriptionem et exc]pta libri ,a*m$is ,teifas*ii 8,de ,gemmis et ,lapidibus ,pretiosis40 ,trajecti ad ,rh5um1 #aghd4 #dto4 ,r,,aumur 7,,r5 ,,anto9e ,,f]*ault ,,de7 ,sur la ,matire qui colore les ,p]les fausses1 et sur quelques autres ,matires animales d'une semblable c\leur2 l'occasion de quoi on essaye d'expliqu] la =mation des ,ecailles des ,poissons4 ,hi/oire de l',acadmie ,royale des ,sci5ces1 #agaf1 pp4 #bbi-bdd4 ,p>is1 #agaf4 ,obs]vations sur le coquillage appell ,p9ne m>9e ou ,nacre de p]le1 l'occasion dequel on explique la =mation des p]les4 ,mmoires de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 pp4 #agg-aid4 ,p>is1 #agag4 ,betra*tung5 von d] ,seemus*el 7,p9na m>9a71 od] ,p]lmutt] g5annt4 ,knigli*e ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft5 9 ,p>is4 ,breslau1 #agec4 #hvo4 ,,r$d+ 7,,rob]t71 ,sir ,/ructure1 ,color1 etc41 ( ,iri% pe>ls4 ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 ,,vol4 ,,xviii1 p4 #fei1 ,octob] #ac1 #afhh4 ,a ,lett] ,conc]n+ ,pe>l-fi%+ 9 ! ,nor? ( ,irel&4 ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 ,,vol4 ,,xviii1 pp4 #fei-ffc4 ,london1 #afic4 ,,re9aud 7,,joseph ,,t\issa9t7 ,fragm5ts ,arabes et ,p]sans 9dits relatifs l',inde antrieurm5t au xie sicle de l're *rti5ne4 ,p>is1 #ahde4 #hvo4 ,mmoire gographique1 hi/orique et sci5tifique sur l',inde antrieurem5t au milieu du xie sicle de l're *rti5ne d'aprs les criva9s arabes1 p]sans et *9ois4 ,p>is1 #ahdi4 #dto4 ,,r5audot1 ,abb ,anci5t ,acc\nts ( ,india & ,*9a by two ,mohamm$an ,travell]s4 ,london1 #agcc4 #hvo4 ,,ribeiro 7,,jo,o71 ,capitano ,hi/oire de l',isle de ,ceylon 444 traduite du ,portugais p> ,monsr4 l',abb ,le ,gr&4 ,am/]dam1 #agja4 #abmo4 ,hi/ory ( ,ceylon4 ,ceylon1 #ahdg4 #hvo4 ,,rondeletius 7,,gulielmus7 ,univ]s ,aquitilium ,hi/ori ,p>s ,alt]a4 ,lugduni1 #aeed4 ,fol4 ,,ros5b]g 7,h4 ,,von7 ,p]l5fis*]ei auf d5 ,aru-,inseln4 ,na*ri*tsblatt d] ,deuts*5 ,malakozoologis*5 ,gesells*aft1 pp4 #bi-dj4 ,frankfurt1 #ahhd4 ,,rosnel 7,,pi]re ,,de7 ,le ,m]cure ,indi51 ou le ,trsor des ,indes 444 ,seconde p>tie1 dans laquelle e/ traitt des pi]res prci\ses et des p]les1 444 avec un traitt sommaire des autres pi]res mo9s prcieuses4 ,p>is1 #afgb4 #dto4 ,,ro?s*ild 7,m4 ,d47 ,a ,h&-book ( ,preci\s ,/ones4 ,new ,york & ,london1 #ahij4 #abmo4 ,,r\gemont 7,,l\is ,,de7 ,! ,adv5tures ( ,l\is de ,r\gemont1 z ,told by ,himself4 ,philadelphia1 #aijj4 #hvo4 ,,rueus 7,,franciscus7 ,de ,gemmis aliquot1 iis praes]tim qu>um divus ,joannes ,apo/olus 9 sua ,apocalypsi mem9it4 ,p>isiis1 #aedg4 #hvo4 ,,rumph 7,,georg ,,ev]h>d7 ,!saurus imag9um piscium1 te/aceorum1 ut et co*le>um1 acc$unt con*ylia1 con* univalvi et bivalvi d5ique m9]alia4 ,lugduni ,batav>um1 #agaa4 ,fol4 ,,rus*5b]g] 7,,william ,s4 ,w47 ,a ,voyage ,r\nd ! ,_w2 ,includ+ an ,embassy to ,muscat & ,siam4 ,philadelphia1 #ahch4 #hvo4 ,,rzaczynski 7,,gabriel7 ,hi/oria naturalis regni ,poloni1 ,magni ,ducatus ,lituani1 annex>umque prov9ci>um4 ,s&omiri1 #agba4 #dto4 ,,sa9t ,,laur5t 7,,joannon ,,de7 ,description abrge du fameux ,cab9et de ,m4 le ,*evali] de ,baill\1 p\r s]vir l'hi/oire naturelle des pi]res prcieuses1 mtaux1 m9raux1 et autres fossiles4 ,luques1 #agdf4 #dto4 ,,s&ius 7,,*ri/oph]7 ,on ! ,orig9 ( ,pe>ls4 ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 #afgd4 ,no4 #aja1 p4 #aa4 ,london1 #afgd4 ,,sang] 7,j4 ,p471 ,g5]al ,c5sus ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 ,tak5 ,"u ! ,direction ( ! ,philipp9e ,commission 9 #aijc1 ,,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #ecc-ecf4 ,wa%+ton1 #aije4 ,,s*mid 7,,joa*imus7 ,de ,m>g>itis4 ,witteb]g1 #affg4 #hvo4 ,,s*oltz 7,h47 ,s*lesi5's ,l&- und ,ssswass]-,mollusk5 sy/ematis* geordnet und bes*rieb54 ,breslau1 #ahdc4 #hvo4 ,,seeman 7,,b>?old7 ,n>rative ( ! ,voyage ( ,h4 ,m4 ,s4 ,h]ald1 ,dur+ ! ,ye>s #ahde-ea1 ,"u ! ,comm& ( ,capt4 ,h5ry ,kellet4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahec4 #hvo4 ,,septala 7,,ludovico7 ,ludovici ,septalii de ,m>g>itis nup] ad nos allatis1 judicium1 etc4 ,m$iolani1 #afah4 #dto4 ,,s]vantus 7,,clavius7 ,de piscatura m>g>it>um4 ,miscellanea ,curiosa ,m$ico-physica1 p4 #dag4 ,franc(urti1 #afhd4 ,,seurat 7,l4 ,g47 ,l',hutre ,p]lire3 ,nacre et ,p]les4 ,p>is 7#aijj74 #abmo4 ,obs]vations sur l'volution de l',hutre p]lire des ,tuamotu et des ,gambi]4 ,rikitea1 #aijd4 #hvo4 ,! ,pe>l-=m+ ,prop]ties ( ! ,p>asite ,tylocephalum m>g>itif]4 ,comptes ,r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces4 ,p>is1 ,m>* #bf1 #aijf4 ,le ,nacre et la ,p]le en ,ocanie4 ,p*e1 orig9e et mode de =mation des ,p]les4 ,bullet9 du ,muse ,ocangraphique de ,monaco1 ,,no4 ,,lxxv1 ,may #bj1 #aijf4 ,monaco1 #aijf4 #hvo4 ,,%ipley 7,,ar?ur ,e47 ,pe>ls & ,p>asites4 8,! ,qu>t]ly ,review10 ,,vol4 ,,ccii1 pp4 #dhe-dif4 ,london1 #aije4 ,,%ipley 7,,ar?ur ,e47 ,,& ,,hornell 7,,james7 ,! ,p>asites ( ! ,pe>l-oy/]4 ,supplem5t>y ,report1 ,h]dman's ,pe>l ,oy/] ,fi%]ies ( ! ,gulf ( ,mana>1 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,london1 #aijd4 ,fur!r ,report on ,p>asites ,f\nd 9 ,connection ) ! ,pe>l-oy/] ,fi%]y at ,ceylon4 ,h]dman's ,report on ! ,pe>l ,oy/] ,fi%]ies ( ! ,gulf ( ,mana>1 ,,"p ,,iii1 pp4 #di-ef4 ,london1 #aije4 #dto4 ,,%ipp 7,,b>n>d7 ,hi/ory ( ,h]n&o de ,soto & ,florida4 ,philadelphia1 #ahha4 #hvo4 ,,siebold 7,,c>l ,,!odor ,,ern/ ,,von7 ,ueb] die ,p]l5bildung *9esis*] ,ssswass]-mus*eln1 als ,zusatz zu dem vorh]geh5d5 ,aufsatze4 ,siebold und ,kllik]1 ,zeits*rift fr wiss5s*aftli*e ,zoologie1 ,,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #dde-ded4 ,leipzig1 #aheg4 ,die ,ssswass]fis*e von ,mitteleuropa4 ,zeits*rift fr die gesammt5 ,naturwiss5s*aft51 ,,vol4 ,,xxii1 pp4 #dfh-dgg4 ,halle1 #ahfc4 ,,simmonds 7,,pet] ,,lund7 ,on ! ,pe>l1 ,coral1 & ,amb] ,fi%]ies4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 ,,vol4 ,,xviii1 pp4 #agc-bjj4 ,london1 #ahgj4 ,! ,comm]cial ,products ( ! ,sea2 or1 ,m>9e ,contributions to ,food1 ,indu/ry & ,art4 ,london1 #ahgi4 #hvo4 ,,simmonds 7,,vane7 ,fre%-wat] ,pe>ls4 ,*>les ,city1 ,i[a1 #ahii4 #hvo4 ,,simpson 7,,*>les ,,torrey7 ,! ,classification & ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ! ,pe>ly ,fre%-wat] ,mussels4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 ,,vol4 ,,xviii1 pp4 #bie-cdc4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahif4 ,! ,pe>ly ,fre%-wat] ,mussels ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ,_! ,habits1 ,enemies1 & ,diseases1 ) ,sugge/ions = ,_! ,protection4 ,bullet9 ,u4 ,s4 ,fi% ,commission1 ,,vol4 ,,xviii1 pp4 #bgi-bhh4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahii4 ,synopsis ( ! ,naiades1 or ,pe>ly ,fre%-wat] ,mussels4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 ,,vol4 ,,xxii1 pp4 #eja-ajdd4 ,wa%+ton1 #aijj4 ,,smi? 7,,buck+ham7 ,n>ratives ( ! ,c>e] ( ,h]n&o de ,soto 9 ! ,conque/ ( ,florida1 z ,told by a ,knight ( ,elvas & 9 ,relation by ,luys ,h]n&ez de ,bi$ma1 ,factor ( ! ,exp$ition4 ,translat$ by ,buck+ham ,smi?4 ,new ,york1 ,brad=d ,club1 #ahff4 #hvo4 ,,smi? 7,,hugh ,,mccormick7 ,! ,mussel ,fi%]y & ,pe>l-button ,indu/ry ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,bullet9 ,u4 ,s4 ,fi% ,commission1 ,,vol4 ,,xviii1 pp4 #bhi-cad4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahii4 ,,smi? 7,,sidney7 ,l>ge ,pe>l 9 ,unio m>g>itif]us4 8,! ,naturali/10 p4 #acc4 ,london1 #ahff4 ,,som]set 7,,som]s7 ,! ,pe>l ,fi%]y ( ,ceylon4 8,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury10 ,,vol4 ,,ccclxiii1 pp4 #hdc-hea4 ,london1 ,may1 #aijg4 ,,soto 7,,f]d9&o ,,de7 ,! ,discov]y & ,conque/ ( ,t]ra ,florida by ,don4 ,f]d9&o de ,soto & ,six ,hundr$ ,spani>ds 8 ,foll[]s4 ,writt5 by a ,g5tleman ( ,elvas4 ,london1 ,hakluyt ,society1 #ahea4 #hvo4 ,,s\beyran 7,j4 ,l,,on7 ,,& ,,delondre 7,,aug47 ,de la p*]ie d',hutres p]lires de ,t9nevelly et de la culture artificielle des ,hutres p]lires de la mme localit4 ,bullet9 de la ,socit d',acclimatation1 ,,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #cih-dae4 ,p>is1 #ahfg4 ,,s\r,,ndro ,,mohun ,,tagore ,mani-ml1 or a ,treatise on ,gems4 #b vols4 ,calcutta1 #ahha4 #hvo4 ,,sprat 7,,?omas7 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london = ! ,improvem5t ( ,natural ,k4 ,london1 #affg4 #dto4 ,,squi] 7,,ephraim ,,george7 ,obs]vations on ! ,aborig9al ,monum5ts ( ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,e?nological ,association1 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,new ,york1 #ahdg4 ,nic>agua3 its p1 sc5]y1 monum5ts1 etc4 #b vols4 ,new ,york1 #aheb4 #hvo4 ,,squi] 7,e4 ,g47 ,,& ,,davis 7,e4 ,h47 ,anci5t ,monum5ts ( ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,smi?sonian ,contributions to ,k1 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahdh4 #dto4 ,,/e>ns 7,,rob]t ,,edw>d ,,c>t]7 ,on ,c]ta9 ,p>asites1 ,comm5sals1 & ,domicili>es 9 ! ,pe>l-oy/]s1 ,meleagr94 ,report ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution = #ahhf1 pp4 #cci-cdd4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahhg4 ,,/eu>t 7,,james7 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,pe>l ,fi%]ies ( ,ceylon1 ) an ,app5dix4 ,ceylon1 #ahdc4 #dto4 ,notes on ,ceylon4444 ,to ,:i* are ,add$ ,"s ,obs]vations 444 on ! ,pe>l ,fi%]y4 ,london1 #ahfb4 #hvo4 ,,/reet] 7,,edw9 ,,william7 ,preci\s ,/ones & ,gems1 ,_! ,hi/ory & ,di/+ui%+ ,*>act]i/ics4 ,london1 #ahgg4 #hvo4 ,pe>ls & ,pe>l+ ,life4 ,london1 #ahff1 #hvo1 pp4 xvi1 #cbi4 ,,sweet 7,,frank ,h47 ,pe>l ,seek+4 8,lipp9cott's ,magaz9e10 ,,vol4 ,,lxi1 pp4 #cge-cgh4 ,philadelphia1 ,m>*1 #ahih4 ,t4 7,w47 ,exp]im5ts on ! ,gr[? ( ,pe>ls1 ) obs]vations on _! /ructure & color4 ,ed9burgh ,philosophical ,j\rnal1 ,,vol4 ,,xi1 pp4 #ci-de1 ,july1 #ahbd4 ,,tass9 7,,wirt7 ,descriptive ,catalogue ( ! ,collections ( ,gems 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum4 ,report ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum = #aijj1 pp4 #dgc-fgj4 ,wa%+ton1 #aijb4 ,,taunton 7,,h5ry7 ,au/ral9d3 ,w&]+s 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia & ! ,malay ,ea/4 ,london1 #aijc4 #hvo4 ,,tav]ni] 7,,jean ,,bapti/e7 ,les ,six ,voyages de ,j4 ,b4 ,tav]ni] en ,turquie1 en ,p]se et aux ,indes4 ,p>is1 #afgf4 #dto4 ,travels 9 ,india1 #afdj-affg4444 ,translat$ f ! orig9al ,fr5* edition ( #afgf1 ) a biographical sket* 444 by ,v4 ,ball4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahhi4 #hvo4 ,,taylor 7,w4 ,h47 ,taylor's ,subm>9e ,pe>l ,fi%+ ,company4 ,new ,york1 #ahdh4 #hvo4 ,,teixeira 7,,p$ro7 ,! ,travels ( ,p$ro ,teixeira2 ) 8 8,k+s ( ,hormuz0 7#afjh7 & ,extracts f 8 8,k+s ( ,p]sia40 ,london1 ,hakluyt ,society1 #aijb4 #hvo4 ,,t5ebre 7,,jehan7 ,la p*e des p]les4 ,a ,trav]s le ,monde1 pp4 #bcb-bcd4 ,p>is1 #aije4 ,,t5n5t 7,,james ,,em]son71 ,sir ,ceylon3 an ,acc\nt ( ! ,isl&4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahei4 #hvo4 ,,!ophra/us ,!ophra/us's ,hi/ory ( ,/ones1 ,) ! ,greek ,text & an ,engli% ,v]sion1 & ,notes ,critical & ,philosophical1 ,includ+ ! ,mod]n ,hi/ory ( ,gems1 ,describ$ by t ,au?or1 by ,john ,hill4 ,london1 #agdf4 #hvo4 ,!ophra/us von d5 ,/e951 aus dem ,grie*is*54 7,by ,a4 ,h4 ,baumgrtn]47 ,nurnb]g1 #aggj4 #hvo4 ,,?omas 7,,h5ry ,,sullivan7 ,a ,report on ,pe>l ,fi%]ies & ,*ank ,fi%]ies ( ,tuticor91 #ahhd4 ,madras1 #ahhd4 ,fol4 ,! ,pe>l-oy/] ( ! ,gulf ( ,mana>4 ,madras ,j\rnal ( ,lit]ature & ,sci5ce1 pp4 #hi-aae4 ,madras1 #ahhg4 ,,?ompson 7,,l9dsay ,g47 ,hi/ory ( ! ,fi%]ies ( ,new ,s\? ,wales2 ) a ,sket* ( ! ,laws by ,:i* ,!y ,h ,be5 ,regulat$4 ,sydney1 #ahic4 #hvo4 ,,?urm 7,,ev]>d ,,im7 ,sket* ( ! ,ceylon ,pe>l ,fi%]y ( #aijc4 ,spolia ,zeylonica1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ef-fe4 ,colombo1 #aijd4 ,,?ur/on 7,,edg>7 ,notes on ! ,pe>l & ,*ank ,fi%]ies & ,m>9e ,fauna ( ! ,gulf ( ,mana>4 ,madras1 #ahij4 #hvo4 ,pe>l & ,*ank ,fi%]ies ( ! ,gulf ( ,mana>4 ,madras ,gov]nm5t ,museum1 ,bullet9 ,,no4 ,i1 ,madras1 #ahid4 #hvo4 ,,tiffany ,,co4 ,collection ( ,pe>ls & ! ,%ells 9 ,:i* ,!y ,are ,f\nd 9 ! ,brooks1 ,riv]s1 ,lakes & on ! ,coa/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,u4 ,s4 ,section ,palais des =ts1 *asse et p*e4 ,expositione ,univ]selle1 ,p>is1 #aijj4 ,new ,york1 #aijj4 #hvo4 ,,tollius 7,,adrianus7 ,gemm>ium et ,lapidum ,hi/oria4 ,rec5suit 444 ,adrianus ,tollius4 ,lugduni ,batavorum1 #afcf4 #hvo4 ,,tollius 7,,jacobus7 ,epi/ol it9]>i1 ex auctoris s*$is po/umis rec5sit1 supplet et dige/2 annotationibus et figuris adornat1 cura et /udio4 ,am/eldami1 #agjj4 #dto4 ,,t[ns5d 7,,*>les ,,hask9s7 ,report ,^u ! ,pe>l ,fi%]y ( ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia4 ,bullet9 ,u4 ,s4 ,fi% ,commission1 ,,vol4 ,,ix1 pp4 #ia-id4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahia4 ,,tullb]g 7,,ty*o7 ,/udi5 b] d5 ,bau und das ,wa*/hum des ,humm]panz]s und d] ,mollusk5s*al54 ,kongliga ,sv5ska ,vet5skaps-,akademi5s ,h&l+>1 ,,vol4 ,,xix1 ,no4 #c1 pp4 #a-eg4 ,/ockholm1 #ahhb4 ,,twynam 7,,william ,c47 ,report on ! ,pe>l ,fi%]y ( #ahgg4 ,sessional ,pap]s4 ,colombo1 #ahgg4 ,fol4 ,report on ! ,pe>l ,fi%]y ( #ahgi4 ,sessional ,pap]s4 ,colombo1 #ahgi4 ,fol4 ,report on ! ,pe>l ,fi%]y ( #ahhj4 ,sessional ,pap]s4 ,colombo1 #ahhj4 ,fol4 ,report on ! ,pe>l ,fi%]y ( #ahha4 ,sessional ,pap]s4 ,colombo1 #ahha4 ,fol4 ,report on ! ,pe>l ,fi%]y held at ,m>i**ikkaddi dur+ #ahij4 ,sessional ,pap]s4 ,colombo1 #ahij4 ,fol4 ,report on ! ,pe>l ,fi%]y ( #ahia4 ,sessional ,pap]s4 ,colombo1 #ahia4 ,fol4 ,report on ! ,ceylon ,pe>l ,fi%]ies4 ,sessional ,pap]s4 ,ceylon1 #ahii4 ,fol4 ,report on ! ,ceylon ,pe>l ,fi%]ies4 ,sessional ,pap]s4 ,colombo1 #aijj4 ,fol4 ,,twynam 7,,william ,c47 ,,& ,,donnan 7,,james7 ,reports by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,fi%]y & ! ,inspector ( ! ,pe>l ,banks1 #ahhg4 ,sessional ,pap]s4 ,colombo1 #ahhg4 ,fol4 ,,ulloa 7,,antonio ,,de71 ,admiral ,relacin hi/rica del viage la ,amrica m]idional4 #e vols4 ,madrid1 #agdh4 #dto4 ,,ungewitt] 7,,fri$ri* ,h47 ,ges*i*te des ,h&els1 d] ,indu/rie und ,s*ifffahrt von d5 lte/5 ,zeit5 an bis auf die ,geg5w>t4 ,leipzig und ,meiss5 7#ahdd74 #hvo4 ,,vane 7,,george7 ,ceylon ,pe>l ,fi%]ies4 ,report to ,gov]nor ,sir ,h5ry ,w>d1 ,febru>y #bh1 #ahfc4 ,ceylon1 #ahfc4 ,! ,pe>l ,fi%]ies ( ,ceylon4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,ceylon ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ,,vol4 ,x1 ,no4 #cd1 pp4 #ad-cb4 ,colombo1 #ahhh4 ,,vasco ,,da ,,gama ,! ,?ree ,voyages ( ,vasco da ,gama4 ,london1 ,hakluyt ,society1 #ahfi4 #hvo4 ,,vaughan 7,,rice7 ,a ,disc\rse ( ,co9 & ,co9age 444 z also ,tables ( ! ,value ( ,all ,sorts ( ,pe>ls1 ,diamonds1 ,gold1 ,silv]1 & ,o!r ,metals4 ,london1 #afge4 #abmo4 ,,vega 7,,g>cilasso ,,de ,,la7 ,hi/oria de la ,florida4 #d vols4 ,madrid1 #ahjc4 #bdmo4 ,,v5egas 7,,miguel7 ,a ,natural & ,civil ,hi/ory ( ,cali=nia ,conta9+ an ,accurate ,description ( ,t ,c\ntry4 #b vols4 ,london1 #agei4 #hvo4 ,,v5ette 7,,ni*olas7 ,trait des ,pi]res qui s'eng5dr5t dans les t]res et dans les animaux1 o l'on p>le des causes qui les =m5t dans les hommes4 ,am/]dam1 #agja4 #abmo4 ,,v]e 7,,s*ele ,,de7 ,jewels ( ! ,deep3 ,pe>ls4 8,putnam's ,magaz9e10 ,,vol4 ,,xi1 pp4 #bgh-bhh4 ,new ,york1 ,m>*1 #ahfh4 ,,v]natti 7,,philib]to71 ,sir ,pe>l-div]s 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ,_! ,"t ,"u ,wat]4 ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 = #affi1 ,no4 #dc1 p4 #hfc4 ,,villa 7,,antonio7 ,sull' orig9e delle p]le e sulla possibilita di produrle artificialm5te4 ,atti del ,at5eo ,milano1 ,,vol4 ,,xv1 #ahei-fj4 pp4 #afe-agc4 ,il ,politecnico1 ,,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #efh-ehd4 ,milano1 #ahfj4 ,des ,p]les2 de leur orig9e et de leur production artificielle4 ,traduit de l',itali5 p> ,timo?e ,c\tet4 ,p>is1 #ahfc4 #abmo4 ,,v9c5t 7,,william7 ,! ,comm]ce & ,navigation ( ! ,anci5ts 9 ! ,indian ,ocean4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahjg4 #dto4 ,w4 7,s47 ,recollections ( ,ceylon3 its ,=e/s & its ,pe>l ,fi%]y4 8,fras]'s ,magaz9e10 ,,vol4 ,,lxii1 pp4 #gec-gfg4 ,london1 ,decemb]1 #ahfj4 ,,wa%burn 7,,h[>d ,e47 ,am]ican ,pe>ls4 ,ann ,arbor1 ,mi*41 #hvo1 #dh pages1 pap]1 #e plates4 ,,watk9s 7,m4 ,g47 ,scot* ,pe>ls & ,pe>l ,hunt+4 8,g5tleman's ,magaz9e10 ,,vol4 ,,cclxxx1 pp4 #fbf-fbi4 ,london1 ,june1 #ahif4 ,,watts 7,,mrs4 ,,philip7 ,a ,visit to ! ,ceylon ,pe>l ,fi%]ies4 8,! ,graphic10 ,,vol4 ,,lxxi1 pp4 #ehc-eig4 ,london1 ,may #bj1 #aije4 ,,web] 7,m47 ,om ,p]l] og ,p]lefisk]i]ne4 ,norske ,fisk]itid5de1 pp4 #beb-bfc4 ,b]g51 ,octob]1 #ahhf4 #hvo4 ,a translation 9 ,engli% by ,h]man ,jacobson is giv5 9 ,bullet9 ,u4 ,s4 ,fi% ,commission1 ,,vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #cba-cbh4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahhf4 ,,well/$ 7,,james ,,raymond7 ,travels 9 ,arabia4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahch4 #hvo4 ,travels to ! ,city ( ! ,caliphs ,along ! ,%ores ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf & ! ,m$it]ranean4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahdj4 #hvo4 ,,we/]lund 7,,c>l ,,ag>dh7 ,fauna ,molluscorum t]re/rium et fluriatilium ,sveci1 ,norvegi et ,dani4 #b vols4 ,/ockholm1 #ahga-gc4 #hvo4 ,,we/ropp 7,,hodd] ,m47 ,a ,manual ( ,preci\s ,/ones & ,antique ,gems4 ,london1 #ahgd4 #hvo4 ,,:igham 7,h4 ,j47 ,! ,p]sian ,problem4 ,london1 #aijc4 #hvo4 ,,:itm>% 7,,hub]t ,,phelps7 ,fi%+ = ,pe>ls 9 ,au/ralia4 8,! ,c5tury ,magaz9e10 ,,vol4 ,,xxi1 pp4 #ije-iaa4 ,new ,york1 ,april1 #ahib4 ,pe>l-div+ & ,its ,p]ils4 8,! ,cosmopolitan10 ,,vol4 ,,xviii1 pp4 #efd-egb4 ,new ,york1 ,m>*1 #ahie4 ,! ,_w's ,r\gh ,h&3 ,toil & ,adv5ture at ! ,antipodes4 ,new ,york1 #ahii4 #abmo4 ,work+ ,"u ,wat]3 ! ,/ory ( an ,amateur ,pe>l ,fi%]4 8,! ,outlook10 ,,vol4 ,,lxi1 pp4 #abd-abi4 ,new ,york1 ,janu>y #ad1 #ahii4 ,,williams 7,,*>les7 ,silv]%ell2 or ! ,adv5tures ( an ,oy/]4 ,london1 #ahef4 #hvo4 ,,wilson 7,d471 ,colonel ,pe>l ,fi%]ies 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,geographic ,society ( ,london1 ,,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #bhc-bhf4 ,london1 #ahcd4 ,,wohlb]$t 7,o47 ,na*trag zur ,mollusk5fauna des ,knigrei*es ,sa*s54 ,na*ri*tsblatt d] deuts*5 ,malakozoologis*5 ,gesells*aft1 pp4 #ig-ajd4 ,frankfurt1 #ahii4 ,,wolf 7,,johann ,,*ri/oph7 ,reise na* ,zeilan4 ,neb/ e9em ,b]i*te von d] hollndis*5 ,regi]ung zu ,jaffanapatnam4 #b vols4 ,b]l9 und ,/ett91 #aghb-hd4 #hvo4 ,,woodw>d 7,,h5ry7 ,p>asitical ,animals 9 ,meleagr9a m>g>itif]a ( ,au/ralia4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,zoological ,society ( ,london1 #ahhf1 pp4 #agf-agg4 ,,zimm]n 7,,hel57 ,/ories 9 ,preci\s ,/ones4 ,london1 #ahgc4 #hvo4 ,,zwem] 7,s4 ,m47 ,arabia3 ! ,cradle ( ,islam4 ,new ,york1 #aijj4 #hvo4 ,,index ,,index ,abalone pe>ls1 #ee1 #gh1 #adh1 #bhj1 #bia1 #cea1 #dad ,abbas ! ,great1 #dee ,abdul-,aziz1 #dba ,ab]de5%ire1 ,scotl&1 #afd1 #aff ,aborig9al use ( pe>ls1 #dhe-eac ,abortive ova !ory1 #db ,abraham & ,s>ah1 #g ,accid5ts to div]s1 #aag1 #ach1 #add1 #aig1 #bjc1 #bjh1 #bdg1 #bdi ,acid /a9s1 #cgf ,aco/a1 ,jos de1 #bcb ,ad51 ,arabia1 #cg1 #adb ,ad51 ,gulf (1 #hj1 #adj ,adirondack1 ,new ,york1 #bff ,ad\r ,riv]1 ,france1 #aga ,adrian1 ,pope1 #cac ,africa1 #fe1 #adj1 #aec-aef ,age ( mollusks1 #gd1 #ajh1 #aga ,ago ,bay1 ,japan1 #bib ,aitk51 ,e4 ,h41 #acc ,alabama1 #dib1 #dic ,alasmodon arcuata1 #gc m>g>itif]a1 #bha ,alb]tus ,magnus1 #caa ,alex&] ! ,great1 #cai ,alex&] ,,vi1 #bd ,alex&] ,sev]us1 #aj ,alex&ra1 ,que51 #afe1 #dah 7plate71 #dch ,alex&ria1 #cbj ,alex&ria %ell1 #fi ,alfonso ,x1 #caa ,alfr$ ! ,great1 #dad ,algonqu9 ,indians1 #dhf ,am]ica1 #bbe-bhb1 #bid ,am]ica1 ,prehi/oric1 #bc1 #dhe-eab ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 #bff1 #dfg ,am/]dam1 ,diamond ,m]*ants (1 #cbe ,anania ( ,%iraz1 #cbi ,anci5ts1 ,pe>ls among !1 #c-ab ,anglesey1 ,m>quis (1 #dgi ,ang\lme1 ,du*ess (1 #agj ,anhalt ,dessau1 ,du*ess (1 #dgf ,anj\1 ,duke (1 #dbe ,annan ,riv]1 ,scotl&1 #afd ,anne de ,bretagne1 #dcf ,anne de ,france1 ,du*ess1 #dce ,anodonta cygnea1 #db1 #afh ,antw]p1 ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce (1 #cbg ,app>atus ( capture1 #aff1 #aha1 #bfh-bgj4 ,see ,dr$ges1 ,scaph&]s4 ,apple ,riv]1 ,wiscons91 #bfb ,aqualia jewels1 #dgi ,aqua p]lata1 #caa ,ar*angel1 ,russia1 #aha1 #ahd ,areca-nut1 #caj ,are?usa necklace1 #dje ,ari/otle1 #ie ,arizona1 #eaj ,arkansas1 #bei1 #bfc1 #bfd1 #bgj1 #bgf1 #cfa ,arkansas ,riv]1 #bfc1 #bfd ,arl+ton1 ,t5n41 #bfc ,arnobio1 ,cle&ro1 #cdd ,arnold1 ,sir ,edw91 #da1 #he ,ar?urian leg5ds1 #cjd ,artificial pe>ls1 #da1 #bhe-bic ,aru ,isl&s1 #bjf1 #bbj ,a%burnham missal1 #ag ,assyria1 ,pe>ls 91 #f1 #djd ,atax ypsilophorus1 #dc ,a?>vav$a1 #d1 #cja ,a!ns ,national ,museum1 #dje ,atwat]1 ,caleb1 #ejj ,auction ( oy/]s1 #abj ,auction ( pe>ls1 #dgj-dgb1 #dgg-dha ,augsburg1 ,g]many1 #cbj ,au/ralia1 #cj1 #eh1 #fe1 #fh1 #aii-bab1 #bia1 #bid1 #dff ,au/ria1 ,fi%]ies (1 #agh-agi ,au/rian ,s*atzkamm]1 #dgb-dgd ,awabi4 ,see ,abalone4 ,aztecs1 ,pe>ls among !1 #bc ,bacon1 ,francis1 #cac ,bad51 ,g]many1 #agg ,baeg]t1 ,jacob1 #bdd ,bagdad1 #hh1 #ih1 #cce1 #daa ,bagge1 ,j4 ,p41 #bhg ,bahama ,isl&s1 #bgh ,bahre9 ,isl&s1 #he1 #hh-ij ,balapur1 ,india1 #acc ,baldknob1 ,arkansas1 #bgf ,b&a1 #bba ,banks1 ,edg> ,j41 #e ,bann ,riv]1 ,irel&1 #afe ,bantam ,lake1 ,conn41 #bff ,bap/ pe>ls1 #dfe ,b>bot1 ,*>les1 #ccg1 #cij ,b>oda1 ,gaikw> (1 #dfj ,b>oque pe>ls1 #cj1 #ca1 #ei1 #bfe1 #bgb1 #cec1 #cei1 #dfd1 #dge1 #dgf ,b>oque pe>ls1 ,values (1 #ccg1 #cdj1 #cdc1 #cee ,b>!ma1 ,lodovico1 #hf ,base 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,empress ( ,mexico1 #cig1 #dgf ,c>ol9e ,augu/a1 ,empress1 #dgd ,c>ol9e1 ,que51 #bi ,c>pets embroid]$ ) pe>ls1 #daa ,c>?age1 ,t5n41 #bfc1 #bgf ,c>upano1 ,v5ezuela1 #bcd ,cassis madagasc>5sis1 #cea1 #ced ,ca/ellani1 ,alex&ro1 #ahe ,ca/ellani1 ,augu/o1 #dfh ,ca?>9e de' ,m$ici1 #bd1 #dce1 #dec ,ca?>9e ( ,russia1 #ahd ,cavvadias1 ,m4 ,p41 #dje ,c]am1 #bba ,ceylon1 #d1 #bi1 #ca1 #de1 #fj1 #ha1 #hg1 #ii-abh1 #bic1 #cdc-cdg1 #chc ,ceylon ,company ( ,pe>l ,fi%]s1 #aaj1 #abe1 #abg ,*ank1 #gh ,*>d91 ,jean1 #id ,*>5te ,riv]1 ,france1 #aga ,*>lemagne1 #af1 #dgb1 #dge ,*>les ,i ( ,engl&1 #dca1 #def ,*>les ,,ii ( ,spa91 #deb ,*>les ,,iv1 ,cr[n (1 #daf ,*>les ,v1 ,buckle (1 #bd ,*>les ,,vi ( ,france1 #cac ,*>les ! ,bold1 #ba ,*>les ! ,bold's jewel1 #dej ,*>lotte1 ,que51 #bi ,*auveton1 ,urba91 #ch1 #bcb ,*e-kiang1 ,*9a1 #bhh ,*esapeake ,bay1 #bfg ,*icago1 ,ill41 #bge1 #dii1 #ejj ,*icot1 #eh1 #cec ,*illico!1 ,ohio1 #dia1 #ejj1 #ejf ,*9a1 #d1 #e1 #ai1 #ade-adf1 #bhe1 #bhh1 #cjb1 #dac ,*9ese pe>l ornam5ts1 #dac ,*ri/1 #g1 #cjd ,*ri/ie's ,auction ,h\se1 #dgg-dha ,*ung-kwan-o1 ,*9a1 #bij ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re1 #dfh ,clam pe>l4 ,see ,v5us1 #cea1 #dhf ,clean+ pe>ls1 #cge1 #cgg1 #cgh1 #cif 8,cleanness10 ! poem1 #ba ,cleopatra1 #aj1 #ee1 #cad1 #cae1 #djg1 #ddi ,cl9* ,riv]1 ,t5n41 #bfc ,cl9ton1 ,t5n41 #bfc1 #bgf ,clodius1 #cae ,co*e ,isl&1 ,v5ezuela1 #bca1 #bcc ,cockburn1 ,lady ,augu/a ,anne1 #dgi ,cocoanut pe>ls1 #gh1 #cea ,c(aciqui1 #bec1 #bed1 #beg1 #bfg ,co9s1 anci5t1 #djd1 #dej ,coll>1 ,pe>l1 #ddd ,colombia1 #bcc1 #bci1 #bhb ,colombo1 #ceg ,color ( pe>ls1 #fj1 #fa1 #ig1 #abd1 #aff1 #ahd1 #bba1 #bda1 #bfa1 #bfg1 #bgc1 #cba1 #cea1 #ced1 #cei1 #cfb1 #dfg ,colorado ,riv]1 #bfa ,columbus1 ,*ri/oph]1 #bc1 #bbe1 #bbf1 #bbh1 #cba ,columbus1 ,diego1 #bbi ,columbus1 ,ohio1 #ejj ,comm]ce 9 pe>ls1 #cai-cba ,commission des ,in/rum5ts et ,travaux1 #cbf ,comp>ette1 ,f4 ,l\is1 #djh ,compigne1 ,france1 #dca ,composition ( pe>ls1 #eb1 #cad ,comyn1 ,tomas de1 #bac ,con* pe>ls1 #ee1 #gg1 #bgh1 #bgi1 #cea1 #cfa1 #dfd ,con*iol91 #dd1 #ea1 #fa ,cone-%ap$ pe>ls1 #ceb ,cong>ee ,riv]1 #dib ,connecticut1 #bff ,connem>a1 ,irel&1 #afe ,con/ant9ople1 #ae1 #cbj ,conway ,riv]1 ,wales1 #cg1 #afj1 #afa1 #afh ,cop5hag51 #dgf ,coque de p]le1 #ei1 #cea ,coral1 #dab ,cord9]1 ,james1 #ajd1 #aaf1 #chb ,cordoba1 ,m>ia ,f]n&ez de1 #dcc ,coronation orb1 ,engli%1 #dah ,corts1 ,h]n&o1 #bda ,corv9us1 ,cross (1 #dbc ,cossack1 ,au/ralia1 #bje1 #dff ,co/a ,rica1 #bci1 #bhb ,coxe1 ,daniel1 #beh1 #bfc ,cracks 9 pe>ls1 #bga1 #cba1 #cha ,crawfurd1 ,john1 #bac ,cresson1 ,h4 ,t41 #eja ,crosses ( pe>ls1 #ddd ,cr[foot drag1 #bfi ,cr[ns1 #ae1 #bd1 #dad-dbj1 #dee1 #dgb-dge ,cr[n jewels ( ,france1 #ef1 #dfa1 #dfh-dgb ,crusades1 #ai1 #cbj ,cry/all9e pe>ls1 #ed1 #ee1 #cea ,cubagua ,isl&1 ,v5ezuela1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bca1 #bcc ,cul91 ,/ew>t1 #dad ,cult*+1 #bid ,culture pe>ls1 #da1 #ge1 #adh1 #bhh-bic ,cumana1 ,v5ezuela1 #bbh1 #bcc1 #bcd ,cumb]l& ,riv]1 #bfc1 #did ,cupid & ,psy*e1 #cjg ,curtis1 ,william ,e41 #bhb ,cuzco1 ,ca!dral (1 #dcb ,cyl9drical pe>ls1 #ef1 #cec ,cz>9a ( ,russia1 ,frontispiece ,cz>9a ( ,russia1 ,daught]s ( !1 #ddb ,dahlak ,isl&s1 #adb ,danube ,riv]1 #ah1 #aga1 #agg1 #agi ,d>k ,ages1 #ag1 #ba1 #cbj1 #dba ,dav5port1 ,*>les ,b41 #bib ,davis1 ,edw9 ,h41 #dhe1 #dhi1 #dih ,dea? ( pe>ls1 #cig1 #cii ,deb5ham ,/orr1 #dha ,dee ,riv]1 ,scotl&1 #afd ,d5m>k1 #agi1 #eab ,d5nis1 ,james ,t41 #f ,d5nys1 ,n4 ,b41 #big ,d5ton1 ,%]man ,f41 #bff ,depletion ( pe>l b$s1 #ca1 #ajf1 #acb1 #adh1 #afd1 #afi1 #age1 #ahj1 #bjf1 #bcc1 #bfa1 #bgg1 #bid ,dew-drop orig9 ( pe>ls1 #cf-ci1 #fj ,diamonds1 #ba1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 #gi1 #bei1 #cba1 #ccj1 #ccd1 #cfi1 #cga1 #cib1 #djc1 #dab1 #dci1 #ddb ,diane de ,poiti]s1 #dcf ,diaz1 ,c>m5 ,rom]o ,rubio de1 #dda ,di$]i*s51 #dgf ,diem]broeck1 #id ,dieseldorf1 ,e4 ,p41 #eaa ,dieulafait1 ,l\is1 #ccg ,d+l+]1 ,j4 ,m41 #dge ,dipsas plicatus1 #ge1 #adf1 #bhh ,di/omum duplicatum1 #db m>g>it>um1 #dc somat]i1 #dc ,div]s1 ,*>act]i/ics (1 #ia1 #ic1 #aac1 #aca1 #acd1 #acg1 #adc1 #adi1 #aid1 #bjg1 #bag1 #bch1 #bdf ,div+-bell1 #bci1 #bde1 #bdg ,div+1 ,limit (1 #ic1 #id-if1 #aie1 #bjh1 #bai1 #bdi ,div+1 ,me?od (1 #ib1 #aad1 #abh1 #acb1 #ach1 #adb1 #adf1 #aid1 #bja-bjc1 #bjg1 #bai1 #bcj1 #bcf1 #bdf1 #bdi ,div+-/ones1 #ib ,dixon wa%+ ma*9e1 #abc1 #abe ,dog-too? pe>ls1 #ceb1 #cfj ,donnan1 ,james1 #ic ,don ,riv]1 ,scotl&1 #afc1 #afd ,doon ,riv]1 ,scotl&1 #afc1 #afd ,d\ble pe>ls1 #eg1 #cec ,dragon & pe>l1 #cjb ,drags51 ,alfr$1 #dgf ,dr$g+ = pe>l-oy/]s1 #aae1 #adf1 #bah1 #bca1 #bcd ,dreh]1 ,julius ,d41 #aif ,dresd51 ,g]many1 #dge ,drill+ pe>ls1 #cgh-che1 #dgg1 #dib1 #dif ,dr9k+ dissolv$ pe>ls1 #cad ,drop-%ap$ pe>ls1 #ceb ,druggi/s' pe>ls1 #ge ,dubl9 ,museum1 #dbd1 #dbe ,dubois1 ,raphael1 #dc1 #dd1 #ee1 #ga ,dubosq1 ,augu/us1 #cij ,dubosq1 ,h5ry1 #cij ,dubuque1 ,i[a1 #eaj ,dudley1 ,lady1 #dgi ,dur&1 ,l4 ,e41 #hh ,du/-pe>ls1 #ef1 #ceb1 #dde ,durability ( pe>ls1 #cie-cih ,dut* ,indies1 #bjb1 #bbj ,dye+ pe>ls1 #cgg ,e>n ,riv]1 ,scotl&1 #afd ,e>-pi]c+1 #djg ,e>r+s1 #djc1 #djd1 #djg-daj1 #ddd ,ea/ ,africa1 ,fi%]ies (1 #aec-aef ,ea/ ,african ,pe>l ,company1 #aed ,ea/ ,indian pe>l jewelry1 #dab ,eb]t1 ,frank ,m41 #bfg ,ecclesia/ical ornam5ts1 #af1 #ag1 #afj1 #dba-dbd1 #ddd ,e*t]na*] ,codex1 #dba ,ecuador1 #bhb ,edgcumbe1 ,sir ,rob]t1 #aec1 #aee ,edibility ( pe>l mollusks1 #ff1 #aga1 #baj1 #bej1 #bhj1 #did ,edw>d ,,vi ( ,engl&1 #dee ,edw>d ,,vii ( ,engl&1 #dch ,edw>d1 ! ,black ,pr9ce1 #dag ,effigy m\nd1 #ejb1 #ejd1 #eje ,egb]t1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,treves1 #dba ,egg-%ap$ pe>ls1 #ef1 #bdj1 #ceb1 #dgj ,egypt1 ,pe>ls 9 anci5t1 #f1 #djc #djc-djd ,eldorado explor]s1 #beb ,elg91 ,"l1 #abf ,eligius or ,/4 ,eloi1 #af ,elizabe? ( ,engl&1 #bd1 #dec1 #ded ,elizabe? ( ,russia1 #ahb1 #ahc ,el ,katif1 #deg ,el/] ,riv]1 ,saxony1 #agc ,emanuel1 ,h>ry1 #ccg1 #cdj ,emb$d$ pe>ls1 #eg1 #cec1 #cgf ,em]alds1 #ccj1 #cgb1 #dab1 #dci ,em]son1 ,ralph ,waldo1 #ade ,empress ,d[ag] ( ,*9a1 #dca 7plate7 ,enri*+ a dr9k ) pe>ls1 #cad ,entrecolles1 ,f4 ,x4 de1 #bhe1 #bhf ,eo1 ,wilhelmus1 #cdh ,espirit ,santo ,isl&1 ,mexico1 #bdh1 #bic ,e/]hzy1 ,c\nt ,maurice1 #dcd ,e/]hzy1 ,pr9ce ,ni*olas1 #dcd1 #dha ,e/honia1 ,russia1 #ahb1 #ahc ,et[ah ,riv]1 ,georgia1 #bfg ,eugnie1 ,empress1 #cj1 #afd1 #bfj1 #cjg1 #cee1 #cie1 #dga ,europe1 ,fi%]ies (1 #afh-ahe ,european pe>l-be>+ mollusks1 #ge1 #afj1 #afd1 #agj1 #ahd ,fabricius1 ,dionysius1 #ahb ,fake pe>ls1 #cfa ,falco1 ,alphonse1 #dfh ,f>san ,isl&s1 ,r$ ,sea1 #adb ,fa%ion = pe>ls1 #ba1 #cj1 #ca1 #cbi1 #ced1 #dci1 #ddj ,f]becq1 #dge ,f]guson1 ,a4 ,m41 #aag ,f]ranz1 ,iv5s1 #aec ,f]tility ( pe>l mollusks1 #fg1 #gd ,feu*twang]1 ,lewis1 #ccf ,fev]1 ,pe>l hunt+1 #bgf ,fewkes1 ,j4 ,walt]1 #eaj ,field ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 #dii1 #eja1 #ejc ,filippi1 ,filippo de1 #db ,f9dhorn ,riv]1 ,scotl&1 #afd ,f9l&1 ,russia1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #bij ,f9ot1 ,l\is1 #ccd ,fi%]m51 ,*>act]i/ics (1 #ia1 #bfh1 #bge4 ,see ,div]s4 ,fi%]m51 ,total numb] (1 #hj ,fi%+ boats1 #aab1 #aac1 #acf1 #ada ,flavor ( pe>ls1 #cac1 #cae ,fl9t ,riv]1 ,georgia1 #bfh ,flor5ce1 ,italy1 #bd1 #djg ,florida1 #beg1 #bfb1 #bfh1 #bgh1 #dic ,foix1 ,franoise de1 #dcf ,fontan$a1 ,h]n&o1 #bef1 #beg ,=ms ( pe>ls1 #ee-fj1 #cea-ced ,france1 #ag1 #afi-aga ,francis ,i ( ,france1 #dfh ,fr$]ick1 ,cs>1 #aja ,fr$]ick ,,iii ( ,g]many1 #dch ,fr5* cr[n jewels1 #ef1 #dfa1 #dfh-dgb ,fre%-wat] pe>ls1 #af1 #ah1 #cj1 #gb-ge1 #adf1 #aei-ahe1 #beb-bhb1 #cea1 #cei ,froehn]1 #ab ,fugg]1 ,j4 ,j41 #dej ,fukura1 ,japan1 #bic ,fun]al rites1 use ( pe>ls1 #acc ,gabrielle d',e/res1 #dcf ,gambi] ,isl&s1 #aij1 #aib ,gann1 ,?omas1 #eaa ,g>de-,meuble1 ,p>is1 #dfa ,g>n]1 ,rob]t1 #dc ,g>r>d ,co41 #dfd ,gemelli-,c>]i1 #bch ,gemm5 ,mnz5 ,cab9et1 #ab ,g5]al ,pe>l & ,coral-,fi%+ ,association ( ,london1 #bde ,g5oa1 ,italy1 #bd1 #cbj ,g5tleman ( ,elvas1 #bec ,georgia1 #bfg1 #dib1 #die ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa1 #aed ,g]man ,f$]ation ( ,jewel]s1 #cbf ,g]man ornam5ts1 ,antique1 #dba-dbb ,g]many1 #aga-agh1 #bid ,giant clam1 #ec1 #gf1 #add1 #bif ,gi>d1 ,alfr$1 #dc ,gieg]1 ,mala*ias1 #cab ,gillman1 ,h4 ,w41 #cdf ,gimma1 ,giac9to1 #bac ,gironde ,riv]1 #aga ,glypto!k1 ,muni*1 #djg ,godron1 ,d4 ,a41 #afi ,goe!1 #cje ,gogibus pe>l1 #cej1 #dfa ,gollancz1 #bj ,gom>a1 ,francisco ,lopez de1 #bbf1 #bce1 #dea1 #dee ,gonzalez1 ,presid5t1 #bdg ,goode1 ,john ,mason1 #id ,gordon-,l5nox1 ,lady ,h5ry1 #dha ,g\ld1 ,mrs4 ,george ,j41 #dhj 7plate7 ,gra91 ,pe>l1 #cbb-cbg1 #ccj-ccd ,gran1 ,ca!dral (1 #dbb ,grass ,riv]1 ,n4 ,y41 #bff ,graves1 ,aborig9al1 #bec1 #dhe-eab ,great pe>ls ( hi/ory1 #dha1 #dhb ,greece1 #h1 #aa1 #cjg1 #dje1 #dji ,gre5e1 ,rob]t1 #bec ,gre5l&1 #agi ,gre%am1 ,sir ,?omas1 #cad1 #ded ,grim%aw1 ,beatrice1 #aig ,grne ,gewlbe1 #ei1 #age1 #dge ,guadel\pe1 ,*ur* (1 #deb ,guatemala1 #eaa ,guidius1 ,joannes1 #bh ,guillaume1 ,m41 #cbe ,hafiz1 #dg ,hale1 ,edw>d ,e41 #bda ,half-pe>l mak+1 #cib1 #cid ,half-pe>ls1 #ced1 #cfd1 #ddd ,half-pe>ls1 values1 #cdj-cda ,haliotid1 #gh ,haliotis gigantea1 #adh ,hamm] pe>ls1 #cec ,hampton ,c\rt1 #bb ,hanov]1 ,g]many1 #agf ,hapsburg family1 #bc ,h>dy1 ,r4 ,w4 ,h41 #bde ,h>iot1 ,?omas1 #beg1 #dhh ,h>ley1 ,geo41 #ed1 #cif ,h>ness1 ,john ,m41 #ejf ,h>ness m\nd1 #dia1 #dif1 #ejj1 #ejf-eji ,h>pe? ,riv]1 ,t5n41 #did ,h>ris1 ,israel ,h41 #bfa ,haupt1 ,paul1 #f ,hawk9s1 ,sir ,ri*>d1 #ch ,hay/ack pe>ls1 #ef1 #cec1 #cfj ,heal+ qualities ( pe>ls1 #cad ,hebrew lit]ature1 #f1 #g ,h$5b]g1 ,fr$]ick1 #bij ,heik[1 ,lake (1 ,man*uria1 #adg ,heirlooms1 #dcd1 #dgg1 #dgi ,h5nep91 ,fa!r ,l\is1 #die ,h5ry ,v1 #dag1 #ded ,h5ry ,,viii1 #bb1 #dca1 #dea ,h]aldic significance1 #dcg ,h]culaneum1 pe>ls f1 #dji ,h]dman1 ,w4 ,a41 #de1 #df1 #aee1 #bhg1 #bij ,h]mitage1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #aa1 #daj1 #dae ,h]rick1 ,rob]t1 #bhe ,h]rmann1 ,ri*>d1 #eji ,hesse1 #agg ,hessl+1 ,!odore von1 #eb1 #agb1 #agf1 #aha ,hill]1 ,h5ry ,w41 #dfb ,h9dus1 #d1 #cja1 #cjg1 #cji1 #cdg1 #cej1 #chb ,h+e pe>ls1 #ei1 #ceb ,hispano-,am]ican ,museum1 #dcb ,holbe91 ,hans1 #bb ,holb]g1 #agi ,holl&1 ,philemon1 #cad ,holy ,roman ,empire1 #dgb1 #dge ,home1 ,sir ,ev]>d1 #db ,hom]1 #h ,hope pe>ls1 #ei1 #dfc-dfd ,hope1 ,h5ry ,philip1 #dfc ,hopewell m\nds1 #dij1 #ejj-eje ,hopewell1 ,m4 ,c41 #eja ,hornell1 ,james1 #de1 #aag1 #abg ,horsehair ?reads1 #cia ,htel de ,tiraz1 ,pal]mo1 #dge ,htel ,dr\ot1 #dgg-dgi ,h[e1 ,sir ,ev]h>d1 #db ,h[ell1 ,david1 #bei1 #bfj ,h[ie1 ,w4 ,=bes1 #dbe ,humb]t1 ,mme41 #dgh ,humboldt1 ,alex&] von1 #bc1 #bcc ,hung>y1 ,pe>ls 91 #agi1 #dbb1 #dbc1 #dcd1 #dha ,hunt ,roskell1 #dfe ,hunyadi1 ,c\nt ,joseph1 #dcd ,hussock1 ,eug5e1 #bhb ,ib]ville1 ,pi]re1 #beh ,ibn ,batuta1 #hf1 #id ,ibo ,ar*ipelago1 #aec1 #aee ,iciaha1 #bee1 #bei ,idaho1 #dib ,id>1 ,g]many1 #cib ,ille ,riv]1 #agj ,ill9ois1 #bgj1 #bgd1 #bgf1 #eji ,ill9ois ,riv]1 #bfd ,ilz ,riv]1 ,bav>ia1 #agb ,imam ( ,muscat1 #deg1 #dfd ,imitation pe>ls1 #bi1 #fa1 #bgi1 #bhf1 #cfa1 #cgf1 #chb1 #djc1 #dde1 #dij1 #dig ,india1 #c1 #ah1 #abh-acc1 #bic1 #cji1 #cdc-cdg1 #ced1 #che ,indiana1 #bgf ,indications ( pe>ls1 #ga1 #gd1 #afe ,+ram1 ,david1 #bef ,inspection ( reefs1 #ajh1 #acj1 #aee1 #agd ,int]national ,committee ( ,weights & ,measures1 #cbf ,inv5tories ( jewels1 #dbe-dca1 #dfi1 #dgj1 #dgb ,inve/m5ts 9 pe>ls1 #def ,i[a1 #bgf1 #bia ,irel&1 #ag1 #afb1 #afe ,irregul> pe>ls1 ,value (1 #cdb ,isabella1 ,cl>a ,eug5ia1 #dcf ,isabella1 ,que51 #dec ,is> ,riv]1 ,bav>ia1 #agb ,isidorus ( ,*>ace1 #he ,isla ,riv]1 #afc1 #afd ,jackson1 ,a4 ,v4 ,williams1 #c1 #e ,jackson1 ,l[is d',a41 #cbc1 #cdg ,jade1 #dab ,jahn1 ,j4 ,g41 #agc ,jameson1 ,h4 ,l41 #dc1 #dd1 #fg ,japan1 #gj1 #adg1 #bib1 #bif1 #cjb1 #cji ,japanese div]s1 #acg1 #bjg1 #bjh ,jeffries1 ,david1 #cca1 #cch ,jesuits1 #bdb1 #bdd1 #bea1 #beh ,jiddah1 ,arabia1 #adj1 #adb ,jolo1 ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 #bah ,jones1 ,*>les ,c41 #dhe1 #dic1 #die ,jones1 ,f4 ,alfr$1 #dca ,jones1 ,joseph1 #dic1 #dig ,jones1 ,william ,s41 #dic ,jordanus1 ,fri>1 #ajj ,joseph1 ,ar*duke1 #dcd ,joseph9e1 ,empress1 #agj ,j\*anan ibn ,mass\iah1 #ie ,juan1 ,griego1 ,v5ezuela1 #bcd ,julia1 daught] ( ,titus1 #djg ,juppel ,riv]1 ,prussia1 #agf ,ju/9ian ! ,great1 #dej ,kaempf]1 ,engelb]t1 #adg1 #bif ,kalidasa1 #d ,k>a*i1 ,india1 #acc ,kroly1 ,c\ntess ,alois1 #dcd ,kawall1 ,h41 #ahb ,kela>t1 ,e4 ,f41 #dc1 #abg ,kelly1 ,james ,w4 ,s41 #dff ,k5tucky1 #bfb ,khayat1 ,azeez1 #djf ,khusrau cr[n1 #daa1 #dad ,kimm]ly1 #big ,k+ ( ! ,m\nd-,build]s1 #ejd ,knolles1 ,ri*>d1 #dee ,kohl1 ,johann ,georg1 #ahd1 #dfc ,koran1 #g ,kosseir1 ,arabia1 #adb ,kreml91 ,mosc[1 #dag1 #dbd ,kri%na1 #d1 #cjf ,k*5mei/]1 ,f41 #dc ,kun/gew]be ,museum1 ,b]l91 #dba1 #dbb ,kunz1 ,george ,f41 #cbh1 #ebg1 #ebh ,labrador1 #bha ,la ,bruyre1 ,jean de1 #afi ,la ,crosse1 ,wiscons91 #bie ,lam9 ( pe>ls1 #ec1 #ed ,lamnitz ,riv]1 ,bav>ia1 #aga ,lampsilis1 #gc alatus1 #gc ,la ,paz1 ,mexico1 #bde1 #bdh1 #bea ,la ,pellegr9a1 #dfa-dfc ,la ,p]egr9a1 #deb1 #dfb ,lapl&]s1 #ahd ,la ,rg5te1 #ef1 #dfa1 #dga ,la ,re9e des ,p]les1 #dfa1 #dfi ,la ,salle1 ,rob]t1 #eje ,lea1 ,isaac1 #bij ,lead poison+1 #cid ,le>n+1 ,e4 ,b41 #dch ,lease ( pe>l b$s1 #abe-abg1 #ace1 #bdf1 #bdg ,leav5wor?1 ,indiana1 #bgf ,le ,bec1 ,h5ry1 #id1 #ajd ,lefevre & ,curtis1 #bie ,lehigh ,riv]1 ,p5n41 #bei ,le9]1 ,otto1 #eab ,lev9 & ,melville1 ,e>l (1 #dec ,lewis-,hill1 ,mrs41 #dhj ,lic5se to fi%]m51 #bjd1 #bag1 #bcc1 #bdj1 #bhb ,lima1 ,ca!dral (1 #dcb ,l+ah %ell1 #fh1 #ih1 #ii1 #ada ,l9nu1 #da1 #aha1 #bhf1 #bhh ,l9nean ,society ( ,london1 #bhf ,l9s*ot51 ,j4 ,h4 van1 #hf1 #aja ,li/] & ,m&el1 ,norway1 #ahj ,li/]1 ,m>t91 #agj ,lit*field ,c\nty1 ,conn41 #bff ,little ,miami ,riv]1 ,ohio1 #bfa1 #bfb ,livonia1 ,russia1 #ahb ,lobk[itz1 ,c\nt ,moritz1 #dcc ,lo* ,do*]t1 ,scotl&1 #afc ,lollia ,paul9a1 #djf ,london1 #ceh1 #dgg ,london ,society ( ,arts1 #bhh ,longevity ( pe>ls1 #gi1 #dgc1 #dgh ,loreto1 ,mexico1 #bde1 #bea ,lorra9e1 ,dukes (1 #dbh1 #dbi ,lorra9e1 ,g]many1 #afi1 #agj ,l\vre ,museum1 ,p>is1 #e1 #aa1 #ei1 #cih1 #djc-dje1 #djh1 #dcj1 #dcg1 #ded1 #dfe ,love = pe>ls1 #g1 #i1 #ahd1 #cjd1 #cdg1 #dfc1 #eaj ,lovell1 ,rob]t1 #cab ,l[] ,cali=nia1 #bda1 #bdg ,l[] ,cali=nia ,pe>l ,fi%+ ,company1 #bdg ,lneburg1 ,g]many1 #agf ,lu/] ( pe>ls1 #ea1 #eb1 #gh1 #bic ,lyell1 ,sir ,*>les1 #eaa ,maab>1 ,k+ (1 #dab ,macass>1 #gj1 #bba ,mc,evers m\nd1 #eji ,macg[an1 ,d4 ,t41 #bhh ,mac,gregor1 ,david1 #afe ,mc,gregor1 ,i[a1 #bgb1 #bgf ,madras1 #abi-acj1 #ced1 #ceg ,mahavansa1 #d ,ma9e1 #bfe ,malab> fi%]ies1 #acb ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 #cj1 #fg1 #gj1 #bja1 #bab-bba1 #bif ,malcolm1 ,sir ,john1 #hi ,manama1 ,p]sian ,gulf1 #ij ,man>1 ,gulf (1 #fe1 #fg1 #ii-aca ,man*uria1 #adf1 #adg ,manila1 #gj1 #bba ,mani-,ml1 #caj ,manlius1 #i ,mannheim ,natural ,hi/ory ,society1 #agg ,manta1 ,ecuador1 #bhb ,maple-leaf %ell1 #gc ,m>ba*1 ,au/ria1 #agi ,m>bodus1 ,bi%op ( ,r5nes1 #afj ,m>g>et1 #cje ,m>g>et1 ,pe>l ( ,bohemia1 #cje ,m>g>et ,tudor1 ,que51 #cjh ,m>g>et1 wife ( ,james ,,iii1 #bb ,m>g>ita1 wife ( ,philip ,,iii1 #dcb1 #deb ,m>g>ita ,isl&1 ,v5ezuela1 #bbi1 #bcc1 #deg ,m>g>it>ii1 #cbj ,m>g>itif]1 #fg1 #cea ,m>g>itif]a1 #bif c>*>ium1 #gj1 #bjj m>g>itif]a1 #fh1 #aee1 #afd1 #ahd1 #aij1 #bjj1 #bad1 #bba1 #dbe cum+i1 #dd1 #fi ery?rensis1 #fi1 #adj mazatlanica1 #fi1 #bdh p]sica1 #fi m>t5si1 #gj1 #adh1 #bib maxima1 #gj1 #acc1 #bjj1 #bad1 #bba panasis1 #adh radiata1 #gj1 #bcd v9esi1 #bdh vulg>is1 #dd1 #fg1 #fh1 #ih1 #acd1 #aee ,m>gh]ita1 ,que5 ( ,italy1 #dch1 #ddb ,m>gu]ite ( ,fl&]s1 #dbf ,m>gu]ite ( ,france1 #cha ,m>ia ,loretto1 ,prague1 #dbc ,m>ia ,l\ise1 ,empress ( ,france1 #dfa ,m>ia de' ,m$ici1 #bd1 #cjh ,m>ia ,!resa1 #bd 7plate71 #agi1 #cie1 #dgc ,m>i**ikadde1 ,ceylon1 #aji ,m>ket+ pe>ls1 #cdi-cea1 #cef-cfb ,m>lbor\gh1 ,du*ess (1 #dfe ,m>quesas ,isl&s1 #ahi ,m>riott m\nd1 #dih ,m>tial1 #aj ,m>t91 ,daniel ,s41 #dib ,m>tyr1 ,pet]1 #ch ,m>y ,/u>t1 #bd1 #dec ,m>yl&1 #bfg1 #dhi ,massa*usetts1 #bfe ,massey-,ma9w>+ collection1 #dhj ,mass\di1 #hf ,mass[ah1 ,egypt1 #adb ,mat*$ pe>ls1 #cdi ,ma!son1 ,lady1 #dgh ,maturity ( ,unios1 #gd ,maurus1 ,rabanus1 #cjd ,m$ici1 ,lor5zo de1 #cac ,m$ic9al use ( pe>ls1 #ah1 #acc1 #cjh-cad1 #cea1 #cfj ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 #fg1 #ahe1 #bic ,mega/h5es1 #aa1 #he ,melb\rne1 ,au/ralia1 ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce1 #cbg ,meleagr9a m>g>itif]a1 #bjd1 #bje ,melville ,isl&1 #aij ,m]$i?1 ,ow51 #cjf ,m]gui ,ar*ipelago1 #gj1 #acc-aci1 #bba ,metric c>at1 #cbe-cbg ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art1 #aa1 #dje ,metz1 ,*>les ,l41 #dih ,mexico1 #bc1 #bi1 #cj1 #fj1 #fi1 #bda-beb1 #dcc1 #dgf ,miami ,valley1 #dhi ,midd5dorf1 ,alex&] von1 #ahd ,mikimoto1 ,koki*i1 #bib1 #bic ,milan1 ,ca!dral (1 #ag ,mill]1 ,hugh1 #afg ,mills1 ,william ,c41 #dia1 #dif1 #ejj1 #ejf ,milman1 ,hugh1 #bjf1 #baa ,milton1 ,john1 #hg1 #ahi1 #cjg ,m+ti1 ,emp]or ( ,*9a1 #ade ,missals1 ,decoration (1 #af1 #ag ,mississippi clams1 #gb-gd ,mississippi ,riv]1 #beh1 #bfd1 #bga1 #bgb1 #bgc1 #cei ,mississippi ,valley1 #cj1 #beb1 #bfb ,miss\ri ,hi/orical ,society1 #eji ,mitsukuri1 ,k41 #bib 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#af1 #dae ,mya m>g>itif]a1 #bhg ,my/ic ,riv]1 ,conn41 #bff ,my/ical prop]ties1 #cja-cjh ,mytilid1 #ge ,mytilus crasite/a1 #adh edulis1 #dc1 #dd1 #afj1 #afh sm>agd9us1 #aca ,nacre1 #ea1 #ec1 #ed1 #ff1 #gj1 #bhh1 #bhi ,nad5s1 ,norway1 #ahj ,naldi1 ,pio1 #cca1 #cch1 #cdb1 #cdc ,nao-ratna1 #dab ,naples ,museum1 #dji ,napoleon ,i1 #dfi ,napoleon ,,iii1 #dfa1 #dgj ,n>ah>i1 #gh1 #cjh ,n>vaez1 ,pnfilo1 de1 #bef ,nassau1 ,bahamas1 #bgi ,nautilus1 #ei1 #cea ,nautilus pompilius1 #gh1 #bad1 #ced ,nawanag>1 ,india1 #acb ,ne>*us1 #he ,necklace1 ,accumulat+ a1 #ddb ,necklaces1 ,me?od ( valu+1 #cca-ccc ,necklace1 pe>l1 #bgc1 #cfb1 #cfe1 #chf-chh1 #djd1 #dci1 #ddc1 #dga1 #dgc1 #dgh1 #dhj ,neisse ,riv]1 ,russia1 #agf ,n]o1 #i ,nesbit1 ,alex&]1 #ag ,new ,brunswick1 ,canada1 #bha ,new ,cadiz1 ,v5ezuela1 #bbi ,new ,cal$onia1 #ahi1 #aic1 #aid ,new ,gu9ea1 #fg ,new ,j]sey1 #bei1 #bfa1 #bij ,newport1 ,arkansas1 #bgf ,new ,york ,city1 #bfj1 #bfb ,new ,york ,/ate1 #bff ,nigg]head %ell1 #gb ,nigg] hunt+1 #bja ,n9eveh ,obelisk1 #f ,n9o1 ,p$ro ,alonso1 #bbh ,ni%ikawa1 ,t41 #bic1 #cji1 #dad ,ni? ,riv]1 ,scotl&1 #afd ,nits*e1 ,h9ri*1 #agc1 #agd #age ,nonesu* ,pond1 ,mass41 #bfe ,nordica1 ,mme41 #dfh1 #dgf 7plate7 ,nordica pe>l1 #dfh ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 #bih ,norway1 #ahj ,nose r+s1 #ddc ,not* ,brook1 ,n4 ,j41 #bei1 #bfj ,notice ( fi%]y1 #ajh1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #acj ,nova ,scotia1 ,canada1 #bha ,nuclei ( pe>ls1 #da1 #eb1 #ee1 #eh1 #fj1 #bhh1 #bhi1 #chj ,nuggets1 #cec ,nuremb]g1 #cbj1 #cdh ,nuttal1 ,mme4 ,zlie1 #dcc ,ob]/e91 ,g]many1 #cic ,ocklocknee ,riv]1 ,fla41 #bfh ,ocmulgee ,riv]1 ,ga41 #bfh ,oconee ,riv]1 ,ga41 #bfh1 #die ,od] ,riv]1 ,prussia1 #age ,odet ,riv]1 ,france1 #agj ,oelsnitz ,riv]1 ,bav>ia1 #aga ,ogee*ee ,riv]1 ,ga41 #die ,ohio1 #bfa1 #dhi ,ohio ,ar*ological & ,hi/orical ,society1 #dij1 #ejf-ejh ,ohio ,riv]1 #bfd ,okee*obee ,lake1 ,fla41 #did ,olonetz1 ,russia1 #ahb1 #ahc ,oman ,coa/1 ,arabia1 #adb ,omura1 ,gulf (1 #adg ,oo/anaula ,riv]1 ,ga41 #bfg ,op5+ pe>l mollusks1 #abb1 #aci1 #aih1 #bji1 #bej1 #bee1 #bga1 #bgc ,opp]t1 ,jules1 #he ,ord] ( ,*ri/1 #dci ,ord] ( ,cr[n ( ,india1 #dci ,oregonia1 ,ohio1 #dig ,ori5tal collections ( pe>ls1 #cee-ceg ,ori5tal pe>ls1 #cea1 #cei ,ori5t or lu/]1 cause (1 #ec1 #ed ,orig5 #aei ,orig9 ( pe>ls1 #ce-dh ,ormus1 ,isl& (1 #hf1 #hg1 #deg ,ortega1 ,iturbide1 #bdb ,osio1 ,manuel1 #bdb ,o/rea1 #ec1 #ff1 #cea1 #dfg edulis1 #gg virg9ica1 #gg1 #dhh ,ottoman cr[n jewels1 #dba ,ounce-pe>ls1 #cfj ,ourej5aya ,palata1 ,mosc[1 #ag ,ovi$o y ,valdes1 #bbi1 #bcg1 #dea1 #dee ,oy/]1 edible1 #gg ,oy/] pe>ls1 #cea ,pal]mo1 #dge ,palgrave1 ,w4 ,g41 #ij ,panama1 #bc1 #ef1 #fj1 #fi1 #bce-bda1 #dea1 #deb ,pancake %ell1 #gc ,panciroli1 #dej ,papeiti1 #ahi1 #aih ,pap]s ( pe>ls1 #ceh1 #cfj1 #cfa1 #chf ,paphos p91 #dje ,p>agon pe>ls1 #ef1 #ceb ,p>asitic =mation ( pe>ls1 #db-df1 #bie ,p>asitic /age ( ,unios1 #gc1 #bie ,p>is1 #ceh1 #dgg ,p>is1 ,acadmie des ,sci5ces1 #bia ,passau1 ,bav>ia1 #agb1 #agi ,peabody ,museum ( ,ar*ology1 #dhf1 #dij ,peacock ,?rone1 #deh ,pe>l bli/]s1 #chi1 #cij ,pe>l-caps1 #ahd1 #ahe ,pe>l c>pet ( ,b>oda1 #dfj ,pe>l clo?1 #dde ,pe>l coa/1 #bca ,pe>l coll>1 #chh ,pe>l-culture1 #agg1 #bhe-bif ,pe>l1 d]ivation ( ^w1 #ai1 #bj ,pe>l drills1 #chj1 #chc1 #che1 #cid ,pe>l-du/1 #chj ,pe>l =ms1 #bie ,pe>l-grad+1 #cdc-cdg ,pe>l ,isl&s1 ,panama1 #bci ,pe>l me%1 #dde ,pe>l mon/rance1 #dbd ,pe>l ( ,great ,price1 #g ,pe>l ,riv]1 ,n4 ,y41 #bff 8,pe>l10 ! poem1 #bj1 #ea ,pe>ls1 ,annual product (1 #gi1 #hj ,pe>ls z inve/m5ts1 #cej1 #cee ,pe>ls z te>s1 #cjg ,pe>ls z w$d+ gifts1 #cjf-cjg ,pe>ls1 ,bibliography (1 #eag-ech ,pe>ls1 ,qualities ( p]fection 91 #cba1 #ccf1 #cdd1 #cgj-cgb ,pe>ly nautilus1 #gh ,pe>-%ap$ pe>ls1 #ef1 #cdi1 #ceb1 #chb1 #def1 #dgj ,pecatonica ,riv]1 ,wiscons91 #bfb ,pect5 yezocusis1 #adh ,p$r>ias1 #bcf ,peel]s1 #cec ,peel+ pe>ls1 #eh1 #cge-cgg ,pegg+ pe>ls1 #chh ,pelly1 ,sir ,lewis1 #hh ,p5ang1 #bba ,p5dants1 #djd1 #ddb1 #dgd ,p5nant1 ,?omas1 #afc ,p5nsylvania1 #bei1 #bfa1 #bff ,p5rhyn1 #ahi1 #aic ,p]azolli1 ,a41 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#acb ,rau1 ,*>les1 #did ,rau1 ,sebaldus1 #ie ,rawl9son1 ,sir ,h5ry1 #f ,read1 ,*>les ,h]cules1 #dje1 #eaj ,raumur1 #dj ,reccesv9?us1 ,cr[n (1 #af1 #dae-daf ,r$d+1 ,sir ,rob]t1 #afb ,r$ ,sea1 #ca1 #fg1 #fi1 #aci-add1 #bhe ,re$ ,riv]1 ,florida1 #bef1 #beg ,regalia1 #dah-dbj1 #ddc1 #dfj1 #dgc ,reg5 ,riv]1 ,bav>ia1 #agb ,regulation ( fi%]y1 #aic1 #aig1 #bjd1 #baa1 #bah1 #bgg ,r5audot1 #ah ,reues1 ,francis1 #afi ,rhode ,isl&1 #bei ,rhodesia ,museum1 #eac ,ribeiro1 ,joano1 #id ,ri*>d ,,ii1 #bb ,rigv$a1 #d ,r+-a-r\nd pe>ls1 #ef1 #cec ,r+s ) pe>ls1 #dch1 #ddb ,rob9son1 ,edw>d1 #ab1 #dje ,rock ,isl&1 ,ill41 #bga ,rock ,riv]1 #bfb1 #bgd ,rogk]us4 ,see ,rug]us4 ,rome1 ,georgia1 #bfg ,rome1 ,pe>ls 9 anci5t1 #h1 #i1 #ab1 #cbj1 #djf-daj ,rondelet1 ,gulielm1 #dj ,rosales1 ,manuel ,laudecta1 #bcc ,ros>ies1 #dac ,ros5b]g ,palace1 ,cop5hag51 #ei1 #dgf ,ros5g>t5 ,museum1 ,con/ance1 #eab ,rosnel1 ,pi]re de1 #cjf1 #cch ,rots*ildt1 ,don ,a4 de1 #dcg ,r\nd pe>ls1 #ceb1 #dgj ,royal fif?1 #bdc1 #bdd ,rubies1 #gi1 #ccj1 #cga1 #cib1 #dab1 #dag1 #dci ,rck]t1 ,fri$ri*1 #ce ,rudolph ,,ii1 #bd1 #dee1 #dgc ,rug]us1 #cha1 #dbc ,rundell1 ,bridge ,rundell1 #bcc ,ruppre*t1 ,pr9ce1 #cjb ,russia1 #dfc ,russian ,jewesses1 #ahd ,russian ,treasury at ,mosc[1 #dad ,rymsdyck1 ,j4 ,a4 van1 #cdb1 #cga ,saddle decorations1 #cfj1 #ddd ,sadi1 ,%aikh1 #cg ,safe-gu>d+ pe>ls1 #ceg1 #cii1 #djj ,sahayun1 ,b]nad9o de1 #dcc ,/4 ,augu/9e1 #cjd ,/4 ,b>b>a1 #dce ,/4 ,d5is1 ,p>is1 #dbe1 #dbi1 #dcj ,/4 ,dom+o1 ,lima1 #dcb ,/4 ,edw>d's cr[n1 #dah ,/4 ,francis ,riv]1 ,ark41 #bfc1 #bfd ,/4 ,francisville1 ,ill41 #bgf ,/4 ,j]ome1 #aj ,/4 ,ludmilla1 #dag ,/4 ,m>g>et !l+1 #cje ,/4 ,m>g>et ( ,antio*1 #cje ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #dfb ,/4 ,/eph5's cr[n1 #daf ,sa9te-,*apelle1 ,p>is1 #dbe1 #dbg ,sales ( pe>ls1 #dgg-dha ,salisbury1 ,engl&1 #dij ,s& %ells1 #gc ,s&ius1 ,*ri/oph]1 #ci ,san ,jos ,isl&1 ,mexico1 #bdh ,san ,jos ,isl&1 ,panama1 #bci ,san ,miguel1 ,panama1 #bci ,san ,vitale1 ,rav5na1 #ae ,sanskrit lit]ature1 #d1 #cf ,santa ,b>b>a1 ,cal41 #bhj1 #bha ,santo ,dom+o1 ,mexico1 #dcd ,santos1 ,joo dos1 #aec ,sapphire1 #cga1 #dab1 #dci ,satsuma1 ,japan1 #adg ,saumaise1 ,claude de1 #i ,savannah ,riv]1 #bec1 #deb1 #dic1 #die ,saville1 ,h4 ,m41 #bhb ,saxony1 ,fi%]ies (1 #agc-age ,scaph&]1 #acg1 #aga1 #aif1 #bjc1 #bcd1 #bdj1 #bdg1 #bhb ,sc>f-p9s1 #ddc ,s*rd+1 ,au/ria1 #agi ,s*>ff1 ,r4 ,f41 #dbe ,s*leswig-,hol/e91 #agh ,s*m]l] family1 #agd1 #agg1 #agh ,s*ulz1 ,aurel1 #aed ,s*uylkill ,riv]1 ,p5n41 #bff1 #bfg ,s*w>zba* ,riv]1 ,russia1 #ahc ,s*w>z5b]g1 ,c\nt1 #agh1 #dcd ,s*w>z5b]g family1 #agh ,s*wesnitz ,riv]1 ,bav>ia1 #aga ,scioto ,riv]1 ,ohio1 #dia1 #ejf ,scioto ,valley1 ,ohio1 #dhi ,scot* pe>ls1 #ag1 #afj-afd1 #afg1 #cai1 #cdc1 #dbg1 #dfd ,scotl&1 #ag1 #afj-afg ,scott1 ,sir ,walt]1 #ce1 #cje1 #dai ,scriptural ref]5ces1 #f1 #g1 #ddi ,season1 ,fi%]y1 #hi1 #aji1 #aad1 #ada1 #bjf1 #bdj1 #bdf1 #bej1 #bga1 #bgg ,se$-pe>ls1 #ah1 #ef1 #abd1 #bba1 #bgc1 #cji1 #ccg1 #cdb1 #ceb1 #cia ,se$-pe>l jewelry1 #cij-cib ,selangs1 #acd1 #aci ,sell+ pe>ls1 #bgf1 #cef1 #cfa ,s5eca1 #aj ,s]monata1 ,du*ess (1 #dci ,s]via1 #cjd ,s]vilia pe>l1 #aj1 #ddi ,sett+ pe>ls1 #chd1 #chh1 #chi1 #cic ,seugne ,riv]1 ,france1 #aga ,seurat1 ,l4 ,g41 #dd ,sev5 ,si/]s ( ,sleep1 #caj ,%abl ,abdullah1 #cjf ,%ah ,jehan1 #deh ,%ah's pe>ls 9 #ahbj1 #dei ,%ah's tippet1 #dei ,%aksp]e1 #ce1 #abb1 #cad1 #cai ,%>k-*>m]s1 #aae1 #aaf ,%>ks1 #aag1 #ach1 #add1 #bjh1 #bdi ,%>k's ,bay1 ,au/ralia1 #eg1 #fj1 #gj1 #bjj1 #baa1 #dfh ,%elley1 ,p4 ,b41 #bab1 #bgh ,%ell-heaps1 #dib ,%ells1 ,comm]cial v>ieties1 #fi1 #gj1 #gb1 #gc1 #abd1 #ada1 #adc1 #bba ,%ells1 ,product (1 #hj1 #ii ,%ells1 ,sweet-wat]1 #bfd ,%epaug ,riv]1 ,conn41 #bff ,%r9e ( ,/4 ,patrick's ,gospels1 #dbd ,%uangtze1 #cjb ,%u ,k+1 #e ,siam1 ,gulf (1 #adi ,siamese decoration1 #dci ,sibbald1 ,rob]t1 #afa ,sib]ia1 ,fi%]ies (1 #adg ,sieves 7p$di7 = pe>ls1 #cdd ,silesia1 ,g]many1 #age ,silk ?reads = pe>ls1 #chg ,silva-,ti]ra1 ,fa!r1 #bdb ,simmonds1 ,vane1 #bia ,simpson1 ,james ,j41 #aee ,s9aloa1 ,mexico1 #bdd1 #bdh ,s+apore1 #ace1 #adi1 #bbj ,size ( pe>ls1 #cbh1 #cdd ,slaney ,riv]1 ,irel&1 #afb ,slugs1 #bgb1 #bge1 #ceb1 #cfj ,smi?1 ,capta9 ,john1 #dhf ,smi?1 ,*>les ,roa*1 #dad ,smi?1 ,h>lan ,i41 #dib ,smi?1 ,sir ,j4 ,e41 #bhg ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 #dij ,smi?ville1 ,t5n41 #bfc1 #bgf ,snail %ell1 #aci1 #adh ,snyd]1 ,j4 ,f41 #eji ,s(ala1 ,africa1 #ajf1 #aec ,sokotra ,isl&s1 #adb ,solomon1 #cja ,solubility ( pe>ls1 #ee ,sonnapore mussels1 #acb ,sonora1 ,mexico1 #bda1 #bdd1 #bde1 #bdh1 #bea ,sort+ pe>ls1 #che ,soto1 ,h]n&o de1 #bec1 #bee1 #deb ,s\rces ( pe>ls1 #fe-ha ,s\r9dro ,mohun ,tagore1 #cji ,s\? ,am]ica1 #fe1 #bhb ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 #dib ,s\!rn ,cross1 #eg1 #dff1 #dfg ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 #dfd ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1 #bi1 #cj1 #ahi-aih ,spa91 #cbg1 #cee ,spani% cr[n jewels1 #deb ,spani% jewelry1 #dcb ,specific gravity ( pe>ls1 #eb ,sp5s]1 ,edmund1 #afa ,spey ,riv]1 ,scotl&1 #afd ,sph]ical pe>ls1 #ee1 #ef ,spr+s1 ,fre%-wat]1 #if ,squi]1 ,e4 ,george1 #dhe1 #dhi1 #dij ,/ang-,alla ,riv]1 ,france1 #agj ,/ati/ics ( fi%]ies1 #hj1 #hh1 #ia1 #ih1 #ajj1 #ajc1 #aje1 #abf1 #acf1 #adc1 #bdf ,/avang]1 ,norway1 #ahj ,/e>ns1 ,fr$]ick ,e41 #bgi ,/eev]1 ,e4 ,z41 #dfh ,/e9ba* ,riv]1 ,g]many1 #agg ,/eir ,riv]1 ,france1 #agj ,/ili*o pe>ls1 #ab ,/ock-book = pe>ls1 #cbd ,/odd>d1 ,c4 ,w41 #aid ,/ra*ey1 ,william1 #dhg1 #dhh ,/rawb]ry pe>ls1 #ef1 #cec ,/reet]1 ,e4 ,w41 #bad1 #cdi1 #cij1 #dfe ,/r++ pe>ls1 #chf-chh ,/rombus gigas1 #gg1 #bgh1 #cea ,/rozzi1 ,philip1 #dcf ,/ructure ( pe>ls1 #ea-ee ,/upefy+ mollusks1 #bib ,suak91 ,egypt1 #adj ,sudbury ,riv]1 ,mass41 #bfe ,suetonius1 #aj1 #aei ,sug> ,riv]1 ,wiscons91 #bfb ,sultan ( ,sulu1 #bae1 #bag1 #bbj1 #cej1 #dfh ,sulu ,ar*ipelago1 #gj1 #bac1 #bad-bbj1 #cej1 #dfh ,sumptu>y laws1 #aj1 #be-bh ,susa necklace1 #chf1 #djd1 #dje ,sw$51 #ahj1 #bhf1 #bij ,sweetness ( pe>ls1 #cje ,sydney1 ,au/ralia1 #bja ,sydney %ell1 #gj ,symphynota complanata1 #gc ,syracusan co9s1 #dji ,syria1 ,pe>ls 9 anci5t1 #chf1 #djf ,syrian pe>l m]*ants1 #ceg ,tab>i1 #daa1 #dae ,tablegram ,lake1 ,ceylon1 #abg ,tacitus1 #aei ,tahiti1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aif1 #bij ,talmud1 #g ,talomeco1 ,temple (1 #bed1 #deb ,taoi/s1 #cjb ,t>>equi pe>ls1 #bcf1 #dea ,t>iff on pe>ls1 #cfb-cfi ,tasso1 ,torquato1 #aec ,taunton1 ,h5ry1 #eh1 #bjb1 #dff ,tav]ni]1 ,j4 ,b41 #ef1 #fj1 #hg1 #ig1 #adg1 #agb1 #cca1 #dab1 #def ,tav]ni] pe>ls1 #def-deh ,taylor m\nd1 #dig ,tay ,riv]1 ,scotl&1 #afc1 #afd ,te>s1 ,pe>ls z1 #ce1 #cjg-cjh ,teh]an1 ,p]sia1 #deh1 #dei ,teifa%i1 ,ahmad ibn1 #cce ,tei? ,riv]1 ,scotl&1 #afd ,teixeira1 ,p$ro1 #dj1 #ajc1 #bdb ,temple ( ,talomeco1 #bed1 #deb ,t5nessee1 #bfb1 #bfc1 #bgf1 #did ,t5nessee ,riv]1 #bfc1 #did ,t5nyson1 ,alfr$1 #cje ,t]ron1 ,juan1 #bee ,texas1 #bfa1 #bfb ,!ft ( pe>ls1 #aah1 #abc1 #baj1 #bcb ,!odora1 ,mosaic (1 #ae ,!ophra/us1 #h1 #dje ,?i]s necklace1 #cih1 #dfe ,?ree-ridge %ells1 #gb ,?ursday ,isl&1 #bje1 #bjg ,?ur/on1 ,edg>1 #aca ,tiana1 ,capta91 #baf ,ti>as1 #ddc ,tiffany ,co41 #cid ,tiffany1 ,*>les ,l41 #bfj1 #bgf1 #cej ,tiffany ,que5 ,pe>l1 #bfj1 #dfe ,tomaco1 #bce ,tonti1 #eje ,top-%ap$ pe>ls1 #ceb ,torres ,/raits1 #aii1 #bja1 #baj1 #baa ,transylvania1 #dcb ,treves1 ,ca!dral (1 #dbb ,tridacna gigas1 #ec1 #gf1 #add1 #bif ,tripty*1 #dcc ,tritigonia v]rucosa1 #gc ,troiza ,mona/]y1 ,mosc[1 #dbd ,tuamotu ,isl&s1 #bi1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aif1 #aih1 #bid ,turb9ella rapa1 #gh ,turbo m>moratus1 #aci ,turn] gr\p ( m\nds1 #dij1 #dii ,turtleback pe>ls1 #ef1 #cec1 #cfj ,tuticor91 ,india1 #abh1 #acj ,twynam1 ,sir ,william1 #aag ,tyszkiewicz /atuette1 #ab ,uelz51 ,g]many1 #agf ,uffizi1 ,flor5ce1 #ab1 #djg1 #dcf ,uhl]1 ,p4 ,r41 #dhi ,ulloa1 ,antonio de1 #bch ,ulmann1 ,h41 #eab ,ungava1 ,canada1 #bha ,unio complanata1 #gc1 #bfe dahuricus1 #ge1 #adf littoralis1 #eaa m>g>itif]a1 #eac mongolicus1 #ge1 #adf s9uatus1 #agj v]reauxi1 #eac virg9ianus1 #did ,unionid1 #gb1 #cea ,unios1 #ei1 #gb-gd1 #bei1 #bfa1 #bfh1 #bgb1 #bij1 #bia1 #bid ,unit$ ,/ates1 #beb-bgh1 #bia ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum1 #bij1 #did ,univ]sity ( ,mosc[1 #ei ,unripe pe>ls1 #fa ,urim & ,?ummim1 #dab ,uz>amo1 ,africa1 #aed ,vaca1 ,cabeza de1 #bef ,values ( pe>ls1 #bgc1 #bgd1 #bge1 #bgi1 #bha1 #bhb1 #cbi-cdi1 #cej1 #cfa1 #dgj1 #dgd me?od ( comput+1 #cca-cce1 #cdf-cdh ,van ,bur5 pe>ls1 #dfd ,van ,dort1 ,k41 #adi ,vatican1 #djg ,vaughan1 ,rice1 #cch ,v$as1 #c1 #d1 #cja ,ve]ap&ianpatanam1 #acj ,vega1 ,g>cilasso de la1 #bec1 #bed1 #deb ,v5ezuela1 #bc1 #ca1 #ch1 #gj1 #bbe-bce1 #ced1 #deg ,v5ice1 #bd1 #be-bg1 #cbj1 #cdh ,v5us1 #cjf1 #dfg ,v5us de ,m$ici1 #djg ,v5us de ,milo1 #djh ,v5us ,g5etrix1 #aei1 #djg ,v5us m]c5>ia1 #gg1 #dhh ,v5us ( ! ,pan!on1 #djg1 #ddi ,v5us1 ,/atues (1 #aj1 #aa ,v5us1 ,temple (1 #i ,v]mont1 #bfb ,v]natti1 ,sir ,philib]to1 #id ,v]razano1 ,juan1 #bef ,victor ,emanuel ,,ii1 #dfh ,victoria1 ,association ( ,manufactur+ ,jewel]s ( ! ,colony (1 #cbg ,victoria cr[n1 #dag ,victoria1 ,pr9cess1 #dch ,victoria1 ,que51 #afc1 #afg1 #dbe ,vi5na1 #cie1 #dgb ,vil%(51 ,f9l&1 #bij ,vils ,riv]1 ,bav>ia1 #aga ,v9c5nes1 ,indiana1 #bgf ,v9eg>1 #cae ,virg9 pe>ls1 #cjh ,virg9ia1 #dhf1 #dhh1 #dhi ,vitellius1 #aj ,vladimir cr[n1 #dag ,vogtl&1 ,saxony1 #agc ,volga ,riv]1 ,russia1 #aha ,vologne ,riv]1 ,france1 #afi1 #agj ,von ,midd5dorf1 #ahd ,vosges m\nta9s1 #afi ,waba% ,riv]1 #bfd1 #bfe ,waddesd5 collection1 #ei ,wahibis ( ,pirate ,coa/1 #hi ,wai/coat buttons1 #ddc ,waizkir*51 #agi ,waldheim1 ,g4 ,fis*] de1 #dfa ,walk1 ,h[ ,unios1 #gd ,walpole1 ,horace1 #ded ,walt]s1 ,h5ry1 #cid ,wa%+ton1 ,george1 #dch ,wa%+ton1 ,/ate (1 #bfb ,wat]-telescopes1 #ada1 #aid1 #bfh1 #bgh ,waynesville1 ,ohio1 #bfa ,web/]1 ,john1 #cjg ,w$d+ gifts ( pe>ls1 #dgf ,weigh+ pe>ls1 #cba-cbi1 #cdf ,weights ( pe>ls1 #ef1 #bea1 #cbg1 #ccj1 #dha1 #dhb ,welk]1 ,l&re?1 #agg ,well/$1 ,j4 ,r41 #hh1 #ic1 #adb ,w5kheim1 ,c\ntess1 #dcd ,we/ ,indies1 #bgh ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 #ded ,:ite ,c>t ,riv]1 ,scotl&1 #afa ,:ite ,ma9 ,riv]1 ,g]many1 #agf ,:ite ,riv]1 ,arkansas1 #bfc1 #bfd ,:itfield1 ,r4 ,p41 #eab ,:itti]1 ,j4 ,g41 #beb ,wijayo1 ,k+1 #d ,will\ghby1 ,*>les ,c41 #dhf1 #dhh ,w9d[-glass %ell1 #gf4 ,see ,placuna4 ,w+ pe>ls1 #ceb1 #cei ,wire ?reads = pe>ls1 #chh ,wiscons91 #bfb1 #bgf ,wohlb]$t1 ,o41 #agc ,wom5 z fi%]m51 #adi1 #aee1 #ahi1 #bfd ,wordswor?1 ,wm41 #cje ,_w's ,columbian ,exposition1 #dij1 #ejj1 #eja ,worms1 ,p>asitical1 #dc-de ,wottawa ,riv]1 ,au/ria1 #agh1 #agi ,wright1 ,m>ie ,rob9son1 #eaa ,wyman1 ,jeffries1 #dic ,wynne1 ,sir ,ri*>d1 #afa ,xavi]1 ,/4 ,francis1 #aca ,x-ray exam9ation1 #ga ,yaqui ,indians1 ,mexico1 #bdb1 #bdc1 #bdf ,yell[ pe>ls1 #ig1 #ih1 #bab1 #cea1 #ced1 #cgg1 #dfh ,y\ss\p(f1 ,pr9cess1 #dfa1 #dfb ,y?an ,riv]1 ,scotl&1 #afd ,yucatan1 #eaa ,yu ,%un ,yang1 #bij ,zanzib>1 #aef ,zon>as1 #dej ,zozima pe>l1 #dfa1 #dfb ,zwem]1 ,s4 ,m41 #ce ----- ,footnote #a3 ,see pp4 #cja1 #cjb4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,jacobi1 8,das ,ramayana10 ,bonn1 #ahic4 ,footnote #c3 ,geig]1 8,dipavansa und ,mahavansa1 die beid5 ,*ronik5 d] ,insel ,ceylon10 ,erlang51 #aija4 ,footnote #d3 ,legge1 8,! ,%u ,k+10 ,ox=d1 #ahgi1 pp4 #fg1 #fi4 ,footnote #e3 ,see p4 #djd4 ,footnote #f3 ,rawl9son1 8,cunei=m ,inscriptions ( ,babylonia & ,assyria10 ,london1 #ahej1 p4 #ch4 ,footnote #g3 ,g54 ,r4 xl4 #f4 ,?is /ory also exi/s some:at alt]$ 9 ,arabic lit]ature2 see ,weill's 8,biblical ,leg5ds ( ! ,mussulmans10 ,new ,york1 #ahdf4 ,footnote #h3 ,sale1 8,prelim9>y ,disc\rse to ! ,quran10 ,london1 #ahhb1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #aec-aei4 ,footnote #i3 ,lib4 ,,xxiii1 c4 #f4 ,footnote #aj3 8,pl9ian ,ex]citationes 9 ,sol9um10 #afbi1 pp4 #hbb-d4 ,footnote #aa3 8,hi/oria naturalis10 ,lib4 ,,ix1 c4 #ei4 ,footnote #ab3 ,ibid41 ,lib4 ,,xxxvii1 c4 #b4 ,footnote #ac3 ,ibid41 ,lib4 ,,ix1 c4 #ec4 ,footnote #ad3 ,ibid41 ,lib4 ,,xxxiii1 c4 #c4 ,also ,bttig]1 8,sab9a od] ,morg5sc5510 ,leipzig1 #ahjc1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aeh4 ,footnote #ae3 ,m>tial1 8,epigrammata10 ,,viii1 #ha4 ,footnote #af3 ,s5eca1 8,de b5eficiis10 ,lib4 ,,vii1 c4 #i4 ,footnote #ag3 ,pl9y1 8,hi/oria naturalis10 ,lib4 ,,ix1 c4 #ce4 ,footnote #ah3 ,equival5t to #a1hge1jjj ounces ( silv]1 wor? ab\t #a1cjj1jjj at ! pres5t "t1 b ( f> great] value 9 ,roman days4 ,footnote #ai3 8,divus ,julius ,cs>10 c4 #ej4 ,footnote #bj3 8,dictionnaire des ,antiquits ,grecques et ,roma9es10 ,p>is1 #aijd1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #aeie-f4 ,footnote #ba3 ,see p4 #ddi4 ,footnote #bb3 ,froehn]1 8,la ,collection ,tyszkiewicz10 ,muni*1 #ahib4 ,footnote #bc3 ,see p4 #dae4 ,footnote #bd3 ,r5audot1 8,anci5t ,acc\nts ( ,india & ,*9a by ,two ,mohamm$an ,travel]s10 ,london1 #agcc1 p4 #ih4 ,footnote #be3 8,! ,book ( ,s] ,m>co ,polo10 ,london1 #ahga1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bge4 ,footnote #bf3 ,analog\s to ! uni=m ,european ^w = ?is gem1 is ! ext5sion ( ! ,sanskrit =m1 mukta1 f ,p]sia to ! ,sulu ,isl&s4 ,9 ,tamil1 ! ^w = pe>l is moot?oo2 9 ,h9du/ani1 x is mootie2 9 ,c+alese1 mootoo2 & 9 ,malay1 mutya or moot>a4 7,a9slie1 8,mat]ia ,indica10 ,london1 #ahbf1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bib-big47 ,footnote #bg3 ,gollancz1 8,pe>l1 an ,engli% ,poem ( ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury10 ,london1 #ahia4 ,footnote #bh3 ,sa*s1 8,kais]*ronik10 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bfa4 ,footnote #bi3 ,/aud5raus1 8,*ronik d] ,/adt ,l&%ut10 #ahcb1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #agb4 ,footnote #cj3 ,jones1 8,hi/ory & ,my/]y ( ,preci\s ,/ones10 ,london1 #ahhj1 p4 #ace4 ,footnote #ca3 ,humboldt1 8,p]sonal ,n>rative ( ,travels to ! ,new ,cont95t10 ,london1 #ahbb1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bgc4 ,footnote #cb3 ,see p4 #dgc4 ,footnote #cc3 ,yri>te1 8,aut\r des ,borgia10 ,p>is1 #ahia1 pp4 #acf1 #acg4 ,footnote #cd3 ,see ,yri>te1 8,v5ice10 ,p>is1 #ahgh1 p4 #bcf4 ,footnote #ce3 ,ibid41 pp4 #beb1 #bec4 ,footnote #cf3 ,guidius1 8,de ,m9]alibus10 ,frank=t1 #afbg1 p4 #gd4 ,footnote #cg3 ,ibid41 p4 #gc4 ,footnote #ch3 ,ibid41 pp4 #ge-gg4 ,footnote #ci3 ,crok]1 8,"l ,h]vey's ,memoirs10 ,london1 #ahdh1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #hh1 #hi4 ,footnote #dj3 8,! ,naturall ,hi/orie ( ,c4 ,pl9ius ,secundus10 ,london1 #afja1 ,book ,,ix1 *4 #ce4 ,footnote #da3 8,travels ( ,rabbi ,b5jam9 ( ,tudela10 ,g]rans's edition1 ,london1 #aghc1 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #db3 8,camd5 ,britannia10 #b;d edition1 ,london1 #agbb1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #hja4 ,footnote #dc3 ,ibid41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ajjc4 ,footnote #dd3 ,ri*>d ,ed5 edition1 ,london1 #aegg1 #aj? *4 ( #crd ,decade1 fol4 #adh;a4 ,footnote #de3 ,hawk9s1 8,voyage to ! ,s\? ,sea 9 #aeic10 ,london1 #ahdg1 p4 #acc4 ,footnote #df3 ,b5zoni1 8,nov ,novi ,orbis ,hi/ori10 ,g5eva1 #aegh1 pp4 #afa-afc4 ,footnote #dg3 8,philosophical ,transactions10 #afgd1 ,no4 #aja1 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #dh3 ,goldsmi?1 8,hi/ory ( ! ,e>? & ,animat$ ,nature10 #aggd1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #ed4 ,footnote #di3 ,rondelet1 8,univ]s ,aquitilium ,hi/ori ,p>s ,alt]a10 ,lugduni1 #aeed4 ,footnote #ej3 8,gemm>um et ,lapidum ,hi/oria10 ,hanovi1 #afji4 ,footnote #ea3 8,! ,travels ( ,p$ro ,teixeira10 ,hakluyt ,society1 p4 #ahj4 ,footnote #eb3 8,memoires de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces10 #agag1 pp4 #agg-aid4 ,footnote #ec3 ,grill1 9 8,abh&lung5 d] ,knigli*5 ,s*w$4 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft510 ,vol4 ,,xxxiv1 p4 #hh1 #aggb4 ,footnote #ed3 8,philosophical ,transactions10 #ahbf1 ,pt4 ,,iii1 pp4 #cch-cda4 ,footnote #ee3 8,sull'orig9e delle ,p]le4 ,,ii ,cim5to1 revi/a di ,sci5ze10 ,tor9o1 #aheb1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #dbi-dci4 ,footnote #ef3 8,memorie della ,reale ,academia delle ,sci5ze di ,tor9o10 #ahee1 ,vol4 ,,xv1 pp4 #cca-ceh2 #aheg1 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 pp4 #dai-ddb1 & #ahei1 ,vol4 ,,xviii1 pp4 #bja-bcb4 ,footnote #eg3 ,mll]'s 8,ar*iv fr ,anatomie10 #ahef1 pp4 #bfi-bha4 ,footnote #eh3 8,die e*t5 ,p]l510 ,hamburg1 #aheh4 ,dr4 ,mbius di$ 9 ,b]l91 on ,april #bf1 #aijh4 ,he 0 born at ,eil5burg1 9 ,saxony1 9 #ahbe4 ,footnote #ei3 8,report on ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,pe>l ,oy/] ( ,ceylon10 ,tr9comali1 #ahei4 ,footnote #fj3 8,j\rnal ( ! ,l9nean ,society10 ,vol4 ,,xi1 pp4 #dbf-dbh4 ,footnote #fa3 8,socit de ,biologie1 ,sance du #bi dcembre1 #aijc40 ,footnote #fb3 8,comptes ,r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces10 ,vol4 #acc1 pp4 #fjc-fje1 ,oct4 #ad1 #aija4 ,footnote #fc3 8,proce$+s ( ! ,zological ,society ( ,london10 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #adj-aff4 ,footnote #fd3 8,proce$+s ( ! ,zological ,society ( ,london10 #aijb1 pp4 #adh-aej4 ,footnote #fe3 8,comptes ,r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces10 ,p>is1 #aijc1 ,vol4 ,,cxxxvii1 pp4 #faa-fac4 ,footnote #ff3 ,seurat1 8,obs]vation sur l'volution de l',huitre p]lire des ,tuamotu et des ,gambi]10 #aijd4 ,footnote #fg3 8,pe>l ,oy/] ,fi%]ies ( ! ,gulf ( ,mana>10 ,london1 #aijc1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #fh3 ,hornell1 8,report on ! ,placuna plac5ta ,pe>l ,fi%]y ( ,lake ,tampalakamam10 ,colombo1 #aijf4 ,footnote #fi3 8,pe>l ,oy/] ,fi%]ies ( ! ,gulf ( ,mana>10 ,london1 #aijc1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #gj3 ,h>ley1 8,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society10 ,vol4 ,,xliii1 p4 #dfa4 ,footnote #ga3 8,die ,p]l5mus*eln10 ,leipzig1 #ahei1 pp4 #bid1 #bie4 ,footnote #gb3 ,h>ley1 8,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london10 ,vol4 ,,xlv1 p4 #fab4 ,footnote #gc3 8,hi/oria ,naturalis10 ,lib4 ,,ix1 c4 #ce4 ,?is is also ref]r$ to by ,macrobius 9 ,saturnaliorum conviviorum ,lib4 ,,ii1 c4 #ac4 ,footnote #gd3 ,n[ 9 ! ,fr5* cr[n broo* 9 ! possession ( ! ,pr9cess ,y\ss\p(f ( ,russia4 ,footnote #ge3 ,see p4 #dfe4 ,footnote #gf3 ,taunton1 8,au/ral9d10 ,london1 #aijc1 p4 #bbd4 ,footnote #gg3 8,tav]ni]'s ,travels10 ,london1 #ahhi1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aae4 ,see p4 #ig4 ,footnote #gh3 ,see 8,report ( ! ,royal ,society10 ,oct4 #ac1 #afhh4 ,footnote #gi3 ,nei!r is !re any special significance 9 ! popul> t]ms 8clams10 8mussels10 etc41 z appli$ to ! pe>l-be>+ species ( ! riv]s4 ,! 8clams10 or ,unios ( ! ,mississippi ,valley1 resemble nei!r ! long clams 7,mya7 nor ! r\nd clams 7,v5us7 ( ! ,atlantic coa/2 ! mussels ( ! fre%-wat] lakes are q di/9ct f ! edible ones ( bracki% wat]s1 & ! ,p9na oy/] & ! giant clam 7,tridacna7 h little resemblance to ! mollusks ) :i* ^! t]m9al names are commonly associat$4 ,footnote #hj3 ,jameson1 8,on ! id5tity & di/ribution ( ! "m-(-pe>l oy/]s2 ) a revision ( ! subg5us ,m>g>itif]a40 ,proce$+s ( ! ,zological ,society ( ,london1 ,vol4 ,l1 #aija1 pp4 #cgb-cid4 ,footnote #ha3 ,vassel1 8,sur la ,p9tad9e du ,golfe de ,gabes1 ,comptes ,r5dus ,assoc4 ,fran410 #ahif1 pp4 #deh-dff4 ,footnote #hb3 ,see 8,comptes ,r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces10 ,p>is1 #aijd1 ,vol4 ,,cxxxviii1 pp4 #cja1 #cjb4 ,footnote #hc3 ,see p4 #bhh4 ,footnote #hd3 ,g>be1 8,die ,indis*5 ,m9]ali510 ,leipzig1 #ahhb4 ,footnote #he3 ,gray's ,elegy4 ,footnote #hf3 ,9 #aije1 ! ,ceylon pe>l yield approximat$ #b1jjj1jjj 9 value4 ,footnote #hg3 ,includ+ ,african coa/4 ,footnote #hh3 ,includ+ ,%>ks ,bay4 ,footnote #hi3 ,opp]t1 8,l',ambre jaune *ez les ,assyri5s40 ,footnote #ij3 ,holl&'s edition ( #afja1 p4 #bed4 ,footnote #ia3 ,re9aud1 8,mmoire sur l',inde10 ,p>is4 #ahdi ,footnote #ib3 8,travels ( ,rabbi ,b5jam9 ( ,tudela10 ,london1 #aghc4 ,footnote #ic3 ,lee1 8,ibn ,batuta10 #ahbi1 p4 #fe4 ,footnote #id3 8,! ,travels ( ,lodovico di ,b>!ma1 #aejc to #aejh10 ,london1 #ahfc1 p4 #ie4 ,footnote #ie3 8,disc\rs ( ,voyages into ye ,ea/e & ,we/ ,indies10 ,london1 #aeih1 folio1 *4 #hd4 ,footnote #if3 ,see p4 #deg1 = ,tav]ni]'s description ( ?is gem4 ,footnote #ig3 ,tav]ni]1 8,travels 9 ,india10 ,london1 #ahhi1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ajh4 ,footnote #ih3 ,well/$1 8,travels 9 ,arabia10 ,london1 #ahch1 ,vol4 ,i1 *4 #ag1 pp4 #bfd1 #bfe4 ,footnote #ii3 ,9 report to ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,bombay1 dat$ ,decemb] #ae1 #ahfe4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,s*lag9tweit1 8,na*ri*tsblatt d] deuts*5 ,gesells*aft10 ,frankfurt-am-,ma91 #ahhc1 pp4 #aec-aef4 ,footnote #aja3 ,malcolm1 8,sket*es ( ,p]sia10 ,london1 #ahbg1 p4 #bg4 ,footnote #ajb3 8,p]sonal ,n>rative ( ,j\rney ?r\gh ,arabia10 ,london1 #ahfe1 p4 #ajj4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,"l ,curzon reports #dejj boats1 & "s o!r au?orities /ate #ejjj1 b ?is probably includes a numb] ( t5d]s4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,= ?is & "s o!r data on ! pe>l+ fleet ( ,bahre9 we are indebt$ to ! k9dness ( ,dr4 ,s4 ,m4 ,zwem]1 :o has sp5t _m ye>s at ! ,bahre9 ,isl&s z a mission>y4 ,footnote #aje3 8,reports by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,fi%]y & ! ,inspector ( ! ,pe>l ,banks10 ,colombo1 #ahhg4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,well/$1 8,travels 9 ,arabia10 ,london1 #ahch1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bff4 ,footnote #ajg3 8,hi/oire de l',isle de ,ceylon10 ,am/]dam1 #agja1 *4 #bb1 p4 #afi4 ,footnote #ajh3 8,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,isl& ( ,ceylon10 ,london1 #ahjc1 *4 #c1 p4 #ia4 ,footnote #aji3 8,asiatic ,rese>*es10 ,london1 #agih1 ,vol4 ,v1 p4 #djb4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,*>d91 8,voyages en ,p]se10 ,p>is1 #ahaa1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #cfc4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,sprat1 8,hi/ory ( ! ,royal ,society10 ,london1 #affg1 p4 #afi4 ,footnote #aab3 ,philosophical ,transactions = #affi1 ,no4 #dc1 p4 #hfc4 ,footnote #aac3 ,diem]broeck1 8,anatome ,corporis ,humani10 ,ultrajecti1 #afgb4 ,footnote #aad3 ,six? ,am]ican ,edition1 ,new ,york1 #ahce1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bci4 ,footnote #aae3 ,re9aud1 8,fragm5ts ,arabes10 ,p>is1 #ahde1 p4 #abf4 ,lee1 8,ibn ,batuta10 ,london1 #ahbi1 p4 #fe4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,a ,*ri/ian physician :o liv$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,khalif ,wa!k ,billa1 ab\t #hdb ,a4,d4 ,footnote #aag3 8,specim5 ,arabicum10 ,traiecti ad ,rh5um1 #aghd1 p4 #fd4 ,footnote #aah3 ,ibid41 p4 #fe4 ,footnote #aai3 ,writ]s describ+ ! e>ly pe>l fi%]ies on ! ,am]ican coa/1 & especially at ,cubagua on ! pres5t coa/ ( ,v5ezuela1 also report$ v l5g?y /ays4 ,9 #aebf1 ,gonzalo ,f]n&ez de ,ovi$o y ,valds wrote3 8,! ?+ t cause? m5 mo/ to m>vel is to consid] h[ _m ( !m c rema9 at ! bottom = ! space ( "o :ole h\r1 & "s m or less1 accord+ to exp]tness40 78,natural ,hi/oria de las ,indias10 ,tol$o1 #aebf47 ,ab\t #aehh1 ! ,jesuit prie/ ,jos de ,aco/a wrote3 8,i did see !m make _! fi%+1 ! :i* is done ) great *>ge & labor ( ! poor slaves1 :i* dive #f1 #g1 yea #ab fa?oms into ! sea4442 b yet ! labor & toil is greate/ 9 hold+ _! brea?1 sometimes a qu>t]1 yea1 half an h\r toge!r "u wat]40 7,aco/a1 8,natural & ,moral ,hi/ory ( ! ,indies10 ,hakluyt ,society1 #ahhj1 p4 #bbg47 ,footnote #abj3 ,tav]ni]1 8,travels 9 ,india10 ,ball edition1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aad1 #aae4 ,footnote #aba3 ,london1 #ahab1 p4 #ee4 ,footnote #abb3 ,see infra41 p4 #abe4 ,footnote #abc3 8,! ,book ( ,s] ,m>co ,polo10 ,london1 #ahga1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bfg1 #bfh4 ,footnote #abd3 ,jordanus1 8,mirabilia ,descripta10 ,hakluyt ,society1 #ahfc1 p4 #bh4 ,footnote #abe3 8,! ,voyage ( ,john ,huygh5 van ,l9s*ot5 to ! ,ea/ ,indies10 ,hakluyt ,society1 #ahhd1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #acc-ace4 ,footnote #abf3 8,hakluyt's ,voyages10 ,vol4 ,v1 ,glasg[1 #aijd1 pp4 #cie-cig4 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 /ates t ! ,m$it]ranean div]s1 f9d+ ! light bel[ obscur$ by ! surface waves1 us$ to let a little oil out ( _! m\?s at int]vals1 :i*1 ris+ to ! surface1 smoo!d ! wat]s4 ,?is might be a sugge/ion to mod]n m>9e & fre%-wat] pe>l fi%]s4 ,footnote #abg3 8,! ,travels ( ,p$ro ,teixeira10 ,hakluyt ,society1 #aijb1 pp4 #agd-aha4 ,footnote #abh3 8,asiatic ,rese>*es10 ,london1 #agih1 pp4 #cic1 et seq4 ,footnote #abi3 8,! ,isl& ( ,ceylon10 #ahjc1 *4 #c4 ,footnote #acj3 8,description ( ,ceylon10 #ahjg1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cf-gh4 ,footnote #aca3 ,9 #ahha1 ! numb] ( days 0 ! same--#dg1 ! season ext5d+ f ,m>* #d to ,april #bg4 ,9 #ahia !re 7 #dj work+ days1 9 #aijd !re 7 #cc1 9 #aijc !re 7 #cf1 & 9 #aijf !re 7 #cf days ( actual fi%+4 ,footnote #acb3 ,see ,re9aud's 8,fragm5ts ,arabes10 ,p>is1 #ahde1 p4 #abe4 ,footnote #acc3 8,pe>l ,oy/] ,fi%]ies ( ! ,gulf ( ,mana>10 #e vols41 ,london1 #aijc-aijf4 ,footnote #acd3 ,tav]ni]1 8,travels 9 ,india10 ,vol4 ,,ii1 *4 #ba4 ,footnote #ace3 ,see pp4 #aaj1 #aaa4 ,footnote #acf3 ,! report ( ! ,*ief ( ,police at ! #aije fi%]y /ates3 8,9 ! camp !re 7 #dj1jjj to #ej1jjj p]sons1 ( :om x may be said t n less ?an a t5? 7 gambl]s1 vagrants1 & rogues1 :o1 )\t occupation 9 _! own c\ntry1 made _! way to ,m>i**ukkadi ) ! hope ( mak+ money to gamble 9 oy/]s40 78,reports on ! ,pe>l ,fi%]ies = #aije10 ,colombo1 p4 #ag47 ,footnote #acg3 ,9 #aijf !re 7 #dgc boats employ$2 9 #aije1 #cah2 9 #aheg1 #aheh1 #ahei1 & #ahfc1 ov] #djj boats report$ = employm5t4 ,footnote #ach3 ,"s ye>s ago1 notably 9 ! e>ly sixties1 ea* & e boat 0 requir$ to h t5 div]s1 ?us mak+ a total ( #bc p]sons 9 ea* boat4 7,see ,vane's 8,report on ,ceylon ,pe>l ,fi%]ies10 #ahfc47 ,footnote #aci3 ,supra41 p4 #ajj4 ,footnote #adj3 ,hornell1 8,reports on ! ,pe>l ,fi%]ies ( #aijd10 ,colombo1 p4 #ca4 ,footnote #ada3 8,reports on ! ,pe>l ,fi%]y = #aijd10 p4 #g4 ,footnote #adb3 8,reports on ! ,pe>l ,fi%]y = #aije10 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #adc3 ,ibid41 p4 #bb4 ,footnote #add3 8,! ,book ( ,s] ,m>co ,polo10 ,london1 #ahga1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bfg4 ,footnote #ade3 ,cord9]1 8,description ( ,ceylon10 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #eb4 ,footnote #adf3 8,reports on ! ,pe>l ,fi%]ies ( #aijd10 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #adg3 ,ibid41 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #adh3 ,ibid41 p4 #cd4 ,footnote #adi3 8,royal ,asiatic ,society ,proce$+s10 #ahhg-ahhh1 p4 #ajj4 ,footnote #aej3 8,reports on ! ,pe>l ,fi%]ies ( #aije10 p4 #dj4 ,footnote #aea3 ,ibid41 p4 #bd4 ,footnote #aeb3 8,reports on ! ,pe>l ,fi%]y = #aijd10 ,colombo1 p4 #f4 ,footnote #aec3 8,colonial ,sessional ,pap]s10 #aijd1 ,colombo1 p4 #fec4 ,footnote #aed3 8,colonial ,sessional ,pap]s10 #aijf1 ,colombo1 p4 #ccj4 ,footnote #aee3 8,reports on ! ,pe>l ,fi%]ies = #aije10 ,colombo1 p4 #be4 ,footnote #aef3 ,ord9ance ,no4 #h ( #aijf4 ,footnote #aeg3 8,ceylon ,sessional ,pap]s10 #aijf1 p4 #cbh4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,ibid41 pp4 #ccc1 #cce4 ,footnote #aei3 8,ceylon ,sessional ,pap]s10 #aijf1 p4 #fej4 ,footnote #afj3 ,! ,gov]nm5t ,commission has int]dict$ ! fi%+ = ?is ye> 7#aijh71 z exp]ts h report$ ! pe>l-oy/]s 7 n pl5tiful en\gh & 7 also immature1 be+ only five ye>s old4 ,! next fi%]y w be 9 #aiji4 ,footnote #afa3 ,kela>t1 8,report on ! ,tablegram ,pe>l-,oy/]s10 ,tr9comali1 #aheg1 #f pp4 ,footnote #afb3 ,hornell1 8,report on ! ,placuna plac5ta ,pe>l ,fi%]y ( ,lake ,tampalakamam10 ,colombo1 #aijf4 ,footnote #afc3 ,j>d9e1 8,report ,relat+ to ! ,m]gui ,pe>l ,fi%]ies10 ,rangoon1 #ahid1 p4 #f4 ,footnote #afd3 ,nisbet1 8,burma ,"u ,briti% ,rule & ,be=e10 ,we/m9/]1 #aija1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cfb4 ,footnote #afe3 ,nisbet1 8,burma ,"u ,briti% ,rule & ,be=e10 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cfc4 ,footnote #aff3 ,see ,prov]bs xxxi1 #a4 ,footnote #afg3 ,hesse1 8,d] ,zoologis*e ,g>t510 ,dec4 #a1 #ahih4 ,footnote #afh3 ,well/$1 8,travels 9 ,arabia10 ,london1 #ahch1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bch4 ,footnote #afi3 ,ibid41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bfh1 #bfi4 ,footnote #agj3 8,bollet9o della ,societ d'esplorazione comm]ciale 9 ,africa10 ,milan1 ,june1 #ahih4 ,footnote #aga3 ,von ,hessl+1 8,die ,p]l5mus*eln10 ,leipzig1 #ahei1 p4 #f4 ,footnote #agb3 ,see p4 #bhh = an acc\nt ( ! me?ods4 ,footnote #agc3 ,/ati/4 8,bes*reibung des *9es4 ,rei*es10 #ahdb1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #agd3 ,ranft1 8,voll/ndige ,bes*reibung des russis*5 ,rei*es10 ,leipzig1 #agfg1 p4 #dae4 ,footnote #age3 ,wits51 8,nord en ,oo/ ,t>t>ye10 #agje4 p4 #gfb4 ,footnote #agf3 ,tav]ni]1 8,travels 9 ,india10 ,ball edition1 ,london1 #ahhi1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aac1 #aad4 ,footnote #agg3 ,"o c&>e5 equals #e4gb gra9s4 ,footnote #agh3 ,"o koban equals #ff c5ts4 ,footnote #agi3 #dbjj4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,kaempf]1 8,hi/ory ( ,japan10 #agbh1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #aaj1 #aaa4 ,footnote #aha3 ,ibid41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aci4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,joao dos ,santos1 8,e?opia ,ori5tal10 ,lisbon1 #afji1 ,vol4 i1 c4 #bg4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,lisbon ,geographical ,society ,report1 ,janu>y1 #aijc4 ,footnote #ahd3 8,britanniam petiisse spe m>g>it>um1 qu>um amplitud9em conf]5tem1 int]dum sua manu exegisse pondus40 8,divus ,julius ,caes>10 c4 #dg4 ,footnote #ahe3 8,naturall ,hi/orie10 ,holl& edition1 ,london1 #afja1 ,lib4 ,,ix1 c4 #ce4 ,footnote #ahf3 8,vita ,agricol10 c4 #ab4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,giles's edition1 ,london1 #ahdj1 p4 #f4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,joyce4 8,social ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,irel&40 ,new ,york4 #aijc4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bbg4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,nicolai1 8,anglia ,sacra10 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bcf4 ,also 8,alb]ti ,magni ,op]a ,omnia10 ed4 ,augu/i ,borgnet1 ,p>is4 #ahij1 ,vol4 ,v41 p4 #da4 ,footnote #aij3 8,hi/oire de l',orfvr]ie-,joaill]ie40 ,p>is1 #ahej1 p4 #df4 ,de ,laborde1 8,emaux10 ,p>is1 #aheb1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dcg4 ,footnote #aia3 ,camd54 8,britannia40 #bnd edition1 ,london1 #agbb1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #hjb4 ,footnote #aib3 ,macph]son1 8,annals ( ,comm]ce10 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aca4 ,footnote #aic3 ,sibbald1 8,hi/4 ,nat4 ,scotiae10 #afhd1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bg4 ,footnote #aid3 ,camd51 8,britannia10 ,london1 #afie1 p4 #ibd4 ,footnote #aie3 ,london1 #aggg1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #bd4 ,footnote #aif3 8,hi/ory ( ,cumb]l&10 ,london1 #agid1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #egc4 ,footnote #aig3 ,joyce4 8,social ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,irel&10 ,new ,york1 #aijc1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bbg4 ,footnote #aih3 8,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 = #afic10 ,vol4 ,,xviii1 ,no4 #aih1 pp4 #fei-ffc4 ,footnote #aii3 ,p5nant1 8,t\r 9 ,scotl&10 ,*e/]1 #agga4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,london 8,times10 ,decemb] #bd1 #ahfc4 ,footnote #bja3 ,hugh ,mill]1 8,my ,s*ools & ,s*oolma/]s10 #aheb1 p4 #bja4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,puton1 8,mollusques t]re/res et fluviales des ,vosges3 ,le ,dp>tem5t des ,vosges1 /ati/ique1 hi/orique1 et adm9i/rative1 p> ,h5ri ,lepaye et ,*4 ,*>ton10 ,nancy1 #ahde1 #hvo1 #b vols41 ,vol4 ,i4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,godron1 8,les p]les de la ,vologne1 et le ,*teau-sur-,p]le40 8,mmoires de l',acadmie de ,/anislas1 #ahfi10 ,nancy1 #ahgj1 pp4 #aj-cj4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,volcyr1 8,cronicque abrge p> petits v]s huyta9s des ,emp]eurs1 ,roys1 et ,ducz d',au/raisie10 etc41 ,p>is1 #aecj4 ,footnote #bje3 ,reues1 8,de ,gemmis aliquot10 etc41 ,tiguri1 #aeff1 p4 #dg4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,claude de la ,ruelle1 8,les p\rtraicts des c]emonies1 444 et pompe funbres faitez au corps de feu ,*>les ,,iii1 ,duc de ,lorra9e10 etc4 ,nancy1 #afji4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,li/]1 8,j\rney to ,p>is 9 ! ye> #afih10 ,london1 p4 #adc4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,durival1 8,description de la ,lorra9e et du ,b>rois10 ,nancy1 #aggi1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bhj4 ,footnote #bji3 ,bonnem]e1 8,les p]les f9es de l',oue/ de la ,france10 8,revue des sci5ces naturelles de l',oue/10 #ahii1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #ig-ii4 ,footnote #baj3 8,la ,nature10 #ahii1 pp4 #cdg1 #cdh4 ,footnote #baa3 ,von ,hessl+1 8,ueb] die ,erzeugung kn/li*] ,p]l510 8,gelehrte ,anzeig5 d] ,mn*5] ,akademie10 #ahef1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aei4 ,footnote #bab3 ,we9mann1 8,bresslau] ,naturges*i*t510 #agbe4 ,footnote #bac3 ,tav]ni]1 8,travels 9 ,india10 #ahhi1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aac4 ,footnote #bad3 ,von ,hessl+1 8,die ,p]l5mus*eln10 ,leipzig1 #ahei1 p4 #agi4 ,footnote #bae3 8,beitrge zur ,naturkunde des ,h]zog?ums ,celle10 ,halle1 #agff1 ,pt4 ,i1 p4 #gj4 ,footnote #baf3 ,von ,hessl+1 8,die ,p]l5mus*eln10 p4 #ahj4 ,footnote #bag3 ,mbius1 8,die e*t5 ,p]l510 ,hamburg1 #aheh41 p4 #dg4 ,footnote #bah3 ,jahn1 8,voigtlndis*e ,p]l5fis*]ei10 p4 #afe2 ,von ,hessl+1 8,die ,p]l5mus*eln10 p4 #ahb4 ,footnote #bai3 ,von ,hessl+1 8,die ,p]l5mus*eln10 p4 #ahb4 ,footnote #bbj3 8,die e*t5 ,p]l510 p4 #dh4 ,footnote #bba3 ,gesn]1 8,de aquatilibus10 ,tiguri1 #aefj4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,bohuslai ,balb9i1 8,miscellanea hi/orica regni ,bohemi10 ,prague1 #afgi1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #gc4 ,footnote #bbc3 8,allg4 ,zeitung10 ,nov4 #a1 #aheh1 ,no4 #cje4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,von ,hessl+1 8,die ,p]l5mus*eln10 ,leipzig1 p4 #agh4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,holb]g1 8,danm>ks ,riges ,hi/orie10 ,rei*>ot edition1 #agdc1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fcb4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,?a>uys1 8,v]su* e9] ,/ati/ik d] dnis*5 ,mon>*ie10 ,cop5hag51 #agie1 ,pt4 ,i1 p4 #daf4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,jahn1 8,voigtlndis*e ,p]l5fis*]ei10 p4 #age2 & ,von ,hessl+1 8,die ,p]l5mus*eln10 p4 #ahi4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,pontoppidan1 8,v]su* e9] natrli*5 ,hi/orie von ,norweg510 ,cop5hag51 #aged1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cji4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,olaus ,magnus1 8,hi/oria de g5tibus sept5trionalibus10 ,antw]p1 #aefb1 c4 #f1 p4 #aib4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,l9nu1 8,la*4 ,lapponica10 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ajd-ajg4 ,footnote #bca3 ,see 8,abh&lung5 d] ,s*w$is*5 ,akademie10 #agdb1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bdj2 #agei1 ,vol4 ,,xxi1 p4 #acf1 & #agfb1 ,vol4 ,,xxiv1 p4 #fd4 ,footnote #bcb3 8,die ,p]l5mus*eln10 ,leipzig1 #ahei1 p4 #aid4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,kawall1 8,la p*e des p]les en ,livonie10 8,annales de la ,socit ,malacologique de ,belgique10 #ahgb1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 pp4 #ch-df4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,dionysius ,fabricius1 8,scriptor r]um ,livonic>um10 #afab1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ddj4 ,footnote #bce3 ,g4 ,f4 ,mylius1 8,memorabilium ,saxoniae subt]raneae10 ,leipzig1 #agji-agah1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bj4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,*>les ,zeze1 8,consid]ations sur les livres blancs en ,livonie10 #agdi1 p4 #eb4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,a4 ,h4 ,hupel1 8,n\velles topographiques de ,livonie et d',e/hionie10 #aggd1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #acd4 ,footnote #bch3 8,die ,p]l5mus*eln10 ,leipzig1 p4 #aif4 ,footnote #bci3 ,ba] & ,helm]s51 8,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss des russis*5 ,rei*es10 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahde1 ,vol4 ,,xi1 pp4 #adc1 #add4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,kohl1 8,reis5 9 ,sdrussl&10 #bnd edition1 ,leipzig1 #ahdf1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ae4 ,footnote #bda3 8,voyage aux ,iles du ,gr& ,ocan10 ,p>is1 #ahch2 also 8,le ,correspondant10 ,m>* #aj1 #aijf4 ,footnote #bdb3 8,la ,pe*e et la ,culture des ,huitres ,p]lires ,tahiti2 ,p*]ies de l',ar*ipel ,tuamotu10 ,p>is1 #ahhe4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,seurat1 8,l'huitre p]lire10 ,p>is1 #aijj1 p4 #acc4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,lucatt1 8,rov+s 9 ! ,pacific f #ahcg to #ahdi10 ,london1 #ahea1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bde4 ,footnote #bde3 8,bullet9 ,unit$ ,/ates ,fi% ,commission10 ,vol4 ,v1 p4 #bic4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,alex&]1 8,report ,unit$ ,/ates ,fi% ,commission10 ,vol4 ,,xxvii1 p4 #gfd4 ,footnote #bdg3 8,tahiti et les ,colonies ,franaises de la ,polynsie10 ,p>is1 #ahhg1 p4 #agc4 ,footnote #bdh3 8,report on ,pe>l ,fi%]ies ( ,nor? ,que5sl&10 ,brisbane1 #ahij4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,g>ran1 8,au/ralasia ,illu/rat$10 ,sydney1 #ahib1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #hhf4 ,footnote #bej3 ,gill1 8,life 9 ! ,s\!rn ,isles10 ,london1 #ahgf1 p4 #bid4 ,footnote #bea3 8,au/ral9d10 ,london1 #aijj1 pp4 #bcc-bci4 ,footnote #beb3 #de ,victori1 ,no4 #b4 ,footnote #bec3 #ej ,victori1 ,no4 #b4 ,footnote #bed3 #ee ,victori1 ,no4 #bi4 ,footnote #bee3 #ej ,victori1 ,no4 #g4 ,footnote #bef3 #ee ,victori1 ,no4 #bi4 ,footnote #beg3 8,dep>tm5tal ,commission on ,pe>l ,%ell & ,b*e-de-,m] ,fi%]ies10 ,brisbane1 #ahig4 ,footnote #beh3 8,report on ! ,fi%+ ,indu/ry = ! ,ye> #aije10 ,p]?1 #aijf1 pp4 #d-g4 ,footnote #bei3 ,dur+ ! mon? ( ,june1 #aijh1 a sev]e /orm de/roy$ a pe>l+ fleet1 ) a loss ( #dj vessels & #bgj lives4 ,footnote #bfj3 8,report ( ,dep>tm5tal ,commission on ,pe>l ,%ell & ,b*e-de-,m] ,fi%]ies10 ,brisbane1 #ahig4 ,footnote #bfa3 #ee ,victori1 ,no4 #bi4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,to ?is %\ld be add$ ! output ( ,%>ks ,bay1 am\nt+ to #bjjj 9 #aijf1 mak+ a total ( #dej1jjj4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,see pp4 #gj & #bjj4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,comyn1 8,/ate ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s10 ,london1 #ahbj1 pp4 #ch1 #ci4 ,footnote #bfe3 8,/oria ,naturale delle ,gemme10 ,naples1 #agcj4 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #dfa4 ,footnote #bff3 ,crawfurd1 8,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago10 ,ed9burgh1 #ahbj1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #dde4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,act ,no4 #ea1 ,june #g1 #aijd4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,a lett] f ! ,bureau ( ,insul> ,affairs1 dat$ ,novemb] #bj1 #aijf1 /ates3 8,x is propos$ by ! (ficials ( ! ,moro prov9ce to am5d ! regulations s t1 "u c]ta9 re/rictions1 vessels ( =eign build may engage 9 pe>l fi%]ies40 ,footnote #bfi3 ,act ,no4 #dc1 am5d$ ,june #g1 #aijd4 ,footnote #bgj3 8,hi/oria g5]al de las ,indias10 by ,francisco ,lopez de ,gom>a1 #abmo1 #aeed1 pp4 #ajd-ajf b4 ,footnote #bga3 ,h]r]a1 8,hi/oria g5]al de los he*os de los ,ca/ellanos en las islas y ,ti]ra ,firme del ,m> ,oceano10 ,dec4 iii1 ,book ,,vii1 *4 #c4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,h]r]a1 8,descripcion de las ,indias ,occid5tales10 ,dec4 iv1 ,book ,,vi1 *4 #ab4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,humboldt's 8,p]sonal ,n>rative10 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bgc4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,translat$ f 8,hi/oria del ,mondo ,nuovo10 ,g5eva1 #aegh4 ,footnote #bge3 ,translation ( ,*auveton's ,notes to ,b5zoni's 8,hi/oria del ,mondo ,nuovo10 ,g5eva1 #aegh1 fol4 #agj4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,ibid41 fol4 #afh4 ,footnote #bgg3 8,natural & ,moral ,hi/ory ( ! ,indies10 ,hakluyt ,society1 ,london1 #ahhj1 p4 #bbh4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,humboldt1 8,p]sonal ,n>rative ( ,travels to ! ,equ9octial ,regions ( ! ,new ,cont95t1 #agii-ahjd40 ,footnote #bgi3 ,f9dlay1 8,directory = ! ,navigation ( ! ,pacific ,ocean10 ,london1 #ahea1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bag4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,rosales1 8,gran ,recopilacin de ,v5ezuela10 ,c>acas1 #ahhi4 ,footnote #bha3 ,gom>a1 8,hi/oria g5]al de las ,indias10 #aeed1 pp4 #bfh1 #bfi b4 ,footnote #bhb3 #aaa ounces ( gold2 pres5t value ab\t #bcjj4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,gemelli-,c>]i1 8,giro del ,mondo10 ,v5ezia1 #agai1 p4 #bdj4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,ulloa1 8,relacin hi/orica del viage la ,amrica m]idional10 ,madrid1 #agdh4 ,footnote #bhe3 8,ulloa's ,voyage to ,s\? ,am]ica10 translat$ by ,j4 ,adams1 ,london1 #ageh4 ,footnote #bhf3 ,hakluyt's 8,voyages10 ,glasg[1 #aijd1 ,vol4 ,,ix1 pp4 #cah1 #cai4 ,footnote #bhg3 ,clavig]o1 8,/oria della ,cali=nia10 ,v5ezia1 #aghi1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #afa4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,v5egas1 8,noticia de las ,cali=nias10 ,madrid1 #ageg1 p4 #ded4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,clavig]o1 8,hi/oria de la ,baja antigua ,cali=nia40 ,e/eva1 8,bolet9 de la ,soci$ad ,mexicana de ,geographia y ,e/adi/ica10 ,vol4 ,x1 pp4 #fgc-fig4 ,footnote #bij3 ,p$ro ,alv>ado1 8,hi/oria ,cali=nia10 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aj4 ,footnote #bia3 ,baeg]t1 8,na*ri*t5 von d] ,am]ikanis*5 ,halb9sel ,cali=ni510 ,mannheim1 #aggb4 ,footnote #bib3 ,ar*4 ,cal4 ,prov4 ,/4 ,pap4 xvi4 ,b54 ,mil4 xvi1 xvii1 xviii4 ,footnote #bic3 ,h>dy1 8,travels 9 ,mexico10 ,london1 #ahbi1 pp4 #bca-bch4 ,footnote #bid3 ,diguet1 8,bullet9 de la ,socit ,c5trale d',aquiculture10 ,p>is1 #ahie1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 pp4 #a-ah4 ,footnote #bie3 ,e/eva1 8,memoria sobre la ,pesca de la ,p]la10 8,bolet9 de la ,soci$ad ,mexicana de ,geographa10 ,vol4 ,x1 pp4 #fha-fhh4 ,footnote #bif3 ,lassepas1 8,hi/oria de la ,baja ,cali=nia10 ,mexico1 #ahei1 p4 #fe4 ,footnote #big3 ,pujol1 8,e/udio ,biolgico sobre la o/ra ,avicula m>g>itif]us10 8,bolet9 de la ,soci$ad de ,geographa10 ,epoc4 #b1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #aci et seq4 ,footnote #bih3 ,diguet1 8,bullet9 de la ,socit ,c5trale d',aquiculture10 #ahie1 ,vol4 ,,vii4 ,footnote #bii3 ,lassepas1 8,hi/oria de la ,colonizacinde la ,baja ,cali=nia10 ,mexico1 #ahei4 ,footnote #cjj3 8,recueil des pices sur la ,floride10 ,p>is1 #ahda4 ,footnote #cja3 8,relaam v]dadeira dos ,trabalhos q ho g\]nador d ,f]nd de ,s\to e c]tos fidalgos portugueses pass>om no descobrimto da prov9cia da ,frolida4 ,agora n\am5te feita p] h fidalgo ,deluas40 ,footnote #cjb3 8,la ,florida del ,ynca10 ,lisbon1 #afje4 ,footnote #cjc3 ,"o arroba tw5ty-five p\nds' weight4 ,footnote #cjd3 8,discov]y ( ,florida10 ,hakluyt ,society1 #ahea1 ,vol4 ,,ix1 p4 #aha4 ,footnote #cje3 ,ibid41 p4 #ej4 ,footnote #cjf3 8,discov]y ( ,florida10 ,hakluyt ,society1 #ahea1 ,vol4 ,,ix1 p4 #fj4 ,footnote #cjg3 ,b]n>d ,%ipp1 8,! ,hi/ory ( ,h]n&o de ,soto & ,florida f #aeab to #aefh10 ,philadelphia1 #ahha1 #hvo1 p4 #cfd4 ,footnote #cjh3 ,b]n>d ,%ipp1 8,! ,hi/ory ( ,h]n&o de ,soto & ,florida f #aeab to #aefh10 ,philadelphia1 #ahha1 #hvo1 p4 #cfi4 ,footnote #cji3 ,ibid41 p4 #cgb4 ,footnote #caj3 8,relation ( ,alv> ,nunez ,cabea de ,vaca10 translat$ by ,buck+ham ,smi?1 ,new ,york1 #ahga4 ,footnote #caa3 ,b]n>d ,%ipp1 8,hi/ory ( ,h]n&o de ,soto & ,florida10 ,philadelphia1 #ahha1 p4 #ehf4 ,footnote #cab3 ,hakluyt1 8,! ,pr9cipall ,navigations1 ,voiages1 & ,discov]ies ( ! ,engli% ,nation10 ,london1 #aehi4 ,footnote #cac3 8,pur*as's ,pilgrims10 ,london1 #afbe1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #agi4 ,footnote #cad3 ,hakluyt's 8,voyages10 ,glasg[1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #ceg4 ,footnote #cae3 ,p4 ,f4 ,x4 de ,*>levoix1 8,hi/ory ( ,new ,france10 ,new ,york1 #aijj1 p4 #abi4 ,footnote #caf3 8,voyage ( ,fa!r ,gravi] 9 #agjj ,f ! ,c\ntry ( ,ill9ois to ! ,m\? ( ! ,mississippi10 ,clevel&1 #aijj1 p4 #ada4 ,footnote #cag3 ,coxe1 8,a ,description ( ! ,engli% ,prov9ce ( ,c>olana1 by ! ,spani>ds call'd ,florida1 & by ! ,fr5* ,la ,l\isiane1 z also ( ! ,great & ,fam\s ,riv] ,mes*acebe or ,missisipi10 ,london1 #agbb1 pp4 #hb1 #hc4 ,footnote #cah3 8,allgeme9e ,h&elszeitung10 ,leipzig1 ,april1 #aghi1 p4 #bah4 ,footnote #cai3 8,frank ,leslie's ,magaz9e10 ,new ,york1 ,may #bc1 #aheg1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #chd-chf4 ,footnote #cbj3 8,gems & ,preci\s ,/ones ( ,nor? ,am]ica10 by ,george ,f4 ,kunz1 ,new ,york1 #ahhi-ahib1 pp4 #baa-beg4 8,! ,fre%-,wat] ,pe>ls ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 ,wa%+ton1 #ahih1 #ej pages & plates4 ,footnote #cba3 8,neue ,zeit10 9 ,ausl&1 #aheh1 ,no4 #h1 p4 #aib4 ,footnote #cbb3 ,see p4 #beh4 ,footnote #cbc3 ,ill9ois ,/ate has pass$ a bill to regulate pe>l fi%+4 ,see ,add5dum on p4 #eac4 ,footnote #cbd3 ,philo/ratus1 8,vita ,apollonii10 ,lib4 ,,iii1 c4 #eg1 edit4 ,ole>ii1 p4 #aci4 ,also see ,konrad von ,gessn]1 8,hi/ori natura10 ,lib4 ,,iv1 p4 #fcd4 ,footnote #cbe3 ,vol4 ,,xxii1 pp4 #dbe-dcg4 ,footnote #cbf3 ,pult5ey1 8,g5]al ,view ( ! ,writ+s ( ,l9nu10 ,london1 #ahje4 ,footnote #cbg3 8,proce$+s ( ! ,l9nean ,society ( ,london10 ,octob]1 #aije4 p4 #bf4 ,footnote #cbh3 ,pe>l3 an excresc5ce on ! inside ( a %ell :5 ! outside has be5 p]=at$4 ,footnote #cbi3 ,beckmann1 8,hi/ory ( ,inv5tions10 ,london1 #ahdf1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bfc4 ,footnote #ccj3 ,london1 #ahba1 p4 #dh4 ,footnote #cca3 8,proce$+s ( ! ,l9nean ,society ( ,london10 ,octob]1 #aije1 p4 #bi4 ,footnote #ccb3 ,see ,grill1 8,abh&lung5 d] knigli*5 ,s*w$is*5 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft5 auf das ,jahr #aggb10 ,leipzig1 ,vol4 ,,xxxiv1 pp4 #hh-ij4 ,footnote #ccc3 8,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,arts10 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #gb-ge4 ,footnote #ccd3 8,proce$+s ( ! ,l9nean ,society ( ,london10 ,octob]1 #aije1 p4 #bh4 ,footnote #cce3 8,la ,p*e et la ,culture des ,huitres ,p]lires ,tahiti10 ,p>is1 #ahhe4 ,footnote #ccf3 8,comptes ,r5dus de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces10 ,vol4 ,,cxxvii1 pp4 #hbh-hcj4 ,footnote #ccg3 ,see p4 #gc4 ,footnote #cch3 ,kmpf]1 8,hi/ory ( ,japan10 ,london1 #agbh1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #aaj-aab4 ,footnote #cci3 8,notes & ,qu]ies10 #crd ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bbh4 ,footnote #cdj3 8,j\rnal ( ! ,/raits ,bran* ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society10 ,s+apore1 #ahgh1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #ca-cg4 ,footnote #cda3 8,jewel]s' ,review10 ,may #aj1 #ahib4 ,footnote #cdb3 ,bloomfield1 8,hymns ( ! ,a?>vav$a10 ,ox=d1 #ahig1 p4 #fb4 ,footnote #cdc3 ,macg[an1 8,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,arts10 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #gc4 ,footnote #cdd3 ,pfirzmai]1 8,kais]li*e ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft510 ,wi51 #ahfh1 ,vol4 ,,lvii1 p4 #fbc4 ,footnote #cde3 ,translat$ f ,kl5n1 8,culturges*i*te10 ,leipzig1 #aheb1 ,vol4 ,x1 p4 #cah4 ,footnote #cdf3 ,t5nyson1 8,idylls ( ! ,k+40 ,footnote #cdg3 8,op]a omnia10 ,p>is1 #ahfd1 ,vol4 ,v1 p4 #dgc4 ,footnote #cdh3 ,w4 ,g4 ,audsley1 8,h&book ( ,*ri/ian ,symbolism10 ,london1 #ahfe1 p4 #adj4 ,footnote #cdi3 8,lucile10 ,pt4 ,,ii1 c4 #f1 /4 #af4 ,footnote #cej3 8,le ,m]cure ,indi51 ou le ,trsor des ,indes10 ,p>is1 #afgb1 p4 #afj4 ,footnote #cea3 ,_m ,greek s*ol>s ma9ta9 t ?is is a knott$ cord or fillet2 b ?is view is conte/$ by o!rs4 ,footnote #ceb3 ,edit$ by ,jiban&a ,vidyasag>a1 ,calcutta1 #ahgg4 ,footnote #cec3 ,edit$ by ,vidyasag>a1 #ahgc4 ,footnote #ced3 ,g>be1 8,die ,indis*5 ,m9]ali540 ,n>ah>i's 8,raganighantu10 ,v>ga ,,xiii1 ,leipzig1 #ahhb1 p4 #gd4 ,footnote #cee3 ,a9slie1 8,mat]ia ,indica10 ,london1 #ahbf1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bib4 ,footnote #cef3 8,mai-ml10 ,calcutta1 #ahha1 p4 #hga4 ,footnote #ceg3 8,mai-ml10 ,calcutta1 #ahgi1 p4 #cae4 ,footnote #ceh3 ,f9ot1 8,les ,lapidaires ,indi5s10 ,p>is1 #ahif1 p4 #ae4 ,footnote #cei3 8,mat]ia m$ica ( ,india & _! ,!rapeutics10 ,bombay1 #aijc1 p4 #ih4 ,footnote #cfj3 8,alb]ti ,magni ,op]a omnia10 ed4 ,augu/i ,borgnet1 ,p>is1 #ahij1 ,vol4 ,v1 p4 #da4 ,footnote #cfa3 8,lapid>io del ,rey ,d4 ,alfonso ,x10 ,codice orig9al1 ,madrid1 #ahha1 p4 #d4 ,footnote #cfb3 ,de ,boot1 8,gemm>um et ,lapidum ,hi/oria10 ,hanov]1 #afji1 ,lib4 ,,ii1 c4 #ch1 p4 #hg4 ,footnote #cfc3 ,m>g>itologia1 ,mona*ii1 #afcg4 ,footnote #cfd3 ,lovell1 8,panm9]alogicon10 ,ox=d1 #affa1 pp4 #gg1 #gh4 ,footnote #cfe3 ,jones1 8,cr$ulities ,pa/ & ,pres5t10 ,london1 #ahhj1 p4 #aff4 ,footnote #cff3 8,speculum lapidum10 ,v5ice1 #aejb1 p4 #cg4 ,footnote #cfg3 ,yri>te1 8,flor5ce10 ,p>is1 #ahha1 p4 #ci4 ,footnote #cfh3 ,bacon1 8,hi/oria ,vit et ,mortis10 ,lond9i1 #afbc1 p4 #ajj4 ,footnote #cfi3 ,grew1 ,nehemiah1 8,musum ,regalis ,societatis10 ,london1 #afha1 p4 #ade4 ,footnote #cgj3 8,a ,que5's ,delight10 ,london1 #afga1 pp4 #ge1 #gf4 ,footnote #cga3 8,hamlet10 ,act ,v1 sc4 #b4 ,footnote #cgb3 ,w4 ,j4 ,lawson1 8,hi/ory ( ,bank+10 ,london1 #ahej1 pp4 #bd1 #be4 ,footnote #cgc3 8,! ,naturall ,hi/orie ( ,c4 ,pl9ius ,secundus10 ,lib4 ,,ix1 c4 #ce4 ,?is anecdote is m5tion$ also by ,macrobius 7,circa #djj ,a4,d47 9 8,saturnaliorum conviviorum libri septem10 ,lib4 ,,ii1 c4 #ac4 ,footnote #cgd3 ,see p4 #ee4 ,footnote #cge3 8,! ,naturall ,hi/orie ( ,c4 ,pl9ius ,secundus10 ,lib4 ,,ix1 c4 #ce4 ,footnote #cgf3 ,see ! epitaph ( ,tuti*ylus 8qui fuit m>g>it>ius10 ,orelli1 #djgf4 ,footnote #cgg3 ,l[is d',a4 ,jackson1 8,mod]n ,metrology10 ,london1 #ahha1 p4 #cgj4 ,footnote #cgh3 ,grimm1 8,deuts*es ,wrt]bu*10 ,leipzig1 #ahgc1 ,vol4 ,v1 p4 #bje4 ,footnote #cgi3 ,guillaume1 8,les rc5ts progrs du sy/me mtrique10 ,p>is1 #aijg1 pp4 #fb-ff1 8,la r=me du c>at40 ,footnote #chj3 ,william ,hallock & ,h]b]t ,t4 ,wade4 8,outl9es ( ! ,evolution ( ,weights & ,measures & ! ,metric ,sy/em10 ,new ,york1 #aijf1 p4 #be4 ,footnote #cha3 8,a ,new ,engli% ,diction>y10 ,ox=d & ,new ,york1 #ahic1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,pt4 ,i1 p4 #aje4 ,footnote #chb3 ,buteonis1 8,op]a ,geometrica10 ,lugduni1 #aeed1 pp4 #hh-if4 ,footnote #chc3 ,see 8,edel/e9kunde10 ,wilhelm ,rau1 ,leipzig1 #aijg1 p4 #acg4 ,footnote #chd3 8,les ,lapidaires ,indi5s10 ,p>is1 #ahif4 ,footnote #che3 ,! guja 0 "o fif? ( a msaka & equal$ ab\t #b gra9s4 ,footnote #chf3 ,f9ot1 8,les ,lapidaires ,indi5s10 ,p>is1 #ahif1 p4 #bb4 ,footnote #chg3 8,fior di ,p5si]i sulle ,pietre ,preziose di ,ahm$ al ,teifascite10 text & translation by ,antonio ,ra9]i1 ,flor5ce1 #ahah1 pp4 #h1 #i4 ,footnote #chh3 ,*>les ,b>bot1 8,traite ,complte des ,pi]res ,prcieuses10 ,p>is1 #aheh1 p4 #dfg4 ,footnote #chi3 ,emanuel1 8,diamonds & ,preci\s ,/ones10 #bnd edition1 ,london1 #ahfg1 p4 #f4 ,footnote #cij3 ,anselmi de ,boot1 8,gemm>um et ,lapidum ,hi/oria10 ,hanoviae1 #afji1 pp4 #hh-ij4 ,footnote #cia3 ,de ,rosnel1 8,le ,m]cure ,indi510 ,p>is1 #afgb1 ,pt4 ,,iii1 pp4 #ag1 #ah4 ,footnote #cib3 ,rice ,vaughan1 8,a ,disc\rse ( ,co9 & ,co9age10 ,london1 #afge1 p4 #bda4 ,footnote #cic3 ,david ,jeffries1 8,a ,treatise on ,diamonds & ,pe>ls10 ,london1 #agea1 pp4 #abh-ada4 ,footnote #cid3 8,encyclopdie de ,did]ot et d',alemb]t10 ,neu*tel & ,p>is1 #aggd1 ,vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #che4 ,footnote #cie3 ,pio ,naldi1 8,delle ,gemme e delle ,regole p] ,valut>le10 ,bologna1 #agia1 p4 #bjg4 ,footnote #cif3 ,emanuel1 8,diamonds & ,preci\s ,/ones10 ,london1 #ahfg1 p4 #aig4 ,footnote #cig3 8,l',encyclopdie ou ,dictionnaire ,raisonn des ,sci5ces10 ,neu*tel & ,p>is1 #aggd1 ,vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #che4 ,footnote #cih3 8,delle ,gemme10 etc41 #agia4 ,footnote #cii3 ,see 8,report to ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,ceylon on ! ,pe>l ,oy/] ,fi%]ies ( ! ,gulf ( ,mana>10 by ,w4 ,a4 ,h]dman1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pt4 ,v1 ,london1 #aijf1 pp4 #cd-cf4 ,footnote #djj3 ,see pp4 #abd-abg4 ,footnote #dja3 ,see 8,mod]n ,metrology10 ,l[is d',a4 ,jackson1 ,london1 #ahhb1 p4 #cfi4 ,footnote #djb3 ,f 8,nav>atnap>iska10 9 ,f9ot1 8,les ,lapidaires ,indi5s10 p4 #aeh4 ,footnote #djc3 ,guillielmi ,budaei1 8,de ,asse10 ,v5ice1 #aebb1 ,lib4 ,v1 pp4 #fg1 #fh4 ,footnote #djd3 ,caire & ,dufie1 8,la ,sci5ce des ,pi]res ,prcieuses applique aux ,arts10 ,p>is1 #ahcc4 ,footnote #dje3 ,*>les ,b>bot1 8,trait ,complte des ,pi]res ,prcieuses10 ,p>is1 #aheh1 pp4 #dfd1 #dfe4 ,footnote #djf3 8,! ,book ( ,s] ,m>co ,polo1 ! ,v5etian40 ,trans4 & ed4 by ,col4 ,h5ry ,yule1 ,london1 #ahga1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bge4 ,footnote #djg3 ,g5]al ,apprais]s #eadf 7,treasury ,dep>tm5t #bcgdh74 ,footnote #djh3 ,decemb] #f1 #aija2 #aab ,f$4 ,rep4 #fgb4 ,footnote #dji3 ,suit ,no4 #ccbh4 ,footnote #daj3 ,dec4 #bi1 #aijc4 ,footnote #daa3 ,suit ,no4 #digd4 ,footnote #dab3 ,g5]al ,apprais]s #daff4 ,footnote #dac3 ,g5]al ,apprais]s #eadh4 ,footnote #dad3 ,suits ,nos4 #bgha & #ccbd4 ,footnote #dae3 ,john & ,&rew van ,rymsdyk1 8,museum ,brittanicum10 ,london1 #aggh1 p4 #h1 note4 ,footnote #daf3 ,f9ot1 8,les ,lapidaires ,indi5s10 ,p>is1 #ahif1 p4 #bd4 ,footnote #dag3 8,an ,essay ^u ,v>i\s ,arts1 9 ,?ree ,books by ,!ophilus1 call$ also ,rug]us1 ,prie/ & ,monk1 ,=m+ an ,encyclop$ia ( ,*ri/ian ,art ( ! ,elev5? ,c5tury40 ,translat$1 ) notes1 by ,rob]t ,h5drie4 ,london1 #ahdg4 ,footnote #dah3 8,indian ,art10 by ,sir ,george ,c4 ,m4 ,birdwood 7,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum ,art ,books71 ,pt4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ahh1 #bdh4 ,footnote #dai3 ,anselmi de ,boodt1 8,gemm>um et ,lapidum ,hi/oria10 ,hanov]1 #afji4 ,lib4 ,,ii1 c4 #dj1 8,quomodo m>g>itae p]=untur10 p4 #ia4 ,footnote #dbj3 ,see portrait fac+ page #ddb4 ,footnote #dba3 ,*>les ,b>bot1 8,trait ,complte des ,pi]res ,prcieuses10 ,p>is1 #aheh1 pp4 #dfd1 #dfe4 ,footnote #dbb3 8,dlgation en ,p]se10 ,p>is1 #aije1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #eb4 ,footnote #dbc3 ,de ,morgan1 8,dlgation en ,p]se10 ,p>is1 #aije1 ,vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #eb4 ,footnote #dbd3 ,imho(-,blum]1 8,portrtkpfe auf antik5 ,mnz510 pl4 #g1 figs4 #ab sqq4 ,footnote #dbe3 ,see 8,dlgation en ,p]se10 ,vol4 ,,viii4 8,re*]*es ,ar*ologiques40 ,p>is1 #aije1 ?ird s]ies1 pp4 #ea-b1 pl4 #e4 ,footnote #dbf3 ,equival5t to ab\t #a1bej1jjj ounces ( silv]2 ,h>d\9 says #g1fjj1jjj francs4 ,footnote #dbg3 8,naturall ,hi/orie10 ,london1 #afja1 ,lib4 ,,ix1 c4 #ce4 ,footnote #dbh3 ,,ms4 ,biblio?que ,nationale1 ,p>is1 #bjhi1 ,,xlvii1 ,no4 #ab4 ,footnote #dbi3 8,dictionnaire des ,antiquites ,grecques et ,roma9es10 ed4 by ,d]emb]g & ,saglio3 ,art4 8,inaures0 by ,potti]1 ,p>is1 #ahii1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #ddj-ddg4 ,footnote #dcj3 ,babelon1 8,cab4 des ,antiq410 pl4 #cc1 fig4 #c4 ,footnote #dca3 ,duruy1 8,hi/4 des ,roma9s10 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #eaa4 ,footnote #dcb3 ,cu/odian ( ! co9 collection ( ! ,philadelphia ,m9t4 ,footnote #dcc3 ,imp]ial ,museum ( ,ar*ology1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ,russia4 ,footnote #dcd3 8,della ,/oria ,naturale delle ,gemme delle ,pietre e di tutti i ,m9]ali10 ,giac9to ,gimma1 ,naples1 #agcj4 ,footnote #dce3 ,tab>i1 8,*ronique10 translat$ by ,zot5b]g1 ,p>is1 #ahfi1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cjd4 ,footnote #dcf3 ,ibid41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #dag4 ,footnote #dcg3 ,alex&]1 8,! ,hi/ory ( ,wom510 ,london1 #aghb1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #acf4 ,footnote #dch3 8,! ,book ( ,s] ,m>co ,polo1 ! ,v5etian10 trans4 & ed4 by ,col4 ,h5ry ,yule1 ,london1 #ahga1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cdc4 ,footnote #dci3 ,de ,mly1 8,les ,lapidaires ,*9ois10 ,p>is1 #ahif1 p4 #agh4 ,footnote #ddj3 8,! ,book ( ,s] ,m>co ,polo1 ! ,v5etian10 trans4 & ed4 by ,col4 ,h5ry ,yule1 ,london1 #ahga1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bge4 ,footnote #dda3 ,alex&]1 8,! ,hi/ory ( ,wom510 ,london1 #aghb1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #agb4 ,footnote #ddb3 ,max ,mll]1 8,rig-,v$a ,samhita10 #ahfb1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #fd4 ,footnote #ddc3 ,alex&]1 8,! ,hi/ory ( ,wom510 ,london1 #aghb1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aga4 ,footnote #ddd3 ,f a lett] ( ,*>les ,roa* ,smi?1 ,esq41 ,f4 ,s4 ,a41 to ,john ,gage ,rokewode1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 8,ar*ologia10 ,vol4 ,,xxix1 p4 #gj4 ,footnote #dde3 ,augu/us ,c4 ,haml91 8,leisure ,h\rs ,among ! ,gems10 ,bo/on1 #ahhd1 p4 #bb4 ,footnote #ddf3 ,dieulafoy1 8,l'art antique de la ,p]se10 ,p>is1 #ahhd4 ,pt4 ,v1 p4 #acg4 ,footnote #ddg3 ,see ,maskell1 8,russian ,art0 7,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum ,h&books71 ,london1 #ahhd1 pp4 #hc1 #hd2 also 8,la ,russie ,mridionale10 by ,re9a*-,kondak(f-,tol/oy1 pp4 #dhi1 #dij4 ,footnote #ddh3 8,die ,domkir*e bei ,/4 ,veit 9 ,prag10 ,prague1 #ahij1 pp4 #ac1 #ai1 #ba4 ,footnote #ddi3 ,abridg$ f a description by ,pr(essor ,t5nant4 ,footnote #dej3 ,dav5port ,debrett1 8,diction>y ( ! ,coronation10 ,london1 p4 #eb4 ,footnote #dea3 ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 8,description ( ! ,regalia ( ,scotl&10 ,ed9burgh1 #ahfi4 ,footnote #deb3 ,communicat$ by ,pr(4 ,h4 ,s*uma*] ( ,bonn & ,johann ,wagn] ,sohn1 ,jewel]s ( ! ,g]man ,c\rt4 ,footnote #dec3 ,w4 ,jones1 8,cr[ns & ,coronations10 ,london1 #ahhc1 p4 #dbe4 ,footnote #ded3 ,otto von ,falke & ,he9ri* ,fraub]g]1 8,deuts*e ,s*melz>beit5 des ,mittelalt]s10 ,frank=t-on-!-,ma91 #aijd1 p4 #b4 ,footnote #dee3 ,otto von ,falke & ,he9ri* ,fraub]g]1 8,deuts*e ,s*melz>beit5 des ,mittelalt]s10 ,frank=t-on-!-,ma91 #aijd1 pp4 #f1 #g4 ,footnote #def3 ,ibid41 p4 #i4 ,footnote #deg3 ,ibid41 p4 #af4 ,footnote #deh3 ,josef ,dank1 8,aus dem ,gran] ,doms*atz10 ,gran1 #ahhj1 pp4 #fd-ff4 ,footnote #dei3 ,josef ,dank1 8,aus dem ,gran] ,doms*atz10 ,gran1 #ahhj1 pp4 #fg-gj4 ,footnote #dfj3 ,ibid41 pp4 #gd1 #ge4 ,footnote #dfa3 8,katalog d] ,s*atzkamm] von ,m>ia ,loretto am ,hrads*9 zu ,prag10 ,prague1 #ahia1 pp4 #cd1 #dj4 ,footnote #dfb3 ,maskell1 8,russian ,art0 7,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum ,h&books71 ,london1 #ahhd1 pp4 #aai1 #abj4 ,footnote #dfc3 ,ba$ek]1 8,russl&10 ,leipzig1 #ahhh1 p4 #cag4 ,footnote #dfd3 ,"o ( ! au?ors has 9 8 possession tw5ty manuscript volumes ( ^! inv5tories4 ,!y are c>eful copies f ! orig9als1 mo/ ( :i* are 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale 9 ,p>is4 ,^! copies 7 execut$ = ,m4 ,e4 ,mol9i]1 a cons]vator ( ! ,l\vre ,museum1 & 7 dispos$ ( aft] 8 dea? 9 #aijf4 ,! values 9 ! money ( ! times are usually giv51 & we h endeavor$ :]e possible to indicate ! equival5t 9 ,unit$ ,/ates curr5cy1 tak+ acc\nt ( ! progressive *anges 9 ! ,fr5* monet>y /&>d4 ,footnote #dfe3 8,inv5taire des ,joyaux de ,l\is ,duc d',anj\10 ,9 ,de ,laborde's 8,emaux10 ,p>is1 #ahec1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,footnote #dff3 ,biblio?que ,nationale4 ,,ms4 fr4 #fedb 7suppt4 #dfbb7 p>*em9 orig9al1 #ac pp4 9 folio4 ,footnote #dfg3 ,de ,laborde1 8,emaux10 ,p>is1 #ahec1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dcg4 ,footnote #dfh3 8,inv5taire des ,bi5s de ,m>gu]ite de ,fl&re10 ,biblio?que ,nationale coll41 ,moreau1 #agbe 7,m\*et #e74 ,footnote #dfi3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 ,,ms4 ,lat94 #iida 7suppt4 #afef71 folio1 p>*m5t1 #dj leaves4 ,footnote #dgj3 ,biblio?que ,nationale ,,ms4 fr4 #ahgff 7,s4 ,g]ma9 fr4 #iaj7 #dj ff4 ,b\nd 9 gre5 velvet4 ,footnote #dga3 ,bibl4 ,natl4 ,,ms4 franais1 #dfaa1 folio1 pp4 #dcc 9 p>*m5t4 ,footnote #dgb3 8,inv5taires des ,ducs de ,b\rgogne10 ,de ,laborde1 8,emaux10 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dch4 ,footnote #dgc3 ,see ,de ,laborde4 8,emaux10 ,p>is1 #ahec1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dcg4 ,footnote #dgd3 8,jahrbu* d] kun/hi/oris*5 ,sammlung5 des all]h*/5 ,kais]hauses10 ,vi5na1 #ahie1 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 ,pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #eb4 8,inv5tories ( ,philip ,,ii0 7#aeih-afjg74 ,footnote #dge3 ,ibid41 ,vol4 ,,xix1 ,pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #agj4 ,footnote #dgf3 ,f eptli--%ell1 & yollott--he>t1 i4e41 life4 ,footnote #dgg3 8,h]aldic4 ,curios410 ,p>s ,,iii1 c4 #h1 p4 #ab4 ,footnote #dgh3 ,debrett1 8,diction>y ( ! ,coronation10 p4 #abg4 ,footnote #dgi3 8,illu/rat$ ,london ,news10 ,april #ac1 #ahgh1 p4 #cdg4 ,footnote #dhj3 ,pl9y1 8,naturall ,hi/orie10 ,london1 #afja1 ,lib4 ,,ix1 c4 #ce4 ,footnote #dha3 ,bud1 8,de ,asse10 ,p>is1 #aead4 ,footnote #dhb3 ,pl9y1 8,hi/oria ,naturalis10 ,lib4 ,,ix1 c4 #ce4 ,footnote #dhc3 8,hi/oria10 ,lib4 ,i1 c4 #d1 ed4 ,niebuhr1 ,bonnae1 #ahcc4 ,footnote #dhd3 ,panciroli1 8,r]um ,memorabilium1 libri duo10 ,frank=t4 #affj1 ,pt4 ,i1 p4 #dd4 ,we h be5 unable to f9d ?is /atem5t 9 ! ,annals ( ,zon>as2 x 0 possibly d]iv$ f "s gloss or annotation4 ,footnote #dhe3 ,publi%$ by ,lambeccius 9 8,biblio!ca ,cs>ea10 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #eaf4 ,footnote #dhf3 ,see p4 #bed = ,g>cilasso's description4 ,footnote #dhg3 ,g>cilasso1 8,hi/orie des ,incas1 ,rois du ,pr\10 ,am/]dam1 #agjd1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ceb4 ,footnote #dhh3 ,ibid41 p4 #cea4 ,footnote #dhi3 ,miscel4 ,academ4 ,nat4 ,curios1 ,dec4 #a1 ,ann4 ,,ii1 obs4 #bhh4 ,footnote #dij3 8,hawk9s' ,voyages10 ,hakluyt ,society1 #ahgh1 p4 #cae note4 ,footnote #dia3 ,see ,rob]tson1 8,inv5taires de la ,royne d',ecosse10 ,bannatyne ,club1 #ahfc4 ,footnote #dib3 ,see ,lang1 8,portraits & ,jewels ( ,m>y ,/u>t10 ,ed9burgh1 #aijf4 ,footnote #dic3 ,teulet1 8,relations politiques de la ,france et de l',espagne avec l',ecosse10 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ceb4 ,footnote #did3 ,teulet1 8,relations10 etc41 p4 #cfd4 ,footnote #die3 ,walpole1 8,anecdotes ( ,pa9t+ 9 ,engl&10 ,london1 #ahdi1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aea4 ,footnote #dif3 ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ?is collection 0 giv5 9 a little book1 n[ q r>e1 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #agic by ,john ,rob]ts1 entitl$ 8,a ,view ( ! ,wax5 ,figures 9 ,h5ry ,,vii's ,*apel40 ,footnote #dig3 ,bolton1 8,curi\s ,relics ( ,engli% ,fun]als10 ,bo/on1 #ahid1 p4 #bcc4 ,footnote #dih3 ,lawson1 8,hi/ory ( ,bank+10 ,london1 #agej1 pp4 #bd1 #be4 ,footnote #dii3 ,burgon1 8,! ,life & ,times ( ,sir ,?omas ,gre%am10 ,london1 #ahci1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #fi4 ,footnote #ejj3 ,see p4 #dea4 ,footnote #eja3 ,london1 #afca1 p4 #abig4 ,footnote #ejb3 ,tav]ni]1 8,travels 9 ,india10 ,london1 #ahhi1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #acj4 ,footnote #ejc3 ,tav]ni] us$ ! ,flor5t9e c>at1 :i* equal$ #c4jd gra9s troy4 ,footnote #ejd3 ,tav]ni]1 8,travels 9 ,india10 ,london1 #ahhi1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aaj4 ,footnote #eje3 ,"o rati equal$ sev5 eigh?s ( ! ,flor5t9e c>at1 or #b4ff gra9s troy4 ,footnote #ejf3 ,tav]ni]1 8,travels 9 ,india10 ,london1 #ahhi1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #cig-cii4 ,footnote #ejg3 ,sir ,h5ry ,mi]s ,elliot1 8,! ,mohamm$an ,p]iod z describ$ by ,its ,own ,hi/orians10 ,vol4 ,v4 ( 8,! ,hi/ory ( ,india10 ed4 by ,a4 ,v4 ,w4 ,jackson1 ,new ,york1 #aijg1 p4 #cbd4 ,footnote #ejh3 ,see ,fig4 #b ( ,tav]ni]'s diagram4 ,footnote #eji3 ,tav]ni]1 8,travels 9 ,india10 trans4 by ,v4 ,ball1 ,london1 #ahhi1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #chd4 ,footnote #eaj3 ,b5jam91 8,p]sia10 p4 #gc4 ,footnote #eaa3 ,brydges1 8,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,transactions ( ,8 ,maje/y's ,mission to ! ,c\rt ( ,p]sia1 9 ! ,ye>s #ahjg-ahaa10 ,london1 #ahcd1 p4 #chc4 ,footnote #eab3 ,port]1 8,travels 9 ,georgia1 ,arm5ia1 ,anci5t ,babylon10 etc41 ,london1 #ahba1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cbe4 ,footnote #eac3 ,rob]t de ,b]qu51 8,les ,m]veilles des ,indes ,ori5tales et ,occid5tales10 ,p>is1 #affa1 p4 #gh b4 ,footnote #ead3 ,bibl4 ,nat4 ,,ms4 8,mlanges de ,colb]t10 ,tome #bah1 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #eae3 ,de ,waldheim1 8,essai sur la ,pellegr9a10 p4 #dh4 ,footnote #eaf3 ,see p4 #deb4 ,footnote #eag3 ,h]tz1 8,catalogue ( ! ,collection ( ,pe>ls & ,preci\s ,/ones ,=m$ by ,h5ry ,philip ,hope1 ,esq410 ,london1 #ahci4 ,footnote #eah3 8,gems & ,preci\s ,/ones ( ,nor? ,am]ica10 ,new ,york1 #ahib1 ,pl4 ,,viii1 p4 #bbi4 ,footnote #eai3 ,/reet]1 8,pe>ls & ,pe>l+ ,life10 ,london1 #ahhf1 pp4 #bie1 #bif4 ,footnote #ebj3 ,taunton1 8,au/ral9d10 ,london1 #aijj1 p4 #bca4 ,footnote #eba3 ,au/rian ,c\rt ,j\rnal1 #ahii4 ,footnote #ebb3 ,see p4 #dfa4 ,footnote #ebc3 ,! s5ior au?or 0 p]mitt$ to h&le ^! treasures 9 #ahii4 ,footnote #ebd3 ,w9ckl]1 8,die ,rei*skle9odi510 ,b]l91 #ahgb1 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #ebe3 ,ibid41 p4 #i4 ,footnote #ebf3 ,z ?is pe>l 0 br\ght f ! ,ea/ lat] on1 x may be ! same z ! ,re9e des ,p]les1 /ol5 f ! ,fr5* cr[n jewels 9 #agia4 ,x is evid5tly ! same z ! ,la ,pellegr9a ( ! ,zozima bro!rs 7#ahad7 & lat] /ol5 f !m1 reappe>+ z ! pe>l describ$ by ,kohl1 9 #ahdj1 fir/ 9 ! possession ( a ,russian m]*ant & !n lat] 9 ! ,russian ,treasury4 ,footnote #ebg3 8,am]ican ,an?ropologi/10 ,lanca/]1 ,pa41 ,vol4 ,,ix1 ,no4 #a1 ,jan4-,m>*1 #aijg1 pp4 #eg-hf4 ,footnote #ebh3 8,true ,travels10 ,ri*mond edition1 #ahai1 p4 #add4 ,footnote #ebi3 ,/ra*ey1 8,hi/orie ( ,travaile into ,virg9ia ,britannia10 ,hakluyt ,society1 ,london1 #ahdi1 p4 #fe4 ,footnote #ecj3 ,smi?1 op4 cit41 p4 #acj4 ,footnote #eca3 ,/ra*ey1 op4 cit41 p4 #eg4 ,footnote #ecb3 ,smi?1 op4 cit41 p4 #hc4 ,footnote #ecc3 ,/ra*ey1 op4 cit41 p4 #fg4 8,! #8blue' or #8violet-color$' pe>ls %[n 9 ,:ite's orig9al draw+s are probably /a9$ pe>ls40 ,^! 7 mo/ probably ! d>k purple pe>ls ( ! r\nd clam or quohog ( ! coa/1 al?\gh x is possible t !y 7 only glass beads4 ,footnote #ecd3 ,smi?1 op4 cit41 ,pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #ai4 ,footnote #ece3 ,?omas ,h>iot1 8,a ,brief & ,true ,report ( ! ,new ,f\nd ,l& ( ,virg9ia10 ,holbe9 edition1 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #ecf3 ,will\ghby1 8,am]ican ,an?ropologi/10 ,lanca/]1 ,pa41 ,vol4 ,,ix1 ,no4 #a1 ,janu>y1 #aijg1 pp4 #fa1 #fb4 ,footnote #ecg3 ,bev]ley1 8,hi/ory ( ,virg9ia10 #agbb1 pp4 #afg1 #ahf4 ,footnote #ech3 ,/ra*ey1 op4 cit41 p4 #hi4 ,footnote #eci3 ,smi?1 op4 cit41 p4 #adc4 ,footnote #edj3 ,squi] & ,davis1 ,smi?sonian 8,contributions to ,k10 ,vol4 ,i1 #ahdh1 p4 #bhc4 ,footnote #eda3 8,sci5ce10 ,april #f1 #aijf1 ,vol4 ,,xxiii1 ,no4 #ehh4 ,footnote #edb3 8,hi/ory ( ,alabama10 ,*>le/[n1 #ahea1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ab4 ,footnote #edc3 8,m\ndville ,revisit$10 ,repr9t f ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces ( ,philadelphia1 ,philadelphia1 #aijg1 ,vol4 ,,xiii1 pp4 #cih-djc4 ,footnote #edd3 8,antiquities ( ! ,s\!rn ,indians10 ,new ,york1 #ahgc1 p4 #dhc2 also1 8,monum5tal ,rema9s ( ,georgia10 ,savannah1 #ahfa1 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #ede3 8,anci5t ,aborig9al ,trade 9 ,nor? ,am]ica10 ,report ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution = #ahgb1 p4 #ch ( ! au?or's repr9t4 ,footnote #edf3 ,see 8,artificial ,%ell ,deposits 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 9 ! ,report ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution = #ahff1 p4 #ceg4 ,footnote #edg3 8,antiquities ( ,s\!rn ,indians10 p4 #dij4 ,footnote #edh3 ,transactions ( ! ,philosophic ,society = #afic4 ,footnote #edi3 ,see p4 #did4 ,footnote #eej3 8,exploration ( ! ,edw9 ,h>ness ,m\nd10 ,columbus1 ,o41 press ( ,f4 ,j4 ,he]1 #aijg1 p4 #gf4 ,footnote #eea3 8,anci5t ,monum5ts ( ! ,mississippi ,valley10 ,squi] ,davis1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahdh1 p4 #bcb4 ,footnote #eeb3 8,explorations 9 ,ohio10 f ! ,eighte5? ,report ( ! ,peabody ,museum1 ,cambridge1 #ahhf1 p4 #dfb4 ,footnote #eec3 ,collection ( ,peabody ,museum ( ,ar*ology1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,footnote #eed3 ,n[ 9 ! ,field ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,footnote #eee3 8,am]ican ,ar*ologi/10 ,may1 #ahig1 to ,may1 #ahih4 ,footnote #eef3 8,ar*ologia ,am]icana10 #ahbj1 p4 #ahb4 ,footnote #eeg3 ,see p4 #dii4 ,footnote #eeh3 ,see p4 #dih4 ,footnote #eei3 8,la ,salle & ! ,discov]y ( ! ,great ,we/10 ,p>kman1 p4 #bha4 ,footnote #efj3 ,william ,c4 ,mills1 8,explorations ( ! ,edw9 ,h>ness ,m\nd1 ,columbus1 ,o402 press ( ,fr$4 ,j4 ,he]1 #aijg4 8,ohio ,ar*ological & ,hi/orical ,qu>t]ly10 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 ,no4 #b4 ,footnote #efa3 ,h]rmann1 8,m\nd-build]s ( ! ,mississippi ,valley10 pp4 #ib1 #ic4 ,footnote #efb3 ,a l>ge numb] ( ^! works are 9 ! libr>y ( ,george ,f4 ,kunz4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,p4 #aec1 *ang$ 8o1 ,j]usalem ,deliv]$0 to 8,tasso1 ,j]usalem ,deliv]$04 #b4 ,p4 #bce1 *ang$ 8a snort di/ance0 to 8a %ort di/ance04 #c4 ,sil5tly correct$ typographical errors & v>iations 9 spell+4 #d4 ,ar*aic1 non-/&>d1 & unc]ta9 spell+s reta9$ z pr9t$4 #e4 ,footnotes 7 re-index$ us+ numb]s & collect$ toge!r at ! end ( ! la/ *apt]4 #f4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4 #g4 ,sup]scripts are d5ot$ by a c>et be=e a s+le sup]script "* or a s]ies ( sup]script$ *>act]s enclos$ 9 curly braces1 e4g4 ,mr4 or ,mi/]4