,,stories ,,pictures ,,tell ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,decoration ,,stories ,,pictures ,,tell ,,book ,,eight ,by ,,flora ,l4 ,,carpenter ,instructor in drawing at ,waite ,high ,school1 ,toledo1 ,ohio ,formerly supervisor of drawing1 ,bloomington1 ,illinois ,illustrated with ,half ,tones from ,original ,photographs ,,rand ,mc,n,a,l,l,y ,,company ,,chicago ,,new ,,york ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,copyright1 #aiah ,,by ,,rand ,,mcnally ,,co4 ,illustration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,contents ,,september ,,and ,,october ,,page 8,the ,death of ,general ,west #a ,wolfe0 8,portrait of the ,artist's ,whistler #af ,mother0 ,,november1 ,,december1 ,,and ,,january ,mural ,decorations and #bg ,fresco 8,the ,frieze of the ,sargent #bi ,prophets0 8,the ,holy ,grail0 ,abbey #eg ,,february ,,and ,,march 8,the ,wolf ,charmer0 ,la ,farge #gi ,american ,illustrators #ib 8,evangeline0 ,taylor #ig ,,april1 ,,may1 ,,and ,,june ,cartoons and ,caricatures #ajh ,engravings1 ,etchings1 and #abj ,prints ,lithography #abc ,review of ,pictures and ,artists ,studied ,the ,suggestions to #abe ,teachers ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,preface ,art supervisors in the public schools assign picture-study work in each grade1 recommending the study of certain pictures by well-known masters4 ,as ,supervisor of ,drawing ,i found that the children enjoyed this work but that the teachers felt incompetent to conduct the lessons as they lacked time to look up the subject and to gather adequate material4 ,recourse to a great many books was necessary and often while much information could usually be found about the artist1 very little was available about his pictures4 ,hence ,i began collecting information about the pictures and preparing the lessons for the teachers just as ,i would give them myself to pupils of their grade4 ,my plan does not include many pictures during the year1 as this is to be only a part of the art work and is not intended to take the place of drawing4 ,the lessons in this grade may be used for the usual drawing period of from twenty to thirty minutes1 and have been successfully given in that time4 ,however1 the most satisfactory way of using the books is as supplementary readers1 thus permitting each child to study the pictures and read the stories himself4 ,,flora ,l4 ,,carpenter ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,stories ,,pictures ,,tell ,illustration ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,general ,,wolfe ,questions to arouse interest4 ,what is represented in this picture8 ,what have these men been doing8 ,what makes you think so8 ,why have they stopped8 ,what can you see in the distance8 ,do you think the soldier running toward the group in the foreground is the bearer of good or bad news8 ,what makes you think so8 ,how many of you can tell what battle has just been fought1 or something about ,general ,wolfe8 ,original ,picture3 ,grosvenor ,house1 ,london1 ,england4 ,artist3 ,benjamin ,west4 ,birthplace3 ,springfield1 ,pennsylvania4 ,dates3 ,born1 #agch2 died1 #ahbj ,the story of the picture4 ,it is little wonder that the artist1 ,benjamin ,west1 who overcame so many obstacles to follow his chosen calling1 should admire a man like ,general ,wolfe1 who also had a great many difficulties to overcome4 ,each was born with an overwhelming desire1--the one to be a great artist2 the other to be a great soldier4 ,both achieved their desire through their own earnest and praiseworthy effort4 ,perhaps the greatest difficulty ,james ,wolfe had to contend with was his poor constitution and constant ill health4 ,he could scarcely endure the long marches by land or voyages by sea--yet he would shirk neither4 ,duty to his country was always first4 ,he was only sixteen years old when he took part in his first campaign4 ,abb ,h4 ,r4 ,casgrain tells us3 8,he was then a tall but thin young man1 apparently weak for the trials of war4 ,moreover1 he was decidedly ugly1 with red hair and a receding forehead and chin1 which made his profile seem to be an obtuse angle1 with the point at the end of his nose4 ,his pale1 transparent skin was easily flushed1 and became fiery red when he was engaged in conversation or in action4 ,nothing about him bespoke the soldier save a firm-set mouth and eyes of azure blue1 which flashed and gleamed4 ,with it all1 though1 he had about his person and his manner a sympathetic quality which attracted people to him40 ,although a severe illness compelled him to give up this first campaign and return home1 ,wolfe was by no means discouraged1 and he later on managed to distinguish himself for his courage and military skill4 ,it was not long after this that the great ,william ,pitt decided that ,wolfe was a man to be trusted with great things4 ,he appointed him commander of the ,english troops to be sent against ,quebec4 ,american history had just reached the period when all the ,english colonies had been founded except ,georgia1 and the long struggle had come between ,france and ,england for the possession of ,canada4 ,there were many older generals who thought they ought to have been appointed to the important command in place of ,wolfe1 and when the elated ,wolfe made some wild boasts in their presence1 they were quick to carry them to the king and to declare that ,james ,wolfe was a mad fool1 and not fit to command4 ,but ,king ,george ,,iii liked ,wolfe none the less for his enthusiasm1 and declared that if 8,general ,wolfe be mad1 he hoped he would bite some of his generals40 ,but even ,wolfe's enthusiasm could not break down the strong fortification at ,quebec4 ,the city was located on a high1 rocky cliff in itself almost inaccessible1 and the natural strength of the position was increased by the strong defense maintained by the ,french soldiers and the ,indians4 ,wolfe spent the entire summer trying to find a way to take ,quebec1 and probably would not have succeeded but for a combination of circumstances which left one part of the cliff unprotected4 ,with the aid of a telescope1 ,general ,wolfe had discovered a hidden pathway up the side of the cliff behind the city at a point which was lightly guarded4 ,then came a deserter from the ,french army who informed him that the ,french were expecting some provision boats that night4 ,without hesitation1 ,general ,wolfe ordered thirty-six hundred of his soldiers to prepare for the assault4 ,under cover of night1 flying a ,french flag and with the aid of those of his generals who spoke ,french1 ,wolfe and his soldiers managed to sail past the sentry and enter the harbor in the guise of the ,french provision boats4 ,in absolute silence they sailed up the river and landed at a spot since called 8,wolfe's ,cove40 ,the ascent up the steep hill side was difficult but soon accomplished1 and the few guards killed or taken prisoners4 ,all the ,british soldiers successfully gained the heights and the next morning ,general ,wolfe lined them up for battle on a field called the 8,field of ,abraham0 after the name of its owner4 ,the ,french commander1 ,montcalm1 surprised at the presence of the enemy on his own shore1 went to meet them hurriedly and without proper support4 ,a fierce battle ensued in which the ,english were victorious1 and the ,french fled4 ,general ,wolfe was wounded three times in this battle1 the last time fatally4 ,even then he called out to those nearest him1 8,support me2 let not my brave fellows see me fall4 ,the day is ours2 keep it40 ,in our picture we see ,general ,wolfe half supported on the ground1 with his friends about him4 ,at the left is the messenger who1 history tells us1 bore the news1 8,they run2 see how they run60 ,the dying general heard the words and asked1 8,who run80 ,upon hearing the answer1 8,the enemy10 he exclaimed1 8,now ,god be praised4 ,i will die in peace40 ,this victory not only gave ,canada to ,england1 but established the permanent supremacy of the ,english-speaking race in ,north ,america4 ,is it any wonder1 then1 that ,benjamin ,west1 a good ,american colonist1 should be interested in this battle and wish to paint a picture of it8 ,he started it with great enthusiasm1 and soon had the figures sketched in1 ready to paint4 ,west was then living in ,london1 and ,archbishop ,drummond1 happening in his studio at this time1 was greatly shocked because ,west had dressed his men in costumes such as they actually wore4 ,strange as it seems to us now1 it was the custom then to use classic models for everything1 and to represent all figures as wearing ,greek costumes1 no matter in what period they lived4 ,if we remember ,benjamin ,west for no other reason1 we shall remember him because he was the first in ,england and ,america to change this custom4 ,he believed we should paint people just as they are4 ,the archbishop tried to dissuade him from this1 and failing1 he asked ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds to talk to ,west4 ,finally ,king ,george ,,iii heard of the artist's intention and sent for him4 ,west listened to the king with great respect1 and then replied3 8,may it please your ,majesty1 the subject ,i have to represent is a great battle fought and won1 and the same truth which gives law to the historian should rule the painter4 ,if instead of the facts of action ,i introduce fictions1 how shall ,i be understood by posterity8 ,the classic dress is certainly picturesque1 but by using it ,i shall lose in sentiment what ,i gain in external grace4 ,i want to mark the time1 the place1 and the people2 to do this ,i must abide by the truth40 ,the king could not fail to be convinced by so sensible an answer1 yet he would not buy the picture4 ,when ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds came to look at the finished picture he praised it unreservedly1 and not only told the artist it would be popular but predicted that it would lead to a revolution in art4 ,his prediction was soon fulfilled4 ,king ,george ,,iii also greatly admired the painting1 and said1 8,there6 ,i am cheated out of a fine canvas by listening to other people4 ,but you shall make a copy of it for me40 ,and yet the critics tell us that ,west1 with all his love for truth in dress1 took even a greater artist's license when he painted this picture4 ,he represented men as standing near ,wolfe 7the two generals1 ,monckton and ,barr7 who were not there at all4 ,these two men were fatally wounded in the same battle1 but in another part of the field4 ,surgeon ,adair1 too1 who is bending over the dying hero1 was in another part of the country at the time4 ,the ,indian warrior1 who intently watches the dying general to see if he is equal to the ,indian in fortitude and bravery1 was1 it is claimed1 an imaginary person4 ,but a far greater number of critics uphold ,west and consider his painting the more valuable because he has brought into prominence a number of the important men of that time1 and linked their names in memory with that of ,general ,wolfe and with the cause they represented4 ,it is interesting to note the manner in which the artist has grouped his figures in the foreground4 ,we can separate them into at least three distinct groups1 each complete in itself1 yet held together by the direction of their gaze and the position of their bodies4 ,for a moment these brave men have forgotten1 in grief at the loss of a beloved companion and hero1 even the joy of victory for a great cause4 ,the interest is centered about the dying general in many different ways--the light1 the position of other figures1 the direction of their gaze1 and his position in the picture4 ,our attention and interest might remain with the group in the foreground of the picture but that it is drawn1 for a moment1 to the figure in the middle distance running toward us and from that figure to the mass in the background which1 though vaguely outlined1 is still distinct enough to give us the impression of troops in action4 ,questions to help the pupil understand the picture4 ,why did the life of ,general ,wolfe appeal so strongly to the artist ,benjamin ,west8 ,what great obstacles did ,general ,wolfe have to overcome8 ,tell about his first campaign4 ,describe his personal appearance4 ,why did ,william ,pitt choose ,wolfe for an important office8 ,what feeling did this cause among the other generals8 ,what did ,george ,,iii say about ,general ,wolfe8 ,explain the difficulties to be overcome in capturing ,quebec4 ,how did the ,english effect a landing8 ,where was the battle fought8 ,which army was victorious8 ,what events aided the ,english in gaining this victory8 ,what new idea did ,west introduce in this picture8 ,who opposed him at first8 ,to what did this change lead8 ,what can you say of the composition of this picture8 ,what is its value as history8 ,the story of the artist4 8,what is thee doing1 ,benjamin80 ,a small boy1 hearing this question1 suddenly becomes quite confused and embarrassed as he tries to cover up a sheet of paper he has in his hand4 ,his mother and sister1 dressed in the severely plain clothing of the ,quakers1 are standing behind him1 waiting for an answer4 ,the boy looks up timidly1 his face turning red as he answers hesitatingly1 8,n-nothing40 ,of course this does not satisfy his mother1 and she speaks more sharply as she asks him again what he is doing and what he has in his hand4 ,the boy1 a little fellow of six1 hands her a sheet of paper and nervously rocks the cradle in which his baby sister is sleeping4 ,he expects to be punished1 for he has done something that must be wrong1 for he never heard of any one else doing it4 ,the mother and sister study the paper carefully1 and find only a drawing done in red and black ink4 ,they recognize it at once as a picture of the baby sister ,sally1 sound asleep1 and they are pleased in spite of themselves4 ,the mother asks him many questions1 and he tells her that as he was taking care of his baby sister he had suddenly felt a great desire to copy the sleeping child's face4 ,he had found an old quill pen and some ink1 and they could see what he had been doing4 ,the mother looks pleased1 but says1 8,i do not know what the ,friends would say to such like40 ,however1 ,benjamin feels encouraged1 and determines to try again soon4 ,this story is often told in giving the history of ,american art1 because this same ,benjamin ,west was our first native ,american artist4 ,other ,american men had copied ,european paintings1 but his was the first original work in ,america4 ,benjamin's grandfather came to ,america with ,william ,penn1 the two being intimate friends4 ,later the ,west family moved to the small town of ,springfield1 ,pennsylvania1 where1 in #agch1 the grandson ,benjamin was born1 growing up under the stern observances of an early ,quaker home4 ,his father kept a small store1 but the family was a large one and many hardships had to be endured in those early days4 ,at the age of seven ,benjamin began to attend the village school4 ,you will remember that the ,indians remained very friendly after their treaty with ,william ,penn1 and that in those days they often came to visit and trade with the settlers4 ,the boys in this little school always looked forward to these visits1 as they liked to talk with the ,indians in sign language and to trade with them for bows and arrows and other curious things the ,indians made4 ,they came one day when ,benjamin had been drawing some birds and flowers on his slate4 ,when shown the sketches they grunted their approval and the next time they came the big chief brought ,benjamin some red and yellow paint1 the kind they used to decorate their bodies4 ,how delighted ,benjamin was as he ran home with his colors2 but what could he do without blue8 ,then his mother remembered the bluing she used for her clothes1 and gave him a piece of indigo4 ,now he must have a brush4 ,you have probably heard of how he cut the fur from the tip of the cat's tail1 and so made a very good brush1 although it did not last long4 ,this made it necessary for him to cut so much fur that the cat became a sorry sight indeed4 ,benjamin's father thought it must have some disease and was about to chloroform it1 when his son told him the true state of affairs4 ,not long afterwards an uncle who was a merchant in ,philadelphia sent ,benjamin a complete painter's outfit1--paints1 brushes1 canvas1 and all4 ,it is said that the day these came ,benjamin suddenly disappeared from sight and could not be found either at school1 where he should have been1 or in any of his favorite haunts4 ,at last his mother thought of the attic1 and there she found him so busily absorbed in painting his picture that at first he did not hear her4 ,she had intended to punish him1 but1 seeing his pictures1 she forgot all else as she said1 8,oh1 thou wonderful child60 ,when the uncle came to visit them he was so delighted he took ,benjamin back with him to ,philadelphia1 where he could have good instruction in drawing4 ,at eighteen he began to paint portraits4 ,then1 after living in ,new ,york several years1 he traveled extensively in ,europe1 finally settling in ,london1 where he remained the rest of his life4 ,he became court painter for ,king ,george ,,iii1 and succeeded ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds as president of the ,royal ,academy1 holding this position until his death4 ,benjamin ,west caused one complete change in the art of ,england4 ,until his time all art had followed the ,greek ideas1 the artists using the ,greek costumes for figures of men of all periods4 ,west believed we should paint people just as they are1 so he dressed his people in the costumes of the day4 ,at first1 of course1 he was criticized severely1 but soon all the artists were following his example4 ,benjamin ,west became the founder of a school of his own1 to which young artists from both ,america and ,england went for help and encouragement4 ,although he spent the last years of his life in ,england1 ,benjamin ,west always remained a patriotic ,american4 ,the first few painters of note who followed ,benjamin ,west were greatly influenced by him4 ,the list of prominent ,american artists is constantly increasing4 ,j4 ,walker ,mc,spadden1 in his book called ,famous ,painters of ,america1 has classified a few of the most prominent in a way that may help us remember them3 ,benjamin ,west1 the painter of destiny4 ,john ,singleton ,copley1 the painter of early gentility4 ,gilbert ,stuart1 the painter of presidents4 ,george ,inness1 the painter of nature's moods4 ,elihu ,vedder1 the painter of the mystic4 ,winslow ,homer1 the painter of seclusion4 ,john ,la ,farge1 the painter of experiment4 ,james ,mc,neill ,whistler1 the painter of protest4 ,john ,singer ,sargent1 the painter of portraits4 ,edwin ,austin ,abbey1 the painter of the past4 ,william ,m4 ,chase1 the painter of precept4 ,questions about the artist4 ,who was the first ,american artist of note8 ,where was he born8 ,of what faith were his parents8 ,relate the circumstances which led to ,benjamin ,west's first drawing1 and the result4 ,how old was he at that time8 ,how did he secure his first paints8 his brushes8 ,what gift did his uncle send him8 ,what became of ,benjamin the day this gift was received8 ,what did his mother say8 ,where did he go to study art8 ,in what way did he change art in ,england8 ,what school did he establish8 ,name five other ,american artists1 and tell why they are famous4 ,to the ,teacher3 ,several pupils may prepare the subject-matter as suggested here1 then tell it to the class4 ,later1 topics may be written upon the blackboard and used as suggestive subjects for short compositions in ,english4 #a4 ,relate an incident in the life of ,benjamin ,west that persuaded his parents he would be an artist4 #b4 ,explain some of the difficulties he had to overcome in order to paint4 #c4 ,what preparation did he make to become an artist8 #d4 ,in what ways was he of special benefit to the world of art8 #e4 ,tell something of the progress of ,american painting from that time to this4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration ,,portrait ,,of ,,the ,,artist',s ,,mother ,questions to arouse interest4 ,what is the name of this picture8 ,who painted it8 ,half close your eyes and tell what part of the picture stands out most distinctly4 ,which part should be most distinct8 7,the figure1 especially the head1 holds the center of interest47 ,from this glimpse of her1 describe the character and disposition of ,whistler's mother as you would judge them to be4 ,give reasons4 ,what would make you think she was neat and orderly8 ,where is she sitting8 ,how is she dressed8 ,what can you see in the background8 ,original ,picture3 ,luxembourg ,gallery1 ,paris1 ,france4 ,artist3 ,james ,mc,neill ,whistler4 ,birthplace3 ,lowell1 ,massachusetts4 ,dates3 ,born1 #ahcd2 died1 #aijc4 ,the story of the picture4 ,whistler called this picture 8,an ,arrangement in ,gray and ,black10 for he felt that the public could not be interested in a portrait of his mother4 ,he said1 8,to me1 it is interesting as a picture of my mother2 but what can or ought the public to care about the identity of the portrait80 ,however1 this knowledge of relationship has appealed so strongly to the people that by common consent the picture has been renamed by them1 8,whistler's ,mother10 or 8,portrait of the ,painter's ,mother10 or even 8,portrait of ,my ,mother40 ,then again many critics declare the picture might well be called 8,a ,mother10 for it represents a type rather than an individual4 ,the face seems to speak to each and every one of us in a language all can understand4 ,this dear old lady in her plain black dress1 seated so comfortably with her hands in her lap and her feet on a footstool1 has an air of peace and restfulness about her that is good to look upon4 ,a feeling of stillness and perfect quiet comes to us1 and we do not at first realize the skill of the artist in producing such an effect4 ,seated in this restful gray room1 she seems to be in a happy reverie of the days gone by4 ,the simple dignity of the thoughtful figure is increased by the refinement of her surroundings4 ,a single picture and part of the frame of another hang on the gray wall behind her4 ,at the left we see a very dark green curtain hanging in straight folds1 with its weird ,japanese pattern of white flowers4 ,all is gray and dull save the face4 ,this contrast brings out its soft warmth4 ,the dark mass of the curtain with its severely straight vertical lines1 contrasted with the darker diagonal mass which represents the figure of the mother1 gives us a feeling of solemnity and reverence4 ,the severity of these dark masses is broken by the head and hands4 ,the dainty white cap with its suggestion of lace on the cap strings softens the sweet face and relieves the glossy smoothness of her hair4 ,in her hands she holds a lace handkerchief which we can barely distinguish from the lace on her cuffs4 ,but the hands serve as an exquisite bit of light to lead the eye back to the face1 where we study again the calm and tender dignity of the figure and the mysterious beauty of those far-seeing eyes4 ,by this very simplicity1 quiet1 and repose1 ,whistler has made us feel the love and reverence he has for his mother4 ,he leaves us to guess what the mother herself may be thinking as she looks back over the life now past4 ,with what reluctance she may have at first consented to pose for her portrait1 believing that this great1 wonderful son of hers had better choose some younger1 fairer model1 more responsive to his magic brush6 ,but when she found his heart was set upon painting her portrait1 she would hesitate no longer4 ,no doubt he knew just which dress he wished his mother to wear4 ,we all know the dress we like to see our own mother wear4 ,very likely ,whistler had planned the picture for days and knew exactly where he wished her to sit and just how the finished portrait was to look4 ,and the mother1 with her faith in her son's talent1 probably thought his wanting her picture was only a token of his love for her1 little realizing that this portrait alone would make her son famous4 ,we are moved by the silence and reserve of this gentle lady to an appreciation of the love1 reverence1 and respect that are her due4 ,held at a distance1 our reproduction of this picture seems to consist merely of a black silhouette against a light gray wall4 ,on closer examination we soon discover two other values--that of the floor1 which is medium gray1 and the darker mass of the curtain4 ,whistler was so fond of gray that he always kept his studio dimly lighted in order to produce that effect4 ,his pictures are full of suggestions rather than actual objects or details4 ,in his landscapes all is seen through a misty haze of twilight1 early morning1 fog1 or rain4 ,they suggest rather than tell their story4 ,he makes us think as well as feel4 ,questions to help the pupil understand the picture4 ,what did ,mr4 ,whistler call this painting8 ,why was the name changed8 ,what is it often called8 why8 ,which name seems the most appropriate to you8 ,what colors did the artist use8 ,how many values are represented in this painting8 ,what are they8 ,what can you say about the division of space in the picture8 of the light and shade8 of the interior of the room8 ,to the ,teacher3 ,tell about the picture and the artist1 or have some one pupil prepare the story and tell it to the class4 ,this may be followed by a written description of the picture and a short sketch of the artist's life by the class1 given in connection with the ,english composition work4 ,these questions may be written upon the blackboard as a guide or suggestion4 ,the story of the artist4 ,perhaps there never was a boy more fond of playing practical jokes than ,james ,mc,neill ,whistler4 ,for this reason he made many enemies as well as friends1 for you know that1 although very amusing in themselves1 practical jokes are apt to offend4 ,but first we should know something about ,whistler's father and mother4 ,of a family of soldiers1 the father was a graduate of ,west ,point ,military ,academy1 and became a major in the ,united ,states army4 ,during those peaceful days there was very little to keep an army officer busy1 so the government allowed its ,west ,point graduates to aid in the building of the railroads throughout the country4 ,civil engineers were in great demand1 and from a position as engineer on the ,baltimore and ,ohio ,railroad1 ,major ,whistler became engineer to the ,proprietors of ,locks and ,canals at ,lowell1 ,massachusetts4 ,to ,lowell1 then a mere village1 ,major ,whistler brought his family1 and here ,james was born4 ,later the family moved to ,stonington1 ,connecticut4 ,whistler's mother was a strict ,puritan and brought up her son according to ,puritan beliefs4 ,their ,sundays were quite different from ours at the present day4 ,they really began on ,saturday night for little ,james1 for it was then that his pockets were emptied1 all toys put away1 and everything made ready for the ,sabbath4 ,on that day the ,bible was the only book they were allowed to read4 ,when they lived in ,stonington1 they were a long distance from the church and1 as there were no trains on ,sunday1 the father placed the body of a carriage on car wheels and1 running it on the rails as he would a hand car1 he was able to take his family to church regularly4 ,this ride to church was the great event of the day for ,james4 ,james's first teacher at school1 though a fine man1 had unfortunately a very long neck4 ,in his wish to hide this peculiarity he wore unusually high collars4 ,one day little ,james came in tardy1 wearing a collar so high it completely covered his ears4 ,he had made it of paper in imitation of the teacher's4 ,as he walked solemnly to his seat1 the whole school was in an uproar4 ,james sat down and went about his work as if unconscious both of commotion and of the angry glare of his teacher4 ,it was not many minutes before the indignant man rushed upon him and administered the punishment he so richly deserved4 ,when ,james was nine years old the family moved to ,russia4 ,the ,emperor ,nicholas ,i wished to build a railroad from the city of ,st4 ,petersburg 7now called ,petrograd7 to ,moscow1 and had sent all over ,europe and ,america in search of the best man to undertake this work1 at last choosing ,major ,whistler4 ,it was a great honor1 of course1 and the salary was twelve thousand dollars a year4 ,here the family lived in great luxury until the father died4 ,then ,mrs4 ,whistler brought her children back to ,america to educate them4 ,when only four years old ,james had shown considerable talent for drawing1 but although his mother admired his sketches she always hoped and planned that her son should become a soldier like his father4 ,so at the age of seventeen she sent him to ,west ,point1 where he remained three years before he was discharged for failure in chemistry4 ,although he had failed in most of his other studies1 too1 he stood at the head of his class in drawing4 ,he received much praise for the maps he drew in his geography class1 and some of them are still preserved4 ,whistler himself tells us3 8,had silicon been a gas1 ,i would have been a major general40 ,it was during an oral examination1 after repeated failures1 that his definition1 8,silicon is a gas10 finally caused his dismissal4 ,another story is told of his examination in history4 ,his professor said1 8,what6 do you not know the date of the ,battle of ,buena ,vista8 ,suppose you were to go out to dinner and the company began to talk of the ,mexican ,war1 and you1 a ,west ,point man1 were asked the date of the battle1 what would you do80 8,do80 said ,whistler4 8,why1 ,i should refuse to associate with people who could talk of such things at dinner40 ,whistler's real name was ,james ,abbott ,whistler1 but when he entered ,west ,point he added his mother's name1 ,mc,neill4 ,he did this because he knew the habit at ,west ,point of nicknaming students1 and he feared the combination of initial letters would suggest one for him1 so he substituted ,mc,neill for ,abbott4 ,he was called ,jimmie1 ,jemmie1 ,jamie1 ,james1 and ,jim4 ,the older he grew the more ,whistler seemed to enjoy playing practical jokes4 ,soon after he left ,west ,point he was given a position in a government office1 but was so careless in his work he was discharged4 ,as he was going past his employer's desk he caught sight of an unusually large magnifying glass which that official used only on the most important occasions and which was held in great awe by the employes4 ,whistler quickly painted a little demon in the center of this glass4 ,it is said that when the official had occasion to use the great magnifying glass again he hurriedly dropped it thinking he must be out of his head1 for all he could see was a wicked-looking demon grinning up at him4 ,when ,whistler began to paint in earnest he was very successful1 and soon became the idol of his friends4 ,in fact1 the admiration of his friends proved quite a misfortune1 for it sometimes made him satisfied with poor work4 ,a friend coming in would find a half-completed picture on his easel and go into raptures over it1 saying1 8,don't touch it again4 ,leave it just as it is60 ,whistler1 pleased and delighted1 would say he guessed it was rather good1 and so the picture remained unfinished4 ,many stories are told of the models he chose from the streets4 ,often some dirty1 ragged little child would find itself taken kindly by the hand and led home to ask its mother whether it might pose for the great artist4 ,after some difficulty the mother would be persuaded to let the child go just as it was1 dirt and all4 ,as soon as ,whistler began to paint1 he usually forgot everything else and so at last the child would cry out from sheer weariness4 ,then with a start of surprise ,whistler would say to his servant1 8,pshaw6 what's it all about8 ,can't you give it something8 ,can't you buy it something80 ,needless to say1 the child always went home happy with toys and candy4 ,whistler saw color everywhere1 and he was especially quick to feel the beauty of color combinations4 ,the names of his paintings suggest that this love of color was of first importance in his work1 even before the object or person studied4 ,so we have 8,a ,symphony in ,white10 8,rose and ,gold10 8,gray and ,silver10 8,a ,note in ,blue and ,opal10 and 8,green and ,gold40 ,questions about the artist4 ,of what nationality was the artist8 ,what was his father's profession8 ,what important positions did he hold8 ,how did the family observe ,sunday8 ,what was the great event of the day for ,james ,mc,neill ,whistler8 ,to what country did the family move8 ,what happened after the father's death8 ,where was ,james sent to school8 ,why did he fail8 ,why did he change his name8 ,tell about the position in the government office and what happened there4 ,how did praise and admiration affect him8 ,name some of his best paintings4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,mural ,,decorations ,,and ,,fresco ,the term 8mural decoration0 applies to the decoration of walls and ceilings4 ,these decorations may be done in fresco1 oils1 sculpture in low relief1 mosaics1 carved and paneled woodwork1 or tapestries4 ,in fresco painting a damp plaster ground is prepared on the wall1 upon which the moist colors are painted4 ,these colors become fixed as they dry1 and appear to be a part of the wall4 ,the work must be done while the plaster is damp1 so the painter prepares only that part of the wall which he expects to cover that day4 ,as it cannot be used after it is dry1 he must scrape away all that is left and prepare a new background the next day4 ,if the artist wishes to change any part of his picture1 he must scrape off the ground and repaint the entire picture4 ,it is often easy to see where the new plaster has been added1 and hence how much the artist did in one day4 ,the damp atmosphere in northern countries soon destroys fresco paints1 while the warm1 sunny climate of such countries as ,italy and ,spain preserves them4 ,most of the fresco paintings of such old masters as ,fra ,angelico1 ,raphael1 ,leonardo da ,vinci1 and ,michelangelo are still to be seen in much of their original beauty4 ,in ,america1 fresco is seldom used1 as artists find that oil paints on canvas1 which may be fastened to the wall with white lead1 are much more lasting and satisfactory4 ,some of the best-known mural paintings in the ,united ,states are found in the ,boston ,public ,library1 ,boston1 ,massachusetts3 8,the ,holy ,grail10 by ,edwin ,abbey 7,american72 8,the ,frieze of the ,prophets10 by ,john ,sargent 7,american72 and 8,the ,muses ,welcoming the ,genius of ,enlightenment10 by ,chavannes 7,french74 ,in the ,congressional ,library1 ,washington1 ,d4,c41 the artists represented are3 ,elihu ,vedder 7,american71 ,j4 ,w4 ,alexander 7,american71 ,h4 ,o4 ,walker 7,american71 ,charles ,sprague ,pearce 7,american71 ,edward ,simmons 7,american71 ,g4 ,w4 ,maynard 7,american71 and ,frederick ,dielman 7,american by adoption74 ,in the ,waldorf-,astoria ,hotel1 ,new ,york ,city1 ,e4 ,h4 ,blashfield 7,american7 and ,edward ,simmons are represented4 ,at the ,carnegie ,institute the work of ,john ,w4 ,alexander is represented1 and at the ,walker ,art ,building1 ,bowdoin ,college1 ,maine1 we find works by ,cox1 ,thayer1 ,vedder1 and ,la ,farge4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration ,,the ,,frieze ,,of ,,the ,,prophets ,questions to arouse interest4 ,who were the 8prophets08 ,how many are represented in this picture8 ,relate some incident or event in the life of any one of them4 ,what book tells about the lives of these men8 ,of what benefit were they to the world8 ,how many groups are complete in themselves8 ,how are the five groups held together to form a single composition8 ,original ,picture3 ,boston ,public ,library1 ,boston1 ,massachusetts4 ,artist3 ,john ,singer ,sargent 7srjnt74 ,birthplace3 ,florence1 ,italy4 ,dates3 ,born1 #ahef4 ,the story of the frieze4 ,this painting is placed on the third floor of the ,boston ,public ,library1 ,boston1 ,massachusetts1 in what is known as ,sargent ,hall4 ,the third floor of the library contains valuable collections of books on special subjects1 and to approach these rooms we must pass through a long1 high gallery4 ,this is ,sargent ,hall1 named in honor of the artist who decorated its walls4 ,at about the time that ,mr4 ,abbey was asked to decorate the walls of the ,delivery ,room1 ,mr4 ,sargent1 also an ,american1 received a commission to decorate both ends of this hall or gallery4 ,he was paid fifteen thousand dollars for the work4 ,so successful was he in pleasing the people1 and so much enthusiasm was aroused1 that immediately an additional sum of fifteen thousand dollars was raised by popular subscription1 and ,mr4 ,sargent was urged to complete the decoration of the entire hall4 ,the 8,frieze of the ,prophets0 is only a part of the decorations of ,sargent ,hall4 ,mr4 ,sargent has described the complete scheme of decoration as representing 8the triumph of religion1 showing the development of religion from early confusing beliefs to the worship of the one ,god upon the basis of the ,law and the ,prophets40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,elijah1 ,moses1 ,joshua4 ,the ,frieze of the ,prophets ,,moses ,one glance at the picture tells us that the central figure1 that of ,moses1 is the most important among the nineteen prophets represented4 ,of all the prophets ,moses is considered the most ideal and superhuman1 and thus ,mr4 ,sargent has tried to represent him4 ,by using more conventional lines1 and by modeling the figure in low relief so that it stands out from the rest of the picture1 he has produced this distinguishing effect4 ,the face1 beard1 shoulders1 arms1 and ,tables of the ,law stand out in the painting as if they were carved from stone4 ,in fact1 as we look at him we think more of a monument than of a painting4 ,the wings crossed so stiffly make the figure seem all the more erect1 while the feathers seem to send out rays of light over the entire picture4 ,the earnest face with its deep-set eyes suggests the strength and courage of that great leader who felt that upon him lay the responsibility for the restless1 ignorant idolaters whom he was to lead4 ,when we read the story of the prophet's life we are filled with wonder4 ,from the very first it was unusual4 ,moses was born at the time when the wicked king of ,egypt commanded that all boy babies of the ,israelites should be drowned4 ,but his mother kept him hidden until he was three months old4 ,then she placed him in a small boat or ark which she pushed out among the flags and grasses of the river4 ,we all know how the daughter of ,pharaoh found the child and adopted him as her own son4 ,she named him ,moses1 meaning 8to draw out10 for1 as she said1 she had drawn him out of the water4 ,grown to manhood among the ,egyptians1 his open sympathy for his own people caused him to be banished4 ,then1 in the vision of the burning bush1 which burns yet never is consumed1 the ,lord appeared to him and told him that he was to deliver the people of ,israel out of the hands of the ,egyptians4 ,but when he was told to go to speak to ,pharaoh his courage deserted him1 and it was not until after several miracles had been performed and divine help promised that he was willing to go4 ,aaron1 brother of ,moses1 went with him to ask ,pharaoh to permit the ,israelites to go on a three days' journey into the wilderness to offer sacrifices to the ,lord4 ,but ,pharaoh only laughed at them4 ,a great many dreadful things had to happen to ,pharaoh's people before he would give his consent--the water was turned to blood2 the land was covered with frogs1 and lice1 and flies2 the cattle were afflicted with a dreadful disease2 man and beast were covered with running sores2 hail destroyed most of the crops2 locusts came to devour the rest1 and the whole country1 except the land in which the ,israelites dwelt1 was cast into darkness4 ,during each of these scourges ,pharaoh would send for ,moses and beg him to ask ,god to deliver the land1 saying he would let the ,israelites go4 ,but as soon as the danger was removed he would refuse to keep his promise4 ,then came the most dreadful scourge of all--the death of the first-born in every ,egyptian home4 ,again ,pharaoh had failed to heed the warning of ,moses4 ,there was weeping and wailing in ,egypt that day1 for every home lost a loved one4 ,in great haste the king sent messengers to ,moses1 giving the ,israelites his consent to go and even urging them on their way4 ,so with their families and their worldly goods the ,israelites started out in search of the promised land under the leadership of ,moses and ,aaron4 ,they had scarcely begun their weary journey before ,pharaoh regretted having allowed them to go1 and sent spies and an army after them4 ,but a 8pillar of cloud0 came between the two camps and hid the ,israelites that night4 ,in the morning the ,red ,sea1 over which they must cross1 divided before them and they walked across on dry land between the walls of water4 ,when they had passed1 the waters closed in again and destroyed the pursuing ,egyptians4 ,then comes the wonderful history of those forty years' wanderings in the wilderness1 led by clouds by day and pillars of fire by night1 until the ,israelites reached the promised land4 ,during all this time1 under the guidance of the ,lord1 ,moses taught his people and directed them in all their affairs4 ,yet they were not capable of understanding his great spiritual convictions1 for at one time1 when ,moses remained on ,mount ,sinai forty days and forty nights communing with ,god1 he found upon his return that his people had made themselves an idol and were worshiping it4 ,their faith seems never to have been very strong1 and they were constantly in need of the help and encouragement of their great leader4 ,from ,mount ,sinai1 ,moses brought them the two stone tablets1 with the ,ten ,commandments written upon them4 ,in his picture ,mr4 ,sargent has represented ,moses with two little horns on his forehead4 ,after ,moses came down from ,mount ,sinai1 where ,god had spoken to him1 his face shone1 or1 as the ,bible says1 8sent forth beams or horns of light40 ,these horns are also shown very distinctly in ,michelangelo's wonderful statue of ,moses4 ,here we see him represented as a sort of spiritual giant1 holding toward us for our observance the two stone tablets containing the ,ten ,commandments upon which all ,christian living should be based4 ,,joshua ,during the forty years' wandering in the wilderness many hostile tribes were encountered and had to be subdued4 ,then a young man1 strong1 energetic1 and skillful in arms1 came forward to lead the army4 ,this young leader was ,joshua1 represented at the right of ,moses in the act of sheathing his sword4 ,moses himself saw the promised land far off from the top of a mountain4 ,the ,lord had told him to go there to look upon it1 as he could not live to reach it4 ,moses then spent his last days instructing his people and their new leader1 ,joshua the warrior1 who was to guide them to the end of their journey4 ,having received the promise of divine help1 the ,israelites under their new leader again took up the march4 ,when they reached the ,river ,jordan1 it1 like the ,red ,sea1 divided and allowed them to walk over on dry land2 the guarded massive walls of ,jericho fell that they might enter and possess the land4 ,but there were still other hostile tribes to be conquered before they could feel that the land was really theirs4 ,they were successful in all their battles except one1 in which defeat came to them because one man had stolen plunder and hidden it in his house contrary to his promise to ,god4 ,the sin confessed1 victory returned4 ,when all the land was conquered it became ,joshua's duty to divide it among the different tribes1 a long and difficult task4 ,this accomplished1 he gathered his people together and told them that his time of leadership was about to end4 ,then he made them decide for themselves whether they would henceforth worship idols or the one ,god4 ,they vowed they would worship the one ,god1 and ,joshua caused them to erect a monument as a reminder of their vow4 ,in our picture the simple1 straight lines of the figure of ,joshua are suggestive of the determined1 forceful character of the man4 ,they give an impression of great strength4 ,notice how the light falls upon his upraised arm and the straight folds of his garment4 ,it seems to come directly from the wings of the figure of ,moses1 as if to acknowledge the wisdom and inspiration which ,joshua received from the great leader4 ,the face of ,joshua1 half hidden under his hood1 is thoughtful yet determined4 ,here is a man of strong1 steady purpose1 pressing on persistently until he1 with all his people1 should reach the promised land4 99 99 99 99 99 ,of a quite different type is the prophet ,elijah1 whom we see at the left of ,moses4 ,this enthusiastic leader1 regardless of physical comforts or earthly pleasures1 bends all his energies toward the one great cause4 ,his complete forgetfulness of self is well represented here by the careless draperies1 the intense feeling in the face1 and the strained muscles of the neck and arms4 ,we know little about his life until the time when he was sent as messenger to the palace of the wicked ,king ,ahab4 ,this king over the ,israelites lived in a magnificent palace made of ivory and gold1 with beautiful gardens about it4 ,but his wife1 ,jezebel1 was a wicked woman1 and a worshiper of idols1 and she persuaded ,ahab to build a great temple to one of her gods1 ,baal1 and to worship with her4 ,one day1 without any warning1 a strange-looking man wearing a cloak of camel's hair and carrying a strong staff in his hand1 appeared before ,ahab in the throne room of his magnificent palace4 ,it was ,elijah1 and without even bowing to the king or showing him any respect whatever1 he delivered this dreadful message in a loud voice3 8,as the ,lord ,god of ,israel liveth1 before whom ,i stand1 there shall not be dew nor rain these years1 but according to my word40 ,before the astonished king could answer1 ,elijah had disappeared4 ,then the ,lord warned ,elijah to hide by a certain brook called ,cherith1 for ,ahab would pursue him4 ,here he lived three months1 fed by the ravens and hiding in caves in the rocks1 for this brook was hidden between two hills of rock covered with leaves4 ,but soon the brook became dry1 for there had been no rain4 ,then again came the message of the ,lord1 telling him to go to a certain widow's home many miles away1 where he would be taken care of4 ,as ,elijah neared the gates of the city where she lived1 he met a woman gathering sticks4 ,he asked her for some water and bread1 but she told him she had just enough meal to make one little cake for herself and her small son4 ,after that they must die1 for she was very poor4 ,she had been gathering the sticks to bake the cake4 ,then ,elijah told her to make a cake for him first1 and not to be afraid1 for the ,lord had told him her meal and oil should not give out before the rain came4 ,she did as he said1 and1 sure enough1 she had as much meal and oil as before4 ,then she knew this to be a man of ,god1 and offered to let him stay in her home4 ,elijah remained there two years1 during which time the drought continued over ,israel1 and ,ahab sought the prophet in vain4 ,then came the voice of the ,lord commanding him to go again to the king with a message4 ,ahab was very angry when ,elijah again appeared2 but ,elijah was not afraid4 ,he ordered ,ahab to gather all the ,israelites at ,mount ,carmel and to bring there also the prophets of ,baal1 the heathen god4 ,but the wicked ,jezebel had caused all the prophets of the ,israelites to be put to death1 so that ,elijah was alone against the four hundred and fifty prophets of ,baal4 ,while he waited1 ,elijah spent the time in prayer4 ,when all were gathered at ,mount ,carmel1 the king in his royal purple robes1 the false prophets in their white robes and high pointed caps1 and all the attendants1 officers1 and servants1 the great figure of ,elijah loomed up before them1 demanding in a loud voice how long they were going to take to decide whether to serve ,god or ,baal4 ,none dared reply4 ,he told them to bring two oxen2 one1 the prophets of ,baal should prepare for sacrifice1 the other he should prepare4 ,each should call upon his ,god1 and the ,god that answered by fire should be supreme4 ,the people thought this very fair1 as ,baal was supposed to be the god of fire4 ,the prophets of ,baal were allowed to try first4 ,in vain they called to the sun1 and danced about the altar1 waving their arms wildly1 begging ,baal to hear them and to send the fire--but there was no response4 ,is it any wonder ,elijah said to them3 8,cry aloud3 for he is a god2 either he is talking1 or he is pursuing1 or he is in a journey1 or peradventure he sleepeth1 and must be awaked40 ,they continued their supplication all day1 but to no avail4 ,then ,elijah called the people close around him1 prepared his offering1 and commanded them to pour water over it several times and also to fill the ditch surrounding it with water1 that they might be fully persuaded4 ,then ,elijah's prayer was immediately answered by a fire1 which not only burned up the offering but licked up the water around it4 ,then the people were persuaded1 the false prophets were slain1 and rain descended upon the land4 ,but ,jezebel was very angry when she heard these things1 and sent word to ,elijah that he1 too1 should share the fate of the prophets of ,baal4 ,elijah fled4 ,it was at this time he rested 8under a juniper tree10 which has since been known as an expression of discouragement4 ,again came the message of the ,lord1 sending him to the land of ,israel1 where he should proclaim his successor1 ,elisha4 ,elijah spent the rest of his life instructing young men1 of whom ,elisha was his most devoted follower4 ,when his work was over he was taken up into heaven in a chariot of fire4 ,,daniel ,next to ,elijah in the frieze stands ,daniel1 that stanch leader whom nothing could dismay1 not even the fear of being placed in the lions' den4 ,he does not look as if he could easily be persuaded to turn aside from what he believed was right4 ,the fixed folds of his garment correspond with his features and his character as we know it4 ,in his hands he carries a piece of parchment upon which is inscribed in ,hebrew1 8,and they that be wise shall shine40 ,his was an unusual life full of strange experiences4 ,he was fourteen years old when the people of ,judah were taken captives to ,babylon by the victorious ,king ,nebuchadnezzar4 ,daniel was chosen with several other boys to be trained as pages for the king2 then many strange things happened to him4 ,in the first place his name was changed from ,daniel1 which means 8,god is my judge10 to ,belteshazzar1 after one of the idols of the ,babylonians4 ,all the pages were given these strange heathen names4 ,they were treated very kindly but were expected to eat the rich food from the king's table1 most of which had been offered to the idols4 ,illustration3 ,amos1 ,nahum1 ,ezekiel1 ,daniel4 ,the ,frieze of the ,prophets ,when ,daniel found this out he made his first stand for what he believed was right4 ,feeling that it was wrong to eat this food1 he persuaded three of the other boys to go with him and ask the king's officers to give them plainer food4 ,the officers consented to test this diet with the four boys1 and at the end of three months found they had gained in strength more than the other pages1 who had continued to eat the rich food2 and so ,daniel's request was granted4 ,all the pages had to study very hard1 for they had to learn the language of the ,babylonians besides many other things4 ,when they were brought before the king to be examined three years later1 ,daniel and his three friends were found to be the brightest scholars of all4 ,people began to look up to them1 and to call them very wise4 ,not long after this ,king ,nebuchadnezzar had a very strange dream1 but when he woke up in the morning he could not remember what it was4 ,he called his wise men together1 but none could tell him what he had dreamed4 ,he became very angry and ordered them all put to death1 even ,daniel and his friends1 whom he thought ought to be wise enough to tell him4 ,all that night ,daniel and his friends prayed for help1 until1 utterly weary1 they fell asleep4 ,in a dream the ,lord told ,daniel what to tell the king4 ,king ,nebuchadnezzar's dream had been about his kingdom1 and who should rule after him1 and he was amazed that one so young as ,daniel should tell him what he had dreamed and what the dream meant4 ,he gave ,daniel many presents and made him a great ruler4 ,daniel continued in favor with ,nebuchadnezzar's successor1 ,darius4 ,so much was he favored that the other officers of the king wished to destroy him4 ,appealing to his vanity1 they persuaded ,darius to set aside thirty days in which all his people should pray to him just as if he were a god4 ,he made this dreadful law among his people1 who were ,medes and ,persians4 ,of course we know how ,daniel continued to pray to ,god1 was watched1 and reported to the king4 ,then ,king ,darius saw the trap which his officers had set for ,daniel4 ,he was greatly distressed1 but not even a king could change a law among the ,medes and ,persians4 ,he had said that any one who disobeyed his law should perish in the den of lions4 ,but we know how ,daniel was taken care of2 how the king rejoiced to find him alive the next morning2 and how all the people marveled and believed in the ,god who had saved him4 ,at this time ,daniel was eighty years old4 ,god sent some wonderful dreams to him1 and he was able to prophesy many things that should happen to the ,jews4 ,it was through him that they were delivered from their captivity4 ,,jeremiah ,at the right of ,joshua we see ,jeremiah1 the prophet who so bitterly lamented the afflictions of his people4 ,he is often called the 8weeping prophet40 ,so ,mr4 ,sargent has represented him in that attitude of grief and discouragement1 standing there with his eyes cast down in sorrowful meditation4 ,his whole life was spent in what seemed a fruitless strife against the evils of his time1 for his warnings were disregarded1 and his people were hurrying toward their destruction4 ,illustration3 ,jeremiah1 ,jonah1 ,isaiah1 ,habakkuk4 ,the ,frieze of the ,prophets ,mr4 ,sargent has made us feel the hopeless despair of this strong man who tried so hard to save his people from all the misery they so willfully brought upon themselves4 ,he even went about the streets wearing a yoke on his neck1 to symbolize the coming servitude of the nation which refused to heed his warnings and repent4 ,his life was in constant danger2 he was imprisoned1 thrown into a damp1 unwholesome cistern1 and was often obliged to hide for months in caves among the rocks to escape the king's anger4 ,other prophets could declare ,god's protection and hold out some hope for the good to come1 but ,jeremiah's message spoke only of evil and sorrow4 ,it took great courage to go about on so unpopular and sad a mission1 without even a miracle to prove his words true1 and always alone among people who were unfriendly and did not believe in him4 ,the first one of ,jeremiah's predictions to come true was when ,daniel and the ,israelites were taken captives to ,babylon by ,king ,nebuchadnezzar4 ,again he warned them not to go into ,egypt1 but they not only went but compelled him to go with them4 ,the last we hear of ,jeremiah is in ,egypt1 urging his people to give up their idols and worship ,god4 ,he is indeed1 as ,mr4 ,sargent has represented him1 8the prophet of sorrow02 and yet the figure is one of strength4 ,neither in his face nor in his bearing is there any sign of indecision or turning back4 ,,jonah ,next1 partly hidden from view1 we see ,jonah1 the unwilling prophet1 who tried to run away when the ,lord told him to take his message of warning to ,nineveh4 ,the people in this city were known to be very wicked1 and ,jonah feared they might kill him1 so he took a boat and started away in another direction4 ,we all know of the fearful storm that arose and how the sailors prayed to their gods and urged ,jonah to pray to his4 ,but ,jonah could not pray to ,god when he was disobeying ,him4 ,then the sailors drew lots1 as was the custom1 to find out who had sinned and brought the fearful storm upon them4 ,the lot fell to ,jonah1 who told them how he had run away from ,nineveh4 ,he urged the sailors to throw him overboard1 saying the sea would then be still4 ,the men did not want to do this1 but1 fearful lest all should be lost1 they finally threw him overboard4 ,at once the wind died down and the sea was still4 ,we know how the whale was sent to swallow ,jonah and to carry him safely to the shore1 where he was left1 now very willing to deliver his message to ,nineveh4 ,he was to tell these wicked people that in forty days their city would be overthrown4 ,he went about the streets dressed in a rough camel's-hair cloak1 very much like ,elijah1 and called out his prophecy in a loud voice4 ,no wonder the people were frightened1 and when he told them how he had not wanted to bring the message and had been forced to1 they were more frightened than ever4 ,all the people1 and the king too1 wept and prayed ,god for forgiveness1 neither eating nor drinking4 ,then ,god heard their prayers and forgave them1 and their city was not destroyed4 ,but ,jonah felt very much hurt because his message had not proved true4 ,he thought only of himself1 and felt that he had been cheated4 ,he went away by himself and built a small place of shelter just outside the walls of the city4 ,here he sat and waited1 still hoping ,nineveh would be destroyed4 ,suddenly a tree sprang up1 its dense leaves protecting him from the hot sun4 ,jonah was greatly pleased and refreshed1 but the tree as suddenly withered1 and he was left grieving for it4 ,god then spoke to him and asked him how he could grieve for the tree1 yet harden his heart against the people of ,nineveh1 who had repented4 ,jeremiah's greatest grief was that the people would not heed his warnings1 while ,jonah felt aggrieved because his prophecy was not fulfilled4 ,in the picture we see ,jonah reading a scroll bearing the one word 8,jehovah40 ,,isaiah ,,and ,,the ,,lesser ,,prophets ,next to ,jonah we see ,isaiah1 the enthusiast1 prophesying the coming of ,christ's kingdom4 ,note how the light falls on the head and shoulders1 and on the upraised arms of the prophet1 and is echoed1 so to speak1 by the light on the lower folds of his robe4 ,all lines and lights lead the eye upward1 even as ,isaiah sought to lift his people up into a higher1 better world4 ,he is the hopeful figure in this group of four4 ,habakkuk stands next with his far-seeing eyes missing the heavenly visions which surround ,isaiah1 but seeing the sorrows and evils of the world and trying in vain to remedy them4 ,the next group to the right represents the three prophets of hope1 ,haggai1 ,malacchi1 and ,zechariah1 all pointing toward the section of the wall where ,mr4 ,sargent's new painting1 8,the ,sermon on the ,mount10 will be placed when finished4 ,the one doubtful figure1 ,micah1 who is looking back1 serves to hold this section of the picture to the other figures in the frieze4 ,,ezekiel ,,and ,,the ,,lesser ,,prophets ,at the left-hand side of the frieze and next to ,daniel1 stands ,ezekiel4 ,ezekiel lived at the same time as ,daniel and1 like him1 began his prophetic career after he was exiled to ,babylon4 ,during the twenty-seven years of his exile he kept his fellow exiles informed as to all dangers which were besetting and threatening their people at home in ,jerusalem and ,judah4 ,his book abounds in visions and poetical images4 ,mr4 ,sargent has given him the absorbed expression of one who sees beyond the present and whose vision includes both evil and good4 ,illustration3 ,micah1 ,haggai1 ,malacchi1 ,zechariah4 ,the ,frieze of the ,prophets ,nahum1 standing next to ,ezekiel1 seems to be predicting the wickedness and fall of ,nineveh1 of which he has given us such a powerful and vivid account2 while ,amos denounces idolatry and the sins of the nations1 also predicting a brighter future for the people of ,israel4 ,the four figures in the last panel to the left of ,moses represent the prophets of despair4 ,we cannot fail to notice that among the hopeful prophets there is one discouraged figure1 while among the prophets of despair we find the hopeful figure of ,hosea4 ,obadiah1 ,joel1 and ,zephaniah urged their people to repentance of sin1 and warned them of disaster to come1 but their warnings were not heeded4 ,in the picture ,joel is attempting to shut out the sight of the fearful plague of locusts1 of the famine1 and of the drought which he knows must come to his people because they will not repent4 ,the other two prophets seem crushed by a hopeless despair4 ,but love is the keynote of ,hosea's pleadings4 ,he speaks of the unquenchable love of ,jehovah for his erring people4 ,it is interesting to know that ,mr4 ,sargent's favorite figure in the frieze is this young prophet in white1 ,hosea4 ,is it any wonder he should choose this one8 ,the name ,hosea means salvation4 ,in him we see beauty1 grace1 and simplicity1 and we feel the steady purpose1 the earnest faith1 of that calm1 quiet face4 ,there is no despair in that face or figure2 the very folds of his robe give us a feeling of strength and stability2 they suggest marble4 ,illustration3 ,obadiah1 ,joel1 ,zephaniah1 ,hosea4 ,the ,frieze of the ,prophets ,we are interested in this great mural painting1 8,the ,frieze of the ,prophets10 not only for its intellectual and religious suggestiveness1 but for its composition1 its masses of dark and light1 and its beauty of form4 ,each of the groups of figures is complete in itself1 yet by the position of the figures and by the light upon them1 the frieze is held together as one composition4 ,mr4 ,sargent spent many years1 and studied his ,bible very thoughtfully1 before he attempted to draw this great picture4 ,questions to help the pupil understand the picture4 ,who were the prophets8 ,what had they to do with the development of religion8 ,who painted this picture8 ,where is the original8 ,what can you say of the composition of this picture8 of the light and shade8 ,what do we call paintings on a wall8 ,what is there unusual about this painting8 ,for what do you admire it8 ,why was ,moses given the most important place in this picture8 ,tell the story of his life4 ,why is he often represented with two little horns on his forehead8 ,tell something about each one of the prophets4 ,which one is ,mr4 ,sargent's favorite8 ,to the ,teacher3 ,certain pupils may be selected to study and give orally a description of different portions of this picture4 ,,subjects ,,for ,,composition #a4 ,how the ,prophets ,helped in the ,development of ,religion4 #b4 ,the ,most ,interesting ,prophet4 #c4 ,the ,most ,pleasing ,group of ,prophets4 #d4 ,life of the ,artist4 #e4 ,reasons ,why ,this ,painting ,has ,become ,famous4 #f4 ,how ,fresco or ,mural ,painting ,is ,done4 ,the story of the artist4 ,we are especially interested in ,mr4 ,sargent because he is one of the living ,american artists who has won fame both in his own country and abroad4 ,although ,john ,singer ,sargent was born in ,florence1 ,italy1 we claim him as an ,american because his parents were ,americans and because he has always considered himself an ,american4 ,his boyhood was spent in ,florence1 where it was his delight to wander in the art galleries4 ,he showed an early talent for drawing1 and when he was nineteen years old he went to ,paris to become the pupil of some of the best artists4 ,mr4 ,sargent is famous for his many portraits as well as for his mural decorations4 ,he has traveled extensively and has visited the ,united ,states many times1 painting and exhibiting his paintings here1 but most of his life has been spent in ,london1 where he is now living4 ,in #aijh he was elected to the ,royal ,academy4 ,he has won many medals of honor for his paintings1 and is a member of the leading art societies of ,america and ,europe4 ,among the noted pictures by ,mr4 ,sargent are3 8,carnation ,lily1 ,lily ,rose10 8,fishing for ,oysters at ,cancale10 8,neapolitan ,children ,bathing10 8,el ,jaleo0 7,spanish ,dance71 8,fumes of ,ambergris10 8,ellen ,terry as ,lady ,macbeth10 and 8,la ,carmenita40 ,as a portrait painter ,mr4 ,sargent has been commissioned by men and women of high distinction in literary1 political1 social1 and artistic life in ,america and ,europe4 ,among his eminent sitters have been3 ,joseph ,chamberlain1 ,carolus ,duran1 ,theodore ,roosevelt1 ,secretary ,hay1 and ,octavia ,hill4 ,questions about the artist4 ,why do we feel an especial interest in ,mr4 ,sargent8 ,where was he born8 ,why do we claim him as an ,american8 ,where did he study drawing and painting8 ,for what kind of paintings is he famous8 ,where does he live8 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,copyright by ,edwin ,a4 ,abbey2 from a ,copley ,print ,copyright by ,curtis ,cameron1 ,publishers1 ,boston ,,galahad ,,the ,,deliverer4 ,,the ,,holy ,,grail ,,the ,,holy ,,grail ,questions to arouse interest4 ,how many of you have read ,tennyson's ,the ,holy ,grail8 ,what was the ,holy ,grail8 ,why did men seek it8 ,tell what you can of ,sir ,galahad and his adventures4 ,original ,picture3 ,public ,library1 ,boston1 ,massachusetts4 ,artist3 ,edwin ,austin ,abbey 7b74 ,birthplace3 ,philadelphia1 ,pennsylvania4 ,dates3 ,born1 #aheb2 died1 #aiaa4 ,the story of the picture4 ,when asked to decorate the walls of the ,delivery ,room of the ,boston ,public ,library ,mr4 ,abbey planned to represent 8,the ,sources of ,modern ,literature10 thinking this would be most appropriate1 as ,mr4 ,sargent had chosen 8,the ,sources of the ,christian ,religion0 for the subject of his pictures on the walls of a gallery on the third floor of the same building4 ,but as ,mr4 ,abbey read and studied the subject he became impressed with the story of the ,holy ,grail1 which seemed to be woven in and out through all our literature4 ,he realized also that he would be the first to represent this subject in a large decoration1 and that it was altogether worthy of his best efforts4 ,the paintings occupy the wall space between the wainscot and the ceiling of this great room1 where books of the library are given out and returned4 ,the pictures are eight feet in height1 but vary in length from the first1 8,the ,vision10 which is six feet long1 to the fifth1 8,the ,castle of the ,grail10 which is thirty-three feet long and extends the entire length of the north wall4 ,mr4 ,abbey spent seven years in careful research work before he was able to complete these paintings4 ,he received fifteen thousand dollars for his work4 ,according to an old legend1 the ,holy ,grail was the cup from which ,christ drank at the ,last ,supper4 ,it was bought from ,pilate by ,joseph of ,arimatha1 who caught in it the divine blood that fell from ,christ's wounds4 ,joseph placed the cup in a castle1 which he kept guarded night and day4 ,it was passed on to his descendants1 who received the charge in sacred trust and continued to guard it faithfully4 ,the cup itself was most mysterious and wonderful4 ,it could be seen only by those who were perfectly pure in word1 thought1 and deed4 ,if an evil person came near1 it was borne away as if by some invisible hand1 completely disappearing from view4 ,the sight of it was as food to the one to whom it was revealed and enabled him 8to live and to cause others to live indefinitely without food10 gave him 8universal knowledge10 and made him invulnerable in battle4 ,but there was one thing it did not do4 ,no matter how perfect the knight1 he could still be tempted4 ,he must continue to resist temptation as long as he lived4 ,at length there came a king1 keeper of the ,grail1 called ,amfortas1 the ,fisher ,king1 who was not strong enough to resist temptation4 ,he yielded to an evil enchantment and was severely punished4 ,not only was the sight of the ,grail denied him1 but a spell was cast upon him and all his court so that they lived in a sort of trance1 neither sleeping nor waking4 ,thus they must remain until a knight pure in body and soul should come to break the spell and set them free4 ,little was known about the enchanted castle1 where the king and his men were held in the power of the spell1 but many a young man began to plan the quest of the ,grail4 ,he must so live that by his good thoughts and deeds he might reach the enchanted castle1 see the ,holy ,grail1 and so set free the unhappy knights4 ,he must be perfect1 indeed1 if he would achieve this1 and full of courage1 perseverance1 and patience4 ,in our picture we see ,sir ,galahad1 the stainless knight1 who succeeds in his quest of the ,holy ,grail4 ,mr4 ,abbey has told the story in fifteen pictures1 beginning with ,sir ,galahad as a child4 8,,the ,,infancy ,,of ,,galahad10 ,,or 8,,the ,,vision0 ,galahad was the son of ,launcelot and ,elaine1 for it was according to an old prophecy that these two should have a son who should become a great knight and find the ,holy ,grail4 ,they placed their small son in a convent to be brought up by the nuns4 ,in the first picture we see the child attracted by a bright light visible to him alone4 ,he laughs in great delight and reaches toward the ,grail as he sees it gleaming fiery red through its veil-like covering4 ,it is held in the hands of an angel radiant in white as the light from the ,grail illumines her face and wings4 ,she is supported by the wings of doves1 upon which she seems to be borne along4 ,these doves signify the ,holy ,spirit and are also represented as hovering near the ,grail and acting as informants concerning good and evil4 ,the odor of the incense from the ,grail furnishes a mysterious sustenance to the child which causes him to grow in mind and body4 ,he is held high in the arms of a sweet-faced young nun who does not see the vision but seems to feel vaguely that some unusual event is taking place4 ,in the original painting the bluish black of her outer robe throws into greater prominence the creamy white of her draperies as they1 too1 are flooded with light from the ,grail4 ,the background gives the effect of heavy tapestry and is made up of tones of blue and white embroidered in gold4 ,the figures of lions and peacocks are used to signify the resurrection4 8,,the ,,oath ,,of ,,knighthood0 ,when the child had grown to manhood1 ,sir ,launcelot was summoned to make him a knight4 ,in this picture we see ,galahad in the convent chapel1 where he has just passed the night in prayer preparatory to his departure out into the world4 ,as he kneels at the altar1 he is clad in the red robe which is worn by the hero throughout the series of pictures4 ,red is chosen as the color of spiritual purity and means the 8spirit cleansed by fire40 8,it stands for activity1 conflict1 human effort with the knowledge of good and evil that imparts the strength to achieve the good and resist the evil40 ,the honor of knighthood is conferred upon ,galahad by ,sir ,launcelot and ,sir ,bors1 who can be seen in their heavy armor kneeling behind him4 ,they fasten the spurs upon his feet as a signal that the moment of departure has arrived4 ,illustration3 ,copyright by ,edwin ,a4 ,abbey2 from a ,copley ,print copyright by ,curtis ,cameron1 ,publishers1 ,boston ,the ,oath of ,knighthood4 ,the ,holy ,grail ,the time of day is shown by the two candles at the altar which have been burning all night and are now burned low in their sockets1 and by the faint early light of dawn which comes stealing in through the small windows at the left of the picture4 ,just behind the knights stand a group of nuns1 holding tall candles which light up the dark room and reflect on the white robes and shining armor4 ,the interior decoration of the church is plainly shown4 ,our attention is drawn to the quaint crucifix just back of the kneeling knights1 and the figures surrounding it4 ,the architecture is that of the ,early ,christian ,romanesque4 ,sir ,galahad's face is partly in shadow1 as if lost in deep thought4 ,but the moment of departure has arrived4 ,he will take up the helmet1 which lies near him1 and leave the convent for his first glimpse of the outside world4 ,he must go to the wise teacher1 ,gurnemanz1 to learn not only the rules of knighthood but the ways of the world1 before he may start on his quest of the ,holy ,grail4 8,,the ,,round ,,table ,,of ,,king ,,arthur0 ,having been fully instructed in all the ways of the world by the good ,gurnemanz1 ,sir ,galahad starts out on his quest4 ,first he goes to the ,round ,table of ,king ,arthur and his knights in ,camelot4 ,he finds them holding a solemn meeting1 their leader having just declared that this is the day when1 according to prophecy1 the stainless knight should come who should occupy the ,siege ,perilous4 ,the ,siege ,perilous was a chair over which the magician1 ,merlin1 had cast a spell1 so that no man could sit in it without peril of death4 ,even ,merlin himself was lost while sitting in his own chair4 ,only a blameless knight could hope for safety in this perilous seat4 ,while ,arthur and the knights are discussing the prophecy1 there suddenly appears a strange old man clothed in white1 whom none has seen before4 ,he comes toward the throne of ,king ,arthur1 leading ,sir ,galahad by the hand4 ,the door and windows quietly and mysteriously close of themselves2 the room is filled with a strange light4 ,the ,angel of the ,grail appears before them1 and gently lifts the red drapery from the chair4 ,the encircling choir of angels look on silently as all read above the chair1 in letters of fire1 the flaming words1 8,this is ,galahad's seat40 ,this picture shows them at that breathless moment when the letters of golden light appeared over the chair4 ,king ,arthur has risen from his seat to greet ,sir ,galahad2 a small page kneels beside the king1 while the jester half rises at the wondrous sight4 ,sir ,galahad wears the same red robe1 fastened with a golden brown girdle--a gift from the nuns when he was leaving the convent4 8,,the ,,departure0 ,a wonderful rock of red marble has been discovered1 protruding from the surface of a river4 ,from its side projects a shining sword which none has been able to draw out4 ,the king and his knights hasten to see this sword1 but none succeeds in moving it4 ,now ,sir ,galahad arrives and draws the sword without the slightest difficulty1 placing it in his empty scabbard1 where it fits exactly4 ,he also secures a shield which had been left for him by his ancestor1 and1 thus armed1 he is ready to start out in search of the ,grail4 ,most of the knights1 persuaded by this series of strange events that ,sir ,galahad is to be the true knight1 decide to join him in his search4 ,before they start on their long and perilous journey they gather in the church for a final benediction4 ,so here again we see the interior of a church4 ,the bishop's hands are raised in a parting benediction over the group of kneeling knights clad in shining armor and holding their lances erect4 ,many strange banners float above them4 ,sir ,galahad alone has bared his head4 ,his helmet is on the floor beside him4 ,other kneeling priests may be seen just behind the bishop4 ,the scene is one of solemnity and dignity4 8,,the ,,castle ,,of ,,the ,,grail ,,and ,,the ,,failure ,,of ,,galahad0 ,king ,amfortas1 keeper of the ,grail1 who yielded to temptation and so was denied the sight of the ,grail1 and his knights1 upon whom was cast a fearful spell which was neither sleeping nor waking1 anxiously await the arrival of ,galahad4 ,but1 it is not enough that he should come2 he must ask a certain question which alone can free them from their living death4 ,here we see ,sir ,galahad in the enchanted castle1 a puzzled onlooker4 ,he looks silently about him at the feeble old king and his wretched company4 ,he sees1 too1 the procession of the ,grail1 which1 although the king and his court cannot see it1 is constantly passing before them4 ,this procession includes the ,angel1 bearer of the ,grail1 a damsel carrying a golden dish1 two knights who carry seven-branched candlesticks1 and a knight holding a bleeding spear4 ,sir ,galahad must ask the meaning of what he sees and by his question remove the enchantment4 ,but1 over-confident in his own knowledge1 he tries to solve the mystery by himself1 and fails4 ,the procession of the ,grail is shown to the right of the throne upon which ,king ,amfortas half sits1 half reclines1 while the rest of the weird company look solemnly on as ,sir ,galahad stands transfixed with amazement and perplexity because the spell is not removed as he expected4 ,because of his failure to ask the necessary question1 these people must continue to suffer4 ,several years later he returns1 a wiser man1 and releases them4 ,personal purity alone was not enough2 wisdom was necessary1 and to secure this he must ask a certain question4 ,he could not attain knowledge through himself alone1 but must seek it from the experience and understanding of others4 8,,the ,,loathly ,,damsel0 ,the next morning after his failure the castle seems deserted1 but when ,galahad starts out he finds his horse saddled and waiting for him4 ,the drawbridge is down1 so thinking perhaps the king and knights are in the forest1 he rides across the bridge in search of them4 ,instantly the drawbridge closes with a crash1 and there is a great sound of groaning and of voices reproaching him for having failed in his quest4 ,the castle disappears from sight1 and ,galahad roams disconsolately in the woods4 ,finally he sits down to rest and think4 ,he is aroused by the passing of three enchanted maidens1 the ,loathly ,damsel and her two followers4 ,in the picture we see her riding a white mule richly caparisoned4 ,her form suggests beauty1 yet the face is ugly and distorted1 her head bald so that she must wear a hood4 ,in her hands she carries the ghastly head of a king wearing a crown1 and she seems depressed by her burden4 ,forced by the spell to go about harming mankind against her will1 she is angry with ,sir ,galahad for having failed to release her4 ,in her anger she reproaches him for not having asked the question while within the castle1 and so here for the first time ,sir ,galahad learns why he failed4 ,once a beautiful woman1 the ,loathly ,damsel must ride about thus unhappily4 ,the head and shoulders are all that is visible of the second damsel1 apparently riding4 ,the third1 dressed as a boy1 carries a scourge with which she forces the two mules onward4 ,sir ,galahad bows his head in silence at their reproaches1 humbly feeling that he deserves them4 ,many years of sorrow and suffering must pass before he can again find the ,castle of the ,grail4 8,,the ,,conquest ,,of ,,the ,,seven ,,deadly ,,sins0 ,continually seeking the ,castle of the ,grail1 ,sir ,galahad wanders about in this enchanted land4 ,at length1 catching a glimpse of a strange castle1 he makes haste to reach it1 and finds it to be the ,castle of ,imprisoned ,maidens4 ,these maidens represent the ,virtues2 and their jailers1 the ,seven ,deadly ,sins4 ,arriving at the gate of the castle1 he finds it guarded by these seven knights4 ,a fierce conflict ensues in which ,sir ,galahad is victorious4 ,this is the only picture in the series in which he is represented in violent physical conflict2 the others represent more of the inner spiritual conflict4 ,the seven knights1 wearing heavy armor and carrying immense shields1 are represented in dull gray colors1 while our hero1 wearing his chain armor over his red robe1 is easily distinguished by the shining gold of his helmet and the red of his shield4 8,,the ,,key ,,to ,,the ,,castle0 ,sir ,galahad defeats the seven knights but he does not slay them1 and they turn and flee4 ,this signifies that although the seven sins can no longer trouble the pure soul1 yet they are still about in the world4 ,passing the outer gate1 ,sir ,galahad is greeted by the keeper of the inner gate1 an aged man who blesses him and gives him the key to the castle4 ,with helmet in hand1 ,sir ,galahad kneels reverently before the saintly man who greets him kindly as he holds toward him the great key4 8,,galahad ,,delivers ,,the ,,captive ,,virtues0 ,sir ,galahad enters the castle and is welcomed by the maidens1 who have long been expecting him1 for it was according to prophecy that a perfect knight should come to deliver them4 ,mr4 ,abbey has represented these maidens as most beautiful in form and feature4 ,they are dressed in pale colors such as blue1 white1 rose1 and lilac1 richly embroidered with gold4 ,our hero is turned away from us as he humbly receives the shyly offered gratitude of the fair maidens4 ,his helmet and shield may be seen on the floor beside him4 ,in size and importance this large picture is a sort of companion picture to the one on the opposite side of the room1 8,the ,round ,table of ,king ,arthur40 ,both are beautiful in color and symmetry4 8,,galahad ,,parts ,,from ,,his ,,bride1 ,,blanchefleur0 ,having released the imprisoned ,virtues that they may go about in the world doing good1 ,sir ,galahad returns to ,king ,arthur's court and marries the ,lady ,blanchefleur1 to whom he had become betrothed while a pupil of ,gurnemanz4 ,on his wedding morning the vision of the ,grail appears to him many times1 and the thought of poor old ,king ,amfortas1 awaiting the knight who is to release him1 saddens ,galahad4 ,he is seized with a great desire to continue his quest1 and finding his young bride in sympathy with his ambition1 he decides to start out that day on his journey4 ,the picture represents the bride ,blanchefleur seated in her wedding clothes1 the wreath of roses still on her head and holding a bunch of roses in her hands4 ,sir ,galahad waves his hand in parting1 preparatory to donning his shield and sword1 and goes forth to join the companion waiting for him at the gate4 ,the bride shows no signs of grief1 for she knows it is according to the prophecy that he should successfully accomplish his quest1 and she feels the high purpose which calls him4 ,and ,galahad goes forth with renewed faith and inspiration to the final accomplishment of his great quest4 8,,amfortas ,,released ,,by ,,galahad0 ,after many days he again finds the ,castle of the ,grail4 ,upon entering1 he sees the same procession passing before the unseeing eyes of the suffering ,king ,amfortas and his unhappy knights4 ,as before1 he cannot understand it1 but grown wiser by his hard-earned experience1 he now knows that he must ask the question4 ,his keen sympathy for the king brings the involuntary question to his lips1 8,what aileth thee1 ,o ,king8 ,and what mean these things80 ,at his words the spell is broken1 and all is light and life again4 ,but ,king ,amfortas wishes for nothing more in life than to be permitted to die in peace4 ,so in this picture we see ,sir ,galahad affectionately bending over the dying ,amfortas as he lifts him up that he may see the vision of the ,grail1 at last made visible to him again4 ,the ,angel is carrying it away from the castle1 and it is not seen again until ,sir ,galahad finally achieves it at ,sarras4 8,,galahad ,,the ,,deliverer0 ,not only has ,sir ,galahad released the inmates of the enchanted ,castle of the ,grail1 but he has removed the spell that was upon all the country round1 the ,loathly ,damsel1 and all others4 ,but he has not yet achieved the ,grail itself4 ,so he starts out once more on his noble white charger1 surrounded by the grateful people1 chief among them the ,loathly ,damsel who so bitterly upbraided him at his first failure4 ,now restored to beauty and virtue1 she is kneeling in the foreground of the picture4 ,the hero rides erect1 carrying his banner1 and looking straight ahead4 ,we see the houses of the people in the background1 and catch a glimpse of the sea toward which ,sir ,galahad rides4 8,,the ,,voyage ,,to ,,sarras10 ,,or 8,,solomon',s ,,ship0 ,according to the legend it was in the time of the wise ,king ,solomon that a ship of mysterious and wonderful workmanship had been built4 ,just as ,king ,solomon was about to go on board strange letters of fire1 written in the air by an angel1 warned him not to enter4 ,as he stepped back1 the ship suddenly started off by itself and disappeared out to sea4 ,in some miraculous way it had been kept all these years to fulfill its destiny and bring ,sir ,galahad to ,sarras1 where he should achieve the ,grail4 ,and so1 coming to the shore of the sea1 he finds there the ship waiting for him4 ,little is known of the city of ,sarras1 except that it is supposed to have been in the ,holy ,land1 and that this was the place where the ,holy ,grail was to be found4 ,in the picture is represented the voyage to ,sarras on ,king ,solomon's ship4 ,it is a frail-looking ship1 guided by the ,angel of the ,grail1 guarding her treasure4 ,two knights1 ,percival and ,bors1 have been permitted to go with ,sir ,galahad on this journey4 ,they cannot see the ,grail itself1 having sinned once1 yet their faith and persistent search have made it possible for them to go with him4 8,,the ,,city ,,of ,,sarras0 ,when they arrived at the city of ,sarras1 ,sir ,galahad's shield was at once recognized1 and the voyagers were treated as holy men4 ,the knights went about doing good1 and through the power given them by their purity they were enabled to heal the sick and the crippled4 ,the news of their good works aroused the jealousy and anger of the wicked king of that country1 who cast the three knights into prison4 ,here they were fed by the ,holy ,grail4 ,the wicked king grew very ill and at last sent for them1 begging their mercy4 ,scarcely had they granted it when the king died4 ,the whole city proclaimed ,galahad king4 ,so here in this picture we see ,galahad's sword and shield laid aside1 his adventures over4 ,three ships are anchored in the bay of the quiet city1 and the tall buildings with their stately towers are surrounded by a great red wall4 8,,the ,,golden ,,tree ,,and ,,the ,,achievement ,,of ,,the ,,grail0 ,galahad had been king of ,sarras over a year when sailing one day1 in his ship1 he prayed that 8when he might ask it1 he should pass out of this world40 ,he is promised that his request will be granted and that then he shall see the ,holy ,grail unveiled4 ,in this picture the ,golden ,tree signifies his work on earth completed4 ,as he kneels and makes his request1 his sword and shield1 now useless1 fall from him and the ,grail is revealed to his sight4 ,seven angels with wings of crimson surround him4 ,the ,grail is borne heavenward1 never to be seen again on earth4 ,divine wisdom has been attained4 ,questions to help the pupil understand the picture4 ,where are the original paintings8 ,why did ,mr4 ,abbey choose this subject8 ,what preparation did he make before he painted these pictures8 ,what was the legend of the ,holy ,grail8 ,what power did the ,holy ,grail not have8 ,what happened to ,king ,amfortas8 ,why did ,sir ,galahad wish to find the ,grail8 ,what was required of the knight who should find it8 ,what preparation did ,sir ,galahad make8 ,what strange events made the other knights decide to follow ,sir ,galahad8 ,why did ,sir ,galahad fail when he reached the ,castle of the ,grail8 ,how did his failure affect the people about him8 ,tell about the conquest of the ,seven ,deadly ,sins4 ,what became of the seven sins1 and what does that signify8 ,tell about ,sir ,galahad's final success4 ,to the ,teacher3 ,pupils may be asked to prepare and give orally short descriptions of at least one picture2 class discussions should be encouraged4 ,after the entire series has been studied1 pupils may choose one of the pictures as a subject for ,english composition work4 ,they will be interested in reading ,tennyson's ,sir ,galahad1 ,the ,holy ,grail1 or other selections from the ,idylls of the ,king4 ,the story of the artist4 ,mr4 ,edwin ,austin ,abbey was born in ,philadelphia1 ,pennsylvania4 ,he is one of the few great ,american artists who has won fame both at home and abroad4 ,living in ,philadelphia1 he attended the ,pennsylvania ,academy of ,fine ,arts1 which he left at the age of nineteen to enter the art department of ,harper and ,brothers1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,his first success came as an illustrator for their publications4 ,it was through the ,harpers1 too1 that he went to ,england1 for they sent him there to gather material for some poems which they wished him to illustrate4 ,he was especially interested in literary subjects1 and while in ,england prepared many of his best illustrations1 among them those for ,shakespeare's comedies and for ,goldsmith's ,she ,stoops to ,conquer4 ,his water colors and pastels were also very popular4 ,his most important work in oils--8,the ,holy ,grail10 is in the ,united ,states4 ,when this picture was almost finished he went1 at the request of ,king ,edward ,,vii1 to paint a picture of the coronation4 ,the groups of figures1 with their elaborate costumes and rich coloring1 offered every inducement to one who so loved these things4 ,mr4 ,abbey became very popular in ,england4 ,he received many medals1 and all possible honors both at home and abroad4 ,,supplementary ,,readings ,idylls of the ,king1 ,tennyson4 ,the ,vision of ,sir ,launfal1 ,lowell4 ,the ,legend of the ,holy ,grail1 ,baxter4 ,the ,quest and ,achievement of the ,holy ,grail1 ,henry ,james4 ,handbook of the ,boston ,public ,library4 ,questions about the artist4 ,who painted this picture8 ,where was he born8 ,where did he study8 ,how did he achieve his first success8 ,how did he happen to go to ,england8 ,what is his most important work8 ,where was it painted8 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,from a ,copley ,print copyright by ,curtis ,cameron1 ,publishers1 ,boston ,,the ,,wolf ,,charmer ,questions to arouse interest4 ,what does this picture represent8 ,what is the man doing8 ,what effect does that have upon the wolves8 ,tell some of the general traits of a wolf4 ,how many ever saw a tame wolf8 ,why do you suppose they have not become domesticated like other animals8 ,on what is the man playing8 ,why do you suppose this picture is called 8,the ,wolf ,charmer08 ,what kind of a picture would you call it--realistic or imaginative8 ,artist3 ,john ,la ,farge 7l frzh'74 ,birthplace3 ,new ,york ,city1 ,new ,york4 ,dates3 ,born1 #ahce2 died1 #aiaj4 ,the story of the picture4 ,the weird charm of this picture lies in the strange1 elfish sympathy which this man seems to have with the evil-looking wolves1 and is increased by our knowledge of the nature and disposition of those fierce creatures4 ,we have an instinctive fear of them4 ,perhaps this is due to the fact that very little good has ever been said or written about a wolf4 ,history tells us that packs of wolves once howled around the city of ,paris all night and even tore people to pieces in the very streets of the city4 ,stories are told of travelers pursued by hungry packs of wolves and tales of horror are brought by the very few who have escaped with their lives4 ,legends1 fables1 myths1 and traditions which describe the savage ferocity of the wolf are numerous4 ,how often we hear the expressions1--8a wolf in sheep's clothing10 and 8keep the wolf from the door06 ,such a reputation1 coming from so early a date1 we may be sure has a foundation in fact4 ,we have not been taught to fear these animals without reason4 ,wolves are among the wildest and fiercest of animals1 and farther removed from human association than any others4 ,men have tried again and again to tame them1 but have been successful only in rare instances4 ,some authorities argue that the fact that wolves have occasionally been tamed goes to prove that the wild1 ferocious disposition of the wolf is the result of circumstances4 ,very rare instances are known in which these creatures have been captured and tamed1 following their masters like dogs1 even making good watch dogs1 and learning to bark almost like a dog4 ,a merchant in ,petrograd drove a pair in harness1 having trained them when very young4 ,but then we have the story of the ,duke of ,wrttemberg1 who kept a tame wolf in his beautiful ,castle of ,louisburg4 ,it had been trained like a dog1 and had never been known to attack any one4 ,but suddenly one day without any provocation whatever it flew at an officer and bit a piece out of his cheek4 ,treachery1 caution1 and cunning are the qualities usually attributed to wolves4 ,no one has ever accused them of stupidity1 however4 ,on the other hand1 trappers have been amazed and chagrined by the shrewdness displayed by these animals4 ,when traps have been placed to which a fuse of gunpowder was attached1 they have frequently been known to gnaw the strings so as to prevent the explosion1 and then make away with the bait1 unharmed4 ,only extreme hunger1 however1 will ever drive them near a trap4 ,wolves belong to the same family as dogs and look very much like them4 ,we can see in our picture that they are about the same size as a large dog1 only leaner and more gaunt1 and with a wicked expression on their faces4 ,this expression comes partly from the eyes1 which are oblique or slanting1 the pupils round2 and partly from the muzzle1 which is somewhat longer than that of most dogs and displays their cruel-looking teeth4 ,the ears are rather small and are held erect4 ,wolves are very powerful and very active1 and their claws and teeth are formidable even to look at4 ,all their senses seem unusually well developed1 so that they can hear1 smell1 and see an object long before we could4 ,they travel with great speed4 ,hunters tell us of the tireless gallop with which they pursue their prey4 ,a horse can outrun them1 but only when the distance is not too great4 ,wolves are born in dark caverns or in gloomy holes in trees or rocks4 ,they are of many different kinds and colors--red1 black1 white1 and gray4 ,they are still to be found in many countries1 and chiefly in the unfrequented and mountainous regions in the northern parts of ,europe1 ,russia1 and ,north ,america2 but man has almost succeeded in exterminating them4 ,we usually think and read of wolves in packs1 but authorities tell us that they do not live in communities1 and do not go about in groups or packs unless in search of prey4 ,ernest ,thompson ,seton describes the three calls of the hunting wolf4 ,the first is 8the long-drawn1 deep howl1 the muster that tells of game discovered but too strong for the finder to manage alone02 the second call is higher1 8that ringing and swelling is the cry of the pack on a hot scent02 the last is a sharp bark and short howl1 which1 8seeming least of all1 is yet a gong of doom1 for this is the cry1 #8,close in6 ,this is the finish4'0 ,the 8,charmer0 in this picture does not impress us as a hunter who has been surrounded by wolves and is now turning his music to account in making his escape1 but rather makes us feel that he has been far within the wilderness of rocks and woods calling these animals to him with the music of his bagpipe4 ,he has a sort of wild1 wolf-like look himself4 ,one critic has suggested that he seems to be gnawing the pipes rather than playing upon them1 and that his toes look like the claws of the wolves4 ,no doubt he sat on one of those great rocks and played in his most seductive way1 until he was quite surrounded by the savage creatures4 ,can you not imagine him seated thus1 drawing the weird yet sweet notes from his pipe1 as first one pair of shiny eyes peered through the leaves or around the rocks1 then another1 and another1 until gradually the creatures surrounded him8 ,that music has charms has never been disputed4 ,from the earliest history we have read stories of its wonderful subduing effect upon animals4 ,a familiar quotation is this of ,congreve's3 8,music hath charms to soothe a savage breast1 ,to soften rocks1 or bend a knotted oak40 ,you will remember in the poem by ,robert ,browning1 ,the ,pied ,piper of ,hamelin1 how the old rat explained why he followed the piper3 8,at the first shrill notes4444 ,i heard 444 a moving away of pickle-tubboards1 and a leaving ajar of conserve-cupboards40 ,he smelled the most delicious old cheese in the world1 and saw sugar barrels ahead of him1 and then1 just as a great sugar-puncheon seemed to be saying1 8,come1 bore me10 he felt the ,weser rolling o'er him4 ,perhaps it is in some such way as this that the music holds these wolves as they follow the narrow path between the rocks4 ,charmed they are no doubt1 but not tamed4 ,see how the first two fellows seem to be keeping step with the man and the music1 as they move with that soft1 cautious tread of the wild animal4 ,with the artist1 ,la ,farge1 this picture was purely imaginative4 ,he delighted in all subjects dealing with fairyland or witchcraft4 ,in this picture we are left to guess what sort of a man this is1 and where he is going4 ,some critics speak of him as a sort of centaur1 only instead of being half horse and half man1 he is half wolf and half man4 ,however that may be1 he is able to control these animals through the power of music4 ,he seems a strange1 wild creature1 indeed1 and as we look at the picture it almost seems as if he were leaving the trees and the companionship of men to go with these wolves to their caves among the rocks4 ,the glimpse of the thick woods in the distance is interesting because of the variety in the arrangement and size of the tree trunks1 the spots of light1 and the suggestion of wildness4 ,the picture is made up of curved lines which help give us the feeling of rhythm and music4 ,questions to help the pupil understand the picture4 ,what is there unusual about this picture8 ,describe it4 ,describe the wolves4 ,tell something of their characteristics2 their habits4 ,why are they feared8 ,to what extent should you judge this man has tamed them8 ,where do they usually live8 ,where can we find wolves now8 ,why are they such a terror to travelers there8 ,in what ways are they stronger than a horse8 ,describe the man in the picture4 ,to the ,teacher3 ,fairy tales which may be read in connection with the study of this picture are 8,the ,pied ,piper of ,hamelin10 8,the ,sorceress10 8,the ,fisherman and the ,genii10 and 8,the ,siren's ,song40 ,story of the artist4 ,in reading the life of ,john ,la ,farge1 the artist1 we cannot fail to be interested also in the more adventurous one of his father before him4 ,for it was in the days of ,napoleon the ,great that ,jean ,la ,farge1 then a young officer under ,general ,leclerc1 was sent to the ,west ,indies to suppress an insurrection in ,santo ,domingo1 ,haiti4 ,here he was offered the rank of lieutenant if he would remain with the land forces1 and this he decided to do4 ,hardly had the small force of men which he commanded reached the shore1 when they were surrounded and captured by the natives4 ,he endured the agony of looking on while every member of his company was put to death by slow torture4 ,expecting every moment that it would be his turn next1 he was quite overcome when told that his life would be spared that he might teach the rebel leader how to speak and write ,french4 ,but he was closely guarded and allowed very little liberty while the rebellion lasted4 ,then1 although still under guard1 he was given more freedom4 ,most of the natives were of ,african blood1 or a mixture of ,spaniard1 ,indian1 and negro2 but after the rebellion many white men settled on the island on account of the advantages of commerce4 ,about a year after ,la ,farge was taken prisoner he learned that a general massacre of all the white people on the island had been planned4 ,feeling sure that he would be included this time1 with two others he made his escape4 ,they secured a small rowboat and rowed along the shore until they reached a part of the island that belonged to ,spain4 ,here they were fortunate enough to find a ship just ready to sail to ,philadelphia4 ,all took passage at once4 ,arrived in ,america1 ,jean ,la ,farge became much interested in this country4 ,he saw at once the great possibilities in this new land and decided to make it his home4 ,he became a trader and for twenty-five years he went from place to place1 growing very wealthy4 ,then he bought plantations in ,louisiana and farm lands in northern ,new ,york4 ,a number of ,french aristocrats and others formed a ,french colony in ,new ,york ,city1 and here ,mr4 ,la ,farge finally came to live4 ,he married the daughter of a former ,santo ,domingan planter who had joined the colony1 and it was in ,new ,york that their boy1 ,john ,la ,farge1 the artist1 was born1 ,march #ca1 #ahce4 ,the boy was named after his father1 ,jean ,frdric de ,la ,farge1 but the name was abbreviated and the ,english spelling used1 so that it became ,john ,la ,farge4 ,it was a very comfortable home1 in some ways luxurious1 and his boyhood was passed under most favorable circumstances4 ,his grandfather was a miniature painter of some note and he gave ,la ,farge his first drawing lessons4 ,the boy1 however1 showed no especial interest or talent for drawing4 ,after he had finished a classical course at school1 he decided to become a lawyer4 ,when he had completed the law course he was sent abroad to ,paris1 to visit his father's relatives1 who were very prominent people4 ,here he met many writers and artists of note1 and finally began to study painting under ,couture4 ,he spent most of his time copying the famous paintings in the ,louvre1 and the etchings of ,rembrandt4 ,his idea at this time was not to become a painter by profession but only to use art as a pastime--he was to earn his living as a lawyer4 ,he says1 8,no one ever struggled more against his destiny than ,i4 ,nor did ,i for many years fully acquiesce in being a painter1 though ,i learned the methods and studied the problems of my art40 ,it was about this time that he met the enthusiastic ,american painter1 ,william ,hunt1 who so inspired ,la ,farge that he left everything and followed him back to ,newport1 ,rhode ,island1 where he began studying in earnest under his new master4 ,the two men became close friends4 ,it was at ,newport that ,la ,farge married ,miss ,margaret ,perry1 who was the great-granddaughter of ,benjamin ,franklin and the granddaughter of ,commodore ,perry1 so well known as commander of the ,american fleet in the ,battle of ,lake ,erie4 ,they lived in ,newport during the summer1 but spent their winters in ,new ,york ,city4 ,at the time of the ,civil ,war1 ,la ,farge wished to enlist1 but failed to pass the physical examination because he was nearsighted4 ,then1 giving himself entirely to his art1 he succeeded in working out his own methods4 ,his first paintings were for church decorations--the most important being 8,saint ,paul10 8,the ,madonna10 and 8,saint ,john40 ,the last two were painted for the ,church of ,st4 ,peter in ,new ,york ,city4 ,then came a severe illness from which ,la ,farge recovered very slowly1 and it was nearly three years before he could become an active painter again4 ,in the meantime he began drawing on wood1 illustrating ,browning's and ,longfellow's poems1 and ,tennyson's ,enoch ,arden4 ,later another trip abroad resulted in the exhibition of his paintings in the galleries there4 ,he made a careful study of stained-glass windows and by much experimenting he discovered a way to produce an opalescent effect in stained glass and to make the glass look like that in the very old cathedrals4 ,la ,farge was always interested in mural or wall decorations for public buildings1 and he felt that our buildings in ,america lacked very much in that respect4 ,he made a special study of this work1 and ten years later he began his mural decorations for ,trinity ,church in ,boston4 ,it was one of the first buildings so decorated in this country1 and the work was accomplished under great difficulties4 ,the workmen did not understand just what they were to do1 the right kind of materials could not always be obtained and so had to be prepared1 and the people1 having no idea of the task1 required that the work be finished in an unreasonably short time4 ,the result was that ,la ,farge and his assistants were compelled to work night and day1 in very cold weather1 and under many disadvantages4 ,however1 when the scaffolding was finally removed the decoration was considered a great success4 ,la ,farge was then asked to decorate ,st4 ,thomas' ,church in ,new ,york4 ,the artist now began to decorate windows too1 that they might be a part of the mural decorations4 ,one of his first window designs was placed in the ,congregational ,church at ,newport1 then one in ,memorial ,hall1 ,harvard ,university4 ,they are wonderful in color and design1 containing almost every known kind of glass and every precious stone4 ,then came demands from all over the country for both public buildings and private homes4 ,he was honored both in this country and abroad4 ,in #ahhf ,la ,farge went to ,japan4 ,while there he sent a series of very interesting letters to the ,century ,magazine describing his travels4 ,these letters have since been published in book form4 ,la ,farge also wrote ,considerations on ,painting1 a series of books on the ,great ,masters1 and the ,japanese ,hokusai4 ,some of his best-known windows and mural decorations are the ,watson ,memorial ,window in ,trinity ,church1 ,buffalo2 8,the ,ascension10 a fresco in the ,church of ,ascension1 ,new ,york ,city2 8,athens10 in the ,art ,gallery at ,bowdoin ,college1 ,maine2 8,law10 in the ,supreme ,court ,room1 ,st4 ,paul2 and 8,lawgivers10 in the ,court ,house1 ,baltimore4 ,questions about the artist4 ,who painted this picture8 ,tell about his father's experiences in the ,west ,indies4 ,how did the elder ,la ,farge happen to come to ,america8 ,what did he do in this country8 ,where and when was the artist born8 ,what education did he receive8 ,where did he go after he finished college8 ,how did he seem to regard painting at this time8 ,what ,american artist encouraged him to study art8 ,tell about his progress2 his marriage2 his travels4 ,tell about his first mural decoration4 ,why was it so difficult to accomplish8 ,to what did this lead8 ,tell about his window designs4 ,where can we see some of ,la ,farge's work8 ,what books did he write8 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,american ,,illustrators ,the antiquity of illustration4 ,the desire for pictures illustrating ideas dates back no doubt to the beginning of the world4 ,the cave dweller left a record of such an ambition on the carved walls of his rude house and on the handle of his battle ax4 ,savages made of themselves living illustrations1 by painting their bodies in gay colors and designs representing their ideas of beauty4 ,the ,egyptians used stone and papyrus for mediums of expression1 while a century later parchment and vellum were used4 ,each illustration was a finished piece of work4 ,in order to reproduce it1 the artist must make a new one each time4 ,then some one discovered the block print4 ,the design or illustration was cut in wood1 then inked and placed on sheets of paper much as we use block prints now4 ,playing cards were produced in this way long before books appeared4 ,it was but a step from printing a whole page of type to separating the letters so they could be rearranged and used many times4 ,the ,chinese understood printing with movable type centuries before we ever thought of it4 ,since the time the printing press was finally invented there have been new processes and new methods1 but an illustration as such has remained unchanged4 ,joseph ,pennell tells us in his book on the ,illustration of ,books that an illustration 8is a design intended to give an artist's idea of an incident1 episode1 or topographical site1 or it may be but a mere diagram referred to by a writer40 ,requirements for an illustrator4 ,a good illustrator requires good preparatory training4 ,he should know how to draw well1 and should have a good education in general subjects1 that he may be able to illustrate intelligently the various subjects that will come before him4 ,he must be able to select the important things in the author's work and so represent them that the attention of the public will be drawn to them4 ,in order that his pictures may be properly reproduced he must understand the process and make his work comply with its limitations for good work4 ,to be successful he must be sure of his material1 and his subjects must please both the author and the general public4 ,the process of illustration4 ,an illustration is usually first sketched with a pencil on stiff paper or bristol board1 the size it is to be when completed or in some relation to it4 ,that is1 it may be enlarged or reduced when printed4 ,perhaps the most popular method is to make the drawing twice as large as the finished print4 ,this pencil sketch is then corrected and finally drawn in with pen and ink or brush4 ,the finished drawing is photographed on the plate to be used1 and finished according to some one of many different processes4 ,illustration in the ,united ,states4 ,it was not until after the ,civil ,war1 in #ahfa1 that illustration began to play an important part in the magazines and books of this country4 ,to be sure1 caricature had long been popular in the newspapers of the day1 ,thomas ,nast having made his famous political cartoons during the war4 ,illustration in its more serious sense1 however1 received its first awakening when ,la ,farge illustrated ,tennyson's ,enoch ,arden and other poems4 ,some authorities declare that ,e4 ,a4 ,abbey's pen-and-ink drawings and illustrations of the works of ,goldsmith were the first of importance in ,america4 ,most of our best illustrators have contributed to the leading magazines1 and so we are able to judge their work4 ,a few of the most prominent names are3 ,,artist ,,characteristic ,,work ,howard ,pyle ,colonial times in ,new ,england4 ,w4 ,a4 ,woolf ,life of street arabs2 humorous4 ,e4 ,w4 ,kemble ,negro life4 ,w4 ,a4 ,rogers ,tenement districts2 pathetic4 ,a4 ,b4 ,frost ,american life4 ,elihu ,vedder ,rubiyt of ,omar ,khaym4 ,c4 ,d4 ,gibson ,american girl4 ,f4 ,remington ,the ,indian4 ,reginald ,birch ,children's stories4 ,a4 ,b4 ,wenzell ,society life4 ,alice ,barber ,childhood4 ,stevens ,howard ,c4 ,the ,christy girl4 ,christy ,h4 ,b4 ,taylor ,longfellow's poems4 ,questions about the art of illustration4 ,when and how did people first begin to illustrate8 ,how did these illustrations differ from ours in execution8 ,of what use was a wood-block print8 ,to what did this lead8 ,what preparatory training does a good illustrator need8 ,tell something of the process1 or how illustrations are made4 ,tell something of the history of illustration in the ,united ,states4 ,name some of the best-known illustrators4 ,who is your favorite illustrator8 why8 ,is it the subject of his illustration or his execution that appeals to you the more8 ,to the ,teacher3 ,the lesson may be assigned by topics to various pupils for preparation and recitation4 #a4 ,the ,history of ,illustration4 #b4 ,illustration in the ,united ,states4 #c4 ,what ,constitutes a ,good ,illustration8 #d4 ,your ,favorite ,illustrator and ,why4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,copyright by the ,curtis ,publishing ,co4 ,from a ,copley ,print copyright by ,curtis ,cameron1 ,boston ,,evangeline ,questions to arouse interest4 ,how many of you have read ,evangeline by ,henry ,wadsworth ,longfellow8 ,why do you suppose this picture is so named8 ,describe the ,evangeline in this picture--her appearance1 expression1 and surroundings4 ,where do you think she is going8 why8 ,how many of you think she is coming home from church8 why8 ,describe the house near the road2 the people you see4 ,what can you say of the perspective of this road8 ,what impression does this picture give you--one of peace1 plenty1 quiet1 or the reverse1 and why8 ,,evangeline 8,fair was she to behold1 that maiden of seventeen summers4 ,black were her eyes as the berry that grows on the thorn by the wayside1 ,black1 yet how softly they gleamed beneath the brown shade of her tresses4 ,fairer was she when1 on ,sunday morn1 while the bell from its turret ,sprinkled with holy sounds the air1 as the priest with his hyssop ,sprinkles the congregation1 and scatters blessings upon them1 ,down the long street she passed1 with her chaplet of beads and her missal1 ,wearing her ,norman cap and her kirtle of blue1 and the ear-rings1 ,brought in the olden time from ,france1 and since1 as an heirloom1 ,handed down from mother to child1 through long generations4 ,but a celestial brightness--a more ethereal beauty-- ,shone on her face and encircled her form1 when after confession1 ,homeward serenely she walked with ,god's benediction upon her4 ,when she had passed1 it seemed like the ceasing of exquisite music40 --,evangeline1 by ,henry ,w4 ,longfellow ,artist3 ,william ,ladd ,taylor4 ,birthplace3 ,grafton1 ,massachusetts4 ,dates3 ,born1 #ahed4 ,the story of the picture4 ,in illustrating ,henry ,wadsworth ,longfellow's poem ,evangeline1 ,mr4 ,taylor has chosen to represent the heroine during the happiest part of her life1 and before anything very exciting or at all strange began to happen1 unless1 perhaps1 we feel that it is strange and wonderful that there should be such a little village as ,grand-,pr1 where ,evangeline lived4 ,history tells us that such a village did exist in ,acadie--or ,nova ,scotia1 ,canada1 as we call it now4 ,the ,french and ,english had quarreled bitterly over this island1 for each wanted possession of its fisheries4 ,the ,english claimed the territory by right of discovery1 and they finally secured possession of it4 ,most of the people living there were ,french and had been given the privilege of leaving within two years4 ,though they desired to remain1 yet they refused to take the oath of allegiance1 and their oath of fidelity to the ,british king was accepted instead4 ,they were exempted from bearing arms against their own countrymen1 allowed to enjoy their religion1 to have magistrates of their own selection1 and1 in fact1 they had been permitted to do about as they pleased4 ,each man owned his farm and his stock1 and all that goes to make a life of usefulness as well as of plenty and content4 ,mr4 ,longfellow tells us3 8,vast meadows stretched to the eastward1 ,giving the village its name1 and pasture to flocks without number4 ,sea-fogs pitched their tents1 and mists from the mighty ,atlantic ,looked on the happy valley1 but ne'er from their station descended4 ,there1 in the midst of its farms1 reposed the ,acadian village4 ,strongly built were the houses1 with frames of oak and of hemlock1 ,such as the peasants of ,normandy built in the reign of the ,henries4 ,thatched were the roofs1 with dormer windows2 and gables projecting ,over the basement below protected and shaded the doorway40 ,how carefully ,mr4 ,taylor studied all these details is shown by the way he represents the main street of the little village of ,grand-,pr4 ,how much more picturesque these thatched-roofed houses are than some of our more costly and elaborate modern homes6 ,a roof made of simple framework1 however1 covered with thick layers of skillfully arranged straw or reeds1 called thatch1 does not seem very practicable to us in these days4 ,it is not difficult to determine who is the center of interest in this picture4 ,we recognize ,evangeline with her white ,normandy cap1 her kirtle or short jacket with its flowing sleeves1 and we can even distinguish her beads4 ,her missal1 or ,roman ,catholic mass book1 is clasped in both hands as she passes quietly down the street1 and the expression in her face is one of perfect peace and happiness4 ,she has passed the group of visiting women1 as well as the two men standing by the gate who have turned to look after her4 ,we know that she has greeted them all pleasantly1 if a bit absently1 and it is plain that she has now forgotten them again in the absorption of her mind4 ,although the picture does not even suggest the strange and adventurous future before her1 still it is all the more pleasing because it gives us a glimpse of ,evangeline in the hour of peace and happiness4 ,we are made to feel the secret of the reserve strength of our heroine who1 thus fortified1 will be equal to all that must befall her4 ,we shall wish to read again ,mr4 ,longfellow's poem ,evangeline4 ,according to the story1 ,evangeline keeps house for her father1 who is known as the wealthiest farmer of ,grand-,pr4 ,he is well on in years1 genial1 kindly1 always looking on the bright side of life1 and his home is known far and wide for its hospitality and cheer4 ,the house is out a little way from the village and is built on the side of a hill1 so that it commands a fine view of the ocean4 ,meadows1 orchards1 great barns with their dovecotes1 beehives1 a well with its moss-grown bucket1 weathercocks1 and sheepfolds complete the picture4 ,one of the farmer's best friends is ,basil1 the blacksmith1 who is a much honored man in the village4 ,he has one son1 ,gabriel4 ,evangeline and ,gabriel have played together as children1 have grown up together1 and now they are engaged to be married4 ,already the contract is signed1 the dower of the bride in flocks of sheep and in cattle has been determined1 and all is ready for the wedding feast4 8,fairest of all the maids was ,evangeline1 ,benedict's daughter6 ,noblest of all the youths was ,gabriel1 son of the blacksmith60 ,but their wedding is almost forgotten because of the terrible events which prevent it4 ,for several days a fleet of ,english ships has been observed approaching the harbor with their guns pointed toward the peaceful little village of ,grand-,pr4 ,on the very day set for the wedding1 the ,english soldiers land and demand the surrender of all their arms in the name of the king4 ,all the men are commanded to assemble in the meetinghouse at noon of that day4 ,the people drive in from all the country around1 a happy1 care-free crowd1 thinking that1 since they have harmed no one1 no harm can come to them4 ,but once in the meetinghouse the soldiers lock and bolt the door while the commander reads the king's proclamation from the pulpit4 ,it is terrible beyond all belief1 for it not only commands that they forfeit all their lands1 dwellings1 and cattle to the crown1 but that they and their families shall be transported to other lands4 ,a great cry arises1 and all the men rush to the doorway4 ,but there is no means of escape1 for the soldiers are well armed and prepared4 ,then ,basil the blacksmith calls upon them all to resist and is promptly felled by a soldier4 ,all is angry commotion when the door of the chancel opens and ,father ,felician1 whom all revere1 stands before them commanding their silence4 ,he appeals to their faith1 and their reverence for the house of ,god1 and by his wise counsel succeeds in quieting his people4 ,meanwhile the women wait outside in the churchyard1 fearful when the tumult is greatest but reassured when all is quiet again4 ,hour after hour passes by and still they wait4 ,at length the door of the meetinghouse opens and a soldier appears4 ,again the fearful proclamation is read4 ,then the women are commanded to pack their household goods and be ready for sailing on the fifth day4 ,now indeed a great cry of distress arises1 echoed by the men1 who are still held prisoners4 ,then1 in obedience to a second command1 the women depart for their homes4 ,with heavy hearts they begin their packing4 ,evangeline1 left alone without father or lover1 looks at the table set for the wedding feast and at all the signs of rejoicing1 then softly goes back to the meetinghouse4 ,there she calls ,gabriel by name several times but receives no answer4 ,on the fifth day all is ready4 ,the great wains empty their loads on the shore1 and the women and children are waiting4 ,at last1 at a signal1 the church door is thrown open and the prisoners march to the boats4 ,then comes the most terrible part of all4 ,in their haste the soldiers separate families1 placing some members in one ship1 some in another4 ,gabriel and his father are placed in different ships1 while ,evangeline and her father remain on the shore awaiting the last boat4 ,and then comes the fearful sight of their homes and barns in flames1 and the utter destruction of the village4 ,the horror and injustice of it all are too great for ,evangeline's father1 who dies there upon the shore4 ,evangeline1 left thus alone and crushed by her sorrow1 scarce knows when she is led into the ship or when the ships depart4 ,many days pass before the people are landed on a foreign shore4 ,then the first thought of all is to seek relatives and friends4 ,the rest of the story tells of ,evangeline's long search for ,gabriel and her many discouragements as she follows this rumor and that4 ,the priest1 ,father ,felician1 goes with her on the journey1 encouraging and helping her4 ,once ,gabriel and ,evangeline pass each other on the water1 but it is during the night and neither is aware that the other is so near4 ,gabriel finds his father but1 restless and unhappy1 he does not remain with him long4 ,and so it happens that when ,evangeline at length finds ,basil the blacksmith1 ,gabriel is not with him4 ,he had left just the day before4 ,so ,basil sets out with ,evangeline in search of his son4 ,after years of patience and perseverance1 rewarded only by failure1 ,evangeline ceases her wandering and becomes a nurse4 ,and then it is she finds ,gabriel1 on his deathbed4 ,it is a sad but beautiful story1 and it is all founded on facts4 ,not only was there such a village as ,grand-,pr with just such people living in it1 but it is also true that in #agee ,king ,george ,,ii of ,england sent his fleet to scatter them among the other ,british provinces4 ,he believed that these people aided the ,indians and1 because of the almost independent character of the colony1 embarrassed the local government4 ,as we read the story we cannot but be glad that ,mr4 ,taylor chose the ,evangeline of the happy days of ,grand-,pr1 rather than any other picture of her that he might have shown us4 ,the soft tones in the picture are especially pleasing1 as well as the few strong notes of color in the dresses and the houses4 ,the perspective of the road is made interesting by the figures in it1 as well as by the houses and trees on each side4 ,note the difference in size of the various figures according to their distance4 ,this makes the road appear longer and more winding4 ,questions to help the pupil understand the picture4 ,where did ,evangeline live8 ,describe the village of ,grand-,pr4 ,of what nationality were most of the people8 ,how did they happen to be under ,english rule8 ,what special privileges were they given8 ,who was the ,british king at the time of this story8 ,why did he wish to dispose of the ,acadians8 ,how did he do this8 ,what became of the village8 of the houses8 of the people8 their cattle1 horses1 sheep8 ,who was ,evangeline8 ,gabriel8 ,basil the blacksmith8 ,what event was to take place the day the king's proclamation was read8 ,where was the proclamation read8 ,what effect did it have upon the men8 upon the women8 ,what part of the story is represented in the picture8 ,if you were to draw just one picture from this story1 which would you choose8 why8 ,the story of the artist4 ,as in the case of so many of our living artists1 we know very little of the details of ,mr4 ,taylor's life4 ,we do know that ,william ,ladd ,taylor was born at ,grafton1 ,massachusetts1 ,december #aj1 #ahed1 and that most of his education was received at ,worcester1 ,massachusetts4 ,he attended art schools in ,boston and ,new ,york1 and studied one year in ,paris1 ,france4 ,he has traveled extensively1 making a special study of medival architecture1 costumes1 and customs4 ,owing to ill health1 ,mr4 ,taylor spent a year in ,colorado1 which proved most beneficial4 ,there he produced several paintings1 two of the best known being 8,the ,caribou ,hunter0 and 8,shooting the ,rapids40 ,mr4 ,taylor has lived most of his life in or near ,boston4 ,he has painted a series of pictures representing nineteenth-century ,new ,england2 a series of pictures of the pioneer ,west2 and the ,longfellow series1 including 8,evangeline10 8,minnehaha and ,hiawatha10 8,the ,village ,blacksmith10 8,the ,hanging of the ,crane10 8,maidenhood10 8,the ,old ,clock on the ,stairs10 8,the ,building of the ,ship10 8,priscilla and ,john ,alden10 8,the ,children's ,hour10 and others4 ,other paintings are the ,psalm ,series2 ,old ,song ,series2 ,our ,home and ,country1 a book of pictures of ,american life2 8,the ,earl's ,return10 illustrating ,owen ,meredith's poem2 and 8,rosita10 illustrating ,bret ,harte's ,the ,mystery of the ,hacienda4 ,questions about the artist4 ,who painted this picture8 ,where was he born8 ,what education did he receive8 ,name some of his best paintings4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,cartoons ,,and ,,caricatures ,significance of this form of illustration4 ,very little or no distinction is made between the two words1 caricature and cartoon1 as we use them at the present day4 ,yet the word caricature instantly suggests something made ridiculous or absurd in a spirit of attack or burlesque1 while a cartoon may be merely a suggestive representation of any person or idea of present interest4 ,a caricature always makes ridiculous1 but a cartoon may either ridicule or praise1 and although usually humorous1 it is more serious in its aims and subjects4 ,to cartoon a public man once meant to insult him4 ,if by any chance he had some prominent physical defect it was hailed with delight1 and made the butt of the cartoonists' characterizations4 ,now our best cartoonists would not stoop to secure recognition by such means2 they are more considerate1 and we are allowed to appreciate their clever representations without feeling the sting of resentment1 even though our sympathies are on the other side4 ,but our cartoonists of to-day do not spend all their time representing the political issues2 they also deal with the affairs of everyday life4 ,we are told that the word cartoon originally meant a design or model for a large picture in fresco1 oil1 tapestry1 statuary1 glass1 or mosaic4 ,the most famous of these are the cartoons of ,raphael1 ,leonardo da ,vinci1 and ,michelangelo4 ,but in #ahdc a great exhibit of cartoons was held at ,westminster ,hall1 ,london1 from which the fresco decorations for the new houses of ,parliament were to be chosen4 ,at that time ,punch declared itself a competitor1 and presented its claims in its most humorous manner4 ,the most absurd caricatures were dignified by the name cartoon1 and the reasons why they should be accepted were set forth in a most laughable manner4 ,for some time after this ,punch continued to use the name cartoon for its representations1 and when it would have gone back to the term caricature the public would not permit it4 ,perhaps the fact that the word cartoon is so much easier to pronounce had something to do with it4 ,to the ,teacher3 ,pupils should be encouraged to bring good cartoons to school4 ,these may be collected1 and the best put up where all can see and be ready to discuss as to size1 composition1 variety1 number1 and color of lines used in expressing the idea4 ,history of caricature and cartoon4 ,it is hard for us to realize that caricature is as old as man's ability to express himself with chisel1 pen1 or ink4 ,away back in the time of the ,assyrians and ,egyptians we find certain caricatures representing grotesque figures drawn on papyrus4 ,the ,greeks caricatured their gods and heroes1 although their sense of the beautiful made it impossible for them to distort the human figure4 ,in ,rome they were not so particular1 and one caricature representing a dwarf philosopher preaching to a fox has been handed down to us in many different forms4 ,during the ,middle ,ages caricatures were made of such unpopular ideas and experiences as ,satan1 death1 pride1 hatred1 and so forth4 ,illustration3 ,by permission of ,mr4 ,john ,t4 ,mc,cutcheon ,baseball1 ,golf1 ,election ,returns1 and ,swatting the ,fly ,the invention of the printing press greatly increased the power and influence of the caricature1 in spite of the many regulations and hindrances that had to be complied with4 ,during the ,revolution1 ,napoleon ,i tried to repress caricature in ,france1 and on this account the ,english made him a special victim of their ridicule4 ,the kings and aristocracy that held sway after the ,restoration next became the subject of satire4 ,then in #ahcj came the invention of lithography and1 with the increasing freedom of the press1 caricature1 of course1 reached its height4 ,poor ,louis ,philippe1 of ,france1 was the most caricatured of all the kings1 because of his pear-shaped head1 which was so easy to draw4 ,in ,london1 caricature became more and more popular with the founding of ,punch in #ahda4 ,the best-known contributor to ,punch was ,du ,maurier1 whose burlesques of aristocratic society in ,england were taken in good part4 ,in ,germany1 ,wilhelm ,scholz's caricatures of ,bismarck are famous4 ,and so on through all the countries1 we find traces of the art of caricature4 ,in ,america we find ,benjamin ,franklin first on the list4 ,we are told that the talent came naturally to him1 as his grandfather and father before him had shown considerable ingenuity in that direction but had not ventured to express it except in the signs and printed handbills advertising their trade4 ,it was the custom at that time to advertise by means of pictures or representations--a gilt ,bible in front of a store meant a book store2 an anchor1 naval supplies2 the figure of a mermaid1 an ale house2 a gilt sheaf1 a paper store1 and so on4 ,the figure of an ,east ,indian queen gayly dressed in a many-colored gown advertised the store belonging to ,franklin's grandfather1 where he offered 8to dye into colors0 all cloth1 silk1 and calico4 ,the handbills which he sent out were more elaborate1 representing the same queen but with two servants1 one holding up her train1 the other holding a parasol over her4 ,all public buildings were easily recognized by the carved royal lion and unicorn4 ,benjamin's brother ,james started the first sensational newspaper in ,boston1 ,massachusetts1 in #agba4 ,this paper was called the ,courant1 and to it ,benjamin ,franklin first contributed his articles and caricatures4 ,their wit was not appreciated by the sober people of ,boston1 and it was not long before the brother was put in prison on account of his editorials4 ,benjamin continued the paper1 fearlessly ridiculing in writing and pictures not only ,harvard ,college but the ministers and well-known church members4 ,the people were now thoroughly aroused1 and soon both brothers were forbidden to print their paper4 ,so far1 however1 work in caricature had been crude and was to be completely overshadowed by the brilliant ,thomas ,nast1 the great political cartoonist4 ,mr4 ,william ,m4 ,tweed was the first political 8boss10 and the subject of ,mr4 ,nast's cartoons4 ,he represented that leader's face as a money bag with dollar signs as features1 and in this strange way he somehow managed to secure a very good likeness of the man4 ,it is even said that when at last ,tweed was forced to run away to escape imprisonment1 he was recognized and caught through the familiarity of all with his cartooned face4 ,mr4 ,nast's cartoons were published in ,harper's ,weekly1 and became so popular that they opened a way for the publication of a new humorous magazine1 ,puck4 ,then came ,judge and ,life4 ,these three are devoted mainly to cartoons4 ,illustration3 ,by permission of ,mr4 ,john ,t4 ,mc,cutcheon ,the ,mounted ,policeman's ,lot ,is ,not a ,happy ,one ,now many weekly journals1 as ,harper's1 ,leslie's1 and a monthly magazine called ,cartoons1 make this a special feature4 ,nearly every newspaper in the country contains at least one cartoon in each issue1 and many have their own cartoonists1 whose time is busily occupied preparing drawings for the daily issues4 ,then1 too1 the ,sunday supplements are full of them1 and we have become well acquainted with ,frederick ,burr ,opper1 creator of 8,happy ,hooligan10 8,the ,folks in ,funnyville10 8,alphonse and ,gaston10 8,maud1 the ,matchless10 8,john ,bull10 and others2 ,richard ,felton ,outcault1 creator of 8,hogan's ,alley10 8,yellow ,kid10 8,buster ,brown10 8,buster1 ,mary ,jane1 and ,tige02 ,a4 ,b4 ,frost1 creator of 8,tragedy of the ,kind ,hearted ,man and the ,ungrateful ,bull ,calf0 and 8,the ,spinster's ,cat ,that ,ate ,rat ,poison102 ,carl ,emil ,schultze1 known as 8,bunny10 creator of 8,foxy ,grandpa0 and 8,bunny's ,blue ,book10 and many others4 ,requirements4 ,a good cartoon must show the real characteristics of the original1 exaggerated1 yet easy to recognize4 ,a picture that will tell its story at a glance can be understood by all1 and will be remembered long after paragraphs are forgotten4 ,so it is readily seen what a power for good may be found in the daily cartoon4 ,it is necessary that a good cartoonist have a clear sense of form1 although great freedom is allowed in his drawing and no attempt is made for a studied or accurate representation4 ,he should be a keen observer and well informed1 especially on all topics of daily interest1 and possessed of much originality and a ready pencil4 ,process of making a cartoon4 ,a general idea may be given of how a cartoon is made4 ,first1 the cartoonist must have a subject or an idea to be represented4 ,this is sometimes suggested by the city editor1 by members of the staff1 or more often left entirely to the judgment of the artist4 ,then the idea is usually sketched in with pencil on a piece of medium weight cardboard1 corrected1 and then finished in pen and ink4 ,black ink is used with pens of various sizes depending upon the width of line desired4 ,the best cartoonists use lines of different widths4 ,often we find a strong bold line for the foreground1 a medium line for the middle distance1 and a thin line for extreme distance4 ,the drawing is usually made twice the size it is to appear in the paper4 ,when sent to the printer a photograph is made of the drawing of the size required4 ,the film is then stripped off the plate and put on a heavier1 thicker plate and printed through on a piece of zinc1 covered with some substance which is not affected by acid4 ,the zinc is then placed in an acid bath which eats away the parts exposed to light in the printing1 leaving the lines of the drawing untouched4 ,,john ,t4 ,mc,c,u,t,c,h,e,o,n ,one of the best-known of our cartoonists is ,mr4 ,john ,tinney ,mc,cutcheon1 of the ,chicago ,tribune4 ,he is one of a comparatively small number of cartoonists who have studied art and understand the principles governing it4 ,many have not had this special training1 and must rely entirely upon the clever idea represented and the natural skill which they possess4 ,besides this preparation ,mr4 ,mc,cutcheon is a graduate of ,purdue ,university1 ,purdue1 ,indiana4 ,he has traveled around the world1 and seems to have qualified himself for his work in an ideal way4 ,an eyewitness of the ,battle of ,manila ,bay during the ,spanish ,war1 he sent a detailed account to the ,chicago ,record which was one of the 8most notable events of journalism in connection with the war40 ,he also visited many places in the ,orient1 in the ,philippines1 and was with the ,boer ,army in ,africa as correspondent for the ,record4 ,in #aijj he returned to ,chicago as political cartoonist for this paper1 but later accepted a position with the ,chicago ,tribune4 ,mr4 ,mc,cutcheon is also an author1 having published ,stories of ,filipino ,warfare1 and several series of cartoons in book form1 as ,boy in ,springtime ,series1 and others4 ,as a lecturer he has proved very popular in ,lyceum and ,chautauqua courses4 ,it is interesting to know that the dog appearing so often in his earlier cartoons was first introduced merely because there was a space in his picture that needed filling4 ,the same thing happened several times1 and when later he made a cartoon without the dog1 people wrote and asked him what had become of it4 ,illustration3 ,by permission of ,mr4 ,john ,t4 ,mc,cutcheon ,when ,newspapers ,are ,scarce ,george ,ade1 in his introduction to the ,boy in ,springtime ,series1 has summed up ,mr4 ,mc,cutcheon's qualities as a cartoonist in this way3 8,clever execution1 gentle humor1 considerate treatment of public men1 and wisdom in getting away from political subjects and giving us a few pictures of everyday life1 which is our real interest40 ,questions about the art4 ,what is the difference between a cartoon and a caricature8 ,how did the word cartoon come to have its present meaning8 ,what kind of a magazine is ,punch8 ,tell something of the early history of caricatures and cartoons4 ,what effect did the invention of the printing press have upon them8 ,who was the first ,american caricaturist8 ,tell about ,benjamin ,franklin and his newspaper4 ,what magazines publish cartoons now8 ,what is your idea of a good cartoon8 ,what subjects are usually chosen in newspaper cartoons8 ,what good can they do in the world8 what harm8 ,what preparation is it necessary for a cartoonist to have8 ,what preparation has ,mr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,mc,cutcheon made for his work8 ,tell something of his life and his cartoons4 ,to the ,teacher3 ,the lesson may be prepared by assigning subjects to various pupils as follows3 #a4 ,meaning of the ,terms ,caricature and ,cartoon4 #b4 ,events ,leading to the ,new ,meaning of the ,word ,cartoon4 #c4 ,the ,history of ,caricatures and ,cartoons4 #d4 ,caricatures and ,cartoons ,to-day4 #e4 ,a ,good ,cartoon4 #f4 ,a ,good ,cartoonist4 #g4 ,of ,what ,benefit to the ,world ,are ,caricatures and ,cartoons8 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,engravings1 ,,etchings1 ,,prints ,when we visit an art gallery we find pictures in all mediums--oil1 water color1 pastel1 charcoal1 pencil1 pen and ink2 and then farther on we find photographs1 etchings1 engravings 7steel1 copper1 and wood71 and lithographs4 ,it takes much careful study and practice before we can expect to recognize the medium or process used4 ,most of us recognize water color1 oil1 pencil1 charcoal1 and pastel work1 but prints made from engravings1 etchings1 and photographic plates are more difficult to distinguish4 ,at the time most of our famous old masters were painting1 photography was unknown and the first etchings and engravings were laboriously done by hand and usually by the artists themselves4 ,now1 the time and expense of hand work are so great that1 although the important lines are still put in by hand1 yet the camera plays an essential part in most etchings and engravings4 ,originally the artist drew direct on the steel1 copper1 or wood block1 but as the drawing must be reversed1 it required a great deal of skill to do this4 ,it was only after much practice that the engraver could reverse his sketch as he drew it1 and in most cases he either made a reversed study on paper to work from1 or fastened his drawing opposite a mirror and drew from that4 ,as soon as photography came into use all this was simplified1 as the drawing was reversed in the photograph and much time was saved4 ,in the case of wood engraving1 which is the cheapest and most perishable1 the picture is photographed directly upon the block of wood4 ,the steel1 copper1 or zinc plates are often covered with some waxy substance and the design drawn upon them with fine engraver's tools4 ,after the drawing is completed there are three distinct processes of engraving3 #a4 ,the lines of the drawing are sunk below the surface of the plate1 as in etchings and steel and copper-plate engravings4 #b4 ,the background is cut away or eaten by acids1 leaving the lines in relief as in wood engravings1 half tones1 and zinc plates4 #c4 ,there is no relief or depression1 but the surface is smooth1 as in lithographs4 ,in etchings and steel and copper plates the surface is usually covered with a waxy substance1 or something which resists the action of acid4 ,then it is often smoked so that it will be easier to see the lines of the drawing which are made with fine steel tools1 cutting through the wax to the surface of the metal4 ,it is not the intention to cut the metal1 but merely to scratch through the coat of wax to expose the metal4 ,then the plate is put in acid1 and each line is eaten into a groove varying in depth according to how long it is left in the acid4 ,if some of the lines are not deep enough1 the rest of the plate may be covered with the waxy substance and it may be put in the acid many times until all lines are the desired depth4 ,a print is made from this plate by covering it with ink1 allowing the ink to fill the grooves1 and wiping the rest of the plate clean4 ,then paper is pressed upon it4 ,rembrandt ranks first among etchers4 ,other well-known artists are ,albrecht ,drer1 ,van ,dyck1 and ,james ,mc,neill ,whistler4 ,in wood engravings1 half tones1 and zinc plates the picture is either drawn or photographed upon the plate4 ,then the spaces between the lines are either cut away with the sharp steel tools of the engraver1 which vary in shape and size1 or1 the lines being protected by the waxy substance1 the surfaces between are eaten away by acid4 ,thus the original lines are raised higher than the rest of the plate4 ,the raised lines are then inked and pressed against the paper4 ,a wooden block may also be molded into a 8metal cast0 in order to preserve the engraving4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,lithography 8,lithography is the art of drawing or writing upon stone40 ,the best lithograph stone is found in ,bavaria1 and is usually cut from three to four inches thick1 varying in size from six by eight inches to forty-four by sixty-four4 ,the larger sizes are very rare4 ,it is said that drawings may be removed and one stone used as many as two hundred times4 ,sometimes zinc or aluminum plates are used as a substitute4 ,the drawing must be reversed and should be drawn direct upon the stone1 although transfer paper is sometimes used4 ,the ink or crayon used is made of fatty substances1 and when the drawing is complete the stone is bathed with a solution which fixes the lines permanently and gives them a greater attraction for fatty substances1 such as printers' ink4 ,the spaces between the lines1 however1 do not attract the ink1 so that when a roller of ink is passed over the stone1 only the lines are affected4 ,a piece of paper is then pressed upon the stones by the aid of the printing press1 and every line of the drawing is reproduced4 ,the art of engraving on metal plates is not new4 ,it is mentioned in the ,bible in the twenty-eighth chapter of ,exodus1 thirty-sixth verse4 ,the ,israelites probably learned the art from the ,egyptians1 for they1 as well as the ,assyrians1 engraved upon both stone and metal4 ,copper engravings have been found in mummy cases4 ,the ,egyptians do not seem to have thought of printing from these plates1 however4 ,in ,india and ,china the art dates back to remote times4 ,marco ,polo describes money made in ,china by stamping it with a seal covered with vermilion4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,suggestions ,,to ,,teachers ,studying pictures4 ,a few days before a picture is to be studied1 it should be placed where all members of the class can see it4 ,as a preparation for the lessons on ,illustration and ,cartoons1 pupils should be told at least a week in advance1 so that they may save good examples to bring to class4 ,most teachers seem to feel that the pupils are more interested in this work when it is prepared and presented by members of the class4 ,equally good results1 however1 are sometimes secured when the teacher provides the subject-matter and leads the discussion4 ,pupils are sometimes able to bring in specimens of copper1 steel1 or zinc plates1 and if a friend or a member of some pupil's family is a printer1 engraver1 or lithographer1 permission may be obtained for the class to visit his place of business4 ,in that case1 a visit would be much more beneficial than a classroom lesson4 ,visits to an art museum1 when possible1 are equally instructive4 ,pupils of grammar-school age have a tendency to criticize pictures1 or1 perhaps we should say1 to make remarks about them which often cause others to laugh4 ,this practice soon grows into a habit which1 unfortunately1 is not confined to children alone1 as any visit to an exhibition of paintings will show4 ,i have used the following little story many times and found it helped to discourage this habit3 ,the students at an art school in ,new ,york were taken for their first visit to the great ,metropolitan ,art ,gallery4 ,it was their first week at school1 and they were strangers to the city1 to the school1 to the teacher1 and1 with but few exceptions1 to each other4 ,the afternoon passed all too quickly4 ,the next day their instructor began to question them4 ,what did they think of this picture8 ,of that8 ,the first pupil gave a severe criticism of the picture mentioned1 as did his neighbor and others in the class4 ,were they not there to study art and to learn how to tell what is wrong in pictures8 ,suddenly they were amazed to find their instructor laughing heartily at them4 8,there10 she said1 8you have done just what beginners always do4 ,you have looked only for faults1 and you have found faults40 ,she then tried to tell them that until they could learn to put themselves in the artist's place and to see with his eyes1 so to speak1 the picture he wished to paint 7which is always infinitely less than the picture he does paint7 they could not hope to appreciate his picture4 ,they were advised to study carefully two or three pictures which appealed to them and to leave the others until greater knowledge1 gained through experience1 travel1 pain1 or pleasure1 should make it possible for them to understand the message of the artist4 ,the review lesson4 ,the review lesson should cover all pictures and artists studied throughout the year4 ,at this time other pictures available by the same artists should be on exhibition4 ,the review work may be conducted as a contest in which the pictures are held up1 one at a time1 while the class writes the name of the picture and the artist on slips of paper which have been prepared and numbered for that purpose4 ,many teachers1 however1 will prefer to use this time for composition work1 although the description of pictures is often given as an ,english lesson4 ,pupils may write a description of their favorite picture4 ,in fact1 the lessons can be made to correlate with history1 geography1 ,english1 spelling1 reading1 or nature study4 ,in any event the real purpose of the work is that the pupils shall become so familiar with the pictures that they will recognize them as old friends whenever and wherever they may see them4 ,it is hoped that acquaintance with the picture and the interest awakened by its story will grow into a fuller appreciation and understanding of the artist's work4 ,thus the children will have many happy hours and will learn to love the good1 the true1 and the beautiful in everything about them4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,the ,table of ,contents includes 8,review of ,pictures and ,artists ,studied0 but there is no section containing that information4 ,missing or obscured punctuation was silently corrected4 ,typographical errors were silently corrected4 ,inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only when a predominant form was found in this book4 ,text that was in italics is enclosed by underscores 7italics72 text that was bold by 8equal0 signs 7bold74