,transcrib]'s ,note ,sup]scripts are %[n z es2 italics are enclos$ 9 und]scores4 ,,hell5i/ic ,,sculpture ,illu/ration3 #a ,illu/ration3 #b ,,hell5i/ic ,,sculpture ,,by ,,guy ,,dick9s1 ,m4,a4 ,,sometime ,,fell[ ,,& ,,lectur] ,,( ,,/4 ,,john',s ,,college1 ,,ox=d ,,& ,,lectur] ,,9 ,,classical ,,ar*aeology ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ox=d ,,) ,a ,,preface ,,by ,,p]cy ,,g>dn]1 ,,litt4,d41 ,f4,b4,a4 ,,l9coln ,,& ,,m]ton ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,classical ,,ar*aeology ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ox=d ,,ox=d ,,at ,,! ,,cl>5don ,,press #aibj ,,introductory ,,note ,guy ,dick9s wrote ^! *apt]s on ,hell5i/ic ,sculpture z a brief sket* ( ! p]iod to :i* he hop$ to devote ye>s ( /udy4 ,!y =e%ad[ "s ( ! !ories :i* he int5d$ to "w out1 & = t reason we believe t !y w be useful to ! /ud5t4 ,!re are obvi\s omissions1 b no attempt has be5 made to fill up gaps 9 ! manuscript1 su* z p>agraphs on ! ,b>b]9i ,faun or ! ,attic ,gaul1 :i* 7 left blank 9 #aiad4 ,! illu/rations1 :i* naturally mu/ be limit$ 9 numb]1 h be5 select$ by me ma9ly on ! pr9ciple ( reproduc+ ! less accessible pieces ( sculpture :ile giv+ ref]5ces to /&>d works = ! o!rs4 ,9 prep>+ my husb&'s manuscript = publication ,i h to ackn[l$ge ) gratitude ! help ( _m fri5ds4 ,to ,pr(essor ,p]cy ,g>dn] ,i am p>ticul>ly indebt$ = valuable advice & = 8 k9dness 9 writ+ a preface to ! volume2 to ,miss ,c4 ,a4 ,hutton = h] c\nsel ?r\gh\t2 & to ,mr4 ,alan ,wace = s5d+ me photographs f ,a!ns4 ,i h also to ?ank ! ,hell5ic ,society1 ! ,committee ( ! ,briti% ,s*ool at ,a!ns1 & ,dr4 ,caskey ( ! ,bo/on ,museum = p]mission to reproduce c]ta9 photographs4 ,,m>y ,,dick9s4 ,,ox=d1 ,m>*1 #aibj4 ,,preface ,among ! losses :i* ,ox=d has suff]$ f ! w>1 none is m to be regrett$ ?an t ( ! au?or ( ?is volume4 ,z an und]graduate1 tw5ty ye>s ago1 ,guy ,dick9s gave up 8 int5tion ( ent]+ ! ,indian ,civil ,s]vice 9 ord] to devote himself to ! /udy ( ,classical ,ar*aeology1 an allegiance f :i* he nev] sw]v$4 ,9 #aijd he w5t z ,crav5 ,fell[ to ! ,briti% ,s*ool ( ,a!ns1 & = five ye>s liv$ mo/ly 9 ,greece1 /udy+ & explor+4 ,9 #aiji he return$ to ,ox=d z a ,fell[ ( ,/4 ,john's ,college1 & ,lectur] 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory4 ,9 #aiad he 0 appo9t$ ,univ]sity ,lectur] 9 ,classical ,ar*aeology2 b be=e he c\ld take up ! duties ( ! po/ ! great call came1 & he obey$ x at once4 ,a mo/ effici5t & able company comm&]1 he s]v$ 9 ! ,k+'s ,royal ,rifle ,corps4 ,9 ,july #aiaf he di$ ( w\nds receiv$ 9 ! battle ( ! ,somme4 ,be=e ! w> ,dick9s _h be5 occupi$ 9 tasks ( rese>*1 & 9 prep>ation = a tea*+ c>e]4 ,he _h publi%$ sev]al pap]s1 & a volume ( ! catalogue ( ! ,acropolis ,museum4 ,he _h visit$ mo/ ( ! museums ( ,europe1 & br\ght back a l>ge collection ( photographs1 :i* 8 wid[ has pres5t$ to ! ,a%molean ,museum4 ,he 0 especially int]e/$ 9 ,greek sculpture1 & _h int5d$ to collect mat]ials = a hi/ory ( art 9 ! ,hell5i/ic ,age1 a subject :i* has be5 neglect$1 b :i* is ( ! greate/ importance4 ,sev]al ( 8 pap]s1 su* z ^? on ! foll[]s ( ,praxiteles & on ,damophon ( ,mess5e1 %[ 9 :at direction 8 m9d 0 work+1 ?\gh at ! same "t he 0 ready to take "p 9 all ! projects & ! excavations ( ! ,s*ool ( ,a!ns4 ,! pres5t volume1 alas1 is ! only fruit :i* ! /udy ( antiquity is likely to reap f su* cont9u$ & ?or\gh prep>ation4 ,e read] w regret t x 0 n writt5 on a f> l>g] scale4 ,b x 0 plann$ z "p ( a complete hi/ory ( anci5t sculpture4 ,no d\bt1 _h he liv$1 ,dick9s w\ld h rewritt5 x 9 a m complete =m4 ,b z x /&s x is f> too valuable to lose1 full ( sugge/ion1 & po9t+ ! way to important l9es ( discov]y4 ,9 my op9ion x conta9s ! be/ t has be5 writt5 on ! subject2 & "o rises f ! read+ ( x ) a ke5 regret t ! au?or c\ld n br+ 8 h>ve/ to completion4 ,dick9s possess$ 9 a high degree two qualities necess>y = ! be/ "w 9 ar*aeology4 ,he 0 di/9ctly orig9al1 always pref]r+ to look at ?+s 9 a light n borr[$ f books or tea*]s b 8 own4 ,& he 0 at ! same "t ( cool judgem5t & /rong 9 common s5se4 ,"o ( 8 fell[ (fic]s told me t :5ev] he 0 9 d\bt z to ! c\rse to be foll[$ 9 attack or def5ce he consult$ ,dick9s1 & accept$ 8 advice4 ,he did n1 l _m "y ar*aeologi/s1 delight 9 />t+ brilliant hypo!ses2 b 0 ev] cont5t 9 com+ ne>] to ! tru?1 & sett+ x =? 9 ord]ly & sob] fa%ion4 ,su* qualities w\ld h made him an invaluable factor 9 ! tea*+ ( ar*aeology 9 ,engl&4 ,i am told t ! und]graduates ( 8 college always felt t he set be=e !m a high /&>d1 & _h no sympa?y ) any?+ :i* 0 pret5ti\s or m]etrici\s4 ,! same qualities appe>$ 9 two or ?ree c\rses ( lectures on rec5t excavation1 :i* he gave at ! ,a%molean ,museum4 ,i add z an app5dix a li/ ( ,dick9s's publi%$ works1 ) a summ>y ( _! purpose & cont5ts4 ,!y are n great 9 ext5t2 he 0 n a rapid work]2 b e "o ( !m is wor?y ( c>eful read+1 & does some?+ to advance our k ( ,greek art & anci5t life4 ,,p]cy ,,g>dn]4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface vii ,i4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,p]gamon #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,alex&ria #ai ,,iii4 ,,! ,,rhodian ,,s*ool #ce ,,iv4 ,,! ,,ma9l& ,,s*ools ,,dur+ ,,! ,,hell5i/ic ,,age #ec ,v4 ,,greco-,,roman ,,sculpture #fh ,,app5dix4 ,a ,,li/ ,,( ,,! ,,publi%$ ,,works ,,( ,,! ,,au?or #hi ,,index #ie ,,illu/rations #a4 ,h]maphrodite4 ,con/ant9ople ,frontispiece #b4 ,m>syas4 ,con/ant9ople ,frontispiece ,fac+ page #c4 ,danc+ ,satyr ( ,pompeii4 ,naples #h #d4 ,ludovisi ,gaul4 ,rome1 ,museo ,nazionale #h #e4 ,head ( a ,dead ,p]sian4 ,rome1 ,museo ,nazionale #ab #f4 ,gaul's ,head4 ,cairo #ab #g4 ,gr\p f ! ,great ,frieze ( ! ,alt> at ,p]gamon3 ,giant & ,dog4 ,b]l9 #ab #h4 ,gr\p f ! ,telephos ,frieze at ,p]gamon3 ,telephos & ,h]akles4 ,b]l9 #ab #i4 ,apollo ( ,tralles4 ,con/ant9ople #af #aj4 ,ephebe ( ,tralles4 ,con/ant9ople #af #aa4 ,v5us ,anadyom5e f ,cyr5aica4 ,rome1 ,museo ,nazionale #bj #ab4 ,s>apis ( ,bryaxis4 ,briti% ,museum #bj #ac4 ,girl's ,head f ,*ios4 ,bo/on1 ,f9e ,arts ,museum #bj #ad4 ,be>d$ ,head4 ,rome1 ,museo ,capitol9o #bb #ae4 ,zeus ( ,otricoli4 ,rome1 ,vatican #bb #af4 ,isis4 ,l\vre #bb #ag4 ,prie/ ( ,isis4 ,rome1 ,museo ,capitol9o #bd #ah4 ,capitol ,v5us4 ,rome1 ,museo ,capitol9o #bd #ai4 ,ariadne4 ,rome1 ,museo ,capitol9o #bf #bj4 ,inopos f ,delos4 ,l\vre #bf #ba4 ,dw>f f ! ,mahdia ,%ip #cj #bb4 ,old ,woman4 ,dresd5 #cj #bc4 ,grimani ,relief4 ,vi5na #cj #bd4 ,nile4 ,rome1 ,vatican #cj #be4 ,aphrodite & ,triton4 ,dresd5 #cd #bf4 ,bronze ,a?lete f ,ephesos4 ,vi5na #cd #bg4 ,pray+ ,boy4 ,b]l9 #ch #bh4 ,re/+ ,h]mes4 ,naples #ch #bi4 ,h]o ,re/+ on 8 ,lance4 ,rome1 ,museo ,nazionale #db #cj4 ,jason4 ,l\vre #db #ca4 ,drap$ ,figure f ,magnesia4 ,con/ant9ople #dd #cb4 ,eros & ,psy*e4 ,rome1 ,museo ,capitol9o #dd #cc4 ,drap$ ,figure by ,philiskos f ,?asos4 ,con/ant9ople #dd #cd4 ,victory ( ,samo?race4 ,l\vre #df #ce4 ,*i>amonti ,odysseus4 ,rome1 ,vatican #ej #cf4 ,m5elaos & ,patroclos4 ,flor5ce1 ,loggia dei ,lanzi #ej #cg4 ,y\?ful ,c5taur4 ,rome1 ,museo ,capitol9o #eb #ch4 ,be>d$ ,c5taur4 ,rome1 ,museo ,capitol9o #eb #ci4 ,h]mes ( ,&ros4 ,a!ns1 ,national ,museum #ed #dj4 ,!mis ( ,*aire/ratos4 ,a!ns1 ,national ,museum #ed #da4 ,h]mes f ,atalanta4 ,a!ns1 ,national ,museum #ed #db4 ,sleep+ ,h]maphrodite4 ,rome1 ,museo ,nazionale #ef #dc4 ,victory ( ,eub\lides4 ,a!ns1 ,national ,museum #eh #dd4 ,a!na ( ,eub\lides4 ,a!ns1 ,national ,museum #eh #de4 ,gr\p by ,damophon 7re/or$7 #fj #df4 ,anytos4 ,a!ns1 ,national ,museum #fb #dg4 ,artemis4 ,a!ns1 ,national ,museum #fb #dh4 ,veil ( ,despo9a4 ,a!ns1 ,national ,museum #fb #di4 ,poseidon ( ,melos4 ,a!ns1 ,national ,museum #fd #ej4 ,v5us ( ,capua4 ,naples #fd #ea4 ,appiades ( ,/ephanos4 ,l\vre #gb #eb4 ,torso ,belv$]e4 ,rome1 ,vatican #gb #ec4 ,a?lete ( ,/ephanos4 ,rome1 ,villa ,albani #gb ,figs4 #c1 #g1 #h1 #ae1 #bg1 #bh1 & #ec are tak5 f ca/s 9 ! ,a%molean ,museum2 figs4 #d1 #e1 #aa1 #af1 & #db are f photographs by ,al9>i2 figs4 #ab & #ba are f photographs by ! ,hell5ic ,society2 figs4 #bj1 #cj1 #cd1 & #ea are f photographs by ,giraudon2 figs4 #bc & #bf are f photographs by ,frank5/e92 fig4 #bi is f a photograph by ,&]son2 figs4 #cf & #ej are f photographs by ,brogi2 fig4 #de is reproduc$ by p]mission f ! ,annual ( ! ,briti% ,s*ool at ,a!ns1 vol4 xiii1 ,pl4 ,,xii4 ,i ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,p]gamon ,mo/ ( ! writ]s on ,greek art agree 9 call+ ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod an age ( decad5ce4 ,! p]iod is a long "o1 la/+ f ! dea? ( ,alex&] to ! ,roman absorption ( ! ,hell5i/ic k+doms1 i4e4 f ab\t #cbj to lat] ?an #ajj ,b4,c4 ,! l[e/ limit is m>k$ by ! ,laocoon gr\p1 & ! fact t "s critics h se5 9 t wond]ful monum5t ! climax ( ,greek art may make u pause 9 a ha/y g5]alization4 ,! decad5ce ( ! ,hell5i/ic age is due simply to its exagg]ation ( c]ta9 t5d5cies already pres5t 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 t5d5cies :i* accompany ! inevitable developm5t ( all art gradually away f ! ideal & gradually clos] to reali/ic imitation ( nature4 ,z long z ! te*nical skill ( ! ,hell5i/ic arti/ %[s no sign ( abat+1 x is unfair & untrue to call 8 "w decad5t4 ,! t]m is only ju/ly applicable :5 loss ( idealism or gr[? ( frivolity 9 subject is accompani$ by a decl9e 9 execution1 by a want ( ?or\ghness1 & by a desire to %irk difficulties4 ,x is true to say t ,greek art on ! ma9l& ent]s on a p]iod ( decad5ce 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 = its execution & expression gr[ /eadily worse aft] #bej ,b4,c41 b x is int]e/+ to note t x rev]ts to a great] idealism4 ,! la/ great arti/ ( ! ma9l&1 ,damophon ( ,mess5e1 might h be5 a memb] ( ! s*ool ( ,pheidias save = an inadequate ma/]y ( ! *isel4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! s*ools ( ,p]gamon1 ,alex&ria1 & ,rhodes %[ no fall+ (f 9 te*nical skill z long z !y rema9 indep5d5t ( ,rome4 ,ev5 _! idealism does n :olly decl9e1 = ! ,gallic victories ( ,attalos & ,eum5es br\ght ab\t an ideali/ revival 9 ,p]gam5e art associat$ ) ! decoration ( ! great alt>4 ,rhodes rema9$ ev] w$d$ to ! a?letic ideal4 ,alex&ria delight$ mo/ 9 sc5es ( g5re & reali/ic imitations ( nature4 ,b all turn$ out "w ( m>vell\s quality1 & x is ma9ly a vag>y ( fa%ion 9 criticism t n[ induces s _m au?orities to label z decad5t wond]ful ma/]pieces ( sculpture l ! ,victory ( ,samo?race1 ! kneel+ boy ( ,subiaco1 or ! ,sil5os ) ! "y ,dionysos4 ,works s full ( human nature & s ri* 9 sympa?y may well claim to replace by _! romantic appeal ! classical feel+ ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,x is only :5 romance becomes s5tim5tality t x meets ) j condemnation4 ,! out/&+ feature ( ! hi/ory ( ,greek sculpture dur+ ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod is ! transf]5ce ( its vital c5tres f ! ma9l& to ! new k+doms ( ! ,diado*i on ! ea/ & s\? & to ! great new free /ate ( ,rhodes4 ,! *ief cause 0 an economic "o4 ,alex&]'s campaigns br\ght ab\t a revival ( prosp]ity & weal? 9 ! ,greek _w1 b among 8 fri5ds & n among 8 enemies4 ,a!ns 0 always 8 enemy & ! enemy ( 8 ,mac$onian successors4 ,consequ5tly dur+ ! :ole p]iod f ! dea? ( ,alex&] to ! ,roman conque/ ,a!ns 0 ei!r "u ,mac$onian rule or 9 dang] ( ,mac$onian attack4 ,x 0 ,mac$onian policy to keep h] weak & isolat$1 & h] trad+ supremacy began to be transf]r$ to ! isl& ( ,delos4 ,! great days ( ,attic art pass$ ) ! dea? ( ,praxiteles & ! com+ ( ,alex&]4 ,9 ! ,peloponnese ! pupils ( ,lysippos c>ri$ on into ! ?ird c5tury ! traditions ( ! ,sikyonian s*ool1 b we c see f su* k z we possess ( _! activities t ! weal? & fame ( ! new k+doms 7 already call+ ! arti/s to ab&on ! impov]i%$ t[ns ( ! ma9l&4 ,! ,peloponnese also oppos$ ,alex&] & 8 successors1 & ,mac$onian g>risons held ! *ief =tresses ( ! c\ntry4 ,we f9d ,euty*ides ( ,sikyon work+ = ,antio*1 & ,*>es work+ at ,l9dos 9 ,rhodes4 ,aft] ! date giv5 = ! pupils ( ,lysippos 9 #bif ,b4,c41 ,pl9y makes ! foll[+ significant /atem5t3 #8cessavit de9de ars1 ac rursus ,olympiade ,,clvi 7#aef ,b4,c47 revixit4'#a ,= #aej ye>s ! hi/ory ( arti/ic developm5t mu/ be /udi$ on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,aegean4 ,aft] ! prelim9>y conflicts betwe5 ! successors ( ,alex&] = ! p>tition ( ! empire a numb] ( new /ates arose1 :i* are kn[n to u usually z ! k+doms ( ! ,diado*i or ,successors4 ,( ^! ! ?ree mo/ important 7 ,mac$onia1 ,syria1 & ,egypt1 "u ! rule ( ,antigonids1 ,seleucids1 & ,ptolemies respectively4 ,( small] importance1 b q indep5d5t & self-su/a9+1 7 ,bi?ynia1 ,p]gamon1 & ! isl& republic ( ,rhodes1 ! latt] be+ ! only "o :i* ma9ta9$ its ,hell5ic democratic in/itutions4 ,! attitude ( ^! /ates t[>ds art diff]s rem>kably4 ,mac$onia rema9$ always a milit>y mon>*y 9 a condition ( almo/ con/ant fronti] w>1 & 0 :olly un9t]e/$ 9 arti/ic developm5ts4 ,syria seems f ! fir/ to h fall5 "u ,semitic & ori5tal influ5ces1 :i* de/roy$ its appreciation ( ! pur] =ms ( ,greek art4 ,bi?ynia1 ,pontos1 & ,cappadocia 7 b>b>ian r ?an ,greek4 ,z a result1 we f9d t ! old arti/ic traditions are ma9ta9$ prom95tly 9 ?ree only ( ! new /ates3 ,p]gamon1 ! home ( ! v ,hell5ic race ( ! ,attalids2 ,rhodes1 ^: pure ,hell5ic desc5t 0 unt\*$2 & ,alex&ria1 :i* became practically a ,greek t[n 9 ! mid/ ( an old] ,egyptian civilization4 ,! k+dom ( ,p]gamon includ$ ! area ( ! old ,ionian cities1 & inh]it$1 !re=e1 an arti/ic tradition z old z its own exi/5ce4 ,x is no matt] = surprise t its art-lov+ mon>*s %\ld h f\nd$ a great libr>y & a great s*ool ( sculpture 9 op5 rivalry ) ! ri*] res\rces ( ,ptolemaic ,alex&ria4 ,! art ( ,p]gamon is well kn[n to u f ! magnific5t gr\ps & figures ( ! ,gallic d$ications ( ,attalos ,i aft] 8 victories ab\t #bdj ,b4,c41 & f ! m>vell\s frieze ( ! alt> excavat$ 9 situ by ! ,g]mans1 :i* belongs to ! p]iod ( ,eum5es ,,ii & ! e>ly second c5tury4 ,b be=e we come to ^! lat] developm5ts ( ,p]gam5e art1 x is important t we %\ld discov] ! e>lie/ t5d5cies & pr$ilections ( ! ,p]gam5e c\rt 9 ! fir/ half ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,we are told#b t ! mo/ rem>kable "w ( ,kephisodotos1 ! son ( ,praxiteles1 0 8 #8symplegma' at ,p]gamon--probably an erotic gr\p--:i* 0 notewor?y = its extraord9>ily naturali/ic r5d]+ ( ! pressure ( ! f+]s into ! fle%4 ,su* erotic gr\ps ( nymphs & satyrs or h]maphrodites exi/ 9 our museums1 & are ultimately d]iv$ f ?is type ( /atue4 ,actual discov]ies at ,p]gamon support ?is conception ( e>ly ?ird-c5tury ,p]gam5e art4 ,! well-kn[n ,h]maphrodite 9 ,con/ant9ople 7,fig4 #a7 & a beautiful girl's head 9 ,b]l9#c %[ ! extreme delicacy 9 ! r5d]+ ( fle% & ! fondness = a s5sual body treatm5t :i* we might expect f an ,ionian v]sion ( ! s*ools ( ,scopas & ,praxiteles4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* a s*ool 9 ,ionia 9 ! late f\r? c5tury is highly probable4 ,! ,p]gam5e s*ool ( ! e>ly ?ird c5tury w\ld seem to be ! lat] natural developm5t ( ! creators ( ! ,ephesos columns & ! ,niobids4 ,scopaic expression & ,praxitelean fle% treatm5t are ! hall-m>ks ( ! s*ool4 ,ano!r "w ( importance = ! e>ly ,p]gam5e p]iod is ! ,cr\*+ ,aphrodite type1 s popul> 9 ,roman times4 ,( ?is /atue ,pl9y tells u3 #8,v5]em lavantem se ,da$alus fecit4'#d ,?is ,da$alus 0 a ,bi?ynian arti/ ( ! e>ly ?ird c5tury1 :o mu/ h fall5 "u ! g5]al influ5ce ( ! preval5t ,p]gam5e s*ool4 ,8 ,aphrodite#e %[s exactly ! arti/ic t5d5cies ( ! e>ly ,p]gam5e s*ool4 ,! motive is unimportant & frivol\s--a g5re motive ( a girl wa%+ h]self--b x is us$ = ! purpose ( demon/rat+ ! te*nical skill ( ! arti/ 9 display+ ! nude female =m4 ,! arti/ does n use all 8 skill 9 ! ef=t to produce a noble or ev5 a romantic ideal4 ,! subject is immat]ial1 provid$ x af=ds a *ance ( %[+ 8 te*nical skill4 ,! cr\*+ attitude is a new "o 9 art1 & "o well adapt$ = exhibit+ ! human body 9 all its v>iety4 ,x appe>s aga9 9 ! ,attalid d$ications1 & 0 evid5tly a fav\rite at ,p]gamon4 ,ano!r example is 9 ! well-kn[n ,knife-,gr9d] ( ! ,uffizi1#f "p ( a great gr\p ( ,m>syas1 ,apollo1 & ! ,scy?ian slave1 :i* we c c]ta9ly connect ) ?is p]iod ( ,p]gam5e art4 ,! ,knife-,gr9d] himself is a copy & n an orig9al4 ,t is made cle> by 8 late pl9?1 9 spite ( 8 magnific5t workman%ip4 ,b ! f9] copies ( ! hang+ ,m>syas1 :i* belongs to ! gr\p1 are 9 a ,phrygian m>ble1 betray+ _! ,p]gam5e orig94 ,^! copies ( ! ,m>syas are divid$ into two types3 a s-call$ #8r$' type 7,fig4 #b71 made ( ! ,phrygian m>ble1 9 :i* ! expression ( agony is m m>k$1 & a :ite type#g 9 :i* ! face is less di/ort$4 ,a !ory has be5 put =w>d t ! :ite type repres5ts an e>ly ?ird-c5tury prototype1 :ile ! r$ type is a ,p]gam5e v>iation ( r lat] date4#h ,we may1 h[ev]1 hesitate to see suffici5t diff]5ce 9 ! two types to make s wide a di/9ction4 ,! :ite type may be m]ely a less ma/]ly adaptation ( ! r$4 ,an ,apollo torso#i 9 ,b]l9 f ,p]gamon ) ! "r h& re/+ on ! head agrees ) a m>ble disc 9 ,dresd5#aj %[+ a simil> figure confront$ by ! hang+ ,m>syas4 ,we may !re=e associate ?is figure z ! ?ird memb] ( ! gr\p ) ,m>syas & ! ,knife-,gr9d]4#aa ,! ,apollo is a seat$ figure ( di/9ctly ,praxitelean influ5ce4 ,! ke5 expression ( ! ,knife-,gr9d] & ! agoniz$ face ( ! ,m>syas may equally well be attribut$ to ,scopaic tea*+4 ,we h a good example ( ?is mix$ tradition 9 e>ly ,p]gam5e art4 ,te*nically we are at once compell$ to notice ! imm5se advance 9 realism & anatomical /udy4 ,! hang+ ,m>syas %[s a correct appreciation ( ! effects ( su* a po/ure on swoll5 ve9s & /ra9$ abdom54 ,! corn] ( ! m\? is drawn up 9 agony2 ! =ehead is corrugat$ ) r[s ( wr9kles2 ! hair1 ev5 on ! *e/1 is matt$ ) p]spiration4 ,"o w\ld say t s rem>kable a /atue c\ld only be /udi$ f nature1 & "o recalls ! /ories ( ,p>rhasios1 :o is said to h us$ an actual model = 8 ,prome!us ,b\nd4#ab ,we are long pa/ ! "t :5 sculptors work$ f memory4 ,ev5 ,praxiteles 0 said to h made 8 ,cnidian goddess ) ,phryne z a model4 ,9 ! ,knife-,gr9d] we may p]haps detect "s ( ! e>lie/ traces ( t exagg]ation ( ! muscles :i* w s soon affect a?letic art4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ( ! ,p]gamon f9ds 0 ! little bronze satyr1#ac :i* has enabl$ u to associate ) ,p]gamon a :ole ho/ ( satyr types ( m or less simil> /yle4 ,! ,danc+ ,satyr ( ,pompeii 7,fig4 #c7 & ,a!ns1 ! ,satyr ( ! ,uffizi cla%+ cymbals1#ad ) its replica 9 ,dresd51 & ! ,satyr turn+ r\nd to exam9e 8 tail#ae are all v>iants ( ! new arti/ic cult ( ! satyr1 a cult :i* seems to h _h a ,p]gam5e orig94#af ,! satyr gave to ! ,p]gam5e arti/ j t opportunity = ! display ( wild & some:at s5sual en?usiasm :i* he want$1 = new & orig9al poses1 & = comb9ation ) 8 nymphs & bac*anals4 ,9 ,phrygia especially orgia/ic manife/ations ( religion 7 ! regul> practice1 & danc+ 0 bo? wild & univ]sal4 ,! new arti/ic conceptions %[ ! cle> influ5ce ( ?is _s on ! m re/ra9$ art ( ! f\r?-c5tury s*ools4 ,! ,danc+ ,ma5ad ( ,b]l91#ag ! ,aphrodite ,kallipygos ( ,naples1#ah & ! fam\s ,sleep+ ,h]maphrodite#ai are fur!r examples ( ! m>vell\s fle% treatm5t & ! wild fr5zy ( movem5t :i* we le>n to associate ) ?ird-c5tury ,p]gam5e art4 ,ap>t f ! g5]al _s ( ,p]gam5e "w !re are sev]al def9ite te*nical peculi>ities :i* enable u to po/ulate a ,p]gam5e orig9 = _m unclass$ works ( ! ,hell5i/ic age4 ,^! c be ga!r$ f ! def9itely ,p]gam5e ,gallic /atues1 :i* we h yet to discuss1 & f ! satyr types already m5tion$4 ,"o is ! hair toss$ up (f ! =ehead & fall+ 9 lank matt$ locks ( wild disord]$ type4 ,! eyebr[s are usually /raight & %aggy1 ) a heavy bulge ( ! frontal s9us ov] ! nose4 ,! *eekbones are prom95t1 & ! lips ?ick & p>t$4 ,9 ! body ! mo/ m>k$ feature is ! desire to get away f ! old-fa%ion$ /raight plane = ! front ( ! torso4 ,! l[] "p ( ! *e/ usually projects /rongly1 :ile ! wai/ is drawn 91 s t ! pr(ile ( ! torso is %ap$ l a v obtuse z4 ,9 ! female body !re is a g5]al affection = r heavy =ms ) a good envelope ( fle%4 ,! arti/'s skill is "h devot$ ma9ly to ! del9eation ( surface4 ,! heads ( su* female figures z we c attribute to ,p]gam5e art %[ v little expression4 ,! hair is done on ! ,praxitelean model1 b ! locks t5d to become m rope-l & twi/$ z "t goes on4 ,we _c po9t to any great peculi>ities 9 ! ,p]gam5e treatm5t ( wom54 ,nei!r ,lysippos nor ,scopas seems to h _h mu* effect on ! fem99e types ( ,greek sculpture4 ,! :ole ,hell5i/ic age is 9 s]vitude to ,praxitelean ideals ( wom5 :e!r 9 ,alex&ria1 ,rhodes1 or ,p]gamon4 ,! diff]5ces are only 9 ! details ( execution1 ! ,p]gam5es t5d+ always t[>ds cle> cutt+ ( hair & features1 :ile ! ,alex&r9es pref]r$ an impressioni/ smoo?+ away ( all %>p edges4 ,illu/ration3 #c ,illu/ration3 #d ,we come n[ to ! two great d$ications ( ,attalos = 8 victories ov] ! ,gauls4#bj ,^! 7 made at "s "t lat] ?an #bda ,b4,c41 & consi/ ( two s]ies ( /atues4 ,"o is life-size or l>g]1 & is repres5t$ by "s ( ! be/-kn[n examples ( ,hell5i/ic sculpture1 su* z ! ,dy+ ,gaul#ba & ! ,ludovisi gr\p ( a ,gaul slay+ 8 wife & himself 7,fig4 #d74 ,! o!r consi/$ ( a numb] ( small figures ab\t ?ree feet high1 & 0 d$icat$ by ,attalos 9 ,a!ns1 :]e !y /ood on ! p>apet ( ! s\? wall ( ! ,acropolis4 ,f\r battle-gr\ps 7 includ$--a gigantoma*y1 an ,amazonoma*y1 a battle ( ,greeks & ,p]sians1 & a battle ( ,greeks & ,gauls4 ,sev]al copies f ?is small] gr\p are 9 exi/5ce1 ! be/ kn[n be+ 9 ,naples4#bb ,! orig9als ( bo? gr\ps 7 probably 9 bronze1 & we h ! names ( "s ( ! arti/s ( ! l>g] gr\p1 ,phyroma*os1 ,antigonos1 & ,epigonos or ,isigonos4 ,/ratonicos & ,nic]atos ( ,a!ns may also h tak5 "p4#bc ,^! works all des]ve c>eful /udy1 z !y diff] 9 _m ways f ! r s5sual & ec/atic art :i* we "k to h prec$$ !m1 & ! v b>oque & exagg]at$ art :i* foll[$ !m 9 ! next c5tury on ! great alt>4 ,eum5es & ,attalos _h to fight = _! lives aga9/ ! ,gauls1 & a tempor>y return to an au/]] & less luxuri\s art w\ld be a n unnatural result ( ! great w>4 ,we c]ta9ly f9d 9 ! treatm5t ( ! ,amazons or ( ! wife ( ! ,ludovisi ,gaul no su* insi/5ce on sexual detail z m>ks ! e>li] /udies ( ! fem99e =m1 & ! expression ( ! male figures is di/+ui%$ by m ideal emotions ( c\rage or resignation ?an ! fr5zy ( ! satyrs & ! passions ( ! lat] gods & giants4 ,! ,attalid d$ications %[ "s bravura ( pose2 ! ,ludovisi ,gaul is a little hi/rionic 9 8 attitude2 b z a :ole !y are sob] & re/ra9$ sculpture1 :5 comp>$ ) ! satyrs on ! "o h& & ! alt> frieze on ! o!r4 ,9 t s5se !y repres5t ! high-wat] m>k ( ,p]gam5e art1 inspir$ ) an equal skill1 b ) a nobl] ideal ?an ! e>li] "w1 & n subject to ! some:at grotesque exagg]ations ( its lat] activities4 ,greek art has few nobl] figures to %[ ?an ! ,dy+ ,gaul ( ! ,capitol1 itself an admirable & closely contempor>y copy1 p]haps made 9 ,ephesos1 ( ! bronze orig9al at ,p]gamon4 ,! sob] re/ra9t ( ! torso modell+ is rem>kable1 & contra/s mo/ =cibly ) ! alt> frieze4 ,! pa?os ( ! expression & attitude is n =c$ or exagg]at$ 9 any way1 & if ! curi\s hair gives a t\* ( /rang5ess to ! head1 we mu/ acc\nt = x z a naturali/ic detail ( ! ,gallic fa%ion ( greas+ & oil+ ! hair4 ,! ,ludovisi ,gaul is a sup]b "w1 r m exagg]at$1 bo? 9 expression & 9 detail1 ?an ! ,capitol figure4 ,! "r arm is p]haps wrongly re/or$1 z x hides ! face f ! front1 b x is m likely t ! gr\p %\ld be look$ at f a position f>!r to ! left1 :]e ! face1 ! f9e /ride1 & ! te*nical t\r de =ce ( ! cloak c all be appreciat$ m fully4 ,! woman's face is n well f9i%$1 & h] :ole pose is m effective f ! o!r po9t ( view4 ,! ,p]gam5e peculi>ities 9 ! treatm5t ( *e/ & wai/ are cle>ly visible 9 ?is figure4 ,! little figures 9 ,naples1 ! ,l\vre1 ,v5ice1 & else:]e are p>tly recumb5t dead figures ( ,p]sians1 giants1 & ,amazons1 & p>tly cr\*+ figures def5d+ !mselves4 ,none ( ! victori\s ,greeks seems to h surviv$1 except possibly ! torso ( a horseman 9 ! ,t]me ,museum4 ,!y are dry1 r h>d figures1 mu* inf]ior 9 skill to ! l>g] gr\p & mu* clos] to ! bronze orig9als :i* !y repres5t4 ,! head ( a dead ,p]sian 9 ! ,t]me ,museum 7,fig4 #e7 is probably a m wor?y copy 7on a l>g] scale7 ( "o ( ! figures ( ?is s]ies4 ,its type ( features & its m\/a*e resemble ! ,ludovisi ,gaul4 ,ano!r f9e ,gallic head is 9 ! ,gizeh ,museum at ,cairo 7,fig4 #f74 ,?is has be5 (t5 call$ an orig9al1 an ,alex&rian v>iant ( ! ,gallic d$ications4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no ne$ to sep>ate x f ! o!rs4 ,if x %[s m emotion1 t only br+s x r clos] to :at we "k ( e>li] ,p]gam5e art4 ,! prov5ance ( ! ,gizeh head is disput$1 & x may be only a rec5t importation into ,egypt4#bd ,we n[ come to ! frieze ( ! great alt> at ,p]gamon 7,fig4 #g71 ! contribution ( ,eum5es ,,ii to ! s]ies ( monum5ts commemorat+ ! defeats ( ! b>b>ians4 ,"h aga9 we h sev]al inscriptions ( arti/s1#be :i* are especially int]e/+ z %[+ t f\r =eign arti/s ( ,attic1 ,ephesian1 & ,rhodian orig9 all contribut$ to ! great monum5t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 q uni=m & unique 9 "*1 & %[s a b>oque exagg]ation ( expression & ( muscul> detail1 :i* 9 ! end becomes monoton\s & ov]p[]+4 ,! slight t5d5cy t[>ds a hi/rionic attitude1 :i* we notic$ 9 ! ,ludovisi ,gaul1 has n[ become mu* m pron\nc$4 ,mo/ ( ! figures are 9 /age attitudes ( fright1 f]ocity1 attack1 or def5ce4 ,_! bodies are cov]$ ei!r ) drap]y 9 wild disord]1 or1 if nak$1 ) massive rolls & lumps ( muscle1 :i* are almo/ comical 9 _! exagg]ation4 ,_! hair is 9 unre/ra9$ twi/$ snaky locks2 _! faces are di/ort$ 9 fi]ce expressions ( ang] or al>m2 !y are 9 e conceivable attitude ( attack or def5ce4 ,:5 we add to ?is ! colossal size ( ! monum5t & its figures1 we c well und]/& h[ its rema9s became kn[n to e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s z ! ?rone ( ,satan4#bf ,illu/ration3 #e ,illu/ration3 #f ,illu/ration3 #g ,illu/ration3 #h ,! subject ( ! frieze is ! battle ( ! gods & ! giants1 & ! memb]s ( ! ,olympic ,pan!on are repres5t$ 9 attitudes ( triumph ov] ! s]p5t-foot$ d5iz5s ( ,t>t>us4 ,?is is probably ! fir/ appe>ance 9 sculpture ( ! s]p5t feet ( ! giant4 ,e e>li] arti/ _h realiz$ h[ su* a ridicul\s detail w\ld detract f ! /r5g? & probability ( 8 figures1 b ! ,p]gam5e arti/s are s glad ( ! *ance ( display+ extra te*nical skill t !y pass ov] ! arti/ic difficulty )\t hesitation4 ,! great frieze ( ! alt> is l ! "w ( a megalomaniac4 ,! re/ra9t & good ta/e :i* h accompani$ all ,hell5ic art hi!rto are q =gott51 & we are rem9d$ r ( "s ,assyrian sc5e ( c>nage & de/ruction4 ,?is is ! m curi\s1 because ! small] frieze ( ! alt>1 ! ,telephos frieze1 :i* is contempor>y ) ! l>g] "o1 %[s altoge!r a diff]5t "*4 ,x has !re=e be5 plausibly argu$1 ) ! support ( "s ( ! arti/s' signatures1 t ! ma9 /yle ( ! "w is ,rhodian r ?an ,p]gam5e4#bg ,! view w\ld only involve u 9 fur!r difficulties :5 we come to consid] ,rhodian art4 ,!re is ,rhodian influ5ce 9 ! frieze1 b ! te*nical details ( hair1 faces1 & bodies z a :ole correspond closely to ,p]gam5e art4 ,moreov]1 on a priori gr\nds1 ,p]gam5e art is mu* m likely to be affect$ by exotic ori5tal influ5ces ?an ! pur] ,rhodian4 ,x is easi] to assume a special developm5t ( ,p]gam5e art 9 ?is exagg]at$ direction = a monum5t :i* 0 itself a special & exceptional memorial4 ,! :ole "* ( ! "w is a rev]sion to an e>li] ideali/ic phase ( art1 ?\gh c>ri$ out on v diff]5t arti/ic l9es4 ,?is is no romantic or frivol\s treatm5t ( my?ological detail4 ,x is a great conception ( ! victory ( "r ov] might1 ( ,hellas ov] ! b>b>ian1 & z su* ! great alt> ( ,p]gamon /&s q ap>t f mo/ ( ! "w ( ! ,hell5i/ic age1 & s]ves r z a connect+ l9k betwe5 ! ,p>!non on ! "o h& & ! ,imp]ial trophies ( ,augu/us1 l ! ,ara ,pacis1 on ! o!r4 ,x demon/rates ! lack ( judgem5t & balance 9 ,hell5i/ic art1 b x is a good pro( t ! ,hell5i/ic s*ool 0 n :olly absorb$ 9 que/ions ( bravura & te*nique1 b c\ld rise1 ev5 if 9 r clumsy fa%ion1 to ! level ( a great occasion4 ,! small] frieze ( ,p]gamon1 giv+ incid5ts 9 ! my? ( ,telephos1 is ( a v diff]5t type 7,fig4 #h74 ,fir/ly1 ! subject is n a unity 9 "t & place1 b a cont9u\s n>ration ( my?ological episodes4 ,x ?us resembles ! sett+ 9 a cont9u\s frieze ( a numb] ( metope-subjects4 ,telephos appe>s 9 diff]5t situations 9 a sc5e :i* app>5tly is uni=m4 ,?is is a decid$ly new dep>ture 9 arti/ic !ory1 & x _h ! pr(\nde/ effect on all subsequ5t art4 ,we ne$ n1 ( c\rse1 see 9 ! ,telephos frieze ! fir/ appe>ance ( ?is cu/om1 b x happ5s to be ! e>lie/ surviv+ monum5t 9 :i* ! pr9ciple is easily rem>k$4 ,moreov]1 ! in=mation z to *ange ( sc5e is convey$ by means ( *anges 9 ! backgr\nd1 s t we see 9 x ano!r new dep>ture3 ! use ( a significant pictorial backgr\nd in/ead ( ! blank wall aga9/ :i* e>li] reliefs _h be5 set4 ,"h aga9 ! ,hell5i/ic arti/ revives r ?an orig9ates4 ,! pictorial backgr\nd occurs z e>ly z ! #8,ere*!um' poros p$im5t ( ! ,acropolis1 b dur+ ! fif? & f\r? c5turies ! idea 0 dropp$ only to reappe> at a lat] date4 ,we h already se5 t relief sculpture at all /ages ( its hi/ory is closely affect$ by ! k9dr$ art ( pa9t+4 ,dur+ ! f\r? c5tury pa9t+ und]w5t *anges 9 ! direction ( naturalism z m>k$ z1 if n m m>k$ ?an1 ! correspond+ *anges 9 sculpture4 ,! late f\r? c5tury & ! ?ird c5tury =m ! great p]iod ( ,greek pa9t+1 9 :i* ! names ( ,p>rhasios1 ,protog5es1 & ,apelles /& supreme4 ,a true & correct feel+ = p]spective & a naturali/ic s*eme ( col\r+ 7 ! ma9 discov]ies ( ! p]iod1 discov]ies :i* we are only able to appreciate 9 v r\ndab\t me?ods ?r\gh ,pompeian wall-pa9t+s & mummy-cases f ! ,fayum4 ,all ,hell5i/ic sculpture is pr(\ndly influ5c$ by pa9t+1 z we %all see2 b naturally ! art ( relief is ne>e/ ak9 & %[s mo/ cle>ly ! effects ( graphic ideas4 ,! ,hell5i/ic reliefs are almo/ all adaptations ( pictures1 & ! ,telephos frieze e>ns its ma9 int]e/ & reputation because x is "o ( ! fir/ monum5ts to %[ ?is influ5ce v cle>ly4 ,we f9d a true use ( p]spective 9 "p ( ?is frieze1 & a delib]ate int5tion to create ! impression ( dep?4 ,"o ( ! fir/ results ( ^! innovations 0 to free relief f its subord9ation to ar*itecture4 ,x beg9s n[ to take its place z a self-suffic+ arti/ic object l a picture4 ,greek pictures 7 ma9ly ( ! fresco type1 & !re=e immovably fix$ to walls1 ?\gh easel pictures n[ beg9 to be m frequ5t4 ,!re 0 no?+ dissimil> 9 ! position ( a relief decorat+ a wall-panel )\t ar*itectural significance4 ,?is idea f\nd its e>lie/ manife/ation 9 ,ionia ) friezes ( ! ,assos type on an ar*itrave block1 & !re=e at v>iance ) ar*itectural pr9ciples4 ,friezes z wall decorations appe> commonly 9 ! ,ionian build+s ( ! fif? & f\r? c5turies1 l ! ,n]eid & ,trysa monum5ts & ! ,mausoleum4 ,we f9d 9 ! ,hell5i/ic age ! use ( panels z wall decorations q frequ5t all ov] ,asia ,m9or4 ,?us at ,cyzicus we h "s curi\s my?ological reliefs call$ ,/ylop9akia1 :i* appe> to h be5 panels fix$ betwe5 ! columns ( a p]i/yle4 ,we h ! ,apo!osis ( ,hom] by ,ar*elaos ( ,pri5e1 a cle> in/ance ( ! decorative panel ) a pictorial backgr\nd2 we h small] pieces l ! ,m5&] relief 9 ! ,lat]an2 ! visit ( ,dionysos to a dramatic poet2 & all ! s]ies ( s-call$ ,hell5i/ic reliefs ascrib$ by ,s*reib]#bh to an ,alex&rian orig91 by ,wickh(f#bi to ! ,augu/an age & ,italian art4 ,! reliefs1 l o!r sculpture ( ! ,hell5i/ic age1 _c be judg$ z a :ole4#cj ,"s are ,augu/an1 l ! reliefs 9 ! ,palazzo ,spada1 & "s are und\bt$ly ,alex&rian1 l ! ,grimani reliefs 9 ,vi5na4 ,o!rs1 aga91 %[ a /rong ,lysippic influ5ce1 :i* at once connects !m ) ,rhodes4 ,! ,telephos frieze1 h[ev]1 is ,p]gam5e1 & ! ,cyzicus reliefs mu/ h fall5 ma9ly 9 ! ,p]gam5e sph]e ( art4 ,we are1 !re=e1 entitl$ to dem& a sep>ation ( ! reliefs into j z _m classes z ! sculpture4 ,a f9e piece ( v high relief f ,p]gamon is ! gr\p ( ,prome!us on ! ,caucasus fre$ by ,h]akles4#ca ,besides ! influ5ce ( pictures on relief !re is also ! influ5ce ( e>li] sculpture4 ,"o ( ! figures 9 ! ,telephos relief reproduces ! ,we>y ,h]akles ( ,lysippos4#cb ,x w\ld n be difficult to po9t out o!r examples ( ! adaptation ( old] types4 ,! ,m>syas gr\p is itself a case 9 po9t4 ,! indiff]5ce ( ! ,hell5i/ic arti/ to 8 subject made him ! readi] to adapt e>li] types1 provid$ he _h a free h& = 8 details ( execution & expression4 ,illu/ration3 #i ,illu/ration3 #aj ,! figures ( ,p]gam5e art z a :ole are %ort & /ocky ) squ>i% deep heads4 ,!y correspond to ! ,scopaic1 pre-,lysippic1 & ,peloponnesian type1 b ! ,lysippic improvem5ts 9 pose & sw+ ( ! body are ?or\ghly appreciat$ & adopt$4 ,f ,praxiteles are d]iv$ ! female type & ! int]e/ 9 ! satyr z a vehicle ( sculptural expression4 ,! a?letic art ( ,lysippos & ! s*ool ( ,sikyon is practically unrepres5t$ at ,p]gamon or 9 ^? regions ( ,ionia & ,bi?ynia :i* are connect$ ) x & at :i* we mu/ n[ glance4 ,f ,pri5e we h rema9s ( a gigantoma*y & "s o!r sculpture4#cc ,! influ5ce ( ,praxiteles is m>k$1 & ! "w z a :ole is cle>ly "u ,p]gam5e guidance4 ,f ,magnesia we h rema9s ( a great ,amazonoma*y belong+ to ! frieze ( ! temple ( ,artemis ,leucophry5e & dat+ f ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,! "w is dull & c>eless b /rongly "u ! influ5ce ( ,p]gamon4 ,we %all 9 fact f9d no m ar*itectural reliefs ( ev5 tol]able quality4 ,! new l&scape or pictorial reliefs occupi$ ! att5tion ( ! sculptors1 & temple decoration 0 left entirely to workm54 ,"o ( ! great ,hell5i/ic art c5tres is ,tralles1 ^: treasures are ma9ly to be se5 9 ! ,con/ant9ople museum4 ,! colossal ,apollo or ,dionysos 7,fig4 #i7 is closely connect$ 9 pose & treatm5t ) ! ,apollo ( ! ,m>syas gr\p1 & %[s ev5 m cle>ly ?an ! torso 9 ! ,uffizi ! influ5ce ( ,praxiteles4 ,! cloak$ ephebe ( ,tralles 7,fig4 #aj7 is a good example ( ! eclecticism ( ! age4 ,! lean+ attitude ) ! cross$ legs rem9ds u ( ! satyrs ( ,praxiteles & 8 s*ool1 b ! head is q diff]5t & is /rongly rem9isc5t ( ,myron4 ,boe?os ( ,*alc$on belongs by bir? to ! nor!rn or ,p]gam5e sph]e ( influ5ce1 b he work$ 9 ,rhodes & w be m suitably consid]$ 9 connexion ) ,rhodian art4 ,p]gam5e influ5ce 0 also /rong 9 ! isl&s & on ! ma9l&4 ,we %all see t ! s*ool ( ,melos & bo? ,attic & ,peloponnesian art dur+ ! late ?ird & second c5turies 7 obvi\sly affect$ by x4 ,,ii ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,alex&ria ,x may well be que/ion$ :e!r we are really 9 a position to sep>ate ! ,hell5i/ic s*ools z def9itely & surely z we c sep>ate ! ,attic & ,peloponnesian s*ools ( ! fif? & f\r? c5turies or ! e>li] local s*ools ( ! six?4 ,9 ! ,hell5i/ic age we f9d a f> great] uni=mity & cosmopolitanism 9 art ?an ev] be=e4 ,! conque/s ( ,alex&] _h be5 9 ! long run ,panhell5ic1 & outside ! ma9l& at any rate ! title ,greek came at la/ to mean m ?an m]ely a man's city or /ate4 ,x has !re=e be5 argu$ by "s critics t we mu/ n expect to f9d ! same local di/9ctions 9 ,hell5i/ic art4 ,9 a cosmopolitan _w ) easy communications local & sep>ate developm5ts 7 no long] possible4 ,?is position is plausible1 & s f> z ! "q ( ideals or ev5 types is conc]n$ !re is little to *oose betwe5 ! ,hell5i/ic s*ools4 ,! s-call$ ,hell5i/ic reliefs are probably ( v div]se orig92 ! ,hell5i/ic love = g5re sc5es & = ! grotesque appe>s to be univ]sally indulg$2 ! erotic gr\ps ( ,p]gamon 7 c]ta9ly equally popul> 9 ,alex&ria2 ! influ5ce ( pa9t+ & ! adaptation ( e>li] sculptural types are f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! ,aegean _w4 ,b !re does seem to be a di/9ction 9 te*nical execution betwe5 ! ?ree great s*ools ( ! p]iod1 :i* is suffici5t to ju/ify _! consid]ation 9 ?ree sep>ate *apt]s4 ,:ile ,p]gamon is pr$om9antly subject to ! ,scopaic-,praxitelean mix$ tradition ) an especial fondness = extremely cle>-cut "w & s(t f9i%1 ,rhodes appe>s to be equally fai?ful to ! ,lysippic a?letic tradition1 & ,alex&ria to a /rongly impressioni/ developm5t ( ,praxitelean ideas jo9$ to a fondness = unsp>+ realism 9 ! grotesque1 a comb9ation n infrequ5t 9 ! decad5ce ( art4 ,= ,alex&rian art1 m ?an any ( ! o!rs1 des]ves ! title ( decad5t ?r\gh its ab&onm5t ( e ve/ige ( idealism 9 motive4 ,we "k ! connexion ( ,alex&ria ) ,a!ns 0 close 9 ! late f\r? c5tury1 especially dur+ ! rule ( ,demetrios ( ,phal]on 9 its clos+ decades4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t ,bryaxis made ! ,s>apis 7,fig4 #ab71 :i* has p]haps surviv$ = u 9 ! innum]able copies ( a wild-hair$1 heavily be>d$ head ) %ad[$ my/]i\s eyes4 ,dur+ ! next c5tury ,mac$onia 0 ! *ief foe ( ,a!ns & ( ! ,ptolemies1 & all ! e>li] ,egyptian rul]s 7 on close t]ms ( fri5d%ip ) ! city4 ,?us a pr$om9ant influ5ce ( ,a!ns & ( ! greate/ ( ! f\r?-c5tury ,a!nian sculptors1 ,praxiteles1 is only :at we %\ld anticipate 9 ,alex&rian art4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 argu$ t we h no evid5ce = a native art ( ,alex&ria at all4#cd ,:ile import+ mu* late ,attic sculpture1 %e borr[$ also f ,p]gamon works l ! ,gaul's head at ,cairo1#ce & f ,antio* a gr\p l ! ,dresd5 ,aphrodite ) ! ,triton4#cf ,%e 0 9 fact a collect+ r ?an an orig9at+ c5tre4 ,illu/ration3 #aa ,illu/ration3 #ab ,illu/ration3 #ac ,?is view is improbable on _m gr\nds4 ,! ,egyptians 7 a p ) a ke5 arti/ic s5se1 & ! sudd5 introduction ( a new race l ! ,greeks ) _! passion = cultural expression c\ld h>dly fail to give an impetus to arti/ic output4 ,moreov]1 a great revival 9 ar*itecture is noticeable all ov] ,egypt4 ,! ,ptolemaic age is "o ( ! great build+ p]iods ( ! ,nile valley4 ,fur!r1 our au?orities are unanim\s on ! importance & brilliance ( ! ,alex&rian s*ool ( pa9t+1 & we "k t 9 gem-cutt+ ,pyrgoteles />t$ a developm5t nev] surpass$ 9 antiquity or mod]n times4 ,9 lit]ature1 9 criticism1 & 9 sci5ce ! museum ( ,alex&ria held ! *ief place1 & x is impossible to suppose t ,egypt rema9$ a m]e collector ( sculpture )\t any orig9al developm5t ( h] own4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 exam9e ! arti/ic products ( ,hell5i/ic ,egypt to see if !y exhibit any te*nical peculi>ities m>k+ !m (f f o!r ,hell5i/ic c5tres & compell+ u to cr$it !m ) a local orig94 ,any /udy ( ! sculpture ( ,alex&rian orig9 reveals "o *>act]i/ic almo/ inv>iably pres5t 9 s]i\s "w1 z oppos$ to ! grotesque1 & abs5t f ! c]tifi$ products ( o!r c5tres4 ,?is is t quality ( slurr+ ov] all %>p detail 9 ! features & produc+ a highly poli%$1 almo/ liquidly transp>5t surface = :i* we h borr[$ ! ,italian t]m morbidezza4#cg ,in/ances ( ?is highly impressioni/ treatm5t are to be f\nd 9 ! ,briti% ,museum head ( ,alex&] f ,alex&ria1 & also 9 ! ,siegl9 head f ! same place2 9 ! ,triton head ( ! ,dresd5 ,alex&rian gr\p ( ,triton & ,aphrodite2 9 ! _m ,anadyom5e copies :i* are mo/ly connect$ ) ,alex&ria1 su* = in/ance z ! beautiful /atue rec5tly f\nd 9 ,cyr5aica 7,fig4 #aa72 9 girls' heads f ,alex&ria 9 ,cop5hag5 & ,dresd54 ,9 mo/ ( ^! works & 9 _m o!rs ! s(t transp>5t quality ( ! face is mat*$ by a q r\gh impressioni/ block+-out ( ! hair4 ,?us we f9d bo? ! *>act]i/ics ( ,praxitelean impressionism1 ! r\gh hair & ! s(t liquid gaze1 exagg]at$ & int5sifi$ 9 ,alex&rian sculpture4 ,:ile ! female hair ( ,p]gam5e art is inv>iably cle>-cut & rope-l1 ,alex&rian hair is normally ( ! r\gh cr9kly ,praxitelean type1 sometimes m]ely =mal1 at o!rs m complicat$ & complete4 ,?is impressioni/ "* ( ,alex&rian sculpture is borne out by :at we "k ( its pa9t+1 & is d\btless due to "s ext5t to ! great influ5ce ( pa9t+ on sculpture z well z to ! influ5ce ( ,praxiteles4 ,ano!r te*nical po9t ab\t ,alex&rian sculpture is connect$ ) ! local conditions ( ! c\ntry4 ,egypt is n a c\ntry ( m>ble1 & !re=e ! arti/s _h to be economical 9 ! use ( x4 ,?is is probably ! reason :y s _m ,alex&rian heads h ! faces complete 9 m>ble b ! hair add$ sep>ately 9 /ucco1 :]e ! col\r+ w\ld r5d] ! diff]5ce 9 mat]ial h>dly noticeable4 ,?us _m /atues ( ,alex&rian orig9 h l>ge pieces ( ! upp] "p ( _! heads smoo!d away & left = ! addition ( /ucco4 ,?is ph5om5on is n conf9$ to ,alex&rian art1 ?\gh x is mu* common] at ,alex&ria ?an else:]e1 & :]e we f9d x 9 comb9ation ) ! o!r qualities ( impressionism & morbidezza already notic$ we may feel fairly confid5t 9 claim+ an ,alex&rian orig9 = ! "w 9 "q4 ,illu/ration3 #ad ,illu/ration3 #ae ,illu/ration3 #af ,?is !ory is admirably illu/rat$ 9 ! beautiful little head ( a girl f ,*ios rec5tly acquir$ by ! ,bo/on ,museum 7,fig4 #ac74 ,! head %[s u an extreme degree ( morbidezza 9 ! s(t5+ ( all ! %>p] facial l9es su* z eyelids & lips4 ,! face is se5 almo/ ?r\gh a slight haze1 & x ?us gets "s ( ! impression convey$ by di/ance4 ,:]e ! head is work$ x is q r\gh & =mal 9 purely impressioni/ /yle1 b mo/ ( ! hair 0 to be add$ 9 /ucco1 z ! %>p cuts on ! upp] "p ( ! head demon/rate4 ,! head has be5 attribut$ too en?usia/ically to ,praxiteles himself4 ,x is good "w1 b x is n by ! au?or ( ! ,h]mes4 ,! too me*anical smile & ! too =mal *eeks %[ a less ma/]ly t\*4 ,b x is a p]fect embodim5t ( ,alex&rian art ab\t #cjj ,b4,c4 & mu/ be unhesitat+ly attribut$ to its real orig94 ,we see a g5]al copy ( ! ,praxitelean long face ) eyes ab\t ! c5tre ( ! head1 ,praxitelean proportions1 & ,praxitelean head-type4 ,ano!r head ( ,alex&rian orig9 is ! f9e be>d$ head ( ! ,capitol ,museum 7,fig4 #ad71 :i* is really almo/ a mask ) ! :ole ( ! top & sides ( ! head left = /ucco additions4 ,! r\gh block+ ( ! be>d %[s ! arti/'s impressioni/ lean+s4 ,! long face is purely ,attic1 ?\gh p]haps clos] to ,bryaxis or "s lat] arti/ ?an to ,praxiteles4 ,! head is m or less ak9 to ! ,s>apis head & to ! o!r mu* f9] be>d$ head :i* /&s 9 close relation to ! ,s>apis1 ! well-kn[n ,zeus ( ,otricoli 7,fig4 #ae74 ,9 ! ,otricoli head we h a simil> prom95ce ( ! *eek-bones1 a simil> n>r[+ ( ! =ehead above ! frontal s9us--,attic features b n ,praxitelean4 ,! ,otricoli ,zeus is also a m>ble "w cut = /ucco additions1 "s ( :i* are /ill visible1 & we %\ld probably recognize 9 x ano!r "w ( e>ly ,alex&rian orig94 ,x is p]haps n too d>+ to see ! prototype ( ^! ,attic-%ap$ non-,praxitelean ,alex&rian be>d$ heads 9 ! ,s>apis ( ,bryaxis4#ch ,bryaxis or "s o!r late ,attic arti/ seems to h affect$ ! be>d$ male type ( ,alex&ria mu* z ,praxiteles influ5c$ ! fem99e ideal4 ,nott+ham ,ca/le conta9s a be>d$ head f ,nemi1#ci :i* belongs to ! same class ( "w4 ,"h aga9 we h ! hair add$ 9 /ucco & a g5]al resemblance to ! ,otricoli type4 ,illu/ration3 #ag ,illu/ration3 #ah ,"o ( ! new ,greco-,alex&rian types 0 naturally ! goddess ,isis4 ,a head 9 ! ,l\vre 7,fig4 #af7 gives u a v]sion ( ?is figure1 :i* /ill1 ev5 9 a poor ,roman copy1 %[s u some?+ ( ! languid elegance ( ! orig9al4 ,!re is no traceable influ5ce ( ,scopas 9 ,alex&rian art4 ,! ,praxitelean & ,attic tradition 0 transf]r$ pure1 & !re=e ! livel9ess ( movem5t & action 9 ,p]gam5e art is q abs5t f ! art ( ,alex&ria4 ,/atues are ma9ly small1 p>tly p]haps = economy1 & p>tly f ! lack ( all desire = comp>ison ) ! gigantic ma/]pieces ( anci5t ,egypt1 & !y are limit$ to simple /&+ or seat$ poses4 ,an int]e/+ /atue ( obvi\s ,alex&rian orig9 is ! prie/ ( ,isis 9 ! ,capitol 7,fig4 #ag71 :i* has be5 wrongly re/or$ ) a female head4 ,?is head is itself ,alex&rian1 z its hair demon/rates1 b x has no connexion ) ! body1 :i* is male1 ?\gh drap$ 9 a light cl++ tunic4#dj ,! tunic is int]e/+ z giv+ u a good example ( ,alex&rian drap]y4 ,we may notice ! v small closely set folds1 & ! extreme reali/ic c>e ) :i* ! loose p>ts ( ! drap]y are di/+ui%$ f ^? tightly /ret*$4 ,!re is an elem5t ( artificiality no d\bt 9 ! way 9 :i* ! folds radiate f ! great j> c>ri$ aga9/ ! *e/ & 9 _! close symmetry ( design1 b z a :ole ! effect ( texture is m>vell\sly well secur$4 ,we h "h a good example ( ! naturalism :i* n[ plays a l>ge "p 9 ,alex&rian art4 ,ano!r /atue :i* we mu/ claim = ,alex&rian art is ! ,capitol9e ,v5us 7,fig4 #ah71 an extremely int]e/+ /atue n only z a fir/-rate orig9al b f its relation to ! ,cnidian goddess ( ,praxiteles4 ,! face & ! hair %[ ! usual qualities ( ,alex&rian impressionism2 ! fr+$ mantle ?r[n ov] ! wat]-pot is ! mantle ( ! ,egyptian ,isis1 & ! =e%ort5+ ( ! foot ( ! amphora is j ! pictorial t\* we expect 9 ,alex&rian art4 ,b ! mo/ int]e/+ light :i* ?is /atue ?r[s on ,alex&rian art is its directness & want ( subtlety 9 motive4 ,! goddess ( ,cnidos is nak$1 b %e is only half-consci\s ( h] nak$ness4 ,h] eyes are fix$ on et]nity1 & ! actual ba? is a m]e accessory l ! *ild ( ! ,h]mes4 ,b ! ,capitol9e goddess is n ?9k+ ( et]nity at all4 ,%e is /epp+ into h] ba?1 & is sudd5ly aw>e ( a spectator's gaze4 ,%e is ! classical c\nt]p>t ( ,susannah 9 ,r5aissance art4 ,all ! vague beauty ( ! ,attic /atue is lo/ by ! t\* ( ,alex&rian realism1 :i* am\nts almo/ to vulg>ity4 ,z to ! treatm5t ( ! body x is aga9 real & n ideal4 ,! back 9 p>ticul> %[s a close /udy ( ! model )\t any ( ! selective idealism ( classical art4 ,l ! beautiful torso 9 ,syracuse#da x is a m>vell\s /udy f nature1 n m>k$ by any ve/ige ( idealism4 ,ano!r head 9 ! ,capitol1 ! s-call$ ,ariadne 7,fig4 #ai71 p]haps really a ,dionysos1 also sugge/s an ,alex&rian orig9 ) its long face1 eyes close toge!r1 & cr9kly hair4#db ,x is a v fav\rite ,roman head (t5 copi$1 & mu/ belong to "s fam\s orig9al4 ,x we>s a b&1 :i* presses into ! hair1 & its sleepy languid gaze is rem>kable4 ,?is is produc$ by mak+ ! upp] eyelid ne>ly /raight & ! l[] "o well curv$4 ,! face is long & heavy4 ,bo? eye-%ape & head recall ! ,bo/on girl f ,*ios & o!r ,alex&rian /atues4 ,! surface ( ! face is highly poli%$1 ! hair left cr9kly & r\gh--an ,alex&rian proc$ure4 ,if we c accept ?is head1 we mu/ class ) x two heads ( id5tical facial type1 ! ,eub\leus ( ,eleusis#dc sometimes attribut$ to ,praxiteles1 & ! s-call$ ,inopos f ,delos 9 ! ,l\vre 7,fig4 #bj74 ,alex&rian d$ications might plausibly be expect$ at ,delos & ,eleusis4 ,bo? ,inopos & ,eub\leus are highly impressioni/4 ,we h said en\gh to %[ t :at we may call ! s]i\s art ( ,alex&ria _h c]ta9 *>act]i/ics ( te*nique & execution1 :i* r5d] n impossible an attempt to classify & arrange an ,alex&rian s*ool ( sculpture4 ,we mu/ n[ turn to ano!r side ( ,alex&rian art :i*1 if ( less arti/ic int]e/1 is nev]!less ( p>am\nt importance 9 our /udy ( ,hell5i/ic art4 ,illu/ration3 #ai ,illu/ration3 #bj ,! p ( ,alex&ria 7 not$ 9 ! anci5t _w z sc(f]s & cynics4 ,_! temp] 0 fi]y1 _! je/s 7 brutal1 & rev]5ce ( any k9d 0 unkn[n to !m4 ,a cosmopolitan m$ley ( ,greek1 ,mac$onian1 native ,egyptian1 ,jew1 & e nation ( ! ,ea/1 !y 7 unit$ only 9 _! utt] div]sity ( po9t ( view & _! scepticism ( all ideal obligation4 ,to su* a p c>icature & a love ( ! grotesque 7 almo/ second nature4 ,by ! side ( ! great] art ( ,alex&ria x is easy to disc]n a less] art ( comic1 grotesque1 & obsc5e /atuettes ( e description4 ,greek realism 9 portraiture w5t back to ! ,pelli*os ( ,demetrios ) 8 great paun* & scanty hair 9 ! e>ly f\r? c5tury4#dd ,) ! end ( ! c5tury ! satyr 0 a recogniz$ m$ium = e v>iety ( ! b>oque & ! macabre 9 expression4 ,b 9 ,alex&ria above all ! grotesque exagg]ation ( natural defects f\nd its true popul>ity4 ,! negro1 ! hun*back1 ! drunk>d1 ! crt9 ( e k9d1 became popul> arti/ic models4 ,z if ! del9eation ( y\? & beauty 0 exhau/$1 ! ,hell5i/ic sculptors ( ,alex&ria ru%$ into ! portrayal ( disease1 ( old age1 & ( mutilation 9 e =m4 ,!y suff]$ z mu* z any mod]n decad5t f #8la no/algie de la b\e'4 ,"h aga9 we mu/ bew>e ( attribut+ to ,alex&ria all ! grotesque figures ( ,hell5i/ic art & all its pieces ( mo/ pa9ful naturalism4 ,p]gamon1 if n ,rhodes1 & d\btless ,antio* mu/ h play$ _! "p 9 ! commone/ =m ( arti/ic decad5ce2 b we h s mu* ( ?is "w c]tifi$ z ,alex&rian1 t we are ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ ,egypt z its *ief & mo/ popul> home4 ,works ( ?is type fall into two classes3 ! purely grotesque & ! extremely naturali/ic4 ,! =m] class is m or less conf9$ to /atuettes1 ( :i* a numb] are collect$ 9 ,p]drizet's ,bronzes grecs d',egypte de la ,collection ,f\quet1 & ! acc\nt ( ! ,mahdia %ip 9 ,monum5ts ,piot = #aiji & #aiaj4 ,^! include gnomes1 pygmies1 dw>fs 7,fig4 #ba71 & little obsc5e figures ( all k9ds4 ,ne$less to say1 ,praxitelean qualities ( morbidezza & impressionism h no place 9 art ( ?is k9d4 ,we may presume t ! dem& 0 prim>ily =eign & n ,greek1 ?\gh all ! skill ( ,greek sculpture is employ$ 9 ! faultless execution ( _m ( !m4 ,_! ,alex&rian orig9 is bett] atte/$ ?an t ( ! second class ( extremely naturali/ic works4 ,! latt] are m important & m int]e/+4 ,!y include "s ( ! mo/ skilful works ( sculpture ev] a*iev$4 ,! spl5did negro's head ( ,b]l9#de & ! fi%]man ( ! ,l\vre are ( und\bt$ ,alex&rian orig91 b su* works z ! fi%]man & ! peasant woman ( ! ,cons]vatori#df or ! old wom5 ( ! ,capitol & ( ,dresd5 are n s cle> 9 _! orig94 ,:5 we get a /atue ( ?is type1 comb9$ ) "s cle>ly ,alex&rian quality1 su* z ! s-call$ ,diog5es ( ! ,villa ,albani#dg--;a nak$ begg> c>ri$ out ) f9e realism b also ) consid]able morbidezza & impressionism--we may claim an ,alex&rian orig92 b impressionism is r>e among su* /atues1 z ! arti/s seem to love to dwell on e detail4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 reg>d !m z a s+le class irrespective ( _! individual orig94 ,! ,l\vre fi%]man#dh des]ves c>eful /udy = its absolutely unsp>+ tru? to nature4 ,! slackness ( sk9 caus$ by long wad+ 9 wat]1 ! swell+ ( ! ve9s ?r\gh h>d "w1 ! feebl5ess & holl[ness ( *e/ due to old age or disease1 ! co>se peasant's head1 9 :i* ea* wr9kle is fai?fully del9eat$1 des]ve our wond] if n our admiration4 ,! little companion pair 9 ! ,cons]vatori1 ?\gh inf]ior 9 workman%ip z ,roman copies1 are also full ( int]e/ = _! vitality & tru?4 ,f9e/ ( all p]haps is ! spl5did old woman's head 9 ,dresd5 7,fig4 #bb71 ) its m>vell\s mimicry ( ! ravages ( age4 ,su* art is decad5t1 because x is pessimi/ic1 cynical1 & unhappy1 & because x refuses to select & idealize z x might d ev5 9 /udies ( decay2 b ( its brilliant execution !re c be no d\bt4 ,only ! ,*9ese h made grotesques :i* c rank ) ! products ( ,alex&ria4 ,?is is a conv5i5t place = deal+ ) ! great s]ies ( ,hell5i/ic reliefs1 ?\gh x is no long] possible to ma9ta9 t ^! h a uni=m & common orig9 ei!r 9 ,alex&ria or 9 ,imp]ial ,rome4#di ,we h se5 _! beg9n+ 9 ! ,telephos frieze1 ! fir/ to %[ u a pictorial backgr\nd & an episodic my?ological treatm5t4 ,! appe>ance ( ! relief panel z a self-suffici5t :ole )\t ar*itectural backgr\nd is an inv5tion ( ! ,hell5i/ic age z e>ly z ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 b x cont9ues z an arti/ic =ce "r ?r\gh ,roman into m$iaeval & mod]n art4 ,c]ta9ly n ev5 ! ,hell5i/ic reliefs h a common orig91 b x is n impossible t ,alex&ria 0 ! home ( "o class ( !m1 ! pre-em95tly pa/oral sc5es l ! ,grimani reliefs 9 ,vi5na 7,fig4 #bc74 ,alex&ria 0 ! greate/ city ( ! ,hell5i/ic _w & ! f>!/ f any conception ( ! pa/oral life ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is1 !re=e1 possible t ! rise ( ! pa/oral t5d5cy 9 art 0 connect$ ) ! ,alex&rian crav+ = novelty & v>iety 9 a sph]e ( :i* x knew no?+4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! pa/oral poems ( ,!ocritos delight$ ! citiz5s ( ,alex&ria1 & ! ,hell5i/ic pa/oral relief is /rictly analog\s to ! poems ( ,!ocritos4 ,x %[s a c\ntryside ( ! ,watteau type ) satyrs & nymphs to correspond to ! %eph]ds & %eph]desses ( ! c\rt ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,x is an artificial c\ntry )\t a t\* ( ! reality ( nature4 ,?us ! pa/oral reliefs & ! poems ( ,!ocritos repres5t ! "o elem5t ( idealism 9 ! mat]iali/ic culture ( ,alex&ria4 ,illu/ration3 #ba ,illu/ration3 #bc ,illu/ration3 #bb ,illu/ration3 #bd ,! ,hell5i/ic reliefs may be divid$ into ?ree classes3 ! pa/oral reliefs su* z ! sc5es %[+ %eep & a lioness & cubs1 call$ ! ,grimani reliefs1 9 ,vi5na2 my?ological reliefs l ! ,bell]ophon & ,pegasus ( ! ,palazzo ,spada1#ej or ,p]seus & ,&rom$a ( ! ,capitol#ea 9 ,rome2 & m complicat$ little sc5es or gr\ps l ! ,m5&] relief ( ! ,lat]an1#eb ! ,apo!osis ( ,hom]1#ec ! slay+ ( ! ,niobids1#ed or ! visit ( ,dionysos to a dramatic poet4#ee ,!y are all closely relat$ to pa9t+--h[ closely a ref]5ce to ,pompeian wall-pa9t+s or mosaics l ! fam\s ,pra5e/9e pavem5t w %[--b !re are "s diff]5ces betwe5 ! gr\ps :i* are wor?y ( m5tion4 ,! pa/oral sc5es are /raight=w>d & naturali/ic4 ,! little gr\p ( a c\ntryman driv+ a c[ pa/ a ru9$ temple 9 ,muni* is a good example ( /raight=w>d naturalism4 ,! my?ological reliefs are usually di/9ctly affect$ 9 /yle4 ,! ge/ure ) :i* ,p]seus receives ,&rom$a is l t ( an exquisite h&+ a lady f h] c>riage4 ,bell]ophon wat]s 8 horse ) a non*alant air4#ef ,da$alos & ,ic>os#eg pres5t a curi\s mixture ( affectation & realism4 ,b x may n[ be reg>d$ z c]ta9 t ! ,spada reliefs are ,augu/an 9 date at ! e>lie/1 & ! affectation may well be import$4 ,?is is1 inde$1 p>tially demon/rat$ by a comp>ison ( ! two copies ( ! ,da$alos-,ic>os gr\p 9 ! ,villa ,albani1 ( :i* "o is ,roman1 ! o!r probably late ,hell5i/ic4 ,at ! same "t x is rem>kable t ! figures ( ! my?ological reliefs all %[ ! long sl5d] proportions ( ,lysippos4 ,?is at once sugge/s a ,rhodian connexion4 ,my?ological gr\ps are fav\rites 9 ,rhodes1 & x is ! "o place :]e ! ,lysippic tradition c]ta9ly la/$4 ,x is n a :olly haz>d\s sugge/ion to propose a ,rhodian orig9 = ! my?ological1 & an ,alex&rian orig9 = ! pa/oral1 reliefs4 ,"o might be tempt$1 !re=e1 to ascribe ! mo/ intimate & dome/ic sc5es to ,p]gamon1 b !re is insuffici5t evid5ce = pro( at pres5t1 ?\gh ! reliefs des]ve c>eful /udy ) ^! possible divisions 9 m9d4 ,9 g5]al we c only po9t out _! f9e naturalism & p]fect execution4 ,_! arti/s seem to h ma/]$ all ! problems ( p]spective & to deal ) ! ?ird dim5sion z easily z ) ! o!r two4 ,x is natural to notice "s advance 9 fre$om ( /yle4 ,! e>li] reliefs1 l ! ,telephos frieze1 or ! ,dolon relief1#eh are 9 less pron\nc$ relief & ) less c>efully conceiv$ p]spective4 ,lat] reliefs l ! s-call$ ,m5&] relief %[ "s ( ! figures 9 "p deta*$ f ! backgr\nd1 :ile ! p]spective ( a gr\p is mo/ subtly grad$4 ,we may comp>e ! f9e/ ( !m ) ! bronze doors ( ! ,flor5t9e ,bapti/]y & _! m>vell\s panels4 ,we are /ill left ) "o important monum5t ( ,alex&rian art :i* p]haps c be treat$ mo/ fitly 9 connexion ) ! pa/oral reliefs--! great /atue ( ! ,nile 9 ! ,braccio ,nuovo ( ! ,vatican 7,fig4 #bd74 ,! god lies out at l5g? support$ on 8 elb[1 & little boys1 repres5t+ ! cubits ( 8 annual rise1 play ab\t ov] him4 ,! "w is a ,roman copy1 & tells u little ( te*nique1 b ! putti are int]e/+ z a typical ,hell5i/ic developm5t4 ,?is is ! p]iod 9 :i* ,eros1 :o has be5 gr[+ /eadily y\ng] f ! y\? ( ,praxiteles to ! boy ( ,lysippos1 turns f9ally into ! *ubby ,roman ,cupid or ,amor9o ( ,r5aissance art4 ,z su* he helps ,aphrodite 9 h] toilet or p]=ms all mann] ( tasks 9 ! f9e frieze ( ,erotes at ,ephesos4 ,x is ! logical end+ ( ! trans=mation ( my?ology into g5re4 ,alex&rian art is ess5tially mundane & frivol\s1 sceptical & humor\s4 ,h] arti/s w\ld h appreciat$ ! e>li] ,p]gam5e developm5ts1 b !y w\ld h laugh$ at ! clumsy idealism ( ! great alt> frieze4 ,nor w\ld !y h felt mu* sympa?y ) ! a?letic art ( ,rhodes4 ,we may p]haps consid] "h ! little we "k ( ! art ( ,antio*1 s9ce x has c]ta9 po9ts 9 common ) t ( ,alex&ria4 ,! *ief monum5t us$ 9 all discussion ( ,antio*5e art is ! /atue ( ,antio*#ei on ! ,orontes1 made by ,euty*ides1 a pupil ( ,lysippos4 ,a small copy ( ?is 9 ! ,vatican %[s u a f9e seat$ figure cr[n$ ) ! turret$ cr[n1 :o re/s h] foot on a little male figure ) out/ret*$ arms repres5t+ ! /ream ( ! ,orontes4 ,un=tunately ! copy is too small to give u mu* in=mation ab\t ! arti/1 ?\gh he seems to h us$ ! same idea = ano!r /atue ( ! ,eurotas4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 a figure ( ,aphrodite f ,egypt 7,fig4 #be71 :i* %[s a support+ ,triton 9 an attitude indubitably connect$ ) ! figure ( ! ,orontes4 ,?is is an ,egyptian "w1 b x argues "s arti/ic connexion betwe5 ,alex&ria & ! ,seleucid capital4 ,ano!r l9k is giv5 u by ! /atem5t#fj t ! ,apollo at ,daphne ne> ,antio* 0 made by ,bryaxis1 ! au?or ( ! ,alex&rian ,s>apis4 ,antio*1 ?\gh l ,alex&ria 9 _m respects--9 h] turbul5t population1 h] cosmopolitanism1 h] irrev]5ce = all au?ority--seems nev] to h develop$ ! cultur$ love ( lit]ature & ! arts :i* we f9d at ,p]gamon & on ! ,nile4 ,%e rema9$ 9 all probability a collector & n an orig9ator ( art4 ,! glimpses :i* we c get ( h] /atues indicate a ca?olic ta/e4 ,! ,apollo seat$ on ! ,omphalos1 :i* decorates ! ,seleucid co9s1 resembles ! ,lysippic type1 & a ,h]akles type1 also f\nd on ,syrian co9s & reproduc$ 9 ! bronze colossus ( ! ,cons]vatori1 has "s connexion ) ! lat] ,sikyonian s*ool4 ,by ! side ( ^! we mu/ place ! ,apollo ( ,bryaxis4 ,ephesos1 a /rong place m or less at ! meet+-po9t ( ?ree empires1 has left u consid]able rema9s ( ,hell5i/ic art4 ,h] bronze a?lete at ,vi5na 7,fig4 #bf7 belongs to a lat] developm5t ( ! ,scopaic s*ool2 h] frieze ( ,erotes#fa is m 9 ! ,alex&rian mann]4 ,"s beautiful bronzes1 9 p>ticul> a ,h]akles attack+ a c5taur1#fb are 9 ! mix$ ,lysippo-,scopaic mann]4 ,!re are also traces ( ,praxitelean influ5ce 9 h] art4 ,^! cosmopolitan collect+ c5tres _c tell u mu* ( ! me?ods ( ,hell5i/ic art4 ,our be/ res\rce is to exam9e m closely ! works ( c]tifi$ orig94 ,ephesos is1 h[ev]1 important = its s*ool ( copyi/s4 ,! m>ble copies ( ! ,attalid d$ications 7 p]haps made "h1 & ,agasias1 ! au?or ( ! ,borghese ,fight]1#fc 0 an ,ephesian by bir?1 al?\gh a ,rhodian by education4 ,illu/ration3 #be ,illu/ration3 #bf ,,iii ,,! ,,rhodian ,,s*ool ,! s*ool ( ,rhodes /&s on a diff]5t foot+ f t ( ,p]gamon or ,alex&ria4 ,! latt] 7 new f\ndations1 or at lea/ new societies1 9 :i* ! ,greek elem5t 0 associat$ ) mu* t 0 ali5 & exotic4 ,! orgia/ic wildness ( ,phrygia w5t f> to influ5ce ! art ( ,p]gamon1 :e!r 9 its e>li] s5suality or its lat] pageantry ( exagg]at$ triumph4 ,9 ,alex&ria & 9 ,antio* non-,greek races import$ into ,hell5ic art ! cynicism & ! _w-we>9ess ( old] & exhau/$ civilizations4 ,b ,rhodes 0 pure ,greek & a liv+1 gr[+1 prosp]\s community )\t recollections ( humiliation & defeat4 ,rhodes z a city _h be5 born ( ! union ( ,l9dos1 ,kameiros1 & ,ialysos at ! end ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,! f\r? c5tury br\ght sl[ gr[?1 b ! successful def5ce aga9/ ,demetrios ,poliorcetes 9 its la/ decade op5$ a new *apt] 9 ,rhodian hi/ory4 ,h5ce=w>d ,rhodes 0 mi/ress ( an empire4 ,%e acquir$ possessions on ! ma9l&2 h] fleet rode & controll$ h] neighb\r+ seas2 h] trade /ret*$ out t5tacles 9 all directions2 & among ! semi-b>b>\s ,hell5i/ic k+doms %e alone c>ri$ pr\dly ! tor* ( undefil$ ,hell5ic tradition4 ,*>es ( ,l9dos1 a pupil ( ,lysippos1 head$ ! long roll ( h] sculptors2 h] pa9t]1 ,protog5es1 _h b "o rival 9 ! ,sikyonian ,apelles4 ,?us f ! fir/ %e boa/$ great arti/s1 closely connect$ too ) ! s*ool ( ,sikyon4 ,h] ,dorian sympa?ies naturally isolat$ h] f ! ,attic s*ool & f ! mix$ ,praxitelean-,scopaic s*ool ( ! ,ionian ma9l&4 ,h] ,peloponnesian & ,sikyonian connexions id5tifi$ h] at once ) a?letic art & ) ! s*ool ( ,lysippos4 ,?us :ile ,alex&ria & ,p]gamon patroniz$ m>ble sculpture1 ,rhodes n[ becomes ! home ( bronze ca/+4 ,h] va/ ,colossus 0 mat*$ by at lea/ "o hundr$ m /atues ( rem>kable size1 & ! roll ( h] arti/s z record$ 9 inscriptions is notewor?y = its l5g?4 ,! great siege gave t impulse ( idealism :i* is necess>y = ! gr[? ( any arti/ic developm5t1 & ! traditional fri5d%ip ) ! ris+ p[] ( ,rome help$ h] to pres]ve h] prosp]ity & indep5d5ce lat] ?an any ( h] neighb\rs4 ,! la/ great "w ( ,rhodian art1 ! ,laocoon1 is almo/ z late z ! ,empire1 & ! :ole p]iod ( two hundr$ & fifty ye>s betwe5 x & ! ,colossus is m>k$ by an imm5se output ( sculpture4 ,we h already sugge/$ t ! ,hell5i/ic art ( ,rhodes began "u ! dom9ant influ5ce ( ! a?letic s*ool ( ,lysippos4 ,we mu/ fir/ exam9e ! "* & a*ievem5ts ( ?is s*ool4 ,daippos1 ,bo$as1 & ,eu?ykrates are said to h be5 sons & pupils ( ! great ,sikyonian4 ,( ^! ,eu?ykrates 0 ! be/ kn[n1 & ,pl9y tells u t he foll[$ 8 fa!r's c>efulness r ?an 8 elegance1 & t 8 /yle 0 m sev]e ?an g5ial 7#8con/antiam potius imitatus patris quam elegantiam au/]o maluit g5]e quam iucundo plac]e'74#fd ,8 works 7 ma9ly a?letic or eque/rian1 ) a few female subjects1 & 8 pupil ,tisicrates 0 a fai?ful copyi/ ( ! /yle ( ,lysippos1 s mu* s1 9 fact1 t 8 works c\ld h>dly be di/+ui%$ f ! ma/]'s4 ,daippos made a p]ixyom5os or a?lete scrap+ himself1#fe & ,bo$as made an adorans or pray+ figure4#ff ,pl9y's description is important1 because x assures u ( ! fai?fulness ) :i* ! pupils ( ,lysippos kept to _! ma/]'s /yle4 ,?is is ! basis = ! argum5t ( ^? :o see 9 ! ,apoxyom5os ( ! ,vatican a "w ( ! pupil ,daippos r ?an ! ma/]2 b ! argum5t is two-edg$1 if ,lysippos' own /yle is to be f\nd 9 ! ,agias1 s9ce ! two /atues h little 9 common4 ,! m5tion ( ! adorans enables u to connect two well-kn[n bronzes ) ?is s*ool--! ,pray+ ,boy ( ,b]l9 7,fig4 #bg7 & ! ,re/+ ,h]mes ( ,naples 7,fig4 #bh74 ,! ,pray+ ,boy is a subject unp>allel$ else:]e1 & belongs to ! e>ly ,hell5i/ic age4 ,he c h>dly be o!r ?an a copy ( ! /atue ( ,bo$as4 ,! sl5d] proportions & small head foll[ ! ,lysippic canon1 & ! easy sw+ ( ! body proves its *ronological position4 ,?is figure & ! o!rs1 :i* we %all subsequ5tly notice1 %[ a new gr[? ( naturalism by less insi/5ce on ! outl9es ( ! torso muscles4 ,! av]age body 9 repose does n %[ ! massive muscles ( ,pheidian or ev5 ( ,lysippic art1 & ! po/-,lysippic sculptors ( ! ?ird c5tury t5d to s(t5 & naturalize ! torso to a consid]able ext5t4 ,! ,p]gam5e ,dy+ ,gaul is a good example ( ?is f9e re/ra9t1 :i* 0 utt]ly ab&on$ by ! lat] ,p]gam5e s*ool & ev5 by ! late ,rhodians1 b :i* 9 all ?ird-c5tury art ( ,rhodes is notewor?y4 ,! ,re/+ ,h]mes is a f9e copy ( a po/-,lysippic orig9al1 :i* /ood 9 close connexion ) ! ,pray+ ,boy4 ,! torso1 sl5d]1 re/ra9$1 & full ( vitality1 %[s ! same treatm5t1 & mu/ belong to ! ,lysippic s*ool4 ,illu/ration3 #bg ,illu/ration3 #bh ,euty*ides ( ,sikyon1 ano!r pupil ( ,lysippos1 is kn[n to u only f 8 ,antio*4#fg ,?is figure1 ev5 9 its poor copy1 is ( great importance1 s9ce x is almo/ ! only c]tifi$ drap$ female figure ( ! ,lysippic s*ool4 ,our :ole !ory ( ,lysippic & e>ly ,rhodian drap]y mu/1 !re=e1 re/ ^u x4 ,a comp>ison ) ! ,h]culaneum figure#fh 9 ,dresd5 w %[ at once a consid]able resemblance 9 treatm5t1 s mu* s1 9 fact1 t x has caus$ ! attribution ( ! ,dresd5 figure to ! ,lysippic s*ool4 ,?is _c be all[$ because ( ! great] resemblance to ,attic grave-reliefs & ! ,mant9ean basis1 :i* demon/rates ! orig9 ( ! type 9 ! s*ool ( ,praxiteles4#fi ,b x is suffici5t to %[ t ! new s*eme ( ! s*ool ( ,praxiteles 0 adopt$ 9 ! ma9 by ! pupils ( ,lysippos2 _! fai?fulness to _! tea*] w incl9e u to ! belief t ,lysippos us$ x also4 ,?is type ( drap]y %[s a t5d5cy to an artificially effective or arti/ic arrangem5t r ?an to complete simplicity ( naturalism l ! drap]y ( ,praxiteles himself1 b x is important to notice t x does n become purely artificial or /]eotyp$ till mu* lat]1 & t all ! e>ly examples pres]ve a consid]able %>e ( fre] naturalism4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( ! drap]y is an opposition ( folds 9 _m diff]+ directions1 s z to c\nt]act ! uni=mity ( ! old] ,pheidian type4 ,! folds !mselves are q natural2 x is only 9 _! arrangem5t t we f9d ! elem5t ( art4 ,! ,antio* p]mits u to assume ! tall figure swa!d 9 a long ?9 cloak z ! female type ( ! ,lysippic s*ool1 & !re=e ( ! e>ly ,rhodian s*ool1 :ile ! ,pray+ ,boy & ! ,re/+ ,h]mes give u ! male type4 ,! close connexion po/ulat$ re/s on ! fact t ,*>es ( ,l9dos1 ! au?or ( ,rhodes' mo/ fam\s /atue1 ! great ,colossus1 0 himself a memb] ( ! ,sikyonian s*ool & a pupil ( ! ma/]4 ,b ! ,colossus itself is unkn[n to u 9 any c]ta9 copy1 & !re=e we _c speak ) full k ( 8 art4 ,"s /atuettes 9 bronze 9 m>k$ ,lysippic /yle may well reproduce ! /atue1 b we _c feel ! necess>y c]ta9ty 9 _! id5tification4 ,!re is a gr\p ( a?letic /atues ( ! ?ird c5tury :i* c>ry out ! ,lysippic tradition to its logical conclusion1 & :i* consequ5tly we are practically b\nd to attribute to ,rhodian arti/s4 ,b until we h a def9ite copy ( ,*>es' "w we mu/ argue backw>ds to ! fir/ ,rhodian s*ool1 ( :i* we h no direct in=mation1 f ! lat] ,rhodian s*ool1 ( :i* we "k a great deal4 ,! ,laocoon#gj & ! ,f>nese ,bull#ga are c]tifi$ works ( ,rhodian art ( ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c41 & !y %[ u a type ( male figure :i* is q di/9ct f ! types ( ,p]gam5e & ,alex&rian art4 ,we are1 !re=e1 entitl$ to argue back to ! ,rhodian s*ool ( ! ?ird c5tury1 & to attribute to x su* a?letic sculpture z is cle>ly ( ! e>li] date :ile (f]+ di/9ct te*nical & /yli/ic resemblances to ! lat] gr\ps4 ,! male figures ( ?is lat] p]iod diff] f ! ,p]gam5e works1 ) :i* !y are mo/ easily comp>$1 9 c]ta9 well-def9$ po9ts4 ,! heads are small] & r\nd] & ! hair is r\gh] & less c>efully arrang$4 ,! eyebr[s h a t5d5cy to =m %>p angles ) ! nose in/ead ( ! broad /raight curves ( ! ,p]gam5e br[s4 ,?is makes ! bridge ( ! nose ?9n] & usually sub/itutes v]tical =ehead wr9kles = ! swell+ frontal s9us ( ,p]gam5e "w4 ,except 9 cases ( great /ra9 ! torso muscles are treat$ ) m re/ra9t1 b ! ve9s receive m c>eful att5tion1 especially on ! abdom54 ,9 ! back a m brok5-up sy/em ( muscles replaces ! great upright rolls on ei!r side ( ! backbone1 :i* m>k ,p]gam5e "w4 ,f9ally1 ! proportions are slight] & m ,lysippic4 ,^! consid]ations apply mo/ p[]fully to two great /atues ( ! ,l\vre1 ^: ?ird-c5tury date is almo/ c]ta93 ! ,borghese ,w>rior#gb & ! ,jason 7,fig4 #cj74 ,! =m] /atue is by ,agasias ( ,ephesos1 an arti/ :om we c date ) "s degree ( c]ta9ty 9 ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,! ,jason comes s close to ! ,lysippic type ( ,poseidon on ! "o h& & to ! ,fight] ( ,agasias on ! o!r1 t ! ,lysippic-,rhodian orig9 ( ! two is fairly well e/abli%$4 ,! analogies ( ! ,borghese ,w>rior ) ! ,apoxyom5os h be5 (t5 po9t$ out1 b 8 resemblances to ! ,laocoon & ! ,f>nese gr\ps require an equal recognition4 ,bo? ! ,l\vre /atues %[ ! influ5ce ( a lat] g5]ation on ! ,lysippic type4 ,:ile reproduc+ ! g5]al proportions1 ea* develops ,lysippic innovations to a fur!r degree4 ,lysippos made a di/9ct advance 9 anatomical skill1 b bo? ^! /atues %[ a m exact sci5tific k4 ,:ile _! torso muscles are less prom95t1 !y reveal new details 9 abdom51 gro91 & ! inn] side ( ! ?ighs1 unkn[n to ! e>li] sculptor4 ,!y also develop mu* fur!r ! ,lysippic sub/itution ( an all-r\nd figure = a m]ely frontal "o4 ,ea* ( !m c be reg>d$ effectively f any po9t ( view1 & nei!r has any real front4 ,!y1 !re=e1 repres5t a di/9ct te*nical advance4 ,b at ! same "t !y %[ a decl9e 9 arti/ic feel+1 = !re is p]haps too mu* sci5ce ab\t !m4 ,!y belong to a s*ool imm5sely int]e/$ 9 detail1 & t5d+1 !re=e1 to lose its grasp on ! g5]al treatm5t4 ,! anatomical /ructure ( ! male =m _c be r5d]$ m p]fectly ?an 9 ! /atue ( ,agasias1 s well kn[n to all art /ud5ts1 b ! /atue affects u ) a feel+ ( /ra9 & discom=t f its want ( unity & repose4 ,all ! a?letic /atues ( ! ,rhodian s*ool seem to be re/less & unsatisfi$4 ,!re is none ( ! calm repose ab\t !m t m>k$ e>li] ,greek art4 ,! desire to display newly acquir$ sci5tific k inv>iably dem&s a /ra9$ & !re=e disquiet+ motive4 ,z we %all see :5 we come to exam9e ! ,laocoon lat]1 ! influ5ce ( ! /age appe>s to be affect+ sculpture4 ,poses are hi/rionic1 & expression beg9s to dep5d ^u grimaces & action r ?an ^u m subtle indications ( feel+4 ,) ! ,borghese ,fight] & ! ,jason we may class1 p]haps1 a "w l ! ,actaeon torso 9 ! ,l\vre1#gc & also t mu* discuss$ & v beautiful "w1 ! ,subiaco ,y\?4#gd ,?is %[s ! same re/ra9t 9 torso modell+ :i* di/+ui%$ ! ,pray+ ,boy & ! ,re/+ ,h]mes1 b 9 ! /ra9 ( its attitude x resembles r ! ,fight] ( ,agasias1 especially 9 ! twi/ ( ! body above ! wai/1 :i* ,lysippos _h orig9at$ & :i* 8 pupils t5d to exagg]ate4 ,"o ( ! disquiet+ features ( ! ,borghese ,fight] is t he implies ! pres5ce ( ano!r figure :i* is n !re4 ,he is a fight] )\t an oppon5t4 ,! ,subiaco ,boy is 9 ! same plight4 ,8 attitude c h>dly be o!r ?an t ( a suppliant t\*+ *9 & knee ( 8 enemy 9 ,greek fa%ion4 ,8 arti/ic defect is t he aga9 is a suppliant )\t an enemy1 "p ( a gr\p )\t 8 c\nt]p>t4 ,9 _! anxiety to /udy ! human figure 9 all positions ! ,rhodian arti/s 7 apt to ov]look ! "q ( arti/ic unity4 ,illu/ration3 #bi ,illu/ration3 #cj ,two f9e bronzes 9 ! ,t]me ,museum may be attribut$ ) "s c]ta9ty to ,rhodian arti/s1 9 view ( ! ,rhodian monopoly ( ,hell5i/ic bronze ca/+4 ,bo? are ,greek orig9als--! seat$ box]#ge & ! h]o re/+ on a lance 7,fig4 #bi74 ,! latt] is commonly call$ a portrait ( "s ,hell5i/ic pr9ce1 b ! abs5ce ( ! royal ti>a or any p]sonal indications is significant r ( a h]oic type4 ,! face is /rongly individual1 b s is t ( ! ,box]1 ! ,fight] ( ,agasias1 & ev5 ! ,jason4 ,we h no reason to see a portrait 9 any ( !m1 b p]sonality is beg9n+ to affect ev5 ideal /atues 9 ! ,hell5i/ic age4 ,! h]o ) ! lance is a f9e1 if r hi/rionic1 figure m or less foll[+ ! ,lysippic type ( ,alex&] ) ! lance#gf & %[+ a some:at massive & emphatic r5d]+ ( a ,lysippic type4 ,he belongs to ! lat] ,rhodian s*ool1 into :i* exagg]ation has crept1 r ?an to ! m re/ra9$ art ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,! ,box]1 on ! o!r h&1 brutal & co>se z 8 expression is1 has no trace ( muscul> exagg]ation1 & is an e>li] "w4 ,8 brok5 nose1 swoll5 e>s1 sc>r$ face1 & blood-bespatt]$ hair %[ ! unsp>+ realism ( ! arti/4 ,he is ano!r in/ance ( ! all-r\nd /atue ( ! late ,lysippic s*ool1 a ma/]piece ( te*nique1 if a some:at disagreeable "w ( art4 ,we c connect ! names & ! works ( few ( ! e>li] ,rhodian arti/s1 b ,boe?os ( ,*alc$on is n[ e/abli%$ z a work] 9 ,rhodes1#gg :]e he receiv$ ! hon\r ( 4 ,pl9y m5tions 8 ,boy ,/rangl+ a ,goose1#gh & ! _m copies ( ?is /atue 9 exi/5ce give u a good idea ( its popul>ity4 ,boe?os 0 app>5tly a silv]smi? & also a sculptor ( boys4 ,he 0 fam\s z a mak] ( elaborate c\*es1 & we are possibly ! possessors ( su* a c\* 9 ! f9e bronze litt] ( ! ,cons]vatori ,museum1#gi on :i* are little boys' heads /rik+ly simil> to ! ,boy ) ! ,goose4 ,?is gr\p is (t5 quot$ z an example ( ! new feel+ = g5re or homely dome/ic detail 9 sculpture4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ( great importance = its new recognition ( ! comic 9 art1 & = ! appe>ance ( ! fat *ubby boy l ! ,erotes ( ,ephesos or ! little /atuettes ( ,alex&ria4 ,! small boy or girl n[ becomes a fav\rite subject ( ! sculptor1 & we may comp>e closely ) ! ,boy ( ,boe?os ! ,eros & ,psy*e ( ! ,capitol 7,fig4 #cb71 :o are really a little boy & girl engag$ 9 a *ildr5's game4 ,we mu/ n[ turn to ano!r v important side ( ,rhodian art--! del9eation ( female drap]y4 ,! foll[]s ( ,lysippos fav\r$ an au/]e /yle1 & ! nude female figure has no place 9 ,rhodian art4 ,b :ile ! o!r sculptors ( ! ,hell5i/ic _w 7 modify+ & to "s ext5t vulg>iz+ ! beautiful conceptions ( ,scopas & ,praxiteles1 ! ,rhodians 7 attack+ ! drap$ female figure z !y inh]it$ x f ,praxiteles & ,lysippos1 & produc+ modifications j z int]e/+ & important z ^? connect$ ) ! a?letic /atue4 ,illu/ration3 #ca ,illu/ration3 #cb ,illu/ration3 #cc ,we "k t ,philiskos ( ,rhodes 0 ! au?or ( a gr\p ( ,muses :i* 0 mu* admir$ 9 ,rome4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! new type ( female drap]y :i* appe>s on an alt> f ,halic>nassos & on ! relief ( ! ,apo!osis ( ,hom] by ,ar*elaos ( ,pri5e1 c]ta9ly a memb] ( ! ,rhodian s*ool1 0 8 "w4#hj ,?is new type ( drap]y is to be se5 also 9 a numb] ( /atues ( ,muses1 ( :i* we h a collection f ,miletos 9 ! museum ( ,con/ant9ople4#ha ,x may be describ$ mo/ simply z an aggravation & exagg]ation ( ! /yle ( drap]y introduc$ by ! s*ool ( ,praxiteles4 ,! desire to get a s]ies ( folds at %>ply contra/+ angles leads to a v artificial arrangem5t ( ! dress1 :i* produces an inh>moni\s effect4 ,b !re is a new developm5t :i* des]ves our att5tion4 ,transp>5t drap]y _h be5 elaborat$ by ,alkam5es & ! pupils ( ,pheidias1 b always ) ! int5tion ( display+ ! body b5ea? x4 ,! new drap]y ( ! ,muses is transp>5t ) ! desire to display o!r drap]y b5ea? x4 ,! e>li] ,greeks _h us$ a ?ick mantle ov] a transp>5t *iton1 b ! ,rhodian au?or ( ! new drap]y us$ a transp>5t mantle ov] a cl++ *iton4 ,he ?us d\bles ! subtlety ( 8 te*nique1 & provides himself ) a s]ies ( new & intricate problems1 j z ! a?letic sculptor does ) 8 anatomical discov]ies4 ,?is transp>5t mantle imm$iately obta9$ an imm5se vogue1 & x comes d[n into ,roman art z a /rong rival ( ! late ,praxitelean drap]y1 :i*1 h[ev]1 /ill prevails by ! side ( ! o!r4 ,! great] numb] ( ,roman female drap$ /atues use "o or ! o!r type ( g>m5ts4 ,! ,milesian ,muses are n 9 !mselves great works ( art4 ,! real te*nical possibilities ( ! new drap]y are bett] display$ by a wond]ful figure f ,magnesia 9 ,con/ant9ople 7,fig4 #ca71 9 :i* ! new fa%ion is r5d]$ ) consummate skill4 ,x is ( consid]able importance t we %\ld date ?is *ange 9 drap]y z accurately z possible4 ,! date hi!rto propos$ = its suppos$ au?or ,philiskos has be5 put ab\t #bbj ,b4,c4 ,! ,apo!osis ( ,hom] is tak5 to be ab\t #baj judg+ f a portrait ( ,ptolemy ,,iv appe>+ 9 x1 & ! ,halic>nassos base is put ab\t ! same "t4 ,b ! portrait is by no means c]ta9ly t ( ,ptolemy ,,iv4 ,x is m l ,ptolemy ,,ii1 & might belong to any p]iod4 ,philiskos himself has no?+ to d ) x4 ,a female figure by him ) a sign$ base has be5 discov]$ 9 ,?asos 7,fig4 #cc74 ,! drap]y ( ?is female figure foll[s ! type ( ! ,mant9ean basis1#hb & ! e>li] ,muses gr\p ( ! ,vatican4 ,! inscription is n e>li] ?an ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 ,philiskos1 !n1 0 a late arti/ :o us$ ! ,praxitelean drap]y4 ,z = ! transp>5t drap]y1 x is highly improbable t x 0 inv5t$ be=e ! frieze ( ! great alt> at ,p]gamon4 ,we "k t ,rhodian arti/s work$ on ?is alt>1 & ,rhodian /yle is visible 9 "s ( ! figures1 b transp>5t drap]y ( ! ,rhodian type appe>s n[h]e on ! frieze4 ,!re seems to be no reason to date any figure we>+ ?is drap]y e>li] ?an #aij ,b4,c41 & we %\ld !re=e attribute x to ! second c5tury4 ,we h se5 9 ! ,antio* ( ,euty*ides ! ,praxitelean type tak5 ov] by ! e>li] ,rhodian arti/s 9 ! ?ird c5tury4 ,h we any l9k by :i* we c connect ! transp>5t mantle ) ! e>li] =m8 ,illu/ration3 #cd ,! answ] to ?is "q is provid$ by "o ( ! greate/ /atues ( antiquity1 ! ,victory ( ,samo?race 7,fig4 #cd74 ,! date & s*ool ( ?is ma/]piece are /ill w>mly disput$1 & ! curr5t view t5ds to connect x ) ! victory ( ,demetrios ,poliorcetes 9 #cjf1 by :i* he won ! comm& ( ! sea4 ,co9s ( ,demetrios %[ a trumpet-bl[+ ,victory on ! pr[ ( a %ip 9 an attitude closely resembl+ ! ,l\vre /atue4 ,b ! /atue has no connexion ) ! co91 = a detail$ /udy ( ! neck & fragm5ts ( ! "r %\ld] reveals ! impossibility ( ! trumpet-bl[+ attitude4 ,! "r h& & arm are rais$ high & backw>ds probably ) a victor's wrea?4 ,moreov]1 ! co9 has a l[ girdle & no cloak1 ! /atue ! high ?ird-c5tury girdle & a great flapp+ mantle4 ,! type is n s r>e z might be expect$4 ,we h x 9 small bronzes1 & we h x also 9 situ on a votive /atue 9 ,rhodes4 ,! ,victory ( ,samo?race is a lat] v]sion ( ! /atue possibly erect$ by ,demetrios4 ,its ,rhodian orig9 dep5ds p>tly on ! extraord9>y f9esse & delicate naturalism ( its drap]y1 a /udy nev] popul> 9 ,p]gamon1 & p>tly on ! /rong probability1 n yet decisively prov$1 t ! m>ble ( its base is ,rhodian4 ,! latt] po9t may provide def9ite pro(1 b ! =m] is ! "o on :i* we mu/ at pres5t rely4 ,! ,rhodian orig9 or at lea/ ! ,lysippic connexions ( ! /atue are fur!r support$ by ! twi/ above ! wai/ s univ]sal among ! foll[]s ( t arti/ & ! /rong vital mom5t>y pose1 :i* is wrongly r5d]$ 9 ! pres5t attitude ( ! /atue4 ,x is n a /&+ figure1 b a ,victory :o is j alight+ aft] flight1 & x %\ld !re=e be tilt$ f>!r =w>d4 ,! only /atue n[ exi/+ :i* pres5ts a real p>allel to ! intricate folds ( ! ,victory's drap]y is ! ,magnesian /atue already m5tion$1#hc :i* belongs to ! new ,rhodian drap]y s*ool4 ,b ! mantle ( ! ,victory is old] 9 type4 ,?us ! ,victory's drap]y /&s midway betwe5 ! ,antio* figure & ! new ,rhodian fa%ion4 ,x %[s j t sci5tific naturalism :i* we h notic$ 9 ! anatomy ( ! a?letic figures1 & j t t5d5cy to miss ! p]fect :ole by an ov]-anxi\s c>e = detail4 ,! date = su* "w is #bej & n #cjj ,b4,c4 ,! ,*i>amonti ,niobid#hd is a "w ( simil> t5d5cy ?\gh ( a diff]5t s*ool1 & mu/ fall ab\t ! same date4 ,we n[ possess "s evid5ce = ! cont9u\s /udy & developm5t ( female drap]y at ,rhodes p>allel to ! /udy & developm5t ( ! male =m4 ,! ,rhodian s*ool is 9 fact ! mo/ indu/ri\s & ! mo/ sci5tific ( all ! ,hell5i/ic art c5tres4 ,9 ma/]y ( detail !y are unapproa*able1 b !y h ceas$ to c>e mu* = motive or idealism 9 _! subjects4 ,to su* art bo? impressionism & romantic feel+ are =eign4 ,rhodian art is v v]satile & v /raight=w>d1 b its con/ant aspiration aft] ! unusual r5d]s x 9 ! end monoton\s4 ,! e>li] & lat] p]iods ( ,rhodian art are sep>at$ by ! qu>rel ) ,rome & consequ5t loss ( ! l&-empire 9 #afg ,b4,c4 ,?is end$ ! real indep5d5ce ( ,rhodes1 & ) x disappe>$ ! inv5tive g5ius ( h] arti/s4 ,%e cont9u$ = ano!r c5tury to be ! great & almo/ ! sole c5tre ( art production1 = bo? ,p]gamon & ,alex&ria n[ lo/ all arti/ic importance1 b %e ceas$ to develop & orig9ate4 ,! works ( h] second p]iod are brilliant 9 ! extreme1 b !y are no long] vital & progressive4 ,x is significant t ! be/-kn[n works ( ?is p]iod are great gr\ps r ?an s+le /atues4 ,we may notice ! ,laocoon gr\p1 ! ,f>nese ,bull1 ! #8,pasqu9o' ( ,ajax & ,patroclos1 ! ,scylla gr\p1 & ! gr\p ( ,odysseus ) ! ,cyclops4 ,( ^! ! e>lie/ is p]haps ! ,f>nese ,bull1#he :i* we possess 9 an ,anton9e copy at ,naples f ! ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla4 ,x repres5ts ! puni%m5t ( ,dirce by ,ze?os & ,amphion = h] cruelty to _! "m ,antiope4 ,! two h]oes hold ! bull1 to ^: horns !y are ab\t to tie ! un=tunate ,dirce4 ,x 0 made by ,apollonios & ,tauriskos ( ,tralles1 & br\ght f ,rhodes to ,rome by ,as9ius ,pollio4 ,! date c be fix$ by a comp>ison ( inscriptions to ab\t ! ye> #acj ,b4,c4 ,tauriskos' son has sign$ a base at ,magnesia ab\t #ajj ,b4,c4 ,bo? ,tauriskos & ,apollonios 7 adopt$ by ,m5ecrates1 son ( ,m5ecrates1 "o ( ! arti/s ( ! ,p]gamon frieze4 ,b 9 exam9+ ! gr\p we mu/ bew>e ( ! ,roman additions & re/orations1 :i* include ne>ly all ! l&scape details toge!r ) ! figure ( ,antiope & ! m\nta9 god4 ,! head ( ,ze?os is a portrait ( ,c>acalla4 ,! gr\p has be5 adapt$ to act z a c5tre-piece = ! great hall ( ! ,ba?s ( ,c>acalla1 & consequ5tly has be5 made squ>e4 ,ev5 9 its orig9al =m1 h[ev]1 x mu/ h be5 a good example ( all-r\nd sculpture4 ,! figures are ,lysippic1 & ! l[] "p ( ,dirce1 :i* is ! only antique "p ( h]1 %[s m ar*aic drap]y ?an usual4 ,?is is only :at we might expect f an art :i* has pass$ its prime4 ,novelty ( treatm5t is no long] a fir/ ess5tial4 ,tauriskos also made figures call$ ,h]m]otes4 ,^! mu/ h be5 h]m figures ) an ,eros head simil> to a /atue 9 ! c\rty>d ( ! ,cons]vatori ,museum1 & comp>able ) ! ,h]ma!na1 :i* belong$ to ,cic]o4 ,h]ms ( all k9ds became v popul> 9 ,greco-,roman art1 & we see "h 9 ,rhodes p]haps ! fir/ developm5t ( ! old ar*ai/ic ,dionysos h]ms into m mod]n /udies4 ,ano!r dramatic gr\p simil> to t ( ! ,f>nese ,bull & ! ,laocoon 0 ! lo/ gr\p by ,ari/onides ( ,rhodes1 %[+ ,a?amas 9 remorse = ! murd] ( 8 son1 ,le>*os4 ,pl9y tells a fooli% tale t ! sculptor mix$ iron ) ! copp] 9 ord] to portray ! blu% ( %ame1 a /ory told also ab\t ! ,joca/a ( ,silanion4 ,a little figure ( ,odysseus 7,fig4 #ce7 9 ! ,*i>amonti gall]y ( ! ,vatican hold+ out a b[l ( w9e to ! ,cyclops mu/ be "p ( ano!r my?ological gr\p ( ?is p]iod4 ,! movem5t & action ( ! h]o are typically ,rhodian1 & 8 face corresponds to ! ,rhodian type4 ,! re/ ( ! gr\p is lo/4 ,! gr\p ( ,scylla & ! sailors ( ,odysseus is repres5t$ only by a mu* mutilat$ & fragm5t>y copy 9 ,ox=d1 :i* gives u little in=mation4 ,we h m copies ( ! well-kn[n ,pasqu9o gr\p ( ,m5elaos or ,ajax & ,patroclos4 ,!re are fragm5ts 9 ! ,vatican1 & a well-pres]v$ replica 9 ! ,loggia dei ,lanzi 9 ,flor5ce 7,fig4 #cf74 ,"h aga9 ! extraord9>y int]e/ 9 anatomical =ms is %[n n only 9 ! /ra9 & twi/ ( ! liv+ h]o--! inv>iable twi/ ( all ^! ,rhodian figures--b 9 ! admirable contra/ betwe5 ! vivid liv+ body & ! relax$ corpse4 ,?is contra/+ ( physical & m5tal conditions is a "p ( ! dramatic feel+ 9 lat] ,rhodian art1 :i* has q ab&on$ its e>li] simplicity & has foll[$ on ! l9es ( b>oque extravagance laid d[n by ! second ,p]gam5e s*ool4 ,illu/ration3 #ce ,illu/ration3 #cf ,( all ! gr\ps ! be/ kn[n & ! mo/ in/ructive is ! late/ ( all1 ! ,laocoon4#hf ,9 ?is m>vell\s gr\p we see ! full developm5t ( ! effect ( /ra9$ agony on ! human =m1 & we see ! mature =m contra/$ bo? ) an active y\?'s body & ) ! semi-inanimate body ( ! y\ng] boy4 ,:5 we h remov$ ! re/orations & l[]$ ! "r arm ( ,laocoon ne>] to 8 head1 we get a p]fect gr\p-design unifi$ by ! t]rible s]p5t-coils & by ! c5tral !me ( agony4 ,! torso muscles ( ,laocoon are fully develop$ & ev5 exagg]at$1 ?\gh n to ! same ext5t z ^? ( ! ,p]gam5e frieze1 b ! boys' =ms are simpl]1 & all reflect ! basic pr9ciples ( ,rhodian art already enum]at$4 ,pa9 is %[n by ! d[nw>d slop+ eyebr[s ) %>p int]ior angles1 by ! half-clos$ eyes1 wr9kl$ =ehead1 & p>t$ lips4 ,! hair is wild1 & all ! ve9s ( ! body /& out %>ply4 ,! twi/ above ! wai/ occurs 9 all ?ree bodies4 ,x is int]e/+ to notice t ev5 9 ! ,laocoon1 ! late/ "w ( ! mo/ sci5tific s*ool ( ,greek sculpture1 anatomical accuracy is /ill lack+4 ,! l[] curve ( ! ribs above ! abdom5 foll[s a l9e impossible 9 nature1 & ! left ?umb ( ! eld] son is provid$ ) ?ree jo9ts in/ead ( ! normal two4 ,nei!r ! ,laocoon nor any "o ( ! o!r ,rhodian gr\ps is p]fectly satisfactory to mod]n ta/e4 ,!re is too mu* /ra91 too mu* agony1 too little relief or repose4 ,e in* ( ! gr\p is illu/rative ( pa9 & passion4 ,our s5se ( sympa?y is dead5$ by excessive emphasis & repetition4 ,b 9 te*nical skill ! gr\p has nev] be5 surpass$4 ,a close p>allel to ! head ( ! ,laocoon is f\nd 9 ! be>d$ c5taur ( ! pair made by ,ari/eas & ,papias ( ,aphrodisias 7,fig4 #ch74 ,copies ( ?is /atue exi/+ 9 ! ,capitol & 9 ! ,l\vre %[ ! despair ( ! eld]ly victim ( love 9 ! guise ( a c5taur torm5t$ by a little ,eros on 8 back4 ,! companion figure 7,fig4 #cg7 is "y & delights 9 ! p]suasions ( 8 rid]4 ,?is gr\p ( r obvi\s allegory belongs to ! ,anton9e age1 b ! resemblance to ! ,laocoon proves a fir/-c5tury orig9al1 :i* is int]e/+ because x is "o ( ! e>lie/ examples ( a correspond+ pair ( /atues cle>ly design$ = h\se decoration4 ,! gr[? ( #8cab9et pieces'1 z oppos$ to temple or national d$ications1 n[ develops into ! :ole mass ( furniture sculpture 9 ! %ape ( c&elabra1 table-legs1 consoles1 decorative h]ms1 c41 :i* m>k ! imp]ial age4 ,! s*ool ( ,rhodes ends 9 extraord9>y brilliance4 ,!re is no?+ decad5t 9 its te*nique1 no?+ paltry 9 its conceptions4 ,we h se5 ! v pure & slightly f9icky naturalism ( ! e>ly ?ird c5tury give way to a r m b>oque extravagance 9 detail1 b 9 nei!r its e>li] nor its lat] /age did ! pure/ ( ! ,hell5i/ic s*ools affect ! exagg]ations ( ,alex&ria or ,p]gamon4 ,9 ,rhodes1 at any rate1 ! /eady developm5t ( ,greek sculpture rea*$ its p]fect & logical conclusion4 ,we h se5 x />t ) a great idealism & no te*nique at all4 ,9 ! fif? c5tury te*nique & idealism are almo/ equally balanc$4 ,9 ! ,laocoon ! la/ ^w ( te*nical p]fection is spok51 b !re is no idealism at all1 only a man & two boys wri?+ 9 ! grasp ( s]p5ts4 ,x is n photographic naturalism1 b x is hi/rionic1 artificial1 & dead4 ,we _c believe 9 ! ,laocoon z we believe 9 ! ,h]mes ( ,praxiteles4 ,illu/ration3 #cg ,illu/ration3 #ch ,,iv ,,! ,,ma9l& ,,s*ools ,,dur+ ,,! ,,hell5i/ic ,,age ,:ile ! full tide ( arti/ic developm5t 0 runn+ 9 ! new societies ( ,p]gamon1 ,rhodes1 & ,alex&ria1 ! ,greek ma9l& became a backwat]4 ,! rise ( ! k+doms meant ! decl9e ( ! old autonom\s city /ates4 ,a!ns 9 p>ticul> fell into ! backgr\nd on acc\nt ( h] uncompromis+ ho/ility to ! p[] ( ,mac$onia4 ,9 spite ( "s brief p]iods ( revival1 h] de/9y 0 = ! future r>ely 9 h] own h&s1 & h] political subord9ation seems to h react$ ) great rapidity ^u h] arti/ic output4 ,%e rema9$ = ano!r c5tury aft] ! dea? ( ,alex&] ! home ( philosophy1 b h] art began to revive only aft] ! ,roman conque/1 9 a new =m1 :i* w require lat] consid]ation4 ,"h at lea/ ! ,hell5i/ic age is a p]iod ( rapid decad5ce & decl9e4 ,! ,peloponnese is 9 mu* ! same position4 ,! pupils ( ,lysippos f\nd _! be/ cli5ts abroad1 & left no successors ( importance at home4 ,! political loss ( p[] 0 "h int5sifi$ by a gr[+ pov]ty4 ,! new weal? :i* began to p\r into ,europe z ! result ( ! conque/ ( ,asia w5t ei!r to ,mac$onia or to ^? /ates :i* _h s5t m]c5>ies to ,alex&]'s army4 ,! future prosp]ity ( ,greece 0 9 ! h&s ( ,arcadia1 ,a*aia1 & ,aetolia r ?an ,argos1 ,sp>ta1 & ,sikyon4 ,! new /ates _h few arti/ic traditions1 & ! old /ates _h no means ( gratify+ !irs4 ,! inevitable result 0 a great decl9e 9 arti/ic output z well z 9 arti/ic skill4 ,almo/ ! only sph]e left = sculpture 0 ! erection ( =mal honor>y /atues to di/+ui%$ or weal?y individuals1 a type ( "w :i* does n beget great art4 ,illu/ration3 #ci ,illu/ration3 #dj ,illu/ration3 #da ,! fir/ half ( ! ?ird c5tury 0 a p]iod ( v good "w 9 portraiture1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 a subject by itself4 ,! ,demo/h5es ( ,polyeuctes is dat$ ab\t #bhj ,b4,c41 & ! /atues ( ,aes*9es1 ,ari/otle1 & o!rs %[ ! exi/5ce ( an admirable s*ool ( portrait sculptors at ?is "t 9 ,a!ns4 ,b ideal sculpture %[s a sad fall+-(f4 ,! ,!mis ( ,*aire/ratos 7,fig4 #dj7 belongs approximately to ?is p]iod1 & x is m>k$ by a great =mality1 n only 9 pose b 9 ! treatm5t ( hair & drap]y4 ,! classical p]iod ( sculpture 9 ,a!ns 0 foll[$ by :at we mu/ call an academic p]iod4 ,! =eign s*ools 7 develop+ on l9es ( naturalism1 b at home sculptors t5d$ m]ely to =malize ! "w ( ! f\r?-c5tury ma/]s1 & to produce /atues ( me*anical correctness )\t any vitality at all4 ,we h se5 ! beg9n+ ( ?is t5d5cy 9 ! drap]y sy/em ( ! foll[]s ( ,praxiteles4 ,x n[ affects ! :ole ( ,attic sculpture4 ,old types are adopt$ aga9 & aga91 until !y become purely me*anical4 ,drap]y /yles are simil>ly us$ up1 & ! increas+ =mality ( e dep>tm5t /ifles entirely ! possibilities ( orig9ality4 ,! ,h]mes ( ,&ros 7,fig4 #ci7 is a good example ( ?is k9d ( cry/allization ( types4 ,! /atue 0 f\nd 9 connexion ) a tomb1 & x is cle>ly a memorial /atue4 ,its companion 0 a female figure reproduc+ exactly ! pose & drap]y ( ! drap$ female figure f ,h]culaneum at ,dresd54 ,! date w\ld seem to be late ?ird c5tury4 ,! ,h]mes itself is a replica ( a type kn[n 9 ! ,ant9\s ( ! ,belv$]e & o!r /atues1 & is a product ( ! ,praxitelean s*ool1 l ! ,dresd5 figure4 ,b ! influ5ce ( ,praxiteles is n alone 9 x4 ,we h a cle> use ( ,lysippic proportions & "s ,lysippic influ5ce 9 ! head4 ,?is eclecticism is an inv>iable m>k ( ar*ai/ic art4 ,! sculptor1 :o has no new message ( 8 own to deliv]1 looks back to antiquity = 8 types1 b does n imitate "o /atue directly4 ,! only =m ( orig9ality :i* he is able to use is orig9ality ( comb9ation & selection4 ,consequ5tly he absorbs details f sev]al arti/s & produces "w :i* we label ,lysippo-,scopaic1 or ,lysippo-,praxitelean1 c4 ,we h se5 h[ ! late f\r?-c5tury arti/s 9 ,asia ,m9or comb9$ *>act]i/ics ( ,scopas & ,praxiteles4 ,! late f\r?-c5tury & ?ird-c5tury ,attic arti/s made use ( all _! pr$ecessors1 & produc$ /atues 9 :i* we c detect ! disiecta membra ( half a doz5 /yles4 ,at ! same "t we may recognize ! g5]al pr$om9ance ( ,praxitelean tradition ov] t ( ! o!r arti/s & a univ]sal pr$ilection = m>ble in/ead ( bronze4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ,hell5i/ic works ( ! ,attic s*ool is ! bronze figure f ,anticy!ra1#hg :i* is /ill ! subject ( mu* dispute4 ,x is a typical piece ( eclecticism4 ,! pose & twi/ ( ! %\ld] & upp] "p ( ! torso are ,lysippic1 :ile ! head is a mixture ( ,praxiteles & ,scopas4 ,! result1 z might be expect$1 is some:at inh>moni\s4 ,9 %ape & pr(ile ! head is ma9ly ,praxitelean1 & !re=e on its discov]y x 0 acclaim$ z a ,praxitelean orig9al4 ,b look+ f ! front we at once see ! resemblance to ! ,scopaic ,meleag] type1#hh ) its broad head1 slight *91 & fr+e ( %ort upright locks l little flames4 ,! head1 & inde$ ! :ole /atue1 is n unlike ! bronze a?lete ( ,ephesos1#hi :i* has ! same hair & facial type1 toge!r ) a simil> r heavy ,lysippic body4 ,?is heav9ess ( ! torso 9 bo? /atues %[s t ! ,lysippic ideal is n foll[$ directly1 b r ! ,attic v]sion ( x z us$ 9 ! ,agias ( ,delphi4#ij ,ano!r ,attico-,lysippic figure is pres]v$ = u 9 a numb] ( replicas1 ( :i* ! two be/ kn[n are ! ,h]mes f ,atalanta 9 ,a!ns 7,fig4 #da7 & ! ,h]mes ,ri*elieu 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,"h aga9 ,lysippic proportions are comb9$ ) a r heavi] ,attic torso 9 a :ole :i* lacks some?+ ( h>mony & repose4 ,! "w has be5 ref]r$ back to a ,lysippic orig9al1 b x seems m likely t x is an ,attic adaptation ( ! eclectic s*ool n[ spr++ into exi/5ce4 ,! ,attic grave reliefs give u good in=mation ab\t ,attic art d[n to ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury1 b ,demetrios ( ,phal]on prohibit$ !m = sumptu>y reasons 9 #cji ,b4,c41 & 9 future we h no su* good guide to ,attic art4 ,eclecticism is1 h[ev]1 pretty cle> 9 ! lat] examples :i* we d possess4 ,! votive reliefs f ! ,asklepieion ?r[ "s light on ! ?ird c5tury1 b !y are n on a suffici5tly l>ge scale to be v in/ructive4 ,illu/ration3 #db ,9 ,greece at all times pr(essions t5d$ to run 9 "o family1 & we h already se5 examples ( families ( sculptors1 su* z t ( ,praxiteles1 9 :i* ! craft 0 h&$ d[n f fa!r to son = g5]ations4 ,! ,hell5i/ic age is full ( evid5ce = ?is ph5om5on 9 ,a!ns & else:]e4 ,rhodes 9 p>ticul> gives u detail$ families ( sculptors1 s9ce we are bett] provid$ ) inscriptions 9 ,rhodes ?an 9 o!r c5tres4 ,9 ,hell5i/ic ,a!ns two su* families are wor?y ( notice4 ,polykles1 :om we may call ,polykles ,i1 _h two sons1 ,timokles & ,tim>*ides ,i2 ! latt] _h two sons1 ,polykles ,,ii & ,dionysios2 & ,polykles ,,ii _h a son1 ,tim>*ides ,,ii4 ,^! are kn[n to u f lit]ature or f inscriptions1 & !y cov] m or less ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ,x is a "q to :i* memb] ( ! h\se we are to ascribe ! v fam\s bronze ,h]maphrodite m5tion$ by ,pl9y1#ia or :e!r x %\ld be ref]r$ to an e>li] arti/ ( ! same "n 9 ! f\r? c5tury4#ib ,a fur!r "q is involv$ 9 ! id5tification ( ! ,h]maphrodite1 s9ce x is commonly assum$ t ! ,sleep+ ,h]maphrodite 7,fig4 #db71 f> ! mo/ fam\s type n[ extant 9 num]\s copies1 mu/ h _h a m>ble & n a bronze orig9al4 ,! /atue ( ,polykles is id5tifi$ ) ! ,b]l9 ,h]maphrodite#ic by ^? :o w\ld give him a f\r?-c5tury date2 ) a bronze 9 ,ep9al#id by ^? :o associate him ) ,hell5i/ic art4 ,! ,b]l9 ,h]maphrodite is ( ,praxitelean type2 ! ,ep9al bronze resembles r :at we h call$ ! ,p]gam5e type ( ! ,turn+ ,satyr & ! ,aphrodite ,kallipygos4 ,! "q is a difficult "o1 b we may safely exclude ,polykles ,,ii4 ,tim>*ides ,i1 8 fa!r1 & ,dionysios1 8 bro!r1 work$ on /atues ( a m>k$ academic t5d5cy4 ,! ,c4 ,(ellius ( ,delos 0 ! "w ( 8 bro!r1 a /atue ( purely me*anical ta/e4 ,?is ,polykles is n likely to h orig9at$ a great & fam\s /atue4 ,polykles ,i work$ z e>ly z #bjj1 a mu* bett] p]iod = orig9al "w4 ,he is a m likely c&idate = ! au?or%ip ( ! type1 if we suppose x to h resembl$ ei!r ! ,ep9al bronze or ! ,sleep+ ,h]maphrodite4 ,on a priori gr\nds ( its great popul>ity "o w\ld di/9ctly pref] to connect ! latt] ) ! /atue m5tion$ by ,pl9y4 ,x is true t x looks l a m>ble /atue & n a bronze "o1 b a m>ble replica :i* s]v$ z ! prototype = m>ble copies is by no means an impossible sugge/ion4 ,b ?is ,sleep+ ,h]maphrodite is a "w ( di/9ctly ,p]gam5e t5d5cy1 int5d$ to br+ out ! arti/'s skill 9 ! r5d]+ ( s(t s5sual =ms4 ,x w\ld seem to belong to an e>li] date ?an #bjj or ev5 #bej4 ,! ,ep9al bronze implies a simil> date1 & !re=e we are left ) a d\ble difficulty4 ,! be/ ,polykles = our purpose seems to be fifty ye>s too late = ei!r ( ! types we require4 ,we are1 !re=e1 driv5 to suppose an int]m$iate ,polykles ab\t #bgj ,b4,c4 ,9 any case we mu/ inf] a reaction ( ,p]gam5e influ5ce on ! academic art ( ?ird-c5tury ,a!ns1 b x 0 a solit>y example :i* seems to h left no h]itage to lat] arti/s4 ,illu/ration3 #dc ,illu/ration3 #dd ,! sculptor family be/ kn[n to u f inscriptions is t ( ,eu*eir & ,eub\lides4 ,we "k ( at lea/ two repres5tatives ( ea* "n1 ,eu*eir ,i ab\t #bbj1 ,eub\lides ,i ab\t #aij1 ,eu*eir ,,ii ab\t #afj1 & ,eub\lides ,,ii ?irty ye>s lat]4 ,! fir/ ,eub\lides made a /atue ( ,*rysophis1 ! second ,eu*eir a?letes & w>riors1 & a m>ble ,h]mes at ,ph5eos4 ,! second ,eub\lides is m important1 = he 0 ! au?or ( a great monum5t outside ! ,dipylon ,gate1 consid]able fragm5ts ( :i* h be5 recov]$4 ,^! fragm5ts are our ma9 evid5ce = ! art ( ,a!ns 9 ! second half ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 & !y %[ u t ! academic art ( ! second half ( ! ?ird c5tury has foll[$ out its natural developm5t4 ,! figures ( ,victory 7,fig4 #dc7 & ,a!na 7,fig4 #dd71 :i* h p>tially surviv$1 are gr&iose )\t be+ noble or effective4 ,!re is a di/9ct attempt to absorb "s ( ! exagg]at$ idealism ( ! second ,p]gam5e s*ool2 !re is also an ef=t to recov] "s ( ! simplicity & gr&eur ( ,pheidias2 b ! result is a /aid & r me*anical classicism1 :i* is made only a little m obvi\s by ! l>g] size ( ! figures4 ,! ,a!na head1 ) its /raight=w>d gaze1 ar*ai/ic hair1 l>ge1 wide-op5 eyes1 & r\nd1 heavy *9 is di/9ctly ,pheidian2 ! ,victory 9 rapid movem5t ) head turn$ to ! side is m affect$ by ,p]gam5e art4 ,h] drap]y %[s a curi\s comb9ation ( naturalism & =malism 9 ! folds at ! girdle2 ea* individual set ( folds is well /udi$ f nature2 b ! repetition ( a simil> set "r r\nd ! body is purely me*anical4 ,! gr\p is a good example ( ! limitations ( ! ,attic arti/ at ! end ( 8 developm5t4 ,! next c5tury sees a totally diff]5t activity4 ,9 ! ,peloponnese we h a great gap aft] ! pupils ( ,lysippos1 a gap devoid ( any evid5ce ei!r lit]>y or monum5tal4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ! ?ird c5tury x w\ld be difficult to po9t to any ,peloponnesian art on a scale des]v+ ( att5tion4 ,b ! second c5tury op5s ) a "n ( "s importance1 ,damophon ( ,mess5e4 ,we are 9 ! r>e & =tunate position ( possess+ und\bt$ orig9als f 8 h& 9 ! great gr\p ( ,lycosura4 ,^! are practically our sole monum5tal evid5ce = ! ,hell5i/ic art ( ! ,peloponnese4#ie ,! date ( ,damophon is n[ e/abli%$ by inscriptions = ! fir/ half ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 & a numb] ( 8 works are m or less atte/$ by co9-types4 ,he _h a consid]able vogue 9 ! la/ g5]ation be=e ! ,roman conque/1 & 8 lead+ position is evid5c$ by ! commission he receiv$ to re/ore ! ,olympian ,zeus4 ,x may h be5 8 h& :i* t\*$ up & re/or$ ! corn] figures ( ! we/ p$im5t ( ! temple4 ,! great gr\p ( ,lycosura repres5t$ ,demet] & ,kore en?ron$ betwe5 /&+ figures ( ,artemis & a ,titan ,anytos4 ,x survives 9 ?ree heads & num]\s fragm5ts ( limbs & drap]y1 & its conjectural re/oration has be5 rec5tly und]tak5 7,fig4 #de74 ,! discov]y ( a co9 repres5t+ ! gr\p on its rev]se goes f> to ju/ify ! propos$ design4#if ,illu/ration3 #de ,! gr\p is int]e/+ f _m po9ts ( view1 b ma9ly f ! flood ( light :i* x ?r[s on ! me?ods ( ,peloponnesian sculpture at ! v close ( its developm5t4 ,x ?us =ms a complem5t>y picture to ! rema9s ( ! monum5t ( ,eub\lides 9 ,a!ns4 ,damophon1 l ,eub\lides1 und]w5t ! influ5ce ( ,p]gamon4 ,! colossal scale ( 8 gr\p & ! wild hair ( 8 giant ,anytos 7,fig4 #df7 demon/rate ! influ5ce ( ! alt> frieze4 ,damophon also w5t back to ,pheidias = inspiration4 ,he mu/ h absorb$ _m lessons f 8 "w at ,olympia4 ,! seat$ gr\p ( 8 goddesses is rem9isc5t ( ! two figures next to #8,!seus' 9 ! we/ p$im5t ( ! ,p>!non4 ,! simple wide-ey$ grave expression ( 8 ,demet] head goes back to ! fif?-c5tury ideal1 :ile 8 ,artemis 7,fig4 #dg7 we>s ! melon-coiffure associat$ ) ! s*ool ( ,praxiteles4 ,! attitudes ( ,artemis & ,anytos are ,lysippic4 ,"h we h e evid5ce ( academic eclecticism4 ,! same feature is borne out by ?ree co9s :i* reproduce ! /atues ( ,damophon4 ,8 ,asklepios at ,aigion gives u a f\r?-c5tury type4 ,he copi$ ! ,laphria ( ,patras = ,mess5e4 ,8 ,h]akles 9 ! guise ( an ,idaean ,dactyl at ,megalopolis seems to h be5 a v>iant ( ! n[ fa%ionable h]m figures & to copy a ,h]m]akles type kn[n by num]\s extant examples4 ,damophon's /yle !n 0 academic & eclectic1 borr[+ f all s\rces ( inspiration & 9 g5]al us+ up ov] aga9 well-kn[n gr\ps & poses4 ,8 execution is ev5 m int]e/+ = its extraord9>y inequality4 ,8 heads are on ! :ole v good4 ,! ,demet] is a dull piece ( "w1 b bo? ! ,anytos & ! ,artemis %[ "s fancy & "s p[] ( orig9al expression4 ,! girl is demure & *e]ful1 ! giant b5evol5t & r sly4 ,b :5 we come to exam9e ! execution ( ! fragm5ts ( ! bodies & limbs :i* survive at ,lycosura1 we f9d a v ha/y & poor te*nical ability4 ,! arms & legs are ne>ly %apeless4 ,!y are colossal1 b practically =mal 9 design1 & details ( muscles & s9ews are almo/ entirely omitt$4 ,! drap]y makes "s ef=t to foll[ ,pheidian designs1 b x is poorly c>v$ & )\t effect4 ,only 9 "o direction does ! arti/ %[ any skill1 & t is 9 ! great embroid]$ veil 7,fig4 #dh7 worn by ,despo9a4 ,?is is an extraord9>y t\r de =ce1 n = its sculptural effect1 :i* is purely =mal1 b = ! reproduction ( a complicat$ embroid]$ design 9 v l[ relief4 ,a bord] ( tassels ) b&s ( design ab\t x & l>ge embroid]$ figures ( ,victory above ! b&s is r5d]$ ) consummate art4 ,we h a frieze ( sea-mon/]s1 nymphs1 & ,erotes accord+ to a common ,hell5i/ic design1 a curi\s local dance ( bea/ figures 9 human dress1 a dance p>allel$ by "s small t]ra-cotta figures f\nd 9 ! same %r9e1 & ! l>g] figures ( ,victory above c>ry+ c&elabra4 ,x is int]e/+ to see ! total want ( proportion 9 ! arti/'s m9d1 :o c\ld devote s mu* "t & orig9ality to a comp>atively unimportant piece ( decoration1 :ile treat+ ! ma9 l9es ( 8 drap]y ) c>elessness & monotony4 ,x is probable t we h "h a proc$ure to be notic$ 9 ! ,demet] ( ,cnidos--a head done ) great c>e & plac$ on a torso ( inf]ior execution4 ,:ile ,damophon work$ ! heads ( all ! figures & ! drap]y ( ,despo9a1 he mu/ h left ! re/ ( 8 gr\p to a b& ( j\rneym5 assi/ants4 ,we "k f inscriptions t ,damophon _h two sons1 ,x5ophilos & ano!r ^: "n is lo/4 ,x is1 !re=e1 possible t ,x5ophilos & ,/raton1 ! ,argive sculptors1 7 8 sons4 ,_! subjects 7 simil>1 & _! ,asklepios1 z %[n on a co91 is id5tical ) ,damophon's4 ,illu/ration3 #df ,illu/ration3 #dg ,illu/ration3 #dh ,?us ,greek sculpture on ! ma9l& came to a some:at +lori\s & academic conclusion ) ! ,roman conque/ 9 #adf ,b4,c4 ,we may exam9e "o m c5tre ( arti/ic "w be=e leav+ x1 s9ce x =ms a l9k betwe5 ,greece & ,ionia1 betwe5 ! decl9+ s*ools ( ! ma9l& & ! vigor\s art ( ,p]gamon & ,rhodes4 ,melos has left u sev]al ,hell5i/ic /atues ( int]e/4 ,! ,aphrodite ( ! ,l\vre & ! ,poseidon 9 ,a!ns are _! mo/ important repres5tatives4 ,! ,poseidon 7,fig4 #di7 is a typical "w ( hi/rionic bravura "u ! influ5ce ( ! second ,p]gam5e s*ool4 ,he /&s 9 a defiant & dramatic attitude z if summon+ 8 adv]s>ies to combat1 & 8 burly hair & be>d recall ! giants ( ! alt>4 ,b an eclectic ta/e is visible "h also4 ,8 pose is ,lysippic1 & 8 re/ra9$ torso owes m to ,rhodes ?an ,p]gamon4 ,melos is a meet+-po9t ( trade-r\tes1 9 :i* _m arti/ic curr5ts mu/ h come toge!r4 ,! ,aphrodite ( ,melos#ig has atta9$ a some:at undes]v$ position z "o ( ! _w's ma/]pieces ( sculpture4 ,spl5did piece ( "w z x is1 x has mo/ ( ! faults ( its p]iod4 ,mu* controv]sy has rag$ ev5 ov] ! actual facts ( ! discov]y ( ?is /atue1 b !re appe>s to be no reason to d\bt t ! inscrib$ base1 :i* 0 f\nd ) x & br\ght p]haps lat] to ,p>is1 is "p ( x1 & conta9s ! true record ( its au?or 444s&ros f ,antio* on ! ,mae&]4#ih ,?is base has be5 lo/1 b draw+s & /atem5ts exi/ to %[ t x fitt$ ! actual base4 ,! miss+ fragm5t _h a rectangul> hole on ! upp] surface1 9 :i* "s additional attribute 0 fitt$4 ,! re/oration ( ?is miss+ piece ( ! base ) its hole disposes ( ! !ories occasionally v5tilat$ t ! /atue 0 "o ( a pair4 ,! hole is n ! socket = fa/5+ a /atue1 nor w x hold "o ( ! small h]ms :i* 7 f\nd ) ! ,aphrodite4 ,its true significance has be5 po9t$ out by ,furtwngl] by analogy ) sev]al o!r /atues & designs1 includ+ "o f ,melos & "o actual copy ( ! ,aphrodite h]self4 ,x s]v$ = ! fa/5+ ( a sl5d] column or /ele on :i* ! goddess re/$ h] left elb[4 ,a beautiful little f\r?-c5tury bronze 9 ,dresd5 %[s a simil> motive4 ,! re/oration ( ! figure is n[ easy4 ,) h] "r h& ! goddess held or 0 ab\t to hold h] drap]y to prev5t x f slipp+2 h] left elb[ re/$ on ! pill>1 & h] left h&1 palm upw>ds1 held an apple4 ,?is h& hold+ ! apple 0 actually f\nd ) ! /atue1 & und\bt$ly belongs to x1 z well z a piece ( ! upp] left arm4 ,! o!r h& f\nd at ! same "t is ali5 & on a l>g] scale4 ,! position ( ! h&1 palm upw>ds1 is c]tifi$ by ! unwork$ back1 :i* w\ld be invisible4 ,! apple ( c\rse is a frequ5t symbol ( ,aphrodite1 & p>ticul>ly appropriate 9 ! isl& to :i* x gave its "n4 ,illu/ration3 #di ,illu/ration3 #ej ,! ,aphrodite 0 f\nd 9 a ni*e or ex$ra1 :i* 0 d$icat$ by "o ,bac*ios ) a second-c5tury inscription4 ,! base inscription ( 444s&ros1 ^: "n we may guess to h be5 ,ages&ros1 is also second c5tury1 & !re=e we _c hesitate to accept a date ab\t #ahj-afj ,b4,c4 = ! ,aphrodite1 especially z its /yle & te*nique are indubitably ( t p]iod4 ,! pose may be describ$ z rem9isc5t ( ,lysippos ) its oppos+ l9es ( %\ld]s & hips & twi/ ( ! body above ! wai/4 ,! head-type is ,scopaic1 b only ,scopaic at second-h&1 s9ce ! influ5ce ( ,p]gamon is mu* cle>]4 ,if we comp>e ! head ) ! head ( ! girl 9 ,b]l9 f ,p]gamon1#ii or ) ! ,p]gamon ,h]maphrodite 9 ,con/ant9ople1#ajj we see an id5tical treatm5t ( hair1 id5tical head-%ape1 & ! same type ( features 9 almo/ e detail4 ,! drap]y is int]e/+ = yet ano!r s\rce ( inspiration4 ,its division into flatti% panels sep>at$ by gr\ps ( deeply-cut wav+ folds is 9 ! mann] ( ,pheidias & ! late fif? c5tury1 :ile ! naturali/ic little detail on ! "r hip1 :]e ! l[] folds are caught up & radiate f a s+le po9t1 is ?or\ghly ,hell5i/ic4 ,! /yle ( ! /atue z well z its te*nique is cle> pro( ( its date4 ,! attitude ( ! goddess has no disc]nible motive4 ,!re is no reason :y %e %\ld be half nak$1 or :y %e %\ld twi/ h] body r\nd s viol5tly f ! hips4 ,!re is no explanation :y h] drap]y %\ld /ay up at all 9 s insecure a position1 or :y h] left foot %\ld be rais$ high] ?an h] "r4 ,b if we comp>e = a mom5t ! ,melian ,aphrodite ) ! ,capuan ,v5us 9 ,naples 7,fig4 #ej71 a /atue 9 a ne>ly id5tical position1 all ^! po9ts are expla9$4 ,! ,capuan ,v5us is half nak$1 because %e is admir+ h] beauty 9 ! mirror ( ! %ield ( ,ares4 ,%e is twi/$ s z to look at h]self 9 ! %ield & yet display h] body to ! spectator--9 itself a ,hell5i/ic device4 ,h] drap]y is held up1 because ! %ield-edge holds x aga9/ h] left hip2 h] foot is rais$1 because x re/s on ,ares' helmet & !reby gives bett] support to ! %ield4 ,! attitude ( ! ,melian goddess is clumsy & /iff1 because x has no motive2 t ( ! ,capuan is graceful & effective1 because its motive is cle>4 ,n[ x is notewor?y t ! _m examples ( ?is type 9 our possession are all copies ( ! ,capuan & n ( ! ,melian figure4 ,?is is cle> f ! direction ( ! drap]y folds1 :i* diff]s 9 ! ,melian f all ! o!r figures4 ,! hi/ory ( ! type is !reby made cle>4 ,x 0 an e>ly ,hell5i/ic or late f\r?-c5tury /atue ( ! ,arm$ ,aphrodite1 possibly ! cult /atue1 :i* appe>s 9 id5tical pose on co9s ( ,cor9?4 ,itself a typical g5re adaptation ( a v e>ly my?1 x at once ga9$ fav\r & 0 mu* copi$1 especially 9 ,roman times4 ,! ,melian goddess 0 a second-c5tury ,hell5i/ic copy1 b n a m]e copy1 r an adaptation ( ! e>li] prototype to a figure m suitable = ,melos itself4 ,un=tunately ! arti/ 0 unable to make ! pose suit 8 new s*eme prop]ly4 ,we get ano!r adaptation 9 ! ,augu/an age 9 ! %ape ( ! ,victory ( ,brescia inscrib+ a roll ( ! dead on ! %ield1#aja & f9ally1 9 ! second c5tury & lat]1 we get a cr[d ( copies mu* clos] to ! orig9al1 ( :i* ! ,capuan ,v5us is ! be/4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,melian ,aphrodite ?r[s mu* light on ! ,hell5i/ic art ( ! ma9l& & its neighb\r+ isl&s4 ,we see its arti/s bankrupt ( new ideas1 & able only to adapt old] conceptions to new requirem5ts ) a s]ies ( eclectic modifications4 ,! ,aphrodite is a close p>allel to ! monum5ts ( ,damophon & ,eub\lides1 al?\gh its arti/ is admitt$ly a bett] sculptor4 ,all ?ree %[ a pov]ty ( new ideas1 b a /rong reaction aga9/ ! excesses ( ! lat] ,p]gam5e s*ool4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 =c$ to look backw>d & make up new conceptions out ( a m$ley ( old] details4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance t we %\ld rememb] ?is /ate ( m9d :5 we come to deal ) ,greco-,roman art4 ,v ,,greco-,,roman ,,sculpture ,we h n[ complet$ our survey ( ,greek sculpture on ! ma9l&1 & 9 connexion ) ! ea/]n k+doms :i* ,greece absorb$ z conqu]or4 ,we h yet "o o!r aspect to consid]3 ,greek sculpture 9 connexion ) ! ,roman _w ( ! we/1 by :i* ,greece 0 conqu]$4 #8,conqu]$ ,greece l$ h] conqu]or captive1' & :ile ,greek civilization z a :ole /rongly modifi$ ! ,italic civilization by :i* x 0 ov]?r[n1 ,greek art 9 p>ticul> e/abli%$ its ma/]y ov] ! in>ti/ic nation :i* supplant$ x4 ,we h _m acc\nts ( h[ ,roman connoisseurs fill$ _! gall]ies ) ,greek /atues4 ,mummius1 ,aemilius ,paulus1 ,v]res1 ,cic]o1 ,sulla1 ,as9ius ,pollio1 7 all robb]s or pur*as]s ( ,greek sculpture1 & by ! "t ( ,pompey & ,caes> ! great m>ket = ,greek sculpture 0 9 ,rome4 ,! dem& exce$$ ! supply ( antique m>bles1 enorm\s z ! supply mu/ h be51 = ! sy/ematic plund]+ ( ! great %r9es belongs to a lat] date4 ,& z ! ,roman noble c\ld n be accommodat$ ) orig9als1 he _h to cont5t himself ) copies4 ,d\btless few ( ! collectors c\ld tell ! diff]5ce4 ,rhodes cont9u$ to turn out orig9al sculpture until ! "t ( ,augu/us1 b ,p]gamon & ,alex&ria _h long sunk into decay4 ,x 01 !re=e1 ! opportunity = a new s*ool ( arti/s to arise 9 ,a!ns1 an opportunity :i* 0 promptly tak54 ,a!ns & ,delos1 ,ephesos1 & lat] ,aphrodisias1 became great c5tres ( ! new indu/ry1 :i* 0 prim>ily comm]cial4 ,!re 0 no long] any talk ( idealism or ( votive (f]+s to deities4 ,! necessity 0 to turn out quantities ( "w suitable to ! ,roman ta/e4 ,greco-,roman sculpture falls into ?ree cle> divisions4 ,!re are copies pure & simple l ! ,delian ,diadum5os1 a /raight=w>d replica ( ! ma/]piece ( ,polykleitos2 !re are adaptations ( e>li] "w l ^? turn$ out by ! s*ool ( ,pasiteles & ,arcesilaos2 & !re are1 f9ally1 new works1 mo/ly 9 relief1 :i* h be5 t]m$ ,neo-,attic1 & :i* repres5t a new arti/ic developm5t bas$ on an elegant & artificial ar*aism4 ,a!ns is ! c5tre ( all ?is art1 & %e ?us recov]s 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 ! position :i* %e _h lo/ = s long4 ,! direct copies ( ?is age ne$ n be consid]$ "h4 ,direct copy+ f ! antique z di/+ui%$ f adaptation is a new feature v eloqu5t ( ! pov]ty ( orig9al ideas bo? 9 ! buy] & sell] ( /atues4 ,b x is important to realize t ! ,roman m>ket made sculpture = ! fir/ "t a really pay+ bus9ess1 & !re=e sav$ x f ! possibility ( ext9ction4 ,_h x n be5 = ! new ,attic s*ool ( sculptors1 :o sprang up 9 ! two prec$+ g5]ations1 x is h>d to see h[ ,augu/us c\ld h secur$ ! workm5 = 8 great ,roman build+s1 :i* =m$ ! basis ( a fre% arti/ic developm5t 9 ,roman imp]ial sculpture4 ,! copies ( ?is p]iod are ! be/ & mo/ fai?ful :i* we possess4 ,!y h /ill "s vitality ( _! own1 & are n ! dead & s\lless c>icatures produc$ by a lat] age4 ,b 9 addition to _! copy+ "w ! late/ g5]ation ( ,attic arti/s busi$ !mselves ) free adaptations f ! antique on l9es laid d[n by contempor>y art4 ,^! productions are to be di/+ui%$ bo? f purely ar*ai/ic works1 :i* copy ! /yle z well z ! poses ( anci5t sculpture1 & f works l ! ,aphrodite ( ,melos1 :i* make a wide selection f anci5t /yles & poses4 ,/atues su* z ! ,f>nese ,h]akles ( ,glycon1#ajb ! ,apollo ,belv$]e1#ajc or ! ,artemis ( ,v]sailles1#ajd are n eclectic at all2 !y are old] types tak5 ov] & translat$ into mod]n /yle4 ,!y %[ less orig9ality ?an ! ,melian goddess1 because !re is no real *ange ( pose or ( mean+4 ,an old /atue is simply work$ out ) a new te*nique4 ,?us ! ,f>nese ,h]akles gives a ,hell5i/ic r5d]+ ( a /atue by ,lysippos1 :ile ! ,apollo ,belv$]e is p]haps a new v]sion ( a "w by ,leo*>es4 ,! =m] attempts to r5d] ! massive /r5g? ( ! h]o by imm5se exagg]ation ( muscul> developm5t 9 a /yle worse ?an any?+ p]petrat$ at ,p]gamon4 ,! latt] attempts to outdo ! elegance ( its orig9al by an ultra-ref9em5t ( surface 9 e direction1 & by an affect$ /age-pose & ge/ure4 ,9 bo? cases we see ! effect ( comm]cialism on art1 = ! arti/ no long] works on 8 own high /&>d ( a*ievem5t4 ,he is b\nd by ! ta/es ( ! patrons = :om he cat]s1 & ! un$ucat$ ,roman buy] lik$ to see /r5g? %[n by mighty muscles & ref9em5t by da9t9ess ( ge/ure4 ,bo? ! ,h]akles ( ,glycon & ! ,apollo ,belv$]e are f9e pieces ( sculpture1 b z works ( art !y are little %ort ( abom9able4 ,we h no evid5ce ab\t ! orig9al ( ! ,artemis ( ,v]sailles1 a /atue ( some:at simil> type to ! ,apollo4 ,we may notice h[ ! little fold ( drap]y above ! left knee is turn$ up )\t any ju/ification simply = ! purpose ( display+ ! outl9e ( ! leg4 ,! ,m$ici ,v5us 9 ,flor5ce#aje is an adaptation ( ! lat] v]sion ( ! ,praxitelean nude ,aphrodite1 ! ,capitol9e r ?an ! ,cnidian type4 ,x is also an ,attic "w ( ?is p]iod1 f9ely execut$1 b add+ a yet fur!r degradation to ! ,capitol9e v]sion by ! additional elegance ( its ge/ures4 ,! ,torso ,belv$]e 7,fig4 #eb7 is ano!r ,attic "w ( great te*nical ability4 ,its prototype is unkn[n1 & consid]able controv]sy exi/s ab\t its mean+ & correct re/oration4 ,x is a seat$ figure ) head & upp] torso turn$ %>ply t[>ds its left1 a position :i* sugge/s a ,lysippic orig9al4 ,! massive musculature ( ! torso recalls ,glycon's ,h]akles1 b ! influ5ce "h is m ,rhodian ?an ,p]gam5e4 ,"o ( ! mo/ popul> sugge/ions#ajf = its re/oration makes x a ,polyphemos %ad+ 8 eyes ) "o h&1 z he looks out = ,galatea1 & hold+ a club 9 ! o!r4 ,a simil> type is kn[n f wall pa9t+s4 ,no agreem5t on ?is po9t has1 h[ev]1 be5 rea*$4 ,works ( ?is quality ( te*nique1 ev5 if un9spir$ by high arti/ic feel+1 %[ h[ greatly ! ,attic s*ool has improv$ s9ce ! days ( ,eub\lides4 ,9 sculpture ! skill ( ! workman dep5ds l>gely on ! popul>ity (1 & dem& =1 8 "w4 ,! new vogue ( sculpture soon produc$ a high /&>d ( te*nical effici5cy4 ,b if ,greco-,roman art rema9$ :olly & unalt]ably ,greek1 ,greece itself 0 n all[$ ! monopoly ( its production4 ,dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( ! fir/ c5tury two ,greek arti/s transf]r$ _! bus9ess to ,rome itself1 & initiat$ !reby a new s*ool ( ,hell5i/ic sculpture4 ,^! 7 ,pasiteles & ,arcesilaos1 names ( high importance = ,greek art4 ,illu/ration3 #ea ,illu/ration3 #eb ,illu/ration3 #ec ,pasiteles 0 an arti/ ( great v]satility & sci5tific atta9m5ts4 ,he wrote a "w on ,greek art 9 five books1 :i* s]v$ z a prim>y au?ority = ,pl9y4#ajg ,he 0 a goldsmi? & a metal work]1 & 8 range ( sculptural subjects 0 v wide4 ,he is kn[n to h paid special att5tion to ! sculpture ( animals1 & x is record$ t he /udi$ a lion f life at ! ,roman docks4 ,he seems also to h be5 ! orig9ator ( a device1 :i* did mu* to injure ! lat] developm5t ( m>ble sculpture4#ajh ,bronze work]s _h always _h to prep>e clay models usually f9i%$ 9 wax aft] ! inv5tion ( ! cire p]due process2 metal work]s ( all k9ds _h ne$ ( ! same prep>ation2 b 9 m>ble sculpture ! use ( models _h hi!rto be5 conf9$ to p$im5tal designs or simil> productions prep>$ by great arti/s & work$ out by masons4 ,! effect on ar*itectural sculpture _h usually be5 un=tunate4 ,x is expressly told u ( ,pasiteles t he always made use ( clay models = all 8 "w1 t is1 includ+ 8 m>ble sculpture4 ,x 01 no d\bt1 inevitable 9 a comm]cial age1 :]e copies 7 9 great reque/1 & :]e sev]al replicas 7 made ( ! "o orig9al1 t ! use ( clay models design$ by ! ma/] & copi$ 9 m>ble by pupils & workm5 %\ld become g5]al4 ,! ultimate results ( su* a proc$ure 7 de/ructive to ! :ole art2 = work%ops came to possess a /ock ( models & to turn out ma*9e-made copies on dem&4 ,! f9i%$ /atue became m]ely ! "w ( masons unt\*$ by ! orig9al ma/]1 :o devot$ himself entirely to ! prep>ation ( models & designs4 ,! sculptor's work%op in/ead ( be+ a /udio deg5]at$ into a factory4 ,no d\bt ,pasiteles himself 0 an arti/ :o did mu* orig9al "w1 b 9 ! h&s ( 8 pupils & foll[]s /atue-mak+ 0 a m]e trade4 ,un=tunately ! works ( 8 s*ool1 :i* survive = u1 are almo/ :olly ^! me*anical & comm]cial by-products4 ,! works ( real fancy & *>m h almo/ :olly disappe>$4 ,_m ( ! ,hell5i/ic reliefs1 especially ^? ( ! ,palazzo ,spada type1 are to be attribut$ to ! ,greek sculptors 9 ,rome4 ,^! %[ an elegance & a da9ty affectation q 9 keep+ ) ! _s ( ! age4 ,! gr\p ( ,appiades 7,fig4 #ea7 by ,/ephanos1#aji a pupil ( ,pasiteles1 has be5 recogniz$ 9 ! gr\p ( ?ree nude girls hold+ up a wat]-pot1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre4#aaj ,! ,?ree ,graces are also a conception ( ?is age4 ,neat compet5t "w ( a decorative type seems to sum up ! orig9al a*ievem5ts ( ?is s*ool1 :i* fall m or less 9 l9e ) ! ,neo-,attic reliefs %ortly to be consid]$4 ,b mo/ ( our rema9s ( ! s*ool ( ,pasiteles belong to a diff]5t class ( /atue1 be/ illu/rat$ by ! a?lete ( ,/ephanos1 ,pasiteles' pupil1 9 ! ,villa ,albani 7,fig4 #ec74 ,all p]iods ( art :i* are bankrupt 9 new ideas t5d to be ar*ai/ic2 ! ,greco-,roman s*ool look$ backw>ds = all its inspiration2 b :ile ,neo-,attics f\nd _! models 9 ,ionian art ( ! six? c5tury1 ! pupils ( ,pasiteles /udi$ _! l>g] sculpture ma9ly 9 ! light ( ! e>ly fif?-c5tury ,argive s*ool4 ,! a?lete ( ,/ephanos %[s ! proportions1 ! /iff pose1 & ! surface treatm5t ( ! pre-,polykleitan types ( ,ageladas4 ,he is comp>able ) ! ,lig\rio bronze#aaa or ! ,acropolis ephebe#aab ( ,kritios = all 8 ,lysippic sl5d]ness & lat] expression4 ,! type 0 imm5sely popul> & may h orig9at$ ) ,pasiteles himself4 ,we h x 9 s+le examples & comb9$ 9 gr\ps1 z 9 ! ,ore/es & ,electra ( ,naples1#aac :]e ! companion figure is female1 or 9 ! ,ildefonso gr\p#aad :]e x is comb9$ ) ano!r male /atue4 ,all ^! figures are copi$ f e>ly fif?-c5tury art1 ?\gh ! signs ( eclectic ar*aism are suffici5tly cle>4 ,if we exam9e ! s-call$ ,electra ( ,naples1 we see an ar*aic e>ly fif?-c5tury head toge!r ) a pose approa*+ ! ,praxitelean1 transp>5t drap]y ( ! /yle ( ,alkam5es1 & a l[ girdle & uncov]$ %\ld] rem9isc5t ( ,p]gamon4 ,! gr\p ( ,m5elaos1#aae a pupil ( ,/ephanos1 9 ! ,t]me ,museum1 is a less ar*aic-look+ & a m satisfactory "w4 ,fif? c5tury 9 detail1 9 /yle x rem9ds u r ( ! f\r?-c5tury grave reliefs4 ,to ! same p]iod1 or p]haps a lat] "o1 belongs ! idea ( gr\p+ well-kn[n /atues orig9ally sep>ate4 ,?us we h 9 ! ,capitol a gr\p ( ! ,melian ,v5us ) ! ,ares ,borghese4#aaf ,?is actual gr\p1 h[ev]1 belongs to a mu* lat] "t4 ,arcesilaos 0 ano!r well-kn[n sculptor ( ! age1 a fri5d ( ,pompey & ,caes>4 ,! ,v5us ,g5etrix ( ! ,l\vre#aag 0 made = ! ,h\se ( ! ,julii4 ,x be>s its fif?-c5tury orig9 cle>ly /amp$ on its /yle4 ,arcesilaos also 0 a great provid] ( clay models1 :i* he sold outright to work%ops = manufactur+ purposes1 s t a f9i%$ /atue might h nev] be5 se5 by ! arti/ responsible = its design4 ,a s]ies ( h]ms 9 ! ,t]me ,museum#aah %[ a /rong ar*ai/ic t5d5cy t[>ds fif?-c5tury models1 b be> also 9 details ( pose & drap]y ! cle> /amp ( ! ,greco-,roman age4 ,/atues ( ?is type 7 int5d$ = ! decoration ( ,roman palaces4 ,!y are no long] self-suffic+ works ( art1 b are subject to ! g5]al dem&s ( arti/ic decoration4 ,?is br+s u to ! ?ird division ( ,greco-,roman sculpture1 9 reality its mo/ orig9al contribution to ! hi/ory ( ,greek art3 ! ,neo-,attic reliefs1#aai all ( :i* are prim>ily decorative 9 _! purpose4 ,! works ) :i* we h hi!rto dealt--! ,apollo ,belv$]e1 ! ,torso ,belv$]e1 or ! ,v5us ,g5etrix--h all be5 eclectic 9 /yle1 & consequ5tly h lack$ ! s5se ( h>mony or uni=mity1 :i* is "o ( ! conditions ( great sculpture4 ,! same criticism applies to all ! sculpture ( ! ma9l& 9 ! ,hell5i/ic age4 ,on ! o!r h& ! s*ools ( ,p]gamon1 ,rhodes1 & ,alex&ria atta9$ a uni=mity ( /yle1 & consequ5tly 7 enabl$ to produce ma/]pieces ( art4 ,_! works c be attribut$ to a s*ool1 because !y conta9 common elem5ts ( /yle & te*nique bas$ on a common !ory ( art4 ,?is community ( purpose has be5 :olly lack+ 9 ! works ( ,eub\lides1 ,damophon1 & ! ,melian arti/s1 & only p>tially felt 9 ! works ( ,pasiteles & ,arcesilaos4 ,all ^! arti/s 7 individuali/s select+ & comb9+ at _! own w & pleasure4 ,! ,neo-,attic arti/s are q diff]5t4 ,_! names are immat]ial1 because _! works all be> ! impress ( precisely ! same /yle4 ,!re is no *ance ( mi/ak+ a ,neo-,attic "w2 its orig9 is cle> 9 e l9e4 ,^! reliefs repres5t ! la/ true s*ool ( ,greek sculpture1 ! la/ monum5ts 9 :i* a common l9e ( developm5t c be /udi$ unaffect$ by individual idiosyncrasies4 ,!y are /rongly ar*ai/ic1 b 9 spite ( ?is !y are ess5tially mod]n4 ,!y nei!r copy ! antique exactly1 nor adapt x to exi/+ modes z ! foll[]s ( ,pasiteles did4 ,!y r inv5t a new mode & a new /yle 9 art1 b !y make use ( ar*aic te*nical details = its expression4 ,_! art is ess5tially artificial & symbolic1 s t !y repres5t a reaction aga9/ ! academic classicism ( ! p]iod2 b x is also meticul\s 9 detail1 s t x c m]it no reproa* ( a loose impressionism4 ,! ,neo-,attic arti/s ( ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 are really ! pre-,raphaelites ( ,greek art1 & ,rossetti & ,burne-,jones are ! ne>e/ p>allel to !m 9 lat] art hi/ory4 ,_! reliefs are all decorative 9 purpose1 = ! adornm5t ( alt>s1 c&elabra1 f\nta9s1 well-heads1 or wall-panels2 & !re=e !y are n unnaturally attract$ by ! mo/ decorative ( all ! ar*aic s*ools1 ! late ,ionian or ,attic-,ionian art ( ! end ( ! six? c5tury4 ,!y make use also ( lat] models1 ( ! ,victories ( ! ,balu/rade1 ( ,scopaic ,ma5ads1 ( ,praxitelean satyrs1 b all ! models :i* !y adopt are treat$ 9 a uni=m /yle1 a new /yle ( exagg]at$ da9t9ess ( pose & ge/ure accompani$ by an ar*ai/ic =mality ( drap]y & modell+4 ,9 ?is detail !y contra/ /rongly ) ! realism ( ! pre-,raphaelites4 ,_! da9t9ess & =mality are d]iv$ f ,ionian models1 b reproduc$ 9 a :olly diff]5t sett+4 ,! vase ( ,sosibios 9 ! ,l\vre#abj reproduces "s ( _! fav\rite types1 :i* occur ov] & ov] aga9 9 ! decorative art ( ! e>ly empire4 ,! flute-play+ satyr1 ! danc+ ma5ad1 ! arm$ danc]1 & all ! o!r types are reproduc$ 9 e v>iety ( comb9ation1 b 9 id5tical =m4 ,! ,neo-,attic sculptors 7 cont5t ) ! elaboration ( a few types :i* !y comb9$ at pleasure4 ,!y nev] attempt$ m intricate gr\ps ?an _! v>iant ( ! two ,victories ) a bull f ! ,acropolis ,balu/rade4 ,usually !y m]ely gr\p s+le figures 9 long r[s )\t any connexion 9 ?\ght4 ,no?+ c\ld br+ out m cle>ly _! ess5tial pov]ty ( ideas & ! purely comm]cial "* ( _! art4 ,! designs are l s _m /5cil patt]ns :i* c be appli$ to any =m ( monum5t4 ,:5 we exam9e ! figures m closely1 we c see ! elem5ts :i* make up _! *>act]i/ic /yle4 ,! figures inv>iably m>* on tiptoe4 ,_! f+]s are ext5d$ & ! little f+] is usually b5t back 9 an affect$ mann]4 ,?is detail is d]iv$ f ! ar*aic pose ( ! h& hold+ out a fl[]1 s common 9 late ,ionian art4 ,! tiptoe pose is also f\nd on anci5t reliefs4 ,! drap]y is bas$ ma9ly on t ( ! late fif?-c5tury ,attic s*ool1 b ) v>i\s additions & ref9em5ts4 ,! flutt]+ ends ( cloaks & mantles recall f\r?-c5tury reliefs1 :ile ! curv+ swall[-tail ends ( fly+ drap]y are imitat$ directly f ! six? c5tury4 ,! drap]y on ! figure itself usually hangs 9 /raight ar*aic l9es z 9 ! ,artemis ( ,pompeii1#aba :]e ! zigzag %ape ( anci5t folds is reproduc$ ) great =mality2 or x foll[s an almo/ equally artificial sy/em ( wavy folds1 bas$ on ! s*ool ( ! ,balu/rade1 z 9 ! f9e relief ( a danc+ ,ma5ad 9 ! ,cons]vatori ,museum4#abb ,! elegant l\ng+ poses ) b5t head1 :i* rem9d u some:at ( ,burne-,jones figures1 are bas$ no d\bt on ,praxiteles4 ,! del9eation ( ! surface muscles ( ! nude body also foll[s a uni=m rule d]iv$ r f ! middle fif?-c5tury ,attic art ?an f t ( ,ionia4 ,! muscles ( ! male figures t5d to be ov]-emphasiz$1 s f> z t is con=mable ) ! elegant sl5d]ness ( _! figures4 ,b a description ( ! figure-types ( ,neo-,attic art is incomplete )\t "s notice ( ! intricate decorative designs ( plants & animals :i* always frame & en%r9e ! reliefs on alt> or c&elabrum4 ,ar*aic ,greek decoration 0 always =mal & conv5tional 9 "*4 ,! exquisite m\ld+s ( ! ,ere*!um or ( ! lat] ,cor9?ian capital are n naturali/ic b highly /yliz$4 ,naturali/ic floral or animal decoration beg9s ) ! ,hell5i/ic age1 & is especially prom95t 9 ! ,neo-,attic monum5ts4 ,! trail+ v9e1 grape-clu/]s1 wrea?s ( fl[]s1 new h]aldic sph9xes1 lions' heads1 c41 are c>efully work$ out f nature & comb9$ ) ! remnants ( ! old decoration ( palmettes1 volutes1 & tongue & d>t m\ld+s4 ,! vase ( ,sosibios %[s a comb9ation ( ! two pr9ciples1 :i* is truly symbolic ( ! ,greco-,roman comb9$ s*ool1 = naturali/ic decorative designs are j z repres5tative ( ,roman art z =mal ones are ( ,hell5ic4 ,f ! comb9$ sy/em ( ! ,neo-,attic reliefs we pass directly to ! purely naturali/ic floral designs ( ,augu/an ar*itectural sculpture4 ,our survey ( ,greek sculpture mu/ conclude ) ! great build+s ( ,augu/us4 ,9 !m we see = ! fir/ "t ! comb9ation ( ,italian ) ,greek pr9ciples4 ,! ,greco-,roman art :i* we h notic$ hi!rto has be5 ar*ai/ic & eclectic1 b x has be5 purely ,greek4 ,roman ta/es h be5 /udi$ & gratifi$1 b /yle & te*nique h rema9$ :olly ,greek & uncontam9at$4 ,ev5 9 ! new build+s ?is proc$ure /ill cont9u$4 ,pl9y tells u t ,augu/us1 :o _h ! fa%ionable ta/e = ! ar*aic 9 ,greek art1 actually import$ ! ,korai ( ,bupalos & ,a!nis = use z acrot]ia on 8 monum5ts4 ,! ,cons]vatori ,museum conta9s an almo/ exact copy ( "o ( ^! ,korai1#abc :i* mu/ belong to ! age ( ,augu/us1 z well z a v inf]ior adaptation ( ! same type4 ,! ,kore figure 0 translat$ into ! s-call$ ,spes type = mirror h&les & o!r elem5ts ( decoration4 ,b ,augu/us 0 n ! man to submit to a complete ext9ction ( ,italian arti/ic pr9ciples4 ,8 sy/em 0 closely id5tifi$ ) a revival ( anci5t ,italy 9 all directions1 & he 0 n likely to ab&on ,italic art4 ,x !re=e came to pass t 9 ! greate/ sculptur$ monum5t ( 8 p]iod--! ,ara ,pacis#abd erect$ on ! ,campus ,m>tius1 :i* is n[ be+ gradually & labori\sly piec$ toge!r aga9--we h a comb9ation ( ,greek & ,italian pr9ciples ( fir/-rate importance = ! subsequ5t developm5t ( ,roman art4 ,"o side ( ! alt> conta9$ a relief ( ,tellus or ! ,e>?1 :i* is h>dly di/+ui%able f ! pa/oral ,hell5i/ic reliefs1 b ! procession :i* fills ! great] "p ( ! o!r sides is treat$ 9 a v diff]5t mann]4 ,! g5]al s*eme is ,greek1 & mu/ h be5 influ5c$ by ! ,p>!non frieze1 b ! treatm5t 9 detail is ,italian4 ,?us we h ! ,roman toga ) its volum9\s s(t folds1 & ! ,roman pr9ciple ( direct reali/ic portraiture 9 all ! heads4 ,b m important ?an ! portraiture is ! appe>ance ( a new developm5t ( p]spective 9 relief :i* is de/9$ to h a great c>e] 9 ! future ( art1 & :i* has be5 reg>d$ by "s au?orities z purely ,italian4 ,greek reliefs _h always be5 repres5t$ z if aga9/ a tangible backgr\nd1 at fir/ practically 9 two planes only1 & !n 9 ,hell5i/ic times 9 tru] p]spective1 b inv>iably aga9/ a backgr\nd ( "s k9d4 ,roman art1 on ! o!r h&1 9 its m develop$ reliefs l ^? on ! ,ar* ( ,titus1#abe elim9ates ! idea ( backgr\nd & reg>ds ! wall on :i* ! reliefs are plac$ z nonexi/5t4 ,! reliefs are int5d$ to give ! illusion ( free sculpture1 z if !y 7 /&+ 9 ! r\nd aga9/ a backgr\nd ( ! sky4 ,a mu* great] dep? mu/1 !re=e1 ent] into ! pr9ciple ( p]spective4 ,j z 9 ! bronze reliefs ( ! ,flor5t9e ,bapti/]y ,ghib]ti us$ ! pr9ciple ( no backgr\nd & attempt$ to %[ a :ole c\ntryside beh9d 8 figures z if ! relief 7 a picture1 s ! arti/ ( ! reliefs ( ! ,ar* ( ,titus uses a /rongly dim9i%+ p]spective & a pron\nc$ =e%ort5+ ( 8 figures to produce ?is same effect ( free sculpture4 ,9 ,greek sculpture ( ! ,hell5i/ic age x is true to say t ! dep? ( ! backgr\nd has be5 greatly increas$4 ,?is is visible ev5 z e>ly z ! ,telephos frieze4 ,b x w\ld be h>d to po9t to a ,greek relief 9 :i* ! effect 0 :olly pictorial & ! idea ( ! backgr\nd 0 entirely aboli%$4 ,?is pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 does appe> 9 ! reliefs ( ! ,ara ,pacis1 & !re=e !y m>k a new era 9 art4 ,! p]spective & ! =e%ort5+ are /rong] & m illusional4 ,9 ! backgr\nd we get flat heads j incis$ 9 ! m>ble to give ! effect ( ! dep? ( ! cr[d4 ,! sc5e is 9 fact n a procession 9 ,indian file b a true cr[d _m ranks deep4 ,! pr9ciple is n altoge!r adequately c>ri$ out 9 ! ,ara ,pacis1 b soon x is m completely ma/]$4 ,! /ucco decorations ( ! ,villa ,f>nes9a1#abf ?\gh 9 ! l[e/ possible relief1 express a dep? great] ?an any ,hell5i/ic l&scape relief4 ,!y are purely pictorial 9 "*4 ,! subord9ation ( sculpture to pictorial ideas is ,italian n ,greek4 ,italy ?r\gh ,etruria1 h] real arti/ic pione]1 0 always a patron ( pa9t+ r ?an sculpture1 & !re=e "u ! ,empire sculpture becomes ei!r :olly decorative or m]ely devot$ to portraiture4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,augu/us ,greek influ5ce /ill p]si/s1 & "u ,hadrian we h a ,greek revival1 b f ,tib]ius to ! ,r5aissance sculpture desc5ds f a prim>y to a second>y art4 ,ano!r great developm5t ( ,augu/an sculpture is ! free use ( naturali/ic floral designs4 ,etruscan & ,roman art 0 always reali/ic1 & nev] tol]at$ conv5tions :5 !y c\ld be elim9at$4 ,roman ar*itecture & art bo? ab&on$ at once ! ,greek use ( =mal conv5tional m\ld+s4 ,! ,ara ,pacis & o!r monum5ts ( ! ,augu/an age fir/ give u ! beautiful r5d]+ ( purely reali/ic wrea?s ( fl[]s & fruit1 :i* are ! hall-m>ks ( ,roman alt>s & friezes4 ,! ,imp]ial art ( ,rome z x beg9s "u ,augu/us is pr(\ndly indebt$ to ,greek art = almo/ all its types & its te*nical proc$ure4 ,d\btless ! great] numb] ( 8 arti/s & ar*itects 7 ,greeks4 ,b !y 7 work+ 9 ! mid/ ( a new culture & a new environm5t1 & ?us !y unconsci\sly absorb$ new traditions & new ideas1 j z _! pr$ecessors _h done 9 ,p]gamon & ,alex&ria4 ,9 ,greece itself no fur!r advance 0 possible4 ,arti/ic production 0 purely comm]cial1 & all ! s\rces ( inspiration 7 clos$4 ,9 ,rome1 :]e alone c\ld be f\nd a c>e] = a creative arti/1 he _h gradually to submit to ! g5ius loci4 ,! artific]s ( ! empire mu/ h long rema9$ ,greeks1 & all ,roman art be>s ! /amp ( ,hell5ic orig91 b at ! same "t ,greek art is *ang$ along ! l9es ( pictorial illusion & pure realism 9 portraiture4 ,x loses all t\* ) ,greek idealism & s]ves to express ,roman n>rative hi/ory4 ,its gods1 its my?s1 & its outlook are *ang$4 ,x becomes ,roman1 j z ,go?ic art became national 9 ea* c\ntry :i* x invad$4 ,we are left !n ) only "o fur!r "q to discuss4 ,:at are ! p]man5t elem5ts ( ,hell5ism 9 ,roman art1 &1 aft] ,roman art1 9 ! art ( ! ,r5aissance & ( mod]n times8 ,:at is ! true "* ( ,greek sculpture1 & :at has x bequea!d to all civilizations :i* h foll[$ x8 ,! "q is a l>ge "o :i* _c be easily solv$ 9 a few phrases4 ,greek sculpture is n to be ha/ily id5tifi$ ) :at we call classicism 9 art & contra/$ ) romanticism & realism4 ,greek art is classic1 if we mean by t t]m academic1 only = a brief p]iod ( its decad5ce4 ,dur+ ! f\r? c5tury & ! ,hell5i/ic age x displays all ! ph5om5a ( romantic & reali/ic art4 ,9 fact ,greek art z a :ole comprises e =m ( arti/ic expression1 & exhibits wellnigh ! :ole ( ! possibilities t lie betwe5 ! caveman & ! ae/hete4 ,we d n1 h[ev]1 confuse ! "w ( ,donatello or ( ,rod9 or ( mod]n impressioni/s ) ,greek sculpture1 & ?is cl>ity ( di/9ction dem&s "s exam9ation4 ,h[ c we di/+ui% ,greek "w f t ( e o!r civilization8 ,! answ] is n to be f\nd 9 /yle or 9 te*nique4 ,x lies 9 ! m hidd5 dep?s ( psy*ology4 ,if we take ! hi/ory ( ,greek sculpture z a :ole1 ! attitude ( ! arti/ to 8 "w & ( ! public to art 9 g5]al & ( art itself to life is diff]5t f t preval5t 9 any o!r society4 ,nei!r "u ! ,roman ,empire nor dur+ ! ,r5aissance nor 9 ! mod]n _w is art reg>d$ z an ess5tial =m ( self-expression z natural z conv]sation or amusem5t or religion4 ,x is fair to assume t ! av]age mod]n man reg>ds /atues ) indiff]5ce slightly flav\r$ ) amusem5t4 ,nobody w\ld notice ! diff]5ce if he 7 liv+ 9 a t[n full ( /atues or 9 "o )\t any4 ,!y satisfy no ne$ 9 mod]n exi/5ce1 & !y are m]e excresc5ces on our civilization4 ,ev5 pictures1 :i* we und]/& bett]1 are ma9ly reg>d$ f ! po9t ( view ( decorative furniture4 ,art is an embelli%m5t ( mod]n life1 n an ess5tial "p ( x4 ,x is consid]$ a means ( pleasure or a means ( amusem5t1 n z "p ( ! s]i\s bus9ess ( life4 ,ev5 9 ! ,r5aissance1 :]e art play$ a mu* m important rle 9 ! life ( ! community ?an x n[ does1 x 0 /ill a by-product ( man's activity4 ,popes & rul]s f\nd leisure to patronize ,cell9i or ,mi*ael ,angelo1 b _! ma9 bus9ess 9 life 0 r to poison ea* o!r or to increase _! l&$ prop]ty4 ,! ,romans look$ on art mu* z we d1 & ) ! same tol]ant air ( %[+ our sup]iority by a correct ta/e4 ,! attitude ( ! ,greeks 0 :olly diff]5t4 ,to !m art 0 b\nd up ) religion1 = _! religion f\nd its natural expression 9 art r ?an 9 any emotional c]emonies su* z ,*ri/ianity introduc$4 ,! religion ( ! city 9 p>ticul>1 a /rong] feel+ ?an our mod]n patriotism1 c\ld only be express$ by art4 ,! disappe>ance ( ! city-/ate 01 !re=e1 a great bl[ to ! idealism ( ,greek art1 b ev5 aft] ?is "t a man's private feel+s c\ld bett] be express$ 9 t]ms ( art ?an 9 t]ms ( religion4 ,! ,cnidian goddess ( ,praxiteles 0 m ?an a /atue2 x 0 an idea4 ,! ,victory ( ,samo?race 0 ,triumph itself1 n a m]e ma/]piece4 ,to a ,greek ! /atues he lov$ repres5t$ :at religion means to mo/ ,*ri/ians2 n t 8 feel+s 7 equally int5se or equally pure1 b !y express$ ! same side ( 8 nature4 ,9 a psy*ological /ate l ?is bo? ! arti/ & ! public are b\nd to reg>d art ) v diff]5t eyes4 ,! ,greeks c\ld h tol]at$ exp]im5tal frivolity or *ican]y 9 art z little z we %\ld tol]ate ! trave/y ( a religi\s s]vice4 ,!re=e !y admitt$ dogma 9 art1 z we admit dogma 9 religion4 ,we lightly ov]?r[ all e/abli%$ arti/ic pr9ciples to introduce a new tempor>y fad4 ,to ! ,greek su* an idea 0 equival5t to sacrilege4 ,?is acc\nts v l>gely = ! sl[ developm5t ( ,greek art & its great reluctance to admit new pr9ciples4 ,x c\ld nev] become purely exp]im5tal or adv5tur\s4 ,until ! end ( ! fif? c5tury ?is driv+-=ce ( ! religi\s connexion is p>am\nt 9 all ,greek art4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury & ! ,hell5i/ic age ! connexion ( art & religion is %ak51 b if religion passes away1 ! passionate devotion to art takes its place1 & art itself becomes almo/ a religion4 ,! /ories ( ! great pa9t]s & ( ! int5se love ( :ole communities = _! works ( art c be p>allell$ p]haps 9 "s ( ! /ates ( ! ,r5aissance1 b !y h assur$ly no p>allel 9 ,roman or 9 mod]n times4 ,our :ole attitude t[>ds art z an #8extra' & an uness5tial prev5ts u f appreciat+ its vital importance to ! ,greek4 ,a community1 ^: ideas ( art are ,hell5ic1 kn[s no abrupt di/9ctions betwe5 ! useful & ! beautiful1 because all ! objects ( its daily life are beautiful ( necessity2 x kn[s no?+ ( good ta/e1 because !re is no bad ta/e to contra/1 & we may ev5 f9d1 z 9 ! case ( ,greece h]self1 t its words = #8good' & #8evil' are simply #8beautiful' & #8ugly' 7 & 74 ,! :ole fabric ( ,greek art goes to pieces :5 x is br\ght into contact ) a purely utilit>ian nation l ,rome4 ,x succe$$ 9 humaniz+ & educat+ ! upp] classes1 b x _h little effect on ! mob4 ,art1 !re=e1 9 ,rome became a means ( decorat+ palaces & n a national treasure4 ,! contact ) ,*ri/ianity 0 ev5 m de/ructive1 = if ! ,romans _h be5 m]ely indiff]5t1 ! ,*ri/ians 7 actively ho/ile4 ,! new religion 0 ,semitic 9 orig91 & c>$ no?+ = beauty or ugl9ess4 ,if any?+1 x f\nd 9 ugl9ess a means ( atonem5t = s94 ,! ,greek love ( beauty 0 ! wor/ enemy ,*ri/ianity enc\nt]$1 & ! ,fa!rs direct long pamphlets & argum5ts aga9/ ! pagan deities & _! /atues4 ,nor 7 !y cont5t ) argum5ts1 :5 !y c\ld wield a hamm] or ?r[ a /one4 ,e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 l ,mohamm$anism or ! ,sp>tan sy/em1 dep5d$ on a /rict subord9ation ( ! individual1 & consequ5tly attack$ mo/ bitt]ly ! arti/ic _s :i* mu/ be free if x is to live at all4 ,( all ! nations :o h exi/$ s9ce ! fall ( ,greece ! ,*9ese & ,japanese h come ne>e/ to ! ,greek _s 9 art ow+ to ! lack ( a religion ( self-d5ial4 ,! e>li] p]iod ( ! ,r5aissance 0 also ,hell5ic1 b :5 arti/s 7 captur$ by ! ,*ur* & turn$ to pa9t+ sa9ts & madonnas1 _! ,greek fre$om left !m4 ,p>rhasios might h claim$ k9%ip ) ,botticelli's ,bir? ( ,v5us or 8 ,pallas2 he w\ld h se5 no beauty 9 8 ,madonnas4 ,ano!r consequ5ce ( ! vital importance ( art 9 ,greek life 0 t arti/ic expression 0 almo/ :olly conf9$ to ! human =m4 ,j z we exclude animals & plants f our religion1 ! ,greek exclud$ !m f 8 art z long z its religi\s connexion 0 intact4 ,betwe5 ! six? c5tury & ! ,hell5i/ic age no ,greek arti/ paid any att5tion to any animal save ! horse1 ^: human associations exempt$ him1 & ev5 ! horse _h to be cont5t ) a m or less conv5tional treatm5t4 ,greek art1 l ,greek religion1 is ess5tially an?ropomorphic4 ,:5 we ask :at is ! debt ( mod]n art to ,greek art1 !re is no reply4 ,we _c po9t to ?is idea or t1 & say ?is is ,hell5ic & t is non-,hell5ic4 ,we c say ?is is ,pheidian1 t ,scopaic1 or ?is is ,p]gam5e & t ,rhodian1 b to say art is ,greek is simply to say x is good4 ,= ,greek art comprises e g5u9e ef=t ( ! arti/2 e /atue :i* is made ) s9c]e love ( beauty & unmix$ desire = its atta9m5t is ,greek 9 _s2 e /atue1 h[ev] cunn+ & +5i\s1 :i* is m]ely frivol\s or hypocritical or untrue1 is a crime aga9/ ,hell5ism & a s9 aga9/ ! light4 ,! ,greek beque/ to lat] arti/s is no?+ tangible2 x is ! s\l & _s ( ! arti/4 ,true art _c be atta9$ by rule2 x dem&s a condition ( receptivity ( inspiration1 9 o!r words1 ( fai?1 9 ! arti/2 only ?us c ! elem5ts ( te*nique be s comb9$ z to make some?+ f> great] ?an _! m]e sum total4 ,great art mu/ reflect some?+ intangible t /rikes a *ord ( sympa?y 9 ! spectator1 & ! *ord1 z ,abt ,vogl] expresses x1 is some?+ f> great] ?an ! sum ( its notes3 ,b "h is ! f+] ( ,god1 a fla% ( ! w t c1 ,exi/5t beyond all laws1 t made !m &1 lo1 !y are6 ,& ,i "k n if1 save 9 ?is1 su* gift be all[$ to man1 ,t out ( ?ree s\nds he frame1 n a f\r? s\nd1 b a />4 ,,app5dix ,,publi%$ ,,works ,,( ,,! ,,au?or ,! publi%$ pap]s ( ,guy ,dick9s may be/ be rang$ "u ?ree heads3 7#a7 hi/oric "w1 7#b7 results ( travel & excavation1 7#c7 /udies 9 ,greek sculpture4 ,i4 ,"u ! fir/ head come #8,"s po9ts ) reg>d to ! ,hom]ic ,h\se' 7,j4,h4,s41 #aijc74 ,?is is ,dick9s's e>lie/ pap]4 ,! subject has attract$ sev]al ( our y\ng] ar*aeologi/s4 ,dick9s takes up 9 p>ticul> ! int]nal arrangem5t ( ! ,meg>on1 & ! nature & position ( ! & ! 4 ,he proce$s v c>efully1 try+ to comb9e ! te/imony ( ! ,palace ( ,tiryns ) t ( ,cnossus & ,phylakopi4 #8,! true cause ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w>' 7,class4 ,qu>t]ly1 #aiaa74 #8,! gr[? ( ,sp>tan ,policy' 7,j4,h4,s41 #aiab1 #aiac74 ,^! are detail$ attempts to expla9 ! policy ( ,sp>ta 9 reg>d to ! neighb\r+ /ates & ,a!ns d[n to ! "t ( ,ar*idamus & ,agis4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! paucity ( exi/+ hi/oric records1 ! sket* is necess>ily ( a some:at speculative "*1 ! m s z a *ief object ( inquiry is unavoidably ! motives :i* dom9at$ ! /atesm5 & ! p>ties at ,sp>ta4 ,!re is good gr\nd = ! cont5tion t d[n to #eej ,b4,c4 ,sp>ta und]w5t a political developm5t1 & ev5 an arti/ic gr[?1 p>allel to t 9 o!r ,greek cities2 b t aft] t "t ! city develop$ on l9es ( its own1 z a purely milit>y /ate4 ,?is is1 z we %all see1 ! mo/ int]e/+ result e/abli%$ by ! rec5t excavations on ! site4 ,look+ = a p]sonality to associate ) ! *ange1 ,dick9s f9ds "o 9 ,*ilon1 a "n n prom95t 9 hi/ory1 b sugge/ively m5tion$ by ,h]odotus & ,diog5es ,la]tius4 ,he seems to h succe$$ 9 rais+ ! ,ephors to equal p[] ) ! ,k+s1 & !nce=w>d1 accord+ to ,dick9s1 ! clue to ,sp>tan policy is to be f\nd 9 ! cla%+s ( ! two p[]s4 ,until #dfh ! /ruggle 0 acute2 & x 0 n until ! end ( ! fif? c5tury t ! supremacy ( ! ,ephors 0 e/abli%$4 ,! "q ( dom9ance ov] ! helots1 :i* has by "s writ]s be5 reg>d$ z ! ma9spr+ ( ,sp>tan policy1 0 less important 9 ! fif? c5tury ?an x became 9 ! f\r?4 ,9 ! pap] 9 ! ,classical ,qu>t]ly x is ma9ta9$1 9 opposition to "s rec5t hi/orians ( ,greece1 t ,?ucydides is "r 9 say+ t x 0 jeal\sy ( ! ris+ p[] ( ,a!ns :i* br\ght on ! ,peloponnesian ,w>4 ,dick9s is well v]s$ 9 bo? anci5t & mod]n hi/orians1 & he writes ) cle>ness & =ce2 b ! motives ( /atesm5 & ! und]ly+ causes ( ev5ts are s intricate t ! discussion ( !m seldom leads to a really objective addition to our k ( anci5t hi/ory4 ,,ii4 ,"u ! second head1 acc\nts ( exploration & excavation1 come ,dick9s's ,reports ( 8 "w 9 ! exploration ( ,laconia & ,sp>ta4 ,9 ! ye>s #aijd-h ! ,briti% ,s*ool ( ,a!ns 0 engag$ 9 ! int]e/+ task1 assign$ to x by ! ,greek ,gov]nm5t1 ( mak+ a c>eful survey ( ,laconia1 & try+ by excavation :at c\ld be recov]$ ( ! monum5ts & hi/ory ( anci5t ,sp>ta4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,m4 ,dawk9s1 ! ,director ( ! ,s*ool1 0 9 *>ge ( ! excavations1 & v>i\s p>ts ( ! "w 7 assign$ to /ud5ts ( ! s*ool1 ,a4 ,j4 ,b4 ,wace1 ,j4 ,p4 ,droop1 ,a4 ,m4 ,woodw>d1 ,dick9s1 & o!rs4 ,9 ! ,annual ( ! s*ool1 vols4 xi to xiv1 !re are sev]al pap]s writt5 by ,dick9s1 "o on excavation at ,?alamae 9 ,laconia1 o!rs on ! excavation ( ! %r9e ( ,a!na ,*alkioikos at ,sp>ta1 & ! works ( art f\nd on ! site4 ,x is ?is temple & t ( ,artemis ,or?ia :i* h yield$ ! mo/ important results ( ! und]tak+4 ,b z ! "w 0 "o execut$ 9 common by a gr\p ( /ud5ts :o work$ into "o ano!r's h&s1 x is n desirable or possible to sep>ate ! ?reads 9 ,dick9s's h&s f ! o!rs4 ,,iii4 ,m5 ( /rong orig9ality usually produce m satisfactory "w on subjects z to :i* !y h gradually acquir$ fir/-h& k ?an on subjects :i* !y h m]ely tak5 up z a task4 ,?is 0 notably ! case ) ,dick9s4 ,8 be/ pap]s by f> are ^? deal+ ) ,sp>ta & ,lycosura1 places :]e he work$ on def9ite l9es1 & :]e he rea*$ important results4 ,8 pap] on ! art ( ,sp>ta#abg is extremely valuable2 & z x is hidd5 9 a place little visit$ by classical s*ol>s1 x is desirable to speak ( x 9 "s detail4 ,!re w be=e long appe> a "w on ! results ( ! excavations ( ! ,briti% ,s*ool ( ,a!ns at ,sp>ta1 a "w :i* w conta9 "s contributions by ,dick9s3 & ( c\rse x is possible t ! excavators w modify ! views set =? t5 ye>s ago4 ,b meantime ! pap] 9 "q is ! be/ summ>y exi/+ ( ! results ( ! excavation 9 relation to ,sp>tan art4 ,! curr5t notion t f ! fir/ settlem5t ( ! ,dorians 9 ,sp>ta !y =m$ a /ate organiz$ = w> only has to be greatly modifi$4 ,! w>like ,sp>ta famili> to u f ,plut>* & o!r writ]s came into exi/5ce only 9 ! c\rse ( ! six? c5tury4 ,! e>li] hi/ory ( ,sp>ta _h be5 p>allel to t ( o!r ,greek cities2 & we are able n[ to m>k out successive p]iods ( developm5t 9 ! local arti/ic rema9s4 ,9 ^! rema9s ,dick9s disc]ns f\r p]iods4 ,fir/1 !re is ! age ( geometric art1 ! n9? & e>ly eigh? c5turies1 :5 art products %[ ! dom9ance ( ! e>ly ,dorian civilization :i* ! ,sp>tans br\ght ) !m f ! nor?4 ,next comes a p]iod 9 :i* we f9d ori5tal art invad+1 ow+ to trade ) ,egypt & ,ionia4 ,9 ! ?ird p]iod we f9d a fusion ( native ,greek art ) ! ori5tal /yle ( importation4 ,! f\r? p]iod1 ! six? & fif? c5turies1 %\ld %[ u at ,sp>ta1 z 9 o!r ,greek cities1 a bloom ( local art2 b x nev] _h a fair *ance ( developm5t1 z ! rise ( ! milit>y _s & asceticism 9 mann]s blight$ x 9 ! mid/ ( its spr+4 ,!nce=w>d ,sp>ta is cut (f f ! /ream :i* leads to su* wond]ful results 9 ! ar*itecture & sculpture ( ,argos & ,a!ns4 ,x is a lesson = all times4 ,_m ( ! e>ly ,sp>tan works ( art are repres5t$ 9 ! article4 ,_! "* is /rik+3 ,dick9s comp>es !m ) ! works f\nd by ,dr4 ,hog>? 9 ! e>lie/ /rata ( ,ephesus2 & ! ,ionian influ5ce 9 !m confirms ! tales told by ! hi/orians ( ! frequ5t relations betwe5 ,sp>ta & ,asia ,m9or4 ,! sculptural gr\p ( ,damophon ( ,mess5e at ,lycosura 9 ,arcadia has long be5 an object ( int]e/ to ar*aeologi/s4 ,we knew t x consi/$ ( f\r colossal figures1 ,demet]1 ,despo9a1 ,artemis1 & ! ,titan ,anytus4 ,b !re 0 no agreem5t z to ! date ( ! gr\p3 ,damophon _h be5 assign$ by v>i\s writ]s to p]iods z f> ap>t z ! f\r? c5tury be=e1 & ! second c5tury aft]1 our era4 ,:5 ! site at ,lycosura 0 excavat$ 9 #ahhi-ij by ! ,greek ar*aeologi/s ,leon>dos & ,kavvadias1 fragm5ts ( ! /atues 7 f\nd1 & ! /yle prov$ some:at disappo9t+4 ,! clos] /udy ( ^! fragm5ts 0 resum$ 9 #aijf by ,dr4 ,k\r\niotis1 :o p>tially re/or$ two ( ! figures4 ,b x 0 res]v$ = ,dick9s1 9 a s]ies ( closely reason$ & ma/]ly pap]s1#abh to complete ! re/oration ( ! gr\p1 & to fix def9itely ! date & /yle ( ,damophon4 ,! fir/ pap] deals ) ! date ( ,damophon1 :i* is fix$ on ! def9ite evid5ce ( inscriptions to ! fir/ half ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 & deals s ?or\ghly ) 8 hi/oric connexion t little is left = any future ar*aeologi/ to say 9 reg>d to x4 ,! ar*itectural evid5ce at ,lycosura confirms ! date assign$4 ,9 ! second pap] ,dick9s c>ries out a mo/ detail$ & conv9c+ re/oration ( ! gr\p1 add+ a discussion ( ! /yle ( ,damophon4 ,9 ! ?ird pap] he is able to confirm ! accuracy ( 8 re/oration by comp>+ ) x a copy ( ! gr\p on a bronze co9 ( ,julia ,domna /ruck at ,megalopolis4 ,:5 ! re/oration 0 publi%$ no?+ 0 kn[n ( ?is co92 x may !re=e be reg>d$ z indep5d5t evid5ce ( ! mo/ satisfy+ "*2 & its agreem5t 9 all b a few details ) ,dick9s's re/oration %[s t 8 "w survives t mo/ sev]e ( all te/s1 ! discov]y ( fre% evid5ce4 ,few conjectural re/orations ( ar*aeologi/s /& on s firm a basis4 ,damophon _h int]e/$ ,dick9s ev5 be=e he became 8 special subject ( /udy1 = z e>ly z #aije he _h publi%$ two be>d$ heads1 "o 9 ! ,vatican1 "o 9 ! ,ny ,c>lsb]g ,glypto!k1 :i* resemble ! head ( ,anytus4#abi ,9 #aijf he publi%$ a new replica ( ! ,*oiseul ,g\ffi] type4#acj ,8 ke5 eye _h disc]n$ 9 ! ,t]me ,museum at ,rome a deta*$ leg ( ! same =m & /yle z ! left leg ( ! ,*oiseul ,g\ffi] figure ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,to ! support to :i* ?is leg is atta*$ !re is also atta*$ a quiv]1 & ?is l$ ,dick9s to conclude t ! ,*oiseul ,g\ffi] figure is n1 z _m h ?\ght1 an a?lete1 b an ,apollo1 z ,mr4 ,murray always ma9ta9$4 ,9 #aiaa he publi%$ an acc\nt#aca ( a colossal m>ble s&al 9 ! ,palazzo dei ,cons]vatori at ,rome1 adorn$ ) reliefs on ! side ( ! sole4 ,/ruck ) ! lik5ess ( ! /yle ( ^! reliefs to t ( ! figures on ! g>m5t at ,lycosura1 he boldly sugge/s t x is an orig9al "w ( ,damophon4 ,9 #aiad he discuss$ ! "q#acb :e!r ! notewor?y female head at ,holkham ,hall c be giv51 z ,sir ,*>les ,wal/on has sugge/$1 to ! ea/ p$im5t ( ! ,p>!non2 & answ]$ ! "q ) a decid$ negative4 ,ano!r pap] 9 ! same ye> sugge/s ! id5tification ( sev]al sculptur$ heads 9 v>i\s museums z portraits ( k+s ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,age1 ,egyptian1 ,syrian1 & ,p]gam5e4 ,! pap] also discusses ! portraits ( ,?ucydides & ,ari/otle4 ,!re is no m trea*]\s gr\nd 9 ar*aeology ?an ! assignm5t ( portraits :i* are un9scrib$2 b ! ke5ness ( sight & ! cauti\s me?od ( ,dick9s _h made him em95tly fit = su* inquiries4 ,9 #aiab appe>$ a "w on :i* ,dick9s _h exp5d$ great lab\r1 ! fir/ volume ( ! ,catalogue ( ! ,acropolis ,museum at ,a!ns1#acc compris+ ! sculpture d[n to ! "t ( ! ,p]sian w>s4 ,! ar*aic ,korae & male figures :i* /ood 9 l9es on ! ,acropolis & ! p$im5ts ( ! temples & %r9es :i* adorn$ x :5 ! ,p]sians broke 9 9 #dhj con/itute "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful revelations ( e>ly ,greek art4 ,!y h be5 frequ5tly photograph$2 b _! sci5tific /udy _h n advanc$ ) _! popul>ity1 & a numb] ( difficult que/ions1 z to date1 arti/ic s*ool1 & mann] ( drap]y await$ ! catalogu]4 ,) great c>e & excell5t me?od ,dick9s approa*$ ^! que/ions2 & laid d[n a plat=m ( k on :i* all future discussions mu/ be bas$4 ,! "w is 9 sev]al ways a model4 ,a po/hum\s pap] on #8,! ,foll[]s ( ,praxiteles'1 publi%$ 9 ! ,annual ( ! ,briti% ,s*ool1#acd _h be5 giv5 z a lecture at ,ox=d4 ,x cov]s "s ( ! gr\nd occupi$ by ! pres5t volume4 ,?is ) "s manuscript to be pr9t$ 9 ! =?com+ acc\nt ( excavations at ,sp>ta & 9 ! =?com+ second volume ( ! ,catalogue ( ! ,municipal ,collections ( ,sculpture at ,rome1 completes ! li/ ( publi%$ works4 ,my claim is t !y %\ld r be weigh$ ?an measur$4 ,p4 ,,g>dn]4 ,,footnotes #a ,n4 ,h4 xxxiv4 #eb4 #b ,pl9y1 ,n4 ,h4 xxxvi4 #bd4 #c ,collignon1 ,p]game1 figure on p4 #bjd2 ,brunn-,bruckmann1 ,d5kml]1 ,pl4 #aei4 #d ,n4 ,h4 xxxvi4 #ce4 #e ,collignon1 ,sculpture grecque1 ii1 ,fig4 #cjb4 #f ,collignon1 ,sculpture grecque1 ii1 ,fig4 #bhb4 #g ,amelung1 ,antik5 9 ,flor5z1 ,pl4 #ad4 #h ,ibid41 p4 #fb4 #i ,ibid41 ,pl4 #ag4 #aj ,annali dell' ,in/ituto1 #ahea1 ,pl4 ,e4 #aa ,collignon1 ,sculpture grecque1 ii4 #edf4 #ab ,s5eca1 ,controv4 x4 #e4 #ac ,collignon1 ,p]game1 figure on p4 #bjf4 #ad ,amelung1 ,antik5 9 ,flor5z1 p4 #dc4 #ae ,kle91 ,praxiteles1 ,fig4 #ce4 #af ,furtwngl]1 ,d] ,satyr aus ,p]gamon1 #dj;es ,programm zum ,w9ckelmannsfe/e1 #ahhj4 #ag ,collignon1 ,sculpture grecque1 ii1 ,fig4 #cah4 #ah ,bulle1 ,d] s*ne ,m5s*1 ,pl4 #afb4 #ai ,fig4 #db4 #bj ,kle91 ,ges*i*te1 iii4 #eg ff42 ,bi5k[ski1 ,d>/ellung5 d] ,galli]4 #ba ,e4 ,g>dn]1 ,h&book ( ,greek ,sculpture1 ,fig4 #abi4 #bb ,ibid41 ,fig4 #acj4 #bc ,pl9y1 ,n4 ,h4 xxxiv4 #hd4 #bd ,catalogue du ,muse du ,caire1 no4 #bgdge4 #be ,fra5kel1 ,ins*rift5 von ,p]gamon1 pp4 #gj-hd4 #bf ,revelation ii4 #ac4 #bg ,kle91 ,ges*i*te1 iii4 #abb ff4 #bh ,die hell4 ,reliefbild]4 #bi ,roman ,art4 #cj ,vid4 inf41 p4 #bi4 #ca ,collignon1 ,p]game1 figure on p4 #bbb4 #cb ,fig4 #h4 #cc ,wieg& und ,s*rad]1 ,pri5e1 p4 #cff4 #cd ,cf4 ,wace1 ,annual ( ! ,briti% ,s*ool at ,a!ns1 ix4 #bbe1 = summ>y ( views2 ,rm4 ,mit!il4 xix1 ,pfuhl1 ,zur alex&4 ,kun/1 pp4 #a ff4 #ce ,fig4 #f4 #cf ,fig4 #be4 #cg ,amelung1 ,bull4 ,ar*4 ,comm4 xxv4 #aaj4 #ch ,ausonia1 iii4 #aag 7,amelung74 #ci ,wallis1 ,catalogue ( ,nemi ,antiquities1 no4 #hcb4 #dj ,diet]i*1 ,kle9e ,s*rift51 #aiaa1 p4 #ddj2 ,/u>t ,jones1 ,catalogue ( ! ,museo ,capitol9o1 p4 #cde4 #da ,bulle1 ,d] s*ne ,m5s*1 ,pl4 #ahg4 #db ,/u>t ,jones1 ,catalogue ( ! ,museo ,capitol9o1 p4 #cdd4 #dc ,e4 ,g>dn]1 op4 cit41 ,fig4 #add4 #dd ,lucian1 ,philops4 #ah4 #de ,s*rad]1 ,m>morkopf e9es ,neg]s1 plates1 ,w9ckelmannsfe/e1 #aijj4 #df ,brunn-,bruckmann1 ,d5kml]1 ,pl4 #cic4 #dg ,hekl]1 ,greek & ,roman ,portraits1 p4 #aac4 #dh ,re9a*1 ,rp]toire1 i4 #afe4 #di ,s*reib]1 ,hell4 ,reliefbild]2 ,wickh(f1 ,roman ,art4 #ej ,s*reib]1 op4 cit41 ,pl4 ,,iii4 #ea ,ibid41 ,pl4 ,,xii4 #eb ,ibid41 ,pl4 #hd4 #ec ,collignon1 ,sculpture grecque1 ii1 ,fig4 #ced4 #ed ,/>k1 ,niobe1 p4 #afe4 #ee ,e4 ,g>dn]1 op4 cit41 ,fig4 #abf4 #ef ,s*reib]1 op4 cit41 ,pl4 ,,iii4 #eg ,ibid41 ,pl4 ,,xi4 #eh ,brunn-,bruckmann1 ,d5kml]1 ,pl4 #fbg b4 #ei ,e4 ,g>dn]1 op4 cit41 ,fig4 #abh2 see bel[1 p4 #ch4 #fj ,c$r51 ,hi/4 ,comp4 #cjf ,b4 #fa ,aus/ellung von ,fund/ck5 aus ,ephesos1 figures on pp4 #ad & #ae4 #fb ,ibid41 figure on p4 #e4 #fc ,e4 ,g>dn]1 op4 cit41 ,fig4 #acf4 #fd ,n4 ,h4 xxxiv4 #ff4 #fe ,n4 ,h4 xxxiv4 #hg4 #ff ,ibid4 xxxiv4 #gc4 #fg ,e4 ,g>dn]1 op4 cit41 ,fig4 #abh4 #fh ,annual ( ! ,briti% ,s*ool at ,a!ns1 vol4 xxi1 ,pl4 ,i4 #fi ,ibid41 ,dick9s1 ,foll[]s ( ,praxiteles1 p4 #a4 #gj ,e4 ,g>dn]1 op4 cit41 ,fig4 #acd4 #ga ,ibid41 ,fig4 #ace4 #gb ,e4 ,g>dn]1 op4 cit41 ,fig4 #acf4 #gc ,re9a*1 ,rp]toire1 ii4 #eee4 #gd ,brunn-,bruckmann1 ,d5kml]1 ,pl4 #bdi4 #ge ,e4 ,g>dn]1 op4 cit41 ,fig4 #adf4 #gf ,s*reib]1 ,das ,bildniss ,alex&]s1 pp4 #ajj ff4 #gg ,ar*ol4 ,anzeig]1 #aijd1 p4 #bab4 #gh ,e4 ,g>dn]1 op4 cit41 ,fig4 #abg4 #gi ,helbig1 ,fhr]1 no4 #eej4 #hj ,watz+]1 ,relief des ,ar*elaos1 #fjtes ,prog4 zum ,w9ckelmannsfe/e4 #ha ,m5del1 ,catalogue des ,muses ,ottomans1 pp4 #cbj-h4 #hb ,annual ( ,briti% ,s*ool at ,a!ns1 vol4 xxi1 ,pl4 #a4 #hc ,fig4 #ca4 #hd ,e4 ,g>dn]1 op4 cit41 ,fig4 #abb4 #he ,e4 ,g>dn]1 op4 cit41 ,fig4 #ace4 #hf ,e4 ,g>dn]1 op4 cit41 ,fig4 #acd4 #hg ,e4 ,g>dn]1 op4 cit41 ,fig4 #ade4 #hh ,furtwngl]1 ,ma/]pieces1 ,pl4 ,,xv4 #hi ,fig4 #bf4 #ij ,e4 ,g>dn]1 op4 cit41 ,fig4 #aae4 #ia ,n4 ,h4 xxxiv4 #hj4 #ib ,kle91 ,ges*i*te1 iii4 #afe4 #ic ,antike ,sculptur5 zu ,b]l91 no4 #aic4 #id ,arndt-,brunn-,bruckmann1 ,texte1 no4 #egh1 ,figs4 #d & #e4 #ie ,cf4 my pap]s on ,damophon 9 ! ,annual ( ! ,briti% ,s*ool at ,a!ns1 vols4 xii1 xiii1 xvii4 #if ,annual ( ! ,briti% ,s*ool at ,a!ns1 xvii4 #ha4 #ig ,e4 ,g>dn]1 op4 cit41 ,fig4 #adb4 #ih ,furtwngl]1 ,ma/]pieces1 pp4 #cfg ff4 #ii ,vide p4 #e1 note #a4 #ajj ,fig4 #a4 #aja ,brunn-,bruckmann1 ,d5kml]1 ,pl4 #bii4 #ajb ,e4 ,g>dn]1 op4 cit41 ,fig4 #adh4 #ajc ,ibid41 ,fig4 #adj4 #ajd ,ibid41 ,fig4 #ada4 #aje ,e4 ,g>dn]1 op4 cit41 ,fig4 #adg4 #ajf ,sau]1 ,torso von ,belv$]e4 #ajg ,pl9y1 ,n4 ,h4 xxxvi4 #cj4 #ajh ,furtwngl]1 ,ueb] ,/atu5kopie5 im ,alt]tum1 p4 #ede1 ,muni*1 #ahif 7,abh&l4 d] ,k4 ,akademie74 #aji ,pl9y1 ,n4,h4 xxxvi4 #cc4 #aaj ,kle91 ,ges*i*te d] grie*4 ,kun/1 iii4 #cdj4 #aaa ,e4 ,g>dn]1 op4 cit41 ,fig4 #di4 #aab ,dick9s1 ,catalogue ( ! ,acropolis ,museum1 no4 #fih4 #aac ,e4 ,g>dn]1 op4 cit41 ,fig4 #aea4 #aad ,brunn-,bruckmann1 ,d5kml]1 ,pl4 #cjh4 #aae ,kekul1 ,die ,gruppe des ,kn/l]s ,m5elaos2 ,brunn-,bruckmann1 ,d5kml]1 ,pl4 #cji4 #aaf ,/u>t ,jones1 ,catalogue ( ! ,museo ,capitol9o1 p4 #big4 #aag ,e4 ,g>dn]1 op4 cit41 ,fig4 #aej4 #aah ,helbig1 ,fhr]1 nos4 #abij-f4 #aai ,haus]1 ,die ,neu-,attis*5 ,reliefs4 #abj ,brunn-,bruckmann1 ,d5kml]1 ,pl4 #fj4 #aba ,collignon1 ,sculpture grecque1 ii1 ,fig4 #cde2 ,rm4 ,mit!il41 #ahhh1 ,pl4 #aj4 #abb ,collignon1 ,sculpture grecque1 ii1 ,fig4 #cdj4 #abc ,helbig1 ,fhr]1 nos4 #ige & #igj4 #abd ,/udniczka1 ,ara ,pacis2 ,pet]s51 ,ara ,pacis ,augu/ae4 #abe ,e4 ,/rong1 ,roman ,sculpture1 ,pl4 ,,xxxiv4 #abf ,monum5ti1 ,supplem5to1 ,pl4 ,,xxxiii-,,xxxvi4 #abg ,burl+ton ,magaz9e1 ,novemb] #aijh4 #abh ,annual ( ! ,briti% ,s*ool1 vols4 xii1 xiii1 xvii4 #abi ,annual ( ! ,briti% ,s*ool1 xi4 #acj ,j4,h4,s4 xxvi4 #aca ,j4,h4,s4 xxxi4 #acb ,j4,h4,s4 xxxiv4 #acc ,publi%$ by ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press4 #acd ,no4 xxi1 #aiad-af4 ,,index ,actaeon torso1 #da4 ,adorans ( ,bo$as1 #cg4 ,agasias1 #cd1 #dj4 ,ageladas1 #gd4 ,agias ( ,delphi1 #ef4 ,ajax 7,m5elaos7 & ,patroclos1 #dh1 #ej4 ,alex&]1 ,briti% ,museum head (1 #ba2 ,siegl9 head (1 #ba2 ) lance1 #db4 ,alex&ria1 s*ool (1 #ai sqq42 *>act]i/ics (1 #ba sqq42 connexion ) ,antio*1 #cc2 grotesques (1 #bg2 pa/oral reliefs (1 #cj2 realism (1 #be1 #bg sqq4 ,&ros1 ,h]mes (1 #ed sq4 ,anticy!ra1 bronze figure f1 #ee sq4 ,antio*1 art (1 #cb sq42 co9s (1 #cc2 ,euty*ides work+ at1 #c2 /atue (1 #cc1 #df1 #dg4 ,anytos1 #fj sqq4 ,apelles1 #ae1 #cj4 ,aphrodite1 arm$1 #ff2 ) ,ares1 #gd2 ,capitol9e1 #be2 ,capuan1 #fe sq42 ,cnidian1 #be2 f ,cyr5aica1 #bb2 ( ,da$alus1 #e2 ,kallipygos1 #h1 #eg2 ( ,melos1 #fc sqq42 ) ,triton at ,dresd51 #bj1 #ba1 #cc4 ,apollo1 ,belv$]e1 #gj2 at ,daphne1 #cc2 torso 9 ,b]l91 #f2 ( ,tralles1 #ag4 ,apollonios ( ,tralles1 #dh sq4 ,apo!osis ( ,hom]1 #af1 #cj1 #dd4 ,appiades ( ,/ephanos1 #gc4 ,ara ,pacis1 #ad1 #gi1 #hj1 #hb4 ,arcesilaos1 #fi1 #ge4 ,ar*elaos ( ,pri5e1 #af1 #dd4 ,ares ,borghese1 #gd4 ,ariadne1 ,capitol1 #bf4 ,ari/eas ( ,aphrodisias1 #ea4 ,ari/onides ( ,rhodes1 #di4 ,artemis1 ( ,damophon1 #fj sqq42 ,leucophry5e1 temple (1 #ag2 ( ,pompeii1 #gh2 ( ,v]sailles1 #gj sq4 ,asklepios ( ,damophon1 #fa sq4 ,a!na ( ,eub\lides1 #ei4 ,a!ns1 art (1 #ed sqq41 #ge sqq4 ,a?lete f ,ephesos1 #cd1 #ef4 ,attalid d$ications1 #d1 #f1 #i sqq41 #cd4 ,augu/us1 monum5ts (1 #gi1 #hj4 ,be>d$ head1 9 ,capitol1 #bc2 f ,nemi1 #bd4 ,bell]ophon & ,pegasus1 #cj4 ,belv$]e1 ,apollo1 #gj2 torso1 #ga4 ,bo$as1 #cf sq4 ,boe?os ( ,*alc$on1 #ah1 #dc4 ,borghese w>rior1 #dj sqq4 ,bo/on1 ,*ian girl's head 91 #bc1 #bf4 ,box]1 /atue (1 #db sq4 ,boy ) goose1 #dc4 ,brescia1 ,victory (1 #ff4 ,bronze ca/+1 #cf4 ,bryaxis1 #bj1 #bc sq41 #cc4 #8,cab9et' pieces1 popul>ity (1 #ea4 ,capitol9e1 ,ariadne1 #bf2 be>d$ head1 #bc2 old woman1 #bh2 prie/ ( ,isis1 #bd2 ,v5us1 #be4 ,capuan ,v5us1 #fe sq4 ,c5taurs1 pair (1 9 ,capitol1 #ea4 ,*aire/ratos1 ,!mis (1 #ed4 ,*>es ( ,l9dos1 #c1 #ce1 #ci4 ,*ios1 girl's head f1 #bc1 #bf4 ,colossus1 ( ! 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,uffizi1 #f sq4 ,korai 9 ,greco-,roman art1 #gi4 ,kritios1 ephebe (1 #gd4 ,laocoon1 #a1 #ci1 #da1 #dh1 #ej1 #ea4 ,leo*>es1 #gj4 ,lig\rio bronze1 #gd4 ,litt]1 bronze1 9 ,cons]vatori1 #dc4 ,lycosura1 gr\p at1 #fj sqq4 ,lysippos1 pupils (1 #c1 #cf sqq42 all-r\nd figures (1 #da2 female type (1 #ci2 influ5ce (3 on ,antio*5e art1 #cc2 on ,f>nese ,bull1 #di2 on ,h]mes ( ,&ros1 #ee2 on ,rhodian s*ool1 #cf sqq42 on ,victory ( ,samo?race1 #dg4 ,mac$onia1 attitude (1 t[>ds art1 #c2 z enemy ( ,a!ns1 #b4 ,ma5ad1 danc+1 9 ,b]l91 #h2 9 ,cons]vatori1 #gh2 ,scopaic1 9 ,neo-,attic art1 #gf4 ,magnesia1 ,amazonoma*y f1 #ag2 drap$ figure f1 #de1 #dg4 ,mahdia %ip1 /atuettes f1 #bh4 ,ma9l& s*ools ( ,greece1 #ec sqq4 ,mant9ean basis1 #ch1 #de4 ,m>syas1 #8r$' & #8:ite'1 #f2 ,p]gam5e gr\p (1 ) ,apollo & ,scy?ian slave1 #f sq4 ,m$ici ,v5us1 #ga4 ,meleag] type1 ,scopaic1 #ef4 ,melos1 art (1 #fc sqq4 ,m5&] relief1 #af1 #cj1 #cb4 ,m5elaos 7,ajax7 & ,patroclos1 #dh1 #ej4 ,m5elaos1 pupil ( ,/ephanos1 gr\p by1 #gd4 ,models1 use ( liv+1 #g2 clay1 #gb4 ,morbidezza 9 ,alex&rian "w1 #ba4 ,muscles1 exagg]ation (1 #g2 ( ,f>nese ,h]akles1 #gj2 ( ,laocoon1 #ej2 9 ,neo-,attic works1 #gh2 ,rhodian naturalism 9 r5d]+ (1 #cg4 ,muses1 ( ,philiskos1 #dd sq42 ( ! 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