,?is file 0 produc$ f page images at ! ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,?is book 0 transcrib$ f scans ( ! orig9al f\nd at ! ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,i h rotat$ "s images4 ,! caption = ,figure #bj 0 illegible 9 ! scann$ pages s ,i us$ a description f a p>agraph t ref]r$ to x4 ,,dirigible ,,balloons ,,in/ruction ,,pap] ,,*>les ,b4 ,,hayw>d ,,memb]1 ,,society ,,( ,,automobile ,,eng9e]s2 ,,memb]1 ,,! ,,a]onautical ,,society2 ,,=m]ly ,,secret>y1 ,,society ,,( ,,automobile ,,eng9e]s2 ,,=m]ly ,,eng9e]+ ,,editor1 ,,! ,,automobile ,,am]ican ,,s*ool ,,( ,,correspond5ce ,,*icago ,,ill9ois ,u4,s4,a4 ,,copyright1 #aiab1 #aiah1 ,,by ,,am]ican ,,s*ool ,,( ,,correspond5ce ,,copyright$ ,,9 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$ ,,dirigible ,,balloons ,,introduction ,( ! fir/ attempts ( m5 to emulate ! flight ( birds1 we h no k1 b "o ( ! e>lie/1 p]haps1 is embodi$ 9 ! my? ( ,ic>us & ,da$alus4 ,x]xes1 x is said1 possess$ a ?rone :i* 0 drawn ?r\gh ! air by eagles4 ,! ,*9ese h sometimes be5 giv5 cr$it = ! inv5tion ( ! balloon1 z !y h = _m o!r sci5tific discov]ies4 ,x is relat$ t a balloon 0 s5t up at ,pek9 9 celebration ( ! asc5sion ( ! ?rone by an emp]or 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,de ,lana ,airboat4 99,e>ly ,attempts499 ,leon>do da ,v9ci devot$ "s "t to ! problem ( artificial flight4 ,8 sket*es %[ ! details ( batlike w+s :i* 7 to spread out on ! d[nw>d /roke & fold up ) ! upw>d /roke4 ,francisco de ,lana plann$ to make a fly+ %ip ! appe>ance ( :i* 0 some:at l t %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 by exhau/+ ! air f metal sph]es fa/5$ to a boat4 ,! boat 0 to be equipp$ ) o>s & sails = propulsion & guid+4 ,! me?od 9 :i* he purpos$ to create ! vacuum 9 ! sph]es consi/$ ( fill+ !m ) wat]1 ?us driv+ out ! air1 !n lett+ ! wat] run out4 ,he ?\ght t if he clos$ ! tap at ! prop] "t1 !re w\ld be nei!r air nor wat] 9 ! sph]es4 ,8 fly+ %ip 0 nev] con/ruct$1 = he pi\sly decid$ t ,god w\ld nev] p]mit su* a *ange 9 ! affairs ( m54 99,! ,fir/ ,fly+ ,ma*9e499 ,9 #agha1 ,me]we9 ( ,bad51 ,g]many1 con/ruct$ a fly+ ma*9e1 & 0 ! fir/1 p]haps1 to intellig5tly take into acc\nt ! resi/ance ( ! air4 ,he took ! wild duck z a basis ( calculation1 & f\nd t a man & ma*9e weigh+ toge!r #bjj p\nds w\ld require a w+ surface ( f #abe to #acj squ>e feet4 ,x is ( int]e/ to note t ,lili5?al1 :o met 8 dea? 9 try+ to apply ^! pr9ciples1 ov] "o hundr$ ye>s lat] f\nd ^! figures to be correct4 ,two views ( ,me]we9's app>atus are %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,! con/ruction involv$ two wood frames cov]$ ) clo?4 ,! ma*9e weigh$ #ef p\nds & _h a surface area ( #aaa squ>e feet4 ,! op]ator 0 fa/5$ 9 ! middle ( ! "u side ( ! w+s1 & ov] a rod by :i* he work$ ! w+s4 ,8 attempts at flight 7 n successful1 z 8 ideas ( ! p[] ( a man 7 9 error4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,me]we9 ,fly+ ,ma*9e 99,classification499 ,all attempts at human flight h gone to %[ t !re are f\r possible ways 9 :i* man may hope to navigate ! air4 ,he may imitate ! flight ( birds ) a ma*9e ) mov+ or flapp+ w+s2 he may use v]tical screws or helices to pull himself up2 he may use an a]oplane & sail ! air l an eagle2 or1 la/ly1 he may raise himself by means ( a gas bag & ei!r drift ) ! w9d or move =w>d by means ( propell]s4 ,9 ^! attempts1 app>atus ( sev]al diff]5t types has be5 develop$4 ,! types are class$ 9 two g5]al divisions bas$ on _! weight relative to t ( ! atmosph]e1 viz1 ! light]-?an-air ma*9es & ! heavi]-?an-air ma*9es4 ,light]-?an-air ma*9es are ^? :i* employ a bag fill$ ) a gas ^: specific gravity is suffici5tly less ?an t ( ! air to lift ! bag & ! necess>y atta*m5ts f ! e>?1 & include simple balloons & dirigibles4 ,heavi]-?an-air ma*9es1 :i* w nei!r rise nor rema9 9 ! air )\t motive p[]1 include all =ms ( a]oplanes4 ,,simple ,,balloons 99,!ory499 ,! balloon-l air%ip has be5 m highly develop$ ?an any o!r type ( a]ial craft1 probably because x (f]s ! mo/ obvi\s means ( ov]com+ ! =ce ( gravitation4 ,x dep5ds on ! law ( ,ar*im$es3 ,e body :i* is imm]s$ 9 a fluid is act$ ^u by an upw>d =ce1 exactly equal to ! weight ( ! fluid displac$ by ! imm]s$ body4 ,t is1 a body w be at re/ if imm]s$ 9 a fluid ( equal specific gravity or equal weight1 volume = volume2 if ! body has less specific gravity ?an ! fluid 9 :i* x is imm]s$ x w rise2 if x has a great] specific gravity x w s9k4 ,!re=e1 if ! total weight ( a balloon is less ?an ! weight ( all ! air x displaces x w rise 9 ! air4 ,x is1 !n1 necess>y to fill ! balloon ) "s gas ^: specific gravity is en\gh less ?an1 t ( ! air to make ! weight ( ! gas itself1 ! bags1 & ! atta*m5ts1 less ?an ! weight ( ! air displac$ by ! :ole app>atus4 ,! gases usually employ$ are hydrog51 coal gas1 & hot air4 ,at atmosph]ic pressure & freez+ temp]ature1 ! weight ( a cubic foot ( air is ab\t 4#jh p\nd2 ! weight ( a cubic foot ( hydrog5 is ab\t 4#jje p\nd1 "u ! same conditions4 ,accord+ to ! law ( ,ar*im$es1 a cubic foot ( hydrog5 w\ld be act$ ^u by a =ce equal to ! diff]5ce1 or approximately 4#jge p\nd1 t5d+ to move x upw>ds4 ,9 ! same way1 a cubic foot ( coal gas1 :i* weighs 4#jd p\nd1 w\ld be act$ ^u by an upw>d =ce ( 4#jd p\nd4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t a consid]able volume ( gas is requir$ to lift a balloon ) its envelope1 net1 c>1 & o!r atta*m5ts4 ,fur!r1 x requires almo/ twice z mu* coal gas z hydrog51 "u ! same conditions1 = we h se5 t ! upw>d =ce on x is only half z great4 ,! lift+ p[] ( hot air is less ?an "o-eigh? z great z t ( hydrog5 at ! highe/ temp]ature t c possibly be us$ 9 a balloon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,montgolfi] ,balloon ,! g5]al type ( light]-?an-air ma*9es may be divid$ into a]o/ats 7ord9>y balloons1 :i* are entirely dep5d5t on w9d curr5ts = lat]al movem5t1 & :i* are (t5 ! *ief features at c\ntry fairs7 & dirigible balloons or a]onats 7air swimm]s74 ,dirigible balloons employ ! gas bag = ma9ta9+ buoyancy1 & h rudd]s to guide !m & propell]s to drive !m =w>d ?r\gh ! air 9 mu* ! same way t %ips are driv5 ?r\gh ! wat]4 99,! ,fir/ ,balloon499 ,= sev]al ye>s1 ,joseph & ,/ev5 ,montgolfi] _h be5 exp]im5t+ ) a view to con/ruct+ a balloon3 9 ! fir/ place by fill+ bags ) /eam2 !n by fill+ bags ) smoke1 & f9ally by fill+ bags ) hydrog54 ,^! attempts 7 all failures1 = ! /eam rapidly cond5s$ & ! smoke & hydrog5 leak$ ?r\gh ! pores 9 ! bags4 ,!y f9ally hit ^u ! idea ( fill+ ! bag ) hot air1 by means ( a fire "u its op5 m\?4 ,sev]al balloons 7 burn$ up1 b ! next 0 always made l>g]1 until1 at _! fir/ public exhibition on ,june #e1 #aghc1 ! bag _h become ov] #ce feet 9 diamet]4 ,on ?is occasion1 x rose to a height ( betwe5 #ijj & #a1jjj feet1 b ! hot air 0 gradually escap+1 & at ! end ( t5 m9utes ! balloon fell to ! gr\nd4 ,! ,montgolfi]s !n w5t to ,p>is1 :]e1 aft] suff]+ ! loss ( a pap] balloon by ra91 !y s5t up a wat]pro($ l95 "o c>ry+ a %eep1 a duck1 & a roo/] 9 a basket4 ,a rupture 9 ! l95 caus$ ! ?ree unwill+ a]onauts to make a l&+ at ! end ( ab\t t5 m9utes4 ,! ,montgolfi]s receiv$ great honor1 & small balloons ( ?is type became a popul> fad4 ,"o ( ^! balloons is %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 mak+ an asc5sion4 99,rozi]499 ,! fir/ man to g up 9 a balloon 0 ,rozi]1 :o asc5d$ 9 a captive balloon to a height ( ab\t #hj feet1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ye> #aghc4 ,lat]1 9 company ) a companion1 he made a voyage 9 a free balloon1 rema9+ 9 ! air ab\t half an h\r4 ,9 ^! balloons1 ! air )9 0 kept hot by means ( a fire c>ri$ 9 a pan imm$iately bel[ ! m\? ( ! bag1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,accid5ts 7 num]\s on acc\nt ( ! fabric becom+ ignit$ f ! fire 9 ! pan4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,rozi] ,hot-,air ,balloon 99,improvem5ts by ,*>les499 ,! physici/1 ,*>les1 0 work+ along ^! l9es at ! same "t4 ,he coat$ 8 balloon ) a rubb] solution to close up ! pores1 & 0 !reby enabl$ to sub/itute hydrog5 = ! hot air4 ,%ortly aft] ! ,montgolfi]s' fir/ public exhibition1 ,*>les s5t up 8 balloon = ! b5efit ( ! ,academie des ,sci5ces 9 ,p>is4 ,! balloon1 :i* weigh$ ab\t #ai p\nds1 asc5d$ rapidly 9 ! air & disappe>$ 9 ! cl\ds1 :]e x bur/ & fell 9 a suburb ( ! city4 ,! impression produc$ ^u ! peasants at see+ x fall f ! heav5s 0 h>dly diff]5t f :at c\ld be expect$4 ,!y believ$ x to be ( devili% orig91 & imm$iately tore x into %r$s4 ,*>les subsequ5tly built a l>ge balloon q simil> to ^? 9 use today4 ,a net 0 us$ to support ! basket1 & a valve1 op]at$ by means ( ropes f ! basket1 0 arrang$ at ! top to p]mit ! gas to escape z desir$4 99,! ,balloon ,successful499 ,! ,engli% ,*annel 0 fir/ cross$ 9 #aghe4 ,blan*>d1 an ,engli%man1 & ,jeffries1 an ,am]ican1 />t$ f ,dov] on ,janu>y #g 9 a balloon equipp$ ) w+s & o>s4 ,aft] a v haz>d\s voyage1 dur+ :i* !y _h to ca/ ov]bo>d ev]y?+ movable to keep f dr[n+1 !y l&$ 9 triumph on ! ,fr5* coa/4 ,an attempt to duplicate ?is feat 0 made %ortly aft]w>d by ,rozi]4 ,he con/ruct$ a balloon fill$ ) hydrog51 bel[ :i* hung a receiv] 9 :i* air c\ld be heat$4 ,he hop$ to replace by ! hot air ! losses due to leakage ( hydrog54 ,soon aft] ! />t ! balloon explod$1 due to ! escap+ gas rea*+ ! fire1 & ,rozi] & 8 companion 7 da%$ on ! cliffs & kill$4 ,,e>ly ,,dirigibles 99,meusni] ! ,pione]499 ,! fact t ! inv5tion ( ! dirigible balloon & means ( navigat+ x 7 almo/ simultane\s is v little kn[n today & mu* less appreciat$4 ,l ! a]oplane1 its developm5t 0 v mu* ret>d$ by ! lack ( suitable means ( propulsion1 & ! actual hi/ory ( :at has be5 accompli%$ 9 ?is field dates back only to ! initial circul> flight ( ,la ,france 9 #ahhe4 ,/ill ! pr9ciples ^u :i* success has be5 a*iev$ 7 laid d[n )9 a ye> ( ! appe>ance ( ,montgolfi]'s fir/ gas bag4 ,lieut5ant ,meusni]1 :o subsequ5tly became a g5]al 9 ! ,fr5* army1 mu/ really be cr$it$ ) be+ ! true inv5tor ( a]ial navigation4 ,at a "t :5 no?+ :atev] 0 kn[n ( ! sci5ce1 ,meusni] _h ! di/9ction ( elaborat+ at "o /roke all ! laws gov]n+ ! /ability ( an air%ip1 & calculat+ correctly ! conditions ( equilibrium = an elongat$ balloon1 aft] hav+ /rik+ly demon/rat$ ! necessity = ?is elongation4 ,?is 0 9 #agha & ,meusni]'s designs & calculations are /ill pres]v$ 9 ! eng9e]+ section ( ! ,fr5* ,w> ,(fice 9 ! =m ( draw+s & tables4 ,b z (t5 prov$ to be ! case 9 o!r fields ( rese>*1 8 ef=ts w5t unhe$$4 ,h[ m>vel\s ! e/abli%m5t ( ^! num]\s pr9ciples by "o man 9 a %ort "t really is1 c be appreciat$ only by not+ ! pa9fully sl[ process t has be5 necess>y to aga9 det]m9e !m1 "o by "o1 at consid]able int]vals & aft] num]\s failures4 ,?r\gh n foll[+ ! l9es :i* he laid d[n1 a]ial navigation lo/ a c5tury 9 futile grop+ ab\t2 9 exp]im5ts absolutely )\t me?od or sequ5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,meusni] ,dirigible ,balloon ,meusni]'s designs cov]$ two dirigible balloons & t he fully appreciat$ ! necessity = size is %[n by ! dim5sions ( ! l>g]1 :i* un=tunately 0 nev] built4 ,?is 0 to be #bfj feet long by #acj feet 9 diamet]1 9 ! =m ( an ellipse1 ! elongation be+ exactly twice ! diamet]4 ,9 o!r words1 a p]fect ellipsoid1 :i* 0 a logical &1 9 fact1 ! mo/ p]fect developm5t ( ! sph]ical =m4 ,al?\gh increas$ k ( w9d resi/ance & ! importance ( ! "p x plays has prov$ 8 relative dim5sions to be faulty1 a /udy ( ! pr9cipal features ( 8 ma*9e %[s t he anticipat$ ! pres5t-day dirigible ( ! mo/ successful type at practically e po9t1 b>r+1 ( c\rse1 ! motive p[]1 z !re 0 absolutely no?+ available 9 t day except human ef=t4 ,z ! latt] weighs m ?an "o-half ton p] horse-p[]1 x goes )\t say+ t ,meusni]'s balloon w\ld h be5 dirigible only 9 a dead calm4 ,he adopt$ ! elongat$ =m1 conceiv$ ! gir? fa/5+1 ! triangul> or inde=mable susp5sion1 ! air balloonet & its pumps1 & ! screw propell]1 all ( :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! dirigibles ( pres5t-day ,fr5* con/ruction1 ,fig4 #e4 ,x ne$ sc>cely be add$ t ! ,fr5* h n only devot$ a great] am\nt ( "t & ef=t to ! developm5t ( ! dirigible ?an any o!r nation1 b h also met ) ! greate/ success 9 its use4 ,x 0 n until #ahhf1 or m ?an a c5tury aft] ,meusni] _h fir/ elaborat$ ^? pr9ciples1 t _! value became kn[n4 ,!y 7 set =? by ,lieut5ant ,let\rne1 ( ! ,fr5* eng9e]s1 9 a pap] pres5t$ to ! ,academie des ,sci5ces by ,g5]al ,p]ri]4 ,9 "o =m or ano!r1 ! sali5t features ( ,meusni]'s dirigible w be f\nd embodi$ 9 ! majority ( attempts ( lat] days4 ,8 l>ge air%ip 0 design$ to consi/ ( d\ble envelope1 ! out] conta9] ( :i* 0 to provide ! /r5g? necess>y1 & x 0 accord+ly re9=c$ by b&s4 ,! inn] envelope 0 to provide ! conta9] = ! gas & 0 n call$ ^u to support any weight4 ,?is inn] bag or balloon prop] 0 design$ to be only p>tially inflat$ & ! space betwe51 ! two 0 to be occupi$ by air :i* c\ld be =c$ into x at two po9ts at ei!r end1 by pumps1 s z to ma9ta9 ! pressure on ! gas bag uni=m reg>dless ( ! expansion or contraction ( its cont5ts4 ,"h 9 pr9ciple 0 ! air balloonet ( today4 ,in/ead ( employ+ a net to hang ! c> f ! out] envelope1 ! =m] 0 atta*$ by means ( a triangul> susp5sion sy/em fa/5$ to a heavy rope b&1 or gir?1 encircl+ ! out] envelope4 ,at ! ?ree po9ts :]e ! lift+ rope memb]s met1 a %aft runn+ ! l5g? ( ! c> & c>ry+ :at ,meusni] describ$ z revolv+ o>s 0 in/all$4 ,^! con/itut$ ! prototype ( ! screw propell]1 inv5t$ = a]ial navigation at a "t long ant$at+ ! use ( /eam = m>9e use4 ,?us he devis$3 7#a7 ,! air balloonet to husb& ! gas supply & ?us prev5t ! de=mation ( ! out] conta9] or support1 z well z to provide /ability2 7#b7 ! triangul> susp5sion to atta9 longitud9al /ability2 & 7#c7 ! screw propell] = propulsion1 beside select+ ! prop] location = ! latt]4 ,,problems ,,( ,,! ,,dirigible 99,ability to ,float499 ,if ability to rise 9 ! air dep5d$ m]ely ^u a k ( ! pr9ciple t made x possible1 x und\bt$ly w\ld h be5 accompli%$ _m c5turies ago4 ,z already m5tion$1 ,ar*im$es e/abli%$ ! fact t a body ^u float+ 9 a fluid displaces an am\nt ( ! latt] equal 9 weight to ! body itself1 & ^u ?is !ory 0 =mulat$ ! n[ well-kn[n law1 t e body plung$ into a fluid is subject$ by ?is fluid to a pressure f bel[1 equival5t to ! weight ( ! fluid displac$ by ! body4 ,consequ5tly1 if ! weight ( ! latt] be less ?an t ( ! fluid x displaces1 ! body w float4 ,x is by reason ( ?is t ! iron %ip floats & ! fi% swims 9 wat]4 ,if ! weight ( ! body & ! displac$ wat] be ! same1 ! body w rema9 9 equilibrium 9 ! wat] at a c]ta9 level1 & if t ( ! body be great]1 x w s9k4 ,all ?ree ( ^! factors are f\nd 9 ! fi%1 :i*1 ) ! aid ( its natatory gl&1 c rise to ! surface1 s9k to ! bottom1 or rema9 susp5d$ at diff]5t levels4 ,to accompli% ^! *anges ( specific gravity1 ! fi% fills ?is gl& ) air1 dilat+ x until full1 or compress+ & empty+ x4 ,9 ?is we f9d a p]fect analogy to ! air balloonet ( ! dirigible1 :i* s]ves ! same purposes4 ,! me?od by :i* lift+ p[] is obta9$ 9 ! dirigible is exactly ! same z 9 ! case ( ! balloon4 ,b once 9 ! air1 a balloon is1 to all int5ts & purposes1 a "p ( ! atmosph]e4 ,!re is absolutely no s5sation ( movem5t1 ei!r v]tically or horizontally4 ,! e>? appe>s to drop away f b5ea? & to sweep by horizontally1 & reg>dless ( h[ viol5tly ! w9d may be bl[+1 ! balloon is always 9 a dead calm because x is really "p ( ! w9d itself & is travel+ ) x at exactly ! same spe$4 ,if x 7 n = ! loss ( lift+ p[] ?r\gh ! expansion & contraction ( ! gas1 mak+ x necess>y to p]mit its escape 9 ord] to avoid ris+ to inconv5i5t heights on a v w>m day1 & ! sacrifice ( balla/ to prev5t com+ to e>? at night1 ! ability ( a balloon to /ay up w\ld be limit$ only by ! endurance ( its crew & ! quantity ( provisions x 0 able to transport4 ,z ! use ( air balloonets 9 ! dirigible takes c>e ( ?is1 ! "q ( lift+ p[] pres5ts no p>ticul> difficulty4 ,x is only a matt] ( provid+ suffici5t gas to support ! increas$ weight ( ! c>1 motor & its accessories1 & ! crew ( ! l>g] vessel1 ) a factor ( safety to all[ = em]g5cies1 9 ord] to p]mit ( /ay+ 9 ! air long en\gh to make a protract$ voyage4 99,air ,resi/ance vs4 ,spe$499 ,unless a voyage is to be gov]n$ 9 its direction entirely by ! w9d1 ! dirigible mu/ possess a means ( mov+ contr>y to ! latt]4 ,! mom5t ?is is attempt$1 resi/ance is enc\nt]$1 & x is ?is resi/ance ( ! air t is responsible = ! *ief difficulties 9 ! design ( ! dirigible4 ,to drive x aga9/ ! w9d1 x mu/ h p[]2 to support ! weight ( ! motor necess>y1 ! size ( ! gas bag mu/ be increas$4 ,b ) ! increase 9 size1 ! am\nt ( resi/ance is greatly multipli$ & ! p[] to =ce x ?r\gh ! air mu/ be increas$ correspond+ly4 ,! law is approximately z foll[s3 ,:]e ! surface moves 9 a l9e p]p5dicul> to its plane1 ! resi/ance is proportional to ! ext5t ( ! surface1 to ! squ>e ( ! spe$ ) :i* ! surface is mov$ ?r\gh ! air1 & to a coeffici5t1 ! mean value ( :i* is #j4abe4 ,?is coeffici5t is a d\btful factor1 ! figure giv5 hav+ be5 work$ out ye>s ago 9 connection ) ! propulsion ( sail+ vessels4 ,its value v>ies accord+ to lat] exp]im5t]s betwe5 4#jh & 4#af1 ! mean ( ! m rec5t inve/igations ( ,r5>d1 ,eiffel1 & o!rs :o h devot$ consid]able /udy to ! matt]1 be+ 4#jh4 ,?is is dwelt ^u m 9 detail "u ,a]odynamics & x w be not$ t ! values ( ! coeffici5t ,k1 giv5 "h1 d n agree ) ^? /at$ 9 t article4 ,!y s]ve1 h[ev]1 to illu/rate ! pr9ciples 9 "q4 ,9 accordance ) ?is law1 d\bl+ ! spe$ means quadrupl+ ! resi/ance ( ! air4 ,= in/ance1 a surface ( #af squ>e feet mov+ directly aga9/ ! air at a spe$ ( #aj feet p] second w enc\nt] a resi/ance ( #af ,x #ajj 7squ>e ( ! spe$7 ,x #j4abe #bjj p\nds pressure4 ,d\bl+ ! spe$1 ?us br++ x up to #bj feet p] second1 w\ld give ! equation #af ,x #djj ,x #j4abe #hjj p\nds pressure1 or ) ! m rec5t value ( ! coeffici5t ( 4#jh1 #eab p\nds pressure4 ,! fir/ consid]ation is accord+ly to r$uce ! am\nt ( surface mov+ at "r angles4 ,! resi/ance ( a surface hav+ tap]+ sides :i* cut ?r\gh or divide ! molecules ( air in/ead ( all[+ !m to imp+e directly ^u x1 is greatly dim9i%$2 h5ce1 ,meusni]'s pr9ciple ( elongation4 ,if we take ! same panel pres5t+ #af squ>e feet ( surface & build out on x a hemisph]e1 its resi/ance at a spe$ ( #aj feet p] second w be exactly half1 or a pressure ( #ajj p\nds4 ,by fur!r modify+ ?is s z to repres5t a %>p po9t1 or acute-angl$ cone1 x w be #ch p\nds4 ,!re c\ld accord+ly be no "q ( attempt+ to propel a sph]ical balloon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,giff>d ,dirigible ,x is necess>y to select a =m t pres5ts z small a surface z possible to ! air z ! balloon advances1 :ile pres]v+ ! maximum lift+ p[]4 ,b exp]i5ce has /rik+ly demon/rat$ ! analogy betwe5 m>9e & a]ial practice--n only is ! %ape ( ! b[ ( ! vessel ( great importance b1 likewise1 ! /]n4 ,! pr(ile ( ! latt] may p]mit ( an easy reunion ( ! molecules ( air sep>at$ by ! =m]1 or x may all[ !m to come toge!r aga9 sudd5ly1 cla%+ ) "o ano!r & produc+ di/urb+ eddies j beh9d ! mov+ body4 ,to c>ry ! comp>ison ) a m>9e vessel a bit fur!r1 ! =m mu/ be su* z to give an easy %e>1 or sweep f /em to /]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,de ,lome ,dirigible ,t e>ly inve/igators appreciat$ ?is is %[n by ! fact t ,giff>d 9 #aheb1 ,fig4 #f1 ,de ,lome 9 #ahgb1 ,fig4 #g1 ,tiss&i] 9 #ahhd1 & ,santos-,dumont 9 8 num]\s attempts1 adopt$ a sp9dle-%ap$ or fusi=m balloon4 ,9 o!r words1 _! %ape1 equally po9t$ at ei!r end1 0 symmetrical 9 relation to _! c5tral plan4 ,h[ev]1 t ! %ape be/ adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( ! b[ did n s]ve equally well = ! /]n1 0 demon/rat$ = ! fir/ "t by ,r5>d1 to :om cr$it mu/ be giv5 = a v l>ge "p ( ! sci5tific developm5t ( ! dirigible4 ,almo/ a c5tury e>li]1 ,m>ey-,monge _h laid d[n ! pr9ciple t to be successfully propell$ ?r\gh ! air1 ! balloon mu/ h ! head ( a cod & ! tail ( a mack]el4 ,nature exemplifies ! tru? ( ?is 9 all swiftly mov+ fi%es & birds4 ,r5>d accord+ly adopt$ :at may be/ be t]m$ ! pisci=m type1 viz1 t ( a dis-symmetrical fi% ) ! l>g] end s]v+ z ! b[2 & ! p]=mances ( ! ,r5>d1 ,lebaudy1 & ,clem5t-,bay>d air%ips h %[n t ?is is ! mo/ advantage\s =m4 ,! po9t$ /]n prev5ts ! =mation ( eddies & ! creation ( a p>tial vacuum 9 ! wake :i* w\ld impose additional ?ru/ on ! b[4 ,zeppel9 has disreg>d$ ?is factor by adh]+ to ! purely cyl9drical =m ) %ort hemisph]ical b[ & /]n1 b x is to be not$ t :ile o!r ,g]man inve/igators orig9ally foll[$ ?is prec$5t1 !y h gradually ab&on$ x1 ow+ to ! noticeable ret>d+ effect4 99,critical ,size ( ,bag499 ,next 9 importance to ! be/ =m to be giv5 ! vessel1 is ! mo/ effective size--some?+ :i* has a direct be>+ ^u its lift+ p[]4 ,?is dep5ds ^u ! volume1 :ile ! resi/ance is proportional to ! am\nt ( surface pres5t$4 ,great] lift+ p[] c accord+ly be obta9$ by keep+ ! diamet] d[n & increas+ ! l5g?4 ,b ! resi/ance is also proportionate to ! squ>e ( ! spe$1 :ile ! volume1 or lift+ p[]1 v>ies z ! cube ( ! dim5sions ( ! conta9]1 s t 9 d\bl+ ! latt]1 ! resi/ance ( ! vessel at a c]ta9 spe$ is increas$ only f\r times :ile its lift+ capacity is increas$ eight times4 ,consequ5tly ! l>g] dirigible is v mu* m effici5t ?an ! small] "o s9ce x c c>ry s mu* m weight 9 ! =m ( a motor & fuel 9 proportion to its resi/ance to ! air4 ,z an illu/ration ( ?is1 assume a rectangul> conta9] ) squ>e ends #a foot ea* way & #e feet long4 ,its volume w be #e cubic feet & if ! lift+ p[] ( ! gas be assum$ z #b p\nds p] cubic foot1 its total lift+ p[] w be #e p\nds4 ,if a motor weigh+ exactly #e p\nds p] horse-p[] be assum$1 x w be evid5t t ! motor :i* su* a balloon c\ld c>ry w\ld be limit$ to #a horse-p[]1 neglect+ ! weight ( ! conta9]4 ,d\ble ^! dim5sions & ! conta9] w !n measure #b ,x #b ,x #aj feet1 giv+ a volume ( #dj cubic feet1 & a lift+ p[]1 on ! basis already assum$1 ( a motor capable ( produc+ #h horsep[]1 & ?is )\t tak+ into consid]ation t z ! size ( ! motor increases1 its weight p] horse-p[] decreases4 ,! balloon ( twice ! size w ?us h a motor ( #h horse-p[] to ov]come ! resi/ance ( ! head-on surface ( #d squ>e feet1 or #b horse-p[] p] squ>e foot ( transv]se section1 :]eas ! balloon ( half ! size w h only #a horse-p[] p] squ>e foot ( transv]se section4 ,x is1 accord+ly1 n practicable to con/ruct small dirigibles su* z ! v>i\s air%ips built by ,santos-,dumont = 8 exp]im5ts1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are num]\s limitations t w be obvi\s1 re/rict+ an increase 9 size beyond a c]ta9 po9t1 z has be5 %[n by ! exp]i5ce ( ! v>i\s ,zeppel9 air%ips4 ,to make x s]viceable1 :at ,b]get t]ms ! indep5d5t spe$ ( a dirigible1 i4e41 its p[] to move itself aga9/ ! w9d1 mu/ be suffici5t to enable x to travel "u normally prevail+ atmosph]ic conditions4 ,^! naturally diff] greatly 9 diff]5t c\ntries & 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same c\ntry4 ,:]e meteorological tables %[$ ! prevail+ w9ds 9 a c]ta9 di/rict to exce$ #ae miles an h\r ?r\gh\t a l>ge "p ( ! ye>1 x w\ld be useless to con/ruct an air%ip ) a spe$ ( #ae miles an h\r or less = use 9 t p>ticul> di/rict1 z ! numb] ( days 9 ! ye> 9 :i* "o c\ld travel to & f a c]ta9 />t+ po9t w\ld be limit$4 ,?is introduces ano!r factor :i* has a vital be>+ ^u ! size ( ! vessel4 ,ref] to ! figures j cit$ & assume fur!r t by d\bl+ ! dim5sions & mak+ ! air%ip capable ( transport+ a motor ( #h horse-p[]1 x has a spe$ ( #aj miles an h\r4 ,x is desir$ to d\ble ?is4 ,b ! resi/ance ( ! surface pres5t$ increases z ! squ>e ( ! spe$4 ,h5ce1 x w n avail m]ely to d\ble ! p[] ( ! motor4 ,exp]i5ce has demon/rat$ t ! p[] necess>y to increase ! spe$ ( ! same body1 increases 9 proportion to ! cube ( ! spe$1 s t in/ead ( a #af-;horse-p[] motor 9 ! case m5tion$1 "o ( #fd horse-p[] w\ld be ne$$4 ,!re are1 accord+ly1 a numb] ( elem5ts t mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation :5 det]m9+ ! size z well z ! %ape ( ! balloon4 99,/atic ,equilibrium499 ,hav+ settl$ ^u ! size & %ape1 !re mu/ be an appropriate means ( atta*+ ! c> to c>ry ! p[] plant1 its accessories & control1 & ! crew4 ,:ile app>5tly a simple matt]1 ?is involves "o ( ! mo/ important elem5ts ( ! design--t ( /ability4 ,a long envelope ( comp>atively small diamet] be+ necess>y = ! reasons giv51 x is ess5tial t ?is be ma9ta9$ ) its axis horizontal4 ,9 calm air1 ! balloon1 or conta9]1 is subject$ to ! action ( two =ces3 ,"o is its weight1 appli$ to ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! sy/em =m$ by ! balloon1 its c>1 & all ! supports2 ! o!r is ! ?ru/ ( ! air1 appli$ at a po9t kn[n z ! c5t] ( ?ru/ & :i* w diff] ) diff]5t designs1 accord+ z ! c> is susp5d$ ne>] or f>!r away f ! balloon4 ,if ! latt] conta9$ only ! gas us$ to inflate x1 ) no c> or o!r weight to c>ry1 ! c5t] ( gravity & ! c5t] ( ?ru/ w\ld co9cide1 grant+ t ! weight ( ! envelope 7 negligible4 ,z ?is naturally c n be ! case1 ^! =ces are n a cont9uation ( ea* o!r4 ,b z !y mu/ necess>ily be equal if ! balloon is nei!r asc5d+ nor desc5d+1 x foll[s t !y w cause ! balloon to turn until !y are a cont9uation ( ea* o!r1 & 9 ! case ( a pisci=m balloon1 ?is w cause x to tilt d[nw>d4 ,l a %ip ) too mu* c>go =w>d1 x w\ld be :at sailors t]m d[n at ! head4 ,z ?is w\ld be nei!r conv5i5t nor compatible ) rapid propulsion1 x mu/ be avoid$ by di/ribut+ ! weight along ! c> 9 su* a mann] t :5 ! balloon is horizontal1 ! =ces repres5t$ by ! pressure above & ! weight bel[1 mu/ be 9 ! same p]p5dicul>4 ,?is is necess>y to insure /atic equilibrium1 or a horizontal position :ile 9 a /ate ( re/4 ,to br+ ?is ab\t1 ! connections betwe5 ! c> & ! balloon mu/ always ma9ta9 ! same relative position1 :i* is fur!r complicat$ by ! fact t !y mu/ be flexible at ! same "t4 99,longitud9al ,/ability499 ,b ! longitud9al /ability ( ! air%ip z a :ole mu/ be pres]v$1 & ?is also involves its /ability ( direction4 ,its axis mu/ be a tang5t to ! c\rse x describes1 if ! latt] be curvil9e>1 ,or p>allel ) ! direction ( ?is c\rse :]e ! c\rse itself is /raight4 ,?is is app>5tly some?+ :i* %\ld be tak5 c>e ( by ! rudd]1 any t5d5cy on ! "p ( ! air%ip to div]ge f its c\rse be+ correct$ by ! pilot4 ,b a boat t ne$$ con/ant att5tion to ! helm to keep x on its c\rse w\ld be put d[n z a cranky--9 o!r words1 ( faulty design 9 ! hull4 ,a dirigible hav+ ! same defect w\ld be difficult to navigate1 z ! rudd] alone w\ld n suffice to correct ?is t5d5cy 9 em]g5cies4 ,/ability ( direction is1 accord+ly1 provid$ = 9 ! design ( ! balloon itself1 & ?is is ! *ief reason = adopt+ ! =m ( a l>ge-head$ & sl5d]-bodi$ fi%1 z already outl9$4 ,?is br+s ! c5t] ( gravity =w>d & makes ( ! long tail an effective lev] :i* ov]comes any t5d5cy ( ! %ip to div]ge f ! c\rse x %\ld foll[1 by caus+ ! resi/ance ( ! air itself to br+ x back into l9e4 ,h[ev]1 ! envelope ( ! balloon itself w\ld n suffice = ?is1 s j a/]n ( ! latt]1 /abiliz+ surfaces are plac$1 consi/+ ( v]tical planes fix$ to ! envelope4 ,^! =m ! keel ( ! dirigible & are analog\s to ! keel ( ! %ip4 ,/ability ( direction is ?us obta9$ naturally )\t hav+ con/ant rec\rse to ! rudd]1 :i* is employ$ only to alt] ! direction ( travel4 ,! comp>ison betwe5 m>9e & a]ial navigation mu/ be c>ri$ ev5 fur!r4 ,^! v]tical planes1 or keel1 prev5t roll+2 x is equally necess>y to avoid pit*+--f> m s ?an 9 ! case ( a vessel 9 wat]4 ,s t :ile ! "q ( /ability ( direction is intimately connect$ ) longitud9al /ability1 o!r means are requir$ to insure ! latt]4 ,! air%ip mu/ travel on an ev5 keel1 except :5 asc5d+ or desc5d+1 & ! latt] mu/ be closely "u ! control ( ! pilot1 z o!rwise ! balloon may incl9e at a dang]\s angle4 ,?is %[s ! importance ( an unv>y+ connection betwe5 ! c> & ! envelope to avoid defective longitud9al /ability4 ,assume1 = in/ance1 t ! c> is m]ely atta*$ at ea* end ( a s+le l9e4 ,! c>1 ! horizontal axis ( ! balloon1 & ! two supports w\ld !n =m a rectangle4 ,:5 9 a /ate ( equilibrium ! weight & ! ?ru/ are act+ 9 ! same l9e4 ,n[ suppose t ! pilot desires to desc5d & incl9es ! %ip d[nw>d4 ,! c5t] ( gravity is !n %ift$ f>!r =w>d & ! two =ces are no long] 9 l9e4 ,b z ! connections p]mit ! c> to sw+ 9 a v]tical plane1 !y p]mit ! latt] to move =w>d & p>allel ) ! balloon1 ?us =m+ a p>allelogram in/ead ( a rectangle4 ,?is causes ! c5t] ( gravity to %ift ev5 f>!r1 & z "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s causes ( longitud9al /ability is ! movem5t ( ! gas itself1 x w\ld also ru% to ! back end & cause ! balloon to /& on its head4 ,z ! t5d5cy ( ! gas is ?us to augm5t any incl9ation accid5tally produc$1 ! vital necessity ( provid+ a susp5sion t is incapable ( displacem5t ) relation to ! balloon is evid5t4 ,"h is :]e ! importance ( ,meusni]'s conception ( ! pr9ciple ( triangul> susp5sion comes 94 ,in/ead ( be+ m]ely support$ by direct v]tical connections ) ! balloon1 ! ends ( ! c> are also atta*$ to ! opposite ends ( ! envelope1 =m+ opposite triangles4 ,?is gives an unv>y+ atta*m5t1 s t :5 ! balloon incl9es1 ! c> ma9ta9s its relative position1 & ! weight & ?ru/ t5d to pull ea* o!r back 9 ! same l9e1 or1 9 o!r words1 to trim %ip4 99,dynamic ,equilibrium499 ,9 addition to be+ able to pres]ve its /atic equilibrium & to possess prop] longitud9al /ability1 ! successful air%ip mu/ also ma9ta9 its dynamic equilibrium--! equilibrium ( ! air%ip 9 motion4 ,?is may be made cle> by ref]r+ to ! well-kn[n exp$i5ts adopt$ to navigate ! ord9>y sph]ical balloon4 ,to rise1 its weight is dim9i%$ by gradually p\r+ s& f ! bags :i* are always c>ri$ z balla/4 ,to desc5d1 x is necess>y to increase ! total weight ( ! balloon & its c>1 & ! only me?od ( accompli%+ ?is is to p]mit ! escape ( "s ( ! gas1 ! specific lightness ( :i* con/itutes ! lift+ p[] ( ! balloon4 ,z ! gas escapes1 ! ?ru/ ( ! air on ! balloon is decreas$ & x s9ks--! asc5sional ef=t dim9i%+ 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( gas t is lo/4 ,! balloon1 or ! conta9] itself1 be+ m]ely a sph]ical bag1 on ! upp] hemisph]ical half ( :i* ! net support+ ! c> presses at all po9ts1 ! "q ( de=mation is n a s]i\s "o4 ,be=e x assum$ proportions :]e ! bag might be 9 dang] ( collaps+1 ! balloon w\ld h _h to come to e>? ?r\gh lack ( lift+ p[] to long] su/a9 x4 ,ow+ to its f> great] size1 z well z to ! =m ( ! surface :i* x pres5ts to ! air pressure1 su* a crude me?od is naturally n applicable to ! dirigible4 ,dynamic equilibrium mu/ take into acc\nt n only its weight & ! su/a9+ pressure ( ! air1 b also ! resi/ance ( ! air ex]t$ ^u its envelope4 ,?is resi/ance dep5ds ^u ! dim5sions & ! %ape ( t envelope1 & 9 calculations ! latt] is always assum$ to be inv>iable4 ,assume1 = in/ance1 t to desc5d ! pilot ( a dirigible all[$ "s ( ! hydrog5 gas to escape4 ,z ! air%ip came d[n1 x w\ld h to pass ?r\gh /rata ( air ( con/antly increas+ pressure z ! e>? is approa*$4 ,! reason = ?is w be app>5t z ! l[] /rata be> ! weight ( ! entire atmosph]e above !m4 ,! conf9$ gas w no long] be suffici5t to di/5d ! envelope1 ! latt] los+ its %ape & becom+ flabby4 ,z ! orig9al =m is no long] reta9$1 ! c5t] ( resi/ance ( ! air w likewise h *ang$ toge!r ) ! c5t] ( ?ru/1 & ! initial conditions w no long] obta94 ,b z ! equilibrium ( ! air%ip dep5ds ^u ! ma9t5ance ( ^! conditions1 x w be lo/ if !y v>y4 99,function ( ,balloonets499 ,9 ! function ( balloonets is realiz$ ! importance ( ! pr9ciple e/abli%$ by ,meusni]4 ,x 0 almo/ a c5tury lat] be=e x 0 r$iscov]$ by ,dupuy de ,lome 9 connection ) 8 attempts to make balloons dirigible4 ,t ! balloon mu/ always be ma9ta9$ 9 a /ate ( p]fect inflation has be5 po9t$ out4 ,b gas is lo/ 9 desc5ts & to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ?r\gh ! p]meability ( ! envelope4 ,unless x is replac$1 ! balloon w be only p>tially inflat$4 ,9 view ( ! great volume necess>y1 x requires no explanation to %[ t x w\ld be impossible to replace ! gas itself by fre% hydrog5 c>ri$ on ! c>4 ,x w\ld h to be "u high pressure & ! weight ( ! /eel cyl9d]s z well z ! numb] necess>y to transport a suffici5t supply w\ld be prohibitive4 ,h5ce1 ,meusni] conceiv$ ! idea ( employ+ air4 ,b ?is c\ld n be pump$ directly into ! balloon to mix ) ! hydrog5 gas1 z ! result+ mixture w\ld n only /ill be z inflammable z ! =m] alone1 b x w\ld also conta9 suffici5t oxyg5 to create a v p[]ful & inf9itely m dang]\s explosive4 ,?is l$ to ! adoption ( ! air balloonet4 ,9 pr9ciple ! balloonet consi/s ( divid+ ! int]ior ( ! envelope into two cells1 ! l>g] ( :i* receives ! light gas :ile ! small] is int5d$ to hold air & t]m9ates 9 a tube ext5d+ d[n to a pump 9 ! c>4 ,9 o!r words1 a fabric p>tition adjac5t to ! l[] "p ( ! envelope inside & subject to de=mation at w4 ,9 actual practice x consi/s ( a numb] ( indep5d5t cells ( ?is k9d1 longitud9ally dispos$ along ! l[] half ( ! int]ior ( ! envelope4 ,:5 ! balloon is completely inflat$ ) hydrog51 z at ! beg9n+ ( an asc5t1 ^! balloonets lie flat aga9/ ! l[] "p ( ! envelope1 exactly l a l9+4 ,z ! air%ip rises1 ! gas exp&s ow+ to ! r$uction 9 atmosph]ic pressure at a high] altitude1 z well z to ! influ5ce ( heat4 ,) ! increase 9 pressure1 uni=m inflation is ma9ta9$ by ! escape ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( gas ?r\gh ! automatic valves provid$ = ! purpose4 ,unless ?is took place1 ! int]nal pressure might assume proportions plac+ ! balloon 9 dang] ( bl[+ up4 ,to avoid ?is1 a pressure gauge communicat+ ) ! gas comp>tm5t is "o ( ! mo/ important in/rum5ts on ! control bo>d ( ! c>1 & %\ld its read+ indicate a failure ( ! automatic valves1 ! pilot mu/ r$uce ! pressure by op]at+ a h& valve4 ,b z ! c> desc5ds1 ! increas$ ext]nal pressure causes a recontraction ( ! gas until x no long] suffices to fill ! envelope4 ,to replace ! loss ! air pumps are utiliz$ to =ce air into ! air balloonets until ! sum ( ! volumes ( gas & air 9 ! diff]5t comp>tm5ts equals ! orig9al volume4 ,9 ?is mann]1 ! initial conditions1 ^u :i* ! equilibrium ( ! air%ip is bas$1 are always ma9ta9$4 ,?is is n ! only me?od ( correct+ = *ange 9 volume1 nor ( ma9ta9+ ! longitud9al /ability ( ! :ole fabric1 ! importance ( :i* has already be5 detail$1 b exp]i5ce has %[n t x is ! mo/ practical4 ,x is possible to give ! balloon a rigid frame ov] :i* ! envelope is /ret*$ & to atta* ! c> by means ( a rigid metal susp5sion1 z 9 ! v>i\s ,zeppel9 air%ips1 or to take x semi-rigid1 z 9 ! ,gross1 ano!r ,g]man type 9 :i* ,zeppel9's prec$5t 0 foll[$ only 9 ! case ( ! susp5sion4 ,to prev5t de=mation by ?is means1 ! balloon is provid$ ) an absolutely rigid skeleton ( alum9um tubes4 ,?is fram+ is 9 ! %ape ( a numb] ( uni=m cyl9drical sections1 or gas comp>tm5ts1 ea* "o ( :i* accommodates an indep5d5t balloon1 :ile ov] ! entire frame a v /rong b light fabric con/itut+ ! out] or protect+ envelope is /ret*$ taut4 ,! idea ( ! num]\s indep5d5t balloons is to insure a high factor ( safety z ! loss ( ! entire cont5ts ( two or ?ree ( !m ?r\gh accid5t w\ld n dang]\sly affect ! lift+ p[] ( ! :ole4 ,! num]\s wrecks :i* att5d$ ! l&+s ( ^! huge non-flexible masses dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( _! developm5t l$ to ! provision ( "s =m ( %elt] :]ev] !y 7 expect$ to l&4 ,ev5 n[1 !y are practically unmanageable 9 ! air dur+ a fi]ce w9d & mu/ be all[$ to sail "u control until ! w9d has sp5t itself4 ,! sy/em ( air balloonets has accord+ly be5 adopt$ by e o!r design]1 9 v>i\sly modifi$ =ms1 z illu/rat$ by ! ,g]man dirigible ,p>seval1 9 :i* b two air bags 7 employ$1 "o at ei!r end4 ,!y 7 int]connect$ by an ext]nal tube to :i* ! air-pump dis*>ge 0 atta*$1 & 7 also op]at$ by a c\nt]balanc+ sy/em inside ! gas bag1 by means ( :i* ! inflation ( "o balloonet1 z ! aft] "o1 = example1 caus$ ! collapse ( ! o!r4 ,influ5ce ( ,fi% ,=m ( ,bag4 ,b a condition ( dynamic equilibrium c n be obta9$ ) ! comb9$ aid ( ! precautions already not$ to secure longitud9al /ability & t ( ! air balloonet 9 ma9ta9+ uni=m inflation4 ,:y ?is is s w be cle> f a simple example4 ,if a simple fusi=m or sp9dle-%ap$ balloon be susp5d$ 9 ! air 9 a horizontal plane1 ! axis ( :i* passes ?r\gh its c5t] ( gravity1 x w\ld be practically pivot$ on ! latt] & w\ld be extremely s5sitive to influ5ces t5d+ to tilt x up or d[n4 ,x w\ld be 9 a /ate ( indiff]5t longitud9al equilibrium4 ,z long z ! axis ( ! balloon rema9s horizontal & ! air pressure is co9cid5t ) t axis1 x w be 9 equilibrium1 b an equilibrium ess5tially un/able4 ,exp]im5t proves t ! mom5t ! balloon incl9es f ! horizontal 9 ! slighte/ degree1 !re is a /rong t5d5cy = x to revolve ab\t its c5t] ( gravity until x /&s v]tical to ! air curr5t1 or is /&+ /raight up & d[n4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 ref]s to ! balloon alone )\t any atta*m5ts4 ,su* a t5d5cy w\ld be fatal1 am\nt+ z x does to absolute in/ability4 ,if in/ead ( symmetrical =m1 tap]+ t[>d bo? ends1 a pisci=m balloon be tri$1 x w /ill evid5ce ! same t5d5cy1 b 9 greatly dim9i%$ degree4 ,?is is n m]ely ! !ory affect+ its /ability b repres5ts ! f9d+s ( ,col4 ,*>les ,r5>d1 :o und\bt$ly did m to =mulate ! exact laws gov]n+ ! /ability ( a dirigible ?an any o!r inve/igator 9 ?is field4 ,8 data is ! result ( a long & me?odically c>ri$ out s]ies ( exp]im5ts4 ,9 ! case ( ! pisci=m balloon1 ! di/urb+ effect is due 9 unequal degree1 to ! diamet] ( ! balloon & its incl9ation & spe$1 :]eas ! /eady+ effect dep5ds ^u ! incl9ation & diamet]1 b n on ! ,spe$4 ,! di/urb+ effect1 !re=e1 dep5ds solely on ! spe$ & augm5ts v rapidly z ! spe$ increases4 ,x w1 accord+ly1 be app>5t t !re is a c]ta9 spe$ = :i* ! two effects are equal1 & beyond :i* ! di/urb+ influ5ce1 dep5d+ on spe$1 w ov]come ! /eady+ effect4 ,to ?is rate ( travel1 ,r5>d appli$ ! t]m critical spe$1 & :5 ?is is exce$$ ! equilibrium ( ! balloon becomes un/able4 ,to obta9 ?is data1 keels ( v>y+ %apes & dim5sions 7 submitt$ to ! action ( a curr5t ( air1 ! =ce ( :i* c\ld be v>i$ at w4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,la ,france1 ! fir/ fi%-%ap$ dirigible1 ! critical spe$ 0 f\nd to be #aj met]s1 or approximately #ci feet p] second1 a spe$ ( #ba4f miles p] h\r1 & a #bd-;horse-p[] motor suffices to drive ! air%ip at ?is rate ( travel4 ,b ! int]nal combu/ion motor is n[ s light t a dirigible ( ?is type c\ld easily lift a motor capable ( g5]at+ #hj to #ajj horse-p[]4 ,) ?is am\nt ( p[]1 its !oretic spe$ w\ld be #ej p] c5t great]1 or #cc miles an h\r4 ,b ?is c\ld n be accompli%$ 9 practice z long be=e x 0 rea*$ ! /ability w\ld become prec>i\s4 ,z ,colonel ,r5>d obs]v$ 9 ! in/ance j cit$1 ,if ! balloon 7 provid$ ) a #ajj-;horse-p[] motor1 ! fir/ #bd horse-p[] w\ld make x g & ! o!r #gf horse-p[] w\ld break our necks4 ,/eady+ ,planes4 ,x is accord+ly necess>y to adopt a fur!r exp$i5t to insure /ability4 ,?is takes ! =m ( a sy/em ( rigid planes1 bo? v]tical & horizontal1 locat$ 9 ! axis ( ! balloon & plac$ a consid]able di/ance to ! re> ( ! c5t] ( gravity4 ,) ?is addition1 ! resemblance ( ! aft] end ( ! balloon to ! fea!r+ ( an arr[ is app>5t1 :ile its purpose is simil> to t ( ! latt]4 ,= ?is reason1 ^! /eady+ planes h be5 t]m$ ! emp5nage1 :i* is ! ,fr5* equival5t ( arr[ fea!r+1 :ile its d]ivative emp5nation is employ$ to describe ! c\nt]action ( ?is di/urb+ effect4 ,9 ! ,la ,france1 :i* measur$ ab\t #bcj feet 9 l5g? by #dj feet 9 diamet]1 ! area ( ! planes requir$ to accompli% ?is 0 #afj squ>e feet1 & ! planes !mselves 7 plac$ almo/ #ajj feet to ! re> ( ! c5t] ( gravity4 ,by ref]r+ to ! illu/rations ( ! v>i\s ,fr5* air%ips1 ! v>i\s developm5ts 9 ! me?ods ( accompli%+ ?is w be app>5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,la ,ville de ,p>is ,%[+ ,balloonets ,9 ! ,lebaudy balloon1 x took ! =m ( planes atta*$ to ! framework betwe5 ! c> & ! balloon4 ,9 ,la ,patrie & ,la ,republique1 ! resemblance to ! fea!r$ arr[ 0 complet$ by atta*+ f\r planes 9 ! =m ( a cross directly to ! /]n ( ! balloon itself4 ,b z weight1 no matt] h[ slight1 is a di/urb+ factor at ! end ( a long lev]1 su* z is repres5t$ by ! balloon1 ,r5>d devis$ an improvem5t ov] ^! me?ods by conceiv+ ! use ( hydrog5 balloonets z /eady+ planes4 ,! idea 0 fir/ embodi$ 9 ,la ,ville de ,p>is1 ,fig4 #h1 9 ! =m ( cyl9drical balloonets1 & z conical balloonets on ! ,clem5t-,bay>d4 ,^! balloonets communicate ) ! gas *amb] prop] ( ! balloon & consequ5tly ex]t a lift+ pressure :i* comp5sates = _! weight1 s t !y no long] h ! drawback ( con/itut+ an unsymmetrical supplem5t>y load4 99,location ( ,propell]499 ,! f9al factor ( importance 9 ! design ( ! successful dirigible is ! prop] location ( ! propulsive ef=t ) relation to ! balloon4 ,!oretically1 ?is %\ld be appli$ to ! axis ( ! balloon itself1 z ! latt] repres5ts ! great] "p ( ! resi/ance (f]$ to ! air4 ,at lea/ "o attempt to c>ry ?is out 9 practice result$ disa/r\sly1 t ( ! ,brazilian air%ip ,pax1 :ile ! =m adopt$ by ,rose1 9 :i* ! propell] 0 plac$ betwe5 ! tw9 balloons 9 a plane p>allel ) _! horizontal axes1 0 n a success4 ,9 !ory1 ! balloon (f]s su* a sub/antial p]c5tage ( ! total resi/ance to ! air t ! area ( ! c> & ! rigg+ 7 orig9ally consid]$ practically negligible by comp>ison4 ,actually1 h[ev]1 ?is is n ! case4 ,calculation %[s t 9 ! case ( any ( ! typical ,fr5* air%ips m5tion$1 ! sum ( ! surface ( ! susp5d+ rigg+ alone is easily ! equival5t ( #b squ>e met]s1 or ab\t #ba squ>e feet1 )\t tak+ into consid]ation ! num]\s knots1 splices1 pulleys1 & ropes employ$ 9 ! work+ ( ! vessels1 air tubes communicat+ ) ! air balloonets1 & ! l4 ,add to ?is equival5t area t ( ! pass5g]s1 ! air pump1 o!r transv]se memb]s & expos$ surfaces1 & ! total w be f\nd equival5t to a qu>t] or ev5 a ?ird ( ! transv]se section ( ! balloon itself4 ,to insure ! p]man5tly horizontal position ( ! %ip "u ! comb9$ action ( ! motor & ! air resi/ance1 a position ( ! propell] at a po9t ab\t "o-?ird ( ! diamet] ( ! balloon bel[ its horizontal axis w be necess>y4 ,)\t employ+ a rigid frame l t ( ! ,zeppel9 & ! ,pax1 h[ev]1 su* a location ( ! %aft is a difficult matt] = con/ructional reasons4 ,consequ5tly1 x has become cu/om>y to apply ! driv+ ef=t to ! c> itself1 z no o!r solution ( ! problem is app>5t4 ,?is acc\nts = ! t5d5cy common 9 ! dirigible to float high =w>d1 & ?is tilt+ becomes m pron\nc$ 9 proportion to ! di/ance ! c> is hung b5ea? ! balloon4 ,! t]m deviation is employ$ to describe ?is tilt+ effect produc$ by ! action ( ! propell]4 ,conflict+ requirem5ts are met ) 9 attempt+ to r$uce ?is by br++ ! c> clos] to ! balloon z ?is approximation is limit$ by ! dang] ( op]at+ ! gasol9e motor too close to ! huge volume ( inflammable gas4 ,! importance ( ?is factor may be appreciat$ f ! fact t if ! c> 7 plac$ too f> f ! balloon1 ! propulsive effect w\ld t5d to hold ! latt] at an angle )\t advanc+ mu*1 ow+ to ! va/ly increas$ air resi/ance ( ! mu* l>g] surface ?us pres5t$4 99,relations ( ,spe$ & ,radius ( ,travel499 ,! v>i\s factors influ5c+ ! spe$ ( a dirigible h already be5 ref]r$ to1 b x w be app>5t t ! radius ( action is ( equally great importance4 ,x is likewise some?+ t has a v direct be>+ ^u ! spe$ &1 9 consequ5ce1 ^u ! design z a :ole4 ,x w be app>5t t to be ( any great value = milit>y or o!r purposes1 ! dirigible mu/ possess n only suffici5t spe$ to enable x to travel to any po9t ( ! compass "u ord9>ily prevail+ conditions ( w9d & wea!r b also to enable x to rema9 9 ! air = "s "t & cov] consid]able di/ance "u its own p[]4 ,total ,weight p] ,horsep[] ,h\r4 ,z is ! case 9 almo/ e po9t 9 ! design ( ! dirigible1 conflict+ conditions mu/ be reconcil$ 9 ord] to provide x ) a p[] plant af=d+ suffici5t spe$ ) ample radius ( action4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t p[] requirem5ts increase z ! cube ( ! spe$1 mak+ a trem5d\s addition necess>y to ! am\nt ( p[] to obta9 a disproportionately small increase 9 velocity4 ,9 ?is connection !re is a phase ( ! motor "q t has n receiv$ ! att5tion x m]its up to ! pres5t "t4 ,! /ruggle to r$uce weight to ! atta9able m9imum has made weight p] horsep[] app>5tly ! p>am\nt consid]ation--a factor to :i* o!r ?+s c\ld be sacrific$4 ,& ?is is q z true ( a]oplane motors z ^? design$ = use 9 ! dirigible4 ,b x is q z important to make ! ma*9e g z x is to make x rise 9 ! air1 s t ! "q ( total weight p] horsep[] h\r has l$ to ! ab&onm5t ( extremely light eng9es requir+ a great deal ( fuel4 ,spe$ is q z co/ly 9 an air%ip z x is 9 an ,atlantic l9]4 ,to d\ble x1 ! motor p[] mu/ be multipli$ by #h1 & ! ma*9e mu/ c>ry #h times z mu* fuel4 ,b by cutt+ ! p[] 9 half1 ! spe$ is r$uc$ only "o-fif?4 ,! problem ( long voyages 9 ! dirigible is1 accord+ly1 h[ to reconcile be/ ! m9imum spe$ :i* w enable x to make way effectively aga9/ ! prevail+ w9ds1 ) ! r$uction 9 p[] necess>y to cut ! fuel consumption d[n to a po9t t w insure a long p]iod ( runn+4 ,:5 ! spe$ ( ! dirigible is great] ?an t ( ! prevail+ w9d1 x may travel 9 any direction2 :5 x is consid]ably less1 x c travel only ) ! w9d2 :5 x is equal to ! spe$ ( ! latt]1 x may travel at an angle ) ! w9d--9 o!r words1 tack1 z a %ip does1 utiliz+ ! pressure ( ! contr>y w9d to =ce ! %ip aga9/ x4 ,b z ! air does n (f] to ! hull ( ! air%ip1 ! same hold t wat] does to t ( ! seago+ %ip1 ! am\nt ( leeway or drift 9 su* a manoeuv] is excessive4 ,?is applies q z mu* to ! a]oplane z x does to ! dirigible4 ,,fr5* ,,dirigibles 99,! ,fir/ ,lebaudy499 ,! int]e/ evid5c$ by ! ,g]man ,w> ,dep>tm5t 9 ,zeppel9's air%ip 0 m ?an duplicat$ by t ar\s$ 9 ,fr5* milit>y circles by ! success ( ! ,lebaudy ,bro!rs4 ,s9ce #aijj ^! two bro!rs _h be5 exp]im5t+ ) dirigible balloons4 ,_! fir/ dirigible--built by ! eng9e] ,juillot--made ?irty flights1 9 all b two ( :i* x succe$$ 9 return+ to its />t+ po9t4 ,?is ma*9e 0 some:at simil> to ! lat] types built by ,santos-,dumont & c>ri$ a #dj-;horsep[] ,daiml] motor4 ,a spe$ ( #cf feet p] second1 or ab\t #be miles p] h\r1 0 obta9$4 ,dur+ te/s 9 ! summ] ( #aijd1 ! balloon 0 da%$ aga9/ a tree & almo/ entirely de/roy$4 99,lebaudy #aijd499 ,! next ye> ! ,lebaudy #aijd appe>$4 ,?is 0 #aij feet long & _h a capacity ( #id1jjj cubic feet ( gas4 ,! air bag 0 divid$ into ?ree p>ts & conta9$ #ag1fjj cubic feet ( air4 ,x 0 suppli$ ) air f a fan driv5 by ! eng9e1 & an auxili>y electric motor & /orage batt]y 7 c>ri$ to drive ! fan :5 ! gas eng9e 0 n work+4 ,! /orage batt]y 0 also us$ to furni% electric lights = ! air%ip4 ,a horizontal sail ( silk 0 /ret*$ betwe5 ! c> & ! gas bag1 :i* _h an area ( some?+ ov] #a1jjj squ>e feet1 & a sort ( keel ( silk 0 /ret*$ bel[ x4 ,a horizontal rudd]1 %ap$ l a pigeon's tail1 0 us$ at ! re>1 & imm$iately beh9d x 7 two ,v-%ap$ v]tical rudd]s4 ,a small v]tical sail 0 c>ri$1 :i* c\ld be us$ to assi/ 9 guid+ ! air%ip4 ,! c> 0 #af feet long & 0 rigidly hung #aj feet bel[ ! bag4 ,x 0 provid$ ) an inv]t$ pyramid ( /eel tubes meet+ at an apex bel[ ! c> to prev5t injury 9 alight+4 ,sixty-?ree asc5ts 7 made 9 #aijd ) ?is balloon1 all ( !m comp>atively successful1 ! longe/ be+ a j\rney ( #fj miles 9 two h\rs & =ty-five m9utes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,la ,patrie1 ,fr5* ,w> ,dirigible ,! next ye> a new & l>g] balloon equipp$ ) a m p[]ful motor 0 us$4 ,_m flights 7 made 9 te/s = ! ,fr5* ,w> ,dep>tm5t4 99,la ,patrie499 ,la ,patrie 0 !n built = ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t by ! ,lebaudy ,bro!rs & 0 ( ! same design z _! e>li] air%ips4 ,9 spe$ x 0 ne>ly equal to ,zeppel9's1 & its dirigibility 0 ne>ly p]fect4 ,fig4 #i %[s a view ( ?is air%ip 9 flight4 ,x 0 #bjj feet long1 & ! #gj-;horsep[] eng9e drove two propell]s4 ,x c\ld c>ry sev5 p & "o-half ton ( balla/4 ,x c>ri$ f\r p at a spe$ ( #cj miles p] h\r4 ,on its la/ trip x cov]$ #age miles 9 sev5 h\rs4 ,a few days aft]w>d1 a heavy w9d tore x away f its moor+s & x 0 bl[n out to sea & lo/4 99,la ,republique & ,le ,jaune499 ,two m air%ips ( ! same type1 ,la ,republique & ,le ,jaune1 foll[$ ?is4 ,^! 7 tri$ by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1 9 #aijh1 & bo? prov$ successful4 ,la ,republique is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,! %ape & equipm5t ( ! c> are %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa4 ,! automobile type ( radiator may be se5 atta*$ to ! side ( ! c>4 ,dur+ a flight 9 ! fall ( #aiji1 a propell] blade broke & 0 ?r[n cle> ?r\gh ! balloon envelope1 caus+ ! balloon to fall f a height ( #ejj feet4 ,! f\r (fic]s :o =m$ ! crew ( ! dirigible 7 kill$ in/antly4 99,clem5t-,bay>d ,,ii499 ,! num]\s factors t mu/ be consid]$ 9 ! design ( a successful dirigible balloon z well z ! _m conflict+ conditions t mu/ be reconcil$ h already be5 ref]r$ to 9 detail4 ,h[ ^! are c>ri$ out 9 practice may be/ be made cle> by a description ( :at may be consid]$ z an advanc$ type ( dirigible1 ! ,clem5t-,bay>d ,,ii1 ,fig4 #ab1 ( ,fr5* design1 & ! mo/ successful ( ! ,fr5* milit>y air fleet4 ,its pr$ecessor1 ! ,clem5t-,bay>d ,i1 ,fig4 #ac1 made ?irty voyages1 "s ( !m ( consid]able di/ances1 )\t suff]+ any damage1 b a /udy ( its %ortcom+s l$ to _! elim9ation 9 ! foll[+ model4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,la ,republique1 ,fr5* ,w> ,dirigible ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,c> ( ,la ,republique ,! pisci=m %ape ( ! fir/ ,clem5t-,bay>d 0 reta9$ b giv5 m tap]1 ! dim5sions be+ #bdh4f feet ov]all by #db4i greate/ diamet]1 ?is be+ b a %ort di/ance back ( ! b[4 ,?is gives x a ratio ( l5g? to diamet] ( #e4gf4 ,! gas balloonet /abiliz]s 7 elim9at$ altoge!r1 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! total gas capacity is approximately #hj1jjj cubic feet4 ,l all ,fr5* dirigibles x is ( ! true flexible type1 ! only rigid con/ruction be+ t ( ! framework ( ! c> itself4 ,to ! latt] are atta*$ all rudd]s & /abiliz+ devices1 in/ead ( mak+ !m a "p ( ! envelope z =m]ly4 ,! latt] is made ( cont95tal rubb] clo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,clem5t-,bay>d ,,ii1 ,fr5* ,dirigible ,light /eel & alum9um tub+ are employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! frame supplem5t$ by num]\s piano-wire /ays4 ,?is frame ext5ds almo/ ! entire l5g? ( ! envelope & c>ries at its re> end a cellul>1 or box-kite1 type ( /abiliz+ rudd]1 in/ead ( ! =m] gas balloonets employ$ on ! ,clem5t-,bay>d ,i1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,?is cellul> rudd] is 9 two p>ts1 consi/+ ( two units ( f\r cells ea*1 ! two gr\ps be+ jo9$ at ! top1 ) a space betwe5 !m4 ,9 addition to act+ z a /abiliz]1 ?is is also ! direction rudd]1 its lev]age be+ increas$ by mak+ ! end planes some:at l>g] ?an ! p>titions ( ! cells4 ,betwe5 ! cellul> /abiliz+ rudd] & ! envelope is plac$ ! horizontal rudd] = asc5d+ or desc5d+4 ,9 ! illu/ration ?is appe>s to be a flag1 b x is 9 reality a long rectangul> plane1 :i* may be tilt$ on its longitud9al axis1 ! latt] be+ at "r angles to t ( ! balloon4 ,!re are two air balloonets ( ab\t "o-?ird ! total capacity ( ! balloon itself1 & !y are design$ to be inflat$ by l>ge alum9um c5trifugal bl[]s driv5 f ! ma9 eng9es !mselves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,clem5t-,bay>d ,i ,!re are two motors1 ea* ( #abe horsep[]1 bo? be+ ( ! same conv5tional design1 i4e41 f\r cyl9d] f\r cycle v]tical wat] cool$4 ,9 fact1 !y are m]ely light automobile motors4 ,! cyl9d]s h sep>ate copp] wat] jackets & ! motors !mselves are muffl$1 :i* is a dep>ture f ! usual cu/om4 ,ea* drives a sep>ate propell] c>ri$ on top ( ! ma9 frame ?r\gh bevel ge>+4 ,! ,clem5t-,bay>d ,,ii made itself fam\s by its rapid & successful flight f ! suburbs ( ,p>is across ! ,*annel to ,london1 9 ,octob]1 #aiaj4 99,a/ra-,torres499 ,9 review+ ! specifications ( any ( ! big dirigibles1 ! obs]v] _c fail to be /ruck by ! excessive am\nt ( p[] necess>y to drive !m at spe$s :i* are l[] ?an ! m9imum1 or l&+ spe$s1 ( _m a]oplanes4 ,:5 a spe$ ( #de miles p] h\r 0 fir/ rea*$ by a dirigible1 x 0 acclaim$ z a great feat4 ,b ?is comp>atively mod]ate rate ( travel 0 surpass$ only by increas+ ! numb] ( motors & _! horsep[] until ! fuel consumption became exce$+ly high4 ,?is necessitat$ ! c>ry+ ( a great weight ( fuel & cut d[n correspond+ly ! useful load t ! dirigible 0 capable ( lift+ z well z re/rict$ its radius ( flight at full spe$4 ,until a]odynamic rese>* _h demon/rat$ ! contr>y1 ! necessity = su* a trem5d\s am\nt ( p[] 0 consid]$ necess>y to ov]come ! head resi/ance ( ! balloon itself4 ,rese>* br\ght out 9 a /rik+ mann] h[ great a proportion ( ! total head resi/ance ( an a]oplane 0 due to ! /ruts & brac+ wires4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ! diff]5t types ( air%ips illu/rat$1 x w be not$ t ! ge> provid$ = susp5d+ ! c> or c>s bel[ ! balloon requires a great numb] ( cables4 ,lat] developm5ts %[$ t by elim9at+ ! great am\nt ( head resi/ance caus$ by ^! num]\s surfaces1 ! spe$ ( a dirigible c\ld be increas$ by ov] #ej p] c5t ) ! same am\nt ( p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,section ( ,a/ra-,torres1 ,illu/rat+ ,me?od ( ,susp5sion4 ,,cb1 ,brac+ ( ,heavy ,fabric ,b&s2 ,,sr & ,a1 ,susp5sion ,ropes & ,cable ,pass+ ?r\gh ,envelope2 ,s1 ,expansion ,sleeve 9 ,envelope2 ,,cc'1 ,ropes to ,sides ( ,c>2 ,e1 ,envelope ,improv$ ,susp5sion4 ,! %ortcom+ ( ! dirigible ) ref]5ce to susp5sion 0 realiz$ m ?an t5 ye>s previ\s by a ,spani>d--,torres--b ow+ to lack ( f9ancial support1 he 0 unable to put 8 idea into execution4 ,! pr9ciple he evolv$ is made cle> by ,fig4 #ad1 :i* gives a section ( an ,a/ra-,torres dirigible illu/rat+ ! me?od ( susp5sion4 ,in/ead ( ! ropes ,,sr us$ to susp5d ! c> be+ atta*$ to b&s pass+ ar\nd ! envelope1 ^! re9=c+ b&s ,,cb & also ! ropes fa/5$ to !m are plac$ inside ! envelope1 ?us elim9at+ head resi/ance f ^? s\rces4 ,p]=mance4 ,fail+ to obta9 any enc\ragem5t 9 ,spa91 ,torres f9ally succe$$ 9 int]e/+ ! ,fr5* ,a/ra ,company1 :i* built a v$ette1 or sc\t+ air%ip1 ( a little ov] #ej1jjj cubic feet capacity4 ,x 0 pitt$ aga9/ ! ,colonel ,r5>d1 at t "t ! lead+ unit 9 ! ,fr5* a]ial navy & ! fa/e/ air%ip 9 commission4 ,! small ,torres dirigible s completely outclass$ its huge competitor t ano!r ( close to #cjj1jjj cubic feet capacity 0 built & tri$ aga9/ ! ,p>seval ) simil> results4 ,an ,a/ra-,torres dirigible built = ! ,briti% gov]nm5t %[$ a spe$ 9 excess ( #ej miles p] h\r4 ,?is p>ticul> dirigible has be5 at ! front 9 ,france almo/ s9ce ! outbreak ( ho/ilities & has r5d]$ consid]able valuable s]vice4 ,its success l$ ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t to ord] a huge replica ( x1 hav+ a capacity ( ov] #hjj1jjj cubic feet & ) motors develop+ #a1jjj horsep[]1 :i* w\ld give x an indicat$ spe$ ( #fj miles p] h\r4 ,s confid5t 7 its build]s ( atta9+ or ev5 exce$+ ?is1 t an ord] = a second & ev5 l>g] air%ip ( ! ,a/ra-,torres design 0 plac$ be=e ! fir/ "o 0 f9i%$4 ,?is is also fitt$ ) motors aggregat+ #a1jjj horsep[] & displaces #ch tons1 mak+ x l>g] ?an any ,zeppel9 t _h be5 con/ruct$ up to ! "t x 0 built4 ,z its con/ruction & trials 7 und]tak5 dur+ ! w>1 no details h be5 publi%$1 b x is said on good au?ority t its spe$ exce$s #fj miles p] h\r1 s t x is fa/] ?an any ( ! ,g]man dirigibles4 ,con/ruction4 ,unlike ! ,g]man dirigibles1 ! l>g] types ( :i* h be5 *>act]iz$ by a rigid frame1 ! ,a/ra-,torres is a flexible air%ip &1 ow+ to its me?od ( susp5sion1 its ext]nal appe>ance is decid$ly unconv5tional1 s9ce ! envelope in/ead ( be+ ( ! usual cig> %ape is m l a triangul> bundle ( ?ree cig>s ) ! ?ird "o on top4 ,at ! po9t :]e ! ?ree envelopes jo91 z %[n 9 section1 ,fig4 #ad1 heavy clo? b&s ,,cb are /ret*$ across ! arcs1 =m+ a *ord across ea* arc1 ! ?ree *ords compris+ an inv]t$ triangle4 ,! susp5sion ropes ,,sr are atta*$ to ! opposite ends ( ! base ( ?is inv]t$ triangle & conv]ge 9 /raight l9es d[nw>d ?r\gh ! gas space1 s t ! air resi/ance (f]$ by ! ropes is practically elim9at$ s9ce only a v small "p ( ! susp5sion sy/em appe>s outside ! envelope4 ,?is ext]nal "p consi/s ( v]tical cables ,a atta*$ to ! collect+ r+s ( ! brac+ sy/em & ext5d+ d[nw>d ?r\gh special accordion sleeves ,s :i* p]mit ! free play necess>y at ! po9ts :]e !y pass ?r\gh ! out] wall ( ! envelope4 ,^! sleeves also h ano!r function--t ( p]mitt+ ! escape ( gas "u ! pressure ( expansion4 ,a %ort di/ance bel[ ! envelope ,e ea* ( ^! cables splits into two p>ts ,c & ,c' atta*$ to opposite sides ( ! c>4 ,! ,briti% air%ip m5tion$ is provid$ ) b "o c>1 b ! l>g] ,fr5* %ips h two plac$ t&em1 ea* ( :i* c>ries a #ejj-;horsep[] motor driv+ two two-blad$ propell]s ( l>ge diamet]4 ,:ile ! =m ( envelope made necess>y by ?is con/ruction increases ! frictional resi/ance1 ?is is negligible 9 comp>ison ) ! great sav+ 9 p[] effect$ by ! me?od ( susp5sion1 n to m5tion ! great] simplicity ( con/ruction4 ,,g]man ,,dirigibles 99,e>ly ,zeppel9 ,air%ips499 ,at ! same "t t ,santos-,dumont 0 c>ry+ on 8 haz>d\s exp]im5ts1 ! problem 0 be+ attack$ along slightly diff]5t l9es by ,c\nt ,zeppel94 ,x w be rememb]$ t ,dumont exp]i5c$ mu* tr\ble on acc\nt ( ! envelope ( 8 balloon be+ too flexible1 caus+ x to crumple 9 ! middle & to become di/ort$ 9 %ape f ! pressure ( ! air4 ,8 ef=ts to ov]come ?is by ! employm5t ( air bags did n meet ) great success1 ev5 9 8 lat] types4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,zeppel9 ,dirigible ,ris+ f ,lake ,con/ance ,con/ruction4 ,zeppel9 employ$ a v rigid con/ruction4 ,8 fir/ balloon1 :i* 0 built 9 #ahih1 0 ! l>ge/ :i* _h ev] be5 made4 ,x is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ae1 :i* %[s 8 fir/ design slightly improv$4 ,x 0 ab\t #dj feet 9 diamet] & #dbj feet long--an air craft z l>ge z _m an ocean vessel4 ,! envelope consi/$ ( two di/9ct bags1 an out] & an inn] "o1 ) an air space betwe54 ,! air space betwe5 ! inn] & out] envelopes act$ z a heat insulator & prev5t$ ! gas )9 f be+ affect$ by rapid *anges ( temp]ature4 ,! inn] bag conta9$ ! gas1 & ! out] "o s]v$ z a protective cov]+4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ?is out] bag lies ! novelty ( ,zeppel9's design4 ,a rigid framework ( /rongly brac$ alum9um r+s 0 provid$ & ?is 0 cov]$ ) l95 & silk :i* _h be5 specially treat$ to prev5t leakage ( gas4 ,! inn] envelope consi/$ ( sev5te5 gas-tight comp>tm5ts :i* c\ld be fill$ or empti$ sep>ately4 ,9 ! ev5t ( ! puncture ( "o ( !m1 ! balloon w\ld rema9 afloat4 ,an alum9um keel 0 provid$ to fur!r increase ! rigidity4 ,a slid+ weight c\ld be mov$ backw>d or =w>d along ! keel & cause ! nose ( ! air%ip to po9t upw>d or d[nw>d z desir$4 ,?is w\ld make ! craft move upw>d or d[nw>d )\t ?r[+ out balla/ or los+ gas4 ,l5d] ea* end ( ! balloon a light alum9um c> 0 rigidly fa/5$ & 9 ea* 0 a #af-;horsep[] ,daiml] gasol9e eng9e4 ,! two eng9es c\ld be work$ ei!r indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r or toge!r4 ,ea* eng9e drove a v]tical & horizontal propell]4 ,! propell]s ea* _h f\r alum9um blades4 ,z w be se5 f ,fig4 #ae1 ! e>s 7 too f> ap>t = ord9>y means ( communication & s speak+ tubes1 electric bells1 & an electric telegraph sy/em 7 in/all$4 ,fir/ ,trials4 ,v little 0 kn[n z to ! effects ( alight+ on ! gr\nd ) su* a rigid affair z ?is vessel1 !re=e ! c>s 7 made l boats s t ! air%ip c\ld alight & float on ! wat]4 ,! fir/ trials 7 made ov] ,lake ,con/ance 9 ,july1 #aijj4 ,! mammo? craft 0 h\s$ 9 a huge float+ %$1 & ! vessel em]g$ f x ) ! gas bag float+ above & ! two c>s t\*+ ! wat]4 ,%e rose easily f ! wat]1 & !n began a s]ies ( mi%aps su* z usually fall to ! lot ( exp]im5t]s4 ,! upp] cross /ay prov$ too weak = ! long body ( ! balloon & b5t upw>d ab\t #aj in*es dur+ ! flight4 ,?is prev5t$ ! propell] %afts f work+ prop]ly4 ,!n ! w9* :i* work$ ! slid+ weight 0 brok5 &1 f9ally1 ! /e]+ ropes to ! rudd]s became entangl$4 ,9 spite ( all ?is1 a spe$ ( #ac feet p] second1 or ab\t #i miles p] h\r1 0 obta9$4 ,^! breakages made x necess>y to desc5d to ! lake = repairs & 9 alight+ ! framework 0 fur!r damag$ by runn+ into a pile 9 ! lake4 ,! air%ip 0 repair$ & ano!r flight 0 made lat] 9 ! ye>1 dur+ :i* a spe$ ( #cj feet p] second1 or #bj miles p] h\r1 0 obta9$4 ,second ,air%ip4 ,zeppel9 _h sunk 8 own private =tune & t ( 8 support]s 9 8 fir/ v5ture1 & x 0 n till five ye>s lat] t he succe$$ 9 rais+ en\gh money to con/ruct a second air%ip4 ,no radical *anges 9 con/ruction 7 made 9 ! new model1 b !re 7 slight improvem5ts made 9 all its details4 ,! balloon 0 ab\t #h feet %ort] ?an ! orig9al & ! propell]s 7 enl>g$4 ,?ree v]tical rudd]s 7 plac$ 9 front & ?ree beh9d ! balloon1 & bel[ ! end ( ! craft horizontal rudd]s 7 in/all$ to assi/ 9 /e]+ upw>d or d[nw>d4 ,! /e]+ 0 tak5 c>e ( f ! front c>4 ,! mo/ important *ange 0 made possible by ! improvem5t 9 gasol9e eng9es dur+ ! prec$+ five ye>s4 ,:]e1 9 ! e>li] model1 he _h two #af-;horsep[] eng9es1 he n[ us$ an #he-;horsep[] eng9e 9 ea* c>1 ) practically ! same weight4 ,9 fact1 ! total weight ( ! vessel 0 only #i tons1 :ile 8 fir/ air%ip weigh$ #aj tons4 ,8 new craft made _m successful flights4 ,"o 0 made at ! rate ( #ch miles p] h\r & cont9u$ = sev5 h\rs1 cov]+ a total di/ance ( #bff miles4 99,lat] ,zeppel9s499 ,! lat] ,zeppel9s embody no rem>kable *anges 9 design1 ! pr9cipal alt]ation be+ 9 size4 ,"o ( ^! is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,9 ?is ! gas bag 0 increas$ to #ddf feet 9 l5g? & x held ov] #dfj1jjj cubic feet ( gas4 ,?is gave x a total lift+ p[] ( #af tons4 ,) ?is1 ,zeppel9 made a voyage ( ov] #cge miles4 ,he 0 9 ! air = tw5ty h\rs on ?is trip & c>ri$ elev5 pass5g]s ) him4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,zeppel9 ,air%ip 9 ,flight ,9 ,augu/1 #aijh1 ! ,zeppel9 left its great iron h\se at ,fri$ri*%af5 & sail$ 9 a great circle ov] ,lake ,con/ance4 ,! day aft] x />t$1 h[ev]1 x 0 de/roy$ by a /orm1 & sudd5 de/ruction f "o cause or ano!r has end$ ! exi/5ce ( practically e "o ( ! ,zeppel9s built s9ce1 usually aft] a v brief p]iod ( s]vice4 99,%ape & ,fram+499 ,9 ! e>ly days ( dirigible design ! data ^u :i* ! %ape & proportions ( ! envelope 7 bas$ 7 purely empirical4 ,s*w>tz1 ,g]many's pione] 9 ?is field1 adopt$ ! projectile z repres5t+ ! =m (f]+ ! lea/ air resi/ance & accord+ly design$ 8 envelope ) a %>ply po9t$ b[ & a r\nd$-(f /]n1 giv+ x a l5g? f\r times its diamet]4 ,zeppel9 did n agree ) ^! conclusions & adopt$ a p5cil =m1 r\nd$ at ! nose & tap]+ to a %>p po9t at ! /]n1 mak+ ! l5g? n9e to t5 times ! diamet]4 ,subsequ5t rese>* "w 9 ! a]odynamic laboratory has demon/rat$ t ! mo/ effici5t =m = air p5etration is "o hav+ a l5g? six times its maximum diamet] ) ! latt] situat$ at a po9t f\r-t5?s ( ! total l5g? f ! b[4 ,x has likewise be5 prov$ t an ellipse is m effici5t ?an ei!r ! projectile or p5cil =m & t tap]+ to a %>p po9t at ! /]n (f]s no p>ticul> advantage4 ,z a result1 ! mo/ approv$ =m resembles ! %ape ( a p]fecto cig>1 ! nose be+ some:at blunt] ?an ! aft] end4 ,?is =m is likewise t ( ! swifte/-swimm+ fi%es & has be5 %[n to h ! lea/ head resi/ance z well z ! m9imum sk9 friction2 x results 9 a section to :i* ! t]m /ream-l9e has be5 appli$1 & x is n[ employ$ on all expos$ non-support+ surfaces on a]oplanes1 su* z ! /ruts & ev5 ! brac+ cables4 ,laboratory rese>* has demon/rat$ t x is wor? :ile to r$uce ! head resi/ance ( ev5 su* app>5tly negligible surfaces z ^? pres5t$ by ^! wires & cables &1 !re=e1 !y are /ream-l9$ by atta*+ recess$ triangul> /rips ( wood to _! =w>d sides4 ,fram+ ,details4 ,despite ?is1 ! build]s ( ! ,zeppel9s h adh]$ to ! orig9al p5cil %ape ) b slight modifications at ! b[ & /]n1 probably because t %ape is mu* easi] to build & assemble f /&>d gird]s4 ,! =m ( gird] employ$ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag1 :ile ! complete assembly ( ! frame is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,! gird]s =m ! long]ons1 or longitud9al beams1 runn+ ! entire l5g? ( ! rigid frame & support$ at equidi/ant po9ts by r+ memb]s built ( simil> gird] sections4 ,! f\r? r+ f ! nose & ea* alt]nate r+ aft] t are fur!r brac$ by be+ truss$ to ! longitud9al beams ar\nd _! entire circumf]5ces1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,! l>g] ,v-%ap$ truss at ! bottom =ms ! gangway1 :i* is n[ plac$ inside ! envelope in/ead ( be+ susp5d$ b5ea? x1 z =m]ly4 ,?is is done to elim9ate ! head resi/ance set up by ! additional surface ?us expos$4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance 9 :i* ?is gangway 0 incorporat$ 9 ! envelope1 no provision 0 made = v5tilation1 & ! %ip 0 wreck$ by a gas explosion4 ,reg>dless ( h[ tight ! fabric is made1 gas is always ooz+ out ?r\gh x to a great] or less ext5t4 ,?is fact is n[ met by provid+ v5tilat+ %afts lead+ f ! gangway to ! upp] surface ( ! envelope4 ,additional %afts ?r\gh ! envelope lead to gun plat=ms1 =w>d1 amid%ips1 & aft1 & are rea*$ by alum9um ladd]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,trellis ,type ( ,alum9um ,gird] us$ 9 ,longitud9als ( ,zeppel9 ,frame ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,alum9um ,frame ,con/ruction ( ,zeppel9 ,hull ,fram+ ( ,s*utte-,lanz ,type4 ,x has become cu/om>y to ref] to all l>ge ,g]man air%ips z ,zeppel9s1 b _m ( ^? us$ dur+ ! pa/ ?ree ye>s h be5 ( ! ,s*utte-,lanz build1 :i* is also a rigid frame type ( dirigible b has be5 design$ ) a view ( ov]com+ "s ( ! disadvantages ( ! alum9um frame con/ruction enc\nt]$ 9 ! use ( ! ,zeppel94 ,! l5g? & diamet] ( ! latt] air%ips are su* t1 no matt] h[ rigidly ! fram+ is assembl$1 !re is m or less sag4 ,:5 ! sag exce$s a c]ta9 am\nt1 ! frame is apt to buckle at ! po9t :]e x occurs1 involv+ exp5sive repairs or wreck+ ! air%ip altoge!r4 ,to ov]come ?is difficulty1 ! ,s*utte-,lanz type employs a rigid frame ( flexible mat]ial1 namely1 lam9at$ wood 9 /rip =m1 held toge!r at jo9ts & cross+s by alum9um fitt+s & brac$ inside by cables4 ,z %[n by ,fig4 #ai1 no rigid longitud9al beams are employ$1 ! only gird]s us$ be+ r+s1 to :i* a network built ( ! wood /rips is atta*$4 ,/>t+ at ! nose1 ea* cont9u\s /rip foll[s an op5 spiral pa? su* z w\ld be trac$ 9 ! air by a screw ( v l>ge pit*1 9 fact1 approximat+ ! rifl+ ( a gun b>rel4 ,x w also be not$ f ! illu/ration t ! =m ( ! ,s*utte-,lanz air%ip is ! cig>-%ape1 :i* laboratory rese>* has %[n to be ! mo/ effici5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,s*utte-,lanz ,type ( ,frame ,con/ruction ( ,lam9at$ ,wood ) ,alum9um ,fitt+s ,! use ( wood 9 conjunction ) ! spiral con/ruction ( ! support+ memb]s ( ! fram+ af=ds ! maximum degree ( flexibility1 s9ce ! displacem5t ( any ( ^! memb]s "u /resses ( ei!r t5sion or compression w\ld h to be v great to cause damage to ! frame z a :ole4 ,! frame n be+ rigid1 /rictly speak+1 ei!r z units or z a complete assembly1 /ress at any p>ticul> po9t w\ld simply cause all ! memb]s ne> t po9t to give 9 ! direction ( ! /ra91 & ! re/ ( ! frame w\ld accommodate itself to _! *ange ( position by ei!r elongat+ or %ort5+ slightly4 ,9 addition to ^! advantages1 ! ,s*utte-,lanz type ( con/ruction is said to be light] ?an ! ,zeppel9 = an air%ip ( ! same load-c>ry+ capacity4 99,p[] ,plant499 ,comp>$ ) _! successors ( w> times1 ! e>ly ,zeppel9s 7 m]e pigmies :]e p[] is conc]n$4 ,_m ( ^! pione]s 7 driv5 by less ?an #ajj horsep[] all told1 :]eas 9 ! lat] types no s+le motor unit z small z ?is total has be5 employ$4 ,! motors us$ mo/ l>gely h be5 ! #afj-;horsep[] ,m]c$es & ! #bjj-;horsep[] ,mayba*1 bo? ( :i* are describ$ 9 detail "u ! title ,aviation ,motors4 ,f five to t5 ( ^! units h be5 us$ on a s+le %ip1 giv+ an aggregate 9 "s ( ! late/ types ( close to #b1jjj horsep[]4 ,p[] has be5 appli$ ?r\gh five or six propell]s to limit _! diamet] & to gu>d aga9/ ! breakd[n ( any "o ( ! units putt+ ! p[] plant out ( commission z a :ole4 ,to di/ribute ! weight ( ! eng9es equally & to insure ea* propell] a position 9 :i* x c "w 9 undi/urb$ air1 ! eng9es h be5 plac$ at widely sep>at$ po9ts on ! air%ip & 9 diff]5t planes s t no two are coaxial4 ,! ma9 eng9e room is usually locat$ 9 a cab9 j back ( ! op]at+ bridge & wireless room1 :ile ! rema9+ motors are susp5d$ 9 indep5d5t gondolas at diff]5t po9ts along ! sides4 ,:]e m ?an #a1jjj horsep[] has be5 us$1 ea* ( ^! gondolas' has be5 fitt$ ) two motors plac$ side by side & s c\pl$ t ei!r "o or bo? may be employ$ to drive ! s+le propell] c>ri$ by ! propell+ c>4 ,all ! m rec5t propell]s h be5 ( ! two-blad$ type4 99,control ,surfaces499 ,! num]\s exp$i5ts =m]ly resort$ to by v>i\s design]s 9 provid+ = /abiliz+1 /e]+1 & elevat+ surfaces h be5 ab&on$ = =ms t are practically a duplication ( a]oplane practice4 ,exp]i5ce demon/rat$ t ! diff]5t types ( multiplane rudd]s1 elevators1 & /abiliz+ surfaces employ$ 9 e>li] days n only (f]$ no op]at+ advantages b 7 actually detrim5tal1 9 t !y increas$ ! head resi/ance unnecess>ily4 ,moreov]1 _! complication meant increas$ weight & weak] con/ruction4 ,!y h accord+ly be5 displac$ by monoplane surfaces :i* are ( exactly ! same type ( con/ruction z ^? us$ on ! a]oplane & ! location & proportions ( :i* are v evid5tly bas$ on a]oplane practice4 ,bo? ! horizontal & v]tical /abiliz]s are ( approximately triangul> =m & h ! /e]+ & elevat+ surfaces h+$ to !m at _! aft] ends1 s t1 except = ! po9t$ extremity ( ! envelope :i* ext5ds beyond !m1 ! tail unit ( ! lat] ,zeppel9s is practically ! same z ! emp5nage ( an a]oplane4 ,! horizontal surfaces are app>5tly dep5d$ on entirely to effect ! asc5t & desc5t1 !re be+ no evid5ce ( swivel+ propell]s by means ( :i* ! p[] ( ! eng9es c\ld be employ$ to draw ! air%ip up or d[n4 ,! great weight ( balla/ c>ri$ is1 ( c\rse1 9 ! =m ( wat]1 b ?is is disc>d$ 9 ord] to asc5d only :5 ! p[] ( ! eng9es ex]t$ aga9/ ! elevat+ planes is no long] capable ( keep+ ! air%ip at ! altitude desir$4 ,9 ! l[ temp]atures enc\nt]$ 9 night flights1 h[ev]1 ! contraction ( ! hydrog5 gas is s great t ! crew has f\nd x necess>y to r$uce ! weight by disc>d+ n only e p\nd ( balla/ b1 z f> z possible1 ev]y?+ portable4 ,despite ?is1 sev]al air%ips h fall5 :5 _! fuel supply 0 exhau/$1 "o com+ to ! gr\nd 9 ,scotl&1 two dropp+ into ! ,nor? ,sea1 & ?ree or f\r fall+ 9 ,france4 99,op]at+ ,controls499 ,all ! op]at+ controls are c5t]$ at ! navigat+ bridge1 :i* is inclos$ to =m ! comm&]'s cab94 ,by means ( pu% buttons1 swit*es1 lev]s1 & :eels e op]at+ function requir$ is set into motion f ?is c5tral po9t4 ,:e!r auxili>y motors are c>ri$ = ! purpose ( pump+ air into ! balloonets or ?is is "o ( ! duties ( ! ma9 eng9e j back ( ! wireless room does n appe>1 b ) ! aid ( a pu% button bo>d ! am\nt ( air 9 any ( ! balloonets may be increas$ or decreas$ at w4 ,!re is a control button = ea* op]ation1 or two = ea* balloonet1 :i* fact necessitates a r =bidd+ look+ bo>d1 s9ce ! m rec5t ,zeppel9s h sev5te5 to n9ete5 gas bags )9 ea* ( :i* is incorporat$ an air balloonet4 ,! am\nt ( fuel suppli$ to any "o ( ! motor units c likewise be controll$ f a c5tral bo>d1 & ?is is also true ( ! balla/ release app>atus1 s t wat] c be empti$ f any "o ( ! balla/ tanks at w1 ?us facilitat+ asc5t or desc5t by light5+ "o end or ! o!r4 ,elevat+ & /e]+ surfaces are op]at$ by small h&-/e]+ :eels ) cables pass+ ar\nd _! drums1 a memb] ( ! crew be+ /ation$ at ea* ( ^! controll+ :eels4 ,ow+ to ! numb] ( motors us$1 ! in/rum5t bo>d is ! mo/ =midable appe>+ piece ( app>atus on ! bridge1 s9ce !re is a revolution c\nt] = ea* p[] unit 9 addition to ! num]\s o!r in/rum5ts requir$4 ,"s ( ^! in/rum5ts are ! an]oid b>omet] = indicat+ ! altitude1 transv]se & longitud9al cl9omet]s to %[ ! am\nt ( heel & ! angle at :i* ! air%ip is travel+ ) relation to ! horizontal1 ! anemomet]1 or air-spe$ indicator1 manomet]s1 or pressure gauges1 = ea* "o ( ! gas bags1 fuel & balla/ supply gauges1 drift indicators1 electric bomb releas]s1 mileage record]s1 & ! l4 ,9 addition to ^!1 !re are a l>ge *>t & a compass1 s ! navigat+ bridge ( a ,zeppel9 comb9es 9 small space all ! in/rum5ts to be f\nd 9 ! eng9e room & on ! bridge ( an ocean l9] besides sev]al :i* ! latt] does n require4 ,t ! prop] coord9ation ( all ! functions m5tion$ is an exce$+ly difficult task = "o man seems evid5t f ! num]\s ,zeppel9s t h app>5tly wreck$ !mselves4 99,crew ,c>ri$499 ,9 ! v>i\s ,zeppel9s t h be5 captur$ or %ot d[n by ! ,briti% or ,fr5*1 ! p]sonnel has v>i$ f fifte5 to ?irty m5 b 9 ! majority ( in/ances has n exce$$ tw5ty4 ,! positions & duties are ab\t z foll[s3 ,! comm&]1 lieut5ant-comm&]1 & *ief eng9e]1 & possibly a navigat+ (fic] are /ation$ at ! bridge4 ,two or ?ree ( ! crew are also /ation$ !re to "w ! manually op]at$ controls4 ,9 ! cab9 j back ( ! bridge are two wireless op]ators & "o or two eng9e att5dants = ! motors 9 ! eng9e room beh9d ! wireless room4 ,a simil> numb] ( eng9e att5dants are /ation$ 9 ! aft] eng9e room & !re is at lea/ "o att5dant = ea* ( ! o!r motor units4 ,"o man is /ation$ at ea* ma*9e gun1 ( :i* !re are ?ree to five on ! ro( & two 9 ea* c>1 & at lea/ z _m bomb]s are ne$$ to load ! dropp]s4 ,z a res]ve !re are usually an additional gun po9t] = ea* gun & an extra eng9e att5dant1 s9ce to run cont9u\sly mo/ ( ! crew w\ld h to /& wat* & wat* z 9 m>9e practice4 ,! sleep+ accommodations consi/ ( canvas hammocks slung 9 ! gangway4 99,explosives ,c>ri$499 ,9 addition to a lib]al supply ( ammunition = ! ma*9e guns1 a l>ge weight ( bombs is c>ri$1 ?\gh ! quantity z well z ! size ( ! bombs !mselves has be5 exagg]at$ 9 ! same or ev5 great] ratio ?an t :i* has prov$ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,g]man milit>y press-ag5cy s]vice4 ,! bombs are c>ri$ susp5d$ 9 racks amid%ips1 & ! bomb dropp]s are also locat$ at t "p ( ! %ip s t ! release ( ! bombs w n upset ! longitud9al equilibrium ( ! craft4 ,! bomb-dropp+ app>atus is controll$ electrically f ! navigat+ bridge b may also be op]at$ by h& f ! same po9t4 ,x has be5 report$ by ! ,g]mans t _! late/ types ( ,zeppel9s are capable ( dropp+ bombs weigh+ #a ton ea*4 ,9 view ( ! effect t ! sudd5 release ( a weight ( #a ton w\ld h on ! air%ip itself1 ?is is manife/ly v mu* ( an exagg]ation4 ,zeppel9 bombs t h fail$ to explode h nev] exce$$ #bjj to #cjj p\nds & _m ( ^? employ$ are d\btless /ill light]4 ,s f> z ! total am\nt c>ri$ is conc]n$1 _m ( ! lat] air%ips d\btless are capable ( transport+ #b to #c tons & /ill c>ry+ suffici5t fuel1 ?\gh adv]se conditions w\ld prev5t _! return1 z has frequ5tly happ5$4 ,,briti% ,,w> ,,dirigibles 99,adoption ( ,small ,type499 ,g]man design]s h cont9u$ to p9 _! fai? bl9dly to ! huge rigid type1 despite ! fact t prior to ! w> almo/ a doz5 ( ^! co/ly ma*9es met ) disa/] z fa/ z !y c\ld be turn$ out4 ,s9ce ! w> />t$1 _! de/ruction has kept pace pretty closely ) _! build+ )\t _! accompli%+ any?+ ( milit>y value4 ,! ,briti% naval a]onautic s]vice1 on ! o!r h&1 appreciat$ ! futility ( su* trem5d\s & unwieldy con/ruction &1 aft] a s+le demon/ration ( its uselessness1 ab&on$ x altoge!r4 ,?is s+le attempt 0 ! ill-fat$ ,mayfly1 :i* 0 mo/ appropriately nam$1 s9ce its p]=mance resolv$ into a c]ta9ty ! d\bt express$ by its title4 ,9 be+ tak5 out ( its %$1 ! fram+ ( ! air%ip 0 damag$1 & x collaps$ a few m9utes lat] s t x nev] did fly4 ,"o ( ! e>ly types ( small ,briti% dirigibles is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj4 ,att5tion has s9ce be5 conc5trat$ 9 mo/ "p on ! con/ruction ( a]oplanes 9 con/antly increas+ numb]s1 al?\gh ! dirigible has n be5 giv5 up altoge!r4 ,h[ev]1 its re/rict$ usefulness z well z ! necess>y limitations ( its effective size has be5 recogniz$4 ,e>ly 9 ! w> ,great ,brita9 plann$ ! con/ruction ( fifty small dirigibles1 ( bo? ! rigid & nonrigid types1 all ( :i* h und\bt$ly s9ce be5 complet$4 ,!y are small air%ips design$ *iefly = sc\t+ & %ort-range bomb+ raids ov] camps :5 9 army s]vice & = coa/ patrol & subm>9e hunt+ z an aid to ! naval =ces4 ,:ile no specifications are available1 ! cubic capacity ( ^! patrol air%ips probably does n exce$ #ej1jjj to #ge1jjj cubic feet1 _! ov]-all l5g? be+ approximately #ajj to #abe feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,an ,e>ly ,type ( ,small ,briti% ,dirigible 99,a]oplane ,features499 ,to simplify ! con/ruction & at ! same "t m9imize ! am\nt ( head resi/ance1 ! c> consi/s ( an a]oplane fuselage ( ! tractor type1 fitt$ ) a comp>atively small motor--"u #ajj horsep[]--& hav+ accommodations = a pilot & an obs]v] 9 two cockpits1 plac$ t&em4 ,! control surfaces are also simil> to ^? us$ 9 a]oplane con/ruction4 ,despite _! l[ p[]1 ^! dirigibles c make #dj miles an h\r1 ow+ to _! greatly r$uc$ head resi/ance4 ,in/ead ( employ+ ei!r an auxili>y bl[+ motor or a bl[] driv5 by ! motor itself1 ! supply duct to ! air balloonet is made rigid & is slop$ =w>d s t its op5 end comes directly 9 ! slip /ream ( ! propell]2 ?us ! latt] s]ves to inflate ! balloonet z well z to drive ! dirigible4 ,! desir$ am\nt ( inflation is controll$ by a valve4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,side & ,end ,views ( ,briti% ,a/ra-,torres ,dirigible ,us$ = ,anti-,subm>9e ,patrol ,s]vice 99,use 9 ,locat+ ,subm>9es499 ,_m ( ^! small sc\t+ & naval-patrol dirigibles h giv5 a good acc\nt ( !mselves & comp>atively few h met ) accid5t or h be5 de/roy$ by ! enemy4 ,on frequ5t occasions !y h be5 v successful 9 locat+ subm>9es bel[ ! surface1 s9ce ! body ( ! "u-wat] boat is readily detect$ f an altitude ( a ?\s& feet or m1 ev5 ?\gh subm]g$ to a great dep? & despite a heavy ripple on ! surface t makes ! wat] absolutely opaque :5 view$ f ! deck ( a %ip4 ,d\btless !y w be employ$ to an increas+ ext5t z ! hunt = ! subm>9e becomes m & m int5sive1 ?\gh _! use is v mu* re/rict$ dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 ow+ to ! frequ5t & sev]e /orms enc\nt]$4 99,briti% ,a/ra-,torres499 ,a numb] ( comp>atively small ,a/ra-,torres dirigibles h also be5 built 9 ,great ,brita9 = coa/ patrol & anti-subm>9e "w4 ,! l9e draw+ at ! left ( ,fig4 #ba illu/rates ! g5]al design & con/ruction ( ^! small air%ips1 :ile ! v>i\s lett]s indicate ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! gas conta9]1 air balloonets1 susp5sion & c>1 & ! end view at ! "r ( ! figure %[s ! small am\nt ( head resi/ance (f]$ by ! susp5sion ( ?is type z comp>$ ) t ( ! usual =m ( nonrigid dirigible4 ,a is ! balloon itself1 or ma9 gas conta9]1 ! pressure relief valve = :i* is locat$ at ,m4 ,,bb are ! air balloonets connect$ ) ! bl[] ,h 9 ! c>4 ,9 ! illu/ration ^! balloonets are %[n fully inflat$ z !y w\ld be aft] ! gas bag _h lo/ a consid]able proportion ( its orig9al cont5ts ?r\gh leakage or expansion4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( a flight1 :5 ! gas bag is fully inflat$ ) hydrog51 !y lie p]fectly flat along ! l[] side ( ! envelope1 be+ br\ght into s]vice only z !y are ne$$ to keep ! envelope di/5d$ to its full volume4 ,! novel me?od ( susp5sion to :i* ?is type ( dirigible owes its great] spe$ & fuel economy1 because ( ! r$uction ( ! head resi/ance1 is %[n by ! num]\s support+ ropes ,o-,o-,o1 :i* t]m9ate 9 a comp>atively few cables atta*$ to ! c>4 ,9 ! small ,briti% air%ips ref]r$ to "h1 !re is b "o small c> design$ to c>ry a crew ( two m5 & ! eng9e is ( comp>atively l[ p[]1 driv+ a propell] at ei!r end ( ! c>1 b 9 ! l>ge ,fr5* dirigibles ( ! same type1 two l>ge c>s are plac$ t&em "s di/ance ap>t & are fitt$ ) #ejj-;horsep[] motors4 ,! v>i\s p>ts indicat$ by ! lett]s are3 ,,cc propell]s1 ,d motor1 ,f space = pilot & crew1 ,g fuel & oil tanks1 ,j guide rope1 ,k gas valve1 ,,ll air valves1 ,,nn balloonet cable1 ,p rudd]1 ,q /abiliz]1 ,,rr brac+ cables1 & ,s ! c> itself4 ,,milit>y ,,uses ,,( ,,zeppel9s 99,limitations ( ,use499 ,no?+ excites ! ,teutonic imag9ation s /rongly z ?+s milit>y to :i* ! *>act]i/ic ,g]man adjective kolossal c be en?usia/ically appli$4 ,x 0 = ?is reason t1 despite its uni=m record ( tragic disa/] = ye>s be=e ! w>1 ! ,g]mans p9n$ _! fai? to ! ,zeppel9 z a weapon t c\ld n fail to /rike t]ror to ! he>ts ( ! ,briti% & ,fr5* & make !m ha/5 to sue = peace4 ,h[ev]1 ap>t f its reput$ employm5t on ! s+le occasion t ! ,g]man gr& fleet left ! security ( ! ,kiel ,canal1 x is n kn[n to h be5 us$ 9 any purely milit>y op]ation4 ,! a]oplane has be5 develop$ to a po9t t1 9 spite ( ! ability ( ! ,zeppel9 to asc5d rapidly :5 h>d press$1 w\ld make x suicidal = "o ( ! huge gas bags to sally =? 9 daylight1 unless att5d$ by a l>ge numb] ( battle planes to prev5t enemy fly+ ma*9es f attack+ x4 ,no su* use ( ! ,zeppel9 has be5 record$ ?us f>4 ,consequ5tly1 x has be5 us$ only 9 nocturnal bomb-dropp+ exp$itions1 *iefly direct$ aga9/ ,london & only und]tak5 :5 wea!r conditions made detection difficult4 ,9 ord] to c>ry ^! out1 x has be5 necess>y to e/abli% /ations 9 ,belgium1 s9ce ! fuel consumption ( ! ,zeppel9 is s great t1 ev5 ) its trem5d\s fuel supply ( #c to #e tons1 a flight to ,london & return to po9ts well )9 ! ,g]man bord] is impracticable4 ,! fir/ raids ( ?is "* 7 c>ri$ out successfully1 b subsequ5t attempts 7 m>k$ by ! loss ( "o or two air%ips on ea* occasion1 s t ! practice 0 ab&on$ z be+ too exp5sive = ! results atta9$ & a]oplanes 7 sub/itut$4 99,numb] ,built499 ,tak+ x = grant$ t ! numb]+ ( ! ,g]man air%ips has be5 consecutive1 ! total numb] built dur+ ! fir/ ?ree & "o-half ye>s ( ! w> by ! ,g]mans w\ld be betwe5 eighty & "o hundr$4 ,all l>ge ,g]man air%ips h come to be commonly t]m$ ,zeppel9s1 b a numb] ( !m 7 ( ! ,s*utte-,lanz type1 almo/ equally l>ge & also *>act]iz$ by rigid con/ruction1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 ( wood ) alum9um fitt+s in/ead ( be+ all metal1 z x 0 f\nd t ! huge metal frame accumulat$ a /atic *>ge ( high pot5tial t 0 responsible = ignit+ ! gas 9 "o or two in/ances4 99,weakness ( ,type499 ,! ,l-,i 7,lufts*iff1 or air%ip71 ! fir/ ( ! ,g]man air%ips design$ = purely milit>y purposes1 0 a ,zeppel9 #ebe feet long by #ej feet 9 diamet]1 ( #ggg1jjj cubic feet capacity1 & #bb tons displacem5t4 ,its ?ree sets ( motors develop$ #ejj horsep[] & x _h a spe$ ( #eb miles p] h\r4 ,x 0 laun*$ at ,fri$ri*%af5 9 #aiab1 & aft] a numb] ( successful cross-c\ntry trips1 x 0 tri$ 9 connection ) naval maneuv]s (f ,heligol&4 ,be=e ! trial _h proce$$ v f>1 a sudd5 squall broke ! backbone ( ! huge gas bag & hurl$ x into ! sea1 dr[n+ fifte5 out ( ! crew ( tw5ty-two4 ,x is a /rik+ comm5t>y on ! frailness ( ^! a]ial mon/]s t e "o ( ! big air%ips built up to t "t _h met disa/] 9 an equally sudd5 mann] b f a totally diff]5t cause 9 ea* in/ance4 ,! ,l-,,ii 0 slightly %ort] b _h #e feet long] beam & displac$ #bg tons4 ,%e 0 design$ p>ticul>ly = naval use1 _h f\r sets ( motors develop+ #ijj horsep[]1 & 0 fitt$ ) a navigat+ bridge l t ( a %ip4 ,x 0 confid5tly ?\ght t all possible %ortcom+s _h be5 rem$i$ & success f9ally a*iev$ 9 ! ,l-,,ii1 b be=e !re 0 any opportunity to demon/rate its effici5cy1 ! air%ip explod$ 9 mid-air1 kill+ its entire crew4 ,effectiv5ess ,grossly ,ov]rat$4 ,despite ?is unbrok5 *a9 ( disa/]s1 ! ,g]man (ficial press bureau spread broadca/ ! pr[ess ( ! ,zeppel91 its magnific5t ability1 & its rem>kable a*ievem5ts z an eng9e ( w>--9 !ory1 s9ce ?is 0 a ye> or two prior to ! outbreak ( ho/ilities4 ,_h x n be5 = ! =c$ desc5t ( ! ,zeppel9 ,,iv at ,luneville1 :]e x 0 tak5 possession ( by ! ,fr5*1 ^! tales might h be5 accept$ at _! face value4 ,b ! log ( ! comm&] ( ?is air%ip %[$ t its maximum spe$ 0 b #de miles p] h\r1 ! load #aj1efj p\nds1 & ! asc5sional ef=t #de1ajj p\nds4 ,! fuel consumption av]ag$ #big p\nds p] h\r :ile ! fuel capacity 0 only suffici5t = a flight ( sev5 h\rs4 ,dur+ its flight1 x _h rea*$ an altitude ( only #f1bej feet1 to accompli% :i* ov] #c tons ( balla/ _h to be dropp$4 ,x 0 also %[n t ! critical fly+ height ( ^! huge air%ips is betwe5 #c1ejj & #d1jjj feet1 ,zeppel9 himself decl>+ t 8 ma*9es 7 useless above #e1jjj feet4 ,?is probably acc\nts = ! fact t ! e>ly raids on ,engli% t[ns 7 c>ri$ out at a height b slightly 9 excess ( #b1jjj feet4 ,lat] types1 h[ev]1 are said to h rea*$ high altitudes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,zeppel9 ,l-#di ,br\ght ,d[n ,intact by a ,fr5* ,airman1 ,re/+ on ,hillside ne> ,b\rbon-,les-,ba9es ,copyright by ,und]wood & ,und]wood1 ,new ,york ,%ortly be=e ! outbreak ( ! w> ! ,l-#e 0 complet$4 ,?is _h a capacity ( ab\t #a1jjj1jjj cubic feet1 motors aggregat+ #a1jjj horsep[] or ov]1 & a reput$ spe$ ( #fe miles p] h\r4 ,j :at 0 ! fate ( ?is p>ticul> %ip did n become kn[n1 s9ce in=mation ( a milit>y "* has n be5 p]mitt$ to leak out ( ,g]many f t "t on4 ,b capture or de/ruction has acc\nt$ = _m ( ! int]m$iate numb]s ( ! s]ies2 big ,g]man air%ips h be5 br\ght d[n 9 ,engl&1 9 ! ,nor? ,sea1 9 ,france1 & at ,saloniki1 _! loss culm9at+ 9 ! disa/] to f\r out ( ! fleet ( five t attempt$ a raid ov] ,london b 7 caught by adv]se w9ds :i* exhau/$ _! fuel supply s t !y 7 bl[n out ( control1 t[>d ! s\? ( ,france4 ,fr5* anti-aircraft batt]ies or a]oplanes acc\nt$ = ?ree ( ^!1 :ile ! f\r?1 ! ,l-#di1 0 captur$ intact4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,nose ( ,giant ,l-#di & ,gr\p ( ,sightse]s ,copyright by ,und]wood & ,und]wood1 ,new ,york 99,l-#di499 ,an ess5tial "p ( ! equipm5t ( e =m ( ,g]man milit>y app>atus is a means ( de/roy+ x 9 case ( capture4 ,9 ! case ( ! big air%ips1 ! (fic]s are provid$ ) revolv]s load$ ) inc5di>y bullets1 :i* are fir$ into ! gas bag1 s t until ! ,l-#di 0 =c$ to desc5d 9 ! s\? ( ,france by ! activities ( a battle plane1 plus a lack ( fuel1 no air%ip ( a rec5t type _h ev] be5 captur$ intact4 ,9 ?is case1 ! comm&] fir$ 8 pi/ol at ! balloon b miss$ & 0 prev5t$ f fir+ aga9 by a ,fr5* peasant :o cov]$ him ) a %otgun4 ,! wireless op]ator succe$$ 9 us+ a sl$ge hamm] on "s ( ! app>atus ( ! v completely equipp$ wireless cab9 be=e he 0 captur$ b did n d suffici5t damage to prev5t reassembly ( ! p>ts ) little tr\ble4 ,) ! exception ( ! e>li] type ( ,zeppel9 t 0 =c$ to desc5d at ,luneville prior to ! w>1 ! ,l-#di 0 ! fir/ t 0 ev] kn[n to h l&$ undamag$ 9 ho/ile t]ritory1 z practically all ! o!rs 7 de/roy$ 9 ! air1 mo/ ( !m hav+ be5 wreck$ ei!r by a]oplane or anti-aircraft fire4 ,fig4 #bb %[s ! ,l-#di z x re/$ on a hillside at ,b\rbon-les-,ba9es1 ,france1 & ,fig4 #bc %[s a close view ( ! nose ( ! mon/]4 ,/&>diz$ ,p>ts4 ,comp>+ ! ,l-#di ) _m ( its pr$ecessors l$ to ! conclusion t x 0 "o ( ! late/ types1 b an inspection ( its con/ruction reveal$ ! use ( _m p>ts produc$ 9 quantities f /&>d patt]ns z well z a lack ( ! f9i% t has always *>act]iz$ air%ip con/ruction4 ,appe>ance & com=t _h bo? be5 sacrific$ ) a view to sav+ ! la/ ounce ( sup]flu\s weight 9 ord] to c>ry m fuel & ammunition4 ,evid5tly ! production ( ^! l>ge air%ips has be5 r$uc$ to a manufactur+ basis & !y are con/ruct$ 9 s]ies 9 mu* ! same mann] z motor c>s1 ?\gh on a r$uc$ scale4 ,g5]al ,design4 ,9 its g5]al con/ruction ! ,l-#di 0 along ! same l9es t h *>act]iz$ ! ,zeppel9 s9ce its inception1 ! out] envelope be+ /ret*$ ov] a rigid frame ( alum9um gird]s1 inclos+ a l>ge numb] ( indep5d5t balloons inflat$ ) ! usual hydrog5 gas1 no trace be+ discov]$ ( ! non-inflammable gas1 ! discov]y ( :i* _h be5 hail$ by ! ,g]man press4 ,! comm&]'s cab9 0 susp5d$ well =w>d ) ! wireless room directly beh9d x1 :ile a ,v-%ap$ gangway1 recess$ 9 ! envelope prop] s z to pres5t no additional head resi/ance1 ran back f ! latt] ! :ole l5g? ( ! %ip4 ,?is & ! gun plat=m on top1 m\nt+ two ma*9e guns & rea*$ by a ladd] susp5d$ 9 a well amid%ips1 h be5 famili> features ( all ! rec5t ,zeppel9s4 ,! ma9 envelope conta9$ n9ete5 indep5d5t gas bags1 ea* ( :i* 0 made integral ) an air balloonet to take c>e ( ! expansion & contraction ( ! hydrog5 ) v>y+ altitudes & temp]atures4 ,di/ribut$ along ! l[] "p ( ! frame inside ! envelope 7 a s]ies ( #ej-;gallon wat]-balla/ tanks4 ,p[] ,plant4 ,no less ?an n9e l>ge motors 7 employ$ to drive ! huge gas bag1 ! maximum horsep[] probably aggregat+ #a1fjj to #b1jjj4 ,! motors 7 di/ribut$ 9 five diff]5t locations1 ! l>ge/ be+ susp5d$ j abaft ! wireless room4 ,! rema9d] 7 plac$ 9 self-conta9$ units 9 ! =m ( gondolas susp5d$ f ! sides ( ! frame1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bd1 ! outl9e be+ t ( a blunt-nos$ fi%4 ,ea* ( ^! gondolas c>ri$ two motors plac$ side by side & c\pl$ up s t ei!r "o or bo? c\ld be employ$ to drive ! s+le propell]4 ,= cruis+ spe$s "o motor 9 ea* gondola suppli$ suffici5t p[] or 9 "s gondolas bo? motors c\ld rema9 idle4 ,no accommodation 0 provid$ = att5dants 9 ! gondolas1 any ( :i* c\ld easily be rea*$ by light ladd]s f ! inclos$ gangway4 ,to insure great] safety1 ! fuel supply 0 divid$ among sixte5 tanks1 all ( :i* 7 int]connect$ ) ea* o!r & ! eng9es s t gasol9e f any tank or tanks c\ld be div]t$ to any p>ticul> eng9e4 ,! supply ( lubricat+ oil = ea* eng9e 0 c>ri$ 9 a tank 9 ! gondola itself4 ,control4 ,v]tical & horizontal /abiliz+ surfaces ( conv5tional =m 7 built on ! %>ply tap]+ re> end ( ! frame1 ! elevator & rudd] be+ simil> to ^? us$ 9 a]oplane con/ruction1 except t ! rudd] 0 9 two sections1 ! l>g] ( :i* 0 plac$ on top ( ! envelope4 ,! control ( ^! surfaces1 ! op]ation ( all ! eng9es1 ! control ( ! wat] balla/1 ! air supply to ! balloonets1 & ! fuel supply to ! motors 7 all conc5trat$ at a panel bo>d 9 ! comm&]'s cab91 ! =w>d end ( :i* bore a close resemblance to ! bridge ( a man-(-w>4 ,by means ( ?irty-eight pu% buttons1 half r$ & half :ite1 air c\ld be releas$ f or pump$ into ! balloonets1 :ile 9 a simil> mann] ! cont5ts ( any "o ( ! wat]-balla/ tanks c\ld be empti$4 ,elaborate controls 7 provid$ = ! p[] plant1 x be+ possible to v>y ! spe$ or /op any "o or m ( ! motors f ! bridge4 ,! rudd] & elevators 7 op]at$ by means ( small h& :eels1 simil> to a m>9e /e]+ :eel4 ,"o ( ! mo/ prom95t features ( ! op]at+ cab9 0 a huge *>t frame1 capable ( c>ry+ a l>ge scale map cov]+ a consid]able area1 z well z an ample supply ( maps4 ,few in/rum5ts 7 f\nd 9 ! captur$ %ip & x is ?\ght highly probable t ev]y?+ n fa/5$ 9 place _h be5 dump$ ov]bo>d at ! la/ to increase its lift+ p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,"o ( ,six ,gondolas1 or ,p[] ,units ( ! ,zeppel9 ,l-#di ,copyright by ,und]wood & ,und]wood1 ,new ,york ,ap>t f ! use ( /&>diz$ fitt+s & p>ts & ! employm5t ( a great deal m p[] 9 a slightly diff]5t mann] ?an _h *>act]iz$ ! e>li] types ( ,zeppel9s1 ! ,l-#di reveal$ no?+ ( unusual importance 9 air%ip design & c]ta9ly none ( ! _w-beat+ features t ,g]man propag&a _h be5 h]ald+ = "s "t previ\s4 99,de/ruction ( ,zeppel9s499 ,m5tion has already be5 made ( ! fact t practically ! only use made by ,g]many ( h] huge air%ips has be5 ! bomb>dm5t ( op5 cities1 & t always at night4 ,f ! fir/ ( ,septemb]1 #aiad1 up to ! end ( #aiag1 betwe5 ?irty & =ty _h met disa/]1 b only two 7 captur$ intact4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 discov]$ by a ,russian cavalry patrol :ile at an*or & its crew ( ?irty m5 7 made prison]s4 ,?is 0 at an e>ly p]iod 9 ! w>1 :ile ! second "o to be captur$ 0 ! ,l-#di1 already ref]r$ to1 :i* =m$ "o ( a squadron ( five evid5tly s5t out on a bomb+ exp$ition aga9/ ,london4 ,ow+ to adv]se w9ds1 !y nev] rea*$ _! de/9ation & f\r ( !m 7 kn[n to h be5 put out ( action1 all except ! ,l-#di be+ de/roy$ 9 ! air4 ,n a few ( ^! big air%ips h fall5 victims to _! own weakness & succumb$ to ! elem5ts1 9 "o in/ance a high w9d te>+ ! air%ip loose f its moor+s :ile ! crew 0 n abo>d4 ,?is 0 at ,kiel1 & aft] travel+ a numb] ( miles unguid$1 ! big bag fell into ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,9 q a numb] ( o!r cases head w9ds h prev5t$ ! return ( ! raid]s to _! base & !y h ei!r be5 de/roy$ by _! crews or wreck$ at sea 9 attempt+ to return4 ,9 /ill o!r in/ances ! unwieldy mon/]s h be5 wreck$ by high w9ds :5 attempt+ to l&1 z 0 s frequ5tly ! case prior to ! w>4 ,a]oplane & ,anti-,aircraft ,fire ,effective4 ,be=e ! w> broke out ! ability ( ei!r ! a]oplane or ! anti-aircraft gun to ov]come ! ,zeppel9 0 purely !oretical1 b actual exp]i5ce has demon/rat$ t mu* ( ! !ory 0 well f\nd$4 ,at lea/ ?ree ,zeppel9s h be5 de/roy$ by ,briti% aviators 9 mid-air1 all or mo/ ( ! crews be+ kill$1 :ile probably an equal numb] h be5 acc\nt$ = by ,fr5* aviators 9 op5 battle4 ,! w> _h n be5 "u way a mon? be=e ,fr5* anti-aircraft gunn]s %[$ _! skill by br++ d[n-a ,zep1 :ile only a week lat] a ,russian batt]y accompli%$ ! same feat1 9 ?is in/ance kill+ ! entire crew4 ,9 #aiaf1 ,briti% & ,fr5* gunn]s succe$$ 9 ei!r w++ or sett+ on fire ?ree or f\r1 :ile two dropp$ into ! ,nor? ,sea & "o 0 bl[n up by its crew1 hav+ run out ( fuel :ile raid+ ,scot* t[ns4 ,bomb+ ,raids aga9/ ,zeppel9 ,%$s4 ,n ! lea/ ( ! disadvantages f :i* su* huge & unwieldy craft suff] is ! fact t ! correspond+ly l>ge /ructures requir$ to h\se !m make exce$+ly easy m>ks = ! raid+ aviator4 ,bomb+1 h[ev]1 is su* an unc]ta9 art t ev5 su* l>ge build+s z ^! _c be /ruck f any altitude ) a fair degree ( accuracy4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ! numb] ( raids t h be5 c>ri$ out aga9/ ,zeppel9 %$s1 success has be5 due v l>gely to ! tem]ity ( ! aviators1 :o h desc5d$ )9 a few hundr$ feet ( _! m>k despite ! fire direct$ at !m f all qu>t]s4 ,at lea/ ?ree & probably m ( ! big air%ips h be5 de/roy$ 9 ?is mann] by ,briti% aviators1 :o h made flights ( sev]al hundr$ miles to rea* _! de/9ation1 :ile ! de/ruction ( z _m m has be5 ascrib$ by ! ,g]mans to ! accid5tal explosion ( a bomb 9 ! %$4 ,9 view ( ! great precautions tak5 aga9/ accid5t f ! explosion ( ! bombs c>ri$ by ! air%ip itself1 x is n consid]$ at all likely t !re 0 any?+ accid5tal ab\t ! wreck+ ( ^! craft4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ attempts aga9/ ,zeppel9 headqu>t]s at ,fri$ri*%af5 on ,lake ,con/ance1 :i* result$ 9 ! de/ruction ( ! ,l-#ca1 is typical ( ! plan foll[$ 9 attacks ( ?is k9d4 ,two ,briti% aviators flew f _! base 9 ,france1 ab\t #bej miles di/ant1 at a high altitude4 ,!y became sep>at$ be=e rea*+ _! de/9ation ow+ to a mi/4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 prev5t$ _! discov]y until !y _h dropp$ )9 a few hundr$ feet ( ! surface ( ! lake1 :i* x 0 necess>y to d to obta9 a view ( ! air%ip %$s4 ,! fir/ pilot dropp$ 8 c>go ( bombs f a height ( only #ajj feet or s ov] ! %$ & 0 rew>d$ by see+ x cat* fire4 ,he _h h>dly /raight5$ out on 8 return c\rse be=e he he>d ! attack ( 8 companion4 ,! latt] 0 n s =tunate 9 escap+ unsca!d1 z a bullet pi]c$ 8 fuel tank & compell$ him to desc5d4 ,9 ! majority ( in/ances1 h[ev]1 ! raid]s h succe$$ n only 9 c>ry+ out _! task b 9 escap+ undamag$ z well4 ,,captive ,,balloons 99,milit>y ,value499 ,z an aid to milit>y op]ations1 ! use ( ! captive balloon dates back _m ye>s4 ,x 0 ext5sively employ$ 9 ! ,civil w> & m rec5tly 9 ! ,bo] w>1 b ) ! adv5t ( bo? ! dirigible & ! a]oplane1 x 0 g5]ally consid]$ outside ( ,g]many t its reason = exi/5ce _h pass$ away4 ,! ,g]man milit>y plans includ$ a l>ge numb] ( balloons = artill]y obs]vation purposes & !y 7 us$ "r f ! />t4 ,x 0 only :5 ! fight+ settl$ d[n to tr5* w>f>e1 h[ev]1 t !y came into prom95ce & ! aid t !y r5d]$ ! ,g]man batt]ies put _! oppon5ts at a s]i\s disadvantage4 ,l ! bayonet1 :i* 0 also g5]ally consid]$ to h be5 relegat$ to milit>y op]ations ( ! pa/1 ! captive balloon is n[ play+ a v important role1 p>ticul>ly on ! we/]n front4 ,9 favorable wea!r1 any:]e f t5 to =ty ( ^! a]ial obs]vation po/s w be visible f a s+le po9t on ! l9e4 99,sph]ical ,type ,defective499 ,! captive balloon ( ! pres5t day1 h[ev]1 be>s no resemblance to its pr$ecessors4 ,f a sph]e1 x has be5 develop$ into a =m t m ne>ly resembles ! dirigible & at ! same "t1 x embodies "s ( ! features ( ! a]oplane4 ,! old sph]ical balloon 0 always at ! m]cy ( ! w9d1 :i* n only gov]n$ ! altitude to :i* ! balloon w\ld rise b also made ?+s extremely uncom=table z well z dang]\s = ! obs]v]s4 ,) #a1jjj feet ( cable out1 su* a balloon rises to an equival5t height on a p]fectly1 calm day4 ,b ev5 a light w9d cuts ?is height d[n by #ajj or #bjj feet1 :ile if a /rong w9d is bl[+1 ! balloon is held d[n to )9 a few hundr$ feet ( ! gr\nd reg>dless ( ! l5g? ( cable paid out4 ,e /rong gu/ beats x ov] at a p]il\s angle & ! result+ %ocks to ! basket are s sev]e t its occupants c h little ?\ght = any?+ b _! own safety4 ,/rong cross gu/s set bo? ! bag & basket to sp9n+ & jump+ 9 a mann] t w\ld make ! results ( ! sev]e/ /orm at sea seem mild by comp>ison1 s9ce ! movem5ts ( ! basket are execut$ ) su* rapidity t !y seem to be 9 almo/ e plane simultane\sly4 ,z a result1 ! old type ( captive balloon 0 available = s]vice only 9 ! calme/ wea!r4 99,mod]n ,kite ,balloon499 ,x %\ld n be suppos$ t ! improv$ type ( obs]vation balloon n[ 9 use 9 su* l>ge numb]s provides any unusual am\nt ( ease or com=t1 s9ce x is also prey to ! w9d & does a great deal ( sw++ ab\t z well z j]k+ :5 ! w9d is m ?an #ae or #bj miles an h\r4 ,b x has be5 improv$ to a po9t :]e ! w9d n only s]ves to elevate1 in/ead ( depress+ x1 b also to /eady x4 ,! new type4 ,fig4 #be1 is te*nically kn[n z a kite balloon1 because1 9 addition to ! app5dages atta*$ to ! bag itself = /eady+ purposes1 x is equipp$ ) a tail to assi/ 9 keep+ x head+ into ! w9d4 ,?is consi/s ( a numb] ( bucket-%ap$ pieces ( heavy canvas atta*$ to ! tail cable by bridles s z to cat* ! w9d & hold x1 ?us plac+ a heavy /ra9 on ! cable & prev5t+ ! balloon f sw++ viol5tly4 ,z is ! case ) practically ev]y?+ us$ at ! front1 ! te*nical "n ( ! new type ( balloon is prom95t by its abs5ce4 ,x is a ,dra*e 7kite7 to ! ,g]mans & a blimp to ,tommy ,atk9s4 ,bo? its %ape & attitude :5 al(t be> a close resemblance to a huge sausage1 s t ! t]m sausage is us$ by all ! bellig]5ts 9 common to a l>ge ext5t4 ,a side view ( an ,am]ican type is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,head-,on ,view ( ,mod]n ,kite ,balloon1 ,%[+ ,details ( ,tail ,buckets ,copyright by ,c5tral ,news ,s]vice1 ,new ,york ,city ,x w be not$ f ,figs4 #be & #bf t ! susp5sion ( ! basket & ! app5dages atta*$ to ! balloon at ! re> hold x 9 a position :i* is r\ghly ! equival5t on a l>ge scale ( ! curve ( an a]oplane w+4 ,x has bo? camb] & an angle ( incid5ce1 s t ! w9d s]ves to elevate x in/ead ( beat+ x d[n4 ,?is lift+ effect is fur!r increas$ by tubes ( l>ge diamet]1 op5 at ! =w>d end only & curv+ ar\nd ! end ( ! gas bag at ! re>4 7,x is also equipp$ ) an air balloonet1 ! same z a dirigible47 ,! w9d ent]s ! l[] end ( ?is tubul> memb]1 :i* is 9 a l9e ) ! longitud9al axis ( ! balloon1 b x mu/ pass ar\nd ! curve at ! end ( ! gas bag be=e x c fully inflate x1 s t x p]=ms ! d\ble function ( increas+ ! lift & /eady+ ! balloon1 ?\gh ! latt] is its *ief purpose4 ,! basket is susp5d$ q a di/ance bel[ ! gas bag & has accommodation = two obs]v]s4 ,l scores ( o!r inv5tions t ! ,g]mans 7 ! fir/ to utilize on a l>ge scale 9 ! pres5t w>1 ! kite balloon 0 n a ,g]man creation b 0 orig9ally develop$ 9 ,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,am]ican ,kite ,balloon ( ,late/ ,type ,asc5d+ ,copyright by ,committee on ,public ,in=mation1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d ,c4 99,me?ods ( ,inflation499 ,! av]age capacity ( ! kite balloons us$ = obs]vation purposes is #bh1jjj cubic feet4 ,!y are inflat$ ) hydrog5 ei!r f a portable g5]at+ plant =m+ "p ( ! equipm5t ( ! balloon company or f a supply c>ri$ "u high pressure 9 heavy /eel bottles simil> to ^? us$ = transport+ oxyg5 or c>bonic acid gas int5d$ = indu/rial use4 ,s9ce ! balloon companies are /ation$ ab\t #d miles back ( ! fir+ l9e1 ! use ( ! portable plant is practical1 b x has be5 f\nd m economical & m conv5i5t to g5]ate ! gas on a l>ge scale at special e/abli%m5ts 9 ,france & ,engl& & s5d x to ! front 9 conta9]s4 ,) a portable plant1 sev]al h\rs are necess>y to inflate ! gas bag1 :]eas ) a l>ge supply ( ! gas at h& "u high pressure1 ! op]ation may be c>ri$ out 9 less ?an an h\r4 ,! balloon naturally works "u ! same difficulties z all light]-?an-air craft1 t is1 !re is a con/ant leakage ( ! hydrog5 ?r\gh ! fabric 9 addition to t lo/ by ! expansion ( ! gas on w>m days :5 ! summ] sun beats d[n directly on ! gas bag4 ,:]e a field g5]at+ plant is employ$1 quick inflation ( a new balloon or replacem5t ( loss is accompli%$ by ! us$ ( sev]al nurses1 ,fig4 #bg4 ,^! are simply l>ge gas bags :i* are kept repl5i%$ by ! gas plant work+ con/antly1 9 o!r words1 !y are /orage tanks1 & :5 x is necess>y to inflate ! balloon quickly1 _! cont5ts are simply transf]r$ to x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,l&+ ,big ,kite ,balloon at ,tra9+ ,/ation ,some:]e 9 ,engl&4 ,nurse 9 ,backgr\nd ,copyright by ,und]wood & ,und]wood1 ,new ,york 99,balloon ,company499 ,?\gh a]onautical 9 "*1 ! kite balloon s]vice is actually a bran* ( ! artill]y1 to :i* x is directly atta*$4 ,a balloon company accord+ly consi/s ( twelve to tw5ty artill]y (fic]s ( v>y+ ranks & ab\t #abj to #acj m54 ,( ! (fic]s1 six to eight are artill]y lieut5ants or capta9s & g al(t z obs]v]s1 ?is numb] be+ necess>y because ! /ra9 ( wat*+ con/antly is v great & ! obs]v]s mu/ be reliev$ at frequ5t int]vals1 ! balloon o!rwise be+ kept up cont9u\sly1 bo? day & night4 ,!re are also a numb] ( s]geants1 ea* ( :om is 9 *>ge ( a diff]5t bran* ( ! "w1 su* z ! inflation1 transport1 telephone s]vice1 & w9d+ ma*9e4 ,no less ?an fifte5 #c-ton to #e-ton motor trucks are necess>y = ea* balloon company besides two or m motorcycle mess5g]s1 ! c>e ( ! ma*9es usually be+ entru/$ to ! corporals ( ! company4 ,! rema9d] ( ! company are practically labor]s1 ^: *ief duties are to atta* ! balla/ bags to ! ropes :5 x is int5d$ to hold ! balloon on ! gr\nd = any l5g? ( "t & to utilize _! own weight = ! same purpose :5 ! balloon is ab\t to g al(t or is only on ! gr\nd tempor>ily4 ,9 addition1 e company has its surgeon & assi/ants1 qu>t]ma/]1 cooks1 company cl]k1 & o!r atta*es necess>y to complete its organization1 s9ce a balloon company s]ves z an indep5d5t unit4 99,equipm5t499 ,! p>aph]nalia requir$ is q z elaborate z t necess>y to keep sev]al a]oplanes al(t1 ?\gh naturally ( a diff]5t nature4 ,x mu/ all be readily portable1 = a balloon company has to *ange camp m or less frequ5tly1 or z (t5 z ! enemy artill]y happ5s to discov] its range4 ,to secure mobility is ! purpose ( ! great numb] ( motor trucks employ$4 ,"o ( ^! is equipp$ ) a hoi/+ w9* & a l>ge drum capable ( hold+ #c1jjj or #d1jjj feet ( ab\t #c_/h-;in* /eel cable4 ,! w9* is driv5 by ! same eng9e t propels ! truck1 & 9 case ( em]g5cy ! eng9e may be appli$ to ! two purposes alt]nately )9 a %ort space ( "t4 ,= in/ance1 9 case ( attack ei!r by %rapnel f an enemy batt]y or by a ho/ile aviator1 x may be us$ to quickly haul 9 or let out cable to *ange ! altitude ( ! balloon1 or x may be employ$ to drive ! truck to ano!r & m favorable location ) ! balloon 9 t[4 ,ano!r truck h\ses a complete telephone ex*ange1 s9ce ! obs]v]s 9 ! balloon may wi% to communicate ) any "o ( a numb] ( batt]ies :i* !y are s]v+4 ,telephone communication is e/abli%$ by means ( an insulat$ wire :i* =ms ! core ( ! cable1 :ile ! /eel cable itself acts z ! return wire to complete ! circuit4 ,9 "s cases1 a sep>ate copp] cable is employ$1 us+ ! /eel cable z ! return half ( ! circuit4 ,9 addition !re is a truck = transport+ ! balloons1 = ! company mu/ always h duplicate equipm5t at h& 9 case ( ! de/ruction ( ! balloon x is us+ or1 z m frequ5tly happ5s1 damage ( a nature t requires h\rs or days to repair4 ,9 addition to ! balloon itself1 !re are cov]s & ! gr\nd clo?1 z 9 inflat+ a balloon no "p ( its fabric mu/ be all[$ to t\* ! gr\nd because ( ! dang] ( /ones or /icks te>+ r5ts 9 x4 ,! balloon prop] & its imm$iate accessories utilize at lea/ "o & sometimes two motor trucks4 ,to hold ! balloon on ! gr\nd :5 out ( s]vice1 !re are eighty sacks ( s& weigh+ #be p\nds ea*1 or an aggregate ( #a ton ( balla/1 9 addition to :i* !re are necess>y a l>ge numb] ( /eel screw /akes1 sp>e ropes & p>ts1 ladd]s & ! l1 besides ! basket & its equipm5t4 ,! /akes are employ$ to hold ! balloon d[n 9 a heavy w9d by pegg+ x 9 ! same mann] z a t5t4 ,?ree or f\r trucks are requir$ to c>ry ! l>ge supply ( hydrog5 necess>y1 :i* entails ! transportation ( #acj to #aej conta9]s4 ,ea* conta9] holds sev]al ?\s& cubic feet ( gas "u high pressure1 :i* is releas$ ?r\gh a r$uc+ valve4 ,"s ( ! o!r transportation units requir$ are ! cook wagon1 qu>t]ma/]'s /ores truck1 truck = c>ry+ t5ts1 blankets1 & o!r imp$im5ts = ! m51 & ! doctor's wagon 7ambulance74 99,advantages ( ,kite ,balloon499 ,x became a necessity to resurrect ! captive balloon & br+ x up to date1 n simply because ! ,g]mans 7 employ+ x 9 numb]s1 b because exp]i5ce demon/rat$ t x possess$ num]\s advantages ov] ! a]oplane = artill]y obs]vation4 ,! obs]v] 9 an a]oplane is c>ri$ back & =? ov] & ar\nd ! location he wi%es to wat*1 at high spe$ & at a con/antly v>y+ altitude4 ,he mu/ communicate by means ( ei!r signals or wireless1 & x is n always possible = him 9 ei!r case to "k :e!r 8 signals h be5 receiv$ & und]/ood1 s9ce x is possible to transmit messages by wireless f an a]oplane b a v difficult matt] to receive4 ,! obs]v]s 9 a kite balloon1 on ! o!r h&1 h ! advantage ( be+ able to scrut9ize a c]ta9 sector con/antly ) ! aid ( p[]ful glasses4 ,) a few weeks ( exp]i5ce 9 obs]v+ a giv5 t]ra9 !y become s famili> ) x t any *anges or ! movem5ts ( troops or supplies are quickly di/+ui%$4 ,! greate/ advantage1 h[ev]1 is t ! in=mation ?us acquir$ may be in/antly transmitt$ n m]ely to "o b to any "o or all ( a gr\p ( batt]ies ext5d+ ov] a mile or two ( front 9 ei!r direction1 ! balloons be+ /ation$ #d to #f miles ap>t4 ,! obs]v]s are fitt$ ) portable head sets s t !y speak directly into _! telephones )\t ! necessity ( remov+ ! glasses f _! eyes1 :i* enables !m to wat* ! fall ( ! %ells & tell ! batt]y att5dant 9 ! dug\t alongside ! gun :e!r a %ell fell %ort1 ov]1 left1 or "r1 & ! am\nt ( correction ne$$ be=e ! smoke f ! explosion has cle>$ away4 ,) ! aid ( close corrections ( ?is nature ! batt]y comm&] is 9 a position to get ! range exactly )\t ! great exp5diture ( ammunition t fir+ entirely by map or ) ! assi/ance ( a]oplane obs]v]s entails4 ,in/ances are record$ 9 :i* a #i4e-;in* %ell has be5 l&$ "r 9 a concrete pill-box n ov] #ae feet squ>e f a di/ance ( #c miles aft] six trial %ots _h be5 fir$ to obta9 ! range4 ,su* a %ot is report$ back to ! batt]y by ! balloon obs]v] z a direct hit1 & x is only necess>y to fire ! gun at ! same range & direction to score z (t5 z necess>y4 99,duties ( ,balloon ,crew499 ,ea* kite balloon c>ries al(t two obs]v]s1 ,fig4 #bh1 bo? ( :om c conc5trate _! entire att5tion on ! "w ( spott+1 s9ce !y h no?+ to d ) ! control ( ! balloon itself1 except to give ord]s4 ,_! *ief duties consi/ ( c\nt]-batt]y obs]vation1 t is1 spott+ ! location ( enemy batt]ies1 & be+ con/antly al]t to detect any suspici\s movem5ts back ( ! enemy's l9es1 su* z movem5ts ( troops1 ammunition1 or supplies4 ,! batt]ies controll$ f obs]vation balloons are ! heavies1 :i* are locat$ #a mile or m back ( ! front l9e tr5*es & to ! gunn]s ( :i* ! objects !y are fir+ at are nev] visible4 ,"s ( ! heavie/ guns m\nt$ on specially con/ruct$ railway trucks are (t5 fir$ f po9ts #e miles or m back ( ! l9es4 ,9 fact1 :5 balk$ 9 _! attempt to take ,calais1 ! ,g]mans bomb>d$ ! t[n ) ! aid ( long-range naval guns f a di/ance ( ov] #ae miles & e %ot dropp$ into ei!r "s "p ( ! city or its outskirts4 ,build+s1 hills1 or specially con/ruct$ & conceal$ obs]vation t[]s are frequ5tly utiliz$ 9 conjunction ) captive balloons to s]ve z auxili>y obs]vation po/s1 s t ! base l9e connect+ ! two may be us$ to triangulate di/ances & ?us calculate !m m accurately ?an is possible by direct obs]vation f a s+le po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,fr5* ,kite ,balloon ,obs]v]s ab\t to ,asc5d ,copyright by ,committee on ,public ,in=mation1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 99,risks ,incurr$499 ,enemy ,fire4 ,:ile ! obs]v]s 9 a kite balloon are n subject$ to all ! risks t ! aviator mu/ enc\nt] :5 he goes al(t or1 at lea/1 n to ! same ext5t1 _! lot is f> f be+ free f dang]4 ,"o ( ! duties ( ! reconnoit]+ aviator is to de/roy obs]vation balloons by means ( inc5di>y bombs equipp$ ) fi%hooks :i* cat* 9 ! fabric or by ! use ( 8 ma*9e gun4 ,enemy batt]ies may also succe$ 9 gett+ ! range ( ! balloon & fire at x ) l>ge calib] %rapnel1 :i* spreads its fragm5ts ov] an area #ajj y>ds or m 9 diamet] :5 x bur/s4 ,s _m ( ! ,g]man balloons 7 d[n$ by ,fr5* & ,briti% aviators 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! w>--& ! ,g]mans retaliat$ 9 k9d--t a battle plane is n[ always detail$ to keep wat* above ! balloon to w>d (f attacks by a]oplanes4 ,escape ( ,balloon4 ,9 addition to ! risk ( be+ %ot d[n1 !re is ! ev]-pres5t dang] ( ! balloon be+ wreck$ by a sudd5 squall or ( its break+ away f its w9dlass ?r\gh ! p>t+ ( ! cable & float+ ov] ! enemy l9es4 ,balloons h be5 lo/ ?r\gh bo? causes 9 a numb] ( in/ances4 ,ea* ( ! two obs]v]s we>s a heavy h>ness to :i* is atta*$ a p>a*ute susp5d$ by a light cord f ! rigg+ ( ! balloon1 s t 9 case ( em]g5cy !y may save !mselves by jump+ )\t hav+ to make any prep>ations = _! sudd5 drop4 ,9 case ( ! breakage ( ! cable1 :i* usually results f a /rong w9d com+ up sudd5ly & putt+ a t]rific /ra9 on ! /eel l9e by j]k+ x1 ! obs]v]s are guid$ 9 _! actions by ! direction 9 :i* ! balloon moves4 ,:5 x is c>ry+ !m back ov] _! own t]ritory1 !y navigate 9 ! same mann] z a free balloon1 com+ to ! gr\nd z soon z a favorable l&+ place c be rea*$4 ,in/ruction 9 free balloon+ is accord+ly an important "p ( ! curriculum t ! kite balloon obs]v]s mu/ g ?r\gh4 ,%\ld ! w9d be 9 ! opposite direction1 h[ev]1 z only too (t5 proves to be ! case1 all in/rum5ts1 pap]s1 & maps are imm$iately ?r[n ov] ! side & ! obs]v]s promptly foll[ suit 9 _! p>a*utes1 ab&on+ ! balloon to its fate4 ,z ! balloon travels ) ! spe$ ( ! w9d1 once x is releas$1 & ! p>a*ute ( ! desc5d+ obs]v] is c>ri$ 9 ! same direction1 prompt action is vital to prev5t com+ to ! gr\nd 9 ! enemy's t]ritory4 ,9 a #cj-mile w9d1 = example1 only eight m9utes w\ld elapse f ! mom5t t ! balloon broke away until x trav]s$ ! #d miles int]v5+ betwe5 its /ation & ! enemy's l9es4 ,on "s occasions1 kite balloons :i* 7 n fit = fur!r s]vice h be5 load$ ) explosives & releas$ f a height t w\ld cause !m to l& well )9 ! enemy's t]ritory ) disa/r\s results to ! m5 detail$ to capture !m4 99,m>9e ,s]vice499 ,! kite balloon 0 fir/ us$ by ! ,briti% naval =ces 9 _! op]ations aga9/ ! ,d>danelles & prov$ s valuable t !y h s9ce be5 employ$ 9 fleet exp$itions 9 ! ,nor? ,sea z well z = anti-subm>9e "w4 ,9 ! latt] =m ( s]vice1 !y h ! same sup]iority ov] ! a]oplane = obs]vation t !y possess 9 l& op]ations4 ,! %ip naturally _c run ! risk ( rema9+ /ation>y1 b z ! spe$ ( ! balloon is ! same z t ( ! %ip t[+ x1 ! obs]v]s d n pass ov] a giv5 area ) any?+ l ! velocity ( an a]oplane1 :ile _! elevat$ position af=ds ! same advantages = detect+ ! pres5ce ( ! subm]g$ subm>9e or ! approa* ( enemy vessels4 ,,exam9ation ,,pap] ,,dirigible ,,balloons 99,read ,c>efully399 ,place y\r "n & full address at ! head ( ! pap]4 ,any *eap1 light pap] l ! sample previ\sly s5t y may be us$4 ,d n cr[d y\r "w1 b arrange x neatly & legibly4 ,d n copy ! answ]s f ! ,in/ruction ,pap]2 use y\r own words1 s t we may be sure y und]/& ! subject4 #a4 ,:at ess5tial features ( design did ,meusni]'s fir/ dirigible incorporate8 #b4 ,describe ! diff]5ce betwe5 rigid1 semi-rigid1 & flexible types ( dirigibles4 #c4 ,/ate ! laws gov]n+ ! increase ( resi/ance ) spe$1 ! increase ( p[] necess>y = a giv5 increase ( spe$1 & ! ratio 9 :i* ! volume & area ( ! gas bag increase ) increas$ dim5sions4 #d4 ,:at provides ! lift+ p[] ( ! dirigible & h[ is ?is lift+ p[] utiliz$8 ,:y %\ld ?is lift+ p[] be s mu* less at night ?an 9 ! daytime8 ,:at is net lift+ p[]8 #e4 ,:at are air balloonets8 ,h[ & = :at purpose are !y us$8 #f4 ,:at is ! mo/ effici5t =m ( envelope = ! dirigible1 & :y8 #g4 ,:y _c ! ord9>y sph]ical balloon be propell$ z a dirigible8 #h4 ,is ! =m ( ! /]n z important z ! b[8 #i4 ,:at is longitud9al /ability & h[ is x obta9$8 #aj4 ,h[ is /ability ( direction obta9$8 ,:at are /abiliz+ planes8 #aa4 ,:y mu/ a =m ( susp5sion = ! c> t _c be accid5tally displac$ ) relation to ! balloon be provid$8 #ab4 ,!oretically1 :]e %\ld ! propulsive ef=t be appli$ to a dirigible8 ,:at factors affect ! plac+ ( ! propell] & :at has be5 prov$ to be ! mo/ practical solution ( ! problem8 #ac4 ,discuss ! advantages ( ! kite balloon ov] ! a]oplane = obs]vation4 #ad4 ,:at is ! effect ( ! w9d on a mod]n kite balloon8 #ae4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 p\nds p] horsep[] & p\nds p] horsep[] h\r z appli$ to ! motor ( a dirigible8 ,:i* is m important8 #aj4 ,sket* & expla9 ! ,a/ra-,torres susp5sion4 #ag4 ,:at diff]5ces exi/ betwe5 a ,zeppel9 & a ,s*utte-,lanz dirigible8 #ah4 ,describe ! ,l-#di1 discuss+ p[] plant & control4 #ai4 ,def9e /atic & dynamic equilibrium z appli$ to ! dirigible4 #bj4 ,is ! ,zeppel9 effective8 ,discuss fully4 99,aft] complet+ ! "w1 add & sign ! foll[+ /atem5t399 ,i h]eby c]tify t ! above "w is entirely my own4 7,sign$7