,transcriber ,note    ,text emphasis    
denoted as ,italics and ,bold4 ,whole   
and fractional parts  of numbers as     
#abc-d_/e4                           ,u4
 ,s4 ,,department ,,of ,,agriculture    
,,farmers' ,,bulletin ,no4 #gcd         
,,flytraps ,,and ,,their ,,operation    
,,dc ,,both ,,the ,,house ,,fly ,,and   
,,blowflies may be captured in traps4   
,the  character of the bait used and the
 location of the traps greatly influence
  the kind of flies caught4 ,this       
bulletin tells how to make the flytraps 
that have been found most effective1    
where to put them1 and how to bait  and 
care for them4    ,flytrapping1 of      
course1 affords only partial relief4    
,the logical method  of fly control is  
to prevent the multiplication of these  
pests by proper  disposal of or         
treatment of their breeding places4 ,the
 reader is therefore  referred to       
,farmers' ,bulletin #adjh for further   
information on house-fly  control1 to   
,farmers' ,bulletin #ajig for various   

methods of combating the  stable fly1   
and to ,farmers' ,bulletin #heg for     
additional measures to be  used against 
the screw-worm fly and certain other    
blowflies injurious to  livestock4      
,issued ,june #aj1 #aiaf    ,washington1
 ,d4 ,c4                                
,revised ,march1 #aicj                  
,,additional ,,copies                   
,,of ,,this ,,publication ,,may ,,be    
,,procured ,,from                       
,,the ,,superintendent ,,of ,,documents 
,u4 ,s4 ,,government ,,printing ,,office
                                        
,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4                   
,,at                               #e   
,,cents ,,per ,,copy                    
,,flytraps ,,and ,,their ,,operation    
,by ,f4 ,c4 ,bishopp1                   
,principal ,entomologist in ,charge1    
,division of ,insects ,affecting        
,man and ,animals1 ,bureau of           
,entomology          ,,contents         
,page      ,uses and limitations of     
flytraps                       #a       

,kinds of flies caught                  
#a      ,types of traps                 
#b      ,trapping the screw-worm fly    
#aa      ,baits for traps               
#aa      ,bait containers               
#ac      ,care and location of traps    
#ad      ,sticky fly papers             
#ad          ,,uses ,,and ,,limitations 
,,of ,,flytraps      ,,dc ,,flytraps    
have a distinct place in the control of 
the house fly  and other noxious fly    
species4 ,there is a general tendency1  
however1  for those engaged in combating
 flies to put too much dependence on the
  flytrap as a method of abating the    
nuisance4 ,it should be borne in mind   
that flytrapping is only supplementary  
to other methods of control1 most       
notable of which is the prevention of   
breeding either by completely  disposing
 of breeding places or by treating the  
breeding material with  chemicals4      
,it may be said that there are two main 
ways in which flytraps are  valuable3   
7#a7 ,by catching flies which come to   

clean premises from  other places which 
are insanitary and 7#b7 by capturing    
those flies  which invariably escape in 
greater or less numbers the other means 
of  destruction which may be practiced4 
,furthermore1 the number of flies       
caught in traps serves as an index of   
the effectiveness of campaigns  against 
breeding places4    ,flytrapping should 
begin early in the spring if it is to be
 of greatest  value4 ,although          
comparatively few flies are caught in   
the early spring1  their destruction    
means the prevention of the development 
of myriads of  flies by midsummer4      
,,kinds ,,of ,,flies ,,caught      ,the 
various species of flies which are      
commonly annoying about habitations  or 
where foodstuffs are being prepared may 
be divided roughly into two  classes3   
7#a7 ,those which breed in animal       
matter1 consisting mainly of the  so    
called blowflies1 including the         
screw-worm fly2#a and 7#b7 those which  
breed in vegetable as well as in animal 

matter4 ,in the latter group the  house 
fly#b is by far the most important4 ,the
 stable fly is strictly a  vegetable    
breeder1 as are also certain other      
species which occasionally  come into   
houses and in rare cases may contaminate
 foodstuffs4 ,the stable  fly1#c which  
breeds in horse manure or decaying      
vegetable matter1 and  the horn fly1#d  
which breeds in cow manure1 are         
blood-sucking species1  and can be      
caught in ordinary flytraps in          
comparatively small numbers  only4 ,the 
kind of flies caught depends to a       
considerable extent on the  material    
used for bait4 ,in general1 the house   
fly and other species which  breed in   
vegetable matter are attracted to       
vegetable substances1 while the         
blowflies will come most readily to     
animal matter4 ,this rule1 of course1   
is not absolute1 as flies are less      
restricted in feeding than in breeding  
habits1 and1 as is well known1 the house
 fly is attracted to a greater or  less 

extent to any moist material1 especially
 if it has an odor4    #a ,cochliomyia  
macellaria ,fab4    #b ,musca domestica 
,l4    #c ,stomoxys calcitrans ,l4    #d
 ,haematobia irritans ,l4               
,,types ,,of ,,traps      ,the same     
general principle is involved in nearly 
all flytraps in use1  though            
superficially they may appear quite     
different4 ,the flies are  attracted    
into a cage1 as it were1 by going       
through a passage the entrance  of which
 is large and the exit small1 so that   
there is little chance  of the flies1   
once in1 finding their way out again4   
,this principle is  modified to fit     
different conditions4 ,for instance1 the
 window trap1  devised by ,c4 ,f4       
,hodge1 catches the flies as they       
endeavor to enter or  leave a building2 
the garbage-can trap1 for which         
,professor ,hodge is also  to be        
credited1 catches the flies that have   
entered garbage cans2 and the           
manure-box trap retains the flies bred  

from infested manure put into the  box  
or pit4    ,the attractant used to      
induce flies to enter traps may consist 
of 7#a7  food1 as in baited traps2 7#b7 
odors1 as in window traps placed in     
windows  from which odors are emitted2  
and 7#c7 light1 as in traps on manure   
boxes4  ,of course1 light is an         
important factor in the success of all  
traps1 for1  as is well known1 flies    
have a marked tendency to go toward the 
light1 and  they usually enter the trap 
by flying toward the light after having 
been  attracted beneath it by bait or   
after entering a room in search of food4
      ,,conical ,,traps    ,a number of 
traps of this general type are on the   
market1 but most of  these are of small 
size4 ,nearly all are constructed with a
 dome instead of  a cone1 and on this   
account the catching power is reduced   
about one-third4  ,moreover1 the farmer1
 dairyman1 or anyone with a few tools   
can construct  traps at a small fraction
 of the sale price of ready-made ones4  

,there are now being made by certain    
firms in the ,southwest traps of the    
dimensions and with the desirable       
features discussed in the following     
pages4 ,these traps are all metal and   
some are built so that they can be      
taken apart for shipment4      ,,the    
,,conical ,,hoop ,,trap    ,a trap which
 appears from extensive tests made by   
,e4 ,w4 ,laake and the  writer to be    
best for effective trapping1 durability1
 ease of construction  and repair1 and  
cheapness may be made as follows3       
,the trap consists essentially of a     
screen cylinder with a frame made of    
barrel hoops1 in the bottom of which is 
inserted a screen cone4 ,the height  or 
the cylinder is #bd inches1 the diameter
 #ah inches1 and the cone is #bb  inches
 high1 and #ah inches in diameter at the
 base4 ,material necessary  for this    
trap consists of four new or secondhand 
wooden barrel hoops1 one  barrel head1  
four laths1 #aj feet of strips #a to    
inches wide #a one-half  inch thick     

7portions of old boxes will suffice71   
#fa linear inches of #ab or  #ad mesh   
galvanized screening #bd inches wide for
 the sides of the trap and  #da inches  
of screening #bf inches wide for the    
cone and door1 an ounce of  carpet      
tacks1 and two turn-buttons1 which may  
be made of wood4 ,the total  cost of the
 material for this trap1 if all is      
bought new at retail prices  is about   
#a4 ,in practically all cases1 however1 
the barrel hoops1 barrel  head1 lath1   
and strips can be obtained without      
expense4 ,this would reduce  the cost to
 that of the wire and tacks1 which would
 be about #hj cents4  ,if a larger      
number of traps are constructed at one  
time1 the cost is  considerably reduced4
    ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,conical 
hoop flytrap1 side view4 ,a1 hoops      
forming  frame at bottom2 ,b1 hoops     
forming frame at top2 ,c1 top of trap   
made of  barrel head2 ,d1 strips around 
door2 ,e1 door frame2 ,f1 screen on     
door2 ,g1  buttons holding door2 ,h1    

screen on outside of trap2 ,i1 strips on
 side of  trap between hoops2 ,j1 tips  
of these strips projecting to form legs2
 ,k1  cone2 ,l1 united edges of screen  
forming cone2 ,m1 aperture at apex of   
cone    ,one of these traps is          
illustrated in ,figures #a and #b4 ,in  
constructing the  trap two of the hoops 
are bent in a circle 7#ah inches in     
diameter on the  inside71 and nailed    
together1 the ends being trimmed to give
 a close fit4  ,these form the bottom of
 the frame 7,a71 and the other two1     
prepared in a  similar way1 the top     
7,b74 ,the top 7,c7 of the trap is made 
of an ordinary  barrel head with the    
bevel edge sawed off sufficiently to    
cause the head  to fit closely in the   
hoops and allow secure nailing4 ,a      
square1 #aj inches  on the side1 is cut 
out of the center of the top to form a  
door4 ,the  portions of the top 7barrel 
head7 are held together by inch strips  
7,d7  placed around the opening one-half
 inch from the edge to form a jamb for  

the door4 ,the door consists of a narrow
 frame 7,e7 covered with screen 7,f7    
well fitted to the trap and held in     
place 7not hinged7 by buttons 7,g74     
,the top is then nailed in the upper    
hoops and the sides 7,h7 formed by      
closely tacking screen wire on the      
outside of the hoops4 ,four laths 7,i7  
7or light strips7 are nailed to the     
hoops on the outside of the trap to  act
 as supports between the hoops1 and the 
ends are allowed to project #a  inch at 
the bottom to form legs 7,j74 ,the legs 
are made to project inches  when the    
traps are to be used with bait pans #d  
inches deep in trapping  screw-worm     
flies4 ,the cone 7,k7 is cut from the   
screen and either sewed  with fine wire 
or soldered where the edges meet at     
7,l71 or a narrow lath  may be nailed   
along these edges4 ,the apex of the cone
 is then cut off to  give an aperture   
7,m7 #a inch in diameter4 ,it is then   
inserted in the trap  and closely tacked
 to the hoop around the base4           

,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,conical hoop
 flytrap1 top view4 ,letters designate  
parts as in ,figure #a    ,the          
construction of a cone of any given     
height or diameter is quite simple  if  
the following method be observed4 ,it is
 best to cut a pattern from a  large    
piece of heavy paper1 cardboard1 or tin4
 ,figure #c illustrates the  method of  
laying out a cone of the proper         
dimensions for the above trap4  ,an     
ordinary square is placed on the        
material from which the pattern is to   
be cut2 a distance 7#bb inches7 equal to
 the height of the cone is laid off  on 
one leg of the square at ,a1 and a      
distance 7#i inches7 equal to one-half  
of the diameter of the base of the cone 
is laid off on the other leg at ,b1  and
 a line is drawn between the points ,a  
and ,b4 ,with the distance between      
these points as a radius and with the   
point ,a as a center1 the portion of  a 
circle1 ,,cd1 is drawn4 ,with a pair of 
dividers1 the legs of which are set  #a 

inch apart1 or with the square1 lay off 
as many inches on the arc ,,cd1         
starting at ,c1 as there are inches     
around the base of the cone1 which in   
this case is about #ef inches1 reaching 
nearly to the point ,e4 ,then add       
one-half inch for the lapping of the    
edges of the cone1 and one-half inch    
which is taken up when the cone is      
tacked in1 thus making a total distance 
from ,c to ,e of #eg inches4 ,draw a    
line from ,a to ,c and another from ,a  
to  ,e1 and cut out the pattern on these
 lines and on the arc from ,c to ,e1 as 
shown in ,figure #c4 ,the edges ,,ac and
 ,,ae are then brought together1 lapped 
one-half inch1 and sewed with wire or   
soldered4 ,after the aperture of the    
cone is formed by cutting off the apex1 
as previously described1 it is  ready   
for insertion in the trap4              
,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4--,method of    
laying out a pattern for the            
construction of a cone4 ,cut out on     
curved line from ,c to ,e and on dotted 

lines from ,a to ,c and ,a to ,b    ,in 
order to figure the distance around the 
base of a cone of any given  diameter1  
multiply the diameter by #c4adaf or     
#c-a_/g4    ,the height of the legs of  
the trap1 the height of the cone1 and   
the size  of the aperture in the top of 
the cone1 each is of importance in      
securing  the greatest efficiency4      
,,other ,,forms ,,of ,,conical ,,traps  
,a modification of the previously       
described trap has been made by ,d4 ,c4 
,parman of the ,bureau of ,entomology4  
,the principal point of advantage in    
this type is that it can be made more   
quickly and with fewer tools4 ,the      
principles and dimensions are the same1 
the most striking difference being  the 
absence of a wooden top4 ,a single hoop 
with the thick edge down forms  the     
upper frame of the cylinder and the     
entire top is made of screen4 ,a        
circular piece of screen with a diameter
 about #c inches greater than the       
diameter of the cylinder is cut2 a hoop 

with a diameter equal to the  inside of 
the top of the trap is then made of     
heavy wire and laid upon the  disk of   
screen and the edges of the screen bent 
in over it4 ,by folding in  and crimping
 the edges of the wire over the wire    
hoop it will remain in  position without
 difficulty and the edges of the screen 
disk are used to  lift the top of the   
trap out for emptying flies4 ,it is     
important to have  the screen top fit   
the inside of the cylinder very snugly  
at all points4  ,if there is any space  
left where flies can escape it is a good
 plan to  bind the edge of the top with 
a strip of burlap4 ,this not only helps 
to close the openings but keeps the hoop
 in place and aids in removing  the top4
 ,another difference is that the screen 
forming the sides of the  cylinder is   
placed on the inside of the hoops and   
legs1 the frame being  built first and  
then the cylinder formed by tacking the 
wire on the inside  of the hoops and    
nailing in along the upright strips and 

against the wire  short pieces of laths 
with their upper ends against the lower 
edge of the  hoop forming the top of the
 trap and extending downward along the  
legs  about two-thirds of their length4 
,these strips hold the wire in place and
  give rigidity to the trap1 and they   
are thick enough to project beyond the  
inner surface of the hoop and form a    
support upon which the edges of the     
screen top rest4    ,conical traps with 
galvanized-iron frames are satisfactory1
 but they  are less easily rescreened4  
,these1 of course1 can be constructed   
only  by shops with considerable        
equipment4 ,traps constructed with a    
wooden  disk about the base of the cone1
 and a similar disk around the top to   
serve as a frame1 or those with a square
 wooden frame at the bottom and  top1   
with strips up the corners1 are fairly  
satisfactory4 ,it should be  borne in   
mind1 however1 that the factor which    
determines the number of  flies caught  
is the diameter of the base of the cone1

 if other things are  equal4 ,therefore1
 the space taken up by the wooden       
framework is largely  wasted1 and if it 
is too wide it will have a deterrent    
effect on the flies  which come toward  
the bait4 ,for this reason it is        
advisable that the  wood around the base
 of the cone should be as narrow as     
consistent with  strength--usually about
 #c inches4    ,under no condition      
should the sides or top of the trap be  
of solid  material1 as the elimination  
of light from the top or sides has been 
found  to decrease the catch from #ej to
 #ge per cent4      ,,all-,,metal       
,,flytrap    ,where large numbers of    
traps are to be constructed1 and        
especially if  they are to be used for  
trapping screw-worm flies on the range1 
it is  desirable to make them with metal
 rather than wooden frames4 ,traps with 
galvanized-iron frames are now being    
used extensively on ranches in  central 
and western ,texas in combating the     
screw-worm fly4 ,mechanics  may wish to 

vary details of construction from those 
given in the  specifications1 but the   
dimensions and general features of the  
trap should  not be altered4 ,the cost  
of the metal-framed traps varies from   
about #c4ej  to #e each according to the
 number ordered1 the workmanship1 and   
the kind  of materials used4 ,for the   
guidance of those who desire such traps 
the  following directions1 together with
 a working drawing 7fig4 #d71 are given3
      ,,specifications                  
,dimensions--,as per working drawing4   
,wire--#ad-mesh galvanized or preferably
 copper screen wire4                    
,cylinder--,wire gauze1 to be soldered  
completely around inside of    top ring 
and at intervals of #b inches or less in
 groove of bottom    ring4 ,vertical    
seam to be soldered entire and placed   
behind one leg4    ,where shipment of   
traps is not contemplated the diameter  
of the top    of the cylinder may be the
 same as that of the bottom4            
,top--,wire gauze to be soldered        

completely around periphery on    inside
 of top ring4      ,cone--,wire gauze to
 be soldered completely around inside of
 cone    ring and vertically along seam4
 ,a #a-;inch inlet hole shall be formed 
at apex of cone4      ,frame--,to be    
made of #bd-;gauge galvanized iron4     
,this includes top    and bottom rings  
and legs4      ,legs--,galvanized-iron  
channels made as per detailed drawing   
and    secured to top and bottom rings  
with four rivets1 #a_/h inch in         
diameter1 to each leg4 ,first turned and
 drilled as per drawing4      ,bottom   
cylinder ring--,j shaped1 with bottom   
edge of cylinder    dropped into        
,j--crimped and soldered to secure4     
,ends of ring riveted    to secure4     
,cone ring--,galvanized-iron band with  
#c_/af-;inch round iron wire    rolled  
into lower edge1 as per cross-section   
drawing of cone ring4      ,wing        
nuts--,four copper wing bolts and nuts1 
as per drawing1 to hold    cone securely
 in place4      ,,manure-,,box ,,traps  

,manure pits or boxes are desirable for 
the temporary storage of manure1        
especially in towns and cities4 ,these  
have been widely advocated1 but the     
difficulty has been that manure often   
becomes infested before it is put  into 
them1 and flies frequently breed out    
before the boxes are emptied and  often 
escape through the cracks4 ,to obviate  
these difficulties a manure  box or pit1
 with a modified tent trap or cone trap 
attached1 is desirable4  ,arthur ,swaim1
 of ,florida1 has devised a form of     
manure trap consisting of  a series of  
screen tents with exit holes along the  
ridges of these1 over  which is a screen
 box4 ,the latter retains the flies as  
they pass through  the holes in the     
tents4 ,the entire trap is removable4   
,in order to retain the fertilizing     
value of manure to the greatest extent1 
it is advisable to exclude the air from 
it as much as possible and to  protect  
it from the leaching action of rains4   
,this being the case1 there  is really  

no necessity to cover a large portion of
 the top of the box  with a trap1 but   
merely to have holes large enough to    
attract flies to  the light and cover   
these holes with ordinary conical traps 
with the legs  cut off so the bottom of 
the trap will fit closely to the box4   
,the same  arrangement can be made where
 manure is kept in a pit4 ,in large bins
 two  or more holes covered with traps  
should be provided for the escape of the
  flies4    ,manure boxes should be used
 by all stock owners in towns and       
cities1 and  they are also adaptable to 
farms4 ,the size of the manure bin      
should be  governed by the individual   
needs1 but for use on the farm it is    
desirable  to make it large enough to   
hold all of the manure produced during  
the  busiest season of the year4 ,a box 
#ad feet long1 #aj feet wide1 and #d    
feet  deep will hold the manure produced
 by two horses during about five months4
  ,about #b cubic feet of box space     
should be allowed for each horse per    

day4  ,the bin should be made of        
concrete or heavy plank4 ,when the      
latter is used  the cracks should be    
battened to prevent the escape of flies4
 ,the bin  should have a concrete floor 
or it may be set in the ground several  
inches  and the dirt closely banked     
around the outside4 ,for the admission  
of the  manure a good-sized door should 
be provided in either end of a large    
bin4  ,a portion of the top should be   
made easily removable for convenience in
  emptying the box1 or one entire end of
 the box may be hinged4 ,on account  of 
the danger of the door being left open  
through carelessness it is  advisable to
 arrange a lift door which can be opened
 by placing the foot  on a treadle as   
the manure is shoveled in4 ,the door    
should be heavy enough  to close        
automatically when the treadle is       
released4    ,illustration3 ,fig4       
#d4--,working drawings of all-metal     
flytrap4 ,the cones  are removable and  
traps and cones can be telescoped for   

shipment4 ,the trap  may be made #ah    
inches in diameter at the top as well as
 at the bottom if  traps are not to be  
shipped    ,illustration3 ,fig4         
#e4--,use of flytrap in connection with 
manure bin4 ,a1  block of wood set in   
ground to which lever raising door is   
hinged    ,a concrete pit set on a slope
 so that the manure may be dumped in    
from a  wheelbarrow is convenient for   
dairy farms4 ,for large stock farms it  
may be  desirable to have a concrete pit
 so constructed as to permit of the     
manure  being taken directly into it    
with a litter carrier and doors provided
  which are large enough to admit a     
wagon or manure spreader for the removal
  of the material4    ,a manure bin with
 flytrap attached is shown in ,figure   
#e4    ,attention is directed to a      
maggot trap devised by ,r4 ,h4          
,hutchison1 as  described in ,farmers'  
,bulletin #hea of the ,department of    
,agriculture4 ,where  large quantities  
of manure are produced on a farm1 this  

method of storing  the manure on a      
platform and trapping the maggots which 
breed out may be  more convenient than  
the manure bin4      ,,window ,,traps   
,c4 ,f4 ,hodge has designed a trap which
 is really a modified tent trap  adapted
 to use in a window4 ,this trap is      
constructed so as to catch the  flies as
 they enter or leave through the window4
 ,it is adaptable to  barns which are   
fairly free from cracks or other places 
where flies may  enter4 ,it may also be 
used on windows of buildings where      
foodstuffs are  prepared and where flies
 endeavor to enter through the windows  
or escape  after having gained entrance 
through other passageways4 ,all openings
 not  provided with traps should be     
closely screened1 and on large buildings
  traps may be installed in every third 
window4    ,illustration3 ,fig4         
#f4--;,hodge type window trap4 ,at left1
 trap with end  removed to show         
construction2 at right1 cross section of
 trap placed in a  window4 ,a1 end of   

trap2 ,b1 upper side of folds in screen2
 ,c1 lower side of  folds in screen2 ,d1
 portion of end of trap sawed out and   
returned after  attaching screen2 ,e1   
holes along apex of folds2 ,f1 door for 
removing dead  flies2 ,g1 window sill2  
,h1 upper window sash2 ,i1 inside       
entrance for flies2  ,o1 outside        
entrances    ,this trap is essentially a
 screen box closely fitted to the frame 
of a  window4 7,see fig4 #f47 ,the      
thickness of the box at ,a should be    
about #ab  inches4 ,instead of the      
screen running straight down over the   
box on either  side1 it is folded inward
 nearly to the center of the frame in   
,v-shaped  folds running longitudinally 
across the window4 ,one1 two1 or even   
more  folds may be made in the screen on
 either side4 ,the upper side of the    
fold  ,b should extend toward the center
 almost at right angles with the side of
  the trap2 that is1 parallel with the  
top and bottom2 and the lower side ,c   
should slant downward as shown in the   

drawing4 ,the sides of the frame may  be
 cut out at the proper angle and the    
pieces ,d returned after the screen  has
 been tacked along the edges4 ,along the
 apex 7inner edge7 of each fold  is     
punched a series of holes ,e about      
one-half inch in diameter and #a  inch  
apart4 ,the apices of the folds on      
either side of the window should  not be
 directly opposite4 ,a narrow door ,f   
opening downward on hinges  should be   
made on one side of the trap at the     
bottom for removal of the  dead flies4  
,the entire trap is fastened to the     
window by hooks so that it  may be      
readily taken off4 ,an additional       
trapping feature may be added by        
providing a tent trap fitted in the     
bottom of the box4 ,a narrow slit is    
left along the base to allow the flies  
to enter beneath the tent4 ,bait may  be
 placed under the tent to attract the   
flies4    ,it has been found that the   
use of these window traps will aid in   
protecting animals in barns from stable 

flies and mosquitoes1 and in  some cases
 horseflies and other noxious species   
are caught4 ,they tend to  exclude the  
light1 however1 and are somewhat        
cumbersome1 especially in  thin-walled  
buildings4          ,,trapping ,,the    
,,screw-,,worm ,,fly#e    #e            
,cochliomyia macellaria ,fab4           
,recent efforts to reduce the loss to   
the livestock industry of the           
,southwest resulting from the ravages of
 the screw-worm have directed  attention
 to the employment of flytraps in this  
work4    ,mention has been made of the  
importance of preventing the breeding of
  flies as a prerequisite to effective  
control4 ,this is equally true of the   
screw-worm and other blowflies1 which   
attack animals1 and of the house  fly4  
,in the case of these blowflies main    
dependence must be placed on the        
complete and prompt burning of all      
carcasses and animal refuse4            
,experiments conducted in the range     
sections of ,texas indicate that traps  

properly baited and set are of material 
aid in preventing screw-worm  injury to 
livestock4 ,if general trapping is      
undertaken1 at least three  or four     
traps should be maintained on each      
section of land4 ,these should  be      
located preferably near watering places 
and where cattle congregate1  especially
 in the so-called hospital pastures or  
traps1 where the  screw-worm-infested   
animals are kept for treatment4    ,the 
conical-type traps as described are     
advised4 ,the traps should be set  in   
broken shade on a board platform about  
#b feet square1 securely fastened  to a 
tree or on a post where the trap and    
bait will be the least disturbed  by    
stock or wild animals4    ,during the   
latter half of one season over #ajj     
gallons of flies1 the vast  majority of 
which were screw-worm flies1 were       
captured in about #be traps  operated on
 a ranch in west ,texas4    ,the        
question of the baits best adapted for  
this species and other points  in regard

 to the operation of the traps are      
briefly discussed under  subsequent     
headings4          ,,baits ,,for ,,traps
      ,the problem of selecting the best
 bait for flies is an important one4    
,in choosing a bait it should be        
remembered that it is largely the       
fermentation which renders the material 
attractive1 and that baits are  most    
attractive during their most active     
period of fermentation4 ,as has  been   
indicated1 the kind of bait used should 
be governed by the species of  flies the
 destruction of which is desired4 ,this 
is most often the house  fly4    ,a     
mixture of #a part of a cheap cane      
molasses 7blackstrap or ,new ,orleans7  
and #c parts of water is one of the most
 economical and effective baits  for the
 house fly4 ,sugar-beet or stock        
molasses1 which is very cheap in        
regions where produced1 when mixed in   
the foregoing proportions is fairly     
attractive4 ,sirup made by dissolving #a
 part of ordinary brown sugar in #d     

parts of water and allowing the mixture 
to stand a day or two to induce         
fermentation is almost equal to molasses
 and water as a fly bait4 ,if it is     
desired to use the sirup immediately    
after making it1 a small quantity of    
vinegar should be added4 ,honeybees are 
sometimes caught in large numbers  with 
this bait4 ,when this happens some of   
the other baits recommended  should be  
used4    ,on dairy farms probably milk  
is next choice as a bait to             
cane-molasses  solution1 considering its
 convenience4 ,the addition of ripe     
bananas or  other fruit increases the   
attractiveness of the milk bait4 ,the   
curd  from milk1 with one-half pound of 
brown sugar added for each pound1 and   
water to make it thoroughly moist1 is a 
very good bait and continues to  be     
attractive for #aj days or longer if    
,kept moist4 ,a mash consisting  of     
one-half pound of bran1 #a quart of     
milk1 #a quart of water1 #b             
tablespoonfuls of brown sugar1 and a    

yeast cake makes an attractive and      
lasting bait4    ,the foregoing baits   
are rendered more attractive by stirring
 occasionally4      ,,blowfly ,,baits   
,,for ,,use ,,around ,,markets1 ,,etc4  
,with the baits before mentioned few    
blowflies will be caught4 ,for use      
about slaughterhouses1 butcher shops1   
and other places where blowflies  are   
troublesome it has been determined that 
the mucous membranes which  form the    
lining of the intestines of cattle or   
hogs are without equal as  a bait4 ,this
 material1 which is commonly spoken of  
as gut slime1 can  be obtained from     
packing houses where sausage casings are
 prepared4 ,the  offensive odor of this 
bait renders its use undesirable around 
habitations  or materials intended for  
human consumption4    ,at the front of  
and at loading docks of meat-packing    
establishments1 where  house flies are  
troublesome and blowflies are usually   
not abundant1 it  is best to bait the   
traps with one of the house-fly baits   

listed above4  ,around meat markets1    
where both house flies and blowflies    
abound1 one of  the combination baits   
given on page #ac should be employed4   
,,baits ,,for ,,screw-,,worms ,,and     
,,blowflies ,,under ,,range ,,conditions
    ,where rabbits or other wild animals
 are plentiful they make a very         
satisfactory bait for use on the ranges2
 in fact1 they are rather better  than  
any other available bait4 ,the animal   
should be opened up so as to  expose the
 intestines2 and when the weather is    
very dry it is best to  keep some water 
in the pan1 as it adds to the           
attractiveness of the bait4  ,entrails  
and other animal refuse may be utilized 
in a similar way when  they are         
available4 ,in large trapping operations
 goats or sheep culled  from the flock  
are cut up for bait1 from #a to #b      
pounds of meat being used  in each bait 
pan4    ,the main objection to the use  
of these meat baits is that some maggots
 are  likely to complete their growth   

and escape from the bait pans4 ,this can
 be  largely avoided by adding nicotine 
sulphate to the water in the bait pan   
in the proportion of one teaspoonful to 
each gallon of water4 ,this does  not   
check the decomposition enough to reduce
 the attractiveness of the  bait and    
practically prohibits the escape of any 
maggots4    ,as a substitute for wild   
animals or animal refuse when they are  
not  available1 experiments show that   
fairly satisfactory catches can be      
secured by utilizing dried gut slime or 
dried whole egg4 ,the former  is not    
generally on the market but can be      
prepared by packing houses at  a        
moderate cost4 ,both of these materials 
are easily carried on a saddle  horse1  
and all that is necessary is to place   
about one-fourth pound in  the bait pan 
and add #a gallon of water1 after which 
the mixture should be  stirred4 ,the    
more frequently any of these baits is   
agitated1 the greater  the catch which  
will be secured4 ,if the bait is kept   

well moistened it  will continue        
attractive for #aj days or longer4      
,these baits should be  kept alkaline by
 the addition1 once or twice a week1 of 
a teaspoonful of  washing or baking     
soda4      ,,combination ,,baits        
,with a number of the baits before      
mentioned both house flies and blowflies
  are captured4 ,this is especially true
 with the gut slime and dried egg4      
,where both of these kinds of flies are 
abundant such baits are desirable4      
,certain other mixtures may also be     
utilized4 ,a packing-house product known
  as blood tankage is a good fly bait   
when used before drying and with        
molasses and water4 ,fish scraps or meat
 scraps1 especially with molasses  and  
water added1 will attract all kinds of  
flies4 ,overripe or fermenting  fruit   
such as watermelon rinds or crushed     
bananas often gives very  satisfactory  
results4 ,a combination of overripe     
bananas with milk is much  more         
attractive than either one used         

separately4          ,,bait ,,containers
      ,the size of the bait container in
 relation to the size of the trap is  a 
very important consideration4 ,it has   
been found that a small pan or  a deep  
pan of bait set in the center under a   
trap will catch only a  small fraction  
of the number of flies secured by using 
larger shallow  containers4 ,the best   
and most convenient pan for baits is a  
shallow  circular tin1 such as the cover
 of a lard bucket4 ,under range         
conditions  it is advisable to use a    
more substantial bait pan and preferably
 one  #d inches deep1 so that a greater 
quantity of bait may be used1 thus      
preventing complete drying out between  
visits to the trap4 ,its diameter       
should be about #d inches less than that
 of the base of the trap1 thus  bringing
 the edge within #b inches of the       
outside edge of the trap4 ,for  liquid  
baits the catch can be increased        
slightly by placing a piece of  sponge  
or a few chips in the center of the bait

 pan to provide additional  surface upon
 which the flies may alight4            
,,care ,,and ,,location ,,of ,,traps    
,in many cases flytrapping has been     
rendered ineffectual by the fact  that  
the traps were not properly placed or   
cared for4 ,in setting traps  a location
 should be chosen where flies naturally 
congregate4 ,this is  usually on the    
sunny side of a building out of the     
wind4 ,in hot weather1  however1 traps  
should be placed so as to be in shade   
during midday4 ,it is  exceedingly      
important that the bait containers be   
kept well filled4 ,this  usually        
requires attention every other day4 ,the
 bait pans should be washed  out at     
rather frequent intervals4 ,this gives a
 larger catch and avoids the  danger of 
flies breeding in the material used for 
bait4 ,further1 it should  be borne in  
mind that traps can not be operated     
successfully throughout  the season     
without emptying them4 ,where flies are 
abundant and the bait  pans are properly

 attended to the traps should be emptied
 at weekly  intervals4 ,where flies     
become piled high against the side of   
the cone1 the  catching power of the    
trap is considerably reduced4 ,the      
destruction of the  flies is best       
accomplished by immersing the trap in   
hot water or1 still  better1 where a    
tight barrel is at hand place a few live
 coals in a pan  on the ground1 scatter 
two tablespoonfuls of sulphur over them1
 place the  trap over the coals1 and    
turn the barrel over the trap4 ,all of  
the flies  will be rendered motionless  
in about five minutes4 ,they may then be
 killed  by using hot water1 throwing   
them into a fire1 or burying them4 ,in  
the  operation of flytraps in           
controlling the screw-worm it has not   
been found  necessary1 especially during
 hot weather1 to kill the flies1 as they
 die  very rapidly within the traps4 ,in
 order to empty a trap it may be        
inverted  and the dead flies shaken     
down4 ,as the living flies will         

naturally go  upward1 the door may then 
be removed and the dead flies shaken    
out1 the  door replaced1 and the trap   
set upright without loss of many of the 
living  flies4 ,the location of traps   
used against the screw-worm fly is      
briefly  discussed on page #aa4         
,,sticky ,,fly ,,papers      ,sticky fly
 papers are of some value in destroying 
flies which have  gained access to      
houses1 but they have marked limitations
 and numerous  objectionable features4  
,for use out of doors traps are much    
more effective  and economical4         
,doctor ,crumbine1 of the ,kansas ,state
 ,board of ,health1 gives the following 
method for preparing fly paper3    ,take
 #b pounds of rosin and #a pint of      
castor oil2 heat together until it      
looks like molasses4 ,take an ordinary  
paintbrush and smear while hot on  any  
kind of paper--an old newspaper is      
good--and place several about the  room4
 ,a dozen of these may be made at a cost
 of #a cent4                 99       99

       99       99       99             
,transcriber ,note    ,minor typos have 
been corrected4 ,illustrations were     
moved to prevent  splitting paragraphs4 
,produced from files generously made    
available by  ,,usda through ,the       
,internet ,archive4 ,all resultant      
materials are placed in  the ,public    
,domain4