,equ9octial ,regions ( ,am]ica ,alex&] von ,humboldt ,,bohn',s ,,sci5tific ,,libr>y4 ,,humboldt',s ,,p]sonal ,,n>rative ,,volume #a4 ,,p]sonal ,,n>rative ,,( ,,travels ,,to ,,! ,,equ9octial ,,regions ,,( ,,am]ica ,,dur+ ,,! ,,ye>s #agii-ahjd ,,by ,,alex&] ,,von ,,humboldt ,,& ,,aime ,,bonpl&4 ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,fr5* ,,( ,,alex&] ,,von ,,humboldt ,,& ,,edit$ ,,by ,,?omas9a ,,ross4 ,,9 ,,?ree ,,volumes ,,volume #a4 ,,london4 ,,george ,,bell ,,sons4 #aijg4 ,,london3 ,,portugal ,,/41 ,,l9coln',s ,,inn4 ,,cambridge3 ,,deighton1 ,,bell ,,& ,,co4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,co4 ,,bombay3 ,a4,h4 ,,:eel] ,,& ,,co4 ,,editor',s ,,preface4 ,! increas+ int]e/ atta*$ to all t "p ( ! ,am]ican ,cont95t situat$ )9 & ne> ! tropics1 has sugge/$ ! publication ( ! pres5t edition ( ,humboldt's celebrat$ "w1 z a portion ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,libr>y4 ,prior to ! travels ( ,humboldt & ,bonpl&1 ! c\ntries describ$ 9 ! foll[+ n>rative 7 b imp]fectly kn[n to ,europeans4 ,= our p>tial acqua9tance ) !m we 7 *iefly indebt$ to ! e>ly navigators1 & to "s ( ! foll[]s ( ! ,spani% ,conqui/adores4 ,! intrepid m5 ^: c\rage & ent]prise prompt$ !m to explore unkn[n seas = ! discov]y ( a ,new ,_w1 h left beh9d !m n>ratives ( _! adv5tures1 & descriptions ( ! /range l&s & p !y visit$1 :i* mu/ ev] be p]us$ ) curiosity & int]e/2 & "s ( ! foll[]s ( ,piz>ro & ,cortez1 z well z _m le>n$ ,spani>ds :o proce$$ to ,s\? ,am]ica soon aft] ! conque/1 7 ! au?ors ( hi/orical & o!r works ( high value4 ,b ^! writ+s ( a pa/ age1 h[ev] curi\s & int]e/+1 are defici5t 9 t _s ( sci5tific inve/igation :i* enhances ! importance & utility ( acc\nts ( travels 9 di/ant regions4 ,9 m rec5t times1 ! rese>*es ( ,la ,condam9e t5d$ 9 a mo/ important degree to promote geographical k2 & he1 z well z o!r em95t botani/s :o visit$ ! coa/s ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ev5 asc5d$ ! ,&es1 contribut$ by _! discov]ies & collections to augm5t ! vegetable ri*es ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,b1 9 _! "t1 geology z a sci5ce _h little or no exi/5ce4 ,( ! /ructure ( ! giant m\nta9s ( our globe sc>cely any?+ 0 und]/ood2 :il/ no?+ 0 kn[n b5ea? ! e>? 9 ! ,new ,_w1 except :at relat$ to h] m9es ( gold & silv]4 ,x rema9$ = ,humboldt to supply all t 0 want+1 by ! publication ( 8 ,p]sonal ,n>rative4 ,9 ?is1 m ?an 9 any o!r ( 8 works1 he %[s 8 p[] ( contemplat+ nature 9 all h] gr&eur & v>iety4 ,! rese>*es & discov]ies ( ,humboldt's able coadjutor & companion1 ,m4 ,bonpl&1 af=d n only a complete picture ( ! botany ( ! equ9octial regions ( ,am]ica1 b ( t ( o!r places visit$ by ! travell]s on _! voyage ?i!r4 ,! description ( ! ,isl& ( ,t5]iffe & ! geography ( its vegetation1 %[ h[ mu* 0 discov]$ by ,humboldt & ,bonpl& :i* _h escap$ ! obs]vation ( disc]n+ travell]s :o _h pursu$ ! same r\te be=e !m4 ,inde$1 ! :ole acc\nt ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s pres5ts a picture :i* _c be contemplat$ )\t ! deepe/ int]e/1 ev5 by p]sons comp>atively indiff]5t to ! /udy ( nature4 ,x is1 p]haps1 sc>cely necess>y to rem9d ! read] t s9ce ! "t :5 ?is "w 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 ,p>is1 ! sep>ation ( ! ,spani% ,colonies f ! "m-c\ntry1 toge!r ) subsequ5t political ev5ts1 h wr\ght great *anges 9 ! gov]nm5ts ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,/ates1 z well z 9 ! social condition ( _! inhabitants4 ,"o consequ5ce ( ^! *anges has be5 to r5d] obsolete "s facts & obs]vations relat+ to subjects1 political1 comm]cial1 & /ati/ical1 int]sp]s$ ?r\gh ?is "w4 ,h[ev] useful su* matt] might h be5 on its orig9al publication1 x is :olly irrelevant to ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s1 & consequ5tly x has be5 deem$ advisable to omit x4 ,by ?is curtailm5t1 toge!r ) t ( "s meteorological tables & discussions ( v limit$ int]e/1 ! "w has be5 dive/$ ( its some:at l5g?y & discursive "*1 & cond5s$ )9 dim5sions bett] adapt$ to ! ta/e & requirem5ts ( ! pres5t "t4 ,an ,engli% translation ( ?is "w by ,hel5 ,m>ia ,williams1 0 publi%$ _m ye>s ago1 & is n[ out ( pr9t4 ,?\gh faultless z respects correctness ( int]pretation1 x ab\nds 9 =eign turns ( expression1 & is some:at defici5t 9 t flu5cy ( /yle )\t :i* a translat$ "w is unsatisfactory to ! ,engli% read]4 ,9 ! edition n[ pres5t$ to ! public x is hop$ t ^! objections are 9 "s degree remov$4 ,a c>eful ,engli% v]sion is giv5 ( all ! ,spani% & ,portuguese t]ms1 phrases1 & quotations :i* occur 9 ?is "w4 ,?\gh ! au?or has only 9 "s few in/ances giv5 a ,fr5* translation ( ^! passages1 yet x is presum$ t ! int]pretation ( ! :ole 9 ,engli% w n be deem$ sup]flu\s2 ?is new edition ( ! ,p]sonal ,n>rative hav+ be5 und]tak5 ) ! view ( pres5t+ ! "w 9 ! =m be/ suit$ = ! in/ruction & ent]ta9m5t ( ! g5]al read]4 ,t4,r4 ,london1 ,decemb] #ahea4 999999 ,,measures3 ,9 ?is n>rative1 z well z 9 ! ,political ,essay on ,new ,spa91 all ! prices are reckon$ 9 pia/res1 & silv] reals 7reales de plata74 ,eight ( ^! reals are equival5t to a pia/re1 or "o hundr$ & five s\s1 ,fr5* money 7#d %ill+s #d #a_/b p5ce ,engli%74 ,n\v4 ,esp4 volume #b pages #eai1 #faf & #hff4 ,! magnetic dip is always measur$ 9 ?is "w1 accord+ to ! c5tesimal division1 if ! contr>y be n expressly m5tion$4 ,"o flasco conta9s #gj or #hj cubic in*es1 ,p>is measure4 #aab ,engli% p\nds #aje ,fr5* p\nds2 & #afj ,spani% p\nds #ic ,fr5* p\nds4 ,an arp5t des eaux et =ets1 or legal acre ( ,france1 ( :i* #a4 #ie #a hect>e4 ,x is ab\t #a #a_/d acre ,engli%4 ,a tablon1 equal to #ahdi squ>e toises1 conta9s ne>ly an acre & "o-fif?3 a legal acre has #acdd squ>e toises1 & #a4ie legal acre is equal "o hect>e4 ,= ! sake ( accuracy1 ! ,fr5* ,measures1 z giv5 by ! ,au?or1 & ! indications ( ! ,c5tigrade ,!rmomet]1 are reta9$ 9 ! translation4 ,! foll[+ tables may1 !re=e1 be f\nd useful4 ,,table ,,( ,,l9e> ,,measure4 #a toise #f feet #d4gc in*es4 #a foot #ab4gh in*es4 #a metre #c feet #c4cg in*es4 7,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! 'toise' 0 introduc$ by ,*>lemagne 9 #gij2 x orig9ally repres5t$ ! di/ance betwe5 ! f+]tips ( a man ) out/ret*$ arms1 & is ?us ! same z ! ,briti% 'fa?om'4 ,dur+ ! f\nd+ ( ! ,metric ,sy/em1 less ?an #bj ye>s be=e ! date ( ?is "w1 ! 'toise' 0 assign$ a value ( #a4idi met]s1 or a little ov] two y>ds4 ,! 'foot'2 actually ! ',fr5* foot'1 or 'pi$'1 is def9$ z #a_/f ( a 'toise'1 & is a little ov] an ,engli% foot47 ,,c5tigrade ,,!rmomet] ,,r$uc$ ,,to ,,fahr5heit',s ,,scale4 ,c5t4 ,fahr4 ,c5t4 ,fahr4 ,c5t4 ,fahr4 ,c5t4 ,fahr4 #ajj #bab #fe #adi #cj #hf -#e #bc #ii #baj4b #fd #adg4b #bi #hd4b -#f #ba4b #ih #bjh4d #fc #ade4d #bh #hb4d -#g #ai4d #ig #bjf4f #fb #adc4f #bg #hj4f -#h #ag4f #if #bjd4h #fa #ada4h #bf #gh4h -#i #ae4h #ie #bjc #fj #adj #be #gg -#aj #ad #id #bja4b #ei #ach4b #bd #ge4b -#aa #ab4b #ic #aii4d #eh #acf4d #bc #gc4d -#ab #aj4d #ib #aig4f #eg #acd4f #bb #ga4f -#ac #h4f #ia #aie4h #ef #acb4h #ba #fi4h -#ad #f4h #ij #aid #ee #aca #bj #fh -#ae #e #hi #aib4b #ed #abi4b #ai #ff4b -#af #c4b #hh #aij4d #ec #abg4d #ah #fd4d -#ag #a4d #hg #ahh4f #eb #abe4f #ag #fb4f -#ah -#j4d #hf #ahf4h #ea #abc4h #af #fj4h -#ai -#b4b #he #ahe #ej #abb #ae #ei -#bj -#d #hd #ahc4b #di #abj4b #ad #eg4b -#ba -#e4h #hc #aha4d #dh #aah4d #ac #ee4d -#bb -#g4f #hb #agi4f #dg #aaf4f #ab #ec4f -#bc -#i4d #ha #agg4h #df #aad4h #aa #ea4h -#bd -#aa4b #hj #agf #de #aac #aj #ej -#be -#ac #gi #agd4b #dd #aaa4b #i #dh4b -#bf -#ad4h #gh #agb4d #dc #aji4d #h #df4d -#bg -#af4f #gg #agj4f #db #ajg4f #g #dd4f -#bh -#ah4d #gf #afh4h #da #aje4h #f #db4h -#bi -#bj4b #ge #afg #dj #ajd #e #da -#cj -#bb #gd #afe4b #ci #ajb4b #d #ci4b -#ca -#bc4h #gc #afc4d #ch #ajj4d #c #cg4d -#cb -#be4f #gb #afa4f #cg #ih4f #b #ce4f -#cc -#bg4d #ga #aei4h #cf #if4h #a #cc4h -#cd -#bi4b #gj #aeh #ce #ie #j #cb -#ce -#ca #fi #aef4b #cd #ic4b -#a #cj4b -#cf -#cb4h #fh #aed4d #cc #ia4d -#b #bh4d -#cg -#cd4f #fg #aeb4f #cb #hi4f -#c #bf4f -#ch -#cf4d #ff #aej4h #ca #hg4h -#d #bd4h -#ci -#ch4b 999999 ,,volume #a4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,editor',s ,,preface4 ,,introduction ,,by ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,*apt] #a4a4 ,,prep>ations4--,,in/rum5ts4--,,dep>ture ,,f ,,spa94-- ,,l&+ ,,at ,,! ,,can>y ,,isl&s4 ,,*apt] #a4b4 ,,/ay ,,at ,,t5]ife4--,,j\rney ,,f ,,santa ,,cruz ,,to ,,orotava4--,,excursion ,,to ,,! ,,summit ,,( ,,! ,,peak ,,( ,,teyde4 ,,*apt] #a4c4 ,,passage ,,f ,,t5]ife ,,to ,,s\? ,,am]ica4-- ,,! ,,isl& ,,( ,,tobago4--,,arrival ,,at ,,cumana4 ,,*apt] #a4d4 ,,fir/ ,,abode ,,at ,,cumana4--,,banks ,,( ,,! ,,manzan>es4 ,,*apt] #a4e4 ,,p59sula ,,( ,,araya4--,,salt-,,m>%es4-- ,,ru9s ,,( ,,! ,,ca/le ,,( ,,santiago4 ,,*apt] #a4f4 ,,m\nta9s ,,( ,,new ,,&alucia4--,,valley ,,( ,,! ,,cumanacoa4-- ,,summit ,,( ,,! ,,cocoll>4--,,missions ,,( ,,! ,,*ayma ,,indians4 ,,*apt] #a4g4 ,,conv5t ,,( ,,c>ipe4--,,cav]n ,,( ,,! ,,gua*>o4--,,nocturnal ,,birds4 ,,*apt] #a4h4 ,,dep>ture ,,f ,,c>ipe4--,,m\nta9 ,,& ,,=e/ ,,( ,,santa ,,m>ia4-- ,,mission ,,( ,,catu>o4--,,port ,,( ,,c>iaco4 ,,*apt] #a4i4 ,,physical ,,con/itution ,,& ,,mann]s ,,( ,,! ,,*aymas4--,,_! ,,language4-- ,,filiation ,,( ,,! ,,nations ,,:i* ,,inhabit ,,new ,,&alucia4-- ,,p>iagotos ,,se5 ,,by ,,columbus4 ,,*apt] #a4aj4 ,,second ,,abode ,,at ,,cumana4--,,e>?quakes4--,,extraord9>y ,,meteors4 ,,*apt] #a4aa4 ,,passage ,,f ,,cumana ,,to ,,la ,,guayra4--,,morro ,,( ,,nueva ,,b>celona4-- ,,cape ,,cod]a4--,,road ,,f ,,la ,,guayra ,,to ,,c>acas4 ,,*apt] #a4ab4 ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,prov9ces ,,( ,,v5ezuela4-- ,,div]sity ,,( ,,_! ,,int]e/s4--,,city ,,& ,,valley ,,( ,,c>acas4-- ,,climate4 ,,*apt] #a4ac4 ,,abode ,,at ,,c>acas4--,,m\nta9s ,,9 ,,! ,,vic9ity ,,( ,,! ,,t[n4-- ,,excursion ,,to ,,! ,,summit ,,( ,,! ,,silla4--,,indications ,,( ,,m9es4 ,,*apt] #a4ad4 ,,e>?quakes ,,at ,,c>acas4--,,connection ,,( ,,^? ,,ph5om5a ,,) ,,! ,,volcanic ,,eruptions ,,( ,,! ,,we/ ,,india ,,isl&s4 ,,*apt] #a4ae4 ,,dep>ture ,,f ,,c>acas4--,,m\nta9s ,,( ,,san ,,p$ro ,,& ,,( ,,los ,,teques4-- ,,la ,,victoria4--,,valleys ,,( ,,aragua4 999999 ,,introduction ,,by ,,! ,,au?or4 ,_m ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ,i quitt$ ,europe1 to explore ! int]ior ( ! ,new ,cont95t4 ,devot$ f my e>lie/ y\? to ! /udy ( nature1 feel+ ) en?usiasm ! wild beauties ( a c\ntry gu>d$ by m\nta9s & %ad$ by anci5t =e/s1 ,i exp]i5c$ 9 my travels1 enjoym5ts :i* h amply comp5sat$ = ! privations insep>able f a labori\s & (t5 agitat$ life4 ,^! enjoym5ts1 :i* ,i endeav\r$ to imp>t to my read]s 9 my ',rem>ks ^u ! ,/eppes1' & 9 ! ',essay on ! ,physiognomy ( ,plants1' 7 n ! only fruits ,i reap$ f an und]tak+ =m$ ) ! design ( contribut+ to ! progress ( natural philosophy4 ,i _h long prep>$ myself = ! obs]vations :i* 7 ! pr9cipal object ( my j\rney to ! torrid zone4 ,i 0 provid$ ) in/rum5ts ( easy & conv5i5t use1 con/ruct$ by ! able/ mak]s1 & ,i enjoy$ ! special protection ( a gov]nm5t :i*1 f> f pres5t+ ob/acles to my inve/igations1 con/antly hon\r$ me ) e m>k ( reg>d & confid5ce4 ,i 0 aid$ by a c\rage\s & enlight5$ fri5d1 & x 0 s+ul>ly propiti\s to ! success ( our p>ticipat$ lab\r1 t ! zeal & equanimity ( t fri5d nev] fail$1 amid/ ! fatigues & dang]s to :i* we 7 sometimes expos$4 ,"u ^! fav\rable circum/ances1 trav]s+ regions :i* = ages h rema9$ almo/ unkn[n to mo/ ( ! nations ( ,europe1 ,i might add ev5 to ,spa91 ,m4 ,bonpl& & myself collect$ a consid]able numb] ( mat]ials1 ! publication ( :i* may ?r[ "s light on ! hi/ory ( nations1 & advance ! /udy ( nature4 ,i _h 9 view a two-fold purpose 9 ! travels ( :i* ,i n[ publi% ! hi/orical n>rative4 ,i wi%$ to make kn[n ! c\ntries ,i _h visit$2 & to collect su* facts z are fitt$ to elucidate a sci5ce ( :i* we z yet possess sc>cely ! outl9e1 & :i* has be5 vaguely d5om9at$ ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w1 ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 or ,physical ,geography4 ,! la/ ( ^! two objects seem$ to me ! mo/ important4 ,i 0 passionately devot$ to botany & c]ta9 p>ts ( zoology1 & ,i flatt]$ myself t our inve/igations might add "s new species to ^? already kn[n1 bo? 9 ! animal & vegetable k+doms2 b pref]r+ ! connection ( facts :i* h be5 long obs]v$1 to ! k ( insulat$ facts1 al?\gh new1 ! discov]y ( an unkn[n g5us seem$ to me f> less int]e/+ ?an an obs]vation on ! geographical relations ( ! vegetable _w1 on ! migrations ( ! social plants1 & ! limit ( ! height :i* _! diff]5t tribes atta9 on ! flanks ( ! ,cordill]as4 ,! natural sci5ces are connect$ by ! same ties :i* l9k toge!r all ! ph5om5a ( nature4 ,! classification ( ! species1 :i* mu/ be consid]$ z ! fundam5tal "p ( botany1 & ! /udy ( :i* is r5d]$ attractive & easy by ! introduction ( natural me?ods1 is to ! geography ( plants :at descriptive m9]alogy is to ! indication ( ! rocks con/itut+ ! ext]ior cru/ ( ! globe4 ,to compreh5d ! laws obs]v$ 9 ! position ( ^! rocks1 to det]m9e ! age ( _! successive =mations1 & _! id5tity 9 ! mo/ di/ant regions1 ! geologi/ %\ld be previ\sly acqua9t$ ) ! simple fossils :i* compose ! mass ( m\nta9s1 & ( :i* ! names & "* are ! object ( oryctogno/ical k4 ,x is ! same ) t "p ( ! natural hi/ory ( ! globe :i* treats ( ! relations plants h to ea* o!r1 to ! soil :5ce !y spr+1 or to ! air :i* !y inhale & modify4 ,! progress ( ! geography ( plants dep5ds 9 a great measure on t ( descriptive botany2 & x w\ld be injuri\s to ! advancem5t ( sci5ce1 to attempt ris+ to g5]al ideas1 :il/ neglect+ ! k ( p>ticul> facts4 ,i h be5 guid$ by ^! consid]ations 9 ! c\rse ( my inquiries2 !y 7 always pres5t to my m9d dur+ ! p]iod ( my prep>atory /udies4 ,:5 ,i began to read ! num]\s n>ratives ( travels1 :i* compose s int]e/+ a "p ( mod]n lit]ature1 ,i regrett$ t travell]s1 ! mo/ enlight5$ 9 ! insulat$ bran*es ( natural hi/ory1 7 seldom possess$ ( suffici5t v>iety ( k to avail !mselves ( e advantage aris+ f _! position4 ,x appe>$ to me1 t ! importance ( ! results hi!rto obta9$ did n keep pace ) ! imm5se progress :i*1 at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 _h be5 made 9 sev]al dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce1 p>ticul>ly geology1 ! hi/ory ( ! modifications ( ! atmosph]e1 & ! physiology ( animals & plants4 ,i saw ) regret1 7& all sci5tific m5 h %>$ ?is feel+7 t :il/ ! numb] ( accurate in/rum5ts 0 daily increas+1 we 7 /ill ignorant ( ! height ( _m m\nta9s & elevat$ pla9s2 ( ! p]iodical oscillations ( ! a]ial ocean2 ( ! limit ( p]petual sn[ )9 ! pol> circle & on ! bord]s ( ! torrid zone2 ( ! v>iable int5sity ( ! magnetic =ces1 & ( _m o!r ph5om5a equally important4 ,m>itime exp$itions & circumnavigatory voyages h conf]r$ j celebrity on ! names ( ! naturali/s & a/ronom]s :o h be5 appo9t$ by v>i\s gov]nm5ts to %>e ! dang]s ( ^? und]tak+s2 b ?\gh ^! em95t m5 h giv5 u precise notions ( ! ext]nal configuration ( c\ntries1 ( ! natural hi/ory ( ! ocean1 & ( ! productions ( isl&s & coa/s1 x mu/ be admitt$ t m>itime exp$itions are less fitt$ to advance ! progress ( geology & o!r p>ts ( physical sci5ce1 ?an travels into ! int]ior ( a cont95t4 ,! advancem5t ( ! natural sci5ces has be5 subord9ate to t ( geography & nautical a/ronomy4 ,dur+ a voyage ( sev]al ye>s1 ! l& b seldom pres5ts itself to ! obs]vation ( ! m>9]1 & :51 aft] l5g!n$ expectation1 x is descri$1 he (t5 f9ds x /ripp$ ( its mo/ beautiful productions4 ,sometimes1 beyond a b>r5 coa/1 he p]ceives a ridge ( m\nta9s cov]$ ) v]dure1 b its di/ance =bids exam9ation1 & ! view s]ves only to excite regret4 ,j\rneys by l& are att5d$ ) consid]able difficulties 9 ! conveyance ( in/rum5ts & collections1 b ^! difficulties are comp5sat$ by advantages :i* x is unnecess>y to enum]ate4 ,x is n by sail+ along a coa/ t we c discov] ! direction ( *a9s ( m\nta9s1 & _! geological con/itution1 ! climate ( ea* zone1 & its influ5ce on ! =ms & habits ( organiz$ be+s4 ,9 proportion to ! ext5t ( cont95ts1 ! great] on ! surface ( ! soil are ! ri*es ( animal & vegetable productions2 ! m di/ant ! c5tral *a9 ( m\nta9s f ! sea-%ore1 ! great] is ! v>iety 9 ! bosom ( ! e>?1 ( ^? /ony /rata1 ! regul> succession ( :i* unfolds ! hi/ory ( our planet4 ,z e be+ consid]$ ap>t is impress$ ) a p>ticul> type1 s1 9 l mann]1 we f9d ! same di/9ctive impression 9 ! arrangem5t ( brute matt] organiz$ 9 rocks1 & also 9 ! di/ribution & mutual relations ( plants & animals4 ,! great problem ( ! physical description ( ! globe1 is ! det]m9ation ( ! =m ( ^! types1 ! laws ( _! relations ) ea* o!r1 & ! et]nal ties :i* l9k ! ph5om5a ( life1 & ^? ( inanimate nature4 ,hav+ /at$ ! g5]al object ,i _h 9 view 9 my exp$itions1 ,i w n[ ha/5 to give a slight sket* ( ! :ole ( ! collections & obs]vations :i* we h accumulat$1 & ! union ( :i* is ! aim & end ( e sci5tific j\rney4 ,! m>itime w>1 dur+ our abode 9 ,am]ica1 hav+ r5d]$ communication ) ,europe v unc]ta91 we f\nd ourselves compell$1 9 ord] to dim9i% ! *ance ( losses1 to =m ?ree diff]5t collections4 ,( ^!1 ! fir/ 0 emb>k$ = ,spa9 & ,france1 ! second = ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,engl&1 & ! ?ird1 :i* 0 ! mo/ consid]able1 rema9$ almo/ con/antly "u our own eyes4 ,t[>ds ! close ( our exp$ition1 ?is la/ collection =m$ =ty-two boxes1 conta9+ an h]bal ( six ?\s& equ9octial plants1 se$s1 %ells1 insects1 & 7:at _h hi!rto nev] be5 br\ght to ,europe7 geological specim5s1 f ! ,*imborazo1 ,new ,gr5ada1 & ! banks ( ! riv] ,amazon4 ,aft] our j\rney to ! ,or9oco1 we left a "p ( ^! collections at ! isl& ( ,cuba1 int5d+ to take !m on our return f ,p]u to ,mexico4 ,! re/ foll[$ u dur+ ! space ( five ye>s1 on ! *a9 ( ! ,&es1 across ,new ,spa91 f ! %ores ( ! ,pacific to ! coa/s ( ! ,c>ibbean ,sea4 ,! conveyance ( ^! objects1 & ! m9ute c>e !y requir$1 occasion$ emb>rassm5ts sc>cely conceiveable ev5 by ^? :o h trav]s$ ! mo/ uncultivat$ p>ts ( ,europe4 ,our progress 0 (t5 ret>d$ by ! necessity ( dragg+ aft] u1 dur+ exp$itions ( five or six mon?s1 twelve1 fifte51 & sometimes m ?an tw5ty load$ mules1 ex*ang+ ^! animals e eight or t5 days1 & sup]9t5d+ ! ,indians :o 7 employ$ 9 driv+ ! num]\s c>avan4 ,(t51 9 ord] to add to our collections ( new m9]al sub/ances1 we f\nd ourselves oblig$ to ?r[ away o!rs1 :i* we _h collect$ a consid]able "t be=e4 ,^! sacrifices 7 n less vexati\s ?an ! losses we accid5tally su/a9$4 ,sad exp]i5ce taught u b too late1 t f ! sultry humidity ( ! climate1 & ! frequ5t falls ( ! bea/s ( burd51 we c\ld pres]ve nei!r ! sk9s ( animals ha/ily prep>$1 nor ! fi%es & reptiles plac$ 9 phials fill$ ) alcohol4 ,i ent] into ^! details1 because1 ?\gh little int]e/+ 9 !mselves1 !y s]ve to %[ t we _h no means ( br++ back1 9 _! natural /ate1 _m objects ( zoology & comp>ative anatomy1 ( :i* we h publi%$ descriptions & draw+s4 ,not)/&+ "s ob/acles1 & ! exp5se occasion$ by ! c>riage ( ^! articles1 ,i _h reason to applaud ! resolution ,i _h tak5 be=e my dep>ture1 ( s5d+ to ,europe ! duplicates only ( ! productions we collect$4 ,i _c too (t5 repeat1 t :5 ! seas are infe/$ ) private]s1 a travell] c be sure only ( ! objects 9 8 own possession4 ,a v few ( ! duplicates1 :i* we %ipp$ = ,europe dur+ our abode 9 ,am]ica1 7 sav$2 ! great] "p fell into ! h&s ( p]sons :o feel no int]e/ = sci5ce4 ,:5 a %ip is condemn$ 9 a =eign port1 boxes conta9+ only dri$ plants or /ones1 in/ead ( be+ s5t to ! sci5tific m5 to :om !y are address$1 are put aside & =gott54 ,"s ( our geological collections tak5 9 ! ,pacific 71 h[ev]1 m =tunate4 ,we 7 indebt$ = _! pres]vation to ! g5]\s activity ( ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 :o1 amid/ ! political agitations ( ,europe1 unceas+ly lab\r$ to /r5g!n ! bonds ( union betwe5 sci5tific m5 ( all nations4 ,9 our inve/igations we h consid]$ ea* ph5om5on "u diff]5t aspects1 & class$ our rem>ks accord+ to ! relations !y be> to ea* o!r4 ,to af=d an idea ( ! me?od we h foll[$1 ,i w "h add a succ9ct enum]ation ( ! mat]ials ) :i* we 7 furni%$ = describ+ ! volcanoes ( ,antisana & ,pi*9*a1 z well z t ( ,jorullo3 ! latt]1 dur+ ! night ( ! #bj? ( ,septemb]1 #agei1 rose f ! e>? "o ?\s& five hundr$ & sev5ty-eight ,fr5* feet above ! surr\nd+ pla9s ( ,mexico4 ,! position ( ^! s+ul> m\nta9s 9 longitude & latitude 0 asc]ta9$ by a/ronomical obs]vations4 ,we took ! heights ( ! diff]5t p>ts by ! aid ( ! b>omet]1 & det]m9$ ! dip ( ! ne$le & ! int5sity ( ! magnetic =ces4 ,our collections conta9 ! plants :i* are spread ov] ! flanks ( ^! volcanoes1 & specim5s ( diff]5t rocks :i*1 sup]pos$ "o ^u ano!r1 con/itute _! ext]nal coat4 ,we are enabl$ to indicate1 by measures suffici5tly exact1 ! height above ! level ( ! ocean1 at :i* we f\nd ea* gr\p ( plants1 & ea* volcanic rock4 ,our j\rnals furni% u ) a s]ies ( obs]vations on ! humidity1 ! temp]ature1 ! electricity1 & ! degree ( transp>5cy ( ! air on ! br9ks ( ! crat]s ( ,pi*9*a & ,jorullo2 !y also conta9 topographical plans & geological pr(iles ( ^! m\nta9s1 f\nd$ 9 "p on ! measure ( v]tical bases1 & on angles ( altitude4 ,ea* obs]vation has be5 calculat$ accord+ to ! tables & ! me?ods :i* are consid]$ mo/ exact 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k2 & 9 ord] to judge ( ! degree ( confid5ce :i* ! results may claim1 we h pres]v$ ! :ole detail ( our p>tial op]ations4 ,x w\ld h be5 possible to bl5d ^! diff]5t mat]ials 9 a "w devot$ :olly to ! description ( ! volcanoes ( ,p]u & ,new ,spa94 ,_h ,i giv5 ! physical description ( a s+le prov9ce1 ,i c\ld h treat$ sep>ately ev]y?+ relat+ to its geography1 m9]alogy1 & botany2 b h[ c\ld ,i int]rupt ! n>rative ( a j\rney1 a disquisition on ! mann]s ( a p1 or ! great ph5om5a ( nature1 by an enum]ation ( ! productions ( ! c\ntry1 ! description ( new species ( animals & plants1 or ! detail ( a/ronomical obs]vations4 ,_h ,i adopt$ a mode ( composition :i* w\ld h includ$ 9 "o & ! same *apt] all t has be5 obs]v$ on "o p>ticul> po9t ( ! globe1 ,i %\ld h prep>$ a "w ( cumbr\s l5g?1 & devoid ( t cle>ness :i* arises 9 a great measure f ! me?odical di/ribution ( matt]4 ,not)/&+ ! ef=ts ,i h made to avoid1 9 ?is n>rative1 ! errors ,i _h to dread1 ,i feel consci\s t ,i h n always succe$$ 9 sep>at+ ! obs]vations ( detail f ^? g5]al results :i* int]e/ e enlight5$ m9d4 ,^! results comprise 9 "o view ! climate & its influ5ce on organiz$ be+s1 ! aspect ( ! c\ntry1 v>i$ accord+ to ! nature ( ! soil & its vegetable cov]+1 ! direction ( ! m\nta9s & riv]s :i* sep>ate races ( m5 z well z tribes ( plants2 & f9ally1 ! modifications obs]vable 9 ! condition ( p liv+ 9 diff]5t latitudes1 & 9 circum/ances m or less fav\rable to ! developm5t ( _! faculties4 ,i d n fe> hav+ too mu* enl>g$ on objects s wor?y ( att5tion3 "o ( ! noble/ *>act]i/ics :i* di/+ui% mod]n civilization f t ( remot] times is1 t x has enl>g$ ! mass ( our conceptions1 r5d]$ u m capable ( p]ceiv+ ! connection betwe5 ! physical & intellectual _w1 & ?r[n a m g5]al int]e/ ov] objects :i* h]et(ore occupi$ only a few sci5tific m51 because ^? objects 7 contemplat$ sep>ately1 & f a n>r[] po9t ( view4 ,z x is probable t ^! volumes w obta9 ! att5tion ( a great] numb] ( read]s ?an ! detail ( my obs]vations m]ely sci5tific1 or my rese>*es on ! population1 ! comm]ce1 & ! m9es ( ,new ,spa91 ,i may be p]mitt$ "h to enum]ate all ! works :i* ,i h hi!rto publi%$ conjo9tly ) ,m4 ,bonpl&4 ,:5 sev]al works are int]wov5 9 "s sort ) ea* o!r1 x may p]haps be int]e/+ to ! read] to "k ! s\rces :5ce he may obta9 m circum/antial in=mation4 #a4;,i4#a4 ,,a/ronomical ,,obs]vations1 ,,trigonometrical ,,op]ations1 ,,& ,,b>ometrical ,,measurem5ts ,,made ,,dur+ ,,! ,,c\rse ,,( ,a ,,j\rney ,,to ,,! ,,equ9octial ,,regions ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,cont95t1 ,,f #agii ,,to #ahjd4 ,?is "w1 to :i* are add$ hi/orical rese>*es on ! position ( sev]al po9ts important to navigators1 conta9s1 fir/1 ! orig9al obs]vations :i* ,i made f ! twelf? degree ( s\!rn to ! =ty-fir/ degree ( nor!rn latitude2 ! transits ( ! sun & />s ov] ! m]idian2 di/ances ( ! moon f ! sun & ! />s2 occultations ( ! satellites2 eclipses ( ! sun & moon2 transits ( ,m]cury ov] ! disc ( ! sun2 azimu?s2 circum-m]idian altitudes ( ! moon1 to det]m9e ! longitude by ! diff]5ces ( decl9ation2 rese>*es on ! relative int5sity ( ! light ( ! au/ral />s2 geodesical measures1 etc4 ,secondly1 a treatise on ! a/ronomical refractions 9 ! torrid zone1 consid]$ z ! effect ( ! decrem5t ( caloric 9 ! /rata ( ! air2 ?irdly1 ! b>ometric measurem5t ( ! ,cordill]a ( ! ,&es1 ( ,mexico1 ( ! prov9ce ( ,v5ezuela1 ( ! k+dom ( ,quito1 & ( ,new ,gr5ada2 foll[$ by geological obs]vations1 & conta9+ ! indication ( f\r hundr$ & fifty-?ree heights1 calculat$ accord+ to ! me?od ( ,m4 ,laplace1 & ! new co-effici5t ( ,m4 ,ramond2 f\r?ly1 a table ( ne> sev5 hundr$ geographical positions on ! ,new ,cont95t2 two hundr$ & ?irty-five ( :i* h be5 det]m9$ by my own obs]vations1 accord+ to ! ?ree co-ord9ates ( longitude1 latitude1 & height4 #a4;,i4#b4 ,,equ9octial ,,plants ,,collect$ ,,9 ,,mexico1 ,,9 ,,! ,,isl& ,,( ,,cuba1 ,,9 ,,! ,,prov9ces ,,( ,,c>acas1 ,,cumana1 ,,& ,,b>celona1 ,,on ,,! ,,&es ,,( ,,new ,,gr5ada1 ,,quito1 ,,& ,,p]u1 ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,banks ,,( ,,! ,,rio ,,negro1 ,,! ,,or9oco1 ,,& ,,! ,,riv] ,,amazon4 ,m4 ,bonpl& has 9 ?is "w giv5 figures ( m ?an =ty new g5]a ( plants ( ! torrid zone1 class$ accord+ to _! natural families4 ,! me?odical descriptions ( ! species are bo? 9 ,fr5* & ,lat91 & are accompani$ by obs]vations on ! m$ic9al prop]ties ( ! plants1 _! use 9 ! arts1 & ! climate ( ! c\ntries 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 #a4;,i4#c4 ,,monography ,,( ,,! ,,mela/oma1 ,,rhexia1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,g5]a ,,( ,,?is ,,ord] ,,( ,,plants4 ,compris+ upw>ds ( a hundr$ & fifty species ( mela/omaceae1 :i* we collect$ dur+ ! c\rse ( our exp$itions1 & :i* =m "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ornam5ts ( tropical vegetation4 ,m4 ,bonpl& has add$ ! plants ( ! same family1 :i*1 among _m o!r ri* /ores ( natural hi/ory1 ,m4 ,ri*>d collect$ 9 8 int]e/+ exp$ition to ! ,antilles & ,fr5* ,guiana1 & ! descriptions ( :i* he has communicat$ to u4 #a4;,i4#d4 ,,essay ,,on ,,! ,,geography ,,( ,,plants1 ,,accompani$ ,,by ,a ,,physical ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,equ9octial ,,regions1 ,,f\nd$ ,,on ,,measures ,,tak5 ,,f ,,! ,,t5? ,,degree ,,( ,,nor!rn ,,to ,,! ,,t5? ,,degree ,,( ,,s\!rn ,,latitude4 ,i h endeav\r$ to collect 9 "o po9t ( view ! :ole ( ! physical ph5om5a ( t "p ( ! ,new ,cont95t compris$ )9 ! limits ( ! torrid zone f ! level ( ! ,pacific to ! highe/ summit ( ! ,&es2 namely1 ! vegetation1 ! animals1 ! geological relations1 ! cultivation ( ! soil1 ! temp]ature ( ! air1 ! limit ( p]petual sn[1 ! *emical con/itution ( ! atmosph]e1 its electrical int5sity1 its b>ometrical pressure1 ! decrem5t ( gravitation1 ! int5sity ( ! azure col\r ( ! sky1 ! dim9ution ( light dur+ its passage ?r\gh ! successive /rata ( ! air1 ! horizontal refractions1 & ! heat ( boil+ wat] at diff]5t heights4 ,f\rte5 scales1 dispos$ side by side ) a pr(ile ( ! ,&es1 indicate ! modifications to :i* ^! ph5om5a are subject f ! influ5ce ( ! elevation ( ! soil above ! level ( ! sea4 ,ea* gr\p ( plants is plac$ at ! height :i* nature has assign$ to x1 & we may foll[ ! prodigi\s v>iety ( _! =ms f ! region ( ! palms & arboresc5t f]ns to ^? ( ! johannesia 7*uquiraga1 ,juss471 ! gram9e\s plants1 & li*5s4 ,^! regions =m ! natural divisions ( ! vegetable empire2 & z p]petual sn[ is f\nd 9 ea* climate at a det]m9ate height1 s1 9 l mann]1 ! febrifuge species ( ! qu9qu9a 7c9*ona7 h _! fix$ limits1 :i* ,i h m>k$ 9 ! botanical *>t belong+ to ?is essay4 #a4;,i4#e4 ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,zoology ,,& ,,comp>ative ,,anatomy4 ,i h compris$ 9 ?is "w ! hi/ory ( ! condor2 exp]im5ts on ! electrical action ( ! gymnotus2 a treatise on ! l>ynx ( ! crocodiles1 ! quadrumani1 & birds ( ! tropics2 ! description ( sev]al new species ( reptiles1 fi%es1 birds1 monkeys1 & o!r mammalia b little kn[n4 ,m4 ,cuvi] has enri*$ ?is "w ) a v compreh5sive treatise on ! axolotl ( ! lake ( ,mexico1 & on ! g5]a ( ! ,protei4 ,t naturali/ has also recogniz$ two new species ( ma/odons & an elephant among ! fossil bones ( quadrup$s :i* we br\ght f ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,= ! description ( ! insects collect$ by ,m4 ,bonpl& we are indebt$ to ,m4 ,latreille1 ^: lab\rs h s mu* contribut$ to ! progress ( entomology 9 our times4 ,! second volume ( ?is "w conta9s figures ( ! ,mexican1 ,p]uvian1 & ,aturian skulls1 :i* we h deposit$ 9 ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory at ,p>is1 & respect+ :i* ,blum5ba* has publi%$ obs]vations 9 ! ',decas qu9ta ,craniorum div]s>um g5tium4' #a4;,i4#f4 ,,political ,,essay ,,on ,,! ,,k+dom ,,( ,,new ,,spa91 ,,) ,a ,,physical ,,& ,,geographical ,,atlas1 ,,f\nd$ ,,on ,,a/ronomical ,,obs]vations ,,& ,,trigonometrical ,,& ,,b>ometrical ,,measurem5ts4 ,?is "w1 bas$ on num]\s (ficial memoirs1 pres5ts1 9 six divisions1 consid]ations on ! ext5t & natural appe>ance ( ,mexico1 on ! population1 on ! mann]s ( ! inhabitants1 _! anci5t civilization1 & ! political division ( _! t]ritory4 ,x embraces also ! agriculture1 ! m9]al ri*es1 ! manufactures1 ! comm]ce1 ! f9ances1 & ! milit>y def5ce ( t va/ c\ntry4 ,9 treat+ ^! diff]5t subjects ,i h endeav\r$ to consid] !m "u a g5]al po9t ( view2 ,i h drawn a p>allel n only betwe5 ,new ,spa91 ! o!r ,spani% colonies1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 b also betwe5 ,new ,spa9 & ! possessions ( ! ,engli% 9 ,asia2 ,i h comp>$ ! agriculture ( ! c\ntries situat$ 9 ! torrid zone ) t ( ! temp]ate climates2 & ,i h exam9$ ! quantity ( colonial produce necess>y to ,europe 9 ! pres5t /ate ( civilization4 ,9 trac+ ! geological description ( ! ri*e/ m9+ di/ricts 9 ,mexico1 ,i h1 9 %ort1 giv5 a /atem5t ( ! m9]al produce1 ! population1 ! imports & exports ( ! :ole ( ,spani% ,am]ica4 ,i h exam9$ sev]al que/ions :i*1 = want ( precise data1 _h n hi!rto be5 treat$ ) ! att5tion !y dem&1 su* z ! influx & reflux ( metals1 _! progressive accumulation 9 ,europe & ,asia1 & ! quantity ( gold & silv] :i*1 s9ce ! discov]y ( ,am]ica d[n to our own times1 ! ,old ,_w has receiv$ f ! ,new4 ,! geographical introduction at ! beg9n+ ( ?is "w conta9s ! analysis ( ! mat]ials :i* h be5 employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,mexican ,atlas4 #a4;,i4#g4 ,,views ,,( ,,! ,,cordill]as1 ,,& ,,monum5ts ,,( ,,! ,,indig5\s ,,nations ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,cont95t499 799,atlas ,pittoresque1 ou ,vues des ,cordill]es1 #a volume folio1 ) #fi plates1 "p ( :i* are col\r$1 accompani$ by explanatory treatises4 ,?is "w may be consid]$ z ! ,atlas to ! hi/orical n>rative ( ! travels47 ,?is "w is int5d$ to repres5t a few ( ! gr& sc5es :i* nature pres5ts 9 ! l(ty *a9 ( ! ,&es1 & at ! same "t to ?r[ "s light on ! anci5t civilization ( ! ,am]icans1 ?r\gh ! /udy ( _! monum5ts ( ar*itecture1 _! hi]oglyphics1 _! religi\s rites1 & _! a/rological rev]ies4 ,i h giv5 9 ?is "w a description ( ! teocalli1 or ,mexican pyramids1 & h comp>$ _! /ructure ) t ( ! temple ( ,belus4 ,i h describ$ ! arabesques :i* cov] ! ru9s ( ,mitla1 ! idols 9 basalt ornam5t$ ) ! calantica ( ! heads ( ,isis2 & also a consid]able numb] ( symbolical pa9t+s1 repres5t+ ! s]p5t-woman 7! ,mexican ,eve71 ! deluge ( ,coxcox1 & ! fir/ migrations ( ! natives ( ! ,aztec race4 ,i h endeav\r$ to prove ! /rik+ analogies exi/+ betwe5 ! cal5d> ( ! ,toltecs & ! cata/]isms ( _! zodiac1 & ! division ( "t ( ! p ( ,t>t>y & ,?ibet1 z well z ! ,mexican traditions on ! f\r reg5]ations ( ! globe1 ! pralayas ( ! ,h9doos1 & ! f\r ages ( ,hesiod4 ,9 ?is "w ,i h also includ$ 79 addition to ! hi]oglyphical pa9t+s ,i br\ght to ,europe71 fragm5ts ( all ! ,aztec manuscripts1 collect$ 9 ,rome1 ,veletri1 ,vi5na1 & ,dresd51 & "o ( :i* rem9ds u1 by its l9e>y symbols1 ( ! k\as ( ! ,*9ese4 ,toge!r ) ! rude monum5ts ( ! aborig9es ( ,am]ica1 ?is volume conta9s picturesque views ( ! m\nta9\s c\ntries :i* ^? p inhabit$2 = example1 ! cat>act ( ,tequ5dama1 ,*imborazo1 ! volcano ( ,jorullo & ,cayambe1 ! pyramidal summit ( :i*1 cov]$ ) et]nal ice1 is situat$ directly "u ! equ9octial l9e4 ,9 e zone ! configuration ( ! gr\nd1 ! physiognomy ( ! plants1 & ! aspect ( lovely or wild sc5]y1 h great influ5ce on ! progress ( ! arts1 & on ! /yle :i* di/+ui%es _! productions4 ,?is influ5ce is s mu* ! m p]ceptible 9 proportion z man is f>!r remov$ f civilization4 ,i c\ld h add$ to ?is "w rese>*es on ! "* ( languages1 :i* are ! mo/ durable monum5ts ( nations4 ,i h collect$ a numb] ( mat]ials on ! languages ( ,am]ica1 ( :i* ,,mm4 ,fr$]ic ,s*legel & ,vat] h made use2 ! =m] 9 8 ,consid]ations on ! ,h9doos1 ! latt] 9 8 ,cont9uation ( ! ,mi?ridates ( ,adelung1 9 ! ,e?nographical ,magaz9e1 & 9 8 ,inquiries into ! ,population ( ! ,new ,cont95t4 ,^! mat]ials are n[ 9 ! h&s ( my bro!r1 ,william von ,humboldt1 :o1 dur+ 8 travels 9 ,spa91 & a long abode at ,rome1 =m$ ! ri*e/ collection ( ,am]ican vocabul>ies 9 exi/5ce4 ,8 ext5sive k ( ! anci5t & mod]n languages has enabl$ him to trace "s curi\s analogies 9 relation to ?is subject1 s important to ! philosophical /udy ( ! hi/ory ( man4 ,a "p ( 8 lab\rs w f9d a place 9 ?is n>rative4 ,( ! diff]5t works :i* ,i h "h enum]at$1 ! second & ?ird 7 compos$ by ,m4 ,bonpl&1 f ! obs]vations :i* he made 9 a botanical j\rnal4 ,?is j\rnal conta9s m ?an f\r ?\s& me?odical descriptions ( equ9octial plants1 a n9? "p only ( :i* h be5 made by me4 ,!y appe> 9 a sep>ate publication1 "u ! title ( ,nova ,g5]a et ,species ,plant>iem4 ,9 ?is "w w be f\nd1 n only ! new species we collect$1 :i*1 aft] a c>eful exam9ation by "o ( ! fir/ botani/s ( ! age1 ,pr(essor ,willd5\w1 are comput$ to am\nt to f\rte5 or fifte5 hundr$1 b also ! int]e/+ obs]vations made by ,m4 ,bonpl& on plants hi!rto imp]fectly describ$4 ,! plates ( ?is "w are all engrav$ accord+ to ! me?od foll[$ by ,m4 ,labill>di]e1 9 ! ,specim5 ,plant]um ,novae ,holl&iae1 a "w rem>kable = pr(\nd rese>* & cle>ness ( arrangem5t4 ,aft] hav+ di/ribut$ into sep>ate works all t belongs to a/ronomy1 botany1 zoology1 ! political description ( ,new ,spa91 & ! hi/ory ( ! anci5t civilization ( c]ta9 nations ( ! ,new ,cont95t1 !re /ill rema9$ _m g5]al results & local descriptions1 :i* ,i might h collect$ into sep>ate treatises4 ,i _h1 dur+ my j\rney1 prep>$ pap]s on ! races ( m5 9 ,s\? ,am]ica2 on ! ,missions ( ! ,or9oco2 on ! ob/acles to ! progress ( society 9 ! torrid zone aris+ f ! climate & ! /r5g? ( vegetation2 on ! "* ( ! l&scape 9 ! ,cordill]as ( ! ,&es comp>$ ) t ( ! ,alps 9 ,switz]l&2 on ! analogies betwe5 ! rocks ( ! two hemisph]es2 on ! physical con/itution ( ! air 9 ! equ9octial regions1 etc4 ,i _h left ,europe ) ! firm int5tion ( n writ+ :at is usually call$ ! hi/orical n>rative ( a j\rney1 b to publi% ! fruit ( my inquiries 9 works m]ely descriptive2 & ,i _h arrang$ ! facts1 n 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y successively pres5t$ !mselves1 b accord+ to ! relation !y bore to ea* o!r4 ,amid/ ! ov]:elm+ maje/y ( ,nature1 & ! /up5d\s objects %e pres5ts at e /ep1 ! travell] is little dispos$ to record 9 8 j\rnal matt]s :i* relate only to himself1 & ! ord9>y details ( life4 ,i compos$ a v brief it9]>y dur+ ! c\rse ( my excursions on ! riv]s ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & 9 my long j\rneys by l&4 ,i regul>ly describ$ 7& almo/ always on ! spot7 ! visits ,i made to ! summits ( volcanoes1 or m\nta9s rem>kable = _! height2 b ! entries 9 my j\rnal 7 int]rupt$ :5ev] ,i resid$ 9 a t[n1 or :5 o!r occupations prev5t$ me f cont9u+ a "w :i* ,i consid]$ z hav+ only a second>y int]e/4 ,:5ev] ,i wrote 9 my j\rnal1 ,i _h no o!r motive ?an ! pres]vation ( "s ( ^? fugitive ideas :i* pres5t !mselves to a naturali/1 ^: life is almo/ :olly pass$ 9 ! op5 air4 ,i wi%$ to make a tempor>y collection ( su* facts z ,i _h n !n leisure to class1 & note d[n ! fir/ impressions1 :e!r agreeable or pa9ful1 :i* ,i receiv$ f nature or f man4 ,f> f ?9k+ at ! "t t ^? pages ?us hurri$ly writt5 w\ld =m ! basis ( an ext5sive "w to be (f]$ to ! public1 x appe>$ to me1 t my j\rnal1 ?\gh x might furni% c]ta9 data useful to sci5ce1 w\ld pres5t v few ( ^? incid5ts1 ! recital ( :i* con/itutes ! pr9cipal *>m ( an it9]>y4 ,! difficulties ,i h exp]i5c$ s9ce my return1 9 ! composition ( a consid]able numb] ( treatises1 = ! purpose ( mak+ kn[n c]ta9 classes ( ph5om5a1 ins5sibly ov]came my repugnance to write ! n>rative ( my j\rney4 ,9 und]tak+ ?is task1 ,i h be5 guid$ by ! advice ( _m e/imable p]sons1 :o hon\r me ) _! fri5d%ip4 ,i also p]ceiv$ t su* a pref]5ce is giv5 to ?is sort ( composition1 t sci5tific m51 aft] hav+ pres5t$ 9 an isolat$ =m ! acc\nt ( _! rese>*es on ! productions1 ! mann]s1 & ! political /ate ( ! c\ntries ?r\gh :i* !y h pass$1 imag9e t !y h n fulfill$ _! engagem5ts ) ! public1 till !y h writt5 _! it9]>y4 ,an hi/orical n>rative embraces two v di/9ct objects2 ! great] or ! less important ev5ts connect$ ) ! purpose ( ! travell]1 & ! obs]vations he has made dur+ 8 j\rney4 ,! unity ( composition also1 :i* di/+ui%es good works f ^? on an ill-con/ruct$ plan1 c be /rictly obs]v$ only :5 ! travell] describes :at has pass$ "u 8 own eye2 & :5 8 pr9cipal att5tion has be5 fix$ less on sci5tific obs]vations ?an on ! mann]s ( diff]5t p & ! great ph5om5a ( nature4 ,n[1 ! mo/ fai?ful picture ( mann]s is t :i* be/ displays ! relations ( m5 t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,! "* ( savage or civiliz$ life is portray$ ei!r 9 ! ob/acles a travell] meets )1 or 9 ! s5sations he feels4 ,x is ! travell] himself :om we cont9ually desire to see 9 contact ) ! objects :i* surr\nd him2 & 8 n>ration int]e/s u ! m1 :5 a local t9t is diffus$ ov] ! description ( a c\ntry & its inhabitants4 ,su* is ! s\rce ( ! int]e/ excit$ by ! hi/ory ( ^? e>ly navigators1 :o1 impell$ by intrepidity r ?an by sci5ce1 /ruggl$ aga9/ ! elem5ts 9 _! se>* = ! discov]y ( a new _w4 ,su* is ! irresi/ible *>m atta*$ to ! fate ( t ent]pris+ travell] 7,mungo ,p>k471 :o1 full ( en?usiasm & en]gy1 p5etrat$ alone into ! c5tre ( ,africa1 to discov] amid/ b>b>\s nations ! traces ( anci5t civilization4 ,9 proportion z travels h be5 und]tak5 by p]sons ^: views h be5 direct$ to rese>*es into descriptive natural hi/ory1 geography1 or political economy1 it9]>ies h p>tly lo/ t unity ( composition1 & t simplicity :i* *>act]iz$ ^? ( =m] ages4 ,x is n[ become sc>cely possible to connect s _m diff]5t mat]ials ) ! detail ( o!r ev5ts2 & t "p ( a travell]'s n>rative :i* we may call dramatic gives way to diss]tations m]ely descriptive4 ,! num]\s class ( read]s :o pref] agreeable amusem5t to solid in/ruction1 h n ga9$ by ! ex*ange2 & ,i am afraid t ! temptation w n be great to foll[ ! c\rse ( travell]s :o are incumb]$ ) sci5tific in/rum5ts & collections4 ,to give great] v>iety to my "w1 ,i h (t5 int]rupt$ ! hi/orical n>rative by descriptions4 ,i fir/ repres5t ph5om5a 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y appe>$2 & ,i aft]w>ds consid] !m 9 ! :ole ( _! individual relations4 ,?is mode has be5 successfully foll[$ 9 ! j\rney ( ,m4 de ,saussure1 ^: mo/ valuable "w has contribut$ m ?an any o!r to ! advancem5t ( sci5ce4 ,(t51 amid/ dry discussions on meteorology1 x conta9s _m *>m+ descriptions2 su* z ^? ( ! modes ( life ( ! inhabitants ( ! m\nta9s1 ! dang]s ( hunt+ ! *amois1 & ! s5sations felt on ! summit ( ! high] ,alps4 ,!re are details ( ord9>y life :i* x may be useful to note 9 an it9]>y1 because !y s]ve = ! guidance ( ^? :o aft]w>ds j\rney ?r\gh ! same c\ntries4 ,i h pres]v$ a few1 b h suppress$ ! great] "p ( ^? p]sonal incid5ts :i* pres5t no p>ticul> int]e/1 & :i* c be r5d]$ amus+ only by ! p]fection ( /yle4 ,) respect to ! c\ntry :i* has be5 ! object ( my inve/igations1 ,i am fully s5sible ( ! great advantages enjoy$ by p]sons :o travel 9 ,greece1 ,egypt1 ! banks ( ! ,euphrates1 & ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific1 9 comp>ison ) ^? :o trav]se ! cont95t ( ,am]ica4 ,9 ! ,old ,_w1 nations & ! di/9ctions ( _! civilization =m ! pr9cipal po9ts 9 ! picture2 9 ! ,new ,_w1 man & 8 productions almo/ disappe> amid/ ! /up5d\s display ( wild & gigantic nature4 ,! human race 9 ! ,new ,_w pres5ts only a few remnants ( indig5\s hordes1 slightly advanc$ 9 civilization2 or x exhibits m]ely ! uni=mity ( mann]s & in/itutions transplant$ by ,european coloni/s to =eign %ores4 ,in=mation :i* relates to ! hi/ory ( our species1 to ! v>i\s =ms ( gov]nm5t1 to monum5ts ( art1 to places full ( great remembrances1 affect u f> m ?an descriptions ( ^? va/ solitudes :i* seem de/9$ only = ! developm5t ( vegetable life1 & to be ! doma9 ( wild animals4 ,! savages ( ,am]ica1 :o h be5 ! objects ( s _m sy/ematic rev]ies1 & on :om ,m4 ,volney has lately publi%$ "s accurate & intellig5t obs]vations1 inspire less int]e/ s9ce celebrat$ navigators h made kn[n to u ! inhabitants ( ! ,s\? ,sea isl&s1 9 ^: "* we f9d a /rik+ mixture ( p]v]sity & meekness4 ,! /ate ( half-civilization exi/+ among ^? isl&]s gives a peculi> *>m to ! description ( _! mann]s4 ,a k+1 foll[$ by a num]\s suite1 pres5ts ! fruits ( 8 or*>d2 or a fun]al is p]=m$ amid/ ! %ade ( ! l(ty =e/4 ,su* pictures1 no d\bt1 h m attraction ?an ^? :i* p\rtray ! solemn gravity ( ! inhabitant ( ! banks ( ! ,miss\ri or ! ,m>anon4 ,am]ica (f]s an ample field = ! lab\rs ( ! naturali/4 ,on no o!r "p ( ! globe is he call$ ^u m p[]fully by nature to raise himself to g5]al ideas on ! cause ( ph5om5a & _! mutual connection4 ,to say no?+ ( t luxuriance ( vegetation1 t et]nal spr+ ( organic life1 ^? climates v>y+ by /ages z we climb ! flanks ( ! ,cordill]as1 & ^? maje/ic riv]s :i* a celebrat$ writ] 7,m4 ,*ateaubri&47 has describ$ ) su* graceful accuracy1 ! res\rces :i* ! ,new ,_w af=ds = ! /udy ( geology & natural philosophy 9 g5]al h be5 long s9ce ackn[l$g$4 ,happy ! travell] :o may *]i% ! hope t he has avail$ himself ( ! advantages ( 8 position1 & t he has add$ "s new facts to ! mass ( ^? previ\sly acquir$6 ,s9ce ,i left ,am]ica1 "o ( ^? great revolutions1 :i* at c]ta9 p]iods agitate ! human race1 has brok5 out 9 ! ,spani% colonies1 & seems to prep>e new de/9ies = a population ( f\rte5 millions ( inhabitants1 spread+ f ! s\!rn to ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 f ! %ores ( ! ,rio de la ,plata & ,*ile to ! remote/ "p ( ,mexico4 ,deep res5tm5ts1 excit$ by colonial legislation1 & fo/]$ by mi/ru/ful policy1 h /a9$ ) blood regions :i* _h enjoy$1 = ! space ( ne>ly ?ree c5turies1 :at ,i w n call happ9ess b un9t]rupt$ peace4 ,at ,quito sev]al ( ! mo/ virtu\s & enlight5$ citiz5s h p]i%$1 victims ( devotion to _! c\ntry4 ,:ile ,i am giv+ ! description ( regions1 ! remembrance ( :i* is s de> to me1 ,i cont9ually light on places :i* recall to my m9d ! loss ( a fri5d4 ,:5 we reflect on ! great political agitations ( ! ,new ,_w1 we obs]ve t ! ,spani% ,am]icans are by no means 9 s fav\rable a position z ! inhabitants ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ! latt] hav+ be5 prep>$ = indep5d5ce by ! long enjoym5t ( con/itutional lib]ty4 ,int]nal diss5sions are *iefly to be dread$ 9 regions :]e civilization is b slightly root$1 & :]e1 f ! influ5ce ( climate1 =e/s may soon rega9 _! empire ov] cle>$ l&s if _! culture be ab&on$4 ,x may also be fe>$ t1 dur+ a long s]ies ( ye>s1 no =eign travell] w be enabl$ to trav]se all ! c\ntries :i* ,i h visit$4 ,?is circum/ance may p]haps add to ! int]e/ ( a "w :i* p\rtrays ! /ate ( ! great] "p ( ! ,spani% colonies at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,i ev5 v5ture to indulge ! hope t ?is "w w be ?\ght wor?y ( att5tion :5 passions %all be hu%$ into peace1 & :51 "u ! influ5ce ( a new social ord]1 ^? c\ntries %all h made rapid progress 9 public welf>e4 ,if !n "s pages ( my book are snat*$ f oblivion1 ! inhabitant ( ! banks ( ! ,or9oco & ! ,atabapo w behold ) delight popul\s cities enri*$ by comm]ce1 & f]tile fields cultivat$ by ! h&s ( free m51 on ^? v spots :]e1 at ! "t ( my travels1 ,i f\nd only imp5etrable =e/s & inundat$ l&s4 999999 ,,p]sonal ,,n>rative ,,( ,a ,,j\rney ,,to ,,! ,,equ9octial ,,regions ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,cont95t4 ,,volume #a4 ,,*apt] #a4a4 ,,prep>ations4 ,,in/rum5ts4 ,,dep>ture ,,f ,,spa94 ,,l&+ ,,at ,,! ,,can>y ,,isl&s4 ,f my e>lie/ y\? ,i felt an ard5t desire to travel into di/ant regions1 seldom visit$ by ,europeans4 ,?is desire is *>act]i/ic ( a p]iod ( our exi/5ce :5 appe>s an unlimit$ horizon1 & :5 we f9d an irresi/ible attraction 9 ! impetu\s agitations ( ! m9d1 & ! image ( positive dang]4 ,?\gh educat$ 9 a c\ntry :i* has no direct communication ) ei!r ! ,ea/ or ! ,we/ ,indies1 liv+ amid/ m\nta9s remote f coa/s1 & celebrat$ = _! num]\s m9es1 ,i felt an increas+ passion = ! sea & di/ant exp$itions4 ,objects ) :i* we are acqua9t$ only by ! animat$ n>ratives ( travell]s h a peculi> *>m2 imag9ation w&]s ) delight ov] t :i* is vague & undef9$2 & ! pleasures we are depriv$ ( seem to possess a fasc9at+ p[]1 comp>$ ) :i* all we daily feel 9 ! n>r[ circle ( s$5t>y life appe>s insipid4 ,! ta/e = h]borisation1 ! /udy ( geology1 rapid excursions to ,holl&1 ,engl&1 & ,france1 ) ! celebrat$ ,mr4 ,george ,=/]1 :o _h ! happ9ess to accompany capta9 ,cook 9 8 second exp$ition r\nd ! globe1 contribut$ to give a det]m9$ direction to ! plan ( travels :i* ,i _h =m$ at eighte5 ye>s ( age4 ,no long] delud$ by ! agitation ( a w&]+ life1 ,i 0 anxi\s to contemplate nature 9 all h] v>iety ( wild & /up5d\s sc5]y2 & ! hope ( collect+ "s facts useful to ! advancem5t ( sci5ce1 incessantly impell$ my wi%es t[>ds ! luxuriant regions ( ! torrid zone4 ,z p]sonal circum/ances !n prev5t$ me f execut+ ! projects by :i* ,i 0 s p[]fully influ5c$1 ,i _h leisure to prep>e myself dur+ six ye>s = ! obs]vations ,i propos$ to make on ! ,new ,cont95t1 z well z to visit diff]5t p>ts ( ,europe1 & to explore ! l(ty *a9 ( ! ,alps1 ! /ructure ( :i* ,i might aft]w>ds comp>e ) t ( ! ,&es ( ,quito & ( ,p]u4 ,i _h trav]s$ a "p ( ,italy 9 #agie1 b _h n be5 able to visit ! volcanic regions ( ,naples & ,sicily2 & ,i regrett$ leav+ ,europe )\t hav+ se5 ,vesuvius1 ,/romboli1 & ,etna4 ,i felt1 t 9 ord] to =m a prop] judgm5t ( _m geological ph5om5a1 especially ( ! nature ( ! rocks ( trap-=mation1 x 0 necess>y to exam9e ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by burn+ volcanoes4 ,i det]m9$ !re=e to return to ,italy 9 ! mon? ( ,novemb]1 #agig4 ,i made a long /ay at ,vi5na1 :]e ! f9e collections ( exotic plants1 & ! fri5d%ip ( ,messrs4 de ,jacqu91 & ,joseph van d] ,s*ott1 7 highly useful to my prep>atory /udies4 ,i travell$ ) ,m4 ,leopold von ,bu*1 ?r\gh sev]al cantons ( ,salzburg & ,/yria1 c\ntries alike int]e/+ to ! l&scape-pa9t] & ! geologi/2 b j :5 ,i 0 ab\t to cross ! ,tyrolese ,alps1 ! w> !n rag+ 9 ,italy oblig$ me to ab&on ! project ( go+ to ,naples4 ,a %ort "t be=e1 a g5tleman passionately fond ( ! f9e arts1 & :o _h visit$ ! coa/s ( ,greece & ,illyria to inspect _! monum5ts1 made me a proposal to accompany him 9 an exp$ition to ,upp] ,egypt4 ,?is exp$ition 0 to occupy only eight mon?s4 ,provid$ ) a/ronomical in/rum5ts & able draughtsm51 we 7 to asc5d ! ,nile z f> z ,ass\an1 aft] m9utely exam9+ ! positions ( ! ,said1 betwe5 ,t5tyris & ! cat>acts4 ,?\gh my views _h n hi!rto be5 fix$ on any region b ! tropics1 ,i c\ld n resi/ ! temptation ( visit+ c\ntries s celebrat$ 9 ! annals ( human civilization4 ,i !re=e accept$ ?is proposition1 b ) ! express condition1 t on our return to ,alex&ria ,i %\ld be at lib]ty to cont9ue my j\rney ?r\gh ,syria & ,pale/9e4 ,! /udies :i* ,i ent]$ ^u ) a view to ?is new project1 ,i aft]w>ds f\nd useful1 :5 ,i exam9$ ! relations betwe5 ! b>b>\s monum5ts ( ,mexico1 & ^? belong+ to ! nations ( ! old _w4 ,i ?\ght myself on ! po9t ( emb>k+ = ,egypt1 :5 political ev5ts =c$ me to ab&on a plan :i* promis$ me s mu* satisfaction4 ,an exp$ition ( discov]y 9 ! ,s\? ,sea1 "u ! direction ( capta9 ,baud91 0 !n prep>+ 9 ,france4 ,! plan 0 great1 bold1 & wor?y ( be+ execut$ by a m enlight5$ comm&]4 ,! purpose ( ?is exp$ition 0 to visit ! ,spani% possessions ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 f ! m\? ( ! riv] ,plata to ! k+dom ( ,quito & ! i/hmus ( ,panama4 ,aft] visit+ ! ar*ipelago ( ! ,pacific1 & explor+ ! coa/s ( ,new ,holl&1 f ,van ,diem5's ,l& to t ( ,nuyts1 bo? vessels 7 to /op at ,madagasc>1 & return by ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,i 0 9 ,p>is :5 ! prep>ations = ?is voyage 7 begun4 ,i _h b little confid5ce 9 ! p]sonal "* ( capta9 ,baud91 :o _h giv5 cause ( discont5t to ! c\rt ( ,vi5na1 :5 he 0 commission$ to conduct to ,brazil "o ( my fri5ds1 ! "y botani/1 ,van d] ,s*ott2 b z ,i c\ld n hope1 ) my own res\rces1 to make a voyage ( su* ext5t1 & view s f9e a portion ( ! globe1 ,i det]m9$ to take ! *ances ( ?is exp$ition4 ,i obta9$ p]mission to emb>k1 ) ! in/rum5ts ,i _h collect$1 9 "o ( ! vessels de/9$ = ! ,s\? ,sea1 & ,i res]v$ to myself ! lib]ty ( leav+ capta9 ,baud9 :5ev] ,i ?\ght prop]4 ,m4 ,mi*aux1 :o _h already visit$ ,p]sia & a "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ,m4 ,bonpl&1 ) :om ,i !n =m$ ! fri5d%ip t /ill unites u1 7 appo9t$ to accompany ?is exp$ition z naturali/s4 ,i _h flatt]$ myself dur+ sev]al mon?s ) ! idea ( %>+ ! lab\rs direct$ to s great & hon\rable an object :5 ! w> :i* broke out 9 ,g]many & ,italy1 det]m9$ ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t to )draw ! funds grant$ = _! voyage ( discov]y1 & adj\rn x to an indef9ite p]iod4 ,deeply mortifi$ at f9d+ ! plans ,i _h =m$ dur+ _m ye>s ( my life ov]?r[n 9 a s+le day1 ,i s\ght at any risk ! spe$ie/ means ( quitt+ ,europe1 & engag+ 9 "s ent]prise :i* might console me = my disappo9tm5t4 ,i became acqua9t$ ) a ,sw$i% consul1 nam$ ,skioldebr&1 :o hav+ be5 appo9t$ by 8 c\rt to c>ry pres5ts to ! dey ( ,algi]s1 0 pass+ ?r\gh ,p>is1 to emb>k at ,m>seilles4 ,?is e/imable man _h resid$ a long "t on ! coa/ ( ,africa2 & be+ highly respect$ by ! gov]nm5t ( ,algi]s1 he c\ld easily procure me p]mission to visit t "p ( ! *a9 ( ! ,atlas :i* _h n be5 ! object ( ! important rese>*es ( ,m4 ,desfonta9es4 ,he despat*$ e ye> a vessel = ,tunis1 :]e ! pilgrims emb>k$ = ,mecca1 & he promis$ to convey me by ! same m$ium to ,egypt4 ,i eag]ly seiz$ s fav\rable an opportunity1 & ?\ght myself on ! po9t ( execut+ a plan :i* ,i _h =m$ previ\sly to my arrival 9 ,france4 ,no m9]alogi/ _h yet exam9$ t l(ty *a9 ( m\nta9s :i*1 9 ! empire ( ,morocco1 rises to ! limits ( ! p]petual sn[4 ,i flatt]$ myself1 t1 aft] execut+ "s op]ations 9 ! alp9e regions ( ,b>b>y1 ,i %\ld receive 9 ,egypt f ^? illu/ri\s m5 :o _h = "s mon?s =m$ ! ,in/itute ( ,cairo1 ! same k9d att5tions ) :i* ,i _h be5 hon\r$ dur+ my abode 9 ,p>is4 ,i ha/ily complet$ my collection ( in/rum5ts1 & pur*as$ works relat+ to ! c\ntries ,i 0 go+ to visit4 ,i p>t$ f a bro!r :o1 by 8 advice & example1 _h hi!rto ex]cis$ a great influ5ce on ! direction ( my ?\ghts4 ,he approv$ ! motives :i* det]m9$ me to quit ,europe2 a secret voice assur$ u t we %\ld meet aga92 & t hope1 :i* did n prove delusive1 assuag$ ! pa9 ( a long sep>ation4 ,i left ,p>is ) ! int5tion ( emb>k+ = ,algi]s & ,egypt2 b by "o ( ^? vicissitudes :i* sway ! affairs ( ?is life1 ,i return$ to my bro!r f ! riv] ,amazon & ,p]u1 )\t hav+ t\*$ ! cont95t ( ,africa4 ,! ,sw$i% frigate :i* 0 to convey ,m4 ,skioldebr& to ,algi]s1 0 expect$ at ,m>seilles t[>d ! end ( ,octob]4 ,m4 ,bonpl& & myself repair$ ?i!r ) great cel]ity1 = dur+ our j\rney we 7 torm5t$ ) ! fe> ( be+ too late1 & miss+ our passage4 ,m4 ,skioldebr& 0 no less impati5t ?an ourselves to rea* 8 place ( de/9ation4 ,sev]al times a day we climb$ ! m\nta9 ( ,notre ,dame de la ,g>de1 :i* comm&s an ext5sive view ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,e sail we descri$ 9 ! horizon excit$ 9 u ! mo/ eag] emotion2 b aft] two mon?s ( anxiety & va9 expectation1 we le>n$ by ! public pap]s1 t ! ,sw$i% frigate :i* 0 to convey u1 _h suff]$ greatly 9 a /orm on ! coa/ ( ,portugal1 & _h be5 =c$ to ent] ! port ( ,cadiz1 to refit4 ,?is news 0 confirm$ by private lett]s1 assur+ u t ! ,j>amas1 :i* 0 ! "n ( ! frigate1 w\ld n rea* ,m>seilles be=e ! spr+4 ,we felt no incl9ation to prolong our /ay 9 ,prov5ce till t p]iod4 ,! c\ntry1 & especially ! climate1 7 delightful1 b ! aspect ( ! sea rem9d$ u ( ! failure ( our projects4 ,9 an excursion we made to ,hy]es & ,t\lon1 we f\nd 9 ! latt] port ! frigate la ,b\deuse1 :i* _h be5 comm&$ by ,m4 de ,b\ga9ville1 9 8 voyage r\nd ! _w4 ,%e 0 !n fitt+ out = ,corsica4 ,m4 de ,b\ga9ville _h hon\r$ me ) p>ticul> k9dness dur+ my /ay 9 ,p>is1 :5 ,i 0 prep>+ to accompany ! exp$ition ( capta9 ,baud94 ,i _c describe ! impression made ^u my m9d by ! sight ( ! vessel :i* _h c>ri$ ,comm]son to ! isl&s ( ! ,s\? ,sea4 ,9 "s conditions ( ! m9d1 a pa9ful emotion bl5ds itself ) all our feel+s4 ,we /ill p]si/$ 9 ! int5tion ( visit+ ! ,african coa/1 & 7 ne>ly becom+ ! victims ( our p]sev]ance4 ,a small vessel ( ,ragusa1 on ! po9t ( sett+ sail = ,tunis1 0 at t "t 9 ! port ( ,m>seilles2 we ?\ght ! opportunity fav\rable = rea*+ ,egypt & ,syria1 & we agre$ ) ! capta9 = our passage4 ,! vessel 0 to sail ! foll[+ day2 b a circum/ance trivial 9 itself happily prev5t$ our dep>ture4 ,! live-/ock int5d$ to s]ve u = food dur+ our passage1 0 kept 9 ! great cab94 ,we desir$ t "s *anges %\ld be made1 :i* 7 indisp5sable = ! safety ( our in/rum5ts2 & dur+ ?is int]val we le>nt at ,m>seilles1 t ! gov]nm5t ( ,tunis p]secut$ ! ,fr5* resid+ 9 ,b>b>y1 & t e p]son com+ f a ,fr5* port 0 ?r[n into a dungeon4 ,hav+ escap$ ?is imm95t dang]1 we 7 compell$ to susp5d ! execution ( our projects4 ,we resolv$ to pass ! w9t] 9 ,spa91 9 hopes ( emb>k+ ! next spr+1 ei!r at ,c>?ag5a1 or at ,cadiz1 if ! political situation ( ! ,ea/ p]mitt$4 ,we cross$ ,catalonia & ! k+dom ( ,val5cia1 on our way to ,madrid4 ,we visit$ ! ru9s ( ,t>ragona & ^? ( anci5t ,saguntum2 & f ,b>celona we made an excursion to ,monts]rat1 ! l(ty peaks ( :i* are inhabit$ by h]mits1 & :]e ! contra/ betwe5 luxuriant vegetation & masses ( nak$ & arid rocks1 =ms a l&scape ( a peculi> "*4 ,i employ$ myself 9 asc]ta9+ by a/ronomical obs]vations ! position ( sev]al po9ts important = ! geography ( ,spa91 & det]m9$ by means ( ! b>omet] ! height ( ! c5tral pla94 ,i likewise made sev]al obs]vations on ! incl9ation ( ! ne$le1 & on ! int5sity ( ! magnetic =ces4 ,on my arrival at ,madrid ,i _h reason to congratulate myself on ! resolution ,i _h =m$ ( visit+ ! ,p59sula4 ,b>on de ,=ell1 m9i/] f ! c\rt ( ,saxony1 treat$ me ) a degree ( k9dness1 ( :i* ,i soon felt ! value4 ,he 0 well v]s$ 9 m9]alogy1 & 0 full ( zeal = e und]tak+ t promot$ ! progress ( k4 ,he obs]v$ to me1 t "u ! adm9i/ration ( an enlight5$ m9i/]1 ,don ,m>iano ,luis de ,urquijo1 ,i might hope to obta9 p]mission to visit1 at my own exp5se1 ! int]ior ( ,spani% ,am]ica4 ,aft] ! disappo9tm5ts ,i _h suff]$1 ,i did n hesitate a mom5t to adopt ?is idea4 ,i 0 pres5t$ at ! c\rt ( ,aranjuez 9 ,m>* #agii & ! k+ receiv$ me graci\sly4 ,i expla9$ to him ! motives :i* l$ me to und]take a voyage to ! new _w & ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 & ,i pres5t$ a memoir on ! subject to ! secret>y ( /ate4 ,s5or de ,urquijo support$ my dem&1 & ov]came e ob/acle4 ,i obta9$ two passports1 "o f ! fir/ secret>y ( /ate1 ! o!r f ! c\ncil ( ! ,indies4 ,nev] _h s ext5sive a p]mission be5 grant$ to any travell]1 & nev] _h any =eign] be5 hon\r$ ) m confid5ce on ! "p ( ! ,spani% gov]nm5t4 ,_m consid]ations might h induc$ u to prolong our abode 9 ,spa94 ,! abbe ,cavanilles1 no less rem>kable = ! v>iety ( 8 atta9m5ts ?an 8 acute intellig5ce2 ,m4 ,nee1 :o1 toge!r ) ,m4 ,ha5ke1 _h1 z botani/1 made "p ( ! exp$ition ( ,malasp9a1 & :o _h =m$ "o ( ! greate/ h]bals ev] se5 9 ,europe2 ,don ,casimir ,ortega1 ! abbe ,p\rret1 & ! le>n$ au?ors ( ! ,flora ( ,p]u1 ,messrs4 ,ruiz & ,pavon1 all op5$ to u )\t res]ve _! ri* collections4 ,we exam9$ "p ( ! plants ( ,mexico1 discov]$ by ,messrs4 ,sesse1 ,moc9o1 & ,c]vantes1 ^: draw+s _h be5 s5t to ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,madrid4 ,?is great e/abli%m5t1 ! direction ( :i* 0 confid$ to ,s5or ,clavijo1 au?or ( an elegant translation ( ! works ( ,buffon1 (f]$ u1 x is true1 no geological repres5tation ( ! ,cordill]as1 b ,m4 ,pr\/1 s well kn[n by ! great accuracy ( 8 *emical lab\rs1 & a di/+ui%$ m9]alogi/1 ,m4 ,h]g51 gave u curi\s details on sev]al m9]al sub/ances ( ,am]ica4 ,x w\ld h be5 useful to u to h employ$ a long] "t 9 /udy+ ! productions ( ! c\ntries :i* 7 to be ! objects ( our rese>*1 b our impati5ce to take advantage ( ! p]mission giv5 u by ! c\rt 0 too great to suff] u to delay our dep>ture4 ,= a ye> pa/1 ,i _h exp]i5c$ s _m disappo9tm5ts1 t ,i c\ld sc>cely p]suade myself t my mo/ ard5t wi%es w\ld be at l5g? fulfill$4 ,we left ,madrid ab\t ! middle ( ,may1 cross$ a "p ( ,old ,ca/ile1 ! k+doms ( ,leon & ,galicia1 & rea*$ ,corunna1 :5ce we 7 to emb>k = ,cuba4 ,! w9t] hav+ be5 protract$ & sev]e1 we enjoy$ dur+ ! j\rney t mild temp]ature ( ! spr+1 :i* 9 s s\!rn a latitude usually occurs dur+ ,m>* & ,april4 ,! sn[ /ill cov]$ ! l(ty granitic tops ( ! ,guad>ama2 b 9 ! deep valleys ( ,galicia1 :i* resemble ! mo/ picturesque spots ( ,switz]l& & ! ,tyrol1 ci/uses load$ ) fl[]s2 & arboresc5t hea?s clo!d e rock4 ,we quitt$ )\t regret ! elevat$ pla9 ( ! two ,ca/iles1 :i* is ev]y:]e devoid ( vegetation1 & :]e ! sev]ity ( ! w9t]'s cold is foll[$ by ! ov]:elm+ heat ( summ]4 ,f ! few obs]vations ,i p]sonally made1 ! int]ior ( ,spa9 =ms a va/ pla91 elevat$ ?ree hundr$ toises 7five hundr$ & eighty-f\r metres7 above ! level ( ! ocean1 is cov]$ ) second>y =mations1 grit-/one1 gypsum1 sal-gem1 & ! calc>e\s /one ( ,jura4 ,! climate ( ! ,ca/iles is mu* cold] ?an t ( ,t\lon & ,g5oa2 its mean temp]ature sc>cely rises to #ae degrees ( ! c5tigrade !rmomet]4 ,we are a/oni%$ to f9d t1 9 ! latitude ( ,calabria1 ,!ssaly1 & ,asia ,m9or1 orange-trees d n fl\ri% 9 ! op5 air4 ,! c5tral elevat$ pla9 is encircl$ by a l[ & n>r[ zone1 :]e ! *ama]ops1 ! date-tree1 ! sug>-cane1 ! banana1 & a numb] ( plants common to ,spa9 & ! nor? ( ,africa1 vegetate on sev]al spots1 )\t suff]+ f ! rig\rs ( w9t]4 ,f ! #cf? to #dj? degrees ( latitude1 ! m$ium temp]ature ( ?is zone is f #ag to #bj degrees2 & by a concurr5ce ( circum/ances1 :i* x w\ld be too long to expla91 ?is fav\r$ region has become ! pr9cipal seat ( indu/ry & intellectual improvem5t4 ,:51 9 ! k+dom ( ,val5cia1 we asc5d f ! %ore ( ! ,m$it]ranean t[>ds ! l(ty pla9s ( ,la ,man*a & ! ,ca/iles1 we seem to disc]n1 f> inl&1 f ! l5g!n$ declivities1 ! anci5t coa/ ( ! ,p59sula4 ,?is curi\s ph5om5on recalls ! traditions ( ! ,samo?racians1 & o!r hi/orical te/imonies1 accord+ to :i* x is suppos$ t ! irruption ( ! wat]s ?r\gh ! ,d>danelles1 augm5t+ ! bas9 ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 r5t & ov]fl[$ ! s\!rn "p ( ,europe4 ,if we admit t ^! traditions owe _! orig91 n to m]e geological rev]ies1 b to ! remembrance ( "s anci5t cata/rophe1 we may conceive ! c5tral elevat$ pla9 ( ,spa9 resi/+ ! ef=ts ( ^! great inundations1 till ! dra9+ ( ! wat]s1 by ! /raits =m$ betwe5 ! pill>s ( ,h]cules1 br\ght ! ,m$it]ranean progressively to its pres5t level1 l[] ,egypt em]g+ above its surface on ! "o side1 & ! f]tile pla9s ( ,t>ragona1 ,val5cia1 & ,murcia1 on ! o!r4 ,ev]y?+ t relates to ! =mation ( t sea199 799 ,"s ( ! anci5t geograph]s believ$ t ! ,m$it]ranean1 swell$ by ! wat]s ( ! ,eux9e1 ! ,palus ,maeotis1 ! ,caspian ,sea1 & ! ,sea ( ,aral1 _h brok5 ! pill>s ( ,h]cules2 o!rs admitt$ t ! irruption 0 made by ! wat]s ( ! ocean4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! hypo!ses1 ! height ( ! l& betwe5 ! ,black ,sea & ! ,baltic1 & betwe5 ! ports ( ,cette & ,bordeaux1 det]m9e ! limit :i* ! accumulation ( ! wat]s may h rea*$ be=e ! junction ( ! ,black ,sea1 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & ! ,atlantic1 z well to ! nor? ( ! ,d>danelles1 z to ! ea/ ( ?is /rip ( l& :i* =m]ly jo9$ ,europe to ,mauritania1 & ( :i*1 9 ! "t ( ,/rabo1 c]ta9 ve/iges rema9$ 9 ! ,isl&s ( ,juno & ! ,moon47 :i* has _h s p[]ful an influ5ce on ! fir/ civilization ( mank9d1 is highly int]e/+4 ,we might suppose1 t ,spa91 =m+ a promontory amid/ ! waves1 0 indebt$ = its pres]vation to ! height ( its l&2 b 9 ord] to give weight to ^! !oretic ideas1 we mu/ cle> up ! d\bts t h aris5 respect+ ! rupture ( s _m transv]se dikes2--we mu/ discuss ! probability ( ! ,m$it]ranean hav+ be5 =m]ly divid$ into sev]al sep>ate bas9s1 ( :i* ,sicily & ! isl& ( ,c&ia appe> to m>k ! anci5t limits4 ,we w n "h risk ! solution ( ^! problems1 b w satisfy ourselves 9 fix+ att5tion on ! /rik+ contra/ 9 ! configuration ( ! l& 9 ! ea/]n & we/]n extremities ( ,europe4 ,betwe5 ! ,baltic & ! ,black ,sea1 ! gr\nd is at pres5t sc>cely fifty toises above ! level ( ! ocean1 :ile ! pla9 ( ,la ,man*a1 if plac$ betwe5 ! s\rces ( ! ,niem5 & ! ,bory/h5es1 w\ld figure z a gr\p ( m\nta9s ( consid]able height4 ,if ! causes1 :i* may h *ang$ ! surface ( our planet1 be an int]e/+ speculation1 inve/igations ( ! ph5om5a1 su* z !y (f] !mselves to ! measures & obs]vations ( ! naturali/1 lead to f> great] c]ta9ty4 ,f ,a/orga to ,corunna1 especially f ,lugo1 ! m\nta9s rise gradually4 ,! second>y =mations g5tly disappe>1 & are succe$$ by ! transition rocks1 :i* indicate ! proximity ( primitive /rata4 ,we f\nd consid]able m\nta9s compos$ ( t anci5t grey /one :i* ! m9]alogi/s ( ! s*ool ( ,freyb]g "n grauwakke1 & grauwakk5s*ief]4 ,i d n "k :e!r ?is =mation1 :i* is n frequ5t 9 ! s\? ( ,europe1 has hi!rto be5 discov]$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ,spa94 ,angul> fragm5ts ( ,lydian /one1 scatt]$ along ! valleys1 seem$ to indicate t ! transition s*i/ is ! basis ( ! /rata ( greywacke4 ,ne> ,corunna ev5 granitic ridges /ret* z f> z ,cape ,ortegal4 ,^! granites1 :i* seem =m]ly to h be5 contigu\s to ^? ( ,britanny & ,cornwall1 are p]haps ! wrecks ( a *a9 ( m\nta9s de/roy$ & sunk 9 ! waves4 ,l>ge & beautiful cry/als ( feldsp> *>act]ise ?is rock4 ,common t9 ore is sometimes discov]$ !re1 b work+ ! m9es is a labori\s & unpr(itable op]ation = ! inhabitants ( ,galicia4 ,! fir/ secret>y ( /ate _h recomm5d$ u v p>ticul>ly to brigadi] ,don ,raphael ,clavijo1 :o 0 employ$ 9 =m+ new dock-y>ds at ,corunna4 ,he advis$ u to emb>k on bo>d ! sloop ,piz>ro199 799 ,accord+ to ! ,spani% nom5clature1 ! ,piz>ro 0 a light frigate 7fragata lij]a747 :i* 0 to sail 9 company ) ! ,alcudia1 ! packet-boat ( ! mon? ( ,may1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! blockade1 _h be5 deta9$ ?ree weeks 9 ! port4 ,s5or ,clavijo ord]$ ! necess>y arrangem5ts to be made on bo>d ! sloop = plac+ our in/rum5ts1 & ! capta9 ( ! ,piz>ro receiv$ ord]s to /op at ,t5]iffe1 z long z we %\ld judge necess>y to enable u to visit ! port ( ,orotava1 & asc5d ! peak4 ,we _h yet t5 days to wait be=e we emb>k$4 ,dur+ ?is int]val1 we employ$ ourselves 9 prep>+ ! plants we _h collect$ 9 ! beautiful valleys ( ,galicia1 :i* no naturali/ _h yet visit$3 we exam9$ ! fuci & ! mollusca :i* ! nor?-we/ w9ds _h ca/ ) great pr(usion at ! foot ( ! /eep rock1 on :i* ! ligh?\se ( ! ,t[] ( ,h]cules is built4 ,?is edifice1 call$ also ! ,iron ,t[]1 0 repair$ 9 #aghh4 ,x is n9ety-two feet high1 its walls are f\r feet & a half ?ick1 & its con/ruction cle>ly proves t x 0 built by ! ,romans4 ,an inscription discov]$ ne> its f\ndation1 a copy ( :i* ,m4 ,laborde oblig+ly gave me1 in=ms u1 t ?is ph>os 0 con/ruct$ by ,caius ,sevius ,lupus1 ar*itect ( ! city ( ,aqua ,flavia 7,*aves71 & t x 0 d$icat$ to ,m>s4 ,:y is ! ,iron ,t[] call$ 9 ! c\ntry by ! "n ( ,h]cules8 ,0 x built by ! ,romans on ! ru9s ( a ,greek or ,pho5ician edifice8 ,/rabo1 inde$1 affirms t ,galicia1 ! c\ntry ( ! ,callaeci1 _h be5 peopl$ by ,greek colonies4 ,accord+ to an extract f ! geography ( ,spa91 by ,asclepiades ! ,myrlaean1 an anci5t tradition /at$ t ! companions ( ,h]cules _h settl$ 9 ^! c\ntries4 ,! ports ( ,f]rol & ,corunna bo? communicate ) "o bay1 s t a vessel driv5 by bad wea!r t[>ds ! coa/ may an*or 9 ei!r1 accord+ to ! w9d4 ,?is advantage is invaluable :]e ! sea is almo/ always tempe/u\s1 z betwe5 capes ,ortegal & ,f9i/]re1 :i* are ! promontories ,trileucum & ,artabrum ( anci5t geography4 ,a n>r[ passage1 flank$ by p]p5dicul> rocks ( granite1 leads to ! ext5sive bas9 ( ,f]rol4 ,no port 9 ,europe has s extraord9>y an an*orage1 f its v inl& position4 ,! n>r[ & tortu\s passage by :i* vessels ent] ?is port1 has be5 op5$1 ei!r by ! irruption ( ! waves1 or by ! reit]at$ %ocks ( v viol5t e>?quakes4 ,9 ! ,new ,_w1 on ! coa/s ( ,new ,&alusia1 ! ,laguna del ,obispo 7,bi%op's lake7 is =m$ exactly l ! port ( ,f]rol4 ,! mo/ curi\s geological ph5om5a are (t5 repeat$ at imm5se di/ances on ! surface ( cont95ts2 & naturali/s :o h exam9$ diff]5t p>ts ( ! globe1 are /ruck ) ! extreme resemblance obs]v$ 9 ! r5ts on coa/s1 9 ! s9uosities ( ! valleys1 9 ! aspect ( ! m\nta9s1 & 9 _! di/ribution by gr\ps4 ,! accid5tal concurr5ce ( ! same causes mu/ h ev]y:]e produc$ ! same effects2 & amid/ ! v>iety ( nature1 an analogy ( /ructure & =m is obs]v$ 9 ! arrangem5t ( inanimate matt]1 z well z 9 ! int]nal organization ( plants & ( animals4 ,cross+ f ,corunna to ,f]rol1 ov] a %all[1 ne> ! ,:ite ,signal1 9 ! bay1 :i* accord+ to ,d',anville is ! ,portus ,magnus ( ! anci5ts1 we made sev]al exp]im5ts by means ( a valv$ !rmometrical s\nd+ lead1 on ! temp]ature ( ! ocean1 & on ! decrem5t ( caloric 9 ! successive /rata ( wat]4 ,! !rmomet] on ! bank1 & ne> ! surface1 0 f #ab4e to #ac4c degrees c5tigrades1 :ile 9 deep wat] x con/antly m>k$ #ae or #ae4c degrees1 ! air be+ at #ab4h degrees4 ,! celebrat$ ,frankl9 & ,mr4 ,jona?an ,williams99 799 ,au?or ( a "w entitl$ ,!rmometrical ,navigation1 publi%$ at ,philadelphia47 7 ! fir/ to invite ! att5tion ( naturali/s to ! ph5om5a ( ! temp]ature ( ! ,atlantic ov] %oals1 & 9 t zone ( tepid & fl[+ wat]s :i* runs f ! gulf ( ,mexico to ! banks ( ,newf\ndl& & ! nor!rn coa/s ( ,europe4 ,! obs]vation1 t ! proximity ( a s&-bank is indicat$ by a rapid desc5t ( ! temp]ature ( ! sea at its surface1 is n only int]e/+ to ! naturali/1 b may become also v important = ! safety ( navigators4 ,! use ( ! !rmomet] ought c]ta9ly n to lead u to neglect ! use ( ! lead2 b exp]im5ts suffici5tly prove1 t v>iations ( temp]ature1 s5sible to ! mo/ imp]fect in/rum5ts1 indicate dang] long be=e ! vessel rea*es ! %oals4 ,9 su* cases1 ! frigidity ( ! wat] may induce ! pilot to heave ! lead 9 places :]e he ?\ght himself 9 ! mo/ p]fect safety4 ,! wat]s :i* cov] ! %oals owe 9 a great measure ! dim9ution ( _! temp]ature to _! mixture ) ! l[] /rata ( wat]1 :i* rise t[>ds ! surface on ! edge ( ! banks4 ,! mom5t ( leav+ ,europe = ! fir/ "t is att5d$ ) a solemn feel+4 ,we 9 va9 summon to our m9ds ! frequ5cy ( ! communication betwe5 ! two worlds2 we 9 va9 reflect on ! great facility ) :i*1 f ! improv$ /ate ( navigation1 we trav]se ! ,atlantic1 :i* comp>$ to ! ,pacific is b a l>g] arm ( ! sea2 ! s5tim5t we feel :5 we fir/ und]take s di/ant a voyage is n ! less accompani$ by a deep emotion1 unlike any o!r impression we h hi!rto felt4 ,sep>at$ f ! objects ( our de>e/ affections1 ent]+ 9 "s sort on a new /ate ( exi/5ce1 we are =c$ to fall back on our own ?\ghts1 & we feel )9 ourselves a dre>9ess we h nev] kn[n be=e4 ,among ! lett]s :i*1 at ! "t ( our emb>k+1 ,i wrote to fri5ds 9 ,france & ,g]many1 "o _h a consid]able influ5ce on ! direction ( our travels1 & on our succe$+ op]ations4 ,:5 ,i left ,p>is ) ! int5tion ( visit+ ! coa/ ( ,africa1 ! exp$ition = discov]ies 9 ! ,pacific seem$ to be adj\rn$ = sev]al ye>s4 ,i _h agre$ ) capta9 ,baud91 t if1 contr>y to 8 expectation1 8 voyage took place at an e>li] p]iod1 & intellig5ce ( x %\ld rea* me 9 "t1 ,i w\ld endeav\r to return f ,algi]s to a port 9 ,france or ,spa91 to jo9 ! exp$ition4 ,i r5ew$ ?is promise on leav+ ,europe1 & wrote to ,m4 ,baud91 t if ! gov]nm5t p]si/$ 9 s5d+ him by ,cape ,horn1 ,i w\ld endeav\r to meet him ei!r at ,monte ,video1 ,*ile1 or ,lima1 or :]ev] he %\ld t\* 9 ! ,spani% colonies4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is engagem5t1 ,i *ang$ ! plan ( my j\rney1 on read+ 9 ! ,am]ican pap]s1 9 #ahja1 t ! ,fr5* exp$ition _h sail$ f ,havre1 to circumnavigate ! globe f ea/ to we/4 ,i hir$ a small vessel f ,batabano1 9 ! isl& ( ,cuba1 to ,portobello1 & !nce cross$ ! i/hmus to ! coa/ ( ! ,pacific2 ?is mi/ake ( a j\rnali/ l$ ,m4 ,bonpl& & myself to travel eight hundr$ leagues ?r\gh a c\ntry we _h no int5tion to visit4 ,x 0 only at ,quito1 t a lett] f ,m4 ,delambre1 p]petual secret>y ( ! fir/ class ( ! ,in/itute1 in=m$ u1 t capta9 ,baud9 w5t by ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 )\t t\*+ on ! ea/]n or we/]n coa/s ( ,am]ica4 ,we sp5t two days at ,corunna1 aft] our in/rum5ts 7 emb>k$4 ,a ?ick fog1 :i* cov]$ ! horizon1 at l5g? indicat$ ! *ange ( wea!r we s anxi\sly desir$4 ,on ! #d? ( ,june1 9 ! ev5+1 ! w9d turn$ to nor?-ea/1 a po9t :i*1 on ! coa/ ( ,galicia1 is consid]$ v con/ant dur+ ! summ]4 ,! ,piz>ro prep>$ to sail on ! #e?1 ?\gh we _h intellig5ce t only a few h\rs previ\sly an ,engli% squadron _h be5 se5 f ! wat*-t[] ( ,sis>ga1 appe>+ to /& t[>ds ! m\? ( ! ,tagus4 ,^? :o saw our %ip weigh an*or ass]t$ t we %\ld be captur$ 9 ?ree days1 & t1 =c$ to foll[ ! fate ( ! vessel1 we %\ld be c>ri$ to ,lisbon4 ,?is progno/ic gave u ! m uneas9ess1 z we _h kn[n "s ,mexicans at ,madrid1 :o1 9 ord] to return to ,v]a ,cruz1 _h emb>k$ ?ree times at ,cadiz1 & hav+ be5 ea* "t tak5 at ! entrance ( ! port1 7 at l5g? oblig$ to return to ,spa9 ?r\gh ,portugal4 ,! ,piz>ro set sail at two 9 ! aft]noon4 ,z ! long & n>r[ passage by :i* a %ip sails f ! port ( ,corunna op5s t[>ds ! nor?1 & ! w9d 0 contr>y1 we made eight %ort tacks1 ?ree ( :i* 7 useless4 ,a fre% tack 0 made1 b v sl[ly1 & we 7 = "s mom5ts 9 dang] at ! foot ( =t ,/4 ,am>ro1 ! curr5t hav+ driv5 u v ne> ! rock1 on :i* ! sea breaks ) consid]able viol5ce4 ,we rema9$ ) our eyes fix$ on ! ca/le ( ,/4 ,antonio1 :]e ! un=tunate ,malasp9a 0 !n a captive 9 a /ate prison4 ,on ! po9t ( leav+ ,europe to visit ! c\ntries :i* ?is illu/ri\s travell] _h visit$ ) s mu* advantage1 ,i c\ld h wi%$ to h fix$ my ?\ghts on "s object less affect+4 ,at half-pa/ six we pass$ ! ,t[] ( ,h]cules1 :i* is ! ligh?\se ( ,corunna1 z already m5tion$1 & :]e1 f a v remote "t1 a coal-fire has be5 kept up = ! direction ( vessels4 ,! light ( ?is fire is 9 no way proportionate to ! noble con/ruction ( s va/ an edifice1 be+ s feeble t %ips _c p]ceive x till !y are 9 dang] ( /rik+ on ! %ore4 ,t[>ds ! close ( day ! w9d increas$ & ! sea ran high4 ,we direct$ our c\rse to nor?-we/1 9 ord] to avoid ! ,engli% frigates1 :i* we suppos$ 7 cruis+ (f ^! coa/s4 ,ab\t n9e we spi$ ! light ( a fi%+-hut at ,sis>ga1 :i* 0 ! la/ object we beheld 9 ! we/ ( ,europe4 ,on ! #g? we 7 9 ! latitude ( ,cape ,f9i/]re4 ,! gr\p ( granitic rocks1 :i* =ms "p ( ?is promontory1 l t ( ,torianes & ,monte de ,corcubion1 be>s ! "n ( ! ,si]ra de ,tor9ona4 ,cape ,f9i/]re is l[] ?an ! neighb\r+ l&s1 b ! ,tor9ona is visible at sev5te5 leagues' di/ance1 :i* proves t ! elevation ( its highe/ summit is n less ?an #cjj toises 7#ehb metres74 ,spani% navigators affirm t on ^! coa/s ! magnetic v>iation diff]s extremely f t obs]v$ at sea4 ,m4 ,bory1 x is true1 9 ! voyage ( ! sloop ,am>an?1 f\nd 9 #agea1 t ! v>iation ( ! ne$le det]m9$ at ! ,cape 0 f\r degrees less ?an c\ld h be5 conjectur$ f ! obs]vations made at ! same p]iod along ! coa/s4 ,9 ! same mann] z ! granite ( ,galicia conta9s t9 dissem9at$ 9 its mass1 t ( ,cape ,f9i/]re probably conta9s micace\s iron4 ,9 ! m\nta9s ( ! ,upp] ,palat9ate !re are granitic rocks 9 :i* cry/als ( micace\s iron take ! place ( common mica4 ,on ! #h?1 at sunset1 we descri$ f ! ma/-head an ,engli% convoy sail+ along ! coa/1 & /e]+ t[>ds s\?-ea/4 ,9 ord] to avoid x we alt]$ our c\rse dur+ ! night4 ,f ?is mom5t no light 0 p]mitt$ 9 ! great cab91 to prev5t our be+ se5 at a di/ance4 ,?is precaution1 :i* 0 at ! "t prescrib$ 9 ! regulations ( ! packet-%ips ( ! ,spani% navy1 0 extremely irksome to u dur+ ! voyages we made 9 ! c\rse ( ! five foll[+ ye>s4 ,we 7 con/antly oblig$ to make use ( d>k-lant]ns to exam9e ! temp]ature ( ! wat]1 or to read ! divisions on ! limb ( ! a/ronomical in/rum5ts4 ,9 ! torrid zone1 :]e twilight la/s b a few m9utes1 our op]ations ceas$ almo/ at six 9 ! ev5+4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s 0 s mu* ! m vexati\s to me z f ! nature ( my con/itution ,i nev] 0 subject to sea-sickness1 & feel an extreme ard\r = /udy dur+ ! :ole "t ,i am at sea4 ,on ! #i? ( ,june1 9 latitude #ci degrees #ej m9utes1 & longitude #af degrees #aj m9utes we/ ( ! m]idian ( ! obs]vatory ( ,p>is1 we began to feel ! effects ( ! great curr5t :i* f ! ,azores fl[s t[>ds ! /raits ( ,gibralt> & ! ,can>y ,isl&s4 ,?is curr5t is commonly attribut$ to t t5d5cy t[>ds ! ea/1 :i* ! /raits ( ,gibralt> give to ! wat]s ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,m4 de ,fleurieu obs]ves t ! ,m$it]ranean1 los+ by evaporation m wat] ?an ! riv]s c supply1 causes a movem5t 9 ! neighb\r+ ocean1 & t ! influ5ce ( ! /raits is felt at ! di/ance ( six hundr$ leagues4 ,)\t d]ogat+ f ! respect ,i ent]ta9 = ! op9ion ( t celebrat$ navigator1 ,i may be p]mitt$ to consid] ?is important object 9 a f> m g5]al po9t ( view4 ,:5 we ca/ our eyes ov] ! ,atlantic1 or t deep valley :i* divides ! we/]n coa/s ( ,europe & ,africa f ! ea/]n coa/s ( ! new _w1 we di/+ui% a contr>y direction 9 ! motion ( ! wat]s4 ,)9 ! tropics1 especially f ! coa/ ( ,s5egal to ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 ! g5]al curr5t1 t :i* 0 e>lie/ kn[n to m>9]s1 fl[s con/antly f ea/ to we/4 ,?is is call$ ! equ9octial curr5t4 ,its mean rapidity1 correspond+ to diff]5t latitudes1 is ne>ly ! same 9 ! ,atlantic & 9 ! ,pacific1 & may be e/imat$ at n9e or t5 miles 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 consequ5tly f #j4ei to #j4fe ( a foot e second6 ,9 ^? latitudes ! wat]s run t[>ds ! we/ ) a velocity equal to a f\r? ( ! rapidity ( ! great] "p ( ! l>g] riv]s ( ,europe4 ,! movem5t ( ! ocean 9 a direction contr>y to t ( ! rotation ( ! globe1 is probably connect$ ) ?is la/ ph5om5on only z f> z ! rotation conv]ts into trade w9ds99 799 ,! limits ( ! trade w9ds 71 = ! fir/ "t1 det]m9$ by ,dampi] 9 #afff47 ! pol> w9ds1 :i*1 9 ! l[ regions ( ! atmosph]e br+ back ! cold air ( ! high latitudes t[>d ! equator4 ,to ! g5]al impulsion :i* ^! trade-w9ds give ! surface ( ! sea1 we mu/ attribute ! equ9octial curr5t1 ! =ce & rapidity ( :i* are n s5sibly modifi$ by ! local v>iations ( ! atmosph]e4 ,9 ! *annel :i* ! ,atlantic has dug betwe5 ,guiana & ,gu9ea1 on ! m]idian ( #bj or #bc degrees1 & f ! #h? or #i? to ! #bnd or #crd degrees ( nor!rn latitude1 :]e ! trade-w9ds are (t5 int]rupt$ by w9ds bl[+ f ! s\? & s\?-s\?-we/1 ! equ9octial curr5t is m incon/ant 9 its direction4 ,t[>ds ! coa/s ( ,africa1 vessels are drawn 9 ! direction ( s\?-ea/2 :il/ t[>ds ! ,bay ( ,all ,sa9ts & ,cape ,/4 ,augu/91 ! coa/s ( :i* are dread$ by navigators sail+ t[>ds ! m\? ( ! ,plata1 ! g5]al motion ( ! wat]s is mask$ by a p>ticul> curr5t 7! effects ( :i* ext5d f ,cape ,/4 ,ro*e to ! ,isle ( ,tr9idad7 runn+ nor?-we/ ) a mean velocity ( a foot & a half e second4 ,! equ9octial curr5t is felt1 ?\gh feebly1 ev5 beyond ! tropic ( ,canc]1 9 ! #bf? & #bh? degrees ( latitude4 ,9 ! va/ bas9 ( ! ,atlantic1 at six or sev5 hundr$ leagues f ! coa/s ( ,africa1 vessels f ,europe b\nd to ! ,we/ ,indies1 f9d _! sail+ accel]at$ be=e !y rea* ! torrid zone4 ,m to ! nor?1 9 #bh & #ce degrees1 betwe5 ! p>allels ( ,t5]iffe & ,ceuta1 9 #df & #dh degrees ( longitude1 no con/ant motion is obs]v$3 !re1 a zone ( #adj leagues 9 bread? sep>ates ! equ9octial curr5t 7! t5d5cy ( :i* is t[>ds ! we/7 f t great mass ( wat] :i* runs ea/w>d1 & is di/+ui%$ = its extraord9>y high temp]ature4 ,to ?is mass ( wat]s1 kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,gulf-/ream199 799 ,sir ,francis ,drake obs]v$ ?is extraord9>y movem5t ( ! wat]s1 b he 0 unacqua9t$ ) _! high temp]ature47 ! att5tion ( naturali/s 0 direct$ 9 #aggf by ! curi\s obs]vations ( ,frankl9 & ,sir ,*>les ,blagd54 ,! equ9octial curr5t drives ! wat]s ( ! ,atlantic t[>ds ! coa/s inhabit$ by ! ,mosquito ,indians1 & t[>ds ! %ores ( ,honduras4 ,! ,new ,cont95t1 /ret*+ f s\? to nor?1 =ms a sort ( dyke to ?is curr5t4 ,! wat]s are c>ri$ at fir/ nor?-we/1 & pass+ into ! ,gulf ( ,mexico ?r\gh ! /rait =m$ by ,cape ,cato*e & ,cape ,/4 ,antonio1 foll[ ! b5d+s ( ! ,mexican coa/1 f ,v]a ,cruz to ! m\? ( ! ,rio del ,norte1 & !nce to ! m\?s ( ! ,mississippi1 & ! %oals we/ ( ! s\!rn extremity ( ,florida4 ,hav+ made ?is va/ circuit we/1 nor?1 ea/1 & s\?1 ! curr5t takes a new direction nor?w>d1 & ?r[s itself ) impetuosity into ! ,gulf ( ,florida4 ,at ! end ( ! ,gulf ( ,florida1 9 ! p>allel ( ,cape ,cannav]al1 ! ,gulf-/ream1 or curr5t ( ,florida1 runs nor?-ea/4 ,its rapidity resembles t ( a torr5t1 & is sometimes five miles an h\r4 ,! pilot may judge1 ) "s c]ta9ty1 ( ! proximity ( 8 approa* to ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 or ,*>le/[n :5 he rea*es ! edge ( ! /ream2 = ! elevat$ temp]ature ( ! wat]s1 _! saltness1 indigo-blue col\r1 & ! %oals ( seawe$ :i* cov] _! surface1 z well z ! heat ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e1 all indicate ! ,gulf-/ream4 ,its rapidity dim9i%es t[>ds ! nor?1 at ! same "t t its bread? increases & ! wat]s become cool4 ,betwe5 ,cayo ,bisca9o & ! bank ( ,bahama ! bread? is only #ae leagues1 :il/ 9 ! latitude ( #bh #a_/b degrees1 x is #ag1 & 9 ! p>allel ( ,*>le/[n1 opposite ,cape ,h5lop51 f #dj to #ej leagues4 ,! rapidity ( ! curr5t is f ?ree to five miles an h\r :]e ! /ream is n>r[e/1 & is only "o mile z x advances t[>ds ! nor?4 ,! wat]s ( ! ,mexican ,gulf2 =cibly drawn to nor?-ea/1 pres]ve _! w>m temp]ature to su* a po9t1 t 9 #dj & #da degrees ( latitude ,i f\nd !m at #bb4e degrees 7#ah degrees ,r47 :51 out ( ! curr5t1 ! heat ( ! ocean at its surface 0 sc>cely #ag4e degrees 7#ad degrees ,r474 ,9 ! p>allel ( ,new ,york & ,oporto1 ! temp]ature ( ! ,gulf-/ream is consequ5tly equal to t ( ! seas ( ! tropics 9 ! #ah? degree ( latitude1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! p>allel ( ,porto ,rico & ! isl&s ( ,cape ,v]d4 ,to ! ea/ ( ! port ( ,bo/on1 & on ! m]idian ( ,halifax1 9 latitude #da degrees #be m9utes1 & longitude #fg degrees1 ! curr5t is ne> #hj leagues broad4 ,f ?is po9t x turns sudd5ly to ! ea/1 s t its we/]n edge1 z x b5ds1 becomes ! we/]n limit ( ! runn+ wat]s1 skirt+ ! extremity ( ! great bank ( ,newf\ndl&1 :i* ,m4 ,volney +5i\sly calls ! b> ( ! m\? ( ?is enorm\s sea-riv]4 ,! cold wat]s ( ?is bank1 :i* accord+ to my exp]im5ts are at a temp]ature ( #h4g or #aj degrees 7#g or #h degrees ,r47 pres5t a /rik+ contra/ ) ! wat]s ( ! torrid zone1 driv5 nor?w>d by ! ,gulf-/ream1 ! temp]ature ( :i* is f #ba to #bb4e degrees 7#ag to #ah degrees ,r474 9 ^! latitudes1 ! caloric is di/ribut$ 9 a s+ul> mann] ?r\gh\t ! ocean2 ! wat]s ( ! bank are #i4d degrees cold] ?an ! neighb\r+ sea2 & ?is sea is #c degrees cold] ?an ! curr5t4 ,^! zones c h no equilibrium ( temp]ature1 hav+ a s\rce ( heat1 or a cause ( refrig]ation1 :i* is peculi> to ea*1 & ! influ5ce ( :i* is p]man5t4 ,f ! bank ( ,newf\ndl&1 or f ! #ebnd degree ( longitude to ! ,azores1 ! ,gulf-/ream cont9ues its c\rse to ea/ & ea/-s\?-ea/4 ,! wat]s are /ill act$ ^u by ! impulsion !y receiv$ ne> a ?\s& leagues di/ance1 9 ! /raits ( ,florida1 betwe5 ! isl& ( ,cuba & ! %oals ( ,tortoise ,isl&4 ,?is di/ance is d\ble ! l5g? ( ! c\rse ( ! riv] ,amazon1 f ,ja5 or ! /raits ( ,mans]i*e to ,gr& ,p>a4 ,on ! m]idian ( ! isl&s ( ,corvo & ,flores1 ! mo/ we/]n ( ! gr\p ( ! ,azores1 ! bread? ( ! curr5t is #afj leagues4 ,:5 vessels1 on _! return f ,s\? ,am]ica to ,europe1 endeav\r to make ^! two isl&s to rectify _! longitude1 !y are always s5sible ( ! motion ( ! wat]s to s\?-ea/4 ,at ! #ccrd degree ( latitude ! equ9octial curr5t ( ! tropics is 9 ! ne> vic9ity ( ! ,gulf-/ream4 ,9 ?is "p ( ! ocean1 we may 9 a s+le day pass f wat]s t fl[ t[>ds ! we/1 into ^? :i* run to ! s\?-ea/ or ea/-s\?-ea/4 ,f ! ,azores1 ! curr5t ( ,florida turns t[>ds ! /raits ( ,gibralt>1 ! isle ( ,madeira1 & ! gr\p ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s4 ,! op5+ ( ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules has no d\bt accel]at$ ! motion ( ! wat]s t[>ds ! ea/4 ,we may 9 ?is po9t ( view ass]t1 t ! /rait1 by :i* ! ,m$it]ranean communicates ) ! ,atlantic1 produces its effects at a great di/ance2 b x is probable also1 t1 )\t ! exi/5ce ( ?is /rait1 vessels sail+ to ,t5]iffe w\ld be driv5 s\?-ea/ by a cause :i* we mu/ seek on ! coa/s ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,e motion is ! cause ( ano!r motion 9 ! va/ bas9 ( ! seas z well z 9 ! a]ial ocean4 ,trac+ ! curr5ts to _! mo/ di/ant s\rces1 & reflect+ on _! v>iable cel]ity1 sometimes decreas+ z betwe5 ! gulf ( ,florida & ! bank ( ,newf\ndl&2 at o!r times augm5t+1 z 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! /raits ( ,gibralt>1 & ne> ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 we _c d\bt b ! same cause :i* impels ! wat]s to make ! circuit\s sweep ( ! gulf ( ,mexico1 agitates !m also ne> ! isl& ( ,madeira4 ,on ! s\? ( t isl&1 we may foll[ ! curr5t1 9 its direction s\?-ea/ & s\?-s\?-ea/ t[>ds ! coa/ ( ,africa1 betwe5 ,cape ,cant9 & ,cape ,bojador4 ,9 ^? latitudes a vessel becalm$ is runn+ on ! coa/1 :ile1 accord+ to ! uncorrect$ reckon+1 x 0 suppos$ to be a good di/ance out at sea4 ,7 ! motion ( ! wat]s caus$ by ! op5+ at ! /raits ( ,gibralt>1 :y1 on ! s\? ( ^? /raits1 %\ld x n foll[ an opposite direction8 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ! #be? & #bf? degrees ( latitude1 ! curr5t fl[s at fir/ direct s\?1 & !n s\?-we/4 ,cape ,blanc1 :i*1 aft] ,cape ,v]d1 is ! mo/ sali5t promontory1 seems to h an influ5ce on ?is direction1 & 9 ?is p>allel ! wat]s1 ( :i* we h foll[$ ! c\rse f ! coa/s ( ,honduras to ^? ( ,africa1 m+le ) ! great curr5t ( ! tropics to resume _! t\r f ea/ to we/4 ,sev]al hundr$ leagues we/w>d ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 ! motion peculi> to ! equ9octial wat]s is felt 9 ! temp]ate zone f ! #bh? & #bi? degrees ( nor? latitude2 b on ! m]idian ( ! isl& ( ,f]ro1 vessels sail s\?w>d z f> z ! tropic ( ,canc]1 be=e !y f9d !mselves1 by _! reckon+1 ea/w>d ( _! "r c\rse499 799 ,see ,humboldt's ,cosmos volume #a page #cab ,bohn's edition47 ,we h j se5 t betwe5 ! p>allels ( #aa & #dc degrees1 ! wat]s ( ! ,atlantic are driv5 by ! curr5ts 9 a cont9ual :irlpool4 ,suppos+ t a molecule ( wat] returns to ! same place f :i* x dep>t$1 we c e/imate1 f our pres5t k ( ! swiftness ( curr5ts1 t ?is circuit ( #chjj leagues is n t]m9at$ 9 less ?an two ye>s & t5 mon?s4 ,a boat1 :i* may be suppos$ to receive no impulsion f ! w9ds1 w\ld require ?irte5 mon?s to g f ! ,can>y ,isl&s to ! coa/ ( ,c>acas1 t5 mon?s to make ! t\r ( ! gulf ( ,mexico & rea* ,tortoise ,%oals opposite ! port ( ! ,havannah1 :ile =ty or fifty days might be suffici5t to c>ry x f ! /raits ( ,florida to ! bank ( ,newf\ndl&4 ,x w\ld be difficult to fix ! rapidity ( ! retrograde curr5t f ?is bank to ! %ores ( ,africa2 e/imat+ ! mean velocity ( ! wat]s at sev5 or eight miles 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 we may all[ t5 or elev5 mon?s = ?is la/ di/ance4 ,su* are ! effects ( ! sl[ b regul> motion :i* agitates ! wat]s ( ! ,atlantic4 ,^? ( ! riv] ,amazon take ne>ly =ty-five days to fl[ f ,tomep5da to ,gr& ,p>a4 ,a %ort "t be=e my arrival at ,t5]iffe1 ! sea _h left 9 ! road ( ,santa ,cruz ! trunk ( a c$rela odorata cov]$ ) ! b>k4 ,?is ,am]ican tree vegetates )9 ! tropics1 or 9 ! neighb\r+ regions4 ,x _h no d\bt be5 torn up on ! coa/ ( ! cont95t1 or ( t ( ,honduras4 ,! nature ( ! wood1 & ! li*5s :i* cov]$ its b>k1 bore evid5ce t ?is trunk _h n belong$ to ^! subm>9e =e/s :i* anci5t revolutions ( ! globe h deposit$ 9 ! pol> regions4 ,if ! c$rela1 in/ead ( hav+ be5 ca/ on ! /r& ( ,t5]iffe1 _h be5 c>ri$ f>!r s\?1 ,x w\ld probably h made ! :ole t\r ( ! ,atlantic1 & return$ to its native soil ) ! g5]al curr5t ( ! tropics4 ,?is conjecture is support$ by a fact ( m anci5t date1 record$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,can>ies by ! abbe ,vi]a4 ,9 #aggj1 a small vessel lad5 ) corn1 & b\nd f ! isl& ( ,lanc]ota1 to ,santa ,cruz1 9 ,t5]iffe1 0 driv5 out to sea1 :ile none ( ! crew 7 on bo>d4 ,! motion ( ! wat]s f ea/ to we/1 c>ri$ x to ,am]ica1 :]e x w5t on %ore at ,la ,guayra1 ne> ,c>acas4 ,:il/ ! art ( navigation 0 yet 9 its infancy1 ! ,gulf-/ream sugge/$ to ! m9d ( ,*ri/oph] ,columbus c]ta9 indications ( ! exi/5ce ( we/]n regions4 ,two corpses1 ! features ( :i* indicat$ a race ( unkn[n m51 7 ca/ a%ore on ! ,azores1 t[>ds ! end ( ! #ae? c5tury4 ,ne>ly at ! same p]iod1 ! bro!r-9-law ( ,columbus1 ,pet] ,correa1 gov]nor ( ,porto ,santo1 f\nd on ! /r& ( t isl& pieces ( bamboo ( extraord9>y size1 br\ght ?i!r by ! we/]n curr5ts4 ,! dead bodies & ! bamboos attract$ ! att5tion ( ! ,g5oese navigator1 :o conjectur$ t bo? came f a cont95t situate t[>ds ! we/4 ,we n[ "k t 9 ! torrid zone ! trade-w9ds & ! curr5t ( ! tropics are 9 opposition to e motion ( ! waves 9 ! direction ( ! e>?'s rotation4 ,! productions ( ! new _w _c rea* ! old b by ! v high latitudes1 & 9 foll[+ ! direction ( ! curr5t ( ,florida4 ,! fruits ( sev]al trees ( ! ,antilles are (t5 wa%$ a%ore on ! coa/s ( ! isl&s ( ,f]ro & ,gom]a4 ,be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 ! ,can>ians consid]$ ^! fruits z com+ f ! en*ant$ isle ( ,/4 ,borondon1 :i* accord+ to ! rev]ies ( pilots1 & c]ta9 leg5ds1 0 situat$ t[>ds ! we/ 9 an unkn[n "p ( ! ocean1 buri$1 z 0 suppos$1 9 et]nal mi/s4 ,my *ief view 9 trac+ a sket* ( ! curr5ts ( ! ,atlantic is to prove t ! motion ( ! wat]s t[>ds ! s\?-ea/1 f ,cape ,/4 ,v9c5t to ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 is ! effect ( ! g5]al motion to :i* ! surface ( ! ocean is subject$ at its we/]n extremity4 ,we %all give b a v succ9ct acc\nt ( ! arm ( ! ,gulf-/ream1 :i* 9 ! #de? & #ej? degrees ( latitude1 ne> ! bank call$ ! ,bonnet ,flam&1 runs f s\?-we/ to nor?-ea/ t[>ds ! coa/s ( ,europe4 ,?is p>tial curr5t becomes v /rong at ^? times :5 ! we/ w9ds are ( long cont9uance3 &1 l t :i* fl[s along ! isles ( ,f]ro & ,gom]a1 x deposits e ye> on ! we/]n coa/s ( ,irel& & ,norway ! fruit ( trees :i* belong to ! torrid zone ( ,am]ica4 ,on ! %ores ( ! ,hebrides1 we collect se$s ( ,mimosa sc&5s1 ( ,doli*os ur5s1 ( ,guil&9a bonduc1 & sev]al o!r plants ( ,jamaica1 ! isle ( ,cuba1 & ( ! neighb\r+ cont95t4 ,! curr5t c>ries ?i!r also b>rels ( ,fr5* w9e1 well pres]v$1 ! rema9s ( ! c>goes ( vessels wreck$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indian seas4 ,to ^! examples ( ! di/ant migration ( ! vegetable _w1 o!rs no less /rik+ may be add$4 ,! wreck ( an ,engli% vessel1 ! ,tilbury1 burnt ne> ,jamaica1 0 f\nd on ! coa/ ( ,scotl&4 ,on ^! same coa/s are sometimes f\nd v>i\s k9ds ( tortoises1 t inhabit ! wat]s ( ! ,antilles4 ,:5 ! we/]n w9ds are ( long duration1 a curr5t is =m$ 9 ! high latitudes1 :i* runs directly t[>ds ea/-s\?-ea/1 f ! coa/s ( ,gre5l& & ,labrador1 z f> z ! nor? ( ,scotl&4 ,wallace relates1 t twice 79 #afhb & #afhd71 ,am]ican savages ( ! race ( ! ,esquimaux1 driv5 out to sea 9 _! lea!rn canoes1 dur+ a /orm1 & left to ! guidance ( ! curr5ts1 rea*$ ! ,orkneys4 ,?is la/ example is ! m wor?y ( att5tion1 z x proves at ! same "t h[1 at a p]iod :5 ! art ( navigation 0 yet 9 its infancy1 ! motion ( ! wat]s ( ! ocean may h contribut$ to dissem9ate ! diff]5t races ( m5 ov] ! face ( ! globe4 ,9 reflect+ on ! causes ( ! ,atlantic curr5ts1 we f9d t !y are mu* m num]\s ?an is g5]ally believ$2 = ! wat]s ( ! sea may be put 9 motion by an ext]nal impulse1 by diff]5ce ( heat & saltness1 by ! p]iodical melt+ ( ! pol> ice1 or by ! inequality ( evaporation1 9 diff]5t latitudes4 ,sometimes sev]al ( ^! causes concur to "o & ! same effect1 & sometimes !y produce sev]al contr>y effects4 ,w9ds t are light1 b :i*1 l ! trade-w9ds1 are cont9ually act+ on ! :ole ( a zone1 cause a real movem5t ( transition1 :i* we d n obs]ve 9 ! heavie/ tempe/s1 because ^! la/ are circumscrib$ )9 a small space4 ,:51 9 a great mass ( wat]1 ! p>ticles at ! surface acquire a diff]5t specific gravity1 a sup]ficial curr5t is =m$1 :i* takes its direction t[>ds ! po9t :]e ! wat] is colde/1 or :]e x is mo/ saturat$ ) muriate ( soda1 sulphate ( lime1 & muriate or sulphate ( magnesia4 ,9 ! seas ( ! tropics we f9d1 t at great dep?s ! !rmomet] m>ks #g or #h c5tesimal degrees4 ,su* is ! result ( ! num]\s exp]im5ts ( commodore ,ellis & ( ,m4 ,p]on4 ,! temp]ature ( ! air 9 ^? latitudes be+ nev] bel[ #ai or #bj degrees1 x is n at ! surface t ! wat]s c h acquir$ a degree ( cold s ne> ! po9t ( congelation1 & ( ! maximum ( ! d5sity ( wat]4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is cold /ratum 9 ! l[ latitudes is an evid5t pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( an "u-curr5t1 :i* runs f ! poles t[>ds ! equator3 x also proves t ! sal9e sub/ances :i* alt] ! specific gravity ( ! wat]1 are di/ribut$ 9 ! ocean1 s z n to annihilate ! effect produc$ by ! diff]5ces ( temp]ature4 ,consid]+ ! velocity ( ! molecules1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! rotatory motion ( ! globe1 v>y ) ! p>allels1 we may be tempt$ to admit t e curr5t1 9 ! direction f s\? to nor?1 t5ds at ! same "t ea/w>d1 :ile ! wat]s :i* run f ! pole t[>ds ! equator1 h a t5d5cy to deviate we/w>d4 ,we may also be l$ to ?9k t ^! t5d5cies dim9i% to a c]ta9 po9t ! spe$ ( ! tropical curr5t1 9 ! same mann] z !y *ange ! direction ( ! pol> curr5t1 :i* 9 ,july & ,augu/1 is regul>ly p]ceiv$ dur+ ! melt+ ( ! ice1 on ! p>allel ( ! bank ( ,newf\ndl&1 & f>!r nor?4 ,v old nautical obs]vations1 :i* ,i h _h occasion to confirm by comp>+ ! longitude giv5 by ! *ronomet] ) t :i* ! pilots obta9$ by _! reckon+1 are1 h[ev]1 contr>y to ^! !oretical ideas4 ,9 bo? hemisph]es1 ! pol> curr5ts1 :5 !y are p]ceiv$1 decl9e a little to ! ea/2 & x w\ld seem t ! cause ( ?is ph5om5on %\ld be s\ght 9 ! con/ancy ( ! we/]ly w9ds :i* prevail 9 ! high latitudes4 ,besides1 ! p>ticles ( wat] d n move ) ! same rapidity z ! p>ticles ( air2 & ! curr5ts ( ! ocean1 :i* we consid] z mo/ rapid1 h only a swiftness ( eight or n9e feet a second2 x is consequ5tly v probable1 t ! wat]1 9 pass+ ?r\gh diff]5t p>allels1 gradually acquires a velocity correspond5t to ^? p>allels1 & t ! rotation ( ! e>? does n *ange ! direction ( ! curr5ts4 ,! v>iable pressure on ! surface ( ! sea1 caus$ by ! *anges 9 ! weight ( ! air1 is ano!r cause ( motion :i* des]ves p>ticul> att5tion4 ,x is well kn[n1 t ! b>ometric v>iations d n 9 g5]al take place at ! same mom5t 9 two di/ant po9ts1 :i* are on ! same level4 ,if 9 "o ( ^! po9ts ! b>omet] /&s a few l9es l[] ?an 9 ! o!r1 ! wat] w rise :]e x f9ds ! lea/ pressure ( air1 & ?is local intumesc5ce w cont9ue1 till1 f ! effect ( ! w9d1 ! equilibrium ( ! air is re/or$4 ,m4 ,vau*] ?9ks t ! tides 9 ! lake ( ,g5eva1 kn[n by ! "n ( ! sei*es1 arise f ! same cause4 ,we "k n :e!r x be ! same1 :5 ! movem5t ( progression1 :i* mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! oscillation ( ! waves1 is ! effect ( an ext]nal impulse4 ,m4 de ,fleurieu1 9 8 n>rative ( ! voyage ( ! ,isis1 cites sev]al facts1 :i* r5d] x probable t ! sea is n s /ill at ! bottom z naturali/s g5]ally suppose4 ,)\t ent]+ "h into a discussion ( ?is "q1 we %all only obs]ve t1 if ! ext]nal impulse is con/ant 9 its action1 l t ( ! trade-w9ds1 ! friction ( ! p>ticles ( wat] on ea* o!r mu/ necess>ily propagate ! motion ( ! surface ( ! ocean ev5 to ! l[] /rata2 & 9 fact ?is propagation 9 ! ,gulf-/ream has long be5 admitt$ by navigators1 :o ?9k !y discov] ! effects 9 ! great dep? ( ! sea :]ev] x is trav]s$ by ! curr5t ( ,florida1 ev5 amid/ ! s&-banks :i* surr\nd ! nor!rn coa/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is imm5se riv] ( hot wat]s1 aft] a c\rse ( fifty days1 f ! #bd? to ! #de? degree ( latitude1 or #dej leagues1 does n lose1 amid/ ! rig\rs ( w9t] 9 ! temp]ate zone1 m ?an #c or #d degrees ( ! temp]ature x _h "u ! tropics4 ,! greatness ( ! mass1 & ! small conductibility ( wat] = heat1 prev5t a m spe$y refrig]ation4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! ,gulf-/ream has dug a *annel at ! bottom ( ! ,atlantic ocean1 & if its wat]s are 9 motion to consid]able dep?s1 !y mu/ also 9 _! inf]ior /rata keep up a l[] temp]ature ?an t obs]v$ 9 ! same p>allel1 9 a "p ( ! sea :i* has nei!r curr5ts nor deep %oals4 ,^! que/ions c be cle>$ up only by direct exp]im5ts1 made by !rmometrical s\nd+s4 ,sir ,erasmus ,g[] rem>ks1 t1 9 ! passage f ,engl& to ! ,can>y isl&s1 ! curr5t1 :i* c>ries vessels t[>ds ! s\?-ea/1 beg9s at ! #ci? degree ( latitude4 ,dur+ our voyage f ,corunna to ! coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! effect ( ?is motion ( ! wat]s 0 p]ceiv$ f>!r nor?4 ,f ! #cg? to ! #cj? degree1 ! deviation 0 v unequal2 ! daily av]age effect 0 #ab miles1 t is1 our sloop drove t[>ds ! ea/ #ge miles 9 six days4 ,9 cross+ ! p>allel ( ! /raits ( ,gibralt>1 at a di/ance ( #adj leagues1 we _h occasion to obs]ve1 t 9 ^? latitudes ! maximum ( ! rapidity does n correspond ) ! m\? ( ! /raits1 b ) a m nor!rly po9t1 :i* lies on ! prolongation ( a l9e pass+ ?r\gh ! /rait & ,cape ,/4 ,v9c5t4 ,?is l9e is p>allel to ! direction :i* ! wat]s foll[ f ! ,azores to ,cape ,cant94 ,we %\ld moreov] obs]ve 7& ?is fact is n un9t]e/+ to ^? :o exam9e ! nature ( fluids71 t 9 ?is "p ( ! retrograde curr5t1 on a bread? ( #abj or #adj leagues1 ! :ole mass ( wat] has n ! same rapidity1 nor does x foll[ precisely ! same direction4 ,:5 ! sea is p]fectly calm1 !re appe>s at ! surface n>r[ /ripes1 l small rivulets1 9 :i* ! wat]s run ) a murmur v s5sible to ! e> ( an exp]i5c$ pilot4 ,on ! #ac? ( ,june1 9 #cd degrees #cf m9utes nor? latitude1 we f\nd ourselves 9 ! mid/ ( a great numb] ( ^! b$s ( curr5ts4 ,we took _! direction ) ! compass1 & "s ran nor?-ea/1 o!rs ea/-nor?-ea/1 ?\gh ! g5]al movem5t ( ! ocean1 indicat$ by comp>+ ! reckon+ ) ! *ronometrical longitude1 cont9u$ to be s\?-ea/4 ,x is v common to see a mass ( motionless wat]s cross$ by ?reads ( wat]1 :i* run 9 diff]5t directions1 & we may daily obs]ve ?is ph5om5on on ! surface ( lakes2 b x is mu* less frequ5t to f9d p>tial movem5ts1 impress$ by local causes on small portions ( wat]s 9 ! mid/ ( an oceanic riv]1 :i* occupies an imm5se space1 & :i* moves1 ?\gh sl[ly1 9 a con/ant direction4 ,9 ! conflict ( curr5ts1 z 9 ! oscillation ( ! waves1 our imag9ation is /ruck by ^? movem5ts :i* seem to p5etrate ea* o!r1 & by :i* ! ocean is cont9ually agitat$4 ,we pass$ ,cape ,/4 ,v9c5t1 :i* is ( basaltic =mation1 at ! di/ance ( m ?an eighty leagues4 ,x is n di/9ctly se5 at a great] di/ance ?an #ae leagues1 b ! granitic m\nta9 call$ ! ,foya de ,mon*ique1 situat$ ne> ! ,cape1 is p]ceptible1 z pilots allege1 at ! di/ance ( #bf leagues4 ,if ?is ass]tion be exact1 ! ,foya is #gjj toises 7#acfc metres71 & consequ5tly #aaf toises 7#bbe metres7 high] ?an ,vesuvius4 ,f ,corunna to ! #cf? degree ( latitude we _h sc>cely se5 any organic be+1 except+ sea-swall[s & a few dolph9s4 ,we look$ 9 va9 = sea-we$s 7fuci7 & mollusca1 :5 on ! #aa? ( ,june we 7 /ruck ) a curi\s sight :i* aft]w>ds 0 frequ5tly r5ew$ 9 ! s\!rn ocean4 ,we ent]$ on a zone :]e ! :ole sea 0 cov]$ ) a prodigi\s quantity ( m$usas4 ,! vessel 0 almo/ becalm$1 b ! mollusca 7 borne t[>ds ! s\?-ea/1 ) a rapidity f\r times great] ?an ! curr5t4 ,_! passage la/$ ne> ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r4 ,we !n p]ceiv$ b a few scatt]$ individuals1 foll[+ ! cr[d at a di/ance z if tir$ ) _! j\rney4 ,d ^! animals come f ! bottom ( ! sea1 :i* is p]haps 9 ^! latitudes "s ?\s& fa?oms deep8 or d !y make di/ant voyages 9 %oals8 ,we "k t ! mollusca haunt banks2 & if ! eight rocks1 ne> ! surface1 :i* capta9 ,vobonne m5tions hav+ se5 9 #agcb1 to ! nor? ( ,porto ,santo1 really exi/1 we may suppose t ?is innum]able quantity ( m$usas _h be5 !nce deta*$2 = we 7 b #bh leagues f ! reef4 ,we f\nd1 beside ! ,m$usa aurita ( ,ba/]1 & ! ,m$usa pelagica ( ,bosc ) eight t5tacula 7,pelagia d5ticulata1 ,p]on71 a ?ird species :i* resembles ! ,m$usa hysocella1 & :i* ,v&elli f\nd at ! m\? ( ! ,tagus4 ,x is kn[n by its br[ni%-yell[ col\r1 & by its t5tacula1 :i* are long] ?an ! body4 ,sev]al ( ^! sea-nettles 7 f\r in*es 9 diamet]3 _! reflection 0 almo/ metallic3 _! *angeable col\rs ( violet & purple =m$ an agreeable contra/ ) ! azure t9t ( ! ocean4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! m$usas ,m4 ,bonpl& obs]v$ bundles ( ,dagysa notata1 a mollusc ( a s+ul> con/ruction1 :i* ,sir ,joseph ,banks fir/ discov]$4 ,^! are small gelat9\s bags1 transp>5t1 cyl9drical1 sometimes polygonal1 ?irte5 l9es long & two or ?ree 9 diamet]4 ,^! bags are op5 at bo? ends4 ,9 "o ( ^! op5+s1 we obs]v$ a hyal9e bladd]1 m>k$ ) a yell[ spot4 ,! cyl9d]s lie longitud9ally1 "o aga9/ ano!r1 l ! cells ( a bee-hive1 & =m *aplets f six to eight in*es 9 l5g?4 ,i tri$ ! galvanic electricity on ^! mollusca1 b x produc$ no contraction4 ,x appe>s t ! g5us dagysa1 =m$ at ! "t ( ,cook's fir/ voyage1 belongs to ! salpas 7biphores ( ,brugui]e71 to :i* ,m4 ,cuvi] jo9s ! ,?alia ( ,br[n1 & ! ,te?ys vag9a ( ,tilesius4 ,! salpas j\rney also by gr\ps1 jo9+ 9 *aplets1 z we h obs]v$ ( ! dagysa4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! #ac? ( ,june1 9 #cd degrees #cc m9utes latitude1 we saw l>ge masses ( ?is la/ mollusc 9 its passage1 ! sea be+ p]fectly calm4 ,we obs]v$ dur+ ! night1 t1 ( ?ree species ( m$usas :i* we collect$1 none yield$ any light b at ! mom5t ( a v slight %ock4 ,?is prop]ty does n belong exclusively to ! ,m$usa noctiluca1 :i* ,=skael has describ$ 9 8 ,fauna ,aegyptiaca1 & :i* ,gmel9 has appli$ to ! ,m$usa pelagica ( ,loefl+1 not)/&+ its r$ t5tacula1 & ! br[ni% tub]osities ( its body4 ,if we place a v irritable m$usa on a pewt] plate1 & /rike aga9/ ! plate ) any sort ( metal1 ! slight vibrations ( ! plate are suffici5t to make ?is animal emit light4 ,sometimes1 9 galvanis+ ! m$usa1 ! phosphoresc5ce appe>s at ! mom5t t ! *a9 closes1 ?\gh ! excit]s are n 9 imm$iate contact ) ! organs ( ! animal4 ,! f+]s ) :i* we t\* x rema9 lum9\s = two or ?ree m9utes1 z is obs]v$ 9 break+ ! %ell ( ! pholades4 ,if we rub wood ) ! body ( a m$usa1 & ! "p rubb$ ceases %9+1 ! phosphoresc5ce returns if we pass a dry h& ov] ! wood4 ,:5 ! light is ext+ui%$ a second "t1 x c no long] be reproduc$1 ?\gh ! place rubb$ be /ill humid & visc\s4 ,9 :at mann] ought we to consid] ! effect ( ! friction1 or t ( ! %ock8 ,?is is a "q ( difficult solution4 ,is x a slight augm5tation ( temp]ature :i* fav\rs ! phosphoresc5ce8 or does ! light return1 because ! surface is r5ew$1 by putt+ ! animal p>ts prop] to dis5gage ! phosphoric hydrog5 9 contact ) ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]ic air8 ,i h prov$ by exp]im5ts publi%$ 9 #agig1 t ! %9+ ( wood is ext+ui%$ 9 hydrog5 gas1 & 9 pure azotic gas1 & t its light reappe>s :5ev] we mix ) x ! smalle/ bubble ( oxyg5 gas4 ,^! facts1 to :i* sev]al o!rs may be add$1 t5d to expla9 ! causes ( ! phosphoresc5ce ( ! sea1 & ( t peculi> influ5ce :i* ! %ock ( ! waves ex]cises on ! production ( light4 ,:5 we 7 betwe5 ! isl& ( ,madeira & ! coa/ ( ,africa1 we _h slight breezes & dead calms1 v fav\rable = ! magnetic obs]vations1 :i* occupi$ me dur+ ?is passage4 ,we 7 nev] we>y ( admir+ ! beauty ( ! nights2 no?+ c be comp>$ to ! transp>5cy & s]5ity ( an ,african sky4 ,we 7 /ruck ) ! innum]able quantity ( fall+ />s1 :i* appe>$ at e in/ant4 ,! f>!r progress we made t[>ds ! s\?1 ! m frequ5t 0 ?is ph5om5on1 especially ne> ! ,can>ies4 ,i h obs]v$ dur+ my travels1 t ^! igne\s meteors are 9 g5]al m common & lum9\s 9 "s regions ( ! globe ?an 9 o!rs2 b ,i h nev] beheld !m s multipli$ z 9 ! vic9ity ( ! volcanoes ( ! prov9ce ( ,quito1 & 9 t "p ( ! ,pacific ocean :i* ba!s ! volcanic coa/s ( ,guatimala4 ,! influ5ce :i* place1 climate1 & season appe> to ex]cise on ! fall+ />s1 di/+ui%es ?is class ( meteors f ^? to :i* we trace /ones t drop f ! sky 7a]olites71 & :i* probably exi/ beyond ! b\nd>ies ( our atmosph]e4 ,accord+ to ! obs]vations ( ,messrs4 ,b5z5b]g & ,br&es1 _m ( ! fall+ />s se5 9 ,europe h be5 only ?irty ?\s& toises high4 ,"o 0 ev5 measur$ :i* did n exce$ f\rte5 ?\s& toises1 or five nautical leagues4 ,^! measures1 :i* c give no result b by approximation1 des]ve well to be repeat$4 ,9 w>m climates1 especially )9 ! tropics1 fall+ />s leave a tail beh9d !m1 :i* rema9s lum9\s #ab or #ae seconds3 at o!r times !y seem to bur/ into sp>ks1 & !y are g5]ally l[] ?an ^? 9 ! nor? ( ,europe4 ,we p]ceive !m only 9 a s]5e & azure sky2 !y h p]haps nev] be5 bel[ a cl\d4 ,fall+ />s (t5 foll[ ! same direction = sev]al h\rs1 :i* direction is t ( ! w9d4 ,9 ! bay ( ,naples1 ,m4 ,gay-,lussac & myself obs]v$ lum9\s ph5om5a v analog\s to ^? :i* fix$ my att5tion dur+ a long abode at ,mexico & ,quito4 ,^! meteors are p]haps modifi$ by ! nature ( ! soil & ! air1 l c]ta9 effects ( ! loom+ or mirage1 & ( ! t]re/rial refraction peculi> to ! coa/s ( ,calabria & ,sicily4 ,:5 we 7 =ty leagues ea/ ( ! isl& ( ,madeira1 a swall[99 799 ,hirundo ru/ica1 ,l9n47 p]*$ on ! topsail-y>d4 ,x 0 s fatigu$1 t x suff]$ itself to be easily tak54 ,x 0 rem>kable t a bird1 9 t season1 & 9 calm wea!r1 %\ld fly s f>4 ,9 ! exp$ition ( d',entreca/eaux1 a common swall[ 0 se5 #fj leagues di/ant f ,cape ,blanco2 b ?is 0 t[>ds ! end ( ,octob]1 & ,m4 ,labill>di]e ?\ght x _h newly arriv$ f ,europe4 ,we cross$ ^! latitudes 9 ,june1 at a p]iod :5 ! seas _h n = a long "t be5 agitat$ by tempe/s4 ,i m5tion ?is la/ circum/ance1 because small birds & ev5 butt]flies1 are sometimes =c$ out to sea by ! impetuosity ( ! w9ds1 z we obs]v$ 9 ! ,pacific ocean1 :5 we 7 on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,mexico4 ,! ,piz>ro _h ord]s to t\* at ! isle ( ,lanc]ota1 "o ( ! sev5 great ,can>y ,isl&s2 & at five 9 ! aft]noon ( ! #af? ( ,june1 t isl& appe>$ s di/9ctly 9 view t ,i 0 able to take ! angle ( altitude ( a conic m\nta91 :i* t[]$ maje/ically ov] ! o!r summits1 & :i* we ?\ght 0 ! great volcano :i* _h occasion$ su* deva/ation on ! night ( ! #a/ ( ,septemb]1 #agcj4 ,! curr5t drew u t[>d ! coa/ m rapidly ?an we wi%$4 ,z we advanc$1 we discov]$ at fir/ ! isl& ( ,=tev5tura1 fam\s = its num]\s camels299 799 ,^! camels1 :i* s]ve = lab\r1 & sometimes = food1 did n exi/ till ! ,be!nc\rts made ! conque/ ( ! ,can>ies4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 asses 7 s abundant 9 ! isl& ( ,=tev5tura1 t !y became wild & 7 hunt$4 ,sev]al ?\s&s 7 kill$ to save ! h>ve/4 ,! horses ( ,=tev5tura are ( s+ul> beauty1 & ( ! ,b>b>y race4--,noticias de la ,hi/oria ,g5]al de las ,islas ,can>ias por ,don ,jose de ,vi]a1 tome #b page #dcf47 & a %ort "t aft] we saw ! small isl& ( ,lobos 9 ! *annel :i* sep>ates ,=tev5tura f ,lanc]ota4 ,we sp5t "p ( ! night on deck4 ,! moon illum9$ ! volcanic summits ( ,lanc]ota1 ! flanks ( :i*1 cov]$ ) a%es1 reflect$ a silv] light4 ,ant>es ?rew out its respl5d5t rays ne> ! lun> disk1 :i* 0 b a few degrees above ! horizon4 ,! night 0 beautifully s]5e & cool4 ,?\gh we 7 b a little di/ance f ! ,african coa/1 & on ! limit ( ! torrid zone1 ! c5tigrade !rmomet] rose no high] ?an #ah degrees4 ,! phosphoresc5ce ( ! ocean seem$ to augm5t ! mass ( light diffus$ ?r\gh ! air4 ,aft] midnight1 great black cl\ds ris+ beh9d ! volcano %r\d$ at int]vals ! moon & ! beautiful con/ellation ( ! ,scorpion4 ,we beheld lights c>ri$ to & fro on %ore1 :i* 7 probably ^? ( fi%]m5 prep>+ = _! lab\rs4 ,we _h be5 occasionally employ$1 dur+ our passage1 9 read+ ! old voyages ( ! ,spani>ds1 & ^! mov+ lights recall$ to our fancy ^? :i* ,p$ro ,guti]rez1 page ( ,que5 ,isabella1 saw 9 ! isle ( ,guanahani1 on ! memorable night ( ! discov]y ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,on ! #ag?1 9 ! morn+1 ! horizon 0 foggy1 & ! sky slightly cov]$ ) vap\r4 ,! outl9es ( ! m\nta9s ( ,lanc]ota appe>$ /rong]3 ! humidity1 increas+ ! transp>5cy ( ! air1 seem$ at ! same "t to h br\ght ! objects ne>] our view4 ,?is ph5om5on is well kn[n to all :o h made hygrometrical obs]vations 9 places :5ce ! *a9 ( ! ,high] ,alps or ( ! ,&es is se54 ,we pass$ ?r\gh ! *annel :i* divides ! isle ( ,alegranza f ,montana ,cl>a1 tak+ s\nd+s ! :ole way2 & we exam9$ ! ar*ipelago ( small isl&s situat$ nor?w>d ( ,lanc]ota4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is ar*ipelago1 :i* is seldom visit$ by vessels b\nd = ,t5]iffe1 we 7 s+ul>ly /ruck ) ! configuration ( ! coa/s4 ,we ?\ght ourselves transport$ to ! ,euganean m\nta9s 9 ! ,vic5t91 or ! banks ( ! ,rh9e ne> ,bonn4 ,! =m ( organiz$ be+s v>ies accord+ to ! climate1 & x is t extreme v>iety :i* r5d]s ! /udy ( ! geography ( plants & animals s attractive2 b rocks1 m anci5t p]haps ?an ! causes :i* h produc$ ! diff]5ce ( ! climate on ! globe1 are ! same 9 bo? hemisph]es4 ,! porphyries conta9+ vitre\s feldsp> & hornbl5de1 ! phonolite1 ! gre5/one1 ! amygdaloids1 & ! basalt1 h =ms almo/ z inv>iable z simple cry/alliz$ sub/ances4 ,9 ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 & 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,auv]gne1 9 ! ,mittelgebirge 9 ,bohemia1 9 ,mexico1 & on ! banks ( ! ,ganges1 ! =mation ( trap is indicat$ by a symmetrical disposition ( ! m\nta9s1 by truncat$ cones1 sometimes insulat$1 sometimes gr\p$1 & by elevat$ pla9s1 bo? extremities ( :i* are cr[n$ by a conical ris+4 ,! :ole we/]n "p ( ,lanc]ota1 ( :i* we _h a ne> view1 be>s ! appe>ance ( a c\ntry rec5tly convuls$ by volcanic eruptions4 ,ev]y?+ is black1 p>*$1 & /ripp$ ( vegetable m\ld4 ,we di/+ui%$1 ) our glasses1 /ratifi$ basalt 9 ?9 & /eeply-slop+ /rata4 ,sev]al hills resembl$ ! ,monte ,novo1 ne> ,naples1 or ^? hillocks ( scoria & a%es :i* ! op5+ e>? ?rew up 9 a s+le night at ! foot ( ! volcano ( ,jorullo1 9 ,mexico4 ,9 fact1 ! abbe ,vi]a relates1 t 9 #agcj1 m ?an half ! isl& *ang$ its appe>ance4 ,! great volcano1 :i* we h j m5tion$1 & :i* ! inhabitants call ! volcano ( ,temanfaya1 spread desolation ov] a mo/ f]tile & highly cultivat$ region3 n9e villages 7 entirely de/roy$ by ! lavas4 ,?is cata/rophe _h be5 prec$$ by a trem5d\s e>?quake1 & = sev]al ye>s %ocks equally viol5t 7 felt4 ,?is la/ ph5om5on is s mu* ! m s+ul>1 z x seldom happ5s aft] an eruption1 :5 ! ela/ic vap\rs h f\nd v5t by ! crat]1 aft] ! ejection ( ! melt$ matt]4 ,! summit ( ! great volcano is a r\nd$ hill1 b n entirely conic4 ,f ! angles ( altitude :i* ,i took at diff]5t di/ances1 its absolute elevation did n appe> to exce$ ?ree hundr$ toises4 ,! neighb\r+ hills1 & ^? ( ,alegranza & ,isla ,cl>a1 7 sc>cely above "o hundr$ or "o hundr$ & tw5ty toises4 ,we may be surpris$ at ! small elevation ( ^! summits1 :i*1 view$ f ! sea1 we> s maje/ic a =m2 b no?+ is m unc]ta9 ?an our judgm5t on ! greatness ( angles1 :i* are subt5d$ by objects close to ! horizon4 ,f illusions ( ?is sort x arose1 t be=e ! measures ( ,messrs4 de ,*urruca & ,galleano1 at ,cape ,pil>1 navigators consid]$ ! m\nta9s ( ! /raits ( ,magellan1 & ^? ( ,t]ra del ,fuego1 to be extremely elevat$4 ,! isl& ( ,lanc]ota bore =m]ly ! "n ( ,tit]oigotra4 ,on ! arrival ( ! ,spani>ds1 its inhabitants 7 di/+ui%$ f ! o!r ,can>ians by m>ks ( great] civilization4 ,_! h\ses 7 built ) free/one1 :ile ! ,guan*es ( ,t5]iffe dwelt 9 cav]ns4 ,at ,lanc]ota1 a v s+ul> cu/om prevail$ at t "t1 ( :i* we f9d no example except among ! p ( ,?ibet4 ,a woman _h sev]al husb&s1 :o alt]nately enjoy$ ! pr]ogatives due to ! head ( a family4 ,a husb& 0 consid]$ z su* only dur+ a lun> revolution1 & :il/ 8 rights 7 ex]cis$ by o!rs1 he rema9$ class$ among ! h\sehold dome/ics4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury ! isl& ( ,lanc]ota conta9$ two small di/9ct /ates1 divid$ by a wall2 a k9d ( monum5t :i* outlives national enmities1 & :i* we f9d 9 ,scotl&1 9 ,*9a1 & ,p]u4 ,we 7 =c$ by ! w9ds to pass betwe5 ! isl&s ( ,alegranza & ,montana ,cl>a1 & z none on bo>d ! sloop _h sail$ ?r\gh ?is passage1 we 7 oblig$ to be cont9ually s\nd+4 ,we f\nd f tw5ty-five to ?irty-two fa?oms4 ,! lead br\ght up an organic sub/ance ( s s+ul> a /ructure t we 7 = a long "t d\btful :e!r x 0 a zoophyte or a k9d ( seawe$4 ,! /em1 ( a br[ni% col\r & ?ree in*es long1 has circul> leaves ) lobes1 & ind5t$ at ! edges4 ,! col\r ( ^! leaves is a pale gre51 & !y are membran\s & /reak$ l ^? ( ! adiantums & ,g+ko biloba4 ,_! surface is cov]$ ) /iff :iti% hairs2 be=e _! op5+ !y are concave1 & envelop$ "o 9 ! o!r4 ,we obs]v$ no m>k ( spontane\s motion1 no sign ( irritability1 n ev5 on ! application ( galvanic electricity4 ,! /em is n woody1 b almo/ ( a horny sub/ance1 l ! /em ( ! ,gorgons4 ,azote & phosphorus hav+ be5 abundantly f\nd 9 sev]al cryptogam\s plants1 an appeal to *emi/ry w\ld be useless to det]m9e :e!r ?is organiz$ sub/ance belong$ to ! animal or vegetable k+dom4 ,its great analogy to sev]al sea-plants1 ) adiantum leaves1 especially ! g5us caul]pa ( ,m4 ,lam\reux1 ( :i* ! ,fucus prolit] ( ,=skael is "o ( ! num]\s species1 engag$ u to rank x provisionally among ! sea-wracks1 & give x ! "n ( ,fucus vitifolius4 ,! bri/les :i* cov] ?is plant are f\nd 9 sev]al o!r fuci499 799 ,fucus lycopodioides1 & ,f4 hirsutus47 ,! leaf1 exam9$ ) a microscope at ! in/ant we drew x up f ! wat]1 did n pres5t1 x is true1 ^? conglobate gl&s1 or ^? opaque po9ts1 :i* ! p>ts ( fructification 9 ! g5]a ( ulva & fucus conta92 b h[ (t5 d we f9d seawe$s 9 su* a /ate t we _c yet di/+ui% any trace ( se$s 9 _! transp>5t p>5*yma4 ,! v9e-leav$ fucus pres5ts a physiological ph5om5on ( ! greate/ int]e/4 ,fix$ to a piece ( madrepore1 ?is seawe$ vegetates at ! bottom ( ! ocean1 at ! dep? ( #aib feet1 not)/&+ :i* we f\nd its leaves z gre5 z ^? ( our grasses4 ,accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,b\gu]1 light is weak5$ aft] a passage ( #ahj feet 9 ! ratio ( #a to #adgg4h4 ,! seawe$ ( ,alegranza consequ5tly pres5ts a new example ( plants :i* vegetate 9 great obscurity )\t becom+ :ite4 ,sev]al g]ms1 envelop$ 9 ! bulbs ( ! lily tribes1 ! embryo ( ! malvaceae1 ( ! rhamnoides1 ( ! pi/acea1 ! viscum1 & ! citrus1 ! bran*es ( "s subt]rane\s plants2 9 %ort1 vegetables transport$ into m9es1 :]e ! ambi5t air conta9s hydrog5 or a great quantity ( azote1 become gre5 )\t light4 ,f ^! facts we are incl9$ to admit t x is n exclusively by ! influ5ce ( ! sol> rays t ?is c>buret ( hydrog5 is =m$ 9 ! organs ( plants1 ! pres5ce ( :i* makes ! p>5*yma appe> ( a light] or d>k] gre51 accord+ z ! c>bon pr$om9ates 9 ! mixture4 ,mr4 ,turn]1 :o has s well made kn[n ! family ( ! seawe$s1 z well z _m o!r celebrat$ botani/s1 are ( op9ion t mo/ ( ! fuci :i* we ga!r on ! surface ( ! ocean1 & :i*1 f ! #bcrd to ! #ce? degree ( latitude & #cbnd ( longitude1 appe> to ! m>9] l a va/ inundat$ mead[1 gr[ primitively at ! bottom ( ! ocean1 & float only 9 _! rip5$ /ate1 :5 torn up by ! motion ( ! waves4 ,if ?is op9ion be well f\nd$1 we mu/ agree t ! family ( seawe$s (f]s =midable difficulties to naturali/s1 :o p]si/ 9 ?9k+ t abs5ce ( light always produces :it5ess2 = h[ c we admit t s _m species ( ulvaceae & dictyoteae1 ) /ems & gre5 leaves1 :i* float on ! ocean1 h vegetat$ on rocks ne> ! surface ( ! wat]8 ,f "s notions :i* ! capta9 ( ! ,piz>ro _h collect$ 9 an old ,portuguese it9]>y1 he ?\ght himself opposite to a small =t1 situat$ nor? ( ,teguisa1 ! capital ( ! isl& ( ,lanc]ota4 ,mi/ak+ a rock ( basalt = a ca/le1 he salut$ x by hoi/+ ! ,spani% flag1 & s5t a boat ) an (fic] to inquire ( ! comm&ant :e!r any ,engli% vessels 7 cruis+ 9 ! roads4 ,we 7 n a little surpris$ to le>n t ! l& :i* we _h consid]$ z a prolongation ( ! coa/ ( ,lanc]ota1 0 ! small isl& ( ,graciosa1 & t = sev]al leagues !re 0 n an inhabit$ place4 ,we took advantage ( ! boat to survey ! l&1 :i* enclos$ a l>ge bay4 ,! small "p ( ! isl& ( ,graciosa :i* we trav]s$1 resembles ^? promontories ( lava se5 ne> ,naples1 betwe5 ,portici & ,torre del ,greco4 ,! rocks are nak$1 ) no m>ks ( vegetation1 & sc>cely any ( vegetable soil4 ,a few cru/ace\s li*5-l v>iol>iae1 lepr>iae1 & urceor>iae1 7 scatt]$ ab\t ^u ! basalts4 ,! lavas :i* are n cov]$ ) volcanic a%es rema9 = ages )\t any appe>ance ( vegetation4 ,on ! ,african soil excessive heat & l5g!n$ dr\ght ret>d ! gr[? ( cryptogam\s plants4 ,! basalts ( ,graciosa are n 9 columns1 b are divid$ into /rata t5 or fifte5 in*es ?ick4 ,^! /rata are incl9$ at an angle ( #hj degrees to ! nor?-we/4 ,! compact basalt alt]nates ) ! /rata ( por\s basalt & m>l4 ,! rock does n conta9 hornbl5de1 b great cry/als ( foliat$ oliv9e1 :i* h a triple cleavage499 799 ,blaettrig] oliv947 ,?is sub/ance is decompos$ ) great difficulty4 ,m4 ,hauy consid]s x a v>iety ( ! pyrox5e4 ,! por\s basalt1 :i* passes into m&el/e91 has oblong cavities f two to eight l9es 9 diamet]1 l9$ ) *alc$ony1 enclos+ fragm5ts ( compact basalt4 ,i did n rem>k t ^! cavities _h ! same direction1 or t ! por\s rock lay on compact /rata1 z happ5s 9 ! curr5ts ( lava ( ,etna & ,vesuvius4 ,! m>l199 799 ,m]gel47 :i* alt]nates m ?an a hundr$ times ) ! basalts1 is yell[i%1 friable by decomposition1 v coh]5t 9 ! inside1 & (t5 divid$ into irregul> prisms1 analog\s to ! basaltic prisms4 ,! sun discol\rs _! surface1 z x :it5s sev]al s*i/s1 by reviv+ a hydro-c>burett$ pr9ciple1 :i* appe>s to be comb9$ ) ! e>?4 ,! m>l ( ,graciosa conta9s a great quantity ( *alk1 & /rongly eff]vesces ) nitric acid1 ev5 on po9ts :]e x is f\nd 9 contact ) ! basalt4 ,?is fact is ! m rem>kable1 z ?is sub/ance does n fill ! fissures ( ! rock1 b its /rata are p>allel to ^? ( ! basalt2 :5ce we may conclude t bo? fossils are ( ! same =mation1 & h a common orig94 ,! ph5om5on ( a basaltic rock conta9+ masses ( indurat$ m>l split into small columns1 is also f\nd 9 ! ,mittelgebirge1 9 ,bohemia4 ,visit+ ^? c\ntries 9 #agib1 9 company ) ,mr4 ,freiesleb51 we ev5 recogniz$ 9 ! m>l ( ! ,/iefelb]g ! impr9t ( a plant ne>ly resembl+ ! ,c]a/ium1 or ! ,als9e4 ,are ^! /rata1 conta9$ 9 ! trappean m\nta9s1 ow+ to muddy irruptions1 or mu/ we consid] !m z s$im5ts ( wat]1 :i* alt]nate ) volcanic deposits8 ,?is la/ hypo!sis seems s mu* ! less admissible1 s9ce1 f ! rese>*es ( ,sir ,james ,hall on ! influ5ce ( pressure 9 fusions1 ! exi/5ce ( c>bonic acid 9 sub/ances conta9$ 9 basalt pres5ts no?+ surpris+4 ,sev]al lavas ( ,vesuvius pres5t simil> ph5om5a4 ,9 ,lomb>dy1 betwe5 ,vic5za & ,albano1 :]e ! calc>e\s /one ( ! ,jura conta9s great masses ( basalt1 ,i h se5 ! latt] ent] into eff]vesc5ce ) ! acids :]ev] x t\*es ! calc>e\s rock4 ,we _h n "t to rea* ! summit ( a hill v rem>kable = hav+ its base =m$ ( banks ( clay "u /rata ( basalt1 l a m\nta9 9 ,saxony1 call$ ! ,s*eib5b]g5 ,hugel1 :i* is become celebrat$ on acc\nt ( ! disputes ( volcanean & neptunean geologi/s4 ,^! basalts 7 cov]$ ) a mammi=m sub/ance1 :i* ,i va9ly s\ght on ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 & :i* is kn[n by ! names ( volcanic glass1 glass ( ,mull]1 or hyalite3 x is ! transition f ! opal to ! *alc$ony4 ,we /ruck (f ) difficulty "s f9e specim5s1 leav+ masses t 7 eight or t5 in*es squ>e unt\*$4 ,i nev] saw 9 ,europe su* f9e hyalites z ,i f\nd 9 ! isl& ( ,graciosa1 & on ! rock ( porphyry call$ el ,p5ol de los ,banos1 on ! bank ( ! lake ( ,mexico4 ,two k9ds ( s& cov] ! %ore2 "o is black & basaltic1 ! o!r :ite & qu>tzose4 ,9 a place expos$ to ! rays ( ! sun1 ! fir/ rais$ ! !rmomet] to #ea4b degrees 7#da degrees ,r47 & ! second to #dj degrees 7#cb degrees ,r47 ,! temp]ature ( ! air 9 ! %ade 0 #bg4g or #g4e degrees high] ?an t ( ! air ov] ! sea4 ,! qu>tzose s& conta9s fragm5ts ( feldsp>4 ,x is ?r[n back by ! wat]1 & =ms1 9 "s sort1 on ! surface ( ! rocks1 small islets on :i* seawe$ vegetates4 ,fragm5ts ( granite h be5 obs]v$ at ,t5]iffe2 ! isl& ( ,gomora1 f ! details furni%$ me by ,m4 ,br\ssonnet1 conta9s a nucleus ( micace\s s*i/3--! qu>tz dissem9at$ 9 ! s&1 :i* we f\nd on ! %ore ( ,graciosa1 is a diff]5t sub/ance f ! lavas & ! trappean porphyries s intimately connect$ ) volcanic productions4 ,f ^! facts x seems to be evid5t t 9 ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 z well z on ! ,&es ( ,quito1 9 ,auv]gne1 9 ,greece1 & ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ! globe1 subt]rane\s fires h pi]c$ ?r\gh ! rocks ( primitive =mation4 ,9 treat+ h]eaft] ( ! great numb] ( w>m spr+s :i* we h se5 issu+ f granite1 gneiss1 & micace\s s*i/1 we %all h occasion to return to ?is subject1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ important ( ! physical hi/ory ( ! globe4 ,we re-emb>k$ at sunset1 & hoi/$ sail1 b ! breeze 0 too feeble to p]mit u to cont9ue our c\rse to ,t5]iffe4 ,! sea 0 calm2 a r$di% vap\r cov]$ ! horizon1 & seem$ to magnify e object4 ,9 ?is solitude1 amid/ s _m un9habit$ islets1 we enjoy$ = a long "t ! view ( rugg$ & wild sc5]y4 ,! black m\nta9s ( ,graciosa appe>$ l p]p5dicul> walls five or six hundr$ feet high4 ,_! %ad[s1 ?r[n ov] ! surface ( ! ocean1 gave a gloomy aspect to ! sc5]y4 ,rocks ( basalt1 em]g+ f ! bosom ( ! wat]s1 wore ! resemblance ( ! ru9s ( "s va/ edifice1 & c>ri$ our ?\ghts back to ! remote p]iod :5 subm>9e volcanoes gave bir? to new isl&s1 or r5t cont95ts asund]4 ,e ?+ :i* surr\nd$ u seem$ to indicate de/ruction & /]ility2 b ! back-gr\nd ( ! picture1 ! coa/s ( ,lanc]ota pres5t$ a m smil+ aspect4 ,9 a n>r[ pass betwe5 two hills1 cr[n$ ) scatt]$ tufts ( trees1 m>ks ( cultivation 7 visible4 ,! la/ rays ( ! sun gild$ ! corn ready = ! sickle4 ,ev5 ! des]t is animat$ :]ev] we c discov] a trace ( ! indu/ry ( man4 ,we endeav\r$ to get out ( ?is bay by ! pass :i* sep>ates ,alegranza f ,montana ,cl>a1 & ?r\gh :i* we _h easily ent]$ to l& at ! nor!rn po9t ( ,graciosa4 ,! w9d hav+ fall51 ! curr5ts drove u v ne> a rock1 on :i* ! sea broke ) viol5ce1 & :i* is not$ 9 ! old *>ts "u ! "n ( ,hell1 or ,infi]no4 ,z we exam9$ ?is rock at ! di/ance ( two cables' l5g?1 we f\nd t x 0 a mass ( lava ?ree or f\r toises high1 full ( cavities1 & cov]$ ) scoriae resembl+ coke4 ,we may presume t ?is rock199 799 ,i mu/ "h obs]ve1 t ?is rock is not$ on ! celebrat$ ,v5etian *>t ( ,&rea ,bianco1 b t ! "n ( ,infi]no is giv51 z 9 ! m anci5t *>t ( ,picigano1 made 9 #acfg1 to ,t5]iffe1 )\t d\bt because ! ,guan*es consid]$ ! peak z ! entrance into hell4 ,9 ! same latitudes an isl& made its appe>ance 9 #ahaa47 :i* mod]n *>ts call ! ,we/ ,rock 7,roca del ,oe/e71 0 rais$ by volcanic fire2 & x might h]et(ore h be5 mu* high]2 = ! new isl& ( ! ,azores1 :i* rose f ! sea at successive p]iods1 9 #afch & #agai1 _h rea*$ #ced feet :5 x totally disappe>$ 9 #agbc1 to ! dep? ( #dhj feet4 ,?is op9ion on ! orig9 ( ! basaltic mass ( ! ,infi]no is confirm$ by a ph5om5on1 :i* 0 obs]v$ ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury 9 ^! same latitudes4 ,at ! "t ( ! eruption ( ! volcano ( ,temanfaya1 two pyramidal hills ( li?oid lava rose f ! bottom ( ! ocean1 & gradually unit$ !mselves ) ! isl& ( ,lanc]ota4 ,z we 7 prev5t$ by ! fall ( ! w9d1 & by ! curr5ts1 f repass+ ! *annel ( ,alegranza1 we resolv$ on tack+ dur+ ! night betwe5 ! isl& ( ,cl>a & ! ,we/ ,rock4 ,?is resolution _h ne>ly prov$ fatal4 ,a calm is v dang]\s ne> ?is rock1 t[>ds :i* ! curr5t drives ) consid]able =ce4 ,we began to feel ! effects ( ?is curr5t at midnight4 ,! proximity ( ! /ony masses1 :i* rise p]p5dicul>ly above ! wat]1 depriv$ u ( ! little w9d :i* blew3 ! sloop no long] obey$ ! helm1 & we dread$ /rik+ e in/ant4 ,x is difficult to conceive h[ a mass ( basalt1 insulat$ 9 ! va/ expanse ( ! ocean1 c cause s consid]able a motion ( ! wat]s4 ,^! ph5om5a1 wor?y ! att5tion ( naturali/s1 are well kn[n to m>9]s2 !y are extremely to be dread$ 9 ! ,pacific ocean1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! small ar*ipelago ( ! isl&s ( ,galapagos4 ,! diff]5ce ( temp]ature :i* exi/s betwe5 ! fluid & ! mass ( rocks does n expla9 ! direction :i* ^! curr5ts take2 & h[ c we admit t ! wat] is engulf$ at ! base ( ^! rocks1 7:i* (t5 are n ( volcanic orig97 & t ?is cont9ual engulf+ det]m9es ! p>ticles ( wat] to fill up ! vacuum t takes place4 ,! w9d hav+ fre%5$ a little t[>ds ! morn+ on ! #ah?1 we succe$$ 9 pass+ ! *annel4 ,we drew v ne> ! ,infi]no ! second "t1 & rem>k$ ! l>ge crevices1 ?r\gh :i* ! gase\s fluids probably issu$1 :5 ?is basaltic mass 0 rais$4 ,we lo/ sight ( ! small isl&s ( ,alegranza1 ,montana ,cl>a1 & ,graciosa1 :i* appe> nev] to h be5 inhabit$ by ! ,guan*es4 ,!y are n[ visit$ only = ! purpose ( ga!r+ ar*il1 :i* production is1 h[ev]1 less s\ght aft]1 s9ce s _m o!r li*5s ( ! nor? ( ,europe h be5 f\nd to yield mat]ials prop] = dye+4 ,montana ,cl>a is not$ = its beautiful can>y-birds4 ,! note ( ^! birds v>ies ) _! flocks1 l t ( our *aff9*es1 :i* (t5 diff]s 9 two neighb\r+ di/ricts4 ,montana ,cl>a yields pa/ure = goats1 a fact :i* proves t ! int]ior ( ?is islet is less arid ?an its coa/s4 ,! "n ( ,alegranza is synonym\s ) ! ,joy\s1 7,la ,joyeuse17 :i* d5om9ation x receiv$ f ! fir/ conqu]ors ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 ! two ,norman b>ons1 ,jean de ,be!nc\rt & ,gadif] de ,salle4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ po9t on :i* !y l&$4 ,aft] rema9+ sev]al days at ,graciosa1 a small "p ( :i* we exam9$1 !y conceiv$ ! project ( tak+ possession ( ! neighb\r+ isl& ( ,lanc]ota1 :]e !y 7 welcom$ by ,guad>fia1 sov]eign ( ! ,guan*es1 ) ! same hospitality t ,cortez f\nd 9 ! palace ( ,montezuma4 ,! %eph]d k+1 :o _h no o!r ri*es ?an 8 goats1 became ! victim ( base trea*]y1 l ! sultan ( ,mexico4 ,we sail$ along ! coa/s ( ,lanc]ota1 ( ! isl& ( ,lobos1 & ( ,=tev5tura4 ,! second ( ^! isl&s seems to h anci5tly =m$ "p ( ! two o!rs4 ,?is geological hypo!sis 0 />t$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury by ! ,franciscan1 ,juan ,gal9do4 ,t writ] suppos$ t k+ ,juba _h nam$ six ,can>y ,isl&s only1 because1 9 8 "t1 ?ree among !m 7 contigu\s4 ,)\t admitt+ ! probability ( ?is hypo!sis1 "s le>n$ geograph]s h imag9$ !y recogniz$1 9 ! two isl&s ,niv>ia & ,ombrios1 ! ,can>ia & ,capr>ia ( ! anci5ts4 ,! haz9ess ( ! horizon prev5t$ u1 dur+ ! :ole ( our passage f ,lanc]ota to ,t5]iffe1 f discov]+ ! summit ( ! peak ( ,teyde4 ,if ! height ( ?is volcano is #aije toises1 z ! la/ trigonometrical measure ( ,borda indicates1 its summit ought to be visible at a di/ance ( #dc leagues1 suppos+ ! eye on a level ) ! ocean1 & a refraction equal to #j4jgi ( di/ance4 ,x has be5 d\bt$ :e!r ! peak has ev] be5 se5 f ! *annel :i* sep>ates ,lanc]ota f ,=tev5tura1 & :i* is di/ant f ! volcano1 accord+ to ! *>t ( ,v>ela1 #b degrees #bi m9utes1 or ne>ly #ej leagues4 ,?is ph5om5on appe>s nev]!less to h be5 v]ifi$ by sev]al (fic]s ( ! ,spani% navy4 ,i _h 9 my h&1 on bo>d ! ,piz>ro1 a j\rnal1 9 :i* x 0 not$1 t ! peak ( ,t5]iffe _h be5 se5 at #ace miles di/ance1 ne> ! s\!rn cape ( ,lanc]ota1 call$ ,pi*igu]a4 ,its summit 0 discov]$ "u an angle consid]able en\gh to lead ! obs]v]1 ,don ,manual ,b>uti1 to conclude t ! volcano might h be5 visible at n9e miles f>!r4 ,x 0 9 ,septemb]1 t[>ds ev5+1 & 9 v damp wea!r4 ,reckon+ fifte5 feet = ! elevation ( ! eye1 ,i f9d1 t to r5d] an acc\nt ( ?is ph5om5on1 we mu/ suppose a refraction equal to #j4aeh ( ! ar*1 :i* is n v extraord9>y = ! temp]ate zone4 ,accord+ to ! obs]vations ( ,g5]al ,roy1 ! refractions v>y 9 ,engl& f "o-tw5tie? to "o-?ird2 & if x be true t !y rea* ^! extreme limits on ! coa/ ( ,africa1 7:i* ,i mu* d\bt17 ! peak1 9 c]ta9 circum/ances1 may be se5 on ! deck ( a vessel z f> (f z #fa leagues4 ,navigators :o h mu* frequ5t$ ^! latitudes1 & :o c reflect on ! physical causes ( ! ph5om5a1 are surpris$ t ! peaks ( ,teyde & ( ! ,azores99 799 ,! height ( ?is peak ( ! ,azores1 accord+ to ,fleurieu1 is #aajj toises2 to ,f]r]1 #abch toises2 & to ,t(9o1 #abfj toises3 b ^! measures are only approximative e/imates4 ,! capta9 ( ! ,piz>ro1 ,don ,manuel ,cagigal1 prov$ to me1 by 8 j\rnal1 t he obs]v$ ! peak ( ! ,azores at ! di/ance ( #cg leagues1 :5 he 0 sure ( 8 latitude )9 two m9utes4 ,! volcano 0 se5 at #d degrees s\?-ea/1 s t ! error 9 longitude mu/ h an almo/ imp]ceptible influ5ce 9 ! e/imation ( ! di/ance4 ,nev]!less1 ! angle :i* ! peak ( ! ,azores subt5d$ 0 s great1 t ! capta9 ( ! ,piz>ro 0 ( op9ion ?is volcano mu/ be visible at m ?an #dj or #db leagues4 ,! di/ance ( #cg leagues supposes an elevation ( #adca toises47 are sometimes visible at a v great di/ance1 ?\gh at o!r times !y are n se5 :5 ! di/ance is mu* less1 & ! sky appe>s s]5e & ! horizon free f fogs4 ,^! circum/ances are ! m wor?y ( att5tion because vessels return+ to ,europe1 sometimes wait impati5tly = a sight ( ^! m\nta9s1 to rectify _! longitude2 & ?9k !mselves mu* f>!r (f ?an !y really are1 :5 9 f9e wea!r ^! peaks are n p]ceptible at di/ances :]e ! angles subt5d$ mu/ be v consid]able4 ,! con/itution ( ! atmosph]e has a great influ5ce on ! visibility ( di/ant objects4 ,x may be admitt$1 t 9 g5]al ! peak ( ,t5]iffe is seldom se5 at a great di/ance1 9 ! w>m & dry mon?s ( ,july & ,augu/2 & t1 on ! contr>y1 x is se5 at v extraord9>y di/ances 9 ! mon?s ( ,janu>y & ,febru>y1 :5 ! sky is slightly cl\d$1 & imm$iately aft] a heavy ra91 or a few h\rs be=e x falls4 ,x appe>s t ! transp>5cy ( ! air is prodigi\sly increas$1 z we h already obs]v$1 :5 a c]ta9 quantity ( wat] is uni=mly diffus$ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e4 ,indep5d5t ( ^! obs]vations1 x is n a/oni%+1 t ! peak ( ,teyde %\ld be seldom] visible at a v remote di/ance1 ?an ! summits ( ! ,&es1 to :i*1 dur+ s long a "t1 my obs]vations 7 direct$4 ,?is peak1 inf]ior 9 height to ^? p>ts ( ! *a9 ( ,m\nt ,atlas at ! foot ( :i* is ! city ( ,morocco1 is n1 l ^? po9ts1 cov]$ ) p]petual sn[s4 ,! ,piton1 or ,sug>-loaf1 :i* t]m9ates ! peak1 no d\bt reflects a great quantity ( light1 ow+ to ! :iti% col\r ( ! pumice-/one ?r[n up by ! crat]2 b ! height ( t little truncat$ cone does n =m a tw5ty-second "p ( ! total elevation4 ,! flanks ( ! volcano are cov]$ ei!r ) blocks ( black & scorifi$ lava1 or ) a luxuriant vegetation1 ! masses ( :i* reflect ! less light1 z ! leaves ( ! trees are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by %ad[s ( m consid]able ext5t ?an t ( ! "p enlight5$4 ,h5ce x results t1 sett+ aside ! ,piton1 ! peak ( ,teyde belongs to t class ( m\nta9s1 :i*1 accord+ to ! expression ( ,b\g]1 are se5 at consid]able di/ances only 9 a ,,negative ,,mann]1 because !y int]cept ! light :i* is transmitt$ to u f ! extreme limits ( ! atmosph]e2 & we p]ceive _! exi/5ce only on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce ( int5sity subsi/+ betwe5 ! a]ial light :i* surr\nds !m1 & t :i* is reflect$ by ! p>ticles ( air plac$ betwe5 ! m\nta9s & ! eye ( ! obs]v]4 ,z we )draw f ! isle ( ,t5]iffe1 ! ,piton or ,sug>-loaf is se5 = a consid]able space ( "t 9 a ,,positive ,,mann]1 because x reflects a :iti% light1 & cle>ly deta*es itself f ! sky4 ,b z ?is cone is only #hj toises high1 by #dj 9 bread? at its summit1 x has rec5tly be5 a "q :e!r1 f ! dim9utiv5ess ( its mass1 x c be visible at di/ances :i* exce$ #dj leagues2 & :e!r x be n probable1 t navigators di/+ui% ! peaks z a small cl\d above ! horizon1 only :5 ! base ( ! ,piton beg9s to be visible on x4 ,if we admit1 t ! mean bread? ( ! ,sug>-loaf is #ajj toises1 we f9d t ! little cone1 at #dj leagues di/ance1 /ill subt5ds1 9 ! horizontal direction1 an angle ( m ?an ?ree m9utes4 ,?is angle is consid]able en\gh to r5d] an object visible2 & if ! height ( ! ,piton greatly exce$$ its base1 ! angle 9 ! horizontal direction might be /ill small]1 & ! object /ill cont9ue to make an impression on our visual organs2 = micrometrical obs]vations h prov$ t ! limit ( vision is b a m9ute only1 :5 ! dim5sions ( ! objects are ! same 9 e direction4 ,we di/+ui% at a di/ance1 by ! eye only1 trunks ( trees insulat$ 9 a va/ pla91 ?\gh ! subt5d$ angle be "u tw5ty-five seconds4 ,z ! visibility ( an object deta*+ itself 9 a br[n col\r1 dep5ds on ! quantities ( light :i* ! eye meets on two l9es1 "o ( :i* ends at ! m\nta91 & ! o!r ext5ds to ! surface ( ! a]ial ocean1 x foll[s t ! f>!r we remove f ! object1 ! small] ! diff]5ce becomes betwe5 ! light ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e1 & t ( ! /rata ( air be=e ! m\nta94 ,= ?is reason1 :5 less elevat$ summits beg9 to appe> above ! horizon1 !y pres5t !mselves at fir/ "u a d>k] hue ?an ^? we disc]n at v great di/ances4 ,9 ! same mann]1 ! visibility ( m\nta9s se5 only 9 a negative mann]1 does n dep5d solely on ! /ate ( ! l[] regions ( ! air1 to :i* our meteorological obs]vations are limit$1 b also on ! transp>5cy & physical con/itution ( ! air 9 ! mo/ elevat$ p>ts2 = ! image deta*es itself bett] 9 proportion z ! a]ial light1 :i* comes f ! limits ( ! atmosph]e1 has be5 orig9ally m int5se1 or has und]gone less loss 9 its passage4 ,?is consid]ation expla9s to a c]ta9 po9t1 :y1 "u a p]fectly s]5e sky1 ! /ate ( ! !rmomet] & ! hygromet] be+ precisely ! same 9 ! air ne>e/ ! e>?1 ! peak is sometimes visible1 & at o!r times invisible1 to navigators at equal di/ances4 ,x is ev5 probable1 t ! *ance ( p]ceiv+ ?is volcano w\ld n be great]1 if ! a%y cone1 at ! summit ( :i* is ! m\? ( ! crat]1 7 equal1 z 9 ,vesuvius1 to a qu>t] ( ! total height4 ,^! a%es1 be+ pumice-/one crumbl$ into du/1 d n reflect z mu* light z ! sn[ ( ! ,&es2 & !y cause ! m\nta91 se5 f af>1 to deta* itself n 9 a bright1 b 9 a d>k hue4 ,! a%es also contribute1 if we may use ! expression1 to equalize ! portions ( a]ial light1 ! v>iable diff]5ce ( :i* r5d]s ! object m or less di/9ctly visible4 ,calc>e\s m\nta9s1 devoid ( vegetable e>?1 summits cov]$ ) granitic s&1 ! high savannahs ( ! ,cordill]as199 799 ,los ,pajonales1 f paja1 /raw4 ,?is is ! "n giv5 to ! region ( ! gram9a1 :i* encircles ! zone ( ! p]petual sn[s47 :i* are ( a gold5 yell[1 are und\bt$ly di/+ui%$ at small di/ances bett] ?an objects :i* are se5 9 a negative mann]2 b ! !ory indicates a c]ta9 limit1 beyond :i* ^! la/ deta* !mselves m di/9ctly f ! azure vault ( ! sky4 ,! colossal summits ( ,quito & ,p]u1 t[]+ above ! limit ( ! p]petual sn[s1 conc5tre all ! peculi>ities :i* mu/ r5d] !m visible at v small angles4 ,! circul> summit ( ! peak ( ,t5]iffe is only a hundr$ toises 9 diamet]4 ,accord+ to ! measures ,i made at ,riobamba1 9 #ahjc1 ! dome ( ! ,*imborazo1 #aec toises bel[ its summit1 consequ5tly 9 a po9t :i* is #acjj toises high] ?an ! peak1 is /ill #fgc toises 7#acab metres7 9 bread?4 ,! zone ( p]petual sn[s also =ms a f\r? ( ! height ( ! m\nta92 & ! base ( ?is zone1 se5 on ! coa/ ( ! ,pacific1 fills an ext5t ( #cdcg toises 7#fgjj metres74 ,b ?\gh ,*imborazo is two-?irds high] ?an ! peak1 we d n see x1 on acc\nt ( ! curve ( ! globe1 at m ?an #ch miles & a ?ird f>!r di/ant4 ,! radiant brilliancy ( its sn[s1 :51 at ! port ( ,guayaquil1 at ! close ( ! ra9y season1 ,*imborazo is disc]n$ on ! horizon1 may lead u to suppose1 t x mu/ be se5 at a v great di/ance 9 ! ,s\? ,sea4 ,pilots highly wor?y ( cr$it h assur$ me1 t !y h se5 x f ! rock ( ,mu]to1 to ! s\? we/ ( ! isle ( ,puna1 at a di/ance ( #dg leagues4 ,:5ev] x has be5 se5 at a great] di/ance1 ! obs]v]s1 unc]ta9 ( _! longitude1 h n be5 9 a situation to furni% precise data4 ,a]ial light1 project$ on m\nta9s1 increases ! visibility ( ^? :i* are se5 positively2 its p[] dim9i%es1 on ! contr>y1 ! visibility ( objects :i*1 l ! peak ( ,t5]iffe & t ( ! ,azores1 deta* !mselves 9 a br[n t9t4 ,b\gu]1 rely+ on !oretical consid]ations1 0 ( op9ion t1 accord+ to ! con/itution ( our atmosph]e1 m\nta9s se5 negatively _c be p]ceiv$ at di/ances exce$+ #ce leagues4 ,x is important "h to obs]ve1 t ^! calculations are contr>y to exp]i5ce4 ,! peak ( ,t5]iffe has be5 (t5 se5 at ! di/ance ( #cf1 #ch1 & ev5 at #dj leagues4 ,moreov]1 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 ! summit ( ,m[na-,roa1 at a season :5 x 0 )\t sn[s1 has be5 se5 on ! skirt ( ! horizon1 at ! di/ance ( #ec leagues4 ,?is is ! mo/ /rik+ example we h hi!rto kn[n ( ! visibility ( a m\nta92 & x is ! m rem>kable1 t an object se5 negatively furni%es ?is example4 ,! volcanoes ( ,t5]iffe1 & ( ! ,azores1 ! ,si]ra ,nevada ( ,santa ,m>?a1 ! peak ( ,orizaba1 ! ,silla ( ,c>acas1 ,m[na-,roa1 & ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias1 insulat$ 9 ! va/ ext5t ( ! seas1 or plac$ on ! coa/s ( cont95ts1 s]ve z sea-m>ks to direct ! pilot1 :5 he has no means ( det]m9+ ! position ( ! vessel by ! obs]vation ( ! />s2 ev]y?+ :i* has a relation to ! visibility ( ^! natural seam>ks1 is int]e/+ to ! safety ( navigation4 ,,*apt] #a4b4 ,,/ay ,,at ,,t5]ife4 ,,j\rney ,,f ,,santa ,,cruz ,,to ,,orotava4 ,,excursion ,,to ,,! ,,summit ,,( ,,! ,,peak ,,( ,,teyde4 ,f ! "t ( our dep>ture f ,graciosa1 ! horizon cont9u$ s hazy1 t1 not)/&+ ! consid]able height ( ! m\nta9s ( ,can>y199 799 ,isla de la ,gran ,can>ia47 we did n discov] t isl& till ! ev5+ ( ! #ah? ( ,june4 ,x is ! gran>y ( ! ar*ipelago ( ! ,=tunate ,isl&s2 &1 :at is v rem>kable 9 a region situat$ beyond ! limits ( ! tropics1 we 7 assur$1 t 9 "s di/ricts1 !re are two :eat h>ve/s 9 ! ye>2 "o 9 ,febru>y1 & ! o!r 9 ,june4 ,can>y has nev] be5 visit$ by a le>n$ m9]alogi/2 yet ?is isl& is s mu* ! m wor?y ( obs]vation1 z ! physiognomy ( its m\nta9s1 dispos$ 9 p>allel *a9s1 appe>$ to me to diff] entirely f t ( ! summits ( ,lanc]ota & ,t5]iffe4 ,no?+ is m int]e/+ to ! geologi/1 ?an to obs]ve ! relations1 on ! same po9t ( ! globe1 betwe5 volcanic c\ntries1 & ^? :i* are primitive or second>y4 ,:5 ! ,can>y ,isl&s %all h be5 exam9$1 9 all ! p>ts :i* compose ! sy/em ( ^! m\nta9s1 we %all f9d t we h be5 too precipitate 9 consid]+ ! :ole gr\p z rais$ by ! action ( subm>9e fires4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! #ai?1 we discov]$ ! po9t ( ,naga1 b ! peak ( ,t5]iffe 0 /ill invisible3 ! l&1 obscur$ by a ?ick mi/1 pres5t$ =ms t 7 vague & confus$4 ,z we approa*$ ! road ( ,santa ,cruz we obs]v$ t ! mi/1 driv5 by ! w9ds1 drew ne>] to u4 ,! sea 0 /rongly agitat$1 z x mo/ commonly is 9 ^? latitudes4 ,we an*or$ aft] sev]al s\nd+s1 = ! mi/ 0 s ?ick1 t we c\ld sc>cely di/+ui% objects at a few cables' di/ance2 b at ! mom5t we began to salute ! place1 ! fog 0 in/antly dispell$4 ,! peak ( ,teyde appe>$ 9 a break above ! cl\ds1 & ! fir/ rays ( ! sun1 :i* _h n yet ris5 on u1 illum9$ ! summit ( ! volcano4 ,we ha/5$ to ! pr[ ( ! vessel to behold ! magnific5t spectacle1 & at ! same in/ant we saw f\r ,engli% vessels ly+ to1 & v ne> our /]n4 ,we _h pass$ )\t be+ p]ceiv$1 & ! same mi/ :i* _h conceal$ ! peak f our view1 _h sav$ u f ! risk ( be+ c>ri$ back to ,europe4 ,! ,piz>ro /ood 9 z close z possible to ! =t1 to be "u its protection4 ,x 0 on ?is %ore1 t1 9 ! l&+ attempt$ by ! ,engli% two ye>s be=e our arrival1 9 ,july #agig1 admiral ,nelson _h 8 arm c>ri$ (f by a cannon-ball4 ,! situation ( ! t[n ( ,santa ,cruz is v simil> to t ( ,la ,guayra1 ! mo/ frequ5t$ port ( ! prov9ce ( ,c>accas4 ,! heat is excessive 9 bo? places1 & f ! same causes2 b ! aspect ( ,santa ,cruz is m gloomy4 ,on a n>r[ & s&y bea*1 h\ses ( dazzl+ :it5ess1 ) flat ro(s1 & w9d[s )\t glass1 are built close aga9/ a wall ( black p]p5dicul> rock1 devoid ( vegetation4 ,a f9e mole1 built ( free/one1 & ! public walk plant$ ) popl>s1 are ! only objects :i* break ! sam5ess ( ! l&scape4 ,! view ( ! peak1 z x pres5ts itself above ,santa ,cruz1 is mu* less picturesque ?an t we enjoy f ! port ( ,orotava4 ,!re1 a highly cultur$ & smil+ pla9 pres5ts a pleas+ contra/ to ! wild aspect ( ! volcano4 ,f ! gr\ps ( palm trees & bananas :i* l9e ! coa/1 to ! region ( ! arbutus1 ! laurel1 & ! p9e1 ! volcanic rock is cr[n$ ) luxuriant vegetation4 ,we easily conceive h[ ! inhabitants1 ev5 ( ! beautiful climates ( ,greece & ,italy1 might fancy !y recognis$ "o ( ! ,=tunate ,isles 9 ! we/]n "p ( ,t5]iffe4 ,! ea/]n side1 t ( ,santa ,cruz1 on ! contr>y1 is e :]e /amp$ ) /]ility4 ,! summit ( ! peak is n m arid ?an ! promontory ( basaltic lava1 :i* /ret*es t[>ds ! po9t ( ,naga1 & on :i* succul5t plants1 spr++ up 9 ! clefts ( ! rocks1 sc>cely indicate a prep>ation ( soil4 ,at ! port ( ,orotava1 ! top ( ! ,piton subt5ds an angle 9 height ( m ?an elev5 degrees & a half2 :ile at ! mole ( ,santa ,cruz99 799 ,! oblique di/ances f ! top ( ! volcano to ,orotava & to ,santa ,cruz are ne>ly #hfjj toises & #bb1ejj toises47 ! angle sc>cely exce$s #d degrees #cf m9utes4 ,not)/&+ ?is diff]5ce1 & ?\gh 9 ! latt] place ! volcano rises above ! horizon sc>cely z mu* z ,vesuvius se5 f ! mole ( ,naples1 ! aspect ( ! peak is /ill v maje/ic1 :5 ^? :o an*or 9 ! road disc]n x = ! fir/ "t4 ,! ,piton alone 0 visible to u2 its cone project$ itself on a sky ( ! pure/ blue1 :il/ d>k ?ick cl\ds envelop$ ! re/ ( ! m\nta9 to ! height ( #ahjj toises4 ,! pumice-/one1 illum9$ by ! fir/ rays ( ! sun1 reflect$ a r$di% light1 l t :i* t+es ! summits ( ! high] ,alps4 ,?is light by degrees becomes dazzl+ly :ite2 &1 deceiv$ l mo/ travell]s1 we ?\ght t ! peak 0 /ill cov]$ ) sn[1 & t we %\ld ) difficulty rea* ! edge ( ! crat]4 ,we h rem>k$1 9 ! ,cordill]a ( ! ,&es1 t ! conical m\nta9s1 su* z ,cotopaxi & ,tungurahua1 are (t5] se5 free f cl\ds1 ?an ^? ( :i* ! tops are brok5 into bri/ly po9ts1 l ,antisana & ,pi*9*a2 b ! peak ( ,t5]iffe1 not)/&+ its pyramidical =m1 is a great "p ( ! ye> envelop$ 9 vap\rs1 & is sometimes1 dur+ sev]al weeks1 invisible f ! road ( ,santa ,cruz4 ,its position to ! we/ ( an imm5se cont95t1 & its insulat$ situation 9 ! mid/ ( ! sea1 are no d\bt ! causes ( ?is ph5om5on4 ,navigators are well aw>e t ev5 ! smalle/ islets1 & ^? :i* are )\t m\nta9s1 collect & h>b\r ! cl\ds4 ,! decrem5t ( heat is also diff]5t above ! pla9s ( ,africa1 & above ! surface ( ! ,atlantic2 & ! /rata ( air1 br\ght by ! trade w9ds1 cool 9 proportion z !y advance t[>ds ! we/4 ,if ! air has be5 extremely dry above ! burn+ s&s ( ! des]t1 x is v quickly saturat$ :5 x ent]s into contact ) ! surface ( ! sea1 or ) ! air t lies on t surface4 ,x is easy to conceive1 !re=e1 :y vap\rs become visible 9 ! atmosph]ical /rata1 :i*1 at a di/ance f ! cont95t1 h no long] ! same temp]ature z :5 !y began to be saturat$ ) wat]4 ,! consid]able mass ( a m\nta91 ris+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,atlantic1 is also an ob/acle to ! cl\ds1 :i* are driv5 out to sea by ! w9ds4 ,on ent]+ ! /reets ( ,santa ,cruz1 we felt a suffocat+ heat1 ?\gh ! !rmomet] 0 n above tw5ty-five degrees4 ,^? :o h = a long "t inhal$ ! air ( ! sea suff] e "t !y l&2 n because ?is air conta9s m oxyg5 ?an ! air on %ore1 z has be5 errone\sly suppos$1 b because x is less *>g$ ) ^? gase\s comb9ations1 :i* ! animal & vegetable sub/ances1 & ! mud result+ f _! decomposition1 p\r into ! atmosph]e4 ,miasms t escape *emical analysis h a p[]ful effect on our organs1 especially :5 !y h n = a long :ile be5 expos$ to ! same k9d ( irritation4 ,santa ,cruz1 ! ,anaza ( ! ,guan*es1 is a neat t[n1 ) a population ( #hjjj s\ls4 ,i 0 n /ruck ) ! va/ numb] ( monks & secul> ecclesia/ics1 :i* travell]s h ?\ght !mselves b\nd to f9d 9 e c\ntry "u ! ,spani% gov]nm5t2 nor %all ,i /op to ent] into ! description ( ! *ur*es2 ! libr>y ( ! ,dom9icans1 :i* conta9s sc>cely a few hundr$ volumes2 ! mole1 :]e ! inhabitants assemble to inhale ! fre%ness ( ! ev5+ breeze2 or ! fam$ monum5t ( ,c>r>a m>ble1 ?irty feet high1 d$icat$ to ,our ,lady ( ,c&el>ia1 9 memory ( ! miracul\s appe>ance ( ! ,virg91 9 #acib1 at ,*imisay1 ne> ,guim>4 ,! port ( ,santa ,cruz may be consid]$ z a great c>avans]ai1 on ! road to ,am]ica & ! ,indies4 ,e travell] :o writes ! n>rative ( 8 adv5tures1 beg9s by a description ( ,madeira & ,t5]iffe2 & if 9 ! natural hi/ory ( ^! isl&s !re yet rema9s an imm5se field untrodd51 we mu/ admit t ! topography ( ! little t[ns ( ,fun*al1 ,santa ,cruz1 ,laguna1 & ,orotava1 leaves sc>cely any?+ untold4 ,! recomm5dation ( ! c\rt ( ,madrid procur$ = u1 9 ! ,can>ies1 z 9 all ! o!r ,spani% possessions1 ! mo/ satisfactory reception4 ,! capta9-g5]al gave u imm$iate p]mission to exam9e ! isl&4 ,colonel ,armiaga1 :o comm&$ a regim5t ( infantry1 receiv$ u into 8 h\se ) k9d hospitality4 ,we c\ld n cease admir+ ! banana1 ! papaw tree1 ! ,po9ciana pul*]rima1 & o!r plants1 :i* we _h hi!rto se5 only 9 hot-h\ses1 cultivat$ 9 8 g>d5 9 ! op5 air4 ,! climate ( ! ,can>ies h[ev] is n w>m en\gh to rip5 ! real ,platano ,arton1 ) triangul> fruit f sev5 to eight in*es long1 & :i*1 requir+ a temp]ature ( #bd c5tesimal degrees1 does n fl\ri% ev5 9 ! valley ( ,c>acas4 ,! bananas ( ,t5]iffe are ^? nam$ by ! ,spani% plant]s ,camburis or ,gu9eos1 & ,dom9icos4 ,! ,camburi1 :i* suff]s lea/ f cold1 is cultivat$ ) success ev5 at ,malaga1 :]e ! temp]ature is only #ah degrees2 b ! fruit we see occasionally at ,cadiz comes f ! ,can>y ,isl&s by vessels :i* make ! passage 9 ?ree or f\r days4 ,9 g5]al1 ! musa1 kn[n by e p "u ! torrid zone1 ?\gh hi!rto nev] f\nd 9 a wild /ate1 has z great a v>iety ( fruit z our apple & pe> trees4 ,^! v>ieties1 :i* are conf\nd$ by ! great] "p ( botani/s1 ?\gh !y require v diff]5t climates1 h become p]man5t by long cultivation4 ,we w5t to h]borize 9 ! ev5+ 9 ! direction ( ! =t ( ,passo ,alto1 along ! basaltic rocks t close ! promontory ( ,naga4 ,we 7 v little satisfi$ ) our h>ve/1 = ! dr\ght & du/ _h almo/ de/roy$ vegetation4 ,! ,cacalia ,kle9ia1 ! ,euphorbia can>i5sis1 & sev]al o!r succul5t plants1 :i* draw _! n\ri%m5t f ! air r ?an ! soil on :i* !y gr[1 rem9d$ u by _! appe>ance1 t ?is gr\p ( isl&s belongs to ,africa1 & ev5 to ! mo/ arid "p ( t cont95t4 ,?\gh ! capta9 ( ! ,piz>ro _h ord]s to /op long en\gh at ,t5]iffe to give u "t to scale ! summit ( ! peak1 if ! sn[s did n prev5t our asc5t1 we receiv$ notice1 on acc\nt ( ! blockade ( ! ,engli% %ips1 n to expect a long] delay ?an f\r or five days4 ,we consequ5tly ha/5$ our dep>ture = ! port ( ,orotava1 :i* is situat$ on ! we/]n declivity ( ! volcano1 :]e we 7 sure ( f9d+ guides4 ,i c\ld f9d no "o at ,santa ,cruz :o _h m\nt$ ! peak1 & ,i 0 n surpris$ at ?is4 ,! mo/ curi\s objects become less int]e/+1 9 proportion z !y are ne> to u2 & ,i h kn[n inhabitants ( ,s*affhaus51 9 ,switz]l&1 :o _h nev] se5 ! fall ( ! ,rh9e b at a di/ance4 ,on ! #bj? ( ,june1 be=e sunrise1 we began our excursion by asc5d+ to ! ,villa de ,laguna1 e/imat$ to be at ! elevation ( #cej toises above ! port ( ,santa ,cruz4 ,we c\ld n v]ify ?is e/imate ( ! height1 ! surf n hav+ p]mitt$ u to return on bo>d dur+ ! night1 to take our b>omet]s & dipp+-ne$le4 ,z we =esaw t our exp$ition to ! peak w\ld be v precipitate1 we consol$ ourselves ) ! reflection t x 0 well n to expose in/rum5ts :i* 7 to s]ve u 9 c\ntries less kn[n by ,europeans4 ,! road by :i* we asc5d$ to ,laguna is on ! "r ( a torr5t1 or b>anco1 :i* 9 ! ra9y season =ms f9e cascades2 x is n>r[ & tortu\s4 ,ne> ! t[n we met "s :ite camels1 :i* seem$ to be v slightly lad54 ,! *ief employm5t ( ^! animals is to transport m]*&ise f ! cu/om-h\se to ! w>eh\ses ( ! m]*ants4 ,!y are g5]ally lad5 ) two *e/s ( ,havannah sug>1 :i* toge!r weigh #ijj p\nds2 b ?is load may be augm5t$ to ?irte5 hundr$-weight1 or #eb arrobas ( ,ca/ile4 ,camels are n num]\s at ,t5]iffe1 :il/ !y exi/ by ?\s&s 9 ! two isl&s ( ,lanc]ota & ,=tev5tura2 ! climate & vegetation ( ^! isl&s1 :i* are situat$ ne>] ,africa1 are m analog\s to ^? ( t cont95t4 ,x is v extraord9>y1 t ?is useful animal1 :i* bre$s 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 %\ld be seldom propagat$ at ,t5]iffe4 ,9 ! f]tile di/rict ( ,adexe only1 :]e ! plantations ( ! sug>-cane are mo/ consid]able1 camels h sometimes be5 kn[n to bre$4 ,^! bea/s ( burd51 z well z horses1 7 br\ght into ! ,can>y ,isl&s 9 ! fifte5? c5tury by ! ,norman conqu]ors4 ,! ,guan*es 7 previ\sly unacqua9t$ ) !m2 & ?is fact seems to be v well acc\nt$ = by ! difficulty ( transport+ an animal ( su* bulk 9 frail canoes1 )\t ! necessity ( consid]+ ! ,guan*es z a remnant ( ! p ( ,atlantis1 or a diff]5t race f t ( ! we/]n ,africans4 ,! hill1 on :i* ! t[n ( ,san ,*ri/obal de la ,laguna is built1 belongs to ! sy/em ( basaltic m\nta9s1 :i*1 indep5d5t ( ! sy/em ( less anci5t volcanic rocks1 =m a broad girdle ar\nd ! peak ( ,t5]iffe4 ,! basalt on :i* we walk$ 0 d>ki% br[n1 compact1 half-decompos$1 & :5 brea!d on1 emitt$ a clayey smell4 ,we discov]$ amphibole1 oliv9e199 799 ,p]idot granuli=me4 ,hauy47 & translucid pyrox5es1 99 799 ,augite4--,w]n]47 ) a p]fectly lamell> fracture1 ( a pale olive gre51 & (t5 cry/alliz$ 9 prisms ( six planes4 ,! fir/ ( ^! sub/ances is extremely r>e at ,t5]iffe2 & ,i nev] f\nd x 9 ! lavas ( ,vesuvius2 b ^? ( ,etna conta9 x 9 abundance4 ,not)/&+ ! great numb] ( blocks1 :i* we /opp$ to break1 to ! great regret ( our guides1 we c\ld discov] nei!r nephel9e1 leucite199 799 ,amphig5e4--,hauy47 nor feldsp>4 ,?is la/1 :i* is s common 9 ! basaltic lavas ( ! isl& ( ,is*ia1 does n beg9 to appe> at ,t5]iffe1 till we approa* ! volcano4 ,! rock ( ,laguna is n column>1 b is divid$ into l$ges1 ( small ?ickness1 & incl9$ to ! ea/ at an angle ( #cj or #dj degrees4 ,x has n[h]e ! appe>ance ( a curr5t ( lava fl[+ f ! sides ( ! peak4 ,if ! pres5t volcano has giv5 bir? to ^! basalts1 we mu/ suppose1 t1 l ! sub/ances :i* compose ! ,somma1 at ! back ( ,vesuvius1 !y are ! effect ( a subm>9e effusion1 9 :i* ! liquid mass has =m$ /rata4 ,a few arboresc5t ,euphorbias1 ! ,cacalia ,kle9ia1 & ,indian figs 7,cactus71 :i* h become wild 9 ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 z well z 9 ! s\? ( ,europe & ! :ole cont95t ( ,africa1 are ! only plants we see on ^! arid rocks4 ,! feet ( our mules 7 slipp+ e mom5t on b$s ( /one1 :i* 7 v /eep4 ,we nev]!less recogniz$ ! rema9s ( an anci5t pavem5t4 ,9 ^! colonies we discov] at e /ep "s traces ( t activity :i* *>act]iz$ ! ,spani% nation 9 ! #af? c5tury4 ,z we approa*$ ,laguna1 we felt ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e gradually become l[]4 ,?is s5sation 0 s mu* ! m agreeable1 z we f\nd ! air ( ,santa ,cruz v oppressive4 ,z our organs are m affect$ by disagreeable impressions1 ! *ange ( temp]ature becomes /ill m s5sible :5 we return f ,laguna to ! port3 we seem !n to be draw+ ne> ! m\? ( a furnace4 ,! same impression is felt1 :51 on ! coa/ ( ,c>acas1 we desc5d f ! m\nta9 ( ,avila to ! port ( ,la ,guayra4 ,accord+ to ! law ( ! decrem5t ( heat1 ?ree hundr$ & fifty toises 9 height produce 9 ?is latitude only ?ree or f\r degrees diff]5ce 9 temp]ature4 ,! heat :i* ov]p[]s ! travell] on 8 entrance into ,santa ,cruz1 or ,la ,guayra1 mu/ consequ5tly be attribut$ to ! rev]b]ation f ! rocks1 aga9/ :i* ^! t[ns are built4 ,! p]petual coolness :i* prevails at ,laguna causes x to be consid]$ 9 ! ,can>ies a delightful abode4 ,situat$ 9 a small pla91 surr\nd$ by g>d5s1 protect$ by a hill :i* is cr[n$ by a wood ( laurels1 myrtle1 & arbutus1 ! capital ( ,t5]iffe is v beautifully plac$4 ,we %\ld be mi/ak5 if1 rely+ on ! acc\nt ( "s travell]s1 we believ$ x seat$ on ! bord] ( a lake4 ,! ra9 sometimes =ms a %eet ( wat] ( consid]able ext5t2 & ! geologi/1 :o beholds 9 ev]y?+ ! pa/ r ?an ! pres5t /ate ( nature1 c h no d\bt b t ! :ole pla9 is a great bas9 dri$ up4 ,laguna has fall5 f its opul5ce1 s9ce ! lat]al eruptions ( ! volcano h de/roy$ ! port ( ,g>a*ico1 & s9ce ,santa ,cruz has become ! c5tral po9t ( ! comm]ce ( ! isl&4 ,x conta9s only #ijjj inhabitants1 ( :om ne>ly #djj are monks1 di/ribut$ 9 six conv5ts4 ,! t[n is surr\nd$ ) a great numb] ( w9dmills1 :i* indicate ! cultivation ( :eat 9 ^! high c\ntries4 ,i %all obs]ve on ?is occasion1 t diff]5t k9ds ( gra9 7 kn[n to ! ,guan*es4 ,!y call$ :eat at ,t5]iffe tano1 at ,lanc]ota triffa2 b>ley1 9 ! gr& ,can>y1 bore ! "n ( aramotanoque1 & at ,lanc]ota x 0 call$ tamos54 ,! fl\r ( roa/$ b>ley 7g(io7 & goat's-milk con/itut$ ! pr9cipal food ( ! p1 on ! orig9 ( :i* s _m sy/ematic fables h be5 curr5t4 ,^! alim5ts suffici5tly prove t ! race ( ! ,guan*es belong$ to ! nations ( ! old cont95t1 p]haps to ^? ( ,caucasus1 & n l ! re/ ( ! ,atlantides199 to ! inhabitants ( ! ,new ,_w 799 ,)\t ent]+ "h into any discussion respect+ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,atlantis1 ,i may cite ! op9ion ( ,diodorus ,siculus1 accord+ to :om ! ,atlantides 7 ignorant ( ! use ( corn1 because !y 7 sep>at$ f ! re/ ( mank9d be=e ^! gram9a 7 cultivat$472 ^!1 be=e ! arrival ( ! ,europeans1 7 unacqua9t$ ) corn1 milk1 & *eese4 ,a great numb] ( *apels1 :i* ! ,spani>ds call ermitas1 encircle ! t[n ( ,laguna4 ,%ad$ by trees ( p]petual v]dure1 & erect$ on small em95ces1 ^! *apels add to ! picturesque effect ( ! l&scape4 ,! int]ior ( ! t[n is n equal to its ext]nal appe>ance4 ,! h\ses are solidly built1 b v antique1 & ! /reets seem des]t$4 ,a botani/ ought n to compla9 ( ! antiquity ( ! edifices4 ,! ro(s & walls are cov]$ ) ,can>y h\se-leek & ^? elegant tri*omanes1 m5tion$ by e travell]4 ,^! plants are n\ri%$ by ! abundant mi/s4 ,mr4 ,&]son1 ! naturali/ 9 ! ?ird voyage ( capta9 ,cook1 advises physicians to s5d _! pati5ts to ,t5]iffe1 on acc\nt ( ! mildness ( ! temp]ature & ! equal climate ( ! ,can>ies4 ,! gr\nd on ^! isl&s rises 9 an amphi!atre1 & pres5ts simultane\sly1 z 9 ,p]u & ,mexico1 ! temp]ature ( e climate1 f ! heat ( ,africa to ! cold ( ! high] ,alps4 ,santa ,cruz1 ! port ( ,orotava1 ! t[n ( ! same "n1 & t ( ,laguna1 are f\r places1 ! mean temp]atures ( :i* =m a desc5d+ s]ies4 ,9 ! s\? ( ,europe ! *ange ( ! seasons is too s5sibly felt to pres5t ! same advantages4 ,t5]iffe1 on ! contr>y1 situat$ z x 7 on ! ?re%old ( ! tropics1 ?\gh b a few days' sail f ,spa91 %>es 9 ! *>ms :i* nature has lavi%$ on ! equ9octial regions4 ,vegetation "h displays "s ( h] faire/ & mo/ maje/ic =ms 9 ! banana & ! palm-tree4 ,he :o is alive to ! *>ms ( nature f9ds 9 ?is delici\s isl& rem$ies /ill m pot5t ?an ! climate4 ,no abode appe>$ to me m fitt$ to dissipate melan*oly1 & re/ore peace to ! p]turb$ m9d1 ?an t ( ,t5]iffe or ,madeira4 ,^! advantages are ! effect n ( ! beauty ( ! site & ! purity ( ! air alone3 ! moral feel+ is no long] h>r[$ up by ! sight ( slav]y1 ! pres5ce ( :i* is s revolt+ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & 9 e o!r place to :i* ,european coloni/s h convey$ :at !y call _! civilization & _! indu/ry4 ,9 w9t] ! climate ( ,laguna is extremely foggy1 & ! inhabitants (t5 compla9 ( ! cold4 ,a fall ( sn[1 h[ev]1 has nev] be5 se52 a fact :i* may seem to indicate t ! mean temp]ature ( ?is t[n mu/ be above #ah4g degrees 7#ae degrees ,r471 t is to say1 high] ?an t ( ,naples4 ,i d n lay ?is d[n z an unexceptional conclusion1 = 9 w9t] ! refrig]ation ( ! cl\ds does n dep5d s mu* on ! mean temp]ature ( ! :ole ye>1 z on ! in/antane\s dim9ution ( heat to :i* a di/rict is expos$ by its local situation4 ,! mean temp]ature ( ! capital ( ,mexico1 = in/ance1 is only #af4h degrees 7#ac4e degrees ,r471 nev]!less1 9 ! space ( a hundr$ ye>s sn[ has fall5 only once1 :ile 9 ! s\? ( ,europe & 9 ,africa x sn[s 9 places :]e ! mean temp]ature is above #ai degrees4 ,! vic9ity ( ! sea r5d]s ! climate ( ,laguna m mild 9 w9t] ?an might be expect$1 aris+ f its elevation above ! level ( ! ocean4 ,i 0 a/oni%$ to le>n t ,m4 ,br\ssonnet _h plant$ 9 ! mid/ ( ?is t[n1 9 ! g>d5 ( ! ,m>quis de ,nava1 ! bread-fruit tree 7,artoc>pus incisa71 & c9namon-tree 7,laurus ,c9namomum74 ,^! valuable productions ( ! ,s\? ,sea & ! ,ea/ ,indies are naturaliz$ !re z well z at ,orotava4 ,does n ?is fact prove t ! bread-fruit might fl\ri% 9 ,calabria1 ,sicily1 & ,granada8 ,! culture ( ! c(fee-tree has n equally succe$$ at ,laguna1 ?\gh its fruit rip5s at ,tegue/a1 z well z betwe5 ! port ( ,orotava & ! village ( ,/4 ,juan de la ,rambla4 ,x is probable t "s local circum/ances1 p]haps ! nature ( ! soil & ! w9ds t prevail 9 ! fl[]+ season1 are ! cause ( ?is ph5om5on4 ,9 o!r regions1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,naples1 = in/ance1 ! c(fee-tree ?rives abundantly1 ?\gh ! mean temp]ature sc>cely rises above #ah c5tigrade degrees4 ,no p]son has asc]ta9$ 9 ! isl& ( ,t5]iffe1 ! l[e/ height at :i* sn[ falls e ye>4 ,?is fact1 ?\gh easy ( v]ification by b>ometrical measurem5ts1 has hi!rto be5 g5]ally neglect$ "u e zone4 ,x is nev]!less highly int]e/+ bo? to agriculture 9 ! colonies & meteorology1 & fully z important z ! measure ( ! limit ( ! p]petual sn[s4 ,my obs]vations furni%$ me ) ! data1 set d[n 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,column #a3 ,nor? latitude4 ,column #b3 ,l[e/ height 9 toises at :i* sn[ falls4 ,column #c3 ,l[e/ height 9 metres at :i* sn[ falls4 ,column #d3 ,inf]ior limit 9 toises ( ! p]petual sn[s4 ,column #e3 ,inf]ior limit 9 metres ( ! p]petual sn[s4 ,column #f3 ,diff]5ce 9 toises ( columns #d & #e4 ,column #g3 ,diff]5ce 9 metres ( columns #d & #e4 ,column #h3 ,mean temp]ature degrees c5tigrade4 ,column #i3 ,mean temp]ature degrees ,reaum4 #j 3 #bjdj 3 #cigf 3 #bdfj 3 #dgid 3 #dbj 3 #hah 3 #bg 3 #ba4f4 #bj 3 #aeej 3 #cjbj 3 #bcfj 3 #deih 3 #haj 3 #aegh 3 #bd4e 3 #ai4f4 #dj 3 #j 3 #j 3 #aedj 3 #cjja 3 #aedj 3 #cjja 3 #ag 3 #ac4f4 ,?is table pres5ts only ! ord9>y /ate ( nature1 t is to say1 ! ph5om5a z !y are annually obs]v$4 ,exceptions f\nd$ on p>ticul> local circum/ances1 exi/4 ,?us x sometimes sn[s1 ?\gh seldom1 at ,naples1 at ,lisbon1 & ev5 at ,malaga1 consequ5tly z l[ z ! #cg? degree ( latitude3 &1 z we h j obs]v$1 sn[ has be5 se5 to fall at ,mexico1 ! elevation ( :i* is #aagc toises above ! level ( ! ocean4 ,?is ph5om5on1 :i* _h n be5 se5 = sev]al c5turies1 took place on ! day t ! ,jesuits 7 expell$1 & 0 attribut$ by ! p to t act ( sev]ity4 ,a m /rik+ exception 0 f\nd 9 ! climate ( ,valladolid1 ! capital ( ! prov9ce ( ,me*oacan4 ,accord+ to my measures1 ! height ( ?is t[n1 situate 9 latitude #ai degrees #db m9utes1 is only a ?\s& toises3 & yet1 a few ye>s be=e our arrival 9 ,new ,spa91 ! /reets 7 cov]$ ) sn[ = "s h\rs4 ,sn[ _h be5 se5 to fall also at ,t5]iffe1 9 a place ly+ above ,esp]anza de la ,laguna1 v ne> ! t[n ( t "n1 9 ! g>d5s ( :i* ! artoc>pus fl\ri%es4 ,?is extraord9>y fact 0 confirm$ to ,m4 ,br\ssonnet by v ag$ p]sons4 ,! ,erica arborea1 ! ,myrica ,faya1 & ! ,arbutus callic>pa199 799 ,?is f9e arbutus1 import$ by ,m4 ,br\ssonnet1 is v diff]5t f ! ,arbutus laurifolia1 ) :i* x has be5 conf\nd$1 b :i* belongs to ,nor? ,am]ica47 did n suff] f ! sn[2 b x de/roy$ all ! v9es 9 ! op5 air4 ,?is obs]vation is int]e/+ to vegetable physiology4 ,9 hot c\ntries1 ! plants are s vigor\s1 t cold is less injuri\s to !m1 provid$ x be ( %ort duration4 ,i h se5 ! banana cultivat$ 9 ! isl& ( ,cuba1 9 places :]e ! !rmomet] desc5ds to sev5 c5tesimal degrees1 & sometimes v ne> freez+ po9t4 ,9 ,italy & ,spa9 ! orange & date-trees d n p]i%1 ?\gh ! cold dur+ ! night may be two degrees bel[ freez+ po9t4 ,9 g5]al x is rem>k$ by cultivators1 t ! trees :i* gr[ 9 a f]tile soil are less delicate1 & consequ5tly less affect$ by great *anges 9 ! temp]ature1 ?an ^? :i* gr[ 9 l& t af=ds b little nutrim5t499 799 ,! mulb]ries1 cultivat$ 9 ! ?9 & s&y soils ( c\ntries bord]+ on ! ,baltic ,sea1 are examples ( ?is feebl5ess ( organization4 ,! late fro/s d m injury to !m1 ?an to ! mulb]ries ( ,pi$mont4 ,9 ,italy a cold ( #e degrees bel[ freez+ po9t does n de/roy robu/ orange trees4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,galesio1 ^! trees1 less t5d] ?an ! lemon & b]gamot orange trees1 freeze only at t5 c5tesimal degrees bel[ freez+ po9t47 ,9 ord] to pass f ! t[n ( ,laguna to ! port ( ,orotava & ! we/]n coa/ ( ,t5]iffe1 we cross at fir/ a hilly region cov]$ ) black & argillace\s e>?1 9 :i* are f\nd "s small cry/als ( pyrox5e4 ,! wat]s mo/ probably deta* ^! cry/als f ! neighb\r+ rocks1 z at ,frascati1 ne> ,rome4 ,un=tunately1 /rata ( f]rug9\s e>? conceal ! soil f ! rese>*es ( ! geologi/4 ,x is only 9 "s rav9es1 t we f9d column> basalts1 some:at curv$1 & above !m v rec5t breccia1 resembl+ volcanic tufa4 ,! breccia conta9 fragm5ts ( ! same basalts :i* !y cov]2 & x is ass]t$ t m>9e petrifactions are obs]v$ 9 !m4 ,! same ph5om5on occurs 9 ! ,vic5t91 ne> ,monte*io ,maggiore4 ,! valley ( ,tacoronte is ! entrance into t *>m+ c\ntry1 ( :i* travell]s ( e nation h spok5 ) raptur\s en?usiasm4 ,"u ! torrid zone ,i f\nd sites :]e nature is m maje/ic1 & ri*] 9 ! display ( organic =ms2 b aft] hav+ trav]s$ ! banks ( ! ,or9oco1 ! ,cordill]as ( ,p]u1 & ! mo/ beautiful valleys ( ,mexico1 ,i own t ,i h nev] beheld a prospect m v>i$1 m attractive1 m h>moni\s 9 ! di/ribution ( ! masses ( v]dure & ( rocks1 ?an ! we/]n coa/ ( ,t5]iffe4 ,! sea-coa/ is l9$ ) date & cocoa trees4 ,gr\ps ( ! musa1 z ! c\ntry rises1 =m a pleas+ contra/ ) ! dragon-tree1 ! trunks ( :i* h be5 ju/ly comp>$ to ! tortu\s =m ( ! s]p5t4 ,! declivities are cov]$ ) v9es1 :i* ?r[ _! bran*es ov] t[]+ poles4 ,orange trees load$ ) fl[]s1 myrtles1 & cypress trees encircle ! *apels re>$ to devotion on ! isolat$ hills4 ,! divisions ( l&$ prop]ty are m>k$ by h$ges =m$ ( ! agave & ! cactus4 ,an innum]able quantity ( cryptogam\s plants1 among :i* f]ns are ! mo/ pr$om9ant1 cov] ! walls1 & are moi/5$ by small spr+s ( limpid wat]4 ,9 w9t]1 :5 ! volcano is buri$ "u ice & sn[1 ?is di/rict enjoys p]petual spr+4 ,9 summ]1 z ! day decl9es1 ! breezes f ! sea diffuse a delici\s fre%ness4 ,! population ( ?is coa/ is v consid]able2 & x appe>s to be /ill great] ?an x is1 because ! h\ses & g>d5s are di/ant f ea* o!r1 :i* adds to ! picturesque beauty ( ! sc5e4 ,unhappily ! real welf>e ( ! inhabitants does n correspond ) ! ex]tions ( _! indu/ry1 or ) ! advantages :i* nature has lavi%$ on ?is spot4 ,! f>m]s are n l&-own]s2 ! fruits ( _! lab\r belong to ! nobles2 & ^? feudal in/itutions1 :i*1 = s long a "t1 spread mis]y ?r\gh\t ,europe1 /ill press heavily on ! p ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s4 ,f ,tegue/e & ,tacoronte to ! village ( ,/4 ,juan de la ,rambla 7:i* is celebrat$ = its excell5t malmsey w9e71 ! ris+ hills are cultivat$ l a g>d54 ,i might comp>e !m to ! environs ( ,capua & ,val5tia1 if ! we/]n "p ( ,t5]iffe 0 n inf9itely m beautiful on acc\nt ( ! proximity ( ! peak1 :i* pres5ts on e side a new po9t ( view4 ,! aspect ( ?is m\nta9 is int]e/+ n m]ely f its gigantic mass2 x excites ! m9d1 by c>ry+ x back to ! my/]i\s s\rce ( its volcanic ag5cy4 ,= ?\s&s ( ye>s1 no flames or light h be5 p]ceiv$ on ! summit ( ! ,piton1 nev]!less enorm\s lat]al eruptions1 ! la/ ( :i* took place 9 #agih1 are pro(s ( ! activity ( a fire /ill f> f be+ ext+ui%$4 ,!re is also some?+ t leaves a melan*oly impression on behold+ a crat] 9 ! c5tre ( a f]tile & well cultivat$ c\ntry4 ,! hi/ory ( ! globe in=ms u1 t volcanoes de/roy :at !y h be5 a long s]ies ( ages 9 creat+4 ,isl&s1 :i* ! action ( subm>9e fires has rais$ above ! wat]s1 are by degrees clo!d 9 ri* & smil+ v]dure2 b ^! new l&s are (t5 laid wa/e by ! r5ew$ action ( ! same p[] :i* caus$ !m to em]ge f ! bottom ( ! ocean4 ,islets1 :i* are n[ b heaps ( scoriae & volcanic a%es1 7 once p]haps z f]tile z ! hills ( ,tacoronte & ,sauzal4 ,happy ! c\ntry1 :]e man has no di/ru/ ( ! soil on :i* he lives6 ,pursu+ our c\rse to ! port ( ,orotava1 we pass$ ! smil+ hamlets ( ,matanza & ,victoria4 ,^! names are m+l$ toge!r 9 all ! ,spani% colonies1 & !y =m an unpleas+ contra/ ) ! peaceful & tranquil feel+s :i* ^? c\ntries inspire4 ,matanza signifies slaught]1 or c>nage2 & ! ^w alone recalls ! price at :i* victory has be5 pur*as$4 ,9 ! ,new ,_w x g5]ally indicates ! defeat ( ! natives3 at ,t5]iffe1 ! village ( ,matanza 0 built 9 a place99 799 ,! anci5t ,acantejo47 :]e ! ,spani>ds 7 conqu]$ by ^? same ,guan*es :o soon aft] 7 sold z slaves 9 ! m>kets ( ,europe4 ,be=e we rea*$ ,orotava1 we visit$ a botanic g>d5 at a little di/ance f ! port4 ,we !re f\nd ,m4 ,le ,gros1 ! ,fr5* vice-consul1 :o _h (t5 scal$ ! summit ( ! ,peak1 & :o s]v$ u z an excell5t guide4 ,he 0 accompany+ capta9 ,baud9 9 a voyage to ! ,we/ ,indies1 :5 a dreadful tempe/1 ( :i* ,m4 ,le ,dru has giv5 an acc\nt 9 ! n>rative ( 8 voyage to ,porto ,rico1 =c$ ! vessel to put into ,t5]iffe4 ,!re ,m4 ,le ,gros 0 l$ by ! beauty ( ! spot to settle4 ,x 0 he :o augm5t$ sci5tific k by ! fir/ accurate ideas ( ! great lat]al eruption ( ! ,peak1 :i* has be5 v improp]ly call$ ! explosion ( ! volcano ( ,*ahorra4 ,?is eruption took place on ! #h? ( ,june1 #agih4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( a botanical g>d5 at ,t5]iffe is a v happy idea1 on acc\nt ( ! influ5ce x is likely to h on ! progress ( botany1 & on ! introduction ( useful plants into ,europe4 ,= ! fir/ conception ( x we are indebt$ to ! ,m>quis de ,nava4 ,he und]took1 at an enorm\s exp5se1 to level ! hill ( ,durasno1 :i* rises z an amphi!atre1 & :i* 0 begun to be plant$ 9 #agie4 ,! m>quis ?\ght t ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 f ! mildness ( _! climate & geographical position1 7 ! mo/ suitable place = naturalis+ ! productions ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies1 & = inur+ ! plants gradually to ! cold] temp]ature ( ! s\? ( ,europe4 ,! plants ( ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,s\? ,am]ica1 may easily be br\ght to ,orotava2 & 9 ord] to introduce ! b>k-tree99 into ,sicily1 ,portugal1 or ,gr5ada1 x %\ld be fir/ plant$ at ,durasno1 or at ,laguna1 & ! %oots ( ?is tree may aft]w>ds be transport$ into ,europe f ! ,can>ies4 799 ,i speak ( ! species ( b>k-tree 7c9*ona71 :i* at ,p]u1 & 9 ! k+dom ( ,new ,granada1 fl\ri% on ! back ( ! ,cordill]as1 at ! height ( betwe5 #ajjj & #aejj toises1 9 places :]e ! !rmomet] is betwe5 n9e & t5 degrees dur+ ! day1 & f ?ree to f\r dur+ ! night4 ,! orange b>k-tree 7,c9*ona lancifolia7 is mu* less delicate ?an ! r$ b>k-tree 7,c4 oblongifolia747 ,9 happi] times1 :5 m>itime w>s %all no long] int]rupt communication1 ! g>d5 ( ,t5]iffe may become extremely useful ) respect to ! great numb] ( plants :i* are s5t f ! ,indies to ,europe2 = ere !y rea* our coa/s1 !y (t5 p]i%1 ow+ to ! l5g? ( ! passage1 dur+ :i* !y inhale an air impregnat$ ) salt wat]4 ,^! plants w\ld meet at ,orotava ) ! c>e & climate necess>y = _! pres]vation4 ,at ,durasno1 ! protea1 ! psidium1 ! jambos1 ! *irimoya ( ,p]u199 799 ,annona *]imolia4 ,lam>ck47 ! s5sitive plant1 & ! heliconia1 gr[ 9 ! op5 air4 ,we ga!r$ ! rip5$ se$s ( sev]al beautiful species ( glyc9e f ,new ,holl&1 :i* ! gov]nor ( ,cumana1 ,mr4 ,emp>an1 _h successfully cultivat$1 & :i* gr[ wild on ! coa/s ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,we arriv$ v late at ! port ( ,orotava199 799 ,pu]to de la ,cruz4 ,! only f9e port ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s is t ( ,/4 ,seba/ian1 9 ! isle ( ,gom>a47 if we may give ! "n ( port to a road 9 :i* vessels are oblig$ to put to sea :5ev] ! w9ds bl[ viol5tly f ! nor?-we/4 ,x is impossible to speak ( ,orotava )\t recall+ to ! remembrance ( ! fri5ds ( sci5ce ! "n ( ,don ,b]n>do ,cologan1 ^: h\se at all times 0 op5 to travell]s ( e nation4 ,we c\ld h wi%$ to h soj\rn$ = "s "t 9 ,don ,b]n>do's h\se1 & to h visit$ ) him ! *>m+ sc5]y ( ,/4 ,juan de la ,rambla & ( ,rialexo de ,abaxo499 799 ,?is la/-nam$ village /&s at ! foot ( ! l(ty m\nta9 ( ,tygayga47 ,b on a voyage su* z we _h und]tak51 ! pres5t is b little enjoy$4 ,cont9ually haunt$ by ! fe> ( n execut+ ! designs ( ! morr[1 we live 9 p]petual uneas9ess4 ,p]sons :o are passionately fond ( nature & ! arts feel ! same s5sations1 :5 !y travel ?r\gh ,switz]l& & ,italy4 ,enabl$ to see b a small portion ( ! objects :i* allure !m1 !y are di/urb$ 9 _! enjoym5ts by ! re/ra9ts !y impose on !mselves at e /ep4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! #ba/ ( ,june1 we 7 on our way to ! summit ( ! volcano4 ,m4 ,le ,gros1 ^: att5tions 7 unwe>i$1 ,m4 ,lal&e1 secret>y to ! ,fr5* ,consulate at ,santa ,cruz1 & ! ,engli% g>d5] at ,durasno1 jo9$ u on ?is excursion4 ,! day 0 n v f9e1 & ! summit ( ! peak1 :i* is g5]ally visible at ,orotava f sunrise till t5 o'clock1 0 cov]$ ) ?ick cl\ds4 ,we 7 agreeably surpris$ by ! contra/ betwe5 ! vegetation ( ?is "p ( ,t5]iffe1 & t ( ! environs ( ,santa ,cruz4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( a cool & humid climate1 ! gr\nd 0 cov]$ ) beautiful v]dure2 :ile on ! road f ,santa ,cruz to ,laguna ! plants exhibit$ no?+ b capsules empti$ ( _! se$s4 ,ne> ! port ( ,santa ,cruz1 ! /r5g? ( ! vegetation is an ob/acle to geological rese>*4 ,we pass$ along ! base ( two small hills1 :i* rise 9 ! =m ( bells4 ,obs]vations made at ,vesuvius & 9 ,auv]gne lead u to ?9k t ^! hills owe _! orig9 to lat]al eruptions ( ! great volcano4 ,! hill call$ ,montanita de la ,villa seems inde$ to h emitt$ lavas2 & accord+ to ! tradition ( ! ,guan*es1 an eruption took place 9 #adcj4 ,colonel ,franqui assur$ ,borda1 t ! place is /ill to be se5 :5ce ! melt$ matt] issu$2 & t ! a%es :i* cov]$ ! gr\nd adjac5t1 7 n yet f]tiliz$4 ,:5ev] ! rock appe>$1 we discov]$ basaltic amygdaloid99 799 ,basalt>tig] ,m&el/e94 ,w]n]47 cov]$ ) h>d5$ clay199 799 ,bim/e9-,conglom]at4 ,w47 :i* conta9s rapilli1 or fragm5ts ( pumice-/one4 ,?is la/ =mation resembles ! tufas ( ,pausilippo1 & ! /rata ( puzzolana1 :i* ,i f\nd 9 ! valley ( ,quito1 at ! foot ( ! volcano ( ,pi*9*a4 ,! amygdaloid has v long pores1 l ! sup]ior /rata ( ! lavas ( ,vesuvius1 aris+ probably f ! action ( an ela/ic fluid =c+ its way ?r\gh ! matt] 9 fusion4 ,not)/&+ ^! analogies1 ,i mu/ "h repeat1 t 9 all ! l[ region ( ! peak ( ,t5]iffe1 on ! side ( ,orotava1 ,i h met ) no fl[ ( lava1 nor any curr5t1 ! limits ( :i* are /rongly m>k$4 ,torr5ts & inundations *ange ! surface ( ! globe1 & :5 a great numb] ( curr5ts ( lava meet & spread ov] a pla91 z ,i h se5 at ,vesuvius1 9 ! ,atrio dei ,cavalli1 !y seem to be conf\nd$ toge!r1 & we> ! appe>ance ( real /rata4 ,! villa de ,orotava has a pleasant aspect at a di/ance1 f ! great abundance ( wat] :i* runs ?r\gh ! pr9cipal /reets4 ,! spr+ ( ,agua ,mansa1 collect$ 9 two l>ge res]voirs1 turns sev]al mills1 & is aft]w>d dis*>g$ among ! v9ey>ds ( ! adjac5t hills4 ,! climate is /ill m refre%+ at ! villa ?an at ! port ( ,la ,cruz1 f ! influ5ce ( ! breeze1 :i* bl[s /rong aft] t5 9 ! morn+4 ,! wat]1 :i* has be5 dissolv$ 9 ! air at a high] temp]ature1 frequ5tly precipitates itself2 & r5d]s ! climate v foggy4 ,! villa is ne>ly #afj toises 7#cab metres7 above ! level ( ! sea1 consequ5tly #bjj toises l[] ?an ! site on :i* ,laguna is built3 x is obs]v$ also1 t ! same k9d ( plants fl[] a mon? lat] 9 ?is latt] place4 ,orotava1 ! anci5t ,taoro ( ! ,guan*es1 is situat$ on a v /eep declivity4 ,! /reets seem des]t$2 ! h\ses are solidly built1 & ( a gloomy appe>ance4 ,we pass$ along a l(ty aqu$uct1 l9$ ) a great numb] ( f9e f]ns2 & visit$ sev]al g>d5s1 9 :i* ! fruit trees ( ! nor? ( ,europe are m+l$ ) orange trees1 pomegranate1 & date trees4 ,we 7 assur$1 t ^! la/ 7 z little productive "h z on ! coa/ ( ,cumana4 ,al?\gh we _h be5 made acqua9t$1 f ! n>ratives ( _m travell]s1 ) ! dragon-tree ( ! g>d5 ( ,m4 ,franqui1 we 7 n ! less /ruck ) its enorm\s magnitude4 ,we 7 told1 t ! trunk ( ?is tree1 :i* is m5tion$ 9 sev]al v anci5t docum5ts z m>k+ ! b\nd>ies ( a field1 0 z gigantic 9 ! fifte5? c5tury z x is at ! pres5t "t4 ,its height appe>$ to u to be ab\t #ej or #fj feet2 its circumf]5ce ne> ! roots is #de feet4 ,we c\ld n measure high]1 b ,sir ,george ,/aunton f\nd t1 #aj feet f ! gr\nd1 ! diamet] ( ! trunk is /ill #ab ,engli% feet2 :i* corresponds p]fectly ) ! /atem5t ( ,borda1 :o f\nd its mean circumf]5ce #cc feet #h in*es1 ,fr5* measure4 ,! trunk is divid$ into a great numb] ( bran*es1 :i* rise 9 ! =m ( a c&elabrum1 & are t]m9at$ by tufts ( leaves1 l ! yucca :i* adorns ! valley ( ,mexico4 ,?is division gives x a v diff]5t appe>ance f t ( ! palm-tree4 ,among organic creations1 ?is tree is und\bt$ly1 toge!r ) ! ,adansonia or baobab ( ,s5egal1 "o ( ! olde/ inhabitants ( our globe4 ,! baobabs are ( /ill great] dim5sions ?an ! dragon-tree ( ,orotava4 ,!re are "s :i* ne> ! root measure #cd feet 9 diamet]1 ?\gh _! total height is only f #ej to #fj feet4 ,b we %\ld obs]ve1 t ! ,adansonia1 l ! o*roma1 & all ! plants ( ! family ( bombax1 gr[ mu* m rapidly99 ?an ! draca5a1 ! vegetation ( :i* is v sl[4 799 ,x is ! same ) ! plane-tree 7,platanus occid5talis7 :i* ,m4 ,mi*aux measur$ at ,m>ietta1 on ! banks ( ! ,ohio1 & :i*1 at tw5ty feet f ! gr\nd1 0 #ae4g feet 9 diamet]4 --,voyage a l',oue/ des ,monts ,alleghany #ahjd page #ic4 ,! yew1 *e/nut1 oak1 plane-tree1 decidu\s cypress1 bombax1 mimosa1 caesalp9a1 hym5aea1 & draca5a1 appe> to me to be ! plants :i*1 9 diff]5t climates1 pres5t specim5s ( ! mo/ extraord9>y gr[?4 ,an oak1 discov]$ toge!r ) "s ,gallic helmets 9 #ahji1 9 ! turf pits ( ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,somme1 ne> ! village ( ,yseux1 sev5 leagues f ,abbeville1 0 ab\t ! same size z ! dragon-tree ( ,orotava4 ,accord+ to a memoir by ,m4 ,traullee1 ! trunk ( ?is oak 0 #ad feet 9 diamet]47 ,t 9 ,m4 ,franqui's g>d5 /ill be>s e ye> bo? fl[]s & fruit4 ,its aspect =cibly exemplifies t et]nal y\? ( nature1 :i* is an inexhau/ible s\rce ( motion & ( life4 ,! draca5a1 :i* is se5 only 9 cultivat$ spots 9 ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 at ,madeira1 & ,porto ,santo1 pres5ts a curi\s ph5om5on ) respect to ! migration ( plants4 ,x has nev] be5 f\nd 9 a wild /ate on ! cont95t ( ,africa4 ,! ,ea/ ,indies is its real c\ntry4 ,h[ has ?is tree be5 transplant$ to ,t5]iffe1 :]e x is by no means common8 ,does its exi/5ce prove1 t1 at "s v di/ant p]iod1 ! ,guan*es _h connexions ) o!r nations orig9ally f ,asia899 799 ,! =m ( ! dragon-tree is exhibit$ 9 sev]al species ( ! g5us ,draca5a1 at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 9 ,*9a1 & 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,b 9 ,new ,zeal& x is sup]s$$ by ! =m ( ! yucca2 = ! ,draca5a borealis ( ,aiton is a ,convall>ia1 ( :i* x has all ! appe>ance4 ,! a/r+5t juice1 kn[n 9 comm]ce by ! "n ( dragon's blood1 is1 accord+ to ! inquiries we made on ! spot1 ! produce ( sev]al ,am]ican plants1 :i* d n belong to ! same g5us & ( :i* "s are lianas4 ,at ,laguna1 too?picks /eep$ 9 ! juice ( ! dragon-tree are made 9 ! nunn]ies1 & are mu* extoll$ z highly useful = keep+ ! gums 9 a heal?y /ate47 ,on leav+ ,orotava1 a n>r[ & /ony pa?way l$ u ?r\gh a beautiful =e/ ( *e/nut trees 7el monte de ,ca/anos71 to a site cov]$ ) brambles1 "s species ( laurels1 & arboresc5t hea?s4 ,! trunks ( ! latt] gr[ to an extraord9>y size2 & ! fl[]s ) :i* !y are load$ =m an agreeable contra/1 dur+ a great "p ( ! ye>1 to ! ,hyp]icum can>i5se1 :i* is v abundant at ?is height4 ,we /opp$ to take 9 our provision ( wat] "u a solit>y fir-tree4 ,?is /ation is kn[n 9 ! c\ntry by ! "n ( ,p9o del ,dornajito4 ,its height1 accord+ to ! b>ometrical measurem5t ( ,m4 de ,borda1 is #ebb toises2 & x comm&s a magnific5t prospect ( ! sea1 & ! :ole ( ! nor!rn "p ( ! isl&4 ,ne> ,p9o del ,dornajito1 a little on ! "r ( ! pa?way1 is a copi\s spr+ ( wat]1 into :i* we plung$ ! !rmomet]1 :i* fell to #ae4d degrees4 ,at a hundr$ toises di/ance f ?is spr+ is ano!r equally limpid4 ,if we admit t ^! wat]s indicate ne>ly ! mean heat ( ! place :5ce !y issue1 we may fix ! absolute elevation ( ! /ation at #ebj toises1 suppos+ ! mean temp]ature ( ! coa/ to be #ba degrees1 & all[+ "o degree = ! decrem5t ( caloric correspond+ "u ?is zone to #ic toises4 ,we %\ld n be surpris$ if ?is spr+ rema9$ a little bel[ ! heat ( ! air1 s9ce x probably takes its s\rce 9 "s m elevat$ "p ( ! peak1 & possibly communicates ) ! small subt]ranean glaci]s ( :i* we %all speak h]eaft]4 ,! accordance j obs]v$ betwe5 ! b>ometrical & !rmometrical measures is s mu* m /rik+1 because 9 m\nta9\s c\ntries1 ) /eep declivities1 ! spr+s g5]ally indicate too great a decrem5t ( caloric1 = !y unite small curr5ts ( wat]1 :i* filtrate at diff]5t heights1 & _! temp]ature is consequ5tly ! mean betwe5 ! temp]ature ( ^! curr5ts4 ,! spr+ ( ,dornajito has consid]able reputation 9 ! c\ntry2 & at ! "t ,i 0 !re1 x 0 ! only "o kn[n on ! road :i* leads to ! summit ( ! volcano4 ,! =mation ( spr+s dem&s a c]ta9 regul>ity 9 ! direction & incl9ation ( ! /rata4 ,on a volcanic soil1 por\s & spl9t]$ rocks absorb ! ra9 wat]s1 & convey !m to consid]able dep?s4 ,h5ce arises t aridity obs]v$ 9 ! great] "p ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 not)/&+ ! consid]able height ( _! m\nta9s1 & ! mass ( cl\ds :i* navigators behold incessantly ov]hang+ ?is ar*ipelago4 ,f ,p9o del ,dornajito to ! crat] ( ! volcano we cont9u$ to asc5d )\t cross+ a s+le valley2 = ! small rav9es 7b>ancos7 d n m]it ?is "n4 ,to ! eye ( ! geologi/ ! :ole isl& ( ,t5]iffe is b "o m\nta91 ! almo/ elliptical base ( :i* is prolong$ to ! nor?-ea/1 & 9 :i* may be di/+ui%$ sev]al sy/ems ( volcanic rocks =m$ at diff]5t epo*s4 ,! ,*ahorra1 or ,montana ,colorada1 & ! ,urca1 consid]$ 9 ! c\ntry z insulat$ volcanoes1 are only little hills abutt+ on ! peak1 & mask+ its pyramidal =m4 ,! great volcano1 ! lat]al eruptions ( :i* h giv5 bir? to va/ promontories1 is n h[ev] precisely 9 ! c5tre ( ! isl&1 & ?is peculi>ity ( /ructure appe>s ! less surpris+1 if we recollect t1 z ! le>n$ m9]alogi/ ,m4 ,cordi] has obs]v$1 x is n p]haps ! small crat] ( ! ,piton :i* has be5 ! pr9cipal ag5t 9 ! *anges und]gone by ! isl& ( ,t5]iffe4 ,above ! region ( arboresc5t hea?s1 call$ ,monte ,v]de1 is ! region ( f]ns4 ,n[h]e1 9 ! temp]ate zone1 h ,i se5 su* an abundance ( ! pt]is1 ble*num1 & aspl5ium2 yet none ( ^! plants h ! /atel9ess ( ! arboresc5t f]ns :i*1 at ! height ( five or six hundr$ toises1 =m ! pr9cipal ornam5t ( equ9octial ,am]ica4 ,! root ( ! ,pt]is aquil9a s]ves ! inhabitants ( ,palma & ,gom]a = food2 !y gr9d x to p[d]1 & mix ) x a quantity ( b>ley-meal4 ,?is composition1 :5 boil$1 is call$ g(io2 ! use ( s homely an alim5t is a pro( ( ! extreme pov]ty ( ! l[] ord] ( p 9 ! ,can>y ,isl&s4 ,monte ,v]de is int]sect$ by sev]al small & v arid rav9es 7canadas71 & ! region ( f]ns is succe$$ by a wood ( junip] trees & firs1 :i* has suff]$ greatly f ! viol5ce ( hurricanes4 ,9 ?is place1 m5tion$ by "s travell]s "u ! "n ( ,c>avela199 799 ,philosophical ,transactions volume #bi page #cag4 ,c>abela is ! "n ( a vessel ) late5 sails4 ,! p9es ( ! peak =m]ly 7 us$ z ma/s ( vessels47 ,mr4 ,ed5 /ates t 9 ! ye> #agje he saw little flames1 :i*1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ! naturali/s ( 8 "t1 he attributes to sulphur\s exhalations ignit+ spontane\sly4 ,we cont9u$ to asc5d1 till we came to ! rock ( ,la ,gayta & to ,portillo3 trav]s+ ?is n>r[ pass betwe5 two basaltic hills1 we ent]$ ! great pla9 ( ,sp>tium4 ,at ! "t ( ! voyage ( ,lap]\se1 ,m4 ,mann]on _h tak5 ! levels ( ! peak1 f ! port ( ,orotava to ?is elevat$ pla91 ne> #adjj toises above ! level ( ! sea2 b ! want ( wat]1 & ! misconduct ( ! guides1 prev5t$ him f tak+ ! levels to ! top ( ! volcano4 ,! results ( ! op]ation1 7:i* 0 two-?irds complet$17 un=tunately 7 n s5t to ,europe1 & ! "w is /ill to be recomm5c$ f ! sea-coa/4 ,we sp5t two h\rs & a half 9 cross+ ! ,llano del ,retama1 :i* appe>s l an imm5se sea ( s&4 ,not)/&+ ! elevation ( ?is site1 ! c5tigrade !rmomet] rose 9 ! %ade t[>d sunset1 to #ac4h degrees1 or #c4g degrees high] ?an t[>d noon at ,monte ,v]de4 ,?is augm5tation ( heat c\ld be attribut$ only to ! rev]b]ation f ! gr\nd1 & ! ext5t ( ! pla94 ,we suff]$ mu* f ! suffocat+ du/ ( ! pumice-/one1 9 :i* we 7 cont9ually envelop$4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is pla9 are tufts ( ! retama1 :i* is ! ,sp>tium nubig5um ( ,aiton4 ,m4 de ,m>t9i]e1 "o ( ! botani/s :o p]i%$ 9 ! exp$ition ( ,lap]\se1 wi%$ to introduce ?is beautiful %rub into ,langu$oc1 :]e firewood is v sc>ce4 ,x gr[s to ! height ( n9e feet1 & is load$ ) odorif]\s fl[]s1 ) :i* ! goat hunt]s1 t we met 9 our road1 _h decorat$ _! hats4 ,! goats ( ! peak1 :i* are ( a deep br[n col\r1 are reckon$ delici\s food2 !y br[se on ! sp>tium1 & h run wild 9 ! des]ts f "t immemorial4 ,!y h be5 transport$ to ,madeira1 :]e !y are pref]r$ to ! goats ( ,europe4 ,z f> z ! rock ( ,gayta1 or ! entrance ( ! ext5sive ,llano del ,retama1 ! peak ( ,t5]iffe is cov]$ ) beautiful vegetation4 ,!re are no traces ( rec5t deva/ation4 ,we might h imag9$ ourselves scal+ ! side ( "s volcano1 ! fire ( :i* _h be5 ext+ui%$ z remotely z t ( ,monte ,cavo1 ne> ,rome2 b sc>cely _h we rea*$ ! pla9 cov]$ ) pumice-/one1 :5 ! l&scape *ang$ its aspect1 & at e /ep we met ) l>ge blocks ( obsidian ?r[n out by ! volcano4 ,ev]y?+ "h speaks p]fect solitude4 ,a few goats & rabbits only b\nd across ! pla94 ,! b>r5 region ( ! peak is n9e squ>e leagues2 & z ! l[] regions view$ f ?is po9t retrograde 9 ! di/ance1 ! isl& appe>s an imm5se heap ( torrefi$ matt]1 hemm$ r\nd by a scanty bord] ( vegetation4 ,f ! region ( ! ,sp>tium nubig5um we pass$ ?r\gh n>r[ defiles1 & small rav9es holl[$ at a v remote "t by ! torr5ts1 fir/ arriv+ at a m elevat$ pla9 7el ,monton de ,trigo71 !n at ! place :]e we int5d$ to pass ! night4 ,?is /ation1 :i* is m ?an #aecj toises above ! coa/1 be>s ! "n ( ! ,engli% ,halt 7,e/ancia de los ,+leses99 799 ,?is d5om9ation 0 9 use z e>ly z ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,mr4 ,ed51 :o corrupts all ,spani% words1 z d mo/ travell]s 9 our own times1 calls x ! ,/an*a3 x is ! ,/ation des ,ro*]s ( ,m4 ,borda1 z is prov$ by ! b>ometrical heights !re obs]v$4 ,^! heights 7 9 #ahjc1 accord+ to ,m4 ,cordi]1 #ai in*es #i4e l9es2 & 9 #aggf1 accord+ to ,messrs4 ,borda & ,v>ela1 #ai in*es #i4h l9es2 ! b>omet] at ,orotava keep+ )9 ne>ly a l9e at ! same height4771 no d\bt because mo/ ( ! travell]s1 :o =m]ly visit$ ! peak1 7 ,engli%m54 ,two incl9$ rocks =m a k9d ( cav]n1 :i* af=ds a %elt] f ! w9ds4 ,?is po9t1 :i* is high] ?an ! summit ( ! ,canig\1 c be rea*$ on ! backs ( mules2 & "h has end$ ! exp$ition ( numb]s ( travell]s1 :o on leav+ ,orotava hop$ to h asc5d$ to ! br9k ( ! crat]4 ,?\gh 9 ! mid/ ( summ]1 & "u an ,african sky1 we suff]$ f cold dur+ ! night4 ,! !rmomet] desc5d$ z l[ z to five degrees4 ,our guides made a l>ge fire ) ! dry bran*es ( retama4 ,hav+ nei!r t5ts nor cloaks1 we lay d[n on "s masses ( rock1 & 7 s+ul>ly incommod$ by ! flame & smoke1 :i* ! w9d drove t[>ds u4 ,we _h attempt$ to =m a k9d ( scre5 ) clo?s ti$ toge!r1 b our enclosure took fire1 :i* we did n p]ceive till ! great] "p _h be5 consum$ by ! flames4 ,we _h nev] pass$ a night on a po9t s elevat$1 & we !n little imag9$ t we %\ld1 "o day1 on ! ridge ( ! ,cordill]as1 inhabit t[ns high] ?an ! summit ( ! volcano we 7 to scale on ! morr[4 ,z ! temp]ature dim9i%$1 ! peak became cov]$ ) ?ick cl\ds4 ,! approa* ( night int]rupts ! play ( ! asc5d+ curr5t1 :i*1 dur+ ! day1 rises f ! pla9s t[>ds ! high regions ( ! atmosph]e2 & ! air1 9 cool+1 loses its capacity ( susp5d+ wat]4 ,a /rong nor!rly w9d *as$ ! cl\ds2 ! moon at int]vals1 %oot+ ?r\gh ! vap\rs1 expos$ its disk on a firmam5t ( ! d>ke/ blue2 & ! view ( ! volcano ?rew a maje/ic "* ov] ! nocturnal sc5]y4 ,sometimes ! peak 0 entirely hidd5 f our eyes by ! fog1 at o!r times x broke ^u u 9 t]rific proximity2 &1 l an enorm\s pyramid1 ?rew its %ad[ ov] ! cl\ds roll+ b5ea? our feet4 ,ab\t ?ree 9 ! morn+1 by ! sombr\s light ( a few fir tor*es1 we />t$ on our j\rney to ! summit ( ! ,piton4 ,we scal$ ! volcano on ! nor?-ea/ side1 :]e ! declivities are extremely /eep2 & aft] two h\rs' toil1 we rea*$ a small pla91 :i*1 on acc\nt ( its elevat$ position1 be>s ! "n ( ,alta ,vi/a4 ,?is is ! /ation ( ! nev]os1 ^? natives1 ^: occupation x is to collect ice & sn[1 :i* !y sell 9 ! neighb\r+ t[ns4 ,_! mules1 bett] practis$ 9 climb+ m\nta9s ?an ^? hir$ by travell]s1 rea* ,alta ,vi/a1 & ! nev]os are oblig$ to transport ! sn[ to t place on _! backs4 ,above ?is po9t comm5ces ! ,malpays1 a t]m by :i* is designat$ "h1 z well z 9 ,mexico1 ,p]u1 & e o!r c\ntry subject to volcanoes1 a gr\nd de/itute ( vegetable m\ld1 & cov]$ ) fragm5ts ( lava4 ,we turn$ to ! "r to exam9e ! cav]n ( ice1 :i* is at ! elevation ( #agbh toises1 consequ5tly bel[ ! limit ( ! p]petual sn[s 9 ?is zone4 ,probably ! cold :i* prevails 9 ?is cav]n1 is ow+ to ! same causes :i* p]petuate ! ice 9 ! crevices ( ,m\nt ,jura & ! ,ap5n9es1 & on :i* ! op9ions ( naturali/s are /ill mu* divid$4 ,?is natural ice-h\se ( ! peak has1 nev]!less1 none ( ^? p]p5dicul> op5+s1 :i* give emission to ! w>m air1 :ile ! cold air rema9s undi/urb$ at ! bottom4 ,x w\ld seem t ! ice is pres]v$ 9 x on acc\nt ( its mass1 & because its melt+ is ret>d$ by ! cold1 :i* is ! consequ5ce ( quick evaporation4 ,?is small subt]rane\s glaci] is situat$ 9 a region1 ! mean temp]ature ( :i* is probably n "u ?ree degrees2 & x is n1 l ! true glaci]s ( ! ,alps1 f$ by ! sn[ wat]s t fl[ f ! summits ( ! m\nta9s4 ,dur+ w9t] ! cav]n is fill$ ) ice & sn[2 & z ! rays ( ! sun d n p5etrate beyond ! m\?1 ! heats ( summ] are n suffici5t to empty ! res]voir4 ,! exi/5ce ( a natural ice-h\se dep5ds1 consequ5tly1 r on ! quantity ( sn[ :i* ent]s x 9 w9t]1 & ! small influ5ce ( ! w>m w9ds 9 summ]1 ?an on ! absolute elevation ( ! cavity1 & ! mean temp]ature ( ! lay] ( air 9 :i* x is situat$4 ,! air conta9$ 9 ! int]ior ( a m\nta9 is n easily displac$1 z is exemplifi$ by ,monte ,te/accio at ,rome1 ! temp]ature ( :i* is s diff]5t f t ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,on ,*imborazo enorm\s heaps ( ice are f\nd cov]$ ) s&1 &1 9 ! same mann] z at ! peak1 f> bel[ ! inf]ior limit ( ! p]petual sn[s4 ,x 0 ne> ! ,ice-,cav]n 7,cueva del ,hielo71 t1 9 ! voyage ( ,lap]\se1 ,messrs4 ,lamanon & ,monges made _! exp]im5ts on ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]4 ,^! naturali/s f\nd x #hh4g degrees1 ! b>omet] at n9ete5 in*es "o l9e4 ,9 ! k+dom ( ,new ,gr5ada1 at ! *apel ( ,guadal\pe1 ne> ,santa-,fe de ,bogota1 ,i h se5 wat] boil at #hi4i degrees1 "u a pressure ( #ai in*es #a4i l9es1 ,at ,tambores1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,popayan1 ,s5or ,caldas f\nd ! heat ( boil+ wat] #hi4e degrees1 ! b>omet] be+ at #ah in*es #aa4f l9es4 ,^! results might lead u to suspect1 t1 9 ! exp]im5t ( ,m4 ,lamanon1 ! wat] _h n rea*$ ! maximum ( its temp]ature4 ,day 0 beg9n+ to dawn :5 we left ! ice-cav]n4 ,we obs]v$1 dur+ ! twilight1 a ph5om5on :i* is n unusual on high m\nta9s1 b :i* ! position ( ! volcano we 7 scal+ r5d]$ v /rik+4 ,a lay] ( :ite & fleecy cl\ds conceal$ f u ! sight ( ! ocean1 & ! l[] region ( ! isl&4 ,?is lay] did n appe> above #hjj toises high2 ! cl\ds 7 s uni=mly spread1 & kept s p]fect a level1 t !y wore ! appe>ance ( a va/ pla9 cov]$ ) sn[4 ,! colossal pyramid ( ! peak1 ! volcanic summits ( ,lanc]ota1 ( ,=tev5tura1 & ! isle ( ,palma1 7 l rocks amid/ ?is va/ sea ( vap\rs1 & _! black t9ts 7 9 f9e contra/ ) ! :it5ess ( ! cl\ds4 ,:ile we 7 climb+ ov] ! brok5 lavas ( ! ,malpays1 we p]ceiv$ a v curi\s optical ph5om5on1 :i* la/$ eight m9utes4 ,we ?\ght we saw on ! ea/ side small rockets ?r[n into ! air4 ,lum9\s po9ts1 ab\t sev5 or eight degrees above ! horizon1 appe>$ fir/ to move 9 a v]tical direction2 b _! motion 0 gradually *ang$ into a horizontal oscillation4 ,our fell[-travell]s1 our guides ev51 7 a/oni%$ at ?is ph5om5on1 )\t our hav+ made any rem>k on x to !m4 ,we ?\ght1 at fir/ sight1 t ^! lum9\s po9ts1 :i* float$ 9 ! air1 indicat$ "s new eruption ( ! great volcano ( ,lanc]ota2 = we recollect$ t ,b\gu] & ,la ,condam9e1 9 scal+ ! volcano ( ,pi*9*a1 7 witnesses ( ! eruption ( ,cotopaxi4 ,b ! illusion soon ceas$1 & we f\nd t ! lum9\s po9ts 7 ! images ( sev]al />s magnifi$ by ! vap\rs4 ,^! images rema9$ motionless at int]vals1 !y !n seem$ to rise p]p5dicul>ly1 desc5d$ sideways1 & return$ to ! po9t :5ce !y _h dep>t$4 ,?is motion la/$ "o or two seconds4 ,?\gh we _h no exact means ( measur+ ! ext5t ( ! lat]al %ift+1 we did n ! less di/9ctly obs]ve ! pa? ( ! lum9\s po9t4 ,x did n appe> d\ble f an effect ( mirage1 & left no trace ( light beh9d4 ,br++1 ) ! telescope ( a small sextant by ,tr\ghton1 ! />s into contact ) ! l(ty summit ( a m\nta9 9 ,lanc]ota1 ,i obs]v$ t ! oscillation 0 con/antly direct$ t[>ds ! same po9t1 t is to say1 t[>ds t "p ( ! horizon :]e ! disk ( ! sun 0 to appe>2 & t1 mak+ all[ance = ! motion ( ! /> 9 its decl9ation1 ! image return$ always to ! same place4 ,^! appe>ances ( lat]al refraction ceas$ long be=e daylight r5d]$ ! />s q invisible4 ,i h fai?fully relat$ :at we saw dur+ ! twilight1 )\t und]tak+ to expla9 ?is extraord9>y ph5om5on1 ( :i* ,i publi%$ an acc\nt 9 ,b>on ,za*'s ,a/ronomical ,j\rnal1 twelve ye>s ago4 ,! motion ( ! vesicul> vap\rs1 caus$ by ! ris+ ( ! sun2 ! m+l+ ( sev]al lay]s ( air1 ! temp]ature & d5sity ( :i* 7 v diff]5t1 no d\bt contribut$ to produce an app>5t movem5t ( ! />s 9 ! horizontal direction4 ,we see some?+ simil> 9 ! /rong undulations ( ! sol> disk1 :5 x cuts ! horizon2 b ^! undulations seldom exce$ tw5ty seconds1 :ile ! lat]al motion ( ! />s1 obs]v$ at ! peak1 at m ?an #ahjj toises1 0 easily di/+ui%$ by ! nak$ eye1 & seem$ to exce$ all t we h ?\ght x possible to consid] hi!rto z ! effect ( ! refraction ( ! light ( ! />s4 ,on ! top ( ! ,&es1 at ,antisana1 ,i obs]v$ ! sun-rise1 & pass$ ! :ole night at ! height ( #bajj toises1 )\t not+ any appe>ance resembl+ ?is ph5om5on4 ,i 0 anxi\s to make an exact obs]vation ( ! in/ant ( sun-ris+ at an elevation s consid]able z t we _h rea*$ on ! peak ( ,t5]iffe4 ,no travell]1 furni%$ ) in/rum5ts1 _h z yet tak5 su* an obs]vation4 ,i _h a telescope & a *ronomet]1 :i* ,i knew to be exce$+ly correct4 ,9 ! "p :]e ! sun 0 to appe> ! horizon 0 free f vap\r4 ,we p]ceiv$ ! upp] limb at #d h\rs #dh m9utes #ee seconds app>5t "t1 & :at is v rem>kable1 ! fir/ lum9\s po9t ( ! disk appe>$ imm$iately 9 contact ) ! limit ( ! horizon1 consequ5tly we saw ! true horizon2 t is to say1 a "p ( ! sea f>!r di/ant ?an #dc leagues4 ,x is prov$ by calculation t1 "u ! same p>allel 9 ! pla91 ! ris+ w\ld h begun at #e h\rs #a m9ute #ej4d seconds1 or #aa m9utes #ea4c seconds lat] ?an at ! height ( ! peak4 ,! diff]5ce obs]v$ 0 #ab m9utes #ee seconds1 :i* arose no d\bt f ! unc]ta9ty ( ! refraction = a z5i? di/ance1 ( :i* obs]vations are want+4 ,we 7 surpris$ at ! extreme sl[ness ) :i* ! l[] limb ( ! sun seem$ to deta* itself f ! horizon4 ,?is limb 0 n visible till #d h\rs #ef m9utes #ef seconds4 ,! disc ( ! sun1 mu* flatt5$1 0 well def9$2 dur+ ! asc5t !re 0 nei!r d\ble image nor l5g!n+ ( ! l[] limb4 ,! duration ( ! sun's ris+ be+ triple t :i* we might h expect$ 9 ?is latitude1 we mu/ suppose t a fog-bank1 v uni=mly ext5d$1 conceal$ ! true horizon1 & foll[$ ! sun 9 its asc5t4 ,not)/&+ ! libration ( ! />s199 :i* we _h obs]v$ t[>ds ! ea/1 we c\ld n attribute ! sl[ness ( ! ris+ to an extraord9>y refraction ( ! rays occasion$ by ! horizon ( ! sea2 = x is precisely at ! ris+ ( ! sun1 z ,le ,g5til daily obs]v$ at ,pondi*]ry1 & z ,i h sev]al times rem>k$ at ,cumana1 t ! horizon s9ks1 on acc\nt ( ! elevation ( temp]ature 9 ! /ratum ( ! air :i* lies imm$iately ov] ! surface ( ! ocean4 799 ,a celebrat$ a/ronom]1 ,b>on ,za*1 has comp>$ ?is ph5om5on ( an app>5t libration ( ! />s to t describ$ 9 ! ,georgics 7lib4 #ej v4 #cfe74 ,b ?is passage relates only to ! fall+ />s1 :i* ! anci5ts1 7l ! m>9]s ( mod]n times7 consid]$ z a progno/ic ( w9d47 ,! road1 :i* we 7 oblig$ to cle> = ourselves across ! ,malpays1 0 extremely fatigu+4 ,! asc5t is /eep1 & ! blocks ( lava roll$ f b5ea? our feet4 ,i c comp>e ?is "p ( ! road only to ! ,mora9e ( ! ,alps or t mass ( pebbly /ones :i* we f9d at ! l[] extremity ( ! glaci]s4 ,at ! peak ! lava1 brok5 into %>p pieces1 leaves holl[s1 9 :i* we risk$ fall+ up to our wai/s4 ,un=tunately ! li/lessness ( our guides contribut$ to increase ! difficulty ( ?is asc5t4 ,unlike ! guides ( ! valley ( ,*am\ni1 or ! nimble-foot$ ,guan*es1 :o c\ld1 x is ass]t$1 seize ! rabbit or wild goat 9 its c\rse1 our ,can>ian guides 7 models ( ! phlegmatic4 ,!y _h wi%$ to p]suade u on ! prec$+ ev5+ n to g beyond ! /ation ( ! rocks4 ,e t5 m9utes !y sat d[n to re/ !mselves1 & :5 unobs]v$ !y ?rew away ! specim5s ( obsidian & pumice-/one1 :i* we _h c>efully collect$4 ,we discov]$ at l5g? t none ( !m _h ev] visit$ ! summit ( ! volcano4 ,aft] ?ree h\rs' walk+1 we rea*$1 at ! extremity ( ! ,malpays1 a small pla91 call$ ,la ,rambleta1 f ! c5tre ( :i* ! ,piton1 or ,sug>-loaf1 takes its rise4 ,on ! side t[>d ,orotava ! m\nta9 resembles ^? pyramids ) /eps t are se5 at ,fay\m & 9 ,mexico2 = ! elevat$ pla9s ( ,retama & ,rambleta =m two ti]s1 ! fir/ ( :i* is f\r times high] ?an ! second4 ,if we suppose ! total height ( ! ,peak to be #aijd toises1 ! ,rambleta is #ahbj toises above ! level ( ! sea4 ,"h are f\nd ^? spiracles1 :i* are call$ by ! natives ! ,no/rils ( ! ,peak 7,n>ices del ,pico74 ,wat]y & heat$ vap\rs issue at int]vals f sev]al crevices 9 ! gr\nd1 & ! !rmomet] rose to #dc4b degrees4 ,m4 ,labill>di]e _h f\nd ! temp]ature ( ^! vap\rs1 eight ye>s be=e u1 #ec4g degrees2 a diff]5ce :i* does n p]haps prove s mu* a dim9ution ( activity 9 ! volcano1 z a local *ange 9 ! heat+ ( its int]nal surface4 ,! vap\rs h no smell1 & seem to be pure wat]4 ,a %ort "t be=e ! great eruption ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 9 #ahje1 ,m4 ,gay-,lussac & myself _h obs]v$ t wat]1 "u ! =m ( vap\r1 9 ! int]ior ( ! crat]1 did n r$d5 pap] :i* _h be5 dipp$ 9 syrup ( violets4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 admit ! bold hypo!sis1 accord+ to :i* ! ,no/rils ( ! ,peak are to be consid]$ z ! v5ts ( an imm5se app>atus ( di/illation1 ! l[] "p ( :i* is situat$ bel[ ! level ( ! sea4 ,s9ce ! "t :5 volcanoes h be5 c>efully /udi$1 & ! love ( ! m>vell\s has be5 less app>5t 9 works on geology1 well f\nd$ d\bts h be5 rais$ respect+ ^! direct & con/ant communications betwe5 ! wat]s ( ! sea & ! focus ( ! volcanic fire499 799 ,?is "q has be5 exam9$ ) mu* sagacity by ,m4 ,brieslak1 9 8 ,introduzzione alla ,geologia1 tome #b pages #cjb1 #cbc1 #cdg4 ,cotopaxi & ,popocatepetl1 :i* ,i saw eject+ smoke & a%es1 9 #ahjd1 are f>!r f bo? ! ,pacific & ! ,gulf ( ! ,antilles1 ?an ,gr5oble is f ! ,m$it]ranean1 & ,orleans f ! ,atlantic4 ,we mu/ n consid] ! fact z m]ely accid5tal1 t we h n yet discov]$ an active volcano m ?an #dj leagues di/ant f ! ocean2 b ,i consid] ! hypo!sis1 t ! wat]s ( ! sea are absorb$1 di/ill$1 & decompos$ by volcanoes1 z v d\btful47 ,we may f9d a v simple explanation ( a ph5om5on1 t has 9 x no?+ v surpris+4 ,! peak is cov]$ ) sn[ dur+ "p ( ! ye>2 we ourselves f\nd x /ill s 9 ! pla9 ( ,rambleta4 ,messrs4 ,o',donnel & ,arm/rong discov]$ 9 #ahjf a v abundant spr+ 9 ! ,malpays1 a hundr$ toises above ! cav]n ( ice1 :i* is p]haps f$ p>tly by ?is sn[4 ,ev]y?+ consequ5tly leads u to presume t ! peak ( ,t5]iffe1 l ! volcanoes ( ! ,&es1 & ^? ( ! isl& ( ,manilla1 conta9s )9 itself great cavities1 :i* are fill$ ) atmosph]ical wat]1 ow+ m]ely to filtration4 ,! aque\s vap\rs exhal$ by ! ,n>ices & crevices ( ! crat]1 are only ^? same wat]s heat$ by ! int]ior surfaces d[n :i* !y fl[4 ,we _h yet to scale ! /eepe/ "p ( ! m\nta91 ! ,piton1 :i* =ms ! summit4 ,! slope ( ?is small cone1 cov]$ ) volcanic a%es1 & fragm5ts ( pumice-/one1 is s /eep1 t x w\ld h be5 almo/ impossible to rea* ! top1 _h we n asc5d$ by an old curr5t ( lava1 ! debris ( :i* h resi/$ ! ravages ( "t4 ,^! debris =m a wall ( scori\s rock1 :i* /ret*es into ! mid/ ( ! loose a%es4 ,we asc5d$ ! ,piton by grasp+ ^! half-decompos$ scoriae1 :i* (t5 broke 9 our h&s4 ,we employ$ ne>ly half an h\r to scale a hill1 ! p]p5dicul> height ( :i* is sc>cely n9ety toises4 ,vesuvius1 ?ree times l[] ?an ! peak ( ,t5]iffe1 is t]m9at$ by a cone ( a%es almo/ ?ree times high]1 b ) a m accessible & easy slope4 ,( all ! volcanoes :i* ,i h visit$1 t ( ,jorullo1 9 ,mexico1 is ! only "o t is m difficult to climb ?an ! ,peak1 because ! :ole m\nta9 is cov]$ ) loose a%es4 ,:5 ! ,sug>-loaf 7el ,piton7 is cov]$ ) sn[1 z x is 9 ! beg9n+ ( w9t]1 ! /eepness ( its declivity may be v dang]\s to ! travell]4 ,m4 ,le ,gros %[$ u ! place :]e capta9 ,baud9 0 ne>ly kill$ :5 he visit$ ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe4 ,t (fic] _h ! c\rage to und]take1 9 company ) ! naturali/s ,adv5i]1 ,maug]1 & ,ri$le1 an excursion to ! top ( ! volcano ab\t ! end ( ,decemb]1 #agig4 ,hav+ rea*$ half ! height ( ! cone1 he fell1 & roll$ d[n z f> z ! small pla9 ( ,rambleta2 happily a heap ( lava1 cov]$ ) sn[1 h9d]$ him f roll+ f>!r ) accel]at$ velocity4 ,i h be5 told1 t 9 ,switz]l& a travell] 0 suffocat$ by roll+ d[n ! declivity ( ! ,col de ,balme1 ov] ! compact turf ( ! ,alps4 ,:5 we ga9$ ! summit ( ! ,piton1 we 7 surpris$ to f9d sc>cely room en\gh to seat ourselves conv5i5tly4 ,we 7 /opp$ by a small circul> wall ( porphyritic lava1 ) a base ( pit*/one1 :i* conceal$ f u ! view ( ! crat]499 799 ,call$ ,la ,cald]a1 or ! caldron ( ! peak1 a d5om9ation :i* recalls to m9d ! ,oules ( ! ,pyr5ees47 ,! we/ w9d blew ) su* viol5ce t we c\ld sc>cely /&4 ,x 0 eight 9 ! morn+1 & we suff]$ sev]ely f ! cold1 ?\gh ! !rmomet] kept a little above freez+ po9t4 ,= a long "t we _h be5 accu/om$ to a v high temp]ature1 & ! dry w9d increas$ ! feel+ ( cold1 because x c>ri$ (f e mom5t ! small atmosph]e ( w>m & humid air1 :i* 0 =m$ ar\nd u f ! effect ( cutane\s p]spiration4 ,! br9k ( ! crat] ( ! peak be>s no resemblance to ^? ( mo/ ( ! o!r volcanoes :i* ,i h visit$3 = in/ance1 ! crat]s ( ,vesuvius1 ,jorullo1 & ,pi*9*a4 ,9 ^! ! ,piton pres]ves its conic figure to ! v summit3 ! :ole ( _! declivity is incl9$ ! same numb] ( degrees1 & uni=mly cov]$ ) a lay] ( pumice-/one v m9utely divid$2 :5 we rea* ! top ( ^! volcanoes1 no?+ ob/ructs ! view ( ! bottom ( ! crat]4 ,! peaks ( ,t5]iffe & ,cotopaxi1 on ! contr>y1 are ( v diff]5t con/ruction4 ,at _! summit a circul> wall surr\nds ! crat]2 :i* wall1 at a di/ance1 has ! appe>ance ( a small cyl9d] plac$ on a truncat$ cone4 ,on ,cotopaxi ?is peculi> con/ruction is visible to ! nak$ eye at m ?an #bjjj toises di/ance2 & no p]son has ev] rea*$ ! crat] ( t volcano4 ,on ! peak ( ,t5]iffe1 ! wall1 :i* surr\nds ! crat] l a p>apet1 is s high1 t x w\ld be impossible to rea* ! ,cald]a1 if1 on ! ea/]n side1 !re 0 n a brea*1 :i* seems to h be5 ! effect ( a fl[+ ( v old lava4 ,we desc5d$ ?r\gh ?is brea* t[>d ! bottom ( ! funnel1 ! figure ( :i* is elliptic4 ,its great] axis has a direction f nor?-we/ to s\?-ea/1 ne>ly nor? #ce degrees we/4 ,! greate/ bread? ( ! m\? appe>$ to u to be #cjj feet1 ! smalle/ #bjj feet1 :i* numb]s agree v ne>ly ) ! measurem5t ( ,,mm4 ,v]gu91 ,v>ela1 & ,borda4 ,x is easy to conceive1 t ! size ( a crat] does n dep5d solely on ! height & mass ( ! m\nta91 ( :i* x =ms ! pr9cipal air-v5t4 ,?is op5+ is inde$ seldom 9 direct ratio ) ! int5sity ( ! volcanic fire1 or ) ! activity ( ! volcano4 ,at ,vesuvius1 :i* is b a hill comp>$ ) ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 ! diamet] ( ! crat] is five times great]4 ,:5 we reflect1 t v l(ty volcanoes ?r[ out less matt] f _! summits ?an f lat]al op5+s1 we %\ld be l$ to ?9k1 t ! l[] ! volcanoes1 _! =ce & activity be+ ! same1 ! m consid]able ought to be _! crat]s4 ,9 fact1 !re are imm5se volcanoes 9 ! ,&es1 :i* h b v small op5+s2 & we might e/abli% z a geological pr9ciple1 t ! mo/ colossal m\nta9s h crat]s ( little ext5t at ! summits1 if ! ,cordill]as did n pres5t _m in/ances to ! contr>y499 799 ,! great volcanoes ( ,cotopaxi & ,rucupi*9*a h crat]s1 ! diamet]s ( :i*1 accord+ to my measurem5ts1 exce$ #djj & #gjj toises47 ,i %all h occasion1 9 ! progress ( ?is "w1 to cite a numb] ( facts1 :i* w ?r[ "s light on :at may be call$ ! ext]nal /ructure ( volcanoes4 ,?is /ructure is z v>i$ z ! volcanic ph5om5a !mselves2 & 9 ord] to raise ourselves to geological conceptions wor?y ( ! greatness ( nature1 we mu/ set aside ! idea t all volcanoes are =m$ aft] ! model ( ,vesuvius1 ,/romboli1 & ,etna4 ,! ext]nal edges ( ! ,cald]a are almo/ p]p5dicul>4 ,_! appe>ance is some:at l ! ,somma1 se5 f ! ,atrio dei ,cavalli4 ,we desc5d$ to ! bottom ( ! crat] on a tra9 ( brok5 lava1 f ! ea/]n brea* ( ! enclosure4 ,! heat 0 p]ceptible only 9 a few crevices1 :i* gave v5t to aque\s vap\rs ) a peculi> buzz+ noise4 ,"s ( ^! funnels or crevices are on ! outside ( ! enclosure1 on ! ext]nal br9k ( ! p>apet t surr\nds ! crat]4 ,we plung$ ! !rmomet] into !m1 & saw x rise rapidly to #fh & #ge degrees4 ,x no d\bt indicat$ a high] temp]ature1 b we c\ld n obs]ve ! in/rum5t till we _h drawn x up1 le/ we %\ld burn our h&s4 ,m4 ,cordi] f\nd sev]al crevices1 ! heat ( :i* 0 t ( boil+ wat]4 ,x might be ?\ght t ^! vap\rs1 :i* are emitt$ 9 gu/s1 conta9 muriatic or sulphur\s acid2 b :5 cond5s$1 !y h no p>ticul> ta/e2 & exp]im5ts1 :i* h be5 made ) re-ag5ts1 prove t ! *imneys ( ! peak exhale only pure wat]4 ,?is ph5om5on1 analog\s to t :i* ,i obs]v$ 9 ! crat] ( ,jorullo1 des]ves ! m att5tion1 z muriatic acid ab\nds 9 ! great] "p ( volcanoes1 & z ,m4 ,vauquel9 has discov]$ x ev5 9 ! porphyritic lavas ( ,s>c\y 9 ,auv]gne4 ,i sket*$ on ! spot a view ( ! int]ior edge ( ! crat]1 z x pres5t$ itself 9 ! desc5t by ! ea/]n break4 ,no?+ is m /rik+ ?an ! mann] 9 :i* ^! /rata ( lava are pil$ on "o ano!r1 exhibit+ ! s9uosities ( ! calc>e\s rock ( ! high] ,alps4 ,^! enorm\s l$ges1 sometimes horizontal1 sometimes incl9$ & undulat+1 are indicative ( ! anci5t fluidity ( ! :ole mass1 & ( ! comb9ation ( sev]al d]ang+ causes1 :i* h det]m9$ ! direction ( ea* fl[4 ,! top ( ! circul> wall exhibits ^? curi\s ramifications :i* we f9d 9 coke4 ,! nor!rn edge is mo/ elevat$4 ,t[>ds ! s\?-we/ ! enclosure is consid]ably sunk & an enorm\s mass ( scori\s lava seems glu$ to ! extremity ( ! br9k4 ,on ! we/ ! rock is p]=at$2 & a l>ge op5+ gives a view ( ! horizon ( ! sea4 ,! =ce ( ! ela/ic vap\rs p]haps =m$ ?is natural ap]ture1 at ! "t ( "s inundation ( lava ?r[n out f ! crat]4 ,! inside ( ?is funnel indicates a volcano1 :i* = ?\s&s ( ye>s has vomit$ no fire b f its sides4 ,?is conclusion is n f\nd$ on ! abs5ce ( great op5+s1 :i* might be expect$ 9 ! bottom ( ! ,cald]a4 ,^? ^: exp]i5ce is f\nd$ on p]sonal obs]vation1 "k t sev]al volcanoes1 9 ! int]vals ( an eruption1 appe> fill$ up1 & almo/ ext+ui%$2 b t 9 ^! same m\nta9s1 ! crat] ( ! volcano exhibits lay]s ( scoriae1 r\gh1 sonor\s1 & %9+4 ,we obs]ve hillocks & intumesc5ces caus$ by ! action ( ! ela/ic vap\rs1 cones ( brok5 scoriae & a%es :i* cov] ! funnels4 ,none ( ^! ph5om5a *>act]ise ! crat] ( ! peak ( ,t5]iffe2 its bottom is n 9 ! /ate :i* ensues at ! close ( an eruption4 ,f ! lapse ( "t1 & ! action ( ! vap\rs1 ! inside walls are deta*$1 & h cov]$ ! bas9 ) great blocks ( li?oid lavas4 ,! bottom ( ! ,cald]a is rea*$ )\t dang]4 ,9 a volcano1 ! activity ( :i* is pr9cipally direct$ t[>ds ! summit1 su* z ,vesuvius1 ! dep? ( ! crat] v>ies be=e & aft] ea* eruption2 b at ! peak ( ,t5]iffe ! dep? appe>s to h rema9$ un*ang$ = a long "t4 ,ed51 9 #agae1 e/imat$ x at #aae feet2 ,cordi]1 9 #ahjc1 at #aaj feet4 ,judg+ by m]e inspection1 ,i %\ld h ?\ght ! funnel ( /ill less dep?4 ,its pres5t /ate is t ( a solfat>a2 & x is r an object ( curi\s inve/igation1 ?an ( impos+ aspect4 ,! maje/y ( ! site consi/s 9 its elevation above ! level ( ! sea1 9 ! pr(\nd solitude ( ^! l(ty regions1 & 9 ! imm5se space ov] :i* ! eye ranges f ! summit ( ! m\nta94 ,! wall ( compact lava1 =m+ ! enclosure ( ! ,cald]a1 is sn[-:ite at its surface4 ,! same col\r prevails 9 ! inside ( ! ,solfat>a ( ,puzzuoli4 ,:5 we break ^! lavas1 :i* might be tak5 at "s di/ance = calc>e\s /one1 we f9d 9 !m a blacki% br[n nucleus4 ,porphyry1 ) basis ( pit*-/one1 is :it5$ ext]nally by ! sl[ action ( ! vap\rs ( sulphur\s acid gas4 ,^! vap\rs rise 9 abundance2 & :at is r rem>kable1 ?r\gh crevices :i* seem to h no communication ) ! ap]tures t emit aque\s vap\rs4 ,we may be conv9c$ ( ! pres5ce ( ! sulphur\s acid1 by exam9+ ! f9e cry/als ( sulphur1 :i* are ev]y:]e f\nd 9 ! crevices ( ! lava4 ,?is acid1 comb9$ ) ! wat] ) :i* ! soil is impregnat$1 is trans=m$ into sulphuric acid by contact ) ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e4 ,9 g5]al1 ! humidity 9 ! crat] ( ! peak is m to be fe>$ ?an ! heat2 & !y :o seat !mselves = a :ile on ! gr\nd f9d _! clo!s corrod$4 ,! porphyritic lavas are affect$ by ! action ( ! sulphuric acid3 ! alum9e1 magnesia1 soda1 & metallic oxides gradually disappe>2 & (t5 no?+ rema9s b ! silex1 :i* unites 9 mammill>y plates1 l opal4 ,^! silice\s concretions199 799 ,opal>tig] kiesels9t]4 ,! silice\s gurh ( ! volcanoes ( ! ,isle ( ,france conta9s1 accord+ to ,klapro?1 #j4gb silex1 & #j4ba wat]2 & ?us comes ne> to opal1 :i* ,k>/5 consid]s z a hydrat$ silex47 :i* ,m4 ,cordi] fir/ made kn[n1 are simil> to ^? f\nd 9 ! isle ( ,is*ia1 9 ! ext+ui%$ volcanoes ( ,santa ,fiora1 & 9 ! ,solfat>a ( ,puzzuoli4 ,x is n easy to =m an idea ( ! orig9 ( ^! incru/ations4 ,! aque\s vap\rs1 dis*>g$ ?r\gh great spiracles1 d n conta9 alkali 9 solution1 l ! wat]s ( ! ,geys]1 9 ,icel&4 ,p]haps ! soda conta9$ 9 ! lavas ( ! peak acts an important "p 9 ! =mation ( ^! deposits ( silex4 ,!re may exi/ 9 ! crat] small crevices1 ! vap\rs ( :i* are n ( ! same nature z ^? on :i* travell]s1 ^: att5tion has be5 direct$ simultane\sly to a great numb] ( objects1 h made exp]im5ts4 ,seat$ on ! nor!rn br9k ( ! crat]1 ,i dug a hole ( "s in*es 9 dep?2 & ! !rmomet] plac$ 9 ?is hole rose rapidly to #db degrees4 ,h5ce we may conclude :at mu/ be ! heat 9 ?is solfat>a at ! dep? ( ?irty or =ty fa?oms4 ,! sulphur r$uc$ into vap\r is cond5s$ into f9e cry/als1 :i* h[ev] are n equal 9 size to ^? ,m4 ,dolomieu br\ght f ,sicily4 ,!y are semi-diaphan\s octah$rons1 v brilliant on ! surface1 & ( a con*oidal fracture4 ,^! masses1 :i* w "o day p]haps be objects ( comm]ce1 are con/antly b$ew$ ) sulphur\s acid4 ,i _h ! imprud5ce to wrap up a few1 9 ord] to pres]ve !m1 b ,i soon discov]$ t ! acid _h consum$ n only ! pap] :i* conta9$ !m1 b a "p also ( my m9]alogical j\rnal4 ,! heat ( ! vap\rs1 :i* issue f ! crevices ( ! cald]a1 is n suffici5tly great to comb9e ! sulphur :ile 9 a /ate ( m9ute division1 ) ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]ic air2 & aft] ! exp]im5t ,i h j cit$ on ! temp]ature ( ! soil1 we may presume t ! sulphur\s acid is =m$ at a c]ta9 dep?199 9 cavities to :i* ! ext]nal air has free access4 799 ,an obs]v]1 9 g5]al v accurate1 ,m4 ,breislack1 ass]ts t ! muriatic acid always pr$om9ates 9 ! vap\rs ( ,vesuvius4 ,?is ass]tion is contr>y to :at ,m4 ,gay-,lussac & myself obs]v$1 be=e ! great eruption ( #ahje1 & :ile ! lava 0 issu+ f ! crat]4 ,! smell ( ! sulphur\s acid1 s easy to di/+ui%1 0 p]ceptible at a great di/ance2 & :5 ! volcano ?rew out scoriae1 ! smell 0 m+l$ ) t ( petroleum47 ,! vap\rs ( heat$ wat]1 :i* act on ! fragm5ts ( lava scatt]$ ab\t on ! cald]a1 r$uce c]ta9 p>ts ( x to a /ate ( pa/e4 ,on exam9+1 aft] ,i _h rea*$ ,am]ica1 ^? e>?y & friable masses1 ,i f\nd cry/als ( sulphate ( alum9e4 ,,mm4 ,davy & ,gay-,lussac h already made ! +5i\s rem>k1 t two bodies highly inflammable1 ! metals ( soda & pota%1 h probably an important "p 9 ! action ( a volcano2 n[ ! pota% necess>y to ! =mation ( alum is f\nd n only 9 feldsp>1 mica1 pumice-/one1 & augite1 b also 9 obsidian4 ,?is la/ sub/ance is v common at ,t5]iffe1 :]e x =ms ! basis ( ! tephr9ic lava4 ,^! analogies betwe5 ! peak ( ,t5]iffe & ! ,solfat>a ( ,puzzuoli1 might no d\bt be %[n to be m num]\s1 if ! =m] 7 m accessible1 & _h be5 frequ5tly visit$ by naturali/s4 ,an exp$ition to ! summit ( ! volcano ( ,t5]iffe is int]e/+1 n solely on acc\nt ( ! great numb] ( ph5om5a :i* are ! objects ( sci5tific rese>*2 x has /ill great] attractions f ! picturesque beauties :i* x lays op5 to ^? :o are feel+ly alive to ! maje/y ( nature4 ,x is a difficult task to describe ! s5sations1 :i* are ! m =cible1 inasmu* z !y h some?+ undef9$1 produc$ by ! imm5sity ( ! space z well z by ! va/ness1 ! novelty1 & ! multitude ( ! objects1 amid/ :i* we f9d ourselves transport$4 ,:5 a travell] attempts to describe ! l(tie/ summits ( ! globe1 ! cat>acts ( ! great riv]s1 ! tortu\s valleys ( ! ,&es1 he incurs ! dang] ( fatigu+ 8 read]s by ! monoton\s expression ( 8 admiration4 ,x appe>s to me m con=mable to ! plan ,i h propos$ to myself 9 ?is n>rative1 to indicate ! peculi> "* t di/+ui%es ea* zone3 we exhibit ) m cle>ness ! physiognomy ( ! l&scape1 9 proportion z we endeav\r to sket* its individual features1 to comp>e !m ) ea* o!r1 & to discov] by ?is k9d ( analysis ! s\rces ( ! enjoym5ts1 furni%$ by ! great picture ( nature4 ,travell]s h le>n$ by exp]i5ce1 t views f ! summits ( v l(ty m\nta9s are nei!r s beautiful1 picturesque1 nor s v>i$1 z ^? f heights :i* d n exce$ t ( ,vesuvius1 ,righi1 & ! ,puy-de-,dome4 ,colossal m\nta9s1 su* z ,*imborazo1 ,antisana1 or ,m\nt ,rosa1 compose s l>ge a mass1 t ! pla9s cov]$ ) ri* vegetation are se5 only 9 ! imm5sity ( di/ance1 & a blue & vap\ry t9t is uni=mly spread ov] ! l&scape4 ,! peak ( ,t5]iffe1 f its sl5d] =m & local position1 unites ! advantages ( less l(ty summits ) ^? peculi> to v great heights4 ,we n only disc]n f its top a va/ expanse ( sea1 b we p]ceive also ! =e/s ( ,t5]iffe1 & ! inhabit$ p>ts ( ! coa/s1 9 a proximity calculat$ to produce ! mo/ beautiful contra/s ( =m & col\r4 ,we might say1 t ! volcano ov]:elms ) its mass ! little isl& :i* s]ves z its base1 & x %oots up f ! bosom ( ! wat]s to a height ?ree times l(ti] ?an ! region :]e ! cl\ds float 9 summ]4 ,if its crat]1 half ext+ui%$ = ages pa/1 %ot =? flakes ( fire l t ( ,/romboli 9 ! ,aeolian ,isl&s1 ! peak ( ,t5]iffe1 l a ligh?\se1 w\ld s]ve to guide ! m>9] 9 a circuit ( m ?an #bfj leagues4 ,:5 we 7 seat$ on ! ext]nal edge ( ! crat]1 we turn$ our eyes t[>ds ! nor?-we/1 :]e ! coa/s are /udd$ ) villages & hamlets4 ,at our feet1 masses ( vap\r1 con/antly drift$ by ! w9ds1 af=d$ u ! mo/ v>iable spectacle4 ,a uni=m /ratum ( cl\ds1 simil> to t already describ$1 & :i* sep>at$ u f ! l[] regions ( ! isl&1 _h be5 pi]c$ 9 sev]al places by ! effect ( ! small curr5ts ( air1 :i* ! e>?1 heat$ by ! sun1 began to s5d t[>ds u4 ,! port ( ,orotava1 its vessels at an*or1 ! g>d5s & ! v9ey>ds encircl+ ! t[n1 %ew$ !mselves ?r\gh an op5+ :i* seem$ to enl>ge e in/ant4 ,f ! summit ( ^! solit>y regions our eyes w&]$ ov] an inhabit$ _w2 we enjoy$ ! /rik+ contra/ betwe5 ! b>e sides ( ! peak1 its /eep declivities cov]$ ) scoriae1 its elevat$ pla9s de/itute ( vegetation1 & ! smil+ aspect ( ! cultur$ c\ntry b5ea?4 ,we beheld ! plants divid$ by zones1 z ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e dim9i%$ ) ! elevation ( ! site4 ,bel[ ! ,piton1 li*5s beg9 to cov] ! scori\s & lu/r\s lava3 a violet199 799 ,viola *eiran?ifolia47 ak9 to ! ,viola decumb5s1 rises on ! slope ( ! volcano at #agdj toises ( height2 x takes ! lead n only ( ! o!r h]bace\s plants1 b ev5 ( ! gram9a1 :i*1 9 ! ,alps & on ! ridge ( ! ,cordill]as1 =m close neighb\rhood ) ! plants ( ! family ( ! cryptogamia4 ,tufts ( retama1 load$ ) fl[]s1 adorn ! valleys holl[$ out by ! torr5ts1 & encumb]$ ) ! effects ( ! lat]al eruptions4 ,bel[ ! retama1 lies ! region ( f]ns1 bord]$ by ! tract ( ! arboresc5t hea?s4 ,=e/s ( laurel1 rhamnus1 & arbutus1 divide ! ericas f ! ris+ gr\nds plant$ ) v9es & fruit trees4 ,a ri* c>pet ( v]dure ext5ds f ! pla9 ( sp>tium1 & ! zone ( ! alp9e plants ev5 to ! gr\ps ( ! date tree & ! musa1 at ! feet ( :i* ! ocean appe>s to roll4 ,i "h pass slightly ov] ! pr9cipal features ( ?is botanical *>t1 z ,i %all ent] h]eaft] into "s f>!r details respect+ ! geography ( ! plants ( ! isl& ( ,t5]iffe499 799 ,see bel[47 ,! seem+ proximity1 9 :i*1 f ! summit ( ! peak1 we behold ! hamlets1 ! v9ey>ds1 & ! g>d5s on ! coa/1 is increas$ by ! prodigi\s transp>5cy ( ! atmosph]e4 ,not)/&+ ! great di/ance1 we c\ld di/+ui% n only ! h\ses1 ! sails ( ! vessels1 & ! trunks ( ! trees1 b we c\ld disc]n ! vivid col\r+ ( ! vegetation ( ! pla9s4 ,^! ph5om5a are ow+ n only to ! height ( ! site1 b to ! peculi> modifications ( ! air 9 w>m climates4 ,9 e zone1 an object plac$ on a level ) ! sea1 & view$ 9 a horizontal direction1 appe>s less lum9\s1 ?an :5 se5 f ! top ( a m\nta91 :]e vap\rs arrive aft] pass+ ?r\gh /rata ( air ( decreas+ d5sity4 ,diff]5ces equally /rik+ are produc$ by ! influ5ce ( climate4 ,! surface ( a lake or l>ge riv] is less respl5d5t1 :5 we see x at an equal di/ance1 f ! top ( ! high] ,alps ( ,switz]l&1 ?an :5 we view x f ! summit ( ! ,cordill]as ( ,p]u or ( ,mexico4 ,9 proportion z ! air is pure & s]5e1 ! solution ( ! vap\rs becomes m complete1 & ! light loses less 9 its passage4 ,:5 f ! %ores ( ! ,pacific we asc5d ! elevat$ pla9 ( ,quito1 or t ( ,antisana1 we are /ruck = "s days by ! ne>ness at :i* we imag9e we see objects :i* are actually sev5 or eight leagues di/ant4 ,! peak ( ,teyde has n ! advantage ( be+ situat$ 9 ! equ9octial region2 b ! dryness ( ! columns ( air :i* rise p]petually above ! neighb\r+ pla9s ( ,africa1 & :i* ! ea/]n w9ds convey ) rapidity1 gives to ! atmosph]e ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s a transp>5cy :i* n only surpasses t ( ! air ( ,naples & ,sicily1 b p]haps exce$s ! purity ( ! sky ( ,quito & ,p]u4 ,?is transp>5cy may be reg>d$ z "o ( ! *ief causes ( ! beauty ( l&scape sc5]y 9 ! torrid zone2 x height5s ! spl5d\r ( ! vegetable col\r+1 & contributes to ! magical effect ( its h>monies & contra/s4 ,if ! mass ( light1 :i* circulates ab\t objects1 fatigues ! ext]nal s5ses dur+ a "p ( ! day1 ! inhabitant ( ! s\!rn climates has 8 comp5sation 9 moral enjoym5t4 ,a lucid cle>ness 9 ! conceptions1 & a s]5ity ( m9d1 correspond ) ! transp>5cy ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,we feel ^! impressions )\t go+ beyond ! b\nd>ies ( ,europe4 ,i appeal to travell]s :o h visit$ c\ntries r5d]$ fam\s by ! great creations ( ! imag9ation & ( art1--! fav\r$ climes ( ,italy & ,greece4 ,we prolong$ 9 va9 our /ay on ! summit ( ! ,peak1 await+ ! mom5t :5 we might enjoy ! view ( ! :ole ( ! ar*ipelago ( ! ,=tunate ,isl&s399 we1 h[ev]1 descri$ ,palma1 ,gom]a1 & ! ,great ,can>y1 at our feet4 799 ,( all ! small isl&s ( ! ,can>ies1 ! ,rock ( ! ,ea/ is ! only "o :i* _c be se51 ev5 9 f9e wea!r1 f ! top ( ! ,peak4 ,its di/ance is #c degrees #e m9utes1 :ile t ( ! ,salvage is only #b degrees #a m9ute4 ,! isl& ( ,madeira1 di/ant #d degrees #bi m9utes1 w\ld be visible1 if its m\nta9s 7 m ?an #cjjj toises high47 ,! m\nta9s ( ,lanc]ota1 free f vap\rs at sunrise1 7 soon envelop$ 9 ?ick cl\ds4 ,suppos+ only an ord9>y refraction1 ! eye takes 91 9 calm wea!r1 f ! summit ( ! volcano1 a surface ( ! globe ( #egjj squ>e leagues1 equal to a f\r? ( ! sup]ficies ( ,spa94 ,! "q has (t5 be5 agitat$1 :e!r x be possible to p]ceive ! coa/ ( ,africa f ! top ( ?is colossal pyramid2 b ! ne>e/ p>ts ( t coa/ are /ill f>!r f ,t5]iffe ?an #b degrees #di m9utes1 or #ef leagues4 ,! visual ray ( ! horizon f ! ,peak be+ #a degree #eg m9utes1 cape ,bojador c be se5 only on ! supposition ( its height be+ #bjj toises above ! level ( ! ocean4 ,we are ignorant ( ! height ( ! ,black ,m\nta9s ne> cape ,bojador1 z well z ( t peak1 call$ by navigators ! ,p5on ,gr&e1 f>!r to ! s\? ( ?is promontory4 ,if ! summit ( ! volcano ( ,t5]iffe 7 m accessible1 we %\ld obs]ve )\t d\bt1 9 c]ta9 /ates ( ! w9d1 ! effects ( an extraord9>y refraction4 ,on p]us+ :at ,spani% & ,portuguese au?ors relate respect+ ! exi/5ce ( ! fabul\s isle ( ,san ,borondon1 or ,antilia1 we f9d t x is p>ticul>ly ! humid w9d f we/-s\?-we/1 :i* produces 9 ^! latitudes ! ph5om5a ( ! mirage4 ,we %all n h[ev] admit ) ,m4 ,vieyra1 t ! play ( ! t]re/rial refractions may r5d] visible to ! inhabitants ( ! ,can>ies ! isl&s ( ,cape ,v]d1 & ev5 ! ,apala*ian m\nta9s ( ,am]ica499 799 ,! ,am]ican fruits1 frequ5tly ?r[n by ! sea on ! coa/s ( ! isl&s ( ,f]ro & ,gom]a1 7 =m]ly suppos$ to emanate f ! plants ( ! isl& ( ,san ,borondon4 ,?is isl&1 said to be gov]n$ by an ar*bi%op & six bi%ops1 & :i* ,fa!r ,feijoa believ$ to be ! image ( ! isl& ( ,f]ro1 reflect$ on a fog-bank1 0 c$$ 9 ! #af? c5tury1 by ! ,k+ ( ,portugal1 to ,lewis ,p]digon1 at ! "t ! latt] 0 prep>+ to take possession ( x by conque/47 ,! cold we felt on ! top ( ! ,peak1 0 v consid]able = ! season4 ,! c5tigrade !rmomet]1 at a di/ance f ! gr\nd1 & f ! ap]tures t emitt$ ! hot vap\rs1 fell 9 ! %ade to #b4g degrees4 ,! w9d 0 we/1 & consequ5tly opposite to t :i* br+s to ,t5]iffe1 dur+ a great "p ( ! ye>1 ! w>m air t floats above ! burn+ des]t ( ,africa4 ,z ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e1 obs]v$ at ! port ( ,orotava by ,m4 ,savagi1 0 #bb4h degrees1 ! decrem5t ( caloric 0 "o degree e #id toises4 ,?is result p]fectly corresponds ) ^? obta9$ by ,lamanon & ,saussure on ! summits ( ! ,peak & ,etna1 ?\gh 9 v diff]5t seasons4 ,! tall sl5d] =m ( ^! m\nta9s facilitates ! means ( comp>+ ! temp]ature ( two /rata ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* are ne>ly 9 ! same p]p5dicul> plane2 & 9 ?is po9t ( view ! obs]vations made 9 an excursion to ! volcano ( ,t5]iffe resemble ^? ( an asc5t 9 a balloon4 ,we mu/ nev]!less rem>k1 t ! ocean1 on acc\nt ( its transp>5cy & evaporation1 reflects less caloric ?an ! pla9s1 into ! upp] regions ( ! air2 & also t summits :i* are surr\nd$ by ! sea are cold] 9 summ]1 ?an m\nta9s :i* rise f a cont95t2 b ?is circum/ance has v little influ5ce on ! decrem5t ( atmosph]ical heat2 ! temp]ature ( ! l[ regions be+ equally dim9i%$ by ! proximity ( ! ocean4 ,x is n ! same ) respect to ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! direction ( ! w9d1 & ! rapidity ( ! asc5d+ curr5t2 ! latt] sometimes increases 9 an a/oni%+ mann] ! temp]ature ( ! l(tie/ m\nta9s4 ,i h se5 ! !rmomet] rise1 on ! slope ( ! volcano ( ,antisana1 9 ! k+dom ( ,quito1 to #ai degrees1 :5 we 7 #bhcg toises high4 ,m4 ,labill>di]e has se5 x1 on ! edge ( ! crat] ( ! peak ( ,t5]iffe1 at #ah4g degrees1 ?\gh he _h us$ e possible precaution to avoid ! effect ( accid5tal causes4 ,on ! summit ( ! ,peak1 we beheld ) admiration ! azure col\r ( ! sky4 ,its int5sity at ! z5i? appe>$ to correspond to #da degrees ( ! cyanomet]4 ,we "k1 by ,saussure's exp]im5t1 t ?is int5sity increases ) ! r>ity ( ! air1 & t ! same in/rum5t m>k$ at ! same p]iod #ci degrees at ! priory ( ,*am\ni1 & #dj degrees at ! top ( ,mont ,blanc4 ,?is la/ m\nta9 is #edj toises high] ?an ! volcano ( ,t5]iffe2 & if1 not)/&+ ?is diff]5ce1 ! sky is obs]v$ !re to be ( a less deep blue1 we mu/ attribute ?is ph5om5on to ! dryness ( ! ,african air1 & ! proximity ( ! torrid zone4 ,we collect$ on ! br9k ( ! crat]1 "s air :i* we meant to analyse on our voyage to ,am]ica4 ,! phial rema9$ s well cork$1 t on op5+ x t5 days aft]1 ! wat] ru%$ 9 ) impetuosity4 ,sev]al exp]im5ts1 made by means ( nitr\s gas 9 ! n>r[ tube ( ,fontana's eudiomet]1 seem$ to prove t ! air ( ! crat] conta9$ #j4ji degrees less oxyg5 ?an ! air ( ! sea2 b ,i h little confid5ce 9 ?is result obta9$ by means :i* we n[ consid] z v inexact4 ,! crat] ( ! ,peak has s little dep?1 & ! air is r5ew$ ) s mu* facility1 t x is sc>cely probable ! quantity ( azote is great] !re ?an on ! coa/s4 ,we "k also1 f ! exp]im5ts ( ,,mm4 ,gay-,lussac & ,!odore de ,saussure1 t 9 ! highe/ z well z 9 ! l[e/ regions ( ! atmosph]e1 ! air equally conta9s #j4ba ( oxyg5499 799 ,dur+ ! /ay ( ,m4 ,gay-,lussac & myself at ! hospice ( ,mont ,c5is1 9 ,m>* #ahje1 we collect$ air 9 ! mid/ ( a cl\d load$ ) electricity4 ,?is air1 analys$ 9 ,volta's eudiomet]1 conta9$ no hydrog51 & its purity did n diff] #j4jjb ( oxyg5 f ! air ( ,p>is1 :i* we _h c>ri$ ) u 9 phials h]metically seal$47 ,we saw on ! summit ( ! ,peak no trace ( psora1 lecidea1 or o!r cryptogam\s plants2 no insect flutt]$ 9 ! air4 ,we f\nd h[ev] a few hym5opt]a adh]+ to masses ( sulphur moi/5$ ) sulphur\s acid1 & l9+ ! m\?s ( ! funnels4 ,^! are bees1 :i* appe> to h be5 attract$ by ! fl[]s ( ! ,sp>tium nubig5um1 & :i* oblique curr5ts ( air _h c>ri$ up to ^! high regions1 l ! butt]flies f\nd by ,m4 ,ramond at ! top ( ,mont ,p]du4 ,! butt]flies p]i%$ f cold1 :ile ! bees on ! ,peak 7 scor*$ on imprud5tly approa*+ ! crevices :]e !y came 9 se>* ( w>m?4 ,not)/&+ ! heat we felt 9 our feet on ! edge ( ! crat]1 ! cone ( a%es rema9s cov]$ ) sn[ dur+ sev]al mon?s 9 w9t]4 ,x is probable1 t "u ! cap ( sn[ consid]able holl[s are f\nd1 l ^? exi/+ "u ! glaci]s ( ,switz]l&1 ! temp]ature ( :i* is con/antly less elevat$ ?an t ( ! soil on :i* !y repose4 ,! cold & viol5t w9d1 :i* blew f ! "t ( sunrise1 induc$ u to seek %elt] at ! foot ( ! ,piton4 ,our h&s & faces 7 ne>ly froz51 :ile our boots 7 burnt by ! soil on :i* we walk$4 ,we desc5d$ 9 ! space ( a few m9utes ! ,sug>-loaf :i* we _h scal$ ) s mu* toil2 & ?is rapidity 0 9 "p involunt>y1 = we (t5 roll$ d[n on ! a%es4 ,x 0 ) regret t we quitt$ ?is solitude1 ?is doma9 :]e ,nature reigns 9 all h] maje/y4 ,we consol$ ourselves ) ! hope ( once aga9 visit+ ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 b ?is1 l _m o!r plans we !n =m$1 has nev] be5 execut$4 ,we trav]s$ ! ,malpays b sl[ly2 = ! foot f9ds no sure f\ndation on ! loose blocks ( lava4 ,ne>] ! /ation ( ! rocks1 ! desc5t becomes extremely difficult2 ! compact %ort-sw>d$ turf is s slipp]y1 t we 7 oblig$ to incl9e our bodies cont9ually backw>d1 9 ord] to avoid fall+4 ,9 ! s&y pla9 ( ,retama1 ! !rmomet] rose to #bb4e degrees2 & ?is heat seem$ to u suffocat+ 9 comp>ison ) ! cold1 :i* we _h suff]$ f ! air on ! summit ( ! volcano4 ,we 7 absolutely )\t wat]2 our guides1 n satisfi$ ) dr9k+ cl&e/9ely ! little supply ( malmsey w9e1 = :i* we 7 indebt$ to ,don ,cologan's k9dness1 _h brok5 our wat] j>s4 ,happily ! bottle :i* conta9$ ! air ( ! crat] escap$ unhurt4 ,we at l5g? enjoy$ ! refre%+ breeze 9 ! beautiful region ( ! arboresc5t erica & f]n2 & we 7 envelop$ 9 a ?ick b$ ( cl\ds /ation>y at six hundr$ toises above ! pla94 ,! cl\ds hav+ disp]s$1 we rem>k$ a ph5om5on :i* aft]w>ds became famili> to u on ! declivities ( ! ,cordill]as4 ,small curr5ts ( air *as$ tra9s ( cl\d ) unequal velocity1 & 9 opposite directions3 !y bore ! appe>ance ( /reamlets ( wat] 9 rapid motion & fl[+ 9 all directions1 amid/ a great mass ( /agnant wat]4 ,! causes ( ?is p>tial motion ( ! cl\ds are probably v v>i\s2 we may suppose !m to arise f "s impulsion at a great di/ance2 f ! slight inequalities ( ! soil1 :i* reflects 9 a great] or less degree ! radiant heat2 f a diff]5ce ( temp]ature kept up by "s *emical action2 or p]haps f a /rong electric *>ge ( ! vesicul> vap\rs4 ,z we approa*$ ! t[n ( ,orotava1 we met great flocks ( can>ies499 799 ,fr+illa ,can>ia4 ,la ,caille relates1 9 ! n>rative ( 8 voyage to ! ,cape1 t on ,salvage ,isl& ^! can>ies are s abundant1 t y _c walk !re 9 a c]ta9 season )\t break+ _! eggs47 ,^! birds1 well kn[n 9 ,europe1 7 9 g5]al uni=mly gre54 ,"s1 h[ev]1 _h a yell[ t+e on _! backs2 _! note 0 ! same z t ( ! tame can>y4 ,x is nev]!less rem>k$1 t ^? :i* h be5 tak5 9 ! isl& ( ! ,great ,can>y1 & 9 ! islet ( ,monte ,cl>a1 ne> ,lanc]ota1 h a l\d] & at ! same "t a m h>moni\s song4 ,9 e zone1 among birds ( ! same species1 ea* flock has its peculi> note4 ,! yell[ can>ies are a v>iety1 :i* has tak5 bir? 9 ,europe2 & ^? we saw 9 cages at ,orotava & ,santa ,cruz _h be5 b\ght at ,cadiz1 & 9 o!r ports ( ,spa94 ,b ( all ! birds ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 t :i* has ! mo/ he>t-soo?+ song is unkn[n 9 ,europe4 ,x is ! capirote1 :i* no ef=t has succe$$ 9 tam+1 s sacr$ to 8 s\l is lib]ty4 ,i h /ood li/5+ 9 admiration ( 8 s(t & melodi\s w>bl+1 9 a g>d5 at ,orotava2 b ,i h nev] se5 him suffici5tly ne> to asc]ta9 to :at family he belongs4 ,z to ! p>rots1 :i* 7 suppos$ to h be5 se5 at ! p]iod ( capta9 ,cook's abode at ,t5]iffe1 !y nev] exi/$ b 9 ! n>ratives ( a few travell]s1 :o h copi$ f ea* o!r4 ,nei!r p>rots nor monkeys inhabit ! ,can>y ,isl&s2 & ?\gh 9 ! ,new ,cont95t ! =m] migrate z f> z ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,i d\bt :e!r 9 ! ,old !y h ev] be5 met ) beyond ! #bh? degree ( nor? latitude4 ,t[>d ! close ( day we rea*$ ! port ( ,orotava1 :]e we receiv$ ! unexpect$ intellig5ce t ! ,piz>ro w\ld n set sail till ! #bd? or #be?4 ,if we c\ld h calculat$ on ?is delay1 we %\ld ei!r h l5g!n$ our /ay on ! ,peak199 or h made an excursion to ! volcano ( ,*ahorra4 799 ,z a great numb] ( travell]s :o l& at ,santa ,cruz1 d n und]take ! excursion to ! ,peak1 because !y are ignorant ( ! "t x occupies1 x may be useful to lay d[n ! foll[+ data3 ,9 mak+ use ( mules z f> z ! ,e/ancia de los ,+leses1 x takes tw5ty-"o h\rs f ,orotava to arrive at ! summit ( ! ,peak1 & return to ! port2 namely1 f ,orotava to ! ,p9o del ,dornajito ?ree h\rs2 f ! ,p9o to ! ,/ation ( ! ,rocks six h\rs2 & f ?is /ation to ! ,cald]a ?ree h\rs & a half4 ,i reckon n9e h\rs = ! desc5t4 ,9 ?is calculation ,i c\nt only ! "t employ$ 9 walk+1 )\t reckon+ t :i* is necess>y = exam9+ ! productions ( ! ,peak1 or = tak+ re/4 ,half a day is suffici5t = go+ f ,santa ,cruz to ,orotava47 ,we pass$ ! foll[+ day 9 visit+ ! environs ( ,orotava1 & enjoy+ ! agreeable company we f\nd at ,don ,cologan's4 ,we p]ceiv$ t ,t5]iffe _h attractions n only to ^? :o devote !mselves to ! /udy ( nature3 we f\nd at ,orotava sev]al p]sons possess+ a ta/e = lit]ature & music1 & :o h transplant$ into ^! di/ant climes ! am5ity ( ,european society4 ,9 ^! respects ! ,can>y ,isl&s h no great resemblance to ! o!r ,spani% colonies1 except+ ! ,havannah4 ,we 7 pres5t on ! eve ( ,/4 ,john at a pa/oral fete 9 ! g>d5 ( ,mr4 ,little4 ,?is g5tleman1 :o r5d]$ great s]vice to ! ,can>ians dur+ ! la/ fam9e1 has cultivat$ a hill cov]$ ) volcanic sub/ances4 ,he has =m$ 9 ?is delici\s site an ,engli% g>d51 :5ce !re is a magnific5t view ( ! ,peak1 ( ! villages along ! coa/1 & ! isle ( ,palma1 :i* is b\nd$ by ! va/ expanse ( ! ,atlantic4 ,i _c comp>e ?is prospect ) any1 except ! views ( ! bays ( ,g5oa & ,naples2 b ,orotava is greatly sup]ior to bo? 9 ! magnitude ( ! masses & 9 ! ri*ness ( vegetation4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ev5+ ! slope ( ! volcano exhibit$ on a sudd5 a mo/ extraord9>y spectacle4 ,! %eph]ds1 9 con=mity to a cu/om1 no d\bt introduc$ by ! ,spani>ds1 ?\gh x dates f ! highe/ antiquity1 _h light$ ! fires ( ,/4 ,john4 ,! scatt]$ masses ( fire & ! columns ( smoke driv5 by ! w9d1 =m$ a f9e contra/ ) ! deep v]dure ( ! =e/s :i* cov]$ ! sides ( ! ,peak4 ,%\ts ( joy res\nd+ f af> 7 ! only s\nds t broke ! sil5ce ( nature 9 ^! solit>y regions4 ,don ,cologan's family has a c\ntry-h\se ne>] ! coa/ ?an t ,i h j m5tion$4 ,?is h\se1 call$ ,la ,paz1 is connect$ ) a circum/ance t r5d]$ x peculi>ly int]e/+ to u4 ,m4 de ,borda1 ^: dea? we deplor$1 0 its inmate dur+ 8 la/ visit to ! ,can>y ,isl&s4 ,x 0 9 a neighb\r+ pla9 t he measur$ ! base1 by :i* he det]m9$ ! height ( ! ,peak4 ,9 ?is geometrical op]ation ! great draca5a ( ,orotava s]v$ z a m>k4 ,%\ld any well-in=m$ travell] at "s future day und]take a new measurem5t ( ! volcano ) m exactness1 & by ! help ( a/ronomical repeat+ circles1 he ought to measure ! base1 n ne> ,orotava1 b ne> ,los ,silos1 at a place call$ ,bante4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,br\ssonnet !re is no pla9 ne> ! ,peak ( great] ext5t4 ,9 h]boriz+ ne> ,la ,paz we f\nd a great quantity ( ,li*5 roccella on ! basaltic rocks ba!d by ! wat]s ( ! sea4 ,! ar*il ( ! ,can>ies is a v anci5t bran* ( comm]ce2 ?is li*5 is h[ev] f\nd 9 less abundance 9 ! isl& ( ,t5]iffe ?an 9 ! des]t isl&s ( ,salvage1 ,la ,graciosa1 & ,alegranza1 or ev5 9 ,can>y & ,hi]ro4 ,we left ! port ( ,orotava on ! #bd? ( ,june4 ,to avoid disconnect+ ! n>rative ( ! excursion to ! top ( ! ,peak1 ,i h said no?+ ( ! geological obs]vations ,i made on ! /ructure ( ?is colossal m\nta91 & on ! nature ( ! volcanic rocks ( :i* x is compos$4 ,be=e we quit ! ar*ipelago ( ! ,can>ies1 ,i %all l+] = a mom5t1 & br+ into "o po9t ( view "s facts relat+ to ! physical aspect ( ^? c\ntries4 ,m9]alogi/s :o ?9k t ! end ( ! geology ( volcanoes is ! classification ( lavas1 ! exam9ation ( ! cry/als !y conta91 & _! description accord+ to _! ext]nal *>act]s1 are g5]ally v well satisfi$ :5 !y come back f ! m\? ( a burn+ volcano4 ,!y return load$ ) ^? num]\s collections1 :i* are ! pr9cipal objects ( _! rese>*4 ,?is is n ! feel+ ( ^? :o1 )\t conf\nd+ descriptive m9]alogy 7oryctognosy7 ) geognosy1 endeav\r to raise !mselves to ideas g5]ally int]e/+1 & seek1 9 ! /udy ( nature1 = answ]s to ! foll[+ que/ions3-- ,is ! conical m\nta9 ( a volcano entirely =m$ ( liquifi$ matt] heap$ toge!r by successive eruptions1 or does x conta9 9 its c5tre a nucleus ( primitive rocks cov]$ ) lava1 :i* are ^! same rocks alt]$ by fire8 ,:at are ! aff9ities :i* unite ! productions ( mod]n volcanoes ) ! basalts1 ! phonolites1 & ^? porphyries ) bases ( feldsp>1 :i* are )\t qu>tz1 & :i* cov] ! ,cordill]as ( ,p]u & ,mexico1 z well z ! small gr\ps ( ! ,monts ,dores1 ( ,cantal1 & ( ,mez5 9 ,france8 ,has ! c5tral nucleus ( volcanoes be5 heat$ 9 its primitive position1 & rais$ up1 9 a s(t5$ /ate1 by ! =ce ( ! ela/ic vap\rs1 be=e ^! fluids communicat$1 by means ( a crat]1 ) ! ext]nal air8 ,:at is ! sub/ance1 :i*1 = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 keeps up ?is combu/ion1 sometimes s sl[1 & at o!r times s active8 ,does ?is unkn[n cause act at an imm5se dep?2 or does ?is *emical action take place 9 second>y rocks ly+ on granite8 ,! f>!r we are f f9d+ a solution ( ^! problems 9 ! num]\s works hi!rto publi%$ on ,etna & ,vesuvius1 ! great] is ! desire ( ! travell] to see ) 8 own eyes4 ,he hopes to be m =tunate ?an ^? :o h prec$$ him2 he wi%es to =m a precise idea ( ! geological relations :i* ! volcano & ! neighb\r+ m\nta9s be> to ea* o!r3 b h[ (t5 is he disappo9t$1 :51 on ! limits ( ! primitive soil1 enorm\s banks ( tufa & puzzolana r5d] e obs]vation on ! position & /ratification impossible6 ,we rea* ! inside ( ! crat] ) less difficulty ?an we at fir/ expect2 we exam9e ! cone f its summit to its base2 we are /ruck ) ! diff]5ce 9 ! produce ( ea* eruption1 & ) ! analogy :i* /ill exi/s betwe5 ! lavas ( ! same volcano2 b1 not)/&+ ! c>e ) :i* we int]rogate nature1 & ! numb] ( p>tial obs]vations :i* pres5t !mselves at e /ep1 we return f ! summit ( a burn+ volcano less satisfi$ ?an :5 we 7 prep>+ to visit x4 ,x is aft] we h /udi$ !m on ! spot1 t ! volcanic ph5om5a appe> /ill m isolat$1 m v>iable1 m obscure1 ?an we imag9e !m :5 consult+ ! n>ratives ( travell]s4 ,^! reflections occurr$ to me on desc5d+ f ! summit ( ! peak ( ,t5]iffe1 ! fir/ unext9ct volcano ,i _h yet visit$4 ,!y return$ anew :5ev]1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 or 9 ,mexico1 ,i _h occasion to exam9e volcanic m\nta9s4 ,:5 we reflect h[ little ! lab\rs ( m9]alogi/s1 & ! discov]ies 9 *emi/ry1 h promot$ ! k ( ! physical geology ( m\nta9s1 we _c help be+ affect$ ) a pa9ful s5tim5t2 & ?is is felt /ill m /rongly by ^?1 :o1 /udy+ nature 9 diff]5t climates1 are m occupi$ by ! problems !y h n be5 able to solve1 ?an ) ! few results !y h obta9$4 ,! peak ( ,ayadyrma1 or ( ,e*eyde199 799 ,! ^w ,e*eyde1 :i* signifies ,hell 9 ! language ( ! ,guan*es1 has be5 corrupt$ by ! ,europeans into ,teyde47 is a conic & isolat$ m\nta91 :i* rises 9 an islet ( v small circumf]5ce4 ,^? :o d n take into consid]ation ! :ole surface ( ! globe1 believe1 t ^! ?ree circum/ances are common to ! great] "p ( volcanoes4 ,!y cite1 9 support ( _! op9ion1 ,etna1 ! peak ( ! ,azores1 ! ,solfat>a ( ,guadal\pe1 ! ,trois-,salazes ( ! isle ( ,b\rbon1 & ! clu/]s ( volcanoes 9 ! ,indian ,sea & 9 ! ,atlantic4 ,9 ,europe & 9 ,asia1 z f> z ! int]ior ( ! latt] cont95t is kn[n1 no burn+ volcano is situat$ 9 ! *a9s ( m\nta9s2 all be+ at a great] or less di/ance f ^? *a9s4 ,9 ! ,new ,_w1 on ! contr>y1 7& ?is fact des]ves ! greate/ att5tion17 ! volcanoes ! mo/ /up5d\s = _! masses =m a "p ( ! ,cordill]as !mselves4 ,! m\nta9s ( mica-slate & gneiss 9 ,p]u & ,new ,gr5ada imm$iately t\* ! volcanic porphyries ( ! prov9ces ( ,quito & ,pa/o4 ,to ! s\? & nor? ( ^! c\ntries1 9 ,*ile & 9 ! k+dom ( ,guatimala1 ! active volcanoes are gr\p$ 9 r[s4 ,!y are ! cont9uation1 z we may say1 ( ! *a9s ( primitive rocks1 & if ! volcanic fire has brok5 =? 9 "s pla9 remote f ! ,cordill]as1 z 9 m\nt ,sangay & ,jorullo199 799 ,two volcanoes ( ! ,prov9ces ( ,quixos & ,me*oacan1 ! "o 9 ! s\!rn1 & ! o!r 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e47 we mu/ consid] ?is ph5om5on z an exception to ! law1 :i* nature seems to h impos$ on ^! regions4 ,i may "h repeat ^! geological facts1 because ?is presum$ isolat$ situation ( e volcano has be5 cit$ 9 opposition to ! idea t ! peak ( ,t5]iffe1 & ! o!r volcanic summits ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 are ! rema9s ( a subm]g$ *a9 ( m\nta9s4 ,! obs]vations :i* h be5 made on ! gr\p+ ( volcanoes 9 ,am]ica1 prove t ! anci5t /ate ( ?+s repres5t$ 9 ! conjectural map ( ! ,atlantic by ,m4 ,bory de ,/4 ,v9c5t99 799 ,:e!r ! traditions ( ! anci5ts respect+ ! ,atlantis are f\nd$ on hi/orical facts1 is a matt] totally di/9ct f ! "q :e!r ! ar*ipelago ( ! ,can>ies & ! adjac5t isl&s are ! ve/iges ( a *a9 ( m\nta9s1 r5t & sunk 9 ! sea dur+ "o ( ! great convulsions ( our globe4 ,i d n pret5d to =m any op9ion 9 fav\r ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,atlantis2 b ,i endeav\r to prove1 t ! ,can>ies h no m be5 creat$ by volcanoes1 ?an ! :ole body ( ! small] ,antilles has be5 =m$ by madrepores47 is by no means contradictory to ! ackn[l$g$ laws ( nature2 & t no?+ opposes ! supposition t ! summits ( ,porto ,santo1 ,madeira1 & ! ,=tunate ,isl&s1 may h]et(ore h =m$1 ei!r a di/9ct range ( primitive m\nta9s1 or ! we/]n extremity ( ! *a9 ( ! ,atlas4 ,! peak ( ,teyde =ms a pyramidal mass l ,etna1 ,tungurahua1 & ,popocatepetl4 ,?is physiognomic "* is v f> f be+ common to all volcanoes4 ,we h se5 "s 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 :i*1 in/ead ( hav+ ! =m ( a cone or a bell1 are l5g!n$ 9 "o direction1 hav+ ! ridge sometimes smoo?1 & at o!rs bri/l$ ) small po9t$ rocks4 ,?is /ructure is peculi> to ,antisana & ,pi*9*a1 two burn+ m\nta9s ( ! prov9ce ( ,quito2 & ! abs5ce ( ! conic =m ought nev] to be consid]$ z a reason exclud+ ! idea ( a volcanic orig94 ,i %all develop1 9 ! progress ( ?is "w1 "s ( ! analogies1 :i* ,i ?9k ,i h p]ceiv$ betwe5 ! physiognomy ( volcanoes & ! antiquity ( _! rocks4 ,x is suffici5t to /ate1 g5]ally speak+1 t ! summits1 :i* are /ill subject to eruptions ( ! greate/ viol5ce1 & at ! ne>e/ p]iods to ea* o!r1 are ,,sl5d] ,,peaks ( a conic =m2 t ! m\nta9s ) ,,l5g!n$ ,,summits1 & rugg$ ) small /ony masses1 are v old volcanoes1 & ne> be+ ext+ui%$2 & t r\nd$ tops1 9 ! =m ( domes1 or bells1 indicate ^? problematic porphyries1 :i* are suppos$ to h be5 heat$ 9 _! primitive position1 p5etrat$ by vap\rs1 & =c$ up 9 a mollifi$ /ate1 )\t hav+ ev] fl[$ z real li?oidal lavas4 ,to ! fir/ class belong ,cotopaxi1 ! peak ( ,t5]iffe1 & ! peak ( ,orizava 9 ,mexico4 ,9 ! second may be plac$ ,c>gueirazo & ,pi*9*a1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,quito2 ! volcano ( ,puracey1 ne> ,popayan2 & p]haps also ,hecla1 9 ,icel&4 ,9 ! ?ird & la/ we may rank ! maje/ic figure ( ,*imborazo1 &1 7if x be all[able to place by ! side ( t colossus a hill ( ,europe17 ! ,great ,s>c\y 9 ,auv]gne4 ,9 ord] to =m a m exact idea ( ! ext]nal /ructure ( volcanoes1 x is important to comp>e _! p]p5dicul> height ) _! circumf]5ce4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 _c be done ) any exactness1 unless ! m\nta9s are isolat$1 & ris+ on a pla9 ne>ly on a level ) ! sea4 ,9 calculat+ ! circumf]5ce ( ! peak ( ,t5]iffe 9 a curve pass+ ?r\gh ! port ( ,orotava1 ,g>a*ico1 ,adexe1 & ,guim>1 & sett+ aside ! prolongations ( its base t[>ds ! =e/ ( ,laguna1 & ! nor?-ea/ cape ( ! isl&1 we f9d t ?is ext5t is m ?an #ed1jjj toises4 ,! height ( ! ,peak is consequ5tly "o tw5ty-eigh? ( ! circumf]5ce ( its basis4 ,m4 von ,bu* f\nd a ?irty-?ird = ,vesuvius2 &1 :i* p]haps is less c]ta91 a ?irty-f\r? = ,etna499 799 ,gilb]t1 ,annal5 d] ,physik ,b4 #e page #dee4 ,vesuvius is #acc1jjj palmas1 or eighte5 nautical miles 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! horizontal di/ance f ,res9a to ! crat] is #cgjj toises4 ,italian m9]alogi/s h e/imat$ ! circumf]5ce ( ,etna at #hdj1jjj palmas1 or #aai miles4 ,) ^! data1 ! ratio ( ! height to ! circumf]5ce w\ld be only a sev5ty-second2 b ,i f9d on trac+ a curve ?r\gh ,catania1 ,pal]mo1 ,bronte1 & ,piemonte1 only #fb miles 9 circumf]5ce1 accord+ to ! be/ maps4 ,?is increases ! ratio to a fifty-f\r?4 ,does ! basis fall on ! outside ( ! curve t ,i assume87 ,if ! slope ( ^! ?ree volcanoes 7 uni=m f ! summit to ! base1 ! peak ( ,teyde w\ld h an incl9ation ( #ab degrees #bi m9utes1 ,vesuvius #ab degrees #da m9utes1 & ,etna #aj degrees #ac m9utes1 a result :i* mu/ a/oni% ^? :o d n reflect on :at con/itutes an av]age slope4 ,9 a v long asc5t1 slopes ( ?ree or f\r degrees alt]nate ) o!rs :i* are incl9$ f #be to #cj degrees2 & ! latt] only /rike our imag9ation1 because we ?9k all ! slopes ( m\nta9s m /eep ?an !y really are4 ,i may cite 9 support ( ?is consid]ation ! example ( ! asc5t f ! port ( ,v]a ,cruz to ! elevat$ pla9 ( ,mexico4 ,on ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,cordill]a a road has be5 trac$1 :i* = ages has n be5 frequ5t$ except on foot1 or on ! backs ( mules4 ,f ,enc]o to ! small ,indian village ( ,las ,vigas1 !re are #gejj toises ( horizontal di/ance2 & ,enc]o be+1 accord+ to my b>ometric measurem5t1 #gdf toises l[] ?an ,las ,vigas1 ! result1 = ! mean slope1 is only an angle ( #e degrees #dj m9utes4 ,9 ! foll[+ note w be se5 ! results ( "s exp]im5ts ,i h made on ! difficulties aris+ f ! declivities 9 m\nta9\s c\ntries499 799 ,9 places :]e !re 7 at ! same "t slopes cov]$ ) tuft$ grass & loose s&s1 ,i took ! foll[+ measures3-- #e degrees1 slope ( a v m>k$ incl9ation4 ,9 ,france ! high roads mu/ n exce$ #d degrees #df m9utes by law2 #ae degrees1 slope extremely /eep1 & :i* we _c desc5d 9 a c>riage2 #cg degrees1 slope almo/ inaccessible on foot1 if ! gr\nd be nak$ rock1 or turf too ?ick to =m /eps4 ,! body falls backw>ds :5 ! tibia makes a small] angle ?an #ec degrees ) ! sole ( ! foot2 #db degrees1 ! /eepe/ slope t c be climb$ on foot 9 a gr\nd t is s&y1 or cov]$ ) volcanic a%es4 ,:5 ! slope is #dd degrees1 x is almo/ impossible to scale x1 ?\gh ! gr\nd p]mits ! =m+ ( /eps by ?ru/+ 9 ! foot4 ,! cones ( volcanoes h a m$ium slope f #cc to #dj degrees4 ,! /eepe/ p>ts ( ^! cones1 ei!r ( ,vesuvius1 ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 ! volcano ( ,pi*9*a1 or ,jorullo1 are f #dj to #db degrees4 ,a slope ( #ee degrees is q inaccessible4 ,if se5 f above x w\ld be e/imat$ at #ge degrees47 ,isolat$ volcanoes1 9 ! mo/ di/ant regions1 are v analog\s 9 _! /ructure4 ,at great elevations all h consid]able pla9s1 9 ! middle ( :i* arises a cone p]fectly circul>4 ,?us at ,cotopaxi ! pla9s ( ,suniguaicu ext5d beyond ! f>m ( ,pansa*e4 ,! /ony summit ( ,antisana1 cov]$ ) et]nal sn[1 =ms an islet 9 ! mid/ ( an imm5se pla91 ! surface ( :i* is twelve leagues squ>e1 :ile its height exce$s t ( ! peak ( ,t5]iffe by two hundr$ toises4 ,at ,vesuvius1 at ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty toises high1 ! cone deta*es itself f ! pla9 ( ,atrio dei ,cavalli4 ,! peak ( ,t5]iffe pres5ts two ( ^! elevat$ pla9s1 ! upp]mo/ ( :i*1 at ! foot ( ! ,piton1 is z high z ,etna1 & ( v little ext5t2 :ile ! l[]mo/1 cov]$ ) tufts ( retama1 rea*es z f> z ! ,e/ancia de los ,+leses4 ,?is rises above ! level ( ! sea almo/ z high z ! city ( ,quito1 & ! summit ( ,m\nt ,lebanon4 ,! great] ! quantity ( matt] t has issu$ f ! crat] ( a m\nta91 ! m elevat$ is its cone ( a%es 9 proportion to ! p]p5dicul> height ( ! volcano itself4 ,no?+ is m /rik+1 "u ?is po9t ( view1 ?an ! diff]5ce ( /ructure betwe5 ,vesuvius1 ! peak ( ,t5]iffe1 & ,pi*9*a4 ,i h *os5 ?is la/ volcano 9 pref]5ce1 because its summit99 ent]s sc>cely )9 ! limit ( ! p]petual sn[s4 799 ,i h measur$ ! summit ( ,pi*9*a1 t is ! small m\nta9 cov]$ ) a%es above ! ,llano del ,vulcan1 to ! nor? ( ,alto de ,*uquira4 ,?is m\nta9 has n1 h[ev]1 ! regul> =m ( a cone4 ,z to ,vesuvius1 ,i h indicat$ ! mean height ( ! ,sug>-loaf1 on acc\nt ( ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! two edges ( ! crat]47 ,! cone ( ,cotopaxi1 ! =m ( :i* is ! mo/ elegant & mo/ regul> kn[n1 is #edj toises 9 height2 b x is impossible to decide :e!r ! :ole ( ?is mass is cov]$ ) a%es4 ,,table #c3 ,,volcanoes3 ,column #a3 ,"n ( ! volcano4 ,column #b3 ,total height 9 toises4 ,column #c3 ,height ( ! cone cov]$ ) a%es4 ,column #d3 ,proportion ( ! cone to ! total height4 ,vesuvius 3 #fjf 3 #bjj 3 #a_/c4 ,peak ( ,t5]iffe 3 #aijd 3 #hd 3 #a_/bb4 ,pi*9*a 3 #bdij 3 #bdj 3 #a_/aj4 ,?is table seems to indicate1 :at we %all h an opportunity ( prov+ m amply h]eaft]1 t ! peak ( ,t5]iffe belongs to t gr\p ( great volcanoes1 :i*1 l ,etna & ,antisana1 h _h m copi\s eruptions f _! sides ?an f _! summits4 ,?us ! crat] at ! extremity ( ! ,piton1 :i* is call$ ! ,cald]a1 is extremely small4 ,its dim9utive size /ruck ,m4 de ,borda1 & o!r travell]s1 :o took little int]e/ 9 geological inve/igations4 ,z to ! nature ( ! rocks :i* compose ! soil ( ,t5]iffe1 we mu/ fir/ di/+ui% betwe5 productions ( ! pres5t volcano1 & ! range ( basaltic m\nta9s :i* surr\nd ! ,peak1 & :i* d n rise m ?an five or six hundr$ toises above ! level ( ! ocean4 ,"h1 z well z 9 ,italy1 ,mexico1 & ! ,cordill]as ( ,quito1 ! rocks ( trap-=mation99 are at a di/ance f ! rec5t curr5ts ( lava 799 ,! trap-=mation includes ! basalts1 gre5-/one 7grun/e971 ! trappean porphyries1 ! phonolites or porphyrs*ief]1 etc472 ev]y?+ %[s t ^! two classes ( sub/ances1 ?\gh !y owe _! orig9 to simil> ph5om5a1 date f v diff]5t p]iods4 ,x is important to geology n to conf\nd ! mod]n curr5ts ( lava1 ! heaps ( basalt1 gre5-/one1 & phonolite1 disp]s$ ov] ! primitive & second>y =mations1 ) ^? porphyroid masses hav+ bases ( compact feldsp>199 :i* p]haps h nev] be5 p]fectly liquifi$1 b :i* d n less belong to ! doma9 ( volcanoes4 799 ,^! petrosilice\s masses conta9 vitre\s & (t5 calc9$ cry/als ( feldsp>1 ( amphibole1 ( pyrox5e1 a little ( oliv9e1 b sc>cely any qu>tz4 ,to ?is v ambigu\s =mation belong ! trappean porphyries ( ,*imborazo & ( ,riobamba 9 ,am]ica1 ( ! ,euganean m\nta9s 9 ,italy1 & ( ! ,sieb5gebirge 9 ,g]many2 z well z ! domites ( ! ,great-,s>c\y1 ( ,puy-de-,dome1 ( ! ,little ,cleirs\1 & ( "o "p ( ! ,puy-,*op9e 9 ,auv]gne47 ,9 ! isl& ( ,t5]iffe1 /rata ( tufa1 puzzolana1 & clay1 sep>ate ! range ( basaltic hills f ! curr5ts ( rec5t li?oid lava1 & f ! eruptions ( ! pres5t volcano4 ,9 ! same mann] z ! eruptions ( ,epomeo 9 ! isl& ( ,is*ia1 & ^? ( ,jorullo 9 ,mexico1 h tak5 place 9 c\ntries cov]$ ) trappean porphyry1 anci5t basalt1 & volcanic a%es1 s ! peak ( ,teyde has rais$ itself amid/ ! wrecks ( subm>9e volcanoes4 ,not)/&+ ! diff]5ce ( composition 9 ! rec5t lavas ( ! ,peak1 !re is a c]ta9 regul>ity ( position1 :i* mu/ /rike ! naturali/ lea/ skill$ 9 geognosy4 ,! great elevat$ pla9 ( ,retama sep>ates ! black1 basaltic1 & e>?like lava1 f ! vitre\s & feldsp>ry lava1 ! basis ( :i* is obsidian1 pit*-/one1 & phonolite4 ,?is ph5om5on is ! m rem>kable1 inasmu* z 9 ,bohemia & 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 ! porphyrs*ief] ) base ( phonolite99 799 ,kl+/e94 ,w]n]47 cov]s also ! convex summits ( basaltic m\nta9s4 ,x has already be5 obs]v$1 t f ! level ( ! sea to ,portillo1 & z f> z ! entrance on ! elevat$ pla9 ( ! ,retama1 t is1 two-?irds ( ! total height ( ! volcano1 ! gr\nd is s cov]$ ) plants1 t x is difficult to make geological obs]vations4 ,! curr5ts ( lava1 :i* we discov] on ! slope ( ,monte ,v]de1 betwe5 ! beautiful spr+ ( ,dornajito & ,c>avela1 are black masses1 alt]$ by decomposition1 sometimes por\s1 & ) v oblong pores4 ,! basis ( ^! l[] lavas is r wacke ?an basalt2 :5 x is spongy1 x resembles ! amygdaloids99 ( ,frank=t-on-!-,ma94 799 ,wakk5>tig] m&el/e94 ,/e9kaute47 ,its fracture is g5]ally irregul>2 :]ev] x is con*oidal1 we may presume t ! cool+ has be5 m rapid1 & ! mass has be5 expos$ to a less p[]ful pressure4 ,^! curr5ts ( lava are n divid$ into regul> prisms1 b into v ?9 lay]s1 n v regul> 9 _! incl9ation2 !y conta9 mu* oliv9e1 small gra9s ( magnetic iron1 & augite1 ! col\r ( :i* (t5 v>ies f deep leek-gre5 to olive gre51 & :i* might be mi/ak5 = cry/alliz$ oliv9e1 ?\gh no transition f "o to ! o!r ( ^! sub/ances exi/s499 799 ,/eff5s1 ,h&bu* d] ,oryktognosie tome #a s4 #cfd4 ,! cry/als :i* ,mr4 ,friesleb5 & myself h made kn[n "u ! d5om9ation ( foliat$ oliv9e 7blattrig] oliv97 belong1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,k>/51 to ! pyrox5e augite4 ,j\rnal des ,m9es de ,freib]g #agia page #bae47 ,amphibole is 9 g5]al v r>e at ,t5]iffe1 n only 9 ! mod]n li?oid lavas1 b also 9 ! anci5t basalts1 z has be5 obs]v$ by ,m4 ,cordi]1 :o resid$ long] at ! ,can>ies ?an any o!r m9]alogi/4 ,nephel9e1 leucite1 idocrase1 & meionite h n yet be5 se5 at ! peak ( ,t5]iffe2 = a r$di%-grey lava1 :i* we f\nd on ! slope ( ,monte ,v]de1 & :i* conta9s small microscopic cry/als1 appe>s to me to be a close mixture ( basalt & analcime499 799 ,?is sub/ance1 :i* ,m4 ,dolomieu discov]$ 9 ! amygdaloids ( ,catania 9 ,sicily1 & :i* accompanies ! /ilbites ( ,fassa 9 ,tyrol1 =ms1 ) ! *abasie ( ,hauy1 ! g5us ,cubicit ( ,w]n]4 ,m4 ,cordi] f\nd at ,t5]iffe xeolite 9 an amygdaloid :i* cov]s ! basalts ( ,la ,punta di ,naga47 ,9 l mann] ! lava ( ,scala1 ) :i* ! city ( ,naples is pav$1 conta9s a close mixture ( basalt1 nephel9e1 & leucite4 ,) respect to ?is la/ sub/ance1 :i* has hi!rto be5 obs]v$ only at ,vesuvius & 9 ! environs ( ,rome1 x exi/s p]haps at ! peak ( ,t5]iffe1 9 ! old curr5ts ( lava n[ cov]$ by m rec5t ejections4 ,vesuvius1 dur+ a long s]ies ( ye>s1 has also ?r[n out lavas )\t leucites3 & if x be true1 z ,m4 von ,bu* has r5d]$ v probable1 t ^! cry/als are =m$ only 9 ! curr5ts :i* fl[ ei!r f ! crat] itself1 or v ne> its br9k1 we mu/ n be surpris$ at n f9d+ !m 9 ! lavas ( ! peak4 ,! latt] almo/ all proce$ f lat]al eruptions1 & consequ5tly h be5 expos$ to an enorm\s pressure 9 ! int]ior ( ! volcano4 ,9 ! pla9 ( ,retama1 ! basaltic lavas disappe> "u heaps ( a%es1 & pumice-/one r$uc$ to p[d]4 ,!nce to ! summit1 f #aejj to #aijj toises 9 height1 ! volcano exhibits only vitre\s lava ) bases ( pit*-/one99 799 ,petrosilex res9ite4 ,hauy47 & obsidian4 ,^! lavas1 de/itute ( amphibole & mica1 are ( a blacki% br[n1 (t5 v>y+ to ! deepe/ olive gre54 ,!y conta9 l>ge cry/als ( feldsp>1 :i* are n fissur$1 & seldom vitre\s4 ,! analogy ( ^? decid$ly volcanic masses ) ! res9ite porphyries99 799 ,pe*/e9-porphyr4 ,w]n]47 ( ! valley ( ,tribis* 9 ,saxony is v rem>kable2 b ! latt]1 :i* belong to an ext5d$ & metallif]\s =mation ( porphyry1 (t5 conta9 qu>tz1 :i* is want+ 9 ! mod]n lavas4 ,:5 ! basis ( ! lavas ( ! ,malpays *anges f pit*/one to obsidian1 its col\r is pal]1 & is mix$ ) grey2 9 ?is case1 ! feldsp> passes by imp]ceptible gradations f ! common to ! vitre\s4 ,sometimes bo? v>ieties meet 9 ! same fragm5t1 z we obs]v$ also 9 ! trappean porphyries ( ! valley ( ,mexico4 ,! feldsp>ry lavas ( ! ,peak1 ( a mu* less black t+e ?an ^? ( ,arso 9 ! isl& ( ,is*ia1 :it5 at ! edge ( ! crat] f ! effect ( ! acid vap\rs2 b int]nally !y are n f\nd to be col\rless l t ( ! feldsp>ry lavas ( ! ,solfat>a at ,naples1 :i* p]fectly resemble ! trappean porphyries at ! foot ( ,*imborazo4 ,9 ! middle ( ! ,malpays1 at ! height ( ! cav]n ( ice1 we f\nd among ! vitre\s lavas ) pit*-/one & obsidian bases1 blocks ( real gre5i%-grey1 or m\nta9-gre5 phonolite1 ) a smoo? fracture1 & divid$ into ?9 lam9ae1 sonor\s & ke5 edg$4 ,^! masses 7 ! same z ! porphyrs*ief] ( ! m\nta9 ( ,bil9 9 ,bohemia2 we recognis$ 9 !m small long cry/als ( vitre\s feldsp>4 ,?is regul> disposition ( li?oid basaltic lava & feldsp>ry vitre\s lava is analog\s to ! ph5om5a ( all trappean m\nta9s2 x rem9ds u ( ^? phonolites ly+ 9 v anci5t basalts1 ^? close mixtures ( augite & feldsp> :i* cov] ! hills ( wacke or por\s amygdaloids3 b :y are ! porphyritic or feldsp>ry lavas ( ! ,peak f\nd only on ! summit ( ! volcano8 ,%\ld we conclude f ?is position t !y are ( m rec5t =mation ?an ! li?oid basaltic lava1 :i* conta9s oliv9e & augite8 ,i _c admit ?is la/ hypo!sis2 = lat]al eruptions may h cov]$ ! feldsp>ry nucleus1 at a p]iod :5 ! crat] _h ceas$ its activity4 ,at ,vesuvius also1 we p]ceive small cry/als ( vitre\s feldsp> only 9 ! v anci5t lavas ( ! ,somma4 ,^! lavas1 sett+ aside ! leucite1 v ne>ly resemble ! phonolitic ejections ( ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe4 ,9 g5]al1 ! f>!r we g back f ! p]iod ( mod]n eruptions1 ! m ! curr5ts increase bo? 9 size & ext5t1 acquir+ ! "* ( rocks1 by ! regul>ity ( _! position1 by _! division into p>allel /rata1 or by _! indep5d5ce ( ! pres5t =m ( ! gr\nd4 ,! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe is1 next to ,lip>i1 ! volcano t has produc$ mo/ obsidian4 ,?is abundance is ! m /rik+1 z 9 o!r regions ( ! e>?1 9 ,icel&1 9 ,hung>y1 9 ,mexico1 & 9 ! k+dom ( ,quito1 we meet ) obsidians only at great di/ances f burn+ volcanoes4 ,sometimes !y are scatt]$ ov] ! fields 9 angul> pieces2 = in/ance1 ne> ,popayan1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica2 at o!r times !y =m isolat$ rocks1 z at ,qu9*e1 ne> ,quito4 ,9 o!r places 7& ?is circum/ance is v rem>kable71 !y are dissem9at$ 9 pe>l-/one1 z at ,c9apecu>o1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,me*oacan199 799 ,to ! we/ ( ! city ( ,mexico47 & at ! ,cabo de ,gates1 9 ,spa94 ,at ! peak ( ,t5]iffe ! obsidian is n f\nd t[>ds ! base ( ! volcano1 :i* is cov]$ ) mod]n lava3 x is frequ5t only t[>ds ! summit1 especially f ! pla9 ( ,retama1 :]e v f9e specim5s may be collect$4 ,?is peculi> position1 & ! circum/ance t ! obsidian ( ! ,peak has be5 eject$ by a crat] :i* = ages pa/ has ?r[n out no flames1 fav\r ! op9ion1 t volcanic vitrifications1 :]ev] !y are f\nd1 are to be consid]$ z ( v anci5t =mation4 ,obsidian1 jade1 & ,lydian-/one199 799 ,lydis*]/e947 are ?ree m9]als1 :i* nations ignorant ( ! use ( copp] or iron1 h 9 all ages employ$ = mak+ ke5-edg$ weapons4 ,we see t w&]+ hordes h dragg$ ) !m1 9 _! di/ant j\rneys1 /ones1 ! natural position ( :i* ! m9]alogi/ has n yet be5 able to det]m9e4 ,hat*ets ( jade1 cov]$ ) ,aztec hi]oglyphics1 :i* ,i br\ght f ,mexico1 resemble bo? 9 _! =m & nature ^? made use ( by ! ,gauls1 & ^? we f9d among ! ,s\? ,sea isl&]s4 ,! ,mexicans dug obsidian f m9es1 :i* 7 ( va/ ext5t2 & !y employ$ x = mak+ knives1 sword-blades1 & razors4 ,9 l mann] ! ,guan*es1 79 ^: language obsidian 0 call$ tabona17 fix$ spl9t]s ( t m9]al to ! ends ( _! lances4 ,!y c>ri$ on a consid]able trade 9 x ) ! neighb\r+ isl&s2 & f ! consumption ?us occasion$1 & ! quantity ( obsidian :i* mu/ h be5 brok5 9 ! c\rse ( manufacture1 we may presume t ?is m9]al has become sc>ce f ! lapse ( ages4 ,we are surpris$ to see an ,atlantic nation sub/itut+1 l ! natives ( ,am]ica1 vitrifi$ lava = iron4 ,9 bo? c\ntries ?is v>iety ( lava 0 employ$ z an object ( ornam5t3 & ! inhabitants ( ,quito made beautiful look+-glasses ) an obsidian divid$ into p>allel lam9ae4 ,!re are ?ree v>ieties ( obsidian at ! ,peak4 ,"s =m enorm\s blocks1 sev]al toises long1 & (t5 ( a sph]oidal %ape4 ,we might suppose t !y _h be5 ?r[n out 9 a s(t5$ /ate1 & _h aft]w>ds be5 subject to a rot>y motion4 ,!y conta9 a quantity ( vitre\s feldsp>1 ( a sn[-:ite col\r1 & ! mo/ brilliant pe>ly lu/re4 ,^! obsidians are1 nev]!less1 b little transp>5t on ! edges2 !y are almo/ opaque1 ( a br[ni% black1 & ( an imp]fect con*oidal fracture4 ,!y pass into pit*-/one2 & we may consid] !m z porphyries ) a basis ( obsidian4 ,! second v>iety is f\nd 9 fragm5ts mu* less consid]able4 ,x is 9 g5]al ( a gre5i% black1 sometimes ( murky grey1 v seldom ( a p]fect black1 l ! obsidian ( ,hecla & ,mexico4 ,its fracture is p]fectly con*oidal1 & x is extremely transp>5t on ! edges4 ,i h f\nd 9 x nei!r amphibole nor pyrox5e1 b "s small :ite po9ts1 :i* seem to be feldsp>4 ,none ( ! obsidians ( ! ,peak appe> 9 ^? grey masses ( pe>l or lav5d]-blue1 /rip$1 & 9 sep>ate w$ge-=m$ pieces1 l ! obsidian ( ,quito1 ,mexico1 & ,lip>i1 & :i* resemble ! fibr\s plates ( ! cry/alites ( our glass-h\ses1 on :i* ,sir ,james ,hall1 ,dr4 ,?ompson1 & ,m4 de ,bellevue1 h publi%$ "s curi\s obs]vations499 799 ,! "n cry/alites has be5 giv5 to ! cry/aliz$ ?9 plates obs]v$ 9 glass cool+ sl[ly4 ,! t]m gla/5iz$ glass is employ$ by ,dr4 ,?ompson & o!rs to indicate glass :i* by sl[ cool+ is :olly unvitrifi$1 & has assum$ ! appe>ance ( a fossil sub/ance1 or real glass-/one47 ,! ?ird v>iety ( obsidian ( ! ,peak is ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! :ole1 f its connexion ) pumice-/one4 ,x is1 l t above describ$1 ( a gre5i% black1 sometimes ( a murky grey1 b its v ?9 plates alt]nate ) lay]s ( pumice-/one4 ,dr4 ,?omson's f9e collection at ,naples conta9$ simil> examples ( li?oid lava ( ,vesuvius1 divid$ into v di/9ct plates1 only a l9e ?ick4 ,! fibres ( ! pumice-/one ( ! ,peak are v seldom p>allel to ea* o!r1 & p]p5dicul> to ! /rata ( obsidian2 !y are mo/ commonly irregul>1 asbe/oidal1 l fibr\s glass-gall2 & in/ead ( be+ dissem9at$ 9 ! obsidian1 l cry/alites1 !y are f\nd simply adh]+ to "o ( ! ext]nal surfaces ( ?is sub/ance4 ,dur+ my /ay at ,madrid1 ,m4 ,h]g5 %[$ me sev]al specim5s 9 ! m9]alogical collection ( ,don ,jose ,clavijo2 & = a long "t ! ,spani% m9]alogi/s consid]$ !m z furni%+ und\bt$ pro(s1 t pumice-/one owes its orig9 to obsidian1 9 "s degree depriv$ ( col\r1 & swell$ by volcanic fire4 ,i 0 =m]ly ( ?is op9ion1 :i*1 h[ev]1 mu/ be und]/ood to ref] to "o v>iety only ( pumice4 ,i ev5 ?\ght1 ) _m o!r geologi/s1 t obsidian1 s f> f be+ vitrifi$ lava1 belong$ to rocks t 7 n volcanic2 & t ! fire1 =c+ its way ?r\gh ! basalts1 ! gre5-/one rocks1 ! phonolites1 & ! porphyries ) bases ( pit*/one & obsidian1 ! lavas & pumice-/one 7 no o!r ?an ^! same rocks alt]$ by ! action ( ! volcanoes4 ,! deprivation ( col\r & extraord9>y swell+ :i* ! great] "p ( ! obsidians und]go 9 a =ge-fire1 _! transition into pit*-/one1 & _! position 9 regions v di/ant f burn+ volcanoes1 appe> to be ph5om5a v difficult to reconcile1 :5 we consid] ! obsidians z volcanic glass4 ,a m pr(\nd /udy ( nature1 new j\rneys1 & obs]vations made on ! productions ( burn+ volcanoes1 h l$ me to r5\nce ^? ideas4 ,x appe>s to me at pres5t extremely probable1 t obsidians1 & porphyries ) bases ( obsidian1 are vitrifi$ masses1 ! cool+ ( :i* has be5 too rapid to *ange !m into li?oid lava4 ,i consid] ev5 ! pe>l/one z an unvitrifi$ obsidian3 = among ! m9]als 9 ! ,k+'s cab9et at ,b]l9 !re are volcanic glasses f ,lip>i1 9 :i* we see /riat$ cry/alites1 ( a pe>l-grey col\r1 & ( an e>?y appe>ance1 =m+ gradual approa*es to a granul> li?oid lava1 l ! pe>l/one ( ,c9apecu>o1 9 ,mexico4 ,! oblong bubbles obs]v$ 9 ! obsidians ( e cont95t are inconte/ible pro(s ( _! anci5t /ate ( igne\s fluidity2 & ,dr4 ,?ompson possesses specim5s f ,lip>i1 :i* are v in/ructive 9 ?is po9t ( view1 because fragm5ts ( r$ porphyry1 or porphyry lavas1 :i* d n entirely fill up ! cavities ( ! obsidian1 are f\nd envelop$ 9 !m4 ,we might say1 t ^! fragm5ts _h n "t to ent] into complete solution 9 ! liquifi$ mass4 ,!y conta9 vitre\s feldsp>1 & augite1 & are ! same z ! celebrat$ column> porphyries ( ! isl& ( ,pan>ia1 :i*1 )\t hav+ be5 "p ( a curr5t ( lava1 seem rais$ up 9 ! =m ( hillocks1 l _m ( ! porphyries 9 ,auv]gne1 9 ! ,euganean m\nta9s1 & 9 ! ,cordill]as ( ! ,&es4 ,! objections aga9/ ! volcanic orig9 ( obsidians1 f\nd$ on _! spe$y loss ( col\r1 & _! swell+ by a sl[ fire1 h be5 %ak5 by ! +5i\s exp]im5ts ( ,sir ,james ,hall4 ,^! exp]im5ts prove1 t a /one :i* is fusible only at ?irty-eight degrees ( ,w$gwood's pyromet]1 yields a glass t s(t5s at f\rte5 degrees2 & t ?is glass1 melt$ aga9 & unvitrifi$ 7gla/5iz$71 is fusible aga9 only at ?irty-five degrees ( ! same pyromet]4 ,i appli$ ! bl[pipe to "s black pumice-/one f ! volcano ( ! isle ( ,b\rbon1 :i*1 on ! slighte/ contact ) ! flame1 :it5$ & melt$ into an enamel4 ,b :e!r obsidians be primitive rocks :i* h und]gone ! action ( volcanic fire1 or lavas repeat$ly melt$ )9 ! crat]1 ! orig9 ( ! pumice-/ones conta9$ 9 ! obsidian ( ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe is n less problematic4 ,?is subject is ! m wor?y ( be+ inve/igat$1 s9ce x is g5]ally int]e/+ to ! geology ( volcanoes2 & s9ce t excell5t m9]alogi/1 ,m4 ,fleuriau de ,bellevue1 aft] hav+ exam9$ ,italy & ! adjac5t isl&s ) great att5tion1 affirms1 t x is highly improbable t pumice-/one owes its orig9 to ! swell+ ( obsidian4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,m4 da ,cam>a1 & ^? ,i made 9 #ahjb1 t5d to support ! op9ion1 t ! pumice-/ones adh]5t to ! obsidians ( ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe d n unite to !m accid5tally1 b are produc$ by ! expansion ( an ela/ic fluid1 :i* is dis5gag$ f ! compact vitre\s matt]4 ,?is idea _h = a long "t occupi$ ! m9d ( a p]son highly di/+ui%$ = 8 tal5ts & reputation at ,quito1 :o1 unacqua9t$ ) ! lab\rs ( ! m9]alogi/s ( ,europe1 _h devot$ himself to rese>*es on ! volcanoes ( 8 c\ntry4 ,don ,juan de ,l>ea1 "o ( ^? m5 lately sacrific$ to ! fury ( faction1 _h be5 /ruck ) ! ph5om5a exhibit$ by obsidians expos$ to a :ite heat4 ,he _h ?\ght1 t1 :]ev] volcanoes act 9 ! c5tre ( a c\ntry cov]$ ) porphyry ) base ( obsidian1 ! ela/ic fluids mu/ cause a swell+ ( ! liquifi$ mass1 & p]=m an important "p 9 ! e>?quakes prec$+ eruptions4 ,)\t adopt+ an op9ion1 :i* seems some:at bold1 ,i made1 9 conc]t ) ,m4 ,l>ea1 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ! tumefaction ( ! volcanic vitre\s sub/ances at ,t5]iffe1 & on ^? :i* are f\nd at ,qu9*e1 9 ! k+dom ( ,quito4 ,to judge ( ! augm5tation ( _! bulk1 we measur$ pieces expos$ to a =ge-fire ( mod]ate heat1 by ! wat] !y displac$ f a cyl9dric glass1 envelop+ ! spongy mass ) a ?9 coat+ ( wax4 ,accord+ to our exp]im5ts1 ! obsidians swell$ v unequally3 ^? ( ! ,peak & ! black v>ieties ( ,cotopaxi & ( ,qu9*e increas$ ne>ly five times _! bulk4 ,! col\r ( ! pumice-/ones ( ! ,peak leads to ano!r important obs]vation4 ,! sea ( :ite a%es :i* encircles ! ,piton1 & cov]s ! va/ pla9 ( ,retama1 is a c]ta9 pro( ( ! =m] activity ( ! crat]3 = 9 all volcanoes1 ev5 :5 !re are lat]al eruptions1 ! a%es & ! rapilli issue conjo9tly ) ! vap\rs only f ! op5+ at ! summit ( ! m\nta94 ,n[1 at ,t5]iffe1 ! black rapilli ext5d f ! foot ( ! ,peak to ! sea-%ore2 :ile ! :ite a%es1 :i* are only pumice gr\nd to p[d]1 & among :i* ,i h discov]$1 ) a l5s1 fragm5ts ( vitre\s feldsp> & pyrox5e1 exclusively occupy ! region next to ! ,peak4 ,?is peculi> di/ribution seems to confirm ! obs]vations made long ago at ,vesuvius1 t ! :ite a%es are ?r[n out la/1 & indicate ! end ( ! eruption4 ,9 proportion z ! ela/icity ( ! vap\rs dim9i%es1 ! matt] is ?r[n to a less di/ance2 & ! black rapilli1 :i* issue fir/1 :5 ! lava has ceas$ runn+1 mu/ necess>ily rea* f>!r ?an ! :ite rapilli4 ,! latt] appe> to h be5 expos$ to ! action ( a m int5se fire4 ,i h n[ exam9$ ! ext]ior /ructure ( ! ,peak1 & ! composition ( its volcanic productions1 f ! region ( ! coa/ to ! top ( ! ,piton3--,i h endeav\r$ to r5d] ^! rese>*es int]e/+1 by comp>+ ! ph5om5a ( ! volcano ( ,t5]iffe ) ^? t are obs]v$ 9 o!r regions1 ! soil ( :i* is equally und]m9$ by subt]ranean fires4 ,?is mode ( view+ ,nature 9 ! univ]sality ( h] relations is no d\bt adv]se to ! rapidity desirable 9 an it9]>y2 b x appe>s to me t1 9 a n>rative1 ! pr9cipal end ( :i* is ! progress ( physical k1 e o!r consid]ation ought to be subs]vi5t to ^? ( in/ruction & utility4 ,by isolat+ facts1 travell]s1 ^: lab\rs are 9 e o!r respect valuable1 h giv5 curr5cy to _m false ideas ( ! pret5d$ contra/s :i* ,nature (f]s 9 ,africa1 9 ,new ,holl&1 & on ! ridge ( ! ,cordill]as4 ,! great geological ph5om5a are subject to regul> laws1 z well z ! =ms ( plants & animals4 ,! ties :i* unite ^! ph5om5a1 ! relations :i* exi/ betwe5 ! v>i$ =ms ( organiz$ be+s1 are discov]$ only :5 we h acquir$ ! habit ( view+ ! globe z a great :ole2 & :5 we consid] 9 ! same po9t ( view ! composition ( rocks1 ! causes :i* alt] !m1 & ! productions ( ! soil1 9 ! mo/ di/ant regions4 ,hav+ treat$ ( ! volcanic sub/ances ( ! isle ( ,t5]iffe1 !re n[ rema9s to be solv$ a "q intimately connect$ ) ! prec$+ inve/igation4 ,does ! ar*ipelago ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s conta9 any rocks ( primitive or second>y =mation2 or is !re any production obs]v$1 t has n be5 modifi$ by fire8 ,?is int]e/+ problem has be5 consid]$ by ! naturali/s ( ,"l ,mac>tney's exp$ition1 & by ^? :o accompani$ capta9 ,baud9 9 8 voyage to ! ,au/ral regions4 ,_! op9ions are 9 direct opposition to ea* o!r2 & ! contradiction is ! m /rik+1 z ! "q does n ref] to "o ( ^? geological rev]ies :i* we are accu/om$ to call sy/ems1 b to a positive fact4 ,doctor ,gillan imag9$ t he obs]v$1 betwe5 ,laguna & ! port ( ,orotava1 9 v deep rav9es1 b$s ( primitive rocks4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a mi/ake4 ,:at ,dr4 ,gillan calls some:at vaguely1 m\nta9s ( h>d f]rug9\s clay1 are no?+ b an alluvium :i* we f9d at ! foot ( e volcano4 ,/rata ( clay accompany basalts1 z tufas accompany mod]n lavas4 ,nei!r ,m4 ,cordi] nor myself obs]v$ 9 any "p ( ,t5]iffe a primitive rock1 ei!r 9 its natural place1 or ?r[n out by ! m\? ( ! ,peak2 & ! abs5ce ( ^! rocks *>act]izes almo/ e isl& ( small ext5t t has an unext+ui%i$ volcano4 ,we "k no?+ positive ( ! m\nta9s ( ! ,azores2 b x is c]ta91 t ! isl& ( ,b\rbon z well z ,t5]iffe1 exhibits only a heap ( lavas & basalts4 ,no volcanic rock re>s its head1 ei!r on ! ,gros ,morne1 or on ! volcano ( ,b\rbon1 or on ! colossal pyramid ( ,cim&ef1 :i* is p]haps m elevat$ ?an ! ,peak ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s4 ,bory ,/4 ,v9c5t nev]!less ass]t$1 t lavas includ+ fragm5ts ( granite h be5 f\nd on ! elevat$ pla9 ( ,retama2 & ,m4 ,br\ssonnet in=m$ me1 t on a hill above ,guim>1 fragm5ts ( mica-slate1 conta9+ beautiful plates ( specul> iron1 _h be5 f\nd4 ,i c affirm no?+ respect+ ! accuracy ( ?is latt] /atem5t1 :i* x w\ld be s mu* ! m important to v]ify1 z ,m4 ,poli1 ( ,naples1 is 9 possession ( a fragm5t ( rock ?r[n out by ,vesuvius199 :i* ,i f\nd to be a real mica-slate4 799 ,9 ! valuable collection ( ,dr4 ,?omson1 :o resid$ at ,naples till #ahje1 is a fragm5t ( lava enclos+ a real granite1 :i* is compos$ ( r$di% feldsp> ) a pe>ly lu/re l adul>ia1 qu>tz1 mica1 hornbl5de1 &1 :at is v rem>kable1 lazulite4 ,b 9 g5]al ! masses ( kn[n primitive rocks1 7,i mean ^? :i* p]fectly resemble our granites1 our gneiss1 & our mica-slates7 are v r>e 9 lavas2 ! sub/ances we commonly d5ote by ! "n ( granite1 ?r[n out by ,vesuvius1 are mixtures ( nephel9e1 mica1 & pyrox5e4 ,we are ignorant :e!r ^! mixtures con/itute rocks sui g5]is plac$ "u granite1 & consequ5tly ( m anci5t date2 or simply =m ei!r int]m$iate /rata on ve9s1 9 ! int]ior ( ! primitive m\nta9s1 ! tops ( :i* appe> at ! surface ( ! globe47 ,e ?+ t t5ds to enlight5 u ) respect to ! site ( ! volcanic fire1 & ! position ( rocks subject to its action1 is highly int]e/+ to geology4 ,x is possible1 t at ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 ! fragm5ts ( primitive rocks ?r[n out by ! m\? ( ! volcano may be less r>e ?an !y at pres5t appe> to be1 & may be heap$ toge!r 9 "s rav9e1 n yet visit$ by travell]s4 ,9 fact1 at ,vesuvius1 ^! same fragm5ts are met ) only 9 "o s+le place1 at ! ,fossa ,gr&e1 :]e !y are hidd5 "u a ?ick lay] ( a%es4 ,if ?is rav9e _h n long ago attract$ ! att5tion ( naturali/s1 :5 masses ( granul> lime/one1 & o!r primitive rocks1 7 laid b>e by ! ra9s1 we might h ?\ght !m z r>e at ,vesuvius1 z !y are1 at lea/ 9 appe>ance1 at ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe4 ,) respect to ! fragm5ts ( granite1 gneiss1 & mica-slate1 f\nd on ! %ores ( ,santa ,cruz & ,orotava1 !y 7 probably br\ght 9 %ips z balla/4 ,!y no m belong to ! soil :]e !y lie1 ?an ! feldsp>ry lavas ( ,etna1 se5 9 ! pavem5ts ( ,hamburg & o!r t[ns ( ! nor?4 ,! naturali/ is expos$ to a ?\s& errors1 if he lose sight ( ! *anges1 produc$ on ! surface ( ! globe by ! int]c\rse betwe5 nations4 ,we might be l$ to say1 t man1 :5 expatriat+ himself2 is desir\s t ev]y?+ %\ld *ange c\ntry ) him4 ,n only plants1 insects1 & diff]5t species ( small quadrup$s1 foll[ him across ! ocean2 8 active indu/ry cov]s ! %ores ) rocks1 :i* he has torn f ! soil 9 di/ant climes4 ,?\gh x be c]ta91 t no sci5tific obs]v] has hi!rto f\nd at ,t5]iffe primitive /rata1 or ev5 ^? trappean & ambigu\s porphyries1 :i* con/itute ! bases ( ,etna1 & ( sev]al volcanoes ( ! ,&es1 we mu/ n conclude f ?is isolat$ fact1 t ! :ole ar*ipelago ( ! ,can>ies is ! production ( subm>9e fires4 ,! isl& ( ,gom]a conta9s m\nta9s ( granite & mica-slate2 & x is1 und\bt$ly1 9 ^! v anci5t rocks1 t we mu/ seek !re1 z well z on all o!r p>ts ( ! globe1 ! c5tre ( ! volcanic action4 ,amphibole1 sometimes pure & =m+ int]m$iate /rata1 at o!r times mix$ ) granite1 z 9 ! basanites or basalts ( ! anci5ts1 may1 ( itself1 furni% all ! iron conta9$ 9 ! black & /ony lavas4 ,?is quantity am\nts 9 ! basalt ( ! mod]n m9]alogi/s only to #j4bj1 :ile 9 amphibole x exce$s #j4 #cj4 ,f sev]al well-in=m$ p]sons1 to :om ,i address$ myself1 ,i le>n$ t !re are calc>e\s =mations 9 ! ,great ,can>y1 ,=tev5tura1 & ,lanc]ota499 799 ,at ,lanc]ota calc>e\s /one is burn$ to lime ) a fire made ( ! alhulaga1 a new species ( ?orny & arboresc5t ,son*us47 ,i 0 n able to det]m9e ! nature ( ?is second>y rock2 b x appe>s c]ta91 t ! isl& ( ,t5]iffe is altoge!r de/itute ( x2 & t 9 its alluvial l&s x exhibits only clayey calc>e\s tufa1 alt]nat+ ) volcanic breccia1 said to conta91 7ne> ! village ( ,la ,rambla1 at ,cald]as1 & ne> ,c&el>ia17 plants1 impr9ts ( fi%es1 bucc9ites1 & o!r fossil m>9e productions4 ,m4 ,cordi] br\ght away "s ( ?is tufa1 :i* resembles t 9 ! environs ( ,naples & ,rome1 & conta9s fragm5ts ( re$s4 ,at ! ,salvages1 :i* isl&s ,la ,p]\se took at a di/ance = masses ( scoriae1 ev5 fibr\s gypsum is f\nd4 ,i _h se51 :ile h]boriz+ betwe5 ! port ( ,orotava & ! g>d5 ( ,la ,paz1 heaps ( greyi% calc>e\s /ones1 ( an imp]fect con*oidal fracture1 & analog\s to t ( ,m\nt ,jura & ! ,ap5n9es4 ,i 0 in=m$ t ^! /ones 7 extract$ f a qu>ry ne> ,rambla2 & t !re 7 simil> qu>ries ne> ,realejo1 & ! m\nta9 ( ,roxas1 above ,adexa4 ,?is in=mation l$ me into an error4 ,z ! coa/s ( ,portugal consi/ ( basalts cov]+ calc>e\s rocks conta9+ %ells1 ,i imag9$ t a trappean =mation1 l t ( ! ,vic5t9 9 ,lomb>dy1 & ( ,h>ut% 9 ,africa1 might h ext5d$ f ! banks ( ! ,tagus & ,cape ,/4 ,v9c5t z f> z ! ,can>y ,isl&s2 & t ! basalts ( ! ,peak might p]haps conceal a second>y calc>e\s /one4 ,^! conjectures expos$ me to sev]e animadv]sions f ,m4 ,g4,a4 de ,luc1 :o is ( op9ion t e volcanic isl& is only an accumulation ( lavas & scoriae4 ,m4 de ,luc decl>es x is impossible t real lava %\ld conta9 fragm5ts ( vegetable sub/ances4 ,our collections1 h[ev]1 conta9 pieces ( trunks ( palm-trees1 enclos$ & p5etrat$ by ! v liquid lava ( ! isle ( ,b\rbon4 ,?\gh ,t5]iffe belongs to a gr\p ( isl&s ( consid]able ext5t1 ! ,peak exhibits nev]!less all ! *>act]i/ics ( a m\nta9 ris+ on a solit>y islet4 ,! lead f9ds no bottom at a little di/ance f ! ports ( ,santa ,cruz1 ,orotava1 & ,g>a*ico3 9 ?is respect x is l ,/4 ,hel5a4 ,! ocean1 z well z ! cont95ts1 has its m\nta9s & its pla9s2 &1 if we except ! ,&es1 volcanic cones are =m$ ev]y:]e 9 ! l[] regions ( ! globe4 ,z ! ,peak rises amid a sy/em ( basalts & old lava1 & z ! :ole "p :i* is visible above ! surface ( ! wat]s exhibits burnt sub/ances1 x has be5 suppos$ t ?is imm5se pyramid is ! effect ( a progressive accumulation ( lavas2 or t x conta9s 9 its c5tre a nucleus ( primitive rocks4 ,bo? ( ^! suppositions appe> to me ill-f\nd$4 ,i ?9k !re is z little probability t m\nta9s ( granite1 gneiss1 or primitive calc>e\s /one h exi/$ :]e we n[ see ! tops ( ! ,peak1 ( ,vesuvius1 & ( ,etna1 z 9 ! pla9s :]e almo/ 9 our own "t has be5 =m$ ! volcano ( ,jorullo1 :i* is m ?an a ?ird ( ! height ( ,vesuvius4 ,on exam9+ ! circum/ances :i* accompani$ ! =mation ( ! new isl&1 call$ ,sabr9a1 9 ! ar*ipelago ( ! ,azores299 799 ,at ,sabr9a isl&1 ne> ,/4 ,mi*ael's1 ! crat] op5$ at ! foot ( a solid rock1 ( almo/ a cubical =m4 ,?is rock1 surm\nt$ by a small elevat$ pla9 p]fectly level1 is m ?an two hundr$ toises 9 bread?4 ,its =mation 0 ant]ior to t ( ! crat]1 into :i*1 a few days aft] its op5+1 ! sea made an irruption4 ,at ,kam5i1 ! smoke 0 n ev5 visible till tw5ty-six days aft] ! appe>ance ( ! upheav$ rocks4 ,philosophical ,transactions volume #bf pages #fi & #bjj1 volume #bg page #cec4 ,all ^! ph5om5a1 on :i* ,mr4 ,hawk9s collect$ v valuable obs]vations dur+ 8 abode at ,santor9o1 are unfav\rable to ! idea commonly ent]ta9$ ( ! orig9 ( volcanic m\nta9s4 ,!y are usually ascrib$ to a progressive accumulation ( liquifi$ matt]1 & ! diffusion ( lavas issu+ f a c5tral m\?47 on c>efully read+ ! m9ute & simple n>rative1 giv5 by ! ,jesuit ,b\rguignon ( ! sl[ appe>ance ( ! islet ( ! little ,kam5i1 ne> ,santor9o2 we f9d t ^! extraord9>y eruptions are g5]ally prec$$ by a swell+ ( ! s(t5$ cru/ ( ! globe4 ,rocks appe> above ! wat]s be=e ! flames =ce _! way1 or lavas issue f ! crat]3 we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ! nucleus rais$ up1 & ! mass ( lavas & scoriae1 :i* successively increases its dim5sions4 ,x is true t f all exi/+ records ( revolutions ( ?is k9d1 ! p]p5dicul> height ( ! /ony nucleus appe>s nev] to h exce$$ "o hundr$ & fifty or two hundr$ toises2 ev5 tak+ into ! acc\nt ! dep? ( ! sea1 ! bottom ( :i* _h be5 lift$ up3 b :5 consid]+ ! great effects ( nature1 & ! int5sity ( its =ces1 ! bulk ( ! masses mu/ n det] ! geologi/ 9 8 speculations4 ,e ?+ indicates t ! physical *anges ( :i* tradition has pres]v$ ! remembrance1 exhibit b a feeble image ( ^? gigantic cata/rophes :i* h giv5 m\nta9s _! pres5t =m1 *ang$ ! positions ( ! rocky /rata1 & buri$ sea-%ells on ! summits ( ! high] ,alps4 ,d\btless1 9 ^? remote times :i* prec$$ ! exi/5ce ( ! human race1 ! rais$ cru/ ( ! globe produc$ ^? domes ( trappean porphyry1 ^? hills ( isolat$ basalt on va/ elevat$ pla9s1 ^? solid nuclei :i* are clo!d 9 ! mod]n lavas ( ! ,peak1 ( ,etna1 & ( ,cotopaxi4 ,! volcanic revolutions h succe$$ ea* o!r aft] long int]vals1 & at v diff]5t p]iods3 ( ?is we see ! ve/iges 9 ! transition m\nta9s1 9 ! second>y /rata1 & 9 ^? ( alluvium4 ,volcanoes ( e>li] date ?an ! s&/one & calc>e\s rocks h be5 = ages ext+ui%$2 ^? :i* are yet 9 activity are 9 g5]al surr\nd$ only ) breccias & mod]n tufas2 b no?+ h9d]s u f admitt+1 t ! ar*ipelago ( ! ,can>ies may exhibit "s real rocks ( second>y =mation1 if we recollect t subt]ranean fires h be5 !re rek9dl$ 9 ! mid/ ( a sy/em ( basalts & v anci5t lavas4 ,we seek 9 va9 9 ! ,p]iplus ( ,hanno or ( ,scylax = ! fir/ writt5 notions on ! eruptions ( ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe4 ,^? navigators sail$ timidly along ! coa/1 an*or+ e ev5+ 9 "s bay1 & _h no k ( a volcano di/ant fifty-six leagues f ! coa/ ( ,africa4 ,hanno nev]!less relates1 t he saw torr5ts ( light1 :i* seem$ to fall on ! sea2 t e night ! coa/ 0 cov]$ ) fire2 & t ! great m\nta91 call$ ! ,c> ( ! ,gods1 appe>$ to ?r[ up %eets ( flame1 :i* rose ev5 to ! cl\ds4 ,b ?is m\nta91 situat$ nor?w>d ( ! isl& ( ! ,gorilli1 =m$ ! we/]n extremity ( ! ,atlas *a92 & x is also v unc]ta9 :e!r ! flames se5 by ,hanno 7 ! effect ( "s volcanic eruption1 or :e!r !y mu/ be attribut$ to ! cu/om1 common to _m nations1 ( sett+ fire to ! =e/s & dry grass ( ! savannahs4 ,9 our own days simil> d\bts 7 ent]ta9$ by ! naturali/s1 :o1 9 ! voyage ( d',entreca/eaux1 saw ! isl& ( ,am/]dam cov]$ ) a ?ick smoke4 ,on ! coa/ ( ! ,c>acas1 tra9s ( r$di% fire1 f$ by ! burn+ grass1 appe>$ to me1 = sev]al nights1 "u ! delusive semblance ( a curr5t ( lava1 desc5d+ f ! m\nta9s1 & divid+ itself into sev]al bran*es4 ,?\gh ! n>ratives ( ,hanno & ,scylax1 9 ! /ate 9 :i* !y h rea*$ u1 conta9 no passage :i* we c reasonably apply to ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 x is v probable t ! ,c>?ag9ians1 & ev5 ! ,pho5icians1 _h "s k ( ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe4 ,9 ! "t ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 vague notions ( x _h rea*$ ! ,greeks1 :o consid]$ ! :ole ( ! coa/ ( ,africa1 beyond ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules1 z ?r[n into disord] by ! fire ( volcanoes4 ,! ,abode ( ! ,bless$1 :i* 0 s\ght fir/ 9 ! nor?1 beyond ! ,riphaean m\nta9s1 among ! ,hyp]boreans1 & next to ! s\? ( ,cyr5aica1 0 suppos$ to be situat$ 9 regions t 7 consid]$ to be we/w>d1 be+ ! direction 9 :i* ! _w kn[n to ! anci5ts t]m9at$4 ,! "n ( ,=tunate ,isl&s 0 long 9 z vague signification1 z t ( ,el ,dorado among ! conqu]ors ( ,am]ica4 ,happ9ess 0 ?\ght to reside at ! end ( ! e>?1 z we seek = ! mo/ exquisite enjoym5ts ( ! m9d 9 an ideal _w beyond ! limits ( reality499 799 ,! idea ( ! happ9ess1 ! great civilization1 & ! ri*es ( ! inhabitants ( ! nor?1 0 common to ! ,greeks1 to ! p ( ,india1 & to ! ,mexicans47 ,we mu/ n be surpris$ t1 previ\s to ! "t ( ,ari/otle1 we f9d no accurate notion respect+ ! ,can>y ,isl&s & ! volcanoes !y conta91 among ! ,greek geograph]s4 ,! only nation ^: navigations ext5d$ t[>d ! we/ & ! nor?1 ! ,c>?ag9ians1 7 int]e/$ 9 ?r[+ a veil ( my/]y ov] ^? di/ant regions4 ,:ile ! s5ate ( ,c>?age 0 av]se to any p>tial emigration1 x po9t$ out ^? isl&s z a place ( refuge 9 times ( tr\ble & public mis=tune2 !y 7 to ! ,c>?ag9ians :at ! free soil ( ,am]ica has become to ,europeans amid/ _! religi\s & civil diss5sions4 ,! ,can>ies 7 n bett] kn[n to ! ,romans till eighty-f\r ye>s be=e ! reign ( ,augu/us4 ,a private individual 0 desir\s ( execut+ ! project1 :i* wise =esight _h dictat$ to ! s5ate ( ,c>?age4 ,s]torius1 conqu]$ by ,sylla1 & we>y ( ! d9 ( w>1 look$ out = a safe & peaceable retreat4 ,he *ose ! ,=tunate ,isl&s1 ( :i* a delightful picture _h be5 drawn = him on ! %ores ( ,baetica4 ,he c>efully comb9$ ! notions he acquir$ f travell]s2 b 9 ! little t has be5 transmitt$ to u ( ^? notions1 & 9 ! m m9ute descriptions ( ,sebosus & ,juba1 !re is no m5tion ( volcanoes or volcanic eruptions4 ,sc>cely c we recognise ! isle ( ,t5]iffe1 & ! sn[s ) :i* ! summit ( ! ,peak is cov]$ 9 w9t]1 9 ! "n ( ,niv>ia1 giv5 to "o ( ! ,=tunate ,isl&s4 ,h5ce we might conclude1 t ! volcano at t "t ?rew out no flames1 if x 7 all[able s to int]pret ! sil5ce ( a few au?ors1 :om we "k only by %ort fragm5ts or dry nom5clatures4 ,! naturali/ va9ly seeks 9 hi/ory = docum5ts ( ! fir/ eruptions ( ! ,peak2 he n[h]e f9ds any b 9 ! language ( ! ,guan*es1 9 :i* ! ^w ,e*eyde d5otes1 at ! same "t1 hell & ! volcano ( ,t5]iffe4 ,( all ! writt5 te/imonies1 ! olde/ ,i h f\nd 9 relation to ! activity ( ?is volcano dates f ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x is conta9$ 9 ! n>rative ( ! voyage ( ,aloysio ,cadamu/o1 :o l&$ at ! ,can>ies 9 #aeje4 ,?is travell] 0 witness ( no eruptions1 b he positively affirms t1 l ,etna1 ?is m\nta9 burns )\t int]ruption1 & t ! fire has be5 se5 by *ri/ians held 9 slav]y by ! ,guan*es ( ,t5]iffe4 ,! ,peak1 !re=e1 0 n at t "t 9 ! /ate ( repose 9 :i* we f9d x at pres5t2 = x is c]ta9 t no navigator or inhabitant ( ,t5]iffe has se5 issue f ! m\? ( ! ,peak1 ,i w n say flames1 b ev5 any smoke visible at a di/ance4 ,x w\ld be well1 p]haps1 7 ! funnel ( ! ,cald]a to op5 anew2 ! lat]al eruptions w\ld !reby be r5d]$ less viol5t1 & ! :ole gr\p ( isl&s w\ld be less endang]$ by e>?quakes4 ,! eruptions ( ! ,peak h be5 v r>e = two c5turies pa/1 & ^! long int]vals appe> to *>act]ize volcanoes highly elevat$4 ,! smalle/ "o ( all1 ,/romboli1 is almo/ always burn+4 ,at ,vesuvius1 ! eruptions are r>] ?an =m]ly1 ?\gh /ill m frequ5t ?an ^? ( ,etna & ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe4 ,! colossal summits ( ! ,&es1 ,cotopaxi & ,tungurahua1 sc>cely h an eruption once 9 a c5tury4 ,we may say1 t 9 active volcanoes ! frequ5cy ( ! eruptions is 9 ! inv]se ratio ( ! height & ! mass4 ,! ,peak also _h seem$ ext+ui%$ dur+ n9ety-two ye>s1 :51 9 #agih1 x made its la/ eruption by a lat]al op5+ =m$ 9 ! m\nta9 ( ,*ahorra4 ,9 ?is int]val ,vesuvius _h sixte5 eruptions4 ,! :ole ( ! m\nta9\s "p ( ! k+dom ( ,quito may be consid]$ z an imm5se volcano1 occupy+ m ?an sev5 hundr$ squ>e leagues ( surface1 & ?r[+ out flames by diff]5t cones1 kn[n "u ! p>ticul> d5om9ations ( ,cotopaxi1 ,tungurahua1 & ,pi*9*a4 ,! gr\p ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s is situat$ on ! same sort ( subm>9e volcano4 ,! fire makes its way sometimes by "o & sometimes by ano!r ( ^! isl&s4 ,t5]iffe alone conta9s 9 its c5tre an imm5se pyramid t]m9at+ 9 a crat]1 & ?r[+ out1 f "o c5tury to ano!r1 lava by its flanks4 ,9 ! o!r isl&s1 ! diff]5t eruptions h tak5 place 9 v>i\s p>ts2 & we n[h]e f9d ^? isolat$ m\nta9s to :i* ! volcanic effects are conf9$4 ,! basaltic cru/1 =m$ by anci5t volcanoes1 seems ev]y:]e und]m9$2 & ! curr5ts ( lava1 se5 at ,lanc]ota & ,palma1 rem9d u1 by e geological aff9ity1 ( ! eruption :i* took place 9 #acja at ! isl& ( ,is*ia1 amid ! tufas ( ,epomeo4 ,! exclusively lat]al action ( ! peak ( ,t5]iffe is a geological ph5om5on1 ! m rem>kable z x contributes to make ! m\nta9s :i* are back$ by ! pr9cipal volcano appe> isolat$4 ,x is true1 t 9 ,etna & ,vesuvius ! great fl[+s ( lava d n proce$ f ! crat] itself1 & t ! abundance ( melt$ matt] is g5]ally 9 ! inv]se ratio ( ! height ( ! op5+ :5ce ! lava is eject$4 ,b at ,vesuvius & ,etna a lat]al eruption con/antly t]m9ates by fla%es ( flame & by a%es issu+ f ! crat]1 t is1 f ! summit ( ! m\nta94 ,at ! ,peak ?is ph5om5on has n be5 witness$ = ages3 & yet rec5tly1 9 ! eruption ( #agih1 ! crat] rema9$ q inactive4 ,its bottom did n s9k 92 :ile at ,vesuvius1 z ,m4 von ,bu* has obs]v$1 ! great] or less dep? ( ! crat] is an infallible indication ( ! proximity ( a new eruption4 ,i might t]m9ate ^! geological sket*es by enquir+ into ! nature ( ! combu/ible :i* has f$ = s _m ?\s&s ( ye>s ! fire ( ! peak ( ,t5]iffe2--,i might exam9e :e!r x be sodium or potassium1 ! metallic basis ( "s e>?1 c>buret ( hydrog51 or pure sulphur comb9$ ) iron1 t burns 9 ! volcano2--b wi%+ to limit myself to :at may be ! object ( direct obs]vation1 ,i %all n take ^u me to solve a problem = :i* we h n yet suffici5t data4 ,we "k n :e!r we may conclude1 f ! enorm\s quantity ( sulphur conta9$ 9 ! crat] ( ! ,peak1 t x is ?is sub/ance :i* keeps up ! heat ( ! volcano2 or :e!r ! fire1 f$ by "s combu/ible ( an unkn[n nature1 effects m]ely ! sublimation ( ! sulphur4 ,:at we le>n f obs]vation is1 t 9 crat]s :i* are /ill burn+1 sulphur is v r>e2 :ile all ! anci5t volcanoes end 9 becom+ sulphur-pits4 ,we might presume t1 9 ! =m]1 ! sulphur is comb9$ ) oxyg51 :ile1 9 ! latt]1 x is m]ely sublimat$2 = no?+ hi!rto au?orises u to admit t x is =m$ 9 ! int]ior ( volcanoes1 l ammonia & ! neutral salts4 ,:5 we 7 yet unacqua9t$ ) sulphur1 except z dissem9at$ 9 ! muriatif]\s gypsum & 9 ! ,alp9e lime/one1 we 7 almo/ =c$ to ! belief1 t 9 e "p ( ! globe ! volcanic fire act$ on rocks ( second>y =mation2 b rec5t obs]vations h prov$ t sulphur exi/s 9 great abundance 9 ^? primitive rocks :i* s _m ph5om5a indicate z ! c5tre ( ! volcanic action4 ,ne> ,alausi1 at ! back ( ! ,&es ( ,quito1 ,i f\nd an imm5se quantity 9 a b$ ( qu>tz1 :i* =m$ a lay] ( mica-slate4 ,?is fact is ! m important1 z x is 9 /rict con=mity ) ! conclusions d$uc$ f ! obs]vation ( ^? fragm5ts ( anci5t rocks :i* are ?r[n out intact by volcanoes4 ,we h j consid]$ ! isl& ( ,t5]iffe m]ely 9 a geological po9t ( view2 we h se5 ! ,peak t[]+ amid fractur$ /rata ( basalt & m&el/e92 let u exam9e h[ ^! fus$ masses h be5 gradually adorn$ ) vegetable clo?+1 :at is ! di/ribution ( plants on ! /eep declivity ( ! volcano1 & :at is ! aspect or physiognomy ( vegetation 9 ! ,can>y ,isl&s4 ,9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! temp]ate zone1 ! cryptogam\s plants are ! fir/ t cov] ! /ony cru/ ( ! globe4 ,! li*5s & mosses1 t develop _! foliage b5ea? ! sn[s1 are succe$$ by grum9a & o!r phan]ogam\s plants4 ,?is ord] ( vegetation diff]s on ! bord]s ( ! torrid zone1 & 9 ! c\ntries betwe5 ! tropics4 ,we !re f9d1 x is true1 :atev] "s travell]s may h ass]t$1 n only on ! m\nta9s1 b also 9 humid & %ady places1 almo/ on a level ) ! sea1 ,fun>ia1 ,dicranum1 & ,bryum2 & ^! g5]a1 among _! num]\s species1 exhibit sev]al :i* are common to ,lapl&1 to ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 & to ! ,blue ,m\nta9s ( ,jamaica4 7,?is extraord9>y fact 0 fir/ obs]v$ by ,m4 ,sw>z4 ,x 0 confirm$ by ,m4 ,willd5\w :5 he c>efully exam9$ our h]bals1 especially ! collection ( cryptogam\s plants1 :i* we ga!r$ on ! tops ( ! ,&es1 9 a region ( ! _w :]e organic life is totally diff]5t f t ( ! old _w47 ,nev]!less1 9 g5]al1 x is n by mosses & li*5s t vegetation 9 ! c\ntries ne> ! tropics beg9s4 ,9 ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 z well z 9 ,gu9ea1 & on ! rocky coa/s ( ,p]u1 ! fir/ vegetation :i* prep>es ! soil are ! succul5t plants2 ! leaves ( :i*1 provid$ ) an inf9ite numb] ( orifices99 799 ,! pores corticaux ( ,m4 ,dec&olle1 discov]$ by ,glei*51 & figur$ by ,h$wig47 & cutane\s vessels1 deprive ! ambi5t air ( ! wat] x holds 9 solution4 ,fix$ 9 ! crevices ( volcanic rocks1 !y =m1 z x 71 t fir/ lay] ( vegetable e>? ) :i* ! curr5ts ( li?oid lava are clo!d4 ,:]ev] ^! lavas are scorifi$1 & :]e !y h a %9+ surface1 z 9 ! basaltic m\nds to ! nor? ( ,lanc]ota1 ! developm5t ( vegetation is extremely sl[1 & _m ages may pass away be=e %rubs c take root4 ,x is only :5 lavas are cov]$ ) tufa & a%es1 t ! volcanic isl&s1 los+ t appe>ance ( nudity :i* m>ks _! orig91 b$eck !mselves 9 ri* & brilliant vegetation4 ,9 its pres5t /ate1 ! isl& ( ,t5]iffe1 ! ,*9]fe99 799 ,( ,*9]fe ! ,europeans h =m$1 by corruption1 ,t*9]iffe & ,t5]iffe47 ( ! ,guan*es1 exhibits five zones ( plants1 :i* we may di/+ui% by ! names--region ( v9es1 region ( laurels1 region ( p9es1 region ( ! retama1 & region ( grasses4 ,^! zones are rang$ 9 /ages1 "o above ano!r1 & occupy1 on ! /eep declivity ( ! ,peak1 a p]p5dicul> height ( #agej toises2 :ile fifte5 degrees f>!r nor?1 on ! ,pyr5ees1 sn[ desc5ds to ?irte5 or f\rte5 hundr$ toises ( absolute elevation4 ,if ! plants ( ,t5]iffe d n rea* ! summit ( ! volcano1 x is n because ! p]petual sn[ & ! cold ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e m>k limits :i* !y _c pass2 x is ! scorifi$ lava ( ! ,malpays1 ! p[d]$ & b>r5 pumice-/one ( ! ,piton1 :i* imp$e ! migration ( plants t[>ds ! br9k ( ! crat]4 ,! fir/ zone1 t ( ! v9es1 ext5ds f ! sea-%ore to two or ?ree hundr$ toises ( height2 x is t :i* is mo/ inhabit$1 & ! only "p c>efully cultivat$4 ,9 ! l[ regions1 at ! port ( ,orotava1 & :]ev] ! w9ds h free access1 ! c5tigrade !rmomet] /&s 9 w9t]1 9 ! mon?s ( ,janu>y & ,febru>y1 at noon1 betwe5 fifte5 & sev5te5 degrees2 & ! greate/ heats ( summ] d n exce$ tw5ty-five or tw5ty-six degrees4 ,! mean temp]ature ( ! coa/s ( ,t5]iffe appe>s at lea/ to rise to tw5ty-"o degrees 7#af4h degrees ,reaumur72 & ! climate 9 ^? p>ts keeps at ! m$ium betwe5 ! climate ( ,naples & t ( ! torrid zone4 ,! region ( ! v9es exhibits1 among its vegetable productions1 eight k9ds ( arboresc5t ,euphorbia2 ,mesembrian!ma1 :i* are multipli$ f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope to ! ,peloponnesus2 ! ,cacalia ,kle9ia1 ! ,draca5a1 & o!r plants1 :i* 9 _! nak$ & tortu\s trunks1 9 _! succul5t leaves1 & _! t9t ( blui% gre51 exhibit di/9ctive m>ks ( ! vegetation ( ,africa4 ,x is 9 ?is zone t ! date-tree1 ! planta91 ! sug>-cane1 ! ,indian fig1 ! ,arum ,colocasia1 ! root ( :i* furni%es a nutritive fecula1 ! olive-tree1 ! fruit trees ( ,europe1 ! v9e1 & corn are cultivat$4 ,corn is reap$ f ! end ( ,m>* to ! beg9n+ ( ,may3 & ! culture ( ! bread-fruit tree ( ,otaheite1 t ( ! c9namon tree ( ! ,moluccas1 ! c(fee-tree ( ,arabia1 & ! cacao-tree ( ,am]ica1 h be5 tri$ ) success4 ,on sev]al po9ts ( ! coa/ ! c\ntry assumes ! "* ( a tropical l&scape2 & we p]ceive t ! region ( ! palms ext5ds beyond ! limits ( ! torrid zone4 ,! *ama]ops & ! date-tree fl\ri% 9 ! f]tile pla9s ( ,murvi$ro1 on ! coa/s ( ,g5oa1 & 9 ,prov5ce1 ne> ,antibes1 betwe5 ! ?irty-n9? & =ty-f\r? degrees ( latitude2 a few trees ( ! latt] species1 plant$ )9 ! walls ( ! city ( ,rome1 resi/ ev5 ! cold ( #b4e degrees bel[ freez+ po9t4 ,b if ! s\? ( ,europe z yet only p>tially %>es ! gifts lavi%$ by nature on ! zone ( palms1 ! isl& ( ,t5]iffe1 situat$ on ! p>allel ( ,egypt1 s\!rn ,p]sia1 & ,florida1 is adorn$ ) ! great] "p ( ! vegetable =ms :i* add to ! maje/y ( ! l&scape 9 ! regions ne> ! equator4 ,on review+ ! diff]5t tribes ( indig5\s plants1 we regret n f9d+ trees ) small p9nat$ leaves1 & arboresc5t gram9a4 ,no species ( ! num]\s family ( ! s5sitive-plants has migrat$ z f> z ! ar*ipelago ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 :ile on bo? cont95ts !y h be5 se5 9 ! ?irty-eigh? & =tie? degrees ( latitude4 ,on a m c>eful exam9ation ( ! plants ( ! isl&s ( ,lanc]ota & ,=tev5tura1 :i* are ne>e/ ! coa/ ( ,morocco1 we may p]haps f9d a few mimosas among _m o!r plants ( ! ,african flora4 ,! second zone1 t ( ! laurels1 comprises ! woody "p ( ,t5]iffe3 ?is is ! region ( ! spr+s1 :i* gu% =? amid/ turf always v]dant1 & nev] p>*$ ) dr\ght4 ,l(ty =e/s cr[n ! hills lead+ to ! volcano1 & 9 !m are f\nd f\r species ( laurel199 799 ,laurus indica1 ,l4 foet5s1 ,l4 nobilis1 & ,l4 ,til4 ,) ^! trees are m+l$ ! ,ardisia excelsa1 ,rhamnus gl&ulosus1 ,erica arborea & ,e4 texo47 an oak ne>ly resembl+ ! ,qu]cus ,turn]i99 799 ,qu]cus can>i5sis1 ,br\ssonnet47 ( ! m\nta9s ( ,tibet1 ! ,visnea mocan]a1 ! ,myrica ,faya ( ! ,azores1 a native olive 7,olea excelsa71 :i* is ! l>ge/ tree ( ?is zone1 two species ( ,sid]oxylon1 ! leaves ( :i* are extremely beautiful1 ! ,arbutus callic>pa1 & o!r ev]gre5 trees ( ! family ( myrtles4 ,b9dwe$s1 & an ivy v diff]5t f t ( ,europe 7,h$]a can>i5sis7 entw9e ! trunks ( ! laurels2 at _! feet vegetate a numb]less quantity ( f]ns199 799 ,woodw>dia radicans1 ,aspl5ium palmatum1 ,a4 can>i5sis1 ,a4 latifolium1 ,no?ala5a subcordata1 ,tri*omanes can>i5sis1 ,t4 speciosum1 & ,davallia can>i5sis47 ( :i* ?ree species99 799 ,two ,acro/i*ums & ! ,ophyoglossum lusitanicum47 alone desc5d z l[ z ! region ( ! v9es4 ,! soil1 cov]$ ) mosses & t5d] grass1 is enri*$ ) ! fl[]s ( ! ,campanula aurea1 ! ,*rysan!mum p9natifidum1 ! ,m5?a can>i5sis1 & sev]al bu%y species ( ,hyp]icum499 799 ,hyp]icum can>i5se1 ,h4 floribundum1 & ,h4 gl&ulosum47 ,plantations ( wild & graft$ *e/nut-trees =m a broad bord] r\nd ! region ( ! spr+s1 :i* is ! gre5e/ & mo/ agreeable ( ! :ole4 ,9 ! ?ird zone 7beg9n+ at n9e hundr$ toises ( absolute height71 ! la/ gr\ps ( ,arbutus1 ( ,myrica ,faya1 & ( t beautiful hea? kn[n to ! natives by ! "n ( ,texo1 appe>4 ,?is zone1 f\r hundr$ toises 9 bread?1 is entirely fill$ by a va/ =e/ ( p9es1 among :i* m+les ! ,junip]us c$ro ( ,br\ssonnet4 ,! leaves ( ^! p9es are v long & /iff1 & !y spr\t sometimes by pairs1 b (t5] by ?rees 9 "o %ea?4 ,hav+ _h no opportunity ( exam9+ ! fructification1 we _c say :e!r ?is species1 :i* has ! appe>ance ( ! ,scot* fir1 is really diff]5t f ! eighte5 species ( p9es ) :i* we are already acqua9t$ 9 ,europe4 ,m4 ,dec&olle is ( op9ion t ! p9e ( ,t5]iffe is equally di/9ct f ! ,p9us atlantica ( ! neighb\r+ m\nta9s ( ,mogador1 & f ! p9e ( ,aleppo199 799 ,p9us halep5sis4 ,m4 ,dec&olle obs]ves1 t ?is species1 :i* is n f\nd 9 ,portugal1 b gr[s on ! ,m$it]ranean %ores ( ,france1 ,spa91 & ,italy1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & 9 ,b>b>y1 w\ld be bett] nam$ ,p9us m$it]ranea4 ,x composes ! pr9cipal "p ( ! p9e-=e/s ( ! s\?-ea/ ( ,france1 :]e ,g\an & ,g]>d h conf\nd$ x ) ! ,p9us sylve/ris4 ,x compreh5ds ! ,p9us halep5sis1 ,mill41 ,lamb41 & ,desfont41 & ! ,p9us m>itima1 ,lamb47 :i* belongs to ! bas9 ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & does n appe> to h pass$ ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules4 ,we met ) ^! la/ p9es on ! slope ( ! ,peak1 ne> twelve hundr$ toises above ! level ( ! sea4 ,9 ! ,cordill]as ( ,new ,spa91 "u ! torrid zone1 ! ,mexican p9es ext5d to ! height ( two ?\s& toises4 ,not)/&+ ! simil>ity ( /ructure exi/+ betwe5 ! diff]5t species ( ! same g5us ( plants1 ea* ( !m requires a c]ta9 degree ( temp]ature & r>ity 9 ! ambi5t air to atta9 its due gr[?4 ,if 9 temp]ate climates1 & :]ev] sn[ falls1 ! uni=m heat ( ! soil be some:at above ! mean heat ( ! atmosph]e1 x is probable t at ! height ( ,portillo ! roots ( ! p9es draw _! n\ri%m5t f a soil1 9 :i*1 at a c]ta9 dep?1 ! !rmomet] rises at mo/ to n9e or t5 degrees4 ,! f\r? & fif? zones1 ! regions ( ! retama & ! gram9a1 occupy heights equal to ! mo/ inaccessible summits ( ! ,pyr5ees4 ,x is ! /]ile "p ( ! isl& :]e heaps ( pumice-/one1 obsidian1 & brok5 lava1 =m imp$im5ts to vegetation4 ,we h already spok5 ( ^? fl[]y tufts ( alp9e broom 7,sp>tium nubig5um71 :i* =m oases amid/ a va/ des]t ( a%es4 ,two h]bace\s plants1 ! ,scrophul>ia glabrata & ! ,viola *eiran?ifolia1 advance ev5 to ! ,malpays4 ,above a turf scor*$ by ! heat ( an ,african sun1 an arid soil is ov]spread by ! ,cladonia pas*alis4 ,t[>ds ! summit ( ! ,peak ! ,urceol>ea & o!r plants ( ! family ( ! li*5s1 help to "w ! decomposition ( ! scorifi$ matt]4 ,by ?is unceas+ action ( organic =ce ! empire ( ,flora is ext5d$ ov] isl&s ravag$ by volcanoes4 ,on survey+ ! diff]5t zones ( ! vegetation ( ,t5]iffe1 we p]ceive t ! :ole isl& may be consid]$ z a =e/ ( laurels1 arbutus1 & p9es1 conta9+ 9 its c5tre a nak$ & rocky soil1 unfit ei!r = pa/urage or cultivation4 ,m4 ,br\ssonnet obs]ves1 t ! ar*ipelago ( ! ,can>ies may be divid$ into two gr\ps ( isl&s2 ! fir/ compris+ ,lanc]ota & ,=tev5tura1 ! second ,t5]iffe1 ,can>y1 ,gom]a1 ,f]ro1 & ,palma4 ,! appe>ance ( ! vegetation ess5tially diff]s 9 ^! two gr\ps4 ,! ea/]n isl&s1 ,lanc]ota & ,=tev5tura1 consi/ ( ext5sive pla9s & m\nta9s ( little elevation2 !y h v few spr+s1 & be> ! appe>ance1 /ill m ?an ! o!r isl&s1 ( hav+ be5 sep>at$ f ! cont95t4 ,! w9ds bl[ 9 ! same direction1 & at ! same p]iods3 ! ,euphorbia mauritanica1 ! ,atropa frutesc5s1 & ! arboresc5t ,son*us1 vegetate !re 9 ! loose s&s1 & af=d1 z 9 ,africa1 food = camels4 ,! we/]n gr\p ( ! ,can>ies pres5ts a m elevat$ soil1 is m woody1 & is wat]$ by a great] numb] ( spr+s4 ,?\gh ! :ole ar*ipelago conta9s sev]al plants f\nd also 9 ,portugal199 799 ,m4 ,willd5\w & myself f\nd1 among ! plants ( ! peak ( ,t5]iffe1 ! beautiful ,satyrium diphyllum 7,or*is cordata1 ,willd47 :i* ,mr4 ,l9k discov]$ 9 ,portugal4 ,! ,can>ies h1 9 common ) ! ,flora ( ! ,azores1 n ! ,dicksonia culcita1 ! only arboresc5t hea? f\nd at ! ?irty-n9? degree ( latitude1 b ! ,aspl5ium palmatum1 & ! ,myrica ,faya4 ,?is la/ tree is met ) 9 ,portugal1 9 a wild /ate4 ,c\nt ,h(fmansegg has se5 v old trunks ( x2 b x 0 d\btful :e!r x 0 indig5\s1 or import$ into t "p ( our cont95t4 ,9 reflect+ on ! migrations ( plants1 & on ! geological possibility1 t l&s sunk 9 ! ocean may h h]et(ore unit$ ,portugal1 ! ,azores1 ! ,can>ies1 & ! *a9 ( ,atlas1 we conceive1 t ! exi/5ce ( ! ,myrica ,faya 9 we/]n ,europe is a ph5om5on at lea/ z /rik+ z t ( ! p9e ( ,aleppo w\ld be at ! ,azores471 9 ,spa91 at ! ,azores1 & 9 ! nor?-we/ ( ,africa1 yet a great numb] ( species1 & ev5 "s g5]a1 are peculi> to ,t5]iffe1 to ,porto ,santo1 & to ,madeira4 ,su* are ! ,mocan]a1 ! ,plocama1 ! ,bosea1 ! ,can>9a1 ! ,drusa1 & ! ,pittosporum4 ,a =m :i* may be call$ nor!rn1 t ( ! cruci=m plant 7,among ! small numb] ( cruci=m species conta9$ 9 ! ,flora ( ,t5]iffe1 we %all "h m5tion ,*eiran?us longifolius1 l',h]it42 ,*4 fructesc5s1 ,v5t42 ,*4 scop>ius1 ,br\ss42 ,erysimum bicorne1 ,aiton2 ,crambe /rigosa1 & ,c4 laevigata1 ,br\ss471 is mu* r>] 9 ! ,can>ies ?an 9 ,spa9 & 9 ,greece4 ,/ill f>!r to ! s\?1 9 ! equ9octial regions ( bo? cont95ts1 :]e ! mean temp]ature ( ! air rises above tw5ty-two degrees1 ! cruci=m plants are sc>cely ev] to be se54 ,a "q highly int]e/+ to ! hi/ory ( ! progressive m>ks ( organization on ! globe has be5 v w>mly discuss$ 9 our own times1 t ( asc]ta9+ :e!r ! polymorph\s plants are m common 9 ! volcanic isl&s4 ,! vegetation ( ,t5]iffe is unfav\rable to ! hypo!sis t nature 9 new c\ntries is b little subject to p]man5t =ms4 ,m4 ,br\ssonnet1 :o resid$ s long at ! ,can>ies1 ass]ts t ! v>iable plants are n m common !re ?an 9 ! s\? ( ,europe4 ,may x n to be presum$1 t ! polymorph\s species1 :i* are s abundant 9 ! isle ( ,b\rbon1 are assignable to ! nature ( ! soil & climate r ?an to ! newness ( ! vegetation8 ,be=e we take leave ( ! old _w to pass into ! new1 ,i mu/ adv]t to a subject :i* is ( g5]al int]e/1 because x belongs to ! hi/ory ( man1 & to ^? fatal revolutions :i* h swept (f :ole tribes f ! face ( ! e>?4 ,we inquire at ! isle ( ,cuba1 at ,/4 ,dom+o1 & 9 ,jamaica1 :]e is ! abode ( ! primitive inhabitants ( ^? c\ntries8 ,we ask at ,t5]iffe :at is become ( ! ,guan*es1 ^: mummies alone1 buri$ 9 cav]ns1 h escap$ de/ruction8 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury almo/ all m]cantile nations1 especially ! ,spani>ds & ! ,portuguese1 s\ght = slaves at ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 z 9 lat] times !y h be5 s\ght on ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea499 799 ,! ,spani% hi/orians speak ( exp$itions made by ! ,hugu5ots ( ,ro*elle to c>ry (f ,guan*e slaves4 ,i h "s d\bt respect+ ^! exp$itions1 :i* are said to h tak5 place subsequ5tly to ! ye> #aecj47 ,! ,*ri/ian religion1 :i* 9 its orig9 0 s highly fav\rable to ! lib]ty ( mank9d1 s]v$ aft]w>ds z a pretext to ! cupidity ( ,europeans4 ,e individual1 made prison] be=e he receiv$ ! rite ( baptism1 became a slave4 ,at t p]iod no attempt _h yet be5 made to prove t ! blacks 7 an int]m$iate race betwe5 man & animals4 ,! sw>?y ,guan*e & ! ,african negro 7 simultane\sly sold 9 ! m>ket ( ,seville1 )\t a "q :e!r slav]y %\ld be ! doom only ( m5 ) black sk9s & woolly hair4 ,! ar*ipelago ( ! ,can>ies 0 divid$ into sev]al small /ates ho/ile to ea* o!r1 & 9 _m in/ances ! same isl& 0 subject to two indep5d5t pr9ces4 ,! trad+ nations1 influ5c$ by ! hide\s policy /ill ex]cis$ on ! coa/ ( ,africa1 kept up inte/9e w>f>e4 ,"o ,guan*e !n became ! prop]ty ( ano!r1 :o sold him to ! ,europeans2 sev]al1 :o pref]r$ dea? to slav]y1 kill$ !mselves & _! *ildr54 ,! population ( ! ,can>ies _h consid]ably suff]$ by ! slave trade1 by ! depr$ations ( pirates1 & especially by a long p]iod ( c>nage1 :5 ,alonzo de ,lugo complet$ ! conque/ ( ! ,guan*es4 ,! surviv+ remnants ( ! race p]i%$ mo/ly 9 #adid1 9 ! t]rible pe/il5ce call$ ! modorra1 :i* 0 attribut$ to ! quantity ( dead bodies left expos$ 9 ! op5 air by ! ,spani>ds aft] ! battle ( ,la ,laguna4 ,! nation ( ! ,guan*es 0 ext9ct at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury2 a few old m5 only 7 f\nd at ,c&el>ia & ,guim>4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 consol+ to f9d t ! :ites h n always disda9$ to int]m>ry ) ! natives2 b ! ,can>ians ( ! pres5t day1 :om ! ,spani>ds famili>ly call ,isl5os 7,isl&]s71 h v p[]ful motives = d5y+ ?is mixture4 ,9 a long s]ies ( g5]ations "t effaces ! *>act]i/ic m>ks ( a race2 & z ! desc5dants ( ! ,&alusians settl$ at ,t5]iffe are !mselves ( d>k complexion1 we may conceive t int]m>riages _c h produc$ a p]ceptible *ange 9 ! col\r ( ! :ites4 ,x is v c]ta9 t no native ( pure race exi/s 9 ! :ole isl&4 ,x is true t a few ,can>ian families boa/ ( _! relation%ip to ! la/ %eph]d-k+ ( ,guim>1 b ^! pret5sions d n re/ on v solid f\ndations1 & are only r5ew$ f "t to "t :5 "s ,can>ian ( m dusky hue ?an 8 c\ntrym5 is prompt$ to solicit a commission 9 ! s]vice ( ! k+ ( ,spa94 ,a %ort "t aft] ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 :5 ,spa9 0 at ! highe/ p9nacle ( h] glory1 ! g5tle "* ( ! ,guan*es 0 ! fa%ionable topic1 z we 9 our times laud ! ,arcadian innoc5ce ( ! inhabitants ( ,otaheite4 ,9 bo? ^! pictures ! col\r+ is m vivid ?an true4 ,:5 nations1 we>i$ ) m5tal enjoym5ts1 behold no?+ 9 ! ref9em5t ( mann]s b ! g]m ( depravity1 !y are pleas$ ) ! idea1 t 9 "s di/ant region1 9 ! fir/ dawn ( civilization1 infant society enjoys pure & p]petual felicity4 ,to ?is s5tim5t ,tacitus ow$ a "p ( 8 success1 :5 he sket*$ = ! ,romans1 subjects ( ! ,caes>s1 a picture ( ! mann]s ( ! inhabitants ( ,g]many4 ,! same s5tim5t gives an ineffable *>m to ! n>rative ( ^? travell]s :o1 at ! close ( ! la/ c5tury1 visit$ ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s4 ,! inhabitants ( ^? isl&s1 too mu* vaunt$ 7& previ\sly an?ropophagi71 resemble1 "u m ?an "o po9t ( view1 ! ,guan*es ( ,t5]iffe4 ,bo? nations 7 "u ! yoke ( feudal gov]nm5t4 ,among ! ,guan*es1 ?is in/itution1 :i* facilitates & r5d]s a /ate ( w>f>e p]petual1 0 sanction$ by religion4 ,! prie/s decl>$ to ! p3 ,! great ,_s1 ,a*aman1 creat$ fir/ ! nobles1 ! a*im5ceys1 to :om he di/ribut$ all ! goats t exi/ on ! face ( ! e>?4 ,aft] ! nobles1 ,a*aman creat$ ! plebeians1 a*icaxnas4 ,?is y\ng] race _h ! boldness to petition also = goats2 b ! supreme ,_s answ]$1 t ?is race 0 de/9$ to s]ve ! nobles1 & t !y _h ne$ ( no prop]ty4 ,?is tradition 0 made1 no d\bt1 to please ! ri* vassals ( ! %eph]d-k+s4 ,! faycan1 or high prie/1 also ex]cis$ ! "r ( conf]r+ nobility2 & ! law ( ! ,guan*es express$ t e a*im5cey :o degrad$ himself by milk+ a goat ) 8 own h&s1 lo/ 8 claim to nobility4 ,?is law does n rem9d u ( ! simplicity ( ! ,hom]ic age4 ,we are a/oni%$ to see ! useful lab\rs ( agriculture1 & ( pa/oral life1 expos$ to contempt at ! v dawn ( civilization4 ,! ,guan*es1 fam$ = _! tall /ature1 7 ! ,patagonians ( ! old _w4 ,hi/orians exagg]at$ ! muscul> /r5g? ( ! ,guan*es1 z1 previ\s to ! voyage ( ,b\ga9ville & ,cordoba1 colossal proportions 7 attribut$ to ! tribe t inhabit$ ! s\!rn extremity ( ,am]ica4 ,i nev] saw ,guan*e mummies b 9 ! cab9ets ( ,europe4 ,at ! "t ,i visit$ ! ,can>ies !y 7 v sc>ce2 a consid]able numb]1 h[ev]1 might be f\nd if m9]s 7 employ$ to op5 ! sepul*ral cav]ns :i* are cut 9 ! rock on ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,peak1 betwe5 ,arico & ,guim>4 ,^! mummies are 9 a /ate ( desiccation s s+ul>1 t :ole bodies1 ) _! integum5ts1 frequ5tly d n weigh above six or sev5 p\nds2 or a ?ird less ?an ! skeleton ( an individual ( ! same size1 rec5tly /ripp$ ( ! muscul> fle%4 ,! con=mation ( ! skull has "s slight resemblance to t ( ! :ite race ( ! anci5t ,egyptians2 & ! incisive tee? ( ! ,guan*es are blunt$1 l ^? ( ! mummies f\nd on ! banks ( ! ,nile4 ,b ?is =m ( tee? is ! result ( art2 & on exam9+ m c>efully ! physiognomy ( ! anci5t ,can>ians1 ,blum5ba* & o!r able anatomi/s h recogniz$ 9 ! *eek bones & ! l[] jaw p]ceptible diff]5ces f ! ,egyptian mummies4 ,on op5+ ^? ( ! ,guan*es1 rema9s ( aromatic plants are discov]$1 among :i* ! ,*5opodium ambrosioides is con/antly p]ceiv$3 ! bodies are (t5 decorat$ ) small laces1 to :i* are hung little discs ( bak$ e>?1 :i* appe> to h s]v$ z num]ical signs1 & resemble ! quippoes ( ! ,p]uvians1 ! ,mexicans1 & ! ,*9ese4 ,! population ( isl&s be+ 9 g5]al less expos$ ?an t ( cont95ts to ! effect ( migrations1 we may presume t1 9 ! "t ( ! ,c>?ag9ians & ! ,greeks1 ! ar*ipelago ( ! ,can>ies 0 inhabit$ by ! same race ( m5 z 7 f\nd by ! ,norman & ,spani% conqu]ors4 ,! only monum5t t c ?r[ any light on ! orig9 ( ! ,guan*es is _! language2 b unhappily !re are n above a hundr$ & fifty words extant1 & sev]al express ! same object1 accord+ to ! dialect ( ! diff]5t isl&]s4 ,indep5d5tly ( ^! words1 :i* h be5 c>efully not$1 !re are /ill "s valuable fragm5ts exi/+ 9 ! names ( a great numb] ( hamlets1 hills1 & valleys4 ,! ,guan*es1 l ! ,biscayans1 ! ,h9doos1 ! ,p]uvians1 & all primitive nations1 nam$ places aft] ! quality ( ! soil1 ! %ape ( ! rocks1 ! cav]ns t gave !m %elt]1 & ! nature ( ! tree t ov]%ad[$ ! spr+s499 799 ,x has be5 long imag9$1 t ! language ( ! ,guan*es _h no analogy ) ! liv+ tongues2 b s9ce ! travels ( ,hornemann1 & ! +5i\s rese>*es ( ,m>sd5 & ,v5turi1 h drawn ! att5tion ( ! le>n$ to ! ,b]b]s1 :o1 l ! ,s>matic tribes1 occupy an imm5se ext5t ( c\ntry 9 ! nor? ( ,africa1 we f9d t sev]al ,guan*e words h common roots ) words ( ! ,*ilha & ,gebali dialects4 ,we %all cite1 = in/ance1 ! words3 ,,table ,,( ,,words4 ,column #a3 ,^w4 ,column #b3 ,9 ,guan*e4 ,column #c3 ,9 ,b]b]ic4 ,heav5 3 ,tigo 3 ,tigot4 ,milk 3 ,aho 3 ,a*o4 ,b>ley 3 ,temas5 3 ,tomze54 ,basket 3 ,c>ianas 3 ,c>ian4 ,wat] 3 ,a5um 3 ,anan4 ,i d\bt :e!r ?is analogy is a pro( ( a common orig92 b x is an indication ( ! anci5t connexion betwe5 ! ,guan*es & ,b]b]s1 a tribe ( m\nta9e]s1 9 :i* ! anci5t ,numidians1 ,getuli1 & ,g>amanti are conf\nd$1 & :o ext5d !mselves f ! ea/]n extremity ( ,atlas by ,h>ut% & ,fezzan1 z f> z ! oasis ( ,siwah & ,augela4 ,! natives ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s call$ !mselves ,guan*es1 f guan1 man2 z ! ,tonguese call !mselves bye1 & tongui1 :i* h ! same signification z guan4 ,besides ! nations :o speak ! ,b]b]ic language are n all ( ! same race2 & ! description :i* ,scylax gives1 9 8 ,p]iplus1 ( ! inhabitants ( ,c]ne1 a %eph]d p ( tall /ature & long hair1 rem9ds u ( ! features :i* *>act]ize ! ,can>ian ,guan*es47 ,! great] att5tion we direct to ! /udy ( languages 9 a philosophical po9t ( view1 ! m we mu/ obs]ve t no "o ( !m is entirely di/9ct4 ,! language ( ! ,guan*es w\ld appe> /ill less s1 _h we any data respect+ its me*anism & grammatical con/ruction2 two elem5ts m important ?an ! =m ( words1 & ! id5tity ( s\nds4 ,x is ! same ) c]ta9 idioms1 z ) ^? organiz$ be+s t seem to %r9k f all classification 9 ! s]ies ( natural families4 ,_! isolat$ /ate is m]ely app>5t2 = x ceases :51 on embrac+ a great] numb] ( objects1 we come to discov] ! int]m$iate l9ks4 ,^? le>n$ enquir]s :o trace ,egyptians :]ev] !re are mummies1 hi]oglyphics1 or pyramids1 w imag9e p]haps t ! race ( ,typhon 0 unit$ to ! ,guan*es by ! ,b]b]s1 real ,atlantes1 to :om belong ! ,tibboes & ! ,tu>ycks ( ! des]t3 b ?is hypo!sis is support$ by no analogy betwe5 ! ,b]b]ic & ,coptic languages1 :i* are ju/ly consid]$ z remnants ( ! anci5t ,egyptian4 ,! p :o h succe$$ ! ,guan*es are desc5d$ f ! ,spani>ds1 & 9 a m remote degree f ! ,normans4 ,?\gh ^! two races h be5 expos$ dur+ ?ree c5turies pa/ to ! same climate1 ! latt] is di/+ui%$ by ! fair] complexion4 ,! desc5dants ( ! ,normans inhabit ! valley ( ,teganana1 betwe5 ,punta de ,naga & ,punta de ,hidalgo4 ,! names ( ,gr&ville & ,dampi]re are /ill pretty common 9 ?is di/rict4 ,! ,can>ians are a moral1 sob]1 & religi\s p1 ( a less indu/ri\s "* at home ?an 9 =eign c\ntries4 ,a rov+ & ent]pris+ disposition leads ^! isl&]s1 l ! ,biscayans & ,catalonians1 to ! ,philipp9es1 to ! ,ladrone ,isl&s1 to ,am]ica1 & :]ev] !re are ,spani% settlem5ts1 f ,*ile & ,la ,plata to ,new ,mexico4 ,to !m we are 9 a great measure indebt$ = ! progress ( agriculture 9 ^? colonies4 ,! :ole ar*ipelago does n conta9 #afj1jcj inhabitants1 & ! ,isl5os are p]haps m num]\s 9 ! new cont95t ?an 9 _! own c\ntry4 ,,*apt] #a4c4 ,,passage ,,f ,,t5]ife ,,to ,,s\? ,,am]ica4 ,,! ,,isl& ,,( ,,tobago4 ,,arrival ,,at ,,cumana4 ,we left ! road ( ,santa ,cruz on ! #be? ( ,june1 & direct$ our c\rse t[>ds ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,we soon lo/ sight ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 ! l(ty m\nta9s ( :i* 7 cov]$ ) a r$di% vap\r4 ,! ,peak alone appe>$ f "t to "t1 z at int]vals ! w9d disp]s$ ! cl\ds t envelop$ ! ,piton4 ,we felt1 = ! fir/ "t1 h[ /rong are ! impressions left on ! m9d f ! aspect ( ^? c\ntries situat$ on ! limits ( ! torrid zone1 :]e nature appe>s at once s ri*1 s v>i\s1 & s maje/ic4 ,our /ay at ,t5]iffe _h be5 v %ort1 & yet we )drew f ! isl& z if x _h long be5 our home4 ,our passage f ,santa ,cruz to ,cumana1 ! mo/ ea/]n "p ( ! ,new ,cont95t1 0 v f9e4 ,we cut ! tropic ( ,canc] on ! #bg?2 & ?\gh ! ,piz>ro 0 n a v fa/ sail]1 we made1 9 tw5ty days1 ! n9e hundr$ leagues1 :i* sep>ate ! coa/ ( ,africa f t ( ! ,new ,cont95t4 ,we pass$ fifty leagues we/ ( ,cape ,bojador1 ,cape ,blanco1 & ! ,cape ,v]d isl&s4 ,a few l& birds1 :i* _h be5 driv5 to sea by ! impetuosity ( ! w9d foll[$ u = sev]al days4 ,! latitude dim9i%$ rapidly1 f ! p>allel ( ,madeira to ! tropic4 ,:5 we rea*$ ! zone :]e ! trade-w9ds are con/ant1 we cross$ ! ocean f ea/ to we/1 on a calm sea1 :i* ! ,spani% sailors call ! ,ladies' ,gulf1 el ,golfo de las ,damas4 ,9 proportion z we advanc$ t[>ds ! we/1 we f\nd ! trade-w9ds fix to ea/w>d4 ,^! w9ds1 ! mo/ g5]ally adopt$ !ory ( :i* is expla9$ 9 a celebrat$ treatise ( ,halley199 are a ph5om5on mu* m complicat$ ?an mo/ p]sons admit4 799 ,! exi/5ce ( an upp] curr5t ( air1 :i* bl[s con/antly f ! equator to ! poles1 & ( a l[] curr5t1 :i* bl[s f ! poles to ! equator1 _h already be5 admitt$1 z ,m4 ,arago has %[n1 by ,hooke4 ,! ideas ( ! celebrat$ ,engli% naturali/ are develop$ 9 a ,disc\rse on ,e>?quakes publi%$ 9 #afhf4 ,i ?9k 7adds he7 t sev]al ph5om5a1 :i* are pres5t$ by ! atmosph]e & ! ocean1 especially ! w9ds1 may be expla9$ by ! pol> curr5ts4--,hooke's ,po/hum\s ,works page #cfd47 ,9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 ! longitude1 z well z ! decl9ation ( ! sun1 influ5ces ! direction & limits ( ! trade-w9ds4 ,9 ! direction ( ! ,new ,cont95t1 9 bo? hemisph]es1 ^! limits ext5d beyond ! tropics eight or n9e degrees2 :ile 9 ! vic9ity ( ,africa1 ! v>iable w9ds prevail f> beyond ! p>allel ( #bh or #bg degrees4 ,x is to be regrett$1 on acc\nt ( ! progress ( meteorology & navigation1 t ! *anges ( ! curr5ts ( ! equ9octial atmosph]e 9 ! ,pacific are mu* less kn[n ?an ! v>iation ( ^! same curr5ts 9 a sea t is n>r[]1 & influ5c$ by ! proximity ( ! coa/s ( ,gu9ea & ,brazil4 ,! diff]5ce ) :i* ! /rata ( air fl[ back f ! two poles t[>ds ! equator _c be ! same 9 e degree ( longitude1 t is to say1 on po9ts ( ! globe :]e ! cont95ts are ( v diff]5t bread?s1 & :]e !y /ret* away m or less t[>ds ! poles4 ,x is kn[n1 t 9 ! passage f ,santa ,cruz to ,cumana1 z 9 t f ,acapulco to ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 seam5 are sc>cely ev] "u ! necessity ( work+ _! sails4 ,we pass ^? latitudes z if we 7 desc5d+ a riv]1 & we might deem x no haz>d\s und]tak+ if we made ! voyage 9 an op5 boat4 ,f>!r we/1 on ! coa/ ( ,santa ,m>?a & 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 ! trade-w9d bl[s impetu\sly1 & r5d]s ! sea v /ormy499 799 ,! ,spani% sailors call ! r\gh trade-w9ds at ,c>?ag5a 9 ! ,we/ ,indies los brisotes de ,santa ,m>?a2 & 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 las brizas p>das4 ,^! latt] w9ds are accompani$ ) a grey & cl\dy sky47 ,! w9d fell gradually ! f>!r we rec$$ f ! ,african coa/3 x 0 sometimes smoo? wat] = sev]al h\rs1 & ^! %ort calms 7 regul>ly int]rupt$ by electrical ph5om5a4 ,black ?ick cl\ds1 m>k$ by /rong outl9es1 rose on ! ea/1 & x seem$ z if a squall w\ld h =c$ u to h& our topsails2 b ! breeze fre%5$ anew1 !re fell a few l>ge drops ( ra91 & ! /orm disp]s$ )\t our he>+ any ?und]4 ,mean:ile x 0 curi\s to obs]ve ! effect ( sev]al black1 isolat$1 & v l[ cl\ds1 :i* pass$ ! z5i?4 ,we felt ! =ce ( ! w9d augm5t or dim9i% progressively1 accord+ z small bodies ( vesicul> vap\r approa*$ or rec$$1 :ile ! electromet]s1 furni%$ ) a long metallic rod & light$ mat*1 %[$ no *ange ( electric t5sion 9 ! l[] /rata ( ! air4 ,x is by help ( ^! squalls1 :i* alt]nate ) dead calms1 t ! passage f ! ,can>y ,isl&s to ! ,antilles1 or s\!rn coa/ ( ,am]ica1 is made 9 ! mon?s ( ,june & ,july4 ,"s ,spani% navigators h lately propos$ go+ to ! ,we/ ,indies & ! coa/s ( ,t]ra ,firma by a c\rse diff]5t f t :i* 0 tak5 by ,columbus4 ,!y advise1 in/ead ( /e]+ directly to ! s\? 9 se>* ( ! trade-w9ds1 to *ange bo? latitude & longitude1 9 a diagonal l9e f ,cape ,/4 ,v9c5t to ,am]ica4 ,?is me?od1 :i* %ort5s ! way1 cutt+ ! tropic ne>ly tw5ty degrees we/ ( ! po9t :]e x is commonly cut by pilots1 0 sev]al times successfully adopt$ by ,admiral ,grav9a4 ,t able comm&]1 :o fell at ! battle ( ,trafalg>1 arriv$ 9 #ahjb at ,/4 ,dom+o1 by ! oblique passage1 sev]al days be=e ! ,fr5* fleet1 ?\gh ord]s ( ! c\rt ( ,madrid w\ld h =c$ him to ent] ,f]rol ) 8 squadron1 & /op !re "s "t4 ,?is new sy/em ( navigation %ort5s ! passage f ,cadiz to ,cumana "o-tw5tie?2 b z ! tropic is atta9$ only at ! longitude ( =ty degrees1 ! *ance ( meet+ ) contr>y w9ds1 :i* bl[ sometimes f ! s\?1 & at o!r times f ! s\?-we/1 is m unfav\rable4 ,9 ! old sy/em1 ! disadvantage ( mak+ a long] passage is comp5sat$ by ! c]ta9ty ( cat*+ ! trade-w9ds 9 a %ort] space ( "t1 & keep+ !m ! great] "p ( ! passage4 ,at ! "t ( my abode 9 ! ,spani% colonies1 ,i witness$ ! arrival ( sev]al m]*ant-%ips1 :i* f ! fe> ( private]s _h *os5 ! oblique c\rse1 & _h _h a v %ort passage4 ,no?+ c equal ! beauty & mildness ( ! climate ( ! equ9octial region on ! ocean4 ,:ile ! trade w9d blew /rongly1 ! !rmomet] kept at #bc or #bd degrees 9 ! day1 & at #bb or #bb4e degrees dur+ ! night4 ,! *>m ( ! lovely climates bord]+ on ! equator1 c be fully enjoy$ only by ^? :o h und]tak5 ! voyage f ,acapulco or ! coa/s ( ,*ile to ,europe 9 a v r\gh season4 ,:at a contra/ betwe5 ! tempe/u\s seas ( ! nor!rn latitudes & ! regions :]e ! tranquillity ( nature is nev] di/urb$6 ,if ! return f ,mexico or ,s\? ,am]ica to ! coa/s ( ,spa9 7 z exp$iti\s & z agreeable z ! passage f ! old to ! new cont95t1 ! numb] ( ,europeans settl$ 9 ! colonies w\ld be mu* less consid]able ?an x is at pres5t4 ,to ! sea :i* surr\nds ! ,azores & ! ,b]muda ,isl&s1 & :i* is trav]s$ 9 return+ to ,europe by ! high latitudes1 ! ,spani>ds h giv5 ! s+ul> "n ( ,golfo de las ,yeguas 7! ,m>es' ,gulf74 ,coloni/s :o are n accu/om$ to ! sea1 & :o h l$ solit>y lives 9 ! =e/s ( ,guiana1 ! savannahs ( ! ,c>acas1 or ! ,cordill]as ( ,p]u1 dread ! vic9ity ( ! ,b]mudas m ?an ! inhabitants ( ,lima fe> at pres5t ! passage r\nd ,cape horn4 ,to ! nor? ( ! ,cape ,v]d ,isl&s we met ) great masses ( float+ seawe$s4 ,!y 7 ! tropic grape1 7,fucus natans71 :i* gr[s on subm>9e rocks1 only f ! equator to ! =tie? degree ( nor? & s\? latitude4 ,^! we$s seem to indicate ! exi/5ce ( curr5ts 9 ?is place1 z well z to s\?-we/ ( ! banks ( ,newf\ndl&4 ,we mu/ n conf\nd ! latitudes ab\nd+ 9 scatt]$ we$s ) ^? banks ( m>9e plants1 :i* ,columbus comp>es to ext5sive mead[s1 ! sight ( :i* dismay$ ! crew ( ! ,santa ,m>ia 9 ! =ty-second degree ( longitude4 ,i am conv9c$1 f ! comp>ison ( a great numb] ( j\rnals1 t 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,nor!rn ,atlantic !re exi/ two banks ( we$s v diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,! mo/ ext5sive is a little we/ ( ! m]idian ( ,fayal1 "o ( ! ,azores1 betwe5 ! tw5ty-fif? & ?irty-six? degrees ( latitude499 799 ,x w\ld appe> t ,pho5ician vessels came 9 ?irty days' sail1 ) an ea/]ly w9d1 to ! we$y sea1 :i* ! ,portuguese & ,spani>ds call m> de z>gasso4 ,i h %[n1 9 ano!r place 7,views ( ,nature ,bohn's edition page #df71 t ! passage ( ,ari/otle1 ,de ,mirabil4 7ed4 ,duval page #aaeg71 c sc>cely be appli$ to ! coa/s ( ,africa1 l an analog\s passage ( ! ,p]iplus ( ,scylax4 ,suppos+ t ?is sea1 full ( we$s1 :i* imp$$ ! c\rse ( ! ,pho5ician vessels1 0 ! m> de z>gasso1 we ne$ n admit t ! anci5ts navigat$ ! ,atlantic beyond ?irty degrees ( we/ longitude f ! m]idian ( ,p>is47 ,! temp]ature ( ! ,atlantic 9 ^? latitudes is f sixte5 to tw5ty degrees1 & ! nor? w9ds1 :i* sometimes rage !re v tempe/u\sly1 drive float+ isles ( seawe$ into ! l[ latitudes z f> z ! p>allels ( tw5ty-f\r & ev5 tw5ty degrees4 ,vessels return+ to ,europe1 ei!r f ,monte ,video or ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 cross ^! banks ( ,fucus1 :i* ! ,spani% pilots consid] z at an equal di/ance f ! ,antilles & ,can>ies2 & !y s]ve ! less in/ruct$ m>9] to rectify 8 longitude4 ,! second bank ( ,fucus is b little kn[n2 x occupies a mu* small] space1 9 ! tw5ty-second & tw5ty-six? degrees ( latitude1 eighty leagues we/ ( ! m]idian ( ! ,bahama ,isl&s4 ,x is f\nd on ! passage f ! ,caiques to ! ,b]mudas4 ,?\gh a species ( seawe$99 799 ,! baudreux ( ! ,falkl& ,isl&s2 ,fucus giganteus1 ,=/]2 ,lam9>ia pyrif]a1 ,lam\r47 has be5 se5 ) /ems eight hundr$ feet long1 ! gr[? ( ^! m>9e cryptogamia be+ extremely rapid1 x is nev]!less c]ta91 t 9 ! latitudes we h j describ$1 ! ,fuci1 f> f be+ fix$ to ! bottom1 float 9 sep>ate masses on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,9 ?is /ate1 ! vegetation c sc>cely la/ long] ?an x w\ld 9 ! bran* ( a tree torn f its trunk2 & 9 ord] to expla9 h[ mov+ masses are f\nd = ages 9 ! same position1 we mu/ admit t !y owe _! orig9 to subm>9e rocks1 :i*1 ly+ at =ty or sixty fa?oms' dep?1 cont9ually supply :at has be5 c>ri$ away by ! equ9octial curr5ts4 ,?is curr5t be>s ! tropic grape into ! high latitudes1 t[>d ! coa/s ( ,norway & ,france2 & x is n ! ,gulf-/ream1 z "s m>9]s ?9k1 :i* accumulates ! ,fucus to ! s\? ( ! ,azores4 ,! causes t unroot ^! we$s at dep?s :]e x is g5]ally ?\ght ! sea is b slightly agitat$1 are n suffici5tly kn[n4 ,we le>n only1 f ! obs]vations ( ,m4 ,lam\r\x1 t if ! fucus adh]e to ! rocks ) ! greate/ firmness be=e its fructification1 x sep>ates ) great facility aft] t p]iod1 or dur+ ! season :i* susp5ds its vegetation l t ( ! t]re/rial plants4 ,! fi% & mollusca :i* gnaw ! /ems ( ! seawe$s no d\bt contribute also to deta* !m f _! roots4 ,f ! tw5ty-second degree ( latitude1 we f\nd ! surface ( ! sea cov]$ ) fly+-fi%199 799 ,exocoetus volitans47 :i* ?rew !mselves up into ! air1 twelve1 fifte51 or eighte5 feet1 & fell d[n on ! deck4 ,i d n hesitate to speak on a subject ( :i* voyag]s disc\rse z frequ5tly z ( dolph9s1 %>ks1 sea-sickness1 & ! phosphoresc5ce ( ! ocean4 ,none ( ^! topics c fail to af=d int]e/+ obs]vations to naturali/s1 provid$ !y make !m _! p>ticul> /udy4 ,nature is an inexhau/ible s\rce ( inve/igation1 & 9 proportion z ! doma9 ( sci5ce is ext5d$1 %e pres5ts h]self to ^? :o "k h[ to int]rogate h]1 "u =ms :i* !y h nev] yet exam9$4 ,i h nam$ ! fly+-fi%1 9 ord] to direct ! att5tion ( naturali/s to ! enorm\s size ( _! natatory bladd]1 :i*1 9 an animal ( #f4d in*es1 is #c4f in*es long1 #j4i ( an in* broad1 & conta9s ?ree cubic in*es & a half ( air4 ,z ?is bladd] occupies m ?an half ! size ( ! fi%1 x is probable t x contributes to its lightness4 ,we may ass]t t ?is res]voir ( air is m fitt$ = fly+ ?an swimm+2 = ! exp]im5ts made by ,m4 ,prov5zal & myself h prov$1 t1 ev5 9 ! species :i* are provid$ ) ?is organ1 x is n indisp5sably necess>y = ! asc5d+ movem5t to ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,9 a "y fly+-fi%1 #e4h in*es long1 ea* ( ! pectoral f9s1 :i* s]ve z w+s1 pres5t$ a surface to ! air ( #c #g_/af squ>e in*es4 ,we obs]v$1 t ! n9e bran*es ( n]ves1 :i* g to ! twelve rays ( ^! f9s1 are almo/ ?ree times ! size ( ! n]ves t belong to ! v5tral f9s4 ,:5 ! =m] ( ^! n]ves are excit$ by galvanic electricity1 ! rays :i* support ! membrane ( ! pectoral f9 ext5d ) five times ! =ce ) :i* ! o!r f9s move :5 galvanis$ by ! same metals4 ,?us1 ! fi% is capable ( ?r[+ itself horizontally ! di/ance ( tw5ty feet be=e ret\*+ ! wat] ) ! extremity ( its f9s4 ,?is motion has be5 aptly comp>$ to t ( a flat /one1 :i*1 ?r[n horizontally1 b\nds "o or two feet above ! wat]4 ,not)/&+ ! extreme rapidity ( ?is motion1 x is c]ta91 t ! animal beats ! air dur+ ! leap2 t is1 x alt]nately ext5ds & closes its pectoral f9s4 ,! same motion has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! fly+ scorpion ( ! riv]s ( ,japan3 !y also conta9 a l>ge air-bladd]1 ) :i* ! great "p ( ! scorpions t h n ! faculty ( fly+ are unprovid$4 ,! fly+-fi%1 l almo/ all animals :i* h gills1 enjoy ! p[] ( equal respiration = a long "t1 bo? 9 wat] & 9 air1 by ! same organs2 t is1 by extract+ ! oxyg5 f ! atmosph]e z well z f ! wat] 9 :i* x is dissolv$4 ,!y pass a great "p ( _! life 9 ! air2 b if !y escape f ! sea to avoid ! voracity ( ! ,dorado1 !y meet 9 ! air ! ,frigate-bird1 ! ,albatross1 & o!rs1 :i* seize !m 9 _! flight4 ,?us1 on ! banks ( ! ,or9oco1 h]ds ( ! ,cabiai1 :i* ru% f ! wat] to escape ! crocodile1 become ! prey ( ! jagu>1 :i* awaits _! arrival4 ,i d\bt1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! fly+-fi% spr+ out ( ! wat] m]ely to escape ! pursuit ( _! enemies4 ,l swall[s1 !y move by ?\s&s 9 a "r l9e1 & 9 a direction con/antly opposite to t ( ! waves4 ,9 our own climates1 on ! br9k ( a riv]1 illum9$ by ! rays ( ! sun1 we (t5 see solit>y fi% fe>lessly b\nd above ! surface z if !y felt pleasure 9 brea?+ ! air4 ,:y %\ld n ^! gambols be m frequ5t ) ! fly+-fi%1 :i* f ! /r5g? ( _! pectoral f9s1 & ! smallness ( _! specific gravity1 c s easily support !mselves 9 ! air8 ,i invite naturali/s to exam9e :e!r o!r fly+-fi%1 = in/ance ! ,exocoetus exili5s1 ! ,trigla volitans1 amid ! ,t4 hirundo1 h z capaci\s an air-bladd] z ! fly+-fi% ( ! tropics4 ,?is la/ foll[s ! heat$ wat]s ( ! ,gulf-/ream :5 !y fl[ nor?w>d4 ,! cab9-boys amuse !mselves ) cutt+ (f a "p ( ! pectoral f9s1 & ass]t1 t ^! w+s gr[ aga92 :i* seems to me n unlikely1 f facts obs]v$ 9 o!r families ( fi%es4 ,at ! "t ,i left ,p>is1 exp]im5ts made at ,jamaica by ,dr4 ,brodbelt1 on ! air conta9$ 9 ! natatory bladd] ( ! sword-fi%1 _h l$ "s naturali/s to ?9k1 t )9 ! tropics1 9 sea-fi%1 t organ mu/ be fill$ ) pure oxyg5 gas4 ,full ( ?is idea1 ,i 0 surpris$ at f9d+ 9 ! air-bladd] ( ! fly+-fi% only #j4jd ( oxyg5 to #j4id ( azote & #j4jb ( c>bonic acid4 ,! proportion ( ?is la/ gas1 measur$ by ! absorption ( lime-wat] 9 graduat$ tubes1 appe>$ m uni=m ?an t ( ! oxyg51 ( :i* "s individuals yield$ almo/ d\ble ! quantity4 ,f ! curi\s ph5om5a obs]v$ by ,,mm4 ,biot1 ,configlia*i1 & ,del>o*e1 we might suppose1 t ! swordfi% dissect$ by ,dr4 ,brodbelt _h inhabit$ ! l[] /rata ( ! ocean1 :]e "s fi%99 h z mu* z #j4ib ( oxyg5 9 ! air-bladd]4 799 ,trigla cucullus47 ,on ! #crd & #d? ( ,july1 we cross$ t "p ( ! ,atlantic :]e ! *>ts indicate ! bank ( ! ,maal-/room2 & t[>ds night we alt]$ our c\rse to avoid ! dang]1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* is1 h[ev]1 z d\btful z t ( ! isles ,fonseco & ,/4 ,anne4 ,x w\ld h be5 p]haps z prud5t to h cont9u$ our c\rse4 ,! old *>ts are fill$ ) rocks1 "s ( :i* really exi/1 ?\gh mo/ ( !m are m]ely ! (fspr+ ( ^? optical illusions :i* are m frequ5t at sea ?an 9 inl& places4 ,z we approa*$ ! suppos$ ,maal-/room1 we obs]v$ no o!r motion 9 ! wat]s ?an ! effect ( a curr5t :i* bore to ! nor?-we/1 & :i* h9d]$ u f dim9i%+ our latitude z mu* z we wi%$4 ,! =ce ( ?is curr5t augm5ts z we approa* ! new cont95t2 x is modifi$ by ! configuration ( ! coa/s ( ,brazil & ,guiana1 & n by ! wat]s ( ! ,or9oco & ! ,amazon1 z "s h suppos$4 ,f ! "t we ent]$ ! torrid zone1 we 7 nev] we>y ( admir+1 at night1 ! beauty ( ! s\!rn sky1 :i*1 z we advanc$ to ! s\?1 op5$ new con/ellations to our view4 ,we feel an indescribable s5sation :51 on approa*+ ! equator1 & p>ticul>ly on pass+ f "o hemisph]e to ! o!r1 we see ^? />s1 :i* we h contemplat$ f our infancy1 progressively s9k1 & f9ally disappe>4 ,no?+ awak5s 9 ! travell] a liveli] remembrance ( ! imm5se di/ance by :i* he is sep>at$ f 8 c\ntry1 ?an ! aspect ( an unkn[n firmam5t4 ,! gr\p+ ( ! />s ( ! fir/ magnitude1 "s scatt]$ nebulae1 rivall+ 9 spl5d\r ! milky way1 & tracts ( space rem>kable = _! extreme blackness1 give a peculi> physiognomy to ! s\!rn sky4 ,?is sight fills ) admiration ev5 ^? :o1 un9/ruct$ 9 ! sev]al bran*es ( physical sci5ce1 feel ! same emotion ( delight 9 ! contemplation ( ! heav5ly vault1 z 9 ! view ( a beautiful l&scape1 or a maje/ic site4 ,a travell] ne$s n to be a botani/1 to recognize ! torrid zone by ! m]e aspect ( its vegetation4 ,)\t hav+ acquir$ any notions ( a/ronomy1 )\t any acqua9tance ) ! cele/ial *>ts ( ,flam/e$ & ,de ,la ,caille1 he feels he is n 9 ,europe1 :5 he sees ! imm5se con/ellation ( ! ,%ip1 or ! phosphoresc5t ,cl\ds ( ,magellan1 arise on ! horizon4 ,! heav5s & ! e>?1--ev]y?+ 9 ! equ9octial regions1 pres5ts an exotic "*4 ,! l[] regions ( ! air 7 load$ ) vap\rs = "s days4 ,we saw di/9ctly = ! fir/ "t ! ,s\!rn ,cross only on ! night ( ! #d? ( ,july1 9 ! sixte5? degree ( latitude4 ,x 0 /rongly incl9$1 & appe>$ f "t to "t betwe5 ! cl\ds1 ! c5tre ( :i*1 furr[$ by uncond5s$ lightn+s1 reflect$ a silv]y light4 ,if a travell] may be p]mitt$ to speak ( 8 p]sonal emotions1 ,i %all add1 t on t night ,i exp]i5c$ ! realization ( "o ( ! dreams ( my e>ly y\?4 ,:5 we beg9 to fix our eyes on geographical maps1 & to read ! n>ratives ( navigators1 we feel = c]ta9 c\ntries & climates a sort ( pr$ilection1 :i* we "k n h[ to acc\nt = at a m advanc$ p]iod ( life4 ,^! impressions1 h[ev]1 ex]cise a consid]able influ5ce ov] our det]m9ations2 & f a sort ( in/9ct we endeav\r to connect ourselves ) objects on :i* ! m9d has long be5 fix$ z by a secret *>m4 ,at a p]iod :5 ,i /udi$ ! heav5s1 n ) ! int5tion ( devot+ myself to a/ronomy1 b only to acquire a k ( ! />s1 ,i 0 di/urb$ by a feel+ unkn[n to ^? :o are devot$ to s$5t>y life4 ,x 0 pa9ful to me to r5\nce ! hope ( behold+ ! beautiful con/ellations ne> ! s\? pole4 ,impati5t to rove 9 ! equ9octial regions1 ,i c\ld n raise my eyes to ! />ry firmam5t )\t ?9k+ ( ! ,s\!rn ,cross1 & recall+ ! sublime passage ( ,dante1 :i* ! mo/ celebrat$ comm5tators h appli$ to t con/ellation3-- ,io mi volsi a man' de/ra e posi m5te ,all' altro polo1 e vidi quattro /elle ,non vi/e mai fuor*' alla prima g5te4 ,god] p>ea lo ciel di lor fiammelle2 ,o sett5trional v$ovo sito ,poi*e privato sei di mir> quelle6 ,! pleasure we felt on discov]+ ! ,s\!rn ,cross 0 w>mly %>$ by ^? ( ! crew :o _h visit$ ! colonies4 ,9 ! solitude ( ! seas we hail a /> z a fri5d1 f :om we h long be5 sep>at$4 ,! ,portuguese & ! ,spani>ds are peculi>ly susceptible ( ?is feel+2 a religi\s s5tim5t atta*es !m to a con/ellation1 ! =m ( :i* recalls ! sign ( ! fai? plant$ by _! ance/ors 9 ! des]ts ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,! two great />s :i* m>k ! summit & ! foot ( ! ,cross hav+ ne>ly ! same "r asc5sion1 x foll[s t ! con/ellation is almo/ p]p5dicul> at ! mom5t :5 x passes ! m]idian4 ,?is circum/ance is kn[n to ! p ( e nation situat$ beyond ! tropics1 or 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ at :at h\r ( ! night1 9 diff]5t seasons1 ! ,cross is erect or incl9$4 ,x is a timepiece :i* advances v regul>ly ne>ly f\r m9utes a-day1 & no o!r gr\p ( />s af=ds to ! nak$ eye an obs]vation ( "t s easily made4 ,h[ (t5 h we he>d our guides exclaim 9 ! savannahs ( ,v5ezuela1 or 9 ! des]t ext5d+ f ,lima to ,truxillo1 ,midnight is pa/1 ! ,cross beg9s to b5d6 ,h[ (t5 ^? words rem9d$ u ( t affect+ sc5e1 :]e ,paul & ,virg9ia1 seat$ ne> ! s\rce ( ! riv] ( ,latani]s1 conv]s$ toge!r = ! la/ "t1 & :]e ! old man1 at ! sight ( ! ,s\!rn ,cross1 w>ns !m t x is "t to sep>ate4 ,! la/ days ( our passage 7 n s felicit\s z ! mildness ( ! climate & ! calmness ( ! ocean _h l$ u to hope4 ,! dang]s ( ! sea did n di/urb u1 b ! g]ms ( a malignant fev] became manife/ on bo>d our vessel z we drew ne> ! ,antilles4 ,betwe5 decks ! %ip 0 excessively hot1 & v mu* cr[d$4 ,f ! "t we pass$ ! tropic1 ! !rmomet] 0 at ?irty-f\r or ?irty-six degrees4 ,two sailors1 sev]al pass5g]s1 &1 :at is rem>kable en\gh1 two negroes f ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea1 & a mulatto *ild1 7 attack$ ) a disord] :i* appe>$ to be epidemic4 ,! symptoms 7 n equally al>m+ 9 all ! cases2 nev]!less1 sev]al p]sons1 & especially ! mo/ robu/1 fell into delirium aft] ! second day4 ,no fumigation 0 made4 ,a ,gallician surgeon1 ignorant & phlegmatic1 ord]$ ble$+s1 because he attribut$ ! fev] to :at he call$ heat & corruption ( ! blood4 ,!re 0 n an ounce ( b>k on bo>d2 = we _h emitt$ to take any ) u1 "u ! impression t ?is salut>y production ( ,p]u c\ld n fail to be f\nd on bo>d a ,spani% vessel4 ,on ! #h? ( ,july1 a sailor1 :o 0 ne> expir+1 recov]$ 8 heal? f a circum/ance wor?y ( be+ m5tion$4 ,8 hammock 0 s hung1 t !re 0 n t5 in*es betwe5 8 face & ! deck4 ,x 0 impossible to adm9i/] ! sacram5t 9 ?is situation2 =1 agreeably to ! cu/om on bo>d ,spani% vessels1 ! viaticum mu/ be c>ri$ by ! light ( tap]s1 & foll[$ by ! :ole crew4 ,! pati5t 0 remov$ into an airy place ne> ! hat*way1 :]e a small squ>e b]? _h be5 =m$ ) sailclo?4 ,"h he 0 to rema9 till he di$1 :i* 0 an ev5t expect$ e mom5t2 b pass+ f an atmosph]e heat$1 /agnant1 & fill$ ) miasma1 into fre%] & pur] air1 :i* 0 r5ew$ e in/ant1 he gradually reviv$ f 8 le?>gic /ate4 ,8 recov]y dat$ f ! day :5 he quitt$ ! middle deck2 & z x (t5 happ5s 9 m$ic9e t ! same facts are cit$ 9 support ( sy/ems diametrically opposite1 ?is recov]y confirm$ our doctor 9 8 idea ( ! inflammation ( ! blood1 & ! necessity ( ble$+1 evacuat+1 & all ! a/h5ic rem$ies4 ,we soon felt ! fatal effects ( ?is treatm5t4 ,= sev]al days ! pilot's reckon+ diff]$ #a degree #ab m9utes 9 longitude f t ( my "t4 ,?is diff]5ce 0 ow+ less to ! g5]al curr5t1 :i* ,i h call$ ! curr5t ( rotation1 ?an to t p>ticul> movem5t1 :i*1 draw+ ! wat]s t[>d ! nor?-we/1 f ! coa/ ( ,brazil to ! ,antilles1 %ort5s ! passage f ,cay5ne to ,guadal\pe499 799 ,9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean !re is a space :]e ! wat] is con/antly milky1 ?\gh ! sea is v deep4 ,?is curi\s ph5om5on exi/s 9 ! p>allel ( ! isl& ( ,dom9ica1 v ne> ! #eg? degree ( longitude4 ,may !re n be 9 ?is place "s sunk5 volcanic islet1 m ea/]ly /ill ?an ,b>badoes87 ,on ! #ab? ( ,july1 ,i ?\ght ,i might =etell our see+ l& next day be=e sunrise4 ,we 7 !n1 accord+ to my obs]vations1 9 latitude #aj degrees #df m9utes1 & we/ longitude #fj degrees #ed m9utes4 ,a few s]ies ( lun> di/ances confirm$ ! *ronometrical result2 b we 7 sur] ( ! position ( ! vessel1 ?an ( t ( ! l& to :i* we 7 direct+ our c\rse1 & :i* 0 s diff]5tly m>k$ 9 ! ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 & ,engli% *>ts4 ,! longitudes d$uc$ f ! accurate obs]vations ( ,messrs4 ,*urruca1 ,fidalgo1 & ,nogu]a1 7 n !n publi%$4 ,! pilots tru/$ m to ! log ?an ! timekeep]2 !y smil$ at ! pr$iction ( s spe$ily mak+ l&1 & ?\ght !mselves two or ?ree days' sail f ! coa/4 ,x 0 !re=e ) great pleasure1 t on ! #ac?1 ab\t six 9 ! morn+1 ,i le>n$ t v high l& 0 se5 f ! ma/-head1 ?\gh n cle>ly1 z x 0 surr\nd$ ) a ?ick fog4 ,! w9d blew h>d1 & ! sea 0 v r\gh4 ,l>ge drops ( ra9 fell at int]vals1 & e indication m5ac$ tempe/u\s wea!r4 ,! capta9 ( ! ,piz>ro int5d$ to pass ?r\gh ! *annel :i* sep>ates ! isl&s ( ,tobago & ,tr9idad2 & kn[+ t our sloop 0 v sl[ 9 tack+1 he 0 afraid ( fall+ to leew>d t[>ds ! s\?1 & approa*+ ! ,boca del ,drago4 ,we 7 9 fact sur] ( our longitude ?an ( our latitude1 hav+ _h no obs]vation at noon s9ce ! #aa?4 ,d\ble altitudes :i* ,i took 9 ! morn+1 aft] ,d\wes's me?od1 plac$ u 9 #aa degrees #f m9utes #ej seconds1 consequ5tly #ae m9utes nor? ( our reckon+4 ,?\gh ! result cle>ly prov$ t ! high l& on ! horizon 0 n ,tr9idad1 b ,tobago1 yet ! capta9 cont9u$ to /e] nor?-nor?-we/1 9 se>* ( ?is latt] isl&4 ,an obs]vation ( ! m]idian altitude ( ! sun fully confirm$ ! latitude obta9$ by ,d\wes's me?od4 ,no m d\bt rema9$ z to ! position ( ! vessel1 ) respect to ! isl&1 & we resolv$ to d\ble ,cape ,nor? 7,tobago7 to pass betwe5 t isl& & ,gr5ada1 & /e] t[>ds a port 9 ,m>g>eta4 ,! isl& ( ,tobago pres5ts a v picturesque aspect4 ,x is m]ely a heap ( rocks c>efully cultivat$4 ,! dazzl+ :it5ess ( ! /one =ms an agreeable contra/ to ! v]dure ( "s scatt]$ tufts ( trees4 ,cyl9dric & v l(ty cactuses cr[n ! top ( ! m\nta9s1 & give a peculi> physiognomy to ?is tropical l&scape4 ,! sight ( ! trees alone is suffici5t to rem9d ! navigator t he has rea*$ an ,am]ican coa/2 = ^! cactuses are z exclusively peculi> to ! ,new ,_w1 z ! hea?s are to ! ,old4 ,we cross$ ! %oal :i* jo9s ,tobago to ! isl& ( ,gr5ada4 ,! col\r ( ! sea pres5t$ no visible *ange2 b ! c5tigrade !rmomet]1 plung$ into ! wat] to ! dep? ( "s in*es1 rose only to #bc degrees2 :ile f>!r at sea ea/w>d on ! same p>allel1 & equally ne> ! surface1 x kept at #be4f degrees4 ,not)/&+ ! curr5ts1 ! cool+ ( ! wat] indicat$ ! exi/5ce ( ! %oal1 :i* is not$ 9 only a v few *>ts4 ,! w9d slack5$ aft] sunset1 & ! cl\ds disappe>$ z ! moon rea*$ ! z5i?4 ,! numb] ( fall+ />s 0 v consid]able on ?is & ! foll[+ nights2 !y appe>$ less frequ5t t[>ds ! nor? ?an ! s\? ov] ,t]ra ,firma1 :i* we began to coa/4 ,?is position seems to prove ! influ5ce ( local causes on meteors1 ! nature ( :i* is n yet suffici5tly kn[n to u4 ,on ! #ad? at sunrise1 we 7 9 sight ( ! ,boca del ,drago4 ,we di/+ui%$ ,*aca*ac>reo1 ! mo/ we/]ly ( ! isl&s situat$ betwe5 ,cape ,p>ia & ! nor?-we/ cape ( ,tr9idad4 ,:5 we 7 five leagues di/ant f ! coa/1 we felt1 ne> ,punta de la ,boca1 ! effect ( a p>ticul> curr5t :i* c>ri$ ! %ip s\?w>d4 ,! motion ( ! wat]s :i* fl[ ?r\gh ! ,boca del ,draco1 & ! action ( ! tides1 occasion an eddy4 ,we ca/ ! lead1 & f\nd f ?irty-six to =ty-?ree fa?oms on a bottom ( v f9e gre5 clay4 ,accord+ to ! rules e/abli%$ by ,dampi]1 we ought n to h expect$ s little dep? ne> a coa/ =m$ by v high & p]p5dicul> m\nta9s4 ,we cont9u$ to heave ! lead till we rea*$ ,cabo de tres ,puntas99 799 ,cape ,?ree ,po9ts1 ! "n giv5 to x by ,columbus47 & we e :]e f\nd %all[ wat]1 app>5tly indicat+ ! prolongation ( ! anci5t coa/4 ,9 ^! latitudes ! temp]ature ( ! sea 0 f tw5ty-?ree to tw5ty-f\r degrees1 consequ5tly f #a4e to two degrees l[] ?an 9 ! op5 ocean1 beyond ! edge ( ! bank4 ,! ,cabo de tres ,puntas is1 accord+ to my obs]vations1 9 #fe degrees #d m9utes #e seconds longitude4 ,x seem$ to u ! m elevat$1 z ! cl\ds conceal$ ! view ( its ind5t$ top4 ,! aspect ( ! m\nta9s ( ,p>ia1 _! col\r1 & especially _! g5]ally r\nd$ =ms1 made u suspect t ! coa/ 0 granitic2 b we aft]w>ds recogniz$ h[ delusive1 ev5 to ^? :o h pass$ _! lives 9 scal+ m\nta9s1 are impressions respect+ ! nature ( rocks se5 at a di/ance4 ,a dead calm1 :i* la/$ sev]al h\rs1 p]mitt$ u to det]m9e ) exactness ! int5sity ( ! magnetic =ces opposite ! ,cabo de tres ,puntas4 ,?is int5sity 0 great] ?an 9 ! op5 sea1 to ! ea/ ( ! isl& ( ,tobago1 9 ! ratio ( f #bcg to #bbi4 ,dur+ ! calm ! curr5t drew u on rapidly to ! we/4 ,its velocity 0 ?ree miles an h\r1 & x increas$ z we approa*$ ! m]idian ( ,te/igos1 a heap ( rocks :i* rises up amid/ ! wat]s4 ,at ! sett+ ( ! moon1 ! sky 0 cov]$ ) cl\ds1 ! w9d fre%5$ anew1 & ! ra9 desc5d$ 9 "o ( ^? torr5ts peculi> to ! torrid zone4 ,! malady :i* _h brok5 out on bo>d ! ,piz>ro _h made rapid progress1 f ! "t :5 we approa*$ ! coa/s ( ,t]ra ,firma2 b hav+ !n almo/ rea*$ ! end ( our voyage we flatt]$ ourselves t all :o 7 sick w\ld be re/or$ to heal?1 z soon z we c\ld l& !m at ! isl& ( ,/4 ,m>g>eta1 or ! port ( ,cumana1 places rem>kable = _! great salubrity4 ,?is hope 0 un=tunately n realis$4 ,! y\nge/ ( ! pass5g]s attack$ ) ! malignant fev] fell a victim to ! disease4 ,he 0 an ,a/urian1 n9ete5 ye>s ( age1 ! only son ( a poor wid[4 ,sev]al circum/ances r5d]$ ! dea? ( ?is "y man affect+4 ,8 c\nt5ance bore ! expression ( s5sibility & great mildness ( disposition4 ,he _h emb>k$ aga9/ 8 own incl9ation2 & 8 "m1 :om he _h hop$ to assi/ by ! produce ( 8 ef=ts1 _h made a sacrifice ( h] affection 9 ! hope ( secur+ ! =tune ( h] son1 by s5d+ him to ! colonies to a ri* relation1 :o resid$ at ! isl& ( ,cuba4 ,! un=tunate "y man expir$ on ! ?ird day ( 8 illness1 hav+ fall5 f ! beg9n+ into a le?>gic /ate int]rupt$ only by fits ( delirium4 ,! yell[ fev]1 or black vomit1 at ,v]a ,cruz1 sc>cely c>ries (f ! sick ) s al>m+ a rapidity4 ,ano!r ,a/urian1 /ill y\ng]1 did n leave = "o mom5t ! b$ ( 8 dy+ fri5d2 &1 :at is v rem>kable1 did n contract ! disord]4 ,we 7 assembl$ on ! deck1 absorb$ 9 melan*oly reflections4 ,x 0 no long] d\btful1 t ! fev] :i* rag$ on bo>d _h assum$ )9 ! la/ few days a fatal aspect4 ,our eyes 7 fix$ on a hilly & des]t coa/ on :i* ! moon1 f "t to "t1 %$ h] light a?w>t ! cl\ds4 ,! sea1 g5tly agitat$1 emitt$ a feeble phosphoric light4 ,no?+ 0 he>d b ! monoton\s cry ( a few l>ge sea-birds1 fly+ t[>ds ! %ore4 ,a pr(\nd calm reign$ ov] ^! solit>y regions1 b ?is calm ( nature 0 9 discordance ) ! pa9ful feel+s by :i* we 7 oppress$4 ,ab\t eight o'clock ! dead man's knell 0 sl[ly toll$4 ,at ?is lugubri\s s\nd1 ! sailors susp5d$ _! lab\rs1 & ?rew !mselves on _! knees to (f] a mom5t>y pray]3 an affect+ c]emony1 :i* br\ght to our remembrance ^? times :5 ! primitive *ri/ians all consid]$ !mselves z memb]s ( ! same family4 ,all 7 unit$ 9 "o common sorr[ = a mis=tune :i* 0 felt to be common to all4 ,! corpse ( ! "y ,a/urian 0 br\ght ^u deck dur+ ! night1 b ! prie/ entreat$ t x might n be committ$ to ! waves till aft] sunrise1 t ! la/ rites might be p]=m$1 accord+ to ! usage ( ! ,romi% *ur*4 ,!re 0 n an individual on bo>d1 :o did n deplore ! dea? ( ?is "y man1 :om we _h beheld1 b a few days be=e1 full ( *e]fulness & heal?4 ,^? among ! pass5g]s :o _h n yet felt symptoms ( ! disease1 resolv$ to leave ! vessel at ! fir/ place :]e %e might t\*1 & await ! arrival ( ano!r packet1 to pursue _! c\rse to ! isl& ( ,cuba & to ,mexico4 ,!y consid]$ ! betwe5-decks ( ! %ip z infect$2 & ?\gh x 0 by no means cle> to me t ! fev] 0 contagi\s1 ,i ?\ght x mo/ prud5t to l& at ,cumana4 ,i wi%$ n to visit ,new ,spa91 till ,i _h made "s soj\rn on ! coa/s ( ,v5ezuela & ,p>ia2 a few ( ! productions ( :i* _h be5 exam9$ by ! un=tunate ,loefl+4 ,we 7 anxi\s to behold 9 _! native site1 ! beautiful plants :i* ,bose & ,br$emey] _h collect$ dur+ _! j\rney to ! cont95t1 & :i* adorn ! cons]vatories ( ,s*o5brunn & ,vi5na4 ,x w\ld h be5 pa9ful to h t\*$ at ,cumana1 or at ,guayra1 )\t visit+ ! int]ior ( a c\ntry s little frequ5t$ by naturali/s4 ,! resolution we =m$ dur+ ! night ( ! #ad? ( ,july1 _h a happy influ5ce on ! direction ( our travels2 = in/ead ( a few weeks1 we rema9$ a :ole ye> 9 ?is "p ( ! cont95t4 ,_h n ! fev] brok5 out on bo>d ! ,piz>ro1 we %\ld nev] h rea*$ ! ,or9oco1 ! ,cassiqui>e1 or ev5 ! limits ( ! ,portuguese possessions on ! ,rio ,negro4 ,to ?is direction giv5 to our travels we 7 p]haps also indebt$ = ! good heal? we enjoy$ dur+ s long an abode 9 ! equ9octial regions4 ,x is well kn[n1 t ,europeans1 dur+ ! fir/ mon?s aft] _! arrival "u ! scor*+ sky ( ! tropics1 are expos$ to ! greate/ dang]s4 ,!y consid] !mselves to be safe1 :5 !y h pass$ ! ra9y season 9 ! ,we/ ,india isl&s1 at ,v]a ,cruz1 or at ,c>?ag5a4 ,?is op9ion is v g5]al1 al?\gh !re are examples ( p]sons1 :o1 hav+ escap$ a fir/ attack ( ! yell[ fev]1 h fall5 victims to ! same disease 9 "o ( ! foll[+ ye>s4 ,! facility ( becom+ acclimat$1 seems to be 9 ! inv]se ratio ( ! diff]5ce t exi/s betwe5 ! mean temp]ature ( ! torrid zone1 & t ( ! native c\ntry ( ! travell]1 or coloni/1 :o *anges 8 climate2 because ! irritability ( ! organs1 & _! vital action1 are p[]fully modifi$ by ! influ5ce ( ! atmosph]ic heat4 ,a ,prussian1 a ,pole1 or a ,sw$e1 is m expos$ on 8 arrival at ! isl&s or on ! cont95t1 ?an a ,spani>d1 an ,italian1 or ev5 an inhabitant ( ! ,s\? ( ,france4 ,) respect to ! p ( ! nor?1 ! diff]5ce ( ! mean temp]ature is f n9ete5 to tw5ty-"o degrees1 :ile to ! p ( s\!rn c\ntries x is only f n9e to t54 ,we 7 =tunate en\gh to pass safely ?r\gh ! int]val dur+ :i* a ,european rec5tly l&$ runs ! greate/ dang]1 9 ! extremely hot1 b v dry climate ( ,cumana1 a city celebrat$ = its salubrity4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! #ae?1 :5 ne>ly on a l9e ) ! hill ( ,/4 ,joseph1 we 7 surr\nd$ by a great quantity ( float+ seawe$4 ,its /ems _h ^? extraord9>y app5dages 9 ! =m ( little cups & fea!rs1 :i* ,don ,hippolyto ,ruiz rem>k$ on 8 return f ! exp$ition to ,*ile1 & :i* he describ$ 9 a sep>ate memoir z ! g5]ative organs ( ! ,fucus natans4 ,a =tunate accid5t all[$ u ! means ( v]ify+ a fact :i* _h be5 b once obs]v$ by naturali/s4 ,! bundles ( fucus collect$ by ,m4 ,bonpl& 7 completely id5tical ) ! specim5s giv5 u by ! le>n$ au?ors ( ! ,flora ( ,p]u4 ,on exam9+ bo? ) ! microscope1 we f\nd t ! suppos$ p>ts ( fructification1 ! /am9a & pi/ils1 belong to a new g5us1 ( ! family ( ! ,c]atophytae4 ,! coa/ ( ,p>ia /ret*es to ! we/1 =m+ a wall ( rocks ( no great height1 ) r\nd$ tops & a wav+ outl9e4 ,we 7 long )\t p]ceiv+ ! bold coa/s ( ! isl& ( ,m>g>eta1 :]e we 7 to /op = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ :e!r we c\ld t\* at ,guayra4 ,we _h le>n$1 by altitudes ( ! sun1 tak5 "u v fav\rable circum/ances1 h[ incorrect at t p]iod 7 ! mo/ highly-e/eem$ m>9e *>ts4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! #ae?1 :5 ! "t-keep] plac$ u 9 #ff degrees #a m9ute #ae seconds longitude1 we 7 n yet 9 ! m]idian ( ,m>g>eta isl&2 ?\gh accord+ to ! r$uc$ *>t ( ! ,atlantic ocean1 we ought to h pass$ ! v l(ty we/]n cape ( ?is isl&1 :i* is laid d[n 9 longitude #ff degrees #j m9utes4 ,! inaccuracy ) :i* ! coa/s 7 del9eat$ previ\sly to ! lab\rs ( ,fidalgo1 ,nogu]a1 & ,tisc>1 & ,i may v5ture to add1 be=e ! a/ronomical obs]vations ,i made at ,cumana1 might h become dang]\s to navigators1 7 n ! sea uni=mly calm 9 ^? regions4 ,! errors 9 latitude 7 /ill great] ?an ^? 9 longitude1 = ! coa/s ( ,new ,&alusia /ret* to ! we/w>d ( ,cape ,?ree ,po9ts 7or tres ,puntas7 fifte5 or tw5ty miles m to ! nor?1 ?an appe>s 9 ! *>ts publi%$ be=e ! ye> #ahjj4 ,ab\t elev5 9 ! morn+ we p]ceiv$ a v l[ islet1 cov]$ ) a few s&y d[ns1 & on :i* we discov]$ ) our glasses no trace ( habitation or culture4 ,cyl9drical cactuses rose "h & !re 9 ! =m ( c&elabra4 ,! soil1 almo/ de/itute ( vegetation1 seem$ to h a wav+ motion1 9 consequ5ce ( ! extraord9>y refraction :i* ! rays ( ! sun und]go 9 trav]s+ ! /rata ( air 9 contact ) pla9s /rongly heat$4 ,"u e zone1 des]ts & s&y %ores appe> l an agitat$ sea1 f ! effect ( mirage4 ,! coa/s1 se5 at a di/ance1 are l cl\ds1 9 :i* ea* obs]v] meets ! =m ( ! objects t occupy 8 imag9ation4 ,our be>+s & our *ronomet] be+ at v>iance ) ! *>ts :i* we _h to consult1 we 7 lo/ 9 va9 conjectures4 ,"s took m\nds ( s& = ,indian huts1 & po9t$ out ! place :]e !y alleg$ ! =t ( ,pampat> 0 situat$2 o!rs saw h]ds ( goats1 :i* are s common 9 ! dry valley ( ,/4 ,john2 or descri$ ! l(ty m\nta9s ( ,macanao1 :i* seem$ to !m p>tly hidd5 by ! cl\ds4 ,! capta9 resolv$ to s5d a pilot on %ore1 & ! m5 7 prep>+ to get out ! long-boat :5 we p]ceiv$ two canoes sail+ along ! coa/4 ,we fir$ a gun z a signal = !m1 & ?\gh we _h hoi/$ ,spani% col\rs1 !y drew ne> ) di/ru/4 ,^! canoes1 l all ^? 9 use among ! natives1 7 con/ruct$ ( ! s+le trunk ( a tree4 ,9 ea* canoe !re 7 eighte5 ,guayqu]ia ,indians1 nak$ to ! wai/1 & ( v tall /ature4 ,!y _h ! appe>ance ( great muscul> /r5g?1 & ! col\r ( _! sk9 0 some?+ betwe5 br[n & copp]-col\r4 ,se5 at a di/ance1 /&+ motionless1 & project$ on ! horizon1 !y might h be5 tak5 = /atues ( bronze4 ,we 7 ! m /ruck ) _! appe>ance1 z x did n correspond ) ! acc\nts giv5 by "s travell]s respect+ ! *>act]i/ic features & extreme feebl5ess ( ! natives4 ,we aft]w>ds le>n$1 )\t pass+ ! limits ( ! prov9ce ( ,cumana1 ! great contra/ exi/+ betwe5 ! physiognomy ( ! ,guayqu]ias & t ( ! ,*aymas & ! ,c>ibs4 ,:5 we 7 ne> en\gh to hail !m 9 ,spani%1 ! ,indians ?rew aside _! mi/ru/1 & came /raight on bo>d4 ,!y in=m$ u t ! l[ islet ne> :i* we 7 at an*or 0 ,co*e1 :i* _h nev] be5 inhabit$2 & t ,spani% vessels com+ f ,europe 7 accu/om$ to sail f>!r nor?1 betwe5 ?is isl& & t ( ,m>g>eta1 to take a coa/+ pilot at ! port ( ,pampat>4 ,our inexp]i5ce _h l$ u into ! *annel to ! s\? ( ,co*e2 & z at t p]iod ! ,engli% cruis]s frequ5t$ ?is passage1 ! ,indians _h at fir/ tak5 u = an enemy's %ip4 ,! s\!rn passage is1 9 fact1 highly advantage\s = vessels go+ to ,cumana & ,b>celona4 ,! wat] is less deep ?an 9 ! nor!rn passage1 :i* is mu* n>r[]2 b !re is no risk ( t\*+ ! gr\nd1 if vessels keep v close to ! isl& ( ,lobos & ! ,moros del ,tunal4 ,! *annel betwe5 ,co*e & ,m>g>eta is n>r[$ by ! %oals (f ! nor?-we/ cape ( ,co*e1 & by ! bank t surr\nds ,la ,punta de los ,mangles4 ,! ,guayqu]ias belong to t tribe ( civiliz$ ,indians :o inhabit ! coa/s ( ,m>g>eta & ! suburbs ( ! city ( ,cumana4 ,next to ! ,c>ibs ( ,spani% ,guiana !y are ! f9e/ race ( m5 9 ,t]ra ,firma4 ,!y enjoy sev]al privileges1 because f ! e>lie/ times ( ! conque/ !y rema9$ fai?ful fri5ds to ! ,ca/ilians4 ,! k+ ( ,spa9 /yles !m 9 8 public acts1 8 de>1 noble1 & loyal ,guayqu]ias4 ,! ,indians ( ! two canoes we _h met _h left ! port ( ,cumana dur+ ! night4 ,!y 7 go+ 9 se>* ( timb] to ! =e/s ( c$> 7,c$rela odorata1 ,l9n471 :i* ext5d f ,cape ,san ,jose to beyond ! m\? ( ,rio ,c>upano4 ,!y gave u "s fre% cocoa-nuts1 & v beautifully col\r$ fi% ( ! ,*aetodon g5us4 ,:at ri*es to our eyes 7 conta9$ 9 ! canoes ( ^! poor ,indians6 ,broad spread+ leaves ( ,vijao99 799 ,heliconia bihai47 cov]$ bun*es ( planta9s4 ,! scaly cuirass ( an armadillo 7,dasypus71 ! fruit ( ! ,calaba% tree 7,cresc5tia cujete71 us$ z a cup by ! natives1 productions common 9 ! cab9ets ( ,europe1 _h a peculi> *>m = u1 because !y rem9d$ u t1 hav+ rea*$ ! torrid zone1 we _h atta9$ ! end to :i* our wi%es _h be5 s long direct$4 ,! ma/] ( "o ( ! canoes (f]$ to rema9 on bo>d ! ,piz>ro z coa/+ pilot 7practico74 ,he 0 a ,guayqu]ia ( an excell5t disposition1 sagaci\s 9 8 obs]vations1 & he _h be5 l$ by intellig5t curiosity to notice ! productions ( ! sea z well z ! plants ( ! c\ntry4 ,by a =tunate *ance1 ! fir/ ,indian we met on our arrival 0 ! man ^: acqua9tance became ! mo/ useful to u 9 ! c\rse ( our rese>*es4 ,i feel a pleasure 9 record+ 9 ?is it9]>y ! "n ( ,c>los del ,p9o1 :o1 dur+ ! space ( sixte5 mon?s1 att5d$ u 9 our c\rse along ! coa/s1 & into ! inl& c\ntry4 ,! capta9 ( ! corvette weigh$ an*or t[>ds ev5+4 ,be=e we left ! %oal or plac] ( ,co*e1 ,i asc]ta9$ ! longitude ( ! ea/ cape ( ! isl&1 :i* ,i f\nd to be #ff degrees #aa m9utes #ec seconds4 ,z we /e]$ we/w>d1 we soon came 9 sight ( ! little isl& ( ,cubagua1 n[ entirely des]t$1 b =m]ly celebrat$ = its fi%]y ( pe>ls4 ,!re ! ,spani>ds1 imm$iately aft] ! voyages ( ,columbus & ,oj$a1 f\nd$1 "u ! "n ( ,new ,cadiz1 a t[n1 ( :i* !re n[ rema9s no ve/ige4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! pe>ls ( ,cubagua 7 kn[n at ,seville1 at ,tol$o1 & at ! great fairs ( ,augsburg & ,bruges4 ,new ,cadiz hav+ no wat]1 t ( ! ,rio ,manzan>es 0 convey$ ?i!r f ! neighb\r+ coa/1 ?\gh = "s reason1 ,i "k n :at1 x 0 ?\ght to be ! cause ( diseases ( ! eyes4 ,! writ]s ( t p]iod all speak ( ! ri*es ( ! fir/ plant]s1 & ! luxury !y display$4 ,at pres5t1 d[ns ( %ift+ s& cov] ?is un9habit$ l&1 & ! "n ( ,cubagua is sc>cely f\nd 9 our *>ts4 ,hav+ rea*$ ^! latitudes1 we saw ! high m\nta9s ( ,cape ,macanao1 on ! we/]n side ( ! isl& ( ,m>g>eta1 :i* rose maje/ically on ! horizon4 ,if we might judge f ! angles ( altitude ( ! tops1 tak5 at eighte5 miles' di/ance1 !y appe>$ to be ab\t #ejj or #fjj toises high4 ,accord+ to ,b]?\d's "t-keep]1 ! longitude ( ,cape ,macanao is #ff degrees #dg m9utes #e seconds4 ,i speak ( ! rocks at ! extremity ( ! cape1 & n t /rip ( v l[ l& :i* /ret*es to ! we/1 & loses itself 9 a %oal4 ,! position ( ,macanao & t :i* ,i h assign$ to ! ea/ po9t ( ! isl& ( ,co*e1 diff] only f\r seconds 9 "t1 f ! results obta9$ by ,m4 ,fidalgo4 ,!re be+ little w9d1 ! capta9 pref]r$ /&+ (f & on till daybreak4 ,we pass$ a "p ( ! night on deck4 ,! ,guayqu]ia pilot conv]s$ ) u respect+ ! animals & plants ( 8 c\ntry4 ,we le>n$ ) great satisfaction t !re 01 a few leagues f ! coa/1 a m\nta9\s region inhabit$ by ! ,spani>ds1 9 :i* ! cold 0 s5sibly felt2 & t 9 ! pla9s !re 7 two species ( crocodiles1 v diff]5t f ea* o!r1 besides1 boas1 electric eels1 & sev]al k9ds ( tig]s4 ,?\gh ! words bava1 ca*icamo1 & temblador1 7 entirely unkn[n to u1 we easily guess$1 f ! pilot's simple description ( _! mann]s & =ms1 ! species :i* ! creoles di/+ui%$ by ^! d5om9ations4 ,,*apt] #a4d4 ,,fir/ ,,abode ,,at ,,cumana4 ,,banks ,,( ,,! ,,manzan>es4 ,on ! #af? ( ,july1 #agii1 at break ( day1 we beheld a v]dant coa/1 ( picturesque aspect4 ,! m\nta9s ( ,new ,&alusia1 half-veil$ by mi/s1 b\nd$ ! horizon to ! s\?4 ,! city ( ,cumana & its ca/le appe>$ betwe5 gr\ps ( cocoa-trees4 ,we an*or$ 9 ! port ab\t n9e 9 ! morn+1 =ty-"o days aft] our dep>ture f ,corunna2 ! sick dragg$ !mselves on deck to enjoy ! sight ( a l& :i* 0 to put an end to _! suff]+s4 ,our eyes 7 fix$ on ! gr\ps ( cocoa-trees :i* bord] ! riv]3 _! trunks1 m ?an sixty feet high1 t[]$ ov] e object 9 ! l&scape4 ,! pla9 0 cov]$ ) ! tufts ( ,cassia1 ,cap]1 & ^? arboresc5t mimosas1 :i*1 l ! p9e ( ,italy1 spread _! bran*es 9 ! =m ( an umbrella4 ,! p9nat$ leaves ( ! palms 7 conspicu\s on ! azure sky1 ! cle>ness ( :i* 0 unsulli$ by any trace ( vap\r4 ,! sun 0 asc5d+ rapidly t[>d ! z5i?4 ,a dazzl+ light 0 spread ?r\gh ! air1 along ! :iti% hills /rew$ ) cyl9dric cactuses1 & ov] a sea ev] calm1 ! %ores ( :i* 7 peopl$ ) alcatras199 799 ,a br[n pelican1 ( ! size ( a swan4 7,pelicanus fuscus1 ,l9n477 egrets1 & flam+oes4 ,! spl5d\r ( ! day1 ! vivid col\r+ ( ! vegetable _w1 ! =ms ( ! plants1 ! v>i$ plumage ( ! birds1 ev]y?+ 0 /amp$ ) ! gr& "* ( nature 9 ! equ9octial regions4 ,! city ( ,cumana1 ! capital ( ,new ,&alusia1 is a mile di/ant f ! emb>cad]o1 or ! batt]y ( ! ,boca1 :]e we l&$1 aft] hav+ pass$ ! b> ( ! ,manzan>es4 ,we _h to cross a va/ pla91 call$ el ,salado1 :i* divides ! suburb ( ! ,guayqu]ias f ! sea-coa/4 ,! excessive heat ( ! atmosph]e 0 augm5t$ by ! rev]b]ation ( ! soil1 p>tly de/itute ( vegetation4 ,! c5tigrade !rmomet]1 plung$ into ! :ite s&1 rose to #cg4g degrees4 ,9 ! small pools ( salt wat] x kept at #cj4e degrees1 :ile ! heat ( ! ocean1 at its surface1 is g5]ally1 9 ! port ( ,cumana1 f #be4b to #bf4c degrees4 ,! fir/ plant we ga!r$ on ! cont95t ( ,am]ica 0 ! ,avic5nia tom5tosa1#h 799 ,mangle prieto47 :i* 9 ?is place sc>cely rea*es two feet 9 height4 ,?is %rub1 toge!r ) ! sesuvium1 ! yell[ gomphr5a1 & ! cactus1 cov] soil impregnat$ ) muriate ( soda2 !y belong to t small numb] ( plants :i* live 9 society l ! hea? ( ,europe1 & :i* 9 ! torrid zone are f\nd only on ! sea%ore1 & on ! elevat$ pla9s ( ! ,&es499 799 ,on ! extreme r>ity ( ! social plants 9 ! tropics1 see my ,essay on ! ,geog4 ( ,plants page #ai2 & a pap] by ,mr4 ,br[n on ! ,proteacea1 ,transactions ( ! ,l94 ,soc4 volume #aj page #a1 page #bc1 9 :i* t great botani/ has ext5d$ & confirm$ by num]\s facts my ideas on ! association ( plants ( ! same species47 ,! ,avic5nia ( ,cumana is di/+ui%$ by ano!r peculi>ity n less rem>kable3 x furni%es an in/ance ( a plant common to ! %ores ( ,s\? ,am]ica & ! coa/s ( ,malab>4 ,! ,indian pilot l$ u across 8 g>d51 :i* r resembl$ a copse ?an a piece ( cultivat$ gr\nd4 ,he %[$ u1 z a pro( ( ! f]tility ( ?is climate1 a silk-cotton tree 7,bombax heptaphyllum71 ! trunk ( :i*1 9 its f\r? ye>1 _h rea*$ ne>ly two feet & a half 9 diamet]4 ,we h obs]v$1 on ! banks ( ! ,or9oco & ! riv] ,magdal5a1 t ! bombax1 ! c>ol9ea1 ! o*roma1 & o!r trees ( ! family ( ! malvaceae1 are ( extremely rapid gr[?4 ,i nev]!less ?9k t !re 0 "s exagg]ation 9 ! report ( ! ,indian respect+ ! age ( 8 bombax2 = "u ! temp]ate zone1 9 ! hot & damp l&s ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 betwe5 ! ,mississippi & ! ,alleghany m\nta9s1 ! trees d n exce$ a foot 9 diamet]1 9 t5 ye>s4 ,vegetation 9 ^? p>ts is 9 g5]al b a fif? m spe$y ?an 9 ,europe1 ev5 tak+ z an example ! ,platanus occid5talis1 ! tulip tree1 & ! ,cupressus di/i*a1 :i* rea* f n9e to fifte5 feet 9 diamet]4 ,on ! /r& ( ,cumana1 9 ! g>d5 ( ! ,guayqu]ia pilot1 we saw = ! fir/ "t a guama99 load$ ) fl[]s1 & rem>kable = ! extreme l5g? & silv]y spl5d\r ( its num]\s /am9a4 799 ,+a spuria1 :i* we mu/ n conf\nd ) ! common +a1 ,+a v]a1 ,willd4 7,mimosa ,+a1 ,l9n474 ,! :ite /am9a1 :i*1 to ! numb] ( sixty or sev5ty1 are atta*$ to a gre5i% corolla1 h a silky lu/re1 & are t]m9at$ by a yell[ an!r4 ,! fl[] ( ! guama is eighte5 l9es long4 ,! common height ( ?is f9e tree1 :i* pref]s a moi/ soil1 is f eight to t5 toises47 ,we cross$ ! suburb ( ! ,guayqu]ia ,indians1 ! /reets ( :i* are v regul>1 & =m$ ( small h\ses1 q new1 & ( a pleas+ appe>ance4 ,?is "p ( ! t[n _h j be5 rebuilt1 = ! e>?quake _h laid ,cumana 9 ru9s eighte5 mon?s be=e our arrival4 ,by a wood5 bridge1 we cross$ ! riv] ,manzan>es1 :i* conta9s a few bavas1 or crocodiles ( ! small] species4 ,we 7 conduct$ by ! capta9 ( ! ,piz>ro to ! gov]nor ( ! prov9ce1 ,don ,v9c5te ,emp>an1 to pres5t to him ! passports furni%$ to u by ! fir/ ,secret>y ( ,/ate at ,madrid4 ,he receiv$ u ) t frankness & unaffect$ dignity :i* h at all times *>act]iz$ ! natives ( ,biscay4 ,be=e he 0 appo9t$ gov]nor ( ,portobello & ,cumana1 ,don ,v9c5te ,emp>an _h di/+ui%$ himself z capta9 ( a vessel 9 ! navy4 ,8 "n recalls to m9d "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y & di/ress+ ev5ts record$ 9 ! hi/ory ( m>itime w>f>e4 ,at ! "t ( ! la/ rupture betwe5 ,spa9 & ,engl&1 two bro!rs ( ,s5or ,emp]an1 bo? ( :om comm&$ %ips 9 ! ,spani% navy1 engag$ ) ea* o!r be=e ! port ( ,cadiz1 ea* suppos+ t he 0 attack+ an enemy4 ,a fi]ce battle 0 kept up dur+ a :ole night1 & bo? ! vessels 7 sunk almo/ simultane\sly4 ,a v small "p ( ! crew 0 sav$1 & ! two bro!rs _h ! mis=tune to recognize ea* o!r a little be=e !y expir$4 ,! gov]nor ( ,cumana express$ 8 great satisfaction at ! resolution we _h tak5 to rema9 = "s "t 9 ,new ,&alusia1 a prov9ce :i* at t p]iod 0 b little kn[n ev5 by "n 9 ,europe1 & :i* 9 its m\nta9s1 & on ! banks ( its num]\s riv]s1 conta9s a great numb] ( objects wor?y ( fix+ ! att5tion ( naturali/s4 ,s5or ,emp]an %[$ u cottons dy$ ) native plants1 & f9e furniture made exclusively ( ! wood ( ! c\ntry4 ,he 0 mu* int]e/$ 9 ev]y?+ t relat$ to natural philosophy2 & ask$1 to our great a/oni%m5t1 :e!r we ?\ght1 t1 "u ! beautiful sky ( ! tropics1 ! atmosph]e conta9$ less azote 7azotico7 ?an 9 ,spa92 or :e!r ! rapidity ) :i* iron oxidates 9 ^? climates1 7 only ! effect ( great] humidity z indicat$ by ! air hygromet]4 ,! "n ( 8 native c\ntry pron\nc$ on a di/ant %ore w\ld n h be5 m agreeable to ! e> ( a travell]1 ?an ^? words azote1 oxide ( iron1 & hygromet]1 7 to ours4 ,s5or ,emp>an 0 a lov] ( sci5ce1 & ! public m>ks ( consid]ation :i* he gave u dur+ a long abode 9 8 gov]nm5t1 contribut$ greatly to procure u a fav\rable welcome 9 e "p ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,we hir$ a spaci\s h\se1 ! situation ( :i* 0 fav\rable = a/ronomical obs]vations4 ,we enjoy$ an agreeable coolness :5 ! breeze arose2 ! w9d[s 7 )\t glass1 & ev5 )\t ^? pap] panes :i* are (t5 sub/itut$ = glass at ,cumana4 ,! :ole ( ! pass5g]s ( ! ,piz>ro left ! vessel1 b ! recov]y ( ^? :o _h be5 attack$ by ! fev] 0 v sl[4 ,we saw "s :o1 a mon? aft]1 not)/&+ ! c>e be/[$ on !m by _! c\ntrym51 7 /ill extremely weak & r$uc$4 ,hospitality1 9 ! ,spani% colonies1 is su*1 t a ,european :o arrives1 )\t recomm5dation or pecuni>y means1 is almo/ sure ( f9d+ assi/ance1 if he l& 9 any port on acc\nt ( sickness4 ,! ,catalonians1 ! ,galicians1 & ! ,biscayans1 h ! mo/ frequ5t int]c\rse ) ,am]ica4 ,!y !re =m z x 7 ?ree di/9ct corporations1 :i* ex]cise a rem>kable influ5ce ov] ! morals1 ! indu/ry1 & comm]ce ( ! colonies4 ,! poore/ inhabitant ( ,siges or ,vigo is sure ( be+ receiv$ into ! h\se ( a ,catalonian or ,galician pulp]o199 799 ,a retail deal]47 :e!r he l& 9 ,*ile or ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,among ! sick :o l&$ at ,cumana 0 a negro1 :o fell into a /ate ( insanity a few days aft] our arrival2 he di$ 9 t deplorable condition1 ?\gh 8 ma/]1 almo/ sev5ty ye>s old1 :o _h left ,europe to settle at ,san ,blas1 at ! entrance ( ! gulf ( ,cali=nia1 _h att5d$ him ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,i relate ?is fact z af=d+ evid5ce t m5 born "u ! torrid zone1 aft] hav+ dwelt 9 temp]ate climates1 sometimes feel ! p]nici\s effects ( ! heat ( ! tropics4 ,! negro 0 a "y man1 eighte5 ye>s ( age1 v robu/1 & born on ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea2 an abode ( "s ye>s on ! high pla9 ( ,ca/ile1 _h imp>t$ to 8 organization t k9d ( irritability :i* r5d]s ! miasma ( ! torrid zone s dang]\s to ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntries ( ! nor?4 ,! site on :i* ,cumana is built is "p ( a tract ( gr\nd1 v rem>kable 9 a geological po9t ( view4 ,! *a9 ( ! calc>e\s ,alps ( ! ,brigant9e & ! ,tat>aqual /ret*es ea/ & we/ f ! summit ( ! ,imposible to ! port ( ,mo*ima & to ,campan>io4 ,! sea1 9 times f> remote1 appe>s to h divid$ ?is *a9 f ! rocky coa/s ( ,araya & ,maniqu>ez4 ,! va/ gulf ( ,c>iaco has be5 caus$ by an irruption ( ! sea2 & no d\bt c be ent]ta9$ b t ! wat]s once cov]$1 on ! s\!rn bank1 ! :ole tract ( l& impregnat$ ) muriate ( soda1 ?r\gh :i* fl[s ! ,manzan>es4 ,! sl[ retreat ( ! wat]s has turn$ into dry gr\nd ?is ext5sive pla91 9 :i* rises a gr\p ( small hills1 compos$ ( gypsum & calc>e\s breccias ( v rec5t =mation4 ,! city ( ,cumana is back$ by ?is gr\p1 :i* 0 =m]ly an isl& ( ! gulf ( ,c>iaco4 ,t "p ( ! pla9 :i* is nor? ( ! city1 is call$ ,plaga ,*ica1 or ! ,little ,pla91 & ext5ds ea/w>ds z f> z ,punta ,delgada1 :]e a n>r[ valley1 cov]$ ) yell[ gomphr5a1 /ill m>ks ! po9t ( ! anci5t outlet ( ! wat]s4 ,! hill ( calc>e\s breccias1 :i* we h j m5tion$ z hav+ once be5 an isl& 9 ! anci5t gulf1 is cov]$ ) a ?ick =e/ ( cyl9dric cactus & opuntia4 ,"s ( ^! trees1 ?irty or =ty feet high1 are cov]$ ) li*5s1 & are divid$ into sev]al bran*es 9 ! =m ( c&elabra4 ,ne> ,maniqu>ez1 at ,punta ,araya1 we measur$ a cactus199 ! trunk ( :i* 0 f\r feet n9e in*es 9 circumf]5ce 799 ,tuna ma*o4 ,we di/+ui% 9 ! wood ( ! cactus ! m$ull>y prolongations1 z ,m4 ,desfonta9es has already obs]v$474 ,a ,european acqua9t$ only ) ! opuntia 9 our hot-h\ses is surpris$ to see ! wood ( ?is plant become s h>d f age1 t x resi/s = c5turies bo? air & moi/ure3 ! ,indians ( ,cumana !re=e employ x 9 pref]5ce to any o!r = o>s & door-po/s4 ,cumana1 ,coro1 ! isl& ( ,m>g>eta1 & ,curassao1 are ! p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica t ab\nd mo/ 9 plants ( ! nopal family4 ,!re only1 a botani/1 aft] a long resid5ce1 c\ld compose a monography ( ! g5us cactus1 ! species ( :i* v>y n only 9 _! fl[]s & fruits1 b also 9 ! =m ( _! articulat$ /ems1 ! numb] ( co/ae1 & ! disposition ( ! ?orns4 ,we %all see h]eaft] h[ ^! plants1 :i* *>act]ize a w>m & s+ul>ly dry climate1 l t ( ,egypt & ,cali=nia1 gradually disappe> 9 proportion z we remove f ! coa/s1 & p5etrate into ! inl& c\ntry4 ,! gr\ps ( column> cactus & opuntia produce ! same effect 9 ! arid l&s ( equ9octial ,am]ica z ! junceae & ! hydro*>ides 9 ! m>%es ( our nor!rn climes4 ,places 9 :i* ! l>g] species ( ! /rong cactus are collect$ 9 gr\ps are consid]$ z almo/ imp5etrable4 ,^! places are call$ ,tunales2 & !y are imp]vi\s n only to ! native1 :o goes nak$ to ! wai/1 b are =midable ev5 to ^? :o are fully clo!d4 ,9 our solit>y rambles we sometimes endeav\r$ to p5etrate into ! ,tunal t cr[ns ! summit ( ! ca/le hill1 a "p ( :i* is cross$ by a pa?way1 :]e we c\ld h /udi$1 amid/ ?\s&s ( specim5s1 ! organization ( ?is s+ul> plant4 ,sometimes night sudd5ly ov]took u1 = !re is sc>cely any twilight 9 ?is climate2 & we !n f\nd ourselves dang]\sly situat$1 z ! ,cascabel1 or rattle-snake1 ! ,coral1 & o!r vip]s arm$ ) poison\s fangs1 frequ5t ^! scor*$ & arid haunts1 to deposit _! eggs 9 ! s&4 ,! ca/le ( ,san ,antonio is built at ! we/]n extremity ( ! hill1 b n on ! mo/ elevat$ po9t1 be+ comm&$ on ! ea/ by an un=tifi$ summit4 ,! ,tunal is consid]$ bo? "h & ev]y:]e 9 ! ,spani% colonies z a v important means ( milit>y def5ce2 & :5 e>!n works are rais$1 ! eng9e]s are eag] to propagate ! ?orny opuntia1 & promote its gr[?1 z !y are c>eful to keep crocodiles 9 ! dit*es ( =tifi$ places4 ,9 regions :]e organiz$ nature is s p[]ful & active1 man summons z auxili>ies 9 8 def5ce ! c>nivor\s reptile1 & ! plant ) its =midable arm\r ( ?orns4 ,! ca/le is only ?irty toises above ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! gulf ( ,c>iaco4 ,/&+ on a nak$ & calc>e\s hill1 x comm&s ! t[n1 & has a v picturesque effect :5 view$ f a vessel ent]+ ! port4 ,x =ms a bright object aga9/ ! d>k curta9s ( ^? m\nta9s :i* raise _! summits to ! cl\ds1 & ( :i* ! vapor\s & blui% t9t bl5ds ) ! azure sky4 ,on desc5d+ f ,=t ,san ,antonio to ! s\?-we/1 we f9d on ! slope ( ! same rock ! ru9s ( ! old ca/le ( ,santa ,m>ia4 ,?is site is delightful to ^? :o wi% to enjoy at ! approa* ( sunset ! fre%ness ( ! breeze & ! view ( ! gulf4 ,! l(ty summits ( ! isl& ( ,m>g>eta are se5 above ! rocky coa/ ( ! i/hmus ( ,araya1 & t[>ds ! we/ ! small isl&s ( ,c>acas1 ,picuita1 & ,bora*a1 recall to m9d ! cata/rophes t h ov]:elm$ ! coa/s ( ,t]ra ,firma4 ,^! islets resemble =tifications1 & f ! effect ( ! mirage 7:ile ! inf]ior /rata ( ! air1 ! ocean1 & ! soil1 are unequally heat$ by ! sun71 _! po9ts appe> rais$ l ! extremity ( ! great promontories ( ! coa/4 ,x is pleas+1 dur+ ! day1 to obs]ve ^! incon/ant ph5om5a2 we see1 z night approa*es1 ^! /ony masses :i* _h be5 susp5d$ 9 ! air1 settle d[n on _! bases2 & ! lum9>y1 ^: pres5ce vivifies organic nature1 seems by ! v>iable inflection ( its rays to impress motion on ! /able rock1 & give an undulat+ movem5t to pla9s cov]$ ) arid s&s499 799 ,! real cause ( ! mirage1 or ! extraord9>y refraction :i* ! rays und]go :5 /rata ( air ( diff]5t d5sities lie ov] ea* o!r1 0 guess$ at by ,hooke4--,see 8 ,po/hum\s ,works page #dgb47 ,! t[n ( ,cumana1 prop]ly s call$1 occupies ! gr\nd ly+ betwe5 ! ca/le ( ,san ,antonio & ! small riv]s ( ,manzan>es & ,santa ,catal9a4 ,! ,delta1 =m$ by ! bifurcation ( ! fir/ ( ^! riv]s1 is a f]tile pla9 cov]$ ) ,mammees1 ,sapotas 7a*ras71 planta9s1 & o!r plants cultivat$ 9 ! g>d5s or *>as ( ! ,indians4 ,! t[n has no rem>kable edifice1 & ! frequ5cy ( e>?quakes =bids su* embelli%m5ts4 ,x is true1 t /rong %ocks occur less frequ5tly 9 a giv5 "t at ,cumana ?an at ,quito1 :]e we nev]!less f9d sumptu\s & v l(ty *ur*es4 ,b ! e>?quakes ( ,quito are viol5t only 9 appe>ance1 &1 f ! peculi> nature ( ! motion & ( ! gr\nd1 no edifice !re is ov]?r[n4 ,at ,cumana1 z well z at ,lima1 & 9 sev]al cities situat$ f> f ! m\?s ( burn+ volcanoes1 x happ5s t ! s]ies ( slight %ocks is int]rupt$ aft] a long c\rse ( ye>s by great cata/rophes1 resembl+ ! effects ( ! explosion ( a m9e4 ,we %all h occasion to return to ?is ph5om5on1 = ! explanation ( :i* s _m va9 !ories h be5 imag9$1 & :i* h be5 classifi$ accord+ to p]p5dicul> & horizontal movem5ts1 %ock1 & oscillation499 799 ,?is classification dates f ! "t ( ,posidonius4 ,x is ! successio & incl9atio ( ,s5eca2 b ! anci5ts _h already judici\sly rem>k$1 t ! nature ( ^! %ocks is too v>iable to p]mit any subjection to ^! imag9>y laws47 ,! suburbs ( ,cumana are almo/ z popul\s z ! anci5t t[n4 ,!y are ?ree 9 numb]3--,s]ritos1 on ! road to ! ,plaga ,*i*a1 :]e we meet ) "s f9e tam>9d trees2 ,/4 ,francis1 t[>ds ! s\?-ea/2 & ! great suburb ( ! ,guayqu]ias1 or ,guaygu]ias4 ,! "n ( ?is tribe ( ,indians 0 q unkn[n be=e ! conque/4 ,! natives :o be> t "n =m]ly belong$ to ! nation ( ! ,gu>a\nos1 ( :i* we f9d rema9s only 9 ! swampy l&s ( ! bran*es ( ! ,or9oco4 ,old m5 h assur$ me t ! language ( _! ance/ors 0 a dialect ( ! ,gu>a\no2 b t = a c5tury pa/ no native ( t tribe at ,cumana1 or 9 ! isl& ( ,m>g>eta1 has spok5 any o!r language ?an ,ca/ilian4 ,! d5om9ation ,guayqu]ia1 l ! words ,p]u & ,p]uvian1 owes its orig9 to a m]e mi/ake4 ,! companions ( ,*ri/oph] ,columbus1 coa/+ along ! isl& ( ,m>g>eta1 ! nor!rn coa/ ( :i* is /ill inhabit$ by ! noble/ portion ( ! ,guayqu]ia nation199 799 ,! ,guayqu]ias ( ,la ,b&a del ,norte consid] !mselves z ! mo/ noble race1 because !y ?9k !y are less mix$ ) ! ,*ayma ,indian1 & o!r copp]-col\r$ races4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ f ! ,guayqu]ias ( ! cont95t by _! mann] ( pron\nc+ ! ,spani% language1 :i* !y speak almo/ )\t sep>at+ _! tee?4 ,!y %[ ) pride to ,europeans ! ,punta de la ,gal]a1 or ,galley's ,po9t1 7s call$ on acc\nt ( ! vessel ( ,columbus hav+ an*or$ !re71 & ! port ( ,manzanillo1 :]e !y fir/ swore to ! :ites 9 #adih1 t fri5d%ip :i* !y h nev] betray$1 & :i* has obta9$ = !m1 9 c\rt phraseology1 ! title ( fieles1 loyal4--,see above47 enc\nt]$ a few natives :o 7 h>poon+ fi% by ?r[+ a pole ti$ to a cord1 & t]m9at+ 9 an extremely %>p po9t4 ,!y ask$ !m 9 ! ,haiti language _! "n2 & ! ,indians1 ?9k+ t ! "q ( ! /rang]s relat$ to _! h>poons1 :i* 7 =m$ ( ! h>d & heavy wood ( ! ,macana palm1 answ]$ guaike1 guaike1 :i* signifies po9t$ pole4 ,a /rik+ diff]5ce at pres5t exi/s betwe5 ! ,guayqu]ias1 a civiliz$ tribe ( skill$ fi%]m51 & ^? savage ,gu>a\nos ( ! ,or9oco1 :o susp5d _! habitations on ! trunks ( ! ,mori*e palm4 ,! population ( ,cumana has be5 s+ul>ly exagg]at$1 b accord+ to ! mo/ au!ntic regi/]s x does n exce$ #af1jjj s\ls4 ,probably ! ,indian suburb w by degrees ext5d z f> z ! ,emb>cad]o2 ! pla91 :i* is n yet cov]$ ) h\ses or huts1 be+ m ?an #cdj toises 9 l5g?4 ,! heat is some:at less oppressive on ! side ne> ! sea%ore1 ?an 9 ! old t[n1 :]e ! rev]b]ation ( ! calc>e\s soil1 & ! proximity ( ! m\nta9 ( ,san ,antonio1 raise ! temp]ature to an excessive degree4 ,9 ! suburb ( ! ,guayqu]ias1 ! sea breezes h free access2 ! soil is clayey1 &1 = t reason1 x is ?\ght to be less expos$ to viol5t %ocks ( e>?quake1 ?an ! h\ses at ! foot ( ! rocks & hills on ! "r bank ( ! ,manzan>es4 ,! %ore ne> ! m\? ( ! small riv] ,santa ,catal9a is bord]$ ) mangrove trees199 b ^! mangroves are n suffici5tly spread to dim9i% ! salubrity ( ! air ( ,cumana4 799 ,rhizophora mangle4 ,m4 ,bonpl& f\nd on ! ,plaga ,*ica ! ,allionia inc>nata1 9 ! same place :]e ! un=tunate ,loefl+ _h discov]$ ?is new g5us ( ,nyctag9eae47 ,! soil ( ! pla9 is 9 "p de/itute ( vegetation1 9 "p cov]$ ) tufts ( ,sesuvium portulaca/rum1 ,gomphr5a flava1 ,g4 myrtifolia1 ,tal9um cuspidatum1 ,t4 cuman5se1 & ,portulaca lanug9osa4 ,among ^! h]bace\s plants we f9d at int]vals ! ,avic5nia tom5tosa1 ! ,scop>ia dulcis1 a frutesc5t mimosa ) v irritable leaves199 & p>ticul>ly cassias1 ! numb] ( :i* is s great 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 t we collect$1 9 our travels1 m ?an ?irty new species4 799 ,! ,spani>ds designate by ! "n ( dormid]as 7sleep+ plants71 ! small numb] ( mimosas ) irritable leaves4 ,we h increas$ ?is numb] by ?ree species previ\sly unkn[n to botani/s1 namely1 ! ,mimosa humilis ( ,cumana1 ! ,m4 pellita ( ! savannahs ( ,calabozo1 & ! ,m4 dormi5s ( ! banks ( ! ,apure47 ,on leav+ ! ,indian suburb1 & asc5d+ ! riv] s\?w>d1 we f\nd a grove ( cactus1 a delightful spot1 %ad$ by tam>9ds1 brazilettos1 bombax1 & o!r plants1 rem>kable = _! leaves & fl[]s4 ,! soil "h is ri* 9 pa/urage1 & dairy-h\ses built ) re$s1 are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by clumps ( trees4 ,! milk rema9s fre%1 :5 kept1 n 9 ! calaba%es99 ( v ?ick ligne\s fibres 799 ,^! calaba%es are made f ! fruit ( ! ,cresc5tia cujete471 b 9 por\s e>!n vessels f ,maniqu>ez4 ,a prejudice preval5t 9 nor!rn c\ntries _h long l$ me to believe1 t c[s1 "u ! torrid zone1 did n yield ri* milk2 b my abode at ,cumana1 & especially an excursion ?r\gh ! va/ pla9s ( ,calabozo1 cov]$ ) grasses1 & h]bace\s s5sitive plants1 conv9c$ me t ! rum9at+ animals ( ,europe become p]fectly habituat$ to ! hotte/ climates1 provid$ !y f9d wat] & good n\ri%m5t4 ,milk is excell5t 9 ! prov9ces ( ,new ,&alusia1 ,b>celona1 & ,v5ezuela2 & butt] is bett] 9 ! pla9s ( ! equ9octial zone1 ?an on ! ridge ( ! ,&es1 :]e ! ,alp9e plants1 enjoy+ 9 no season a suffici5tly high temp]ature1 are less aromatic ?an on ! ,pyr5ees1 on ! m\nta9s ( ,e/remadura1 or ( ,greece4 ,z ! inhabitants ( ,cumana pref] ! coolness ( ! sea breeze to ! sight ( vegetation1 _! fav\rite walk is ! op5 %ore4 ,! ,spani>ds1 :o 9 g5]al h no great pr$ilection = trees1 or = ! w>bl+ ( birds1 h transport$ _! ta/es & _! habits into ! colonies4 ,9 ,t]ra ,firma1 ,mexico1 & ,p]u1 x is r>e to see a native plant a tree1 m]ely ) ! view ( procur+ %ade2 & if we except ! environs ( ! great capitals1 walks bord]$ ) trees are almo/ unkn[n 9 ^? c\ntries4 ,! arid pla9 ( ,cumana exhibits aft] viol5t %[]s an extraord9>y ph5om5on4 ,! e>?1 :5 dr5*$ ) ra91 & heat$ aga9 by ! rays ( ! sun1 emits t musky od\r :i* 9 ! torrid zone1 is common to animals ( v diff]5t classes1 namely3 to ! jagu>1 ! small species ( tig] cat1 ! cabiai or ?ick-nos$ tapir199 799 ,cavia capyb>a1 ,l9n42 *iguire47 ! gal9azo vulture199 799 ,vultur aura1 ,l9n41 ,zamuro1 or ,gal9azo3 ! ,brazilian vulture ( ,buffon4 ,i _c reconcile myself to ! adoption ( names1 :i* designate1 z belong+ to a s+le c\ntry1 animals common to a :ole cont95t47 ! crocodile1 ! vip]1 & ! rattlesnake4 ,! gase\s emanations1 :i* are ! vehicles ( ?is aroma1 seem to be evolv$ 9 proportion only z ! m\ld1 conta9+ ! spoils ( an innum]able quantity ( reptiles1 worms1 & insects1 beg9s to be impregnat$ ) wat]4 ,i h se5 ,indian *ildr51 ( ! tribe ( ! ,*aymas1 draw out f ! e>? & eat millip$es or scolop5dras99 eighte5 in*es long1 & sev5 l9es broad4 799 ,scolop5dras are v common beh9d ! ca/le ( ,san ,antonio1 on ! summit ( ! hill47 ,:5ev] ! soil is turn$ up1 we are /ruck ) ! mass ( organic sub/ances1 :i* by turns are develop$1 trans=m$1 & decompos$4 ,nature 9 ^! climates appe>s m active1 m fruitful1 we may ev5 say m prodigal1 ( life4 ,on ?is %ore1 & ne> ! dairies j m5tion$1 we enjoy1 especially at sunrise1 a v beautiful prospect ov] an elevat$ gr\p ( calc>e\s m\nta9s4 ,z ?is gr\p subt5ds an angle ( ?ree degrees only at ! h\se :]e we dwelt1 x long s]v$ me to comp>e ! v>iations ( ! t]re/rial refraction ) ! meteorological ph5om5a4 ,/orms are =m$ 9 ! c5tre ( ?is ,cordill]a2 & we see f af> ?ick cl\ds resolve into abundant ra9s1 :ile dur+ sev5 or eight mon?s n a drop ( wat] falls at ,cumana4 ,! ,brigant9e1 :i* is ! highe/ "p ( ?is *a91 raises itself 9 a v picturesque mann] beh9d ,brito & ,tat>aqual4 ,x takes its "n f ! =m ( a v deep valley on ! nor!rn declivity1 :i* resembles ! int]ior ( a %ip4 ,! summit ( ?is m\nta9 is almo/ b>e ( vegetation1 & is flat l t ( ,m[na ,roa1 9 ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s4 ,x is a p]p5dicul> wall1 or1 to use a m expressive t]m ( ! ,spani% navigators1 a table 7mesa74 ,?is peculi> =m1 & ! symmetrical arrangem5t ( a few cones :i* surr\nd ! ,brigant9e1 made me at fir/ ?9k t ?is gr\p1 :i* is :olly calc>e\s1 conta9$ rocks ( basaltic or trappean =mation4 ,! gov]nor ( ,cumana s5t1 9 #agig1 a b& ( det]m9$ m5 to explore ?is entirely des]t c\ntry1 & to op5 a direct road to ,new ,b>celona1 by ! summit ( ! ,mesa4 ,x 0 reasonably expect$ t ?is way w\ld be %ort]1 & less dang]\s to ! heal? ( travell]s1 ?an ! r\te tak5 by ! c\ri]s along ! coa/s2 b e attempt to cross ! *a9 ( ! m\nta9s ( ! ,brigant9e 0 fruitless4 ,9 ?is "p ( ,am]ica1 z 9 ,au/ralia99 to ! we/ ( ,sydney1 x is n s mu* ! height ( ! m\nta9 *a9s1 z ! =m ( ! rocks1 t pres5ts ob/acles difficult to surm\nt4 799 ,! ,blue ,m\nta9s ( ,au/ralia1 & ^? ( ,c>m>!n & ,lansd[ne1 are n visible1 9 cle> wea!r1 beyond fifty miles4--,p]on1 ,voyage aux ,t]res ,au/rales page #chi4 ,suppos+ ! angle ( altitude half a degree1 ! absolute height ( ^! m\nta9s w\ld be ab\t #fbj toises47 ,! longitud9al valley =m$ by ! l(ty m\nta9s ( ! int]ior & ! s\!rn declivity ( ! ,c]ro de ,san ,antonio1 is int]sect$ by ! ,rio ,manzan>es4 ,?is pla91 ! only ?or\ghly wood$ "p 9 ! environs ( ,cumana1 is call$ ! ,pla9 ( ! ,*>as199 on acc\nt ( ! num]\s plantations :i* ! inhabitants h begun1 = "s ye>s pa/1 along ! riv]4 799 ,*acra1 by corruption *>a1 signifies a hut or cottage surr\nd$ by a g>d54 ,! ^w ipure has ! same signification47 ,a n>r[ pa? leads f ! hill ( ,san ,francisco across ! =e/ to ! hospital ( ! ,capu*9s1 a v agreeable c\ntry-h\se1 :i* ! ,aragonese monks h built z a retreat = old infirm mission>ies1 :o c no long] fulfil ! duties ( _! m9i/ry4 ,z we advance to ! we/1 ! trees ( ! =e/ become m vigor\s1 & we meet ) a few monkeys199 799 ,! common ma*i1 or weep+ monkey47 :i*1 h[ev]1 are v r>e 9 ! environs ( ,cumana4 ,at ! foot ( ! capp>is1 ! bauh9ia1 & ! zygophyllum ) fl[]s ( a gold5 yell[1 !re ext5ds a c>pet ( ,bromelia199 799 ,*ihu*ihue1 ( ! family ( ! ananas47 ak9 to ! ,b4 k>atas1 :i* f ! od\r & coolness ( its foliage attracts ! rattlesnake4 ,! wat]s ( ! ,manzan>es are v limpid 9 quality1 & ?is riv] has no resemblance to ! ,manzan>es ( ,madrid1 :i* appe>s ! m magnific5t 9 contra/ ) ! f9e bridge by :i* x is cross$4 ,x takes its s\rce1 l all ! riv]s ( ,new ,&alusia1 9 ! savannahs 7llanos7 kn[n by ! names ( ! plateaux ( ,jonoro1 ,amana1 & ,guanipa199 799 ,^! ?ree em95ces be> ! names ( mesas1 tables4 ,an imm5se pla9 has an almo/ imp]ceptible rise f bo? sides to ! middle1 )\t any appe>ance ( m\nta9s or hills47 & x receives1 ne> ! ,indian village ( ,san ,f]n&o1 ! wat]s ( ! ,rio ,juanillo4 ,x has be5 sev]al times propos$ to ! gov]nm5t1 b )\t success1 to con/ruct a dyke at ! fir/ ipure1 9 ord] to =m artificial irrigations 9 ! pla9 ( ,*>as2 =1 not)/&+ its app>5t /]ility1 ! soil is extremely productive1 :]ev] humidity is comb9$ ) ! heat ( ! climate4 ,! cultivators 7 gradually to refund ! money advanc$ = ! con/ruction ( ! sluices4 ,mean:ile1 pumps work$ by mules1 & o!r hydraulic b imp]fect ma*9es1 h be5 erect$1 to s]ve till ?is project is c>ri$ into execution4 ,! banks ( ! ,manzan>es are v pleasant1 & are %ad$ by mimosas1 ery?r9as1 ceibas1 & o!r trees ( gigantic gr[?4 ,a riv]1 ! temp]ature ( :i*1 9 ! season ( ! floods1 desc5ds z l[ z tw5ty-two degrees1 :5 ! air is at ?irty & ?irty-?ree degrees1 is an ine/imable b5efit 9 a c\ntry :]e ! heat is excessive dur+ ! :ole ye>1 & :]e x is s agreeable to ba! sev]al times 9 ! day4 ,! *ildr5 pass a consid]able "p ( _! lives 9 ! wat]2 all ! inhabitants1 ev5 ! wom5 ( ! mo/ opul5t families1 "k h[ to swim2 & 9 a c\ntry :]e man is s ne> ! /ate ( nature1 "o ( ! fir/ que/ions ask$ on meet+ 9 ! morn+ is1 :e!r ! wat] is cool] ?an x 0 on ! prec$+ ev5+4 ,"o ( ! modes ( ba?+ is curi\s4 ,we e ev5+ visit$ a family1 9 ! suburb ( ! ,guayqu]ias4 ,9 a f9e moonlight night1 *airs 7 plac$ 9 ! wat]2 ! m5 & wom5 7 lightly clo!d1 z 9 "s ba?s ( ! nor? ( ,europe2 & ! family & /rang]s1 assembl$ 9 ! riv]1 pass$ "s h\rs 9 smok+ cig>s1 & 9 talk+1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! c\ntry1 ( ! extreme dryness ( ! season1 ( ! abundant ra9s 9 ! neighb\r+ di/ricts1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! extravagancies ( :i* ! ladies ( ,cumana accuse ^? ( ,c>acas & ! ,havannah4 ,! company 7 "u no appreh5sions f ! bavas1 or small crocodiles1 :i* are n[ extremely sc>ce1 & :i* approa* m5 )\t attack+ !m4 ,^! animals are ?ree or f\r feet long4 ,we nev] met ) !m 9 ! ,manzan>es1 b ) a great numb] ( dolph9s 7ton9as71 :i* sometimes asc5d ! riv] 9 ! night1 & fright5 ! ba!rs by sp\t+ wat]4 ,! port ( ,cumana is a road/ead capable ( receiv+ ! fleets ( ,europe4 ,! :ole ( ! ,gulf ( ,c>iaco1 :i* is ab\t #ce miles long & #dh broad1 af=ds excell5t an*orage4 ,! ,pacific is n m calm on ! %ores ( ,p]u1 ?an ! ,c>ibbean ,sea f ,porto-cabello1 & especially f ,cape ,cod]a to ! po9t ( ,p>ia4 ,! hurricanes ( ! ,we/ ,indies are nev] felt 9 ^! regions4 ,! only dang] 9 ! port ( ,cumana is a %oal1 call$ ,morro ,roxo4 ,!re are f "o to ?ree fa?oms wat] on ?is %oal1 :ile j beyond its edges !re are eighte51 ?irty1 & ev5 ?irty-eight4 ,! rema9s ( an old batt]y1 situat$ nor?-nor?-ea/ ( ! ca/le ( ,san ,antonio1 & v ne> x1 s]ve z a m>k to avoid ! bank ( ,morro ,roxo4 ,! city lies at ! foot ( a hill de/itute ( v]dure1 & is comm&$ by a ca/le4 ,no /eeple or dome attracts f af> ! eye ( ! travell]1 b only a few trunks ( tam>9d1 cocoa1 & date trees1 :i* rise above ! h\ses1 ! ro(s ( :i* are flat4 ,! surr\nd+ pla9s1 especially ^? on ! coa/s1 we> a melan*oly1 du/y1 & arid appe>ance1 :ile a fre% & luxuriant vegetation m>ks f af> ! w9d+s ( ! riv]1 :i* sep>ates ! city f ! suburbs2 ! population ( ,european & mix$ race f ! copp]-col\r$ natives4 ,! hill ( =t ,san ,antonio1 solit>y1 :ite1 & b>e1 reflects a great mass ( light1 & ( radiant heat3 x is compos$ ( breccia1 ! /rata ( :i* conta9 num]\s fossils4 ,9 ! di/ance1 t[>ds ! s\?1 /ret*es a va/ & gloomy curta9 ( m\nta9s4 ,^! are ! high calc>e\s ,alps ( ,new ,&alusia1 surm\nt$ by s&/one1 & o!r m rec5t =mations4 ,maje/ic =e/s cov] ?is ,cordill]a ( ! int]ior1 & !y are jo9$ by a woody vale to ! op5 clayey l&s & salt m>%es ( ! environs ( ,cumana4 ,a few birds ( consid]able size contribute to give a peculi> "* to ^! c\ntries4 ,on ! sea%ore1 & 9 ! gulf1 we f9d flocks ( fi%+ h]ons1 & alcatras ( a v unwieldy =m1 :i* swim1 l ! swan1 rais+ _! w+s4 ,ne>] ! habitation ( man1 ?\s&s ( gal9azo vultures1 ! jackals ( ! w+$ tribe1 are ev] busy 9 dis9t]r+ ! c>cases ( animals499 799 ,buffon ,hi/4 ,nat4 des ,oiseaux tome #a page #aad47 ,a gulf1 conta9+ hot & subm>9e spr+s1 divides ! second>y f ! prim>y & s*i/ose rocks ( ! p59sula ( ,araya4 ,ea* ( ^! coa/s is wa%$ by a tranquil sea1 ( azure t9t1 & always g5tly agitat$ by a breeze f "o qu>t]4 ,a bright cle> sky1 ) a few light cl\ds at sunset1 reposes on ! ocean1 on ! treeless p59sula1 & on ! pla9s ( ,cumana1 :ile we see ! /orms accumulate & desc5d 9 f]tile %[]s among ! inl& m\nta9s4 ,?us on ^! coa/s1 z well z at ! foot ( ! ,&es1 ! e>? & ! sky pres5t ! extremes ( cle> wea!r & fogs1 ( dr\ght & torr5ts ( ra91 ( absolute nudity & nev]-ceas+ v]dure4 ,! analogies :i* we h j indicat$1 betwe5 ! sea-coa/s ( ,new ,&alusia & ^? ( ,p]u1 ext5d also to ! recurr5ce ( e>?quakes1 & ! limits :i* nature seems to h prescrib$ to ^! ph5om5a4 ,we h ourselves felt v viol5t %ocks at ,cumana2 & we le>n$ on ! spot1 ! mo/ m9ute circum/ances t accompani$ ! great cata/rophe ( ! #ad? ,decemb]1 #agig4 ,x is a v g5]ally receiv$ op9ion on ! coa/s ( ,cumana1 & 9 ! isl& ( ,m>g>eta1 t ! gulf ( ,c>iaco owes its exi/5ce to a r5t ( ! cont95t att5d$ by an irruption ( ! sea4 ,! remembrance ( t great ev5t 0 pres]v$ among ! ,indians to ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury2 & x is relat$ t1 at ! "t ( ! ?ird voyage ( ,*ri/oph] ,columbus1 ! natives m5tion$ x z ( v rec5t date4 ,9 #aecj1 ! inhabitants 7 al>m$ by new %ocks on ! coa/s ( ,p>ia & ,cumana4 ,! l& 0 inundat$ by ! sea1 & ! small =t1 built by ,james ,ca/ellon at ,new ,tol$o199 0 entirely de/roy$4 799 ,?is 0 ! fir/ "n giv5 to ! city ( ,cumana--,girolamo ,b5zoni ,hi/4 del ,mondo ,nuovo pages #c1 #ca1 & #cc4 ,james ,ca/ellon arriv$ at ,/4 ,dom+o 9 #aeba1 aft] ! appe>ance ( ! celebrat$ ,b>?olomew de las ,casas 9 ^! c\ntries4 ,on att5tively read+ ! n>ratives ( ,b5zoni & ,caul91 we f9d t ! =t ( ,ca/ellon 0 built ne> ! m\? ( ! ,manzan>es 7alla ripa del fiume de ,cumana72 & n1 z "s mod]n travell]s h ass]t$1 on ! m\nta9 :]e n[ /&s ! ca/le ( ,san ,antonio47 ,at ! same "t an enorm\s op5+ 0 =m$ 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,c>iaco1 on ! %ores ( ! gulf be>+ t "n1 :5 a great body ( salt-wat]1 mix$ ) asphaltum1 issu$ f ! micace\s s*i/4 ,e>?quakes 7 v frequ5t ab\t ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 &1 accord+ to ! traditions pres]v$ at ,cumana1 ! sea (t5 inundat$ ! %ores1 ris+ f fifte5 to tw5ty fa?oms4 ,z no record exi/s at ,cumana1 & its ar*ives1 ow+ to ! cont9ual deva/ations ( ! t]mites1 or :ite ants1 conta9 no docum5t t goes back f>!r ?an a hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 we are unacqua9t$ ) ! precise dates ( ! anci5t e>?quakes4 ,we only "k1 t1 9 times ne>] our own1 ! ye> #aggf 0 at once ! mo/ fatal to ! coloni/s1 & ! mo/ rem>kable = ! physical hi/ory ( ! c\ntry4 ,! city ( ,cumana 0 entirely de/roy$1 ! h\ses 7 ov]turn$ 9 ! space ( a few m9utes1 & ! %ocks 7 h\rly repeat$ dur+ f\rte5 mon?s4 ,9 sev]al p>ts ( ! prov9ce ! e>? op5$1 & ?rew out sulphure\s wat]s4 ,^! irruptions 7 v frequ5t 9 a pla9 ext5d+ t[>ds ,casanay1 two leagues ea/ ( ! t[n ( ,c>iaco1 & kn[n by ! "n ( ! holl[ gr\nd 7ti]ra hueca71 because x appe>s entirely und]m9$ by !rmal spr+s4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #agff & #agfg1 ! inhabitants ( ,cumana encamp$ 9 _! /reets2 & !y began to rebuild _! h\ses only :5 ! e>?quakes recurr$ once a mon?4 ,:at 0 felt at ,quito1 imm$iately aft] ! great cata/rophe ( ,febru>y #agig1 took place on ^! coa/s4 ,:ile ! gr\nd 0 9 a /ate ( cont9ual oscillation1 ! atmosph]e seem$ to dissolve itself into wat]4 ,tradition /ates t 9 ! e>?quake ( #agff1 z well z 9 ano!r rem>kable "o 9 #agid1 ! %ocks 7 m]e horizontal oscillations2 x 0 only on ! disa/r\s #ad? ( ,decemb]1 #agig1 t = ! fir/ "t at ,cumana ! motion 0 felt by an upheav+ ( ! gr\nd4 ,m ?an f\r-fif?s ( ! city 7 !n entirely de/roy$2 & ! %ock1 att5d$ by a v l\d subt]rane\s noise1 resembl$1 z at ,riobamba1 ! explosion ( a m9e at a great dep?4 ,happily ! mo/ viol5t %ock 0 prec$$ by a slight undulat+ motion1 s t mo/ ( ! inhabitants 7 enabl$ to escape into ! /reets1 & a small numb] only p]i%$ ( ^? :o _h assembl$ 9 ! *ur*es4 ,x is a g5]ally receiv$ op9ion at ,cumana1 t ! mo/ de/ructive e>?quakes are ann\nc$ by v feeble oscillations1 & by a holl[ s\nd1 :i* does n escape ! obs]vation ( p]sons habituat$ to ?is k9d ( ph5om5on4 ,9 ^? fatal mom5ts ! cries ( 'mis]icordia6 tembla6 tembla6'99 are ev]y:]e he>d 799 ,m]cy6 ! e>?quake6 ! e>?quake6--,see ,ts*udi's ,travels 9 ,p]u page #agj472 & x r>ely happ5s t a false al>m is giv5 by a native4 ,^? :o are mo/ appreh5sive att5tively obs]ve ! motions ( dogs1 goats1 & sw9e4 ,! la/-m5tion$ animals1 end[$ ) delicate olfactory n]ves1 & accu/om$ to turn up ! e>?1 give w>n+ ( approa*+ dang] by _! re/lessness & _! cries4 ,we %all n attempt to decide1 :e!r1 be+ ne>] ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 !y are ! fir/ to he> ! subt]rane\s noise2 or :e!r _! organs receive ! impression ( "s gase\s emanation :i* issues f ! e>?4 ,we _c d5y ! possibility ( ?is latt] cause4 ,dur+ my abode at ,p]u1 a fact 0 obs]v$ 9 ! inl& c\ntry1 :i* has an analogy ) ?is k9d ( ph5om5on1 & :i* is n unfrequ5t4 ,at ! end ( viol5t e>?quakes1 ! h]bs t cov] ! savannahs ( ,tucuman acquir$ noxi\s prop]ties2 an epidemic disord] broke out among ! cattle1 & a great numb] ( !m appe>$ /upifi$ or suffocat$ by ! delet]i\s vap\rs exhal$ f ! gr\nd4 ,at ,cumana1 half an h\r be=e ! cata/rophe ( ! #ad? ( ,decemb]1 #agig1 a /rong smell ( sulphur 0 p]ceiv$ ne> ! hill ( ! conv5t ( ,san ,francisco2 & on ! same spot ! subt]rane\s noise1 :i* seem$ to proce$ f s\?-ea/ to nor?-we/1 0 l\de/4 ,at ! same "t flames appe>$ on ! banks ( ! ,manzan>es1 ne> ! hospital ( ! ,capu*9s1 & 9 ! gulf ( ,c>iaco1 ne> ,m>iguit>4 ,?is la/ ph5om5on1 s extraord9>y 9 a c\ntry n volcanic1 is pretty frequ5t 9 ! ,alp9e calc>e\s m\nta9s ne> ,cumanacoa1 9 ! valley ( ,bordones1 9 ! isl& ( ,m>g>eta1 & amid/ ! ,llanos or savannahs ( ,new ,&alusia4 ,9 ^! savannahs1 flakes ( fire ris+ to a consid]able height1 are se5 = h\rs toge!r 9 ! drye/ places2 & x is ass]t$1 t1 on exam9+ ! gr\nd no crevice is p]ceptible4 ,?is fire1 :i* resembles ! spr+s ( hydrog51 or ,salse1 ( ,mod5a1 or :at is call$ ! w-o'-!-wisp ( our m>%es1 does n burn ! grass2 because1 no d\bt1 ! column ( gas1 :i* develops itself1 is mix$ ) azote & c>bonic acid1 & does n burn at its basis4 ,! p1 al?\gh less sup]/iti\s "h ?an 9 ,spa91 call ^! r$di% flames by ! s+ul> "n ( '! s\l ( ! tyrant ,aguirre2' imag9+ t ! spectre ( ,lopez ,aguirre1 h>ass$ by remorse1 w&]s ov] ^! c\ntries sulli$ by 8 crimes499 799 ,:5 at ,cumana1 or 9 ! isl& ( ,m>g>eta1 ! p pron\nce ! words el tirano 7! tyrant71 x is always to d5ote ! hat$ ,lopez d',aguirre1 :o1 aft] hav+ tak5 "p1 9 #aefj1 9 ! revolt ( ,f]n&o de ,guzman aga9/ ,p$ro de ,ursua1 gov]nor ( ! ,omeguas & ,dorado1 volunt>ily took ! title ( traidor1 or traitor4 ,he desc5d$ ! riv] ,amazon ) 8 b&1 & rea*$ by a communication ( ! riv]s ( ,guyana ! isl& ( ,m>g>eta4 ,! port ( ,p>agua*e /ill be>s1 9 ?is isl&1 ! "n ( ! ,tyrant's ,port47 ,! great e>?quake ( #agig produc$ "s *anges 9 ! configuration ( ! %oal ( ,morro ,roxo1 t[>ds ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,bordones4 ,simil> swell+s 7 obs]v$ at ! "t ( ! total de/ruction ( ,cumana1 9 #agff4 ,at t p]iod1 ! ,punta ,delgado1 on ! s\!rn coa/ ( ! gulf ( ,c>iaco1 became p]ceptibly enl>g$2 & 9 ! ,rio ,gu>api*e1 ne> ! village ( ,matur91 a %oal 0 =m$1 no d\bt by ! action ( ! ela/ic fluids1 :i* displac$ & rais$ up ! b$ ( ! riv]4 ,9 ord] to foll[ a plan con=mable to ! end we propos$ 9 ?is "w1 we %all endeav\r to g5]alize our ideas1 & to compreh5d 9 "o po9t ( view ev]y?+ t relates to ^! ph5om5a1 s t]rific1 & s difficult to expla94 ,if x be ! duty ( ! m5 ( sci5ce :o visit ! ,alps ( ,switz]l&1 or ! coa/s ( ,lapl&1 to ext5d our k respect+ ! glaci]s & ! aurora borealis1 x may be expect$ t a travell] :o has j\rney$ ?r\gh ,spani% ,am]ica1 %\ld h *iefly fix$ 8 att5tion on volcanoes & e>?quakes4 ,ea* "p ( ! globe is an object ( p>ticul> /udy2 & :5 we _c hope to p5etrate ! causes ( natural ph5om5a1 we ought at lea/ to endeav\r to discov] _! laws1 & di/+ui%1 by ! comp>ison ( num]\s facts1 t :i* is p]man5t & uni=m f t :i* is v>iable & accid5tal4 ,! great e>?quakes1 :i* int]rupt ! long s]ies ( slight %ocks1 appe> to h no regul> p]iods at ,cumana4 ,!y h tak5 place at int]vals ( eighty1 a hundr$1 & sometimes less ?an ?irty ye>s2 :ile on ! coa/s ( ,p]u1 = in/ance at ,lima1 a c]ta9 regul>ity has m>k$ ! p]iods ( ! total de/ruction ( ! city4 ,! belief ( ! inhabitants 9 ! exi/5ce ( ?is uni=mity has a happy influ5ce on public tranquillity1 & ! enc\ragem5t ( indu/ry4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$1 t x requires a suffici5tly long space ( "t = ! same causes to act ) ! same en]gy2 b ?is reason+ is j only inasmu* z ! %ocks are consid]$ z a local ph5om5on2 & a p>ticul> focus1 "u ea* po9t ( ! globe expos$ to ^? great cata/rophes1 is admitt$4 ,:5ev] new edifices are rais$ on ! ru9s ( ! old1 we he> f ^? :o refuse to build1 t ! de/ruction ( ,lisbon on ! fir/ day ( ,novemb]1 #agee1 0 soon foll[$ by a second1 & n less fatal convulsion1 on ! #ca/ ( ,m>*1 #agfa4 ,x is a v anci5t op9ion199 799 ,ari/otle de ,meteor4 lib4 #b 7ed4 ,duval1 tome #a page #gih74 ,s5eca ,nat4 ,quae/4 lib4 #f c4 #ab47 & "o t is commonly receiv$ at ,cumana1 ,acapulco1 & ,lima1 t a p]ceptible connection exi/s betwe5 e>?quakes & ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e t prec$es ^? ph5om5a4 ,b f ! great numb] ( e>?quakes :i* ,i h witness$ to ! nor? & s\? ( ! equator2 on ! cont95t1 & on ! seas2 on ! coa/s1 & at #bejj toises height2 x appe>s to me t ! oscillations are g5]ally v indep5d5t ( ! previ\s /ate ( ! atmosph]e4 ,?is op9ion is ent]ta9$ by a numb] ( intellig5t resid5ts ( ! ,spani% colonies1 ^: exp]i5ce ext5ds1 if n ov] a great] space ( ! globe1 at lea/ ov] a great] numb] ( ye>s1 ?an m9e4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 p>ts ( ,europe :]e e>?quakes are r>e comp>$ to ,am]ica1 sci5tific obs]v]s are incl9$ to admit an intimate connection betwe5 ! undulations ( ! gr\nd1 & c]ta9 meteors1 :i* appe> simultane\sly ) !m4 ,9 ,italy = in/ance1 ! sirocco & e>?quakes are suspect$ to h "s connection2 & 9 ,london1 ! frequ5cy ( fall+-/>s1 & ^? s\!rn lights :i* h s9ce be5 (t5 obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,dalton1 7 consid]$ z ! =]unn]s ( ^? %ocks :i* 7 felt f #agdh to #agef4 ,on days :5 ! e>? is %ak5 by viol5t %ocks1 ! regul>ity ( ! hor>y v>iations ( ! b>omet] is n di/urb$ )9 ! tropics4 ,i _h opportunities ( v]ify+ ?is obs]vation at ,cumana1 at ,lima1 & at ,riobamba2 & x is ! m wor?y ( att5tion1 z at ,/4 ,dom+o1 79 ! t[n ( ,cape ,francois17 x is ass]t$1 t a wat]-b>omet] sank two in*es & a half imm$iately be=e ! e>?quake ( #aggj4 ,x is also relat$1 t1 at ! "t ( ! de/ruction ( ,oran1 a druggi/ fl$ ) 8 family1 because1 obs]v+ accid5tally1 a few m9utes be=e ! e>?quake1 ! height ( ! m]cury 9 8 b>omet]1 he p]ceiv$ t ! column sank 9 an extraord9>y mann]4 ,i "k n :e!r we c give cr$it to ?is /ory2 b z x is ne>ly impossible to exam9e ! v>iations ( ! weight ( ! atmosph]e dur+ ! %ocks1 we mu/ be satisfi$ ) obs]v+ ! b>omet] be=e or aft] ^! ph5om5a h tak5 place4 ,we c sc>cely d\bt1 t ! e>?1 :5 op5$ & agitat$ by %ocks1 spreads occasionally gase\s emanations ?r\gh ! atmosph]e1 9 places remote f ! m\?s ( volcanoes n ext9ct4 ,at ,cumana1 x has already be5 obs]v$ t flames & vap\rs mix$ ) sulphur\s acid spr+ up f ! mo/ arid soil4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! same prov9ce1 ! e>? ejects wat] & petroleum4 ,at ,riobamba1 a muddy & inflammable mass1 call$ moya1 issues f crevices t close aga91 & accumulates into elevat$ hills4 ,at ab\t sev5 leagues f ,lisbon1 ne> ,col>es1 dur+ ! t]rible e>?quake ( ! #a/ ( ,novemb]1 #agee1 flames & a column ( ?ick smoke 7 se5 to issue f ! flanks ( ! rocks ( ,alvidras1 &1 accord+ to "s witnesses1 f ! bosom ( ! sea4 ,ela/ic fluids ?r[n into ! atmosph]e may act locally on ! b>omet]1 n by _! mass1 :i* is v small1 comp>$ to ! mass ( ! atmosph]e1 b because1 at ! mom5t ( great explosions1 an asc5d+ curr5t is probably =m$1 :i* dim9i%es ! pressure ( ! air4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t 9 ! majority ( e>?quakes no?+ escapes f ! agitat$ e>?2 & t1 :5 gase\s emanations & vap\rs are obs]v$1 !y (t5] accompany or foll[1 ?an prec$e ! %ocks4 ,?is circum/ance w\ld seem to expla9 ! my/]i\s influ5ce ( e>?quakes 9 equ9octial ,am]ica1 on ! climate1 & on ! ord] ( ! dry & ra9y seasons4 ,if ! e>? g5]ally act on ! air only at ! mom5t ( ! %ocks1 we c conceive :y a s5sible meteorological *ange s r>ely prec$es ^? great revolutions ( nature4 ,! hypo!sis accord+ to :i*1 9 ! e>?quakes ( ,cumana1 ela/ic fluids t5d to escape f ! surface ( ! soil1 seems confirm$ by ! great noise :i* is he>d dur+ ! %ocks at ! bord]s ( ! wells 9 ! pla9 ( ,*>as4 ,wat] & s& are sometimes ?r[n out tw5ty feet high4 ,simil> ph5om5a 7 obs]v$ 9 anci5t times by ! inhabitants ( ^? p>ts ( ,greece & ,asia ,m9or ab\nd+ ) cav]ns1 crevices1 & subt]rane\s riv]s4 ,nature1 9 h] uni=m progress1 ev]y:]e sugge/s ! same ideas ( ! causes ( e>?quakes1 & ! means by :i* man1 =gett+ ! measure ( 8 /r5g?1 pret5ds to dim9i% ! effect ( ! subt]rane\s explosions4 ,:at a great ,roman naturali/ has said ( ! utility ( wells & cav]ns99 is repeat$ 9 ! ,new ,_w by ! mo/ ignorant ,indians ( ,quito1 :5 !y %[ travell]s ! guaicos1 or crevices ( ,pi*9*a4 799 ,9 puteis e/ rem$ium1 quale et crebri specus praeb5t3 conceptum enim spiritum exhalant3 quod 9 c]tis notatur oppidis1 quae m9us quatiuntur1 crebris ad eluviem cuniculis cavata4--,pl9y lib4 #b c4 #hb 7ed4 ,p>4 #agbc t4 #a page #aab47 ,ev5 at pres5t1 9 ! capital ( ,/4 ,dom+o1 wells are consid]$ z dim9i%+ ! viol5ce ( ! %ocks4 ,i may obs]ve on ?is occasion1 t ! !ory ( e>?quakes1 giv5 by ,s5eca1 7,nat4 ,quae/4 lib4 #f c4 #d-ca71 conta9s ! g]m ( ev]y?+ t has be5 said 9 our times on ! action ( ! ela/ic vap\rs conf9$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! globe47 ,! subt]ranean noise1 s frequ5t dur+ e>?quakes1 is g5]ally n 9 ! ratio ( ! =ce ( ! %ocks4 ,at ,cumana x con/antly prec$es !m1 :ile at ,quito1 & rec5tly at ,c>acas1 & 9 ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 a noise l ! dis*>ge ( a batt]y 0 he>d a long "t aft] ! %ocks _h ceas$4 ,a ?ird k9d ( ph5om5on1 ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! :ole1 is ! roll+ ( ^? subt]ranean ?und]s1 :i* la/ sev]al mon?s1 )\t be+ accompani$ by ! lea/ oscillatory motion ( ! gr\nd499 799 ,! subt]ranean ?und]s 7bramidos y tru5os subt]raneos7 ( ,guanaxuato4 ,! ph5om5on ( a noise )\t %ocks 0 obs]v$ by ! anci5ts4--,ari/ot4 ,meteor4 lib4 #b 7ed4 ,duval page #hjb74 ,pl9y lib4 #b c4 #hj47 ,9 e c\ntry subject to e>?quakes1 ! po9t at :i*1 probably ow+ to a p>ticul> disposition ( ! /ony /rata1 ! effects are mo/ s5sibly felt1 is consid]$ z ! cause & ! focus ( ! %ocks4 ,?us1 at ,cumana1 ! hill ( ! ca/le ( ,san ,antonio1 & p>ticul>ly ! em95ce on :i* /&s ! conv5t ( ,/4 ,francis1 are believ$ to conta9 an enorm\s quantity ( sulphur & o!r inflammable matt]4 ,we =get t ! rapidity ) :i* ! undulations are propagat$ to great di/ances1 ev5 across ! bas9 ( ! ocean1 proves t ! c5tre ( action is v remote f ! surface ( ! globe4 ,f ?is same cause no d\bt e>?quakes are n conf9$ to c]ta9 species ( rocks1 z "s naturali/s suppose1 b all are fitt$ to propagate ! movem5t4 ,keep+ )9 ! limits ( my own exp]i5ce ,i may "h cite ! granites ( ,lima & ,acapulco2 ! gneiss ( ,c>acas2 ! mica-slate ( ! p59sula ( ,araya2 ! primitive ?ons*ief] ( ,tepecuacuilco1 9 ,mexico2 ! second>y lime/ones ( ! ,ap5n9es1 ,spa91 & ,new ,&alusia2 & f9ally1 ! trappean porphyries ( ! prov9ces ( ,quito & ,popayan499 799 ,i might add to ! li/ ( second>y rocks1 ! gypsum ( ! newe/ =mation1 = in/ance1 t ( ,montm>tre1 situat$ on a m>9e calc>e\s rock1 :i* is po/]ior to ! *alk4--,see ! ,memoires de l',academie tome #a page #cda on ! e>?quake felt at ,p>is & its environs 9 #afha47 ,9 ^! diff]5t places ! gr\nd is frequ5tly agitat$ by ! mo/ viol5t %ocks2 b sometimes1 9 ! same rock1 ! sup]ior /rata =m inv9cible ob/acles to ! propagation ( ! motion4 ,?us1 9 ! m9es ( ,saxony1 we h se5 workm5 ha/5 up al>m$ by oscillations :i* 7 n felt at ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,if1 9 regions ! mo/ remote f ea* o!r1 primitive1 second>y1 & volcanic rocks1 %>e equally 9 ! convulsive movem5ts ( ! globe2 we _c b admit also t )9 a space ( little ext5t1 c]ta9 classes ( rocks oppose !mselves to ! propagation ( ! %ocks4 ,at ,cumana1 = in/ance1 be=e ! great cata/rophe ( #agig1 ! e>?quakes 7 felt only along ! s\!rn & calc>e\s coa/ ( ! gulf ( ,c>iaco1 z f> z ! t[n ( t "n2 :ile 9 ! p59sula ( ,araya1 & at ! village ( ,maniqu>ez1 ! gr\nd did n %>e ! same agitation4 ,b s9ce ,decemb] #agig1 new communications appe> to h be5 op5$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! globe4 ,! p59sula ( ,araya is n[ n m]ely subject to ! same agitations z ! soil ( ,cumana1 b ! promontory ( mica-slate1 previ\sly free f e>?quakes1 has become 9 its turn a c5tral po9t ( commotion4 ,! e>? is sometimes /rongly %ak5 at ! village ( ,maniqu>ez1 :5 on ! coa/ ( ,cumana ! inhabitants enjoy ! mo/ p]fect tranquillity4 ,! gulf ( ,c>iaco1 nev]!less1 is only sixty or eighty fa?oms deep4 ,x has be5 ?\ght f obs]vations made bo? on ! cont95t & 9 ! isl&s1 t ! we/]n & s\!rn coa/s are mo/ expos$ to %ocks4 ,?is obs]vation is connect$ ) op9ions :i* geologi/s h long =m$ respect+ ! position ( ! high *a9s ( m\nta9s1 & ! direction ( _! /eepe/ declivities2 b ! exi/5ce ( ! ,cordill]a ( ,c>acas1 & ! frequ5cy ( ! oscillations on ! ea/]n & nor!rn coa/ ( ,t]ra ,firma1 9 ! gulf ( ,p>ia1 at ,c>upano1 at ,c>iaco1 & at ,cumana1 r5d] ! accuracy ( t op9ion d\btful4 ,9 ,new ,&alusia1 z well z 9 ,*ile & ,p]u1 ! %ocks foll[ ! c\rse ( ! %ore1 & ext5d b little inl&4 ,?is circum/ance1 z we %all soon f9d1 indicates an intimate connection betwe5 ! causes :i* produce e>?quakes & volcanic eruptions4 ,if ! e>? 0 mo/ agitat$ on ! coa/s1 because !y are ! l[e/ "p ( ! l&1 :y %\ld n ! oscillations be equally /rong & frequ5t on ^? va/ savannahs or prairies199 :i* are sc>cely eight or t5 toises above ! level ( ! ocean8 799 ,! ,llanos ( ,cumana1 ( ,new ,b>celona1 ( ,calabozo1 ( ,apure1 & ( ,meta47 ,! e>?quakes ( ,cumana are connect$ ) ^? ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s2 & x has ev5 be5 suspect$ t !y h "s connection ) ! volcanic ph5om5a ( ! ,cordill]as ( ! ,&es4 ,on ! #d? ( ,febru>y #agig1 ! soil ( ! prov9ce ( ,quito suff]$ su* a de/ructive commotion1 t ne> #dj1jjj natives p]i%$4 ,at ! same p]iod ! inhabitants ( ! ea/]n ,antilles 7 al>m$ by %ocks1 :i* cont9u$ dur+ eight mon?s1 :5 ! volcano ( ,guadal\pe ?rew out pumice-/ones1 a%es1 & gu/s ( sulphure\s vap\rs4 ,! eruption ( ! #bg? ( ,septemb]1 dur+ :i* v long-cont9u$ subt]ranean noises 7 he>d1 0 foll[$ on ! #ad? ( ,decemb] by ! great e>?quake ( ,cumana4 ,ano!r volcano ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 t ( ,/4 ,v9c5t1 af=ds an example ( ^! extraord9>y connections4 ,?is volcano _h n emitt$ flames s9ce #agah1 :5 !y bur/ =? anew 9 #ahab4 ,! total ru9 ( ! city ( ,c>acas prec$$ ?is explosion ?irty-five days1 & viol5t oscillations ( ! gr\nd 7 felt bo? 9 ! isl&s & on ! coa/s ( ,t]ra ,firma4 ,x has long be5 rem>k$ t ! effects ( great e>?quakes ext5d mu* f>!r ?an ! ph5om5a aris+ f burn+ volcanoes4 ,9 /udy+ ! physical revolutions ( ,italy1 9 c>efully exam9+ ! s]ies ( ! eruptions ( ,vesuvius & ,etna1 we c sc>cely recognise1 not)/&+ ! proximity ( ^! m\nta9s1 any traces ( a simultane\s action4 ,x is on ! contr>y beyond a d\bt1 t at ! p]iod ( ! la/ & prec$+ de/ruction ( ,lisbon199 ! sea 0 viol5tly agitat$ ev5 z f> z ! ,new ,_w1 = in/ance1 at ! isl& ( ,b>bados1 m ?an twelve hundr$ leagues di/ant f ! coa/s ( ,portugal4 799 ,de/ruction ( ,lisbon3 ,! #a/ ( ,novemb]1 #agee1 & #ca/ ( ,m>*1 #agfa4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ( ^! e>?quakes1 ! sea inundat$1 9 ,europe1 ! coa/s ( ,sw$51 ,engl&1 & ,spa92 9 ,am]ica1 ! isl&s ( ,antigua1 ,b>bados1 & ,m>t9ique4 ,at ,b>bados1 :]e ! ord9>y tides rise only f tw5ty-f\r to tw5ty-eight in*es1 ! wat] rose tw5ty feet 9 ,c>lisle ,bay4 ,x became at ! same "t z black z ink2 be+1 )\t d\bt1 mix$ ) ! petroleum1 or asphaltum1 :i* ab\nds at ! bottom ( ! sea1 z well on ! coa/s ( ! gulf ( ,c>iaco1 z ne> ! isl& ( ,tr9idad4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & 9 sev]al lakes ( ,switz]l&1 ?is extraord9>y motion ( ! wat]s 0 obs]v$ six h\rs aft] ! fir/ %ock t 0 felt at ,lisbon--,philosophical ,transactions volume #di pages #djc1 #daj1 #edd1 #ffh2 ibid4 volume #ec page #dbd4 ,at ,cadiz a m\nta9 ( wat] sixty feet high 0 se5 eight miles di/ant at sea4 ,?is mass ?rew itself impetu\sly on ! coa/s1 & beat d[n a great numb] ( h\ses2 l ! wave eighty-f\r feet high1 :i* on ! #i? ( ,june1 #aehf1 at ! "t ( ! great e>?quake ( ,lima1 cov]$ ! port ( ,callao4--,aco/a ,hi/4 ,natural de las ,indias edition de #aeia page #abc4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 on ,lake ,ont>io1 viol5t agitations ( ! wat] 7 obs]v$ f ! mon? ( ,octob] #agee4 ,^! ph5om5a are pro(s ( subt]rane\s communications at enorm\s di/ances4 ,on comp>+ ! p]iods ( ! great cata/rophes ( ,lima & ,guatimala1 :i* g5]ally succe$ ea* o!r at long int]vals1 x has sometimes be5 ?\ght1 t ! effect ( an action sl[ly propagat+ along ! ,cordill]as1 sometimes f nor? to s\?1 at o!r times f s\? to nor?1 may be p]ceiv$4--,cosmo ,bu5o ,descripcion del ,p]u ed4 de ,lima page #fg4 ,f\r ( ^! rem>kable cata/rophes1 ) _! dates1 may be "h enum]at$47 ,,table ,,( ,,f\r ,,cata/rophes3 ,,column #a 3 ,,mexico4 7,latitude #ac degrees #cb m9utes nor?47 ,,column #b 3 ,,p]u4 7,latitude #ab degrees #b m9utes s\?47 #cj? ( ,novemb]1 #aegg 3 #ag? ( ,june1 #aegh4 #d? ( ,m>*1 #afgi 3 #ag? ( ,june1 #afgh4 #ab? ( ,febru>y1 #afhi 3 #aj? ( ,octob]1 #afhh4 #bg? ( ,septemb]1 #agag 3 #h? ( ,febru>y1 #agaf4 ,:5 ! %ocks are n simultane\s1 or d n foll[ ea* o!r at %ort int]vals1 great d\bts may be ent]ta9$ ) respect to ! suppos$ communication ( ! movem5t47 ,sev]al facts t5d to prove t ! causes :i* produce e>?quakes h a ne> connection ) ^? :i* act 9 volcanic eruptions4 ,! connection ( ^! causes 0 kn[n to ! anci5ts1 & x excit$ fre% att5tion at ! p]iod ( ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,! discov]y ( ! ,new ,_w n only (f]$ new productions to ! curiosity ( man1 x also ext5d$ ! !n exi/+ /ock ( k respect+ physical geography1 ! v>ieties ( ! human species1 & ! migrations ( nations4 ,x is impossible to read ! n>ratives ( e>ly ,spani% travell]s1 especially t ( ! ,jesuit ,aco/a1 )\t p]ceiv+ ! influ5ce :i* ! aspect ( a great cont95t1 ! /udy ( extraord9>y appe>ances ( nature1 & int]c\rse ) m5 ( diff]5t races1 mu/ h ex]cis$ on ! progress ( k 9 ,europe4 ,! g]m ( a great numb] ( physical tru?s is f\nd 9 ! works ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 & t g]m w\ld h fructifi$1 _h x n be5 cru%$ by fanaticism & sup]/ition4 ,we le>n$1 at ,pa/o1 t ! column ( black & ?ick smoke1 :i*1 9 #agig1 issu$ = sev]al mon?s f ! volcano ne> t %ore1 disappe>$ at ! v h\r1 :51 sixty leagues to ! s\?1 ! t[ns ( ,riobamba1 ,hambato1 & ,tacunga 7 de/roy$ by an enorm\s %ock4 ,9 ! int]ior ( a burn+ crat]1 ne> ^? hillocks =m$ by ejections ( scoriae & a%es1 ! motion ( ! gr\nd is felt sev]al seconds be=e ea* p>tial eruption takes place4 ,we obs]v$ ?is ph5om5on at ,vesuvius 9 #ahje1 :ile ! m\nta9 ?rew out inc&esc5t scoriae2 we 7 witnesses ( x 9 #ahjb1 on ! br9k ( ! imm5se crat] ( ,pi*9*a1 f :i*1 nev]!less1 at t "t1 cl\ds ( sulphure\s acid vap\rs only issu$4 ,ev]y?+ 9 e>?quakes seems to indicate ! action ( ela/ic fluids seek+ an outlet to diffuse !mselves 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,(t51 on ! coa/s ( ! ,pacific1 ! action is almo/ in/antane\sly communicat$ f ,*ile to ! gulf ( ,guayaquil1 a di/ance ( six hundr$ leagues2 &1 :at is v rem>kable1 ! %ocks appe> to be ! /rong] 9 proportion z ! c\ntry is di/ant f burn+ volcanoes4 ,! granitic m\nta9s ( ,calabria1 cov]$ ) v rec5t breccias1 ! calc>e\s *a9 ( ! ,ap5n9es1 ! c\ntry ( ,pign]ol1 ! coa/s ( ,portugal & ,greece1 ^? ( ,p]u & ,t]ra ,firma1 af=d /rik+ pro(s ( ?is fact4 ,! globe1 x may be said1 is agitat$ ) ! great] =ce1 9 proportion z ! surface has a small] numb] ( funnels communicat+ ) ! cav]ns ( ! int]ior4 ,at ,naples & at ,mess9a1 at ! foot ( ,cotopaxi & ( ,tunguragua1 e>?quakes are dread$ only :5 vap\rs & flames d n issue f ! crat]s4 ,9 ! k+dom ( ,quito1 ! great cata/rophe ( ,riobamba l$ sev]al well-in=m$ p]sons to ?9k t t c\ntry w\ld be less frequ5tly di/urb$1 if ! subt]ranean fire %\ld break ! porphyritic dome ( ,*imborazo2 & if t colossal m\nta9 %\ld become a burn+ volcano4 ,at all times analog\s facts h l$ to ! same hypo!ses4 ,! ,greeks1 :o1 l ourselves1 attribut$ ! oscillations ( ! gr\nd to ! t5sion ( ela/ic fluids1 cit$ 9 fav\r ( _! op9ion1 ! total cessation ( ! %ocks at ! isl& ( ,euboea1 by ! op5+ ( a crevice 9 ! ,lelant9e pla9499 799 ,! %ocks ceas$ only :5 a crevice1 :i* eject$ a riv] ( fi]y mud1 op5$ 9 ! pla9 ( ,lelantum1 ne> ,*alcis4--,/rabo47 ,! ph5om5a ( volcanoes1 & ^? ( e>?quakes1 h be5 consid]$ ( late z ! effects ( voltaic electricity1 develop$ by a p>ticul> disposition ( het]og5e\s /rata4 ,x _c be d5i$1 t (t51 :5 viol5t %ocks succe$ ea* o!r )9 ! space ( a few h\rs1 ! electricity ( ! air s5sibly increases at ! in/ant ! gr\nd is mo/ agitat$2 b to expla9 ?is ph5om5on1 x is unnecess>y to recur to an hypo!sis1 :i* is 9 direct contradiction to ev]y?+ hi!rto obs]v$ respect+ ! /ructure ( our planet1 & ! disposition ( its /rata4 ,,*apt] #a4e4 ,,p59sula ,,( ,,araya4 ,,salt-,,m>%es4 ,,ru9s ,,( ,,! ,,ca/le ,,( ,,santiago4 ,,! fir/ weeks ( our abode at ,cumana 7 employ$ 9 te/+ our in/rum5ts1 9 h]boriz+ 9 ! neighb\r+ pla9s1 & 9 exam9+ ! traces ( ! e>?quake ( ! #ad? ( ,decemb]1 #agig4 ,ov]p[]$ at once by a great numb] ( objects1 we 7 some:at emb>rass$ h[ to lay d[n a regul> plan ( /udy & obs]vation4 ,:il/ e surr\nd+ object 0 fitt$ to inspire 9 u ! mo/ lively int]e/1 our physical & a/ronomical in/rum5ts 9 _! turns excit$ /rongly ! curiosity ( ! inhabitants4 ,we _h num]\s visitors2 & 9 our desire to satisfy p]sons :o appe>$ s happy to see ! spots ( ! moon ?r\gh ,dollond's telescope1 ! absorption ( two gases 9 a eudiometrical tube1 or ! effects ( galvanism on ! motions ( a frog1 we 7 oblig$ to answ] que/ions (t5 obscure1 & to repeat = :ole h\rs ! same exp]im5ts4 ,^! sc5es 7 r5ew$ = ! space ( five ye>s1 :5ev] we took up our abode 9 a place :]e x 0 und]/ood t we 7 9 possession ( microscopes1 telescopes1 & electrical app>atus4 ,i c\ld n beg9 a regul> c\rse ( a/ronomical obs]vations be=e ! #bh? ( ,july1 ?\gh x 0 highly important = me to "k ! longitude giv5 by ,b]?\d's "t-keep]2 b x happ5$1 t 9 a c\ntry :]e ! sky is con/antly cle> & s]5e1 no />s appe>$ = sev]al nights4 ,! :ole s]ies ( ! obs]vations ,i made 9 #agii & #ahjj give = _! results1 t ! latitude ( ! great squ>e at ,cumana is #aj degrees #bg m9utes #eb seconds1 & its longitude #ff degrees #cj m9utes #b seconds4 ,?is longitude is f\nd$ on ! diff]5ce ( "t1 on lun> di/ances1 on ! eclipse ( ! sun 7on ! #bh? ( ,octob]1 #agii71 & on t5 imm]sions ( ,jupit]'s satellites1 comp>$ ) obs]vations made 9 ,europe4 ,! olde/ *>t we h ( ! cont95t1 t ( ,don ,diego ,ribeiro1 geograph] to ! emp]or ,*>les ! ,fif?1 places ,cumana 9 latitude #i degrees #cj m9utes2 :i* diff]s fifty-eight m9utes f ! real latitude1 & half a degree f t m>k$ by ,jeff]ies 9 8 ,am]ican ,pilot1 publi%$ 9 #agid4 ,dur+ ?ree c5turies ! :ole ( ! coa/ ( ,t]ra ,firma has be5 laid d[n too f> to ! s\?3 ?is has be5 ow+ to ! curr5t ne> ! isl& ( ,tr9idad1 :i* sets t[>d ! nor?1 & m>9]s are l$ by _! dead-reckon+ to ?9k !mselves f>!r s\? ?an !y really are4 ,on ! #ag? ( ,augu/ a halo r\nd ! moon fix$ ! att5tion ( ! inhabitants ( ,cumana1 :o consid]$ x z ! presage ( "s viol5t e>?quake2 =1 accord+ to popul> notions1 all extraord9>y ph5om5a are imm$iately connect$ ) ea* o!r4 ,col\r$ circles ar\nd ! moon are mu* m r>e 9 nor!rn c\ntries ?an 9 ,prov5ce1 ,italy1 & ,spa94 ,!y are se5 p>ticul>ly 7& ?is fact is s+ul> en\gh7 :5 ! sky is cle>1 & ! wea!r seems to be mo/ fair & settl$4 ,"u ! torrid zone beautiful prismatic col\rs appe> almo/ e night1 & ev5 at ! "t ( ! greate/ dr\ghts2 (t5 9 ! space ( a few m9utes !y disappe> sev]al times1 because1 d\btless1 ! sup]ior curr5ts *ange ! /ate ( ! float+ vap\rs1 by :i* ! light is refract$4 ,i sometimes ev5 obs]v$1 betwe5 ! fifte5? degree ( latitude & ! equator1 small halos ar\nd ! planet ,v5us2 ! purple1 orange1 & violet1 7 di/9ctly p]ceiv$3 b ,i nev] saw any col\rs ar\nd ,sirius1 ,canopus1 or ,a*]n]4 ,:ile ! halo 0 visible at ,cumana1 ! hygromet] d5ot$ great humidity2 nev]!less ! vap\rs appe>$ s p]fectly 9 solution1 or r s ela/ic & uni=mly dissem9at$1 t !y did n alt] ! transp>5cy ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! moon arose aft] a /orm ( ra91 beh9d ! ca/le ( ,san ,antonio4 ,z soon z %e appe>$ on ! horizon1 we di/+ui%$ two circles3 "o l>ge & :iti%1 =ty-f\r degrees 9 diamet]2 ! o!r a small circle ( #a degree #dc m9utes1 display+ all ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[4 ,! space betwe5 ! two circles 0 ( ! deepe/ azure4 ,at f\r degrees height1 !y disappe>$1 :ile ! meteorological in/rum5ts indicat$ n ! slighte/ *ange 9 ! l[] regions ( ! air4 ,?is ph5om5on _h no?+ extraord9>y1 except ! great brilliancy ( ! col\rs1 add$ to ! circum/ance1 t1 accord+ to ! measures tak5 ) ,ramsd5's sextant1 ! lun> disk 0 n exactly 9 ! c5tre ( ! haloes4 ,)\t ?is actual measurem5t we might h ?\ght t ! exc5tricity 0 ! effect ( ! projection ( ! circles on ! app>5t concavity ( ! sky4 ,if ! situation ( our h\se at ,cumana 0 highly fav\rable = ! obs]vation ( ! />s & meteorological ph5om5a1 x oblig$ u to be sometimes ! witnesses ( pa9ful sc5es dur+ ! day4 ,a "p ( ! great squ>e is surr\nd$ ) arcades1 above :i* is "o ( ^? long wood5 gall]ies1 common 9 w>m c\ntries4 ,?is 0 ! place :]e slaves1 br\ght f ! coa/ ( ,africa1 7 sold4 ,( all ! ,european gov]nm5ts ,d5m>k 0 ! fir/1 & = a long "t ! only p[]1 :i* aboli%$ ! traffic2 yet not)/&+ t fact1 ! fir/ negroes we saw expos$ = sale _h be5 l&$ f a ,dani% slave-%ip4 ,:at are ! duties ( humanity1 national hon\r1 or ! laws ( _! c\ntry1 to m5 /imulat$ by ! speculations ( sordid int]e/8 ,! slaves expos$ to sale 7 "y m5 f fifte5 to tw5ty ye>s ( age4 ,e morn+ cocoa-nut oil 0 di/ribut$ among !m1 ) :i* !y rubb$ _! bodies1 to give _! sk9 a black poli%4 ,! p]sons :o came to pur*ase exam9$ ! tee? ( ^! slaves1 to judge ( _! age & heal?2 =c+ op5 _! m\?s z we d ^? ( horses 9 a m>ket4 ,?is odi\s cu/om dates f ,africa1 z is prov$ by ! fai?ful pictures drawn by ! inimitable ,c]vantes199 :o aft] 8 long captivity among ! ,moors1 describ$ ! sale ( ,*ri/ian slaves at ,algi]s4 799 ,el ,trato de ,argel4 ,jorn4 #b ,viage al ,p>nasso #aghd page #caf47 ,x is di/ress+ to ?9k t ev5 at ?is day !re exi/ ,european coloni/s 9 ! ,we/ ,indies :o m>k _! slaves ) a hot iron1 to "k !m aga9 if !y escape4 ,?is is ! treatm5t be/[$ on ^? :o save o!r m5 ! lab\r ( s[+1 till+1 & reap+499 799 ,la ,bruy]e ,c>act]es edition #agfe *apt] #aa page #cjj4 ,i w "h cite a passage /rongly *>act]i/ic ( ,la ,bruy]e's b5evol5t feel+ = 8 fell[-creatures4 ,we f9d 7"u ! torrid zone7 c]ta9 wild animals1 male & female1 scatt]$ ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 black1 livid1 & all ov] scor*$ by ! sun1 b5t to ! e>? :i* !y dig & turn up ) inv9cible p]sev]ance4 ,!y h some?+ l articulate utt]ance2 & :5 !y /& up on _! feet1 !y exhibit a human face1 & 9 fact ^! creatures are m547 ,9 #ahjj ! numb] ( slaves did n exce$ six ?\s& 9 ! two prov9ces ( ,cumana & ,b>celona1 :5 at ! same p]iod ! :ole population 0 e/imat$ at "o hundr$ & t5 ?\s& inhabitants4 ,! trade 9 ,african slaves1 :i* ! laws ( ! ,spani>ds h nev] fav\r$1 is almo/ z no?+ on ^! coa/s :]e ! trade 9 ,am]ican slaves 0 c>ri$ on 9 ! sixte5? c5tury ) desolat+ activity4 ,mac>apan1 anci5tly call$ ,am>acapana1 ,cumana1 ,araya1 & p>ticul>ly ,new ,cadiz1 built on ! islet ( ,cubagua1 might !n be consid]$ z comm]cial e/abli%m5ts = facilitat+ ! slave trade4 ,girolamo ,b5zoni ( ,milan1 :o at ! age ( tw5ty-two visit$ ,t]ra ,firma1 took "p 9 "s exp$itions 9 #aedb to ! coa/s ( ,bordones1 ,c>iaco1 & ,p>ia1 to c>ry (f ! un=tunate natives1 he relates ) simplicity1 & (t5 ) a s5sibility n common 9 ! hi/orians ( t "t1 ! examples ( cruelty ( :i* he 0 a witness4 ,he saw ! slaves dragg$ to ,new ,cadiz1 to be m>k$ on ! =ehead & on ! arms1 & = ! paym5t ( ! qu9t to ! (fic]s ( ! cr[n4 ,f ?is port ! ,indians 7 s5t to ! isl& ( ,haiti or ,/4 ,dom+o1 aft] hav+ (t5 *ang$ ma/]s1 n by way ( sale1 b because ! soldi]s play$ = !m at dice4 ,! fir/ excursion we made 0 to ! p59sula ( ,araya1 & ^? c\ntries =m]ly celebrat$ = ! slave-trade & ! pe>l-fi%]y4 ,we emb>k$ on ! ,rio ,manzan>es1 ne> ! ,indian suburb1 on ! #ai? ( ,augu/1 ab\t two 9 ! morn+4 ,! pr9cipal objects ( ?is excursion 71 to see ! ru9s ( ! ca/le ( ,araya1 to exam9e ! salt-works1 & to make a few geological obs]vations on ! m\nta9s =m+ ! n>r[ p59sula ( ,maniqu>ez4 ,! night 0 delightfully cool2 sw>ms ( phosphoresc5t insects99 gli/5$ 9 ! air 799 ,elat] noctilucus4 71 & ov] a soil cov]$ ) sesuvium1 & groves ( mimosa :i* bord]$ ! riv]4 ,we "k h[ common ! gl[-worm99 799 ,lampyris italica1 ,l4 noctiluca47 is 9 ,italy & 9 all ! s\? ( ,europe1 b ! picturesque effect x produces _c be comp>$ to ^? innum]able1 scatt]$1 & mov+ lights1 :i* embelli% ! nights ( ! torrid zone1 & seem to repeat on ! e>?1 along ! va/ ext5t ( ! savannahs1 ! brilliancy ( ! />ry vault ( heav54 ,:51 on desc5d+ ! riv]1 we drew ne> plantations1 or *>as1 we saw bonfires k9dl$ by ! negroes4 ,a light & undulat+ smoke rose to ! tops ( ! palm-trees1 & imp>t$ a r$di% hue to ! disk ( ! moon4 ,x 0 on a ,sunday night1 & ! slaves 7 danc+ to ! music ( ! guit>4 ,! p ( ,africa1 ( negro race1 are end[$ ) an inexhau/ible /ore ( activity & gaiety4 ,aft] hav+ end$ ! lab\rs ( ! week1 ! slaves1 on fe/ival days1 pref] to li/less sleep ! recreations ( music & danc+4 ,! b>k 9 :i* we pass$ ! gulf ( ,c>iaco 0 v spaci\s4 ,l>ge sk9s ( ! jagu>1 or ,am]ican tig]1 7 spread = our repose dur+ ! night4 ,?\gh we _h yet sc>cely be5 two mon?s 9 ! torrid zone1 we _h already become s s5sible to ! smalle/ v>iation ( temp]ature t ! cold prev5t$ u f sleep+2 :ile1 to our surprise1 we saw t ! c5tigrade !rmomet] 0 z high z #ba4h degrees4 ,?is fact is famili> to ^? :o h liv$ long 9 ! ,indies1 & is wor?y ! att5tion ( physiologi/s4 ,b\gu] relates1 t :5 he rea*$ ! summit ( ,montagne ,pelee1 9 ! isl& ( ,m>t9ique1 he & 8 companions %iv]$ ) cold1 ?\gh ! heat 0 above #ba4e degrees4 ,9 read+ ! int]e/+ n>rative ( capta9 ,bligh1 :o1 9 consequ5ce ( a mut9y on bo>d ! ,b\nty1 0 =c$ to make a voyage ( twelve hundr$ leagues 9 an op5 boat1 we f9d t t navigator1 9 ! t5? & twelf? degrees ( s\? latitude1 suff]$ mu* m f cold ?an f hung]4 ,dur+ our abode at ,guayaquil1 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y #ahjc1 we obs]v$ t ! natives cov]$ !mselves1 & compla9$ ( ! cold1 :5 ! !rmomet] sank to #bc4h degrees1 :il/ !y felt ! heat suffocat+ at #cj4e degrees4 ,six or sev5 degrees 7 suffici5t to cause ! opposite s5sations ( cold & heat2 because1 on ^! coa/s ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! ord9>y temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e is tw5ty-eight degrees4 ,! humidity1 :i* modifies ! conduct+ p[] ( ! air = heat1 contributes greatly to ^! impressions4 ,9 ! port ( ,guayaquil1 z ev]y:]e else 9 ! l[ regions ( ! torrid zone1 ! wea!r gr[s cool only aft] /orms ( ra93 & ,i h obs]v$ t :5 ! !rmomet] s9ks to #bc4h degrees1 ,de ,luc's hygromet] keeps up to fifty & fifty-two degrees2 x is1 on ! contr>y1 at ?irty-sev5 degrees 9 a temp]ature ( #cj4e degrees4 ,at ,cumana1 dur+ v heavy %[]s1 p 9 ! /reets are he>d exclaim+1 que hielo6 e/oy emp>amado299 ?\gh ! !rmomet] expos$ to ! ra9 s9ks only to #ba4e degrees4 799 ,:at an icy cold6 ,i %iv] z if ,i 0 on ! top ( ! m\nta9s4 ,! prov9cial ^w emp>am>se c be translat$ only by a v long p]iphrasis4 ,p>amo1 9 ,p]uvian puna1 is a d5om9ation f\nd on all ! maps ( ,spani% ,am]ica4 ,9 ! colonies x signifies nei!r a des]t nor a hea?1 b a m\nta9\s place cov]$ ) /unt$ trees1 expos$ to ! w9ds1 & 9 :i* a damp cold p]petually reigns4 ,9 ! torrid zone1 ! p>amos are g5]ally f "o ?\s& six hundr$ to two ?\s& toises high4 ,sn[ (t5 falls on !m1 b x rema9s only a few h\rs2 = we mu/ n conf\nd1 z geograph]s (t5 d1 ! words p>amo & puna ) t ( nevado1 9 ,p]uvian ritticapa1 a m\nta9 :i* ent]s into ! limits ( p]petual sn[4 ,^! notions are highly int]e/+ to geology & ! geography ( plants2 because1 9 c\ntries :]e no height has be5 measur$1 we may =m an exact idea ( ! l[e/ height to :i* ! ,cordill]as rise1 on look+ into ! map = ! words p>amo & nevado4 ,z ! p>amos are almo/ cont9ually envelop$ 9 a cold & ?ick fog1 ! p say at ,santa ,fe & at ,mexico1 cae un p>amito :5 a ?ick small ra9 falls1 & ! temp]ature ( ! air s9ks consid]ably4 ,f p>amo has be5 made emp>am>se1 :i* signifies to be z cold z if we 7 on ! ridge ( ! ,&es47 ,f ^! obs]vations x foll[s1 t betwe5 ! tropics1 9 pla9s :]e ! temp]ature ( ! air is 9 ! day-"t almo/ inv>iably above tw5ty-sev5 degrees1 w>m] clo?+ dur+ ! night is requisite1 :5ev] 9 a damp air ! !rmomet] s9ks f\r or five degrees4 ,we l&$ ab\t eight 9 ! morn+ at ! po9t ( ,araya1 ne> ! new salt-works4 ,a solit>y h\se1 ne> a batt]y ( ?ree guns1 ! only def5ce ( ?is coa/1 s9ce ! de/ruction ( ! =t ( ,santiago1 is ! abode ( ! inspector4 ,x is surpris+ t ^! salt-works1 :i* =m]ly excit$ ! jeal\sy ( ! ,engli%1 ,dut*1 & o!r m>itime p[]s1 h n creat$ a village1 or ev5 a f>m2 a few huts only ( poor ,indian fi%]m5 are f\nd at ! extremity ( ! po9t ( ,araya4 ,?is spot comm&s a view ( ! islet ( ,cubagua1 ! l(ty hills ( ,m>g>eta1 ! ru9s ( ! ca/le ( ,santiago1 ! ,c]ro de la ,vela1 & ! calc>e\s *a9 ( ! ,brigant9e1 :i* b\nds ! horizon t[>ds ! s\?4 ,i avail$ myself ( ?is view to take ! angles betwe5 ^! diff]5t po9ts1 f a basis ( f\r hundr$ toises1 :i* ,i measur$ betwe5 ! batt]y & ! hill call$ ! ,p5a4 ,z ! ,c]ro de la ,vela1 ! ,brigant9e1 & ! ca/le ( ,san ,antonio at ,cumana1 are equally visible f ! ,punta ,ar5as1 situat$ to ! we/ ( ! village ( ,maniqu>ez1 ! same objects 7 available = an approximate det]m9ation ( ! respective positions ( sev]al po9ts1 :i* are laid d[n 9 ! m9]alogical *>t ( ! p59sula ( ,araya4 ,! abundance ( salt conta9$ 9 ! p59sula ( ,araya 0 kn[n to ,alonzo ,n9o1 :51 foll[+ ! tracks ( ,columbus1 ,oj$a1 & ,am]igo ,vespucci1 he visit$ ^! c\ntries 9 #adii4 ,?\gh ( all ! p on ! globe ! natives ( ,s\? ,am]ica consume ! lea/ salt1 because !y sc>cely eat any?+ b vegetables1 x nev]!less appe>s1 t at an e>ly p]iod ! ,guayqu]ias dug into ! clayey & muriatif]\s soil ( ,punta ,ar5as4 ,ev5 ! br9e-pits1 n[ call$ new1 7la sal9a nueva17 situat$ at ! extremity ( ,cape ,araya1 7 work$ 9 v remote times4 ,! ,spani>ds1 :o settl$ at fir/ at ,cubagua1 & soon aft] on ! coa/s ( ,cumana1 work$1 f ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! salt m>%es :i* /ret* away l a lagoon to ! nor? ( ,c]ro de la ,vela4 ,z at t p]iod ! p59sula ( ,araya _h no settl$ population1 ! ,dut* avail$ !mselves ( ! natural ri*es ( a soil :i* appe>$ to be prop]ty common to all nations4 ,9 our days1 ea* colony has its own salt-works1 & navigation is s mu* improv$1 t ! m]*ants ( ,cadiz c s5d1 at a small exp5se1 salt f ,spa9 & ,portugal to ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 a di/ance ( #aijj leagues1 to cure meat at ,monte ,video & ,bu5os ,ayres4 ,^! advantages 7 unkn[n at ! "t ( ! conque/2 colonial indu/ry _h !n made s little progress1 t ! salt ( ,araya 0 c>ri$1 at great exp5se1 to ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 ,c>?ag5a1 & ,portobello4 ,9 #afje1 ! c\rt ( ,madrid s5t arm$ %ips to ,punta ,araya1 ) ord]s to expel ! ,dut* by =ce ( arms4 ,! ,dut*1 h[ev]1 cont9u$ to c>ry on a contrab& trade 9 salt till1 9 #afbb1 !re 0 built ne> ! salt-works a =t1 :i* aft]w>ds became celebrat$ "u ! "n ( ! ,ca/illo de ,santiago1 or ! ,real ,fu]za de ,araya4 ,! great salt-m>%es are laid d[n on ! olde/ ,spani% maps1 sometimes z a bay1 & at o!r times z a lagoon4 ,laet1 :o wrote 8 ,orbis ,novus 9 #afcc1 & :o _h "s excell5t notions respect+ ^! coa/s1 expressly /ates1 t ! lagoon 0 sep>at$ f ! sea by an i/hmus above ! level ( high wat]4 ,9 #agbf1 an impetu\s hurricane de/roy$ ! salt-works ( ,araya1 & r5d]$ ! =t1 ! con/ruction ( :i* _h co/ m ?an a million ( pia/res1 useless4 ,?is hurricane 0 a v r>e ph5om5on 9 ^! regions1 :]e ! sea is 9 g5]al z calm z ! wat] 9 our l>ge riv]s4 ,! waves ov]fl[$ ! l& to a great ext5t2 & by ! effect ( ?is eruption ( ! ocean ! salt lake 0 conv]t$ into a gulf sev]al miles 9 l5g?4 ,s9ce t p]iod1 artificial res]voirs1 or pits1 7vasets17 h be5 =m$1 to ! nor? ( ! range ( hills :i* sep>ates ! ca/le f ! nor? coa/ ( ! p59sula4 ,! consumption ( salt am\nt$1 9 #agii & #ahjj1 9 ! two prov9ces ( ,cumana99 & ,b>celona1 to n9e or t5 ?\s& fanegas1 ea* sixte5 arrobas1 or f\r hundr$weight4 ,?is consumption is v consid]able1 & gives1 if we d$uct f ! total population fifty ?\s& ,indians1 :o eat v little salt1 sixty p\nds = ea* p]son4 ,salt beef1 call$ tasajo1 is ! mo/ important article ( export f ,b>celona4 ,( n9e or t5 ?\s& fanegas furni%$ by ! two prov9ces conjo9tly1 ?ree ?\s& only are produc$ by ! salt-works ( ,araya2 ! re/ is extract$ f ! sea-wat] at ! ,morro ( ,b>celona1 at ,pozuelos1 at ,piritu1 & 9 ! ,golfo ,tri/e4 ,9 ,mexico1 ! salt lake ( ,p5on ,blanco alone furni%es ye>ly m ?an two hundr$ & fifty ?\s& fanegas ( unpurifi$ salt4 799 ,at ! p]iod ( my visit to t c\ntry ! gov]nm5t ( ,cumana compreh5d$ ! two prov9ces ( ,new ,&alusia & ,new ,b>celona4 ,! words prov9ce & govi]no1 or gov]nm5t ( ,cumana1 are consequ5tly n synonym\s4 ,a ,catalonian1 ,juan de ,urp91 :o _h be5 by turns a canon1 a doctor ( laws1 a c\nsellor 9 ,/4 ,dom+o1 & a private soldi] 9 ! ca/le ( ,araya1 f\nd$ 9 #afcf1 ! city ( ,new ,b>celona1 & attempt$ to give ! "n ( ,new ,catalonia 7,nueva ,ca?aluna7 to ! prov9ce ( :i* ?is newly con/ruct$ city became ! capital4 ,?is attempt 0 fruitless2 & x is f ! capital t ! :ole prov9ce took its "n4 ,s9ce my dep>ture f ,am]ica1 x has be5 rais$ to ! rank ( a ,govi]no4 ,9 ,new ,&alusia1 ! ,indian "n ( ,cumana has sup]s$$ ! names ,nueva ,tol$o & ,nueva ,cordoba1 :i* we f9d on ! maps ( ! sev5te5? c5tury47 ,! prov9ce ( ,c>acas possesses f9e salt-works at ,los ,roques2 ^? :i* =m]ly exi/$ at ! small isl& ( ,tortuga1 :]e ! soil is /rongly impregnat$ ) muriate ( soda1 7 de/roy$ by ord] ( ! ,spani% gov]nm5t4 ,a canal 0 made by :i* ! sea has free access to ! salt-m>%es4 ,=eign nations :o h colonies 9 ! ,we/ ,indies frequ5t$ ?is un9habit$ isl&2 & ! c\rt ( ,madrid1 f views ( suspici\s policy1 0 appreh5sive t ! salt-works ( ,tortuga w\ld give rise to settlem5ts1 by means ( :i* an illicit trade w\ld be c>ri$ on ) ,t]ra ,firma4 ,! royal adm9i/ration ( ! salt-works ( ,araya dates only f ! ye> #agib4 ,be=e t p]iod !y 7 9 ! h&s ( ,indian fi%]m51 :o manufactur$ salt at _! pleasure1 & sold x1 pay+ ! gov]nm5t ! mod]ate sum ( ?ree hundr$ pia/res4 ,! price ( ! fanega 0 !n f\r reals299 799 ,9 ?is n>rative1 z well z 9 ! ,political ,essay on ,new ,spa91 all ! prices are reckon$ 9 pia/res1 & silv] reals 7reales de plata74 ,eight ( ^! reals are equival5t to a pia/re1 or "o hundr$ & five s\s1 ,fr5* money 7#d %ill+s #d #a_/b p5ce ,engli%74 ,n\v4 ,esp4 volume #b pages #eai1 #faf & #hff47 b ! salt 0 extremely impure1 grey1 mix$ ) e>?y p>ticles1 & sur*>g$ ) muriate & sulphate ( magnesia4 ,s9ce ! prov9ce ( ,cumana has become dep5d5t on ! int5dancia ( ,c>acas1 ! sale ( salt is "u ! control ( ! excise2 & ! fanega1 :i* ! ,guayqu]ias sold at half a pia/re1 co/s a pia/re & a half499 799 ,! fanega ( salt is sold to ^? ,indians & fi%]m5 :o d n pay ! duties 7d]e*os reales71 at ,punta ,araya = six1 at ,cumana = eight reals4 ,! prices to ! o!r tribes are1 at ,araya t51 at ,cumana twelve reals47 ,?is augm5tation ( price is slightly comp5sat$ by great] purity ( ! salt1 & by ! facility ) :i* ! fi%]m5 & f>m]s c procure x 9 abundance dur+ ! :ole ye>4 ,! salt-works ( ,araya yield$ to ! treasury1 9 #agii1 a cle> income ( eight ?\s& pia/res4 ,consid]$ z a bran* ( indu/ry ! salt produc$ "h is n ( any great importance1 b ! nature ( ! soil :i* conta9s ! salt-m>%es is well wor?y ( att5tion4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a cle> idea ( ! geological connection exi/+ betwe5 ?is muriatif]\s soil & ! rocks ( m anci5t =mation1 we %all take a g5]al view ( ! neighb\r+ m\nta9s ( ,cumana1 & ^? ( ! p59sula ( ,araya1 & ! isl& ( ,m>g>eta4 ,?ree great p>allel *a9s ext5d f ea/ to we/4 ,! two mo/ nor!rly *a9s are primitive1 & conta9 ! mica-slates ( ,macanao1 & ! ,san ,juan ,valley1 ( ,maniqu>ez1 & ( ,*up>ip>i4 ,^! we %all di/+ui% by ! names ( ,cordill]a ( ! isl& ( ,m>g>eta1 & ,cordill]a ( ,araya4 ,! ?ird *a91 ! mo/ s\!rly ( ! :ole1 ! ,cordill]a ( ! ,brigant9e & ( ! ,cocoll>1 conta9s rocks only ( second>y =mation2 &1 :at is rem>kable en\gh1 ?\gh analog\s to ! geological con/itution ( ! ,alps we/w>d ( ,/4 ,go?>d1 ! primitive *a9 is mu* less elevat$ ?an t :i* 0 compos$ ( second>y rocks499 799 ,9 ,new ,&alusia1 ! ,cordill]a ( ! ,cocoll> n[h]e conta9s primitive rocks4 ,if ^! rocks =m ! nucleus ( ?is *a91 & rise above ! level ( ! neighb\r+ pla9s1 :i* is sc>cely probable1 we mu/ suppose t !y are all cov]$ ) lime/one & s&/one4 ,9 ! ,swiss ,alps1 on ! contr>y1 ! *a9 :i* is designat$ "u ! too vague d5om9ation ( lat]al & calc>e\s1 conta9s primitive rocks1 :i*1 accord+ to ! obs]vations ( ,es*] & ,leopold von ,bu*1 are (t5 visible to ! height ( eight hundr$ or a ?\s& toises47 ,! sea has sep>at$ ! two nor!rn ,cordill]as1 ^? ( ! isl& ( ,m>g>eta & ! p59sula ( ,araya2 & ! small isl&s ( ,co*e & ( ,cubagua are remnants ( ! l& t 0 subm]g$4 ,f>!r to ! s\?1 ! va/ gulf ,c>iaco /ret*es away1 l a longitud9al valley =m$ by ! irruption ( ! sea1 betwe5 ! two small *a9s ( ,araya & ! ,cocoll>1 betwe5 ! mica-slate & ! ,alp9e lime/one4 ,we %all soon see t ! direction ( ! /rata1 v regul> 9 ! fir/ ( ^! rocks1 is n q p>allel ) ! g5]al direction ( ! gulf4 ,9 ! high ,alps ( ,europe1 ! great longitud9al valley ( ! ,rhone also sometimes cuts at an oblique angle ! calc>e\s banks 9 :i* x has be5 excavat$4 ,! two p>allel *a9s ( ,araya & ! ,cocoll> 7 connect$1 to ! ea/ ( ! t[n ( ,c>iaco1 betwe5 ! lakes ( ,campoma & ,putaquao1 by a k9d ( transv]se dyke1 :i* be>s ! "n ( ,c]ro de ,meapire1 & :i* 9 di/ant times1 by resi/+ ! impulse ( ! waves1 has h9d]$ ! wat]s ( ! gulf ( ,c>iaco f unit+ ) ^? ( ! gulf ( ,p>ia4 ,?us1 9 ,switz]l&1 ! c5tral *a91 t :i* passes by ! ,col de ,f]rex1 ! ,simplon1 ,/4 ,go?>d1 & ! ,splug51 is connect$ on ! nor? & ! s\? ) two lat]al *a9s1 by ! m\nta9s ( ,furca & ,maloya4 ,x is int]e/+ to recall to m9d ^? /rik+ analogies exhibit$ 9 bo? cont95ts by ! ext]nal /ructure ( ! globe4 ,! primitive *a9 ( ,araya ends abruptly 9 ! m]idian ( ! village ( ,maniqu>ez2 & ! we/]n slope ( ! p59sula1 z well z ! pla9s 9 ! mid/ ( :i* /&s ! ca/le ( ,san ,antonio1 is cov]$ ) v rec5t =mations ( s&/one & clay mix$ ) gypsum4 ,ne> ,maniqu>ez1 breccia or s&/one ) calc>e\s cem5t1 :i* might easily be conf\nd$ ) real lime/one1 lies imm$iately ov] ! mica-slate2 :ile on ! opposite side1 ne> ,punta ,delgada1 ?is s&/one cov]s a compact blui% grey lime/one1 almo/ de/itute ( petrifactions1 & trav]s$ by small ve9s ( calc>e\s sp>4 ,?is la/ rock is analog\s to ! lime/one ( ! high ,alps499 799 ,alp5kalk/e947 ,! v rec5t s&/one =mation ( ! p59sula ( ,araya conta9s3--fir/1 ne> ,punta ,ar5as1 a /ratifi$ s&/one1 compos$ ( v f9e gra9s1 unit$ by a calc>e\s cem5t 9 small quantity2--secondly1 at ! ,c]ro de la ,vela1 a s*i/ose s&/one199 799 ,s&/e9s*ief]47 )\t mica1 & pass+ into slate-clay199 799 ,?ons*ief]47 :i* accompanies coal2--?irdly1 on ! we/]n side1 betwe5 ,punta ,gorda & ! ru9s ( ! ca/le ( ,santiago1 breccia compos$ ( petrifi$ sea-%ells unit$ by a calc>e\s cem5t1 9 :i* are m+l$ gra9s ( qu>tz2--f\r?ly1 ne> ! po9t ( ,b>igon1 :5ce ! /one employ$ = build+ at ,cumana is obta9$1 banks ( yell[i% :ite %elly lime/one1 9 :i* are f\nd "s scatt]$ gra9s ( qu>tz2--fif?ly1 at ,p5as ,negras1 at ! top ( ! ,c]ro de la ,vela1 a blui% grey compact lime/one1 v t5d]1 almo/ )\t petrifactions1 & cov]+ ! s*i/ose s&/one4 ,h[ev] extraord9>y ?is mixture ( s&/one & compact lime/one99 799 ,di*t] kalk/e947 may appe>1 we _c d\bt t ^! /rata belong to "o & ! same =mation4 ,! v rec5t second>y rocks ev]y:]e pres5t analog\s ph5om5a2 ! molasse ( ! ,pays de ,vaud conta9s a fetid %elly lime/one1 & ! c]ite lime/one ( ! banks ( ! ,se9e is sometimes mix$ ) s&/one4 ,! /rata ( calc>e\s breccia are compos$ ( an inf9ite numb] ( sea-%ells1 f f\r to six in*es 9 diamet]1 & 9 "p well pres]v$4 ,we f9d !y conta9 n ammonites1 b ampullaires1 sol5s1 & t]ebratulae4 ,! great] "p ( ^! %ells are mix$3 ! oy/]s & pect9ites be+ sometimes arrang$ 9 families4 ,! :ole are easily deta*$1 & _! int]ior is fill$ ) fossil madrepores & cellepores4 ,we h n[ to speak ( a f\r? =mation1 :i* probably re/s99 on ! calc>e\s s&/one ( ,araya1 ,i mean ! muriatif]\s clay4 799 ,x 7 to be wi%$ t m9]alogical travell]s w\ld exam9e m p>ticul>ly ! ,c]ro de la ,vela4 ,! lime/one ( ! ,p5as ,negras re/s on a slate-clay1 mix$ ) qu>tzose s&2 b !re is no pro( ( ! muriatif]\s clay ( ! salt-works be+ ( m anci5t =mation ?an ?is slate-clay1 or ( its alt]nat+ ) banks ( s&/one4 ,no well hav+ be5 dug 9 ^! c\ntries1 we c h no in=mation respect+ ! sup]position ( ! /rata4 ,! banks ( calc>e\s s&/one1 :i* are f\nd at ! m\? ( ! salt lake1 & ne> ! fi%]m5's huts on ! coa/ opposite ,cape ,macano1 appe>$ to me to lie b5ea? ! muriatif]\s clay47 ,?is clay1 h>d5$1 impregnat$ ) petroleum1 & mix$ ) lamell> & l5ticul> gypsum1 is analog\s to ! salz?on1 :i* 9 ,europe accompanies ! sal-gem ( ,b]*tesgad51 & 9 ,s\? ,am]ica t ( ,zipaquira4 ,x is g5]ally ( a smoke-grey col\r1 e>?y1 & friable2 b x encloses m solid masses ( a blacki% br[n1 ( a s*i/ose1 & sometimes con*oidal fracture4 ,^! fragm5ts1 f six to eight in*es long1 h an angul> =m4 ,:5 !y are v small1 !y give ! clay a porphyroidal appe>ance4 ,we f9d dissem9at$ 9 x1 z we h already obs]v$1 ei!r 9 ne/s or 9 small ve9s1 sel5ite1 & sometimes1 ?\gh seldom1 fibr\s gypsum4 ,x is rem>kable en\gh1 t ?is /ratum ( clay1 z well z ! banks ( pure sal-gem & ! salz?on 9 ,europe1 sc>cely ev] conta9s %ells1 :ile ! rocks adjac5t exhibit !m 9 great abundance4 ,al?\gh ! muriate ( soda is n f\nd visible to ! eye 9 ! clay ( ,araya1 we _c d\bt ( its exi/5ce4 ,x %[s itself 9 l>ge cry/als1 if we spr9kle ! mass ) ra9-wat] & expose x to ! sun4 ,! lagoon to ! ea/ ( ! ca/le ( ,santiago exhibits all ! ph5om5a :i* h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! salt lakes ( ,sib]ia1 describ$ by ,lepe*91 ,gmel91 & ,pallas4 ,?is lagoon receives1 h[ev]1 only ! ra9-wat]s1 :i* filt] ?r\gh ! banks ( clay1 & unite at ! l[e/ po9t ( ! p59sula4 ,:ile ! lagoon s]v$ z a salt-"w to ! ,spani>ds & ! ,dut*1 x did n communicate ) ! sea2 at pres5t ?is communication has be5 int]rupt$ anew1 by faggots plac$ at ! place :]e ! wat]s ( ! ocean made an irruption 9 #agbf4 ,aft] great dr\ghts1 cry/alliz$ & v pure muriate ( soda1 9 masses ( ?ree or f\r cubic feet1 is /ill drawn f "t to "t f ! bottom ( ! lagoon4 ,! salt wat]s ( ! lake1 expos$ to ! heat ( ! sun1 evaporate at _! surface2 cru/s ( salt1 =m$ 9 a saturat$ solution1 fall to ! bottom2 & by ! attraction betwe5 cry/als ( a simil> nature & =m1 ! cry/alliz$ masses daily augm5t4 ,x is g5]ally obs]v$ t ! wat] is bracki% :]ev] lagoons are =m$ 9 clayey gr\nd4 ,x is true1 t = ! new salt-"w ne> ! batt]y ( ,araya1 ! seawat] is receiv$ into pits1 z 9 ! salt m>%es ( ! s\? ( ,france2 b 9 ! isl& ( ,m>g>eta1 ne> ,pampat>1 salt is manufactur$ by employ+ only fre% wat]1 ) :i* ! muriatif]\s clay has fir/ be5 lixiviat$4 ,we mu/ n conf\nd ! salt dissem9at$ 9 ^! clayey soils ) t conta9$ 9 ! s&s ( ! sea%ore1 on ! coa/s ( ,norm&y4 ,^! ph5om5a1 consid]$ 9 a geogno/ical po9t ( view1 h sc>cely any prop]ties 9 common4 ,i h se5 muriatif]\s clay at ! level ( ! ocean at ,punta ,araya1 & at two ?\s& toises' height 9 ! ,cordill]as ( ,new ,gr5ada4 ,if 9 ! =m] ( ^! places x lies on v rec5t %elly breccia1 x =ms1 on ! contr>y1 9 ,au/ria ne> ,is*el1 a consid]able /ratum 9 ! ,alp9e lime/one1 :i*1 ?\gh equally po/]ior to ! exi/5ce ( organic life on ! globe1 is nev]!less ( high antiquity1 z is prov$ by ! great numb] ( rocks ) :i* x is cov]$4 ,we %all n "q1 t sal-gem1 ei!r pure or mix$ ) muriatif]\s clay1 may h be5 deposit$ by an anci5t sea2 b ev]y?+ ev9ces t x 0 =m$ dur+ an ord] ( ?+s be>+ no resemblance to t 9 :i* ! sea at pres5t1 by a sl[] op]ation1 deposits a few p>ticles ( muriate ( soda on ! s&s ( our %ores4 ,9 ! same mann] z sulphur & coal belong to p]iods ( =mation v remote f ea* o!r1 ! sal-gem is also f\nd sometimes 9 transition gypsum199 799 ,ueb]gangsgyps1 9 ! transition slate ( ,:ite ,alley 7l',allee ,blan*e71 & betwe5 ! grauwacke & black transition lime/one ne> ,bex1 bel[ ! ,d5t de ,*amossaire1 accord+ to ,m4 von ,bu*47 sometimes 9 ! ,alp9e lime/one199 799 ,at ,halle 9 ! ,tyrol47 sometimes 9 a muriatif]\s clay ly+ on a v rec5t s&/one199 799 ,at ,punta ,araya47 & la/ly1 sometimes 9 a gypsum99 po/]ior to ! *alk4 799 ,gypsum ( ! ?ird =mation among ! second>y gypsums4 ,! fir/ =mation conta9s ! gypsum 9 :i* are f\nd ! br9e-spr+s ( ,?ur+ia1 & :i* is plac$ ei!r 9 ! ,alp9e lime/one or ze*/e91 to :i* x ess5tially belongs 7,freiesleb5 ,geogno/4 ,arbeit5 tome #b page #aca71 or betwe5 ! ze*/e9 & ! lime/one ( ! ,jura1 or betwe5 ! ze*/e9 & ! new s&/one4 ,x is ! anci5t gypsum ( second>y =mation ( ,w]n]'s s*ool 7alt]] flozgyps71 :i* we almo/ pref]ably call muriatif]\s gypsum4 ,! second =mation is compos$ ( fibr\s gypsum1 plac$ ei!r 9 ! molasse or new s&/one1 or betwe5 ?is & ! upp] lime/one4 ,x ab\nds 9 common clay1 :i* diff]s ess5tially f ! salz?on or muriatif]\s clay4 ,! ?ird =mation ( gypsum is m rec5t ?an *alk4 ,to ?is belongs ! bony gypsum ( ,p>is2 &1 z appe>s f ! rese>*es ( ,mr4 ,/eff5s 7,geogn4 ,aufsatsze #ahaj page #adb71 ! gypsum ( ,segeb]g1 9 ,hol/e91 9 :i* sal-gem is sometimes dissem9at$ 9 v small ne/s 7,j5ais*e ,litt]atur-,zeitung #ahac page #ajj74 ,! gypsum ( ,p>is1 ly+ betwe5 a c]ite lime/one1 :i* cov]s *alk & a s&/one )\t %ells1 is di/+ui%$ by fossil bones ( quadrup$s1 :ile ! ,segeb]g & ,luneb\rg gypsums1 ! position ( :i* is m unc]ta91 are *>act]iz$ by ! boracits :i* !y conta94 ,two o!r =mations1 f> ant]ior to ! ?ree we h j m5tion$1 are ! transition gypsum 7ub]gangsgyps7 ( ,aigle1 & ! primitive gypsum 7urgyps7 ( ! valley ( ,can>ia1 ne> ,airolo4 ,i flatt] myself t ,i may r5d] "s s]vice to ^? geologi/s :o pref] ! k ( positive facts to speculation on ! orig9 ( ?+s1 by furni%+ !m ) mat]ials f :i* !y may g5]alize _! ideas on ! =mation ( rocks 9 bo? hemisph]es4 ,! relative antiquity ( ! =mations is ! pr9cipal object ( a sci5ce :i* is to r5d] u acqua9t$ ) ! /ructure ( ! globe2 t is to say1 ! nature ( ! /rata :i* con/itute ! cru/ ( our planet47 ,! new salt-works ( ,araya h five res]voirs1 or pits1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* h two ?\s& ?ree hundr$ squ>e toises surface4 ,_! mean dep? is eight in*es4 ,use is made bo? ( ! ra9-wat]1 :i* by filtration collects at ! l[e/ "p ( ! pla91 & ( ! wat] ( ! sea1 :i* ent]s by canals1 or m>telli]es1 :5 ! flood-tide is fav\r$ by ! w9ds4 ,! situation ( ^! new salt-works is less advantage\s ?an t ( ! lagoon4 ,! wat]s :i* fall into ! latt] pass ov] /eep] slopes1 wa%+ a great] ext5t ( gr\nd4 ,! e>? already lixiviat$ is nev] c>ri$ away "h1 z x is f "t to "t 9 ! isl& ( ,m>g>eta2 nor h wells be5 dug 9 ! muriatif]\s clay1 ) ! view ( f9d+ /rata ri*] 9 muriate ( soda4 ,! sal9]os1 or salt-work]s g5]ally compla9 ( want ( ra92 & 9 ! new salt-works1 x appe>s to me difficult to det]m9e :at quantity ( salt is d]iv$ solely f ! wat]s ( ! sea4 ,! natives e/imate x at a six? ( ! total produce4 ,! evaporation is extremely /rong1 & fav\r$ by ! con/ant motion ( ! air2 s t ! salt is collect$ 9 eighte5 or tw5ty days aft] ! pits are fill$4 ,?\gh ! muriate ( soda is manufactur$ ) less c>e 9 ! p59sula ( ,araya ?an at ! salt-works ( ,europe1 x is nev]!less pur]1 & conta9s less ( e>?y muriates & sulphates4 ,we "k n :e!r ?is purity may be attribut$ to t portion ( ! salt :i* is furni%$ by ! sea2 = ?\gh x is extremely probable1 t ! quantity ( salt dissolv$ 9 ! wat]s ( ! ocean is ne>ly ! same "u e zone1 x is n less unc]ta9 :e!r ! proportion betwe5 ! muriate ( soda1 ! muriate & sulphate ( magnesia1 & ! sulphate & c>bonate ( lime1 be equally inv>iable4 ,hav+ exam9$ ! salt-works1 & t]m9at$ our geodesical op]ations1 we dep>t$ at ! decl9e ( day to sleep at an ,indian hut1 "s miles di/ant1 ne> ! ru9s ( ! ca/le ( ,araya4 ,direct+ our c\rse s\?w>d1 we trav]s$ fir/ ! pla9 cov]$ ) muriatif]\s clay1 & /ripp$ ( vegetation2 !n two *a9s ( hills ( s&/one1 betwe5 :i* ! lagoon is situat$4 ,night ov]took u :ile we 7 9 a n>r[ pa?1 bord]$ on "o side by ! sea1 & on ! o!r by a range ( p]p5dicul> rocks4 ,! tide 0 ris+ rapidly1 & n>r[$ ! road at e /ep4 ,we at l5g? arriv$ at ! foot ( ! old ca/le ( ,araya1 :]e we enjoy$ a prospect t _h 9 x some?+ lugubri\s & romantic4 ,! ru9s /& on a b>e & arid m\nta91 cr[n$ ) agave1 column> cactus1 & ?orny mimosas3 !y be> less resemblance to ! works ( man1 ?an to ^? masses ( rock :i* 7 ruptur$ at ! e>ly revolutions ( ! globe4 ,we 7 desir\s ( /opp+ to admire ?is maje/ic spectacle1 & to obs]ve ! sett+ ( ,v5us1 ^: disk appe>$ at int]vals betwe5 ! yawn+ crannies ( ! ca/le2 b ! mulete]1 :o s]v$ z our guide1 0 p>*$ ) ?ir/1 & press$ u e>ne/ly to return4 ,he _h long p]ceiv$ t we _h lo/ our way2 & z he hop$ to "w on our fe>s he cont9ually w>n$ u ( ! dang] ( tig]s & rattlesnakes4 ,v5om\s reptiles are1 inde$1 v common ne> ! ca/le ( ,araya2 & two jagu>s _h be5 lately kill$ at ! entrance ( ! village ( ,maniqu>ez4 ,if we might judge f _! sk9s1 :i* 7 pres]v$1 _! size 0 n less ?an t ( ! ,indian tig]4 ,we va9ly repres5t$ to our guide t ^? animals did n attack m5 :]e ! goats furni%$ !m ) abundant prey2 we 7 oblig$ to yield1 & return4 ,aft] hav+ proce$$ ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r along a %ore cov]$ by ! tide we 7 jo9$ by ! negro1 :o c>ri$ our provision4 ,uneasy at n see+ u arrive1 he _h come to meet u1 & he l$ u ?r\gh a wood ( nopals to a hut inhabit$ by an ,indian family4 ,we 7 receiv$ ) ! cordial hospitality obs]v$ 9 ?is c\ntry among p ( e tribe4 ,! hut 9 :i* we slung our hammocks 0 v clean2 & !re we f\nd fi%1 planta9s1 & :at 9 ! torrid zone is pref]able to ! mo/ sumptu\s food1 excell5t wat]4 ,! next day at sunrise we f\nd t ! hut 9 :i* we _h pass$ ! night =m$ "p ( a gr\p ( small dwell+s on ! bord]s ( ! salt lake1 ! rema9s ( a consid]able village :i* _h =m]ly /ood ne> ! ca/le4 ,! ru9s ( a *ur* 7 se5 p>tly buri$ 9 ! s&1 & cov]$ ) bru%wood4 ,:51 9 #agfb1 to save ! exp5se ( ! g>rison1 ! ca/le ( ,araya 0 totally dismantl$1 ! ,indians & ,mulattoes :o 7 settl$ 9 ! neighb\rhood emigrat$ by degrees to ,maniqu>ez1 to ,c>iaco1 & 9 ! suburb ( ! ,guayqu]ias at ,cumana4 ,a small numb]1 b\nd f affection to _! native soil1 rema9$ 9 ?is wild & b>r5 spot4 ,^! poor p live by cat*+ fi%1 :i* are extremely abundant on ! coa/ & ! neighb\r+ %oals4 ,!y appe> satisfi$ ) _! condition1 & ?9k x /range :5 !y are ask$ :y !y h no g>d5s or cul9>y vegetables4 ,our g>d5s1 !y reply1 are beyond ! gulf2 :5 we c>ry our fi% to ,cumana1 we br+ back planta9s1 cocoa-nuts1 & cassava4 ,?is sy/em ( economy1 :i* fav\rs idl5ess1 is foll[$ at ,maniqu>ez1 & ?r\gh\t ! :ole p59sula ( ,araya4 ,! *ief weal? ( ! inhabitants consi/s 9 goats1 :i* are ( a v l>ge & v f9e bre$1 & rove 9 ! fields l ^? at ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe4 ,!y h become entirely wild1 & are m>k$ l ! mules1 because x w\ld be difficult to recognize !m f _! col\r or ! arrangem5t ( _! spots4 ,^! wild goats are ( a br[ni% yell[1 & are n v>i$ 9 col\r l dome/ic animals4 ,if 9 hunt+1 a coloni/ kills a goat :i* he does n consid] z 8 own prop]ty1 he c>ries x imm$iately to ! neighb\r to :om x belongs4 ,dur+ two days we he>d x ev]y:]e spok5 ( z a v extraord9>y circum/ance1 t an inhabitant ( ,maniqu>ez _h lo/ a goat1 on :i* x 0 probable t a neighb\r+ family _h regal$ !mselves4 ,among ! ,mulattoes1 ^: huts surr\nd ! salt lake1 we f\nd x %oemak] ( ,ca/ilian desc5t4 ,he receiv$ u ) ! air ( gravity & self-suffici5cy :i* 9 ^? c\ntries *>act]ize almo/ all p]sons :o are consci\s ( possess+ "s peculi> tal5t4 ,he 0 employ$ 9 /ret*+ ! /r+ ( 8 b[1 & %>p5+ 8 arr[s to %oot birds4 ,8 trade ( a %oemak] c\ld n be v lucrative 9 a c\ntry :]e ! great] "p ( ! inhabitants g b>efoot$2 & he only compla9$ t1 on acc\nt ( ! de>ness ( ,european gunp[d]1 a man ( 8 quality 0 r$uc$ to employ ! same weapons z ! ,indians4 ,he 0 ! sage ( ! pla92 he und]/ood ! =mation ( ! salt by ! influ5ce ( ! sun & full moon1 ! symptoms ( e>?quakes1 ! m>ks by :i* m9es ( gold & silv] are discov]$1 & ! m$ic9al plants1 :i*1 l all ! o!r coloni/s f ,*ile to ,cali=nia1 he classifi$ into hot & cold499 799 ,excit+ or debilitat+1 ! /h5ic & a/h5ic1 ( ,br[n's sy/em47 ,hav+ collect$ ! traditions ( ! c\ntry1 he gave u "s curi\s acc\nts ( ! pe>ls ( ,cubagua1 objects ( luxury1 :i* he treat$ ) ! utmo/ contempt4 ,to %[ u h[ famili> to him 7 ! sacr$ writ+s he took a pride 9 rem9d+ u t ,job pref]r$ wisdom to all ! pe>ls ( ! ,indies4 ,8 philosophy 0 circumscrib$ to ! n>r[ circle ( ! wants ( life4 ,! possession ( a v /rong ass1 able to c>ry a heavy load ( planta9s to ! emb>cad]o1 0 ! consummation ( all 8 wi%es4 ,aft] a long disc\rse on ! empt9ess ( human greatness1 he drew f a lea!rn p\* a few v small opaque pe>ls1 :i* he =c$ u to accept1 enjo9+ u at ! same "t to note on our tablets t a poor %oemak] ( ,araya1 b a :ite man1 & ( noble ,ca/ilian race1 _h be5 enabl$ to give u some?+ :i*1 on ! o!r side ( ! sea199 0 s\ght = z v preci\s4 799 ',por alla1' or1 'del otro lado del *>co1' 7prop]ly 'beyond1' or 'on ! o!r side ( ! great lake'71 a figurative expression1 by :i* ! p 9 ! ,spani% colonies d5ote ,europe47 ,i "h acquit myself ( ! promise ,i made to ?is wor?y man1 :o dis9t]e/$ly refus$ to accept ( ! slighte/ retribution4 ,! ,pe>l ,coa/ pres5ts ! same aspect ( mis]y z ! c\ntries ( gold & diamonds1 ,*oco & ,brazil2 b mis]y is n !re att5d$ ) t immod]ate desire ( ga9 :i* is excit$ by m9]al weal?4 ,! pe>l-bre$+ oy/] 7,avicula m>g>itif]a1 ,cuvi]7 ab\nds on ! %oals :i* ext5d f ,cape ,p>ia to ,cape la ,vela4 ,! isl&s ( ,m>g>eta1 ,cubagua1 ,co*e1 ,punta ,araya1 & ! m\? ( ! ,rio la ,ha*a1 71 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 z celebrat$ z 7 ! ,p]sian ,gulf & ! isl& ( ,taprobana among ! anci5ts4 ,x is incorrectly alleg$ by "s hi/orians t ! natives ( ,am]ica 7 unacqua9t$ ) ! luxury ( pe>ls4 ,! fir/ ,spani>ds :o l&$ 9 ,t]ra ,firma f\nd ! savages deck$ ) pe>l necklaces & bracelets2 & among ! civiliz$ p ( ,mexico & ,p]u1 pe>ls ( a beautiful =m 7 extremely s\ght aft]4 ,i h publi%$ a diss]tation on ! /atue ( a ,mexican prie/ess 9 basalt1 ^: head-dress1 resembl+ ! calantica ( ! heads ( ,isis1 is ornam5t$ ) pe>ls4 ,las ,casas & ,b5zoni h describ$1 b n )\t "s exagg]ation1 ! cruelties :i* 7 ex]cis$ on ! unhappy ,indian slaves & negroes employ$ 9 ! pe>l fi%]y4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! conque/ ! isl& ( ,co*e alone furni%$ pe>ls am\nt+ 9 value to fifte5 hundr$ m>ks p] mon?4 ,! qu9t :i* ! k+'s (fic]s drew f ! produce ( pe>ls1 am\nt$ to fifte5 ?\s& ducats2 :i*1 accord+ to ! value ( ! preci\s metals 9 ^? times1 & ! ext5siv5ess ( contrab& trade1 may be reg>d$ z a v consid]able sum4 ,x appe>s t till #aecj ! value ( ! pe>ls s5t to ,europe am\nt$ ye>ly on an av]age to m ?an eight hundr$ ?\s& pia/res4 ,9 ord] to judge ( ! importance ( ?is bran* ( comm]ce to ,seville1 ,tol$o1 ,antw]p1 & ,g5oa1 we %\ld recollect t at ! same p]iod ! :ole ( ! m9es ( ,am]ica did n furni% two millions ( pia/res2 & t ! fleet ( ,ov&o 0 ?\ght to conta9 imm5se weal?1 because x _h on bo>d ne>ly two ?\s& six hundr$ m>ks ( silv]4 ,pe>ls 7 ! m s\ght aft]1 z ! luxury ( ,asia _h be5 introduc$ into ,europe by two ways diametrically opposite3 t ( ,con/ant9ople1 :]e ! ,palaeologi wore g>m5ts cov]$ ) /r+s ( pe>ls2 & t ( ,gr5ada1 ! resid5ce ( ! ,moori% k+s1 :o display$ at _! c\rt all ! luxury ( ! ,ea/4 ,! pe>ls ( ! ,ea/ 7 pref]r$ to ^? ( ! ,we/2 b ! numb] ( ! latt] :i* circulat$ 9 comm]ce 0 nev]!less consid]able at ! p]iod imm$iately foll[+ ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,9 ,italy z well z 9 ,spa91 ! islet ( ,cubagua became ! object ( num]\s m]cantile speculations4 ,b5zoni99 relates ! adv5ture ( "o ,luigi ,lampagnano1 to :om ,*>les ! ,fif? grant$ ! privilege ( proce$+ ) five c>avels to ! coa/s ( ,cumana to fi% = pe>ls4 799 ,la ,hi/4 del ,mondo ,nuovo page #cd4 ,luigi ,lampagnano1 a relation ( ! assass9 ( ! ,duke ( ,milan1 ,galeazzo ,m>ia ,s=za1 c\ld n pay ! m]*ants ( ,seville :o _h advanc$ ! money = 8 voyage2 he rema9$ five ye>s at ,cubagua1 & di$ 9 a fit ( insanity47 ,! coloni/s s5t him back ) ?is bold message3 ,t ! emp]or 0 too lib]al ( :at 0 n 8 own1 & t he _h no "r to dispose ( ! oy/]s :i* live at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,! pe>l fi%]y dim9i%$ rapidly ab\t ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 &1 accord+ to ,laet1 x _h long ceas$ 9 #afcc499 799 ,insul>um ,cubaguae et ,co*es quondam magna fuit dignitas1 quum ,unionum captura flor]et3 nunc1 illa defici5te1 obscura admodum fama4 ,laet ,nova ,orbis page #ffi4 ,?is accurate compil]1 speak+ ( ,punta ,araya1 adds1 ?is c\ntry is s =gott51 ut vix ulla ,am]icae m]idionalis p>s hodie obscurior sit47 ,! indu/ry ( ! ,v5etians1 :o imitat$ f9e pe>ls ) great exactness1 & ! frequ5t use ( cut diamonds199 r5d]$ ! fi%]ies ( ,cubagua less lucrative4 799 ,! cutt+ ( diamonds 0 inv5t$ by ,lewis de ,b]qu51 9 #adef1 b ! art became common only 9 ! foll[+ c5tury47 ,at ! same "t1 ! oy/]s :i* yield$ ! pe>ls became sc>c]1 n1 because1 accord+ to a popul> tradition1 !y 7 fright5$ by ! s\nd ( ! o>s1 & remov$ else:]e2 b because _! propagation _h be5 imp$$ by ! imprud5t de/ruction ( ! %ells by ?\s&s4 ,! pe>l-be>+ oy/] is ( a m delicate nature ?an mo/ ( ! o!r acephal\s mollusca4 ,at ! isl& ( ,ceylon1 :]e1 9 ! bay ( ,condeat*y1 ! fi%]y employs six hundr$ div]s1 & :]e ! annual produce is m ?an half a million ( pia/res1 x has va9ly be5 attempt$ to transplant ! oy/]s to o!r p>ts ( ! coa/4 ,! gov]nm5t p]mits fi%+ !re only dur+ a s+le mon?2 :ile at ,cubagua ! bank ( %ells 0 fi%$ at all seasons4 ,to =m an idea ( ! de/ruction ( ! species caus$ by ! div]s1 we mu/ rememb] t a boat sometimes collects1 9 two or ?ree weeks1 m ?an ?irty-five ?\s& oy/]s4 ,! animal lives b n9e or t5 ye>s2 & x is only 9 its f\r? ye> t ! pe>ls beg9 to %[ !mselves4 ,9 t5 ?\s& %ells !re is (t5 n a s+le pe>l ( value4 ,tradition records t on ! bank ( ,m>g>eta ! fi%]m5 op5$ ! %ells "o by "o3 9 ! isl& ( ,ceylon ! animals are ?r[n into heaps to rot 9 ! air2 & to sep>ate ! pe>ls :i* are n atta*$ to ! %ell1 ! animal pulp is wa%$1 z m9]s wa% ! s& :i* conta9s gra9s ( gold1 t91 or diamonds4 ,at pres5t ,spani% ,am]ica furni%es no o!r pe>ls = trade ?an ^? ( ! gulf ( ,panama1 & ! m\? ( ! ,rio de la ,ha*a4 ,on ! %oals :i* surr\nd ,cubagua1 ,co*e1 & ! isl& ( ,m>g>eta1 ! fi%]y is z mu* neglect$ z on ! coa/s ( ,cali=nia499 799 ,i am a/oni%$ at nev] hav+ he>d1 9 ! c\rse ( my travels1 ( pe>ls f\nd 9 ! fre%-wat] %ells ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ?\gh sev]al species ( ! ,unio g5us ab\nd 9 ! riv]s ( ,p]u47 ,x is believ$ at ,cumana1 t ! pe>l-oy/] has greatly multipli$ aft] two c5turies ( repose2 & 9 #ahab1 "s new attempts 7 made at ,m>g>eta = ! fi%+ ( pe>ls4 ,x has be5 ask$1 :y ! pe>ls f\nd at pres5t 9 %ells :i* become entangl$ 9 ! fi%]m5's nets are s small1 & h s little brilliancy199 :il/1 on ! ,spani>ds' arrival1 !y 7 extremely beautiful1 ?\gh ! ,indians d\btless _h n tak5 ! tr\ble ( div+ to collect !m4 799 ,! inhabitants ( ,araya sometimes sell ^! small pe>ls to ! retail deal]s ( ,cumana4 ,! ord9>y price is "o pia/re p] doz547 ,! problem is s mu* ! m difficult to solve1 z we "k n :e!r e>?quakes may h alt]$ ! nature ( ! bottom ( ! sea1 or :e!r ! *anges ( ! subm>9e curr5ts may h _h an influ5ce ei!r on ! temp]ature ( ! wat]1 or on ! abundance ( c]ta9 mollusca on :i* ! ,aronde fe$s4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! #bj? our ho/'s son1 a "y & v robu/ ,indian1 conduct$ u by ! way ( ,b>igon & ,caney to ! village ( ,maniqu>ez1 :i* 0 f\r h\rs' walk4 ,f ! effect ( ! rev]b]ation ( ! s&s1 ! !rmomet] kept up to #ca4c degrees4 ,! cyl9dric cactus1 :i* bord]$ ! road1 gave ! l&scape an appe>ance ( v]dure1 )\t af=d+ ei!r coolness or %ade4 ,be=e our guide _h walk$ a league1 he began to sit d[n e mom5t1 & at l5g? he wi%$ to repose "u ! %ade ( a f9e tam>9d tree ne> ,casas de la ,vela1 to await ! approa* ( night4 ,?is *>act]i/ic trait1 :i* we obs]v$ e "t we travell$ ) ,indians1 has giv5 rise to v errone\s ideas ( ! physical con/itutions ( ! diff]5t races ( m54 ,! copp]-col\r$ native1 m accu/om$ to ! burn+ heat ( ! climate1 ?an ! ,european travell]1 compla9s m1 because he is /imulat$ by no int]e/4 ,money is )\t attraction = him2 & if he p]mits himself to be tempt$ by ga9 = a mom5t1 he rep5ts ( 8 resolution z soon z he is on ! road4 ,! same ,indian1 :o w\ld compla91 :5 9 h]boriz+ we load$ him ) a box fill$ ) plants1 w\ld r[ 8 canoe f\rte5 or fifte5 h\rs toge!r1 aga9/ ! /ronge/ curr5t1 because he wi%$ to return to 8 family4 ,9 ord] to =m a true judgm5t ( ! muscul> /r5g? ( ! p1 we %\ld obs]ve !m 9 circum/ances :]e _! actions are det]m9$ by a necessity & a w equally en]getic4 ,we exam9$ ! ru9s ( ,santiago199 ! /ructure ( :i* is rem>kable = its extreme solidity4 799 ,on ! map accompany+ ,rob]tson's ,hi/ory ( ,am]ica1 we f9d ! "n ( ?is ca/le conf\nd$ ) t ( ,nueva ,cordoba4 ,?is latt] d5om9ation 0 =m]ly synonym\s ) ,cumana4--,h]r]a1 page #ad47 ,! walls ( free/one1 five feet ?ick1 h be5 bl[n up by m9es2 b we /ill f\nd masses ( sev5 or eight hundr$ feet squ>e1 :i* h sc>cely a crack 9 !m4 ,our guide %[$ u a ci/]n 7aljibe7 ?irty feet deep1 :i*1 ?\gh mu* damag$1 furni%es wat] to ! inhabitants ( ! p59sula ( ,araya4 ,?is ci/]n 0 f9i%$ 9 #afha1 by ! gov]nor ,don ,juan de ,padilla ,gu>diola1 ! same :o built at ,cumana ! small =t ( ,santa ,m>ia4 ,z ! bas9 is cov]$ ) an ar*$ vault1 ! wat]1 :i* is ( excell5t quality1 keeps v cool3 ! conf]vae1 :ile !y decompose ! c>burett$ hydrog51 also %elt] worms :i* h9d] ! propagation ( small insects4 ,x _h be5 believ$ = ages1 t ! p59sula ( ,araya 0 entirely de/itute ( spr+s ( fre% wat]2 b 9 #agig1 aft] _m useless rese>*es1 ! inhabitants ( ,maniqu>ez succe$$ 9 discov]+ "s4 ,9 cross+ ! arid hills ( ,cape ,cirial1 we p]ceiv$ a /rong smell ( petroleum4 ,! w9d blew f ! direction 9 :i* ! spr+s ( ?is sub/ance are f\nd1 & :i* 7 m5tion$ by ! fir/ hi/orians ( ^! c\ntries499 799 ,ovi$o t]ms x ,a res9\s1 aromatic1 & m$ic9al liquor47 ,ne> ! village ( ,maniqu>ez1 ! mica-slate99 799 ,! ,pi$ra pelada ( ! ,creoles47 comes out f bel[ ! second>y rock1 =m+ a *a9 ( m\nta9s f "o hundr$ & fifty to "o hundr$ & eighty toises 9 height4 ,! direction ( ! primitive rock ne> ,cape ,sotto is f nor?-ea/ to s\?-we/2 its /rata incl9e fifty degrees to ! nor?-we/4 ,! mica-slate is silv]y :ite1 ( lamell> & undulat$ texture1 & conta9s g>nets4 ,/rata ( qu>tz1 ! ?ickness ( :i* v>ies f ?ree to f\r toises1 trav]se ! mica-slate1 z we may obs]ve 9 sev]al rav9es holl[$ out by ! wat]s4 ,we deta*$ ) difficulty a fragm5t ( cyanite f a block ( spl9t]$ & milky qu>tz1 :i* 0 isolat$ on ! %ore4 ,?is 0 ! only "t we f\nd ?is sub/ance 9 ,s\? ,am]ica499 799 ,9 ,new ,spa91 ! cyanite has be5 discov]$ only 9 ! prov9ce ( ,guatimala1 at ,e/ancia ,gr&e1--,del ,rio ,tablas ,m94 #ahjd page #bg47 ,! pott]ies ( ,maniqu>ez1 celebrat$ f "t immemorial1 =m a bran* ( indu/ry :i* is exclusively 9 ! h&s ( ! ,indian wom54 ,! manufacture is /ill c>ri$ on accord+ to ! me?od us$ be=e ! conque/4 ,x indicates bo? ! infancy ( ! art1 & t un*angeability ( mann]s :i* is *>act]i/ic ( all ! natives ( ,am]ica4 ,?ree c5turies h be5 insuffici5t to introduce ! pott]'s-:eel1 on a coa/ :i* is n above ?irty or =ty days' sail f ,spa94 ,! natives h "s confus$ notions ) respect to ! exi/5ce ( ?is ma*9e1 & !y w\ld no d\bt make use ( x if x 7 introduc$ among !m4 ,! qu>ries :5ce !y obta9 ! clay are half a league to ! ea/ ( ,maniqu>ez4 ,?is clay is produc$ by natural decomposition ( a mica-slate r$d5$ by oxide ( iron4 ,! ,indian wom5 pref] ! "p mo/ ab\nd+ 9 mica2 & ) great skill fa%ion vessels two or ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 giv+ !m a v regul> curve4 ,z !y are n acqua9t$ ) ! use ( ov5s1 !y place twigs ( desman?us1 cassia1 & ! arboresc5t capp>is1 ar\nd ! pots1 & bake !m 9 ! op5 air4 ,to ! ea/ ( ! qu>ry :i* furni%es ! clay is ! rav9e ( ,la ,m9a4 ,x is ass]t$ t1 a %ort "t aft] ! conque/1 "s ,v5etians extract$ gold f ! mica-slate4 ,x appe>s t ?is metal 0 n collect$ 9 ve9s ( qu>tz1 b 0 f\nd dissem9at$ 9 ! rock1 z x is sometimes 9 granite & gneiss4 ,at ,maniqu>ez we met ) "s creoles1 :o _h be5 hunt+ at ,cubagua4 ,de] ( a small bre$ are s common 9 ?is un9habit$ islet1 t a s+le individual may kill ?ree or f\r 9 a day4 ,i "k n by :at accid5t ^! animals h got ?i!r1 = ,laet & o!r *ronicl]s ( ^! c\ntries1 speak+ ( ! f\ndation ( ,new ,cadiz1 m5tion only ! great abundance ( rabbits4 ,! v5ado ( ,cubagua belongs to "o ( ^? num]\s species ( small ,am]ican de]1 :i* zoologi/s h long conf\nd$ "u ! vague "n ( ,c]vus mexicanus4 ,x does n appe> to be ! same z ! h9d ( ! savannahs ( ,cay5ne1 or ! guazuti ( ,p>aguay1 :i* live also 9 h]ds4 ,its col\r is a br[ni% r$ on ! back1 & :ite "u ! belly2 & x is spott$ l ! axis4 ,9 ! pla9s ( ,c>i we 7 %[n1 z a ?+ v r>e 9 ^! hot climates1 a v>iety q :ite4 ,x 0 a female ( ! size ( ! roebuck ( ,europe1 & ( a v elegant %ape4 ,:ite v>ieties are f\nd 9 ! ,new ,cont95t ev5 among ! tig]s4 ,az>a saw a jagu>1 ! sk9 ( :i* 0 :olly :ite1 ) m]ely ! %ad[1 z x might be t]m$1 ( a few circul> spots4 ,( all ! productions on ! coa/s ( ,araya1 t :i* ! p consid] z ! mo/ extraord9>y1 or we may say ! mo/ m>vell\s1 is '! /one ( ! eyes1' 7pi$ra de los ojos47 ,?is calc>e\s sub/ance is a frequ5t subject ( conv]sation3 be+1 accord+ to ! natural philosophy ( ! natives1 bo? a /one & an animal4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! s&1 :]e x is motionless2 b if plac$ on a poli%$ surface1 = in/ance on a pewt] or e>!n plate1 x moves :5 excit$ by lemon juice4 ,if plac$ 9 ! eye1 ! suppos$ animal turns on itself1 & expels e o!r =eign sub/ance t has be5 accid5tally introduc$4 ,at ! new salt-works1 & at ! village ( ,maniqu>ez1 ^! /ones ( ! eyes99 7 (f]$ to u by hundr$s1 & ! natives 7 anxi\s to %[ u ! exp]im5t ( ! lemon juice4 799 ,!y are f\nd 9 ! greate/ abundance ne> ! batt]y at ! po9t ( ,cape ,araya47 ,!y ev5 wi%$ to put s& into our eyes1 9 ord] t we might ourselves try ! efficacy ( ! rem$y4 ,x 0 easy to see t ! /ones are ?9 & por\s op]cula1 :i* h =m$ "p ( small univalve %ells4 ,_! diamet] v>ies f "o to f\r l9es4 ,"o ( _! two surfaces is plane1 & ! o!r convex4 ,^! calc>e\s op]cula eff]vesce ) lemon juice1 & put !mselves 9 motion 9 proportion z ! c>bonic acid is dis5gag$4 ,by ! effect ( a simil> reaction1 loaves plac$ 9 an ov5 move sometimes on a horizontal plane2 a ph5om5on t has giv5 occasion1 9 ,europe1 to ! popul> prejudice ( en*ant$ ov5s4 ,! pi$ras de los ojos1 introduc$ into ! eye1 act l ! small pe>ls1 & diff]5t r\nd gra9s employ$ by ! ,am]ican savages to increase ! fl[+ ( te>s4 ,^! explanations 7 little to ! ta/e ( ! inhabitants ( ,araya4 ,nature has ! appe>ance ( greatness to man 9 proportion z %e is veil$ 9 my/]y2 & ! ignorant are prone to put fai? 9 ev]y?+ t bord]s on ! m>vell\s4 ,proce$+ along ! s\!rn coa/1 to ! ea/ ( ,maniqu>ez1 we f9d runn+ out into ! sea v ne> ea* o!r1 ?ree /rips ( l&1 be>+ ! names ( ,punta de ,soto1 ,punta de la ,brea1 & ,punta ,gu>at>ito4 ,9 ^! p>ts ! bottom ( ! sea is evid5tly =m$ ( mica-slate1 & f x ne> ,cape de la ,brea1 b at eighty feet di/ant f ! %ore1 !re issues a spr+ ( naph?a1 ! smell ( :i* p5etrates into ! int]ior ( ! p59sula4 ,x is necess>y to wade into ! sea up to ! wai/1 to exam9e ?is int]e/+ ph5om5on4 ,! wat]s are cov]$ ) zo/]a2 & 9 ! mid/ ( a v ext5sive bank ( we$s1 we di/+ui% a free & circul> spot ( ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 on :i* float a few scatt]$ masses ( ,ulva lactuca4 ,"h ! spr+s are f\nd4 ,! bottom ( ! gulf is cov]$ ) s&2 & ! petroleum1 :i*1 f its transp>5cy & its yell[ col\r1 resembles naph?a1 rises 9 jets1 accompani$ by air bubbles4 ,on tread+ d[n ! bottom ) ! foot1 we p]ceive t ^! little spr+s *ange _! place4 ,! naph?a cov]s ! surface ( ! sea to m ?an a ?\s& feet di/ant4 ,if we suppose ! dip ( ! /rata to be regul>1 ! mica-slate mu/ be b a few toises bel[ ! s&4 ,we h already obs]v$1 t ! muriatif]\s clay ( ,araya conta9s solid & friable petroleum4 ,?is geological connection betwe5 ! muriate ( soda & ! bitum5s is evid5t :]ev] !re are m9es ( sal-gem or salt spr+s3 b a v rem>kable fact is ! exi/5ce ( a f\nta9 ( naph?a 9 a primitive =mation4 ,all ^? hi!rto kn[n belong to second>y m\nta9s299 799 ,z at ,pietra ,mala2 ,fanano2 ,mont ,zibio2 & ,amiano 79 ^! places are f\nd ! spr+s t furni% ! naph?a burn$ 9 lamps 9 ,g5oa7 & also at ,baikal47 a circum/ance :i* has be5 suppos$ to fav\r ! idea t all m9]al bitum5s are ow+ to ! de/ruction ( vegetables & animals1 or to ! burn+ ( coal4 ,9 ! p59sula ( ,araya1 ! naph?a fl[s f ! primitive rock itself2 & ?is ph5om5on acquires new importance1 :5 we recollect t ! same primitive rocks conta9 ! subt]ranean fires1 t on ! br9k ( burn+ crat]s ! smell ( petroleum is p]ceiv$ f "t to "t1 & t ! great] "p ( ! hot spr+s ( ,am]ica rise f gneiss & micace\s s*i/4 ,aft] hav+ exam9$ ! environs ( ,maniqu>ez1 we emb>k$ at night 9 a fi%+-boat = ,cumana4 ,! small crazy boats employ$ by ! natives "h1 be> te/imony to ! extreme calmness ( ! sea 9 ^! regions4 ,our boat1 ?\gh ! be/ we c\ld procure1 0 s leaky1 t ! pilot's son 0 con/antly employ$ 9 bal+ out ! wat] ) a tutuma1 or %ell ( ! ,cresc5tia cujete 7calaba%74 ,x (t5 happ5s 9 ! gulf ( ,c>iaco1 & especially to ! nor? ( ! p59sula ( ,araya1 t canoes lad5 ) cocoa-nuts are upset 9 sail+ too ne> ! w9d1 & aga9/ ! tide4 ,! inhabitants ( ,araya1 :om we visit$ a second "t on return+ f ! ,or9oco1 h n =gott5 t _! p59sula 0 "o ( ! po9ts fir/ peopl$ by ! ,spani>ds4 ,!y love to talk ( ! pe>l fi%]y2 ( ! ru9s ( ! ca/le ( ,santiago1 :i* !y hope to see "s day rebuilt2 & ( ev]y?+ t recalls to m9d ! anci5t spl5d\r ( ^? c\ntries4 ,9 ,*9a & ,japan ^? inv5tions are consid]$ z rec5t1 :i* h n be5 kn[n above two ?\s& ye>s2 9 ! ,european colonies an ev5t appe>s extremely old1 if x dates back ?ree c5turies1 or ab\t ! p]iod ( ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,,*apt] #a4f4 ,,m\nta9s ,,( ,,new ,,&alucia4 ,,valley ,,( ,,! ,,cumanacoa4 ,,summit ,,( ,,! ,,cocoll>4 ,,missions ,,( ,,! ,,*ayma ,,indians4 ,our fir/ visit to ! p59sula ( ,araya 0 soon succe$$ by an excursion to ! m\nta9s ( ! missions ( ! ,*ayma ,indians1 :]e a v>iety ( int]e/+ objects claim$ our att5tion4 ,we ent]$ on a c\ntry /udd$ ) =e/s1 & visit$ a conv5t surr\nd$ by palm-trees & arboresc5t f]ns4 ,x 0 situat$ 9 a n>r[ valley1 :]e we felt ! enjoym5t ( a cool & delici\s climate1 9 ! c5tre ( ! torrid zone4 ,! surr\nd+ m\nta9s conta9 cav]ns haunt$ by ?\s&s ( nocturnal birds2 &1 :at affects ! imag9ation m ?an all ! wond]s ( ! physical _w1 we f9d beyond ^! m\nta9s a p lately nomad1 & /ill ne>ly 9 a /ate ( nature1 wild )\t be+ b>b>\s4 ,x 0 9 ! promontory ( ,p>ia t ,columbus fir/ descri$ ! cont95t2 !re t]m9ate ^! valleys1 laid wa/e alt]nately by ! w>like an?ropophagic ,c>ib & by ! comm]cial & poli%$ nations ( ,europe4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! ill-fat$ ,indians ( ! coa/s ( ,c>upano1 ( ,mac>apan1 & ( ,c>acas1 7 treat$ 9 ! same mann] z ! inhabitants ( ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea 9 our days4 ,! soil ( ! isl&s 0 cultivat$1 ! vegetable produce ( ! ,old ,_w 0 transplant$ ?i!r1 b a regul> sy/em ( colonization rema9$ long unkn[n on ! ,new ,cont95t4 ,if ! ,spani>ds visit$ its %ores1 x 0 only to procure1 ei!r by viol5ce or ex*ange1 slaves1 pe>ls1 gra9s ( gold1 & dye-woods2 & endeav\rs 7 made to ennoble ! motives ( ?is insatiable av>ice by ! pret5ce ( en?usia/ic zeal 9 ! cause ( religion4 ,! trade 9 ! copp]-col\r$ ,indians 0 accompani$ by ! same acts ( inhumanity z t :i* *>act]izes ! traffic 9 ,african negroes2 x 0 att5d$ also by ! same result1 t ( r5d]+ bo? ! conqu]ors & ! conqu]$ m f]oci\s4 ,!nce w>s became m frequ5t among ! natives2 prison]s 7 dragg$ f ! inl& c\ntries to ! coa/1 to be sold to ! :ites1 :o ,load$ !m ) *a9s 9 _! %ips4 ,yet ! ,spani>ds 7 at t p]iod1 & long aft]1 "o ( ! mo/ poli%$ nations ( ,europe4 ,! light :i* art & lit]ature !n %$ ov] ,italy1 0 reflect$ on e nation ^: language emanat$ f ! same s\rce z t ( ,dante & ,petr>*4 ,x might h be5 expect$ t a g5]al improvem5t ( mann]s w\ld be ! natural consequ5ce ( ?is noble awak5+ ( ! m9d1 ?is sublime so>+ ( ! imag9ation4 ,b 9 di/ant regions1 :]ev] ! ?ir/ ( weal? has introduc$ ! abuse ( p[]1 ! nations ( ,europe1 at e p]iod ( _! hi/ory1 h display$ ! same "*4 ,! illu/ri\s era ( ,leo ,x 0 signaliz$ 9 ! ,new ,_w by acts ( cruelty t seem$ to belong to ! mo/ b>b>\s ages4 ,we are less surpris$1 h[ev]1 at ! horrible picture pres5t$ by ! conque/ ( ,am]ica :5 we ?9k ( ! acts t are /ill p]petrat$ on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,africa1 not)/&+ ! b5efits ( a m humane legislation4 ,! pr9ciples adopt$ by ,*>les ,v _h aboli%$ ! slave trade on ! ,new ,cont95t4 ,b ! ,conqui/adores1 by ! cont9uation ( _! incursions1 prolong$ ! sy/em ( petty w>f>e :i* dim9i%$ ! ,am]ican population1 p]petuat$ national animosities1 & dur+ a long p]iod cru%$ ! se$s ( ris+ civilization4 ,at l5g? ! mission>ies1 "u ! protection ( ! secul> arm1 spoke words ( peace4 ,x 0 ! privilege ( religion to console humanity = a "p ( ! evils committ$ 9 its "n2 to plead ! cause ( ! natives be=e k+s1 to resi/ ! viol5ce ( ! comm5datories1 & to assemble w&]+ tribes into small communities call$ ,missions4 ,b ^! in/itutions1 useful at fir/ 9 /opp+ ! effusion ( blood1 & 9 lay+ ! fir/ basis ( society1 h become 9 _! result ho/ile to its progress4 ,! effects ( ?is insulat$ sy/em h be5 su* t ! ,indians h rema9$ 9 a /ate little diff]5t f t 9 :i* !y exi/$ :il/ yet _! scatt]$ dwell+s 7 n collect$ r\nd ! habitation ( a mission>y4 ,_! numb] has consid]ably augm5t$1 b ! sph]e ( _! ideas is n enl>g$4 ,!y h progressively lo/ t vig\r ( "* & t natural vivacity :i* 9 e /ate ( society are ! noble fruits ( indep5d5ce4 ,by subject+ to inv>iable rules ev5 ! slighte/ actions ( _! dome/ic life1 !y h be5 r5d]$ /upid by ! ef=t to r5d] !m ob$i5t4 ,_! subsi/5ce is 9 g5]al m c]ta91 & _! habits m pacific1 b subject to ! con/ra9t & ! dull monotony ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,missions1 !y %[ by _! gloomy & res]v$ looks t !y h n sacrific$ _! lib]ty to _! repose )\t regret4 ,on ! #d? ( ,septemb]1 at five 9 ! morn+1 we began our j\rney to ! ,missions ( ! ,*ayma ,indians & ! gr\p ( l(ty m\nta9s :i* trav]se ,new ,&alusia4 ,on acc\nt ( ! extreme difficulties ( ! road1 we _h be5 advis$ to r$uce our baggage to a v small bulk4 ,two bea/s ( burd5 7 suffici5t to c>ry our provision1 our in/rum5ts1 & ! pap] necess>y to dry our plants4 ,"o *e/ conta9$ a sextant1 a dipp+-ne$le1 an app>atus to det]m9e ! magnetic v>iation1 a few !rmomet]s1 & ,saussure's hygromet]4 ,! greate/ *anges 9 ! pressure ( ! air 9 ^! climates1 on ! coa/s1 am\nt only to #a to #a4c ( a l9e2 & if at any giv5 h\r or place ! height ( ! m]cury be once m>k$1 ! v>iations :i* t height exp]i5ces ?r\gh\t ! :ole ye>1 at e h\r ( ! day or night1 may ) "s accuracy be det]m9$4 ,! morn+ 0 delici\sly cool4 ,! road1 or r pa?1 :i* leads to ,cumanacoa1 runs along ! "r bank ( ! ,manzan>es1 pass+ by ! hospital ( ! ,capu*9s1 situat$ 9 a small wood ( lignum-vitae & arboresc5t capp>is499 799 ,^! cap]-trees are call$ 9 ! c\ntry1 by ! names pa*aca1 olivo1 & ajito3 !y are ! ,capp>is t5uisiliqua1 ,jacq41 ,c4 f]rug9ea1 ,c4 em>g9ata1 ,c4 elliptica1 ,c4 reticulata1 ,c4 racemosa47 ,on leav+ ,cumana we enjoy$ dur+ ! %ort duration ( ! twilight1 f ! top ( ! hill ( ,san ,francisco1 an ext5sive view ov] ! sea1 ! pla9 cov]$ ) b]a99 & its gold5 fl[]s 799 ,palo sano1 ,zygophyllum arboreum1 ,jacq4 ,! fl[]s h ! smell ( vanilla4 ,x is cultivat$ 9 ! g>d5s ( ! ,havannah "u ! /range "n ( ! dictanno real 7royal dittany7471 & ! m\nta9s ( ! ,brigant9e4 ,we 7 /ruck by ! great proximity 9 :i* ! ,cordill]a appe>$ be=e ! disk ( ! ris+ sun _h rea*$ ! horizon4 ,! t9t ( ! summits is ( a deep] blue1 _! outl9e is m /rongly m>k$1 & _! masses are m deta*$1 z long z ! transp>5cy ( ! air is undi/urb$ by ! vap\rs1 :i*1 aft] accumulat+ dur+ ! night 9 ! valleys1 rise 9 proportion z ! atmosph]e acquires w>m?4 ,at ! hospital ( ! ,div9a ,pa/ora ! pa? turns to nor?-ea/1 & /ret*es = two leagues ov] a soil )\t trees1 & =m]ly levell$ by ! wat]s4 ,we !re f\nd n only cactuses1 tufts ( ci/us-leav$ tribulus1 & ! beautiful purple euphorbia199 799 ,euphorbia ti?ymaloides47 b also ! avic5nia1 ! allionia1 ! sesuvium1 ! ?al9um1 & mo/ ( ! portulace\s plants :i* gr[ on ! banks ( ! gulf ( ,c>iaco4 ,?is geographical di/ribution ( plants appe>s to designate ! limits ( ! anci5t coa/1 & to prove t ! hills along ! s\!rn side ( :i* we 7 pass+1 =m$ h]et(ore a small isl&1 sep>at$ f ! cont95t by an arm ( ! sea4 ,aft] walk+ two h\rs1 we arriv$ at ! foot ( ! high *a9 ( ! int]ior m\nta9s1 :i* /ret*es f ea/ to we/2 f ! ,brigant9e to ! ,c]ro de ,san ,lor5zo4 ,!re1 new rocks appe>1 & ) !m ano!r aspect ( vegetation4 ,e object assumes a m maje/ic & picturesque "*2 ! soil1 wat]$ by spr+s1 is furr[$ 9 e direction2 trees ( gigantic height1 cov]$ ) lianas1 rise f ! rav9es2 _! b>k1 black & burnt by ! d\ble action ( ! light & ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e1 contra/s ) ! fre% v]dure ( ! po?os & dracontium1 ! t\gh & %9+ leaves ( :i* are sometimes sev]al feet long4 ,! p>asite monocotyl$ons take betwe5 ! tropics ! place ( ! moss & li*5s ( our nor!rn zone4 ,z we advanc$1 ! =ms & gr\p+ ( ! rocks rem9d$ u ( ,switz]l& & ! ,tyrol4 ,! heliconia1 co/us1 m>anta1 & o!r plants ( ! family ( ! balisi]s 7,canna indica71 :i* ne> ! coa/s vegetate only 9 damp & l[ places1 fl\ri% 9 ! ,am]ican ,alps at consid]able height4 ,?us1 by a s+ul> similitude1 9 ! torrid zone1 "u ! influ5ce ( an atmosph]e cont9ually load$ ) vap\rs ! m\nta9 vegetation pres5ts ! same features z ! vegetation ( ! m>%es 9 ! nor? ( ,europe on soil moi/5$ by melt+ sn[499 799 ,wahl5b]g1 de ,vegetatione ,helvetiae et summi ,sept5trionis pages #dg1 #ei47 ,be=e we leave ! pla9s ( ,cumana1 & ! breccia1 or calc>e\s s&/one1 :i* con/itutes ! soil ( ! seaside1 we w describe ! diff]5t /rata ( :i* ?is v rec5t =mation is compos$1 z we obs]v$ x on ! back ( ! hills t surr\nd ! ca/le ( ,san ,antonio4 ,?is breccia1 or calc>e\s s&/one1 is a local & p>tial =mation1 peculi> to ! p59sula ( ,araya1 ! coa/s ( ,cumana1 & ,c>acas4 ,we aga9 f\nd x at ,cabo ,blanco1 to ! we/ ( ! port ( ,guayra1 :]e x conta9s1 besides brok5 %ells & madrepores1 fragm5ts1 (t5 angul>1 ( qu>tz & gneiss4 ,?is circum/ance assimilates ! breccia to t rec5t s&/one call$ by ! ,g]man m9]alogi/s nagelfluhe1 :i* cov]s s great a "p ( ,switz]l& to ! height ( a ?\s& toises1 )\t pres5t+ any trace ( m>9e productions4 ,ne> ,cumana ! =mation ( ! calc>e\s breccia conta9s3--fir/1 a compact :iti% grey lime/one1 ! /rata ( :i*1 sometimes horizontal1 sometimes irregul>ly incl9$1 are f five to six in*es ?ick2 "s b$s are almo/ unmix$ ) petrifactions1 b 9 ! greate/ "p ! c>dites1 ! turb9ites1 ! o/racites1 & %ells ( small dim5sion1 are f\nd s closely connect$1 t ! calc>e\s matt] =ms only a cem5t1 by :i* ! gra9s ( qu>tz & ! organiz$ bodies are unit$3 second1 a calc>e\s s&/one1 9 :i* ! gra9s ( s& are mu* m frequ5t ?an ! petrifi$ %ells2 o!r /rata =m a s&/one entirely free f organic fragm5ts1 yield+ b a small eff]vesc5ce ) acids1 & enclos+ n lamellae ( mica1 b nodules ( compact br[n iron-ore3 ?ird1 b$s ( indurat$ clay conta9+ sel5ite & lamell> gypsum4 ,! breccia1 or agglom]ate ( ! sea-coa/1 j describ$1 has a :ite t9t1 & x lies imm$iately on ! calc>e\s =mation ( ,cumanacoa1 :i* is ( a blui% grey4 ,^! two rocks =m a contra/ no less /rik+ ?an ! molasse 7bur-/one7 ( ! ,pays de ,vaud1 ) ! calc>e\s lime/one ( ! ,jura4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 t1 by contact ( ! two =mations ly+ ^u ea* o!r1 ! b$s ( ! lime/one ( ,cumanacoa1 :i* ,i consid] z an ,alp9e lime/one1 are always l>gely mix$ ) clay & m>l4 ,ly+1 l ! mica-slate ( ,araya1 nor?-ea/ & s\?-we/1 !y are incl9$1 ne> ,punta ,delgada1 "u an angle ( #fj degrees to s\?-ea/4 ,we trav]s$ ! =e/ by a n>r[ pa?1 along a rivulet1 :i* rolls foam+ ov] a b$ ( rocks4 ,we obs]v$1 t ! vegetation 0 m brilliant1 :]ev] ! ,alp9e lime/one 0 cov]$ by a qu>tzose s&/one )\t petrifactions1 & v diff]5t f ! breccia ( ! sea-coa/4 ,! cause ( ?is ph5om5on dep5ds probably n s mu* on ! nature ( ! gr\nd1 z on ! great] humidity ( ! soil4 ,! qu>tzose s&/one conta9s ?9 /rata ( a blacki% clay-slate199 799 ,s*ief]?on47 :i* might easily be conf\nd$ ) ! second>y ?ons*ief]2 & ^! /rata h9d] ! wat] f filt]+ into ! crevices1 ( :i* ! ,alp9e lime/one is full4 ,?is la/ (f]s to view "h1 z 9 ,saltzburg1 & on ! *a9 ( ! ,ap5n9es1 brok5 & /eep b$s4 ,! s&/one1 on ! contr>y1 :]ev] x is seat$ on ! calc>e\s rock1 r5d]s ! aspect ( ! sc5e less wild4 ,! hills :i* x =ms appe> m r\nd$1 & ! g5tl] slopes are cov]$ ) a ?ick] m\ld4 ,9 humid places1 :]e ! s&/one envelopes ! ,alp9e lime/one1 "s trace ( cultivation is con/antly f\nd4 ,we met ) huts inhabit$ by me/izoes 9 ! rav9e ( ,los ,frailes1 z well z betwe5 ! ,cue/a de ,caneyes1 & ! ,rio ,guri5tal4 ,ea* ( ^! huts /&s 9 ! c5tre ( an enclosure1 conta9+ planta9s1 papaw-trees1 sug>-canes1 & maize4 ,we might be surpris$ at ! small ext5t ( ^! cultivat$ spots1 if we did n recollect t an acre plant$ ) planta9s99 799 ,musa p>adisiaca47 produces ne>ly tw5ty times z mu* food z ! same space s[n ) corn4 ,9 ,europe1 our :eat1 b>ley1 & rye cov] va/ spaces ( gr\nd2 & 9 g5]al ! arable l&s t\* ea* o!r1 :]ev] ! inhabitants live ^u corn4 ,x is diff]5t "u ! torrid zone1 :]e man obta9s food f plants :i* yield m abundant & e>li] h>ve/s4 ,9 ^? fav\r$ climes1 ! f]tility ( ! soil is proportion$ to ! heat & humidity ( ! atmosph]e4 ,an imm5se population f9ds abundant n\ri%m5t )9 a n>r[ space1 cov]$ ) planta9s1 cassava1 yams1 & maize4 ,! isolat$ situation ( ! huts disp]s$ ?r\gh ! =e/ indicates to ! travell] ! fecundity ( nature1 :]e a small spot ( cultivat$ l& suffices = ! wants ( sev]al families4 ,^! consid]ations on ! agriculture ( ! torrid zone involunt>ily rem9d u ( ! intimate connexion exi/+ betwe5 ! ext5t ( l& cle>$1 & ! progress ( society4 ,! ri*ness ( ! soil1 & ! vig\r ( organic life1 by multiply+ ! means ( subsi/5ce1 ret>d ! progress ( nations 9 ! pa?s ( civilization4 ,"u s mild & uni=m a climate1 ! only urg5t want ( man is t ( food4 ,?is want only1 excites him to lab\r2 & we may easily conceive :y1 9 ! mid/ ( abundance1 b5ea? ! %ade ( ! planta9 & bread-fruit tree1 ! intellectual faculties unfold !mselves less rapidly ?an "u a rigor\s sky1 9 ! region ( corn1 :]e our race is engag$ 9 a p]petual /ruggle ) ! elem5ts4 ,9 ,europe we e/imate ! numb] ( ! inhabitants ( a c\ntry by ! ext5t ( cultivation3 )9 ! tropics1 on ! contr>y1 9 ! w>me/ & mo/ humid p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 v popul\s prov9ces appe> almo/ des]t$2 because man1 to f9d n\ri%m5t1 cultivates b a small numb] ( acres4 ,^! circum/ances modify ! physical appe>ance ( ! c\ntry & ! "* ( its inhabitants1 giv+ to bo? a peculi> physiognomy2 ! wild & uncultivat$ /amp :i* belongs to nature1 ere its primitive type has be5 alt]$ by art4 ,)\t neighb\rs1 almo/ unconnect$ ) ! re/ ( mank9d1 ea* family ( settl]s =ms a sep>ate tribe4 ,?is insulat$ /ate arre/s or ret>ds ! progress ( civilization1 :i* advances only 9 proportion z society becomes num]\s1 & its connexions m intimate & multipli$4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is solitude t develops & /r5g!ns 9 man ! s5tim5t ( lib]ty & indep5d5ce2 & gives bir? to t noble pride ( "* :i* has at all times di/+ui%$ ! ,ca/ilian race4 ,f ^! causes1 ! l& 9 ! mo/ popul\s regions ( equ9octial ,am]ica /ill reta9s a wild aspect1 :i* is de/roy$ 9 temp]ate climates by ! cultivation ( corn4 ,)9 ! tropics ! agricultural nations occupy less gr\nd3 man has !re less ext5d$ 8 empire2 he may be said to appe>1 n z an absolute ma/]1 :o *anges at w ! surface ( ! soil1 b z a transi5t gue/1 :o quietly enjoys ! gifts ( nature4 ,!re1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! mo/ popul\s cities1 ! l& rema9s /udd$ ) =e/s1 or cov]$ ) a ?ick m\ld1 unfurr[$ by ! pl\gh4 ,spontane\s vegetation /ill pr$om9ates ov] cultivat$ plants1 & det]m9es ! aspect ( ! l&scape4 ,x is probable t ?is /ate ( ?+s w *ange v sl[ly4 ,if 9 our temp]ate regions ! cultivation ( corn contributes to ?r[ a dull uni=mity ^u ! l& we h cle>$1 we _c d\bt1 t1 ev5 ) increas+ population1 ! torrid zone w pres]ve t maje/y ( vegetable =ms1 ^? m>ks ( an unsubdu$1 virg9 nature1 :i* r5d] x s attractive & s picturesque4 ,?us x is t1 by a rem>kable concat5ation ( physical & moral causes1 ! *oice & production ( alim5t>y plants h an influ5ce on ?ree important objects at once2 ! association or ! isolat$ /ate ( families1 ! m or less rapid progress ( civilization1 & ! individual "* ( ! l&scape4 ,9 proportion z we p5etrat$ into ! =e/1 ! b>omet] indicat$ ! progressive elevation ( ! l&4 ,! trunks ( ! trees pres5t$ "h an extraord9>y ph5om5on2 a gram9e\s plant1 ) v]ticillate bran*es199 climbs1 l a liana1 eight or t5 feet high1 & =ms fe/oons1 :i* cross ! pa?1 & sw+ ab\t ) ! w9d4 799 ,c>ice1 analog\s to ! *usque ( ,santa ,fe1 ( ! gr\p ( ! ,na/usas4 ,?is gram9e\s plant is excell5t pa/ure = mules47 ,we halt$1 ab\t ?ree o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 on a small flat1 kn[n by ! "n ( ,quetepe1 & situat$ ab\t "o hundr$ & n9ety toises above ! level ( ! sea4 ,a few small h\ses h be5 erect$ ne> a spr+1 well kn[n by ! natives = its coolness & great salubrity4 ,we f\nd ! wat] delici\s4 ,its temp]ature 0 only #bb4e degrees ( ! c5tigrade !rmomet]1 :ile t ( ! air 0 #bh4g degrees4 ,! spr+s :i* desc5d f ! neighb\r+ m\nta9s ( a great] height (t5 indicate a too rapid decrem5t ( heat4 ,if inde$ we suppose ! mean temp]ature ( ! wat] on ! coa/ ( ,cumana equal to #bf degrees1 we mu/ conclude1 unless o!r local causes modify ! temp]ature ( ! spr+s1 t ! spr+ ( ,quetepe acquires its great coolness at m ?an #cej toises ( absolute elevation4 ,) respect to ! spr+s :i* gu% out 9 ! pla9s ( ! torrid zone1 or at a small elevation1 x may be obs]v$1 9 g5]al1 t x is only 9 regions :]e ! mean temp]ature ( summ] ess5tially diff]s f t ( ! :ole ye>1 t ! inhabitants h extremely cold spr+ wat] dur+ ! season ( great heat4 ,! ,lapl&]s1 ne> ,umea & ,so]sele1 9 ! #fe? degree ( latitude1 dr9k spr+-wat]1 ! temp]ature ( :i*1 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/1 is sc>cely two or ?ree degrees above freez+ po9t2 :ile dur+ ! day ! heat ( ! air rises 9 ! %ade1 9 ! same nor!rn regions1 to #bf or #bg degrees4 ,9 ! temp]ate climates ( ,france & ,g]many1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! air & ! spr+s nev] exce$s #af or #ag degrees2 betwe5 ! tropics x seldom rises to #e or #f degrees4 ,x is easy to acc\nt = ^! ph5om5a1 :5 we recollect t ! int]ior ( ! globe1 & ! subt]rane\s wat]s1 h a temp]ature almo/ id5tical ) ! annual mean temp]ature ( ! air2 & t ! latt] diff]s f ! mean heat ( summ]1 9 proportion to ! di/ance f ! equator4 ,f ! top ( a hill ( s&/one1 :i* ov]looks ! spr+ ( ,quetepe1 we _h a magnific5t view ( ! sea1 ( cape ,macanao1 & ! p59sula ( ,maniqu>ez4 ,at our feet an imm5se =e/ ext5d$ to ! edge ( ! ocean4 ,! tops ( ! trees1 int]tw9$ ) lianas1 & cr[n$ ) long wrea?s ( fl[]s1 =m$ a va/ c>pet ( v]dure1 ! d>k t9t ( :i* augm5t$ ! spl5d\r ( ! a]ial light4 ,?is picture /ruck u ! m =cibly1 z we !n fir/ beheld ^? great masses ( tropical vegetation4 ,on ! hill ( ,quetepe1 at ! foot ( ! ,malpighia cocollobaefolia1 ! leaves ( :i* are extremely coriace\s1 we ga!r$1 among tufts ( ! ,polygala montana1 ! fir/ mela/omas1 especially t beautiful species describ$ "u ! "n ( ! ,mela/oma rufesc5s4 ,z we advanc$ t[>d ! s\?-we/1 ! soil became dry & s&y4 ,we climb$ a gr\p ( m\nta9s1 :i* sep>ate ! coa/ f ! va/ pla9s1 or savannahs1 bord]$ by ! ,or9oco4 ,t "p ( ! gr\p1 ov] :i* passes ! road to ,cumanacoa1 is de/itute ( vegetation1 & has /eep declivities bo? on ! nor? & ! s\?4 ,x has receiv$ ! "n ( ! ,imposible1 because x is believ$ t1 9 ! case ( ho/ile invasion1 ?is ridge ( m\nta9s w\ld be inaccessible to ! enemy1 & w\ld (f] an asylum to ! inhabitants ( ,cumana4 ,we rea*$ ! top a little be=e sunset1 & ,i _h sc>cely "t to take a few hor>y angles1 to det]m9e ! longitude ( ! place by means ( ! *ronomet]4 ,! view f ! ,imposible is f9] & m ext5sive ?an t f ! table-l& ( ,quetepe4 ,we di/+ui%$ cle>ly by ! nak$ eye ! flatt5$ top ( ! ,brigant9e 7! position ( :i* x w\ld be important to fix accurately71 ! emb>cad]o or l&+-place1 & ! road/ead ( ,cumana4 ,! rocky coa/ ( ! p59sula ( ,araya 0 disc]nible 9 its :ole l5g?4 ,we 7 p>ticul>ly /ruck ) ! extraord9>y configuration ( a port1 kn[n by ! "n ( ,laguna ,gr&e1 or ,laguna del ,obispo4 ,a va/ bas91 surr\nd$ by high m\nta9s1 communicates ) ! gulf ( ,c>iaco by a n>r[ *annel :i* admits only ( ! passage ( "o %ip at a "t4 ,?is port is capable ( conta9+ sev]al squadrons at once4 ,x is an un9habit$ place1 b annually frequ5t$ by vessels1 :i* c>ry mules to ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s4 ,!re are "s pa/ure gr\nds at ! f>!r end ( ! bay4 ,we trac$ ! s9uosities ( ?is arm ( ! sea1 :i*1 l a riv]1 has dug a b$ betwe5 p]p5dicul> rocks de/itute ( vegetation4 ,?is s+ul> prospect rem9d$ u ( ! fanciful l&scape :i* ,leon>do da ,v9ci has made ! back-gr\nd ( 8 fam\s portrait ( ,mona ,lisa1 ! wife ( ,francisco del ,giacondo4 ,we c\ld obs]ve by ! *ronomet] ! mom5t :5 ! disk ( ! sun t\*$ ! horizon ( ! sea4 ,! fir/ contact 0 at #f h\rs #h m9utes #ac seconds2 ! second1 at #f h\rs #aj m9utes #bf seconds2 mean "t4 ,?is obs]vation1 :i* is n unimportant = ! !ory ( t]re/rial refractions1 0 made on ! summit ( ! m\nta91 at ! absolute height ( #bif toises4 ,! sett+ ( ! sun 0 att5d$ by a v rapid cool+ ( ! air4 ,?ree m9utes aft] ! la/ app>5t contact ( ! disk ) ! horizon ( ! sea1 ! !rmomet] sudd5ly fell f #be4b to #ba4c degrees4 ,0 ?is extraord9>y refrig]ation ow+ to "s desc5d+ curr5t8 ,! air 0 h[ev] calm1 & no horizontal w9d 0 felt4 ,we pass$ ! night 9 a h\se :]e !re 0 a milit>y po/ consi/+ ( eight m51 "u ! comm& ( a ,spani% s]jeant4 ,x 0 an hospital1 built by ! side ( a p[d] magaz9e4 ,:5 ,cumana1 aft] ! capture ( ,tr9idad by ! ,engli%1 9 #agig1 0 ?reat5$ ) an attack1 _m ( ! inhabitants fl$ to ,cumanacoa1 & deposit$ :atev] articles ( value !y possess$ 9 %$s ha/ily con/ruct$ on ! top ( ! ,imposible4 ,x 0 !n resolv$1 9 case ( any un=ese5 invasion1 to ab&on ! ca/le ( ,san ,antonio1 aft] a %ort resi/ance1 & to conc5trate ! :ole =ce ( ! prov9ce r\nd ! m\nta9s1 :i* may be consid]$ z ! key ( ! ,llanos4 ,! top ( ! ,imposible1 z ne>ly z ,i c\ld p]ceive1 is cov]$ ) a qu>tzose s&/one1 free f petrifactions4 ,"h1 z on ! ridge ( ! neighb\r+ m\nta9s1 ! /rata pretty regul>ly take ! direction f nor?-nor?-ea/ to s\?-s\?-we/4 ,?is direction is also mo/ common 9 ! primitive =mations 9 ! p59sula ( ,araya1 & along ! coa/s ( ,v5ezuela4 ,on ! nor!rn declivity ( ! ,imposible1 ne> ! ,p5as ,negras1 an abundant spr+ issues f s&/one1 :i* alt]nates ) a s*i/ose clay4 ,we rem>k$ on ?is po9t fractur$ /rata1 :i* lie f nor?-we/ to s\?-ea/1 & ! dip ( :i* is almo/ p]p5dicul>4 ,! ,llan]os1 or inhabitants ( ! pla9s1 s5d _! produce1 especially maize1 lea!r1 & cattle1 to ! port ( ,cumana by ! road ov] ! ,imposible4 ,we cont9ually saw mules arrive1 driv5 by ,indians or mulattoes4 ,sev]al p>ts ( ! va/ =e/s :i* surr\nd ! m\nta91 _h tak5 fire4 ,r$di% flames1 half envelop$ 9 cl\ds ( smoke1 pres5t$ a v gr& spectacle4 ,! inhabitants set fire to ! =e/s1 to improve ! pa/urage1 & to de/roy ! %rubs t *oke ! grass4 ,enorm\s conflagrations1 too1 are (t5 caus$ by ! c>elessness ( ! ,indians1 :o neglect1 :5 !y travel1 to ext+ui% ! fires by :i* !y h dress$ _! food4 ,^! accid5ts contribute to dim9i% ! numb] ( old trees 9 ! road f ,cumana to ,cumanacoa2 & ! inhabitants obs]ve ju/ly1 t1 9 sev]al p>ts ( _! prov9ce1 ! dryness has increas$1 n only because e ye> ! frequ5cy ( e>?quakes causes m crevices 9 ! soil2 b also because x is n[ less ?ickly wood$ ?an x 0 at ! "t ( ! conque/4 ,i arose dur+ ! night to det]m9e ! latitude ( ! place by ! passage ( ,fomalhaut ov] ! m]idian2 b ! obs]vation 0 lo/1 ow+ to ! "t ,i employ$ 9 tak+ ! level ( ! artificial horizon4 ,x 0 midnight1 & ,i 0 b5umb$ ) cold1 z 7 also our guides3 yet ! !rmomet] kept at #ai4g degrees4 ,at ,cumana ,i h nev] se5 x s9k bel[ #ba degrees2 b !n ! h\se 9 :i* we dwelt on ! ,imposible 0 #beh toises above ! level ( ! sea4 ,at ! ,casa de la ,polvora ,i det]m9$ ! dip ( ! magnetic ne$le1 :i* 0 #db4e degrees499 799 ,! magnetic dip is always measur$ 9 ?is "w1 accord+ to ! c5tesimal division1 if ! contr>y be n expressly m5tion$47 ,! numb] ( oscillations correspond5t to #aj m9utes ( "t 0 #bcc4 ,! int5sity ( ! magnetic =ces _h consequ5tly augm5t$ f ! coa/ to ! m\nta91 p]haps f ! influ5ce ( "s f]rug9\s matt]1 hidd5 9 ! /rata ( s&/one :i* cov] ! ,alp9e lime/one4 ,we left ! ,imposible on ! #e? ( ,septemb] be=e sunrise4 ,! desc5t is v dang]\s = bea/s ( burd52 ! pa? be+ 9 g5]al b fifte5 in*es broad1 & bord]$ by precipices4 ,9 desc5d+ ! m\nta91 we obs]v$ ! rock ( ,alp9e lime/one reappe>+ "u ! s&/one4 ,! /rata be+ g5]ally incl9$ to ! s\? & s\?-ea/1 a great numb] ( spr+s gu% out on ! s\!rn side ( ! m\nta94 ,9 ! ra9y season ( ! ye>1 ^! spr+s =m torr5ts1 :i* desc5d 9 cascades1 %ad$ by ! hura1 ! cuspa1 & ! silv]-leav$ cecropia or trumpet-tree4 ,! cuspa1 a v common tree 9 ! environs ( ,cumana & ( ,bordones1 is yet unkn[n to ! botani/s ( ,europe4 ,x 0 long us$ only = ! build+ ( h\ses1 & has become celebrat$ s9ce #agig1 "u ! "n ( ! casc>illa or b>k-tree 7c9*ona7 ( ,new ,&alusia4 ,its trunk rises sc>cely above fifte5 or tw5ty feet4 ,its alt]nate leaves are smoo?1 entire1 & oval499 799 ,at ! summit ( ! b\ghs1 ! leaves are sometimes opposite to ea* o!r1 b inv>iably )\t /ipules47 ,its b>k v ?91 & ( a pale yell[1 is a p[]ful febrifuge4 ,x is ev5 m bitt] ?an ! b>k ( ! real c9*ona1 b is less disagreeable4 ,! cuspa is adm9i/]$ ) ! greate/ success1 9 a spiritu\s t9cture1 & 9 aque\s infusion1 bo? 9 int]mitt5t & 9 malignant fev]s4 ,on ! coa/s ( ,new ,&alusia1 ! cuspa is consid]$ z a k9d ( c9*ona2 & we 7 assur$1 t "s ,aragonese monks1 :o _h long resid$ 9 ! k+dom ( ,new ,gr5ada1 recognis$ ?is tree f ! resemblance ( its leaves to ^? ( ! real ,p]uvian b>k-tree4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is unf\nd$2 s9ce x is precisely by ! disposition ( ! leaves1 & ! abs5ce ( /ipules1 t ! cuspa diff]s totally f ! trees ( ! rubiace\s family4 ,x may be said to resemble ! family ( ! honeysuckle1 or caprifoliace\s plants1 "o section ( :i* has alt]nate leaves1 & among :i* we f9d sev]al cornel-trees1 rem>kable = _! febrifuge prop]ties499 799 ,cornus florida1 & ,c4 s]icea ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4--,walk] on ! ,virtues ( ! ,cornus & ! ,c9*ona comp>$4 ,philadelphia #ahjc47 ,! ta/e1 at once bitt] & a/r+5t1 & ! yell[ col\r ( ! b>k l$ to ! discov]y ( ! febrifugal virtue ( ! cuspa4 ,z x blossoms at ! end ( ,novemb]1 we did n see x 9 fl[]1 & we "k n to :at g5us x belongs2 & ,i h 9 va9 = sev]al ye>s pa/ appli$ to our fri5ds at ,cumana = specim5s ( ! fl[] & fruit4 ,i hope t ! botanical det]m9ation ( ! b>k-tree ( ,new ,&alusia w "o day fix ! att5tion ( travell]s1 :o visit ?is region aft] u2 & t !y w n conf\nd1 not)/&+ ! analogy ( ! names1 ! cuspa ) ! cusp>e4 ,! latt] n only vegetates 9 ! missions ( ! ,rio ,c>ony1 b also to ! we/ ( ,cumana1 9 ! gulf ( ,santa ,fe4 ,x furni%es ! druggi/s ( ,europe ) ! fam\s ,cortex ,ango/urae1 & =ms ! g5us ,bonpl&ia1 describ$ by ,m4 ,willd5\w 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy ( ,b]l91 f notes communicat$ to him by u4 ,x is s+ul> t1 dur+ our long abode on ! coa/ ( ,cumana & ! ,c>acas1 on ! banks ( ! ,apure1 ! ,or9oco1 & ! ,rio ,negro1 9 an ext5t ( c\ntry compris+ =ty ?\s& squ>e leagues1 we nev] met ) "o ( ^? num]\s species ( c9*ona1 or exo/ema1 :i* are peculi> to ! l[ & w>m regions ( ! tropics1 especially to ! ar*ipelago ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s4 ,yet we are f> f affirm+1 t1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! ea/]n "p ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 f ,porto ,bello to ,cay5ne1 or f ! equator to ! #aj? degree ( nor? latitude betwe5 ! m]idians ( #ed & #ga degrees1 ! c9*ona absolutely does n exi/4 ,h[ c we be expect$ to "k completely ! flora ( s va/ an ext5t ( c\ntry8 ,b1 :5 we recollect1 t ev5 9 ,mexico no species ( ! g5]a c9*ona & exo/ema has be5 discov]$1 ei!r 9 ! c5tral table-l& or 9 ! pla9s1 we are l$ to believe1 t ! m\nta9\s isl&s ( ! ,we/ ,indies & ! ,cordill]a ( ! ,&es h peculi> floras2 & t !y possess p>ticul> species ( vegetation1 :i* h nei!r pass$ f ! isl&s to ! cont95t1 nor f ,s\? ,am]ica to ! coa/s ( ,new ,spa94 ,x may be obs]v$ f>!r1 t1 :5 we reflect on ! num]\s analogies :i* exi/ betwe5 ! prop]ties ( plants & _! ext]nal =ms1 we are surpris$ to f9d qualities em95tly febrifuge 9 ! b>k ( trees belong+ to diff]5t g5]a1 & ev5 diff]5t families499 799 ,x may be some:at int]e/+ to *emi/ry1 physiology1 & descriptive botany1 to consid] "u ! same po9t ( view ! plants :i* h be5 employ$ 9 int]mitt5t fev]s ) diff]5t degrees ( success4 ,we f9d among rubiace\s plants1 besides ! c9*onas & exo/emas1 ! ,c\t>ea speciosa or ,cay5ne b>k1 ! ,portl&ia gr&iflora ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 ano!r portl&ia discov]$ by ,m4 ,sesse at ,mexico1 ! ,p9kneia pubesc5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! b]ry ( ! c(fee-tree1 & p]haps ! ,macrocnemum corymbosum1 & ! ,guett>da cocc9ea2 among magnoliace\s plants1 ! tulip-tree & ! ,magnolia glauca2 among zan?oxylace\s plants1 ! ,cusp>e ( ,ango/ura1 kn[n 9 ,am]ica "u ! "n ( ,or9oco b>k1 & ! ,zan?oxylon c>ibaeum2 among legum9\s plants1 ! ge(fraeas1 ! ,swiet5ia febrifuga1 ! ,aes*ynom5e gr&iflora1 ! ,caesalp9a bonducella2 among caprifoliace\s plants1 ! ,cornus florida & ! ,cuspa ( ,cumana2 among rosace\s plants1 ! ,c]asus virg9iana & ! ,geum urbanum2 among am5tace\s plants1 ! will[s1 oaks1 & bir*-trees1 ( :i* ! alcoholic t9cture is us$ 9 ,russia by ! common p2 ! ,populus tremuloides1 etc42 among anonace\s plants1 ! ,uv>ia febrifuga1 ! fruit ( :i* we saw adm9i/]$ ) success 9 ! ,missions ( ,spani% ,guiana2 among sim>ubace\s plants1 ! ,quassia am>a1 celebrat$ 9 ! fev]i% pla9s ( ,sur9am2 among t]eb9?ace\s plants1 ! ,rhus glabrum2 among euphorbiace\s plants1 ! ,croton casc>illa2 among composite plants1 ! ,eupatorium p]foliatum1 ! febrifuge qualities ( :i* are kn[n to ! savages ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,( ! tulip-tree & ! quassia1 x is ! b>k ( ! roots t is us$4 ,em95t febrifuge virtues h also be5 f\nd 9 ! cortical "p ( ! roots ( ! ,c9*ona condam9ea at ,loxa2 b x is =tunate1 = ! pres]vation ( ! species1 t ! roots ( ! real c9*ona are n employ$ 9 ph>macy4 ,*emical rese>*es are yet want+ ^u ! v p[]ful bitt]s conta9$ 9 ! roots ( ! ,zan?oriza apiifolia1 & ! ,actaea racemosa3 ! latt] h sometimes be5 employ$ ) success z a rem$y aga9/ ! epidemic yell[ fev] 9 ,new ,york47 ,"s ( ^! b>ks s mu* resemble ea* o!r1 t x is n easy to di/+ui% !m at fir/ sight4 ,b be=e we exam9e ! "q1 :e!r we %all "o day discov]1 9 ! real c9*ona1 9 ! cuspa ( ,cumana1 ! ,cortex ,ango/urae1 ! ,indian swiet5ia1 ! will[s ( ,europe1 ! b]ries ( ! c(fee-tree & uv>ia1 a matt] uni=mly diffus$1 & exhibit+ 7l />*1 ca\t*\c1 & camphor7 ! same *emical prop]ties 9 diff]5t plants1 we may ask :e!r1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( physiology & m$ic9e1 a febrifuge pr9ciple ought to be admitt$4 ,is x n probable1 t ! p>ticul> d]angem5t 9 ! organization1 kn[n "u ! vague "n ( ! febrile /ate1 & 9 :i* bo? ! vascul> & ! n]v\s sy/ems are at ! same "t attack$1 yields to rem$ies :i* d n op]ate by ! same pr9ciple1 by ! same mode ( action on ! same organs1 by ! same play ( *emical & electrical attractions8 ,we %all "h conf9e ourselves to ?is obs]vation1 t1 9 ! species ( ! g5us c9*ona1 ! antifebrile virtues d n appe> to belong to ! tann9 7:i* is only accid5tally m+l$ 9 !m71 or to ! c9*onate ( lime2 b 9 a res9i=m matt]1 soluble bo? by alcohol & by wat]1 & :i*1 x is believ$1 is compos$ ( two pr9ciples1 ! c9*onic bitt] & ! c9*onic r$499 799 ,9 ,fr5*1 l'am] et le r\ge c9*oniques47 ,may x !n be admitt$1 t ?is res9i=m matt]1 :i* possesses diff]5t degrees ( en]gy accord+ to ! comb9ations by :i* x is modifi$1 is f\nd 9 all febrifuge sub/ances8 ,^? by :i* ! sulphate ( iron is precipitat$ ( a gre5 col\r1 l ! real c9*ona1 ! b>k ( ! :ite will[1 & ! horn$ p]isp]m ( ! c(fee-tree1 d n on ?is acc\nt d5ote id5tity ( *emical composition299 & t id5tity might ev5 exi/1 )\t our conclud+ t ! m$ical virtues 7 analog\s4 799 ,! cusp>e b>k 7,cort4 ,ango/urae7 yields ) iron a yell[ precipitate2 yet x is employ$ on ! banks ( ! ,or9oco1 & p>ticul>ly at ! t[n ( ,/4 ,?omas ( ,ango/ura1 z an excell5t c9*ona2 & on ! o!r h&1 ! b>k ( ! common *]ry tree1 :i* has sc>cely any febrifuge quality1 yields a gre5 precipitate l ! real c9*onas4 ,not)/&+ ! extreme imp]fection ( vegetable *emi/ry1 ! exp]im5ts already made on c9*onas suffici5tly %[1 t to judge ( ! febrifuge virtues ( a b>k1 we mu/ n atta* too mu* importance ei!r to ! pr9ciple :i* turns to gre5 ! oxides ( iron1 or to ! tann91 or to ! matt] :i* precipitates infusions ( tan47 ,we see t specim5s ( sug> & tann9 extract$ f plants1 n ( ! same family1 pres5t num]\s diff]5ces3 :ile ! comp>ative analysis ( sug>1 gum1 & />*2 ! discov]y ( ! radical ( ! prussic acid 7! effects ( :i* are s p[]ful on ! organization71 & _m o!r ph5om5a ( vegetable *emi/ry1 cle>ly prove t sub/ances compos$ ( id5tical elem5ts1 few 9 numb] & proportional 9 quantity1 exhibit ! mo/ het]og5e\s prop]ties1 on acc\nt ( t p>ticul> mode ( comb9ation :i* corpuscul> *emi/ry calls ! arrangem5t ( ! p>ticles4 ,leav+ ! rav9e :i* desc5ds f ! ,imposible1 we ent]$ a ?ick =e/ trav]s$ by _m small riv]s1 :i* are easily =d$4 ,we obs]v$ t ! cecropia1 :i* 9 ! disposition ( its bran*es & its sl5d] trunk1 resembles ! palm-tree1 is cov]$ ) leaves m or less silv]y1 9 proportion z ! soil is dry or moi/4 ,we saw "s small plants ( ! cecropia1 ! leaves ( :i* 7 on bo? sides entirely gre5499 799 ,is n ! ,cecropia concolor ( ,willd5\w a v>iety ( ! ,cecropia peltata87 ,! roots ( ^! trees are hid "u tufts ( dor/5ia1 :i* fl\ri%es only 9 humid & %ady places4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! =e/1 on ! banks ( ! ,rio ,c$5o1 z well z on ! s\!rn declivity ( ! ,cocoll>1 we f9d1 9 _! wild /ate1 papaw & orange-trees1 be>+ l>ge & sweet fruit4 ,^! are probably ! rema9s ( "s conucos1 or ,indian plantations2 = 9 ^? c\ntries ! orange-tree _c be c\nt$ among ! indig5\s plants1 any m ?an ! banana-tree1 ! papaw-tree1 maize1 cassava1 & _m o!r useful plants1 ) ! true c\ntry ( :i* we are unacqua9t$1 ?\gh !y h accompani$ man 9 8 migrations f ! remote/ times4 ,:5 a travell] newly arriv$ f ,europe p5etrates = ! fir/ "t into ! =e/s ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 he beholds nature "u an unexpect$ aspect4 ,he feels at e /ep1 t he is n on ! conf9es b 9 ! c5tre ( ! torrid zone2 n 9 "o ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 b on a va/ cont95t :]e ev]y?+ is gigantic1--m\nta9s1 riv]s1 & ! mass ( vegetation4 ,if he feel /rongly ! beauty ( picturesque sc5]y he c sc>cely def9e ! v>i\s emotions :i* cr[d ^u 8 m9d2 he c sc>cely di/+ui% :at mo/ excites 8 admiration1 ! deep sil5ce ( ^? solitudes1 ! individual beauty & contra/ ( =ms1 or t vig\r & fre%ness ( vegetable life :i* *>act]ize ! climate ( ! tropics4 ,x might be said t ! e>?1 ov]load$ ) plants1 does n all[ !m space en\gh to unfold !mselves4 ,! trunks ( ! trees are ev]y:]e conceal$ "u a ?ick c>pet ( v]dure2 & if we c>efully transplant$ ! or*ideae1 ! pip]s1 & ! po?oses1 n\ri%$ by a s+le c\rb>il1 or ,am]ican fig-tree199 799 ,ficus nymphaeifolia47 we %\ld cov] a va/ ext5t ( gr\nd4 ,by ?is s+ul> assemblage1 ! =e/s1 z well z ! flanks ( ! rocks & m\nta9s1 enl>ge ! doma9s ( organic nature4 ,! same lianas :i* creep on ! gr\nd1 rea* ! tops ( ! trees1 & pass f "o to ano!r at ! height ( m ?an a hundr$ feet4 ,?us1 by ! cont9ual int]lac+ ( p>asite plants1 ! botani/ is (t5 l$ to conf\nd "o ) ano!r1 ! fl[]s1 ! fruits1 & leaves1 :i* belong to diff]5t species4 ,we walk$ = "s h\rs "u ! %ade ( ^! arcades1 :i* sc>cely admit a glimpse ( ! sky2 ! latt] appe>$ to me ( an indigo blue1 ! deep] 9 %ade because ! gre5 ( ! equ9octial plants is g5]ally ( a /rong] hue1 ) some:at ( a br[ni% t9t4 ,a great f]n tree199 799 ,possibly our ,aspidium caducum47 v diff]5t f ! ,polypodium arboreum ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 rose above masses ( scatt]$ rocks4 ,9 ?is place we 7 /ruck = ! fir/ "t ) ! sight ( ^? ne/s 9 ! %ape ( bottles1 or small bags1 :i* are susp5d$ f ! bran*es ( ! l[e/ trees1 & :i* atte/ ! wond]ful indu/ry ( ! orioles1 :i* m+le _! w>bl+ ) ! ho>se cries ( ! p>rots & ! macaws4 ,^! la/1 s well kn[n = _! vivid col\rs1 fly only 9 pairs1 :ile ! real p>rots w&] ab\t 9 flocks ( sev]al hundr$s4 ,a man mu/ h liv$ 9 ^? regions1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! hot valleys ( ! ,&es1 to conceive h[ ^! birds sometimes dr[n ) _! voices ! noise ( ! torr5ts1 :i* da% d[n f rock to rock4 ,we left ! =e/s1 at ! di/ance ( some:at m ?an a league f ! village ( ,san ,f]n&o4 ,a n>r[ pa? l$1 aft] _m w9d+s1 into an op5 b extremely humid c\ntry4 ,9 su* a site 9 ! temp]ate zone1 ! cyp]ace\s & gram9e\s plants w\ld h =m$ va/ mead[s2 "h ! soil ab\nd$ 9 aquatic plants1 ) sagittate leaves1 & especially 9 basil plants1 among :i* we notic$ ! f9e fl[]s ( ! co/us1 ! ?alia1 & ! heliconia4 ,^! succul5t plants are f eight to t5 feet high1 & 9 ,europe "o ( _! gr\ps w\ld be consid]$ z a little wood4 ,ne> ,san ,f]n&o ! evaporation caus$ by ! action ( ! sun 0 s great t1 be+ v lightly clo!d1 we felt ourselves z wet z 9 a vap\r ba?4 ,! road 0 bord]$ ) a k9d ( bamboo199 799 ,bambusa guadua47 :i* ! ,indians call iagua1 or guadua1 & :i* is m ?an =ty feet 9 height4 ,no?+ c exce$ ! elegance ( ?is arboresc5t gram54 ,! =m & disposition ( its leaves give x a "* ( lightness :i* contra/s agreeably ) its height4 ,! smoo? & glossy trunk ( ! iagua g5]ally b5ds t[>ds ! banks ( rivulets1 & x waves ) ! slighte/ brea? ( air4 ,! highe/ re$s99 9 ! s\? ( ,europe 799 ,arundo donax471 c give no idea ( ! aspect ( ! arboresc5t gram9a4 ,! bamboo & f]n-tree are1 ( all ! vegetable =ms betwe5 ! tropics1 ^? :i* make ! mo/ p[]ful impression on ! imag9ation ( ! travell]4 ,bamboos are less common 9 ,s\? ,am]ica ?an is usually believ$4 ,!y are almo/ want+ 9 ! m>%es & 9 ! va/ inundat$ pla9s ( ! ,l[] ,or9oco1 ! ,apure1 & ! ,atabapo1 :ile !y =m ?ick woods1 sev]al leagues 9 l5g?1 9 ! nor?-we/1 9 ,new ,gr5ada1 & 9 ! k+dom ( ,quito4 ,x might be said t ! we/]n declivity ( ! ,&es is _! true c\ntry2 &1 :at is rem>kable en\gh1 we f\nd !m n only 9 ! l[ regions at ! level ( ! ocean1 b also 9 ! l(ty valleys ( ! ,cordill]as1 at ! height ( #hfj toises4 ,! road skirt$ ) ! bamboos above m5tion$ l$ u to ! small village ( ,san ,f]n&o1 situat$ 9 a n>r[ pla91 surr\nd$ by v /eep calc>e\s rocks4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ ,mission99 we saw 9 ,am]ica4 799 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( habitations collect$ r\nd a *ur*1 ) a mission>y monk p]=m+ ! m9i/]ial duties1 is call$ 9 ! ,spani% colonies ,mision1 or ,pueblo de mision4 ,indian villages1 gov]n$ by a prie/1 are call$ ,pueblos de doctr9a4 ,a di/9ction is made betwe5 ! ,cura doctr9]o1 :o is ! prie/ ( an ,indian p>i%1 & ! ,cura rector1 prie/ ( a village inhabit$ by :ites & m5 ( mix$ race47 ,! h\ses1 or r ! huts ( ! ,*ayma ,indians1 ?\gh sep>ate f ea* o!r1 are n surr\nd$ by g>d5s4 ,! /reets1 :i* are wide & v /raight1 cross ea* o!r at "r angles4 ,! walls ( ! huts are made ( clay1 /r5g!n$ by lianas4 ,! uni=mity ( ^! huts1 ! grave & taciturn air ( _! inhabitants1 & ! extreme neatness ( ! dwell+s1 rem9d$ u ( ! e/abli%m5ts ( ! ,moravian ,bre?r54 ,besides _! own g>d5s1 e ,indian family helps to cultivate ! g>d5 ( ! community1 or1 z x is call$1 ! conuco de la comunidad1 :i* is situat$ at "s di/ance f ! village4 ,9 ?is conuco ! adults ( ea* sex "w "o h\r 9 ! morn+ & "o 9 ! ev5+4 ,9 ! missions ne>e/ ! coa/ ! g>d5 ( ! community is g5]ally a sug> or indigo plantation1 "u ! direction ( ! mission>y2 & its produce1 if ! law 7 /rictly obs]v$1 c\ld be employ$ only = ! support ( ! *ur* & ! pur*ase ( sac]dotal ornam5ts4 ,! great squ>e ( ,san ,f]n&o1 9 ! c5tre ( ! village1 conta9s ! *ur*1 ! dwell+ ( ! mission>y1 & a v humble-look+ edifice pomp\sly call$ ! k+'s h\se 7,casa del ,rey74 ,?is is a c>avans]ai1 de/9$ = lodg+ travell]s2 &1 z we (t5 exp]i5c$1 inf9itely valuable 9 a c\ntry :]e ! "n ( an inn is /ill unkn[n4 ,! ,casas del ,rey are to be f\nd 9 all ! ,spani% colonies1 & may be deem$ an imitation ( ! tambos ( ,p]u1 :i* 7 e/abli%$ 9 con=mity ) ! laws ( ,manco ,capac4 ,we _h be5 recomm5d$ to ! fri>s :o gov]n ! ,missions ( ! ,*ayma ,indians1 by _! syndic1 :o resides at ,cumana4 ,?is recomm5dation 0 ! m useful to u1 z ! mission>ies1 ei!r f zeal = ! purity ( ! morals ( _! p>i%ion]s1 or to conceal ! mona/ic sy/em f ! indiscreet curiosity ( /rang]s1 (t5 adh]e ) rig\r to an old regulation1 by :i* a :ite man ( ! secul> /ate is n p]mitt$ to soj\rn m ?an "o night 9 an ,indian village4 ,! ,missions =m 7,i w n say accord+ to _! primitive & canonical in/itutions1 b 9 reality7 a di/9ct & ne>ly indep5d5t hi]>*y1 ! views ( :i* seldom accord ) ^? ( ! secul> cl]gy4 ,! mission>y ( ,san ,f]n&o 0 a ,capu*91 a native ( ,aragon1 f> advanc$ 9 ye>s1 b /rong & heal?y4 ,8 extreme corpul5cy1 8 hil>ity1 ! int]e/ he took 9 battles & sieges1 ill accord$ ) ! ideas we =m 9 nor!rn c\ntries ( ! melan*oly rev]ies & ! contemplative life ( mission>ies4 ,?\gh extremely busy ab\t a c[ :i* 0 to be kill$ next day1 ! old monk receiv$ u ) k9dness1 & p]mitt$ u to hang up our hammocks 9 a gall]y ( 8 h\se4 ,seat$1 )\t do+ any?+1 ! great] "p ( ! day1 9 an arm*air ( r$ wood1 he bitt]ly compla9$ ( :at he call$ ! indol5ce & ignorance ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,our mission>y1 h[ev]1 seem$ well satisfi$ ) 8 situation4 ,he treat$ ! ,indians ) mildness2 he beheld 8 ,mission prosp]1 & he prais$ ) en?usiasm ! wat]s1 ! bananas1 & ! dairy-produce ( ! di/rict4 ,! sight ( our in/rum5ts1 our books1 & our dri$ plants1 drew f him a s>ca/ic smile2 & he ackn[l$g$1 ) ! naivete peculi> to ! inhabitants ( ^? c\ntries1 t ( all ! enjoym5ts ( life1 )\t except+ sleep1 none 0 comp>able to ! pleasure ( eat+ good beef 7c>ne de vaca73 ?us does s5suality obta9 an asc5dancy1 :]e !re is no occupation = ! m9d4 ,! mission ( ,san ,f]n&o 0 f\nd$ ab\t ! end ( ! #ag? c5tury1 ne> ! junction ( ! small riv]s ( ! ,manzan>es & ,lucasp]ez4 ,a fire1 :i* consum$ ! *ur* & ! huts ( ! ,indians1 induc$ ! ,capu*9s to build ! village 9 its pres5t f9e situation4 ,! numb] ( families is increas$ to "o hundr$1 & ! mission>y obs]v$ to u1 t ! cu/om ( m>ry+ at ?irte5 or f\rte5 ye>s ( age contributes greatly to ?is rapid increase ( population4 ,he d5i$ t old age 0 s premature among ! ,*aymas1 z is commonly believ$ 9 ,europe4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ^! ,indian p>i%es is v complicat$2 !y h _! gov]nor1 _! major-alguazils1 & _! militia-comm&]s1 all copp]-col\r$ natives4 ,! company ( ar*]s h _! col\rs1 & p]=m _! ex]cise ) ! b[ & arr[1 9 %oot+ at a m>k2 ?is is ! national gu>d 7militia7 ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is milit>y e/abli%m5t1 "u a purely mona/ic sy/em1 seem$ to u v s+ul>4 ,on ! night ( ! #e? ( ,septemb]1 & ! foll[+ morn+1 !re 0 a ?ick fog2 yet we 7 n m ?an a hundr$ toises above ! level ( ! sea4 ,i det]m9$ geometrically1 at ! mom5t ( our dep>ture1 ! height ( ! great calc>e\s m\nta9 :i* rises at #hjj toises di/ance to ! s\? ( ,san ,f]n&o1 & =ms a p]p5dicul> cliff on ! nor? side4 ,x is only #bae toises high] ?an ! great squ>e2 b nak$ masses ( rock1 :i* "h exhibit !mselves 9 ! mid/ ( a ?ick vegetation1 give x a v maje/ic aspect4 ,! road f ,san ,f]n&o to ,cumana passes amid/ small plantations1 ?r\gh an op5 & humid valley4 ,we =d$ a numb] ( rivulets4 ,9 ! %ade ! !rmomet] did n rise above #cj degrees3 b we 7 expos$ to ! direct rays ( ! sun1 because ! bamboos1 :i* skirt$ ! road1 af=d$ b small %elt]1 & we suff]$ greatly f ! heat4 ,we pass$ ?r\gh ! village ( ,ar5as1 inhabit$ by ,indians1 ( ! same race z ^? at ,san ,f]n&o4 ,b ,ar5as is no long] a mission2 & ! natives1 gov]n$ by a regul> prie/199 799 ,! f\r villages ( ,ar5as1 ,mac>apana1 ,m>iguit>1 & ,aricagua1 f\nd$ by ,aragonese ,capu*9s1 are call$ ,doctr9as de ,encomi5da47 are bett] clo!d1 & m civiliz$4 ,_! *ur* is also di/+ui%$ 9 ! c\ntry by "s rude pa9t+s :i* adorn its walls4 ,a n>r[ bord] encloses figures ( armadilloes1 caymans1 jagu>s1 & o!r animals peculi> to ! new _w4 ,9 ?is village lives a lab\r]1 ,francisco ,lozano1 :o pres5t$ a highly curi\s physiological ph5om5on4 ,?is man has suckl$ a *ild ) 8 own milk4 ,! "m hav+ fall5 sick1 ! fa!r1 to quiet ! infant1 took x into 8 b$1 & press$ x to 8 bosom4 ,lozano1 !n ?irty-two ye>s ( age1 _h nev] be=e rem>k$ t he _h milk3 b ! irritation ( ! nipple1 suck$ by ! *ild1 caus$ ! accumulation ( t liquid4 ,! milk 0 ?ick & v sweet4 ,! fa!r1 a/oni%$ at ! increas$ size ( 8 brea/1 suckl$ 8 *ild two or ?ree times a day dur+ five mon?s4 ,he drew on himself ! att5tion ( 8 neighb\rs1 b he nev] ?\ght1 z he probably w\ld h done 9 ,europe1 ( d]iv+ any advantage f ! curiosity he excit$4 ,we saw ! c]tificate1 :i* _h be5 drawn up on ! spot1 to atte/ ?is rem>kable fact1 eye-witnesses ( :i* are /ill liv+4 ,!y assur$ u t1 dur+ ?is suckl+1 ! *ild _h no o!r n\ri%m5t ?an ! milk ( 8 fa!r4 ,lozano1 :o 0 n at ,ar5as dur+ our j\rney 9 ! missions1 came to u at ,cumana4 ,he 0 accompani$ by 8 son1 !n ?irte5 or f\rte5 ye>s ( age4 ,m4 ,bonpl& exam9$ ) att5tion ! fa!r's brea/s1 & f\nd !m wr9kl$ l ^? ( a woman :o has giv5 suck4 ,he obs]v$ t ! left brea/ 9 p>ticul> 0 mu* enl>g$2 :i* ,lozano expla9$ to u f ! circum/ance1 t ! two brea/s did n furni% milk 9 ! same abundance4 ,don ,vic5te ,emp>an1 gov]nor ( ! prov9ce1 s5t a circum/antial acc\nt ( ?is ph5om5on to ,cadiz4 ,x is n a v uncommon circum/ance1 to f9d1 among animals1 males ^: brea/s conta9 milk2 & climate does n appe> to ex]cise any m>k$ influ5ce on ! great] or less abundance ( ?is secretion4 ,! anci5ts cite ! milk ( ! he-goats ( ,lemnos & ,corsica4 ,9 our own "t1 we h se5 9 ,hanov]1 a he-goat1 :i* = a great numb] ( ye>s 0 milk$ e o!r day1 & yield$ m milk ?an a female goat4 ,among ! signs ( ! alleg$ weakness ( ! ,am]icans1 travell]s h m5tion$ ! milk conta9$ 9 ! brea/s ( m54 ,x is1 h[ev]1 improbable1 t x has ev] be5 obs]v$ 9 a :ole tribe1 9 "s "p ( ,am]ica unkn[n to mod]n travell]s2 & ,i c affirm t at pres5t x is n m common 9 ! new cont95t1 ?an 9 ! old4 ,! lab\r] ( ,ar5as1 ^: case has j be5 m5tion$1 0 n ( ! copp]-col\r$ race ( ,*ayma ,indians1 b 0 a :ite man1 desc5d$ f ,europeans4 ,moreov]1 ! anatomi/s ( ,/4 ,pet]sburgh h obs]v$ t1 among ! l[] ord]s ( ! p 9 ,russia1 milk 9 ! brea/s ( m5 is mu* m frequ5t ?an among ! m s\!rn nations3 yet ! ,russians h nev] be5 deem$ weak & effem9ate4 ,!re is among ! v>ieties ( ! human species a race ( m5 ^: brea/s at ! age ( pub]ty acquire a consid]able bulk4 ,lozano did n belong to t race2 & he (t5 repeat$ to u 8 conviction1 t x 0 only ! irritation ( ! nipple1 9 consequ5ce ( ! suction1 :i* caus$ ! fl[ ( milk4 ,:5 we reflect on ! :ole ( ! vital ph5om5a1 we f9d t no "o ( !m is entirely isolat$4 ,9 e age examples are cit$ ( v "y girls & wom5 9 extreme old age1 :o h suckl$ *ildr54 ,among m5 ^! examples are m r>e2 & aft] num]\s rese>*es1 ,i h n f\nd above two or ?ree4 ,"o is cit$ by ! anatomi/ ( ,v]ona1 ,alex&] ,b5$ictus1 :o liv$ ab\t ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,he relates ! hi/ory ( an inhabitant ( ,syria1 :o1 to calm ! fretfulness ( 8 *ild1 aft] ! dea? ( ! "m1 press$ x to 8 bosom4 ,! milk soon became s abundant1 t ! fa!r c\ld take on himself ! n\ri%m5t ( 8 *ild )\t assi/ance4 ,o!r examples are relat$ by ,santorellus1 ,f>ia1 & ,rob]t1 bi%op ( ,cork4 ,! great] "p ( ^! ph5om5a hav+ be5 notic$ 9 times v remote1 x is n un9t]e/+ to physiology1 t we c confirm !m 9 our own days4 ,on approa*+ ! t[n ( ,cumanacoa we f\nd a m level soil1 & a valley enl>g+ itself progressively4 ,?is small t[n is situat$ 9 a nak$ pla91 almo/ circul>1 & surr\nd$ by l(ty m\nta9s4 ,x 0 f\nd$ 9 #agag by ,dom+o ,arias1 on ! return ( an exp$ition to ! m\? ( ! ,gu>api*e1 und]tak5 ) ! view ( de/roy+ an e/abli%m5t :i* "s ,fr5* freeboot]s _h attempt$ to f\nd4 ,! new t[n 0 fir/ call$ ,san ,baltaz> de las ,arias2 b ! ,indian "n ,cumanacoa prevail$2 9 l mann] ! "n ( ,santiago de ,leon1 /ill to be f\nd 9 our maps1 is =gott5 9 t ( ,c>acas4 ,on op5+ ! b>omet] we 7 /ruck at see+ ! column ( m]cury sc>cely #g4c l9es %ort] ?an on ! coa/s4 ,! pla91 or r ! table-l&1 on :i* ! t[n ( ,cumanacoa is situat$1 is n m ?an #ajd toises above ! level ( ! sea1 :i* is ?ree or f\r times less ?an is suppos$ by ! inhabitants ( ,cumana1 on acc\nt ( _! exagg]at$ ideas ( ! cold ( ,cumanacoa4 ,b ! diff]5ce ( climate obs]vable betwe5 places s ne> ea* o!r is p]haps less ow+ to comp>ative height ?an to local circum/ances4 ,among ^! causes we may cite ! proximity ( ! =e/s2 ! frequ5cy ( desc5d+ curr5ts1 s common 9 ^! valleys1 clos$ on e side2 ! abundance ( ra92 & ^? ?ick fogs :i* dim9i% dur+ a great "p ( ! ye> ! direct action ( ! sol> rays4 ,! decrem5t ( ! heat be+ ne>ly ! same )9 ! tropics1 & dur+ ! summ] "u ! temp]ate zone1 ! small diff]5ce ( level ( "o hundr$ toises %\ld produce only a *ange 9 ! mean temp]ature ( #a or #a4e degrees4 ,b we %all soon f9d t at ,cumanacoa ! diff]5ce rises to m ?an f\r degrees4 ,?is coolness ( ! climate is sometimes ! m surpris+1 z v great heat is felt at ,c>?ago 79 ! prov9ce ( ,popayan72 at ,tomep5da1 on ! bank ( ! riv] ,amazon1 & 9 ! valleys ( ,aragua1 to ! we/ ( ,c>acas2 ?\gh ! absolute height ( ^! diff]5t places is betwe5 #bjj & #dhj toises4 ,9 pla9s z well z on m\nta9s ! iso!rmal l9es 7l9es ( simil> heat7 are n con/antly p>allel to ! equator1 or ! surface ( ! globe4 ,x is ! gr& problem ( meteorology to det]m9e ! inflections ( ^! l9es1 & to discov]1 amid modifications produc$ by local causes1 ! con/ant laws ( ! di/ribution ( heat4 ,! port ( ,cumana is only sev5 nautical leagues f ,cumanacoa4 ,x sc>cely ev] ra9s 9 ! fir/-m5tion$ place1 :ile 9 ! latt] !re are sev5 mon?s ( w9try wea!r4 ,at ,cumanacoa1 ! dry season beg9s at ! w9t] sol/ice1 & la/s till ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,light %[]s are frequ5t 9 ! mon?s ( ,april1 ,may1 & ,june4 ,! dry wea!r !n returns aga91 & la/s f ! summ] sol/ice to ! end ( ,augu/4 ,!n come ! real w9t] ra9s1 :i* cease only 9 ! mon? ( ,novemb]1 & dur+ :i* torr5ts ( wat] p\r d[n f ! skies4 ,x 0 dur+ ! w9t] season t we took up our fir/ abode 9 ! ,missions4 ,e night a ?ick fog cov]$ ! sky1 & x 0 only at int]vals t ,i succe$$ 9 tak+ "s obs]vations ( ! />s4 ,! !rmomet] kept f #ah4e to #bj degrees1 :i* "u ?is zone1 & to ! s5sations ( a travell] com+ f ! coa/s1 appe>s a great degree ( coolness4 ,i nev] p]ceiv$ ! temp]ature 9 ! night at ,cumana bel[ #ba degrees4 ,! greate/ heat is felt f noon to #c o'clock1 ! !rmomet] keep+ betwe5 #bf & #bg degrees4 ,! maximum ( ! heat1 ab\t two h\rs aft] ! passage ( ! sun ov] ! m]idian1 0 v regul>ly m>k$ by a /orm :i* murmur$ ne>4 ,l>ge black & l[ cl\ds dissolv$ 9 ra91 :i* came d[n 9 torr5ts3 ^! ra9s la/$ two or ?ree h\rs1 & l[]$ ! !rmomet] five or six degrees4 ,ab\t five o'clock ! ra9 entirely ceas$1 ! sun reappe>$ a little be=e x set1 & ! hygromet] mov$ t[>ds ! po9t ( dryness2 b at eight or n9e we 7 aga9 envelop$ 9 a ?ick /ratum ( vap\r4 ,^! diff]5t *anges foll[ successively1 we 7 assur$1 dur+ :ole mon?s1 & yet n a brea? ( w9d is felt4 ,comp>ative exp]im5ts l$ u to believe t 9 g5]al ! nights at ,cumanacoa are f two to ?ree1 & ! days f f\r to five c5tesimal degrees cool] ?an at ! port ( ,cumana4 ,^! diff]5ces are great2 & if1 in/ead ( meteorological in/rum5ts1 we consult$ only our own feel+s1 we %\ld suppose !y 7 /ill m consid]able4 ,! vegetation ( ! pla9 :i* surr\nds ! t[n is monoton\s1 b1 ow+ to ! extreme humidity ( ! air1 rem>kable = its fre%ness4 ,x is *iefly *>act]iz$ by an arboresc5t solanum1 =ty feet 9 height1 ! ,urtica baccif]a1 & a new species ( ! g5us ,guett>da499 799 ,^! trees are surr\nd$ by ,galega pilosa1 ,/ell>ia rotundifolia1 ,aegiphila elata ( ,sw>tz1 ,sauvagesia erecta1 ,m>t9ia p]5nis1 & a great numb] ( ,riv9as4 ,we f9d among ! gram9e\s plants1 9 ! savannah ( ,cumanacoa1 ! ,paspalus l5ticul>is1 ,panicum asc5d5s1 ,p5nisetum uniflorum1 ,gyn]ium sac*>oides1 ,eleus9e indica1 etc47 ,! gr\nd is v f]tile1 & might be easily wat]$ if tr5*es 7 cut f a great numb] ( rivulets1 ! spr+s ( :i* nev] dry up dur+ ! :ole ye>4 ,! mo/ valuable production ( ! di/rict is tobacco4 ,s9ce ! introduction ( ! f>m99 799 ,e/anco real de tabaco1 royal monopoly ( tobacco47 9 #aggi1 ! cultivation ( tobacco 9 ! prov9ce ( ,cumana is ne>ly conf9$ to ! valley ( ,cumanacoa2 z 9 ,mexico x is p]mitt$ only 9 ! two di/ricts ( ,orizaba & ,cordova4 ,! f>m sy/em is a monopoly odi\s to ! p4 ,all ! tobacco t is ga!r$ mu/ be sold to gov]nm5t2 & to prev5t1 or r to dim9i% fraud1 x has be5 f\nd mo/ easy to conc5trate ! cultivation 9 "o po9t4 ,gu>ds sc\r ! c\ntry1 to de/roy any plantations )\t ! b\nd>ies ( ! privileg$ di/ricts2 & to in=m aga9/ ^? inhabitants :o smoke cig>s prep>$ by _! own h&s4 ,next to ! tobacco ( ! isl& ( ,cuba & ( ! ,rio ,negro1 t ( ,cumana is ! mo/ aromatic4 ,x excels all ! tobacco ( ,new ,spa9 & ( ! prov9ce ( ,v>9as4 ,we %all give "s p>ticul>s ( its culture1 :i* ess5tially diff]s f ! me?od practis$ 9 ,virg9ia4 ,! prodigi\s expansion :i* is rem>k$ 9 ! solane\s plants ( ! valley ( ,cumanacoa1 especially 9 ! abundant species ( ! ,solanum arboresc5s1 ( aqu>tia1 & ( ce/rum1 seems to indicate ! fav\rable nature ( ?is spot = plantations ( tobacco4 ,! se$ is s[n 9 ! op5 gr\nd1 at ! beg9n+ ( ,septemb]2 ?\gh sometimes n till ! mon? ( ,decemb]1 :i* p]iod is h[ev] less fav\rable = ! h>ve/4 ,! cotyl$ons appe> on ! eigh? day1 & ! "y plants are cov]$ ) l>ge leaves ( heliconia & planta91 & %elt] !m f ! direct action ( ! sun4 ,great c>e also is tak5 to de/roy we$s1 :i*1 betwe5 ! tropics1 spr+ up ) a/oni%+ rapidity4 ,! tobacco is transplant$ into a ri* & well-prep>$ soil1 a mon? or two aft] x has ris5 f ! se$4 ,! plants are dispos$ 9 regul> r[s1 ?ree or f\r feet di/ant f ea* o!r4 ,c>e is tak5 to we$ !m (t51 & ! pr9cipal /alk is sev]al times topp$1 till gre5i% blue spots indicate to ! cultivator ! maturity ( ! leaves4 ,!y beg9 to ga!r !m 9 ! f\r? mon?1 & ?is fir/ ga!r+ g5]ally t]m9ates 9 ! space ( a few days4 ,x w\ld be bett] if ! leaves 7 pluck$ only z !y dry4 ,9 good ye>s ! cultivators cut ! plant :5 x is only f\r feet high2 & ! %oot :i* spr+s f ! root1 ?r[s out new leaves ) su* rapidity t !y may be ga!r$ on ! ?irte5? or f\rte5? day4 ,^! la/ h ! cellul> tissue v mu* ext5d$1 & !y conta9 m wat]1 m album5 & less ( t acrid1 volatile pr9ciple1 :i* is b little soluble 9 wat]1 & 9 :i* ! /imulant prop]ty ( tobacco seems to reside4 ,at ,cumanacoa ! tobacco1 aft] be+ ga!r$1 und]goes a prep>ation :i* ! ,spani>ds call cura seca4 ,! leaves are susp5d$ by ?reads ( cocuiza299 799 ,agave ,am]icana47 _! ribs are tak5 out1 & !y are twi/$ into cords4 ,! prep>$ tobacco %\ld be c>ri$ to ! k+'s w>eh\ses 9 ! mon? ( ,june2 b ! indol5ce ( ! inhabitants1 & ! pref]5ce !y give to ! cultivation ( maize & cassava1 usually prev5t !m f f9i%+ ! prep>ation be=e ! mon? ( ,augu/4 ,x is easy to conceive t ! leaves1 s long expos$ to v moi/ air1 mu/ lose "s ( _! flav\r4 ,! adm9i/rator ( ! f>m keeps ! tobacco deposit$ 9 ! k+'s w>eh\ses sixty days )\t t\*+ x4 ,:5 ?is "t is expir$1 ! manoques are op5$ to exam9e ! quality4 ,if ! adm9i/rator f9d ! tobacco well prep>$1 he pays ! cultivator ?ree pia/res = ! aroba ( tw5ty-five p\nds weight4 ,! same quantity is resold = ! k+'s pr(it at twelve pia/res & a half4 ,! tobacco t is rott5 7podrido71 t is1 aga9 gone into a /ate ( f]m5tation1 is publicly burnt2 & ! cultivator1 :o has receiv$ money 9 advance f ! royal f>m1 loses irrevocably ! fruits ( 8 long lab\r4 ,we saw heaps1 am\nt+ to five hundr$ arobas1 burnt 9 ! great squ>e1 :i* 9 ,europe might h s]v$ = mak+ snuff4 ,! soil ( ,cumanacoa is s fav\rable to ?is bran* ( culture1 t tobacco gr[s wild1 :]ev] ! se$ f9ds any moi/ure4 ,x gr[s ?us spontane\sly at ,c]ro del ,cu*ivano1 & ar\nd ! cav]n ( ,c>ipe4 ,! only k9d ( tobacco cultivat$ at ,cumanacoa1 z well z 9 ! neighb\r+ di/ricts ( ,aricagua & ,san ,lor5zo1 is t ) l>ge sessile leaves199 799 ,nicotiana tabacum47 call$ ,virg9ia tobacco4 ,! tobacco ) petiolate leaves199 799 ,nicotiana ru/ica47 :i* is ! yetl ( ! anci5t ,mexicans1 is unkn[n4 ,9 /udy+ ! hi/ory ( our cultivat$ plants1 we are surpris$ to f9d t1 be=e ! conque/1 ! use ( tobacco 0 spread ?r\gh ! great] "p ( ,am]ica1 :ile ! potato 0 unkn[n bo? 9 ,mexico & ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 :]e x gr[s well 9 ! m\nta9\s regions4 ,tobacco has also be5 cultivat$ 9 ,portugal s9ce ! ye> #aeei1 ?\gh ! potato did n become an object ( ,european agriculture till ! end ( ! sev5te5? & beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,?is latt] plant1 :i* has _h s p[]ful an influ5ce on ! well-be+ ( society1 has spread 9 bo? cont95ts m sl[ly ?an tobacco1 :i* c be consid]$ only z an article ( luxury4 ,next to tobacco1 ! mo/ important culture ( ! valley ( ,cumanacoa is t ( indigo4 ,! manufactur]s ( ,cumanacoa1 ( ,san ,f]n&o1 & ( ,ar5as1 produce indigo ( great] comm]cial value ?an t ( ,c>acas2 & (t5 ne>ly equall+ 9 spl5d\r & ri*ness ( col\r ! indigo ( ,guatimala4 ,x 0 f t prov9ce t ! coa/s ( ,cumana receiv$ ! fir/ se$s ( ! ,indig(]a anil199 :i* is cultivat$ jo9tly ) ! ,indig(]a t9ctoria4 799 ,! indigo kn[n 9 comm]ce is produc$ by f\r species ( plants2 ! ,indig(]a t9ctoria1 ,i4 anil1 ,i4 arg5tea1 & ,i4 disp]ma4 ,at ! ,rio ,negro1 ne> ! fronti]s ( ,brazil1 we f\nd ! ,i4 arg5tea gr[+ wild1 b only 9 places anci5tly inhabit$ by ,indians47 ,! ra9s be+ v frequ5t 9 ! valley ( ,cumanacoa1 a plant ( f\r feet high yields no m col\r+ matt] ?an "o ( a ?ird "p t size 9 ! arid valleys ( ,aragua1 to ! we/ ( ! t[n ( ,c>acas4 ,! manufactories we exam9$ are all built on uni=m pr9ciples4 ,two /eep+ vessels1 or vats1 :i* receive ! plants int5d$ to be br\ght into a /ate ( f]m5tation1 are jo9$ toge!r4 ,ea* vat is fifte5 feet squ>e1 & two & a half deep4 ,f ^! upp] vats ! liquor runs into beat]s1 betwe5 :i* is plac$ ! wat]-mill4 ,! axletree ( ! great :eel crosses ! two beat]s4 ,x is furni%$ ) ladles1 fix$ to long h&les1 adapt$ = ! beat+4 ,f a spaci\s settl+-vat1 ! col\r+ fecula is c>ri$ to ! dry+ place1 & spread on planks ( brasiletto1 :i*1 hav+ small :eels1 c be %elt]$ "u a ro( 9 case ( sudd5 ra9s4 ,slop+ & v l[ ro(s give ! dry+ place ! appe>ance ( hot-h\ses at "s di/ance4 ,9 ! valley ( ,cumanacoa1 ! f]m5tation ( ! plant is produc$ ) a/oni%+ rapidity4 ,x la/s 9 g5]al b f\r or five h\rs4 ,?is %ort duration c be attribut$ only to ! humidity ( ! climate1 & ! abs5ce ( ! sun dur+ ! developm5t ( ! plant4 ,i ?9k ,i h obs]v$1 9 ! c\rse ( my travels1 t ! dri] ! climate1 ! sl[] ! vat works1 & ! great] ! quantity ( indigo1 at ! m9imum ( oxidation1 conta9$ 9 ! /alks4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,c>acas1 :]e #efb cubic feet ( ! plant slightly pil$ up yield ?irty-five or =ty p\nds ( dry indigo1 ! liquid does n pass into ! beat] till aft] tw5ty1 ?irty1 or ?irty-five h\rs4 ,x is probable t ! inhabitants ( ,cumanacoa w\ld extract m col\r+ matt] if !y left ! plants long] /eep+ 9 ! fir/ vat499 799 ,! plant]s are pretty g5]ally ( op9ion1 t ! f]m5tation %\ld nev] cont9ue less ?an t5 h\rs4 ,beauvais-,raseau1 ,art de l',indigoti] page #ha47 ,dur+ my abode at ,cumana ,i made solutions ( ! indigo ( ,cumanacoa1 :i* is some:at heavy & copp]y1 & t ( ,c>acas1 9 sulphuric acid1 9 ord] to comp>e !m1 & ! solution ( ! =m] appe>$ to me to be ( a mu* m int5se blue4 ,! pla9 ( ,cumanacoa1 spott$ ) f>ms & small plantations ( indigo & tobacco1 is surr\nd$ ) m\nta9s1 :i* t[>ds ! s\? rise to consid]able height4 ,ev]y?+ indicates t ! valley is ! bottom ( an anci5t lake4 ,! m\nta9s1 :i* 9 anci5t times =m$ its %ores1 all rise p]p5dicul>ly 9 ! direction ( ! pla94 ,! only outlet = ! wat]s ( ! lake 0 on ! side ( ,ar5as4 ,9 digg+ f\ndations1 b$s ( r\nd pebbles1 mix$ ) small bivalve %ells1 are f\nd2 & accord+ to ! report ( p]sons wor?y ( cr$it1 !re 7 discov]$1 ?irty ye>s ago1 at ! bottom ( ! rav9e ( ,san ,juanillo1 two enorm\s femoral bones1 f\r feet long1 & weigh+ m ?an ?irty p\nds4 ,! ,indians imag9$ t ^! 7 giants' bones2 :il/ ! half-le>n$ sages ( ! c\ntry1 :o assume ! "r ( expla9+ ev]y?+1 gravely ass]t$ t !y 7 m]e sports ( nature1 & little wor?y ( att5tion2 an op9ion f\nd$ on ! circum/ance t human bones decay rapidly 9 ! soil ( ,cumanacoa4 ,9 ord] to decorate _! *ur*es on ! fe/ival ( ! dead1 !y take skulls f ! cemet]ies on ! coa/1 :]e ! e>? is impregnat$ ) sal9e sub/ances4 ,^! pret5d$ ?igh-bones ( giants 7 c>ri$ to ! port ( ,cumana1 :]e ,i s\ght = !m 9 va92 b f ! analogy ( "s fossil bones :i* ,i br\ght f o!r p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & :i* h be5 c>efully exam9$ by ,m4 ,cuvi]1 x is probable t ! gigantic femoral bones ( ,cumanacoa belong$ to elephants ( a species n[ ext9ct4 ,x may appe> surpris+ t !y 7 f\nd 9 a place s little elevat$ above ! pres5t level ( ! wat]s2 s9ce x is a rem>kable fact1 t ! fragm5ts ( ! ma/odons & fossil elephants :i* ,i br\ght f ! equ9octial regions ( ,mexico1 ,new ,gr5ada1 ,quito1 & ,p]u1 7 n f\nd 9 l[ regions 7z 7 ! mega!rium ( ,rio ,luxan99 799 ,"o league s\?-ea/ f ! t[n ( ,bu5os ,ayres47 & ,virg9ia199 799 ,! mega!rium ( ,virg9ia is ! megalonyx ( ,mr4 ,jeff]son4 ,all ! enorm\s rema9s f\nd 9 ! pla9s ( ! new cont95t1 ei!r nor? or s\? ( ! equator1 belong1 n to ! torrid1 b to ! temp]ate zone4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,pallas obs]ves t 9 ,sib]ia1 consequ5tly also nor?w>d ( ! tropics1 fossil bones are nev] f\nd 9 m\nta9\s p>ts4 ,^! facts1 intimately connect$ toge!r1 seem calculat$ to lead to ! discov]y ( a great geological law47 ! great ma/odons ( ! ,ohio1 & ! fossil elephants ( ! ,susquehanna1 9 ! temp]ate zone71 b on table-l&s hav+ f six to f\rte5 hundr$ toises ( elevation4 ,z we approa*$ ! s\!rn bank ( ! bas9 ( ,cumanacoa1 we enjoy$ ! view ( ! ,turimiquiri499 799 ,"s ( ! inhabitants pron\nce ?is "n ,tumuriquiri1 o!rs ,turumiquiri1 or ,tumiriquiri4 ,dur+ ! :ole "t ( our /ay at ,cumanacoa1 ! summit ( ?is m\nta9 0 cov]$ ) cl\ds4 ,x appe>$ uncov]$ on ! ev5+ ( ! #aa? ( ,septemb]1 b only = a few m9utes4 ,! angle ( elevation1 tak5 f ! great squ>e ( ,cumanacoa1 0 #h degrees #b m9utes4 ,?is det]m9ation1 & ! b>ometrical measurem5t :i* ,i made on ! #ac?1 may enable u to fix1 )9 a c]ta9 approximation1 ! di/ance ( ! m\nta9 at six miles & a ?ird1 or #fjej toises2 admitt+ t ! "p uncov]$ by cl\ds 0 #hej toises above ! pla9 ( ,cumanacoa47 ,an enorm\s wall ( rocks1 ! rema9s ( an anci5t cliff1 rises 9 ! mid/ ( ! =e/s4 ,f>!r to ! we/1 at ,c]ro del ,cu*ivano1 ! *a9 ( m\nta9s seems z if brok5 by ! effects ( an e>?quake4 ,! crevice is m ?an a hundr$ & fifty toises wide1 is surr\nd$ by p]p5dicul> rocks1 & is fill$ ) trees1 ! int]wov5 bran*es ( :i* f9d no room to spread4 ,?is cleft appe>s l a m9e op5$ by ! fall+ 9 ( ! e>?4 ,x is int]sect$ by a torr5t1 ! ,rio ,juagua1 & its appe>ance is highly picturesque4 ,x is call$ ,risco del ,cu*ivano4 ,! riv] rises at ! di/ance ( sev5 leagues s\?-we/1 at ! foot ( ! m\nta9 ( ! ,brigant9e1 & x =ms "s beautiful cascades be=e x spreads ?r\gh ! pla9 ( ,cumanacoa4 ,we visit$ sev]al times a small f>m1 ! ,conuco ( ,b]mudez1 opposite ! ,risco del ,cu*ivano1 :]e tobacco1 planta9s1 & sev]al species ( cotton-trees199 are cultivat$ 9 ! moi/ soil 799 ,gossypium unigl&ulosum1 improp]ly call$ h]baceum1 & ,g4 b>bad5se472 especially t tree1 ! cotton ( :i* is ( a nanke5 col\r1 & :i* is s common 9 ! isl& ( ,m>g>eta499 799 ,g4 religiosum47 ,! proprietor ( ! f>m told u t ! ,risco or crevice 0 inhabit$ by jagu> tig]s4 ,^! animals pass ! day 9 cav]ns1 & roam ar\nd human habitations at night4 ,be+ well f$1 !y gr[ to ! l5g? ( six feet4 ,"o ( !m _h dev\r$1 9 ! prec$+ ye>1 a horse belong+ to ! f>m4 ,he dragg$ 8 prey on a f9e moonlight night1 across ! savannah1 to ! foot ( a ceiba99 ( an enorm\s size4 799 ,bombax ceiba3 five-leav$ silk-cotton tree47 ,! groans ( ! dy+ horse awoke ! slaves ( ! f>m1 :o w5t out arm$ ) lances & ma*etes499 799 ,great knives1 ) v long blades1 l a c\teau de *asse4 ,no "o ent]s ! woods 9 ! torrid zone )\t be+ arm$ ) a ma*ete1 n only to cut 8 way ?r\gh ! woods1 b z a def5ce aga9/ wild bea/s47 ,! tig]1 cr\*+ ov] 8 prey1 await$ _! approa* ) tranquillity1 & fell only aft] a long & ob/9ate resi/ance4 ,?is fact1 & _m o!rs v]ifi$ on ! spot1 prove t ! great jagu>99 ( ,t]ra ,firma 799 ,felis onca1 ,l9n41 :i* ,buffon call$ pan!re oillee1 & :i* he believ$ came f ,africa471 l ! jagu>ete ( ,p>aguay1 & ! real tig] ( ,asia1 does n flee f man :5 x is d>$ to close combat1 & :5 n intimidat$ by ! numb] ( its assailants4 ,naturali/s at pres5t admit t ,buffon 0 entirely mi/ak5 ) respect to ! greate/ ( ! fel9e race ( ,am]ica4 ,:at ,buffon says ( ! c[>dice ( tig]s ( ! new cont95t1 relates to ! small ocelots499 799 ,felis p>dalis1 ,l9n41 or ! *ibiguazu ( ,az>a1 diff]5t f ! ,tlateo-,ocelotl1 or tig]-cat ( ! ,aztecs47 ,at ! ,or9oco1 ! real jagu> ( ,am]ica sometimes leaps into ! wat]1 to attack ! ,indians 9 _! canoes4 ,opposite ! f>m ( ,b]mudez1 two spaci\s cav]ns op5 into ! crevice ( ,cu*ivano1 :5ce at times !re issue flames1 :i* may be se5 at a great di/ance 9 ! night2 &1 judg+ by ! elevation ( ! rocks1 above :i* ^! fi]y exhalations asc5d1 we %\ld be l$ to ?9k t !y rise sev]al hundr$ feet4 ,?is ph5om5on 0 accompani$ by a subt]ranean1 dull1 & long cont9u$ noise1 at ! "t ( ! la/ great e>?quake ( ,cumana4 ,x is obs]v$ *iefly dur+ ! ra9y season2 & ! own]s ( ! f>ms opposite ! m\nta9 ( ,cu*ivano allege t ! flames h become m frequ5t s9ce ,decemb] #agig4 ,9 a h]boriz+ excursion we made at ,r9conada we attempt$ to p5etrate into ! crevice1 wi%+ to exam9e ! rocks :i* seem$ to conta9 9 _! bosom ! cause ( ^! extraord9>y conflagrations2 b ! /r5g? ( ! vegetation1 ! int]weav+ ( ! lianas1 & ?orny plants1 h9d]$ our progress4 ,happily ! inhabitants ( ! valley !mselves felt a w>m int]e/ 9 our rese>*es1 less f ! fe> ( a volcanic explosion1 ?an because _! m9ds 7 impress$ ) ! idea t ! ,risco del ,cu*ivano conta9$ a gold m9e2 & al?\gh we express$ our d\bts ( ! exi/5ce ( gold 9 a second>y lime/one1 !y insi/$ on kn[+ :at ! ,g]man m9] ?\ght ( ! ri*ness ( ! ve94 ,ev] s9ce ! "t ( ,*>les ,v & ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,wels]s1 ! ,alf+]s1 & ! ,sail]s1 at ,coro & ,c>acas1 ! p ( ,t]ra ,firma h ent]ta9$ a great confid5ce 9 ! ,g]mans ) respect to all t relates to ! work+ ( m9es4 ,:]ev] ,i w5t 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 :5 ! place ( my bir? 0 kn[n1 ,i 0 %[n samples ( ore4 ,9 ^! colonies e ,fr5*man is suppos$ to be a physician1 & e ,g]man a m9]4 ,! f>m]s1 ) ! aid ( _! slaves1 op5$ a pa? across ! woods to ! fir/ fall ( ! ,rio ,juagua2 & on ! #aj? ( ,septemb] we made our excursion to ! ,cu*ivano4 ,on ent]+ ! crevice we recognis$ ! proximity ( tig]s by a porcup9e rec5tly emb[el$4 ,= great] security ! ,indians return$ to ! f>m1 & br\ght back "s dogs ( a v small bre$4 ,we 7 assur$ t 9 ! ev5t ( our meet+ a jagu> 9 a n>r[ pa? he w\ld spr+ on ! dog r ?an on a man4 ,we did n proce$ along ! br9k ( ! torr5t1 b on ! slope ( ! rocks :i* ov]hung ! wat]4 ,we walk$ on ! side ( a precipice f two to ?ree hundr$ feet deep1 on a k9d ( v n>r[ cornice1 l ! road :i* leads f ! ,gr9delwald along ! ,mett5b]g to ! great glaci]4 ,:5 ! cornice 0 s n>r[ t we c\ld f9d no place = our feet1 we desc5d$ into ! torr5t1 cross$ x by =d+1 & !n climb$ ! opposite wall4 ,^! desc5ts are v fatigu+1 & x is n safe to tru/ to ! lianas1 :i* hang l great cords f ! tops ( ! trees4 ,! creep+ & p>asite plants cl+ b feebly to ! bran*es :i* !y embrace2 ! unit$ weight ( _! /alks is consid]able1 & y run ! risk ( pull+ d[n a :ole mass ( v]dure1 if1 9 walk+ on a slop+ gr\nd1 y support y\r weight by ! lianas4 ,! f>!r we advanc$ ! ?ick] ! vegetation became4 ,9 sev]al places ! roots ( ! trees _h bur/ ! calc>e\s rock1 by ins]t+ !mselves into ! clefts t sep>ate ! b$s4 ,we _h "s tr\ble to c>ry ! plants :i* we ga!r$ at e /ep4 ,! cannas1 ! heliconias ) f9e purple fl[]s1 ! co/uses1 & o!r plants ( ! amomum family1 "h atta9 eight or t5 feet 9 height1 & _! fre% t5d] v]dure1 _! silky gloss1 & ! extraord9>y developm5t ( ! p>5*yma1 =m a /rik+ contra/ ) ! br[n col\r ( ! arboresc5t f]ns1 ! foliage ( :i* is delicately %ap$4 ,! ,indians made incisions ) _! l>ge knives 9 ! trunks ( ! trees1 & fix$ our att5tion on ^? beautiful r$ & gold-col\r$ woods1 :i* w "o day be s\ght = by our turn]s & cab9et-mak]s4 ,!y %[$ u a plant ( ! compositae ord]1 tw5ty feet high 7! ,eupatorium laevigatum ( ,lam>ck71 ! rose ( ,belv]ia199 799 ,br[nea racemosa47 celebrat$ = ! brilliancy ( its purple fl[]s1 & ! dragon's-blood ( ?is c\ntry1 :i* is a k9d ( croton n yet describ$499 799 ,plants ( families entirely diff]5t are call$ 9 ! ,spani% colonies ( bo? cont95ts1 sangre de draco2 !y are draca5as1 pt]oc>pi1 & crotons4 ,fa!r ,caul9 ,descrip4 ,corografica page #be1 9 speak+ ( res9s f\nd 9 ! =e/s ( ,cumana1 makes a j di/9ction betwe5 ! ,draco de la ,si]ra de ,un>e1 :i* has p9nate leaves 7,pt]oc>pus ,draco71 & ! ,draco de la ,si]ra de ,p>ia1 ) entire & hairy leaves4 ,! latt] is ! ,croton sanguifluum ( ,cumanacoa1 ,c>ipe1 & ,c>iaco4 7 ,! r$ & a/r+5t juice ( ?is plant is employ$ to /r5g!n ! gums4 ,! ,indians recognize ! species by ! smell1 & m p>ticul>ly by *ew+ ! woody fibres4 ,two natives1 to :om ! same wood 0 giv5 to *ew1 pron\nc$ )\t hesitation ! same "n4 ,we c\ld avail ourselves b little ( ! sagacity ( our guides1 = h[ c\ld we procure leaves1 fl[]s1 & fruits gr[+ on trunks1 ! bran*es ( :i* comm5ce at fifty or sixty feet high8 ,we 7 /ruck at f9d+ 9 ?is holl[ ! b>k ( trees1 & ev5 ! soil1 cov]$ ) moss99 & li*5s4 799 ,real musci frondosi4 ,we also f\nd1 besides a small ,boletus /ipitatus1 ( a sn[-:ite col\r1 ! ,boletus igni>ius1 & ! ,lycop]don /ellatum ( ,europe4 ,i _h f\nd ?is la/ only 9 v dry places 9 ,g]many & ,pol&47 ,! cryptogam\s plants are "h z common z 9 nor!rn c\ntries4 ,_! gr[? is fav\r$ by ! moi/ure ( ! air1 & ! abs5ce ( ! direct rays ( ! sun4 ,nev]!less ! temp]ature is g5]ally at #be degrees 9 ! day1 & #ai degrees at night4 ,! rocks :i* b\nd ! crevice ( ,cu*ivano are p]p5dicul> l walls1 & are ( ! same calc>e\s =mation :i* we obs]v$ ! :ole way f ,punta ,delgada4 ,x is "h a blacki% grey1 ( compact fracture1 t5d+ sometimes t[>ds ! s&y fracture1 & cross$ by small ve9s ( :ite c>bonat$ lime4 ,9 ^! *>act]i/ic m>ks we ?\ght we discov]$ ! alp9e lime/one ( ,switz]l& & ! ,tyrol1 ( :i* ! col\r is always deep1 ?\gh 9 a less degree ?an t ( ! transition lime/one499 799 ,es*]1 9 ! ,alp9a volume #d page #cdj47 ,! fir/ ( ^! =mations con/itutes ! ,cu*ivano1 ! nucleus ( ! ,imposible1 & 9 g5]al ! :ole gr\p ( ! m\nta9s ( ,new ,&alusia4 ,i saw no petrifactions 9 x2 b ! inhabitants ass]t t consid]able masses ( %ells are f\nd at great heights4 ,! same ph5om5on occurs 9 ! c\ntry ab\t ,salzburg499 799 ,9 ,switz]l&1 ! solit>y b$s ( %ells1 at ! height ( f #acjj to #bjjj toises 79 ! ,jungfrauhorn1 ! ,d5t de ,morcle1 & ! ,d5t du ,midi71 belong to transition lime/one47 ,at ! ,cu*ivano ! alp9e lime/one conta9s b$s ( m>ly clay199 799,m]gels*ief]47 ?ree or f\r toises ?ick2 & ?is geological fact proves on ! "o h& ! id5tity ( ! alp5kalk/e9 ) ! ze*/e9 ( ,?ur+ia1 & on ! o!r ! aff9ity ( =mation exi/+ betwe5 ! alp9e lime/one & t ( ! ,jura499 799 ,! ,jura & ! ,alp9e lime/one are k9dr$ =mations1 & !y are sometimes difficult to be di/+ui%$1 :]e !y lie imm$iately "o ^u ano!r1 z 9 ! ,ap5n9es4 ,! alp9e lime/one & ! ze*/e91 fam\s among ! geologi/s ( ,freyb]g1 are id5tical =mations4 ,?is id5tity1 :i* ,i notic$ 9 ! ye> #agic 7,ub] die ,grub5wett]71 is a geological fact ! m int]e/+1 z x seems to unite ! nor!rn ,european =mations to ^? ( ! c5tral *a94 ,x is kn[n t ! ze*/e9 is situat$ betwe5 ! muriatif]\s gypsum & ! conglom]ate 7anci5t s&/one72 or :]e !re is no muriatif]\s gypsum1 betwe5 ! slaty s&/one ) roe/ones 7buntes&/e91 ,w]n471 & ! conglom]ate or anci5t s&/one4 ,x conta9s /rata ( s*i/\s & copp]y m>l 7bitum9oce m]gel & kupf]s*ief]7 :i* =m an important object 9 ! work+ ( m9es at ,mansfeld 9 ,saxony1 ne> ,riegelsdorf 9 ,hesse1 & at ,hasel & ,prausnitz1 9 ,silesia4 ,9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,bav>ia 7,ob]bai]n71 ,i saw ! alp9e lime/one1 conta9+ ^! same /rata ( s*i/\s clay & m>l1 :i*1 ?\gh ?9n]1 :it]1 & especially m frequ5t1 *>act]ize ! lime/one ( ,jura4 ,respect+ ! slates ( ,blatt5b]g1 9 ! canton ( ,gl>is :i* "s m9]alogi/s1 because ( _! num]\s impressions ( fi%1 h long mi/ak5 = ! cupre\s slates ( ,mansfeld1 !y belong1 accord+ to ,m4 von ,bu*1 to a real transition =mation4 ,all ^! geological data t5d to prove t /rata ( m>l1 m or less mix$ ) c>bon1 are to be f\nd 9 ! lime/one ( ,jura1 9 ! alp9e lime/one1 & 9 ! transition s*i/s4 ,! mixture ( c>bon1 sulphurett$ iron1 & copp]1 appe>s to me to augm5t ) ! relative antiquity ( ! =mations47 ,! /rata ( m>l eff]vesce ) acids1 ?\gh silex & alum9a pr$om9ate 9 !m3 !y are /rongly impregnat$ ) c>bon1 & sometimes black5 ! h&s1 l a real vitriolic s*i/us4 ,! suppos$ gold m9e ( ,cu*ivano1 :i* 0 ! object ( our exam9ation1 is no?+ b an excavation cut into "o ( ^? black /rata ( m>l1 :i* conta9 pyrites 9 abundance4 ,! excavation is on ! "r bank ( ! riv] ,juagua1 & mu/ be approa*$ ) caution1 because ! torr5t !re is m ?an eight feet deep4 ,! sulphur\s pyrites are f\nd1 "s massive1 & o!rs cry/alliz$ & dissem9at$ 9 ! rock2 _! col\r1 ( a v cle> gold5 yell[1 does n indicate t !y conta9 copp]4 ,!y are mix$ ) fibr\s sulphuret ( iron199 799 ,ha>kies47 & nodules ( sw9e/one1 or fetid c>bonate ( lime4 ,! m>ly /ratum crosses ! torr5t2 &1 z ! wat] wa%es out metallic gra9s1 ! p imag9e1 on acc\nt ( ! brilliancy ( ! pyrites1 t ! torr5t be>s d[n gold4 ,x is report$ t1 aft] ! great e>?quake :i* took place 9 #agff1 ! wat]s ( ! ,juagua 7 s *>g$ ) gold t m5 :o came f a great di/ance1 & ^: c\ntry 0 unkn[n1 e/abli%$ wa%+-places on ! spot4 ,!y disappe>$ dur+ ! night1 aft] hav+ collect$ a great quantity ( gold4 ,x w\ld be ne$less to %[ t ?is is a fable4 ,pyrites disp]s$ 9 qu>tzose ve9s1 cross+ ! mica-slate1 are (t5 aurif]\s1 no d\bt2 b no analog\s fact leads to ! supposition t ! sulphurett$ iron :i* is f\nd 9 ! s*i/ose m>ls ( ! alp9e lime/one1 conta9s gold4 ,"s direct exp]im5ts1 made ) acids1 dur+ my abode at ,c>acas1 %[$ t ! pyrites ( ,cu*ivano are n aurif]\s4 ,our guides 7 amaz$ at my incr$ulity4 ,9 va9 ,i repeat$ t alum & sulphate ( iron only c\ld be obta9$ f ?is suppos$ gold m9e2 !y cont9u$ pick+ up secretly e bit ( pyrites !y saw sp>kl+ 9 ! wat]4 ,9 c\ntries possess+ few m9es1 ! inhabitants ent]ta9 exagg]at$ ideas respect+ ! facility ) :i* ri*es are drawn f ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,h[ mu* "t did we n lose dur+ five ye>s' travels1 9 visit+1 on ! press+ invitations ( our ho/s1 rav9es1 ( :i* ! pyrit\s /rata h borne = ages ! impos+ names ( ',m9as de oro6' ,h[ (t5 h we be5 griev$ to see m5 ( all classes1 magi/rates1 pa/ors ( villages1 grave mission>ies1 gr9d+1 ) inexhau/ible pati5ce1 amphibole1 or yell[ mica1 9 ! hope ( extract+ gold f x by means ( m]cury6 ,?is rage = ! se>* ( m9es /rikes u ! m 9 a climate :]e ! gr\nd ne$s only to be slightly rak$ to produce abundant h>ve/s4 ,aft] visit+ ! pyrit\s m>ls ( ! ,rio ,juagua1 we cont9u$ foll[+ ! c\rse ( ! crevice1 :i* /ret*es along l a n>r[ canal ov]%ad[$ by v l(ty trees4 ,we obs]v$ /rata on ! left bank1 opposite ,c]ro del ,cu*ivano1 s+ul>ly crook$ & twi/$4 ,?is ph5om5on ,i _h (t5 admir$ at ! ,o*s5b]g1 99 9 pass+ ! lake ( ,luc]ne4 799 ,?is m\nta9 ( ,switz]l& is compos$ ( transition lime/one4 ,we f9d ^! same inflexions 9 ! /rata ne> ,bonneville1 at ,nante d',arp5as 9 ,savoy1 & 9 ! valley ( ,e/aubee 9 ! ,pyr5ees4 ,ano!r transition rock1 ! grauwakke ( ! ,g]mans 7v ne> ! ,engli% killas71 exhibits ! same ph5om5on 9 ,scotl&47 ,! calc>e\s b$s ( ! ,cu*ivano & ! neighb\r+ m\nta9s keep pretty regul>ly ! direction ( nor?-nor?-ea/ & s\?-s\?-we/4 ,_! incl9ation is sometimes nor? & sometimes s\?2 mo/ commonly !y seem to take a direction t[>ds ! valley ( ,cumanacoa2 & x _c be d\bt$ t ! valley has an influ5ce99 on ! incl9ation ( ! /rata4 799 ,! same obs]vation may apply to ! lake ( ,gemund5 9 ,/yria1 :i* ,i visit$ ) ,m4 von ,bu*1 & :i* is "o ( ! mo/ picturesque situations 9 ,europe47 ,we _h suff]$ great fatigue1 & 7 q dr5*$ by frequ5tly cross+ ! torr5t1 :5 we rea*$ ! cav]ns ( ! ,cu*ivano4 ,a wall ( rock !re rises p]p5dicul>ly to ! height ( eight hundr$ toises4 ,x is seldom t 9 a zone :]e ! =ce ( vegetation ev]y:]e conceals ! soil & ! rocks1 we behold a great m\nta9 pres5t+ nak$ /rata 9 a p]p5dicul> section4 ,9 ! middle ( ?is section1 & 9 a position un=tunately inaccessible to man1 two cav]ns op5 9 ! =m ( crevices4 ,we 7 assur$ t !y are inhabit$ by nocturnal birds1 ! same z ^? we 7 soon to become acqua9t$ ) 9 ! ,cueva del ,gua*>o ( ,c>ipe4 ,ne> ^! cav]ns we saw /rata ( s*i/ose m>l1 & f\nd1 ) great a/oni%m5t1 rock-cry/als encas$ 9 b$s ( alp9e lime/one4 ,!y 7 hexah$ral prisms1 t]m9at$ ) pyramids1 f\rte5 l9es long & eight ?ick4 ,! cry/als1 p]fectly transp>5t1 7 solit>y1 & (t5 ?ree or f\r toises di/ant f ea* o!r4 ,!y 7 enclos$ 9 ! calc>e\s mass1 z ! qu>tz cry/als ( ,burgtonna199 799 ,9 ! du*y ( ,go?a47 & ! boracite ( ,luneb\rg1 are conta9$ 9 gypsum4 ,!re 0 no crevice ne>1 or any ve/ige ( calc>e\s sp>499 799 ,?is ph5om5on rem9ds u ( ano!r equally r>e1 ! qu>tz cry/als f\nd by ,m4 ,freiesleb5 9 ,saxony1 ne> ,burgorn]1 9 ! c\nty ( ,mansfeld1 9 ! middle ( a rock ( por\s lime/one 7rau*wakke71 ly+ imm$iately on ! alp9e lime/one4 ,! rock cry/als1 :i* are pretty common 9 ! primitive lime/one ( ,c>r>a1 l9e ! insides ( cavities 9 ! rocks1 )\t be+ envelop$ by ! rock itself47 ,we repos$ at ! foot ( ! cav]n :5ce ^? flames 7 se5 to issue1 :i* ( late ye>s h become m frequ5t4 ,our guides & ! f>m]1 an intellig5t man1 equally acqua9t$ ) ! localities ( ! prov9ce1 discuss$1 9 ! mann] ( ! ,creoles1 ! dang]s to :i* ! t[n ( ,cumanacoa w\ld be expos$ if ! ,cu*ivano became an active volcano1 or1 z !y express$ x1 se v5iesse a rev5t>4 ,x appe>$ to !m evid5t1 t s9ce ! great e>?quakes ( ,quito & ,cumana 9 #agig1 ,new ,&alusia 0 e day m & m und]m9$ by subt]ranean fires4 ,!y cit$ ! flames :i* _h be5 se5 to issue f ! e>? at ,cumana2 & ! %ocks felt 9 places :]e h]et(ore ! gr\nd _h nev] be5 %ak54 ,!y recollect$ t at ,mac>apan1 sulphur\s emanations _h be5 frequ5tly p]ceiv$ = "s mon?s pa/4 ,we 7 /ruck ) ^! facts1 ^u :i* 7 f\nd$ pr$ictions t h s9ce be5 almo/ all realiz$4 ,enorm\s convulsions ( ! e>? took place at ,c>acas 9 #ahab1 & prov$ h[ tumultu\sly nature is agitat$ 9 ! nor?-ea/ "p ( ,t]ra ,firma4 ,b :at is ! cause ( ! lum9\s ph5om5a :i* are obs]v$ 9 ! ,cu*ivano8 ,! column ( air :i* rises f ! m\? ( a burn+ volcano99 is sometimes obs]v$ to %9e ) a spl5did light4 799 ,we mu/ n conf\nd ?is v r>e ph5om5on ) ! glimm]+ commonly obs]v$ a few toises above ! br9k ( a crat]1 & :i* 7z ,i rem>k$ at ,m\nt ,vesuvius 9 #ahje7 is only ! reflection ( great masses ( inflam$ scoria1 ?r[n up )\t suffici5t =ce to pass ! m\? ( ! volcano47 ,?is light1 :i* is believ$ to be ow+ to ! hydrog5 gas1 0 obs]v$ f ,*illo1 on ! summit ( ! ,cotopaxi1 at a "t :5 ! m\nta9 seem$ 9 ! greate/ repose4 ,accord+ to ! /atem5ts ( ! anci5ts1 ! ,mons ,albanus1 ne> ,rome1 kn[n at pres5t "u ! "n ( ,monte ,cavo1 appe>$ at times on fire dur+ ! night2 b ! ,mons ,albanus is a volcano rec5tly ext+ui%$1 :i*1 9 ! "t ( ,cato1 ?rew out rapilli299 799 ,albano monte biduum cont95t] lapidibus pluit4--,livy lib4 #be cap4 #g4 7,heyne1 ,opuscula ,acad4 tome #c page #bfa477 :ile ! ,cu*ivano is a calc>e\s m\nta91 remote f any trap =mation4 ,c ^! flames be attribut$ to ! decomposition ( wat]1 ent]+ into contact ) ! pyrites disp]s$ ?r\gh ! s*i/ose m>l8 or is x inflam$ hydrog5 t issues f ! cav]n ( ,cu*ivano8 ,! m>ls1 z ! smell indicates1 are pyrit\s & bitum9\s at ! same "t2 & ! petroleum spr+s at ! ,bu5 ,pa/or1 & 9 ! isl& ( ,tr9idad1 proce$ probably f ^! same b$s ( alp9e lime/one4 ,x w\ld be easy to suppose "s connexion betwe5 ! wat]s filt]+ ?r\gh ?is calc>e\s /one1 & decompos$ by pyrites & ! e>?quakes ( ,cumana1 ! spr+s ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 9 ,new ,b>celona1 ! b$s ( native sulphur at ,c>upano1 & ! emanations ( sulphur\s acid :i* are p]ceiv$ at times 9 ! savannahs4 ,x _c be d\bt$ also1 t ! decomposition ( wat] by ! pyrites at an elevat$ temp]ature1 fav\r$ by ! aff9ity ( oxidat$ iron = e>?y sub/ances1 may h caus$ t dis5gagem5t ( hydrog5 gas1 to ! action ( :i* sev]al mod]n geologi/s h attribut$ s mu* importance4 ,b 9 g5]al1 sulphur\s acid is p]ceiv$ m commonly ?an hydrog5 9 ! eruption ( volcanoes1 & ! od\r ( t acid pr9cipally prevails :ile ! e>? is agitat$ by viol5t %ocks4 ,:5 we take a g5]al view ( ! ph5om5a ( volcanoes & e>?quakes1 :5 we recollect ! enorm\s di/ance at :i* ! commotion is propagat$ bel[ ! bas9 ( ! sea1 we readily disc>d explanations f\nd$ on small /rata ( pyrites & bitum9\s m>ls4 ,i am ( op9ion t ! %ocks s frequ5tly felt 9 ! prov9ce ( ,cumana are z little to be attribut$ to ! rocks above ! surface ( ! e>?1 z ^? :i* agitate ! ,ap5n9es are assignable to asphaltic ve9s or spr+s ( burn+ petroleum4 ,! :ole ( ^! ph5om5a dep5d on m g5]al1 ,i w\ld almo/ say on deep]1 causes2 & x is n 9 ! second>y /rata :i* =m ! ext]ior cru/ ( our globe1 b 9 ! primitive rocks1 at an enorm\s di/ance f ! soil1 t we %\ld seek ! focus ( volcanic action4 ,! great] progress we make 9 geology1 ! m we feel ! insuffici5cy ( !ories f\nd$ on obs]vations m]ely local4 ,on ! #ab? ( ,septemb] we cont9u$ our j\rney to ! conv5t ( ,c>ipe1 ! pr9cipal settlem5t ( ! ,*ayma missions4 ,we *ose1 in/ead ( ! direct road1 t by ! m\nta9s ( ! ,cocoll>99 799 ,is ?is "n ( ,indian orig98 ,at ,cumana ,i he>d x d]iv$ 9 a mann] some:at f>-fet*$ f ! ,spani% ^w cogollo1 signify+ ! he>t ( ol]ace\s plants4 ,! ,cocoll> =ms ! c5tre ( ! :ole gr\p ( ! m\nta9s ( ,new ,&alusia47 & ! ,turimiquiri1 ! height ( :i* little exce$s t ( ,jura4 ,! road fir/ runs ea/w>d1 cross+ ov] ! l5g? ( ?ree leagues ! table-l& ( ,cumanacoa1 9 a soil =m]ly levell$ by ! wat]s3 x !n turns to ! s\?4 ,we pass$ ! little ,indian village ( ,aricagua surr\nd$ by woody hills4 ,!nce we began to asc5d1 & ! asc5t la/$ m ?an f\r h\rs4 ,we cross$ two-&-tw5ty times ! riv] ( ,pututucu>1 a rapid torr5t1 full ( blocks ( calc>e\s rock4 ,:51 on ! ,cue/a del ,cocoll>1 we rea*$ an elevation two ?\s& feet above ! level ( ! sea1 we 7 surpris$ to f9d sc>cely any =e/s or great trees4 ,we pass$ ov] an imm5se pla9 cov]$ ) gram9e\s plants4 ,mimosas ) hemisph]ic tops1 & /ems only f\r or five feet high1 alone v>y ! dull uni=mity ( ! savannahs4 ,_! bran*es are b5t t[>ds ! gr\nd or spread out l umbrellas4 ,:]ev] !re are deep declivities1 or masses ( rocks half cov]$ ) m\ld1 ! clusia or cupey1 ) great nymphaea fl[]s1 displays its beautiful v]dure4 ,! roots ( ?is tree are eight in*es 9 diamet]1 & !y sometimes %oot out f ! trunk at ! height ( fifte5 feet above ! soil4 ,aft] hav+ climb$ ! m\nta9 = a consid]able "t1 we rea*$ a small pla9 at ! ,hato del ,cocoll>4 ,?is is a solit>y f>m1 situat$ on a table-l& #djh toises high4 ,we re/$ ?ree days 9 ?is retreat1 :]e we 7 treat$ ) great k9dness by ! proprietor1 ,don ,ma?ias ,yturburi1 a native ( ,biscay1 :o _h accompani$ u f ! port ( ,cumana4 ,we !re f\nd milk1 excell5t meat f ! ri*ness ( ! pa/ure1 & above all1 a delightful climate4 ,dur+ ! day ! c5tigrade !rmomet] did n rise above #bb or #bc degrees2 a little be=e sunset x fell to #ai1 & at night x sc>cely kept up to #ad degrees499 799 #aa4b degrees ,reaum47 ,! nightly temp]ature 0 consequ5tly sev5 degrees cold] ?an t ( ! coa/s1 :i* is a fre% pro( ( an extremely rapid decrem5t ( heat1 ! table-l& ( ,cocoll> be+ less elevat$ ?an ! site ( ! t[n ( ,c>acas4 ,z f> z ! eye c\ld rea*1 we p]ceiv$1 f ?is elevat$ po9t1 only nak$ savannahs4 ,small tufts ( scatt]$ trees rise 9 ! rav9es2 & not)/&+ ! app>5t uni=mity ( vegetation1 great numb]s ( curi\s plants99 are f\nd "h4 799 ,cassia acuta1 ,&rom$a rigida1 ,case>ia hyp]icifolia1 ,myrtus longifolia1 ,buettn]ia salicifolia1 ,glyc9e picta1 ,g4 prat5sis1 ,g4 gibba1 ,oxalis umbrosa1 ,malpighia c>ip5sis1 ,cephaelis salicifolia1 ,/ylosan!s angu/ifolia1 ,salvia pseudococc9ea1 ,eryngium foetidum4 ,we f\nd a second "t ?is la/ plant1 b at a consid]able height1 9 ! great =e/s ( b>k trees surr\nd+ ! t[n ( ,loxa1 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,cordill]as47 ,we %all only speak ( a sup]b lobelia99 ) purple fl[]s 799 ,lobelia spectabilis472 ! ,br[nea cocc9ea1 :i* is upw>ds ( a hundr$ feet high2 & above all2 ! pejoa1 celebrat$ 9 ! c\ntry on acc\nt ( ! delightful & aromatic p]fume emitt$ by its leaves :5 rubb$ betwe5 ! f+]s499 799 ,x is ! ,gual!ria odorata4 ,! pejoa is f\nd r\nd ! lake ( ,cocoll>1 :i* gives bir? to ! great riv] ,gu>api*e4 ,we met ) ! same %rub at ! ,cu*illa de ,guanaguana4 ,x is a subalp9e plant1 :i* =ms at ! ,silla de ,c>acas a zone mu* high] ?an 9 ! prov9ce ( ,cumana4 ,! leaves ( ! pejoa h ev5 a m agreeable smell ?an ^? ( ! ,myrtus pim5ta1 b !y yield no p]fume :5 rubb$ a few h\rs aft] _! sep>ation f ! tree47 ,b ! great *>ms ( ?is solit>y place 7 ! beauty & s]5ity ( ! nights4 ,! proprietor ( ! f>m1 :o sp5t 8 ev5+s ) u1 seem$ to enjoy ! a/oni%m5t produc$ on ,europeans newly transplant$ to ! tropics1 by t v]nal fre%ness ( ! air :i* is felt on ! m\nta9s aft] sunset4 ,9 ^? di/ant regions1 :]e m5 yet feel ! full value ( ! gifts ( nature1 a l&-hold] boa/s ( ! wat] ( 8 spr+1 ! abs5ce ( noxi\s insects1 ! salut>y breeze t bl[s r\nd 8 hill1 z we 9 ,europe descant on ! conv5i5ces ( our dwell+s1 & ! picturesque effect ( our plantations4 ,our ho/ _h visit$ ! new _w ) an exp$ition :i* 0 to =m e/abli%m5ts = fell+ wood = ! ,spani% navy on ! %ores ( ! gulf ( ,p>ia4 ,9 ! va/ =e/s ( mahogany1 c$>1 & brazil-wood1 :i* bord] ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 x 0 propos$ to select ! trunks ( ! l>ge/ trees1 giv+ !m 9 a r\gh way ! %ape adapt$ to ! build+ ( %ips1 & s5d+ !m e ye> to ! docky>d ne> ,cadiz4 ,:ite m51 unaccu/om$ to ! climate1 c\ld n support ! fatigue ( lab\r1 ! heat1 & ! effect ( ! noxi\s air exhal$ by ! =e/s4 ,! same w9ds :i* are load$ ) ! p]fume ( fl[]s1 leaves1 & woods1 infuse also1 z we may say1 ! g]ms ( dissolution into ! vital organs4 ,de/ructive fev]s c>ri$ (f n only ! %ip-c>p5t]s1 b ! p]sons :o _h ! managem5t ( ! e/abli%m5t2 & ?is bay1 :i* ! e>ly ,spani>ds nam$ ,golfo ,tri/e 7,melan*oly ,bay71 on acc\nt ( ! gloomy & wild aspect ( its coa/s1 became ! grave ( ,european seam54 ,our ho/ _h ! r>e good =tune to escape ^! dang]s4 ,aft] hav+ witness$ ! dea? ( a great numb] ( 8 fri5ds1 he )drew f ! coa/ to ! m\nta9s ( ,cocoll>4 ,no?+ c be comp>$ to ! maje/ic tranquillity :i* ! aspect ( ! firmam5t pres5ts 9 ?is solit>y region4 ,:5 trac+ ) ! eye1 at night-fall1 ! mead[s :i* b\nd$ ! horizon1--! pla9 cov]$ ) v]dure & g5tly undulat$1 we ?\ght we beheld f af>1 z 9 ! des]ts ( ! ,or9oco1 ! surface ( ! ocean support+ ! />ry vault ( ,heav54 ,! tree "u :i* we 7 seat$1 ! lum9\s insects fly+ 9 ! air1 ! con/ellations :i* %one 9 ! s\?2 e object seem$ to tell u h[ f> we 7 f our native l&4 ,if amid/ ?is exotic nature we he>d f ! dep? ( ! valley ! t9kl+ ( a bell1 or ! l[+ ( h]ds1 ! remembrance ( our c\ntry 0 awak5$ sudd5ly4 ,! s\nds 7 l di/ant voices res\nd+ f beyond ! ocean1 & ) magical p[] transport+ u f "o hemisph]e to ! o!r4 ,/range mobility ( ! imag9ation ( man1 et]nal s\rce ( our enjoym5ts & our pa9s6 ,we began 9 ! cool ( ! morn+ to climb ! ,turimiquiri4 ,?is is ! "n giv5 to ! summit ( ! ,cocoll>1 :i*1 ) ! ,brigant9e1 =ms "o s+le mass ( m\nta91 =m]ly call$ by ! natives ! ,si]ra de los ,tag]es4 ,we travell$ along a "p ( ! road on horses1 :i* roam ab\t ^! savannahs2 b "s ( !m are us$ to ! saddle4 ,?\gh _! appe>ance is v heavy1 !y pass lightly ov] ! mo/ slipp]y turf4 ,we fir/ /opp$ at a spr+ issu+1 n f ! calc>e\s rock1 b f a lay] ( qu>tzose s&/one4 ,! temp]ature 0 #ba degrees1 consequ5tly #a4e degrees less ?an ! spr+ ( ,quetepe2 & ! diff]5ce ( ! level is ne>ly #bbj toises4 ,:]ev] ! s&/one appe>s above gr\nd ! soil is level1 & con/itutes z x 7 small plat=ms1 succe$+ ea* o!r l /eps4 ,to ! height ( #gjj toises1 & ev5 beyond1 ?is m\nta91 l ^? 9 its vic9ity1 is cov]$ only ) gram9e\s plants499 799 ,! mo/ abundant species are ! paspalus2 ! ,&ropogon fa/igiatum1 :i* =ms ! g5us ,diectomis ( ,m4 ,palissot de ,beauvais2 & ! ,panicum olyroides47 ,! abs5ce ( trees is attribut$ at ,cumana to ! great elevation ( ! gr\nd2 b a slight reflection on ! di/ribution ( plants 9 ! ,cordill]as ( ! torrid zone w lead u to conceive t ! summits ( ,new ,&alusia are v f> f rea*+ ! sup]ior limit ( ! trees1 :i* 9 ?is latitude is at lea/ #ahjj toises ( absolute height4 ,! smoo? turf ( ! ,cocoll> beg9s to appe> at #cej toises above ! level ( ! sea1 & ! travell] may contrive to walk ^u ?is turf till he rea*es a ?\s& toises 9 height4 ,f>!r on1 beyond ?is b& cov]$ ) gram9e\s plants1 we f\nd1 amid/ peaks almo/ inaccessible to man1 a small =e/ ( c$rela1 javillo199 799 ,huras crepitans1 ( ! family ( ! euphorbias4 ,! gr[? ( its trunk is s enorm\s1 t ,m4 ,bonpl& measur$ vats ( javillo wood1 #ad feet long & #h wide4 ,^! vats1 made f "o log ( wood1 are employ$ to keep ! gu>apo1 or juice ( ! sug>-cane1 & ! molasses4 ,! se$s ( javillo are a v active poison1 & ! milk t issues f ! petioles1 :5 brok51 frequ5tly produc$ inflammation 9 our eyes1 if by *ance ! lea/ quantity p5etrat$ "u ! eyelids47 & mahogany4 ,^! local circum/ances induce me to ?9k t ! m\nta9\s savannahs ( ! ,cocoll> & ,turimiquiri owe _! exi/5ce only to ! de/ructive cu/om practis$ by ! natives ( sett+ fire to ! woods :5 !y want to conv]t ! soil into pa/urage4 ,:]e1 dur+ ! lapse ( ?ree c5turies1 grasses & alp9e plants h cov]$ ! soil ) a ?ick c>pet1 ! se$s ( trees c no long] g]m9ate & fix !mselves 9 ! e>?1 ?\gh birds & w9ds convey !m cont9ually f ! di/ant =e/s into ! savannahs4 ,! climate ( ^! m\nta9s is s mild t at ! f>m ( ! ,cocoll> ! cotton & c(fee tree1 & ev5 ! sug> cane1 are cultivat$ ) success4 ,:atev] ! inhabitants ( ! coa/s may allege1 ho>-fro/ has nev] be5 f\nd 9 ! latitude ( #aj degrees1 on heights sc>cely exce$+ ^? ( ! ,mont d',or1 or ! ,puy-de-,dome4 ,! pa/ures ( ,turimiquiri become less ri* 9 proportion to ! elevation4 ,:]ev] scatt]$ rocks af=d %ade1 li*5s & "s ,european mosses are f\nd4 ,! ,mela/oma guacito199 799 ,mela/oma xan?o/a*ys1 call$ guacito at ,c>acas47 & a %rub1 ! l>ge & t\gh leaves ( :i* ru/le l p>*m5t99 :5 %ak5 by ! w9ds1 799 ,palic\rea rigida1 *ap>ro bovo4 ,9 ! savannahs1 or llanos1 ! same ,ca/ilian "n is giv5 to a tree ( ! family ( ! proteaceae47 rise "h & !re 9 ! savannah4 ,b ! pr9cipal ornam5t ( ! turf ( ^! m\nta9s is a liliace\s plant ) gold5 fl[]s1 ! ,m>ica m>t9ic5sis4 ,x is g5]ally obs]v$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,cumana & ,c>acas only at #djj or #ejj toises ( elevation499 799 ,= example1 9 ! ,montana de ,avila1 on ! road f ,c>acas to ,la ,guayra1 & 9 ! ,silla de ,c>acas4 ,! se$s ( ! m>ica are ripe at ! end ( ,decemb]47 ,! :ole rocky mass ( ! ,turimiquiri is compos$ ( an alp9e lime/one1 l t ( ,cumanacoa1 & a pretty ?9 /rata ( m>l & qu>tzose s&/one4 ,! lime/one conta9s masses ( br[n oxidat$ iron & c>bonate ( iron4 ,i h obs]v$ 9 sev]al places1 & v di/9ctly1 t ! s&/one n only reposes on ! lime/one1 b t ?is la/ rock frequ5tly includes & alt]nates ) ! s&/one4 ,we di/+ui%$ cle>ly ! r\nd summit ( ! ,turimiquiri & ! l(ty peaks or1 z !y are call$1 ! ,cucuru*os1 cov]$ ) ?ick vegetation1 & infe/$ by tig]s :i* are hunt$ = ! beauty ( _! sk94 ,?is r\nd summit1 :i* is cov]$ ) turf1 is #gjg toises above ! level ( ! ocean4 ,a ridge ( /eep rocks /ret*es out we/w>d1 & is brok5 at ! di/ance ( a mile by an enorm\s crevice t desc5ds t[>d ! gulf ( ,c>iaco4 ,at ! po9t :i* might be suppos$ to be ! cont9uation ( ! ridge1 two calc>e\s paps or peaks arise1 ! mo/ nor!rn ( :i* is ! l(tie/4 ,x is ?is la/ :i* is m p>ticul>ly call$ ! ,cucuru*o de ,turimiquiri1 & :i* is consid]$ to be high] ?an ! m\nta9 ( ! ,brigant9e1 s well kn[n by ! sailors :o frequ5t ! coa/s ( ,cumana4 ,we measur$1 by angles ( elevation1 & a basis1 r %ort1 trac$ on ! r\nd summit1 ! peak ( ,cucuru*o1 :i* 0 ab\t #cej toises high] ?an our /ation1 s t its absolute height exce$$ #ajej toises4 ,! view we enjoy$ on ! ,turimiquiri is ( va/ ext5t1 & highly picturesque4 ,f ! summ] to ! ocean we p]ceiv$ *a9s ( m\nta9s ext5d$ 9 p>allel l9es f ea/ to we/1 & b\nd+ longitud9al valleys4 ,^! valleys are int]sect$ at "r angles by an inf9ite numb] ( small rav9es1 scoop$ out by ! torr5ts3 ! consequ5ce is1 t ! lat]al ranges are trans=m$ into s _m r[s ( paps1 "s r\nd & o!rs pyramidal4 ,! gr\nd 9 g5]al is a g5tle slope z f> z ! ,imposible2 ,f>!r on ! precipices become bold1 & cont9ue s to ! %ore ( ! gulf ( ,c>iaco4 ,! =m ( ?is mass ( m\nta9s rem9d$ u ( ! *a9 ( ! ,jura2 & ! only pla9 t pres5ts itself is ! valley ( ,cumanacoa4 ,we seem$ to look d[n into ! bottom ( a funnel1 9 :i* we c\ld di/+ui%1 amid/ tufts ( scatt]$ trees1 ! ,indian village ( ,aricagua4 ,t[>ds ! nor?1 a n>r[ slip ( l&1 ! p59sula ( ,araya1 =m$ a d>k /ripe on ! sea1 :i*1 be+ illum9$ by ! rays ( ! sun1 reflect$ a /rong light4 ,beyond ! p59sula ! horizon 0 b\nd$ by ,cape ,macanao1 ! black rocks ( :i* rise amid ! wat]s l an imm5se ba/ion4 ,! f>m ( ! ,cocoll>1 situat$ at ! foot ( ! ,turimiquiri1 is 9 latitude #ai degrees #i m9utes #cb seconds4 ,i f\nd ! dip ( ! ne$le #db4a degrees4 ,! ne$le oscillates #bbi times 9 t5 m9utes4 ,possibly masses ( br[n iron-ore1 includ$ 9 ! calc>e\s rock1 caus$ a slight augm5tation 9 ! int5sity ( ! magnetic =ces4 ,on ! #ad? ( ,septemb] we desc5d$ ! ,cocoll>1 t[>d ! ,mission ( ,san ,antonio4 ,aft] cross+ sev]al savannahs /rew$ ) l>ge blocks ( calc>e\s /one1 we ent]$ a ?ick =e/4 ,hav+ pass$ two ridges ( extremely /eep m\nta9s199 799 ,^! ridges1 :i* are r difficult to climb t[>ds ! end ( ! ra9y season1 are di/+ui%$ by ! names ( ,los ,yepes & ,fantasma47 we discov]$ a f9e valley five or six leagues 9 l5g?1 pretty uni=mly foll[+ ! direction ( ea/ & we/4 ,9 ?is valley are situat$ ! ,missions ( ,san ,antonio & ,guanaguana2 ! fir/ is fam\s on acc\nt ( a small *ur* ) two t[]s1 built ( brick1 9 pretty good /yle1 & ornam5t$ ) columns ( ! ,doric ord]4 ,x is ! wond] ( ! c\ntry4 ,! prefect ( ! ,capu*9s complet$ ! build+ ( ?is *ur* 9 less ?an two summ]s1 ?\gh he employ$ only ! ,indians ( 8 village4 ,! m\ld+s ( ! capitals1 ! cornices1 & a frieze decorat$ ) suns & arabesques1 are execut$ 9 clay mix$ ) p\nd$ brick4 ,if we are surpris$ to f9d *ur*es 9 ! pure/ ,grecian /yle on ! conf9es ( ,lapl&199 799 ,at ,skeleft]1 ne> ,torneo4--,bu*1 ,voyage en ,norwege47 we are /ill m /ruck ) ^! fir/ essays ( art1 9 a region :]e ev]y?+ indicates ! wild /ate ( man1 & :]e ! basis ( civilization has n be5 laid by ,europeans m ?an =ty ye>s4 ,i /opp$ at ! ,mission ( ,san ,antonio only to op5 ! b>omet]1 & to take a few altitudes ( ! sun4 ,! elevation ( ! great squ>e above ,cumana is #baf toises4 ,aft] hav+ cross$ ! village1 we =d$ ! riv]s ,colorado & ,gu>api*e1 bo? ( :i* rise 9 ! m\nta9s ( ! ,cocoll>1 & bl5d _! wat]s l[] d[n t[>ds ! ea/4 ,! ,colorado has a v rapid curr5t1 & becomes at its m\? broad] ?an ! ,rh9e4 ,! ,gu>api*e1 at its junction ) ! ,rio ,areo1 is m ?an tw5ty-five fa?oms deep4 ,its banks are ornam5t$ by a sup]b gram51 ( :i* ,i made a draw+ two ye>s aft]w>d on asc5d+ ! riv] ,magdal5a4 ,! di/i*-leav$ /alk ( ?is gram5 (t5 rea*es ! height ( fifte5 or tw5ty feet499 799 ,lata1 or cana brava4 ,x is a new g5us1 betwe5 aira & arundo4 ,?is colossal gram5 looks l ! donax ( ,italy4 ,?is1 ! arund9>ia ( ! ,mississippi1 7ludolfia1 ,willd41 miegia ( ,p]soon17 & ! bamboos1 are ! highe/ gram5s ( ! ,new ,cont95t4 ,its se$ has be5 c>ri$ to ,/4 ,dom+o1 :]e its /alk is employ$ to ?at* ! negroes' huts47 ,t[>ds ev5+ we rea*$ ! ,mission ( ,guanaguana1 ! site ( :i* is almo/ on a level ) ! village ( ,san ,antonio4 ,! mission>y receiv$ u cordially2 he 0 an old man1 & he seem$ to gov]n 8 ,indians ) great intellig5ce4 ,! village has exi/$ only ?irty ye>s on ! spot x n[ occupies4 ,be=e t "t x 0 m to ! s\?1 & 0 back$ by a hill4 ,x is a/oni%+ ) :at facility ! ,indians are induc$ to remove _! dwell+s4 ,!re are villages 9 ,s\? ,am]ica :i* 9 less ?an half a c5tury h ?rice *ang$ _! situation4 ,! native f9ds himself atta*$ by ties s feeble to ! soil he inhabits1 t he receives ) indiff]5ce ! ord] to take d[n 8 h\se & to rebuild x else:]e4 ,a village *anges its situation l a camp4 ,:]ev] clay1 re$s1 & ! leaves ( ! palm or heliconia are f\nd1 a h\se is built 9 a few days4 ,^! compulsory *anges h (t5 no o!r motive ?an ! caprice ( a mission>y1 :o1 hav+ rec5tly arriv$ f ,spa91 fancies t ! situation ( ! ,mission is fev]i%1 or t x is n suffici5tly expos$ to ! w9ds4 ,:ole villages h be5 transport$ sev]al leagues1 m]ely because ! monk did n f9d ! prospect f 8 h\se suffici5tly beautiful or ext5sive4 ,guanaguana has z yet no *ur*4 ,! old monk1 :o dur+ ?irty ye>s _h liv$ 9 ! =e/s ( ,am]ica1 obs]v$ to u t ! money ( ! community1 or ! produce ( ! lab\r ( ! ,indians1 0 employ$ fir/ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! mission>y's h\se1 next 9 t ( ! *ur*1 & la/ly 9 ! clo?+ ( ! ,indians4 ,he gravely assur$ u t ?is ord] ( ?+s c\ld n be *ang$ on any pret5ce1 & t ! ,indians1 :o pref] a /ate ( nudity to ! slighte/ clo?+1 are 9 no hurry = _! turn 9 ! de/9ation ( ! funds4 ,! spaci\s abode ( ! padre _h j be5 f9i%$1 & we _h rem>k$ ) surprise1 t ! h\se1 ! ro( ( :i* =m$ a t]race1 0 furni%$ ) a great numb] ( *imneys t look$ l turrets4 ,?is1 our ho/ told u1 0 done to rem9d him ( a c\ntry de> to 8 recollection1 & to picture to 8 m9d ! w9t]s ( ,aragon amid ! heat ( ! torrid zone4 ,! ,indians ( ,guanaguana cultivate cotton = _! own b5efit z well z = t ( ! *ur* & ! mission>y4 ,! natives h ma*9es ( a v simple con/ruction to sep>ate ! cotton f ! se$s4 ,^! are wood5 cyl9d]s ( extremely small diamet]1 )9 :i* ! cotton passes1 & :i* are made to turn by a treadle4 ,^! ma*9es1 h[ev] imp]fect1 are v useful1 & !y beg9 to be imitat$ 9 o!r ,missions4 ,! soil ( ,guanaguana is n less f]tile ?an t ( ,aricagua1 a small neighb\r+ village1 :i* has also pres]v$ its anci5t ,indian "n4 ,an almuda ( l&1 #ahej squ>e toises1 produces 9 abundant ye>s f #be to #cj fanegas ( maize1 ea* fanega weigh+ #ajj p\nds4 ,b "h1 z 9 o!r places1 :]e ! b\nty ( nature ret>ds indu/ry1 a v small numb] ( acres are cle>$1 & ! culture ( alim5t>y plants is neglect$4 ,sc>city ( subsi/5ce is felt1 :5ev] ! h>ve/ is lo/ by a protract$ dr\ght4 ,! ,indians ( ,guanaguana relat$ to u z a fact n uncommon1 t 9 ! prec$+ ye> !y1 _! wives1 & _! *ildr51 _h be5 = ?ree mon?s al monte2 by :i* !y meant1 w&]+ 9 ! neighb\r+ =e/s1 to live on succul5t plants1 palm-cabbages1 f]n roots1 & fruits ( wild trees4 ,!y did n speak ( ?is nomad life z ( a /ate ( privation4 ,! beautiful valley ( ,guanaguana /ret*es t[>ds ! ea/1 op5+ into ! pla9s ( ,punz]a & ,t]ec54 ,we wi%$ to visit ^? pla9s1 & exam9e ! spr+s ( petroleum1 ly+ betwe5 ! riv] ,gu>api*e & ! ,rio ,areo2 b ! ra9y season _h already arriv$1 & we 7 9 daily p]plexity h[ to dry & pres]ve ! plants we _h collect$4 ,! road f ,guanaguana to ! village ( ,punz]a runs ei!r by ,san ,felix or by ,cayc>a & ,guayuta1 :i* is a f>m = cattle 7hato7 ( ! mission>ies4 ,9 ?is la/ place1 accord+ to ! report ( ! ,indians1 great masses ( sulphur are f\nd1 n 9 a gypse\s or calc>e\s rock1 b at a small dep? bel[ ! soil1 9 a b$ ( clay4 ,?is s+ul> ph5om5on appe>s to me peculi> to ,am]ica2 we f\nd x also 9 ! k+dom ( ,quito1 & 9 ,new ,spa94 ,on approa*+ ,punz]a1 we saw 9 ! savannahs small bags1 =m$ ( a silky tissue susp5d$ f ! bran*es ( ! l[e/ trees4 ,x is ! s$a silve/re1 or wild silk ( ! c\ntry1 :i* has a beautiful lu/re1 b is v r\gh to ! t\*4 ,! phala5a :i* produces x is probably analog\s ) t ( ! prov9ces ( ,gua8uato & ,antioquia1 :i* also furni% wild silk4 ,we f\nd 9 ! beautiful =e/ ( ,punz]a two trees kn[n by ! names ( curucay & canela2 ! =m]1 ( :i* we %all speak h]eaft]1 yields a res9 v mu* s\ght aft] by ! ,pia*es1 or ,indian sorc]]s2 ! leaves ( ! latt] h ! smell ( ! real c9namon ( ,ceylon499 799 ,is ?is ! ,laurus c9namomoides ( ,mutis8 ,:at is t o!r c9namon tree :i* ! ,indians call tuorco1 common 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,tocayo1 & at ! s\rces ( ! ,rio ,u*]e1 ! b>k ( :i* is mix$ ) *ocolate8 ,fa!r ,caul9 gives ! "n ( curucay to ! ,copaif]a (fic9alis1 :i* yields ! ,balsam ( ,capivi4--,hi/4 ,corograf41 pages #bd & #cd47 ,f ,punz]a ! road leads by ,t]ec9 & ,nueva ,pal5cia1 7a new colony ( ,can>ians17 to ! port ( ,san ,juan1 situat$ on ! "r bank ( ! riv] ,areo2 & x is only by cross+ ?is riv] 9 a canoe1 t ! travell] c arrive at ! fam\s petroleum spr+s 7or m9]al t>7 ( ! ,bu5 ,pa/or4 ,!y 7 describ$ to u z small wells or funnels1 holl[$ out by nature 9 a m>%y soil4 ,?is ph5om5on rem9d$ u ( ! lake ( asphaltum1 or ( *opapote1 9 ! isl& ( ,tr9idad199 799 ,laguna de la ,brea1 s\?-ea/ ( ! port ( ,nap>ima4 ,!re is ano!r spr+ ( asphaltum on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ! isl&1 9 ! bay ( ,may>o47 :i* is di/ant f ! ,bu5 ,pa/or1 9 a /raight l9e1 only ?irty-five sea leagues4 ,hav+ long /ruggl$ to ov]come ! desire we felt to desc5d ! ,gu>api*e to ! ,golfo ,tri/e1 we took ! direct road to ! m\nta9s4 ,! valleys ( ,guanaguana & ,c>ipe are sep>at$ by a k9d ( dyke1 or calc>e\s ridge1 well kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,cu*illa99 de ,guanaguana4 799 ,lit]ally blade ( a knife4 ,?r\gh\t all ,spani% ,am]ica ! "n ( cu*illa is giv5 to ! ridge ( a m\nta9 t]m9at$ on ea* side by v /eep declivities47 ,we f\nd ?is passage difficult1 because at t "t we _h n climb$ ! ,cordill]as2 b x is by no means s dang]\s z ! p at ,cumana love to repres5t x4 ,! pa? is inde$ 9 sev]al p>ts only f\rte5 or fifte5 in*es broad2 & ! ridge ( ! m\nta91 along :i* ! road runs1 is cov]$ ) a %ort slipp]y turf4 ,! slopes on ea* side are /eep1 & ! travell]1 %\ld he /umble1 might slide d[n to ! dep? ( sev5 or eight hundr$ feet4 ,nev]!less1 ! flanks ( ! m\nta9 are /eep declivities r ?an precipices2 & ! mules ( ?is c\ntry are s sure-foot$ t !y inspire ! greate/ confid5ce4 ,_! habits are id5tical ) ^? ( ! bea/s ( burd5 9 ,switz]l& & ! ,pyr5ees4 ,9 proportion z a c\ntry is wild1 ! in/9ct ( dome/ic animals improves 9 address & sagacity4 ,:5 ! mules feel !mselves 9 dang]1 !y /op1 turn+ _! heads to ! "r & to ! left2 & ! motion ( _! e>s seems to indicate t !y reflect on ! decision !y ought to take4 ,_! resolution is sl[1 b always j1 if x be spontane\s2 t is to say1 if x be n ?w>t$ or ha/5$ by ! imprud5ce ( ! travell]4 ,on ! frightful roads ( ! ,&es1 dur+ j\rneys ( six or sev5 mon?s across m\nta9s furr[$ by torr5ts1 ! intellig5ce ( horses & bea/s ( burd5 is manife/$ 9 an a/oni%+ mann]4 ,?us ! m\nta9e]s are he>d to say1 ,i w n give y ! mule ^: /ep is ! easie/1 b ! "o :i* is mo/ intellig5t 7la mas racional74 ,?is popul> expression1 dictat$ by long exp]i5ce1 be>s /rong] evid5ce aga9/ ! !ory ( animat$ ma*9es1 ?an all ! argum5ts ( speculative philosophy4 ,:5 we _h rea*$ ! highe/ po9t ( ! ridge or cu*illa ( ,guanaguana1 an int]e/+ spectacle unfold$ itself be=e u4 ,we saw compreh5d$ 9 "o view ! va/ savannahs or mead[s ( ,matur9 & ( ! ,rio ,tigre299 799 ,^! natural mead[s are "p ( ! llanos or imm5se /eppes bord]$ by ! ,or9oco47 ! peak ( ! ,turimiquiri299 799 ,el ,cucuru*o47 & an inf9ite numb] ( p>allel ridges1 :i*1 se5 at a di/ance1 look$ l ! waves ( ! sea4 ,on ! nor?-ea/ op5s ! valley 9 :i* is situat$ ! conv5t ( ,c>ipe4 ,! aspect ( ?is valley is peculi>ly attractive1 = be+ %ad$ by =e/s1 x =ms a /rong contra/ ) ! nudity ( ! neighb\r+ m\nta9s1 :i* are b>e ( trees1 & cov]$ ) gram9e\s plants4 ,we f\nd ! absolute height ( ! ,cu*illa to be #edh toises4 ,desc5d+ f ! ridge by a w9d+ pa?1 we ent]$ into a completely woody c\ntry4 ,! soil is cov]$ ) moss1 & a new species ( dros]a199 799 ,dros]a t5ella47 :i* by its =m rem9d$ u ( ! dros]a ( ! ,alps4 ,! ?ickness ( ! =e/s1 & ! =ce ( vegetation1 augm5t$ z we approa*$ ! conv5t ( ,c>ipe4 ,ev]y?+ "h *anges its aspect1 ev5 to ! rock t accompani$ u f ,punta ,delgada4 ,! calc>e\s /rata becomes ?9n]1 =m+ graduat$ /eps1 :i* /ret* out l walls1 cornices1 & turrets1 z 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,jura1 ^? ( ,papp5heim 9 ,g]many1 & ne> ,oiz[ 9 ,galicia4 ,! col\r ( ! /one is no long] ( a smoky or blui% grey2 x becomes :ite2 its fracture is smoo?1 & sometimes ev5 imp]fectly con*oidal4 ,x is no long] ! calc>e\s =mation ( ! ,high] ,alps1 b a =mation to :i* ?is s]ves z a basis1 & :i* is analog\s to ! ,jura lime/one4 ,9 ! *a9 ( ! ,ap5n9es1 betwe5 ,rome & ,noc]a1 ,i obs]v$ ?is same imm$iate sup]position499 799 ,9 l mann]1 ne> ,g5eva1 ! rock ( ! ,mole1 belong+ to ! ,alp9e lime/one1 lies "u ! ,jura lime/one :i* =ms ,m\nt ,saleve47 ,x indicates1 n ! transition f "o rock to ano!r1 b ! geological aff9ity exi/+ betwe5 two =mations4 ,accord+ to ! g5]al type ( ! second>y /rata1 recognis$ 9 a great "p ( ,europe1 ! ,alp9e lime/one is sep>at$ f ! ,jura lime/one by ! muriatif]\s gypsum2 b (t5 ?is latt] is entirely want+1 or is conta9$ z a subord9ate lay] 9 ! ,alp9e lime/one4 ,9 ?is case ! two great calc>e\s =mations succe$ ea* o!r imm$iately1 or are conf\nd$ 9 "o mass4 ,! desc5t f ! ,cu*illa is f> %ort] ?an ! asc5t4 ,we f\nd ! level ( ! valley ( ,c>ipe #bjj toises high] ?an t ( ! valley ( ,guanaguana499 799 ,absolute height ( ! conv5t above ! level ( ! sea1 #dab toises47 ,a gr\p ( m\nta9s ( little bread? sep>ates two valleys1 "o ( :i* is ( delici\s coolness1 :ile ! o!r is fam$ = ! heat ( its climate4 ,^! contra/s1 s common 9 ,mexico1 ,new ,gr5ada1 & ,p]u1 are v r>e 9 ! nor?-ea/ "p ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,?us ,c>ipe is ! only "o ( ! high valleys ( ,new ,&alusia :i* is mu* inhabit$4 ,,*apt] #a4g4 ,,conv5t ,,( ,,c>ipe4 ,,cav]n ,,( ,,! ,,gua*>o4 ,,nocturnal ,,birds4 ,an alley ( p]seas l$ u to ! ,hospital ( ! ,aragonese ,capu*9s4 ,we /opp$ ne> a cross ( ,brazil-wood1 erect$ 9 ! mid/ ( a squ>e1 & surr\nd$ ) b5*es1 on :i* ! infirm monks seat !mselves to tell _! ros>ies4 ,! conv5t is back$ by an enorm\s wall ( p]p5dicul> rock1 cov]$ ) ?ick vegetation4 ,! /one1 :i* is ( respl5d5t :it5ess1 appe>s only "h & !re betwe5 ! foliage4 ,x is difficult to imag9e a m picturesque spot4 ,x recall$ =cibly to my remembrance ! valleys ( ,d]by%ire1 & ! cav]n\s m\nta9s ( ,mugg5dorf1 9 ,franconia4 ,in/ead ( ! bee*es & maple trees ( ,europe we "h f9d ! /ateli] =ms ( ! ceiba & ! palm-tree1 ! praga & irasse4 ,numb]less spr+s gu% f ! sides ( ! rocks :i* encircle ! bas9 ( ,c>ipe1 & ( :i* ! abrupt slopes pres5t1 t[>ds ! s\?1 pr(iles ( a ?\s& feet 9 height4 ,^! spr+s issue1 = ! mo/ "p1 f a few n>r[ crevices4 ,! humidity :i* !y spread ar\nd fav\rs ! gr[? ( ! great trees2 & ! natives1 :o love solit>y places1 =m _! conucos along ! sides ( ^! crevices4 ,planta9s & papaw trees are gr\p$ toge!r ) groves ( arboresc5t f]n2 & ?is mixture ( wild & cultivat$ plants gives ! place a peculi> *>m4 ,spr+s are di/+ui%$ f af>1 on ! nak$ flanks ( ! m\nta9s1 by tuft$ masses ( vegetation99 :i* at fir/ sight seem susp5d$ f ! rocks1 & desc5d+ into ! valley1 !y foll[ ! s9uosities ( ! torr5ts499 799 ,among ! int]e/+ plants ( ! valley ( ,c>ipe1 we f\nd = ! fir/ "t a calidium1 ! trunk ( :i* 0 tw5ty feet high 7,c4 arboreum72 ! ,mikania micran?a1 :i* may probably possess "s ( ! alexiph>mic prop]ties ( ! fam\s guaco ( ! ,*oco2 ! ,bauh9ia obtusifolia1 a v l>ge tree1 call$ gu>apa by ! ,indians2 ! ,we9nannia glabra2 a tree psy*otria1 ! capsules ( :i*1 :5 rubb$ betwe5 ! f+]s1 emit a v agreeable orange smell2 ! ,dor/5ia ,h\/oni 7raiz de resfriado72 ! ,m>tynia ,craniol>ia1 ! :ite fl[]s ( :i* are six or sev5 in*es long2 a scrophul>ia1 hav+ ! aspect ( ! ,v]bascum miconi1 & ! leaves ( :i*1 all radical & hairy1 are m>k$ ) silv]y gl&s47 ,we 7 receiv$ ) great hospitality by ! monks ( ,c>ipe4 ,! build+ has an inn] c\rt1 surr\nd$ by an arcade1 l ! conv5ts 9 ,spa94 ,?is enclos$ place 0 highly conv5i5t = sett+ up our in/rum5ts & mak+ obs]vations4 ,we f\nd a num]\s society 9 ! conv5t4 ,"y monks1 rec5tly arriv$ f ,spa91 7 j ab\t to settle 9 ! ,missions1 :ile old infirm mission>ies s\ght = heal? 9 ! fre% & salubri\s air ( ! m\nta9s ( ,c>ipe4 ,i 0 lodg$ 9 ! cell ( ! sup]ior1 :i* conta9$ a pretty good collection ( books4 ,i f\nd !re1 to my surprise1 ! ,teatro ,critico ( ,feijoo1 ! ,lettres ,edifiantes1 & ! ,traite d',electricite by abbe ,nollet4 ,x seem$ z if ! progress ( k advanc$ ev5 9 ! =e/s ( ,am]ica4 ,! y\nge/ ( ! capu*9 monks ( ! la/ ,mission _h br\ght ) him a ,spani% translation ( ,*aptal's ,treatise on ,*emi/ry1 & he int5d$ to /udy ?is "w 9 ! solitude :]e he 0 de/9$ to pass ! rema9d] ( 8 days4 ,dur+ our long abode 9 ! ,missions ( ,s\? ,am]ica we nev] p]ceiv$ any sign ( intol]ance4 ,! monks ( ,c>ipe 7 n ignorant t ,i 0 born 9 ! prote/ant "p ( ,g]many4 ,furni%$ z ,i 0 ) ord]s f ! c\rt ( ,spa91 ,i _h no motives to conceal f !m ?is fact2 nev]!less1 no m>k ( di/ru/1 no indiscreet "q1 no attempt at controv]sy1 ev] dim9i%$ ! value ( ! hospitality !y ex]cis$ ) s mu* lib]ality & frankness4 ,! conv5t is f\nd$ on a spot :i* 0 anci5tly call$ ,areocu>4 ,its height above ! level ( ! sea is ne>ly ! same z t ( ! t[n ( ,c>acas1 or ( ! inhabit$ "p ( ! ,blue ,m\nta9s ( ,jamaica4 ,?us ! mean temp]atures ( ^! ?ree po9ts1 all situat$ )9 ! tropics1 are ne>ly ! same4 ,! necessity ( be+ well clo!d at night1 & especially at sunrise1 is felt at ,c>ipe4 ,we saw ! c5tigrade !rmomet] at midnight1 betwe5 #af & #ag4e degrees2 9 ! morn+1 betwe5 #ai & #bj degrees4 ,ab\t "o o'clock x _h ris5 only to #ba1 or #bb4e degrees4 ,?is temp]ature is suffici5t = ! developm5t ( ! productions ( ! torrid zone2 ?\gh1 comp>$ ) ! excessive heat ( ! pla9s ( ,cumana1 we might call x ! temp]ature ( spr+4 ,wat] expos$ to curr5ts ( air 9 vessels ( por\s clay1 cools at ,c>ipe1 dur+ ! night1 z l[ z #ac degrees4 ,exp]i5ce has prov$ t ! temp]ate climate & r>efi$ air ( ?is spot are s+ul>ly fav\rable to ! cultivation ( ! c(fee-tree1 :i* is well kn[n to fl\ri% on heights4 ,! prefect ( ! capu*9s1 an active & enlight5$ man1 has introduc$ into ! prov9ce ?is new bran* ( agricultural indu/ry4 ,indigo 0 =m]ly plant$ at ,c>ipe1 b ! small quantity ( fecula yield$ by ?is plant1 :i* requires great heat1 caus$ ! culture to be ab&on$4 ,we f\nd 9 ! conuco ( ! community _m cul9>y plants1 maize1 sug> cane1 & five ?\s& c(fee-trees1 :i* promis$ a f9e h>ve/4 ,! fri>s 7 9 hopes ( tripl+ ! numb] 9 a few ye>s4 ,we _c help rem>k+ ! uni=m ef=ts = ! cultivation ( ! soil :i* are manife/$ 9 ! policy ( ! mona/ic hi]>*y4 ,:]ev] conv5ts h n yet acquir$ weal? 9 ! ,new ,cont95t1 z =m]ly 9 ,gaul1 9 ,syria1 & 9 ! nor? ( ,europe1 !y ex]cise a happy influ5ce on ! cle>+ ( ! gr\nd & ! introduction ( exotic vegetation4 ,at ,c>ipe1 ! conuco ( ! community pres5ts ! appe>ance ( an ext5sive & beautiful g>d54 ,! natives are oblig$ to "w 9 x e morn+ f six to t51 & ! alcaldes & alguazils ( ,indian race ov]look _! lab\rs4 ,^! m5 are look$ ^u z great /ate function>ies1 & !y alone h ! "r ( c>ry+ a cane4 ,! selection ( !m dep5ds on ! sup]ior ( ! conv5t4 ,! p$antic & sil5t gravity ( ! ,indian alcaldes1 _! cold & my/]i\s air1 _! love ( appe>+ 9 =m at *ur* & 9 ! assemblies ( ! p1 =ce a smile f ,europeans4 ,we 7 n yet accu/om$ to ^! %ades ( ! ,indian "*1 :i* we f\nd ! same at ! ,or9oco1 9 ,mexico1 & 9 ,p]u1 among p totally diff]5t 9 _! mann]s & _! language4 ,! alcaldes came daily to ! conv5t1 less to treat ) ! monks on ! affairs ( ! ,mission1 ?an "u ! pret5ce ( inquir+ aft] ! heal? ( ! newly-arriv$ travell]s4 ,z we gave !m br&y1 _! visits became m frequ5t ?an ! monks desir$4 ,t :i* conf]s mo/ celebrity on ! valley ( ,c>ipe1 besides ! extraord9>y coolness ( its climate1 is ! great ,cueva1 or ,cav]n ( ! ,gua*>o499 799 ,! prov9ce ( ,gua*>ucu1 :i* ,delgado visit$ 9 #aecd1 9 ! exp$ition ( ,hi]onimo de ,ortal1 appe>s to h be5 situat$ s\? or s\?-ea/ ( ,mac>apana4 ,has its "n any connexion ) ^? ( ! cav]n & ! bird8 or is ?is la/ ( ,spani% orig98 7,laet ,nova ,orbis page #fgf74 ,gua*>o means 9 ,ca/ilian "o :o cries & lam5ts2 n[ ! bird ( ! cav]n ( ,c>ipe1 & ! gua*>aca 7,phasianus p>raka7 are v noisy birds47 ,9 a c\ntry :]e ! p love ! m>vell\s1 a cav]n :i* gives bir? to a riv]1 & is inhabit$ by ?\s&s ( nocturnal birds1 ! fat ( :i* is employ$ 9 ! ,missions to dress food1 is an ev]la/+ object ( conv]sation & discussion4 ,! cav]n1 :i* ! natives call a m9e ( fat is n 9 ! valley ( ,c>ipe itself1 b ?ree %ort leagues di/ant f ! conv5t1 9 ! direction ( we/-s\?-we/4 ,x op5s into a lat]al valley1 :i* t]m9ates at ! ,si]ra del ,gua*>o4 ,we set out = ! ,si]ra on ! #ah? ( ,septemb]1 accompani$ by ! alcaldes1 or ,indian magi/rates1 & ! great] "p ( ! monks ( ! conv5t4 ,a n>r[ pa? l$ u at fir/ t[>ds ! s\?1 across a f9e pla91 cov]$ ) beautiful turf4 ,we !n turn$ we/w>d1 along ! m>g9 ( a small riv] :i* issues f ! m\? ( ! cav]n4 ,we asc5d$ dur+ ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r1 sometimes 9 ! wat]1 :i* 0 %all[1 sometimes betwe5 ! torr5t & a wall ( rocks1 on a soil extremely slipp]y & miry4 ,! fall+ d[n ( ! e>?1 ! scatt]$ trunks ( trees1 ov] :i* ! mules c\ld sc>cely pass1 & ! creep+ plants t cov]$ ! gr\nd1 r5d]$ ?is "p ( ! road fatigu+4 ,we 7 surpris$ to f9d "h1 at sc>cely #ejj toises above ! level ( ! sea1 a crucif]\s plant1 ,raphanus p9natus4 ,plants ( ?is family are v r>e 9 ! tropics2 !y h 9 "s sort a nor!rn "*1 & !re=e we nev] expect$ to see "o on ! pla9 ( ,c>ipe at s inconsid]able an elevation4 ,! nor!rn "* also appe>s 9 ! ,galium c>ip5se1 ! ,val]iana sc&5s1 & a sanicle n unlike ! ,s4 m>il&ica4 ,at ! foot ( ! l(ty m\nta9 ( ! ,gua*>o1 we 7 only f\r hundr$ paces f ! cav]n1 )\t yet p]ceiv+ ! entrance4 ,! torr5t runs 9 a crevice holl[$ out by ! wat]s1 & we w5t on "u a cornice1 ! projection ( :i* prev5t$ u f see+ ! sky4 ,! pa? w9ds 9 ! direction ( ! riv]2 & at ! la/ turn+ we came sudd5ly be=e ! imm5se op5+ ( ! grotto4 ,! aspect ( ?is spot is maje/ic1 ev5 to ! eye ( a travell] accu/om$ to ! picturesque sc5]y ( ! high] ,alps4 ,i _h be=e ?is se5 ! cav]ns ( ! peak ( ,d]by%ire1 :]e1 ly+ d[n flat 9 a boat1 we proce$$ along a subt]ranean riv]1 "u an ar* two feet high4 ,i _h visit$ ! beautiful grotto ( ,tre%emi5%iz1 9 ! ,c>pa?ian m\nta9s1 ! cav]ns ( ! ,h>tz1 & ^? ( ,franconia1 :i* are va/ cemet]ies199 conta9+ bones ( tig]s1 hy5as1 & be>s1 z l>ge z our horses4 799 ,! m\ld1 :i* has cov]$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s ! soil ( ! cav]ns ( ,gayl5reu? & ,mugg5dorf 9 ,franconia1 emits ev5 n[ *oke-damps1 or gase\s mixtures ( hydrog5 & nitrog51 :i* rise to ! ro( ( ! caves4 ,?is fact is kn[n to ! p]sons :o %[ ^! cav]ns to travell]s2 & :5 ,i 0 director ( ! m9es ( ! ,fi*telb]g1 ,i obs]v$ x frequ5tly 9 ! summ]-"t4 ,m4 ,laugi] f\nd 9 ! m\ld ( ,mugg5dorf1 besides phosphate ( lime1 #j4aj ( animal matt]4 ,i 0 /ruck1 dur+ my /ay at ,/eeb51 ) ! ammoniacal & fetid smell produc$ by x1 :5 ?r[n on a r$-hot iron47 ,nature 9 e zone foll[s immutable laws 9 ! di/ribution ( rocks1 9 ! =m ( m\nta9s1 & ev5 9 ^? *anges :i* ! ext]ior cru/ ( our planet has und]gone4 ,s great a uni=mity l$ me to believe t ! aspect ( ! cav]n ( ,c>ipe w\ld diff] little f :at ,i _h obs]v$ 9 my prec$+ travels4 ,! reality f> exce$$ my expectations4 ,if ! configuration ( ! grottoes1 ! spl5d\r ( ! /alactites1 & all ! ph5om5a ( inorganic nature1 pres5t /rik+ analogies1 ! maje/y ( equ9octial vegetation gives at ! same "t an individual "* to ! ap]ture ( ! cav]n4 ,! ,cueva del ,gua*>o is pi]c$ 9 ! v]tical pr(ile ( a rock4 ,! entrance is t[>ds ! s\?1 & =ms an ar* eighty feet broad & sev5ty-two high4 ,! rock :i* surm\nts ! grotto is cov]$ ) trees ( gigantic height4 ,! mammee-tree & ! g5ipa199 799 ,c>uto1 ,g5ipa am]icana4 ,! fl[] at ,c>ipe1 has sometimes five1 sometimes six /am5s47 ) l>ge & %9+ leaves1 raise _! bran*es v]tically t[>ds ! sky2 :il/ ^? ( ! c\rb>il & ! ery?r9a =m1 z !y ext5d1 a ?ick canopy ( v]dure4 ,plants ( ! family ( po?os1 ) succul5t /ems1 oxalises1 & or*ideae ( a s+ul> /ructure199 799 ,a d5drobium1 ) a gold-col\r$ fl[]1 spott$ ) black1 ?ree in*es long47 rise 9 ! drie/ clefts ( ! rocks2 :ile creep+ plants wav+ 9 ! w9ds are int]wov5 9 fe/oons be=e ! op5+ ( ! cav]n4 ,we di/+ui%$ 9 ^! fe/oons a bignonia ( a violet blue1 ! purple doli*os1 & = ! fir/ "t1 t magnific5t sol&ra199 799 ,sol&ra sc&5s4 ,x is ! g\sati*a ( ! ,*ayma ,indians47 :i* has an orange-col\r$ fl[] & a fle%y tube m ?an f\r in*es long4 ,b ?is luxury ( vegetation embelli%es n only ! ext]nal ar*1 x appe>s ev5 9 ! ve/ibule ( ! grotto4 ,we saw ) a/oni%m5t planta9-leav$ heliconias eighte5 feet high1 ! praga palm-tree1 & arboresc5t arums1 foll[+ ! c\rse ( ! riv]1 ev5 to ^? subt]ranean places4 ,! vegetation cont9ues 9 ! cave ( ,c>ipe z 9 ^? deep crevices ( ! ,&es1 half-exclud$ f ! light ( day1 & does n disappe> till1 p5etrat+ into ! int]ior1 we advance ?irty or =ty paces f ! entrance4 ,we measur$ ! way by means ( a cord2 & we w5t on ab\t f\r hundr$ & ?irty feet )\t be+ oblig$ to light our tor*es4 ,daylight p5etrates f> into ?is region1 because ! grotto =ms b "o s+le *annel1 keep+ ! same direction1 f s\?-ea/ to nor?-we/4 ,:]e ! light began to fail1 we he>d f af> ! ho>se s\nds ( ! nocturnal birds2 s\nds :i* ! natives ?9k belong exclusively to ^? subt]rane\s places4 ,! gua*>o is ( ! size ( our f[ls4 ,x has ! m\? ( ! goat-suck]s & procnias1 & ! port ( ^? vultures ^: crook$ beaks are surr\nd$ ) /iff silky hairs4 ,suppress+1 ) ,m4 ,cuvi]1 ! ord] ( picae1 we mu/ ref] ?is extraord9>y bird to ! pass]es1 ! g5]a ( :i* are connect$ ) ea* o!r by almo/ imp]ceptible transitions4 ,x =ms a new g5us1 v diff]5t f ! goatsuck]1 9 ! l\dness ( its voice1 9 ! va/ /r5g? ( its beak 7conta9+ a d\ble too?71 & 9 its feet )\t ! membranes :i* unite ! ant]ior phalanges ( ! claws4 ,x is ! fir/ example ( a nocturnal bird among ! ,pass]es d5tiro/rati4 ,its habits pres5t analogies bo? ) ^? ( ! goatsuck]s & ( ! alp9e cr[499 799 ,corvus ,pyrrhocorax47 ,! plumage ( ! gua*>o is ( a d>k blui% grey1 mix$ ) small /reaks & specks ( black4 ,l>ge :ite spots ( ! =m ( a he>t1 & bord]$ ) black1 m>k ! head1 w+s1 & tail4 ,! eyes ( ! bird1 :i* are dazzl$ by ! light ( day1 are blue1 & small] ?an ^? ( ! goatsuck]4 ,! spread ( ! w+s1 :i* are compos$ ( sev5te5 or eighte5 quill fea!rs1 is ?ree feet & a half4 ,! gua*>o quits ! cav]n at nightfall1 especially :5 ! moon %9es4 ,x is almo/ ! only frugif]\s nocturnal bird yet kn[n2 ! con=mation ( its feet suffici5tly %[s t x does n hunt l our owls4 ,x fe$s on v h>d fruits1 l ! nutcrack]99 799 ,corvus c>yocatactes1 ,c4 gl&>ius4 ,our ,alp9e cr[ builds its ne/ ne> ! top ( ,m\nt ,libanus1 9 subt]ranean cav]ns1 ne>ly l ! gua*>o4 ,x also has ! horribly %rill cry ( ! latt]47 & ! pyrrhocorax4 ,! latt] ne/les also 9 clefts ( rocks1 & is kn[n by ! "n ( ! night-cr[4 ,! ,indians assur$ u t ! gua*>o does n pursue ei!r ! lamellicorn\s insects or ^? phala5ae :i* s]ve z food to ! goatsuck]s4 ,a comp>ison ( ! beaks ( ! gua*>o & ! goatsuck] s]ves to d5ote h[ mu* _! habits mu/ diff]4 ,x w\ld be difficult to =m an idea ( ! horrible noise occasion$ by ?\s&s ( ^! birds 9 ! d>k "p ( ! cav]n4 ,_! %rill & pi]c+ cries /rike ^u ! vaults ( ! rocks1 & are repeat$ by ! subt]ranean e*oes4 ,! ,indians %[$ u ! ne/s ( ! gua*>os by fix+ a tor* to ! end ( a long pole4 ,^! ne/s 7 fifty or sixty feet high above our heads1 9 holes 9 ! %ape ( funnels1 ) :i* ! ro( ( ! grotto is pi]c$ l a sieve4 ,! noise increas$ z we advanc$1 & ! birds 7 sc>$ by ! light ( ! tor*es ( copal4 ,:5 ?is noise ceas$ a few m9utes ar\nd u1 we he>d at a di/ance ! pla9tive cries ( ! birds roo/+ 9 o!r ramifications ( ! cav]n4 ,x seem$ z if diff]5t gr\ps answ]$ ea* o!r alt]nately4 ,! ,indians ent] ! ,cueva del ,gua*>o once a ye>1 ne> midsumm]4 ,!y g arm$ ) poles1 ) :i* !y de/roy ! great] "p ( ! ne/s4 ,at t season sev]al ?\s& birds are kill$2 & ! old ones1 z if to def5d _! brood1 hov] ov] ! heads ( ! ,indians1 utt]+ t]rible cries4 ,! "y199 799 ,call$ ,los pollos del ,gua*>o47 :i* fall to ! gr\nd1 are op5$ on ! spot4 ,_! p]itoneum is f\nd extremely load$ ) fat1 & a lay] ( fat rea*es f ! abdom5 to ! anus1 =m+ a k9d ( cu%ion betwe5 ! legs ( ! bird4 ,?is quantity ( fat 9 frugivor\s animals1 n expos$ to ! light1 & ex]t+ v little muscul> motion1 rem9ds u ( :at has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! fatt5+ ( geese & ox54 ,x is well kn[n h[ greatly d>kness & repose fav\r ?is process4 ,! nocturnal birds ( ,europe are lean1 because1 in/ead ( fe$+ on fruits1 l ! gua*>o1 !y live on ! scanty produce ( _! prey4 ,at ! p]iod commonly call$1 at ,c>ipe1 ! oil h>ve/199 799 ,la cose*a de la manteca47 ! ,indians build huts ) palm-leaves1 ne> ! entrance1 & ev5 9 ! por* ( ! cav]n4 ,!re1 ) a fire ( bru%wood1 !y melt 9 pots ( clay ! fat ( ! "y birds j kill$4 ,?is fat is kn[n by ! "n ( butt] or oil 7manteca1 or aceite7 ( ! gua*>o4 ,x is half liquid1 transp>5t1 )\t smell1 & s pure t x may be kept above a ye> )\t becom+ rancid4 ,at ! conv5t ( ,c>ipe no o!r oil is us$ 9 ! kit*5 ( ! monks b t ( ! cav]n2 & we nev] obs]v$ t x gave ! alim5ts a disagreeable ta/e or smell4 ,! race ( ! gua*>os w\ld h be5 long ago ext9ct1 _h n sev]al circum/ances contribut$ to its pres]vation4 ,! natives1 re/ra9$ by _! sup]/iti\s ideas1 seldom h c\rage to p5etrate f> into ! grotto4 ,x appe>s also1 t birds ( ! same species dwell 9 neighb\r+ cav]ns1 :i* are too n>r[ to be accessible to man4 ,p]haps ! great cav]n is repeopl$ by colonies :i* =sake ! small grottoes2 = ! mission>ies assur$ u t hi!rto no s5sible dim9ution ( ! birds has be5 obs]v$4 ,"y gua*>os h be5 s5t to ! port ( ,cumana1 & h liv$ !re sev]al days )\t tak+ any n\ri%m5t1 ! se$s (f]$ to !m n suit+ _! ta/e4 ,:5 ! crops & gizz>ds ( ! "y birds are op5$ 9 ! cav]n1 !y are f\nd to conta9 all sorts ( h>d & dry fruits1 :i* furni%1 "u ! s+ul> "n ( gua*>o se$ 7semilla del gua*>o71 a v celebrat$ rem$y aga9/ int]mitt5t fev]s4 ,! old birds c>ry ^! se$s to _! "y4 ,!y are c>efully collect$1 & s5t to ! sick at ,c>iaco1 & o!r places ( ! l[ regions1 :]e fev]s are g5]ally preval5t4 ,z we cont9u$ to advance into ! cav]n1 we foll[$ ! banks ( ! small riv] :i* issues f x1 & is f tw5ty-eight to ?irty feet wide4 ,we walk$ on ! banks1 z f> z ! hills =m$ ( calc>e\s incru/ations p]mitt$ u4 ,:]e ! torr5t w9ds among v high masses ( /alactites1 we 7 (t5 oblig$ to desc5d into its b$1 :i* is only two feet deep4 ,we le>n$ ) surprise1 t ?is subt]ranean rivulet is ! orig9 ( ! riv] ,c>ipe1 :i*1 at ! di/ance ( a few leagues1 :]e x jo9s ! small riv] ( ,santa ,m>ia1 is navigable = canoes4 ,x fl[s into ! riv] ,areo "u ! "n ( ,cano d ,t]ez54 ,we f\nd on ! banks ( ! subt]ranean rivulet a great quantity ( palm-tree wood1 ! rema9s ( trunks1 on :i* ! ,indians climb to rea* ! ne/s hang+ f ! ro(s ( ! cav]n4 ,! r+s1 =m$ by ! ve/iges ( ! old foot/alks ( ! leaves1 furni% z x 7 ! /eps ( a ladd] p]p5dicul>ly plac$4 ,! ,grotto ( ,c>ipe pres]ves ! same direction1 ! same bread?1 & its primitive height ( sixty or sev5ty feet1 to ! di/ance ( #dgb metres1 or #adeh feet1 accurately measur$4 ,we _h great difficulty 9 p]suad+ ! ,indians to pass beyond ! ant]ior portion ( ! grotto1 ! only "p :i* !y annually visit to collect ! fat4 ,! :ole au?ority ( 'los padres' 0 necess>y to induce !m to advance z f> z ! spot :]e ! soil rises abruptly at an incl9ation ( sixty degrees1 & :]e ! torr5t =ms a small subt]ranean cascade499 799 ,we f9d ! ph5om5on ( a subt]ranean cascade1 b on a mu* l>g] scale1 9 ,engl&1 at ,yordas ,cave1 ne> ,k+sdale 9 ,york%ire47 ,! natives connect my/ic ideas ) ?is cave1 inhabit$ by nocturnal birds2 !y believe t ! s\ls ( _! ance/ors soj\rn 9 ! deep recesses ( ! cav]n4 ,man1 say !y1 %\ld avoid places :i* are enlight5$ nei!r by ! sun 7zis71 nor by ! moon 7nuna74 ',to g & jo9 ! gua*>os1' is ) !m a phrase signify+ to rejo9 _! fa!rs1 to die4 ,! magicians 7pia*es7 & ! poison]s 7imorons7 p]=m _! nocturnal tricks at ! entrance ( ! cav]n1 to conjure ! *ief ( ! evil spirits 7ivorokiamo74 ,?us 9 e region ( ! e>? a resemblance may be trac$ 9 ! e>ly fictions ( nations1 ^? especially :i* relate to two pr9ciples gov]n+ ! _w1 ! abode ( s\ls aft] dea?1 ! happ9ess ( ! virtu\s & ! puni%m5t ( ! guilty4 ,! mo/ diff]5t & mo/ b>b>\s languages pres5t a c]ta9 numb] ( images1 :i* are ! same1 because !y h _! s\rce 9 ! nature ( our intellig5ce & our s5sations4 ,d>kness is ev]y:]e connect$ ) ! idea ( dea?4 ,! ,grotto ( ,c>ipe is ! ,t>t>us ( ! ,greeks2 & ! gua*>os1 :i* hov] ov] ! rivulet1 utt]+ pla9tive cries1 rem9d u ( ! ,/ygian birds4 ,at ! po9t :]e ! riv] =ms ! subt]ranean cascade1 a hill cov]$ ) vegetation1 :i* is opposite to ! op5+ ( ! grotto1 pres5ts a v picturesque aspect4 ,x is se5 at ! extremity ( a /raight passage1 #bdj toises 9 l5g?4 ,! /alactites desc5d+ f ! ro(1 & resembl+ columns susp5d$ 9 ! air1 are reliev$ on a back-gr\nd ( v]dure4 ,! op5+ ( ! cav]n appe>$ s+ul>ly contract$1 :5 we saw x ab\t ! middle ( ! day1 illum9$ by ! vivid light reflect$ at once f ! sky1 ! plants1 & ! rocks4 ,! di/ant light ( day =m$ a /range contra/ ) ! d>kness :i* surr\nd$ u 9 ! va/ cav]n4 ,we dis*>g$ our guns at a v5ture1 :]ev] ! cries ( ! nocturnal birds & ! flapp+ ( _! w+s1 l$ u to suspect t a great numb] ( ne/s 7 cr[d$ toge!r4 ,aft] sev]al fruitless attempts ,m4 ,bonpl& succe$$ 9 kill+ a c\ple ( gua*>os1 :i*1 dazzl$ by ! light ( ! tor*es1 seem$ to pursue u4 ,?is circum/ance af=d$ me ! means ( mak+ a draw+ ( ?is bird1 :i* _h previ\sly be5 unkn[n to naturali/s4 ,we climb$1 n )\t difficulty1 ! small hill :5ce ! subt]ranean rivulet desc5ds4 ,we saw t ! grotto 0 p]ceptibly contract$1 reta9+ only =ty feet 9 height1 & t x cont9u$ /ret*+ to nor?-ea/1 )\t deviat+ f its primitive direction1 :i* is p>allel to t ( ! great valley ( ,c>ipe4 ,9 ?is "p ( ! cav]n1 ! rivulet deposits a blacki% m\ld1 v l ! matt] :i*1 9 ! grotto ( ,mugg5dorf1 9 ,franconia1 is call$ ! e>? ( sacrifice499 799 ,opf]-erde ( ! cav]n ( ,hohle ,b]g 7or ,hole ,m\nta91--a m\nta9 pi]c$ entirely ?r\gh477 ,we c\ld n discov] :e!r ?is f9e & spongy m\ld falls ?r\gh ! cracks :i* communicate ) ! surface ( ! gr\nd above1 or is wa%$ d[n by ! ra9-wat] p5etrat+ into ! cav]n4 ,x 0 a mixture ( silex1 alum9a1 & vegetable detritus4 ,we walk$ 9 ?ick mud to a spot :]e we beheld ) a/oni%m5t ! progress ( subt]ranean vegetation4 ,! se$s :i* ! birds c>ry into ! grotto to fe$ _! "y1 spr+ up :]ev] !y fix 9 ! m\ld :i* cov]s ! calc>e\s incru/ations4 ,blan*$ /alks1 ) "s half-=m$ leaves1 _h ris5 to ! height ( two feet4 ,x 0 impossible to asc]ta9 ! species ( ^! plants1 _! =m1 col\r1 & aspect hav+ be5 *ang$ by ! abs5ce ( light4 ,^! traces ( organization amid/ d>kness =cibly excit$ ! curiosity ( ! natives1 :o exam9$ !m ) sil5t m$itation inspir$ by a place !y seem$ to dread4 ,!y evid5tly reg>d$ ^! subt]ranean plants1 pale & de=m$1 z phantoms bani%$ f ! face ( ! e>?4 ,to me ! sc5e recall$ "o ( ! happie/ p]iods ( my e>ly y\?1 a long abode 9 ! m9es ( ,freyb]g1 :]e ,i made exp]im5ts on ! effects ( blan*+ 7etiolem5t71 :i* are v diff]5t1 accord+ z ! air is pure or ov]*>g$ ) hydrog5 or azote4 ,! mission>ies1 ) all _! au?ority1 c\ld n prevail on ! ,indians to p5etrate f>!r into ! cav]n4 ,z ! ro( became l[] ! cries ( ! gua*>os 7 m & m %rill4 ,we 7 oblig$ to yield to ! pusillanimity ( our guides1 & trace back our /eps4 ,! appe>ance ( ! cav]n 0 h[ev] v uni=m4 ,we f\nd t a bi%op ( ,/4 ,?omas ( ,guiana _h gone f>!r ?an ourselves4 ,he _h measur$ ne>ly #bejj feet f ! m\? to ! spot :]e he /opp$1 b ! cav]n ext5d$ /ill f>!r4 ,! remembrance ( ?is fact 0 pres]v$ 9 ! conv5t ( ,c>ipe1 )\t ! exact p]iod be+ not$4 ,! bi%op _h provid$ himself ) great tor*es ( :ite ,ca/ile wax4 ,we _h tor*es compos$ only ( ! b>k ( trees & native res94 ,! ?ick smoke :i* issu$ f ^! tor*es1 9 a n>r[ subt]ranean passage1 hurts ! eyes & ob/ructs ! respiration4 ,on turn+ back to g out ( ! cav]n1 we foll[$ ! c\rse ( ! torr5t4 ,be=e our eyes became dazzl$ ) ! light ( day we saw on ! outside ( ! grotto ! wat] ( ! riv] sp>kl+ amid ! foliage ( ! trees :i* %ad$ x4 ,x 0 l a picture plac$ 9 ! di/ance1 ! m\? ( ! cav]n s]v+ z a frame4 ,hav+ at l5g? rea*$ ! entrance1 we seat$ ourselves on ! bank ( ! rivulet1 to re/ aft] our fatigues4 ,we 7 glad to be beyond ! ho>se cries ( ! birds1 & to leave a place :]e d>kness does n (f] ev5 ! *>m ( sil5ce & tranquillity4 ,we c\ld sc>cely p]suade ourselves t ! "n ( ! ,grotto ( ,c>ipe _h hi!rto be5 unkn[n 9 ,europe299 = ! gua*>os alone might h suffic$ to r5d] x celebrat$4 799 ,x is surpris+ t ,fa!r ,gili1 au?or ( ! ,saggio di ,/oria ,am]icana1 does n m5tion x1 ?\gh he _h 9 8 possession a manuscript writt5 9 #aghj at ! conv5t ( ,c>ipe4 ,i gave ! fir/ in=mation respect+ ! ,cueva del ,gua*>o 9 #ahjj1 9 my lett]s to ,messrs4 ,delambre & ,delame!rie1 publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal de ,physique47 ,^! nocturnal birds h be5 no :]e yet discov]$1 except 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,c>ipe & ,cumanacoa4 ,! mission>ies _h prep>$ a repa/ at ! entry ( ! cav]n4 ,leaves ( ! banana & ! vijao199 799 ,heliconia bihai1 ,l9n4 ,! ,creoles h *ang$ ! b ( ! ,haitian ^w bihao into v1 & ! h into j1 agreeably to ! ,ca/ilian pronunciation47 :i* h a silky lu/re1 s]v$ u z a table-clo?1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! c\ntry4 ,no?+ 0 want+ to our enjoym5t1 n ev5 remembrances1 :i* are s r>e 9 ^? c\ntries1 :]e g5]ations disappe> )\t leav+ a trace ( _! exi/5ce4 ,be=e we quit ! subt]ranean rivulet & ! nocturnal birds1 let u ca/ a la/ glance at ! cav]n ( ! ,gua*>o1 & ! :ole ( ! physical ph5om5a x pres5ts4 ,:5 we h /ep by /ep pursu$ a long s]ies ( obs]vations modifi$ by ! localities ( a place1 we love to /op & raise our views to g5]al consid]ations4 ,d ! great cavities1 :i* are exclusively call$ cav]ns1 owe _! orig9 to ! same causes z ^? :i* h produc$ ! lodes ( ve9s & ( metallif]\s /rata1 or ! extraord9>y ph5om5on ( ! porosity ( rocks8 ,d grottoes belong to e =mation1 or to t p]iod only :5 organiz$ be+s began to p ! surface ( ! globe8 ,^! geological que/ions c be solv$ only s f> z !y are direct$ by ! actual /ate ( ?+s1 t is1 ( facts susceptible ( be+ v]ifi$ by obs]vation4 ,consid]+ rocks accord+ to ! succession ( eras1 we f9d t primitive =mations exhibit v few cav]ns4 ,! great cavities :i* are obs]v$ 9 ! olde/ granite1 & :i* are call$ f\rs 7ov5s7 9 ,switz]l& & 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 :5 !y are l9$ ) rock cry/als1 arise mo/ frequ5tly f ! union ( sev]al contemporane\s ve9s ( qu>tz199 799 ,glei*zeitige ,trumm]4 ,to ^! /one ve9s :i* appe> to be ( ! same age z ! rock1 belong ! ve9s ( talc & asbe/os 9 s]p5t9e1 & ^? ( qu>tz trav]s+ s*i/ 7,?ons*ief]74 ,jameson on ,contemporane\s ,ve9s1 9 ! ,mem4 ( ! ,w]n]ian ,soc47 ( feldsp>1 or ( f9e-gra9$ granite4 ,! gneiss pres5ts1 ?\gh m seldom1 ! same ph5om5on2 & ne> ,wunsi$el199 799 ,9 ,franconia1 s\?-ea/ ( ,lu*sburg47 at ! ,fi*telgebirge1 ,i _h an opportunity ( exam9+ cry/al f\rs ( two or ?ree feet diamet]1 9 a "p ( ! rock n trav]s$ by ve9s4 ,we are ignorant ( ! ext5t ( ! cavities :i* subt]ranean fires & volcanic agitations may h produc$ 9 ! b[els ( ! e>? 9 ^? primitive rocks1 :i*1 conta9+ consid]able quantities ( amphibole1 mica1 g>net1 magnetic iron-/one1 & r$ s*orl 7titanite71 appe> to be ant]ior to granite4 ,we f9d "s fragm5ts ( ^! rocks among ! matt]s eject$ by volcanoes4 ,! cavities c be consid]$ only z p>tial & local ph5om5a2 & _! exi/5ce is sc>cely any contradiction to ! notions we h acquir$ f ! exp]im5ts ( ,maskelyne & ,cav5di% on ! mean d5sity ( ! e>?4 ,9 ! primitive m\nta9s op5 to our rese>*es1 real grottoes1 ^? :i* h "s ext5t1 belong only to calc>e\s =mations1 su* z ! c>bonate or sulphate ( lime4 ,! solubility ( ^! sub/ances appe>s to h fav\r$ ! action ( ! subt]ranean wat]s = ages4 ,! primitive lime/one pres5ts spaci\s cav]ns z well z transition lime/one199 & t :i* is exclusively call$ second>y4 799 ,9 ! primitive lime/one are f\nd ! ,kuetzel-lo*1 ne> ,kaufung5 9 ,silesia1 & probably sev]al cav]ns 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,ar*ipelago4 ,9 ! transition lime/one we rem>k ! cav]ns ( ,elb+]ode1 ( ,rubel&1 & ( ,s*>zfeld1 9 ! ,h>tz2 ^? ( ! ,salzfluhe 9 ! ,grisons2 &1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,gre5\gh1 t ( ,torbay 9 ,devon%ire47 ,if ^! cav]ns be less frequ5t 9 ! fir/1 x is because ?is /one =ms 9 g5]al only lay]s subord9ate to ! mica-slate199 799 ,sometimes to gneiss1 z at ! ,simplon1 betwe5 ,dovr$o & ,crevola47 & n a p>ticul> sy/em ( m\nta9s1 into :i* ! wat]s may filt]1 & circulate to great di/ances4 ,! erosions occasion$ by ?is elem5t dep5d n only on its quantity1 b also on ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* x rema9s1 ! velocity x acquires by its fall1 & ! degree ( solubility ( ! rock4 ,i h obs]v$ 9 g5]al1 t ! wat]s act m easily on ! c>bonates & ! sulphates ( lime ( second>y m\nta9s ?an on ! transition lime/ones1 :i* h a consid]able mixture ( silex & c>bon4 ,on exam9+ ! int]nal /ructure ( ! /alactites :i* l9e ! walls ( cav]ns1 we f9d 9 !m all ! *>act]s ( a *emical precipitate4 ,z we approa* ^? p]iods 9 :i* organic life develops itself 9 a great] numb] ( =ms1 ! ph5om5on ( grottoes becomes m frequ5t4 ,!re exi/ sev]al "u ! "n ( baum5199 799 ,9 ! dialect ( ! ,g]man ,swiss1 ,balm54 ,! ,baum5 ( ! ,s5tis1 ( ! ,mole1 & ( ! ,beat5b]g1 on ! bord]s ( ! lake ( ,?un1 belong to ! ,alp9e lime/one47 n 9 ! anci5t s&/one to :i* ! great coal =mation belongs1 b 9 ! ,alp9e lime/one1 & 9 ! ,jura lime/one1 :i* is (t5 only ! sup]ior "p ( ! ,alp9e =mation4 ,! ,jura lime/one99 799 ,i may m5tion only ! grottoes ( ,b\dry1 ,moti]s-,trav]s1 & ,valorbe1 9 ! ,jura2 ! grotto ( ,balme ne> ,g5eva2 ! cav]ns betwe5 ,mugg5dorf & ,gayl5reu? 9 ,franconia2 ,s[ia ,jama1 ,ogrodzimiec1 & ,wlod[ice1 9 ,pol&47 s ab\nds ) cav]ns 9 bo? cont95ts1 t sev]al geologi/s ( ! s*ool ( ,freyb]g h giv5 x ! "n ( cav]n-lime/one 7hohl5kalk/e974 ,x is ?is rock :i* s (t5 int]rupts ! c\rse ( riv]s1 by engulf+ !m into its bosom4 ,9 ?is also is =m$ ! fam\s ,cueva del ,gua*>o1 & ! o!r grottoes ( ! valley ( ,c>ipe4 ,! muriatif]\s gypsum199 799 ,gypsum ( ,bott5dorf1 s*lott5gyps47 :e!r x be f\nd 9 lay]s 9 ! ,jura or ,alp9e lime/one1 or :e!r x sep>ate ^! two =mations1 or lie betwe5 ! ,alp9e lime/one & argillace\s s&/one1 also pres5ts1 on acc\nt ( its great solubility1 enorm\s cavities1 sometimes communicat+ ) ea* o!r at sev]al leagues di/ance4 ,aft] ! lime/one & gypse\s =mations1 !re w\ld rema9 to be exam9$1 among ! second>y rocks1 a ?ird =mation1 t ( ! argillace\s s&/one1 new] ?an ! br9e-spr+ =mations2 b ?is rock1 compos$ ( small gra9s ( qu>tz cem5t$ by clay1 seldom conta9s cav]ns2 & :5 x does1 !y are n ext5sive4 ,progressively n>r[+ t[>ds _! extremity1 _! walls are cov]$ ) a br[n o*re4 ,we h j se51 t ! =m ( grottoes dep5ds p>tly on ! nature ( ! rocks 9 :i* !y are f\nd2 b ?is =m1 modifi$ by ext]ior ag5ts1 (t5 v>ies ev5 9 ! same =mation4 ,! configuration ( cav]ns1 l ! outl9e ( m\nta9s1 ! s9uosity ( valleys1 & s _m o!r ph5om5a1 pres5t at fir/ sight only irregul>ity & confusion4 ,! appe>ance ( ord] is resum$1 :5 we c ext5d our obs]vations ov] a va/ space ( gr\nd1 :i* has und]gone viol5t1 b p]iodical & uni=m revolutions4 ,f :at ,i h se5 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,europe1 & 9 ! ,cordill]as ( ,am]ica1 cav]ns may be divid$1 accord+ to _! int]ior /ructure1 into ?ree classes4 ,"s h ! =m ( l>ge clefts or crevices1 l ve9s n fill$ ) ore2 su* z ! cav]n ( ,ros5mull]1 9 ,franconia1 ,eld5-hole1 9 ! peak ( ,d]by%ire1 & ! ,sumid]os ( ,*amacasapa 9 ,mexico4 ,o!r cav]ns are op5 to ! light at bo? ends4 ,^! are rocks really pi]c$2 natural gall]ies1 :i* run ?r\gh a solit>y m\nta93 su* are ! ,hohleb]g ( ,mugg5dorf1 & ! fam\s cav]n call$ ,dantoe by ! ,ottomite ,indians1 & ! ,bridge ( ! ,"m ( ,god1 by ! ,mexican ,spani>ds4 ,x is difficult to decide respect+ ! orig9 ( ^! *annels1 :i* sometimes s]ve z b$s = subt]ranean riv]s4 ,are ^! pi]c$ rocks holl[$ out by ! impulse ( a curr5t8 or %\ld we r admit t "o ( ! op5+s ( ! cav]n is ow+ to a fall+ d[n ( ! e>? subsequ5t to its orig9al =mation2 to a *ange 9 ! ext]nal =m ( ! m\nta91 = in/ance1 to a new valley op5$ on its flank8 ,a ?ird =m ( cav]ns1 & ! mo/ common ( ! :ole1 exhibits a succession ( cavities1 plac$ ne>ly on ! same level1 runn+ 9 ! same direction1 & communicat+ ) ea* o!r by passages ( great] or less bread?4 ,to ^! diff]5ces ( g5]al =m are add$ o!r circum/ances n less rem>kable4 ,x (t5 happ5s1 t grottoes ( little space h extremely wide op5+s2 :il/ we h to creep "u v l[ vaults1 9 ord] to p5etrate into ! deepe/ & mo/ spaci\s cav]ns4 ,! passages :i* unite p>tial grottoes1 are g5]ally horizontal4 ,i h se5 "s1 h[ev]1 :i* resemble funnels or wells1 & :i* may be attribut$ to ! escape ( "s ela/ic fluid ?r\gh a mass be=e be+ h>d5$4 ,:5 riv]s issue f grottoes1 !y =m only a s+le1 horizontal1 cont9u\s *annel1 ! dilatations ( :i* are almo/ imp]ceptible2 z 9 ! ,cueva del ,gua*>o we h j describ$1 & ! cav]n ( ,san ,felipe1 ne> ,tehuilotepec 9 ! we/]n ,cordill]as ( ,mexico4 ,! sudd5 disappe>ance99 ( ! riv] 799 ,9 ! night ( ! #af? ,april1 #ahjb471 :i* took its rise f ?is la/ cav]n1 has impov]i%$ a di/rict 9 :i* f>m]s & m9]s equally require wat] = refre%+ ! soil & = work+ hydraulic ma*9]y4 ,consid]+ ! v>iety ( /ructure exhibit$ by grottoes 9 bo? hemisph]es1 we _c b ref] _! =mation to causes totally diff]5t4 ,:5 we speak ( ! orig9 ( cav]ns we mu/ *oose betwe5 two sy/ems ( natural philosophy3 "o ( ^! sy/ems attributes e ?+ to in/antane\s & viol5t commotions 7= example1 to ! ela/ic =ce ( vap\rs1 & to ! heav+s occasion$ by volcanoes72 :ile ! o!r re/s on ! op]ation ( small p[]s1 :i* produce effects almo/ ins5sibly by progressive action4 ,^? :o love to indulge 9 geological hypo!ses mu/ n1 h[ev]1 =get ! horizontality s (t5 rem>k$ amid/ gypse\s & calc>e\s m\nta9s1 9 ! position ( grottoes communicat+ ) ea* o!r by passages4 ,?is almo/ p]fect horizontality1 ?is g5tle & uni=m slope1 appe>s to be ! result ( a long abode ( ! wat]s1 :i* enl>ge by erosion clefts already exi/+1 & c>ry (f ! s(t] p>ts ! m easily1 z clay or muriate ( soda is f\nd mix$ ) ! gypsum & fetid lime/one4 ,^! effects are ! same1 :e!r ! cav]ns =m "o long & cont9u$ range1 or sev]al ( ^! ranges lie "o ov] ano!r1 z happ5s almo/ exclusively 9 gypse\s m\nta9s4 ,t :i* 9 %elly or ,neptunean rocks is caus$ by ! action ( ! wat]s1 appe>s sometimes to be 9 ! volcanic rocks ! effect ( gase\s emanations99 act+ 9 ! direction :]e !y f9d ! lea/ resi/ance4 799 ,at ,vesuvius1 ! ,duke de la ,torre %[$ me1 9 #ahje1 9 curr5ts ( rec5t lava1 cavities ext5d+ 9 ! direction ( ! curr5t1 six or sev5 feet long & ?ree feet high4 ,^! little volcanic cav]ns 7 l9$ ) specul> iron1 :i* _c be call$ oligi/e iron1 s9ce ,m4 ,gay-,lussac's la/ exp]im5ts on ! oxides ( iron47 ,:5 melt$ matt] moves on a v g5tle slope1 ! great axis ( ! cavity =m$ by ! ela/ic fluids is ne>ly horizontal1 or p>allel to ! plane on :i* ! movem5t ( transition takes place4 ,a simil> dis5gagem5t ( vap\rs1 jo9$ to ! ela/ic =ce ( ! gases1 :i* p5etrate /rata s(t5$ & rais$ up1 appe>s sometimes to h giv5 great ext5t to ! cav]ns f\nd 9 tra*ytes or trappean porphyries4 ,^! porphyritic cav]ns1 9 ! ,cordill]as ( ,quito & ,p]u1 be> ! ,indian "n ( ,ma*ays499 799 ,ma*ay is a ^w ( ! ,qui*ua language1 commonly call$ by ! ,spani>ds ! ,incas' language4 ,callancama*ay means a cav]n z l>ge z a h\se1 a cav]n t s]ves z a tambo or c>avans>ai47 ,!y are 9 g5]al ( little dep?4 ,!y are l9$ ) sulphur1 & diff] by ! enorm\s size ( _! op5+s f ^? obs]v$ 9 volcanic tufas99 9 ,italy1 at ,t5]iffe1 & 9 ! ,&es4 799,sometimes fire acts l wat] 9 c>ry+ (f masses1 & ?us ! cavities may be caus$ by an igne\s1 ?\gh m frequ5tly by an aque\s erosion or solution47 ,x is by connect+ 9 ! m9d ! primitive1 second>y1 & volcanic rocks1 & di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! oxidat$ cru/ ( ! globe1 & ! int]ior nucleus1 compos$ p]haps ( metallic & inflammable sub/ances1 t we may acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( grottoes ev]y:]e4 ,!y act 9 ! economy ( nature z va/ res]voirs ( wat] & ( ela/ic fluids4 ,! gypse\s cav]ns glitt] ) cry/alliz$ sel5ites4 ,vitre\s cry/alliz$ plates ( br[n & yell[ /& out on a /riat$ gr\nd compos$ ( lay]s ( alaba/] & fetid lime/one4 ,! calc>e\s grottoes h a m uni=m t9t4 ,!y are m beautiful1 & ri*] 9 /alactites1 9 proportion z !y are n>r[]1 & ! circulation ( air is less free4 ,by be+ spaci\s1 & accessible to air1 ! cav]n ( ,c>ipe is almo/ de/itute ( ^? incru/ations1 ! imitative =ms ( :i* are 9 o!r c\ntries objects ( popul> curiosity4 ,i also s\ght 9 va9 = subt]ranean plants1 ^? cryptogamia ( ! family ( ! ,usneaceae1 :i* we sometimes f9d fix$ on ! /alactites1 l ivy on walls1 :5 we p5etrate = ! fir/ "t into a lat]al grotto499 799 ,li*5 tophicola 0 discov]$ :5 ! beautiful cav]n ( ,ros5mull] 9 ,franconia 0 fir/ op5$4 ,! cavity conta9+ ! li*5 0 f\nd clos$ on all sides by enorm\s masses ( /alactite47 ,! cav]ns 9 m\nta9s ( gypsum (t5 conta9 mephitic emanations & delet]i\s gases4 ,x is n ! sulphate ( lime t acts on ! atmosph]ic air1 b ! clay slightly mix$ ) c>bon1 & ! fetid lime/one1 s (t5 m+l$ ) ! gypsum4 ,we _c yet decide1 :e!r ! sw9e/one acts z a hydrosulphuret1 or by means ( a bitum9\s pr9ciple499 799 ,t description ( fetid lime/one call$ by ! ,g]man m9]alogi/s /9k/e9 is always ( a blacki% br[n col\r4 ,x is only by decomposition t x becomes :ite1 aft] hav+ act$ on ! surr\nd+ air4 ,! /9k/e9 :i* is ( second>y =mation1 mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) a v :ite primitive granul> lime/one ( ! isl& ( ,?asos1 :i* emits1 :5 scrap$1 a smell ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,?is m>ble is co>s] gra9$ ?an ,c>r>a 7,m>mor lun5se74 ,x 0 frequ5tly employ$ by ! ,grecian sculptors1 & ,i (t5 pick$ up fragm5ts ( x at ! ,villa ,adriani1 ne> ,rome47 ,its prop]ty ( absorb+ oxyg5 gas is kn[n to all ! m9]s ( ,?ur+ia4 ,x is ! same z ! action ( ! c>burett$ clay ( ! gypse\s grottoes1 & ( ! great *amb]s 7s9kw]ke7 dug 9 m9es ( fossil salt :i* are work$ by ! introduction ( fre% wat]4 ,! cav]ns ( calc>e\s m\nta9s are n expos$ to ^? decompositions ( ! atmosph]ic air1 unless !y conta9 bones ( quadrup$s1 or ! m\ld mix$ ) animal glut5 & phosphate ( lime1 f :i* arise inflammable & fetid gases4 ,?\gh we made _m enquiries among ! inhabitants ( ,c>ipe1 ,cumanacoa1 & ,c>iaco1 we did n le>n t !y _h ev] discov]$ 9 ! cav]n ( ,gua*>o ei!r ! rema9s ( c>nivor\s animals1 or ^? bony breccias ( h]bivor\s animals1 :i* are f\nd 9 ! cav]ns ( ,g]many & ,hung>y1 & 9 ! clefts ( ! calc>e\s rocks ( ,gibralt>4 ,! fossil bones ( ! mega!rium1 ( ! elephant1 & ( ! ma/odon1 :i* travell]s h br\ght f ,s\? ,am]ica1 h all be5 f\nd 9 ! light soil ( ! valleys & table-l&s4 ,except+ ! megalonyx199 a k9d ( slo? ( ! size ( an ox1 describ$ by ,mr4 ,jeff]son1 ,i "k n a s+le in/ance ( ! skeleton ( an animal buri$ 9 a cav]n ( ! ,new ,_w4 799 ,! megalonyx 0 f\nd 9 ! cav]ns ( ,gre5 ,bri>1 9 ,virg9ia1 at ! di/ance ( #aejj leagues f ! mega!rium1 :i* resembles x v mu*1 & is ( ! size ( ! rh9oc]os47 ,! extreme sc>city ( ?is geological ph5om5on w appe> ! less surpris+ to u1 if we recollect1 t 9 ,france1 ,engl&1 & ,italy1 !re are also a great numb] ( grottoes 9 :i* we h nev] met ) any ve/ige ( fossil bones4 ,al?\gh1 9 primitive nature1 :atev] relates to ideas ( ext5t & mass is ( no great importance1 yet ,i may obs]ve1 t ! cav]n ( ,c>ipe is "o ( ! mo/ spaci\s kn[n to exi/ 9 lime/one =mations4 ,x is at lea/ #ijj metres or #bhjj feet 9 l5g?499 799 ,! fam\s ,baumann%ohle 9 ! ,h>tz1 accord+ to ,messrs4 ,gilb]t & ,ils51 is only #egh feet 9 l5g?2 ! cav]n ( ,s*>zfeld #cej2 t ( ,gayl5reu? #cjd2 t ( ,antip>os #cjj4 ,b accord+ to ,saussure1 ! ,grotto ( ,balme is #acjj feet47 ,ow+ to ! diff]5t degrees ( solubility 9 rocks1 x is g5]ally n 9 calc>e\s m\nta9s1 b 9 gypse\s =mations1 t we f9d ! mo/ ext5sive succession ( grottoes4 ,9 ,saxony !re are "s 9 gypsum sev]al leagues 9 l5g?2 = in/ance1 t ( ,wimelburg1 :i* communicates ) ! cav]n ( ,cresfield4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! temp]ature ( grottoes pres5ts a field = int]e/+ obs]vation4 ,! cav]n ( ,c>ipe1 situat$ ne>ly 9 ! latitude ( #aj degrees #aj m9utes1 consequ5tly 9 ! c5tre ( ! torrid zone1 is elevat$ #ejf toises above ! level ( ! sea 9 ! gulf ( ,c>iaco4 ,we f\nd t1 9 e "p ( x1 9 ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 ! temp]ature ( ! int]nal air 0 betwe5 #ah4d & #ah4i degrees ( ! c5tesimal !rmomet]2 ! ext]nal atmosph]e be+ at #af4b degrees4 ,at ! entrance ( ! cav]n1 ! !rmomet] 9 ! op5 air 0 at #ag4f degrees2 b :5 imm]s$ 9 ! wat] ( ! little subt]ranean riv]1 x m>k$1 ev5 to ! end ( ! cav]n1 #af4h degrees4 ,^! exp]im5ts are v int]e/+1 if we reflect on ! t5d5cy to equilibrium ( heat1 9 ! wat]s1 ! air1 & ! e>?4 ,:5 ,i left ,europe1 m5 ( sci5ce 7 regrett+ t !y _h n suffici5t data on :at is call$ ! temp]ature ( ! int]ior ( ! globe2 & x is b v rec5tly t ef=ts h be5 made1 & ) "s success1 to solve ! gr& problem ( subt]ranean meteorology4 ,! /ony /rata t =m ! cru/ ( our planet1 are alone accessible to our exam9ation2 & we n[ "k t ! mean temp]ature ( ^! /rata v>ies n only ) latitudes & heights1 b t1 accord+ to ! position ( ! sev]al places1 x p]=ms also1 9 ! space ( a ye>1 regul> oscillations r\nd ! mean heat ( ! neighb\r+ atmosph]e4 ,! "t is gone by :5 m5 7 surpris$ to f9d1 9 o!r zones1 ! heat ( grottoes & wells diff]+ f t obs]v$ 9 ! caves ( ! obs]vatory at ,p>is4 ,! same in/rum5t :i* 9 ^? caves m>ks #ab degrees1 rises 9 ! subt]rane\s cav]ns ( ! isl& ( ,madeira1 ne> ,fun*al1 to #af4b degrees2 9 ,joseph's ,well1 at ,cairo99 to #ba4b degrees 799 ,at ,fun*al 7latitude #cb degrees #cg m9utes7 ! mean temp]ature ( ! air is #bj4d degrees1 & at ,cairo 7latitude #cj degrees #b m9utes71 accord+ to ,n\et1 x is #bb4d degrees472 9 ! grottoes ( ! isl& ( ,cuba to #bb or #bc degrees499 799 ,! mean temp]ature ( ! air at ! ,havannah1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,f]r]1 is #be4f degrees47 ,?is increase is ne>ly 9 proportion to t ( ! mean temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e1 f latitude #dh degrees to ! tropics4 ,we h j se5 t1 9 ! ,cueva del ,gua*>o1 ! wat] ( ! riv] is ne>ly #b degrees cold] ?an ! ambi5t air ( ! cav]n4 ,! wat]1 :e!r 9 filt]+ ?r\gh ! rocks1 or 9 runn+ ov] /ony b$s1 d\btless imbibes ! temp]ature ( ^! b$s4 ,! air conta9$ 9 ! grotto1 on ! contr>y1 is n 9 repose2 x communicates ) ! ext]nal atmosph]e4 ,?\gh "u ! torrid zone1 ! *anges ( ! ext]nal temp]ature are exce$+ly trifl+1 curr5ts are =m$1 :i* modify p]iodically ! int]nal air4 ,x is consequ5tly ! temp]ature ( ! wat]s1 t ( #af4h degrees1 :i* we might look ^u z ! temp]ature ( ! e>? 9 ^? m\nta9s1 if we 7 sure t ! wat]s d n desc5d rapidly f m elevat$ neighb\r+ m\nta9s4 ,x foll[s f ^! obs]vations1 t :5 we _c obta9 results p]fectly exact1 we f9d at lea/ "u ea* zone c]ta9 numb]s :i* indicate ! maximum & m9imum4 ,at ,c>ipe1 9 ! equ9octial zone1 at an elevation ( #ejj toises1 ! mean temp]ature ( ! globe is n bel[ #af4h degrees1 :i* 0 ! degree indicat$ by ! wat] ( ! subt]ranean riv]4 ,we c ev5 prove t ?is temp]ature ( ! globe is n above #ai degrees1 s9ce ! air ( ! cav]n1 9 ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 0 f\nd to be at #ah4g degrees4 ,z ! mean temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e1 9 ! hotte/ mon?1 does n exce$ #ai4e degrees199 x is probable t a !rmomet] 9 ! grotto w\ld n rise high] ?an #ai degrees at any season ( ! ye>4 799 ,! mean temp]ature ( ! mon? ( ,septemb] at ,c>ipe is #ah4e degrees2 & on ! coa/ ( ,cumana1 :]e we _h opportunities ( mak+ num]\s obs]vations1 ! mean heat ( ! w>me/ mon?s diff]s only #a4h degrees f t ( ! colde/47 ,,*apt] #a4h4 ,,dep>ture ,,f ,,c>ipe4 ,,m\nta9 ,,& ,,=e/ ,,( ,,santa ,,m>ia4 ,,mission ,,( ,,catu>o4 ,,port ,,( ,,c>iaco4 ,! days we pass$ at ! ,capu*9 conv5t 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,c>ipe1 glid$ swiftly away1 ?\gh our mann] ( liv+ 0 simple & uni=m4 ,f sunrise to nightfall we trav]s$ ! =e/s & neighb\r+ m\nta9s1 to collect plants4 ,:5 ! w9t] ra9s prev5t$ u f und]tak+ di/ant excursions1 we visit$ ! huts ( ! ,indians1 ! conuco ( ! community1 or ^? assemblies 9 :i* ! alcaldes e ev5+ arrange ! lab\rs ( ! succe$+ day4 ,we return$ to ! mona/]y only :5 ! s\nd ( ! bell call$ u to ! refectory to %>e ! repa/s ( ! mission>ies4 ,sometimes1 v e>ly 9 ! morn+1 we foll[$ !m to ! *ur*1 to att5d ! doctr9a1 t is to say1 ! religi\s in/ruction ( ! ,indians4 ,x 0 r a difficult task to expla9 dogmas to ! neophytes1 especially ^? :o _h b a v imp]fect k ( ! ,spani% language4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! monks are z yet almo/ totally ignorant ( ! language ( ! ,*aymas2 & ! resemblance ( s\nds confuses ! poor ,indians & sugge/s to !m ! mo/ :imsical ideas4 ,( ?is ,i may cite an example4 ,i saw a mission>y lab\r+ e>ne/ly to prove t infi]no1 hell1 & invi]no1 w9t]1 7 n "o & ! same ?+2 b z diff]5t z heat & cold4 ,! ,*aymas are acqua9t$ ) no o!r w9t] ?an ! season ( ra9s2 & consequ5tly !y imag9$ ! ,hell ( ! :ites to be a place :]e ! wick$ are expos$ to frequ5t %[]s4 ,! mission>y h>angu$ to no purpose3 x 0 impossible to efface ! fir/ impression produc$ by ! analogy betwe5 ! two consonants4 ,he c\ld n sep>ate 9 ! m9ds ( ! neophytes ! ideas ( ra9 & hell2 invi]no & infi]no4 ,aft] pass+ almo/ ! :ole day 9 ! op5 air1 we employ$ our ev5+s1 at ! conv5t1 9 mak+ notes1 dry+ our plants1 & sket*+ ^? t appe>$ to =m new g5]a4 ,un=tunately ! mi/y atmosph]e ( a valley1 :]e ! surr\nd+ =e/s fill ! air ) an enorm\s quantity ( vap\r1 0 unfav\rable to a/ronomical obs]vations4 ,i sp5t a "p ( ! nights wait+ to take advantage ( ! mom5t :5 "s /> %\ld be visible betwe5 ! cl\ds1 ne> its passage ov] ! m]idian4 ,i (t5 %iv]$ ) cold1 ?\gh ! !rmomet] only sunk to #af degrees1 :i* is ! temp]ature ( ! day 9 our climates t[>ds ! end ( ,septemb]4 ,! in/rum5ts rema9$ set up 9 ! c\rt ( ! conv5t = sev]al h\rs1 yet ,i 0 almo/ always disappo9t$ 9 my expectations4 ,"s good obs]vations ( ,fomalhaut & ( ,d5eb h giv5 #aj degrees #aj m9utes #ad seconds z ! latitude ( ,c>ipe2 :i* proves t ! position indicat$ 9 ! maps ( ,caul9 is #ah m9utes wrong1 & 9 t ( ,arr[smi? #ad m9utes4 ,obs]vations ( correspond+ altitudes ( ! sun hav+ giv5 me ! true "t1 )9 ab\t #b seconds1 ,i 0 enabl$ to det]m9e ! magnetic v>iation ) precision1 at noon4 ,x 01 on ! #bj? ( ,septemb]1 #agii1 #c degrees #ae m9utes #cj seconds nor?-ea/2 consequ5tly #j degrees #eh m9utes #ae seconds less ?an at ,cumana4 ,if we att5d to ! influ5ce ( ! hor>y v>iations1 :i* 9 ^! c\ntries d n 9 g5]al exce$ #h m9utes1 we %all f9d1 t at consid]able di/ances ! v>iation *anges less rapidly ?an is usually suppos$4 ,! dip ( ! ne$le 0 #db4ge degrees1 c5tesimal division1 & ! numb] ( oscillations1 express+ ! int5sity ( ! magnetic =ces1 rose to #bbi 9 t5 m9utes4 ,! vexation ( see+ ! />s disappe> 9 a mi/y sky 0 ! only disappo9tm5t we felt 9 ! valley ( ,c>ipe4 ,! aspect ( ?is spot pres5ts a "* at once wild & tranquil1 gloomy & attractive4 ,9 ! solitude ( ^! m\nta9s we are p]haps less /ruck by ! new impressions we receive at e /ep1 ?an ) ! m>ks ( resemblance we trace 9 climates ! mo/ remote f ea* o!r4 ,! hills by :i* ! conv5t is back$1 are cr[n$ ) palm-trees & arboresc5t f]ns4 ,9 ! ev5+s1 :5 ! sky d5otes ra91 ! air res\nds ) ! monoton\s h[l+ ( ! al\ate apes1 :i* resembles ! di/ant s\nd ( w9d :5 x %akes ! =e/4 ,yet amid ^! /range s\nds1 ^! wild =ms ( plants1 & ^! prodigies ( a new _w1 nature ev]y:]e speaks to man 9 a voice famili> to him4 ,! turf t ov]spreads ! soil3 ! old moss & f]n t cov] ! roots ( ! trees2 ! torr5ts t gu% d[n ! slop+ banks ( ! calc>e\s rocks2 9 f9e1 ! h>moni\s accordance ( t9ts reflect$ by ! wat]s1 ! v]dure1 & ! sky2 ev]y?+ recalls to ! travell]1 s5sations :i* he has already felt4 ,! beauties ( ?is m\nta9 sc5]y s mu* engag$ u1 t we 7 v t>dy 9 obs]v+ ! emb>rassm5t felt by our k9d ent]ta9]s ! monks4 ,!y _h b a sl5d] provision ( w9e & :eat5 bread2 & al?\gh 9 ^? high regions bo? are consid]$ z belong+ m]ely to ! luxuries ( ! table1 yet we saw ) regret1 t our ho/s ab/a9$ f !m on our acc\nt4 ,our portion ( bread _h already be5 dim9i%$ ?ree-f\r?s1 yet viol5t ra9s /ill oblig$ u to delay our dep>ture = two days4 ,h[ long did ?is delay appe>6 ,x made u dread ! s\nd ( ! bell t summon$ u to ! refectory4 ,we dep>t$ at l5g? on ! #bbnd ( ,septemb]1 foll[$ by f\r mules1 lad5 ) our in/rum5ts & plants4 ,we _h to desc5d ! nor?-ea/ slope ( ! calc>e\s ,alps ( ,new ,&alusia1 :i* we h call$ ! great *a9 ( ! ,brigant9e & ! ,cocoll>4 ,! mean elevation ( ?is *a9 sc>cely exce$s six or sev5 hundr$ toises3 9 respect to height & geological con/itution1 we may comp>e x to ! *a9 ( ! ,jura4 ,not)/&+ ! inconsid]able elevation ( ! m\nta9s ( ,cumana1 ! desc5t is extremely difficult & dang]\s 9 ! direction ( ,c>iaco4 ,! ,c]ro ( ,santa ,m>ia1 :i* ! mission>ies asc5d 9 _! j\rney f ,cumana to _! conv5t at ,c>ipe1 is fam\s = ! difficulties x pres5ts to travell]s4 ,on comp>+ ^! m\nta9s ) ! ,&es ( ,p]u1 ! ,pyr5ees1 & ! ,alps1 :i* we successively visit$1 x has m ?an once occurr$ to u1 t ! less l(ty summits are sometimes ! mo/ inaccessible4 ,on leav+ ! valley ( ,c>ipe1 we fir/ cross$ a ridge ( hills nor?-ea/ ( ! conv5t4 ,! road l$ u along a cont9ual asc5t ?r\gh a va/ savannah1 z f> z ! table-l& ( ,gu>dia de ,san ,augu/94 ,we !re halt$ to wait = ! ,indian :o c>ri$ ! b>omet]4 ,we f\nd ourselves to be at #ecc toises ( absolute elevation1 or a little high] ?an ! bottom ( ! cav]n ( ,gua*>o4 ,! savannahs or natural mead[s1 :i* yield excell5t pa/ure = ! c[s ( ! conv5t1 are totally devoid ( trees or %rubs4 ,x is ! doma9 ( ! monocotyl$on\s plants2 = amid/ ! gram9a only a few ,maguey99 plants rise "h & !re 799 ,agave ,am]icana472 _! fl[]y /alks be+ m ?an tw5ty-six feet high4 ,hav+ rea*$ ! table-l& ( ,gu>dia1 we appe>$ to be transport$ to ! b$ ( an old lake1 levell$ by ! long-cont9u$ abode ( ! wat]s4 ,we seem$ to trace ! s9uosities ( ! anci5t %ore 9 ! tongues ( l& :i* jut out f ! craggy rock1 & ev5 9 ! di/ribution ( ! vegetation4 ,! bottom ( ! bas9 is a savannah1 :ile its banks are cov]$ ) trees ( full gr[?4 ,?is is probably ! mo/ elevat$ valley 9 ! prov9ces ( ,v5ezuela & ,cumana4 ,"o _c b regret1 t a spot fav\r$ by s temp]ate a climate1 & :i* )\t d\bt w\ld be fit = ! culture ( corn1 is totally un9habit$4 ,f ! table-l& ( ,gu>dia we cont9u$ to desc5d1 till we rea*$ ! ,indian village ( ,santa ,cruz4 ,we pass$ at fir/ along a slope extremely slipp]y & /eep1 to :i* ! mission>ies _h giv5 ! "n ( ,baxada del ,purgatorio1 or ,desc5t ( ,purgatory4 ,x is a rock ( s*i/ose s&/one1 decompos$1 cov]$ ) clay1 ! talus ( :i* appe>s frightfully /eep1 f ! effect ( a v common optical illusion4 ,:5 we look d[n f ! top to ! bottom ( ! hill ! road seems incl9$ m ?an #fj degrees4 ,! mules 9 go+ d[n draw _! h9d legs ne> to _! =e legs1 & l[]+ _! crupp]s1 let !mselves slide at a v5ture4 ,! rid] runs no risk1 provid$ he slack5 ! bridle1 !reby leav+ ! animal q free 9 8 movem5ts4 ,f ?is po9t we p]ceiv$ t[>ds ! left ! great pyramid ( ,gua*>o4 ,! appe>ance ( ?is calc>e\s peak is v picturesque1 b we soon lo/ sight ( x1 on ent]+ ! ?ick =e/1 kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,montana de ,santa ,m>ia4 ,we desc5d$ )\t int]mission = sev5 h\rs4 ,x is difficult to conceive a m trem5d\s desc5t2 x is absolutely a road ( /eps1 a k9d ( rav9e1 9 :i*1 dur+ ! ra9y season1 impetu\s torr5ts da% f rock to rock4 ,! /eps are f two to ?ree feet high1 & ! bea/s ( burd51 aft] measur+ ) _! eyes ! space necess>y to let _! load pass betwe5 ! trunks ( ! trees1 leap f "o rock to ano!r4 ,afraid ( miss+ _! m>k1 we saw !m /op a few m9utes to scan ! gr\nd1 & br+ toge!r _! f\r feet l wild goats4 ,if ! animal does n rea* ! ne>e/ block ( /one1 he s9ks half 8 dep? into ! s(t o*re\s clay1 t fills up ! int]/ices ( ! rock4 ,:5 ! blocks are want+1 enorm\s roots s]ve z supports = ! feet ( m5 & bea/s4 ,"s ( ^! roots are tw5ty in*es ?ick1 & !y (t5 bran* out f ! trunks ( ! trees mu* above ! level ( ! soil4 ,! ,creoles h suffici5t confid5ce 9 ! address & in/9ct ( ! mules1 to rema9 9 _! saddles dur+ ?is long & dang]\s desc5t4 ,fe>+ fatigue less ?an !y did1 & be+ accu/om$ to travel sl[ly = ! purpose ( ga!r+ plants & exam9+ ! nature ( ! rocks1 we pref]r$ go+ d[n on foot2 &1 inde$1 ! c>e :i* our *ronomet]s dem&$1 left u no lib]ty ( *oice4 ,! =e/ t cov]s ! /eep flank ( ! m\nta9 ( ,santa ,m>ia1 is "o ( ! ?icke/ ,i ev] saw4 ,! trees are ( /up5d\s height & size4 ,"u _! bu%y1 deep gre5 foliage1 !re reigns cont9ually a k9d ( dim daylight1 a peculi> sort ( obscurity1 ( :i* our =e/s ( p9es1 oaks1 & bee*-trees1 convey no idea4 ,not)/&+ its elevat$ temp]ature1 x is difficult to believe t ! air c dissolve ! quantity ( wat] exhal$ f ! surface ( ! soil1 ! foliage ( ! trees1 & _! trunks3 ! latt] are cov]$ ) a drap]y ( or*ideae1 pep]omia1 & o!r succul5t plants4 ,) ! aromatic od\r ( ! fl[]s1 ! fruit1 & ev5 ! wood1 is m+l$ t :i* we p]ceive 9 autumn 9 mi/y wea!r4 ,"h1 z 9 ! =e/s ( ! ,or9oco1 fix+ our eyes on ! top ( ! trees1 we disc]n$ /reams ( vap\r1 :5ev] a sol> ray p5etrat$1 & trav]s$ ! d5se atmosph]e4 ,our guides po9t$ out to u among ^? maje/ic trees1 ! height ( :i* exce$$ #abj or #acj feet1 ! curucay ( ,t]ec54 ,x yields a :iti% liquid1 & v odorif]\s res91 :i* 0 =m]ly employ$ by ! ,cumanagoto & ,tagiri ,indians1 to p]fume _! idols4 ,! "y bran*es h an agreeable ta/e1 ?\gh some:at a/r+5t4 ,next to ! curucay & enorm\s trunks ( hym5aea1 7! diamet] ( :i* 0 m ?an n9e or t5 feet71 ! trees :i* mo/ excit$ our att5tion 7 ! dragon's blood 7,croton sanguifluum71 ! purple-br[n juice ( :i* fl[s d[n a :iti% b>k2 ! calahuala f]n1 diff]5t f t ( ,p]u1 b almo/ equally m$ic9al299 799 ,! calahuala ( ,c>ipe is ! ,polypodium crassifolium2 t ( ,p]u1 ! use ( :i* has be5 s mu* ext5d$ by ,messrs4 ,ruiz & ,pavon1 comes f ! ,aspidium coriaceum1 ,willd4 7,tect>ia calahuala1 ,cav47 ,9 comm]ce ! diaphoretic roots ( ! ,polypodium crassifolium1 & ( ! ,acro/i*um huasc>o1 are mix$ ) ^? ( ! calahuala or ,aspidium coriaceum47 & ! palm-trees1 irasse1 macanilla1 corozo1 & praga499 799 ,aiphanes praga47 ,! la/ yields a v sav\ry palm-cabbage1 :i* we _h sometimes eat5 at ! conv5t ( ,c>ipe4 ,^! palms ) p9nat$ & ?orny leaves =m$ a pleas+ contra/ to ! f]n-trees4 ,"o ( ! latt]1 ! ,cya!a speciosa199 gr[s to ! height ( m ?an ?irty-five feet1 a prodigi\s size = plants ( ?is family4 799 ,possibly a hemitelia ( ,rob]t ,br[n4 ,! trunk alone is f #bb to #bd feet long4 ,?is & ! ,cya!a excelsa ( ! ,mauritius1 are ! mo/ maje/ic ( all ! f]n-trees describ$ by botani/s4 ,! total numb] ( ^! gigantic cryptogam\s plants am\nts at pres5t to #be species1 t ( ! palm-trees to #hj4 ,) ! cya!a gr[1 on ! m\nta9 ( ,santa ,m>ia1 ,rhexia junip]9a1 ,*iococca racemosa1 & ,commel9a spicata47 ,we discov]$ "h1 & 9 ! valley ( ,c>ipe1 five new k9ds ( arboresc5t f]ns499 799 ,m5iscium arboresc5s1 ,aspidium caducum1 ,a4 ro/ratum1 ,cya!a villosa1 & ,c4 speciosa47 ,9 ! "t ( ,l9naeus1 botani/s knew no m ?an f\r on bo? cont95ts4 ,we obs]v$ t ! f]n-trees are 9 g5]al mu* m r>e ?an ! palm-trees4 ,nature has conf9$ !m to temp]ate1 moi/1 & %ady places4 ,!y %un ! direct rays ( ! sun1 & :ile ! pumos1 ! corypha ( ! /eppes & o!r palms ( ,am]ica1 fl\ri% on ! b>r5 & burn+ pla9s1 ^! f]ns ) arboresc5t trunks1 :i* at a di/ance look l palm-trees1 pres]ve ! "* & habits ( cryptogam\s plants4 ,!y love solit>y places1 little light1 moi/1 temp]ate & /agnant air4 ,if !y sometimes desc5d t[>ds ! sea-coa/1 x is only "u cov] ( a ?ick %ade4 ,! old trunks ( ! cya!a & ! m5iscium are cov]$ ) a c>bonace\s p[d]1 :i*1 probably be+ depriv$ ( hydrog51 has a metallic lu/re l plumbago4 ,no o!r plant pres5ts ?is ph5om5on2 = ! trunks ( ! dicotyl$ons1 9 spite ( ! heat ( ! climate1 & ! int5sity ( ! light1 are less burnt )9 ! tropics ?an 9 ! temp]ate zone4 ,x may be said t ! trunks ( ! f]ns1 :i*1 l ! monocotyl$ons1 are enl>g$ by ! rema9s ( ! petioles1 decay f ! circumf]5ce to ! c5tre2 & t1 depriv$ ( ! cortical organs ?r\gh :i* ! elaborat$ juices desc5d to ! roots1 !y are burnt m easily by ! action ( ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e4 ,i br\ght to ,europe "s p[d]s ) metallic lu/re1 tak5 f v old trunks ( ,m5iscium & ,aspidium4 ,9 proportion z we desc5d$ ! m\nta9 ( ,santa ,m>ia1 we saw ! arboresc5t f]ns dim9i%1 & ! numb] ( palm-trees increase4 ,! beautiful l>ge-w+$ butt]flies 7nymphales71 :i* fly at a prodigi\s height1 became m common4 ,ev]y?+ d5ot$ our approa* to ! coa/1 & to a zone 9 :i* ! mean temp]ature ( ! day is f #bh to #cj degrees4 ,! wea!r 0 cl\dy1 & l$ u to fe> "o ( ^? heavy ra9s1 dur+ :i* f #a to #a4c in*es ( wat] sometimes falls 9 a day4 ,! sun at times illum9$ ! tops ( ! trees2 &1 ?\gh %elt]$ f its rays1 we felt an oppressive heat4 ,?und] roll$ at a di/ance2 ! cl\ds seem$ susp5d$ on ! top ( ! l(ty m\nta9s ( ! ,gua*>o2 & ! pla9tive h[l+ ( ! araguatoes1 :i* we _h s (t5 he>d at ,c>ipe1 d5ot$ ! proximity ( ! /orm4 ,we n[ = ! fir/ "t _h a ne> view ( ^! h[l+ apes4 ,!y are ( ! family ( ! al\ates199 799 ,/5tor1 ,ge(froy47 ! diff]5t species ( :i* h long be5 conf\nd$ "o ) ano!r4 ,! small sapaj\s ( ,am]ica1 :i* imitate 9 :i/l+ ! tones ( ! pass]es1 h ! bone ( ! tongue ?9 & simple1 b ! apes ( l>ge size1 z ! al\ates & m>imondes199 799 ,ateles1 ,ge(froy47 h ! tongue plac$ on a l>ge bony drum4 ,_! sup]ior l>ynx has six p\*es1 9 :i* ! voice loses itself2 & two ( :i*1 %ap$ l pigeons' ne/s1 resemble ! inf]ior l>ynx ( birds4 ,! air driv5 ) =ce into ! bony drum produces t m\rnful s\nd :i* *>act]ises ! araguatoes4 ,i sket*$ on ! spot ^! organs1 :i* are imp]fectly kn[n to anatomi/s1 & publi%$ ! description ( !m on my return to ,europe4 ,! araguato1 :i* ! ,tamanac ,indians call aravata199 799 ,9 ! writ+s ( ! e>ly ,spani% mission>ies1 ?is monkey is describ$ by ! names ( aranata & araguato4 ,9 bo? names we easily discov] ! same root4 ,! v has be5 trans=m$ into g & n4 ,! "n ( arabata1 :i* ,gumilla gives to ! h[l+ apes ( ! ,l[] ,or9oco1 & :i* ,ge(froy ?9ks belongs to ! ,s4 /ram9ea ( ,great ,p>ia1 is ! same ,tamanac ^w aravata4 ,?is id5tity ( names ne$ n surprise u4 ,! language ( ! ,*ayma ,indians ( ,cumana is "o ( ! num]\s bran*es ( ! ,tamanac language1 & ! latt] is connect$ ) ! ,c>ibbee language ( ! ,l[] ,or9oco47 & ! ,maypures m>ave1 resembles a "y be>499 799 ,al\ate ourse 7,simia urs9a747 ,x is ?ree feet long1 reckon+ f ! top ( ! head 7:i* is small & v pyramidal7 to ! beg9n+ ( ! preh5sile tail4 ,its fur is bu%y1 & ( a r$di% br[n2 ! brea/ & belly are cov]$ ) f9e hair1 & n b>e z 9 ! mono colorado1 or al\ate r\x ( ,buffon1 :i* we c>efully exam9$ 9 go+ f ,c>?ag5a to ,santa ,fe de ,bogota4 ,! face ( ! araguato is ( a blacki% blue1 & is cov]$ ) a f9e & wr9kl$ sk93 its be>d is pretty long2 &1 not)/&+ ! direction ( ! facial l9e1 ! angle ( :i* is only ?irty degrees1 ! araguato has1 9 ! expression ( ! c\nt5ance1 z mu* resemblance to man z ! m>imonde 7,s4 belzebu?1 ,bresson7 & ! capu*9 ( ! ,or9oco 7,s4 *iropotes74 ,among ?\s&s ( araguatoes :i* we obs]v$ 9 ! prov9ces ( ,cumana1 ,c>acas1 & ,guiana1 we nev] saw any *ange 9 ! r$di% br[n fur ( ! back & %\ld]s1 :e!r we exam9$ individuals or :ole troops4 ,x appe>$ to me 9 g5]al1 t v>iety ( col\r is less frequ5t among monkeys ?an naturali/s suppose4 ,! araguato ( ,c>ipe is a new species ( ! g5us ,/5tor1 :i* ,i h above describ$4 ,x diff]s equally f ! ou>9e 7,s4 gu>iba7 & ! al\ate r\x 7,s4 s5iculus1 old man ( ! woods74 ,its eye1 voice1 & gait1 d5ote melan*oly4 ,i h se5 "y araguatoes br\ght up 9 ,indian huts4 ,!y nev] play l ! little sago9s1 & _! gravity 0 describ$ ) mu* simplicity by ,lopez de ,gom>a1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! ,aranata de los ,cumaneses1 says ?is au?or1 has ! face ( a man1 ! be>d ( a goat1 & a grave demean\r 7honrado ge/o47 ,monkeys are m melan*oly 9 proportion z !y h m resemblance to man4 ,_! sprightl9ess dim9i%es1 z _! intellectual faculties appe> to increase4 ,we /opp$ to obs]ve "s h[l+ monkeys1 :i*1 to ! numb] ( ?irty or =ty1 cross$ ! road1 pass+ 9 a file f "o tree to ano!r ov] ! horizontal & int]sect+ bran*es4 ,:ile we 7 obs]v+ _! movem5ts1 we saw a troop ( ,indians go+ t[>ds ! m\nta9s ( ,c>ipe4 ,!y 7 )\t clo?+1 z ! natives ( ?is c\ntry g5]ally are4 ,! wom51 lad5 ) r heavy burd5s1 clos$ ! m>*4 ,! m5 7 all arm$2 & ev5 ! y\nge/ boys _h b[s & arr[s4 ,!y mov$ on 9 sil5ce1 ) _! eyes fix$ on ! gr\nd4 ,we endeav\r$ to le>n f !m :e!r we 7 yet f> f ! ,mission ( ,santa ,cruz1 :]e we int5d$ pass+ ! night4 ,we 7 ov]come ) fatigue1 & suff]$ f ?ir/4 ,! heat increas$ z ! /orm drew ne>1 & we _h n met ) a s+le spr+ on ! way4 ,! words si1 patre2 no1 patre2 :i* ! ,indians cont9ually repeat$1 l$ u to ?9k !y und]/ood a little ,spani%4 ,9 ! eyes ( a native e :ite man is a monk1 a padre2 = 9 ! ,missions ! col\r ( ! sk9 *>act]izes ! monk1 m ?an ! col\r ( ! g>m5t4 ,9 va9 we que/ion$ !m respect+ ! l5g? ( ! way3 !y answ]$1 z if by *ance1 si & no1 )\t our be+ able to atta* any precise s5se to _! replies4 ,?is made u ! m impati5t1 z _! smiles & ge/ures indicat$ _! wi% to direct u2 & ! =e/ seem$ at e /ep to become ?ick] & ?ick]4 ,at l5g? we sep>at$ f ! ,indians2 our guides 7 able to foll[ u only at a di/ance1 because ! bea/s ( burd5 fell at e /ep 9 ! rav9es4 ,aft] j\rney+ = sev]al h\rs1 cont9ually desc5d+ on blocks ( scatt]$ rock1 we f\nd ourselves unexpect$ly at ! outlet ( ! =e/ ( ,santa ,m>ia4 ,a savannah1 ! v]dure ( :i* _h be5 r5ew$ by ! w9t] ra9s1 /ret*$ be=e u f>!r ?an ! eye c\ld rea*4 ,on ! left we discov]$ a n>r[ valley1 ext5d+ z f> z ! m\nta9s ( ! ,gua*>o1 & cov]$ ) a ?ick =e/4 ,look+ d[nw>d1 ! eye re/$ on ! tops ( ! trees1 :i*1 at eight hundr$ feet bel[ ! road1 =m$ a c>pet ( v]dure ( a d>k & uni=m t9t4 ,! op5+s 9 ! =e/ appe>$ l va/ funnels1 9 :i* we c\ld di/+ui% by _! elegant =ms & p9nat$ leaves1 ! ,praga & ,irasse palms4 ,b :at r5d]s ?is spot em95tly picturesque1 is ! aspect ( ! ,si]ra del ,gua*>o4 ,its nor!rn slope1 9 ! direction ( ! gulf ( ,c>iaco1 is abrupt4 ,x pres5ts a wall ( rock1 an almo/ v]tical pr(ile1 exce$+ #cjjj feet 9 height4 ,! vegetation :i* cov]s ?is wall is s scanty1 t ! eye c foll[ ! l9es ( ! calc>e\s /rata4 ,! summit ( ! ,si]ra is flat1 & x is only at its ea/]n extremity1 t ! maje/ic peak ( ! ,gua*>o rises l an incl9$ pyramid1 its =m resembles t ( ! ne$les & horns99 ( ! ,alps4 799 ,! ,%reckhorn]1 ! ,f9/]a>horn1 etc47 ,! savannah we cross$ to ! ,indian village ( ,santa ,cruz is compos$ ( sev]al smoo? plateaux1 ly+ above ea* o!r l t]races4 ,?is geological ph5om5on1 :i* is repeat$ 9 e climate1 seems to indicate a long abode ( ! wat]s 9 bas9s t h p\r$ !m f "o to ! o!r4 ,! calc>e\s rock is no long] visible1 b is cov]$ ) a ?ick lay] ( m\ld4 ,! la/ "t we saw x 9 ! =e/ ( ,santa ,m>ia x 0 slightly por\s1 & look$ m l ! lime/one ( ,cumanacoa ?an t ( ,c>ipe4 ,we !re f\nd br[n iron-ore dissem9at$ 9 pat*es1 & if we 7 n deceiv$ 9 our obs]vation1 a ,cornu-ammonis1 :i* we c\ld n succe$ 9 our attempt to deta*4 ,x 0 sev5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,?is fact is ! m important1 z 9 ?is "p ( ,am]ica we h nev] se5 ammonites4 ,! ,mission ( ,santa ,cruz is situat$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! pla94 ,we rea*$ x t[>ds ! ev5+1 suff]+ mu* f ?ir/1 hav+ travell$ ne>ly eight h\rs )\t f9d+ wat]4 ,! !rmomet] kept at #bf degrees2 accord+ly we 7 n m ?an #aij toises above ! level ( ! sea4 ,we pass$ ! night 9 "o ( ^? ajupas call$ ,k+'s h\ses1 :i*1 z ,i h already said1 s]ve z tambos or c>avans]ais to travell]s4 ,! ra9s prev5t$ any obs]vations ( ! />s2 & ! next day1 ! #bcrd ( ,septemb]1 we cont9u$ our desc5t t[>ds ! gulf ( ,c>iaco4 ,beyond ,santa ,cruz a ?ick =e/ aga9 appe>s2 & 9 x we f\nd1 "u tufts ( mela/omas1 a beautiful f]n1 ) osmundia leaves1 :i* =ms a new g5us ( ! ord] ( polypodiace\s plants499 799 ,polybotya47 ,hav+ rea*$ ! mission ( ,catu>o1 we 7 desir\s ( cont9u+ our j\rney ea/w>d by ,santa ,rosalia1 ,casanay1 ,san ,josef1 ,c>upano1 ,rio ,c>ives1 & ! ,montana ( ,p>ia2 b we le>nt ) great regret1 t torr5ts ( ra9 _h r5d]$ ! roads impassable1 & t we %\ld run ! risk ( los+ ! plants we _h already ga!r$4 ,a ri* plant] ( cacao-trees 0 to accompany u f ,santa ,rosalia to ! port ( ,c>upano2 b :5 ! "t ( dep>ture approa*$1 we 7 in=m$ t 8 affairs _h call$ him to ,cumana4 ,we resolv$ 9 consequ5ce to emb>k at ,c>iaco1 & to return directly by ! gulf1 in/ead ( pass+ betwe5 ! isl& ( ,m>g>eta & ! i/hmus ( ,araya4 ,! ,mission ( ,catu>o is situat$ on a v wild spot4 ,trees ( full gr[? /ill surr\nd ! *ur*1 & ! tig]s come by night to dev\r ! p\ltry & sw9e belong+ to ! ,indians4 ,we lodg$ at ! dwell+ ( ! prie/1 a monk ( ! congregation ( ! ,obs]vance1 to :om ! ,capu*9s _h confid$ ! ,mission1 because prie/s ( _! own community 7 want+4 ,at ?is ,mission we met ,don ,alex&ro ,mexia1 ! corregidor ( ! di/rict1 an amiable & well-educat$ man4 ,he gave u ?ree ,indians1 :o1 arm$ ) _! ma*etes1 7 to prec$e u1 & cut our way ?r\gh ! =e/4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 s little frequ5t$1 ! p[] ( vegetation is su* at ! p]iod ( ! great ra9s1 t a man on horseback c ) difficulty make 8 way ?r\gh n>r[ pa?s1 cov]$ ) lianas & int]tw9+ bran*es4 ,to our great annoyance1 ! mission>y ( ,catu>o insi/$ on conduct+ u to ,c>iaco2 & we c\ld n decl9e ! proposal4 ,! movem5t = indep5d5ce1 :i* _h ne>ly brok5 out at ,c>acas 9 #agih1 _h be5 prec$$ & foll[$ by great agitation among ! slaves at ,coro1 ,m>acaybo1 & ,c>iaco4 ,at ! la/ ( ^! places an un=tunate negro _h be5 condemn$ to die1 & our ho/1 ! vic> ( ,catu>o1 0 go+ ?i!r to (f] him spiritual com=t4 ,dur+ our j\rney we c\ld n escape conv]sations1 9 :i* ! mission>y p]t9aci\sly insi/$ on ! necessity ( ! slave-trade1 on ! innate wick$ness ( ! blacks1 & ! b5efit !y d]iv$ f _! /ate ( slav]y among ! ,*ri/ians6 ,! mildness ( ,spani% legislation1 comp>$ ) ! ,black ,code ( mo/ o!r nations t h possessions 9 ei!r ( ! ,indies1 _c be d5i$4 ,b su* is ! /ate ( ! negroes1 t ju/ice1 f> f efficaci\sly protect+ !m dur+ _! lives1 _c ev5 puni% acts ( b>b>ity :i* cause _! dea?4 ,! road we took across ! =e/ ( ,catu>o resembl$ ! desc5t ( ! m\nta9 ,santa ,m>ia2 "h also1 ! mo/ difficult & dang]\s places h fanciful names4 ,we walk$ z 9 a n>r[ furr[1 scoop$ out by torr5ts1 & fill$ ) f9e t5aci\s clay4 ,! mules l[]$ _! crupp]s & slid d[n ! /eepe/ slopes4 ,?is desc5t is call$ ,saca ,manteca499 799 ,or ! ,butt]-,slope4 ,manteca 9 ,spani% signifies butt]47 ,!re is no dang] 9 ! desc5t1 ow+ to ! great address ( ! mules ( ?is c\ntry4 ,! clay1 :i* r5d]s ! soil s slipp]y1 is produc$ by ! num]\s lay]s ( s&/one & s*i/ose clay cross+ ! blui% grey alp9e lime/one4 ,?is la/ disappe>s z we draw ne>] to ,c>iaco4 ,:5 we rea*$ ! m\nta9 ( ,meapira1 we f\nd x =m$ 9 great "p ( a :ite lime/one1 fill$ ) fossil rema9s1 & f ! gra9s ( qu>tz agglut9at$ 9 ! mass1 x appe>$ to belong to ! great =mation ( ! sea-coa/ breccias4 ,we desc5d$ ?is m\nta9 on ! /rata ( ! rock1 ! section ( :i* =ms /eps ( unequal height4 ,f>!r on1 go+ out ( ! =e/1 we rea*$ ! hill ( ,bu5avi/a199 799 ,m\nta9 ( ! ,f9e ,prospect47 well des]v+ ! "n x be>s2 s9ce x comm&s a view ( ! t[n ( ,c>iaco1 situat$ 9 ! mid/ ( a va/ pla9 fill$ ) plantations1 huts1 & scatt]$ gr\ps ( cocoa-palms4 ,to ! we/ ( ,c>iaco ext5ds ! wide gulf2 :i* a wall ( rock sep>ates f ! ocean3 & t[>ds ! ea/ are se51 l blui% cl\ds1 ! high m\nta9s ( ,p>ia & ,areo4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ ext5sive & magnific5t prospects t c be enjoy$ on ! coa/ ( ,new ,&alusia4 ,9 ! t[n ( ,c>iaco we f\nd a great "p ( ! inhabitants suff]+ f int]mitt5t fev]2 a disease :i* 9 autumn assumes a =midable "*4 ,:5 we consid] ! extreme f]tility ( ! surr\nd+ pla9s1 _! moi/ure1 & ! mass ( vegetation ) :i* !y are cov]$1 we may easily conceive :y1 amid/ s mu* decomposition ( organic matt]1 ! inhabitants d n enjoy t salubrity ( air :i* *>act]izes ! climate ( ,cumana4 ,! *a9 ( calc>e\s m\nta9s ( ! ,brigant9e & ! ,cocoll> s5ds (f a consid]able bran* to ! nor?1 :i* jo9s ! primitive m\nta9s ( ! coa/4 ,?is bran* be>s ! "n ( ,si]ra de ,meapire2 b t[>ds ! t[n ( ,c>iaco x is call$ ,c]ro ,gr&e de ,curiaco4 ,its mean height did n appe> to be m ?an #aej or #bjj toises4 ,x 0 compos$1 :]e ,i c\ld exam9e x1 ( ! calc>e\s breccias ( ! sea-coa/4 ,m>ly & calc>e\s b$s alt]nate ) o!r b$s conta9+ gra9s ( qu>tz4 ,x is a v /rik+ ph5om5on = ^? :o /udy ! physical aspect ( a c\ntry1 to see a transv]se ridge connect at "r angles two p>allel ridges1 ( :i* "o1 ! m s\!rn1 is compos$ ( second>y rocks1 & ! o!r1 ! m nor!rn1 ( primitive rocks4 ,! latt] pres5ts1 ne>ly z f> z ! m]idian ( ,c>upano1 only mica-slate2 b to ! ea/ ( ?is po9t1 :]e x communicates by a transv]se ridge 7! ,si]ra de ,meapire7 ) ! lime/one range1 x conta9s lamell> gypsum1 compact lime/one1 & o!r rocks ( second>y =mation4 ,x might be suppos$ t ! s\!rn ridge has transf]r$ ^! rocks to ! nor!rn *a94 ,:5 /&+ on ! summit ( ! ,c]ro del ,meapire1 we see ! m\nta9 curr5ts fl[ on "o side to ! gulf ( ,p>ia1 & on ! o!r to ! gulf ( ,c>iaco4 ,ea/ & we/ ( ! ridge !re are l[ & m>%y gr\nds1 spread+ out )\t int]ruption2 & if x be admitt$ t bo? gulfs owe _! orig9 to ! s9k+ ( ! e>?1 & to r5ts caus$ by e>?quakes1 we mu/ suppose t ! ,c]ro de ,meapire has resi/$ ! convulsive movem5ts ( ! globe1 & h9d]$ ! wat]s ( ! gulf ( ,p>ia f unit+ ) ^? ( ! gulf ( ,c>iaco4 ,b = ?is rocky dyke1 ! i/hmus itself 9 all probability w\ld h _h no exi/5ce2 & f ! ca/le ( ,araya z f> z ,cape ,p>ia1 ! :ole mass ( ! m\nta9s ( ! coa/ w\ld h =m$ a n>r[ isl&1 p>allel to ! isl& ( ,santa ,m>g>eta1 & f\r times z long4 ,n only d ! inspection ( ! gr\nd1 & consid]ations d$uc$ f its relievo1 confirm ^! op9ions2 b a m]e glance ( ! configuration ( ! coa/s1 & a geological map ( ! c\ntry1 w\ld sugge/ ! same ideas4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! isl& ( ,m>g>eta has be5 h]et(ore atta*$ to ! coa/-*a9 ( ,araya by ! p59sula ( ,*acopata & ! ,c>ibbee isl&s1 ,lobo & ,co*e1 9 ! same mann] z ?is *a9 is /ill connect$ ) t ( ! ,cocoll> & ,c>ipe by ! ridge ( ,meapire4 ,at pres5t we p]ceive t ! humid pla9s :i* /ret* ea/ & we/ ( ! ridge1 & :i* are improp]ly call$ ! valleys ,san ,bonifacio & ,c>iaco1 are enl>g+ by ga9+ on ! sea4 ,! wat]s are rec$+1 & ^! *anges ( ! %ore are v rem>kable1 m p>ticul>ly on ! coa/ ( ,cumana4 ,if ! level ( ! soil seem to indicate t ! two gulfs ( ,c>iaco & ,p>ia =m]ly occupi$ a mu* m consid]able space1 we _c d\bt t at pres5t ! l& is progressively ext5d+4 ,ne> ,cumana1 a batt]y1 call$ ,la ,boca1 0 built 9 #agia on ! v m>g9 ( ! sea2 9 #agii we saw x v f> inl&4 ,at ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,nev]i1 ne> ! ,morro ( ,nueva ,b>celona1 ! retreat ( ! wat]s is /ill m rapid4 ,?is local ph5om5on is probably assignable to accumulations ( s&1 ! progress ( :i* has n yet be5 suffici5tly exam9$4 ,desc5d+ ! ,si]ra de ,meapire1 :i* =ms ! i/hmus betwe5 ! pla9s ( ,san ,bonifacio & ,c>iaco1 we f9d t[>ds ! ea/ ! great lake ( ,putacuao1 :i* communicates ) ! riv] ,areo1 & is f\r or five leagues 9 diamet]4 ,! m\nta9\s l&s t surr\nd ?is bas9 are kn[n only to ! natives4 ,!re are f\nd ^? great boa s]p5ts kn[n to ! ,*ayma ,indians by ! "n ( gua9as1 & to :i* !y fabul\sly attribute a /+ "u ! tail4 ,desc5d+ ! ,si]ra de ,meapire to ! we/1 we f9d at fir/ a holl[ gr\nd 7ti]ra hueca7 :i*1 dur+ ! great e>?quakes ( #agff1 ?rew out asphaltum envelop$ 9 visc\s petroleum4 ,f>!r on1 a numb]less quantity ( sulphure\s !rmal spr+s99 are se5 issu+ f ! soil 799 ,el ,llano de ,aguas cali5tes1 ea/-nor?-ea/ ( ,c>iaco1 at ! di/ance ( two leagues472 & at l5g? we rea* ! bord]s ( ! lake ( ,campoma1 ! exhalations f :i* contribute to ! insalubrity ( ! climate ( ,c>iaco4 ,! natives believe t ! holl[ is =m$ by ! engulf+ ( ! hot spr+s2 &1 judg+ f ! s\nd he>d "u ! ho(s ( ! horses1 we mu/ conclude t ! subt]ranean cavities are cont9u$ f we/ to ea/ ne>ly z f> z ,casanay1 a l5g? ( ?ree or f\r ?\s& toises4 ,a little riv]1 ! ,rio ,azul1 runs ?r\gh ^! pla9s :i* are r5t into crevices by e>?quakes4 ,^! e>?quakes h a p>ticul> c5tre ( action1 & seldom ext5d z f> z ,cumana4 ,! wat]s ( ! ,rio ,azul are cold & limpid2 !y rise on ! we/]n declivity ( ! m\nta9 ( ,meapire1 & x is believ$ t !y are augm5t$ by infiltrations f ! lake ,putacuao1 situat$ on ! o!r side ( ! *a94 ,! little riv]1 toge!r ) ! sulphure\s hot spr+s1 fall into ! ,laguna de ,campoma4 ,?is is a "n giv5 to a great lagoon1 :i* is divid$ 9 dry wea!r into ?ree bas9s situat$ nor?-we/ ( ! t[n ( ,c>iaco1 ne> ! extremity ( ! gulf4 ,fetid exhalations arise cont9ually f ! /agnant wat] ( ?is lagoon4 ,! smell ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 is m+l$ ) t ( putrid fi%es & rott+ plants4 ,miasms are =m$ 9 ! valley ( ,c>iaco1 z 9 ! ,campagna ( ,rome2 b ! hot climate ( ! tropics increases _! delet]i\s en]gy4 ,^! miasms are probably t]n>y or quat]n>y comb9ations ( azote1 phosphorus1 hydrog51 c>bon1 & sulphur4 ,! situation ( ! lagoon ( ,campoma r5d]s ! nor?-we/ w9d1 :i* bl[s frequ5tly aft] sunset1 v p]nici\s to ! inhabitants ( ! little t[n ( ,c>iaco4 ,its influ5ce c be ! less d\bt$1 z int]mitt+ fev]s are obs]v$ to deg5]ate into typhoid fev]s1 9 proportion z we approa* ! lagoon1 :i* is ! pr9cipal focus ( putrid miasms4 ,:ole families ( free negroes1 :o h small plantations on ! nor!rn coa/ ( ! gulf ( ,c>iaco1 langui% 9 _! hammocks f ! beg9n+ ( ! ra9y season4 ,^! int]mitt5t fev]s assume a dang]\s "*1 :5 p]sons1 debilitat$ by long lab\r & copi\s p]spiration1 expose !mselves to ! f9e ra9s1 :i* frequ5tly fall z ev5+ advances4 ,nev]!less1 ! m5 ( col\r1 & p>ticul>ly ! ,creole negroes1 resi/ mu* bett] ?an any o!r race1 ! influ5ce ( ! climate4 ,lemonade & infusions ( ,scop>ia dulcis are giv5 to ! sick2 b ! cusp>e1 :i* is ! c9*ona ( ,ango/ura1 is seldom us$4 ,x is g5]ally obs]v$1 t 9 ^! epidemics ( ! t[n ( ,c>iaco ! mortality is less consid]able ?an might be suppos$4 ,int]mitt+ fev]s1 :5 !y attack ! same individual dur+ sev]al successive ye>s1 enfeeble ! con/itution2 b ?is /ate ( debility1 s common on ! unheal?y coa/s1 does n cause dea?4 ,:at is rem>kable en\gh1 is ! belief :i* prevails "h z 9 ! ,campagna ( ,rome1 t ! air has become progressively m vitiat$ 9 proportion z a great] numb] ( acres h be5 cultivat$4 ,! miasms exhal$ f ^! pla9s h1 h[ev]1 no?+ 9 common ) ^? :i* arise f a =e/ :5 ! trees are cut d[n1 & ! sun heats a ?ick lay] ( dead leaves4 ,ne> ,c>iaco ! c\ntry is b ?9ly wood$4 ,c x be suppos$ t ! m\ld1 fre% /irr$ & moi/5$ by ra9s1 alt]s & vitiates ! atmosph]e m ?an ! ?ick wood ( plants :i* cov]s an uncultivat$ soil8 ,to local causes are jo9$ o!r causes less problematic4 ,! neighb\r+ %ores ( ! sea are cov]$ ) mangroves1 avic5nias1 & o!r %rubs ) a/r+5t b>k4 ,all ! inhabitants ( ! tropics are aw>e ( ! noxi\s exhalations ( ^! plants2 & !y dread !m ! m1 z _! roots & /ocks are n always "u wat]1 b alt]nately wett$ & expos$ to ! heat ( ! sun499 ,! mangroves produce miasms1 because !y conta9 vegeto-animal matt] comb9$ ) tann94 799 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ! social plants t cov] ^? s&y pla9s on ! sea-side1 & *>act]ize ! vegetation ( ,cumana & ! gulf ( ,c>iaco4 ,rhizophora mangle1 ,avic5nia nitida1 ,gomphr5a flava1 ,g4 bra*iata1 ,sesuvium portulaca/rum 7vidrio71 ,tal9um cuspidatum 7vi*o71 ,t4 cuman5se1 ,portulacca pilosa 7z>gasso71 ,p4 lanug9osa1 ,illecebrum m>itimum1 ,atriplex cri/ata1 ,heliotropium viride1 ,h4 latifolium1 ,v]b5a cuneata1 ,mollugo v]ticillata1 ,euphorbia m>itima1 ,convolvulus cuman5sis47 ,! t[n ( ,c>iaco has be5 repeat$ly sack$ 9 =m] times by ! ,c>ibs4 ,its population has augm5t$ rapidly s9ce ! prov9cial au?orities1 9 spite ( prohibitory ord]s f ! c\rt ( ,madrid h (t5 fav\r$ ! trade ) =eign colonies4 ,! population am\nt$1 9 #ahjj1 to m ?an #fjjj s\ls4 ,! inhabitants are active 9 ! cultivation ( cotton1 :i* is ( a v f9e quality4 ,! capsules ( ! cotton-tree1 :5 sep>at$ f ! woolly sub/ance1 are c>efully burnt2 z ^? husks if ?r[n into ! riv]1 & expos$ to putrefaction1 yield noxi\s exhalations4 ,! culture ( ! cacao-tree has ( late consid]ably dim9i%$4 ,?is valuable tree be>s only aft] eight or t5 ye>s4 ,its fruit keeps v badly 9 ! w>eh\ses1 & becomes m\ldy at ! expiration ( a ye>1 not)/&+ all ! precautions employ$ = dry+ x4 ,x is only 9 ! int]ior ( ! prov9ce1 to ! ea/ ( ! ,si]ra de ,meapire1 t new plantations ( ! cacao-tree are se54 ,!y become !re ! m productive1 z ! l&s1 newly cle>$ & surr\nd$ by =e/s1 are 9 contact ) an atmosph]e damp1 /agnant1 & load$ ) mephitic exhalations4 ,we !re see fa!rs ( families1 atta*$ to ! old habits ( ! coloni/s1 sl[ly amass a little =tune = !mselves & _! *ildr54 ,?irty ?\s& cacao-trees w secure compet5ce to a family = a g5]ation & a half4 ,if ! culture ( cotton & c(fee h l$ to ! dim9ution ( cacao 9 ! prov9ce ( ,c>acas & 9 ! small valley ( ,c>iaco1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ?is la/ bran* ( colonial indu/ry has 9 g5]al increas$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! prov9ces ( ,new ,b>celona & ,cumana4 ,! causes ( ! progressive movem5t ( ! cacao-tree f we/ to ea/ may be easily conceiv$4 ,! prov9ce ( ,c>acas has be5 f a remote p]iod cultivat$3 &1 9 ! torrid zone1 9 proportion z a c\ntry has be5 cle>$1 x becomes dri] & m expos$ to ! w9ds4 ,^! physical *anges h be5 adv]se to ! propagation ( cacao-trees1 ! plantations ( :i*1 dim9i%+ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,c>acas1 h accumulat$ ea/w>d on a newly-cle>$ & virg9 soil4 ,! cacao ( ,cumana is inf9itely sup]ior to t ( ,guayaquil4 ,! be/ is produc$ 9 ! valley ( ,san ,bonifacio2 z ! be/ cacao ( ,new ,b>celona1 ,c>acas1 & ,guatimala1 is t ( ,capiriqual1 ,uritucu1 & ,soconusco4 ,s9ce ! isl& ( ,tr9idad has become an ,engli% colony1 ! :ole ( ! ea/]n extremity ( ! prov9ce ( ,cumana1 especially ! coa/ ( ,p>ia1 & ! gulf ( ! same "n1 h *ang$ _! appe>ance4 ,=eign]s h settl$ !re1 & h introduc$ ! cultivation ( ! c(fee-tree1 ! cotton-tree1 & ! sug>-cane ( ,otaheite4 ,! population has greatly increas$ at ,c>upano1 9 ! beautiful valley ( ,rio ,c>ibe1 at ,guira1 & at ! new t[n ( ,punta di ,pi$ra1 built opposite ,spani% ,h>b\r1 9 ! isl& ( ,tr9idad4 ,! soil is s f]tile 9 ! ,golfo ,tri/e1 t maize yields two h>ve/s 9 ! ye>1 & produces ?ree hundr$ & eighty fold ! quantity s[n4 ,e>ly 9 ! morn+ we emb>k$ 9 a sort ( n>r[ canoe1 call$ a lan*a1 9 hopes ( cross+ ! gulf ( ,c>iaco dur+ ! day4 ,! motion ( ! wat]s resembles t ( our great lakes1 :5 !y are agitat$ by ! w9ds4 ,f ! emb>cad]o to ,cumana ! di/ance is only twelve nautical leagues4 ,on quitt+ ! little t[n ( ,c>iaco1 we proce$$ we/w>d along ! riv] ( ,c>5icu>1 :i*1 9 a /raight l9e l an artificial canal1 runs ?r\gh g>d5s & plantations ( cotton-trees4 ,on ! banks ( ! riv] ( ,c>iaco we saw ! ,indian wom5 wa%+ _! l95 ) ! fruit ( ! p>ap>a 7,sap9dus sapon>ia1 or soap-b]ry71 an op]ation said to be v injuri\s to ! l954 ,! b>k ( ! fruit produces a /rong la!r2 & ! fruit is s ela/ic t if ?r[n on a /one x reb\nds ?ree or f\r times to ! height ( sev5 or eight feet4 ,be+ a sph]ical =m1 x is employ$ 9 mak+ ros>ies4 ,aft] we emb>k$ we _h to cont5d aga9/ contr>y w9ds4 ,! ra9 fell 9 torr5ts1 & ! ?und] roll$ v ne>4 ,sw>ms ( flam+oes1 egrets1 & cormorants fill$ ! air1 seek+ ! %ore1 :il/ ! alcatras1 a l>ge species ( pelican1 alone cont9u$ peaceably to fi% 9 ! middle ( ! gulf4 ,! gulf ( ,c>iaco is almo/ ev]y:]e =ty-five or fifty fa?oms deep2 b at its ea/]n extremity1 ne> ,curaguaca1 along an ext5t ( five leagues1 ! lead does n indicate m ?an ?ree or f\r fa?oms4 ,"h is f\nd ! ,baxo de la ,cotua1 a s&-bank1 :i* at l[-wat] appe>s l a small isl&4 ,! canoes :i* c>ry provisions to ,cumana sometimes gr\nd on ?is bank2 b always )\t dang]1 because ! sea is nev] r\gh or heavy4 ,we cross$ t "p ( ! gulf :]e hot spr+s gu% f ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,x 0 flood-tide1 s t ! *ange ( temp]ature 0 n v p]ceptible3 besides1 our canoe drove too mu* t[>ds ! s\!rn %ore4 ,x may be suppos$ t /rata ( wat] mu/ be f\nd ( diff]5t temp]atures1 accord+ to ! great] or less dep?1 & accord+ z ! m+l+ ( ! hot wat]s ) ^? ( ! gulf is accel]at$ by ! w9ds & curr5ts4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! hot spr+s1 :i* we 7 assur$ raise ! temp]ature ( ! sea ?r\gh an ext5t ( t5 or twelve ?\s& squ>e toises1 is a v rem>kable ph5om5on4 799 ,9 ! isl& ( ,guadal\pe1 !re is a f\nta9 ( boil+ wat]1 :i* ru%es out on ! bea*4 ,hot-wat] spr+s rise f ! bottom ( ! sea 9 ! gulf ( ,naples1 & ne> ! isl& ( ,palma1 9 ! ar*ipelago ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s47 ,proce$+ f ! promontory ( ,p>ia we/w>d1 by ,irapa1 ,aguas ,cali5tes1 ! gulf ( ,c>iaco1 ! ,brigant9e1 & ! valley ( ,aragua1 z f> z ! sn[y m\nta9s ( ,m]ida1 a cont9u$ b& ( !rmal wat]s is f\nd 9 an ext5t ( #aej leagues4 ,adv]se w9ds & ra9y wea!r =c$ u to g on %ore at ,p]icantral1 a small f>m on ! s\? side ( ! gulf4 ,! :ole ( ?is coa/1 ?\gh cov]$ ) beautiful vegetation1 is almo/ :olly uncultivat$4 ,!re are sc>cely sev5 hundr$ inhabitants3 &1 except+ 9 ! village ( ,m>iguit>1 we saw only plantations ( cocoa-trees1 :i* are ! olives ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is palm occupies on bo? cont95ts a zone1 ( :i* ! mean temp]ature ( ! ye> is n bel[ #bj degrees499 799 ,! cocoa-tree gr[s 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e f ! equator to latitude #bh degrees4 ,ne> ! equator we f9d x f ! pla9s to ! height ( #gjj toises above ! level ( ! sea47 ,x is1 l ! *ama]ops ( ! bas9 ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 a true palm-tree ( ! coa/4 ,x pref]s salt to fre% wat]2 & fl\ri%es less inl&1 :]e ! air is n load$ ) sal9e p>ticles1 ?an on ! %ore4 ,:5 cocoa-trees are plant$ 9 ,t]ra ,firma1 or 9 ! ,missions ( ! ,or9oco1 at a di/ance f ! sea1 a consid]able quantity ( salt1 sometimes z mu* z half a bu%el1 is ?r[n into ! hole :i* receives ! nut4 ,among ! plants cultivat$ by man1 ! sug>-cane1 ! planta91 ! mammee-apple1 & alligator-pe> 7,laurus p]sea71 alone h ! prop]ty ( ! cocoa-tree2 t ( be+ wat]$ equally well ) fre% & salt wat]4 ,?is circum/ance is fav\rable to _! migrations2 & if ! sug>cane ( ! sea-%ore yield a syrup t is a little bracki%1 x is believ$ at ! same "t to be bett] fitt$ = ! di/illation ( _s ?an ! juice produc$ f ! canes 9 inl& situations4 ,! cocoa-tree1 9 ! o!r p>ts ( ,am]ica1 is 9 g5]al cultivat$ ar\nd f>m-h\ses1 & ! fruit is eat52 9 ! gulf ( ,c>iaco1 x =ms ext5sive plantations4 ,9 a f]tile & moi/ gr\nd1 ! tree beg9s to be> fruit abundantly 9 ! f\r? ye>2 b 9 dry soils x be>s only at ! expiration ( t5 ye>s4 ,! duration ( ! tree does n 9 g5]al exce$ eighty or a hundr$ ye>s2 & its mean height at t age is f sev5ty to eighty feet4 ,?is rapid gr[? is s mu* ! m rem>kable1 z o!r palm-trees1 = in/ance1 ! mori*e199 799 ,mauritia flexuosa47 & ! palm ( ,sombr]o199 799 ,corypha tectorum47 ! longevity ( :i* is v great1 frequ5tly d n atta9 a great] height ?an f\rte5 or eighte5 feet 9 ! space ( sixty ye>s4 ,9 ! fir/ ?irty or =ty ye>s1 a cocoa-tree ( ! gulf ( ,c>iaco be>s e lunation a clu/] ( t5 or f\rte5 nuts1 all ( :i*1 h[ev]1 d n rip54 ,x may be reckon$ t1 on an av]age1 a tree produces annually a hundr$ nuts1 :i* yield eight flascos99 ( oil4 7,"o flasco conta9s #gj or #hj cubic in*es1 ,p>is measure47 ,9 ,prov5ce1 an olive-tree ?irty ye>s old yields tw5ty p\nds1 or sev5 flascos ( oil1 s t x produces some?+ less ?an a cocoa-tree4 ,!re are 9 ! gulf ( ,c>iaco plantations 7haci5das7 ( eight or n9e ?\s& cocoa-trees4 ,!y resemble1 9 _! picturesque appe>ance1 ^? f9e plantations ( date-trees ne> ,el*e1 9 ,murcia1 :]e1 ov] ! sup]ficies ( "o squ>e league1 !re may be f\nd upw>ds ( #gj1jjj palms4 ,! cocoa-tree be>s fruit 9 abundance till x is ?irty or =ty ye>s old2 aft] t age ! produce dim9i%es1 & a trunk a hundr$ ye>s old1 )\t be+ altoge!r b>r51 yields v little4 ,9 ! t[n ( ,cumana !re is prep>$ a great quantity ( cocoa-nut oil1 :i* is limpid1 )\t smell1 & v fit = burn+4 ,! trade 9 ?is oil is n less active ?an t on ! coa/ ( ,africa = palm-oil1 :i* is obta9$ f ! ,elais gu9e5sis1 & is us$ z food4 ,i h (t5 se5 canoes arrive at ,cumana lad5 ) #cjjj cocoa-nuts4 ,we did n quit ! f>m ( ,p]icantral till aft] sunset4 ,! s\? coa/ ( ! gulf pres5ts a mo/ f]tile aspect1 :ile ! nor!rn coa/ is nak$1 dry1 & rocky4 ,9 spite ( ?is aridity1 & ! sc>city ( ra91 ( :i* sometimes none falls = ! space ( fifte5 mon?s199 ! p59sula ( ,araya1 l ! des]t ( ,can\nd 9 ,india1 produces patillas1 or wat]-melons1 weigh+ f fifty to sev5ty p\nds4 799 ,! ra9s appe> to h be5 m frequ5t at ! beg9n+ ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,at any rate1 ! canon ( ,granada 7,pet] ,m>tyr d',anghi]a71 speak+ 9 ! ye> #aegd1 ( ! salt-works ( ,araya1 or ( ,h>aia1 describ$ 9 ! fif? *apt] ( ?is "w1 m5tions %[]s 7cad5tes imbres7 z a v common ph5om5on4 ,! same au?or1 :o di$ 9 #aebf1 affirms t ! ,indians wr\ght ! salt-works be=e ! arrival ( ! ,spani>ds4 ,!y dri$ ! salt 9 ! =m ( bricks2 & our writ] ev5 !n discuss$ ! geological "q1 :e!r ! clayey soil ( ,h>aia conta9$ salt-spr+s1 or :e!r x _h be5 impregnat$ ) salt by ! p]iodical inundations ( ! ocean = ages47 ,9 ! torrid zone1 ! vap\rs conta9$ by ! air =m ab\t n9e-t5?s ( ! quantity necess>y to its saturation3 & vegetation is ma9ta9$ by ! prop]ty :i* ! leaves possess ( attract+ ! wat] dissolv$ 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,at sunrise1 we saw ! ,zamuro vultures199 799 ,vultur aura47 9 flocks ( =ty or fifty1 p]*$ on ! cocoa-trees4 ,^! birds range !mselves 9 files to roo/ toge!r l f[ls4 ,!y g to roo/ long be=e sunset1 & d n awake till aft] ! sun is above ! horizon4 ,?is sluggi%ness seems z if x 7 %>$ 9 ^? climates by ! trees ) p9nate leaves4 ,! mimosas & ! tam>9ds close _! leaves1 9 a cle> & s]5e sky1 tw5ty-five or ?irty-five m9utes be=e sunset1 & unfold !m 9 ! morn+ :5 ! sol> disk has be5 visible = an equal space ( "t4 ,z ,i notic$ pretty regul>ly ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun1 = ! purpose ( obs]v+ ! effect ( ! mirage1 or ( ! t]re/rial refractions1 ,i 0 enabl$ to give cont9u$ att5tion to ! ph5om5a ( ! sleep ( plants4 ,i f\nd !m ! same 9 ! /eppes1 :]e no irregul>ity ( ! gr\nd int]rupt$ ! view ( ! horizon4 ,x appe>s1 t1 accu/om$ dur+ ! day to an extreme brilliancy ( light1 ! s5sitive & o!r legum9\s plants ) ?9 & delicate leaves are affect$ 9 ! ev5+ by ! smalle/ decl9e 9 ! int5sity ( ! sun's rays2 s t = vegetation1 night beg9s !re1 z ) u1 be=e ! total disappe>ance ( ! sol> disk4 ,b :y1 9 a zone :]e !re is sc>cely any twilight1 d n ! fir/ rays ( ! sun /imulate ! leaves ) ! m /r5g?1 z ! abs5ce ( light mu/ h r5d]$ !m m susceptible8 ,does ! humidity deposit$ on ! p>5*yma by ! cool+ ( ! leaves1 :i* is ! effect ( ! nocturnal radiation1 prev5t ! action ( ! fir/ rays ( ! sun8 ,9 our climates1 ! legum9\s plants ) irritable leaves awake dur+ ! twilight ( ! morn+1 be=e ! sun appe>s4 ,,*apt] #a4i4 ,,physical ,,con/itution ,,& ,,mann]s ,,( ,,! ,,*aymas4 ,,_! ,,language4 ,,filiation ,,( ,,! ,,nations ,,:i* ,,inhabit ,,new ,,&alucia4 ,,p>iagotos ,,se5 ,,by ,,columbus4 ,i did n wi% to m+le ) ! n>rative ( our j\rney to ! ,missions ( ,c>ipe any g5]al consid]ations on ! diff]5t tribes ( ! indig5\s inhabitants ( ,new ,&alusia2 _! mann]s1 _! languages1 & _! common orig94 ,hav+ return$ to ! spot :5ce we set out1 ,i %all n[ br+ into "o po9t ( view ^! consid]ations :i* are s ne>ly connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! human race4 ,z we advance into ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry1 ^! subjects w become ev5 m int]e/+ ?an ! ph5om5a ( ! physical _w4 ,! nor?-ea/ "p ( equ9octial ,am]ica1 ,t]ra ,firma1 & ! banks ( ! ,or9oco1 resemble 9 respect to ! num]\s races ( p :o inhabit !m1 ! defiles ( ! ,caucasus1 ! m\nta9s ( ,h9dookho1 at ! nor!rn extremity ( ,asia1 beyond ! ,tung\ses1 & ! ,t>t>e settl$ at ! m\? ( ! ,l5a4 ,! b>b>ism :i* prevails ?r\gh\t ^! diff]5t regions is p]haps less ow+ to a primitive abs5ce ( all k9d ( civilization1 ?an to ! effects ( long degradation2 = mo/ ( ! hordes :i* we designate "u ! "n ( savages1 are probably ! desc5dants ( nations highly advanc$ 9 cultivation4 ,h[ c we di/+ui% ! prolong$ infancy ( ! human race 7if1 inde$1 x any:]e exi/s71 f t /ate ( moral degradation 9 :i* solitude1 want1 compulsory mis]y1 =c$ migration1 or rig\r ( climate1 oblit]ate ev5 ! traces ( civilization8 ,if ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! primitive /ate ( man1 & ! fir/ population ( a cont95t1 c\ld f its nature belong to ! doma9 ( hi/ory1 we might appeal to ! traditions ( ,india4 ,accord+ to ! op9ion frequ5tly express$ 9 ! laws ( ,m5\ & 9 ! ,ramajan1 savages 7 reg>d$ z tribes bani%$ f civiliz$ society1 & driv5 into ! =e/s4 ,! ^w b>b>ian1 :i* we h borr[$ f ! ,greeks & ,romans1 0 possibly m]ely ! prop] "n ( "o ( ^? rude hordes4 ,9 ! ,new ,_w1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! conque/1 ! natives 7 collect$ into l>ge societies only on ! ridge ( ! ,cordill]as & ! coa/s opposite to ,asia4 ,! pla9s1 cov]$ ) =e/s1 & int]sect$ by riv]s2 ! imm5se savannahs1 ext5d+ ea/w>d1 & b\nd+ ! horizon2 7 inhabit$ by w&]+ hordes1 sep>at$ by diff]5ces ( language & mann]s1 & scatt]$ l ! remnants ( a va/ wreck4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( all o!r monum5ts1 we may endeav\r1 f ! analogy ( languages1 & ! /udy ( ! physical con/itution ( man1 to gr\p ! diff]5t tribes1 to foll[ ! traces ( _! di/ant emigrations1 & to discov] "s ( ^? family features by :i* ! anci5t unity ( our species is manife/$4 ,9 ! m\nta9\s regions :i* we h j trav]s$1--9 ! two prov9ces ( ,cumana & ,new ,b>celona1 ! natives1 or primitive inhabitants1 /ill con/itute ab\t "o-half ( ! scanty population4 ,_! numb] may be reckon$ at sixty ?\s&2 ( :i* tw5ty-f\r ?\s& inhabit ,new ,&alusia4 ,?is numb] is v consid]able1 :5 comp>$ ) t ( ! hunt+ nations ( ,nor? ,am]ica2 b x appe>s small1 :5 we consid] ^? p>ts ( ,new ,spa9 9 :i* agriculture has exi/$ m ?an eight c5turies3 = in/ance1 ! ,int5d5cia ( ,oaxaca1 :i* includes ! ,mixteca & ! ,tzapoteca ( ! old ,mexican empire4 ,?is ,int5d5cia is "o-?ird small] ?an ! two prov9ces ( ,cumana & ,b>celona2 yet x conta9s m ?an f\r hundr$ ?\s& natives ( pure copp]-col\r$ race4 ,! ,indians ( ,cumana d n all live )9 ! ,missions4 ,"s are disp]s$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! t[ns1 along ! coa/s1 to :i* !y are attract$ by ! fi%]ies1 & "s dwell 9 little f>ms on ! pla9s or savannahs4 ,! ,missions ( ! ,aragonese ,capu*9s :i* we visit$1 alone conta9 fifte5 ?\s& ,indians1 almo/ all ( ! ,*ayma race4 ,! villages1 h[ev]1 are less popul\s !re ?an 9 ! prov9ce ( ,b>celona4 ,_! av]age population is only betwe5 five or six hundr$ ,indians2 :ile m to ! we/1 9 ! ,missions ( ! ,franciscans ( ,piritu1 we f9d ,indian villages conta9+ two or ?ree ?\s& inhabitants4 ,9 comput+ at sixty ?\s& ! numb] ( natives 9 ! prov9ces ( ,cumana & ,b>celona1 ,i include only ^? :o inhabit ! ma9l&1 & n ! ,guayqu]ias ( ! isl& ( ,m>g>eta1 & ! great mass ( ! ,gu>aunos1 :o h pres]v$ _! indep5d5ce 9 ! isl&s =m$ by ! ,delta ( ! ,or9oco4 ,! numb] ( ^! is g5]ally reckon$ at six or eight ?\s&2 b ?is e/imate appe>s to me to be exagg]at$4 ,except a few families ( ,gu>aunos :o roam occasionally 9 ! m>%y gr\nds1 call$ ,los ,mori*ales1 & betwe5 ! ,cano de ,manamo & ! ,rio ,gu>api*e1 consequ5tly1 on ! cont95t itself1 !re h n be5 = ^! ?irty ye>s1 any ,indian savages 9 ,new ,&alusia4 ,i use ) regret ! ^w savage1 because x implies a diff]5ce ( cultivation betwe5 ! r$uc$ ,indian1 liv+ 9 ! ,missions1 & ! free or indep5d5t ,indian2 a diff]5ce :i* is (t5 beli$ by fact4 ,9 ! =e/s ( ,s\? ,am]ica !re are tribes ( natives1 peacefully unit$ 9 villages1 & :o r5d] ob$i5ce to *iefs499 799 ,^! *iefs be> ! designations ( ,pecannati1 ,apoto1 or ,sibi]ne47 ,!y cultivate ! planta9-tree1 cassava1 & cotton1 on a tol]ably ext5sive tract ( gr\nd1 & !y employ ! cotton = weav+ hammocks4 ,^! p are sc>cely m b>b>\s ?an ! nak$ ,indians ( ! ,missions1 :o h be5 taught to make ! sign ( ! cross4 ,x is a common error 9 ,europe1 to look on all natives n r$uc$ to a /ate ( subjection1 z w&]]s & hunt]s4 ,agriculture 0 practis$ on ! ,am]ican cont95t long be=e ! arrival ( ,europeans4 ,x is /ill practis$ betwe5 ! ,or9oco & ! riv] ,amazon1 9 l&s cle>$ amid/ ! =e/s1 places to :i* ! mission>ies h nev] p5etrat$4 ,x w\ld be to imbibe false ideas respect+ ! actual condition ( ! nations ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 to consid] z synonym\s ! d5om9ations ( ',*ri/ian1' 'r$uc$1' & 'civiliz$2' & ^? ( 'pagan1' 'savage1' & 'indep5d5t4' ,! r$uc$ ,indian is (t5 z little ( a ,*ri/ian z ! indep5d5t ,indian is ( an idolat]4 ,bo?1 alike occupi$ by ! wants ( ! mom5t1 betray a m>k$ indiff]5ce = religi\s s5tim5ts1 & a secret t5d5cy to ! wor%ip ( nature & h] p[]s4 ,?is wor%ip belongs to ! e>lie/ infancy ( nations2 x excludes idols1 & recognises no o!r sacr$ places ?an grottoes1 valleys1 & woods4 ,if ! indep5d5t ,indians h ne>ly disappe>$ = a c5tury pa/ nor?w>d ( ! ,or9oco & ! ,apure1 t is1 f ! ,sn[y ,m\nta9s ( ,m]ida to ! promontory ( ,p>ia1 x mu/ n !nce be conclud$1 t !re are few] natives at pres5t 9 ^? regions1 ?an 9 ! "t ( ! bi%op ( ,*iapa1 ,b>tolomeo de las ,casas4 ,9 my "w on ,mexico1 ,i h %[n t x is errone\s to reg>d z a g5]al fact ! de/ruction & dim9ution ( ! ,indians 9 ! ,spani% colonies4 ,!re /ill exi/ m ?an six millions ( ! copp]-col\r$ race1 9 bo? ,am]icas2 &1 ?\gh numb]less tribes & languages are ei!r ext9ct1 or conf\nd$ toge!r1 x is beyond a d\bt t1 )9 ! tropics1 9 t "p ( ! ,new ,_w :]e civilization has p5etrat$ only s9ce ! "t ( ,columbus1 ! numb] ( natives has consid]ably increas$4 ,two ( ! ,c>ib villages 9 ! ,missions ( ,piritu or ( ,c>ony1 conta9 m families ?an f\r or five ( ! settlem5ts on ! ,or9oco4 ,! /ate ( society among ! ,c>ibbees :o h pres]v$ _! indep5d5ce1 at ! s\rces ( ! ,essequibo & to ! s\? ( ! m\nta9s ( ,pac>aimo1 suffici5tly proves h[ mu*1 ev5 among t f9e race ( m51 ! population ( ! ,missions exce$s 9 numb] t ( ! free & conf$]ate ,c>ibbees4 ,besides1 ! /ate ( ! savages ( ! torrid zone is n l t ( ! savages ( ! ,miss\ri4 ,! latt] require a va/ ext5t ( c\ntry1 because !y live only by hunt+2 :il/ ! ,indians ( ,spani% ,guiana employ !mselves 9 cultivat+ cassava & planta9s4 ,a v little gr\nd suffices to supply !m ) food4 ,!y d n dread ! approa* ( ! :ites1 l ! savages ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 :o1 be+ progressively driv5 back beh9d ! ,alleghany m\nta9s1 ! ,ohio1 & ! ,mississippi1 lose _! means ( subsi/5ce1 9 proportion z !y f9d !mselves r$uc$ )9 n>r[ limits4 ,"u ! temp]ate zone1 :e!r 9 ! prov9cias int]nas ( ,mexico1 or 9 ,k5tucky1 ! contact ( ,european coloni/s has be5 fatal to ! natives1 because t contact is imm$iate4 ,^! causes h no exi/5ce 9 ! great] "p ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,agriculture1 )9 ! tropics1 does n require great ext5t ( gr\nd4 ,! :ites advance sl[ly4 ,! religi\s ord]s h f\nd$ _! e/abli%m5ts betwe5 ! doma9 ( ! coloni/s & ! t]ritory ( ! free ,indians4 ,! ,missions may be consid]$ z int]m$i>y /ates4 ,!y h d\btless encroa*$ on ! lib]ty ( ! natives2 b !y h almo/ ev]y:]e t5d$ to ! increase ( population1 :i* is incompatible ) ! re/less life ( ! indep5d5t ,indians4 ,z ! mission>ies advance t[>ds ! =e/s1 & ga9 on ! natives1 ! :ite coloni/s 9 _! turn seek to invade 9 ! opposite direction ! t]ritory ( ! ,missions4 ,9 ?is protract$ /ruggle1 ! secul> arm cont9ually t5ds to )draw ! r$uc$ ,indian f ! mona/ic hi]>*y1 & ! mission>ies are gradually sup]s$$ by vic>s4 ,! :ites1 & ! ca/es ( mix$ blood1 fav\r$ by ! corregidors1 e/abli% !mselves among ! ,indians4 ,! ,missions become ,spani% villages1 & ! natives lose ev5 ! remembrance ( _! natural language4 ,su* is ! progress ( civilization f ! coa/s t[>d ! int]ior2 a sl[ progress1 ret>d$ by ! passions ( man1 b nev]!less sure & /eady4 ,! prov9ces ( ,new ,&alusia & ,b>celona1 compreh5d$ "u ! "n ( ,govi]no de ,cumana1 at pres5t include 9 _! population m ?an f\rte5 tribes4 ,^? 9 ,new ,&alusia are ! ,*aymas1 ,guayqu]ies1 ,p>iagotos1 ,quaquas1 ,aruacas1 ,c>ibbees1 & ,gu>aunos2 9 ! prov9ce ( ,b>celona1 ,cumanagotos1 ,pal5kas1 ,c>ibbees1 ,piritus1 ,tomuzas1 ,topocu>es1 ,*acopatas1 & ,gu>ivas4 ,n9e or t5 ( ^! fifte5 tribes consid] !mselves to be ( races entirely di/9ct4 ,! exact numb] ( ! ,gu>aunos1 :o make _! huts on ! trees at ! m\? ( ! ,or9oco1 is unkn[n2 ! ,guayqu]ies1 9 ! suburbs ( ,cumana & 9 ! p59sula ( ,araya1 am\nt to two ?\s&4 ,among ! o!r ,indian tribes1 ! ,*aymas ( ! m\nta9s ( ,c>ipe1 ! ,c>ibs ( ! s\!rn savannahs ( ,new ,b>celona1 & ! ,cumanagotos 9 ! ,missions ( ,piritu1 are mo/ num]\s4 ,"s families ( ,gu>aunos h be5 r$uc$ & dwell 9 ,missions on ! left bank ( ! ,or9oco1 :]e ! ,delta beg9s4 ,! languages ( ! ,gu>aunos & t ( ! ,c>ibs1 ( ! ,cumanagotos & ( ! ,*aymas1 are ! mo/ g5]al4 ,!y seem to belong to ! same /ock2 & !y exhibit 9 _! grammatical =ms ^? aff9ities1 :i*1 to use a comp>ison tak5 f languages m kn[n1 connect ! ,greek1 ! ,g]man1 ! ,p]sian1 & ! ,sanscrit4 ,not)/&+ ^! aff9ities1 we mu/ consid] ! ,*aymas1 ! ,gu>aunos1 ! ,c>ibbees1 ! ,quaquas1 ! ,aruacas or ,arrawaks1 & ! ,cumanagotos1 z diff]5t nations4 ,i w\ld n v5ture to affirm ! same ( ! ,guayqu]ies1 ! ,p>iagotos1 ! ,piritus1 ! ,tomuzas1 & ! ,*acopatas4 ,! ,guayqu]ias !mselves admit ! analogy betwe5 _! language & t ( ! ,gu>aunos4 ,bo? are a littoral race1 l ! ,malays ( ! anci5t cont95t4 ,) respect to ! tribes :o at pres5t speak ! ,cumanagota1 ,c>ibbean1 & ,*ayma tongues1 x is difficult to decide on _! fir/ orig91 & _! relations ) o!r nations =m]ly m p[]ful4 ,! hi/orians ( ! conque/1 z well z ! ecclesia/ics :o h describ$ ! progress ( ! ,missions1 cont9ually conf\nd1 l ! anci5ts1 geographical d5om9ations ) ! names ( races4 ,!y speak ( ,indians ( ,cumana & ( ! coa/ ( ,p>ia1 z if ! proximity ( abode prov$ ! id5tity ( orig94 ,!y mo/ commonly ev5 give to tribes ! names ( _! *iefs1 or ( ! m\nta9s or valleys !y inhabit4 ,?is circum/ance1 by inf9itely multiply+ ! numb] ( tribes1 gives an air ( unc]ta9ty to all t ! monks relate respect+ ! het]og5e\s elem5ts ( :i* ! population ( _! ,missions are compos$4 ,h[ c we n[ decide1 :e!r ! ,tomuza & ,piritu be ( diff]5t races1 :5 bo? speak ! ,cumanagoto language1 :i* is ! prevail+ tongue 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! ,govi]no ( ,cumana2 z ! ,c>ibbean & ! ,*ayma are 9 ! s\!rn & ea/]n p>ts4 ,a great analogy ( physical con/itution increases ! difficulty ( ^! inquiries4 ,9 ! new cont95t a surpris+ v>iety ( languages is obs]v$ among nations ( ! same orig91 & :i* ,european travell]s sc>cely di/+ui% by _! features2 :ile 9 ! old cont95t v diff]5t races ( m51 ! ,lapl&]s1 ! ,f9l&]s1 & ! ,e/onians1 ! ,g]manic nations & ! ,h9doos1 ! ,p]sians & ! ,kurds1 ! ,t>t> & ,mongol tribes1 speak languages1 ! me*anism & roots ( :i* pres5t ! greate/ analogy4 ,! ,indians ( ! ,am]ican ,missions are all agriculturi/s4 ,except+ ^? :o inhabit ! high m\nta9s1 !y all cultivate ! same plants2 _! huts are arrang$ 9 ! same mann]2 _! days ( lab\r1 _! "w 9 ! conuco ( ! community2 _! connexions ) ! mission>ies & ! magi/rates *os5 f among !mselves1 are all subject to uni=m regulations4 ,nev]!less 7& ?is fact is v rem>kable 9 ! hi/ory ( nations71 ^! analog\s circum/ances h n effac$ ! individual features1 or ! %ades ( "* :i* di/+ui% ! ,am]ican tribes4 ,we obs]ve 9 ! m5 ( copp] hue1 a moral inflexibility1 a /eadfa/ p]sev]ance 9 habits & mann]s1 :i*1 ?\gh modifi$ 9 ea* tribe1 *>act]ise ess5tially ! :ole race4 ,^! peculi>ities are f\nd 9 e region2 f ! equator to ,hudson's ,bay on ! "o h&1 & to ! ,/raits ( ,magellan on ! o!r4 ,!y are connect$ ) ! physical organization ( ! natives1 b !y are p[]fully fav\r$ by ! mona/ic sy/em4 ,!re exi/ 9 ! missions few villages 9 :i* ! diff]5t families d n belong to diff]5t tribes & speak diff]5t languages4 ,societies compos$ ( elem5ts ?us het]og5e\s are difficult to gov]n4 ,9 g5]al1 ! monks h unit$ :ole nations1 or great portions ( ! same nations1 9 villages situat$ ne> to ea* o!r4 ,! natives see only ^? ( _! own tribe2 = ! want ( communication1 & ! isolat$ /ate ( ! p1 are ess5tial po9ts 9 ! policy ( ! mission>ies4 ,! r$uc$ ,*aymas1 ,c>ibs1 & ,tamanacs1 reta9 _! natural physiognomy1 :il/ !y h pres]v$ _! languages4 ,if ! individuality ( man be 9 "s sort reflect$ 9 8 idioms1 ^! 9 _! turn re-act on 8 ideas & s5tim5ts4 ,x is ?is intimate connection betwe5 language1 "*1 & physical con/itution1 :i* ma9ta9s & p]petuates ! div]sity ( nations2 t unfail+ s\rce ( life & motion 9 ! intellectual _w4 ,! mission>ies may h prohibit$ ! ,indians f foll[+ c]ta9 practices & obs]v+ c]ta9 c]emonies2 !y may h prev5t$ !m f pa9t+ _! sk91 f mak+ incisions on _! *9s1 noses & *eeks2 !y may h de/roy$ among ! great mass ( ! p sup]/iti\s ideas1 my/]i\sly transmitt$ f fa!r to son 9 c]ta9 families2 b x has be5 easi] = !m to proscribe cu/oms & efface remembrances1 ?an to sub/itute new ideas 9 ! place ( ! old ones4 ,! ,indian ( ! ,mission is secure ( subsi/5ce2 & be+ releas$ f cont9ual /ruggles aga9/ ho/ile p[]s1 f conflicts ) ! elem5ts & man1 he leads a m monoton\s life1 less active1 & less fitt$ to inspire en]gy ( m9d1 ?an ! habits ( ! wild or indep5d5t ,indian4 ,he possesses t mildness ( "* :i* belongs to ! love ( repose2 n t :i* arises f s5sibility & ! emotions ( ! s\l4 ,! sph]e ( 8 ideas is n enl>g$1 :]e1 hav+ no int]c\rse ) ! :ites1 he rema9s a /rang] to ^? objects ) :i* ,european civilization has enri*$ ! ,new ,_w4 ,all 8 actions seem prompt$ by ! wants ( ! mom5t4 ,taciturn1 s]i\s1 & absorb$ 9 himself2 he assumes a s$ate & my/]i\s air4 ,:5 a p]son has resid$ b a %ort "t 9 ! ,missions1 & is b little famili>iz$ ) ! aspect ( ! natives1 he is l$ to mi/ake _! indol5ce1 & ! torpid /ate ( _! faculties1 = ! expression ( melan*oly1 & a m$itative turn ( m9d4 ,i h dwelt on ^! features ( ! ,indian "*1 & on ! diff]5t modifications :i* t "* exhibits "u ! gov]nm5t ( ! mission>ies1 ) ! view ( r5d]+ m intelligible ! obs]vations :i* =m ! subject ( ! pres5t *apt]4 ,i %all beg9 by ! nation ( ! ,*aymas1 ( :om m ?an fifte5 ?\s& inhabit ! ,missions above notic$4 ,! ,*ayma nation1 :i* ,fa!r ,francisco ( ,pampeluna99 began to r$uce to subjection 9 ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 799 ,! "n ( ?is monk1 celebrat$ = 8 intrepidity1 is /ill rev]$ 9 ! prov9ce4 ,he s[$ ! fir/ se$s ( civilization among ^! m\nta9s4 ,he _h long be5 capta9 ( a %ip2 & be=e he became a monk1 0 kn[n by ! "n ( ,tiburtio ,r$9471 has ! ,cumanagotos on ! we/1 ! ,gu>aunos on ! ea/1 & ! ,c>ibbees on ! s\?4 ,_! t]ritory occupies a space along ! elevat$ m\nta9s ( ! ,cocoll> & ! ,gua*>o1 ! banks ( ! ,gu>api*e1 ( ! ,rio ,colorado1 ( ! ,areo1 & ( ! ,cano de ,c>ipe4 ,accord+ to a /ati/ical survey made ) great c>e by ! fa!r prefect1 !re 71 9 ! ,missions ( ! ,aragonese ,capu*9s ( ,cumana1 n9ete5 ,mission villages1 ( :i* ! olde/ 0 e/abli%$ 9 #agbh1 conta9+ "o ?\s& f\r hundr$ & sixty-five families1 & six ?\s& f\r hundr$ & ?irty-?ree p]sons3 sixte5 doctr9a villages1 ( :i* ! olde/ dates f #affj1 conta9+ "o ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & sixty-six families1 & eight ?\s& "o hundr$ & sev5ty p]sons4 ,^! ,missions suff]$ greatly 9 #afha1 #afig1 & #agbj1 f ! invasions ( ! ,c>ibbees 7!n indep5d5t71 :o burnt :ole villages4 ,f #agcj to #agcf1 ! population 0 dim9i%$ by ! ravages ( ! small-pox1 a disease always m fatal to ! copp]-col\r$ ,indians ?an to ! :ites4 ,_m ( ! ,gu>aunos1 :o _h be5 assembl$ toge!r1 fl$ back aga9 to _! native m>%es4 ,f\rte5 old ,missions 7 des]t$1 & h n be5 rebuilt4 ,! ,*aymas are 9 g5]al %ort ( /ature & ?ick-set4 ,_! %\ld]s are extremely broad1 & _! *e/s flat4 ,_! limbs are well r\nd$1 & fle%y4 ,_! col\r is ! same z t ( ! :ole ,am]ican race1 f ! cold table-l&s ( ,quito & ,new ,gr5ada to ! burn+ pla9s ( ! ,amazon4 ,x is n *ang$ by ! v>i$ influ5ce ( climate2 x is connect$ ) organic peculi>ities :i* = ages pa/ h be5 unalt]ably transmitt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,if ! uni=m t9t ( ! sk9 be r$d] & m copp]y t[>ds ! nor?1 x is1 on ! contr>y1 among ! ,*aymas1 ( a dull br[n incl9+ to tawny4 ,! d5om9ation ( copp]-col\r$ m5 c\ld nev] h orig9at$ 9 equ9octial ,am]ica to designate ! natives4 ,! expression ( ! c\nt5ance ( ! ,*aymas1 )\t be+ h>d or /]n1 has some?+ s$ate & gloomy4 ,! =ehead is small1 & b little prom95t1 & 9 sev]al languages ( ^! c\ntries1 to express ! beauty ( a woman1 !y say t '%e is fat1 & has a n>r[ =ehead4' ,! eyes ( ! ,*aymas are black1 deep-set1 & v elongat$3 b !y are nei!r s obliquely plac$1 nor s small1 z 9 ! p ( ! ,mongol race4 ,! corn] ( ! eye is1 h[ev]1 rais$ up t[>ds ! temple2 ! eyebr[s are black1 or d>k br[n1 ?91 & b little ar*$2 ! eyelids are edg$ ) v long eyela%es1 & ! habit ( ca/+ !m d[n1 z if f lassitude1 gives a s(t expression to ! wom51 & makes ! eye ?us veil$ appe> less ?an x really is4 ,?\gh ! ,*aymas1 & 9 g5]al all ! natives ( ,s\? ,am]ica & ,new ,spa91 resemble ! ,mongol race 9 ! =m ( ! eye1 9 _! high *eek-bones1 _! /raight & smoo? hair1 & ! almo/ total abs5ce ( be>d2 yet !y ess5tially diff] f !m 9 ! =m ( ! nose4 ,9 ! ,s\? ,am]icans ?is feature is r long1 prom95t ?r\gh its :ole l5g?1 & broad at ! no/rils1 ! op5+s ( :i* are direct$ d[nw>d1 z ) all ! nations ( ! ,caucasian race4 ,_! wide m\?s1 ) lips b little protub]ant ?\gh broad1 h g5]ally an expression ( good nature4 ,! passage f ! nose to ! m\? is m>k$ 9 bo? sexes by two furr[s1 :i* run div]g+ f ! no/rils t[>ds ! corn]s ( ! m\?4 ,! *9 is extremely %ort & r\nd2 & ! jaws are rem>kable = /r5g? & wid?4 ,?\gh ! ,*aymas h f9e :ite tee?1 l all p :o lead a v simple life1 !y are1 h[ev]1 n s /rong z ^? ( ! ,negroes4 ,! habit ( black5+ ! tee?1 f ! age ( fifte51 by ! juices ( c]ta9 h]bs99 & cau/ic lime1 attract$ ! att5tion ( ! e>lie/ travell]s2 b ! practice has n[ fall5 q into disuse4 799 ,! e>ly hi/orians ( ! conque/ /ate t ! black5+ ( ! tee? 0 effect$ by ! leaves ( a tree :i* ! natives call$ hay1 & :i* resembl$ ! myrtle4 ,among nations v di/ant f ea* o!r1 ! pim5to be>s a simil> "n2 among ! ,haitians aji or ahi1 among ! ,maypures ( ! ,or9oco1 ai4 ,"s /imulant & aromatic plants1 :i* mo/ly belong+ to ! g5us capsicum1 7 designat$ by ! same "n47 ,su* h be5 ! migrations ( ! diff]5t tribes 9 ^! c\ntries1 p>ticul>ly s9ce ! incursions ( ! ,spani>ds1 :o c>ri$ on ! slave-trade1 t x may be inf]r$ ! inhabitants ( ,p>ia visit$ by ,*ri/oph] ,columbus & by ,oj$a1 7 n ( ! same race z ! ,*aymas4 ,i d\bt mu* :e!r ! cu/om ( black5+ ! tee? 0 orig9ally sugge/$1 z ,gom>a suppos$1 by absurd notions ( beauty1 or 0 practis$ ) ! view ( prev5t+ ! too?a*e4 99 ,?is disord] is1 h[ev]1 almo/ unkn[n to ! ,indians2 & ! :ites suff] seldom f x 9 ! ,spani% colonies1 at lea/ 9 ! w>m regions1 :]e ! temp]ature is s uni=m4 ,!y are m expos$ to x on ! back ( ! ,cordill]as1 at ,santa ,fe1 & at ,popayan4 799 ,! tribes se5 by ! ,spani>ds on ! coa/ ( ,p>ia1 probably obs]v$ ! practice ( /imulat+ ! organs ( ta/e by cau/ic lime1 z o!r races employ$ tobacco1 ! *imo1 ! leaves ( ! coca1 or ! betel4 ,?is practice exi/s ev5 9 our days1 b m t[>ds ! we/1 among ! ,guajiros1 at ! m\? ( ! ,rio de la ,ha*a4 ,^! ,indians1 /ill savage1 c>ry small %ells1 calc9$ & p[d]$1 9 ! husk ( a fruit1 :i* s]ves !m z a vessel = v>i\s purposes1 susp5d$ to _! girdle4 ,! p[d] ( ! ,guajiros is an article ( comm]ce1 z 0 anci5tly1 accord+ to ,gom>a1 t ( ! ,indians ( ,p>ia4 ,! immod]ate habit ( smok+ also makes ! tee? yell[ & black5s !m2 b w\ld x be j to conclude f ?is fact1 t ,europeans smoke because we ?9k yell[ tee? h&som] ?an :ite87 ,! ,*aymas1 l almo/ all ! native nations ,i h se51 h small1 sl5d] h&s4 ,_! feet are l>ge1 & _! toes reta9 an extraord9>y mobility4 ,all ! ,*aymas h a sort ( family look2 & ?is resemblance1 s (t5 obs]v$ by travell]s1 is ! m /rik+1 z betwe5 ! ages ( tw5ty & fifty1 diff]5ce ( ye>s is no way d5ot$ by wr9kles ( ! sk91 col\r ( ! hair1 or decrepitude ( ! body4 ,on ent]+ a hut1 x is (t5 difficult among adult p]sons to di/+ui% ! fa!r f ! son1 & n to conf\nd "o g5]ation ) ano!r4 ,i attribute ?is air ( family resemblance to two diff]5t causes1 ! local situation ( ! ,indian tribes1 & _! inf]ior degree ( intellectual culture4 ,savage nations are subdivid$ into an inf9ity ( tribes1 :i*1 be>+ viol5t hatr$ "o to ano!r1 =m no int]m>riages1 ev5 :5 _! languages spr+ f ! same root1 & :5 only a small arm ( a riv]1 or a gr\p ( hills1 sep>ates _! habitations4 ,! less num]\s ! tribes1 ! m ! int]m>riages repeat$ = ages betwe5 ! same families t5d to fix a c]ta9 simil>ity ( con=mation1 an organic type1 :i* may be call$ national4 ,?is type is pres]v$ "u ! sy/em ( ! ,missions1 ea* ,mission be+ =m$ by a s+le horde1 & m>riages be+ contract$ only betwe5 ! inhabitants ( ! same hamlet4 ,^? ties ( blood :i* unite almo/ a :ole nation1 are indicat$ 9 a simple mann] 9 ! language ( ! ,indians born 9 ! ,missions1 or by ^? :o1 aft] hav+ be5 tak5 f ! woods1 h le>n$ ,spani%4 ,to designate ! individuals :o belong to ! same tribe1 !y employ ! expression mis p>i5tes1 my relations4 ,) ^! causes1 common to all isolat$ classes1 & ! effects ( :i* are obs]vable among ! ,jews ( ,europe1 among ! diff]5t ca/es ( ,india1 & among m\nta9 nations 9 g5]al1 are comb9$ "s o!r causes hi!rto unnotic$4 ,i h obs]v$ else:]e1 t x is intellectual culture :i* mo/ contributes to div]sify ! features4 ,b>b>\s nations h a physiognomy ( tribe or ( horde1 r ?an individuality ( look or features4 ,! savage & civiliz$ man are l ^? animals ( an individual species1 "s ( :i* roam 9 ! =e/1 :ile o!rs1 associat$ ) mank9d1 %>e ! b5efits & evils :i* accompany civilization4 ,v>ieties ( =m & col\r are frequ5t only 9 dome/ic animals4 ,h[ great is ! diff]5ce1 ) respect to mobility ( features & v>iety ( physiognomy1 betwe5 dogs :i* h aga9 return$ to ! savage /ate 9 ! ,new ,_w1 & ^? ^: slighte/ caprices are indulg$ 9 ! h\ses ( ! opul5t6 ,bo? 9 m5 & animals ! emotions ( ! s\l are reflect$ 9 ! features2 & ! c\nt5ance acquires ! habit ( mobility1 9 proportion z ! emotions ( ! m9d are frequ5t1 v>i$1 & durable4 ,b ! ,indian ( ! ,missions1 be+ remote f all cultivation1 influ5c$ only by 8 physical wants1 satisfy+ almo/ )\t difficulty 8 desires1 9 a fav\r$ climate1 drags on a dull1 monoton\s life4 ,! greate/ equality prevails among ! memb]s ( ! same community2 & ?is uni=mity1 ?is sam5ess ( situation1 is pictur$ on ! features ( ! ,indians4 ,"u ! sy/em ( ! monks1 viol5t passions1 su* z res5tm5t & ang]1 agitate ! native m r>ely ?an :5 he lives 9 ! =e/4 ,:5 man 9 a savage /ate yields to sudd5 & impetu\s emotions1 8 physiognomy1 till !n calm & unruffl$1 *anges in/antly to convulsive contortions4 ,8 passion is transi5t 9 proportion to its viol5ce4 ,) ! ,indians ( ! ,missions1 z ,i h (t5 obs]v$ on ! ,or9oco1 ang] is less viol5t1 less e>ne/1 b ( long] duration4 ,besides1 9 e condition ( man1 x is n ! en]getic or ! transi5t outbreaks ( ! passions1 :i* give expression to ! features4 ,x is r t s5sibility ( ! s\l1 :i* br+s u cont9ually into contact ) ! ext]nal _w1 multiplies our suff]+s & our pleasures1 & re-acts at once on ! physiognomy1 ! mann]s1 & ! language4 ,if ! v>iety & mobility ( ! features embelli% ! doma9 ( animat$ nature1 we mu/ admit also1 t bo? increase by civilization1 )\t be+ solely produc$ by x4 ,9 ! great family ( nations1 no o!r race unites ^! advantages 9 s high a degree z ! ,caucasian or ,european4 ,x is only 9 :ite m5 t ! in/antane\s p5etration ( ! d]moidal sy/em by ! blood c produce t slight *ange ( ! col\r ( ! sk9 :i* adds s p[]ful an expression to ! emotions ( ! s\l4 ,h[ c ^? be tru/$ :o "k n h[ to blu%8 says ! ,european1 9 8 dislike ( ! ,negro & ! ,indian4 ,we mu/ also admit1 t immobility ( features is n peculi> to e race ( m5 ( d>k complexion3 x is mu* less m>k$ 9 ! ,african ?an 9 ! natives ( ,am]ica4 ,! ,*aymas1 l all savage p :o dwell 9 excessively hot regions1 h an insup]able av]sion to clo?+4 ,! writ]s ( ! middle ages in=m u1 t 9 ! nor? ( ,europe1 articles ( clo?+ di/ribut$ by mission>ies1 greatly contribut$ to ! conv]sion ( ! pagan4 ,9 ! torrid zone1 on ! contr>y1 ! natives are a%am$ 7z !y say7 to be clo!d2 & flee to ! woods1 :5 !y are compell$ to cov] !mselves4 ,among ! ,*aymas1 9 spite ( ! remon/rances ( ! monks1 m5 & wom5 rema9 unclo!d )9 _! h\ses4 ,:5 !y g into ! villages !y put on a k9d ( tunic ( cotton1 :i* sc>cely rea*es to ! knees4 ,! m5's tunics h sleeves2 b wom51 & "y boys to ! age ( t5 or twelve1 h ! arms1 %\ld]s1 & upp] "p ( ! brea/ uncov]$4 ,! tunic is s %ap$1 t ! =e-"p is jo9$ to ! back by two n>r[ b&s1 :i* cross ! %\ld]s4 ,:5 we met ! natives1 out ( ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,mission1 we saw !m1 especially 9 ra9y wea!r1 /ripp$ ( _! clo!s1 & hold+ _! %irts roll$ up "u _! arms4 ,!y pref]r$ lett+ ! ra9 fall on _! bodies to wett+ _! clo!s4 ,! eld] wom5 hid !mselves beh9d trees1 & bur/ into l\d fits ( laught] :5 !y saw u pass4 ,! mission>ies compla9 t 9 g5]al ! "y girls are n m alive to feel+s ( dec5cy ?an ! m54 ,f]d9& ,columbus99 relates t1 9 #adih1 8 fa!r f\nd ! wom5 9 ! isl& ( ,tr9idad )\t any clo?+ 799 ,life ( ! ,adelantado3 ,*ur*ill's ,collection #agbc4 ,?is ,life1 writt5 aft] ! ye> #aecg1 f orig9al notes 9 ! h&writ+ ( ,*ri/oph] ,columbus himself1 is ! mo/ valuable record ( ! hi/ory ( 8 discov]ies4 ,x exi/s only 9 ! ,italian & ,spani% translations ( ,alphonso de ,ulloa & ,gonzales ,b>cia3 = ! orig9al1 c>ri$ to ,v5ice 9 #aega by ! le>n$ ,=n>i1 has n be5 publi%$1 & is suppos$ to be lo/4 ,napione della ,patria di ,colombo #ahjd4 ,cancelli]i sopra ,*ri/4 ,colombo #ahji4 72 :ile ! m5 wore ! guayuco1 :i* is r a n>r[ b&age ?an an apron4 ,at ! same p]iod1 on ! coa/ ( ,p>ia1 "y girls 7 di/+ui%$ f m>ri$ wom51 ei!r1 z ,c>d9al ,bembo /ates1 by be+ q unclo!d1 or1 accord+ to ,gom>a1 by ! col\r ( ! guayuco4 ,?is b&age1 :i* is /ill 9 use among ! ,*aymas1 & all ! nak$ nations ( ! ,or9oco1 is only two or ?ree in*es broad1 & is ti$ on bo? sides to a /r+ :i* encircles ! wai/4 ,girls are (t5 m>ri$ at ! age ( twelve2 & until !y are n9e ye>s old1 ! mission>ies all[ !m to g to *ur* unclo!d1 t is to say1 )\t a tunic4 ,among ! ,*aymas1 z well z 9 all ! ,spani% ,missions & ! ,indian villages1 a pair ( draw]s1 a pair ( %oes1 or a hat1 are objects ( luxury unkn[n to ! natives4 ,an ,indian s]vant1 :o _h be5 ) u dur+ our j\rney to ,c>ipe & ! ,or9oco1 & :om ,i br\ght to ,france1 0 s mu* /ruck1 on l&+1 :5 he saw ! gr\nd till$ by a peasant ) 8 hat on1 t he ?\ght himself 9 a mis]able c\ntry1 :]e ev5 ! nobles 7los mismos caball]os7 foll[$ ! pl\gh4 ,! ,*ayma wom5 are n h&some1 accord+ to ! ideas we annex to beauty2 yet ! "y girls h a look ( s(tness & melan*oly1 contra/+ agreeably ) ! expression ( ! m\?1 :i* is some:at h>% & wild4 ,!y we> _! hair plait$ 9 two long tresses2 !y d n pa9t _! sk92 & we> no o!r ornam5ts ?an necklaces & bracelets made ( %ells1 birds' bones1 & se$s4 ,bo? m5 & wom5 are v muscul>1 b at ! same "t fle%y & plump4 ,i saw no p]son :o _h any natural de=mity2 & ,i may say ! same ( ?\s&s ( ,c>ibs1 ,muyscas1 & ,mexican & ,p]uvian ,indians1 :om we obs]v$ dur+ ! c\rse ( five ye>s4 ,bodily de=mities1 & deviations f nature1 are exce$+ly r>e among c]ta9 races ( m51 especially ^? :o h ! epid]mis highly col\r$2 b ,i _c believe t !y dep5d solely on ! progress ( civilization1 a luxuri\s life1 or ! corruption ( morals4 ,9 ,europe a de=m$ or v ugly girl m>ries1 if %e happ5 to h a =tune1 & ! *ildr5 (t5 inh]it ! de=mity ( ! "m4 ,9 ! savage /ate1 :i* is a /ate ( equality1 no consid]ation c induce a man to unite himself to a de=m$ woman1 or "o :o is v unheal?y4 ,su* a woman1 if %e resi/ ! accid5ts ( a re/less & tr\bl$ life1 dies )\t *ildr54 ,we might be tempt$ to ?9k1 t savages all appe> well-made & vigor\s1 because feeble *ildr5 die "y = want ( c>e1 & only ! /ronge/ survive2 b ^! causes _c op]ate among ! ,indians ( ! ,missions1 ^: mann]s are l ^? ( our peasants1 or among ! ,mexicans ( ,*olula & ,tlascala1 :o enjoy weal?1 transmitt$ to !m by ance/ors m civiliz$ ?an !mselves4 ,if1 9 e /ate ( cultivation1 ! copp]-col\r$ race manife/s ! same inflexibility1 ! same resi/ance to deviation f a primitive type1 are we n =c$ to admit t ?is peculi>ity belongs 9 great measure to h]$it>y organization1 to t :i* con/itutes ! race8 ,) copp]-col\r$ m51 z ) :ites1 luxury & effem9acy weak5 ! physical con/itution1 & h]et(ore de=mities 7 m common at ,cuzco & ,t5o*titlan4 ,among ! ,mexicans ( ! pres5t day1 :o are all lab\r]s1 lead+ ! mo/ simple lives1 ,montezuma w\ld n h f\nd ^? dw>fs & humpbacks :om ,b]nal ,diaz saw wait+ at 8 table :5 he d9$499 799 ,b]nal ,diaz ,hi/4 ,v]d4 de la ,nueva ,espana #afcj47 ,! cu/om ( m>ry+ v "y1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ! monks1 is no way detrim5tal to population4 ,?is precoci\s nubility dep5ds on ! race1 & n on ! influ5ce ( a climate excessively w>m4 ,x is f\nd on ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica1 among ! ,esquimaux1 & 9 ,asia1 among ! ,kamts*atdales1 & ! ,koriaks1 :]e girls ( t5 ye>s old are (t5 mo!rs4 ,x may appe> a/oni%+1 t ! "t ( ge/ation--! duration ( pregnancy1 nev] alt]s 9 a /ate ( heal?1 9 any race1 or 9 any climate4 ,! ,*aymas are almo/ )\t be>d on ! *91 l ! ,tung\ses1 & o!r nations ( ! ,mongol race4 ,!y pluck out ! few hairs :i* appe>2 b indep5d5tly ( t practice1 mo/ ( ! natives w\ld be ne>ly be>dless499 799 ,physiologi/s w\ld nev] h ent]ta9$ any diff]5ce ( op9ion respect+ ! exi/5ce ( ! be>d among ! ,am]icans1 if !y _h consid]$ :at ! fir/ hi/orians ( ! ,conque/ h said on ?is subject2 = example1 ,pigafetta1 9 #aeai1 9 8 j\rnal1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,ambrosian ,libr>y at ,milan1 & publi%$ 79 #ahjj7 by ,amoretti2 ,b5zoni ,hi/4 del ,mundo ,nuovo #aegb2 ,bembo ,hi/4 ,v5et4 #aeeg47 ,i say mo/ ( !m1 because !re are tribes :i*1 z !y appe> di/9ct f ! o!rs1 are m wor?y ( fix+ our att5tion4 ,su* are1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! ,*ippewas visit$ by ,mack5zie1 & ! ,yabipaees1 ne> ! ,toltec ru9s at ,moqui1 ) bu%y be>ds2 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! ,patagonians & ! ,gu>aunos4 ,among ^! la/ are "s :o h hairs on ! brea/4 ,:5 ! ,*aymas1 in/ead ( extract+ ! little hair !y h on ! *91 attempt to %ave !mselves frequ5tly1 _! be>ds gr[4 ,i h se5 ?is exp]im5t tri$ ) success by "y ,indians1 :o (ficiat$ at mass1 & :o anxi\sly wi%$ to resemble ! ,capu*9 fa!rs1 _! mission>ies & ma/]s4 ,! great mass ( ! p1 h[ev]1 dislike ! be>d1 no less ?an ! ,ea/]n nations hold x 9 rev]5ce4 ,?is antipa?y is d]iv$ f ! same s\rce z ! pr$ilection = flat =eheads1 :i* is ev9c$ 9 s s+ul> a mann] 9 ! /atues ( ! ,aztec h]oes & div9ities4 ,nations atta* ! idea ( beauty to ev]y?+ :i* p>ticul>ly *>act]izes _! own physical con=mation1 _! national physiognomy499 799 ,?us1 9 _! f9e/ /atues1 ! ,greeks exagg]at$ ! =m ( ! =ehead1 by elevat+ beyond proportion ! facial l9e47 ,h5ce x ensues t among a p to :om ,nature has giv5 v little be>d1 a n>r[ =ehead1 & a br[ni% r$ sk91 e individual ?9ks himself h&some 9 proportion z 8 body is de/itute ( hair1 8 head flatt5$1 & 8 sk9 besme>$ ) annatto1 *ica1 or "s o!r copp]-r$ col\r4 ,! ,*aymas lead a life ( s+ul> uni=mity4 ,!y g to re/ v regul>ly at sev5 9 ! ev5+1 & rise long be=e daylight1 at half-pa/ f\r 9 ! morn+4 ,e ,indian has a fire ne> 8 hammock4 ,! wom5 are s *illy1 t ,i h se5 !m %iv] at *ur* :5 ! c5tigrade !rmomet] 0 n bel[ #ah degrees4 ,! huts ( ! ,indians are extremely clean4 ,_! hammocks1 _! re$ mats1 _! pots = hold+ cassava & f]m5t$ maize1 _! b[s & arr[s1 ev]y?+ is arrang$ 9 ! greate/ ord]4 ,m5 & wom5 ba! e day2 & be+ almo/ con/antly unclo!d1 !y are exempt$ f t uncleanl9ess1 ( :i* ! g>m5ts are ! pr9cipal cause among ! l[] class ( p 9 cold c\ntries4 ,besides a h\se 9 ! village1 !y h g5]ally1 9 _! conucos1 ne> "s spr+1 or at ! entrance ( "s solit>y valley1 a small hut1 cov]$ ) ! leaves ( ! palm or planta9-tree4 ,?\gh !y live less commodi\sly 9 ! conuco1 !y love to retire ?i!r z (t5 z !y c4 ,! irresi/ible desire ! ,indians h to flee f society1 & ent] aga9 on a nomad life1 causes ev5 "y *ildr5 sometimes to leave _! p>5ts1 & w&] f\r or five days 9 ! =e/s1 liv+ on fruits1 palm-cabbage1 & roots4 ,:5 travell+ 9 ! ,missions1 x is n uncommon to f9d :ole villages almo/ des]t$1 because ! inhabitants are 9 _! g>d5s1 or 9 ! =e/s 7al monte74 ,among civiliz$ nations1 ! passion = hunt+ arises p]haps 9 "p f ! same causes3 ! *>m ( solitude1 ! innate desire ( indep5d5ce1 ! deep impression made by ,nature1 :5ev] man f9ds himself 9 contact ) h] 9 solitude4 ,! condition ( ! wom5 among ! ,*aymas1 l t 9 all semi-b>b>\s nations1 is a /ate ( privation & suff]+4 ,! h>de/ lab\r devolves on !m4 ,:5 we saw ! ,*aymas return 9 ! ev5+ f _! g>d5s1 ! man c>ri$ no?+ b ! knife or hat*et 7ma*ete71 ) :i* he cle>s 8 way among ! und]wood2 :il/ ! woman1 b5d+ "u a great load ( planta9s1 c>ri$ "o *ild 9 h] arms1 & sometimes two o!r *ildr5 plac$ ^u ! load4 ,not)/&+ ?is inequality ( condition1 ! wives ( ! ,indians ( ,s\? ,am]ica appe> to be 9 g5]al happi] ?an ^? ( ! savages ( ! ,nor?4 ,betwe5 ! ,alleghany m\nta9s & ! ,mississippi1 :]ev] ! natives d n live *iefly on ! produce ( ! *ase1 ! wom5 cultivate maize1 beans1 & g\rds2 & ! m5 take no %>e 9 ! lab\rs ( ! field4 ,9 ! torrid zone1 hunt+ tribes are n num]\s1 & 9 ! ,missions1 ! m5 "w 9 ! fields z well z ! wom54 ,no?+ c exce$ ! difficulty exp]i5c$ by ! ,indians 9 le>n+ ,spani%1 to :i* language !y h an absolute av]sion4 ,:il/ liv+ sep>ate f ! :ites1 !y h no ambition to be call$ educat$ ,indians1 or1 to borr[ ! phrase employ$ 9 ! ,missions1 'lat9iz$ ,indians' 7,indios muy lat9os74 ,n only among ! ,*aymas1 b 9 all ! v remote ,missions :i* ,i aft]w>ds visit$1 ,i obs]v$ t ! ,indians exp]i5ce va/ difficulty 9 arrang+ & express+ ! mo/ simple ideas 9 ,spani%1 ev5 :5 !y p]fectly und]/& ! mean+ ( ! words & ! turn ( ! phrases4 ,:5 a ,european que/ions !m conc]n+ objects :i* h surr\nd$ !m f _! cradles1 !y seem to manife/ an imbecility exce$+ t ( infancy4 ,! mission>ies ass]t t ?is emb>rassm5t is nei!r ! effect ( timidity nor ( natural /upidity1 b t x arises f ! imp$im5ts !y meet ) 9 ! /ructure ( a language s diff]5t f _! native tongue4 ,9 proportion z man is remote f cultivation1 ! great] is 8 m5tal inaptitude4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 surpris+ t ! isolat$ ,indians 9 ! ,missions %\ld exp]i5ce 9 ! acquisition ( ! ,spani% language1 less facility ?an ,indians :o live among me/izoes1 mulattoes1 & :ites1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( t[ns4 ,nev]!less1 ,i h (t5 wond]$ at ! volubility ) :i*1 at ,c>ipe1 ! native alcalde1 ! gov]nador1 & ! s]g5to mayor1 w h>angue = :ole h\rs ! ,indians assembl$ be=e ! *ur*2 regulat+ ! lab\rs ( ! week1 reprim&+ ! idle1 or ?reat5+ ! disob$i5t4 ,^? *iefs :o are also ( ! ,*ayma race1 & :o transmit ! ord]s ( ! mission>y1 speak all toge!r 9 a l\d voice1 ) m>k$ emphasis1 b almo/ )\t action4 ,_! features rema9 motionless2 b _! look is imp]i\s & sev]e4 ,^! same m51 :o manife/ quickness ( intellect1 & :o 7 tol]ably well acqua9t$ ) ! ,spani%1 7 unable to connect _! ideas1 :51 9 our excursions 9 ! c\ntry ar\nd ! conv5t1 we put que/ions to !m ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( ! monks4 ,!y 7 made to affirm or d5y :atev] ! monks pleas$3 & t wily civility1 to :i* ! lea/ cultivat$ ,indian is no /rang]1 induc$ !m sometimes to give to _! answ]s ! turn t seem$ to be sugge/$ by our que/ions4 ,travell]s _c be en\gh on _! gu>d aga9/ ?is (fici\s ass5t1 :5 !y seek to confirm _! own op9ions by ! te/imony ( ! natives4 ,to put an ,indian alcalde to ! pro(1 ,i ask$ him "o day1 :e!r he did n ?9k ! little riv] ( ,c>ipe1 :i* issues f ! cav]n ( ! ,gua*>o1 return$ into x on ! opposite side by "s unkn[n entrance1 aft] hav+ asc5d$ ! slope ( ! m\nta94 ,! ,indian seem$ gravely to reflect on ! subject1 & !n answ]$1 by way ( support+ my hypo!sis3 ,h[ else1 if x 7 n s1 w\ld !re always be wat] 9 ! b$ ( ! riv] at ! m\? ( ! cav]n8 ,! ,*aymas are v dull 9 compreh5d+ any?+ relat+ to num]ical facts4 ,i nev] knew "o ( ^! p :o might n h be5 made to say t he 0 ei!r eighte5 or sixty ye>s ( age4 ,mr4 ,m>sd5 obs]v$ ! same peculi>ity 9 ! ,malays ( ,sumatra1 ?\gh !y h be5 civiliz$ m ?an five c5turies4 ,! ,*ayma language conta9s words :i* express pretty l>ge numb]s1 yet few ,indians "k h[ to apply !m2 & hav+ felt1 f _! int]c\rse ) ! mission>ies1 ! necessity ( s do+1 ! m intellig5t among !m c\nt 9 ,spani%1 b app>5tly ) great ef=t ( m9d1 z f> z ?irty1 or p]haps fifty4 ,! same p]sons1 h[ev]1 _c c\nt 9 ! ,*ayma language beyond five or six4 ,x is natural t !y %\ld employ 9 pref]5ce ! words ( a language 9 :i* !y h be5 taught ! s]ies ( units & t5s4 ,s9ce le>n$ ,europeans h n disda9$ to /udy ! /ructure ( ! idioms ( ,am]ica ) ! same c>e z !y /udy ^? ( ! ,semitic languages1 & ( ! ,greek & ,lat91 !y no long] attribute to ! imp]fection ( a language1 :at belongs to ! rud5ess ( ! nation4 ,x is ackn[l$g$1 t almo/ ev]y:]e ! ,indian idioms display great] ri*ness1 & m delicate gradations1 ?an might be suppos$ f ! uncultivat$ /ate ( ! p by :om !y are spok54 ,i am f> f plac+ ! languages ( ! ,new ,_w 9 ! same rank ) ! f9e/ languages ( ,asia & ,europe2 b no "o ( ^! latt] has a m neat1 regul>1 & simple sy/em ( num]ation1 ?an ! ,qui*ua & ! ,aztec1 :i* 7 spok5 9 ! great empires ( ,cuzco & ,anahuac4 ,x is a mi/ake to suppose t ^? languages d n admit ( c\nt+ beyond f\r1 because 9 villages :]e !y are spok5 by ! poor lab\r]s ( ,p]uvian & ,mexican race1 individuals are f\nd1 :o _c c\nt beyond t numb]4 ,! s+ul> op9ion1 t s _m ,am]ican nations reckon only z f> z five1 t51 or tw5ty1 has be5 propagat$ by travell]s1 :o h n reflect$1 t1 accord+ to ! g5ius ( diff]5t idioms1 m5 ( all nations /op at gr\ps ( five1 t51 or tw5ty units 7t is1 ! numb] ( ! f+]s ( "o h&1 or ( bo? h&s1 or ( ! f+]s & toes toge!r72 & t six1 ?irte51 or tw5ty are diff]5tly express$1 by five-"o1 t5-?ree1 & feet-t5499 799 ,savages1 to express great numb]s ) m facility1 are 9 ! habit ( =m+ gr\ps ( five1 t51 or tw5ty gra9s ( maize1 accord+ z !y reckon 9 _! language by fives1 t5s1 or tw5ties47 ,c x be said t ! numb]s ( ! ,europeans d n ext5d beyond t51 because we /op aft] hav+ =m$ a gr\p ( t5 units8 ,! con/ruction ( ! languages ( ,am]ica is s opposite to t ( ! languages d]iv$ f ! ,lat91 t ! ,jesuits1 :o _h ?or\ghly exam9$ ev]y?+ t c\ld contribute to ext5d _! e/abli%m5ts1 introduc$ among _! neophytes1 in/ead ( ! ,spani%1 "s ,indian tongues1 rem>kable = _! regul>ity & copi\sness1 su* z ! ,qui*ua & ! ,gu>ani4 ,!y endeav\r$ to sub/itute ^! languages = o!rs :i* 7 poor] & m irregul> 9 _! syntax4 ,?is sub/itution 0 f\nd easy3 ! ,indians ( ! diff]5t tribes adopt$ x ) docility1 & !nce=w>d ^? ,am]ican languages g5]aliz$ became a ready m$ium ( communication betwe5 ! mission>ies & ! neophytes4 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake to suppose1 t ! pref]5ce giv5 to ! language ( ! ,incas ov] ! ,spani% tongue _h no o!r aim ?an t ( isolat+ ! ,missions1 & )draw+ !m f ! influ5ce ( two rival p[]s1 ! bi%ops & civil gov]nors4 ,! ,jesuits _h o!r motives1 indep5d5tly ( _! policy1 = wi%+ to g5]alize c]ta9 ,indian tongues4 ,!y f\nd 9 ^? languages a common tie1 easy to be e/abli%$ betwe5 ! num]\s hordes :i* _h rema9$ ho/ile to ea* o!r1 & _h be5 kept asund] by div]sity ( idioms2 =1 9 uncultivat$ c\ntries1 aft] ! lapse ( sev]al ages1 dialects (t5 assume ! =m1 or at lea/ ! appe>ance1 ( "m tongues4 ,:5 x is said t a ,dane le>ns ! ,g]man1 & a ,spani>d ! ,italian or ! ,lat91 m easily ?an !y le>n any o!r language1 x is at fir/ ?\ght t ?is facility results f ! id5tity ( a great numb] ( roots1 common to all ! ,g]manic tongues1 or to ^? ( ,lat9 ,europe2 x is n consid]$1 t1 ) ?is resemblance ( s\nds1 !re is ano!r resemblance1 :i* acts m p[]fully on nations ( a common orig94 ,language is n ! result ( an arbitr>y conv5tion4 ,! me*anism ( inflections1 ! grammatical con/ructions1 ! possibility ( inv]sions1 all are ! (fspr+ ( our own m9ds1 ( our individual organization4 ,!re is 9 man an in/9ctive & regulat+ pr9ciple1 diff]5tly modifi$ among nations n ( ! same race4 ,a climate m or less sev]e1 a resid5ce 9 ! defiles ( m\nta9s1 or on ! sea-coa/s1 or diff]5t habits ( life1 may alt] ! pronunciation1 r5d] ! id5tity ( ! roots obscure1 & multiply ! numb]2 b all ^! causes d n affect t :i* con/itutes ! /ructure & me*anism ( languages4 ,! influ5ce ( climate1 & ( ext]nal circum/ances1 vani%es be=e ! influ5ce :i* dep5ds on ! race1 on ! h]$it>y & individual dispositions ( m54 ,9 ,am]ica 7& ?is result ( rec5t rese>*es99 799 ,see ,vat]'s ,mi?ridates47 is extremely important ) respect to ! hi/ory ( our species7 f ! c\ntry ( ! ,esquimaux to ! banks ( ! ,or9oco1 & aga9 f ^! torrid regions to ! froz5 climate ( ! ,/raits ( ,magellan1 "m-tongues1 entirely diff]5t 9 _! roots1 h1 if we may use ! expression1 ! same physiognomy4 ,/rik+ analogies ( grammatical con/ruction are ackn[l$g$1 n only 9 ! m p]fect languages1 z 9 t ( ! ,incas1 ! ,aym>a1 ! ,gu>auno1 ! ,mexican1 & ! ,cora1 b also 9 languages extremely rude4 ,idioms1 ! roots ( :i* d n resemble ea* o!r m ?an ! roots ( ! ,sclavonic & ! ,biscayan1 h ^? resemblances ( int]nal me*anism :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,sanscrit1 ! ,p]sian1 ! ,greek1 & ! ,g]man languages4 ,almo/ ev]y:]e 9 ! ,new ,_w we recognize a multiplicity ( =ms & t5ses 9 ! v]b199 799 ,9 ! ,gre5l& language1 = example1 ! multiplicity ( ! pron\ns gov]n$ by ! v]b produces tw5ty-sev5 =ms = e t5se ( ! ,indicative mood4 ,x is surpris+ to f9d1 among nations n[ rank+ 9 ! l[e/ degree ( civilization1 ?is desire ( graduat+ ! relations ( "t1 ?is sup]abundance ( modifications introduc$ into ! v]b1 to *>act]ise ! object4 ,mat>pa1 he takes x away3 matt>pet1 ?\ take/ x away3 matt>patit1 he takes x away f !e3 matt>pagit1 ,i take away f !e4 ,& 9 ! pret]ite ( ! same v]b1 matt>a1 he has tak5 x away3 matt>atit1 he has tak5 x away f !e4 ,?is example f ! ,gre5l& language %[s h[ ! gov]n$ & ! p]sonal pron\ns =m "o comp\nd1 9 ! ,am]ican languages1 ) ! root ( ! v]b4 ,^! slight diff]5ces 9 ! =m ( ! v]b1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! pron\ns gov]n$ by x1 is f\nd 9 ! ,old ,_w only 9 ! ,biscayan & ,congo languages 7,vat]1 ,mi?ridates4 ,william von ,humboldt1 ,on ! ,basque ,language74 ,/range con=mity 9 ! /ructure ( languages on spots s di/ant1 & among ?ree races ( m5 s diff]5t1--! :ite ,catalonians1 ! black ,congos1 & ! copp]-col\r$ ,am]icans67 an +5i\s me?od ( indicat+ be=eh&1 ei!r by inflexion ( ! p]sonal pron\ns1 :i* =m ! t]m9ations ( ! v]b1 or by an int]calat$ suffix1 ! nature & ! relation ( its object & its subject1 & ( di/+ui%+ :e!r ! object be animate or inanimate1 ( ! mascul9e or ! fem99e g5d]1 simple or 9 complex numb]4 ,x is on acc\nt ( ?is g5]al analogy ( /ructure1--x is because ,am]ican languages :i* h no words 9 common 7= in/ance1 ! ,mexican & ! ,qui*ua71 resemble ea* o!r by _! organization1 & =m complete contra/s to ! languages ( ,lat9 ,europe1 t ! ,indians ( ! ,missions famili>ize !mselves m easily ) an ,am]ican idiom ?an ) ! ,spani%4 ,9 ! =e/s ( ! ,or9oco ,i h se5 ! rude/ ,indians speak two or ?ree tongues4 ,savages ( diff]5t nations (t5 communicate _! ideas to ea* o!r by an idiom n _! own4 ,if ! sy/em ( ! ,jesuits _h be5 foll[$1 languages1 :i* already occupy a va/ ext5t ( c\ntry1 w\ld h become almo/ g5]al4 ,9 ,t]ra ,firma & on ! ,or9oco1 ! ,c>ibbean & ! ,tamanac alone w\ld n[ be spok52 & 9 ! s\? & s\?-we/1 ! ,qui*ua1 ! ,gu>ano1 ! ,omagua1 & ! ,araucan4 ,by appropriat+ to !mselves ^! languages1 ! grammatical =ms ( :i* are v regul>1 & almo/ z fix$ z ^? ( ! ,greek & ,sanscrit1 ! mission>ies w\ld place !mselves 9 m intimate connection ) ! natives :om !y gov]n4 ,! numb]less difficulties :i* occur 9 ! sy/em ( a ,mission consi/+ ( ,indians ( t5 or a doz5 diff]5t nations w\ld disappe> ) ! confusion ( idioms4 ,^? :i* are little diffus$ w\ld become dead languages2 b ! ,indian1 9 pres]v+ an ,am]ican idiom1 w\ld reta9 8 individuality--8 national "*4 ,?us by peaceful means might be effect$ :at ! ,incas began to e/abli% by =ce ( arms4 ,h[ inde$ c we be surpris$ at ! little progress made by ! ,*aymas1 ! ,c>ibbees1 ! ,salives1 or ! ,otomacs1 9 ! k ( ! ,spani% language1 :5 we recollect t "o :ite man1 "o s+le mission>y1 f9ds himself alone amid/ five or six hundr$ ,indians8 & t x is difficult = him to e/abli% among !m a gov]nador1 an alcalde1 or a fiscal1 :o may s]ve him z an int]pret]8 ,if1 in/ead ( ! mission>y sy/em1 "s o!r means ( civilization 7 sub/itut$1 if1 in/ead ( keep+ ! :ites at a di/ance1 !y c\ld be m+l$ ) ! natives rec5tly unit$ 9 villages1 ! ,am]ican idioms w\ld soon be sup]s$$ by ! languages ( ,europe1 & ! natives w\ld receive 9 ^? languages ! great mass ( new ideas :i* are ! fruit ( civilization4 ,!n ! introduction ( g5]al tongues1 su* z t ( ! ,incas1 or ! ,gu>anos1 )\t d\bt w\ld become useless4 ,b aft] hav+ liv$ s long 9 ! ,missions ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 aft] hav+ s closely obs]v$ ! advantages & ! abuses ( ! sy/em ( ! mission>ies1 ,i may be p]mitt$ to d\bt :e!r t sy/em c\ld be easily ab&on$1 ?\gh x is d\btless v capable ( be+ improv$1 & r5d]$ m con=mable ) our ideas ( civil lib]ty4 ,to ?is x may be answ]$1 t ! ,romans99 succe$$ 9 rapidly introduc+ _! language ) _! sov]eignty into ! c\ntry ( ! ,gauls1 into ,boetica1 & into ! prov9ce ( ,africa4 799 ,= ! reason ( ?is rapid introduction ( ,lat9 among ! ,gauls1 ,i believe we mu/ look into ! "* ( ! natives & ! /ate ( _! civilization1 & n into ! /ructure ( _! language4 ,! br[n-hair$ ,celtic nations 7 c]ta9ly diff]5t f ! race ( ! light-hair$ ,g]manic nations2 & ?\gh ! ,druid ca/e recalls to our m9ds "o ( ! in/itutions ( ! ,ganges1 ?is does n demon/rate t ! idiom ( ! ,celts belongs1 l t ( ! nations ( ,od91 to a bran* ( ! ,indo-,pelasgic languages4 ,f analogy ( /ructure & ( roots1 ! ,lat9 ought to h p5etrat$ m easily on ! o!r side ( ! ,danube1 ?an into ,gaul2 b an uncultivat$ /ate1 jo9$ to great moral inflexibility1 probably oppos$ its introduction among ! ,g]manic nations47 ,b ! natives ( ^! c\ntries 7 n savages2--!y inhabit$ t[ns2 !y 7 acqua9t$ ) ! use ( money2 & !y possess$ in/itutions d5ot+ a tol]ably advanc$ /ate ( cultivation4 ,! allurem5t ( comm]ce1 & a long abode ( ! ,roman legions1 _h promot$ int]c\rse betwe5 !m & _! conqu]ors4 ,we see1 on ! contr>y1 t ! introduction ( ! languages ( ! "m-c\ntries 0 met by ob/acles almo/ innum]able1 :]ev] ,c>?ag9ian1 ,greek1 or ,roman colonies 7 e/abli%$ on coa/s entirely b>b>\s4 ,9 e age1 & 9 e climate1 ! fir/ impulse ( ! savage is to %un ! civiliz$ man4 ,! language ( ! ,*ayma ,indians 0 less agreeable to my e> ?an ! ,c>ibbee1 ! ,salive1 & o!r languages ( ! ,or9oco4 ,x has few] sonor\s t]m9ations 9 acc5t$ v[els4 ,we are /ruck ) ! frequ5t repetition ( ! syllables guaz1 ez1 puec1 & pur4 ,^! t]m9ations are d]iv$ 9 "p f ! inflexion ( ! v]b to be1 & f c]ta9 prepositions1 :i* are add$ at ! ends ( words1 & :i*1 accord+ to ! g5ius ( ! ,am]ican idioms1 are incorporat$ ) !m4 ,x w\ld be wrong to attribute ?is h>%ness ( s\nd to ! abode ( ! ,*aymas 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,!y are /rang]s to t temp]ate climate4 ,!y h be5 l$ ?i!r by ! mission>ies2 & x is well kn[n t1 l all ! inhabitants ( w>m regions1 !y at fir/ dread$ :at !y call$ ! cold ( ,c>ipe4 ,i employ$ myself1 ) ,m4 ,bonpl&1 dur+ our abode at ! hospital ( ! ,capu*9s1 9 =m+ a small catalogue ( ,*ayma words4 ,i am aw>e t languages are mu* m /rongly *>act]is$ by _! /ructure & grammatical =ms ?an by ! analogy ( _! s\nds & ( _! roots2 & t ! analogy ( s\nds is sometimes s disguis$ 9 diff]5t dialects ( ! same tongue1 z n to be recognizable2 = ! tribes into :i* a nation is divid$1 (t5 designate ! same objects by words altoge!r het]og5e\s4 ,h5ce x foll[s t we readily fall into mi/akes1 if1 neglect+ ! /udy ( ! inflexions1 & consult+ only ! roots 7= in/ance1 9 ! words :i* designate ! moon1 sky1 wat]1 & e>?71 we decide on ! absolute diff]5ce ( two idioms f ! m]e want ( resemblance 9 s\nds4 ,b1 :ile aw>e ( ?is s\rce ( error1 travell]s w\ld d well to cont9ue to collect su* mat]ials z may be )9 _! rea*4 ,if !y d n make kn[n ! int]nal /ructure1 & g5]al arrangem5t ( ! edifice1 !y may po9t out "s important p>ts4 ,! ?ree languages n[ mo/ us$ 9 ! prov9ces ( ,cumana & ,b>celona1 are ! ,*ayma1 ! ,cumanagota1 & ! ,c>ibbee4 ,!y h always be5 reg>d$ 9 ^! c\ntries z diff]5t idioms1 & a diction>y ( ea* has be5 writt5 = ! use ( ! ,missions1 by ,fa!rs ,tau/e1 ,ruiz-blanco1 & ,breton4 ,! ,vocabul>io y ,arte de la ,l5gua de los ,indios ,*aymas has become extremely sc>ce4 ,! few ,am]ican gramm>s1 pr9t$ = ! mo/ "p 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 pass$ into ! ,missions1 & h be5 lo/ 9 ! =e/s4 ,! dampness ( ! air & ! voracity ( insects99 r5d] ! pres]vation ( books almo/ impossible 9 ^? regions 799 ,! t]mites1 s well kn[n 9 ,spani% ,am]ica "u ! "n ( comeg51 or 'dev\r]1' is "o ( ^! de/ructive insects473 !y are de/roy$ 9 a %ort space ( "t1 not)/&+ e precaution t may be employ$4 ,i _h mu* difficulty to collect 9 ! ,missions1 & 9 ! conv5ts1 ^? gramm>s ( ,am]ican languages1 :i*1 on my return to ,europe1 ,i plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ,sev]9 ,vat]1 pr(essor & libr>ian at ! univ]sity ( ,konigsb]g4 ,!y furni%$ him ) useful mat]ials = 8 great "w on ! idioms ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,i omitt$1 at ! "t1 to transcribe f my j\rnal1 & communicate to t le>n$ g5tleman1 :at ,i _h collect$ 9 ! ,*ayma tongue4 ,s9ce nei!r ,fa!r ,gili1 nor ! ,abbe ,h]vas1 has m5tion$ ?is language1 ,i %all "h expla9 succ9ctly ! result ( my rese>*es4 ,on ! "r bank ( ! ,or9oco1 s\?-ea/ ( ! ,mission ( ,enc>amada1 & at ! di/ance ( m ?an a hundr$ leagues f ! ,*aymas1 live ! ,tamanacs 7,tamanacu71 ^: language is divid$ into sev]al dialects4 ,?is nation1 =m]ly v p[]ful1 is sep>at$ f ! m\nta9s ( ,c>ipe by ! ,or9oco1 by ! va/ /eppes ( ,c>acas & ( ,cumana2 & by a b>ri] f> m difficult to surm\nt1 ! nations ( ,c>ibbean orig94 ,b not)/&+ di/ance1 & ! num]\s ob/acles 9 ! way ( int]c\rse1 ! language ( ! ,*ayma ,indians is a bran* ( ! ,tamanac tongue4 ,! olde/ mission>ies ( ,c>ipe are ignorant ( ?is curi\s fact1 because ! ,capu*9s ( ,aragon seldom visit ! s\!rn banks ( ! ,or9oco1 & sc>cely "k ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,tamanacs4 ,i recogniz$ ! analogy betwe5 ! idiom ( ?is nation1 & t ( ! ,*ayma ,indians long aft] my return to ,europe1 9 comp>+ ! mat]ials :i* ,i _h collect$ ) ! sket* ( a gramm> publi%$ 9 ,italy by an old mission>y ( ! ,or9oco4 ,)\t kn[+ ! ,*aymas1 ! ,abbe ,gili conjectur$ t ! language ( ! inhabitants ( ,p>ia mu/ h "s relation to ! ,tamanac499 799 ,vat] has also advanc$ "s well-f\nd$ conjectures on ! connexion betwe5 ! ,tamanac & ,c>ibbean tongues & ^? spok5 on ! nor?-ea/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,i may acqua9t ! read]1 t ,i h writt5 ! words ( ! ,am]ican languages accord+ to ! ,spani% or?ography1 s t ! u %\ld be pron\nc$ oo1 ! * l * 9 ,engli%1 etc4 ,hav+ dur+ a great numb] ( ye>s spok5 no o!r language ?an ! ,ca/ilian1 ,i m>k$ d[n ! s\nds accord+ to ! or?ography ( t language1 & n[ ,i am afraid ( *ang+ ! value ( ^! signs1 by sub/itut+ o!rs no less imp]fect4 ,x is a b>b>\s practice1 to express1 l ! great] "p ( ! nations ( ,europe1 ! mo/ simple & di/9ct s\nds by _m v[els1 or _m unit$ consonants1 :ile !y might be indicat$ by lett]s equally simple4 ,:at a *aos is exhibit$ by ! vocabul>ies writt5 accord+ to ,engli%1 ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 or ,spani% notations6 ,a new essay1 :i* ! illu/ri\s au?or ( ! travels 9 ,egypt1 ,m4 ,volney1 is ab\t to publi% on ! analysis ( s\nds f\nd 9 diff]5t nations1 & on ! notation ( ^? s\nds accord+ to a uni=m sy/em1 w lead to great progress ,9 ! /udy ( languages47 ,i w prove ?is connection by two means :i* s]ve to %[ ! analogy ( idioms2 namely1 ! grammatical con/ruction1 & ! id5tity ( words & roots4 ,! foll[+ are ! p]sonal pron\ns ( ! ,*aymas1 :i* are at ! same "t possessive pron\ns2 u-re1 ,i1 me2 eu-re1 ?\1 !e2 teu-re1 he1 him4 ,9 ! ,tamanac1 u-re1 ,i2 am>e or anja1 ?\2 iteu-ja1 he4 ,! radical ( ! fir/ & ( ?ird p]son is 9 ! ,*ayma u & teu499 799 ,we mu/ n wond] at ^? roots :i* r$uce !mselves to a s+le v[el4 ,9 a language ( ! ,old ,cont95t1 ! /ructure ( :i* is s artificially complicat$1 7! ,biscayan17 ! family "n ,ug>te 7betwe5 ! wat]s7 conta9s ! u ( ura 7wat]7 & arte betwe54 ,! g is add$ = ! sake ( euphony47 ,! same roots are f\nd 9 ! ,tamanac4 ,,table ,,( ,,*ayma ,,& ,,tamanac ,,words ,,comp>$3 ,,column #a 3 ,engli%4 ,,column #b 3 ,,*ayma4 ,,column #c 3 ,,tamanac4 ,i 3 ,ure 3 ,ure4 wat] 3 ,tuna 3 ,tuna4 ra9 3 ,conopo99 3 ,canopo499 799 ,! same ^w1 conopo1 signifies ra9 & ye>4 ,! ye>s are c\nt$ by ! numb] ( w9t]s1 or ra9y seasons4 ,!y say 9 ,*ayma1 z 9 ,sanscrit1 's _m ra9s1' mean+ s _m ye>s4 ,9 ! ,basque language1 ! ^w urtea1 ye>1 is d]iv$ f urt51 to br+ =? leaves 9 spr+47 to "k 3 ,poturu 3 ,puturo4 fire 3 ,apoto 3 ,uapto 79 ,c>ibbean uato74 ! moon1 a mon? 3 ,nuna 3 ,nuna499 799 ,9 ! ,tamanac & ,c>ibbean languages1 ,nono signifies ! e>?1 ,nuna ! moon2 z 9 ! ,*ayma4 ,?is aff9ity appe>s to me v curi\s2 & ! ,indians ( ! ,rio ,caura say1 t ! moon is 'ano!r e>?4' ,among savage nations1 amid/ s _m confus$ ideas1 we f9d c]ta9 rem9isc5ces well wor?y ( att5tion4 ,among ! ,gre5l&]s ,nuna signifies ! e>?1 & ,anon+at ! moon47 a tree 3 ,je 3 ,jeje4 a h\se 3 ,ata 3 ,aute4 to y 3 ,euya 3 ,auya4 to y 3 ,toya 3 ,iteuya4 honey 3 ,guane 3 ,uane4 he has said x 3 ,nac>amayre 3 ,nac>amai4 a physician1 a sorc]] 3 ,pia*e 3 ,psia*e4 "o 3 ,tib9 3 ,ob9 79 ,jaoi1 ,tew974 two 3 ,aco 3 ,oco 79 ,c>ibbean1 ,occo74 two 3 ,oroa 3 ,orua 79 ,c>ibbean1 ,oroa74 fle% 3 ,pun 3 ,punu4 no 7negation7 3 ,pra 3 ,pra4 ,! v]b to be1 is express$ 9 ,*ayma by az4 ,on add+ to ! v]b ! p]sonal pron\n ,i 7u f u-re71 a g is plac$1 = ! sake ( euphony1 be=e ! u1 z 9 guaz1 ,i am1 prop]ly g-u-az4 ,z ! fir/ p]son is kn[n by an u1 ! second is designat$ by an m1 ! ?ird by an i2 maz1 ?\ art2 mu]epuec araquapemaz8 :y art ?\ sad8 prop]ly :at = sad ?\ art2 punpuec topu*emaz1 ?\ art fat 9 body1 prop]ly fle% 7pun7 = 7puec7 fat 7topu*e7 ?\ art 7maz74 ,! possessive pron\ns prec$e ! sub/antive2 upatay1 9 my h\se1 prop]ly my h\se 94 ,all ! prepositions & ! negation pra are incorporat$ at ! end1 z 9 ! ,tamanac4 ,!y say 9 ,*ayma1 ipuec1 ) him1 prop]ly him )2 euya1 to !e1 or !e to2 epuec *>pe guaz1 ,i am gay ) !e1 prop]ly !e ) gay ,i am2 uc>epra1 n z ,i1 prop]ly ,i z n2 qu5potupra quoguaz1 ,i d n "k him1 prop]ly him kn[+ n ,i am2 qu5epra quoguaz1 ,i h n se5 him1 prop]ly him see+ n ,i am4 ,9 ! ,tamanac tongue1 acurivane means beautiful1 & acurivanepra1 ugly--n beautiful2 outapra1 !re is no fi%1 prop]ly fi% none2 ut]ipipra1 ,i w n g1 prop]ly ,i to g w n1 compos$ ( ut]i199 to g1 ipiri1 to *oose1 & pra1 n4 799 ,9 ,*ayma3 ute*ire1 ,i w g also1 prop]ly ,i 7u7 to g 7! radical ute1 or1 because ( ! prec$+ v[el1 te7 also 7*]e1 or ere1 or ire74 ,9 ute*ire we f9d ! ,tamanac v]b to g1 ut]i1 ( :i* ute is also ! radical1 & ri ! t]m9ation ( ! ,inf9itive4 ,9 ord] to %[ t 9 ,*ayma *]e or ere indicates ! adv]b also1 ,i %all cite f ! fragm5t ( a vocabul>y 9 my possession1 u-*]e1 ,i also2 nac>amayre1 he said s also2 gu>zaz]e1 ,i c>ri$ also2 *>e*]e1 to c>ry also4 ,9 ! ,tamanac1 z 9 ! ,*ayma1 *>]i signifies to c>ry47 ,among ! ,c>ibbees1 ^: language also be>s "s relation to ! ,tamanac1 ?\gh inf9itely less ?an ! ,*ayma1 ! negation is express$ by an m plac$ be=e ! v]b3 amoy5l5gati1 x is v cold2 & mamoy5l5gati1 x is n v cold4 ,9 an analog\s mann]1 ! p>ticle mna add$ to ! ,tamanac v]b1 n at ! end1 b by int]calation1 gives x a negative s5se1 z t>o1 to say1 t>omn>1 n to say4 ,! v]b to be1 v irregul> 9 all languages1 is az or ats 9 ,*ayma2 & uo*iri 79 composition uac1 uats*a7 9 ,tamanac4 ,x s]ves n only to =m ! ,passive1 b x is add$ also1 z by agglut9ation1 to ! radical ( attributive v]bs1 9 a numb] ( t5ses499 799 ,! pres5t 9 ! ,tamanac1 j>]-bae-ure1 appe>s to me no?+ else !n ! v]b bac1 or uac 7f uacs*iri1 to be 71 add$ to ! radical to c>ry1 j>e 79 ! inf9itive j>]i71 ! result ( :i* is c>ry+ to be ,i47 ,^! agglut9ations rem9d u ( ! employm5t 9 ! ,sanscrit ( ! auxili>y v]bs z & bhu 7a/i & bhavati99 799 ,9 ! bran* ( ! ,g]manic languages we f9d bhu "u ! =ms bim1 bi/2 z1 9 ! =ms vas1 va/1 vesum 7,bopp page #ach74772 ! ,lat91 ( es & fu1 or fus299 799 ,h5ce fu-ero2 amav-issem2 amav-eram2 pos-sum 7pot-sum747 ! ,biscayan1 ( izan1 ucan1 & egu94 ,!re are c]ta9 po9ts 9 :i* idioms ! mo/ dissimil> concur "o ) ano!r4 ,t :i* is common 9 ! intellectual organization ( man is reflect$ 9 ! g5]al /ructure ( language2 & e idiom1 h[ev] b>b>\s x may appe>1 discloses a regulat+ pr9ciple :i* has presid$ at its =mation4 ,! plural1 9 ,tamanac1 is indicat$ 9 sev5 diff]5t ways1 accord+ to ! t]m9ation ( ! sub/antive1 or accord+ z x designates an animate or inanimate object499 799 ,tamanacu1 a ,tamanac 7plur4 ,tamanakemi73 ,pongheme1 a ,spani>d 7prop]ly a man clo!d72 ,pongamo1 ,spani>ds1 or m5 clo!d4 ,! plural 9 cne *>act]izes inanimate objects3 = example1 c5e1 a ?+2 c5ecne1 ?+s3 jeje1 a tree2 jejecne1 trees47 ,9 ,*ayma ! plural is =m$ z 9 ,c>ibbee1 9 on2 teure1 himself2 teurecon1 !mselves2 tanorocon1 ^? "h2 montaonocon1 ^? bel[1 suppos+ t ! int]locutor is speak+ ( a place :]e he 0 himself pres5t2 miyonocon1 ^? bel[1 suppos+ he speaks ( a place :]e he 0 n pres5t4 ,! ,*aymas h also ! ,ca/ilian adv]bs aqui & alla1 %ades ( diff]5ce :i* c be express$ only by p]iphrasis1 9 ! idioms ( ,g]manic & ,lat9 orig94 ,"s ,indians1 :o 7 acqua9t$ ) ,spani%1 assur$ u1 t zis signifi$ n only ! sun1 b also ! ,deity4 ,?is appe>$ to me ! m extraord9>y1 z among all o!r ,am]ican nations we f9d di/9ct words = ,god & ! sun4 ,! ,c>ib does n conf\nd ,tam\ssicabo1 ! ,anci5t ( ,heav51 ) vey\1 ! sun4 ,ev5 ! ,p]uvian1 ?\gh a wor%ipp] ( ! sun1 raises 8 m9d to ! idea ( a ,be+ :o regulates ! movem5ts ( ! />s4 ,! sun1 9 ! language ( ! ,incas1 be>s ! "n ( inti199 799 ,9 ! ,qui*ua1 or language ( ! ,incas1 ! sun is inti2 love1 munay2 great1 veypul2 9 ,sanscrit1 ! sun1 indre3 love1 manya2 great1 vipulo4 7,vat] ,mi?ridates tome #c page #ccc47 ,^! are ! only examples ( analogy ( s\nd1 t h yet be5 notic$4 ,! grammatical "* ( ! two languages is totally diff]5t47 ne>ly ! same z 9 ,sanscrit2 :ile ,god is call$ ,v9ay ,huayna1 ! et]nally "y4'99 799 ,v9ay1 always1 or et]nal2 huayna1 9 ! fl[] ( age47 ,! arrangem5t ( words 9 ! ,*ayma is simil> to t f\nd 9 all ! languages ( bo? cont95ts1 :i* h pres]v$ a c]ta9 primitive "*4 ,! object is plac$ be=e ! v]b1 ! v]b be=e ! p]sonal pron\n4 ,! object1 on :i* ! att5tion %\ld be pr9cipally fix$1 prec$es all ! modifications ( t object4 ,! ,am]ican w\ld say1 lib]ty complete love we1 in/ead ( we love complete lib]ty2 ,!e ) happy am ,i1 in/ead ( ,i am happy ) !e4 ,!re is some?+ direct1 firm1 demon/rative1 9 ^! turns1 ! simplicity ( :i* is augm5t$ by ! abs5ce ( ! article4 ,may x be presum$ t1 ) advanc+ civilization1 ^! nations1 left to !mselves1 w\ld h gradually *ang$ ! arrangem5t ( _! phrases8 ,we are l$ to adopt ?is idea1 :5 we reflect on ! *anges :i* ! syntax ( ! ,romans has und]gone 9 ! precise1 cle>1 b some:at timid languages ( ,lat9 ,europe4 ,! ,*ayma1 l ! ,tamanac & mo/ ( ! ,am]ican languages1 is entirely de/itute ( c]ta9 lett]s1 z f1 b1 & d4 ,no ^w beg9s ) an l4 ,! same obs]vation has be5 made on ! ,mexican tongue1 ?\gh x is ov]*>g$ ) ! syllables tli1 tla1 & itl1 at ! end or 9 ! middle ( words4 ,! ,*aymas sub/itute r = l2 a sub/itution t arises f a defect ( pronunciation common 9 e zone499 799 ,= example1 ! sub/itution ( r = l1 *>act]izes ! ,ba%murie dialect ( ! ,coptic language47 ,?us1 ! ,c>ibbees ( ! ,or9oco h be5 trans=m$ into ,galibi 9 ,fr5* ,guiana by conf\nd+ r ) l1 & s(t5+ ! c4 ,! ,tamanac has made *or>o & solalo ( ! ,spani% ^w soldado 7soldi]74 ,! disappe>ance ( ! f & b 9 s _m ,am]ican idioms arises out ( t intimate connection betwe5 c]ta9 s\nds1 :i* is manife/$ 9 all languages ( ! same orig94 ,! lett]s f1 v1 b1 & p1 are sub/itut$ "o = ! o!r2 = in/ance1 9 ! ,p]sian1 p$]1 fa!r 7pat]72 burad]199 799 ,:5ce ! ,g]man brud]1 ) ! same consonants47 bro!r 7frat]72 beh>1 spr+ 7v]72 9 ,greek1 phorton 7=ton71 a bur!n2 p\s 7p\s7 a foot1 7fuss1 ,g]m474 ,9 ! same mann]1 ) ! ,am]icans1 f & b become p2 & d becomes t4 ,! ,*ayma pron\nces patre1 ,tios1 ,atani1 aracapu*a1 = padre1 ,dios1 ,adan1 & arcabuz 7h>quebuss74 ,9 spite ( ! relations j po9t$ out1 ,i d n ?9k t ! ,*ayma language c be reg>d$ z a dialect ( ! ,tamanac1 z ! ,maitano1 ,cu*iv]o1 & ,crataima und\bt$ly are4 ,!re are _m ess5tial diff]5ces2 & betwe5 ! two languages !re appe>s to me to exi/ m]ely ! same connection z is f\nd 9 ! ,g]man1 ! ,sw$i%1 & ! ,engli%4 ,!y belong to ! same subdivision ( ! great family ( ! ,tamanac1 ,c>ibbean1 & ,ar[ak tongues4 ,z !re exi/s no absolute measure ( resemblance betwe5 idioms1 ! degrees ( p>5tage c be indicat$ only by examples tak5 f kn[n tongues4 ,we consid] ^? z be+ ( ! same family1 :i* be> aff9ity "o to ! o!r1 z ! ,greek1 ! ,g]man1 ! ,p]sian1 & ! ,sanscrit4 ,"s philologi/s h imag9$1 on comp>+ languages1 t !y may all be divid$ into two classes1 ( :i* "s1 comp>atively p]fect 9 _! organization1 easy & rapid 9 _! movem5ts1 indicate an int]ior developm5t by inflexion2 :ile o!rs1 m rude & less susceptible ( improvem5t1 pres5t only a crude assemblage ( small =ms or agglut9at$ p>ticles1 ea* pres]v+ ! physiognomy peculi> to itself2 :5 x is sep>ately employ$4 ,?is v +5i\s view w\ld be defici5t 9 accuracy 7 x suppos$ t !re exi/ polysyllabic idioms )\t any inflexion1 or t ^? :i* are organically develop$ z by int]ior g]ms1 admit no ext]nal increase by means ( suffixes & affixes299 799 ,ev5 9 ! ,sanscrit sev]al t5ses are =m$ by aggregation2 = example1 9 ! fir/ future1 ! sub/antive v]b to be is add$ to ! radical4 ,9 a simil> mann] we f9d 9 ! ,greek ma*-eso1 if ! s be n ! effect ( inflexion1 & 9 ,lat9 pot-ero 7,bopp pages #bf & #ff74 ,^! are examples ( incorporation & agglut9ation 9 ! grammatical sy/em ( languages :i* are ju/ly cit$ z models ( an int]ior developm5t by inflexion4 ,9 ! grammatical sy/em ( ! ,am]ican tongues1 = example 9 ! ,tamanac1 t>ecs*i1 ,i w c>ry1 is equally compos$ ( ! radical ar 7inf94 j>]i1 to c>ry7 & ( ! v]b ecs*i 7,inf94 nocs*iri1 to be74 ,!re h>dly exi/s 9 ! ,am]ican languages a triple mode ( aggregation1 ( :i* we _c f9d a simil> & analog\s example 9 "s o!r language t is suppos$ to develop itself only by inflexion47 an increase :i* we h already m5tion$ sev]al times "u ! "n ( agglut9ation or incorporation4 ,_m ?+s1 :i* appe> to u at pres5t inflexions ( a radical1 h p]haps be5 9 _! orig9 affixes1 ( :i* !re h b>ely rema9$ "o or two consonants4 ,9 languages1 z 9 ev]y?+ 9 nature t is organiz$1 no?+ is entirely isolat$ or unlike4 ,! f>!r we p5etrate into _! int]nal /ructure1 ! m d contra/s & decid$ *>act]s vani%4 ,x may be said t !y are l cl\ds1 ! outl9es ( :i* d n appe> well def9$1 except :5 view$ at a di/ance4 ,b ?\gh we may n admit "o simple & absolute pr9ciple 9 ! classification ( languages1 yet x _c be decid$1 t 9 _! pres5t /ate "s manife/ a great] t5d5cy to inflexion1 o!rs to ext]nal aggregation4 ,x is well kn[n1 t ! languages ( ! ,indian1 ,pelasgic1 & ,g]man bran*1 belong to ! fir/ division2 ! ,am]ican idioms1 ! ,coptic or anci5t ,egyptian1 & to a c]ta9 degree1 ! ,semitic languages & ! ,biscayan1 to ! second4 ,! little we h made kn[n ( ! idiom ( ! ,*aymas ( ,c>ipe1 suffici5tly proves t con/ant t5d5cy t[>ds ! incorporation or aggregation ( c]ta9 =ms1 :i* x is easy to sep>ate2 ?\gh f a some:at ref9$ s5tim5t ( euphony "s lett]s h be5 dropp$ & o!rs h be5 add$4 ,^? affixes1 by l5g!n+ words1 indicate ! mo/ v>i$ relations ( numb]1 "t1 & motion4 ,:5 we reflect on ! peculi> /ructure ( ! ,am]ican languages1 we imag9e we discov] ! s\rce ( ! op9ion g5]ally ent]ta9$ f ! mo/ remote "t 9 ! ,missions1 t ^! languages h an analogy ) ! ,hebrew & ! ,biscayan4 ,at ! conv5t ( ,c>ipe z well z at ! ,or9oco1 9 ,p]u z well z 9 ,mexico1 ,i he>d ?is op9ion express$1 p>ticul>ly by monks :o _h "s vague notions ( ! ,semitic languages4 ,did motives suppos$ to be fav\rable to religion1 give rise to ?is extraord9>y !ory8 ,9 ! nor? ( ,am]ica1 among ! ,*octaws & ! ,*ickasaws1 travell]s some:at cr$ul\s h he>d ! /ra9s ( ! ,hallelujah99 ( ! ,hebrews 799 ,l',esc>bot1 ,*>levoix1 & ev5 ,adair 7,hi/4 ( ! ,am]ican ,indians #agge7472 z1 accord+ to ! ,pundits1 ! ?ree sacr$ words ( ! my/]ies ( ! ,eleusis99 7konx om pax7 res\nd /ill 9 ! ,indies4 799 ,asiat4 ,res4 volume #e1 ,ouv>(f on ! ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies #ahaf47 ,i d n mean to sugge/1 t ! nations ( ,lat9 ,europe may h call$ :atev] has a =eign physiognomy ,hebrew or ,biscayan1 z = a long "t all ^? monum5ts 7 call$ ,egyptian1 :i* 7 n 9 ! ,grecian or ,roman /yle4 ,i am r dispos$ to ?9k t ! grammatical sy/em ( ! ,am]ican idioms has confirm$ ! mission>ies ( ! sixte5? c5tury 9 _! ideas respect+ ! ,asiatic orig9 ( ! nations ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,! t$i\s compilation ( ,fa!r ,g>cia1 ,tratado del ,orig5 de los ,indios199 799 ,treatise on ! ,orig9 ( ! ,indians47 is a pro( ( ?is4 ,! position ( ! possessive & p]sonal pron\ns at ! end ( ! n\n & ! v]b1 z well z ! num]\s t5ses ( ! latt]1 *>act]ize ! ,hebrew & ! o!r ,semitic languages4 ,"s ( ! mission>ies 7 /ruck at f9d+ ! same peculi>ities 9 ! ,am]ican tongues3 !y did n reflect1 t ! analogy ( a few scatt]$ features does n prove languages to belong to ! same /ock4 ,x appe>s less a/oni%+1 t m51 :o are well acqua9t$ ) only two languages extremely het]og5e\s1 ! ,ca/ilian & ! ,biscayan1 %\ld h f\nd 9 ! latt] a family resemblance to ! ,am]ican languages4 ,! composition ( words1 ! facility ) :i* ! p>tial elem5ts are detect$1 ! =ms ( ! v]bs1 & _! diff]5t modifications1 may h caus$ & kept up ?is illusion4 ,b we repeat1 an equal t5d5cy t[>ds aggregation or incorporation does n con/itute an id5tity ( orig94 ,! foll[+ are examples ( ! relations betwe5 ! ,am]ican & ,biscayan languages2 idioms totally diff]5t 9 _! roots4 ,9 ,*ayma1 qu5potupra quoguaz1 ,i d n "k1 prop]ly1 kn[+ n ,i am4 ,9 ,tamanac1 j>]-uac-ure1 be>+ am ,i1--,i be>2 an>epra ai*i1 he w n be>1 prop]ly1 be>+ n w he2 patcurbe1 good2 patcut>i1 to make himself good2 ,tamanacu1 a ,tamanac2 ,tamanacut>i1 to make himself a ,ta9anac2 ,pongheme1 a ,spani>d2 ponghemt>i1 to ,spani>dize himself2 t5ec*i1 ,i w see2 t5eicre1 ,i w see aga92 tee*a1 ,i g2 tec%>e1 ,i return2 maypur butke1 a little ,maypure ,indian2 aicabutke1 a little woman2 maypuritaje1 an ugly ,maypure ,indian2 aicataje1 an ugly woman499 799 ,! dim9utive ( woman 7aica7 or ( ,maypure ,indian is =m$ by add+ butke1 :i* is ! t]m9ation ( cujuputke1 little3 taje answ]s to ! accio ( ! ,italians47 ,9 ,biscayan3 maitetut5dot1 ,i love him1 prop]ly1 ,i lov+ h him2 beguia1 ! eye1 & beguitsa1 to see2 aitagana1 t[>ds ! fa!r3 by add+ tu1 we =m ! v]b aitaganatu1 to g t[>ds ! fa!r2 ume-tasuna1 s(t & infantile +5uity2 umequ]ia1 disagreeable *ildi%ness4 ,i may add to ^! examples "s descriptive comp\nds1 :i* call to m9d ! infancy ( nations1 & /rike u equally 9 ! ,am]ican & ,biscayan languages1 by a c]ta9 +5u\sness ( expression4 ,9 ,tamanac1 ! wasp 7uane-imu71 fa!r 7im-de7 ( honey 7uane7299 799 ,x may n be unnecess>y "h to acqua9t ! read] t honey is produc$ by an insect ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 belong+ to1 or ne>ly alli$1 to ! wasp g5us4 ,?is honey1 h[ev]1 possesses noxi\s qualities :i* are by "s naturali/s attribut$ to ! plant ,paul9ia ,au/ralis1 ! juices ( :i* are collect$ by ! insect47 ! toes1 pt>imucuru1 prop]ly1 ! sons ( ! foot2 ! f+]s1 amgnamucuru1 ! sons ( ! h&2 mu%rooms1 jeje-pan>i1 prop]ly1 ! e>s 7pan>i7 ( a tree 7jeje72 ! ve9s ( ! h&1 amgna-mitti1 prop]ly1 ! ramifi$ roots2 leaves1 prutpe-j>]i1 prop]ly1 ! hair at ! top ( ! tree2 puir5e-veju1 prop]ly1 ! sun 7veju71 /raight or p]p5dicul>2 lightn+1 k9em]u-uaptori1 prop]ly1 ! fire 7uapto7 ( ! ?und]1 or ( ! /orm4 7,i recognise 9 k9em]u1 ?und] or /orm1 ! root k9eme black47 ,9 ,biscayan1 becoquia1 ! =ehead1 :at belongs 7co & quia7 to ! eye 7beguia72 odotsa1 ! noise 7otsa7 ( ! cl\d 7odeia71 or ?und]2 arribicia1 an e*o1 prop]ly1 ! animat$ /one1 f arria1 /one1 & bicia1 life4 ,! ,*ayma & ,tamanac v]bs h an enorm\s complication ( t5ses3 two ,pres5ts1 f\r ,pret]ites1 ?ree ,futures4 ,?is multiplicity *>act]ises ! rude/ ,am]ican languages4 ,a/>loa reckons1 9 l mann]1 9 ! grammatical sy/em ( ! ,biscayan1 two hundr$ & six =ms ( ! v]b4 ,^? languages1 ! pr9cipal t5d5cy ( :i* is inflexion1 are to ! common obs]v] less int]e/+ ?an ^? :i* seem =m$ by aggregation4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! elem5ts ( :i* words are compos$1 & :i* are g5]ally r$uc$ to a few lett]s1 are no long] recognisable3 ^! elem5ts1 :5 isolat$1 exhibit no mean+2 ! :ole is assimilat$ & m+l$ toge!r4 ,! ,am]ican languages1 on ! contr>y1 are l complicat$ ma*9es1 ! :eels ( :i* are expos$ to view4 ,! me*anism ( _! con/ruction is visible4 ,we seem to be pres5t at _! =mation1 & we %\ld pron\nce !m to be ( v rec5t orig91 did we n recollect t ! human m9d /eadily foll[s an impulse once giv52 t nations enl>ge1 improve1 & repair ! grammatical edifice ( _! languages1 accord+ to a plan already det]m9$2 f9ally1 t !re are c\ntries1 ^: languages1 in/itutions1 & arts1 h rema9$ un*ang$1 we might almo/ say /]eotyp$1 dur+ ! lapse ( ages4 ,! highe/ degree ( intellectual developm5t has be5 hi!rto f\nd among ! nations ( ! ,indian & ,pelasgic bran*4 ,! languages =m$ pr9cipally by aggregation seem !mselves to oppose ob/acles to ! improvem5t ( ! m9d4 ,!y are devoid ( t rapid movem5t1 t int]ior life1 to :i* ! inflexion ( ! root is fav\rable1 & :i* imp>t su* *>ms to works ( imag9ation4 ,let u n1 h[ev]1 =get1 t a p celebrat$ 9 remote antiquity1 a p f :om ! ,greeks !mselves borr[$ k1 _h p]haps a language1 ! con/ruction ( :i* recalls involunt>ily t ( ! languages ( ,am]ica4 ,:at a /ructure ( little monosyllabic & disyllabic =ms is add$ to ! v]b & to ! sub/antive1 9 ! ,coptic language6 ,! semi-b>b>\s ,*ayma & ,tamanac h tol]ably %ort ab/ract words to express gr&eur1 envy1 & lightness1 *eictivate1 uoite1 & uonde2 b 9 ,coptic1 ! ^w malice199 metreph]pet\1 is compos$ ( five elem5ts1 easy to be di/+ui%$4 799 ,see1 on ! inconte/able id5tity ( ! anci5t ,egyptian & ,coptic1 & on ! p>ticul> sy/em ( syn!sis ( ! latt] language1 ! +5i\s reflexions ( ,m4 ,silve/re de ,sacy1 9 ! ,notice des ,re*]*es de ,m4 ,eti5ne ,quatrem]e sur ,la ,litt]ature de l',epypte4 7 ,?is comp\nd signifies ! quality 7met7 ( a subject 7reph71 :i* makes 7er7 ! ?+ :i* is 7pet71 evil 7ou74 ,nev]!less ! ,coptic language has _h its lit]ature1 l ! ,*9ese1 ! roots ( :i*1 f> f be+ aggregat$1 sc>cely approa* ea* o!r )\t imm$iate contact4 ,we mu/ admit t nations once r\s$ f _! le?>gy1 & t5d+ t[>ds civilization1 f9d 9 ! mo/ unc\? languages ! secret ( express+ ) cle>ness ! conceptions ( ! m9d1 & ( pa9t+ ! emotions ( ! s\l4 ,don ,juan de la ,rea1 a highly e/imable man1 :o p]i%$ 9 ! sangu9>y revolutions ( ,quito1 imitat$ ) graceful simplicity "s ,idylls ( ,!ocritus 9 ! language ( ! ,incas2 & ,i h be5 assur$1 t1 except+ treatises on sci5ce & philosophy1 !re is sc>cely any "w ( mod]n lit]ature t might n be translat$ into ! ,p]uvian4 ,! intimate connection e/abli%$ betwe5 ! natives ( ! ,new ,_w & ! ,spani>ds s9ce ! conque/1 h introduc$ a c]ta9 numb] ( ,am]ican words into ! ,ca/ilian language4 ,"s ( ^! words express ?+s n unkn[n be=e ! discov]y ( ! ,new ,_w1 & sc>cely recall to our m9ds at pres5t _! b>b>\s orig9499 799 ,= example savannah1 & cannibal47 ,almo/ all belong to ! language ( ! great ,antilles1 =m]ly t]m$ ! language ( ,haiti1 ( ,quizqueja1 or ( ,itis499 799 ,! ^w ,itis1 = ,haiti or ,/4 ,dom+o 7,hispaniola71 is f\nd 9 ! ,it9]>ium ( ,bi%op ,g]ald9i 7,rome #afca47--,quum ,colonus ,itim insulam c]n]et47 ,i %all conf9e myself to cit+ ! words maiz1 tabaco1 canoa1 batata1 cacique1 balsa1 conuco1 etc4 ,:5 ! ,spani>ds1 aft] ! ye> #adih1 began to visit ! ma9l&1 !y already _h words99 to designate ! vegetable productions mo/ useful to man1 & common bo? to ! isl&s & to ! coa/s ( ,cumana & ,p>ia4 799 ,! foll[+ are ,haitian words1 9 _! real =m1 :i* h pass$ into ! ,ca/ilian language s9ce ! end ( ! #ae? c5tury4 ,_m ( !m are n un9t]e/+ to descriptive botany4 ,ahi 7,capsicum baccatum71 batata 7,convolvus batatas71 bihao 7,heliconia bihai71 caimito 7,*rysophyllum caimito71 cahoba 7,swiet5ia mahagoni71 jucca & casabi 7,jatropba manihot72 ! ^w casabi or cassava is employ$ only = ! bread made ) ! roots ( ! ,jatropha 7! "n ( ! plant jucca 0 also he>d by ,am]ico ,vespucci on ! coa/ ( ,p>ia72 age or ajes 7,dioscorea alata71 copei 7,clusia alba71 guayacan 7,guaiacum (fic9ale71 guajaba 7,psidium pyrif]um71 guanavano 7,anona muricata71 mani 7,ara*is hypogaea71 guama 7,+a71 h5equ5 70 suppos$ f ! errone\s acc\nts ( ! fir/ travell]s to be an h]b ) :i* ! ,haitians us$ to cut metals2 x means n[ e k9d ( /rong ?read71 hicaco 7,*rysobalanus icaco71 maghei 7,agave ,am]icana71 mahiz or maiz 7,zea1 maize71 mamei 7,mammea ,am]icana71 mangle 7,rhizophora71 pitahaja 7,cactus pitahaja71 ceiba 7,bombax71 tuna 7,cactus tuna71 hicotea 7a tortoise71 iguana 7,lac]ta iguana71 manatee 7,tri*ecus manati71 nigua 7,pulex p5etrans71 hamaca 7a hammock71 balsa 7a raft2 h[ev] balsa is an old ,ca/ilian ^w signify+ a pool ( wat]71 b>bacoa 7a small b$ ( light wood1 or re$s71 canei or buhio 7a hut71 canoa 7a canoe71 cocujo 7,elat] noctilucus1 ! fire-fly71 *i*a 7f]m5t$ liquor71 macana 7a l>ge /ick or club1 made ) ! petioles ( a palm-tree71 tabaco 7n ! h]b1 b ! pipe ?r\gh :i* x is smok$71 cacique 7a *ief74 ,o!r ,am]ican words1 n[ z mu* 9 use among ! ,creoles1 z ! ,arabic words naturaliz$ 9 ! ,spani%1 d n belong to ! ,haitian tongue2 = example1 caiman1 piragua1 papaja 7,c>ica71 aguacate 7,p]sea71 t>abita1 p>amo4 ,abbe ,gili ?9ks ) "s probability1 t !y are d]iv$ f ! tongue ( "s p :o inhabit$ ! temp]ate climate betwe5 ,coro1 ! m\nta9s ( ,m]ida1 & ! tablel& ( ,bogota4 7,saggio volume #c page #bbh47 ,h[ _m ,celtic & ,g]man words w\ld n ,julius ,caes> & ,tacitus h h&$ d[n to u1 _h ! productions ( ! nor!rn c\ntries visit$ by ! ,romans diff]$ z mu* f ! ,italian & ,roman1 z ^? ( equ9octial ,am]ica67 ,n satisfi$ ) reta9+ ^! words borr[$ f ! ,haitians1 !y help$ also to spread !m all ov] ,am]ica 7at a p]iod :5 ! language ( ,haiti 0 already a dead language71 & to diffuse !m among nations :o 7 ignorant ev5 ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s4 ,"s words1 :i* are 9 daily use 9 ! ,spani% colonies1 are attribut$ errone\sly to ! ,haitians4 ,banana is f ! ,*aconese1 ! ,mbaja language2 arepa 7bread ( manioc1 or ( ! ,jatropha manihot7 & guayuco 7an apron1 p]izoma7 are ,c>ibbee3 curi>a 7a v long boat7 is ,tamanac3 *9*orro 7a hammock71 & tutuma 7! fruit ( ! ,cresc5tia cujete1 or a vessel to conta9 a liquid71 are ,*ayma words4 ,i h dwelt ?us long on consid]ations respect+ ! ,am]ican tongues1 because ,i am desir\s ( direct+ att5tion to ! deep int]e/ atta*$ to ?is k9d ( rese>*4 ,?is int]e/ is analog\s to t inspir$ by ! monum5ts ( semi-b>b>\s nations1 :i* are exam9$ n because !y des]ve to be rank$ among works ( art1 b because ! /udy ( !m ?r[s light on ! hi/ory ( our species1 & ! progressive developm5t ( our faculties4 ,x n[ rema9s = me to speak ( ! o!r ,indian nations inhabit+ ! prov9ces ( ,cumana & ,b>celona4 ,^! ,i %all only succ9ctly enum]ate4 #a4 ,! ,p>iagotos or ,p>ias4 ,x is ?\ght t ! t]m9ations 9 goto1 z ,p>iagoto1 ,purugoto1 ,av>igoto1 ,a*]igoto1 ,cumanagoto1 ,ar9agoto1 ,kirikirisgoto199 799 ,! ,kirikirisgotos 7or ,kirikiripas7 are ( ,dut* ,guiana4 ,x is v rem>kable1 t among ! small ,brazilian tribes :o d n speak ! language ( ! ,tupis1 ! ,kiriris1 not)/&+ ! enorm\s di/ance ( #fej leagues1 h sev]al ,tamanac words47 imply a ,c>ibbean orig9499 799 ,9 ! ,tamanac tongue1 :i* is ( ! same bran* z ! ,c>ibbean1 we f9d also ! t]m9ation goto1 z 9 anekiamgoto an animal4 ,(t5 an analogy 9 ! t]m9ation ( names1 f> f %[+ an id5tity ( race1 only indicates t ! names ( ! nations are borr[$ f "o language47 ,all ^! tribes1 except+ ! ,purugotos ( ! ,rio ,caura1 =m]ly occupi$ ! c\ntry :i* has be5 s long "u ! dom9ion ( ! ,c>ibbees2 namely1 ! coa/s ( ,b]bice & ( ,essequibo1 ! p59sula ( ,p>ia1 ! pla9s ( ,piritu & ,p>ima4 ,by ?is la/ "n ! little-kn[n c\ntry1 betwe5 ! s\rces ( ! ,cujuni1 ! ,c>oni1 & ! ,mao1 is designat$ 9 ! ,missions4 ,! ,p>ia ,indians are m+l$ 9 "p ) ! ,*aymas ( ,cumana2 o!rs h be5 settl$ by ! ,capu*9s ( ,aragon 9 ! ,missions ( ,c>oni2 = in/ance1 at ,cupapuy & ,alta-,gracia1 :]e !y /ill speak _! own language1 app>5tly a dialect betwe5 ! ,tamanac & ! ,c>ibbee4 ,b x may be ask$1 is ! "n ,p>ias or ,p>iagotos1 a "n m]ely geographical8 ,did ! ,spani>ds1 :o frequ5t$ ^! coa/s f _! fir/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! isl& ( ,cubagua & 9 ,mac>apana1 give ! "n ( ! promontory ( ,p>ia99 to ! tribe by :i* x 0 inhabit$8 799 ,p>ia1 ,urap>ia1 ev5 ,huriap>ia & ,payra1 are ! anci5t names ( ! c\ntry1 writt5 z ! fir/ navigators ?\ght !y he>d !m pron\nc$4 ,x appe>s to me by no means probable1 t ! promontory ( ,p>ia %\ld d]ive its "n f t ( a cacique ,uriap>i1 celebrat$ = ! mann] 9 :i* he resi/$ ,diego ,ordaz 9 #aecj1 ?irty-two ye>s aft] ,columbus _h he>d ! "n ( ,p>ia f ! m\?s ( ! natives !mselves4 ,! ,or9oco at its m\? _h also ! "n ( ,uriap>i1 ,yuyap>i1 or ,iyup>i4 ,9 all ^! d5om9ations ( a great riv]1 ( a %ore1 & ( a ra9y c\ntry1 ,i ?9k ,i recognise ! radical p>1 signify+ wat]1 n only 9 ! languages ( ^! c\ntries1 b also 9 ^? ( nations v di/ant f "o ano!r on ! ea/]n & we/]n coa/s ( ,am]ica4 ,! sea1 or great wat]1 is 9 ! ,c>ibbean1 ,maypure1 & ,brazilian languages1 p>ana3 9 ! ,tamanac1 p>ava4 ,9 ,upp] ,guiana also ! ,or9oco is call$ ,p>ava4 ,9 ! ,p]uvian1 or ,qui*ua1 ,i f9d ra91 p>a2 to ra91 p>ani4 ,besides1 !re is a lake 9 ,p]u t has be5 v anci5tly call$ ,p>ia4 7,g>cia1 ,orig5 de los ,indios1 page #bib47 ,i h ent]$ into ^! m9ute details conc]n+ ! ^w ,p>ia1 because x has rec5tly be5 suppos$ t "s connection might be trac$ betwe5 ?is ^w & ! c\ntry ( ! ,h9doo ca/e call$ ! ,p>ias47 ,?is we w n positively affirm2 = ! ,c>ibbees !mselves give ! "n ( ,c>ibana to a c\ntry :i* !y occupi$1 & :i* ext5d$ f ! ,rio ,s9u to ! gulf ( ,d>i54 ,?is is a /rik+ example ( id5tity ( "n betwe5 an ,am]ican nation & ! t]ritory x possess$4 ,we may conceive1 t 9 a /ate ( society1 :]e resid5ce is n long fix$1 su* in/ances mu/ be v r>e4 #b4 ,! ,gu>aons or ,gu-ara-una1 almo/ all free & indep5d5t1 are disp]s$ 9 ! ,delta ( ! ,or9oco1 ) ! v>i\sly ramifi$ *annels ( :i* !y alone are well acqua9t$4 ,! ,c>ibbees call ! ,gu>aons ,u-ara-u4 ,!y owe _! indep5d5ce to ! nature ( _! c\ntry2 = ! mission>ies1 9 spite ( _! zeal1 h n be5 tempt$ to foll[ !m to ! tree-tops4 ,! ,gu>aons1 9 ord] to raise _! abodes above ! surface ( ! wat]s at ! p]iod ( ! great inundations1 support !m on ! hewn trunks ( ! mangrove-tree & ( ! ,mauritia palm-tree499 799 ,_! mann]s h be5 ! same f "t immemorial4 ,c>d9al ,bembo describ$ !m at ! beg9n+ ( ! #af? c5tury1 quibusdam 9 locis propt] paludes incolae domus 9 arboribus a$ificant4 7,hi/4 ,v5et4 #aeea47 ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh1 9 #aeie1 speaks ( ! ,gu>aons "u ! names ( ,araottes1 ,trivitivas1 & ,w>awites4 ,^! 7 p]haps ! names ( "s tribes1 into :i* ! great ,gu>aonese nation 0 divid$4 7,b>r]e ,essai sur l',hi/4 ,naturelle de la ,france ,equ9octiale477 ,!y make bread ( ! m$ull>y fl\r ( ?is palm-tree1 :i* is ! sago ( ,am]ica4 ,! fl\r be>s ! "n ( yuruma3 ,i h eat5 x at ! t[n ( ,/4 ,?omas1 9 ,guiana1 & x 0 v agreeable to ! ta/e1 resembl+ r ! cassava-bread ?an ! sago ( ,india499 799 ,m4 ,kun? has comb9$ toge!r ?ree g5]a ( ! palms1 ,calamus1 ,sigus1 & ,mauritia1 9 a new section1 ! ,calameae47 ,! ,indians assur$ me t ! trunks ( ! ,mauritia1 ! tree ( life s mu* vaunt$ by fa!r ,gumilla1 d n yield meal 9 any abundance1 unless ! palm-tree is cut d[n j be=e ! fl[]s appe>4 ,?us too ! maguey199 799 ,agave ,am]icana1 ! aloe ( our g>d5s47 cultivat$ 9 ,new ,spa91 furni%es a sac*>9e liquor1 ! w9e 7pulque7 ( ! ,mexicans1 only at ! p]iod :5 ! plant %oots =? its long /em4 ,by int]rupt+ ! blossom+1 nature is oblig$ to c>ry else:]e ! sac*>9e or amylace\s matt]1 :i* w\ld accumulate 9 ! fl[]s ( ! maguey & 9 ! fruit ( ! ,mauritia4 ,"s families ( ,gu>aons1 associat$ ) ! ,*aymas1 live f> f _! native l&1 9 ! ,missions ( ! pla9s or llanos ( ,cumana2 = in/ance1 at ,santa ,rosa de ,ocopi4 ,five or six hundr$ ( !m volunt>ily quitt$ _! m>%es1 a few ye>s ago1 & =m$1 on ! nor!rn & s\!rn banks ( ! ,or9oco1 tw5ty-five leagues di/ant f ,cape ,b>ima1 two consid]able villages1 "u ! names ( ,zacupana & ,imataca4 ,:5 ,i made my j\rney 9 ,c>ipe1 ^! ,indians 7 /ill )\t mission>ies1 & liv$ 9 complete indep5d5ce4 ,_! excell5t qualities z boatm51 _! p]fect k ( ! m\?s ( ! ,or9oco1 & ( ! labyr9? ( bran*es communicat+ ) ea* o!r1 give ! ,gu>aons a c]ta9 political importance4 ,!y fav\r t cl&e/9e comm]ce ( :i* ! isl& ( ,tr9idad is ! c5tre4 ,! ,gu>aons run ) extreme address on muddy l&s1 :]e ! ,european1 ! ,negro1 or o!r ,indians except !mselves1 w\ld n d>e to walk2 & x is1 !re=e1 commonly believ$1 t !y are ( light] weight ?an ! re/ ( ! natives4 ,?is is also ! op9ion t is held 9 ,asia ( ! ,burat ,t>t>s4 ,! few ,gu>aons :om ,i saw 7 ( middle size1 squat1 & v muscul>4 ,! lightness ) :i* !y walk 9 places newly dri$1 )\t s9k+ 91 :5 ev5 !y h no planks ti$ to _! feet1 seem$ to me ! effect ( long habit4 ,?\gh ,i sail$ a consid]able "t on ! ,or9oco1 ,i nev] w5t s l[ z its m\?4 ,future travell]s1 :o may visit ^? m>%y regions1 w rectify :at ,i h advanc$4 #c4 ,! ,guaiqu]ies or ,guaik]i1 are ! mo/ able & mo/ intrepid fi%]m5 ( ^! c\ntries4 ,^! p alone are well acqua9t$ ) ! bank ab\nd+ ) fi%1 :i* surr\nds ! isl&s ( ,co*e1 ,m>g>eta1 ,sola1 & ,te/igos2 a bank ( m ?an f\r hundr$ squ>e leagues1 ext5d+ ea/ & we/ f ,maniqu>ez to ! ,boca del ,draco4 ,! ,guaiqu]ies inhabit ! isl& ( ,m>g>eta1 ! p59sula ( ,araya1 & t suburb ( ,cumana :i* be>s _! "n4 ,_! language is believ$ to be a dialect ( t ( ! ,gu>aons4 ,?is w\ld connect !m ) ! great family ( ! ,c>ibbee nations2 & ! mission>y ,gili is ( op9ion t ! language ( ! ,guaiqu]ies is "o ( ! num]\s bran*es ( ! ,c>ibbean tongue499 799 ,if ! "n ( ! port ,pam-pat>1 9 ! isl& ( ,m>g>eta1 be ,guaiqu]ean1 z we h no reason to d\bt1 x exhibits a feature ( analogy ) ! ,cumanagoto tongue1 :i* approa*es ! ,c>ibbean & ,tamanac4 ,9 ,t]ra ,firma1 9 ! ,piritu ,missions1 we f9d ! village ( ,cayguapat>1 :i* signifies h\se ( ,caygua47 ,^! aff9ities are int]e/+1 because !y lead u to p]ceive an anci5t connection betwe5 nations disp]s$ ov] a va/ ext5t ( c\ntry1 f ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,caura & ! s\rces ( ! ,erevato1 9 ,p>ima1 to ,fr5* ,guiana1 & ! coa/s ( ,p>ia499 799 ,are ! ,guaiqu]ies1 or ,o-aik]ies1 n[ settl$ on ! bord]s ( ! ,erevato1 & =m]ly betwe5 ! ,rio ,caura & ! ,cu*iv]o ne> ! little t[n ( ,alta ,gracia1 ( a diff]5t orig9 f ! ,guaik]ies ( ,cumana8 ,i "k also1 9 ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry1 9 ! ,missions ( ! ,piritus1 ne> ! village ( ,san ,juan ,evangeli/a del ,gu>ive1 a rav9e v anci5tly call$ ,guayquiricu>4 ,^! resemblances seem to prove migrations f ! s\?-we/ t[>ds ! coa/4 ,! t]m9ation cu>1 f\nd s (t5 9 ,cumanagoto & ,c>ibbean names1 means a rav9e1 z 9 ,guaymacu> 7rav9e ( liz>ds71 ,piri*ucu> 7a rav9e ov]%ad$ by piri*u or piritu palm-trees71 ,*iguatacu> 7a rav9e ( l&-%ells74 ,raleigh describes ! ,guaiqu]ies "u ! "n ( ,ouik]ies4 ,he calls ! ,*aymas1 ,saimas1 *ang+ 7accord+ to ! ,c>ibbean pronunciation7 ! * into s47 #d4 ,! ,quaquas1 :om ! ,tamanacs call ,mapoje1 are a tribe =m]ly v w>like & alli$ to ! ,c>ibbees4 ,x is a curi\s ph5om5on to f9d ! ,quaquas m+l$ ) ! ,*aymas 9 ! ,missions ( ,cumana1 = _! language1 z well z ! ,atura1 ( ! cat>acts ( ! ,or9oco1 is a dialect ( ! ,salive tongue2 & _! orig9al abode 0 on ! banks ( ! ,assiv]u1 :i* ! ,spani>ds call ,cu*iv]o4 ,!y h ext5d$ _! migrations "o hundr$ leagues to ! nor?-ea/4 ,i h (t5 he>d !m m5tion$ on ! ,or9oco1 above ! m\? ( ! ,meta2 &1 :at is v rem>kable1 x is ass]t$99 t mission>y ,jesuits h f\nd ,quaquas z f> di/ant z ! ,cordill]as ( ,popayan4 799 ,vat] tome #c "p #b page #cfd4 ,! "n ( ,quaqua is f\nd on ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea4 ,! ,europeans apply x to a horde ( ,negroes to ! ea/ ( ,cape ,lah\47 ,raleigh enum]ates1 among ! natives ( ! isl& ( ,tr9idad1 ! ,salives1 a p rem>kable = _! mild mann]s2 !y came f ! ,or9oco1 & settl$ s\? ( ! ,quaquas4 ,p]haps ^! two nations1 :i* speak almo/ ! same language1 travell$ toge!r t[>ds ! coa/s4 #e4 ,! ,cumanagotos1 or1 accord+ to ! pronunciation ( ! ,indians1 ,cumanacoto1 are n[ settl$ we/w>d ( ,cumana1 9 ! ,missions ( ,piritu1 :]e !y live by cultivat+ ! gr\nd4 ,!y numb] m ?an tw5ty-six ?\s&4 ,_! language1 l t ( ! ,pal5cas1 or ,pal5ques1 & ,gu>ivas1 is betwe5 ! ,tamanac & ! ,c>ibbee1 b ne>] to ! =m]4 ,^! are inde$ idioms ( ! same family2 b if we are to consid] !m z simple dialects1 ! ,lat9 mu/ be also call$ a dialect ( ! ,greek1 & ! ,sw$i% a dialect ( ! ,g]man4 ,9 consid]+ ! aff9ity ( languages "o ) ano!r1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t ^! aff9ities may be v diff]5tly graduat$2 & t x w\ld be a s\rce ( confusion n to di/+ui% betwe5 simple dialects & languages ( ! same family4 ,! ,cumanagotos1 ! ,tamanacs1 ! ,*aymas1 ! ,gu>aons1 & ! ,c>ibbees1 d n und]/& ea* o!r1 9 spite ( ! frequ5t analogy ( words & ( grammatical /ructure exhibit$ 9 _! respective idioms4 ,! ,cumanagotos inhabit$1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! m\nta9s ( ! ,brigant9e & ( ,p>abolata4 ,i am unable to det]m9e :e!r ! ,piritus1 ,co*eymas1 ,*acopatas1 ,tomuzas1 & ,topocu>es1 n[ conf\nd$ 9 ! same villages ) ! ,cumanagotos1 & speak+ _! language1 7 orig9ally tribes ( ! same nation4 ,! ,piritus take _! "n f ! rav9e ,piri*ucu>1 :]e ! small ?orny palm-tree199 call$ piritu1 gr[s 9 abundance 799 ,caudice gracili aculeato1 foliis p9natis4 ,possibly ( ! g5us ,aiphanes ( ,willd5\w472 ! wood ( ?is tree1 :i* is excessively h>d1 & little combu/ible1 s]ves to make pipes4 ,on ?is spot ! village ( ,la ,concepcion de ,piritu 0 f\nd$ 9 #aeef2 x is ! *ief settlem5t ( ! ,cumanagoto ,missions1 kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,misiones de ,piritu4 #f4 ,! ,c>ibbees 7,c>ives74 ,?is "n1 :i* 0 giv5 !m by ! fir/ navigators1 is reta9$ ?r\gh\t all ,spani% ,am]ica4 ,! ,fr5* & ! ,g]mans h trans=m$ x1 ,i "k n :y1 into ,c>aibes4 ,! p call !mselves ,c>9a1 ,cal9a1 & ,call9ago4 ,i visit$ "s ,c>ibbean ,missions 9 ! ,llanos199 799 ,i %all 9 future use ! ^w ,llanos 7loca plana1 suppress+ ! p71 )\t add+ ! equival5t words pampas1 savannahs1 mead[s1 /eppes1 or pla9s4 ,! c\ntry betwe5 ! m\nta9s ( ! coa/ & ! left bank ( ! ,or9oco1 con/itutes ! llanos ( ,cumana1 ,b>celona1 & ,c>acas47 on return+ f my j\rney to ! ,or9oco2 & ,i %all m]ely m5tion t ! ,galibes 7,c>ibi ( ,cay5ne71 ! ,tuapocas1 & ! ,cunagu>as1 :o orig9ally inhabit$ ! pla9s betwe5 ! m\nta9s ( ,c>ipe 7,c>ibe7 & ! village ( ,matur91 ! ,jaoi ( ! isl& ( ,tr9idad & ( ! prov9ce ( ,cumana1 & p]haps also ! ,gu>ivas1 allies ( ! ,pal5cas1 are all tribes ( ! great ,c>ibbee nation4 ,) respect to ! o!r nations ^: aff9ities ( language ) ! ,tamanac & ,c>ibbee h be5 m5tion$1 !y are n necess>ily to be consid]$ z ( ! same race4 ,9 ,asia1 ! nations ( ,mongol orig9 diff] totally 9 _! physical organisation f ^? ( ,t>t> orig94 ,su* has be51 h[ev]1 ! int]mixture ( ^! nations1 t1 accord+ to ! able rese>*es ( ,klapro?1 ! ,t>t> languages 7bran*es ( ! anci5t ,oig\r7 are spok5 at pres5t by hordes inconte/ably ( ,mongol race4 ,nei!r ! analogy nor ! div]sity ( language suffice to solve ! great problem ( ! filiation ( nations2 !y m]ely s]ve to po9t out probabilities4 ,! ,c>ibbees1 prop]ly speak+1 ^? :o inhabit ! ,missions ( ! ,c>i1 9 ! llanos ( ,cumana1 ! banks ( ! ,caura1 & ! pla9s to ! nor?-ea/ ( ! s\rces ( ! ,or9oco1 are di/+ui%$ by _! almo/ gigantic size f all ! o!r nations ,i h se5 9 ! new cont95t4 ,mu/ x on ?is acc\nt be admitt$1 t ! ,c>ibbees are an entirely di/9ct race8 & t ! ,gu>aons & ! ,tamanacs1 ^: languages h an aff9ity ) ! ,c>ibbee1 h no bond ( relation%ip ) !m8 ,i ?9k n4 ,among ! nations ( ! same family1 "o bran* may acquire an extraord9>y developm5t ( organization4 ,! m\nta9e]s ( ! ,tyrol & ,salzburgh are tall] ?an ! o!r ,g]manic races2 ! ,samoi$es ( ! ,altai are n s little & squat z ^? ( ! sea-coa/4 ,9 l mann] x w\ld be difficult to d5y t ! ,galibis are really ,c>ibbees2 & yet1 not)/&+ ! id5tity ( languages1 h[ /rik+ is ! diff]5ce 9 _! /ature & physical con/itution6 ,be=e ,cortez ent]$ ! capital ( ,montezuma 9 #aeba1 ! att5tion ( ,europe 0 fix$ on ! regions we h j trav]s$4 ,9 depict+ ! mann]s ( ! inhabitants ( ,p>ia & ,cumana1 x 0 ?\ght t ! mann]s ( all ! inhabitants ( ! new cont95t 7 describ$4 ,?is rem>k _c escape ^? :o read ! hi/orians ( ! ,conque/1 especially ! lett]s ( ,pet] ,m>tyr ( ,anghi]a1 writt5 at ! c\rt ( ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic4 ,^! lett]s are full ( +5i\s obs]vations ^u ,*ri/oph] ,columbus1 ,leo ,x1 & ,lu!r1 & are /amp$ by noble en?usiasm = ! great discov]ies ( an age s ri* 9 extraord9>y ev5ts4 ,)\t ent]+ into any detail on ! mann]s ( ! nations :i* h be5 s long conf\nd$ "o ) ano!r1 "u ! vague d5om9ation ( ,cumanians 7,cumaneses71 x appe>s to me important to cle> up a fact :i* ,i h (t5 he>d discuss$ 9 ,spani% ,am]ica4 ,! ,p>iagotos ( ! pres5t "t are ( a br[n r$ col\r1 z are ! ,c>ibbees1 ! ,*aymas1 & almo/ all ! nations ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,:y d ! hi/orians ( ! sixte5? c5tury affirm t ! fir/ navigators saw :ite m5 ) fair hair at ! promontory ( ,p>ia8 ,7 !y ( ! same race z ^? ,indians ( a less tawny hue1 :om ,m4 ,bonpl& & myself saw at ,esm]alda1 ne> ! s\rces ( ! ,or9oco8 ,b ^! ,indians _h hair z black z ! ,otomacs & o!r tribes1 ^: complexion is ! d>ke/4 ,7 !y alb9os1 su* z h be5 f\nd h]et(ore 9 ! i/hmus ( ,panama8 ,b examples ( t deg5]ation are v r>e 9 ! copp]-col\r$ race2 & ,anghi]a1 z well z ,gom>a1 speaks ( ! inhabitants ( ,p>ia 9 g5]al1 & n ( a few individuals4 ,bo? describe !m z if !y 7 p ( ,g]manic orig9199 799 ,ae?iopes nigri1 crispi lanati2 ,p>iae incolae albi1 capillis oblongis prot5sis flavis4--,pet4 ,m>tyr ,ocean41 dec4 #ej lib4 #f 7edition #aegd74 ,utriusque sexus indig5ae albi veluti no/rates1 praet] eos qui sub sole v]santur4 7,! natives ( bo? sexes are z :ite z our p ,spani>ds1 except ^? :o are expos$ to ! sun47--,ibid4 ,gom>a1 speak+ ( ! natives se5 by ,columbus at ! m\? ( ! riv] ( ,cumana1 says3 ,las donzellas eran amorosas1 desnudas y blancas 7las de la casa72 los ,indios que van al campo e/an negros del sol4 7,! "y wom5 are engag+ 9 _! mann]s3 !y we> no clo?+1 & ^? :o live 9 ! h\ses ,,are ,,:ite4 ,! ,indians :o are mu* 9 ! op5 c\ntry are black1 f ! effect ( ! sun47--,hi/4 de los ,indios1 cap4 #gd4 ,los ,indios de ,p>ia son ,,blancos y rubios4--7,! ,indians ( ,p>ia are ,,:ite & r$47 ,g>cia1 ,orig5 de los ,indios #agbi1 lib4 #d cap4 #i47 !y call !m ',:ites ) light hair2' !y ev5 add1 t !y wore g>m5ts l ^? ( ! ,turks499 799 ,!y we> r\nd _! head a /rip$ cotton h&k]*ief--,f]d4 ,columb4 cap4 #ga4 7,*ur*ill volume #b47 ,0 ?is k9d ( head-dress tak5 = a turban8 7,g>cia1 ,orig5 de los ,ind41 page #cjc74 ,i am surpris$ t p ( ^! regions %\ld h worn a head-dress2 b1 :at is m curi\s /ill1 ,p9zon1 9 a voyage :i* he made alone to ! coa/ ( ,p>ia1 ! p>ticul>s ( :i* h be5 transmitt$ to u by ,pet] ,m>tyr ( ,anghi]a1 pr(esses to h se5 natives :o 7 clo!d3 ,incolas omnes g5u t5us m>es1 foem9as sur>um t5us1 gossamp9is ve/ibus amictos simplicibus rep]]unt2 s$ viros m ,turcorum insuto m9utim gossypio ad belli usum duplicibus4 7,! natives 7 clo!d 9 ?9 cotton g>m5ts2 ! m5's rea*+ to ! knee1 & ! wom5's to ! calf ( ! leg4 ,_! w>-dress 0 ?ick]1 & closely /it*$ ) cotton aft] ! ,turki% mann]47--,pet4 ,m>tyr1 dec4 #b lib4 #g4 ,:o 7 ^! p describ$ z be+ comp>atively civiliz$1 & clo!d ) tunics 7l ^? :o liv$ an ! summit ( ! ,&es71 & se5 on a coa/1 :]e be=e & s9ce ! "t ( ,p9zon1 only nak$ m5 h ev] be5 se587 ,gom>a & ,anghi]a wrote f su* oral in=mation z !y _h be5 able to collect4 ,^! m>vels disappe>1 if we exam9e ! recital :i* ,f]d9& ,columbus drew up f 8 fa!r's pap]s4 ,!re we f9d simply1 t ! admiral 0 surpris$ to see ! inhabitants ( ,p>ia1 & ^? ( ! isl& ( ,tr9idad1 bett] made1 m civiliz$ 7de bu5a conv]sacion71 & :it] ?an ! natives :om he _h previ\sly se5499 799 ,*ur*ill's ,collection volume #b1 ,h]r]a pages #hj1 #hc1 #hd4 ,munoz1 ,hi/4 del ,nuevo ,mundo volume #a1 ,el color era baxo como es regul> en los ,indios1 p]o mas cl>a que en las islas reconocidas4 7,_! col\r 0 d>k1 z is usual among ! ,indians2 b light] ?an t ( ! p ( ! isl&s previ\sly kn[n47 ,! mission>ies are accu/om$ to call ^? ,indians :o are less black1 less tawny1 ,,:iti%1 & ev5 ,,almo/ ,,:ite4--,gumilla1 ,hi/4 de l',or5oque volume #a *apt] #e p>agraph #b4 ,su* incorrect expressions may mislead ^? :o are n accu/om$ to ! exagg]ations 9 :i* travell]s (t5 indulge47 ,?is c]ta9ly did n mean t ! ,p>iagotos are :ite4 ,! light] col\r ( ! sk9 ( ! natives & ! great coolness ( ! morn+s on ! coa/ ( ,p>ia1 seem$ to confirm ! fanta/ic hypo!sis :i* t great man _h fram$1 respect+ ! irregul>ity ( ! curvature ( ! e>?1 & ! height ( ! pla9s 9 ?is region1 :i* he reg>d$ z ! effect ( an extraord9>y swell+ ( ! globe 9 ! direction ( ! p>allels ( latitude4 ,am]igo ,vespucci 79 8 pret5d$ ,,fir/ voyage1 app>5tly writt5 f ! n>ratives ( o!r navigators7 comp>es ! natives to ! ,t>t> nations199 799 ,vultu non multum speciosi sunt1 quoniam latas facies ,t>t>iis adsimilatas hab5t4 7,_! c\nt5ances are n h&some1 _! *eek-bones be+ broad l ^? ( ! ,t>t>s47--,am]ici ,vesputii ,navigatio ,prima1 9 ,gryn's ,orbis ,novus #aeee47 n 9 reg>d to _! col\r1 b on acc\nt ( ! bread? ( _! faces1 & ! g5]al expression ( _! physiognomy4 ,b if x be c]ta91 t at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury !re 7 on ! coa/ ( ,cumana a few m5 ) :ite sk9s1 z !re are 9 our days1 x mu/ n !nce be conclud$1 t ! natives ( ! ,new ,_w exhibit ev]y:]e a simil> organization ( ! d]moidal sy/em4 ,x is n less inaccurate to say1 t !y are all copp]-col\r$1 ?an to affirm t !y w\ld n h a tawny hue1 if !y 7 n expos$ to ! heat ( ! sun1 or tann$ by ! action ( ! air4 ,! natives may be divid$ into two v unequal portions ) respect to numb]s2 to ! fir/ belong ! ,esquimaux ( ,gre5l&1 ( ,labrador1 & ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,hudson's ,bay1 ! inhabitants ( ,behr+'s ,/raits1 ( ! p59sula ( ,alaska1 & ( ,pr9ce ,william's ,s\nd4 ,! ea/]n & we/]n bran*es99 ( ?is pol> race 799 ,vat]1 9 ,mi?ridates volume #c4 ,eg$e1 ,krantz1 ,he>ne1 ,mack5zie1 ,portlock1 ,*wo/(f1 ,david(f1 ,resan(f1 ,m]k1 & ,bill+1 h describ$ ! great family ( ^! ,ts*\gaz-,esquimaux471 ! ,esquimaux & ! ,ts*\gases1 ?\gh at ! va/ di/ance ( eight hundr$ leagues ap>t1 are unit$ by ! mo/ intimate analogy ( languages4 ,?is analogy ext5ds ev5 to ! inhabitants ( ! nor?-ea/ ( ,asia2 = ! idiom ( ! ,ts*\kts*es99 at ! m\? ( ! ,anadir 799 ,i mean "h only ! ,ts*\kts*es :o h fix$ dwell+-places1 = ! w&]+ ,ts*\kts*es approa* v ne> ! ,koriaks471 has ! same roots z ! language ( ! ,esquimaux :o inhabit ! coa/ ( ,am]ica opposite to ,europe4 ,! ,ts*\kts*es are ! ,esquimaux ( ,asia4 ,l ! ,malays1 t hyp]borean race reside only on ! sea-coa/s4 ,!y are almo/ all small] 9 /ature ?an ! o!r ,am]icans1 & are quick1 lively1 & talkative4 ,_! hair is almo/ /raight1 & black2 b _! sk9 7& ?is is v *>act]i/ic ( ! race1 :i* ,i %all designate "u ! "n ( ,ts*\gaz-,esquimaux7 is orig9ally :iti%4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! *ildr5 ( ! ,gre5l&]s are born :ite2 "s reta9 t :it5ess2 & (t5 9 ! br[ne/ 7! mo/ tann$7 ! r$ness ( ! blood is se5 to appe> on _! *eeks499 799 ,krantz1 ,hi/4 ( ,gre5l& #affg tome #a4 ,gre5l& does n seem to h be5 inhabit$ 9 ! elev5? c5tury2 at lea/ ! ,esquimaux appe>$ only 9 ! f\rte5?1 com+ f ! we/47 ,! second portion ( ! natives ( ,am]ica includes all ^? nations :i* are n ,ts*\gaz-,esquimaux1 beg9n+ f ,cook's ,riv] to ! ,/raits ( ,magellan1 f ! ,ugalja*m\zes & ! ,k9aese ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias1 to ! ,puel*es & ,tehuelhets ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,! m5 :o belong to ?is second bran*1 are tall]1 /rong]1 m w>like1 & m taciturn ?an ! o!rs4 ,!y pres5t also v rem>kable diff]5ces 9 ! col\r ( _! sk94 ,9 ,mexico1 ,p]u1 ,new ,gr5ada1 ,quito1 on ! banks ( ! ,or9oco & ( ! riv] ,amazon1 9 e "p ( ,s\? ,am]ica :i* ,i h explor$1 9 ! pla9s z well z on ! colde/ table-l&s1 ! ,indian *ildr5 ( two or ?ree mon?s old h ! same bronze t9t z is obs]v$ 9 adults4 ,! idea t ! natives may be :ites tann$ by ! air & ! sun1 c\ld nev] h occurr$ to a ,spani% inhabitant ( ,quito1 or ( ! banks ( ! ,or9oco4 ,9 ! nor?-ea/ ( ,am]ica1 on ! contr>y1 we meet ) tribes among :om ! *ildr5 are :ite1 & at ! age ( virility !y acquire ! bronze col\r ( ! natives ( ,mexico & ,p]u4 ,mi*ik9ak\a1 *ief ( ! ,miamis1 _h 8 arms1 & ^? p>ts ( 8 body n expos$ to ! sun1 almo/ :ite4 ,?is diff]5ce ( hue betwe5 ! p>ts cov]$ & n cov]$ is nev] obs]v$ among ! natives ( ,p]u & ,mexico1 ev5 9 families :o live mu* at _! ease1 & rema9 almo/ con/antly )9 doors4 ,to ! we/ ( ! ,miamis1 on ! coa/ opposite to ,asia1 among ! ,kol\*es & ,t*9kitans99 ( ,norfolk ,s\nd 799 ,betwe5 #ed & #eh degrees ( latitude4 ,^! :ite nations h be5 visit$ successively by ,portlock1 ,m>*&1 ,b>an(f1 & ,david(f4 ,! ,t*9kitans1 or ,s*9kit1 are ! inhabitants ( ! isl& ( ,sitka4 ,vat] ,mi?ridates volume #c page #b4 ,m>*& ,voyages volume #b471 gr[n-up girls1 :5 !y h ga%$ _! sk91 display ! :ite hue ( ,europeans4 ,?is :it5ess is f\nd also1 accord+ to "s acc\nts1 among ! m\nta9e]s ( ,*ile499 799 ,mol9a1 ,saggio sull' ,i/oria ,nat4 del ,*ile edition #b page #bic4 ,may we believe ! exi/5ce ( ^? blue eyes ( ! ,boroas ( ,*ile & ,guayanas ( ,uruguay2 repres5t$ to u z nations ( ! race ( ,od98 ,az>a ,voyage tome #b47 ,^! facts are v rem>kable1 & contr>y to ! op9ion s g5]ally spread1 ( ! extreme con=mity ( organization among ! natives ( ,am]ica4 ,if we divide !m into ,esquimaux & non-,esquimaux1 we readily admit t ?is classification is n m philosophical ?an t ( ! anci5ts1 :o saw 9 ! :ole ( ! habitable _w only ,celts & ,scy?ians1 ,greeks1 & ,b>b>ians4 ,:51 h[ev]1 our purpose is to gr\p num]\s nations1 we ga9 some?+ by proce$+ 9 ! mode ( exclusion4 ,all we h s\ght to e/abli% "h is1 t1 9 sep>at+ ! :ole race ( ,ts*\gaz-,esquimaux1 !re rema9 /ill1 among ! copp]y-br[n ,am]icans1 o!r races1 ! *ildr5 ( :i* are born :ite1 )\t our be+ able to prove1 by go+ back z f> z ! hi/ory ( ! ,conque/1 t !y h be5 m+l$ ) ,european blood4 ,?is fact des]ves to be cle>$ up by travell]s :o may possess a k ( physiology1 & may h opportunities ( exam9+ ! br[n *ildr5 ( ! ,mexicans at ! age ( two ye>s1 z well z ! :ite *ildr5 ( ! ,miamis1 & ^? hordes99 on ! ,or9oco 799 ,^! :iti% tribes are ! ,guaycas1 ! ,ojos1 & ! ,maquirit>es471 :o1 liv+ 9 ! mo/ sultry regions1 reta9 dur+ _! :ole life1 & 9 ! fulness ( _! /r5g?1 ! :iti% sk9 ( ! ,me/izoes4 ,9 man1 ! deviations f ! common type ( ! :ole race are app>5t 9 ! /ature1 ! physiognomy1 or ! =m ( ! body1 r ?an on ! col\r ( ! sk9499 799 ,! circumpol> nations ( ! two cont95ts are small & squat1 ?\gh ( races entirely diff]5t47 ,x is n s ) animals1 :]e v>ieties are f\nd m 9 col\r ?an 9 =m4 ,! hair ( ! mammif]\s class ( animals1 ! fea!rs ( birds1 & ev5 ! scales ( fi%es1 *ange _! hue1 accord+ to ! l5g!n$ influ5ce ( light & d>kness1 & ! int5sity ( heat & cold4 ,9 man1 ! col\r+ matt] seems to be deposit$ 9 ! epid]mis by ! roots or ! bulbs ( ! hair399 799 ,adv]t+ to ! int]e/+ rese>*es ( ,m4 ,gaulti]1 on ! organisation ( ! human sk91 ,john ,hunt] obs]ves1 t 9 sev]al animals ! colorat+ ( ! hair is indep5d5t ( t ( ! sk947 & all s\nd obs]vations prove1 t ! sk9 v>ies 9 col\r f ! action ( ext]nal /imuli on individuals1 & n h]$it>ily 9 ! :ole race4 ,! ,esquimaux ( ,gre5l& & ! ,lapl&]s are tann$ by ! influ5ce ( ! air2 b _! *ildr5 are born :ite4 ,we w n decide on ! *anges :i* nature may h produc$ 9 a space ( "t exce$+ all hi/orical tradition4 ,reason /ops %ort 9 ^! matt]s1 :5 no long] "u ! guidance ( exp]i5ce & analogy4 ,all :ite-sk9n$ nations beg9 _! cosmogony by :ite m52 !y allege t ! negroes & all tawny p h be5 black5$ or embr[n$ by ! excessive heat ( ! sun4 ,?is !ory1 adopt$ by ! ,greeks199 799 ,/rabo1 liv4 #ae47 ?\gh x did n pass )\t contradiction199 799 ,onesicritus1 apud ,/rabonem1 lib4 #ae4 ,alex&]'s exp$ition appe>s to h contribut$ greatly to fix ! att5tion ( ! ,greeks on ! great "q ( ! influ5ce ( climates4 ,!y _h le>n$ f ! acc\nts ( travell]s1 t 9 ,h9do/an ! nations ( ! s\? 7 ( d>k] col\r ?an ^? ( ! nor?1 ne> ! m\nta9s3 & !y suppos$ t !y 7 bo? ( ! same race47 has be5 propagat$ ev5 to our own times4 ,buffon has repeat$ 9 prose :at ,!odectes _h express$ 9 v]se two ?\s& ye>s be=e3 t nations we> ! liv]y ( ! climate 9 :i* !y live4 ,if hi/ory _h be5 writt5 by black nations1 !y w\ld h ma9ta9$ :at ev5 ,europeans h rec5tly advanc$199 t man 0 orig9ally black1 or ( a v tawny col\r 799 ,see ! "w ( ,mr4 ,pri*>d1 ab\nd+ ) curi\s rese>*4 ,rese>*es into ! ,physical ,hi/ory ( ,man1 #ahac1 page #bci472 & t mank9d h become :ite 9 "s races1 f ! effect ( civilization & progressive debilitation1 z animals1 9 a /ate ( dome/ication1 pass f d>k to light] col\rs4 ,9 plants & 9 animals1 accid5tal v>ieties1 =m$ "u our own eyes1 h become fix$1 & h be5 propagat$299 799 ,= example1 ! %eep ) v %ort legs1 call$ ancon %eep 9 ,connecticut1 & exam9$ by ,sir ,ev]>d ,home4 ,?is v>iety dates only f ! ye> #agia47 b no?+ proves1 t 9 ! pres5t /ate ( human organization1 ! diff]5t races ( black1 yell[1 copp]-col\r$1 & :ite m51 :5 !y rema9 unmix$1 deviate consid]ably f _! primitive type1 by ! influ5ce ( climate1 ( food1 & o!r ext]nal ag5ts4 ,^! op9ions are f\nd$ on ! au?ority ( ,ulloa499 799 ,! ,indians ,am]icans are ( a copp]-col\r1 :i* by ! action ( ! sun & ! air gr[s d>k]4 ,i mu/ rem>k1 t nei!r heat nor cold produces any s5sible *ange 9 ! col\r1 s t ! ,indians ( ! ,cordill]as ( ,p]u are easily conf\nd$ ) ^? ( ! hotte/ pla9s2 & ^? :o live "u ! ,l9e _c be di/+ui%$1 by _! col\r1 f ^? :o inhabit ! =tie? degree ( nor? & s\? latitude4--,noticias ,am]icanas4 ,no anci5t au?or has s cle>ly /at$ ! two =ms ( reason+1 by :i* we /ill expla9 9 our days ! diff]5ces ( col\r & features among neighb\r+ nations1 z ,tacitus4 ,he makes a j di/9ction betwe5 ! influ5ce ( climate1 & h]$it>y dispositions2 &1 l a philosoph] p]suad$ ( our pr(\nd ignorance ( ! orig9 ( ?+s1 he leaves ! "q undecid$4 ,habitus corporum v>ii2 atque ex eo argum5ta1 seu durante orig9is vi1 seu procurr5tibus 9 div]sa t]ris1 positio coeli corporibus habitum d$it4--,agricola1 cap #b47 ,t le>n$ writ] saw ! ,indians ( ,*ile1 ( ! ,&es ( ,p]u1 ( ! burn+ coa/s ( ,panama1 & ^? ( ,l\isiana1 situat$ 9 ! nor!rn temp]ate zone4 ,he _h ! good =tune to live at a p]iod :5 !ories 7 less num]\s2 &1 l me1 he 0 /ruck by see+ ! natives equally bronz$ "u ! ,l9e1 9 ! cold climate ( ! ,cordill]as1 & 9 ! pla9s4 ,:]e diff]5ces ( col\r are obs]v$1 !y dep5d on ! race4 ,we %all soon f9d on ! burn+ banks ( ! ,or9oco ,indians ) a :iti% sk94 ,durans orig9is vis e/4 ,,*apt] #a4aj4 ,,second ,,abode ,,at ,,cumana4 ,,e>?quakes4 ,,extraord9>y ,,meteors4 ,we rema9$ a mon? long] at ,cumana1 employ+ ourselves 9 ! necess>y prep>ations = our propos$ visit to ! ,or9oco & ! ,rio ,negro4 ,we _h to *oose su* in/rum5ts z c\ld be mo/ easily transport$ 9 n>r[ boats2 & to engage guides = an inl& j\rney ( t5 mon?s1 across a c\ntry )\t communication ) ! coa/s4 ,! a/ronomical det]m9ation ( places be+ ! mo/ important object ( ?is und]tak+1 ,i felt desir\s n to miss ! obs]vation ( an eclipse ( ! sun1 :i* 0 to be visible at ! end ( ,octob]3 & 9 consequ5ce ,i pref]r$ rema9+ till t p]iod at ,cumana1 :]e ! sky is g5]ally cle> & s]5e4 ,x 0 n[ too late to rea* ! banks ( ! ,or9oco be=e ,octob]2 & ! high valleys ( ,c>acas promis$ less fav\rable opportunities1 on acc\nt ( ! vap\rs :i* accumulate r\nd ! neighb\r+ m\nta9s4 ,i 01 h[ev]1 ne> be+ compell$ by a deplorable occurr5ce1 to r5\nce1 or at lea/ to delay = a long "t1 my j\rney to ! ,or9oco4 ,on ! #bg? ( ,octob]1 ! day be=e ! eclipse1 we w5t z usual1 to take ! air on ! %ore ( ! gulf1 & to obs]ve ! in/ant ( high wat]1 :i* 9 ^? p>ts is only twelve or ?irte5 in*es4 ,x 0 eight 9 ! ev5+1 & ! breeze 0 n yet /irr+4 ,! sky 0 cl\dy2 & dur+ a dead calm x 0 excessively hot4 ,we cross$ ! bea* :i* sep>ates ! suburb ( ! ,guayqu]ia ,indians f ! emb>cad]o4 ,i he>d "s "o walk+ beh9d u1 & on turn+1 ,i saw a tall man ( ! col\r ( ! ,zambos1 nak$ to ! wai/4 ,he held almo/ ov] my head a macana1 :i* is a great /ick ( palm-tree wood1 enl>g$ to ! end l a club4 ,i avoid$ ! /roke by leap+ t[>ds ! left2 b ,m4 ,bonpl&1 :o walk$ on my "r1 0 less =tunate4 ,he did n see ! ,zambo s soon z ,i did1 & receiv$ a /roke above ! temple1 :i* levell$ him ) ! gr\nd4 ,we 7 alone1 )\t arms1 half a league f any habitation1 on a va/ pla9 b\nd$ by ! sea4 ,! ,zambo1 in/ead ( attack+ me1 mov$ (f sl[ly to pick up ,m4 ,bonpl&'s hat1 :i*1 hav+ some:at dead5$ ! viol5ce ( ! bl[1 _h fall5 (f & lay at "s di/ance4 ,al>m$ at see+ my companion on ! gr\nd1 & = "s mom5ts s5seless1 ,i ?\ght ( him only4 ,i help$ him to raise himself1 & pa9 & ang] d\bl$ 8 /r5g?4 ,we ran t[>d ! ,zambo1 :o1 ei!r f c[>dice1 common en\gh 9 p ( ?is ca/e1 or because he p]ceiv$ at a di/ance "s m5 on ! bea*1 did n wait = u1 b ran (f 9 ! direction ( ! ,tunal1 a little ?icket ( cactus & arboresc5t avic5nia4 ,he *anc$ to fall 9 runn+2 & ,m4 ,bonpl&1 :o rea*$ him fir/1 seiz$ him r\nd ! body4 ,! ,zambo drew a long knife2 & 9 ?is unequal /ruggle we %\ld infallibly h be5 w\nd$1 if "s ,biscayan m]*ants1 :o 7 tak+ ! air on ! bea*1 _h n come to our assi/ance4 ,! ,zambo see+ himself surr\nd$1 ?\ght no long] ( def5ce4 ,he aga9 ran away1 & we pursu$ him ?r\gh ! ?orny cactuses4 ,at l5g?1 tir$ out1 he took %elt] 9 a c[-h\se1 :5ce he suff]$ himself to be quietly l$ to prison4 ,m4 ,bonpl& 0 seiz$ ) fev] dur+ ! night2 b be+ end[$ ) great en]gy & =titude1 & possess+ t *e]ful disposition :i* is "o ( ! mo/ preci\s gifts ( nature1 he cont9u$ 8 lab\rs ! next day4 ,! /roke ( ! macana _h ext5d$ to ! top ( 8 head1 & he felt its effect = ! space ( two or ?ree mon?s dur+ ! /ay we made at ,c>acas4 ,:5 /oop+ to collect plants1 he 0 sometimes seiz$ ) gidd9ess1 :i* l$ u to fe> t an int]nal abscess 0 =m+4 ,happily ^! appreh5sions 7 unf\nd$1 & ! symptoms1 at fir/ al>m+1 gradually disappe>$4 ,! inhabitants ( ,cumana %[$ u ! k9de/ int]e/4 ,x 0 asc]ta9$ t ! ,zambo 0 a native ( "o ( ! ,indian villages :i* surr\nd ! great lake ( ,m>acaybo4 ,he _h s]v$ on bo>d a private] belong+ to ! isl& ( ,/4 ,dom+o1 & 9 consequ5ce ( a qu>rel ) ! capta9 he _h be5 left on ! coa/ ( ,cumana1 :5 ! %ip quitt$ ! port4 ,hav+ se5 ! signal :i* we _h fix$ up = ! purpose ( obs]v+ ! height ( ! tides1 he _h wat*$ ! mom5t :5 he c\ld attack u on ! bea*4 ,b :y1 aft] hav+ knock$ "o ( u d[n1 0 he satisfi$ ) simply /eal+ a hat8 ,9 an exam9ation he und]w5t1 8 answ]s 7 s confus$ & /upid1 t x 0 impossible to cle> up our d\bts4 ,sometimes he ma9ta9$ t 8 int5tion 0 n to rob u2 b t1 irritat$ by ! bad treatm5t he _h suff]$ on bo>d ! private] ( ,/4 ,dom+o1 he c\ld n resi/ ! desire ( attack+ u1 :5 he he>d u speak ,fr5*4 ,ju/ice is s t>dy 9 ?is c\ntry1 t prison]s1 ( :om ! jail is full1 may rema9 sev5 or eight ye>s )\t be+ br\ght to trial2 we le>nt1 !re=e1 ) "s satisfaction1 t a few days aft] our dep>ture f ,cumana1 ! ,zambo _h succe$$ 9 break+ out ( ! ca/le ( ,san ,antonio4 ,on ! day aft] ?is occurr5ce1 ! #bh? ( ,octob]1 ,i 01 at five 9 ! morn+1 on ! t]race ( our h\se1 mak+ prep>ations = ! obs]vation ( ! eclipse4 ,! wea!r 0 f9e & s]5e4 ,! cresc5t ( ,v5us1 & ! con/ellation ( ! ,%ip1 s spl5did f ! disposition ( its imm5se nebulae1 7 lo/ 9 ! rays ( ! ris+ sun4 ,i _h a complete obs]vation ( ! progress & ! close ( ! eclipse4 ,i det]m9$ ! di/ance ( ! horns1 or ! diff]5ces ( altitude & azimu?1 by ! passage ov] ! ?reads ( ! quadrant4 ,! eclipse t]m9at$ at #b h\rs #ad m9utes #bc4d seconds mean "t1 at ,cumana4 ,dur+ a few days :i* prec$$ & foll[$ ! eclipse ( ! sun1 v rem>kable atmosph]ical ph5om5a 7 obs]vable4 ,x 0 :at is call$ 9 ^? c\ntries ! season ( w9t]2 t is1 ( cl\ds & small electrical %[]s4 ,f ! #aj? ( ,octob] to ! #crd ( ,novemb]1 at nightfall1 a r$di% vap\r arose 9 ! horizon1 & cov]$1 9 a few m9utes1 ) a veil m or less ?ick1 ! azure vault ( ! sky4 ,saussure's hygromet]1 f> f indicat+ great] humidity1 (t5 w5t back f #ij to #hc degrees4 ,! heat ( ! day 0 f #bh to #cb degrees1 :i* = ?is "p ( ! torrid zone is v consid]able4 ,sometimes1 9 ! mid/ ( ! night1 ! vap\rs disappe>$ 9 an in/ant2 & at ! mom5t :5 ,i _h arrang$ my in/rum5ts1 cl\ds ( brilliant :it5ess collect$ at ! z5i?1 & ext5d$ t[>ds ! horizon4 ,on ! #ah? ( ,octob] ^! cl\ds 7 s rem>kably transp>5t1 t !y did n hide />s ev5 ( ! f\r? magnitude4 ,i c\ld di/+ui% s p]fectly ! spots ( ! moon1 t x might h be5 suppos$ its disk 0 be=e ! cl\ds4 ,! latt] 7 at a prodigi\s height1 dispos$ 9 b&s1 & at equal di/ances1 z f ! effect ( electric repulsions3--^! small masses ( vap\r1 simil> to ^? ,i saw above my head on ! ridge ( ! highe/ ,&es1 are1 9 sev]al languages1 designat$ by ! "n ( %eep4 ,:5 ! r$di% vap\r spreads lightly ov] ! sky1 ! great />s1 :i* 9 g5]al1 at ,cumana1 sc>cely sc9tillate bel[ #bj or #be degrees1 did n reta9 ev5 at ! z5i?1 _! /eady & planet>y light4 ,!y sc9tillat$ at all altitudes1 z aft] a heavy /orm ( ra9499 799 ,i h n obs]v$ any direct relation betwe5 ! sc9tillation ( ! />s & ! dryness ( t "p ( ! atmosph]e op5 to our rese>*es4 ,i h (t5 se5 at ,cumana a great sc9tillation ( ! />s ( ,orion & ,sagitt>ius1 :5 ,saussure's hygromet] 0 at #he degrees4 ,at o!r times1 ^! same />s1 consid]ably elevat$ above ! horizon1 emitt$ a /eady & planet>y light1 ! hygromet] be+ at #ij or #ic degrees4 ,probably x is n ! quantity ( vap\r1 b ! mann] 9 :i* x is diffus$1 & m or less dissolv$ 9 ! air1 :i* det]m9es ! sc9tillation4 ,! latt] is inv>iably att5d$ ) a coloration ( light4 ,x is rem>kable en\gh1 t1 9 nor!rn c\ntries1 at a "t :5 ! atmosph]e appe>s p]fectly dry1 ! sc9tillation is mo/ decid$ 9 v cold wea!r47 ,x 0 curi\s t ! vap\r did n affect ! hygromet] at ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,i rema9$ a "p ( ! night seat$ 9 a balcony1 f :i* ,i _h a view ( a great "p ( ! horizon4 ,9 e climate ,i feel a peculi> int]e/ 9 fix+ my eyes1 :5 ! sky is s]5e1 on "s great con/ellation1 & see+ gr\ps ( vesicul> vap\rs appe> & augm5t1 z ar\nd a c5tral nucleus1 !n1 disappe>+1 =m !mselves anew4 ,aft] ! #bh? ( ,octob]1 ! r$di% mi/ became ?ick] ?an x _h previ\sly be54 ,! heat ( ! nights seem$ /ifl+1 ?\gh ! !rmomet] rose only to #bf degrees4 ,! breeze1 :i* g5]ally refre%$ ! air f eight or n9e o'clock 9 ! ev5+1 0 no long] felt4 ,! atmosph]e 0 burn+ hot1 & ! p>*$ & du/y gr\nd 0 crack$ on e side4 ,on ! #d? ( ,novemb]1 ab\t two 9 ! aft]noon1 l>ge cl\ds ( peculi> blackness envelop$ ! high m\nta9s ( ! ,brigant9e & ! ,tat>aqual4 ,!y ext5d$ by degrees z f> z ! z5i?4 ,ab\t f\r 9 ! aft]noon ?und] 0 he>d ov] our heads1 at an imm5se height1 n regul>ly roll+1 b ) a holl[ & (t5 int]rupt$ s\nd4 ,at ! mom5t ( ! /ronge/ electric explosion1 at #d h\rs #ab m9utes1 !re 7 two %ocks ( e>?quake1 :i* foll[$ ea* o!r at ! int]val ( fifte5 seconds4 ,! p ran into ! /reets1 utt]+ l\d cries4 ,m4 ,bonpl&1 :o 0 lean+ ov] a table exam9+ plants1 0 almo/ ?r[n on ! floor4 ,i felt ! %ock v /rongly1 ?\gh ,i 0 ly+ 9 a hammock4 ,its direction 0 f nor? to s\?1 :i* is r>e at ,cumana4 ,slaves1 :o 7 draw+ wat] f a well m ?an eighte5 or tw5ty feet deep1 ne> ! riv] ,manzan>es1 he>d a noise l ! explosion ( a /rong *>ge ( gunp[d]4 ,! noise seem$ to come f ! bottom ( ! well2 a v curi\s ph5om5on1 ?\gh v common 9 mo/ ( ! c\ntries ( ,am]ica :i* are expos$ to e>?quakes4 ,a few m9utes be=e ! fir/ %ock !re 0 a v viol5t bla/ ( w9d1 foll[$ by electrical ra9 fall+ 9 great drops4 ,i imm$iately tri$ ! atmosph]ical electricity by ! electromet] ( ,volta4 ,! small balls sep>at$ f\r l9es2 ! electricity (t5 *ang$ f positive to negative1 z is ! case dur+ /orms1 &1 9 ! nor? ( ,europe1 ev5 sometimes 9 a fall ( sn[4 ,! sky rema9$ cl\dy1 & ! bla/ ( w9d 0 foll[$ by a dead calm1 :i* la/$ all night4 ,! sunset pres5t$ a picture ( extraord9>y magnific5ce4 ,! ?ick veil ( cl\ds 0 r5t asund]1 z 9 %r$s1 q ne> ! horizon2 ! sun appe>$ at #ab degrees ( altitude on a sky ( indigo-blue4 ,its disk 0 enorm\sly enl>g$1 di/ort$1 & undulat$ t[>d ! edges4 ,! cl\ds 7 gild$2 & fascicles ( div]g5t rays1 reflect+ ! mo/ brilliant ra9b[ hues1 ext5d$ ov] ! heav5s4 ,a great cr[d ( p assembl$ 9 ! public squ>e4 ,?is cele/ial ph5om5on1--! e>?quake1--! ?und] :i* accompani$ x1--! r$ vap\r se5 dur+ s _m days1 all 7 reg>d$ z ! effect ( ! eclipse4 ,ab\t n9e 9 ! ev5+ !re 0 ano!r %ock1 mu* slight] ?an ! =m]1 b att5d$ ) a subt]rane\s noise4 ,! b>omet] 0 a little l[] ?an usual2 b ! progress ( ! hor>y v>iations or small atmosph]ic tides1 0 no way int]rupt$4 ,! m]cury 0 precisely at ! m9imum ( height at ! mom5t ( ! e>?quake2 x cont9u$ ris+ till elev5 9 ! ev5+1 & sank aga9 till half aft] f\r 9 ! morn+1 con=mably to ! law :i* regulates b>ometrical v>iations4 ,9 ! night betwe5 ! #crd & #d? ( ,novemb] ! r$di% vap\r 0 s ?ick t ,i c\ld n di/+ui% ! situation ( ! moon1 except by a beautiful halo ( #bj degrees diamet]4 ,sc>cely tw5ty-two mon?s _h elaps$ s9ce ! t[n ( ,cumana _h be5 almo/ totally de/roy$ by an e>?quake4 ,! p reg>d vap\rs :i* obscure ! horizon1 & ! subsid5ce ( w9d dur+ ! night1 z infallible pregno/ics ( disa/]4 ,we _h frequ5t visits f p]sons :o wi%$ to "k :e!r our in/rum5ts indicat$ new %ocks = ! next day2 & al>m 0 great & g5]al :51 on ! #e? ( ,novemb]1 exactly at ! same h\r z on ! prec$+ day1 !re 0 a viol5t gu/ ( w9d1 att5d$ by ?und]1 & a few drops ( ra94 ,no %ock 0 felt4 ,! w9d & /orm return$ dur+ five or six days at ! same h\r1 almo/ at ! same m9ute4 ,! inhabitants ( ,cumana1 & ( _m o!r places betwe5 ! tropics1 h long s9ce obs]v$ t atmosph]ical *anges1 :i* are1 to appe>ance1 ! mo/ accid5tal1 succe$ ea* o!r = :ole weeks ) a/oni%+ regul>ity4 ,! same ph5om5on occurs 9 summ]1 9 ! temp]ate zone2 nor has x escap$ ! p]ception ( a/ronom]s1 :o (t5 obs]ve1 9 a s]5e sky1 dur+ ?ree or f\r days successively1 cl\ds :i* h collect$ at ! same "p ( ! firmam5t1 take ! same direction1 & dissolve at ! same height2 sometimes be=e1 sometimes aft] ! passage ( a /> ov] ! m]idian1 consequ5tly )9 a few m9utes ( ! same po9t ( true "t499 799 ,m4 ,arago & ,i paid a great deal ( att5tion to ?is ph5om5on dur+ a long s]ies ( obs]vations made 9 ! ye> #ahji & #ahaj1 at ! ,obs]vatory ( ,p>is1 ) ! view ( v]ify+ ! decl9ation ( ! />s47 ,! e>?quake ( ! #d? ( ,novemb]1 ! fir/ ,i _h felt1 made ! great] impression on me1 z x 0 accompani$ ) rem>kable meteorological v>iations4 ,x 01 moreov]1 a positive movem5t upw>d & d[nw>d1 & n a %ock by undulation4 ,i did n !n imag9e1 t aft] a long abode on ! table-l&s ( ,quito & ! coa/s ( ,p]u1 ,i %\ld become almo/ z famili> ) ! abrupt movem5ts ( ! gr\nd z we are 9 ,europe ) ! s\nd ( ?und]4 ,9 ! city ( ,quito1 we nev] ?\ght ( ris+ f our b$s :51 dur+ ! night1 subt]rane\s rumbl+s 7bramidos71 :i* seem always to come f ! volcano ( ,pi*9*a1 ann\nc$ a %ock1 ! =ce ( :i*1 h[ev]1 is seldom 9 proportion to ! int5sity ( ! noise4 ,! indiff]5ce ( ! inhabitants1 :o be> 9 m9d t = ?ree c5turies pa/ _! city has n be5 de/roy$1 readily communicates itself to ! lea/ intrepid travell]4 ,x is n s mu* ! fe> ( ! dang]1 z ! novelty ( ! s5sation1 :i* makes s =cible an impression :5 ! effect ( ! slighte/ e>?quake is felt = ! fir/ "t4 ,f our infancy1 ! idea ( c]ta9 contra/s becomes fix$ 9 our m9ds3 wat] appe>s to u an elem5t t moves2 e>?1 a motionless & in]t mass4 ,^! impressions are ! result ( daily exp]i5ce2 !y are connect$ ) ev]y?+ t is transmitt$ to u by ! s5ses4 ,:5 ! %ock ( an e>?quake is felt1 :5 ! e>? :i* we _h deem$ s /able is %ak5 on its old f\ndations1 "o in/ant suffices to de/roy long-fix$ illusions4 ,x is l awak5+ f a dream2 b a pa9ful awak5+4 ,we feel t we h be5 deceiv$ by ! app>5t /ability ( nature2 we become obs]vant ( ! lea/ noise2 we mi/ru/ = ! fir/ "t ! soil we h s long trod ) confid5ce4 ,b if ! %ocks be repeat$1 if !y become frequ5t dur+ sev]al successive days1 ! unc]ta9ty quickly disappe>s4 ,9 #aghd1 ! inhabitants ( ,mexico 7 accu/om$ to he> ! ?und] roll b5ea? _! feet199 799 ,los bramidos de ,guanazuato47 z x is he>d by u 9 ! region ( ! cl\ds4 ,confid5ce easily spr+s up 9 ! human brea/3 on ! coa/s ( ,p]u we become accu/om$ to ! undulations ( ! gr\nd1 z ! sailor becomes accu/om$ to ! toss+ ( ! %ip1 caus$ by ! motion ( ! waves4 ,! r$di% vap\r :i* at ,cumana _h spread a mi/ ov] ! horizon a little be=e sunset1 disappe>$ aft] ! #g? ( ,novemb]4 ,! atmosph]e resum$ its =m] purity1 & ! firmam5t appe>$1 at ! z5i?1 ( t deep blue t9t peculi> to climates :]e heat1 light1 & a great equality ( electric *>ge seem all to promote ! mo/ p]fect dissolution ( wat] 9 ! air4 ,i obs]v$1 on ! night ( ! #g?1 ! imm]sion ( ! second satellite ( ,jupit]4 ,! belts ( ! planet 7 m di/9ct ?an ,i _h ev] se5 !m be=e4 ,i pass$ a "p ( ! night 9 comp>+ ! int5sity ( ! light emitt$ by ! beautiful />s :i* %9e 9 ! s\!rn sky4 ,i pursu$ ?is task c>efully 9 bo? hemisph]es1 at sea1 & dur+ my abode at ,lima1 at ,guayaquil1 & at ,mexico4 ,ne>ly half a c5tury has n[ elaps$ s9ce ,la ,caille exam9$ t region ( ! sky :i* is invisible 9 ,europe4 ,! />s ne> ! s\? pole are usually obs]v$ ) s little p]sev]ance & att5tion1 t ! greate/ *anges may take place 9 ! int5sity ( _! light & _! own motion1 )\t a/ronom]s hav+ ! slighte/ k ( !m4 ,i ?9k ,i h rem>k$ *anges ( ?is k9d 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,crane & 9 t ( ! ,%ip4 ,i comp>$1 at fir/ ) ! nak$ eye1 ! />s :i* are n v di/ant f ea* o!r1 = ! purpose ( class+ !m accord+ to ! me?od po9t$ out by ,h]s*el1 9 a pap] read to ! ,royal ,society ( ,london 9 #agif4 ,i aft]w>ds employ$ diaphragms dim9i%+ ! ap]ture ( ! telescope1 & col\r$ & col\rless glasses plac$ be=e ! eye-glass4 ,i moreov] made use ( an in/rum5t ( reflexion calculat$ to br+ simultane\sly two />s into ! field ( ! telescope1 aft] hav+ equaliz$ _! light by receiv+ x ) m or few] rays at pleasure1 reflect$ by ! silv]$ "p ( ! mirror4 ,i admit t ^! photometric processes are n v precise2 b ,i believe ! la/1 :i* p]haps _h nev] be=e be5 employ$1 might he r5d]$ ne>ly exact1 by add+ a scale ( equal p>ts to ! moveable frame ( ! telescope ( ! sextant4 ,x 0 by tak+ ! mean ( a great numb] ( valuations1 t ,i saw ! relative int5sity ( ! light ( ! great />s decrease 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,sirius1 ,canopus1 a ,c5tauri1 ,a*]n]1 b ,c5tauri1 ,fomalhaut1 ,rigel1 ,procyon1 ,betelgueuse1 e ( ! ,great ,dog1 d ( ! ,great ,dog1 a ( ! ,crane1 a ( ! ,peacock4 ,^! exp]im5ts w become m int]e/+ :5 travell]s %all h det]m9$ anew1 at int]vals ( =ty or fifty ye>s1 "s ( ^? *anges :i* ! cele/ial bodies seem to und]go1 ei!r at _! surface or ) respect to _! di/ances f our planet>y sy/em4 ,aft] hav+ made a/ronomical obs]vations ) ! same in/rum5ts1 9 our nor!rn climates & 9 ! torrid zone1 we are surpris$ at ! effect produc$ 9 ! latt] 7by ! transp>5cy ( ! air1 & ! less ext9ction ( light71 on ! cle>ness ) :i* ! d\ble />s1 ! satellites ( ,jupit]1 or c]ta9 nebulae1 pres5t !mselves4 ,b5ea? a sky equally s]5e 9 appe>ance1 x w\ld seem z if m p]fect in/rum5ts 7 employ$2 s mu* m di/9ct & well def9$ d ! objects appe> betwe5 ! tropics4 ,x _c be d\bt$1 t at ! p]iod :5 equ9octial ,am]ica %all become ! c5tre ( ext5sive civilization1 physical a/ronomy w make imm5se improvem5ts1 9 proportion z ! skies w be explor$ ) excell5t glasses1 9 ! dry & hot climates ( ,cumana1 ,coro1 & ! isl& ( ,m>g>eta4 ,i d n "h m5tion ! ridge ( ! ,cordill]as1 because1 ) ! exception ( "s high & ne>ly b>r5 pla9s 9 ,mexico & ,p]u1 ! v elevat$ table-l&s1 9 :i* ! b>ometric pressure is f t5 to twelve in*es less ?an at ! level ( ! sea1 h a mi/y & extremely v>iable climate4 ,! extreme purity ( ! atmosph]e :i* con/antly prevails 9 ! l[ regions dur+ ! dry season1 c\nt]balances ! elevation ( site & ! r>ity ( ! air on ! table-l&s4 ,! elevat$ /rata ( ! atmosph]e1 :5 !y envelope ! ridges ( m\nta9s1 und]go rapid *anges 9 _! transp>5cy4 ,! night ( ! #aa? ( ,novemb] 0 cool & extremely f9e4 ,f half aft] two 9 ! morn+1 ! mo/ extraord9>y lum9\s meteors 7 se5 9 ! direction ( ! ea/4 ,m4 ,bonpl&1 :o _h ris5 to enjoy ! fre%ness ( ! air1 p]ceiv$ !m fir/4 ,?\s&s ( bolides & fall+ />s succe$$ ea* o!r dur+ ! space ( f\r h\rs4 ,_! direction 0 v regul> f nor? to s\?4 ,!y fill$ a space 9 ! sky ext5d+ f due ea/ #cj degrees to nor? & s\?4 ,9 an amplitude ( #fj degrees ! meteors 7 se5 to rise above ! horizon at ea/-nor?-ea/ & at ea/1 to describe arcs m or less ext5d$1 & to fall t[>ds ! s\?1 aft] hav+ foll[$ ! direction ( ! m]idian4 ,"s ( !m atta9$ a height ( #dj degrees1 & all exce$$ #be or #cj degrees4 ,!re 0 v little w9d 9 ! l[ regions ( ! atmosph]e1 & t little blew f ! ea/4 ,no trace ( cl\ds 0 to be se54 ,m4 ,bonpl& /ates t1 f ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! ph5om5on1 !re 0 n 9 ! firmam5t a space equal 9 ext5t to ?ree diamet]s ( ! moon1 :i* 0 n fill$ e in/ant ) bolides & fall+ />s4 ,! fir/ 7 few] 9 numb]1 b z !y 7 ( diff]5t sizes1 x 0 impossible to fix ! limit betwe5 ^! two classes ( ph5om5a4 ,all ^! meteors left lum9\s traces f five to t5 degrees 9 l5g?1 z (t5 happ5s 9 ! equ9octial regions4 ,! phosphoresc5ce ( ^! traces1 or lum9\s b&s1 la/$ sev5 or eight seconds4 ,_m ( ! fall+ />s _h a v di/9ct nucleus1 z l>ge z ! disk ( ,jupit]1 f :i* d>t$ sp>ks ( vivid light4 ,! bolides seem to bur/ z by explosion2 b ! l>ge/1 ^? f #a to #a degree #ae m9utes 9 diamet]1 disappe>$ )\t sc9tillation1 leav+ beh9d !m phosphoresc5t b&s 7trabes7 exce$+ 9 bread? fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes4 ,! light ( ^! meteors 0 :ite1 & n r$di%1 :i* mu/ d\btless be attribut$ to ! abs5ce ( vap\r & ! extreme transp>5cy ( ! air4 ,= ! same reason1 )9 ! tropics1 ! />s ( ! fir/ magnitude h1 at _! ris+1 a light decid$ly :it] ?an 9 ,europe4 ,almo/ all ! inhabitants ( ,cumana witness$ ?is ph5om5on1 because !y _h left _! h\ses be=e f\r o'clock1 to att5d ! e>ly morn+ mass4 ,!y did n behold ^! bolides ) indiff]5ce2 ! olde/ among !m rememb]$ t ! great e>?quakes ( #agff 7 prec$$ by simil> ph5om5a4 ,! ,guaiqu]ies 9 ! ,indian suburb alleg$ t ! bolides began to appe> at "o o'clock2 & t z !y return$ f fi%+ 9 ! gulf1 !y _h p]ceiv$ v small fall+ />s t[>ds ! ea/4 ,!y assur$ u t igne\s meteors 7 extremely r>e on ^? coa/s aft] two o'clock 9 ! morn+4 ,! ph5om5on ceas$ by degrees aft] f\r o'clock1 & ! bolides & fall+ />s became less frequ5t2 b we /ill di/+ui%$ "s to nor?-ea/ by _! :iti% light1 & ! rapidity ( _! movem5t1 a qu>t] ( an h\r aft] sunrise4 ,?is circum/ance w appe> less extraord9>y1 :5 ,i m5tion t 9 broad daylight1 9 #aghh1 ! int]ior ( ! h\ses 9 ! t[n ( ,popayan 0 brightly illum9$ by an a]olite ( imm5se magnitude4 ,x pass$ ov] ! t[n1 :5 ! sun 0 %9+ cle>ly1 ab\t "o o'clock4 ,m4 ,bonpl& & myself1 dur+ our second resid5ce at ,cumana1 aft] hav+ obs]v$1 on ! #bf? ( ,septemb]1 #ahjj1 ! imm]sion ( ! fir/ satellite ( ,jupit]1 succe$$ 9 see+ ! planet di/9ctly ) ! nak$ eye1 eighte5 m9utes aft] ! disk ( ! sun _h appe>$ 9 ! horizon4 ,!re 0 a v slight vap\r 9 ! ea/1 b ,jupit] appe>$ on an azure sky4 ,^! facts be> evid5ce ( ! extreme purity & transp>5cy ( ! atmosph]e 9 ! torrid zone4 ,! mass ( diffus$ light is ! less1 9 proportion z ! vap\rs are m p]fectly dissolv$4 ,! same cause :i* *ecks ! diffusion ( ! sol> light1 dim9i%es ! ext9ction ( t :i* emanates ei!r f bolides f ,jupit]1 or f ! moon1 se5 on ! second day aft] its conjunction4 ,! #ab? ( ,novemb] 0 an extremely hot day1 & ! hygromet] indicat$ a v consid]able degree ( dryness = ^? climates4 ,! r$di% vap\r cl\d$ ! horizon anew1 & rose to ! height ( #ad degrees4 ,?is 0 ! la/ "t x appe>$ t ye>2 & ,i mu/ "h obs]ve1 t x is no less r>e "u ! f9e sky ( ,cumana1 ?an x is common at ,acapulco1 on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,mexico4 ,we did n neglect1 dur+ ! c\rse ( our j\rney f ,c>acas to ! ,rio ,negro1 to enquire ev]y:]e1 :e!r ! meteors ( ! #ab? ( ,novemb] _h be5 p]ceiv$4 ,9 a wild c\ntry1 :]e ! great] numb] ( ! inhabitants sleep 9 ! op5 air1 s extraord9>y a ph5om5on c\ld n fail to be rem>k$1 unless x _h be5 conceal$ f obs]vation by cl\ds4 ,! ,capu*9 mission>y at ,san ,f]n&o de ,apure199 799 ,nor? latitude #g degrees #ec m9utes #ab seconds2 we/ longitude #gj degrees #bj m9utes471 a village situat$ amid ! savannahs ( ! prov9ce ( ,v>9as2 ! ,franciscan monks /ation$ ne> ! cat>acts ( ! ,or9oco & at ,m>oa199 799 ,nor? latitude #b degrees #db m9utes #j seconds2 we/ longitude #gj degrees #ba m9utes47 on ! banks ( ! ,rio ,negro2 _h se5 numb]less fall+-/>s & bolides illum9e ! heav5s4 ,m>oa is s\?-we/ ( ,cumana1 at "o hundr$ & sev5ty-f\r leagues di/ance4 ,all ^! obs]v]s comp>$ ! ph5om5on to brilliant fireworks2 & x la/$ f ?ree till six 9 ! morn+4 ,"s ( ! monks _h m>k$ ! day 9 _! rituals2 o!rs _h not$ x by ! proximate fe/ivals ( ! ,*ur*4 ,un=tunately1 none ( !m c\ld recollect ! direction ( ! meteors1 or _! app>5t height4 ,f ! position ( ! m\nta9s & ?ick =e/s :i* surr\nd ! ,missions ( ! ,cat>acts & ! little village ( ,m>oa1 ,i presume t ! bolides 7 /ill visible at #bj degrees above ! horizon4 ,on my arrival at ! s\!rn extremity ( ,spani% ,guiana1 at ! little =t ( ,san ,c>los1 ,i f\nd "s ,portuguese1 :o _h gone up ! ,rio ,negro f ! ,mission ( ,/4 ,joseph ( ! ,m>avitans4 ,!y assur$ me t 9 t "p ( ,brazil ! ph5om5on _h be5 p]ceiv$ at lea/ z f> z ,san ,gabriel das ,ca*oeiras1 consequ5tly z f> z ! equator itself499 799 ,a little to ! nor?-we/ ( ,san ,antonio de ,ca/anheiro4 ,i did n meet ) any p]sons :o _h obs]v$ ?is meteor1 at ,santa ,fe de ,bogota1 at ,popayan1 or 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 at ,quito & ,p]u4 ,p]haps ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 s *angeable 9 ^! we/]n regions1 prev5t$ obs]vation47 ,i 0 =cibly /ruck by ! imm5se height :i* ^! bolides mu/ h atta9$1 to h r5d]$ !m visible simultane\sly at ,cumana1 & on ! fronti]s ( ,brazil1 9 a l9e ( two hundr$ & ?irty leagues 9 l5g?4 ,b :at 0 my a/oni%m5t1 :51 on my return to ,europe1 ,i le>n$ t ! same ph5om5on _h be5 p]ceiv$ on an ext5t ( ! globe ( #fd degrees ( latitude1 & #ia degrees ( longitude2 at ! equator1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 at ,labrador1 & 9 ,g]many6 ,i saw accid5tally1 dur+ my passage f ,philadelphia to ,bordeaux199 799 ,9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,p5nsylvanian ,society47 ! correspond+ obs]vation ( ,mr4 ,ellicot 7latitude #cj degrees #db72 & ^u my return f ,naples to ,b]l91 ,i read ! acc\nt ( ! ,moravian mission>ies among ! ,esquimaux1 9 ! ,biblio!k ( ,gott+54 ,! foll[+ is a succ9ct enum]ation ( ! facts3 ,fir/4 ,! fi]y meteors 7 se5 9 ! ea/1 & ! ea/-nor?-ea/1 at #dj degrees ( elevation1 f #b to #f a4m4 at ,cumana 7latitude #aj degrees #bg m9utes #eb seconds1 longitude #ff degrees #cj m9utes72 at ,porto ,cabello 7latitude #aj degrees #f m9utes #eb seconds1 longitude #fg degrees #e m9utes72 & on ! fronti]s ( ,brazil1 ne> ! equator1 9 longitude #gj degrees we/ ( ! m]idian ( ,p>is4 ,second4 ,9 ,fr5* ,guiana 7latitude #d degrees #ef m9utes1 longitude #ed degrees #ce m9utes7 ! nor!rn "p ( ! sky 0 suffus$ ) fire4 ,numb]less fall+-/>s trav]s$ ! heav5s dur+ ! space ( an h\r & a half1 & %$ s vivid a light1 t ^? meteors might be comp>$ to ! blaz+ %eaves :i* %oot out f fireworks4 ,! k ( ?is fact re/s ^u ! highly tru/wor?y te/imony ( ! ,c\nt de ,m>bois1 !n liv+ 9 exile at ,cay5ne1 a victim to 8 love ( ju/ice & ( rational1 con/itutional lib]ty4 ,?ird4 ,mr4 ,ellicot1 a/ronom] to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 hav+ complet$ 8 trigonometric op]ations = ! rectification ( ! limits on ! ,ohio1 be+ on ! #ab? ( ,novemb] 9 ! gulf ( ,florida1 9 latitude #be degrees1 & longitude #ha degrees #ej m9utes1 saw 9 all p>ts ( ! sky1 z _m meteors z />s1 mov+ 9 all directions4 ,"s appe>$ to fall p]p5dicul>ly2 & x 0 expect$ e m9ute t !y w\ld drop into ! vessel4 ,! same ph5om5on 0 p]ceiv$ ^u ! ,am]ican cont95t z f> z latitude #cj degrees #db m9utes4 ,f\r?4 ,9 ,labrador1 at ,na9 7latitude #ef degrees #ee m9utes71 & ,h(f5?al 7latitude #eh degrees #d m9utes72 9 ,gre5l&1 at ,li*t5au 7latitude #fa degrees #e m9utes71 & at ,new ,h]rnhut 7latitude #fd degrees #ad m9utes1 longitude #eb degrees #bj m9utes72 ! ,esquimaux 7 t]rifi$ at ! enorm\s quantity ( bolides :i* fell dur+ twilight at all po9ts ( ! firmam5t1 & "s ( :i* 7 said to be a foot broad4 ,fif?4 ,9 ,g]many1 ,mr4 ,zeiss+1 vic> ( ,ittetsadt1 ne> ,weim> 7latitude #ej degrees #ei m9utes1 longitude #i degrees #a m9ute ea/71 p]ceiv$1 on ! #ab? ( ,novemb]1 betwe5 ! h\rs ( six & sev5 9 ! morn+ 7half-pa/ two at ,cumana71 "s fall+-/>s :i* %$ a v :ite light4 ,soon aft]1 9 ! direction ( s\? & s\?-we/1 lum9\s rays appe>$ f f\r to six feet long2 !y 7 r$di%1 & resembl$ ! lum9\s track ( a sky-rocket4 ,dur+ ! morn+ twilight1 betwe5 ! h\rs ( sev5 & eight1 ! sky1 9 ! direction ( s\?-we/1 0 obs]v$ f "t to "t to be brightly illum9$ by :ite lightn+1 runn+ 9 s]p5t9e l9es along ! horizon4 ,at night ! cold increas$ & ! b>omet] rose4 ,x is v probable1 t ! meteors might h be5 obs]v$ m to ! ea/1 9 ,pol& & 9 ,russia499 799 ,9 ,p>is & 9 ,london ! sky 0 cl\dy4 ,at ,c>lsruhe1 be=e dawn1 lightn+ 0 se5 9 ! nor?-we/ & s\?-ea/4 ,on ! #ac? ( ,novemb] a rem>kable gl>e ( light 0 se5 at ! same place 9 ! s\?-ea/47 ,! di/ance f ,weim> to ! ,rio ,negro is #ahjj nautical leagues2 & f ! ,rio ,negro to ,h]rnhut 9 ,gre5l&1 #acjj leagues4 ,admitt+ t ! same fi]y meteors 7 se5 at po9ts s di/ant f ea* o!r1 we mu/ suppose t _! height 0 at lea/ #daa leagues4 ,ne> ,weim>1 ! appe>ance l sky-rockets 0 obs]v$ 9 ! s\? & s\?-ea/2 at ,cumana1 9 ! ea/ & ea/-nor?-ea/4 ,we may !re=e conclude1 t numb]less a]olites mu/ h fall5 into ! sea1 betwe5 ,africa & ,s\? ,am]ica1 we/w>d ( ! ,cape ,v]d ,isl&s4 ,b s9ce ! direction ( ! bolides 0 n ! same at ,labrador & at ,cumana1 :y 7 !y n p]ceiv$ 9 ! latt] place t[>ds ! nor?1 z at ,cay5ne8 ,we c sc>cely be too cauti\s on a subject1 on :i* good obs]vations made 9 v di/ant places are /ill want+4 ,i am r incl9$ to ?9k1 t ! ,*ayma ,indians ( ,cumana did n see ! same bolides z ! ,portuguese 9 ,brazil & ! mission>ies 9 ,labrador2 b at ! same "t x _c be d\bt$ 7& ?is fact appe>s to me v rem>kable7 t 9 ! ,new ,_w1 betwe5 ! m]idians ( #df & #hb degrees1 betwe5 ! equator & #fd degrees nor?1 at ! same h\r1 an imm5se numb] ( bolides & fall+-/>s 7 p]ceiv$2 & t ^? meteors _h ev]y:]e ! same brilliancy1 ?r\gh\t a space ( #iba1jjj squ>e leagues4 ,a/ronom]s :o h lately be5 direct+ m9ute att5tion to fall+-/>s & _! p>allaxes1 consid] !m z meteors belong+ to ! f>!/ limits ( our atmosph]e1 betwe5 ! region ( ! ,aurora ,borealis & t ( ! lighte/ cl\ds499 799 ,accord+ to ! obs]vations :i* ,i made on ! ridge ( ! ,&es1 at an elevation ( #bgjj toises1 on ! m\tons1 or little :ite fleecy cl\ds1 x appe>$ to me1 t _! elevation is sometimes n less ?an #fjjj toises above ! level ( ! coa/47 ,"s h be5 se51 :i* _h n m ?an #ad1jjj toises1 or ab\t five leagues ( elevation4 ,! highe/ d n appe> to exce$ ?irty leagues4 ,!y are (t5 m ?an a hundr$ feet 9 diamet]3 & _! swiftness is su*1 t !y d>t 9 a few seconds ?r\gh a space ( two leagues4 ,( "s :i* h be5 measur$1 ! direction 0 almo/ p]p5dicul>ly upw>d1 or =m+ an angle ( #ej degrees ) ! v]tical l9e4 ,?is extremely rem>kable circum/ance has l$ to ! conclusion1 t fall+-/>s are n a]olites :i*1 aft] hav+ hov]$ a long "t 9 space1 unite on accid5tally ent]+ into our atmosph]e1 & fall t[>ds ! e>?499 799 ,m4 ,*ladni1 :o at fir/ consid]$ fall+-/>s to be a]olites1 subsequ5tly ab&on$ t idea47 ,:atev] may be ! orig9 ( ^! lum9\s meteors1 x is difficult to conceive an in/antane\s inflammation tak+ place 9 a region :]e !re is less air ?an 9 ! vacuum ( our air-pumps2 & :]e 7at ! height ( #be1jjj toises7 ! m]cury 9 ! b>omet] w\ld n rise to #j4jab ( a l9e4 ,we h asc]ta9$ ! uni=m mixture ( atmosph]ic air to be ab\t #j4 #jjc1 only to an elevation ( #cjjj toises2 consequ5tly n beyond ! la/ /ratum ( fleecy cl\ds4 ,x may be admitt$ t1 9 ! fir/ revolutions ( ! globe1 gase\s sub/ances1 :i* yet rema9 unkn[n to u1 h ris5 t[>ds t region ?r\gh :i* ! fall+-/>s pass2 b accurate exp]im5ts1 made ^u mixtures ( gases :i* h n ! same specific gravity1 %[ t !re is no reason = suppos+ a sup]ior /ratum ( ! atmosph]e entirely diff]5t f ! inf]ior /rata4 ,gase\s sub/ances m+le & p5etrate ea* o!r on ! lea/ movem5t2 & a uni=mity ( _! mixture may h tak5 place 9 ! lapse ( ages1 unless we believe !m to possess a repulsive action ( :i* !re is no example 9 ^? sub/ances we c subject to our obs]vations4 ,f>!r1 if we admit ! exi/5ce ( p>ticul> a]ial fluids 9 ! inaccessible regions ( lum9\s meteors1 ( fall+-/>s1 bolides1 & ! ,aurora ,borealis2 h[ c we conceive :y ! :ole /ratum ( ^? fluids does n at once ignite1 b t ! gase\s emanations1 l ! cl\ds1 occupy only limit$ spaces8 ,h[ c we suppose an electrical explosion )\t "s vap\rs collect$ toge!r1 capable ( conta9+ unequal *>ges ( electricity1 9 air1 ! mean temp]ature ( :i* is p]haps #be degrees bel[ ! freez+ po9t ( ! c5tigrade !rmomet]1 & ! r>efaction ( :i* is s consid]able1 t ! compression ( ! electrical %ock c\ld sc>cely dis5gage any heat8 ,^! difficulties w\ld 9 great "p be remov$1 if ! direction ( ! movem5t ( fall+-/>s all[$ u to consid] !m z bodies ) a solid nucleus1 z cosmic ph5om5a 7belong+ to space beyond ! limits ( our atmosph]e71 & n z telluric ph5om5a 7belong+ to our planet only74 ,suppos+ ! meteors ( ,cumana to h be5 only at ! usual height at :i* fall+-/>s 9 g5]al move1 ! same meteors 7 se5 above ! horizon 9 places m ?an #caj leagues di/ant f ea* o!r499 799 ,x 0 ?is circum/ance t induc$ ,lamb]t to propose ! obs]vation ( fall+-/>s = ! det]m9ation ( t]re/rial longitudes4 ,he consid]$ !m to be cele/ial signals se5 at great di/ances47 ,h[ great a disposition to inc&esc5ce mu/ h prevail$ on ! #ab? ,novemb]1 9 ! high] regions ( ! atmosph]e1 to h r5d]$ dur+ f\r h\rs myriads ( bolides & fall+ />s visible at ! equator1 9 ,gre5l&1 & 9 ,g]many6 ,m4 ,b5z5b]g obs]ves1 t ! same cause :i* r5d]s ! ph5om5on m frequ5t1 has also an influ5ce on ! l>ge size ( ! meteors1 & ! int5sity ( _! light4 ,9 ,europe1 ! greate/ numb] ( fall+ />s are se5 on ^? nights on :i* v bright ones are m+l$ ) v small ones4 ,! p]iodical nature ( ! ph5om5on augm5ts ! int]e/ x excites4 ,!re are mon?s 9 :i* ,m4 ,br&es has reckon$ 9 our temp]ate zone only sixty or eighty fall+-/>s 9 "o night2 & 9 o!r mon?s _! numb] has ris5 to two ?\s&4 ,:5ev] "o is obs]v$1 :i* has ! diamet] ( ,sirius or ( ,jupit]1 we are sure ( see+ ! brilliant meteor succe$$ by a great numb] ( small] ones4 ,if ! fall+ />s be v num]\s dur+ "o night1 x is probable t !y w cont9ue equally s dur+ sev]al weeks4 ,x w\ld seem1 t 9 ! high] regions ( ! atmosph]e1 ne> t extreme limit :]e ! c5trifugal =ce is balanc$ by gravity1 !re exi/s at regul> p]iods a p>ticul> disposition = ! production ( bolides1 fall+-/>s1 & ! ,aurora ,borealis499 799 ,ritt]1 l sev]al o!rs1 makes a di/9ction betwe5 bolides m+l$ ) fall+-/>s & ^? lum9\s meteors :i*1 envelop$ 9 vap\r & smoke1 explode ) great noise1 & let fall 7*iefly 9 ! day-"t7 a]olites4 ,! latt] c]ta9ly d n belong to our atmosph]e47 ,does ! p]iodical recurr5ce ( ?is great ph5om5on dep5d ^u ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e8 or ^u some?+ :i* ! atmosph]e receives f )\t1 :ile ! e>? advances 9 ! ecliptic8 ,( all ?is we are /ill z ignorant z mank9d 7 9 ! days ( ,anaxagoras4 ,) respect to ! fall+-/>s !mselves1 x appe>s to me1 f my own exp]i5ce1 t !y are m frequ5t 9 ! equ9octial regions ?an 9 ! temp]ate zone2 & m frequ5t above cont95ts1 & ne> c]ta9 coa/s1 ?an 9 ! middle ( ! ocean4 ,d ! radiation ( ! surface ( ! globe1 & ! electric *>ge ( ! l[] regions ( ! atmosph]e 7:i* v>ies accord+ to ! nature ( ! soil & ! positions ( ! cont95ts & seas71 ex]t _! influ5ce z f> z ^? heights :]e et]nal w9t] reigns8 ,! total abs5ce ( ev5 ! smalle/ cl\ds1 at c]ta9 seasons1 or above "s b>r5 pla9s de/itute ( vegetation1 seems to prove t ?is influ5ce c be felt z f> z five or six ?\s& toises high4 ,a ph5om5on analog\s to t :i* appe>$ on ! #ab? ( ,novemb] at ,cumana1 0 obs]v$ ?irty ye>s previ\sly on ! table-l& ( ! ,&es1 9 a c\ntry /udd$ ) volcanoes4 ,9 ! city ( ,quito !re 0 se5 9 "o "p ( ! sky1 above ! volcano ( ,cayamba1 su* great numb]s ( fall+-/>s1 t ! m\nta9 0 ?\ght to be 9 flames4 ,?is s+ul> sight la/$ m ?an an h\r4 ,! p assembl$ 9 ! pla9 ( ,exido1 :i* comm&s a magnific5t view ( ! highe/ summits ( ! ,cordill]as4 ,a procession 0 on ! po9t ( sett+ out f ! conv5t ( ,san ,francisco1 :5 x 0 p]ceiv$ t ! blaze on ! horizon 0 caus$ by fi]y meteors1 :i* ran along ! skies 9 all directions1 at ! altitude ( twelve or ?irte5 degrees4 ,,*apt] #a4aa4 ,,passage ,,f ,,cumana ,,to ,,la ,,guayra4 ,,morro ,,( ,,nueva ,,b>celona4 ,,cape ,,cod]a4 ,,road ,,f ,,la ,,guayra ,,to ,,c>acas4 ,on ! #af? ( ,novemb]1 at eight 9 ! ev5+1 we 7 "u sail to proce$ along ! coa/ f ,cumana to ! port ( ,la ,guayra1 :5ce ! inhabitants ( ! prov9ce ( ,v5ezuela export ! great] "p ( _! produce4 ,! passage is only a di/ance ( sixty leagues1 & x usually occupies f ?irty-six to =ty h\rs4 ,! little coa/+ vessels are fav\r$ at once by ! w9d & by ! curr5ts1 :i* run ) m or less =ce f ea/ to we/1 along ! coa/s ( ,t]ra ,firma1 p>ticul>ly f cape ,p>ia to ! cape ( ,*i*ibacoa4 ,! road by l& f ,cumana to ,new ,b>celona1 & !nce to ,c>acas1 is ne>ly 9 ! same /ate z t 9 :i* x 0 be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,! travell] has to cont5d ) ! ob/acles pres5t$ by a miry soil1 l>ge scatt]$ rocks1 & /rong vegetation4 ,he mu/ sleep 9 ! op5 air1 pass ?r\gh ! valleys ( ! ,un>e1 ! ,tuy1 & ! ,capaya1 & cross torr5ts :i* swell rapidly on acc\nt ( ! proximity ( ! m\nta9s4 ,to ^! ob/acles mu/ be add$ ! dang]s aris+ f ! extreme insalubrity ( ! c\ntry4 ,! v l[ l&s1 betwe5 ! sea-%ore & ! *a9 ( hills ne>e/ ! coa/1 f ! bay ( ,mo*ima z f> z ,coro1 are extremely unheal?y4 ,b ! la/-m5tion$ t[n1 :i* is surr\nd$ by an imm5se wood ( ?orny cactuses1 owes its great salubrity1 l ,cumana1 to its b>r5 soil & ! abs5ce ( ra94 ,9 return+ f ,c>acas to ,cumana1 ! road by l& is sometimes pref]r$ to ! passage by sea1 to avoid ! adv]se curr5t4 ,! po/man f ,c>acas is n9e days 9 p]=m+ ?is j\rney4 ,we (t5 saw p]sons1 :o _h foll[$ him1 arrive at ,cumana ill ( n]v\s & miasmatic fev]s4 ,! tree ( :i* ! b>k99 furni%es a salut>y rem$y = ^? fev]s 799 ,cortex ,ango/urae ( our ph>macopaeias1 ! b>k ( ! ,bonpl&ia trifoliata471 gr[s 9 ! same valleys1 & ^u ! edge ( ! same =e/s :i* s5d =? ! p]nici\s exhalations4 ,m4 ,bonpl& recognis$ ! cusp>e 9 ! vegetation ( ! gulf ( ,santa ,fe1 situat$ betwe5 ! ports ( ,cumana & ,b>celona4 ,! sickly travell] may p]*ance repose 9 a cottage1 ! inhabitants ( :i* are ignorant ( ! febrifuge qualities ( ! trees t %ade ! surr\nd+ valleys4 ,hav+ proce$$ by sea f ,cumana to ,la ,guayra1 we int5d$ to take up our abode 9 ! t[n ( ,c>acas1 till ! end ( ! ra9y season4 ,f ,c>acas we propos$ to direct our c\rse across ! great pla9s or llanos1 to ! ,missions ( ! ,or9oco2 to g up t va/ riv]1 to ! s\? ( ! cat>acts1 z f> z ! ,rio ,negro & ! fronti]s ( ,brazil2 & !nce to return to ,cumana by ! capital ( ,spani% ,guiana1 commonly call$1 on acc\nt ( its situation1 ,ango/ura1 or ! ,/rait4 ,we c\ld n det]m9e ! "t we might require to accompli% a t\r ( sev5 hundr$ leagues1 m ?an two-?irds ( t di/ance hav+ to be trav]s$ 9 boats4 ,! only p>ts ( ! ,or9oco kn[n on ! coa/s are ^? ne> its m\?4 ,no comm]cial int]c\rse is kept up ) ! ,missions4 ,! :ole ( ! c\ntry beyond ! llanos is unkn[n to ! inhabitants ( ,cumana & ,c>acas4 ,"s ?9k t ! pla9s ( ,calabozo1 cov]$ ) turf1 /ret* eight hundr$ leagues s\?w>d1 communicat+ ) ! ,/eppes or ,pampas ( ,bu5os ,ayres2 o!rs1 recall+ to m9d ! great mortality :i* prevail$ among ! troops ( ,iturriaga & ,solano1 dur+ _! exp$ition to ! ,or9oco1 consid] ! :ole c\ntry1 s\? ( ! cat>acts ( ,atures1 z extremely p]nici\s to heal?4 ,9 a region :]e travell+ is s uncommon1 p seem to feel a pleasure 9 exagg]at+ to /rang]s ! difficulties aris+ f ! climate1 ! wild animals1 & ! ,indians4 ,nev]!less we p]si/$ 9 ! project we _h =m$4 ,we c\ld rely ^u ! int]e/ & solicitude ( ! gov]nor ( ,cumana1 ,don ,vic5te ,emp>an1 z well z on ! recomm5dations ( ! ,franciscan monks1 :o are 9 reality ma/]s ( ! %ores ( ! ,or9oco4 ,=tunately = u1 "o ( ^? monks1 ,juan ,gonzales1 0 at t "t 9 ,cumana4 ,?is "y monk1 :o 0 only a lay-bro!r1 0 highly intellig5t1 & full ( _s & c\rage4 ,he _h ! mis=tune %ortly aft] 8 arrival on ! coa/ to displease 8 sup]iors1 ^u ! election ( a new director ( ! ,missions ( ,piritu1 :i* is a p]iod ( great agitation 9 ! conv5t ( ,new ,b>celona4 ,! triumphant p>ty ex]cis$ a g5]al retaliation1 f :i* ! lay-bro!r c\ld n escape4 ,he 0 s5t to ,esm]alda1 ! la/ ,mission ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco1 fam\s = ! va/ quantity ( noxi\s insects ) :i* ! air is cont9ually fill$4 ,fray ,juan ,gonzales 0 ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! =e/s :i* ext5d f ! cat>acts t[>ds ! s\rces ( ! ,or9oco4 ,ano!r revolution 9 ! republican gov]nm5t ( ! monks _h "s ye>s be=e br\ght him to ! coa/1 :]e he enjoy$ 7& mo/ ju/ly7 ! e/eem ( 8 sup]iors4 ,he confirm$ u 9 our desire ( exam9+ ! mu*-disput$ bifurcation ( ! ,or9oco4 ,he gave u useful advice = ! pres]vation ( our heal?1 9 climates :]e he _h himself suff]$ long f int]mitt+ fev]s4 ,we _h ! satisfaction ( f9d+ ,fray ,juan ,gonzales at ,new ,b>celona1 on our return f ! ,rio ,negro4 ,int5d+ to g f ! ,havannah to ,cadiz1 he oblig+ly (f]$ to take *>ge ( "p ( our h]bals1 & our insects ( ! ,or9oco2 b ^! collections 7 un=tunately lo/ ) himself at sea4 ,?is excell5t "y man1 :o 0 mu* atta*$ to u1 & ^: zeal & c\rage might h r5d]$ him v s]viceable to ! missions ( 8 ord]1 p]i%$ 9 a /orm on ! coa/ ( ,africa1 9 #ahja4 ,! boat :i* convey$ u f ,cumana to ,la ,guayra1 0 "o ( ^? employ$ 9 trad+ betwe5 ! coa/s & ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s4 ,!y are ?irty feet long1 & n m ?an ?ree feet high at ! gunwale2 !y h no decks1 & _! bur!n is g5]ally f two hundr$ to two hundr$ & fifty qu9tals4 ,al?\gh ! sea is extremely r\gh f ,cape ,cod]a to ,la ,guayra1 & al?\gh ! boats h an enorm\s triangul> sail1 some:at dang]\s 9 ^? gu/s :i* issue f ! m\nta9-passes1 no in/ance has occurr$ dur+ ?irty ye>s1 ( "o ( ^! boats be+ lo/ 9 ! passage f ,cumana to ! coa/ ( ,c>acas4 ,! skill ( ! ,guaiqu]ia pilots is s great1 t accid5ts are v r>e1 ev5 9 ! frequ5t trips !y make f ,cumana to ,guadal\pe1 or ! ,dani% isl&s1 :i* are surr\nd$ ) break]s4 ,^! voyages ( #abj or #aej leagues1 9 an op5 sea1 out ( sight ( l&1 are p]=m$ 9 boats )\t decks1 l ^? ( ! anci5ts1 )\t obs]vations ( ! m]idian altitude ( ! sun1 )\t *>ts1 & g5]ally )\t a compass4 ,! ,indian pilot directs 8 c\rse at night by ! pole-/>1 & 9 ! daytime by ! sun & ! w9d4 ,i h se5 ,guaiqu]ies & pilots ( ! ,zambo ca/e1 :o c\ld f9d ! pole-/> by ! direction ( ! po9t]s alpha & beta ( ! ,great ,be>1 & !y seem$ to me to /e] less f ! view ( ! pole-/> itself1 ?an f ! l9e drawn ?r\gh ^! />s4 ,x is surpris+1 t at ! fir/ sight ( l&1 !y c f9d ! isl& ( ,guadal\pe1 ,santa ,cruz1 or ,porto ,rico2 b ! comp5sation ( ! errors ( _! c\rse is n always equally =tunate4 ,! boats1 if !y fall to leew>d 9 mak+ l&1 beat up ) great difficulty to ! ea/w>d1 aga9/ ! w9d & ! curr5t4 ,we desc5d$ rapidly ! little riv] ,manzan>es1 ! w9d+s ( :i* are m>k$ by cocoa-trees1 z ! riv]s ( ,europe are sometimes bord]$ by popl>s & old will[s4 ,on ! adjac5t arid l&1 ! ?orny bu%es1 on :i* by day no?+ is visible b du/1 glitt] dur+ ! night ) ?\s&s ( lum9\s sp>ks4 ,! numb] ( phosphoresc5t insects augm5ts 9 ! /ormy season4 ,! travell] 9 ! equ9octial regions is nev] we>y ( admir+ ! effect ( ^? r$di% & moveable fires1 :i*1 be+ reflect$ by limpid wat]1 bl5d _! radiance ) t ( ! />ry vault ( heav54 ,we quitt$ ! %ore ( ,cumana z if x _h long be5 our home4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ l& we _h trodd5 9 a zone1 t[>ds :i* my ?\ghts _h be5 direct$ f e>lie/ y\?4 ,!re is a p[]ful *>m 9 ! impression produc$ by ! sc5]y & climate ( ^! regions2 & aft] an abode ( a few mon?s we seem$ to h liv$ !re dur+ a long succession ( ye>s4 ,9 ,europe1 ! inhabitant ( ! nor? feels an almo/ simil> emotion1 :5 he quits ev5 aft] a %ort abode ! %ores ( ! ,bay ( ,naples1 ! delici\s c\ntry betwe5 ,tivoli & ! lake ( ,nemi1 or ! wild & maje/ic sc5]y ( ! ,upp] ,alps & ! ,pyr5ees4 ,yet ev]y:]e 9 ! temp]ate zone1 ! effects ( vegetable physiognomy af=d little contra/4 ,! firs & ! oaks :i* cr[n ! m\nta9s ( ,sw$5 h a c]ta9 family air 9 common ) ^? :i* adorn ,greece & ,italy4 ,betwe5 ! tropics1 on ! contr>y1 9 ! l[] regions ( bo? ,indies1 ev]y?+ 9 nature appe>s new & m>vell\s4 ,9 ! op5 pla9s & amid ! gloom ( =e/s1 almo/ all ! remembrances ( ,europe are effac$2 = x is vegetation t det]m9es ! "* ( a l&scape1 & acts ^u ! imag9ation by its mass1 ! contra/ ( its =ms1 & ! gl[ ( its col\rs4 ,9 proportion z impressions are p[]ful & new1 !y weak5 antec$5t impressions1 & _! =ce imp>ts to !m ! "* ( duration4 ,i appeal to ^? :o1 m s5sible to ! beauties ( nature ?an to ! *>ms ( society1 h long resid$ 9 ! torrid zone4 ,h[ de>1 h[ memorable dur+ life1 is ! l& on :i* !y fir/ disemb>k$6 ,a vague desire to revisit t spot rema9s root$ 9 _! m9ds to ! mo/ advanc$ age4 ,cumana & its du/y soil are /ill m frequ5tly pres5t to my imag9ation1 ?an all ! wond]s ( ! ,cordill]as4 ,b5ea? ! bright sky ( ! s\?1 ! light1 & ! magic ( ! a]ial hues1 embelli% a l& almo/ de/itute ( vegetation4 ,! sun does n m]ely enlight51 x col\rs ! objects1 & wraps !m 9 a ?9 vap\r1 :i*1 )\t *ang+ ! transp>5cy ( ! air1 r5d]s its t9ts m h>moni\s1 s(t5s ! effects ( ! light1 & diffuses ov] nature a placid calm1 :i* is reflect$ 9 our s\ls4 ,to expla9 ?is vivid impression :i* ! aspect ( ! sc5]y 9 ! two ,indies produces1 ev5 on coa/s b ?9ly wood$1 x is suffici5t to recollect t ! beauty ( ! sky augm5ts f ,naples to ! equator1 almo/ z mu* z f ,prov5ce to ! s\? ( ,italy4 ,we pass$ at high wat] ! b> =m$ at ! m\? ( ! little riv] ,manzan>es4 ,! ev5+ breeze g5tly swell$ ! waves 9 ! gulf ( ,c>iaco4 ,! moon _h n ris51 b t "p ( ! milky way :i* ext5ds f ! feet ( ! ,c5taur t[>ds ! con/ellation ( ,sagitt>ius1 seem$ to p\r a silv]y light ov] ! surface ( ! ocean4 ,! :ite rock1 cr[n$ by ! ca/le ( ,san ,antonio1 appe>$ f "t to "t betwe5 ! high tops ( ! cocoa-trees :i* bord] ! %ore2 & we soon recogniz$ ! coa/s only by ! scatt]$ lights ( ! ,guaiqu]ia fi%]m54 ,we sail$ at fir/ to nor?-nor?-we/1 approa*+ ! p59sula ( ,araya2 we !n ran ?irty miles to we/ & we/-s\?-we/4 ,z we advanc$ t[>ds ! %oal t surr\nds ,cape ,ar5as & /ret*es z f> z ! petroleum spr+s ( ,maniqu>ez1 we enjoy$ "o ( ^? v>i$ sights :i* ! great phosphoresc5ce ( ! sea s (t5 displays 9 ^? climates4 ,b&s ( porpoises foll[$ our b>k4 ,fifte5 or sixte5 ( ^! animals swam at equal di/ances f ea* o!r4 ,:5 turn+ on _! backs1 !y /ruck ! surface ( ! wat] ) _! broad tails2 !y diffus$ a brilliant light1 :i* seem$ l flames issu+ f ! dep? ( ! ocean499 799 ,see ,views ( ,nature ,bohn's edition page #bdf47 ,ea* b& ( porpoises1 pl\gh+ ! surface ( ! wat]s1 left beh9d x a track ( light1 ! m /rik+ z ! re/ ( ! sea 0 n phosphoresc5t4 ,z ! motion ( an o>1 & ! track ( ! b>k1 produc$ on t night b feeble sp>ks1 x is natural to suppose t ! vivid phosphoresc5ce caus$ by ! porpoises 0 ow+ n only to ! /roke ( _! tails1 b also to ! gelat9\s matt] t envelopes _! bodies1 & is deta*$ by ! %ock ( ! waves4 ,we f\nd ourselves at midnight betwe5 "s b>r5 & rocky isl&s1 :i* uprise l ba/ions 9 ! middle ( ! sea1 & =m ! gr\p ( ! ,c>acas & ,*imanas499 799 ,!re are ?ree ( ! ,c>acas isl&s & eight ( ! ,*imanas47 ,! moon 0 above ! horizon1 & light$ up ^! cleft rocks :i* are b>e ( vegetation & ( fanta/ic aspect4 ,! sea "h =ms a sort ( bay1 a slight inw>d curve ( ! l& betwe5 ,cumana & ,cape ,cod]a4 ,! islets ( ,picua1 ,picuita1 ,c>acas1 & ,bora*a1 appe> l fragm5ts ( ! anci5t coa/1 :i* /ret*es f ,bordones 9 ! same direction ea/ & we/4 ,! gulfs ( ,mo*ima & ,santa ,fe1 :i* w no d\bt "o day become frequ5t$ ports1 lie beh9d ^? little isl&s4 ,! r5ts 9 ! l&1 ! fracture & dip ( ! /rata1 all "h d5ote ! effects ( a great revolution3 possibly t :i* clove asund] ! *a9 ( ! primitive m\nta9s1 & sep>at$ ! mica-s*i/ ( ,araya & ! isl& ( ,m>g>eta f ! gneiss ( ,cape ,cod]a4 ,sev]al ( ! isl&s are visible at ,cumana1 f ! t]races ( ! h\ses1 & !y produce1 accord+ to ! sup]position ( lay]s ( air m or less heat$1 ! mo/ s+ul> effects ( susp5sion & mirage4 ,! height ( ! rocks does n probably exce$ "o hundr$ & fifty toises2 b at night1 :5 light$ by ! moon1 !y seem to be ( a v consid]able elevation4 ,x may appe> extraord9>y1 to f9d ! ,c>acas ,isl&s s di/ant f ! city ( t "n1 opposite ! coa/ ( ! ,cumanagotos2 b ! d5om9ation ( ,c>acas d5ot$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,conque/1 n a p>ticul> spot1 b a tribe ( ,indians1 neighb\rs ( ! ,tecs1 ! ,t>amaynas1 & ! ,*ag>agates4 ,z we came v ne> ?is gr\p ( m\nta9\s isl&s1 we 7 becalm$2 & at sunrise1 small curr5ts drift$ u t[>d ,bora*a1 ! l>ge/ ( !m4 ,z ! rocks rise ne>ly p]p5dicul>1 ! %ore is abrupt2 & 9 a subsequ5t voyage ,i saw frigates at an*or almo/ t\*+ ! l&4 ,! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e became s5sibly high] :il/ we 7 sail+ among ! isl&s ( ?is little ar*ipelago4 ,! rocks1 heat$ dur+ ! day1 ?r[ out at night1 by radiation1 a "p ( ! heat absorb$4 ,z ! sun arose on ! horizon1 ! rugg$ m\nta9s project$ _! va/ %ad[s on ! surface ( ! ocean4 ,! flam+oes began to fi% 9 places :]e !y f\nd 9 a creek calc>e\s rocks bord]$ by a n>r[ bea*4 ,all ^! isl&s are n[ entirely un9habit$2 b ^u "o ( ! ,c>acas are f\nd wild goats ( l>ge size1 br[n1 & extremely swift4 ,our ,indian pilot assur$ u t _! fle% has an excell5t flav\r4 ,?irty ye>s ago a family ( :ites settl$ on ?is isl&1 :]e !y cultivat$ maize & cassava4 ,! fa!r alone surviv$ 8 *ildr54 ,z 8 weal? increas$1 he pur*as$ two black slaves2 & by ^! slaves he 0 murd]$4 ,! goats became wild1 b ! cultivat$ plants p]i%$4 ,maize 9 ,am]ica1 l :eat 9 ,europe1 connect$ ) man s9ce 8 fir/ migrations1 appe>s to be pres]v$ only by 8 c>e4 ,we sometimes see ^! nutritive gram9a dissem9ate !mselves2 b :5 left to nature ! birds prev5t _! reproduction by de/roy+ ! se$s4 ,we an*or$ = "s h\rs 9 ! road ( ,new ,b>celona1 at ! m\? ( ! riv] ,nev]i1 ( :i* ! ,indian 7,cumanagoto7 "n is ,enipiricu>4 ,?is riv] is full ( crocodiles1 :i* sometimes ext5d _! excursions into ! op5 sea1 especially 9 calm wea!r4 ,!y are ( ! species common 9 ! ,or9oco1 & be> s mu* resemblance to ! crocodile ( ,egypt1 t !y h long be5 conf\nd$ toge!r4 ,x may easily be conceiv$ t an animal1 ! body ( :i* is surr\nd$ ) a k9d ( arm\r1 mu/ be ne>ly indiff]5t to ! saltness ( ! wat]4 ,pigafetta relates 9 8 j\rnal rec5tly publi%$ at ,milan t he saw1 on ! %ores ( ! isl& ( ,borneo1 crocodiles :i* inhabit alike l& & sea4 ,^! facts mu/ be int]e/+ to geologi/s1 s9ce att5tion has be5 fix$ on ! fre%-wat] =mations1 & ! curi\s mixture ( m>9e & fluviatile petrifactions sometimes obs]v$ 9 c]ta9 v rec5t rocks4 ,! port ( ,b>celona has ma9ta9$ a v active comm]ce s9ce #agie4 ,f ,b>celona is export$ mo/ ( ! produce ( ^? va/ /eppes :i* ext5d f ! s\? side ( ! *a9 ( ! coa/ z f> z ! ,or9oco1 & 9 :i* cattle ( e k9d are almo/ z abundant z 9 ! ,pampas ( ,bu5os ,ayres4 ,! comm]cial indu/ry ( ^! c\ntries dep5ds on ! dem& 9 ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s = salt$ provision1 ox51 mules1 & horses4 ,! coa/s ( ,t]ra ,firma be+ opposite to ! isl& ( ,cuba1 at a di/ance ( fifte5 or eighte5 days' sail1 ! m]*ants ( ! ,havannah pref]1 especially 9 "t ( peace1 obta9+ _! provision f ! port ( ,b>celona1 to ! risk ( a long voyage 9 ano!r hemisph]e to ! m\? ( ! ,rio de la ,plata4 ,! situation ( ,b>celona is s+ul>ly advantage\s = ! trade 9 cattle4 ,! animals h only ?ree days' j\rney f ! llanos to ! port1 :ile x requires eight or n9e days to rea* ,cumana1 on acc\nt ( ! *a9 ( m\nta9s ( ! ,brigant9e & ! ,imposible4 ,hav+ l&$ on ! "r bank ( ! ,nev]i1 we asc5d$ to a little =t call$ ,el ,morro de ,b>celona1 situat$ at ! elevation ( sixty or sev5ty toises above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! ,morro is a calc>e\s rock :i* has be5 lately =tifi$4 ,! view f ! summit ( ! ,morro is n )\t beauty4 ,! rocky isl& ( ,bora*a lies on ! ea/1 ! l(ty promontory ( ,un>e is on ! we/1 & bel[ are se5 ! m\? ( ! riv] ,nev]i1 & ! arid %ores on :i* ! crocodiles come to sleep 9 ! sun4 ,not)/&+ ! extreme heat ( ! air1 = ! !rmomet]1 expos$ to ! reflection ( ! :ite calc>e\s rock1 rose to #ch degrees1 we trav]s$ ! :ole ( ! em95ce4 ,a =tunate *ance l$ u to obs]ve "s v curi\s geological ph5om5a1 :i* we aga9 met ) 9 ! ,cordill]as ( ,mexico4 ,! lime/one ( ,b>celona has a dull1 ev51 or con*oidal fracture1 ) v flat cavities4 ,x is divid$ into v ?9 /rata1 & exhibits less analogy ) ! lime/one ( ,cumanacoa1 ?an ) t ( ,c>ipe1 =m+ ! cav]n ( ! ,gua*>o4 ,x is trav]s$ by banks ( s*i/ose jasp]199 7,kiesels*ief] ( ,w]n]4 799 black1 ) a con*oidal fracture1 & break+ into fragm5ts ( a p>allelopip$al figure4 ,?is fossil does n exhibit ^? little /reaks ( qu>tz s common 9 ! ,lydian /one4 ,x is f\nd decompos$ at its surface into a yell[i% grey cru/1 & x does n act ^u ! magnet4 ,its edges1 a little translucid1 give x "s resemblance to ! horn/one1 s common 9 second>y lime/ones499 799 ,9 ,switz]l&1 ! horn/one pass+ into common jasp] is f\nd 9 kidney-/ones1 & 9 lay]s bo? 9 ! ,alp9e & ,jura lime/one1 especially 9 ! =m]47 ,x is rem>kable t we f9d ! s*i/ose jasp] :i* 9 ,europe *>act]izes ! transition rocks199 7,! transition-lime/one & s*i/47 9 a lime/one hav+ great analogy ) t ( ,jura4 ,9 ! /udy ( =mations1 :i* is ! great end ( geognosy1 ! k acquir$ 9 ! old & new worlds %\ld be made to furni% reciprocal aid to ea* o!r4 ,x appe>s t ^! black /rata are f\nd also 9 ! calc>e\s m\nta9s ( ! isl& ( ,bora*a499 799 ,we saw "s ( x z balla/1 9 a fi%+ boat at ,punta ,araya4 ,its fragm5ts might h be5 mi/ak5 = basalt47 ,ano!r jasp]1 t kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,egyptian pebble1 0 f\nd by ,m4 ,bonpl& ne> ! ,indian village ( ,curacati*e or ,curacaguiti*e1 fifte5 leagues s\? ( ! ,morro ( ,b>celona1 :51 on our return f ! ,or9oco1 we cross$ ! llanos1 & approa*$ ! m\nta9s on ! coa/4 ,?is /one pres5t$ yell[i% conc5tric l9es & b&s1 on a r$di% br[n gr\nd4 ,x appe>$ to me t ! r\nd pieces ( ,egyptian jasp] belong$ also to ! ,b>celona lime/one4 ,yet1 accord+ to ,m4 ,cordi]1 ! f9e pebbles ( ,suez owe _! orig9 to a breccia =mation1 or silice\s agglom]ate4 ,at ! mom5t ( our sett+ sail1 on ! #ai? ( ,novemb]1 at noon1 ,i took "s altitudes ( ! moon1 to det]m9e ! longitude ( ! ,morro4 ,! diff]5ce ( m]idian betwe5 ,cumana & ! t[n ( ,b>celona1 :]e ,i made a great numb] ( a/ronomical obs]vations 9 #ahjj1 is #cd m9utes #dh seconds4 ,i f\nd ! dip ( ! ne$le #db4bj degrees3 ! int5sity ( ! =ces 0 equal to #bbd oscillations4 ,f ! ,morro ( ,b>celona to ,cape ,cod]a1 ! l& becomes l[1 z x rec$es s\?w>d2 & ! s\nd+s ext5d to ! di/ance ( ?ree miles4 ,beyond ?is we f9d ! bottom at =ty-five or fifty fa?oms4 ,! temp]ature ( ! sea at its surface 0 #be4i degrees2 b :5 we 7 pass+ ?r\gh ! n>r[ *annel :i* sep>ates ! two ,piritu ,isl&s1 9 ?ree fa?oms wat]1 ! !rmomet] 0 only #bd4e degrees4 ,! diff]5ce w\ld p]haps be great]1 if ! curr5t1 :i* runs rapidly we/w>d1 /irr$ up deep] wat]2 & if1 9 a pass ( su* small wid?1 ! l& did n contribute to raise ! temp]ature ( ! sea4 ,! ,piritu ,isl&s resemble ^? %oals :i* become visible :5 ! tide falls4 ,!y d n rise m ?an eight or n9e in*es above ! mean height ( ! sea4 ,_! surface is smoo?1 & cov]$ ) grass4 ,we might h ?\ght we 7 gaz+ on "s ( our own nor!rn mead[s4 ,! disk ( ! sett+ sun appe>$ l a globe ( fire susp5d$ ov] ! savannah2 & its la/ rays1 z !y swept ! e>?1 illum9$ ! grass1 :i* 0 at ! same "t agitat$ by ! ev5+ breeze4 ,9 ! l[ & humid p>ts ( ! equ9octial zone1 ev5 :5 ! gram9e\s plants & re$s pres5t ! aspect ( a mead[1 a ri* accessory ( ! picture is usually want+2 ,i allude to t v>iety ( wild fl[]s1 :i*1 sc>cely ris+ above ! grass1 seem z x 71 to lie ^u a smoo? b$ ( v]dure4 ,)9 ! tropics1 ! /r5g? & luxury ( vegetation give su* a developm5t to plants1 t ! smalle/ ( ! dicotyl$on\s family become %rubs4 ,x w\ld seem z if ! liliace\s plants1 m+l+ ) ! gram9a1 assum$ ! place ( ! fl[]s ( our mead[s4 ,_! =m is inde$ /rik+2 !y dazzle by ! v>iety & spl5d\r ( _! col\rs2 b be+ too high above ! soil1 !y di/urb t h>moni\s proportion :i* *>act]izes ! plants ( our ,european mead[s4 ,nature has 9 e zone /amp$ on ! l&scape ! peculi> type ( beauty prop] to ! locality4 ,we mu/ n be surpris$ t f]tile isl&s1 s ne> ,t]ra ,firma1 are n n[ inhabit$4 ,x 0 only at ! e>ly p]iod ( ! discov]y1 & :il/ ! ,c>ibbees1 ,*aymas1 & ,cumanagotos 7 /ill ma/]s ( ! coa/1 t ! ,spani>ds =m$ settlem5ts at ,cubagua & ,m>g>eta4 ,:5 ! natives 7 subdu$1 or driv5 s\?w>d 9 ! direction ( ! savannahs1 ! pref]5ce 0 giv5 to settlem5ts on ! cont95t1 :]e !re 0 a *oice ( l&1 & :]e !re 7 ,indians1 :o might be treat$ l bea/s ( burd54 ,_h ! little isl&s ( ,tortuga1 ,blanquilla1 & ,or*illa be5 situat$ 9 ! gr\p ( ! ,antilles1 !y w\ld n h rema9$ )\t traces ( cultivation4 ,vessels ( heavy bur!n pass betwe5 ! ma9 l& & ! mo/ s\!rn ( ! ,piritu ,isl&s4 ,be+ v l[1 _! nor!rn po9t is dread$ by pilots :o ne> ! coa/ 9 ^? latitudes4 ,:5 we f\nd ourselves to we/w>d ( ! ,morro ( ,b>celona1 & ! m\? ( ! riv] ,un>e1 ! sea1 till !n calm1 became agitat$ & r\gh 9 proportion z we approa*$ ,cape ,cod]a4 ,! influ5ce ( t va/ promontory is felt f af>1 9 t "p ( ! ,c>ibbean ,sea4 ,! l5g? ( ! passage f ,cumana to ,la ,guayra dep5ds on ! degree ( ease or difficulty ) :i* ,cape ,cod]a c be d\bl$4 ,beyond ?is cape ! sea con/antly runs s high1 t we c sc>cely believe we are ne> a coa/ :]e 7f ! po9t ( ,p>ia z f> z ,cape ,san ,roman7 a gale ( w9d is nev] kn[n4 ,on ! #bj? ( ,novemb] at sunrise we 7 s f> advanc$1 t we might expect to d\ble ! cape 9 a few h\rs4 ,we hop$ to rea* ,la ,guayra ! same day2 b our ,indian pilot be+ afraid ( ! private]s :o 7 ne> t port1 ?\ght x w\ld be prud5t to make = l&1 & an*or 9 ! little h>b\r ( ,higu]ote1 :i* we _h already pass$1 & await ! %elt] ( night to proce$ on our voyage4 ,on ! #bj? ( ,novemb] at n9e 9 ! morn+ we 7 at an*or 9 ! bay j m5tion$1 situat$ we/w>d ( ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,capaya4 ,we f\nd !re nei!r village nor f>m1 b m]ely two or ?ree huts1 inhabit$ by ,me/izo fi%]m54 ,_! livid hue1 & ! meagre condition ( _! *ildr51 suffic$ to rem9d u t ?is spot is "o ( ! mo/ unheal?y ( ! :ole coa/4 ,! sea has s little dep? along ^! %ores1 t ev5 ) ! smalle/ b>ks x is impossible to rea* ! %ore )\t wad+ ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,! =e/s come d[n ne>ly to ! bea*1 :i* is cov]$ ) ?ickets ( mangroves1 avic5nias1 man*9eel-trees1 & t species ( suriana :i* ! natives call rom]o de la m>499 799 ,suriana m>itima47 ,to ^! ?ickets1 & p>ticul>ly to ! exhalations ( ! mangroves1 ! extreme insalubrity ( ! air is attribut$ "h1 z 9 o!r places 9 bo? ,indies4 ,on quitt+ ! boats1 & :il/ we 7 yet fifte5 or tw5ty toises di/ant f l&1 we p]ceiv$ a fa9t & sickly smell1 :i* rem9d$ me ( t diffus$ ?r\gh ! gall]ies ( des]t$ m9es1 :]e ! lights beg9 to be ext+ui%$1 & ! timb] is cov]$ ) floccul5t byssus4 ,! temp]ature ( ! air rose to #cd degrees1 heat$ by ! rev]b]ation f ! :ite s&s :i* =m a l9e betwe5 ! mangroves & ! great trees ( ! =e/4 ,z ! %ore desc5ds ) a g5tle slope1 small tides are suffici5t alt]nately to cov] & uncov] ! roots & "p ( ! trunks ( ! mangroves4 ,x is d\btless :il/ ! sun heats ! humid wood1 & causes ! f]m5tation1 z x 71 ( ! gr\nd1 ( ! rema9s ( dead leaves & ( ! molluscs envelop$ 9 ! drift ( float+ seawe$1 t ^? delet]i\s gases are =m$1 :i* escape our rese>*es4 ,we obs]v$ t ! sea-wat]1 along ! :ole coa/1 acquir$ a yell[i% br[n t9t1 :]ev] x came into contact ) ! mangrove trees4 ,/ruck ) ?is ph5om5on1 ,i ga!r$ at ,higu]ote a consid]able quantity ( bran*es & roots1 = ! purpose ( mak+ "s exp]im5ts on ! infusion ( ! mangrove1 on my arrival at ,c>acas4 ,! infusion 9 w>m wat] _h a br[n col\r & an a/r+5t ta/e4 ,x conta9$ a mixture ( extractive matt] & tann94 ,! rhizophora1 ! mi/letoe1 ! cornel-tree1 9 %ort1 all ! plants :i* belong to ! natural families ( ! loran!\s & ! caprifoliace\s plants1 h ! same prop]ties4 ,! infusion ( mangrove-wood1 kept 9 contact ) atmosph]ic air "u a glass j> = twelve days1 0 n s5sibly det]iorat$ 9 purity4 ,a little blacki% floccul5t s$im5t 0 =m$1 b x 0 att5d$ by no s5sible absorption ( oxyg54 ,! wood & roots ( ! mangrove plac$ "u wat] 7 expos$ to ! rays ( ! sun4 ,i tri$ to imitate ! daily op]ations ( nature on ! coa/s at ! rise ( ! tide4 ,bubbles ( air 7 dis5gag$1 & at ! expiration ( t5 days !y =m$ a volume ( ?irty-?ree cubic in*es4 ,!y 7 a mixture ( azotic gas & c>bonic acid4 ,nitr\s gas sc>cely indicat$ ! pres5ce ( oxyg5499 799 ,9 a hundr$ p>ts !re 7 eighty-f\r ( nitrog51 fifte5 ( c>bonic acid gas t ! wat] _h n absorb$1 & "o ( oxyg547 ,la/ly1 ,i set ! wood & ! roots ( ! mangrove ?or\ghly wett$1 to act on a giv5 volume ( atmosph]ic air 9 a phial ) a gr\nd-glass /opple4 ,! :ole ( ! oxyg5 disappe>$2 &1 f> f be+ sup]s$$ by c>bonic acid1 lime-wat] indicat$ only #j4jb4 ,!re 0 ev5 a dim9ution ( ! volume ( air1 m ?an correspond5t ) ! oxyg5 absorb$4 ,^! slight exp]im5ts l$ me to conclude t x is ! moi/5$ b>k & wood :i* act ^u ! atmosph]e 9 ! =e/s ( mangrove-trees1 & n ! wat] /rongly t+$ ) yell[1 =m+ a di/9ct b& along ! coa/s4 ,9 pursu+ ! diff]5t /ages ( ! decomposition ( ! ligne\s matt]1 ,i obs]v$ no appe>ance ( a dis5gagem5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 to :i* _m travell]s attribute ! smell p]ceiv$ amid/ mangroves4 ,! decomposition ( ! e>?y & alkal9e sulphates1 & _! transition to ! /ate ( sulphurets1 may no d\bt fav\r ?is dis5gagem5t 9 _m littoral & m>9e plants2 = in/ance1 9 ! fuci3 b ,i am r incl9$ to ?9k t ! rhizophora1 ! avic5nia1 & ! conoc>pus1 augm5t ! insalubrity ( ! air by ! animal matt] :i* !y conta9 conjo9tly ) tann94 ,^! %rubs belong to ! ?ree natural families ( ! ,loran!ae1 ! ,combretaceae1 & ! ,pyr5aceae1 9 :i* ! a/r+5t pr9ciple ab\nds2 ?is pr9ciple accompanies gelat91 ev5 9 ! b>k ( bee*1 ald]1 & nut-trees4 ,moreov]1 a ?ick wood spread+ ov] m>%y gr\nds w\ld diffuse noxi\s exhalations 9 ! atmosph]e1 ev5 ?\gh t wood 7 compos$ ( trees possess+ 9 !mselves no delet]i\s prop]ties4 ,:]ev] mangroves gr[ on ! sea-%ore1 ! bea* is cov]$ ) inf9ite numb]s ( molluscs & insects4 ,^! animals love %ade & fa9t light1 & !y f9d !mselves %elt]$ f ! %ock ( ! waves amid ! scaffold+ ( ?ick & int]tw9+ roots1 :i* rises l lattice-"w above ! surface ( ! wat]s4 ,%ell-fi% cl+ to ?is lattice2 crabs ne/le 9 ! holl[ trunks2 & ! seawe$s1 drift$ to ! coa/ by ! w9ds & tides1 rema9 susp5d$ on ! bran*es :i* incl9e t[>ds ! e>?4 ,?us1 m>itime =e/s1 by ! accumulation ( a slimy mud betwe5 ! roots ( ! trees1 increase ! ext5t ( l&4 ,b :il/ ^! =e/s ga9 on ! sea1 !y d n enl>ge _! own dim5sions2 on ! contr>y1 _! progress is ! cause ( _! de/ruction4 ,mangroves1 & o!r plants ) :i* !y live con/antly 9 society1 p]i% 9 proportion z ! gr\nd dries & !y are no long] ba!d ) salt wat]4 ,_! old trunks1 cov]$ ) %ells1 & half-buri$ 9 ! s&1 d5ote1 aft] ! lapse ( ages1 ! pa? !y h foll[$ 9 _! migrations1 & ! limits ( ! l& :i* !y h wre/$ f ! ocean4 ,! bay ( ,higu]ote is fav\rably situat$ = exam9+ ,cape ,cod]a1 :i* is !re se5 9 its full ext5t sev5 miles di/ant4 ,?is promontory is m rem>kable = its size ?an = its elevation1 be+ only ab\t two hundr$ toises high4 ,x is p]p5dicul> on ! nor?-we/ & ea/4 ,9 ^! gr& pr(iles ! dip ( ! /rata appe>s to be di/+ui%able4 ,judg+ f ! fragm5ts ( rock f\nd along ! coa/1 & f ! hills ne> ,higu]ote1 ,cape ,cod]a is n compos$ ( granite ) a granul> texture1 b ( a real gneiss ) a foliat$ texture4 ,its lam9ae are v broad & sometimes s9u\s499 799 ,dickflasrig] gneiss47 ,!y conta9 l>ge nodules ( r$di% feldsp> & b little qu>tz4 ,! mica is f\nd 9 sup]pos$ lamellae1 n isolat$4 ,! /rata ne>e/ ! bay 7 9 ! direction ( #fj degrees nor?-ea/1 & dipp$ #hj degrees to nor?-we/4 ,^! relations ( direction & ( dip are ! same at ! great m\nta9 ( ! ,silla1 ne> ,c>acas1 & to ! ea/ ( ,maniqu>ez1 9 ! i/hmus ( ,araya4 ,!y seem to prove t ! primitive *a9 ( t i/hmus1 aft] hav+ be5 ruptur$ or swall[$ up by ! sea along a space ( ?irty-five leagues199 799 ,betwe5 ! m]idians ( ,maniqu>ez & ,higu]ote47 appe>s anew 9 ,cape ,cod]a1 & cont9ues we/w>d z a *a9 ( ! coa/4 ,i 0 assur$ t1 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 s\? ( ,higu]ote1 lime/one =mations are f\nd4 ,! gneiss did n act ^u ! magnetic ne$le2 yet along ! coa/1 :i* =ms a cove ne> ,cape ,cod]a1 & :i* is cov]$ ) a f9e =e/1 ,i saw magnetic s& mix$ ) spangles ( mica1 deposit$ by ! sea4 ,?is ph5om5on occurs aga9 ne> ! port ( ,la ,guayra4 ,possibly x may d5ote ! exi/5ce ( "s /rata ( hornbl5de-s*i/ cov]$ by ! wat]s1 9 :i* s*i/ ! s& is dissem9at$4 ,cape ,cod]a =ms on ! nor? an imm5se sph]ical segm5t4 ,a %all[ :i* /ret*es along its foot is kn[n to navigators by ! "n ( ! po9ts ( ,tutumo & ( ,san ,francisco4 ,! road by l& f ,higu]ote to ,c>acas1 runs ?r\gh a wild & humid tract ( c\ntry1 by ! ,montana ( ,capaya1 nor? ( ,caucagua1 & ! valley ( ,rio ,guatira & ,gu>5as4 ,"s ( our fell[-travell]s det]m9$ on tak+ ?is road1 & ,m4 ,bonpl& also pref]r$ x1 not)/&+ ! cont9ual ra9s & ! ov]fl[+ ( ! riv]s4 ,x af=d$ him ! opportunity ( mak+ a ri* collection ( new plants499 799 ,bauh9ia f]rug9ea1 ,br[nea racemosa1 ,b ed4 ,+a hym5aeifolia1 ,i4 curiep5sis 7:i* ,willd5\w has call$ by mi/ake ,i4 c>ip5sis71 etc47 ,= my "p1 ,i cont9u$ alone ) ! ,guaiqu]ia pilot ! voyage by sea2 = ,i ?\ght x haz>d\s to lose sight ( ! in/rum5ts :i* we 7 to make use ( on ! banks ( ! ,or9oco4 ,we set sail at night-fall4 ,! w9d 0 unfav\rable1 & we d\bl$ ,cape ,cod]a ) difficulty4 ,! surges 7 %ort1 & (t5 broke "o ^u ano!r4 ,! sea ran ! high]1 ow+ to ! w9d be+ contr>y to ! curr5t1 till aft] midnight4 ,! g5]al motion ( ! wat]s )9 ! tropics t[>ds ! we/ is felt /rongly on ! coa/ dur+ two-?irds ( ! ye>4 ,9 ! mon?s ( ,septemb]1 ,octob]1 & ,novemb]1 ! curr5t (t5 fl[s ea/w>d = fifte5 or tw5ty days 9 succession2 & vessels on _! way f ,guayra to ,porto ,cabello h sometimes be5 unable to /em ! curr5t :i* runs f we/ to ea/1 al?\gh !y h _h ! w9d a/]n4 ,! cause ( ^! anomalies is n yet discov]$4 ,! pilots ?9k !y are ! effect ( gales ( w9d f ! nor?-we/ 9 ! gulf ( ,mexico4 ,on ! #ba/ ( ,novemb]1 at sunrise1 we 7 to ! we/ ( ,cape ,cod]a1 opposite ,curuao4 ,! coa/ is rocky & v elevat$1 ! sc5]y at once wild & picturesque4 ,we 7 suffici5tly ne> l& to di/+ui% scatt]$ huts surr\nd$ by cocoa-trees1 & masses ( vegetation1 :i* /ood out f ! d>k gr\nd ( ! rocks4 ,! m\nta9s are ev]y:]e p]p5dicul>1 & ?ree or f\r ?\s& feet high2 _! sides ca/ broad & deep %ad[s ^u ! humid l&1 :i* /ret*es out to ! sea1 gl[+ ) ! fre%e/ v]dure4 ,?is %ore produces mo/ ( ^? fruits ( ! hot regions1 :i* are se5 9 su* great abundance 9 ! m>kets ( ! ,c>acas4 ,! fields cultivat$ ) sug>-cane & maize1 betwe5 ,camburi & ,niguat>1 /ret* ?r\gh n>r[ valleys1 look+ l crevices or clefts 9 ! rocks3 & p5etrat$ by ! rays ( ! sun1 !n above ! horizon1 !y pres5t$ ! mo/ s+ul> contra/s ( light & %ade4 ,! m\nta9 ( ,niguat> & ! ,silla ( ,c>acas are ! l(tie/ summits ( ?is littoral *a94 ,! fir/ almo/ rea*es ! height ( ,canig\2 x seems z if ! ,pyr5ees or ! ,alps1 /ripp$ ( _! sn[s1 _h ris5 f ! bosom ( ! ocean2 s mu* m /up5d\s d m\nta9s appe> :5 view$ = ! fir/ "t f ! sea4 ,ne> ,c>avall$a1 ! cultivat$ l&s enl>ge2 we f9d hills ) g5tle declivities1 & ! vegetation rises to a great height4 ,! sug>-cane is "h cultivat$1 & ! monks ( ,la ,m]c$ h a plantation ) two hundr$ slaves4 ,?is spot 0 =m]ly extremely subject to fev]2 & x is said t ! air has acquir$ salubrity s9ce trees h be5 plant$ r\nd a small lake1 ! emanations ( :i* 7 dread$1 & :i* is n[ less expos$ to ! ard\r ( ! sun4 ,to ! we/ ( ,c>avall$a1 a wall ( b>e rock aga9 projects =w>d 9 ! direction ( ! sea1 b x has little ext5t4 ,aft] hav+ pass$ x1 we imm$iately discov]$ ! pleasantly situat$ village ( ,macuto2 ! black rocks ( ,la ,guayra1 /udd$ ) batt]ies ris+ 9 ti]s "o ov] ano!r1 & 9 ! mi/y di/ance1 ,cabo ,blanco1 a long promontory ) conical summits1 & ( dazzl+ :it5ess4 ,cocoa-trees bord] ! %ore1 & give x1 "u t burn+ sky1 an appe>ance ( f]tility4 ,i l&$ 9 ! port ( ,la ,guayra1 & ! same ev5+ made prep>ations = transport+ my in/rum5ts to ,c>acas4 ,hav+ be5 recomm5d$ n to sleep 9 ! t[n1 :]e ! yell[ fev] _h be5 rag+ only a few weeks previ\sly1 ,i fix$ my lodg+ 9 a h\se on a little hill1 above ! village ( ,maiquetia1 a place m expos$ to fre% w9ds ?an ,la ,guayra4 ,i rea*$ ,c>acas on ! #ba/ ( ,novemb]1 f\r days soon] ?an ,m4 ,bonpl&1 :o1 ) ! o!r travell]s on ! l& j\rney1 _h suff]$ greatly f ! ra9 & ! inundations ( ! torr5ts1 betwe5 ,capaya & ,curiepe4 ,be=e proce$+ fur!r1 ,i w "h subjo9 a description ( ,la ,guayra1 & ! extraord9>y road :i* leads f !nce to ! t[n ( ,c>acas1 add+ !reto all ! obs]vations made by ,m4 ,bonpl& & myself1 9 an excursion to ,cabo ,blanco ab\t ! end ( ,janu>y #ahjj4 ,la ,guayra is r a road/ead ?an a port4 ,! sea is con/antly agitat$1 & %ips suff] at once by ! viol5ce ( ! w9d1 ! tideways1 & ! bad an*orage4 ,! lad+ is tak5 9 ) difficulty1 & ! swell prev5ts ! emb>kation ( mules "h1 z at ,new ,b>celona & ,porto ,cabello4 ,! free mulattoes & negroes1 :o c>ry ! cacao on bo>d ! %ips1 are a class ( m5 rem>kable = muscul> /r5g?4 ,!y wade up to _! wai/s ?r\gh ! wat]2 & x is rem>kable t !y are nev] attack$ by ! %>ks1 s common 9 ?is h>b\r4 ,?is fact seems connect$ ) :at ,i h (t5 obs]v$ )9 ! tropics1 ) respect to o!r classes ( animals :i* live 9 society1 = in/ance monkeys & crocodiles4 ,9 ! ,missions ( ! ,or9oco1 & on ! banks ( ! riv] ,amazon1 ! ,indians1 :o cat* monkeys to sell !m1 "k v well t !y c easily succe$ 9 tam+ ^? :i* inhabit c]ta9 isl&s2 :ile monkeys ( ! same species1 caught on ! neighb\r+ cont95t1 die ( t]ror or rage :5 !y f9d !mselves 9 ! p[] ( man4 ,! crocodiles ( "o lake 9 ! llanos are c[>dly1 & flee ev5 :5 9 ! wat]2 :il/ ^? ( ano!r lake w attack ) extreme intrepidity4 ,x w\ld be difficult to expla9 ?is diff]5ce ( disposition & habits1 by ! m]e aspect ( ! respective localities4 ,! %>ks ( ! port ( ,la ,guayra seem to furni% an analog\s example4 ,!y are dang]\s & blood-?ir/y at ! isl& opposite ! coa/ ( ,c>acas1 at ! ,roques1 at ,bonayre1 & at ,curassao2 :ile !y =be> to attack p]sons swimm+ 9 ! ports ( ,la ,guayra & ,santa ,m>?a4 ,! natives1 :o l ! ignorant mass ( p 9 e c\ntry1 9 seek+ ! explanation ( natural ph5om5a1 always h rec\rse to ! m>vell\s1 affirm t 9 ! ports j m5tion$1 a bi%op gave 8 b5$iction to ! %>ks4 ,! situation ( ,la ,guayra is v s+ul>1 & c only be comp>$ to t ( ,santa ,cruz 9 ,t5]iffe4 ,! *a9 ( m\nta9s :i* sep>ates ! port f ! high valley ( ,c>acas1 desc5ds almo/ directly into ! sea2 & ! h\ses ( ! t[n are back$ by a wall ( /eep rocks4 ,!re sc>cely rema9s "o hundr$ or "o hundr$ & =ty toises bread? ( flat gr\nd betwe5 ! wall & ! ocean4 ,! t[n has six or eight ?\s& inhabitants1 & conta9s only two /reets1 runn+ p>allel ) ea* o!r ea/ & we/4 ,x is comm&$ by ! batt]y ( ,c]ro ,colorado2 & its =tifications along ! sea-%ore are well dispos$1 & kept 9 repair4 ,! aspect ( ?is place has 9 x some?+ solit>y & gloomy2 we seem$ n to be on a cont95t1 cov]$ ) va/ =e/s1 b on a rocky isl&1 de/itute ( vegetation4 ,) ! exception ( ,cabo ,blanco & ! cocoa-trees ( ,maiquetia1 no view meets ! eye b t ( ! horizon1 ! sea1 & ! azure vault ( heav54 ,! heat is excessive dur+ ! day1 & mo/ frequ5tly dur+ ! night4 ,! climate ( ,la ,guayra is ju/ly consid]$ to be hott] ?an t ( ,cumana1 ,porto ,cabello1 & ,coro1 because ! sea-breeze is less felt1 & ! air is heat$ by ! radiant caloric :i* ! p]p5dicul> rocks emit f ! "t ! sun sets4 ,! exam9ation ( ! !rmometric obs]vations made dur+ n9e mon?s at ,la ,guayra by an em95t physician1 enabl$ me to comp>e ! climate ( ?is port1 ) ^? ( ,cumana1 ( ! ,havannah1 & ( ,v]a ,cruz4 ,?is comp>ison is ! m int]e/+1 z x furni%es an inexhau/ible subject ( conv]sation 9 ! ,spani% colonies1 & among ! m>9]s :o frequ5t ^? latitudes4 ,z no?+ is m deceiv+ 9 su* matt]s ?an ! te/imony ( ! s5ses1 we c judge ( ! diff]5ce ( climates only by num]ical calculations4 ,! f\r places ( :i* we h be5 speak+ are consid]$ z ! hotte/ on ! %ores ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,a comp>ison ( !m may s]ve to confirm :at we h sev]al times obs]v$1 t x is g5]ally ! duration ( a high temp]ature1 & n ! excess ( heat1 or its absolute quantity1 :i* occasions ! suff]+s ( ! inhabitants ( ! torrid zone4 ,a s]ies ( !rmometric obs]vations %[s1 t ,la ,guayra is "o ( ! hotte/ places on ! e>?2 t ! quantity ( heat :i* x receives 9 ! c\rse ( a ye> is a little great] ?an t felt at ,cumana2 b t 9 ! mon?s ( ,novemb]1 ,decemb]1 & ,janu>y 7at equal di/ance f ! two passages ( ! sun ?r\gh ! z5i? ( ! t[n71 ! atmosph]e cools m at ,la ,guayra4 ,may n ?is cool+1 mu* slight] ?an t :i* is felt almo/ at ! same "t at ,v]a ,cruz & at ! ,havannah1 be ! effect ( ! m we/]ly position ( ,la ,guayra8 ,! a]ial ocean1 :i* appe>s to =m only "o mass1 is agitat$ by curr5ts1 ! limits ( :i* are fix$ by immutable laws2 & its temp]ature is v>i\sly modifi$ by ! configuration ( ! l&s & seas by :i* x is su/a9$4 ,x may be subdivid$ into sev]al bas9s1 :i* ov]fl[ into ea* o!r1 & ( :i* ! mo/ agitat$ 7= in/ance1 t ov] ! gulf ( ,mexico1 or betwe5 ! si]ra ( ,santa ,m>?a & ! gulf ( ,d>i57 h a p[]ful influ5ce on ! refrig]ation & ! motion ( ! neighb\r+ columns ( air4 ,! nor? w9ds sometimes cause influxes & c\nt]-curr5ts 9 ! s\?-we/ "p ( ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 :i* seem1 dur+ p>ticul> mon?s1 to dim9i% ! heat z f> z ,t]ra ,firma4 ,at ! "t ( my abode at ,la ,guayra1 ! yell[ fev]1 or cal5tura am>illa1 _h be5 kn[n only two ye>s2 & ! mortality x occasion$ _h n be5 v great1 because ! conflu5ce ( /rang]s on ! coa/ ( ,c>acas 0 less consid]able ?an at ! ,havannah or ,v]a ,cruz4 ,a few individuals1 ev5 creoles & mulattoes1 7 sometimes c>ri$ (f sudd5ly by c]ta9 irregul> remitt5t fev]s2 :i*1 f be+ complicat$ ) bili\s appe>ances1 hemorrhages1 & o!r symptoms equally al>m+1 appe>$ to h "s analogy ) ! yell[ fev]4 ,! victims ( ^! maladies 7 g5]ally m5 employ$ 9 ! h>d lab\r ( cutt+ wood 9 ! =e/s1 = in/ance1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! little port ( ,c>upano1 or ! gulf ( ,santa ,fe1 we/ ( ,cumana4 ,_! dea? (t5 al>m$ ! unacclimat$ ,europeans1 9 t[ns usually reg>d$ z peculi>ly heal?y2 b ! se$s ( ! sporadic malady 7 propagat$ no f>!r4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,t]ra ,firma1 ! real typhus ( ,am]ica1 :i* is kn[n by ! names vomito prieto 7black vomit7 & yell[ fev]1 & :i* mu/ be consid]$ z a morbid affection sui g5]is1 0 kn[n only at ,porto ,cabello1 at ,c>?ag5a1 & at ,santa ,m>?a1 :]e ,ga/elbondo obs]v$ & describ$ x 9 #agbi4 ,! ,spani>ds rec5tly disemb>k$1 & ! inhabitants ( ! valley ( ,c>acas1 7 n !n afraid to reside at ,la ,guayra4 ,!y compla9$ only ( ! oppressive heat :i* prevail$ dur+ a great "p ( ! ye>4 ,if !y expos$ !mselves to ! imm$iate action ( ! sun1 !y dread$ at mo/ only ^? attacks ( inflammation ( ! sk9 or eyes1 :i* are felt ev]y:]e 9 ! torrid zone1 & are (t5 accompani$ by a febrile affection & conge/ion 9 ! head4 ,_m individuals pref]r$ ! ard5t b uni=m climate ( ,la ,guayra to ! cool b extremely v>iable climate ( ,c>acas2 & sc>cely any m5tion 0 made ( ! insalubrity ( ! =m] port4 ,s9ce ! ye> #agig ev]y?+ has *ang$4 ,comm]ce be+ ?r[n op5 to o!r vessels besides ^? ( ! "m c\ntry1 seam5 born 9 cold] p>ts ( ,europe ?an ,spa91 & consequ5tly m susceptible to ! climate ( ! torrid zone1 began to frequ5t ,la ,guayra4 ,! yell[ fev] broke out4 ,nor? ,am]icans1 seiz$ ) ! typhus1 7 receiv$ 9 ! ,spani% hospitals2 & x 0 affirm$ t !y _h import$ ! contagion1 & t ! disease _h appe>$ on bo>d a brig f ,philadelphia1 ev5 be=e ! vessel _h ent]$ ! roads ( ,la ,guayra4 ,! capta9 ( ! brig d5i$ ! fact2 & ass]t$ t1 f> f hav+ introduc$ ! malady1 8 crew _h caught x 9 ! port4 ,we "k f :at happ5$ at ,cadiz 9 #ahjj1 h[ difficult x is to elucidate facts1 :5 _! unc]ta9ty s]ves to fav\r !ories diametrically opposite "o to ano!r4 ,! m enlight5$ inhabitants ( ,c>acas & ,la ,guayra1 divid$ 9 op9ion1 l ! physicians ( ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 on ! "q ( ! contagion ( yell[ fev]1 cit$ ! in/ance ( ! ,am]ican vessel2 "s = ! purpose ( prov+ t ! typhus _h come f abroad1 & o!rs1 to %[ t x _h tak5 bir? 9 ! c\ntry itself4 ,^? :o advocat$ ! latt] op9ion1 admitt$ t an extraord9>y alt]ation _h be5 caus$ 9 ! con/itution ( ! atmosph]e by ! ov]fl[+s ( ! ,rio de ,la ,guayra4 ,?is torr5t1 :i* 9 g5]al is n t5 in*es deep1 0 swell$ aft] sixty h\rs' ra9 9 ! m\nta9s1 9 s extraord9>y a mann]1 t x bore d[n trunks ( trees & masses ( rock ( consid]able size4 ,dur+ ?is flood ! wat]s 7 f ?irty to =ty feet 9 bread?1 & f eight to t5 feet deep4 ,x 0 suppos$ t1 issu+ f "s subt]ranean bas91 =m$ by successive infiltrations1 !y _h fl[$ into ! rec5tly cle>$ arable l&s4 ,_m h\ses 7 c>ri$ away by ! torr5t2 & ! inundation became ! m dang]\s = ! /ores1 9 consequ5ce ( ! gate ( ! t[n1 :i* c\ld alone af=d an outlet to ! wat]s1 be+ accid5tally clos$4 ,x 0 necess>y to make a brea* 9 ! wall on ! sea-side4 ,m ?an ?irty p]sons p]i%$1 & ! damage 0 comput$ at half a million ( pia/res4 ,! /agnant wat]1 :i* infect$ ! /ores1 ! cell>s1 & ! dungeons ( ! public prison1 no d\bt diffus$ miasms 9 ! air1 :i*1 z a pr$ispos+ cause1 may h accel]at$ ! developm5t ( ! yell[ fev]2 b ,i believe t ! inundation ( ! ,rio de la ,guayra 0 no m ! prim>y cause1 ?an ! ov]fl[+s ( ! ,guadalquivir1 ! ,x5il1 & ! ,gual-,m$9a1 7 at ,seville1 at ,ecija1 & at ,malaga1 ! prim>y causes ( ! fatal epidemics ( #ahjj & #ahjd4 ,i exam9$ ) att5tion ! b$ ( ! torr5t ( ,la ,guayra2 & f\nd x to consi/ m]ely ( a b>r5 soil1 blocks ( mica-slate1 & gneiss1 conta9+ pyrites deta*$ f ! ,si]ra de ,avila1 b no?+ t c\ld h _h any effect 9 det]iorat+ ! purity ( ! air4 ,s9ce ! ye>s #agig & #agih1 at :i* p]iods !re prevail$ dreadful mortality at ,philadelphia1 ,/4 ,lucia1 & ,/4 ,dom+o1 ! yell[ fev] has cont9u$ its ravages at ,la ,guayra4 ,x has prov$ fatal n only to ! troops newly arriv$ f ,spa91 b also to ^? levi$ 9 p>ts remote f ! coa/s1 9 ! llanos betwe5 ,calabozo & ,uritucu1 regions almo/ z hot z ,la ,guayra1 b fav\rable to heal?4 ,?is latt] fact w\ld seem m surpris+1 did we n "k1 t ev5 ! natives ( ,v]a ,cruz1 :o are n attack$ ) typhus 9 _! own t[n1 sometimes s9k "u x dur+ ! epidemics ( ! ,havannah & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,z ! black vomit f9ds an insurm\ntable b>ri] at ! ,enc]o 7f\r hundr$ & sev5ty-six toises high71 on ! declivity ( ! m\nta9s ( ,mexico1 9 ! direction ( ,xalapa1 :]e oaks beg9 to appe>1 & ! climate beg9s to be cool & pleasant1 s ! yell[ fev] sc>cely ev] passes beyond ! ridge ( m\nta9s :i* sep>ates ,la ,guayra f ! valley ( ,c>acas4 ,?is valley has be5 exempt f ! malady = a consid]able "t2 = we mu/ n conf\nd ! vomito & ! yell[ fev] ) ! irregul> & bili\s fev]s4 ,! ,cumbre & ! ,c]ro d ,avila =m a v useful ramp>t to ! t[n ( ,c>acas1 ! elevation ( :i* a little exce$s t ( ! ,enc]o1 b ( :i* ! mean temp]ature is above t ( ,xalapa4 ,i h publi%$ 9 ano!r "w99 799 ,n\velle ,espagne tome #b47 ! obs]vations made by ,m4 ,bonpl& & myself on ! locality ( ! t[ns p]iodically subject to ! visitation ( yell[ fev]2 & ,i %all n haz>d "h any new conjectures on ! *anges obs]v$ 9 ! pa?og5ic con/itution ( p>ticul> localities4 ,! m ,i reflect on ?is subject1 ! m my/]i\s appe>s to me all t relates to ^? gase\s emanations :i* we call s vaguely ! se$s ( contagion1 & :i* are suppos$ to be develop$ by a corrupt$ air1 de/roy$ by cold1 convey$ f place to place 9 g>m5ts1 & atta*$ to ! walls ( h\ses4 ,h[ c we expla9 :y1 = ! space ( eighte5 ye>s prior to #agid1 !re 0 n a s+le in/ance ( ! vomito at ,v]a ,cruz1 ?\gh ! conc\rse ( unacclimat$ ,europeans & ( ,mexicans f ! int]ior1 0 v consid]able2 ?\gh sailors indulg$ 9 ! same excesses ) :i* !y are /ill reproa*$2 & ?\gh ! t[n 0 n s clean z x has be5 s9ce ! ye> #ahjj8 ,! foll[+ is ! s]ies ( pa?ological facts1 consid]$ 9 _! simple/ po9t ( view4 ,:5 a great numb] ( p]sons1 born 9 a cold climate1 arrive at ! same p]iod 9 a port ( ! torrid zone1 n p>ticul>ly dread$ by navigators1 ! typhus ( ,am]ica beg9s to appe>4 ,^? p]sons h n _h typhus dur+ _! passage2 x appe>s among !m only aft] !y h l&$4 ,is ! atmosph]ic con/itution *ang$8 or is x t a new =m ( disease develops itself among individuals ^: susceptibility is highly increas$8 ,! typhus soon beg9s to ext5d its ravages among o!r ,europeans1 born 9 m s\!rn c\ntries4 ,if propagat$ by contagion1 x seems surpris+ t 9 ! t[ns ( ! equ9octial cont95t x does n atta* itself to c]ta9 /reets2 & t imm$iate contact99 does n augm5t ! dang]1 any m ?an seclusion dim9i%es x4 799 ,9 ! ori5tal plague 7ano!r =m ( typhus *>act]is$ by great disord] ( ! lymphatic sy/em7 imm$iate contact is less to be fe>$ ?an is g5]ally ?\ght4 ,l>rey ma9ta9s t ! tumifi$ gl&s may be t\*$ or caut]iz$ )\t dang]2 b he ?9ks we ought n to risk putt+ on ! clo!s ( p]sons attack$ ) ! plague4--,memoire sur les ,maladies de l',armee ,francoise en ,egypte page #ce47 ,! sick1 :5 remov$ to ! inl& c\ntry1 & especially to cool] & m elevat$ spots1 to ,xalapa1 = in/ance1 d n communicate typhus to ! inhabitants ( ^? places1 ei!r because ! disease is n contagi\s 9 its nature1 or because ! pr$ispos+ causes are n ! same z 9 ! regions ( ! %ore4 ,:5 !re is a consid]able l[]+ ( ! temp]ature1 ! epidemic usually ceases1 ev5 on ! spot :]e x fir/ appe>$4 ,x aga9 breaks out at ! approa* ( ! hot season1 & sometimes long be=e2 ?\gh dur+ sev]al mon?s !re may h be5 no sick p]son 9 ! h>b\r1 & no %ip may h ent]$ x4 ,! typhus ( ,am]ica appe>s to be conf9$ to ! %ore1 ei!r because p]sons :o br+ ! disease disemb>k !re1 & goods suppos$ to be impregnat$ ) delet]i\s miasms are !re accumulat$2 or because on ! sea-side gase\s emanations ( a p>ticul> nature are =m$4 ,! aspect ( ! places subject to ! ravages ( typhus seems (t5 to exclude all idea ( a local or endemical orig94 ,x has be5 kn[n to prevail 9 ! ,can>ies1 ! ,b]mudas1 & among ! small ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 9 dry places =m]ly di/+ui%$ = ! great salubrity ( _! climate4 ,examples ( ! propagation ( ! yell[ fev] 9 ! inl& p>ts ( ! torrid zone appe> v d\btful3 t malady may h be5 conf\nd$ ) remitt+ bili\s fev]s4 ,) respect to ! temp]ate zone1 9 :i* ! contagi\s "* ( ! ,am]ican typhus is m decid$1 ! disease has unque/ionably spread f> f ! %ore1 ev5 into v elevat$ places1 expos$ to cool & dry w9ds1 z 9 ,spa9 at ,m$9a-,sidonia1 at ,c>lotta1 & 9 ! city ( ,murcia4 ,t v>iety ( ph5om5a :i* ! same epidemic exhibits1 accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( climate1 ! union ( pr$ispos+ causes1 its %ort] or long] duration1 & ! degree ( its exac]bation1 %\ld r5d] u extremely circumspect 9 trac+ ! secret causes ( ! ,am]ican typhus4 ,m4 ,bailly1 :o1 at ! "t ( ! viol5t epidemics 9 #ahjb & #ahjc1 0 *ief physician to ! colony ( ,/4 ,dom+o1 & :o /udi$ t disease 9 ! isl& ( ,cuba1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ,spa91 is ( op9ion t ! typhus is v (t51 b n always1 contagi\s4 ,s9ce ! yell[ fev] has made su* ravages 9 ,la ,guayra1 exagg]at$ acc\nts h be5 giv5 ( ! uncleanl9ess 9 t little t[n z well z ( ,v]a ,cruz1 & ( ! quays or :>fs ( ,philadelphia4 ,9 a place :]e ! soil is extremely dry1 de/itute ( vegetation1 & :]e sc>cely a few drops ( wat] fall 9 ! c\rse ( sev5 or eight mon?s1 ! causes t produce :at are call$ miasms1 _c be ( v frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,la ,guayra appe>$ to me 9 g5]al to be tol]ably clean1 ) ! exception ( ! qu>t] ( ! slaught]-h\ses4 ,! sea-side has no bea* on :i* ! rema9s ( fuci or molluscs are heap$ up2 b ! neighb\r+ coa/1 :i* /ret*es ea/w>d t[>ds ,cape ,cod]a1 & consequ5tly to ! w9dw>d ( ,la ,guayra1 is extremely unheal?y4 ,int]mitt+1 putrid1 & bili\s fev]s (t5 prevail at ,macuto & at ,c>avall$a2 & :5 f "t to "t ! breeze is int]rupt$ by a we/]ly w9d1 ! little bay ( ,cotia s5ds air load$ ) putrid emanations t[>ds ! coa/ ( ,la ,guayra1 not)/&+ ! ramp>t oppos$ by ,cabo ,blanco4 ,! irritability ( ! organs be+ s diff]5t 9 ! p ( ! nor? & ^? ( ! s\?1 x _c be d\bt$1 t ) great] fre$om ( comm]ce1 & m frequ5t & intimate communication betwe5 c\ntries situat$ 9 diff]5t climates1 ! yell[ fev] w ext5d its ravages 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,x is ev5 probable t ! concurr5ce ( s _m excit+ causes1 & _! action on individuals s diff]5tly organiz$1 may give bir? to new =ms ( disease & new deviations ( ! vital p[]s4 ,?is is "o ( ! evils t inevitably att5d ris+ civilization4 ,! yell[ fev] & ! black vomit cease p]iodically at ! ,havannah & ,v]a ,cruz1 :5 ! nor? w9ds br+ ! cold air ( ,canada t[>ds ! gulf ( ,mexico4 ,b f ! extreme equality ( temp]ature :i* *>act]izes ! climates ( ,porto ,cabello1 ,la ,guayra1 ,new ,b>celona1 & ,cumana1 x may be fe>$ t ! typhus w !re become p]man5t1 :5ev]1 f a great influx ( /rang]s1 x has acquir$ a high degree ( exac]bation4 ,trac+ ! granitic coa/ ( ,la ,guayra we/w>d1 we f9d betwe5 t port 7:i* is 9 fact b an ill-%elt]$ road/ead7 & t ( ,porto ,cabello1 sev]al ind5tations ( ! l&1 furni%+ excell5t an*orage = %ips4 ,su* are ! small bay ( ,catia1 ,los ,arecifes1 ,pu]to-la-,cruz1 ,*oroni1 ,si5ega de ,ocum>e1 ,turiamo1 ,burburata1 & ,patanebo4 ,all ^! ports1 ) ! exception ( t ( ,burburata1 f :i* mules are export$ to ,jamaica1 are n[ frequ5t$ only by small coa/+ vessels1 :i* are !re lad5 ) provisions & cacao f ! surr\nd+ plantations4 ,! inhabitants ( ,c>acas are desir\s to avail !mselves ( ! an*orage ( ,catia1 to ! we/ ( ,cabo ,blanco4 ,m4 ,bonpl& & myself exam9$ t po9t ( ! coa/ dur+ our second abode at ,la ,guayra4 ,a rav9e1 call$ ! ,quebrada de ,tipe1 desc5ds f ! table-l& ( ,c>acas t[>ds ,catia4 ,a plan has long be5 9 contemplation = mak+ a c>t-road ?r\gh ?is rav9e & ab&on+ ! old road to ,la ,guayra1 :i* resembles ! passage ov] ,/4 ,go?>d4 ,accord+ to ?is plan1 ! port ( ,catia1 equally l>ge & secure1 w\ld sup]s$e t ( ,la ,guayra4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 all t %ore1 to leew>d ( ,cabo ,blanco1 ab\nds ) mangroves1 & is extremely unheal?y4 ,i asc5d$ to ! summit ( ! promontory1 :i* =ms ,cabo ,blanco1 9 ord] to obs]ve ! passage ( ! sun ov] ! m]idian4 ,i wi%$ to comp>e 9 ! morn+ ! altitudes tak5 ) an artificial horizon & ^? tak5 ) ! horizon ( ! sea2 to v]ify ! app>5t depression ( ! latt]1 by ! b>ometrical measurem5t ( ! hill4 ,by ?is me?od1 hi!rto v little employ$1 on r$uc+ ! heights ( ! sun to ! same "t1 a reflect+ in/rum5t may be us$ l an in/rum5t furni%$ ) a level4 ,i f\nd ! latitude ( ! cape to be #aj degrees #cf m9utes #de seconds2 ,i c\ld only make use ( ! angles :i* gave ! image ( ! sun reflect$ on a plane glass2 ! horizon ( ! sea 0 v mi/y1 & ! w9d+s ( ! coa/ prev5t$ me f tak+ ! height ( ! sun on t horizon4 ,! environs ( ,cabo ,blanco are n un9t]e/+ = ! /udy ( rocks4 ,! gneiss "h passes into ! /ate ( mica-slate 7,glimm]s*ief]471 & conta9s1 along ! sea-coa/1 lay]s ( s*i/ose *lorite4 7,*lorits*ief]47 ,9 ?is latt] ,i f\nd g>nets & magnetical s&4 ,on ! road to ,catia we see ! *loritic s*i/ pass+ into hornbl5de s*i/4 7,hornbl5ds*ief]47 ,all ^! =mations are f\nd toge!r 9 ! primitive m\nta9s ( ! old _w1 especially 9 ! nor? ( ,europe4 ,! sea at ! foot ( ,cabo ,blanco ?r[s up on ! bea* roll$ fragm5ts ( a rock1 :i* is a granul> mixture ( hornbl5de & lamell> feldsp>4 ,x is :at is r vaguely call$ ,,primitive ,,grun/e94 ,9 x we c recognize traces ( qu>tz & pyrites4 ,subm>9e rocks probably exi/ ne> ! coa/1 :i* furni% ^! v h>d masses4 ,i h comp>$ !m 9 my j\rnal to ! ,,pat]le/e9 ( ,fi*telb]g1 9 ,franconia1 :i* is also a diabase1 b s fusible1 t glass buttons are made ( x1 :i* are employ$ 9 ! slave-trade on ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea4 ,i believ$ at fir/1 accord+ to ! analogy ( ! ph5om5a furni%$ by ! m\nta9s ( ,franconia1 t ! pres5ce ( ^! hornbl5de masses ) cry/als ( common 7uncompact7 feldsp> indicat$ ! proximity ( transition rocks2 b 9 ! high valley ( ,c>acas1 ne> ,antimano1 balls ( ! same diabase fill a ve9 cross+ ! mica-slate4 ,on ! we/]n declivity ( ! hill ( ,cabo ,blanco1 ! gneiss is cov]$ ) a =mation ( s&/one1 or conglom]ate1 extremely rec5t4 ,?is s&/one comb9es angul> fragm5ts ( gneiss1 qu>tz1 & *lorite1 magnetical s&1 madrepores1 & petrifi$ bivalve %ells4 ,is ?is =mation ( ! same date z t ( ,punta ,araya & ,cumana8 ,sc>cely any "p ( ! coa/ has s burn+ a climate z ! environs ( ,cabo ,blanco4 ,we suff]$ mu* f ! heat1 augm5t$ by ! rev]b]ation ( a b>r5 & du/y soil2 b )\t feel+ any bad consequ5ces f ! effects ( insolation4 ,! p[]ful action ( ! sun on ! c]ebral functions is extremely dread$ at ,la ,guayra1 especially at ! p]iod :5 ! yell[ fev] beg9s to be felt4 ,be+ "o day on ! t]race ( ! h\se1 obs]v+ at noon ! diff]5ce ( ! !rmomet] 9 ! sun & 9 ! %ade1 a man approa*$ me hold+ 9 8 h& a potion1 :i* he conjur$ me to swall[4 ,he 0 a physician1 :o f 8 w9d[1 _h obs]v$ me b>ehead$1 & expos$ to ! rays ( ! sun4 ,he assur$ me1 t1 be+ a native ( a v nor!rn climate1 ,i %\ld infallibly1 aft] ! imprud5ce ,i _h committ$1 be attack$ ) ! yell[ fev] t v ev5+1 if ,i refus$ to take ! rem$y aga9/ x4 ,i 0 n al>m$ by ?is pr$iction1 h[ev] s]i\s1 believ+ myself to h be5 long acclimat$2 b ,i c\ld n resi/ yield+ to entreaties1 prompt$ by su* b5evol5t feel+s4 ,i swall[$ ! dose2 & ! physician d\btless c\nt$ me among ! numb] ( ^? he _h sav$4 ,! road lead+ f ! port to ,c>acas 7! capital ( a gov]nm5t ( ne> #ijj1jjj inhabitants7 resembles1 z ,i h already obs]v$1 ! passage ov] ! ,alps1 ! road ( ,/4 ,go?>d1 & ( ! ,great ,/4 ,b]n>d4 ,tak+ ! level ( ! road _h nev] be5 attempt$ be=e my arrival 9 ! prov9ce ( ,v5ezuela4 ,no precise idea _h ev5 be5 =m$ ( ! elevation ( ! valley ( ,c>acas4 ,x _h inde$ be5 long obs]v$1 t ! desc5t 0 mu* less f ,la ,cumbre & ,las ,vueltas 7! latt] is ! culm9at+ po9t ( ! road t[>ds ! ,pa/ora at ! entrance ( ! valley ( ,c>acas71 ?an t[>ds ! port ( ,la ,guayra2 b ! m\nta9 ( ,avila hav+ a v consid]able bulk1 ! eye _c disc]n simultane\sly ! po9ts to be comp>$4 ,x is ev5 impossible to =m a precise idea ( ! elevation ( ,c>acas1 f ! climate ( ! valley1 :]e ! atmosph]e is cool$ by ! desc5d+ curr5ts ( air1 & by ! mi/s1 :i* envelope ! l(ty summit ( ! ,silla dur+ a great "p ( ! ye>4 ,:5 9 ! season ( ! great heats we brea! ! burn+ atmosph]e ( ,la ,guayra1 & turn our eyes t[>ds ! m\nta9s1 x seems sc>cely possible t1 at ! di/ance ( five or six ?\s& toises1 a population ( =ty ?\s& individuals assembl$ 9 a n>r[ valley1 enjoys ! coolness ( spr+1 a temp]ature :i* at night desc5ds to #ab degrees ( ! c5tesimal !rmomet]4 ,?is ne> approa* ( diff]5t climates is common 9 ! ,cordill]a ( ! ,&es2 b ev]y:]e1 at ,mexico1 at ,quito1 9 ,p]u1 & 9 ,new ,granada1 x is only aft] a long j\rney into ! int]ior1 ei!r across pla9s or along riv]s1 t we rea* ! great cities1 :i* are ! c5tral po9ts ( civilization4 ,! height ( ,c>acas is b a ?ird ( t ( ,mexico1 ,quito1 & ,santa ,fe de ,bogota2 yet ( all ! capitals ( ,spani% ,am]ica :i* enjoy a cool & delici\s climate 9 ! mid/ ( ! torrid zone1 ,c>acas is ne>e/ to ! coa/4 ,:at a privilege = a city to possess a seaport at ?ree leagues di/ance1 & to be situat$ among m\nta9s1 on a table-l&1 :i* w\ld produce :eat1 if ! cultivation ( ! c(fee-tree 7 n pref]r$6 ,! road f ,la ,guayra to ! valley ( ,c>acas is inf9itely f9] ?an ! road f ,honda to ,santa ,fe1 or t f ,guayaquil to ,quito4 ,x is kept 9 bett] ord] ?an ! old road1 :i* l$ f ! port ( ,v]a ,cruz to ,p]ote1 on ! ea/]n declivity ( ! m\nta9s ( ,new ,spa94 ,) good mules x takes b ?ree h\rs to g f ! port ( ,la ,guayra to ,c>acas2 & only two h\rs to return4 ,) load$ mules1 or on foot1 ! j\rney is f f\r to five h\rs4 ,! road runs along a ridge ( rocks extremely /eep1 & aft] pass+ ! /ations be>+ respectively ! names ( ,torre ,quemada1 ,curucuti1 & ,salto1 we arrive at a l>ge inn 7,la ,v5ta7 built at six hundr$ toises above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! "n ,torre ,quemada1 or ,burnt ,t[]1 indicates ! s5sation t is felt 9 desc5d+ t[>ds ,la ,guayra4 ,a suffocat+ heat is reflect$ f ! walls ( rock1 & especially f ! b>r5 pla9s on :i* ! travell] looks d[n4 ,on ?is road1 z on t f ,v]a ,cruz to ,mexico1 & :]ev] on a rapid declivity ! climate *anges1 ! increase ( muscul> /r5g? & ! s5sation ( well-be+1 :i* we exp]i5ce z we advance into /rata ( cool] air1 h always appe>$ to me less /rik+ ?an ! feel+ ( languor & debility :i* p]vades ! frame1 :5 we desc5d t[>ds ! burn+ pla9s ( ! coa/4 ,b su* is ! organization ( man2 & ev5 9 ! moral _w1 we are less soo!d by t :i* ameliorates our condition ?an annoy$ by a new s5sation ( discom=t4 ,f ,curucuti to ,salto ! asc5t is some:at less labori\s4 ,! s9uosities ( ! way r5d] ! declivity easi]1 z 9 ! old road ov] ,mont ,c5is4 ,! ,salto 7or ,leap7 is a crevice1 :i* is cross$ by a draw-bridge4 ,=tifications cr[n ! summit ( ! m\nta94 ,at ,la ,v5ta ! !rmomet] at noon /ood at #ai4c degrees1 :5 at ,la ,guayra x kept up at ! same h\r at #bf4b degrees4 ,la ,v5ta enjoys "s celebrity 9 ,europe & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = ! beauty ( its surr\nd+ sc5]y4 ,:5 ! cl\ds p]mit1 ?is spot af=ds a magnific5t view ( ! sea1 & ! neighb\r+ coa/s4 ,an horizon ( m ?an tw5ty-two leagues radius is visible2 ! :ite & b>r5 %ore reflects a dazzl+ mass ( light2 & ! spectator beholds at 8 feet ,cabo ,blanco1 ! village ( ,maiquetia ) its cocoa-trees1 ,la ,guayra1 & ! vessels 9 ! port4 ,b ,i f\nd ?is view f> m extraord9>y1 :5 ! sky 0 n s]5e1 & :5 tra9s ( cl\ds1 /rongly illum9$ on _! upp] surface1 seem$ project$ l float+ isl&s on ! ocean4 ,/rata ( vap\r1 hov]+ at diff]5t heights1 =m$ int]m$i>y spaces betwe5 ! eye & ! l[] regions4 ,by an illusion easily expla9$1 !y enl>g$ ! sc5e1 & r5d]$ x m maje/ic4 ,trees & dwell+s appe>$ at int]vals ?r\gh ! op5+s1 :i* 7 left by ! cl\ds :5 driv5 on by ! w9ds1 & roll+ ov] "o ano!r4 ,objects !n appe> at a great] dep? ?an :5 se5 ?r\gh a pure & uni=mly s]5e air4 ,on ! declivity ( ! m\nta9s ( ,mexico1 at ! same height 7betwe5 ,las ,trancas & ,xalapa71 ! sea is twelve leagues di/ant1 & ! view ( ! coa/ is confus$2 :ile on ! road f ,la ,guayra to ,c>acas we comm& ! pla9s 7! ti]ra cali5te71 z f ! top ( a t[]4 ,h[ extraord9>y mu/ be ! impression creat$ by ?is prospect on natives ( ! inl& p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 :o behold ! sea & %ips = ! fir/ "t f ?is po9t4 ,i det]m9$ by direct obs]vations ! latitude ( ,la ,v5ta1 t ,i might be enabl$ to give a m precise idea ( ! di/ance ( ! coa/s4 ,! latitude is #aj degrees #cc m9utes #i seconds4 ,its longitude appe>$ to me by ! *ronomet]1 ne>ly #b m9utes #dg seconds we/ ( ! t[n ( ,c>acas4 ,i f\nd ! dip ( ! ne$le at ?is height to be #da4ge degrees1 & ! int5sity ( ! magnetic =ces equal to two hundr$ & ?irty-f\r oscillations4 ,f ! ,v5ta1 call$ also ,la ,v5ta ,gr&e1 to di/+ui% x f ?ree or f\r small inns =m]ly e/abli%$ along ! road1 b n[ de/roy$1 !re is /ill an asc5t ( "o hundr$ & fifty toises to ,guayavo4 ,?is is ne>ly ! mo/ l(ty po9t ( ! road4 ,:e!r we gaze on ! di/ant horizon ( ! sea1 or turn our eyes s\?-ea/w>d1 9 ! direction ( ! s]rat$ ridge ( rocks1 :i* seems to unite ! ,cumbre & ! ,silla1 ?\gh sep>at$ f !m by ! rav9e 7quebrada7 ( ,tocume1 ev]y:]e we admire ! gr& "* ( ! l&scape4 ,f ,guayavo we proce$ = half an h\r ov] a smoo? table-l&1 cov]$ ) alp9e plants4 ,?is "p ( ! way1 on acc\nt ( its w9d+s1 is call$ ,las ,vueltas4 ,we f9d a little high] up ! b>racks or magaz9es ( fl\r1 :i* 7 con/ruct$ 9 a spot ( cool temp]ature by ! ,guipuzcoa ,company1 :5 !y _h ! exclusive monopoly ( ! trade ( ,c>acas1 & suppli$ t place ) provision4 ,on ! road to ,las ,vueltas we see = ! fir/ "t ! capital1 situat$ ?ree hundr$ toises bel[1 9 a valley luxuriantly plant$ ) c(fee & ,european fruit-trees4 ,travell]s are accu/om$ to halt ne> a f9e spr+1 kn[n by ! "n ( ,fu5te de ,san*orquiz1 :i* fl[s d[n f ! ,si]ra on slop+ /rata ( gneiss4 ,i f\nd its temp]ature #af4d degrees2 :i*1 = an elevation ( sev5 hundr$ & tw5ty-six toises1 is consid]ably cool1 & x w\ld appe> mu* cool] to ^? :o dr9k its limpid wat]1 if1 in/ead ( gu%+ out betwe5 ,la ,cumbre & ! temp]ate valley ( ,c>acas1 x 7 f\nd on ! desc5t t[>ds ,la ,guayra4 ,b at ?is desc5t on ! nor!rn side ( ! m\nta91 ! rock1 by an uncommon exception 9 ?is c\ntry1 does n dip to nor?-we/1 b to s\?-ea/1 :i* prev5ts ! subt]ranean wat]s f =m+ spr+s !re4 ,we cont9u$ to desc5d f ! small rav9e ( ,san*orquiz to la ,cruz de la ,guayra1 a cross erect$ on an op5 spot1 six hundr$ & ?irty-two toises high1 & !nce 7ent]+ by ! cu/om-h\se & ! qu>t] ( ! ,pa/ora7 to ! city ( ,c>acas4 ,on ! s\? side ( ! m\nta9 ( ,avila1 ! gneiss pres5ts sev]al geogno/ical ph5om5a wor?y ( ! att5tion ( travell]s4 ,x is trav]s$ by ve9s ( qu>tz1 conta9+ cannulat$ & (t5 articulat$ prisms ( rutile titanite two or ?ree l9es 9 diamet]4 ,9 ! fissures ( ! qu>tz we f9d1 on break+ x1 v ?9 cry/als1 :i* cross+ ea* o!r =m a k9d ( network4 ,sometimes ! r$ s*orl occurs only 9 d5dritic cry/als ( a bright r$499 799 ,especially bel[ ! ,cross ( ,la ,guayra1 at #eid toises ( absolute elevation47 ,! gneiss ( ! valley ( ,c>acas is *>act]iz$ by ! r$ & gre5 g>nets x conta9s2 !y h[ev] disappe> :5 ! rock passes into mica-slate4 ,?is same ph5om5on has be5 rem>k$ by ,von ,bu* 9 ,sw$52 b 9 ! temp]ate p>ts ( ,europe g>nets are 9 g5]al conta9$ 9 s]p5t9e & mica-slates1 n 9 gneiss4 ,9 ! walls :i* enclose ! g>d5s ( ,c>acas1 con/ruct$ p>tly ( fragm5ts ( gneiss1 we f9d g>nets ( a v f9e r$1 a little transp>5t1 & v difficult to deta*4 ,! gneiss ne> ! ,cross ( ,la ,guayra1 half a league f ,c>acas1 pres5t$ also ve/iges ( azure copp]-ore99 799 ,blue c>bonate ( copp]47 dissem9at$ 9 ve9s ( qu>tz1 & small /rata ( plumbago 7black lead71 or e>?y c>burett$ iron4 ,?is la/ is f\nd 9 pretty l>ge masses1 & sometimes m+l$ ) sp>ry iron-ore1 9 ! rav9e ( ,tocume1 to ! we/ ( ! ,silla4 ,betwe5 ! spr+ ( ,san*orquiz & ! ,cross ( ,la ,guayra1 z well z /ill high] up1 ! gneiss conta9s consid]able b$s ( sac*>oidal blui%-grey primitive lime/one1 co>se-gra9$1 conta9+ mica1 & trav]s$ by ve9s ( :ite calc>e\s sp>4 ,! mica1 ) l>ge folia1 lies 9 ! direction ( ! dip ( ! /rata4 ,i f\nd 9 ! primitive lime/one a great _m cry/alliz$ pyrites1 & rhomboidal fragm5ts ( sp>ry iron-ore ( ,isabella yell[4 ,i endeav\r$1 b )\t success1 to f9d tremolite 7,grammatite ( ,hauy4 ,! primitive lime/one above ! spr+ ( ,san*orquiz1 is direct$1 z ! gneiss 9 t place1 hor4 #e4b1 & dips #de degrees nor?2 b ! g5]al direction ( ! gneiss is1 9 ! ,c]ro de ,avila1 hor4 #c4d ) #fj degrees ( dip nor?-we/4 ,exceptions m]ely local are obs]v$ 9 a small space ( gr\nd ne> ! ,cross ( ,la ,guayra 7hor4 #f4b1 dip #h degrees nor?72 & high] up1 opposite ! ,quebrada ( ,tipe 7hor4 #ab1 dip #ej degrees we/7471 :i* 9 ! ,fi*telb]g1 9 ,franconia1 is common 9 ! primitive lime/one )\t dolomite4 ,9 ,europe b$s ( primitive lime/one are g5]ally obs]v$ 9 ! mica-slates2 b we f9d also sac*>oidal lime/one 9 gneiss ( ! mo/ anci5t =mation1 9 ,sw$5 ne> ,upsala1 9 ,saxony ne> ,burk]sdorf1 & 9 ! ,alps 9 ! road ov] ! ,simplon4 ,^! situations are analog\s to t ( ,c>acas4 ,! ph5om5a ( geognosy1 p>ticul>ly ^? :i* are connect$ ) ! /ratification ( rocks1 & _! gr\p+1 are nev] solit>y2 b are f\nd ! same 9 bo? hemisph]es4 ,i 0 ! m /ruck ) ^! relations1 & ?is id5tity ( =mations1 z1 at ! "t ( my j\rney 9 ^! c\ntries1 m9]alogi/s 7 unacqua9t$ ) ! "n ( a s+le rock ( ,v5ezuela1 ,new ,gr5ada1 & ! ,cordill]as ( ,quito4 ,,*apt] #a4ab4 ,,g5]al ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,prov9ces ,,( ,,v5ezuela4 ,,div]sity ,,( ,,_! ,,int]e/s4 ,,city ,,& ,,valley ,,( ,,c>acas4 ,,climate4 ,9 all ^? p>ts ( ,spani% ,am]ica 9 :i* civilization did n exi/ to a c]ta9 degree be=e ! ,conque/ 7z x did 9 ,mexico1 ,guatimala1 ,quito1 & ,p]u71 x has advanc$ f ! coa/s to ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry1 foll[+ sometimes ! valley ( a great riv]1 sometimes a *a9 ( m\nta9s1 af=d+ a temp]ate climate4 ,conc5trat$ at once 9 diff]5t po9ts1 x has spread z if by div]g+ rays4 ,! union into prov9ces & k+doms 0 effect$ on ! fir/ imm$iate contact betwe5 civiliz$ p>ts1 or at lea/ ^? subject to p]man5t & regul> gov]nm5t4 ,l&s des]t$1 or inhabit$ by savage tribes1 n[ surr\nd ! c\ntries :i* ,european civilization has subdu$4 ,!y divide its conque/s l arms ( ! sea difficult to be pass$1 & neighb\r+ /ates are (t5 connect$ ) ea* o!r only by slips ( cultivat$ l&4 ,x is less difficult to acquire a k ( ! configuration ( coa/s wa%$ by ! ocean1 ?an ( ! s9uosities ( t int]ior %ore1 on :i* b>b>ism & civilization1 imp5etrable =e/s & cultivat$ l&1 t\* & b\nd ea* o!r4 ,f n hav+ reflect$ on ! e>ly /ate ( society 9 ! ,new ,_w1 geograph]s h (t5 made _! maps incorrect1 by m>k+ ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,spani% & ,portuguese colonies1 z ?\gh !y 7 contigu\s at e po9t 9 ! int]ior4 ,! local k :i* ,i obta9$ respect+ ^! b\nd>ies1 enables me to fix ! ext5t ( ! great t]ritorial divisions ) "s c]ta9ty1 to comp>e ! wild & inhabit$ p>ts1 & to appreciate ! degree ( political influ5ce ex]cis$ by c]ta9 t[ns ( ,am]ica1 z c5tres ( p[] & ( comm]ce4 ,c>acas is ! capital ( a c\ntry ne>ly twice z l>ge z ,p]u1 & n[ little inf]ior 9 ext5t to ! k+dom ( ,new ,gr5ada499 799 ,! ,capitania-,g5]al ( ,c>acas conta9s ne> #dh1jjj squ>e leagues 7tw5ty-five to a degree74 ,p]u1 s9ce ,la ,paz1 ,potosi1 ,*>cas & ,santa ,cruz de la ,si]ra1 h be5 sep>at$ f x1 conta9s only #cj1jjj4 ,new ,gr5ada1 includ+ ! prov9ce ( ,quito1 conta9s #fe1jjj4 ,re9os1 ,capitanias-,g5]ales1 ,presid5cies1 ,govi]nos1 & ,prov9cias1 are ! names by :i* ,spa9 =m]ly di/+ui%$ h] transm>9e possessions1 or1 z !y 7 call$1 ,dom9ios de ,ultram> 7,dom9ions beyond ,sea477 ,?is c\ntry :i* ! ,spani% gov]nm5t designates by ! "n ( ,capitania-,g5]al de ,c>acas199 799 ,! capta9-g5]al ( ,c>acas has ! title ( ,capitan-,g5]al de las ,prov9cias de ,v5ezuela y ,ciudad d ,c>acas47 or ( ! unit$ prov9ces ( ,v5ezuela1 has ne>ly a million ( inhabitants1 among :om are sixty ?\s& slaves4 ,x comprises1 along ! coa/s1 ,new ,&alusia1 or ! prov9ce ( ,cumana 7) ! isl& ( ,m>g>eta7199 799 ,?is isl&1 ne> ! coa/ ( ,cumana1 =ms a sep>ate govi]no1 dep5d+ imm$iately on ! capta9-g5]al ( ,c>acas47 ,b>celona1 ,v5ezuela or ,c>acas1 ,coro1 & ,m>acaybo2 9 ! int]ior1 ! prov9ces ( ,v>9as & ,guiana2 ! =m] situat$ on ! riv]s ( ,santo ,dom+o & ! ,apure1 ! latt] /ret*+ along ! ,or9oco1 ! ,casiqui>e1 ! ,atabapo1 & ! ,rio ,negro4 ,9 a g5]al view ( ! sev5 unit$ prov9ces ( ,t]ra ,firma1 we p]ceive t !y =m ?ree di/9ct zones1 ext5d+ f ea/ to we/4 ,we f9d1 fir/1 cultivat$ l& along ! sea-%ore1 & ne> ! *a9 ( ! m\nta9s on ! coa/2 next1 savannahs or pa/urages2 & f9ally1 beyond ! ,or9oco1 a ?ird zone1 t ( ! =e/s1 into :i* we c p5etrate only by ! riv]s :i* trav]se !m4 ,if ! native inhabitants ( ! =e/s liv$ entirely on ! produce ( ! *ase1 l ^? ( ! ,miss\ri1 we might say t ! ?ree zones into :i* we h divid$ ! t]ritory ( ,v5ezuela1 picture ! ?ree /ates ( human society2 ! life ( ! wild hunt]1 9 ! woods ( ! ,or9oco2 pa/oral life1 9 ! savannahs or llanos2 & ! agricultural /ate1 9 ! high valleys1 & at ! foot ( ! m\nta9s on ! coa/4 ,mission>y monks & "s few soldi]s occupy "h1 z ?r\gh\t all ,spani% ,am]ica1 advanc$ po/s along ! fronti]s ( ,brazil4 ,9 ?is fir/ zone are felt ! prepond]ance ( =ce1 & ! abuse ( p[]1 :i* is its necess>y consequ5ce4 ,! natives c>ry on civil w>1 & sometimes dev\r "o ano!r4 ,! monks endeav\r to augm5t ! numb] ( little villages ( _! ,missions1 by tak+ advantage ( ! diss5sions ( ! natives4 ,! milit>y live 9 a /ate ( ho/ility to ! monks1 :om !y 7 int5d$ to protect4 ,ev]y?+ pres5ts a melan*oly picture ( mis]y & privation4 ,we %all soon h occasion to exam9e m closely t /ate ( man1 :i* is vaunt$ z a /ate ( nature1 by ^? :o inhabit t[ns4 ,9 ! second region1 9 ! pla9s & pa/ure-gr\nds1 food is extremely abundant1 b has little v>iety4 ,al?\gh m advanc$ 9 civilization1 ! p beyond ! circle ( "s scatt]$ t[ns are n less isolat$ f "o ano!r4 ,at sight ( _! dwell+s1 p>tly cov]$ ) sk9s & lea!r1 x might be suppos$ t1 f> f be+ fix$1 !y are sc>cely encamp$ 9 ^? va/ pla9s :i* ext5d to ! horizon4 ,agriculture1 :i* alone consolidates ! bases1 & /r5g!ns ! bonds ( society1 occupies ! ?ird zone1 ! %ore1 & especially ! hot & temp]ate valleys among ! m\nta9s ne> ! sea4 ,x may be object$1 t 9 o!r p>ts ( ,spani% & ,portuguese ,am]ica1 :]ev] we c trace ! progressive developm5t ( civilization1 we f9d ! ?ree ages ( society comb9$4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! position ( ! ?ree zones1 t ( ! =e/s1 ! pa/ures1 & ! cultivat$ l&1 is n ev]y:]e ! same1 & t x is n[h]e s regul> z 9 ,v5ezuela4 ,x is n always f ! coa/ to ! int]ior1 t population1 comm]cial indu/ry1 & intellectual improvem5t1 dim9i%4 ,9 ,mexico1 ,p]u1 & ,quito1 ! table-l&s & c5tral m\nta9s possess ! greate/ numb] ( cultivators1 ! mo/ num]\s t[ns situat$ ne> to ea* o!r1 & ! mo/ anci5t in/itutions4 ,we ev5 f9d1 t1 9 ! k+dom ( ,bu5os ,ayres1 ! region ( pa/urage1 kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,pampas1 lies betwe5 ! isolat$ "p ( ,bu5os ,ayres & ! great mass ( ,indian cultivators1 :o inhabit ! ,cordill]as ( ,*>cas1 ,la ,paz1 & ,potosi4 ,?is circum/ance gives bir? to a div]sity ( int]e/s1 9 ! same c\ntry1 betwe5 ! p ( ! int]ior & ^? :o inhabit ! coa/s4 ,to =m an accurate idea ( ^? va/ prov9ces :i* h be5 gov]n$ = ages1 almo/ l sep>ate /ates1 by vic]oys & capta9s-g5]al1 we mu/ fix our att5tion at once on sev]al po9ts4 ,we mu/ di/+ui% ! p>ts ( ,spani% ,am]ica opposite to ,asia f ^? on ! %ores ( ! ,atlantic2 we mu/ asc]ta9 :]e ! great] portion ( ! population is plac$2 :e!r ne> ! coa/1 or conc5trat$ 9 ! int]ior1 on ! cold & temp]ate table-l&s ( ! ,cordill]as4 ,we mu/ v]ify ! num]ical proportions betwe5 ! natives & o!r ca/es2 se>* into ! orig9 ( ! ,european families1 & exam9e to :at race1 9 ea* "p ( ! colonies1 belongs ! great] numb] ( :ites4 ,! ,&alusian-,can>ians ( ,v5ezuela1 ! ,m\nta9e]s99 799 ,montaneses4 ,! inhabitants ( ! m\nta9s ( ,sant&] are call$ by ?is "n 9 ,spa947 & ! ,biscayans ( ,mexico1 ! ,catalonians ( ,bu5os ,ayres1 diff] ess5tially 9 _! aptitude = agriculture1 = ! me*anical arts1 = comm]ce1 & = all objects connect$ ) intellectual developm5t4 ,ea* ( ^? races has pres]v$1 9 ! ,new z 9 ! ,old ,_w1 ! %ades t con/itute its national physiognomy2 its asp]ity or mildness ( "*2 its fre$om f sordid feel+s1 or its excessive love ( ga92 its social hospitality1 or its ta/e = solitude4 ,9 ! c\ntries :]e ! population is = ! mo/ "p compos$ ( ,indians & mix$ races1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,europeans & _! desc5dants _c inde$ be s /rongly m>k$1 z t :i* exi/$ anci5tly 9 ! colonies ( ,ionian & ,doric orig94 ,! ,spani>ds transplant$ to ! torrid zone1 e/rang$ f ! habits ( _! "m-c\ntry1 mu/ h felt m s5sible *anges ?an ! ,greeks settl$ on ! coa/s ( ,asia ,m9or1 & ( ,italy1 :]e ! climates diff] s little f ^? ( ,a!ns & ,cor9?4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! "* ( ! ,spani% ,am]icans has be5 v>i\sly modifi$ by ! physical nature ( ! c\ntry2 ! isolat$ sites ( ! capitals on ! table-l&s or 9 ! vic9ity ( ! coa/s2 ! agricultural life2 ! lab\r ( ! m9es1 & ! habit ( comm]cial speculation3 b 9 ! inhabitants ( ,c>acas1 ,santa ,fe1 ,quito1 & ,bu5os ,ayres1 we recognize ev]y:]e some?+ :i* belongs to ! race & ! filiation ( ! p4 ,if we exam9e ! /ate ( ! ,capitania-,g5]al ( ,c>acas1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples "h laid d[n1 we p]ceive t agricultural indu/ry1 ! great mass ( population1 ! num]\s t[ns1 & ev]y?+ connect$ ) advanc$ civilization1 are f\nd ne> ! coa/4 ,?is coa/ ext5ds along a space ( two hundr$ leagues4 ,x is wa%$ by ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 a sort ( ,m$it]ranean1 on ! %ores ( :i* almo/ all ! nations ( ,europe h f\nd$ colonies2 :i* communicates at sev]al po9ts ) ! ,atlantic2 & :i* has _h a consid]able influ5ce on ! progress ( k 9 ! ea/]n "p ( equ9octial ,am]ica1 f ! "t ( ! ,conque/4 ,! k+doms ( ,new ,gr5ada & ,mexico h no connection ) =eign colonies1 & ?r\gh !m ) ! nations ( ,europe1 except by ! ports ( ,c>?ag5a1 ( ,santa ,m>?a1 ( ,v]a ,cruz1 & ( ,campea*y4 ,^! va/ c\ntries1 f ! nature ( _! coa/s1 & ! isolation ( _! inhabitants on ! back ( ! ,cordill]as1 h few po9ts ( contact ) =eign l&s4 ,! gulf ( ,mexico also is b little frequ5t$ dur+ a "p ( ! ye>1 on acc\nt ( ! dang] ( gales ( w9d f ! nor?4 ,! coa/s ( ,v5ezuela1 on ! contr>y1 f _! ext5t1 _! ea/w>d direction1 ! numb] ( _! ports1 & ! safety ( _! an*orage at diff]5t seasons1 possess all ! advantages ( ! ,c>ibbean ,sea4 ,! communications ) ! l>g] isl&s1 & ev5 ) ^? situat$ to w9dw>d1 c n[h]e be m frequ5t ?an f ! ports ( ,cumana1 ,b>celona1 ,la ,guayra1 ,porto ,cabello1 ,coro1 & ,m>acaybo4 ,c we wond] t ?is facility ( comm]cial int]c\rse ) ! inhabitants ( free ,am]ica1 & ! agitat$ nations ( ,europe1 %\ld 9 ! prov9ces unit$ "u ! ,capitania-,g5]al ( ,v5ezuela1 h augm5t$ opul5ce1 k1 & t re/less desire ( a local gov]nm5t1 :i* is bl5d$ ) ! love ( lib]ty & republican =ms8 ,! copp]-col\r$ natives1 or ,indians1 con/itute an important mass ( ! agricultural population only 9 ^? places :]e ! ,spani>ds1 at ! "t ( ! ,conque/1 f\nd regul> gov]nm5ts1 social communities1 & anci5t & v complicat$ in/itutions2 z1 = example1 9 ,new ,spa91 s\? ( ,durango2 & 9 ,p]u1 f ,cuzco to ,potosi4 ,9 ! ,capitania-,g5]al ( ,c>acas1 ! ,indian population is inconsid]able1 at lea/ beyond ! ,missions & 9 ! cultivat$ zone4 ,ev5 9 times ( great political excitem5t1 ! natives d n inspire any appreh5sion 9 ! :ites or ! mix$ ca/es4 ,comput+1 9 #ahjj1 ! total population ( ! sev5 unit$ prov9ces at n9e hundr$ ?\s& s\ls1 x appe>$ to me t ! ,indians made only "o-n9?2 :ile at ,mexico !y =m ne>ly "o half ( ! inhabitants4 ,consid]+ ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 ( :i* ! gulf ( ,mexico makes a "p1 z an int]ior sea ) sev]al m\?s1 x is important to fix our att5tion on ! political relations aris+ out ( ?is s+ul> configuration ( ! ,new ,cont95t1 betwe5 c\ntries plac$ ar\nd ! same bas94 ,not)/&+ ! isolat$ /ate 9 :i* mo/ ( ! "m-c\ntries endeav\r to hold _! colonies1 ! agitations t take place are n ! less communicat$ f "o to ! o!r4 ,! elem5ts ( discord are ev]y:]e ! same2 &1 z if by in/9ct1 an und]/&+ is e/abli%$ betwe5 m5 ( ! same col\r1 al?\gh sep>at$ by diff]5ce ( language1 & inhabit+ opposite coa/s4 ,t ,am]ican ,m$it]ranean =m$ by ! %ores ( ,v5ezuela1 ,new ,gr5ada1 ,mexico1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 c\nts ^u its bord]s ne> a million & a half ( free & enslav$ blacks2 b s unequally di/ribut$1 t !re are v few to ! s\?1 & sc>cely any 9 ! regions ( ! we/4 ,_! great accumulation is on ! nor!rn & ea/]n coa/s1 :i* may be said to be ! ,african "p ( ! int]ior bas94 ,! commotions :i* s9ce #agib h brok5 out 9 ,/4 ,dom+o1 h naturally be5 propagat$ to ! coa/s ( ,v5ezuela4 ,s long z ,spa9 possess$ ^? f9e colonies 9 tranquillity1 ! little insurrections ( ! slaves 7 easily repress$2 b :5 a /ruggle ( ano!r k9d1 t = indep5d5ce1 began1 ! blacks by _! m5ac+ position excit$ alt]nately ! appreh5sions ( ! opposite p>ties2 & ! gradual or in/antane\s abolition ( slav]y has be5 proclaim$ 9 diff]5t regions ( ,spani% ,am]ica1 less f motives ( ju/ice & humanity1 ?an to secure ! aid ( an intrepid race ( m51 habituat$ to privation1 & fight+ = _! own cause4 ,i f\nd 9 ! n>rative ( ! voyage ( ,girolamo ,b5zoni1 a curi\s passage1 :i* proves t ! appreh5sions caus$ by ! increase ( ! black population are ( v old date4 ,^! appreh5sions w cease only :]e gov]nm5ts %all second by laws ! progressive re=ms :i* ref9em5t ( mann]s1 op9ion1 & religi\s s5tim5t1 introduce into dome/ic slav]y4 ,! negroes1 says ,b5zoni1 multiply s mu* at ,/4 ,dom+o1 t 9 #aede1 :5 ,i 0 9 ,t]ra ,firma on ! coa/ ( ,c>acas1 ,i saw _m ,spani>ds :o _h no d\bt t ! isl& w\ld %ortly be ! prop]ty ( ! blacks499 799 ,vi sono molti ,spagnuoli *e t5gono p] cosa c]ta1 *e que/' isola 7,san ,dom9ico7 9 breve tempo s>a poss$uta da que/i ,mori di ,gu9ea4 7,b5zoni ,i/oria del ,mondo ,nuovo ediz4 #b;da #afgb page #fe47 ,! au?or1 :o is n v scrupul\s 9 ! adoption ( /ati/ical facts1 believes t 9 8 "t !re 7 at ,/4 ,dom+o sev5 ?\s& fugitive negroes 7,mori cim>oni71 ) :om ,don ,luis ,columbus made a treaty ( peace & fri5d%ip47 ,x 0 res]v$ = our age to see ?is pr$iction accompli%$2 & a ,european colony ( ,am]ica trans=m itself into an ,african /ate4 ,! sixty ?\s& slaves :i* ! sev5 unit$ prov9ces ( ,v5ezuela are comput$ to conta91 are s unequally divid$1 t 9 ! prov9ce ( ,c>acas alone !re are ne>ly =ty ?\s&1 "o-fif? ( :om are mulattoes2 9 ,m>acaybo1 !re are t5 or twelve ?\s&2 b 9 ,cumana & ,b>celona1 sc>cely six ?\s&4 ,to judge ( ! influ5ce :i* ! slaves & m5 ( col\r ex]cise on ! public tranquility1 x is n en\gh to "k _! numb]1 we mu/ consid] _! accumulation at c]ta9 po9ts1 & _! mann] ( life1 z cultivators or inhabitants ( t[ns4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,v5ezuela1 ! slaves are assembl$ toge!r on a space ( no great ext5t1 betwe5 ! coa/1 & a l9e :i* passes 7at twelve leagues f ! coa/7 ?r\gh ,panaquire1 ,y>e1 ,sabana de ,ocum>e1 ,villa de ,cura1 & ,nirgua4 ,! llanos or va/ pla9s ( ,calaboso1 ,san ,c>los1 ,guan>e1 & ,b>quecimeto1 conta9 only f\r or five ?\s& slaves1 :o are scatt]$ among ! f>ms1 & employ$ 9 ! c>e ( cattle4 ,! numb] ( free m5 is v consid]able2 ! ,spani% laws & cu/oms be+ fav\rable to affran*isem5t4 ,a ma/] _c refuse lib]ty to a slave :o (f]s him ! sum ( ?ree hundr$ pia/res1 ev5 ?\gh ! slave may h co/ d\ble t price1 on acc\nt ( 8 indu/ry1 or a p>ticul> aptitude = ! trade he practises4 ,in/ances ( p]sons :o volunt>ily be/[ lib]ty on a c]ta9 numb] ( _! slaves1 are m common 9 ! prov9ce ( ,v5ezuela ?an 9 any o!r place4 ,a %ort "t be=e we visit$ ! f]tile valleys ( ,aragua & ! lake ( ,val5cia1 a lady :o inhabit$ ! great village ( ,victoria1 ord]$ h] *ildr51 on h] dea?-b$1 to give lib]ty to all h] slaves1 ?irty 9 numb]4 ,i feel pleasure 9 record+ facts t d hon\r to ! "* ( a p f :om ,m4 ,bonpl& & myself receiv$ s _m m>ks ( k9dness4 ,if we comp>e ! sev5 unit$ prov9ces ( ,v5ezuela ) ! k+dom ( ,mexico & ! isl& ( ,cuba1 we %all succe$ 9 f9d+ ! approximate numb] ( :ite ,creoles1 & ev5 ( ,europeans4 ,! :ite ,creoles1 :om ,i may call ,hispano-,am]icans199 799 ,9 imitation ( ! ^w ,anglo-,am]ican1 adapt$ 9 all ! languages ( ,europe4 ,9 ! ,spani% colonies1 ! :ites born 9 ,am]ica are call$ ,spani>ds2 & ! real ,spani>ds1 ^? born 9 ! "m c\ntry1 are call$ ,europeans1 ,ga*up9s1 or ,*apetons47 =m 9 ,mexico ne>ly a fif?1 & 9 ! isl& ( ,cuba1 accord+ to ! v accurate enum]ation ( #ahja1 a ?ird ( ! :ole population4 ,:5 we reflect t ! k+dom ( ,mexico conta9s two millions & a half ( natives ( ! copp]-col\r$ race2 :5 we consid] ! /ate ( ! coa/s bord]+ on ! ,pacific1 & ! small numb] ( :ites 9 ! int5d5cias ( ,puebla & ,oaxaca1 comp>$ ) ! natives1 we _c d\bt t ! prov9ce ( ,v5ezuela at lea/1 if n ! capitania-g5]al1 has a great] proportion ?an t ( "o to five4 ,! isl& ( ,cuba199 799 ,i d n m5tion ! k+dom ( ,bu5os ,ayres1 :]e1 among a million ( inhabitants1 ! :ites are extremely num]\s 9 p>ts ne> ! coa/2 :ile ! table-l&s1 or prov9ces ( ! si]ra are almo/ entirely peopl$ ) natives47 9 :i* ! :ites are ev5 m num]\s ?an 9 ,*ile1 may furni% u ) a limit+ numb]1 t is to say1 ! maximum :i* may be suppos$ 9 ! capitania-g5]al ( ,c>acas4 ,i believe we mu/ /op at two hundr$1 or two hundr$ & t5 ?\s& ,hispano-,am]icans1 9 a total population ( n9e hundr$ ?\s& s\ls4 ,! numb] ( ,europeans includ$ 9 ! :ite race 7n compreh5d+ ! troops s5t f ! "m-c\ntry7 does n exce$ twelve or fifte5 ?\s&4 ,x c]ta9ly is n great] at ,mexico ?an sixty ?\s&2 & ,i f9d by sev]al /atem5ts1 t1 if we e/imate ! :ole ( ! ,spani% colonies at f\rte5 or fifte5 millions ( inhabitants1 !re are 9 t numb] at mo/ ?ree millions ( ,creole :ites1 & two hundr$ ?\s& ,europeans4 ,:5 ,tupac-,am>u1 :o believ$ himself to be ! legitimate heir to ! empire ( ! ,incas1 made ! conque/ ( sev]al prov9ces ( ,upp] ,p]u1 9 #agha1 at ! head ( =ty ?\s& ,indian m\nta9e]s1 all ! :ites 7 fill$ ) al>m4 ,! ,hispano-,am]icans felt1 l ! ,spani>ds born 9 ,europe1 t ! conte/ 0 betwe5 ! copp]-col\r$ race & ! :ites2 betwe5 b>b>ism & civilization4 ,tupac-,am>u1 :o himself 0 n de/itute ( intellectual cultivation1 began ) flatt]+ ! creoles & ! ,european cl]gy2 b soon1 impell$ by ev5ts1 & by ! _s ( v5geance t inspir$ 8 nephew1 ,&res ,condorcanqui1 he *ang$ 8 plan4 ,a ris+ = indep5d5ce became a cruel w> betwe5 ! diff]5t ca/es2 ! :ites 7 victori\s1 & excit$ by a feel+ ( common int]e/1 f t p]iod !y kept wat*ful att5tion on ! proportions exi/+ 9 ! diff]5t prov9ces betwe5 _! numb]s & ^? ( ! ,indians4 ,x 0 res]v$ = our times to see ! :ites direct ?is att5tion t[>ds !mselves2 & exam9e1 f motives ( di/ru/1 ! elem5ts ( :i* _! own ca/e is compos$4 ,e ent]prise 9 fav\r ( indep5d5ce & lib]ty puts ! national or ,am]ican p>ty 9 opposition to ! m5 ( ! "m-c\ntry4 ,:5 ,i arriv$ at ,c>acas1 ! latt] _h j escap$ f ! dang] ) :i* !y ?\ght !y 7 m5ac$ by ! insurrection project$ by ,espana4 ,! consequ5ces ( t bold attempt 7 ! m deplorable1 because1 in/ead ( inve/igat+ ! real causes ( ! popul> discont5t1 x 0 ?\ght t ! "m-c\ntry w\ld be sav$ by employ+ vigor\s measures4 ,at pres5t1 ! commotions :i* h aris5 ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 f ! banks ( ! ,rio de la ,plata to ,new ,mexico1 an ext5t ( f\rte5 hundr$ leagues1 h divid$ m5 ( a common orig94 ,! ,indian population 9 ! unit$ prov9ces ( ,v5ezuela is n consid]able1 & is b rec5tly civiliz$4 ,all ! t[ns 7 f\nd$ by ! ,spani% conqu]ors1 :o c\ld n c>ry out1 z 9 ,mexico & ,p]u1 ! old civilization ( ! natives4 ,c>acas1 ,m>acaybo1 ,cumana1 & ,coro1 h no?+ ,indian b _! names4 ,comp>$ ) ! ?ree capitals ( equ9octial ,am]ica199 799 ,mexico1 ,santa ,fe de ,bogota1 & ,quito4 ,! elevation ( ! site ( ! capital ( ,guatimala is /ill unkn[n4 ,judg+ f ! vegetation1 we may inf] t x is less ?an #ejj toises47 situat$ on ! m\nta9s1 & enjoy+ a temp]ate climate1 ,c>acas is ! lea/ elevat$4 ,x is n a c5tral po9t ( comm]ce1 l ,mexico1 ,santa ,fe de ,bogota1 & ,quito4 ,ea* ( ! sev5 prov9ces unit$ 9 "o capitania-g5]al has a port1 by :i* its produce is export$4 ,x is suffici5t to consid] ! position ( ! prov9ces1 _! respective degree ( int]c\rse ) ! ,w9dw>d ,isl&s1 ! direction ( ! m\nta9s1 & ! c\rse ( ! great riv]s1 to p]ceive t ,c>acas c nev] ex]cise any p[]ful political influ5ce ov] ! t]ritories ( :i* x is ! capital4 ,! ,apure1 ! ,meta1 & ! ,or9oco1 runn+ f we/ to ea/1 receive all ! /reams ( ! llanos1 or ! region ( pa/urage4 ,/4 ,?omas de la ,guiana w necess>ily1 at "s future day1 be a trad+-place ( high importance1 especially :5 ! fl\r ( ,new ,gr5ada1 emb>k$ above ! conflu5ce ( ! ,rio ,negro & ! ,umadea1 & desc5d+ by ! ,meta & ,or9oco1 %all be pref]r$ at ,c>acas & ,guiana to ! fl\r ( ,new ,engl&4 ,x is a great advantage to ! prov9ces ( ,v5ezuela1 t _! t]ritorial weal? is n direct$ to "o po9t1 l t ( ,mexico & ,new ,gr5ada1 :i* fl[s to ,v]a ,cruz & ,c>?ag5a2 b t !y possess a great numb] ( t[ns equally well peopl$1 & =m+ v>i\s c5tres ( comm]ce & civilization4 ,! city ( ,c>acas is seat$ at ! entrance ( ! pla9 ( ,*acao1 :i* ext5ds ?ree leagues ea/w>d1 9 ! direction ( ,caurim>e & ! ,cue/a de ,auyamas1 & is two leagues & a half 9 bread?4 ,?is pla91 ?r\gh :i* runs ! ,rio ,guayra1 is at ! elevation ( f\r hundr$ & f\rte5 toises above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! gr\nd on :i* ! city ( ,c>acas is built is unev51 & has a /eep slope f nor?-nor?-we/ to s\?-s\?-ea/4 ,to =m an accurate idea ( ! situation ( ,c>acas1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d ! g5]al direction ( ! m\nta9s ( ! coa/1 & ! great longitud9al valleys by :i* !y are trav]s$4 ,! ,rio ,guayra rises 9 ! gr\p ( primitive m\nta9s ( ,higu]ote1 :i* sep>ates ! valley ( ,c>acas f t ( ,aragua4 ,x is =m$ ne> ,las ,ajuntas1 by ! junction ( ! little riv]s ( ,san ,p$ro & ,mac>ao1 & runs fir/ ea/w>d z f> z ! ,cue/a ( ,auyamas1 & !n s\?w>d1 unit+ its wat]s ) ^? ( ! ,rio ,tuy1 bel[ ,y>e4 ,! ,rio ,tuy is ! only consid]able riv] 9 ! nor!rn & m\nta9\s "p ( ! prov9ce4 ,! riv] fl[s 9 a direct c\rse f we/ to ea/1 ! di/ance ( ?irty leagues1 & x is navigable along m ?an ?ree qu>t]s ( t di/ance4 ,by b>ometrical measurem5ts ,i f\nd ! slope ( ! ,tuy along ?is l5g?1 f ! plantation ( ,mant]ola99 799 ,at ! foot ( ! high m\nta9 ( ,cocuyza1 #c ea/ f ,victoria47 to its m\?1 ea/ ( ,cape ,cod]a1 to be two hundr$ & n9ety-five toises4 ,?is riv] =ms 9 ! *a9 ( ! coa/ a k9d ( longitud9al valley1 :ile ! wat]s ( ! llanos1 or ( five-six?s ( ! prov9ce ( ,c>acas1 foll[ ! slope ( ! l& s\?w>d1 & jo9 ! ,or9oco4 ,?is hydrographic sket* may ?r[ "s light on ! natural t5d5cy ( ! inhabitants ( ea* p>ticul> prov9ce1 to export _! productions by diff]5t roads4 ,! valleys ( ,c>acas & ( ! ,tuy run p>allel = a consid]able l5g?4 ,!y are sep>at$ by a m\nta9\s tract1 :i* is cross$ 9 go+ f ,c>acas to ! high savannahs ( ,ocum>e1 pass+ by ,la ,valle & ,salamanca4 ,^! savannahs !mselves are beyond ! ,tuy2 & ! valley ( ! ,tuy be+ a great deal l[] ?an t ( ,c>acas1 ! desc5t is almo/ con/antly f nor? to s\?4 ,z ,cape ,cod]a1 ! ,silla1 ! ,c]ro de ,avila betwe5 ,c>acas & ,la ,guayra1 & ! m\nta9s ( ,m>i>a1 con/itute ! mo/ nor!rn & elevat$ range ( ! coa/ *a92 s ! m\nta9s ( ,panaquire1 ,ocum>e1 ,guiripa1 & ( ! ,villa de ,cura1 =m ! mo/ s\!rn range4 ,! g5]al direction ( ! /rata compos+ ?is va/ *a9 ( ! coa/ is f s\?-ea/ to nor?-we/2 & ! dip is g5]ally t[>ds nor?-we/3 h5ce x foll[s1 t ! direction ( ! primitive /rata is indep5d5t ( t ( ! :ole *a94 ,x is extremely rem>kable1 trac+ ?is *a999 f ,porto ,cabello z f> z ,maniqu>ez & ,macanao1 9 ! isl& ( ,m>g>eta 799 ,i h spok51 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 ( ! int]ruption 9 ! *a9 ( ! coa/ to ! ea/ ( ,cape ,cod]a471 to f9d1 f we/ to ea/1 fir/ granite1 !n gneiss1 mica-slate1 & primitive s*i/2 & f9ally1 compact lime/one1 gypsum1 & conglom]ates conta9+ sea-%ells4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ! t[n ( ,c>acas 0 n built f>!r to ! ea/1 bel[ ! entrance ( ! ,anauco into ! ,guayra2 on t spot ne> ,*acao1 :]e ! valley wid5s into an ext5sive pla91 :i* seems to h be5 levell$ by ! wat]s4 ,diego de ,losada1 :5 he f\nd$99 ! t[n1 foll[$ no d\bt ! traces ( ! fir/ e/abli%m5t made by ,fax>do4 ,at t "t1 ! ,spani>ds1 attract$ by ! high repute ( ! two gold m9es ( ,los ,teques & ,b>uta1 7 n yet ma/]s ( ! :ole valley1 & pref]r$ rema9+ ne> ! road lead+ to ! coa/4 799 ,! f\ndation ( ,santiago de ,leon de ,c>acas dates f #aefg1 & is po/]ior to t ( ,cumana1 ,coro1 ,nueva ,b>celona1 & ,c>avall$a1 or ,el ,collado47 ,! t[n ( ,quito is also built 9 ! n>r[e/ & mo/ unev5 "p ( a valley1 betwe5 two f9e pla9s1 ,turupamba & ,rumipamba4 ,! desc5t is un9t]rupt$ f ! cu/om-h\se ( ! ,pa/ora1 by ! squ>e ( ,tr9idad & ! ,plaza ,mayor1 to ,santa ,rosalia1 & ! ,rio ,guayra4 ,?is declivity ( ! gr\nd does n prev5t c>riages f go+ ab\t ! t[n2 b ! inhabitants make little use ( !m4 ,?ree small riv]s1 desc5d+ f ! m\nta9s1 ! ,anauco1 ! ,catu*e1 & ! ,c>aguata1 int]sect ! t[n1 runn+ f nor? to s\?4 ,_! banks are v high2 &1 ) ! dri$-up rav9es :i* jo9 !m1 furr[+ ! gr\nd1 !y rem9d ! travell] ( ! fam\s ,guaicos ( ,quito1 only on a small] scale4 ,! wat] us$ = dr9k+ at ,c>acas is t ( ! ,rio ,catu*e2 b ! ri*] class ( ! inhabitants h _! wat] br\ght f ,la ,valle1 a village a league di/ant on ! s\?4 ,?is wat] & t ( ,gamboa are consid]$ v salubri\s1 because !y fl[ ov] ! roots ( s>sap>illa499 799 ,?r\gh\t ,am]ica wat] is suppos$ to %>e ! prop]ties ( ^? plants "u ! %ade ( :i* x fl[s4 ,?us1 at ! ,/raits ( ,magellan1 t wat] is mu* prais$ :i* comes 9 contact ) ! roots ( ! ,canella w9t]ana47 ,i c\ld n discov] 9 !m any aromatic or extractive matt]4 ,! wat] ( ! valley does n conta9 lime1 b a little m c>bonic acid ?an ! wat] ( ! ,anauco4 ,! new bridge ov] ?is riv] is a h&some /ructure4 ,c>acas conta9s eight *ur*es1 five conv5ts1 & a !atre capable ( hold+ fifte5 or eighte5 hundr$ p]sons4 ,:5 ,i 0 !re1 ! pit1 9 :i* ! seats ( ! m5 are ap>t f ^? ( ! wom51 0 uncov]$4 ,by ?is means ! spectators c\ld ei!r look at ! actors or gaze at ! />s4 ,z ! mi/y wea!r made me lose a great _m obs]vations ( ,jupit]'s satellites1 ,i 0 able to asc]ta91 z ,i sat 9 a box 9 ! !atre1 :e!r ! planet w\ld be visible t night4 ,! /reets ( ,c>acas are wide & /raight1 & !y cross ea* o!r at "r angles1 z 9 all ! t[ns built by ! ,spani>ds 9 ,am]ica4 ,! h\ses are spaci\s1 & high] ?an !y ought to be 9 a c\ntry subject to e>?quakes4 ,9 #ahjj1 ! two squ>es ( ,alta ,gracia & ,san ,francisco pres5t$ a v agreeable aspect2 ,i say 9 ! ye> #ahjj1 because ! t]rible %ocks ( ! #bf? ( ,m>*1 #ahab1 almo/ de/roy$ ! :ole city1 :i* is only n[ sl[ly ris+ f its ru9s4 ,! qu>t] ( ,tr9idad1 9 :i* ,i resid$1 0 de/roy$ z completely z if a m9e _h be5 sprung b5ea? x4 ,! small ext5t ( ! valley1 & ! proximity ( ! high m\nta9s ( ,avila & ! ,silla1 give a gloomy & /]n "* to ! sc5]y ( ,c>acas2 p>ticul>ly 9 t "p ( ! ye> :5 ! coole/ temp]ature prevails1 namely1 9 ! mon?s ( ,novemb] & ,decemb]4 ,! morn+s are !n v f9e2 & on a cle> & s]5e sky we c\ld p]ceive ! two domes or r\nd$ pyramids ( ! ,silla1 & ! craggy ridge ( ! ,c]ro de ,avila4 ,b t[>ds ev5+ ! atmosph]e ?ick5s2 ! m\nta9s are ov]hung ) cl\ds2 /reams ( vap\r cl+ to _! ev]gre5 slopes1 & seem to divide !m into zones "o above ano!r4 ,^! zones are gradually bl5d$ toge!r2 ! cold air :i* desc5ds f ! ,silla1 accumulates 9 ! valley1 & cond5ses ! light vap\rs into l>ge fleecy cl\ds4 ,^! (t5 desc5d bel[ ! ,cross ( ,la ,guayra1 & advance1 glid+ on ! soil1 9 ! direction ( ! ,pa/ora ( ,c>acas1 & ! adjac5t qu>t] ( ,tr9idad4 ,b5ea? ?is mi/y sky1 ,i c\ld sc>cely imag9e myself to be 9 "o ( ! temp]ate valleys ( ! torrid zone2 b r 9 ! nor? ( ,g]many1 among ! p9es & ! l>*es t cov] ! m\nta9s ( ! ,h>tz4 ,b ?is gloomy aspect1 ?is contra/ betwe5 ! cle>ness ( morn+ & ! cl\dy sky ( ev5+1 is n obs]vable 9 ! mid/ ( summ]4 ,! nights ( ,june & ,july are cle> & delici\s4 ,! atmosph]e !n pres]ves1 almo/ )\t int]ruption1 ! purity & transp>5cy peculi> to ! table-l&s & elevat$ valleys ( ^! regions 9 calm wea!r1 z long z ! w9ds d n m+le toge!r /rata ( air ( unequal temp]ature4 ,t is ! season = enjoy+ ! beauty ( ! l&scape1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ,i saw cle>ly illum9$ only dur+ a few days at ! end ( ,janu>y4 ,! two r\nd$ summits ( ! ,silla are se5 at ,c>acas1 almo/ "u ! same angles ( elevation99 z ! peak ( ,t5]iffe at ! port ( ,orotava499 799 ,i f\nd1 at ! squ>e ( ,tr9idad1 ! app>5t height ( ! ,silla to be #aa degrees #ab m9utes #di seconds4 ,x 0 ab\t f\r ?\s& five hundr$ toises di/ant47 ,! fir/ half ( ! m\nta9 is cov]$ ) %ort grass2 !n succe$s ! zone ( ev]gre5 trees1 reflect+ a purple light at ! season :5 ! bef>ia1 ! alp9e rose-tree99 799 ,rhodod5dron f]rug9eum ( ! ,alps47 ( equ9octial ,am]ica1 is 9 blossom4 ,! rocky masses rise above ?is wood$ zone 9 ! =m ( domes4 ,be+ de/itute ( vegetation1 !y increase by ! nak$ness ( _! surface ! app>5t height ( a m\nta9 :i*1 9 ! temp]ate p>ts ( ,europe1 w\ld sc>cely rise to ! limit ( p]petual sn[4 ,! cultivat$ region ( ! valley1 & ! gay pla9s ( ,*acao1 ,pet>e1 & ,la ,vega1 =m an agreeable contra/ to ! impos+ aspect ( ! ,silla1 & ! great irregul>ities ( ! gr\nd on ! nor? ( ! t[n4 ,! climate ( ,c>acas has (t5 be5 call$ a p]petual spr+4 ,! same sort ( climate exi/s ev]y:]e1 halfway up ! ,cordill]as ( equ9octial ,am]ica1 betwe5 f\r hundr$ & n9e hundr$ toises ( elevation1 except 9 places :]e ! great bread? ( ! valleys1 comb9$ ) an arid soil1 causes an extraord9>y int5sity99 ( radiant caloric4 799 ,z at ,c>?ago & ,ibague 9 ,new ,gr5ada47 ,:at c we conceive to be m delightful ?an a temp]ature :i* 9 ! day keeps betwe5 #bj & #bf degrees 7,betwe5 #af & #bj4h degrees ,reaum472 & at night betwe5 #af & #ah degrees 7,betwe5 #ab4h & #ad4d degrees ,reaum471 :i* is equally fav\rable to ! planta91 ! orange-tree1 ! c(fee-tree1 ! apple1 ! apricot1 & corn8 ,jose de ,ovi$o y ,banos1 ! hi/oriograph] ( ,v5ezuela1 calls ! situation ( ,c>acas t ( a t]re/rial p>adise1 & comp>es ! ,anauco & ! neighb\r+ torr5ts to ! f\r riv]s ( ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed54 ,x is to be regrett$ t ?is delightful climate is g5]ally incon/ant & v>iable4 ,! inhabitants ( ,c>acas compla9 ( hav+ sev]al seasons 9 "o & ! same day2 & ( ! rapid *ange f "o season to ano!r4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y1 = in/ance1 a night1 ( :i* ! mean temp]ature is #af degrees1 is sometimes foll[$ by a day :5 ! !rmomet] dur+ eight successive h\rs keeps above #bb degrees 9 ! %ade4 ,9 ! same day1 we may f9d ! temp]ature ( #bd & #ah degrees4 ,^! v>iations are extremely common 9 our temp]ate climates ( ,europe1 b 9 ! torrid zone1 ,europeans !mselves are s accu/om$ to ! uni=m action ( ext]ior /imulus1 t !y suff] f a *ange ( temp]ature ( #f degrees4 ,at ,cumana1 & ev]y:]e 9 ! pla9s1 ! temp]ature f elev5 9 ! morn+ to elev5 at night *anges only #b or #c degrees4 ,moreov]1 ^! v>iations act on ! human frame at ,c>acas m viol5tly ?an might be suppos$ f ! m]e indications ( ! !rmomet]4 ,9 ?is n>r[ valley ! atmosph]e is 9 "s sort balanc$ betwe5 two w9ds1 "o bl[+ f ! we/1 or ! seaside1 ! o!r f ! ea/1 or ! inl& c\ntry4 ,! fir/ is kn[n by ! "n ( ! w9d ( ,catia1 because x bl[s f ,catia we/w>d ( ,cabo ,blanco ?r\gh ! rav9e ( ,tipe4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 only a we/]ly w9d 9 appe>ance1 & x is (t5] ! breeze ( ! ea/ & nor?-ea/1 :i*1 ru%+ ) extreme impetuosity1 engulfs itself 9 ! ,quebrada de ,tipe4 ,reb\nd+ f ! high m\nta9s ( ,aguas ,negras1 ?is w9d f9ds its way back to ,c>acas1 9 ! direction ( ! hospital ( ! ,capu*9s & ! ,rio ,c>aguata4 ,x is load$ ) vap\rs1 :i* x deposits z its temp]ature decreases1 & consequ5tly ! summit ( ! ,silla is envelop$ 9 cl\ds1 :5 ! catia bl[s 9 ! valley4 ,?is w9d is dread$ by ! inhabitants ( ,c>acas2 x causes heada*e 9 p]sons ^: n]v\s sy/em is irritable4 ,9 ord] to %un its effects1 p sometimes %ut !mselves up 9 _! h\ses1 z !y d 9 ,italy :5 ! sirocco is bl[+4 ,i ?\ght ,i p]ceiv$1 dur+ my /ay at ,c>acas1 t ! w9d ( ,catia 0 pur] 7a little ri*] 9 oxyg57 ?an ! w9d ( ,pet>e4 ,i ev5 imag9$ t its purity might expla9 its excit+ prop]ty4 ,! w9d ( ,pet>e com+ f ! ea/ & s\?-ea/1 by ! ea/]n extremity ( ! valley ( ! ,guayra1 br+s f ! m\nta9s & ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry1 a dri] air1 :i* dissipates ! cl\ds1 & ! summit ( ! ,silla rises 9 all its beauty4 ,we "k t ! modifications produc$ by w9ds 9 ! composition ( ! air 9 v>i\s places1 entirely escape our eudiometrical exp]im5ts1 ! mo/ precise ( :i* c e/imate only z f> z 4#jjjc degrees ( oxyg54 ,*emi/ry does n yet possess any means ( di/+ui%+ two j>s ( air1 ! "o fill$ dur+ ! preval5ce ( ! sirocco or ! catia1 & ! o!r be=e ^! w9ds h comm5c$4 ,x appe>s to me probable1 t ! s+ul> effects ( ! catia1 & ( all ^? curr5ts ( air1 to ! influ5ce ( :i* popul> op9ion atta*es s mu* importance1 mu/ be look$ = r 9 ! *anges ( humidity & ( temp]ature1 ?an 9 *emical modifications4 ,we ne$ n trace miasms to ,c>acas f ! unheal?y %ore on ! coa/3 x may be easily conceiv$ t m5 accu/om$ to ! dri] air ( ! m\nta9s & ! int]ior1 mu/ be disagreeably affect$ :5 ! v humid air ( ! sea1 press$ ?r\gh ! gap ( ,tipe1 rea*es 9 an asc5d+ curr5t ! high valley ( ,c>acas1 &1 gett+ cool] by dilatation1 & by contact ) ! adjac5t /rata1 deposits a great portion ( ! wat] x conta9s4 ,?is incon/ancy ( climate1 ^! some:at rapid transitions f dry & transp>5t to humid & mi/y air1 are inconv5i5ces :i* ,c>acas %>es 9 common ) ! :ole temp]ate region ( ! tropics--) all places situat$ betwe5 f\r & eight hundr$ toises ( elevation1 ei!r on table-l&s ( small ext5t1 or on ! slope ( ! ,cordill]as1 z at ,xalapa 9 ,mexico1 & ,guaduas 9 ,new ,granada4 ,a s]5ity1 un9t]rupt$ dur+ a great "p ( ! ye>1 prevails only 9 ! l[ regions at ! level ( ! sea1 & at consid]able heights on ^? va/ table-l&s1 :]e ! uni=m radiation ( ! soil seems to contribute to ! p]fect dissolution ( vesicul> vap\rs4 ,! int]m$iate zone is at ! same height z ! fir/ /rata ( cl\ds :i* surr\nd ! surface ( ! e>?2 & ! climate ( ?is zone1 ! temp]ature ( :i* is s mild1 is ess5tially mi/y & v>iable4 ,not)/&+ ! elevation ( ! spot1 ! sky is g5]ally less blue at ,c>acas ?an at ,cumana4 ,! aque\s vap\r is less p]fectly dissolv$2 & "h1 z 9 our climates1 a great] diffusion ( light dim9i%es ! int5sity ( ! a]ial col\r1 by introduc+ :ite into ! blue ( ! air4 ,?is int5sity1 measur$ ) ! cyanomet] ( ,saussure1 0 f\nd f ,novemb] to ,janu>y g5]ally #ah1 nev] above #bj degrees4 ,on ! coa/s x 0 f #bb to #be degrees4 ,i rem>k$1 9 ! village ( ,c>acas1 t ! w9d ( ,pet>e sometimes contributes s+ul>ly to give a pale t9t to ! cele/ial vault4 ,on ! #bbnd ( ,janu>y1 ! blue ( ! sky 0 at noon 9 ! z5i? feebl] ?an ,i ev] saw x 9 ! torrid zone499 799 ,at noon1 !rmomet] 9 ! %ade #bc4g 79 ! sun1 out ( ! w9d1 #cj4d degrees72 ,de ,luc's hygromet]1 #cf4b2 cyanomet]1 at ! z5i?1 #ab1 at ! horizon #i degrees4 ,! w9d ceas$ at ?ree 9 ! aft]noon4 ,!rmomet] #ba2 hygromet] #ci4c2 cyanomet] #af degrees4 ,at six o'clock1 !rmomet] #bj4b2 hygromet] #ci degrees47 ,x correspond$ only to #ab degrees ( ! cyanomet]4 ,! atmosph]e 0 !n rem>kably transp>5t1 )\t cl\ds1 & ( extraord9>y dryness4 ,! mom5t ! w9d ( ,pet>e ceas$1 ! blue col\r rose at ! z5i? z high z #af degrees4 ,i h (t5 obs]v$ at sea1 b 9 a small] degree1 a simil> effect ( ! w9d on ! col\r ( ! s]5e/ sky4 ,we "k less exactly ! mean temp]ature ( ,c>acas1 ?an t ( ,santa ,fe de ,bogota & ( ,mexico4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 ,i c demon/rate1 t x _c be v di/ant f tw5ty to tw5ty-two degrees4 ,i f\nd by my own obs]vations1 dur+ ! ?ree v cool mon?s ( ,novemb]1 ,decemb]1 & ,janu>y1 tak+ ea* day ! maximum & m9imum ( ! temp]ature1 ! heights 7 #bj4b2 #bj4a2 #bj4b degrees4 ,ra9s are extremely frequ5t at ,c>acas 9 ! mon?s ( ,april1 ,may1 & ,june4 ,! /orms always come f ! ea/ & s\?-ea/1 f ! direction ( ,pet>e & ,la ,valle4 ,no hail falls 9 ! l[ regions ( ! tropics2 yet x occurs at ,c>acas almo/ e f\r or five ye>s4 ,hail has ev5 be5 se5 9 valleys /ill l[]2 & ?is ph5om5on1 :5 x does happ51 makes a p[]ful impression on ! p4 ,falls ( a]olites are less r>e ) u ?an hail 9 ! torrid zone1 not)/&+ ! frequ5cy ( ?und]-/orms at ! elevation ( ?ree hundr$ toises above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! cool & delightful climate we h j be5 describ+ is also suit$ = ! culture ( equ9octial productions4 ,! sug>-cane is re>$ ) success1 ev5 at heights exce$+ t ( ,c>acas2 b 9 ! valley1 ow+ to ! dryness ( ! climate1 & ! /ony soil1 ! cultivation ( ! c(fee-tree is pref]r$3 x yields inde$ b little fruit1 b t little is ( ! f9e/ quality4 ,:5 ! %rub is 9 blossom1 ! pla9 ext5d+ beyond ,*acao pres5ts a delightful aspect4 ,! banana-tree1 :i* is se5 9 ! plantations ne> ! t[n1 is n ! great ,platano h>ton2 b ! v>ieties camburi & dom9ico1 :i* require less heat4 ,! great planta9s are br\ght to ! m>ket ( ,c>acas f ! haci5das ( ,turiamo1 situat$ on ! coa/ betwe5 ,burburata & ,porto ,cabello4 ,! f9e/ flav\r$ p9e-apples are ^? ( ,b>uto1 ( ,emp$rado1 & ( ! heights ( ,bu5avi/a1 on ! road to ,victoria4 ,:5 a travell] = ! fir/ "t visits ! valley ( ,c>acas1 he is agreeably surpris$ to f9d ! cul9>y plants ( our climates1 z well z ! /rawb]ry1 ! v9e1 & almo/ all ! fruit-trees ( ! temp]ate zone1 gr[+ beside ! c(fee & banana-tree4 ,! apples & pea*es e/eem$ ! be/ come f ,mac>ao1 or f ! we/]n extremity ( ! valley4 ,!re1 ! qu9ce-tree1 ! trunk ( :i* atta9s only f\r or five feet 9 height1 is s common1 t x has almo/ become wild4 ,pres]v$ apples & qu9ces1 p>ticul>ly ! latt]199 799 ,dulce de manzana y de membrillo1 are ! ,spani% names ( ^! pres]ves47 are mu* us$ 9 a c\ntry :]e x is ?\ght t1 be=e dr9k+ wat]1 ?ir/ %\ld be excit$ by sweetmeats4 ,9 proportion z ! environs ( ! t[n h be5 plant$ ) c(fee1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( plantations 7:i* dates only f ! ye> #agie7 has increas$ ! numb] ( agricultural negroes199 ! apple & qu9ce-trees scatt]$ 9 ! savannahs h giv5 place1 9 ! valley ( ,c>acas1 to maize & pulse4 799 ,! consumption ( provisions1 especially meat1 is s consid]able 9 ! t[ns ( ,spani% ,am]ica1 t at ,c>acas1 9 #ahjj1 !re 7 #dj1jjj ox5 kill$ e ye>3 :ile 9 ,p>is1 9 #agic1 ) a population f\rte5 times z great1 ! numb] am\nt$ only to #gj1jjj47 ,rice1 wat]$ by means ( small tr5*es1 0 =m]ly m common ?an x n[ is 9 ! pla9 ( ,*acao4 ,i obs]v$ 9 ?is prov9ce1 z 9 ,mexico & 9 all ! elevat$ l&s ( ! torrid zone1 t1 :]e ! apple-tree is mo/ abundant1 ! culture ( ! pe>-tree is att5d$ ) great difficulty4 ,i h be5 assur$1 t ne> ,c>acas ! excell5t apples sold 9 ! m>kets come f trees n graft$4 ,!re are no *]ry-trees4 ,! olive-trees :i* ,i saw 9 ! c\rt ( ! conv5t ( ,san ,felipe de ,n]i1 7 l>ge & f9e2 b ! luxuriance ( _! vegetation prev5t$ !m f be>+ fruit4 ,if ! atmosph]ic con/itution ( ! valley be fav\rable to ! diff]5t k9ds ( culture on :i* colonial indu/ry is bas$1 x is n equally fav\rable to ! heal? ( ! inhabitants1 or to t ( =eign]s settl$ 9 ! capital ( ,v5ezuela4 ,! extreme incon/ancy ( ! wea!r1 & ! frequ5t suppression ( cutane\s p]spiration1 give bir? to cat>rhal affections1 :i* assume ! mo/ v>i\s =ms4 ,a ,european1 once accu/om$ to ! viol5t heat1 enjoys bett] heal? at ,cumana1 9 ! valley ( ,aragua1 & 9 e place :]e ! l[ region ( ! tropics is n v humid1 ?an at ,c>acas1 & 9 ^? m\nta9-climates :i* are vaunt$ z ! abode ( p]petual spr+4 ,speak+ ( ! yell[ fev] ( ,la ,guayra1 ,i m5tion$ ! op9ion g5]ally adopt$1 t ?is disease is propagat$ z little f ! coa/ ( ,v5ezuela to ! capital1 z f ! coa/ ( ,mexico to ,xalapa4 ,?is op9ion is f\nd$ on ! exp]i5ce ( ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,! contagi\s disord]s :i* 7 sev]ely felt 9 ! port ( ,la ,guayra1 7 sc>cely felt at ,c>acas4 ,i am n conv9c$ t ! ,am]ican typhus1 r5d]$ endemic on ! coa/ z ! port becomes m frequ5t$1 if fav\r$ by p>ticul> dispositions ( ! climate1 may n become common 9 ! valley3 = ! mean temp]ature ( ,c>acas is consid]able en\gh to all[ ! !rmomet]1 9 ! hotte/ mon?s1 to keep betwe5 tw5ty-two & tw5ty-six degrees4 ,! situation ( ,xalapa1 on ! declivity ( ! ,mexican m\nta9s1 promises m security1 because t t[n is less popul\s1 & is five times f>!r di/ant f ! sea ?an ,c>acas1 & two hundr$ & ?irty toises high]3 its mean temp]ature be+ ?ree degrees cool]4 ,9 #afif1 a bi%op ( ,v5ezuela1 ,diego de ,banos1 d$icat$ a *ur* 7ermita7 to ,santa ,rosalia ( ,pal]mo1 = hav+ deliv]$ ! capital f ! sc\rge ( ! black vomit 7vomito negro71 :i* is said to h rag$ = ! space ( sixte5 mon?s4 ,a mass celebrat$ e ye> 9 ! ca!dral1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,septemb]1 p]petuates ! remembrance ( ?is epidemic1 9 ! same mann] z processions fix1 9 ! ,spani% colonies1 ! date ( ! great e>?quakes4 ,! ye> #afif 0 inde$ v rem>kable = ! yell[ fev]1 :i* rag$ ) viol5ce 9 all ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 :]e x _h only begun to ga9 an asc5dancy 9 #afhh4 ,b h[ c we give cr$it to an epidemical black vomit1 hav+ la/$ sixte5 mon?s )\t int]ruption1 & :i* may be said to h pass$ ?r\gh t v cool season :5 ! !rmomet] at ,c>acas falls to twelve or ?irte5 degrees8 ,c ! typhus be ( old] date 9 ! elevat$ valley ( ,c>acas1 ?an 9 ! mo/ frequ5t$ ports ( ,t]ra ,firma4 ,accord+ to ,ulloa1 x 0 unkn[n 9 ,t]ra ,firma be=e #agbi4 ,i d\bt1 !re=e1 ! epidemic ( #afif hav+ be5 ! yell[ fev]1 or real typhus ( ,am]ica4 ,"s ( ! symptoms :i* accompany yell[ fev] are common to bili\s remitt5t fev]s2 & are no m *>act]i/ic ?an haematemeses ( t sev]e disease n[ kn[n at ! ,havannah & ,v]a ,cruz by ! "n ( vomito4 ,b ?\gh no accurate description satisfactorily demon/rates t ! typhus ( ,am]ica exi/$ at ,c>acas z e>ly z ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 x is unhappily too c]ta91 t ?is disease c>ri$ (f 9 t capital a great numb] ( ,european soldi]s 9 #ahjb4 ,we are fill$ ) dismay :5 we reflect t1 9 ! c5tre ( ! torrid zone1 a table-l& f\r hundr$ & fifty toises high1 b v ne> ! sea1 does n secure ! inhabitants aga9/ a sc\rge :i* 0 believ$ to belong only to ! l[ regions ( ! coa/4 ,,*apt] #a4ac4 ,,abode ,,at ,,c>acas4 ,,m\nta9s ,,9 ,,! ,,vic9ity ,,( ,,! ,,t[n4 ,,excursion ,,to ,,! ,,summit ,,( ,,! ,,silla4 ,,indications ,,( ,,m9es4 ,i rema9$ two mon?s at ,c>acas1 :]e ,m4 ,bonpl& & ,i liv$ 9 a l>ge h\se 9 ! mo/ elevat$ "p ( ! t[n4 ,f a gall]y we c\ld survey at once ! summit ( ! ,silla1 ! s]rat$ ridge ( ! ,galipano1 & ! *>m+ valley ( ! ,guayra1 ! ri* culture ( :i* 0 pleas+ly contra/$ ) ! gloomy curta9 ( ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s4 ,x 0 9 ! dry season1 & to improve ! pa/urage1 ! savannahs & ! turf cov]+ ! /eepe/ rocks 7 set on fire4 ,^! va/ conflagrations1 view$ f a di/ance1 produce ! mo/ s+ul> effects ( light4 ,:]ev] ! savannahs1 foll[+ ! undulat+ slope ( ! rocks1 h fill$ up ! furr[s holl[$ out by ! wat]s1 ! flame appe>s 9 a d>k night l curr5ts ( lava susp5d$ ov] ! valley4 ,! vivid b /eady light assumes a r$di% t9t1 :5 ! w9d1 desc5d+ f ! ,silla1 accumulates /reams ( vap\r 9 ! l[ regions4 ,at o!r times 7& ?is effect is /ill m curi\s7 ^! lum9\s b&s1 envelop$ 9 ?ick cl\ds1 appe> only at int]vals :]e x is cle>2 & z ! cl\ds asc5d1 _! edges reflect a spl5did light4 ,^! v>i\s ph5om5a1 s common 9 ! tropics1 acquire additional int]e/ f ! =m ( ! m\nta9s1 ! direction ( ! slopes1 & ! height ( ! savannahs cov]$ ) alp9e grasses4 ,dur+ ! day1 ! w9d ( ,pet>e1 bl[+ f ! ea/1 drives ! smoke t[>ds ! t[n1 & dim9i%es ! transp>5cy ( ! air4 ,if we _h reason to be satisfi$ ) ! situation ( our h\se1 we _h /ill great] cause = satisfaction 9 ! reception we met ) f all classes ( ! inhabitants4 ,?\gh ,i h _h ! advantage1 :i* few ,spani>ds h %>$ ) me1 ( hav+ successively visit$ ,c>acas1 ! ,havannah1 ,santa ,fe de ,bogota1 ,quito1 ,lima1 & ,mexico1 & ( hav+ be5 connect$ 9 ^! six capitals ( ,spani% ,am]ica ) m5 ( all ranks1 ,i w n v5ture to decide on ! v>i\s degrees ( civilization1 :i* society has atta9$ 9 ! sev]al colonies4 ,x is easi] to indicate ! diff]5t %ades ( national improvem5t1 & ! po9t t[>ds :i* intellectual developm5t t5ds1 ?an to comp>e & class ?+s :i* _c all be consid]$ "u "o po9t ( view4 ,x appe>$ to me1 t a /rong t5d5cy to ! /udy ( sci5ce prevail$ at ,mexico & ,santa ,fe de ,bogota2 m ta/e = lit]ature1 & :atev] c *>m an ard5t & lively imag9ation1 at ,quito & ,lima2 m accurate notions ( ! political relations ( c\ntries1 & m enl>g$ views on ! /ate ( colonies & _! "m-c\ntries1 at ! ,havannah & ,c>acas4 ,! num]\s communications ) comm]cial ,europe1 ) ! ,c>ibbean ,sea 7:i* we h describ$ z a ,m$it]ranean ) _m outlets71 h ex]cis$ a p[]ful influ5ce on ! progress ( society 9 ! five prov9ces ( ,v5ezuela & 9 ! isl& ( ,cuba4 ,9 no o!r "p ( ,spani% ,am]ica has civilization assum$ a m ,european "*4 ,! great numb] ( ,indian cultivators :o inhabit ,mexico & ! int]ior ( ,new ,gr5ada1 imp>t a peculi>1 ,i may almo/ say1 an exotic aspect1 on ^? va/ c\ntries4 ,not)/&+ ! increase ( ! black population1 we seem to be ne>] to ,cadiz & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 at ,c>acas & ! ,havannah1 ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,:51 9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,v1 social di/9ctions & _! consequ5t rivalries 7 introduc$ f ! "m-c\ntry to ! colonies1 !re arose 9 ,cumana & 9 o!r comm]cial t[ns ( ,t]ra ,firma1 exagg]at$ pret5sions to nobility on ! "p ( "s ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s families ( ,c>acas1 di/+ui%$ by ! designation ( los ,mantuanos4 ,! progress ( k1 & ! consequ5t *ange 9 mann]s1 h1 h[ev]1 gradually & pretty g5]ally neutraliz$ :atev] is (f5sive 9 ^? di/9ctions among ! :ites4 ,9 all ! ,spani% colonies !re exi/ two k9ds ( nobility4 ,"o is compos$ ( creoles1 ^: ance/ors only f a v rec5t p]iod fill$ great /ations 9 ,am]ica4 ,_! pr]ogatives are p>tly f\nd$ on ! di/9ction !y enjoy 9 ! "m-c\ntry2 & !y imag9e !y c reta9 ^? di/9ctions beyond ! sea1 :atev] may be ! date ( _! settlem5t 9 ! colonies4 ,! o!r class ( nobility has m ( an ,am]ican "*4 ,x is compos$ ( ! desc5dants ( ! ,conqui/adores1 t is to say1 ( ! ,spani>ds :o s]v$ 9 ! army at ! "t ( ! fir/ conque/4 ,among ! w>riors :o f\ght ) ,cortez1 ,losada1 & ,piz>ro1 sev]al belong$ to ! mo/ di/+ui%$ families ( ! ,p59sula2 o!rs1 sprung f ! inf]ior classes ( ! p1 h %$ lu/re on _! names1 by t *ivalr\s _s :i* prevail$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! records ( ^? times ( religi\s & milit>y en?usiasm1 we f9d1 among ! foll[]s ( ! great capta9s1 _m simple1 virtu\s1 & g5]\s *>act]s1 :o reprobat$ ! cruelties :i* !n /a9$ ! glory ( ! ,spani% "n1 b :o1 be+ conf\nd$ 9 ! mass1 h n escap$ ! g5]al proscription4 ,! "n ( ,conqui/ad>es rema9s ! m odi\s1 z ! great] numb] ( !m1 aft] hav+ outrag$ peaceful nations1 & liv$ 9 opul5ce1 did n end _! c>e] by suff]+ ^? mis=tunes :i* appease ! indignation ( mank9d1 & sometimes soo! ! sev]ity ( ! hi/orian4 ,b x is n only ! progress ( ideas1 & ! conflict betwe5 two classes ( diff]5t orig91 :i* h induc$ ! privileg$ ca/es to ab&on _! pret5sions1 or at lea/ cauti\sly to conceal !m4 ,ari/ocracy 9 ! ,spani% colonies has a c\nt]poise ( ano!r k9d1 ! action ( :i* becomes e day m p[]ful4 ,a s5tim5t ( equality1 among ! :ites1 has p5etrat$ e bosom4 ,:]ev] m5 ( col\r are ei!r consid]$ z slaves or z hav+ be5 enfran*is$1 t :i* con/itutes nobility is h]$it>y lib]ty--! pr\d boa/ ( hav+ nev] reckon$ among ance/ors any b freem54 ,9 ! colonies1 ! col\r ( ! sk9 is ! real badge ( nobility4 ,9 ,mexico1 z well z ,p]u1 at ,c>acas z 9 ! isl& ( ,cuba1 a b>e-foot$ fell[ ) a :ite sk91 is (t5 he>d to exclaim3 ,does t ri* man ?9k himself :it] ?an ,i am8 ,! population :i* ,europe p\rs into ,am]ica be+ v consid]able1 x may easily be suppos$1 t ! axiom1 'e :ite man is noble' 7todo blanco es caball]o71 mu/ s+ul>ly w\nd ! pret5sions ( _m anci5t & illu/ri\s ,european families4 ,b x may be fur!r obs]v$1 t ! tru? ( ?is axiom has long s9ce be5 ackn[l$g$ 9 ,spa91 among a p ju/ly celebrat$ = probity1 indu/ry1 & national _s4 ,e ,biscayan calls himself noble2 & !re be+ a great] numb] ( ,biscayans 9 ,am]ica & ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 ?an 9 ! ,p59sula1 ! :ites ( t race h contribut$1 9 no small degree1 to propagate 9 ! colonies ! sy/em ( equality among all m5 ^: blood has n be5 mix$ ) t ( ! ,african race4 ,moreov]1 ! c\ntries ( :i* ! inhabitants1 ev5 )\t a repres5tative gov]nm5t1 or any in/itution ( pe]age1 annex s mu* importance to g5ealogy & ! advantages ( bir?1 are n always ^? 9 :i* family ari/ocracy is mo/ (f5sive4 ,we d n f9d among ! natives ( ,spani% orig91 t cold & assum+ air :i* ! "* ( mod]n civilization seems to h r5d]$ less common 9 ,spa9 ?an 9 ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,conviviality1 c&\r1 & great simplicity ( mann]1 unite ! diff]5t classes ( society 9 ! colonies1 z well z 9 ! "m-c\ntry4 ,x may ev5 be said1 t ! expression ( vanity & self-love becomes less (f5sive1 :5 x reta9s some?+ ( simplicity & frankness4 ,i f\nd 9 sev]al families at ,c>acas a love ( in=mation1 an acqua9tance ) ! ma/]pieces ( ,fr5* & ,italian lit]ature1 & a m>k$ pr$ilection = music1 :i* is greatly cultivat$1 & :i* 7z always results f a ta/e = ! f9e arts7 br+s ! diff]5t classes ( society ne>] to ea* o!r4 ,! ma!matical sci5ces1 draw+1 & pa9t+1 _c "h boa/ ( any ( ^? e/abli%m5ts ) :i* royal munific5ce & ! patriotic zeal ( ! inhabitants h enri*$ ,mexico4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! m>vels ( nature1 s ri* 9 int]e/+ productions1 x is /range t we f\nd no p]son on ?is coa/ devot$ to ! /udy ( plants & m9]als4 ,9 a ,franciscan conv5t ,i met1 x is true1 ) an old monk :o drew up ! almanac = all ! prov9ces ( ,v5ezuela1 & :o possess$ "s accurate k ( a/ronomy4 ,our in/rum5ts int]e/$ him deeply1 & "o day our h\se 0 fill$ ) all ! monks ( ,san ,francisco1 begg+ to see a dipp+-ne$le4 ,! curiosity excit$ by physical ph5om5a is naturally great 9 c\ntries und]m9$ by volcanic fires1 & 9 a climate :]e nature is at once s maje/ic & s my/]i\sly convuls$4 ,:5 we rememb]1 t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 newspap]s are publi%$ 9 small t[ns n conta9+ m ?an ?ree ?\s& inhabitants1 x seems surpris+ t ,c>acas1 ) a population ( =ty or fifty ?\s& s\ls1 %\ld h possess$ no pr9t+ (fice be=e #ahjf2 = we _c give ! "n ( a pr9t+ e/abli%m5t to a few presses :i* s]v$ only f ye> to ye> to promulgate an almanac ( a few pages1 or ! pa/oral lett] ( a bi%op4 ,?\gh ! numb] ( ^? :o feel read+ to be a necessity is n v consid]able1 ev5 9 ! ,spani% colonies mo/ advanc$ 9 civilization1 yet x w\ld be unju/ to reproa* ! coloni/s = a /ate ( intellectual lassitude :i* has be5 ! result ( a jeal\s policy4 ,a ,fr5*man1 nam$ ,delpe*e1 has ! m]it ( hav+ e/abli%$ ! fir/ pr9t+ (fice 9 ,c>acas4 ,x appe>s some:at extraord9>y t an e/abli%m5t ( ?is k9d %\ld h foll[$1 & n prec$$1 a political revolution4 ,9 a c\ntry ab\nd+ 9 su* magnific5t sc5]y1 & at a p]iod :51 not)/&+ "s symptoms ( popul> commotion1 mo/ ( ! inhabitants seem only to direct att5tion to physical objects1 su* z ! f]tility ( ! ye>1 ! long dr\ght1 or ! conflict+ w9ds ( ,pet>e & ,catia1 ,i expect$ to f9d _m individuals well acqua9t$ ) ! l(ty surr\nd+ m\nta9s4 ,b ,i 0 disappo9t$2 & we c\ld n f9d 9 ,c>acas a s+le p]son :o _h visit$ ! summit ( ! ,silla4 ,hunt]s d n asc5d s high on ! ridges ( m\nta9s2 & 9 ^! c\ntries j\rneys are n und]tak5 = su* purposes z ga!r+ alp9e plants1 c>ry+ a b>omet] to an elevat$ po9t1 or exam9+ ! nature ( rocks4 ,accu/om$ to a uni=m & dome/ic life1 ! p dread fatigue & sudd5 *anges ( climate4 ,!y seem to live n to enjoy life1 b only to prolong x4 ,our walks l$ u (t5 9 ! direction ( two c(fee plantations1 ! proprietors ( :i*1 ,don ,&res de ,ib>ra & ,m4 ,bl&91 7 m5 ( agreeable mann]s4 ,^! plantations 7 situat$ opposite ! ,silla de ,c>acas4 ,survey+1 by a telescope1 ! /eep declivity ( ! m\nta9s1 & ! =m ( ! two peaks by :i* x is t]m9at$1 we c\ld =m an idea ( ! difficulties we %\ld h to enc\nt] 9 rea*+ its summit4 ,angles ( elevation1 tak5 ) ! sextant at our h\se1 _h l$ me to believe t ! summit 0 n s high above sea-level z ! great squ>e ( ,quito4 ,?is e/imate 0 f> f correspond+ ) ! notions ent]ta9$ by ! inhabitants ( ! city4 ,m\nta9s :i* comm& great t[ns1 h acquir$1 f t v circum/ance1 an extraord9>y celebrity 9 bo? cont95ts4 ,long be=e !y h be5 accurately measur$1 a conv5tional height is assign$ to !m2 & to ent]ta9 ! lea/ d\bt respect+ t height is to w\nd a national prejudice4 ,! capta9-g5]al1 ,s5or de ,guev>a1 direct$ ! t5i5te ( ,*acao to furni% u ) guides to conduct u on our asc5t ( ! ,silla4 ,^! guides 7 negroes1 & !y knew some?+ ( ! pa? lead+ ov] ! ridge ( ! m\nta91 ne> ! we/]n peak ( ! ,silla4 ,?is pa? is frequ5t$ by smuggl]s1 b nei!r ! guides1 nor ! mo/ exp]i5c$ ( ! militia1 accu/om$ to pursue ! smuggl]s 9 ^! wild spots1 _h be5 on ! ea/]n peak1 =m+ ! mo/ elevat$ summit ( ! ,silla4 ,dur+ ! :ole mon? ( ,decemb]1 ! m\nta9 7( :i* ! angles ( elevation made me acqua9t$ ) ! effects ( ! t]re/rial refractions7 _h appe>$ only five times free ( cl\ds4 ,9 ?is season two s]5e days seldom succe$ ea* o!r1 & we 7 !re=e advis$ n to *oose a cle> day = our excursion1 b r a "t :51 ! cl\ds n be+ elevat$1 we might hope1 aft] hav+ cross$ ! fir/ lay] ( vap\rs uni=mly spread1 to ent] into a dry & transp>5t air4 ,we pass$ ! night ( ! #bnd ( ,janu>y 9 ! ,e/ancia de ,gallegos1 a plantation ( c(fee-trees1 ne> :i* ! little riv] ( ,*acaito1 fl[+ 9 a luxuriantly %ad$ rav9e1 =ms "s f9e cascades 9 desc5d+ ! m\nta9s4 ,! night 0 pretty cle>2 & ?\gh on ! day prec$+ a fatigu+ j\rney x might h be5 well to h enjoy$ "s repose1 ,m4 ,bonpl& & ,i pass$ ! :ole night 9 wat*+ ?ree occultations ( ! satellites ( ,jupit]4 ,i _h previ\sly det]m9$ ! in/ant ( ! obs]vation1 b we miss$ !m all1 ow+ to "s error ( calculation 9 ! ,connaissance des ,temps4 ,! app>5t "t _h be5 mi/ak5 = mean "t4 ,i 0 mu* disappo9t$ by ?is accid5t2 & aft] hav+ obs]v$ at ! foot ( ! m\nta9 ! int5sity ( ! magnetic =ces1 be=e sunrise1 we set out at five 9 ! morn+1 accompani$ by slaves c>ry+ our in/rum5ts4 ,our p>ty consi/$ ( eighte5 p]sons1 & we all walk$ "o beh9d ano!r1 9 a n>r[ pa?1 trac$ on a /eep acclivity1 cov]$ ) turf4 ,we endeav\r$ fir/ to rea* a hill1 :i* t[>ds ! s\?-ea/ seems to =m a promontory ( ! ,silla4 ,x is connect$ ) ! body ( ! m\nta9 by a n>r[ dyke1 call$ by ! %eph]ds ! ,gate1 or ,pu]ta de la ,silla4 ,we rea*$ ?is dyke ab\t sev54 ,! morn+ 0 f9e & cool1 & ! sky till !n seem$ to fav\r our excursion4 ,i saw t ! !rmomet] kept a little bel[ #ad degrees 7#aa4b degrees ,reaum474 ,! b>omet] %[$ t we 7 already six hundr$ & eighty-five toises above ! level ( ! sea1 t is1 ne>ly eighty toises high] ?an at ! ,v5ta1 :]e we enjoy$ s magnific5t a view ( ! coa/4 ,our guides ?\ght t x w\ld require six h\rs m to rea* ! summit ( ! ,silla4 ,we cross$ a n>r[ dyke ( rocks cov]$ ) turf2 :i* l$ u f ! promontory ( ! ,pu]ta to ! ridge ( ! great m\nta94 ,"h ! eye looks d[n on two valleys1 or r n>r[ defiles1 fill$ ) ?ick vegetation4 ,on ! "r is p]ceiv$ ! rav9e :i* desc5ds betwe5 ! two peaks to ! f>m ( ,munoz2 on ! left we see ! defile ( ,*acaito1 ) its wat]s fl[+ out ne> ! f>m ( ,gallegos4 ,! ro>+ ( ! cascades is he>d1 :ile ! wat] is unse51 be+ conceal$ by ?ick groves ( ery?r9a1 clusia1 & ! ,indian fig-tree499 799 ,ficus nymphaeifolia1 ,ery?r9a mitis4 ,two f9e species ( mimosa are f\nd 9 ! same valley2 ,+a fa/uosa1 & ,i4 c9]ea47 ,no?+ c be m picturesque1 9 a climate :]e s _m plants h broad1 l>ge1 %9+1 & coriace\s leaves1 ?an ! aspect ( trees :5 ! spectator looks d[n f a great height above !m1 & :5 !y are illum9$ by ! almo/ p]p5dicul> rays ( ! sun4 ,f ! ,pu]ta de la ,silla ! /eepness ( ! asc5t increases1 & we 7 oblig$ to incl9e our bodies consid]ably =w>ds z we advanc$4 ,! slope is (t5 f #cj to #cb degrees499 799 ,s9ce my exp]im5ts on slopes1 m5tion$ above 9 ,*apt] #a4b1 ,i h discov]$ 9 ! ,figure de la ,t]re ( ,b\gu]1 a passage1 :i* %[s t ?is a/ronom]1 ^: op9ions are ( su* weight1 consid]$ also #cf degrees z ! incl9ation ( a slope q inaccessible1 if ! nature ( ! gr\nd did n admit ( =m+ /eps ) ! foot47 ,we felt ! want ( cramp-irons1 or /icks %od ) iron4 ,%ort grass cov]$ ! rocks ( gneiss1 & x 0 equally impossible to hold by ! grass1 or to =m /eps z we might h done 9 s(t] gr\nd4 ,?is asc5t1 :i* 0 att5d$ ) m fatigue ?an dang]1 disc\rag$ ^? :o accompani$ u f ! t[n1 & :o 7 unaccu/om$ to climb m\nta9s4 ,we lo/ a great deal ( "t 9 wait+ = !m1 & we did n resolve to proce$ alone till we saw !m desc5d+ ! m\nta9 in/ead ( climb+ up x4 ,! wea!r 0 becom+ cl\dy2 ! mi/ already issu$ 9 ! =m ( smoke1 & 9 sl5d] & p]p5dicul> /reaks1 f a small humid wood :i* bord]$ ! region ( alp9e savannahs above u4 ,x seem$ z if a fire _h bur/ =? at once on sev]al po9ts ( ! =e/4 ,^! /reaks ( vap\r gradually accumulat$ toge!r1 & ris+ above ! gr\nd1 7 c>ri$ along by ! morn+ breeze1 & glid$ l a light cl\d ov] ! r\nd$ summit ( ! m\nta94 ,m4 ,bonpl& & ,i =esaw f ^! infallible signs1 t we %\ld soon be cov]$ by a ?ick fog2 & le/ our guides %\ld take advantage ( ?is circum/ance & leave u1 we oblig$ ^? :o c>ri$ ! mo/ necess>y in/rum5ts to prec$e u4 ,we cont9u$ climb+ ! slopes :i* lead t[>ds ! rav9e ( ,*acaito4 ,! famili> loquacity ( ! ,creole blacks =m$ a /rik+ contra/ ) ! taciturn gravity ( ! ,indians1 :o _h con/antly accompani$ u 9 ! missions ( ,c>ipe4 ,! negroes amus$ !mselves by laugh+ at ! p]sons :o _h be5 9 su* ha/e to ab&on an exp$ition s long 9 prep>ation2 above all1 !y did n sp>e a "y ,capu*9 monk1 a pr(essor ( ma!matics1 :o nev] ceas$ to boa/ ( ! sup]ior physical /r5g? & c\rage possess$ by all classes ( ,european ,spani>ds ov] ^? born 9 ,spani% ,am]ica4 ,he _h provid$ himself ) long slips ( :ite pap]1 :i* 7 to be cut1 & flung on ! savannah1 to indicate to ^? :o might /ray beh9d1 ! direction !y ought to foll[4 ,! pr(essor _h ev5 promis$ ! fri>s ( 8 ord] to fire (f "s rockets1 to ann\nce to ! :ole t[n ( ,c>acas t we _h succe$$ 9 an ent]prise :i* to him appe>$ ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,he _h =gott5 t 8 long & heavy g>m5ts w\ld emb>rass him 9 ! asc5t4 ,hav+ lo/ c\rage long be=e ! creoles1 he pass$ ! re/ ( ! day 9 a neighb\r+ plantation1 gaz+ at u ?r\gh a glass direct$ to ! ,silla1 z we climb$ ! m\nta94 ,un=tunately = u1 he _h tak5 *>ge ( ! wat] & ! provision s necess>y 9 an excursion to ! m\nta9s4 ,! slaves1 :o 7 to rejo9 u1 7 s long deta9$ by him1 t !y arriv$ v late1 & we 7 t5 h\rs )\t ei!r bread or wat]4 ,! ea/]n peak is ! mo/ elevat$ ( ! two :i* =m ! summit ( ! m\nta91 & to ?is we direct$ our c\rse ) our in/rum5ts4 ,! holl[ betwe5 ^! two peaks has sugge/$ ! ,spani% "n ( ,silla 7saddle71 :i* is giv5 to ! :ole m\nta94 ,! n>r[ defile :i* we h already m5tion$1 desc5ds f ?is holl[ t[>d ! valley ( ,c>acas1 comm5c+ ne> ! we/]n dome4 ,! ea/]n summit is accessible only by go+ fir/ to ! we/ ( ! rav9e ov] ! promontory ( ! ,pu]ta1 proce$+ /raight =w>d to ! l[] summit2 & n turn+ to ! ea/ till ! ridge1 or ! holl[ ( ! ,silla betwe5 ! two peaks1 is ne>ly rea*$4 ,! g5]al aspect ( ! m\nta9 po9ts out ?is pa?2 ! rocks be+ s /eep on ! ea/ ( ! rav9e t x w\ld be extremely difficult to rea* ! summit ( ! ,silla by asc5d+ /raight to ! ea/]n dome1 in/ead ( go+ by ! way ( ! ,pu]ta4 ,f ! foot ( ! cascade ( ,*acaito to "o ?\s& toises ( elevation1 we f\nd only savannahs4 ,two small liliace\s plants1 ) yell[ fl[]s199 alone lift up _! heads1 among ! grasses :i* cov] ! rocks4 799 ,cypura m>t9ic5sis1 & ,sisyr9*ium iridifolium4 ,?is la/ is f\nd also ne> ! ,v5ta ( ,la ,guayra1 at #fjj toises ( elevation47 ,a few brambles99 799 ,rubus jamaic5sis47 rem9d u ( ! =m ( our ,european vegetation4 ,we 9 va9 hop$ to f9d on ! m\nta9s ( ,c>acas1 & subsequ5tly on ! back ( ! ,&es1 an eglant9e ne> ^! brambles4 ,we did n f9d "o indig5\s rose-tree 9 all ,s\? ,am]ica1 not)/&+ ! analogy exi/+ betwe5 ! climates ( ! high m\nta9s ( ! torrid zone & ! climate ( our temp]ate zone4 ,x appe>s t ?is *>m+ %rub is want+ 9 all ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 )9 & beyond ! tropics4 ,x 0 only on ! ,mexican m\nta9s t we 7 =tunate en\gh to discov]1 9 ! n9ete5? degree ( latitude1 ,am]ican eglant9es499 799 ,m4 ,r$\te1 9 8 sup]b "w on rose-trees1 has giv5 our ,mexican eglant9e1 "u ! "n ( ,rosi] de ,montezuma1 ,montezuma rose47 ,we 7 sometimes s envelop$ 9 mi/1 t we c\ld n1 )\t difficulty1 f9d our way4 ,at ?is height !re is no pa?1 & we 7 oblig$ to climb ) our h&s1 :5 our feet fail$ u1 on ! /eep & slipp]y acclivity4 ,a ve9 fill$ ) porcela9-clay attract$ our att5tion499 799 ,! bread? ( ! ve9 is ?ree feet4 ,?is porcela9-clay1 :5 moi/5$1 readily absorbs oxyg5 f ! atmosph]e4 ,i f\nd1 at ,c>acas1 ! residual nitrog5 v slightly m+l$ ) c>bonic acid1 ?\gh ! exp]im5t 0 made 9 phials ) gr\nd-glass /opp]s1 n fill$ ) wat]47 ,x is ( sn[y :it5ess1 & is no d\bt ! rema9s ( a decompos$ feldsp>4 ,i =w>d$ a consid]able portion ( x to ! int5dant ( ! prov9ce4 ,9 a c\ntry :]e fuel is n sc>ce1 a mixture ( refractory e>?s may be useful1 to improve ! e>!nw>e1 & ev5 ! bricks4 ,e "t t ! cl\ds surr\nd$ u1 ! !rmomet] sunk z l[ z #ab degrees 7to #i4f degrees ,r472 ) a s]5e sky x rose to #ba degrees4 ,^! obs]vations 7 made 9 ! %ade4 ,b x is difficult1 on su* rapid declivities1 cov]$ ) a dry1 %9+1 yell[ turf1 to avoid ! effects ( radiant heat4 ,we 7 at n9e hundr$ & =ty toises ( elevation2 & yet at ! same height1 t[>ds ! ea/1 we p]ceiv$ 9 a rav9e1 n m]ely a few solit>y palm-trees1 b a :ole grove4 ,x 0 ! palma real2 probably a species ( ! g5us ,oreodoxa4 ,?is gr\p ( palms1 at s consid]able an elevation1 =m$ a /rik+ contra/ ) ! will[s99 scatt]$ on ! dep? ( ! m temp]ate valley ( ,c>acas4 799 ,salix ,humboldtiana ( ,willd5\w4 ,on ! alp9e palm-trees1 see my ,prolegom5a de ,di/4 ,plant4 page #bce47 ,we "h discov]$ plants ( ,european =ms1 situat$ bel[ ^? ( ! torrid zone4 ,aft] proce$+ = ! space ( f\r h\rs across ! savannahs1 we ent]$ into a little wood compos$ ( %rubs & small trees1 call$ el ,pejual2 d\btless f ! great abundance "h ( ! pejoa 7,gaul!ria odorata71 a plant ) v odorif]\s leaves499 799 ,x is a great advantage ( ! ,spani% language1 & a peculi>ity :i* x %>es 9 common ) ! ,lat91 t1 f ! "n ( a tree1 may be d]iv$ a ^w designat+ an association or gr\p ( trees ( ! same species4 ,?us are =m$ ! words oliv>1 robl$>1 & p9al1 f olivo1 roble1 & p9o4 ,! ,hispano-,am]icans h add$ tunal1 pejual1 guayaval1 etc41 places :]e a great _m ,cactuses1 ,gual!ria odoratas1 & ,psidiums1 gr[ toge!r47 ,! /eepness ( ! m\nta9 became less consid]able1 & we felt an indescribable pleasure 9 exam9+ ! plants ( ?is region4 ,n[h]e1 p]haps1 c be f\nd collect$ toge!r1 9 s small a space1 productions s beautiful1 & s rem>kable 9 reg>d to ! geography ( plants4 ,at ! height ( a ?\s& toises1 ! l(ty savannahs ( ! hills t]m9ate 9 a zone ( %rubs :i*1 by _! appe>ance1 _! tortu\s bran*es1 _! /iff leaves1 & ! magnitude & beauty ( _! purple fl[]s1 rem9d u ( :at is call$1 9 ! ,cordill]as ( ! ,&es1 ! vegetation ( ! p>amos & ! punas499 799 ,= ! explanation ( ^! words1 see above ,*apt] #a4e47 ,we !re f9d ! family ( ! alp9e rhodod5drons1 ! ?ibaudias1 ! &rom$as1 ! vacc9iums1 & ^? bef>ias ) res9\s leaves1 :i* we h sev]al times comp>$ to ! rhodod5dron ( our ,european ,alps4 ,ev5 :5 nature does n produce ! same species 9 analog\s climates1 ei!r 9 ! pla9s ( iso!rmal p>allels199 7,we may comp>e toge!r ei!r latitudes :i* 9 ! same hemisph]e pres5t ! same mean temp]ature 7z1 = in/ance1 ,p5nsylvania & ! c5tral "p ( ,france1 ,*ile & ! s\!rn "p ( ,new ,holl&72 or we may consid] ! relations t may exi/ betwe5 ! vegetation ( ! two hemisph]es "u iso!rmal p>allels47 or on table-l&s1 ! temp]ature ( :i* resembles t ( places ne>] ! poles199 we /ill rem>k a /rik+ resemblance ( appe>ance & physiognomy 9 ! vegetation ( ! mo/ di/ant c\ntries4 799 ,! geography ( plants comprises n m]ely an exam9ation ( ! analogies obs]v$ 9 ! same hemisph]e2 z betwe5 ! vegetation ( ! ,pyr5ees & t ( ! ,sc&9avian pla9s2 or betwe5 t ( ! ,cordill]as ( ,p]u & ( ! coa/s ( ,*ile4 ,x also inve/igates ! relations betwe5 ! alp9e plants ( bo? hemisph]es4 ,x comp>es ! vegetation ( ! ,alleghanies & ! ,cordill]as ( ,mexico1 ) t ( ! m\nta9s ( ,*ile & ,brazil4 ,be>+ 9 m9d t e iso!rmal l9e has an alp9e bran* 7z1 = in/ance1 t :i* connects ,upsala ) a po9t 9 ! ,swiss ,alps71 ! great problem ( ! analogy ( vegetable =ms may be def9$ z foll[s3 #a/1 exam9+ 9 ea* hemisph]e1 & at ! level ( ! coa/s1 ! vegetation on ! same iso!rmal l9e1 especially ne> convex or concave summits2 #bnd1 comp>+1 ) respect to ! =m ( plants1 on ! same iso!rmal l9e nor? & s\? ( ! equator1 ! alp9e bran* ) t trac$ 9 ! pla9s2 #crd1 comp>+ ! vegetation on homonym\s iso!rmal l9es 9 ! two hemisph]es1 ei!r 9 ! l[ regions1 or 9 ! alp9e regions47 ,?is ph5om5on is "o ( ! mo/ curi\s 9 ! hi/ory ( organic =ms4 ,i say ! hi/ory2 = 9 va9 w\ld reason =bid man to =m hypo!ses on ! orig9 ( ?+s2 he /ill goes on puzzl+ himself ) insoluble problems relat+ to ! di/ribution ( be+s4 ,a gram5 ( ,switz]l& gr[s on ! granitic rocks ( ! /raits ( ,magellan499 799 ,phleum alp9um1 exam9$ by ,mr4 ,br[n4 ,! inve/igations ( ?is great botani/ prove t a c]ta9 numb] ( plants are at once common to bo? hemisph]es4 ,pot5tilla ans]9a1 ,prunella vulg>is1 ,scirpus mucronatus1 & ,panicum crus-galli1 gr[ 9 ,g]many1 9 ,au/ralia1 & 9 ,p5nsylvania47 ,new ,holl& conta9s above =ty ,european phan]ogam\s plants3 & ! great] numb] ( ^? plants1 :i* are f\nd equally 9 ! temp]ate zones ( bo? hemisph]es1 are entirely want+ 9 ! int]m$i>y or equ9octial region1 z well 9 ! pla9s z on ! m\nta9s4 ,a d[ny-leav$ violet1 :i* t]m9ates 9 "s sort ! zone ( ! phan]ogam\s plants at ,t5]iffe1 & :i* 0 long ?\ght peculi> to t isl&199 is se5 ?ree hundr$ leagues f>!r nor?1 ne> ! sn[y summit ( ! ,pyr5ees4 799 ,! ,viola *eiran?ifolia has be5 f\nd by ,,mm4 ,kun? & ,von ,bu* among ! alp9e plants :i* ,jussieu br\ght f ! ,pyr5ees47 ,gram9a & cyp]ace\s plants ( ,g]many1 ,arabia1 & ,s5egal1 h be5 recogniz$ among ^? t 7 ga!r$ by ,m4 ,bonpl& & myself on ! cold table-l&s ( ,mexico1 along ! burn+ %ores ( ! ,or9oco1 & 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e on ! ,&es & ,quito499 799 ,cyp]us mucronatus1 ,poa eragro/is1 ,fe/uca myurus1 ,&ropogos av5aceus1 ,lapago racemosa4 7,see ! ,nova ,g5]a et ,species ,plant>um volume #a page #be477 ,h[ c we conceive ! migration ( plants ?r\gh regions n[ cov]$ by ! ocean8 ,h[ h ! g]ms ( organic life1 :i* resemble ea* o!r 9 _! appe>ance1 & ev5 9 _! int]nal /ructure1 unfold$ !mselves at unequal di/ances f ! poles & f ! surface ( ! seas1 :]ev] places s di/ant pres5t any analogy ( temp]ature8 ,not)/&+ ! influ5ce ex]cis$ on ! vital functions ( plants by ! pressure ( ! air1 & ! great] or less ext9ction ( light1 heat1 unequally di/ribut$ 9 diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>1 mu/ d\btless be consid]$ z ! mo/ p[]ful /imulus ( vegetation4 ,! numb] ( id5tical species 9 ! two cont95ts & 9 ! two hemisph]es is f> less ?an ! /atem5ts ( e>ly travell]s w\ld lead u to believe4 ,! l(ty m\nta9s ( equ9octial ,am]ica h c]ta9ly planta9s1 val]ians1 ar5>ias1 ranunculuses1 m$l>s1 oaks1 & p9es1 :i* f _! physiognomy we might conf\nd ) ^? ( ,europe2 b !y are all specifically diff]5t4 ,:5 nature does n pres5t ! same species1 %e loves to repeat ! same g5]a4 ,neighb\r+ species are (t5 plac$ at enorm\s di/ances f ea* o!r1 9 ! l[ regions ( ! temp]ate zone1 & on ! alp9e heights ( ! equator4 ,at o!r times 7& ! ,silla ( ,c>acas af=ds a /rik+ example ( ?is ph5om5on71 !y are n ! ,european g5]a1 :i* h s5t species to p l coloni/s ! m\nta9s ( ! torrid zone1 b g5]a ( ! same tribe1 difficult to be di/+ui%$ by _! appe>ance1 :i* take ! place ( ea* o!r 9 diff]5t latitudes4 ,! m\nta9s ( ,new ,gr5ada surr\nd+ ! table-l&s ( ,bogota are m ?an two hundr$ leagues di/ant f ^? ( ,c>acas1 & yet ! ,silla1 ! only elevat$ peak 9 ! *a9 ( l[ m\nta9s1 pres5ts ^? s+ul> gr\p+s ( bef>ias ) purple fl[]s1 ( &rom$as1 ( gual!rias1 ( myrtilli1 ( uvas cam>onas199 799 ,! names v9e-tree1 & uvas cam>onas1 are giv5 9 ! ,&es to plants ( ! g5us ,?ibaudia1 on acc\nt ( _! l>ge succul5t fruits4 ,?us ! anci5t botani/s gave ! "n ( be>'s v9e1 uva ursi1 & v9e ( ,m\nt ,ida 7,vitis idaea71 to an arbutus & a myrtillus1 :i* belong1 l ! ?ibaudia1 to ! family ( ! ,eric9eae47 ( n]t]as1 & ( aralias ) ho>y leaves199 799 ,n]t]a depressa1 ,aralia reticulata1 ,h$yotis bla]ioides47 :i* *>act]ize ! vegetation ( ! p>amos on ! high ,cordill]as ( ,santa ,fe4 ,we f\nd ! same ,?ibaudia gl&ulosa at ! entrance ( ! table-l& ( ,bogota1 & 9 ! ,pejual ( ! ,silla4 ,! coa/-*a9 ( ,c>acas is unque/ionably connect$ 7by ! ,torito1 ! ,palom]a1 ,tocuyo1 & ! p>amos ( ,rosas1 ( ,bocono1 & ( ,niquitao7 ) ! high ,cordill]as ( ,m]ida1 ,pamplona1 & ,santa ,fe2 b f ! ,silla to ,tocuyo1 along a di/ance ( sev5ty leagues1 ! m\nta9s ( ,c>acas are s l[1 t ! %rubs ( ! family ( ! eric9e\s plants1 j cit$1 d n f9d ! cold climate :i* is necess>y = _! developm5t4 ,suppos+1 z is probable1 t ! ?ibaudias & ! rhodod5dron ( ! ,&es1 or bef>ia1 exi/ 9 ! p>amo ( ,niquitao & 9 ! ,si]ra de ,m]ida1 cov]$ ) et]nal sn[1 ^! plants w\ld nev]!less want a ridge suffici5tly l(ty & long = _! migration t[>ds ! ,silla ( ,c>acas4 ,! m we /udy ! di/ribution ( organiz$ be+s on ! globe1 ! m we are incl9$1 if n to ab&on ! ideas ( migration1 at lea/ to consid] !m z hypo!ses n entirely satisfactory4 ,! *a9 ( ! ,&es divides ! :ole ( ,s\? ,am]ica into two unequal longitud9al p>ts4 ,at ! foot ( ?is *a91 on ! ea/ & we/1 we f\nd a great numb] ( plants specifically ! same4 ,! v>i\s passages ( ! ,cordill]as n[h]e p]mit ! vegetable productions ( ! w>m regions to proce$ f ! coa/s ( ! ,pacific to ! banks ( ! ,amazon4 ,:5 a peak atta9s a great elevation1 ei!r 9 ! middle ( v l[ m\nta9s & pla9s1 or 9 ! c5tre ( an ar*ipelago heav$ up by volcanic fires1 its summit is cov]$ ) alp9e plants1 _m ( :i* are aga9 f\nd1 at imm5se di/ances1 on o!r m\nta9s hav+ an analog\s climate4 ,su* are ! g5]al ph5om5a ( ! di/ribution ( plants4 ,x is n[ said t a m\nta9 is high en\gh to ent] into ! limits ( ! rhodod5drons & ! bef>ias1 z x has long be5 said t su* a m\nta9 rea*$ ! limit ( p]petual sn[4 ,9 us+ ?is expression1 x is tacitly admitt$1 t "u ! influ5ce ( c]ta9 temp]atures1 c]ta9 vegetable =ms mu/ necess>ily be develop$4 ,su* a supposition1 h[ev]1 tak5 9 all its g5]ality1 is n /rictly accurate4 ,! p9es ( ,mexico are want+ on ! ,cordill]as ( ,p]u4 ,! ,silla ( ,c>acas is n cov]$ ) ! oaks :i* fl\ri% 9 ,new ,gr5ada at ! same height4 ,id5tity ( =ms indicates an analogy ( climate2 b 9 simil> climates ! species may be s+ul>ly div]sifi$4 ,! *>m+ rhodod5dron ( ! ,&es 7! bef>ia7 0 fir/ describ$ by ,m4 ,mutis1 :o obs]v$ x ne> ,pamplona & ,santa ,fe de ,bogota1 9 ! f\r? & sev5? degree ( nor? latitude4 ,x 0 s little kn[n be=e our exp$ition to ! ,silla1 t x 0 sc>cely to be f\nd 9 any h]bal 9 ,europe4 ,! le>n$ editors ( ! ,flora ( ,p]u _h ev5 describ$ x "u ano!r "n1 t ( acunna4 ,9 ! same mann] z ! rhodod5drons ( ,lapl&1 ,caucasus1 & ! ,alps99 799 ,rhodod5dron lapponicum1 ,r4 caucasicum1 ,r4 f]rug9eum1 & ,r4 hirsutum47 diff] f ea* o!r1 ! two species ( bef>ia we br\ght f ! ,silla99 799 ,bef>ia glauca1 ,b4 l$ifolia47 are also specifically diff]5t f t ( ,santa ,fe & ,bogota499 799 ,bef>ia ae/uans1 & ,b4 res9osa47 ,ne> ! equator ! rhodod5drons ( ! ,&es 7,p>ticul>ly ,b4 ae/uans ( ,mutis1 & two new species ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 :i* we h describ$ "u ! "n ( ,b4 co>ctata1 & ,b4 gr&iflora47 cov] ! m\nta9s z f> z ! highe/ p>amos1 at sixte5 & sev5te5 hundr$ toises ( elevation4 ,advanc+ nor?w>d1 on ! ,silla de ,c>acas1 we f9d !m mu* l[]1 a little bel[ "o ?\s& toises4 ,! bef>ia rec5tly discov]$ 9 ,florida1 9 latitude #cj degrees1 gr[s ev5 on hills ( small elevation4 ,?us 9 a space ( six hundr$ leagues 9 latitude1 ^! %rubs desc5d t[>ds ! pla9s 9 proportion z _! di/ance f ! equator augm5ts4 ,! rhodod5dron ( ,lapl& gr[s also at eight or n9e hundr$ toises l[] ?an ! rhodod5dron ( ! ,alps & ! ,pyr5ees4 ,we 7 surpris$ at n meet+ ) any species ( bef>ia 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,mexico1 betwe5 ! rhodod5drons ( ,santa ,fe & ,c>acas1 & ^? ( ,florida4 ,9 ! small grove :i* cr[ns ! ,silla1 ! ,bef>ia l$ifolia is only ?ree or f\r feet high4 ,! trunk is divid$ f its root into a great _m sl5d] & ev5 v]ticillate bran*es4 ,! leaves are oval1 lanceolate1 glauc\s on _! inf]ior "p1 & curl$ at ! edges4 ,! :ole plant is cov]$ ) long & visc\s hairs1 & emits a v agreeable res9\s smell4 ,! bees visit its f9e purple fl[]s1 :i* are v abundant1 z 9 all ! alp9e plants1 &1 :5 9 full blossom1 !y are (t5 ne>ly an in* wide4 ,! rhodod5dron ( ,switz]l&1 9 ^? places :]e x gr[s1 at ! elevation ( betwe5 eight hundr$ & a ?\s& toises1 belongs to a climate1 ! mean temp]ature ( :i* is #b &-#a degrees1 l t ( ! pla9s ( ,lapl&4 ,9 ?is zone ! colde/ mon?s are-#d1 &-#aj degrees3 ! hotte/1 #ab & #g degrees4 ,!rmometrical obs]vations1 made at ! same heights & 9 ! same latitudes1 r5d] x probable t1 at ! ,pejual ( ! ,silla1 "o ?\s& toises above ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 ! mean temp]ature ( ! air is /ill #ag or #ah degrees2 & t ! !rmomet] keeps1 9 ! coole/ season1 betwe5 #ae & #bj degrees 9 ! day1 & 9 ! night betwe5 #aj & #ab degrees4 ,at ! hospital ( ,/4 ,go?>d1 situat$ ne>ly on ! highe/ limit ( ! rhodod5dron ( ! ,alps1 ! maximum ( heat1 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/ at noon1 9 ! %ade1 is usually #ab or #ac degrees2 9 ! night1 at ! same season1 ! air is cool$ by ! radiation ( ! soil d[n to #a or-#a4e degrees4 ,"u ! same b>ometric pressure1 consequ5tly at ! same height1 b ?irty degrees ( latitude ne>] ! equator1 ! bef>ia ( ! ,silla is (t51 at noon1 9 ! sun1 expos$ to a heat ( #bc or #bd degrees4 ,! greate/ nocturnal refrig]ation probably nev] exce$s #g degrees4 ,we h c>efully comp>$ ! climate1 "u ! influ5ce ( :i*1 at diff]5t latitudes1 two gr\ps ( plants ( ! same family vegetate at equal heights above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! results w\ld h be5 f> diff]5t1 _h we comp>$ zones equally di/ant1 ei!r f ! p]petual sn[1 or f ! iso!rmal l9e ( #j degrees499 799 ,! /ratum ( air1 ! mean temp]ature ( :i* is #j degrees1 & :i* sc>cely co9cides ) ! sup]ior limit ( p]petual sn[1 is f\nd 9 ! p>allel ( ! rhodod5drons ( ,switz]l& at n9e hundr$ toises2 9 ! p>allel ( ! bef>ias ( ,c>acas1 at two ?\s& sev5 hundr$ toises ( elevation47 ,9 ! little ?icket ( ! ,pejual1 ne> ! purple-fl[]$ bef>ia1 gr[s a hea?-leav$ h$yotis1 eight feet high2 ! cap>osa199 :i* is a l>ge arboresc5t hyp]icum 799 ,vismia cap>osa 7a loran?us cl+s to ?is plant1 & appropriates to itself ! yell[ juice ( ! vismia72 ,davallia meifolia1 ,h]acium avilae1 ,aralia arborea1 ,jacq41 & ,lepidium virg9icum4 ,two new species ( lycopodium1 ! ?yoides1 & ! ari/atum1 are se5 l[] d[n1 ne> ! ,pu]to de la ,silla472 a lepidium1 :i* appe>s id5tical ) t ( ,virg9ia2 & la/ly1 lycopodiace\s plants & mosses1 :i* cov] ! rocks & roots ( ! trees4 ,t :i* gives mo/ celebrity 9 ! c\ntry to ! little ?icket1 is a %rub t5 or fifte5 feet high1 ( ! corymbif]\s family4 ,! ,creoles call x inc5se 7inci5so7499 799 ,trixis n]eifolia ( ,m4 ,bonpl&47 ,its t\gh & cr5ate leaves1 z well z ! extremities ( ! bran*es1 are cov]$ ) a :ite wool4 ,x is a new species ( ,trixis1 extremely res9\s1 ! fl[]s ( :i* h ! agreeable od\r ( /orax4 ,?is smell is v diff]5t f t emitt$ by ! leaves ( ! ,trixis t]eb9?9acea ( ! m\nta9s ( ,jamaica1 opposite to ^? ( ,c>acas4 ,! p sometimes mix ! inci5so ( ! ,silla ) ! fl[]s ( ! pevet]a1 ano!r composite plant1 ! smell ( :i* resembles t ( ! heliotropium ( ,p]u4 ,! pevet]a does n1 h[ev]1 gr[ on ! m\nta9s s high z ! zone ( ! bef>ias2 x vegetates 9 ! valley ( ,*acao1 & ! ladies ( ,c>acas prep>e f x an extremely pleasant odorif]\s wat]4 ,we sp5t a long "t 9 exam9+ ! f9e res9\s & fragrant plants ( ! ,pejual4 ,! sky became m & m cl\dy1 & ! !rmomet] sank bel[ #aa degrees1 a temp]ature at :i*1 9 ?is zone1 p beg9 to suff] f ! cold4 ,quitt+ ! little ?icket ( alp9e plants1 we f\nd ourselves aga9 9 a savannah4 ,we climb$ ov] a "p ( ! we/]n dome1 9 ord] to desc5d into ! holl[ ( ! ,silla1 a valley :i* sep>ates ! two summits ( ! m\nta94 ,we !re _h great difficulties to ov]come1 occasion$ by ! =ce ( ! vegetation4 ,a botani/ w\ld n readily guess t ! ?ick wood cov]+ ?is valley is =m$ by ! assemblage ( a plant ( ! musace\s family499 799,scitam9e\s plants1 or family ( ! planta9s47 ,x is probably a m>anta1 or a heliconia2 its leaves are l>ge & %9+2 x rea*es ! height ( f\rte5 or fifte5 feet1 & its succul5t /alks gr[ ne> "o ano!r l ! /ems ( ! re$s f\nd 9 ! humid regions ( ! s\? ( ,europe499 799 ,arundo donax47 ,we 7 oblig$ to cut our way ?r\gh ?is =e/4 ,! negroes walk$ be=e ) _! cutlasses or ma*etes4 ,! p conf\nd ?is alp9e scitam9e\s plant ) ! arboresc5t gram9a1 "u ! "n ( c>ice4 ,we saw nei!r its fruit nor fl[]s4 ,we are surpris$ to meet ) a monocotyl$on\s family1 believ$ to be exclusively f\nd 9 ! hot & l[ regions ( ! tropics1 at elev5 hundr$ toises ( elevation2 mu* high] ?an ! &rom$as1 ! ?ibaudias1 & ! rhodod5dron ( ! ,cordill]as499 799 ,bef>ia47 ,9 a *a9 ( m\nta9s no less elevat$1 & m nor!rn 7! ,blue ,m\nta9s ( ,jamaica71 ! ,heliconia ( ! p>rots & ! bihai1 r gr[ 9 ! alp9e %ad$ situations499 799 ,heliconia psittacorum1 & ,h4 bihai4 ,^! two heliconias are v common 9 ! pla9s ( ,t]ra ,firma47 ,w&]+ 9 ?is ?ick wood ( musaceae or arboresc5t plants1 we con/antly direct$ our c\rse t[>ds ! ea/]n peak1 :i* we p]ceiv$ f "t to "t ?r\gh an op5+4 ,on a sudd5 we f\nd ourselves envelop$ 9 a ?ick mi/2 ! compass alone c\ld guide u2 b 9 advanc+ nor?w>d we 7 9 dang] at e /ep ( f9d+ ourselves on ! br9k ( t enorm\s wall ( rocks1 :i* desc5ds almo/ p]p5dicul>ly to ! dep? ( six ?\s& feet t[>ds ! sea4 ,we 7 oblig$ to halt4 ,surr\nd$ by cl\ds sweep+ ! gr\nd1 we began to d\bt :e!r we %\ld rea* ! ea/]n peak be=e night4 ,happily1 ! negroes :o c>ri$ our wat] & provisions1 rejo9$ u1 & we resolv$ to take "s refre%m5t4 ,our repa/ did n la/ long4 ,possibly ! ,capu*9 fa!r _h n ?\ght ( ! great numb] ( p]sons :o accompani$ u1 or p]haps ! slaves _h made free ) our provisions on ! way2 be t z x may1 we f\nd no?+ b olives1 & sc>cely any bread4 ,horace1 9 8 retreat at ,tibur1 nev] boa/$ ( a repa/ m light & frugal2 b olives1 :i* might h af=d$ a satisfactory meal to a poet1 devot$ to /udy1 & lead+ a s$5t>y life1 appe>$ an alim5t by no means suffici5tly sub/antial = travell]s climb+ m\nta9s4 ,we _h wat*$ ! great] "p ( ! night1 & we walk$ = n9e h\rs )\t f9d+ a s+le spr+4 ,our guides 7 disc\rag$2 !y wi%$ to g back1 & we _h great difficulty 9 prev5t+ !m4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! mi/ ,i made trial ( ! electromet] ( ,volta1 arm$ ) a smok+ mat*4 ,?\gh v ne> a ?ick wood ( heliconias1 ,i obta9$ v s5sible signs ( atmosph]ic electricity4 ,x (t5 v>i$ f positive to negative1 its int5sity *ang+ e in/ant4 ,^! v>iations1 & ! conflict ( sev]al small curr5ts ( air1 :i* divid$ ! mi/1 & trans=m$ x into cl\ds1 ! bord]s ( :i* 7 visible1 appe>$ to me infallible progno/ics ( a *ange 9 ! wea!r4 ,x 0 only two o'clock 9 ! aft]noon2 we ent]ta9$ "s hope ( rea*+ ! ea/]n summit ( ! ,silla be=e sunset1 & ( re-desc5d+ into ! valley sep>at+ ! two peaks1 int5d+ !re to pass ! night1 to light a great fire1 & to make our negroes con/ruct a hut ) ! leaves ( ! heliconia4 ,we s5t (f half ( our s]vants ) ord]s to ha/5 ! next morn+ to meet u1 n ) olives1 b ) a supply ( salt beef4 ,we _h sc>cely made ^! arrangem5ts :5 ! ea/ w9d began to bl[ viol5tly f ! sea4 ,! !rmomet] rose to #ab4e degrees4 ,x 0 no d\bt an asc5d+ w9d1 :i*1 by height5+ ! temp]ature1 dissolv$ ! vap\rs4 ,9 less ?an two m9utes ! cl\ds disp]s$1 & ! two domes ( ! ,silla appe>$ to u s+ul>ly ne>4 ,we op5$ ! b>omet] 9 ! l[e/ "p ( ! holl[ t sep>ates ! two summits1 ne> a little pool ( v muddy wat]4 ,"h1 z 9 ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 m>%y pla9s are f\nd at great elevations2 n because ! woody m\nta9s attract ! cl\ds1 b because !y cond5se ! vap\rs by ! effect ( nocturnal refrig]ation1 occasion$ by ! radiation ( heat f ! gr\nd1 & f ! p>5*yma ( ! leaves4 ,! m]cury 0 at #ba in*es #e4g l9es4 ,we %ap$ our c\rse direct to ! ea/]n summit4 ,! ob/ruction caus$ by ! vegetation gradually dim9i%$2 x 01 h[ev]1 necess>y to cut d[n "s heliconias2 b ^! arboresc5t plants 7 n n[ v ?ick or high4 ,! peaks ( ! ,silla !mselves1 z we h sev]al times m5tion$1 are cov]$ only ) gram9a & small %rubs ( bef>ia4 ,_! b>r5ness1 h[ev]1 is n ow+ to _! height3 ! limit ( trees 9 ?is region is f\r hundr$ toises high]2 s9ce1 judg+ accord+ to ! analogy ( o!r m\nta9s1 ?is limit w\ld be f\nd "h only at a height ( eighte5 hundr$ toises4 ,! abs5ce ( l>ge trees on ! two rocky summits ( ! ,silla may be attribut$ to ! aridity ( ! soil1 ! viol5ce ( ! w9ds bl[+ f ! sea1 & ! conflagrations s frequ5t 9 all ! m\nta9s ( ! equ9octial region4 ,to rea* ! ea/]n peak1 :i* is ! highe/1 x is necess>y to approa* z ne> z possible ! great precipice :i* desc5ds t[>ds ,c>avall$a & ! coa/4 ,! gneiss z f> z ?is spot pres]ves its lamell> texture & its primitive direction2 b :]e we climb$ ! summit ( ! ,silla1 we f\nd x _h pass$ into granite4 ,its texture becomes granul>2 ! mica1 less frequ5t1 is m unequally spread ?r\gh ! rock4 ,in/ead ( g>nets we met ) a few solit>y cry/als ( hornbl5de4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n a sy5ite1 b r a granite ( new =mation4 ,we 7 ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r 9 rea*+ ! summit ( ! pyramid4 ,?is "p ( ! way is n dang]\s1 provid$ ! travell] c>efully exam9es ! /ability ( ea* fragm5t ( rock on :i* he places 8 foot4 ,! granite sup]pos$ on ! gneiss does n pres5t a regul> sep>ation into b$s3 x is divid$ by clefts1 :i* (t5 cross "o ano!r at "r angles4 ,prismatic blocks1 "o foot wide & twelve long1 /& out f ! gr\nd obliquely1 & appe> on ! edges ( ! precipice l enorm\s beams susp5d$ ov] ! abyss4 ,hav+ arriv$ at ! summit1 we enjoy$1 = a few m9utes only1 ! s]5ity ( ! sky4 ,! eye rang$ ov] a va/ ext5t ( c\ntry3 look+ d[n to ! nor? 0 ! sea1 & to ! s\?1 ! f]tile valley ( ,c>acas4 ,! b>omet] 0 at #bj in*es #g4f l9es2 ! !rmomet] at #ac4g degrees4 ,we 7 at ?irte5 hundr$ & fifty toises ( elevation4 ,we gaz$ on an ext5t ( sea1 ! radius ( :i* 0 ?irty-six leagues4 ,p]sons :o are affect$ by look+ d[nw>d f a consid]able height %\ld rema9 at ! c5tre ( ! small flat :i* cr[ns ! ea/]n summit ( ! ,silla4 ,! m\nta9 is n v rem>kable = height3 x is ne>ly eighty toises l[] ?an ! ,canig\2 b x is di/+ui%$ among all ! m\nta9s ,i h visit$ by an enorm\s precipice on ! side next ! sea4 ,! coa/ =ms only a n>r[ bord]2 & look+ f ! summit ( ! pyramid on ! h\ses ( ,c>avall$a1 ?is wall ( rocks seems1 by an optical illusion1 to be ne>ly p]p5dicul>4 ,! real slope ( ! declivity appe>$ to me1 accord+ to an exact calculation1 #ec degrees #bh m9utes499 799 ,obs]vations ( ! latitude give = ! horizontal di/ance betwe5 ! foot ( ! m\nta9 ne> ,c>avall$a1 & ! v]tical l9e pass+ ?r\gh its summit1 sc>cely #ajjj toises47 ,! mean slope ( ! peak ( ,t5]iffe is sc>cely #ab degrees #cj m9utes4 ,a precipice ( six or sev5 ?\s& feet1 l t ( ! ,silla ( ,c>acas1 is a ph5om5on f> m r>e ?an is g5]ally believ$ by ^? :o cross m\nta9s )\t measur+ _! height1 _! bulk1 & _! slope4 ,s9ce ! exp]im5ts on ! fall ( bodies1 & on _! deviation to ! s\?-ea/1 h be5 resum$ 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,europe1 a rock ( two hundr$ & fifty toises ( p]p5dicul> elevation has be5 9 va9 s\ght = among all ! ,alps ( ,switz]l&4 ,! declivity ( ,mont ,blanc t[>ds ! ,allee ,blan*e does n ev5 rea* an angle ( #de degrees2 ?\gh 9 ! great] numb] ( geological works1 ,mont ,blanc is describ$ z p]p5dicul> on ! s\? side4 ,at ! ,silla ( ,c>acas1 ! enorm\s nor!rn cliff is p>tly cov]$ ) vegetation1 not)/&+ ! extreme /eepness ( its slope4 ,tufts ( bef>ia & &rom$as appe> z if susp5d$ f ! rock4 ,! little valley :i* sep>ates ! domes t[>ds ! s\?1 /ret*es 9 ! direction ( ! sea4 ,alp9e plants fill ?is holl[2 &1 n conf9$ to ! ridge ( ! m\nta91 !y foll[ ! s9uosities ( ! rav9e4 ,x w\ld seem z if torr5ts 7 conceal$ "u t fre% foliage2 & ! disposition ( ! plants1 ! gr\p+ ( s _m inanimate objects1 give ! l&scape all ! *>m ( motion & ( life4 ,sev5 mon?s _h n[ elaps$ s9ce we _h be5 on ! summit ( ! peak ( ,t5]iffe1 :5ce we survey$ a space ( ! globe equal to a f\r? "p ( ,france4 ,! app>5t horizon ( ! sea is !re six leagues f>!r di/ant ?an at ! top ( ! ,silla1 & yet we saw t horizon1 at lea/ = "s "t1 v di/9ctly4 ,x 0 /rongly m>k$1 & n conf\nd$ ) ! adjac5t /rata ( air4 ,at ! ,silla1 :i* is five hundr$ & fifty toises l[] ?an ! peak ( ,t5]iffe1 ! horizon1 ?\gh ne>]1 cont9u$ invisible t[>ds ! nor? & nor?-nor?-ea/4 ,foll[+ ) ! eye ! surface ( ! sea1 :i* 0 smoo? z glass1 we 7 /ruck ) ! progressive dim9ution ( ! reflect$ light4 ,:]e ! visual ray t\*$ ! la/ limit ( t surface1 ! wat] 0 lo/ among ! sup]pos$ /rata ( air4 ,?is appe>ance has some?+ 9 x v extraord9>y4 ,we expect to see ! horizon level ) ! eye2 b1 in/ead ( di/+ui%+ at ?is height a m>k$ limit betwe5 ! two elem5ts1 ! m di/ant /rata ( wat] seem to be trans=m$ into vap\r1 & m+l$ ) ! a]ial ocean4 ,i obs]v$ ! same appe>ance1 n 9 "o spot ( ! horizon alone1 b on an ext5t ( m ?an a hundr$ & sixty degrees1 along ! ,pacific1 :5 ,i f\nd myself = ! fir/ "t on ! po9t$ rock t comm&s ! crat] ( ,pi*9*a2 a volcano1 ! elevation ( :i* exce$s t ( ,mont ,blanc499 799 ,see ,views ( ,nature1 ,bohn's edition1 page #ceh47 ,! visibility ( a v di/ant horizon dep5ds1 :5 !re is no mirage1 ^u two di/9ct ?+s3 ! quantity ( light receiv$ on t "p ( ! sea :]e ! visual ray t]m9ates2 & ! ext9ction ( ! reflect$ light dur+ its passage ?r\gh ! int]m$iate /rata ( air4 ,x may happ51 not)/&+ ! s]5ity ( ! sky & ! transp>5cy ( ! atmosph]e1 t ! ocean is feebly illum9at$ at ?irty or =ty leagues' di/ance2 or t ! /rata ( air ne>e/ ! e>? may ext+ui% a great deal ( ! light1 by absorb+ ! rays t trav]se !m4 ,! r\nd$ peak1 or we/]n dome ( ! ,silla1 conceal$ f u ! view ( ! t[n ( ,c>acas2 b we di/+ui%$ ! ne>e/ h\ses1 ! villages ( ,*acao & ,pet>e1 ! c(fee plantations1 & ! c\rse ( ! ,rio ,guayra1 a sl5d] /reak ( wat] reflect+ a silv]y light4 ,! n>r[ b& ( cultivat$ gr\nd 0 pleas+ly contra/$ ) ! wild & gloomy aspect ( ! neighb\r+ m\nta9s4 ,:il/ contemplat+ ^! gr& sc5es1 we feel little regret t ! solitudes ( ! ,new ,_w are n embelli%$ ) ! monum5ts ( antiquity4 ,b we c\ld n long avail ourselves ( ! advantage aris+ f ! position ( ! ,silla1 9 comm&+ all ! neighb\r+ summits4 ,:ile we 7 exam9+ ) our glasses t "p ( ! sea1 ! horizon ( :i* 0 cle>ly def9$1 & ! *a9 ( ! m\nta9s ( ,ocum>e1 beh9d :i* beg9s ! unkn[n _w ( ! ,or9oco & ! ,amazon1 a ?ick fog f ! pla9s rose to ! elevat$ regions1 fir/ fill+ ! bottom ( ! valley ( ,c>acas4 ,! vap\rs1 illum9$ f above1 pres5t$ a uni=m t9t ( a milky :ite4 ,! valley seem$ ov]spread ) wat]1 & look$ l an arm ( ! sea1 ( :i* ! adjac5t m\nta9s =m$ ! /eep %ore4 ,9 va9 we wait$ = ! slave :o c>ri$ ,ramsd5's great sextant4 ,eag] to avail myself ( ! fav\rable /ate ( ! sky1 ,i resolv$ to take a few sol> altitudes ) a sextant by ,tr\ghton ( two in*es radius4 ,! disk ( ! sun 0 half-conceal$ by ! mi/4 ,! diff]5ce ( longitude betwe5 ! qu>t] ( ! ,tr9idad & ! ea/]n peak ( ! ,silla appe>s sc>cely to exce$ #j degrees #c m9utes #bb seconds499 799 ,! diff]5ce ( longitude betwe5 ! ,silla & ,la ,guayra1 accord+ to ,fidalgo1 is #j degrees #f m9utes #dj seconds47 ,:il/1 seat$ on ! rock1 ,i 0 det]m9+ ! dip ( ! ne$le1 ,i f\nd my h&s cov]$ ) a species ( hairy bee1 a little small] ?an ! honey-bee ( ! nor? ( ,europe4 ,^! insects make _! ne/s 9 ! gr\nd4 ,!y seldom fly2 &1 f ! sl[ness ( _! movem5ts1 ,i %\ld h suppos$ !y 7 b5umb$ by ! cold ( ! m\nta9s4 ,! p1 9 ^! regions1 call !m angelitos 7little angels71 because !y v seldom /+4 ,!y are no d\bt ( ! g5us ,apis1 ( ! division melipones4 ,x has be5 errone\sly affirm$ t ^! bees1 :i* are peculi> to ! ,new ,_w1 are de/itute ( all (f5sive weapons4 ,_! /+ is inde$ comp>atively feeble1 & !y use x seldom2 b a p]son1 n fully conv9c$ ( ! h>mlessness ( ^! angelitos1 c sc>cely dive/ himself ( a s5sation ( fe>4 ,i mu/ confess1 t1 :il/ engag$ 9 my a/ronomical obs]vations1 ,i 0 (t5 on ! po9t ( lett+ my in/rum5ts fall1 :5 ,i felt my h&s & face cov]$ ) ^! hairy bees4 ,our guides assur$ u t !y attempt to def5d !mselves only :5 irritat$ by be+ seiz$ by _! legs4 ,i 0 n tempt$ to try ! exp]im5t on myself4 ,! dip ( ! ne$le at ! ,silla 0 "o c5tesimal degree less ?an 9 ! t[n ( ,c>acas4 ,9 collect+ ! obs]vations :i* ,i made dur+ calm wea!r & 9 v fav\rable circum/ances1 on ! m\nta9s z well z along ! coa/1 x w\ld at fir/ seem1 t we discov]1 9 t "p ( ! globe1 a c]ta9 influ5ce ( ! heights on ! dip ( ! ne$le1 & ! int5sity ( ! magnetical =ces2 b we mu/ rem>k1 t ! dip at ,c>acas is mu* great] ?an c\ld be suppos$1 f ! situation ( ! t[n1 & t ! magnetical ph5om5a are modifi$ by ! proximity ( c]ta9 rocks1 :i* con/itute s _m p>ticul> c5tres or little sy/ems ( attraction499 799 ,i h se5 fragm5ts ( qu>tz trav]s$ by p>allel b&s ( magnetic iron1 c>ri$ into ! valley ( ,c>acas by ! wat]s desc5d+ f ! ,galipano & ! ,c]ro de ,avila4 ,?is b&$ magnetic iron-ore is f\nd also 9 ! ,si]ra ,nevada ( ,m]ida4 ,betwe5 ! two peaks ( ! ,silla1 angul> fragm5ts ( cellul> qu>tz are f\nd1 cov]$ ) r$ oxide ( iron4 ,!y d n act on ! ne$le4 ,?is oxide is ( a c9nab>-r$ col\r47 ,! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e v>i$ on ! summit ( ! ,silla f elev5 to f\rte5 degrees1 accord+ z ! wea!r 0 calm or w9dy4 ,e "o kn[s h[ difficult x is to v]ify1 on ! summit ( a m\nta91 ! temp]ature1 :i* is to s]ve = ! b>ometric calculation4 ,! w9d 0 ea/1 :i* w\ld seem to prove t ! trade-w9ds ext5d 9 ?is latitude mu* high] ?an fifte5 hundr$ toises4 ,von ,bu* _h obs]v$ t1 at ! peak ( ,t5]iffe1 ne> ! nor!rn limit ( ! trade-w9ds1 !re exi/s g5]ally at ! elevation ( "o ?\s& n9e hundr$ toises1 a contr>y curr5t f ! we/4 ,! ,academy ( ,sci5ces recomm5d$ ! m5 ( sci5ce :o accompani$ ! un=tunate ,la ,p]\se1 to employ small air-balloons = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ at sea ! ext5t ( ! trade-w9ds )9 ! tropics4 ,su* exp]im5ts are v difficult4 ,small balloons d n 9 g5]al rea* ! height ( ! ,silla2 & ! light cl\ds :i* are sometimes p]ceiv$ at an elevation ( ?ree or f\r ?\s& toises1 = in/ance1 ! fleecy cl\ds1 call$ by ! ,fr5* m\tons1 rema9 almo/ fix$1 or h su* a sl[ motion1 t x is impossible to judge ( ! direction ( ! w9d4 ,dur+ ! %ort space ( "t t ! sky 0 s]5e at ! z5i?1 ,i f\nd ! blue ( ! atmosph]e s5sibly deep] ?an on ! coa/s4 ,x is probable t1 9 ! mon?s ( ,july & ,augu/1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! col\r ( ! sky on ! coa/s & on ! summit ( ! ,silla is /ill m consid]able1 b ! meteorological ph5om5on ) :i* ,m4 ,bonpl& & myself 7 mo/ /ruck dur+ ! h\r we pass$ on ! m\nta91 0 ! app>5t dryness ( ! air1 :i* seem$ to increase z ! fog augm5t$4 ,?is fog soon became s d5se t x w\ld h be5 imprud5t to rema9 long] on ! edge ( a precipice ( sev5 or eight ?\s& feet deep499 799 ,9 ! direction ( nor?-we/ ! slopes appe> m accessible2 & ,i h be5 told ( a pa? frequ5t$ by smuggl]s1 :i* leads to ,c>avall$a1 betwe5 ! two peaks ( ! ,silla4 ,f ! ea/]n peak ,i took ! be>+s ( ! we/]n peak1 #fd degrees #dj m9utes s\?-we/2 & ( ! h\ses1 :i* ,i 0 told belong$ to ,c>avall$a1 #ee degrees #bj m9utes nor?-we/4 7 ,we desc5d$ ! ea/]n dome ( ! ,silla1 & ga!r$ 9 our desc5t a gram51 :i* n only =ms a new & v rem>kable g5us1 b :i*1 to our great a/oni%m5t1 we f\nd aga9 "s "t aft] on ! summit ( ! volcano ( ,pi*9*a1 at ! di/ance ( f\r hundr$ leagues f ! ,silla1 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e499 799 ,aegopogon c5*roides47 ,! ,li*5 floridus1 s common 9 ! nor? ( ,europe1 cov]$ ! bran*es ( ! bef>ia & ! ,gual!ria odorata1 desc5d+ ev5 to ! roots ( ^! %rubs4 ,exam9+ ! mosses :i* cov] ! rocks ( gneiss 9 ! valley betwe5 ! two peaks1 ,i 0 surpris$ at f9d+ real pebbles1--r\nd$ fragm5ts ( qu>tz499 799 ,fragm5ts ( br[n copp]-ore 7 f\nd mix$ ) ^! pebbles1 at an elevation ( #aagj toises47 ,x may be conceiv$ t ! valley ( ,c>acas 0 once an inl& lake1 be=e ! ,rio ,guayra f\nd an issue to ! ea/ ne> ,caurim>e1 at ! foot ( ! hill ( ,auyamas1 & be=e ! rav9e ( ,tipe op5$ on ! we/1 9 ! direction ( ,gatia & ,cabo ,blanco4 ,b h[ c we imag9e t ^! wat]s c\ld asc5d z high z ! ,silla1 :5 ! m\nta9s opposite ?is peak1 ^? ( ,ocum>e1 7 too l[ to prev5t _! ov]fl[ into ! llanos8 ,! pebbles c\ld n h be5 br\ght by torr5ts f m elevat$ po9ts1 s9ce !re is no height t comm&s ! ,silla4 ,mu/ we admit t !y h be5 heav$ up1 l all ! m\nta9s :i* bord] ! coa/4 ,x 0 half aft] f\r 9 ! aft]noon :5 we f9i%$ our obs]vations4 ,satisfi$ ) ! success ( our j\rney1 we =got t !re might be dang] 9 desc5d+ 9 ! d>k1 /eep declivities cov]$ by a smoo? & slipp]y turf4 ,! mi/ conceal$ ! valley f u2 b we di/+ui%$ ! d\ble hill ( ,la ,pu]ta1 :i*1 l all objects ly+ almo/ p]p5dicul>ly b5ea? ! eye1 appe>$ extremely ne>4 ,we rel9qui%$ our design ( pass+ ! night betwe5 ! two summits ( ! ,silla1 & hav+ aga9 f\nd ! pa? we _h cut ?r\gh ! ?ick wood ( heliconia1 we soon arriv$ at ! ,pejual1 ! region ( odorif]\s & res9\s plants4 ,! beauty ( ! bef>ias1 & _! bran*es cov]$ ) l>ge purple fl[]s1 aga9 rivett$ our att5tion4 ,:51 9 ^! climates1 a botani/ ga!rs plants to =m 8 h]bal1 he becomes difficult 9 8 *oice 9 proportion to ! luxuriance ( vegetation4 ,he ca/s away ^? :i* h be5 fir/ cut1 because !y appe> less beautiful ?an ^? :i* 7 out ( rea*4 ,?\gh load$ ) plants be=e quitt+ ! ,pejual1 we /ill regrett$ n hav+ made a m ample h>ve/4 ,we t>ri$ s long 9 ?is spot1 t night surpris$ u z we ent]$ ! savannah1 at ! elevation ( upw>ds ( n9e hundr$ toises4 ,z !re is sc>cely any twilight 9 ! tropics1 we pass sudd5ly f bright daylight to d>kness4 ,! moon 0 on ! horizon2 b h] disk 0 veil$ f "t to "t by ?ick cl\ds1 drift$ by a cold & r\gh w9d4 ,rapid slopes1 cov]$ ) yell[ & dry grass1 n[ se5 9 %ade1 & n[ sudd5ly illum9$1 seem$ l precipices1 ! dep? ( :i* ! eye s\ght 9 va9 to measure4 ,we proce$$ onw>ds1 9 s+le file1 & endeav\r$ to support ourselves by our h&s1 le/ we %\ld roll d[n4 ,! guides1 :o c>ri$ our in/rum5ts1 ab&on$ u successively1 to sleep on ! m\nta94 ,among ^? :o rema9$ ) u 0 a ,congo black1 :o ev9c$ great address1 be>+ on 8 head a l>ge dipp+-ne$le3 he held x con/antly /eady1 not)/&+ ! extreme declivity ( ! rocks4 ,! fog _h disp]s$ by degrees 9 ! bottom ( ! valley2 & ! scatt]$ lights we p]ceiv$ bel[ u caus$ a d\ble illusion4 ,! /eeps appe>$ /ill m dang]\s ?an !y really 72 &1 dur+ six h\rs ( cont9ual desc5t1 we seem$ to be always equally ne> ! f>ms at ! foot ( ! ,silla4 ,we he>d v di/9ctly ! voices ( m5 & ! notes ( guit>s4 ,s\nd is g5]ally s well propagat$ upw>ds1 t 9 a balloon at ! elevation ( ?ree ?\s& toises1 ! b>k+ ( dogs is sometimes he>d499 799 ,gay-,lussac's acc\nt ( 8 asc5t on ! #ae? ( ,septemb]1 #ahje47 ,we did n arrive till t5 at night at ! bottom ( ! valley4 ,we 7 ov]come ) fatigue & ?ir/1 hav+ walk$ = fifte5 h\rs1 ne>ly )\t /opp+4 ,! soles ( our feet 7 cut & torn by ! asp]ities ( a rocky soil & ! h>d & dry /alks ( ! gram9a1 = we _h be5 oblig$ to pull (f our boots1 ! soles hav+ become too slipp]y4 ,on declivities devoid ( %rubs or ligne\s h]bs1 :i* may be grasp$ by ! h&1 ! dang] ( ! desc5t is dim9i%$ by walk+ b>efoot4 ,9 ord] to %ort5 ! way1 our guides conduct$ u f ! ,pu]ta de la ,silla to ! f>m ( ,gallegos by a pa? lead+ to a res]voir ( wat]1 call$ el ,tanque4 ,!y miss$ _! way1 h[ev]2 & ?is la/ desc5t1 ! /eepe/ ( all1 br\ght u ne> ! rav9e ( ,*acaito4 ,! noise ( ! cascades gave ?is nocturnal sc5e a gr& & wild "*4 ,we pass$ ! night at ! foot ( ! ,silla4 ,our fri5ds at ,c>acas _h be5 able to di/+ui% u ) glasses on ! summit ( ! ea/]n peak4 ,!y felt int]e/$ 9 he>+ ! acc\nt ( our exp$ition1 b !y 7 n satisfi$ ) ! result ( our measurem5t1 :i* did n assign to ! ,silla ev5 ! elevation ( ! highe/ summit ( ! ,pyr5ees499 799 ,x 0 =m]ly believ$ t ! height ( ! ,silla ( ,c>acas sc>cely diff]$ f t ( ! peak ( ,t5]iffe47 ,"o _c blame ! national feel+ :i* sugge/s exagg]at$ ideas ( ! monum5ts ( nature1 9 a c\ntry 9 :i* ! monum5ts ( art are no?+2 nor c we wond] t ! inhabitants ( ,quito & ,riobamba1 :o h prid$ !mselves = ages on ! height ( ,*imborazo1 mi/ru/ ^? measurem5ts :i* elevate ! m\nta9s ( ,himalaya above all ! colossal ,cordill]as8 ,dur+ our j\rney to ! ,silla1 & 9 all our excursions 9 ! valley ( ,c>acas1 we 7 v att5tive to ! lodes & indications ( ore :i* we f\nd 9 ! /rata ( gneiss4 ,no regul> digg+s hav+ be5 made1 we c\ld only exam9e ! fissures1 ! rav9es1 & ! l&-slips occasion$ by torr5ts 9 ! ra9y season4 ,! rock ( gneiss1 pass+ sometimes into a granite ( new =mation1 sometimes into mica-slate199 799 ,especially at great elevations47 belongs 9 ,g]many to ! mo/ metallif]\s rocks2 b 9 ! ,new ,cont95t1 ! gneiss has n hi!rto be5 rem>k$ z v ri* 9 ores wor? work+4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ m9es ( ,mexico & ,p]u are f\nd 9 ! primitive & transition s*i/s1 9 ! trap-porphyries1 ! grauwakke1 & ! alp9e lime/ones4 ,9 sev]al spots ( ! valley ( ,c>acas1 ! gneiss conta9s a small quantity ( gold1 dissem9at$ 9 small ve9s ( qu>tz1 sulphurett$ silv]1 azure copp]-ore1 & gal5a2 b x is d\btful :e!r ^! diff]5t metallif]\s sub/ances are n too poor to enc\rage any attempt at work+ !m4 ,su* attempts 71 h[ev]1 made at ! conque/ ( ! prov9ce1 ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,f ! promontory ( ,p>ia to beyond cape ,vela1 ! e>ly navigators _h se5 gold ornam5ts & gold du/1 9 ! possession ( ! inhabitants ( ! coa/4 ,!y p5etrat$ into ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry1 to discov] :5ce ! preci\s metal came2 & ?\gh ! in=mation obta9$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,coro1 & ! m>kets ( ,curiana & ,cau*ieto199 799 ,! ,spani>ds f\nd1 9 #aejj1 9 ! c\ntry ( ,curiana 7n[ ,coro71 little birds1 frogs1 & o!r ornam5ts made ( gold4 ,^? :o _h ca/ ^! figures liv$ at ,cau*ieto1 a place ne>] ! ,rio de la ,ha*a4 ,i h se5 ornam5ts resembl+ ^? describ$ by ,pet] ,m>tyr ( ,anghi]a 7:i* indicate tol]able skill 9 goldsmi?s' "w71 among ! rema9s ( ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,cund9am>ca4 ,! same art appe>s to h be5 practis$ 9 places along ! coa/s1 & also f>!r to ! s\?1 among ! m\nta9s ( ,new ,gr5ada47 cle>ly prov$ t real m9]al weal? 0 to be f\nd only to ! we/ & s\?-we/ ( ,coro 7t is to say1 9 ! m\nta9s ne> ^? ( ,new ,gr5ada71 ! :ole prov9ce ( ,c>acas 0 nev]!less eag]ly explor$4 ,a gov]nor1 newly arriv$ on t coa/1 c\ld recomm5d himself to ! ,spani% c\rt only by boa/+ ( ! m9es ( 8 prov9ce2 & 9 ord] to take f cupidity :at 0 mo/ ignoble & repulsive1 ! ?ir/ ( gold 0 ju/ifi$ by ! purpose to :i* x 0 pret5d$ ! ri*es acquir$ by fraud & viol5ce might be employ$4 ,gold1 says ,*ri/oph] ,columbus1 9 8 la/ lett]99 7,lett]a r>issima data nelle ,indie nella isola di ,jamaica a #g ,julio dei #aejc4--,le oro e metallo sopra gli altri excell5tissimo2 e dell' oro si fanno li tesori e *i lo ti5e fa e op]a quanto vuole nel mondo81 e f9el8m5te aggionge a m&>e le anime al ,p>adiso47 to ,k+ ,f]d9&1 gold is a ?+ s mu* ! m necess>y to y\r maje/y1 because1 9 ord] to fulfil ! anci5t prophecy1 ,j]usalem is to be rebuilt by a pr9ce ( ! ,spani% mon>*y4 ,gold is ! mo/ excell5t ( metals4 ,:at becomes ( ^? preci\s /ones1 :i* are s\ght = at ! extremities ( ! globe8 ,!y are sold1 & are f9ally conv]t$ into gold4 ,) gold we n only d :atev] we please 9 ?is _w1 b we c ev5 employ x to snat* s\ls f ,purgatory1 & to p ,p>adise4 ,^! words be> ! /amp ( ! age 9 :i* ,columbus liv$2 b we are surpris$ to see ?is pomp\s eulogium ( ri*es writt5 by a man ^: :ole life 0 m>k$ by ! mo/ noble dis9t]e/$ness4 ,! conque/ ( ! prov9ce ( ,v5ezuela hav+ be5 begun at its we/]n extremity1 ! neighb\r+ m\nta9s ( ,coro1 ,tocuyo1 & ,b>quisimeto1 fir/ attract$ ! att5tion ( ! ,conqui/adores4 ,^! m\nta9s jo9 ! ,cordill]as ( ,new ,gr5ada 7^? ( ,santa ,fe1 ,pamplona1 la ,grita1 & ,m]ida7 to ! littoral *a9 ( ,c>acas4 ,x is a l& ! m int]e/+ 9 a geogno/ical po9t ( view1 z no map has yet made kn[n ! m\nta9\s ramifications :i* ! p>amos ( ,niquitao & ,las ,rosas s5d out t[>ds ! nor?-ea/4 ,betwe5 ,tocuyo1 ,araure1 & ,b>quisimeto1 rises ! gr\p ( ! ,alt> ,m\nta9s1 connect$ on ! s\?-ea/ ) ! p>amo ( ,las ,rosas4 ,a bran* ( ! ,alt> /ret*es nor?-ea/ by ,san ,felipe el ,fu]te1 jo9+ ! granitic m\nta9s ( ! coa/ ne> ,porto ,cabello4 ,! o!r bran* takes an ea/w>d direction t[>ds ,nirgua & ,t9aco1 & jo9s ! *a9 ( ! int]ior1 t ( ,yusma1 ,villa de ,cura1 & ,sabana de ,ocum>e4 ,! region we h be5 "h describ+ sep>ates ! wat]s :i* fl[ to ! ,or9oco f ^? :i* run into ! imm5se lake ( ,m>acaybo & ! ,c>ibbean ,sea4 ,x includes climates :i* may be t]m$ temp]ate r ?an hot2 & x is look$ ^u 9 ! c\ntry1 not)/&+ ! di/ance ( m ?an a hundr$ leagues1 z a prolongation ( ! metallif]\s soil ( ,pamplona4 ,x 0 9 ! gr\p ( ! we/]n m\nta9s ( ,v5ezuela1 t ! ,spani>ds1 9 ! ye> #aeea1 work$ ! gold m9e ( ,buria199 799 ,real de ,m9as de ,san ,felipe de ,buria47 :i* 0 ! orig9 ( ! f\ndation ( ! t[n ( ,b>quisimeto499 799 ,nueva ,segovia47 ,b ^! works1 l _m o!r m9es successively op5$1 7 soon ab&on$4 ,"h1 z 9 all ! m\nta9s ( ,v5ezuela1 ! produce ( ! ore has be5 f\nd to be v v>iable4 ,! lodes are v (t5 divid$1 or !y altoge!r cease2 & ! metals appe> only 9 kidney-ores1 & pres5t ! mo/ delusive appe>ances4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 only 9 ?is gr\p ( m\nta9s ( ,san ,felipe & ,b>quisimeto1 t ! work+ ( m9es has be5 cont9u$ till ! pres5t "t4 ,^? ( ,aroa1 ne> ,san ,felipe el ,fu]te1 situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( a v insalubri\s c\ntry1 are ! only m9es :i* are wr\ght 9 ! :ole capitania-g5]al ( ,c>acas4 ,!y yield a small quantity ( copp]4 ,next to ! works at ,buria1 ne> ,b>quisimeto1 ^? ( ! valley ( ,c>acas1 & ( ! m\nta9s ne> ! capital1 are ! mo/ anci5t4 ,francisco ,fax>do & 8 wife ,isabella1 ( ! nation ( ! ,guaiqu]ias199 (t5 visit$ ! table-l& :]e ! capital ( ,v5ezuela is n[ situat$4 799 ,fax>do & 8 wife 7 ! f\nd]s ( ! t[n ( ! ,collado1 n[ call$ ,c>avall$a47 ,!y _h giv5 ?is table-l& ! "n ( ,valle de ,san ,francisco2 & hav+ se5 "s bits ( gold 9 ! h&s ( ! natives1 ,fax>do succe$$1 9 ! ye> #aefj1 9 discov]+ ! m9es ( ,los ,teques199 to ! s\?-we/ ( ,c>acas1 ne> ! gr\p ( ! m\nta9s ( ,cocuiza1 :i* sep>ate ! valleys ( ,c>acas & ,aragua4 799 ,?irte5 ye>s lat]1 9 #aegc1 ,gabriel de ,avila1 "o ( ! alcaldes ( ! new t[n ( ,c>acas1 r5ew$ ! work+ ( ^! m9es1 :i* 7 f t "t call$ ! ,real de ,m9as de ,nue/ra ,s5ora4 ,probably ?is same ,avila1 on acc\nt ( a few f>ms :i* he possess$ 9 ! m\nta9s adjac5t to ,la ,guayra & ,c>acas1 has occasion$ ! ,cumbre to receive ! "n ( ,montana de ,avila4 ,?is "n has subsequ5tly be5 appli$ errone\sly to ! ,silla1 & to all ! *a9 :i* ext5ds t[>ds cape ,cod]a47 ,x is ?\ght t 9 ! fir/ ( ^! valleys1 ne> ,b>uta1 s\? ( ! village ( ,valle1 ! natives _h made "s excavations 9 ve9s ( aurif]\s qu>tz2 & t1 :5 ! ,spani>ds fir/ settl$ !re1 & f\nd$ ! t[n ( ,c>acas1 !y fill$ ! %afts1 :i* _h be5 dry1 ) wat]4 ,x is n[ impossible to asc]ta9 ?is fact2 b x is c]ta9 t1 long be=e ! ,conque/1 gra9s ( gold 7 a m$ium ( ex*ange1 ,i d n say g5]ally1 b among c]ta9 nations ( ! ,new ,cont95t4 ,!y gave gold = ! pur*ase ( pe>ls2 & x does n appe> extraord9>y1 t1 aft] hav+ = a long "t pick$ up gra9s ( gold 9 ! rivulets1 p :o _h fix$ habitations1 & 7 devot$ to agriculture1 %\ld h tri$ to trace ! aurif]\s ve9s 9 ! sup]ior surface ( ! soil4 ,! m9es ( ,los ,teques c\ld n be peaceably wr\ght1 till ! defeat ( ! ,cacique ,guaycaypuro1 a celebrat$ *ief ( ! ,teques1 :o long conte/$ ) ! ,spani>ds ! possession ( ! prov9ce ( ,v5ezuela4 ,we h yet to m5tion a ?ird po9t to :i* ! att5tion ( ! ,conqui/adores 0 call$ by indications ( m9es1 s e>ly z ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 foll[+ ! valley ( ,c>acas ea/w>d beyond ,caurim>e1 on ! road to ,caucagua1 we rea* a m\nta9\s & woody c\ntry1 :]e a great quantity ( *>coal is n[ made1 & :i* anci5tly bore ! "n ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,los ,m>i*es4 ,9 ^! ea/]n m\nta9s ( ,v5ezuela1 ! gneiss passes into ! /ate ( talc4 ,x conta9s1 z at ,salzburg1 lodes ( aurif]\s qu>tz4 ,! works anci5tly begun 9 ^? m9es h (t5 be5 ab&on$ & resum$4 ,! m9es ( ,c>acas 7 =gott5 dur+ m ?an a hundr$ ye>s4 ,b at a p]iod comp>atively rec5t1 ab\t ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 an ,int5dant ( ,v5ezuela1 ,don ,jose ,avalo1 aga9 fell into ! illusions :i* _h flatt]$ ! cupidity ( ! ,conqui/adores4 ,he fanci$ t all ! m\nta9s ne> ! capital conta9$ great metallic ri*es4 ,"s ,mexican m9]s 7 engag$1 & _! op]ations 7 direct$ to ! rav9e ( ,tipe1 & ! anci5t m9es ( ,b>uta to ! s\? ( ,c>acas1 :]e ! ,indians ga!r ev5 n[ "s little gold-wa%+s4 ,b ! zeal :i* _h prompt$ ! ent]prise soon dim9i%$1 & aft] mu* useless exp5se1 ! work+ ( ! m9es ( ,c>acas 0 totally ab&on$4 ,a small quantity ( aurif]\s pyrites1 sulphurett$ silv]1 & a little native gold1 7 f\nd2 b ^! 7 only feeble indications2 & 9 a c\ntry :]e lab\r is extremely de>1 !re 0 no inducem5t to pursue works s little productive4 ,we visit$ ! rav9e ( ,tipe1 situat$ 9 t "p ( ! valley :i* op5s 9 ! direction ( ,cabo ,blanco4 ,proce$+ f ,c>acas1 we trav]se1 9 ! direction ( ! great b>racks ( ,san ,c>los1 a b>r5 & rocky soil4 ,only a v few plants ( ,argemone mexicana are to be f\nd4 ,! gneiss appe>s ev]y:]e above gr\nd4 ,we might h fanci$ ourselves on ! table-l& ( ,freib]g4 ,we cross$ fir/ ! little rivulet ( ,agua ,salud1 a limpid /ream1 :i* has no m9]al ta/e1 & !n ! ,rio ,g>aguata4 ,! road is comm&$ on ! "r by ! ,c]ro de ,avila & ! ,cumbre2 & on ! left1 by ! m\nta9s ( ,aguas ,negras4 ,?is defile is v int]e/+ 9 a geological po9t ( view4 ,at ?is spot ! valley ( ,c>acas communicates1 by ! valleys ( ,tacagua & ( ,tipe1 ) ! coa/ ne> ,catia4 ,a ridge ( rock1 ! summit ( :i* is =ty toises above ! bottom ( ! valley ( ,c>acas1 & m ?an ?ree hundr$ toises above ! valley ( ,tacagua1 divides ! wat]s :i* fl[ into ! ,rio ,guayra & t[>ds ,cabo ,blanco4 ,on ?is po9t ( division1 at ! entrance ( ! bran*1 ! view is highly pleas+4 ,! climate *anges z we desc5d we/w>d4 ,9 ! valley ( ,tacagua we f\nd "s new habitations1 & also conucos ( maize & planta9s4 ,a v ext5sive plantation ( tuna1 or cactus1 /amps ?is b>r5 c\ntry ) a peculi> "*4 ,! cactuses rea* ! height ( fifte5 feet1 & gr[ 9 ! =m ( c&elabra1 l ! euphorbia ( ,africa4 ,!y are cultivat$ = ! purpose ( sell+ _! refre%+ fruits 9 ! m>ket ( ,c>acas4 ,! v>iety :i* has no ?orns is call$1 /rangely en\gh1 9 ! colonies1 tuna de ,espana 7,spani% cactus74 ,we measur$1 at ! same place1 magueys or agaves1 ! long /ems ( :i*1 lad5 ) fl[]s1 7 =ty-f\r feet high4 ,h[ev] common ?is plant is become 9 ! s\? ( ,europe1 ! native ( a nor!rn climate is nev] we>y ( admir+ ! rapid developm5t ( a liliace\s plant1 :i* conta9s at once a sweet juice & a/r+5t & cau/ic liquids1 employ$ to caut]ize w\nds4 ,we f\nd sev]al ve9s ( qu>tz 9 ! valley ( ,tipe visible above ! soil4 ,!y conta9$ pyrites1 c>bonat$ iron-ore1 traces ( sulphurett$ silv] 7glass]z71 & grey copp]-ore 7fahl]z74 ,! works :i* _h be5 und]tak51 ei!r = extract+ ! ore1 or explor+ ! nature ( its b$1 appe>$ to be v sup]ficial4 ,! e>? fall+ 9 _h fill$ up ^? excavations1 & we c\ld n judge ( ! ri*ness ( ! lode4 ,not)/&+ ! exp5se incurr$ "u ! int5dancy ( ,don ,jose ,avalo1 ! great "q :e!r ! prov9ce ( ,v5ezuela conta9s m9es ri* en\gh to be work$1 is yet problematical4 ,?\gh 9 c\ntries :]e h&s are want+1 ! culture ( ! soil dem&s unque/ionably ! fir/ c>e ( ! gov]nm5t1 yet ! example ( ,new ,spa9 suffici5tly proves t m9+ is n always unfav\rable to ! progress ( agriculture4 ,! be/-cultivat$ ,mexican l&s1 ^? :i* rem9d ! travell] ( ! mo/ beautiful di/ricts ( ,france & ! s\? ( ,g]many1 ext5d f ,silao t[>ds ! ,villa ( ,leon3 !y are 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! m9es ( ,guanaxuato1 :i* alone furni% a six? "p ( all ! silv] ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,,*apt] #a4ad4 ,,e>?quakes ,,at ,,c>acas4 ,,connection ,,( ,,^? ,,ph5om5a ,,) ,,! ,,volcanic ,,eruptions ,,( ,,! ,,we/ ,,india ,,isl&s4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! #g? ( ,febru>y we took our dep>ture f ,c>acas4 ,s9ce ! p]iod ( our visit to t place1 trem5d\s e>?quakes h *ang$ ! surface ( ! soil4 ,! city1 :i* ,i h describ$1 has disappe>$2 & on ! same spot1 on ! gr\nd fissur$ 9 v>i\s directions1 ano!r city is n[ sl[ly ris+4 ,! heaps ( ru9s1 :i* 7 ! grave ( a num]\s population1 are becom+ anew ! habitation ( m54 ,9 retrac+ *anges ( s g5]al an int]e/1 ,i %all be l$ to notice ev5ts :i* took place long aft] my return to ,europe4 ,i %all pass ov] 9 sil5ce ! popul> commotions :i* h tak5 place1 & ! modifications :i* society has und]gone4 ,mod]n nations1 c>eful ( _! own remembrances1 snat* f oblivion ! hi/ory ( human revolutions1 :i* is1 9 fact1 ! hi/ory ( ard5t passions & invet]ate hatr$4 ,x is n ! same ) respect to ! revolutions ( ! physical _w4 ,^! are describ$ ) lea/ accuracy :5 !y happ5 to be contempor>y ) civil diss5sions4 ,e>?quakes & eruptions ( volcanoes /rike ! imag9ation by ! evils :i* are _! necess>y consequ5ce4 ,tradition seizes on :atev] is vague & m>vell\s2 & amid great public calamities1 z 9 private mis=tunes1 man seems to %un t light :i* leads u to discov] ! real causes ( ev5ts1 & to und]/& ! circum/ances by :i* !y are att5d$4 ,i h record$ 9 ?is "w all ,i h be5 able to collect1 & on ! accuracy ( :i* ,i c rely1 respect+ ! e>?quake ( ! #bf? ( ,m>*1 #ahab4 ,by t cata/rophe ! t[n ( ,c>acas 0 de/roy$1 & m ?an tw5ty ?\s& p]sons p]i%$ ?r\gh\t ! ext5t ( ! prov9ce ( ,v5ezuela4 ,! int]c\rse :i* ,i h kept up ) p]sons ( all classes has enabl$ me to comp>e ! description giv5 by _m eye-witnesses1 & to int]rogate !m on objects t may ?r[ light on physical sci5ce 9 g5]al4 ,! travell]1 z ! hi/orian ( nature1 %\ld v]ify ! dates ( great cata/rophes1 exam9e _! connection & _! mutual relations1 & %\ld m>k 9 ! rapid c\rse ( ages1 9 ! cont9ual progress ( successive *anges1 ^? fix$ po9ts ) :i* o!r cata/rophes may "o day be comp>$4 ,all epo*s are proximate to ea* o!r 9 ! imm5sity ( "t compreh5d$ 9 ! hi/ory ( nature4 ,ye>s :i* h pass$ away seem b a few in/ants2 & ! physical descriptions ( a c\ntry1 ev5 :5 !y (f] subjects ( no v p[]ful & g5]al int]e/1 h at lea/ ! advantage ( nev] becom+ old4 ,simil> consid]ations1 no d\bt1 l$ ,m4 de la ,condam9e to describe 9 8 ,voyage a l',equateur1 ! memorable eruptions ( ! volcano ( ,cotopaxi199 :i* took place long aft] 8 dep>ture f ,quito4 799 ,^? ( ! #cj? ( ,novemb]1 #agdd1 & ( ! #crd ( ,septemb]1 #agej47 ,i feel ! less hesitation 9 foll[+ ! example ( t celebrat$ travell]1 z ! ev5ts ,i am ab\t to relate w help to elucidate ! !ory ( volcanic reaction1 or ! influ5ce ( a sy/em ( volcanoes on a va/ space ( circumjac5t t]ritory4 ,at ! "t :5 ,m4 ,bonpl& & myself visit$ ! prov9ces ( ,new ,&alusia1 ,new ,b>celona1 & ,c>acas1 x 0 g5]ally believ$ t ! mo/ ea/]n p>ts ( ^? coa/s 7 especially expos$ to ! de/ructive effects ( e>?quakes4 ,! inhabitants ( ,cumana dread$ ! valley ( ,c>acas1 on acc\nt ( its damp & v>iable climate1 & its gloomy & mi/y sky2 :il/ ! inhabitants ( ! temp]ate valley reg>d$ ,cumana z a t[n ^: inhabitants incessantly inhal$ a burn+ atmosph]e1 & ^: soil 0 p]iodically agitat$ by viol5t commotions4 ,unm9dful ( ! ov]?r[ ( ,riobamba & o!r v elevat$ t[ns1 & n aw>e t ! p59sula ( ,araya1 compos$ ( mica-slate1 %>es ! commotions ( ! calc>e\s coa/ ( ,cumana1 well-in=m$ p]sons imag9$ !y disc]n$ security 9 ! /ructure ( ! primitive rocks ( ,c>acas1 z well z 9 ! elevat$ situation ( ?is valley4 ,religi\s c]emonies celebrat$ at ,la ,guayra1 & ev5 9 ! capital1 9 ! middle ( ! night199 d\btless call$ to m9d ! fact t ! prov9ce ( ,v5ezuela _h be5 subject at int]vals to e>?quakes2 b dang]s ( r>e occurr5ce are slightly fe>$4 799 ,= in/ance1 ! nocturnal procession ( ! #ba/ ( ,octob]1 in/itut$ 9 commemoration ( ! great e>?quake :i* took place on t day ( ! mon?1 at "o o'clock 9 ! morn+1 9 #aggh4 ,o!r v viol5t %ocks 7 ^? ( #afda1 #agjc1 & #ahjb47 ,h[ev]1 9 ! ye> #ahaa1 fatal exp]i5ce de/roy$ ! illusion ( !ory & ( popul> op9ion4 ,c>acas1 situat$ 9 ! m\nta9s1 ?ree degrees we/ ( ,cumana1 & five degrees we/ ( ! volcanoes ( ! ,c>ibbee isl&s1 has suff]$ great] %ocks ?an 7 ev] exp]i5c$ on ! coa/ ( ,p>ia or ,new ,&alusia4 ,at my arrival 9 ,t]ra ,firma1 ,i 0 /ruck ) ! connection betwe5 ! de/ruction ( ,cumana on ! #ad? ( ,decemb]1 #agig1 & ! eruption ( ! volcanoes 9 ! small] ,we/ ,india ,isl&s4 ,?is connection 0 aga9 manife/ 9 ! de/ruction ( ,c>acas on ! #bf? ( ,m>*1 #ahab4 ,! volcano ( ,guadal\pe seem$ 9 #agig to h ex]cis$ a reaction on ! coa/s ( ,cumana4 ,fifte5 ye>s lat]1 x 0 a volcano situat$ ne>] ! cont95t 7t ( ,/4 ,v9c5t71 :i* appe>$ to h ext5d$ its influ5ce z f> z ,c>acas & ! banks ( ,apure4 ,possibly1 at bo? ^? p]iods1 ! c5tre ( ! explosion 01 at an imm5se dep?1 equally di/ant f ! regions t[>ds :i* ! motion 0 propagat$ at ! surface ( ! globe4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( #ahaa to #ahac1 a va/ sup]ficies ( ! e>?199 799 ,betwe5 latitudes #e & #cf degrees nor?1 & #ca & #ia degrees we/ longitude f ,p>is47 b\nd by ! m]idian ( ! ,azores1 ! valley ( ! ,ohio1 ! ,cordill]as ( ,new ,gr5ada1 ! coa/s ( ,v5ezuela1 & ! volcanoes ( ! small] ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 0 %ak5 ?r\gh\t its :ole ext5t1 by commotions :i* may be attribut$ to subt]ranean fires4 ,! foll[+ s]ies ( ph5om5a seems to indicate communications at enorm\s di/ances4 ,on ! #cj? ( ,janu>y1 #ahaa1 a subm>9e volcano broke out ne> ! isl& ( ,/4 ,mi*ael1 "o ( ! ,azores4 ,at a place :]e ! sea 0 sixty fa?oms deep1 a rock made its appe>ance above ! surface ( ! wat]s4 ,! heav+-up ( ! s(t5$ cru/ ( ! globe appe>s to h prec$$ ! eruption ( flame at ! crat]1 z _h already be5 obs]v$ at ! volcanoes ( ,jorullo 9 ,mexico1 & on ! appe>ance ( ! little isl& ( ,kam5i1 ne> ,santor9o4 ,! new islet ( ! ,azores 0 at fir/ a m]e %oal2 b on ! #ae? ( ,june1 an eruption1 :i* la/$ six days1 enl>g$ its ext5t1 & c>ri$ x progressively to ! height ( fifty toises above ! surface ( ! sea4 ,?is new l&1 ( :i* capta9 ,till>d took possession 9 ! "n ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 giv+ x ! "n ( ,sabr9a ,isl&1 0 n9e hundr$ toises 9 diamet]4 ,x has aga91 x seems1 be5 swall[$ up by ! ocean4 ,?is is ! ?ird "t t subm>9e volcanoes h pres5t$ ?is extraord9>y spectacle ne> ! isl& ( ,/4 ,mi*ael2 &1 z if ! eruptions ( ^! volcanoes 7 subject to p]iodical recurr5ce1 ow+ to a c]ta9 accumulation ( ela/ic fluids1 ! isl& rais$ up has appe>$ at int]vals ( n9ety-"o or n9ety-two ye>s499 799 ,malte-,brun1 ,geographie ,univ]selle4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "s d\bt respect+ ! eruption ( #afbh1 to :i* "s acc\nts assign ! date ( #afch4 ,! ris+ always happ5$ ne> ! isl& ( ,/4 ,mi*ael1 ?\gh n id5tically on ! same spot4 ,x is rem>kable t ! small isl& ( #agbj rea*$ ! same elevation z ! isl& ( ,sabr9a 9 #ahaa47 ,at ! "t ( ! appe>ance ( ! new isl& ( ,sabr9a1 ! small] ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 situat$ eight hundr$ leagues s\?-we/ ( ! ,azores1 exp]i5c$ frequ5t e>?quakes4 ,m ?an two hundr$ %ocks 7 felt f ! mon? ( ,may #ahaa1 to ,april #ahab1 at ,/4 ,v9c5t2 "o ( ! ?ree isl&s 9 :i* !re are /ill active volcanoes4 ,! commotion 0 n circumscrib$ to ! insul> portion ( ea/]n ,am]ica2 & f ! #af? ( ,decemb]1 #ahaa1 till ! ye> #ahac1 ! e>? 0 almo/ incessantly agitat$ 9 ! valleys ( ! ,mississippi1 ! ,arkansas riv]1 & ! ,ohio4 ,! oscillations 7 m feeble on ! ea/ ( ! ,alleghanies1 ?an to ! we/ ( ^! m\nta9s1 9 ,t5nessee & ,k5tucky4 ,!y 7 accompani$ by a great subt]ranean noise1 proce$+ f ! s\?-we/4 ,9 "s places betwe5 ,new ,madrid & ,little ,prairie1 z at ! ,sal9e1 nor? ( ,c9c9nati1 9 latitude #cg degrees #de m9utes1 %ocks 7 felt e day1 nay almo/ e h\r1 dur+ sev]al mon?s4 ,! :ole ( ^! ph5om5a cont9u$ f ! #af? ( ,decemb] #ahaa1 till ! ye> #ahac4 ,! commotion1 conf9$ at fir/ to ! s\?1 9 ! valley ( ! l[] ,mississippi1 appe>$ to advance sl[ly nor?w>d4 ,precisely at ! p]iod :5 ?is long s]ies ( e>?quakes comm5c$ 9 ! ,transalleghanian ,/ates 79 ! mon? ( ,decemb] #ahaa71 ! t[n ( ,c>acas felt ! fir/ %ock 9 calm & s]5e wea!r4 ,?is co9cid5ce ( ph5om5a 0 probably n accid5tal2 = x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t1 not)/&+ ! di/ance :i* sep>ates ^! c\ntries1 ! l[ gr\nds ( ,l\isiana & ! coa/s ( ,v5ezuela & ,cumana belong to ! same bas91 t ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,:5 we consid] geologically ! bas9 ( ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 & ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 we f9d x b\nd$ on ! s\? by ! coa/-*a9 ( ,v5ezuela & ! ,cordill]as ( ,m]ida & ,pamplona2 on ! ea/ by ! m\nta9s ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 & ! ,alleghanies2 on ! we/ by ! ,&es ( ,mexico1 & ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s2 & on ! nor? by ! v inconsid]able elevations :i* sep>ate ! ,canadian lakes f ! riv]s :i* fl[ into ! ,mississippi4 ,m ?an two-?irds ( ?is bas9 are cov]$ ) wat]4 ,x is bord]$ by two ranges ( active volcanoes2 on ! ea/1 9 ! ,c>ribee ,isl&s1 betwe5 latitudes #ac & #af degrees2 & on ! we/ 9 ! ,cordill]as ( ,nic>agua1 ,guatimala1 & ,mexico1 betwe5 latitudes #aa & #bj degrees4 ,:5 we reflect t ! great e>?quake at ,lisbon1 ( ! #a/ ( ,novemb]1 #agee1 0 felt almo/ simultane\sly on ! coa/s ( ,sw$51 at lake ,ont>io1 & at ! isl& ( ,m>t9ique1 x may n seem unreasonable to suppose1 t all ?is bas9 ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 f ,cumana & ,c>acas z f> z ! pla9s ( ,l\isiana1 %\ld be simultane\sly agitat$ by commotions proce$+ f ! same c5tre ( action4 ,x is an op9ion v g5]ally preval5t on ! coa/s ( ,t]ra ,firma1 t e>?quakes become m frequ5t :5 electric explosions h be5 dur+ "s ye>s r>e4 ,x is suppos$ to h be5 obs]v$1 at ,cumana & at ,c>acas1 t ! ra9s 7 less frequ5tly att5d$ ) ?und] f ! ye> #agib2 & ! total de/ruction ( ,cumana 9 #agig1 z well z ! commotions felt 9 #ahjj1 #ahja1 & #ahjb1 at ,m>acaibo1 ,porto ,cabello1 & ,c>acas1 h n fail$ to be attribut$ to an accumulation ( electricity 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,p]sons :o h liv$ long 9 ,new ,&alusia1 or 9 ! l[ regions ( ,p]u1 w admit t ! p]iod mo/ to be dread$ = ! frequ5cy ( e>?quakes is ! beg9n+ ( ! ra9y season1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is also ! season ( ?und]-/orms4 ,! atmosph]e & ! /ate ( ! surface ( ! globe seem to ex]cise an influ5ce unkn[n to u on ! *anges :i* take place at great dep?s2 & ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! connection :i* x is suppos$ has be5 trac$ betwe5 ! abs5ce ( ?und]-/orms & ! frequ5cy ( e>?quakes1 is r a physical hypo!sis fram$ by ! half-le>n$ ( ! c\ntry ?an ! result ( long exp]i5ce4 ,! co9cid5ce ( c]ta9 ph5om5a may be fav\r$ by *ance4 ,! extraord9>y commotions felt almo/ cont9ually dur+ ! space ( two ye>s on ! banks ( ! ,mississippi & ! ,ohio1 & :i* correspond$ 9 #ahab ) ^? ( ! valley ( ,c>acas1 7 prec$$ at ,l\isiana by a ye> almo/ exempt f ?und]-/orms4 ,! public m9d 0 aga9 /ruck ) ?is ph5om5on4 ,we _c be surpris$ t !re %\ld be 9 ! native l& ( ,frankl9 a great read9ess to receive explanations f\nd$ on ! !ory ( electricity4 ,! %ock felt at ,c>acas 9 ! mon? ( ,decemb] #ahaa1 0 ! only "o :i* prec$$ ! t]rible cata/rophe ( ! #bf? ( ,m>*1 #ahab4 ,! inhabitants ( ,t]ra ,firma 7 alike ignorant ( ! agitations ( ! volcano 9 ! isl& ( ,/4 ,v9c5t1 & ( ^? felt 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,mississippi1 :]e1 on ! #g? & #h? ( ,febru>y1 #ahab1 ! e>? 0 day & night 9 p]petual oscillation4 ,a great dr\ght prevail$ at ?is p]iod 9 ! prov9ce ( ,v5ezuela4 ,n a s+le drop ( ra9 _h fall5 at ,c>acas or 9 ! c\ntry to ! di/ance ( n9ety leagues r\nd1 dur+ five mon?s prec$+ ! de/ruction ( ! capital4 ,! #bf? ( ,m>* 0 a rem>kably hot day4 ,! air 0 calm1 & ! sky uncl\d$4 ,x 0 ,asc5sion-day1 & a great portion ( ! population 0 assembl$ 9 ! *ur*es4 ,no?+ seem$ to presage ! calamities ( ! day4 ,at sev5 m9utes aft] f\r 9 ! aft]noon ! fir/ %ock 0 felt4 ,x 0 suffici5tly =cible to make ! bells ( ! *ur*es toll2 & x la/$ five or six seconds4 ,dur+ t int]val ! gr\nd 0 9 a cont9ual undulat+ movem5t1 & seem$ to heave up l a boil+ liquid4 ,! dang] 0 ?\ght to be pa/1 :5 a trem5d\s subt]ranean noise 0 he>d1 resembl+ ! roll+ ( ?und]1 b l\d] & ( long] cont9uance ?an t he>d )9 ! tropics 9 ! "t ( /orms4 ,?is noise prec$$ a p]p5dicul> motion ( ?ree or f\r seconds1 foll[$ by an undulatory movem5t some:at long]4 ,! %ocks 7 9 opposite directions1 proce$+ f nor? to s\?1 & f ea/ to we/4 ,no?+ c\ld resi/ ! p]p5dicul> movem5t & ! transv]se undulations4 ,! t[n ( ,c>acas 0 entirely ov]?r[n1 & betwe5 n9e & t5 ?\s& ( ! inhabitants 7 buri$ "u ! ru9s ( ! h\ses & *ur*es4 ,! procession ( ,asc5sion-day _h n yet begun to pass ?r\gh ! /reets1 b ! cr[d 0 s great )9 ! *ur*es t ne>ly ?ree or f\r ?\s& p]sons 7 cru%$ by ! fall ( ! ro(s4 ,! explosion 0 mo/ viol5t t[>ds ! nor?1 9 t "p ( ! t[n situat$ ne>e/ ! m\nta9 ( ,avila & ! ,silla4 ,! *ur*es ( la ,tr9idad & ,alta ,gracia1 :i* 7 m ?an "o hundr$ & fifty feet high1 & ! naves ( :i* 7 support$ by pill>s ( twelve or fifte5 feet diamet]1 7 r$uc$ to a mass ( ru9s sc>cely exce$+ five or six feet 9 elevation4 ,! s9k+ ( ! ru9s has be5 s consid]able t !re n[ sc>cely rema9 any ve/iges ( pill>s or columns4 ,! b>racks1 call$ el ,qu>tel de ,san ,c>los1 situat$ nor? ( ! *ur* ( la ,tr9idad1 on ! road f ! cu/om-h\se ( ,la ,pa/ora1 almo/ entirely disappe>$4 ,a regim5t ( troops ( ! l9e1 "u arms1 & 9 read9ess to jo9 ! procession1 01 ) ! exception ( a few m51 buri$ b5ea? ! ru9s ( ! b>racks4 ,n9e-t5?s ( ! f9e city ( ,c>acas 7 entirely de/roy$4 ,! walls ( "s h\ses n ?r[n d[n1 z ^? 9 ! /reet ,san ,juan1 ne> ! ,capu*9 ,hospital1 7 crack$ 9 su* a mann] z to r5d] !m un9habitable4 ,! effects ( ! e>?quake 7 some:at less viol5t 9 ! we/]n & s\!rn p>ts ( ! city1 betwe5 ! pr9cipal squ>e & ! rav9e ( ,c>aguata4 ,!re1 ! ca!dral1 support$ by enorm\s buttresses1 rema9s /&+4 ,x is comput$ t n9e or t5 ?\s& p]sons 7 kill$ 9 ! city ( ,c>acas1 exclusive ( ^? :o1 be+ dang]\sly w\nd$1 p]i%$ sev]al mon?s aft]1 = want ( food & prop] c>e4 ,! night ( ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,asc5sion witness$ an awful sc5e ( desolation & di/ress4 ,! ?ick cl\d ( du/ :i*1 ris+ above ! ru9s1 d>k5$ ! sky l a fog1 _h settl$ on ! gr\nd4 ,no commotion 0 felt1 & nev] 0 a night m calm or m s]5e4 ,! moon1 !n ne>ly at ! full1 illum9$ ! r\nd$ domes ( ! ,silla1 & ! aspect ( ! sky =m$ a p]fect contra/ to t ( ! e>?1 :i* 0 cov]$ ) ! bodies ( ! dead1 & heap$ ) ru9s4 ,mo!rs 7 se5 be>+ 9 _! arms _! *ildr51 :om !y hop$ to recall to life4 ,desolate families 7 w&]+ ?r\gh ! city1 seek+ a bro!r1 a husb&1 or a fri5d1 ( ^: fate !y 7 ignorant1 & :om !y believ$ to be lo/ 9 ! cr[d4 ,! p press$ along ! /reets1 :i* c\ld be trac$ only by long l9es ( ru9s4 ,all ! calamities exp]i5c$ 9 ! great cata/rophes ( ,lisbon1 ,mess9a1 ,lima1 & ,riobamba 7 r5ew$ at ,c>acas on ! fatal #bf? ( ,m>*1 #ahab4 ,w\nd$ p]sons1 buri$ b5ea? ! ru9s1 7 he>d implor+ by _! cries ! help ( ! pass]s-by1 & ne>ly two ?\s& 7 dug out4 ,nev] 0 pity m t5d]ly ev9c$2 nev] 0 x m +5i\sly active ?an 9 ! ef=ts employ$ to save ! mis]able victims ^: groans rea*$ ! e>4 ,implem5ts = digg+ & cle>+ away ! ru9s 7 entirely want+2 & ! p 7 oblig$ to use _! b>e h&s1 to dis9t] ! liv+4 ,! w\nd$1 z well z ! invalids :o _h escap$ f ! hospitals1 7 laid on ! banks ( ! small riv] ,guayra1 :]e !re 0 no %elt] b ! foliage ( trees4 ,b$s1 l95 to dress ! w\nds1 in/rum5ts ( surg]y1 m$ic9es1 e object ( ! mo/ urg5t necessity1 0 buri$ 9 ! ru9s4 ,ev]y?+1 ev5 food1 0 want+2 & = ! space ( sev]al days wat] became sc>ce 9 ! int]ior ( ! city4 ,! commotion _h r5t ! pipes ( ! f\nta9s2 & ! fall+ 9 ( ! e>? _h *ok$ up ! spr+s t suppli$ !m4 ,to procure wat] x 0 necess>y to g d[n to ! riv] ,guayra1 :i* 0 consid]ably swell$2 & ev5 :5 ! wat] 0 obta9$ vessels = convey+ x 7 want+4 ,!re 0 a duty to be fulfill$ to ! dead1 enjo9$ at once by piety & ! dread ( infection4 ,x be+ impossible to int] s _m ?\s& bodies1 half-buri$ "u ! ru9s1 commission]s 7 appo9t$ to burn !m3 & = ?is purpose fun]al piles 7 erect$ betwe5 ! heaps ( ru9s4 ,?is c]emony la/$ sev]al days4 ,amid/ s _m public calamities1 ! p devot$ !mselves to ^? religi\s duties :i* !y ?\ght be/ fitt$ to appease ! wra? ( heav54 ,"s1 assembl+ 9 processions1 sang fun]al hymns2 o!rs1 9 a /ate ( di/raction1 made _! confessions al\d 9 ! /reets4 ,9 ,c>acas 0 !n repeat$ :at _h be5 rem>k$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,quito1 aft] ! trem5d\s e>?quake ( #agig2 a numb] ( m>riages 7 contract$ betwe5 p]sons :o _h neglect$ = _m ye>s to sanction _! union by ! sac]dotal b5$iction4 ,*ildr5 f\nd p>5ts1 by :om !y _h nev] till !n be5 ackn[l$g$2 re/itutions 7 promis$ by p]sons :o _h nev] be5 accus$ ( fraud2 & families :o _h long be5 at enmity 7 drawn toge!r by ! tie ( common calamity4 ,b if ?is feel+ seem$ to calm ! passions ( "s1 & op5 ! he>t to pity1 x _h a contr>y effect on o!rs1 r5d]+ !m m rigor\s & inhuman4 ,9 great calamities vulg> m9ds ev9ce less ( goodness ?an ( en]gy4 ,mis=tune acts 9 ! same mann] z ! pursuits ( lit]ature & ! /udy ( nature2 ! happy influ5ce ( :i* is felt only by a few1 giv+ m ard\r to s5tim5t1 m elevation to ! ?\ghts1 & increas$ b5evol5ce to ! disposition4 ,%ocks z viol5t z ^? :i* 9 ab\t ! space ( a m9ute99 ov]?rew ! city ( ,c>acas1 c\ld n be conf9$ to a small portion ( ! cont95t4 799 ,! duration ( ! e>?quake1 t is to say ! :ole ( ! movem5ts ( undulation & ris+ 7undulacion y trepidacion71 :i* occasion$ ! horrible cata/rophe ( ! #bf? ( ,m>*1 #ahab1 0 e/imat$ by "s at #ej seconds1 by o!rs at #a m9ute #ab seconds47 ,_! fatal effects ext5d$ z f> z ! prov9ces ( ,v5ezuela1 ,v>9as1 & ,m>acaibo1 along ! coa/2 & especially to ! inl& m\nta9s4 ,la ,guayra1 ,mayquetia1 ,antimano1 ,b>uta1 ,la ,vega1 ,san ,felipe1 & ,m]ida1 7 almo/ entirely de/roy$4 ,! numb] ( ! dead exce$$ f\r or five ?\s& at ,la ,guayra1 & at ! t[n ( ,san ,felipe1 ne> ! copp]-m9es ( ,aroa4 ,x w\ld appe> t on a l9e runn+ ea/-nor?-ea/ & we/-s\?-we/ f ,la ,guayra & ,c>acas to ! l(ty m\nta9s ( ,niquitao & ,m]ida1 ! viol5ce ( ! e>?quake 0 pr9cipally direct$4 ,x 0 felt 9 ! k+dom ( ,new ,gr5ada f ! bran*es ( ! high ,si]ra de ,santa ,m>?a99 799 ,z f> z ,villa de ,los ,rem$ios1 & ev5 to ,c>?ag5a47 z f> z ,santa ,fe de ,bogota & ,honda1 on ! banks ( ! ,magdal5a1 "o hundr$ & eighty leagues f ,c>acas4 ,x 0 ev]y:]e m viol5t 9 ! ,cordill]as ( gneiss & mica-slate1 or imm$iately at _! base1 ?an 9 ! pla9s2 & ?is diff]5ce 0 p>ticul>ly /rik+ 9 ! savannahs ( ,v>9as & ,casan>a499 799 ,?is is easily expla9$ accord+ to ! sy/em ( ^? geologi/s :o are ( op9ion t all *a9s ( m\nta9s1 volcanic & n volcanic1 h be5 =m$ by be+ rais$ up1 z if ?r\gh crevices47 ,9 ! valleys ( ,aragua1 betwe5 ,c>acas & ! t[n ( ,san ,felipe1 ! commotions 7 v slight2 & ,la ,victoria1 ,m>acay1 & ,val5cia1 sc>cely suff]$ at all1 not)/&+ _! proximity to ! capital4 ,at ,valecillo1 a few leagues f ,val5cia1 ! yawn+ e>? ?rew out su* an imm5se quantity ( wat]1 t x =m$ a new torr5t4 ,! same ph5om5on took place ne> ,porto-,cabello499 799 ,x is ass]t$ t1 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,aroa1 ! gr\nd1 imm$iately aft] ! great %ocks1 0 f\nd cov]$ ) a v f9e & :ite e>?1 :i* appe>$ to h be5 project$ ?r\gh crevices47 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! lake ( ,m>acaybo dim9i%$ s5sibly4 ,at ,coro no commotion 0 felt1 ?\gh ! t[n is situat$ on ! coa/1 betwe5 o!r t[ns :i* suff]$ f ! e>?quake4 ,fi%]m51 :o _h pass$ ! day ( ! #bf? ( ,m>* 9 ! isl& ( ,or*ila1 ?irty leagues nor?-ea/ ( ,la ,guayra1 felt no %ock4 ,^! diff]5ces 9 ! direction & propagation ( ! %ock1 are probably ow+ to ! peculi> position ( ! /ony /rata4 ,hav+ ?us trac$ ! effects ( ! e>?quake to ! we/ ( ,c>acas1 z f> z ! sn[y m\nta9s ( ,santa ,m>?a1 & ! table-l& ( ,santa ,fe de ,bogota1 we w proce$ to consid] _! action on ! c\ntry ea/w>d ( ! capital4 ,! commotions 7 v viol5t beyond ,caurim>e1 9 ! valley ( ,capaya1 :]e !y ext5d$ z f> z ! m]idian ( ,cape ,cod]a3 b x is extremely rem>kable t !y 7 v feeble on ! coa/s ( ,nueva ,b>celona1 ,cumana1 & ,p>ia2 ?\gh ^! coa/s are ! cont9uation ( ! %ore ( ,la ,guayra1 & 7 =m]ly kn[n to h be5 (t5 agitat$ by subt]ranean commotions4 ,admitt+ t ! de/ruction ( ! f\r t[ns ( ,c>acas1 ,la ,guayra1 ,san ,felipe1 & ,m]ida1 may be attribut$ to a volcanic focus situat$ "u or ne> ! isl& ( ,/4 ,v9c5t1 we may conceive t ! motion might h be5 propagat$ f nor?-ea/ to s\?-we/ 9 a l9e pass+ ?r\gh ! isl&s ( ,los ,h]manos1 ne> ,blanquilla1 )\t t\*+ ! coa/s ( ,araya1 ,cumana1 & ,nueva ,b>celona4 ,?is propagation ( ! %ock might ev5 h tak5 place )\t any commotion hav+ be5 felt at ! int]m$iate po9ts on ! surface ( ! globe 7! ,h]manos ,isl&s = in/ance74 ,?is ph5om5on is frequ5tly rem>k$ at ,p]u & ,mexico1 9 e>?quakes :i* h foll[$ dur+ ages a fix$ direction4 ,! inhabitants ( ! ,&es say1 speak+ ( an int]m$i>y tract ( gr\nd1 n affect$ by ! g5]al commotion1 t x =ms a bridge 7que hace pu5te73 z if !y mean to indicate by ?is expression t ! undulations are propagat$ at an imm5se dep? "u an in]t rock4 ,at ,c>acas1 fifte5 or eighte5 h\rs aft] ! great cata/rophe1 ! e>? 0 tranquil4 ,! night1 z has already be5 obs]v$1 0 f9e & calm2 & ! commotions did n recomm5ce till aft] ! #bg?4 ,!y 7 !n att5d$ by a v l\d & long cont9u$ subt]ranean noise 7bramido74 ,! inhabitants ( ! de/roy$ city w&]$ into ! c\ntry2 b ! villages & f>ms hav+ suff]$ z mu* z ! t[n1 !y c\ld f9d no %elt] till !y 7 beyond ! m\nta9s ( los ,teques1 9 ! valleys ( ,aragua1 & 9 ! llanos or savannahs4 ,no less ?an fifte5 oscillations 7 felt 9 "o day4 ,on ! #e? ( ,april !re 0 almo/ z viol5t an e>?quake z t :i* ov]?rew ! capital4 ,dur+ sev]al h\rs ! gr\nd 0 9 a /ate ( p]petual undulation4 ,l>ge heaps ( e>? fell 9 ! m\nta9s2 & enorm\s masses ( rock 7 deta*$ f ! ,silla ( ,c>acas4 ,x 0 ev5 ass]t$1 & ?is op9ion prevails /ill 9 ! c\ntry1 t ! two domes ( ! ,silla sunk fifty or sixty toises2 b ?is /atem5t is n f\nd$ on any measurem5t4 ,i am in=m$ t1 9 l mann]1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,quito1 ! p1 at e p]iod ( great commotions1 imag9e t ! volcano ( ,tunguragua dim9i%es 9 height4 ,x has be5 affirm$1 9 _m publi%$ acc\nts ( ! de/ruction ( ,c>acas1 t ! m\nta9 ( ! ,silla is an ext+ui%$ volcano2 t a great quantity ( volcanic sub/ances are f\nd on ! road f ,la ,guayra to ,c>acas2 t ! rocks d n pres5t any regul> /ratification2 & t ev]y?+ be>s ! /amp ( ! action ( fire4 ,x has ev5 be5 /at$ t twelve ye>s prior to ! great cata/rophe1 ,m4 ,bonpl& & myself _h1 f our own obs]vations1 consid]$ ! ,silla z a v dang]\s neighb\r to ! city ( ,c>acas1 because ! m\nta9 conta9$ a great quantity ( sulphur1 & ! commotions mu/ come f ! nor?-ea/4 ,x is seldom t obs]v]s ( nature h to ju/ify !mselves = an accompli%$ pr$iction2 b ,i ?9k x my duty to oppose ideas :i* are too easily adopt$ on ! ,,local ,,causes ( e>?quakes4 ,9 all places :]e ! soil has be5 incessantly agitat$ = :ole mon?s1 z at ,jamaica 9 #afic1 ,lisbon 9 #agee1 ,cumana 9 #agff1 & ,pi$mont 9 #ahjh1 a volcano is expect$ to op54 ,p =get t we mu/ seek ! focus or c5tre ( action1 f> f ! surface ( ! e>?2 t1 accord+ to und5iable evid5ce1 ! undulations are propagat$ almo/ at ! same in/ant across seas ( imm5se dep?1 at ! di/ance ( a ?\s& leagues2 & t ! greate/ commotions take place n at ! foot ( active volcanoes1 b 9 *a9s ( m\nta9s compos$ ( ! mo/ het]og5e\s rocks4 ,9 our geogno/ical obs]vation ( ! c\ntry r\nd ,c>acas we f\nd gneiss1 & mica-slate conta9+ b$s ( primitive lime/one4 ,! /rata are sc>cely m fractur$ or irregul>ly incl9$ ?an ne> ,freyburg 9 ,saxony1 or :]ev] m\nta9s ( primitive =mation rise abruptly to great heights4 ,i f\nd at ,c>acas nei!r basalt nor dorolite1 nor ev5 tra*ytes or trap-porphyries2 nor 9 g5]al any trace ( an ext+ui%$ volcano1 unless we *oose to reg>d ! diabases ( primitive grun/e91 conta9$ 9 gneiss1 z masses ( lava1 :i* h fill$ up fissures4 ,^! diabases are ! same z ^? ( ,bohemia1 ,saxony1 & ,franconia299 799 ,^! grun/e9s are f\nd 9 ,bohemia1 ne> ,pils51 9 granite2 9 ,saxony1 9 ! mica-slates ( ,s*e5b]g2 9 ,franconia1 betwe5 ,/eeb5 & ,lau5/e91 9 transition-slates47 & :atev] op9ion may be ent]ta9$ respect+ ! anci5t causes ( ! oxidation ( ! globe at its surface1 all ^? primitive m\nta9s1 :i* conta9 a mixture ( hornbl5de & feldsp>1 ei!r 9 ve9s or 9 balls ) conc5tric lay]s1 w n1 ,i presume1 be call$ volcanic =mations4 ,mont ,blanc & ,mont d',or w n be rang$ 9 "o & ! same class4 ,ev5 ! p>tisans ( ! ,huttonian or volcanic !ory make a di/9ction betwe5 ! lavas melt$ "u ! m]e pressure ( ! atmosph]e at ! surface ( ! globe1 & ^? lay]s =m$ by fire b5ea? ! imm5se weight ( ! ocean & sup]9cumb5t rocks4 ,!y w\ld n conf\nd ,auv]gne & ! granitic valley ( ,c>acas 9 ! same d5om9ation2 t ( a c\ntry ( ext9ct volcanoes4 ,i nev] c\ld h pron\nc$ ! op9ion1 t ! ,silla & ! ,c]ro de ,avila1 m\nta9s ( gneiss & mica-slate1 7 9 dang]\s proximity to ! city ( ,c>acas because !y conta9$ a great quantity ( pyrites 9 subord9ate b$s ( primitive lime/one4 ,b ,i rememb] hav+ said1 dur+ my /ay at ,c>acas1 t ! ea/]n extremity ( ,t]ra ,firma appe>$1 s9ce ! great e>?quake ( ,quito1 9 a /ate ( agitation1 :i* w>rant$ appreh5sion t ! prov9ce ( ,v5ezuela w\ld gradually be expos$ to viol5t commotions4 ,i add$1 t :5 a c\ntry _h be5 long subject to frequ5t %ocks1 new subt]ranean communications seem$ to op5 ) neighb\r+ c\ntries2 & t ! volcanoes ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 ly+ 9 ! direction ( ! ,silla1 nor?-ea/ ( ! city1 7 p]haps ! v5ts1 at ! "t ( an eruption1 = ^? ela/ic fluids :i* cause e>?quakes on ! coa/s ( ! cont95t4 ,^! consid]ations1 f\nd$ on local k ( ! place1 & on simple analogies1 are v f> f a pr$iction ju/ifi$ by ! c\rse ( physical ev5ts4 ,on ! #cj? ( ,april1 #ahab1 :il/ viol5t commotions 7 felt simultane\sly 9 ! valley ( ! ,mississippi1 9 ! isl& ( ,/4 ,v9c5t1 & 9 ! prov9ce ( ,v5ezuela1 a subt]ranean noise resembl+ frequ5t dis*>ges ( l>ge cannon 0 he>d at ,c>acas1 at ,calabozo 7situat$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! /eppes71 & on ! bord]s ( ! ,rio ,apure1 ov] a sup]ficies ( f\r ?\s& squ>e leagues4 ,?is noise began at two 9 ! morn+4 ,x 0 accompani$ by no %ock2 & x is v rem>kable1 t x 0 z l\d on ! coa/ z at ! di/ance ( eighty leagues inl&4 ,x 0 ev]y:]e believ$ to be transmitt$ ?r\gh ! air2 & 0 s f> f be+ ?\ght a subt]ranean noise1 t 9 sev]al places1 prep>ations 7 made = def5ce aga9/ an enemy1 :o seem$ to be advanc+ ) heavy artill]y4 ,s5or ,palacio1 cross+ ! ,rio ,apure bel[ ! ,orivante1 ne> ! junction ( ! ,rio ,nula1 0 told by ! inhabitants1 t ! fir+ ( cannon _h be5 he>d di/9ctly at ! we/]n extremity ( ! prov9ce ( ,v>9as1 z well z at ! port ( ,la ,guayra to ! nor? ( ! *a9 ( ! coa/4 ,! day on :i* ! inhabitants ( ,t]ra ,firma 7 al>m$ by a subt]ranean noise 0 t ( ! great eruption ( ! volcano 9 ! isl& ( ,/4 ,v9c5t4 ,t m\nta91 ne> five hundr$ toises high1 _h n ?r[n out lava s9ce ! ye> #agah4 ,sc>cely 0 any smoke p]ceiv$ to issue f x1 :51 9 ! mon? ( ,may #ahaa1 frequ5t %ocks ann\nc$ t ! volcanic fire 0 ei!r rek9dl$1 or direct$ anew to t "p ( ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,! fir/ eruption did n take place till ! #bg? ( ,april1 #ahab1 at noon4 ,x 0 m]ely an ejection ( a%es1 b att5d$ ) a trem5d\s noise4 ,on ! #cj?1 ! lava ov]fl[$ ! br9k ( ! crat]1 &1 aft] a c\rse ( f\r h\rs1 rea*$ ! sea4 ,! s\nd ( ! explosion is describ$ z resembl+ t ( alt]nate dis*>ges ( v l>ge cannon & musketry2 & x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t x seem$ mu* l\d] to p]sons out at sea1 & at a great di/ance f l&1 ?an to ^? )9 sight ( l&1 & ne> ! burn+ volcano4 ,! di/ance 9 a /raight l9e f ! volcano ( ,/4 ,v9c5t to ! ,rio ,apure1 ne> ! m\? ( ! ,nula1 is two hundr$ & t5 leagues499 799 ,:]e ! contr>y is n expressly /at$1 nautical leagues ( tw5ty to a degree1 or two ?\s& eight hundr$ & fifty-five toises1 are always to be und]/ood47 ,! explosions 7 consequ5tly he>d at a di/ance equal to t betwe5 ,vesuvius & ,p>is4 ,?is ph5om5on1 9 conjunction ) a great numb] ( facts obs]v$ 9 ! ,cordill]as ( ! ,&es1 %[s t ! sph]e ( ! subt]ranean activity ( a volcano is mu* m ext5sive ?an we %\ld be dispos$ to admit1 if we judg$ m]ely f ! small *anges effect$ at ! surface ( ! globe4 ,! detonations he>d dur+ :ole days toge!r 9 ! ,new ,_w1 eighty1 "o hundr$1 or ev5 two hundr$ leagues di/ant f a crat]1 d n rea* u by ! propagation ( ! s\nd ?r\gh ! air2 !y are transmitt$ by ! e>?1 p]haps 9 ! v place :]e we happ5 to be4 ,if ! eruptions ( ! volcano ( ,/4 ,v9c5t1 ,cotopaxi1 or ,tunguragua1 res\nd$ f af>1 l a cannon ( imm5se magnitude1 ! noise ought to increase 9 ! inv]se ratio ( ! di/ance3 b obs]vations prove1 t ?is augm5tation does n take place4 ,i mu/ fur!r obs]ve1 t ,m4 ,bonpl& & ,i1 go+ f ,guayaquil to ! coa/ ( ,mexico1 cross$ latitudes 9 ! ,pacific1 :]e ! crew ( our %ip 7 dismay$ by a holl[ s\nd com+ f ! dep? ( ! ocean1 & transmitt$ by ! wat]s4 ,at t "t a new eruption ( ,cotopaxi took place1 b we 7 z f> di/ant f ! volcano1 z ,etna f ! city ( ,naples4 ,! little t[n ( ,honda1 on ! banks ( ! ,magdal5a1 is n less ?an "o hundr$ & =ty-five leagues99 799 ,?is is ! di/ance f ,vesuvius to ,mont ,blanc47 f ,cotopaxi2 & yet1 9 ! great explosions ( ?is volcano1 9 #agdd1 a subt]ranean noise 0 he>d at ,honda1 & suppos$ to be dis*>ges ( heavy artill]y4 ,! monks ( ,san ,francisco spread a report t ! t[n ( ,c>?ag5a 0 besieg$ & bomb>d$ by ! ,engli%2 & ! intellig5ce 0 believ$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,n[ ! volcano ( ,cotopaxi is a cone1 m ?an "o ?\s& eight hundr$ toises above ! bas9 ( ,honda1 & x rises f a table-l&1 ! elevation ( :i* is m ?an "o ?\s& five hundr$ toises above ! valley ( ! ,magdal5a4 ,9 all ! colossal m\nta9s ( ,quito1 ( ! prov9ce ( los ,pa/os1 & ( ,popayan1 crevices & valleys )\t numb] int]v5e4 ,x _c be admitt$1 "u ^! circum/ances1 t ! noise 0 transmitt$ ?r\gh ! air1 or ov] ! surface ( ! globe1 & t x came f ! po9t at :i* ! cone & crat] ( ,cotapaxi are situat$4 ,x appe>s probable1 t ! m elevat$ "p ( ! k+dom ( ,quito & ! neighb\r+ ,cordill]as1 f> f be+ a gr\p ( di/9ct volcanoes1 con/itute a s+le swoll5 mass1 an enorm\s volcanic wall1 /ret*+ f s\? to nor?1 & ! cre/ ( :i* pres5ts a sup]ficies ( m ?an six hundr$ squ>e leagues4 ,cotopaxi1 ,tunguragua1 ,antisana1 & ,pi*9*a1 are on ?is same rais$ gr\nd4 ,!y h diff]5t names1 b !y are m]ely sep>ate summits ( ! same volcanic mass4 ,! fire issues sometimes f "o1 sometimes f ano!r ( ^! summits4 ,! ob/ruct$ crat]s appe> to be ext+ui%$ volcanoes2 b we may presume1 t1 :ile ,cotopaxi or ,tunguragua h only "o or two eruptions 9 ! c\rse ( a c5tury1 ! fire is n less cont9ually active "u ! t[n ( ,quito1 "u ,pi*9*a & ,imbabura4 ,advanc+ nor?w>d we f9d1 betwe5 ! volcano ( ,cotopaxi & ! t[n ( ,honda1 two o!r sy/ems ( volcanic m\nta9s1 ^? ( los ,pa/os & ( ,popayan4 ,! connection betwe5 ^! sy/ems 0 manife/$ 9 ! ,&es by a ph5om5on :i* ,i h already _h occasion to notice1 9 speak+ ( ! la/ de/ruction ( ,cumana4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,novemb] #agif a ?ick column ( smoke began to issue f ! volcano ( ,pa/o1 we/ ( ! t[n ( t "n1 & ne> ! valley ( ,rio ,guayt>a4 ,! m\?s ( ! volcano are lat]al1 & situat$ on its we/]n declivity1 yet dur+ ?ree successive mon?s ! column ( smoke rose s mu* high] ?an ! ridge ( ! m\nta9 t x 0 con/antly visible to ! inhabitants ( ! t[n ( ,pa/o4 ,!y describ$ to u _! a/oni%m5t :51 on ! #d? ( ,febru>y1 #agig1 !y obs]v$ ! smoke disappe> 9 an in/ant1 :il/ no %ock :atev] 0 felt4 ,at t v mom5t1 sixty-five leagues s\?w>d1 betwe5 ,*imborazo1 ,tunguragua1 & ! ,alt> 7,capac-,urcu71 ! t[n ( ,riobamba 0 ov]?r[n by ! mo/ t]rible e>?quake on record4 ,is x possible to d\bt1 f ?is co9cid5ce ( ph5om5a1 t ! vap\rs issu+ f ! small ap]tures or v5tanillas ( ! volcano ( ,pa/o _h an influ5ce on ! pressure ( ^? ela/ic fluids :i* convuls$ ! e>? 9 ! k+dom ( ,quito1 & de/roy$ 9 a few m9utes ?irty or =ty ?\s& inhabitants8 ,to expla9 ^! great effects ( volcanic reactions1 & to prove t ! gr\p or sy/em ( ! volcanoes ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s may sometimes %ake ! cont95t1 ,i h cit$ ! ,cordill]a ( ! ,&es4 ,geological reason+ c be support$ only by ! analogy ( facts :i* are rec5t1 & consequ5tly well au!nticat$3 & 9 :at o!r region ( ! globe c\ld we f9d great] & m v>i$ volcanic ph5om5a ?an 9 t d\ble *a9 ( m\nta9s heav$ up by fire8 9 t l& :]e nature has cov]$ e m\nta9 & e valley ) h] m>vels8 ,if we consid] a burn+ crat] only z an isolat$ ph5om5on1 if we be satisfi$ ) m]ely exam9+ ! mass ( /ony sub/ances :i* x has ?r[n up1 ! volcanic action at ! surface ( ! globe w appe> nei!r v p[]ful nor v ext5sive4 ,b ! image ( ?is action becomes enl>g$ 9 ! m9d :5 we /udy ! relations :i* l9k toge!r volcanoes ( ! same gr\p2 = in/ance1 ^? ( ,naples & ,sicily1 ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s199 ( ! ,azores1 ( ! ,c>ibbee isl&s ( ,mexico1 ( ,guatimala1 & ( ! table-l& ( ,quito2 :5 we exam9e ei!r ! reactions ( ^! diff]5t sy/ems ( volcanoes on "o ano!r1 or ! di/ance at :i*1 by subt]ranean communication1 !y simultane\sly convulse ! e>?4 7,i h already obs]v$ 7,*apt] #a4b7 t ! :ole gr\p ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s rises1 z we may say1 above "o & ! same subm>9e volcano4 ,s9ce ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! fire ( ?is volcano has bur/ =? alt]nately 9 ,palma1 ,t5]iffe1 & ,lanc]ote4 ,auv]gne pres5ts a :ole sy/em ( volcanoes1 ! action ( :i* has n[ ceas$2 b 9 ! middle ( a sy/em ( active volcanoes1 = in/ance1 9 t ( ,quito1 we mu/ n consid] z an ext+ui%$ volcano a m\nta91 ! crat] ( :i* is ob/ruct$1 & ?r\gh :i* ! subt]rane\s fire has n issu$ = ages4 ,etna1 ! ,aeolian ,isles1 ,vesuvius1 & ,epomeo2 ! peak ( ,teyde1 ,palma1 & ,lanc]ote2 ,/4 ,mi*ael1 ,la ,caldi]a ( ,fayal1 & ,pico2 ,/4 ,v9c5t1 ,/4 ,lucia1 & ,guadal\pe2 ,orizava1 ,popocatepetl1 ,jorullo1 & ,la ,colima2 ,bomba*o1 ! volcano ( ,gr5ada1 ,telica1 ,momotombo1 ,isalco1 & ! volcano ( ,guatimala2 ,cotopaxi1 ,tunguragua1 ,pi*9*a1 ,antisana1 & ,sangai1 belong to ! same sy/em ( burn+ volcanoes2 !y are g5]ally rang$ 9 r[s1 z if !y _h issu$ f a crevice1 or ve9 n fill$ up2 &1 x is v rem>kable1 t _! position is 9 "s p>ts 9 ! g5]al direction ( ! ,cordill]as1 & 9 o!rs 9 a contr>y direction47 ,! /udy ( volcanoes may be divid$ into two di/9ct bran*es2 "o1 simply m9]alogical1 is direct$ to ! exam9ation ( ! /ony /rata1 alt]$ or produc$ by ! action ( fire2 f ! =mation ( ! tra*ytes or trap-porphyries1 ( basalts1 phonolites1 & dol]ites1 to ! mo/ rec5t lavas3 ! o!r bran*1 less accessible & m neglect$1 compreh5ds ! physical relations :i* l9k volcanoes toge!r1 ! influ5ce ( "o volcanic sy/em on ano!r1 ! connection exi/+ betwe5 ! action ( burn+ m\nta9s & ! commotions :i* agitate ! e>? at great di/ances1 & dur+ long int]vals1 9 ! same direction4 ,?is /udy _c progress till ! v>i\s epo*s ( simultane\s action1 ! direction1 ! ext5t1 & ! =ce ( ! convulsions are c>efully not$2 till we h att5tively obs]v$ _! progressive advance to regions :i* !y _h n previ\sly rea*$2 & ! co9cid5ce betwe5 di/ant volcanic eruptions & ^? noises :i* ! inhabitants ( ! ,&es v expressively t]m subt]rane\s ?und]s1 or ro>+s499 799 ,bramidos y tru5os subt]raneos47 ,all ^! objects are compreh5d$ 9 ! doma9 ( ! hi/ory ( nature4 ,?\gh ! n>r[ circle )9 :i* all c]ta9 traditions are conf9$1 does n pres5t any ( ^? g5]al revolutions :i* h heav$ up ! ,cordill]as & buri$ myriads ( pelagian animals2 yet ,nature1 act+ "u our eyes1 nev]!less exhibits viol5t ?\gh p>tial *anges1 ! /udy ( :i* may ?r[ light on ! mo/ remote epo*s4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! e>? ^? my/]i\s p[]s exi/1 ! effects ( :i* are manife/$ at ! surface by ! production ( vap\rs1 ( inc&esc5t scoriae1 ( new volcanic rocks & !rmal spr+s1 by ! appe>ance ( new isl&s & m\nta9s1 by commotions propagat$ ) ! rapidity ( an electric %ock1 f9ally by ^? subt]ranean ?und]s199 he>d dur+ :ole mon?s1 )\t %ak+ ! e>?1 9 regions f> di/ant f active volcanoes4 799 ,9 ! t[n ( ,guanaxuato1 9 ,mexico1 ^! ?und]s la/$ f ! #i? ( ,janu>y till ! #ab? ( ,febru>y1 #aghd4 ,guanaxuato is situat$ =ty leagues nor? ( ! volcano ( ,jorullo1 & sixty leagues nor? we/ ( ! volcano ( ,popocatepetl4 ,9 places ne>] ^! two volcanoes1 ?ree leagues di/ant f ,guanaxuato1 ! subt]ranean ?und]s 7 n he>d4 ,! noise 0 circumscrib$ )9 a v n>r[ space1 9 ! region ( a primitive s*i/1 :i* approa*es a transition-s*i/1 conta9+ ! ri*e/ silv] m9es ( ! kn[n _w1 & on :i* re/ trap-porphyries1 slates1 & diabasis 7grun/e9477 ,9 proportion z equ9octial ,am]ica %all increase 9 culture & population1 & ! sy/em ( volcanoes ( ! c5tral table-l& ( ,mexico1 ( ! ,c>ibbee ,isl&s1 ( ,popayan1 ( los ,pa/os1 & ,quito1 %all be m att5tively obs]v$1 ! connection ( eruptions & ( e>?quakes1 :i* prec$e & sometimes accompany ^? eruptions1 w be m g5]ally recogniz$4 ,! volcanoes j m5tion$1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! ,&es1 :i* rise above ! enorm\s height ( two ?\s& five hundr$ toises1 pres5t great advantages = obs]vation4 ,! p]iods ( _! eruptions are s+ul>ly regul>4 ,!y rema9 ?irty or =ty ye>s )\t emitt+ scoriae1 a%es1 or ev5 vap\rs4 ,i c\ld n p]ceive ! smalle/ trace ( smoke on ! summit ( ,tunguragua or ,cotopaxi4 ,a gu/ ( vap\r issu+ f ! crat] ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius sc>cely attracts ! att5tion ( ! inhabitants ( ,naples1 accu/om$ to ! movem5ts ( t little volcano1 :i* ?r[s out scoriae sometimes dur+ two or ?ree ye>s successively4 ,!nce x becomes difficult to judge :e!r ! emission ( scoriae may h be5 m frequ5t at ! "t :5 an e>?quake has be5 felt 9 ! ,ap5n9es4 ,on ! ridge ( ! ,cordill]as ev]y?+ assumes a m decid$ "*4 ,an eruption ( a%es1 :i* la/s only a few m9utes1 is (t5 foll[$ by a calm ( t5 ye>s4 ,9 su* circum/ances x is easy to m>k ! p]iods1 & to obs]ve ! co9cid5ce ( ph5om5a4 ,if1 z !re appe>s to be little reason to d\bt1 t ! de/ruction ( ,cumana 9 #agig1 & ( ,c>acas 9 #ahab1 indicate ! influ5ce ( ! volcanoes ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s99 on ! commotions felt on ! coa/s ( ,t]ra ,firma1 x may be desirable1 be=e we close ?is *apt]1 to take a cursory view ( ?is ,m$it]ranean ar*ipelago4 799 ,! foll[+ is ! s]ies ( ! ph5om5a3-- #bg? ( ,septemb]1 #agif4 ,eruption 9 ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s4 7,volcano ( ,guadal\pe74 ,novemb]1 #agif4 ,! volcano ( ,pa/o began to emit smoke4 #ad? ( ,decemb]1 #agif4 ,de/ruction ( ,cumana4 #d? ( ,febru>y1 #agig4 ,de/ruction ( ,riobamba4 #cj? ( ,janu>y1 #ahaa4 ,appe>ance ( ,sabr9a ,isl&1 9 ! ,azores4 ,! isl& enl>g$ v consid]ably on ! #ae? ( ,june1 #ahaa4 ,may1 #ahaa4 ,comm5cem5t ( ! e>?quakes 9 ! isl& ( ,/4 ,v9c5t1 :i* la/$ till ,may #ahab4 #af? ( ,decemb]1 #ahaa4 ,comm5cem5t ( ! commotions 9 ! valley ( ! ,mississippi & ! ,ohio1 :i* la/$ till #ahac4 ,decemb]1 #ahaa4 ,e>?quake at ,c>acas4 #bf? ( ,m>*1 #ahaa4 ,de/ruction ( ,c>acas4 ,e>?quakes1 :i* cont9u$ till #ahac4 #cj? ( ,april1 #ahaa4 ,eruption ( ! volcano 9 ,/4 ,v9c5t2 & ! same day subt]ranean noises at ,c>acas1 & on ! banks ( ! ,apure47 ,! volcanic isl&s =m "o-fif? ( t great arc ext5d+ f ! coa/ ( ,p>ia to ! p59sula ( ,florida4 ,runn+ f s\? to nor?1 !y close ! ,c>ibbean ,sea on ! ea/]n side1 :ile ! great] ,we/ ,india ,isl&s appe> l ! rema9s ( a gr\p ( primitive m\nta9s1 ! summit ( :i* seems to h be5 betwe5 ,cape ,abac\1 ,po9t ,morant1 & ! ,copp] ,m\nta9s1 9 t "p :]e ! isl&s ( ,/4 ,dom+o1 ,cuba1 & ,jamaica1 are ne>e/ to ea* o!r4 ,consid]+ ! bas9 ( ! ,atlantic z an imm5se valley99 :i* sep>ates ! two cont95ts1 & :]e1 f #bj degrees s\? to #cj degrees nor?1 ! sali5t angles 7,brazil & ,s5egambia7 correspond to ! rec$+ angles 7! gulf ( ,gu9ea & ! ,c>ibbean ,sea71 we are l$ to ?9k t ! latt] sea owes its =mation to ! action ( curr5ts1 :i*1 l ! curr5t ( rotation n[ exi/+1 h fl[$ f ea/ to we/2 & h giv5 ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,porto ,rico1 ,/4 ,dom+o1 & ! isl& ( ,cuba _! uni=m configuration4 799 ,! valley is n>r[e/ 7#cjj leagues7 betwe5 ,cape ,/4 ,roque & ,si]ra ,leone4 ,proce$+ t[>d ! nor? along ! ,coa/s ( ! ,new ,cont95t1 f its pyramidal extremity1 or ! ,/raits ( ,magellan1 we imag9e we recognise ! effects ( a repulsion direct$ fir/ t[>d ! nor?-ea/1 !n t[>d ! nor?-we/1 & f9ally aga9 to ! nor?-ea/47 ,?is supposition ( an oceanic irruption has be5 ! s\rce ( two o!r hypo!ses on ! orig9 ( ! small] ,we/ ,india ,isl&s4 ,"s geologi/s admit t ! un9t]rupt$ *a9 ( isl&s f ,tr9idad to ,florida exhibits ! rema9s ( an anci5t *a9 ( m\nta9s4 ,!y connect ?is *a9 sometimes ) ! granite ( ,fr5* ,guiana1 sometimes ) ! calc>e\s m\nta9s ( ,p>i4 ,o!rs1 /ruck ) ! diff]5ce ( geological con/itution betwe5 ! primitive m\nta9s ( ! ,great] & ! volcanic cones ( ! ,less] ,antilles1 consid] ! latt] z hav+ ris5 f ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,if we recollect t volcanic upheav+s1 :5 !y take place ?r\gh elongat$ crevices1 usually take a /raight direction1 we %all f9d x difficult to judge f ! disposition ( ! crat]s alone1 :e!r ! volcanoes h belong$ to ! same *a91 or h always be5 isolat$4 ,suppos+ an irruption ( ! ocean to take place ei!r into ! ea/]n "p ( ! isl& ( ,java99 799 ,raffles1 ,hi/ory ( ,java1 #ahag1 pages #bc-bh4 ,! pr9cipal l9e ( ! volcanoes ( ,java1 on a di/ance ( #afj leagues1 runs f we/ to ea/1 ?r\gh ! m\nta9s ( ,gagak1 ,g$e1 ,tankuban-,prahu1 ,ung>ang ,m]api1 ,lawu1 ,wilis1 ,arjuna1 ,das>1 & ,ta%em47 or into ! ,cordill]as ( ,guatimala & ,nic>agua1 :]e s _m burn+ m\nta9s =m b "o *a91 t *a9 w\ld be divid$ into sev]al isl&s1 & w\ld p]fectly resemble ! ,c>ibbean ,ar*ipelago4 ,! union ( primitive =mations & volcanic rocks 9 ! same range ( m\nta9 is n extraord9>y2 x is v di/9ctly se5 9 my geological sections ( ! ,cordill]a ( ! ,&es4 ,! tra*ytes & basalts ( ,popayan are sep>at$ f ! sy/em ( ! volcanoes ( ,quito by ! mica-slates ( ,almagu]2 ! volcanoes ( ,quito f ! tra*ytes ( ,assuay by ! gneiss ( ,condora/a & ,guasunto4 ,!re does n exi/ a real *a9 ( m\nta9s runn+ s\?-ea/ & nor?-we/ f ,oyapoc to ! m\?s ( ! ,or9oco1 & ( :i* ! small] ,we/ ,india ,isl&s might be a nor!rn prolongation4 ,! granites ( ,guiana1 z well z ! hornbl5de-slates1 :i* ,i saw ne> ,ango/ura1 on ! banks ( ! ,l[] ,or9oco1 belong to ! m\nta9s ( ,pac>aimo & ( ,p>ime1 /ret*+ f we/ to ea/1 99 7,f ! cat>acts ( ,atures t[>ds ! ,essequibo ,riv]4 ,?is *a9 ( ,pac>aimo divides ! wat]s ( ! ,c>ony f ^? ( ! ,rio ,p>ime1 or ,rio de ,aguas ,blancas47 9 ! int]ior ( ! cont95t1 & n 9 a direction p>allel ) ! coa/1 betwe5 ! m\?s ( ! riv] ,amazon & ! ,or9oco4 ,b ?\gh we f9d no *a9 ( m\nta9s at ! nor?-ea/ extremity ( ,t]ra ,firma1 hav+ ! same direction z ! ar*ipelago ( ! small] ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 x does n !re=e foll[ t ! volcanic m\nta9s ( ! ar*ipelago may n h belong$ orig9ally to ! cont95t1 & =m$ a "p ( ! littoral *a9 ( ,c>acas & ,cumana499 799 ,among _m su* examples :i* ! /ructure ( ! globe displays1 we %all m5tion only ! inflexion at a "r angle =m$ by ! ,high] ,alps t[>ds ! m>itime ,alps1 9 ,europe2 & ! ,bel\r-,tagh1 :i* jo9s transv]sely ! ,m\z-,tagh & ! ,himalaya1 9 ,asia4 ,amid ! prejudices :i* imp$e ! progress ( m9]alogical geography1 we may reckon1 #a/1 ! supposition ( a p]fect uni=mity ( direction 9 ! *a9s ( m\nta9s2 #bnd1 ! hypo!sis ( ! cont9uity ( all *a9s2 #crd1 ! supposition t ! highe/ summits det]m9e ! direction ( a c5tral *a92 #d?1 ! idea t1 9 all places :]e great riv]s take rise1 we may suppose ! exi/5ce ( great tablel&s1 or v high m\nta9s47 ,9 oppos+ ! objections ( "s celebrat$ naturali/s1 ,i am f> f ma9ta9+ ! anci5t contiguity ( all ! small] ,we/ ,india ,isl&s4 ,i am r incl9$ to consid] !m z isl&s heav$ up by fire1 & rang$ 9 t regul> l9e1 ( :i* we f9d /rik+ examples 9 s _m volcanic hills 9 ,auv]gne1 9 ,mexico1 & 9 ,p]u4 ,! geological con/itution ( ! ,ar*ipelago appe>s1 f ! little we "k respect+ x1 to be v simil> to t ( ! ,azores & ! ,can>y ,isl&s4 ,primitive =mations are n[h]e se5 above gr\nd2 we f9d only :at belongs unque/ionably to volcanoes3 feldsp>-lava1 dol]ite1 basalt1 conglom]at$ scoriae1 tufa1 & pumice-/one4 ,among ! lime/one =mations we mu/ di/+ui% ^? :i* are ess5tially subord9ate to volcanic tufas99 f ^? :i* appe> to be ! "w ( madrepores & o!r zoophytes4 799 ,we h notic$ "s ( ! above1 foll[+ ,von ,bu*1 at ,lanc]ote1 & at ,=tav5tura1 9 ! sy/em ( ! ,can>y ,isl&s4 ,among ! small] isl&s ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 ! foll[+ islets are entirely calc>e\s1 accord+ to ,m4 ,cortes3 ,m>iegalante1 ,la ,desirade1 ! ,gr&e ,t]re ( ,guadal\pe1 & ! ,gr5adillas4 ,accord+ to ! obs]vations ( t naturali/1 ,curacoa & ,bu5os ,ayres pres5t only calc>e\s =mations4 ,m4 ,cortes divides ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s into1 #a/1 ^? conta9+ at once primitive1 second>y1 & volcanic =mations1 l ! great] isl&s2 #bnd1 ^? entirely calc>e\s1 7or at lea/ s consid]$7 z ,m>iegalante & ,curacoa2 #crd1 ^? at once volcanic & calc>e\s1 z ,antigua1 ,/4 ,b>?olomew1 ,/4 ,m>t91 & ,/4 ,?omas2 #d?1 ^? :i* h volcanic rocks only1 z ,/4 ,v9c5t1 ,/4 ,lucia1 & ,/4 ,eu/a*e47 ,! latt]1 accord+ to ,m4 ,moreau de ,jonnes1 seem to lie on %oals ( a volcanic nature4 ,^? m\nta9s1 :i* pres5t traces ( ! action ( fire m or less rec5t1 & "s ( :i* rea* ne>ly n9e hundr$ toises ( elevation1 are all situat$ on ! we/]n skirt ( ! small] ,we/ ,india ,isl&s499 799 ,j\rnal des ,m9es1 tome #c page #ei4 ,9 ord] to exhibit 9 "o po9t ( view ! :ole sy/em ( ! volcanoes ( ! small] ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 ,i w "h trace ! direction ( ! isl&s f s\? to nor?4--,gr5ada1 an anci5t crat]1 fill$ ) wat]2 boil+ spr+s2 basalts betwe5 ,/4 ,george & ,goave4--,/4 ,v9c5t1 a burn+ volcano4--,/4 ,lucia1 a v active solfat>a1 nam$ ,oualib\1 two or ?ree hundr$ toises high2 jets ( hot wat]1 by :i* small bas9s are p]iodically fill$4--,m>t9ique1 ?ree great ext+ui%$ volcanoes2 ,vaucl91 ! ,paps ( ,c>bet1 :i* are p]haps ! mo/ elevat$ summits ( ! small] isl&s1 & ,montagne ,pelee4 7,! height ( ?is la/ m\nta9 is probably #hjj toises2 accord+ to ,leblond x is #fgj toises2 accord+ to ,dupuget1 #gcf toises4 ,betwe5 ,vaucl9 & ! feldsp>-lavas ( ! ,paps ( ,c>bet is f\nd1 z ,m4 ,moreau de ,jonnes ass]ts1 9 a neck ( l&1 a region ( e>ly basalt call$ ,la ,ro*e ,c>ree74 ,!rmal wat]s ( ,pre*eur & ,lameut94--,dom9ica1 completely volcanic4--,guadal\pe1 an active volcano1 ! height ( :i*1 accord+ to ,leb\*]1 is #gii toises2 accord+ to ,amie1 #hej toises4--,monts]rat1 a solfat>a2 f9e porphyritic lavas ) l>ge cry/als ( feldsp> & hornbl5de ne> ,gall[ay1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,nug5t4--,nevis1 a solfat>a4--,/4 ,*ri/oph]'s1 a solfat>a at ,m\nt ,mis]y4--,/4 ,eu/a*e1 a crat] ( an ext+ui%$ volcano1 surr\nd$ by pumice-/one4 7,tr9idad1 :i* is trav]s$ by a *a9 ( primitive slate1 appe>s to h anci5tly =m$ a "p ( ! littoral *a9 ( ,cumana1 & n ( ! sy/em ( ! m\nta9s ( ! ,c>ibbee ,isl&s477 ,ea* isl& is n ! effect ( "o s+le heav+-up3 mo/ ( !m appe> to consi/ ( isolat$ masses :i* h be5 progressively unit$ toge!r4 ,! matt] has n be5 emitt$ f "o crat]1 b f sev]al2 s t a s+le isl& ( small ext5t conta9s a :ole sy/em ( volcanoes1 regions purely basaltic1 & o!rs cov]$ ) rec5t lavas4 ,! volcanoes /ill burn+ are ^? ( ,/4 ,v9c5t1 ,/4 ,lucia1 & ,guadal\pe4 ,! fir/ ?rew out lava 9 #agah & #ahab2 9 ! second !re is a cont9ual =mation ( sulphur by ! cond5sation ( vap\rs1 :i* issue f ! crevices ( an anci5t crat]4 ,! la/ eruption ( ! volcano ( ,guadal\pe took place 9 #agig4 ,! ,solfat>a ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph]'s 0 /ill burn+ 9 #afib4 ,at ,m>t9ique1 ,vaucl91 ,montagne ,pelee1 & ! crat] surr\nd$ by ! five ,paps ( ,c>bet1 mu/ be consid]$ z ?ree ext+ui%$ volcanoes4 ,! effects ( ?und] h be5 (t5 conf\nd$ 9 t place ) subt]ranean fire4 ,no good obs]vation has confirm$ ! suppos$ eruption ( ! #bbnd ( ,janu>y1 #agib4 ,! gr\p ( volcanoes 9 ! ,c>ibbee ,isl&s resembles t ( ! volcanoes ( ,quito & ,los ,pa/os2 crat]s ) :i* ! subt]ranean fire does n appe> to communicate are rang$ on ! same l9e ) burn+ crat]s1 & alt]nate ) !m4 ,not)/&+ ! intimate connection manife/$ 9 ! action ( ! volcanoes ( ! small] ,we/ ,india ,isl&s & ! e>?quakes ( ,t]ra ,firma1 x (t5 happ5s t %ocks felt 9 ! volcanic ar*ipelago are n propagat$ to ! isl& ( ,tr9idad1 or to ! coa/s ( ,c>acas & ,cumana4 ,?is ph5om5on is 9 no way surpris+3 ev5 9 ! ,c>ibbees ! commotions are (t5 conf9$ to "o place4 ,! great eruption ( ! volcano 9 ,/4 ,v9c5t's did n occasion an e>?quake at ,m>t9ique or ,guadal\pe4 ,l\d explosions 7 he>d !re z well z at ,v5ezuela1 b ! gr\nd 0 n convuls$4 ,^! explosions mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! roll+ noise :i* ev]y:]e prec$es ! slighte/ commotions2 !y are (t5 he>d on ! banks ( ! ,or9oco1 & 7z we 7 assur$ by p]sons liv+ on ! spot7 betwe5 ! ,rio ,arauca & ,cu*iv]o4 ,fa!r ,morello relates t at ! ,mission ( ,cabruta ! subt]ranean noise s mu* resembles dis*>ges ( small cannon 7p$r]os7 t x has seem$ z if a battle 7 be+ f\ght at a di/ance4 ,on ! #ba/ ( ,octob]1 #agff1 ! day ( ! t]rible e>?quake :i* desolat$ ! prov9ce ( ,new ,&alusia1 ! gr\nd 0 simultane\sly %ak5 at ,cumana1 at ,c>acas1 at ,m>acaybo1 & on ! banks ( ! ,casan>e1 ! ,meta1 ! ,or9oco1 & ! ,v5tu>io4 ,fa!r ,gili has describ$ ^! commotions at ! ,mission ( ,enc>amada1 a c\ntry entirely granitic1 :]e !y 7 accompani$ by l\d explosions4 ,great fall+s-9 ( ! e>? took place 9 ! m\nta9 ,paur>i1 & ne> ! rock ,aravacoto a small isl& disappe>$ 9 ! ,or9oco4 ,! undulatory motion cont9u$ dur+ a :ole h\r4 ,?is seem$ ! fir/ signal ( ^? viol5t commotions :i* %ook ! coa/s ( ,cumana & ,c>iaco = m ?an t5 mon?s4 ,x might be suppos$ t m5 liv+ 9 woods1 ) no o!r %elt] ?an huts ( re$s & palm-leaves1 c\ld h little to dread f e>?quakes4 ,b at ,erevato & ,caura1 :]e ^! ph5om5a are ( r>e occurr5ce1 !y t]rify ! ,indians1 fright5 ! bea/s ( ! =e/s1 & impel ! crocodiles to quit ! wat]s = ! %ore4 ,ne>] ! sea1 :]e %ocks are frequ5t1 f> f be+ dread$ by ! inhabitants1 !y are reg>d$ ) satisfaction z ! progno/ics ( a wet & f]tile ye>4 ,9 ?is diss]tation on ! e>?quakes ( ,t]ra ,firma & on ! volcanoes ( ! neighb\r+ ar*ipelago ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 ,i h pursu$ ! plan ( fir/ relat+ a numb] ( p>ticul> facts1 & !n consid]+ !m 9 "o g5]al po9t ( view4 ,ev]y?+ ann\nces 9 ! int]ior ( ! globe ! op]ation ( active p[]s1 :i*1 by mutual reaction1 balance & modify "o ano!r4 ,! great] our ignorance ( ! causes ( ^! undulatory movem5ts1 ^! evolutions ( heat1 ^! =mations ( ela/ic fluids1 ! m x becomes ! duty ( p]sons :o apply !mselves to ! /udy ( physical sci5ce to exam9e ! relations :i* ^! ph5om5a s uni=mly pres5t at great di/ances ap>t4 ,x is only by consid]+ ^! v>i\s relations "u a g5]al po9t ( view1 & trac+ !m ov] a great ext5t ( ! surface ( ! globe1 ?r\gh =mations ( rocks ! mo/ diff]5t1 t we are l$ to ab&on ! supposition ( trifl+ local causes1 /rata ( pyrites1 or ( ignit$ coal499 799 ,see ,views ( ,nature--,on ! /ructure & action ( volcanoes 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 page #cec 7,bohn's edition72 also ,cosmos pages #aii-bbe 7,bohn's edition747 ,! foll[+ is ! s]ies ( ph5om5a rem>k$ on ! nor!rn coa/s ( ,cumana1 ,nueva ,b>celona1 & ,c>acas2 & presum$ to be connect$ ) ! causes :i* produce e>?quakes & eruptions ( lava4 ,we %all beg9 ) ! mo/ ea/]n extremity1 ! isl& ( ,tr9idad2 :i* seems r to belong to ! %ore ( ! cont95t ?an to ! sy/em ( ! m\nta9s ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s4 #a4 ,! pit :i* ?r[s up asphaltum 9 ! bay ( ,may>o1 on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ! isl& ( ,tr9idad1 s\?w>d ( ,po9t ,guat>o4 ,?is is ! m9e ( *apapote or m9]al t> ( ! c\ntry4 ,i 0 assur$ t 9 ! mon?s ( ,m>* & ,june ! eruptions are (t5 att5d$ ) viol5t explosions1 smoke1 & flames4 ,almo/ on ! same p>allel1 & also 9 ! sea1 b we/w>d ( ! isl& 7ne> ,punta de la ,brea1 & to ! s\? ( ! port ( ,nap>aimo71 we f9d a simil> v5t4 ,on ! neighb\r+ coa/1 9 a clayey gr\nd1 appe>s ! celebrat$ lake ( asphaltum 7,laguna de la ,brea71 a m>%1 ! wat]s ( :i* h ! same temp]ature z ! atmosph]e4 ,! small cones situat$ at ! s\?-we/]n extremity ( ! isl&1 betwe5 ,po9t ,icacos & ! ,rio ,er91 appe> to h "s analogy ) ! volcanoes ( air & mud :i* ,i met ) at ,turbaco 9 ! k+dom ( ,new ,gr5ada4 ,i m5tion ^! situations ( asphaltum on acc\nt ( ! rem>kable circum/ances peculi> to !m 9 ^! regions2 = ,i am n unaw>e t naph?a1 petroleum1 & asphaltum are f\nd equally 9 volcanic & second>y regions199 & ev5 m frequ5tly 9 ! latt]4 799 ,! inflammable emanations ( ,pietra ,mala1 7consi/+ ( hydrog5 gas conta9+ naph?a 9 a /ate ( susp5sion7 issue f ! ,alp9e lime/one1 :i* may be trac$ f ,covigliano to ,ratic(a1 & :i* lies on anci5t s&/one ne> ,sc>ica l',as9o4 ,"u ?is s&/one 7old r$ s&/one7 we f9d black transition lime/one & ! grauwack 7qu>tzose psammite7 ( ,flor5ce47 ,petroleum is f\nd float+ on ! sea ?irty leagues nor? ( ,tr9idad1 ar\nd ! isl& ( ,gr5ada1 :i* conta9s an ext+ui%$ crat] & basalts4 #b4 ,hot ,spr+s ( ,irapa1 at ! nor?-ea/]n extremity ( ,new ,&alusia1 betwe5 ,rio ,c>ibe1 ,soro1 & ,yagu>apayo4 #c4 ,air-volcano1 or ,salce1 ( ,cumacat>1 to ! s\? ( ,san ,jose & ,c>upano1 ne> ! nor!rn coa/ ( ! cont95t1 betwe5 ,la ,montana de ,p>ia & ! t[n ( ,c>iaco4 ,almo/ con/ant explosions are felt 9 a clayey soil1 :i* is affirm$ to be impregnat$ ) sulphur4 ,hot sulphure\s wat]s gu% out ) su* viol5ce t ! gr\nd is agitat$ by v s5sible %ocks4 ,x is said t flames h be5 frequ5tly se5 issu+ out s9ce ! great e>?quake ( #agig4 ,^! facts are well wor?y ( be+ exam9$4 #d4 ,petroleum-spr+ ( ! ,bu5 ,pa/or1 ne> ,rio ,areo4 ,l>ge masses ( sulphur h be5 f\nd 9 clayey soils at ,guayuta1 z 9 ! valley ( ,san ,bonifacio1 & ne> ! junction ( ! ,rio ,pao ) ! ,or9oco4 #e4 ,! ,hot ,wat]s 7,aguas ,cali5tes7 s\? ( ! ,rio ,azul1 & ! ,holl[ ,gr\nd ( ,c>iaco1 :i*1 at ! "t ( ! great e>?quake ( ,cumana1 ?rew up sulphurett$ wat] & visc\s petroleum4 #f4 ,hot wat]s ( ! gulf ( ,c>iaco4 #g4 ,petroleum-spr+ 9 ! same gulf1 ne> ,maniqu>ez4 ,x issues f mica-slate4 #h4 ,flames issu+ f ! e>?1 ne> ,cumana1 on ! banks ( ! ,manzan>es1 & at ,m>iguit>1 on ! s\!rn coa/ ( ! gulf ( ,c>iaco1 at ! "t ( ! great e>?quake ( #agig4 #i4 ,igne\s ph5om5a ( ! m\nta9 ( ,cu*ivano1 ne> ,cumanacoa4 #aj4 ,petroleum-spr+ gu%+ f a %oal to ! nor? ( ! ,c>acas ,isl&s4 ,! smell ( ?is spr+ w>ns %ips ( ! dang] ( ?is %oal1 on :i* !re is only "o fa?om ( wat]4 #aa4 ,!rmal spr+s ( ! m\nta9 ( ! ,brigant9e1 ne> ,nueva ,b>celona4 ,temp]ature #dc4b degrees 7c5tigrade74 #ab4 ,!rmal spr+s ( ,provisor1 ne> ,san ,diego1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,new ,b>celona4 #ac4 ,!rmal spr+s ( ,onoto1 betwe5 ,turm]o & ,m>acay1 9 ! valleys ( ,aragua1 we/ ( ,c>acas4 #ad4 ,!rmal spr+s ( ,m>i>a1 9 ! same valleys4 ,temp]ature #eh4i degrees4 #ae4 ,!rmal spr+s ( ,las ,tr9*]as1 betwe5 ,porto ,cabello & ,val5cia1 issu+ f granite l ^? ( ,m>i>a1 & =m+ a riv] ( w>m wat] 7,rio de ,aguas ,cali5tes74 ,temp]ature #ij4d degrees4 #af4 ,boil+ spr+s ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada ( ,m]ida4 #ag4 ,ap]ture ( ,m5a1 on ! bord]s ( ,lake ,m>acaybo4 ,x ?r[s up asphaltum1 & is said to emit gase\s emanations1 :i* ignite spontane\sly1 & are se5 at a great di/ance4 ,^! are ! spr+s ( petroleum & ( !rmal wat]s1 ! igne\s meteors1 & ! ejections ( muddy sub/ances att5d$ ) explosions1 ( :i* ,i acquir$ a k 9 ! va/ prov9ces ( ,v5ezuela1 :il/ travell+ ov] a space ( two hundr$ leagues f ea/ to we/4 ,^! v>i\s ph5om5a h occasion$ great excitem5t among ! inhabitants s9ce ! cata/rophes ( #agig & #ahab3 yet !y pres5t no?+ :i* con/itutes a volcano1 9 ! s5se hi!rto attribut$ to t ^w4 ,if ! ap]tures1 :i* ?r[ up vap\rs & wat] ) viol5t noise1 be sometimes call$ volcancitos1 x is only by su* ( ! inhabitants z p]suade !mselves t volcanoes mu/ necess>ily exi/ 9 c\ntries s frequ5tly expos$ to e>?quakes4 ,advanc+ f ! burn+ crat] ( ,/4 ,v9c5t 9 ! directions ( s\?1 we/ & s\?-we/1 fir/ by ! *a9 ( ! ,c>ibbee ,isl&s1 !n by ! littoral *a9 ( ,cumana & ,v5ezuela1 & f9ally by ! ,cordill]as ( ,new ,gr5ada1 along a di/ance ( ?ree hundr$ & eighty leagues1 we f9d no active volcano be=e we arrive at ,purace1 ne> ,popayan4 ,! total abs5ce ( ap]tures1 ?r\gh :i* melt$ sub/ances c issue1 9 t "p ( ! cont95t1 :i* /ret*es ea/w>d ( ! ,cordill]a ( ! ,&es1 & ea/w>d ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 is a mo/ rem>kable geological fact4 ,9 ?is *apt] we h exam9$ ! great commotions :i* f "t to "t convulse ! /ony cru/ ( ! globe1 & scatt] desolation 9 regions fav\r$ by ! mo/ preci\s gifts ( nature4 ,an un9t]rupt$ calm prevails 9 ! upp] atmosph]e2 b1 to use an expression ( ,frankl91 m +5i\s ?an accurate1 ?und] (t5 rolls 9 ! subt]ranean atmosph]e1 amid/ t mixture ( ela/ic fluids1 ! impetu\s movem5ts ( :i* are frequ5tly felt at ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! de/ruction ( s _m popul\s cities pres5ts a picture ( ! greate/ calamities :i* afflict mank9d4 ,a p /ruggl+ = indep5d5ce are sudd5ly expos$ to ! want ( subsi/5ce1 & ( all ! necess>ies ( life4 ,fami%$ & )\t %elt]1 ! inhabitants are disp]s$ ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 & numb]s :o h escap$ f ! ru9 ( _! dwell+s are swept away by disease4 ,f> f /r5g!n+ mutual confid5ce among ! citiz5s1 ! feel+ ( mis=tune de/roys x2 physical calamities augm5t civil discord2 nor does ! aspect ( a c\ntry ba!d 9 te>s & blood appease ! fury ( ! victori\s p>ty4 ,aft] ! recital ( s _m calamities1 ! m9d is soo!d by turn+ to consolatory remembrances4 ,:5 ! great cata/rophe ( ,c>acas 0 kn[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,congress1 assembl$ at ,wa%+ton1 unanim\sly decre$ t five %ips lad5 ) fl\r %\ld be s5t to ! coa/ ( ,v5ezuela2 _! c>goes to be di/ribut$ among ! mo/ ne$y ( ! inhabitants4 ,! g5]\s contribution 0 receiv$ ) ! w>me/ gratitude2 & ?is solemn act ( a free p1 ?is m>k ( national int]e/1 ( :i* ! advanc$ civilization ( ! ,old ,_w af=ds b few examples1 seem$ to be a valuable pl$ge ( ! mutual sympa?y :i* ought = ev] to unite ! nations ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,,*apt] #a4ae4 ,,dep>ture ,,f ,,c>acas4 ,,m\nta9s ,,( ,,san ,,p$ro ,,& ,,( ,,los ,,teques4 ,,la ,,victoria4 ,,valleys ,,( ,,aragua4 ,to take ! %orte/ road f ,c>acas to ! banks ( ! ,or9oco1 we %\ld h cross$ ! s\!rn *a9 ( m\nta9s betwe5 ,b>uta1 ,salamanca1 & ! savannahs ( ,ocum>e1 pass$ ov] ! /eppes or llanos ( ,orituco1 & emb>k$ at ,cabruta1 ne> ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,gu>ico4 ,b ?is direct r\te w\ld h depriv$ u ( ! opportunity ( survey+ ! valleys ( ,aragua1 :i* are ! f9e/ & mo/ cultivat$ portion ( ! prov9ce2 ( tak+ ! level ( an important "p ( ! *a9 ( ! coa/ by means ( ! b>omet]2 & ( desc5d+ ! ,rio ,apure z f> z its junction ) ! ,or9oco4 ,a travell] :o has ! int5tion ( /udy+ ! configuration & natural productions ( a c\ntry is n guid$ by di/ances1 b by ! peculi> int]e/ atta*$ to ! regions he may trav]se4 ,?is p[]ful motive l$ u to ! m\nta9s ( ,los ,teques1 to ! hot spr+s ( ,m>i>a1 to ! f]tile banks ( ! lake ( ,val5cia1 & ?r\gh ! imm5se savannahs ( ,calabozo to ,san ,f]n&o de ,apure1 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! prov9ce ( ,v>9as4 ,hav+ det]m9$ on ?is r\te1 our fir/ direction 0 we/w>d1 !n s\?w>d1 & f9ally to ea/-s\?-ea/1 s t we might ent] ! ,or9oco by ! ,apure 9 latitude #g degrees #cf m9utes #bc seconds4 ,on ! day on :i* we quitt$ ! capital ( ,v5ezuela1 we rea*$ ! foot ( ! woody m\nta9s :i* close ! valley on ! s\?-we/4 ,!re we halt$ = ! night1 & on ! foll[+ day we proce$$ along ! "r bank ( ! ,rio ,guayra z f> z ! village ( ,antimano1 by a v f9e road1 p>tly scoop$ out ( ! rock4 ,we pass$ by ,la ,vega & ,c>apa4 ,! *ur* ( ,la ,vega rises v picturesquely above a range ( hills cov]$ ) ?ick vegetation4 ,scatt]$ h\ses surr\nd$ ) date-trees seem to d5ote ! com=t ( _! inhabitants4 ,a *a9 ( l[ m\nta9s sep>ates ! little riv] ,guayra f ! valley ( ,la ,pascua99 7s celebrat$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! c\ntry7 799 ,valley ( ,cortes1 or ,ea/] ,valley1 s call$ because ,diego de ,losada1 aft] hav+ defeat$ ! ,teques ,indians1 & _! cacique ,guaycaypuro1 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,san ,p$ro1 sp5t ! ,ea/] !re 9 #aefg1 be=e ent]+ ! valley ( ,san ,francisco4 ,9 ! latt] place he f\nd$ ! city ( ,c>acas471 & f ! anci5t gold-m9es ( ,b>uta & ,oripoto4 ,asc5d+ 9 ! direction ( ,c>apa1 we enjoy once m ! sight ( ! ,silla1 :i* appe>s l an imm5se dome ) a cliff on ! side next ! sea4 ,?is r\nd$ summit1 & ! ridge ( ,galipano cr5at$ l a wall1 are ! only objects :i* 9 ?is bas9 ( gneiss & mica-slate impress a peculi> "* on ! l&scape4 ,! o!r m\nta9s h a uni=m & monoton\s aspect4 ,a little be=e rea*+ ! village ( ,antimano we obs]v$ on ! "r a v curi\s geological ph5om5on4 ,9 holl[+ ! new road out ( ! rock1 two l>ge ve9s ( gneiss 7 discov]$ 9 ! mica-slate4 ,!y are ne>ly p]p5dicul>1 int]sect+ all ! mica-slate /rata1 & are f six to eight toises ?ick4 ,^! ve9s conta9 n fragm5ts1 b balls or sph]es ( granul> diabasis199 =m$ ( conc5tric lay]s4 799 ,ur-grun/e94 ,i rememb] hav+ se5 simil> balls fill+ a ve9 9 transition-slate1 ne> ! ca/le ( ,s*au5/e9 9 ! m>gravate ( ,bayreu?4 ,i s5t sev]al balls f ,antimano to ! collection ( ! k+ ( ,spa9 at ,madrid47 ,^! balls are compos$ ( lamell> feldsp> & hornbl5de closely comm+l$4 ,! feldsp> approximates sometimes to vitre\s feldsp> :5 dissem9at$ 9 v ?9 lam9ae 9 a mass ( granul> diabasis1 decompos$1 & emitt+ a /rong argillace\s smell4 ,! diamet] ( ! sph]es is v unequal1 sometimes f\r or eight in*es1 sometimes ?ree or f\r feet2 _! nucleus1 :i* is m d5se1 is )\t conc5tric lay]s1 & ( a v d>k gre5 hue1 incl9+ to black4 ,i c\ld n p]ceive any mica 9 !m2 b1 :at is v rem>kable1 ,i f\nd great quantities ( dissem9at$ g>nets4 ,^! g>nets are ( a v f9e r$1 & are f\nd 9 ! grun/e9 only4 ,!y are nei!r 9 ! gneiss1 :i* s]ves z a cem5t to ! balls1 nor 9 ! mica-slate1 :i* ! ve9s trav]se4 ,! gneiss1 ! con/itu5t p>ts ( :i* are 9 a /ate ( consid]able dis9tegration1 conta9s l>ge cry/als ( feldsp>2 &1 ?\gh x =ms ! body ( ! ve9 9 ! mica-slate1 x is itself trav]s$ by ?reads ( qu>tz two in*es ?ick1 & ( v rec5t =mation4 ,! aspect ( ?is ph5om5on is v curi\s3 x appe>s z if cannon-balls 7 emb$d$ 9 a wall ( rock4 ,i also ?\ght ,i recogniz$ 9 ^! same regions1 9 ! ,montana de ,avila1 & at ,cabo ,blanco1 ea/ ( ,la ,guayra1 a granul> diabasis1 mix$ ) a small quantity ( qu>tz & pyrites1 & de/itute ( g>nets1 n 9 ve9s1 b 9 subord9ate /rata 9 ! mica-slate4 ,?is position is unque/ionably to be f\nd 9 ,europe 9 primitive m\nta9s2 b 9 g5]al ! granul> diabasis is m frequ5tly connect$ ) ! sy/em ( transition rocks1 especially ) a s*i/ 7ub]gangs-?ons*ief]7 ab\nd+ 9 b$s ( ,lydian /one /rongly c>burett$1 ( s*i/ose jasp]199 7,kiesels*ief]47 ampelites199 7,alauns*ief]47 & black lime/one4 ,ne> ,antimano all ! or*>ds 7 full ( pea*-trees load$ ) blossom4 ,?is village1 ! ,valle1 & ! banks ( ! ,mac>ao1 furni% great abundance ( pea*es1 qu9ces1 & o!r ,european fruits = ! m>ket ( ,c>acas4 ,betwe5 ,antimano & ,ajuntas we cross$ ! ,rio ,guayra sev5te5 times4 ,! road is v fatigu+2 yet1 in/ead ( mak+ a new "o1 x w\ld p]haps be bett] to *ange ! b$ ( ! riv]1 :i* loses a great quantity ( wat] by ! comb9$ effects ( filtration & evaporation4 ,ea* s9uosity =ms a m>% m or less ext5sive4 ,?is loss ( wat] is to be regrett$ 9 a prov9ce1 ne>ly all ! cultivat$ portions ( :i* are extremely dry4 ,! ra9s are mu* less frequ5t & less viol5t 9 ?is place ?an 9 ! int]ior ( ,new ,&alusia1 at ,cumanacoa1 & on ! banks ( ! ,gu>api*e4 ,_m ( ! m\nta9s ( ,c>acas ent] ! region ( ! cl\ds2 b ! /rata ( primitive rocks dip at an angle ( #gj or #hj degrees1 & g5]ally to nor?we/1 s t ! wat]s are ei!r lo/ 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 or gu% out 9 copi\s spr+s n s\?w>d b nor?w>d ( ! m\nta9s ( ! coa/ ( ,niguat>1 ,avila1 & ,m>i>a4 ,! ris+ ( ! gneiss & mica-slate /rata to ! s\? appe>s to me to expla9 9 a consid]able degree ! extreme humidity ( ! coa/4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! prov9ce we meet ) portions ( l&1 two or ?ree leagues squ>e1 9 :i* !re are no spr+s2 consequ5tly sug>-cane1 indigo1 & c(fee1 gr[ only 9 places :]e runn+ wat]s c be made to supply artificial irrigation dur+ v dry wea!r4 ,! e>ly coloni/s imprud5tly de/roy$ ! =e/s4 ,evaporation is enorm\s on a /ony soil surr\nd$ ) rocks1 :i* radiate heat on e side4 ,! m\nta9s ( ! coa/1 l a wall1 ext5d+ ea/ & we/ f ,cape ,cod]a t[>d ,po9t ,tucacas1 prev5t ! humid air ( ! %ore 7t is to say1 ^? inf]ior /rata ( ! atmosph]e re/+ imm$iately on ! sea1 & dissolv+ ! l>ge/ proportion ( wat]7 f p5etrat+ to ! isl&s4 ,!re are few op5+s1 few rav9es1 :i*1 l ^? ( ,catia or ( ,tipe1 lead f ! coa/ to ! high longitud9al valleys1 & !re is no b$ ( a great riv]1 no gulf all[+ ! sea to fl[ inl&1 spread+ moi/ure by abundant evaporation4 ,9 ! eigh? & t5? degrees ( latitude1 9 regions :]e ! cl\ds d n1 z x 71 skim ! surface ( ! soil1 _m trees are /ripp$ ( _! leaves 9 ! mon?s ( ,janu>y & ,febru>y2 n by ! s9k+ ( ! temp]ature z 9 ,europe1 b because ! air at ?is p]iod1 ! mo/ di/ant f ! ra9y season1 ne>ly atta9s its maximum ( dryness4 ,only ^? plants :i* h v t\gh & glossy leaves resi/ ?is abs5ce ( humidity4 ,b5ea? ! f9e sky ( ! tropics ! travell] is /ruck ) ! almo/ hib]nal aspect ( ! c\ntry2 b ! fre%e/ v]dure aga9 appe>s :5 he rea*es ! banks ( ! ,or9oco1 :]e ano!r climate prevails2 & ! great =e/s pres]ve by _! %ade a c]ta9 quantity ( moi/ure 9 ! soil1 by %elt]+ x f ! dev\r+ heat ( ! sun4 ,beyond ! small village ( ,antimano ! valley becomes mu* n>r[]4 ,! riv] is bord]$ ) ,lata1 a f9e gram9e\s plant ) di/i* leaves1 :i* sometimes rea*es ! height ( ?irty feet499 799 ,g4 sac*>oides47 ,e hut is surr\nd$ ) enorm\s trees ( p]sea199 799 ,laurus p]sea 7alligator pe>747 at ! foot ( :i* ! ari/olo*iae1 paull9ia1 & o!r creep]s vegetate4 ,! neighb\r+ m\nta9s1 cov]$ ) =e/s1 seem to spread humidity ov] ! we/]n extremity ( ! valley ( ,c>acas4 ,we pass$ ! night be=e our arrival at ,las ,ajuntas at a sug>-cane plantation4 ,a squ>e h\se 7! haci5da or f>m ( ,don ,f]n&o ,key-,munoz7 conta9$ ne>ly eighty negroes2 !y 7 ly+ on sk9s ( ox5 spread ^u ! gr\nd4 ,9 ea* ap>tm5t ( ! h\se 7 f\r slaves3 x look$ l a b>rack4 ,a doz5 fires 7 burn+ 9 ! f>m-y>d1 :]e p 7 employ$ 9 dress+ food1 & ! noisy mir? ( ! blacks almo/ prev5t$ u f sleep+4 ,! cl\ds h9d]$ me f obs]v+ ! />s2 ! moon appe>$ only at int]vals4 ,! aspect ( ! l&scape 0 dull & uni=m1 & all ! surr\nd+ hills 7 cov]$ ) aloes4 ,workm5 7 employ$ at a small canal1 int5d$ = convey+ ! wat]s ( ! ,rio ,san ,p$ro to ! f>m1 at a height ( m ?an sev5ty feet4 ,accord+ to a b>ometric calculation1 ! site ( ! haci5da is only fifty toises above ! b$ ( ! ,rio ,guayra at ,la ,noria1 ne> ,c>acas4 ,! soil ( ^! c\ntries is f\nd to be b little fav\rable to ! cultivation ( ! c(fee-tree1 :i* 9 g5]al is less productive 9 ! valley ( ,c>acas ?an 0 imag9$ :5 ! fir/ plantations 7 made ne> ,*acao4 ,! f9e/ c(fee-plantations are n[ f\nd 9 ! savannah ( ,ocum>e1 ne> ,salamanca1 & at ,r9con1 9 ! m\nta9\s c\ntries ( ,los ,m>i*es1 ,san ,antonio ,hatillo1 & ,los ,bud>es4 ,! c(fee ( ! ?ree la/ m5tion$ places1 situat$ ea/w>d ( ,c>acas1 is ( a sup]ior quality2 b ! trees be> a small] quantity1 :i* is attribut$ to ! height ( ! spot & ! coolness ( ! climate4 ,! great] plantations ( ! prov9ce ( ,v5ezuela 7z ,aguacates1 ne> ,val5cia & ,r9con7 yield 9 good ye>s a produce ( ?ree ?\s& qu9tals4 ,! extreme pr$ilection ent]ta9$ 9 ?is prov9ce = ! culture ( ! c(fee-tree is p>tly f\nd$ on ! circum/ance t ! b]ry c be pres]v$ dur+ a great numb] ( ye>s2 :]eas1 not)/&+ e possible c>e1 cacao spoils 9 ! w>eh\ses aft] t5 or twelve mon?s4 ,dur+ ! long diss5sions ( ! ,european p[]s1 at a "t :5 ,spa9 0 too weak to protect ! comm]ce ( h] colonies1 indu/ry 0 direct$ 9 pref]5ce to productions ( :i* ! sale 0 less urg5t1 & c\ld await ! *ances ( political & comm]cial ev5ts4 ,i rem>k$ t 9 ! c(fee-plantations ! nurs]ies are =m$ n s mu* by collect+ toge!r "y plants1 accid5tally ris+ "u trees :i* h yield$ a crop1 z by expos+ ! se$s ( c(fee to g]m9ation dur+ five days1 9 heaps1 betwe5 planta9 leaves4 ,^! se$s are tak5 out ( ! pulp1 b yet reta9+ a "p ( x adh]5t to !m4 ,:5 ! se$ has g]m9at$ x is s[n1 & x produces plants capable ( be>+ ! heat ( ! sun bett] ?an ^? :i* spr+ up 9 ! %ade 9 c(fee-plantations4 ,9 ?is c\ntry five ?\s& ?ree hundr$ c(fee-trees are g5]ally plant$ 9 a fanega ( gr\nd1 am\nt+ to five ?\s& f\r hundr$ & sev5ty-six squ>e toises4 ,?is l&1 if x be capable ( artificial irrigation1 co/s five hundr$ pia/res 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! prov9ce4 ,! c(fee-tree fl[]s only 9 ! second ye>1 & its fl[]+ la/s only tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,at ?is "t ! %rub has a *>m+ appe>ance2 &1 :5 se5 f af>1 x appe>s cov]$ ) sn[4 ,! produce ( ! ?ird ye> becomes v abundant4 ,9 plantations well we$$ & wat]$1 & rec5tly cultivat$1 trees w be> sixte51 eighte51 & ev5 tw5ty p\nds ( c(fee4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 m ?an a p\nd & a half or two p\nds _c be expect$ f ea* plant2 & ev5 ?is is sup]ior to ! mean produce ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s4 ,! c(fee trees suff] mu* f ra9 at ! "t ( fl[]+1 z well z f ! want ( wat] = artificial irrigation1 & also f a p>asitic plant1 a new species ( loran?us1 :i* cl+s to ! bran*es4 ,:51 9 plantations ( eighty or a hundr$ ?\s& %rubs1 we consid] ! imm5se quantity ( organic matt] conta9$ 9 ! pulpy b]ry ( ! c(fee-tree1 we may be a/oni%$ t no attempts h be5 made to extract a spiritu\s liquor f !m499 799 ,! b]ries heap$ toge!r produce a v9\s f]m5tation1 dur+ :i* a v pleasant alcoholic smell is emitt$4 ,plac+1 at ,c>acas1 ! ripe fruit ( ! c(fee-tree "u an inv]t$ j>1 q fill$ ) wat]1 & expos$ to ! rays ( ! sun1 ,i rem>k$ t no extrication ( gas took place 9 ! fir/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,aft] ?irty-six h\rs ! b]ries became br[n1 & yield$ gas4 ,a !rmomet]1 enclos$ 9 ! j> 9 contact ) ! fruit1 kept at night #d or #e degrees high] ?an ! ext]nal air4 ,9 ! space ( eighty-sev5 h\rs1 sixty b]ries1 "u v>i\s j>s1 yield$ me f ?irty-eight to =ty cubic in*es ( a gas1 :i* und]w5t no s5sible dim9ution ) nitr\s gas4 ,?\gh a great quantity ( c>bonic acid _h be5 absorb$ by ! wat] z x 0 produc$1 ,i /ill f\nd #j4gh 9 ! =ty in*es4 ,! rema9d]1 or #j4bb1 0 nitrog54 ,! c>bonic acid _h n be5 =m$ by ! absorption ( ! atmosph]ic oxyg54 ,t :i* is evolv$ f ! b]ries ( ! c(fee-tree slightly moi/5$1 & plac$ 9 a phial ) a glass /opple fill$ ) air1 conta9s alcohol 9 susp5sion2 l ! f\l air :i* is =m$ 9 our cell>s dur+ ! f]m5tation ( mu/4 ,on agitat+ ! gas 9 contact ) wat]1 ! latt] acquires a decid$ly alcoholic flav\r4 ,h[ _m sub/ances are p]haps conta9$ 9 a /ate ( susp5sion 9 ^? mixtures ( c>bonic acid & hydrog51 :i* are call$ delet]i\s miasmata1 & :i* rise ev]y:]e )9 ! tropics1 9 m>%y gr\nds1 on ! sea-%ore1 & 9 =e/s :]e ! soil is /rew$ ) dead leaves1 rott5 fruits1 & putrefy+ insects47 ,if ! tr\bles ( ,/4 ,dom+o1 ! tempor>y rise 9 ! price ( colonial produce1 & ! emigration ( ,fr5* plant]s1 7 ! fir/ causes ( ! e/abli%m5t ( c(fee plantations on ! cont95t ( ,am]ica1 9 ! isl& ( ,cuba1 & 9 ,jamaica2 _! produce has f> m ?an comp5sat$ ! defici5cy ( ! exportation f ! ,fr5* ,we/ ,india ,isl&s4 ,?is produce has augm5t$ 9 proportion to ! population1 ! *ange ( cu/oms1 & ! increas+ luxury ( ! nations ( ,europe4 ,! isl& ( ,/4 ,dom+o export$1 9 #agjj1 at ! "t ( ,neck]'s adm9i/ration1 ne>ly sev5ty-six million p\nds ( c(fee499 799 ,fr5* p\nds1 conta9+ #ibaf gra9s4 #aab ,engli% p\nds #aje ,fr5* p\nds2 & #afj ,spani% p\nds #ic ,fr5* p\nds4 ,! isl& ( ,/4 ,dom+o 0 at t "t1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 a ,fr5* colony47 ,tea c\ld be cultivat$ z well z c(fee 9 ! m\nta9\s p>ts ( ! prov9ces ( ,c>acas & ,cumana4 ,e climate is !re f\nd ris+ 9 /ages "o above ano!r2 & ?is new culture w\ld succe$ !re z well z 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 :]e ! gov]nm5t ( ,brazil1 protect+ at ! same "t indu/ry & religi\s tol]ation1 suff]$ at once ! introduction ( ,*9ese tea & ( ! dogmas ( ,fo4 ,x is n yet a c5tury s9ce ! fir/ c(fee-trees 7 plant$ at ,sur9am & 9 ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 & already ! produce ( ,am]ica am\nts to fifte5 millions ( pia/res1 reckon+ ! qu9tal ( c(fee at f\rte5 pia/res only4 ,on ! eigh? ( ,febru>y we set out at sunrise1 to cross ! ,higu]ote1 a gr\p ( l(ty m\nta9s1 sep>at+ ! two longitud9al valleys ( ,c>acas & ,aragua4 ,aft] pass+1 ne> ,las ,ajuntas1 ! junction ( ! two small riv]s ,san ,p$ro & ,mac>ao1 :i* =m ! ,rio ,guayra1 we asc5d$ a /eep hill to ! table-l& ( ,la ,bu5avi/a1 :]e we saw a few lonely h\ses4 ,! view ext5ds on ! nor?-we/ to ! city ( ,c>acas1 & on ! s\? to ! village ( ,los ,teques4 ,! c\ntry has a v wild aspect1 & is ?ickly wood$4 ,we _h n[ gradually lo/ ! plants ( ! valley ( ,c>acas499 799 ,! ,flora ( ,c>acas is *>act]iz$ *iefly by ! foll[+ plants1 :i* gr[ betwe5 ! heights ( f\r hundr$ & six hundr$ toises4 ,cipura m>t9ic5sis1 ,panicum mi]an?um1 ,p>!nium hy/]ophorus1 ,v]nonia odoratissima1 7,pevet]a1 ) fl[]s hav+ a delici\s od\r ( heliotropium71 ,tagetes c>acasana1 ,t4 scop>ia ( ,lagasca 7introduc$ by ,m4 ,bonpl& into ! g>d5s ( ,spa971 ,croton hispidus1 ,smilax scabriusculus1 ,limno*>is ,humboldti1 ,ri*41 ,equisetum ramosissimum1 ,het]an!ra alismoides1 ,glyc9e punctata1 ,hyptis ,plum]i1 ,pavonia cancellata1 ,cav41 ,sp]macoce rigida1 ,crotal>ia acutifolia1 ,polygala nemorosa1 ,/a*yt>pheta mutabilis1 ,c>diosp]mum ulmaceum1 ,am>an?us c>acasanus1 ,elephantopus /rigosus1 ,hydrolea mollis1 ,alt]nan!ra c>acasana1 ,eupatorium amydal9um1 ,elytr>ia fasciculata1 ,salvia fimbriata1 ,angelonia salic>ia1 ,heliotropium /rictum1 ,convolvulus bat>illa1 ,rubus jamaic5sis1 ,datura arborea1 ,dalea enneaphylla1 ,bu*n]a rosea1 ,salix ,humboldtiana1 ,willd41 ,!ophra/a longifolia1 ,t\rne=tia c>acasana1 ,+a c9]ea1 ,i4 ligu/r9a1 ,i4 sap9dioides1 ,i4 fa/uosa1 ,s*w5kia pat5s1 ,ery?r9a mitis4 ,! mo/ agreeable places = h]boriz+ ne> ,c>acas are ! rav9es ( ,tacagua1 ,tipe1 ,cotecita1 ,cato*e1 ,anauco1 & ,*acaito47 ,we 7 eight hundr$ & ?irty-five toises above ! level ( ! ocean1 :i* is almo/ ! height ( ,popayan2 b ! mean temp]ature ( ?is place is probably only #ag or #ah degrees4 ,! road ov] ^! m\nta9s is mu* frequ5t$2 we met cont9ually long files ( mules & ox52 x is ! great road lead+ f ! capital to ,la ,victoria1 & ! valleys ( ,aragua4 ,?is road is cut out ( a talcose gneiss99 9 a /ate ( decomposition4 799 ,! direction ( ! /rata ( gneiss v>ies2 x is ei!r hor4 #c4d1 dipp+ to ! nor?-we/ or hor4 #h4b1 dipp+ to ! s\?-ea/47 ,a clayey soil mix$ ) spangles ( mica cov]$ ! rock1 to ! dep? ( ?ree feet4 ,travell]s suff] f ! du/ 9 w9t]1 :ile 9 ! ra9y season ! place is *ang$ into a sl\gh4 ,on desc5d+ ! table-l& ( ,bu5avi/a1 ab\t fifty toises to ! s\?-ea/1 an abundant spr+1 gu%+ f ! gneiss1 =ms sev]al cascades surr\nd$ ) ?ick vegetation4 ,! pa? lead+ to ! spr+ is s /eep t we c\ld t\* ) our h&s ! tops ( ! arboresc5t f]ns1 ! trunks ( :i* rea* a height ( m ?an tw5ty-five feet4 ,! surr\nd+ rocks are cov]$ ) jung]mannias & hypnoid mosses4 ,! torr5t1 =m$ by ! spr+1 & %ad$ ) heliconias1 uncov]s1 z x falls1 ! roots ( ! plum]ias199 799 ,! r$ jasm9e-tree1 frangipani] ( ! ,fr5* ,we/ ,india ,isl&s4 ,! plum]ia1 s common 9 ! g>d5s ( ! ,indians1 has be5 v seldom f\nd 9 a wild /ate4 ,x is mix$ "h ) ! ,pip] flagell>e1 ! spadix ( :i* sometimes rea*es ?ree feet long4 ,) ! new k9d ( fig-tree 7:i* we h call$ ,ficus gigantea1 because x frequ5tly atta9s ! height ( a hundr$ feet71 we f9d 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,bu5avi/a & ( ,los ,teques1 ! ,ficus nymphaeifolia ( ! g>d5 ( ,s*onbrunn1 introduc$ into our hot-h\ses by ,m4 ,br$emey]4 ,i am c]ta9 ( ! id5tity ( ! species f\nd 9 ! same places2 b ,i d\bt really :e!r x be really ! ,f4 nymphaeifolia ( ,l9naeus1 :i* is suppos$ to be a native ( ! ,ea/ ,indies47 cupeys199 799 ,9 ! exp]im5ts ,i made at ,c>acas1 on ! air :i* circulates 9 plants1 ,i 0 /ruck ) ! f9e appe>ance pres5t$ by ! petioles & leaves ( ! ,clusia rosea1 :5 cut op5 "u wat]1 & expos$ to ! rays ( ! sun4 ,ea* tra*ea gives out a curr5t ( gas1 pur] by #j4jh ?an atmosph]ic air4 ,! ph5om5on ceases ! mom5t ! app>atus is plac$ 9 ! %ade4 ,!re is only a v slight dis5gagem5t ( air at ! two surfaces ( ! leaves ( ! clusia expos$ to ! sun )\t be+ cut op54 ,! gas enclos$ 9 ! capsules ( ! ,c>diosp]mum vesic>ium appe>$ to me to conta9 ! same proportion ( oxyg5 z ! atmosph]e1 :ile t conta9$ betwe5 ! knots1 9 ! holl[ ( ! /alk1 is g5]ally less pure1 conta9+ only f #j4ab to #j4ae ( oxyg54 ,x is necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 ! air circulat+ 9 ! tra*eae1 & t :i* is /agnant 9 ! great cavities ( ! /ems & p]ic>ps47 br[neas1 & ,ficus gigantea4 ,?is humid spot1 ?\gh infe/$ by s]p5ts1 pres5ts a ri* h>ve/ to ! botani/4 ,! ,br[nea1 :i* ! inhabitants call rosa del monte1 or palo de cruz1 be>s f\r or five hundr$ purple fl[]s toge!r 9 "o ?yrsus2 ea* fl[] has inv>iably elev5 /am9a1 & ?is maje/ic plant1 ! trunk ( :i* gr[s to ! height ( fifty or sixty feet1 is becom+ r>e1 because its wood yields a highly valu$ *>coal4 ,! soil is cov]$ ) p9es 7ananas71 hemim]is1 polygala1 & mela/omas4 ,a climb+ gram599 799 ,c>ice4 ,see ,*apt] #f47 ) its light fe/oons unites trees1 ! pres5ce ( :i* atte/s ! coolness ( ! climate ( ^! m\nta9s4 ,su* are ! ,aralia capitata199 799 ,c&el]o4 ,we f\nd x also at ,la ,cumbre1 at a height ( #gjj toises47 ! ,vismia cap>osa1 & ! ,cle?ra fagifolia4 ,among ^! plants1 peculi> to ! f9e region ( ! arboresc5t f]ns199 799 ,call$ by ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry ,region de los hele*os47 "s palm-trees rise 9 ! op5+s1 & "s scatt]$ gr\ps ( gu>umo1 or cecropia ) silv]y leaves4 ,! trunks ( ! latt] are n v ?ick1 & are ( a black col\r t[>ds ! summit1 z if burnt by ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e4 ,we are surpris$ to f9d s noble a tree1 :i* has ! port ( ! !ophra/a & ! palm-tree1 be>+ g5]ally only eight or t5 t]m9al leaves4 ,! ants1 :i* inhabit ! trunk ( ! gu>umo1 or j>umo1 & de/roy its int]ior cells1 seem to imp$e its gr[?4 ,we _h already made "o h]borization 9 ! temp]ate m\nta9s ( ! ,higu]ote 9 ! mon? ( ,decemb]1 accompany+ ! capitan-g5]al1 ,s5or de ,guev>a1 9 an excursion ) ! int5dant ( ! prov9ce to ! ,valles de ,aragua4 ,m4 ,bonpl& !n f\nd 9 ! ?icke/ "p ( ! =e/ "s plants ( aguatire1 ! wood ( :i*1 celebrat$ = its f9e r$ col\r1 w probably "o day become an article ( exportation to ,europe4 ,x is ! ,sick+ia ery?roxylon describ$ by ,br$emey] & ,willd5\w4 ,desc5d+ ! woody m\nta9 ( ! ,higu]ote to ! s\?-we/1 we rea*$ ! small village ( ,san ,p$ro1 situat$ 9 a bas9 :]e sev]al valleys meet1 & almo/ ?ree hundr$ toises l[] ?an ! table-l& ( ,bu5avi/a4 ,planta9-trees1 potatoes199 799 ,solanum tub]osum47 & c(fee are cultivat$ toge!r on ?is spot4 ,! village is v small1 & ! *ur* n yet f9i%$4 ,we met at an inn 7pulp]ia7 sev]al ,european ,spani>ds employ$ at ! gov]nm5t tobacco f>m4 ,_! dissatisfaction =m$ a /range contra/ to our feel+s4 ,!y 7 fatigu$ ) _! j\rney1 & !y v5t$ _! displeasure 9 compla9ts & mal$ictions on ! wret*$ c\ntry1 or to use _! own phrase1 e/as ti]ras infelices1 9 :i* !y 7 doom$ to live4 ,we1 on ! o!r h&1 7 en*ant$ ) ! wild sc5]y1 ! f]tility ( ! soil1 & ! mildness ( ! climate4 ,ne> ,san ,p$ro1 ! talcose gneiss ( ,bu5avi/a passes into a mica-slate fill$ ) g>nets1 & conta9+ subord9ate b$s ( s]p5t9e4 ,some?+ analog\s to ?is is met ) at ,zoblitz 9 ,saxony4 ,! s]p5t9e1 :i* is v pure & ( a f9e gre51 v>i$ ) spots ( a light] t9t1 (t5 appe>s only sup]impos$ on ! mica-slate4 ,i f\nd 9 x a few g>nets1 b no metaloid diallage4 ,! valley ( ,san ,p$ro1 ?r\gh :i* fl[s ! riv] ( ! same "n1 sep>ates two great masses ( m\nta9s1 ! ,higu]ote & ,las ,cocuyzas4 ,we asc5d$ we/w>d 9 ! direction ( ! small f>ms ( ,las ,lagunetos & ,g>avatos4 ,^! are solit>y h\ses1 :i* s]ve z inns1 & :]e ! mule-driv]s obta9 _! fav\rite bev]age1 ! gu>apo1 or f]m5t$ juice ( ! sug>-cane3 intoxication is v common among ! ,indians :o frequ5t ?is road4 ,ne> ,g>avatos !re is a mica-slate rock ( s+ul> =m2 x is a ridge1 or /eep wall1 cr[n$ by a t[]4 ,we op5$ ! b>omet] at ! highe/ po9t ( ! m\nta9 ,las ,cocuyzas199 799 ,absolute height #hde toises47 & f\nd ourselves almo/ at ! same elevation z on ! table-l& ( ,bu5avi/a1 :i* is sc>cely t5 toises high]4 ,! prospect at ,las ,lagunetas is ext5sive1 b r uni=m4 ,?is m\nta9\s & uncultivat$ tract ( gr\nd betwe5 ! s\rces ( ! ,guayra & ! ,tuy is m ?an tw5ty-five squ>e leagues 9 ext5t4 ,we !re f\nd only "o mis]able village1 t ( ,los ,teques1 s\?-ea/ ( ,san ,p$ro4 ,! soil is z x 7 furr[$ by a multitude ( valleys1 ! smalle/ ( :i*1 p>allel ) ea* o!r1 t]m9ate at "r angles 9 ! l>ge/ valleys4 ,! back ( ! m\nta9s pres5ts an aspect z monoton\s z ! rav9es2 x has no pyramidal =ms1 no ridges1 no /eep declivities4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! undulation ( ?is gr\nd1 :i* is = ! mo/ "p v g5tle1 is less ow+ to ! nature ( ! rocks1 7to ! decomposition ( ! gneiss = in/ance71 ?an to ! long pres5ce ( ! wat] & ! action ( curr5ts4 ,! lime/one m\nta9s ( ,cumana pres5t ! same ph5om5on nor? ( ,tumiriquiri4 ,f ,las ,lagunetas we desc5d$ into ! valley ( ! ,rio ,tuy4 ,?is we/]n slope ( ! m\nta9s ( ,los ,teques be>s ! "n ( ,las ,cocuyzas1 & x is cov]$ ) two plants ) agave leaves2 ! maguey ( ,cocuyza1 & ! maquey ( ,cocuy4 ,! latt] belongs to ! g5us ,yucca499 799 ,yucca acaulis1 ,humb47 ,its sweet & f]m5t$ juice yields a _s by di/illation2 & ,i h se5 ! "y leaves ( ?is plant eat54 ,! fibres ( ! full-gr[n leaves furni% cords ( extraord9>y /r5g?499 799 ,at ! clock ( ! ca!dral ( ,c>acas1 a cord ( maguey1 half an in* 9 diamet]1 su/a9$ = fifte5 ye>s a weight ( #cej p\nds47 ,leav+ ! m\nta9s ( ! ,higu]ote & ,los ,teques1 we ent]$ a highly cultivat$ c\ntry1 cov]$ ) hamlets & villages2 sev]al ( :i* w\ld 9 ,europe be call$ t[ns4 ,f ea/ to we/1 on a l9e ( twelve leagues 9 ext5t1 we pass$ ,la ,victoria1 ,san ,mateo1 ,turm]o1 & ,m>acay1 conta9+ toge!r m ?an #bh1 #jjj inhabitants4 ,! pla9s ( ! ,tuy may be consid]$ z ! ea/]n extremity ( ! valleys ( ,aragua1 ext5d+ f ,guigne1 on ! bord]s ( ! lake ( ,val5cia1 z f> z ! foot ( ,las ,cocuyzas4 ,a b>ometrical measurem5t gave me #bie toises = ! absolute height ( ! ,valle del ,tuy1 ne> ! f>m ( ,mant]ola1 & #bbb toises = t ( ! surface ( ! lake4 ,! ,rio ,tuy1 fl[+ f ! m\nta9s ( ,las ,cocuyzas1 runs fir/ t[>ds ! we/1 !n turn+ to ! s\? & to ! ea/1 x takes its c\rse along ! high savannahs ( ,ocum>e1 receives ! wat]s ( ! valley ( ,c>acas1 & rea*es ! sea ne> cape ,cod]a4 ,x is ! small portion ( its bas9 9 ! we/w>d direction :i*1 geologically speak+1 w\ld seem to belong to ! valley ( ,aragua1 if ! hills ( calc>e\s tufa1 break+ ! cont9uity ( ^! valleys betwe5 ,consejo & ,la ,victoria1 did n des]ve "s consid]ation4 ,we %all "h aga9 rem9d ! read] t ! gr\p ( ! m\nta9s ( ,los ,teques1 eight hundr$ & fifty toises high1 sep>ates two longitud9al valleys1 =m$ 9 gneiss1 granite1 & mica-slate4 ,! mo/ ea/]n ( ^! valleys1 conta9+ ! capital ( ,c>acas1 is #bjj toises high] ?an ! we/]n valley1 :i* may be consid]$ z ! c5tre ( agricultural indu/ry4 ,hav+ be5 = a long "t accu/om$ to a mod]ate temp]ature1 we f\nd ! pla9s ( ! ,tuy extremely hot1 al?\gh ! !rmomet] kept1 9 ! day-"t1 betwe5 elev5 9 ! morn+ & five 9 ! aft]noon1 at only #bc or #bd degrees4 ,! nights 7 delightfully cool1 ! temp]ature fall+ z l[ z #ag4e degrees4 ,z ! heat gradually abat$1 ! air became m & m fragrant ) ! od\r ( fl[]s4 ,we rem>k$ above all ! delici\s p]fume ( ! ,lirio h]moso199 799 ,pancratium undulatum47 a new species ( pancratium1 ( :i* ! fl[]1 eight or n9e in*es long1 adorns ! banks ( ! ,rio ,tuy4 ,we sp5t two v agreeable days at ! plantation ( ,don ,jose de ,mant]ola1 :o 9 8 y\? _h accompani$ ! ,spani% embassy to ,russia4 ,! f>m is a f9e plantation ( sug>-canes2 & ! gr\nd is z smoo? z ! bottom ( a dra9$ lake4 ,! ,rio ,tuy w9ds ?r\gh di/ricts cov]$ ) planta9s1 & a little wood ( ,hura crepitans1 ,ery?r9a corallod5dron1 & fig-trees ) nymphaea leaves4 ,! b$ ( ! riv] is =m$ ( pebbles ( qu>tz4 ,i nev] met ) m agreeable ba?+ ?an 9 ! ,tuy4 ,! wat]1 z cle> z cry/al1 pres]ves ev5 dur+ ! day a temp]ature ( #ah4f degrees2 a consid]able coolness = ^! climates1 & = a height ( ?ree hundr$ toises2 b ! s\rces ( ! riv] are 9 ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s4 ,! h\se ( ! proprietor1 situat$ on a hillock1 ( fifte5 or tw5ty toises ( elevation1 is surr\nd$ by ! huts ( ! negroes4 ,^? :o are m>ri$ provide food = !mselves2 & "h1 z ev]y:]e else 9 ! valleys ( ,aragua1 a small spot ( gr\nd is allott$ to !m to cultivate4 ,!y lab\r on t gr\nd on ,saturdays & ,sundays1 ! only days 9 ! week on :i* !y are free4 ,!y keep p\ltry1 & sometimes ev5 a pig4 ,_! ma/]s boa/ ( _! happ9ess1 z 9 ! nor? ( ,europe ! great l&hold]s love to descant ^u ! ease enjoy$ by peasants :o are atta*$ to ! glebe4 ,on ! day ( our arrival we saw ?ree fugitive negroes br\ght back2 !y 7 slaves newly pur*as$4 ,i dread$ hav+ to witness "o ( ^? puni%m5ts :i*1 :]ev] slav]y prevails1 de/roys all ! *>m ( a c\ntry life4 ,happily ^! blacks 7 treat$ ) humanity4 ,9 ?is plantation1 z 9 all ^? ( ! prov9ce ( ,v5ezuela1 ?ree species ( sug>-cane c be di/+ui%$ ev5 at a di/ance by ! col\r ( _! leaves2 ! old ,creole sug>-cane1 ! ,otaheite cane1 & ! ,batavia cane4 ,! fir/ has a deep-gre5 leaf1 ! /em n v ?ick1 & ! knots r ne> toge!r4 ,?is sug>-cane 0 ! fir/ introduc$ f ,india into ,sicily1 ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 & ,we/ ,indies4 ,! second is ( a light] gre52 & its /em is high]1 ?ick]1 & m succul5t4 ,! :ole plant exhibits a m luxuriant vegetation4 ,we owe ?is plant to ! voyages ( ,b\ga9ville1 ,cook1 & ,bligh4 ,b\ga9ville c>ri$ x to ! ,mauritius1 :5ce x pass$ to ,cay5ne1 ,m>t9ique1 &1 s9ce #agib1 to ! re/ ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s4 ,! sug>-cane ( ,otaheite1 call$ by ! p ( t isl& ,to1 is "o ( ! mo/ important acquisitions = :i* colonial agriculture is indebt$ to ! travels ( naturali/s4 ,x yields n only "o-?ird m juice ?an ! creolian cane on ! same space ( gr\nd2 b f ! ?ickness ( its /em1 & ! t5acity ( its ligne\s fibres1 x furni%es mu* m fuel4 ,?is la/ advantage is important 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 :]e ! de/ruction ( ! =e/s has long oblig$ ! plant]s to use canes depriv$ ( juice1 to keep up ! fire "u ! boil]s4 ,b = ! k ( ?is new plant1 toge!r ) ! progress ( agriculture on ! cont95t ( ,spani% ,am]ica1 & ! introduction ( ! ,ea/ ,india & ,java sug>1 ! prices ( colonial produce 9 ,europe w\ld h be5 mu* m s5sibly affect$ by ! revolutions ( ,/4 ,dom+o1 & ! de/ruction ( ! great sug> plantations ( t isl&4 ,! ,otaheite sug>-cane 0 c>ri$ f ! isl& ( ,tr9idad to ,c>acas1 "u ! "n ( ,cana sol]a1 & x pass$ f ,c>acas to ,cucuta & ,san ,gil 9 ! k+dom ( ,new ,gr5ada4 ,9 our days its cultivation dur+ tw5ty-five ye>s has almo/ entirely remov$ ! appreh5sion at fir/ ent]ta9$1 t be+ transplant$ to ,am]ica1 ! cane w\ld by degrees deg5]ate1 & become z sl5d] z ! creole cane4 ,! ?ird species1 ! violet sug>-cane1 call$ ,cana de ,batavia1 or de ,gu9ea1 is c]ta9ly indig5\s 9 ! isl& ( ,java1 :]e x is cultivat$ 9 pref]5ce 9 ! di/ricts ( ,jap>a & ,pasuruan499 799 ,raffles ,hi/ory ( ,java tome #a page #abd47 ,its foliage is purple & v broad2 & ?is cane is pref]r$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,c>acas = rum4 ,! tablones1 or gr\nds plant$ ) sug>-canes1 are divid$ by h$ges ( a colossal gram52 ! lata1 or gyn]ium1 ) di/i* leaves4 ,at ! ,tuy1 m5 7 employ$ 9 f9i%+ a dyke1 to =m a canal ( irrigation4 ,?is ent]prise _h co/ ! proprietor sev5 ?\s& pia/res = ! exp5se ( lab\r1 & f\r ?\s& pia/res = ! co/s ( lawsuits 9 :i* he _h become engag$ ) 8 neighb\rs4 ,:ile ! lawy]s 7 disput+ ab\t a canal ( :i* only "o-half 0 f9i%$1 ,don ,jose de ,mant]ola began to d\bt ev5 ( ! possibility ( c>ry+ ! plan into execution4 ,i took ! level ( ! gr\nd ) a lunette d'epreuve1 on an artificial horizon1 & f\nd1 t ! dam _h be5 con/ruct$ eight feet too l[4 ,:at sums ( money h ,i se5 exp5d$ uselessly 9 ! ,spani% colonies1 = und]tak+s f\nd$ on errone\s levell+6 ,! valley ( ! ,tuy has its 'gold m9e1' l almo/ e "p ( ,am]ica inhabit$ by :ites1 & back$ by primitive m\nta9s4 ,i 0 assur$1 t 9 #aghj1 =eign gold-ga!r]s _h be5 engag$ 9 pick+ up gra9s ( t metal1 & _h e/abli%$ a place = wa%+ ! s& 9 ! ,quebrada del ,oro4 ,an ov]se] ( a neighb\r+ plantation _h foll[$ ^! indications2 & aft] 8 dea?1 a wai/coat ) gold buttons be+ f\nd among 8 clo!s1 ?is gold1 accord+ to ! logic ( ! p "h1 c\ld only h proce$$ f a ve91 :i* ! fall+ 9 ( ! e>? _h r5d]$ invisible4 ,9 va9 ,i object$1 t ,i c\ld n1 by ! m]e view ( ! soil1 )\t digg+ a l>ge tr5* 9 ! direction ( ! ve91 judge ( ! exi/5ce ( ! m9e2 ,i 0 compell$ to yield to ! desire ( my ho/s4 ,= tw5ty ye>s pa/ ! ov]se]'s wai/coat _h be5 ! subject ( conv]sation 9 ! c\ntry4 ,gold extract$ f ! bosom ( ! e>? is f> m allur+ 9 ! eyes ( ! vulg>1 ?an t :i* is ! produce ( agricultural indu/ry1 fav\r$ by ! f]tility ( ! soil1 & ! mildness ( ! climate4 ,nor?-we/ ( ! ,haci5da del ,tuy1 9 ! nor!rn range ( ! *a9 ( ! coa/1 we f9d a deep rav9e1 call$ ! ,quebrada ,seca1 because ! torr5t1 by :i* x 0 =m$1 loses its wat]s ?r\gh ! crevices ( ! rock1 be=e x rea*es ! extremity ( ! rav9e4 ,! :ole ( ?is m\nta9\s c\ntry is cov]$ ) ?ick vegetation4 ,we !re f\nd ! same v]dure z _h *>m$ u by its fre%ness 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,bu5avi/a & ,las ,lagunetas1 :]ev] ! gr\nd rises z high z ! region ( ! cl\ds1 & :]e ! vap\rs ( ! sea h free access4 ,9 ! pla9s1 on ! contr>y1 _m trees are /ripp$ ( a "p ( _! leaves dur+ ! w9t]2 & :5 we desc5d into ! valley ( ! ,tuy1 we are /ruck ) ! almo/ hib]nal aspect ( ! c\ntry4 ,! dryness ( ! air is su* t ! hygromet] ( ,deluc keeps day & night betwe5 #cf & #dj degrees4 ,at a di/ance f ! riv] sc>cely any huras or pip]-trees ext5d _! foliage ov] ?ickets de/itute ( v]dure4 ,?is seems ow+ to ! dryness ( ! air1 :i* atta9s its maximum 9 ! mon? ( ,febru>y2 & n1 z ! ,european plant]s ass]t1 to ! seasons ( ,spa91 ( :i* ! empire ext5ds z f> z ! torrid zone4 ,x is only plants transport$ f "o hemisph]e to ! o!r1 :i*1 9 _! organic functions1 9 ! developm5t ( _! leaves & fl[]s1 /ill reta9 _! aff9ity to a di/ant climate3 fai?ful to _! habits1 !y foll[ = a long "t ! p]iodical *anges ( _! native hemisph]e4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,v5ezuela ! trees /ripp$ ( _! foliage beg9 to r5ew _! leaves ne>ly a mon? be=e ! ra9y season4 ,x is probable1 t at ?is p]iod ! electrical equilibrium ( ! air is already di/urb$1 & ! atmosph]e1 al?\gh n yet cl\d$1 becomes gradually m humid4 ,! azure ( ! sky is pal]1 & ! elevat$ regions are load$ ) light vap\rs1 uni=mly diffus$4 ,?is season may be consid]$ z ! awak5+ ( nature2 x is a spr+ :i*1 accord+ to ! receiv$ language ( ! ,spani% colonies1 proclaims ! beg9n+ ( w9t]1 & succe$s to ! heats ( summ]499 799 ,t "p ( ! ye> mo/ abundant 9 ra9 is call$ w9t]2 s t 9 ,t]ra ,firma1 ! season :i* beg9s by ! w9t] sol/ice1 is designat$ by ! "n ( summ]2 & x is usual to he>1 t x is w9t] on ! m\nta9s1 at ! "t :5 summ] prevails 9 ! neighb\r+ pla9s47 ,indigo 0 =m]ly cultivat$ 9 ! ,quebrada ,seca2 b z ! soil cov]$ ) vegetation _c !re conc5trate s mu* heat z ! pla9s & ! bottom ( ! ,tuy valley receive & radiate1 ! cultivation ( c(fee has be5 sub/itut$ 9 its /ead4 ,z we advanc$ 9 ! rav9e we f\nd ! moi/ure increase4 ,ne> ! ,hato1 at ! nor!rn extremity ( ! ,quebrada1 a torr5t rolls d[n ov] slop+ b$s ( gneiss4 ,an aqu$uct 0 be+ =m$ !re to convey ! wat] to ! pla94 ,)\t irrigation1 agriculture makes no progress 9 ^! climates4 ,a tree ( mon/r\s size fix$ our att5tion499 799 ,hura crepitans47 ,x lay on ! slope ( ! m\nta91 above ! h\se ( ! ,hato4 ,on ! lea/ dislodgm5t ( ! e>?1 its fall w\ld h cru%$ ! habitation :i* x %ad$3 x _h !re=e be5 burnt ne> its foot1 & cut d[n 9 su* a mann]1 t x fell betwe5 "s enorm\s fig-trees1 :i* prev5t$ x f roll+ into ! rav9e4 ,we measur$ ! fall5 tree2 & ?\gh its summit _h be5 burnt1 ! l5g? ( its trunk 0 /ill "o hundr$ & fifty-f\r feet499 799 ,fr5* measure1 ne>ly fifty metres47 ,x 0 eight feet 9 diamet] ne> ! roots1 & f\r feet two in*es at ! upp] extremity4 ,our guides1 less anxi\s ?an ourselves to measure ! bulk ( trees1 cont9ually press$ u to proce$ onw>d & seek ! 'gold m9e4' ,?is "p ( ! rav9e is little frequ5t$1 & is n un9t]e/+4 ,we made ! foll[+ obs]vations on ! geological con/itution ( ! soil4 ,at ! entrance ( ! ,quebrada ,seca we rem>k$ great masses ( primitive sac*>oidal lime/one1 tol]ably f9e gra9$1 ( a blui% t9t1 & trav]s$ by ve9s ( calc>e\s sp> ( dazzl+ :it5ess4 ,^! calc>e\s masses mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! v rec5t depositions ( tufa1 or c>bonate ( lime1 :i* fill ! pla9s ( ! ,tuy2 !y =m b$s ( mica-slate1 pass+ into talc-slate499 799 ,talks*ief] ( ,w]n]1 )\t g>nets or s]p5t9e2 n eurite or weis/e94 ,x is 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,bu5avi/a t ! gneiss manife/s a t5d5cy to pass into eurite47 ,! primitive lime/one (t5 simply cov]s ?is latt] rock 9 concordant /ratification4 ,v ne> ! ,hato ! talcose slate becomes entirely :ite1 & conta9s small lay]s ( s(t & unctu\s graphic ampelite499 799 ,zei*5s*ief]47 ,"s pieces1 de/itute ( ve9s ( qu>tz1 are real granul> plumbago1 :i* might be ( use 9 ! arts4 ,! aspect ( ! rock is v s+ul> 9 ^? places :]e ?9 plates ( black ampelite alt]nate ) ?91 s9u\s1 & sat9y plates ( a talcose slate z :ite z sn[4 ,x w\ld seem z if ! c>bon & iron1 :i* 9 o!r places col\r ! primitive rocks1 are "h conc5trat$ 9 ! subord9ate /rata4 ,turn+ we/w>d we rea*$ at l5g? ! rav9e ( gold 7,quebrada del ,oro74 ,on exam9+ ! slope ( a hill1 we c\ld h>dly recognize ! ve/ige ( a ve9 ( qu>tz4 ,! fall+ ( ! e>? caus$ by ! ra9s _h *ang$ ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & r5d]$ x impossible to make any obs]vation4 ,great trees 7 gr[+ 9 ! places :]e ! gold-wa%]s _h work$ tw5ty ye>s be=e4 ,x is probable t ! mica-slate conta9s "h1 z ne> ,goldcrona* 9 ,franconia1 & 9 ,salzburgh1 aurif]\s ve9s2 b h[ is x possible to judge :e!r !y be wor? ! exp5se ( be+ wr\ght1 or :e!r ! ore is only 9 nodules1 & 9 ! less abundance 9 proportion z x is ri*8 ,we made a long h]borization 9 a ?ick =e/1 ext5d+ beyond ! ,hato1 & ab\nd+ 9 c$relas1 br[neas1 & fig-trees ) nymphaea leaves4 ,! trunks ( ^! la/ are cov]$ ) v odorif]\s plants ( vanilla1 :i* 9 g5]al fl[] only 9 ! mon? ( ,april4 ,we 7 "h aga9 /ruck ) ^? ligne\s excresc5ces1 :i* 9 ! =m ( ridges1 or ribs1 augm5t to ! height ( tw5ty feet above ! gr\nd1 ! ?ickness ( ! trunk ( ! fig-trees ( ,am]ica4 ,i f\nd trees tw5ty-two feet & a half 9 diamet] ne> ! roots4 ,^! ligne\s ridges sometimes sep>ate f ! trunk at a height ( eight feet1 & are trans=m$ into cyl9drical roots two feet ?ick4 ,! tree looks z if x 7 support$ by buttresses4 ,?is scaffold+ h[ev] does n p5etrate v deep into ! e>?4 ,! lat]al roots w9d at ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & if at tw5ty feet di/ance f ! trunk !y are cut ) a hat*et1 we see gu%+ out ! milky juice ( ! fig-tree1 :i*1 :5 depriv$ ( ! vital influ5ce ( ! organs ( ! tree1 is alt]$ & coagulates4 ,:at a wond]ful comb9ation ( cells & vessels exi/ 9 ^! vegetable masses1 9 ^! gigantic trees ( ! torrid zone1 :i* )\t int]ruption1 p]haps dur+ ! space ( a ?\s& ye>s1 prep>e nutriti\s fluids1 raise !m to ! height ( "o hundr$ & eighty feet1 convey !m d[n aga9 to ! gr\nd1 & conceal1 b5ea? a r\gh & h>d b>k1 "u inanimate lay]s ( ligne\s matt]1 all ! movem5ts ( organic life6 ,i avail$ myself ( ! cle>ness ( ! nights1 to obs]ve at ! plantation ( ,tuy two em]sions ( ! fir/ & ?ird satellites ( ,jupit]4 ,^! two obs]vations gave1 accord+ to ! tables ( ,delambre1 longitude #d h\rs #ci m9utes #ad seconds2 & by ! *ronomet] ,i f\nd #d h\rs #ci m9utes #aj seconds4 ,dur+ my /ay 9 ! valleys ( ! ,tuy & ,aragua ! zodiacal light appe>$ almo/ e night ) extraord9>y brilliancy4 ,i _h p]ceiv$ x = ! fir/ "t betwe5 ! tropics at ,c>acas1 on ! #ah? ( ,janu>y1 aft] sev5 9 ! ev5+4 ,! po9t ( ! pyramid 0 at ! height ( #ec degrees4 ,! light totally disappe>$ at #i h\rs #ce m9utes 7app>5t "t71 ne>ly #c h\rs #ej m9utes aft] sunset1 )\t any dim9ution 9 ! s]5ity ( ! sky4 ,la ,caille1 9 8 voyage to ,rio ,janeiro & ! ,cape1 0 /ruck ) ! beautiful appe>ance display$ by ! zodiacal light )9 ! tropics1 n s mu* on acc\nt ( its less incl9$ position1 z ( ! great] transp>5cy ( ! air499 799 ,! great s]5ity ( ! air caus$ ?is ph5om5on to be rem>k$1 9 #affh1 9 ! arid pla9s ( ,p]sia47 ,x may appe> s+ul>1 t ,*ildrey & ,dom9ic ,cass9i1 navigators :o 7 well acqua9t$ ) ! seas ( ! two ,indies1 did n at a mu* e>li] p]iod direct ! att5tion ( sci5tific ,europe to ?is light1 & its regul> =m & progress4 ,until ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury m>9]s 7 little int]e/$ by any?+ n hav+ imm$iate relation to ! c\rse ( a %ip1 & ! dem&s ( navigation4 ,h[ev] brilliant ! zodiacal light 9 ! dry valley ( ,tuy1 ,i h obs]v$ x m beautiful /ill at ! back ( ! ,cordill]as ( ,mexico1 on ! banks ( ! lake ( ,tezcuco1 elev5 hundr$ & sixty toises above ! surface ( ! ocean4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y1 #ahjd1 ! light rose sometimes to m ?an #fj degrees above ! horizon4 ,! ,milky ,way appe>$ to gr[ pale comp>$ ) ! brilliancy ( ! zodiacal light2 & if small1 blui%1 scatt]$ cl\ds 7 accumulat$ t[>d ! we/1 x seem$ z if ! moon 7 ab\t to rise4 ,i mu/ "h relate ano!r v s+ul> fact4 ,on ! #ah? ( ,janu>y1 & ! #ae? ( ,febru>y1 #ahjj1 ! int5sity ( ! zodiacal light *ang$ 9 a v p]ceptible mann]1 at int]vals ( two or ?ree m9utes4 ,sometimes x 0 v fa9t1 at o!rs x surpass$ ! brilliancy ( ! ,milky ,way 9 ,sagitt>ius4 ,! *anges took place 9 ! :ole pyramid1 especially t[>d ! int]ior1 f> f ! edges4 ,dur+ ^! v>iations ( ! zodiacal light1 ! hygromet] indicat$ consid]able dryness4 ,! />s ( ! f\r? & fif? magnitude appe>$ con/antly to ! nak$ eye ) ! same degree ( light4 ,no /ream ( vap\r 0 visible3 no?+ seem$ to alt] ! transp>5cy ( ! atmosph]e4 ,9 o!r ye>s ,i saw ! zodiacal light augm5t 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e half an h\r be=e its disappe>ance4 ,cass9i admitt$ t ! zodiacal light 0 feebl] 9 c]ta9 ye>s1 & !n return$ to its =m] brilliancy4 ,he ?\ght t ^! sl[ *anges 7 connect$ ) ! same emanations :i* r5d] ! appe>ance ( spots & faculae p]iodical on ! sol> disk4 ,b ?is excell5t obs]v] does n m5tion ^? *anges ( int5sity 9 ! zodiacal light :i* ,i h sev]al times rem>k$ )9 ! tropics1 9 ! space ( a few m9utes4 ,mairan ass]ts1 t 9 ,france x is common en\gh to see ! zodiacal light1 9 ! mon?s ( ,febru>y & ,m>*1 m+l+ ) a k9d ( ,aurora ,borealis1 :i* he calls 'undecid$1' & ! nebul\s matt] ( :i* spreads itself all ar\nd ! horizon1 or appe>s t[>d ! we/4 ,i v mu* d\bt1 :e!r1 9 ! obs]vations ,i h be5 describ+1 !re 0 any mixture ( ^! two species ( light4 ,! v>iations 9 int5sity took place at consid]able altitudes2 ! light 0 :ite1 & n col\r$2 /eady1 & n undulat+4 ,besides1 ! ,aurora ,borealis is s seldom visible )9 ! tropics1 t dur+ five ye>s1 ?\gh almo/ con/antly sleep+ 9 ! op5 air1 & obs]v+ ! heav5s ) unremitt+ att5tion1 ,i nev] p]ceiv$ ! lea/ traces ( t ph5om5on4 ,i am r incl9$ to ?9k t ! v>iations ( ! zodiacal light are n all appe>ances dep5d5t on c]ta9 modifications 9 ! /ate ( our atmosph]e4 ,sometimes1 dur+ nights equally cle>1 ,i s\ght 9 va9 = ! zodiacal light1 :51 on ! previ\s night1 x _h appe>$ ) ! greate/ brilliancy4 ,mu/ we admit t emanations :i* reflect :ite light1 & seem to h "s analogy ) ! tails ( comets1 are less abundant at c]ta9 p]iods8 ,rese>*es on ! zodiacal light h acquir$ a new degree ( int]e/ s9ce geometricians h taught u t we are ignorant ( ! real causes ( ?is ph5om5on4 ,! illu/ri\s au?or ( ,la ,mecanique ,cele/e has %[n t ! sol> atmosph]e _c rea* ev5 ! planet ,m]cury2 & t x c\ld n 9 any case display ! l5ticul> =m :i* has be5 attribut$ to ! zodiacal light4 ,we may also ent]ta9 ! same d\bts respect+ ! nature ( ?is light1 z ) reg>d to t ( ! tails ( comets4 ,is x 9 fact a reflect$ or a direct light8 ,we left ! plantation ( ,mant]ola on ! #aa? ( ,febru>y1 at sunrise4 ,! road runs along ! smil+ banks ( ! ,tuy2 ! morn+ 0 cool & humid1 & ! air seem$ embalm$ by ! delici\s od\r ( ! ,pancratium undulatum1 & o!r l>ge liliace\s plants4 ,9 our way to ,la ,victoria1 we pass$ ! pretty village ( ,mamon or ( ,consejo1 celebrat$ 9 ! c\ntry = a miracul\s image ( ! ,virg94 ,a little be=e we rea*$ ,mamon1 we /opp$ at a f>m belong+ to ! family ( ,mont]as4 ,a negress m ?an a hundr$ ye>s old 0 seat$ be=e a small hut built ( e>? & re$s4 ,h] age 0 kn[n because %e 0 a creole slave4 ,%e seem$ /ill to enjoy v good heal?4 ,i keep h] 9 ! sun 7la t5go al sol71 said h] gr&son2 ! heat keeps h] alive4 ,?is appe>$ to u n a v agreeable mode ( prolong+ life1 = ! sun 0 d>t+ 8 rays almo/ p]p5dicul>ly4 ,! br[n-sk9n$ nations1 blacks well season$1 & ,indians1 frequ5tly atta9 a v advanc$ age 9 ! torrid zone4 ,a native ( ,p]u nam$ ,hil>io ,p>i di$ at ! extraord9>y age ( "o hundr$ & =ty-?ree ye>s1 aft] hav+ be5 n9ety ye>s m>ri$4 ,don ,francisco ,mont]a & 8 bro!r1 a well-in=m$ "y prie/1 accompani$ u ) ! view ( conduct+ u to _! h\se at ,la ,victoria4 ,almo/ all ! families ) :om we _h liv$ 9 fri5d%ip at ,c>acas 7 assembl$ 9 ! f9e valleys ( ,aragua1 & !y vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 _! ef=ts to r5d] our /ay agreeable4 ,be=e we plung$ into ! =e/s ( ! ,or9oco1 we enjoy$ once m all ! advantages :i* advanc$ civilization af=ds4 ,! road f ,mamon to ,la ,victoria runs s\? & s\?-we/4 ,we soon lo/ sight ( ! riv] ,tuy1 :i*1 turn+ ea/w>d1 =ms an elb[ at ! foot ( ! high m\nta9s ( ,guayraima4 ,z we drew ne>] to ,victoria ! gr\nd became smoo!r2 x seem$ l ! bottom ( a lake1 ! wat]s ( :i* _h be5 dra9$ (f4 ,we might h fanci$ ourselves 9 ! valley ( ,hasli1 9 ! canton ( ,b]ne4 ,! neighb\r+ hills1 only "o hundr$ & =ty toises 9 height1 are compos$ ( calc>e\s tufa2 b _! abrupt declivities project l promontories on ! pla94 ,_! =m indicates ! anci5t %ore ( ! lake4 ,! ea/]n extremity ( ?is valley is p>*$ & uncultivat$4 ,no advantage has be5 d]iv$ f ! rav9es :i* wat] ! neighb\r+ m\nta9s2 b f9e cultivation is comm5c+ 9 ! proximity ( ! t[n4 ,i say ( ! t[n1 ?\gh 9 my "t ,victoria 0 consid]$ only z a village 7pueblo74 ,! environs ( ,la ,victoria pres5t a v rem>kable agricultural aspect4 ,! height ( ! cultivat$ gr\nd is f two hundr$ & sev5ty to ?ree hundr$ toises above ! level ( ! ocean1 & yet we !re f9d fields ( corn m+l$ ) plantations ( sug>-cane1 c(fee1 & planta9s4 ,except+ ! int]ior ( ! isl& ( ,cuba199 799 ,! di/rict ( ,quatro ,villas47 we sc>cely f9d else:]e 9 ! equ9octial regions ,european corn cultivat$ 9 l>ge quantities 9 s l[ a region4 ,! f9e fields ( :eat 9 ,mexico are betwe5 six hundr$ & twelve hundr$ toises ( absolute elevation2 & x is r>e to see !m desc5d to f\r hundr$ toises4 ,we %all soon p]ceive t ! produce ( gra9 augm5ts s5sibly1 f high latitudes t[>ds ! equator1 ) ! mean temp]ature ( ! climate1 9 comp>+ spots ( diff]5t elevations4 ,! success ( agriculture dep5ds on ! dryness ( ! air2 on ! ra9s di/ribut$ ?r\gh diff]5t seasons1 or accumulat$ 9 "o season2 on w9ds bl[+ con/antly f ! ea/2 or br++ ! cold air ( ! nor? into v l[ latitudes1 z 9 ! gulf ( ,mexico2 on mi/s1 :i* = :ole mon?s dim9i% ! int5sity ( ! sol> rays2 9 %ort1 on a ?\s& local circum/ances :i* h less influ5ce on ! mean temp]ature ( ! :ole ye> ?an on ! di/ribution ( ! same quantity ( heat ?r\gh ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! ye>4 ,x is a /rik+ spectacle to see ! gra9 ( ,europe cultivat$ f ! equator z f> z ,lapl& 9 ! latitude ( #fi degrees1 9 regions :]e ! mean heat is f #bb to-#b degrees1 9 e place :]e ! temp]ature ( summ] is above #i or #aj degrees4 ,we "k ! m9imum ( heat requisite to rip5 :eat1 b>ley1 & oats2 b we are less c]ta9 9 respect to ! maximum :i* ^! species ( gra91 accommodat+ z !y are1 c support4 ,we are ev5 ignorant ( all ! circum/ances :i* fav\r ! culture ( corn )9 ! tropics at v small heights4 ,la ,victoria & ! neighb\r+ village ( ,san ,mateo yield an annual produce ( f\r ?\s& qu9tals ( :eat4 ,x is s[n 9 ! mon? ( ,decemb]1 & ! h>ve/ is reap$ on ! sev5tie? or sev5ty-fif? day4 ,! gra9 is l>ge1 :ite1 & ab\nd+ 9 glut52 its pellicle is ?9n] & n s h>d z t ( ! :eat ( ! v cold table-l&s ( ,mexico4 ,an acre99 799 ,an arp5t des eaux et =ets1 or legal acre ( ,france1 ( :i* #a4ie #a hect>e4 ,x is ab\t #a #a_/d acre ,engli%47 ne> ,victoria g5]ally yields f ?ree ?\s& to ?ree ?\s& two hundr$ p\nds weight ( :eat4 ,! av]age produce is consequ5tly "h1 z at ,bu5os ,ayres1 ?ree or f\r times z mu* z t ( nor!rn c\ntries4 ,ne>ly sixte5fold ( ! quantity ( se$ is reap$2 :ile1 accord+ to ,lavoisi]1 ! surface ( ,france yields on an av]age only five or six = "o1 or f "o ?\s& to twelve hundr$ p\nds p] acre4 ,not)/&+ ?is fecundity ( ! soil1 & ?is happy influ5ce ( ! climate1 ! culture ( ! sug>-cane is m productive 9 ! valleys ( ,aragua ?an t ( corn4 ,la ,victoria is trav]s$ by ! little riv] ,calan*as1 runn+1 n into ! ,tuy1 b into ! ,rio ,aragua3 x !nce results t ?is f9e c\ntry1 produc+ at once sug> & corn1 belongs to ! bas9 ( ! lake ( ,val5cia1 to a sy/em ( int]ior riv]s n communicat+ ) ! sea4 ,! qu>t] ( ! t[n we/ ( ! ,rio ,calan*as is call$ la otra b&a2 x is ! mo/ comm]cial "p2 m]*&ize is ev]y:]e exhibit$1 & ranges ( %ops =m ! /reets4 ,two comm]cial roads pass ?r\gh ,la ,victoria1 t ( ,val5cia1 or ( ,porto ,cabello1 & ! road ( ,villa de ,cura1 or ( ! pla9s1 call$ cam9o de los ,llanos4 ,we "h f9d m :ites 9 proportion ?an at ,c>acas4 ,we visit$ at sunset ! little hill ( ,calv>y1 :]e ! view is extremely f9e & ext5sive4 ,we discov] on ! we/ ! lovely valleys ( ,aragua1 a va/ space cov]$ ) g>d5s1 cultivat$ fields1 clumps ( wild trees1 f>ms1 & hamlets4 ,turn+ s\? & s\?-ea/1 we see1 ext5d+ z f> z ! eye c rea*1 ! l(ty m\nta9s ( ,la ,palma1 ,guayraima1 ,ti>a1 & ,guiripa1 :i* conceal ! imm5se pla9s or /eppes ( ,calabozo4 ,?is int]ior *a9 /ret*es we/w>d along ! lake ( ,val5cia1 t[>ds ! ,villa de ,cura1 ! ,cue/a de ,yusma1 & ! d5ticulat$ m\nta9s ( ,guigne4 ,x is v /eep1 & con/antly cov]$ ) t light vap\r :i* 9 hot climates gives a vivid blue t9t to di/ant objects1 &1 f> f conceal+ _! outl9es1 m>ks !m ! m /rongly4 ,x is believ$ t among ! m\nta9s ( ! int]ior *a91 t ( ,guayraima rea*es an elevation ( twelve hundr$ toises4 ,i f\nd 9 ! night ( ! elev5? ( ,febru>y ! latitude ( ,la ,victoria #aj degrees #ac m9utes #ce seconds1 ! magnetic dip #dj4h degrees1 ! int5sity ( ! =ces equal to #bcf oscillations 9 t5 m9utes ( "t1 & ! v>iation ( ! ne$le #d4d degrees nor?-ea/4 ,we proce$$ sl[ly on our way by ! villages ( ,san ,mateo1 ,turm]o1 & ,m>acay1 to ! ,haci5da de ,cura1 a f9e plantation belong+ to ,c\nt ,tov>1 :]e we arriv$ on ! ev5+ ( ! f\rte5? ( ,febru>y4 ,! valley1 :i* gradually wid5s1 is bord]$ ) hills ( calc>e\s tufa1 call$ "h ti]ra blanca4 ,! sci5tific m5 ( ! c\ntry h made sev]al attempts to calc9e ?is e>?1 mi/ak+ x = ! porcela9 e>? proce$+ f decompos$ /rata ( feldsp>4 ,we /ay$ "s h\rs ) a v intellig5t family1 nam$ ,u/>iz1 at ,concesion4 ,_! h\se1 :i* conta9s a collection ( *oice books1 /&s on an em95ce1 & is surr\nd$ by plantations ( c(fee & sug>-cane4 ,a grove ( balsam-trees 7balsamo99 799 ,amyris elata477 gives coolness & %ade to ?is spot4 ,x 0 gratify+ to obs]ve ! great numb] ( scatt]$ h\ses 9 ! valley inhabit$ by fre$m54 ,9 ! ,spani% colonies1 ! laws1 ! in/itutions1 & ! mann]s1 are m fav\rable to ! lib]ty ( ! negroes ?an 9 o!r ,european settlem5ts4 ,san ,mateo1 ,turm]o1 & ,m>acay1 are *>m+ villages1 :]e ev]y?+ d5otes ! com=t ( ! inhabitants4 ,we seem$ to be transport$ to ! mo/ indu/ri\s di/ricts ( ,catalonia4 ,ne> ,san ,mateo we f9d ! la/ fields ( :eat1 & ! la/ mills ) horizontal hydraulic :eels4 ,a h>ve/ ( tw5ty = "o 0 expect$2 &1 z if t produce 7 b mod]ate1 ,i 0 ask$ :e!r corn yield$ m 9 ,prussia & 9 ,pol&4 ,by an error g5]ally preval5t "u ! tropics1 ! produce ( gra9 is suppos$ to deg5]ate 9 advanc+ t[>ds ! equator1 & h>ve/s are believ$ to be m abundant 9 nor!rn climates4 ,s9ce calculations h be5 made on ! progress ( agriculture 9 ! diff]5t zones1 & on ! temp]atures "u ! influ5ce ( :i* corn w fl\ri%1 x has be5 f\nd t1 beyond ! latitude ( #de degrees1 ! produce ( :eat is n[h]e s consid]able z on ! nor!rn coa/s ( ,africa1 & on ! table-l&s ( ,new ,gr5ada1 ,p]u1 & ,mexico4 ,)\t comp>+ ! mean temp]ature ( ! :ole ye>1 b only ! mean temp]ature ( ! season :i* embraces ! corn cycle ( vegetation1 we f9d = ?ree mon?s ( summ]199 9 ! nor? ( ,europe1 f #ae to #ai degrees2 9 ,b>b>y & 9 ,egypt1 f #bg to #bi degrees2 )9 ! tropics1 betwe5 f\rte5 & ?ree hundr$ toises ( height1 f #ad to #be4e degrees ( ! c5tigrade !rmomet]4 799 ,! mean heat ( ! summ]s ( ,scotl& 9 ! environs ( ,ed9burgh1 7latitude #ef degrees71 is f\nd aga9 on ! table-l&s ( ,new ,gr5ada1 s ri* 9 :eat1 at #adjj toises ( elevation1 & at #d degrees nor? latitude4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we f9d ! mean temp]ature ( ! valleys ( ,aragua1 latitude #aj degrees #ac m9utes1 & ( all ! pla9s :i* are n v elevat$ 9 ! torrid zone1 9 ! summ] temp]ature ( ,naples & ,sicily1 latitude #ci to #dj degrees4 ,^! figures indicate ! situation ( ! iso!ric l9es 7l9es ( ! same summ] heat71 & n t ( ! iso!rmal l9es 7^? ( equal annual temp]ature74 ,consid]+ ! quantity ( heat receiv$ on ! same spot ( ! globe dur+ a :ole ye>1 ! mean temp]atures ( ! valleys ( ,aragua1 & ! table-l&s ( ,new ,gr5ada1 at #cjj & #adjj toises ( elevation1 correspond to ! mean temp]atures ( ! coa/s at #bc & #de degrees ( latitude47 ,! f9e h>ve/s ( ,egypt & ( ,algi]s1 z well z ^? ( ! valleys ( ,aragua & ! int]ior ( ! isl& ( ,cuba1 suffici5tly prove t ! augm5tation ( heat is n prejudicial to ! h>ve/ ( :eat & o!r alim5t>y gra91 unless x be att5d$ ) an excess ( dr\ght or moi/ure4 ,to ?is circum/ance no d\bt we mu/ attribute ! app>5t anomalies sometimes obs]v$ )9 ! tropics1 9 ! l[] limit ( corn4 ,we are a/oni%$ to see1 ea/w>d ( ! ,havannah1 9 ! fam\s di/rict ( ,quatro ,villas1 t ?is limit desc5ds almo/ to ! level ( ! ocean2 :il/ we/ ( ! ,havannah1 on ! slope ( ! m\nta9s ( ,mexico & ,xalapa1 at six hundr$ & sev5ty-sev5 toises ( height1 ! luxuriance ( vegetation is su*1 t :eat does n =m e>s4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,spani% conque/1 ! corn ( ,europe 0 cultivat$ ) success 9 sev]al regions n[ suppos$ to be too hot1 or too damp1 = ?is bran* ( agriculture4 ,! ,spani>ds on _! fir/ removal to ,am]ica 7 little accu/om$ to live on maize4 ,!y /ill adh]$ to _! ,european habits4 ,!y did n calculate :e!r corn w\ld be less pr(itable ?an c(fee or cotton4 ,!y tri$ se$s ( e k9d1 mak+ exp]im5ts ! m boldly because _! reason+s 7 less f\nd$ on false !ories4 ,! prov9ce ( ,c>?ag5a1 cross$ by ! *a9 ( ! m\nta9s ,m>ia & ,guamoco1 produc$ :eat till ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,c>acas1 ?is culture is ( v anci5t date 9 ! m\nta9\s l&s ( ,tocuyo1 ,quibor1 & ,b>quisimeto1 :i* connect ! littoral *a9 ) ! ,si]ra ,nevada ( ,m]ida4 ,:eat is /ill successfully cultivat$ !re1 & ! environs ( ! t[n ( ,tocuyo alone export annually m ?an eight ?\s& qu9tals ( excell5t fl\r4 ,b1 ?\gh ! prov9ce ( ,c>acas1 9 its va/ ext5t1 includes sev]al spots v fav\rable to ! cultivation ( ,european corn1 ,i believe t 9 g5]al ?is bran* ( agriculture w nev] acquire any great importance !re4 ,! mo/ temp]ate valleys are n suffici5tly wide2 !y are n real table-l&s2 & _! mean elevation above ! level ( ! sea is n s consid]able b t ! inhabitants _c fail to p]ceive t x is m _! int]e/ to e/abli% plantations ( c(fee1 ?an to cultivate corn4 ,fl\r n[ comes to ,c>acas ei!r f ,spa9 or f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! village ( ,turm]o is f\r leagues di/ant f ,san ,mateo4 ,! road leads ?r\gh plantations ( sug>1 indigo1 cotton1 & c(fee4 ,! regul>ity obs]vable 9 ! con/ruction ( ! villages1 rem9d$ u t !y all owe _! orig9 to monks & missions4 ,! /reets are /raight & p>allel1 cross+ ea* o!r at "r angles2 & ! *ur* is inv>iably erect$ 9 ! great squ>e1 situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! village4 ,! *ur* ( ,turm]o is a f9e edifice1 b ov]load$ ) ar*itectural ornam5ts4 ,s9ce ! mission>ies h be5 replac$ by vic>s1 ! :ites h m+l$ _! habitations ) ^? ( ! ,indians4 ,! latt] are gradually disappe>+ z a sep>ate race2 t is to say1 !y are repres5t$ 9 ! g5]al /atem5t ( ! population by ! ,me/izoes & ! ,zamboes1 ^: numb]s daily increase4 ,i /ill f\nd1 h[ev]1 f\r ?\s& tribut>y ,indians 9 ! valleys ( ,aragua4 ,^? ( ,turm]o & ,guac>a are ! mo/ num]\s4 ,!y are ( small /ature1 b less squat ?an ! ,*aymas2 _! eyes d5ote m vivacity & intellig5ce1 ow+ less p]haps to a div]sity 9 ! race1 ?an to a sup]ior /ate ( civilization4 ,!y "w l freem5 by ! day4 ,?\gh active & labori\s dur+ ! %ort "t !y allot to lab\r1 yet :at !y e>n 9 two mon?s is sp5t 9 "o week1 9 ! pur*ase ( /rong liquors at ! small inns1 ( :i* unhappily ! numb]s daily increase4 ,we saw at ,turm]o ! rema9s ( ! assembl$ militia ( ! c\ntry1 & _! appe>ance alone suffici5tly indicat$ t ^! valleys _h enjoy$ = ages undi/urb$ peace4 ,! capitan-g5]al1 9 ord] to give a new impulse to ! milit>y s]vice1 _h ord]$ a gr& review2 & ! battalion ( ,turm]o1 9 a mock fight1 _h fir$ on t ( ,la ,victoria4 ,our ho/1 a lieut5ant ( ! militia1 0 nev] we>y ( describ+ to u ! dang] ( ^! manoeuvres1 :i* seem$ m burlesque ?an impos+4 ,) :at rapidity d nations1 app>5tly ! mo/ pacific1 acquire milit>y habits6 ,twelve ye>s aft]w>ds1 ^? valleys ( ,aragua1 ^? peaceful pla9s ( ,la ,victoria & ,turm]o1 ! defile ( ,cabr]a1 & ! f]tile banks ( ! lake ( ,val5cia1 became ! sc5es ( ob/9ate & sangu9>y conflicts betwe5 ! natives & ! troops ( ! "m-c\ntry4 ,s\? ( ,turm]o1 a mass ( lime/one m\nta9s advances into ! pla91 sep>at+ two f9e sug>-plantations1 ,guayavita & ,paja4 ,! latt] belongs to ! family ( ,c\nt ,tov>1 :o h prop]ty 9 e "p ( ! prov9ce4 ,ne> ,guayavita1 br[n iron-ore has be5 discov]$4 ,to ! nor? ( ,turm]o1 a granitic summit 7! ,*uao7 rises 9 ! ,cordill]a ( ! coa/1 f ! top ( :i* we disc]n at once ! sea & ! lake ( ,val5cia4 ,cross+ ?is rocky ridge1 :i* runs t[>ds ! we/ f>!r ?an ! eye c rea*1 pa?s some:at difficult lead to ! ri* plantations ( cacao on ! coa/1 to ,*oroni1 ,turiamo1 & ,ocum>e1 not$ alike = ! f]tility ( ! soil & ! insalubrity ( _! climate4 ,turm]o1 ,m>acay1 ,cura1 ,guac>a1 e po9t ( ! valley ( ,aragua1 has its m\nta9-road1 :i* t]m9ates at "o ( ! small ports on ! coa/4 ,on quitt+ ! village ( ,turm]o1 we discov]1 at a league di/ant1 an object1 :i* appe>s at ! horizon l a r\nd hillock1 or tumulus1 cov]$ ) vegetation4 ,x is nei!r a hill1 nor a gr\p ( trees close to ea* o!r1 b "o s+le tree1 ! fam\s zamang del ,guayre1 kn[n ?r\gh\t ! prov9ce = ! enorm\s ext5t ( its bran*es1 :i* =m a hemisph]ic head five hundr$ & sev5ty-six feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! zamang is a f9e species ( mimosa1 & its tortu\s bran*es are divid$ by bifurcation4 ,its delicate & t5d] foliage 0 agreeably reliev$ on ! azure ( ! sky4 ,we /opp$ a long "t "u ?is vegetable ro(4 ,! trunk ( ! zamang del ,guayre199 799 ,! mimos ( ,la ,guayre2 zamang be+ ! ,indian "n = ! g5]a mimosa1 desman?us1 & acacia4 ,! place :]e ! tree is f\nd is call$ ,el ,guayre47 :i* is f\nd on ! road f ,turm]o to ,m>acay1 is only sixty feet high1 & n9e ?ick2 b its real beauty consi/s 9 ! =m ( its head4 ,! bran*es ext5d l an imm5se umbrella1 & b5d t[>d ! gr\nd1 f :i* !y rema9 at a uni=m di/ance ( twelve or fifte5 feet4 ,! circumf]5ce ( ?is head is s regul>1 t1 hav+ trac$ diff]5t diamet]s1 ,i f\nd !m "o hundr$ & n9ety-two & "o hundr$ & eighty-six feet4 ,"o side ( ! tree 0 entirely /ripp$ ( its foliage1 ow+ to ! dr\ght2 b on ! o!r side !re rema9$ bo? leaves & fl[]s4 ,till&sias1 loran!ae1 ,cactus ,pitahaya1 & o!r p>asite plants1 cov] its bran*es1 & crack ! b>k4 ,! inhabitants ( ^! villages1 b p>ticul>ly ! ,indians1 hold 9 v5]ation ! zamang del ,guayre1 :i* ! fir/ conqu]ors f\nd almo/ 9 ! same /ate 9 :i* x n[ rema9s4 ,s9ce x has be5 obs]v$ ) att5tion1 no *ange has appe>$ 9 its ?ickness or height4 ,?is zamang mu/ be at lea/ z old z ! ,orotava dragon-tree4 ,!re is some?+ solemn & maje/ic 9 ! aspect ( ag$ trees2 & ! violation ( ^! monum5ts ( nature is sev]ely puni%$ 9 c\ntries de/itute ( monum5ts ( art4 ,we he>d ) satisfaction t ! pres5t proprietor ( ! zamang _h br\ght an action aga9/ a cultivator :o _h be5 guilty ( cutt+ (f a bran*4 ,! cause 0 tri$1 & ! tribunal condemn$ ! (f5d]4 ,we f9d ne> ,turm]o & ! ,haci5da de ,cura o!r zamangs1 hav+ trunks l>g] ?an t ( ,guayre1 b _! hemisph]ical heads are n ( equal ext5t4 ,! culture & population ( ! pla9s augm5t 9 ! direction ( ,cura & ,guac>a1 on ! nor!rn side ( ! lake4 ,! valleys ( ,aragua conta9 m ?an #eb1jjj inhabitants1 on a space ?irte5 leagues 9 l5g?1 & two 9 wid?4 ,?is is a relative population ( two ?\s& s\ls on a squ>e league4 ,! village or r ! small t[n ( ,m>acay 0 h]et(ore ! c5tre ( ! indigo plantations1 :5 ?is bran* ( colonial indu/ry 0 9 its greate/ prosp]ity4 ,! h\ses are all ( masonry1 & e c\rt conta9s cocoa-trees1 :i* rise above ! habitations4 ,! aspect ( g5]al weal? is /ill m /rik+ at ,m>acay1 ?an at ,turm]o4 ,! anil1 or indigo1 ( ^! prov9ces has always be5 consid]$ 9 comm]ce z equal & sometimes sup]ior to t ( ,guatemala4 ,! indigo plant impov]i%es ! soil1 :]e x is cultivat$ dur+ a long s]ies ( ye>s1 m ?an any o!r4 ,! l&s ( ,m>acay1 ,tapatapa1 & ,turm]o1 are look$ ^u z exhau/$2 & inde$ ! produce ( indigo has be5 con/antly decreas+4 ,b 9 proportion z x has dim9i%$ 9 ! valleys ( ,aragua1 x has increas$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,v>9as1 & 9 ! burn+ pla9s ( ,cucuta1 :]e1 on ! banks ( ! ,rio ,ta*ira1 virg9 l& yields an abundant produce1 ( ! ri*e/ col\r4 ,we arriv$ v late at ,m>acay1 & ! p]sons to :om we 7 recomm5d$ 7 abs5t4 ,! inhabitants p]ceiv+ our emb>rassm5t1 cont5d$ ) ea* o!r 9 (f]+ to lodge u1 to place our in/rum5ts1 & take c>e ( our mules4 ,x has be5 said a ?\s& times1 b ! travell] always feels desir\s ( repeat+ x aga91 t ! ,spani% colonies are ! l& ( hospitality2 !y are s ev5 9 ^? places :]e indu/ry & comm]ce h diffus$ weal? & improvem5t4 ,a family ( ,can>ians receiv$ u ) ! mo/ amiable cordiality2 an excell5t repa/ 0 prep>$1 & ev]y?+ 0 c>efully avoid$ t might act z any re/ra9t on u4 ,! ma/] ( ! h\se1 ,don ,alex&ro ,gonzales1 0 travell+ on comm]cial bus9ess1 & 8 "y wife _h lately _h ! happ9ess ( becom+ a "m4 ,%e 0 transport$ ) joy :5 %e he>d t on our return f ! ,rio ,negro we %\ld proce$ by ! banks ( ! ,or9oco to ,ango/ura1 :]e h] husb& 04 ,we 7 to be> to him ! tid+s ( ! bir? ( 8 fir/ *ild4 ,9 ^? c\ntries1 z among ! anci5ts1 travell]s are reg>d$ z ! safe/ means ( communication4 ,!re are inde$ po/s e/abli%$1 b !y make su* great circuits t private p]sons seldom entru/ !m ) lett]s = ! llanos or savannahs ( ! int]ior4 ,! *ild 0 br\ght to u at ! mom5t ( our dep>ture3 we _h se5 him asleep at night1 b x 0 deem$ indisp5sable t we %\ld see him awake 9 ! morn+4 ,we promis$ to describe 8 features exactly to 8 fa!r1 b ! sight ( our books & in/rum5ts some:at *ill$ ! "m's confid5ce4 ,%e said t 9 a long j\rney1 amid/ s _m c>es ( ano!r k9d1 we might well =get ! col\r ( h] *ild's eyes4 ,on ! road f ,m>acay to ! ,haci5da de ,cura we enjoy$ f "t to "t ! view ( ! lake ( ,val5cia4 ,an arm ( ! granitic *a9 ( ! coa/ /ret*es s\?w>d into ! pla94 ,x is ! promontory ( ,porta*uelo :i* w\ld almo/ close ! valley1 7 x n sep>at$ by a n>r[ defile f ! rock ( ,la ,cabr]a4 ,?is place has acquir$ a sad celebrity 9 ! late revolution>y w>s ( ,c>acas2 ea* p>ty hav+ ob/9ately disput$ its possession1 z op5+ ! way to ,val5cia1 & to ! ,llanos4 ,la ,cabr]a n[ =ms a p59sula3 n sixty ye>s ago x 0 a rocky isl& 9 ! lake1 ! wat]s ( :i* gradually dim9i%4 ,we sp5t sev5 v agreeable days at ! ,haci5da da ,cura1 9 a small habitation surr\nd$ by ?ickets4 ,we liv$ aft] ! mann] ( ! ri* 9 ?is c\ntry2 we ba!d twice1 slept ?ree times1 & made ?ree meals 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wat] ( ! lake is r w>m1 be+ f tw5ty-f\r to tw5ty-five degrees2 b !re is ano!r cool & delici\s ba?+-place at ,toma1 "u ! %ade ( ceibas & l>ge zamangs1 9 a torr5t gu%+ f ! granitic m\nta9s ( ! ,r9con del ,diablo4 ,9 ent]+ ?is ba?1 we _h n to fe> ! /+ ( insects1 b to gu>d aga9/ ! little br[n hairs :i* cov] ! pods ( ! ,doli*os pruri5s4 ,:5 ^! small hairs1 well *>act]is$ by ! "n ( picapica1 /ick to ! body1 !y excite a viol5t irritation on ! sk92 ! d>t is felt1 b ! cause is unp]ceiv$4 ,ne> ,cura we f\nd all ! p occupi$ 9 cle>+ ! gr\nd cov]$ ) mimosa1 /]culia1 & ,coccoloba excoriata1 = ! purpose ( ext5d+ ! cultivation ( cotton4 ,?is product1 :i* p>tly supplies ! place ( indigo1 has succe$$ s well dur+ "s ye>s1 t ! cotton-tree n[ gr[s wild on ! bord]s ( ! lake ( ,val5cia4 ,we h f\nd %rubs ( eight or t5 feet high entw9$ ) bignonia & o!r ligne\s creep]s4 ,! exportation ( cotton f ,c>acas1 h[ev]1 is yet ( small importance4 ,x am\nt$ at an av]age at ,la ,guayra sc>cely to ?ree or f\r hundr$ ?\s& p\nds 9 a ye>2 b includ+ all ! ports ( ! ,capitania-g5]al1 x arose1 on acc\nt ( ! fl\ri%+ culture ( ,c>iaco1 ,nueva ,b>celona1 & ,m>acaybo1 to m ?an #bb1jjj qu9tals4 ,! cotton ( ! valleys ( ,aragua is ( f9e quality1 be+ inf]ior only to t ( ,brazil2 = x is pref]r$ to t ( ,c>?ag5a1 ,/4 ,dom+o1 & ! ,c>ibbee ,isl&s4 ,! cultivation ( cotton ext5ds on "o side ( ! lake f ,m>acay to ,val5cia2 & on ! o!r f ,guayca to ,guigue4 ,! l>ge plantations yield f sixty to sev5ty ?\s& p\nds a ye>4 ,dur+ our /ay at ,cura we made num]\s excursions to ! rocky isl&s 7:i* rise 9 ! mid/ ( ! lake ( ,val5cia17 to ! w>m spr+s ( ,m>i>a1 & to ! l(ty granitic m\nta9 call$ ,el ,cucuru*o de ,coco4 ,a dang]\s & n>r[ pa? leads to ! port ( ,turiamo & ! celebrat$ cacao-plantations ( ! coa/4 ,9 all ^! excursions we 7 agreeably surpris$1 n only at ! progress ( agriculture1 b at ! increase ( a free labori\s population1 accu/om$ to toil1 & too poor to rely on ! assi/ance ( slaves4 ,:ite & mulatto f>m]s _h ev]y:]e small sep>ate e/abli%m5ts4 ,our ho/1 ^: fa!r _h a rev5ue ( #dj1jjj pia/res1 possess$ m l&s ?an he c\ld cle>2 he di/ribut$ !m 9 ! valleys ( ,aragua among poor families :o *ose to apply !mselves to ! cultivation ( cotton4 ,he endeav\r$ to surr\nd 8 ample plantations ) freem51 :o1 work+ z !y *ose1 ei!r 9 _! own l& or 9 ! neighb\r+ plantations1 suppli$ him ) day-lab\r]s at ! "t ( h>ve/4 ,nobly occupi$ on ! means be/ adapt$ gradually to ext+ui% ! slav]y ( ! blacks 9 ^! prov9ces1 ,c\nt ,tov> flatt]$ himself ) ! d\ble hope ( r5d]+ slaves less necess>y to ! l&hold]s1 & furni%+ ! fre$m5 ) opportunities ( becom+ f>m]s4 ,on dep>t+ = ,europe he _h p>cell$ out & let a "p ( ! l&s ( ,cura1 :i* ext5d t[>ds ! we/ at ! foot ( ! rock ( ,las ,viruelas4 ,f\r ye>s aft]1 at 8 return to ,am]ica1 he f\nd on ?is spot1 f9ely cultivat$ 9 cotton1 a little hamlet ( ?irty or =ty h\ses1 :i* is call$ ,punta ,zamuro1 & :i* we visit$ ) him4 ,! inhabitants ( ?is hamlet are almo/ all mulattos1 ,zamboes1 or free blacks4 ,?is example ( lett+ out l& has be5 happily foll[$ by sev]al o!r great proprietors4 ,! r5t is t5 pia/res = a fanega ( gr\nd1 & is paid 9 money or 9 cotton4 ,z ! small f>m]s are (t5 9 want1 !y sell _! cotton at a v mod]ate price4 ,!y dispose ( x ev5 be=e ! h>ve/3 & ! advances1 made by ri* neighb\rs1 place ! debtor 9 a situation ( dep5d5ce1 :i* frequ5tly obliges him to (f] 8 s]vices z a lab\r]4 ,! price ( lab\r is *eap] "h ?an 9 ,france4 ,a freeman1 work+ z a day-lab\r] 7peon71 is paid 9 ! valleys ( ,aragua & 9 ! llanos f\r or five pia/res p] mon?1 n includ+ food1 :i* is v *eap on acc\nt ( ! abundance ( meat & vegetables4 ,i love to dwell on ^! details ( colonial indu/ry1 because !y s]ve to prove to ! inhabitants ( ,europe1 a fact :i* to ! enlight5$ inhabitants ( ! colonies has long ceas$ to be d\btful1 namely1 t ! cont95t ( ,spani% ,am]ica c produce sug>1 cotton1 & indigo by free h&s1 & t ! unhappy slaves are capable ( becom+ peasants1 f>m]s1 & l&hold]s4 ,,end ,,( ,,volume #a4