,transcrib] ,note    ,emphasis is d5ot$ 
z ,italics & ,bold4          ,,crimson  
,,clov]    ,,leaflet ,no4 #afj          
,u4,s4,,dep>tm5t ( ,,agriculture        
,issu$ ,june #aich4    ,revis$ ,janu>y  
#aidg          ,,crimson ,,clov]        
,by ,e4 ,a4 ,holl[ell1 s5ior agronomi/1 
,division ( ,=age ,crops &  ,diseases1  
,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,soils1 &    
,agricultural ,eng9e]+1  ,agricultural  
,rese>* ,adm9i/ration          ,cont5ts 
,page    ,adaptation                    
#c    ,se$b$ ,prep>ation                
#c    ,f]tiliz]s                        
#c    ,se$ ,s\rces & ,v>ieties          
#d    ,dixie ,crimson ,clov]            
#d    ,rate & ,"t ( ,se$+               
#e    ,inoculation                      
#e    ,unhull$ ,se$                     
#e    ,companion ,crops                 
#f    ,diseases & ,insects              
#f    ,utilization                      
#f    ,se$ ,production                  
#g    ,illu/ration3 ,figure             
#a4--,pr9cipal crimson clov] regions ( !

  ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! dott$ area %[s :]e  
crimson clov] 0 g5]ally  gr[n be=e      
#aich4 ,! cross-hat*$ area %[s :]e      
production c be  ext5d$ by us+ favorable
 cultural & f]tiliz] treatm5ts & adapt$ 
v>ieties4    ,,crimson clov] 7,trifolium
 inc>natum7 is ! mo/ important w9t]     
annual legume ( ! c5tral section ( !    
,ea/]n ,/ates4 ,?is crop c  be gr[n ov] 
a mu* l>g] area by us+ se$ ( adapt$     
v>ieties =  ea* section1 by us+ bett]   
cultural me?ods1 & by f]tiliz+ !  soil  
7fig4 #a74 ,besides be+ an excell5t     
pa/ure plant & furni%+  pl5ty ( hay1 x  
protects ! soil dur+ fall1 w9t]1 & spr+1
  prev5ts soil wa%+1 & provides gre5    
manure = soil improvem5t4  ,?is legume  
has ! di/9ct advantage ( produc+ l>ge   
quantities (  se$ t c be easily h>ve/$ &
 s[n )\t ! use ( exp5sive  ma*9]y4      
,crimson clov] is a native ( ,europe &  
is widely gr[n 9  ,france1 ,hung>y1 &   
o!r c5tral & s\!rn ,european c\ntries4  
,se$  0 introduc$ into ?is c\ntry z e>ly
 z #ahai1 b x 0 n until  #ahhj t ! plant

 became important4 ,! acreage has be5   
/eadily  increas+4 ,dur+ ! #e-ye> p]iod 
#aidj-de ! annual pur*ase ( se$  ?r\gh  
m>kets 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has rang$ f #f 
to #ah million  p\nds4 ,9 #aice ab\t #b 
million p\nds 7 us$4 ,9 addition1 l>ge  
quantities ( home-gr[n se$ are h&l$ f   
f>m to f>m4    ,! common "n ( ?is clov] 
is d]iv$ f ! bright crimson color (  !  
blossoms4 ,o!r su* common names z ,g]man
 clov] & sc>let clov]  are frequ5tly    
us$4 ,9 g5]al ! leaves & /ems resemble  
^? ( r$  clov]1 b are di/+ui%$ by !     
r\nd$ tips ( ! leaves & m  hair on bo?  
leaves & /ems4 ,:5 crimson clov] is     
plant$ 9 fall !  leaves develop f ! cr[n
 & =m a rosette1 :i* enl>ges :5ev]      
wea!r conditions are favorable4 ,9 spr+1
 fl[] /ems develop rapidly  & end _!    
gr[? ) long po9t$ fl[] heads4 ,se$ =ms &
 !  plant dies ) ! com+ ( hot summ]     
wea!r4 ,! se$ is yell[ &  is ab\t twice 
z l>ge z r$ clov] se$ & m r\nd$4        
,adaptation      ,crimson clov] does    
well 9 cool1 humid wea!r & is tol]ant ( 

w9t]  conditions :]e ! temp]ature does n
 become sev]e or too *angeable4  ,x may 
be plant$ f midsumm] to late fall4 ,9 ! 
nor!rn "p ( !  region e>ly se$+ & gr[?  
are necess>y = ! se$l+s to survive  !   
w9t]4 ,x w ?rive bo? on s&y & clay soils
 & is tol]ant (  ord9>y soil acidity4   
,on v poor soils1 /&s are difficult to  
obta9  & ! gr[? is /unt$4 ,! use (      
phosphate & pota% f]tiliz]s &  manure on
 su* soils w help to obta9 good /&s4    
,crimson clov] may also be gr[n         
successfully z a summ] annual 9  nor!rn 
,ma9e1 ,mi*igan1 & ,m9nesota4 ,w9t]     
culture c be ext5d$  into ,k5tucky1     
s\!rn ,miss\ri1 s\!rn ,indiana1 & ,ohio1
 provid$  v>ieties are gr[n t are adapt$
 to ^! sections & ! se$ is  s[n 9 f]tile
 soils e>ly 9 ,augu/4          ,se$b$   
,prep>ation      ,! mo/ important &     
difficult "p ( produc+ a l>ge crop is   
gett+  a /&4 ,en\gh soil moi/ure to     
spr\t ! se$ & e/abli% !  se$l+s is !    
greate/ factor 9 obta9+ a /&4 ,:5       
e/abli%$1  common crimson clov] usually 

produces a good crop4    ,se$+s may be  
made alone or comb9$ ) w9t] gra9s1      
ryegrass1 or  grass sod4 ,x is possible 
also to se$ betwe5 ! r[s ( cultivat$    
crops1 b x is difficult to make an ideal
 se$b$4 ,fur!rmore1 ! crop  plants 9 !  
r[ %ade ! clov] se$l+s & use "s ( !     
available  moi/ure4 ,if ! r[ crop is    
plant$ 9 wid] r[s & se$$ m ?9ly1  !     
clov] w become bett] e/abli%$4 ,:5      
plant$ betwe5 ! r[s  ( o!r crops1 ! se$ 
is usually broadca/ on ! surface & cov]$
  by cultivat+ or h>r[+4 ,drill+ ! se$  
aft] ! soil surface has  be5 /irr$      
usually gives m complete /&s ?an        
broadca/+1 & x  may be done ) a small   
"o-horse drill4 ,! se$ %\ld n be plant$ 
m ?an "o-half to ?ree-f\r?s ( an in*    
deep1 respectively1 9 clay  & s&y soils4
    ,crimson clov] is (t5 se$$ foll[+ a 
gra9 crop4 ,?is is a sur]  me?od (      
e/abli%+ a /& ?an plant+ betwe5 ! r[s ( 
cultivat$ crops1 provid$ ! se$b$ is well
 prep>$4 ,aft] ! gra9  crop is h>ve/$ ! 
soil is pl[$ or disk$ & all[$ to settle4

  ,?is is foll[$ by light h>r[+ or disk+
 to kill we$ se$l+s4  ,be=e ! clov] is  
se$$ ! sod %\ld be firmly pack$1 because
 a  loose cloddy se$b$ w n produce good 
/&s4 ,! se$ may be ei!r  drill$ or      
broadca/1 b drill+ w give m uni=m /&s4  
,f]tiliz]s      ,good /&s & gr[? _c be  
expect$ on v poor soils4 ,soil          
conditions c be improv$ by add+         
phosphate & pota% f]tiliz]s &  manure or
 by turn+ "u su* crops z c[peas1        
soybeans1 or lesp$eza4  ,9 _m soils ( l[
 f]tility ! use ( a complete f]tiliz] w 
enc\rage e>ly se$l+ gr[? & e/abli%m5t4  
,on f]tile sods crimson  clov] may be   
successfully gr[n )\t f]tiliz]1 b on mo/
 sods  applications ( #bjj to #djj p\nds
 p] acre ( phosphate & #ej to #ajj      
p\nds ( pota% pay 9 obta9+ good /&s &   
vigor\s gr[? 7fig4 #b74    ,illu/ration3
 ,figure #b4--;,effect ( phosphate      
application on good soil3  ,treat$      
7left72 untreat$ 7"r74    ,frequ5tly a  
s+le l>ge application ( phosphate &     
pota% f]tiliz]  is suffici5t to produce 

two crops ( crimson clov] be=e x becomes
  necess>y to make ano!r application4 ,9
 "s soils ! addition ( su*  m9or elem5ts
 z boron may improve gr[? & increase se$
 yields4 ,s9ce  ! ne$ = m9or elem5ts    
v>ies f place to place1 _! use %\ld  be 
bas$ on ! recomm5dations ( !            
agricultural exp]im5t /ation (  ! ,/ate 
9 :i* ! clov] is plant$4          ,se$  
,s\rces & ,v>ieties      ,be=e ,_w ,w>  
,,ii m ?an half ! crimson clov] se$ us$ 
9 !  ,unit$ ,/ates 0 import$1 pr9cipally
 f ,hung>y & ,france4 ,s9ce  #aich      
dome/ic production has rapidly increas$1
 rea*+ m ?an #ah  million p\nds 9 #aidb4
 ,t5nessee produc$ m ?an half ! home    
supply4  ,ne>ly all ! crimson clov] may 
be call$ common crimson clov]1 s9ce  x  
does n repres5t /ra9s or v>ieties hav+  
special *>act]i/ics4  ,:ite-fl[] /ra9s &
 sev]al o!rs t diff] slightly 9 maturity
  h be5 select$ b h n be5 us$4          
,dixie ,crimson ,clov]      ,dixie      
crimson clov] is a new h>d-se$$ v>iety t
 has giv5 promis+  results 9 ext5sive   

trials4 ,x is m widely adapt$ ?an common
 crimson  clov]1 z x gr[s well 9 ! ,gulf
 coa/ section & appe>s to be  slightly m
 w9t]-h>dy ?an common crimson4 ,dixie   
has successfully  volunte]$ to good /&s 
:5 gr[n 9 pa/ures ) ,b]muda grass1 )    
small gra9s = graz+1 & 9 rotation ) su* 
cultivat$ crops z  sorghum or           
late-plant$ corn4    ,se$ ( ,dixie      
%att]$ 9 h>ve/+ op]ations has           
successfully produc$  good volunte] /&s 
9 fall4 ,:5 us$ 9 rotations ) cultivat$ 
crops1 ! se$ mu/ be matur$ be=e ! se$b$ 
is prep>$ = !  foll[+ crop4 ,:5 ,dixie  
is us$ 9 pa/ure1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to    
prev5t close graz+ at ! "t ( bloom+1    
s9ce x may limit !  quantity ( se$      
produc$ & cause ?9 fall /&s4 ,summ]-gr[+
  grasses mu/ be ei!r closely graz$ or  
clipp$ 9 fall to give !  clov] se$l+s a 
*ance to become e/abli%$4    ,! se$ &   
plants ( ,dixie _c be di/+ui%$ f common 
crimson clov]1 & ! v>iety may be readily
 contam9at$ by ei!r  cross-poll9ation or
 me*anical mixtures4 ,= ^! reasons !    

f>m]  buy+ ,dixie %\ld buy only c]tifi$ 
se$4          ,rate & ,"t ( ,se$+       
,"u ord9>y conditions #ab to #ae p\nds (
 hull$ se$ to ! acre w  give good /&s   
unless !re is lack ( soil moi/ure4      
,dep5d+ ^u !  quantity ( *aff & pieces (
 /ems1 #de to #fj p\nds ( unhull$ se$   
is comp>able ) #ae p\nds ( hull$ se$4   
,crimson clov] may be s[n  f ! middle ( 
,july until ,novemb]1 dep5d+ ^u !       
location1 )  ! expectation ( obta9+ a   
good /&4 ,! lat] x is se$$ ! less  gr[? 
c be expect$ & ! m readily w9t]kill+    
occurs4 ,e>ly  e/abli%m5t becomes m     
important z plant+s are ext5d$ nor?w>d4 
,se$+ crimson clov] ei!r imm$iately be=e
 or foll[+ heavy ra9s1  if possible1    
increases its *ances ( mak+ a /&4 ,spr+ 
plant+  9 or s\? ( ! ,corn ,belt usually
 results 9 a %ort1 /unt$ gr[?  foll[$ by
 little blossom+ & l[ yield4            
,inoculation      ,9 _m areas :]e       
crimson clov] has be5 gr[n successfully 
= sev]al  ye>s x is n necess>y to       
inoculate ! se$ ) bact]ial cultures  = !

 production ( nodules4 ,b ei!r ! se$ or 
! soil mu/ be  inoculat$ if crimson     
clov] has n be5 gr[n4 ,if ! plants are n
  inoculat$ !y w develop sl[ly1 become  
yell[1 & die4 ,inoculat$  plants are    
able to obta9 ab\t two-?irds ( !n       
nitrog5 f ! air  ?r\gh !n root nodules4 
,! plants may be artificially inoculat$ 
by  apply+ cultures ( ! bact]ia to ! se$
 or by scatt]+ soil f a  field :]e      
inoculat$ crimson clov] has be5 gr[n4   
,two hundr$ to ?ree  hundr$ p\nds p]    
acre ( su* soil ev5ly di/ribut$ at se$+ 
"t is  usually suffici5t4    ,:5 crimson
 clov] is gr[n = ! fir/ "t an additional
 inoculation  treatm5t is recomm5d$ if  
wea!r conditions are dry & hot aft]     
se$+4 ,?is supplem5tal inoculation      
consi/s 9 mix+ comm]cial  cultures ) s&1
 soil1 or cottonse$ meal & broadca/+ !  
mixture ov] ! soil surface dur+ cl\dy1  
ra9y wea!r z ! "y  se$l+s are em]g+4 ,a 
bu%el-size culture mix$ ) #fj p\nds ( ! 
above-m5tion$ mat]ial is suffici5t = an 
acre if di/ribut$ ev5ly4  ,soil f a     

field :]e inoculat$ crimson clov] has   
be5 gr[n may also  be us$ = !           
supplem5tal treatm5t4          ,unhull$ 
,se$      ,us+ unhull$ common se$       
increases ! *ance ( obta9+ ?ick /&s4    
,:5 ! soil is dry1 light ra9fall does n 
cause ! unhull$ se$ to  spr\t1 b hull$  
se$ g]m9ates readily & ! se$l+s may die 
f  lack ( moi/ure be=e !y c become      
e/abli%$4    ,its bulky nature makes    
unhull$ se$ m difficult to di/ribute    
uni=mly ?an hull$ se$4 ,x mu/ be        
broadca/ & may be h>r[$ 94  ,x is also  
difficult to m>ket & is n g5]ally h&l$  
by ! se$  trade4 ,b f>m]s c h>ve/ se$ = 
_! own use & save ! exp5se  ( hav+ x    
hull$4          ,companion ,crops       
,rye1 vet*1 ryegrass1 & fall-s[n gra9   
crops are (t5 se$$ )  crimson clov]4    
,su* crops are se$$ at half to a ?ird ! 
normal rate1  & ! crimson clov] is se$$ 
at half to two-?irds ! normal rate4     
,se$+ is done at ! same "t1 b1 z a      
great] dep? is requir$  = mo/ ( ! se$ ( 
! companion crops1 two se$+ op]ations   

are  necess>y4    ,f>m]s (t5 use a      
mixture ( #e p\nds ( r$ clov] & #aj     
p\nds (  crimson clov] p] acre )        
excell5t results4 ,! fir/ gr[? ( !      
mixture may be graz$ or h>ve/$ = hay or 
= crimson clov] se$1  :ile ! second crop
 is :olly r$ clov]4 ,dixie crimson clov]
 has giv5  good results :5 plant$ )     
,johnson & ,b]muda grasses4             
,diseases & ,insects      ,! mo/ s]i\s  
disease t affects crimson clov] is cr[n 
rot4 ,!  effect ( ?is disease is se5    
e>ly 9 spr+ & is *>act]iz$ by  ! plants 
dy+ 9 pat*es4 ,! /ems rot at ! surface (
 ! soil or  :]e !y jo9 ! cr[n4 ,cont9u$ 
damp1 cool wea!r dur+ w9t] &  e>ly spr+ 
favors ! developm5t ( ! disease4 ,?is   
disease c be  controll$ by n gr[+ clov] 
or o!r legumes 9 rotation = #b to #e    
ye>s4    ,s&y soils 9 ! s\!rn "p ( !    
crimson clov] belt are (t5  infe/$ )    
nematodes4 ,nematode injury /unts &     
yell[s ! plants4  ,:ile ! clov]-se$     
*alcid1 ! pea aphid1 & o!r insects      
sometimes  become num]\s 9 crimson      

clov]1 insects d n ord9>ily cause       
appreciable damage4                     
,utilization      ,crimson clov] gr[s   
rapidly 9 fall & spr+ & furni%es an     
abundance  ( graz+ 7fig4 #c74 ,if plant$
 e>ly & good fall gr[? is made1  ! clov]
 may also be graz$ dur+ ! fall & w9t]   
mon?s4 ,su*  a practice has be5         
successfully foll[$ 9 _m ,/ates :]e     
crimson  clov] is provid+ w9t] pa/ure4  
,crimson clov] comb9$ ) small  gra9s or 
ryegrass has be5 mo/ widely us$ = w9t]  
graz+4 ,crimson  clov] makes little gr[?
 dur+ cold p]iods 9 w9t]4 ,"u su*       
conditions1 to prev5t close graz+1 x is 
necess>y to remove !  animals or %ift !m
 to o!r fields t h n be5 graz$4         
,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4--;,crimson    
clov] provides an abundance ( e>ly  spr+
 graz+4    ,animals graz+ on crimson    
clov] seldom bloat2 h[ev]1 x is         
advisable  n to turn !m into clov]      
fields = ! fir/ "t :5 !y are  hungry4   
,bloat is less likely to occur on a     
mixture ( clov] & grass  or gra9 !n :5 !

 clov] alone is graz$4 ,z crimson clov] 
rea*es  maturity ! hairs ( ! heads &    
/ems become h>d & t\gh4 ,:5  x is graz$ 
cont9u\sly or :5 x is f$ z hay at ?is   
/age l>ge  masses ( ! hairs are liable  
to =m into hair balls 9 /oma*s (  horses
 & mules1 occasionally ) fatal results4 
,if small quantities (  o!r fe$s1       
p>ticul>ly r\ghages1 are f$ along ) !   
clov]1 !  =mation ( ^! balls w be r$uc$4
 ,cattle1 %eep1 & sw9e d n  seem to be  
affect$4    ,crimson clov] makes        
excell5t hay :5 cut at ! e>ly-bloom     
/age1  al?\gh ! yield may be slightly   
r$uc$4 ,= be/ yields x %\ld be  h>ve/$ 9
 full bloom4 ,! hay is easily cur$ ei!r 
9 ! swa? or 9  ! w9dr[4 ,few] leaves are
 lo/ & less blea*+ occurs 9 w9dr[$  hay4
 ,al?\gh yields z high z #b tons p] acre
 are n uncommon on  f]tile soil1 #a to  
#b tons is ! usual h>ve/4    ,crimson   
clov] is an ideal gre5-manure crop4 ,=  
be/ results x %\ld  be pl[$ "u #b to #c 
weeks be=e ! succe$+ crop is plant$4    
,?is  gives en\gh "t = decomposition1   

:i* is rapid unless ! crop is  ripe :5  
turn$ "u4 ,occasionally /rips are pl[$ 9
 :i* r[  crops are to be plant$1 all[+ !
 clov] betwe5 ! pl[$ /rips  to mature4  
,se$ may be h>ve/$ by h& f ! clov]      
betwe5 ! r[  crops1 & ! rema9+ clov]    
/raw all[$ to mat & s]ve z a mul*1  or !
 entire plant may be p]mitt$ to =m a    
mul*4    ,crimson clov] may be made into
 silage by ! same me?ods z are us$  =   
o!r legumes & grasses4 ,9 or*>ds x is   
(t5 all[$ to mature1  aft] :i* x is     
disk$ into ! soil4 ,a volunte] /& f     
%att]$  se$ may be obta9$ 9 fall by us+ 
! ,dixie v>iety4          ,se$          
,production      ,crimson clov] is a    
heavy se$-produc+ plant1 & yields ( #e  
to #aj  bu%els p] acre are common1      
dep5d+ ^u ! ?ickness ( ! /&1  ! ext5t ( 
gr[? produc$1 & ! c>e us$ 9 h>ve/+ !    
se$4  ,! florets are self-f]tile1 b bees
 increase ! numb] ( se$  p] head by     
tripp+ & transf]r+ ! poll54 ,plac+      
colonies (  honeybees next to bloom+    
fields w increase poll9ation4 ,m se$ is 

usually produc$ on soils ( m$ium        
f]tility ?an on ri* soils1 s9ce  f]tile 
soils seem to /imulate ! gr[? ( /ems &  
leaves r ?an  develop fl[] heads4       
,l>ge yields & ease ( h>ve/+ se$ are two
 important reasons :y  crimson clov] is 
su* an ideal legume crop4 ,f>m]s c save 
se$ )  v little exp5se o!r ?an _! own   
labor4 ,:5 ! se$ heads are  mature !y   
readily %att] & are easily h>ve/$ ei!r  
by h&  /ripp+ or by us+ horse-drawn     
home-made /ripp]s4 ,"o bu%el (  unhull$ 
se$ conta9s ab\t #b p\nds ( hull$ se$1 &
 al?\gh bulky1  x c be easily /or$ on ! 
f>m until fall4    ,illu/ration3 ,figure
 #d4--;,crimson clov] se$ crop cut ) a  
m[]  equipp$ ) a bun*+ atta*m5t4    ,:5 
! se$ is mature ! crop is cut ) a m[]   
7fig4 #d71 :i*  may be equipp$ ) a bun*+
 or w9dr[+ atta*m5t1 or x c be  h>ve/$ )
 a comb9e4 ,dur+ wet seasons x is       
sometimes difficult  to comb9e ! se$ f  
/&+ plants4 ,"u su* conditions !  plants
 c be cut & w9dr[$ & ?an ?re%$ by !     
comb9e f  ! w9dr[4 ,z crimson clov]     

%att]s easily :5 ripe1 cutt+ )  ! m[] :5
 ! heads are damp ) dew or ra9 is       
recomm5d$4 ,if x  is all[$ to /& too    
long aft] rip5+ a beat+ ra9 w %att]  mu*
 ( ! se$4 ,aft] a few days ( cur+1 ! se$
 is hull$ )  an ord9>y clov] hull]1 ) a 
gra9 sep>ator equipp$ ) hull+           
atta*m5ts1 or by a comb9e equipp$ )     
pick-up atta*m5ts or us$  z a /ation>y  
ma*9e4 ,! less ! clov] is h&l$ ! less   
se$  w be lo/ by %att]+4 ,_m tr\blesome 
we$s are difficult to  sep>ate f crimson
 clov] se$1 includ+ field pepp]grass    
7,lepidium  campe/re71 w9t]cress        
7,b>b>ea praecox71 & ! bulblets (  wild 
onion 7,allium spp471 :i* are probably !
 wor/4 ,se$ ( !  mu/>ds1 rapes1 &       
turnips 7,brassica spp471 dock 7,rumex  
crispus71  wild g]anium 7,g]anium       
dissectum71 sorrel 7,rumex acetosella71 
&  cat*we$ 7,galium ap>9e7 are also f\nd
 9 ! se$4 ,little b>ley  7,hordeum      
pusillum7 is a pe/ 9 unhull$ se$1 & !   
use ( su* se$  w naturally increase !   
preval5ce ( ?is we$4                    

,u4 ,s4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice3     
#aidg                   ,= sale by !    
,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1                
,u4 ,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice         
,wa%+ton #be1 ,d4 ,c4 -- ,price #e c5ts 
99       99       99       99       99  
,transcrib] ,note      ,illu/rations    
mov$ to avoid splitt+ p>agraphs & clos] 
to ref]5ces  9 ! text4 ,m9or typos may h
 be5 correct$4 ,table ( ,cont5ts add$   
to facilitate se>*+ = topics4