,,transcrib]',s ,,notes3 ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,! book cov] has be5 modifi$ & 0 put on ! public doma94 ,a numb] ( words 9 ?is book h bo? hyph5at$ & non-hyph5at$ v>iants4 ,= ! words ) bo? v>iants pres5t ! "o us$ m times has be5 kept4 ,x 0 also detect$ t "s names h two diff]5t spell+s4 ,t 0 respect$ z bo? are correct4 ,! musical examples t are discuss$ 9 ! book c be he>d by click+ on ! ,li/5 tab4 ,?is is only possible 9 ! ,,html v]sion ( ! book4 ,! scores t appe> 9 ! orig9al book h be5 includ$ z images4 ,9 "s cases ! scores t 7 us$ by ! music transcrib] to g5]ate ! music files diff] f ! orig9al scores4 ,^? diff]5ces are 9 "p due to modifications t 7 made dur+ ! process ( creat+ ! musical ar*ives z ! music transcrib] add$ in/rum5ts t 7 n indicat$ 9 ! orig9al scores4 ,o!r modifications 7 made to correct obvi\s mi/akes 9 ! orig9al scores4 ,^! scores are includ$ z png images1 & c be se5 by click+ on ! ,,png tag 9 ! ,,html v]sion ( ! book4 ,obvi\s punctuation & o!r pr9t+ errors h be5 correct$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,/udies ,,9 ,,! ,,wagn]ian ,,drama ,,by ,,h5ry ,,edw>d ,,krehbiel ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,london ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs ,,publi%]s #aijd ,copyright1 #ahia1 by ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs4 ,all rights res]v$4 ,,to ,,joseph ,s4 ,,tunison ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,wagn]ian ,,drama3 ,,its ,,prototypes ,,& ,,elem5ts4 ,wagn] a ,reg5]ator ( ! ,lyric ,drama4--,greek ,trag$y4--,solemn ,spee* & ,music4--,! ,poet-compos]s ( ,hellas4--,! ,flor5t9e ,re=m]s & _! ,inv5tion ( ! ,lyric ,drama4--,p]i & ,cacc9i4--,_! ,declamation4--,montev]de's ,or*e/ra4--,h[ ,wagn] ,t\*es ,h&s ) 8 ,pr$ecessors4--,poet & ,compos]4--,music a ,means1 n an ,aim 9 ! ,drama4--,a ,typical ,teuton1 b also a ,cosmopolite4--,teutonic & ,roman ,ideals4--,absolute ,beauty & ,*>act]i/ic ,beauty4--,! ,e?ical ,idea 9 ,wagn]'s ,dramas4--,fundam5tal ,pr9ciple ( 8 ,con/ructive ,s*eme4 ,! ,typical ,phrases4--,symbols1 n ,labels4--,music z a ,language4--,*>act]i/ics ( ,"s ,typical ,phrases4--,wotan 9 ,two ,aspects4--,=m ! ,fir/ ,manife/ation ( ,law 9 ,music & ,ess5tial to ,repose4--,tonality & ! ,effect ( its ,loss4--,phrases ,del9eative & ,imitative ( ,ext]nal ,*>act]i/ics4--,! ,giants1 ! ,dw>fs1 ! ,rh9e2 ,loge1 ! ,god ( ,fire4--,prophetic ,use ( ! ,phrases4--,_! ,dramatic ,developm5t4--,wagn]'s ,or*e/ra & ! ,greek ,*orus4--,allit]ation & ,rhyme4--,! ,e?ical ,idea ,aga94 ,pages #a-cf ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,tri/an ,,und ,,isolde4 ,! ,leg5d 9 ,outl9e4--,a ,subject t has ,fasc9at$ ,poets = ov] ,six ,c5turies 9 ,spite ( ,*anges 9 ,moral ,feel+4--,wagn]'s ,v>iations f ! ,v]sions ( ,gottfri$ von ,/rassburg1 ,mat!w ,arnold1 ,t5nyson1 & ,sw9burne4--,! ,prelude4--,abs5ce ( ,sc5ic ,music4--,fundam5tal ,musical ,?\ght ( ! ,drama4--,its ,duality 9 ,unity4--,long+ & ,suff]+4--,wagn]'s ,exposition4--,use ( ! ,sailor's ,song & ! ,sea ,music4--,suff]+ & ,*romatic ,desc5t4--,! ,love ,glance & its ,symbol4--,fatality & ! ,int]val ( ! ,sev5?4--,! ,h]oic ,phrase ( ,tri/an4--,! ,dea? ,phrase4--,music z an ,exp\nd] ( ,hidd5 ,mean+s4--,! ,horn ,music4--,! ,signal4--,! ,love ,duet4--,dramatic ,feel+ ,suppli$ by ,music4--,k+ ,m>ke4--,philosophy ( ! ,drama4--,musical ,mood ,pictures4--,a ,dy+ ,man3 an ,empty ,sea4--,tri/an's ,long+ & ,dea?4--,swan ,song ( ,isolde4--,passions ,purifi$ by ,music4--,m$ival ,love4--,effect ( ,wagn]'s ,v>iations on ! ,morals ( ! ,poem4--,excision ( ! ,second ,iseult4--,! ,philt] n a ,love-potion4--,wagn]'s ,pure ,humanity ,fre$ f ! ,bonds ( ,conv5tionality ,pages #cg-ga ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,die ,,mei/]s+] ,,von ,n,,rnb]g4 ,/ory ( ! ,drama4--,a ,com$y ,fai?ful to ,classical ,conceptions4--,rid5do ,ca/igat ,mores4--,its ,specific ,purpose is to ,celebrate ! ,triumph ( ,natural ,poetic ,impulse1 ,/imulat$ by ,communion ) ,nature1 ov] ,p$antic ,=malism4--,romanticism v]sus ,classicism4--,a ,conte/ :i* ,/imulates ,gr[?4--,wal!r z ! ,repres5tative ( ,romantic ,utt]ance4--,p$antry ,pictur$ 9 ! ,ma/]-s+]s & ,c>icatur$ 9 ,beckmess]4--,sa*s1 ! ,real ,h]o ( ! ,play4--,an ,int]m$i>y & ,*ampion ( ,bo? ,p>ties4--,=m mu/ ,adapt ,itself to ,_s4--,! ,proposition ,prov$ by ! ,music ( ,sa*s' ,fir/ ,monologue4--,! ,symbolism ( a ,phrase ,inve/igat$4--,corrective ,purpose ( ! ,play z x is ,disclos$ by ! ,prelude4--,sa*s z a ,philosoph]4--,! ,introduction to ,act ,,iii4 ,exp\nd$4--,photographic ,pictures ( ,nuremb]g ,life4--,relics ( ! ,ma/]-s+]s4--,a ,ma/]-song by ! ,v]itable ,sa*s ,pages #gb-aaa ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,d] ,,r+ ,,des ,,nibelung54 ,beautiful & ,endur+ ,leg5ds are ,univ]sal ,prop]ty4--,p>allels ,betwe5 ! ,elem5ts & ,app>atus ( ,my?ological ,tales4--,! ,grotto ( ,v5us1 ! ,g>d5 ( ,delight1 ,avalon1 ,ogygia1 ! ,delightful ,isl&4--,pope ,urban's ,/aff1 ! ,lances ( ,*>lemagne1 ,joseph's ,/aff1 & ,a>on's ,rod4--,! ,t>nhelm1 ! ,mask ( ,ar?ur1 ,helmet ( ,pluto4--,! ,holy ,grail1 ! ,horn ( ,bran2 ,huon's ,goblet1 ! ,horn ( ,amal!a4--,invuln]ability ( ,a*illes1 ,jason1 & ,siegfri$4--,! ,sword ( ,wotan1 ,ar?ur's ,sword1 ,ulysses's ,b[4--,siegfri$'s ,prototypes 9 ,egypt1 ,greece1 & ,sc&9avia4--,von ,hahn's ,aris*e ,aussetzung und ,rckkehr ,=mel4--,! ,cele/ial ,plot 9 ! ,trag$y4--,wotan its ,h]o4--,a ,conte/ ,betwe5 ,gre$ ( ,ga9 & ,temporal ,p[] & ,love4--,effect ( ! ,curse4--,wotan's ,va9 ,plot4--,! ,=ce ( ,law4--,brnnhilde becomes ! ,ag5t ( ,r$emption by ,becom+ ,simple1 ,lov+ ,woman4--,! ,progress ( ! ,plot is f a ,/ate ( ,s9lessness ?r\gh ,s9 & its ,awful ,consequ5ces to ,expiation4--,symbols = ,^! ,/eps 9 ,das ,rhe+old4--,! ,gold5 ,age & ! ,in/rum5tal ,introduction4--,elem5tal ,music4--,erda & ! ,gtt]dmm]ung4--,greek & ,teuton4--,! ,tragic ,nature ( ! ,nor!rn ,my?ological ,sy/em4--,wotan's ,ef=t to ,escape ! ,p5alty ( ,violat$ ,law4--,a ,plan ,doom$ to ,failure f ! ,/>t4--,wagn]'s ,mood ,pictures4--,h[ ,nature ,reflects ! ,discord ,creat$ by ! ,god's ,wrong ,do+4--,contra/$ ,pictures 9 ,two ,preludes & ,fir/ ,sc5es3 ! ,peacefulness ( ! ,gold5 ,age1 ! ,/orm :i* ,buffets ,siegmund4--,entrance ( ! ,s9i/] ,elem5t ) ,alb]i* & ,hund+4--,ag5ts ,creat$ to ,c>ry on ! ,conte/3 ! ,belov$ ,prog5y ( ! ,god1 ! ,loveless ,(fspr+ ( ! ,niblung4--,wotan's ,tragic ,gr&eur 9 ! ,mom5t ( ,despair4--,brnnhilde ! ,embodim5t ( ,wotan's ,w4--,! ,god ,de/roys 8 ,ag5ts1 b ,unconsci\s ,love ,c>ries on ! ,plot4--,siegfri$4--,! ,=e/ ,lad ,a*ieves ,h]oic ,/ature4--,he ,discloses t he is a ,free ,ag5t by ,%att]+ ! ,visible ,symbol ( ! ,god's ,p[]4--,wotan ,disappe>s = ! ,action & ,awaits ! ,end ( 8 ,race4--,! ,miracul\s 9 ,wagn]'s ,musical ,sy/em4--,! ,dr9k ( ,=getfulness4--,brnnhilde ,prizes ,love ,m ?an ! ,welf>e ( ! ,gods4--,outrag$ ,love ,av5g$4--,! ,cata/rophe4--,! ,dea? ,m>* a ,hymn ( ,praise4--,! ,musical ,symbol ( ! ,e?ical ,pr9ciple ( ! ,trag$y ,pages #aab-afa ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,p>sifal4 ,wagn]'s ,la/ ,drama4--,p>adoxical 9 its ,appeals to ! ,spectator & ,/ud5t4--,a ,religi\s ,play4--,bl5d+ ( ,buddhi/ic & ,*ri/ian ,plots4--,sociali/ic ,philosophy & ,asceticism4--,id5tification ( ,p>sifal & ,*ri/4--,monki% ,relic ,wor%ip4--,e?ical ,idea ( ! ,drama4--,! ,app>atus1 ! ,h]o1 ! ,trial4--,mission ( ! ,music4--,x mu/ ,reconcile ,mod]n ,?\ght & ,feel+ & ,m$ival ,religion4--,imag9ation & ,fancy4--,suff]+ & ,aspiration4--,orig9al ,elem5ts ( ! ,grail ,/ory4--,p>sifal an ,aryan ,h]o4--,8 ,"n z an ,index ( ,moral ,"*4--,! ,great ,fool ,tales4--,! ,holy ,grail n ,orig9ally a ,*ri/ian ,symbol4--,p]cival & ,p]$ur4--,p>sifal 9 ,wagn]'s ,drama4--,8 ,musical ,symbols4--,prop]ties ( ! ,talisman3 ,physical1 x ,provides ,su/5ance2 ,spiritual1 x is a ,t\*/one & ,oracle4--,its ,prototypes 9 ,_m ,l&s4--,! ,gold5 ,cup ( ,jam%id & ! ,joseph ( ,arima!a ,leg5d4--,! ,grail & ,coral4--,dr4 ,opp]t's ,!ory4--,blood ! ,ess5tial ,elem5t4--,! ,prelude4--,am=tas4--,"q & ,lance4--,h]zeleide4--,musical ,symbols ( ,suff]+ & ,aspiration4--,wagn]'s ,int]pretation4--,tri$ by ,temptation4--,kl+sor4--,kundry4--,! ,loa?ly ,damsel & ,h]odias4--,wolfram's ,m>ri$ ,p>zival ,pages #afb-aih ,,! ,,wagn]ian ,,drama4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,wagn]ian ,,drama3 ,,its ,,prototypes ,,& ,,elem5ts4 ,to und]/& ! real position :i* ,ri*>d ,wagn] occupies 9 ! _w ( art1 & to appreciate ! significance ( ! a*ievem5ts :i* h kept t _w 9 a turmoil = two g5]ations1 x is necess>y to gu>d aga9/ a v preval5t misconception t\*+ him & 8 activities4 ,! _w kn[s him z an agitator & re=m]1 b x does n "k z cle>ly z x ought t ! object = :i* he labor$ z controv]siali/ & compos] 0 a re=m ( ! op]a1 n a re=m ( music 9 g5]al4 ,outside ! !atre1 x is true1 he ex]t$ a trem5d\s influ5ce on ! developm5t ( ! musical art1 b t influ5ce he ex]t$ only because he 0 a gift$ musician :o /ood 9 ! l9e ( succession ) ! great ones :o _h wid5$ ! b\nd>ies ( music & /ruck out new pa?s = x--let me say ,ba*1 ,haydn1 ,gluck1 ,moz>t1 ,bee?ov51 & ,s*umann4 ,z a legitimate successor ( ^! ,k+s by ! grace ( ,g5ius1 he advanc$ ! musical art inde$1 b z a re=m] 8 activities w5t1 n to music 9 its absolute =ms1 b to an entirely di/9ct & complex art-=m3 ! mod]n op]a4 ,! t]m :i* ,wagn] inv5t$ to describe :at he wi%$ to see z ! outcome ( 8 /riv+s--! t]m :i* 8 enemies p>odi$ s successfully t ! p>ody has clung to ! popul> tongue & l+]$ 9 ! popul> e>1 9 spite ( all explanation--is ,! ,art-"w ( ! ,future4 ,by ?is ,art-"w he meant a =m ( !atrical ent]ta9m5t 9 :i* poetry1 music1 pantomime1 pa9t+1 & ! pla/ic arts 7 to co-op]ate on a basis ( mutual dep5d5ce--or bett]1 p]haps1 int]dep5d5ce--& common aim1 ! inspir+ purpose ( all be+ dramatic expression4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( music & ! drama c]ta9 /rongly-m>k$ phases are f\nd1 9 :i* ! int]dep5d5ce ( ! elem5ts :i* ,wagn] consorts 9 8 ,art-"w c be trac$2 & if we look at ^! phases a little ?\ghtfully1 !y may help u to und]/& ! pres5t phase1 & we may le>n n only h[ to appreciate :at ,wagn] has done1 b also h[ to avoid ! misconceptions :i* s frequ5tly /& 9 ! way ( appreciation4 ,i4 ,wagn]1 !n1 0 a ,re=m] ( ! ,op]a2 or1 z ,i ?9k x w\ld bett] be put1 a ,reg5]ator ( ! ,lyric ,drama4 ,! latt] def9ition is to be pref]r$1 because x presupposes ! e>li] exi/5ce ( an art-=m simil> 9 purpose & elem5ts 7h[ev] dissimil> 9 scope & effectiv5ess x may h be57 to t ) :i* ,wagn]'s "n is id5tifi$ 9 music's hi/ory4 ,! _s :i* creat$ t art-=m is z old z humanity2 b ! record ( civilization %[s two manife/ations ( x s /rik+ t ev5 ! mo/ cursory /udy ought to disclose ,wagn]'s relation%ip to !m4 ,! ,greek /age-plays 7 mu* m closely alli$ to ! mod]n op]a ?an to ! mod]n drama4 ,music 0 an integral & ess5tial elem5t ( !m4 ,s says ,ari/otle1 add+1 & _! greate/ embelli%m5t4 ,! dramatic & lyrical elem5ts 7 insep>able 9 ,greek trag$y1 :i* _h its orig9 9 ! ,di?yramb1 a dance-song4 ,! "o modifi$ ! o!r4 ,! *e]1 ! gravity1 or ! horror ( ! action 7 reflect$ at ! same "t 9 ! music4 ,:ile !re 0 music also 9 com$y1 yet1 z ,ari/otle indicates1 x 0 !re ( less importance1 probably because com$y--:i* 0 really broad en\gh to meet ! mod]n notions ( f>ce--0 b5ea? ! true level ( music z appreh5d$ by ! ,greeks4 ,z betwe5 ! lyre & flute1 ! ,greeks gave a va/ly great] admiration to ! =m]1 z is indicat$ by a prov]b quot$ by ,cic]o3 ,z !y say among ! ,greeks1 !y are flauti/s :o _c be ci?>i/s2 & x is significant t /r+$ accompanim5ts 7 giv5 to ! di?yrambic *orus :5 its purposes 7 s]i\s1 & accompanim5ts on ! aulos :5 ^? purposes 7 ( light] "*4 ,obvi\sly ! writ]s ( ,greek trag$y 7 ( necessity v]s$ 9 ! musical art ( _! "t4 s*ylus 0 n m]ely a poet2 he 0 also a musical compos]4 ,a fragm5t ( a !oretical book on rhy?m by ,ari/ox5us1 a fell[-pupil ) ,alex&] ! ,great ( ,ari/otle1 has be5 pres]v$ to u4 ,x is fill$ ) lam5tations ov] ! decad5ce ( dramatic music s9ce ! good old days ( s*ylus1 & accuses contempor>y compos]s ( p&]+ to ! deprav$ ta/es ( ! public1 & disreg>d+ ! noble art ( ! s*ylean p]iod4 ,we "k t ,sophocles 0 a practical musician4 ,he 0 taught bo? music & danc+ by ,lampros 7or ,lamprocles7 ! di?yrambi/1 9 8 "t ! =emo/ pr(essor ( ^! arts 9 ,a!ns4 ,x is on record t he play$ 9 two ( 8 own dramas1 tak+ ! "* ( ,nausikaa 9 ! ,pluntri1 &1 9 ,?amyris1 t ( a s+] /rick5 bl9d by ! ,muses4 ,9 ?is latt] role he s pleas$ ! popul> fancy t1 by public vote1 a portrait ( him1 ) a ci?>a 9 8 h&s1 0 plac$ 9 ! ,pa9t$ ,por*--a fact :i* f9ds m5tion 9 ,a!nu4 ,ano!r indication ( 8 pr(ici5cy z a musician is t he wrote pans & elegies1 & a "w 9 prose = ! in/ruction ( *oral arti/s4 ,x is writt5 t ,euripides1 obvi\sly less musician ?an poet1 _h to call 9 ! aid ( a compos] to supply ! ess5tial music = "o ( 8 plays4 ,possibly ?is expla9s ! fact t 9 8 trag$ies ! odes are less intimately connect$ ) ! play ?an !y are 9 ! trag$ies ( s*ylus4 ,!y no long] =m "p ( ! action1 & _! beauty consi/s 9 _! skilfulness ( =m r ?an 9 ! natural union ( rhy?m & music4 ,9 ! ,greek trag$ies ! actors did n declaim _! l9es z ours d2 !y *ant$ !m4 ,! ^w :i* !y us$ to describe :at we call dramatic declamation 0 emmeleia1 f en & melos1 :5ce we get our ^w melody2 s t !y lit]ally spoke ( _! plays z be+ spok5 9 tune4 ,ev5 ! ,attic orators1 z well z ! lat] ,roman1 deliv]$ _! orations musically1 &1 l ! actors1 sometimes _h ! help ( an accompanim5t on ! lyre or flute to keep !m 9 pit*4 ,cic]o & ,plut>* bo? relate an anecdote to ! effect t ,caius ,grac*us once lo/ 8 pit* 9 ! heat ( an oration1 & 0 br\ght back to x by a slave ) an in/rum5t1 :o 0 conceal$ beh9d him = t v purpose4 ,9 ! plays ! *orus sang ! odes :i* fill$ ! pauses betwe5 ! v>i\s /ages ( ! action2 & z !y sang !y kept "t ) solemn dance-/eps1 mov+ f side to side & ar\nd an alt> :i* /ood 9 ! c5tre ( ! space betwe5 ! audi5ce & ! /age1 call$ !n1 z n[1 ! or*e/ra4,a ,! *oric odes 7 sung 9 unison1 b1 m ri*ly ?an ! declamation ( ! actors1 !y 7 accompani$ by in/rum5ts :i* ,i believe we are ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ 7?\gh x is a debat$ po9t7 suppli$ a f\ndation ( h>mony = ! vocal melody4 ,un=tunately1 none ( ! music compos$ = ^! trag$ies has be5 pres]v$2 b we are surely ju/ifi$ 9 believ+ t1 9 spite ( its simplicity 7= simple x _h to be to meet ! dem&s ( ,greek philosophy71 x 0 beautiful1 impressive1 &1 9 ! highe/ degree1 expressive music4 ,no p h ev] come ne>] ?an ^? old ,greeks to a correct e/imate ( ! real nature ( music & ! role t x c & ought to be made to play 9 ! economy ( civiliz$ life4 ,s conv9c$ 7 !y ( ! directness & =cefulness ( its appeal to ! emotional "p ( man t !y refus$ to divorce x f poetry1 & h$g$ its practice ab\t ) legal re/rictions1 fe>ful t a too "o-sid$ cultivation ( x 9 its absolute /ate w\ld t5d to ! developm5t ( ! emotions at a co/ ( ! rational & /]n] elem5ts on :i* ! welf>e ( ! individual & ! community dep5d$4 ,!irs 0 surely a l(ty ideal3 an art :i* *>m$ ! s5ses :ile x p]suad$ ! reason 0 a noble art4 ,b x di$ ) mu* else t 0 noble & lovely :5 ! ,romans succe$$ ! ,greeks z arbit]s ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,"u ! ,romans ! lyric drama deg5]at$ into m]e spectacul> mumm]y4 ,,ii4 ,?us mu* = ! fir/ manife/ation ( ! _s :i* is exemplifi$ 9 ! ,art-"w ( ,ri*>d ,wagn]4 ,i h laid /ress ^u ! ,greek trag$y simply because x 0 ! direct inspiration ( ! second manife/ation1 out ( :i* ! ,art-"w :i* ,wagn] re=m$ 0 evolv$1 ?r\gh /eps t are easily foll[$ by /ud5ts ( mod]n musical hi/ory4 ,:]ev] we turn we f9d ! g5esis ( ! drama to be ! same4 ,i might h *os5 ! ,h9du drama z a />t+-po9t1 & f\nd 9 x ! same intimate association ( poetry1 music1 & action t *>act]iz$ ,greek trag$y4 ,or ,i might h po9t$ to ! ,*9ese drama1 & invit$ y to a /udy ( t association z x has exi/$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 & /ill exi/s 9 ! !atres ( ! ,great ,pure ,k+dom4 ,n[ = ! second manife/ation4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury dissatisfaction ) ! inela/ic artificiality ( polite music took possession ( a body ( s*ol>s & musical amateurs :o 7 9 ! habit ( meet+ = le>n$ discussion 9 ! h\se ( ,giovanni ,b>di1 ,c\nt ,v]nio1 9 ,flor5ce4 ,_! discussions l$ !m to =mulate two aims3 ,fir/1 ,to give emotional expressiv5ess to music by putt+ aside polyphony1 & inv5t+ :at is call$ ! monodic /yle4 ,!y wrote solos = ! voice ) h>monic support = ! in/rum5ts 9 ! %ape ( *ords4 ,second1 ,!y tri$ to revive ! ,greek trag$ies1 or1 r1 to imitate !m 9 new compositions1 to :i* !y appli$ _! monodic music4 ,!y conceiv$ ! purpose ( music to be to height5 ! expressiv5ess ( poetry1 & held ! play to be ! ?+4 ,to ,euridice1 ! fir/ drama ( ! new /yle :i* 0 publi%$1 ! compos] ( ! music1 ,jacopo ,p]i1 wrote a preface1 9 :i* he said t he _h be5 conv9c$ by a /udy ( ! anci5ts t ?\gh _! dramatic declamation may n h ris5 to song1 x 0 yet musically color$4 ,?is exaltation ( spee* he evid5tly ?\ght _h its basis 9 ^? v>iations ( pit*1 dynamic int5sity1 & vocal quality :i* ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 9 8 essay on ! ,orig9 & ,function ( ,music1 %[s to be ! physiological results ( v>iations ( feel+1 all feel+s be+ muscul> /imuli4 ,p]i made c>eful obs]vations ( ! inflections :i* m>k ord9>y spee*1 & attempt$ to reproduce 8 discov]ies z fai?fully z possible 9 ! musical inve/iture :i* he gave to ! poet's l9es4 ,s(t & g5tle spee* he int]pret$ by half-spok51 half-sung tones1 on a su/a9$ in/rum5tal bass2 feel+s ( a deep]1 emotional k9d by a melody ) great] int]vals & a lively tempo1 ! accompany+ in/rum5tal h>monies *ang+ m frequ5tly4,b ,he be/[$ ! greate/ c>e on ! rhy?m ( ! music1 mak+ x fl[ along ) ! rhy?m ( ! words4 ,^! m5 7 z revolution>y 9 _! day z ,wagn] 9 ours1 _m times z intol]ant1 &1 "s w say1 p]haps equally vision>y4 ,!y revamp$ ! ,hell5ic my?s conc]n+ ! p[] ( music1 n z conta9+ a g]m ( v]ity wrapp$ 9 an ample cloak ( poetical symbolism1 b z v tru?4 ,:at ! anci5t art _h be5 !y did n "k1 b !y did n hesitate to say t comp>$ ) x ! music ( _! own "t 7! "t ( ,pale/r9a & ! ,ne!rl& ,s*ool7 0 a b>b>ism1 ! creation ( a p ^: natural rud5ess 0 evid5c$ ev5 9 _! unc\? names--,okeghem1 ,hobre*t1 etc4 ,!y c\ld n reconcile c\nt]po9t ) ! !ories t\*+ ! prov9ce ( music laid d[n by ,plato2 & t fact suffic$ to condemn x4 ,c\nt ,v]nio himself publi%$ a tract /at+ ! purposes ( ! re=m]s4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! process ( cur+ ! evil :i* _h come ov] music1 he said1 %\ld be to protect ! poetical text f ! musicians :o1 to exploit _! inv5tions1 tore ! poetry to tatt]s1 giv+ diff]5t voices diff]5t words to s+ simultane\sly4 ,! philosoph]s ( old--,plato 9 p>ticul>--_h said t ! melody %\ld foll[ ! v]ses ( ! poet & sweet5 !m4 ,:5 y compose1 !re=e1 said ! noble amateur1 h a c>e t ! text rema9 un9jur$1 ! words be kept intelligible1 & d n p]mit y\rselves to be c>ri$ (f y\r feet by c\nt]po9t1 t wick$ swimm]1 :o is swept along unresi/+ly by ! /ream1 & arrives at an entirely diff]5t l&+-place ?an he int5d$ to make4 ,=1 z mu* z ! s\l is nobl] ?an ! body1 s mu* nobl] are words ?an c\nt]po9t2 & z ! s\l mu/ gov]n ! body1 s c\nt]po9t mu/ take its laws f poetry4 ,cacc9i1 :o 0 a fam\s s++-ma/]1 & ! fir/ pr(essional musician to jo9 ! ,flor5t9e cot]ie1 made _m /atem5ts 9 ! preface to 8 ,nuove ,musi*e :i* ,gluck & ,wagn] only e*o$ :5 !y came to urge _! re=ms4 ,?us he recomm5ds ! *oice ( a pit* :i* w enable ! s+] always to use 8 natural voice1 s t expression may be uncon/ra9$4 ,he advises t ! s+] emancipate himself f a too /rict adh]5ce to measure1 fix+1 in/ead1 ! relative value ( notes by consid]ation = ! words to :i* !y are set4 ,m /rik+ ?an ei!r ( ^! utt]ances1 h[ev]1 is 8 condemnation ( ! r\lades :i* _h come into use ev5 be=e ! solo /yle _h be5 inv5t$4 ,he calls ^! r\lades ,long flights 7fl\ri%es or :irl+s7 ( ! voice 7lunghi giri di voce72 & says ( !m1 lit]ally3 ,!y 7 n inv5t$ z be+ necess>y to good s++1 b1 z ,i believe1 to provide a c]ta9 titillation ( ! e>s = ! b5efit ( su* z h little k ( :at expressive s++ means2 = if !y und]/ood ?is1 !y w\ld unque/ionably dete/ ^! passages1 s9ce no?+ is s (f5sive z !y to expressive s++4 ,& x is = ?is reason t ,i h said ! lunghi giri di voce are s ill appli$4 ,i introduce !m 9 songs :i* are less passionate1 &1 inde$1 on long1 n on %ort syllables1 & 9 clos+ cad5ces4 ,cacc9i fur!r advises ! avoidance ( artificial tones1 & ! use ( ! natural voice 9 ord] t ! feel+s may h expression4 ,wagn] urges 8 s+]s to leave (f ! affect$ pa?os :i* !y are s prone to assume ) ! song-voice1 & to enunciate1 brea!1 & phrase z naturally & uncon/ra9$ly z !y w\ld if !y 7 speak+ ! dialogue in/ead ( s++ x4 ,cacc9i wi%$ ! s+] to emancipate himself f ! fett]s ( musical metre1 & to consult ! rhy?m ( ! words4 ,9 ,wagn]'s vocal p>ts ! aim is to a*ieve ?r\gh music an increas$ expressiv5ess = ! poetry1 & to ?is end he raises x to a k9d ( int5sifi$ spee*1 :i* reta9s z mu* z possible ( ! di/9ctness ( ord9>y dialogue ) its emotional capacity rais$ to a high] p[]4 ,he desires t ! melody %all spr+ naturally f ! poetry1 b also t ! poetry %all ye>n = musical expression4 ,cacc9i recogniz$ ! beauty ( embelli%$ song1 b re/rict$ ! introduction ( vocal fl\ri%es to songs :i* 7 want+ 9 expressiv5ess--9 o!r words1 to songs int5d$ m]ely to *>m ! e>4 ,wagn] 7& "h ,i %\ld l to correct an almo/ univ]sal misconception7--,wagn] nev] condemn$ beautiful s++1 ev5 9 ! ,italian s5se1 except :]e x /&s 9 ! way ( tru?ful1 dramatic utt]ance4 ,b he raises ! "q ( nationality & tongue z "o :i* mu/ fir/ ( all be consid]$ 9 det]m9+ h[ poetry is to be set to music4 ,def]5ce mu/ be paid to ! g5ius ( ! language employ$1 & also to ! vocal peculi>ities ( ! p :o are to p]=m & enjoy ! drama4 ,?is is really ,wagn]'s />t+-po9t4 ,he aims to be a national dramati/4 ,9 ! ,italian op]a ! vocal adornm5ts1 favor$ by ! inh]5t s(tness & beauty ( ! ,italian language1 gradually usurp$ ! fir/ place1 :ile dramatic motive1 :i* _h inspir$ ! inv5tion ( ! op]a1 dropp$ out ( sight4 ,= su* an art !re is little natural aptitude 9 ! ,g]man1 & consequ5tly only a modicum ( sympa?y4 ,sung to florid tunes1 ,g]man words become worse ?an un9telligible2 ! poetry loses its m]it z spee*1 & ! music is robb$ ( all its purpose & mo/ ( its *>m4 ,believ+ ?is1 & hav+ already /riv5 to re/ore naturalness ( expression 9 ! spok5 drama1 ,wagn] wrote ! vocal p>ts ( 8 lyric dramas s z to br+ out fir/ ! =ce ( ! poetry z su*4 ,!re is "o m po9t ( resemblance betwe5 ,wagn] & ! creators ( ! ,italian lyric drama :i* ,i mu/ ref] to briefly4 ,x may help u out f ! sway ( t prejudice :i* we are s prone to feel t[>ds an innovator1 to le>n t 9 s _m ess5tials ,wagn] has simply giv5 new expression to old ideas4 ,already1 9 8 ,euridice1 ,p]i conceal$ 8 or*e/ra beh9d ! sc5es2 b z ?is device 0 borr[$ f ! old ,roman pantomimes1 & 0 a g5]al cu/om1 ,i lay no /ress ^u x4 ,montev]de1 :o did n belong to ! b& ( ,flor5t9e re=m]s1 b adopt$ _! !ories & put !m into practice ) f> great] skill ?an any ( ! orig9ators ( ! new /yle1 add$ to ! in/rum5tal app>atus until he _h a reputation = noise ) :i* t ( ,wagn]1 9 ?is respect1 is no circum/ance4 ,9 8 ,orfeo he employ$ ?irty-six diff]5t in/rum5ts1 & x has ev5 be5 suspect$ t he 0 ! precursor ( ,wagn] 9 ! device ( *>act]iz+ 8 p]sonages by relegat+ to ea* a c]ta9 in/rum5t or set ( in/rum5ts4 ,b ?is1 ,i am conv9c$1 is bas$ on a misund]/&+4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t he us$ 8 in/rum5ts 9 su* a way z to emphasize climaxes1 hold+ "s ( !m back until ! arrival ( mom5ts 9 ! action :5 _! sudd5 entrance w\ld h a p>ticul>ly tell+ effect4 ,,iii4 ,:]e does ,wagn] t\* h&s ) ! fir/ creators ( ! art-=m ( :i* ,i h call$ him ! reg5]ator8 ,:at are ! fundam5tal features ( 8 sy/em8 ,:at 7 ! impulses :i* l$ him out ( ! beat5 pa? ( op]a compos]s8 ,i w try to answ] ^! que/ions on broad l9es1 keep+ ess5tial pr9ciples 9 view r ?an trifl+ details4 ,wagn] mu/ be associat$ ) ! ,greek trag$y-writ]s3 ,fir/ 7& =emo/71 because he is poet z well z musical compos]4 ,he unites 9 himself ! same qualifications 7b ) ! trem5d\s diff]5ce 9 degree br\ght ab\t by ! *ang$ conditions7 z did s*ylus4 ,second4 ,wagn] sees 9 ! drama ! highe/ =m ( art--"o t unites 9 itself ! expressive pot5tiality ( ea* ( ! elem5ts employ$ 9 x1 rais$ to a /ill high] pot5cy ?r\gh ! m]it ( _! co-op]ation4 ,?ird4 ,wagn] believes1 l ! ,greek trag$ians1 t ! fitte/ subjects = dramatic treatm5t are to be f\nd 9 leg5ds & my?ologies4 ,f\r?4 ,wagn] believes t ! elem5ts ( ! lyric drama ought to be adapt$ to ! peculi>ities1 & to enc\rage ! national feel+ ( ! p = :om x is creat$4 ,?is la/ po9t is ( su* va/ significance to ! "q ( ! degree ( appreciation :i* ,wagn]'s art ought to receive1 & also to an und]/&+ ( 8 attitude t[>ds ,italian music1 t ,i wi% to emphasize x be=e proce$+ fur!r4 ,wagn] is z di/9ctively a ,g]man dramati/ z s*ylus 0 a ,greek or ,%akespe>e an ,engli%4 ,9 8 poetry1 9 8 music1 9 ! moral & physical "* ( 8 dramatic p]sonages--9 brief1 9 ! matt] & ! ess5ce ( 8 dramas--! _w mu/ recognize ! ,teuton4 ,z _! _s roots 9 ! ,g]man he>t1 s _! =m roots 9 ! ,g]man language4 ,"o ( ,wagn]'s mo/ p]si/5t aims 0 to reanimate a national art-_s 9 ,g]many4 ,! re/ ( ! _w he omitt$ f 8 consid]ation4 ,^? ( 8 dramas 9 :i* he c>ri$ out 8 pr9ciples 9 _! fulness are sc>cely conceivable 9 any o!r language ?an ! ,g]man1 & complete or ideal appreciation ( !m is possible only to p]sons :o sympa?ize deeply ) ,g]man feel+s4 ,8 :ole sy/em1 ( dramatic declamation re/s on ! g5ius ( ! ,g]man tongue4 ,he prote/s aga9/ ! attempt to use ! bel canto ( ! ,italians 9 ,g]man op]a1 because ! ,g]man language is too h>% = florid music1 & ,g]man ?roats are n flexible en\gh to execute agile & melliflu\s melodies4 ,9 ! /ructure ( 8 sy/em !re is ev]y:]e disc]nible a recognition ( ! *>act]i/ics1 physiological z well z psy*ological1 :i* h always m>k$ ,teutonic races4 ,look at ,wagn] 9 ! conduct ( 8 polemical battle2 9 ! vehem5ce ( 8 s9c]ity1 & ! rude1 sl$ge-hamm] vigor ( 8 mann]1 he is z di/9ctively a national type z ,lu!r4 ,aside f all o!r consid]ations1 su* a man _c conceive music to be m]e lascivi\s pleas+s4 ,to ! ,nor!rn m9d !re has always seem$ to be some?+ vici\s 9 ! influ5ce ( ,s\!rn art & mann]s4 ,x seems to feel in/9ctively t its vigor is pres]v$ by p]iodical rebellion aga9/ ,roman ?+s1 & x po9ts z a reason & a w>n+ example to ! physical & moral deg5]acy ( ^? ,go?s & ,franks :o lo/ _! rugg$ virtues by too long dalliance ) ! ,roman coloni/s4 ,/r5g? be=e ,beauty1 ,tru? be=e ,conv5tion--^! are ,g]man ideals 9 art z well z 9 morals4,c ,x is only to recognize a tru?1 :i* ,wagn] himself freely confess$1 to say t arts & mann]s bas$ on su* ideals d n always appe> pleas+--t1 9 fact1 !y sometimes1 at fir/ blu%1 at lea/1 appe> unc\? & unamiable4 ,b t fact ne$ n long give u pause4 ,we h simply to recognize t beauty1 l ev]y?+ else s f> z we are conc]n$1 is subject to *ange1 & t a new ord] ( beauty1 :i* may be call$ *>act]i/ic beauty1 has come to ! =e ) a claim = recognition z a fit elem5t 9 dramatic repres5tation4 ,are we b\nd to accept z infallible ! popul> maxim t no matt] :at ! /ate ( affairs on ! /age1 ! accompany+ music mu/ delight ! e>8 ,suppose t a compos]1 utiliz+ ! e> simply z "o ( ! gate-ways to ! high] faculties1 & aim+ to quick5 ! imag9ation & /ir ! emotions1 %\ld f9d a means = do+ ?is )\t pleas+ ! e>--w\ld 8 art be bad = t reason8 ,0 ! agony on ! faces ( ! ,laocon put !re by ! sculptor = ! purpose ( pleas+ ! eye8 ,does x please ! eye1 or does x fasc9ate ) a horrible fasc9ation1 & a*ieve ! arti/'s real purpose by appeal+ ?r\gh ! eye to ! imag9ation & emotions8 ,^! que/ions are 9 ! nature ( argum5t & =eign to my imm$iate purpose2 9 ! way ( contra/1 h[ev]1 ! ?\ghts to :i* !y give rise w help u to appreciate "o phase ( ! ,teutonism :i* ,wagn] has impress$ ^u 8 dramas :i* is altoge!r lovely4 ,we w look at x 9 bo? ( its expositions1 musical & lit]>y1 = ?us we %all le>n some?+ ( 8 con/ructive me?ods z well z 8 poetical impulses4 ,i ref] to ! e?ical idea p]vad+ ^? ( 8 dramas :i*1 l ! ,greek trag$ies1 are bas$ on leg5d>y or my?ical tales4 ,! idea is t salvation comes to humanity ?r\gh ! self-sacrific+ love ( woman4 ,?is idea is at ! bottom ( ! great poems & dramas ( ,g]many2 x is ! ma9-spr+ ( ,! ,fly+ ,dut*man1 ,tannhus]1 & ,! ,niblung's ,r+2 ! *orus my/icus :i* ends ,goe!'s ,fau/ proclaims x oracul>ly3 ,all ?+s transitory ,b z symbols are s5t4 ,e>?'s insuffici5cy ,"h gr[s to ev5t4 ,! ,indescribable1 ,"h x is done4 ,! ,woman-,s\l leade? u ,upw>d & on6 ,9 ! creations ( ,wagn]1 by a s+ul> co9cid5ce1 ?is beautiful idea is born simultane\sly ) ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( 8 con/ructive s*eme--! use ( melodic phrases z symbols ( ! p]sons1 passions1 & pr9ciples conc]n$ 9 ! play4 ,8 fir/ drama bas$ on a leg5d>y /ory is ,! ,fly+ ,dut*man4 ,! inf9ite long+ = re/ ( ! ,w&]+ ,jew ( ! sea1 & ! inf9ite pity & wondr\s love ( ! woman :o1 ?r\gh sacrifice ( h] own life1 a*iev$ = ! w&]] surcease ( suff]+--^! are ! two fundam5tal passions ( ! play4 ,! leg5d ( ! ,dut*man & 8 doom is told 9 a ballad :i* ! h]o9e s+s 9 ! second act ( ! op]a2 & ?is ballad1 ,wagn] tells u himself1 he set to music fir/1 ev5 be=e he _h complet$ ! book4 ,x is an epitome ( ! drama1 e?ically & musically1 hav+ two significant musical !mes correspond+ to ! long+ ( ! ,dut*man & ! r$eem+ love ( ,s5ta4 ,! fir/ ( ^! musical !mes is ?is3 ,illu/ration3 score ,! second is ?is3 ,illu/ration3 score ,hav+ inv5t$ ^! two phrases = use simply 9 ! ballad1 ,wagn] tells u h[ he proce$$ ) 8 "w3 ,i _h m]ely to develop accord+ to _! respective t5d5cies ! v>i\s !matic g]ms compris$ 9 ! ballad to h1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 ! pr9cipal m5tal moods 9 def9ite !matic %apes be=e me4 ,:5 a m5tal mood return$1 its !matic expression also1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 0 repeat$1 s9ce x w\ld h be5 arbitr>y & caprici\s to h s\ght ano!r motivo s long z ! object 0 an intelligible repres5tation ( ! subject1 & n a conglom]ation ( op]atic pieces4 ,?is is ,wagn]'s acc\nt ( ! g5esis ( ! lead+ motives1 or1 z ,i ?9k !y w\ld bett] be call$1 typical phrases1 & x directs att5tion to a misconception ( _! nature & purpose :i* is pretty g5]al ev5 among ! admir]s ( 8 works4 ,!y 7 n inv5t$ to ann\nce ! entrance ( p]sons ( ! play on _! /age2 _! duties are n ^? ( footm5 or u%]s4 ,nor are !y labels4 ,nei!r c !y rightly be lik5$1 z a ,g]man critic has decl>$1 to ! lett]$ ribbons issu+ f ! m\?s ( figures 9 m$ival pictures4 ,!y /& = deep] ?+s--= ! attributes ( ! play's p]sonages2 = ! in/rum5ts1 spiritual z well z mat]ial1 us$ 9 develop+ ! plot2 = ! fundam5tal passions ( ! /ory4 ,if !y 7 labels1 !y c\ld only accompany ! *>act]s ) :i* !y _h be5 associat$ at ! outset1 & ?is we "k is n ! case2 9 fact1 9 "s v significant in/ances1 !y ent] ! score long be=e ! *>act]s ) :om !y are associat$ h be5 he>d ( or _! exi/5ce is surmis$4 ,!y are symbols1 & h5ce arbitr>y signs1 b n m arbitr>y ?an words4 ,all language is arbitr>y conv5tion4 ,only ! emotional elem5ts at ! bottom ( x are real1 absolute1 univ]sal4 ,x w\ld be j z easy to build up a language ( musical tones capable ( express+ ideas z x 0 to build up a language ( words4 ,9 fact1 ?\gh we seldom ?9k ( x1 ! rudim5ts ( su* a language exi/4 ,we are all famili> ) "s ( !m1 or we %\ld n involunt>ily associate c]ta9 rhy?ms ) ! dance1 & o!rs ) ! m>*4 ,a drone-bass "u an oboe melody 9 #f-h "t w\ld n sugge/ a pa/oral2 trumpets & drums1 w>2 ,fr5*-horn h>monies1 a hunt+ sc5e2 & s on4 ,m ?an ?is1 ! ,*9ese h reta9$ 9 _! language a relic ( ! "t :5 music 0 an integral elem5t ( all spee*1 n only ( solemn & arti/ic spee*1 z we see x 9 ! beg9n+s ( ! drama 9 ,india1 ,greece1 & ,*9a4 ,! mean+ ( _m words 9 ! monosyllabic ,*9ese language dep5ds ^u ! musical inflection giv5 to !m 9 utt]ance4 ,9 a s5se1 a phrase ( melody1 or a *ord1 or a succession ( *ords1 ( h>mony1 is a b[-w[ ^w1 ! only k9d ( ^w univ]sally intelligible4 ,a great deal ( music is direct 9 its influ5ce ^u ! emotions1 b x is *iefly by association ( ideas t we recognize its expressiv5ess or significance4 ,sometimes he>+ a melody or h>mony ar\ses an emotion l t ar\s$ by ! contemplation ( a ?+4 ,m9or h>monies1 sl[ movem5ts1 d>k tonal color+s1 comb9e directly to put a musically susceptible p]son 9 a mood cong5ial to ?\ghts ( sorr[ & dea?2 &1 inv]sely1 ! exp]i5ce ( sorr[1 or ! contemplation ( dea?1 creates aff9ity = m9or h>monies1 sl[ movem5ts1 & d>k tonal color+s4 ,or we recognize attributes 9 music possess$ also by ?+s1 & we consort ! music & ! ?+s1 ext]nal attributes br++ descriptive music into play :i* excites ! fancy1 int]nal attributes call+ = an ex]cise ( ! l(ti] faculty1 imag9ation1 to disc]n _! mean+4 ,a few examples 9 bo? classes w help to make my mean+ pla91 & ,i beg9 ) ! second class z ! nobl] ( ! two4 ,9 ,wagn]'s ,niblung trag$y two ( ! musical phrases associat$ ) ,wotan may be tak5 z symbols ( contra/$ attributes ( ! god4 ,?r\gh\t ! trag$y ( :i* he is ! h]o1 ,wotan figures1 by virtue ( 8 supremacy among ! gods1 z ,"l ( ,valhalla1 & consequ5tly z ! manife/ embodim5t ( law4 ,9 music ! fir/ manife/ation ( law is 9 =m4 ,x is impossible to conceive ( a comb9ation ( ! integral elem5ts ( music--rhy?m1 melody1 & h>mony--9 a beautiful mann] )\t "s k9d ( =m4 ,=m means measure1 ord]1 symmetry4 ,9 music m ?an 9 any art x is ess5tial to ! exi/5ce ( ! l(tie/ attribute ( beauty1 :i* is repose--an attribute ^: div9e "* ,rusk9 proclaim$ :5 he def9$ x z ! ',i am' contradi/+ui%$ f ! ',i become2' ! sign alike ( ! supreme k :i* is incapable ( surprise1 ! supreme p[] :i* is incapable ( labor1 ! supreme volition :i* is incapable ( *ange4 ,n[ :at are ! musical qualities ( :i* ,wagn] makes use 9 ord] to symbolize ! wield] ( supreme p[]8 ,"h is ! phrase ^: innate nobility & beauty appe> to be/ advantage at ! op5+ ( ! second sc5e 9 ,das ,rhe+old3 ,illu/ration3 score ,! melody is built out ( ! int]vals ( ! common *ord--! triad--! />t+-po9t ( h>mony1 its fir/ & mo/ p]vasive law4 ,?is *ord1 too1 supplies ! h>monic /ructure4 ,its in/rum5tation 7= f\r tubas ) peculi>ly orotund voices1 specially con/ruct$ = ,wagn]7 is unv>y+1 calm1 /ately1 maje/ic1 dignifi$1 reposeful4 ,?us does ,wagn] symbolize musically ! *ief deity & *ief p]sonage ( 8 trag$y 9 8 "* z ,"l ( ,valhalla4 ,b ?r\gh ! op]ation ( ! curse to :i* he became subject :5 he took ! baneful r+1 ano!r "* ?an t ( a supreme god is =c$ ^u ,wotan4 ,he has plott$ to rega9 ! r+1 & re/ore x to ! orig9al own]s ( ! magic gold4 ,he has begott5 a new race1 ! ,volsungs1 to execute a purpose :i*1 z ! repres5tative ( law1 he is re/ra9$ himself f execut+4 ,he becomes a w&]] ov] ! face ( ! e>?1 a m]e spectator ( ! developm5t ( 8 fooli% plot4 ,h[ is ?is new "* symboliz$8 ,note ! music :i* accompanies ,wotan :51 disguis$ z ! ,w&]]1 he ent]s ,mime's cav]n smi?y 9 ! second sc5e ( ,siegfri$3 ,illu/ration3 score ,! fundam5tal h>monies are reta9$4 ,! solemn in/rum5tal color is held fa/4 ,! dignity ( ! *ord progressions is /ill !re4 ,:at1 !n1 is gone8 ,! elem5t ( repose4 ,! h>monies are /ill triads1 b tonality1 ) its b5ison ( re/fulness1 has be5 sacrific$4 ,! phrase is 9 no key1 or r x is 9 z _m keys z !re are *ords4 ,!re is ano!r beautiful in/ance 9 :i*1 by ! same means1 a deprivation :i* "o ( ! p]sonages ( ! play und]goes is made pla9 to ! li/5]4 ,note ! desc5d+ s]ies ( *ords :i* foll[s ,wotan's kiss depriv+ ,brnnhilde ( h] div9ity1 j aft] he has spok5 8 pa!tic f>ewell1 & j be=e ! or*e/ra beg9s its lullaby1 9 ! f9al sc5e ( ,die ,walkre4 ,"h ! loss ( div9e attributes 9 ! disob$i5t goddess is publi%$ by abs5ce ( fix$ tonality 9 ! *ords :i* accompany ! visible signs ( h] puni%m5t4 ,9 ! la/ two examples we h be5 call$ on to obs]ve h[ *anges 9 "* & loss ( attributes are del9eat$ by dep>ture ( tonality4 ,i w n[ cite a case 9 :i* n ! attributes ( a p]sonage1 b ! prop]ty ( a ?+1 is ! compos]'s objective po9t4 ,! case is a /rik+ "o1 = x is a sup]natural prop]ty :i* is to be br\ght to ! notice ( ! li/5]1 ! p[] ( ! ,t>nhelm 7! famili> cap ( d>kness ( folk-lore7 to r5d] its we>] invisible4 ,! musical symbol ( ?is magical app>atus 9 ! ,niblung trag$y is ?is3 ,illu/ration3 score ,?is phrase is n (t5 us$1 b :5ev] x occurs 9 ! music its my/]i\sness arre/s att5tion4 ,:at is ! s\rce ( t my/]i\sness8 ,no?+ else ?an indef9it5ess1 vagu5ess ( mode4 ,! clos+ h>mony is an empty fif?2 we d n "k :e!r x is major or m9or1 because ! det]m9+ int]val is lack+4 ,supply a major ?ird & x is major1 a m9or ?ird & x is m9or2 9 ei!r case1 h[ev]1 ! my/ical prop]ty ( ! phrase1 ! elem5t :i* e/abli%es its propriety1 vani%es4 ,!re are _m ( ^! typical phrases prim>ily associat$ ) p]sonages1 ^: del9eation goes to moods & moral traits4 ,!re are o!rs t are frankly del9eative ( ext]nals4 ,! giants 9 ,das ,rhe+old are ! repres5tatives ( brute =ce4 ,!y are heavy-witt$ z well z heavy-foot$1 & _! /upidity & clums9ess are aptly *>act]iz$ 9 _! melody3 ,illu/ration3 score 7,fasolt & ,fafn]1 ( gigantic /ature1 arm$ ) /rong /aves1 ent]47 ,! ,niblungs are ! antipodes 9 "* ( ! giants--cunn+1 res\rceful1 indu/ri\s4 ,intellectually !y are s*em]s & trick/]s2 by occupation !y are smi?s4 ,wagn] del9eates ^! activities1 ! m5tal z well z ! manual1 9 ! or*e/ral introduction to ,siegfri$4 ,a desc5d+ figure 7a71 7two ?irds at ! int]val ( a sev5?7 *>act]izes ! brood+ ?\ghtfulness1 ! cogitation ( ,mime2 ! fact t ! dw>f is a ,niblung ,wagn] publi%es by means ( a rhy?mical phrase l ! p\nd+ ( hamm]s 7b73 ,illu/ration3 score 7a7 ,illu/ration3 score 7b7 ,sometimes ,wagn] becomes frankly del9eative or descriptive1 utiliz+ imitation ( nature :]e x w be effective1 z 9 ! phrases associat$ ) ! ,rh9e & its d5iz5s--! nixies :om he calls ,daught]s ( ! ,rh9e4 ,! sl[ undulation ( wat] 9 its dep?s1 ! flux & reflux ( ! elem5t1 ! ripples on its surface1 ! motions ( ! swimm]s1 are all pictur$ to ! e> 7if ,i may be p]mitt$ to say s7 9 ! melodies ( ! ,rh9e & ! nixies ^: home ! riv] is1 & ! *anges ( "t & treatm5t to :i* ^? melodies are subject$4 ,! fitful1 flick]+1 crackl+ crepitation ( fire furni%es a sugge/ion = ! phrase :i* is typical ( ,loge1 ! fire-god1 :e!r he appe>s 9 8 elem5tal =m1 z 9 ! f9ale ( ,die ,walkre1 or bodily z ! inc>nation ( ! _s ( mis*ief 9 ,das ,rhe+old3 ,illu/ration3 score ,9 describ+ h[ he proce$$ 9 ! composition ( ,! ,fly+ ,dut*man1 ,wagn] says t :5 a m5tal mood recurr$ = :i* he _h once f\nd !matic expression1 t expression 0 repeat$4 ,he speaks "h only ( moods1 b he ext5d$ ! pr9ciple involv$ to ! :ole app>atus ( ! drama--its secret impulses z well z its ext]nal ag5cies4 ,^! ag5cies1 9 _! physical manife/ation1 moreov]1 are sometimes anticipat$ by ! appe>ance 9 ! music ( ! melodic phrases :i* typify !m2 b ?is nev] happ5s unless !y are spiritually pres5t 9 ! drama4 ,?is is :at ,i h call$ ! use ( ! !mes = prophecy1 & to me x seems "o ( ! mo/ beautiful features ( ,wagn]'s con/ructive s*eme4 ,let me illu/rate3 ! sword1 :i* is ! in/rum5t design$ by ,wotan = ! work+-out ( 8 plot = ! return ( ! baneful r+ to its orig9al own]s1 = itself & z a symbol ( ! race ( demi-gods :o 7 to be end[$ ) x2 ,siegfri$1 ! h]o :o is to be ! vessel *os51 n by ,wotan b by fate 9 ! prevision ( ,brnnhilde1 to execute ! purposes ( ! god2 ,brnnhilde h]self1 n z a goddess b 9 ! "* ( lov+ woman will+ & able to make ! r$eem+ sacrifice2 all ^! are prefigur$ 9 ! drama by ! entrance ( _! typical phrases long be=e ! action p]mits _! physical appe>ance4 ,!y are se5 by ! prophetic vision ( c]ta9 p]sonages ( ! play & manife/$ to u ?r\gh ! music4 ,?us3 ! sword phrase appe>s 9 ! or*e/ral po/lude ( ,das ,rhe+old at ! mom5t :5 ,wotan1 cross+ ! ,ra9b[-bridge ) ! memb]s ( 8 div9e h\sehold1 /ops 9 ?\ght & conceives ! plot :i* is work$ out 9 ! trag$y prop]2 ! phrase typical ( ! h]oic "* ( ,siegfri$ accompanies ,brnnhilde's pr$iction to ,siegl9de t %e %all give bir? to ! l(tie/ h]o 9 ! _w1 9 ! drama ,die ,walkre2 9 giv+ voice to h] gratitude1 ,siegl9de1 9 turn1 hails ,brnnhilde z ! repres5tative ( ! r$eem+ pr9ciple ( ! trag$y1 ,goe!'s ,ewig-,weibli*e1 by us+ a melody :i* exam9ation %[s to be an augm5tation ( ! melodic symbol ( ,brnnhilde :5 %e appe>s z m]e woman 9 ! la/ drama ( ! trilogy4 ,let ?is suffice z an exhibition ( ,wagn]'s me?od ( inv5t+ & introduc+ ! melodic mat]ial out ( :i* he weaves 8 fabric1 :ile we look at "s ( ! pr9ciples appli$ 9 its use4 ,8 sy/em re/s ^u ! developm5t ( ^! !mes1 n accord+ to ! laws ( ! symphony1 b 9 h>mony ) ! dramatic _s ( ! text4 ,! or*e/ra is ! vehicle ( ?is developm5t4 ,x is pre-em95tly ! expositor ( ! drama4 ,x has acquir$ "s ( ! functions ( ! ,greek *orus1 9 t x takes "p 9 ! action to publi% t :i* is beyond ! capacity ( ! p]sonages alone to utt]4 ,! music ( ! in/rum5ts is ! voice ( ! fate1 ! consci5ce1 & ! w conc]n$ 9 ! drama4 ,to ^? :o wi% to li/51 x unfolds1 un]r+ly1 ! ?\ghts1 motives1 & purpose ( ! p]sonages1 & lays b>e ! my/]ies ( ! plot & c\nt]-plot4 ,z ! passions & purposes ( ! drama gr[ complex1 ! musical texture1 into :i* ! !mes :i* typify ^? passions & purposes ent]1 gr[s complex & het]og5e\s4 ,! mo/ obvi\s factors 9 ?is developm5t are *anges ( mode1 h>mony1 rhy?m1 "t1 & or*e/ration4 ,a s+le illu/ration mu/ "h suffice4 ,by apply+ ! pr9ciple ( augm5tation to a phrase1 9 ! ?ree phases ( melodic1 h>monic1 & in/rum5tal /ructure1 ,wagn] illu/rates ! tragic gr[? ( ,siegfri$ 9 ! ,niblung trag$y4 ,:5 ! h]o is m]ely a high-spirit$ lad1 roam+ ?r\gh ! =e/ & associat+ ) its d5iz5s1 ! phrase appe>s z ! call :i* he bl[s ^u 8 hunt+-horn3 ,illu/ration3 score ,:5 he has ent]$ ^u man's e/ate1 has awak5$ ,brnnhilde f h] long sleep1 le>n$ wisdom f h] tea*+1 donn$ h] armor1 & is ab\t to set out 9 que/ ( adv5ture1 ! typical phrase :i* greets him has tak5 on ?is =m3 ,illu/ration3 score ,f9ally1 ! phrase is metamorphos$ into t ?rill+ pan at ! climax ( ! ,dea? ,m>*1 to indicate :i* is impossible by means ( pian(orte transcription3 ,illu/ration3 score ,,iv4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( 8 c>e] ,wagn] wrote 8 own librettos2 b x is only 9 ,tri/an und ,isolde1 ,die ,mei/]s+]1 ,d] ,r+ des ,nibelung51 & ,p>sifal t he realiz$ 8 conception ( :at ! poet-compos] %\ld be4 ,! />t+-po9t ( 8 re=matory ideas 0 t music _h usurp$ a place :i* does n belong to x 9 ! lyric drama4 ,x %\ld be a means1 & _h become ! aim4 ,z an /hetic pr9ciple1 he cont5d$ t x lies 9 ! nature ( music to be n ! end1 b a m$ium1 ( dramatic expression4 ,he !re=e rev]s$ ! old relations ( libretti/ & compos]1 & made music1 :i* c only address itself to ! emotions & imag9ation1 dep5d5t = =m1 _s1 & "* on ! poetry1 :i* appeals to reason4 ,ea* art :5 isolat$ has a re/rict$ range ( expression2 b 9 ! ,wagn]ian drama ea* contributes a complem5t & helps x to convey all its mean+s & int5tions )\t ! help ( a frequ5tly untru/wor?y imag9ation4 ,9 elaborat+ 8 !ory1 ,wagn] held t z a poetical =m ( expression rhyme is useless 9 music1 because x n only implies id5tity ( v[el-s\nds1 b also ( ! succe$+ consonants1 :i* are lo/ by ! s+]'s ne$ ( dwell+ on ! v[els4 ,! initial consonant1 h[ev]1 _c be lo/ 9 song1 because x is t :i* /amps its physiognomy on ! ^w1 & repetition creat+ a sort ( musical cad5ce :i* is agreeable to ! e>1 ,wagn] desir$ allit]ation to be sub/itut$ = rhyme 9 ! *ief p>ts ( 8 v]se4 ,f ! v]se-melody ?us obta9$ he wi%$ ! musical melody to spr+1 words & music becom+ lov+ly m]g$ 9 ea* o!r1 ea* sacrific+ en\gh ( selfi%ness to make ! union possible4 ,to :at ,i h already said ab\t ! nature ( ! typical phrases ,i wi% to add ?is z a rsum ( _! purpose3 ,9 e drama !re are employ$ c]ta9 dramatic & e?ical pr9ciples z well z ag5cies4 ,! developm5t ( ^! pr9ciples 9 ! conduct & words ( ! p]sonages1 ! employm5t ( ! ag5cies1 give u ! action & significance ( ! play4 ,= ^! pr9ciples & ag5ts ,wagn] provides musical symbols4 ,! nature ( ! pr9ciples1 ! "* ( ! ag5ts1 expla9 ! =m & _s ( ! symbols2 ! symbols1 9 turn1 sometimes help u to und]/& ! real nature ( ! ?+s symboliz$4 ,if we h grasp$ ! fundam5tal ideas ( a drama1 !re=e1 & appreciat$ ! fitness ( _! symbols1 we %all h p5etrat$ ne> to ! he>t ( ! ,art-"w4 ,b x _c be too =cibly urg$ t if we conf9e our /udy ( ,wagn] to ! =ms & names ( ! phrases out ( :i* he con/ructs 8 musical fabric1 we %all at ! la/ h enri*$ our m9ds ) a !matic catalogue &--no?+ else4 ,we %all rema9 guiltless ( k unless we le>n some?+ ( ! nature ( ^? phrases by not+ ! attributes :i* l5d !m propriety & fitness1 & c recognize1 measurably at lea/1 ! reasons = _! introduction & developm5t4 ,^? attributes give "* & mood to ! music con/ruct$ out ( ! phrases4 ,if we are able to feel ! mood we ne$ n c>e h[ ! phrases :i* produce x h be5 labell$4 ,if we d n feel ! mood we may memorize ! :ole !matic catalogue ( ,wolzog5 & h our labor = our pa9s4 ,x w\ld be bett] to "k no?+ ab\t ! phrases & cont5t "o's self ) simple s5su\s enjoym5t ?an to sp5d "o's "t answ]+ ! balde/ ( all ! riddles ( ,wagn]'s or*e/ra3 ,:at am ,i play+ n[8 ,! ultimate "q conc]n+ ! correctness or effectiv5ess ( ,wagn]'s sy/em ( composition mu/1 ( c\rse1 be answ]$ along ) ! "q1 ,does ! composition1 z a :ole1 t\* ! emotions1 quick5 ! fancy1 fire ! imag9ation8 ,if x does ^! ?+s1 we may1 to a great ext5t1 if we wi%1 get along )\t ! intellectual processes ( reflection & comp>ison1 :i* are condition$ ^u a recognition ( ! !mes & _! uses4 ,b if we put aside ?is intellectual activity1 we %all deprive ourselves1 among o!r ?+s1 ( ! pleasure :i* x is ! prov9ce ( memory to give2 & ! ex]cise ( memory is call$ = by music mu* m urg5tly ?an by any o!r art1 because ( its volatile nature & ! role :i* repetition plays 9 x4 ,no?+ c\ld h demon/rat$ m p]fectly ! righte\sness ( ,wagn]'s claim to ! title ( poet ?an 8 acceptance ( ! ,greek !ory t ! leg5ds & my?s ( a p are ! fitte/ subjects = dramatic treatm5t1 unless x be ! mann] 9 :i* he has re%ap$ 8 mat]ial 9 ord] to infuse x ) t deep e?ical pr9ciple to :i* ref]5ce has sev]al times be5 made4 ,9 ,! ,fly+ ,dut*man1 ,! ,niblung's ,r+1 & ,tannhus]1 ! idea is practically 8 creation4 ,9 ! la/ ( ^! ?ree dramas x is evolv$ out ( ! simple episode 9 ! p>5t-leg5d ( ! dea? ( ,lisaura1 ^: he>t broke :5 h] knight w5t to kiss ! ,que5 ( ,love & ,beauty4 ,! dissolute knight ( ! old /ory ,wagn] 9 turn metamorphoses into a type ( manhood 9 its passionate desires & ideal aspirations--l ! ,fau/ ( ,goe!4 ,all ! magnific5t en]gy ( an ideal man is br\ght =w>d 9 ! poet's conception1 b x is an en]gy :i* is %att]$ 9 its fluctuation betwe5 s5sual delights & ideal aspirations1 respectively typifi$ 9 ! ,v5us & ! ,elizabe? ( ! play4 ,"h is ! contradiction aga9/ :i* he 0 %att]$ z ! h]oes ( ,greek trag$y 7 %att]$ on ! rock ( implacable ,fate4 ,b ! transc5d5t beauty ( ! mod]n drama is l5t by ! e?ical idea ( salvation ?r\gh ! love ( pure woman--a salvation t\*+ :i* no "o c be 9 d\bt :5 ,tannhus] s9ks lifeless beside ! bi] ( ! aton+ sa9t1 & ,v5us's cries ( woe are swall[$ up by ! pi\s canticle ( ! return+ pilgrims4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,= popul> purposes !re is no h>m 9 lett+ ?is /atem5t /& z made4 ,( c\rse ! ref]5ce goes only to ! ,greek !atre 9 its late/ =m1 ! evolution ( :i* is indicat$1 p]haps1 9 ! comp>ative weakness ( ! bond :i* unites ! *orus to ! action 9 ,euripides4 ,! or*e/ra 01 9 fact1 ! c5tre ar\nd :i* all ! re/1 ! !atron & ! skn1 7 gradually gr\p$4 ,9 ! antique fe/al plays ! pr9cipal feature 0 ! dance 9 a circle ar\nd ! ?ymele1 or alt> ( ,dionysus4 ,x 0 only by a sl[ process t ! actor came to be ?\ght ( z anywise di/+ui%$ f 8 companions4 ,z g5]ally 9 anci5t art priority 0 indicat$ by height1 !re is "h a reason = ! tragic co?urnus1 :i* might be said to be an inexplicable de=mity on any o!r !ory2 = x 0 only by putt+ !m on /ilts1 s to speak1 t x 0 possible to indicate ! p>ticipants 9 ! dialogue z ap>t f ! g5]al r\t ( danc+ wor%ipp]s4 ,ev5 9 ! "t ( ! ?ree great dramatic writ]s1 x seems probable1 di/urb+ z su* an idea may be to popul> impressions1 t "s1 if n all1 plays 7 p]=m$ )\t any /age4 ,! ^w skn 7t5t7 po9ts to a tempor>y /ructure1 us$ 9 ! fir/ place1 p]haps1 z a %r9e = ! symbols & prop]ties ( ! god 7l ! ,tab]nacle ( ! ,israelites71 !n z ! dress+-room ( ! actors2 x 0 succe$$ by ! temple :5 ! place _h become consecrat$ to ! wor%ip ( ,dionysus1 !n by ! /ructures suit$ to a giv5 play1 & f9ally by a p]man5t /age1 :i* gradually encroa*$ on ! space t _h once belong$ to ! or*e/ra4 ,^! conclusions1 at lea/1 seem to be borne out by ! discov]ies & argum5ts ( ,drpfeld4 ,b ,naumann's ,hi/ory ( ,music1 vol4 i41 p4 #ebd4 ,c ,mephi/4 ,du weis/ wohl ni*t1 me9 ,freund1 wie grob du bi/8 ,bac4 ,im ,deuts*5 lgt man w5n man hfli* i/4 ,,goe!4 ,fau/1 ,"p ,,ii41 ,act #b1 ,sc4 #a4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,tri/an ,,und ,,isolde4 ,a vassal is s5t to woo a beaute\s pr9cess = 8 "l4 ,:ile he is br++ h] home ! two1 by accid5t1 dr9k a love-potion1 & ev] !reaft] _! he>ts are fett]$ toge!r4 ,9 ! mid-day ( deliri\s joy1 9 ! midnight ( deepe/ woe1 & ?r\gh all ! emotional h\rs betwe51 _! ?\ghts are only ( ea* o!r1 = ea* o!r4 ,mean:ile ! pr9cess has become ! vassal's que54 ,!n ! wick$ love ( ! pair is discov]$1 & ! knight is oblig$ to seek safety 9 a =eign l&4 ,!re 7/range note ?is to our e>s7 he m>ries ano!r pr9cess ^: "n is l t ( 8 love1 save = ! addition ,) ! ,:ite ,h&2 b :5 w\nd$ unto dea? he s5ds across ! wat] = h] :o is /ill 8 true love1 t %e come & be 8 heal]4 ,! %ip :i* is s5t to br+ h] is to be> :ite sails on its return if successful 9 ! mission2 black1 if n4 ,day aft] day ! knight waits = ! com+ ( 8 love--:ile ! lamp ( 8 life burns l[] & l[]4 ,at l5g? ! sails ( ! %ip appe> on ! di/ant horizon4 ,! knight is n[ too weak himself to look4 ,:ite or black8 he asks ( 8 wife4 ,black1 replies %e1 jeal\sy prompt+ ! falsehood2 & ! knight's he>t-/r+s snap 9 twa9 j z 8 love /eps ov] ! ?re%old ( 8 *amb]4 ,oh1 ! pity ( x6 = ) ! lady is h] "l1 :o1 hav+ le>n$ ! /ory ( ! fateful potion1 has come to unite ! lov]s4 ,!n ! que51 too1 dies1 & ! remorseful k+ buries ! lov]s 9 a common grave1 f ^: c>ess+ sod spr+ a rose-bu% & a v9e1 & int]tw9e s curi\sly t none may sep>ate !m4 ,"h1 9 its simple =ms1 is ! tale :i* half a mill5nium ( poets h celebrat$ z ! ,high ,song ( ,love1 ! canticle ( all canticles :i* hymn ! univ]sal passion4 ,briti% b>ds1 ,fr5* tr\vres1 & ,g]man ,m9nes+]1 :ile !y sang ( ! joys & sorr[s ( humanity1 unit$ 9 hold+ up ,sir ,tri/ram & ,la beale ,is\d z ! supreme type ( lov]s4 ,to-day our poets1 writ+ "u ! influ5ce ( social & moral sy/ems1 radically diff]5t f ^? :i* surr\nd$ ! orig9al s+]s1 s5d back ! p]5nial note ) f]vor4 ,b ! morali/ %akes 8 head1 s9ks into p]plex$ brood+1 or laun*es ! ?und]s ( 8 righte\s wra? aga9/ ! /ori$ lov]s & _! s94 ,we wi% to /udy ! mann] 9 :i* a great dramatic poet ( our day has pres5t$ ?is pr(\ndly tragical yet univ]sally fasc9at+ tale4 ,mu/ we confront ! problem & seek to reconcile ! p>adox creat$ by ! attitudes ( poet & morali/8 ,or may we put aside ! ph5om5on z "o ^: int]pretation is to be left to ea* individual's notions ( ! ,true1 ! ,beautiful1 & ! ,good1 & address ourselves directly to a /udy ( ! drama z a "w ( art reg>dless ( its e?ical phases8 ,ev5tually1 ,i am incl9$ to believe1 we %all be oblig$ to d ! latt]2 b z appreciation ( :at ! poet-compos] has done dep5ds ^u an und]/&+ ( 8 purposes1 & ?is aga9 ^u a discov]y ( ! elem5ts ( ! leg5d :i* seem$ to him pot5tial1 we are compell$ to make at lea/ a cursory survey ( "s ( ! phases ?r\gh :i* ! /ory has gone 9 ! progress ( "t2 = ea* poet1 pass+ ! orig9al metal ?r\gh ! fires ( 8 imag9ation1 br\ght x =? *ang$ 9 color & enri*$ ) new designs4 ,9 ! new color & adornm5ts we /udy some?+ ( ! social in/itutions & moral & intellectual habits ( ! poet's "t1 ^! be+ sup]impos$ on ! orig9al idea embodi$ 9 ! fundam5tal /ory4 ,9 "o ( ! beautiful tales ( ,nor!rn my?ology 7a tale 9 :i* ,i am tempt$ to ?9k a relic ( ! primitive ,tri/ram my? may "o day be f\nd7 we are told h[ ,skirnir cunn+ly /ole ! reflection ( ,frey's sunny face f ! surface ( a brook1 & imprison$ x 9 8 dr9k+-horn t he might p\r x out into ,g]d's cup1 & by its beauty w9 ! he>t ( ! giantess = ! "l = :om1 l ,tri/an1 he _h gone a-woo+4 ,a leg5d :i* lives to be retold (t51 is l ! reflection ( ,frey's face 9 ?is beautiful allegory2 ea* poet :o uses x spreads x ^u a mirror :i* n only reflects ! orig9al picture1 b also ! environm5t ( ! relator4 ,x w be necess>y to rememb] ?is :5 we attempt an inquiry into ! morals ( ,wagn]'s drama4 ,i4 ,to read]s ( ,engli% lit]ature opportunities to acqua9t !mselves ) ! leg5d :i* is ! basis ( ,wagn]'s drama h be5 giv5 by ,sir ,?omas ,malory1 ,mat!w ,arnold1 ,t5nyson1 & ,sw9burne1 to say no?+ ( critics & comm5tators4 ,! /ory is ( ,keltic orig91 & is suppos$ to h got into ! m\?s ( ! ,g]man ,m9nes+] by way ( ,france4 ,! mo/ admirable z well z complete v]sion extant is ! epic poem ( ,gottfri$ von ,/rassburg1 writt5 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 :o 0 deeply int]e/$ 9 ! lit]>y hi/ory ( ! tale1 9 #ahjd edit$ a metrical v]sion ( x f a manuscript said to be ! production ( ,?omas ! ,rhym]1 :o liv$ ab\t a c5tury aft] ,gottfri$1 if1 inde$1 he liv$ at all4 ,f ?is manuscript ,scott argu$ 9 favor ( a ,wel% s\rce = ! romance in/ead ( a ,norman1 z 0 !n g5]ally accept$4 ,! au?or ( ! ,g]man epic foll[$ a ,fr5* v]sion1 z 0 cu/om>y ) ! ,m9nes+] ( 8 p]iod4 ,t5nyson's %>e 9 ! exposition is exce$+ly scant & :olly valueless4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! poem1 ,! ,la/ ,t\rnam5t1 "o ( ! ,idyls ( ! ,k+4 ,arnold's is mu* m int]e/+4 ,he treats directly ( ! outcome ( ! trag$y 9 8 poem ,tri/ram & ,iseult1 & indirectly relates ne>ly all t is ess5tial to an und]/&+ ( ! /ory4 ,8 poem pres5ts ! dea? sc5e ( ,tri/ram 9 ,brittany1 ) ! fanciful imag9+s ( ! dy+ man :ile wait+ = ! com+ ( ,iseult1 :o has be5 summon$ f ,t9tagel4 ,! :ole tale is relat$ by ,sw9burne 9 8 ,tri/ram ( ,lyonesse4 ,! names ( ! *ief p]sonages 9 ! romance v>y slightly 9 ! diff]5t ,g]man & ,engli% v]sions1 b ! v>iations ne$ lead no "o a/ray4 ,wagn]'s ,tri/an is o!rwise kn[n z ,sir ,tri/rem & ,tri/ram4 ,all d]ive ! "n f ! ,fr5* ^w tri/e1 & f9d 9 x a premonition ( 8 fate4 ,?us ,arnold3 ,son1 %e said1 ?y "n %all be ( sorr[2 ,tri/ram art ?\ call$ = my dea?'s sake4 ,! poet speaks ( ! h]o's dy+ "m4 ,s also ,sw9burne3 ,! "n 8 "m1 dy+ z he 0 born1 ,made out ( sorr[ 9 v sorr['s scorn1 ,& set x on him smil+ 9 h] sight1 ,tri/ram4 ,isolde is v>i\sly ,iseult1 ,ysolt1 ,is\d1 & ,ysonde2 ,brangne is ,brangwa9 & ,br5qwa92 ,kurw5al1 ,g\v]nayle4 ,! *anges 9 or?ographical physiognomy are trifl+ & easily recogniz$4 ,x _c be amiss to call att5tion to sev]al deviations 9 ,wagn]'s drama f ! leg5d z x has be5 h&$ d[n by ! poets4 ,! majority ( ^! deviations w be f\nd to be full ( significance4 ,at ! outset we are confront$ ) ! *ief ( ^!4 ,9 all ! o!r v]sions ! love-potion is drunk by ,tri/an & ,isolde by mi/ake4 ,9 ,mr4 ,sw9burne's poem ,tri/ram toils at ! o>s1 ,m mightily ?an any we>i] ?ree1 & :5 he re/s1 calls = a dr9k1 ,say+3 ',iseult1 = all de> love's labor's sake1 ,give me to dr9k1 & give me = a pl$ge ,! t\* ( f\r lips on ! beak]'s edge'4 ,iseult's maid1 ,brangwa91 is asleep1 & ! ,pr9cess1 n wi%+ to awake h]1 h]self looks = w9e & f9ds a curi\s cup hid 9 ! maid's bosom4 ,%e ?9ks its cont5ts w9e & dr9ks1 & h&s x to ,tri/ram to dr9k4 ,x is ! love-draught prep>$ by ,que5 ,iseult & intru/$ to ,brangwa91 to be by h] sacr$ly gu>d$ & giv5 to ,m>k & ,iseult on _! w$d+ night4 ,mr4 ,arnold also has ^! lov]s dr9k unwitt+ly ----t spic$ magic draught ,:i* s9ce !n =ev] rolls ,?r\gh _! blood & b9ds _! s\ls1 ,work+ love1 b work+ te54 ,9 ?is respect bo? ,engli% poets foll[ ! ,g]man epic ( ,gottfri$ von ,/rassburg4 ,! dramatic significance ( ,wagn]'s v>iation c be res]v$ = discussion h]eaft]4 ,its value z int5sify+ ! "* ( ,isolde is obvi\s at a glance4 ,t5nyson omits all m5tion ( ! love-potion1 & p]mits u to imag9e ,tri/ram & ,iseult z a c\ple ( ord9>y s9n]s1 ! =m]'s doctr9es on ! subject be+ publi%$ 9 l9es l ^!3 ,free love--free field--we love b :ile we may2 ,! woods are hu%'d1 _! music is no m3 ,! leaf is dead1 ! ye>n+ pass$ away3 ,new leaf1 new life--! days ( fro/ are o'er3 ,new life1 new love to suit ! new] day3 ,new loves are sweet z ^? t w5t be=e2 ,free love--free field--we love b :ile we may4 ,! next important v>iation 7,i d n speak ( omissions :i* are inevitable 9 ?r[+ an epic into dramatic =m7 is 9 ! sc5e :i* foll[s ! discov]y ( ! lov]s by ,k+ ,m>ke4 ,to discuss ?is 9 all its be>+s w\ld require m space ?an ,i %all c>e to employ = ! purpose1 b x is well to "k x4 ,! wrong$ ,m>ke ( ,wagn]1 "s w say z _m h said1 is n wrong$ at all s9ce he *ooses to rema9 inactive1 :]eas ! popul> impulse is illu/rat$ 9 ,t5nyson's v]sion1 :]e ,m>k cleaves ,tri/ram to ! bra9 on discov]+ 8 trea*]y4 ,b ! ,m>ke ( ,gottfri$ & ! ,m>k ( ,sw9burne are sc>cely m compreh5sible 9 _! conduct ?an ,wagn]'s ,m>ke4 ,9 ,gottfri$'s epic1 aft] ! k+ has repeat$ly s5t ! lov]s away & tak5 !m back aga91 he is f9ally conv9c$ ( _! guilt4 ,b be=e he takes action aga9/ ,tri/an1 ! latt] escapes4 ,9 ,sw9burne1 ,tri/ram is tak5 & l$ t[>ds ! *apel = trial4 ,on ! road he wr5*es a sword f ,moraunt's h&s1 kills him & t5 knights m1 leaps into ! sea f a cliff1 & escapes1 aid$ by ,g\v]nayle4 ,9 8 la/ act1 ,wagn] has proce$$ ) ! utmo/ fre$om1 z 9 all respects he _h a "r to d1 s9ce no au!ntic v]sion ( ! close ( ! leg5d has be5 pres]v$4 ,k>l ,simrock1 foll[+ ! old ,engli% ,sir ,tri/rem1 app5d$ to 8 translation into mod]n ,g]man ( ,gottfri$'s epic ! episode ( ,tri/an's life 9 ,brittany ) a second ,isolt1 call$ ,isolt ( ! ,:ite ,h&4 ,be+ l[ ) a w\nd receiv$ 9 combat1 ,tri/an s5ds = ! fir/ ,isolt1 caution+ 8 bro!r-9-law 7z geus caution$ ,!seus 9 ,greek /ory71 :o goes on ! mission1 to hoi/ :ite sails on return+ if successful1 black if n4 ,isolt ( ! ,:ite ,h&1 :o is wat*+ = ! return ( ! %ip1 mov$ by jeal\sy1 ann\nces t ! sails are black1 & ,tri/an dies j z ,isolt ent]s ! *amb]4 ,?is v]sion ,sw9burne foll[s1 b ,arnold adds a beautiful t\* to ! old leg5d by mak+ ! second ,iseult t5d h] husb& ) unfl9*+ love & unfail+ fidelity1 ev5 :ile %e awaits ! com+ ( h] rival4 ,arnold gives ,tri/ram & ! second ,iseult a family ( *ildr52 ,sw9burne keeps ! latt] a maid5 wife4 ,bay>d ,taylor1 9 writ+ ab\t ,gottfri$'s epic1 almo/ angrily refuses to believe t ,iseult ( ! ,:ite ,h& kill$ h] knight by ! falsehood ab\t ! sails4 ,wagn] saves himself ?is emb>rassm5t1 & ennobles 8 h]o by omitt+ ! second ,isolde f ! play altoge!r1 a proce$+ :i* n only br+s ! tale into great] sympa?y ) mod]n ideas ( love1 b also s]ves m>vell\sly to exalt ! passion ( ! lov]s4 ,,ii4 ,wagn] tells ! /ory ( ! trag$y 9 ?ree acts4 ,few dramas h s little to (f] 9 ! way ( action1 if by action we are to und]/& incid5t & div]sity ( situation4 ,at ,bayreu?1 9 ! summ] ( #ahhf1 ,mr4 ,seidl *>act]iz$ x v aptly z consi/+ 9 ea* ( its ?ree acts z m]ely prep>ation1 expectation & meet+ ( ! ill-/>r$ lov]s4 ,yet ,i d\bt n t _m w agree ) me1 t ! effect ( ! trag$y ^u a li/5] is t ( a play sur*>g$ ) significant occurr5ce4 ,! explanation ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t music :i* has a high degree ( emotional expressiv5ess makes u =get ! paucity ( ext]nal incid5t1 by div]t+ int]e/ f ext]nals to ! play ( passion go+ on 9 ! he>ts ( ! p]sonages4 ,?is play is pres5t$ to u fre$ f e ve/ige ( spectacul> integum5t 9 ! in/rum5tal prelude to ! drama4 ,i want to lay /ress on ?is /atem5t4 ,x is ! passion ( ! lov]s to :i* ! compos] wi%es to direct our att5tion at ! outset1 & to d ?is mo/ effectively he con/ructs 8 musical argum5t ( ! play out ( melodic phrases :i* h purely a psy*ological significance4 ,!re is consid]able music ( ! k9d t ,i w call sc5ic 9 ! score ( ,tri/an und ,isolde1 b none ( x is introduc$ 9 ! prelude1 :i* = t reason appeals mu* m directly to ! emotions & ! l(ty faculty ( imag9ation ?an x does to ! fancy4 ,x is true t ?is makes ! task ( analytical /udy m difficult1 b = ?is !re is comp5sation 9 ! fact t enjoym5t ( its beauties & appreh5sion ( its purposes d n require ! intellectual activity condition$ by a foll[+ ( its typical phrases ?r\gh ! web & wo( ( ! composition4 ,?is is *>act]i/ic ( ! entire score ( ! drama4 ,m ?an any o!r ( ! dramas ( ,wagn]1 ) ! possible exception ( ,die ,mei/]s+]1 x %[s ! spontaneity 9 arti/ic creation1 )\t :i* a real art-"w _c come into exi/5ce4 ,wagn] himself express$ a pref]5ce = ,tri/an ov] o!rs ( 8 works1 & bas$ x on ! solid gr\nd t 9 ! composition ( its score he _h proce$$ )\t ?\ght ( 8 own !ories2 9 o!r words1 he work$ spontane\sly & n reflectively4 ,! result is /rik+ly noticeable 9 ! fact t1 ?\gh !re are comp>atively few typical melodies 9 ! score1 "o is mu* less incl9$ to dissect x = ! pleasure :i* su* a process br+s ?an any o!r ( 8 scores4 ,! direct1 s5su\s1 & emotional appeal is suffici5t4 ,yet we "k t x is a p]fect & complete exemplification ( 8 !ories4 ,to come back to ! prelude3 ,an ard5t long+ = ! unatta9able2 a consum+ hung] ----:i* do? make ,! meat x fe$s on2 a desire t _c be qu5*$1 yet w n despair2 f9ally1 at ! l[e/ ebb ( ! sweet agony1 ! promise ( an end ( suff]+1 9 self-=getfulness1 oblivion1 annihilation ( individual id5tity1 & h5ce 9 a bl5d+ or union ( id5tity--^!1 accord+ to ,wagn]'s exposition & ! play itself1 are ! elem5ts :i* are prefigur$ 9 ! in/rum5tal introduction4 ,:at are _! musical symbols8 ,! fundam5tal !me ( ! drama1 ! k]nel ( its musical developm5t1 is ! phrase :i* we he> at ! beg9n+ ( ! prelude3 ,illu/ration3 score ,brief z ?is is1 x illu/rates "o /ep 9 ! melodic developm5t1 9 respect ( :i* ,tri/an und ,isolde is ,wagn]'s mo/ m>vell\s a*ievem5t4 ,x is a unit1 9 s f> z x /&s = ! passion ( ! pair1 9 bo? its aspects ( blissful long+ & inf9ite suff]+1 b x is nev]!less already complex4 ,x is two-voic$4 ,"o voice desc5ds *romatically1 ! o!r 7beg9n+ ) ! ?ird measure7 asc5ds by simil> degrees4 ,a figure l t us$ 9 music to indicate a cresc5do1 ,illu/ration pres5ts a symbol ( duality 9 unity = ! eye l t ( ?is phrase = ! e>4 ,h[ simple yet pr(\nd is ! idea t all ! conflict+ passions ( ! drama are "o 9 orig9 & 9 nature4 ,am ,i becom+ fanta/ical 9 ?9k+ t ,wagn] purpos$ t ?is philosophical concept %\ld be /at$ 9 ! basic mat]ial ( 8 music8 ,i ?9k n2 b if !re is a haunt+ fe> t way x may be dissipat$ by look+ a little fur!r into ! prelude4 ,aft] a brief developm5t ( ?is fir/ musical ?\ght by means ( repetition on v>i\s degrees ( ! scale & *anges ( in/rum5tal color1 two new phrases are rea*$4 ,! fir/3 ,illu/ration3 score foll[$ imm$iately by3 ,illu/ration3 score ,n[1 let u /op to note "s resemblances1 & f significant portions ( ! play d]ive a mean+ = our symbols4 ,9 ?is we _c be help$1 z we sometimes are1 by natural lik5esses4 ,^! melodies are n imitative or del9eative ( ext]nal ?+s2 !y are ! result ( ef=ts to give expression to s\l-/ates4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ,sc5e #e1 ,act ,i41 ! entrance ( ,tri/an is proclaim$ 9 a mann] t leaves no d\bt z to ! mean+ ( ! fir/ ( ! two phrases n[ "u inve/igation4 ,! melody !re appe>s ext5d$1 9 augm5tation1 z ! musicians say4 ,x /&s = ! h]o ( ! trag$y4 ,! g5esis ( ! love ( ,tri/an & ,isolde mu/ next be /udi$4 ,t love ant$at$ ! beg9n+ ( our trag$y4 ,isolde relates ! /ory ( its beg9n+ to h] maid4 ,disguis$ z a h>p]1 ,tri/an _h come to ,irel& to be heal$ ( a w\nd receiv$ 9 battle ) ,isolde's betro!d1 :om he _h kill$4 ,isolde nurs$ him1 b be=e he 0 completely re/or$ to heal? %e discov]$ t ! edge ( 8 sword 0 brok51 & t a spl9t] ( /eel tak5 f ! head ( h] dead lov] fitt$ into ! nick4 ,! slay] ( h] betro!d lay be=e h]4 ,%e rais$ ! sword to av5ge 8 dea?1 b z %e 0 ab\t to /rike1 ,tri/an turn$ 8 glance ^u h]4 ,he look$ n at ! ?reat5+ sword1 b into h] eyes1 & 9 a mom5t h] he>t 0 empty ( ang]4 ,hatr$ _h giv5 place to love4 ,note "h t :ile ,wagn] uses t silly app>atus ( m$ival romance1 ! philt]1 x is n z ! creator or provok] ( love2 t is born )\t ! aid ( magic o!r ?an ,nature's4 ,he look$ into my eyes1 says ,isolde1 & imm$iately ! t5d] second phrase is utt]$ by ! or*e/ra4 ,x is ?us t ?is phrase is id5tifi$ ) ! glance :i* ar\s$ ,isolde's love4 ,! mat]ial :i* has n[ be5 m>%all$ is practically all t is conta9$ 9 ! prelude2 b !re are two modifications ( ! fundam5tal phrase :i* ought to be notic$4 ,"o ( ^!1 frequ5tly treat$ responsively by ! in/rum5ts to build up a climax1 ,illu/ration3 score seems to depict ! gradual recognition by ! lov]s ( ! /ate into :i* ! potion has plung$ !m4 ,! o!r is a h>moniz$ inv]sion ( ! same figure1 ,illu/ration3 score to :i* an add$ "* is giv5 by ! jubilant asc5t ( ?irty-second notes1 & :i*1 f sev]al climactic portions ( ! drama1 we discov] to be significant ( ! lov]s' joyful defiance ( dea?--a s5tim5t :i* w be bett] und]/ood aft] ! philosophy ( ! trag$y has be5 /udi$4 ,wagn] has himself giv5 u an exposition ( ?is prelude4 ,9 "o ( 8 writ+s1 aft] rehe>s+ ! leg5d d[n to ! dr9k+ ( ! fateful potion1 he says3 ,n[ !re is no end to ! ye>n+1 ! long+1 ! delight1 & ! mis]y ( love4 ,_w1 might1 fame1 spl5dor1 honor1 knigh?ood1 tru?1 & fri5d%ip all vani% l a baseless dream4 ,only "o ?+ survives3 desire1 desire unqu5*able1 & ev] fre%ly manife/$ long+--?ir/ & ye>n+4 ,"o only r$emption3 dea?1 ! s9k+ into oblivion1 ! sleep f :i* !re is no awak+6 ,! musician :o *ose ?is !me = ! prelude to 8 love-drama1 z he felt t he 0 "h 9 ! b\ndless realm ( ! v elem5t ( music1 c\ld only h "o c>e3 h[ he %\ld set b\nds to 8 fancy2 = ! exhau/ion ( ! !me 0 impossible4 ,?us he took once = all ?is insatiable desire2 9 long-drawn acc5ts x surges up1 f its fir/ timid confession1 its s(te/ attraction1 ?r\gh ?robb+ sighs1 hope & pa91 lam5ts & wi%es1 delight & torm5t1 up to ! mightie/ onslaught1 ! mo/ p[]ful endeavor to f9d ! brea* :i* %all op5 to ! he>t ! pa? to ! ocean ( ! endless joy ( love4 ,9 va96 ,its p[] sp5t1 ! he>t s9ks back to ?ir/ ) desire1 ) desire unfulfill$1 z ea* fruition only br+s =? se$s ( fre% desire1 till1 at la/1 9 ! dep? ( its exhau/ion1 ! />t+ eye sees ! glimm]+ ( ! highe/ bliss ( atta9m5t4 ,x is ! ec/asy ( dy+1 ( ! surr5d] ( be+1 ( ! f9al r$emption into t wondr\s realm f :i* we w&] f>!/ :5 we /rive to take x by =ce4 ,%all we call ?is ,dea?8 ,is x n r ! wond]-_w ( ,night1 out ( :i*1 s says ! /ory1 ! ivy & ! v9e sprang =? 9 tight embrace o'er ! tomb ( ,tri/an & ,isolde8 ,,iii4 ,we are on bo>d a m$ival %ip )9 a few h\rs' voyage ( ,cornwall1 :i!r ,tri/an1 knight & vassal1 is be>+ ,isolde z bride ( ,k+ ,m>ke4 ,isolde is an ,iri% pr9cess1 daught] ( a que5 ( l "n ) h]self4 ,! fir/ sc5e discloses h] to be a woman ( mo/ tumultu\s passion4 ,he>+ ! *e]y song ( a sailor1 %e bur/s =? l a tempe/ & decl>es to h] maid1 ,brangne1 t %e w nev] set foot on ,cornwall's %ore4 ,%e deplores ! deg5]acy ( h] "m's sorc]y1 :i* c only brew balsamic potions in/ead ( comm&+ ! elem5ts2 & %e wildly invokes w9d & waves to da% ! %ip to pieces4 ,brangne pleads to "k ! cause ( h] mi/ress's disquiet--:at ,i h already relat$ ( ! previ\s meet+ betwe5 ! pr9cess & ,k+ ,m>ke's ambassador4 ,aft] tell+ ?is tale to ,brangne1 ,isolde s5ds ! maid to summon ,tri/an to h] pres5ce1 b ! knight refuses to leave ! helm until he has br\ght ! %ip into h>bor1 & 8 squire1 ,kurw5al1 inc5s$ at ! tone address$ by ! pr9cess to "o :o 9 8 eyes is ! greate/ ( h]oes1 z answ] to ! summons s+s a /ave ( a popul> ballad :i* rec\nts ! kill+ ( ,morold & ! lib]ation ( ,cornwall by 8 ma/]4 ,! refusal completes ! desp]ation ( ,isolde4 ,outrag$ love1 injur$ p]sonal & national pride 7= %e imag9es t he :o _h reliev$ ,cornwall f tribute to ,irel& 0 n[ gratify+ 8 ambition by br++ h] z ,irel&'s tribute to ,cornwall71 dete/ation ( a loveless m>riage to ,cornwall's we>y k+1 a ?\s& fi]ce b indef9able emotions are see?+ 9 h] he>t4 ,%e resolves to die1 & to drag ,tri/an d[n to dea? ) h]4 ,brangne unwitt+ly %[s ! way4 ,%e tries to quiet h] mi/ress's fe>s ( ! dang]s ( a loveless m>riage by tell+ h] ( a magic potion brew$ by ! que5-"m ) :i* %e w firmly atta* ,m>ke to 8 bride4 ,?us innoc5tly %e takes ! fir/ /ep t[>ds precipitat+ ! cata/rophe4 ,isolde dem&s to see ! casket ( magical philt]s1 & f9ds t x also conta9s a deadly poison4 ,kurw5al ent]s to ann\nce t ! %ip is 9 h>bor1 & ,tri/an desires h] to prep>e = ! l&+4 ,isolde s5ds back greet+s & a message t be=e %e w p]mit ! knight to escort h] be=e ! k+ he mu/ obta9 f h] =giv5ess = un=giv5 guilt4 ,tri/an obeys ?is second summons1 & 9 ju/ification ( 8 conduct 9 keep+ himself alo( dur+ ! voyage he1 ) great dignity1 pleads 8 duty t[>ds good morals1 cu/om1 & 8 k+4 ,isolde rem9ds him ( ! wrong done h] 9 ! slay+ ( h] lov] & h] "r to ! v5geance :i* once %e _h r5\nc$4 ,tri/an yields ! "r1 & (f]s h] 8 sword & brea/1 b ,isolde replies t %e _c appe> be=e ,k+ ,m>ke z ! slay] ( 8 =emo/ knight1 & proposes t he dr9k a cup ( reconciliation4 ,tri/an sees "o-half h] purpose1 & *ivalr\sly cons5ts to pl$ge h] 9 :at he kn[s to be poison4 ,isolde calls = ! cup :i* %e _h comm&$ ,brangne to prep>e1 & :5 ,tri/an has drunk "p ( its cont5ts %e wr5*es x f 8 h& & dra9s x to ! bottom4 ,?us !y meet _! doom1 :i* is n dea? & surcease ( sorr[1 b life & mis]y1 = ,brangne _h disobey$ h] mi/ress out ( h] love & mix$ a love-potion in/ead ( a dea? draught4 ,a mom5t ( bewild]m5t1 & ! two fat$ ones are 9 ea* o!r's arms1 p\r+ out an ec/asy ( passion2 !n ! maids ( honor robe ,isolde to receive ,k+ ,m>ke1 :o is com+ on bo>d to greet 8 bride4 ,^! are ! dramatic cont5ts ( ! fir/ act1 ^: musical inve/iture is n[ to be look$ at a little analytically4 ,at ! outset !re is an example ( ! skill ) :i* ,wagn] employs ! *>m ( contra/4 ,i h said t ! music ( ! prelude is n sc5ic--x aims at moods & passions1 n at pictures4 ,! drama op5s ) music ( ! o!r k9d4 ,z ! curta9 is )drawn we see )9 ! t5t erect$ = ,isolde on ! deck ( ! %ip4 ,hang+s conceal all else f view2 b ! fir/ music :i* we he> is ! voice ( an unse5 sailor at ! ma/-head1 :o s+s to ! w9ds t are bl[+ him away f 8 wild ,iri% swee!>t4 ,! melody has a mo/ ins9uat+ *>m1 especially its pr9cipal phrase3 ,illu/ration3 score ,!re is some?+ ( ! buoyant roll ( ! %ip & ! fre%ness ( sea-breezes ab\t x4 ,x plunges u at once into ! sc5ic situation1 puts u on %ipbo>d1 & helps u to %>e 9 ! pleasurable s5sations ( ! voyage to ,cornwall1 especially :51 a mom5t lat]1 x accompanies & amplifies ,brangne's acc\nt ( ! happy progress ( ! voyage4 ,sc>cely h we surr5d]$ ourselves to ?is pleasure1 h[ev]1 be=e ,isolde's outbur/ ( rage turns our att5tion f ! sc5es to ! p]sonages ( ! play4 ,:at 0 innoc5t delight to ! s+] & to u 7:o are n[ play+ sympa!tically along 9 ! drama7 has someh[ loos5$ an emotional tempe/ 9 ! he>t ( ! pass5g] mo/ conc]n$ 9 t voyage4 ,sudd5ly1 z we li/5 to h] imprecations1 ! :ole pa/ ( ! h]o9e is reveal$--%e /&s be=e u1 n ! inexp]i5c$1 unconc]n$ pr9cess ( ! o!r poems1 b a fully develop$ woman1 a furi\s woman1 a tragic h]o9e ripe = de/ruction4 ,x is a favorite device ( poets & musicians--( all creative arti/s1 inde$--to invite ,nature to take "p 9 ! play ( _! creations4 ,we ?9k a ?und]-/orm ! prop] accompanim5t ( a murd]1 & balmy sun%9e ( a w$d+4 ,"h ! breezy sea-music has provok$ a /orm ( passion1 & ! compos] p]mits ! enrag$ pr9cess to la% x into a fury4 ,to suit h] mood he invokes d>k cl\ds to obscure ! sun%9e ( its tonality1 s5ds h>% h>monies hurtl+ among ! simple *ords t s\nd$ its orig9al innoc5cy1 & /irs up a :irlw9d out ( its fir/ quiet movem5t4 ,b :51 a few mom5ts lat]1 ,isolde has *eck$ h] wild passion1 ! music settles back into its orig9al quietude1 & 9 "t ) its measur$ pulsations we see ! sailors pull+ ^u ! %ip's tackle4 ,n[ x s+s its ,yo-heave-ho6 z decor\sly z any %anty-song4 ,i h ref]r$ to ! duality 9 unity ( ! fundam5tal idea 9 ! music ( ! drama4 ,a /udy ( ! sc5e 9 :i* ,isolde resolves ^u ! d\ble crime ( murd] & suicide w disclose h[ relation 9 ?\ght1 emotion1 & dramatic motive is express$ by relation 9 musical symbol4 ,! symbol ( long+ conta9$ 9 ! fundam5tal phrase %[s asc5t 9 *romatic degrees4 ,obs]ve1 n[1 t 9 ,act ,i41 ,sc5e #c1 ! suff]+s ( ! w\nd$ ,tri/an are depict$ 9 a !me compos$ :olly ( desc5d+ half-/eps1 ,illu/ration3 score & note1 too1 t ! clos+ cad5ce ( ! %ort phrase :i* /&s = ! love-glance is a d[nw>d leap ( sev5 degrees4 ,9 ?is phrase1 z we fir/ he> x1 !re is mu* t5d]ness & g5tle happ9ess2 b 9 ! glance !re 0 ! phantom ( t ,life-9-,dea? :o won ,col]idge's ,anci5t ,m>9] f ! grisly skeleton 9 _! awful game ( dice4 ,?\gh we d n suspect x1 at fir/1 t d[nw>d leap ( a sev5? is an om9\s symbol--! symbol ( ,fate1 :i* might h be5 he>d "u ! ye>n+ voices ( ! prelude1 & is n[ proclaim$ by ! gloomy basses 9 ! sc5e :]e9 ,isolde selects ! poison f ! casket ( philt]s :i* h] "m _h giv5 9 *>ge ( ,brangne3 ,illu/ration3 score ,!re is ano!r phrase ( tragic puissance ) :i* we mu/ n[ get acqua9t$4 ,at ! fir/ glance :i* ,isolde ?r[s ^u ,tri/an1 motionless at ! helm ( ! %ip1 :5 ! curta9s are p>t$ to p]mit ! maid to summon ! knight into ! pres5ce ( ! pr9cess1 ?is phrase publi%es h] dreadful det]m9ation to seek rev5ge = outrag$ love 9 murd] & suicide4 ,x is ! symbol ( dea?1 ^: relation%ip to ! symbol ( fate w easily be recogniz$3 ,illu/ration3 score ,dea?444 de - vot - ed head6 ,its om9\s expressiv5ess1 ap>t f in/rum5tal color1 :i* _c be reproduc$ on ! pian(orte1 comes f ! sudd5 & unprep>$ *ange ( key f ,a-flat to ,a4 ,! culm9at+ sc5e 9 ! drama is t :i* br+s ! fir/ act to a close--! meet+ ( ,tri/an & ,isolde1 & ! dr9k+ ( ! potion4 ,9 ?is sc5e ! device ( introduc+ *e]ful & excit+ sailors' music to height5 ! int5sity ( a dramatic climax is us$ ) peculi>ly />tl+ effect4 ,x produces a m>vell\s illusion by ! sudd5ness ( its entrance1 its %>p int]ruption ( ! tragic music expressive ( ! s\l-torm5ts ( ! pr9cipal p]sonages1 & ! unprep>$ transition f ! spectacle ( doom$ humanity to ! joy-inspir+ aspect ( nature4 ,an almo/ equally notewor?y effect is ! or*e/ral proclamation ( ,tri/an 9 8 "* z a fully-develop$ tragic h]o4 ,obs]ve h[1 by augm5t+ ! simple phrase1 ! or*e/ra increases ! /ature ( ! knight2 b note also h[1 ?\gh he looms up 9 ,isolde's door-way l a demi-god clad 9 /eel & brass1 a knight capable ( ov]?r[+ ! *oice/ spirits ( ,ar?ur's ,r\nd ,table1 & scatt]+ ?irty ( ,k+ ,m>ke's knights1 ! fateful h>monies 9 _! *romatic desc5t 7:i* h _! model 9 ! melody ( ! w\nd$ ,tri/an7 publi% 8 doom ) a prophetic =cefulness t _c be misund]/ood4 ,!re is 9 ?is sc5e1 also1 a peculi>ly eloqu5t example ( ! mann] 9 :i* ,wagn] p]mits ! music to publi% hidd5 mean+s 9 ! text4 ,:ile ,brangne1 obey+ h] mi/ress's behe/1 is prep>+ ! fatal draught1 ! gladsome noise ( ! sailors is he>d f )\t4 ,! %ip is ent]+ ! h>bor4 ,tri/an1 :o is brood+ ov] ,isolde's dem& t he dr9k a dr9k ( expiation = ! slay+ ( ,morold1 sudd5ly ar\ses himself4 ,:]e are we8 he asks4 ,ne> ! goal1 answ]s ,isolde4 ,:at goal does %e mean8 ,cornwall1 ! goal ( ! voyage8 ,ah1 no6 ,! music tells u2 ! words are sung to ! dea?-phrase4 ,,iv4 ,wagn]'s skill 9 plung+ 8 li/5]s into ! mood ess5tial to ! prop] reception ( 8 drama has no bright] illu/ration ?an ,tri/an und ,isolde4 ,! passionate /ress & pr(\nd melan*oly :i* m>k all t really belongs to ! /ory are prefigur$ = u 9 ! prelude4 ,t /ory is m ?an n9e-t5?s told 9 ! fir/ act4 ,! music t is introduc$ to give relief to ! m9d1 & also to height5 ! tragic effect by means ( contra/1 is ! music t is relat$ to ! sc5e :i* is ! !atre ( ! outw>d action1 or to ! p]sonages ( ! play :o be> no "p 9 ! real trag$y :i*1 z ,i h already intimat$1 plays on ! /age ( ! lov]s' he>ts4 ,^! comp>atively inactive p]sons :o s]ve z foils are ! "y seaman :o s+s at ! ma/-head1 ! sailors1 ! %eph]d :o ent]s 9 ! la/ act1 & ,kurw5al1 ! squire4 ,kurw5al1 rugg$ yet t5d]1 amiable & picturesque1 g5tle z a woman at core1 %>es 9 ! bright1 fl[+1 rhy?mically vigor\s music :i* tells ( unfett]$ breezes1 heav+ bill[s1 & popul> pride2 :ile to ,tri/an & ,isolde is giv5 ! music made out ( ! few phrases :i*1 z !y unfold !mselves ov] & ov] aga9 9 an inf9ite v>iety ( comb9ations & ) cont9ually *ang+ in/rum5tal color1 br+ to our consci\sness 9 a wond]fully vivid mann] ! torm5ts :i* are consum+ !m4 ,9 ! introduction to ! second act we h ano!r mood picture--a picture ( ! long+ & impati5ce ( ! lov]s2 b ?is idea is pres5t$ ) su* peculi> eloqu5ce & beauty 9 ! fir/ sc5e t ,i pref] to pass ov] ! in/rum5tal introduction ) ?is b>e ref]5ce4 ,i am n attempt+ a dissection ( e sc5e2 my purpose w be atta9$ if ,i c sugge/ ! ?+s :i* be/ indicate ! mood 9 :i* x is well to li/51 & give />t+-po9ts to ! imag9ation4 ,! second act diff]s f ! fir/ 9 t x is all b actionless4 ,9 x1 h[ev]1 is pres5t$ ! cata/rophe ( ! trag$y--! discov]y ( ! guilt ( ! ill-/>r$ lov]s by ,k+ ,m>ke4 ,! sc5e is a g>d5 be=e ,que5 ,isolde's *amb]2 ! "t1 a lovely night 9 summ]4 ,a tor* burns 9 a r+ beside ! door lead+ f ! *amb] into ! g>d54 ,! ,k+ has gone a-hunt+1 & z ! curta9 rises ! tones ( ! hunt+ horns dy+ away 9 ! di/ance bl5d entranc+ly ) an in/rum5tal song f ! or*e/ra1 :i* seems a musical sublimation ( night & nature 9 _! t5d]e/ moods4 ,isolde appe>s ) ,brangne1 & pleads ) h] to ext+ui% ! tor* & ?us give a signal to ,tri/an1 :o is wait+ 9 concealm5t4 ,b ,brangne suspects trea*]y on ! "p ( ,melot1 a knight :o is jeal\s ( ,tri/an & himself enam\r$ ( ,isolde1 & :o _h plann$ ! nocturnal hunt4 ,%e w>ns h] mi/ress & begs h] to wait4 ,9 _! dialogue !re is lovely f5c+ ) ! incid5t ( ! vani%+ s\nds ( ! hunt l ,%akespe>e's dalliance ) night+ale & l>k1 9 ,romeo & ,juliet4 ,beauty re/s ^u ?is sc5e l a b5$iction4 ,to ,isolde ! horns are b ! ru/l+ ( ! =e/ leaves z !y are c>ess$ by ! w9d1 or ! purl+ & laugh+ ( ! brook4 ,long+ has eat5 up all pati5ce1 all discretion1 all fe>4 ,%e ext+ui%es ! tor* 9 spite ( ,brangne's plead+s1 & ) wildly wav+ sc>f beckons on h] hurry+ lov]4 ,b5ea? ! foliage !y s+ _! love ?r\gh all ! gamut ( hope & despair4 ,! text ( _! duet consi/s l>gely ( deta*$ ejaculations & v]bal plays1 ea* p>aphras+ & v>y+ or giv+ a new turn to ! outp\r+ ( ! o!r1 ! :ole p]meat$ ) ! symbolism ( pessimi/ic philosophy1 9 :i* night & dea? & oblivion 7:i* h _! symbols 9 ! music7 are glorifi$1 & day & life 7:i* also h _! symbols7 & memory are contemn$4 ,!re is transport+ music 9 ! duet1 & _m evid5ces t 9 x ,wagn] wrote & compos$ ) trem5d\s en?usiasm1 v]itably ) a p5 ( fire4 ,9 ! dialogue ( ?is sc5e lies ! key ( ! entire philosophy ( ! trag$y4 ,we ought to "k ?is1 b we d n ne$ to ju/ify x4 ,if ,i 7 to indulge 9 ! unnecess>y luxury ( criticism1 ,i %\ld sugge/ t pessimi/ic philosophy transmitt$ ?r\gh v]bal plays :i* are c>ri$ f> beyond ! limits ( reason1 if n to ! v]ge ( *ildi%ness1 is n good dramatic matt]1 & half an h\r ( x is too mu*4 ,sw9burne1 :o repeat$ly makes use ( metaphors & ?\ghts :i* tempt "o to believe t he made a /udy ( ,wagn]'s drama1 also attempts a dalliance ) ! images ( night & day :i* fill s _m ( ,wagn]'s pages1 b ) a diff]5ce1 & 8 ,iseult1 unlike ! ,g]man ,isolde1 *ecks ,tri/ram's song :]e9 he asks3 ,love1 is x day t makes !e ?y delight1 ,or ?\ t see/ day made out ( ?y light8 by calmly obs]v+1 ,i h he>d m5 s+ ( love a simpl] way ,?an ^! wr\ght riddles made ( night & day4 ,i h said t we ought to "k some?+ ( ! philosophy ( ! trag$y4 ,9 ,wagn]'s exposition ( ! prelude he wi%es u to obs]ve ! "o glimm]+ ( ! highe/ bliss ( atta9m5t 9 ! surr5d] ( be+1 ! f9al r$emption into t wondr\s realm f :i* we w&] f>!/ :5 we try to take x by =ce4 ,= ?is wondr\s realm he *ooses dea? & night z symbols1 b :at he means to imply is ! ,nirvana ( ,buddhi/ic philosophy1 ! f9al deliv]ance ( ! s\l f transmigration4 ,nirvana is ! anti!sis ( ,sansra4 ,sansra1 ! _w1 means turmoil & v>iety1 & ea* new transmigration means ano!r relapse into ! mis]ies ( exi/5ce4 ,! love ( ,tri/an & ,isolde pres5ts itself to ,wagn] z ceaseless /ruggle & endless contradiction1 & = su* a problem !re is b "o solution--total oblivion4 ,nirvana is ! only conception :i* (f]s a happy outcome to su* love2 x means quietude & id5tity4 ,! duet is rudely int]rupt$ 9 its mom5t ( supreme/ ec/asy by a w>n+ cry f ,brangne4 ,kurw5al da%es 9 ) a sword & a %\t3 ,save ?yself1 ,tri/an6 ,k+ ,m>ke1 ,melot1 & c\rti]s at 8 heels4 ,day1 ! symbol ( all t is fatal to _! love1 has dawn$4 ,tri/an is sil5t1 ?\gh ,k+ ,m>ke1 9 a long spee*1 bewails ! trea*]y ( 8 nephew & fri5d4 ,mu* ridicule has be5 p\r$ out on ?is sc5e1 :i* ! ord9>y !atre-go] f9ds dramatically disappo9t+4 ,!re c be no "q t ! popul> s5tim5t is bett] express$ by ,t5nyson1 9 ! correspond+ sc5e 9 8 poem1 ,! ,la/ ,t\rnam5t3 ,b :ile he b['d to kiss ! jewell'd ?roat1 ,out ( ! d>k1 j z ! lips _h t\*'d1 ,beh9d him rose a %ad[ & a %riek-- ',m>k's way1' said ,m>k1 & clove him ?ro' ! bra94 ,"o ne$ n be an advocate to say t ?\gh ,m>ke's s]moniz+ may be !atrically disappo9t+1 x (f]s 9 itself a complete def5ce ( its propriety4 ,f ! words ( ! he>t-torn k+ we le>n t he _h be5 =c$ into ! m>riage by ! di/urb$ /ate ( 8 k+dom1 & t he _h n cons5t$ to x until ,tri/an 7^: purpose x 0 to quiet ! jeal\s ang] ( ! b>ons7 _h ?reat5$ to dep>t f ,cornwall unless ! ,k+ revok$ 8 decision to make him 8 successor4 ,tri/an's answ] to ! sorr[ful upbraid+s ( ,m>ke is to obta9 a promise f ,isolde to foll[ him into ! wondr\s realm ( ,night2 !n 7note ?is z be>+ on ! e?ics ( ! drama71 see+ t ,m>ke did n wield ! sword ( retribution1 he makes a fe9t ( attack+ ,melot1 b p]mits ! trea*]\s fri5d to rea* him ) 8 sword4 ,he falls w\nd$ unto dea?4 ,v4 ,! dignifi$1 res]v$ knight ( ! fir/ act1 ! impassion$ lov] ( ! second1 is n[ a dream-haunt$1 long+1 despair+1 dy+ man1 ly+ "u a lime-tree 9 ! y>d ( 8 ance/ral ca/le 9 ,brittany1 wa/+ 8 la/ bit ( /r5g? 9 fev]i% fancies & ard5t long+s t\*+ ,isolde4 ,kurw5al has s5t = h]4 ,w %e come8 ,a %eph]d tells ( va9 wat*es = ! sight ( a sail by play+ a m\rnful melody on 8 pipe4 ,:at a va/ expanse ( empty sea is op5$ to our view by ! asc5d+ passages 9 long-drawn ?irds6 ,h[ vividly we are made to realize ! ebb+ away ( ,tri/an's vital p[]s6 ,9 ! music ( ?is act1 if any:]e 9 ! creations ( ,wagn]1 we are lift$ above ! necessity ( seek+ significances4 ,ev5 ! pian(orte c speak ! language ( ?is act4 ,!re is n "o measure 9 x :i* does n tell its /ory 9 a mann] :i* puts m]e words to %ame4 ,oh1 ! he>t-hung] ( ! h]o6 ,! long+6 ,w %e nev] come8 ,! fev] is consum+ him1 & 8 heat$ bra9 bre$s fancies :i* "o mom5t lift him above all memories ( pa91 & ! next br+ him to ! v]ge ( madness4 ,cool+ breezes waft him aga9 t[>ds ,irel&1 ^: pr9cess heal$ ! w\nd /ruck by ,morold1 !n ripp$ x up aga9 ) ! av5g+ sword ) its telltale nick4 ,f h] h&s he took ! dr9k ^: poison se>s 8 he>t4 ,accurs$ ! cup & accurs$ ! h& t brew$ x6 ,w ! %eph]d nev] *ange 8 doleful /ra98 ,ah1 ,isolde1 h[ beautiful y are6 ,! %ip1 ! %ip6 ,x mu/ be 9 sight6 ,kurw5al1 h y no eyes8 ,isolde's %ip6 ,a m]ry tune bur/s f ! %eph]d's pipe4 ,x is caught up by ! or*e/ra & :irl$ away on an ocean ( excit$ s\nd4 ,x is ! %ip6 ,:at flag flies at ! peak8 ,! flag ( ,all's well6 ,n[ ! %ip disappe>s beh9d a cliff4 ,!re ! break]s are trea*]\s4 ,:o is at ! helm8 ,fri5d or foe8 ,melot's accomplice8 ,are y1 too1 a traitor1 ,kurw5al8 ,tri/an's /r5g? is unequal to ! excitem5t ( ! mom5t4 ,8 m9d becomes daz$4 ,he he>s ,isolde's voice1 & 8 w&]+ fancy trans=ms x into ! tor* ^: ext9ction once summon$ him to h] side3 ,d ,i he> ! light8 ,he /agg]s to 8 feet & te>s ! b&ages f 8 w\nd4 ,ha1 my blood1 fl[ m]rily n[6 ,%e :o op5$ ! w\nd is "h to heal x6 ,life endures b = "o embrace1 "o glance1 "o ^w--,isolde6--:i* is borne to h] e>s by ! sadly sweet phrase1 typical ( ! fir/ glance ( love--! ^w & tones :i* fir/ he _h utt]$ aft] ! potion _h made him =get all b 8 love4 ,:ile ,isolde lies mortally /rick5 ^u ,tri/an's corpse1 ,m>ke & 8 tra9 arrive ^u a second %ip4 ,brangne has told ! secret ( ! love-draught1 & ! k+ has come to unite ! lov]s4 ,b 8 purpose is n kn[n1 & fai?ful ,kurw5al receives 8 dea?-bl[ :ile try+ to hold ! ca/le aga9/ ,m>ke's m54 ,he dies at ,tri/an's side4 ,isolde1 unconsci\s ( all ^! happ5+s1 s+s out h] brok5 he>t & expires4 ,& ere h] e> might he>1 h] he>t _h he>d1 ,nor s\ght %e sign = witness ( ! ^w2 ,b came & /ood above him1 newly dead1 ,& felt 8 dea? ^u h]3 & h] head1 ,b[$1 z to rea* ! spr+ t slakes all dr\?2 ,& _! f\r lips became "o sil5t m\?4 ,,vi4 ,! /ory ( ,tri/an & ,isolde1 z x 0 sung by ! m9/rel knights ( ! ,middle ,ages1 is a picture ( *ivalry 9 its palmy days4 ,we ne$ to be> ?is 9 m9d :5 we approa* ! e?ical side ( ,wagn]'s v]sion4 ,9 ! music ( ! love duet & ,isolde's dea? lies1 p]haps1 ! mo/ p[]ful plea ev] made = ! guilty lov]s4 ,no "o w /ray f> f ! judgm5t :i* ! future w pron\nce on ,wagn]'s creations1 ,i imag9e1 :o sets d[n ,isolde's swan's song z ! *oice/ fl[] ( ,wagn]'s creative faculty1 ! culm9ation ( 8 p[]s z a compos]4 ,i d n believe t ! purify+ & ennobl+ capacity ( music 0 ev] be=e or s9ce demon/rat$ z x is "h4 ,:ile li/5+ to ?is tonal beatification1 x is difficult to he> ! voice ( reason pron\nc+ ! judgm5t ( outrag$ law4 ,yet x is "r t t voice %\ld be he>d4 ,x is due to ! poet-compos] t x %\ld be he>d4 ,wagn]'s attitude t[>ds ! old leg5d diff]s va/ly f t ( ! poets :o prec$$ him 9 treat+ x4 ,9 ! days ( *ivalry depict$ by ,gottfri$ von ,/rassburg & ! o!r m$ival poets :o h sung ! passion ( ^! lov]s1 ! odor :i* assails our moral s5se z ! odor ( dea? & decay 0 e/eem$ ! sweete/ inc5se t arose f a poet's c5s]4 ,read ! ,wa*tli$] ( ! ,g]man ,m9nes+]4 ,! ,g]man ,wa*tli$1 ! ,prov5al alba1 is ! song sung by ! squire or fri5d wat*+ )\t1 w>n+ ! lov]s to sep>ate4 ,brangne's song 9 ! second act is su* a ,wa*tli$4 ,read ! decisions ( ! ,c\rts ( ,love1 :i* gov]n$ ! actions ( *ivalr\s knigh?ood :5 *ivalry 0 at its z5i?4 ,aga9 & aga9 0 x proclaim$ by ^! tribunals t conjugal duty %ut out ! possibility ( love betwe5 husb& & wife4 ,9 ! economy ( feudal ca/le life !re 0 no provision = wom54 ,! place 0 ! domicile ( w>riors4 ,daught]s ( ! "l ( ! ca/le 7 m>ri$ (f 9 *ildhood4 ,:o1 !n1 c\ld be ! object ( knightly love8 ,! answ] is n f> to seek4 ,! s]vice ( woman to :i* m$ival knigh?ood 0 devot$1 ! s]vice :i* is celebrat$ 9 words :i* we c sc>cely accept1 except z wilde/ hyp]bole1 0 ! s]vice paid to ano!r man's wife4 ,& ! fact t ! knight himself _h a wife 0 n a h9d]ance b an inc5tive to ! s]vice :i* 0 ! occupation ( 8 life4 ,n[ ?9k = a mom5t on ,wagn]'s modification ( ! ,tri/ram leg5d4 ,f x he elim9ates ! second ,iseult4 ,8 h]o _c contract a loveless m>riage1 & at "o /roke "o elem5t 9 ! attitude ( ! sexes :i* appe>s /range1 unnatural1 & %ock+ to u1 is wip$ f ! /ory4 ,! v]sions ( ,gottfri$ von ,/rassburg1 ,mat!w ,arnold1 ,sw9burne1 ,t5nyson1 & ,wagn] pres5t ?ree po9ts ( view f :i* ! love ( ! tragic pair mu/ be /udi$4 ,) ! fir/ ?ree ! dr9k+ is purely accid5tal1 & ! passion :i* leads to ! de/ruction ( ! lov]s is some?+ = :i* !y are 9 no wise responsible4 ,) ,t5nyson !re is no philt]1 & ! passion is all guilty4 ,) ,wagn] ! love exi/s be=e ! dreadful dr9k+1 & ! potion is less a mak] ( uncontrollable passion ?an a dr9k :i* causes ! lov]s to =get duty1 honor1 & ! respect due to ! laws ( society4 ,x is a favorite idea ( ,wagn]'s t ! h]o ( trag$y %\ld be a type ( humanity fre$ f all ! bonds ( conv5tionality4 ,x is unque/ionable 9 my m9d t 9 8 s*eme we are to accept ! love-potion z m]ely ! ag5cy ) :i* ,wagn] /ruck f 8 h]o ! %ackles ( conv5tion4 ,unque/ionably1 z ,bay>d ,taylor argu$1 ! love-draught is ! ,fate ( ! ,tri/an drama1 & ?is br+s into notice ! significance ( ,wagn]'s *ief v>iation4 ,x is an old !ory1 too (t5 ov]look$ n[1 t !re mu/ be at lea/ a ta9t ( guilt 9 ! conduct ( a tragic h]o 9 ord] t ! feel+ ( pity excit$ by 8 suff]+s may n ov]come ! idea ( ju/ice 9 ! cata/rophe4 ,?is !ory 0 pla9ly an outgr[? ( ! deep religi\s purpose ( ! ,greek trag$y4 ,wagn] puts antec$5t & consci\s guilt at ! door ( bo? 8 h]oic *>act]s4 ,!y love be=e ! philt]1 & d n pay ! rev]5ce to ! passion :i*1 9 ! highe/ conception1 x comm&s4 ,tri/an is c>ri$ away by love ( p[] & glory be=e m51 & himself sugge/s & compels by 8 ?reats ,m>ke's m>riage1 :i* is a crime aga9/ ! love :i* he be>s ,isolde & %e be>s him4 ,!re is guilt en\gh 9 ,isolde's det]m9ation & ef=t to commit murd] & suicide4 ,?us ,wagn] pres5ts u ! idea ( ,fate 9 ! late/ & highe/ aspect t x assum$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,greek poets1 & he ar\ses our pity & our horror1 n only by ! suff]+s ( ! pr9cipals1 b also by mak+ an innoc5t & amiable prompt+ to und]lie ! action :i* br+s d[n ! cata/rophe4 ,x is ,brangne's love = h] mi/ress t p]suades h] to %ield h] f ! crime ( murd] & protect h] life4 ,f :atev] po9t ( view ! "q is treat$1 x seems to me t ,wagn]'s v>iation is an improvem5t on ! old leg5d1 & t ! objection1 :i* ,g]man critics h urg$1 t ! love ( ! pair is m]ely a *emical product1 & s1 outside ( human sympa?y1 falls to ! gr\nd4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,die ,,mei/]s+] ,,von ,n,,rnb]g4 ,once ^u a "t--if ,i 7 dispos$ to be circum/antial ,i w\ld say 9 ! e>ly summ] ( ! ye> ( our ,"l #aefj1 = x 0 ! ye> ( ,hans ,sa*s' wid[]hood--,veit ,pogn]1 desir+ to honor ! craft ( ! ma/]-s+]s 9 ,nuremb]g1 to ^: guild he belong$1 (f]$ a r>e prize z ! rew>d ( ! victor 9 a s++ conte/ to be held on ,/4 ,john's ,day4 ,pogn] 0 a ri* silv]smi? :o _h travell$ mu*1 :o _h lov$ ! arts ( song & song-mak+1 & ^: pride _h be5 hurt by ! discov]y t ! g5try & nobility ( ! ,g]man nation affect$ to despise ! humble burgh] = 8 too great devotion to money-gett+1 unm9dful ( ! fact1 :i* ,pogn] knew full well1 t :at !re 0 ( art-love & devotion & tal5t 0 possess$ & enc\rag$ by ! common p4 ,x 0 = ?is reason t he resolv$ to /imulate a supreme ef=t 9 ! =m ( art :i* mo/ int]e/$ him1 & ! prize :i* he (f]$ 0 no?+ less ?an 8 only *ild ,eva 9 m>riage1 ) all 8 great weal? z a d[ry4 ,b ,eva1 dutiful 9 ! ma9 if r =w>d & self-will$1 0 little incl9$ to be be/[$ z a prize unless %e _h ! pick+ ( ! w9n]4 ,! fact is1 %e _h lo/ h] he>t to a h&some "y knight f ,franconia--9 ! c\rse ( a flirtation c>ri$ on dur+ div9e s]vice1 ,i regret to say--& _h told him s 9 a some:at impetu\s mann]1 sc>cely consi/5t ) mod]n notions on ! subject ( "y wom5's behavior4 ,%e _h n ?\ght x necess>y to take h] fa!r into h] confid5ce1 & s ! "y ,franconian knight1 :o _h come to ,nuremb]g to repair 8 =tunes1 0 r$uc$ to ! extremity ( ent]+ ! ,guild ( ma/]-s+]s1 s t he might be qualifi$ to g into ! competition on ! morr[4 ,a trial ( c&idates = admission to ! guild _h be5 ann\nc$ = t v day aft] div9e s]vice1 & ,wal!r von ,/olz+ 7t 0 ! "y knight's "n7 ent]$ ! li/s4 ,b1 alas6 he knew no?+ ( ! code ( laws :i* gov]n$ ! /ructure ( ma/]-songs & prescrib$ ! ?irty-two (f5ces :i* mu/ n be committ$4 ,nor did he c\nt on ! fact t ! adjudicator :o w\ld keep tally ( 8 violations ( ^? laws w\ld be ,sixtus ,beckmess]1 ! t[n-cl]k1 ^: long+ glances 7 also turn$ 9 ,eva's direction--or1 at lea/1 t[>ds h] fa!r's gold4 ,he w5t into ! conte/ tru/+ to ! inspiration ( 8 love & 8 memory ( ! _s :i* brea!s ?r\gh ! songs ( t ard5t old nature-lov]1 ,wal!r von d] ,vogelweide1 :om ! ma/]-s+]s c\nt$ among ! f\nd]s ( _! guild1 to c>ry him ?r\gh4 ,:5 ! "t came = him to improvise a song :i* 0 to det]m9e :e!r or n he 0 fit to be a ma/]-s+]1 he sang3 n[ p\r+ out an ec/asy ( feel+1 & anon scor*+ ) scornful allusions ! jeal\s p$ant beh9d ! judge's curta94 ,9 a bur/ ( en?usiasm he rose f ! *air 9 :i* ! code requir$ ! s+] to sit1 & ?is complet$ 8 discomfiture4 ,hans ,sa*s1 :o1 z he us$ to say1 0 %oemak] & poet1 too1 inde$ _h recogniz$ evid5ces ( g5ius 9 ! song1 & its newness ( /yle & indiff]5ce to anci5t =mula seem$ to him to weigh little z aga9/ its fre%ness & eloqu5ce & ardor4 ,b ,sa*s c\ld n prev5t judgm5t go+ aga9/ ! s+]4 ,t night ! "y c\ple resolv$ to elope & seek _! happ9ess outside ! code ( laws ( ! ,ma/]-s+]s1 b 7 int]rupt$ by ! circum/ance t ,sa*s1 haunt$ by ! song ( ! knight ^: cause he _h esp\s$1 0 unable to sleep1 & _h resolv$ to f9i% a pair ( %oes ord]$ by ,beckmess]4 ,sa*s 0 k9dly dispos$ t[>ds ! lov]s1 b he _h a /rong s5se ( ! duty due to p>5ts4 ,he saw ! pair 9 ! %ad[ ( a tree :ile he 0 mus+ on ! occurr5ces ( ! day1 & suspect$ _! purpose1 z1 inde$1 he well might1 = ,eva _h *ang$ h] head-dress = t ( h] maid1 ,magdal5a4 ,z if )\t special purpose1 he drew 8 b5* to ! door1 & ?rew a ray ( light across ! /reet1 ?r\gh :i* !y w\ld be oblig$ to pass4 ,9 ano!r mom5t ! malici\s t[n-cl]k appe>$ on ! sc5e ) a lute4 ,he _h come to s]5ade ,eva1 9 ! hope ( mak+ an impression :i* w\ld be useful to him on ! morr[1 = x _h be5 /ipulat$ t ?\gh ! w9n] ( ! prize mu/ be a ma/]-s+]1 yet ,eva 0 to h a voice 9 ! decision4 ,:ile ,magdal5a took h] place at ! w9d[ to delude ,beckmess] ) ! belief t 8 s]5ade 0 be+ li/5$ to by its object1 ,sa*s int]rupt$ ! malici\s cl[n by lu/ily %\t+ a song z he cobbl$ at ! b5*1 plead+ 9 ext5uation1 :5 ,beckmess] remon/rat$ ) him1 t he mu/ f9i% ! %oes1 = want ( :i* ,beckmess] _h twitt$ him at ! meet+ 9 ,/4 ,ca!r9e's ,*ur* a few h\rs be=e4 ,f9ally1 hav+ r$uc$ ! boor to ! v]ge ( di/raction1 ,sa*s agre$ to li/5 to 8 s]5ade1 provid$ he 7 all[$ ! privilege ( play+ adjudicator & m>k+ ! errors ( composition by /rik+ 8 lap/one4 ,! errors 7 n few1 &1 z y may imag9e1 ea* critical tap ?rew ,beckmess] into m ( a rage1 until he lo/ 8 head altoge!r1 & ,sa*s beat su* a tattoo on 8 lap/one t he _h f9i%$ 8 "w :5 ,beckmess] came to ! end ( 8 song1 :i*1 we may believe1 0 comical en\gh4 ,& n[1 to complete ,beckmess]'s mis]y1 ,david1 an appr5tice ( ,sa*s' & ,magdal5a's swee!>t1 ?9k+ t ! s]5ade _h be5 int5d$ = h]1 began to belabor ! s+] ) a club2 ! hubbub call$ ! neighbors into ! /reet1 &1 z _m ( !m bore little grudges aga9/ ea* o!r1 !y took occasion to fe$ !m all fat4 ,a "r m]ry brawl 0 9 progress :5 ! wat*man's horn 0 he>d4 ,quick z a fla% ! brawl]s disappe>$1 & :5 ! sleepy old wat*man ent]$ ! /reet none ( ! peace di/urb]s 0 to be se52 ! old ,dogb]ry />$ ab\t him 9 amazem5t1 rubb$ 8 eyes1 sang ! monoton\s *ant :i* told ! h\r & caution$ ! burgh]s aga9/ spooks1 & walk$ (f 9 ! peaceful moonlight4 ,next morn+ ,wal!r1 :o _h be5 tak5 9 by ,sa*s1 sang ! recital ( a dream :i* _h enri*$ 8 sleep4 ,x 0 z beautiful 9 ! tell+ z 9 ! exp]i5ce1 & ,sa*s transcrib$ x1 punctuat+ ! pauses ) bits ( advice :i* enabl$ ,wal!r easily to ?r[ x into ! =m ( a ma/]-song :i* w\ld pass ! mu/] ev5 ( ! p$antic code1 ?\gh a few lib]ties 7 tak5 9 ! matt] ( melody4 ,:ile ,sa*s 0 abs5t f 8 %op to don clo!s meet = ! com+ fe/ivities1 ,beckmess] came 9 & f\nd ! song1 :i* he convey$ to 8 own pocket4 ,sa*s1 return+1 discov]$ ! !ft1 & gave ! song to ! ?ief1 :o1 kn[+ ,sa*s' great tal5t 9 composition1 secur$ a promise f him n to claim x z 8 own1 & to p]mit him to s+ x at ! conte/4 ,?is suit$ ,sa*s' purposes admirably4 ,a few h\rs lat] all ! good p ( ,nuremb]g 7 ga!r$ on ! mead[ j outside ! walls1 :i* 0 _! cu/om>y place ( m]rymak+4 ,! guilds 7 !re--! cobbl]s & tailors & bak]s & toy-mak]s--,god bless 'em6--) trumpet]s & drumm]s & pip]s1 & hundr$s ( spruce appr5tices2 & ! ma/]-s+]s ) _! bann] & insignia1 head$ by ,sa*s4 ,beckmess] 0 !re1 too1 ) ! words ( ,wal!r's song :irl+ 9 a hopeless maze 9 8 addl$ pate4 ,he tri$ to s+ x1 b made a mon/r\sly /upid p>ody1 & :5 ! populace hoot$ & rail$ & je]$ at him = presum+ to aspire to ! h& ( ! beaute\s ,eva he flew into a rage1 *>g$ ! au?or%ip ( ! song :i* _h caus$ 8 d[nfall on ,sa*s1 & left ! field to 8 rival ,wal!r1 :o1 to v9dicate ,sa*s' /atem5t t ! song 0 a good "o :5 well sung1 pres5tly burd5$ ! air ) its lovel9ess1 add+1 9 8 en?usiasm1 an improvis$ apo/rophe to ,eva & ! ,p>nassus ( poetry4 ,ma/]-s+]s1 p--& ,eva--7 agre$ t ! gallant knight _h won ! prize1 & ,sa*s g5tly compell$ him1 9 spite ( 8 prote/1 to take ! ma/]-s+]'s m$allion along ) ! bride1 & *>g$ him nev] m to affect to despise ! ,g]man ma/]s ( song1 ^: works %all live ?\gh ! ,holy ,roman ,empire g up 9 smoke4 ,i4 ,! /ory ( ,die ,mei/]s+] von ,nrnb]g furni%es m food = reflection ?an "o might ?9k at fir/ blu%1 & op5s a *annel ( ?\ght n commonly us$ :5 ,wagn] is 9 m9d4 ,x is a com$y1 & x is easie/ to ?9k ( ,wagn] z a trag$ian4 ,yet x is n ! smalle/ ( 8 a*ievem5ts t1 m ?or\ghly & consi/5tly ?an any dramati/ ( our "t1 he has 9 8 works re/or$ ! b\nd>y l9e :i* 9 ! classic _w sep>at$ com$y f trag$y4 ,9 ,tannhus]1 ,tri/an und ,isolde1 & ,! ,niblung's ,r+ are f\nd examples ( ! old trag$y type4 ,!y deal ) gr& passions1 & _! h]oes are gods or god-l m5 :o are %att]$ aga9/ ,fate4 ,8 only essay 9 ! field ( com$y 0 made 9 ,die ,mei/]s+]1 & ?is is z fai?ful to ! old conception ( com$y z ! o!r dramas are to ! classic ideals ( trag$y4 ,x deals ) ! mann]s & follies & vices ( ! common p1 & exemplifies ! purpose ( com$y z x 0 set d[n 9 "o ( ! true/ & be/ def9itions ev] writt54 ,x aims to *a/ise mann]s ) a smile4 ,!re are two ways ( look+ at ,die ,mei/]s+]4 ,x c be weight$ ) a symbolical "*1 or x c be tak5 z an example ( pure com$y1 ) no deep] significance ?an lies on ! easily-rea*$ surface ( its l9es1 action1 & music4 ,!re is no d\bt t ,wagn] conceiv$ x z a satire1 & x is ev5 possible 7al?\gh ,i c recall no direct /atem5t ( 8 to t effect7 t he int5d$ to *a/ise ) x ! _s ( cons]vatism & p$antry :i* 0 = s long a "t a /umbl+-block 9 ! way ( 8 sy/em4 ,tell+ ( 8 fir/ draft ( ! com$y 9 #ahde1 imm$iately aft] ! completion ( ,tannhus]1 he said t he _h plann$ x z a satyr-play aft] ! trag$y1 &1 conceiv+ ,hans ,sa*s z ! la/ example ( ! arti/ically productive ,folk-_s1 _h plac$ him 9 opposition to ! ma/]-s+] burgh]dom1 to ^: droll & rule-(-?umb p$antry he gave individual expression 9 ! "* ( ! adjudicator1 or ,m]k]4 ,?is /atem5t1 al?\gh x 0 made ne>ly a g5]ation be=e ! com$y 0 writt51 ju/ifies ! assumption t x 0 8 purpose 9 x to celebrate ! triumph ( ! natural poetic impulse1 /imulat$ by communion ) nature1 ov] p$antic =mulas4 ,b a ^w ( caution %\ld be utt]$ aga9/ ! autobiographic /amp :i* "s extremi/s h want$ to impress ^u x4 ,! com$y is n r5d]$ m int]e/+ or its satire m admirable by ?9k+ ( ,wal!r z ! prototype ( ,wagn] himself1 ( ,beckmess] z ,wagn]'s oppon5ts1 & ( ,hans ,sa*s z ,k+ ,ludwig1 embody+ 9 himself1 fur!rmore1 ! symbol ( enlight5$ public op9ion1 :i* nei!r despises rules nor is will+ to be ridd5 by !m4 ,su* an exposition ( its symbolism lies ne> en\gh 9 its broad l9es1 b !re is dang] 9 c>ry+ x ?r\gh all ! details ( ! plot4 ,:5 x is too f> pu%$1 critics w ask 9 ! future1 z !y h ask$ 9 ! pa/1 h[ ?is c be accept$ z ! satirical motive ( ! com$y :5 ! h]o :o triumphs ov] ! suppos$ evil pr9ciple 9 ! drama does s1 n to advance ! virtue :i* /&s 9 opposition to t evil pr9ciple1 b simply to w9 a bride--a purpose t is purely selfi%1 h[ev] amiable & comm5dable x may be4 ,wal!r does1 inde$1 discov] himself z ! *ampion ( spontane\s1 vital art1 & ! antagoni/ ( ! p$antry repres5t$ by ! ma/]-s+]s2 b ?is is n until aft] he has le>n$ t he c only w9 ! "y lady by himself becom+ a memb] ( ! guild1 & defeat+ all com]s at ! t\rnam5t ( song4 ,kn[+ none ( ! rules1 he boldly relies on ! pot5cy ( ! inspiration begott5 by 8 love1 & does 8 be/ "u ! circum/ances2 t he ultimately succe$s he owes to ! help ( ,sa*s1 & ! fact t 8 rival defeats himself by resort+ to f\l means4 ,besides1 to ju/ify fully ?is dramatic s*eme1 ,beckmess] ought n to h be5 made ! blund]+ idiot & fooli% knave t he appe>s to be 9 ! /age v]sions1 b at ! wor/ a %ort-sight$1 n>r[-m9d$1 & p]haps malici\s p$ant4 ,z he /&s 9 ! /age repres5tations ,beckmess] is an ill-natur$ & wick$ buffoon1 a c>icature ( a peculi>ly gross k9d1 & only an inf9itesimally t9y corrective idea lies 9 ! fact t a manly "y knight :o loves a pretty "y woman %\ld h sav$ h] f fall+ into su* a rival's h&s by m>ry+ h] himself4 ,he w\ld h _h ! vote ( ! public on 8 side if he _h sung l a cr[ & ,beckmess] l ,anacreon4 ,,ii4 ,if we w look ^u ! conte/ symboliz$ 9 ! com$y1 n z t betwe5 ,wagn] & 8 contempor>ies1 b z betwe5 ! two elem5ts 9 art ^: opposition /imulates life1 & ^: union1 p]fect1 peaceful1 mutually supplem5tal1 is f\nd 9 e really great art-"w1 ,i ?9k we %all come pretty ne> ! tru?4 ,at lea/1 we w h an int]e/+ po9t ( view f :i* to /udy its musical & lit]>y /ructure4 ,simply = conv5i5ce sake let u call ^! two pr9ciples ,romanticism & ,classicism4 ,! t]ms are a little vague1 entirely arbitr>y1 & if we 7 seek+ sci5tific exactness we %\ld be oblig$ to condemn _! use4 ,popul>ly1 !y are conceiv$ z anti!tical 9 ! critical hi/ory ( lit]ature z well z music4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se 7) a diff]5ce7 t ,i wi% to use !m4 ,if ! hi/ory ( music be look$ at ) a view to discov]+ ! _s :i* animates its products r ?an obs]v+ _! integum5t1 x w be f\nd t f ! beg9n+ two =ces h be5 9 op]ation1 & by _! antagonism h done ! "w ( progressive creation4 ,9 ! religi\s *ant1 ) its re/rictive clog 7! fruit ( sup]/iti\s v5]ation & fe>7 we f9d t manife/ation ( ! _s ( antique music :i* 0 *iefly in/rum5tal 9 its e/abli%m5t & regulation4 ,to t _s tribute above its me$ is paid 9 ! h&-books :i* beg9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n music ) ! *ants ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,! o!r _s1 hav+ be5 cultivat$ outside ! *ur*1 has _h few] hi/orians to d x rev]5ce4 ,x is ! free1 untrammell$ impulse :i* re/s on ! law ( nature & refuses ! dom9ation ( =mal rule & re/rictive pr9ciple4 ,on ! love-song1 w>-song1 & hunt+-song ( e>ly man1 on ! cradle-song croon$ by e>ly woman1 !re re/$ n ! weight ( sup]/iti\s fe> & hope :i* fett]$ ! religi\s *ant4 ,!y 7 individual manife/ations ( feel+1 & 9 !m ! fancy 0 free to discov] & use all ! tonal & rhy?mical comb9ations :i* might be helpful 9 giv+ voice to emotion4 ,! mission ( ?is _s 7:i* ,i w call ,romanticism to di/+ui% x f ! cons]vative1 & regulative _s :i* ,i w call ,classicism7 0 fulfill$1 dur+ ! artificiality & all-p]vad+ s*ola/icism ( ! ,middle ,ages1 by ! ,m9nes+] & tr\vre2 & ?\gh ! dea? ( *ivalry end$ t peculi> m9i/ry1 ! _s cont9u$ to live z x _h liv$ f ! beg9n+1 z x /ill lives & w live 9 scula sculorum1 9 ! p's songs & dances4 ,:5 ! compos]s ( two hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago began to develop in/rum5tal music !y f\nd ! g]m ( ! sonata =m--! =m t made ,bee?ov5's symphonies possible--9 ! homely dance tunes ( ! p :i* till !n _h be5 look$ ^u z vulg> ?+s1 :olly outside ! doma9 ( polite art4 ,! g5ius ( ! ma/]s ( ! la/ c5tury m\ld$ ?is =m ( plebeian ance/ry into a vessel ( wond]ful beauty2 b by ! "t ?is _h be5 done ! capacity ( music z an emotional language _h be5 greatly increas$1 & ! same ,romantic _s :i* _h orig9ally creat$ ! dance =ms t !y might embody ! arti/ic impulses ( t e>ly "t1 sugge/$ ! fill+ ( ! vessel ) ! new cont5ts4 ,:5 ! vessel w\ld n hold ^! new cont5ts x _h to be wid5$4 ,new bottles = new w9e4 ,t is ! :ole my/]y ( :at cons]vative critics decry z ! de/ruction ( =m 9 music4 ,x is n de/ruction1 b *ange4 ,:5 y de/roy =m y de/roy music1 = ! musical ess5ce c manife/ itself only ?r\gh =m4 ,z a p]fectly natural result ( ! developm5t ( ?is beautiful & effici5t vessel call$ ! ,sonata =m1 a love ( symmetry & ord]1 ( correct logic & beautiful sequ5ce1 came to dom9ate compos]s1 & x is a relic ( ?is love1 a love :i* we mu/ n despise 9 su* ma/]s z ,haydn & ,moz>t1 :i* l$ !m to fill s _m ( _! compositions ) repetitions ( p>ts & conv5tional passages t appe> mean+less & we>isome to u4 ,!y 7 writt5 9 compliance ) ! dem&s ( =m4 ,,iii4 ,= ! purposes ( our exposition ( ! symbolism ( ,wagn]'s com$y1 ( ! mean+ ( its satire1 we %all h to look ^u classical compos]s z ^? :o develop$ music *iefly on its =mal side & cons]v$ ! laws :i* enabl$ !m to rea* "o ideal ( beauty4 ,! ,romantic compos]s w !n be ^? :o s\ght _! ideals 9 o!r regions ?an ! =mal1 & /rove to give !m expression irrespective--or1 if necess>y1 9 defiance--( ! conv5tions ( law4 ,romanticism w appe> to u z ! creative pr9ciple1 & h5ce we %all f9d x 9 ,wagn]'s com$y associat$ ) ,y\?1 its passions & en?usiasms2 ) ,love1 & he$less1 reckless d>+2 ) ,spr+ & bloom+ "t2 ) ! s++ ( birds & ! p]fume ( fl[]s2 ) ass]tion ( ! "r ( unfett]$ utt]ance & d5ial ( ! wisdom or ju/ice ( reflection & mod]ation4 ,d n visions correspond+ ) ^! attributes rise up out ( ! incid5ts ( ! play8 ,! lov]s1 ) _! impetu\s love-mak+ & reckless resolve :i* sapi5t ,sa*s fru/rates2 ,wal!r's songs 9 ! fir/ act1 tell+ ( ,spr+ releas+ ,nature f h] icy %ackles & w9n+ h] smiles1 :ile sunlight & birds & mead[ fl[]s1 & ! old poet :o sang ! praises ( !m & 0 nam$ aft] ! mead he lov$1 unit$ 9 tea*+ him ! art ( song2 ! bold defiance ( ! ma/]-s+]s & _! code2 ! rejection ( ! m$al :5 x _h be5 won4 ,classicism1 9 turn1 w appe> z ! regulative & cons]vative pr9ciple1 & its association 9 ! play w be ) maturity ( age & mod]ation 9 ?\ght & action2 ) p]sonages 9 :om ! creative impulse is n an elem5tal =ce1 b a pleasure or a duty :i* waits ^u ! judgm5t2 also1 = satirical purposes1 ) a guild ( h&icraftsm5 & tradespeople :o en=ce an appr5tice%ip 9 art z !y d 9 trade2 :o ?9k t by adh]5ce to rule artworks may be creat$ z %oes are made ov] a la/2 :o are pomp\s 9 _! p$antry & amiable only 9 ! holy simplicity ( _! e>ne/ness1 _! vanity1 & _! complac5cy4 ,su* are ! associations :i* arise :5 ! pictures ( ! com$y are pass$ 9 ha/y review2 & !y h be5 griev\sly incomplete4 ,!y h omitt$ ! real h]o ( ! play1 ! poet :o belongs to ! guild & upholds its laws :ile battl+ = ! _s repres5t$ by him :o falls "u ! condemnation ( ^? v laws4 ,:]e is ,hans ,sa*s8 ,se>* him out4 ,y w f9d him 9 ! mid/ ( ! combatants fight+ valiantly on bo? sides2 repres5t+ a pr9ciple at once creative & cons]vative1 /&+1 9 ! hi/ory ( arti/ic developm5t1 = ^? true g5iuses :o brea! ! brea? ( life into ! body1 n = ! purpose ( de/ruction1 b t ! _s may become manife/ 9 ! fle%4 ,x is conte/ :i* br+s life4 ,all ! great classical compos]s f ,brahms back to ,ba* h _h _! mom5ts ( ,romantic feel+2 x is nev] abs5t f ! truly creative arti/2 b its mo/ eloqu5t expression 0 res]v$ = our c5tury4 ,y recognize x 9 ! :ole body ( in/rum5tal music1 beg9n+ ) ,bee?ov52 y yield to its influ5ce :5 y he> ! op]as ( ,gluck1 ,moz>t1 & ,web]4 ,! musicians ^: influ5ce 0 /ronge/ :5 ,wagn] began 8 re=ms 7 frank 9 _! prote/ations ( allegiance to ?is conception ( ,romanticism3 ,! ,_s builds ! =ms1 or f9ds !m ready-built1 & refa%ions !m accord+ to its ne$s & desires1 said ,m>x4 ,if y wi% to adopt art z a pr(ession y _c accu/om y\rself e>ly en\gh to consid] ! cont5ts ( an art-"w z m important & s]i\s a matt] ?an its /ructure1 said ,m5delssohn1 ! greate/ ma/] ( =m t ! c5tury has kn[n4 ,t w\ld be a trivial art :i* w\ld h only s\nds b no language or signs = ! conditions ( ! s\l1 said ,s*umann4 ,wagn] 0 too ?or\gh an arti/1 too pr(\nd a musician1 n to recognize ! value ( con/ructive law4 ,he w\ld h be5 false to 8 pr9ciples & false to 8 practice _h he writt5 a com$y = ! purpose ( glorify+ m]e lawlessness4 ,_h ?is be5 8 purpose he w\ld n h told u z he has t x 0 ,sa*s :om he int5d$ to oppose to ! _s ( p$antry & =malism p]sonifi$ 9 ,beckmess]4 ,sa*s has no condemnation to pron\nce on ! laws ( ! guild ( :i* he 0 ! brighte/ ornam5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 he upholds !m ev5 aga9/ ,wal!r1 & p]suades him to adopt !m 9 ! composition ( 8 prize song1 j z aft] ! victory is won he admoni%es him to give ! rev]5ce due to ! ma/]s4 ,:at he le>ns f ,wal!r1 & impresses on 8 colleagues1 is ! ne$ ( adapt+ =m to _s1 & ! m5tal conflict :i* br+s him to ?is conviction is a reflection ( t creative activity :i* looks to ! %ort-sight$ l de/ructive w>1 b is exemplifi$ 9 ! works ( ! great ma/]s z ! highe/ peace4 ,we c ga9 an insight into ! musical /ructure ( ! com$y1 & f9d pro(s = our cont5tion at ! same "t1 if we obs]ve ,sa*s "u ! influ5ce ( ?is seem+ contradiction4 ,x is ev5+1 & ! poet has return$ to 8 cobbl]'s b5*4 ,! sc5t ( ! eld]-tree1 ! *>m ( ! summ] night1 w n p]mit him to "w2 !y turn 8 ?\ghts to poetry2 b memories ( ,wal!r's song come ov] him1 & "u _! influ5ce he c nei!r "w nor compose4 ,!re 0 an inexplicable *>m 9 ! song4 ,no rule w\ld fit x1 yet x 0 faultless4 ,x 0 new & /range1 yet s\nd$ old & famili>1 l ! c>oll+ ( birds 9 ,may-"t4 ,to try to imitate x w\ld result 9 %ame & contumely4 ,t he knew4 ,:]e lay ! my/]y8 ,at la/ he discov]s x4 ,! song 0 ! voice ( ,spr+1 ( ! heyday ( ! s+]'s life & passion4 ,! ne$ ( utt]ance br\ght ) x ! capacity & ! privilege4 ,all ?is we may le>n f ! words ( ,sa*s1 :ile ! music tells u ( :at is pass+ ?r\gh 8 m9d 9 ! int]vals ( 8 soliloquiz+4 ,?is music is built up out ( a v %ort phrase1 b x is ! phrase :i* may be set d[n z ! *ief musical symbol ( ! _s :i* ,i h call$ ,romanticism3 ,illu/ration3 score ,to le>n :y ?is phrase %\ld haunt ! m9d ( ,sa*s its g5esis mu/ be trac$4 ,x is f\nd fir/ to ent] ! score ( ! drama 7aft] ! prelude7 to accompany a t5d] b urg5t glance ( inquiry :i* ,wal!r be/[s on ,eva 9 ! fir/ sc5e betwe5 ! l9es ( ! *orale sung by ! congregation3 ,illu/ration3 score ,next1 :5 ,eva %yly rebukes 8 ardor ) a glance1 b quickly returns x ) emotion3 ,illu/ration3 score ,:5 ! congregation breaks up1 ,wal!r1 gaz+ int5tly on ,eva1 f :om he _h receiv$ a look :i* confess$ h] love 7accompani$ by a phrase :i* aft]w>ds plays an important role 9 8 prize song71 hurries to address h]2 8 eag]ness is publi%$ by ! or*e/ra 9 ?is v>iation ( ! phrase3 ,illu/ration3 score ,a ?reefold augm5tation ( ! phrase is %[n 9 ^! examples1 :i* suffice to id5tify x ) "o ( ! fundam5tal feel+s conc]n$ 9 ! play4 ,x depicts or typifies ! y\?ful impetuosity ( ! lov]s1 ! ardor ( _! passion be=e x _h be5 confess$ 9 words4 ,is n its fitness = su* a mission obvi\s8 ,obs]ve ! eag]ness :i* ! triplet injects into its rhy?m1 ! ebulli5cy express$ by ! t5d5cy ( its melody to asc5d ev] high] & high] 9 ! regions ( tonality4 ,poetical association consorts analog\s attributes ) ,love & ,y\? & ,spr+-"t2 & x is 9 ! song :i* ,wal!r s+s 9 praise ( ,spr+ & ,love--8 trial song 9 ! fir/ act--t ! phrase receives its mo/ eloqu5t treatm5t4 ,note ! irrepressible en?usiasm ( its proclamation 9 ?is song 7,fanget an672 h[1 aft] a peaceful ann\ncem5t1 x surges upw>d & ev] upw>d 9 ! accompanim5t1 until ! voice c no long] hold out aga9/ b is borne up on x1 until left by a sc9tillant explosion :i* seems to be ! only means at h& to br+ ! jubilant phrase back into control4 ,?is is ! ,romantic expression :i* haunt$ ! m9d ( ,sa*s :51 aft] ! /ormy meet+ 9 ,/4 ,ca!r9e's ,*ur*1 he ?\ght to "w 9 ! p]fum$ quiet ( ! ev5+4 ,,iv4 ,9 broad l9es ! prelude to ,die ,mei/]s+] n only s]ves to del9eate ! *>act]i/ic traits ( ! p]sonages conc]n$ 9 ! com$y1 b also exhibits ,wagn]'s me?od ( musical exposition1 & tea*es ! lesson :i* is at ! bottom ( ! satire--! lesson1 namely1 t x is ?r\gh ! union ( ! two pr9ciples1 :i* until ! close ( ! play appe> 9 conflict1 t a g5u9e "w ( art is quick5$4 ,! prelude conta9s ! :ole symbolism ( ! com$y 9 a nut%ell4 ,9 =m x is unique1 b 9 s f> z x employs only melodies drawn f ! play x may n incorrectly be class$ ) ! m$ley ov]tures :i* compos]s us$ to ?r[ toge!r = ante-curta9 music4 ,x is ! mann] 9 :i* ,wagn] has treat$ 8 melodies1 & ! del9eative capacity ) :i* he has end[$ !m1 t r5d] ! prelude a capital exemplification ( ! !ory advanc$ by ,gluck1 :51 9 8 preface to ,alce/e1 he said1 ,i imag9$ t ! ov]ture ought to prep>e ! audi5ce = ! action ( ! piece1 & s]ve z a k9d ( argum5t to x4 ,wagn] foll[s ?is precept & ! example set by ,bee?ov5 9 ! ,leonore ov]tures1 & indicates ! elem5ts ( ! plot1 _! progress 9 its developm5t1 & f9ally ! outcome1 9 8 symphonic introduction4 ,! melodies :i* are its con/ructive mat]ial are ( two classes1 broadly di/+ui%$ 9 ext]nal physiognomy & emotional ess5ce4 ,!y are pres5t$ fir/ consecutively1 !n z 9 conflict 7fir/ "o1 !n ano!r1 pu%+ =w>d = expression71 f9ally 9 h>moni\s & cont5t$ union4 ,x %\ld always be borne 9 m9d t no matt] h[ num]\s ! h&-books--:i* a witty ,g]man critic call$ musical ,ba$eck]s--if "o wi%es to "k ,wagn]'s purpose 9 ! use ( a typical phrase or melody1 he ne$ take no "o's ^w = x except ,wagn]'s4 ,he c turn to ! score & trace x out himself1 le>n+ its mean+ f ! words & situations ) :i* x is associat$4 ,if ?is plan be foll[$1 x w be se5 t ! ma/]-s+]s are ?r\gh\t ! com$y *>act]iz$ by two melodies1 ,illu/ration3 score & ,illu/ration3 score ,note t z ! ma/]-s+]s belong$ to ! solid burgh]s ( old ,nuremb]g--a little va91 z 0 to be expect$ 9 ! uphold]s ( an in/itution ( great antiquity & glori\s traditions2 /aid1 dignifi$1 & complac5t1 z became ! free citiz5s ( a free imp]ial city1 ^: /\t walls %elt]$ ! be/ 9 art & sci5ce t ,g]many c\ld boa/--s ^! two melodies are /rong1 simple tunes2 sequ5ces ( ! int]vals ( ! simple diatonic scale2 /rongly & simply h>moniz$2 squ>e-cut 9 rhy?m2 firm & dignifi$1 if a trifle pomp\s1 9 _! /ride4 ,! ?ree melodies belong+ to ! class pres5t$ 9 opposition to ! _s repres5t$ by ! ma/]-s+]s are disclos$ by a /udy ( ! com$y to be associat$ ) ! passion ( ! "y lov]s1 ,wal!r & ,eva1 & ^? influ5ces 9 nature :i* are ! inspiration ( romantic utt]ance--spr+-"t1 ! birds1 & fl[]s4 ,!y diff] 9 e respect--melodic1 rhy?mic1 h>monic1 z well z 9 treatm5t--f ! melodies :i* /& = ! old ma/]-s+]s & _! notions4 ,!y are *romatic2 _! rhy?ms are less regul> & m eag] 7?r\gh ! ag5cy ( syncopation72 !y are h>moniz$ ) great] w>m?1 & set = ! in/rum5ts ) great] passion4 ,! fir/1 ,illu/ration3 score mo/ surely tells u ( ! incipi5cy ( ! lov]s' passion1 = x is ! subject ( ! int]ludes betwe5 ! l9es ( ! *orale :i* accompany ! flirtation 9 ! *ur* sc5e4 ,! second1 ,illu/ration3 score is aga9 conc]n$ ) ! passion1 %[+ x 9 ! phase ( ard5t long+4 ,ano!r is ! melody to :i* ,wal!r s+s ! la/ /anza ( 8 prize song4 ,i h already quot$ & describ$ x z ! phrase to :i* ,eva confesses h] love by a ge/ure ( ! eyes 9 ! *ur* sc5e4 ,le/ ! significance ( t telltale glance %\ld n be recogniz$1 obs]ve t bo? lov]s use ! melody 9 _! prote/ations ( devotion to ea* o!r at p>t+3 ,illu/ration3 score ,! f\r? is ! impati5tly aspir+ phrase describ$ 9 ! analysis ( ,sa*s' monologue4 ,!re is ano!r !me :i* is ( less importance1 seem+ly1 9 ! score1 b :i* plays a happy "p 9 ! com$y z x is prefigur$ 9 ! prelude4 ,x is ! rhy?mically /rongly-m>k$ phrase ) :i* ! populace je]s at ,beckmess]1 & effects 8 discomfiture 9 ! f9al sc5e ( ! play4 ,illu/ration3 score ,?is little phrase x is :i* p]=ms ! duty ( musical satiri/ 9 ! middle "p ( ! prelude1 :]e ! grotesque elem5ts 9 ! "* ( ,beckmess] are pictur$4 ,x is a s*]z&o movem5t1 ! ma/]-s+]s' m>* melody be+ pres5t$ 9 dim9ution by ! *oir ( wood-w9d in/rum5ts1 :i* p]si/ /ubbornly 9 _! fussy cackl+1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! /r+s take e opportunity to s5d "s ( ! passionate1 pu%+1 pulsat+ love music surg+ ?r\gh ! desiccat$ mass ( tones4 ,"h x is t ,wagn] *a/ises ! fooli% mann]s ( ! ma/]-s+]s1 z he does lat] 9 ! actual repres5tation4 ,! je]+ phrase1 />t$ by ! middle /r+s1 ev5tually cuts ?r\gh ! mass ( tones1 & :5 ! c>icature ( ! broad melody1 typical ( ! ma/]-s+]s1 has be5 laugh$ out ( c\rt1 ! music :i* exemplifies ! fre%ness & vigor ( ,y\? & ,spr+ & ,love1 & _! "r to free & spontane\s proclamation1 ma/]s ! or*e/ra & conqu]s recognition1 & ev5 celebration1 f ! repres5tatives ( cons]vatism & p$antry4 ,9 ! musical conte/ x is only ! p]v]t$ idea ( ,classicism :i* is treat$ ) contumely & r\t$2 ! glorification ( ! triumph ( ,romanticism is f\nd 9 ! /up5d\sly pomp\s & brilliant sett+ giv5 to ! ma/]-s+]s' music at ! end4 ,y see already 9 ?is prelude t ,wagn] is a true com$ian4 ,he adm9i/]s *a/isem5t ) a smile 7rid5do ca/igat mores71 & *ooses = its subject only ?+s :i* are tempor>y ab]rations f ! good4 ,:at is /rong & true & pure & :olesome 9 ! art ( ! ma/]-s+]s he p]mits to pass ?r\gh 8 satirical fires unsca!d4 ,classicism 9 its orig9al s5se1 z ! cons]vator ( t :i* is highe/ & be/ 9 art1 he leaves unh>m$1 pres5t+ h] aft] h] trial1 z ,t5nyson pres5ts 8 ,pr9cess1 at ! close ( 8 corrective poem1 :5 ,all ,h] fals] self slipt f h] l a robe1 ,& left h] woman1 loveli] 9 h] mood ,?an 9 h] m\ld t o!r1 :5 %e came ,f b>r5 deeps to conqu] all ) love4 ,v4 ,! ?ird act ( ! com$y is prec$$ by a prelude :i*1 rightly und]/ood1 reflects ! cobbl]-poet :om ,i h *os5 to ?9k ! real h]o ( ! play1 9 ! light 9 :i* he appe>s 9 ! hi/ory ( ,g]man civilization & culture4 ,twice be=e1 9 ! com$y1 a glimpse ( him 9 t "* _h be5 giv5--9 ! summ] ev5+1 aft] ! meet+1 :5 he c\ld n "w because he 0 haunt$ by ! memory ( ,wal!r's song1 & aga9 :51 hav+ f\nd ! solution ( ! problem rais$ by t song1 he drove away all ! phantoms ( melan*oly by 8 lu/y cobbl+ song4 ,app>5tly t song is all c>elessness & cont5tm5t1 b 9 reality x tells ( ! l(ty ?9k] & 8 melan*oly1 br$ ( 8 contemplation ( ! vanities ( ! ?+s ) :i* he f9ds himself surr\nd$4 ,?is is ! la/ /anza3 ,o ,eve1 my sore compla9ts att5d1 ,my ne$s & dire di/resses1 ,= und]foot mank9d ! cobbl]'s "w ( art oppresses4 ,if ,i'd no angel knew ,:at 'tis to make a %oe1 ,i'd leave ?is cobbl+ 9 a trice4 ,b :5 ,i g to 8 retreat1 ,i leave ! _w b5ea? my feet1 ,myself ,i view1 ,hans ,sa*s a %oemak] & song-ma/] too6 ,9 ! accompanim5t to ?is /anza a phrase appe>s 9 ! or*e/ra 7x is n 9 ! simplifi$ pian(orte scores7 9 :i*1 z ,wagn] himself puts x1 !re is ! bitt] cry ( resignation ( ! man :o %[s to ! _w a *e]ful & en]getic mi54 ,x is ! solemn phrase :i* gives "* & color to ,sa*s' monologue 9 ! ?ird act1 :5 he contemplates ! follies & petty passions ( humanity 7,wahn6 ,wahn6 b]all ,wahn674 ,x symbolizes = u ,sa*s1 ! philosoph]4 ,to appreciate ! full significance ( ! ,nuremb]g cobbl] z poet & ?9k]1 a glance mu/ be ?r[n ^u a highly important phase 9 ! hi/ory ( ,g]man culture4 ,a new melody _h be5 put into t voice by ! ,re=mation4 ,lu!r liv$ to be hail$ by x z ! ,night+ale ( ,witt5b]g 9 a poem ^: op5+ l9es ,wagn] +5i\sly uses z a tribute to ,sa*s 9 ! ?ird act ( ! com$y4 ,x is ! *orale1 ,wa* auf6 ,es nahet g5 dem ,tag4 ,! ,re=mation _h reviv$ int]e/ 9 ! old art ( ma/]-song :i* _h sunk into decad5ce "u ! edict ( ! ,romi% ,*ur* prohibit+ ! read+ ( ! ,bible by ! common p4 ,! greate/ ( ! ,nuremb]g s*ool ( ma/]-s+]s 0 inspir$ by ! new dawn1 & ,lu!r & ,melan*?on look$ up f ! pages ( ,hom]1 ,virgil1 & ,horace to li/5 to ! /range new melody :i* felt & sang ) & = ! p4 ,?is "* ( ,sa*s1 9 all ! details t ,i h po9t$ out1 is del9eat$ 9 ! prelude to ! ?ird act1 ^: melodic cont5ts are ?us summ>iz$3 ,fir/1 ! contemplative phrase1 ,wahn6 ,wahn6 next ! ,lu!ran *orale1 ,wa* auf6 a portion ( ! cobbl+ song 7z if ! man _h turn$ 8 gaze f 8 h&iwork heav5w>ds1 & 0 lo/ 9 t5d] mus+1 says ,wagn]72 !n ! *orale aga91 ) increas$ sonority1 & ev5tually ! op5+ phrase attun$ to *e]fulness & resignation4 ,,vi4 ,wagn]'s ,mei/]s+] von ,nrnb]g is a com$y1 & by t tok5 is m difficult ( und]/&+ & appreciation by p]sons unfamili> ) ! ,g]man tongue1 hi/ory1 & social cu/oms ?an any ( 8 trag$ies4 ,9 consid]+ ! latt]1 x is only ! elem5ts ( expression t ne$ give u pause4 ,9 _! ess5ce1 be+ true trag$ies1 !y are z mu* ! prop]ty ( "o race z ano!r4 ,?is is n ! case ) com$ies4 ,!y d n deal ) ! great fundam5tal passions ( humanity1 b ) ! petty foibles & follies & vices ( a p4 ,be+ su*1 !y v>y ) peoples & ) times1 & _! repres5tation compels ! use ( hi/orical backgr\nds1 ! application ( local color4 ,die ,mei/]s+] is a capital illu/ration ( ?is pr9ciple ( dramatic poetry4 ,z a picture ( ! social life ( a ,g]man city ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago its vividness & tru?fulness are beyond praise2 x has no equal 9 op]atic lit]ature1 & few pe]s 9 ! lit]ature ( ! spok5 drama4 ,x is absolutely photographic 9 its accuracy4 ,to appreciate ?is fact fully "o mu/ h visit$ ,nuremb]g1 gone ?r\gh its museum1 & turn$ ov] ! records4 ,) su* assi/ance x is easy to call up 9 fancy su* a vision ( its social life 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury z w =m a mo/ h>moni\s sett+ = ! s]ies ( pictures :i* ,wagn] creat$4 ,x is /ill ! qua9te/ city 9 ,g]many1 & full ( relics ( its old glory4 ,( ^! relics1 h[ev]1 few] belong to ! "t ( ! ma/]-s+]s ?an an inve/igator w\ld be likely to imag9e4 ,9 ! ,g]manic ,museum may be f\nd rema9s ( _m ( ! old guilds ( ! t[n1 b none ( ! ,ma/]-s+]s' ,guild1 except a tablet :i* once hung on ! walls ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e's ,*ur* & has be5 remov$ to ! museum = safe-keep+4 ,! *ur*1 inde$1 is /ill 9 exi/5ce1 b its use by ! ma/]-s+]s nev] br\ght x fame until aft] ,wagn]'s comic op]a _h be5 writt51 & n[ ,i d\bt :e!r a hundr$ resid5ts ( ,nuremb]g1 aside f ^? :o live 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity1 c\ld ev5 tell a visitor :]e to f9d x4 ,= m ?an a c5tury x has be5 put to secul> uses1 & no?+ ( ! int]ior rema9s to indicate :at x look$ l 9 ! "t ( ,hans ,sa*s except ! walls4 ,all ! furniture & decorations 7 long ago remov$1 = x has be5 a pa9t]s' academy1 draw+-s*ool1 milit>y hospital1 w>eh\se1 public hall1 & p]haps a doz5 o!r ?+s s9ce x ceas$ to be a place ( public wor%ip4 ,j n[ x is ! pa9t-%op ( ! ,municipal ,!atre4 ,x is a small1 unpret5ti\s build+1 absolutely innoc5t ( ar*itectural beauty1 hidd5 away 9 ! middle ( a block ( l[ly build+s us$ z dwell+s1 c>p5t]-%ops1 & ! l4 ,i got ! keys f a sort ( police sup]visor ( ! di/rict & inspect$ ! int]ior 9 #ahhf4 ,! janitor knew no?+ ab\t its hi/ory beyond 8 own memory1 & t compass$ only a portion ( its c>e] z a sort ( municipal lumb]-room4 ,x 0 built 9 ! la/ half-decade ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & on its wat]-/a9$ walls c be se5 fa9t bits ( ! frescos :i* once adorn$ x & 7 pa9t$ 9 ! f\rte5?1 fifte5?1 & sixte5? c5turies2 b !y are ru9$ beyond recognition or hope ( re/oration4 ,i w5t to ! director ( ! ,g]manic ,museum to le>n :at _h become ( ! old *ur* furniture4 ,he did n "k4 ,h y se5 ! tablet ( ! ma/]-s+]s :i* we h up-/airs8 he ask$4 ,yes4 ,well1 t is all t we h 9 ! way ( ma/]-s+] relics4 ,if y h se5 t & ! *ur*1 y h se5 all1 & w h to compose ! re/ ( ! picture--draw on y\r imag9ation1 or hire an arti/ to d x = y4 ,! tablet is really a m int]e/+ relic ?an ! *ur*4 ,x is a small affair ( wood1 ) two doors1 & 0 pa9t$ by a ,franz ,he9 9 #aeha4 ,on ! doors are portraits ( f\r di/+ui%$ memb]s ( ! guild4 ,two pictures occupy ! middle panel1 ! upp]1 ) a *>m+ly nave disreg>d ( *ronology1 %[+ ,k+ ,david pray+ be=e a crucifix2 ! l[]1 a meet+ ( ma/]-s+]s ) a s+] p]*$ 9 a box-l pulpit4 ,ov] ! heads ( ! assemblage is a repres5tation ( ! *a9 & m$allion ) :i* ! victor 9 a s++ conte/ us$ to be decorat$4 ,sa*s gave "o ( ^! ornam5ts to ! guild1 & x 0 us$ = a hundr$ ye>s4 ,by t "t1 h[ev]1 x _h become s worn t ,johann ,*ri/oph ,wag5seil1 a pr(essor ( ,ori5tal languages at ! ,univ]sity ( ,altdorf 7to ^: book1 entitl$ ,de ,sacri ,rom4 ,imp]ii ,lib]a ,civitate ,norib]g5si ,comm5tatio1 pr9t$ 9 #afig1 we owe ! great] "p ( our k ( ! art & cu/oms ( ! ,mei/]s+]71 replac$ x ) ano!r4 ,! tablet might (f] sugge/ions to ! !atrical co/um] t\*+ ! dress ( ! ma/]-s+]s1 & also ! picture ( ,david & 8 h>p :i* ornam5t$ _! bann]2 b old ,nuremb]g co/umes are famili> en\gh1 & c be /udi$ to bett] purpose else:]e4 ,only "o feature sugge/s itself z wor?y ( special notice4 ,on ! tablet ! ma/]-s+]s all appe> we>+ ! imm5se neck-ruff ( ! ,elizabe?an p]iod4 ,z = ! ar*itectural sett+s ( ! /age 9 ! fir/ act 7:i* plays 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e71 s f> z ,i "k no attempt at correctness has be5 made by sc5e-pa9t]s2 nor w\ld x be possible to reproduce a picture ( ! *ur* & /ill foll[ ,wagn]'s /age directions4 ,evid5tly ! poet-compos] nev] took ! tr\ble to visit ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wood5 ,,tablet ,,( ,,! ,,ma/]s+]s ,,( ,,nuremb]g4 ,i h said t1 b>r+ ! *ur* & tablet1 !re are no relics ( ! old guild to be f\nd 9 ! ,nuremb]g ( to-day4 ,until lately x 0 suppos$ t ! ,municipal ,libr>y conta9$ a numb] ( autographic manuscripts by ,hans ,sa*s1 b :5 ,i ask$ = !m1 !y 7 produc$ ) ! /atem5t t !y 7 no long] look$ ^u z g5u9e4 ,x did n require mu* inve/igation to conv9ce me t ! claim long ma9ta9$ t !y 7 autographs ( ! cobbl]-poet re/$ :olly on presumption4 ,sa*s autographs are extremely sc>ce4 ,! ,royal ,libr>y at ,b]l9 possesses a volume ( ma/]-songs kn[n to be 9 ! h&writ+ ( ,sa*s 7among !m is "o by ,beckmess]71 b :5 ,i 0 9 ! ,prussian capital ?is treasure 0 9 ,dresd51 :i!r x _h be5 s5t to enable a lit]>y /ud5t to utilize x 9 ! prep>ation ( a book on ,sa*s4 ,a ,b]l9 s*ol>1 :om ,i f\nd at "w 9 ! ,nuremb]g ,libr>y ga!r+ mat]ial = a new biography ( ,sa*s1 in=m$ me t ! greate/ numb] ( ,sa*s autographs1 & !y n _m1 _h be5 f\nd 9 ,zwickau1 :i!r !y _h be5 br\ght by "s memb] ( ! ,sa*s family _m ye>s ago4 ,!re are1 !n1 no manuscript relics ( him :o 0 ! *ief glory ( ! ,nuremb]g guild 9 ! old t[n4 ,y may dr9k a glass ( w9e at ! /reet-corn] :]e tradition says ! old poet cobbl$ & compos$1 b ! h\se is a mod]n "o4 ,( 8 companions 9 ! guild ,i f\nd no manuscripts 9 ! libr>y1 & n "o ( !m left 8 m>k 9 any way on ! t[n4 ,b ,i did f9d a numb] ( old manuscript volumes dat+ back two hundr$ ye>s or m1 :i* s]v$ to vitalize 9 a peculi>ly int]e/+ mann] ! record :i* ! le>n$ old ,wag5seil left beh9d him1 & "s ( ! p]sonages ( ,wagn]'s com$y4 ,^? :o h tak5 ! tr\ble to inve/igate ! s\rce to :i* ,wagn] w5t = ! p & cu/oms introduc$ 9 8 ,mei/]s+] von ,nrnb]g 7,wag5seil's book7 "k t ! names ( ! ma/]-s+]s :o figure 9 ! com$y once belong$ to v]itable memb]s ( ! ,nuremb]g guild4 ,wag5seil m5tions !m z s+]s ^: memories 7 *]i%$ 9 8 day1 & "s ( !m 7 also m5tion$ by an old] au?or1 ^: book1 devot$ *iefly to ! ,/rassburg guild1 :i* at "o "t 0 ev5 m fam\s ?an t ( ,nuremb]g1 is ref]r$ to by ,wag5seil4 ,! book ( ! ,/rassburg writ]1 s+ul>ly en\gh1 0 kn[n to ,wag5seil only z a manuscript1 & su* x rema9$ until two or ?ree decades ago1 :5 x 0 pr9t$ by a lit]>y society at ,/uttg>t4 ,9 ,wag5seil's day x 0 valu$ s highly t x 0 kept wrapp$ 9 silk1 l ! sacr$ scrolls ( ! ,jews1 a circum/ance t enabl$ ! p$antic ,ori5tali/ to air 8 le>n+ on ! subject = _m pages 9 8 w(ully discursive b extremely int]e/+ book4 ,b if ,wag5seil _h n giv5 8 te/imony1 ,i c\ld n[ be> witness to ! fact t ,conrad ,na*tigal1 ,hans ,s*w>tz1 ,conrad ,vogelgesang1 ,sixtus ,beckmess]1 ,hans ,folz1 ,fritz ,ko?n]1 ,bal?as> ,zorn1 & ,veit ,pogn] once liv$ z well z ,hans ,sa*s4 ,i h read "s ( _! poems & copi$ "s ( ! melodies inv5t$ by !m & utiliz$ by _! successors 9 ! guild4 ,! volumes conta9+ ^! curiosities ( lit]ature h be5 9 ! ,municipal ,libr>y ov] "o hundr$ ye>s4 ,9 ! catalogue ( ! ,biblio!ca ,norica ,williana1 pr9t$ "o hundr$ & sixte5 ye>s ago1 !y are m5tion$ z hav+ be5 pur*as$ f an old ma/]-s+]4 ,five ( !m are small oblong books ( music pap]1 ^u :i* "s old ma/]s or appr5tices 9 ! art ( ma/]-song h copi$ melodies :i* 7 mu* us$ at ! meet+s 9 ,/4 ,ca!r9e's ,*ur*4 ,x 0 ! cu/om ( ! memb]s ( ! guild to compose poems to fit ^! melodies4 ,9 ! second sc5e ( 8 op]a ,wagn] m5tions a great _m ( ! s+ul> titles by :i* ^! melodies or modes 7 designat$4 ,he got !m f ,wag5seil4 ,besides ^! books1 !re are two imm5se manuscript volumes1 9 :i* "s indu/ri\s old lov] ( ! poetical art transcrib$ songs :i* he evid5tly ?\ght admirable4 ,!y are ea* almo/ z l>ge z ,web/]'s ,unabridg$ ,diction>y1 & mu/ repres5t mon?s1 if n ye>s1 ( labor4 ,"o is devot$ :olly to ,g]man p>aphrases ( ,ovid's ,metamorphoses1 set to a great v>iety ( melodies4 ,! au?or is ,m4 ,ambrosius ,metzg]1 :o 0 "o ( ! few memb]s ( ! guild :o 7 s*ol>s4 ,he wrote ! poems 9 #afbe4 ,! o!r volume conta9s songs by a great numb] ( ma/]-s+]s1 ?\gh ,hans ,sa*s is ! pr9cipal contributor4 ,! plan ( ! volume indicates t x 0 a collection ( admir$ poems4 ,x beg9s ) p>aphrases f ! ,p5tateu*4 ,"s e>ly pages are miss+1 ! fir/ poem pres]v$ deal+ ) ! six? *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,*ronological ord] is ma9ta9$ up to *apt] tw5ty-eight ( ! same book4 ,!n foll[ songs deal+ ) ! ,gospels & ,epi/les4 ,! ,book ( ,job is n =gott54 ,f9ally1 !re are a numb] ( secul> poems1 _m rec\nt+ sop's fables & anecdotes drawn f old writ]s4 ,songs ( ?is "* 7 compos$ by ! ma/]-s+]s = div]sion at _! in=mal ga!r+s4 ,at ! meet+s 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e only sacr$ subjects 7 all[$4 ,x is = ?is reason t ,wagn]'s ,ko?n] asks ,wal!r 9 ! op]a :e!r he _h *os5 sacr$ matt] 7e9 heil'g5 ,/(f7 = 8 trial song1 :i* provokes ! reply f ! ard5t "y knight t he w\ld s+ ( love1 a subject sacr$ to him4 ,:e!r sacr$ or secul>1 h[ev]1 ! =m & /yle ( ! songs are alike4 ,no?+ c\ld m completely illu/rate ! absurdity ( ! fundam5tal !ory ( ! fooli% old p$ants t poetry might be writt5 by rule ( ?umb ?an ! publication ( a few ( ! songs 9 ?is old book4 ,! nature ( ! poetical fr5zy :i* fills !m c1 p]haps1 be guess$ if ,i record ! fact t ! majority ( !m1 ,i ?9k1 beg9 ) a citation ( *apt] & v]se1 or "s /atem5t equally matt] ( fact1 z ?us3 ,! tw5ty-n9? *apt] ( ,g5esis records1 or ,diog5es1 ! wise ma/]1 or ,/rabo writes ( ! cu/oms1 or ,moses1 ! elev5?1 reports1 or ,! ,less] ,book ( ,tru? do? tell1 etc4 ,! la/ ( ^! l9es is ! beg9n+ ( a ma/]-song :i* has a tw(old int]e/4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is a secul> poem by ,hans ,sa*s :i*1 to ! be/ ( my k1 has nev] be5 pr9t$ or writt5 ab\t4 ,9 ! second place1 x is set to a melody by ! v]itable ,pogn] :o1 9 ,wagn]'s com$y1 (f]s 8 daught] & 8 =tune to ! w9n] 9 ! s++ conte/ :i* makes up ,wagn]'s la/ act4 ,! poem is s amus+ t ,i w\ld l to give x entire 9 ,engli%1 b its irregul>ity ( acc5t & peculi>ities ( rhyme d n l5d !mselves will+ly to translation4 ,( musical acc5t ! ma/]-s+]s1 :o foll[$ ! rhym+ rules ( ^? m>vell\sly +5i\s rhyme/]s ! ,m9nes+]1 _h n ! slighte/ idea4 ,wagn] knew t4 ,sa*s' fir/ critical tap on 8 lap/one 9 ,beckmess]'s s]5ade is evok$ by a blund] 9 acc5t :i* ! v]itable ,sa*s w\ld h pass$ unnotic$1 ?\gh1 be+ a real poet1 8 s9s 9 ?is respect 7 n z num]\s z ^? ( 8 colleagues & pr$ecessors4 ,i cont5t myself1 !re=e1 ) ! fir/ ,/oll51 or /anza1 & its ,abgesang1 or burd51 :i* ! curi\s /ud5t w f9d to be compos$ 9 /rict accordance ) ! rules :i*1 9 ! op]a1 ,ko?n] reads f ! blackbo>d4 ,^! ,leges ,tabulatur1 by-!-way1 are almo/ a lit]al transcription f ! orig9al laws pres]v$ 9 ,wag5seil's book4 ,! matt] ( ! song is ?is3 ,a boor falls ill4 ,f9d+ t 8 appetite is :olly gone1 he calls 9 a physician1 :o in=ms him 79 a dra/ic fa%ion7 t ! tr\ble is caus$ by an accumulation ( slime 9 ! /oma*4 ,he adm9i/]s a purgative1 b )\t result4 ,! sickness increases1 & ! boor upbraids ! doctor1 :o retorts t 8 pati5t w be a dead man )9 an h\r unless he cons5t to hav+ 8 /oma* tak5 out & sc\r$ ) *alk4 ,! boor cons5ts1 ! physician p]=ms ! op]ation1 cutt+ ! man op5 ) a pair ( %e>s1 bru%es out ! (f5d+ organ ) a wisp1 & hangs x on ! f5ce to dry4 ,:at ! f>m] does mean:ile is n record$2 b be=e ! physician c\ld replace 8 /oma* a rav5 c>ri$ x (f to ! woods & ate x4 ,9 ?is dilemma ! physician disclos$ himself z a wor?y prog5itor ( ! mod]n race ( surgeons4 ,he 0 t]ribly fright5$1 b didn't let any "o see x4 ,by /eal? he procur$ a s['s /oma*1 introduc$ x into ! f>m]'s body1 & quickly sew$ up ! ap]ture4 ,! f>m] got well1 & paid eight flor9s = ! job4 ,b heav5s1 :at an appetite 0 t :i* he develop$6 ,to satisfy him n[ 0 utt]ly impossible1 = :i* reason1 concludes ! morali/1 an insatiable eat] is n[adays said to be a hog 7lit]ally to h a s['s /oma*71 :o dev\rs m ?an he produces1 z _m wom5 lam5t3 ,d>um spri*t man no* von e9 ,man1 ,d5 man g> ni*t erfuell5 kan1 ,wie er hab e95 ,sawmag52 ,v]?ut mehr d5n er gew9n5 kan1 ,ho]t man vil ,fraw5 klag54 ,,fir/ ,,/oll54 ,illu/ration3 score ,! ,less - er ,book ( ,tru? do? tell1 ,h[ ill - ness on a boor once fell1 ,ta/e = all food de - /roy - +2 ,a - ga9/ all drugs x did re - bel1 ,8 pleas - ures all al - loy - +4444444 ,"o day !re came a doc - tor wise1 ,:o glanc$ him o'er ) se>* - + eyes1 ,f\nd out :at caus$ 8 ail - +4 ,8 le>n - + pro( a - ga9/ sur - prise1 ,made "w l t pla9 sail - +4444444 ,,! ,,abgesang4 ,illu/ration3 score ,f> - m]1 ( all y\r pa9s444 ! cause1 ,is slime ) - 9 y\r /om - a* wide dis - t5d - +4 ,! f> - m] he>d ) gap - - + jaws1 ,= gnaw - + pa9s 9 - side 8 paun* 7 r5d - +4 ,! tale is an old "o1 popul> 9 "o =m or ano!r 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,a v>iant ( x is to be f\nd 9 ! ,ge/a ,romanorum1 to :i* extraord9>y collection ( moral tales x is possible t ,sa*s _h ref]5ce :5 he spoke ( ! ,bu* d] ,kle95 ,wahrheit1 or ,less] ,book ( ,tru?1 z ,i h r5d]$ x4 ,9 ! ,ge/a1 h[ev]1 ! physician sub/itutes a goat's eye1 & subjects 8 pati5t to an extraord9>y /rabismus4 ,hans ,sa*s's v>iation is em95tly *>act]i/ic ( ! man & ! p = :om he wrote4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,d] ,,r+ ,,des ,,nibelung54 ,! common error ( look+ ^u ! outw>d cov]+ ( ?+s = ! ?+s !mselves has l$ to ! real plot ( ,wagn]'s tetralogical drama ,! ,niblung's ,r+ be+ ov]look$ by ! majority ( p]sons :o h writt5 ab\t x4 ,especially has ! significance ( ! prologue to ! trag$y fail$ ( appreciation4 ,i %all try to tell :at ,i conceive to be ! true /ory ( ! trag$y1 & at lea/ h9t at ! mean+ :i* t /ory _h :5 x came into ! m9d ( ! sagaman & my?-mak] ages ago1 :i* mean+1 moreov]1 ,ri*>d ,wagn]1 unlike 8 mod]n pr$ecessors among ! poets :o h treat$ ! subject1 appreh5d$ & cons]v$4 ,x is a pretty solemn fact t unless ?is trag$y 9 f\r p>ts be approa*$ ) o!r aims ?an m]e div]sion1 mu* w be f\nd 9 x t appe>s ridicul\s to ! judgm5t1 no matt] h[ x affects ! s5ses4 ,to "s x may seem a fatal confession to say t s9c]e & suffici5t enjoym5t ( ,! ,niblung's ,r+ is only to be _h by p]sons will+ to let critical judgm5t wait ^u ! imag9ation2 yet ,i am will+ to make t confession1 & ev5 to augm5t x by ! /atem5t t !re are sc5es 9 ! trag$y :5 ev5 ?is unfett]$ faculty mu/ ne$s be z +5u\s z ! rais$ imag9ation ( ,*>les ,lamb at 8 fir/ play1 :i* trans=m$ ! gli/]+ sub/ance on ! pill>s ( ,old ,drury into glorifi$ sug>-c&y4 ,yet ,i d n believe t !reby ! pot5tial beauty1 impressiv5ess1 & significance ( ! trag$y are br\ght into "q4 ,is x n easy to conceive ( a m5tal condition :i* w\ld accept su* a *ildlike receptivity z ! only mood 9 :i* an art-"w design$ to appeal to emotions :i* ! humdrum r\t9e ( mod]n life leaves unt\*$ ought to be approa*$8 ,wagn]'s ,r+ des ,nibelung5 is n an idle fairy-tale1 ! (fspr+ ( a m9d work+ ) fanciful mat]ial amid ! environm5t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x is a trag$y ,hell5ic 9 its scope & proportions1 deal+ ) "o ( ! great problems ( human exi/5ce1 reflect+ ! op]ations ( ! quick5$ m9d & consci5ce ( humanity 9 its impressionable *ildhood4 ,das ,rhe+old is ! prologue to a trag$y :i* has n only ! dim5sions1 b also ! aim1 ( a ,greek trilogy4 ,?is conception ( its dignity greatly wid5s ! significance ( its few incid5ts4 ,( necessity8 ,yes4 ,obs]ve ! mann] 9 :i* ,wagn] approa*es 8 subject4 ,! h]o ( ! m$ival epic popul>ly call$ ,! ,lay ( ! ,niblung is ,siegfri$2 & ?is /ory ( ,siegfri$ is mix$ ) consid]able hi/orical alloy4 ,! "* ( ,gun!r1 :i* figures 9 ! /ory1 is ,gundik>1 f\nd] ( ! ,burgundian mon>*y1 :o 0 sla9 by ,attila1 ,a4,d4 #dej4 ,attila himself is "o ( ! p]sonages ( ! poem1 ! sc5e ( :i* plays l>gely at ,worms4 ,x 0 ,wagn]'s aim to illu/rate a pr(\nd tru? ( univ]sal be>+1 & 9 h>mony ) 8 belief t su* tru?s are be/ taught by pres5t+ pictures ( humanity /ripp$ ( all conv5tionality1 he w5t back to ! e>lie/ =ms ( ! tale :i* ! m$ival poet wove into ! ,lay ( ! ,niblung4 ,by ?is means he purifi$ x ( its hi/orical dross2 b also came 9 contact ) ! creations ( ! my?-mak]4 ,! p]iod into :i* he mov$ 8 drama 0 ! p]iod reflect$ by our ,nor!rn ance/ors :5 !y 7 /riv+ by an ex]cise ( a vivid imag9ation & unyield+ logic to answ] ! que/ions rais$ by a primitive religi\s in/9ct4 ,:e!r we want to or n1 we mu/ look ^u ,! ,niblung's ,r+ z a religi\s play :i*1 by means ( ! symbols creat$ by ! ,nor!rn my?-mak]1 tea*es a lesson univ]sal & et]nal 9 its application4 ,i4 ,no leg5d deal+ ) ! deep passions ( human nature1 & reflect+ ! tragic /ruggle betwe5 ! human & ! div9e1 :i* has be5 play+ on ! /age ( ! human he>t s9ce ! race began1 is re/rict$ by ! circum/ances ( "t1 place1 or p4 ,if x is really beautiful & mov+ x is a bit ( univ]sal prop]ty1 & 9 "o =m or ano!r phases ( x w be f\nd 9 ! my?ology or folk-lore ( all civiliz$ peoples4 ,n only ! f\ndation pr9ciples ( su* a leg5d1 b ev5 its !atre & app>atus may be discov]$4 ,p>allels 9 religi\s my?ologies w readily occur1 b p]haps n s readily p>allels 9 ^? h]oic tales :i* reflect ! national *>act]i/ics ( peoples4 ,yet !y are n ! less num]\s4 ,! grotto ( ,v5us1 9 :i* ,tannhus] /eeps himself ) s5suality1 is b a ,g]man =m ( ! ,g>d5 ( ,delight1 9 :i* ! h]oes ( classic antiquity met _! fair enslav]s4 ,x is ,ogygia1 ! ,delightful ,isl&1 :]e ,ulysses met ,calypso4 ,x is t ,avalon 9 :i* ,k+ ,ar?ur 0 heal$ ( 8 w\nds by 8 fairy si/] ,morga94 ,! /aff :i* bur/s into gre5 9 ! h&s ( ,pope ,urban 9 tok5 ( ,tannhus]'s =giv5ess has prototypes 9 ! lances :i*1 :5 plant$ 9 ! gr\nd by ,*>lemagne's w>riors1 7 trans=m$ ov] night into a leafy =e/2 9 ! /aff :i* put on leaves 9 ! h&s ( ,joseph :]e=e ! ,virg9 ,m>y gave h]self to him 9 m>riage2 9 ! rod ( ,a>on1 :i*1 :5 laid up among o!rs 9 ! tab]nacle1 br\ght =? buds & bloom$ blossoms & yield$ almonds4 ,! ,t>nhelm :i* ! cunn+ ,mime fa%ions at ! comm& ( ,alb]i*1 :at else is x b ! ,mask ( ,ar?ur1 :i* _h ! p[] ( r5d]+ its we>] invisible1 or ! ,helmet ( ,pluto worn by ,p]seus 9 8 battle ) ! ,gorgon8 ,! ,holy ,grail1 :i* ,wagn] has surr\nd$ ) su* a refulg5t halo1 is n m]ely a relic ( ,*ri/'s suff]+ & dea?4 ,its p[] ( supply+ food & su/a9+ life id5tifies x ) an article common to ! my/ical app>atus ( _m peoples4 ,z ,a*illes 0 dipp$ into ,/yx & r5d]$ invuln]able1 s ,jason 0 sme>$ ) ,m$ea's o9tm5t1 & ,siegfri$ became cov]$ ) a horny armor :5 he ba!d 9 ! dragon's blood2 & z ! magic wa% 0 kept f ,a*illes's heel by ! h& ( ,!tis1 s ! fall+ ( a leaf f a lime-tree on ! back ( ,siegfri$ caus$ ! "o unprotect$ spot ?r\gh :i* a weapon might rea* 8 life4 ,! sword ( ,wotan1 ?ru/ into ! tree s firmly & miracul\sly t none b a h]o wor?y to wield x & inspir$ by ! desp]ation ( supreme/ ne$ might draw x f its mighty %ea?1 :at else is x ?an ! fair sword :i* /uck 9 ! m>ble /one 9 ! *ur*-y>d aga9/ ! high alt>1 :i* all ! b>ons assay$ 9 va9 to draw =?1 b :i* "y ,ar?ur lightly & fi]cely pull$ out ( ! /one1 by :i* tok5 he 0 recogniz$ z rightwise k+ ( ,engl&8 ,or1 go+ back fur!r into /ory-l&1 :o does n see 9 x t b[ ( ,ulysses :i* ! wick$ suitors ( ,p5elope va9ly /rove to b5d1 b :i* yield$ to ! h]o disguis$ z a begg> ) su* ease z a h>p] 9 tun+ ( 8 h>p draws out a /r+8 ,horus1 ,apollo1 & ,baldur 9 ,egypt1 ,greece1 & ! savage ,nor?l& h repres5t$ ! highe/ union ( physical & moral excell5cies to millions ( human be+s2 & :5 ! ,norse my?-mak]1 ex]cis+ 8 imag9ation "u ! influ5ce ( t ne$ & long+ & hope on :i* ,plato bas$ 8 argum5t 9 pro( ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 drew 8 picture ( ,ragn>k1 ! ,twilight ( ! ,gods1 ! end ( ! old regime ( brute =ce1 ( gods & giants1 & ! return ( ,baldur & 8 reign ( peace1 g5tl5ess1 & lovel9ess1 he felt ! emotions ) :i* ! ,*ri/ian ( to-day looks =w>d to ! second com+ ( ,*ri/ ! ,r$eem]4 ,s /rik+ are ! p>allels betwe5 ! h]oic tales ( ! class to :i* ! /ory ( ,siegfri$ belongs1 t x has be5 possible = ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 von ,hahn1 9 8 ,sagwiss5s*aftli*e ,/udi51 to draw up a =mula accord+ to :i* ! families belong+ to ! ,aryan race h con/ruct$ _! mo/ admir$ tales4 ,?is =mula1 he says1 exi/s m or less p]fect 9 ! h]oic lit]ature ( e kn[n ,aryan p4 ,hell5ic my?ology produc$ no less ?an sev5 ( ^! /ories1 ( :i* ! mo/ /rik+ are ^? ( ,p]seus1 ,!seus1 dipus1 & ,h]akles2 ,roman my?ological hi/ory1 "o--,romulus & ,remus2 ,teutonic sagas1 two--,witti*-,siegfri$ & ,wolfdietri*2 ,iranian my?ic hi/ory1 two1 & ,h9du my?ology1 two1 ! mo/ /rik+ p>allelisms occurr+ 9 ! /ory ( ,kri%na4 ,( ?is /ory ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,nutt has f\nd eight v>iants 9 old ,keltic lit]ature1 among !m ! /ory ( ,p]ceval4 ,accord+ to ?is =mula ,i4 ,! h]o is born 7a7 ,out ( w$lock4 7b7 ,po/hum\sly4 7c7 ,sup]naturally 7d7 ,"o ( tw9s4 ,,ii4 ,! "m is a pr9cess resid+ 9 h] own c\ntry4 ,,iii4 ,! fa!r is 7a7 ,a god1 or f af>4 7b7 ,a h]o ,,iv4 ,!re are tok5s & w>n+s ( ! h]o's future greatness2 ,v4 ,9 consequ5ce ( :i* he is driv5 f home4 ,,vi4 ,is suckl$ by wild bea/s4 ,,vii4 ,is br\ght up by a *ildless c\ple1 or %eph]d1 or wid[4 ,,viii4 ,is ( passionate & viol5t disposition4 ,,ix4 ,seeks s]vice 9 =eign l&s4 7a7 ,attacks & slays mon/]s4 7b7 ,acquires sup]natural k ?r\gh eat+ a fi% or o!r magic animal 7! dragon's he>t 9 ! case ( ,sigurd1 8 blood 9 ! case ( ,siegfri$74 ,x4 ,returns to 8 own c\ntry1 retreats1 & aga9 returns4 ,,xi4 ,ov]comes 8 enemies1 frees 8 "m1 seats himself on a ?rone4 ,,ii4 ,we %\ld accu/om ourselves to look ^u ! plot ( ,! ,niblung's ,r+ z m cele/ial ?an t]re/rial2 ! ess5tial ?+s ( ! trag$y are ^? :i* conc]n ,wotan1 :o is its real h]o4 ,! happ5+s among ! p]sonages ^: conduct "u v>y+ try+ circum/ances is br\ght to notice 9 ! ?ree dramas con/itut+ ! trilogy are1 9 reality1 b accid5ts4 ,9 ?is respect ,! ,niblung's ,r+ is 9 a diff]5t case ) ,hom]'s ,iliad :i* also has a d\ble plot1 cele/ial & t]re/rial4 ,! cause ( ! conte/ celebrat$ 9 ! ,iliad orig9at$ on e>?2 ! gods took "p 9 x simply to av5ge slights :i* _h be5 put ^u !m by "o or ano!r ( ! conte/ants1 or because !y 7 ! special protectors ( c]ta9 ( ^? p]sonages4 ,9 ,wagn]'s trag$y ! conte/ wag$ by ! demi-gods1 giants1 dw>fs1 & m51 is b ! cont9uation ( "o invit$ by ! gods4 ,x is ! consequ5ce ( a s9 committ$ by ! *ief god & 8 ef=ts to repair x4 ,t consequ5ce1 9 its la/ & *iefe/ e/ate1 is ! de/ruction ( ,wotan & all 8 fell[s2 ?is is :at x signifies to all ^? conc]n$ 9 x1 b to u x means a de/ruction foll[$ by a new creation4 ,wotan dies l a tragic h]o1 & 8 h]oic (fspr+--! bond connect+ gods & m5--die "o aft] ano!r1 all 9 consequ5ce ( 8 s92 b ! dea? ( ! la/1 be+ ! expiatory self-sacrifice ( lov+ woman1 removes ! curse f ! e>?4 ,old ?+s are pass$ away2 behold1 all ?+s are become new4 ,?is is ! k]nel ( ! plot ( ! trag$y1 ! beg9n+ ( :i* is exhibit$ 9 ,! ,rh9egold1 & ! outcome prefigur$4 ,! progress is f ! /ate ( s9lessness1 ?r\gh s9 & its awful consequ5ces1 to expiation4 ,= ea* ( ^! /eps !re are symbols 9 ! pictures1 poetry1 & music ( ! prologue4 ,! gods ( our ance/ors 9 ! ,nor?l& 7 creat$ 9 ! image ( man4 ,orig9ally ! feel+ ( religion _h be5 satisfi$ by ! conception ( a dyna/y ( gods :o1 if !y 7 made 9 ! image ( man1 7 at lea/ idealiz$2 !y _h none ( ! passions ( m51 none ( _! infirmities1 none ( _! trials4 ,:51 9 lat] times1 ! impossibility ( su* a conception ma9ta9+ itself became manife/1 humanity among ! rugg$ m\nta9s & 9 ! deep =e/s ( ! ,nor? dream$ ( a "t t 0 pa/1 be=e ! reign ( primeval s9lessness & peacefulness _h come to an end4 ,t 0 ! ,gold5 ,age ( ! _w4 ,wrong 0 unkn[n2 ! passions :i* wreck m5's lives & beget wrong 7 unkn[n2 x 0 ! /ate ( ,ed5 be=e ! adv5t ( ! tempt]4 ,! sil5ce ( peace re/$ ^u ! wat]s4 ,gold 0 ! symbol ( radiant innoc5cy2 x 0 b ! play?+ ( ! gods4 ,z 9 ,milton's ,ed51 fl[]s 7 ( all hue1 ,& )\t ?orn ! rose4 ----,airs1 v]nal airs1 ,brea?+ ! smell ( field & grove1 attune ,! trembl+ leaves1 :ile univ]sal ,pan1 ,knit ) ! ,graces & ! ,h\rs 9 dance1 ,l$ on ! et]nal ,spr+4 ,put aside ! prosaic frame ( m9d into :i* ! ,wolzog5 labels are calculat$ to ?r[ "o1 & look at ! in/rum5tal introduction to ! prologue z a symbol ( ?is /ate ( physical & moral lovel9ess4 ,c\ld ! peacefulness & passionlessness ( primeval purity be bett] typifi$ 9 music8 ,!re are ?ree aspects 9 :i* ! introduction %\ld be view$4 ,x is mo/ significant 9 ?is /udy ( ! trag$y z a type ( ! ,gold5 ,age 9 ,nor!rn my?ology4 ,n until ! pr9ciple ( evil ent]s ! play 79 ! p]son ( ,alb]i*7 is ! s]5ity ( ! music di/urb$4 ,next1 x is int]e/+ z sc5ic music4 ,by +5i\s use ( gauze scre5s1 pa9t$ canvas1 & light-effects1 ! /age is made to seem fill$ ) wat] f floor to flies4 ,/range plants creep up ! side1 & gn>l$ roots project into ! wat]4 ,bel[ is ! rocky b$ ( ! ,rh9e4 ,above1 a fa9t light plays on ! rippl+ surface4 ,! music has begun ) a s+le deep tone1 b gradually x gr[s m animat$2 !re is no *ange 9 melody1 b ! introduction ( in/rum5ts ) light] & light] tone-color1 ! introduction & c>efully graduat$ augm5tation ( a wavy accompanim5t1 sugge/ to ! e> at once gr[? 9 ! movem5t ( ! wat] & 9 ! light :i* %9es f above4 ,! music is n[ d\bly del9eative4 ,:ile its _s reflects ! s9less quietude ( ! ,gold5 ,age ( ! _w1 its matt] depicts1 fir/1 ! sl[ movem5t ( ! wat] 9 its dep?s1 !n ! g5tle undulations ( its half-dep?s1 f9ally ! ripples & d>t+s & fla%+s & eddy+s ( its surface4 ,! ?ird aspect 9 :i* we may look at x is z a peculi>ly /rik+ exemplification ( ,wagn]'s !ories ( composition c>ri$ out to _! mo/ logical conclusion4 ,t !ory 9 its extremity w\ld dem& t no?+ be said :5 !re is no?+ to say--a self-evid5t proposition mu* (t5] honor$ 9 ! brea* ?an 9 ! obs]vance4 ,rememb] t ,wagn]1 9 giv+ an acc\nt ( ! g5esis ( 8 typical phrases cites 8 conduct 9 ,d] ,flieg5de ,hollnd]1 :51 hav+ f\nd !mes to /& = ! m5tal /ates describ$ 9 ! ballad1 he resolv$ to repeat its !matic expression e "t a m5tal mood recurr$4 ,a necess>y coroll>y ( su* a logical proce$+ w\ld seem to be t until ! play _h introduc$ some?+--a picture1 a p]sonage1 an idea--!re c\ld be no room = music4 ,x is n necess>y to g to ?is extremity2 b if we want to we w f9d t ,wagn] is true to himself ev5 "h4 ,only ! mood ( ! sc5e is del9eat$ = u 9 ! music ( ! introduction1 & 8 will+ness to beg9 z ne> no?+ z possible is %[n by ! use at ! outset ( ! s+le deep bass tone4 ,! :ole introduction is built on ?is note & its simple/ h>mony1 ! developm5t be+ accompli%$ by ! gradual *anges ( or*e/ration1 ! employm5t ( high] octaves1 & ! augm5tation ( ! wavy accompanim5t4 ,,iii4 ,x 0 an inevitable consequ5ce ( ! /ructure ( ! ,nor!rn my?ological sy/em t ! gods %\ld lose _! primeval s9lessness4 ,be=e ! m9d ( ! ,nor!rn my?-mak]1 z be=e ! m9ds ( ! ,a!nians1 :o erect$ ! alt> on ,m>s-hill to ! ,unkn[n ,god1 !re hov]$ a dim appreh5sion ( a ,fir/ ,cause ( all be+1 old] & m puissant ?an ! gods :om he conceiv$ z reign+4 ,z ,zeus & 8 fell[s reign$ by reason ( hav+ ov]?r[n ,cronos & ! dyna/y ( ! ,titans1 s ,wotan & 8 fell[s reign$ by reason ( conque/ & treaty4 ,9 consequ5ce1 !re 0 a p]petual /ruggle betwe5 ! sky-dwell]s1 ! m\nta9-dwell]s1 & ! e>?-dwell]s--! gods1 giants1 & dw>fs--= dom9ion4 ,?is lu/ = p[] x 0 t caus$ ! d[nfall ( ! gods4 ,dormant )9 ! radiant gold1 buri$ 9 ! ,rh9e & gu>d$ by ! daught]s ( ! ,rh9e1 lay ! secret ( univ]sal dom9ion4 ,9 ! ,gold5 ,age no "o c\rt$ x because !re 0 no ne$4 ,b :5 ! gre$ ( p[] & ga9 ass]t$ itself1 ! gold 0 a prize to be s\ght aft] & b\ght at any price4 ,! fir/ *ange 9 ! /age picture /ill leaves u ! _s ( purity & innoc5cy undi/urb$4 ,! ,rh9e daught]s1 ^: duty x is to gu>d ! magical gold1 are c>eless creatures1 z well !y may be1 =1 ?\gh w>n$1 !y h nev] se5 dang] approa* _! treasure4 ,float+ up & d[n1 !y s+ & gambol ) ea* o!r z !y swim ar\nd ! jagg$ rock1 _! song be+ z undulat+ z ! elem5t 9 :i* !y live4 ,!y p>take 9 _! nature ( t elem5t1 & ! melodies ) :i* !y are associat$ are imitative ( wat]y movem5ts4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! end ( ! ,gold5 ,age 0 dat$ by ! old poets f ! "t :5 ?ree giantesses 7 admitt$ among ! gods4 ,!y 7 ! ,nornir1 ! ,fates1 ^: deep ?\ghts 7 giv5 respectively to ! pa/1 pres5t1 & future4 ,! entrance ( a /rang] into ! doma9s ( ! ,rh9e daught]s is also ! signal = ! introduction ( evil into ! drama4 ,! repres5tative ( ?is evil pr9ciple is ,alb]i*1 ! ,niblung--"o ( ! race ( dw>fs2 musically 8 mis*iev\s "*1 8 re/less en]gy1 & 8 /rang5ess to ! elem5t 9 :i* he f9ds himself is told by ! or*e/ra 9 ! abrupt1 j]ky music to :i* he ent]s1 & :i* accompanies 8 slipp+ & slid+ on ! slimy rocks ( ! riv]'s bottom4 ,alb]i*'s aims 7 simply lu/4 ,to ! nixies he is m]ely amus+4 ,!y engage him 9 torm5t+ dalliance till he utt]s an imprecation aga9/ !m & %akes 8 fi/4 ,he =gets 8 ang] at 8 pretty tantaliz]s1 h[ev]1 :5 a new spectacle falls ^u 8 sight4 ,! sunlight1 pi]c+ ! wat]1 has fall5 ^u ! gold1 :i* lies 9 ! cleft ( a rock & n[ beg9s to gl[4 ,! increas+ refulg5ce is se5 & he>d simultane\sly1 = z ! new light floods ! sc5e1 s+]s & or*e/ra break out into a ravi%+ apo/rophe to ! gold4 ,n[ we rea* ! po9t :]e ! e?ical conte/1 at ! bottom ( ! entire trag$y1 is fir/ =e%ad[$4 ,! nixies1 r5d]$ c>eless by ! long uselessness ( _! wat*1 prattle away ! secret t univ]sal p[] w\ld be ! rew>d ( him :o w\ld seize ! gold & fa%ion x into a r+3 ,! realm ( ! _w ,by him %all be won1 ,:o f ! ,rh9e gold ,ha? wr\ght ! r+1 ,imp>t+ measureless might4 ,b ! p[] to fa%ion ! r+ c only be obta9$ by "o will+ to r5\nce ! delight & happ9ess ( love3 ,:o ! delight ( ,love =swe>s1 ,he :o d]ides its ravi%+ joys1 ,he alone has ! magic might ,to %ape ! gold to a r+4 ,! issue is jo9$4 ,"h ,love & cont5tm5t 9 ! ,niblung's lot2 !re ! prospect ( p[] univ]sal & lovelessness4 ,! dw>f does n hesitate long4 ,9 ! next sc5e ! giants hesitate long]1 & ,wotan pond]s long] ?an ei!r :e!r ! gold is wor? ! price dem&$ = x4 ,b ! ,age ( ,innoc5cy is pa/--all yield 9 turn to ! lu/ = p[]1 ! gre$ ( ga91 :i* ! gold promises to satisfy4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! trag$y is tak54 ,alb]i* puts love aside =ev] & curses x4 ,!n1 9 spite ( ! %rieks ( ! nixies1 he seizes ! gold & dives into ! dep?s4 ,! light dies out ( ! sc5e4 ,! bright song ( ! nixies runs out into m9or pla9ts1 & ! or*e/ra disc\rses m\rnfully ( ! r5unciation ( love & ! rape ( ! r+1 until ! sc5e *anges f dep?s ( ! ,rh9e to ! heights :]e ,valhalla1 newly built1 /&s 9 massive /r5g?1 gleam+ 9 ! morn+ sun4 ,we h witness$ ! beg9n+ ( ! /ruggle = dom9ion begun cunn+ly by a dw>f4 ,n ! race ( ! ,niblungs1 b ! race ( giants _h caus$ ,wotan conc]n4 ,aga9/ !m he ?\ght to raise an impregnable =tress1 & ! cunn+ ,loge1 ! repres5tative ( ! evil pr9ciple 9 ! cele/ial plot1 _h contriv$ to h ! "w done by two giants1 to :om ,wotan1 at ,loge's in/igation1 promis$ ! goddess ,freia z a rew>d1 ?\gh ,loge _h privately assur$ him t he w\ld nev] be call$ on to meet ! obligation4 ,! :ole tale is borr[$ by ,wagn] f ,norse my?ology4 ,once ^u a "t1 s runs ! old /ory1 an artisan came to ! gods & (f]$ to build = !m a =tress :i* w\ld =ev] %ield !m f ! fro/ giants1 if !y w\ld give him1 9 paym5t1 ,freya1 ! goddess ( y\?1 beauty1 & love1 besides ! sun & ! moon4 ,! gods agre$1 provid$ he w\ld d ! "w alone1 & 9 ! space ( a s+le w9t]4 ,:5 summ] 0 b ?ree days di/ant ! ca/le 0 s ne>ly f9i%$ t ! gods saw t ! compact w\ld be kept by ! /range artisan4 ,! imm95t loss ( ,freya fright5$ ! gods1 & !y ?reat5$ ,loge ) dea? if he did n prev5t ! completion ( ! "w )9 ! p]iod fix$4 ,! artisan _h ! help ( a horse nam$ ,svadilf>i1 :o drew ! mo/ enorm\s /ones to ! ca/le at night4 ,loge ! next night decoy$ ! horse ,svadilf>i into ! =e/1 s t ! usual quota ( "w 0 n done4 ,!n ! my/]i\s workman appe>$ be=e ! gods 9 8 real =m z a giant1 & ,?or kill$ him ) a bl[ ( 8 hamm]4 ,! ,norse ,freya is ! ,teutonic ,freia4 ,9 ,wagn]'s poem ,freia is ! rew>d :i* ! giants ,fafn] & ,fasolt expect = hav+ built ,valhalla 9 a s+le night4 ,loge _h in/igat$ ! compact1 & promis$ to relieve ,wotan ( ! obligation ( paym5t4 ,b ! giants c>ry ,freia (f & re/ore h] only aft] ,wotan & ,loge h giv5 ! ,niblung's ho>d 9 ex*ange4 ,to ,freia1 ,wagn] has giv5 an attribute :i*1 9 ,sc&9avian my?ology1 belongs to ,iduna4 ,%e is ! gu>dian ( ! gold5 apples1 ! eat+ ( :i* keeps ! gods "y4 ,iduna's apples ! /ud5t ( comp>ative my?ology w at once id5tify ) ! gold5 apples :i* ,h]a receiv$ z a w$d+-gift1 & :i* 7 gu>d$ by ! ,hesp]ides & /ol5 by ,h]cules4 ,9 ! ,norse /ory !y are c>ri$ away by a w+$ giant nam$ ,?iassi1 & br\ght back by ,loge1 :o _h tempt$ ,iduna out ( h] beautiful grove ,always ,"y1 9 ord] t ! giant might swoop d[n ^u h] & c>ry ! apples away4 ,wagn] gives ^! apples to ,freia = ! sake ( a dramatic effect4 ,! gods turn wr9kl$ & gray s soon z ! giants c>ry (f ! goddess ( y\? & beauty4 ,wotan has 8 ,valhalla1 b ! giants dem& _! rew>d4 ,loge is summon$ to extricate ! god f ! pr$icam5t 9 :i* 8 lu/ aft] p[] has plung$ him4 ,! god ( fire & ! re/less repres5tative ( ! de/ructive pr9ciple appe>s1 & !reaft] he is nev] abs5t long f ! action4 ,he p]vades e sc5e1 8 r$ cloak flutt]+1 eyes1 h&s1 feet1 body mov+ syn*ron\sly ) t fitful *romatic phrase :i* crackles & fla%es & flick]s ?r\gh ! or*e/ra :5ev] he takes "p 9 ! action4 ,he has se>*$ ?r\gh ! _w = a ransom = ,freia1 & f\nd b "o creature :o e/imat$ any?+ high] ?an ! beauty & wor? ( woman4 ,x is ,alb]i* :o1 hav+ wr\ght a r+ out ( ! magic gold1 has b5t ! race ( ,niblungs to 8 w1 & is n[ prep>+ to conqu] univ]sal dom9ion = himself4 ,?us a new dang] ?reat5s ! race ( gods4 ,9 ?is extremity ,wotan li/5s to ! advice ( ,loge & decides to possess himself ( ! ,niblung ho>d1 t ) x he may pur*ase ! release ( ,freia1 & make assurance d\ble sure4 ,! two desc5d to ! abode ( ! dw>fs4 ,9 ,nibelheim ! rocky cav]ns gl[ ) ! reflection ( =ge fires1 & ! e> is salut$ ) ! clang ( hamm]s fall+ ^u anvils4 ,loge cunn+ly tempts ! dw>f to exhibit ! magical prop]ties ( ! ,t>nhelm 7! cap ( d>kness71 & :5 he assumes ! %ape ( a toad ! gods seize & b9d him4 ,"u ! walls ( ,valhalla !y compel him to ransom himself ) gold = ! giants & rob him ( ! r+4 ,!n ,alb]i* burd5s x ) a curse1 introduc+ into ! trag$y ! poison :i* accompli%es ! de/ruction ( all its h]oes1 & rema9s a bane ^u ! e>? till re/itution is made & expiation a*iev$ by ! self-immolation ( ,brnnhilde4 ,! fir/ fruits ( ! curse foll[ h>d ^u ! heels ( its utt]ance4 ,! giants1 ravi%$ by ! tale ( ! weal? ( ! ,niblung treasure1 exact x all z ransom = ,freia4 ,wotan _h aim$ to keep ! r+ z ano!r ho/age = ! future--) r+ & =tress he w\ld feel secure--b ! giants dem&1 ! runes ^u 8 spe> conta9 ! pl$ge1 & ,erda w>ns4 ,! r+ is grudg+ly surr5d]$1 & at once its baneful effect is se54 ,! giants qu>rel = its possession1 & ,fafn] kills ,fasolt ) bl[s ( 8 /aff4 ,n till !n does ,wotan realize ! deep significance ( ! w>n+ words ( ,erda4 ,a solemn duty1 an awful task devolves ^u him4 ,murd] z well z !ft lies at 8 door2 ) ! r+ a fe>ful curse has ent]$ ! _w z a consequ5ce ( 8 wrong-do+2 h5ce=? he mu/ devote himself to ! "w ( rep>ation4 ,mayhap ! wrong may be right$ by a re/oration ( ! r+ to ! orig9al own]s ( ! gold4 ,8 own h&s are b\nd1 b he conceives a plan1 ( :i* ! visible symbol is ! magic sword4 ,a new race %all arise1 ! sword %all aid x 9 obta9+ ! r+1 & ( its own w x %all return ! circlet to ! elem5t f :i* lu/ = p[] wre/$ x4 ,x is ?is creative ?\ght :i* makes him pause ) 8 foot ^u ! ra9b[ bridge1 across :i* ! cele/ial h\sehold h pass$ into ,valhalla4 ,! sword phrase fla%es ?r\gh ! pomp\s music :i* is ! po/lude ( ! prologue4 ,,iv4 ,hre1 hre1 hre6 ,alles 0 i/1 endet4 ,e9 d/'r] ,tag ,dmm]t d5 ,gtt]n4 ,dir ra? i*1 meide d5 ,r+6 ,?us does ,erda w>n ,wotan4 ,( all ! words ( ! prologue !y are bigge/ ) significance = ! trag$y z a :ole4 ,!y =etell ! consequ5ces ( ,wotan's s94 ,erda is ! ,vala1 ! goddess ( primeval wisdom1 ! pan!i/ic symbol ( ! univ]se1 ! timeless & spaceless "m ( gods & m51 z ,dr4 ,hueff] calls h]4 ,%e is ! "m ( ! ,nornir4 ,_! phrase is an elem5tal "o1 l t ( ! ,rh9e4 ,its asc5d+ int]vals sugge/ gr[?4 ,! anti!sis ( ?is concept is decay1 de/ruction4 ,! melody ( ! ,twilight ( ! ,gods 7b71 9 ! pr$iction ( ,erda1 appe>s z an inv]sion ( ! elem5tal melody 7a74 ,illu/ration3 score 7a7 ,illu/ration3 score 7b7 ,x is an awful consummation t is pr$ict$ by ,erda & symboliz$ 9 ?is desc5d+ phrase--! de/ruction ( a _w z ! outcome ( t conte/ :i* s9ce "t began has be5 ! basis ( religions & my?ologies4 ,no civiliz$ p has escap$ be+ confront$ by t problem1 b all peoples h n solv$ x alike4 ,9 our own religion ! spectacle ( its tragical consequ5ces has held ! _w 9 awe = ne>ly n9ete5 hundr$ ye>s4 ,g5]ally 9 ! leg5ds :i* ! human imag9ation1 fir$ by religi\s in/9ct1 has creat$ to symbolize ! et]nal conflict1 ! h]o :o goes to de/ruction is an ideal man4 ,sometimes he is a god2 b only ! d>+ imag9ation ( ! ,nor!rn my?-mak] 0 equal to ! task ( mak+ t h]o ! *iefe/ ( ! gods1 & connect+ 8 d[nfall ) ! end ( ! race to :i* he belongs4 ,9 ?is awful flight ( ! ,nor!rn imag9ation1 ?is sublime a*ievem5t ( ! ,nor!rn consci5ce1 lies ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! religi\s sy/ems ( ! classic ,greeks & our savage ance/ors4 ,! ,greeks1 pr(\ndly philosophical z !y 71 w\ld yet h %runk back appall$ f su* a solution ( ! great problem z ! ,teuton provid$ 9 8 ,gtt]dmm]ung4 ,logic might =ce !m to recognize ! necessity ( x or some?+ l x1 b !y w\ld n p]mit logic to compel !m to contemplate x4 ,once ! /]n m9d ( s*ylus seem$ on ! po9t ( disclos+ a div9e trag$y approximate 9 its proportions4 ,prome!us1 *a9$ to ! rock on ,m\nt ,caucasus1 com=ts himself 9 8 bitt] agony ) ?\ghts ( ! "t :5 grim necessity %all =ce ,zeus to "r 8 wrongs4 ,b obs]ve t ! end ( 8 suff]+s is n to foll[ z an act ( retributive ju/ice1 b is to be pur*as$ by a compromise4 ,! "t w come :5 ,zeus w ne$ 8 help1 = ( all ! gods ,prome!us alone kn[s h[ ! plot w be laid & h[ ,zeus c escape x3 ,i "k t ,zeus is h>d1 ,& keeps ! "r supremely to himself2 ,b !n1 ,i "k1 he'll be ,full pliant 9 8 w ,:5 he is ?us cru%$ d[n4 ,!n calm+ d[n 8 mood ,( h>d & bitt] wra?1 ,he'll ha/5 unto me1 ,z ,i to him %all ha/e1 ,= fri5d%ip & = peace4 ,?is is ! ne>e/ approa* t ! ,greeks came to a p>allel ) ! mo/ trem5d\s conception ( ,nor!rn my?ology4 ,does x /rike y z /range8 ,x ne$ n4 ,rememb]1 ! lovel9ess ( _! c\ntry & climate kept be=e ! ,greeks p]petually ! b5ignant aspect ( _! gods4 ,x is true !y f\nd !mselves z little able z our ance/ors lat] to ma9ta9 ^! embodim5ts ( a primeval conception ( idealiz$ humanity 9 a /ate ( s9lessness2 b :5 br\ght face to face ) ! contradictions :i* foll[$1 !y extricat$ !mselves z be/ !y might by ! make%ift ( a compromis+ reconciliation1 or flew to ! extreme ( unbelief4 ,! moral obliquity ( ! gods 0 recogniz$1 b 0 n p]mitt$ to ?r[ a %ad[ ov] ! radiant ones 9 ! ,olympian c\rt4 ,y may obs]ve an illu/ration ( ?is m5tal trait 9 ! unwill+ness ( ! ,greeks to call unpleasant ?+s by _! "r names4 ,! ,eux9e1 or ,hospitable ,sea1 0 once righte\sly call$ by !m ! ,ax9e1 or ,inhospitable ,sea4 ,! dreadful ,furies1 ) _! heads cov]$ ) wri?+ snakes1 aft] !y _h sc\rg$ ,ore/es ?r\gh ! _w1 7 giv5 a temple & wor%ip at ,a!ns z ! ,eum5ides--! k9d or good-temp]$ ones4 ,^! ,furies belong$ to ! class ( gloomy deities1 :i* 0 ! (fspr+ ( consci5ce & ! s5se ( moral responsibility4 ,!y 7 b\nd to pres5t !mselves to a ?9k+ p1 b a p :o bask$ always 9 ,nature's smile 7 equally b\nd to subord9ate !m to ! gods ( nature t 7 ! embodim5t ( *e]fulness & light4 ,to contemplate ! latt] 0 a delightful occupation2 ! =m] 7 view$ ?r\gh a veil :i* conceal$ _! hide\sness4 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 ! surr\nd+s ( our ance/ors to enc\rage su* a species ( indirection4 ,! natural p[]s :i* confront$ !m (t5e/ 7 inimical4 ,!y did n live 9 ! sunlight ( ,nature's smile1 b 9 ! %ad[ ( h] fr[n4 ,! simple "r to exi/ _h daily to be conqu]$4 ,! vague appreh5sions ( a s9less1 an absolute & omnipot5t ,deity1 :i* flitt$ furtively across _! m9ds1 took deep] & deep] root :5 ! logic ( necessity began to ta9t _! dyna/y ( gods ) weakness & crimes4 ,b1 l ! ,greeks1 !y c\ld give su* a conception nei!r =m1 habitation1 nor "n4 ,x rema9$ hov]+ 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,z _! physical life 0 a ceaseless /ruggle ) ,nature 9 h] /]ne/ aspects1 & z ! m cruel ( ^? aspects 7 connect$ ) ! ph5om5a ( w9t]1 x 0 natural t :5 ! conception ( ov]%ad[+ ,fate _h to be p]sonifi$ 9 ! process ( my?ological con/ruction1 ! ,nornir %\ld h be5 imag9$ z daught]s ( ! giants ( ! ,nor?--h>%1 cruel1 v5geful1 implacable4 ,! t]rible ,fimbul w9t] 0 to prec$e ,ragn>k4 ,all _! tra9+ taught !m to look ! actual 9 ! face4 ,!y liv$ 9 w>1 & dea? possess$ t]ror only to ^? :o c\ld n die 9 battle4 ,de/ruction 0 a conception ) :i* !y 7 famili>2 de/ruction 0 ! logical outcome ( all activities4 ,s soon z !y began to contemplate a race ( gods :o 7 (f5d]s aga9/ t moral law :i* 0 ! outgr[? ( ! primitive religi\s in/9ct1 j s soon su* a p _h to provide = a cata/rophe :i* w\ld resolve ! discord4 ,! ,greek trag$ian made ,prome!us ! symbol ( humanity & a*iev$ 8 aim by a reconciliation ) (f5d$ ,deity4 ,! ,norse my?-mak] *ose ! *ief ( ! gods z 8 repres5tative1 rais$ ! issue betwe5 him & unp]sonifi$ moral law1 & compell$ ! god to g d[n to de/ruction ) all 8 race to satisfy a va/ & righte\s necessity4 ,if1 says ,felix ,dahn1 a religion has become ?or\ghly corrupt1 !n1 unless ! nation pr(ess+ x is to be de/roy$ along ) its civilization1 a new religion1 satisfy+ to ! ne$s ( ! p]iod1 mu/ ei!r be introduc$ f )\t--z ,*ri/ianity 0 introduc$ 9 ! ,roman _w 9 ! fir/ c5turies ( ! ,empire--or ! exi/+ religion mu/ be purifi$ & recon/ruct$2 z 0 ! case ) ,*ri/ianity 9 ! sixte5? c5tury ?r\gh ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation1 & also1 inde$1 ?r\gh ! v mat]ial ,ca?olic improvem5ts a*iev$ by ! ,trid5t9e ,c\ncil4 ,b beside ^! two !re is a ?ird means ( resolv+ ! difficulty2 ?is ?ird 0 seiz$ ^u by ! ,g]manic consci\sness4 ,x is ! tragical rem$y4 ,! ,g]manic gods1 too1 plac$ !mselves 9 irreconcilable & un5durable opposition to morality2 & ! ,g]manic consci5ce condemn$ !m e "o to de/ruction--to dea?6 ,t is ! mean+ ( ! ,gtt]dmm]ung2 x is a pe]lessly great moral de$ ( ! ,g]manic race1 & x /amps ,g]manic my?ology ) its tragic "*4 ,de/ruction because ( an irrep>able rupture ) e/abli%$ & peaceful ord] 9 ,religion1 ,morality1 or ,law1 is ess5tially tragical4 ,! ,gtt]dmm]ung a sacrifice8 ,a /up5d\s de$ ( morality8 ,aye1 inde$1 t x is6,d ,v4 ,we are h5ce=? to obs]ve ,wotan 9 8 conduct :5 br\ght face to face ) ! consequ5ces ( 8 violations ( moral law4 ,t conduct x is :i* reflects ! real trag$y 9 ,! ,niblung's ,r+4 ,b\nd by ! contract ^: runes 7 cut 9 ! haft ( 8 spe>1 ! god c\ld n aga9 possess himself ( ! r+1 :i* 0 n[ become d\bly a m5ace4 ,if x 7 aga9 to fall into ! h&s ( ,alb]i*1 :om he _h s cruelly wrong$1 ! desire = v5geance w\ld spur t mis*iev\s ,niblung to seize ! dom9ion :i* _h be5 =feit$4 ,to prev5t su* a cata/rophe1 ,wotan w\ld beget a new race ( be+s & end[ !m ) a magic sword4 ,?is 0 to be ! ext5t ( 8 activity 9 ! developm5t ( 8 plot4 ,z a ,volsung he w&]$ ?r\gh ! =e/s ) ,siegmund1 8 son born ( woman4 ,at an e>ly age ?is son _h lo/ 8 "m & be5 sep>at$ f 8 tw9-si/]4 ,!n 8 fa!r left him my/]i\sly to be season$ to 8 task by h>d%ips4 ,at ! climax ( 8 di/ress1 ! culm9ation ( 8 ne$1 he 0 to arm himself ) ! div9e sword :i* ! god _h ?ru/ up to ! hilt 9 a tree1 ar\nd :i* 0 built ! hut ( t v enemy ( ! ,volsung race1 :o _h c>ri$ (f ! si/] & m>ri$ h] aga9/ h] w4 ,! a*ievem5t ( ! sword 0 to be ! sign ( ,siegmund's fitness = ! ent]prise4 ,( 8 own free-w ! div9ely-begott5 h]o 0 to acquire ! r+1 & rid ! _w ( ! curse by re/or+ x to its rightful own]s4 ,h[ va9 a plot6 ,! fir/ /ep 9 its developm5t %att]s ! :ole elaborate fabric6 ,bo? ( ! *ildr5 =feit _! lives to outrag$ law2 ! god is compell$ to de/roy ! v ag5cies on :i* he _h built 8 hopes4 ,! curse "u ^: fatal influ5ce he _h fall5 because ( wrong-do+ 0 n to be av]t$ by s %all[ a subt]fuge2 b ev5 if su* an outcome _h be5 possible1 ! plan w\ld h split on ! rock ( newly (f5d$ morality4 ,9 ?is outl9e ( ! cont5ts ( ,die ,walkre ,i h b h9t$ at its incid5ts1 yet we h be=e u a :ole va/ act ( ! ,wotan trag$y1 & "o1 too1 t is pregnant ) consequ5ces to ! tragical s*eme ( ! my?-mak]4 ,i d n ask t ! occasional int]pretations ( ,wagn]'s music :i* ,i attempt be accept$ z lit]al expositions ( ! compos]'s purposes2 b we c b5efit 9 our und]/&+ ( ! scope & progress ( 8 trag$y by discov]+ symbols = its great philosophical mom5ts 9 ! musical inve/iture4 ,9 ?is view ( ! case obs]ve h[ appropriate is ! in/rum5tal introduction to ! fir/ act4 ,we h gone beyond ! h&-books 9 see+ a reflection ( ! purity & quietude ( ! ,gold5 ,age 9 ! introduction to ! prologue4 ,its anti!sis is pres5t$ 9 ! introduction to ! fir/ drama ( ! trilogy4 ,aga9 ,wagn] makes nature reflect ! m5tal & moral /ates ( 8 p]sonages4 ,aga9 he pres5ts a musical mood-picture4 ,& aga9 ! musician is invit$ to discov] t1 9 spite ( ! contra/ betwe5 ! objects ( 8 musical del9eation1 ! te*nical means resort$ to are ! same4 ,!re ! peacefully undulat+ major h>monies ov] a su/a9$ bass note--a p$al-po9t1 if y w--pictur$ ! age ( s9lessness2 ! h>mlessness ( ! unta9t$1 uncovet$ virg9 gold2 ! g5tle flux & reflux ( ! elem5t 9 :i* x 0 buri$2 ! c>eless innoc5cy ( its unsuspici\s & playful gu>dians4 ,"h wildly fly+ m9or h>monies "u a su/a9$ note--aga9 a p$al-po9t--picture ! /orm :i* buffets ! exhau/$1 unprotect$ ,siegmund1 & impels him to seek refuge 9 ,hund+'s hut4 ,if ?is p>allel is m]ely fanciful1 x at lea/ invites su* an ex]cise ( ! fancy 9 ! li/5]s z w bett] help !m to appreciate ! int]dep5d5ce ( ! arts :i* ,wagn] consorts 9 8 dramas ?an any am\nt ( /ructural dissection & analysis4 ,if y wi% y may note t 9 addition to ! music :i* aims m]ely at imitative del9eation ( a ?und]-/orm 7! ru%+ figure 9 ! basses1 ! incessant /accato patt] ( ! su/a9$ note1 ! attempts to sugge/ fla%es ( lightn+ 9 %ort & rapid figures 9 ! high regi/] ( ! in/rum5ts1 ! cra%+ & rumbl+ ( ?und]1 & ! h[l+ ( ! w9d 9 ! *romatic passages71 ! music also pres5ts a pomp\s phrase ) :i*1 9 ! sc5e ( ! prologue :]e ,?or creat$ ! ra9b[ bridge1 ! ,?und]] summon$ ! elem5ts to 8 aid1 & at ! close a heavy-foot$ phrase :i* may be id5tifi$ ) ! we>y ,siegmund4 ,if ^! two preludes be accept$ z broadly & compreh5sively del9eative ( moods 9 ! !atre & p]sonages ( ! play1 ano!r significant p>allel w n[ pres5t itself4 ,x 0 to a phrase :i* has ! rhy?m aft]w>ds associat$ ) ! ,niblungs 9 _! capacity z smi?s 7see ,*apt] ,i47--! hamm]+ rhy?m--t ,alb]i* disclos$ 8 wick$ nature & resolve :5 he %ook 8 fi/ at ! nixies4 ,obs]ve h[ ! elem5t ( dang] to ! ,volsung pair is introduc$ 9 ! fir/ sc5e ( ! trag$y4 ,x ent]s ) ! s9i/] ,hund+1 :o1 z ! unconsci\s in/rum5t ( ,fate & ,fricka's v5geance1 br+s dea? to ,siegmund4 ,9 ! music :i* prec$es ,hund+'s entrance !re are only /ra9s ( pa!tic t5d]ness :i* invite sympa?y = ! unhappy *ildr5 ( ,wotan1 & :i* we are ask$ by ! analy/ & comm5tator to associate ) ! compassion :i* !y feel = ea* o!r1 & ! gr[? ( t feel+ into ! m ard5t emotion ( love4 ,! phrase :i* u%]s 9 ,hund+ is 9 %>p contra/2 if is gloomy 9 h>mony & or*e/ration1 & publi%es ! evil 9 8 he>t1 n only by its d>k colors1 b also by employ+ ! ?reat5+ rhy?m :i* ,alb]i* us$ aga9/ ! ,rh9e daught]s4 ,! incid5ts :i* s]ve to complete ! fir/ great /ep 9 ! drama s f> z ,wotan1 ! h]o1 is conc]n$1 c n[ be ha/ily review$4 ,hund+ discov]s 8 gue/ to be ! enemy ( 8 race2 ! laws ( hospitality protect him = ! night1 b he mu/ fight on ! morr[4 ,siegmund's ne$ has rea*$ its climax4 ,b ,siegl9de1 aft] putt+ ,hund+ to sleep ) a draught1 returns to him & discloses ! my/]y ( ! sword4 ,mutually !y confess _! love1 & discov] _! relation%ip 9 ! mom5t :5 ! magic sword is won4 ,a new ?\ght prev5ts t t]rible discov]y f *eck+ ! progress ( _! passion4 ,! race ( ! ,volsungs mu/ be p]petuat$4 ,if y want to le>n h[ p[]ful an elem5t ?is ?\ght is 9 ! old leg5d f :i* ,wagn] borr[$ ! episode1 y mu/ /udy x 9 ! ,volsunga ,saga1 :]e x is consort$ ) elem5ts :i* l>gely atone = ! features s (f5sive & s mu* criticis$ 9 ,wagn]'s drama4 ,!re ,signy 7,wagn]'s ,siegl9de7 desir+ to av5ge h]self on h] husb& ,siggeir 7,hund+71 :o _h murd]$ all ! race b h] & ,sigmund1 & kept h] 9 loveless w$lock1 tri$ 9 va9 to re> a son ( suffici5t h>dihood to p]=m ! de$ ( v5geance4 ,at la/1 fe>ful t ! ,volsungs might become ext9ct1 %e *ang$ semblance ) a wit*-wife1 & 9 ?is guise visit$ ,sigmund at 8 hid+-place 9 ! woods4 ,:5 _! son grew to manhood he & 8 fa!r av5g$ ,signy's wrongs4 ,b :5 !y (f]$ h] great honors ,signy told ,sigmund3 ,i w5t into ! woods to !e 9 wit*-wife's %ape1 & ,s9fjtli 7,siegfri$7 is ! son ( !e & me bo?2 & !re=e has he ?is great h>dihood & fi]c5ess1 because he is ! son ( ,vlse's son & ,vlse's daught]4 ,= naught else h ,i s wr\ght t ,k+ ,siggeir might get 8 bane at la/2 & m]rily n[ w ,i die ) ! ,k+ ?\gh ,i 0 naught m]ry to w$ him2,e & %e ent]$ ! burn+ palace & di$ ) ! ,k+ & 8 m54 ,! motive "h is ! same z 9 ! objectionable episode 9 ,wagn]1 b x is pres5t$ m =cibly &1 at ! same "t1 less (f5sively--or1 at lea/1 ) less %[ ( moral depravity4 ,b ! s9 is spe$ily expiat$4 ,fricka1 ! patron goddess ( m>riage1 dem&s t ,siegmund %all become h] victim2 & ,fricka's "r _c be ga9said by ! repres5tative ( ,law4 ,wotan pron\nces ! oa? t ,fricka dem&s4 ,! ,volsung is doom$2 ! plan ( ! god fru/rat$4 ,! fir/ act ( ! trag$y is complete2 ! second /age ( ! developm5t ( ,wotan's tragical "* is ent]$ ^u4 ,^! are ! ess5tial features ( t /age3 ,9 despair ! god surr5d]s 8 plan1 invokes ! consequ5ces ( 8 guilty de$1 & pron\nces a bless+ on ! inimical ag5cy :i* has be5 e/abli%$ = 8 puni%m5t4 ,he turns 8 long+ gaze t[>ds t outcome ( ! t]rible conflict 9 :i* he became involv$ because ( 8 gre$ ( p[]1 :i* 8 own wisdom1 cl>ifi$ by ! my/ic words ( ,erda1 recognizes z inevitable4 ,unhappily = ! popul> und]/&+ ( ! trag$y1 ! sc5e 9 :i* ?is /up5d\sly significant phase 9 ! cele/ial action ( ! drama is disclos$ is "o t is g5]ally sacrific$ to !atrical exig5cies4 ,x is pres5t$ 9 ! long address 9 :i* ,wotan c\nt]m&s ! ord] previ\sly giv5 = ! dea? ( ,hund+1 & comm&s t ! dea?-m>k be plac$ on ,siegmund4 ,f ?is recital we le>n t ! ,valkyrior _h be5 born to ,wotan by ,erda z "p ( 8 s*eme to p]petuate 8 dom9ion4 ,!y 7 to fill ,valhalla ) h]oes aga9/ ! great battle :i* he knew w\ld come4 ,we also le>n t z ,wotan _h begott5 a new race1 9 ! hope ( prev5t+ ! baneful r+ f fall+ aga9 into ! h&s ( ,alb]i*1 s ,alb]i*1 9 turn1 _h begott5 a son to labor = its return4 ,b z ,alb]i* _h =esworn love1 he woo$ a woman ) gold4 ,aga91 "h 9 ! c\nt]-plot1 ! gre$ ( gold usurps ! place sanctifi$ to love4 ,?us !re are pitt$ aga9/ ea* o!r ! ,volsungs1 belov$ prog5y ( ! god1 & ,hag5 7:om we %all meet actively engag$ 9 ! conte/ lat]71 ! loveless (fspr+ ( ! ,niblung4 ,& ! demi-god x is :o is doom$4 ,wotan is call$ ^u to p]=m 8 act ( r5unciation4 ,z ?+s g 9 ! !atre1 8 recital is ?\ght ov]long & undramatic1 & ! ?\ghtless laugh at ! spectacle ( a sad god4 ,c we =get t x is at ?is supreme mom5t t ! god embodies t :i* is at once ! l(tie/ & ! mo/ pr(\ndly melan*oly conception ( ! ,g]manic consci5ce8 ,he recognizes ! necessity & ! ju/ice ( ! de/ruction ( 8 race4 ,li/5 to 8 words3 ,begone1 !n1 & p]i%1 ,?\ gorge\s pomp1 ,?\ glitt]+ disgrace ,( godhood's gr&eur6 ,asund] %all bur/ ,! walls ,i built6 ,my "w ,i ab&on1 ,= "o ?+ alone ,i wi%-- ,! end-- ,! end-- 7,he pauses 9 ?\ght47 ,& to ! end ,alb'ri* att5ds6 ,n[ ,i p]ceive ,! secret s5se ,( ! ,vala's 'wild]+ words3 ',:5 ,love's f]oci\s foe ,9 rage begette? a son1 ,! night ( ! gods ,draws ne> anon4',f ,& n[ obs]ve h[ ! logic ( ,wagn]'s con/ructive s*eme m>%als ! symbols ( ! *ief ?+s :i* are 9 ,wotan's ?\ghts :ile he contemplates pa/1 pres5t1 & future--! wick$ cause & ! t]rible effect4 ,! curse1 ) dea? 9 its tra91 confronts him3 ,illu/ration3 score ! ,nomir & _! all-wise "m revisit 8 fancy3 ,illu/ration3 score ! ceaseless1 tireless en]gy ( ! ,niblung1 :i* w n cease till ! "w ( de/ruction be complete1 pursues him ) its rhy?mical sc\rge z ! ,furies pursu$ ,ore/es3 ,illu/ration3 score & ! image ( ,valhalla rises 9 8 f>-see+ m9d1 n z a ca/le 9 its pres5t gr&eur 7see ,*apt] ,i471 b 9 ru9s2 ! rhy?m ( ! musical symbol is %att]$2 its solid1 re/ful1 simple major h>mony is de/roy$3 ,illu/ration3 score ,all ?is because ( ! accurs$ gold 7clos+ cad5ce a74 ,! daught] to :om ! god confides ! :ole dep? ( 8 mis]y is ( all 8 daught]s ! de>e/4 ,%e has no high] ambition ?an to be ! embodim5t ( ,wotan's w4 ,unconsci\sly to bo?1 ! god1 9 8 div9e resignation1 is m]ely prefigur+ ! sacrifice to :i*1 9 ! provid5ce ( a high] p[] ?an ! ,"l ( ,valhalla1 t daught] has be5 *os54 ,b ! god has n yet le>n$ ! full bitt]ness ( 8 cup4 ,he loves ! ,volsung1 & is oblig$ to de/roy at a bl[ ! object ( 8 love & ! ag5t ( 8 plan4 ,9 do+ ?is ! irresi/ible might ( law be>s d[n 8 w4 ,t w is kn[n to ,brnnhilde4 ,9 defiance ( ,wotan's comm&s %e attempts to %ield ! ,volsung2 & to br+ ! combat betwe5 ,hund+ & ,siegmund to ! conclusion inexorably dem&$ by t law ( purity :i* ! h]o unwitt+ly violat$1 ! god is himself compell$ to int]f]e1 & to cause ! sword1 design$ z ! symbol ( ! ,volsung p[]1 to be %att]$ on ! spe> ) :i* ,wotan ex]cises dom9ion4 ,love1 = a second "t1 feels ! weight ( ,alb]i*'s curse4 ,n[ ! belov$ daught] falls "u ! condemnation ( ! law4 ,b ! god is becom+ unconsci\sly an ag5t 9 a plan ( r$emption1 :i* belongs to a l(ti] e?ical s*eme ?an 0 possible be=e4 ,wotan is ab\t to disappe> z an active ag5t f ! sc5e4 ,8 plot is wreck$4 ,! repres5tative ( 8 w1 ! object ( 8 t5d]e/ pat]nal affection1 unkn[n to him1 b inspir$ :olly by a love void ( all selfi%ness1 is ab\t to take up ! task surr5d]$ by ! god1 & c>ry x out to a conclusion diff]5t f & yet l t imag9$ by ! god4 ,be=e ! puni%m5t is visit$ ^u h]1 ! int5sity ( t love1 turn$ ?r\gh sympa?y t[>ds ,siegl9de1 has = a mom5t end[$ h] ) prophetic p[]s4 ,%e hails ! h]o yet unborn1 & p]suades ,siegl9de to save h] own life = 8 sake4 ,!n %e accepts h] puni%m5t4 ,%e is b]eft ( h] div9ity1 put into a magic sleep1 & left by ! way-side to be ! prey ( ! fir/ pass]-by4 ,b ! love ( ! fa!r1 awak5$ to t5fold p[] by ! bitt]ness ( 8 own fate & ! k t 8 *ild's disob$i5ce 0 b ! execution ( 8 own w1 %ields h] f di%onor by surr\nd+ h] ) a wall ( fire1 :i* none b a fre] h]o ?an ! god himself1 & "o = :om ! div9e spe> has no t]rors1 %all pass4 ,! god's egotism is completely brok51 ! reconciliation betwe5 8 (f5d$ maje/y & ! (f5d] e/abli%$4 ,! puni%m5t ( ,brnnhilde is b ! *a/isem5t ( love4 ,c !re be any d\bt ( ?is aft] ! musical proclamation conta9$ 9 ! f9ale ( ,die ,walkre8 ,,vi4 ,i am presum+1 to a great ext5t1 ^u ! read]'s famili>ity ) ! incid5ts ( ! dramas con/itut+ ! trag$y4 ,x is ! action :i* takes place :]e we h n be5 9 ! habit ( look+ = x t ,i am seek+ to discov]4 ,siegfri$1 ! second drama ( ! trilogy1 is almo/ :olly devot$ to prep>ation = ! fateful outcome4 ,to ?is fact is due mu* ( its *e]fulness ( tone4 ,x is a p]iod ( comp>ative re/4 ,! cele/ial plot has ent]$ ^u a new phase1 & 9 ?is drama ! new comb9ation ( *>act]s is =m$ = ! developm5t ( t new phase4 ,! e?ical drama :i* ! play symbolizes might be describ$ z foll[s3 ,! h]o has be5 born & br$ "u circum/ances :i* h develop$ 8 fre$om 9 e direction4 ,! repres5tative ( ! evil pr9ciple seeks to direct 8 h]oic p[]s t[>ds an advancem5t ( ! s9i/] side ( ! c\nt]-plot2 b 9 va94 ,by 8 own ef=ts he end[s himself ) ! magic sword1 & 9 ! full consci\sness ( 8 free manhood he a*ieves = himself ! adv5tures & ! happ9ess :i* 7 d5i$ to ! god4 ,he ga9s ! r+ & ta/es ! delight ( love4 ,at fir/ ,siegfri$ appe>s simply z a wild =e/ lad1 :o has gr[n up ) no sympa!tic acqua9tance beyond ! bea/s & birds ) :i* he is wont to associate 9 _! haunts4 ,9 ?is "* ! compos] pictures him musically by means ( ! m]ry hunt+-call :i* he is suppos$ to bl[ on 8 horn 7see ,*apt] ,i474 ,mo/ ( ! music :i* is associat$ ) him 9 ! fir/ act ( ! drama1 9 :i* ?is horn-call ent]s s l>gely1 is m>k$ly *>act]i/ic ( ! impetu\s nature ( ! =e/ lad1 ) 8 contempt = dissimulation & 8 r\gh1 /raight-=w>d en]gy4 ,b a diff]5t side ( 8 nature is disclos$ :51 hav+ le>n$ ! /ory ( 8 bir? & acquir$ possession ( 8 fa!r's sword1 remade by himself1 he becomes a "p ( ! sylvan picture ( ! second act1 :i* l5ds s mu* *>m to ! ,siegfri$ drama4 ,"h1 aga91 is sc5ic music ( ! k9d :i* ea* ( ! dramas possesses1 & :i* has s (t5 set u to wond]+ at ,wagn]'s m>vell\s faculty = juggl+ ) ! s5ses--mak+ our e>s to see & our eyes to he>4 ,siegfri$ has be5 br\ght be=e ! cave--:]e ,fafn]1 9 ! =m ( a dragon1 is gu>d+ ! r+ & ! ho>d--by ,mime1 :o has plann$ t ! lad %all kill ! dragon & !n himself fall a victim to trea*]y4 ,siegfri$ ?r[s himself on a hillock at ! foot ( a tree & li/5s to nature's music 9 ! =e/4 ,& su* music6 ,music r$ol5t ( t sweet my/]y :i* peopl$ ! old poets' m9ds ) ! :ole amiable tribe ( fays & dryads & wood-nymphs4 ,! _s :i* lurks "u gn>l$ roots & 9 tangl$ b\ghs1 9 holl[ trees & haunt$ =e/ caves1 brea!s ?r\gh x4 ,! y\? is brood+ ov] ! my/]y ( 8 *ildhood1 & he utt]s 8 ?\ghts 9 t5d] phrases1 :ile ! mell[ wood-w9d in/rum5ts 9 ! or*e/ra id5tify 8 ?\ghts ) ! dead p>5ts :om he nev] knew4 ,he wond]s :at 8 "m look$ l1 & pa!tically asks :e!r all human mo!rs die :5 _! *ildr5 are born4 ,sudd5ly ! sunlight beg9s to flick] along ! leafy canopy2 a ?\s& indi/9ct voices jo9 9 t indef9able hum1 ( :i*1 :5 he>d 9 reality & n 9 ! musician's creation1 "o is at a loss to tell h[ mu* is actual & h[ mu* ! product ( imag9ation1 bo? s5se & fancy hav+ be5 miracul\sly quick5$ by ! _s :i* moves ?r\gh ! trees4 ,at la/ all is vocal1 & ,siegfri$'s e> is caught by ! song ( ! bird to :i* we too h be5 li/5+4 ,9 8 long+ = companion%ip he wi%es t he might und]/& & conv]se ) 8 fea!r$ playmate4 ,might he n if he 7 able to :i/le l ! bird8 ,n[ note ! nave t\* ( musical humor ) :i* ,wagn]1 ! trag$ian1 enliv5s ! sc5e4 ,siegfri$ cuts a re$ gr[+ beside a rivulet & fa%ions a rude pipe out ( x4 ,he li/5s1 & :5 ! bird quits s++ he attempts to imitate its wood-note wild4 ,b 8 pipe is too l[ 9 pit* & out ( tune4 ,he cuts x %ort] & raises its pit* half a tone4 ,aga9 he cuts x1 ) ! same result2 !n squeezes x impati5tly1 & r5d]s x /ill m out ( tune & h>%4 ,he ?r[s x away1 confesses 8 humiliation by ! bird1 !n rea*es = 8 horn4 ,) its m]ry call he wakes ! e*oes1 di/urbs ! sleep ( ! dragon1 & precipitates ! combat :i* ends 9 8 equipm5t ) ,t>nhelm & r+1 & 8 receipt ( ! injunction f ! bird 7:i* n[ he und]/&s ?r\gh ! magic ( ! dragon's blood t\*+ 8 lips7 to slay ,mime & wak5 ,brnnhilde on ! burn+ m\nta94 ,we n[ cat* our la/ glimpse ( ,wotan z a p]sonage 9 ! play4 ,he has n be5 active 9 ! plot s9ce he 0 oblig$ to de/roy 8 own h&iwork4 ,twice he appe>$ 9 ! "* ( a seem+ly unconc]n$ spectator w&]+ ov] ! face ( ! e>?1 & once he ev5 (f]$ to help ,alb]i* recov] ! r+ f ,fafn]4 ,he ar\s$ ! dragon & sugge/$ t ,alb]i* w>n him ( ?reat5$ dang]1 & ask ! r+ z a rew>d4 ,8 pres5t conc]n is to le>n :e!r ! dang] ?reat5+ ! gods is yet to be av]t$4 ,by *ant+ ( p[]ful runes he summons ,erda1 ( anci5t wisdom4 ,b %e refuses to speak4 ,n[ he tells h] t he no long] grieves ov] ! approa*+ doom ( ! gods2 8 w1 newly enlight5$1 has decre$ t ! cata/rophe %all ov]:elm ! gods1 b also t ! _w1 :i* 9 8 despair he _h surr5d]$ to ! hate ( ! ,niblung1 %all become in/ead ! h]itage ( ! ,volsung :o has won ! r+4 ,a s+le act rema9s to be done3 ! free-ag5cy ( ,siegfri$ mu/ be te/$4 ,! y\? foll[s 8 fea!r$ guide up ! m\nta9 to f9d ! promis$ bride4 ,wotan b>s 8 way ) 8 spe>4 ,siegfri$ hews ! %aft ?r\gh ! middle4 ,on ! runes cut into t %aft re/$ ,wotan's dom9ion4 ,!y 7 ! bond by :i* he gov]n$4 ,its de/ruction symbolizes ! approa*+ end ( ! old ord] ( ?+s4 ,! musical phrase1 typical ( t compact1 accompanies him1 9 brok5 rhy?m1 z he ga!rs up ! pieces ( ! spe> & dep>ts4 ,prophecy & fulfilm5t are indicat$ by ! recurr5ce ( ! phrase ( ,erda & h] daught]s1 ! ,nornir1 & its inv]sion1 :i* symbolizes ! twilight ( ! gods4 ,,vii4 ,all ! adv5tures ( ,siegfri$ 9 ?is "p ( ! drama1 f ! =g+ ( ! sword to ! awak+ ( ,brnnhilde1 ,wagn] d]iv$ 9 almo/ ! exact %ape 9 :i* he pres5ts !m f ! ,sc&9avian leg5ds :i* tell ( ,sigurd4 ,9 ! dea?-l sleep ( ,brnnhilde1 ! /ream ( fire ar\nd h] c\*1 ! passage ( t /ream by ,siegfri$1 z lat] 9 ! immolation ( ! h]o9e1 !re are s _m =e%ad[+s ( ! my/]y ( ! ,atonem5t t ,i sc>cely d>e attempt a /udy ( x4 ,let me b call att5tion to ! fact t ! fi]y wall 9 ! old leg5ds always d5otes ! fun]al pyre2 t x 0 once cu/om>y to light ! pyre ) a ?orn1 & t :5 ! ,eddas tell u t ,od9 put 8 *ild ,brynhild to sleep by prick+ h] 9 ! temple ) a sleep-?orn1 ! mean+ is t %e di$4 ,i h said a =e%ad[+ ( ! ,atonem5t because ^! ?+s are old ,aryan possessions--mu* old] ?an ,*ri/ianity4 ,! inf]nal riv] ( ! ,greeks1 :i* ,alke/is _h to cross :5 %e w5t to ! "u-_w on h] mission ( salvation1 _h a ,greek "n 7,pyriphlege?on71 :i* meant fire-blaz+4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 to lose myself 9 su* speculations t ,i call$ up ! old /ory1 b simply to %[ ) :at f9e insight into dramatic possibilities ,wagn] /udi$ 8 s\rces4 ,9 ! old ,icel&ic tale1 "s gossip+ eagles1 ^: language ,sigurd _h come to und]/& by dr9k+ ( ! blood ( ,reg9 & ,fafnir1 told him ( a maid5 :o slumb]$ 9 a hall on high ,h9d>fiall surr\nd$ ) fire4 ,?i!r ,sigurd w5t1 p5etrat$ ! b>ri] ( fire1 f\nd ,brynhild1 :om he ?\ght to be a knight until he _h ripp$ up h] coat ( mail ) 8 sword1 & awak5$ h]4 ,le>n+ ! "n ( h] deliv]]1 ,brynhild cri$ out3 ,hail to !e1 ,day1 come back6 ,hail1 sons ( ! ,daylight6 ,hail to !e1 daught] ( night6 ,look ) k9dly eyes d[n ,on u sitt+ "h lonely1 ,& give u ! ga9 t we long =4,g ,,viii4 ,we rea* ! la/ drama ( ! trilogy4 ,9 ! joy ( 8 new-f\nd love ,siegfri$ =gets 8 mission4 ,brnnhilde tea*es him wisdom 7recall h[ ! anci5t ,teutons rev]5c$ ! utt]ance ( _! wom571 & he gives h] ! baneful circlet z ! badge ( 8 love4 ,he goes out 9 se>* ( adv5ture1 &1 sep>at$ f ! protect+ influ5ce ( woman's love1 he falls a victim to ! wiles ( ,hag51 ! ,niblung's son4 ,alb]i* _h w>n$ ,hag5 t s great 0 ,siegfri$'s love = ,brnnhilde t 7 %e to ask x he w\ld re/ore ! r+ to ! ,rh9e nixies4 ,?is mu/ be prev5t$1 & ,hag5 has a plan ready4 ,) a magic dr9k he robs ,siegfri$ ( all memory ( ,brnnhilde1 & ! h]o1 to ga9 a new love1 puts on 8 ,t>nhelm & rudely drags ,brnnhilde f h] flame-encircl$ retreat4 ,to ,wagn]'s skill 9 express+ ! miracul\s 9 music is due ! effectiv5ess ( two sc5es highly ess5tial to ! e?ical s*eme ( ! trag$y & v difficult to pres5t 9 a dramatic =m4 ,! music accompany+ ! dr9k alone makes x possible to realize t ! fateful *ange has tak5 place 9 ,siegfri$4 ,he looks into ! horn & pl$ges ,brnnhilde3 ,7 ,i to =get ,all ?\ gav'/1 ,"o lesson ,i'll nev] ,unle>n 9 my life4 ,?is morn+-dr9k1 ,9 measureless love1 ,brnnhild1 ,i pl$ge to !e6,h ,niemann puts ! horn f 8 lips1 & we "k t a *ange has tak5 place 9 ! man4 ,x is ! my/ical prop]ty ( t weird music t br+s u ?is consci\sness4 ,we c\ld n believe x if acts or words alone 7 reli$ on to make ! publication4 ,aga9 has love be5 wrong$4 ,! guilt ( a tragic h]o may be unconsci\sly committ$2 /ill he mu/ yield to fate4 ,*ance puts ! opportunity 9 ! way ( ,siegfri$ to prev5t ! r+ f fall+ into ! h&s ( ! p[]s inimical to ! gods2 b he pr\dly puts x aside because ! dem& ( ! ,rh9e daught]s 0 c\pl$ ) a ?reat4 ,brnnhilde _h also spurn$ ! opportunity1 b 9 h] case ! motive 0 h] great love = ,siegfri$1 :i* made h] prize ! r+1 z its visible sign1 above ! welf>e ( ! gods4 ,t love1 misguid$1 causes ! dea? ( ! h]o4 ,brnnhilde1 le>n+ ( ,siegfri$'s unconsci\s trea*]y1 gives h] aid to ! ,niblung's son4 ,only 8 dea? cle>s away ! my/]y4 ,!n %e expiates h] crime & 8 ) h] life1 & f h] a%es ! ,rh9e daught]s recov] ! r+4 ,! ultimate "q conc]n+ ! correctness or effectiv5ess ( ,wagn]'s sy/em mu/ be answ]$ along ) ! "q1 ,does ! music t\* ! emotions1 quick5 ! fancy1 fire ! imag9ation8 ,if x does ?is we may1 to a great ext5t1 if we wi%1 get along )\t ! intellectual process ( reflection & comp>ison condition$ ^u a recognition ( 8 !mes & _! uses4 ,b if we d ?is1 we w also lose ! pleasure :i* x is ! prov9ce ( memory sometimes to give2,i = a beautiful con/ructive use ( ! !mes is = rem9isc5ce4 ,! culm9at+ sc5e ( ! trag$y furni%es u an illu/ration ( ! tw(old delight :i* ,wagn]'s music c give3 ! simply s5su\s & ! s5su\s int5sifi$ by intellectual activity4 ,i ref] to ! dea? ( ,siegfri$4 ,z ,siegfri$1 seat$ among ,gun!r's m51 :o are re/+ f ! *ase1 tells ! /ory ( 8 life1 we he> a recapitulation ( ! musical score ( ! second & ?ird acts ( ,siegfri$ ! drama4 ,he />ts up 9 an outbur/ ( en?usiasm z he rea*es ! acc\nt ( ,brnnhilde's awak+1 :i* is int]rupt$ by ! flight ( ,wotan's rav5s1 :o g to in=m ! god t ! end is ne>+4 ,he turns to look aft] ! dep>t+ birds1 :5 ,hag5 plunges a spe> into 8 back4 ,! music to :i* ! h]o1 rega9+ 8 memory1 brea!s out 8 life1 is t ec/asy 9 tones to :i* ,siegfri$'s kiss _h inspir$ ! or*e/ra 9 ! la/ sc5e ( ! prec$+ drama4 ,:y is ?is8 ,because1 z ,siegfri$'s la/ ?\ghts be=e tak+ ! dreadful draught :i* robb$ him ( 8 memory 7 ( ,brnnhilde1 s 8 fir/ ?\ghts 7 ( h] :5 8 memory 0 re/or$4 ,be=e 8 dy+ eyes !re is only ! picture ( h] awak+1 till ! la/ ray ( light be>s to him ,brnnhilde's greet+3 ,brnnhild6 ,hall[$ bride6 ,awak56 ,op5 ?9e eyes6 ,:o aga9 has doom$ !e ,to dismal slumb]8 ,:o b9ds !e 9 bonds ( sleep8 ,! awak5] came1 ,8 kiss awoke !e2 ,once m he broke ,! bonds ( 8 bride2 ,!n %>$ he ,brnnhild's delight6 ,ah6 ^? eyes ,are op5 =ev]6 ,ah6 h[ sweet ,is h] swell+ brea?6 ,delici\s de/ruction-- ,ec/atic awe-- ,brnnhild gives greet+--to me6 ,?is rem9isc5t love-music gives way to ! ,dea? ,m>*1 :i*1 f a purely /ructural po9t ( view1 is an epitome ( mu* t is sali5t 9 ! musical inve/iture ( ! entire tetralogy1 yet 9 _s is a v]itable apo!osis1 a m>vell\sly eloqu5t proclamation ( antique grief & h]oic sorr[4 ,?is music loses no?+ 9 be+ li/5$ to z absolute music4 ,nev] m9d t 9 ob$i5ce to 8 sy/em ( developm5t ,wagn] has pass$ ! life ( ,siegfri$ 9 review 9 ! score4 ,! or*e/ra has a nobl] mission "h4 ,x is to make a proclamation :i* nei!r s+]s nor pantomimi/s nor /age me*anism & pictures c make4 ,! h]o is dead6 ,:at does x mean to him8 ,union ) ,brnnhilde--re/oration to t love ( :i* he _h be5 f\lly robb$4 ,:at to 8 fell[s 9 ! play8 ,! end ( a ,teutonic h]o ( ! old5 k9d4 ,he is dead2 !y are aw$ at ! cata/rophe & !y grieve2 b _! grief is mix$ ) ?\ghts ( ! pr[ess ( ! dead man & ! exalt$ /ate into :i* he has ent]$4 ,a ,valkyria has kiss$ 8 w\nds1 & ,wotan has made place = him at 8 bo>d 9 ,valhalla4 ,!re1 surr\nd$ by ! elect ( ,wotan's wi%maid5s1 he is dr9k+ mead & s++ songs ( mighty sonority--,vik+ songs l ,ragn> ,lodbrok's3 ,we smote ) swords4 ,is !re room "h = mod]n m\rn+2 = %r\d+ crape & d>k5$ rooms & sighs & te>s & hopeless grief8 ,no4 ,! prop] expression is a hymn1 a pan1 a musical apo!osis2 & ?is is :at ,wagn] gives u until ! fun]al tra9 ent]s ,gutrune's h\se & ! expression ( sorr[ goes ov] to ! deceiv$ wife4 ,b :at does ?is m>* mean to u :o h be5 try+ to /udy ! real mean+ ( ! trag$y8 ,! cata/rophe :i* is to u%] 9 ! new era ( love4 ,se>* = a musical symbol = ! r$eem+ pr9ciple4 ,x _c appe> 9 its fulness till ! old ord]1 *ang+1 gives place to ! new2 b /ill we may f9d x 9 ! prevision ( a woman to :om ! %ad[ ( dea? gave my/ical lore4 ,a new song 0 put into ! m\? ( ,siegl9de :5 ,brnnhilde acclaim$ h] *ild1 yet unborn1 z de/9$ to be ! l(tie/ h]o ( e>?4 ,%e p\r$ out h] gratitude 9 a prophetic /ra9 9 :i* we may1 if we wi%1 he> ! ,valkyria celebrat$ z ! lov+1 r$eem+ woman ( ! la/ portion ( ! trag$y4 ,out ( t melody1 & out ( a phrase 9 ! love duet 9 :i* ,brnnhilde blesses ! "m :o gave bir? to ! glori\s h]o1 grew ! phrase 9 :i*1 9 ,die ,gtt]dmm]ung1 ,brnnhilde1 ,valkyria no long]1 is symboliz$ 9 h] new "* z lov+ woman4 ,b :5 ! flames f ,siegfri$'s fun]al pile rea* ,valhalla1 :5 by a /up5d\s a*ievem5t ! poet-compos] recapitulates ! incid5ts ( ! trag$y 9 8 or*e/ral po/lude1 :ile pomp\s brass & /rid5t basses depict ! de/ruction ( ,valhalla1 ! end ( ! old _w ( gre$ ( gold & lu/ ( p[]1 ?is melody1 ! symbol ( r$eem+ love1 so>s high into e!real regions on ! w+s ( ! viol9s1 & its la/ transfigur$ h>monies proclaim ! adv5t ( a new heav5 & a new e>? "u ! dom9ion ( love4 ',tis ! ,woman's ,s\l lead+ u upw>d & on3 ,illu/ration3 score ,,footnotes3 ,d ,walhall4 ,g]manis*e ,gtt] und ,held5sag54 ,felix ,dahn & ,!rese ,dahn4 ,kreutzna*1 #ahhh4 ,e ,vide ,magnusson & ,morris4 ,f ,pr(essor ,dippold's translation4 ,g ,dippold4 ,wagn]'s poem1 ,! ,r+ ( ! ,nibelung1 p4 #fa4 ,h ,pr(essor ,dippold's translation4 ,i ,see page #ce4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,p>sifal4 ,! la/ ( ,wagn]'s dramas is n only my/ical 9 its subject1 b also 9 ! mann] 9 :i* x confronts ! critical /ud5t4 ,9 ,bayreu? x ex]ts a mo/ puissant influ5ce ^u ! spectator & li/5]2 b :5 "o has escap$ ! sweet ?raldom ( ! repres5tation1 & reflection takes ! place ( exp]i5ce1 !re arise a multitude ( d\bts t\*+ ! ess5tial m]it ( ! drama4 ,^! d\bts d n g to ! effectiv5ess ( ,p>sifal z an arti/ic ent]ta9m5t4 ,if !y did !y w\ld arise 9 ! c\rse ( ! repres5tation & h9d] enjoym5t4 ,aga9/ :at1 !n1 d !y direct !mselves8 ,an answ] to ?is "q mu/ prec$e our /udy ( ! drama4 ,i4 ,p>sifal is n a drama 9 ! ord9>y acceptation ( ! t]m2 yet x is a drama 9 ! antique s5se4 ,x is a religi\s play2 b1 aga91 n a religi\s play 9 ! g5]al s5se 9 :i* ,wagn]'s my?ological tetralogy may be said to be a religi\s play2 x is specifically a ,*ri/ian play4 ,x is contemplation ( x 9 ?is light :i* gives ! /ud5t pause4 ,!re are indications 9 ! records ( ,wagn]'s intellectual activity t he wrote x to take ! place ( two dramas :i* _h occupi$ 8 m9d _m ye>s be=e ,p>sifal 0 writt54 ,! fir/ ( ^! dramas1 :i* he sket*$ 9 #ahdh1 0 a trag$y entitl$ ,jesus ( ,naz>e?2 ! second1 :i* he plann$ 9 #ahef1 0 entitl$ ,! ,victors1 & 0 bas$ on a ,h9du leg5d4 ,its h]o 0 to be ,*aka-,munyi--! ,buddha4 ,9 a mann]1 x may be said1 ^! two dramas 7 bl5d$ 9 ,p>sifal1 b1 /rangely en\gh1 t bl5d+ 0 accompli%$ s z to br+ into prom95ce a conception ( religion m 9 h>mony ) ! feel+ ( ,buddhi/ic1 or m$ival asceticism ?an ) ! s5tim5ts ( mod]n ,*ri/ianity4 ,wagn]'s ,jesus ( ,naz>e? 0 a purely human philosoph] :o prea*$ ! sav+ grace ( love1 & s\ght to r$eem 8 "t f ! dom9ation ( conv5tional law--! (fspr+ ( selfi%ness4 ,8 philosophy 0 socialism imbu$ ) love4 ,wagn]'s ,buddha1 on ! o!r h&1 0 ! famili> apo/le ( abnegation & asceticism4 ,! h]oism ( ! lov]s ,an&a & ,prakriti 0 to h be5 display$ 9 _! volunt>y r5unciation ( ! union1 t[>ds :i* love impell$ !m4 ,!y 7 to accept ! tea*+s ( ! ,buddha1 take ! v[ ( *a/ity1 & live !reaft] 9 ! holy community4 ,:5 ,wagn] came to write 8 ,*ri/ian drama he put aside 8 human ,*ri/1 accept$ ! doctr9e ( ! ,atonem5t ) all its my/ical elem5ts1 b end[$ 8 h]o ) sc>cely ano!r m]it ?an t :i* _h become ! ideal ( monki% !ologians "u ! influ5ce ( fe>ful moral depravity & fanatical sup]/ition1 z f> remov$ f ! tea*+s & example ( 8 orig9al h]o z ! heav5s are f ! e>?4 ,aft] hav+ eloqu5tly proclaim$ ! e?ical idea :i* is at ! basis ( all ! really beautiful my?ologies & religions ( ! _w1 & embodi$ x 9 ,! ,fly+ ,dut*man1 ,tannhus]1 & ,! ,niblung's ,r+--! idea t salvation comes to humanity ?r\gh ! r$eem+ love ( woman--he produc$ a drama 9 :i* ! c5tral idea1 s f> z ! dramatic spectacle is conc]n$1 is a glorification ( a conception ( sanctity :i* grew out ( a mon/r\s p]v]sion ( womanhood1 & a wick$ degradation ( womank9d4 ,?is1 ,i say1 is ! case s f> z ! dramatic spectacle is conc]n$4 ,( c\rse !re is mu* m 9 ,p>sifal ?an a celebration ( ! pr9cipal feature 9 m$ival asceticism1 b ,i am speak+ n[ ( ! ?+s :i* fill ! vision dur+ repres5tation1 :i* inspire a feel+ ( awe at ! "t1 b aft]w>ds irritate & conf\nd ! reflective faculty4 ,s f> z ! spectacle is conc]n$1 ! h]oism ( ,p>sifal is n t ( ! ,div9e ,be+1 ( :om ,wagn] does n hesitate to make him a symbol1 b t ( a des]t recluse4 ,?is contradiction ( ! mod]n s5se ( propriety is acc5tuat$ by ! means resort$ to by ,wagn] = ! sake ( id5tify+ ! h]o ) 8 l(ty prototype4 ,9 ! ?ird act1 sc5es are borr[$ f ! life ( ,*ri/1 & ,p>sifal is made to play 9 !m z ! c5tral figure2 ,kundry ano9ts ! feet ( ! knight & dries !m ) h] hair2 ,p>sifal baptizes ,kundry & absolves h] f s94 ,^! acts1 & ! resi/ance ( ,kundry's s$uctions 9 ! ,magic ,g>d51 make up1 = ! great] "p1 ! sum ( ! acts ( a h]o 9 :om ! spectator wi%es to see1 on ! "o h&1 "s ( ! attributes ( ! h]oes ( ! pr(\ndly poetical romances f :i* ! subject-matt] ( ! drama 0 drawn1 or1 on ! o!r1 "s evid5ces ( t nobility & t g5tl5ess ( conduct1 & t f9e sanity ( ?\ght :i* m>k$ ! life ( ,him ( :om x has be5 said t he 0 ,! be/ ( m5 ,t e'er wore e>? ab\t him-- ,a s(t1 meek1 pati5t1 humble1 tranquil _s1 ,! fir/ true g5tleman t ev] brea!d4 ,^! ?+s1 tak5 9 connection ) ! adoration ( ! ,holy ,grail1 :i* makes up s mu* ( ! action ( ! drama1 & ! wor%ip ( ! ,sacr$ ,lance1 seem to u ( ! n9ete5? c5tury l little else ?an relics ( ! monki% sup]/itions ( ! e>ly ,middle ,ages4 ,"u !m1 x is true1 !re is mu* deep philosophy1 & ! symbolism ( ! drama is sur*>g$ ) mean+2 b a recognition ( ! p>adox is necess>y1 ! bett] to appreciate ! fact t ! ess5ce ( ,p>sifal lies less 9 :at is se5 on ! /age ?an 9 :at ! ?+s se5 /& =4 ,to appreciate ! "w at its full wor? x mu/ be accept$ = ! lesson :i* x inculcates1 & t lesson mu/ be accept$ 9 ! _s ( ! "t :i* produc$ ! mat]ials ( ! drama4 ,! e?ical idea ( ! drama is t x is ! enlight5m5t :i* comes ?r\gh consci\s pity t br+s salvation4 ,! allusion is to ! r$emption ( man by ! suff]+s & compassionate dea? ( ,*ri/2 & t /up5d\s trag$y is ! pre-figuration ( ! mimic trag$y :i* ,wagn] has con/ruct$4 ,! spectacle to :i* he invites u1 & ) :i* he hopes to impress u & move u to an acceptance ( ! lesson und]ly+ 8 drama1 is ! adoration ( ! ,holy ,grail1 ca/ 9 ! =m ( a mimicry ( ! ,la/ ,supp]1 b$iz5$ ) "s ( ! glitt]+ pageantry ( m$ival knigh?ood & romance4 ,! trial to :i* ! h]o is subject$ is t ) :i* ! folk-lore ( all times & peoples1 z well z _! monki% leg5ds1 h made u famili>3 ! h]o proves 8 fitness = 8 div9e call+1 & accompli%es x by )/&+ ! temptations :i* ,ulysses )/ood on ! ,delightful ,isl& :]e he met ,calypso1 to :i* ,tannhus] succumb$ 9 ! grotto ( ,v5us4 ,?\gh ,p>sifal endures a sep>ation ( its poetic1 sc5ic1 & musical elem5ts less graci\sly ?an any o!r drama ( its creator1 x is ! music :i* mu/ be reli$ on to br+ ab\t a reconciliation betwe5 mod]n ?\ght & feel+1 & ! monki% !ology & relic wor%ip :i* ,i h discuss$4 ,! music reflects ! _s ( t ,div9e ,passion :i* is ! k]nel ( !ological ,*ri/ianity4 ,!re is extremely little music 9 ! score1 :i* is descriptive ( ext]nal ?+s--less ?an 9 any o!r ( ,wagn]'s works except ,die ,mei/]s+]4 ,x is l t ( ,tri/an und ,isolde1 :i* deals mu* m ) m5tal & psy*ic /ates ?an ) ! outw>d ?+s ( nature4 ,x is music = ! imag9ation r ?an ! fancy4 ,9 li/5+ to x "o c be help$ by be>+ 9 m9d ! di/9ction s beautifully made by ,rusk93 ,! fancy sees ! outside1 & is able to give a portrait ( ! outside1 cle>1 brilliant1 & full ( detail4 ,! imag9ation sees ! he>t & inn] nature1 & makes !m felt1 b is (t5 obscure1 my/]i\s1 & int]rupt$ 9 its giv+ out ( out] detail4 ,fancy1 z %e /ays at ! ext]nals1 c nev] feel4 ,%e is "o ( ! h>de/-he>t$ ( ! intellectual faculties1 or1 r1 "o ( ! mo/ purely & simply intellectual4 ,%e _c be made s]i\s1 no edge-tool b %e w play )2 :]eas ! imag9ation is 9 all ?+s ! rev]se4 ,%e _c be b s]i\s2 %e sees too f>1 too d>kly1 too solemnly1 too e>ne/ly ev] to smile4 ,!re is some?+ 9 ! he>t ( ev]y?+1 if we c rea* x1 t we %all n be incl9$ to laugh at4 ,n[ obs]ve1 :ile z x p5etrates into ! nature ( ?+s1 ! imag9ation is pre-em95tly a behold] ( ?+s z !y are1 x is1 9 its creative function1 an em95t behold] ( ?+s :5 & :]e !y are n2 a se]1 t is1 9 ! prophetic s5se1 call+ ! ?+s t are n z ?\gh !y 72 & =ev] delight+ to dwell on t :i* is n tangibly pres5t4444 ,fancy plays l a squirrel 9 its circul> prison & is happy2 b imag9ation is a pilgrim on ! e>?1 & h] home is 9 heav54 ,! fundam5tal elem5ts ( ! music ( ,p>sifal are suff]+ & aspiration4 ,:5 !y are appreh5d$ ! e?ical purpose ( ! drama becomes pla94 ,b n till !n4 ,,ii4 ,! inve/igations ( s*ol>s det]m9$ long ago t ! leg5d :i* is at ! bottom ( ,wagn]'s drama is =m$ ( two portions :i* 7 once di/9ct4 ,"o ( ^! portions is conc]n$ ) ! orig9 & w&]+s ( ! ,holy ,grail prior to ! "t :5 x became ! object ( ! ,que/ :i* occupi$ s mu* ( ! att5tion ( ! knights ( ,k+ ,ar?ur's ,r\nd ,table2 ! second portion is conc]n$ ) t ,que/4 ,! relative age ( ! two portions ( ! leg5d & ! g5esis ( ea* h caus$ mu* controv]sy1 :i* has ?r[n a great deal ( light on m$ival civilization4 ,we are little conc]n$ 9 t controv]sy1 h[ev]1 except s f> z x enlight5s u z to ! real nature ( ! leg5d1 & helps u to und]/& h[ ! ,grail became ! l(tie/ symbol ( ,*ri/ian fai?1 & ! ,grail ,que/ ! highe/ duty ( ,*ri/ian knigh?ood4 ,=m]ly x 0 believ$ t ! ,grail 0 ! product ( ,*ri/ian leg5ds :i* _h become graft$ on ! ,ar?urian romances4 ,n[ x is ass]t$1 & ) mu* %[ ( probability1 t ! ,grail1 l ^? romances1 is ,celtic 9 orig91 & became :at x is repres5t$ 9 ! leg5d by be+ end[$ ) a symbolism :i* orig9ally x lack$4 ,= our view ( ! case1 s9ce we are n conc]n$ ) lit]>y criticism1 ?is1 too1 is a matt] ( indiff]5ce1 except s f> z x helps u to und]/& a proposition mu* broad] & m significant4 ,! ,holy ,grail & ! ,seek] aft] x are bo? relics ( :at1 long be=e ,*ri/ianity 0 9 exi/5ce1 0 a univ]sal possession among ,aryan peoples4 ,ea* has a multitude ( prototypes among ! my?ological app>atus & p]sonages ( ! peoples ( ! ,indo-,european family4 ,to ! class ( popul> h]oes :i* figure 9 ! tales ^: ess5tial elem5ts ,von ,hahn has =mulat$ 9 8 ,aris*e ,aussetzung und ,rckkehr ,=mel 7see ,*apt] ,,iv471 ,p>sifal belongs z well z ,siegfri$4 ,a p>allel betwe5 ! two might be c>ri$ ?r\gh _m details ( _! e>ly life & rip] adv5tures4 ,bo? are born to a "m1 f> f h] home1 ( a fa!r :o is dead2 bo? are br\ght up 9 a wild]ness2 bo? are 9 y\? passionate & viol5t ( disposition2 bo? are ?r[n = companion%ip on ! animals ( ! =e/s 9 :i* !y are re>$4 ,!re are o!r elem5ts held 9 common by ! tales ( :i* ,wagn] makes no m5tion 9 8 v]sion ( ! ,p]cival leg5d4 ,a significant "o is ! m5d+ ( a brok5 sword1 a talisman1 :i* act 9 ! old ,p]cival leg5ds1 z well z 9 ! tale ( ,siegfri$1 is ! sign ( ! h]o's election to a high mission2 b ?is ne$ n n[ deta9 u4 ,wagn] has be5 mu* criticiz$ = *ang+ ! "n ( 8 h]o f ,p]cival or ,p]civale1 z we "k x 9 ,engli% lit]ature1 & ,p>zival1 z he f\nd x 9 ! greate/ ( all ! ,grail epics1 t ( ,wolfram von ,es*5ba*1 to ,p>sifal4 ,criticism ( ?is k9d is (t5 wa/$4 ,9 mak+ ! *ange ,wagn] ex]cis$ a poet's privilege = an obvi\s purpose--he made ! "n an index ( 8 h]o's moral "*4 ,! sugge/ion came f ,grres4 ,accord+ to ?is s*ol>1 ^: d]ivation has long be5 set aside z fanciful1 ,fal 9 ! ,arabian tongue signifies fooli%1 & ,p>si pure "o4 ,by *ang+ ! ord] ( ! words we obta9 ,p>si-fal--pure1 or guileless1 fool4 ,x is ?us t ,kundry exp\nds 8 "n to ! h]o 9 ,wagn]'s drama1 :5 %e tells him ! /ory ( 8 bir?4 ,9 ,wolfram's poem he is also call$ fooli% because 8 "m dress$ him 9 motley :5 he left h]1 brok5-he>t$1 to g out into ! _w 9 se>* ( knigh?ood4 ,! ,fr5* ,p]ceval signifies simply "o :o goes ?r\gh ! ,valley4 ,a ,wel% tale ( at lea/ equal antiquity ) ! pres]v$ ,fr5* romances calls ! h]o ,p]$ur1 :i* has be5 int]pret$ into ! seek] aft] ! bas9 or ! di%1 ?is signification be+ aga9 9 h>mony ) ! pr9cipal incid5t ( ! ,fr5* =m ( ! leg5d1 greal 9 old ,fr5* mean+ a di%4 ,wolfram1 "u ! influ5ce ( 8 model1 claims no?+ = ! "n ( 8 h]o except t x means "r ?r\gh ! middle1 b ,mey]-,m>kau1 :o seems to h accept$ ! !ory t ! tale is orig9ally ,keltic1 /rove to give dramatic propriety to ! "n by po9t+ out t 9 ,wel%1 ,breton1 & ,corni%1 p> signifies lad2 syw1 9 ,wel%1 clad or decorat$1 & fall1 scantily1 poorly1 ill1 fooli%ly1 wret*$ly4 ,out ( ^! words1 !n1 he comp\nd$ ,p>-syw-fall1 a lad :o is ill-clad4 ,plausibility1 if no?+ else1 is l5t to ?is d]ivation by ! circum/ances "u :i* ! h]o's "m s5t him out into ! _w4 ,9 ! hope t ! rude treatm5t :i* w\ld be heap$ ^u him w\ld return him to h] arms1 %e dress$ him 9 fool's clo?+3 ',?or5kleid] soll me9 ,k9d ,an se9em li*t5 ,leibe trag53 ,s*lgt und rauft man ihn d>um1 ,s kommt er mir wohl wi$]4' ,weh1 0 litt die ,arme da6 ,nun nahm sie grobes ,sacktu* h] ,und s*nitt ihm ,hemd und ,hose draus ,9 e9em ,/ck1 das bis zum ,knie ,des nackt5 ,be9s nur rei*te4 ,das w> als ,n>r5kleid bekannt4 ,ob5 sah man e9e ,kappe4,j ,,iii4 ,int]e/+ z ?is speculation is1 h[ev]1 we are n[ conc]n$ only ) "o elem5t ( x4 ,:atev] 8 "n may signify1 x is obvi\s t ,p>sifal 0 an innoc5t1 a simplex1 a fool4 ,x is ?is trait :i* enables u to id5tify him ) 8 prototype 9 ,aryan folk-lore4 ,he is ! h]o ( :at ! ,engli% folk-lori/s call ,! ,great ,fool ,tales1 & ! ,g]mans ,dmml+smr*54 ,9 ! foll[+ outl9e ( a v old poetic n>rative ( ! ,kelts1 call$ by /ud5ts ,! ,lay ( ! ,great ,fool1 may be f\nd all t "p ( ,p>sifal's y\?ful hi/ory :i*1 9 ,wagn]'s drama1 is le>n$ ei!r f 8 own lips or ^? ( ,kundry3 ,once !re 7 two knightly bro!rs1 ( :om "o 0 *ildless :ile ! o!r _h two sons4 ,a /rife breaks out betwe5 !m1 & ! fa!r is sla9 ) 8 sons4 ,! wick$ knight !n s5ds ^w to ! wid[ t if %e %\ld give bir? to ano!r son1 he1 too1 mu/ be put to dea?4 ,%e does give bir? to a son1 & to save 8 life s5ds him into ! wild]ness to be re>$ by a kit*5 w5* :o has a love-son4 ,! lads gr[ up /rong & h>dy4 ,"o day ! knightly lad runs d[n a de]1 kills x1 & ( its sk9 makes himself a motley suit ( clo!s4 ,he slays 8 fo/]-bro!r = laugh+ at him 9 8 /range dress1 cat*es a wild horse1 rides to 8 uncle's palace1 & ?\gh :5 ask$ 8 "n he c only answ] ,great ,fool1 he is recogniz$4 ,?us 8 adv5tures beg94 ,he av5ges ! wrongs ( 8 "m4 ,?is ,great ,fool is ! orig9al ,seek] aft] ! ,grail4 ,,iv4 ,among ! olde/ manuscripts :i* conta9 ! ,que/ /ory !re are two :i* make no m5tion ( ! ,holy ,grail z a ,*ri/ian relic or symbol4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! is ,wel%1 & is kn[n z ! ,mab9ogi 7i4 e41 ! ,juv5ile ,tale7 ( ,p]$ur1 ! ,son ( ,evrawc4 ,x is an ,ar?urian /ory1 & ! majority ( its adv5tures are id5tical ) ^? ( ,p]cival4 ,its beg9n+ is a p>allel ( ,! ,lay ( ! ,great ,fool4 ,! ,holy ,grail ( ! ,p]cival romances is replac$ by a ble$+ lance1 a bloody head on a salv]1 & a silv] di%4 ,^! talismans are br\ght into ! hall ( a ca/le belong+ to a lame k+1 & are greet$ ) l\d lam5tations by ! assembl$ knights4 ,9 ! ,fr5* romances ! talismans are ! ,holy ,grail & ! ble$+ lance1 ! latt] be+ id5tifi$1 z 9 ,sir ,?omas ,malory's ,morte d',ar?ur1 ) ! spe> ) :i* ,long9us op5$ ! side ( ! crucifi$ ,*ri/4 ,z ,p]cival is condemn$ 9 ^! romances = a long "t to w&] 9 fruitless se>* ( ?is ca/le1 because hav+ se5 ! wond]s he did n ask _! mean+1 s ,p]$ur1 9 ! ,wel% romance1 is curs$ 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,k+ ,ar?ur = a simil> neglect4 ,_h he ask$1 ! lame k+ w\ld h got well ( 8 w\nd1 & ,p]$ur w\ld h prov$ 8 fitness to av5ge ! dea? ( 8 c\s91 :o 0 ! lame k+'s son1 & _h be5 kill$ by ! sorc]esses ( ,gl\ce/]4 ,aft] _m trials1 tally+ ) ^? ( ,p]cival 9 ! ,fr5* romances & ,p>zival 9 ,wolfram's poem1 ,p]$ur f9ds ! ca/le aga9 7:]e he _h on 8 fir/ visit unit$ ! pieces ( a brok5 sword & cut ?r\gh an iron /aple1 z ,siegfri$ split ! anvil71 is recogniz$ z ! nephew ( ! k+1 & av5ges 8 c\s9's dea? by lead+ ,ar?ur & 8 knights aga9/ ! sorc]esses ( ,gl\ce/]4 ,!re are "s allusions to ! ,*ri/ian religion 9 ! old tale1 b ess5tially x is pagan4 ,! bloody head & ble$+ lance are "p ( anci5t ,briti% leg5d>y app>atus4 ,a ble$+ lance1 says ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,nutt1,k is ! b>dic symbol ( undy+ hatr$ ( ! ,saxon4 ,"h x bl$ till ! dea? ( ,p]$ur's c\s9 0 av5g$4 ,! bloody head 0 ! head ( t c\s94 ,v4 ,we f9d 9 ,p>sifal on 8 entrance only a ?\ghtless1 impetu\s =e/ lad1 unle>n$ 9 ! affairs ( life1 utt]ly unconsci\s ( its conv5tions--9 %ort1 ano!r "y ,siegfri$4 ,he is ! h]o ( ! ,great ,fool /ories1 b 9 ! process ( ,*ri/ianiz+ ! "* a new mean+ has be5 giv5 to ! epi!t4 ,he is a *os5 vessel = a div9e de$1 because he is a pure or guileless fool4 ,9 ?is1 ?\gh ! sugge/ion 0 d]iv$ f ! old ,aryan folk-tales1 we are oblig$ to see a new1 a ,*ri/ian symbolism1 ! _s ( :i* may be f\nd 9 ,*ri/'s words1 ,:osoev] %all n receive ! k+dom ( ,god z a little *ild %all n ent] x4 ,9 ,wagn]'s conception ( ! leg5d x 0 necess>y t ! h]o be "o z guiltless ( all k ( s9 z he 0 ( ! necessity & nature ( salvation4 ,enlight5m5t 0 to come to him ?r\gh compassion or fell[-suff]+1 & ?is enlight5m5t 0 to enable him 9 turn to resi/ temptation & br+ surcease ( suff]+ to ,am=tas1 ,kundry1 & ! community ( ,grail knights4 ,9 8 musical phrase z x ent]s ! drama ) him "o may he> *iefly 8 y\?ful en]gy1 b also a c]ta9 innate dignity1 a g]m ( nobility :i* conta9s ! possibility ( ! /up5d\s proclamation :i* greets him on 8 entrance into ! ,ca/le ( ! ,grail 9 ! la/ act4 ,b !re is ano!r elem5t 9 ! typical music ( ,p>sifal :i* *iefly we recognize 9 its bright1 ass]tive1 militant rhy?m4 ,x is ! *ivalric elem5t :i* may also be notic$ 9 ! brilliant phrase ) :i* ,loh5gr91 ! son ( ,p>sifal1 is greet$ by ! populace 9 ! e>li] drama ( ,wagn]'s4 ,?is k9%ip ne$ n be set d[n z fanciful4 ,!re are few features ( ,wagn]ian /udy m int]e/+ ?an ! trac+ ( spiritual & mat]ial p>allels betwe5 ! compos]'s own melodies4 ,z a writ] uses =ms ( expression :i* resemble ea* o!r to express relat$ ideas1 s ,wagn] has frequ5tly recurr$ 9 8 lat] works to melodic phrases & modulations :i* he _h us$ ) l int5t _m ye>s be=e4 ,9 two cases he made a direct quotation4 ,hans ,sa*s's allusion to ! /ory ( ,tri/ram & ,iseult 9 ,act ,,iii4 ( ,die ,mei/]s+] is accompani$ by ! fundam5tal melody ( ,tri/an und ,isolde1 & ! swan :i* ,p>sifal kills comes flutt]+ across ! sc5e & dies to a rem9isc5ce ( ! swan h>monies 9 ,loh5gr94 ,9 8 "* z ! my/ically *os5 ,ag5t ( ! ,grail & ! in/rum5t ( salvation1 ,p>sifal is also typifi$ 9 ! music by ! phrase to :i* ! oracul> promise :i* appe>$ on ! ,holy ,vessel is repeat$ 9 ! fir/ sc5e1 & aga9 ) great solemnity 9 ! c]emony ( ! ,adoration ( ! ,grail4 ,,vi4 ,prototypes ( ! ,que/ ( ! ,grail & ( ! ,que/] h be5 f\nd 9 popul> tales :i* h no?+ to d ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,until ! talisman became a symbol ( religion1 ! object ( ! se>* = x 0 simply ! p]=mance ( a sacr$ duty by ! h]o to 8 family1 by av5g+ a dea?1 heal+ ! l+]+ illness ( a relative1 or 9 "s in/ances 7:i* connect ! ,grail leg5ds ) /ories ( ! ,b>b>ossa k9d7 to br+ fre$om to individuals ^: lives h be5 miracul\sly & burd5somely prolong$4 ,! talisman itself is to be f\nd 9 a multitude ( =ms1 f ! dawn ( lit]ature d[n to today4 ,to recognize x we mu/ /udy its prop]ties r ?an its %ape or mat]ial4 ,9 ! leg5d ( ! ,holy ,grail x is ! *alice us$ by ,*ri/ ,at ! la/ sad supp] ) 8 own1 9 :i* aft]w>ds 8 blood 0 caught4 ,9 "o =m ( ! leg5d--t :i* is mo/ famili>1 because ( ,t5nyson's ,idyls ( ! ,k+--?is cup is c>ri$ to ,great ,brita9 by ,joseph ( ,arima!a & deposit$ at ,gla/onbury4 ,9 ano!r =m1 :i* 0 t adopt$ by ,wagn]1 x is giv5 into ! keep+ ( ,titurel1 :o builds a sanctu>y = x on ,monsalvat 7! ,m\nta9 ( ,salvation71 :]e x is gu>d$ by a body ( knights obvi\sly organiz$ on ! model ( ! ,knights ,templ>s ( ! ,crusades4 ,x is n always a cup4 ,wolfram von ,es*5ba* describes x z a jewel4 ,b :e!r /one or cup 7& we %all f9d prototypes ( bo? =ms7 its miracul\s prop]ties are ( two k9ds4 ,! fir/ ( ^! prop]ties is purely physical3 ! talisman fe$s its possessor2 ! second is spiritual3 ! talisman is a t\*/one1 an oracle4 ,9 ! p]fect =m ( ! leg5d bo? ^! prop]ties are unit$1 z we see 9 ,wagn]'s drama3 ! ,grail *ooses ^? :o are to s]ve x1 & n\ri%es !m miracul\sly4 ,x also pr$icts ! com+ ( ,p>sifal4 ,?is is ! case1 too1 9 ,wolfram's poem1 :]e ! names ( ! elect appe> 9 gl[+ lett]s ^u ! jewel1 & its gu>dian knights1 :om ,wolfram calls ,templeis51 are f$ by x1 ?is miracul\s p[] be+ refre%$ e ,friday by ! com+ ( a dove br++ ! sacr$ ho/ & plac+ x ^u ! jewel1 :i* ,wolfram calls ! ,graal1 9 defiance ( ! etymology :i* makes ! ^w mean di%4 ,wolfram calls x lapsit exillis2 b ,wolfram1 ?\gh he compos$ ! gr&e/ ( all m$ival poems1 c\ld nei!r read nor write1 s 8 ,lat9 has caus$ n a little bra9-cudgell+ among ! le>n$4 ,a mo/ +5i\s guess is t ( ,pr(essor ,m>t91 :o ?9ks lapsit exillis is a corruption ( lapsi de ,clis--t is1 ! /one ( him :o fell f heav54 ,9 support ( ?is !re is ! poem ab\t ! conte/ ( ! m9/rels 9 ! ,w>tburg1 :i* describes ! ,grail z a jewel :i* fell f ! cr[n ( ,lucif] :5 ! ,ar*angel ,mi*ael tore x f 8 head4 ,?is orig9 ( ! ,grail connects x ) ! black /one 9 ! ,kaaba at ,mecca1 :i* 0 orig9ally :ite1 b has be5 black5$ by ! s9s ( mank9d4 ,! leg5d says t x 0 once ! angel set z a gu>d ov] ,adam4 ,he 0 ca/ d[n f heav5 9 ! =m ( a /one = be+ d]elict 9 duty4 ,! ,grail's prop]ty ( furni%+ su/5ance is ! possession ( s _m talismans ( anci5t /ory t x w\ld be a wa/e ( space to enum]ate !m all4 ,! mo/ /rik+ examples mu/ suffice4 ,a horn 0 ! e>lie/ dr9k+-vessel4 ,! horn :i* ! nymph ,amal!a gave to ,h]cules1 ^: memory we /ill pres]ve 9 ^? pretty toys call$ cornucopias--horns ( pl5ty--is easily recall$ 9 ?is connection4 ,! ,grail is no?+ else ?an ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one :i* 0 to transmute all bas] metals into gold2 x is ! /one :i* ,noah 0 comm&$ to hang up 9 ! ,ark t x might give out light2 x is ! goblet :i* ,ob]on gave to ,huon ( ,bordeaux1 :i* 9 ! h&s ( a good man became fill$ ) w9e2 x is ! gold5 cup :i* 0 giv5 to ,h]cules by ! sun-god ,helios2 x is ! cup ( ,h]mes1 :i* play$ a "p 9 ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies2 x is ! magic napk9 or table-clo? ( ,aryan fairy-lore :i* produc$ all mann] ( food simply = ! wi%+2 x has its fell[s 9 ?ree ( ! ?irte5 ,r>ities ( ,k+ly ,regalia :i* 7 pres]v$ 9 ,ar?ur's ,c\rt at ,ca]leon1 viz41 ! horn ( ,bran ! ,h>dy ( ! ,nor?--! dr9k t might be desir$ ( x w\ld appe> z soon z wi%$ =2 ! ,budget or ,basket ( ,gwyddno ) ! ,high ,cr[n--provision = a s+le p]son if put into x multipli$ a hundr$fold2 ! table-clo? 79 "o manuscript x is call$ ! di%7 ( ,rhydd]* ! ,s*ol>--:atev] victuals or dr9k 7 wi%$ !reon 7 in/antly obta9$4 ,x is ! /one 9 ! s]p5t's tail told ab\t 9 ! old ,wel% /ory ( ,p]$ur1 ! virtue ( :i* 0 t x w\ld give z mu* gold to ! possessor z he might desire4 ,x is ! magic r+ ,draupnir ( ,sc&9avian my?ology :i* e n9? night dropp$ eight o!r r+s ( equal weight & f95ess4 ,b ( prototypes ( ?is class ! mo/ /rik+ 9 its relation to ! ,holy ,grail is f\nd 9 ! leg5d>y lore ( ! primitive home ( ! ,aryan race4 ,long ago ! ,holy ,grail 0 ! ,gold5 ,cup ( ,jam%id1 ,k+ ( ! ,g5ii 9 ,p]sia1 ! p[] ( :i* ext5d$ 8 c>e] ov] sev5 hundr$ ye>s1 & !n left him to die because he fail$ to look ^u x = t5 days4 ,"h we h a p>allel ( ! leg5d ( ,joseph ( ,arima!a1 ( :om x is said t ! ,jews hav+ ?r[n him into a subt]ranean prison aft] he & ,nicodemus _h prep>$ ! body ( ,*ri/ = burial1 ,*ri/ appe>$ to him & br\ght ! *alice :i* he _h us$ at ! ,la/ ,supp]1 & 9 :i* ,joseph _h caught ! blood :i* fl[$ f 8 w\nds4 ,! sight ( ?is di% kept ,joseph alive =ty-two ye>s1 until he 0 releas$ by ! ,emp]or ,vespasian1 :o _h be5 miracul\sly cur$ ( leprosy 9 8 y\? by a t\* ( ! k]*ief ( ,v]onica ) :i* ,*ri/ wip$ 8 face :ile on 8 way to ,calv>y4 ,l ,joseph ( ,arima!a1 ,wagn]'s ,titurel lives 9 8 grave1 be+ su/a9$ by ! ,grail until ,am=tas refuses long] to unveil x4 ,! second prop]ty ( ! ,grail1 its spiritual prop]ty1 is also f\nd 9 ! talismans ( anci5t folk-lore4 ,x 0 possess$ by ! silv] cup :i* ,joseph 9 ,egypt _h put into ,b5jam9's sack t he might be br\ght back to him4 ,up1 foll[ aft] ! m52 & :5 ?\ do/ ov]take !m1 say unto !m1 ,:]e=e h ye rew>d$ evil = good8 ,is n ?is x 9 :i* my "l dr9ke? & :]eby1 inde$1 he div9e?8,l ,!re is a ,hebrew leg5d 7told 9 ! ,clavicula ,salomonis7 to ! effect t ! sup]natural k ( ,solomon 0 record$ 9 a volume :i* ,rehoboam inclos$ 9 an ivory ew] & deposit$ 9 8 fa!r's tomb4 ,on repair+ ! sepul*re1 "s wise m5 ( ,babylon discov]$ ! cup1 & hav+ extract$ ! volume1 an angel reveal$ ! key to its my/]i\s writ+ to "o ,troes1 a ,greek1 & h5ce ! /ream ( occult sci5ce :i* has s b5eficially unfold$ ! de/9ies ( ! ,we/4,m ,!re is a p>allel /ory 9 ,greek lit]ature tell+ h[1 w>n$ by ! ,delphic oracle1 ,ari/om5es secret$ an article :ile ! ,lac$emonians 7 /orm+ ! =tress ( ,m\nt ,ira4 ,! article 0 to be a talisman = ! future security ( ! ,mess9ians4 ,:51 lat]1 ! talisman 0 exhum$ x 0 f\nd to be a braz5 ew] conta9+ a roll ( f9ely-beat5 t9 on :i* 7 inscrib$ ! my/]ies ( ! great div9ities4,n ,! ,holy ,grail is a div9+-cup3 x speaks oracul>ly1 l its prototypes4 ,x 0 n only ! *alice f :i* ,*ri/ drank at ! ,la/ ,supp]1 b also ! di% :i* discov]$ ,judas z ! future betray] ( 8 ma/]3 ,he t dippe? 8 h& ) me 9 ! di%1 ! same %all betray me4,o ,,vii4 ,! ,grail romances1 z we possess !m1 7 writt5 )9 ! fifty ye>s compass+ ! la/ qu>t] ( ! twelf? & ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! ?irte5? c5turies--t is to say1 :ile ! ?ird & f\r? crusades 7 9 progress1 & ! memory ( ! suppos$ discov]ies ( ! sacr$ cup & lance 7 /ill fre% 9 ! m9ds ( ,europeans4 ,?is fact furni%es ample sugge/ion z to h[ su* talismans z ,i h m5tion$ became trans=m$ into ! relics ( ,*ri/'s passion4 ,x 0 by a lit]>y process t has always be5 famili> to ! _w4 ,! species ( belief or sup]/ition :i* inspir$ ! trans=mation is n yet dead4 ,if we are to believe ,fa!r ,ignatius ! miracle ( ! ,grail vision 0 repeat$ b rec5tly at ,llan?ony ,abbey 9 ,wales1 :]e an ,episcopal monk saw ! *alice %9+ ?r\gh ! oak5 doors ( ! cab9et :i* enclos$ x4 ,t is a ,*ri/ian =m ( ! belief2 evid5ces ( a pagan may be obs]v$ 9 ne>ly all civiliz$ communities almo/ any date4 ,:5 y see a baby cutt+ its tee? ^u a r$ bit ( bone1 or ivory %ap$ l a bran* ( coral & trick$ out ) bells1 y see a relic ( an unspeakably anci5t sup]/ition closely alli$ to ! belief 9 ^! miracul\s talismans4 ,:5 y see a baby ) a /r+ ( r$ coral beads ar\nd its neck y see ano!r4 ,9 ,wagn]1 z 9 ,t5nyson1 ! ,grail %9es r$3 ,fa9t] by day1 b always 9 ! night ,blood-r$1 & slid+ d[n ! black5'd m>% ,blood-r$1 & on ! nak$ m\nta9-top ,blood-r$1 & 9 ! sleep+ m]e bel[ ,blood-r$4 ,n[ note ?is tru? ( va/ significance3 ! ess5tial elem5t 9 ! ,grail1 :e!r se5 z a *alice or z a salv] conta9+ a head1 is ! blood4 ,! mean+ ( ?is ne$ n be s\ght f>4 ,! human imag9ation _c be project$ into ! pa/ suffici5tly f> to picture ! "t :5 ! awful idea ( a bloody atonem5t did n confront humanity4 ,h5ce x is t 9 pagan my?ology blood is ! symbol ( creative p[]1 z ! cups1 horns1 di%es1 ew]s1 7 symbols ( fecundity1 abundance1 & vivification4 ,! ess5ce ( ! ,grail my? is ! reproductive p[] ( ! blood ( a sla9 god4 ,! application :i* lies s ne> 9 a /udy ( ! ,*ri/ian symbolism ( ! ,grail _c fail4 ,i omit x 9 ord] to trace ! evolution ( ! idea 9 a pagan talisman ^: hi/ory ! +5uity ( ,dr4 ,gu/ave ,opp]t1 a ,g]man savant1 has disclos$ to u4 ,:5 ,p]seus cut (f ! head ( ! ,m$usa he plac$ ! ble$+ memb] on ! sw>d ne> ! sea-coa/4 ,! blood trans=m$ ! grass t x dy$ into a r$ /one :i* 0 f\nd to h m>vell\s heal+ p[]4 ,?is belief is express$ 9 ! poems descriptive ( ! virtues ( /ones :i* are attribut$ to ,orpheus4 ,dr4 ,opp]t traces ! record t\*+ ! curative p[]s ( coral into ! book ( a ,*ri/ian bi%op ( ! twelf? c5tury1 & !nce into a ,lat9 "w pr9t$ 9 ,/rassburg 9 #adgc1 9 :i* allusions to ! ,orphic songs & ! ,*ri/ian religion are bl5d$4 ,wolfram's alleg$ model1 ,kyot1 pr(esses to h d]iv$ 8 acc\nt ( ! ,grail f ! book ( a pagan call$ ,flegetanis1 writt5 9 ,arabic & deposit$ at ,tol$o4 ,n[1 ,dr4 ,opp]t f9ds an ,arabic physician & philosoph] ( ! t5? c5tury :o describes coral z hav+ a /r5g!n+ & n\ri%+ influ5ce ^u ! he>t1 :i* belief seems recogniz$ aga9 9 a bit ( m$ival etymology :i* comp\nds ! ^w ( cor & al]e4 ,m$ival ,lat9 poems express ! belief t peculi> prop]ties ( su/5ance are possess$ by coral1 &1 f9ally1 9 a book entitl$ ,musum ,metallicum x is def9$ z a memorial ( ! blood ( ,*ri/4 ,9 its physical attributes coral & ! ,grail are n[ id5tical4 ,_h ,dr4 ,opp]t wi%$1 he might h gone fur!r & quot$ ,pl9y's rem>k t ! ,indian soo?say]s & div9]s look ^u coral z an amulet end[$ ) sacr$ prop]ties & a sure pres]vative aga9/ all dang]s2 h5ce x is t !y equally value x z an ornam5t & z an object ( devotion4,p ,"h spiritual prop]ties are attribut$ to x2 b also physical4 ,pl9y says t calc9$ coral is us$ z an +r$i5t = compositions = ! eyes2 t x makes fle% 7v significant ?is7 9 cavities left by ulc]s4 ,9 8 day x 0 hung ab\t ! necks ( infants to pres]ve !m aga9/ dang]4 ,! ,romans ?\ght t x pres]v$ & fa/5$ ! tee? ( *ildr5 :5 hung ab\t _! necks4 ,p>acelsus prescrib$ coral necklaces z pres]vatives aga9/ fits1 sorc]y1 *>ms1 & poison1 & an old ,engli% writ] makes x disclose ! pres5ce ( sickness 9 a we>] by turn+ pale & wan4 ,"h x is a t\*/one1 & ?is sup]/ition has p5etrat$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 our day ,i h be5 told by devot$ mo!rs t coral beads /r5g!n ! eyes4 ,:5 ! pres5t ,cr[n-pr9ce ( ,italy 0 born 9 ,naples ! municipality pres5t$ ! royal babe ) a coral cradle4 ,?us mu* = ! g5esis ( ! ,grail1 its ,que/1 & its ,que/]4 ,we h se5 t !y are all relics ( a "t ant$at+ ,*ri/ianity2 b t fact only adds int]e/ to !m1 = ev5 9 _! pagan guises !y %[ ^? pot5tial attributes :i* adapt$ !m to receive ! l(ty symbolism :i* !y acquir$ "u ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,,viii4 ,x is 9 ! prelude to ! drama t ! fundam5tal elem5ts ( suff]+ & aspiration are mo/ eloqu5tly proclaim$4 ,! visible symbol ( suff]+ among ! p]sonages ( ! play is ,am=tas4 ,he1 too1 has come into ! ,*ri/ianiz$ leg5d f ! secul> romances & folk-tales4 ,9 ! e>li] =ms he is simply ! repres5tative ( unsatisfi$ v5geance1 symboliz$ 9 ! b>dic emblem ( ! ble$+ lance4 ,9 ! ,fr5* romances & ,wolfram's poem he is a royal fi%]man--a s+ul> fact1 :i* critics ) a ta/e = hidd5 mean+s h s\ght to expla9 by ref]5ces to ! circum/ance t 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* a fi% 0 a symbol = ,*ri/1 ! lett]s compos+ its "n 9 ,greek1 ,,i*?ys1 be+ ! initial lett]s ( ! brief b compreh5sive cre$1 ,ies\s ,*ri/os1 ,!\ ,yios1 ,sot] 7,jesus ,*ri/1 ,god's ,son1 ,savi\r74 ,b always1 ev5 9 ! ,wel% tale1 he is a suff]] ^: heal+ dep5ds on ! ask+ ( a "q by a pr$e/9$ h]o4 ,9 ! ,mab9ogi ( ,p]$ur & ! ,fr5* romances ! "q goes simply to ! mean+ ( ! talismans :i* are solemnly display$4 ,wolfram deep5s ! e?ical significance ( ! "q immeasurably by *ang+ x to ,:at ails !e1 uncle8 ,x is ! sympa?y ?us manife/$ t br+s ! fi%]-k+'s suff]+s to an end2 & ! failure to ask ! "q on ! fir/ visit1 ?r\gh a too lit]al int]pretation ( ! advice giv5 :ile ,p>zival 0 receiv+ 8 education 9 *ivalry1 is ! cause ( ! long w&]+s & _m trials :i* te/ & temp] ! religi\s nature ( ,p>zival4 ,wagn]1 by ignor+ ! "q :i* plays s important a role 9 all ! o!r v]sions1 & mak+ ! heal+ ( ,am=tas dep5d ^u a t\* ( ! sacr$ lance1 has ga9$ a !atrical effect at ! exp5se ( a pr(\ndly beautiful e?ical pr9ciple4 ,he has also laid himself op5 to a *>ge ( inconsi/5cy :i*1 /rangely en\gh1 seems to h escap$ ! att5tion ( 8 _m inimical critics 9 ,g]many4 ,! prohibit$ "q is ! dramatic motif ^u :i* ! /ory ( ,p]cival's son1 ,loh5gr91 is re>$3 ,nie soll/ du mi* befrag51 ,no* ,wiss5s ,sorge trag51 ,woh] i* kam d] ,fahrt1 ,no* wie me9 ,nam' und ,art6 ,! reason ( ! prohibition may be le>n$ f ,wolfram von ,es*5ba*4 ,! suff]+s ( ,am=tas hav+ be5 ne$lessly prolong$ by ,p>zival's failure to ask ! heal+ "q1 ! ,knights ( ! ,grail !reaft] refus$ to p]mit !mselves to be que/ion$3 ,als die ,taufe nun ges*51 ,f& am ,grale man ges*rieb53 ',wel*5 ,templ] ,gottes ,h& ,fremdem ,volk zum ,h]r5 gbe1 ,frag5 sollt' er wid]rat5 ,na* se9em ,nam5 und ,ges*le*t1 ,und dann zum ,re*t ihm helf54 ,wird die ,frage do* ge?an1 ,s bleibt er ihn5 lng] ni*t4' ,weil d] gute ,am=tas ,s lang im bitt]n ,s*em]z5 lag1 ,und ihn die ,frage lange mi$1 ,i/ ihn5 alles ,frag5 leid3 ,all des ,grales ,di5/gesell5 ,wolln si* ni*t mehr frag5 lass54,q ,wagn] utiliz$ ! motif 9 ,loh5gr91 b ignor$ x 9 ,p>sifal4 ,! suff]+ ( ,am=tas1 :i* came ^u him because he1 ! ,k+ ( ! ,grail1 fell f ! e/ate ( bodily purity enjo9$ by ! rules ( ! ord]1 receives m eloqu5t expression ?an any ( ! o!r feel+s :i* ent] ! drama4 ,9 ,wagn]'s philosophical s*eme x1 z well z ! tortures ( consci5ce felt by ,p>sifal :5 ,kundry's impure kiss awak5s him to consci\sness ( transgression1 recalls ! vic>i\s suff]+ ( ,*ri/ on ! ,cross4 ,9 ! p]sonal hi/ory ( ,p>sifal1 fur!rmore1 x is associat$ ) ! dea?-agonies ( 8 "m1 :o di$ because he left h] to g 9 se>* ( knigh?ood4 ,! "n ( ?is "m ,wagn] *anges s t x becomes a symbol ( pa94 ,x is ,h]zeleide--t is1 ,he>t's-sorr[1 or ,he>t's-suff]+1 ! anti!sis ( our sweet ,engli% ^w ,he>t's-ease4 ,! phrases :i* give ! pr$om9ant mood ( agony & pa9 to ! music ( ! drama1 :i*1 z ,i h already said1 reflect ! _s ( !ological ,*ri/ianity1 salvation ?r\gh sacrifice1 are ^!3 ,fir/4 ,! melody to :i* 9 ! c]emony ( ! ,adoration ( ! ,grail ! sacram5tal =mula is pron\nc$3 ,take ye ,my ,body1 take ,my ,blood1 9 tok5 ( our ,love4 ,second4 ,! p]sonal melody ( ,am=tas4 ,?ird4 ,! symbol ( ,h]zeleide4 ,p>sifal's "m1 does n ent] ! drama1 b is only spok5 (2 yet a typical phrase is allott$ to h]1 & is introduc$ = ! fir/ "t "u circum/ances t are pr(\ndly poetical & pa!tic4 ,p>sifal is be+ que/ion$ by ,gurnemanz4 ,to all int]rogations save "o he has ! s+le answ]1 ,i d n "k4 ,ask$ 8 "n1 he answ]s3 ,once ,i _h _m1 b n[ ,i rememb] none4 ,?is answ] is accompani$ by ! ,h]zeleide phrase4 ,to f9d ! clue to ?is some:at enigmatic proce$+ resort mu/ be _h to ,wagn]'s model ,wolfram1 :]e x is said ( ! lad's "m t ,a ?\s& times %e said t5d]ly3 ',bon fils1 *] fils1 beau fils4' ,^! 7 ! names :i* ,p>sifal once knew b _h =gott54 ,!y are associat$ 9 8 m9d ) 8 "m1 & !re=e ! allusion is accompani$ by ! ,h]zeleide phrase4 ,f\r?4 ,! phrase to :i* 9 ! memorial c]emony ( ,*ri/'s suff]+ ! words are sung3 ,= a _w t slumb]$ ,) sorr[s unnumb]$ ,he once ,8 own blood (f]$4 ,x is ?is phrase t l5ds su* great poignancy to ! music :i* accompanies ,p>sifal & ,gurnemanz z !y walk t[>ds ! ,ca/le ( ! ,grail4 ,9 ! prelude suff]+ has its expression 9 ! fir/ ( ^! phrases1 ^: conclud+ figure 9 ! second "p rea*es an expression ( agony l ! cry t r5t ! air ( ,calv>y ev5 z ! curta9 ( ! temple 0 r5t 9 twa93 ,eli1 ,eli1 lama saba*?ani8 ,aspiration is proclaim$ by ! symbol ( ! ,grail itself1 ! famili> ,am5 =mula ( ! ,dresd5 ,c\rt ,*ur*1 an e!real phrase :i* so>s ev] upw>d t[>ds ! z5i? ( tonality4 ,! melody ( ,fai? is m>k$ by l(ty firmness1 & d]ives a peculi> emphasis f successive repetition 9 remote keys4 ,= ! prelude1 ^: melodic mat]ial has be5 ?us m>%all$1 we h ,wagn]'s own poetic exposition3 ,/rong & firm does ,fai? reveal itself1 elevat$ & resolute ev5 9 suff]+4 ,9 answ] to ! r5ew$ promise ! voice ( ,fai? s\nds s(tly f dimme/ heights--z ?\gh borne on ! w+s ( ! sn[-:ite dove--sl[ly desc5d+1 embrac+ ) ev]-increas+ bread? & fulness ! he>t ( man1 fill+ ! _w & ! :ole ( nature ) mightie/ =ce2 !n1 z ?\gh /ill$ to re/1 glanc+ upw>d aga9 t[>ds ! light ( heav54 ,!n once m f ! awe ( solitude arises ! lam5t ( lov+ compassion1 ! agony1 ! holy sweat ( ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 ! div9e suff]+s ( ,golgo?a2 ! body blan*es1 ! blood /reams =? & gl[s n[ ) ! heav5ly gl[ ( bless+ 9 ! *alice1 p\r+ =? on all t lives & langui%es ! graci\s gift ( ,r$emption ?r\gh ,love4 ,= him we are prep>$1 = ,am=tas1 ! s9ful gu>dian ( ! %r9e :o1 ) fe>ful rue = s9 gnaw+ at 8 he>t1 mu/ pro/rate himself be=e ! *a/isem5t ( ! vision ( ! ,grail4 ,%all !re be r$emption f ! dev\r+ torm5ts ( 8 s\l8 ,yet once aga9 we he> ! promise &--hope6 ,,ix4 ,! fir/ act ( ! drama treats ( ! election ( ! h]o1 ! guileless simpleton ( ! talismanic oracle4 ,9 ! second /age ( ! action ! h]o is prov$ by temptation4 ,all ! elem5ts "h are d]iv$ f leg5d>y /ories1 b 9 _! comb9ation ,wagn] has proce$$ ) rem>kable dramatic p[]1 fre$om1 & +5uity4 ,! app>atus is magical4 ,kl+sor1 a p]vasive p]sonage 9 m$ival sorc]y2 ,kundry1 ! repulsive mess5g] ( ! ,grail no long]1 b a sup]naturally beautiful sir52 a magic g>d5 & ca/le1 & a bevy ( maid5s1 ^: (fice x is to /imulate ! s5ses by sugge/+ an appeal to all ( !m at once 7!y are half human1 half floral7--^! are ! ag5cies ( ,p>sifal's temptation4 ,! prototype ( ! sc5e 9 old my?ologies & folk-lore is a visit to a bespell$ ca/le :]e g5]ally ! h]o succumbs to s5sual weakness ( "s k9d2 he eats ( pr(f]$ food & loses 8 spee*2 or he asks a "q :i* is tabu2 or he fails to ask a "q :i* is comm&$2 or falls asleep2 or fails to br+ away a talisman :i* has op5$ ! ca/le to him2 or he falls z ,tannhus] fell4 ,z a rule ! ca/le vani%es at ! end ( ! adv5ture1 z x does 9 ,p>sifal1 :5 ! h]o resi/s ,kundry's love-spell1 seizes ! lance :i* ! magician laun*es aga9/ him1 & ) x makes ! sign ( ! cross & pron\nces a =mula ( exorcism4 ,(t5 ! purpose ( ! visit is to release a damsel :o is bespell$ or imprison$4 ,/ud5ts ( comp>ative folk-lore h f\nd ! my?ological ess5ce ( ! /ories ( ?is class to lie 9 a visit to ! und]world4 ,siegfri$ a*iev$ an analog\s adv5ture :5 he p5etrat$ ! wall ( fire1 & awak5$ ,brnnhilde f ! spell ( sleep 9 :i* %e 0 held4 ,kl+sor is remotely connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( two o!r dramas ( ,wagn]4 ,9 ! poem describ+ ! ,conte/ ( ,m9/relsy held 9 ! ,w>tburg :i* ,wagn] bl5d$ ) ! leg5d ( ,tannhus]1 ,kl+sor is a magician & m9/rel ( ,hung>y1 & to him ,he9ri* von ,efft]d+51 o!rwise ,tannhus]1 appeals :5 defeat$ by ,wolfram von ,es*5ba*1 :o is n only ! au?or ( ! poem ,p>zival1 b also ! tuneful m9/rel :o s+s a w(ul ballad to ! ev5+ /> 9 ,wagn]'s op]a4 ,9 8 epic ,wolfram makes ,kl+sor a nephew ( ! r5[n$ magician ,virgilius ( ,naples4,r ,cyriacus ,spang5b]g1 :o wrote a book on ! ,art ( ! ,ma/]-s+]s 9 #aeih1 devotes sev]al pages to ,kl+sor1 describ+ him z ! greate/ ma/]-s+] ( 8 age1 :o met all com]s 9 poetical combat & ov]?rew !m to ! numb] ( fifty-two4 ,he 0 f9ally conf\nd$ by ,wolfram von ,es*5ba*1 :o discov]$ 8 dep5d5ce on ! ,p[]s ( ,evil1 & put bo? him & 8 famili>1 a devil call$ ,nazian1 to %ame by s++ ! glories ( ! ,son ( ,god become ,man4 ,kundry1 says ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,nutt1 is ,wagn]'s greate/ contribution to ! leg5d4 ,%e is ! ,h]odias :om ,*ri/1 = h] laught]1 doom$ to w&] till ,he come aga94 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,wagn] comp\nd$ ?is1 8 mo/ /rik+ & orig9al dramatic "*1 is ! mo/ m>vell\s ( 8 poetical a*ievem5ts 9 ! drama4 ,kundry draws h] elem5ts f ! ,grail romances1 f ,*ri/ian leg5ds1 f fairy tales1 & f ! pr(\nde/ dep?s ( ! poet's imag9ation4 ,9 ! ,wel% tale h] prototype is ! h]o's c\s91 :o is "u a spell1 & 9 accordance ) ! popul> tale =mula appe>s z a loa?ly damsel until h] k9sman a*ieves ! v5geance dem&$ by family ties4 ,!n %e appe>s 9 h] true =m z a h&some y\?4 ,9 ,wolfram1 ,kundrie la ,sorcire is only ! ,grail ,mess5g]1 & z su* is hide\s ( appe>ance2 ! temptress ( ! ,magic ,g>d5 is a beaute\s damsel nam$ ,orgeluse4 ,wagn] unit$ bo? attributes 9 8 creation4 ,z a p5it5t1 seek+ atonem5t = s9 committ$1 %e is a loa?ly damsel 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,grail4 ,z a sir5 %e is a tool ( ,kl+sor1 to ^: p[] %e is subject :ile asleep4 ,%e has innum]able prototypes 9 fairy-lore1 :o are releas$ f wick$ spells by ! kisses ( h&some pr9ces1 ! fidelity ( husb&s1 or ! grant+ ( _! wills1 z 9 ,! ,m>riage ( ,sir ,gawa9e4 ,9 ,wagn]1 ! dissolution ( ! spell releases h] f a d\ble curse4 ,! sugge/ion to make use ( ! ,h]odias leg5d lies ne> en\gh 9 bo? ! ,mab9ogi ( ,p]$ur & ,wolfram's epic4 ,! ,templeis51 z ,wolfram calls 8 ,knights ( ! ,grail1 7 an ord] obvi\sly patt]n$ aft] ! ,knights ,templ>s1 :o 7 accus$ among o!r ?+s ( hav+ secretly wor%ipp$ a head :i* !y cr$it$ ) ! virtues ( ! talismans t ,i h discuss$4 ,_! patron sa9t 0 ,john ! ,bapti/1 & :5 ! vessel ( gre5 glass1 s long & pi\sly rev]$ z ! santo cat9o1 0 br\ght back by crusad]s sev5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 x 0 deposit$ 9 ! ,*apel ( ,/4 ,john at ,g5oa4 ,a relic ( ! ,john ! ,bapti/ cult has surviv$ among ! ,knights ,templ>1 a bran* ( ! ,ord] ( ,free ,masons1 to ?is day4 ,t ! talisman ( a bloody head ^u a salv] 9 ! ,wel% tale %\ld h sugge/$ ! ,h]odias leg5d is obvi\s en\gh4 ,wagn]'s trans=mation ( ! leg5d1 accompli%$ = ! purpose ( id5tify+ 8 ,kundry ) ,h]odias1 is extremely sugge/ive & felicit\s4 ,accord+ to ! old tale1 ,h]odias 0 9 love ) ! prophet ( ! ,new ,disp5sation4 ,aft] ! dance be=e ,h]od & its awful consequ5ces1 %e secretly crept to ! head ^u ! salv] = ! purpose ( cov]+ x ) te>s & kisses4 ,at t mom5t a bla/ issu$ f ! dead lips :i* s5t ,h]odias fly+ (f into space4 ,?us %e is /ill driv5 =w>d1 p]mitt$ to re/ only f midnight to dawn1 :5 %e sits c[]+ "u will[ & hazel copses1 & bemoans h] fate4 ,9 ,wagn] %e becomes a ,w&]+ ,jewess4 ,%e saw ,*ri/ /agg]+ "u ! burd5 ( ! ,cross & laugh$4 ,8 glance fell ^u h]1 & doom$ h] to w&] ceaselessly )\t ! sweet refuge ( te>s1 subject to ! p[]s ( evil1 yet long+ to make atonem5t by de$s ( virtue4 ,^! *>act]i/ics ,wagn] develop$ ) m>vell\s dramatic p[] 9 ! music :i* he associates ) h]1 & :i* is equally wild & hy/]ical1 :e!r x picture h] fly+ along on a horse do+ err&s 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,grail1 or 9 "o ( ^? fits ( mad laught] to :i* ! curse makes h] subject4 ,yet ,kundry1 to proce$ ) ,mr4 ,nutt1 w\ld f9d release & salvation c\ld a man resi/ h] love spell4 ,%e kn[s ?is4 ,! sc5e betwe5 ! unwill+ temptress1 ^: success w\ld b doom h] afre%1 & ! virg9 ,p>sifal ?us becomes tragic 9 ! extreme4 ,h[ does ?is affect ,am=tas & ! ,grail8 ,9 ?is way3 ,p>sifal is ! pure fool1 kn[+ naught ( s9 or suff]+4 ,x _h be5 =etold ( him t he %\ld become 'wise by fell[-suff]+1' & s x proves4 ,! ov]ma/]+ ru% ( desire unseals 8 eyes1 cle>s 8 m9d4 ,he>t-w\nd$ by ! %aft ( passion1 he feels ,am=tas' torture ?rill ?r\gh him4 ,! pa9 ( ! physical w\nd is 81 b f> m1 ! agony ( ! s9n] :o has be5 unwor?y ( 8 high tru/1 & :o1 soil$ by c>nal s91 mu/ yet daily come 9 contact ) ! ,grail1 symbol ( ! highe/ purity & hol9ess4 ,! /r5g? ( ! new-born k enables him to resi/ s5sual long+1 & !reby to release bo? ,kundry & ,am=tas4 ,x4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 h[ev]1 & m ?an ?is1 9 spite ( all ! religi\s my/icism ) :i* ! "w c be infus$ by ! analy/ & int]pret]1 ,i _c b "q ! "r ( ,p>sifal to be consid]$ z 9 any s5se a reflex ( ! religi\s feel+ ( to-day4 ,x is beautiful 9 mu* ( its symbolism1 & x is pr(\nd2 b x is too p]si/5tly m$ival 9 its dramatic manife/ations to satisfy ! intellig5ce ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! adoration ( ! relics ( ,*ri/'s passion1 & ! idea t all human virtues are summ$ up 9 celibate *a/ity1 7 products ( an age ^: !ories & practices z reg>ds sex relation%ip c h no e*o 9 mod]n civilization4 ,wolfram von ,es*5ba*'s m>ri$ ,p>zival1 :o cl+s ) fond devotion to ! memory ( ! wife f ^: arms he _h to te> himself 9 ord] to und]take ! que/1 & :o loses himself 9 t5d] brood+ = a long "t :5 ! sight ( blood-spots on ! sn[ sugge/s to 8 fancy ! r$ & :ite ( 8 wife's *eeks1 seems to me to be a mu* m amiable & human h]o ?an ! "y ascetic ( ,wagn]'s drama4 ,,footnotes3 ,j ,p>zival1 von ,wolfram von ,es*5ba*4 ,dr4 ,got?old ,btti*]4 ,b]l91 #ahhe4 ,k ,/udies on ! ,leg5d ( ! ,holy ,grail4 ,david ,nutt4 ,london1 #ahhh4 ,l ,g5esis xliv41 #d & #e4 ,m ,mr4 ,price's ,preface 9 ,w>ton's ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,poetry1 vol4 i4 ,n ,mr4 ,price's note 9 ,w>ton1 vol4 i4 ,o ,mat!w xxvi41 #bc4 ,p ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,book ,,xxxii41 *ap4 ii4 ,q ,btti*]'s ,translation ,book ,,xvi4 ,r ,! /ories conc]n+ ,virgil & 8 connection ) ! ,black ,art are admirably discuss$ 9 ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,tunison's /udy1 ,ma/] ,virgil1 ! ,au?or ( ! neid z he seem$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,second ,edition4 ,rob]t ,cl>ke ,co4 ,c9c9nati1 #ahij4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,by ,,anna ,,alice ,,*ap9 ,,wond] ,,tales ,,f ,,wagn]4 ,told = ,"y ,p4 ,illu/rat$4 ,po/ #hvo1 ,clo?1 ,ornam5tal1 #a4be4 ,miss ,*ap9's idea ( r$uc+ to a compact & readable =m ! m or less involv$ /ories ( ,wagn]'s op]as is "o t met ) pron\nc$ success 9 h] fir/ book1 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,rh9egold4 ,al?\gh ann\nc$ z = "y p1 x 0 receiv$ ) m>k$ favor by old] lov]s ( ,wagn]1 :o f\nd 9 x an intellig5t1 consecutive1 & concise guide to ! n>rative cov]$ by ! ,nibelung5 cycle4 ,wond] ,tales f ,wagn] is plann$ ^u mu* ! same l9es1 & =ms an invaluable companion volume to its pr$ecessor4 ,told ) s+ul> simplicity & grace1 ^! /ories ( ! old gods h all ! *>m ( mod]n fairy-tales & are1 moreov]1 ( great assi/ance 9 ! /udy ( ,wagn] & ,wagn]'s op]as4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,rh9egold4 7,d] ,r+ des ,nibelung547 ,told = ,"y ,p4 ,illu/rat$4 ,po/ #hvo1 ,clo?1 ,ornam5tal1 #a4be4 ,! leg5d ( ! ,rh9egold is bo? int]e/+ & dramatic1 & x has lo/ no?+ ( ei!r quality 9 ! h&s ( ,miss ,*ap94 ,x may h be5 writt5 ) ! hope ( expla9+ ! music ( ,wagn] to "y folks1 b we imag9e t old p w f9d 9 x a great deal ( mu*-ne$$ in=mation4--,n4 ,y4 ,h]ald4 ,! /ories on :i* ,wagn] f\nd$ 8 great op]as are told 9 a cle>1 beautiful1 /ory-tell+ mann] t claims & holds ! att5tion4 ,! musical motif ( ea* developm5t ( ! /ories is giv51 & greatly adds to ! value ( ! book4--,outlook1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs1 ,,publi%]s ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,london ,illu/ration ,ei!r ( ! above works w be s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,canada1 or ,mexico1 on receipt ( ! price4 ,,! ,,br[n+ ,,lett]s ,,! ,,lett]s ,,( ,,rob]t ,,br[n+ ,,& ,,elizabe? ,,b>rett ,,br[n+1 #ahde-ahdf4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,two ,contempor>y ,portraits ( ! ,writ]s1 & ,two ,facsimile ,lett]s4 ,) a ,prefatory ,note by ,r4 ,,b>rett ,,br[n+1 & ,notes1 by ,f4 ,g4 ,,k5yon1 ,explanatory ( ! ,greek ,words1 ,two ,volumes4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ,clo?1 ,ornam5tal1 ,deckel ,edges & ,gilt ,tops1 #e4jj2 ,half ,morocco1 #i4ej4 ,_m good gifts h come to ,engli% lit]ature f ! two ,br[n+s1 husb& & wife1 besides ^? poems1 :i* are _! greate/4 ,! gift ( "o's poems is ! gift ( "o's self4 ,b 9 a full] s5se h ?is unique pair n[ giv5 !mselves by :at we c b call ! graci\s gift ( ^! lett]s4 ,z _! union 0 unique1 s is ?is correspond5ce unique4444 ,! lett]s are ! mo/ opul5t 9 v>i\s int]e/ :i* h be5 publi%$ = _m a day4--,academy1 ,london4 ,we h read ^! lett]s ) great c>e1 ) gr[+ a/oni%m5t1 ) imm5se respect2 & ! f9al result produc$ on our m9ds is t ^! volumes conta9 "o ( ! mo/ preci\s contributions to lit]>y hi/ory :i* our "t has se54--,saturday ,review1 ,london4 ,we v5ture to ?9k t no su* rem>kable & unbrok5 s]ies ( intimate lett]s betwe5 two rem>kable p has ev] be5 giv5 to ! _w4444 ,!re is some?+ extraord9>ily t\*+ 9 ! gradual unfold+ ( ! romance 9 :i* two poets play ! p>ts ( h]o & h]o9e4--,spectator1 ,london4 ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs1 ,,publi%]s ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,london ,illu/ration ,! above "w w be s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,canada1 or ,mexico1 on receipt ( ! price4