,transcrib]'s ,notes ,text pr9t$ 9 italics has be5 transcrib$ betwe5 und]scores1 bold face text betwe5 equal signs4 ,text betwe5 tildes repres5ts blacklett] text1 text repres5ts sup]script text4 ,small capitals h be5 replac$ ) ,,all ,,capitals4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,ii4 ,accums'1 ,description ( ,gas ,works4 to ,face ,title4 ,mulholl& ,delt4 ,w4 ,read1 ,sculpt4 ,maid5 ,lane1 ,cov5t ,g>d54 ,,gas ,,light ,,app>atus1 ,erect$ by ,ord] ( ,gov]nm5t at ,,! ,,royal ,,m9t1 by ,fr$ck4 ,accum4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,process ,,( ,,manufactur+ ,,coal ,,gas1 ,,= ,,! ,,light+ ,,( ,,/reets ,,h\ses1 ,,& ,,public ,,build+s1 ,,) ,,elevations1 ,,sections1 ,,& ,,plans ,,( ,,! ,,mo/ ,,improv$ ,,sorts ,,( ,,app>atus ,,n[ ,,employ$ ,,at ,,! ,gas ,works 9 ,london1 ,,& ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,prov9cial ,,t[ns ,,( ,,great ,,brita92 ,accompani$ ) comp>ative ,e/imates1 exhibit+ ! mo/ ,economical ,mode ( procur+ ?is species ( ,light4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,i4 ,,) ,,sev5 ,,plates4 ,,by ,,fr$rick ,,accum1 ,,op]ative ,,*emi/1 ,lectur] on ,practical ,*emi/ry1 on ,m9]alogy1 & on ,*emi/ry appli$ to ! ,arts & ,manufactures2 ,memb] o ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy1 ,fell[ ( ! ,limnan ,society1 ,memb] ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,b]l91 c4 c4 ,london4 ,,pr9t$ ,,= ,,?omas ,,boys4 ,no4 #g4 ,,ludgate-,,hill4 7,,f ,no4 #c1 ,,pat]no/] ,,r[7 ,,mdcccxix4 ,,preface4 ,compton ,/reet1 ,soho4 ,! extraord9>ily rapid progress :i* ! rec5t inv5tion ( light+ ) coal gas has made 9 ?is c\ntry1 is p]haps )\t a p>allel 9 ! hi/ory ( ! useful arts4 ,x 0 an inv5tion n exempt$ f ! mis=tune common to all innovations on e/abli%$ practises1 ( enc\nt]+ opposition1 b x _h ! =tune common to few1 ( obta9+ an almo/ in/antane\s triumph4 ,a s+le exhibition ( ! gas lights 9 actual use 0 suffici5t to det]m9e ! public judgm5t 9 fav\r ( ! new mode ( illum9ation2 to see 0 9 ?is case1 inde$ to believe4 ,! legislature responsive to ! popul> voice1 & =tifi$ 9 its responsibility1 by ! results ( special enquiries :i* 7 ord]$ to be made into ! m]its ( ! inv5tion1 & 9 :i* ,i _h ! good =tune to be pr(essionally engag$1 gave ! mo/ lib]al & decid$ enc\ragem5t to its adoption4 ,capital1 (t5 want+ ev5 9 ?is opul5t c\ntry = und]tak+s ( magnitude1 came to ! promotion ( ! new art ( procur+ & di/ribut+ light 9 ov]fl[+ abundance2 & already ere _m ye>s are elaps$1 su* has be5 ! rapidity ) :i* ! gas light illum9ation has advanc$1 t !re is n a city & sc>cely a t[n ( any note 9 ,great ,brita91 9 :i* ! art ( light+ by means ( gas1 has n be5 c>ri$ into effect1 or 9 :i* active measures are n 9 progress1 to p>ticipate 9 ! b5efit ( ?is important discov]y4 ,:5 ! art 0 yet 9 its infancy1 ,i publi%$ a ,treatise1 conta9+ a description ( ! app>atus & ma*9]y be/ calculat$ = illum9at+ /reets1 h\ses1 & public build+s1 by means ( coal gas1 ) rem>ks on ! utility1 safety1 & g5]al nature ( ?is new bran* ( dome/ic economy1 z f> z !n und]/ood1 & practis$ 9 ! metropolis4 ,! univ]sal avidity = in=mation on ! subject1 m p]haps ?an any p>ticul> m]it 9 ! "w itself1 produc$ a dem& 9 ?is c\ntry = f\r l>ge impressions ( ?is "w1 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s1 & ,i h also _h ! satisfaction ( f9d+ t ! ,treatise has be5 translat$ into ! ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 & ,italian languages4 ,s9ce ?is "w 0 writt51 h[ev]1 ! art ( manufactur+ & apply+ coal gas1 has und]gone s _m mat]ial improvem5ts1 all comb9+ to br+ x to a degree ( simplicity1 precision1 & economy1 f> surpass+ e ?+ :i* ! orig9al mode ( practice exhibit$1 t ,i h felt ,i %\ld be guilty ( an inju/ice to ! con/ant dem& :i* /ill exi/s = my =m] ,treatise1 _h ,i n made x my duty to publi% ! "w ,i n[ pres5t to ! read]2 sup]s$+ altoge!r ! =m] publication1 b sup]s$+ x f circum/ances ( necessity1 & ) a view to good1 :i* ,i tru/ w be f\nd n illusory4 ,! pres5t treatise1 z its title expresses1 is int5d$ to exhibit ! sup]ior process ( manufactur+ coal gas n[ employ$ 9 ! metropolis & ! prov9cial t[ns ( ,great ,brita91 & to lay be=e ! read] ! elevations1 sections1 & plans ( ! improv$ ,gas ,light ma*9]y1 :i* has /ood ! te/ ( practice1 & is n[ 9 action at ! mo/ celebrat$ ,gas ,light ,e/abli%m5ts4 ,9 ! fir/ & second "p ( ! ,treatise1 ,i h1 z introductory to ! re/1 giv5 a sket* ( ! *emical !ory & production ( ,gas ,light4 ,i h po9t$ out ! lead+ objects ( public & private utility1 to :i* ! art ( light+ ) gas has be51 or rema9s to be appli$3 & add$ su* o!r facts & obs]vations z may s]ve to remove all d\bt 9 ! m9ds ( ! read] z to ! important b5efit :i* ?is c\ntry 9 p>ticul>1 & ! _w at l>ge1 h ga9$ by ?is discov]y4 ,9 ! ?ird "p ,i h /at$ ! maximum quantities ( gas obta9able 9 ! l>ge way1 f diff]5t k9ds ( coal4 ,9 ! f\r? "p1 ,i h giv5 a description ( all ! v>i\s =ms & dim5sions :i* ! di/illatory vessels or retorts h successively assum$1 z well z ( ! improvem5ts t h be5 made 9 ! mode ( sett+ ! retorts1 ) a view to sav+ !m f undue det]ioration1 & prev5t+ any improvid5t wa/e ( fuel4 ,i h "h giv5 a p>ticul> acc\nt ( ! di/illatory app>atus n[ us$ at ! mo/ celebrat$ gas works 9 ! metropolis4 ,! fif? & six? p>ts1 lead ! read] consid]ably fur!r into a k ( ! economy & practice ( ?is art4 ,!y conta9 an acc\nt ( a great v>iety ( exp]im5ts :i* h be5 pursu$ on a l>ge scale1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! mo/ pr(itable mode ( employ+ ! retorts1 ! diff]5ces ( op9ion :i* h exi/$ among practical m5 ) respect to ! degree ( temp]ature fitte/ to be appli$1 & ! numb] ( h\rs at a "t dur+ :i* ! retorts may mo/ advantage\sly be kept 9 action1 ) ! p>ticul> results :i* ! exp]im5ts in/itut$ into ^! po9ts h af=d$2 & su* o!r data1 z w enable ! read] to adopt t mode ( op]ation1 :i* "u e circum/ance ( locality w be f\nd mo/ advantage\s4 ,! *anges :i* h tak5 place ) respect to ! retorts1 h be5 be=e detail$ 9 "p f\r?2 b 9 ord] to give ! manufactur] a ne>] insight into ! sup]ior advantages att5d+ retorts ( ! con/ruction lately br\ght into use1 ,i h giv5 9 "p sev5?1 a detail$ description ( ! horizontal rot>y retorts1 ! application ( :i* has l$ to a m economical1 exp$iti\s1 & easy me?od ( manufactur+ coal gas ?an h]et(ore practis$4 ,i h di/9ctly po9t$ out ! advantages :i* ^! retorts pres5t1 ! p>ticul> results !y af=d1 & ! me?od ( apply+ !m4 ,! purification ( coal gas =ms ! subject ( "p eigh?4 ,i h comp>$ "h1 ! app>atus = purify+ coal gas1 z x 0 orig9ally con/ruct$1 ) ! improv$ ma*9]y lately adopt$1 %[+ ! inefficacy & defects ( ! =m]1 & ! decid$ sup]iority :i* belongs to ! latt]4 ,! n9? "p gives an acc\nt ( ! v>i\s improv$ gas hold]s :i* h be5 inv5t$1 & n[ are 9 action at ! mo/ rec5t e/abli%m5ts1 = ! purpose ( /or+ l>ge quantities ( gas4 ,! improvem5ts t h be5 made 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( ! ,gas ,light ma*9]y1 are p>ticul>ly valuable & h contribut$ m p]haps ?an any o!r1 to less5 ! exp5ce ( manufactur+ gas = comm]cial purposes4 ,9 ! t5? "p1 ,i h giv5 a description ( an entirely new ma*9e1 call$ ! gas-metre1 or self-act+ guage1 lately adopt$ at ! ,birm+ham1 ,*e/]1 & o!r gas works1 :i* measures & regi/]s ! quantity ( gas manufactur$ 9 any giv5 "t1 f any giv5 quantity ( coal1 or consum$ dur+ any p]iod1 by any numb] ( burn]s or lamps4 ,! great s]vices :i* su* a ma*9e mu/ r5d] bo? to ! manufactur] & consum] ( gas1 are p>ticul>ly po9t$ out1 & illu/rat$ to ! manufactur]1 by s]v+ z a complete *eck on 8 workm5 z to ! quantity ( "w t ought to be p]=m$1 & to ! consum]1 z an exact measure ( ! quantity ( gas he receives1 & ought to pay =4 ,! elev5? "p is appropriat$ to ! description ( ano!r app>atus1 call$ ! gov]nor1 also ( rec5t inv5tion1 & n[ 9 use at num]\s e/abli%m5ts4 ,! design ( ?is ma*9e is1 to regulate ! pressure ( ! gas1 be=e x ent]s into ! ma9s1 ! importance ( :i* mu/ be suffici5tly manife/4 ,i h also po9t$ out ! application ( ?is app>atus = regulat+ ! magnitude ( ! flames ( gas burn]s & lamps4 ,! twelf? "p treats on gas ma9s & bran* pipes1 ,i h "h /at$ ! rules & practical proce$+s necess>y to be obs]v$1 = apply+ & di/ribut+ gas pipes to ! greate/ advantage4 ,! mo/ effici5t me?od ( introduc+ ! gas to ! int]ior ( h\ses1 =ms ! subject ( "p ?irte54 ,all ! necess>y in/ructions are "h giv5 to workm51 = adapt+ ! gas pipes1 & insur+ success at ! lea/ co/1 "u e v>iety ( circum/ances4 ,! f\rte5? "p gives an acc\nt ( ! illum9at+ p[] ( coal gas--! quantity ( gas consum$ 9 a giv5 "t1 by diff]5t k9ds ( gas burn]s & lamps1 ! relative co/ ( gas1 tall[1 & oil lights ( diff]5t int5sities1 & ! mo/ improv$ me?od employ$ = v5tilat+ ap>tm5ts light$ by gas4 ,9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? p>ts1 ,i h add$ an acc\nt ( ! manufacture ( c>burett$ hydrog5 gas1 f coal t>1 vegetable t>1 & oil1 ) su* o!r obs]vations z may enable ! read] to =m a prop] e/imate ( ! comp>ative advantage ( manufactur+ gas f oil1 or t>1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances4 ,i h "h also giv5 an acc\nt ( ! manufacture ( c>bonate ( ammonia1 z n[ practis$1 f ! ammoniacal liquor obta9$ 9 ! ,gas ,light process1 & ( ! manufacture ( o!r saleable products obta9able f coal1 namely2 pit*1 coal t>1 & oil4 ,9 conclusion ,i h to obs]ve t my object ?r\gh\t has be5 to make ! "w a comp5dium ( all ! be/ in=mation :i* ! practice ( ! art d[n to ! pres5t mom5t has be5 able to af=d1 embody+ a great numb] ( data1 ) :i* ,i h be5 oblig+ly fav\r$ by g5tlem51 ! mo/ practically v]sant 9 ! art1 & = :i* ,i beg !y w individually accept ?is public expression ( my ?anks1 & obligations1 z well z ! results :i* my own lab\rs 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 nei!r few1 nor inconsid]able h furni%$4 ,to supply ! read] ) a "w ( practical utility 9 a mo/ valuable1 & gr[+ bran* ( national economy has be5 my object2 & ,i ne$ sc>cely add1 t ! suffrages ( ! public to ! zeal & indu/ry at lea/ ) :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to obta9 t object1 w be a s\rce ( inf9ite satisfaction4 ,,fr$rick ,,accum4 ,,london1 #ahai4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,page ,,g5]al ,,nature ,,& ,,advantages ,,( ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,procur+ ,,light1 ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,c>burett$ ,,hydrog51 ,,or ,,coal ,,gas #a ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,art ,,( ,,procur+ ,,light ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,coal ,,gas1 ,,& ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,gas ,,lights #cc ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,classification ,,( ,,pit ,,coal1 ,,& ,,maximum ,,quantity ,,( ,,gas1 ,,obta9able ,,f ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,coal #da ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,=m ,,& ,,dim5sions ,,( ,,! ,,retorts ,,orig9ally ,,employ$ ,,= ,,manufactur+ ,,coal ,,gas #ea ,,application ,,( ,,heat--,,flue ,,plan ,,orig9ally ,,adopt$ #ei ,,report ,,on ,a ,,c\rse ,,( ,,op]ations1 ,,made ,,) ,,sets ,,( #ff1 ,,( #cj1 ,,( #aaf1 ,,& ,,( #fd ,,retorts1 ,,work$ ,,on ,,! ,,flue ,,plan #fa ,,ov5 ,,plan ,,lately ,,adopt$ #fg ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,retort ,,ov5 #fi ,,"p ,v4 ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,quantity ,,( ,,gas ,,evolv$ ,,dur+ ,,diff]5t ,,p]iods ,,( ,,! ,,di/illatory ,,process1 ,,& ,,economical ,,consid]ations ,,result+ ,,!refrom ,,9 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,coal ,,gas #gg ,,exp]im5ts ,,) #ah ,,cyl9drical ,,retorts1 ,,conta9+ ,,"o ,,*aldron ,,( ,,coal #hj ,,exp]im5t ,,) ,,?irty-,,six ,,p>allelopip$al ,,retorts1 ,,ea* ,,conta9+ ,,two ,,bu%els ,,( ,,coal #ha ,,report ,,on ,a ,,c\rse ,,( ,,exp]im5ts ,,made ,,to ,,asc]ta9 ,,! ,,comp>ative ,,economy ,,( ,,manufactur+ ,,e ,,week1 #heg1ffg ,,cubic ,,feet ,,( ,,gas1 ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,cyl9drical ,,retorts ,,v>i\sly ,,work$ #hd ,,"p ,,vi4 ,,temp]ature ,,be/ ,,adapt$ ,,= ,,work+ ,,cyl9drical ,,retorts #id ,,annual ,,cr$itor ,,& ,,debtor ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,manufactur+ ,,daily1 ,,f #ej1jjj ,,to #ajb1jjj ,,cubic ,,feet ,,( ,,gas1 ,,at ,,! ,,price ,,:i* ,,coal ,,be>s ,,9 ,,! ,,metropolis1 ,,! ,,op]ation ,,be+ ,,comm5c$ ,,) ,,new ,,retorts1 ,,& ,,! ,,retorts ,,be+ ,,left ,,9 ,a ,,fit ,,work+ ,,/ate #ig ,,comp>ative ,,facility ,,) ,,:i* ,,! ,,decomposition ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,species ,,( ,,coal ,,is ,,effect$ #ajf ,,"p ,,vii4 ,,horizontal ,,rot>y ,,retorts1 ,,lately ,,br\ght ,,into ,,use ,,= ,,manufactur+ ,,coal ,,gas #aaj ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,horizontal ,,rot>y ,,retorts ,,at ,,! ,,royal ,,m9t #aab ,,action ,,& ,,managem5t ,,( ,,! ,,horizontal ,,rot>y ,,retorts #abj ,,advantages ,,( ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,manufactur+ ,,coal ,,gas ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,horizontal ,,rot>y ,,retorts #abd ,,directions ,,to ,,workm5 ,,) ,,reg>d ,,to ,,! ,,managem5t ,,( ,,horizontal ,,rot>y ,,retorts #acd ,,"p ,,viii4 ,,purify+ ,,app>atus1 ,,or ,,lime ,,ma*9e #adj ,,lime ,,ma*9e ,,orig9ally ,,employ$ ,,= ,,! ,,purification ,,( ,,coal ,,gas #ada ,,lime ,,ma*9e ,,lately ,,adopt$ #adi ,,te/ ,,app>atus1 ,,= ,,c]tify+ ,,! ,,purity ,,( ,,coal ,,gas1 ,,& ,,! ,,prop] ,,mann] ,,( ,,work+ ,,! ,,lime ,,ma*9e #aeg ,,be/ ,,me?od ,,( ,,prep>+ ,,quick-,,lime ,,= ,,! ,,purification ,,( ,,coal ,,gas #afa ,,"p ,,ix4 ,,gas ,,hold] #afd ,,gas ,,hold] ,,z ,,orig9ally ,,employ$ #afe ,,gas ,,hold] ,,) ,,gov]nor1 ,,or ,,regulat+ ,,guage1 ,,lately ,,br\ght ,,into ,,use #afi ,,gas ,,hold] ,,) ,,gov]nor ,,or ,,regulat+ ,,guage ,,at ,,! ,,*e/] ,,gas ,,works #age ,,gas ,,hold] ,,) ,,gov]nor ,,or ,,regulat+ ,,guage ,,at ,,! ,,birm+ham ,,gas ,,works #agg ,,revolv+ ,,gas ,,hold] ,,at ,,! ,,we/m9/] ,,gas ,,works #aha ,,rule ,,= ,,f9d+ ,,! ,,capacity ,,( ,a ,,revolv+ ,,gas ,,hold] ,,( ,,giv5 ,,dim5sions #ahe ,,collaps+ ,,gas ,,hold] #ahe ,,rule ,,= ,,f9d+ ,,! ,,capacity ,,( ,a ,,collaps+ ,,gas ,,hold] ,,( ,,giv5 ,,dim5sions #aie ,,reciprocat+ ,,safety ,,valve #aif ,,"p ,x4 ,,gas ,,metre1 ,,or ,,self-,,act+ ,,guage1 ,,:i* ,,measures ,,& ,,regi/]s1 ,,9 ,,! ,,abs5ce ,,( ,,! ,,obs]v]1 ,,! ,,quantity ,,( ,,gas ,,produc$ ,,9 ,a ,,giv5 ,,"t1 ,,f ,,any ,,giv5 ,,quantity ,,( ,,coal1 ,,or ,,consum$ ,,dur+ ,a ,,giv5 ,,p]iod1 ,,by ,,any ,,numb] ,,( ,,burn]s ,,or ,,lamps #bjj ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,gas ,,metre ,,at ,,! ,,royal ,,m9t ,,gas ,,works #bad ,,rule ,,= ,,calculat+ ,,! ,,weight1 ,,:i* ,a ,,gas ,,metre ,,( ,,giv5 ,,dim5sions1 ,,w ,,raise1 ,,to ,a ,,giv5 ,,height1 ,,9 ,a ,,giv5 ,,"t #bbj ,,gas ,,hold] ,,valve #bba ,,siphon1 ,,or ,,wat] ,,res]voir #bba ,,"p ,,xi4 ,,gov]nor ,,or ,,regulat+ ,,guage #bbe ,,directions ,,to ,,workm5 ,,= ,,fix+ ,,! ,,gov]nor ,,& ,,gas ,,metre #bbi ,,"p ,,xii4 ,,gas ,,ma9s ,,& ,,bran* ,,pipes #bci ,,weight ,,( ,,ca/ ,,iron ,,gas ,,ma9s ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,l5g?s ,,& ,,bores #bea ,,"p ,,xiii4 ,,gas ,,lamps ,,& ,,burn]s #bec ,,directions ,,to ,,workm51 ,,= ,,adapt+ ,,gas ,,pipes ,,to ,,! ,,int]ior ,,( ,,h\ses #beh ,,"p ,,xiv4 ,,illum9at+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,coal ,,gas1 ,,& ,,quantity ,,( ,,gas ,,consum$ ,,9 ,a ,,giv5 ,,"t1 ,,by ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,burn]s1 ,,& ,,gas ,,lamps #bfi ,,"p ,,xv4 ,,gas ,,f ,,coal ,,t> #bhb ,,gas ,,f ,,oil #bhi ,,"p ,,xvi4 ,,o!r ,,products ,,obta9able ,,f ,,coal1 ,,namely3 ,,coal ,,t> #bih ,,coal ,,oil #cjj ,,pit* #cjb ,,ammoniacal ,,liquor #cjc ,,manufacture ,,( ,,c>bonate ,,( ,,ammonia ,,f ,,! ,,ammoniacal ,,liquor #cjc ,,manufacture ,,( ,,muriate ,,( ,,ammonia ,,f ,,! ,,ammoniacal ,,liquor #cjg ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,plates #cae ,,index ,,to ,,! ,,"w #cba ,,london ,,price ,,li/ ,,( ,,! ,,mo/ ,,ess5tial ,,articles ,,employ$ ,,9 ,,! ,,manufacture ,,& ,,application ,,( ,,coal ,,gas #cca ,,adv]tisem5t4 ,! au?or ( ?is "w respectfully in=ms ! public1 t !y may be furni%$ ) e/imates1 & plans = ! build+ ( ,gas ,works1 p>ticul>ly adapt$ to ! circum/ances ( ! places :]e !y are to be e/abli%$1 & t he proposes to sup]9t5d ! erection ( ! works4 ,mr4 ,accum also engages to supply ! :ole ( ! ,gas ,app>atus ready = imm$iate use1 & to gu>anty its effici5t p]=mance4 ,or he w contract ) any committee1 directory1 or public company1 = ,light+ ) ,gas1 any ,t[n1 ,manufactory1 or ,build+1 ^u :atev] scale ( magnitude1 = an annual specific sum4 ,( ! qualifications = ! s]vices :i* he ?us pr(f]s1 he w\ld speak ) diffid5ce4 ,su* pro(s z he is able to (f] ( !m1 are to be f\nd 9 ! "w "h laid be=e ! read]1 beyond :i* he w\ld add no m ?an ! flatt]+ te/imony ( approbation1 ) :i* 8 lab\rs h be5 hon\r$1 9 hav+ be5 select$ by ,,8 ,,maje/y',s ,,gov]nm5t to plan & erect ! ,,gas ,,works at ! ,,royal ,,m9t1 & s9ce entru/$ ) ! active managem5t & sup]9t5dance ( t e/abli%m5t4 ,compton ,/reet1 ,soho1 ,may #bh1 #ahai4 ,! foll[+ p>ticul>s are requir$ to be /at$ by ^? :o are desir\s ( receiv+ e/imates1 conc]n+ ! comp>ative economy ( apply+ coal gas z a sub/itute = oil1 wax1 or tall[ light4 #a4 ,a plan ( ! place to be light$ ) ,gas1 drawn to a scale n less ?an "o t5? ( an in*1 to t5 feet4 ,! design mu/ exhibit ! p>ticul> spot1 :]e ! ,ma*9]y is to be erect$4 #b4 ,! k9d ( gas lights requir$1 namely2 :e!r ! lights %all be equal 9 illum9at+ p[] to "o1 or m tall[ c&les ( a giv5 weight1 or equal to an arg& lamp4 #c4 ,! numb] ( lights4 #d4 ,! av]age "t ! lights are to burn1 ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 #e4 ,! av]age price ( coal1 & rate ( workm5's wages1 at ! place :]e ! light is want$4 ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,process ,,( ,,manufactur+ ,coal ,gas4 ,,"p ,i4 ,g5]al ,nature & ,advantages ( ! art ( procur+ ,light1 by means ( ,c>burett$ ,hydrog51 or ,coal ,gas4 ,! new art ( light+ h\ses1 /reets & manufactories1 ) c>burett$ hydrog51 or coal gas1 is "o ( ^? mod]n discov]ies on :i* ! admir]s ( sci5ce & ! inhabitants ( ?is c\ntry 9 p>ticul>1 h great] reason to congratulate !mselves1 ?an any o!r inv5tion or discov]y ( ! pres5t age4 ,?is art is s wond]ful & important1 x speaks s =cibly by ! effects x has already produc$1 t x _c fail to increase ! weal? ( ! nation by add+ to ! numb] ( int]nal res\rces1 z long z coal cont9ues to be dug 9 ?is isl& f ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,= if we di/ribute ! catalogue ( human wants :i* a civiliz$ /ate ( society has introduc$1 ! production & supply ( artificial light1 holds next to food1 clo?+ & fuel1 ! mo/ important place4 ,we might inde$ exi/ )\t x1 b h[ l>ge a portion ( our lives w\ld 9 t /ate be condemn$ to a /ate little sup]ior 9 efficacy to t ( ! animals ar\nd u4 ,if we c\ld = a mom5t suppose ! privation ( artificial light1 dur+ ! abs5ce ( ! ,sun1 x w\ld foll[ z an imm$iate consequ5ce t ! greate/ "p ( ! globe on :i* we dwell1 w\ld cease to be ! habitation ( man4 ,:e!r he c\ld ensn>e or ov]take ^? animals ^u ^: unprep>$ rema9s he w\ld !n be compell$ to fe$2 :e!r he might /ore ! fruits ( ! e>? = 8 w9t] supply--:at might be ! physical & moral consequ5ces ( a /ate ( su* desolation1 may p]haps be conjectur$1 b no e/imate c %[ its dreadful magnitude4 ,h[ mu* d our com=ts1 & h[ greatly does ! ext5t ( our p[] dep5d ^u ! production & supply ( artificial light4 ,! flame ( a s+le c&le animates a family1 e "o foll[s 8 occupation1 & no dread is felt ( ! d>kness ( night4 ,x might be a curi\s speculation to enquire h[ f>1 & 9 :at respect1 ! morals ( m5 w\ld become degrad$ by ! want ( ?is contrivance4 ,b x is suffici5t on ! pres5t occasion1 t1 previ\s to ent]+ ^u a diss]tation respect+ a new art ( procur+ light1 a tra9 ( ideas has slightly be5 h9t$ at1 :i* _c fail to %[ its magnitude & importance4 ,! progress ( ! new art ( light+ h\ses1 /reets & public build+s1 by means ( ! inflammable gas obta9able f coal1 has be5 )9 ^! few ye>s uncommonly rapid4 ,! numb] ( gas-lights already 9 use 9 ! metropolis alone1 am\nts to upw>ds ( fifty-"o ?\s&4 ,! total l5g?s ( ma9s 9 ! /reets ?r\gh :i* ! gas is convey$ f ! gas-light manufactories into ! h\ses1 n[ measures two hundr$ & eighty-eight miles4 ,! gas-light illum9ation has also spread f> & wide ?r\gh ! c\ntry4 ,e/abli%m5ts = ! supply ( ! new lights are c>ri$ on at ,ed9burgh1 ,glasg[1 ,liv]pool1 ,bri/ol1 ,ba?1 ,*elt5ham1 ,birm+ham1 ,le$s1 ,man*e/]1 ,exet]1 ,*e/]1 ,macclesfield1 ,pre/on1 ,kidd]m9/]1 & 9 _m o!r t[ns & places ( ,great ,brita94 ,e body is n[ conv9c$ t pitcoal is capable ( furni%+ light sup]ior to t obta9$ f oil1 wax1 or tall[4 ,! public att5tion is awak5$ to ! new value ( coal1 & w n re/ till ! art ( light+ ) gas is pu%$ to ! utmo/ ( its ext5t4 ,9 ord] to arrive at a full & accurate k ( ! _m advantages att5d+ ! application ( c>burett$ hydrog5 or coal gas1 z a sub/itute = c&les or lamps1 x may be necess>y1 especially = ! in=mation ( ^? read]s :o h nev] p]sonally witness$ ?is mode ( illum9ation1 to take a brief prelim9>y view ( "s ( ! lead+ objects ( public & private utility1 to :i* ?is mode ( procur+ & di/ribut+ light may be appli$1 & ( ! ext5t to :i* x is entitl$ to national enc\ragem5t4 ,! *ief advantages att5d+ ! use ( gas1 are sup]iority & uni=mity ( light1 sav+ ( lab\r1 cleanl9ess1 safety & *eapness4 ,x mu/ be difficult = a p]son :olly unacqua9t$ ) ?is art1 to imag9e ) :at facility & neatness gas-lights are manag$4 ,! gas be+ collect$ 9 a res]voir1 is convey$ by means ( tubes1 :i* bran* out into small] ramifications1 until !y t]m9ate at ! places :]e ! lights are want$4 ,! extremities ( ! bran*+ tubes are furni%$ ) burn]s1 hav+ small ap]tures out ( :i* ! gas issues ) a c]ta9 velocity correspond+ to its degree ( pressure4 ,ne> ! t]m9ation ( ea* tube1 !re is a /opcock1 or valve1 ^u turn+ :i* :5 light is requir$1 ! gas in/antly fl[s out 9 an equable /ream4 ,!re is no noise at ! op5+ ( ! valve1 no di/urbance 9 ! transp>5cy ( ! atmosph]e2 ! gas in/antly bur/s on ! approa* ( a light$ tap] into a peculi>ly brilliant1 s(t & beautiful flame2 x requires no trimm+ or snuff+ to keep ! flame ( an equal brightness4 ,l ! light ( ! ,sun itself1 x only makes itself kn[n by ! b5efit & pleasure x af=ds4 ,! gas flame is entirely free f smell4 ,! gas itself has a disagreeable od\r be=e x is burnt1 & s has ! vap\r ( wax1 tall[ & oil1 z x comes f a c&le or lamp newly bl[n out4 ,?is concession proves no?+ aga9/ ! flame ( gas1 :i* is p]fectly inodor\s4 ,! gas-light flame is p]fectly /eady2 a b5efit :i* p]sons accu/om$ to read or write by c&le-light1 are p>ticul>ly capable ( appreciat+4 ,) ! o!r modes ( illum9ation we h nev] ! light ( ! same int5sity = two m9utes toge!r1 indep5d5t ( t unpleasant danc+ un/eady flame :i* is s h>ass+ to ! sight4 ,! size1 =m & int5sity ( ! gas flame1 are regulat$ by simply turn+ ! /op-cock :i* admits ! gas to ! burn] or lamp4 ,! flame may at comm& be made to burn ) an int5sity suffici5t to illum9ate e corn] ( a room1 or s l[ & dim1 z b>ely to be p]ceiv$4 ,x is unnecess>y to po9t out h[ valuable lights ( ?is description are 9 nurs]ies1 /ables1 w>eh\ses1 & *amb]s ( ! sick4 ,f ! facility ) :i* ! gas flame c be convey$ 9 almo/ any direction1 f ! div]sifi$ size & %ape :i* x c be made to assume1 !re is no k9d ( light s well adapt$ = ornam5tal illum9ation4 ,! flame ( coal gas is ( a pure :ite col\r1 & ( a body full & compact4 ,9 l>ge masses1 x becomes ( ! same flick]+ "* :i* is common to all flames ( l>ge dim5sions1 & is ow+ to ! agitation ( ! surr\nd+ heat$ atmosph]e4 ,! sav+ ( lab\r connect$ ) ! employm5t ( gas-light1 may seem on a small scale to be trifl+2 b :5 x is consid]$ t 9 l>ge manufactories1 x is n unusual to f9d sev]al p]sons employ$ = no o!r purpose ?an trimm+ ! lamps or sett+ & snuff+ ! c&les ( ! e/abli%m5t1 ! advantage ga9$ on ?is head by ! use ( a species ( light :i* require no sort ( att5tion :atev]1 _c b appe> v consid]able4 ,! cleanl9ess ( ! gas-lights is also a consid]ation ( no small importance1 !y are att5d$ ) none ( t spill+ ( oil1 & dropp+ ( grease1 :i* makes ! employm5t ( oil-lamps & c&les s injuri\s 9 _m w>eh\ses1 %ops & private dwell+s4 ,! flame ( a gas-light comp>$ 9 po9t ( brilliancy to t ( a c&le1 is z ! flame ( a common oil lamp1 comp>$ to ! flame ( a lamp ( ,arg&4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a /reet1 on ! night ( a g5]al illum9ation1 & any o!r night :5 ! /reet is "u ! dull glimm]+ light ( ! ord9>y oil lamps1 is sc>cely m rem>kable1 ?an ! diff]5ce betwe5 a /reet light$ by gas1 & "o light$ by oil4 ,:ile ! ord9>y oil lamps may be said m]ely to s]ve ! purpose ( mak+ 8d>kness visible10 ! gas-lights really dispel ! dom9ion ( night1 & diffuse a body ( light s wide-spread+ & int5se1 z almo/ to rival ! cle>e/ moon%9e4 ,! same brilliancy :i* makes ! gas-lights ( su* utility out ( doors1 9 light+ ! /reets1 has be5 f\nd ( equal advantage 9 illum9at+ ! int]ior ( private dwell+s1 & l>ge public build+s1 su* z *ur*es1 & !atres1 c4 ,f a clu/] ( gas-lights1 few] by "o-half ?an ! numb] ( oil lamps & c&les requir$ = light+ up a public edifice ( ?is description 9 ! mo/ ord9>y mann]1 a body ( light is furni%$ :i* diffuses ?r\gh ! :ole1 a degree ( mell[ cle>ness :i* is n to be atta9$ by ! greate/ numb] ( oil lamps1 or c&les1 :i* a due reg>d to respiration w admit ( be+ employ$4 ,z examples ( ?is1 we h only to "n ! public !atres ( ! metropolis1 all ( :i* are light$ ) gas1 & 9 a mann] :i* excites univ]sal admiration4 ,x may p]haps be imag9$ t ) a sub/ance s inflammable1 & amid/ ! blaze ( respl5d5t flame :i* produces su* beautiful effects1 !re is a peculi> risk ( accid5ts by fire1 b s f> is ?is f be+ ! case1 t gas-lights are ! safe/ ( all lights4 ,no dang] c arise f ^! lights 9 any way1 b :at is common to c&le lights & lamps ( all k9ds1 & is ! fault ( none ( !m4 ,! gas-lights are 9 fact a great deal less haz>d\s4 ,!re is no risk ( ^? accid5ts :i* (t5 happ5 f ! gutt]+ ( c&les1 f sp>ks be+ deta*$1 or f c>elessly snuff+ !m4 ,! gas-light lamps & burn]s1 mu/ necess>ily be fix$ to "o place1 & !re=e _c fall or o!rwise become d]ang$1 )\t be+ imm$iately ext+ui%$4 ,& fur!r1 at any "t by %utt+ ! ma9 tube :i* conveys ! gas to ! burn]s & lamps1 all ! lights 9 ! h\se c be imm$iately ext+ui%$4 ,9 %ort1 :]e gas is us$1 ! ma/] ( ! h\se1 :5 he has turn$ ! ma9 /op-cock :i* conveys ! gas into ! collat]al bran* pipes1 may retire to re/ free f any ( ^? appreh5sions1 :i* be=e h>ass$ him1 le/ a c&le might h be5 left burn+1 ( le/ ! accid5tal dropp+ ( a sp>k might become ! cause ( envelop+ himself & family 9 de/ruction4 ,b ! be/ pro( ( ! great safety ( ! new lights is1 t not)/&+ upw>ds ( fifty-"o ?\s& gas-lamps burn nightly 9 ,london1 we h n he>d ( a s+le accid5t occasion$ by !m1 ?\gh ! lamps & burn]s are g5]ally c>elessly manag$1 :ile we h too (t5 occasion to lam5t ! effects aris+ f sp>ks ( c&les1 or c>elessness 9 snuff+ !m4 ,h5ce ! fire-insurance-(fices engage to insure manufactories & public works1 at a less premium1 :]e gas is us$1 ?an :5 light$ by o!r means4 ,! excessive exp5ce ( insurance1 aris+ f ! num]\s c&les employ$ 9 mo/ ( ! fir/-rate manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts1 & ! combu/ible nature ( ! /ructure ( ! build+s2 ! great difficulty ( retriev+ ! injury result+ to a well-organis$ bus9ess1 f ! accid5tal de/ruction ( ! ma*9]y1 are consid]ations alone suffici5t to furni% ! /ronge/ economical1 z well z political recomm5dations1 = ! adoption ( ! new lights 9 all manufactories :]e "w is done by c&le-light4 ,we h z yet only adv]t$ to ! application ( gas 9 ! m ord9>y cases :]e light is want$1 b among o!r special purposes to :i* gas-lights may be appli$1 x w\ld be improp] to ov]look ! peculi>ly advantage\s use :i* may be made ( !m 9 ! supply+ ( light-h\ses4 ,f ! spl5d\r & di/+ui%+ =ms :i* ! gas-light flame is capable ( assum+1 no?+ c possibly be bett] calculat$ = su* a purpose2 & 9 po9t ( economy1 ! employm5t ( x w\ld be att5d$ ) a sav+ ( at lea/ "o half ( ! ord9>y exp5ce ( oil lights4 ,by means ( a s+le furnace1 z mu* gas may be produc$ 9 ?ree h\rs1 z w furni% dur+ ! longe/ w9t] night1 a flame ( great] brilliancy ?an is n[ furni%$ by any ligh?\se 9 ,brita91 or inde$ 9 ! _w4 ,! body ( flame may be increas$ to any size1 m]ely by increas+ ! numb] ( burn]s2 & :atev] may be ! magnitude ( ! flame1 x w cont9ue to burn1 )\t becom+ 9 ! lea/ cl\d$ by smoke1 or ! reflectors be+ 9 ! lea/ obscur$4 ,%\ld ^! consid]ations lead1 z x is to be hop$ !y w1 to ! actual employm5t ( gas 9 ! ligh?\ses ar\nd ! ,briti% isl&s1 x w readily occur1 t 9 proportion z ! gas w\ld be f\nd att5d$ ) less exp5se ?an ! pres5t mode ( light+ by oil1 x w\ld enable ! commission]s = light-h\ses1 out ( ! surplus means :i* w\ld be ?us plac$ at _! disposal1 to multiply ! numb] ( ligh?\ses1 & ?us to add mo/ ess5tially to ! security ( ,briti% navigation4 ,nor is x 9 ! case ( m>itime signal-lights alone1 t ! use ( gas is applicable1 by its sup]ior efficacy & *eapness4 ,! sav+ ( exp5ces to ! c\ntry :i* w\ld be effect$ by ! sub/itution ( coal gas1 = oil & tall[ 9 ^! & o!r public e/abli%m5ts1 is a consid]ation :i* _c be too mu* press$ on public att5tion4 ,! annual exp5diture = light+ ! b>racks ( ,great ,brita9 alone1 is said to fall little %ort ( fifty ?\s& p\nds2 = less ?an "o half ( :i* sum1 !y might be light$ by means ( gas mu* bett]1 & a great deal m safely4 ,"s idea may be =m$ f ! practical sav+ 9 ?is dep>tm5t--h[ great might be ! total sav+1 7 ?is new mode ( light+ adopt$ 9 all our national e/abli%m5ts4 ,9 ! case ( ! public ars5als1 h[ev]1 ! sav+ f ! employm5t ( coal gas is a consid]ation ( f> inf]ior importance to ! sup]ior security att5d+ x4 ,on ! pres]vation ( ! /ores :i* !y conta9 may dep5d 9 a "t ( w> ! :ole *ance ( success aga9/ ! enemy nor c any body :o has liv$ 9 ?is c\ntry at su* a "t h =got ! fev]i% al>m ) :i* ! p h frequ5tly se5 ?is security endang]$ by accid5ts aris+ f ! use ( moveable lights4 ,7 coal gas exclusively employ$ 9 su* e/abli%m5ts1 ! fix$ position :i* c be giv5 to ! burn]s1 & ! abs5ce ( all dang] f sp>ks mu/ give a degree ( security to ^? places f fire1 f> beyond :at !y at pres5t possess1 ev5 :5 sup]9t5d$ ) ! greate/ possible caution & fidelity4 ,! same rem>k is equally applicable to ! gov]nm5t (fices1 public libr>ies1 museums1 9 %ort1 to all public e/abli%m5ts :]e ! national value ( ! articles pres]v$ is su* t no possible means ( increas+ _! security f de/ruction %\ld be neglect$4 ,we h n[ to turn our att5tion to ano!r g5]al po9t ( view 9 :i* ! introduction ( light+ by gas is n less an object ( int]e/ to ! public2 we allude to ! application ( gas z a means ( heat+ z well z light+4 ,mr4 ,maib5#a 0 ! fir/ :o direct$ ! att5tion ( ! public to ?is subject2 he asc]ta9$ t gas f coal gives ne>ly ! same heat :5 put into combu/ion1 :i* is yield$ by a ?ird "p ( ! coal f :i* x is extract$4 ,9 o!r words1 x has be5 f\nd t a quantity ( fuel giv+ a p>ticul> degree ( heat1 may be employ$ s z to produce at ! same "t ano!r sub/ance yield+ ne>ly an equal degree ( heat 9 a diff]5t & m manageable =m2 a =m 9 :i* x c be pres]v$ = any l5g? ( "t1 divid$ into any portions1 di/ribut$ 9 any direction1 consum$ 9 an op5 fire-place1 or 9 a /ove conceal$ 9 any %ape2 a =m 9 :i* ! flame may issue equally well f iron or f /one-w>e1 be in/antly light$ up & in/antly ext+ui%$1 be made to burn z long or z %ort a "t z may suit u1 & 9 any degree ( int5sity betwe5 ! mo/ animat+ & brilliant blaze & its total ext9ction2 be ext+ui%$ 9 "o room1 & ! next mom5t light$ up 9 any o!r2 9 %ort su* a =m1 t by "o prop] arrangem5t f ! beg9n+1 ) ! same portion ( fuel1 we may at any "t h ! comm& ( a *e>ful fire1 an adequate & com=table w>m? 9 any "p ( our dwell+ to :i* we may h occasion to move1 z manageable1 & 9 ?is way z portable1 z ! tap] by ! t\* ( :i* x is k9dl$4 ,to ^? :o h be5 accu/om$ to see be=e !m a solid mass ( burn+ fuel1 ?is gas flame may at fir/ h ! less satisfactory appe>ance ( a fugitive blaze :i* we p]ceive no?+ to support4 ,b its uni=mity & p]man5ce w soon bani% ?is impression1 :ile x is att5d$ ) o!r advantages n inconsid]able ) respect ei!r to com=t or conv5i5ce4 ,!re are no coals to be c>ri$ 91 no a%es to be c>ri$ out2 !re is no bl[+1 no sweep+ ( c9d]s1 no du/1 no int]ruption ( s]vants2 !re is no excessive heat 9 "o /age1 no sudd5 damp+ at ano!r3 we h ! *oice ( any temp]ature1 & :i* we c regulate ) ! utmo/ ease4 ,! fire itself is lively & pleasant to ! eye3 inclos$ 9 transp>5cies x receives a degree ( spl5d\r n easily imag9$4 ,num]\s applications ( gas1 z a s\rce ( heat = air+ rooms1 & o!r purposes1 h already be5 adopt$4 ,x is us$ 9 kit*5s = keep+ meat w>m1 & = boil+ wat]2 9 /ore rooms1 9 picture gall]ies1 9 libr>ies1 = ma9ta9+ !m at an equal temp]ature4 ,by copp]-plate pr9t]s1 x is us$ = w>m+ _! plates2 & by jewell]s & o!r arti/s1 = sold]+4 #a ,a ,/atem5t ( ! advantages to be d]iv$ f coal gas4--p4 #db4 ,x rema9s fur!r to be obs]v$ t ! coal1 by yield+ gas & o!r products1 namely1 t>1 pit*1 & ammoniacal liquor1 is n entirely lo/4 ,x produces1 besides light1 an excell5t fuel1 namely1 coke2 & z a manufactory1 or work%op1 g5]ally requires heat+ z well z light+1 !re is a ga9 bo? ways4 ,! manufactur]1 by di/ill+ 8 coal in/ead ( burn+ x z x comes f ! pit1 saves 8 c&les & improves 8 fuel4 ,"o ef=t at ! outset 9 erect+ a gas app>atus1 w r$uce 8 annual disbursem5t = ^? two articles ( prime necessity1 mu* 9 ! same mann]1 ?\gh 9 a great] degree1 z ! f>m] ga9s by build+ a ?ra%+ ma*9e & lay+ aside ! use ( ! flail4 ,! coal is s f> f be+ r$uc$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! gas-light process1 to an useless mass1 t 9 _m places imm5se quantities are r$uc$ to ! /ate ( coke = ! purpose ( r5d]+ ! coal a bett] fuel ?an x 0 9 its natural /ate2 = coke gives a /rong & la/+ heat4 ,x is equally valuable = kit*5 & p>l\r fires1 & /ill m z a necess>y requisite 9 "s important bran*es ( manufacture1 s t 9 :atev] quantity coke may be produc$1 x c nev] want a good m>ket4 ,! dem& = coke 9 ?is capital1 s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( ! gas-light works1 has prodigi\sly increas$4 ,num]\s tav]ns1 (fices1 & public e/abli%m5ts1 :i* h]et(ore burnt coal1 n[ use coke to ! total exclusion ( coal2 & 9 almo/ e manufactory1 :i* requires bo? ext5sive light+ & heat+1 gas & coke are n[ ! means jo9tly employ$4 ,a coke fire emits a v uni=m & int5se heat2 x produces no sp>ks1 & burns free f soot & smoke2 x requires no tr\ble 9 manag+1 & to ^? :o h ! mis=tune ( be+ plagu$ ) a smoaky *imney1 af=ds ! only c]ta9 cure4 ,ano!r valuable product is ! t> :i* is deposit$ dur+ ! production ( ! gas1 ?is t> :5 rectifi$ by a slight evaporation1 has become an article ( comm]ce4 ,l>ge e/abli%m5ts1 bo? ( coal t>1 coal oil1 & pit*1 are 9 full action1 & ! commodities :i* !y furni% h become 9 great dem&4 ,! ammoniacal liquor :i* ! gas-light process af=ds1 has ( late giv5 rise to v important bran*es ( *emical manufacture1 c>ri$ on ^u a l>ge scale4 ,b z ! gas is at pres5t suppos$ to be ! only object 9 view1 = ! sake ( ! light :i* x yields1 ! o!r products be+ only accid5tally connect$ ) its extraction1 let u leave ! idea ( pr(it on !m out ( ! "q1 & ) ! utmo/ latitude ( concession1 require !m only to /& z 9 "p = a portion ( ! coal employ$ 9 ! process1 we h /ill ! gas1 an article :i* p]=ms ! functions ( ! oil1 ! tall[1 or ! wax = :i* x is sub/itut$2 & to ! price ( :i* we h no ne$ to call ! att5tion ( ^? :o make use ( !m4 ,!re rema9s only to be oppos$ on ! o!r side1 ! exp5ce ( ! app>atus by :i* ! gas is to be prep>$1 & ! lights ma9ta9$4 ,f ! mat]ials & ! workman%ip1 ) ! int]e/ ( ! capital sunk1 ! exp5ce 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 mu/ be v consid]able4 ,b :]e ! quantity ( light mu/ be great1 ev5 f *eap sub/ances1 or :]e1 ) a less quantity ( light1 ! sub/ances f :i* x is d]iv$ mu/ be ( ! co/lie/ k9d2 su* is 9 ei!r case ! enorm\s exp5ce ( ^! mat]ials1 t by sup]s$+ !m & mak+ e reasonable all[ance to ! eng9e] :o erects ! gas app>atus1 ! sum x co/s1 bo? pr9cipal & int]e/1 is soon liquidat$1 leav+ at la/ a total sav+1 except+ ! exp5ce ( accid5tal repairs1 :i*1 f ! durability ( ! mat]ials employ$1 seldom exce$s a trifl+ sum4 ,! pr9cipal exp5ce 9 ! pursuit ( ?is new bran* ( civil & dome/ic economy1 is !re=e1 ! dead capital employ$ 9 erect+ ! ma*9]y = obta9+ & convey+ ! gas4 ,! float+ capital1 aft] ! fir/ co/ incurr$ 9 erect+ ! app>atus1 is comp>atively small2 ev5 if usuri\s int]e/ is all[$ = ! fir/ co/ ( ! app>atus1 & its det]ioration1 ! sav+ mu/ always be consid]able1 especially if ! numb] ( lights furni%$ are comp>atively 9 a small place4 ,at ! same "t 7 we to (f] advice to ! public on ?is subject1 x w\ld be1 t no private individual resid5t 9 ,london1 %\ld attempt to light 8 premises1 = ! sake ( economy1 ) coal gas by means ( 8 own app>atus1 ^: annual exp5ce = light does n exce$ =ty p\nds4 ,b :5 a /reet1 or small neighb\rhood is requir$ to be light$ ! op]ation may be comm5c$ ) safety2 ! sum requir$ = erect+ ! app>atus1 & ! lab\r att5d+ ! process1 toge!r ) ! int]e/ ( money sunk1 w !n soon be liquidat$ by ! light & o!r products4 ,individuals h accord+ly engag$ successfully 9 ! di/illation ( coal1 & trade ) advantage 9 ! articles produc$ by ! process4 ,9 l mann] may ! light+ ( cities be accompli%$ )\t ! aid ( incorporat$ bodies2 & p>i%es may be light$ by almo/ z _m individuals z !re are /reets 9 a p>i%4 ,! supply+ ( light to ! /reet or p>i% lamps alone1 ( any di/rict ( /reet lamps only1 c nev] be und]tak5 ) economy 9 ?is capital1 nor inde$ 9 any o!r2 = ! money sunk 9 furni%+ ! ma9s or pipes only1 mu/ always greatly exce$ :at any rev5ue f ! light+ ( ! /reets alone c comp5sate4 ,! mo/ b5eficial application ( gas-lights unque/ionably is 9 all ^? situations :]e a great quantity ( light is want$ 9 a small place2 & :]e light is requir$ to be mo/ diffus$1 ! pr(it ( ?is mode ( illum9ation is ! lea/4 ,h5ce1 ! light+ ( ! p>i%1 or /reet-lamps alone1 )\t light+ %ops or h\ses1 c nev] be done ) economy4 ,x may be object$ to ! univ]sality ( our conclusion t ! price ( coal diff]+ v mu* 9 diff]5t places w occasion a v>iation 9 ! exp5ce ( ! new mode ( light+4 ,! price ( coals c h[ev] h b little effect ^u ! co/ ( ! gas-lights2 because ! v refuse1 or small coal1 :i* pass ?r\gh ! scre5 at ! pit's m\?1 & :i* _c be br\ght into ! m>ket1 nay1 ev5 ! sweep+s ( ! pit1 :i* are ?r[n away1 may be employ$ = ! production ( coal-gas4 ,x makes no diff]5ce 9 :at =m ! coal is us$4 ,?is circum/ance may contribute to enable coal-m]*ants to furni% coals 9 l>g] masses1 & z !y come f ! m9e1 in/ead ( increas+ ! bulk by break+ !m into a small] size1 :i* is a practice commonly foll[$4 ,! dem& :i* ! gas-light occasions = inf]ior sorts ( coal may h]eaft] contribute to l[] ! price ( ! sup]ior k9ds1 & keep a level :i* _c be %ak5 "u any circum/ances4 ,x may contribute to prev5t comb9ations :i* d c]ta9ly op]ate to ! prejudice ( ! public1 & sometimes put ?is great t[n at ! m]cy ( a few proprietors 9 ! nor?1 :o deal out ?is commodity 9 any way !y please4 ,! competition ?us produc$1 x is impossible n to consid] z an advantage1 :i* w\ld t5d to prev5t su* comb9ations1 & put ! inhabitants ( ,london out ( ! rea* ( !m4 ,! advantages :i* ! coal trade mu/ reap f ! introduction ( ! gas-light mu/ be v consid]able4 ,!re is already less wa/e1 b a great] consumption ( coal ?an =m]ly4 ,! l[] classes ( ! community are scantily suppli$ ) fir+2 & no?+ b a r$uction ( price is necess>y to increase to a v l>ge am\nt ! av]age quantity ( fuel consum$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! lightness ( ! coke produc$ by ! gas-light manufacture dim9i%+ ! exp5ce ( l& c>riage1 facilitates its g5]al diffusion--! com=ts ( ! poor are becom+ mat]ially augm5t$1 & a numb] ( useful op]ations 9 agriculture & ! arts are beg9n+ to be c>ri$ on1 :i* h be5 hi!rto *eck$ by ! extravagant price ( fuel4 ,if any additional v5t 7 want$ = ! coke1 x w\ld readily be f\nd 9 ! cont95tal m>ket2 coke be+ bett] suit$ ?an coal to ! habits ( mo/ ,european nations4 ,_m1 & unque/ionable z are ! advantages ( ?is new mode ( procur+ & di/ribut+ light1 x 0 n to be expect$ t an inv5tion :i* w5t to impair a bran* ( trade1 9 :i* a l>ge portion ( skill & capital _h hi!rto be5 successfully employ$ %\ld escape enc\nt]+ v consid]able opposition4 ,on ! fir/ introduction ( ! gas-lights1 great b happily unsuccessful endeav\rs 7 made to al>m ! public m9d by dismal =ebod+s ( ! de/ruction :i* w\ld ensue to ! ,gre5l& trade1 & ! consequ5t loss ( a valuable nurs]y ( ,briti% ,seam54 ,:5 imp>tially consid]$ x w be f\nd t !re 0 no?+ m 9 ?is objection ?an ! common clam\r t is always set up aga9/ e new means ( abridg+ lab\r1 to :i* _h ! public li/5$1 an int]dict w\ld h be5 laid ^u ! sp9n+ & ?re%+ ma*9es1 ! /eam eng9e1 & a ?\s& o!r improvem5ts 9 ma*9]y4 ,su* clam\r sc>cely ev] fails to be made :5 ! ext5sion ( ma*9]y1 ! application ( inanimate p[]1 & ! abridgm5t ( lab\r consequ5t on ei!r1 is a matt] propos$4 ,we are !n sure to be told t ! s*eme ( me*anical or *emical improvem5t is po9t$ aga9/ ! human species1 t x t5ds to drive !m out ( ! sy/em ( b5eficial employm5t & t1 on ! :ole1 ! sum ( ! improvem5t is n only a less proportion ( good to society1 b a positive accession ( mis]y to ! unemploy$ poor4 ,! mis=tune ( ?is argum5t is t to be good = any ?+1 x w\ld prove a great deal too mu*4 ,x is n conf9$ 9 its scope to any p>ticul> species or def9$ ext5t ( improvem5t1 b is equally proscriptive ( all improvem5ts :atev]4 ,x is a pr9ciple = savage life1 n = a /ate ( civilization4 ,x takes = its basis t x is an advantage to p]petuate t necessity = h>d & incessant lab\r "u :i* man f9ds himself orig9ally plac$ by nature1 ) all ! wants1 privations1 ignorance & f]ocity1 :i* are att5dant on t condition1 & t e discov]y1 inv5tion1 or improvem5t :i* t5ds to abridge ! quantity requir$ ( human lab\r1 & to augm5t ! res\rces = liv+ & enjoym5t is a s]i\s injury to society4 ,! advocates ( ?is n>r[ !ory d n g ! :ole l5g? ( ma9ta9+ t dim9i%+ lab\r1 & increase ( sub/ance1 are 9 !mselves positive evils1 a position too absurd p]haps = any "o to uphold2 b !y ma9ta9 :at ends 9 a consequ5ce ne>ly z untrue1 namely1 t nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r is ( any advantage to society at l>ge4 ,! palpable error ( ?is !ory is1 t x supposes t all improvem5ts :i* t5d to sup]s$e human lab\r1 are necess>ily made = ! b5efit ( a few1 & n = ! common b5efit ( ! _m2 t in/ead ( less5+ to ea* individual ! %>e ( lab\r requisite to obta9 ! means ( 8 subsi/5ce1 _! only t5d5cy is to less5 ! value ( ea* p]sonas lab\r1 & to oblige him to "w m 9 ord] to live equally well4 ,n[1 h[ev] ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s may be 9 ?is c\ntry1 or 9 o!r c\ntries1 aris+ out ( a v>iety ( arbitr>y circum/ances1 =eign to ! natural1 & 9 all cases ! ultimately inevitable c\rse ( indu/ry1 x is a matt] ( ju/ice1 cle> & und5iable1 t e improvem5t 9 society ought to be ! prop]ty ( ! _m1 & n ( a few2 & t x ought ei!r to less5 ! quantity ( lab\r necess>y = acquir+ ! means ( liv+1 or to increase ! pr(it to be ga9$ by cont9u+ ! same quantity ( lab\r4 ,nor does !re seem any reason = believ+ t1 9 po9t ( fact1 ! actual di/ribution ( ?+s is s f> f accord+ ) ?is pr9ciple ( ju/ice z "s sup]ficial & prejudic$ obs]v]s are fond ( repres5t+4 ,! lab\r]1 or artizan1 may n[ "w a great] numb] ( h\rs daily ?an he did ye>s ago2 b h[ seldom d we f9d ?is to be ! case )\t 8 com=ts be+ m ?an proportionally multipli$1 & 8 ultimate indep5d5ce f lab\r ess5tially promot$4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ! fact is1 if we may give cr$it to well in=m$ economi/s1 t ! work+ classes d n lab\r m ?an =m]ly1 & yet live1 or at lea/ h ! means ( liv+ bett]2 & t by work+ ev5 less ?an =m]ly1 !y c obta9 ! means ( liv+ q z well4 ,let ! real /ate ( matt]s 9 ?is respect1 h[ev]1 be z x may1 ! "q comes to be "o m]ely z to ! di/ribution ( ! produce ( nature & ( art1 & in/ead ( oppos+ improvem5ts because !y t5d to encrease t produce1 ! object ( ^? :o h really ! good ( _! fell[-creatures at he>t1 ought to be1 to enc\rage su* improvem5ts z mu* z possible1 b at ! same "t to obta9 a correction ( any p>tiality or inju/ice :i* may h crept into ! di/ribution ( _! b5eficial consequ5ces4 ,x is n to be d5i$ t all new improvem5ts :i* int]f]e ) & *ange ! occupations & habits ( ! work+ classes ( p1 mu/ at fir/ expose !m to inconv5i5ce & di/ress1 aga9/ :i* x is 9 fairness ! duty ( society to protect !m2 b let n t tempor>y inconv5i5ce & di/ress :i* c & ought to be provid$ aga9/1 be held z an insup]able ob/acle to ! adoption ( an improvem5t ! ultimate t5d5cy ( :i* x is to bett] ! condition ( mank9d4 ,x is likewise true t ! manufactur+ classes (t5 suff] great want by ! occasional susp5sion ( employm5t1 & sometimes actual oppression1 by ! dem& = lab\r2 b t involves a "q m imm$iately connect$ ) political economy ?an ! pres5t subject4 ,x is n ! ma*9]y t is 9 fault 9 su* cases1 b ^? speculators :o occasion an inord9ate excess ( employm5t1 or ^? /atesm5 :o1 ) _! folly1 d]ange ! great ma*9e ( human int]e/s & int]c\rse4 ,e inv5tion :i* t5ds to dim9i% ! lab\r ( m5 mu/ be a b5efit to ! species2 & x is wick$ to argue aga9/ ! use ( any ?+ f its occasional abuse4 ,if ! application ( me*anical inv5tions ?us t5ds to improve ! humanity ( ! public1 if x r$uces ! necessity ( h>d lab\r1 & dim9i%es ! dang] ( _m occupations :i* we cont5d x does1 !y :o contribute to ?is object des]ve our respect & gratitude4 ,x may be true t we h n[ no su* m9ds z ^? ( ,hom]1 or ,bacon1 or o!rs ( _! /amp2 b we %\ld reflect t ! circum/ances :i* produc$ su* *>act]s are gone by1 & great faculties h f\nd o!r objects & o!r mat]ials to "w )4 ,! use ( me*anical indu/ry n only improves & augm5ts ! com=ts ( dome/ic life1 b x also1 p]haps1 does z mu* to s(t5 ! feel+s ( mank9d t[>ds "o ano!r z ! precepts ( philosophy4 ,x t5ds to eng5d] a dete/ation ( h>d lab\r1 & to make ! _w consid] n :at ! lab\r] may be able to d 9 task+ him1 b :at he ought to d )\t detrim5t to himself4 ,x effects ?is by )draw+1 to a great degree1 f obs]vation1 ! di/ress+ spectacle ( m5 & animals toil+ beyond _! /r5g?4 ,x ought nev] to be =gott51 t x is to manufactories c>ri$ on by ma*9]y1 & abridgm5t ( lab\r1 t ?is c\ntry is indebt$ = h] ri*es1 indep5d5ce1 & prom95t /ation among ! nations ( ! _w4 ,au!ntic e/imates h %ewn1 t ! use ( ma*9]y 9 ,great ,brita91 is equival5t to an addition to ! population ( upw>ds ( "o hundr$ millions ( adult p]sons4 ,?is imm5se accession ( p[]1 has enabl$ ?is c\ntry to )/& assaults1 & to a*ieve objects ( political ambition1 t appe> almo/ miracul\s :5 comp>$ ) ! geographical ext5t & num]ical population ( ! k+dom4 ,) respect to :at has be5 advanc$ z to ! probable injury t w\ld result f ! g5]al adoption ( ! gas-lights all ov] ! c\ntry1 to ! ,gre5l& trade1 x may be obs]v$ t ! traffic might ) m propriety be call$ a dra9 ?an a nurs]y ( ! naval =ce4 ,! nature ( ! ,gre5l& s]vice requires t ! crew %\ld consi/ ( able bodi$ sailors2 & be+ protect$ m51 n subject to ! impress law1 !y are r5d]$ useless = national def5ce4 ,! nurs]y ( ,briti% seam5 is ! coa/+ trade2 & z ! gas-light illum9ation becomes ext5d$ x w increase t trade z mu* z x dim9i%es ! ,gre5l& fi%]y4 ,ev5 on ! extreme supposition t x w\ld annihilate ! ,gre5l& fi%]ies altoge!r1 we %\ld h no reason to regret ! ev5t4 ,! s\nde/ pr9ciples ( political economy mu/ condemn ! practice ( fitt+ out vessels to navigate ! pol> seas = oil1 if we c extract a sup]ior mat]ial = procur+ light at a *eap] rate f ! produce ( our own soil4 ,! consequ5ce ( light+ our dwell+s & manufactories ) gas c 9 fact prove injuri\s only to our cont95tal fri5ds1 "o ( ^: /aple commodities1 tall[1 we %all !n h less occasion to pur*ase1 al?\gh ! new lights c nev] sup]s$e entirely ! use ( c&les & moveable lights4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,outl9e ( ! new art ( procur+ light by means ( coal gas1 & ,!ory ( ! production ( ,gas ,lights4 ,all sub/ances1 :e!r animal1 vegetable1 or m9]al1 consi/+ ( c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxig51 :5 expos$ to a r$ heat1 produce v>i\s inflammable ela/ic fluids1 capable ( furni%+ artificial light4 ,! gases ?us obta9$ are call$ c>burett$ hydrog52 !y produce1 f _! combu/ion1 wat] & c>bonic acid4 ,! species ( c>burett$ hydrog51 procur$ f pit-coal1 has ( late be5 call$ coal gas4 ,we p]ceive ! evolution ( ?is ela/ic fluid1 dur+ ! combu/ion ( coal1 9 a common fire4 ,! coal1 :5 heat$ to a c]ta9 degree1 swells & k9dles1 & frequ5tly emits rem>kably bright /reams ( flame4 ,& aft] a c]ta9 p]iod ^! appe>ances cease1 & ! coal gl[s ) a r$ light4 ,! flame produc$ f coal1 wood1 turf1 oil1 wax1 tall[1 or o!r bodies1 :i* are compos$ ( c>bon1 hydrog5 & oxig51 proce$s f ! production ( c>burett$ hydrog5 gas1 evolv$ f ! combu/ible body :5 9 an ignit$ /ate4 ,x mu/ h be5 notic$ at ! same "t1 t 9 ! common mode ( burn+ coal 9 a fire-place1 or /ove1 ne>ly ! :ole ( ?is inflammable gase\s matt] is lo/4 ,we (t5 see a flame sudd5ly bur/ f ! d5se/ smoke1 & z sudd5ly disappe>2 & if a light be appli$ to ! little jets t issue f ! bitum9\s "p ( ! coal1 !y w cat* fire & burn ) a bright flame4 ,! fact is1 t ! great] "p ( ! c>burett$ hydrog5 gas1 capable ( af=d+ light & heat1 cont9ually escapes up ! *imney1 dur+ ! decomposition ( ! coal1 :il/ only a small "p is occasionally ignit$1 & exhibits ! ph5om5a ( ! flame4 ,if coal in/ead ( be+ burnt 9 ! way n[ /at$1 is submitt$ at a temp]ature ( ignition 9 close vessels1 all its imm$iate con/itu5t p>ts may be collect$4 ,! bitum9\s "p is melt$ out 9 ! =m ( coal t>1 !re is dis5gag$ at ! same "t a l>ge quantity ( an aque\s fluid1 contam9at$ ) a portion ( oil1 & v>i\s ammoniacal salts4 ,a l>ge quantity ( c>burett$ hydrog51 c>bonic oxide1 c>bonic acid1 & sulphurett$ hydrog5 also makes _! appe>ance1 & ! fix$ base ( ! coal1 alone rema9s beh9d 9 ! di/illatory app>atus1 9 ! =m ( a c>bonace\s sub/ance call$ coke4 ,an analysis ( ! coal is ?us effect$ by ! process ( de/ructive di/illation4 ,! products :i* ! coal furni%es may be sep>ately collect$ 9 diff]5t vessels4 ,! c>burett$ hydrog51 or coal gas1 :5 fre$ f ! =eign gases may be propell$ 9 /reams out ( small ap]tures1 :i* :5 light$ may s]ve z a flame ( a c&le & !n =m :at we n[ call ,,gas ,,lights4 ,x is 9 ?is mann] t f pitcoal a production ( our own soil1 we procure a pure1 la/+ & brilliant light1 :i* 9 o!r cases mu/ be d]iv$ f mat]ials 9 "p import$ f abroad4 ,9 ord] to apply ?is mode ( procur+ light on a l>ge scale z n[ practis$ ) unp>allel$ success 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! coal is put into vessels call$ retorts & furni%$ ) pipes connect$ ) res]voirs to receive ! di/illatory products4 ,! retorts are fix$ into a furnace1 & heat$ to r$ness4 ,! heat developes f ! coal ! gase\s & liquid products1 ! latt] are deposit$ into receiv]s1 & ! =m] are conduct$ ?r\gh wat] 9 :i* quick lime is diffus$ by :i* ! c>burett$ hydrog5 gas is purifi$4 ,! sulphurett$ hydrog5 & c>bonic acid :i* 7 mix$ ) x1 become absorb$ by ! quick-lime1 & ! pure c>burett$ hydrog5 is /or$ up 9 a vessel call$ ! gas-hold]1 & is !n ready = use4 ,f ! res]voir 9 :i* ! gas has be5 collect$1 proce$ pipes1 :i* bran* out into small] ramifications until !y t]m9ate at ! place :]e ! lights are want$ & ! extremities ( ! bran* pipes are furni%$ ) /op-cocks to regulate ! fl[ ( ! gas into ! burn]s or lamps4 ,! production ( gas-lights1 is !re=e analog\s to t ( flame produc$ f tall[1 wax1 or oil4 ,all ^! sub/ances possess1 9 common ) coal1 ! elem5ts ( c]ta9 peculi> matt]s1 :i* are capable ( be+ conv]t$ into inflammable ela/ic fluids by ! application ( heat4 ,! capill>y tubes1 =m$ by ! wick ( a c&le1 or lamp1 s]ve ! (fice ( ! retorts1 plac$ 9 ! heat$ furnace 9 ! gas-light process & 9 :i* ! inflammable gase\s fluid is develop$4 ,! wax tall[ or oil1 is drawn up into ^! ignit$ tubes1 & is decompos$ into c>burett$ hydrog5 gas1 & f ! combu/ion ( ?is sub/ance ! illum9ation proce$s4 ,9 ! lamp z well z 9 ! c&le1 ! oil1 or tall[1 mu/ !re=e be decompos$ be=e !y c produce a light1 b = ?is purpose ! decomposition ( a m9ute quantity ( ! mat]ials successively1 is suffici5t to give a good light4 ,?us orig9ates ! flame ( a c&le or lamp4 ,no?+ m !re=e is aim$ at 9 ! gas-light process1 ?an to sep>ate ! imm$iate products :i* coal af=ds1 :5 submitt$ to a temp]ature ( ignition 9 a close vessel2 to collect ^! products 9 sep>ate res]voirs1 & to convey "o ( ! products1 ! inflammable gas1 by means ( pipes & bran*+ tubes1 to any requir$ di/ance1 9 ord] to exhibit x !re at ! orifice ( ! conduct+ tube1 s t x may be us$ z a c&le or lamp4 ,! :ole diff]5ce betwe5 ! gigantic process ( ! gas light op]ation1 & ! m9iature op]ation ( a c&le or lamp1 consi/s 9 hav+ ! di/illatory app>atus at ! gas-light manufactory1 in/ead ( be+ 9 ! wick ( a c&le or lamp4 ,9 hav+ ! crude inflammable matt] decompos$ previ\s to ! ela/ic fluid be+ want$1 & /or$ up = use1 in/ead ( be+ prep>$ & consum$ z fa/ z x proce$s f ! decompos$ oil1 wax or tall[2 & la/ly1 9 transmitt+ ! gas to any requir$ di/ance1 & ignit+ x at ! burn] or lamp ( ! conduct+ tube1 in/ead ( burn+ x at ! apex ( ! wick4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! gas-light manufacture is !re=e rational1 & ju/ifiable by ! g5]al mode 9 :i* all light is produc$4 ,x only rema9s to be obs]v$ t :ile ! new & important use to :i* pitcoal may ?us be appli$1 af=ds a /rong confirmation ( :at has be5 well obs]v$1 t ( all subt]rane\s combu/ible sub/ances1 coal is 9 ?is c\ntry by f> ! mo/ important natural production4#b 8,x is connect$ n only ) ! necessities1 com=ts & enjoym5ts ( life1 b also ) ! ext5sion ( our mo/ important arts1 our manufactures1 comm]ce & national ri*es4 #b ,davy on ! ,safety ,lamp4 8,ess5tial 9 af=d+ w>m? & prep>+ food1 x yields a sort ( artificial sun%9e & 9 "s measure comp5sates = ! disadvantages ( our climate4 8,by means ( x metallurgical processes are c>ri$ on1 & ! mo/ important mat]ials ( civiliz$ life furni%$1 ! agriculturi/ is suppli$ ) a useful manure & ! ar*itect ) a necess>y cem5t4 ,n only manufactories & private h\ses1 b ev5 :ole /reets & t[ns are light$ by its application1 & 9 furni%+ ! elem5ts ( activity 9 ! /eam-eng9e1 x has giv5 a wond]ful impulse to me*anical & *emical +5uity1 dim9i%$ to a great ext5t human lab\r1 & increas$ 9 a high degree ! /r5g? & weal? ( ! c\ntry40 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,classification ( ,pit-coal1 & maximum quantity ( gas1 obta9able f diff]5t k9ds ( ,coal4 ,we h /at$ already t pitcoal is 9 ?is c\ntry ! *eape/ crude natural production f :i* c>burett$ hydrog5 gas c be obta9$ 9 ! l>ge way4 ,x is t :i* yields x 9 abundance1 & :i* c ) ! lea/ tr\ble & exp5ce be subject$ to ! op]ation x has to und]go = ! production ( ! gas4#c ,nature has dealt ?is m9]al out to u1 ) an unsp>+ h&1 & has provid$ m9es ( coal :i* seem to defy ! p[] ( man to exhau/4 #c ,o!r ,sub/ances f :i* c>burett$ hydrog5 gas1 may be economically obta9$1 are animal & vegetable oil1 t>1 bo? vegetable & coal t>2 pit*1 res91 ! ess5tial oils obta9able f vegetable & f coal t>1 & ! compact species ( turf4 ,on ?is subject we %all speak h]eaft]4 ,! pr9cipal coal m9es 9 ,engl& are ^? ne> ,newca/le & ,:itehav54 ,! t[n ( ,newca/le /&s on b$s ( coal :i* ext5d to a consid]able di/ance r\nd ! place1 & :i* z f> z conc]ns _m hundr$ g5]ations aft] u1 may be pron\nc$ inexhau/ible4 ,pitcoal l all o!r bitum9\s sub/ances is compos$ ( a fix$ c>bonace\s base 9 ! /ate ( bitum51 unit$ to a small portion ( e>?y & sal9e matt]1 :i* con/itute ! a%es left beh9d :5 ! coal is burnt4 ,! proportions ( ^! p>ts diff] consid]ably 9 diff]5t k9ds ( coal2 & accord+ to ! preval5ce ( "o or o!r ( !m1 s ! coal is m or less combu/ible1 pass+ by v>i\s %ades f ! mo/ inflammable coal into bl9d coal1 ,kilk5ny coal1 or /one coal1 & la/ly into a v>iety ( e>?y1 or /ony sub/ances1 :i* al?\gh !y are inflammable d n m]it ! appellation ( coal4 ,all ! v>ieties ( coal us$ 9 ?is c\ntry = fuel may be divid$ into ! foll[+ classes4 ,! fir/ class compreh5ds ^? v>ieties :i* are *iefly compos$ ( bitum5 only1 :i* take fire easily1 & burn briskly ) a /rong & yell[i% :ite blaze1 :i* d n swell or cake on ! fire1 & require no /irr+1 :i* produce no slag1 & by a s+le combu/ion are r$uc$ to light :ite a%es4 ,"s ( ?is species ( coal :5 sudd5ly heat$ crackle & split into pieces1 especially if laid on ! fire 9 ! direction ( ! cross fracture ( _! lam94 ,cannel coal1 des]ves to be plac$ at ! head ( ?is class2 next to ?is1 we may rank all ^? descriptions ( coal kn[n 9 ! ,london m>ket by ! names ( ,h>tley1 ,c[p]'s ,ma91 ,tanfield ,moor1 ,eighton ,ma91 ,bly!1 & ,pont ,tops4 ,x also includes ! sort ( coals f\nd 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,scotl&1 call$ ,spl5t coal1 & "s ( ^? rais$ on ! ,we/]n ,coa/ ( ,engl&4 ,mo/ ( ! coals rais$ 9 ,/af=d%ire ought likewise to be class$ among ?is species ( coal1 b ! l9e ( di/9ction betwe5 ^!1 & ! classes subsequ5tly nam$1 _c be accurately drawn4 ,! foll[+ table exhibits ! maximum quantity ( gas obta9able f ! fir/ class ( coal4#d #d ,own ,exp]im5ts1 made at ! ,royal ,m9t ,gas-,works4 ,"o ,*aldron ( ,coal1 produces ,cubic feet ( ,gas4 ,scot* ,cannel coal #ai1hij ,lanca%ire ,wiggan coal #ai1fjh ,york%ire ,cannel coal1 7,wakefield7 #ah1hfj ,/af=d%ire coal1#e ,fir/ v>iety1#f #i1gdh ,second v>iety1 #aj1bbc ,?ird v>iety1 #aj1hff ,f\r? v>iety1 #i1gif ,gl\ce/]%ire coal1#g ,fir/ v>iety1 7,=e/ ( ,dean1 ,high ,delph7 #af1ehd ,second v>iety1 7,l[ ,delph7 #ab1heb ,?ird v>iety1 7,middle ,delph7 #ab1jif ,newca/le coal1 ,fir/ v>iety1 7,h>tley7 #af1abj ,second v>iety1 7,c[p]'s ,high ,ma97 #ae1hgf ,?ird v>iety1 7,tanfield ,moor7 #af1ibj ,f\r? v>iety1 7,pontops7 #ae1aab #e ,!y require a mu* high] temp]ature1 ?an is necess>y = ! decomposition ( ,newca/le coal4 #f ,= ! maximum quantity ( gas produc$ f ?is & ! ?ree succe$+ v>ieties ( coal1 ,i am indebt$ to ,j4 ,go/l+1 ,esq4 ,proprietor ( ! ,birm+ham ,gas ,works4 #g ,mo/ v>ieties af=d a por\s1 & v friable coke4 ,! second class ( coal1 compreh5ds all ^? v>ieties :i* conta9 a less quantity ( bitum51 & a l>g] quantity ( c>bon ?an ! fir/ class4 ,!y burn ) a flame less bright & ( a m yell[i% col\r1 & ! la/ portion ( flame !y are capable ( yield+ is always ( a lamb5t blue col\r1 !y become s(t aft] hav+ laid on ! fire = "s "t1 swell 9 bubbles & pass into a /ate ( semi-fusion1 !y !n coh]e & coke1 puff up & ?r[ out tub]cul> scori1 ) a hiss+ noise1 accompani$ ) small jets ( flame4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! agglut9ation & tumefaction1 ! passage ( air1 if ?is sort ( coal be burnt 9 an op5 grate1 is int]rupt$1 ! fire burns z x is call$ holl[1 & w\ld become ext+ui%$ if ! top ( ! coal 7 n f "t to "t brok5 into ) ! pok]4 ,! coke =m$ f ?is species ( coal is m compact ?an t produc$ f ! fir/ sort ( coal1 & is well calculat$ = /&+ ! bla/ ( bell[s 9 metallurgical op]ations4 ,9 respect to weight ! second class ( coal is consid]ably heavi] ?an ^? ( ! fir/ class1 ! diff]5ce am\nts to n less ?an f tw5ty-eight p\nds to ?irty-?ree p\nds 9 ! sack ( coal4 ,a *aldron ( "s v>ieties ( ?is class ( coal1 if ! coals are 9 l>ge lumps1 weighs upw>ds ( tw5ty-eight hundr$ weight4 ,! usual d5om9ation by :i* ! second class ( coal is kn[n 9 ! ,london m>ket1 is t ( /rong burn+ coal4 ,! foll[+ v>ieties are suffici5tly kn[n1 ,russel's ,walls-,end2 ,bewick's & ,crai/]'s ,walls-,end2 ,br[n ,walls-,end1 ,well+ton ,ma91 ,temple ,ma91 ,heaton ,ma91 ,kill+swor? ,ma91 ,p]cy ,ma91 ,b5ton ,ma91 & "s v>ieties ( ! ,swansea coal4 ,! small] k9ds ( coal ( ?is class are pref]r$ by smi?s1 because !y /& ! bla/ well4 ,!y make a cak+ fire s z to =m a k9d ( holl[1 space or ov51 z ! workm5 call x4 ,"s v>ieties ab\nd 9 pyrites1 & o!rs are int]sect$ ) ?9 lay]s ( slate & lime-/one4 ,!y require m heat = be+ c>boniz$ ?an ! fir/ class1 & ! fluid obta9$ f x by di/illation1 conta9s a consid]able portion ( c>bonate1 sulphate1 & hydrosulphuret ( ammonia4 ,!y are well calculat$ = ! production ( coal gas2 ! coke :i* !y produce is n v brittle1 & w be> mov+ f place to place1 )\t crumbl+ into du/4 ,! foll[+ table exhibits ! maximum quantity ( gas obta9able f ! second class ( coal4#h #h ,own ,exp]im5ts1 made at ! ,royal ,m9t ,gas-,works4 ,"o ,*aldron ( ,coal1 produces ,cubic feet ( ,gas4 ,newca/le coal1 ,fir/ v>iety1 7,russel's ,wall's ,end7 #af1hgf ,second v>iety1 7,bewick & ,crai/]'s ,wall's ,end7 #af1hig ,?ird v>iety1 7,heaton ,ma97 #ae1hgf ,f\r? v>iety1 7,kill+swor? ,ma97 #ae1cab ,fif? v>iety1 7,b5ton ,ma97 #ad1hab ,six? v>iety1 7,br[n's ,wall's ,end7 #ac1fjj ,sev5? v>iety1 7,mannor ,ma97 #ab1edh ,eigh? v>iety1 7,bley?7 #ab1jif ,n9? v>iety1 7,burdon ,ma97 #ac1fjh ,t5? v>iety1 7,we>s ,wall's ,end7 #ad1aab ,elev5? v>iety1 7,ed5 ,ma97 #i1fjj ,twelf? v>iety1 7,primrose ,ma97 #h1cdh ,! ?ird & la/ class ( coals includes ^? :i* are de/itute ( bitum51 be+ *iefly compos$ ( c>bon 9 a peculi> /ate ( aggregation1 evid5tly comb9$ *emically ) mu* e>?y matt]4 ,coals ( ?is class require a /ill high] temp]ature to become ignit$ ?an any ( ! =m] classes1 !y emit little or no smoke4 ,:5 laid on a fire !y burn away ) a feeble lamb5t flame1 inde$ "s v>ieties give no flame at all1 b burn m]ely ) a r$ gl[1 some:at l *>coal1 & at l5g? become consum$ )\t cak+4 ,!y leave a small portion ( heavy a%es4 ,:5 submitt$ to di/illation !y af=d little or no t>2 ( a consi/5ce almo/ resembl+ pit*1 & a gase\s fluid *iefly compos$ ( gase\s oxide c>bon & hydrog5 gas4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to add t !y are altoge!r unfit to be employ$ = ! manufacture ( coal gas4 ,! ,kilk5ny1 ,wel*1 & /one or h>d coal belong to ?is class4 ,!y require a /rong draught :5 burnt 9 an op5 fire-grate1 & ! l>ge quantity ( gase\s oxide ( c>bon :i* !y furni% dur+ _! combu/ion is extremely (f5sive4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) ,kilk5ny coal4 ,! ,wel* /one or h>d coal is bett] adapt$ = cul9>y purposes1 & !re is reason to believe t ?is species ( coal might be r5d]$ useful 9 ! smelt+ ( iron ore1 by a slight modification 9 ! metallurgic process employ$ = extract+ ! metal f its ore1 b to eradicate prejudice1 & to alt] e/abli%$ practices is a "w :i* no?+ b "t c effect4 ,?is species ( coal is s5t all ov] ! k+dom2 x is well calculat$ = ! op]ations ( dry+ malt & hops1 & its small coal or culm has be5 f\nd a m economical fuel1 ?an ,newca/le & ,sund]l& coals1 = ! burn+ ( lime & bricks1 & = all o!r processes :]e no blaz+ fuel is requir$4 ,! foll[+ table exhibits ! maximum quantity ( gas obta9able f ?is class ( coals4 ,"o ,*aldron ( ,coal1 produces ,cubic feet ( ,gas4 ,wel* coal4 ,fir/ v>iety1 f ,trams>51 ne> ,kidwelly1#i #b1aaf ,second v>iety1 f ! y>d ve9 at ! same place #a1fef ,?ird v>iety1 f ,bl5ew1 ne> ,ll&illo #a1daf ,f\r? v>iety1 f ,rhos1 ne> ,ponty ,b>r5 #a1bgb ,fif? v>iety1 f ! ,vale ( ,gw5dra? #a1bib ,six? v>iety1 f ditto #a1dhf #i ,! coal = ^! ,exp]im5ts 0 suppli$ gratuit\sly1 to ! ,gas ,works ( ! ,royal ,m9t1 by ,sir ,w4 ,paxton ( ,middleton ,hall4 ,:5 we consid] ! be=e m5tion$ v>ieties ( coal 9 an economical po9t ( view1 z fuel to be us$ 9 ! gas-light process1 = heat+ ! retorts1 x appe>s f a s]ies ( exp]im5ts t h be5 made "u my direction1 t ! second class ( coal compreh5d+ ^? v>ieties :i* conta9 a l>g] quantity ( c>bon ?an bitum5 7p4 #de17 af=d ! mo/ economical fuel1 !y act less on ! grate b>s1 & fire bricks ( ! furnace ?an ^? v>ieties :i* take fire easily & burn briskly ) a /rong blaze4 ,a mixture ( ,wel* ,/one coal1 & ,newca/le coal =ms an excell5t economical fuel1 :]e an int5se gl[+ fire is requir$4 ,,"p ,,iv4 ,=m & dim5sions ( ! ,retorts orig9ally employ$ = manufactur+ ,coal ,gas4 ,! prop] mode ( con/ruct+ ! retorts 9 :i* ! coal is di/ill$1 & ! art ( apply+ !m =m an object ( prim>y importance 9 e gas-light e/abli%m5t4 ,accord+ z ! manufacture is conduct$ 9 ^! respects ) a due reg>d to physical pr9ciples1 dep5ds ! quantity ( gas :i* c be obta9$ 9 any giv5 "t1 f any giv5 quantity ( coal1 ! consumption ( fuel requisite = ! production ( t quantity ( gas1 ! degree ( det]ioration to :i* ! di/illatory vessel is subject$1 ! quality 9 "s measure1 ( ! gas itself2 &1 z ! ultimate result ( all ^! circum/ances1 ! *eapness at :i* ! gas light c be furni%$ to ! consum]4 ,! ess5tial influ5ce ( ^! v>i\s p>ticul>s on ! value ( ! art ( light+ ) coal gas1 has l$ to mu* assidu\s enquiry to asc]ta9 t sort ( con/ruction & mode ( op]ation 9 respect to ea* ( !m :i* may be mo/ advantage\s4 ,& 9 no bran* ( ! new art ( procur+ light1 has a great] v>iety ( plans ( improvem5t be5 submitt$ to ! sev]al direct+ bo>ds ( gas works1 or m lab\r & exp5ce be5 incurr$ 9 exp]im5ts conduct$ on a l>ge scale1 to asc]ta9 ! relative m]its ( ^! plans4 ,nor is !re any "p ( ! gas-light process 9 :i* a great] numb] ( mat]ial alt]ations h be5 put 9 practice4 ,9 ! e>li] p]iods ( light+ ) coal gas ! retorts employ$ at "s ( ! gas-light e/abli%m5ts 9 ! metropolis1 7 holl[ ca/-iron cones f six to sev5 feet 9 l5g?4 ,! greate/ diamet] ( ! cone :i* =m$ ! m\? ( ! retort1 measur$ f twelve to fifte5 in*es1 & its smalle/ diamet] at ! v]tex f n9e to t5 in*es4 ,at o!r gas works ! =m ( ! retort 0 a p>allelopip$ f six to sev5 feet long1 ! horizontal1 & v]tical sides 7 respectively to ea* o!r1 z #bj to #ae in*es4 ,! angles ( ^! retorts 7 slightly r\nd$4 ,fig4 #af1 plate ,v4 exhibits a v]tical section ( ?is retort4 ,aga9 at o!r e/abli%m5ts semi-cyl9drical retorts1 plac$ horizontally ^u _! flat surfaces 7 employ$2 fig4 #ah4 pl4 ,v4 ,! l5g? ( ^! retorts 0 f five to six feet1 & _! v]tical & horizontal diamet]s 7 to ea* o!r z #f in*es1 to #ah in*es4 ,& at a few e/abli%m5ts1 ellipsoidal retorts1 fig4 #ag1 plate ,v4 7 us$2 ^! measur$ f five feet & a half1 to six feet 9 l5g?1 _! major & m9or axes bore diff]5t proportions to ea* o!r at diff]5t e/abli%m5ts4 ,at ! fir/ adoption ( ^! retorts1 ! proportions v>i$ b little f ! cyl9d]1 b subsequ5tly ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! major & m9or axes became gradually increas$ till at la/ ! major axis has become to ! m9or axis1 z #bj to #aj in*es1 & at "s gas works ! proportions are z #be to #aj in*es4 ,) vessels ( ^! =ms ! di/illatory process 0 c>ri$ on = "s ye>s1 & ! quantity ( fuel employ$ to decompose a giv5 quantity ( coal by means ( !m1 am\nt$ to f ?irty to ?irty-six p] c5t4 ,:5 ! dim5sions ( ! retorts 7 increas$1 bo? ! quantity ( fuel & "t requir$ = ! decomposition ( a giv5 quantity ( coal 0 9 a f> great] ratio2 & ! op]ations ( *>g+ & dis*>g+ ! retorts1 v tr\blesome4 ,retorts ( small] dim5sions h likewise be5 tri$1 b ! m frequ5t *>g+ & dis*>g+1 :i* !y require1 occasion$ su* a wa/e ( "t & lab\r1 & su* int]missions1 9 ! temp]ature necess>y = ! process ( di/illation1 7besides be+ att5d$ ) o!r disadvantages :i* w be aft]w>ds expla9$71 t !y 7 spe$ily discont9u$ at ! gas works :]e !y _h be5 adopt$4 ,! use ( conical retorts1 z well z ( ^? ( a semi-cyl9drical & p>allelopip$al =m1 has ( late be5 discont9u$ 9 mo/ e/abli%m5ts4 ,! conical %ape n only dim9i%es ! capacity ( ! vessel1 b also r5d]s x incapable ( be+ heat$ economically4 ,f two comp>ative s]ies ( op]ations made on a l>ge scale1 & cont9u$ = upw>ds ( six mon?s ) conical & cyl9drical retorts1 ) a view to det]m9e ! comp>ative p[] ( ^! vessels1 x has be5 prov$ t ! same quantity ( gas :i* c be obta9$ by means ( =ty conical retorts1 may be procur$ 9 ! same "t & ) ! same quantity ( coal & fuel1 by means ( ?irty-f\r cyl9drical retorts4#aj #aj ,^! ,exp]im5ts 7 made at ! comm5cem5t ( ! new art ( light+ ) gas1 at ! ,we/m9/] ,*>t]$ ,gas ,works1 by ,messrs4 ,grant & ,h>graves4 ,simil> exp]im5ts h be5 und]tak51 to det]m9e ! comp>ative action ( semi-cyl9drical & p>allelopip$al retorts4#aa ,! latt]1 :5 kept 9 action day & night1 d n long reta9 _! %ape2 _! sides collapse1 _! capacity becomes dim9i%$1 _! angul> =m causes ! heat to act ^u !m unequally1 9 :atev] mann] x may be appli$1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* !y suff] m det]ioration 9 "s p>ts ?an 9 o!rs4 ,besides1 !y require a mu* l>g] proportion ( fuel = decompos+ a c]ta9 quantity ( coal ?an ! cyl9drical retorts4 #aa ,at ! ,birm+ham ,gas ,works4 ,semi-cyl9drical retorts1 ) ! base ( ! retort b5t inw>ds1 s z to give ! vessel a kidney-%ap$ =m1 h likewise be5 tri$4 ,b ?is %ape is /ill less advantage\s2 !y c\ld n be made to "w uni=m1 !y requir$ m heat1 & _! det]ioration 0 m rapid ?an cyl9drical retorts4 ,!y c\ld n be kept fit = use :5 work$ day & night1 m ?an ab\t five mon?s4 ,& ) reg>d to ellipsoidal retorts1 x mu/ be confess$1 t ! exp]im5ts t h z yet be5 made ^u a l>ge scale to asc]ta9 _! p[]s1 are n ( a nature to enable u to decide on _! m]its4 ,no exp]im5ts h be5 c>ri$ on ) retorts ( ?is description 9 ! metropolis = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t1 ) t c>e & att5tion :i* ! subject dem&s1 to asc]ta9 _! comp>ative p[]4 ,f :at h[ev] has be5 done1 !re is reason to believe t ellipsoidal retorts1 might be f\nd m advantage\s1 ?an ^? ( a cyl9drical =m n[ 9 use4 ,an ellipsoidal retort1 #bj in*es by #aj 9 diamet]1 & six feet long1 weighs #ad ,cwt4 ,! read] w ?us obs]ve1 t ( all ! =ms ( retorts :i* h be5 hi!rto fairly tri$1 ^u a l>ge scale1 x has be5 satisfactorily asc]ta9$1 7except+ only z to ! ellipsoidal retorts71 t ! cyl9d] is ! be/ =m = decompos+ coal 9 masses1 f five to eight or t5 in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,x is p]haps ne$less to /ate t 9 mak+ exp]im5ts on ! comp>ative value ( ! be/ =m ( ca/-iron retorts1 x is obvi\s t ! op]ations %\ld be cont9u$ = "s mon?s un9t]rupt$ly2 no conclusion c be drawn t may become practically useful 9 ! l>ge way1 f processes c>ri$ on = a few weeks only4 ,x is absolutely ess5tial t ! comp>ative trials be cont9u$ = mon?s toge!r1 & t ! inf]5ces be tak5 f ! total quantity ( coal us$ dur+ t p]iod1 comp>$ ) ! total quantity ( gas obta9$1 ! det]ioration ( ! retorts1 & ! "t & lab\r exp5d$4 ,proce$+ on errone\s data1 _m h p]suad$ !mselves ( hav+ notic$ t p>allelopip$al & semi-cyl9drical retorts la/ long] fit = use ?an ^? ( a cyl9drical %ape1 an ass]tion ( :i* subsequ5t trials1 conduct$ 9 ! mann] j /at$1 has cle>ly %[n ! fallacy4 ,en\gh has be5 done at ! diff]5t gas works 9 ! capital to settle ?is po9t1 & !re is n[ b "o op9ion among/ ^? :o are be/ qualifi$ to judge ( ! subject4 ,e body :o has made ! trial on a l>ge scale1 is conv9c$ z already /at$1 t ! be/ =m ( ! retort = manufactur+ coal gas :]e ! process is conduct$ on ! plan ( decompos+ coal 9 masses or lay]s ( f f\r to eight in*es 9 ?ickness1 is a cyl9d] six & a half feet long1 & "o foot 9 diamet]1 & accord+ly retorts ( ?is %ape & dim5sions are n[ us$ 9 all ! be/ regulat$ gas e/abli%m5ts 9 ! metropolis4 ,a cyl9drical retort ( ! description be=e nam$1 weighs ab\t n9e & a half to t5 hundr$ weight4 ,^! & all o!r %ap$ retorts are furni%$ ) a moveable lid or cov] hav+ a conical edge to fit ! m\?-piece2 ! cov] is r5d]$ air-tight1 n z =m]ly by gr9d+1 a mode :i* 0 co/ly1 b by ! int]position ( a ?9 coat ( loom1 betwe5 ! lid & ! m\? ( ! retort4 ,! m\?-piece =ms a sep>ate "p ( ! retort4 ,x is bolt$ & screw$ to a flan* :i* t]m9ates ! m\? ( ! retort1 s t :5 ! retort is worn out1 ! m\?-piece may be deta*$ & appli$ to new retorts4 ,!re are n[ 9 action #fbj cyl9drical retorts1 at ! two *>t]$ ,gas ,works#ab 9 ! metropolis2 & ! total numb] ( retorts at all ! ,london gas e/abli%m5ts am\nts to #ifj4 #ab ,we/m9/] ,/ation #bej ,retorts4 ,we/m9/] ,gas ,works1 ,brick ,lane ditto #aij ditto ,norton ,falgate ditto #ej ditto ,city ( ,london ,gas ,works1 ,dorset ,/reet1 #acj ditto --- #fbj ,application ( heat4--,flue ,plan orig9ally adopt$4 ,x mu/ be obvi\s t ! durability ( ! di/illatory app>atus1 greatly dep5ds on ! mann] 9 :i* ! heat is appli$1 to effect ! decomposition ( ! coal conta9$ )9 ! retort4 ,if ! heat be v int5se ! :ole vessel is rapidly de/roy$4 ,if x be too languid1 ! di/illatory process is protract$1 & mu* fuel1 "t1 & lab\r wa/$ to no purpose2 & ! retort is spe$ily det]iorat$1 if ! heat acts ^u "o "p ( x m ?an ^u ano!r4 ,! diff]5t k9d ( retorts ( :i* a description has be5 giv5 9 ! prec$+ pages1 7 orig9ally heat$ by means ( flues pass+ "u & ov] !m4 ,! retorts 7 plac$ horizontally & fix$ 9 brick-"w4 ,"o fire-place at ! extremity ( ! m\? ( ! retort :]e ! coals are introduc$1 & :5ce ! coke is )drawn1 0 allott$ to e two retorts 9 ! s]ies4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! new art ( procur+ light ! quantity ( fuel z be=e /at$1 necess>y to decompose a giv5 quantity ( coal1 am\nt$ to f ?irty to ?irty-six p] c5t ( ! coal decompos$2 t is to say1 x requir$ f ?irty to ?irty-six p>ts ( fuel to decompose "o hundr$ p>ts ( coal4 ,?is quantity has be5 mu* less5$ by a bett] mode ( sett+ ! retorts1 & x is n[ ! g5]al op9ion t ! op]ation ( decompos+ coal1 by means ( cyl9drical1 p>allelopip$al1 or semi-cyl9drical retorts1 mu/ be consid]$ z well conduct$ :5 "o hundr$ p>ts ( coal are decompos$ by tw5ty or tw5ty-five p>ts ( fuel4 ,?is appe>s to be ! m9imum quantity ( fuel1 t c be employ$ = ! complete decomposition ( coal by means ( ^! retorts1 & ) ! lea/ det]ioration ( ! di/illatory vessel4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t w exhibit :at has be5 done 9 ?is bran* ( art4 ,report on a c\rse ( ,op]ations1 made ) sets ( #ff1 ( #cj1 ( #aaf1 & ( #fd retorts1 work$ on ! ,flue ,plan4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! relative value ( ! be/ me?od ( sett+ ca/-iron retorts1 x 0 deem$ necess>y to asc]ta9 :e!r ?ree retorts might n be heat$1 in/ead ( two1 z be=e /at$1 by "o fire-place & bran*+ flues4 ,to det]m9e ?is ! foll[+ processes 7 c>ri$ into effect4 ,process ,i4 ,sixty-six ca/-iron cyl9drical retorts1 ( ! usual size1 namely1 six & a half feet long1 7exclusive ( ! m\?-piece7 & "o foot 9 diamet]1 int]nal dim5sions1 :]e set on ! plan ( ?ree retorts to "o fire-place1 at ! ,we/m9/] gas-"w /ation1 & a s]ies ( #cj simil> retorts 7 erect$ at ano!r /ation belong+ to ! same company1 at ! ,ea/ end ( ,london4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 pursu$ ) e degree ( ju/ice 9 ! detail1 ! retorts 7 kept 9 action day & night = upw>ds ( f\r mon?s1 & ! results not$ d[n ) exactness4 ,! f9al reports f ! two e/abli%m5ts 7 f\nd to concur 9 %[+ t no?+ 0 to be ga9$ by ?is me?od ov] t previ\sly 9 use4 ,! "t occupi$ = ! di/illatory process 0 n abridg$4 ,! consumption ( fuel 0 great]--no l>g] quantity ( gas 0 obta9$ f ! quantity ( coal c>boniz$4 ,! produce ) reg>d to coke 0 9 ! usual ratio1 & ! retorts 7 de/roy$ 9 ab\t "o ?ird less "t ?an :5 only two 7 heat$ by "o fire-place4 ,process ,,ii4 ,! app>5tly conclusive results ( ^! exp]im5ts did n1 h[ev]1 prev5t ano!r set ( exp]im5ts f be+ made on ! same pr9ciple1 ext5d$ ev5 a degree f>!r4 ,! problem n[ propos$ to be solv$1 01 :e!r f\r retorts might n be heat$ ) economy1 9 a mann] :i* _h be5 f\nd already wa/eful ) respect to ?ree1 t is1 :e!r f\r in/ead ( two retorts might n be heat$ economically by means ( "o fire-place4 ,on ?is plan "o hundr$ & sixte5 cyl9drical retorts ( ! usual dim5sions 7 aga9 erect$ at ! ,we/m9/] gas e/abli%m5t1 & sixty-f\r at ano!r /ation belong+ to ! same *>t]$ company4 ,^! retorts 7 kept 9 action 9 ! be/ possible mann] night & day1 & ! results1 z might h be5 anticipat$1 only s]v$ to confirm ! facts already e/abli%$ by exp]im5t ) ?ree retorts4 ,no?+ 0 f\nd to be ga9$2 & s f> f _! be+ any sav+ 9 respect ( fuel & we> & te> ( ! retorts1 ! wa/e beyond t :i* takes place on ! plan ( two retorts to "o fire-place1 0 increas$ to ne>ly tw5ty-five p] c5t41 accompani$ by a correspond+ accel]ation ( injury to ! retorts4 ,x 0 /ill imag9$1 h[ev]1 t ! great wa/e ( fuel & ! ultimate unfav\rable result ( ^! proce$+s1 :i* 7 repeat$ ) z little success at sev]al o!r gas-works 9 ! metropolis ) p>allelopip$al retorts1 & at o!r works ) retorts ( a semi-cyl9drical =m1 set 9 a way diff]5t f t pursu$ at ! ,we/m9/] /ation1 might probably h be5 ow+ to ! unavoidable circum/ance1 t ! heat 0 n made to act ^u all ! retorts employ$ uni=mly 9 ea* s]ies ( f\r retorts1 b 9 a mann] s v>iable t "o1 or ev5 two ( ! s]ies w\ld become de/roy$ & r5d]$ useless1 :ile ! o!rs cont9u$ un9jur$ 9 a s\nd & work+ /ate4 ,! excessive wa/e ( fuel 0 occasion$1 we are told1 by ! numb] ( injur$ retorts1 :i* became useless1 & 7 nev]!less requir$ to be kept r$ hot to no purpose2 = x 0 actually f\nd t :5 "o retort ( a s]ies ( f\r became injur$1 ! same fire :i* _h heat$ ! :ole f\r1 /ill requir$ to be kept up to ma9ta9 9 action ! rema9+ ?ree ( ! s]ies1 & s on ) respect to ! :ole range1 till ultimately :5 !re might rema9 only eighty retorts actually 9 use1 z _m fire-places 7 requir$ to be 9 full action z w\ld h be5 suffici5t to s]ve = "o hundr$ retorts4 ,attempts accord+ly 7 n[ made to get ov] ?is suppos$ cause ( ! los+ results1 already obta9$ f ! plan ( f\r retorts to "o fire-place1 by a new s]ies ( simil> op]ations1 9 :i* ! retorts 7 fix$ 9 su* a mann]1 t ^? :i* happ5$ to become injur$ dur+ ! process1 might easily & imm$iately be )drawn )\t mat]ially di/urb+ ! re/1 & replac$ by new ones4 ,! wa/e ( fuel 01 x is cle>1 greatly less5$ by ! exp$i5t2 yet /ill ^u ! :ole !re 0 no su* v>iation f ! g5]al results obta9$ by ! prec$+ exp]im5ts1 z to ju/ify ! adoption ( ?is plan ( increas+ ! numb] ( retorts work$ by "o fire-place1 on any pr9ciple ( s\nd economy4 ,! great ob/acle1 z ! read] w at once p]ceive1 to work+ m ?an two retorts1 no matt] :e!r cyl9drical1 or ( any ( ! o!r =ms be=e nam$1 ) economy1 by means ( "o fire-place1 evid5tly arose f ! difficulty ( conduct+ ! heat by means ( flues ar\nd ! s]ies ( retorts1 9 su* a mann] t ! heat %all act ) equal =ce on all ! retorts4 ,x is almo/ ne$less to /ate1 t ! con/ruction ( ! fire-places1 & ! direction ( ! flues = apply+ ! heat to ! retorts1 7 v>i$ by diff]5t workm51 :o prid$ !mselves on be+ able to aid ! object 9 view1 b ! result always %[$ ev5 t :5 ! draft ( ! fire-place 0 well obta9$1 ! action ( ! heat ^u ! s]ies ( retorts c\ld n be di/ribut$ equally & kept up uni=mly1 except at a great exp5ce ( fuel & va/ det]ioration ( ! di/illatory vessels4 ,! retorts always became injur$ m 9 "s p>ts ?an 9 o!rs4 ,! conc5tration & rapidity ( ! draught ( ! fire1 beyond a c]ta9 velocity 0 always f\nd highly injuri\s to ! retort1 & ?is obs]vation has be5 s9ce amply confirm$4 ,9 a well con/ruct$ furnace1 ! det]ioration ( all ! retorts 9 ! s]ies is uni=m ov] ! :ole vessel2 no "p ( ! retort is burnt out1 z ! workm5 call x1 soon] ?an ano!r "p2 & :5ev] ! contr>y happ5s1 we may pron\nce ! fire to be badly appli$4 ,:5 !re is su* misapplication ( ! heat1 ! manufactur] _c dep5d ^u ! duration ( ! di/illatory vessel2 he is always 9 a /ate ( unc]ta9ty ) reg>d to _! we> & te>1 & x n unfrequ5tly has happ5$1 "u su* circum/ances1 t a :ole s]ies ( retorts h become sudd5ly det]iorat$4 ,ov5 plan lately adopt$4 ,! results be=e detail$1 ) reg>d to ! mode ( sett+ cyl9drical retorts sugge/$ ! propriety ( an entire *ange 9 ! mode ( apply+ ! heat1 & ?is 0 at l5g? fully c>ri$ into effect by ! adoption ( ov5s1 or air furnaces1 9 :i* ! retorts are equally expos$ to ! action ( heat on all sides4 ,mr4 ,rackh\se has ! m]it ( hav+ fir/ c>ri$ into effect ?is me?od1 s9ce g5]ally kn[n by ! "n ( ! ov5 plan4 ,! fir/ exp]im5ts ) ^! ov5s 7 made on only "o retort1 expos$ 9 an ov5 to air int5sely heat$2 b !y 7 aft]w>ds repeat$ on two1 ?ree1 f\r1 & five retorts1 successively4 ,! retorts suff]$ ! action ( heat ?us appli$1 exce$+ly well2 _! det]ioration 0 uni=m1 & ! quantity ( fuel requir$ to "w !m1 0 f\nd always to be 9 a direct ratio to ! numb] ( retorts employ$4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ on = upw>ds ( n9e mon?s1 & x 0 f\nd1 t ) five retorts 9 "o ov51 s t ! heat$ air c\ld act ^u all ( !m equally1 )\t ! flame be+ direct$ =cibly ^u !m1 ?is plan _h a decid$ advantage1 9 po9t ( economy1 ov] e o!r me?od previ\sly adopt$4 ,ea* ov51 conta9+ five retorts1 is heat$ by means ( ?ree fire-places1 & al?\gh x is true t ! numb] ( retorts is less by "o1 ?an :at c\ld h be5 heat$ by ?ree fire-places1 on ! orig9al plan ( two retorts to "o fire1 yet /ill ?is me?od has be5 f\nd to be f> m productive4 ,! front wall ( ! ov5 may be readily tak5 d[n s t a retort1 :5 damag$1 may be )drawn1 & replac$ )\t mat]ially di/urb+ ! re/4 ,! ov5 plan ( apply+ heat has be5 f\nd equally advantage\s = p>allelopip$al & semi-cyl9drical retorts4#ac #ac ,! only gas-light e/abli%m5t ( great ext5t 9 ! metropolis1 at :i* p>allelopip$al retorts are /ill 9 use1 is ! ,s\? ,london ,gas ,works4 ,b x is solely ow+ to ! v peculi> c>e & economy ) :i* all ! details ( ?is e/abli%m5t are conduct$1 "u ! imm$iate sup]9t5d5ce ( a few active1 skilful & sci5tific proprietors1 t !y are able to comp5sate = ! loss1 :i* 9 all ord9>y cases is insep>able f ! employm5t ( vessels ( t description4 ,description ( ! ,retort ,ov54 ,fig4 #a1 plate ,,iv41 repres5ts a transv]se section ( "o ( ! retort ov5s n[ 9 action at ! ,we/m9/] ,*>t]$ ,gas-,light ,company's ,works2 simil> ov5s are likewise 9 use at ! ,city ( ,london ,*>t]$ ,gas-,light ,works1 & 9 _m o!r prov9cial gas e/abli%m5ts4 ,fig4 #b1 plate ,,iv41 exhibits a longitud9al section1 & fig4 #a1 plate ,v4 %[s ! front elevation ( ! ov51 built ab\t t5 feet above ! gr\nd1 ^u pi]s or ar*es1 :i* saves brick-"w & all[s a /age or plat=m to be erect$ 9 front ( ! fire-places ( ! ov5s4 ,see fig4 #b1 plate ,,iv4 ,betwe5 ! back "p ( ! ov5s & ! wall ( ! build+ 9 :i* !y are erect$1 is left an empty space ( a few in*es to prev5t ! heat ( ! ov5 be+ communicat$ to ! wall1 z is se5 at ,y 9 fig4 #b1 plate ,,iv4 ,! :ole int]ior ( ! ov51 z well z ! horizontal flue :i* pass und]nea? ! cr[n ( x1 ne> ! upp] ti] ( retorts1 is l9$ ) fire bricks4 ,! upp]mo/ "p or cr[n ( ! ar* is con/ruct$ ( l>ge fire bricks ( su* a %ape z w all[ to flatt5 ! upp] "p ( ! ar* z mu* z possible1 9 ord] to contract ! space betwe5 ! two upp] retorts & ! cr[n ( ! ar* ( ! ov54 ,r4 ,r4 fig4 #a1 & #b1 plate ,,iv4 & fig4 #a1 plate ,v4 are cyl9drical retorts1 plac$ horizontally 9 ! ov51 ! l[] s]ies are ei!r support$ by a l>ge fire-brick1 plac$ edgeways und]nea? ! retort1 or by means ( a /\t wr\ght-iron pill>1 z %[n 9 ! design4 ,! two upp] retorts are support$ by wr\ght iron /raps1 ,t1 ,t1 ,t1 fig4 #a1 & ,t1 fig4 #b1 plate ,,iv4 ,! /raps pass ?r\gh ! brick-"w ( ! upp] "p ( ! ov51 z %[n 9 ! designs1 & !y are secur$ ) screws & nuts to an iron be>+ b>1 ! extremities ( :i* are support$ by ! out] walls ( ! ov54 ,ea* retort is furni%$ at ! extremity opposite to ! m\?-piece1 ) a %ort project+ piece or tail let into ! brick-"w ( ! ov51 z se5 9 ! design1 fig4 #b1 plate ,,iv4 ,m4 ,fig4 #b1 plate ,,iv4 %[s ! m\?-piece ( ! retort ) its cross b> & h&-screw2 & fig4 #f1 plate ,v4 %[s ! m\?-piece drawn to a l>g] scale4 ,e4 is ! h&-screw1 ) its cross or be>+ b> ,d1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! project+ arms ,c4 ,c4 ,! lid ( ! m\?-piece has a conical edge1 s t x fits close :5 pu%$ into its place by means ( ! h&-screw ,e4 ,fig4 #g1 plate ,v4 is ! lid :i* closes ! m\?-piece2 ! h&screw ,e1 fig4 #f1 presses ! lid close1 to r5d] x air-tight1 a ?9 /ratum ( loom lut+ be+ fir/ appli$ to ! orifice ( ! m\?-piece4 ,f4 fig4 #b1 plate ,,iv41 is ! fire-place1 ) ! a%-pit ,e ( ! ov54 ,! door ( ! a%-pit is provid$ ) ?ree slits cov]$ )9 by a regi/] slide1 to regulate ! admission ( air z occasion may require4 ,! fire passes freely & uni=mly r\nd all ! retorts1 & ! :ole cavity ( ! ov5 acquires an equable temp]ature1 :i* x reta9s1 if ! workman takes c>e to admit z little air z possible1 ?r\gh ! regi/] door ( ! a% pit1 :5 ! upp] "p ( ! ar*1 or cr[n ( ! ov5 has acquir$ a bright *]ry r$ heat4 ,we h /at$ already t 9 front ( ! ov51 is a plat=m1 z repres5t$ 9 ! sket*1 fig4 #b1 plate ,,iv4 ,9 ! floor ( ?is plat=m1 & directly und]nea? ! m\?-piece ( ! retorts1 all ( :i* project beyond ! brick-"w ( ! ov51 is an op5+ cov]$ ) an iron trap door2 ?r\gh ?is door ! r$ hot coke1 dis*>g$ f ! retorts1 is suff]$ to fall bel[ ! /age or plat=m into a cell>1 or o!r fire-pro( place1 t x may n annoy ! workm54 ,o1 ,o1 fig4 #a1 plate ,v4 d5otes ?is op5+ ?r\gh :i* ! coke falls4 ,p1 fig4 #b1 plate ,,iv41 & ,p4 ,p4 fig4 #a1 plate ,v4 is a pipe proce$+ p]p5dicul>ly f ! upp] "p ( ! m\?-piece ( ea* retort1 ! o!r extremity ( :i* desc5ds into ! horizontal hydraulic ma9 ,h1 :i* is %[n 9 fig4 #b1 plate ,,iv4 & plate ,v41 support$ ^u iron columns4 ,?is pipe s]ves to convey away ! liquid & gase\s products :i* become dis5gag$ f ! coal 9 ! retort dur+ ! di/illatory process4 ,! liquid sub/ances1 namely ! t> & ammoniacal fluid1 collect 9 ! hydraulic ma9 ,h1 plate ,,iv4 & ,v41 :i* is furni%$ ) a p]p5dicul> diaphragm or p>tition plate to cause a c]ta9 quantity ( ! liquid deposit$ 9 x to accumulate to a c]ta9 height1 & ?us to seal ! p]p5dicul> pipe ,p4 ,! liquid _c fl[ out ( ! horizontal pipe ,h1 till x rises to ! level ( ! diaphragm4 ,?is arrangem5t is di/9ctly %ewn at ,h4 fig4 #b1 plate ,,iv41 :]e ! diaphragm or p>tition plate is se5 9 ! section ( ! hydraulic ma91 toge!r ) ! extremity ( ! p]p5dicul> pipe ,p41 desc5d+ into ! fluid conta9$ 9 ! hydraulic ma94 ,k1 ,fig4 #a1 plate ,v4 is ! dis*>g+ pipe1 connect$ ) ! upp] "p ( ! horizontal ma9 ,h3 x s]ves to convey away ! gase\s & liquid products f ! hydraulic ma9 ,h4 ,by means ( ?is pipe ! t> & ammoniacal fluids are convey$ into any conv5i5t res]voir1 call$ ! t> ci/]n1 :i* is p]fectly air-tight1 & f ?is vessel ! liquid may be drawn ( by means ( a pipe or /op-cock4 ,! extremity ( ! pipe :i* communicates ) ! liquid1 is b5t d[nw>ds1 s t no air c ent] ! vessel3 ?is arrangem5t is %[n at fig4 #c1 plate ,,ii4 ,x is ess5tial t ! cond5sation ( ! vapor\s fluids %\ld be fully complet$ be=e !y rea* ! t> ci/]n4 ,to effect ?is1 !re is usually all[$ a consid]able di/ance to int]v5e betwe5 ! dis*>g+ pipe ,k1 fig4 #a1 plate ,v41 & ! res]voir de/9$ to receive ! cond5sible products2 or ! pipe is made to pass ?r\gh a vessel conta9+ wat]1 call$ ! cond5s]1 :i* acts 9 a simil> mann] z ! refrig]atory ( a common /ill4 ,x is obvi\s t x is immat]ial h[ ! cond5sation ( ! vapor\s fluid is effect$2 x is ess5tial1 h[ev]1 t ! cond5sation %\ld be complete be=e ! liquid t> & ammoniacal fluid rea* ! res]voir de/9$ to receive ^! products4 ,! gase\s fluid :i* accompanies ! cond5sible products1 are !n made to pass into ! lime ma*9e1 ( :i* we %all speak h]eaft]1 9 ord] to be depriv$ by means ( quick-lime & wat]1 f ! portion ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 & c>bonic acid gas :i* 0 comb9$ ) ! gas4 ,& :5 ?is has be5 accompli%$1 ! purifi$ gas is convey$ into ! gas-hold]1 :]e x is /or$ up = use4 ,?is "p ( ! op]ation w be r5d]$ m obvi\s h]eaft]4 ,9 "s e/abli%m5ts1 ! hydraulic ma9 is furni%$ ) two dis*>g+ pipes1 ! "o c>ries away ! cond5sible fluid1 into :i* ! p]p5dicul> pipes ,p1 fig4 #b1 plate ,,iv4 dip1 :il/ ! o!r s]ves to convey away ! gase\s fluids to a cond5sor1 9 ord] to deposit ! vapor\s portion ( cond5sible liquid x may conta91 & f !nce ! gas passes into ! purify+ app>atus1 or lime ma*9e4 ,x1 fig4 #b1 plate ,,iv41 is a small screw plug1 :i*1 :5 op5$1 re/ores ! equilibrium ( ! air )9 & )\t ! retort previ\s to ! lid be+ tak5 (f1 to prev5t ! l\d report1 :i* o!rwise happ5s :5 ! lid or cov] ( ! retort is sudd5ly remov$4 ,to avoid ^! explosive reports :i* _h become a nuisance to ! neighb\rhood ( gas works1 ! practice ( gradually )draw+ ! lid ( ! retort1 & at ! same "t pres5t+ a light$ tor* has be5 adopt$ at "s works1 :i* fully rem$ies ! evil4 ,! numb] ( retort ov5s at ! ,we/m9/] ,*>t]$ ,gas ,works' ,/ations1 am\nts to f\r hundr$ & n9ety4 ,,"p ,v4 ,diff]5ce 9 ! quantity ( ,gas evolv$ dur+ diff]5t p]iods ( ! di/illatory process1 & economical consid]ations result+ !refrom 9 ! manufacture ( ,coal ,gas4 ,9 conduct+ ! decomposition ( coal1 ! evolution ( ! gas is f> f be+1 ) reg>d to quantity1 uni=m dur+ diff]5t p]iods ( ! di/illatory process4 ,! =mation ( ! gas is m rapid 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! process1 & gradually slack5s z ! op]ation proce$s4 ,! gas also diff]s 9 its *emical con/itution1 at diff]5t p]iods ( ! process2 al?\gh 9 ! case ( l>ge supplies1 ?is diff]5ce is ( little consequ5ce aft] ! gas is purifi$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! =m] consid]ation1 h[ev]1 has giv5 rise to v>i\s modes ( op]at+1 ( :i* x w be prop] to take "s notice4 ,x mu/ be obvi\s1 t 9 proportion z ! mass ( coal 9 ! retort becomes c>boniz$ or conv]t$ into coke1 ! ext]ior surface becomes a gradually increas+ ob/acle to ! action ( ! heat ^u ! int]ior or c5tral "p ( ! coal rema9+ to be decompos$4 ,! heat requir$ on t acc\nt mu/ be m int5se1 & kept up to no purpose1 & ! extrication ( gas becomes sl[] & sl[]1 z ! op]ation proce$s4 ,! loss occasion$ by ?is rapid dim9ution ( ! means employ$1 is s]i\s 9 e po9t ( view1 9 reg>d z well to ! quantity ( fuel us$ & "t wa/$1 b x is unavoidable 9 ! op]ation ( decompos+ coal 9 masses or lay]s f #e to #aj in*es 9 ?ickness1 & mu/ be a great drawback on ! value ( ! gas-light discov]y4 ,! loss ( fuel1 x is obvi\s1 mu/ be j 9 proportion to ! quantity ( c>bonis$ matt]1 or coke1 :i* is kept hot to no purpose1 await+ ! decomposition ( t portion ( coal1 :i* x is ! v means ( protect+ f becom+ decompos$4 ,a /rik+ exemplification ( ?is /atem5t w be se5 9 ! foll[+ table1 exhibit+ ! result ( ! progressive produce ( coal gas1 obta9able1 9 a giv5 "t1 by means ( cyl9drical & p>allelopip$al retorts4 ,exp]im5t ) "o cyl9drical ,retort1 conta9+ two bu%els ( coal4 ,h\rs ( ! ,quantity ( ,gas di/illatory process produc$4 ,fir/ h\r #aae cubic feet ,second ditto #ha ditto ,?ird ditto #gh ditto ,f\r? ditto #gj ditto ,fif? ditto #ff ditto ,six? ditto #ee ditto ,sev5? ditto #di ditto ,eigh? ditto #db ditto --- #eee cubic feet4 ,! quantity ( gas is at ! rate ( t5 ?\s& cubic feet to ! *aldron 7#bg cwt47 ( coal4 ,exp]im5t#ad ) eighte5 cyl9drical ,retorts1 conta9+ "o *aldron ( coal4 ,h\rs ( ! ,quantity ( gas di/illatory process produc$4 ,fir/ h\r #bjjj cubic feet ,second h\r #adhh ,?ird h\r #adjj ,f\r? h\r #acja ,fif? h\r #abjh ,six? h\r #ajjj ,sev5? h\r #hig ,eigh? h\r #fia ---- #iihe ,?is exp]im5t 0 made ) retorts set on ! flue plan4 ,! coal employ$ 0 7,bewick & ,crai/]'s ,wall's ,end71 ,newca/le coal4 #ad ,communicat$ by ,mr4 ,t4 ,s4 ,peck/on1 ( ! ,we/m9/] ,gas ,works4 ,exp]im5t ) ?irty-six p>allelopip$al retorts1 ea* conta9+ two bu%els ( coal4#ae ,h\rs ( ! ,quantity ( ,gas ,di/illatory ,process produc$4 ,9 ! fir/ h\r #d1jeh ,second h\r #c1jbh ,?ird h\r #b1hga ,f\r? h\r #b1ebf ,fif? h\r #b1chj ,six? h\r #a1iga ,sev5? h\r #a1ged ,eigh? h\r #a1dej ------ #bj1jch #ae ,own ,exp]im5ts4 ,! same heat z we h se5 f ! prec$+ table1 p4 #gi1 :i* is necess>y dur+ ! fir/ h\r ( ! op]ation1 = ! evolution ( "o hundr$ & fifte5 cubic feet ( gas1 is requir$ 9 ! eigh? h\r = ! production ( no m ?an =ty-two cubic feet1 be+ a decrease 9 effect ( ne>ly two-?irds4 ,:5 l>g] retorts are employ$ = decompos+ coal 9 masses1 f five to t5 in*es 9 ?ickness1 ! loss ( heat is 9 a mu* great] ratio4 ,9 ! hope ( rem$y+ 9 "s measure ! evils ?us di/9ctly asc]ta9$ to arise f ! undue ?ickness ( ! masses ( coal subject$ to ! di/illatory process1 !re h n be5 want+ manufactur]s :o h _h rec\rse to exp]im5ts on a l>ge scale1 to asc]ta9 ) c]ta9ty :e!r !y might n be ga9]s by suff]+ ! di/illatory process1 :5 ! retorts are *>g$ ) two bu%els ( coal1 to proce$ only = ! space ( six h\rs1 in/ead ( eight4 ,b ! result ( ^! exp]im5ts1 z w be pres5tly expla9$1 has %[n satisfactorily t x is m pr(itable to keep up ! di/illatory process = a p]iod ( eight h\rs1 ) ! retorts fully *>g$1 ?an to abridge ! op]ation by t]m9at+ x at ! end ( six h\rs4 ,o!rs aga91 h imag9$1 t x w\ld be m economical to decompose a less quantity ( coal at once1 or to decrease ! ?ickness ( ! /ratum ( coal 9 ! cyl9drical1 or 9 any ( ! be=e nam$ retorts2 b !n aga91 s]i\s difficulties occur 9 ! practice4 ,! m frequ5t *>g+ ( ! retorts & lut+ on ! cov]s1#af :i* su* a mode ( op]at+ require1 occasions a prodigi\s wa/e ( fuel1 "t & lab\r4 ,a great] numb] ( retorts & m workm5 mu/ likewise be employ$1 9 ord] to produce ! requisite quantity ( gas daily1 :i* ! manufactur] is call$ ^u to supply2 m space ( gr\nd is requir$1 & m dead capital mu/ be sunk 9 ! e/abli%m5t4 ,! m frequ5t & sudd5 alt]ations ( temp]ature :i* ! retorts necess>ily suff]1 by ! m frequ5t introduction ( cold coal1 r5d]s !m extremely liable to become injur$2 & x is almo/ impossible to ma9ta9 a numb] ( retorts ?us work$1 at an uni=m temp]ature4 #af ,:5 ! cov] is gr\nd on1 air-tight1 ! co/ ( ! retort is mu* increas$4 ,f v>i\s /atem5ts1 :i* ,i h be5 fav\r$ )1 9 confirmation ( my own obs]vations on ! be/ me?od ( work+ cyl9drical retorts1 x may suffice to lay be=e ! read] ! result ( a s]ies ( op]ations in/itut$ by "o ( ! l>ge/ & be/ conduct$ e/abli%m5ts 9 ?is c\ntry2 ! public-spirit$ & indefatigable directors ( :i* h done m 9 ! way ( ext5sive1 co/ly1 v>i$ & long cont9u$ exp]im5ts1 to improve ! new art ( light+ ) gas1 ?an any o!r simil> body 9 ! k+dom2 & )\t ^: ex]tions ! gas light illum9ation w\ld nev] h rea*$ ! /ate ( p]fection x has atta9$4 ,report on a c\rse ( ,exp]im5ts made to asc]ta9 ! comp>ative ,economy#ag ( manufactur+ e week1 #heg1ffg cubic feet ( gas1 by means ( ,cyl9drical ,retorts v>i\sly work$4 #ag ,! co/ ( mat]ials & price ( lab\r 9 ?is e/imate1 z well z 9 all subsequ5t /atem5ts1 is giv5 su* z !y actually 71 at ! "t1 :5 ! exp]im5ts to :i* !y ref] 7 made4 ,gas ,light & ,coke ,company's ,works1 ,we/m9/] ,/ation4 ,febru>y #h?1 #ahai4 ,,sir1 ,enclos$ are ! result ( a s]ies ( exp]im5ts made "u my direction ) a view ( asc]ta9+ ! relative value ( ! diff]5t modes ( work+ ca/-iron cyl9drical retorts1 f :i* y w p]ceive t x is m economical to "w eight h\rs *>ges1 z ! workm5 call x1 t is to say1 to suff] ! di/illatory process to g on = eight h\rs1 :5 ne>ly two bu%els ( coal are conta9$ 9 ea* retort1 ?an to discont9ue ! op]ation at ! end ( six h\rs4 ,i am ) respect1 ,sir1 ,y\rs1 c4 ,t4 ,s4 ,,peck/on4 ,to ,mr4 ,f4 ,accum1 ,compton ,/reet1 ,soho4 ,process ,a4 ,numb] (,numb] ,quantity,quantity ,days ! ( ,quantity ( ,coal ,quantity ( ( ( ,gas ,retorts ,retorts decompos$ = ,coal us$ ,gas f "o 7 9 obta9+ ,gas4 = ,fuel4 pro- ,*aldron work$4 action4 duc$4 ( ,coal4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,*al- ,bu%el4,*al- ,bu%el4 ,cubic ,cubic dron4 dron4 ,feet4 ,feet4 ,monday #hg #aj #cj #d #bd #id1ihg #h1gfh ,tuesday #hh #ad #bd #f #h #abh1eig #h1ghd ,w$nesday #hh #ad #bd #f #h #abb1ahh #h1cca ,?ursday #id #ae #bd #f #bf #aca1agf #h1cgc ,friday #if #af #j #f #cb #abg1fif #g1iha ,saturday #if #af #j #f #bj #abg1ecf #g1iga ,sunday #if #ae #ah #f #d #abe1dhg #h1jib ---------------------------------------- --------- #ajc #ab #dc #ad #heg1ffgh1cjjah #ah ,av]age proportion ( gas f a *aldron ( coal4 ,exp5diture ( ,process ,a4 ,coals1 decompos$1 #ajc *aldron #ab bu%el1 at #b4 #aas4 #f;d4 ! *aldron1 7#bg ,cwt47 #bff #b #j ,small ,coal1 #dc *aldron1 #ad bu%els1 us$ = fuel1 at #b4 #bs4 ! *aldron #ia #b #d ,wages ( two additional workm5 7n requir$ _h ! retorts be5 work$ at eight h\rs *>ges17 at #a4 #afs4 ea* man1 ! week #c #ab #j ----------- ,total exp5diture1 4 #cfj #ag #j ,products ( ,process ,a4 ,coke1 #ajc *aldron1 #ab bu%el1 at #a4 #gs4 ! *aldron #aci #aj #j ,breeze1 or small coke1 #f *aldron1 #i bu%els1 at #ahs4 ! *aldron #e #ab #f ,t>1 #g tons1 at #f4 ! ton #df #aj #j ,ammoniacal liquor1 #ahfd gallons1 at #a;d4 ! gallon #aa #ac #j ,gas1 #heg1ffg cubic feet1 at #aes4 ! ?\s& cubic feet #fdc #e #j ---------- ,total = products1 #hdf #aj #f ,h5ce ! am\nt ( exp5diture = procur+ #heg1ffg cubic feet ( gas1 is #cfj4 #ags4 ,! value ( ! saleable products #hdf4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,& ! av]age proportion ( gas obta9$ f "o *aldron ( ,newca/le coal1 #h1cjj cubic feet4 ,process ,b4 ,numb] ( ,numb] ,quantity ,propor- ,days ! ( ,quantity ( ,coal ,quantity ( ( tion ( ,retorts ,retorts decompos$ = ,coal us$ ,gas ,gas to a 7 9 obta9+ ,gas4 = ,fuel4 pro- ,*aldron work$4 action4 duc$4 ( ,coals4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,*al- ,bu%el4,*al- ,bu%el4 ,cubic ,cubic dron4 dron4 ,feet4 ,feet4 ,monday #eg #i #ah #b #ac #id1ihg #aj1jjj ,tuesday #gg #ab #ca #c #h #abh1eig #aj1jjj ,w$nesday #gc #ab #h #c #b #abb1ahh #aj1jjj ,?ursday #gi #ac #d #c #aj #aca1agf #aj1jjj ,friday #gf #ab #bg #c #g #abg1fif #aj1jjj ,saturday #gg #ab #bg #c #f #abg1ecf #aj1jjj ,sunday #gf #ab #bj #c #f #abe1dhg #aj1jjj ---------------------------------------- --------- #ajc #ab #ba #af #heg1ffg #aj1jjj #ai #ai ,av]age proportion ( gas f a *aldron ( coal4 ,exp5diture ( ,process ,b4 ,coal1 decompos$1 #he *aldron1 #bg bu%els1 at #b4 #aas4 #f;d4 ! *aldron #bbj #af #aj ,small ,coal1 #ba *aldron1 #af bu%els1 us$ = fuel1 at #b4 #bs4 ! *aldron #de #j #h --------------- ,total exp5diture1 4 #bfe #ag #f ,products ( ,process ,b4 ,coke1 #ajj *aldron1 at #a4 #gs4 ! *aldron #ace #j #j ,breeze1 or small coke1 #c *aldron1 at #ahs4 ! *aldron #b #ad #j ,coal t>1 #f ,tons1 #h ,cwt4 at #f4 ! ton #ch #h #j ,ammoniacal liquor1 #aecf gallons1 at #a;d4 ! gallon #i #ab #j ,gas1 #heg1ffg cubic feet (1 at #aes4 ! ?\s& cubic feet #fdc #e #j ------------ ,total = products1 4 #hbh #ai #j ,f ! result ( ?is process x appe>s1 t at ! exp5ce ( #bfel4 #ags4 #f2 ! value ( ! products obta9$ is #hbh4 #ais4 ,by comp>+ ! two prec$+ processes1 ,a & ,b1 x w be obs]v$ t ! same quantity ( gas 0 g5]at$ ea* day1 not)/&+ !re 7 few] retorts 9 use1 & less coal decompos$ by process ,b1 ?an by ,report ,a1 & t ! exp5ce ( fuel1 :5 ! di/illatory process 0 cont9u$ = a t]m ( eight h\rs1 0 consid]ably less4 ,also1 t ! proportion ( gas obta9$ f a *aldron ( coals1 0 great] ?an :5 ! process 0 cont9u$ = only six h\rs4 ,h5ce1 if f ! products ( process ,a1 4 #hdf #aj #f we take ! products ( process ,b1 4 #hbh #ai #j ----------- ,! diff]5ce is1 4 #ag #aa #f :i*1 be+ subtract$ f ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! exp5diture1 z specifi$ 9 ! process allud$ to1 namely ,process ,a1 4 #cfj #ag #j ,process ,b1 #bfe #ag #f --------------- ,! diff]5ce is 4 #id #ai #e ,less #ag #aa #f --------------- ,& leaves a balance ( 4 #gg #ag #aa 9 fav\r ( work+ eight h\rs *>ges1 = "o week1 & produc+ a l quantity ( gas1 z _h be5 obta9$ by work+ six h\rs *>ges4 ,?us1 hav+ comp>$ ! quantity ( coals actually us$ :5 work+ six h\rs *>ges1 ) :at 0 us$ to produce a l quantity ( gas f eight h\rs *>ges1 ,i %all next po9t out1 9 process ,c1 ! quantity ( gas obta9$ :5 work+ ! same numb] ( retorts = a p]iod ( eight h\rs :i* _h be5 work$ at ! process ( six h\rs4 ,process ,c4 ,numb] ( ,numb] ,quantity,propor- ,days ! ( ,re-,quantity ( ,coal ,quantity ( ( ,gas tion ( ,retorts torts decompos$ = ,coal us$ pro- ,gas to 7 #bj obta9+ ,gas4 ,fuel4 duc$4 a ,*al- work$4 9 dron ( action4 ,coals4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,*al- ,bu%el4,*al- ,bu%el4 ,cubic ,cubic dron4 dron4 ,feet4 ,feet4 ,monday #hg #af #ah #c #bb #afe1jjj #aj1jjj ,tuesday #hh #ad #bd #c #bd #adf1ffg #aj1jjj ,w$nesday #hh #ad #bd #c #bd #adf1ffg #aj1jjj ,?ursday #id #ae #bd #c #cc #aef1fff #aj1jjj ,friday #if #af #j #d #j #afj1jjj #aj1jjj ,saturday #if #af #j #d #j #afj1jjj #aj1jjj ,sunday #if #ae #ah #c #cb #aee1jjj #aj1jjj ---------------------------------------- --------- #ajg #j #bf #bg #a1jgj1jjj #aj1jjj #ba #bj ,work$ at six h\rs *>ges 9 process ,a1 page #he1 b "h work$ at eight h\rs *>ges4 #ba ,av]age proportion ( gas f a *aldron ( coal4 ,exp5diture ( process ,c4 ,coal decompos$1 #ajg *aldron1 at #b #aas4 #f;d4 ! *aldron #bge #aj #f ,small coal1 #bf *aldron1 #bg bu%els1 us$ = fuel1 at #b #bs4 ! *aldron #ef #c #f ---------- ,total exp5diture #cca #ad #j ,products ( process ,c4 ,coke1 #abd *aldrons1 at #a #gs4 ! *aldron #afg #h #j ,breeze1 or small coke1 #d *aldrons1 at #ahs4 ! *aldron #c #ab #j ,t>1 #h tons1 at 4 #f ! ton #dh #j #j ,ammoniacal liquor1 #aide gallons1 at #a;d4 ! gallon #ab #c #a ,gas1 #a1jgj1jjj cubic feet1 at #aes4 = a ?\s& cubic feet #hjb #aj #j ------------- ,total = products #ajcc #ac #a ,,recapitulation4 ,products by process ,c4 #ajcc #ac #a ,products by process ,a4 #hdf #aj #f ------------- ,diff]5ce #ahg #b #g ,exp5diture by process ,a4 #cfj #ag #j ,exp5diture by process ,c4 #cca #ad #j ---------- ,diff]5ce 4 #bi #c #j ,f ! above recapitulation x w appe>1 t by work+ equal numb]s ( retorts1 at six & at eight h\rs *>ges1 ! balance is consid]ably 9 fav\r ( ! latt] me?od2 =1 f ! =ego+ /atem5t1 !re appe>s to be on ! practice ( ! latt] me?od an increase ( saleable products am\nt+ to #ahg #b #g obta9$ at #bi #c #j less exp5ce2 consequ5tly !re is a ------------- balance ( #baf #e #g 9 fav\r ( work+ ! retorts1 z /at$ 9 process ,c1 ov] t me?od %ewn 9 process ,a2 & 9 su* proportion1 let ! numb] ( retorts work$ be :at x may1 an advantage w always be ga9$ 9 ?is mode ( manufactur+ coal gas1 by work+ ! retorts at eight h\rs *>ges1 z ! workm5 call x1 9 pref]5ce to adopt+ ! %ort] process4 ,f a s]ies ( op]ations made#bb ) tw5ty p>allelopip$al & ) tw5ty cyl9drical retorts1 work$ = "o mon?1 x has be5 asc]ta9$ t ! decomposition ( coal is mo/ economically conduct$ :5 ea* retort is *>g$ ) #ajj p\nds ( coal1 & ! di/illatory process be cont9u$ = eight h\rs4 ,two m51 "o by day & "o by night1 c att5d n9e or t5 retorts4 #bb ,by ,h4 ,morrison1 ,esq4 & ,self2 ! coal us$1 0 ,newca/le 7,bewick & ,crai/]'s ,walls ,end7 coal4 ,,"p ,,vi4 ,temp]ature be/ adapt$ = work+ ,cyl9drical ,retorts4 ,!re is p]haps no subject 9 ! art ( manufactur+ coal gas1 on :i* practical m5 are less agre$1 ?an !y are on ! temp]ature mo/ economically to be employ$ = ! production ( coal gas 9 ! l>ge way4 ,x mu/ be suffici5tly evid5t1 t ca/-iron retorts1 :5 work$ at a l[ temp]ature1 w la/ long]1 ?an :5 expos$ to high] degrees ( heat4#bc ,h5ce1 accord+ to "s op]ators1 ! economy ( ! process consi/s 9 sav+ ! retorts1 at ! exp5se ( a dim9ution1 ev5 ?\gh consid]able1 9 ! quantity ( gas obta9$2 :il/1 accord+ to o!rs1 x is m economical to obta9 ! l>ge/ possible quantity ( gas at ! exp5ce ( any consequ5t injury to ! di/illatory vessel4 #bc ,x is ess5tial t ! retorts %\ld be kept 9 con/ant action night & day1 or at lea/ nev] all[$ to g bel[ a r$ heat4 ,! fir/ portion ( oxide :i* =ms ^u ! surface1 :5 all[$ to cool1 cracks & falls (f1 leav+ a new surface to be act$ ^u ! next "t x is heat$4 ,by ?us be+ e day heat$ & cool$1 a retort w be spe$ily de/roy$4 ,! tru? appe>s to be :olly ) nei!r ( ^! extremes1 nor inde$ 9 any absolute g5]al rule :i* c be v5tur$ on ! subject4 ,! degree ( temp]ature prop] to be adopt$ 9 gas works1 :]e ! me?od ( decompos+ coal 9 masses1 or lay]s f f\r to eight in*es 9 ?ickness1 & upw>ds1 is practis$ by means ( ! ca/-iron retorts1 ( :i* a description has be5 giv51 p4 #ec1 *iefly dep5ds on circum/ances ( a local nature1 ) reg>d to ! price ( coal & lab\r1 s t :]e 9 "o place x may be m pr(itable to employ a v high temp]ature = ! production ( ! gas1 x may be 9 o!rs q ! rev]se4 ,! utmo/ !re=e t c be done on ?is head1 is to /ate :at ^! circum/ances are1 & to %ew ! value :i* belongs to !m "u e supposable situation4 ,9 ?is metropolis1 & 9 all o!r places :]e coal & lab\r be> a high] price ?an probably else:]e 9 ?is c\ntry1 & :]e sav+ ( "t is also an object ( prim>y importance1 x is cle>ly e/abli%$1 t ! manufactur] :o pursues ! me?od ( decompos+ coal 9 masses f five to eight in*es & upw>ds 9 ?ickness1 by means ( ca/-iron retorts1#bd w consult 8 int]e/ be/1 by employ+ su* a high temp]ature = ! decomposition ( ! coal1 z w produce 9 ! %orte/ "t ! greate/ possible quantity ( gas1 f a giv5 quantity ( coal1 )\t reg>d+ ! unavoidable det]ioration ( ! retorts4 ,b 9 places :]e coal & lab\r is *eap1 x w be 8 int]e/ to save ! retorts at ! exp5ce ( ! coal4 ,b t ?is fact may n re/ on m]e g5]al ass]tion1 ,i %all subjo9 = ! satisfaction ( ! read] a few /atem5ts ( exp]im5ts made ^u a l>ge scale = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ^! facts4 #bd ,! ,retorts %\ld be manufactur$ ( :at is call$ 9 comm]ce1 iron ( ! second process4 ,! be/ ca/-iron ( ?is k9d1 is ( a light grey col\r1 its fracture is granulat$ & dull1 x receives a d5t f ! bl[ ( a hamm]4 ,! ca/-iron :i* exhibits a d>k grey or black col\r incl9+ to blue1 & pres5ts granul> concretions1 readily friable1 & !re=e unfit = vessels int5d$ to /& a long cont9u$ heat4 ,annual ,cr$itor & ,debtor ,acc\nt ( manufactur+ daily f #ej1jjj to #ajb1jjj cubic feet ( gas at ! price :i* coal be>s 9 ! metropolis4--,! op]ation be+ comm5c$ ) new ,retorts1 & ! retorts be+ left 9 a fit work+ /ate4 ,! fir/ ( ! foll[+ processes 0 conduct$ on ! pr9ciple t coal & lab\r1 be+ ( an high price1 z 9 ,london1 x is mo/ economical to obta9 ! greate/ possible quantity ( gas f a giv5 quantity ( coal 9 ! lea/ possible "t1 )\t any reg>d to ! injury done to ! di/illatory vessel4 ,! second process is int5d$ to illu/rate ! correctness ( t pr9ciple1 by %ew+ t :]e coal & lab\r are at ! high prices /at$ 9 ! fir/ process1 x is a los+ sy/em to "w ! retorts at a l[] temp]ature1 9 ord] to make !m la/ long]4 ,9 "s respects a simil>ity w be obs]v$ betwe5 ^! exp]im5ts1 & ^? already giv5 9 page #he1 b besides _! hav+ ref]5ce to ! sep>ate & di/9ct circum/ance ( ! high prices ( coal & lab\r 9 ,london1 x w be f\nd t !y also diff] f ! =m] /atem5ts1 9 exhibit+1 n m]ely ! exp5ce ( work+1 b ! orig9al co/ ( erect+ ! retorts1 z well z ! exp5ce ( replac+ !m4 ,process ,i4 ,! quantity ( gas to be suppli$ ea* night1 0 #ej1jjj cubic feet4 ,9 ord] to produce ?is quantity1 ?irty cyl9drical retorts1 ea* conta9+ two bu%els ( ,newca/le coal1 7 put 9 action4 ,! temp]ature at :i* ! retorts 7 work$1 0 a bright *]ry r$ness1 at :i* !y produc$ at ! rate ( t5 ?\s& cubic feet ( gas1 f a *aldron ( ,newca/le coal4 ,to "w ! retorts1 ?ree workm5 by day & ?ree by night1 7 requir$4 ,! retorts 7 *>g$ ?ree times e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! fir/ total exp5ce ( erect+ ! retorts1 0 4 #bc ea*1 & x 0 f\nd1 t :5 work$ night & day1 !y c\ld n1 ) ! utmo/ c>e1 be made to cont9ue fit = use = m ?an f five to six mon?s2 h5ce1 a d\ble set ( ! orig9al numb] ( retorts 0 requisite ea* ye>4 ,! :ole annual op]ation pursu$ on ?is plan /ood z foll[s3 ,co/ ( sixty retorts1 ?irty at "w & ?irty to sp>e1 ) brick-"w f\ndation1 iron coke he>?1 p]p5dicul> pipe connect$ ) hydraulic ma91 see ,p1 fig4 #b1 plate ,,iv41 at #bc4 ea*4 4 #achj #j #j ,six workm51 ?ree dur+ day-"t1 & ?ree at night1 at #a4 #fs4 ea* ! week #dje #ab #j ,coals1 #ahbe *aldron1 requisite = produc+ ! gas1 at #b4 #hs4 ! *aldron #dchj #j #j ,we> & te> ( grate b>s1 fire-%ovels1 tongs & rack]s #db #j #j #def *aldron ( ,coal = fuel1 4 #b #as4 ! *aldron 4 #ice #f #c ------------ ,total exp5ce1 4 #gadb #ah #c ,subtract ! m>ket price ( saleable ,coke#be produc$ by ! process1 viz4 #ahbe *aldron1 at #a4 #cs4 ! *aldron 4 #bjih #ae #j #def *aldron ( small ,coke or ,breeze1 at t5 %ill+s ! *aldron #bbh #b #f ------------ #bcbf #ag #f ------------ ,!re rema9s 4 #dhaf #j #i = ! annual exp5ce ( ma9ta9+ ! app>atus on ?is con/ruction4 #be ,! t> & ammoniacal liquor af=d$ by ! process1 n be+ always saleable articles1 are omitt$ to be *>g$ 9 ! e/imates4 ,process ,,ii4 ,! next exp]im5t made 01 to asc]ta9 ! contr>y practice ( op]at+1 namely ! mode ( work+ ! retorts1 on ! pr9ciple :i* holds out1 t x is m economical to be satisfi$ ) a less quantity ( gas ?an :at ! coal is capable ( furni%+1 because by s do+ ! retorts become less det]iorat$ & rema9 = a long] "t 9 a /ate fit = use4 ,! quantity ( gas to be suppli$ ea* night1 01 z 9 ! prec$+ process1 fifty ?\s& cubic feet4 ,! numb] ( retorts requir$ to produce t quantity1 0 =ty-two1 & to make !m la/ twelve mon?s in/ead ( six mon?s1 z 9 ! prec$+ process1 x 0 necess>y to "w !m at a temp]ature1 at :i* a *aldron ( coal produces f sev5 ?\s&1 to eight ?\s& cubic feet ( gas4 ,! result ( ?is op]ation 0 z foll[s3 ,co/ ( =ty-two retorts1 ) brick-"w f\ndation1 ca/-iron coke he>?1 p]p5dicul> dip pipe1 connect$ ) ! hydraulic ma91 at 4 #bc ea* 4 #iff #j #j ,eight workm51 f\r by day & f\r by night1 at #a4 #fs4 ea* ! week 4 #edj #af #j #beee *aldron ( ,coal1 requisite = produc+ ! gas1 at 4 #b #hs4 ! *aldron 4 #fabc #j #j ,we> & te> ( grate b>s1 fire %ovels1 tongs & rack]s #db #j #j #fch *aldron ( ,coal = fuel1 at #b4 #as4 ! *aldron #acjg #ah #j ------------ 4 #higi #ad #j ,d$uct ! m>ket price ( #beee *aldron ( coke1 produc$ by ! process1 at #a4 #cs4 ! *aldron4 4 #bich #e #j #fch *aldron ( small coke1 or breeze1 at #ajs4 ! *aldron #cai #g #f ------------ 4 #cbeg #ab #f ------------ ,!re rema9s = ! annual exp5ce ( ma9ta9+ ! app>atus 4 #egbb #a #f ,subtract ! annual exp5ce ( ,process ,i4 #dhaf #j #i ------------ ,! balance 9 fav\r ( ,process ,i4 is 4 #ijf #j #i ,process ,a4 ,9 ! foll[+ additional processes1 ! retorts :5 begun to be work$1 7 also new1 & 7 left 9 a fit work+ /ate4 ,! quantity ( gas requir$ to be produc$ daily1 0 #ajb1jjj cubic feet4#bf #bf ,^! ,exp]im5ts 7 made at ! ,we/m9/] ,gas ,works1 "u ! sup]9t5dance ( ,mr4 ,clegg1 to :om ,i am indebt$ = ?is communication4 ,! retorts 7 work$ at a temp]ature at :i* !y produc$ #aj1jjj cubic feet ( gas f ! *aldron1 7#bg ,cwt47 ( ,newca/le coal4 ,to sixty-eight retorts1 twice replac$1 at #ae4 ea* 4 #bjdj #j #j ,det]ioration ( grate b>s1 fire %ovels1 tongs1 & rack]s #ia #af #j #cgbc *aldron ( coal = obta9+ ! gas1 at #b4 #hs4 ! *aldron #hice #d #j #icj *aldron1 #bg bu%els ( ,coal1 = fuel1 at #b4 #as4 ! *aldron #aijh #j #i #ad ,m5 at #a4 #fs4 ea*1 ! week1 be+ #g = ! day1 & #g = ! night #idf #h #j ------------- 4 #ac1iba #h #i ,d$uct ! m>ket price ( #cgbc *aldron ( saleable coke1 at #a4 #cs4 ! *aldron 4 #dbha #i #j #icj *aldron ( small coke1 or breeze1 at #ajs4 ! *aldron #dfe #g #f ------------ 4 #dgdf #af #f ------------ ,co/ ( obta9+1 #cg1bcj1jjj cubic feet ( gas 4 #iagd #ab #c ,process ,b4 ,produc+ #hjjj cubic feet ( gas1 f ! *aldron ( ,newca/le coal4 ,eighty-five retorts1 once replac$ at 4 #ae ea* 4 #abge #j #j ,det]ioration ( grate b>s1 fire %ovels1 tongs & rack]s #aag #af #j #dfec *aldron ( coals = obta9+ ! gas1 at #b4 #hs4 ! *aldron #aa1afg #d #j #aafc *aldron ( coal = fuel1 at #b4 #as4 ! *aldron #bche #ac #i ,eighte5 m5 at #a4 #fs4 ea* man ! week1 be+ n9e = ! day1 & n9e = ! night #abaf #af #j -------------- 4 #af1afb #i #i ,f :i* d$uct #dfec *aldron ( saleable ,coke1 at 4 #a #cs4 ! *aldron 4 #ecej #ai #j #aafc *aldron ( small coke1 or breeze1 at #ajs4 ! *aldron #eha #ag #f ------------ 4 #eicb #af #f -------------- ,co/ ( obta9+ #cg1bcj1jjj cubic feet ( gas1 accord+ to process ,b1 4 #aj1bbi #ac #c ,d$uct ! co/ ( ,process ,a1 #iagd #ab #c -------------- ,balance 9 fav\r ( ,process ,a4 4 #ajee #a #j ,! read] w h no difficulty 9 calculat+ f ! prec$+ exp]im5ts1 e v>iation :i* c possibly take place1 z to ! degree ( temp]ature mo/ economically to be employ$ 9 consequ5ce ( a v>iation 9 ! prices ( coal1 coke & lab\r4#bg #bg ,! av]age co/ at :i* coal gas c be manufactur$ on a l>ge scale 9 ,london1 is sev5 %ill+s ! ?\s& cubic feet1 d$uct+ n only ! int]e/ ( ! capital sunk 9 erect+ ! e/abli%m5t1 r5t & taxes1 ! co/ ( ! coal1 lab\r1 we> & te> ( ! ma*9]y1 & sup]9t5d5ce1 b all o!r necess>y & incid5tal exp5ces t may occur4 ,comp>ative facility ) :i* ! decomposition ( diff]5t species ( ,coal is effect$4 ,! temp]ature necess>y = ! decomposition ( diff]5t k9ds ( coal1 v>ies4 ,"s species ( coal are m readily decompos$1 & require a less portion ( fuel ?an o!rs2 !y yield up _! maximum quantity ( gas1 9 an almo/ equal /ream f beg9n+ to end1 & no extraord9>y increase ( temp]ature is requir$ to t]m9ate ! di/illatory process4 ,o!r k9ds ( coal require a diff]5t treatm5t2 ! temp]ature necess>y to complete _! decomposition requires t ! heat %\ld be consid]ably increas$ z ! process advances2 & )\t ?is condition ! evolution ( ! gas w\ld cease altoge!r4 ,a /rik+ pro( ( ?is /atem5t may be se5 :5 ,newca/le or ,sund]l& coal are attempt$ to be decompos$ at a temp]ature :i* is suffici5t = ! decomposition ( ,scot* ,spl5t coal1 or ,lanca%ire ,wiggan coal4 ,! decomposition ( ! latt]1 w be fully effect$ :5 ! di/illatory vessel exhibits to ! eye a dull *]ry r$ness1 & ! evolution ( ! gas at su* a temp]ature w take place 9 torr5ts f beg9n+ to end4 ,9 ord]1 on ! o!r h&1 to complete ! decomposition ( ,newca/le & ,sund]l& coal1 ! heat mu/ be increas$ z ! process proce$s1 & ! production ( ! gas w be ext5d$ f> beyond ! "t requir$ = decompos+ a l quantity ( ,scot*1 or ,lanca%ire ,wiggan coal1 :5 expos$ to ! same degree ( heat4 ,x mu/ be all[$1 h[ev]1 t few exp]im5ts h be5 yet made on ?is subject4 ,i h reason to believe t all ^? v>ieties ( coal :i* af=d an incoh]5t friable coke1 are decompos$ at a mu* l[] degree ( heat1 ?an su* z produce1 :5 treat$ "u l circum/ances1 a pond]\s compact coke4 ,& if we give cr$it to ! ass]tion ( ^? workm51 ^: bus9ess x is to manufacture a giv5 quantity ( gas by means ( a c]ta9 quantity ( coal deliv]$ to !m1 x w\ld appe> t coal :i* af=ds gas ab\nd+ 9 sulphurett$ hydrog51 is ! k9d ( coal mo/ easily to be decompos$4 ,?is1 z f> z x reg>ds ! decomposition ( ,scot* ,spl5t or cannel coal1 is c]ta9ly true4 ,no species ( coal af=ds gas at a l[] temp]ature1 & ( none is ! gase\s product m load$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas4 ,! subject is important & des]ves to be pursu$2 p>ticul>ly 9 places :]e coke is n1 z x is 9 ! metropolis1 & all places :]e coal be>s a high price1 next to gas1 ! prim>y article to :i* ! att5tion ( ! manufactur] ( coal gas ought to be direct$4 ,! foll[+ are ! result ( a s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ! subject made at ! ,we/m9/] ,gas ,works1#bh ! same temp]ature be+ employ$ ?r\gh\t ! process4 #bh ,communicat$ by ,mr4 ,t4 ,s4 ,peck/on4 ,v>ieties ( ,coal4 ,ratio ( "t 9 ,decimals4 ,scot* ,spl5t or ,cannel coal #a1jj ,newca/le coal1 7,ne%am7 #a1jd ,gl\ce/]%ire coal ,=e/ ( ,dean fir/ v>iety 7,l[ ,delph7 #a1jh ,newca/le coal1 ,second v>iety1 7,middle ,delph7 #a1ji ,?ird v>iety1 7,heaton ,ma97 #a1ae ,f\r? v>iety1 7,br[n's ,wall's ,end7 #a1ah ,fif? v>iety1 7,hutton's ,l[ ma97 #a1cj ,six? v>iety1 7,tyne ,ma97 #a1ed ,w>wick%ire coal1 ,fir/ v>iety1 #a1fj ,second v>iety1 #a1fe ,?ird v>iety1 #a1fh ,,"p ,,vii4 ,horizontal ,rot>y ,retorts1 lately br\ght into use = manufactur+ coal gas4 ,! _m disadvantages att5dant on ! plan ( decompos+ coal 9 masses f five to t5 in*es 9 ?ickness1 z already suffici5tly expos$ 9 ! prec$+ p>ts1 _h naturally ! effect ( develop+ a pr9ciple ( manufactur+ coal gas1 :i* practice has n[ fully e/abli%$1 namely3 t to decompose coal1 9 ?9 lay]s f two to f\r in*es 9 ?ickness1 is to obta9 ! greate/ quantity ( gas f a giv5 quantity ( coal at ! lea/ exp5ce4 ,mr4 ,clegg 0 ! fir/ p]son :o po9t$ out to ! public ! advantages t mu/ accrue f ?is mode ( op]at+1 & to him we are indebt$ = ! con/ruction ( an app>atus1 ! great +5uity & sup]iority ( :i*1 entitles :at is call$ ! horizontal rot>y retort1 to all ! m]it & praise t belongs to ! "* ( an orig9al inv5tion4 ,! num]\s & great advantages ( ?is di/illatory app>atus1 ! rapidly increas+ adoption ( x1#bi & ! almo/ c]ta9 prospect :i* exi/s ( _! ultimately sup]s$+ all =m] me?ods ( decompos+ coal1 make x prop] t ,i %\ld lay be=e ! read]1 z full an acc\nt z my limits w p]mit1 ( ! con/ruction & op]ation ( ?is retort1 & ! mode ( apply+ x2 & ?is becomes ! m necess>y on acc\nt ( ! _m important improvem5ts :i* ! app>atus has und]gone s9ce its fir/ adoption1#cj & ( :i* no description has yet be5 laid be=e ! public4 #bi ,retorts ( ?is description h be5 lately adopt$1 9 ! ,gas ,works at ,bri/ol1 ,birm+ham1 ,*e/]1 ,kidd]m9/]1 & at _m o!r prov9cial ,gas ,e/abli%m5ts4 #cj ,an acc\nt ( ! orig9al con/ruction ( ! rot>y retort may be se5 9 ! ,repository ( ,arts1 ,no4 ,,clxxvi1 #ahaf1 page ,i4 & also 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #acc4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt w r5d] ! con/ruction ( ?is retort suffici5tly obvi\s3 ,description ( ! ,horizontal ,rot>y ,retorts at ! ,royal ,m9t4#ca #ca ,! retorts lately erect$ at ! ,gas ,works1 at ,birm+ham1 ,*e/]1 ,bri/ol1 c4 are simil> to ^? at ! m9t4 ,! horizontal rot>y ,retorts at ! ,royal ,m9t1 are holl[ cyl9d]s1 eight feet six in*es 9 diamet] & #ae in*es high1 ar*$ a little at ! top4 ,!y are made ( wr\ght-iron plates1 half an in* ?ick1 rivett$ toge!r 9 ! mann] ( a /eam-eng9e boil]2 ,a1 ,a1 ,a1 fig4 #b1 plate ,,iii4 exhibits a p]p5dicul> section ( ! rot>y retort4 ,9 fig4 #a1 plate ,,ii4 ! retort is se5 fix$ 9 ! brick-"w2 a1 fig4 #a1 plate ,,ii4 %ews ! m\? ( ! retort1 ?r\gh :i* ! coals are introduc$1 & f :5ce ! coke is )drawn4 ,x is also %[n 9 p]spective at ,b1 ,b1 ,b4 fig4 #b4 plate ,,vii4 ,! m\? is clos$ ) a ca/-iron door fitt$ on air-tight by gr9d+4 ,! door is connect$ at its upp] & l[] extremities1 ) a frame & adju/+ rod1 see ,b1 ,b1 fig4 #a1 plate ,,ii41 & also plate ,,vii41 by means ( :i* x may readily be slid$ d[n bel[ ! m\? ( ! retort1 :5 ! coals are to be introduc$1 or coke is to be )drawn4 ,to ! upp] extremity ( ! rod ,b1 fig4 #a1 plate ,,ii41 is fix$ a lev]1 load$ ) a c\nt]poise weight ,c1 to balance ! door1 & to r5d] ! op5+ & clos+ ( x easy & exp$iti\s4 ,! m\?-piece & its door is ?ree feet long1 & n9e in*es wide2 x projects n9e in*es beyond ! brick-"w or furnace 9 :i* ! retort is fix$1 z may be se5 at fig4 #a1 plate ,,ii4 ,! fire-place1 :i* is on ! opposite side to t ( ! m\? ( ! retort1 heats only "o-?ird "p ( ! :ole capacity ( ! retort to t degree :i* is prop] = ! complete & rapid decomposition ( ! coal1 :ile ! rema9+ p>ts1 :i* are n ov] ! fire-place1 & to :i* ! fire flues d n ext5d1 are kept at a l[] temp]ature4 ,! flues are direct$ "u ab\t "o-?ird ( ! area ( ! bottom ( ! retort1 & aft] hav+ pass$ ov] "o-?ird "p ( ! area ( ! top ( ! retort1 !y pass into ! *imney4 ,fig4 #a1 plate ,,vi41 exhibits ! direction ( ! flues2 ,a1 ,a1 ! flues1 & ! fire-place4 ,! :ole retort is gu>d$ f ! contact ( ! fire1 :i* w\ld soon de/roy x1 by fire-bricks2 x not)/&+ spe$ily receives ! full effect ( ! heat1 & reta9s its temp]ature :5 once heat$ = a long "t4 ,fig4 #a1 plate ,,ii41 exhibits "o ( ! retorts fix$ 9 its furnace4 ,a p]spective view ( ?ree retorts may be se5 9 fig4 #b1 plate ,,vii4 ,?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! retort1 passes p]p5dicul>ly1 an iron %aft ,d1 z %[n 9 ! section ( ! retort1 fig4 #b1 plate ,,iii41 & also 9 fig4 #a1 plate ,,ii4 ,! l[] extremity ( ! %aft revolves ^u ! bottom ( ! retort1 9 a cup-%ap$ cavity1 :ile its upp] extremity passes ?r\gh ! ro( ( ! retort1 :]e ! latt] is made air-tight by means ( a pipe ,e1 fig4 #a1 plate ,,ii41 & ,e1 fig4 #b1 plate ,,iii41 clos$ at ! top & surr\nd+ ! %aft1 & h5ce ! %aft mu/ always pres]ve its c5tre4 ,to ! l[] extremity ( ! %aft is key$ a box or c5tre piece1 7te*nically call$ a rose c5tre17 ,f1 fig4 #b1 plate ,,iii4 ,x is also se5 9 ! p]p5dicul> section ( ! retort1 fig4 #a1 plate ,,ii4 ,f ?is %aft radiate twelve wr\ght-iron arms1 ,g1 ,g1 fig4 #b1 plate ,,iii41#cb fix$ 9 sockets made 9 ! box4 ,^! arms are elevat$ ?ree in*es above ! bottom ( ! retort1 & ext5d to ne>ly )9 its :ole inn] circumf]5ce4 ,!y are w$ge-%ap$1 & _! greate/ diamet] is at "r angles to ! base ( ! retort1 s t ! weight ( ! arms re/s on ! axis4 ,!y are int]sect$ by two conc5tric r+s1 z w be se5 on inspect+ fig4 #e1 plate ,,iii41 :i* exhibits ! plan ( ! retort1 toge!r ) ! iron arms1 ,g1 ,g1 & conc5tric r+s4 ,! c5tre ( figure #e1 %[s also ! plan ( ! rose c5tre ,f1 fig4 #b1 plate ,,iii41 into :i* ! arms are key$4 #cb ,9 ! horizontal rot>y ,retorts at ! ,*e/]1 ,birm+ham & ,bri/ol ,gas ,works1 :i* are twelve feet six in*es 9 diamet]1 !re are fifte5 arms4 ,at "s ,gas ,works ! arms are made ( ca/-iron4 ,betwe5 ! arms are plac$ twelve %all[ iron trays or boxes1 de/9$ to conta9 ! coal f :i* ! gas is to be obta9$4 ,!y are =m$ to ! segm5t ( a circle1 h5ce ! :ole s]ies ( !m :5 arrang$ 9 ! retort1 exhibits a %all[ circul> tray1 :i*1 :5 motion is giv5 to ! %aft1 may be made to revolve )9 ! retort4 ,fig4 #ab1 plate ,,iii4 exhibits "o ( ! %all[ trays1 or coal boxes 9 p]spective4 ,x w be obvi\s1 t by ! motion ( ! %aft1 any numb] ( ! trays or coal-boxes c readily be br\ght f ! colde/1 into ! hotte/1 & f ! hotte/ into ! colde/ "p ( ! retort4 ,h1 fig4 #a1 plate ,,ii41 & a1 plate ,,iii41 or ,h1 plate ,,vii41 is a p]p5dicul> pipe situat$ at ! m>g9 ( ! retort1 close beh9d ! m\?-piece1 & consequ5tly 9 ! colde/ "p ( ! retort4 ,x s]ves to c>ry (f ! di/illatory products evolv$ f ! coal1 & causes "p ( ! vapor\s t>1 :i* becomes cond5s$ 9 x1 to trickle back aga9 ^u ! coal 9 ! retort1 9 ord] to become conv]t$ into gas1 :5 ! coal on :i* x falls becomes situat$ ov] ! fire-place4 ,?is pipe is furni%$ at its upp] extremity ) a hydraulic valve1 ,j1 fig4 #a1 plate ,,ii4 ,x consi/s simply ( an inv]t$ cup ,x1 appli$ ov] ! upp] op5 extremity ( ! p]p5dicul> pipe ,h1 & subm]s$ into a cup =m$ ( a portion ( l>g] pipe1 surr\nd+ ! pipe ,h1 conta9+ t>4 ,! small]1 or inn] cup ,x1 is repres5t$ 9 ! design rais$ out ( ! liquid conta9$ 9 ! out] cup ,j1 to %[ an ap]ture ,y1 made 9 ! small] or inn] cup2 ! use ( :i* w be m5tion$ h]eaft]4 ,! inv]t$ cup ,x1 is furni%$ ) a *a91 "o extremity ( :i* is fa/5$ to ! upp] extremity ( ! cup1 ! o!r passes ov] a small :eel1 & desc5ds ?r\gh ! ro( ( ! build+1 z %[n 9 ! design4 ,k1 fig4 #a1 plate ,,ii41 or ,k ,k1 fig4 #b1 plate ,,vii41 is a bran* pipe proce$+ lat]ally f ! p]p5dicul> pipe ,h2 x communicates ) ! hydraulic box ,l1 fig4 #a1 plate ,,ii4 ,n1 is a pipe :i* proce$s f ! hydraulic box ,l2 x s]ves to c>ry away ! gase\s & liquid products to _! places ( de/9ation4 ,! liquid products1 namely1 ! t> & ammoniacal fluid1 become deposit$ 9 ! t> ci/]n1 fig4 #c1 plate ,,ii41 into :i* ! pipe ,n t]m9ates4 ,! t> ci/]n is furni%$ ) two floats ,y ,y2 ! "o s]ves to indicate ! quantity ( t>1 & ! o!r ! quantity ( aque\s ammoniacal fluid conta9$ 9 ! vessel4 ,^! fluids may be drawn (f )\t admitt+ air into ! vessel by ! /op-cock & b5t tube1 exhibit$ 9 ! figure4 ,! %ort] pipe ,n1 :i* proce$s f ! t> ci/]n1 fig4 #c1 plate ,,ii41 & communicates ) ! purify+ app>atus or lime ma*9e1 fig4 #b1 plate ,,ii41 s]ves to convey ! gase\s fluid1 :i* accompani$ ! cond5sible liquids deposit$ 9 ! t> ci/]n1 back aga9 into ! lime ma*9e1 or purify+ app>atus1 fig4 #b1 plate ,,ii41 ! con/ruction ( :i*1 toge!r ) ! conveyance ( ! gas f ?is vessel to its place ( de/9ation w be /at$ h]eaft]4 ,l1 fig4 #a1 plate ,,ii41 or fig4 #b1 plate ,,vii41 is an iron flap table1 plac$ level ) ! bottom ( ! m\? ( ! retort4 ,x is conv5i5t to hold sev]al coal trays ready *>g$ ) coal 9 a /ate fit to be introduc$ into ! retort4 ,! fire-place1 flues1 & a%-pit ( ! furnace1 9 :i* ! retort is fix$1 are suffici5tly obvi\s by m]e inspection ( fig4 #a1 plate ,,ii4 ,! front elevation ( ! retort is se5 9 fig4 #b1 plate ,,vii41 :i* exhibits ?ree horizontal retorts2 two ( :i* h ! door ( ! m\?-piece slid$ d[n1 & "o ) ! door 9 its place1 or %ut4 ,! circul> r+ se5 9 ?is design1 at ! top ( ea* retort1 :i* re/s on iron-be>+ b>s1 ! extremities ( :i* are let into ! end walls ( ! furnace1 s]ves to support ! ro( ( ! retort by means ( bolts1 proce$+ f ! inn] side ( ! ro(4 ,?is arrangem5t is likewise %[n 9 ! section1 fig4 #a1 plate ,,ii4#cc ,at ! b5d$ "p ( ! p]p5dicul> pipe ,h1 fig4 #a1 plate ,,ii41 is se5 a bonnet1 or cov]1 :i* closes an op5+ made into ! pipe ,h1 ?r\gh :i*1 by means ( an iron rod1 ! l[] extremity ( ! pipe ,h1 may1 f "t to "t1 be exam9$1 to gu>d aga9/ an incru/ation ( decompos$ t> or c>bonace\s matt] t might happ5 to accumulate 9 t "p ( ! pipe4 ,! upp] "p ( ! pipe ,h1 above ! bonnet at ! b5d$ "p1 requires no exam9ation4 #cc ,a m economical me?od ( support+ ! ro( ( ! retort has lately be5 adopt$ by ,mr4 ,clegg4 ,x consi/s 9 giv+ ! ro( ! =m ( an inv]t$ ar*1 support$ on ! ,cat5>ia plan1 by two bolts only1 plac$ at ! mo/ elevat$ extremity ( ! ar* & secur$ to an horizontal beam4 b1 fig4 #b1 & b1 fig4 #e1 plate ,,iii41 is ! flan* ( ! retort2 c1 fig4 #b1 plate ,,iii41 ! flan* ( ! m\?-piece2 d1 ! cutt]1 or w$ge1 :i* draws ! m\?-piece close2 e1 ! cross b>1 aga9/ :i* ! cutt] d1 be>s1 to r5d] ! m\?-piece air tight2 f1 fig4 #b1 "o ( ! eye-bolts or arms :i* support ! cross b> e2 x is also se5 at e1 9 ! plan ( ! retort1 fig4 #e1 plate ,,ii4 ,9 ?is figure b is ! flan* ( ! retort1 & c ! door4 ,^! few p>ticul>s w be suffici5t to enable ! read] to und]/& ! con/ruction ( ! retort2 its action is z foll[s4 ,action & ,managem5t ( ! ,horizontal ,rot>y ,retort4 ,:5 ! retort is heat$ to ! prop] temp]ature = ! decomposition ( ! coal1 ! door is slid$ d[n1 & ! coal boxes *>g$ ) small coal are slid$ into ! retort f ! table1 ,l1 fig4 #a1 plate ,,ii41 "o by "o1 s t ea* box re/s firmly ^u ! conc5tric r+s plac$ betwe5 ! arms ( ! retort2 ! door is !n slid$ up aga9 into its place & r5d]$ air-tight by means ( w$ges4 ,:5 ! :ole circle fig4 #e1 plate ,,iii4 is ?us fill$ ) coal-boxes1 7! coal %\ld be spread 9 ! boxes1 9 lay]s two or ?ree in*es 9 dep?17 x is obvi\s t ( all ! twelve boxes1 f\r only c be situat$ directly ov] ! fire-place1 :ile ! rema9+ eight are plac$ "r & left t[>ds ! door ( ! retort4 ,! coal 9 ! =m] boxes receives ! full effect ( ! heat1 7see ! plan ( ! fire flues ( ! retort1 fig4 #a1 plate ,,vi417 :ile ! rema9+ eight boxes to :i* ! fire does n ext5d1 are less heat$4 ,! coal 9 ! f\r boxes :i* are 9 ! hotte/ "p ( ! retort becomes rapidly decompos$1 :il/ ! coal 9 all ! o!r boxes is gradually heat$1 & consequ5tly depriv$ only ( moi/ure1 previ\s to be+ subject$ to ! greate/ heat4 ,! box :i* is situat$ "u ! cond5s+ pipe ,h1 plate ,,ii41 ne> ! entry door1 receives ! cond5s$ t> :i* trickles d[n ! pipe ,h4 ,n[ let u suppose t ! coal 9 ! f\r boxes ov] ! fire place is fully decompos$1 :i* w be ! case if #cb p\nds ( coal are 9 ea* box1 9 two h\rs1 ! workman !n turns ! %aft ,e1 fig4 #a1 plate ,,ii41 "o-?ird "p ( ! circumf]5ce ( a circle1 by pull+ t[>ds him by means ( an iron hook ! ne>e/ iron arm t may happ5 to be opposite to ! door2 ?is moves ^? boxes :i* at ! comm5cem5t ( ! op]ation 7 ov] ! fire-place1 t[>ds ! colde/ "p ( ! retort1 namely1 t[>ds ! door :i* is opposite to ! fire-place1 & a second s]ies1 or f\r ( ! adjac5t boxes1 are br\ght 9 turn into ! hotte/ "p ( ! retort1 or ov] ! fire-place1 f :5ce ! prec$+ boxes 7 remov$4 ,:5 ! coal 9 ! second s]ies ( boxes has be5 two h\rs 9 ! hotte/ "p ( ! retort1 its decomposition w be complet$2 ! workman !re=e turns ! %aft aga9 "o-?ird "p ( a circle1 & a ?ird s]ies advances 9 _! place1 :ile at ! same "t ! fir/ s]ies becomes situat$ opposite ! entry door ( ! retort1 f :5ce !y may be )drawn & ex*ang$ = an extra set ( trays1 ready *>g$ ) coal & plac$ on ! iron table = t purpose4 ,9 ?is mann] ! op]ation proce$s4 ,"o-?ird "p ( ! :ole *>ge ( coal )9 ! retort is always 9 ! act ( becom+ decompos$2 ano!r ?ird "p is gradually heat$1 & totally depriv$ ( moi/ure1 previ\s to its be+ expos$ to ! temp]ature necess>y = its decomposition2 & ! rema9+ ?ird "p plac$ 9 ! colde/ "p ( ! retort1 receives t portion ( t>1 :i* escapes decomposition1 & trickles d[n ! p]p5dicul> pipe1 9 ord] to be decompos$ :5 ! coal ^u :i* x falls becomes situat$ ov] ! fire-place4 ,h5ce ! quantity ( t> obta9$ f "o *aldron ( ,newca/le coal1 :5 decompos$ by means ( an horizontal rot>y retort1 seldom am\nts to m ?an sixty or sev5ty p\nds1 :]eas ! same quantity ( coal :5 decompos$ by means ( cyl9drical or p>allelopip$al retorts1 yields nev] less ?an f "o hundr$ & fifty1 to "o hundr$ & eighty p\nds4 ,an horizontal rot>y retort1 twelve feet six in*es 9 diamet]1 & fifte5 in*es high1 furni%es 9 ! ord9>y way ( work+ e tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 fifte5 ?\s& cubic feet ( gas1 :5 five trays ( ! retort are *>g$ ) ?ree bu%els ( ,newca/le coal4 ,! weight ( ! retort is ?ree tons2 its capacity1 "o hundr$ & fifty cubic feet4 ,! hydraulic valve describ$ page #aaf1 s]ves m]ely to re/ore ! equilibrium1 betwe5 ! gas )9 ! retort1 & ! atmosph]ic air )\t1 previ\s to ! op5+ ( ! door ( ! m\? ( ! retort4 ,to effect ?is ! workman raises ! cup ,x1 by means ( ! *a91 s t ! small hole ,y1 9 ! cup ,x1 becomes rais$ out ( ! t> 9 ! cup ,l1 & he closes x aga9 :5 ! retort is *>g$3 ?is op]ation requires two m9utes4 ,we h /at$ already1 t ! door ( ! retort is gr\nd air-tight1 & h5ce x requires no lut+4 ,advantages ( ! me?od ( manufactur+ ,coal ,gas by means ( ,horizontal ,rot>y ,retorts4 ,! advantages ( ! mode ( manufactur+ coal gas by means ( horizontal rot>y retorts1 consi/ 9 a sav+ ( fuel1 "t1 lab\r1 & ma*9]y1 a ga9 9 ! quantity ( gas1 & increase 9 ! quantity ( coke4 ,sav+ ( fuel4--,! mass ( coal subject$ to decomposition be+ r$uc$ f ! dim5sion requir$ 9 ! old plan 7by means ( cyl9drical retorts7 to ! n>r[e/ available limits1 !re be+ no outw>d cru/ ( coke to be kept r$ hot = h\rs to no purpose1 :ile ! decomposition ( ! int]ior mass ( coal is go+ on2--! coke itself be+ z soon z =m$ remov$ f ! s\rce ( heat1 & appli$ :ile cool+1 to w>m up a fre% supply ( coal next 9 ord] ( becom+ decompos$1 in/ead ( be+ dis*>g$ 9 a r$ hot /ate1 into ! op5 air1 z requires to be done 9 ! practice be=e detail$--! :ole fuel 9 %ort be+ necess>ily & b5eficially exp5d$--! sav+ ( coal employ$ z fuel 9 ?is respect1 is exactly ! ga9+ ( all t is lo/ on ! plan ( employ+ cyl9drical or any ( ! retorts be=e describ$4 ,h5ce "o *aldron ( coal is decompos$ at ! gas e/abli%m5ts :]e horizontal rot>y retorts are 9 action by means ( tw5ty p] c5t ( fuel1 & at "s e/abli%m5ts an exp]t /ok] w "w ! retorts ) fifte5 p] c5t ( fuel4 ,sav+ ( "t4--,! sav+ ( "t does n m]ely am\nt to :at is consequ5t on ! spe$i] decomposition ( ! coal1 & ! sav+ ( t heat :i* =m]ly requir$ to be kept up a l5g? ( "t to no adequate purpose2 x also includes all t is ga9$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! revolv+ motion to :i* ! coal is submitt$1 sup]s$+1 z has be5 already m5tion$1 ! necessity ( dis*>g+ ! coke 9 an ignit$ /ate f ! retort4 ,:5 ! coke is remov$1 z previ\sly expla9$1 page #gb1 r$ hot f ! cyl9drical1 p>allelopip$al1 semi-cyl9drical or ellipsoidal retorts1 ! *>g+ ( ! di/illatory vessel ) fre% coal produces su* a sudd5 r$uction ( temp]ature1 t f ?ree to f\r h\rs inevitably elapse be=e ! retort is aga9 9 a full work+ /ate1 & to ?is circum/ance ! workm5 7p]haps v ju/ly7 attribute ! frequ5t sudd5 injury :i* ! di/illatory ca/-iron vessel su/a9s4 ,ano!r /rik+ advantage ( ! new mode ( decompos+ coal is1 t besides sav+ ! "t :i* is wa/$ 9 keep+ up an int5se temp]ature unnecess>ily ! revolv+ app>atus prev5ts entirely ! loss occasion$ by ^! ?ree or f\r h\rs ( unnecess>y cool+ ( ! di/illatory vessel4 ,= ea* s]ies ( trays1 or coal boxes1 conta9+ ! ignit$ coke1 ( ! horizontal rot>y retort1 be+ suff]$ to cool )9 ! retort be=e ! coke is dis*>g$1 & be+ plac$ 9 contact ) a fre% supply ( coal1 ! temp]ature ( ! retort is kept up uni=mly ! same f beg9n+ to end4 ,sav+ ( ,lab\r4--,9 consequ5ce ( ! sup]ior facility ) :i* ! mode ( decompos+ coal 9 ?9 lay]s & remov+ ! coke z fa/ z x is =m$ is effect$1 ! sav+ 9 po9t ( lab\r is v great4 ,! *>g+ & dis*>g+ ( ! retort is p]=m$ 9 two m9utes4 ,h5ce "o *aldron ( coal may be decompos$ by means ( ?ree horizontal rot>y retorts1 ea* twelve feet six in*es 9 diamet]1 & ) ! att5dance ( two m51 9 eight h\rs1 & produces f fifte5 ?\s&1 to eighte5 ?\s& cubic feet ( gas1 :il/ t5 ?\s& cubic feet ( gas c only be obta9$ f ! same quantity ( coal 9 eight h\rs1 by means ( tw5ty cyl9drical retorts1 att5d$ by ! same numb] ( workm54 ,sav+ ( ma*9]y4--,:5 we comp>e ! orig9al co/ & we> & te> ( ! horizontal rot>y retorts1 ) ! co/ & det]ioration ( a set ( cyl9drical1 p>allelopip$al1 ellipsoidal1 or semi-cyl9drical retorts ( an equal p[]1 7t is to say to produce a l quantity ( gas1 9 a giv5 "t17 a diff]5ce n less /rik+ pres5ts itself 9 fav\r ( ! horizontal retort4 ,we h /at$ already1 t cyl9drical1 ellipsoidal1 p>allelopip$al1 or semi-cyl9drical retorts1 :5 con/antly kept 9 action1 & work$ to ! greate/ advantage1 _c be made to la/ long] ?an six mon?s4#cd #cd ,!y are frequ5tly r5d]$ unfit = use 9 ?ree mon?s1 & at "s works 9 two mon?s1 ow+ n less to ! irregul>ity ( ! temp]ature at :i* !y are work$1 ?an to ! c>elessness ( ! workm54 ,only "o-?ird "p ( ! top & bottom plates ( ! rot>y retort be+ expos$ to ! action ( heat1 are alone liable to det]ioration4 ,x is only necess>y !re=e t ^! p>ts ( ! vessel be r5ew$1 :ile ! o!r p>ts rema9 un9jur$ = ye>s4 ,! new top & bottom plates be+ rivett$ to ! old & undecay$ "p1 )\t d]ang+ ! re/1 ! retort is r5d]$ z good z new4 ,ga9 9 ! quantity ( gas4--,a l>ge increase 9 ! quantity ( gas obta9$1 is a natural consequ5ce ( ! mode 9 :i* ! decomposition ( coal is effect$ by means ( ! horizontal rot>y retort4 ,e body kn[s t coal1 :5 decompos$ sl[ly1 af=ds a l>g] quantity ( t> & ammoniacal liquor1 b a less quantity ( gas ?an :5 decompos$ rapidly4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! =mation ( ! proximate products :i* coal is capable ( furni%+ is effect$ prop]ly2 ! bitum9\s "p ( ! coal is develop$ "u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances4 ,b :5 coal1 aft] be+ previ\sly depriv$ ( moi/ure1 is v sudd5ly heat$ to a high temp]ature1 9 ?9 /rata1 & small portions at a "t1 s t ! vapor\s products in/ead ( becom+ cond5s$1 are made to come into contact ) a sub/ance 7:i* 9 ?is case is ! ro( ( ! retort17 kept con/antly at a temp]ature r high] ?an t at :i* gold1 silv]1 & copp] melts1 7#cb1 ,w$gwood1 or #ebcg1 ,fahr5heit17 a v diff]5t arrangem5t ( pr9ciples takes place4 ,! greate/ portion ( t> :i* ! coal is capable ( furni%+1 in/ead ( be+ produc$ 9 a liquid =m1 becomes !n decompos$ into c>burett$ hydrog51 & olifiant gas4 ,t portion ( t> :i* escapes decomposition1 is cond5s$ 9 ! p]p5dicul> pipe ,h1 fig4 #b1 plate ,,ii41 or ,h1 fig4 #b1 plate ,,vii41 & falls back aga9 into ! retort1 :]e x is also decompos$ :5 ! coal ^u :i* x falls comes "u ! process ( decomposition4 ,h5ce ! quantity ( t> obta9$ by means ( horizontal rot>y retorts1 is v small2 x seldom exce$s ! proportion m5tion$ page #abc1 :5 ! retort is work$ to ! greate/ advantage4 ,?is quantity is consid]ably dim9i%$1 :5 ,newca/le coal1 brok5 into pieces ( ! size ( split pease is decompos$ 9 /rata1 n exce$+ two in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,! quantity ( t> af=d$ by a *aldron ( coal !n am\nts to ?irty p\nds1 :il/ at ! same "t ! quality ( ! gas is improv$2 because coal t> furni%es olifiant gas1 :i* ! coal alone1 :5 di/ill$ by means ( cyl9drical or o!r %ap$ ca/-iron retorts ( ! usual =m1 _c produce1 or at lea/ b 9 a small quantity4 ,"o gallon ( coal t> yields #ae cubic feet ( olifiant gas1 :i* greatly increases ! illum9at+ p[] ( ! c>burett$ hydrog54 ,f :at has be5 s f> /at$1 x w be und]/ood :y "o *aldron ( ,newca/le coal1 :5 decompos$ by ! new process1 may readily be made to produce f #ae1jjj to #ah1jjj cubic feet ( gas & upw>ds1 :]eas ! same quantity ( coal1 if decompos$ by ! old me?od1 yields only ^u an av]age #aj1jjj cubic feet ( gas4#ce #ce ,! exp]im5ts exhibit+ ! maximum quantity ( gas obta9able f coal1 see page #dd1 7 made ) ! horizontal rot>y retorts at ! ,royal ,m9t4 ,simil> results h also be5 obta9$ at ! ,we/m9/] ,gas-,works4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! great] "p ( ! ess5tial oil & t> :i* ! coal w\ld h af=d$ is decompos$1 z /at$ already by virtue ( ! high temp]ature to :i* ! vap\r\s t> is sudd5ly expos$ 9 ! horizontal rot>y retort1 :i* is n ! case :5 coal is decompos$ 9 ! retorts ( ! old con/ruction4 ,ga9 9 ! quantity ( coke4--,) ! cyl9drical or ca/-iron retorts ( ! old %apes1 ! quantity ( coke obta9$ f a giv5 quantity ( coal is ^u an av]age #be p] c5t4 increase by measure f ! be/ k9d ( ,newca/le & ,sund]l& coal1 b tak+ into acc\nt ! wa/e incurr$ 9 break+ out & remov+ ! r$ hot coke f ! retort1 :i* requires ! application ( rak]s & cr[ b>s1 a consid]able portion ( x becomes r$uc$ to du/ or breeze1 & h5ce no m ?an bulk = bulk ( ! coal decompos$ c seldom be dep5d$ ^u z ! ultimate saleable quantity ( coke4#cf #cf ,!re is a va/ diff]5ce ) reg>d to ! quality z well z quantity ( coke obta9$ f diff]5t k9ds ( coal4 ,"s k9ds ( coal produce a species ( coke :i* is s friable t x w h>dly be> be+ mov$ f place to place )\t crumbl+ into du/1 o!rs produce coke 9 pieces ( ! size ( small pebbles1 :ile a ?ird sort af=ds coke ( a /ony h>dness4 ,9 ! new mode ( c>boniz+ coal by means ( ! horizontal rot>y retorts1 ! increase ( coke is #aej p] c5t4 by measure1 s t "o *aldron ( ,newca/le coal produces two & a half *aldron ( coke--?is is ! quantity produc$ ^u an av]age4 ,b :5 ! retort is work$ at a temp]ature to produce at ! rate ( #ah1jjj cubic feet ( gas f ! *aldron ( coal1 ! increase ( coke by measure is #age p] c5t42 9 t case1 ! lay]s ( coal 9 ! coal boxes mu/ n exce$ two in*es 9 ?ickness1 s t ! volume ( coke is 9 ! ratio ( ! quantity ( gas produc$ & ! rapidity & elevation ( temp]ature at :i* ! decomposition ( ! coal is effect$4 ,! coke be+ )drawn f ! place :]e x is =m$ by m]ely turn+ ! boxes conta9+ x1 upside d[n1 all wa/e is avoid$4 ,) respect1 aga91 to ! quality ( ! coke1 x w be obs]v$ t :5 ! coal is rapidly c>boniz$ 9 ?9 lay]s1 & has full lib]ty to exp& freely1 z 9 ! case ( ! horizontal rot>y retort1 x af=ds a light & por\s coke1 :]eas 9 ! cyl9drical1 p>alellopip$al1 semi-cyl9drical1 or ellipsoidal retorts1 ! coke be+ compress$1 ! int5se heat to :i* x is s long & sup]flu\sly expos$1 r5d]s x extremely d5se1 & ( a /ony h>dness4 ,! latt] sort ( coke is unque/ionably pref]able = ! smelt]1 & all furnace op]ations1 /&+ ! bla/ ( ! bell[s well4 ,b ! coke produc$ 9 ! new mode ( op]at+1 is bett] suit$ = ! great majority ( dome/ic purposes1 k9dl+ m readily1 & mak+ a m *e]ful fire4 ,! combu/ion ( ! d5se1 or z x is n[ call$1 cyl9d] coke1 c be only kept up :5 us$ 9 a common grate1 by a /rong draft ( air1 & x is !re=e n s well suit$ = fuel = dome/ic purposes1 to make a small fire2 b ! coke obta9$ by ! horizontal rot>y retort1 readily ma9ta9s its own combu/ion1 ev5 :5 9 small masses2 h5ce x may be us$ )\t any tr\ble1 ei!r 9 ! fire-place ( ! cottag]1 or ( ! pr9ce1 & accord+ly x be>s a high] price 9 ! m>ket4 ,directions to workm51 ) reg>d to ! managem5t ( ,horizontal ,rot>y ,retorts4 ,! circum/ance mo/ ess5tial to ! economical application ( ! horizontal rot>y retort1 is1 z has be5 repeat$ly /at$1 t ! coal %all be spread 9 ?9 lay]s 9 ! boxes ( ! retort1 n exce$+ f two to f\r in*es 9 ?ickness2 & x may be laid d[n z a g5]al rule1 t ! ?9n] ! lay]s1 & ! high] ! temp]ature1 ! great] w be ! proportion ( gas1 ! great] ! bulk ( coke1 & ! small] ! quantity ( t>4 ,! coal be=e x is submitt$ to ! di/illatory process1 %\ld be z dry z possible1 & ! m x is comm9ut$ ! bett]4 ,! v refuse ( ! coal call$ slack1 provid$ x is p]fectly free f =eign matt]1 answ]s be/4 ,x %\ld also be spread 9 ! trays1 9 ev5 lay]s4 ,:5 ! retort is 9 a good work+ /ate1 ! temp]ature %\ld be kept up by ! application ( small quantities ( fuel at a "t4 ,a prodigi\s sav+ ( fuel may be effect$ by att5d+ ! fire prop]ly1 & x is ?is :i* di/+ui%es a c>eful /ok] f a bungl]4 ,= 9 ! work+ ( ?is retort p>ticul>ly1 x is a wa/eful process to clog up ! fire-place ) a l>ge quantity ( fuel injudici\sly appli$4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ?is respect1 ) reg>d to ! economy ( fuel is s great1 t an exp]t /ok] w "w ! retort ) "o-?ird less ( fuel & half ! lab\r t w\ld be employ$ by a neglig5t workman4 ,! quantity ( gas produc$ f a *aldron ( coal may be asc]ta9$ by ! gas metre1 or by ! gas hold]1 if ! outlet valve ( ! latt] be %ut dur+ ! di/illatory process4 ,! heat at ! same "t employ$ = work+ ! retort1 w be be/ def9$ = ! /ok]'s guide1 by copy+ c>efully on pap] ! r$ t9t ( ! retort1 z se5 ?r\gh ! sight hole1 made = t purpose 9 ! brick-"w directly ov] ! fire-place4 ,! fir/ six feet ( ! p]p5dicul> pipe ,h1 fig4 #a1 plate ,,ii41 :i* conveys ! di/illatory products f ! retort1 %\ld be well clean$ out once a mon?1 ! bonnet at ! b5d$ "p ( ! pipe ,h1 fig4 #a1 is provid$ = t purpose1 z already /at$1 page #aai4 ,:5 ! retort rema9s un*>g$1 ! fire mu/ be kept l[ 9 ord] to prev5t its gett+ beyond ! usual temp]ature1 & ! arms & moveable axis %\ld be turn$ occasionally1 & ! door kept close4 ,! fire tiles :i* cov] ! flues "u ! retort %\ld be exam9$ ab\t once a =tnight1 & if a tile is melt$ or brok51 x mu/ be replac$ by a new "o1 because ! pres]vation ( ! retort greatly dep5ds ^u ?is precaution4 ,all ! p>ts ( ! arms compos+ ! moveable disc )9 ! retort1 may be tak5 out ( ! door ( ! retort1 if !y %\ld require a repair1 fir/ tak+ (f ! cap f ! p]p5dicul> pipe ,e1 fig4 #a1 plate ,,ii41 surr\nd+ ! %aft ( ! retort1 !n ! c5tre piece1 or rose c5tre1 ,f1 fig4 #b1 plate ,,ii41 ! %aft ,d1 fig4 #b1 plate ,,iii41 may be drawn up ?r\gh ! pipe :i* surr\nds x4 ,:5 ! retort requires clean+1 :i* %\ld be done once e six or eight mon?s1 a screw may be atta*$ to ! upp] extremity ( ! %aft ,d1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! retort2 by ?is means1 ! arms & rose c5tre )9 ! retort c easily be rais$1 to leave ! bottom ( ! retort q cle>1 9 ord] t ! lumps ( coke1 t may be scatt]$ ab\t1 may be easily remov$4 ,& if an incru/ation ( coke %\ld happ5 to be atta*$ to ! bottom ( ! retort1 x may be readily deta*$ by a cr[ b>1 or o!r suitable in/rum5t4 ,! trays or coal boxes1 fig4 #ab1 plate ,,ii41 may be made by ! /ok]1 ( %eet iron1 7call$ 9 comm]ce ,no4 #af17 fram$ ^u a wood5 m\ld made = ! purpose4 ,! temp]ature be/ suit$ = ! decomposition ( coal by means ( ! horizontal rot>y retort dep5ds1 z has be5 already /at$ 9 ! case ( cyl9drical ca/-iron retorts1 altoge!r on ! price ( coal1 & ! price :i* c be obta9$ = ! coke4 ,9 all places :]e ! av]age price ( coal1 equal 9 quality to 7,bewick & ,crai/]'s ,walls ,end7 ,newca/le coal1 or any o!r species ( coal1 capable ( produc+ f fifte5 to eighte5 ?\s& feet ( gas f "o *aldron1 is n less ?an #b4 #hs4 ! *aldron 7#bg ,cwt47 or upw>ds1 & :]e coke c be sold at ! av]age price ( 4 #a ! *aldron1 ! horizontal rot>y retort %\ld be work$ at su* a temp]ature1 t :5 view$ ?r\gh ! sight hole1 x %all appe> ( a bright *]ry r$ness1 & at :i* x produces f #ae1jjj to #af1jjj cubic feet ( gas1 f a *aldron ( coal4 ,b 9 all o!r places :]e coal ( ! same quality to 7,bewick & ,crai/]'s ,walls ,end7 ,newca/le coal1 may be pur*as$ at 4 #a #hs4 ! *aldron1 or at a less price1 x w be m advantage\s to ! manufactur]1 to "w ! horizontal rot>y retort1 at a l[] temp]ature1 s z to produce only at ! rate ( ?irte5 or f\rte5 ?\s& cubic feet ( gas f ! *aldron ( coal4 ,9 ! latt] case ! manufactur] exp5ds coal 9 ord] to save 8 retort1 :]eas 9 ! =m] case he economizes ! fuel1 z productive ( a ga9 m ?an comm5surate = ! wa/e ( ! retort4 ,:5 ! supply ( gas requir$1 happ5s at any "t to be less ?an ! retort :5 9 action is capable ( furni%+1 ! fire mu/ !n be kept l[1 b ! retort %\ld nev] be suff]$ to acquire a l[] temp]ature1 ?an t ( a dull r$ heat visible by day-light4 ,,"p ,,viii4 ,purify+ ,app>atus1 or ,lime ,ma*9e4 ,coal gas1 ev5 z obta9$ f ! be/ species ( coal1 mu/ be r5d]$ pure be=e x is fit = ! purpose ( illum9ation4 ,! gas 9 its crude /ate always conta9s a portion ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 & c>bonic acid2 & :5 burnt1 al?\gh its illum9at+ p[] is great] 9 an impure ?an 9 a pure /ate1 x produces an oppressive & suffocat+ od\r1 :i* is spe$ily p]ceptible 9 conf9$ places4 ,! gase\s product evolv$ dur+ its combu/ion1 black5s pa9t & t>ni%es metallic bodies2 an impure gas besides /rongly acts ^u ! copp] bran* pipes ?r\gh :i* x is convey$4 ,to obviate ^! defects ! sulphurett$ hydrog5 & c>bonic acid :i* are ! cause ( !m mu/ be remov$1 & to effect ?is1 no me?od m economical & efficaci\s1 has z yet be5 discov]$1 ?an to br+ ! gas conf9$ "u a pressure equal to a column ( wat]1 n less ?an eight or t5 in*es 9 height1 into contact ) quick-lime1 diffus$ ?r\gh wat]4 ,o!r means h be5 tri$1 b all ( !m h fail$ to be suffici5tly efficaci\s or economical on a l>ge scale4 ,lime ,ma*9e orig9ally employ$ = ! ,purification ( ,coal ,gas4 ,9 ! lime-ma*9e1 until lately 9 use1 ! gas 0 made to pass 9 ! app>atus1 ?r\gh passages :i* c\ld n be gu>d$ f be+ /opp$ up 9 ! c\rse ( "t by ! concretion ( a quantity ( c>bonate & hydro-sulphuret ( lime1 =m$ dur+ ! purification ( ! gas1 s t :5 ! /oppage occurr$1 a prodigi\s pressure 0 produc$ 9 ! ma*9e1 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 x 0 ei!r f\nd impossible to keep ! di/illatory app>atus air-tight1 or if ?is 0 accompli%$1 a great "p ( ! gas 0 =c$ ?r\gh ! purify+ app>atus1 )\t com+ 9 contact ) ! lime1 by driv+ ! column ( mixture ( lime & wat] be=e x1 & ( c\rse )\t be+ r5d]$ fit = use1 previ\s to its pass+ into ! gas res]voir4 ,?is effect 0 unavoidable )\t ! precaution ( employ+ a v dilute mixture ( quick-lime & wat]4 ,num]\s in/ances h also occurr$ :]e f ! increas$ pressure :i* ! gas ex]t$ 9 ! lime app>atus1 ! t> f ! hydraulic ma9 0 driv5 up ) a prodigi\s =ce ?r\gh ! dip pipe1 ,p1 fig4 #b1 plate ,,iv41 into ! retort :5 ! retort 0 op5$1 :]e x took fire to ! imm95t dang] ( ! :ole e/abli%m5t4 ,! app>atus orig9ally employ$ 0 compos$ ( a l>ge vessel clos$ on all sides to receive ! gas2 )9 ?is 0 a small] vessel or lime tr\gh op5 at top conta9+ ! quick-lime & wat]2 & !re 0 also a ?ird vessel1 or inv]t$ tr\gh into :i* ! gas 0 receiv$4 ,?is inv]t$ tr\gh 0 op5 at bottom1 & ! edge ( ! op5 "p 0 imm]s$ b5ea? ! surface ( ! mixture ( lime & wat] conta9$ 9 ! lime-tr\gh1 s t ! gas :i* 0 introduc$ 9 ! la/-m5tion$ inv]t$ tr\gh c\ld n escape !refrom1 except ris+ up ?r\gh ! lime & wat]4 ,to facilitate ?is1 holes or op5+s 7 made 9 ! inv]t$ tr\gh ne> ! bottom edge !re(1 & b5ea? ! surface ( ! purify+ mixture1 s t ! bubbles ( gas 7 oblig$ to rise up ?r\gh ^! op5+s4 ,f ?is con/ruction ( ! ma*9e ! ap]tures ?r\gh :i* ! gas _h to pass1 7 extremely liable to become /opp$ up1 & dang]\s consequ5ces ensu$4 ,9 ord] to rem$y 9 "s measure ! evil1 a plan 0 adopt$ by ,mr4 ,malam1 = mak+ ! gas to pass 9 ?9 /rata und]nea? a s]ies ( %elves1 plac$ horizontally 9 ! ma*9e s z to expose ! gas 9 z l>ge a surface z possible to ! contact ( ! lime & wat]1 & employ+ ! purify+ mixture at ! same "t 9 a m dilute /ate3--?is arrangem5t is z foll[s4 ,fig4 #d2 plate ,v41 repres5ts a v]tical section ( ! ma*9e2 x is made ( ca/-iron plates1 r5d]$ air-tight by screws1 bolts1 & iron cem5t4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree sep>ate *amb]s1 a1 a1 a1 de/9$ to conta9 ! mixture ( quick-lime & wat]4 ,at ! "u side ( ea* *amb]1 is bolt$ a cyl9d]1 h1 h1 h1 ! l[] extremity ( :i* is furni%$ ) a l>ge flan*1 ext5d+ ne>ly to )9 ! :ole inn] diamet] ( ! ma*9e4 ,f ! bottom ( ea* ( ! *amb]s1 a1 a1 a1 proce$s a pipe curv$ upw>ds1 & communicat+ ) a circul> vessel1 ,c1 ,c1 ,c1 :i* s]ve = ! purpose ( *>g+ ! *amb]s1 a1 a1 a1 ) ! mixture ( quick-lime & wat]1 & regulat+ ! level ( ! fluid )9 ! *amb]s4 ,! curv$ pipe likewise prev5ts ! escape ( ! gas :5 ! cont5ts ( ! *amb]s a1 a1 a1 are dis*>g$4 ,! vessels1 ,c1 ,c1 ,c1 are provid$ ) a wa/e pipe & /op-cock1 z %[n 9 ! sket*1 = dis*>g+ ! cont5ts ( "o *amb] into ! *amb] plac$ bel[ x1 & la/ly into ! res]voir e4 b b1 are pipes :i* convey ! gas into ! *amb]s1 "o extremity ( ea* pipe communicates ) ! cyl9d]s h1 h1 h1 & ! o!r ) ! *amb] bel[ x1 & ! l[] pipe communicates ) ! valve ,m1 s t by ?is means a communication is =m$ f ! l[] cyl9d] h1 to ! middle cyl9d] h1 & f ! middle to ! upp]mo/ cyl9d]4 ,k1 is ! exit pipe :i* conveys ! purifi$ gas f ! upp]mo/ *amb] into ! res]voir de/9$ to receive x4 ,?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! ma*9e passes a wr\ght-iron %aft1 furni%$ ) agitators or arms1 to /ir up ! mixture ( quick-lime & wat]4 ,! arms are n imm$iately connect$ ) ! %aft1 b proce$ f ca/-iron hydraulic cups1 ( ! usual con/ruction1 by ?is means ! escape ( ! gas is prev5t$1 nor c ! fluid pass f "o *amb] into ano!r4 ,! axis is put 9 motion1 by :eel-"w z %[n 9 ! design e1 ! h&le = turn+ ! %aft4 g1 is a receiv] to collect ! cond5sible products4 ,! cont5ts ( ?is vessel may be dis*>g$ by a h& pump be+ atta*$ to ! upp] extremity ( ! pipe f1 aft] ! cap ) :i* x is clos$ is remov$4 ,! op]ation ( ?is lime ma*9e is obvi\s4 ,! gas fir/ passes into ! l[]mo/ *amb] ( ! cyl9d] h1 :]e x comes 9 contact ) ! purify+ mixture & passes ?r\gh ! fluid to ! top ( ! same *amb]1 & !nce ?r\gh ! pipe b1 into ! cyl9d] above x :i* communicates ) ! l[] *amb]1 :]e x is act$ on aga9 by ! lime & wat]1 & bubbles up ?r\gh ! fluid to ! top ( ! *amb]4 ,f ?is comp>tm5t ! gas passes into ! ?ird cyl9d]1 :]e x bubbles up & passes ?r\gh ! lime & wat]2 & la/ly x makes its exit ?r\gh ! pipe ,k1 into ! ga%old] or vessel de/9$ to receive x4 ,:5 ! mixture ( quick-lime & wat] 9 ! comp>tm5ts a1 a1 a1 ( ! ma*9e1 requires to be r5ew$1 x is let (f by ! /op-cock at ! bottom ( ! l[]mo/ vessel into ! res]voir e4 ,! fluid conta9$ 9 ! upp] *amb] may be dis*>g$ into ! *amb] bel[ x1 & s on ) ! *amb]s bel[ x1 c>e be+ tak5 to close ! /op-cock ( ! l[] vessel4 ,! ma*9e may be re*>g$ at ! upp]mo/ *amb] ) ! purify+ mixture4 ,fig4 #e1 exhibits ! plan ( ! ma*9e4 b1 b1 b1 ! tubes connect+ ! *amb]s4 ,b1 ! flan* ( ! cyl9d] h4 ,?is ma*9e has 9 "p rem$i$ ! inconv5i5ces /at$ pages #ada1 #adb1 b ! increase 9 ! quantity ( ! purify+ mat]ials :i* ! app>atus requires1 is ( itself productive ( mo/ s]i\s disadvantages4 ,! great] accumulation ( wa/e lime :i* su* a practice occasions1 r5d]s x necess>y t capaci\s res]voirs & sew]s %\ld be con/ruct$ to receive & c>ry (f ! refuse mat]ials1 & :]e an outlet by su* means _c be obta9$1 ! c>t+ away ! increas$ quantities ( wa/e matt] adds greatly to ! co/ ( ! gas4 ,if attempts are made to convey ! wa/e sub/ances into ! common sew]s or dra9s ( ! neighb\rhood1 ! proprietors ( gas works are expos$ to indictm5ts = a nuisance at ! suit ( ! inhabitants1 & :5 ! ne> proximity ( any riv] or lake induces an attempt to convey ! wa/e mat]ials ?i!r1 ! mo/ s]i\s injury may be done to ! wat]1 :i* becom+ impregnat$ ) hydrosulphuret ( lime is r5d]$ unfit n only = dome/ic b = _m manufactur+ purposes4 ,! latt] evil inde$ is "o :i* op]ates also 9 a great] or less] degree1 ev5 :5 ! ftid refuse or hydrosulphuret is dis*>g$ into ! common sew]s1 all ( :i* ultimately empty !mselves into "s wat] c\rse1 rivulet or lake4 ,i w\ld "h beg to sugge/1 t consid]+ h[ rapidly ! new mode ( procur+ light is ext5d+ ?r\gh\t ,brita91#cg & h[ mu* ! wat]s ( ! c\ntry are liable to be contam9at$1 f dis*>g+ into !m ! noxi\s refuse f ! process ( purify+ coal gas1 s z to be r5d]$ proportionably unfit = ! v>i\s purposes ( dome/ic & manufactur+ economy1 x is well des]v+ ! att5tion ( ! legislature1 :e!r su* contam9ation ought n to be gu>d$ aga9/ by prohibit+ enactm5ts4 #cg ,! ,t[ns ( ,ed9burgh1 ,glasg[1 ,liv]pool1 ,bri/ol1 ,ba?1 ,*elt5ham1 ,birm+ham1 ,le$s1 ,man*e/]1 ,exet]1 ,macclesfield1 ,kidd]m9/]1 ,pre/on1 ,wat]=d1 ,ro*e/]1 ,*a?am & sev]al o!rs1 h be5 light$ ) gas )9 ^! few ye>s4 ,x appe>s to me t x w\ld be a wise ex]tion ( au?ority1 to ins]t 9 e act ( ,p>liam5t grant$ = incorporat+ ,gas-light ,companies1 a clause prohibit+ ! proprietors f ev] convey+ ! wa/e mat]ial1 or any o!r produce f ! manufacture ( coal gas1 ei!r directly or indirectly into ! common sew]s1 dra9s or wat] c\rses1 or into riv]s & lakes adjac5t4 ,! salubrity ( ! wat] we use is ( z mu* consequ5ce to u1 z any sup]ior excell5ce or sav+ ( co/ 9 our light c possibly be1 & we ought to take c>e t 9 pr(it+ by an improvem5t :i* sci5ce & art h discov]$1 we d n unnecess>ily depreciate "o ( ^? prim>y bless+s we owe to ! b\nty ( nature4 ,lime ,ma*9e lately adopt$4 ,9 ! improv$ purify+ app>atus#ch lately br\ght into use1 ( :i* we %all n[ give an acc\nt1 a %aft or axis furni%$ ) tee? or claws1 is appli$ )9 ! int]ior ( ! vessel1 & made to act 9 su* a mann] z to scrape out ! op5+s or slits ?r\gh :i* ! gas has to pass e "t ! axis is mov$ r\nd1 & by :i* regul> cle>ance all *ance ( /oppage is avoid$ )\t any augm5tation ( ! purify+ mixture4 #ch ,?is ma*9e has be5 adopt$ at ! gas works at ,*e/]1 ,birm+ham1 ,kidd]m9/]1 ,bri/ol1 & 9 _m o!r prov9cial ,gas ,e/abli%m5ts4 ,! lime tr\gh is also made moveable on a c5tre or axis1 9 su* a mann] t x may readily be inv]t$ by a lev] f ! outside1 = ! purpose ( empty+ its cont5ts into ! bottom ( an ext]ior vessel1 f :i* ! wa/e mat]ials may be dis*>g$ at pleasure4 ,) ?is ma*9e we are f>!r enabl$ to employ ! purify+ mixture 9 a semi-fluid /ate1 & consequ5tly 9 a mu* less bulk2 & aft] hav+ suff]$ x to rema9 9 ! res]voir de/9$ to receive x1 ! wa/e sub/ance spe$ily acquires su* a degree ( solidity t x may be dug out ) a spade & c>t$ away 9 a small compass4 ,! safety ( ! app>atus is !re=e insur$ & ! con/ruction ( exp5sive dra9s & sew]s is r5d]$ unnecess>y4 ,! foll[+ description w r5d] ! con/ruction ( ! improv$ app>atus obvi\s4 ,a1 ,a1 fig4 #b1 plate ,,ii41 is a rectangul> f\r-sid$ prism1 made ( ca/-iron plates1 screw$ toge!r air-tight ) bolts & cem5t4 ,! base ( ! prism t]m9ates 9 a rectangul> f\r-sid$ pyramid plac$ ) its apex d[nw>ds4 ,x is surr\nd$ by an iron /age1 support$ ^u pill>s1 z %[n 9 ! design4 ,)9 ?is vessel1 :i* 9 fact composes only ! out] case ( ! app>atus1 is conta9$ an oblong tr\gh ,b1 fig4 #b1 plate ,,ii41 7x is %[n 9 ! design z if brok5 d[n71 moveable ^u an horizontal axis1 fix$ to "o ( its longe/ sides1 s t by means ( ! :eel ,c1 or lev] communicat+ ) ! axis1 & appli$ on ! outside ( ! ma*9e1 ! tr\gh ,b1 may be inv]t$1 & its cont5ts dis*>g$ into ! ext]ior case1 or l[] "p ,a1 ,a1 ( ! ma*9e4 ,! "p ,b1 ( ! ma*9e is call$ ! lime tr\gh1 because x is de/9$ to conta9 ! quick-lime & wat]1 by means ( :i* ! crude coal gas is purifi$4 ,)9 ?is tr\gh ,b1 is inv]t$ an oblong rectangul> box ,d1 clos$ at top & op5 at bottom1 call$ ! air-box1 because x receives ! gas to be purifi$4 ,9 ea* ( ! longe/ sides ( ! box ,d1 are p]p5dicul> op5+s or slits 7z %[n 9 ! design7 exactly opposite to ea* o!r4 ,?r\gh ! :ole l5g? ( ?is box ,d1 passes a horizontal axis furni%$ ) z _m tee? or claws z !re are upright op5+s1 ?r\gh ea* side ( ! box4 ,^! claws ext5d a little way ?r\gh ! op5+s s t :5 ! axis1 :i* passes ?r\gh a /uff+ box1 is made to revolve by means ( ! h&le ,x1 ! ends ( ! claws pass ?r\gh ! op5+s & scrape !m out e "t ! axis is turn$4 ,! claws op]ate fir/ on ! op5+s ( "o side ( ! box & !n on ^? on ! opposite side4 ,!y pass q ?r\gh & !re=e keep !m cle>2 ^? p>ts ( ! claws :i* ent] into ! op5+s are n>r[ 9 ! direction ( _! motion1 & t "p ( ea* claw :i* is ne>e/ to ! c5tre1 is broad & flat1 h5ce !y act z paddles or r[]s :il/ !y are 9 motion1 to /ir up ! quick-lime & wat]4 ,fig4 #aj1 plate ,,iii41 repres5ts a transv]se section ( ?is "p ( ! app>atus4 ,b1 ,b1 is ! lime tr\gh2 ,d1 ! air box inv]t$ into ! lime tr\gh2 ! dott$ circle %[s ! sweep ( ! claws :5 ! %aft is put 9 motion4 ,! d>ts %[ ! c\rse ( ! gas4 ,fig4 #aj1 plate ,,vi41 repres5ts a plan ( ! ma*9e4 ,g1 %[s ! inv]t$ air-tr\gh ) its axis1 & ! claws or tee? fix$ ^u ! axis4 ,h1 is ! lime tr\gh4 ,a1 ! out] case ( ! ma*9e2 ,r1 ,r1 ! axis1 to :i* is affix$ ! :eel or lev]1 = inv]t+ ! tr\gh ,h4 ,l1 ! axis & h&le to give motion to ! %aft ^u :i* ! claws are fix$1 = /irr+ up ! cont5ts ( ! lime tr\gh4 ,! inv]t$ air-box ,d1 fig4 #b1 plate ,,ii41 is support$ )9 ! out] case ( ! ma*9e ,a1 ,a1 fig4 #b1 plate ,,ii41 by cross b>s1 & ! axis is put 9 motion by ! h&le ,x1 on ! outside ( ! ma*9e4 ,x is r5d]$ air-tight by a /uff+ box1 & is provid$ ) :eel-"w1 z %ewn 9 ! design1 fig4 #b1 plate ,,ii41 to communicate ! motion to ! axis4 ,! gas is br\ght into ! air box by ! pipe ,n1 fig4 #c1 :i* proce$s f ! t> vessel1 fig4 #c1 plate ,,ii4 ,! gas _c escape out ( ! ma*9e )\t displac+ ! column ( fluid 9 ! lime tr\gh1 9 ord] to make its way ?r\gh ! op5+s or upright slits 9 ! side ( ! air box ,d1 & ?us bubbl+ up ?r\gh ! mixture ( quick-lime & wat]1 ! dep? ( :i* is "o foot4 ,! sulphurett$ hydrog5 & c>bonic acid be+ ?us made to comb9e ) ! lime1 ! c>burett$ hydrog5 is left m or less pure1 x is convey$ into ! gas metre1 by ! pipe ,v1 :]e x is to be measur$1 & f !nce by ! pipe ,w1 fig4 #d1 into ! gas-hold]4 ,:5 ! purify+ mixture is to be remov$1 ! workman unbolts ! :eel ,c1 fig4 #b1 & turns x half way r\nd2 7if ! empty+ ( ! lime tr\gh requires m p[] ?an c conv5i5tly be appli$ by means ( ! :eel1 ! axis ( ! tr\gh may be work$ ) a too? & p9ion1 a small :eel be+ atta*$ to ! axis ( ! p9ion z a p]petual h&le27 ?is motion inv]ts ! lime tr\gh ,b1 & its cont5ts become dis*>g$ into ! out] case =m+ ! inv]t$ pyramid ( ! app>atus1 :5ce ! wa/e mat]ials may be convey$ into ! res]voir or pit ,q1 by draw+ op5 ! slid+ valve o1 fig4 #b1 plate ,,ii41 or o1 fig4 #c1 plate ,,vii41 add$ = t purpose to ! dis*>g+ pipe ,p1 fig4 #b1 plate ,,ii41 or p1 fig4 #c1 plate ,,vii4 ,to prev5t ! air ent]+ into ! ma*9e :5 ! wa/e lime is dis*>g$1 ! l[] extremity ( ! outlet pipe ,p1 dips into ! bas9 ,q1 fig4 #b1 plate ,,ii41 :i* always conta9s a portion ( ! wa/e fluid & ?us seals ! extremity ( ! pipe ,p4 ,"o side ( ! lime-ma*9e is provid$ ) two l>ge l5ses1 to admit light into ! int]ior ( ! app>atus1 s t by means ( an eye-glass fix$ 9 a prop] place1 ! workman is enabl$ to see into ! int]ior ( ! app>atus4 ,& :5 ! ma*9e requires to be clean$ out1 ! manhole z x is call$1 is op5$ = ! workm5 to ent] into ! app>atus to remove any solid incru/ation ( c>bonate ( lime1 or hydrosulphuret ( lime t may happ5 to be =m$ 9 ! lime tr\gh1 or any o!r "p ( ! app>atus4 ,! :eel ,c1 is load$ ) a c\nt]-weight1 to balance ! weight ( ! lime tr\gh4 ,to br+ ! lime tr\gh aga9 into a prop] position1 to be re-*>g$ ) a fre% portion ( ! purify+ mixture1 ! workman turns ! :eel ,c half r\nd1 ! contr>y way to t :i* caus$ ! tr\gh to be turn$ topside-d[n1 & ! tr\gh may !n be re-fill$ ) a fre% portion ( lime & wat] f ! res]voir ,r1 fig4 #b1 plate ,,ii41 7or ,r1 fig4 #c1 plate ,,vii417 conta9+ ! mixture ready prep>$4 ,y1 is a pipe to br+ wat] f a ci/]n into ! lime res]voir ,r4 ,! prep>$ lime :i* is to supply ! ma*9e is put into ! vessel ,r1 & a suffici5cy ( wat] be+ mix$ ) x1 ! mixture is /irr$ up to ! consi/5ce ( a semi-fluid mass4 ,t1 %[s ! pipe furni%$ ) a slid+ valve ,s1 = convey+ ! purify+ mixture ( quicklime & wat] into ! lime tr\gh f ! res]voir ,r1 :i* is furni%$ ) an agitator to /ir up its cont5ts4 ,to give motion to ! %aft = /irr+ up ! cont5ts ( ! lime tr\gh ,d1 ! inv5tor ( ?is ma*9e 7,mr4 ,clegg17 has happily appli$ ! gas1 to act z a p[] = t purpose4 ,?is op]ation w be expla9$ h]eaft] 9 describ+ ! gas metre4 ,! pipe ,n1 :i* conveys away ! purifi$ gas1 proce$s f an hydraulic valve1 to cut (f ! communication betwe5 ! gas hold] & ! lime ma*9e1 if occasion %\ld require x1 & to prev5t ! gas f pass+ back f ! gas hold] into ! lime ma*9e4 ,x consi/s ( a box conta9+ wat] into :i* dips a small pipe1 by means ( :i* ! gas passes out ( ! lime ma*9e1 & f !nce into ! pipe ,v1 communicat+ ) ! gas metre4 ,! box is furni%$ ) a tube curv$ upw>ds to dis*>ge ! wat] :5 x accumulates above ! requir$ height1 & to prev5t any quantity be+ ?r[n out ( ! hydraulic valve1 by ! concussion ( ! fluid 9 ! lime tr\gh4 ,"o cubic foot capacity ( ! lime tr\gh is suffici5t to purify #ajjj cubic feet ( gas obta9$ f ,newca/le coal 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,te/ ,app>atus1 = c]tify+ ! purity ( coal gas1 & ! prop] mann] ( work+ ! ,lime ,ma*9e4 ,! prop] purification ( ! gas be+ a matt] ( ess5tial importance1 z already illu/rat$ page #adj1 x becomes ( great consequ5ce to h "s ready means ( asc]ta9+ :e!r ! workman does 8 duty 9 ?is respect1 by keep+ ! lime tr\gh ,d1 fig4 #b1 plate ,,ii41 prop]ly *>g$ ) ! requisite quantity ( lime & wat] necess>y = ! purification ( ! gas4 ,= ?is purpose an app>atus has be5 adapt$ by ,mr4 ,clegg to ! lime ma*9e1 :i* s]ves n only to indicate ! quantity ( fluid conta9$ 9 ! ma*9e :5 gas is manufactur$1 b :i* also enables ! workm5 to appreciate ! quantity ( quick-lime necess>y = ! purification ( ! gas1 & to asc]ta9 its purity4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( a clos$ cup ,c1 fig4 #bc1 plate ,,iv41 p>tly fill$ ) any col\r$ liquid4 ,into ?is cup is cem5t$1 air-tight1 a /raight glass tube a1 ab\t #b feet long & a ( an in* 9 ! bore2 ! l[] extremity ( ! tube ne>ly t\*es ! bottom ( ! cup1 & is !re=e seal$ by ! fluid4 d1 d1 is a small copp] tube1 :i* =ms a communication betwe5 ! air conf9$ above ! surface ( ! fluid 9 ! guage cup ,c1 & ! gas :i* is proce$+ into ! lime-tr\gh4 ,! communication may be e/abli%$ at any "p ( ! pipe :i* conveys ! gas into ! lime ma*9e4 ,:5 ! connection is made1 ! fluid 9 ! guage cup ,c1 w be driv5 up into ! p]p5dicul> measur+ tube a1 by ! pressure ( ! gas1 to an altitude equal to a column ( liquid conta9$ 9 ! lime-tr\gh4 ,x is ess5tial t ! tube a1 be at lea/ #b feet 9 height1 if ! dep? ( ! lime-tr\gh is "o foot1 = )\t ?is precaution1 ! fluid w rise out ( ! tube 9 consequ5ce ( ! oscillation :i* x suff]s4 ,by ?is means ! ov]se] ( ! works w be enabl$1 by m]e inspection1 to "k :e!r ! workm5 h *>g$ ! lime tr\gh ) ! mixture ( quick-lime & wat] to ! requisite height1 :i* %\ld nev] be less ?an f t5 to fifte5 in*es4 ,because ! ab/raction ( ! sulphurett$ hydrog5 & c>bonic acid gas1 f ! c>burett$ hydrog5 ) :i* x is comb9$1 is greatly facilitat$ by pressure1 & !re is no inconv5i5ce :atev] 9 op]at+ "u a pressure ( a column ( fluid ( ev5 d\ble ! height t has be5 /at$1 provid$ ! app>atus is prop]ly con/ruct$4 ,f exp]im5ts made on ?is subject1 ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 /at+ t "o half ( ! quantity ( quick-lime t is requir$ = ! purification ( coal gas 9 ! ord9>y way1 is suffici5t1 if ! column ( ! liquid oppos$ to ! gas is rais$ to tw5ty in*es high1 nor is ! evolution ( ! gas 9 any degree ret>d$ "u su* a pressure4 ,! curv$ tube d d1 :i* is cem5t$ air-tight into ! gauge cup c1 has a free communication ) ! gas 9 ! guage cup c4 ,x s]ves to enable ! workm5 to =m "s notion ( ! *emical con/itution ( ! crude gas1 be=e x passes into ! lime ma*9e4 ,= if ! /op cock e ( ! tube be op5$1 & ! desc5d+ leg a ( ! b5d$ tube d be imm]s$ 9 a glass conta9+ a solution ( sup] acetate ( lead1 "s notion may be =m$ by a little practice ( ! quantity ( lime requisite = ! purification ( ! gas1 f ! quantity ( 7black precipitate7 hydrosulphuret ( lead produc$4 ,two p] c5t ( quick-lime to ! coal employ$ 7if ,newca/le coal7 is usually suffici5t = ! complete ab/raction ( all ! sulphurett$ hydrog5 & c>bonic acid1 conta9$ 9 ! crude gas1 provid$ ! op]ation be c>ri$ on "u a pressure ( n less ?an a column ( wat] twelve in*es 9 height4 ,! te/ tube f1 prop]ly s call$1 may be adapt$ to any "p ( ! pipe :i* conveys ! purifi$ gas to its place ( de/9ation4 ,x s]ves to asc]ta9 ! purity ( ! gas1 aft] x has be5 act$ on by quick-lime1 by suff]+ ! gas to pass f ! tube into a solution ( sup] acetate ( lead1 :i* spe$ily becomes discol\r$1 if ! gas conta9s sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,! pres5ce ( c>bonic acid is r5d]$ obvi\s1 by a :ite precipitate be+ produc$ :5 ! gas is made to pass ?r\gh b>ytic wat]4 ,! precipitate1 :i* is c>bonate ( b>ytes1 eff]vesces ) acids4 ,x mu/ be obvi\s t ! app>atus :i* we h n[ be5 describ+ does n require to be plac$ 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! gas light ma*9]y4 ,x may be arrang$ 9 ! c\nt+-h\se ( ! ov]se]1 :o1 by m]e inspection1 c !n at all times detect ! slighte/ irregul>ity or insuffici5cy 9 ! process ?us giv5 to ! gas light manufacture1 a degree ( sci5tific contr\l ( :i* few arts c boa/4 ,! foll[+ me?od has be5 f\nd economical & conv5i5t1 = pres]v+ quick-lime 9 a ready /ate1 fit = ! purification ( coal gas4 ,take ! lime z soon z possible aft] x is burnt2 put x into a pit eight or t5 feet long1 five or six wide1 & five or six deep1 con/ruct$ ( brick-"w & level ) ! gr\nd4 ,by ?is pit set a wood5 tr\gh ab\t six feet long1 ?ree feet broad1 & two feet deep4 ,! tr\gh %\ld h at "o end a hole ab\t six in*es squ>e1 cov]$ ) an iron grat+1 ! b>s ( :i* are a qu>t] ( an in* di/ant4 ,let ?is grat+ be provid$ ) a slid]1 :i* c occasionally be drawn up to uncov]1 or pu%$ d[n to cov]1 ! grat+4 ,put ?ree or f\r bu%els ( lime at a "t into ! tr\gh2 ?r[ wat] on x1 & mix x up into a ?ick fluid mass ) a hoe p]=at$ ) holes4 ,:5 !re is a good quantity ( liquid1 draw up ! slid] & let ! slack$ lime run into ! pit4 ,?r[ m wat] on ! rema9+ unslack$ lime1 & la/ly reject ^? pieces :i* w n slack4 ,! tr\gh %\ld h a small incl9ation & project ov] ! pit4 ,aft] ! lime ?us slack$ has be5 five or six h\rs 9 ! pit1 x w take ! consi/5ce ( a /iff pa/e1 :i* x reta9s = ye>s4 ,x %\ld !n be kept cov]$ to keep x clean & to exclude ! free contact ( ! air4 ,= ^? :o use l>g] quantities ( lime1 sev]al pits %\ld be con/ruct$ 9 pref]5ce to "o l>g] res]voir4 ,:5 ! lime is want$ = use x may be dug out ) a spade1 & readily dilut$ ) a suffici5t quantity ( wat]4 ,! quick-lime ?us prep>$ =ms a p]fect homog5e\s mixture4 ,! practice ( ?r[+ lime simply slack5$ into ! lime ci/]n is a wa/eful & slov5ly process1 z w becomes obvi\s on exam9+ ! wa/e hydrosulphuret ( lime dis*>g$ f ! ma*9e1 :i* w be f\nd to ab\nd ) lime 9 a concrete =m1 unact$ on by ! sub/ances ) :i* x 0 int5d$ to comb9e4 ,,"p ,,ix4 ,gas ,hold]4 ,! "n ( gas hold]1 or1 z x is improp]ly call$1 gasomet]1 is giv5 to ! vessel employ$ = collect+ ! gas & /or+ x up = use4 ,9 ! pr9ciple & con/ruction ( ?is "p ( ! gas light ma*9]y1 peculi>ly valuable improvem5ts h ( late be5 made4 ,!y h contribut$ to less5 ! exp5ce ( ! app>atus s mu*1 t a res]voir = /or+ up any quantity ( gas1 may n[ be furni%$ = ne>ly "o half ! sum :i* su* a vessel co/ z orig9ally con/ruct$4 ,9 ! infancy ( ! art ( light+ ) coal gas1 ! res]voir 0 encumb]$ ) a heavy app5dage ( *a9s1 :eel-"w & balance weights1 & f ! con/ruction ( ! ma*9e1 x 0 necess>y to gu>d x f ! impulse ( ! w9d1 ! action ( :i* on ! gas hold]1 w\ld h r5d]$ ! lights :i* ! ma*9e suppli$ ) gas1 un/eady4 ,h5ce x 0 necess>y to inclose ! gas hold] 9 a build+1 call$ ! gasomet] h\se1 :i* =m$ "o ( ! l>ge/ items ( exp5diture :i* ! proprietor ( a gas light e/abli%m5t 0 call$ ^u to defray4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! :ole ( ^! exp5sive app5dages is disp5s$ )1 nor is ! gasomet] h\se to conta9 ! gas hold] any long] necess>y1 & ! ma*9e z n[ con/ruct$ may be fix$ 9 ! op5 air4 ,gas ,hold] z orig9ally employ$4 ,! gas hold]1 ( ! orig9al con/ruction1 consi/s ( two pr9cipal p>ts2 fir/1 ( a ci/]n or res]voir ( wat]1 usually con/ruct$ ( masonry1 or ( ca/-iron plates1 bolt$ & screw$ toge!r2 & secondly1 ( an air-tight vessel :i* is clos$ at top & op5 at bottom1 inv]t$ ) its op5 end d[nw>ds into ! ci/]n ( wat]4 ,?is vessel is always made ( %eet-iron plates rivett$ toge!r air-tight1 & 0 susp5d$ by a *a9 or *a9s1 pass+ ov] :eels1 support$ by a frame "w4 ,if ! common air be all[$ to escape f ! inn] vessel1 :5 its op5 end is "u ! edge ( ! wat] 9 ! out] ci/]n1 x w freely desc5d1 & wat] w occupy ! place ( ! air2 b if ! av5ue ( ! escape be /opp$1 & air be made to pass ?r\gh ! wat]1 ! susp5d$ inv]t$ vessel w rise to make room = ! air4 ,&1 aga91 if ! susp5d$ vessel be c\nt]pois$ by a weight1 s z to all[ x to be a little heavi] ?an ! quantity ( wat] :i* x displaces1 x w desc5d1 if1 ! ent]+ gas be )drawn ?r\gh an outlet made 9 ! vessel to p]mit ! gas to escape4 ,b if ! outlet be /opp$1 & air aga9 be admitt$ "u ! vessel1 x w rise aga94 ,! app>atus1 !re=e1 is n only a res]voir = /or+ up ! gas introduc$ into x1 b s]ves to expel ! gas :i* x conta9s1 :5 requir$1 into ! pipes & ma9s connect$ ) ?is ma*9e4 ,accord+ to ?is con/ruction ( ! app>atus ! int]ior inv]t$ vessel =ms /rictly :at is t]m$ ! gas hold]4 ,x is susp5d$ z already /at$ 9 ! out] ci/]n1 by a *a9 or *a9s1 pass+ ov] pullies1 support$ by blocks & frame "w1 & to ! *a9 !re is affix$ a c\nt]poise balance1 ( su* a relative weight1 z to all[ ! gas hold] a sl[ desc5t into ! wat]1 9 ord] to propel ! gas into ! ma9s or vessel de/9$ to receive x1 ) a v small & uni=m weight4 ,x w be obvi\s1 t :5 a gas hold] ( ?is con/ruction becomes imm]s$ 9 ! wat]1 x loses z mu* ( its weight z is equal to ! bulk ( wat] :i* x displaces1 & h5ce to r5d] its desc5t uni=m1 & to pres]ve ! gas )91 ( an inv>iable d5sity1 at any degree ( imm]sion1 a great] c\nt]poise is requir$ z ! gas hold] rises out ( ! wat]4 ,among v>i\s me?ods :i* h be5 adopt$ to atta9 ?is object1 ! ends ( ! *a9s by :i* ! gas hold] is susp5d$1 h be5 fa/5$ 9 sep>ate grooves1 9 ! edge ( a l>ge :eel or pulley1 ( su* a diamet]1 t ! gas hold] rises to its full height1 be=e ! :eel makes "o revolution4 ,9 ano!r groove 9 ! edge ( ! same :eel1 0 fix$ ! end ( ano!r *a91 to :i* a balance weight 0 susp5d$4 ,?is weight 0 made ne>ly equal to ! weight ( ! gas hold]4 ,to equalize ! d5sity ( ! gas )9 ! gas hold]1 at any degree ( imm]sion ( ! vessel1 ! weight *a9 0 made to pass ov] a :eel1 furni%$ ) a spiral groove1 s z to make ! radii ( ! :eel1 *ange reciprocally ) ! relative weight ( ! gas hold]1 & consequ5tly to r5d] ! pressure ( ! gas hold] con/ant & uni=m4 ,ano!r & m elegant me?od ( obta9+ an uni=m ela/icity ( ! gas )9 ! gas hold]1 & :i* has be5 m g5]ally adopt$1 consi/s 9 pass+ ! *a9 or *a9s by :i* ! gas hold] is susp5d$ ov] a pully or :eels1 & mak+ ! weight ( t portion ( ! *a91 :i* is equal to ! dep? ( ! gas hold]1 or t "p ( x :i* becomes imm]s$ into ! wat]1 equal to "o half ( ! weight ( ! specific gravity ( ! gas hold]4 ,x is obvi\s t be=e ! purifi$ gas c be admitt$ into ! gas hold]1 ! vessel mu/ be all[$ to desc5d to ! bottom ( ! ext]ior ci/]n1 9 ord] to get rid ( ! common air :i* x conta9s4 ,?is may be effect$ rapidly by op5+ ! man hole at ! top ( ! gas hold]1 to cause ! vessel to desc5d completely into ! out] ci/]n fill$ ) wat]4 ,! man hole is !n screw$ up aga9 air-tight1 & ! ma*9e is ready to receive ! gas4 ,x is obvi\s t ! op]ation ( op5+ ! man hole = lett+ out ! common air1 requires only to be done once prior to ! comm5c+ ( ! work+ ( ! app>atus4 ,gas ,hold] ) ,gov]nor1 or ,regulat+ ,gauge1 lately br\ght into use4 ,x mu/ be obvi\s t ! gas hold]1 ( :i* a description has be5 giv5 9 ! prec$+ page1 requires a ma*9]y at once pond]\s & v delicate1 qualities n easily reconcil$ 9 ! con/ruction ( su* a ma*9e4 ,x is necess>y t ! specific gravity app>atus1 or regulat+ *a91 :eel "w & balance weight1 %\ld be con/ruct$ s correctly z nev] to suff] ! gas )9 ! vessel1 to alt] its ela/icity4 ,! ma*9]y requires an exp5sive fram+ = its support1 & indep5d5tly ( ?is1 ! gas hold] mu/ be inclos$ 9 a build+1 9 ord] to protect x f ! impulse ( ! w9d1 ! action ( :i* w\ld r5d] ! lights suppli$ f ! app>atus un/eady1 z already /at$4 ,! exp5sive & cumb]some specific gravity app>atus has be5 :olly sup]s$$ by an +5i\s contrivance call$ ! regulator or gov]nor4 ,! action ( ?is ma*9e1 = :i* we are indebt$ to ,mr4 ,clegg1 is1 t x regulates ! d5sity ( ! gas prior to its ent]+ into ! ma9s1 to any requir$ degree1 :atev] its d5sity may be 9 ! gas hold]4 ,to accompli% ?is object1 ! app>atus ?r\gh :i* ! gas passes into ! ma9s1 is provid$ ) an ap]ture :i* is capable ( be+ enl>g$ or dim9i%$ by a v slight =ce4 ,to effect ?is object ! gas is made to ent] a small vessel1 & !n to pass ?r\gh a regulat+ ap]ture1 ! capacity ( :i* becomes enl>g$ or dim9i%$ by ! velocity ( ! gas to a c]ta9 /&>d4 ,if ! pressure ( ! gas 9 ! gas hold] becomes increas$1 ! regulat+ ap]ture ?r\gh :i* ! gas passes into ! ma9s1 becomes dim9i%$1 9 su* a proportion1 t ! velocity ) :i* ! gas issues into ! ma9s1 rema9s con/ant & uni=m4 ,& on ! o!r h&1 if ! pressure ( ! gas 9 ! gas hold] becomes dim9i%$1 ! regulat+ ap]ture ( ! gov]nor becomes enl>g$ to effect ! int5d$ regulation4 ,! foll[+ is a concise description ( ! mann] 9 :i* ?is in/rum5t is con/ruct$4 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 fig4 #i1 pl4 ,,iii4 is a holl[ cyl9drical vessel1 or ! out] case ( ! ma*9e4 ,x is made ( %eet iron or copp]1 japann$ )9 & )\t1 clos$ at ! top & bottom4 ,x is plac$ betwe5 ! gas hold] & ! ma9s1 into :i* ! gas is to be convey$4 a1 x1 is a pipe :i* proce$s f ! out] vessel & bran*es upw>ds 9 ! c5tre ( ! base ( ! out] vessel ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d4 ,x br+s ! purifi$ gas into ! gov]nor4 b1 ,t1 is ! outlet pipe :i* conveys ! gas f ! gov]nor into ! ma9s4 ,x is plac$ above ! inlet pipe & communicates ) ! int]ior vessel4 ,g1 ,h1 a %ort project+ holl[ cyl9d]1 :i* proce$s d[nw>ds f ! c5tre ( ! base ( ! out] case ( ! ma*9e ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d4 u1 x1 y1 z1 is ! regulator1 prop]ly s call$2 x consi/s ( a small conical vessel1 also made ( %eet iron or copp]1 clos$ at ! top & op5 at bottom1 japann$ )9 & )\t4 ,?is vessel rises & falls v]tically 9 ! out] cyl9drical case4 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ( ! ma*9e1 :5 ! latt] is fill$ ) wat]4 ,x is kept /eady 9 its motion by two sl5d] guide rods1 z %ewn 9 ! sket*4 ,betwe5 ! inlet pipe :i* conveys ! gas into ! gov]nor1 & ! outlet pipe :i* conveys ! gas into ! ma9s1 is fix$ horizontally a p>tition plate1 hav+ a circul> ap]ture 9 ! c5tre4 ,?is plate is se5 betwe5 ! lett]s x1 ,t4 ,?r\gh ?is orifice passes a p]p5dicul> axis ,p1 :i* is fix$ at ! top 9 ! c5tre ( ! regulator or int]ior float+ vessel u1 x1 y1 z4 ,! int]ior extremity ( ! axis ,p1 is furni%$ ) a cone1 hav+ its base d[nw>ds1 & project+ beyond ! pipe a1 x1 into ! %ort cyl9d] ,g1 ,h4 ,! base ( ?is cone slightly exce$s ! diamet] ( ! orifice x1 ,t1 s z to close up entirely1 :5 ! regulator is rais$ to its greate/ height 9 ! out] vessel ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d4 ,b :5 ! float+ vessel u1 x1 y1 z1 desc5ds 9 ! out] vessel ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ! v]tex ( ! adju/+ cone ,p1 is j ent]+ ! ap]ture4 ,! regulator is conical1 & its =m is 9 exact proportion to ! loss ( ! weight ( wat] :i* x displaces2 s t ! gas convey$ into x always reta9s an inv>iable d5sity at :atev] height ! regulator may be imm]s$ 9 ! wat] 9 ! out] vessel4 ,if ! out] vessel be fill$ ) wat] up to ! top ( ! c5tral bran* pipe1 ! int]ior vessel w float1 & ! wat] w /& 9 ! out] vessel at ! same height z 9 ! inside ( ! regulator2 h5ce ! d5sity ( ! gas )9 w be ! same z ! out] air4 ,b ! d5sity ( ! gas 9 ! regulator may be increas$ at pleasure by apply+ a weight to ! top ( ! regulator1 ! wat] w !n /& high] on ! outside ( ! regulator ?an )91 & ?is adju/m5t w rema9 uni=m1 because ! quantity ( matt] ( ! regulator is 9 ! ratio ( its specific gravity or loss ( weight z x becomes imm]s$ 9 ! wat]4 ,let u suppose t ! pipe above ! p>tition plate be connect$ ) a ma91 & t ! outlet pipe bel[ ! p>tition plate be connect$ ) a gas hold] supply+ gas into ! ma*9e2 x w be evid5t t if ! d5sity ( ! gas 9 ! inlet pipe becomes by any means increas$1 a great] quantity ( gas mu/ pass betwixt ! sides ( ! adju/+ cone & ! ap]ture 9 ! p>tition plate1 ! consequ5ce ( :i* w be t ! float+ regulator w rise1 & !re=e contract ! area ( ! p>tition plate4 ,& if1 on ! contr>y1 ! gas 9 ! inlet pipe decreases 9 d5sity ! regulator w desc5d1 s t :atev] d5sity ! gas may at any "t assume 9 ! gas hold]s or ma9s1 its d5sity 9 ! float+ vessel u1 x1 y1 z1 w rema9 uni=m1 & consequ5tly ! velocity ( ! gas pass+ into ! ma9s w be regul>4 ,= :5 ! ap]ture ( ! p>tition plate w\ld admit m gas ?an :at is necess>y = ! d5sity ( ! gas 9 ! ma9s1 ! float+ regulator rises1 & by t means raises ! adju/+ cone to dim9i% ! ap]ture 9 ! p>tition plate1 & :51 on ! contr>y1 ! ap]ture does n all[ a suffici5t quantity ( gas to come f ! gas hold]s1 ! gas passes out ( ! regulator into ! ma9s1 & 9 s do+ ! regulator desc5ds1 & consequ5tly ! adju/+ cone increases ! op5+ to admit ! requisite gas into ! ma9s4 ,! fur!r application ( ?is ma*9e1 = regulat+ ! height ( ! gas flames issu+ f burn]s or lamps ( diff]5t k9ds w be %ewn h]eaft]4 ,gas ,hold] ) ,gov]nor or ,regulat+ ,guage at ! ,gas ,works ,*e/]4 ,fig4 #g1 plate ,,vi41 exhibits a p]p5dicul> section ( ! gas hold] at ,*e/]4 ,a1 ,a1 are wood5 beams or pill>s fix$ into sockets or %afts con/ruct$ on ! outside ( ! brick-"w1 & desc5d+ z se5 9 ! design to ! dep? ( ! tank4 ,!re are f\r ( ^! pill>s1 ?ree only are se5 9 ! section4 ,b1 ,b1 are r\nd iron guide rods r5d]$ /eady by /ays at ! upp] extremity ( ! rods4 ,to ! upp] & l[] edges ( ! gas hold] are fa/5$ eye bolts1 ,c1 ,c1 ?r\gh :i* ! guide rods1 ,b1 ,b1 are ins]t$1 s t ! gas hold] mu/ move /eadily & firmly4 ,d1 ,e1 are ! inlet & outlet pipes :i* convey ! gas into & out ( ! gas hold]4 ,f1 ,f1 are diagonal /ays = support+ ! ro( ( ! gas hold]1 :i* has a slope ( t5 feet f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce4 ,g1 is ! wood5 curb at ! l[] m>g9 ( ! ma*9e4 ,?is gas hold] is circul>4 ,x measures =ty-eight feet 9 diamet]1 & ?irte5 feet 9 height2 its weight is eight tons4 ,! regulator adapt$ to ?is gas hold]1 measures ?ree feet across its base1 & its height is ?ree feet ?ree in*es4 ,! base ( ! regulat+ cone is f\r in*es1 & its l5g? two feet4 ,! ma*9e is made ( %eet iron japann$ )9 & )\t4 ,gas ,hold] ) ,gov]nor or ,regulat+ ,guage at ! ,birm+ham ,gas ,works4 ,! con/ruction ( ?is gas hold]1 z exhibit$ plate ,v41 fig4 #b1 %[s a p]p5dicul> section1 & fig4 #c1 a plan ( ! ma*9e2 a1 a1 a1 a1 fig4 #c1 are upright pill>s1 two ( :i* ,b1 ,b1 are se5 9 ! section1 fig4 #b4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! gas hold] is fix$ a pipe1 :i* all[s ! gas hold] to slide on ! c5tral guide rod ,g1 made fa/ at ! bottom ( ! ci/]n1 & at ! top ( ! cross fram+4 ,c1 ,c1 are diagonal /ays2 ,d1 ! inlet pipe :i* conveys ! gas into ! gas hold] ,e2 ! outlet pipe ,f1 ! wood5 curb4 ,! capacity ( ?is gas hold] is #cj1jjj cubic feet2 its regulator is precisely simil> to t be=e describ$4 ,! weight ( ! gas hold]1 exclusive ( ! wood5 curbs at top & bottom1 is betwe5 eight & n9e tons4#ci #ci ,! gas hold] )\t specific gravity app>atus1 at ! ,bri/ol ,gas ,works1 is con/ruct$ on a simil> pr9ciple4 ,its capacity is #dc1jjj cubic feet4 ,its regulator is l ^? already describ$4 ,! gas hold] ?us dis5cumb]$ ( its specific gravity app>atus1 requires no build+ to enclose x1 x may be erect$ 9 ! op5 air1 = ! ma*9e _c suff] f ! ra9 or sn[ fall+ ^u x1 nor c ! action ( ! w9d r5d] ! lights un/eady4 ,! sav+ :i* has be5 effect$ by ^! improvem5ts is v great4 ,a gas hold] )\t balance weight & specific gravity app>atus1 ) its gov]nor1 may be erect$ complete = action1 = little m ?an half ! co/ t w\ld be requir$ = ! erection ( an app>atus ( ! same capacity con/ruct$ on ! old plan4 ,! *eape/ h\se con/ruct$ ( %eet iron to surr\nd a circul> gas hold] ( #ae1jjj cubic feet capacity1 suppos+ ! surface ( its ci/]n or tank to be level ) ! gr\nd1 co/s no less ?an 4 #cbj4 ,! balance weights & *a9s 4 #fj1 & ! ca/-iron fram+ = support+ ! specific gravity ma*9]y 4 #aej4 ,! co/ ( a gas hold] ( ! be=e-m5tion$ capacity1 w be 4 #cjj1 & a ca/-iron tank = x1 4 #hjj4--;,if ! tank be con/ruct$ ( brick-"w1 x w co/ ab\t 4 #ejj1 & if ( wood 7an iron-b\nd vat17 x w co/ 4 #fjj4 ,a gov]nor or regulat+ guage adapt$ to a gas hold] ( f #aj1jjj to #dj1jjj cubic feet capacity1 co/s 4 #ej4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ! gas hold]s1 z hi!rto describ$1 x is always advisable :5 ! situation w admit x1 t ! diamet] to ! height ( ! ma*9e %\ld be 9 ! proportion z ?ree to two4 ,if ^! dim5sions be obs]v$1 & ! gas hold] is n burd5$ by iron /ays1 x w n displace a column ( wat] m ?an "o in* & a half 9 height4 ,& by adapt+ to ! ma*9e1 a gov]nor or regulat+ guage1 a consid]able sav+ w be effect$4 ,! gas hold] may !n be con/ruct$ z %[n fig4 #g1 plate ,,vi41 or fig4 #b1 plate ,v4 ,a circul> gas hold] ( #cj1jjj cubic feet capacity1 if prop]ly con/ruct$1 weighs no m ?an eight or n9e tons1 includ+ its wood5 curb at its l[e/ extremity1 & its diagonal /ays4#dj #dj ,mr4 ,lee ( ,man*e/] supplies 8 h\se1 two miles di/ance f ! manufactory1 by means ( a portable gas hold]4#da ,a small c>riage ^u spr+s conveys two squ>e close gas hold]s made ( wr\ght iron plates1 & ea* conta9+ fifty cubic feet ( p]fectly purifi$ gas1 equival5t toge!r to ab\t six p\nds ( tall[4 ,ea* gas hold] weighs ab\t #afj p\nds2 & has a valve at ! bottom1 :i* is op5$ by ! upright ma9 pipe1 ! mom5t ! gas hold] is imm]s$ 9 ! pit4 ,! /r5g? ( "o man is f\nd suffici5t = ! lab\r ( remov+ ! gas hold] f ! c>riage to its place4 #da ,h5ry's ,exp]im5ts on ! ,gas f ,coal1 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,man*e/] ,lit]>y & ,philosophical ,society1 #ahai4 ,! ro( ( ! ma*9e ought to be con/ruct$ ( ?ick] %eet iron ?an ^? =m+ its sides4 ,! only object ( ! balance weight1 is to c\nt]poise ! weight ( ! *a9 ( ! gas hold] ( ! old con/ruction1 s t :5 ! gas hold] is :olly imm]s$ 9 ! ci/]n1 ! *a9 & balance weight are 9 equilibrium1 d$uct+ ! requir$ pressure ) :i* ! gas hold] is int5d$ to act4 ,& ?is ought nev] to exce$ f half an in* to an in* p]p5dicul> head ( wat]4 ,! %eet iron be/ adapt$ = con/ruct+ gas hold]s1 is t kn[n 9 comm]ce z ,no4 #af1 wire guage4#db ,gas hold]s made ( plates ( iron ( ?is k9d1 h n[ be5 9 use = upw>ds ( n9e ye>s1 & are n 9 ! lea/ injur$ or decay$4 ,self-int]e/$ views may sometimes lead unpr9cipl$ workm5 to make use ( %eet iron plates ( a mu* great] ?ickness1 b exp]i5ce has suffici5tly %[n t any great] ?ickness ?an :at has be5 specifi$ is :olly unnecess>y1 & only s]ves z a drawback to ! facility ( ! g5]al op]ation4 #db ,a sup]ficial foot weighs ?ree p\nds4 ,revolv+ ,gas ,hold] at ! ,we/m9/] ,gas ,works4 ,! revolv+ gas hold] is an +5i\s contrivance inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,clegg1 = /or+ l>ge quantities ( gas4 ,a gas hold] ( ?is con/ruction may be erect$ ) advantage 9 situations :]e ! nature ( ! gr\nd w n admit ( a deep ci/]n ei!r above or bel[ ! gr\nd be+ con/ruct$1 )\t an enorm\s exp5ce4 ,! base :i* x occupies is no l>g] ?an :at w\ld be requir$ = a gas hold] ( equal capacity1 built on ! plan ( ! gas hold]s ( :i* descriptions h be5 j giv54 ,x regulates its own specific gravity4 ,& ?\gh m exp5sive 9 ! con/ruction1 yet z x does n require a deep ci/]n1 l ! ma*9es already describ$1 x c be erect$ at ! same co/4 ,! revolv+ gas hold] is exhibit$1 fig4 #h1 plate ,,vi4 ,its capacity is #ae1jjj cubic feet2 x weighs #ab tons4 ,plate ,i41 7on ! title page17 exhibits a p]p5dicul> section ( ! gas hold]4 ,on inspect+ fig4 #h1 plate ,,vi41 x w be se5 t ?is ma*9e is ! segm5t ( a holl[ cyl9d]1 or broad :eel1 =m$ by two conc5tric cyl9dric surfaces ( #bej ea*1 revolv+ ^u an horizontal axis1 & support$ ^u a wood5 frame or truss1 9 a brick ci/]n1 ,i1 ,k1 ,l4 ,! extremity ,c1 ,d1 fig4 #h1 plate ,,vi41 or ,c1 plate ,i41 ( ! segm5t ( ! cyl9d]1 is op51 & ! o!r extremity ,a1 is clos$4 ,e1 is a balance pipe1 :i* connects ! clos$ ) ! op5 extremity ( ! ma*9e4 ,?is pipe is made ( su* a weight z to c\nt]poise ! int]val betwe5 ! op5 & clos$ end ( ! gas hold]1 s t ! ma*9e may move 9 a segm5t ( a circle equally1 9 :atev] position x may happ5 to be plac$1 & h5ce ! gas w be dis*>g$ f ! gas hold] ) an uni=m velocity4 ,! balance pipe ,e1 is clos$ at ! "p :]e ! lett] ,e is plac$2 ,h1 is a /raight pipe1 :i* =ms ! communication betwe5 ! balance pipe ,e1 & ! horizontal axis ^u :i* ! ma*9e moves4 ,?is axis is holl[3 x is support$ by /ays & braces1 z %[n 9 ! design on ! title page4 ,! ci/]n 9 :i* ! gas hold] moves is #g feet deep4 ,x mu/ be evid5t t ! gas be+ convey$ into ! op5 end ( ! holl[ axis1 x w pass ?r\gh ! pipe ,h1 into ! balance pipe ,e1 & ?is be+ /opp$ up ne> ,e1 ! gas w proce$ into ! clos$ end ( ! gas hold]4 ,! op]ation w !re=e be z foll[s3 ,let u suppose ! clos$ extremity ( ! ma*9e to be at ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! ci/]n1 & ! gas fl[+ ?r\gh ! axis z describ$1 ! extremity ( ! ma*9e w beg9 to fill1 & consequ5tly to asc5d2 ! gas hold] w !re=e cont9ue to move ^u its axis until ! op5 end ,c1 ,d1 fig4 #h1 plate ,,vi41 or ,c1 plate ,i41 comes ne>ly to ! surface ( ! wat]1 & :5 ! gas is requir$ to be dis*>g$1 x w return ?r\gh ! same *annel by :i* x ent]$4 ,a suffici5t pressure is giv5 to ?is gas hold] = dis*>g+ ! gas at ! velocity requir$1 by means ( a weight susp5d$ to "o extremity ( a *a91 pass+ ov] a pulley1 :il/ ! o!r end is fa/5$ into ! groove ( a small circle atta*$ to ! /ays ( ! ma*9e1 z %[n 9 ! designs4 ,! circle is graduat$ to express ! capacity ( ! ma*9e4 ,?us any degree ( pressure may be giv5 to ! gas1 & ! gas hold] w retrograde 9 an arc describ+ #bgj ( a circle1 z ! gas becomes dis*>g$1 until ! end ,a1 aga9 arrives at ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! small curv$ pipe ,t1 plate ,i41 s]ves to let ! common air escape out ( ! angul> extremity ( ! ma*9e1 :il/ fill+ ) gas1 :5 ! m>g9 ( ?is "p ( ! ma*9e becomes imm]s$ 9 ! wat]1 & to let ! common air ent] aga91 :5 ! gas hold] is dis*>g+ its cont5ts4 ,s1 plate ,i41 is a friction sector1 ^u :i* ! axis ( ! ma*9e revolves4 ,! advantage ( ?is contrivance is1 t ! friction is v mu* dim9i%$4 ,! l5g? ( ! friction sector is eight feet1 ! diamet] ( ! gudgeon or axis f\r in*es2 !re=e ! space describ$ by its out] circumf]5ce & its c5tre is 9 ! proportion ( #if to #d4 ,rule = f9d+ ! capacity ( a ,revolv+ ,gas ,hold] ( giv5 dim5sions4 ,to f9d ! capacity ( a revolv+ gas hold]1 ( giv5 dim5sions1 take ! area ( ! :ole diamet]1 !n ! area ( ! inn] cyl9d]1 multiply ! diff]5ce by ! l5g?1 & f ?is d$uct "o-f\r?4 ,collaps+ ,gas ,hold]4 ,! collaps+ gas hold] is a /ill f>!r improvem5t by ,mr4 ,clegg1 on ?is "p ( ! gas light app>atus1 & c]ta9ly ( all ! contrivances :i* h be5 inv5t$ = collect+ & /or+ up l>ge quantities ( gas1 ?is ma*9e mu/ be pron\nc$ to be by f> ! mo/ simple1 economical1 & effici5t4 ,! /rik+ advantage ( ! revolv+ gas hold] :i* we h j be5 describ+ is1 t x enables ! dim5sions ( ! tank to be v mu* dim9i%$1 :]e ! nature ( ! gr\nd w n admit ( a ci/]n ( great dep? be+ sunk1 except at an extraord9>y exp5ce2 b ! /ill sup]ior feature ( ! collaps+ gas hold] :i* we n[ come to describe1 is1 t x may be con/ruct$ ( any requir$ capacity1 & adapt$ to a tank or ci/]n ( su* dim9i%$ dep?1 z sc>cely to des]ve t "n4 ,x requires a %eet ( wat] no m ?an #ah in*es 9 height1 s t x may be con/ruct$ 9 or ^u gr\nd ( all descriptions1 n only ) e possible facility1 b at an imm5se sav+ ( exp5ce4 ,fig4 #a1 plate ,,vii41 exhibits a p]spective view ( ?is gas hold]4 ,x is compos$ (#dc two quadrangul> side plates jo9$ to two end plates1 meet+ toge!r at top 9 a ridge1 l ! ro( ( a h\se4 ,! side & end plates are unit$ toge!r by air tight h+es1 & ! jo9ts are cov]$ ) lea!r1 to all[ ! side plates to fold toge!r & to op5 9 ! mann] ( a portfolio4 ,! bottom edges ( ! gas hold] are imm]s$ 9 a %all[ ci/]n ( wat]1 to conf9e ! gas4 ,by ! op5+ out or clos+ up ( ! sides & ends ( ! gas hold]1 its int]nal capacity is enl>g$ or dim9i%$1 & ?is v>iation ( capacity is effect$ )\t a deep tank ( wat] to imm]se ! :ole gas hold] 91 z requir$ 9 ! ord9>y con/ruction ( ris+ & fall+ gas hold]s4 ,! collaps+ gas hold] requires !re=e only a v %all[ tr\gh ( wat] to imm]se ! bottom edges ( ! gas hold] to prev5t ! escape ( ! gas introduc$ into x4 ,! l[] edges ( ! gas hold] :i* dip 9 wat] are made to move 9 an horizontal plane or ne>ly s1 :5 !y are op5$1 s t !y dip v little deep] 9 ! wat] :5 %ut or fold$ toge!r1 ?an :5 op5$ out4 #dc ,f ,mr4 ,clegg's specification--! same lett]s ( ref]5ce indicate ! same p>ts 9 all ! designs4 ,= ?is purpose ! top or ridge jo9ts :i* unite ! two sides ( ! gas hold]1 are slightly rais$ up :5 ! sides close or approa* toge!r1 or slightly depress$ :5 ! sides op5 out or rec$e f ea* o!r4 ,to guide ! :ole gas hold] 9 ?is movem5t1 two p]p5dicul> rods rise f ! bottom ( ! %all[ tank :i* pass ?r\gh sockets 9 ! ridge jo9ts at ! upp] "p ( ! gas hold]4 ,^! sockets are secur$ by coll>s ( lea!r r\nd ! %afts or rods1 to prev5t ! escape ( ! gas1 & !y are brac$ by *a9s proce$+ f _! upp] extremities & fa/5$ at ! gr\nd on ea* side ( ! tank4 ,! weight ( ! gas hold] is balanc$ by lev]s b5t 9 ! =m ( ! lett] ,l1 & plac$ inside ( ! gas hold]4 ,^! lev]s move on c5tre p9s fix$ at ! bottom ( ! %all[ tr\gh1 :i* pass ?r\gh ! angles ( ! ,l lev]s4 ,! p]p5dicul> arms ( ! lev]s are jo9t$ at _! upp] extremities to ! sides ( ! gas hold]1 ne>ly 9 ! middle4 ,at ! ends ( ! horizontal arms ( ! ,l lev]s1 are weights to c\nt]balance ! weights ( ! gas hold]1 & bo? sides ( ! ga%old] are provid$ ) ^! k9d ( lev]s1 :i* at ! same "t t !y balance its weight cause ! ridge jo9t ( ! ma*9e to rise & fall1 z be=e describ$1 s t ! "u edges ( ! ga%old]1 :i* are imm]s$ 9 ! wat] to conf9e ! gas1 mu/ move 9 an horizontal plane in/ead ( describ+ an arc ( a circle z !y w\ld d if ! ridge jo9t 0 a fix$ c5tre ( motion4 ,:5 ! gas hold] is clos$ ! p]p5dicul> arms ( ! lev]s /& ne>ly 9 a p]p5dicul> position1 b :5 ! gas hold] is op5$ out ! lev]s become incl9$4 ,& z !y move ^u a fix$ fulcrum at _! l[] extremities1 & are jo9t$ to ! sides ( ! gas hold] at _! upp] extremities1 !y all[ ! :ole ( ! gas hold] to desc5d gradually ^u ! guide rods1 ne>ly 9 ! same degree z ! l[] edges w\ld rise up if ! ridge jo9t 0 /able1 & if ! sides describ$ an arc ( a circle4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t ! latt] movem5t is n v ess5tial1 b x is conv5i5t & necess>y to make a v inconsid]able dep? ( wat] 9 ! tr\gh or tank s]ve ! purpose x is int5d$4 ,x may be also obs]v$ t ! sides ( ! collaps+ gas hold] may be made to unfold or op5 on a fix$ ridge po9t z a c5tre ( motion1 b x w !n require a consid]able dep? ( wat] 9 ! tank to keep ! l[] edges ( ! sides & ends ( ! ma*9e always b5ea? ! surface ( ! wat]1 because ! sides ( ! gas hold] !n describe an arc ( a circle :5 !y are op54 ,fig4 #a1 plate ,,vii41 is a p]spective view ( ! app>atus1 z x appe>s :5 p>tly fill$ ) gas4 ,fig4 #b1 plate ,,vi41 exhibits a p]p5dicul> longitud9al section made ?r\gh ! middle ( ! gas hold] & tank2 fig4 #c1 plate ,,vi41 repres5ts a transv]se section2 fig4 #d1 plate ,,vi41 is an end view ( ! ma*9e1 & fig4 #e1 exhibits an horizontal plan or section ( "p ( ! gas hold]1 or "o ( its ends1 to %[ h[ ! end plates are jo9t$ toge!r1 & ! lea!r appli$ to prev5t ! escape ( ! gas4 ,a1 fig4 #b1 is ! inlet pipe :i* conveys ! gas into ! ma*9e1 x rises up p]p5dicul>ly ?r\gh ! wat] 9 ! tank1 high en\gh to prev5t ! wat] ent]+ x4 ,b1 is ! exit pipe = dis*>g+ ! gas into ! ma9s f ! gas hold]4 ,x rises up ne>ly to ! top ( ! ma*9e4 ,c1 ,c1 are ! guide rods1 !y are firmly fix$ at _! l[] extremities into a ca/-iron fram+ ,d1 ,d1 b5ea? ! bottom ( ! tank4 ,! upp] ends ( ^! rods are kept /eady by *a9s ,e1 ,e1 fig4 #c1 & fig4 #d1 desc5d+ on ea* side ( ! gas hold]1 & fa/5$ at bottom to ,d1 ,d1 "p ( ! same iron fram+4 ,f1 ,g1 ,k1 ,k1 are ! balance 7or ,l7 lev]s :i* susp5d or be> up ! gas hold]s2 !y move on fix$ c5tre p9s support$ 9 pieces a1 a1 fig4 #b1 & #c1 ( ! fram+ ,d4 ,! upp] end ( ! p]p5dicul> arms are jo9t$ to ! iron b>s ,h1 ,h1 ,h1 see fig4 #b1 :i* are rivet$ to ! side plates ( ! gas hold]2 !y are unit$ by knuckle jo9ts ,w1 fig4 #f1 :i* all[ ! sides ( ! ma*9e to approa* ea* o!r till !y come toge!r4 ,! arms i1 i1 ( ! b5t lev]s ,f1 ,g1 ,k1 ,k1 fig4 #d1 are plac$ ne>ly at "r angles to ! o!r arms ,f1 ,g1 fig4 #c1 & ! extremities ( ! arms i1 i1 are load$ ) c\nt]poise weights ,k1 ,k1 :i* always t5d to br+ ! arms ,f1 ,g1 into a v]tical position1 & consequ5tly to close up ! sides ( ! gas hold]1 9 ord] to expel ! gas ?r\gh ! exit pipe ,b1 fig4 #b4 ,?ree pairs ( ! above m5tion$ ,l lev]s are repres5t$ 9 fig4 #b1 9 ! l5g? ( ! gas hold] to support x 9 diff]5t p>ts & to prev5t x alt]+ its figure4 ,! weight t mu/ be us$ is accord+ to ! magnitude ( ! ma*9e4 ,! pairs ( lev]s ,f1 ,g1 ,k1 ,k1 fig4 #c1 are plac$ side by side on ! same c5tre p9s1 & cross ea* o!r4 ,k1 ,k1 are c\nt]poises at ! ends ( ! arms i1 i1 !y are long pieces ( iron ext5d+ f "o lev] ,k1 to ! next lev]4 ,! tank is furni%$ at ! bottom ) a recess1 z se5 9 fig4 #c1 & #d1 to all[ ! arms i1 i1 & c\nt]poises ,k1 ,k1 to desc5d b5ea? ! edges ( ! gas hold]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! movem5t ( ! ma*9e1 ! sides ( ! gas hold] are %ort] at ! top or ridge jo9ts ?an at ! bottom edges1 z se5 9 fig4 #b1 9 ord] t ! "u edges ( ! fold+ ends c move 9 an horizontal plane4 ,ea* ( ! fold+ ends is made ( two triangul> plates1 connect$ toge!r by an air tight jo9t1 & ea* plate is aga9 jo9t$ to its respective side plate1 & !y are made tight by introduc+ a piece ( lea!r or oil-clo?1 or any o!r flexible sub/ance imp]vi\s to air 9 ! angle at ! jo9t4 ,fig4 #e1 repres5ts ! end plates ( ! gas hold] :5 ne>ly ext5d$1 b :5 x is clos$ up1 ! two p>ts ,n1 ,o1 ( ! end assume ! position z %ewn by dott$ l9es4 ,l1 ,m1 fig4 #e1 %ews h[ ! ends ( ! two side plates are turn$ outw>ds at b1 to r5d] !m /iff & firm4 ,z all ! flexible jo9ts are made /rong by metallic jo9ts or h+es1 ! lea!r has no /ress to be> b only to prev5t ! escape ( ! gas2 ,r1 ,r1 fig4 #b1 are ! coll>s ( lea!r to prev5t ! escape ( ! gas at ! op5+s 9 ! top or ridge jo9t :]e ! guide rods c1 c1 pass ?r\gh4 ,! tank mu/ be fill$ ) wat] to su* a level t ! "u edges ( ! sides & ends ( ! gas hold] w be a few in*es imm]s$ 9 ! wat]4 ,! c\nt]poises ,k1 ,k1 fig4 #c1 t5d to close ! sides ( ! ma*9e toge!r1 & expel ! gas f ! gas hold] ?r\gh ! pipe ,b1 fig4 #b4 ,! c\nt]poises are s adju/$ 9 weight z to =ce out ! gas ) ! requisite pressure4 ,if m gas be introduc$ by ! pipe ,a1 x di/5ds ! sides ( ! ma*9e & moves !m outw>ds ^u ! ridge jo9t4 ,a man hole1 z se5 at ,s1 fig4 #b1 is made 9 ea* side ( ! gas hold]1 to give entrance :5 any repairs are necess>y1 or to oil or exam9e ! jo9+ lea!rs4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to add t ! =m & dim5sions ( ?is gas hold]1 & ! mat]ials ( :i* x c be made may be v>i$ )\t any deviation f its ess5tial prop]ties z !y h be5 n[ describ$4 ,= in/ance1 ! ends ( ! gas hold] may be =m$ ( m ?an two fold+ plates1 unit$ toge!r1 if x is judg$ necess>y1 & ! lev]s ,f1 ,g1 may be v>i$ 9 numb]1 =m1 or proportion1 provid$ !y balance ! weight ( ! sides & cause ! l[] edges ( ! gas hold] to move ne>ly 9 an horizontal plane4 ,or ! balance lev]s may be laid aside entirely1 & ! gas hold] may be susp5d$ f ! upp] "p ( ! guide rods ,c1 ,c1 )\t mov+ up & d[n !reon4 ,b 9 ?is case x w require m wat] 9 ! tank to keep ! op5 end ( ! gas hold] always imm]s$ 9 ! wat]2 ! weight ( ! sides ( ! gas hold] w !n t5d m to br+ !m toge!r & to expel ! gas4 ,9 proportion z ! quantity ( wat] suffici5t = ! tank ( ! collaps+ gas hold] is less ?an t requir$ = ! tanks ( o!r gas hold]s1 x is att5d$ ) ?is fur!r advantage1 t ! wat] c be let (f or remov$ )\t any exp5ce :5 repairs are necess>y4 ,if ! repairs inde$ are trivial1 !y c be made )\t lett+ (f ! wat] at all1 ! dep? be+ no m ?an "o foot4 ,9 ! case1 on ! contr>y1 ( ! gas hold]1 ) or )\t specific gravity app>atus1 ! quantity ( wat] is s consid]able1 t ! means provid$ = c>ry+ x (f mu/ always be att5d$ ) great difficulty & exp5ce2 & yet x is a provision :i* is 9 all cases indisp5sable1 no matt] h[ev] difficult or exp5sive1 = no mat]ial repair to ! int]ior ( ! app>atus c be o!rwise effect$4 ,) reg>d to ! be/ size ( a gas hold] adapt$ to a c]ta9 numb] ( retorts1 x may be /at$1 t ?is ma*9e %\ld be ( a suffici5t capacity to hold ! :ole quantity ( gas t is requir$ = ! supply ( ! lights dur+ "o night1 exclusive ( :at may be furni%$ by ! retorts dur+ t "t4 ,rule = f9d+ ! capacity ( a ,collaps+ ,gas ,hold] ( giv5 dim5sions4 ,! bulk ( gas :i* a collaps+ gas hold] ( giv5 dim5sions w conta91 may be f\nd1 by multiply+ ! area ( ! triangle conta9$ betwe5 ! side plates :5 at _! greate/ ext5t1 & ! surface ( ! wat]1 by ! mean l5g? ( ! side plate4 ,= example1 suppose ! base ( ! triangul> end plate be #cj feet long1 & #cj feet high1 & t ! l5g? ( ! side plate at ! top be #dj feet1 & at ! bottom #fj feet1 #cj #ae #dej area ( end plate1 #dej #ej mean l5g? ( end plate1 #bb1jjj cubic feet capacity4#dd #dd ,a collaps+ gas hold] ( #bb1jjj cubic feet capacity1 co/s ab\t 4 #hjj1 x weighs eight tons2 a collaps+ gas hold] conta9+ #ae1jjj cubic feet1 :i* weighs sev5 tons1 co/s ab\t 4 #gjj1 & a ditto conta9+ #cj1jjj cubic feet co/s ab\t 4 #ajjj4 ,! dep? ( ! ci/]n = ei!r is "o foot4 ,reciprocat+ ,safety ,valve4 ,x mu/ be suffici5tly obvi\s t :5 ! gas hold] is full1 & ! di/illation ( ! gas cont9ues go+ on1 t unless a provision is made = convey+ away ! surplus gas1 x mu/ escape by bubbl+ up f und]nea? ! gas hold]4 ,& %\ld ! gas hold] happ5 to be enclos$ )9 walls1 ! gas may by *ance accumulate1 s z to give rise to s]i\s accid5ts4 ,z a rem$y = ?is evil ! manufactur]s ( coal gas h until v lately cont5t$ !mselves ) :at is call$ a safety tube1 adapt$ to ! gas hold]1 by :i*1 all ! sup]flu\s gas 0 c>ri$ away into ! op5 air2 or by leav+ l>ge ap]tures 9 ! ro( or upp] "p ( ! build+1 = ! ready escape ( ! gas4 ,by ei!r ( ^! devices ! dang] f ! accumulation ( wa/e gas1 0 9 "p only avoid$1 & in/ances might be nam$ :]e dang]\s consequ5ces ensu$ f an accumulation ( gas1 9 a conf9$ atmosph]e1 9 ! vic9ity ( ! upp] "p ( ! gas hold]4 ,9 "s in/ances1 inde$1 rec\rse 0 _h to ! e/abli%m5t ( a communication betwe5 all ! res]voirs & an auxili>y gas hold] or gas hold]s1 by means ( a pipe furni%$ ) an hydraulic valve2 b ?is 0 an exp5sive arrangem5t :i* requir$ p]sonal sup]9t5dance1 & dep5d$1 ( c\rse1 = its effici5cy on ! integrity & good conduct ( ! s]vant employ$4 ,mr4 ,clegg has n[1 h[ev]1 inv5t$ :at has be5 t]m$ ! ,reciprocat+ ,safety ,valve1 :i* has a self-act+ op]ation1 & by :i* an exit = ! surplus gas ( any numb] ( gas hold]s t may be 9 action is provid$ to an unlimit$ ext5t4 ,a communication is e/abli%$ betwe5 all ! gas hold]s & a wa/e pipe1 :i* communication op5s or closes by ! action ( ! gas1 z occasion requires1 & :i* may be ext5d$ to any numb] ( gas hold]s at a trifl+ co/4 ,! app>atus has n[ be5 adopt$ at ! great] numb] ( gas light e/abli%m5ts1 & has be5 uni=mly f\nd mo/ effici5t 9 its op]ation4 ,fig4 #i1 plate ,,vi41 pres5ts a p]p5dicul> section ( ! app>atus2 h1 h1 h1 h1 is a small vessel made ( %eet iron1 ab\t eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 & tw5ty in*es deep1 clos$ at top & op5 at bottom4 ,x is inv]t$ into an out] air tight vessel1 i1 i1 i1 i1 ( d\ble ! height & r great] diamet]1 :i* is fill$ ) wat] to a c]ta9 height2 ,d1 is a pipe communicat+ ) ! gas hold]s t are 9 action2 ?is pipe bran*es upw>ds ?r\gh ! bottom ( ! out] vessel1 i1 i1 i1 i1 & rea*es a little above ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! out] vessel4 ,e1 is a small pipe1 ! upp] extremity ( :i* is seal$ by means ( an inv]t$ %eet iron cup ,g1 ! edge ( :i* is subm]s$ "u ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! out] vessel1 i1 i1 i1 i4 ,?is pipe conveys ! wa/e gas into ! upp] "p ( any *imney4 ,= let u suppose t ! gas hold]s become ov]*>g$2 ! gas mu/ !n acquire an increas$ d5sity be=e ! wood5 curb ( ! gas hold] ,g1 fig4 #g1 plate ,,vi41#de at ! l[] extremity ( ! ov]*>g$ gas hold] c beg9 to rise out ( ! wat]4 ,b :5 ! ela/icity ( ! gas is ?us f> increas+1 & be=e ! curb c :olly em]ge out ( ! wat]1 ! small vessel h1 h1 h1 h1 ( ! reciprocat+ safety valve1 asc5ds1 & consequ5tly e/abli%es a communication betwe5 ! ov]*>g$ gas hold] & ! pipe ,d1 ( ! reciprocat+ safety valve4 ,! surplus gas ?us passes into ! wa/e pipe ,e1 ,e1 :i* _h be5 be=e seal$ by ! inv]t$ cup ,g1 & is h5ce convey$ into ! upp] "p ( ! *imney :]e x t]m9ates1 s t no accumulation ( gas c ev] take place above1 or 9 ! vic9ity ( any gas hold]4 #de ,e gas hold] ought to h a wood5 curb at ! bottom4 ,x mu/ be obvi\s on ! o!r h&1 t :5 ! gas 9 any ( ! gas hold]s has recov]$ its orig9al d5sity1 ! reciprocat+ safety valve w aga9 be clos$ by ! desc5d+ ( ! cup ,g4 ,,"p ,x4 ,gas ,metre1 or ,self-act+ ,guage1 :i* measures & regi/]s1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! obs]v]1 ! quantity ( ,gas produc$ 9 a giv5 "t1 f any giv5 quantity ( coal1 or consum$ dur+ a giv5 p]iod1 by any numb] ( burn]s or lamps4 ,= ! inv5tion ( ?is ma*9e we are indebt$ to ! +5uity & tal5ts ( ,mr4 ,clegg1 & und\bt$ly1 ( all ! improvem5ts ) :i* ! new art ( procur+ light has be5 rec5tly enri*$1 !re is none :i* has be5 att5d$ ) results m b5eficial to ! int]e/ bo? ( ! manufactur] & consum] ( coal gas4 ,9 ?is ma*9e we see comb9$ a /&>d or *eck on ! conduct ( ! workm51 :i* enables ! manufactur] ( coal gas to assure himself ( obta9+ at all times ! greate/ possible produce f 8 e/abli%m5t2 a measure by :i* he c deal ! gas out to 8 cu/om]s 9 :atev] quantities !y may require x1 & an index :i* regi/]s ! exact quantities furni%$1 & ?us s]ves z an infallible acc\nt ( debtor & cr$itor betwe5 ! sell] & pur*as] ( gas4 ,?is ma*9e1 !re=e1 p]=ms at once all ! duties ( an ov]se]1 met]1 & book-keep]1 & p]=ms !m all s mu* m effectually1 t its op]ation is n dep5dant on matt]s s unc]ta9 z ! c>e or integrity ( s]vants1 b on un]r+ pr9ciples :i* are fix$ & incapable ( any hidd5 misapplication4 ,! view 9 :i* ?is ma*9e naturally dem&s our p>ticul> att5tion is t 9 :i* z a /&>d ( ! "w :i* ought to be p]=m$1 x enables ! manufactur] to make sure ( obta9+ ! greate/ possible produce f 8 e/abli%m5t4 ,! gas metre s]ves ?is purpose 9 ! fir/ place by enabl+ ! proprietors ( gas works to "k :at is ! utmo/ possible quantity ( gas :i* c economically be obta9$ f any giv5 portion ( coal1 ) a giv5 portion ( fuel1 9 any giv5 "t4 ,x is necess>y1 9 e gas light e/abli%m5t1 9 ord] to "k :e!r z mu* gas is obta9$ z might & ought to be produc$1 t x be previ\sly asc]ta9$ by a s]ies ( exp]im5ts h[ mu* gas ! species ( coal us$ at ! works is capable1 on an av]age1 ( produc+1 & su* data x is obvi\s1 c only be obta9$ by means ( an app>atus1 :i*1 l ?is gas metre1 %all take measure ( ! quantities ( gas suppli$ by ! manufactory at all times1 & "u all circum/ances4 ,x may1 p]haps1 be imag9$1 t assays suffici5t = t purpose might be made by means ( a few retorts1 or small exp]im5tal app>atus1 or by not+ d[n ! quantity ( gas produc$ at ! works dur+ ! "t ! valves :i* convey ! gas into ! /reet ma9s are %ut1 & dur+ :i* "t ! capacity ( ! gas hold]s may af=d a rule = asc]ta9+ ! quantity produc$4 ,b no?+ c be fur!r f ! tru?2 assays ( ?is description to be practically useful & to s]ve z a basis = ! op]ations ( a l>ge e/abli%m5t1 mu/ be made on a scale ( magnitude & be cont9u$ = a consid]able p]iod ( "t z well z "u e v>iety ( circum/ances4 ,! quantity ( gas obta9$ f any giv5 quantity ( coal1 v>ies s mu* ) ! degree ( heat appli$1 & ! circum/ances "u :i* ! decomposition ( ! coal is effect$1 t ! solit>y product ( any "o p]iod ( "t c af=d no positive crit]ion = ! product ( any o!r p]iod4 ,a correct g5]al conclusion1 9 %ort1 c only be drawn f ! result ( exp]im5ts c>ri$ on un9t]rupt$ly ?r\gh a succession ( days & nights1 & su* a cont9uity ( exp]im5ts c\ld1 previ\s to ! inv5tion ( ! gas metre1 only be affect$ by means ( two sep>ate gas hold]s1 "o = measur+ ! gas z x is produc$1 & ! o!r = receiv+ ! gas aft] x is ?us measur$1 9 ord] to its be+ transf]r$ into ! ma9s4 ,by ! aid ( a s+le gas hold]1 an admeasurem5t c\ld obvi\sly be effect$ only dur+ ! "t ! valves :i* transmit ! gas into ! /reet ma9s are %ut1 & ?is1 :5 ! days are %ort1 z 9 ! w9t] season1 ! mo/ productive p]iod ( ! :ole ye>1 is only ab\t eight h\rs out ( ! tw5ty-f\r1 leav+ ne>ly two-?irds ( ea* day1 dur+ :i*1 no acc\nt c\ld be tak5 ( ! quantity ( gas produc$ at ! works4 ,x des]ves fur!r to be obs]v$1 t :5 two gas hold]s are employ$1 ! utmo/ t c be effect$ by !m1 is ! admeasurem5t ( ! gas produc$1 :ile ! di/+ui%+ feature ( ! metre is1 t x n only measures1 b by its own action regi/]s ! quantity ( gas produc$1 or exp5d$1 9 any giv5 "t4 ,nor does ! :ole m]it ( ?is ma*9e1 9 an economical po9t ( view1 consi/ 9 its ?us furni%+ ! manufactur] ) an infallible crit]ion ( ! quantity ( gas :i* ought at all times to be produc$2 =1 9 ! second place1 x enables him by ! sev]al exp]im5ts :i* h suppli$ t crit]ion1 to asc]ta9 at :at lea/ possible exp5diture ( fuel1 & 9 :at space ( "t ! greate/ possible quantity ( gas c be produc$4 ,! advantage ( ! gas metre1 9 ^! additional respects1 w be suffici5tly demon/rat$ by att5d+ = a mom5t to ! situation ( ! manufactur] ( coal gas1 :5 )\t any su* protect+ regi/]4 ,suppose1 = example1 t ! manufactur] desires to "k :e!r 8 workm5 h made dur+ a giv5 "t1 7say dur+ ! night71 ! quantity ( gas :i* !y ought to h produc$ f a giv5 quantity ( coal1 or :e!r !y h consum$ no great] proportion ( fuel = its production ?an 0 absolutely necess>y4 ,he may1 ^u exam9ation1 f9d all ! retorts 9 an excell5t work+ /ate1 b :e!r !y h be5 s dur+ ! :ole ( ! night1 or :e!r ! requisite quantity ( gas has be5 really produc$ dur+ ! "t t ! valves :i* convey ! gas into ! ma9s h be5 op51 is to him a matt] ( unc]ta9ty4 ,! workman may1 z has be5 too (t5 ! case1 h neglect$ ! fire dur+ ! night1 & on e su* occasion1 9 ord] to br+ back aga9 ! retorts to a prop] work+ /ate1 z well z to r$eem ! "t lo/1 he may h urg$ ! heat to a degree ( int5sity mu* exce$+ ! temp]ature be/ suit$ = ! mo/ economical production ( ! gas4 ,& h[ev] injuri\s su* irregul> modes ( op]at+ may be = ! ma/]'s int]e/ !y are altoge!r %r\d$ f 8 obs]vation4 ,x des]ves also to be notic$ t ! loss occasion$ by ?is irregul>ity ( op]at+ is n m]ely a loss ( fuel1 = 9 consequ5ce ( x ! retorts1 7p>ticul>ly if ca/-iron retorts ( ! usual =ms17 are liable to m injury 9 "o day ?an !y w\ld be dur+ a :ole week1 if prop]ly att5d$4 ,:5 ! proprietor ( ! e/abli%m5t1 on ! contr>y1 has rec\rse to ! gas metre1 n "o ( all ^! evils c occur )\t be+ liable to c]ta9 & in/ant detection4 ,f ! data :i* prec$+ exp]im5ts on ! productiv5ess ( ! species ( coal us$ at ! e/abli%m5t h furni%$1 ! ov]se] ( ! works is always enabl$ to det]m9e1 f ! portion ( coal he f9ds us$1 h[ mu* gas ought to h be5 manufactur$ dur+ any space ( "t t has elaps$1 & also ! portion ( c>boniz+ fuel :i* 0 necess>y = ! production ( t quantity ( gas2 & comp>+ ^! data ) ! quantity ( gas :i* ! index ( ! gas metre ann\nces has be5 produc$1 he is enabl$ to det]m9e by m]e inspection1 9 an un]r+ mann]1 :e!r ! workman has act$ ) t s$ul\s att5tion to 8 duty :i* ! economy ( ! e/abli%m5t dem&s4 ,! _m important advantages 9 %ort :i* ! manufactur] ( coal gas d]ives f ?is ma*9e1 consid]$ z a /&>d or *eck on ! conduct ( ! workm51 may be summ$ up 9 ?is--t :ile1 )\t ! aid ( ! gas metre1 no e/abli%m5t c be possibly m expos$ to suff] f ! ignorance ( manag]s or ! want ( fidelity 9 s]vants1 ?an a gas manufactory1 !re is none :i* is m indep5d5t ( ei!r ?an a gas manufactory1 possess$ ( ?is important app>atus4 ,nor c ! am\nt ( t possible loss be reg>d$ z o!rwise ?an extremely s]i\s1 :5 att5tion is paid to ! diff]5ce 9 pr(it & loss betwe5 conduct+ ! process ( manufactur+ coal gas on a sy/em f\nd$ on ! d$uctions ( exp]i5ce1 & an assidu\s att5tion to keep+ up a regul>ly su/a9$ temp]ature2 & conduct+ ! process on a sy/em ( r&om calculation & irregul> work+1--a diff]5ce1 :i* z appe>s f ! details already laid be=e ! read]1 am\nts 9 respect to ! quantity ( gas produc$1 to f fifty to "o hundr$ p] c5t42 9 respect to ! wa/e ( ma*9]y1 to upw>ds ( eighty p] c5t42 & 9 respect to ! consumption ( fuel & "t to a sum 9 ! ratio ( ! loss exp]i5c$ "u bo? ^! o!r heads4 ,! ,second ,g5]al ,po9t ( ,view 9 :i* ! gas metre claims our att5tion1 is1 its excell5ce z a /&>d ( fair deal+ betwe5 ! sell] & consum] ( gas1 by enabl+ ! =m] to supply ! gas 9 :atev] quantities x may be requir$1 & s]v+1 at ! same "t1 z a self-act+ regi/] ( ! quantities furni%$4 ,x is = ?is purpose m]ely necess>y to connect ! gas metre ) ! pipe ( supply1 :i* conveys ! gas to any burn]1 or numb] ( burn]s1 or lamps1 & ! index ( ! in/rum5t w regul>ly ann\nce ! precise quantity ( gas :i* has pass$ ?r\gh ! ma*9e dur+ any p]iod ( "t1 f "o day to a numb] ( ye>s1 )\t requir+ any p>ticul> sort ( c>e :atev]4 ,e p]son mu/ h notic$ h[ %amefully _m individuals disreg>d ! t]ms on :i* !y h contract$ = a supply ( gas1 "s by means ( ! excessive flame !y keep up1 & o!rs suff]+ ! lights to burn h\rs beyond ! "t /ipulat$ & contract$ ) ! gas light company :i* supplies !m4 ,! latt] h (fic]s1 x is true1 ^: duty x is to *eck su* abuses z f> z is 9 _! p[]1 b hav+ no "r ( access to ! premises ( individuals1 _! vigilance c only ext5d to %ops & places op5 to public view & ( g5]al access2 & to ^!1 ( c\rse1 b occasionally4 ,9 %ort 9 e place :]e gas is suppli$ on contracts to pay = burn+ x a limit$ "t1 by means ( c]ta9 siz$ burn]s or lamps1 in/ead ( accord+ to ! quantity actually furni%$1 ! sell] mu/ always be 9 a great] or less degree1 & 9 "s cases :olly dep5d5t on ! c>e & hone/y ( ! pur*as] = ! protection ( 8 commodity f wa/e & depr$ation4 ,b :5 on ! contr>y ! sell] possesses1 z he n[ does1 by means ( ! gas metre1 an infallible *eck ( ! exact quantity ( gas consum$ 9 a c]ta9 "t1 & ! pur*as] is b\nd to pay = z mu* z he uses1 ! =m] is reliev$ f e appreh5sion or *ance ( be+ defraud$1 & ! latt] is furni%$ ) ! same motives = economiz+ gas z he w\ld h = economiz+ oil & c&les4 ,! manufactur] is c]ta9 ( obta9+ :at he has a j "r to1 value = ! :ole quantity ( gas suppli$1 & ! consum] is assur$ t if he wa/es ! gas unnecess>ily1 he mu/ z he ought1 pay ! price ( 8 own c>elessness or pr(usion4 ,equal ju/ice is done bo? to ! consum] & sell]1 & ! public at l>ge are at ! same "t mo/ mat]ially b5efit$1 9 z mu* z !y are sav$ f pay+ = ! exp5ce ( t wa/e ( gas by a few1 :i* f ! =m] impossibility ( trac+ x to ! (f5d+ p>ties1 0 necess>ily add$ to ! :ole co/ ( ! gas1 & equally p>tition$ ^u all ! individuals :o made use ( x4 ,! wa/e be+ n[ transf]r$ to ^? :o occasion+ ! wa/e & ought alone 9 ju/ice to be> x1 ! price ( ! gas to ! equitable & hone/ consum]1 is ?us r$uc$ to an equitable & correct measure ( value4 ,! b5efits ( ?is inv5tion h a yet wid] range2 n only does x secure full value = ! :ole ( ! gas manufactur$1 b x t5ds to make ! gas a greatly m m>ketable article4 ,= 9 ! sy/em ( *>g+ = ! supply ( gas by ! ye>1 half ye>1 or qu>t]1 & at "o common rate1 _m individuals :o are only occasionally 9 want ( gas lights1 or ^: dem& is irregul> & unc]ta91 su* z ! proprietors ( public rooms1 !atres1 c4 are deb>r$ ( avail+ !mselves ( ?is k9d ( illum9ation1 except at an exp5ce q disproportion$ to :at o!r m regul> cu/om]s pay1 & out ( all proportion ( ! value ( ! quantity ( gas consum$ by !m4 ,! gas light "u su* circum/ances is n z x ought to be1 a light = all4 ,x is n z oil & c&le are1 a b5efit :i* e "o may obta9 :o is 9 ne$ ( x1 & 9 su* quantities z may be/ suit 8 means & conv5i5ce4 ,"o ( ! capital advantages1 ( ! gas metre1 h[ev]1 is1 t x makes gas a sub/itute = oil & c&les1 applicable "u all circum/ances1 & t x enables ! manufactur] )\t ! lea/ prejudice or *ance ( prejudice to 8 int]e/1 to supply gas 9 :atev] quantities x may be dem&$1 & at a fair proportion$ price4 ,9 speak+ ?us ( ! influ5ce :i* ! gas metre mu/ h 9 att5d+ ! b5eficial application ( ! new lights1 we are n unaw>e t situations may pres5t itself :]e ! action ( ! metre might be imp$$ f ! want ( a suffici5t pressure ( ! gas 9 ! pipe ( supply connect$ ) x4 ,b ?is c nev] be ! case except :]e ! pressure ( ! gas 9 ! pipe ( supply is s l[ z ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* ( a column ( wat]1 & 9 all su* cases x is only necess>y to give a great] capacity to ! :eel ( ! ma*9e1 ?an w\ld be necess>y "u o!r circum/ances1 & ?is w at once make up = ! inf]iority ( pressure4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 !re=e1 no situation c occur1 :]e ! application ( ! ma*9e may n be r5d]$ available4#df #df ,see directions to workm51 = adapt+ gas metres1 p4 #bbi4 ,nor d ! v>i\s advantages :i* h n[ be5 detail$1 =m all ! good t ?is important ma*9e is capable ( furni%+4 ,! gas metre furni%es at its axis a p[] :i* has be5 +5i\sly appli$ to put 9 motion ! %aft ( ! lime ma*9e1 employ$ = purify+ ! gas1 see fig4 #c1 plate ,,vii4#dg ,! importance ( a p[] ?us c]ta9 9 its op]ation1 & obta9$ free ( exp5ce1 mu/ at once be obvi\s1 :5 x is consid]$ t ^u :atev] plan ! purify+ app>atus or lime ma*9e may be con/ruct$1 x is absolutely ess5tial1 t its cont5ts be kept con/antly 9 motion1 9 ord] to produce ! desir$ effect ^u ! crude gas1 :i* w\ld o!rwise pass away 9 an impure /ate4 #dg ,! upp] axis communicates ) ! agitat+ %aft ( ! lime ma*9e1 & ! l[] axis is a cont9uation ( ! %aft ( ! gas metre4 ,! two pullies are connect$ by a /rap4 ,:5 ! *>ge ( keep+ ! agitat+ %aft ( ! lime ma*9e 9 action1 is intru/$ to a workman1 !re is no positive security aga9/ 8 occasionally neglect+ 8 duty1 :]eas by apply+ ! gas metre to t purpose1 ! manufactur] is assur$ beyond ! possibility ( deception1 t :5 gas is produc$1 t gas is z c]ta9ly purifi$1 & a sav+ is effect$ 9 po9t ( lab\r ( ! exp5ce ( two m51 "o dur+ ! day1 & "o dur+ ! night4 ,description ( ! ,gas ,metre at ! ,royal ,m9t ,gas ,works4 ,fig4 #d1 plate ,,ii41 repres5ts a p]p5dicul> section ( ! gas metre4 ,x is plac$ betwe5 ! purify+ app>atus or lime ma*9e1 & ! gas hold] fig4 #h1 plate ,,iii41 exhibits a front elevation2 fig4 #a1 plate ,,iii41 a p]spective view1 & fig4 #f1 plate ,,iii41 a transv]se section ( ! ma*9e4 ,x consi/s ( a holl[ :eel or cyl9d]1 made ( ?9 iron plate1 revolv+ ^u an horizontal axis1 9 ! mann] ( a gr9d/one2 ?is :eel is enclos$ 9 a ca/ iron air tight case conta9+ wat]4 ,! cyl9d] or :eel1 is compos$ ( two circul> *annels1 #a & #b1 fig4 #d1 plate ,,ii41 conc5tric to ea* o!r4 ,! l>g] or out] *annel #a1 is divid$ into ?ree equal comp>tm5ts1 by p>tition plates1 m>k$ a1 z %ewn 9 ! design4 ,! comp>tm5ts are provid$ ) hydraulic ducts or valves1 made at ! upp] "p ( e p>tition plate a1 a1 a1 & by means ( !m a communication is =m$ betwe5 ! l>g] conc5tric *annel #a1 & ! out] case 9 :i* ! :eel revolves4 ,simil> valves are also plac$ at ! foot ( ea* p>tition plate1 !y are se5 ne> ! lett]s a1 a1 a1 & by ?is means1 a communication is e/abli%$1 betwe5 ea* comp>tm5t or *amb] ( ! l>g] conc5tric *annel #a1 & ! small] int]ior circle #b1 ( ! :eel4 ,on inspect+ ! design1 x w be se5 t ! valves are situat$ 9 opposite directions to ea* o!r1 h5ce !re c be no communication ei!r betwe5 ! inn] small] conc5tric *annel #b1 & ! l>g] comp>tm5t ( ! :eel #a1 nor betwe5 ! latt] comp>tm5t1 & ! ext]ior case1 9 :i* ! :eel revolves1 except1 ?r\gh ! valves a1 a1 a1 :i* =m ! communicat+ ducts4 ,x w be se5 also1 t ^! valves are c>ri$ f "o *amb] ( ! ma*9e into ano!r1 b 9 opposite directions2 ! entry into "o *amb]1 be+ 9 ! opposite direction to ! hydraulic duct1 plac$ 9 ! o!r *amb]4 ,f ^! p>ticul>s ! action ( ! ma*9e w be obvi\s4 ,let u suppose t ! out] case 7:i* is m>k$ 9 ! sket* by a black t9t17 9 :i* ! :eel revolves1 be fill$ ) wat]1 to ab\t an in* above ! axis ( ! :eel1 & t gas is convey$ into ! int]ior small *annel1 by a pipe1 pass+ along ! axis1 s z to all[ ! :eel to turn freely r\nd1 & t ! pipe is turn$ up at "r angles 9 ! inn] *amb]1 & projects a little way above ! surface ( ! wat]1 z %ewn 9 ! design4 ,! gas !n mu/ ent] into ! int]ior *amb] ( ! :eel above ! surface ( ! wat]1 & mu/ press aga9/ ! adjac5t p>tition2 x w !re=e cause ! :eel to turn r\nd1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is motion1 ! next p>tition plate w press ! gas aga9/ ! surface ( ! wat]1 & cause x to pass ?r\gh ! hydraulic op5+1 9 an equal quantity to t1 :i* is introduc$ into ! ext]ior *amb]4 ,?is alt]nate fill+1 & dis*>g+1 ( ! cont5ts ( ea* *amb]1 w take place once dur+ e revolution ( ! :eel1 & h5ce ! numb] ( times ea* p>ticul> *amb] has be5 fill$1 & empti$ ( gas1 may be kn[n4 ,9 fact ?is ma*9e p]=ms ! (fice ( ?ree revolv+ gas hold]s1 fix$ on an horizontal axis1 & mov+ 9 a ci/]n1 :i* is ! out] case ( ! ma*9e4 ,"o gas hold]1 or "o comp>tm5t ( ! ma*9e1 is always 9 ! act ( becom+ fill$ ) gas1 ano!r is empty+ its cont5ts into ! out] case1 f :i* x passes into ! res]voir1 :]e x is to be /or$ up1 or to ! lamps1 :]e x is to be burn$1 & ! ?ird comp>tm5t is /ation>y1 or 9 an equilibrium4 ,! :eel 9 any situation w !re=e always h "o ( its receiv+1 & "o ( its dis*>g+ valves op51 & consequ5tly x w revolve4 ,n[ to asc]ta9 ! quantity ( gas dis*>g$ by "o revolution ( ! :eel1 we ne$ only to "k ! capacity ( ! *amb]s1 & add !m toge!r4 ,let u = example suppose1 t ea* *amb] conta9s #egf cubic in*es1 !n "o revolution ( ! :eel1 dis*>ges a cubic foot ( gas4 ,to regi/] ! total numb] ( revolutions :i* ! :eel makes 9 a c]ta9 "t1 a tra9 ( :eel-"w is connect$ ) ! axis ( ! metre1 see fig4 #h1 plate ,,iii42 x consi/s ( a p9ion impell+ a common tra9 ( :eel-"w1 compos$ ( any numb] ( :eels4 ,! p9ion on ! axis ( "o :eel1 acts into ! circumf]5ce ( ! next :eel1 & ! circumf]5ce ( ! :eel be+ z t5 to "o1 x is obvi\s :il/ ! metre makes #ajj1jjj revolutions1 if ! s]ies consi/s ( six :eels1 ! la/ :eel ( ! s]ies1 w only h made "o revolution4 ,ea* axis ( ! :eels is provid$ ) a f+] & dial plate1 divid$ into t5 p>ts1 !re=e any numb] ( revolutions may be read (f at any "t by inspection betwixt #aj1jjj1jjj & "o4 ,! velocity ) :i* ! metre acts1 is ( c\rse 9 proportion to ! quantity ( gas pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,?us suppose !re is a burn] or gas lamp connect$ ) ! ma*9e1 ( "o foot capacity light$1 :i* consumes f\r cubic feet ( gas 9 an h\r1 ! gas metre p]=ms f\r revolutions p] h\r1 & s on = e numb] ( burn]s or lamps1 n exce$+ ! numb] :i* ! ma*9e is calculat$ to supply4 ,to r5d] ! con/ruction ( ! gas metre m obvi\s1 we h at fig4 #f1 plate ,,iii41 exhibit$ a transv]se section ( ! ma*9e2 a1 is ! out] case ( ! ma*9e 9 :i* ! :eel revolves4 ,b1 ,b1 ! out] or l>g] conc5tric *amb]1 7m>k$ #a1 9 fig4 #d1 plate ,,ii47 ,l1 ! inn] or small] conc5tric *amb]1 7m>k$ #b1 9 fig4 #d1 plate ,,ii47 d1 ! index on ! axis :i* passes ?r\gh a /uff+ box 9 front ( ! ma*9e4 #e1 #e1 #e1 #e1 are /ays or braces = support+ ! :eel2 !y are likewise se5 9 fig4 #d1 plate ,,ii4 ,a1 is ! inlet pipe = ! gas to ent] into ! ma*9e4 ,! gas passes ?r\gh ! pipe h1 & f !nce into ! curv$ pipe i1 into ! int]ior *amb] ,l1 ( ! metre4 ,! pipe h1 is surr\nd$ by a second pipe ,k1 :i* has a small ap]ture at x1 ! (fice ( :i* is1 to act z a siphon1 9 ord] to pres]ve ! prop] level ( ! wat] 9 ! ma*9e4 ,! wat] is p\r$ into ! ma*9e1 ?r\gh ! small funnel at ! back ( ! entrance pipe ,a4 y1 is a float1 :i* /ops ! p]=mance ( ! metre altoge!r1 if a fraudul5t attempt %\ld be made1 to /op ! regi/]+ ( ! metre1 by draw+ (f ! wat] ) :i* x is *>g$4 ,9 fig4 #a1 plate ,,iii41 a1 is ! inlet pipe2 b1 ! outlet pipe ( ! gas2 & fig4 #b1 %[s ! int]ior *amb]4 ,! regi/]+ :eel "w1 may be adapt$ to any "p ( ! ma*9e1 & ! motion may be communicat$ by a mitre :eel1 f ! %aft ( ! ma*9e to ! index4 ,! gas metre at ! ,royal ,m9t measures & regi/]s #cj1jjj cubic feet ( gas e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4#dh #dh ,! gas metre at ! ,bri/ol gas works regi/]s #fj1jjj cubic feet ( gas e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! metre at ! ,*e/] gas works regi/]s #dj1jjj cubic feet e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4--,"o ( ! metres at ! ,birm+ham gas works regi/]s #dj1jjj cubic feet1 & ! o!r 7n[ erect+7 w regi/] #ajj1jjj cubic feet e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,rule = calculat+ ! weight1 :i* a ,gas ,metre ( giv5 dim5sions1 w raise to a giv5 height1 9 a giv5 "t4 ,! foll[+ calculation w exemplify ! p[] produc$ by a gas metre con/ruct$ to regi/] #fj1jjj cubic feet ( gas1 9 a day4 ,! diamet] ( su* a metre w\ld be six feet1 its dep? ?ree feet1 & ! dep? ( its rim eighte5 in*es4 ,! section ( ! rim w\ld !re=e conta9 #fdh squ>e in*es1 & suppos+ ! pressure ( ! gas pass+ into ! ma*9e to be equal to a column ( wat] two in*es high1 its buoyant p[] w\ld !n be equal to #abif cubic in*es ( wat]1 or =ty p\nds & a half weight4 ,! mean diamet] ( ! metre is #d feet #f in*es1 :i* multipli$ by ?ree1 gives ! p]p5dicul> height t =ty p\nds & a half weight1 w\ld be rais$ by ea* revolution ( ! metre4 ,! numb] ( revolutions1 9 "o h\r :i* ! metre makes1 is #dj1 !y w\ld raise =ty p\nds & a half1 #edj feet high 9 "o h\r4 ,su* a p[] is m !re=e ?an suffici5t to keep 9 motion ! %aft ( ! lime ma*9e4 ,gas ,hold] ,valve1--,siphon1 or ,wat] ,res]voir4 ,?is "n is giv5 to ! pr9cipal hydraulic valve1 by means ( :i* a communication is e/abli%$ betwe5 ! gas hold] or gas hold]s1 & ! pr9cipal pipe1 lead+ to ! ma9s4 ,fig4 #g1 plate ,,iii41 exhibits a section ( ?is valve4 ,x is compos$ ( an air tight box1 ,a1 ,a1 ,a1 ,a1 conta9+ a portion ( t>1 or wat]2 d1 is ! inlet pipe :i* communicates ) ! gas hold]1 ,b ! outlet pipe2 :i* conveys ! gas into ! ma9s4 ,c1 ,c1 is an inv]t$ cup1 furni%$ ) a slid+ rod1 pass+ ?r\gh a /uff+ box1 s t by means ( ! rod1 ! cup may be rais$ or depress$4 ,= x is obvi\s t a communication w be e/abli%$ betwe5 ! inlet pipe d1 & ! outlet ,b1 :5 ! cup is rais$ above ! surface ( ! t> or wat] 9 ! box ,a2 & t ! communication w be cut (f :5 ! cup is depress$ into ! t>4 ,9 ! latt] position ! cup is %ewn 9 ! design4 ,! slid+ rod :i* raises & depresses ! cup1 passes ?r\gh a frame ,e1 ,e1 affix$ to ! upp] "p ( ! box ,a1 & :i* s]ves z a gu>d = ! rod1 s t x may be lock$ by means ( a cutt] pass+ ?r\gh ! slid+ rod1 & ! frame ( ! box4 ,fig4 #c1 plate ,,iii41 exhibits a simil> valve1 :i* at ! same "t may be us$ z a wat] res]voir1 commonly call$ a siphon1 = collect+ ! wat] t may happ5 to accumulate 9 ! ma9s1 a provision :i* x is ess5tial %\ld be made at ! l[e/ place1 :]e two or m pipes incl9e t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,= x is obvi\s1 t if a fluid %\ld happ5 to accumulate 9 ! angul> "p1 :]e two desc5d+ pipes meet1 to a height suffici5t to fill ! angul> po9t1 ! communication betwe5 ! two pipes w\ld be completely cut (f1 s t ! gas c\ld n pass4 x1 x1 x1 x1 fig4 #c1 is ! res]voir2 ,a1 ! inlet pipe2 ,b1 ! outlet pipe2 b1 a %ort cyl9d] communicat+ ) ! exit pipe ,b1 x is op5 at bottom & clos$ at top4 ,d1 d1 ! hydraulic cup :i*1 :5 rais$ by means ( ! sp9dle e1 closes ! exit pipe ,b1 by ! op5 end ( ! cyl9d] b1 becom+ imm]s$ 9 ! t> or wat] conta9$ 9 ! cup ,d1 d4 ,! d>ts %[ ! c\rse ( ! gas :5 ! valve is op53 f is a small pipe furni%$ at top ) a screw & cov]$ ) a cap2 by atta*+ a h& pump to ?is pipe1 ! sup]flu\s portion ( fluid t may h accumulat$ 9 ! res]voir1 may be remov$4 c1 c1 is ! equilibrium pipe1 x connects ! exit pipe ,b ) ! inlet pipe ,a1 :5 ! /op-cock ) :i* x is furni%$ is op5$4 ,?is pipe prev5ts ! t> or wat] f be+ bl[n out ( ! hydraulic valves t may be int]pos$ betwe5 ! diff]5t desc5d+ ma9s ( a di/rict1 z w\ld o!rwise happ51 9 consequ5ce ( ! sudd5 concussion t takes place :5 ! ma9 or gas hold] valves are op5$4 ,because ! gas 9 ! ma9s1 & ! gas 9 ! gas hold]s1 are n 9 equilibrium4 ,b by means ( ! small pipe c1 c1 ! equilibrium is obta9$ :5 ! /op-cock ( ! pipe c1 c1 is op5$1 & ?is %\ld always be done be=e ! ma9 or gas hold] valves are op5$4 ,= by neglect+ ?is condition1 ! wat] or t> is liable to be bl[n out ( all ! hydraulic valves1 t may happ5 to be int]pos$ 9 ! sy/em ( ! pipes = convey+ ! gas1 & communications are ?us op5$1 :i* 7 int5d$ to be %ut4 ,,"p ,,xi4 ,gov]nor or ,regulat+ ,guage4 ,! gov]nor or regulat+ guage1 ! con/ruction ( :i* has already be5 detail$1 page #aga1 we %all "h consid] z an in/rum5t by means ( :i* ! gas flames ( lamps & burn]s are kept ( "o /eady & uni=m magnitude4 ,! velocity ( ! gas 9 ! ma9s & pipes ( supply1 is 9 ! fir/ in/ance z v>i\s z !re are diff]5ces 9 ! altitude & ext5t ( ! ma9s & pipes ( supply4 ,a ma91 at "o place w furni% ) a c]ta9 pressure ( gas1 a flame "o in* high1 :ile at a diff]5t altitude x w furni% a flame d\ble t height4 ,if aga9 ! direction ( ! pipe has _m turns or angles1 & contractions1 ! velocity ( ! gas w be diff]5t on t acc\nt1 ?an if x 7 direct & uni=m4 ,& if ! pipe is ( any great l5g?1 & ( an uni=m bore1 b unequally furni%$ ) ve9s or bran* pipes at c]ta9 p>ts1 ! burn]s w be v unequally suppli$ ) gas1 ^? :i* are ne> its head w be suppli$ ) a full] /ream ( gas1 ?an ^? :i* are situat$ t[>ds its t]m9ation4 ,& indep5d5t ( ^! diff]5ces ?us aris+ f div]sity ( local positions1 !re w always be "o gr& v>iety 9 ! velocity ( ! gas1 occasion$ by ! v>iety ( p]iods dur+ :i* lights are requir$ by diff]5t individuals suppli$ f ! same ma9 or sy/em ( pipes1 z = example3 :5 a c]ta9 numb] ( burn]s are to be suppli$1 & x happ5s t "o half ( ^! burn]s are %ut soon] ?an ! re/1 !n 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 ! velocity ( ! gas 9 ! ma9s w be mat]ially alt]$4 ,! inequality ?us occasion$1 may be se5 p>ticul>ly exemplifi$ 9 ! case ( h\ses situat$ 9 ! vic9ity ( any l>ge e/abli%m5t1 su* z ei!r ( ! great !atres ( ! metropolis1 & suppli$ ) gas f ! same ma9s4 ,:ile ! !atres are op51 ! lights 9 ! adjac5t h\ses are l[ & feeble1 (t5 too mu* s = ! necess>y purposes ( ! consum]1 b ! mom5t ! !atres are %ut1 ! great quantity ( gas :i* !y previ\sly c>ri$ (f1 be+ transf]r$ to su* ( ! private h\ses z cont9ue to be light$1 ! gas flames at ! latt] are rais$ to an extravagant height1 & burn ) an int5sity :i* makes ! gas light p>take m ( ! "* ( a nuisance ?an ( a b5efit4 ,x may be necess>y = ! bett] appreciation ( ! ext5t ( ?is nuisance to obs]ve1 t x does n arise m]ely f ! excess ( light produc$1 b f ! imp]fect combu/ion ( ! gas1 & h5ce a disagreeable od\r is produc$4 ,:5 ! flame is suff]$ to rise beyond ! /&>d height1 ! combu/ion ( ! gas becomes imp]fect1 "p ( ! gas passes ?r\gh ! flame unburnt1 & occasions ! s\rce ( ! (f5sive od\r allud$ to1 :i* ! gas lights nev] produce :5 ! combu/ion ( ! gas is complete4 ,! rem$y = all ^! inconv5i5ces ?us result+ f ! v>i\s degrees ( velocity ( ! gas 9 ! ma9s1 is to be f\nd 9 ! in/rum5t n[ "u description4 ,! effect ( ?is ma*9e1 z already m5tion$1 is1 t x causes ! gas to issue f ! ap]ture ( ! burn]s or lamps ) "o uni=m velocity1 :atev] may be ! v>iations :i* take place 9 ! pressure :i* urges ! gas to pass ?r\gh ! pipes ( supply4 ,& su* is ! effici5cy ( ! op]ation ( ! ma*9e1 t x regulates ! fl[ ( ! gas ?r\gh any burn]1 tube1 or op5+1 ) a great] degree ( exactness1 ?an ! c5trifugal app>atus1 regulates ! action ( ! /eam eng9e4 ,! con/ruction ( ! regulator to effect ?is purpose is precisely simil> to ! app>atus already describ$1 page #aga4 ,:5 appli$ = regulat+ ! magnitude ( ! gas flames1 x is ( c\rse usually made mu* small]1 ( iron plates1 japann$ )9 & )\t4 ,fig4 #d1 plate ,,iii41 exhibits a p]spective view ( ! ma*9e2 a1 is ! inlet pipe1 b1 ! outlet pipe2 ,p1 is ! regulat+ cone1 pass+ ?r\gh ! regulat+ ap]ture x1 ,t4 ,! float+ vessel u1 x1 y1 z1 receives ! gas introduc$ into ! ma*9e2 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 is ! out] air tight case ( ! regulator4 ,directions to ,workm5 = fix+ ! ,gov]nor & ,gas ,metre4#di #di ,copi$ f ,messrs4 ,clegg's & ,crossley's pr9t$ directions to workm51 = fix+ gov]nors & gas metres4 ,! gov]nor mu/ be fix$ p]p5dicul>ly1 s z to admit its float+ vessel u1 x1 y1 z4 ,fig4 #d1 plate ,,iii41 or fig4 #i1 plate ,,iii41 to be tak5 out ( ! out] case ( ! ma*9e if occasion %\ld require x4 ,! gas ent]s into ! ma*9e f ! /reet ma9s at ! l[e/ bran* a1 & passes out ( ! ma*9e by its highe/ bran* b4 ,9 connect+ ! pipes ( supply1 p>ticul> c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! "w is n b\nd1 or ! gov]nor by any means r5d]$ leaky4 ,x mu/ be fill$ ) wat] to ! top ( ! c5tral tube4 ,exam9e ! workman%ip ( ! ma*9e to see t x is p]fect1 & t ! regulat+ cone ,p1 is firmly secur$ to ! top ( ! float+ vessel & well c5t]$4 ,! float+ vessels u1 x1 y1 z1 %\ld cle> ! sides ( ! out] case ( ! app>atus by a qu>t] ( an in*2 & :5 sunk d[n1 x %\ld re/ ev5 ^u ! top ( ! c5tral pipe1 :i* conducts ! gas into1 & out (1 ! ma*9e4 ,! ap]ture 9 :i* ! cone moves w !n be at its wide/ op5+1 & :5 ! float+ vessel u1 x1 y1 z1 has ris5 to its highe/ elevation1 ! regulat+ ap]ture x1 ,t1 w be clos$4 ,9 ?is situation p>ticul> att5tion mu/ be paid1 t ! regulat+ cone does n /ick or rub 9 any "p1 b t x desc5ds freely4 ,to ! l[] extremity ( ! float+ vessel u1 x1 y1 z1 may be adapt$ an air vessel = ! purpose ( r$uc+ ! pressure ( ! gas4 ,! gov]nor mu/ be s fix$1 t ! wat] :i* may cond5se 9 ! pipes lead+ to ! burn]s %all dra9 back to ! /reet ma9s1 9 ord] t x may n accumulate 9 ! ma*9e s z to imp$e its op]ations2 = ?is purpose ! gas pipes %\ld h a fall ( half an in* 9 ?ree or f\r feet4 ,:5 ! locality ( situation w n admit ( ! wat] t may accumulate 9 ! pipes fall+ back to ! ma9s1 its accumulation )9 ! gov]nor above ! prop] level ( ! wat] is prev5t$ by an inv]t$ siphon affix$ to ! ma*9e1 :i* all[s ! wat] to dra9 (f )\t any escape ( ! gas4 ,! gov]nor mu/ be firmly fix$ to ! ne>e/ beam or wall1 z ! lea/ vibration w r5d] ! lights connect$ ) x un/eady4 ,:5 a situation _c be obta9$ suffici5tly w>m to prev5t ! wat] f freez+1 ! ma*9e mu/ !n be wrapp$ r\nd ) wooll5 clo?1 or any o!r bad conductor ( heat4 ,! cell> :]e ! gas ent]s ! h\se1 has g5]ally be5 f\nd ! mo/ conv5i5t situation4 ,= supply+ any defici5cy ( wat] :i* ! gov]nor may require2 a small funnel ) a curv$ tube is plac$ = ?is purpose at ! top ( ! gov]nor4 ,:5 ! gov]nor is fill$ to its prop] height1 ! wat] w beg9 to run out ( ! siphon4 ,! mode ( regulat+ ! height ( ! flames w be /at$ pres5tly4 ,fig4 #aa1 plate ,,iii41 exhibits a portable gov]nor or regulat+ guage1 comb9$ ) a gas metre 9 "o case4 ,a1 is ! inlet pipe :i* conveys ! gas into ! ma*9e1 & ,b1 is ! pipe lead+ f ! gov]nor to ! lamps or burn]s4 ,d1 a label express+ ! quantity ( gas dis*>g$ by "o revolution ( ! :eel1 & ! numb] ( lights :i* ! metre is capable ( supply+ :5 ! pressure ( ! gas 9 ! inlet pipe is ( a d5sity suffici5t to support a column ( wat] ( half an in* 9 height4 ,9 ^? situations :]e ! pressure ( ! gas is equal 9 d5sity to support only a column ( wat] "o-qu>t] ( an in* 9 height1 a metre ( a l>g] capacity mu/ be adopt$ = supply+ ! same numb] ( lights2 & if ! pressure ( ! gas be equal only to support a column ( wat] "o-eigh? ( an in* 9 height1 ! capacity ( ! metre mu/ be /ill l>g]1 & ?us ! capacity may be increas$ s z to equal e pressure t may occur4 ,! index :i* regi/]s ! numb] ( revolutions1 & consequ5tly ! quantity ( gas :i* passes ?r\gh ! metre1 is %ut up 9 ! project+ case1 ne> ,h1 furni%$ ) a lock & key4 ,previ\sly to ! gas metre be+ fill$ ) wat]1 asc]ta9 t ! regulat+ cone is screw$ p]fectly air tight into ! top ( ! float+ vessel :i* receives ! gas1 & t ! regulat+ ap]ture 9 :i* ! cone moves1 toge!r ) its sp9dle & guide rods1 "w p]fectly free & )\t friction4 ,raise ! float+ vessel to its highe/ elevation1 !reby clos+ ! regulat+ ap]ture sudd5ly ) ! cone2 9 ?is situation x mu/ n rub :5 turn$ & tri$ on e side1 b desc5d ) ! lea/ friction4 ,! gas metre & regulator be+ ?us exam9$ & fix$1 ! ma*9e may be suppli$ ) ! requisite quantity ( wat] 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,op5 ! /op-cock :i* admits ! gas into ! ma*9e2 op5 also ! ap]ture ,e1 :i* s]ves to %[ ! pressure ( ! gas 9 ! ma*9e1 & likewise ! op5+ ,g1 :i* lets out ! air :il/ wat] is p\r$ 9 at ! ap]ture ,h4 ,! sup]flu\s quantity ( wat] w run out by ! siphon tube at ,k4 ,p\r wat] also into ! gov]nor until x runs out at ! ap]ture at ,m2 & :5 ?is has be5 accompli%$1 till ! gas metre ) wat] at ! op5+ ,h1 until x ov]fl[s at ! ap]ture ,k1 :5 ! surface ( ! wat] w appe> at ! cyph] l9e on ! scale bo>d4 ,! ap]tures ,f1 ,g1 ,h1 ,k1 & ,m1 may !n be clos$1 & ! ma*9e is ready = action4 ,ne> to ,n1 is an ap]ture communicat+ ) ! /uff+ box 9 :i* ! axis ( ! ma*9e moves1 & ?r\gh :i* x %\ld occasionally be suppli$ ) a small portion ( melt$ tall[4 ,to adju/ ! height ( ! gas flames ( ! burn]s1 s t !y be all uni=m1 op5 ! /op-cock :i* admits ! gas into ! metre1 & op5 also ! /op-cocks ( ! burn]s1 & z soon z ! air has become dis*>g$ by means ( "o or two revolutions ( ! metre1 light all ! burn]s4 ,adju/ ! height ( ! flames 9 ! fir/ in/ance by _! /op-cocks1 t !y become all ( an equal height1 :i* %\ld be ab\t d\ble ! diamet] ( ! flame2 if any ( ! flames be too l[ :5 ! /op-cock is fully op51 a small weight mu/ be plac$ ^u ! top ( ! float+ vessel ( ! regulator1 suffici5t to produce ! requir$ flame at ! burn]1 & !n aga9 adju/ ! rema9+ lights by _! /op-cocks z be=e /at$2 ?is be+ done1 ! ap]ture to :i* ea* burn] is screw$ mu/ be suffici5tly n>r[$1 t x w admit no m gas ?an is requisite = ! requir$ height ( ! flame1 :5 ! /op-cock is fully op54 ,! dim9ution ( ! ap]ture ( ! /op-cock may be effect$ by a brass plug fitt$ into x1 ) a hole 9 its c5tre1 :i* mu/ be gradually wid5$ ) a drill until ! flame has requir$ ! prop] height4 ,x is recomm5d$1 in/ead ( add+ weight to ! float+ vessel ( ! regulator1 t ! tubes :i* supply ! gas be suffici5tly capaci\s to r5d] ! weight unnecess>y4 ,! burn]s %\ld also be exam9$ f "t to "t4 ,obs]ve t ! plugs1 sockets1 & e o!r "p ( ! gas metre & regulator be air tight1 & t !re be no escape ( wat] or gas4 ,an escape ( gas1 ei!r f ! metre or f any ( ! tubes or burn]s1 w be discov]$ by look+ at ! index ( ! metre1 z ! :eel _c fail to move :5ev] !re is an escape ( gas1 if ! /op-cock is op5 :i* supplies ! gas to ! metre4 ,! place :]e ! gas escapes w be f\nd 9 ! usual way1 ei!r by ! od\r :i* ! gas produces1 or by pass+ a light$ tap] ov] ! ap]tures & connections ( ! metre1 & along ! tubes lead+ to ! burn]s1 :i* w cause ! gas to take fire at ! place :]e ! leak happ5s to be4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks w assi/ ! workm5 9 correct+ any irregul>ities :i* may occur 9 ! lights connect$ ) ! app>atus4 ,a dim9ution1 or ext9ction ( ! lights1 may be occasion$ by a defici5cy ( wat] 9 ! gas metre or regulator2 :5 ?is occurs ! necess>y quantity ( wat] mu/ be suppli$ z be=e direct$ up to ! cyph] l9e on ! scale bo>d ,e1 ( ! metre1 & op5+ ! ap]ture ,m1 :]e x may be se5 :5 ! wat] has ris5 to ! prop] height 9 ! gov]nor4 ,a dim9ution ( light may also be occasion$ by "s ob/ruction or contraction ( ! tubes :i* supply ! gas1 or by a dim9ution ( ! pressure ( ! gas 9 ! ma9s1 to :i* ! metre 0 orig9ally adju/$4 ,:5 ! lights increase above _! /&>d height1 & are v>iable ) ! *anges 9 ! pressure or velocity ( ! gas 9 ! ma9s or tubes ( supply )9 ! h\se or place1 light$1 !re is !n reason to believe t ! gov]nor is n p]=m+1 :i* may arise f ! foll[+ causes4 ,its float+ vessel u1 x1 y1 z1 may h become fa/ by ! friction ( ! sp9dle or guide rod1 requir+ clean+1 or by an accumulation ( wat] 9 ! air-vessel ( ! float+ vessel u1 x1 y1 z4 ,! wat] may be dra9$ (f at a small plug by tak+ out ! float+ vessel4 ,! same inconv5i5ce w\ld arise f a dim9ution 9 ! prop] level ( ! wat]4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 t ! gov]nor p]=ms correctly1 obs]ve at ! "t ( light+ or ext+ui%+ any ( ! burn]s connect$ ) x1 t its float+ vessel rises & falls e "t ! /op-cock is op5$1 & t ! lights d n suff] any mat]ial *ange4 ,an in/antane\s />t+ or danc+ ( ! lights1 is g5]ally occasion$ by an accumulation ( wat] 9 ! tubes ?r\gh :i* ! gas passes2 if ?is %\ld happ5 9 ! vic9ity ( ! metre & gov]nor1 x may be dra9$ (f at ! ap]ture ,k4 ,a provision = a l purpose is also made at ! bottom ( ! gov]nor :5 deta*$ f ! metre4 ,9 ord] at any "t to asc]ta9 ! pressure ( ! gas 9 ! metre1 close ! /op-cock :i* admits ! gas1 & op5 ! ap]ture ,g & ,f1 :i* w %ew ! level ( ! wat] on ! scale bo>d ,e4 ,?is be+ fir/ obs]v$1 close ! ap]ture ,g1 & op5 ! /op-cock1 & ! pressure ( ! gas 9 ! metre w be indicat$ by ! rise ( ! wat] on ! scale bo>d ,e1 above its orig9al height4 ,,"p ,,xii4 ,gas ,ma9s1 & ,bran* ,pipes4 ,! "n ( ma9s1 is giv5 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w1 to ! ca/-iron pipes f two in*es 9 diamet] & upw>ds1 plac$ "u gr\nd1 = convey+ ! gas into small] bran* pipes2 b 9 a m ext5d$ s5se1 ! t]m is appli$ to e pipe f :i* small] ramifications or bran* pipes proce$4 ,all ma9s de/9$ to convey coal gas %\ld be prov$1 !y %\ld be submitt$ to ! trial ( su/a9+ a column ( wat] #cjj feet high1 & ! pipe %\ld be reject$ if ! lea/ moi/ure appe>s on any "p ( ! side ( ! pipe :il/ submitt$ to ?is trial4 ,= al?\gh su* a pipe may rema9 imp]vi\s to gas = "s "t1 ! imp]fection or fissure :i* p]mits ! wat] to issue ?r\gh "u su* a pressure1 spe$ily increases1 9 consequ5ce ( ! moi/ure to :i* ! ma9 "u gr\nd mu/ necess>ily be expos$4 ,a skilful workman :o is 9 ! habit ( prov+ pipes w di/+ui%1 ) an a/oni%+ degree ( correctness1 a faulty pipe1 by ! s\nd produc$ by bl[s ( ! hamm] ^u ! pipe4 ,! faulty "p1 :5 /ruck ^u1 produces a j>r+ s\nd v diff]5t f ! cle> s\nd :i* a bl[ ( ! hamm] produces :5 ! pipe is 9 a p]fect /ate4 ,by ?is means ! workman also detects1 by ! e>1 inequalities 9 ! ?ickness ( ! metal ( ! pipe4 ,fig4 #ad1 plate ,v41 repres5ts a longitud9al section ( two flan* pipes1 & ! mode ( connect+ !m4 a1 & b1 are ! pipes ) _! flan*es connect$2 !y are jo9$ toge!r1 & r5d]$ air-tight1 by fir/ int]pos+ betwe5 ! flan*es a coat ( iron cem5t1 & !n screw+ up ! faces ( ! flan*es by means ( screw bolts & nuts4 ,! composition ( ! cem5t is z foll[s3 ,take f\r ounces ( fl\r ( sulphur1 & two ( muriate ( ammonia1 & mix !m intimately toge!r4 ,:5 ! cem5t is want$1 take five ounces ( ! above mixture1 & add to x six p\nds ( ca/ iron bor+s1 & bl5d !m intimately toge!r 9 a mort>2 wet ! mixture ) wat]1 & :5 br\ght to a prop] consi/5ce1 apply x to ! jo9ts ) a wood5 or blunt iron spatula4 ,a degree ( action takes place among ! +r$i5ts & ! iron surfaces to :i* x is appli$1 :i* at la/ causes ! :ole to unite into "o mass4 ,9 fact1 aft] a "t1 ! mixture & ! surfaces ( ! flan*es become a species ( pyrites 7conta9+ a v l>ge proportion ( iron7 all ! p>ts ( :i* coh]e /rongly toge!r1 & =m "o mass4 ,x is ess5tial t no l>g] quantity ( ! +r$i5ts ( ! cem5t %\ld be mix$ up ) wat]1 ?an is requir$ = imm$iate use4 ,fig4 #ae1 plate ,v41 repres5ts a longitud9al section ( a spigot & faucet pipe4 ,^! pipes are mo/ commonly us$ z gas ma9s4 a1 is call$ ! spigot1 b1 ! faucet4 ,! cavity betwe5 ! inside ( "o1 & ! outside ( ! o!r1 is p>tly fill$ ) rope y>n1 or oakum1 & a good fitt+ ( ! two pipes be+ ?us effect$1 melt$ lead is p\r$ into ! cavity1 :i* :5 set1 is hamm]$ 9 by ! end ( a pun*4 ,! inn] p>ts ( ! faucet ( ^! pipes ought to be no l>g] 9 diamet] ?an j to fit ! spigot4 ,?is supports ! pipe1 indep5d5tly ( ! int]pos$ lead & rope y>n1 & prev5ts ! risk ( hurt+ ! jo9t f any ext]nal /ress4 ,! inn] faucet is commonly made ab\t two & a half in*es deep1 & has ! spigot ins]t$ "o & a half in* into x4 ,! practice ( "s manufactur]s is to make ! out] faucet1 or t :i* conta9s ! lead six in*es deep1 = all pipes above six in*es 9 diamet]2 & to make ! faucets ( all pipes bel[ six in*es1 ! same dep? z ! diamet] ( ! pipes4 ,x is usual to make ! space = ! oakum & lead all r\nd ! spigot1 f "o in* to "o & a qu>t] in*2 t wid? is requir$1 9 ord] t ! lead may be firmly driv5 into ! jo9t4 ,:5 ! space is v n>r[1 ?is _c be done4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 too wide1 !re is a wa/e ( lead1 & a risk ( injury f ! unequal expansion ( ! two metals4 ,all gas ma9s laid 9 public /reets %\ld be plac$ at lea/ eighte5 in*es bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 to secure !m f be+ di/urb$ by c>riages1 or int]f]+ ) ! pav+ ( ! /reet2 !y %\ld be plac$ p]fectly firm1 s t !y may n easily give way4 ,! c\rse ( all gas ma9s %\ld be rectil9e>1 ) a dip ( ab\t "o in*1 9 e t5 feet di/ance4 ,9 all wide /reets1 :]e ! numb] ( h\ses on bo? sides ( ! /reets1 to be suppli$ ) gas1 is num]\s1 x is m economical to employ a sep>ate gas ma9 = ea* side ( ! /reet1 ?an to make use ( "o l>g] ma9 = bo? sides2 because small] ma9s may !n be employ$1 & ! collat]al bran* pipes lead+ into ! h\ses are %ort]2 ^! circum/ances amply comp5sate = ! additional ma94 ,all bran* pipes proce$+ f a ma91 %\ld h a dip ( ab\t "o in* 9 t5 feet1 t[>ds ! ma9 f :i* !y proce$1 s t any fluid t may happ5 to collect 9 ^! pipes mu/ run into ! ma9s4 ,all small wr\ght iron bran* pipes proce$+ f ! ma9s into ! h\ses or places to be light$ ) gas1 %\ld be cov]$ ) a ?ick coat ( coal t>1 be=e !y are laid d[n into ! gr\nd2 ?is may easily be done by heat+ ! pipe1 & lay+ on ! boil$ t> ) a bru%4 ,e sep>ate l5g? ( bran* pipe %\ld be tri$ by cond5s+ ! pipe "u wat]1 9 ord] to be c]ta9 t ! pipe is s\nd4 ,! junctures ( ^! pipes %\ld be made by dipp+ ! male screw ( ! pipe into a mixture ( :ite lead & l9se$ oil1 be=e !y are screw$ toge!r4 ,not)/&+ ! usual c>e :i* c be tak5 9 prov+ pipes1 be=e ! gas is admitt$ into !m1 a slight leakage may be sometimes subsequ5tly detect$4 ,!re=e1 be=e ! gas is suff]$ to ent] ! ma9s1 !y %\ld be aga9 prov$1 9 ord] to be c]ta9 t all ! junctures are air tight4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t mann] ( prov+ ! ma9s :5 laid1 is by means ( a small portable gas hold] fill$ ) common air1 & connect$ by means ( a small pipe1 ) ! sy/em ( ! ma9s to be tri$4 ,?is gas hold] %\ld be made to act ) a pressure at lea/ f\r times great] ?an ! pressure :i* ! pipes w h to su/a9 by ! gas !y are to convey4 ,if ! ma9s are air tight1 ! gas hold] w rema9 /ation>y1 b if !y are n s\nd1 ! gas hold] w desc5d1 9 proportion to ! leak ( ! ma9s1 ! quantity ( gas lo/ may be ?us asc]ta9$4 ,e qu>t] ( a mile ( pipe %\ld ?us be tri$ sep>ately4 ,9 ?is mann] we become also enabl$ to detect in/antly1 :e!r any collat]al bran* pipe has be5 left op5 by ! workm51 a neglect by no means uncommon 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( ! gas light bus9ess4 ,9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ ! dang] ( wat] ent]+ f ! ext]nal surface into ! pipes1 a res]voir %\ld always be plac$ at ! l[e/ po9t1 :]e two or m desc5d+ ma9s meet & =m an angle1 s z to receive ! wat] t may happ5 to collect at ?is angul> po9t1 an accumulation ( :i* w\ld cut (f ! communication betwe5 ! two pipes2 ?is res]voir is usually call$ a siphon1 see page #bba4 ,x ought to be at lea/ twice ! diamet] ( ! bore ( ! ma9s1 betwe5 :i* x is int]pos$1 & f\r times t diamet] 9 dep?4 ,^! res]voirs af=d ! be/ indication to %[ ! s\nd or leaky /ate ( ! sy/em ( ! ma9s4 ,9 all in/ances :]e ! pipes are p]fectly s\nd1 obs]vation has %[n1 t half a mile ( gas ma9s1 ?ree in*es 9 ! bore1 does n deposit m ?an a qu>t ( wat] 9 a ye>2 on ! o!r h&1 if ! ma9s are leaky1 ! wat] ( ! res]voir requires to be pump$ out1 sometimes z frequ5tly z e =tnight1 & dur+ wet wea!r1 mu* (t5]4 ,! loss ( gas by su* leakage is mu* great] ?an is g5]ally imag9$4 ,in/ances might be m5tion$ :]e1 9 ord] to keep ! common air out ( a sy/em ( faulty pipes1 a con/ant influx ( gas :i* a pipe two in*es 9 diamet] c supply has be5 f\nd necess>y1 & ?is ( c\rse is j s mu* gas lo/ to ! economy ( ! e/abli%m5t4 ,) reg>d to ! diamet] ( ! ma9s1 no g5]al rule c be giv54 ,x mu/ v>y accord+ to ! numb] ( bran* pipes & lamps :i* ! ma9 has to supply )9 a giv5 di/ance1--! angul> direction ( ! ma9s1--! pressure ( ! gas hold]1 & above all1 ) ! relative altitude ( ! place :]e ! gas hold] is situat$1 & ! place at :i* ! gas is to be suppli$1 or :]e ! lamps are plac$4 ,inde$ ?is is "o ( ! mo/ important consid]ations ) reg>d to ! economical di/ribution ( gas ma9s1 & by att5d+ to ?is circum/ance1 a prodigi\s sav+ may be effect$4 ,if ! gas fl[s ?r\gh a ma9 plac$ at an altitude ( ! gas hold]1 & ) a pressure to support a column ( wat] half an in* high1 ?is gas at an altitude ( #ajj feet1 w support a column ( wat] in* high1 & z ! velocity ( ! gas is z ! ( ! height1 or pressure1 ! quantity ( gas :i* w fl[ ?r\gh a giv5 op5+ at an elevation ( #ajj feet1 w be v ne>ly 9 ! proportion ( two to ?ree4 ,h5ce if a gas burn]1 or gas lamp1 produces a flame two in*es high1 at a place situat$ on a level ) ! base ( ! gas hold]1 ! lamp1 if suppli$ by ! same ma91 b situat$ #ajj feet high]1 w burn ) a flame ?ree in*es high4 ,?is important fact may be r5d]$ obvi\s 9 ! foll[+ simple mann]3 ,take a tube t5 or fifte5 feet long1 & "o in* 9 diamet]1 place x horizontally2 let "o end ( ! tube be op51 & close ! o!r ) a plate pi]c$ ) a hole1 ( ab\t ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & !n fill ! tube ) gas4 ,if a light$ tap] be appli$ to ! hole1 :5 ! tube is ly+ horizontally1 ! gas w n take fire2 b on rais+ ! end ( ! tube :]e ! small ap]ture is1 ! gas w take fire1 & ! magnitude ( ! flame w become enl>g$ 9 proportion z ! tube approa*es t[>ds ! p]p5dicul>4 ,h5ce ! diamet] ( gas ma9s mu/ be v>i$1 accord+ to ! altitude ( ! place to be suppli$ ) gas4 ,& x is 9 consequ5ce ( neglect+ ?is pr9ciple t we obs]ve s frequ5tly c]ta9 p>ts ( l>ge t[ns scantily suppli$ ) gas1 :il/ o!r p>ts furni%$ f ! same ma9s1 situat$ consid]ably above ! level ( ! gas hold]1 h ! gas 9 ! greate/ pr(usion1 b at ! exp5se ( ^? places situat$ at a l[] level4 ,& s true is ?is1 t if a ma9 7 to desc5d #ajj feet bel[ ! base ( ! gas hold]1 & if ! pressure ( ! gas 9 ! ma9 0 only equal to su/a9 a column ( wat] half an in* 9 height1 ! gas lamps c\ld n be light$ at all1 at a po9t s l[1 because ! pressure ( ! gas is !n 9 an equilibrium ) ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,h5ce 9 light+ a t[n or di/rict ) coal gas1 ! be/ situation = ! gas app>atus1 z f> at lea/ z x reg>ds ! economy ( ! ma9s = di/ribut+ ! gas1 is ! l[e/ "p ( ! t[n or di/rict4 ,= if ! ma9s are plac$ at an elevat$ situation1 !y require to be proportionally l>g]1 & if situat$ at a l[] place ?an ! level ( ! gas hold]1 !y mu/ be small]2 b 9 ei!r case ! ma9s mu/ be> a prop] proportion to ea* o!r1 accord+ to ! conditions & circum/ances already /at$1 & x is "h1 :]e ! skill ( ! gas light eng9e] becomes conspicu\s1 = ! sav+ t may ?us be effect$ 9 ! light+ ( a di/rict or t[n ) gas1 is v consid]able4 ,! requisite pressure ( ! gas = diff]5t situations ) reg>d to ! altitude ( ! place to be light$1 may be readily kn[n by asc]ta9+ ! altitude ( ! place by means ( ! m\nta9 b>omet]4 ,! ,englefield m\nta9 b>omet] is mo/ commodi\s & suitable = t purpose4 ,?is in/rum5t is n liable to be out ( ord]1 x may be us$ by a s+le obs]v]1 & af=ds an easy me?od ( asc]ta9+ ! elevations & depressions ( ! surfaces ( ! e>? ) ! greate/ facility1 & to a degree ( precision1 t may vie ) trigonometrical m5suration4 ,?us suppos+ ! pressure ( ! gas at ! level ( ! gas hold] to be equal to a column ( wat] half an in* high1 by inspect+ ! height ( ! b>omet]1 ! requisite pressure ( ! gas at t place may readily be f\nd4 ,t "p ( a gas ma9 :i* does n supply any gas to a bran* pipe or lamps1 z x proce$s 9 its c\rse ne$ only be a qu>t] ( ! capacity :i* is necess>y at ! "p :]e ! bran* pipe or pipes comm5ce4 ,= no inconv5i5ce c arise f ! increas$ velocity :i* ! gas mu/ assume 9 proportion to ! dim9ution ( ! bore ( ! ma91 provid$ t ! velocity ( ! gas is less5$ by pass+ into a ma9 ( a great] bore1 prior to x be+ convey$ into ! pipe or pipes imm$iately connect$ ) or supply+ ! lamps4 ,! enl>gem5t ( ! pipes %\ld be 9 ! proportion to ! diamet] ( ! two pipes1 z f\r to "o4 ,weight ( ca/ iron ,gas ,ma9s ( diff]5t l5g?s & bores4 ,9 ord] to avoid t ! gas ma9s deposit$ "u gr\nd 9 public /reets or o!r places1 may n be on ! "o h& sup]flu\sly heavy1 or z x is call$ ?ick 9 ! metal1 & consequ5tly unnecess>ily exp5sive1 & on ! o!r h& n too light1 or too ?9 9 ! metal1 s z to be liable to become injur$1 we %all exhibit ! weight ( gas ma9s ( diff]5t bores & l5g?s be/ suit$ = convey+ gas1 n[ employ$ at ! be/ regulat$ gas works 9 ! metropolis4#ej #ej ,a mile ( pipe ( an av]age diamet]1 laid "u gr\nd ready = convey+ gas1 toge!r ) tak+ up & mak+ good ! pavem5t1 co/s 9 ,london1 ab\t 4 #ajjj4--;,& 9 small t[ns :]e ! lights are usually less clu/]$ toge!r ?an is ! case 9 ,london1 & :]e pipes ( ?ree in*es 9 ! bore are usually suffici5t1 a mile ( pipe complete co/s ab\t 4 #gjj4 ,bore ( ,l5g? ,weight ca/ iron pipes4 ( pipe4 ( pipe4 ,,in*es4 ,,feet4 ,,p\nds4 #b #f #df #b #f #fc #c #i #abj #d #i #age #e #i #bdh #f #i #bhj #g #i #cfd ,,"p ,,xiii4 ,gas ,lamps1 & ,burn]s4 ,! lamps or burn]s = ! combu/ion ( coal gas1 may be inf9itely & ta/efully v>i$4 ,! v>ieties commonly employ$1 are ! ,arg& burn]1 ! ,cockspur burn]1 & ! ,bat's ,w+ burn]4 ,! ,arg& burn]1 fig4 #aj1 & #aa1 plate ,v41 consi/s ( two conc5tric brass tubes1 ab\t "o & a half in* long1 & sev5-eigh?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 7! l>ge/ size burn] employ$47 ,! int]val betwe5 ! two tubes is clos$ at top & bottom4 ,! upp] "p is clos$ ) a r+ ( /eel1 x is p]=at$ ) fifte5 or eighte5 holes ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! gas ent]s into ! cavity betwe5 ! two tubes1 & issues f ! circul> r[ ( ap]tures 9 ! /eel r+ at ! top ( ! burn] :]e x is burnt4 ,a d\ble supply ( air )9 & )\t ! flame is effect$ by means ( ! glass :i* surr\nds ! flame4 ,! combu/ion ( ! gas is p]fect :5 ! admission ( air is 9 due proportion to ! magnitude ( ! flame4 ,! height ( ! gas flame %\ld nev] exce$ ?ree times ! diamet] ( ! flame4 ,:5 ! flame is too l>ge1 ! light is less brilliant1 & x !n produces an od\r1 because ! combu/ion is imp]fect4 ,! be/ %ape ( ! glass = surr\nd+ ! gas flame ( ! ,arg& lamp1 is a /raight tube1 %[n fig4 #h1 plate ,v41 or a tube enl>g$ at ! base1 %[n fig4 #i1 plate ,v4 ,fig4 #aj1 plate ,v41 is call$ a crut*$ arg& gas burn]1 x is us$ = pill> lamps2 fig4 #aa1 is call$ a bran* arg& burn]4 ,x is ess5tial t ! ap]tures = ! emission ( ! gas ( ! arg& gas lamp1 be p]fectly r\nd & ( an uni=m size1 )\t ?is condition ! flame ( ! lamp is ragg$1 & n well def9$4 ,fig4 #ae1 plate ,,iii41 exhibits a sw+ bracket1 furni%$ ) a cockspur burn]4 ,! burn] consi/s ( a holl[ flatt5$ globe1 ab\t half an in* 9 diamet]1 pi]c$ lat]ally ) ?ree or m holes1 ( ab\t ( an in* 9 diamet]2 out ( ^! holes ! gas flame issues 9 /reams z %[n 9 ! sket*4 ,) ?is burn] ! combu/ion ( ! gas is imp]fect1 & x is a wa/eful mode ( burn+ coal gas4 ,! surr\nd+ holes ( ! cockspur burn]1 0 x n = ! upw>d curr5t ( air1 w\ld give flames radiat+ 9 /raight l9es f ! c5tre ( ! burn]1 b ! asc5d+ curr5t ( heat$ air1 causes !m to curve upw>ds l ! spur ( a game cock1 & h5ce ! "n cockspur burn]4 ,if ! gas be made to burn f a s]ies ( holes made 9 ! lat]al circumf]5ce ( a holl[ flat cyl9d]1 x w produce a circul> horizontal s]ies ( flames curv+ upw>ds4 ,fig4 #ab4 plate ,v41 is call$ a bat's w+ burn]2 x consi/s ( a small pe>-%ap$ /eel burn]1 ab\t ( an in* 9 diamet]1 hav+ a p]p5dicul> slit at its upp] extremity1 ab\t ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,?is burn] exhibits a tulip-%ap$ flame1 z %[n fig4 #ac1 plate ,v41 x is well adapt$ = /reet gas lamps4 ,! /op-cock = admitt+ gas into gas burn]s %\ld always be plac$ at lea/ six in*es f ! burn]4 ,! /op-cock 9 ! brackets1 fig4 #h1 or #i1 plate ,v41 is plac$ at a4 ,p5dant gas lamps1 into :i* ! gas is convey$ f a pipe above1 ?r\gh ! ceil+1 %\ld be provid$ ) a m]curial jo9t1 or ball & socket jo9t4 ,! =m] contrivance is pref]able1 because x c nev] leak2#ea b ! latt] requires occasional repairs4 ,fig4 #ad1 plate ,,iii41 %ews ! m]curial jo9t4 a1 is ! pipe :i* br+s ! gas2 x t]m9ates 9 a %eet iron cup op5 at bottom1 b clos$ air tight at ! top2 ?is cup is inv]t$ into a small iron bason1 conta9+ m]cury4 ,d ! iron tube :i* communicates ) ! gas lamp or burn]1 & ! upp] extremity ( :i* projects above ! surface ( ! m]cury 9 ! iron bason1 :il/ ! o!r extremity proce$s to ! burn]s or lamps4 #ea ,?is contrivance has be5 adopt$ ?r\gh\t ! fitt+ up ( ! gas lights at ! ,royal ,m9t4 ,sw+ bracket burn]s1 fig4 #ac1 plate ,,iii41 %\ld h ! axis ( motion at ! jo9ts ,a1 ,a1 ,a1 p]=at$ at "r angles to ea* o!r1 s z to admit ! moveable jo9ts at ,a1 to be left op51 )\t ob/ruct+ ! passage ( ! gas :5 ! bracket assumes diff]5t angul> positions4 ,all sw+ brackets ought to h a d\ble1 & n a s+le jo9t1 because ! latt] soon we>s oval 9 ! two opposite edges2 ?is is prev5t$ by ! d\ble jo9t hav+ an uni=m be>+ at top & bottom1 x !re=e c nev] leak4 ,fig4 #aa1 plate ,,vi41 exhibits ! arrangem5t usually adopt$ = a p5dant p]p5dicul> slid+ lamp1 or *&eli]1 :i* requires to be rais$ or depress$4 ,?is contrivance is conv5i5t = light+ !atres1 or public build+s1 by means ( a l>ge c5tral gas light *&eli]1 t may be rais$ or depress$ at pleasure4 ,! gas ent]s into ! tube ,d1 :i* is firmly fix$ 9 ! ceil+1 z %[n 9 ! sket*2 x passes ?r\gh a hole ne> ,e1 into a small] tube j1 :i* slides p]p5dicul>ly )9 ! tube ,d4 ,?is slid+ tube is made air tight by means ( two /uff+ boxes fill$ ) oil1 plac$ ne> ,b1 & ,c4 ,! slid+ tube j1 toge!r ) ! *&eli] susp5d$ to x1 is c\nt]-balanc$ by a weight conceal$ 9 a box ,w1 connect$ ) pullies 9 ! usual mann]1 z %[n 9 ! sket*1 s t ! *&eli] may be rais$ or l[]$ at pleasure4 ,directions to ,workm51 = adapt+ ,gas ,pipes to ! int]ior ( h\ses4 ,! adapt+ gas pipes to ! int]ior ( h\ses1 = ! supply ( gas1 simple & easy z x may appe>1 has be5 ! means ( n a little contribut+ to br+ ! gas light illum9ation1 on _m occasions1 into disrepute4 ,x has requir$ ye>s to enable workm5 ( ! be/ int5tion to acquire suffici5t practical skill 9 ! prop] execution ( a bus9ess1 :i* mu/ be pron\nc$ to con/itute an art entirely new1 & 9 :i* no progress c\ld be made1 b aft] hav+ committ$ _m errors4 ,a h\se neatly & judici\sly fitt$ up ) gas pipes1 displays to a p]son exp]i5c$ 9 ?is art1 a skill & judgm5t1 equal to :at is e/abli%$ 9 any o!r bran* ( me*anical employm5t4 ,x mu/ be obvi\s1 t ! art ( arrang+ ! pipes & adapt+ !m1 is "o ( t class ( op]ations 9 :i* x is a real sav+ to employ ! be/ mat]ials & skilful workm51 to avoid repairs & subsequ5t alt]ations & d]angem5ts ( ! "w4 ,! supply & di/ribution ( ! pipes1 or ! fitt+ up1 z x is call$ by ! workm51 may be done almo/ at any price ) reg>d to workman%ip & mat]ials1 & to b>ga9 = *eapness 9 ! execution ( x1 ) a fai?ful1 hone/1 & skilful workman1 mu/ naturally be a los+ conc]n to ! p]son = :om ! "w is done4 ,! co/ ( furni%+ & adapt+ ! pipes to "o place1 _c s]ve z a /&>d = any o!r place1 e sep>ate place may pres5t difficulties :i* c\ld n be =ese5 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! "w4 ,! /opp+ up & corrosion ( ! gas pipes1 :i* at ! comm5cem5t ( ! introduction ( ! new lights 0 compla9$ ( 9 _m places1 x is n[ suffici5tly e/abli%$1 orig9at$ entirely f ! impurity ( ! gas1 toge!r ) a faulty arrangem5t ( ! pipes1 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 ! wat] ( cond5sation accumulat+ 9 c]ta9 p>ts1 ex]cis$ a /rong *emical action on ! copp] pipes1 & if ! gas 0 n v pure1 ultimately corrod$ ! pipe4 ,^! objections d no long] exi/1 & x may safely be pron\nc$1 t pure coal gas produces no action :atev] on ! copp] tubes ?r\gh :i* x is convey$4 ,9 pro( ( ?is /atem5t1 we ne$ only ref] to ! sev]al di/ricts ( ! metropolis1 fitt$ up ) gas pipes at ! fir/ introduction ( ! new lights1 7#ahji17 all ( :i* are /ill 9 p]fect pres]vation4 ,x is p]haps unnecess>y to add1 t no pipe capable ( be+ melt$ by a gas flame1 %\ld ev] be employ$ = convey+ or di/ribut+ gas ?r\gh ! int]ior ( h\ses1 because ! facility ) :i* su* pipes might be p]=at$1 c\ld lead to s]i\s consequ5ces1 if ! gas issu+ f ! ap]ture ( ! pipe 7 light$1 ! flame 9 t case w\ld foll[ ! melt$ "p1 ?r\gh ! :ole ext5t ( ! pipe1 & ! haz>d by fire w\ld be consid]ably increas$4 ,!re=e1 pewt]1 lead1 & t9 pipes1 are v improp] = di/ribut+ gas ?r\gh ! int]ior ( h\ses1 & %\ld nev] be us$ = t purpose4 ,h5ce copp]1 & iron pipes1 are univ]sally employ$4 ,9 ord] t ! pipes = convey+ ! gas f ! ma9s1 & di/ribut+ x ?r\gh ! h\ses or o!r build+s to be light$ ) gas1 may 9 ! fir/ place n be unnecess>ily l>ge1 or too small1 ! foll[+ rule may s]ve z a guide to workm53 ,"o gas lamp1--consum+ f\r cubic feet ( gas 9 an h\r1 if situat$ tw5ty feet di/ance f ! ma9 :i* supplies ! gas1 requires a tube n less ?an a qu>t] ( an in* 9 ! bore4 ,two lamps1--#cj feet di/ance f ! ma91 require a tube ( an in* 9 ! bore4 ,?ree lamps1--#cj feet di/ance f ! ma91 require a tube ( an in* 9 ! bore4 ,f\r lamps1--#dj feet di/ance f ! ma91 require a tube in* 9 ! bore4 ,six lamps1--#ej feet di/ance f ! ma91 require a tube ( an in* 9 ! bore4 ,t5 lamps1--#ajj feet di/ance f ! ma91 require a tube ( an in* 9 ! bore4 ,fifte5 lamps1--#acj feet di/ance f ! ma91 require a tube #a in* 9 ! bore4 ,tw5ty lamps1--#aej feet di/ance f ! ma91 require a tube #a in* 9 ! bore4 ,tw5ty-five lamps1--#ahj feet di/ance f ! ma91 require a tube #a ( an in* 9 ! bore4 ,?irty lamps1--#bjj feet di/ance f ! ma91 require a tube #a in* 9 ! bore4 ,?irty-five lamps1--#bej feet di/ance f ! ma91 require a tube #a ( an in* 9 ! bore4 ,all copp] pipes employ$ to convey gas ?r\gh ! int]ior ( h\ses %\ld be ( ! foll[+ weight1 ) reg>d to a giv5 l5g? ( ! pipe3 ,bore ( ! pipe4 ,weight p] foot4 ,,p>ts ,,( ,,an ,,in*4 ,,ounces4 #c #e #f #h #aj ,no copp]$ pipes %\ld be us$ b su* z h wrapt ov] & braz$ jo9ts4 ,!y %\ld be well anneal$1 to r5d] !m pliable )\t be+ liable to break4 ,all ! b5ds = connect+ pipes mu/ be circul>1 see fig4 #bb1 plate ,v4 ,no bran* pipe ought to proce$ f a pipe ( a qu>t] ( an in* 9 ! bore1 & no m ?an two bran* pipes %\ld proce$ f a pipe ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* 9 ! bore4 ,all bran* pipes be=e !y are fix$ = convey+ gas1 mu/ be prov$ by cond5s+ air into !m by means ( a cond5s+ h& pump4 ,! pipe %\ld be plac$ 9 a tr\gh ( wat]1 ! leak w !n be easily obs]v$ by ! air bubbles :i* rise ?r\gh ! wat] :il/ ! air is cond5s$ 9 ! pipes4 ,all bran* pipes %\ld h a rectil9e> c\rse2 pipes t are twi/$ h an unsightly appe>ance4 ,all pipes %\ld h a desc5t ( no less ?an a qu>t] ( an in* 9 f\r feet4 ,! seams or braz$ "p ( ! pipes mu/ always be out mo/ & n t[>ds ! wall2 because if a leak %\ld happ5 to take place 9 ! braz$ "p ( ! pipe1 x may !n be easily discov]$ & m readily repair$4 ,:5 all ! pipes h be5 furni%$ to a h\se or place int5d$ to be light$1 ! :ole sy/em ( ! pipes %\ld be exam9$ ) ! utmo/ rig\r1 to asc]ta9 :e!r all ! junctures are air tight4 ,?is %\ld be done by cond5s+ air into ! pipes by means ( a cond5s+ syr+e1 & if ! pi/on ( ! syr+e l[]s aft] cond5sation1 x is a sure indication t ! pipes are faulty1 & consequ5tly totally unfit = receiv+ ! gas4 ,! leak may be detect$ by pass+ a light$ tap] c>efully along ! :ole ext5t ( ! pipe fill$ ) cond5s$ air1 :5 ! flame ( ! tap] w be affect$ z x passes ov] ! faulty place ( ! pipe4 ,! ap]ture f :i* ! gas c escape may h[ev]1 be s small1 z to r5d] x a matt] ( difficulty to discov] x 9 ! mann] j /at$2 b :5 ! pipes are fill$ ) coal gas1 ! escape ( x1 :5 all ! /op-cocks ( ! lamps & burn]s are %ut1 w soon become obvi\s1 by ! peculi> od\r ( ! gas1 if ! ap>tm5t1 or place1 :]e ! pipes are plac$1 is suff]$ to be clos$ = ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! gas %\ld n be introduc$ into pipes 9 :i* any defect ( ?is k9d is f\nd1 until x be completely remov$4 ,! mo/ sev]e trial to asc]ta9 ! air tightness ( any sy/em ( pipes is1 ! trial by exhau/ion1 by means ( an air pump1 = ! guage ( ! pump w discov] ! m9ute/ leak1 :i* ! prec$+ me?od ( prov+ pipes c n discov]4 ,all pipes aft] be+ prov$ %\ld be pa9t$ ( ! same col\r z ! surface to :i* !y are affix$4 ,! :ole sy/em ( pipes %\ld incl9e to "o or m places1 s t any moi/ure t may happ5 to accumulate 9 ! pipes1 may collect at su* places1 :5ce x may be readily remov$ by op5+ a screw plug adapt$ = t purpose4 ,all ! diff]5t junctures ( ma9s & bran* pipes1 %\ld be effect$ by means ( connect+ pieces1 s t any "p ( ! sy/em ( ! pipes1 or any sep>ate bran* pipe may readily be deta*$1 & put up aga9 if occasion %\ld require x2 fig4 #ai1 plate ,v41 exhibits ?is mode ( connect+ gas pipes by means ( union jo9ts4 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 %[s a gas pipe ) its union or connect+ jo9t1 divid$ into its sep>ate p>ts4 ,d1 is a coll> ( lea!r1 :i* passes ov] ! "p ,c1 ( ! union jo9t1 close up to ! %\ld] ( ! jo9t2 ! opposite extremity ( ! pipe may be ins]t$ into ! socket ,b1 s t ! %\ld] ,c1 comes 9 contact ) ! fillet or rim 9 ,b1 to prev5t x pass+ ov] ! %\ld] ,c1 :5 ,b & ,e are screw$ toge!r4 ,! latt] "p ( ! pipe is furni%$ ) a male screw to correspond ) ! ?read 9 ! coll> ,b4 ,! %\ld] piece ,c1 is ( r a l>g] diamet] ?an ! bore ( ! tube ,a1 ) :i* x is to be connect$4 ,! %ort piece ,e1 furni%$ ) a male screw1 is ( ! same diamet] z ! "p ,c4 ,! pieces ,c1 & ,e1 ( ! pipe are s(t sold]$1 "o to ! tube ,a1 & ! o!r to ! tube ,e1 b previ\s to sold]+ on ,c1 x is necess>y t ! socket %\ld be ins]t$ into ! tube ,a1 x w !n be ready = connect+1 z w become obvi\s by inspect+ fig4 #bj1 :i* %[s ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! union jo9t fitt$ = use4 ,x is evid5t t if ! extremity ,d1 9 ! pipe ,b1 be br\ght close to ! pipe ,e1 & if ! socket ,c1 be mov$ along ! pipe ,a1 & screw$ ^u ! male screw at ,d1 z f> z x w g1 ! face ( ! "p ,d1 mu/ press close aga9/ ! lea!r coll> :i* is plac$ on ,e1 & r5d] ! jo9t gas tight4 ,^! k9d ( jo9ts are v conv5i5t = circul> b5ds1 fig4 #bb1 & ,t1 pieces1 fig4 #ba4 ,! ,t pieces1 fig4 #ba1 are v useful = collat]al bran* pipes1 ei!r = ! same or ( a less diamet] z ! pipe1 f :i* !y proce$1 s z to bran* (f at "r angles4 ,fig4 #bb1 is a qu>t] circul> b5d2 x is conv5i5t = adapt+ tubes along ! angul> p>ts ( rooms1 & to all su* situations :]e ! tube is to h a sudd5 circul> c\rse4 ,small copp] tubes may be readily b5t to ! requir$ angle )\t break+1 b if a tube %\ld t]m9ate 9 any angul> "p ( a room1 9 t case a circul> b5d furni%$ ) a male & female screw1 is conv5i5t = connect+ ! pipes toge!r4 ,all pipes adapt$ to ! ext]ior ( build+s1 %\ld be kept a little di/ance (f f ! wall1 to prev5t ! wet lodg+ betwe5 ! pipe & ! surface to :i* !y adapt$4 ,%eet iron ma9s = ! int]ior ( h\ses1 are pref]able to copp] ma9s1 provid$ ! c\rse ( ! ma9 ) reg>d to ! position ( ! bran* pipes1 does n require too _m angul> directions1 or circul> b5ds4 ,,"p ,,xiv4 ,illum9at+ p[] ( ,coal ,gas1 & quantity ( ,gas consum$ 9 a giv5 "t1 by diff]5t k9ds ( ,burn]s1 & ,gas ,lamps4 ,! illum9at+ p[] ( coal gas1 diff]s accord+ to ! nature ( ! coal f :i* x is obta9$1 & ! mann] 9 :i* x is purifi$1 toge!r ) ! quantity ( nap?a or ess5tial oil *emically comb9$1 or me*anically susp5d$ 9 ! gas4 ,= if ! gas be /rongly agitat$ ) wat]1 its illum9at+ p[] is dim9i%$4 ,coal gas1 :i* ab\nds 9 olifiant gas or sup]c>burett$ hydrog5 possesses ! greate/ illum9at+ p[]1 & h5ce c>burett$ hydrog5 obta9$ f ! decomposition ( coal t> possesses a great] illum9at+ p[] ?an ! gas obta9$ f ! coals :i* produc$ ! t>4 ,! illum9at+ p[] ( c>burett$ hydrog5 obta9$ f coal t> :5 comp>$ to ! gas obta9$ f ! be/ ,newca/le coal is 9 ! proportion z six to five4 ,9 fact ! int5sity ( light evolv$ dur+ ! combu/ion ( gaze\s bodies compos$ ( c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxig51 is always 9 ! ratio ( ! quantity ( c>bon conta9$ 9 equal quantities ( ! gaze\s comp\nd1 & h5ce ! gas f animal oil :i* is *iefly compos$ ( sup]c>burett$ hydrog5 or olifiant gas1 surpasses 9 illum9at+ p[] ! gas obta9$ f coal4 ,half a cubic foot ( coal gas1 obta9$ 9 ! ord9>y way ( manufactur+ coal gas1 f ,newca/le coal1 is equal 9 illum9at+ p[] & duration ( "t1 to ! light produc$ by a tall[ c&le six 9 ! p\nd1 burn+ = "o h\r1 & z su* a tall[ c&le la/s five h\rs1 !re=e fifte5 cubic feet ( coal gas1 are equal 9 value ) reg>d to illum9at+ p[] to "o p\nd ( c&les4 ,& z #aab p\nds ( ,newca/le coal produce by ! new me?od ( manufactur+ coal gas1 at lea/ #eej cubic feet ( gas1 !re=e ! quantity ( gas produc$ f a *aldron ( ,newca/le or ,sund]l& coal1 7! m9imum weight ( :i* is #bg cwt47 is equal 9 illum9at+ p[] to #ajjj p\nds ( tall[ c&les4 ,! illum9at+ p[] ( coal gas may readily be asc]ta9$4 ,?\gh ! eye is n fitt$ to judge ( ! proportional p[] ( diff]5t lights1 x c di/+ui% 9 _m cases ) suffici5t precision :]e two simil> surfaces are equally illum9at$4 ,z ! lucid p>ticles emitt$ f lum9\s bodies are d>t$ 9 "r l9es1 !y mu/ spread uni=mly1 & h5ce _! d5sity dim9i%es 9 ! duplicate ratio ( _! di/ance4 ,f ! respective situations1 !re=e1 ( ! c5tres ( div]g5cy1 :5 ! contra/$ & illum9at$ surfaces become equally bright1 we are enabl$ to compute _! relative degrees ( int5sity4 ,& = ?is purpose x is assum$ z a pr9ciple1 t ! same quantity ( light1 div]g+ 9 all directions f a lum9\s body1 rema9s undim9i%$ 9 all di/ances f ! c5tre ( div]g5cy4 ,?us we mu/ suppose1 t ! quantity ( light fall+ on e object1 is ! same z w\ld h fall5 on ! places occupi$ by ! %ad[2 & if !re 7 any d\bt ( ! tru? ( ! supposition1 x might be confirm$ by "s simple exp]im5t4 ,!re=e1 x foll[s1 t1 s9ce ! %ad[ ( a squ>e in* ( any surface occupies at twice ! di/ance ( ! surface f ! lum9\s po9t ! space ( f\r squ>e in*es1 ! int5sity ( ! light dim9i%es z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance increases4 ,if1 consequ5tly1 we remove ! two s\rces ( light to su* di/ances f an object t !y may illum9ate x 9 equal degrees1 we are au?oriz$ to conclude t _! orig9al int5sities are inv]sely z ! squ>es ( ! di/ances4 ,h5ce1 if two lights ( unequal illum9at+ p[]s %9e ^u ! same surface at equal obliquities1 & an opaque body be int]pos$ betwe5 !m & ! illum9at$ surface1 ! two %ad[s produc$ mu/ diff] 9 blackness or int5sity 9 ! same degree4 ,= ! %ad[ =m$ by int]cept+ ! great] light1 w be illum9at$ by ! small] light only2 & rev]sely1 ! o!r %ad[ w be illum9at$ by ! great] light2 t is to say1 ! /rong] light w be att5d$ ) ! deep] %ad[4 ,n[ x is easy by remov+ ! /rong] light to a great] di/ance1 to make ! %ad[ :i* x produces equal to t af=d$ by ! less light4 ,exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d may be made 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,fa/5 a %eet ( :ite pap] aga9/ ! wall ( a room1 & place ! two lights int5d$ to be comp>$1 s t ! rays ( light f ea* fall ) ne>ly ! same angle ( incid5ce ^u ! middle ( ! pap]4 ,9 ?is situation1 if a book or o!r object be held to int]cept "p ( ! light1 :i* w\ld h fall5 on ! pap]1 ! %ad[s may be made to appe> z 9 ?is figure3 ,illu/ration :]e ,a repres5ts ! surface illum9at$ by "o ( ! lights only2 ,b1 ! surface illum9at$ by ! o!r light2 ,c1 ! p]fect %ad[ f :i* bo? lights are exclud$4 ,x w easily be und]/ood t ! lights ab\t ,d & ,e1 ne> ! angle ,f1 w fall ) equal incid5ces :5 ! d\ble %ad[ is made to occupy ! middle ( ! pap]2 & consequ5tly1 if "o or bo? ( ! lights be remov$ directly t[>ds or f ! pap]1 z ! appe>ances may require1 until ! two %ad[s at ,e & ,d h ! same int5sity1 ! quantities ( light emitt$ by ea*1 w be z ! squ>es ( ! di/ances f ! pap]4 ,by exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d1 _m useful p>ticul>s may be %ewn2 =1 s9ce ! co/ & duration ( c&les1 & ! consumption ( coal gas1 or oil 9 lamps1 are easily asc]ta9able1 x may be %ewn :e!r m or less light is obta9$ at ! same exp5se dur+ a giv5 "t1 by burn+ a numb] ( small lights1 in/ead ( "o or m ( great] int5sities4 ,& ?us we may comp>e ! p[] ( diff]5t k9ds ( lamps or c&les1 ) gas lights ( diff]5t int5sities1 s z to det]m9e ! relative co/ ( ea* p>ticul> k9d ( ! combu/ible sub/ance employ$ = furni%+ light4 ,= example2 if a c&le & a gas burn] supply+ coal gas1 adju/$ by a /op-cock1 produce ! same d>kness ( %ad[1 at ! same di/ance f ! wall1 ! /r5g? or int5sity ( light is ! same4 ,an uni=m degree ( int5sity ( ! gas light may readily be produc$1 by op5+ or %utt+ ! /op-cock1 if m or less light be requir$1 & ! c&le kept c>efully snuff$ to produce ! mo/ regul> & greate/ quantity ( light4 ,! size ( ! flame1 9 exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d1 ( c\rse becomes unnecess>y1 & w v>y v mu* ) ! quality or *emical con/itution ( ! coal gas4 ,! bulk ( ! gas consum$1 & ! weight ( tall[ or oil us$ by weigh+ ! c&le or oil be=e & aft] ! exp]im5t furni% ! data = calculat+ ! relative co/ ( tall[1 or oil & gas1 :5 comp>$ ) ea* o!r4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t exhibits ! quantity ( coal gas consum$ 9 a giv5 "t1 by diff]5t k9ds ( arg& lamps4 ,an arg& burn] :i* measures 9 ! upp] rim half an in* 9 diamet]1 betwe5 ! holes f :i* ! gas issues1 :5 furni%$ ) five ap]tures #e "p ( an in* 9 diamet]1 consumes two cubic feet ( gas 9 an h\r1 :5 ! gas flame is "o & a half in* high4 ,! illum9at+ p[] produc$ by ?is burn] is equal to ?ree tall[ c&les eight 9 ! p\nd4 ,an arg& burn] ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* 9 diamet] betwe5 ! holes 9 ! upp] rim1 & p]=at$ ) holes1 ( an in* 9 diamet]1 consumes ?ree cubic feet ( gas 9 an h\r1 :5 ! flame is two & a qu>t] in*es high1 & produces a light equal 9 int5sity to f\r tall[ c&les1 eight 9 a p\nd4 ,an arg& burn] sev5-eigh?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 p]=at$ ) eighte5 holes ( an in* 9 diamet]1 consumes :5 ! flame ( ! gas is ?ree in*es high1 f\r cubic feet ( gas 9 an h\r1 & produces a light equal 9 int5sity to six tall[ c&les1 eight 9 ! p\nd4 ,:5 ! flame obta9$ by ^! k9d ( burn]s rises to a great] height1 ?an :at has be5 /at$1 ! combu/ion ( ! gas is imp]fect1 ! int5sity ( ! light becomes dim9i%$1 & !re is a wa/e ( gas4 ,! same holds good ) reg>d to ! size ( ! holes f :i* ! gas issues2 if ! holes be made l>g] ?an #e "p ( an in* 9 ^! k9d ( burn]s1 ! gas is n completely burnt1 & its illum9at+ p[] decreases4 ,! height ( ! glass :i* surr\nds ! flame1 %\ld nev] be less ?an five in*es1 & ! int]val = ! curr5t ( air )9 & )\t ! flame1 ought to be> ! usual proportion adopt$ = ! combu/ion ( oil 9 ! common arg& lamps ( simil> diamet]s4 ,v5tilation ( ,ap>tm5ts light$ by ,coal ,gas4 ,be=e means _h be5 devis$ = ! effectual purification ( coal gas1 a disagreeable od\r 0 f\nd to att5d its combu/ion 9 an impure /ate1 & h5ce an op9ion became preval5t1 t ! b5efit ( ?is new species ( illum9ation mu/ be conf9$ to op5 places1 & t x c\ld n ) any reg>d to pleasure or salubrity1 be adapt$ to private dwell+s4 ,! art ( purify+ coal gas1 has at l5g? h[ev]1 be5 c>ri$ to su* a p]fection1 t e possibility ( a disagreeable od\r aris+ f its combu/ion has be5 :olly remov$1 9 all cases :]e att5tion is paid to ! p]fect combu/ion ( ! gas1 by keep+ ! flame ( ! same ( a prop] magnitude4 ,& s9ce ?is improvem5t1 ! use ( coal gas1 z a means ( illum9ation has become z g5]al1 & has be5 f\nd att5d$ ) z sup]ior advantages )9 doors z )\t1 & h5ce a va/ numb] ( dwell+ h\ses are n[ light$ ?r\gh\t ) gas4 ,al?\gh !re is no occasion !re=e1 to make provision = v5tilat+ ap>tm5ts :]e gas light is employ$1 on acc\nt ( any od\r :i* x c produce :5 hone/ly us$1 s t ! combu/ion is p]fect1 yet on o!r acc\nts su* means ( v5tilations are v salut>y & necess>y4 ,! flame ( coal gas produces a degree ( heat1#eb :i* 9 "s places1 su* z l>ge public (fices1 & w>eh\ses ( dry goods1 is a /rong additional recomm5dation 9 fav\r ( its use1 7page #ae17 :ile 9 o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 su* z small rooms num]\sly frequ5t$1 & %ops conta9+ commodities requir+ to be kept cool1 x c only be us$ b5eficially :5 means are provid$ = convey+ away ! heat$ air4 #eb ,mr4 ,dalton's me?od ( asc]ta9+ ! comp>ative effect ( heat evolv$ dur+ ! combu/ion ( inflammable gases1 & o!r sub/ances capable ( burn+ ) flame1 7,dalton's ,sy/em ( ,*emi/ry1 vol4 ,i4 p4 #gf17 is simple1 easy1 & accurate4 ,x is z foll[s3 ,take a bladd] ( any size1 7let u suppose = ! sake ( illu/ration1 ! bladd] to hold #cj1jjj gra9s ( wat]17 & hav+ furni%$ x ) a /op-cock & small jet pipe1 fill x ) ! combu/ible gas ! heat+ p[] ( :i* is to be tri$4 ,take also a t9n$ iron vessel ) a concave bottom ( ! same capacity1 p\r into x z mu* wat] z w make ! vessel & wat] toge!r equal to ! bulk ( ! wat] 9 ! bladd]1 viz4 #cj1jjj gra9s4 ,!n set fire to ! gas at ! orifice ( ! pipe1 br+ ! po9t ( ! flame "u ! bottom ( ! t9n$ vessel1 & suff] x to burn !re1 by squeez+ ! bladd] till ! :ole ( ! gas is consum$4 ,! increase ( temp]ature ( ! wat] 9 ! t9n$ vessel be=e & aft] ! exp]im5t1 expresses v accurately ! heat+ p[] ( ! giv5 bulk ( ! inflammable gas4 ,x 0 ?us prov$ t-- ,olifiant gas raises an equal volume ( wat] #ad deg4 ,c>burett$ hydrog51 or coal gas #aj ,c>bonic oxid gas #d ,hydrog5 gas #e ,sp]maceti oil1 #aj gra9s burnt 9 a lamp rais$ #cj1jjj gra9s ( wat] #e ,tall[ #e ,wax #e1ge ,oil ( turp5t9e #c ,_s ( w9e #b ,! be/ me?od = ?is purpose is to make an ap]ture ( ab\t two or ?ree in*es 9 diamet] into ! *imney ne> ! ceil+1 & ins]t+ into x a tube b5d+ upw>ds into ! int]ior ( ! *imney4 ,a complete v5tilation ( ! room w ?us be e/abli%$1 by produc+ an extra v5t :i* w be amply suffici5t = c>ry+ (f ! heat$ air4 ,! ap]ture c easily be mask$ ) "s ornam5tal op5 "w1 correspond+ ) ! /yle ( ! room4 ,if !re happ5s to be no *imney 9 ! ap>tm5t1 ! v5tilator may be made 9 ! ceil+1 & ! tube may be c>ri$ betwe5 ! ceil+ & ! floor above1 into ! op5 air4 ,! mode ( v5tilation n[ sugge/$1 has be5 uni=mly f\nd mo/ effici5t1 & has1 "u exi/+ circum/ances1 a decid$ sup]iority ov] ano!r me?od1 :i* we see 9 "s in/ances adopt$4 ,?is me?od consi/s 9 enclos+ ! gas burn] 9 a bell-%ap$ glass1 f ! upp] "p ( :i* a l>ge copp] tube proce$s1 & leads out into ! op5 air4 ,x is c]ta9 t by ?is means n only ! heat$ air is c>ri$ (f1 & ! possibility ( any wa/e gas escap+ into ! ap>tm5t is also completely prev5t$4 ,b at ! same "t1 by tak+ away all occasion = a prud5t limitation 9 ! use ( ! gas1 x exposes x to a degree ( improvid5t wa/e1 9 ! h&s ( di%one/ & c>eless individuals1 :i* mu/ prove ru9\s to ! manufactur]4 ,! mode ( regulat+ ! light ( ! flames by means ( ! gov]nor1 ( :i* a description has be5 giv51 page #bcb1 inde$ provides a *eck aga9/ su* wa/e1 & !re c be no d\bt t 9 proportion z ?is in/rum5t gets into g5]al use1 ! objection on ?is score mu/ ( c\rse fall to ! gr\nd2 b "u any circum/ances ! inelegance ( ! contrivance ( su* an object 9 a *amb]1 z ! l>ge bran*+ tube1 mu/ always induce a pref]5ce1 = ! m simple1 & = all necess>y purposes1 equally effici5t me?od1 ( ! v5tilator be=e describ$4 ,,"p ,,xv4 ,gas f ,coal ,t>4 ,al?\gh ! t> :i* =ms "o ( ! products obta9$ f ! decomposition ( pit coal1 9 ! manufacture ( coal gas1 has become an article ( comm]ce1 be+ f\nd applicable to mo/ ( ^? purposes to :i* vegetable t> has hi!rto be5 us$1 x appe>s f exp]im5ts made on a l>ge scale1 t in/ead ( ?us dispos+ ( ! coal t>1 x is m pr(itable1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 to submit ?is sub/ance to a de/ructive di/illation1 = ! purpose ( obta9+ f x c>burett$ hydrog5 gas1 :i* x is capable ( af=d+1 n only 9 abundance1 b ( a sup]ior quality4 ,! *ief circum/ances :i* mu/ det]m9e ! manufactur] ( coal gas 9 ?is respect1 is ! price at :i* he c sell ! coke produc$ 9 8 e/abli%m5t4 ,if ! price ( ?is article is high1 if he f9ds a ready m>ket = coke1 !re is e reason to believe1 t ! manufactur] w f9d x m to 8 advantage to dispose ( ! t>1 & to manufacture gas f coal alone1 9 ord] to increase 8 /ore ( coke4 ,b if coke happ5s to be at a l[ price1 & n disposable ) advantage1 ! manufactur] w d well to make ! coal g z f> z possible 9 ! production ( gas1 & "u su* circum/ances he w keep & conv]t ! t> into gas1 ?us consum+ less coal & hav+ less ( ! burd5some article1 coke1 to dispose (4 ,! pr(it h[ev]1 to be ga9$ f ! sale ( coke1 mu/ be bo? c]ta9 & consid]able1 to induce a pref]5ce = ! =m] c\rse2 because ! decomposition ( coal t>1 besides sup]s$+ a proportionate quantity ( coal1 is att5d$ ) sev]al o!r v tempt+ advantages4 ,f exp]im5ts lately made 9 ! metropolis on ?is subject1 9 :i* ,i h be5 engag$1 x appe>s t 9 all l>ge gas light e/abli%m5ts1 :]e ! quantity ( coal t> rapidly accumulates1 & mu/ be got rid (1 & 9 all places :]e ! t> _c be sold = m ?an f\r %ill+s ! hundr$ weight1 x w be c]ta9ly advantage\s to ! manufactur] to decompose ! t> = ! production ( c>burett$ hydrog5 gas4 ,! price ( coal _c effect ! op]ation1 because :]e coal be>s a high price1 ! manufactur] ( ! t> gas1 w dim9i% ! quantity ( coal :i* he w\ld o!rwise be call$ ^u to employ = ! production ( ! requisite quantity ( gas4 ,& 9 places :]e coal is *eap1 ! decomposition ( ! t> w be att5d$ ) less exp5ce4 ,! c>burett$ hydrog5 gas produc$ f coal t>1 possesses a great] illum9at+ p[] ?an ! gas obta9$ f coal4#ec ,x consi/s *iefly ( sup]c>burett$ hydrog5 or olifiant gas1 & a less quantity ( x is ( c\rse suffici5t4 #ec ,vegetable t>1 also af=ds c>burett$ hydrog5 gas 9 abundance1 & ?is no d\bt might be employ$ to great advantage = ! production ( artificial light 9 places :]e x is *eap4 #bab p\nds ( ! mo/ viscid ,sw$i% t>1 produce #adhd cubic feet ( c>burett$ hydrog51 7or sev5 cubic feet to "o p\nd ( t>17 ! illum9at+ p[] ( ?is gas is equal to ! gas obta9$ f pit coal4 ,! gas ?us obta9$1 is purifi$ likewise ) f> great] facility1 tak+ only "o hundr$ & tw5tie? "p ( ! quantity ( quicklime :i* is requir$ = ! purification ( c>burett$ hydrog5 obta9$ f pit coal4 ,! app>atus = ! production ( c>burett$ hydrog5 f coal t>1 is moreov] less bulky1 less exp5sive1 & less complicat$2 & x c be manag$ by few] workm54 ,& z ! comb9$ result ( ^! sev]al advantages1 x is obvi\s1 t by ! sub/itution ( coal t>1 ! new mode ( light+ by gas c be pursu$ on a small] scale2 :i* x c nev] be ) any pr(it1 :]e coal itself is imm$iately employ$ = ! production ( ! gas4 ,! app>atus employ$ by ,mr4 ,clegg1 = ! di/illation ( t>1 is extremely simple4 ,x consi/s ( two holl[ ca/ iron cyl9d]s1 twelve in*es 9 diamet]1 & n9e feet long1 furni%$ ) moveable lids or m\? pieces1 & jo9$ toge!r at ! extremity opposite to ! m\? piece4 ,^! cyl9d]s are fix$ 9 a brick furnace1 s t ea* incl9es elev5 degrees1 "o above & ! o!r bel[ ! horizontal base ( ! furnace4 ,:5 ! app>atus has acquir$ a dull r$ heat1 ! coal t> is suff]$ to fl[ into ! upp] cyl9d]1 by small portions at a "t4 ,! t> is conta9$ 9 a clos$ vessel1 situat$ at any conv5i5t place above ! app>atus4 ,x has a small ap]ture = ! admission ( air4 ,b z a suffici5t small quantity ( viscid t> does n fl[ freely 9 a ?9 /ream1 a l>g] portion ?an is want$1 is made to fl[ fir/ into a a small box1 ^u ! apex ( a pyramid :i* divides ! /ream1 s t ! excess runs (f by a wa/e pipe1 :il/ a due quantity only is convey$ into ! retort :]e x is decompos$4 ,?is app>atus#ed !re=e diff]s only f ! app>atus describ$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ! ,arts1 #ahaf1 ,no4 ,,ii41 p4 #bhb2 t ! cyl9d]s may be deta*$1 = clean+ !m out m conv5i5tly4 #ed ,n[ erect+ at ,birm+ham4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t exhibits ! result ( a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 made 7#ahaf17 at ! ,we/m9/] ,*>t]$ ,gas ,light ,e/abli%m5t1#ee = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ h[ f>1 & "u :at circum/ances ! decomposition ( coal t> is a measure ( economy4 #ee ,communicat$ by ,mr4 ,t4 ,s4 ,peck/on4 ,two t> retorts work$ sev5 h\rs1 produc$ #cjed cubic feet ( gas4 ,! quantity ( t> decompos$1 am\nt$ to #ced lb4 !re=e #h cubic feet ( gas1 7omitt+ fractions71 7 obta9$ f #a lb4 ( t>4 ,two t> retorts1 work$ n9e h\rs1 produc$ #deia cubic feet ( gas4 ,! quantity ( t> decompos$1 0 #ebe lb4 ,h5ce #a lb4 ( t> yield$ ne>ly #h cubic feet ( gas4 ,fifte5 cwt4 #af lb4 ( t>1 produc$ #af1aab cubic feet ( gas1 #i cubic feet ( gas1 to #a lb4 ( t>4 ,five cwt4 #c qu>t]s1 #bb lb4 ( t>1 produc$ #fffj cubic feet ( gas1 #aj cubic feet ( gas to #a lb4 ( t>4 ,five cwt4 #ag lb4 ( t>1 produc$ #eaic cubic feet ( gas1 #i cubic feet ( gas to #a lb4 ( t>4 ,"o cwt4 #ha lb4 ( t>1 produc$ #agcg cubic feet ( gas1 #i cubic feet ( gas to #a lb4 ( t>4 ,"o cwt4 #cj lb4 ( t>1 produc$ #acac cubic feet ( gas1 #h cubic feet ( gas to #a lb4 ( t>4 ,five cwt4 ( t>1 produc$ #ehhj cubic feet ( gas1 #aj cubic feet ( gas to #a lb4 ( t>4 ,two cwt4 ( t>1 produc$ #bjgb cubic feet ( gas1 #i cubic feet ( gas to #a lb4 ( t>4 ,?ree cwt4 #ah lb4 ( t>1 produc$ #cgag cubic feet ( gas1 #aj cubic feet ( gas to #a lb4 ( t>4 ,two cwt4 #f lb4 ( t>1 produc$ #bbdb cubic feet ( gas1 #i cubic feet ( gas to #a lb4 ( t>4 ,f ! prec$+ op]ations x becomes obvi\s1 t #i cubic feet ( gas1 7 obta9$ 9 ! l>ge way f #a lb4 ( t>4 ,b ?is proportion appe>s evid5tly too small1 our own op]ations assign fifte5 cubic feet ( gas to "o p\nd ( t>4 ,pr(essor ,br&e1 obta9$ eighte5 cubic feet#ef f ! same quantity ( t>4 #ef ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ! ,arts1 #ahaf1 ,no4 ,,ii4 p4 #bhb4 ,gas f ,oil4 8,messrs4 ,j4 & ,p4 ,taylor#eg are ! fir/ p]sons :o h resort$ to oil z a sub/ance f :i* gas = illum9ation c\ld be easily & *eaply prep>$2 & 9 ! con/ruction ( a conv5i5t app>atus = ! decomposition ( ?is body1 !y h fully %ewn its num]\s advantages ov] coal1 :ile !y h af=d$ ! means ( produc+ ! mo/ pure & brilliant flame f ! inf]ior & *eap oils1 :i* c\ld n be us$ 9 lamps4 ,! app>atus = ! purpose is mu* small]1 mu* simpl]1 & yet equally effectual1 ) ! be/ coal gas app>atus4 ,! retort is a b5t ca/ iron tube1 :i* is heat$ r$ by a small conv5i5t furnace1 & into :i* oil is all[$ to drop by a v +5i\s app>atus2 ! oil is imm$iately volatiliz$1 & ! vap\r 9 trav]s+ ! tube becomes p]fectly decompos$4 ,a mixture ( inflammable gases1 :i* conta9s a great proportion ( olifiant gas passes (f2 x is wa%$ by be+ pass$ ?r\gh a vessel ( wat] 7:i* dissolves a little sebacic acid1 & :i* seldom requires *ang+71 & is !n conduct$ into ! gasomet]40 #eg ,copi$ f ! ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ! ,arts1 ,vol4 ,,vi4 p4 #ajh4 8,! facility & cleanl9ess ) :i* gas is prep>$ f oil 9 ! above mann]1 may be conceiv$ f ! description ( ! process4 ,a small furnace is light$1 & a suffici5t quantity ( ! commone/ oil is put into a small iron vessel1 a cock is turn$1 & ! gas aft] pass+ ?r\gh wat] 9 ! wa%+ vessel1 goes into ! gasomet]4 ,! op]ation may be /opp$ by %utt+ (f ! oil1 or1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ha/5$ by lett+ x on m freely2 ! small quantity ( *>coal deposit$ 9 ! retort is drawn out by a small rake1 & ! wat] ( ! wa%] is v r>ely *ang$40 8,! gas prep>$ f oil is v sup]ior 9 quality to t f coal2 x _c possibly conta9 sulphurett$ hydrog51 or any extrane\s sub/ance2 x gives a mu* bright] & d5s] flame2 & x is also m effectual1 i4 e4 a less] quantity w supply ! burn] ) fuel4 ,^! peculi>ities are occasion$1 9 ! fir/ place1 by ! abs5ce ( sulphur f oil1 & !n by ! gas conta9+ m c>bon 9 solution4 ,z ! proportion ( light giv5 out by ! flame ( a gase\s comp\nd ( c>bon & hydrog51 is 9 common circum/ances 9 proportion to ! quantity ( c>bon pres5t2 x is evid5t t ! gas :i* conta9s a great] proportion ( olifiant gas1 or sup]c>burett$ hydrog5 ?an coal gas1 w yield a bett] & bright] light on combu/ion40 8,x is necess>y1 9 consequ5ce ( ! abundance ( *>coal 9 solution1 to supply ! gas :5 burn+ ) pl5ty ( atmosph]ic air1 = z !re is m combu/ible matt] 9 a c]ta9 volume ( x1 ?an 9 an equal volume ( coal gas1 x ( necessity mu/ h m oxig5 = its consumption4#eh ,! consequ5ce is1 t less gas mu/ be burnt 9 a flame ( equal size1 :i* w /ill possess sup]ior brilliancy2 t less is necess>y = ! same purpose ( illum9ation2 & t less heat w be occasion$4 ,f five & a half to six cubical feet ( coal gas are requir$ to supply an ,arg& burn] = an h\r2 two cubical feet to two & a half ( t f oil1 are abundantly suffici5t = ! same purpose40 #eh ,dr4 ,w4 ,h5ry's exp]im5ts gave ! foll[+ result3--#ajj cubic in*es ( c>burett$ hydrog5 f coal1 require1 = burn+1 #bbj cubic in*es ( oxig51 & produce #ajj cubic in*es ( c>bonic acid--#ajj cubic in*es ( c>burett$ hydrog5 gas procur$ f lamp oil1 require #aij cubic in*es ( oxig51 & produce #abd cubic in*es ( c>bonic acid1--#ajj cubic in*es ( c>burett$ hydrog5 obta9$ f wax1 require #bhj cubic in*es ( oxig51 & produce #acg cubic in*es ( c>bonic acid4 8,"o important advantage ga9$ by ! circum/ance1 t s small a quantity ( ?is gas is necess>y = burn]s is1 t ! gasomet] requir$ may be small 9 proportion4 ,! gasomet] is ! mo/ bulky "p ( a gas app>atus1 & t lea/ capable ( conc5tration2 & :]e-ev] x is plac$1 x occupies room to ! exclusion ( e ?+ else4 ,"s v +5i\s attempts h be5 made to dim9i% its size & weight1 z 9 ! d\ble gasomet]1#ei & o!rs1 b )\t rem>kable success4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 :]e ! room requir$ to conta9 ! gas is directly dim9i%$1 ! object is s f> obta9$2 & :5 t takes place to "o half1 or ev5 "o ?ird1 x is ( v great importance4 ,x 9 a great numb] ( cases br+s ! size ( ! app>atus )9 :at c be all[$ 9 private h\ses2 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! rapidity ) :i* ! retort c be work$1 ! gasomet] may aga9 be r$uc$ to a /ill small] size40 #ei ,?is contrivance is m exp5sive & complicat$ ?an any ( ! gas hold]s ( :i* a description has be5 giv52 nor is x safe1 = if ! slighte/ leak %\ld happ5 9 ! int]ior vessel ( ! d\ble gas hold]1 an explosive mixture w\ld be =m$1 & dreadful consequ5ces might foll[2 ?is c nev] be ! case ) any ( ! ma*9es n[ 9 use4--,note ( ! ,au?or4 8,ano!r advantage ga9$ by ! small quantity ( gas requir$ = a flame1 is ! proportionate dim9ution ( heat aris+ f ! lights4 ,! quantities ( heat & light produc$ by ! combu/ion ( inflammable gases are by no means 9 ! same con/ant relation to ea* o!r2 "o frequ5tly increases1 :il/ ! o!r dim9i%es2 & ?is is em95tly ! case :5 coal gas & oil gas are burn$ aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,! quantity ( heat lib]at$ is1 speak+ g5]ally1 z ! quantity ( gas consum$1 & ?is is greate/ ) ! coal gas2 b ! quantity ( light is ne>ly z ! quantity ( c>bon t is well burnt 9 ! flame1 & ?is is greate/ 9 ! oil gas40 8,! v compact /ate 9 :i* ! app>atus necess>y = ! decomposition ( oil c be plac$1 ! slight degree ( att5tion requir$1 its c]ta9ty ( action1 its cleanl9ess1 & ! num]\s applications :i* x admits ( 9 ! use ( its furnace = o!r conv5i5t or economical purposes1 r5d] x n only unobjectionable1 b useful 9 manufactories & e/abli%m5ts2 & ^! fav\rable circum/ances are accompani$1 n f any inf]iority 9 ! flame or increas$ exp5se1 b by an improv$ /ate ( ! fir/1 & sav+ 9 ! latt]40 8,messrs4 ,taylor h %ewn great +5uity 9 ! con/ruction ( _! :ole app>atus1 b ! wa%] & gasomet] des]ve p>ticul> notice = _! rem>kable simplicity also4 ,9 ! wa%]1 two planes are fix$ 9 a box or ci/]n1 9 a direction n q horizontal1 b incl9$ a little 9 opposite directions2 ! planes are trav]s$ ne>ly across by slips ( wood or metal1 fix$ 9 an incl9$ position on ! "u surface1 & :i* alt]nately t\* "o side ( ! ci/]n1 leav+ ! o!r op5 & free4 ,^! planes be+ imm]s$ 9 wat]1 ! gas is ?r[n 9 "u ! l[e/ ridge1 & by its asc5d+ p[] is made to trav]se backw>d & =w>d along ! ridges fix$ on ! planes1 until x escapes at ! highe/ "p ( ! upp]mo/ ridge4 ,?us1 ) a pressure ( five or six in*es ( wat] only1 x is made to pass ?r\gh a di/ance ( f\rte5 or sixte5 feet "u ! surface ( ! fluid1 & becomes well wa%$40 8,! small] gasomet]s are made ( ?9 plate iron1 & be+ plac$ 9 a frame ( light iron "w1 look m l ornam5tal /oves ?an ! bulky app5dages to a gas app>atus1 :i* !y supply4 ,! l>g] ones are made v light1 & :5 9 pieces v portable1 by be+ con/ruct$ ( a frame ( wood "w1 9 ! edges ( :i* are deep n>r[ grooves2 plates ( iron fit into ^! grooves1 :i* be+ caulk$ 9 & pa9t$ ov]1 make a light & tight app>atus4 ,^! are easily put toge!r 9 any place1 & may !re=e be introduc$ into a small ap>tm5t1 or o!r conf9$ space1 :]e a gasomet] already made up w\ld n ent]40 ,= ! foll[+ additional in=mation on ?is subject1 ,i am indebt$ to ,messrs4 ,j4 & ,p4 ,taylor4 8,! economy ( obta9+ gas = ! production ( light f oil1 may be judg$ ( f ! foll[+ data40 8,"o gallon ( common :ale oil1 produces ab\t n9ety cubic feet ( gas4#fj ,an arg& burn] requir$ a cubic foot & a half ( gas p] h\r2 & consequ5tly a gallon ( oil :5 conv]t$ into gas1 w supply ! same burn] = sixty h\rs4 ,! exp5ce ( ! gas at a mod]ate price ( oil1 w be1 all[+ = coals1 lab\r1 c4 = produc+ ! gas1 ?ree f>?+s p] h\r1 & su* a burn] w give a light1 equal 9 int5sity1 to two arg& lamps1 or t5 m\ld c&les40 #fj ,our exp]im5ts produc$ #aje cubic feet1 f "o gallon ( common :ale oil4--,note ( ! ,au?or4 8,! exp5ce ( an arg& oil lamp1 is usually admitt$ to be1 ab\t ?ree halfp5ce p] h\r4 ,n[ suppos+ t5 c&les to be burn+1 f\r to ! p\nd 7two p\nd & a half17 !y w co/ #bs4 #aa;d4 ( :i* "o-t5? "p w be consum$ 9 ea* h\r4 ,! co/ ( ! tall[ light is !n ?ree p5ce halfp5ny p] h\r40 8,if wax c&les be employ$1 ! exp5ce ( ! light equal to an oil gas burn] = "o h\r1 by ! same mode ( reckon+1 all[+ ! c&le to burn t5 h\rs1 & tak+ ! price ( ! wax c&les1 at #ds4 #f;d4 p] p\nd1 w be ab\t #ad;d40 8,! comp>ative acc\nt w !re=e /& ?us3 ,,p5ce4 ,co/ ( an ,arg& burn]1 suppli$ ) oil gas1 p] h\r #j ,ditto ( an ,arg& lamp1 burn+ sp]maceti oil #c ,ditto ( ,tall[ m\ld c&les #c ,wax c&les #ad 8,^! calculations on ! co/ ( light f oil gas1 are tak5 at ! usual price ( good :ale oil1 b *eap] oils w answ] ! purpose ne>ly z well1 & z _m ( ^! are (t5 to be procur$1 ! :ole exp5ce becomes mat]ially r$uc$ by _! use40 ,,"p ,,xvi4 ,o!r products obta9able f ,coal1 namely3--,coal ,t>--,pit*--,coal ,oil--,ammoniacal ,liquor1 & conv]sion ( ! latt] into ,c>bonate1 & ,muriate ( ,ammonia4 ,coal ,t>4 ,! coal t> is s call$ f its resembl+ common t> 9 its appe>ance1 & mo/ ( its qualities4 ,?is sub/ance is deposit$ 9 ! purification ( ! coal gas1 9 a sep>ate vessel de/9$ to receive x4 ,see fig4 #c1 plate ,i4 ,9 ! ye> #affe1 ,be*]1 a ,g]man *emi/1 br\ght to ,engl& 8 discov]y = extract+ t> f coal1 ?is di/illation he p]=m$ 9 close vessels4 ,x is n m5tion$ 9 ! records ( ! "t1 :e!r ,be*] obta9$1 or r collect$1 any o!r articles ?an ! t>4 ,sev]al works h be51 at diff]5t times1 erect$ bo? 9 ,engl& & on ! cont95t1 to procure f coal a sub/itute = t>2 b !y h turn$ out unpr(itable speculations4 ,9 #agha1 ! ,e>l ( ,dundonald inv5t$ a mode ( di/ill+ coal 9 ! l>ge way1 :i* enabl$ him n only to =m ! coke1 b1 at ! same "t1 to save & collect ! t>4 ,ev5 ?is process1 h[ev]1 = :i* a pat5t 0 tak5 out1 ga9$ v little gr\nd4 ,its object 0 too limit$2 = ?\gh "s ( ! proximate con/itu5t p>ts ( coal 7 procur$1 !y 7 obta9$ at an exp5ce t ne>ly balanc$ ! pr(its2 & no att5tion :atev] 0 paid to ! coal gas1 :i* con/itutes by f> ! mo/ valuable "p obta9able f pit coal4 ,coal t> is n[ us$ ) advantage l>gely 9 ! ,royal ,navy1 & also = pa9t+ & secur+ wood t is expos$ to ! action ( air4 ,! wood be+ w>m$1 ! t> is appli$ cold1 & p5etrat+ into ! pores1 gives ! timb] an uncommon degree ( h>dness & durability4 ,! quantity ( t> obta9able f a giv5 quantity ( coal1 v>ies accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* ! decomposition ( ! coal is affect$4 ,see page #abb4 ,! t> obta9$ f ,newca/le coal is specifically heavi] ?an t produc$ f cannel coal2 h5ce x s9ks 9 wat]1 :]eas ! latt] swims on ! surface ( t fluid4 ,to r5d] coal t> fit = use1 x requires to be evaporat$ to give x a suffici5t consi/5ce4 ,if ?is process be p]=m$ 9 close vessels1 a portion ( an ess5tial oil is obta9$1 :i* is kn[n by ! "n ( ,coal ,oil4 ,to obta9 ?is oil1 a common /ill is *>g$ ) coal t>1 &1 be+ prop]ly lut$1 ! fire is k9dl$ & kept up v mod]ate1 = ! t> is v apt to boil up 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! process4 ,! fir/ product t di/ils ov] is pr9cipally a br[n ammoniacal fluid1 mix$ ) a good deal ( oil4 ,z ! process advances1 & ! heat is increas$1 ! quantity ( ammoniacal liquor less5s1 & t ( oil increases1 & t[>ds ! end ( ! di/illation ! product is *iefly oil4 ,! oil & ammoniacal wat] :i* di/il ov] d n mix1 s t !y may be easily sep>at$ by decantation4 ,! oil is a yell[i% inf]ior k9d ( nap?a1 :i* is v useful 9 pa9t+ %ips1 & = mak+ common v>ni%es4 ,x has lately be5 employ$ z a sub/itute = :ale oil1 to be burnt 9 out door lamps4 ,! contrivance by means ( :i* ?is oil is burnt 9 lamps#fa consi/s ( a f\nta9 res]voir to supply & pres]ve a con/ant level4 ,! burn] ) its wick is plac$ 9 ! axis ( ! lamp1 & suppli$ ) ! oil f ! f\nta9 res]voir1 plac$ on ! outside ( ! lamp4 ,! air is admitt$ by an ap]ture at ! bottom ( ! lamp4 ,! curr5t ( air 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! lamp envelopes ! burn] & urges ! flame1 :i* is extremely bright2 b x is ess5tial t ! flame %\ld be small4 ,! draught tube proce$+ f ! c5tre ( ! reflector above ! flame c>ries away ! smoke4 #fa ,all ! lamps on ,wat]loo ,bridge1 & ! /reets adjo9+ ! bridge are light$ by means ( t> oil4 #adcj p\nds ( coal t>1 produce #cfj p\nds ( ess5tial oil4 ,! residue left aft] ! di/illation is ,pit*4 ,if ! coal t> is want$ to be conv]t$ into pit*1 )\t obta9+ ! oil :i* x is capable ( furni%+1 ! evaporation ( x may be p]=m$ 9 a common boil]2 b z x is extremely liable to boil ov]1 ! greate/ precaution is necess>y 9 conduct+ ! evaporation4 ,a sp\t or rim is add$ to ! common boil] into :i* ! t> spreads itself z x rises1 & by ?is means becomes cool$1 & ! boil+ ov] is *eck$4 #adcj p\nds ( coal t> produce #i cwt4 ( pit*4 ,a subsequ5t evaporation ) a g5tle heat1 conv]ts ! coal pit* into a sub/ance greatly resembl+ asphaltum4 ,manufacture ( ,c>bonate ( ,ammonia f ! ,ammoniacal ,liquor ( ,pit ,coal4 ,! ammoniacal liquor obta9$ 9 ! gas light manufacture1 is employ$ = ! production ( c>bonate ( ammonia4 ,! av]age quantity ( ?is liquor1 obta9able f a *aldron1 7#bg cwt47 ( ,newca/le1 or ,sund]l& coal1 am\nts to f #ahj to #bbj p\nds4 ,x is *iefly compos$ ( c>bonate & sulphate ( ammonia4 ,! quantity ( ammonia conta9$ 9 x1 v>ies consid]ably4 ,! /ronge/ liquor is obta9$ f coal t readily cake1 7page #de72 a gallon 7or eight & a half p\nds weight7 ( ammoniacal liquor usually requires = saturation1 f fifte5 to sixte5 ounces ( sulphuric acid ( a specific gravity #a1hd4 ,! weake/ ammoniacal liquor is obta9$ f ^? species ( coal :i* d n cake1 & :i* by a s+le combu/ion are r$uc$ to light a%es4 ,x requires only f eight to t5 ounces ( sulphuric acid1 ( ! be=e m5tion$ specific gravity = its saturation4 ,! foll[+ process is employ$ 9 ! l>ge way1 = obta9+ c>bonate ( ammonia f ! ammoniacal liquor4 ,to #ajh gallons#fb ( ! liquor conta9$ 9 a cask1 are add$ #abe p\nds#fc ( f9ely gr\nd sulphate ( lime1 :i* has be5 previ\sly depriv$ ( moi/ure by heat4 ,! cask is bung$ up1 & ! mixture aft] be+ /irr$ toge!r = a few m9utes1 is left undi/urb$ = ?ree or f\r h\rs4 ,sixte5 ounces ( sulphuric acid are !n add$1 ! mixture is aga9 agitat$1 & is aga9 suff]$ to /& undi/urb$ = f\r or six h\rs4 ,if ! liquor be n[ exam9$1 x w turn blue litmus pap]1 r$4 #fb ,"o gallon ( ! /ronge/ ammoniacal liquor1 weighs eight & a half p\nds4 #fc ,?is quantity is evid5tly too l>ge1 b ! workm5 ass]t1 t an excess ( sulphate ( lime causes ! c>bonate ( lime :i* is =m$1 to subside m readily1 & ! excess ( sulphate ( lime c d no injury4 ,9 ?is op]ation a d\ble decomposition takes place1 ! sulphate ( lime yields "p ( its sulphuric acid1 to ! c>bonate ( ammonia ( ! liquor1 to =m sulphate ( ammonia1 & ! c>bonic acid ( ! ammonia1 comb9es ) ! lime ( ! sulphate ( lime1 to =m c>bonate ( lime1 :i* falls to ! bottom1 ! sup]natant fluid conta9s 9 solution1 sulphate ( ammonia4 ,:5 ! liquor has become cle>1 x is pump$ out ( ! b>rel into %all[ ca/ iron boil]s1 :]e x is evaporat$ sl[ly4 ,dur+ ?is process1 a portion ( sulphate ( lime is deposit$ :i* is remov$1 & z ! liquor becomes m conc5trat$1 "p ( ! sulphate ( ammonia beg9s to cry/allize & falls to ! bottom4 ,x is %ovell$ out f "t to "t into wick] baskets1 plac$ slant+ ov] ! rim ( ! boil]1 t ! liquor :i* dra9s (f f ! cry/als may n be lo/1 & la/ly ! :ole fluid is evaporat$ to dryness4 #ajh gallons ( ammoniacal liquor f ,newca/le coal1 produce ^u an av]age1 "o & a half cwt4 ( dry sulphate ( ammonia4 ,to decompose x1 "o cwt4 is mixt ) "o qu>t] ( a cwt4 ( f9ely gr\nd *alk1 previ\sly depriv$ ( moi/ure by heat4 ,! mixture is introduc$ 7z exp$iti\sly z possible7 into ca/ iron retorts1#fd heat$ ne>ly to a dull r$ness1 & :5 ! lid ( ! retorts h be5 r5d]$ air tight1 ! fire is rais$ gradually till ! retorts are ( a /rong r$ heat4 ,! c>bonate ( ammonia develop$ f ! cont5ts ( ! retorts1 is made to sublime into a lead5 b>rel-%ap$ receiv]1 connect$ ) ! retorts1 by means ( a pipe f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 proce$+ f ! upp] extremity ( ea* retort1 & opposite to ! m\? piece4 ,! lead5 receiv] is furni%$ ) a lead5 cov]1 fitt+ into a groove1 :]e x is made air tight by lute4 ,! receiv] :i* is support$ ^u a /& is provid$ at its base1 ) a small pipe1 furni%$ ) a /opp]4 ,?is pipe is left op5 till ! liquid products are got rid ( dur+ ! sublimatory process4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! cov]1 or at any o!r conv5i5t "p ( ! app>atus1 is made a small hole1 slightly /opp$ ) a wood5 peg1 to give v5t to ! ela/ic fluid t becomes evolv$ dur+ ! process4 #fd ,( ! usual =m & dim5sions1 describ$ page #eh4 ,! "t requisite = ! op]ation dep5ds on ! mode 9 :i* ! retorts are set1 ! temp]ature kept up & o!r practical circum/ances4 ,a *>ge ( #abj p\nds ( ! mixture ( sulphate ( ammonia & *alk 9 "o retort1 is usually decompos$ 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,:5 ! op]ation is at an end1 & ! receiv] hav+ become cold1 ! cov] is tak5 (f1 & ! sublim$ c>bonate ( ammonia adh]+ to ! sides ( ! receiv] is deta*$ by a *issel & mallet1 & aft] be+ fre$ f any casual impurities1 is pack$ up 9 /one j>s = sale4 ,"o cwt4 ( dry sulphate ( ammonia1 produces f sixty p\nds1 to sixty-five p\nds1 ( pure c>bonate ( ammonia4 ,9 "s e/abli%m5ts1 ! c>bonate ( ammonia is subject$ to a second sublimation by means ( a g5tle heat2 b ?is is q unnecess>y if ! process has be5 conduct$ c>efully4 ,manufacture ( ,muriate ( ,ammonia f ! ,ammoniacal ,liquor ( ,coal4 ,x mu/ be obvi\s t ! ammoniacal liquor may be employ$ ) great advantage = ! production ( muriate ( ammonia4 ,= if ! solution ( sulphate ( ammonia obta9$ f ! ammoniacal liquor by means ( sulphate ( lime1 z be=e /at$1 be mix$ ) common salt1 7or any o!r muriate7 ano!r decomposition takes place4 ,! muriatic acid ( ! common salt1 unites to ! ammonia ( ! sulphate ( ammonia1 & produces muriate ( ammonia1 & ! sulphuric acid ( ! sulphate ( ammonia1 comb9es ) ! soda ( ! common salt1 & produces sulphate ( soda1 or glaub] salt4 ,! liquor conta9+ ^! two salts be+ evaporat$1 ! glaub] salt beg9s to cry/allize1 & is remov$ f "t to "t4 ,! evaporation is cont9u$ till z mu* z possible ( ! glaub] salt has be5 sep>at$1 & ! muriate ( ammonia beg9s to cry/allize on ! surface ( ! fluid 9 ! =m ( a fea!r$ />4 ,! rema9+ fluid is !n run (f into cool]s1 & deposits little else ?an muriate ( ammonia1 till x gets bel[ ! temp]ature ( #gf ,fahr4 at :i* "t ! cry/als are to be remov$1 le/ !y %\ld be mix$ ) glaub]'s salt :i* n[ beg9s to be aga9 deposit$4 ,aft] ! muriate ( ammonia has be5 suff]$ to dra9 9 baskets1 x is heat$ 9 %all[ pans to drive (f z mu* wat] ( cry/allization z possible4 ,x is !n remov$ :il/ /ill hot1 into e>!nw>e j>s1 glaz$ )91 & fitt$ ) a cov]1 7hav+ a hole ( ab\t half an in* 9 diamet] 9 its c5tre17 lut$ on ) clay4 ,! j>s are put 9 a ca/ iron pot ov] a /rong fire1 9 a furnace capable ( conta9+ f six to eighte5 j>s1 surr\nd$ ) s& up to ! edge ( ! pot1 & also hav+ ab\t two & a half in*es ( s& on ! cov]1 conf9$ by an iron r+ ab\t ?ree in*es deep1 & two in*es less 9 diamet] ?an ! cov]1 9 ord] t if ! lut+ %\ld give way 9 any "p1 x may be repair$ )\t suff]+ ! cov]s 7:i* %\ld be kept dur+ ! sublimation at ab\t #cbj ,fahr47 to be cool$ by ! removal ( a l>ge portion ( ! s&4 ,^! e>!n j>s may be fill$ to )9 two in*es ( ! top1 ) ! dri$ salt g5tly press$ 91 b n ramm$ close2 & ! fire :i* has be5 light$ "s "t be=e1 is n[ to be rais$ gradually till ! iron pots are ( a pretty /rong r$ heat all r\nd1 be+ s plac$ by mean ( flues 9 ! furnace t ! upp] "p may be fir/ heat$1 ! bottom re/+ on solid brick "w4 ,dur+ ! fir/ impression ( ! heat1 a portion ( ! salt c>ry+ ) x a quantity ( wat]y vap\r n sep>at$ dur+ ! dry+ ( ! salt1 w escape ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! cov]1 :i* mu/ be left op5 till all ! aque\s "p is exhal$3 ?is is kn[n by br++ a piece ( cold smoo? iron plate ne> ! hole1 9 ord] to cond5se ! sublimate1 :i* becom+ m & m dry1 at l5g? atta*es itself firmly to ! plate1 9 ! =m ( a dry semi-transp>5t cru/4 ,at ?is "t ! hole is to be /opp$ ) lute1 m s& is to be put on ! cov]1 & ! heat cont9u$ till x is judg$ t ne>ly ! :ole ( ! muriate ( ammonia is sublim$4 ,! "t requisite = ?is purpose dep5ds on ! con/ruction ( ! furnace1 ! size ( ! pots1 ! briskness ( ! fire1 & o!r circum/ances only to be le>nt by exp]i5ce4 ,! process %\ld be /opp$ be=e ! sublimation has entirely ceas$1 z ! heat 9 "s p>ts ( ! j> may be too great :5 x is ne>ly empty1 & ei!r by volatiliz+ a "p ( ! salt itself1 or elevat+ a portion ( =eign matt] f :i* x c nev] be kept :olly free1 & ?us giv+ ! cake a yell[ t+e1 & a scor*$1 opake1 crackl$ appe>ance4 ,! same defects are likely to happ51 :5 any "p ( ! lut+ hav+ giv5 way1 is oblig$ to be repair$ by wet lute1 :5 ! sublimation is pretty f> advanc$3 consequ5tly glass vessels are pref]able1 except on acc\nt ( ! exp5ce1 z !y mu/ always be brok5 to pieces 9 ord] to get out ! cake3 ! e>!nw>e j>s on ! contr>y w s]ve = sev]al sublimations1 ev5 ! cov]s1 if well glaz$1 w la/ two op]ations4 ,! sublimation be+ f9i%$ & ! app>atus hav+ become suffici5tly cool1 ! tops ( ! j>s are to be tak5 (f1 & ! cakes ( sal-ammoniac t are f\nd adh]+ to !m are to be sep>at$1 & plac$ = a day or two 9 a damp atmosph]e1 :i* s(t5s _! surface a little1 & ?us facilitates ! removal ( any sup]ficial impurities4 ,la/ly1 ! cakes are pack$ up 9 casks = sale4 ,! excise laws h hi!rto op]at$ /rongly aga9/ ! e/abli%m5t ( manufactories ( muriate ( ammonia 9 ,engl&4 ,h5ce an imm5se quantity ( sulphate ( ammonia obta9$ f ! gas light ammoniacal liquor1 is export$ f ?is c\ntry to ! cont95t1 solely f ! extreme rig\r ( ! excise relat+ to ! use ( common salt1 & x is only ?is t has hi!rto prev5t$ ! e/abli%m5t ( manufactories ( sal-ammoniac f ! ammoniacal liquor ( ! gas light process ^u a l>ge scale4 ,*emical manufactories1 ( all o!rs1 w lea/ be> excise1 because _m ( !m are work$ accord+ to secret processes1 :i*1 if made public1 mu/ pass into o!r c\ntries2 & ! greate/ "p ( ! pr(it ceases toge!r ) ! export4 ,! vexati\s introduction ( excise (fic]s into manufactur+ laboratories1 x is evid5t1 puts an end to all secrecy ( op]ation4 ,!re are sev]al *emical processes :i* int]ruption w extremely injure1 & o!rs :i* x totally de/roys1 & z on ! :ole !y 9 g5]al are ( a nature 9 :i* int]f]5ce ( o!rs is mo/ peculi>ly vexati\s1 9 all probability1 if ! excise be ext5d$ to manufactures ( ?is nature1 x w ev5tually put a /op to mo/ ( !m1 & greatly injure ! rev5ue by caus+ !reby to cease ! duties :i* at pres5t arise f ! exports & imports to a l>ge am\nt1 n[ dep5d+ on ! *emical trade ( ,great ,brita94 ,we h n[ gone ?r\gh all ! improvem5ts by :i* ! gas light manufacture has be5 di/+ui%$ dur+ ! int]val :i* has elaps$ s9ce ! publication ( our =m] "w#fe on ?is subject2 & p]haps ! read] may be incl9$ to ?9k1 f ! extraord9>y height to :i* improvem5t has be5 c>ri$ 9 ?is art1 t little or no?+ m rema9s to be desir$ ) reg>d to x4 ,let x be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! :ole art is only 9 its infancy4 ,!re is yet a wide field = improvem5t 9 ! con/ruction ( ! app>atus4 ,+5i\s m5 may speculate f :at has be5 done1 to :at rema9s to be effect$1 :i* no d\bt w lead to objects ( ! greate/ utility1 & mo/ ext5d$ national importance4 #fe ,a practical treatise on gas light4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,plates4 ,,plate ,i4 ,,page4 ,elevation ( ! ,revolv+ ,gas ,hold] at ! ,we/m9/] ,gas ,works #aha ,,plate ,,ii4 ,gas ,light ,app>atus at ! ,royal ,m9t4 ,fig4 #a1 ,p]p5dicul> ,section ( "o ( ! ,horizontal ,rot>y ,retorts ) its ,furnace #aab ,fig4 #b1 ,! ,purify+ ,app>atus #aej ,fig4 #c1 ,! ,t> ,ci/]n #aag ,fig4 #d1 ,! ,gas ,metre #bad ,! ro( ( ! build+ surr\nd+ ! ,gas ,works is furni%$ ) a project+ ,l\v] to let out ! smoke4 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,fig4 #a1 ,repres5ts a p]spective view ( a ,portable ,gas ,metre #bai ,fig4 #b1 ,p]p5dicul> ,section ( ! ,horizontal ,rot>y ,retorts at ! ,royal ,m9t ,gas ,works--at ,*e/]--,birm+ham1 c4 #aab ,fig4 #c1 ,p]p5dicul> ,section ( ! ,gas ,hold] ,valve & ,siphon1 or ,wat] ,res]voir #bbb ,fig4 #d1 ,p]spective ,view ( ! ,gov]nor1 or ,regulat+ ,guage1 = ma9ta9+ ! ,flames ( ,gas ,lamps & ,burn]s ( an uni=m int5sity #bbe ,fig4 #e1 ,plan ( ! ,horizontal ,rot>y ,retorts at ! ,royal ,m9t--,*e/]--,bri/ol--,birm+ham--,kidd]m 9/]1 c4 #aae ,fig4 #f1 ,transv]se ,section ( ! ,gas ,metre at ! ,royal ,m9t--,*e/]--,birm+ham1 c4 #bai ,fig4 #g1 ,p]p5dicul> ,section ( ! ,gas ,hold] ,valve #bba ,fig4 #h1 ,front elevation ( ! ,gas ,metre1 at ! ,royal ,m9t1 %ew+ ! regi/]+ tra9 ( ,:eel ,"w #bah ,fig4 #i1 ,p]p5dicul> ,section ( ! ,gas ,hold]1 ,gov]nor1 or ,regulat+ ,guage1 at ! ,bri/ol--,birm+ham--& ,*e/] ,gas ,works #aga ,fig4 #aj1 ,transv]se ,section ( ! ,air-,box1 & ,lime ,tr\gh1 ,see purify+ app>atus #aeb ,fig4 #aa1 ,p]spective ,view ( a ,portable ,gov]nor or ,regulat+ ,guage #bcb ,fig4 #ab1 ,coal ,tray ( ,horizontal ,rot>y ,retort #aaf ,fig4 #ac1 ,a jo9t$ sw+ ,bracket ,lamp #beg ,fig4 #ad1 ,a ,m]curial ,univ]sal ,jo9t = ,p5d5t ,gas ,lamps #bef ,,plate ,,iv4 ,fig4 #a1 ,transv]se ,section ( ! ,retort ,ov5s1 at ! ,we/m9/] & ,city ( ,london ,gas ,works1 %[+ ! mode ( sett+ & arrang+ ,cyl9drical ,retorts #fi ,fig4 #b1 ,longitud9al ,section ( ! same #fi ,,plate ,v4 ,fig4 #a1 ,front elevation ( ! ,retort ,ov5s at ! ,we/m9/] & ,city ( ,london ,gas ,works #fi ,fig4 #b1 ,p]p5dicul> ,section ( ! ,gas ,hold]1 )\t ,specific ,gravity ,app>atus1 at ! ,birm+ham ,gas ,works #agg ,fig4 #c1 ,plan ( ! same #agg ,fig4 #d1 ,p]p5dicul> ,section ( ,mr4 ,malam's ,lime ,ma*9e #adc ,fig4 #e1 ,plan ( ! same #adf ,fig4 #f & #g1 ,m\? ,piece & ,cov] ( cyl9drical1 p>allelopip$al & semi-cyl9drical ,retorts1 7exhibit$ fig4 #a1 plate ,,iv17 drawn to a l>g] scale #ga ,fig4 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 & #ac1 ,gas ,lamps & ,burn]s #bec ,fig4 #ad & #ae1 ,pr(ile ,view & ,section ( ,gas ,ma9s1 & mode ( connect+ !m #bdj ,fig4 #af1 #ag1 & #ah1 ,p]p5dicul> ,section ( ! p>allelopip$al1 ellipsoidal1 & semi-cyl9drical ,retorts #ec ,fig4 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 & #bb1 ,union ,jo9t1 & circul> b5ds = connect+ ,gas ,pipes #bff ,fig4 #bc1 ,te/ ,app>atus = c]tify+ ! prop] mann] ( work+ ! ,lime ,ma*9e #aeg ,,plate ,,vi4 ,fig4 #a1 ,plan1 %[+ ! ,fire ,place & ,flues1 ( ! ,horizontal ,rot>y ,retorts #aac ,fig4 #b1 ,longitud9al ,section ( ! ,collaps+ ,gas ,hold]1 & ! ,tank ( ditto #ahi ,fig4 #c1 ,transv]se ,section ( ! same #ahi ,fig4 #d1 ,end ,view ( ! same #ahi ,fig4 #e & #f1 ,horizontal plan %ew+ ! mode ( connect+ ! end plates ( ! ,collaps+ ,gas ,hold] #aib ,fig4 #g1 ,p]p5dicul> ,section ( ! ,gas ,hold]1 )\t specific gravity ,app>atus1 at ! ,*e/] ,gas ,works #age ,fig4 #h1 ,p]spective ,view ( ! ,revolv+ ,gas ,hold]1 at ! ,we/m9/] ,gas ,works #aha ,fig4 #i1 ,p]spective ,view ( ! ,reciprocat+ ,safety ,valve #aif ,fig4 #aj1 ,plan ( ! ,purify+ ,app>atus1 or ,lime ,ma*9e1 %ew+ ! ,air ,tr\gh ( ! ,app>atus1 ) its axis & claws #aeb ,fig4 #aa1 ,slid+ "p ( a ,p5d5t ,gas ,lamp1 :i* may be rais$ or depress$ #beg ,,plate ,,vii4 ,exhibits an economical arrangem5t ( a ,gas ,app>atus1 = light+ a t[n1 or l>ge di/ricts4 ,! c5tral build+ exhibits ! ,retort ,h\se4 ,! ro( is furni%$ ) a project+ ,l\v] to let out ! smoke4 ,! gable ends1 & "o side ( ! build+1 are ( brick-"w1 ! o!r side ( ! h\se is op51 & support$ on iron columns4 ,! build+ to ! "r h& side ( ! ,retorts1 is ! ,purify+ ,h\se1 x conta9s ! ,lime ,ma*9e1 page #adi4 ,! trap door1 m>k$ ,a1 indicates ! ,ci/]n or ,res]voir = receiv+ ! ,wa/e ,lime4 ,! ?ird & smalle/ build+ 9 ! design1 s]ves = an ,(fice ( ! ,director ( ! ,works4 ,! front wall is repres5t$ z tak5 away1 to %[ ! position ( ! ,gas ,metre1 ! axis ( :i* drives ! agitat+ %aft ( ! ,lime ,ma*9e4 ,! axis ( ! ,metre & ! %aft ( ! ,lime ,ma*9e1 are = t purpose connect$ by a /rap1 7page #bac47 ,! small build+-on ! left h& side ( ! ,retort ,h\se1 is a ,smi?'s ,%op4 ,t1 %[s ! situation ( ! ,ma9 ,gas ,hold] ,valve 7page #bba47 ,,index4 ,a4 ,advantages ( ! art ( procur+ light by means ( coal gas #a ,air box ( lime ma*9e #aec ,ammoniacal liquor1 quantity obta9able f a giv5 quantity ( coal #cjc ,ammoniacal liquor1 quantity ( sulphuric acid1 requir$ = saturat+ a giv5 quantity #cjc ,ammoniacal liquor1 conv]sion (1 into c>bonate ( ammonia #cjc ,ammoniacal liquor1 conv]sion (1 into muriate ( ammonia #cjc ,app>atus = obta9+ c>burett$ hydrog5 gas f coal t> #bhe ,app>atus = purify+ coal gas #ada ,app>atus = c]tify+ ! prop] mode ( work+ ! lime ma*9e #aeg ,arg& gas lamp #bec ,arg& gas lamp1 quantity ( gas consum$ by diff]5t k9ds #bge ,art ( procur+ coal gas1 !ory ( #cc ,b4 ,bat's w+ gas burn] #bee ,b5ds1 = connect+ gas pipes #bfg ,burn]1 arg& #bec ,burn]1 bat's w+ #bee ,burn]1 cockspur #bee ,bran* pipes #bci ,bran* pipes1 dip ( #bdc ,bran* pipes1 mode ( connect+ #bfc ,bran* pipes1 mode ( prov+ #bfe ,bran* pipes1 corrosion ( #bfj ,c4 ,c>bonate ( ammonia1 prep>ation (1 f ammoniacal liquor ( coal #cjc ,cem5t1 = connect+ gas ma9s #bda ,*&eli]1 slid+1 = burn+ gas #beg ,*e/] gas hold]1 description ( #age ,coal1 analysis (1 by de/ructive di/illation #ce ,coal1 *emical con/itution ( #db ,coal1 classification ( #da ,coal1 comp>ative facility ) :i* diff]5t species are decompos$ #ajf ,coal1 *iefly compos$ ( bitum5 only1 v>ieties ( #db ,coal1 *iefly compos$ ( bitum51 maximum quantity ( gas obta9able f !m #dc ,coal1 conta9+ m c>bon ?an bitum5 #de ,coal1 conta9+ m c>bon ?an bitum51 maximum quantity ( gas obta9able f !m #dh ,coal1 de/itute ( bitum5 #db ,coal1 maximum quantity ( gas obta9able f !m #dd ,coal1 ,gl\ce/]%ire #di ,coal1 ,kilk5ny #dd ,coal1 ,lanca%ire #dd ,coal1 ,newca/le #dg ,coal1 ,scot* #aji ,coal1 ,w>wick%ire #aji ,coal1 ,wel* ,/one #dh ,coal1 ,york%ire #dd ,coal oil #cjj ,coal oil1 quantity obta9able f a giv5 quantity ( coal t> #cjb ,coal t> #bih ,coal t>1 quantity obta9able f a giv5 quantity ( coal #abb ,coke1 quantity obta9$ 9 ! gas light process f a giv5 quantity ( coal1 by means ( cyl9drical retorts #acb ,coke1 quantity obta9$ by means ( horizontal rot>y retorts #acb ,f4 ,flue plan ( sett+ ca/ iron retorts #ei ,flue plan1 report on a s]ies ( op]ations1 made ) retorts work$ on ! flue plan #fa ,fuel1 m9imum quantity requir$ = ! complete decomposition ( coal1 by means ( cyl9drical retorts #fa ,g4 ,gas1 av]age co/ ( manufactur+ x ^u a l>ge scale1 9 ,london #ajf ,gas1 app>atus = light+ a t[n1 be/ situation (1 z f> z x reg>ds ! mo/ economical di/ribution ( ! pipes #bdi ,gas1 app>atus = light+ a t[n1 arrangem5t ( #cai ,gas1 app>atus = light+ a t[n1 at ! ,royal ,m9t #aab ,gas1 burn]s1 diff]5t k9ds ( #bec ,gas1 quantity (1 evolv$ dur+ diff]5t p]iods ( ! di/illatory process employ$ = decompos+ coal1 9 cyl9drical retorts #gg ,gas1 obs]vations on ! progressive evolution (1 dur+ diff]5t p]iods ( ! di/illatory process ) cyl9drical retorts #gi ,gas flame1 mode ( regulat+ ! magnitude ( #bcd ,gas hold]1 con/ruction (1 orig9ally employ$ #afd ,gas hold]1 %eet iron1 be/ adapt$ = x #ahj ,gas hold]1 %eet iron1 be/ adapt$ = x1 co/ ( #afd ,gas hold]1 %eet iron1 lately adopt$ )\t specific gravity app>atus #afi ,gas hold]1 at ,birm+ham )\t specific gravity app>atus #agg ,gas hold]1 at ,bri/ol )\t specific gravity app>atus #age ,gas hold]1 at ,*e/] )\t specific gravity app>atus #age ,gas hold]1 collaps+ #ahe ,gas hold]1 collaps+1 rule = f9d+ its capacity #aie ,gas hold]1 revolv+ at ! ,we/m9/] gas works #aha ,gas hold]1 collaps+1 rule = calculat+ its capacity #ahe ,gas hold]1 valve #bba ,gas f coal t> #bhf ,gas f coal t>1 av]age quantity obta9able f a giv5 quantity ( t> #bhf ,gas f oil #bhi ,gas f oil1 quantity obta9able f a giv5 quantity ( oil #big ,gas f vegetable t> #bhd ,gas f vegetable t>1 av]age quantity obta9able f a giv5 quantity ( t> #bhd ,gas illum9at+ p[] ( #bga ,gas lamps #bec ,gas lamps1 diamet] ( ! pipes = supply+ !m ) gas #bfa ,gas ma9s #bci ,gas ma9s1 mode ( prov+ !m :5 laid #bde ,gas ma9s1 obs]vations on #bdg ,gas ma9s1 co/ ( a mile1 laid "u gr\nd 9 ,london #beb ,gas ma9s1 ( pewt]1 lead1 & t91 :y unfit = di/ribut+ gas #bfj ,gas ma9s1 weight ( diff]5t l5g?s1 ( a giv5 bore #bea ,gas metre1 con/ruction ( #bad ,gas metre1 con/ruction (1 at ! ,royal ,m9t ,gas ,works #bad ,gas metre1 directions to workm5 = fix+ x #bbi ,gas metre1 rule = calculat+ its p[] #bbj ,gas metre1 at ! ,birm+ham ,gas ,works1 regi/]+ capacity ( #bbj ,gas metre1 at ! ,bri/ol ,gas ,works1 regi/]+ capacity ( #bbj ,gas metre1 at ! ,*e/] ,gas ,works1 regi/]+ capacity ( #bbj ,gas pipes1 directions to workm5 = adapt+ !m to ! int]ior ( h\ses #beh ,gasomet] h\se1 ( %eet iron1 ( a giv5 size1 co/ ( #agh ,gasomet]1 tank ( ca/ iron1 ( a giv5 size1 co/ ( #agh ,gasomet]1 tank ( brick "w1 ( a giv5 size1 co/ ( #agh ,gasomet]1 tank ( wood1 ( a giv5 size1 co/ ( #agh ,gov]nor1 or regulat+ guage #bfa ,gov]nor1 its application & efficacy #aga ,gov]nor1 directions to workm5 = fix+ x #bbi ,h4 ,horizontal rot>y retort4 7,see rot>y retort horizontal7 #aaj ,l4 ,lamps = burn+ coal gas #bec ,lamps = burn+ coal gas1 quantity ( gas consum$ by diff]5t k9ds1 9 a giv5 "t #bge ,lime ma*9e orig9ally employ$1 defects1 & dang]\s consequ5ces to :i* x gave rise #ada ,lime ma*9e1 lately adopt$ #adi ,lime ma*9e1 at ,birm+ham gas works #adi ,lime ma*9e1 at ,*e/] gas works #adi ,lime ma*9e1 at ,royal ,m9t gas works #aej ,lime ma*9e1 capacity requisite = purify+ a giv5 volume ( gas 9 a giv5 "t #aeg ,m4 ,ma9s = convey+ gas #bde ,ma9s1 av]age co/ ( a mile :5 laid 9 ,london #beb ,ma9s1 mann] ( prov+ !m :5 laid #bde ,ma9s1 k9d (1 mo/ economical = convey+ gas #bea ,ma9s1 :i* d n supply bran* pipes or lamps1 obs]vations on #bej ,ma9s1 faulty1 h[ di/+ui%$ #bdj ,m]curial jo9t = p5d5t gas lamps #bef ,muriate ( ammonia1 prep>ation (1 f ! ammoniacal liquor ( coal #cjc ,n4 ,newca/le coal1 maximum quantity ( gas obta9able f diff]5t k9ds #dg ,o4 ,ov51 = heat+ retorts1 7,see retort ov57 ,oil1 f coal t> #cjj ,oil gas #bhi ,oil gas1 quantity obta9able f a giv5 quantity ( :ale oil #bif ,ov5 plan1 ( sett+ ca/ iron retorts #fg ,p4 ,p5d5t gas lamp #beg ,pipes1 directions to workm5 = adapt+ !m to ! int]ior ( h\ses #beh ,pit* f coal t> #cjb ,pit*1 quantity obta9able f a giv5 quantity ( t> #cjb ,purify+ app>atus1 7,see lime ma*9e7 #aej ,q4 ,quicklime1 be/ me?od ( pres]v+ x = ! purification ( coal gas #afj ,quicklime1 quantity requir$ = purify+ a giv5 volume ( coal gas #afb ,r4 ,reciprocat+ safety valve #aif ,regulat+ guage1 regulator1 or gov]nor #aga #bbj ,regulat+ guage1 at ,birm+ham ,gas ,works #agg ,regulat+ guage1 at ,bri/ol ,gas ,works #agg ,regulat+ guage1 at ,*e/] ,gas ,works #agg ,retorts1 cyl9drical ca/ iron #eb ,retorts1 cyl9drical1 me?od ( heat+ !m by flues #ei ,retorts1 cyl9drical1 exp]im5ts on sett+ ?ree to "o fire place #fa ,retorts1 cyl9drical1 exp]im5ts on sett+ f\r to "o fire place #ec ,retorts1 cyl9drical1 co/ ( erect+ !m #ii ,retorts1 cyl9drical1 be/ mode ( work+ !m #id ,retorts1 cyl9drical1 m9imum quantity ( fuel requir$ = work+ !m #fa ,retorts1 cyl9drical1 temp]ature be/ adapt$ = work+ !m #id ,retorts1 cyl9drical1 conical #eb ,retorts1 cyl9drical1 conical1 comp>ative p[] ( #ee ,retorts1 cyl9drical1 ellipsoidal #ec ,retorts1 horizontal rot>y #aaj ,retorts1 horizontal rot>y1 at ! ,royal ,m9t ,gas ,works #aab ,retorts1 horizontal rot>y1 at ,birm+ham #aaa ,retorts1 horizontal rot>y1 at ,*e/] #aaa ,retorts1 horizontal rot>y1 at ,kidd]m9/] #aaa ,retorts1 horizontal rot>y1 action & managem5t ( #aba ,retorts1 horizontal rot>y1 advantages ( #abd ,retorts1 horizontal rot>y1 directions to workm5 ) reg>d to work+ !m #acd ,retorts1 p>allelopip$al #eb ,retorts1 p>allelopip$al1 comp>ative p[] ( #ee ,retorts1 p>allelopip$al1 be/ mode ( work+ !m #ic ,retorts1 semi-cyl9drical #ec ,retorts1 ov51 description (1 at ! ,we/m9/] & ,city ( ,london ,gas ,works #fi ,retorts1 ov51 exp]im5ts on #hd ,revolv+ gas hold]1 at ! ,we/m9/] ,gas ,works #aha ,revolv+ gas hold]1 rule = calculat+ its capacity #ahe ,s4 ,safety valve1 reciprocat+ #aif ,self-act+ guage1 7see gov]nor7 #aga ,siphon #bba ,slid+ *&eli] #beg ,s\? ,london ,gas ,works #fi ,spigot & faucit pipes #bda ,/af=d%ire coal #dd ,sw+ bracket gas burn] #beg ,t4 ,t>1 quantity obta9able f a giv5 quantity ( coal #acj ,t> gas1 quantity obta9able f a giv5 quantity ( coal t> #bhg ,t> gas1 f vegetable t> #bhd ,t>1 retort #bhe ,temp]ature = work+ ca/ iron retorts1 rem>ks on #id ,te/ app>atus1 = c]tify+ ! prop] mann] ( work+ ! lime ma*9e #aeg ,!ory ( ! production ( gas lights #ci ,t[ns light$ ) gas #adi ,v4 ,valve ( gas hold] #bba ,valve1 hydraulic #aaf ,valve1 ( horizontal rot>y retort #aaf #abd ,valve1 lime ma*9e #aef ,valve1 reciprocat+ #aif ,v5tilation ( rooms light$ by gas #bgf ,w4 ,wat] res]voir1 7,see ,siphon7 #bba ,:eel "w1 regi/]+ ( gas metre #bah ,,london ,,price ,,li/ ,( ! mo/ ess5tial articles employ$ 9 ! manufacture & application ( ,coal ,gas2 deliv]$ free ( exp5ce at any ,:>f betwe5 ,london & ,vauxhall ,bridge4 ,ca/ iron ,spigot & ,faucit ,pipes4 ,,diamet]4 ,,?ickness ,,9 ,,! ,,metal4 ,,price ,,p] ,,y>d4 4 s4 d4 #a & a half in* #e-six?s ( an in* #b #f #b in*es #c-;eigh?s #c #f #b & a half ditto ditto #d #j #c in*es #g-sixte5?s #d #f #d ditto half an in* #f #f #e ditto ditto #i #j #f ditto ditto #aj #j #g ditto ditto #aa #j #h ditto #e-;eigh?s #ab #c #i ditto ditto #af #f #aj ditto ditto #ai #f ,ca/ iron ,flan* ,pipes4 #a & a half in* #c #j #b in*es #d #j #b & a half in* #d #aj #c in*es #e #d #d ditto #g #c #e ditto #i #f ,quadrant flan* pipes #ad #j cwt4 ,b5d pipes ( diff]5t radii1 bran* pipes & accommodat+ pipes #ac #j cwt4 ,f eight to six in*es #acs4 #f;d4 f #e to #c in*es #ad #j ,two1 & #a & a half in* #ad #f ,siphon1 wat] res]voir1 or t>-well pipes1 f #b to #f in*es 9 diamet] #ae #j cwt4 ,ditto1 above #f in*es 9 diamet] #ad #j ,gas hold]1 or hydraulic valve pipes1 ) boxes #ae #j ,wr\ght iron "w & screws to ditto #j #g ,retorts ( be/ pick$ iron1 f second process #ac #j cwt4 ,m\? pieces to ditto1 gr\nd & fitt$ #bj #j ,wr\ght iron "w & screws to ditto #j #g ,connect+ & /ride pipes1 gr\nd #bj #j cwt4 ,hydraulic cyl9d]s #ae #j ,tap]+ pipes #ae #j ,out] fire doors #ae #j ,inn] ditto #aa #j ,fire back1 be>]s1 dead plates #aa #j ,top1 regi/]1 & slide damp]s #ad #j ,pullies1 & friction sectors1 turn$ & fitt$ #bb #j ,wr\ght iron gudgeons = ditto1 turn$ & fitt$ #a #j 4 ,"o in* bolts ,sev5-eigh?s ditto at #j #j #e 4 ,?ree-qu>t]s ditto ,five-eigh?s #b #h #j gross4 ,half-in* #a #ah #j gross4 ,t> receiv]s & purify+ vessels #j #ad #j cwt4 ,cond5s+ pipes1 & inlet & outlet pipes = tanks #j #ad #j ,ca/ iron tanks put toge!r complete1 ) bolts1 screws1 cem5t1 c4 #j #af #j ,gas hold]s1 orig9al con/ruction1 erect$ complete ( %eet iron #j #fj #j ,gas hold]1 collaps+ ditto1 complete1 capacity #cj1jjj cubic feet #ajjj #j #j ,gas hold]1 collaps+ ditto1 complete1 capacity #ae1jjj cubic feet #gjj #j #j ,gas hold]1 collaps+ ditto1 complete1 capacity #bb1jjj cubic feet #hjj #j #j ,wr\ght iron ,gas ,tubes screw$ & fitt$1 w>rant$ to be> a pressure equal to a column ( wat] #cjj feet high4 ,,bore4 ,,p5ce ,,p] ,,foot4 #a in* #aj #g-;eigh?s #h #c-qu>t]s #g #e-;eigh?s #g ,half an in* & #c-;eigh?s #f ,copp] ,tubes4 ,,bore ,,( ,,tube4 ,,price ,,p] ,,foot4 s4 d4 #c-;eigh?s ( an in* copp] tubes #j #d ,half ditto ditto #j #f #e-;eigh?s ditto ditto #j #i #c-qu>t]s ditto ditto #j #aa #g-;eigh?s ditto ditto #a #d #a in* ditto #a #h #a & a half ditto ditto #b #b ,union jo9ts #c-;eigh?s ( an in* #hs4 half an in* #is4 #e-;eigh?s ( an in* #ajs4 #f;d4 #c-qu>t]s ( an in* #j #ad #j p] doz4 ,union ,t sockets1 #c-qu>t]s ( an in* #bjs4 half in* #j #ad #j p] doz4 ,?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ma9 cocks #j #d #f ea* ,braz$ %eet iron ,tubes4 ,,bore ,,( ,,tube4 ,,price ,,p] ,,foot4 s4 d4 #c-;eigh?s ( an in* #j #c ,half an in* #j #d #e-;eigh?s ( an in* #j #e #c-qu>t]s #j #f #a in* #j #g #a & a qu>t] #j #aj #a & a half #a #c 4 s4 d4 ,ornam5tal gas lamp po/s1 & columns1 fitt$ complete ) ,york lamps glaz$1 tube1 bran*es1 cocks1 & burn]s1 ready = light+ 4 #f #f #j ea* ,or ca/+s = ditto #ac #j cwt4 ,wr\ght iron "w = ditto #j #g 4 ,arg& burn]s complete1 f #bs4 #f;d4 to #e #j ea* ,iron ro(s = retort & gas hold] h\ses1 erect$ complete1 at 4 #f #f #j p] squ>e ( #ajj feet1 sup]ficial measure4 ,co/ ( lay+ ca/ iron ,gas ma9s 9 ,london4 ,to take up ! gr\nd1 to fill 91 b n to re-pave ! gr\nd1 & to drive two & a half in*es ( lead into ! jo9ts ( ! pipes4 ,,diamet] ,,( ,,ma9s4 ,,p] ,,y>d4 s4 d4 #c in*es #a #f #d ditto #a #aj #e ditto #b #a #f ditto #b #b #g ditto #b #d #h ditto #b #g #i ditto #c #j #aj ditto #c #d 4 s4 d4 ,tapp+ ! ma9s & lay+ gun b>rel1 or bran* pipes #j #a #j p] yrd4 ,gov]nor complete to regulate e #bd h\rs #cj1jjj cubic feet ( gas #fj #j #j ,a lime ma*9e1 new con/ruction1 to purify #cj1jjj cubic feet ( gas e #bd h\rs #bbj #j #j ,a gas metre1 to regi/] #cj1jjj cubic feet ( gas e #bd h\rs #aje #j #j ,a gas light app>atus complete1 capable ( produc+ #dh1jjj cubic feet ( gas e #bd h\rs1 co/s1 if erect$ 9 ,london #hjjj #j #j ,,e/imate ,,( ,a ,gas ,light ,app>atus1 ,capable ( produc+ e #bd h\rs1 a light equal to #ba1ccj tall[ c&les1 eight 9 ! p\nd1 burn+ = six h\rs4 4 s4 d4 ,five horizontal rot>y retorts1 #ab feet #f in*es 9 diamet]1 complete = imm$iate use #bcbj #j #j ,two lime ma*9es1 ditto ditto #ecf #j #j ,two collaps+ gas hold]s1 #cj1jjj cubic feet capacity ea* #bjjj #j #j ,a gas metre #bjj #j #j ,a gov]nor or regulat+ guage #ajj #j #j ,t> well #eh #j #j ,pumps #fg #j #j ,connect+ pipes #bfe #j #j ,cond5s+ pipes1 betwe5 ! retorts1 t> well1 & lime ma*9es #bai #af #j ,retort h\se1 ) iron ro( #fec #ai #j ,lime ma*9e h\se1 ) ditto ditto #bcj #j #j ,workm5's tools & sundries #dcj #j #j ---------------- 4 #gjgi #ae #j ,?is app>atus is capable ( produc+ e #bd h\rs1 #ff1jjj cubic feet ( gas4 ,,! ,,end4 ,c4 ,gre51 ,pr9t]1 #ae1 ,leice/] ,/reet1 ,leice/] ,squ>e4 ,9 ! ,press1 ,a ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,*emical ,,app>atus ,,& ,,in/rum5ts1 ,,) ,,fifte5 ,,qu>to ,,copp] ,,plates1 ,,by ,,fr$rick ,,accum4 ,,works ,,lately ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,fr$rick ,,accum4 ,a ,,practical ,,essay ,,on ,,*emical ,,re-,,ag5ts ,,or ,,te/s1 ,exhibit+ ! g5]al nature ( ,*emical ,re-,ag5ts or ,te/s--! ,effects :i* !y produce ^u diff]5t bodies--! ,uses to :i* !y may be appli$1 & ! ,art ( apply+ !m successfully4 ,,! ,,second ,,edition1 ,illu/rat$ by a ,s]ies ( ,exp]im5ts4 ,price #is4 ,,*emical ,,amusem5t1 ,compris+ a ,s]ies ( curi\s & in/ructive ,exp]im5ts 9 ,*emi/ry1 :i* are easily p]=m$1 & unatt5d$ by ,dang]4 ,! ,f\r? ,edition4 ,price #is4 ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,on ,,gas ,,light1 ,,) ,,sev5 ,,col\r$ ,,plates1 ,exhibit+ a summ>y description ( ! ,app>atus & ,ma*9]y be/ calculat$ = illum9at+ ,/reets1 ,h\ses1 & ,manufactories1 ) ,coal ,gas2 ) ,rem>ks on ! g5]al nature ( ?is new bran* ( civil economy4 ,! ,f\r? ,edition4 ,price #abs4 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,cry/allography1 ,aft] ! ,me?od ( ,hay1 ,,) ,,plates ,,& ,,graphic ,,designs1 ,exhibit+ ! ,=ms ( ,cry/als1 _! ,geometrical ,/ructure1 & g5]al ,laws1 accord+ to :i* ! imm5se v>iety ( actually exi/+ ,cry/als are produc$4 ,price #aes4 ,a ,,manual ,,( ,,analytical ,,m9]alogy1 ,int5d$ to facilitate ! ,practical ,analysis ( ,m9]als1 by po9t+ out to ! ,/ud5t concise directions = p]=m+ ! ,analysis ( ,metallic ,ores1 ,e>?s1 & o!r ,m9]als4 ,second ,edition4 #b ,vols4 ,price #aes4 ,a ,,sy/em ,,( ,,!oretical ,,& ,,practical ,,*emi/ry1 ,,9 ,,two ,,vols4 ,,) ,,plates4 ,second ,edition4 ,price #aes4 ,directions to ! ,b9d]4 ,plate ,,ii1 to face ,title ,page4 ,plate ,,iii1 ,,iv1 ,v1 ,,vi1 & ,,vii1 at ! end ( ! ,book4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,iii4 ,,gas ,,light ,,ma*9]y1 ,,at ,,! ,,royal ,,m9t4 9 ,explanation ( ,plate1 ,,ii4 ,accums1 ,discription ( ,gas ,works4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,iv4 ,accums1 ,description ( ,gas ,works4 ,g4 ,h4 ,palm]1 ,del4 ,,gas ,,works4 ,we/m9/] ,/ation ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,v4 ,accums1 ,description ( ,gas ,works4 ,gas ,hold] at ,birm+ham )\t ,specific ,gravity ,app>atus1 capacity #cj1jjj ,cubic ,feet4 ,w4 ,read1 ,sculp4t ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vi4 ,accums1 ,description ( ,gas ,works4 ,gas ,hold] at ,*e/] ,)\t ,specific ,gravity ,app>atus1 ,capacity #cj1jjj ,cubic ,feet4 ,gas ,hold] at ,we/m9/]1 ,)\t ,specific ,gravity ,app>atus1 ,capacity #ae1djj ,cubic ,feet ,w4 ,read1 ,sculp4t ,illu/ration3 ,accums1 ,description ( ,gas ,works4 ,pl4 ,,vii4 ,,gas-,,works4 ,l[ry1 ,del4t ,sculp4t ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,inconsi/5t1 ar*aic & unusual language1 punctuation & spell+ h be5 reta9$1 except z m5tion$ bel[4 ,! book uses a comma = decimal po9t z well z = ?\s&s sep>ator4 ,! 7m9or7 diff]5ces 9 word+ betwe5 ! ,table ( ,cont5ts & ! actual text head+s & ! use ( 7) or )\t full /op &_/or space7 & l4 h n be5 /&>dis$4 ,dep5d+ on ! h>d- & s(tw>e us$ & _! sett+s1 n all elem5ts may display z int5d$4 ,:5 relevant1 texts h be5 remov$ f ! plates & transcrib$ outside ! plates4 ,plate ,,ii1 ',accums''3 z pr9t$ 9 orig9al "w4 ,page xv1 entry ,,ammoniacal ,,liquor3 !re is no sep>ate section = ?is mat]ial1 b x is describ$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! section on ,c>bonate ( ,ammonia on page #cjc4 ,page #dc1 ',pont ,tops'3 possibly ,pontops4 ,page #di1 ',trams>51 ne> ,kidwelly'3 possibly ,trims>an4 ,page #gi1 table3 ! quantities giv5 add up to #eef cubic feet4 ,page #hd1 ',enclos$ are ! result'3 z pr9t$ 9 ! s\rce docum5t4 ,page #hf1 ,exp5diture ( ,process ,a3 ! am\nts giv5 d n add up to ! total4 ,page #ajc_/ajd1 calculation3 ! numb]s giv5 d n add up to ! fir/ sub-total4 ,page #aif1 example ( capacity calculation3 ! dim5sions giv5 result 9 a capacity ( #bb1ejj cubic feet4 ,plate ,,iii1 'discription'3 z pr9t$ 9 ! s\rce docum5t4 ,*anges3 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to "u ! p>agraph :]e !y are ref]5c$4 ,tables pr9t$ ov] multiple pages h be5 re-comb9$ into s+le tables2 :]e relevant1 items su* z ,c>ri$ ,ov] etc4 h be5 remov$4 ,! lay-out ( ! tables ) f9ancial analyses has be5 /&>dis$4 ,sev]al obvi\s m9or typographical & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 ,page iii3 'z its little expresses' *ang$ to 'z its title expresses'4 ,page x3 entries = pages #hj & #ha mov$ to _! prop] place4 ,page xv3 page numb] = entry ,,ammoniacal ,,liquor *ang$ to #cjc 7see above74 ,page #db1 'pr9ciple coal m9es' *ang$ to 'pr9cipal coal m9es'4 ,page #dc3 ',c[p]s ,ma9' *ang$ to ',c[p]'s ,ma9'4 ,page #adc3 ',melam' *ang$ to ',malam'4 ,page #ahi1 'a fix$ rigde po9t' *ang$ to 'a fix$ ridge po9t'4 ,page #bah1 '#aj1jj1jjj revolutions' *ang$ to '#ajj1jjj revolutions'4 ,page #cjd3 'x w turn blue litmus1 pap] r$' *ang$ to 'x w turn blue litmus pap]1 r$'4 ,page #cab3 'sal-ammonia' *ang$ to 'sal-ammoniac'4 ,index3 ,l9es us$ z ditto m>ks & ! ^w 'ditto' h be5 replac$ ) ! ditto$ words & phrases4