,,stories ,,pictures ,,tell ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,decoration ,,stories ,,pictures ,,tell ,,book ,,five ,by ,,flora ,l4 ,,carpenter ,instructor in drawing at ,waite ,high ,school1 ,toledo1 ,ohio ,formerly supervisor of drawing1 ,bloomington1 ,illinois ,illustrated with ,half ,tones from ,original ,photographs ,,rand ,mc,n,a,l,l,y ,,company ,,chicago ,,new ,,york ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,copyright1 #aiah ,,by ,,rand ,,mcnally ,,co4 ,illustration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,contents ,,september ,,and ,,october ,,page 8,the ,gleaners0 ,millet #a 8,the ,mill0 ,ruysdael #ac ,,november1 ,,december1 ,,and ,,january 8,pilgrims ,going to ,church0 ,boughton #be 8,the ,child ,handel0 ,margaret #cc ,dicksee ,,february ,,and ,,march 8,the ,horse ,fair0 ,rosa ,bonheur #dc 8,mona ,lisa0 ,da ,vinci #eg ,,april1 ,,may1 ,,and ,,june 8,oxen ,going to ,work0 ,troyon #fh ,review of ,pictures and ,artists ,studied ,the ,suggestions to ,teachers #gg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,preface ,art supervisors in the public schools assign picture-study work in each grade1 recommending the study of certain pictures by well-known masters4 ,as ,supervisor of ,drawing ,i found that the children enjoyed this work but that the teachers felt incompetent to conduct the lessons as they lacked time to look up the subject and to gather adequate material4 ,recourse to a great many books was necessary and often while much information could usually be found about the artist1 very little was available about his pictures4 ,hence ,i began collecting information about the pictures and preparing the lessons for the teachers just as ,i would give them myself to pupils of their grade4 ,my plan does not include many pictures during the year1 as this is to be only a part of the art work and is not intended to take the place of drawing4 ,the lessons in this grade may be used for the usual drawing period of from twenty to thirty minutes1 and have been successfully given in that time4 ,however1 the most satisfactory way of using the books is as supplementary readers1 thus permitting each child to study the pictures and read the stories himself4 ,,flora ,l4 ,,carpenter ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,stories ,,pictures ,,tell ,illustration3 ,by ,permission of ,braun ,co41 ,paris and ,new ,york ,,the ,,gleaners ,questions to arouse interest4 ,of what is this a picture8 ,what are the three women doing in the field8 ,what have they in their hands8 ,of what use are their aprons8 ,why do you think their work is hard8 ,why do you think they are used to it8 ,how are they dressed8 ,what story is told in the background8 ,what do you suppose the man on horseback is doing8 ,what can you see beyond the people8 ,what time of the year is it8 ,is it a dark or a sunshiny day8 ,why do you think so8 ,what time of day do you think it is8 ,what country8 ,why do you think so8 ,what do you like best about this picture8 ,original ,picture3 ,the ,louvre 7lvr'71 ,paris4 ,artist3 ,jean ,franois ,millet 7ml7 ,birthplace3 ,gruchy1 ,france4 ,dates3 ,born1 #ahad2 died1 #ahge4 ,the story of the picture4 ,in this picture ,millet takes us out into the country1 to the wheat fields4 ,the reapers have passed over the field1 cutting down the wheat with a small sickle4 ,although we cannot see them in the act of cutting1 we know they used a sickle in those days by other pictures ,millet has painted4 ,there is one called 8,the ,reaper0 which represents a man grasping the tall stalks of wheat with one hand and cutting them close to the ground with a small sickle4 ,years later reapers used a 8cradle10 which is a frame of wood with a long1 sharp blade or knife fastened to a handle similar to a scythe handle4 ,this frame caught the stalks of wheat as they were cut4 ,then by a swing of the arm they were laid in an even row4 ,then the rows were raked into bundles and the wheat tied into sheaves4 ,all this was done by hand4 ,now we do it easily with a machine called a reaper1 which cuts the wheat1 binds it in a sheaf1 and then throws off the bundles4 ,the man you see on horseback1 in the distance at the right1 is the overseer of this field4 ,his sharp eyes have discovered that many stalks of wheat have been left on the ground1 and so he has sent the women to gather them that there may be no waste4 ,in the background of the picture we see other women at the same task1 and men busily piling the wheat from the wagon into high stacks4 ,farther back1 and partly hidden behind the wheat stacks1 we see several cottages which may be the homes of the peasants or barns in which to store the grain4 ,we should judge by the shadows that it is late in the afternoon and all are hurrying to finish their task4 ,our attention is held by the three stooping figures of the women gleaning or gathering the wheat4 ,they have caught up the corners of their aprons and tied them in a tight knot at the back1 making a sort of bag in which to place the broken heads of wheat1 while their hands are filled with the stalks4 ,the three women seem absorbed in their task4 ,how very tiresome it would be to stoop in such a fashion for any length of time6 ,no wonder the woman at the right straightens up for a moment to rest her back4 ,the other two are stooping to pick up the grain4 ,one of them holds her left hand behind her back4 ,if you take this position yourself1 you will understand how natural it is to balance yourself with the left arm as she does4 ,the women's caps are drawn so far down that we can see but little of their faces in the shadow4 ,but the coarse clothes1 bent backs1 and hands roughened with toil represent the typical ,french peasant women of the artist's time4 ,millet tells us in a letter to a friend3 8,i want the people ,i represent to look as if they belonged to their station1 and as if their imaginations could not conceive of their ever being anything else40 ,how truly he has accomplished this in our picture6 ,the women seem to be working cheerfully without complaint or regret4 ,they do not ask for sympathy but attend strictly to their work4 ,with so many other laborers in the field1 and considering their task1 we scarcely dare think of the miserably small pay they must receive for their labor4 ,we wonder how they can live4 ,and yet they have a certain wholesome1 thrifty appearance--their clothes1 although coarse1 are not ragged2 they look well and strong1 and they work with an energy which would imply a certain satisfaction in their task well done4 ,there are no lingering looks toward the sun--their clock--or toward the distant homes1 or even toward the other laborers whose tasks seem nearer completion4 ,they are resigned4 ,but even at best their life must be hard1 and whether they ask it or not1 they stir our sympathies even as they did those of the people of ,france when the picture was finally placed on exhibition in ,paris4 ,the peasants of ,france were especially wretched after the ,french ,revolution1 and this picture appeared just at a time when people needed to be reminded of this condition of affairs4 ,but many preferred not to be reminded1 and they so resented ,millet's efforts to better the life of the ,french peasant that they were bitter against him for many years4 ,millet was the son of a ,french peasant and worked out in the fields himself1 so he knew all about the hardships1 poverty1 and wretchedness1 and painted the truth as he saw it4 ,in the original painting there is a suggestion of red and blue in the dresses of the women1 a blue-gray sky1 and over it all the sun shining dimly4 ,the coarse dresses of the women were no doubt woven by them during the winter days when there was no farm work to do4 ,millet tells us that one of his earliest remembrances is of being wakened early in the morning by the hum of the spinning wheel and the voices of his mother and aunts as they spun the thread of flax ready to weave into cloth4 ,notice the arrangement of the three women in the picture4 ,they are not in a straight row1 or one right behind the other1 or even scattered about in the picture4 ,two are near each other1 while the third is just a little to one side2 in this way the center of interest is made more pleasing to the eye4 ,if we make an outline sketch of these three figures we will be surprised at the number of curved lines it requires4 ,the sky line is very high in this picture1 so the earth space is large enough to contain the figures of the three women4 ,in this way they seem to be bound closer to the earth4 ,we feel their lowliness1 and the burden of the life they lead in their narrow surroundings4 ,yet1 although we feel all these things when looking at this picture of work1 it is a picture of work done simply and good-naturedly and as if it were only a part of the daily task1 a sort of habit of life4 ,questions to help the pupil understand the picture4 ,how was wheat cut in ,millet's day8 ,how is it cut now8 ,of what use is a reaper8 ,what are the three women in the picture doing8 ,who sent them8 ,why8 ,where do they put the broken heads of wheat8 the stalks8 ,why do you think this must be hard work8 ,which one is resting her back8 ,why does one of the others hold her left hand behind her8 ,how are these three women dressed8 ,how do peasants usually get material for their clothes8 ,whom can you see in the background8 ,what are they doing8 ,what can you see behind them8 ,what time of day do you think it is8 ,how can you tell by the length of the shadows8 ,to what part of the picture is our attention drawn8 ,what makes you think these women are working cheerfully8 that they are thrifty8 ,what reasons have they to be discontented8 to be contented8 ,why do you feel sorry for them8 ,how did the people of ,france feel when this picture was exhibited8 ,what had made the ,french peasants very wretched at this time8 ,why did the people resent ,millet's calling their attention to this8 ,how did ,millet happen to know so much about the peasants and their life8 ,what colors did he use in this picture8 ,what can you say about the arrangement of the three women in this picture8 ,why is this a good arrangement8 ,how are we made to feel the lowliness of these peasants8 ,why is this picture called 8,the ,gleaners08 ,to the ,teacher3 ,,subjects ,,for ,,compositions ,the ,story ,told in ,this ,picture4 ,the ,lives of the ,french ,peasants4 ,comparison of ,labor in ,those ,days and at the ,present ,time4 ,millet's ,paintings--,subjects and ,purpose4 ,reasons ,why ,i ,would ,consider ,this ,picture a ,masterpiece4 ,life of the ,artist4 ,the story of the artist4 ,in the little country village of ,gruchy1 ,france1 dwelt a family of peasants who tilled the land and lived by the sweat of their brows4 ,there were the grandmother1 father1 mother1 and eight children4 ,the eldest son was ,jean ,franois ,millet1 the artist who painted this picture4 ,his mother worked out in the fields with the father1 even as the women in this picture are working1 so little ,jean ,franois was brought up by his grandmother1 who was also his godmother4 ,it was she who named him ,jean for his father and ,franois after the good ,saint ,francis4 ,she was a deeply religious woman1 and almost the only pictures ,millet saw in his boyhood were those in the ,bible1 which he copied again and again1 drawing them upon the stone walls with white chalk4 ,this pleased the grandmother1 and she encouraged him all she could4 ,when ,millet was six years old he was sent to school4 ,at twelve he began to study ,latin with a priest in the village who was very fond of him and taught him for the pleasure of it4 ,from this time on his studies were frequently interrupted by his work on the farm1 for as eldest son he was the one the father relied upon most4 ,the elder ,millet had a keen appreciation of the beauty in nature and often1 as they worked1 he would call his son's attention to the beauties around them4 ,he would say1 8,look at that tree--how large and beautiful6 ,it is as beautiful as a flower10 or 8,see1 that house half buried by the field is good2 it seems to me that it ought to be drawn that way40 ,then sometimes he would try to model a figure from a piece of clay or cut an animal or plant from wood4 ,so it was not much wonder that the son1 too1 tried to draw animals1 the barn1 the garden1 and various objects around him4 ,when he was eighteen years old he drew his first great picture4 ,as he was coming home from church he met an old man whose back was bent over a cane as he walked slowly along4 ,something about the bent figure appealed to ,millet so strongly that he had a great desire to draw a portrait of him4 ,so1 taking some charcoal from his pocket1 he drew on a stone wall a picture of the old man4 ,people passing by recognized the old man in ,millet's picture and were much pleased4 ,his father1 too1 was delighted1 for he had once wished to be an artist himself4 ,he now resolved that his son should have a chance4 ,a family council was held and all agreed that ,millet must be sent to some good artist to study4 ,so the father took him to an artist 7,mouchel7 in ,cherbourg to whom he showed some of ,millet's drawings4 ,at first the artist would not believe the boy had drawn them1 but1 finally convinced1 he was very glad to have this talented boy for his pupil4 ,millet had studied with him only two months when his father died1 and he was obliged to return home to take his father's place on the farm as best he could4 ,but the people of the village1 who were much interested in his paintings1 resolved to help him4 ,so they raised money to send him back to ,cherbourg to study1 and finally to the great city of ,paris4 ,there he studied under ,delaroche1 a fashionable painter of that day4 ,the other students could not understand ,millet1 for1 peasant that he was1 he rarely spoke1 allowing others to make all the advances and answering scarcely a word4 ,however1 if they went too far he could use his fists to such good advantage that they soon left him quite alone4 ,he was always known among them as 8the man of the woods40 ,they soon found out that he could draw and paint1 too1 and his work received much praise4 ,still his pictures did not sell1 and ,millet's life in ,paris was a continuous struggle with poverty4 ,one of the reasons that his pictures did not sell was because he chose his models from the lower classes and represented them in their humble daily tasks4 ,his critics urged him to paint1 instead1 some beautiful girl or fine-looking man from the village or city4 ,to this he replied3 8,beauty does not dwell in the face2 it radiates forth from the whole figure and appears in the suitableness of the action to the subject4 ,your pretty peasants would be ill suited for picking up wood1 for gleaning in the fields of ,august1 for drawing water from a well4 ,beauty is expression40 ,in spite of the fact that he could barely earn a living in ,paris1 ,millet remained there many years4 ,he was married and his children were born there4 ,finally he left ,paris with his wife and children and settled at ,barbizon1 a small village in ,france1 where he spent the rest of his life4 ,many descriptions have been written and many pictures painted of the modest white stone cottage in which ,millet's last years were spent4 ,it was not until these last few years of his life that ,millet ceased to be wretchedly poor1 for then his pictures were at last appreciated and he received the profit and honor that were his due4 ,he died at ,barbizon1 ,january #bj1 #ahge4 ,the world of to-day has forgotten most of the popular artists of that time1 and their pretty models1 but ,millet's peasants live on4 ,once little valued1 now the great truths which they represent have made them almost priceless4 ,questions about the artist4 ,what is the artist's full name8 ,tell about his home life4 ,who took care of ,millet when he was a child8 ,what did his mother do8 ,who named him1 and why8 ,what pictures did he study8 ,when was he sent to school8 ,what did he study with the priest8 ,why were his studies interrupted so often8 ,how did his father help him with his drawing8 ,tell about the old man with the cane4 ,who recognized his portrait8 ,what happened because of his success8 ,why did the artist think ,millet could not have painted the pictures8 ,why did ,millet remain so short a time with this artist8 ,what did the people in the village do for him8 ,why was it the students in ,paris could not understand ,millet8 ,what name did the students give him8 ,why did his pictures not sell8 ,what did the critics say about them8 ,what else did ,millet paint8 ,where did he finally make his home8 ,when did he receive recognition8 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration ,,the ,,mill ,questions to arouse interest4 ,what does this picture represent8 ,in what country would you expect to find such a scene8 ,what do the clouds suggest to you8 ,notice the water and the sails of the boat4 ,does the water appear smooth or rough8 ,why do you think the little sailboat you see is not the only one in the harbor8 ,why do you think the arms of the mill are not moving very rapidly8 ,how is the land protected from the water8 ,whom can you see on the land8 ,where do they seem to be going8 ,what can you see beyond the clump of bushes8 ,notice the man who is standing near the railing of the mill4 ,what does he seem to be watching8 ,where does the light come from8 ,what is the center of interest in this picture8 ,original ,picture3 ,buckingham ,palace1 ,london1 ,england4 ,artist3 ,jacob ,van ,ruysdael 7roisdl74 ,birthplace3 ,haarlem1 ,holland4 ,dates3 ,born1 #afbh2 died1 #afhb4 ,the story of the picture4 ,we know at once that the scene of this picture must be in ,holland4 ,we could tell by the picturesque windmill for which that country has become famous1 even if we did not know that the artist1 ,ruysdael1 lived there all his life4 ,when we look at this picture1 representing a scene at the mouth of a ,dutch river1 it is hard for us to realize that all of this little country is lower than the ocean1 and would be flooded if it were not for the great dikes4 ,these dikes are thick walls of stone and earth built near the shore1 so high that the water of the ,north ,sea cannot wash over them1 and so wide across the top that they make excellent carriage roads4 ,it is wonderful to think how men1 by their skill and perseverance1 have been able to preserve this country from the sea4 ,we are told that when ,caesar first reached this part of ,europe he found the few inhabitants living in wretched little huts built upon hills of sand which had been left after a flood4 ,they lived upon fish1 which they caught in nets made from grasses or rushes1 and were miserably poor4 ,so much of the land was under water that it was hard to tell whether it was land or sea4 ,these few natives1 however1 began to fill in the spaces between the sand hills with earth and stone1 building rude dikes or embankments to keep out the water4 ,very often the sea broke through1 flooding the land again1 but the people only built stronger dikes each time1 until now at last they have the present mighty safeguards4 ,the longest dike is in ,north ,holland1 and is called 8,the ,great ,dike40 ,it is six miles long and from twelve to fifteen feet thick4 ,the sea beats against it with great force1 but the sturdy ,hollander watches its angry foam in safety4 ,the dike is carefully guarded everywhere1 for if the water should find a weak or unprotected spot in it1 terrible indeed would be the result4 ,the ,north ,sea is ,holland's greatest foe1 yet it has sometimes proved a friend1 for when sorely pressed in battle the ,dutch have flooded their land1 thus forcing their enemies to flee for safety4 ,they have done this by removing small sections from the dikes1 though it meant the loss of their homes and cultivated fields4 ,it is said that windmills1 too1 may be used in flooding certain low portions of land in case an enemy attempts to take possession4 ,the windmill has played an important part in building up this country1 for it has been used not only for grinding corn1 crushing linseed1 sawing timber1 and cutting tobacco1 but to drain the land and make it habitable4 ,sometimes great lakes have been drained by water pumps set in motion by these windmills1 and what is to-day some of the most fertile land in the country has been secured in this way4 ,to be sure1 it takes several years to accomplish such an undertaking as this1 but the patience and perseverance of the ,hollander are equal to far greater tasks than that4 ,it is interesting to know how the people build houses in this land4 ,they cannot build them as we do1 because the earth is so soft and yielding that the houses would sink in it4 ,first1 they dig out two or three feet of earth1 and1 as they expect1 this opening immediately fills with water4 ,then they drive piles or stakes deep into the ground with a powerful steam hammer4 ,these are placed close together in lines to support the walls of the house4 ,heavy oak boards are nailed upon them and the brick foundation is then started just as we build ours4 ,the back and front of the house are not completed until after the roof is finished1 for it is necessary to allow a free circulation of air through the house to dry it4 ,even then ,dutch houses seem very damp to those who are not natives4 ,the kitchen is usually built in the front part of the house instead of the back4 ,the buildings we see in this picture1 even the windmill itself1 must have been built in just this way4 ,the calm and peace of this landscape are more impressive when we think of the great ocean outside the dike1 pounding away in its ceaseless effort to claim its own4 ,the picture seems to tell us something of the great effort1 constant guard1 and persistent struggle we must make if we would secure peace and contentment in our lives4 ,but in all lives must come some stormy days4 ,in our picture we can see the clouds gathering1 feel the warning stillness in the air1 and know that the storm will break soon4 ,the strange calm keeps the water still and lifeless1 the sails of the boat hang flat and unruffled1 the trees are without motion1 and the great arms of the windmill wait to catch the first faint breeze4 ,the three women on their way to church or home must hasten1 for these storms come quickly1 as the man who stands guard at the railing of the mill well knows4 ,there is a feeling of expectancy in this picture4 ,as we watch the great clouds and the strange light in the sky1 we are conscious of a great stillness all around1 and we expect at any moment to feel the rush and roar of the oncoming winds4 ,there is something alarming in the suspense4 ,we begin to feel the vastness of sky and water around us and how very little and unimportant we are in the midst of it all4 ,we wonder that we have ventured so much4 ,the great simplicity of this landscape is also typical of the people of ,holland4 ,the early ,hollanders were remarkable for their simplicity1 but as they prospered there was a tendency toward extravagance and display which caused much remonstrance from the clergy and more thoughtful citizens4 ,the story is told of an old ,dutch merchant who1 having made a fortune in trade1 decided to spend the rest of his life in his country home some distance away4 ,before leaving his friends he invited them all to dine with him4 ,upon arriving1 the guests were amazed to find themselves seated at a large table covered with a blue cloth1 and set with wooden plates1 spoons1 and tumblers4 ,two old seamen served them with herring1 fresh1 salted1 or dried4 ,the second course was salt beef and greens4 ,the guests1 of course1 were much disappointed and scarcely tasted this poor fare4 ,they supposed the meal was ended when the blue cloth was removed1 but no1 it was replaced by one of the finest linen1 the old sailors disappeared1 and a number of servants in fine liveries appeared1 serving a banquet which excelled even their highest expectations4 ,then the host spoke to them3 8,such1 gentlemen1 has been the progress of our ,republic4 ,we began with short frugality1 by means of which we became wealthy2 and we end with luxury1 which will beget poverty4 ,we should1 therefore1 be satisfied with our beef and greens1 that we may not have to return to our herrings40 ,unlike many pictures which seem to be made up of a majority of either curved or straight lines1 this picture contains a great variety of lines4 ,we find the straight line in the masts and sails of the boats1 the walls and spires of the church1 the main walls of the windmill1 the posts of the breakwater1 and the three little figures in white2 the horizontal lines in the horizon1 roofs1 hull of the boat1 and in the breakwater4 ,the rolling clouds1 round masses of the tree tops1 and the balcony railing give us the curved lines1 while we cannot fail to notice the oblique lines of the arms of the mill and the grasses near the river bank4 ,questions to help the pupil understand the picture4 ,what does this picture represent8 ,how is ,holland protected from the ocean8 ,what are dikes8 ,how are they used8 ,what kind of a place was ,holland when ,caesar first entered it8 ,what did the people do8 ,how did they happen to build the first dike8 ,what is the longest dike called8 ,what would happen if the dike should give way8 ,from what sea does it protect the people8 ,how has the sea proved their friend8 at what expense to them8 ,of what use are the windmills8 ,how do they build houses in ,holland8 ,why are the cellars full of water8 ,why are the houses damp8 ,which room is usually in the front of the house8 ,how is the windmill in this picture built8 ,what makes you think a storm is approaching8 ,how does the water look8 the sails8 the trees8 the windmill8 ,what feeling does this picture give you--one of peace1 expectancy1 suspense1 anxiety1 or pleasure8 ,why is it typical of the people of ,holland8 ,tell about the early ,hollanders2 the ,dutch merchant and the banquet4 ,what advice did the merchant give the ,hollanders8 ,what can you say about the composition of this picture8 ,of what kinds of lines is it made up8 ,where do you find the different kinds of lines8 ,the story of the artist4 ,jacob ,van ,ruysdael was born at ,haarlem1 ,holland1 in #afbh4 ,although he was one of the greatest of the ,dutch landscape painters1 very little is known of his life4 ,when he was only twelve years old he painted a picture in which he showed so much talent that his father consented to his giving up the study of medicine1 for which he had been preparing4 ,ruysdael's elder brother was probably his first teacher in painting4 ,later he went to ,amsterdam to study1 but his great desire was to be out in the country1 where he could be alone with nature4 ,his pictures are usually of landscapes1 including a glimpse of the sea and land1 with vast sky spaces overhead4 ,in color1 a rich1 warm green predominates4 ,it was always very difficult for him to draw people1 so he usually had some other artist paint his figures for him4 ,although his paintings are extremely valuable now1 he could not sell them then1 and he was so poor he was obliged at last to go to the almshouse1 where he died in #afhb4 ,people at that time were not interested in an ordinary landscape such as they saw every day4 ,they thought ,ruysdael was wasting his time painting such common things4 ,other artists painted pictures of people and of interesting events1 real or imaginary1 in brilliant colors and style4 ,ruysdael painted pictures in which the landscape and not the people was the center of interest4 ,he was one of the very first artists with enough appreciation for the beauty of nature to use it as the subject for his paintings4 ,from what we read of ,ruysdael's life1 it must have been a rather lonely one4 ,of a dreamy1 thoughtful nature1 he spent much of his time wandering alone by the seashore1 among the sand dunes1 and through the open country4 ,these are the scenes he painted again and again4 ,he loved to study the same scene in different lights1 with different cloud effects1 at different times and seasons2 and so we find twenty pictures of a certain scene called 8,view of ,haarlem from the ,hill of ,overveen40 ,few men have shown a more thorough knowledge of trees1 the trunks1 their branches1 and the character of their leaves4 ,in his earlier work this knowledge caused him to put too many details into his pictures1 making them somewhat stiff4 ,but he soon overcame this difficulty and began to put into his landscapes a peace and tranquility that rests the eye4 ,but since his paintings still remained unpopular he tried a change of subjects1 painting pictures of mountain scenery and rocky waterfalls4 ,it is generally believed that the artist ,hobbema was ,ruysdael's friend and pupil4 ,if this is true1 the two must have spent many happy days together painting the quiet landscapes they loved so well4 ,neither of them ever traveled out of ,holland4 ,so much alike was the work of these two artists that at one time long after their death1 ,hobbema's name was removed from his paintings and that of ,ruysdael placed in its stead in order to sell them4 ,later every effort was made to correct these errors4 ,some critics declared that every rocky landscape must be by ,ruysdael1 and every peaceful scene of cottages1 high trees1 and waterfalls must be by ,hobbema1 and so doubtless many mistakes were made4 ,but it was not until after ,ruysdael's death that people awoke to his greatness and genius4 ,fabulous sums have been paid for many of his pictures and they hang in the best galleries of ,europe4 ,famous paintings by ,ruysdael are3 8,landscape with ,waterfall10 8,the ,tempest10 8,the ,swamp in the ,wood10 8,the ,jewish ,cemetery10 8,landscape with ,ruins10 8,shore at ,scheveningen10 8,oak ,wood10 and 8,agitated ,sea40 ,questions about the artist4 ,who painted this picture8 ,where did he live8 ,how did he rank8 ,tell what you can of his life4 ,what subjects did he usually choose for his paintings8 ,what color usually predominates8 ,what did he find difficult to draw8 ,where did he pass the last days of his life8 ,why could he not sell his pictures8 ,how did they differ from those of other artists8 ,what artist studied with him8 ,of what value are ,ruysdael's paintings to-day8 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration ,,pilgrims ,,going ,,to ,,church ,questions to arouse interest4 ,who are these people8 ,what country does this represent8 ,why were they called ,pilgrims1 and why did they leave ,england8 ,where are they going in this picture8 ,why do the men carry guns8 ,where might foes be lurking8 ,what time of the year is it8 what time of day8 ,original ,picture3 ,lenox ,gallery1 ,new ,york4 ,artist3 ,george ,henry ,boughton 7btn74 ,birthplace3 ,norwich1 ,england4 ,dates3 ,born1 #ahcd2 died1 #aije4 ,the story of the picture4 ,we have read many stories about the lives of our forefathers in ,america1 but perhaps we realize more clearly just what that life must have been when we look at this picture1 8,pilgrims ,going to ,church40 ,it makes us realize why the ,pilgrims came to this country and willingly endured such terrible hardships1--that they might go to their own church and worship according to their own conscience4 ,it was a brave and sturdy people who1 although loyal in all else1 defied the king when he would take away their freedom of worship4 ,little wonder there was much excitement when people of all ranks and conditions in ,england began to sell their homes and possessions1 preparing to leave for a land almost unknown and full of danger4 ,the king tried to prevent their leaving1 even putting some of them in prison4 ,but our forefathers were not of the kind who are easily discouraged or defeated2 and one day the little band which had collected on the shores of the great ocean said good-by to their sorrowing friends and were rowed to the little ship1 the ,mayflower1 which was to carry them safely to the new land4 ,we have read much of the perils of that journey1 and how1 in spite of accidents on shipboard and equinoctial storms1 they finally arrived off ,cape ,cod one cold and wintry morning in ,december4 ,they sent out parties to search the shores for a favorable place to build their homes1 and on ,monday1 ,december #ba1 #afbj1 disembarked on the sandy beach1 landing a few at a time on that greenish granite rock called ,plymouth ,rock4 ,this famous rock is still to be seen1 an object of veneration4 ,arrived on this dreary1 frozen land1 the ,pilgrims began to work with a will1 cutting down the pine trees1 building their rude houses1 and trying in all ways to establish here a permanent home4 ,their religion was not forgotten4 ,in fact1 it is said that the party sent out to find this location landed there on the ,sabbath day1 and as they would not labor on that day1 they did not cut wood for a fire1 but walked back and forth all day and night to keep from freezing to death4 ,in our picture we see them in this dreary land in the midst of winter4 ,their rude1 snow-covered homes were so roughly built that the cold winds whistled through them1 and their provisions were so scant that they were often thankful for a meal of fish and a cup of water4 ,to-day is ,sunday4 ,they are on their way to church4 ,they have realized their ideal--freedom of worship4 ,even the fact that they must go armed1 keeping a careful watch for their treacherous foe1 the ,indian1 cannot take away the comfort of that thought4 ,when they first landed1 they found all the shore deserted except for a few empty wigwams which seemed not to have been inhabited for a long time4 ,later the ,pilgrims were told that there had been a dreadful plague among the ,indians at this very place1 and all the survivors had fled4 ,at first the few ,indians whom they saw were friendly1 but later they began to resent the presence of these white people1 whose number was constantly increasing and who seized upon their lands and fields as if they were the rightful owners4 ,they began to plunder and burn the homes of the settlers1 and all sense of security was gone4 ,but the common danger held the brave band closer together1 making their religious freedom seem more precious4 ,in this picture1 guards are stationed at the front1 center1 and end of each group of people4 ,the minister1 the women1 and the children are thus surrounded and protected4 ,our chief attention is for the central figures--the minister1 his wife1 and the child4 ,it is interesting to study the expressions on the faces of this stanch little band4 ,we observe the light on the heads and faces of the ,pilgrims and on the sides of the trees1 and the absence of shadows on the snow4 ,this tells us that the sun must be high in the sky4 ,this group of ,pilgrims is only a part of those who will assemble in the little church just over the hill4 ,we catch a glimpse of the first man in the next group4 ,notice the quaint hats and collars which the men and women wear4 ,the artist was very particular to show us the ,pilgrims' peculiar style of dress4 ,questions to help the pupil understand the picture4 ,who were our forefathers in ,america8 ,why were they so called8 ,why did they come to ,america8 ,what kind of people were they8 ,what did they know of ,america before they came8 ,who tried to prevent their coming8 ,upon what boat did they sail8 ,tell about the journey4 ,why was it so dangerous8 ,when did they reach ,america8 ,upon what did they land8 ,what has become of this rock8 ,what did the ,pilgrims do as soon as they arrived8 ,tell about the party sent out to find a permanent location4 ,why could they not build a fire8 ,what time of year is represented in this picture8 ,where are the people going8 ,how many churches did they have8 ,why do they carry guns8 ,who occupied this land before the ,pilgrims came8 ,why did the ,indians leave8 ,why did they dislike the ,pilgrims8 ,what effect did this danger have upon the ,pilgrims8 ,to which members of the group in the picture is our attention directed8 ,how is this accomplished8 ,what makes you think the sun is shining8 ,what time of day is it8 ,what makes you think there are more people coming8 ,how are these ,pilgrims dressed8 ,to the ,teacher3 ,let the pupils illustrate the various scenes in the story with charcoal on manila paper4 ,the story of the artist4 ,george ,henry ,boughton was born in a little village near ,norwich1 ,england4 ,his father was a farmer4 ,but the farm he possessed was so small that he found it difficult to provide for his large family4 ,so he decided to sail to ,america where there were better opportunities for farming4 ,the long voyage was taken the year following ,george's birth4 ,the family settled near ,albany1 ,new ,york1 and there ,george ,boughton was raised and educated4 ,it was decided that he should be trained for a business career and so he was sent to a commercial school4 ,but the young artist had other plans in his head4 ,at school he began to show great skill in drawing1 gained1 as he said afterwards1 8by drawing every mortal thing that came under my notice40 ,while he was still in school1 ,boughton's father and mother died and he was left to the care of his older brothers and sisters4 ,they regarded his efforts in art with little favor and offered him no encouragement4 ,but ,george ,boughton would not be discouraged4 ,drawing and painting had more attraction for him than even the sports that are dear to every boy's heart4 ,he has himself told the story of how he once went into a store to buy hooks and a line to use on a fishing trip to a neighboring creek1 and how he came out with a set of oil colors and paint brushes instead4 ,the picture he painted at that time was the beginning of his success4 ,when he was nineteen years old he sold enough of his sketches to pay his way to ,london4 ,he spent a few months in ,london and then went on a long trip through ,england1 ,scotland1 and ,ireland1 making sketches of the scenes that appealed to him4 ,with these he returned to ,new ,york1 where they were quickly sold4 ,a few years later1 with the help of a millionaire patron who bought the artist's pictures in advance1 ,boughton went to ,paris4 ,after a year in ,paris he went to ,london again1 finally making his home there4 ,then1 of course1 his studio in ,new ,york ,city was given up1 but1 though he lived in ,england1 his art remained distinctly ,american4 ,he was especially interested in the history and literature of our country and has been called 8the interpreter of ,new ,england life in the seventeenth century40 ,besides painting1 ,mr4 ,boughton wrote stories for magazines1 illustrating his own stories4 ,in #ahgi ,mr4 ,boughton was elected ,associate of the ,royal ,academy in ,london1 and in #ahif he became a member of the ,academy with all the honors and privileges of that position4 ,among his most noted pictures are the 8,return of the ,mayflower10 8,pilgrim ,exiles10 and 8,the ,scarlet ,letter40 ,questions about the artist4 ,who painted this picture8 ,where was he born8 ,what was it decided that he should become8 ,tell the story of the fishing tackle4 ,what did he do with the money he received for his first pictures8 ,what did he do in ,england8 ,who helped him to go to ,paris8 ,where did he settle down8 ,what part of the ,united ,states interested him most8 ,what kind of pictures did he paint8 ,what has he been called8 ,what is meant by that8 ,why might he be considered an ,american artist8 ,what could he do besides paint8 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration ,,the ,,child ,,handel ,questions to arouse interest4 ,where are these people8 ,at whom are they looking8 ,why do you think it is night8 ,upon what has the boy been playing8 ,what does the man carry in his hand8 ,why do they look so surprised8 ,does the boy look frightened1 anxious1 or pleased8 ,how is he dressed8 ,how is the man dressed8 the woman8 ,what can you see hanging from her belt8 ,who is behind her8 ,where do you think they have come from8 ,why do you suppose they dressed so fully8 ,what can you see scattered upon the floor8 ,what do you like best about this picture8 ,artist3 ,margaret ,isabel ,dicksee4 ,birthplace3 ,london1 ,england4 ,dates3 ,born1 #aheh2 died1 #aijc4 ,the story of the picture4 ,it is midnight2 the small boy ,handel has forgotten everything in the world as he plays upon the old harpsichord hidden in the dark old garret4 ,he feels safe1 for he has taken all precautions--first1 by going to bed at the regular time2 then1 by feigning sleep until all the household was wrapped in slumber4 ,ah6 how long the time seemed1 and how impatiently he went over and over again in his mind the beautiful melody he had been composing all day as he worked or played4 ,but no one must know4 ,he had not even dared hum1 lest he should be suspected1 for his father had forbidden him the use of the harpsichord1 the only musical instrument the family possessed4 ,humming a tune was something to be frowned at because this small boy loved music so dearly that1 if permitted1 he would neglect all else to sing or play upon the old harpsichord4 ,the father had long ago planned that his son should become a lawyer1 and he wished to educate him for that profession4 ,but the boy did not apply himself to his lessons1 and was at the foot of the class4 ,after much discussion1 it was decided that the harpsichord must be banished to the garret and the boy forbidden to touch it until he had mastered his other studies4 ,then it was that ,handel began to pay those nightly visits to the garret where1 with closed windows and doors1 he played half the night or until the first hint of dawn told him he must hurry back to his bed4 ,no wonder his mother found it hard to get him up in the morning1 and that he began to look pale and delicate4 ,on this one night he had so completely lost himself in his music that he used the swell at its greatest volume1 fairly flooding the garret room with his happy music4 ,faint sounds had crept down through the garret floor2 now they grew loud1 now soft and weird1 as if the house were haunted4 ,finally the whole family was awakened1 but no one could explain the source of those mysterious sounds4 ,it could not be the wind1 for all was still and quiet outside2 but whatever it was1 they could not sleep until it stopped4 ,now all were up and dressed1 but no one thought of the boy as the father lighted the great lantern and led the way in search of the ghost or spirit which had so disturbed them4 ,still the sounds continued1 growing fainter1 then stronger again1 but always seeming to come from the top of the house4 ,so they climbed up the steep and narrow stairs to the garret1--first the father1 carrying the lantern1 then the mother1 who had hurriedly caught up her bag and bunch of keys2 the elder brother1 and the grandmother and grandfather came last of all4 ,even when they reached the garret door they did not suspect the boy1 for they thought him safe in bed2 only a ghost would play in a dark garret at that time of night4 ,handel did not need a light1 for he knew his keys by heart2 his very finger tips were full of the music which had been singing in his head all day long4 ,can you not imagine the father swinging the door open and quickly flashing the lantern about until the light rested upon the frail1 ghostlike little figure at the harpsichord8 ,they must have been startled1 indeed1 but not half so much as poor ,handel1 who felt his last chance of happiness slipping from him4 ,how very real to us the artist has made it6 ,we seem to be in the big garret ourselves1 looking first toward the small boy at the quaint old instrument and then at those who have discovered him4 ,the harpsichord looks something like our grand piano1 and was used for many years before the piano was invented4 ,there sits ,handel in his night clothes and cap1 looking pathetically first at his father1 then at his mother1 while his sensitive face twitches with anxiety4 ,he had been so intent on his playing that he had not heard their approach1 had had no warning1 and now it was too late4 ,and will they punish him8 ,we do not know whether they did in any way except to keep the garret door locked1 but that was punishment enough for poor ,handel4 ,we do know it was not until he was nine years old that his father reluctantly consented to ,handel's studying music1 and then it came about by accident4 ,one of the great days in ,handel's life was the day his father went to visit his older son 7,handel's half-brother71 who held a position under the ,duke of ,weissenfels4 ,handel was then only seven years old and had been refused permission to go1 but when1 many miles from home1 the father discovered the tired but determined boy following on foot1 he was finally taken4 ,one ,sunday1 at the close of the service in the court chapel1 the boy was permitted to try the great organ4 ,the duke1 who had remained in the chapel1 heard the playing and immediately inquired who the musician was4 8,little ,handel from ,halle0 was the reply4 ,becoming interested1 the duke soon had the story of the boy's secret playing1 and it was through his talk with the father that ,handel was at last placed under a skilled instructor and given every chance to cultivate his great talent4 ,soon he was without a rival on the organ and the harpsichord4 ,from the first he wrote his own music1 and before long was composing great oratorios such as the famous 8,messiah40 ,in the picture the artist has centered our interest and attention upon the small boy in several ways3 by his position1 the light1 the inclination of the other figures toward him4 ,at whatever part of the picture we glance1 our eyes are almost immediately drawn back to the boy musician4 ,the childish figure1 sensitive face1 and startled1 appealing glance arouse our sympathy and interest4 ,questions to help the pupil understand the picture4 ,where is this boy8 ,what is his name8 ,why is he in the attic8 ,why did he not play the harpsichord during the day8 ,what precautions did he take before coming to the garret8 ,why was he discovered8 ,what warning did he have8 ,who found him8 ,why was ,handel so anxious8 ,how was he punished8 ,why was it not good for him to spend his nights or days in this way8 ,when was he permitted to study music8 ,how did this happen8 ,what had his father wanted him to study8 ,how did ,handel succeed with his music8 ,upon what is our attention centered in this picture8 ,by what means is this accomplished8 ,what appeal does this picture make to you8 ,does it arouse your sympathy and admiration1 or does it give you a feeling of disappointment8 ,the story of the artist4 ,margaret ,isabel ,dicksee was the daughter of a noted ,english artist1 ,thomas ,francis ,dicksee4 ,her parents lived in a section of ,london where many successful artists and art students had their quarters4 ,thus ,margaret ,dicksee's very earliest memories were associated with pictures and painters1 and she had doubtless absorbed all the rudiments of drawing and color long before she began her ,a ,b ,c's4 ,her brother ,frank1 five years older than ,margaret1 was already well started on the road to fame in art when the little ,margaret first began to trace the queer figures that children draw4 ,no doubt it was he who first guided her hand1 scarce strong enough yet to hold the crayon firmly4 ,but ,margaret made rapid progress1 for the desire to draw and paint the things she saw about her was part of her nature4 ,soon brother and sister were students together at the same art classes4 ,the children's uncle1 too1 was an artist1 as well as their cousin1 ,herbert ,dicksee4 ,in after years ,herbert became a noted etcher and made engravings of his cousins' pictures4 ,what a happy life these three children must have lived4 ,conditions for them were as favorable as they had been unfavorable for their father and uncle4 ,margaret's father had often told her how he and his brother ,john1 ,margaret's uncle1 had got out of bed at the first gray streak of dawn so that they could have time to draw and paint before school4 ,their parents would not allow them to set aside school tasks for such things as drawing1 which they considered of far less importance4 ,how glad ,margaret and ,frank must have been that their father was an artist and did not interfere with their efforts at drawing and painting1 but encouraged them as much as he could4 ,the young artists were successful in their work from the very first4 ,their pictures were admired and praised by every one who saw them4 ,very often pictures by both sister and brother were to be seen at the same exhibition4 ,later ,frank became a member of the ,royal ,academy4 ,miss ,dicksee chose as subjects for her paintings scenes from history1 biography1 and fiction4 ,she also painted a number of fine portraits4 ,the pictures she has left to us give evidence of a very lovable and sympathetic nature4 ,among her most noted and attractive works besides 8,the ,child ,handel ,discovered ,playing in the ,garret0 are 8,the ,children of ,charles ,i0 and 8,a ,sacrifice of ,vanity10 the latter a scene taken from ,oliver ,goldsmith's ,vicar of ,wakefield4 ,questions about the artist4 ,in what part of ,london was the artist born8 ,what was her father's name and profession8 ,tell about ,margaret ,dicksee as a little girl4 ,who helped her in her first attempts at drawing8 ,tell about the childhood experiences of her father and uncle4 ,what was the name of ,margaret's and ,frank's cousin8 ,what did he become8 ,what subjects did ,miss ,dicksee choose for her paintings8 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration3 ,by ,permission of ,braun ,co41 ,paris and ,new ,york ,,the ,,horse ,,fair ,questions to arouse interest4 ,how many of you have ever attended a horse fair8 ,where is this horse fair1 and what kind of horses are they8 ,how are they controlled8 ,what is the object of having a horse fair8 ,how many horses are represented in this picture8 ,how many are in the same position8 ,which are under the best control8 ,which have their ears back8 ,what does that indicate8 ,which horse is trying to throw his rider8 ,which horse looks vicious8 ,how is he controlled8 ,what colors do you think they are8 ,what can you see in the background8 ,upon what part of the horses does the light fall8 ,what does this tell us of the position of the sun8 the time of day8 ,which horse has a blanket on his back8 ,why do you think he is not entered for the prize8 ,which horse is the most lifelike8 ,to which one would you give the blue ribbon8 ,original ,picture3 ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,artist3 ,rosa ,bonheur 7b nr74 ,birthplace3 ,bordeaux1 ,france4 ,dates3 ,born1 #ahbb2 died1 #ahii4 ,the story of the picture4 ,in this day of the automobile we do not hear much about horse fairs4 ,of course1 we still have our county fairs1 but there the horse is only a small part of the attraction4 ,in many places also horse markets are held where all kinds of horses are brought to be sold1 but these could hardly be compared to a horse fair1 where only the finest specimens are entered4 ,in some of our large cities we have what we call horse shows1 which in a measure seem to have taken the place of the old-fashioned horse fair4 ,so we have the ,international ,horse ,show in ,madison ,square ,garden1 ,new ,york ,city1 one almost as large at ,chicago1 ,illinois1 another at ,olympia1 ,washington1 one in ,montreal1 ,canada1 the famous ,horse ,show in ,london1 and others4 ,but how unlike the scene represented in this picture they are6 ,imagine yourself in that largest of all show buildings1 the ,madison ,square ,garden1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,tier above tier the seats are arranged around the central ring or drive1 which in size and appearance is similar to the usual outdoor race track4 ,the seats extend around the track except for a small space left for the entrance and exit1 and are arranged very much like the seats in a theater1 having the box and reserved seats nearest the stage or track4 ,each box is numbered and catalogued so that you may know just which wealthy man or woman is occupying that particular box4 ,before the performance1 or during the intermission1 you may go about1 catalogue in hand1 and see for yourself what these people1 whom you have read so much about1 look like4 ,in other words1 this horse show has become a society event1 appealing to all classes of people1 but more especially to the rich4 ,all is carefully planned4 ,a flourish of trumpets1 and the man with the megaphone announces the first number--perhaps a tallyho contest4 ,more trumpets1 and in come the dashing six horses drawing the picturesque tallyho4 ,they have been driven a mile through ,central ,park before entering the building1 and it is to the horses found to be in the best condition after this drive that the prize is to be given4 ,but scarcely have we looked at them when there is another flourish of trumpets1 and another tallyho arrives1 sounding its bugle call4 ,the footmen descend and stand at the heads of the spirited horses while the passengers alight4 ,we have a fleeting glimpse of their fashionable clothes2 they have a moment's rest1 and then1 when the judges have examined the horses1 up they climb to their high seats and at the signal are driven slowly around the ring4 ,then others arrive1 and soon all are driving in a gay procession around the ring4 ,the spectators applaud enthusiastically while the spirited horses proudly arch their necks4 ,then come the tandems1 and horses and carriages of all kinds in order4 ,then horses are exhibited in every form of activity--leaping1 running1 pacing1 and hurdling4 ,after the show is over1 perhaps we go to see the horses in their stalls1 but then we find ourselves in the minority1 for few spectators remain after the last horse leaves the track4 ,would it not be pleasant now to go with ,rosa ,bonheur out into the great field near that avenue of trees1 and watch the men riding or leading those powerful ,french dray horses before the judges8 ,horses like these have been imported to our country1 so we see them on our own streets drawing heavy loads1 and we know how strong and powerful they are4 ,there are more than twenty horses in this picture that we can count1 each in action1 and yet no two are alike4 ,the artist has made us feel the perfect control man has over them4 ,all the possibilities of a horse of this kind are represented4 ,here we see the well-trained1 perfectly controlled horse going on cheerfully and steadily2 there are some with their ears back1 showing annoyance and watchfulness2 here a rearing horse is trying to rid himself of his troublesome driver4 ,that one at the left of the picture is angry1 perhaps vicious4 ,his driver is unable to manage him alone and it requires two men to control him4 ,but they do control him1 and in every case man1 through his intellect1 is the master4 ,notice the colors of the horses3 even a print of the picture tells us that they are white1 dappled1 and black4 ,when they return1 surely many of them will be wearing the blue ribbon4 ,at the right of the picture are several spectators who have gathered to see the splendid horses4 ,rosa ,bonheur wished to draw these horses two thirds life size1 and when you consider the amount of space devoted to sky and ground1 you will realize that it required a very large canvas4 ,we are told that she stood upon a stepladder to paint parts of it4 ,she chose a part of ,paris that would be easily recognized1 showing the dome of a well-known church and an avenue of trees just as we might see them to-day4 ,but we can scarcely realize the amount of time and patient study it required before she could paint even one of these horses4 ,she went about with a sketchbook and made drawings of horses in all possible positions1 and persevered in this study for a year and a half before she began this picture4 ,her friends in ,paris helped her all they could by lending her their fine horses4 ,but this was not enough1--she must visit horse fairs and markets as often as possible4 ,sometimes the grooms made fun of her1 and it was hard for her to work1 but she would not give up4 ,in the picture she has centered the interest upon the horses nearest to us by painting them more in detail1 showing even the muscles of their strong1 powerful bodies1 and also by means of the light upon them1 and by their size4 ,the light is high1 falling upon the rounded backs and upraised heads4 ,the short shadows help us guess the time of day1 which must be about noon4 ,the horse with the blanket on his back suggests to us that the groom beside him intends to ride him when he returns after leaving his noble charge4 ,there is a feeling of open air and space about this picture which adds much to its charm4 ,this is all the more remarkable1 too1 in a picture containing so many horses1 since it might easily have appeared crowded4 ,the 8,horse ,fair0 was bought for fifty-two thousand dollars by ,cornelius ,vanderbilt1 who presented it to the ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,most ,american critics consider this ,rosa ,bonheur's masterpiece1 although the ,french claim that honor for 8,plowing in ,nivernais10 the original of which is hung in the ,luxembourg ,gallery in ,paris4 ,questions to help the pupil understand the picture4 ,where do we go to see fine horses8 ,what has taken the place of horses and horse fairs8 ,where are our largest horse shows8 ,how do they differ from the horse fair in this picture8 ,tell about the horse show at ,madison ,square ,gardens1 ,new ,york4 ,compare it with the 8,horse ,fair40 ,where is each held8 ,what kind of people attend8 ,why did ,rosa ,bonheur choose this particular location for her painting8 ,what preparation did she make before beginning this picture8 ,for what purpose are these ,french horses used in the ,united ,states8 ,how many horses are represented in this painting8 ,why does it not seem crowded8 ,how near life size did ,rosa ,bonheur paint these horses8 ,what did she stand on while painting8 why8 ,what can you tell of the dispositions of these horses8 ,in what way is man always the master8 ,upon which horses has the artist centered the interest8 ,how has she done this8 ,what time of day is it8 ,why do you think so8 ,where may we see this painting8 ,to the ,teacher3 ,,subjects ,,for ,,compositions ,a ,description of a ,horse ,fair4 ,a ,visit to ,rosa ,bonheur's ,horse ,fair4 ,a ,day with the ,artist4 ,the story of the artist4 ,perhaps the reason ,rosa ,bonheur loved animals so dearly was because she spent the first ten years of her life in a little village1 where her parents and their neighbors kept horses1 chickens1 and pigs1 and where ,rosa learned to know all about them4 ,rosa and her two brothers had lambs1 rabbits1 squirrels1 and pigeons for pets4 ,they spent many happy hours out in the fields and woods1 yet when their father1 who was an artist1 decided to move to the great city of ,paris the children were delighted4 ,this wonderful ,paris they had heard so much about seemed to them the most desirable place in the world to be1 and their only sorrow was in parting from their grandparents and from their many pets4 ,rosa was allowed to take a parrot with her1 and the two boys had a dog4 ,the first place in which they lived was up several flights of stairs and across the street from a butcher's shop4 ,this shop had a queer sign cut from wood and representing a wild boar1 which looked so much like ,rosa's little pig at home that she used to stop to pet it every time she passed4 ,a man who lived in the same house with the ,bonheurs kept a small school for boys4 ,rosa's two brothers went to this school1 and later the teacher said ,rosa might come1 too4 ,she was the only girl in the school1 but she did not mind that at all1 and the boys were glad to have her1 for she knew more games than they1 and played just like one of them4 ,the father had hoped to sell more of his pictures in the city1 but he did not do as well as he had expected and it cost so much more to live that he had to move his family to a cheaper house and up on the sixth floor4 ,rosa's mother was a musician and gave music lessons to help keep up the home1 but she worked too hard and finally became very ill4 ,she died just as the father secured a position in a private school and things began to look more prosperous for the ,bonheur family4 ,for a time the father tried to keep his little family together by leaving them in a sort of day nursery1 but this was not satisfactory1 so he had to send them away4 ,juliette1 the baby sister born after they moved to ,paris1 was sent to her grandmother1 the two boys to school1 and ,rosa to an aunt4 ,this aunt sent ,rosa to school4 ,to reach the schoolhouse she had to walk some distance through the woods1 and often she would stop on the way1 smooth the dust in the road with her hand1 and then draw pictures in it with a stick1 her favorite pictures being of animals4 ,often she became so absorbed in her drawing she forgot to go to school1 or was so late that her teachers complained to the aunt1 saying she was getting behind in her school work4 ,every time her father came to see her ,rosa begged him to take her home1 and when at last he could provide for his children they were all very happy to be together again in ,paris4 ,wherever they lived they must have pets4 ,a great many stories have been told about the pets they kept in their house4 ,every morning ,rosa's brother ,isidore would carry a little lamb on his shoulders down six flights of stairs1 that it might nibble the green grass and be out in the fresh air1 and in the evening he would carry it back upstairs4 ,it became a great pet1 and all the children drew its picture in ever so many different positions4 ,besides1 they had the parrot1 a monkey1 two dogs1 rabbits1 and birds4 ,their father let them keep these in a room especially fitted up for the purpose4 ,he was teaching in a private school at this time and was away from home all day1 but when evening came he gathered his children about him and taught them how to draw4 ,they put their easels in different parts of the room and worked away1 drawing and painting1 until bedtime4 ,they would all much rather do this than anything else in the world4 ,then the father accepted another position in a school where he could also send his four children4 ,here ,rosa was continually in trouble1 for she did not study much and was always getting into mischief4 ,one day she planned a mock battle in the school yard between the girls4 ,they used sticks for swords4 ,very soon ,rosa's side drove their enemies toward a bed of hollyhocks which was the pride of the school4 ,here they turned and fled1 but ,rosa charged on4 ,she cut off the heads of all those stately hollyhocks because they seemed to stand guard like soldiers4 ,for this she was sent home in disgrace4 ,very often1 too1 ,rosa had these sham fights with her brothers at home1 when the easels and even the pictures were used4 ,the palettes served as shields1 and the little ,juliette1 dressed in all the finery they could find1 sat in state1 representing the lady of their choice for whom the battle was fought4 ,rosa tried to learn the dressmaking trade and to be a teacher1 but it was no use1--the only thing she cared to do was to draw4 ,so her father decided to give up trying to educate her in any other way4 ,she was willing to walk miles in any kind of weather1 to sit hours in all sorts of uncomfortable positions1 and to go without food1 in order to draw a good picture of some animal4 ,now that she had begun in earnest to study animals1 she must go to all the country horse fairs1 to the slaughter houses1 and everywhere she could to study them4 ,but as she grew older she found it more and more difficult to go to these places1 because of the attention she attracted and because her long skirts were so in the way4 ,finally she obtained a permit to wear men's clothes4 ,with her short hair1 blue working blouse1 and dark trousers she looked so much like one of the workmen that now no one noticed her1 and she could go where she pleased4 ,people who did know her did not mind her dress and were ready to help her all they could in her work4 ,from all over the country she received gifts of fine horses and other animals to paint1 ,buffalo ,bill once sending her two fine horses from ,texas4 ,she bought a farm1 and had a large barn built for her many pets4 ,her pictures became famous the world over4 ,how proud her father was of her6 ,one day she was working very hard in her studio when a servant came to tell her that the ,empress ,eugnie had come to see her4 ,it was a great event when this royal lady came to the artist's studio1 and there was ,rosa dressed in her old blue blouse1 all spotted with paint4 ,she did not have time even to slip it off before the empress came in1 but they had a most delightful visit4 ,as the ,empress ,eugnie bent over and kissed ,rosa ,bonheur she pinned the ,cross of the ,legion of ,honor on the artist's blue blouse4 ,rosa did not notice it until after the ,empress had left4 ,she must have been very much pleased1 for she was the first woman to receive that honor4 ,questions to help the pupil understand the picture4 ,tell about ,rosa ,bonheur as a little girl4 ,where did she live the first ten years of her life8 ,what pets did she have8 ,why were the children glad to go to ,paris8 why sorry8 ,what pets did they take with them8 ,describe their first home in ,paris4 ,tell about the wild boar2 the school for boys4 ,why did the ,bonheurs move8 ,what did ,rosa's mother do to help8 ,when she died1 what became of the children8 ,to whom were they sent8 ,why was ,rosa behind in her studies at school8 ,why did she return to ,paris8 ,tell about the children's pets1 and how they were kept2 about ,isidore and the lamb4 ,what did the children do in the evening8 ,where did ,rosa go to school8 ,tell about the mock battle and the hollyhocks4 ,how was ,rosa punished8 ,tell about the sham battles at home4 ,what was ,rosa willing to do in order to draw8 ,where did she go to study animals8 ,why did she wear men's clothes8 ,what were some of the presents she received8 ,tell about the visit of the ,empress ,eugnie4 ,what honor did ,rosa ,bonheur receive from her1 and how was it presented8 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration ,,mona ,,lisa ,questions to arouse interest4 ,what is this woman doing8 ,where do you think she is sitting8 ,how is she dressed8 ,how has she arranged her hair8 ,what can you say of her hands8 ,how many think she is smiling8 that she is sad8 that she is vain and self-conscious1 or dreamy and forgetful of self8 ,how many think she is looking at us8 beyond us8 ,what is there mysterious about her expression8 ,why do you think no one is able to understand it8 ,original ,picture3 ,louvre ,gallery1 ,paris4 ,artist3 ,leonardo da ,vinci 7l nrd d vnch74 ,birthplace3 ,vinci1 ,italy4 ,dates3 ,born1 #adeb2 died1 #aeai4 ,the story of the picture4 ,when the artist1 ,leonardo da ,vinci1 was a boy he liked nothing better than to model in clay4 ,although he modeled many figures in action1 his chief delight was to model heads of smiling women and children4 ,his boyhood was such a happy one1 and he was so well liked1 that even people with the most severe features relaxed them in a smile when he appeared4 ,if they did not1 he quickly made a sketch so comical in expression that they could not fail to be amused4 ,after he grew to manhood he had a very dear friend named ,francesco del ,gioconda1 who asked him to paint a portrait of his wife1 ,mona ,lisa1 or ,la ,gioconda1 as the picture is often called4 ,leonardo wished to make this something more than a mere likeness4 ,he wished it to show the character and soul of the woman herself4 ,it proved to be a most difficult task1 for after four years the portrait was put aside as unfinished4 ,many critics claim that he intended to paint a face that no one could understand2 others claim that the lady's moods were so changeable and her expressions so various that he tried to paint them all in one4 ,the picture remains a mystery which no one seems to understand1 yet like all mysteries it is fascinating and our interest in it grows stronger the longer we study it4 ,many do not care for it at first1 especially those who see it without its beautiful coloring1 but few fail to find it interesting if they but linger long enough4 ,but after all why should the fact that we do not understand the expression of this face trouble us1 or that nearly every time we look at it we find a new expression1 a different meaning8 ,is not the same thing true at times even with our most intimate friends8 ,we think we know just what they will do and say1 yet are we not often amazed at some sudden change in opinion or action on their part8 ,it but marks their individuality1 and we accept it as part of them4 ,and that is one of the reasons this portrait of ,mona ,lisa is considered the greatest ever painted1 because it represents so well the mystery of human personality4 ,if so great an artist as ,leonardo da ,vinci spent four years painting this picture1 and it is still considered by the great art critics the most wonderful portrait ever painted1 we must study it even more carefully if we have not liked it at first4 ,leonardo da ,vinci had musicians playing or jesters with their funny sayings to amuse ,mona ,lisa while he was painting her picture4 ,he did not wish her to think of herself or to grow weary and look tired4 ,as you look at the picture can you not imagine you hear the music of stringed instruments and the splash of that rushing1 roaring little stream in the background8 ,mona ,lisa is listening1 dreaming1 thinking4 ,she looks at us1 then on beyond without seeing us4 ,she seems to know everything1 feel everything1 yet her smile is reassuring4 ,her hands are beautiful4 ,in that all will agree4 ,the few details of her dress and scarf are exquisite1 even in a print4 ,we cannot be quite sure about the chair she sits in2 some say it is of marble1 others that it is a wooden chair4 ,and where is she seated8 ,some say it is on the roof of a building1 others say on a balcony1 but that is even less mysterious than that strange1 winding1 dashing1 little mountain stream that comes and goes we know not whither4 ,critics cannot even decide what time of day it is in the picture1 the light is so uncertain2 some claim it is twilight2 others1 early morning4 ,if we could see the original1 we would perhaps be astonished to find that the lady wears a very thin veil over her face and hair4 ,her eyes are a deep brown1 her hair a beautiful auburn1 and her dress a rich green with a touch of yellow4 ,we cannot accuse her of vanity1 for she wears no rings or ornaments of any kind4 ,leonardo da ,vinci loved problems4 ,even as a boy he would make up problems in arithmetic that would puzzle as well as interest his teachers4 ,here he has found a different kind of problem1 which he has solved in his own way4 ,it seems as if each part of the face had an expression of its own1 so that if the rest of the face were covered we could see that one alone4 ,the left side of her face is thoughtful1 the right side is smiling2 her eyes are sad1 the mouth is cheerful yet firm4 ,there is hidden strength behind this face--it is as if she had discovered the secret of the world1 but would allow no word of it to pass those lips so firmly closed4 ,it is interesting to know1 too1 that the real ,mona ,lisa was one of the famous beauties in ,florence4 ,the artist kept this portrait for several years1 and then sold it to the ,king of ,france4 ,it is now in the gallery of the ,louvre at ,paris4 ,great consternation was caused by the loss of this picture a few years ago1 when it was stolen from the ,louvre4 ,the whole country was aroused1 until at length the thief1 a young ,italian workman1 was captured4 ,he had been employed in the ,louvre1 and found no difficulty in taking the picture from its frame1 concealing it under his blouse1 and walking off with it4 ,he placed it face downward in the bottom of his tool box1 and carried it past the customs inspectors into ,italy4 ,the only hard part was to dispose of the much-sought picture4 ,he was in the same predicament as the man ,mark ,twain told us about1 who showed how very easy it was to steal a white elephant1 yet how difficult a matter it was to get rid of the elephant4 ,so1 two years later1 the ,italian was captured1 having tried in vain to dispose of 8,mona ,lisa40 ,he claimed he had stolen the picture to take revenge on ,france for the pictures stolen by ,napoleon from ,italy4 ,this does not seem very convincing1 for 8,mona ,lisa0 was not stolen from ,italy1 but purchased from the artist by ,frances ,i for four thousand dollars4 ,at present it is valued at five million dollars4 ,the fact that the thief was not discovered sooner proved rather humiliating to the ,paris police1 because they had missed an important clew4 ,it seems the ,italian had left two distinct prints of his thumb on the glass and frame of the picture1 and by means of the ,bertillon method of detecting criminals by thumb prints he should have been discovered at once4 ,this same ,italian had been arrested some years before for stealing1 and the thumb prints taken by the police at that time matched perfectly those left on the picture frame4 ,the police1 however1 much to their chagrin1 did not discover this until after his capture4 ,but we do not wonder so much when we are told that they had seven hundred and fifty thousand thumb prints to compare4 ,great excitement prevailed in ,florence when the 8,mona ,lisa0 was discovered safe and uninjured except for two slight scratches it had received in the tool box4 ,the picture was exhibited at the ,uffizi ,gallery in ,florence1 and great crowds came to see it4 ,then began its triumphal journey home1 until at last it reached the ,louvre ,museum at ,paris1 where it may now be seen4 ,questions to help the pupil understand the picture4 ,who was ,mona ,lisa8 of what nationality8 ,how many years did it take the artist to paint this picture8 ,what did he wish to show us in this picture8 ,what do some of the critics say about it8 ,in what way is the expression mysterious8 ,what means did the artist use to produce that expression8 ,where is ,mona ,lisa seated8 ,what does she wear over her face and hair8 ,what is the color of her hair8 her eyes8 her dress8 ,what can you see in the background8 ,how does it differ from the backgrounds painted in modern portraits8 ,what happened to this portrait8 ,how was it recovered8 ,why is this picture valued so highly8 ,the story of the artist4 ,leonardo da ,vinci was born in the little village called ,vinci1 about twenty miles from ,florence1 ,italy4 ,his father was a country lawyer of considerable wealth4 ,very little is known of ,leonardo's boyhood1 except that he grew up in his father's palace and at an early age displayed remarkable talents4 ,he was good-looking1 strong1 energetic1 and an excellent student4 ,he was also a very amiable person1 of winning charm in temper and manners4 ,he loved to wander out into the great forest near the palace1 where he tamed lizards1 snakes1 and many kinds of animals4 ,here he invented a lute1 upon which he played wonderful music of his own composing4 ,then1 too1 he sang his own songs and recited his own poems4 ,he loved to draw and paint because he could both represent the things he loved and use his inventive genius as well4 ,he seemed to be gifted along so many lines1 and was of such an active and inquiring mind1 that it was difficult for him to work long enough at one thing to finish it4 ,we read of him as musician1 poet1 inventor1 scientist1 philosopher1 and last but most important to us because of this great picture--as artist4 ,when he was fifteen years old he made some sketches which were so very clever that his father took them to a great artist1 ,verrocchio1 who was delighted with them and was glad to take ,leonardo as his pupil4 ,the story is told that when ,verrocchio was painting a large picture he asked ,leonardo to paint one of the angels in the background4 ,the boy spent much time and study on this work1 and finally succeeded in painting an angel which was so beautiful that the rest of the picture seemed commonplace4 ,it is said that when ,verrocchio saw the work his pupil had done and realized that a mere boy could surpass him in painting1 he declared that he would paint no more pictures1 but would devote the rest of his life to design and sculpture4 ,one day one of the servants of the castle brought ,leonardo's father a round piece of wood1 asking him to have his son paint something on it that would make it suitable for a shield1 like the real shields which hung in the castle halls4 ,leonardo wanted to surprise his father4 ,so he made a collection of all the lizards1 snakes1 bats1 dragonflies1 toads1 and other creatures that he could find4 ,then he studied them carefully and finally painted a fearful dragon in which all the grotesque characteristics of these various creatures were combined4 ,it was a terrifying thing1 breathing out flame and just ready to spring from the shield4 ,coming suddenly upon this shield on his son's easel1 the father was indeed startled4 ,he found it so lifelike and wonderfully painted that he declared it was far too valuable a present for the servant2 so another shield had to be painted and the first was sold at a great price4 ,no one knows what finally became of it4 ,leonardo spent seven years with ,verrocchio2 then he opened a studio of his own in ,florence1 ,italy4 ,later ,pope ,leo ,x invited him to ,rome to paint1 but most of his work there was left unfinished4 ,the story is told that one day the pope found him busily engaged in making a new kind of varnish with which to finish his picture4 8,alas10 said the pope1 8this man will do nothing1 for he thinks of finishing his picture before he begins it40 ,from ,rome1 ,leonardo went to ,milan1 where1 with the ,duke of ,milan as patron1 he painted his masterpiece1 8,the ,last ,supper40 ,he also made a model for a great equestrian statue of the ,duke's illustrious father which won the admiration of all who saw it and was regarded as equal to anything the ,greeks had ever done4 ,the model1 which was twenty-six feet high1 was to have been cast in bronze1 but ,leonardo was called away on other important duties and the work was never completed4 ,leonardo da ,vinci proved to be a great addition to the duke's court1--his fine appearance and his many talents made him very popular4 ,he invented a beautiful harp1 shaped something like a horse's head1 and charmed the people with his music and songs4 ,he also helped the duke found and direct the ,academy at ,milan1 giving lectures there on art and science4 ,so his time was divided1 as usual1 among his many interests4 ,after the duke was driven out of ,milan by the new ,french king1 ,leonardo spent several years in ,florence1 and there he painted the famous4 8,mona ,lisa0 and other portraits4 ,the last years of his life were spent in ,france1 where the king1 ,francis ,i1 gave him a castle and a liberal pension4 ,the king and his court often visited ,leonardo1 who was regarded with great reverence and respect1 and beloved by all4 ,questions about the artist4 ,where and when was the artist born8 ,what did he like to do when he was a boy8 ,in what ways was he talented8 ,who was his teacher8 ,tell about ,leonardo's painting of the angel2 the shield4 ,why did ,leonardo not finish his paintings for the pope8 ,what did the pope say of him8 ,in what ways was he an addition to the ,duke of ,milan's court8 ,where was he when he painted 8,mona ,lisa08 ,how did he spend the last years of his life8 ,how was he regarded by the people8 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illustration ,,oxen ,,going ,,to ,,work ,questions to arouse interest4 ,what do you find most interesting about the oxen in this picture8 ,in what direction are they going8 ,how many oxen are hitched to a plow8 ,how are they harnessed8 ,have you ever seen oxen yoked in this way8 ,why don't we use oxen now8 ,what time of the year is it8 time of day8 ,how can you tell8 ,what seems most important in the picture8 ,what can you see in the distance8 ,original ,picture3 ,louvre ,gallery1 ,paris1 ,france4 ,artist3 ,constant ,troyon 7trw yn74 ,birthplace3 ,svres1 ,france4 ,dates3 ,born1 #ahaj2 died1 #ahfe4 ,the story of the picture4 ,constant ,troyon delights in showing groups of animals coming toward us4 ,no matter where we stand1 they seem to be coming to meet us4 ,we can almost hear the heavy tread of these oxen as they plod along over the uneven ground1 their great heads held by the yokes4 ,we see so few oxen now1 it makes us wonder why they were used so much in those days1 but we know men did not then have the machinery for tilling the ground and sowing and planting grain that we now have4 ,it is true they did have horses1 but oxen are stronger1 slower1 and more steady and patient4 ,if the ground is rough1 hilly1 or full of stumps1 a horse becomes restless and is not easy to guide2 but the oxen may be depended upon to go on steadily1 obeying the commands of the driver4 ,then1 too1 oxen were much cheaper than horses1 making it possible for more people to own them4 ,it was with oxen that our own country was developed4 ,they did all the hauling of logs1 and the heavy work that must be done in clearing up a new1 uncultivated region4 ,they do not require harness other than the yoke by which they pull their load1 and are guided by the words 8,gee10 meaning turn to the right1 and 8,haw10 turn to the left4 ,however1 the driver in our picture would not use these words1 for he is ,french and would speak in his own language4 ,he guides his oxen with a goad or pole which he shakes or uses as a prod to hurry them along4 ,they accept their fate with quiet resignation1 even a sort of indifference1 and are very gentle4 ,it is unusual for them to run away1 unless frightened or angry4 ,in spite of the fact that these oxen are all coming toward us1 no two are in the same position4 ,we are made to see them with all their characteristic curves and angles4 ,it must be very early in the morning1 for the sun is scarcely up above the horizon1 and we can see the morning mist rising from the earth4 ,the smoking field1 with its deep furrows1 gives us the feeling of a gradual ascent4 ,it is very interesting to notice the shape of the long shadows cast in front of the oxen4 ,half close your eyes as you look1 and you will find that they form a pattern or design1 and that the variety in size and shape of both the shadows and the ground space has been carefully studied4 ,mr4 ,troyon has told us these oxen are on the way to their work4 ,we are left to decide what that work may be4 ,no doubt they will soon reach the field1 where they will be harnessed to plows1 and their day's work will begin4 ,in the distance we can see fields1 orchards1 and1 at the left1 another peasant starting out with his teams of oxen4 ,the picture gives a pleasant feeling of vast1 roomy space all around us4 ,there is a feeling of energy and action1 too1 for the man and his oxen are on the way to their work4 ,our interest is centered on the oxen first of all1 then on the man and the landscape4 ,with the sun at their backs so early in the morning1 we readily determine that they are going west4 ,at the close of day they will again travel over this same road1 perhaps with even more energy1 although tired1 for they will be going home to be fed and to rest4 ,they probably take their noonday meal and rest near the field where they labor4 ,notice the knees of the oxen4 ,we know at once they are walking1 and as we look at them we almost find ourselves stepping to one side that they may pass4 ,troyon has put into this picture the peace and contentment which come only to those whose day starts out sturdily toward the accomplishment of a share in the work of the world4 ,questions to help the pupil understand the picture4 ,how many oxen are coming toward us8 ,how many are in the same position8 ,how are they driven8 ,upon what kind of ground are they walking8 ,what country is represented8 ,why did the people use oxen so much in those days8 ,when were oxen used in our country8 ,why are they seldom used now8 ,how are oxen harnessed8 ,where are these oxen going8 ,what kind of work will they probably do8 ,what makes you think it must be early in the morning8 that they are climbing a low hill8 ,in what direction are they going8 ,how can we determine this8 ,what can we tell by the position of their knees8 ,why has the artist left so much sky and land space all around them8 ,how is one man able to control all these oxen8 ,the story of the artist4 ,constant ,troyon's father and grandfather were porcelain decorators in the little village of ,svres1 ,france4 ,they lived near the porcelain factory at ,svres1 and so much of ,constant ,troyon's life was spent in this factory that it is said he practically grew up within its walls4 ,when ,troyon was only seven years old his father died1 leaving his mother with two small sons to bring up4 ,it was necessary for her to do something to support them4 ,living among painters and hearing so much of design1 color1 and decorations1 she naturally thought of doing something along that line4 ,after much experimenting she succeeded in making designs for brooches1 rings1 bracelets1 lockets1 pins1 and other ornaments4 ,these designs were unique1 for they were made of birds' feathers4 ,they were exquisite in color and sold readily1 especially to visiting foreigners1 ,english and ,american4 ,through the success of these bird-feather designs1 she was able to bring up and educate her two sons4 ,as soon as the boys were old enough they worked in the porcelain factory4 ,here ,troyon received his first training in art4 ,his great natural talent could not long content itself with merely decorating china1 and soon he began to cover large canvases with his wonderful paintings from nature4 ,from this time on1 he spent every spare moment out in the fields and woods4 ,all the inspiration1 opportunity1 and joy in work which so many feel they must go so far from home to find1 ,troyon found here in his home town and neighboring woods4 ,he painted the first thing he came across1--trees such as we see everywhere2 paths1 streams1 and fields such as we pass every day2 but there is a charm in his paintings which makes them very popular now as it did then4 ,he did not need the columns1 monuments1 heroes1 gods1 or nymphs of the past4 ,he preferred to paint truthful representations of the beauties of the present4 ,in personal appearance1 ,troyon has been described as being coarse and rather rough4 ,yet his cheery good nature and kind heart won him friends wherever he went4 ,painting1 to him1 was a diversion1 a pleasure to be indulged in only after work at the factory was finished4 ,since he did not have to depend on his painting for a living1 he did not need to consider either the pleasure of others in his work or the money his pictures might bring4 ,so he painted just the things that appealed to him1 regardless of public favor4 ,indeed1 he did not care to exhibit his paintings at all and did so only to please a friend who persisted in urging him4 ,troyon was quite overcome by the praise his pictures received and the popularity they brought him4 ,troyon remained in the porcelain factory until he was twenty-one years old1 then he began to travel the country as an artist4 ,he painted landscapes as long as he had money in his pocket1 then he made friends with the nearest china manufacturer and worked steadily at his trade until he had money enough to go on4 ,in the factory ,troyon continued working out the small detailed designs suitable for china1 but in the open field he paid little attention to details1 his chief interest centering in the composition as a whole4 ,at first he had found it difficult to paint large masses1 and often the general effect of his landscapes was lost in the confusing details of parts of it4 ,but one day as he was painting near the edge of a woods1 a well-known painter of that day1 ,camille ,roqueplan1 came and stood behind his easel watching him4 ,the older artist recognized at once the talent of the young man and while praising him for the truthfulness of his sketch1 gave him valuable suggestions which ,troyon never forgot4 ,although the artist ,roqueplan was eight years older than ,troyon1 the two became close friends4 ,troyon studied under ,roqueplan and it was through his influence that he made his first visit to ,the ,hague4 ,it was after this visit that ,troyon began to paint animals and from that day dates his best work4 ,later he visited his artist friend in ,paris and at length moved to ,paris himself4 ,in #ahdi ,troyon was presented with the ,cross of the ,legion of ,honor4 ,his pictures were very popular indeed and during his lifetime he became a very rich man4 ,people usually speak of him as a painter of cattle1 but he painted quite as many pictures of sheep and dogs4 ,his early training as a designer is noticeable in this picture4 ,he is famous for his strong colorings1 variety1 and effects in light and shade4 ,some of his best known paintings are3 8,great ,oak10 8,forest ,depths10 8,horse ,pond10 8,valley of the ,toucque0 or 8,heights of ,suresnes40 ,questions about the artist4 ,who painted this picture8 ,what was his trade8 ,how old was he when his father died8 ,what did his mother do to earn a living8 ,when did ,troyon learn to decorate porcelain8 ,how did his trade help him when he began to paint pictures8 ,who taught him to paint and draw8 ,where did he go to paint8 ,what subjects did he usually choose8 ,why was he so independent of popular favor8 ,what was his success8 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,suggestions ,,to ,,teachers ,studying the picture4 ,several days before the lesson is to be taken up1 the picture to be studied should be placed where every pupil can see it4 ,first of all1 the children should find out for themselves what is in the picture4 ,the questions accompanying the story of each picture are intended to help them to do this4 ,language work4 ,the pupils should be encouraged in class to talk freely and naturally4 ,in this way the lesson becomes a language exercise in which the pupils will gain in freedom of expression and in the ability to form clear mental images4 ,if a lesson does not occupy the entire drawing period1 the children should be asked to retell the story of the picture4 ,dramatization and drawing4 ,most of the stories told by the pictures lend themselves readily to dramatization and1 whenever practicable1 such stories should be acted out4 ,the stories also offer numerous interesting situations that may be used as subjects for drawing lessons4 ,the review lesson4 ,the review lesson should cover all pictures and artists studied throughout the year4 ,at this time other pictures available by the same artists should be on exhibition4 ,the review work may be conducted as a contest in which the pictures are held up1 one at a time1 while the class writes the name of the picture and the artist on slips of paper which have been prepared and numbered for that purpose4 ,one teacher who used this device surprised her class by presenting those whose lists were correct with their choice of any of the large-sized ,perry pictures studied4 ,many teachers1 however1 will prefer to use this time for composition work1 although the description of pictures is often given as an ,english lesson4 ,pupils may write a description of their favorite picture4 ,in fact1 the lessons can be made to correlate with history1 geography1 ,english1 spelling1 reading1 or nature study4 ,in any event the real purpose of the work is that the pupils shall become so familiar with the pictures that they will recognize them as old friends whenever and wherever they may see them4 ,it is hoped that acquaintance with the picture and the interest awakened by its story will grow into a fuller appreciation and understanding of the artist's work4 ,thus the children will have many happy hours and will learn to love the good1 the true1 and the beautiful in everything about them4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,missing or obscured punctuation was silently corrected4 ,typographical errors were silently corrected4 ,inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only when a predominant form was found in this book4 ,text that was in italics is enclosed by underscores 7italics72 text that was bold by 8equal0 signs 7bold74