,illustration3 ,o4 ,s4 ,pratt ,,the ,,horse',s ,,friend4 ,,the ,,only ,,practical ,,method ,,of ,,educating ,,the ,,horse ,,and ,,eradicating ,,vicious ,,habits1 ,,followed ,,by ,a ,,variety ,,of ,,valuable ,,recipes1 ,,instructions ,,in ,,farriery1 ,,horseshoeing1 ,,the ,,latest ,,rules ,,of ,,trotting1 ,,and ,,the ,,record ,,of ,,fast ,,horses ,,up ,,to #ahgf4 ,illustration ,,by ,,prof4 ,o4 ,s4 ,,pratt4 ,,tenth ,,thousand4 ,,illustrated ,,by ,,over ,,one ,,hundred ,,and ,,forty ,,elegant ,,engravings4 ,,buffalo3 ,,published ,,for ,,the ,,author4 #ahgf4 ,entered according to act of ,congress1 in the year #ahge1 by ,o4 ,s4 ,,pratt1 ,in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,entered according to the act of the ,parliament of ,canada1 in the year #ahgf1 by ,o4 ,s4 ,,pratt1 ,in the ,office of the ,minister of ,agriculture4 ,the ,electrotyping1 ,printing and ,binding1 by ,,the ,,courier ,,company1 ,,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,the ,drawing and ,engraving1 by the ,,bureau ,,of ,,illustration1 ,,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,dedication4 ,to ,his ,excellency1 ,,ulysses ,s4 ,,grant1 ,president of the ,united ,states2 to the members of the two houses of ,congress1 and to the gentlemen connected with ,foreign ,legations1 who have belonged to my private classes1 in connection with the thousands in all the principal cities and towns of the ,united ,states and ,canada1 who have been members of my various classes1 this work on ,,the ,,education ,,of ,,the ,,horse1 is respectfully dedicated4 ,cheered by their presence1 and encouraged by their approbation during the eight years in which the author has been engaged in diffusing a knowledge of his system of ,equine ,education1 their generous appreciation continues to fill the present with treasured memories of the past1 amongst the most prized of which is that of the friendship it has been his happiness to secure from gentlemen distinguished alike in the walks of politics1 religion1 science1 literature and art4 ,,the ,,author4 ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations4 ,portrait of ,o4 ,s4 ,pratt1 ,frontispiece4 ,the old homestead1 #af ,my first store in ,batavia1 #bb ,my second and enlarged store1 #bf ,gold-headed cane1 #ea ,gold-mounted whip1 #fa ,portrait of ,mrs4 ,pratt1 #gh ,washington gold medal1 #hb ,bridgeport ,academy1 #id ,nahant ,beach residence1 #ajj ,lewiston ,academy1 #ajh ,music box1 #abj ,silver tea-service1 #acj ,new method of haltering a wild colt1 #afj ,to educate to the words 8,come here01 #afd ,how to lay a horse down1 #afh ,how to get a horse up that throws himself1 #agb ,to educate a colt not to be afraid of his heels1 #agf ,to educate a colt to drive before being harnessed1 #ahj ,to educate a colt to move his body and head1 #ahd ,improved method of bitting a colt1 #ahh ,educating the colt to ride1 #aib ,instructions to ride the colt1 #aif ,to halter-break a colt1 #bjj ,to educate a horse not to kick in the stable1 #bjd ,to educate a horse not to paw or kick in the stable1 #bjh ,to educate a horse not to get cast in the stall1 #bab ,to educate a colt to lead behind a wagon1 #baf ,to educate a horse bad to catch1 #bbj ,to educate a horse not to rear1 #bbd ,to educate and prevent a horse from cribbing1 #bbf ,to educate and break a halter-puller1 #bcb ,to educate a horse not to kick when line gets under his tail1 #bcf ,to educate a horse not to kick1 #bdj ,to educate a horse bad to groom1 #bdf ,bits used in educating horses1 #bej ,to educate horses not to fear objects when driving1 #bef ,to educate a horse not to fear an umbrella1 #bfj ,second lesson1 #bfd ,to educate a single-footed horse to trot square1 #bfh ,to educate a pacing horse to trot1 #bgb ,to educate a horse to trot1 #bgf ,to educate a horse not to kick while in shafts1 #bhj ,to educate a lazy horse and infuse life into him1 #bhf ,to start a balky horse1 #bij ,to educate a balky horse1 #bid ,to educate a horse not to kick while being shod1 #bih ,to educate a horse while standing bad to shoe1 #cjb ,double-hitch ,bonaparte bridle1 #cjf ,controlling a horse bad to shoe1 #caj ,to educate a horse not to fear the cars1 #cad ,to educate a horse to back at the word of command1 #cah ,to educate horses or cattle not to jump fences1 #cbb ,to educate a cow not to kick while being milked1 #cbf ,to educate a cow to let her milk down1 #ccj ,practical results of foregoing education1 #ccd ,to educate cattle to lead behind a wagon1 #cch ,to educate a tender-mouthed horse1 #cdb ,to educate horses not to fear a buffalo robe1 #cde ,patent steel and hoof-expanding shoe1 #cfb ,to educate a horse to mount a pedestal1 #cff ,to educate a horse to walk on his hind feet1 #cgj ,to educate a horse to push a vehicle1 #cgf ,to educate a horse to be vicious1 #cgh ,to educate a horse to walk on his knees1 #chb ,to educate a horse to drive a boy off the pedestal1 #chf ,to educate a horse to sit down1 #cij ,to educate a horse to bore for oil1 #cid ,a sure method of making a horse bad to catch1 #cih ,to educate a horse to take a handkerchief from his side1 #djb ,to educate a horse to kiss a boy1 #djf ,system of educating dogs1 #daj ,another illustration of educating dogs1 #dad ,curing colic in horses1 #dah ,the only practical way to give a horse medicine1 #dbb ,new method of telling the horse's age1 #dbf and #dbg ,to prevent horses from interfering or overreaching1 #ddj ,paring the hoof1 #dea ,long foot before treatment1 #deb ,long foot after treatment1 #dec ,coffin-bone1 #ded ,fitting a shoe to remove pressure from the heel1 #def ,instructions respecting the feet1 #deg ,contracted foot after treatment1 #deh ,expanding the foot after it has been pared out1 #dfa ,lateral quarter-crack before treatment1 #dfb ,quarter-crack under treatment1 #dfc ,straight quarter-crack under treatment1 #dfd ,quarter-crack after treatment1 #dfg ,toe crack before treatment1 #dfh ,toe crack after treatment1 #dgc ,four engravings showing thrush and pumice foot1 #dgd ,hoof-bound1 under treatment1 #dge ,overgrowth of hoof1 #dgi ,overgrowth of hoof--front view before treatment1 #dhj ,overgrowth of hoof--front view after treatment1 #dha ,navicula--enlargement of metacarpal bone1 #dhb ,showing how to find enlargement of metacarpal bone1 #dhh ,a foot that is deprived of the free use of the back tendons1 #dij ,ossified growth of upper and lower pastern joint1 #dia ,the sensitive frog1 #dib ,section of the pastern and other bones1 #did ,,table ,,of ,,contents4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,introduction--,early ,life--,thirst for ,knowledge--,first ,attempts in ,business--,success--,marriage1 #aa ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,enlarging ,business--,attachment to the ,horse--,visits to ,batavia of ,rarey and ,hamilton--,my own ,system--,coming before the ,public--,early ,success1 #bd ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,visit to ,montrose--,large ,class at ,scranton--,diploma--,wilkesbarre --,enthusiastic ,reception--,complimentary ,notice--,testimonial1 #ce ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,across the ,mountains--,easton--,hamburg--,lancaste r--,testimonials-- ,westchester--,diploma--,philadelphia--, class of #b1ebc--;,cane1 #da ,,chapter ,v4 ,york--,port ,deposit--,baltimore--,success--,diploma --,getting ,whipped--,class of #c1ejj1 #ef ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,washington--,a ,large ,class--,the ,president a ,pupil--,the ,white ,house--,halls of ,congress--,diploma--,dr4 ,newman's ,address--,gold ,medal1 #fg ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,annapolis--,delaware--,new ,jersey--,new ,york ,state--,the ,great ,emporium--,chicago in ,flames1 #hd ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,bridgeport--,fall of ,academy--,providence--,boston--,class of #c1jjj--,lynn--,purchase of a ,residence--,portland--,bangor1 #ie ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,lewiston--,educating the ,horse 8,anfield0--,testimonial--,concord-- ,manchester--,a ,steam ,engine in the ,ring--,lowell--,lawrence1 #ajd ,,chapter ,x4 ,tour in ,canada--,montreal--,class of #a1jjj--,victoria ,bridge-- ,cathedral--,quebec--,ottawa--,kingston- -,detroit--,diploma--,valuable ,testimonial--,simcoe1 #aac ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,toronto--8,british ,ensign0--,diploma--,silver ,tea-,set--,hamilton-- ,belleville--,diploma--,picton1 #abd ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,horse1 #ada ,,directions ,,for ,,feeding ,,and ,,fitting ,,horses1 #aed ,,system ,,of ,,educating ,,the ,,horse1 #afa ,,intelligence ,,of ,,animals1 #cde ,,trick ,,horses1 #cfc ,,educating ,,dogs1 #daa ,,miscellaneous1 #dai ,,training ,,steers1 #dbh ,,treatise ,,on ,,horseshoeing1 #dca ,,dunbar ,,system ,,of ,,horseshoeing1 #dde ,,recipes1 #dif ,,record ,,of ,,fast ,,horses ,,up ,,to #ahgf1 #eac ,,revised ,,rules ,,of ,,trotting ,,course1 #eba ,,autobiography4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,introduction--,,early ,,life--,,thirst ,,for ,,knowledge--,,first ,,attempts ,,in ,,business--,,success--,,marriage4 ,in the social interchanges of life it is always pleasant to possess some knowledge of the antecedent history of the ones we meet2 to know who and what they are2 while to one who feels that there is something in his own career not unworthy of notice1 there is a satisfaction in recounting the steps by which his success has been attained2 especially1 if in gaining it he has been called to contend with difficulties and vanquish obstacles which opposed his progress4 ,such narratives may prove helps and encouragements1 as they show what energy and perseverance have achieved1 and thus stimulate others to stronger and more successful endeavors4 ,this was taught by the greatest of our ,american poets in his well-known lines3 8,lives of great men all remind us ,we may make our lives sublime2 ,and1 departing1 leave behind us ,foot-prints on the sands of time40 ,although few men may lay claim to greatness in its military1 political or literary sense1 there is something in every earnest life which will interest and instruct other men1 and which may prove an assistance to some1 who1 with failing hearts are engaged in life's stern battle4 ,with this brief explanation of his design1 the author of the following pages trusts to receive the favorable attention of his readers as he proceeds to recount the leading incidents of a somewhat eventful career4 ,i was born in the town of ,darien1 ,genesee ,county1 in the ,state of ,new ,york1 on the seventh day of ,december1 ,a4 ,d4 #ahce4 ,there1 amidst the quiet and elevating influences of nature1 the bright days of my infancy and childhood were passed1 until my boyhood's days were over1 and my fifteenth year of life was reached4 ,my father owned the farm on which we lived1 besides being the proprietor of several mills1 and1 like many other purely practical men1 he had a higher appreciation of material than of intellectual advantages4 ,as a consequence1 he was more desirous that ,i should early engage in the active business of the farm1 than that ,i should employ hours1 which might be made profitable in work1 in studies which paid no immediate profit4 ,at the age of eight years ,i was often sent after the cows1 barefooted1 and a distance of nearly a mile through the woods1 coming home after the shades of night had fallen1 and being obliged to trace my way by following the cows in the narrow path made by them4 ,day after day1 in my great desire to secure an education1 ,i would beg my father to send me to school1 but always he had work for me to do1 and thus my endeavors were foiled4 ,but such was my determination to secure an education1 that ,i resolved1 at all hazards1 to go to school1 and often did ,i jump from my bed-room window and run a distance of half a mile to the school-house4 ,my greatest ambition was to be a merchant1 and ,i knew that ,i must procure at least a limited scholastic education to enable me to succeed in my anticipated calling4 ,but1 while ,i was laying my youthful plans for the future1 my father would lay plans for work1 and often1 on returning at night from school1 ,i would hide in the barn till after dark1 dreading the punishment which awaited me for having gone to school in place of working4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,old ,,homestead1 ,,darien1 ,,genesee ,,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,at the age of ten years ,i have taken a team1 gone alone into the woods and loaded saw-logs on a sleigh1 using the horses to draw up the logs4 ,as my father owned a saw-mill as well as a farm1 it seemed to him necessary that every effort should be put forth to keep both branches of business going2 therefore1 no time was allotted to his children for securing an education4 ,many times have ,i approached him1 timidly and with tears1 humbly requesting to be allowed to go to school1 when1 instead of responding to my desire1 he would send me to the saw-mill to work2 and at the age of twelve or thirteen ,i ran the mill alone1 though1 while doing so1 ,i have had to mount on the lever and load it with extra weight1 as ,i was not heavy enough to raise the water-gate4 ,thus ,i labored on from month to month1 until ,i was fourteen1 in the meantime going but little to school4 ,many times ,i would lay plans to run away1 believing that ,i could do for myself1 and make my own mark in the world4 ,money1 in those times and in that region1 was not plentiful1 and ,i was early taught its value1 a lesson of great practical value to a youth who has to hew his own path through life4 ,many times ,i have traveled miles on a special errand for a neighbor1 or for some traveler1 and received as compensation a single penny4 ,money1 so hardly acquired1 was not to be expended lightly1 and ,i saved my little earnings till the accumulated sum amounted to four dollars4 ,this seemed to me like quite a fortune4 ,i now felt myself to be a capitalist1 and1 naturally1 the desire to use my riches to advantage led me to seek some profitable investment which would increase my wealth4 ,my earliest speculation was the purchase of a gun2 but after the first pleasure of its possession had passed1 ,i saw my mistake in having expended money for something that would yield me no increase1 and began to look around for an opportunity to retrieve my error4 ,soon a chance occurred for me to trade the gun off for a cow4 ,i saw there was 8money in it10 and closed the bargain1 thus turning my first mistake into a profitable investment4 ,having become the owner of a cow1 my ambition was awakened to increase my stock1 and ,i kept my attention fixed in that direction until ,i was the sole proprietor of three cows4 ,i had now entered on my fifteenth year1 and having learned one day1 in conversing with my father1 that his intention was soon to sell his farm and stock1 and remove to the ,far ,west1 ,i proposed to him to allow me to carve my own way in the world4 ,i felt ambitious to strike out for myself1 and 8paddle my own canoe40 ,to this my father consented1 when1 after selling my cows and receiving the money1 with all my fortune in my pockets1 ,i bade farewell to the parental roof and its many pleasant associations1 looking for the last time upon the 8,old family ,bible that lay on the stand10 and taking that decisive step by which ,i was to become the architect of my own fortune4 ,having an uncle who resided in the town of ,byron1 ,i turned my steps in that direction1 and for the ensuing winter found a home beneath his roof4 ,during that season ,i devoted myself to study1 attending the village school under the superintendence of ,mr4 ,bennum1 whom ,i greatly esteemed1 and whose many acts of kindness linger in my memory to the present hour4 ,on the opening of spring my thoughts turned towards commercial life1 and ,i devoted my time to becoming better acquainted with various business avocations1 intending to adopt some profitable employment4 ,after reflecting well1 ,i took the money ,i had accumulated and with it purchased a horse1 wagon1 and harness4 ,then1 through the kindness of a dear friend1 who became responsible for me1 ,i was loaned one hundred dollars1 and with this as my working capital ,i commenced traveling over the country1 buying produce and shipping it to ,buffalo and ,new ,york4 ,i continued in this business until the year #ahee1 when1 having arrived at the age of twenty1 ,i began to think of enlarging my operations4 ,influenced by this desire1 ,i directed my course to the beautiful and flourishing town of ,batavia1 where ,i secured a store and became a dealer in all kinds of produce1 shipping it1 as before1 to ,buffalo and ,new ,york4 ,illustration3 ,,first ,,store ,,in ,,batavia1 ,n4 ,y4 ,the cut here given is an accurate representation of my first place of business1 and speaks for itself in regard to the size and general appearance of the place4 ,it was1 however1 as it proved1 insufficient for the business which flowed in upon me and increased so greatly that soon ,i found it necessary to secure larger and more commodious premises4 ,at the time of doing this ,i determined to still further extend my business by opening a wholesale and retail grocery and provision store4 ,fortune smiled on my endeavors1 and all evidences encouraged the belief that ,i was on the direct road to wealth4 ,having thus attained a good position in business1 my mind began to make excursions in another direction4 ,the wisest of men has said that 8,whoso findeth a wife findeth a good thing10 and1 having a natural liking for 8a good thing10 ,i found my thoughts led to the important subject of marriage1 until ,i finally determined to try the experiment of trading in the matrimonial market4 ,after thus deciding1 it took me but a short time to reach the important object contemplated1 for1 it would seem1 ,i was specially directed in my course4 ,i formed the acquaintance of ,miss ,northrop1 an estimable and accomplished young lady1 the only daughter of the late ,dr4 ,northrop1 and soon the fair one was led to the hymeneal altar and became the wife and partner of ,o4 ,s4 ,pratt4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,enlarging ,,business--,,attachment ,,to ,,the ,,horse--,,visits ,,to ,,batavia ,,of ,,rarey ,,and ,,hamilton--,,my ,,own ,,system--,,going ,,before ,,the ,,public--,,early ,,successes4 ,having now made myself a home and feeling permanently settled1 ,i desired to still further increase my business1 but finding my capital somewhat too limited for the amount ,i wished to transact1 ,i sought assistance from an esteemed friend1 ,elandus ,dotey1 ,esq41 banker4 ,the aid ,i sought was given with a cheerfulness that added to its value1 and enabled me to carry into execution the plans which ,i had formed4 ,the accommodations ,i received frequently amounted to from ten thousand to twenty-five thousand dollars1 thus placing ample means in my hands for extended operations and enabling me to do a large and remunerative business in which ,i continued up to the year eighteen hundred and sixty-seven4 ,illustration3 ,,brick ,,store4 ,during these business years in ,batavia my attachment for that noble animal1 the horse1 gradually increased1 and learning that a horse trainer by the name of ,rarey1 intended visiting the town1 ,i was one of the first to seek for and obtain what knowledge ,i could from him2 but finding his system to be not at all practical1 ,i applied myself to the investigation of the subject1 and began experimenting with a view to the discovery of a better1 simpler and more certain system4 ,some years later it was rumored that a gentleman named ,r4 ,p4 ,hamilton1 who was self-announced as 8the great renowned horse trainer10 would give instruction on the subject4 ,he soon made his appearance1 and1 with others1 ,i attended his lectures4 ,mr4 ,hamilton advanced some valuable ideas which ,i gladly adopted and added to my former knowledge1 and when ,i had grasped all that was valuable in his instructions1 and united it to the results of my own experiments1 ,i felt assured that1 ere long1 ,i should reach the height of my ambition and develop a system of educating the horse far in advance of anything then known1 and by which my name would be handed down to coming generations as one who1 more than any other1 had befriended that noble but greatly abused animal4 ,often in my retired moments my thoughts would go forward to the time when ,i should be able to present my perfected system to the public1 and as ,i looked down the vista of time to the period when ,i should announce my system1 my mind pictured to itself the success ,i since have realized4 ,i was fully conscious of its value to the world1 and thousands have since then freely acknowledged the practicability and excellence of my system of educating the horse4 ,in the autumn of eighteen hundred and sixty-seven ,i felt myself sufficiently master of my new and unequaled system to commit myself unreservedly to its public advocacy3 so1 after selling out my stock in trade1 ,i made my preparations to travel for the purpose of bringing it before the world4 ,previous to leaving ,batavia ,i had purchased from a perambulating horse dealer my favorite horse1 8,tom ,thumb10 then partly trained4 ,feeling now tolerably well equipped1 ,i came before the public with my new and perfect system1 confident that it needed only to be known to be welcomed with pleasure by every intelligent friend of the horse4 ,in the month of ,january1 eighteen hundred and sixty-eight1 ,i made my debut at the town of ,geneva1 erecting1 at considerable cost1 an academy for the exhibition of my system of training4 ,my success was immediate2 friends and well-wishers clustered about me2 the hand of encouragement was extended on every side1 and in a little while my class in that place numbered seventy-five members4 ,the reader can scarcely conceive the feelings of gratification that were excited in my breast by such prompt and flattering success4 ,it confirmed my own judgment of the superiority of my system1 and inspired a full confidence in its success4 ,after leaving ,geneva1 ,i visited the pleasant town of ,waterloo1 where ,i built another academy and formed a class of about eighty members1 whose hearty appreciation of the ideas embodied in my system of training afforded me great pleasure4 ,leaving that place1 ,i next proceeded to the beautiful village of ,penn ,yan1 where also ,i built an academy and met with brilliant success1 my class numbering over ninety members4 ,such gratifying success1 and at so early a period1 was very encouraging to me4 ,both myself and my system were new to the public1 and1 coming before them almost unheralded and without the prestige of great names to give it support1 its progress and the general approval it met1 could be attributed only to its own merits1 which were everywhere conceded4 ,the next point visited by me was the beautiful and highly picturesque village called ,watkins1 so well and widely known to pleasure-seekers as an attractive summer resort2 its famous 8,glen0 having an almost national reputation for romantic beauty4 ,here ,i formed an interesting class of about sixty persons1 many of whom gave unmistakable evidences of confidence in the superiority of my rapidly spreading system for rightly educating the horse4 ,cheered by my continued success1 ,i pursued my journey to the city of ,ithaca1 where ,i built an academy much larger than any ,i had previously erected4 ,here ,i remained about a week1 and had the pleasure of forming a class of one hundred persons4 ,finding it somewhat inconvenient to build academies in many places1 ,i now purchased canvas for a movable tent1 which ,i had constructed1 and this ,i carried from place to place1 erecting academies only where my tent was insufficient to accommodate the audiences4 ,on the fourth of ,july ,i pitched my tent at the city of ,elmira1 and soon had the satisfaction of enrolling the names of one hundred and fifty persons1 who eagerly sought information1 and expressed the greatest gratification with the instruction they had received4 ,after this1 ,i continued my tour1 exhibiting and lecturing in many towns and villages during that summer and the autumn following4 ,my success was everywhere of the most gratifying character1 and exceeded my most sanguine expectations4 ,in bringing my system to the attention of the public1 ,i employed that great engine of power1 the ,press to call attention alike to the cruelty of most of the previous modes of training the horse1 and the superiority of my new and rational system4 ,as an illustration of this1 it may not be out of place to give a single one of my many addresses to the public through the medium of the press3 ,,professor ,o4 ,s4 ,,pratt ,,to ,,the ,,public4--,probably not one person in a thousand has any adequate idea of the wonderful intelligence displayed by the noblest of the brute creation1 the horse4 ,patient1 affectionate1 sensitive and faithful1 possessing wonderful powers of endurance and a capacity for education far exceeding any animal extant1 a study of his characteristics is ennobling1 and commands the attention of every intelligent person4 ,but how often do we see him abused1 through ignorance1 compelled to draw tremendous loads for hours on a stretch1 whipped1 clubbed1 and cursed1 until patience ceasing to be a virtue1 and through sheer exhaustion1 panting1 trembling1 and discouraged1 he stops to breathe1 and men call him balky1 apply the whip again1 put sand in his ears1 gravel in his mouth1 twist his tail1 and goad him to desperation by a system of barbarous inflictions unworthy of even the first stages of civilization4 ,trotting over slippery pavements1 imperfectly shod1 twitched to the right or left as a sudden emergency seems to demand1 he stumbles and falls4 ,no compassion is excited by this mishap4 ,hastily assisted to arise1 and reharnessed1 crack goes the whip4 ,o1 lash him1 cut him1 until the great ridges of swollen flesh stand out upon his back to testify to man's superiority over the brute4 ,left standing for hours while the master attends to business or pleasure1 impatient to change his position1 he starts before the man is comfortably seated in the vehicle2 crack again goes the whip1 until his nerves are strung to their highest tension4 ,crazed almost beyond endurance1 he leaps forward1 suddenly a bolt gives way1 something strikes his heels1 he becomes frightened1 and then1 8,o6 he's a runaway60 ,confined in a dungeon1 poorly ventilated1 called a stable1 improperly fed1 driven fast1 compelled to draw heavy loads1 with very little attention paid to his requirements1 it is a wonder that he lives even a year4 ,the question naturally arises1 ,why is this8 ,simply because the great masses of humanity are ignorant of the disposition of the horse4 ,they do not understand how to manage or educate him4 ,they do not think and therefore do not care4 ,now any one who succeeds in ameliorating the condition of this noble animal1 is a public benefactor1 deserving of the highest praise4 ,prof4 ,o4 ,s4 ,pratt has made this the study of his life4 ,slowly1 but steadily1 he has progressed in his investigations respecting the management of the horse1 until the press1 the pulpit and the public acknowledge him to be the 8,great ,horse ,educator of the ,world40 ,in fact he rules the horse by a system so comprehensive1 and at the same time so simple1 that a child of ordinary intelligence can understand it4 ,his pupils are numbered by the thousand in almost every ,state1 and they all endorse the system heartily4 ,no matter how badly the horse has been abused1 no matter how disagreeable his disposition may be1 no matter if he kicks1 strikes1 bites1 or is a runaway1 in a few minutes the most delicate lady or timid child can manage him with ease by using ,prof4 ,pratt's system4 ,ladies and gentlemen throughout the land6 nearly every one has had a friend or relative injured or killed by some unmanageable horse4 ,it is within the power of every person to prevent a like occurrence4 8,knowledge is power40 ,do not neglect the opportunity of acquiring this knowledge4 ,we ask it in no selfish spirit4 ,we urge it that a recurrence of the accidents that are every day filling our land with sorrow may be prevented4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,visit ,,to ,,montrose--,,large ,,class ,,at ,,scranton--,,diploma--,,wilkesbarre--,, enthusiastic ,,reception--,,complimentary ,,notice--,,testimonial4 ,as the winter had now set in ,i found it necessary1 on reaching the beautiful town of ,montrose1 to lay aside my tent4 ,at this place ,i received so enthusiastic a reception that ,i was induced to erect a large academy1 of capacity sufficient to contain at least one thousand persons4 ,i remained at ,montrose about three weeks1 my efforts meeting with such appreciation that my class numbered five hundred and two persons1 amongst whom were many who became my warm friends1 and whose cordial greetings and good wishes attended me on my departure from the town4 ,my course next led me to the flourishing city of ,scranton1 at which place ,i received a cordial reception1 and formed the acquaintance of many noble-hearted men4 ,i at once entered on the duties of my profession1 and early found that my system was appreciated1 the class which ,i here gathered numbering four hundred and four members4 ,on the last day of my stay in ,scranton my class presented me with what ,i may justly call a diploma1 in the following complimentary language3 ,the undersigned1 citizens of ,scranton1 ,luzerne ,county1 ,pa41 take this method of assuring all whom it may concern of the practicability1 as well as the certainty1 with which the most vicious and dangerous habits so common to the horse can be overcome by ,prof4 ,o4 ,s4 ,pratt's system of training1 in evidence of which we cite but one or two of the numerous cases which have come under our observation as members of his class3 ,a kicking horse1 owned by ,jos4 ,utley1 of ,greenfield1 and brought twenty-two miles1 was handled about twenty-five minutes1 after which he was driven from the arena with the vehicle rattling behind his heels4 ,this horse would bite1 strike and kick4 ,a vicious mule1 that could not be shod1 and had to be brought to him by force1 being chained between two other mules1 after being handled by the ,professor about forty minutes1 was perfectly subdued1 and his feet could be handled with safety4 ,on the last day of his exhibition here1 a horse ran away near the amphitheatre1 who proved to be a most ferocious kicker4 ,the owner was induced by a number of his class to let the ,professor handle him1 and after twenty minutes' training he was driven out of the tent1 the whole length of the street1 with the cart rattling against his heels1 without manifesting the slightest disposition to repeat his unruly conduct4 ,these1 and numerous other evidences1 we think1 are sufficient to entitle ,prof4 ,pratt to the encouragement and patronage of all interested in the management of the horse4 ,this testimonial was followed by the names of seventy-six prominent members of the class1 headed by the mayor of the city1 ,hon4 ,e4 ,s4 ,m4 ,hill1 and embracing many of the leading citizens of ,scranton4 ,after leaving that thriving city1 ,i passed over a beautiful country for a distance of twenty-five miles1 until ,i reached the town of ,wilkesbarre1 situated in the ,susquehanna ,valley4 ,through this city flows one of the most beautiful of all the charming rivers which adorn our land4 ,the pencil of the artist and the pen of the tourist have often been employed in sketching its picturesque charms and extolling its matchless beauty4 ,at this important town my success surpassed any previously attained4 ,the exhibitions of my power over the horse1 and of my simple yet certain method of instructing and controlling him created wide-spread interest and excitement4 ,ministers1 doctors and lawyers1 together with others of the most respectable classes of society1 thronged my academy4 ,the press resounded with the praises of my system1 and with many who learned my plan of educating the horse the interest rose to enthusiasm4 ,a leading paper of the place1 referring to my consenting to prolong my visit1 used the following language3 ,prof4 ,pratt announces that he will remain in this place two weeks longer1 agreeably to the wishes of the very large class which he has formed here4 ,the ,professor's success in this county has been of a most gratifying character1 and yet not more than has been fully deserved4 ,in ,waverly his class numbered one hundred and twenty-nine in five days2 ,scranton furnished a class of four hundred and one in thirteen days1 and ,wilkesbarre1 thus far1 has given him three hundred and twenty-three seekers after information in relation to the horse and his management4 ,the ,professor is a perfect adept in the art which he assumes to teach4 ,as that article announced1 in view of the popular interest1 ,i prolonged my stay in ,wilkesbarre1 and ,i have the pleasant recollection that over ,,five ,,hundred persons there secured the knowledge of properly educating the horse1 and before taking my leave ,i was presented with a diploma that would have cheered the heart of a statesman4 ,the following1 from ,a4 ,ricketts1 ,esq41 will show how even incredulity was convinced1 and strongly-rooted prejudices were overcome3 ,,wilkesbarre1 ,,pa41 ,april #bc1 #ahfi4 ,,dear ,,sir3 ,permit me to introduce ,prof4 ,o4 ,s4 ,pratt1 teacher of doubtless the best system of horse-training yet discovered1 and to add my unqualified recommendation of the same to any of you that may care to know how to be master of the horse4 ,when ,prof4 ,pratt first came here1 ,i1 in common with others1 passed and repassed his amphitheatre daily1 thinking no more of it than that it was something pertaining to horse-jockeyship1 and therefore did not think it worth while to turn aside to see the 8free exhibition0 he advertised2 but one day the representations of a friend induced me to purchase a ticket for his instructions4 ,i was at once so impressed with the utility of the system that ,i advised all my friends to become members of his class4 ,the satisfaction expressed by all gave me full reason to be glad that ,i had adopted this course1 which1 by the way1 was adopted on the principle of doing to others as ,i would they should do to me4 ,i thought ,i had found a good thing1 and wished others to share it4 ,it is upon the same principle that ,i write this letter1 for ,i know of nothing so well calculated to prevent cruelty to this excellent animal1 the horse1 as the general diffusion of the knowledge of his proper management4 ,the simplicity and practicability of ,prof4 ,pratt's system are among its chief recommendations1 being such that any ordinary man of common-sense can practice it as well as the ,professor1 and without costly appliances4 ,our best and leading men here became members of his class1 and ,i have heard but one opinion1 and that of approbation4 ,you will find ,prof4 ,pratt courteous and gentlemanly1 and1 should you become a member of his class1 ,i doubt not you will agree with me that the trifling cost of his tickets is a very small consideration for the benefits received4 ,very respectfully1 ,a4 ,,ricketts ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,across ,,the ,,mountains--,,easton--,,hamburg--,,lanc aster--,,testimonials--,,westchester --,,diploma--,,philadelphia--,,class ,,of #b1ebc--;,,cane4 ,it was now my purpose to pursue my journey eastward1 in order to do which it was necessary for me to cross a wild and mountainous tract of country1 fifty miles in extent2 but1 inspirited by my success and the good fortune which hitherto had attended my way1 ,i entered on the journey with a stout and hopeful heart1 attended by my men and horses4 ,before traveling many miles we reached the foot of ,pokeno ,mountain1 and as ,i gazed upon the distant heights which stood out against the sky1 ,i could see that the elevation extended a distance of at least ten miles4 ,up the rough road and along steep acclivities we pressed on until1 when the summit was reached1 ,i found a keen appetite had been awakened by the mountain air and exercise1 and ,i sought for some abode of man where we might secure rest and food for man and beast4 ,keeping up the search1 after a few miles1 ,i discovered a rude old log house1 quite in keeping with the wild region through which we were passing4 ,approaching the door1 ,i knocked for admission1 when it was opened by an old veteran of seventy winters1 who invited us to enter4 ,after making known my wants1 he assured me that they should be supplied as best he could1 and at once he summoned the hostess who1 though like himself1 advanced in years1 moved across the rustic floor with almost youthful agility1 manifesting a disposition to relieve our hunger without delay4 ,we partook of the repast she spread with appetites quickened by the pure mountain air1 and1 when the meal was over1 after rewarding them for the hospitality they had displayed1 we resumed our journey through dreary solitudes and along the rough mountain roads until1 at length1 we reached the city of ,easton1 in the ,state of ,pennsylvania4 ,this beautiful little city is situated near the ,delaware ,river1 and is an enterprising and flourishing place4 ,the inhabitants are chiefly ,germans1 or descendants from that stock4 ,here we pitched our tent and met with good success1 my class numbering over one hundred persons4 ,from ,easton we continued our journey1 through valleys and over hills1 reaching ,harrisburg1 the capital of ,pennsylvania1 quite late in the evening2 the silver moon shedding her light upon us as we moved along1 made our journey pleasant and lighted our way to the city4 ,here again we planted our stakes1 pitched our tent and announced our intention of giving a public exhibition and of imparting instruction to those who desired1 and once more ,i met with a hearty response from the public4 ,it was at the time of the annual ,state ,fair1 and thousands from all parts of the commonwealth had gathered4 ,taking advantage of the occasion to display the results of my system of training1 ,i built a platform1 elevated about ten feet above the ground1 led my horses up a rude stairs1 made for the occasion1 and exhibited my trained animals to the gaze and admiration of thousands of wondering spectators4 ,here ,i formed a class of over one hundred and fifty4 ,my next effort was made at ,lancaster1 a city of no small magnitude or interest1 as ,i there formed a class of nearly two hundred1 the major portion of whom were ,germans1 or of ,german descent4 ,on the last day of my stay in that city ,i received a testimonial from a leading banker of the place1 which ,i give below3 ,,lancaster1 ,,pa41 ,october #af1 #ahfi4 ,,prof4 ,o4 ,s4 ,,pratt3 ,dear ,sir3 ,i take pleasure in testifying to the success of your system of controlling vicious horses as applied to my colt4 ,since you handled and drove him without backing-strap1 ,i have driven him twice without his showing the least fear or disposition to return to his dangerous habit of kicking4 ,i believe you have perfectly taught him to work without kicking1 and that he will not forget the impression your treatment made on him4 ,your system is so easily learned and can be so quickly applied1 that it is the owner's fault if his balky1 runaway1 or kicking horse1 ever forgets what you1 or any member of your class can teach him in half an hour4 ,every one who owns or drives a horse ought to join your class4 ,yours1 ,b4 ,j4 ,,mcgraun1 ,president ,first ,national ,bank4 ,i next stopped at a nice country town called ,westchester1 the inhabitants of which seemed alive to the great cause ,i had espoused1 as my class there numbered two hundred and fifty4 ,i was happily surprised1 just before leaving1 by receiving a diploma which greatly cheered1 at the same time that it stimulated1 me to add more and more to my store of knowledge4 ,having now had two years' experience in the practice of my system1 my confidence in it1 and its superiority over any other known system1 was so thoroughly established that ,i had no fear of submitting it to any test nor of subjecting it to any criticism4 ,i1 therefore1 decided upon visiting the great city of ,philadelphia4 ,i fortified myself as best ,i could1 and on the #bhth of ,november1 #ahfi1 ,i made my debut there4 ,whatever solicitude ,i might have felt would have been speedily removed by the cordial and flattering reception ,i received from the people of the ,quaker ,city4 ,one academy being insufficient to accommodate those who flocked to listen to my instructions1 ,i built a second1 and as the time rolled on and my success constantly enlarged1 ,i felt as if the summit of my ambition had been almost attained4 ,the limit of time ,i had fixed for remaining was one month1 but as the end of that period drew near ,i was strongly solicited by many friends to extend my visit1 to which1 as the interest was daily augmenting1 ,i consented4 ,month after month passed1 during which time my class was constantly increasing until1 by the close of the fourth month1 it had swelled to the number of four thousand eight hundred and eighty-six members6 ,at the end of that time my preparations were made to depart1 but ,i was not allowed to leave before receiving the most conclusive and gratifying evidence of the high estimation which my system had secured and of the friendship ,i had been so fortunate as to win4 ,the evening of the #bast of ,february1 #ahgj1 had arrived2 a free exhibition of the power and beauty of my system was in progress in the great tent1 when1 most unexpectedly to myself1 ,elmer ,ruan ,coates1 ,esq41 a well-known citizen and poet of ,philadelphia1 entered the ring4 ,this seeming intrusion on the business of the evening somewhat surprised me1 while1 as ,i turned towards him1 every eye in the vast assembly was fixed on the well-known poet who1 cane in hand1 advanced towards me4 ,a brief moment of suspense ensued1 during which the question which ran through every mind was 8what does it mean80 ,then1 amidst the profound silence which prevailed1 ,mr4 ,coates held up to view the magnificent1 gold-headed cane he carried and1 in an eloquent address1 presented the elaborately-chased and beautiful testimonial as a memento given by my ,philadelphia class4 ,the gratification which ,i experienced in this unexpected compliment may be conceived by my readers but can scarcely be described by my pen4 ,mr4 ,coates began his address by saying that ,all nations1 in all ages1 have delighted to honor the meritorious4 ,the analytic mind of ,greece was promoted to the ,academy and ,groves of that classic land while bright intellects gave their homage as they gathered the gems of thought and poesy which enriched their varied lore4 ,the school-boy-quoted ,roman1 if a victor1 passed under the triumphal arch1 bowing to popular plaudits4 ,if a poet1 he was laureated2 if philosophic1 oratoric1 or mechanical1 he had his meed of honor from proper sources4 ,even the ,tartars were grateful1 and ,tamerlane1 the great ,usbeck1 was elevated in proportion to merit4 ,the ,american ,indian who exhibits military strategy1 is chosen chief pro merito1 and leads the painted warriors4 ,the highly-cultured ,united ,states never forgets the truly great4 ,here the statesmen1 poet1 orator1 lawyer1 divine1 artist1 man of science or mechanism1 is both courted and remunerated4 ,our worthy dead live in hearts1 monuments1 statues1 statuettes1 and oil4 ,the living1 acting man of the day is recipient of both newspaper glory and material recognition4 ,taking me by the hand1 he continued3 ,my friend1 a full consideration of gratitude has timely and most heartily determined your large class to offer this ,el-,dorado-headed cane4 ,sir1 we recognize you as the greatest equestrian educator in the world4 ,your humble servant is proud of his recent acquisition4 ,you have enabled the palsied old man to ride in safety2 you allow the old lady to drive minus the fear of a broken neck2 the young lady or horse-loving master can now indulge saddle pleasures1 knowing the animal thoroughly subdued by some member of your class4 ,every vicious trait a horse can possess is thoroughly cured by your unequaled skill4 ,you are a practicalist1 a utilitarian1 an educator in one of the most necessary and recreative branches of polite culture4 ,indeed1 a logical lawyer could raise a fine issue relative to the comparative merits of your skill and that of the statesman4 ,disparaging no sphere1 ,i would say that the live1 practical1 successful man in any avocation1 is the person we need and the individual we will honor4 ,your grateful class1 at this date numbering two thousand five hundred and twenty-three1 are of my sentiments1 and now delegate me to tender this beautiful present--not as a quid pro quo1 but merely as a memento4 ,my dear sir1 ,i trust it will be very long ere you require this as a physical staff1 but when that period does come1 may it equally subserve the mental and heart-man and aid in happy retrospect of ,philadelphia1 ,philadelphians1 and your admiring class1 a class that mainly hails you as both a high-toned1 social gentleman and the horse educator of the age4 ,as ,mr4 ,coates closed his address the great tent resounded with applause4 ,it was an hour and a scene never to be forgotten by me4 ,but as the applause subsided every eye turned to me for the expected response4 ,i had received the cane from the hands of the gentleman who had so fittingly and eloquently presented it1 but1 as ,i bowed in acknowledgement1 my heart was too full for many words4 ,the papers of the following day1 in describing the event1 spoke of my voice as having been 8somewhat tremulous with emotion10 and it may well have been so1 all ,i could say was to express the surprise and gratitude ,i felt as follows3 8,what6 gentleman1 can it be that1 after your many kind attentions1 ,i am to receive a further testimonial of your regard1 and another reminder of pleasant times passed with you--times that certainly ,i never can forget4 ,words cannot express my feelings on this occasion1 therefore ,i sincerely return you thanks40 ,again the great tent rang with thunders of demonstration1 and the affair1 so gratifying to all1 terminated amidst feelings so warm and kind that in one heart1 at least1 they were almost overpowering4 ,the cane bears the following inscription3 8,a tribute to merit4 ,to ,professor ,o4 ,s4 ,pratt1 from his ,philadelphia class1 numbering #b1ebc40 ,the cut1 which follows1 will give but a partial idea of the beauty of this testimonial1 which ,i prize as much as being expressive of the friendship ,i was so happy as to secure1 as ,i value it as a testimony to the superiority of my system4 ,it will be seen that it is accompanied by a card1 signed by leading members of my class1 urging me to revisit ,philadelphia and pledging their aid and influence in making such a visit successful4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,tribute ,,of ,,merit ,,to ,o4,s4 ,,pratt ,,from ,,his ,,philadelphia ,,class #dhhf ,,mayor ,,fox1 ,j4,w4 ,,drexell1 ,,geo4 ,w4 ,,simmonds1 ,,gen4 ,,cadwallader4 ,,prof4 ,o4 ,s4 ,,pratt1 the ,horse ,educator3 ,dear ,sir3 ,the undersigned1 members of your horse educating school1 have learned with deep regret that you are forced1 by various engagements1 to leave ,philadelphia in a few days4 ,the knowledge we have received by your lucid and simple system of educating the horse is invaluable to us and all who have been pupils in your class4 ,we think that your system of educating the horse is far superior to any known before4 ,it prevents cruelty to animals1 and is effective in all cases if rightly applied and persisted in4 ,your system is as yet far too little known in ,philadelphia4 ,we1 therefore1 request you to open your school in ,philadelphia again during the fall and winter months1 and we do assure you that we will do our utmost to make your school a successful one4 ,by urging you to revisit ,philadelphia1 we express the wishes of a great number of our fellow-citizens who are anxious to become members of your class4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,drexel1 ,banker in ,phil41 ,new ,york and ,london1 ,,albert ,,fiske1 ,m4 ,d41 ,d4 ,m4 ,,fox1 ,mayor1 ,,henry ,m4 ,,fox1 ,,lewis ,,ladimus1 ,,hoopes ,,townsend1 ,m4 ,,baird ,,co41 ,,powers ,,weightman1 ,chemists1 ,,chas4 ,f4 ,,grosholz1 ,a4 ,l4 ,,vansant1 ,w4 ,f4 ,,potts1 ,,adam ,,steinmetz1 ,,jos4 ,e4 ,,werner1 ,,james ,,darrach1 ,m4 ,d41 ,,jas4 ,,stelwagon1 ,,wm4 ,,chapin1 and many others4 ,other testimonials ,i received from individuals1 a single one of which is given below2 it is from a well-known gentleman of wealth whose name is as familiar in business as it is in social circles1 ,w4 ,f4 ,potts1 ,esq41 and was addressed to friends of his own3 ,,philadelphia1 ,sept4 #ad1 #ahgj4 ,,messrs4 ,,morley ,,white1 ,gent'n3 ,my coachman and myself attended ,mr4 ,pratt's lectures1 last winter1 in this city1 and ,i think it paid me well4 ,i bought a young horse this spring1 as bad a kicker as ,i ever saw1 and by putting him through a course of ,pratting ,i am using him every day4 ,i do not know what some persons could do1 but ,i know what ,i have done2 it is well worth all ,i paid4 ,yours1 etc41 ,,wm4 ,f4 ,,potts4 ,i was greatly pleased with the ancient ,quaker ,city as well as its noble-hearted people4 ,the neatness and quiet pervading so large and populous a city produce a pleasing effect on the visitor from abroad4 ,the beautiful parks1 with their grand old trees and delightful walks1 which are to be met in all quarters1 form a very pleasing feature in that city4 ,the bright flowers1 filling the air with fragrance2 the leafy branches arching over the nicely-arranged walks1 with the merry songs of the birds which sport amidst the foliage1 combine to invite the tired pedestrian to rest his weary feet1 as they charm the eye1 the ear and sense alike4 ,to the patriot and the lover of relics of 8the times that tried men's souls10 when amidst the battle-storm our fathers planted the fair tree of liberty1 ,philadelphia offers special attractions1 and hours may be pleasantly and profitably spent in the well-known 8,independence ,hall40 ,here time seems almost turned back on its track as one stands amidst the relics of those days of old4 ,we see the very chair once occupied by him whom we have learned to revere as 8the ,father of his country0--the illustrious ,washington1 and the thoughts are borne backward to the time when1 seated in the chair before us1 his hand held the destinies of a nation in its grasp4 ,near by we see the pew in which that great man sat and listened to that gospel whose power and principles controlled his life4 ,it is taken from the old ,gothic church which the ,general attended and is preserved amongst the relics of those revolutionary times4 ,mementos are there also of the period when the ,declaration of ,independence was signed and the eye rests on the autographs of the illustrious signers4 ,there is also the great bell which rang out the glorious notes of freedom and on which is inscribed that grandest of words1 8,liberty40 ,after having became cracked1 it was taken down from its tower and placed on a table in the hall4 ,the ,national motto1 8,e ,pluribus ,unum10 is arranged in a circle at the top of the bell4 ,but pleasant as it is to linger amongst these reminiscences of the past1 ,i must leave the good old ,quaker ,city with the single remark that my recollections of the place and its people are all of the most pleasant kind4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,york--,,port ,,deposit--,,baltimore--,,success--,,dip loma--,,getting ,,whipped--,,class ,,of #c1ejj4 ,early in the spring of #ahgj1 ,i entered the city of ,york4 ,the roads were bad1 making traveling1 outside of the city1 difficult and unpleasant1 so that few came in from the surrounding country4 ,notwithstanding this1 ,i met with encouraging success1 and during the three days of my stay ,i formed a class of one hundred and thirty members4 ,amongst my pupils was an old man who had numbered a hundred and five years of life4 ,after studying my system he declared that1 during the short period of my stay1 he had received more valuable instruction relating to horse education than in all his previous life4 ,i next pitched my tent in the beautiful village1 ,port ,deposit1 and was gratified by receiving a good 8deposit0 from the hands of the people1 as nearly one hundred of them joined my class4 ,it was at this place that ,i achieved a victory which spread my name far and wide4 ,a horse1 notoriously vicious1 was brought for me to educate4 ,he was an animal who1 as ,i was credibly informed1 had killed his former owner1 eaten the leg nearly off his son and fearfully mangled the arm of the groom4 ,i applied my system in all its force1 knowing that he would require decided treatment to subdue him1 and1 to the amazement of the spectators1 in a little while the ferocious steed became gentle as a lamb4 ,he stood in the presence of that gazing multitude entirely subdued4 ,when the excitement had somewhat subsided1 some of the leading and influential citizens were so impressed with the value of my system as to exert themselves in getting up a testimonial which1 after being numerously signed1 was presented to me1 and which ,i have since had the pleasure of exhibiting to thousands4 ,the following description of the horse referred to and of the success with which ,i trained him may prove interesting to the reader3 ,,port ,,deposit1 ,,md41 ,august #ca1 #ahgj4 ,we1 the undersigned1 residents of this place and vicinity1 were induced to enter ,prof4 ,pratt's class for instructions in educating the horse4 ,at first many of us doubted the superiority of his system1 especially from the low price he charges for instructions1 believing it impossible to learn so much in a short space of time for so little money2 suffice it to say1 we went in and all were more than satisfied4 ,illustrative of which we give a brief description of the 8,biting ,horse10 owned by ,mr4 ,snyder1 near this town4 ,this horse is a brown stallion1 #ae hands high1 closely built1 and an animal of great endurance1 for which he is highly valued by ,mr4 ,snyder1 who purchased him of a farmer in ,new ,jersey for a very low price on account of his most pernicious habit of biting1 the horse having bitten out two ribs of the farmer and broken the leg of the son4 ,whilst in possession of his present owner he has bitten off the arm of his groom1 who brought him into the ,professor's pavilion4 ,we saw and conversed with this groom4 ,the horse had on a strong iron muzzle1 a pine stick was inserted in the mouth1 which he seized with madness2 upon its removal he gritted his teeth most fiercely4 ,in twenty minutes or less1 ,prof4 ,pratt had the muzzle off1 his hand in the horse's mouth pulling out the tongue4 ,in a few minutes after he drove the same horse in the street without holdbacks4 ,when he said 8whoa10 the horse stopped4 ,when he said 8go10 the horse went4 ,thus proving to two hundred that his system is no fraud1 but of all others 8excelsior40 ,the scholars in this place numbered in three days #hg1 among whom were the following named gentlemen3 ,w4 ,e4 ,england1 pastor ,m4 ,e4 ,church1 ,port ,deposit1 ,md42 ,j4 ,b4 ,ramsay1 cashier ,cecil ,national ,bank2 ,edward ,west2 ,n4 ,w4 ,nolan2 ,eli ,cosgrove1 ex-sheriff ,cecil ,county2 ,f4 ,m4 ,alexander2 ,wilbur ,kidd2 ,thomas ,d4 ,foran2 ,anthony ,s4 ,davis2 ,j4 ,tome1 president ,cecil ,national ,bank2 ,wm4 ,m4 ,long2 ,thos4 ,e4 ,davis1 etc4 ,baltimore1 the ,monumental ,city1 noted for its beautiful parks1 pleasure grounds and monuments1 was my next field of labor4 ,after viewing the city over and receiving introductions to many of its influential citizens numbers of whom afterwards became warm friends1 ,i betook myself to labor4 ,as on some former occasions1 ,i found it necessary to build two academies1 and so erected one in the old and one in the new town4 ,at first there seemed a backwardness on the part of the people1 and a week passed without the manifestation of much interest2 but soon the indifference gave way and from that point the interest increased daily until1 before the close of the seventy days ,i remained in ,baltimore1 ,i had the great pleasure of enrolling the names of three thousand five hundred of her citizens as members of my class4 ,illustration3 ,,whip ,,presented ,,by ,,baltimore ,,class4 ,my stay in ,baltimore was especially marked by kindnesses from numerous members of my large class1 many of whom it would give me pleasure to name1 associated as numbers of them are with pleasant seasons of enjoyment1 but lest ,i should become prolix1 ,i will content myself with saying that most unexpectedly to me my class presented me with a flattering address accompanied by an elegant whip mounted with gold and inlaid with pearl--a gift both beautiful and useful4 ,how it occurred is described by the pen of another as follows3 ,,how ,,professor ,,pratt ,,was ,,whipped ,,by ,,the ,,baltimoreans4--,the ,amphitheatre of ,prof4 ,pratt1 the ,horse ,educator1 at the corner of ,green and ,pratt streets1 was crowded on ,thursday night1 by an appreciative audience1 to witness the education of a number of horses4 ,near the close of the free exhibition1 an interruption occurred by a ,mr4 ,murdock1 introducing ,f4 ,p4 ,stevens1 ,esq41 a member of the ,baltimore ,bar1 who made the following eloquent and pithy speech1 in presenting an elaborate whip to ,prof4 ,pratt3 8,on behalf of the members of your class in this city1 numbering over #c1jjj1 ,i have been requested to present to you1 on parting with us1 some memento of our high regard for you personally1 and of our estimation of your most admirable system of ,horse ,education4 ,that the instructions you have imparted to us have been valuable and useful1 no one of us who own horses would hesitate to testify1 not only your instructions as to the ,management1 ,education and ,treatment of the ,horse1 but in developing to us in the numerous ,lectures1 the disposition and nature of the noble animal2 that your course of instruction has been popular among us1 the numerical strength of the class announces you1 and ,i take great pleasure in presenting you this token of friendship and good will and hope that you may ever recur with pleasure to your visit to the ,monumental ,city1 and as soon as your engagement will permit1 we may have the pleasure of seeing you again40 ,gen4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,berry1 ,,alec4 ,,brown1 ,r4 ,,stockhart ,,mathews1 ,,ichabot ,,jean1 ,,marshall ,,goldsborough1 ,,enoch ,,pratt1 ,,geo4 ,w4 ,,robinson1 ,,henry ,,tyson1 ,f4 ,l4 ,,lawrence1 ,f4 ,p4 ,,stevens1 ,committee4 ,class numbers #c1ejd4 ,during the continuance of my classes in ,baltimore1 ,i received many favorable notices from the press of that city4 ,as showing the popular feeling ,i may be allowed to give an article from the ,baltimore ,sun1 one of the most able and widely circulated journals of the entire ,south4 ,it appeared1 as will be seen1 before my class had reached its full dimensions4 ,,horse ,,training ,,at ,,prof4 ,,pratt',s ,,amphitheatre4--,the exhibitions of ,professor ,pratt's skill in training refractory horses continues to interest a large number of the people of ,baltimore4 ,every night his ,amphitheatre on ,linden avenue is filled with an appreciative audience1 including a large number who are members of his school4 ,during one of our recent visits the ,professor1 after some remarks in reference to his systems1 introduced the little educated pony called 8,dollie ,dutton10 well up in a few tricks4 ,on her exit 8,fire ,fly10 mate of the ,professor's 8,tom ,thumb10 made his appearance1 at the crack of a whip4 8,fire ,fly10 made excellent time with his heels in the air1 and by the word1 walked on his hind legs4 ,the attempt by three persons to ride the horse the longest afforded much amusement to the audience1 as not one of the three could remain on a minute4 8,gray ,eagle1 ,jr410 ,marshall ,goldsborough's thorough-bred stallion1 which had not received over ten minutes' instruction1 acted in a manner which gave credit to the ,professor and his system4 ,prof4 ,pratt then exhibited a massive gold-headed cane1 richly mounted and appropriately engraved1 which was presented him on the night of ,february #bb;d1 #ahfi1 in ,philadelphia1 by his class which numbered #d1hhf1 among whom were ,mayor ,fox1 ,general ,george ,cadwalder1 ,j4 ,w4 ,drexel1 banker1 who were on the committee of presentation1 and who gave the testimonial as a token of the appreciation of his efforts with the horse and a proof of the value of the system to them4 ,after a lecture explanatory of his plan of education which lasted nearly an hour1 the ,professor ordered a horse to be brought in which was afraid of a robe4 ,in less than fifteen minutes after he came in1 he was walking over the robe1 had it thrown over his head and in his face1 but the scare was gone4 ,his education in robes being pronounced completed1 he was taken away and a horse that would not back brought in4 ,he however1 soon proved very tractable1 backing while in and out of harness at the words4 ,the next ,animal to claim the ,professor's attention was a large stiff-neck mule furnished by ,mr4 ,s4 ,s4 ,blair1 of the ,northern ,central ,railway4 ,as was expected the mule was far more difficult to handle1 yet in less than three minutes after he was subjected to proper treatment and followed the ,professor1 and after the system was entirely applied he was mounted and ridden off by an attendant1 going quietly as any one could desire4 ,thus closed an evening at ,professor ,pratt's4 ,on conversing with this worthy gentleman1 we learn he is from ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,has been giving the system to the public five years4 ,he probably handled more horses than any other man living4 ,was in ,philadelphia five months1 having there a class of #d1hhf4 ,in less than three weeks' sojourn among us he has secured over #a1jjj members to his class1 and we saw such men as ,m4 ,b4 ,clarke1 ,henry ,tyson1 ,drs4 ,mc,namus and ,whitridge1 ,george ,robinson1 ,george ,small1 ,gen4 ,w4 ,e4 ,ross1 ,j4 ,riddlemoser1 ,jr41 ,gen4 ,j4 ,s4 ,berry1 ,j4 ,howard ,mc,henry1 ,r4 ,stockhart ,mathews1 all of whom highly endorse ,prof4 ,pratt's system of educating the horse4 ,mr4 ,mathews1 who has seen ,rarey1 ,rockwell1 and others1 says this is far superior to all of them4 ,after closing my labors in ,baltimore1 ,i took a few days of rest4 ,my mind was in search of new knowledge to add to and improve my system1 and to that object ,i devoted my time while relieved of more active duties4 ,i thoroughly revised my system of educating and mode of treating the horse2 after which ,i invited the criticisms of a number of men of intellect and experience1 to whom ,i submitted my views and asked them for their candid verdict1 when1 to my great satisfaction1 they expressed their unqualified approbation4 ,if anything had been needed to confirm my opinion of the perfection of my now completed system1 such an endorsement might justly have done so2 and1 as the succeeding chapters will show1 my triumphant successes in the largest cities and before the most exalted personages of the land1 demonstrated the justice of that favorable verdict4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,washington--,a ,,large ,,class--,,the ,,president ,a ,,pupil--,,the ,,white ,,house--,,halls ,,of ,,congress--,,diploma--,,dr4 ,,newman',s ,,address--,,gold ,,medal4 ,in the latter part of the year #ahga ,i determined to visit the capital of the nation--that renowned emporium of knowledge and wisdom--the city of ,washington4 ,fortified by previous success1 ,i determined on such an effort here as should signalize my profession1 and effectually silence those who sought to stigmatize my system and lessen confidence in myself by speaking lightly of both4 ,themselves pretenders to knowledge1 and ignorant of what ,i taught1 ,i have found them ever ready to insinuate that all is 8humbug0 which does not emanate from their would-be fruitful brains4 ,and now ,i ask a careful attention to the narrative of my unexampled success while sojourning in this city1 in connection with the character and intelligence of the gentlemen who united in endorsing me1 and in commending my system4 ,i entered ,washington about the middle of ,february and speedily secured a site on which to erect an academy4 ,the place selected was on ,pennsylvania avenue1 and the building ,i erected was of capacity sufficient to contain three thousand persons4 ,i announced a public exhibition1 and on this1 the first day of opening1 the place was filled to the utmost4 ,at the close of the exhibition ,i invited those of the audience so disposed1 to unite in forming a class4 ,a large number responded to this call1 and1 as ,i entered on my work1 ,i was encouraged by finding the numbers increasing by hundreds4 ,this nerved me to the utmost1 and at length1 in sixty days1 my class had reached the gratifying number of two thousand five hundred and five persons6 ,president ,grant intimated his desire to take private lessons1 and requested me to organize a class to meet in the forenoon of each day4 ,this ,i did1 and ,i soon had the honor of imparting instruction to such a class of distinguished men as have rarely1 if ever beside1 been gathered together for a similar purpose4 ,the ,president invited some special friends to join him in acquiring the knowledge he desired1 and soon ,i numbered in my class men distinguished in the pursuits of arms1 politics1 literature1 and theology1 many of whom would rank with the foremost men of the world4 ,amongst them were ,president ,grant1 ,general ,sherman1 ,surgeon ,general ,barnes1 ,general ,fremont1 ,general ,porter1 ,general ,babcock1 ,general ,mechler1 ,judge ,advocate ,general ,holt 7the highest position in the army71 ,general ,eli ,parker1 ,count ,catacazy1 the ,russian ,minister2 ,count ,turenne1 of the ,french ,legation2 ,p4 ,h4 ,le ,poor1 ,french ,legation2 ,h4 ,s4 ,le ,strange1 of the ,british ,legation3 ,commodore ,ammen1 ,commodore ,pickering1 ,senator ,mc,donald1 ,senator ,stockton1 ,hon4 ,w4 ,h4 ,hooper1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,newman1 ,chaplain to the ,senate2 ,senator ,sprague1 ,governor ,cooke1 and many others of high rank and standing4 ,as is well known1 in the national capital may be found learned and talented men from almost every nation1 and as there are gathered objects of interest to all1 a brief sketch of what met my eyes may not prove out of place4 ,first of all is the renowned 8,white ,house10 the home of the honored head of our nation1 and now occupied by ,president ,grant and his family4 ,it has been said that 8,uneasy lies the head that wears a crown10 and a similar declaration might be made of the occupant of the ,presidential chair2 few have found it to be an easy seat4 ,the servants of a public jealous of their rights and privileges1 and exposed to the adverse criticism of selfish and disappointed opponents1 even the most generous and well-meant movements of those filling that high position are liable to misconception and ridicule4 ,there may be no personal dislike1 yet the public1 ever on the qui vive for news of those in high life1 are seldom disposed to scrutinize a spicy story1 whoever it may strike4 ,in this land every man who deserves them has his friends1 and none1 however deserving1 are without some enemies4 ,the external appearance of the 8,white ,house0 somewhat disappointed me2 yet it is a magnificent structure1 with massive pillars in front1 while the interior does credit to the good taste of those in charge4 ,the ,red ,room1 being generally selected for the receptions held by the ,president and his wife1 is very handsomely furnished in velvet and drapery1 the color of which corresponds with the name of the room4 ,i must1 however1 express my preference for the ,blue ,room2 its light shade of satin damask1 with gold1 is so chaste and elegant that one could scarcely dream of a fairy-land more beautiful2 and at 8morning receptions10 from two till five ,p4 ,m41 the guests being received in this room1 it is rendered doubly beautiful by the elegant toilettes of our ,american and foreign ladies1 who crowd it with the beauty and fashion of the metropolis4 ,the large ,east ,room1 which occupies that entire end of the building1 is elegantly furnished1 while the walls are hung with life-size portraits1 in oil1 of ,washington1 ,abraham ,lincoln1 and others who have formerly filled the highest national office1 but who now have passed away4 ,it was my pleasure to pass an evening1 with my wife1 in the private parlor of ,president ,grant and family1 who gave me a cordial reception4 ,among those who shared in this social interview were ,rev4 ,dr4 ----1 ,l4,l4 ,d41 from ,england1 his wife and daughter1 and our much-esteemed friends1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,n---- and wife1 of the ,metropolitan ,church1 ,d4 ,c4 ,we were shown through some of the pleasant apartments of the ,presidential mansion1 and1 among others1 the private dining-room4 ,in this the arrangements for meals are perfect and tasteful4 ,a small bouquet of choice flowers1 selected from the conservatory1 which abounds with rare exotics1 is placed at the side of every plate at dinner1 and1 that no interruption may interfere with the arrangement of the table1 a plate is always provided for a casual visitor4 ,on entering ,washington1 the first building to attract the eye of a stranger is the ,capitol1 which is built on a prominent height1 and forms the most conspicuous object as one enters the city2 especially is this so when the magnificent dome is lighted2 one then gazes with delight on the beauty of its perfect architecture4 ,on entering the ,capitol by its massive marble portico1 the visitor first views the reception rooms1 then passes to the rotunda1 the walls of which are adorned with paintings1 many of which are commemorative of important events in the early history of ,america1 and some of a later date4 ,statuary also meets the eye1 and prominent amongst it is the life-size statue of the martyred ,president1 ,abraham ,lincoln1 from the chisel of ,vinnie ,ream4 ,as one looks on this work1 which has been so severely criticised1 he will feel the injustice done her1 and be likely1 with the writer1 to believe that the attacks were prompted by the fact that it was a lady who secured the contract4 ,i enjoyed the pleasure of a visit to the studio of the gentle sculptor1 where we found the lady1 surrounded by specimens of her wonderful skill in this noble art4 ,to return to the ,capitol--that general resort of strangers--one must visit the dome1 and thither we go1 laboring up--up--till it seems almost as though the top would never be reached1 though pleasant company served to beguile the time as we mounted the hundred and eighty feet of ascending steps4 ,when1 at length1 we reached the top1 and stood in the presence of the paintings which completely decorate the upper portion of the dome1 all else was forgotten1 and it seemed as though we had passed into another sphere1 away from all the cares of ordinary life6 ,books can be obtained1 explaining the historical paintings1 and in the study of these1 days might be profitably employed4 ,the brief time a visitor can give is far too short1 to satisfy the eye1 which desires to still gaze on1 reluctant to depart4 ,from the outer side of the dome a view of unparalleled beauty is presented3 ,georgetown1 ,general ,lee's old homestead1 in the distance1 and the ,potomac ,river1 together with the elegant public buildings1 are among the many objects included in the panoramic view4 ,as we descend again1 and come amongst the sights and sounds of daily life1 a sudden awakening to reality occurs4 ,we now pass to the wings on either side of the main building devoted to the use of the two ,houses composing our ,american ,congress4 ,on visiting the ,house of ,representatives1 when in session1 the visitor is directed to the gallery which surrounds and looks down upon the hall2 and1 should he be a favored one1 he is shown to a seat in that portion of the gallery reserved for the diplomatic corps1 friends of members and distinguished visitors4 ,there one can sit at ease1 apart from the crowds which fill the other portions1 and may listen to the speeches of representatives from every ,state in the ,union1 as they deliberate on the laws by which the country is to be governed2 may note the voting1 and sometimes hear the exciting contest as the dignity of debate is lost in some partisan wrangle4 ,the ,treasury ,building is a beautiful edifice1 and is always the scene of busy life1 the activity extending from the topmost floor to the furnace in the cellar1 where the mutilated currency is burned4 ,it is in this building that the paper money of the country is prepared1 after which it is sent to the banks for circulation4 ,it is customary for visitors to exchange a note for one that has never been in circulation1 to be kept as a souvenir4 ,the elegant ,smithsonian ,institute1 with its numerous objects of interest1 and the ,agricultural ,buildings1 with their beautiful grounds1 offer their attractions to the visitor1 while the ,patent ,office1 with its multitude of models1 showing the inventive genius of our countrymen1 is of equal interest4 ,here1 while admiring the ingenuity displayed by the inventors1 we learn by the number of rejected models how many have spent perhaps the best years of their lives only to reap disappointment at the last4 ,illustration ,while in ,washington ,i was favored with several gratifying testimonials4 ,the first one was at the great ,national ,carnival1 where ,i received the prize for the best four-in-hand turn-out1 a gold-mounted whip4 ,the second testimonial was a life-size portrait of ,president ,grant1 which was presented to me at one of the gatherings of the society attending the ,metropolitan ,memorial ,church1 and was accompanied in its presentation by the following address by ,rev4 ,j4 ,p4 ,newman1 ,d4 ,d41 the eloquent and distinguished pastor of the church3 ,,ladies ,,and ,,gentlemen3 ,mine is a pleasing task4 ,the ladies of this church desire me to present this elegant portrait of our honored ,president to ,prof4 ,pratt1 whose public spirit and great liberality prompted him to give the proceeds of his academy for one week towards the purchase of a chime of bells for this church4 ,we much regret that sickness has detained the ,professor from being present on this occasion1 but we are happy to know that ,mrs4 ,pratt is here4#a ,the donation on his part is the more commendable because he came here a stranger1 yet such is his appreciation of the beautiful and useful that he cheerfully gives his large sum for an object which will be1 when achieved1 the pride of the ,capital4 ,his mission is eminently humane1 for he not only educates the horse to obey the intelligence of his master1 but also educates the master to treat the noblest of beasts with humanity4 #a ,her many friends will doubtless be gratified by finding1 on the opposite page1 a portrait of this lady--the life-long companion of the author4 ,the address1 which was received with loud applause1 was1 in my absence1 responded to by the ,member of ,congress from ,batavia4 ,the third testimonial ,i received was presented on the day of closing my lectures1 which had been so regularly attended by the citizens1 officials1 and members of the foreign legations1 who deemed it proper to encourage my enterprise by presenting me with a diploma1 engrossed on parchment1 over their own signatures1 and which was accompanied with a gold medal4 ,the following is a copy of the diploma presented by the ,washington class1 the original of which is now in my possession1 on parchment3 ,,to ,,prof4 ,o4 ,s4 ,,pratt3 ,we1 the members of your ,washington class1 appreciate the value of the very necessary knowledge which you have imparted to us during your sojourn in the national metropolis2 and we are convinced that your method of educating the horse1 and reforming his vicious habits1 is the only true system4 ,as a mark of our estimation of the service rendered us1 we beg your acceptance of the accompanying testimonial1 and our sincere wishes for your continued success1 health and happiness4 ,general ,w4 ,t4 ,,sherman1 ,gen4 ,o4 ,e4 ,,babcock1 ,general ,,banks1 ,count ,,de ,,catacazy1 ,mayor ,,matthew ,g4 ,,emory1 ,w4 ,s4 ,,shepherd1 ,surgeon ,gen4 ,,barnes1 ,commodore ,,ammen1 ,gen4 ,,horace ,,porter1 ,gen4 ,j4 ,c4 ,,fremont1 ,senator ,,wm4 ,,sprague1 ,commodore ,,pickering1 ,brevet ,maj4 ,gen4 ,,allen1 ,gen4 ,,ely ,s4 ,,parker1 ,mayor ,,emory1 ,h4 ,a4 ,l',,astrange1 of the ,british ,legation1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,,newman1 ,chaplain to the ,senate1 ,,wm4 ,w4 ,,belknap1 ,secretary of ,war1 ,gen4 ,,meichler1 ,governor ,,cooke1 ,p4 ,h4 ,,la ,,poor1 of the ,french ,legation4 ,on the next page the reader will find a correct cut of the gold medal which accompanied the diploma4 ,on the following day the ,metropolitan ,church arranged an excursion to ,mount ,vernon4 ,the day was beautiful1 and the company all that could be desired4 ,the sail down the lovely stream1 with its wooded banks1 was delightful4 ,on our arrival at the spot the laugh was hushed1 for we felt ourselves on sacred soil as we neared the tomb of ,washington4 ,after lingering for a time by the dust of the illustrious dead1 we ascended the hill on which stands the house which was once the home of the ,father of his ,country4 ,the furniture having been removed1 we saw little more than the halls1 a few relics enclosed in a case1 and the marble mantel1 which has been so much coveted by strangers on account of its rare carving1 representing a farm-yard scene4 ,this choice relic has been defaced in several places by unscrupulous visitors1 who have broken off pieces to carry away as relics4 ,we also visited the spot where ,washington and ,lafayette met1 under a tree1 to reconcile their difficulties4 ,illustration ,during our return to the city1 which we reached the evening of the same day1 speeches were made on the boat by the ,mayor1 ministers and bankers4 ,we arrived in time to take the cars on our way to ,long ,branch1 at which popular resort ,i passed most of the summer in visiting and recreation1 before again resuming the duties of my profession4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,annapolis--,,delaware--,,new ,,jersey--,,new ,,york ,,state--,,the ,,great ,,emporium--,,chicago ,,in ,,flames4 ,after my period of relaxation1 ,i re-entered the active duties of my profession feeling greatly invigorated4 ,i visited the pleasant city of ,annapolis1 the capital of ,maryland1 where ,i met a cordial reception from many whose warm appreciation of my system of educating the horse was coupled with marks of personal friendship4 ,here1 as in other places on former occasions1 my endeavors were crowned with a gratifying success4 ,it is at this place that the ,united ,states ,naval ,academy is situated1 an institution which sustains the same relation to the navy that ,west ,point bears to the army of our country4 ,in the extent of its bounds1 covering1 as it does1 an area of about twenty acres1 and in the completeness of its appointments1 this academy is unequaled in the ,united ,states4 ,here ,i was introduced to ,general ,bovey1 who is a lover of that noble animal1 the horse1 and is the owner of some of the finest that ,america can boast4 ,he manifested much interest in my welfare1 and kindly invited me to dine with him2 after spending a long and pleasant hour in his society1 ,i took my leave1 and when1 shortly after1 ,i left ,annapolis1 ,i bore with me a grateful recollection of the many kindnesses ,i had received from the inhabitants of that beautiful city4 ,i will here claim the indulgence of the reader while ,i give a brief sketch of my journey from this point to ,new ,york4 ,it was about the middle of ,may1 #ahga1 when ,i started on my tour1 intending to arrive at ,new ,york in the month of ,october4 ,in passing through the ,state of ,maryland1 ,i found it a beautiful1 level country1 with a soil of great fertility4 ,it is well known to have been one of the slave ,states1 and1 as a result1 the population is made up largely of colored people1 many of whom ,i found to be very1 very poor2 their houses1 within and without1 bespoke wretchedness and want1 and many of them seemed on the verge of starvation4 ,often was my heart moved to compassion as ,i viewed their dilapidated clothing1 many of them being almost naked1 while in their countenances want and misery were depicted4 ,as ,i passed the settlements and1 prompted by pity1 gave them some donations1 ,i saw their faces brighten as ,i placed the money in their tawny and wrinkled hands1 while their expressions of thankfulness more than rewarded me for the gifts bestowed4 ,in passing through this ,state ,i formed many classes1 meeting with even better success than ,i anticipated4 ,leaving ,maryland1 ,i entered the little ,state of ,delaware1 renowned for the extent of its orchards and the excellence of its peaches1 which fruit forms the most profitable crop of the ,state1 and is unequaled by any grown elsewhere4 ,the country here also is level1 but in many parts so sandy as to weary the traveler1 whose animals often labor through sand to the depth of six inches1 while the scorching rays of the sun1 reflected from the sand1 add much to the discomfort of a journey through this ,state4 ,at ,dover1 the capital of the ,state1 ,i formed an interesting class1 of which the ,governor and many distinguished citizens became members4 ,the buildings in ,dover are mostly of wood1 there being none of stone and but few of brick4 ,after leaving ,dover ,i crossed ,delaware ,bay1 and entered the ,state of ,new ,jersey4 ,this1 also1 in its more southern portions1 may be described as a level country1 but the lands there are clothed with dense forests of pine1 where human habitations are rarely met1 and even the sound of the woodman's axe is seldom heard4 ,these 8pine barrens0 are in places destitute of traveled roads1 and the one journeying through them sees his course marked out by 8blazed0 trees4 ,i wended my way along until ,i reached the city of ,trenton1 the capital of the ,state1 where ,i formed a class4 ,thence ,i passed to the city of ,rahway1 then to ,elizabeth1 and afterwards to the town of ,long ,branch1 forming interesting classes at each place4 ,the last-named place is well known as a favorite and much-admired watering-place1 being the summer resort of thousands who annually seek its pure sea-breezes1 and regale themselves in the pleasures it abundantly affords4 ,i visited many other places in the ,state1 forming classes and receiving the congratulations of numbers who appreciated the knowledge it was my aim to impart4 ,passing some twenty miles across a pleasant though sandy country1 ,i reached the village of ,red ,bank1 at which place ,i took the steamboat1 and1 after sailing through the magnificent ,bay of ,new ,york1 passed up the ,hudson ,river to ,sing ,sing1 at which place ,i met with success1 and formed a class composed mainly of the first citizens of the town4 ,i devoted my first leisure to visiting the ,state ,prison1 which is situated in the suburbs1 on the bank of the ,hudson1 and1 after being conducted through the different departments1 ,i was permitted to see a record of the names of the inmates and the crimes for which they were incarcerated1 and ,i record it as my conviction that many there have laid a foundation for after crime by early cruelty to the noblest of all animals save man4 ,one step of cruelty leads inevitably to others1 and thus the disposition may have grown that has led1 finally1 to the crime which deprived them of liberty and condemned them to years of servitude in that dreary abode of felons4 ,retracing my steps down the ,hudson1 ,i next pitched my tent at ,peekskill1 which is situated on the east bank of the river1 and where ,i met a gratifying reception1 and succeeded as at other places4 ,before leaving the place1 ,i strolled about a mile back from the river1 and saw there the farm and summer residence of ,rev4 ,henry ,ward ,beecher1 the great biblical expounder and platform orator1 who has since passed through an ordeal far from pleasing or profitable1 though there are indications that from all he will yet come out as 8gold tried in the fire10 and perhaps to shine as a star of still brighter lustre4 ,my next visit was to the city of ,poughkeepsie1 where1 at my first public exhibition1 ,i was greeted by the presence of a large number of influential citizens1 whose appearance there augured well for my success4 ,i was pleased with my brief visit to this place1 as my class soon swelled to the number of three hundred and fifty4 ,i here formed the acquaintance of ,prof4 ,eastman1 of ,eastman ,college1 who solicited me to give an exhibition1 on the grounds in front of his splendid mansion1 to the ,sabbath-school children of the city4 ,i consented1 and gave an exhibition which was received with delight by a multitude of youth of both sexes4 ,i now determined to direct my course down the beautiful ,hudson to the great commercial emporium of the country1 the city of ,new ,york4 ,there ,i built an academy1 at a cost of nearly three thousand dollars1 capable of accommodating about four thousand persons4 ,i opened1 with brilliant prospects1 about the middle of ,october1 #ahga1 and as the days rolled by ,i had ample evidence of the appreciation of my efforts in the daily increase of my class1 until1 on the #aeth of ,january1 #ahgb1 ,i had the pleasure of numbering on my register the handsome amount of three thousand names1 representing amongst them many of the first men of the city4 ,i had intended to remain in ,new ,york until the opening of spring1 but about this time an event which spread consternation through the land blighted my fair prospects4 ,along the wires of the telegraph1 flashed eastward with lightning speed1 came the doleful tidings that ,chicago1 the ,queen ,city of the ,west1 was in flames6 ,as message after message came1 telling of the progress of the devouring element1 all hearts were filled with sympathy1 till the final tidings came that for many square miles the once beautiful city was a vast plain of smouldering ruins1 and that thousands of human beings1 thus rendered homeless and penniless1 were in almost a starving condition4 ,at once the hearts of the people of ,new ,york were moved to compassion4 ,business was well-nigh suspended4 ,the single topic which engaged all minds was the great disaster which had befallen a sister city1 and how to devise means for relief to the destitute and suffering4 ,in this absorbing feeling the interest in my lectures naturally abated2 so much so1 that ,i closed my academy and joined with my countrymen in the active measures which were at once inaugurated for extending relief to the needy4 ,i attended the meetings held for that purpose1 and heartily co-operated in sending the greatly needed aid to suffering humanity4 ,i remained in ,new ,york till the excitement had somewhat abated1 and then decided on visiting some of the ,new ,england ,states2 but1 before leaving the ,great ,emporium1 ,i received a diploma attesting the high value placed on my instructions by those who had received them4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,bridgeport--,,fall ,,of ,,academy--,,providence--,,boston--,,cla ss ,,of #c1jjj--,,lynn--,,purchase ,,of ,a ,,residence--,,portland--,,bangor4 ,illustration3 ,,bridgeport ,,academy4 ,on entering ,new ,england1 my first stop was at the beautiful town of ,bridgeport1 somewhat celebrated as the home of the renowned sensationalist1 ,p4 ,t4 ,barnum1 who has1 during quite an eventful career1 acquired and lost many fortunes4 ,as the winter had not yet passed1 ,i here erected an academy1 which became the scene of an incident which will forever remain fixed on my memory4 ,the people of ,bridgeport turned out nobly1 filling my academy to its utmost capacity1 when1 hearing a noise1 ,i looked in the direction whence it proceeded1 and1 to my horror1 saw the seats falling1 with their occupants1 precipitating them to the ground6 ,of course all for a time was confusion and affright1 but1 strange to say1 not one of the immense crowd was injured by the accident4 ,after the excitement had somewhat subsided1 ,i proceeded to form a class1 which numbered about three hundred1 who seemed delighted with the knowledge they acquired under my instructions4 ,when my labors had ended ,i took an opportunity to view the town1 and was greatly interested in visiting some of its principal manufactories4 ,amongst these one of special note is the immense establishment for the manufacture of the ,howe ,sewing ,machines1 said to be one of the largest in the world4 ,i subsequently visited ,providence1 the capital of ,rhode ,island1 where ,i found it necessary to build another academy1 which ,i erected very near the public thoroughfare of the city4 ,at this place my most sanguine expectations were realized1 as ,i met with signal success2 nearly one thousand persons became members of my class1 and the financial results were greatly beneficial to me1 as at this time my expenses were great4 ,my troupe consisted of some eight men and twelve horses1 the expenses of which were large1 besides the cost of extensively advertising1 that ,i might give wider publicity to a system which had gained general favor wherever it was known4 ,the far-famed city of ,boston was my next resting-place4 ,here1 as at other places1 ,i found it necessary to exhibit in an academy1 and1 having fitted it up1 ,i entered on my work with renewed hope and energy1 believing1 from the usefulness and practicability of my system of educating the horse1 that a failure was impossible4 ,nor was ,i disappointed2 the shrewd minds of the ,bay ,state saw the value of the knowledge ,i imparted1 and1 cheered on by growing favor1 ,i put forth every effort1 and was rewarded by the most gratifying success1 as my class reached the large number of three thousand persons4 ,with the close of my labors in ,boston the winter had passed away1 and ,i decided on a trip reaching northward as far as ,portland1 in ,maine1 making short stops at the several towns between ,boston and that place1 first stopping at a beautiful town called ,lynn1 where ,i purchased a nice family residence1 a good representation of which is given in the cut4 ,in this charming town and its vicinity there is much to attract and please the visitor4 ,among the favorite resorts is a delightful watering-place known as ,nahant ,beach1 to which1 during the summer1 thousands come to enjoy the invigorating breezes of the ocean4 ,here the invalid seeks the coveted boon of health1 while the healthy come to reinvigorate their systems4 ,mrs4 ,pratt and myself christened the place the 8green spot of earth10 as often1 attended by our servants1 we drove in our carriage around the beach1 for the time forgetting the toils of the past1 and almost fancying ourselves in the land of ,paradise4 ,illustration3 ,,nahant ,,beach ,,residence4 ,i may be allowed1 at this point1 to give a letter addressed to me by a well-known gentleman1 a citizen of that pleasant town4 ,,lynn1 ,july #ab1 #ahgb4 ,,prof4 ,o4 ,s4 ,,pratt4 ,dear ,sir3 ,i regret your departure from our city4 ,i have received a great benefit by joining your school4 ,your system of educating horses is far ahead of any now in use4 ,i belong to ,rockwell's class4 ,in nothing has there been greater improvement4 ,its advantage is its simplicity4 ,in no exhibition during your short stay have ,i failed to find some new point4 ,there is no deception1 no trickery1 no unfairness4 ,what you say ,i've found you willing to back up with your money2 your goods are no humbug4 ,why will people be so skeptical4 ,people ask me every day1 8,can you do it80 ,my answer is1 8,yes40 ,why sir1 ,i would not take five hundred dollars for what ,i've learned of your system4 ,if people would be more willing to join your class and get the system1 we should have less accidents by that noblest of animals1 the horse4 ,when you were educating ,lannan's horse the other evening1 a skeptic stood by my side4 ,i said1 8,pratt will drive that horse to-morrow40 ,says he1 8,i'll bet a hundred dollars he won't40 ,he put his hand in his pocket1 attempting to draw his wallet4 ,i caught his hand1 saying to him1 8,if you've friends enough here to raise #e1jjj1 it shall be covered1 that he will drive him to-night40 ,i am not a betting man1 though4 ,the gentleman went into his boots4 ,you have not a pupil1 ,i know of1 but is willing to back you1 as far as able1 in anything you say you will do with any horse4 ,god speed you in the right4 ,yours truly1 ,,charles ,d4 ,,tilton4 ,after the pleasure season had passed1 ,i again betook myself to my profession1 and1 once more upon the road1 ,i stopped at several towns1 giving public exhibitions and forming classes1 until ,i reached ,portland1 which place ,i entered about the first of ,august1 #ahgb4 ,here we set our stakes and spread our canvas1 giving1 as usual1 public exhibitions1 and organizing a class of about two hundred persons4 ,many vicious horses were here brought to me1 that on them the merits of my system might be tested1 all of which ,i handled to the satisfaction1 and1 ,i may safely say1 the admiration of the class who witnessed their education4 ,next1 placing my troupe and animals on a steamer1 ,i passed by sea to the city of ,bangor1 the most populous in the ,state of ,maine4 ,here ,i made arrangements with the officers of the ,agricultural ,society1 by which ,i secured the ,fair ,grounds1 where ,i erected a spacious pavilion1 and at once commenced operations4 ,it was soon evident that ,i had secured the favor of the people1 as ,i was largely patronized4 ,while there ,i made arrangements with ,dr4 ,tewksbury to handle his imported stallion1 8,anfield10 who was notorious for his vicious propensities1 extending even to the shedding of human blood1 he having fought many battles1 and always had come off victorious4 ,although my fame had spread far and wide1 and ,i had educated many vicious horses1 yet1 had ,i not possessed implicit confidence in the virtues of my system1 ,i would have declined2 but1 prompted and encouraged by my previous successes1 ,i decided to handle him on my arrival at ,lewiston1 ,maine1 which would be about the first of ,september4 ,while at ,bangor ,i received a letter from the ,president of the ,society for the ,prevention of ,cruelty to ,animals1 as follows3 ,,bangor1 ,me41 ,september #bh1 #ahgb4 ,,prof4 ,o4 ,s4 ,,pratt4 ,my ,dear ,sir3 ,i am happy to acknowledge your superior system of ,horse ,education1 which deserves the commendation of all who desire the improvement of that beautiful and useful animal4 ,your system does not inflict torture or cruelty1 but subdues and teaches him1 and in my opinion it is only to be seen and learned to be universally adopted4 ,i take much pleasure in recommending it to the notice of all who have the care and management of horses4 ,very respectfully1 ,j4 ,d4 ,,warren1 ,pres4 ,soc4 for ,p4 of ,c4 to ,animals4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,lewiston--,,educating ,,the ,,horse 8,,anfield0--,,testimonial--,,concord--, ,manchester--,a ,,steam ,,engine ,,in ,,the ,,ring--,,lowell--,,lawrence4 ,continuing my tour1 ,i exhibited at many places in the ,state until ,i reached the city of ,augusta1 where ,i remained two days1 and met with marked success4 ,anxious to reach ,lewiston by the time ,i had fixed1 ,i passed rapidly1 through many towns and villages1 only remaining a day in each place1 and arrived at ,lewiston on the eighth of ,september4 ,it was here1 as the reader will remember1 that ,i was to handle the notorious 8,anfield40 ,after building an academy1 and giving a public exhibition1 ,i announced my intention of controlling that vicious animal4 ,the citizens turned out en masse1 but1 as the horse was led into the ring1 the whole audience seemed terror-stricken1 wondering1 no doubt1 whether or not ,i would share the fate that others had2 but speedily their terror gave place to admiration1 as they saw the powerful animal succumb to the resistless energy and efficacy of my system1 for1 within one short hour1 the lion-like brute became meek and quiet as a lamb1 greatly to the astonishment of the multitude1 who gazed with wonder on the transformation4 ,i give below the testimonial subsequently presented to me1 in which this feat is described3 ,we1 the undersigned citizens of ,lewiston and vicinity1 hereby certify that we are members of ,prof4 ,o4 ,s4 ,pratt's school for instruction in the proper education of the horse2 that from a careful and thorough examination of his method1 as succinctly demonstrated by him in his admirable lectures and apt illustrations1 we unqualifiedly pronounce ,professor ,pratt's system as most practical1 and far superior to any ever before known4 ,his power over the most vicious and ferocious horses is at once wonderful and instructive1 as verified by his handling of the stallion 8,anfield10 in ,lewiston1 on ,thursday evening1 ,october #ag1 #ahgb1 before an audience of #a1jjj persons4 8,anfield0 is an eleven-year-old dark bay stallion1 and standing sixteen or seventeen hands high1 and is owned by ,dr4 ,s4 ,h4 ,tewksbury1 of ,portland1 ,me4 ,he is reported to have killed one man1 and was a bad biter1 striker1 and somewhat given to kicking4 ,he had never been harnessed4 ,he was led into the academy on the above night1 secured by iron rods and with a heavy muzzle over his mouth4 ,he manifested an ugliness truly characteristic4 ,prof4 ,pratt1 applying the rules of his system1 at once so comprehensive and yet so simple1 within twenty minutes had contemptuously thrown away the iron rods1 muzzle1 etc41 and exhibited to his audience one of the most tractable of horses1 who would follow him when commanded1 stopping at the word 8whoa10 and1 being harnessed1 was driven around the ring in a vehicle continually hitting his heels4 ,prof4 ,pratt's ,lewiston class numbers1 at the present time1 three hundred and sixty members4 ,illustration3 ,,lewiston ,,academy4 ,we most cheerfully commend the system of ,prof4 ,pratt to the public generally1 assuring them that1 in our opinion1 it is the inauguration of a new and happier era for that noblest of the brute creation--the horse4 ,,lewiston1 ,me41 ,october #b1 #ahgb4 ,d4 ,b4 ,,strout1 ,j4 ,p4 ,,norton1 ,h4 ,c4 ,,bradford1 ,p4 ,m4 ,,thurlow1 ,,eli ,,edgecomb1 ,n4 ,c4 ,,harris1 ,h4 ,h4 ,,richardson1 ,w4 ,m4 ,,chamberlin1 ,,geo4 ,s4 ,,follensber1 ,t4 ,h4 ,,langley1 ,h4 ,l4 ,,johnson1 ,b4 ,h4 ,,scribner1 ,j4 ,l4 ,,peabody1 ,s4 ,d4 ,,thomas1 ,r4 ,s4 ,,bradbury1 ,j4 ,c4 ,,pendepter1 ,,george ,,wehle1 ,s4 ,b4 ,,cook1 ,a4 ,b4 ,,watson1 ,,john ,,pickard1 ,h4 ,v4 ,,brown1 ,m4 ,d41 ,j4 ,b4 ,,straw1 ,,daniel ,,wood1 ,s4 ,o4 ,,purinton1 ,c4 ,t4 ,,chappell1 ,,rufus ,,carr1 ,w4 ,h4 ,,garcelen1 ,a4 ,o4 ,,edgecomb1 ,w4 ,w4 ,,wood1 ,,isaac ,,harkell1 #b;,d1 ,,wm4 ,h4 ,,horr1 ,j4 ,a4 ,,whitman1 ,f4 ,c4 ,,hayes1 ,,geo4 ,l4 ,,mellen1 ,,rufus ,c4 ,,williams1 ,n4 ,m4 ,,farwell1 ,a4 ,h4 ,,peasley1 ,j4 ,m4 ,,rook4 ,passing through a beautiful country1 and forming a number of classes on the way1 we at length reached ,concord1 the capital of ,new ,hampshire4 ,i there obtained the large building used by the mechanics for the exhibition of their manufactured articles on the days of the regular ,fair4 ,this ,i fitted up and used for my lectures4 ,the news of my success at other places had preceded me1 and ,i found the citizens ready to respond to my invitation to form themselves into a class4 ,this class was a large and profitable one1 adding much to my financial resources in the business4 ,the city of ,manchester was the next place ,i visited4 ,its magnificent water-power and busy manufactories1 amongst them some of the largest producers of carpets and cloth in the ,united ,states1 make it a place of great importance4 ,it was here that ,i achieved a victory never before known to the public--that of educating the horse not to fear either the steam engine or the cars4 ,having had placed at my service the steam engine manufactured by ,amos ,keig1 ,i had it brought into the ring4 ,in a short time the engineer got up steam1 and set it in motion4 ,horses by the half-dozen were brought in to be educated1 and1 as my success was shown in removing all fear of that terrifying object1 language almost fails to describe the enthusiasm excited1 and the eulogies pronounced on my system4 ,as this was the first opportunity that had presented itself for me to show the power and beauty of that portion of my system1 ,i was greatly cheered and gratified with the success attending my efforts1 especially as the papers of the city heralded my success in no uncertain tones1 and proclaimed the almost incalculable benefit which would accrue to society from the adoption of my system4 ,traveling southward about fifteen miles1 ,i reached the city of ,lowell1 where ,i built an academy1 and had the pleasure of enrolling in my class a large number of the influential citizens of that place1 who were as much delighted with my system as ,i was with my successful efforts4 ,the next place of interest to be named is the city of ,lawrence1 renowned for its mills and manufactures4 ,here may be seen a building nearly a mile in length1 erected along the bank of the famous water-power1 and used exclusively for manufacturing purposes4 ,at this city1 also1 ,i built an academy1 remaining a few days1 and meeting warm-hearted friends1 who gave me a large class4 ,by this time ,i had fully equipped myself with all appliances needed to confront and convince the most skeptical1 so that no person could successfully assail my almost perfect system of equine education1 which1 by the force of its own merits1 had thus far won its way1 and was daily gaining new favor in the eyes of the public4 ,my next effort was made about the first of ,march1 #ahgc1 in the city of ,worcester1 where1 from the commencement1 the interest daily increased during the whole period of my stay1 and abundant success crowned my endeavors4 ,some leading citizens of ,springfield now wrote to me1 requesting that ,i should visit their town1 to which ,i consented1 and1 on reaching the place1 ,i found a wide-spread eagerness to secure the knowledge ,i possessed4 ,i built an academy1 and was much gratified by securing an appreciative class4 ,leaving the old ,state of ,massachusetts1 ,i directed my course to ,hartford1 in the ,state of ,connecticut1 where1 as in former places1 ,i found it necessary to build an academy1 which1 on the first day of my exhibition1 ,i had the pleasure of seeing filled to its utmost capacity1 and1 when ,i turned my attention to forming a class1 my endeavors met with a hearty response4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,tour ,,in ,,canada--,,montreal--,,class ,,of #a1jjj--,,victoria ,,bridge--,,cathedral--,,quebec--,,ottaw a--,,kingston--,,detroit--,,diploma--,,v aluable ,,testimonial--,,simcoe4 ,hitherto my labors had been confined to my own country4 ,i had traveled many hundreds of miles1 visiting its great cities1 its smaller towns and thriving villages1 and everywhere1 even from the highest in the land1 ,i had met a cordial reception4 ,but now ,i formed the purpose of crossing the ,st4 ,lawrence ,river1 which divides1 on the north1 the ,american from the ,british possessions1 and of making a tour through a large portion of the ,dominion of ,canada4 ,believing that ,i had more stock and other property than ,i would require1 ,i sold by auction many articles1 and1 placing my remaining stock and appendages on several cars1 ,i forwarded them to their destination4 ,reaching ,st4 ,albans1 ,i was solicited to remain there a few days1 which ,i did1 and had no cause to regret my decision1 for the people gave me a liberal patronage4 ,continuing my journey from ,st4 ,albans1 ,i arrived at the important commercial city1 ,montreal1 about the first of ,may1 where ,i met a cordial reception4 ,at once ,i commenced the erection of an academy of capacity sufficient to hold at least two thousand persons4 ,soon the tidings of the great successes ,i had achieved in my profession spread far and wide through that populous and wealthy city1 and1 as a result1 during the few days ,i remained1 ,i had the pleasure of enrolling nearly one thousand names4 ,in this ancient city there are many beautiful and interesting objects which attract the attention of a visitor4 ,a few of the most prominent are all that ,i can mention4 ,of these the great ,victoria ,bridge is one4 ,a massive structure of iron1 tightly closed at the sides and nicely roofed1 it spans the ,st4 ,lawrence ,river just at the outskirts of the city4 ,windows1 at certain intervals1 admit the light and air4 ,carriages and pedestrians are excluded1 the railroad company having the sole right to use the bridge4 ,the ,french ,catholic ,cathedral is to many an object of great attractiveness1 and thousands ascend its circuitous flights of stairs to the top of the tower1 from which the eye may take in the entire city1 with its many public parks and pleasure grounds far exceeding in number those usual to a commercial city4 ,the mountain1 about three miles distant from the heart of the city1 is a favorite resort4 ,a beautiful and almost level road runs round it1 along which1 at almost every hour of the day1 carriages may be seen coursing4 ,many other pleasing sights might be named1 but ,i close my reminiscences of the beautiful city by the remark that nowhere1 in all my travels1 have ,i seen more elegant and costly private dwellings than are those which grace ,montreal4 ,through the solicitation of friends1 ,i was induced to visit ,quebec1 the ancient capital and late seat of the ,canadian government4 ,as it is approached1 the forest of masts which meets the eye1 peering up in every direction1 might suggest reminiscences of some cedar swamp1 with its multitude of tapering trees1 but1 upon closer inspection1 the eye is delighted with the magnitude and beauty of the shipping which crowds the port4 ,some of the finest vessels that plow the ocean are here to be found4 ,on entering on my work1 ,i met with no difficulty in interesting the minds of the citizens in my subject4 ,they turned out nobly to my public exhibitions1 and rewarded my exertions by giving me a large and interesting class4 ,leaving ,quebec about the middle of ,may1 ,i ascended the ,st4 ,lawrence as far as the beautiful town of ,brockville1 exhibiting at many towns on my way4 ,here ,i determined to forward my horses and stock by rail to the city of ,ottawa1 the capital of the ,dominion and the seat of government1 where annually the assembled wisdom of the country meet to legislate for the great ,canadian ,dominion2 nor need one cross the ocean to the mother country1 nor even visit the adjoining republic1 to meet with both orators and statesmen1 many of whom grace the ,canadian ,parliament1 the halls of which often ring with eloquence1 as1 in the discharge of their responsible duties1 the statesmen of the ,dominion discuss the great topics of the day4 ,although my stay in ,ottawa was brief1 ,i had the satisfaction of forming there a class of three hundred persons4 ,passing westward1 ,i held public exhibitions and formed classes in many places1 until ,i reached ,kingston1 rightly named the ,old ,limestone ,city4 ,here ,i spent a few days very pleasantly1 and had the pleasure of forming a satisfactory class4 ,the strong bulwarks and splendid fortifications of this city give it a military air1 and afford ample protection from an invading force4 ,at this point ,i embarked on one of the ,mail ,line of steamers1 with my stock and equipments1 and passed up ,lake ,ontario to ,burlington ,bay1 and thence to the city of ,hamilton4 ,as ,i had been frequently solicited to visit ,detroit1 and having determined on spending the ensuing winter in ,hamilton and ,toronto1 ,i did not at this time attempt to form a class1 but took the most direct route to ,detroit city1 exhibiting at a number of places on my way4 ,detroit is situated on the river bearing its name1 which divides the ,american and ,canadian possessions4 ,its commerce is quite large1 and1 to one standing on the banks of the river1 a pleasing and animated picture is presented4 ,the rapid stream1 in places running with a current of from five to eight miles an hour1 is difficult of navigation for sailing vessels1 and one sees the sailing craft1 loaded with grain and lumber1 towed by large and powerful steam-tugs1 built expressly for that purpose1 while the smiling banks on the ,canadian side1 crowned by the buildings of ,windsor1 mirror themselves in the farther waters4 ,it was in ,december1 #ahgc1 that ,i reached ,detroit1 remaining there a few weeks1 and during that time forming a class of over twelve hundred members4 ,before taking my leave of that pleasant and enterprising city1 ,i received from my class a diploma1 which ,i prize more highly than gold1 while1 to increase my delight1 ,i was1 most unexpectedly to myself1 made the recipient of an elegant cabinet music-box1 the value of which could not be less than five hundred dollars4 ,the following is the diploma1 as signed and presented to me1 followed by a cut of the elegant testimonial3 ,illustration3 ,,music ,,box ,,from ,,detroit ,,class4 ,having attended ,prof4 ,o4 ,s4 ,pratt's lectures to his class1 and also having seen the practical application of his system as given by him every afternoon and evening at his academy1 and believing it to be far the best ever seen in this ,state1 so clear and practical that the merest novice can understand and use it1 and yet so comprehensive that the most skillful horseman can be instructed by it1 we deem it of the utmost importance that all persons owning1 using1 or at all interested in horses1 should avail themselves of ,prof4 ,pratt's knowledge on that subject4 ,he educates the man to educate the horse1 the only practical method to be of permanent benefit4 ,,jared ,,patchin1 ,g4 ,w4 ,,bissell1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,de ,,guise1 ,d4 ,,bethune ,,duffield1 ,,newell ,,avery1 ,r4 ,,hosie1 ,a4 ,m4 ,,steele1 ,,george ,,jerome1 ,e4 ,,furguson1 ,,geo4 ,w4 ,,vandyke1 ,w4 ,a4 ,,mitchell1 ,h4 ,a4 ,,newland1 ,,allen ,,shelden1 ,a4 ,,sinclair1 ,,geo4 ,e4 ,,avery1 ,,sylvester ,,larned1 ,dr4 ,,davenport1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,,noyes1 ,mayor ,,moffat1 ,r4 ,c4 ,,hodges1 ,,john ,c4 ,,williams1 ,r4 ,,sinclair1 ,,jerome ,e4 ,,croul1 ,dr4 ,,cobb1 ,r4 ,c4 ,,remick1 ,,james ,a4 ,,remick1 ,,henry ,,kibbee1 ,,john ,v4 ,,mehling1 ,b4 ,h4 ,,thompson1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,,foster1 ,m4 ,f4 ,,merrick1 ,m4 ,s4 ,,smith1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,,smith1 ,,geo4 ,,doolittle1 ,a4 ,w4 ,,mitchell1 ,,elijah ,,smith4 ,passing from ,detroit1 ,i again set foot on ,canadian soil1 exhibiting at a town named ,sarnia1 situated on the ,detroit ,river1 and after that at many other places until ,i reached the pleasant little town of ,simcoe4 ,there ,i received a cordial welcome from many lovers of the horse1 and found no difficulty in forming a class of one hundred and ninety1 who not only appreciated my system1 but embraced an early opportunity of presenting me with a diploma testifying that appreciation4 ,it was read in my hearing on its being presented1 and the reader may well believe that ,i was greatly gratified and cheered by the sentiments therein expressed4 ,,simcoe1 ,february #bd1 #ahgd4 ,having attended ,prof4 ,o4 ,s4 ,pratt's lectures to his class and also having seen the practical application of his system1 as given by him every afternoon and evening at his academy1 and believing it to be far the best ever seen in ,canada1 so clear and practical that the merest novice can understand and use it1 and yet so comprehensive that the most skillful horseman can be instructed by it1 we deem it of utmost importance that all persons owning1 using1 or at all interested in horses1 avail themselves of ,prof4 ,pratt's knowledge on that subject4 ,he educates the man to educate the horse1 the only practical method to be of permanent benefit4 ,,george ,,battersby1 ,,asa ,a4 ,,pursell1 ,b4 ,w4 ,,shaw1 ,b4 ,f4 ,,chadwick1 ,,omer ,,culver1 ,g4 ,f4 ,,counter1 ,m4 ,c4 ,,brown1 ,p4 ,p4 ,,newell1 ,,john ,,matthews1 ,,asa ,j4 ,,cook1 ,e4 ,e4 ,,collins1 ,,samuel ,,barnes1 ,w4 ,h4 ,,adams1 ,j4 ,j4 ,,harris1 ,,john ,w4 ,,lee1 ,d4 ,b4 ,,palmerton1 ,,william ,,mills1 ,,thomas ,,marshall1 ,,james ,,langtry1 ,,john ,,mills1 ,,john ,a4 ,,culver1 ,,frank ,l4 ,,culver1 ,,jeremiah ,,potts1 ,,james ,,barber1 ,g4 ,r4 ,,robinson1 ,,joseph ,,brook1 ,,john ,,beaupre1 ,,jr41 ,s4 ,g4 ,,emes1 ,,hiram ,,bowlby1 ,j4 ,b4 ,,carpenter1 ,a4 ,r4 ,,nelles1 ,,james ,,schuyler1 ,,henry ,,bennett1 ,c4 ,,allen1 ,a4 ,w4 ,,smith1 ,,albert ,,marlatt1 ,,george ,,lowrie1 ,,alex4 ,,beaupre1 ,,robert ,,little1 ,,chris4 ,,coleman1 ,w4 ,t4 ,,kendall1 ,,thomas ,,hambly1 ,b4 ,,richardson1 ,v4 ,s41 ,,james ,,nicholson4 ,part of ,simcoe class numbering #bbg in ten days4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,toronto--8,,british ,,ensign0--,,diploma--,,silver ,,tea ,,set--,,hamilton--,,belleville--,,diplo ma--,,picton4 ,winter was now drawing nigh1 and1 as ,i was desirous to reach ,toronto1 the ,queen ,city of the ,province of ,ontario1 as soon as possible1 ,i made but a short stay at ,brantford and other towns on my way4 ,arriving at ,toronto about the last of ,november1 #ahgd1 ,i secured possession of the ,riding ,academy1 and fitted it up at considerable cost1 after which ,i gave public exhibitions1 which awakened an increasing interest4 ,i remained there sixty days1 my class becoming larger daily1 until1 at the close of my labors1 my register showed the names of nearly thirteen hundred members1 many of whom were amongst the most influential citizens of the place4 ,during my stay ,i handled some two hundred horses1 each of whom had been addicted to some bad habit4 ,illustration3 ,,toronto ,,academy--,,presentation ,,of ,,tea ,,service ,,and ,,illuminated ,,address4 ,many members of my class were desirous that ,i should exhibit the power of my system to educate horses not to fear the steam engine1 and1 that ,i might meet their wishes1 ,i procured a steam fire engine1 which ,i caused to be placed in my academy4 ,during my stay there ,i educated some hundred horses to the perfect satisfaction of their owners1 and the evident gratification of my class4 ,amongst others1 ,i may name as a signal triumph of my system the case of the stallion 8,british ,ensign10 owned at ,richmond ,hill1 who1 from his vicious habits of long standing1 was thought to be incurable1 and1 as a last resort1 ,i was solicited to handle him4 ,this was at the close of my labors there1 and1 the day being announced1 the members of my class gathered in force to witness my last effort in their city4 ,the horse was led into the ring by two men by means of iron rods securely fastened on each side of his mouth4 ,from the account given of this animal1 one would almost expect that a man could tame a lion of the desert as easily as him2 but1 strange as it may seem1 within ten minutes he followed me around the ring as meekly as a lamb1 and within forty-five minutes ,i was able to drive him before a vehicle1 without reins or side-straps1 greatly to the surprise of the throngs who had assembled to witness the spectacle4 ,the power and efficacy of my system was so completely demonstrated that the leading journals of the city made favorable mention of my unparalleled success1 while my class signalized their sense of the value of my system for properly educating the horse by presenting me with an illuminated address1 the elegant execution of which reflects credit on the artist1 while the courtly language and graceful sentiments are worthy of the distinguished gentlemen whose names it bears4 ,not satisfied with this1 they accompanied the address with a costly tea-service of silver1 the intrinsic value of which was at least three hundred dollars4 ,long will the recollections of my ,toronto class cluster about my memory1 and fill my mind with pleasing emotions4 ,the following is the diploma presented by the ,toronto class1 the original of which can be seen in my possession1 on parchment3 ,,toronto1 ,january1 #ahge4 ,dear ,sir3 ,the undersigned1 on behalf of the members of your numerous class in this city1 desire to testify their appreciation of the valuable instructions you have imparted to them4 ,the unwearying assiduity with which you have endeavored to make those instructions comprehensive and entertaining1 and their high estimation of your admirable system of educating and managing the horse4 ,the knowledge imparted to us during the many lectures and exhibitions of your unexampled method of treating that noble animal may be of incalculable benefit to many of us4 ,we do not hesitate to say that numbers of accidents occur daily 7many fatally7 through an insufficient knowledge of managing the animal you have made so perfectly subject to your will1 and we advise every one whose business or profession require frequent1 if not constant1 use of the horse to embrace an early opportunity of acquiring a knowledge of your system4 ,farmers1 whom business occasionally calls into our cities1 and the immediate neighborhood of our railways1 we especially urge the necessity of learning your simple and effective method of control1 a method easily understood by the instructive faculties of the horse as by the reasoning faculties of men4 ,we trust that your sojourn in the ,queen ,city of the ,west has been both pleasant and remunerative1 so far at least that will at no distant day induce your return4 ,in conclusion1 we beg your acceptance of the accompanying ,tea-,service4 ,hoping that it may recall favorably to your recollection those who constituted your class in ,toronto and who unanimously wish you every success in your laudable and humane profession4 ,signed1 on behalf of the class1 numbering #a1bed members4 ,a4 ,,macnabb1 ,,jos4 ,,grand1 ,,sr41 ,r4 ,,bond1 ,b4 ,,cooper1 ,c4 ,w4 ,,johnson1 ,r4 ,,paul1 ,v4 ,s41 ,a4 ,,gouram1 ,,geo4 ,,gouram1 ,r4 ,,hay1 ,,sr41 ,r4 ,,hay1 ,,jr41 ,w4 ,h4 ,,smith1 ,j4 ,,hay1 ,,hon4 ,,geo4 ,,brown1 ,t4 ,c4 ,,patterson1 ,mail1 ,a4 ,,mccaller1 ,m4 ,p4 ,p41 ,w4 ,,brown1 ,shoe ,manf41 ,,hon4 ,,frank ,,smith1 ,,andrew ,,smith1 ,v4 ,s41 ,g4 ,w4 ,,torrano1 ,merchant1 ,,geo4 ,,smith1 ,m4 ,p4 ,p41 ,w4 ,a4 ,,murray1 ,merchant1 ,f4 ,t4 ,,worts1 ,,james ,g4 ,,worts1 ,,austin ,,smith1 ,and #a1bcj others4 ,before closing my notice of ,toronto1 ,i would refer with grateful words to the kind1 and even laudatory1 notices which my system and myself received from the ably conducted press of that city1 and1 ,i might add1 of the whole ,province1 as the following extracts will evince4 ,illustration3 ,,tea ,,service ,,from ,,toronto ,,class4 ,the ,toronto ,mail thus speaks3 ,,horse ,,education4--,to-day we place before our readers illustrations of several of the numerous articles1 with the text of the numerous addresses1 presented to ,prof4 ,pratt1 the horse educator4 ,by close observation1 an accurate knowledge of the construction of the horse and its habits1 and above all by a recognition of those sound common-sense principles advanced by the best teachers of the human kind4 ,mr4 ,pratt has been enabled to build up a system which for its thoroughness and adaptability is unexcelled in the present day4 ,that this is not an unwarranted assertion is proved incontestably by the testimony of the leading horsemen of the ,united ,states and ,canada1 though ,mr4 ,pratt has been but a short time in the ,dominion4 ,wherever he has established classes1 a just tribute has been paid to his great services both to man and beast4 ,in ,baltimore #c1eij pupils surrounded him1 and he left with the thanks of the citizens1 and was presented with a magnificently mounted whip4 ,detroit rallied #a1bjj members1 who gave the ,professor a musical box to sweetly play the song of their appreciation4 ,the ,washington class of #b1ejj members1 presented a gold medal1 and that of ,philadelphia1 of #d1hhf members1 a gold-headed cane4 ,toronto has not been behindhand1 for1 as already announced1 the class here made a presentation of a beautiful tea-service and illuminated address4 ,the ,toronto class now numbers #a1bed members4 ,the ,toronto ,globe1 in brief but well considered words1 declares3 ,prof4 ,pratt's lectures on the treatment of animals are invaluable to farmers and all owners of horses and cattle4 ,we only wish every farmer and farmer's boy in ,canada could attend one lecture4 ,the ,canada ,farmer1 the leading agricultural paper of the ,province1 in describing a visit to my exhibitions and lectures1 remarks3 ,we have seldom passed an evening so pleasantly1 or with so much real profit1 and our advice to every farmer and farmer's son in the country is1 to take a course of lessons if possible1 but at all events to attend one of ,professor ,pratt's public exhibitions4 ,we feel perfectly satisfied that a couple of hours spent in witnessing one of these performances will impart a better idea of the nature and management of the horse than is possible to obtain by any course of reading on the subject1 and in this respect alone one such entertainment is worth fifty times the amount charged for a life-membership4 ,i next visited the city of ,hamilton1 where ,i was welcomed by many warm friends1 who took an active interest in my welfare and seemed delighted with my system1 which1 at this time1 had gained great favor with the ,canadian people4 ,here ,i formed a large and profitable class1 and secured the friendship of many1 from whom ,i have since met a cordial reception4 ,leaving ,hamilton1 ,i directed my course to the town of ,whitby1 where ,i formed a class of one hundred and twenty-five2 next visiting ,oshawa1 where my class reached the number of one hundred and forty2 then to ,bowmanville1 where a class of a hundred rewarded my efforts2 from there to ,port ,hope1 where one hundred and fifty joined the class ,i opened2 thence to ,belleville1 where ,i enrolled about one hundred names4 ,after having left the latter place for about a week1 ,i was followed by a messenger1 dispatched to me by my class1 who bore a diploma highly eulogizing my system4 ,it was as follows3 ,,belleville1 ,may #aa1 #ahge4 ,,prof4 ,o4 ,s4 ,,pratt4 ,dear ,sir3 ,we1 the undersigned1 express our satisfaction of the tuition we have received from you in the education of the horse and most cheerfully recommend your art to all who own1 have or use horses1 as being the best known and exhibited4 ,the manner in which you handled all the vicious horses brought to you here1 completely subduing them in a very short time1 gave us the greatest satisfaction4 ,your liberality and gentlemanly deportment have secured numerous friends4 ,trusting you will meet with the same success in other places that attended you here1 and hoping you may be long spared to propagate your noble system of horse training1 we are1 etc4 7,signed71 ,h4 ,b4 ,,hunt1 ,brewer4 ,g4 ,h4 ,,ramoy1 ,c4 ,e4 ,c4 ,,ramoy1 ,coal ,merchant4 ,,dr4 ,,tracey1 ,m4 ,d4 ,s4 ,m4 ,,hicks1 ,miller4 ,e4 ,f4 ,,pots1 ,wholesale ,liquor ,merchant4 ,j4 ,c4 ,l4 ,,ware1 ,p4 ,o4 ,clerk4 ,,john ,,lake1 ,livery4 ,t4 ,c4 ,,walbridge1 ,ex-,m4 ,p4 ,,wellington ,,boulter1 ,insp4 ,life ,ins4 ,co4 ,,geo4 ,a4 ,,simpson1 ,coal ,merchant4 ,,stephen ,,garrett1 ,bailiff4 ,,hawley ,,morden1 ,hawley ,house4 ,g4 ,w4 ,,allen1 ,p4,o4 ,clerk4 ,,henry ,,mcninch1 ,blacksmith4 ,and ninety others4 ,from ,belleville ,i went to the town of ,picton1 where ,i found many admirers of that noble animal1 the horse4 ,though the place is not large1 the people flocked to my exhibitions1 and gave me a class of one hundred and forty members1 while1 after ,i had left their town1 and was engaged at the village of ,wellington1 twelve miles distant1 a deputation from ,picton waited on me1 and presented me with the following diploma1 which will speak for itself3 ,,picton1 ,may #ag1 #ahge4 ,,prof4 ,o4 ,s4 ,,pratt3 ,we1 the members of your class1 formed in the town of ,picton1 are unwilling to allow you to take your leave without warmly expressing the great satisfaction that has been ours since your arrival among us4 ,your plain1 lucid and highly interesting lectures1 combined with your gentlemanly deportment1 has been such as to leave a lasting and beneficial impression on our memories4 ,your manner of handling vicious and untutored horses has been highly gratifying to us1 and the rapid progress made by you clearly proves the superiority of your system4 ,your book1 so replete with instructions1 illustrating what we have seen practically demonstrated1 will1 we believe1 greatly benefit us in the practice of your system in future years4 ,believe us1 dear sir1 to bespeak for you unequaled success in your future efforts4 ,yours1 etc41 etc41 ,g4 ,,striker1 ,m4 ,p4 ,p41 ,e4 ,,louks1 ,rector of ,picton4 ,a4 ,m4 ,,kerr1 ,bank ,agent4 ,,fred4 ,,white1 ,teller4 ,,bidwell ,,way1 ,ed4 8,new ,nation40 ,j4 ,h4 ,,allen1 ,mayor1 ,j4 ,f4 ,,ingsoll1 ,m4 ,d41 ,,colin ,,gearing1 ,merchant4 ,r4 ,a4 ,,norman1 ,g4 ,e4 ,,vandusen1 ,,richard ,,lake1 ,hotel ,keeper4 ,m4 ,,clark1 ,merchant1 ,and one hundred and twenty others4 ,after forming classes in several places in the old loyal county of ,prince ,edward1 and meeting with good success1 ,i crossed the beautiful waters of the ,bay of ,quintie1 arriving at the town of ,napanee about the first of ,june1 #ahge4 ,there ,i formed a class of one hundred4 ,pursuing my journey1 ,i traveled north and west1 exhibiting at many places1 until ,i reached the town of ,peterborough1 where ,i remained a short time1 and formed a class of one hundred members4 ,departing thence1 ,i visited many towns and villages1 forming classes in each1 on my way to ,lindsay1 at which place ,i enrolled the names of seventy-eight members4 ,from ,lindsay ,i went to ,fenelon ,falls1 quite a newly-erected town1 yet ,i found many there to whom my visit was a pleasure1 as ,i soon obtained a class of some sixty members4 ,passing on westward1 ,i continued to meet with success1 forming classes in some few small villages until1 on the #ith of ,september1 ,i entered the beautiful town of ,barrie4 ,there ,i found warm friends1 and many lovers of the horse1 who met me cordially1 and gave me a class of one hundred and thirty-five members4 ,i next shaped my course northward1 to the old town of ,penetanguishine1 on the eastern shore of ,georgian ,bay4 ,the larger portion of the inhabitants are ,french ,canadians1 many of whom are unable to speak our language4 ,i was informed by some of the old inhabitants that the town was first settled a century ago2 but1 notwithstanding this1 their progress has been slow1 as at present the population is but about one thousand4 ,my class in this place numbered about seventy persons1 who seemed highly pleased with my system of educating the horse4 ,at ,penetanguishine ,i took passage on the steamer ,waubuno for ,collingwood4 ,the boat is commanded by ,captain ,peter ,campbell1 a courteous gentleman1 who possesses the power of so adapting himself to his passengers as to make a trip with him pleasant in both the enjoyment and the retrospect1 while the romantic scenery which meets the eye of the voyager who ascends the bay is so beautiful that1 were it not for the severity of the winters there1 one might easily be tempted to select his home amongst the beauties of nature which adorn the shores of ,georgian ,bay4 ,on arriving at ,collingwood1 ,i gave an exhibition that created a strong interest among the citizens1 and resulted in my forming a good class1 who manifested both satisfaction and delight with the instructions ,i imparted4 ,after exhibiting at small towns on the way1 ,i arrived at the truly beautiful and lately-incorporated town of ,meaford1 on the fifth day of ,october4 ,a drenching rain was falling1 which seemed to indicate that my prospects of success would be blighted by the inauspicious storm2 but1 as the day swept on towards noon1 the parting clouds allowed the golden sunbeams to flow through1 and1 by two o'clock1 the whole aspect of the scene was changed4 ,i gave a public exhibition1 and formed a class of nearly one hundred members4 ,from ,meaford ,i traveled over bad roads until ,i reached ,owen ,sound4 ,here ,i did not find as many lovers of the horse as ,i anticipated1 yet ,i was pleased before the close of my labors by meeting a good degree of success4 ,georgian ,bay1 near the southern bend of which is ,owen ,sound1 is a beautiful sheet of water1 broadening out as it leaves ,lake ,huron1 with which it is connected1 and forming what seems like a land-locked lake in itself4 ,large steamers leave this port for ,lake ,superior1 and many tourists deem this route one of the most pleasing of all on the upper lakes4 ,ere long1 it is asserted1 a communication will be opened from this point to ,winnipeg and the far-off ,province of ,manitoba4 ,having thus brought my narrative down to the present time1 ,i would add a few words to the reader who may have kindly followed me through the scenes ,i have recorded4 ,in what ,i have written one object has been to show the strong and unqualified endorsement my system of equine education has everywhere received from the men best qualified to judge of its merits1 while1 at the same time1 the narrative is a fitting1 and ,i hope not an uninteresting1 introduction to the system itself1 which1 with other matter relating to the general subject1 will be fully and clearly taught in the following portions of the book4 ,and now1 with a hearty appreciation of the unvarying kindness he has received from his patrons in all portions of the land1 the author begs leave to respectfully dedicate this work to those whose aid1 appreciation and friendship have so often cheered him in his efforts4 ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,horse ,from the earliest ages this noble animal has been the friend and companion of man4 ,prized for his beauty1 loved for his docility1 and valued for his strength1 he has ever been regarded as the highest in value and importance of all domesticated animals4 ,in the remotest ages1 as far back as authentic history discloses anything of the life and pursuits of man1 we find that the horse occupied a prominent position in his service4 ,painters have pictured on their canvas the majesty and grace of the spirited animal4 ,poets have celebrated his strength and beauty in their verses1 and even inspired writers have introduced amongst their most glowing descriptions the horsemen and chariots which formed a chief feature in the pomp and magnificence of those early days4 ,in the most ancient hieroglyphs we find him present1 and always so represented as to show that1 even in the remote antiquity from which they date1 he had been brought into complete and serviceable subjection4 ,in the oldest ,egyptian paintings the horse is seen only in the war chariot1 and in the descriptions of the siege of ,troy only the charioteer appears1 from which it has been supposed that the first horses used by the ,greeks were too small to be conveniently ridden4 ,but in the lately-discovered paintings in the palace of ,nimrod1 at ,nineveh1 disinterred by ,layard1 and supposed to be more than three thousand years old1 horsemen are exhibited both in the chase and war4 ,but further back than even those distant times1 in the ages where authentic history merges into the shadowy light1 amidst which myth and fable mingle with the real1 we find this noble animal figuring1 but then exalted into a semi-human sphere4 ,the ,centaurs1 who inhabited the passes of ,mts4 ,pelion and ,ossa1 and the great plains of ,thessaly1 in ,upper ,greece1 were probably a race resembling in many respects the ,tartars of this age1 and are supposed to have been the first who brought the horse into subjection to man4 ,they were fabled as being half horse and half man4 ,they are represented as perfect horses in all respects below and behind the withers and the chest2 there1 at the insertion of the neck1 began a human body1 the hip-joints articulating into the shoulders of the lower animal1 and the abdomen of the man passing gradually into the chest of the horse4 ,above this the human form was perfect1 with the erect bearing1 chest1 shoulders1 arms1 neck and head of a complete man4 ,they were reputed to be possessed of extraordinary mental as well as physical powers1 and to be as superior to ordinary men in wisdom and art as they were in fleetness and strength4 ,they were evidently a tribe of horsemen whom the ignorance and superstition of that early period elevated into a superior race1 in the supposition that the horse and man were united in one4 ,everything points to them as being the first who succeeded in breaking and using the horse4 ,coming down to the times of authentic history1 we find the ,parthians to have been amongst the most renowned for their skill in training and using the horse4 ,their feats of horsemanship in battle showed a complete mastery of the animal1 which1 in their battles with the ,romans1 rendered them so efficient as mounted archers4 ,frequently1 in ancient paintings1 the mounted steed is represented without a bridle1 and the ,numidian cavalry are said to have guided and restrained their horses without it2 an assertion by no means improbable1 as a ,comanche ,indian of the present day will frequently jump on the back of a wild and untrained horse1 and guide him by the simple expedient of covering with his hand the eye of the animal on the side opposite to that in which he wishes to direct it4 ,in modern times the horse has been so closely associated with man that he appears in every phase of society1 and it is only when his numerous uses are considered that we realize how greatly the human family is his debtor4 ,the knight of the days of chivalry would have been impossible but for the trusty steed which bore him so gallantly in the lists at the tourney1 and amidst the deadlier strife of the battle4 ,before the plow and at the harrow he has multiplied the productions of the earth a hundred-fold beyond what human strength alone could have secured4 ,laboring before the loaded wagon1 he has been a steady drudge for man4 ,harnessed to the elegant equipage or to the humbler 8cab10 or bearing along the dusty highway the stage-coach of the traveler1 he has performed a thousand offices indispensable to human comfort and advancement4 ,it is not too much to claim for him that civilization itself would have been shorn of something of its present fair proportions but for the valuable services rendered by this noble animal4 ,yet1 with all his acknowledged value1 the horse has been too frequently the victim of neglect and cruelty2 often ill-fed1 poorly sheltered1 and harshly treated1 till1 in many cases1 the innate nobleness of his nature has been obscured by vicious habits1 contracted through the mismanagement or abuse to which he has been subjected1 and perpetuated by ignorance and prejudice4 ,naturally1 the horse is usually gentle and confiding2 he is quick to perceive1 and possesses an excellent memory1 which qualities render him capable of being educated easily1 and to an extent far greater than is generally supposed4 ,added to this1 he is capable of deep and lasting attachment4 ,what the horse may have been in his natural state is not known1 as none at present exist in that condition4 ,the horses which at the present day are found in a wild state in ,northern ,asia and ,america1 are known to be the descendants of individuals formerly domesticated4 ,on the prairies of the ,west1 the pampas of ,south ,america1 and the plains of ,tartary1 they live in troops1 roaming at large1 without fixed place of abode1 seeking the richest pasturages by day1 and resting at night in dry and sheltered situations2 these large troops1 which have lived independently for many generations1 entirely exempt from the influence of man1 probably afford a tolerably correct idea of what the primeval animal was4 ,they are generally smaller1 yet stronger1 than the domesticated animal1 with rougher coats1 stronger limbs1 and larger heads4 ,even when adult1 the wild horse is readily domesticated1 and may be broken to any use without great difficulty1 thus proving the natural gentleness and docility of his nature4 ,they are captured by the lasso1 bitted1 mounted1 and broken within an hour by the daring and skillful ,gauchos4 ,the ,arabians1 long renowned for their attachment to the horse1 early showed the extent to which intelligent training could develop his finer qualities1 and render him the most docile and obedient of animals4 ,something in that country or its climate is especially suited to the development of the horse1 and1 although introduced there long after his domestication in other eastern countries1 he rapidly attained a degree of excellence which surpassed all others1 until the horses of ,arabia and the adjacent portions of ,asia and ,africa became the most celebrated for speed1 courage1 spirit1 intelligence and docility of any of the equine race4 ,small in size1 he has a beautiful1 lean1 bony head1 with a very broad forehead1 a tapering muzzle1 and large1 well-opened nostrils2 his mane is very long1 thin and silky4 ,it is from the ,arabian horse1 crossed with the ,barb1 that the best stock of ,england and ,america has sprung4 ,although much of the superiority of these horses is attributable to peculiarly favorable conditions of the country where they originated1 yet many of their excellent qualities may be traced to kindness and intelligent training by which those qualities were first developed1 and through which they have been transmitted until they have become characteristics of the race4 ,the ,arabian understands the value of his horse1 appreciates the nobility of his nature1 and treats him accordingly4 ,they kiss and caress them2 they adorn them with jewels1 and amulets formed out of sentences of the ,koran1 as a preservative against evil and accidents4 8,in short10 says a modern author1 8they treat them almost like rational beings1 which are ready to sacrifice their lives for their master's benefit40 ,in the desert he is the familiar comrade1 tentmate and playmate of his master1 as docile and intelligent as a dog4 ,rev4 ,v4 ,monro relates an anecdote of an ,arab1 8the net value of whose dress and accoutrements might be calculated at something under seventeen pence half-penny10 who refused all offers made to purchase a beautiful mare on which he rode1 declaring that he loved the animal better than his own life4 ,the ,french author1 ,dr4 ,st4 ,pierre1 quotes a remarkable instance of the attachment an ,arabian feels for his horse3 8,the whole stock of a poor ,arabian of the desert consisted of a most beautiful mare4 ,the ,french ,consul at ,said offered to purchase her1 with an intention of sending her to his master1 ,louis ,,xiv4 ,the ,arab1 pressed by want1 hesitated for a long time1 but at length consented1 on condition of receiving a very considerable sum1 which he named4 ,the ,consul1 not daring1 without instructions1 to give so high a price1 wrote to ,versailles for permission to close the bargain on the terms stipulated4 ,louis ,,xiv gave orders to pay the money4 ,the ,consul immediately sent notice to the ,arab1 who soon after made his appearance mounted on his magnificent courser1 and the gold he had demanded was paid down to him4 ,the ,arab1 covered with a miserable rag1 dismounts and looks at the money2 then1 turning his eyes to the mare1 he thus accosts her3 #8,to whom am ,i going to yield thee up8 ,to ,europeans1 who will tie thee close1 who will beat thee1 who will render thee miserable4 ,return with me1 my beauty1 my darling1 my jewel1 and rejoice the hearts of my children6' ,as he pronounced these words1 he sprung upon her back and scampered off towards the desert40 ,it is not surprising that such a high appreciation of and fondness for this noble animal1 united to an intelligent training1 has resulted in the production of a race of horses unrivaled in excellence4 ,but among ,europeans and ,americans the treatment of the horse has been usually so harsh1 and the mode of training so deficient in intelligence1 as to greatly lessen his value1 even where a brutal ignorance has not brought into activity every vice latent in his nature4 ,of the numerous faults ascribed to the horse a very small portion are chargeable to his natural disposition1 the remainder being the direct result of vicious training1 or rather of the absence of training1 and the substitution of something which1 under that name1 first produces and then fosters the faults for which the animal is punished2 while often the punishment is ineffectual1 because the animal has no conception of why it is made to suffer4 ,education is as essential to the horse as it is to man1 and in each case it must proceed on the same general principles4 ,man1 if uneducated and untrained would degenerate into barbarism1 and the horse1 unless brought under subjection to an intelligent will1 will remain wild and ungovernable4 ,in each case education is the process by which the higher and better qualities are developed and the lower and evil are restrained4 ,the first grand lesson to be learned by each is that of subjection to authority2 the child is taught that by his parent2 the horse must learn it from his trainer4 ,but1 after that1 knowledge is required1 and this must be imparted by methods adapted to the nature that is to be cultivated4 ,the object of the practical portion of this book is to show in what that knowledge consists and how it may be communicated to the horse1 and so impressed upon his memory that it will never be forgotten4 ,the author has the fullest confidence that the methods of breaking and training the horse1 herein taught1 will1 if early applied1 prevent his acquiring any of the faults which1 under former systems1 have proved so numerous2 while the treatment recommended for correcting bad habits1 already formed1 will prove effectual in even the most stubborn cases1 and with the most intractable dispositions4 ,the reader will not be asked to accept any unproved theory1 but will be instructed in a system which1 although subjected to the severest tests1 has never failed to accomplish the desired results4 ,and that it never will fail1 the author feels assured1 it being firmly based on reason and experience4 ,that it may require patience and self-control on the part of the instructor the author does not deny2 but so does the instruction of a child1 the breaking of a dog to the gun1 or even the training of a vine to its trellis2 but the satisfactory results which are certain to be attained will furnish an ample reward4 ,,directions ,,for ,,feeding ,,and ,,fitting ,a ,,horse4 #a4 ,,to ,,raise ,a ,,trotter ,,so ,,that ,,he ,,will ,,last ,a ,,long ,,time4--,a horse that is going to display great excellence as a trotter will not attain his speed at four years1 nor at five1 but will reach his highest excellence when the well-bred horse of seven years has been long gone from the turf4 ,nothing in nature1 soon matured1 lasts long4 ,in fitting a running horse1 the case is different1 as his constitution is not the same2 the colts of blooded horses are inclined to mature earlier than any others1 and1 being of leaner and wiry build1 they can stand more feed at an early period than a lower-bred horse4 ,there are good reasons1 which ,i fully endorse1 for not feeding growing colts much grain4 ,if the colt is weaned1 ,i would recommend from one to two quarts per day1 varying the quantity according to his size1 as one with a large1 loose frame will require more than a close-built colt1 which keeps in good order and fills out as he grows up4 ,good pasturage1 however1 is the main requisite4 ,give no corn to colts while they are young4 ,late in the fall give your colt all the hay he can eat1 and be careful to have his oats clean and of good quality4 ,when his first winter comes1 let the colt have a good place to run1 and be well-housed at night4 ,never turn such colts out with old horses1 calves and heifers2 should you do so1 you may expect a shivering1 scrawny colt1 scarcely able to put one leg before the other2 while1 by avoiding this error1 your colt will be as gay and frisky as when standing by its mother4 ,when weaning1 a warm bran-mash1 now and then1 with a few oats mixed in1 will be beneficial2 it will do the whole system good1 and improve digestion4 ,give colts and horses all the water they can drink1 but do not give it often4 ,never give a colt physic unless it is sick2 to prevent sickness1 diet when symptoms of indisposition appear4 ,yearling colts should have three quarts of oats per day2 their other food must be abundant and good4 ,when two years old in the spring1 give four quarts of oats per day2 when three years old give six quarts1 and when four years old give eight quarts daily4 #b4 ,,to ,,mouth ,,and ,,bit ,a ,,colt4--,the bitting must not be continued long at a time1 from five to twenty minutes is sufficient1 great care must be observed not to overdo the colt as short lessons1 often repeated1 make a better impression and are more lasting4 ,when the colt becomes fatigued his temper will begin to rise1 and ,i am satisfied that two-thirds of horses viciously inclined are made so by improper handling when young4 ,in handling a two-year-old trotter the utmost care1 as well as gentleness and firmness1 must be exercised4 ,it was not customary1 in former times1 to handle colts until they were four years old1 but later experience has shown the advantages of beginning at an earlier age4 ,a colt can be taught at two years old1 and be made to trot at three if the handling is properly done4 ,but a danger to be especially guarded against is the impatience of the owner who1 when he finds that the young colt can trot a little1 always desires to see him do it more or a little faster4 ,if he pushes the colt in such a way he will soon have one that will do nothing4 ,the only proper and safe way is to proceed gradually1 but continually2 the colt should be kept at it gently1 so as to retain all he learns1 which he will do if he is not forced off his feet4 ,then break him to ride2 mount and dismount1 but do not straddle him till he gets accustomed to your getting off and on2 then ride him for a few moments1 but not so long that he will get leg-weary4 ,i recommend less walking for trotters than was formerly employed4 #c4 ,,to ,,educate ,,him ,,for ,,the ,,road4--,in doing this the skeleton is preferable1 to keep the weight off his back4 ,take your horse to some track2 if there is none1 then upon the road2 do not speed him along at the same rate2 but in short 8spurts10 when he will extend himself without injury4 ,if he seems tired1 let him up a little4 ,you must watch for such indications1 as this is a critical time in the education of your horse4 ,this jogging should not exceed from two to four miles a day1 with 8spurts0 of not over a quarter of a mile4 ,you should carefully ascertain whether or not he improves1 as at this age his improvement should be constant4 ,perhaps1 at this time1 you may see him break his gait1 showing that he has had too much work for his age and has become sore4 ,then suspend your driving and when he gets well apply my trotting rig as shown in the engraving4 ,the colt then1 finding something on his mouth and legs to keep him steady1 will alter his way of going4 ,though he is to be taught to go without being pulled hard1 it should still be remembered that the colt or horse will often want to get his head down and feel the bit4 ,the driver should then support him1 with as little pull as possible1 yet enough to accomplish that purpose2 the horse with good mouth will always feel the driver's hand4 ,,system ,,of ,,educating ,,the ,,horse4 ,,new ,,method ,,of ,,haltering ,a ,,vicious ,,or ,,wild ,,colt4 ,illustration3 ,,new ,,method ,,of ,,haltering ,a ,,vicious ,,or ,,wild ,,colt4 ,having directed my attention for many years to compiling a system of educating the horse1 and traveling over twenty-five ,states of the ,union1 together with nearly all the cities and towns in the ,provinces of ,ontario and ,quebec1 during the past eight years1 it is highly probable that few1 if any1 men are better prepared to impart instruction or to give direction with regard to the management of the horse than myself4 ,therefore1 without being egotistic1 or overrating my ability1 ,i can but say that1 if the reader will adopt the various ideas found in my work relating to the colt alone1 he will have gained knowledge sufficient to more than repay him for the amount paid for the book4 ,i deem it advisable to give special directions to those who raise colts1 not only as to their manner of treatment and education1 but1 knowing full well the difficulty sometimes attending the first haltering of wild colts1 ,i have prepared the foregoing plate as illustrative of my method1 and now proceed to give directions which1 if strictly followed1 will insure success4 ,take a pole about ten feet long2 drive a nail near the end1 then drive another about fifteen inches from it2 now take a rope halter1 and hang the part that goes on the top of the head on these nails2 then enlarge the nose-piece1 by means of the slip-noose1 sufficiently to allow it to slip on easily1 observing to hold the halter stale in your hands with the pole2 approach your colt with great care1 and allow him to smell of the halter1 and1 in a few minutes1 he will yield to your advances1 and allow you to place the halter on him without much difficulty4 ,make the shank or stale of the halter about three times the ordinary length1 for1 as soon as he finds himself caught1 he will use his best exertions to get away from you4 ,,to ,,educate ,,the ,,horse ,,to ,,the ,,words 8,,come ,,here40 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,,the ,,horse ,,to ,,the ,,words 8,,come ,,here40 ,place a ,camanche bridle on the horse1 made as follows3 take a small cord about sixteen feet long1 tie the end around the neck firmly1 so that it cannot slip2 then double your cord1 placing it under the neck1 from1 the shoulder to the mouth2 step back at the side of your horse1 and say 8,come here20 at the same time give him a sharp jerk1 and he will swing around to you2 when he comes1 caress him with your hand on the shoulder2 now repeat the same on opposite side1 remembering to caress each time2 do this four or five times1 and you will find that your horse will obey and fully understand the words 8come here40 ,always speak the words with a distinct and commanding tone of voice4 ,i desire that the reader may understand that obedience in the horse is accomplished by pain2 so1 when you inflict pain1 accompanied by a word1 the horse is made to understand that the words mean pain2 and1 rather than suffer pain1 he cheerfully obeys the word4 ,persons have practiced the foregoing idea and succeeded in accomplishing their purpose and have1 no doubt1 been highly gratified that their horse was so intelligent1 yielding a quiet obedience to their efforts in a very short time2 now had the owner known that a foundation for a complete education was properly laid1 how easily could he have built a superstructure thereon that would have been permanent and beneficial during the life of the animal4 ,men are often conceited and think that because they have experienced no difficulty in the past in breaking and handling their horses1 therefore all will be sunshine in the future4 ,i would advise a careful perusal of my work1 and1 by so doing1 those of the character above described will have their conceit supplanted as they gain the knowledge of a practical system of properly educating the horse4 ,,how ,,to ,,lay ,a ,,horse ,,down4 ,illustration3 ,,how ,,to ,,lay ,a ,,horse ,,down4 ,place a rope or rein around the horse's body1 forming a surcingle2 pass the other end under the tail and bring it back1 tying it to the part around the body1 thus forming a surcingle and crooper2 also put a ring1 say an inch in diameter1 in the surcingle on the back2 then strap up the nigh fore-leg as follows3 take a quarter-strap1 pass it two or three times around below the fetlock1 then through the keeper2 bring the leg up and buckle close to the belly2 place around the neck a quarter-inch strong rope1 loosely1 fixing the knot so it will not slip2 bring the end down the near side of the head1 through the mouth1 and back on the off-side through the ring in the surcingle2 now take a position on the nigh-side of the horse1 commencing to pull gently1 allowing him to struggle a short time1 after which he will lie down quite easily1 without sustaining any injury4 ,by adhering strictly to the instructions given1 every person will readily see1 that the object in laying the horse down is to give him to understand that you are master2 and1 after repeating this two or three times1 he will be perfectly satisfied of the fact4 ,while down1 place a small pole between his legs1 moving it about2 if he shows fear or resists1 give him a sharp pull on the cord in his mouth by way of correction4 ,in other words1 punish him for doing wrong1 and caress him for doing right1 thus making him understand the difference between right and wrong4 ,,how ,,to ,,get ,a ,,horse ,,up ,,that ,,throws ,,himself4 ,illustration3 ,,how ,,to ,,get ,a ,,horse ,,up ,,that ,,throws ,,himself4 ,animals are often sulky1 and quickly acquire the habit of lying down4 ,balky horses1 when urged to go1 will lie down and refuse to get up1 and an ox will sometimes lie down in the furrow when before the plough4 ,when the habit is thoroughly settled1 it becomes very annoying to the owner or driver1 who often resorts to severe means1 but fails to accomplish the end desired2 therefore1 to prevent violence and ill-treatment1 ,i give the easy and simple remedy subjoined1 which1 when adopted1 will be found to be practical and never-failing3 ,raise the animal's head up1 as illustrated in the foregoing plate1 and pour into his nostril a small quantity of water1 not to exceed a pint1 from a pitcher or cup1 and you will be amused by the pleasing result3 the animal will rise to his feet as quickly as it is possible for him to do so2 he believes himself to be drowning1 and will extricate himself with all speed4 ,simple as is this expedient1 it is yet unfailing in its efficacy2 and that which most commends it to the acceptance of kind-hearted men is the absence of all cruelty in its application4 ,no pain is caused1 but the unusual sensation1 together with the necessity for air on the part of the horse1 banishes his former feeling of sulkiness or anger and the yields to the almost irresistible impulse to spring to his feet and free his nostrils of the water4 ,if any one who has never applied this remedy should doubt its power1 he only needs to try the experiment in a mild way on himself1 when he will realize its power upon the horse4 ,i believe it would be impossible to devise another method so free from pain1 so harmless to the horse1 and yet so thoroughly efficacious as is the one we have here given4 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,colt ,,not ,,to ,,be ,,afraid ,,of ,,his ,,heels4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,colt ,,not ,,to ,,be ,,afraid ,,of ,,his ,,heels4 ,too much importance cannot be attached to the manner of educating a horse's heels1 as it is in that point his greatest means of defense and resistance lies1 and most men make the mistake of breaking one end of the horse1 while they allow his hind parts to go uneducated4 ,the instructions ,i am about to give will1 if properly followed1 insure success4 ,after laying your colt down1 commence to handle his hind parts and heels1 being careful to hold the cord firmly in your left hand1 so that1 if he attempts to get up1 you can control him2 then strike him gently with a stick1 and1 if he should show fear1 which he naturally will1 punish him in the mouth2 then place the stick between his legs and commence moving it around1 and1 if he makes no resistance1 remember to caress him2 almost as much is accomplished by caressing as by punishing4 ,the above instruction is equally applicable to a kicking horse1 but in his education he will require more lessons before the habit will be entirely removed2 still1 kindness and a little patience will soon accomplish all you desire4 ,men in general exercise too little patience in the training of their colts1 and they frequently expect to accomplish more in a short space of time than can possibly be performed4 ,yet the time really required1 when measured by days1 is so short as to be really surprising4 ,let us suppose that in training a colt one were to spend two hours a day for ten days1 which is the longest time that could possibly be needed2 compute the time at ten hours to the day1 and the whole amounts to but two days1 at the end of which he would have a well-educated animal4 ,i doubt if a farmer or horse-raiser could employ his time more profitably in any other way than in thoroughly educating his colts1 as he thus enhances their value1 for there is no sensible man who would not give ten dollars more for a properly educated animal than for one improperly trained4 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,colt ,,to ,,drive ,,before ,,being ,,harnessed4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,colt ,,to ,,drive ,,before ,,being ,,harnessed4 ,place on him the ,bonaparte bridle1 as shown in engraving1 with your cord in the left hand and whip in the right2 the cord referred to should be about eighteen feet long2 now drive him around a circle to the right about fifteen minutes2 then drive him to the left about the same time4 ,you have now educated your colt to drive1 and may with safety put on your harness1 observing to put the reins through the shaft tugs at his side2 then commence driving him carefully for some fifteen minutes on a walk1 turning him to the right and left as before directed4 ,do not use the whip more than sufficient to give him a knowledge of its use4 ,never drive a colt without blinders4 ,it is better to first hitch him to a sulky or a cart1 and do not put on breechings1 but allow the cross-bar frequently to come against his heels1 so that he may never be afraid1 or learn to kick4 ,never forget1 when your colt is obedient1 to stop him1 and walk up to and caress him4 ,i am unwilling to pass on to another illustration without more fully impressing on the minds of those who raise or break colts the necessity of kind and careful usage in educating their animals4 ,never approach your colt quickly4 ,never1 pull the halter or bridle off quickly4 ,always handle the colt's ears with great care4 ,never punish him on the body with anything but a whip1 and with it as seldom as possible1 as many colts become sulky and show signs of balking when severely whipped4 ,it is better that you should give your colt two or three lessons each day1 as heretofore directed1 at intervals of say two hours apart3 by this means you do not overtax his brain1 nor cause him to get weary4 ,in this1 as in many other cases1 the wisest course is to 8make haste slowly40 ,,how ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,colt ,,to ,,move ,,his ,,body ,,when ,,he ,,moves ,,his ,,head4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,colt ,,to ,,move ,,his ,,body ,,when ,,he ,,moves ,,his ,,head4 ,place on your bridle1 then your harness2 carry your reins through the shaft tugs2 take your position behind the horse 7see engraving72 now commence to drive1 turning him round frequently1 first to the right1 then to the left1 and he will quickly understand to move his body when he moves his head4 ,by this means you are educating to the shafts1 and educating not to be afraid of his heels1 thus thoroughly breaking your horse at both sides and both ends4 ,after your colt has been driven two or three times1 as above described1 educate him to obey the word 8whoa30 let him walk along smartly1 then speak plain1 with audible voice1 and say 8whoa20 at the same time pull on the reins with some force2 when he stops1 caress him2 repeat this a few times1 and1 in the short space of fifteen minutes1 you will have taught him the use of the word4 ,now your horse is educated to drive and stop at the word of command4 ,the next thing in order is to teach him to back4 ,to accomplish this1 grasp your reins firmly1 and with a determined effort2 speak firmly1 making use of the word 8back10 at the same time pulling with all your might2 if he obeys the first time1 step up and caress him2 if not1 increase the power by inviting one or more of your friends to assist on the reins1 being fully determined to accomplish your purpose4 ,as soon as he obeys1 don't fail to caress him1 and by this process you will educate your horse to the word1 which he will never forget4 ,your colt being educated1 you may now hitch him up to a vehicle1 observing to drive him very slow1 only on a walk1 and after thus driving him a few times1 you can with certainty say that you have a thoroughly educated horse1 whose value will be greatly increased1 compared with the old or any other system of breaking the colt4 ,always observing to drive your colt with blinders1 only using the whip enough to let him know the use of it4 ,be kind to your animal1 never using harsh means1 and he will reward your kindness by implicit obedience4 ,,improved ,,method ,,of ,,bitting ,a ,,colt4 ,illustration3 ,,improved ,,method ,,of ,,bitting ,a ,,colt4 ,use the ,bonaparte bridle1 placing a loop on the lower jaw2 carry the cord back on the neck1 bringing the end of the cord down through the loop on the jaw2 then draw the horse's head up in an easy and graceful position1 and tie a bow-knot4 ,should the horse attempt to rear and go over backwards1 give a little pull to untie the cord1 and the horse is saved from any accident4 ,the object aimed at in bitting a horse is to give an easy position1 with a high and graceful carriage of the head1 and1 in our efforts to do this1 we must be careful not to give him a dead bearing on the bit1 or make him what is usually known as a 8lugger40 ,all the bitting rings which we have examined1 and especially those of ,english make1 are objectionable1 as having a tendency to produce this result4 ,the rig which we here give you is entirely free from this objection1 and is better calculated to produce the desired result of ease and gracefulness than any ever before presented to the public4 ,our rig1 instead of bearing on the jaw-bones whenever the horse presses his weight upon the bit1 producing a calloused jaw and indifference to the bit1 contracts the side muscles of the cheek on the molar teeth1 with a pain the horse cannot endure2 he lifts his head1 the bit falls on the side rein1 and the mouth is at once relieved4 ,practice has shown that horses bitted with this rig soon acquire the habit of gently and gracefully raising the head with that occasional toss1 or upward and downward motion1 and playing with the bit1 which is the perfection of beauty in a carriage horse1 while standing in the harness4 ,it is not possible for a horse with our rig to become a 8lugger40 ,this bit never bears upon the jaw-bone with more than a light pressure1 and when he attempts to rest his head upon the bit1 the pressure on the teeth causes him to desist and elevate his head4 ,he soon dreads to rest upon the bit1 and of his own free will1 without the force of the rein1 carries it up with freedom and ease4 ,,educating ,,the ,,colt ,,to ,,ride ,illustration3 ,,educating ,,the ,,colt ,,to ,,ride4 ,first put on the ,bonaparte bridle1 make a double half-hitch1 bringing it over the head1 back of his ears1 and1 carrying it down to the mouth1 place it under the upper lip1 taking the end of the cord in your right hand1 placing it on the horse's rump2 then place your left hand in the mane2 now spring partly on and off1 as seen in the plate on preceding page4 ,do this several times2 if he moves1 punish him in the mouth1 by means of the cord2 if he does not move1 when you get off caress him2 then go to the opposite side1 repeating the same several times1 after which you may safely mount your horse1 but be particular not to remain on his back too long at a time1 as the strength of the animal is not yet sufficiently developed to bear a protracted strain4 ,like the young of all animals1 the colt has a great deal of energy and spirit1 but lacks the stamina to endure long-continued exertion1 nor can it be imposed on them without certain injury4 ,men do not act wisely by practicing the old system of riding colts1 viz41 by mounting on the back with reins and whip in hand1 and1 so soon as the colt jumps about or rears1 applying the whip or heels2 for the reason that the animal does not know what you require of him1 but believes you design some injury1 and therefore resists your efforts to ride him4 ,no wonder that he repeatedly throws his rider and treats him as an intruder4 ,he cannot be less terrified than a man would be if a wild animal were to mount on his back4 ,in order to secure success in educating his colt to ride let the reader adopt the foregoing instructions1 and he will not have cause for regret1 but will find that he has gained more than the single point of riding1 as he has taught his colt that he does not intend to harm him1 and that his duty is to yield a cheerful obedience to his owner's commands4 ,,instructions ,,to ,,ride ,,the ,,colt4 ,illustration3 ,,instructions ,,to ,,ride ,,the ,,colt4 ,take a small cord1 ten to twelve feet long1 divide it in the center2 then place the center back of the ears1 cross it in the mouth1 then bring both ends along the neck to the withers1 and tie a knot1 thus forming a powerful bridle1 sufficient to ride the most vicious animal4 ,sacred history contains the declaration that there is 8the bridle for the horse1 the whip for the ass1 and the rod for the fool's back10 and1 while writing my book1 ,i have often thought of the first portion of that quotation4 ,the power of the bridle in controlling the horse is really wonderful1 and the new forms of powerful bridles given in this work enable the most timid rider to secure the mastery of the most powerful animal4 ,the one described above is excellent1 and can never fail to give satisfaction when it is used as directed4 ,there is no exercise so invigorating and scarcely any so delightful as the manly one of riding the horse1 yet three-quarters of the pleasure of equestrianism depends on the early training of the horse for this delightful exercise4 ,the rider who feels that he has beneath him an animal obedient to his slightest wish1 and which responds to a touch of the heel or the lightest pressure of the bit1 moving to the lifting or the falling of the bridle1 such a rider feels almost as though the horse on which he sits forms a portion of himself1 and courses onward with a delightful sense of power and freedom4 ,nearly all of this excellence in a riding-horse depends on the way in which he has been educated while young4 ,faults then acquired may be corrected1 it is true1 in later years1 yet it is far more desirable that they should never have been formed1 but1 in place thereof1 the qualities secured which form the excellence of a horse4 ,i throw out these suggestions at this point1 for ,i am now dealing with the early education of the colt2 later in the book ,i shall have to speak more of faults to be corrected1 and it is my wish to impress on my reader the great importance of the kind of education which the colt receives at his hands4 ,,to ,,halter-,,break ,a ,,colt1 ,,and ,,hitch ,,in ,,the ,,stable4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,halter-,,break ,,and ,,hitch ,a ,,colt ,,in ,,the ,,stall4 ,place the center of a sixteen-foot cord under the horse's tail1 and bring it over and cross it on the back2 then tie it firmly in front of the breast 7as seen by reference to illustration on preceding page72 carry the halter-strap through the manger1 and bring it back under the mouth2 then tie the end of the strap to the cord in front of the breast4 ,the colt is now tied by the head and tail4 ,while he yields quietly to the confinement1 he is comfortable and easy1 but the moment he begins to resist he punishes himself2 this he soon learns1 and in a little time ceases the efforts which he finds to be productive of pain4 ,he will always remember the lesson1 and give no further trouble4 ,it may seem a trifling thing to have gained the result described above2 yet1 as the earth is made up of grains of sand1 so the thorough education of the horse is the result of attention to a multitude of small affairs1 each one seeming to be of little importance in itself1 but which1 in their total1 make the difference between a gentle and an unruly animal4 ,too much care and attention cannot be bestowed on the colt while you are giving him lesson after lesson1 as he is susceptible of impressions that will take weeks to overcome1 provided you should through neglect or carelessness omit to practice the instructions laid down4 ,do not suppose that any of the directions given in this book are unimportant4 ,they are1 one and all1 the result of long experience in the management and education of the horse1 and each one1 in its place and relation to the general system1 is as necessary1 though perhaps not as important1 as any other4 ,to be certain of reaching the best results of the system1 the reader must not pass over any of our directions as unimportant or unnecessary1 but accept each as a part of the system which it has required years of time and thought to bring to its present state of perfection4 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,not ,,to ,,kick ,,at ,,you ,,when ,,entering ,,the ,,stall4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,not ,,to ,,kick ,,at ,,you ,,when ,,entering ,,the ,,stall4 ,place on the horse the ,bonaparte bridle2 then drive a staple at the side of the stall1 near the manger1 three or four feet from the floor2 then attach another staple at the entrance of the stall1 the same distance from the floor2 now pass the cord through both staples and tie it4 ,when you enter the stall1 pull sharply on the rope2 at the same time use the words 8go over40 ,the head of the horse will be drawn towards you1 and his heels to the opposite side4 ,thus you avoid all danger1 and will very soon educate your horse to abandon this bad habit4 ,vicious and annoying habits in horses often owe their origin to bad management by their owner or groom4 ,allow me to instance a few examples3 ,a man walks into the stable and approaches his horse in the stall1 and1 if he should move about quickly1 the person springs back from him1 evidently showing his fear1 which is at once noticed by the horse1 and taken advantage of2 so that1 after a repetition of this two or three times1 the animal fancies he is master1 and uses his heels to help the intruder out of the stall4 ,another custom prevails3 that of striking a horse on the rump or hinder parts1 with a whip or stick in order to make him stand over1 and the effect is to irritate and cause him to kick4 ,now1 in order to insure success1 walk up to your animal manfully and determinately1 observing never to show fear1 and by this means you will never teach your horse to kick at you4 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,that ,,kicks ,,or ,,paws ,,in ,,the ,,stall4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,that ,,kicks ,,or ,,paws ,,in ,,the ,,stall4 ,first make the ,bonaparte bridle1 as before directed2 carry the cord through a surcingle1 attached around the body1 back to a ring in front of the hind-leg1 to which are attached two straps1 one above and one below the gambol joint of the leg he has the habit of kicking with2 thus1 when he kicks1 he is punished in the act1 and soon gives up the habit4 ,pawing--,continue the cord forward to a ring attached to two small straps above and below the knee-joint1 as seen on engraving1 observing1 as above directed1 to attach the appliance to the leg he paws with1 reversing the straps when required1 which will give a horse the knowledge that when he paws he punishes himself1 and the reader will see1 by this treatment1 the habit speedily broken up4 ,the habit of kicking in the stall is one that is not only disagreeable to the owner of the horse addicted to it1 but is often destructive and costly1 as a horse viciously inclined to that habit will sometimes even splinter the boards of the stall1 and with so simple and effective a method of correcting the bad habit it should never be tolerated for a single day1 and the possessor of this book would be inexcusable should he suffer it to continue in an animal owned by him4 ,the habit of pawing in the stall1 though not so vicious in its nature as that of kicking1 is yet sufficiently troublesome and unpleasant to deserve a speedy correction1 and the owner of a horse addicted to even the last-named fault will be more than compensated for the slight trouble caused in its removal4 ,it may seem needless to repeat what has before been said1 in substance1 that the seemingly small faults of a horse are the ones which most frequently lessen his value and impair his usefulness1 and that the removal of any one1 however trifling1 adds a money value to the horse more than sufficient to compensate for the time and trouble expended4 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,not ,,to ,,get ,,cast ,,in ,,the ,,stall4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,prevent ,a ,,horse ,,getting ,,cast ,,in ,,the ,,stall4 ,drive a staple in the ceiling over the manger at the side of the stall1 then another in the ceiling in the center of the stall over the horse's head2 pass a small cord through the staple at the side of the stall2 tie a horseshoe1 or the weight of a horseshoe1 so that the cord will not draw through the staple2 then put the cord through the staple in the center of the stall1 bring it down within two and a half feet of the floor1 and cut it off1 attaching a snap to the end2 place a ring in the halter at the top of the head1 in the center1 as seen in engraving4 ,now1 when his head raises up1 the weight comes down2 when his mouth is on the floor he can lie down with ease1 but he cannot get the top of his head to the floor2 and1 if he cannot get the top of his head to the floor1 he cannot roll2 and1 if he cannot roll1 he cannot get cast4 ,this remedy is as simple as it is certain1 and is always perfectly safe4 ,the habit of rolling in the stable is one often attended with fatal results1 in addition to the anxiety experienced by the owner of the horse4 ,various means are resorted to in order to prevent the animal getting cast1 and most of them are wide of the mark2 and1 in order to acquaint the reader with the variety of ways practiced1 so that he may contrast the difference between others and mine1 ,i have thought proper to write more explicitly on the subject4 ,a favorite idea with many is to tie the halter so short that the animal cannot get his mouth near the floor2 this renders the horse uncomfortable1 as he cannot lie down when he desires4 ,another is1 hitching the halter-stale at the ceiling directly over the head of the animal1 and allowing cord enough that he may get his mouth on the floor2 this1 too1 is attended with bad results1 for when he raises his head up there is sufficient slack in the rope so as to permit his getting his foot over the rope and become so entangled as to render his position dangerous4 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,colt ,,to ,,lead ,,behind ,a ,,wagon4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,colt ,,to ,,lead ,,behind ,a ,,wagon4 ,first put on the colt a common halter without a leader1 then place a small cord about eighteen feet long1 divided in the center1 under the tail1 cross it on the back1 then bring the ends through between the under-jaw of the horse and the nose-piece of the halter1 and tie it to the hind end of the wagon4 ,this idea will be satisfactory1 and your colt will soon be educated to lead without trouble to his owner4 ,the expedient is a very simple one1 yet will invariably prove successful1 because the colt will find his own comfort to be promoted by doing as you wish2 and this is one of the principles which underlie my whole system of training--to make the horse desire to do that which his owner wishes4 ,under this head ,i am satisfied that ,i cannot be too particular in giving instructions1 as persons often grow merry when witnessing the results produced from ideas that are so different from their old and accustomed ones1 practiced for leading colts4 ,after you have hitched your colt in the manner described1 do not start off immediately1 but let him remain as quiet as possible for a few minutes1 then start the wagon slowly1 and1 if your colt attempts to rear or plunge about1 stop your vehicle1 get out and walk up quietly to your colt and caress him1 and when you start him again1 if possible1 walk along by his side for a short time1 then stop him again1 and again caress4 ,his attention will not be attracted by objects on the road1 but very soon he will understand that his chief business is to walk on quietly away from the punishment inflicted from the cord under his tail4 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,that ,,is ,,bad ,,to ,,catch4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,that ,,is ,,bad ,,to ,,catch4 ,horses acquire this habit mainly from improperly turning them out2 and1 to illustrate1 ,i will give the reader an example4 ,first1 the man or boy takes his horse to the bars or fence of the field1 and lets only a portion of either down2 he now takes off the bridle or halter1 and1 in order to make the horse jump over1 hits him on the rump and shouts at him2 thus the animal is made to fear the approach of man when loose2 so that1 with this kind of training1 it soon becomes difficult to catch1 and requires education in order to counteract this bad habit4 ,directions3 ,put on the ,bonaparte bridle1 and tie a knot at the mouth1 so as to prevent it from slipping down to his teeth1 when he might sever the cord2 then carry it up to his mane over the shoulder2 tie the mane together with a string2 then pass the cord through the loop thus made with the mane1 and carry the cord through a loop made in the tail by same means1 and let your cord lay out behind from ten to fifty feet1 as required4 ,now1 when you want your horse1 go carefully up behind him and take a firm hold of the cord1 and say 8,come here10 at the same time pulling with all your might4 ,by giving him three or four lessons of this kind1 you may safely take off the cord and go into the field1 standing about the same distance as when you last pulled or the cord1 and repeat the words 8come here20 he will quickly obey your voice1 and give you no more trouble in catching him4 ,when it is remembered how much time is often lost in catching a horse in the field1 it will be seen that1 in money value1 this simple point of horse education will more than repay the cost of this book to the owner of a horse that has heretofore been bad to catch2 and the saving of temper as well as time will make the improvement in his habits doubly valuable4 ,both the man and the horse are made better by it4 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,not ,,to ,,rear ,,under ,,the ,,saddle ,,or ,,before ,a ,,carriage4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,not ,,to ,,rear ,,under ,,the ,,saddle ,,or ,,before ,a ,,carriage4 ,attach a small cord tightly around the swell of the body1 tied with a loop-knot1 and carry it back into the carriage4 ,by doing this you prevent your horse from rearing1 inasmuch as he is unable to expand his body1 and1 without doing so1 it is impossible for him to rear4 ,simple as is this method1 the reader1 if he should have occasion to practice it1 will find the idea of great value1 as it will never fail to prove effectual in removing this1 to say the least1 unpleasant and often dangerous habit4 ,it is possible that the habit might be broken up in other ways1 but there are none so harmless and easy of application as is the one ,i have described4 ,my readers will1 ,i doubt not1 receive with kindly feelings not only the instructions on the important points of educating their horses to break off bad habits1 but will profit by the ideas and examples given of the various means adopted by horse-handlers to create these habits4 ,in the present instance1 it is rarely1 if ever1 known that horses acquire the habit of rearing themselves1 but are prompted so to do by the means used1 viz41 starting and stopping suddenly2 pulling sharply on the reins1 and then striking the animal with the whip1 either of which is a sure and certain means of producing this result--that of causing the horse to rear up whenever you desire to move off4 ,the inconvenience and unpleasantness of such a habit are too plain to need more than a mention1 besides its often occasioning great alarm to a timid driver2 and the simple yet practical means ,i have given for breaking up the habit1 will be found successful whenever it is tried1 as it always should be where the habit exists4 ,,to ,,educate ,,and ,,prevent ,a ,,horse ,,from ,,cribbing4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,,and ,,prevent ,a ,,horse ,,from ,,cribbing4 ,build a manger on the floor or from the floor up4 ,in many cases this will prevent a horse from cribbing by getting his mouth below his chest4 ,another method1 sure to be effective1 is to place a piece of sheep-skin of long wool1 eight inches wide and about three feet long1 or long enough to reach from one side of the stall to the other1 and on the skin sprinkle cayenne pepper2 take soft soap and rub it on any part of the stall where the horse will be likely to crib4 ,if the above instructions are strictly adhered to1 and the horse is fed regularly1 three times a day1 there will be little danger of his ever becoming a cribber4 ,the slight trouble which this remedy involves will be repaid a hundred-fold by the satisfaction felt in the prevention or cure of a most disagreeable habit1 and one which1 like every other fault1 lessens the value of a horse4 ,in using the cayenne pepper1 a small quantity will be sufficient4 ,there are more bad results accruing from cribbing than many are aware of4 ,from cribbing the horse may become a crib-sucker1 which often results in colic1 or1 as it is sometimes termed1 belly-ache4 ,when this occurs of course it becomes a dangerous habit1 and no one should think it too much trouble to adopt the instructions given under this head4 ,do not think you can eradicate this habit by nailing tin or iron over the manger2 you cannot remove it thus2 your horse may desist for the time being1 but when put into a stall that is not thus arranged1 he will relapse into his old habit2 but by adopting the remedy ,i have provided he will be thoroughly taught not to attempt to bite or gnaw the manger4 ,there is a wide difference between preventing a horse from doing what he still wishes to do1 and taking from him the disposition to do wrong2 the latter alone can properly be called education1 and is the only way in which a bad habit can be permanently removed4 ,on this principle ,i base my whole system2 it is education1 by appealing to the intelligence of the horse4 ,,to ,,educate ,,and ,,break ,a ,,halter-,,puller4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,,and ,,break ,a ,,halter-,,puller4 ,place on the horse a common halter1 without tie-strap2 then take a small cord1 about #af to #ah feet long2 divide it on the center1 place it under the tail and cross it on the back2 bring the ends each side of the neck1 then place the ends through the halter under the mouth2 tie round a post or tree4 ,then tie a strap from the mouth to the post or tree one foot shorter than the rope1 after making it taut from the tail2 then cut the strap half off1 after which1 frighten your horse by rolling a barrel in front of him2 now he will fly back1 breaking the strap1 and he will be caught under the tail1 which is a severe punishment that will1 by repeating it two or three times1 educate him not to pull at the halter again4 ,the practical nature of the idea embraced in the foregoing directions will be seen at a glance1 for the following reason3 the horse has from time to time been guilty of pulling on his halter and breaking it1 much to the displeasure of the owner1 but probably much to the gratification of the horse1 who1 perhaps1 has come to take a sort of pleasure in the act2 now he is made to repeat the same thing1 unconscious of the result that will follow1 when immediately on carrying out his old habit he receives a severe punishment inflicted by the very act4 ,the horse is1 no doubt1 surprised1 but he quickly learns to connect the act and the suffering in his mind1 and so soon as he does that the habit is cured forever4 ,this ,i claim as a great excellence in my system1 that its results are all permanent2 the cure is not for a day only1 but for all time2 the very disposition to do wrong is wiped out of the animal's brain4 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,not ,,to ,,kick ,,when ,,the ,,line ,,gets ,,under ,,his ,,tail4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,not ,,to ,,kick ,,when ,,the ,,line ,,gets ,,under ,,the ,,tail4 ,horses become kickers from various causes1 and one most effectual in producing the habit1 is that when a horse gets the rein under his tail1 his driver1 getting provoked1 pulls strongly on the rein in order to liberate it1 and by this means burns the skin beneath the tail1 when the horse becomes excited and commences to kick4 ,the driver then usually begins to whip1 and oftentimes the horse continues to kick1 until he breaks everything within reach of his heels1 and runs away4 ,now the owner has a confirmed kicker1 and frequently knows not what to do to correct the fault he has himself established4 ,the instructions below1 if properly applied1 will effect a cure4 ,when your horse is down1 as seen in the engraving1 place a strap under his tail and commence moving it up and down2 should he kick1 or show signs of resistance1 at once punish him2 if not1 caress him1 and in a short time his tail will become limber and he will be taught to not be afraid1 though1 in driving1 the rein should get under his tail4 ,also1 after you allow him to rise to his feet1 use the same means as just directed when he was lying down4 ,in my book ,i have endeavored to grapple with almost every bad habit that the horse is addicted to1 and would here advise all persons who handle them to be extremely careful that if their animals acquire unpleasant habits1 they are not mostly to be blamed themselves4 ,horses differ materially in their ability to learn1 and many are less susceptible of impressions than others1 therefore1 it behooves the educator to first make himself acquainted with the disposition of his horse1 and treat him accordingly1 as the same line of management will not serve for all1 but an observance of one important direction1 that of always using the utmost kindness1 will1 in most cases1 prevent and remove all habits but those of long standing4 ,,another ,,method ,,of ,,educating ,a ,,horse ,,not ,,to ,,kick4 ,illustration3 ,,another ,,method ,,of ,,educating ,a ,,kicking ,,horse4 ,i design to make this chapter as plain as possible1 so that no man need fail to break up this worst of habits1 and in order so to do1 ,i will commence at the beginning4 ,with the previously-described rig1 lay the horse down1 and commence to handle him4 ,take a stick or a piece of board and ply it on his hinder parts1 then thrust it between his legs4 ,should he kick1 punish in the mouth with ,camanche bridle1 but if he offers no resistance1 caress4 ,when you have secured submission allow your horse to rise to his feet1 then put on him a head-stall and lines and commence driving him on the walk2 every three or four rods pull sharply on the reins and at the same instant say 8,whoa10 walk up and caress2 start him off again1 and repeat the 8,whoa10 say ten times1 by that time you have so educated him to the word that he will scarcely forget it for years4 ,take your stick and ply it on his hind parts again2 if he resists1 jerk suddenly on the reins and say 8,whoa40 ,ply the stick until all fear is removed4 ,you can now safely hitch your animal to a cart1 as seen in engraving1 using no breeching4 ,drive him a short time1 simultaneously pull on the reins and say 8,whoa10 at the same time allowing the cart to come against his heels4 ,push the cart sharply against him1 saying 8,whoa10 each time1 speaking with considerable force1 that he may understand you design to conquer4 ,don't forget to caress when the horse obeys4 ,should he kick the cart and try to rid himself of it1 pull with your might quickly on the reins and repeat the word 8whoa0 again2 so soon as he shall desist take him from the cart and lay him down again as soon as possible1 and1 if need be1 summon one of your neighbors to assist you1 to prevent being foiled1 for be assured1 if you allow him to conquer once you have lost much and really accomplished nothing4 ,give the animal another strong lesson while down1 afterwards repeat it when on his feet1 when by this time you will have taken the conceit completely out of him4 ,in all your attempts to handle a vicious horse be resolute and determined and you will soon give him to understand that you are master1 and that his duty is to yield a cheerful obedience to your command4 ,i would enjoin upon the reader to practice the same method when educating colts1 but not so severely1 because by so doing you may make them stubborn2 great patience must be exercised while handling colts1 as the faults of one misplaced lesson will be visible4 ,therefore one cannot be too careful1 particularly if the animal is nervous and excitable4 ,,to ,,cure ,,corns4 ,cut the horn well down1 but not to the quick1 fit the shoe so that it will not press upon the part1 then saturate well with pine sap or gum1 which is found exuding from pine trees when cut4 ,fill the part in nicely with tow1 and put on the shoe1 which must be so fitted as not to oblige the part to support1 but very slightly1 if any1 the weight of the horse4 ,horses with corns must be oftener and more carefully shod than those free from them4 ,,to ,,harden ,a ,,tender-,,mouthed ,,horse4 ,place the bits in the animal's mouth as low as possible1 not to have them drop out1 and drive him from two to three weeks with the bits in this way1 and when they are buckled up in proper place he is hard-mouthed4 ,,to ,,educate ,,the ,,horse ,,bad ,,to ,,groom4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,,the ,,horse ,,bad ,,to ,,groom4 ,after making the ,bonaparte bridle1 put it on the horse1 standing at his side with the end of the cord in your hand1 with the other hand use the curry-comb or brush and commence to groom him4 ,if he should resist your efforts by attempting to kick or bite you1 reprove him by pulling quickly on the cord1 at the same time using the words 8stand still40 ,afterwards if he remains quiet1 caress him2 if the punishment should not prove effectual make the double half-hitch under the upper lip1 as seen in engraving4 ,,hugging ,,the ,,pole4 ,this is a great annoyance to the other horse1 and he will probably learn to do the same thing1 not from imitation1 but from leaning inwards1 so as to enable him to stand against the other horse1 leaning upon him4 ,this habit may be broken up by securing a piece of sole leather to the pole upon the side where the animal leans1 having a number of tacks driven through it in such a manner as to protrude from the leather towards the horse4 ,,luggers ,,on ,,the ,,bit4 ,buckle a pair of straps1 about twelve inches long1 with a ring at one end1 and a buckle at the other1 to the check-piece1 and let the straps pass through the rings on either side of the bit2 buckle the lines to the rings on these straps1 instead of the rings on the bit2 this forms a gag similar to the ,french twitch-gag1 and is a powerful means of controlling the mouth of a hard-pulling horse4 ,,bits ,,used ,,in ,,educating ,,horses ,,addicted ,,to ,,bad ,,habits4 ,illustration3 ,,bits ,,used ,,in ,,educating ,,horses ,,addicted ,,to ,,bad ,,habits4 ,,no4 #a4 ,,to ,,prevent ,a ,,horse ,,getting ,,his ,,tongue ,,over ,,the ,,bit4--,take a piece of leather1 say three inches long1 an inch and a half wide1 and drill two holes in a straight bit2 now rivet this leather on the top of the bit1 after which sprinkle on the upper side some pulverized rosin1 and take a hot iron and pass over it so as to form a coating4 ,allow your horse to wear this bit say six or eight days when driving1 and he will by that time be sufficiently taught to abandon the habit4 ,,no4 #b4 ,,lolling ,,the ,,tongue4--,take an ordinary straight bit of five-eighths of an inch in diameter and drill two holes1 each one three-quarters of an inch from the center2 then get a piece of very small chain1 attach iron bullets1 about the size of ordinary leaden bullets used in guns1 suspend them not more than one and a half inches from the bit4 ,now use the bit1 every time you drive your horse1 for ten days4 ,,no4 #c4 ,,cure ,a ,,horse ,,of ,,sucking ,,wind4--,a horse that has acquired the habit of sucking wind is truly to be detested1 as it is oftentimes attended with fatal results1 and when once thoroughly settled1 great difficulty has been experienced in removing the habit4 ,the method ,i have introduced of treating this habit has proved successful in most cases4 ,take a piece of small gas-pipe1 say from five-eighths to three-quarters of an inch in diameter1 the ordinary length of a bit1 heat it and circle it a little1 then drill on the upper side equal distances apart from each end1 as seen in engraving2 also drill three holes on the under side1 making each hole between an eighth and a quarter of an inch in diameter1 and attach a ring near each end and allow your horse to wear this when driving1 say for at least from ten to twenty days or until the habit is removed4 ,,no4 #d4 ,,to ,,cure ,a ,,side-,,reiner1 ,,one ,,that ,,pulls ,,heavily ,,on ,,one ,,rein4--,take a plain1 jointed bit1 remove one-half of the part used in the mouth and supply a small chain from the side ring to the center joint1 now on the side that the animal pulls place the chain2 he is not only attracted by the strange sensation in the mouth1 but when pulled on the chain side receives such severe and unexpected punishment that he will quickly give up his habit4 ,,no4 #e4 ,,dead-,,mouth ,,or ,,jaw ,,bit4--,this bit may be used on horses that pull very much on the reins1 and a lady may with safety drive a horse1 as she can control him quite easily4 ,the attachment to this bit is made as follows3 ,take two pieces of leather about three inches in diameter1 make a hole in the center of each to admit of the bit1 cut the leather so as to put pieces on after1 sew up slit1 attach two billets on under side with buckle1 then buckle on under jaw4 ,this bit may be used without a head-stall4 ,,to ,,educate ,,horses ,,not ,,to ,,be ,,afraid ,,of ,,objects ,,when ,,driving4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,,horses ,,not ,,to ,,be ,,afraid ,,of ,,objects ,,when ,,driving4 ,it is impossible to overestimate the value of the subjoined instructions respecting nervous and shying horses1 therefore on this topic ,i wish to be particularly clear and explicit4 ,let the reader understand that horses take fright at objects because they fancy those objects will harm them1 and if you can by any means appeal to the horse's brain1 and satisfy him that he is not going to be hurt1 you have accomplished your object1 and in order to do so1 you must have control of your horse4 ,i do not mean by this that you are to adopt the too frequent course pursued by many1 viz41 subduing with the whip1 or other harsh means1 which will1 without almost an exception1 increase the fear instead of removing the habit2 again1 when a horse shies1 the driver commences to jerk on the rein nearest to the object1 and at once applies the whip1 fully determined to master his horse2 both man and horse get excited1 and the horse comes off victorious1 because he cannot control him by the means used1 and the result is that the next time the animal is frightened it bears a two-fold character1 the fear of the object1 and the fear of the whip-punishment4 ,in order to properly educate your horses in this department1 ,i would specially direct the reader to observe and practice the following directions3 ,select1 first1 the most prominent objects at which he becomes frightened1 then make the ,bonaparte bridle of small cord1 and place it on your horse under the bridle1 carrying the end of the cord into the carriage1 and when approaching an object at which he takes fright1 get out of your carriage1 stand nearly in front of him1 give a quick downward pull1 and say1 8,come here60 ,at first do not punish him too severely2 but if he will not obey1 increase the punishment1 and so soon as he complies1 caress him4 ,bring him quite near the object1 and1 if possible1 let him smell of it1 as by adopting this method he will quickly understand that the object will not hurt him4 ,now turn him around1 and drive him past the object two or three times1 and you have accomplished your end4 ,,first ,,lesson ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,not ,,to ,,fear ,,an ,,umbrella4 ,illustration3 ,,first ,,lesson ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,not ,,to ,,fear ,,an ,,umbrella4 ,place on the animal the throwing rig and proceed to lay him down1 when1 should he jump around and show resistance1 do not get anxious to throw him quickly1 but let him caper about1 he will soon give up4 ,after he is down present the umbrella to him folded up1 allow him to smell of it1 then rub it gently across his nose and head1 now open it partly1 again let him smell of it1 shut it and open it several times until he becomes perfectly reconciled to the appearance1 open or shut2 work slowly and carefully so as not to excite him more than possible to avoid4 ,in another part of my book ,i have illustrated the education of the animal to the umbrella when on his feet1 and will not go further on this point than to use the old familiar word1 caress4 ,on no account should the operator1 when practicing any idea in my system1 forget that success greatly depends upon caressing when the animal obeys4 ,,horse ,,bad ,,to ,,bridle4 ,horses become unwilling to be bridled from various causes1 sometimes from sores on the head or ears1 sometimes from hurriedly and improperly removing the bridle1 and sometimes from sheer ugliness of disposition1 prompted by a desire to be master4 ,the treatment in these cases should be varied4 ,in the latter case named it will be necessary to lay the animal down1 and while thus under control1 handle his head and ears1 after which put your bridle on and off several times1 exercising patience and being careful to avoid anything like roughness4 ,should he resist1 punish him in the mouth1 using your best judgment to avoid severity1 and so soon as he submits caress4 ,as to the former1 where a dislike to be bridled arises from abuses1 kindness must govern the conduct of the educator4 ,by using my ,bonaparte bridle you will be able to control and counteract all predisposition to resist your efforts in a very short time4 ,should there be sores about the animal's head1 you had better restore to soundness before you attempt to educate to comply with your wishes4 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,not ,,to ,,fear ,,an ,,umbrella4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,not ,,to ,,fear ,,an ,,umbrella4 ,on page #bfa may be found the first lesson to educate a horse that fears an umbrella4 ,i now proceed to explain the idea illustrated by the foregoing cut4 ,place on the animal the ,bonaparte half-hitch bridle--found on page #cjf4 ,first present to him the umbrella closed2 allow him to smell of it1 then rub it gently across his nose and body1 observing not to move quickly4 ,should he resist your efforts1 jerk on the bridle and say 8,whoa60 ,make another attempt1 and should he remain quiet1 caress him4 ,now partly open it1 placing it over his head1 observing to avoid touching his head or ears with the umbrella--while doing so1 caress2 and you will be satisfied punishment in the mouth and caressing will accomplish all that you may desire4 ,,treatment ,,of ,,wounds4 ,wounds are caused by accidents of various kinds1 when the skin is much torn from the flesh4 ,if you are at hand while the wound is quite fresh1 take a square-pointed needle1 and a waxed thread1 and sew it up4 ,be sure to put the needle in straight1 one side over against the other1 draw the skin tight1 tie a knot1 and cut off the thread2 then take another stitch about an inch off1 till it is all nicely drawn together4 ,it is quite wrong to sew up a wound as you would a piece of cloth2 the thread should be cut after each stitch4 ,when you do not see the wound till the place is growing dead1 and the skin is drawing up1 then take off the loose skin2 for if you permit it to remain1 it will leave a blemish4 ,,english ,,stable ,,liniment4 ,oil of spikes1 aqua ammonia1 and oil of turpentine1 of each #b oz42 sweet oil and oil of amber1 of each oz42 oil of origanum1 #a oz4 ,mix4 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,single-,,footed ,,horse ,,to ,,trot ,,square4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,single-,,footed ,,horse ,,to ,,trot ,,square4 ,upon the hind leg of the horse that hitches or single-foots1 place two hame-straps1 one above and one below the gambol-joint1 attaching a ring on front1 by which means the straps are confined2 then place a small strap on the opposite front leg just below the knee-joint1 now buckle on a strap from fore-leg to hind-leg1 passing it up under the surcingle 7as seen in engraving74 ,now proceed to drive your horse1 and you will at once discover that he cannot single-foot1 but must trot4 ,by paying particular attention to the instructions given1 the pleasing result will follow and your horse will be taught to abandon the habit4 ,the reader must be careful not to trot his horse fast up hill nor allow him to draw too much weight while trotting4 ,,ring-,,bone ,,remedy4 ,pulverized cantharides1 oils of spike1 origanum1 amber1 cedar1 ,british1 and ,barbadoes tar1 of each #b oz42 oil of wormwood1 #a oz42 spirits of turpentine1 #d oz42 lard1 #c lbs4 ,melt the lard slowly1 and add the other ingredients1 stirring well till cool2 clip off the hair1 and apply by rubbing in and heating4 ,in about three days1 or when done running1 wash off with suds and apply again4 ,in recent cases1 two or three applications will cure2 old cases require more time4 ,,an ,,excellent ,,liniment ,,for ,,spavin1 ,,splint ,,curbs1 ,,etc4 ,oils of spike1 origanum1 cedar1 ,british1 and spirits of turpentine1 of each #a oz42 pulverized ,spanish flies1 oz4 ,apply once in six or nine days4 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,pacing ,,horse ,,to ,,trot4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,pacing ,,horse ,,to ,,trot4 ,take four hame-straps1 attach two on each hind-leg1 one above and one below the gambol-joint1 confining the straps on the front of the leg by means of a small ring4 ,then place two hame-straps on the front legs just below the knee-joint2 buckle a strap from each fore-leg1 carrying them up under the surcingle1 and attach them to the rings in front of hind-legs1 crossing strap from off fore-leg to nigh hind-leg1 and from nigh fore-leg to off hind-leg2 now commence to drive your horse1 walking him very slow1 as the new action of the legs may cause him to stumble2 but after a few minutes you may increase his speed1 and you will be delighted to see your horse trotting at a rate that will astonish you4 ,,poll-,,evil ,,and ,,fistula4 ,common potash1 oz42 extract of belladonna1 #ab drams2 gum ,arabic1 oz4 ,dissolve the gum in as little water as possible2 then1 having pulverized the potash1 unless it is moist1 mix the gum water with it1 and it will soon dissolve2 add the belladonna2 mix1 and it is ready to use4 ,the best method for getting this into the pipes1 is by means of a small syringe1 after having cleansed the sore well with suds4 ,repeat once in two days1 until the callous pipes1 and hard1 fibrous base around the poll-evil or fistula are completely destroyed4 ,,nerve ,,and ,,bone ,,liniment4 ,take beef's gall1 #a quart2 alcohol1 #a pint2 volatile liniment1 #ab oz42 spirits of turpentine1 #a lb42 oil of origanum1 #d oz42 aqua ammonia1 pint2 oil of amber1 #c oz42 tincture of cantharides1 #f oz4 ,mix4 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,to ,,trot4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,to ,,trot ,,fast4 ,the appliance required to form the trotting rig is arranged as follows3 ,take four hame-straps1 attach two on each hind-leg1 one above and one below the gambol-joint1 confining the straps on the front part of the leg1 by means of a small ring4 ,then take a standing martingale and attach a small pulley on the lower end of the martingale2 then take a small1 strong cord1 tying one end in the ring on one hind-leg1 passing the other end through the pulley1 bringing it back to the other hind-leg and tie it in the ring2 adjust the rope in accordance with the stride of your horse1 observing to drive him very slow for a time until he shall become accustomed to the rig4 ,this idea with alterations as hereinafter set forth may be successfully applied to horses while being used by the husbandman in ploughing1 that are addicted to the habit of kicking4 ,i have already given the reader a number of ideas on this point that1 if used in accordance with instructions1 will not fail to give satisfaction4 ,put on the horse the trotting-rig1 as seen in engraving1 with the exception of the standing martingale attached from the pulley to the bit-ring of the bridle2 then through the eye of the pulley insert a small cord1 say twelve feet long1 carry both ends up between the fore-legs1 pass one end through the bit-ring on the off-side up over the head1 and down on the nigh-side of the head to the bit-ring1 and then tie it4 ,now take the other end of the cord and carry it up on the nigh-side through the bit-ring and pass it over the head down to the bit-ring on the off-side and there tie it4 ,by thus manipulating your cord you will perceive that you have a system of severely punishing the horse when he shall kick4 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,not ,,to ,,kick ,,while ,,in ,,shafts4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,not ,,to ,,kick ,,while ,,in ,,shafts4 ,horses are quite often educated to kick in harness as well as out and almost numberless accidents have been caused by this vicious and bad habit4 ,men are found reckless enough to tantalize their horse with a whip and sometimes punch him with a stick1 regardless of consequences4 ,the result1 in most cases1 is that the animal becomes a kicker1 and the habit when once formed is not easily eradicated by resorting to the old stereotyped method of placing a strap over the horse's rump and buckling to the shafts on each side4 ,this treatment may in time effect the purpose1 but it will require months to do so4 ,laying all others aside1 ,i with confidence say to the reader1 if he will but practice the subjoined idea he will find it not only practical but effectual1 because the punishment is so severe that a few lessons will convince the horse that it will be greatly to his advantage to abandon the habit4 ,take a cord twenty feet long1 divide it in the center1 place it back of the ears1 bring it down and cross it in the mouth1 then bring it up between the eyes1 placing a ring or loop there2 now bring it back through a ring attached to the head-stall between the ears1 then bring both ends of your cord under the saddle of the harness and along the back1 to a ring slipped over the crupper against the hip-strap2 bring the cords through the ring down to the shaft on each side of the horse1 observing to leave just slack enough so that your horse may not be too much confined4 ,the cord used may be quite small1 so that it is strong4 ,now when your horse makes an attempt to kick he will find a severe punishment immediately meted out to him1 and thus1 finding his attempt fruitless as well as painful1 he will be made to understand that while obedience is rewarded1 punishment quickly follows each act of disobedience4 ,this simple yet effective expedient makes the horse punish himself for his own misdeeds1 and by making the act of kicking the cause of his suffering disinclines him to attempt it1 for neither horse nor man will voluntarily provoke certain pain4 ,,diuretic ,,drops4 ,these drops are reliable in cases of stoppage of water1 foul water1 or inflammation of the kidneys4 ,take sweet spirits of nitre1 #d oz42 balsam copaiba1 #b oz42 oil of juniper1 #b oz42 spirits of turpentine1 #b oz42 gum camphor1 pulv41 #a oz4 ,mix all together1 and shake well2 bottle2 and it is fit for use1 for man or beast1 under all circumstances where a diuretic is required4 ,dose for horse1 #a oz4 in half a pint of milk1 once in six hours4 ,dose for man1 #a teaspoonful1 in a tablespoonful of milk1 once in six hours4 ,be sure to shake the mixture up well before pouring out for use4 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,lazy ,,horse1 ,,and ,,infuse ,,life ,,into ,,him4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,lazy ,,horse ,,and ,,infuse ,,life ,,into ,,him4 ,i have already given many ideas referring to balky horses1 and as the old1 tried remark is verily true1 that 8in the midst of council there is safety10 so with a multitude of ideas there is certain success4 ,i will add one more to the catalogue4 ,something that especially attracts the attention of a horse accustomed to balk often causes him to forget for the moment his offensive habit and start off1 much to the surprise of his driver4 ,by adopting the idea illustrated in the engraving and the explanation connected therewith1 the reader will have no difficulty1 in ordinary cases1 with this peculiar tormentor1 in accomplishing his purpose4 ,by many this may be considered a kind of jockey trick2 but the reader will find the information valuable if he has a lazy horse or one that does not drive up well on the bit1 as by following the directions given below he will be prepared to show as much style as any man in his county4 ,directions4--,take a small chain1 about three feet long1 and attach to it a strap or limber stick about the same length2 with this in hand walk into the stable and commence plying on him a few smart blows1 with this educator1 above the gambol-joint1 repeating it once a day for three or four days2 when you hit him of course the chain rattles and makes1 to him1 a peculiar noise4 ,now1 after you harness him up1 put the chain in your carriage1 then take your place behind him and commence driving1 and when you want to show style1 just kick the chain about a little with your boot and you will be surprised at the spirit and zeal manifested by your horse4 ,,an ,,easy ,,method ,,of ,,starting ,a ,,balky ,,horse ,,who ,,stops ,,on ,,the ,,road4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,easy ,,method ,,of ,,starting ,a ,,balky ,,horse4 ,among the various bad habits which horses acquire there are none which more severely try the patience of man than does the habit of balking4 ,frequently a horse is quiet1 kind1 and a good roadster1 but has this habit of occasionally stopping in the road4 ,at such times the almost universal practice is to whip the horse1 and sometimes most brutally1 or the more sickening custom of procuring a bundle of straw or some shavings and setting them on fire under the body of the horse4 ,such kinds of treatment ,i utterly discard1 and the reader will find1 in another part of my book1 that ,i give several methods which will prove effectual in eradicating this habit1 only meting out sufficient punishment to secure obedience4 ,below ,i give an excellent method of starting a balky horse1 and one which will prove effectual1 though it will not educate the horse to abandon the habit4 ,when your horse balks get out of your carriage1 walk up to him and commence kicking him with the toe of your boot under the fetlock joint1 first one then the other1 using the word 8shoo60 loud and quick every time you kick4 ,then take your seat in the carriage and use the word as before directed1 when your horse will start at once4 ,this process diverts his attention and causes him to move on4 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,balky ,,horse ,,to ,,draw ,,in ,,double ,,harness4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,balky ,,horse ,,to ,,draw4 ,persons have resorted to many things in order to make a balky horse draw1 and1 after laboring for months1 have seen all their efforts fail and are often disappointed by finding their animal worse instead of better4 ,let me assure the reader that however other methods may have failed1 if he will but follow the subjoined instructions he will certainly accomplish the end desired4 ,instructions4--,take a small strong rope1 about a quarter of an inch in diameter and sixteen feet long1 double the rope and place it under the balky horse's tail2 carry the ends up through a ring attached to the crupper or hip-straps1 then pass them through the terret-ring on the saddle of the harness1 and bring the ends to the true horse's hame-ring2 then tie firmly1 exercising judgment about the slack to be given to the cord2 then commence to draw slowly and your balky horse will soon learn that he has got to move with his mate4 ,,ointment ,,for ,,all ,,bruises1 ,,scratches1 ,,heel ,,grease1 ,,saddle ,,galls1 ,,etc4 ,take #c oz4 white lead1 #c oz4 lard1 #a oz4 burnt alum1 and #e grains calomel4 ,if the sore is of long standing1 use #aj grains of calomel4 ,,hoof ,,liniment1 ,,for ,,contracted ,,hoof4 ,venice turpentine1 pint2 aqua ammonia1 #b oz42 salts of nitre1 #a oz42 benzine1 #a oz42 alcohol1 #c oz4 ,apply to edge of the hair and to the hoof1 twice a day for the first three days2 once a day for the next three days2 after that1 once in two1 three1 or four days1 as the case may require4 ,,remedy ,,for ,,botts4 ,take oil of turpentine1 #h oz42 alcohol1 #a quart4 ,mix and bottle for use4 ,dose1 #d to #e oz4 in the horse's feed1 once a day for #h days1 will effectually remove every vestige of botts4 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,not ,,to ,,kick ,,while ,,being ,,shod4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,not ,,to ,,kick ,,while ,,being ,,shod4 ,the reader has heretofore been instructed how to lay the horse down and thus get him under his control2 but as horses possess a variety of bad habits1 it becomes necessary that ,i should treat each one separately1 and carefully explain1 so that none can misapprehend4 ,many horses rigidly resist the efforts of the blacksmith when undertaking to shoe his hind-feet1 but the following ideas will enable you to thoroughly educate him to stand quiet4 ,place a strap or cord between the hoof and fetlock joint2 then stand in front of the horse and commence to pull the foot forward2 if he shows resistance punish him in the mouth2 continue to pull and punish until he will allow you to thus handle the leg1 and1 so soon as he remains quiet1 step up and caress him2 then stand behind him and pull his leg backwards several times until you have removed all stubbornness or fear2 when you have accomplished this let him get up1 after which repeat the same thing1 not forgetting to caress immediately when he submits to your treatment4 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse1 ,,while ,,standing1 ,,that ,,is ,,bad ,,to ,,shoe4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,while ,,standing ,,that ,,is ,,bad ,,to ,,shoe4 ,the treatment for educating the horse after being laid down1 which has been given1 is to show him that your power is superior to his2 the method now to be given will show him that you have the same power over him when standing as when he is down4 ,place on him the ,bonaparte bridle1 as shown in the engraving1 and take a half-hitch1 placing it back of the ears and down under the upper lip1 as shown in the engraving4 ,place a man at the side of his head to punish him with this bridle when he does wrong1 remembering1 as soon as the animal does right1 to caress him4 ,take a single rein1 or a rope1 about fifteen feet long1 placing it on the hind-foot below the fetlock joint with loops2 then stand behind the horse and lift his foot2 if he shows resistance or kicks1 punish him in the mouth2 continue doing this till he will allow you to handle his feet4 ,if one lesson will not answer give him two1 and1 if necessary1 give him three1 or four1 as he has got to submit to this treatment4 ,,to ,,prevent ,,horses ,,being ,,teased ,,by ,,flies4 ,take one-half pound of walnut or butternut leaves1 and pour upon them three quarts of cold water2 let it infuse one night1 and pour the whole next morning into a kettle1 and let it boil for a quarter of an hour4 ,when cold it is fit for use4 ,no more is required than to moisten a sponge1 and before the horse goes out of the stable1 let those parts most likely to be irritated be well smeared over with the liquor1 between and upon the ears1 neck1 flank1 etc4 ,,double-,,hitch ,,bonaparte ,,bridle4 ,illustration3 ,,double ,,hitch ,,bonaparte ,,bridle4 ,this bridle may be used with great success1 for many purposes in educating horses possessed of vicious or bad habits1 and in order that the reader may not make a mistake ,i will explain it4 ,first4 ,make a small loop with one end of the cord and place it on the under jaw1 then carry the cord on the off-side of the head over back of the ears1 and bring it down through the loop on the nigh-side1 you have now the ,bonaparte bridle1 afterwards pass the cord through your right hand1 then with your left take hold of the cord and place it over the top of the head1 and bring the cord down with your left hand under the upper lip4 ,the great advantage of this bridle is the complete control of the horse which it gives to the one using it4 ,after the animal has learned its power all thought of resisting leaves him and he submits to the will of his owner4 ,harsh as it may seem to one who does not understand the principle on which it is used1 ,i do not hesitate to say that it is the most merciful device which could be originated1 a hundred times more so than the brutal method of whipping a horse to make him obey4 ,in all the horses ,i have handled ,i have never twice drawn blood1 and the only occasion when ,i did so was by the drawing of a cord too rapidly as a man might have a rope drawn through his hand4 ,yet by the use of this bridle ,i have controlled and educated the most vicious animals that could be found1 with the greatest ease to me and with the least possible suffering to themselves4 ,whipping makes no durable impression on the brain1 as this does2 it requires hours where this method takes but minutes2 it is often unsuccessful1 which this never is4 ,i will only add that a horse never should be coaxed1 he is first to be subdued by fear and ever after is controlled only as he has a sense of the superiority of the one who uses him4 ,,the ,,only ,,safe ,,method ,,of ,,controlling ,a ,,horse ,,bad ,,to ,,shoe4 ,illustration3 ,,only ,,safe ,,method ,,of ,,controlling ,a ,,horse ,,bad ,,to ,,shoe4 ,i appended to a former plate instructions whereby a horse may be educated not to kick while shoeing2 but if owners of horses will not take the pains to educate1 it is scarcely reasonable that the blacksmith should be subject to severe torture in shoeing a vicious horse2 therefore ,i have provided the foregoing plate as descriptive of the mode of perfectly controlling the horse's hind-foot1 so that the farrier need have no fears for his safety4 ,take a single rein or cord1 make a slip-noose and put it on the horse's hind-leg between the fetlock-joint and hoof2 then bring the rein or cord forward to the breast and pass it around over the neck at the shoulder2 now bring it down and put it under the rein or cord1 forming a half-hitch1 and bring up the leg so as to make it convenient for the smith to pare the hoof or nail the shoe2 then take a pole-strap or one of similar width1 and place it under the other strap or cord1 forming a loop by means of the crupper or loop near the buckle with the buckle outside1 now pass the end of the strap up on the inside and front of the leg and around the gambol-joint1 bring it down and buckle it2 when you want to clinch the nails let out the strap two or three holes and draw up tightly on the rein or cord that is in front of the breast and around the neck4 ,by this means you can accomplish the desired end1 as you have the foot and leg under your control4 ,should the horse attempt to recline over on the blacksmith1 put on the ,bonaparte bridle with double half-hitch1 and pull quickly two or three times1 and he will gladly stand erect while being shod4 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,not ,,to ,,be ,,afraid ,,of ,,the ,,cars4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,not ,,to ,,be ,,afraid ,,of ,,the ,,cars4 ,much difficulty1 and loss of property1 has resulted from not being able to control horses that become frightened at the approach of the locomotive or cars1 and1 in order to avoid the annoyance and prevent accidents1 ,i have with great care prepared the foregoing plate1 and will now give an accurate description of the mode of educating the animal1 and the appliance required1 ,i will first describe the bridle1 seen at the right of the horse4 ,make the ,bonaparte bridle as previously directed1 then place it on the horse1 stand at the nigh-side holding the cord in your right hand1 now pass your left hand over the right and take hold of the cord1 then by bringing the hand back and stepping in front of the horse1 you have formed a half-hitch1 then place it over the head and bring it down under the upper lip and above the upper jaw1 thus you have a powerful bridle that will control any horse4 ,use this with great care and judgment1 because you are now in a position to handle the wildest horse found in the country4 ,don't forget to caress the horse the moment he obeys4 ,,sweeny ,,liniment4 ,alcohol1 and spirits of turpentine1 of each #h oz42 camphor gum1 pulverized cantharides and tincture of capsicum1 of each #a oz42 oil of spike #c oz4 ,bathe this liniment in with a hot iron1 and faithfully follow till a cure is effected4 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,to ,,back ,,at ,,the ,,word ,,of ,,command4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,to ,,back ,,at ,,the ,,word ,,of ,,command4 ,this point in the education of a horse is one of great importance1 for no animal can be considered thoroughly educated till he will obey the command of his driver without the necessity of using the rein or the whip4 ,many persons in order to stop their horse will draw with all their strength upon the rein1 and to back him requires the exertion of a force enough almost to bring the horse on his haunches1 when in either case a well-educated horse will stop or back at the driver's voice without the need for even drawing upon the rein4 ,to educate the horse to back at the word of command1 let the reader take his stand behind the horse and with the rein in his hand1 previously arranged as shown in the engraving1 commence the lesson4 ,he may1 if he pleases1 start the horse forward for a few paces1 then stop him1 and then with a sudden1 short and pretty powerful backward jerk1 utter the word 8back60 ,great care must be taken to speak the word and give the backward jerk on the rein at the same instant1 for the two must come together so as to be associated in the mind of the horse4 ,when he obeys caress him1 and continue repeating the lesson1 and in a short time you will find that your horse will back at the word without your needing to even touch the reins4 ,but in educating him to this there must not be the least interval between the word and the short1 sharp jerk1 for if only a few seconds pass he will not associate the two in his mind4 ,this method will be invariably successful1 and is so far superior to the protracted and unsatisfactory means formerly employed1 that it should be everywhere adopted4 ,,to ,,educate ,,horses ,,or ,,cattle ,,not ,,to ,,jump ,,the ,,fence4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,,horses ,,or ,,cattle ,,not ,,to ,,jump ,,fences4 ,buckle a surcingle around the horse's body1 then buckle a hame-strap1 making two turns with strap between the knee and fetlock on each fore-leg2 next buckle two hame-straps on each hind-leg1 above and below the gambol-joint1 placing a ring1 say one and one-half inches in diameter1 as seen in plate4 ,now place a strap or cord from the ring on off hind-leg up through the surcingle1 then attach it to the nigh fore-leg2 then another strap or cord from the nigh hind-leg to the off fore-leg4 ,now when the horse1 or other animal1 starts to jump over a fence the appliance will arrest his progress1 for1 as he throws his fore-legs forward1 at the same time it acts upon his hind legs1 taking them out from under him1 and you will find him sitting up in the field where you turned him out4 ,after three or four lessons your horse will be thoroughly educated not to jump a fence4 ,,for ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,lungs4 ,first1 bleed thoroughly2 then give tinc4 veratrum1 oz42 laudanum1 #d oz42 tincture aconite1 oz42 shake well1 and give a teaspoonful every three hours1 in a pint of water1 well sweetened1 and1 if the pulse is not reduced in a short time1 increase the dose to a tablespoonful1 until the fever abates4 ,as soon as the horse recovers so as to eat and lie down naturally1 keep him on hay1 with a few carrots or potatoes1 and daily give a bran-mash1 with saltpetre1 pulverized antimony and sulphur1 for a week or ten days1 and you will prevent dropsy of the chest1 which usually follows this disease4 ,a ,,remedy ,,to ,,cure ,,the ,,heaves4 ,one-half pint of turpentine1 #b oz4 assaftida1 #b oz4 aloes1 #d oz4 lobelia seed1 #a quart of whisky1 #b oz4 of sal ammoniac1 #d oz4 saleratus1 #a oz4 of camphor4 ,dose1 one tablespoonful once a day4 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,cow ,,not ,,to ,,kick ,,while ,,being ,,milked4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,cow ,,not ,,to ,,kick ,,while ,,being ,,milked4 ,hitch the cow to a post1 then make the ,bonaparte bridle as follows3 ,make a loop and put it on the lower jaw1 carrying the end of the cord on the off-side of the head and around over behind the horns1 bringing it down to the mouth on the nigh-side1 through the loop4 ,now carry the cord around the nigh hind-leg1 to the off hind-leg and tie it just above the gambol-joint4 ,then sit down to milk2 now the moment the cow kicks1 an impression is made on her brain1 and she soon learns that by kicking she punishes herself1 and rather than suffer the pain inflicted she yields to the influence and says by her actions1 8,i will not kick again40 ,the principle here is the obvious one that no animal will persist in doing that which causes suffering to itself1 and the moment that it comes to associate the idea of suffering with any action1 it will make that action distasteful4 ,,colic ,,or ,,gripes4 ,symptoms4--,pawing1 manifesting a desire to lie down1 and1 without doing so1 commence pawing again4 ,as the symptoms increase1 the animal cannot be kept on his feet2 he frequently falls as if shot2 pulse not altered from natural condition4 ,intervals of rest1 together with the condition of the pulse1 distinguish the disease from inflammation of the bowels4 ,treat as follows3 ,frequent injections of soap and water1 and give internally spirits of nitre1 #a oz42 laudanum1 #a oz42 water1 pint2 mix for drench4 ,this may be repeated in twenty minutes1 if relief is not obtained4 ,another remedy1 giving instant relief3 ,from #e to #aj drops of chloroform1 given on sugar1 ,i have never known to fail giving immediate relief4 ,i have known men to be from home1 and have their horses taken with this disease1 and use this remedy1 and in thirty minutes the horses were able to be driven4 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,cow ,,to ,,let ,,her ,,milk ,,down ,,while ,,milking4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,cow ,,to ,,let ,,her ,,milk ,,down4 ,much inconvenience1 besides an actual loss of money1 is experienced by persons who own cows that are in the habit of withholding their milk4 ,having spent fifteen years of my life in gathering knowledge of value to the farmer1 and to other owners of animals1 ,i am unwilling that even one valuable idea should be lost to the reader1 and therefore ,i have1 at considerable expense1 illustrated the above-named point1 believing that it will be of benefit to many persons4 ,although the method to be employed is very simple1 it will be found practical in its operation1 while success will be certain where the directions are followed3 ,take a common bag1 put into it a bushel or a bushel and a half of grain1 or its equivalent in weight of sand1 then place the bag across the back of the animal1 as indicated in the engraving and the result will be shown in the milking4 ,as an indication of the purpose of the cow to hold up her milk you will always see her hump up her back1 then1 by applying the remedy named1 the habit will be speedily removed4 ,,practical ,,result ,,of ,,educating ,,the ,,cow ,,to ,,give ,,down ,,milk4 ,illustration3 ,,practical ,,result ,,of ,,educating ,,the ,,cow ,,to ,,give ,,down ,,milk4 ,having directed the attention of the reader to the education of the cow so as not to disappoint her owner in receiving the quota of milk he may rightly expect1 it is but natural that the eye should be gratified by witnessing the result4 ,for this purpose ,i have prepared this engraving1 in which is represented the bag and its contents upon the back of the animal1 in just the spot where it should be placed4 ,the reader will also perceive the impatient wife standing with milking pail and stool in hand1 waiting for the result1 which becomes apparent in the freely flowing milk1 and one can almost imagine that he hears her saying to her husband that it is scarcely necessary now to milk the cow1 for the simple method adopted has caused a spontaneous flow of milk1 and nothing now is needed but to set the pail under her and view with wonder and delight the pleasing effect produced6 ,a ,,cure ,,for ,,heaves1 ,,never ,,before ,,published4 ,take a common stone jar1 fill it with eggs1 cover them with cider vinegar1 and let it stand till the vinegar eats up the shells4 ,then stir all together4 ,take a lump of lime about the size of a goose-egg1 slack it in hot water1 using about one quart of water4 ,add one-half pint of the lime-water to a quart of the egg mixture4 ,give a teacupful1 at feeding time1 in feed1 three times a day4 ,,to ,,cure ,,worms ,,in ,,horses4 ,one dram white hellebore in powder1 #a dram sulphate of iron in powder1 #a oz4 flaxseed meal4 ,the above for one dose1 mixed with bran-mash1 given at night4 ,repeat in forty-eight hours1 if the horse is old4 ,two doses are enough for the worst case4 ,,to ,,educate ,,cattle ,,to ,,lead ,,behind ,a ,,wagon4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,,cattle ,,to ,,lead ,,behind ,a ,,wagon4 ,make a rope halter and put it on the head of the animal you desire to lead2 then take a small rope1 about twenty feet long1 double it in the center1 placing it under the tail2 cross it on the back1 bringing the ends down each side of the animals neck and then through the nose-piece of the halter under the lower jaw1 and tie the ends firmly to the end of your wagon4 ,if you wish to lead more than one1 take another rope1 twice the length of the former one1 double it in the center1 placing it under the tail1 cross it on the back1 bringing the ends down each side of the animal's neck and then through under the lower jaw4 ,now bring the ends1 one on each side of the forward cow1 and carry the rope through the halter under the jaw and tie it to the wagon4 ,by adopting this plan no difficulty will be experienced in educating your animals to lead1 and when you drive home with your cattle following thus they will be sure to arrive there at the same time as yourself4 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,tender-,,mouthed ,,horse ,,to ,,pull ,,on ,,the ,,bit4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,tender-,,mouthed ,,horse ,,to ,,pull ,,on ,,the ,,bit4 ,many horses are very sensitive to a hurt in any part of the body1 so much so that they often grow frantic when severely punished1 and it seems to be the delight of some persons to inflict injury to a horse of this temperament1 sometimes with a view to make him rear or prance about1 believing it adds to the appearance of the animal1 when the contrary is the fact2 a bad habit is almost sure to grow out of such treatment1 and then it may take some time to eradicate it4 ,one of the evils often presented is that the animal becomes tender-mouthed1 and ,i have known many cases where balking has been the result4 ,let me urge the reader never to jerk sharply on the bit1 except when educating or correcting a habit1 as heretofore directed4 ,the only effectual method of treatment for a tender mouth is to use a large straight bit1 leave the check-rein quite loose1 and drop the bit low down in the mouth1 as seen in engraving1 which will slip up and down and harden the mouth in a short time4 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,not ,,to ,,be ,,afraid ,,of ,a ,,buffalo ,,robe4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,not ,,to ,,be ,,afraid ,,of ,a ,,buffalo ,,robe4 ,the education of the horse being quite a new idea to many persons1 it therefore becomes necessary that1 in my characteristic explanations1 ,i should make my ideas both plain and simple--so that even the most unlettered may not become fogged while attempting to apply any illustrated idea in my work4 ,a ,buffalo robe is an article in common use1 and one at which very many horses become frightened1 proving a decided source of annoyance4 ,let not the reader imagine that one lesson1 as below indicated1 is sufficient to warrant success and thoroughly eradicate the habit4 ,much depends upon the temperament of the animal2 but1 in most cases1 three lessons carefully imparted will accomplish the purpose4 ,after you have given two or three lessons do not tempt your horse by suddenly approaching him with the robe1 and when you do approach him1 be sure you have the ,bonaparte bridle on him1 that you may be able at once to control when the slightest resistance is seen4 ,directions4--,if your animal is very nervous lay him down1 as directed in other places1 fold the robe1 hair side in1 making it as small as possible2 let him smell of it1 rub it gently over his nose1 head and body2 punish if he resists--if not caress4 ,when submission is apparent allow him to rise to his feet2 then1 with your ,bonaparte bridle1 properly adjusted1 present the robe to him again4 ,bearing in mind the grand idea1 punish for disobedience and caress when he obeys4 ,carefully avoid all unnecessary excitement while educating any animal1 as it only tends to benumb their senses and make them less susceptible of being taught4 ,,intelligence ,,of ,,animals4 ,in discussing the intelligence of animals ,i am aware that many persons1 at the outset1 would question the propriety of the term4 ,man has so long arrogated the exclusive possession of mind1 or at least of a mind capable of rational reflection1 that he is reluctant to concede the fact of its possession by the lower orders of animate life4 ,those acts which1 in the brute creation1 seem to proceed from the action of powers analagous to human intelligence1 it has been usual to ascribe to an irrational faculty called instinct2 a power invariable and despotic in its action1 but in no degree the result of reflection2 some metaphysicians even going so far as to assert that the action of animals is purely automatic1 the difference in this respect between them and the automaton moved by wires and springs being that the former possesses a consciousness of their acts1 while the latter does not4 ,facts in myriads1 exist which challenge the correctness of such a theory1 while in almost equal number they assert the existence1 at least in its embryonic state1 of a mind capable of thought1 and1 to a limited degree1 of reflection and comparison1 with the ability to deduce conclusions from the facts which it considers4 ,this intelligence varies greatly in the different animal races1 in some species being barely perceptible1 while in others it is too conspicuous to be ignored2 and between individuals of the same species there exists a difference so marked that1 in the more favored ones which come under our observation1 the intelligence is so clear as to almost startle us by the feeling that behind the full1 liquid eye of the horse1 or prompting the fixed gaze bent on us by our trusty canine companion1 there may be a mind kindred to our own and which lacks only the power of articulate expression to respond to our thoughts by answering sentiments4 ,it is the absence of the power of speech in animals which leaves us in doubt as to the exact degree of intelligence possessed by them4 ,if1 when the farmer says1 8,carlo6 the cows are in the corn--turn them out60 the dog should turn his head and reply1 8,yes1 sir1 ,i'll have them out in a moment60 there could be no doubt of the intelligent interchange of thought4 ,but the fact of his doing that which in the supposed case he would express1 proves as conclusively his comprehension of the command and his purpose to obey4 ,the horse or dog1 however fully he may understand the directions he receives1 can give no other response than by his acts1 and to words of praise or censure he can reply only by signs2 these are clearly understood by us and show that our meaning is comprehended by the animal1 thus proving a real interchange of thought4 ,a popular author has said3 8,a dog may bark1 a horse may neigh1 but it is not by these sounds that they express the delicate shades of ever-varying emotion2 it is by a thousand varieties of gesture which few indeed of us can analyze but which all clearly understand4 ,a dog converses with his master by means of his eyes and his ears and his tail1 nay rather by every muscle of his body40 ,to test the existence and extent of intelligence we must determine the capacity for comprehending thought4 ,we recognize this capacity in a child long before it can express itself in language4 ,its dawn is seen as the infant learns to associate certain articulate sounds with certain persons1 acts1 or things1 and to distinguish the meaning of tones which encourage1 restrain or chide it4 ,it is only after a twelve-month or more of constant tuition1 lovingly and intelligently given1 that our children begin to express in language the thoughts which are awakened by our words and acts1 yet the comprehension is as evident and the response as apparent1 the whole mental process being as perfect1 long before4 ,the same test which proves the intelligence of the child demonstrates its existence in animals there is a similar power of comprehending the wishes expressed1 by associating certain articulate sounds with certain acts required1 as well as an equal recognition of the tones of voice by which approval1 reproof or anger are made known2 but1 lacking the organs of speech1 they are debarred1 and forever must be1 from any except the most limited interchange of thought4 ,for this reason1 attentive study is needed in ascertaining the extent to which they comprehend and respond to the intelligence which addresses them4 ,in the case of wild or undomesticated animals there is little opportunity for investigating this interesting subject4 ,we see the beaver build his dam1 and we understand the object so admirably attained by his work4 ,we know that the elephant1 to be taken in the pitfall1 must see on the earth that covers it the foot-prints of one of his fellows1 and we surmise the process of reasoning by which he concludes that he is safe in venturing where another of his kind has trodden4 ,we learn that the ostrich which in torrid regions trusts to the heat of the sand for the incubation of her eggs1 will in a more temperate latitude supply the heat which would else be lacking by setting on her eggs during the cooler nights2 but in none of these1 nor in a score of other cases1 in which there seems a rational foresight1 can we determine how far the acts result from intelligent reflection4 ,in domesticated animals1 and especially in such as are trained for the service of man1 the action of intelligence may be clearly traced2 it is demonstrated by the ease and certainty with which they can be educated2 it is seen in the readiness with which many receive and act upon ideas communicated to them2 and in a multitude of instances the mental process is evident by which they have1 independently1 reached conclusions rationally deduced from facts of their previous knowledge4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,hope relates a circumstance of a terrier who had been temporarily left by his master in the care of a ,mrs4 ,langford at ,st4 ,albans4 ,this lady owned a large house-dog which1 disliking the presence of the stranger1 quarreled with him1 biting and severely wounding him1 after which the terrier disappeared2 but in a few days he returned again1 accompanied by a powerful mastiff1 when both together fell upon the original assailant1 whom they nearly killed4 ,the mastiff was the watch-dog at his master's house1 more than a day's journey distant1 and had been brought by the terrier for the sole purpose of avenging the injury he had received1 after which they left in company and proceeded together to their home4 ,here was displayed a power of combining ideas and of communicating them to one of his own kind1 when the two acted on the plan they had preconcerted4 ,in a work just issued1 an anecdote is related of a dog who had lost his master and afterwards became old and blind1 passing his time sadly in the same corner1 which he rarely quitted4 8,one day came a step like that of his lost master1 and he suddenly left his place4 ,the man who had just entered wore ribbed stockings as his master had done4 ,the old dog had lost his scent and referred at once to the stockings that he remembered1 rubbing his face against them4 ,believing that his master had returned1 he gave way to the most extravagant delight4 ,the man spoke2 the momentary illusion was dispelled1 the dog went sadly back to his place1 lay wearily down1 and died40 ,here was a double process of reasoning and even a balancing of testimony with a decision that the negative evidence of the strange voice outweighed the affirmative proof in the step and the stockings4 ,much evidence favors the belief that animals not only become familiar with the words habitually addressed to them1 but that they1 to a certain extent1 understand our language4 ,a dog1 belonging to a friend of the writer1 would slink from the room with every indication of shame if a fault of which he had been guilty was spoken of in his presence4 ,the author of 8,chapters on ,animals0 describes a dog in his possession which clearly distinguishes between those visitors at the house who are favorites with his master and those whom he dislikes1 and adds3 8,i know not how he discovers these differences in my feelings1 except it be by overhearing remarks when the guests are gone40 ,the elephant1 though one of the clumsiest of animals1 exhibits marks of high intelligence1 and evidently understands the language in which he is addressed4 ,he can be stimulated to unusual exertions by the promise of a reward4 8,i have seen10 says a ,french writer1 8two occupied in beating down a wall which their keepers had desired them to do and encouraged them by a promise of fruits and brandy40 ,they were left alone and continued at the work1 stimulated by the promised reward1 until it was accomplished4 8,when a reward is promised to an elephant10 says the same author1 8it is dangerous to disappoint him1 as he never fails to revenge the insult40 ,nothing of this could occur without an understanding of the language4 ,in ,india they were formerly employed to launch vessels1 and it is related that one being directed to force a large ship into the water1 the task proved beyond his strength2 whereupon his master1 in a sarcastic tone1 ordered the keeper to take away this lazy beast and bring another2 the poor animal1 as if stung by emulation1 instantly repeated his efforts1 fractured his skull and died on the spot4 ,it may be said that the tones of the voice rather than the words are what the animal understands1 yet a dog knows his name however spoken1 and a horse understands a whole vocabulary of orders4 ,but the intelligence which comprehends the meaning of a tone1 is not less than that required to understand a word or sentence4 ,mr4 ,hamerton1 the artist1 widely known as a lover of animals1 mentions a favorite dog which met an untimely death by drowning1 and in his lament over his lost pet1 says3 8,he was a dog of rare gifts1 exceptionally intelligent1 who would obey a look where another needed an order4 ,he would sit studying his master's face and had become from careful observation so acute a physiognomist that he read whatever thoughts of mine had any concern for him40 ,the shrewd intelligence of our countrymen is nowhere more clearly seen than in the keen bargains the ,new ,englander is famous for driving4 ,but our domestic animals make bargains with us and sometimes resolutely keep us to them4 ,on this point a pleasant writer relates an anecdote of a favorite mare who was so difficult to catch in the pasture as to often require six men to effect it2 8but10 says he1 8,i carried corn to her for a long time1 without trying to take her1 leaving the corn on the ground4 ,next1 ,i induced her to eat the corn while ,i held it1 still leaving her free4 ,finally ,i persuaded her to follow me1 and now she will come trotting half a mile at my whistle1 leaping ditches1 fording brooks1 in the darkness and rain1 or in impenetrable fog4 ,she follows me like a dog to the stable and ,i administer the corn there4 ,but it is a bargain2 she knowingly sells her liberty for the corn4 ,the experiment of reducing the reward to test her behavior having been tried1 she ceased to obey the whistle and resumed her former habits2 but the full and due quantity having been restored1 she yielded her liberty again without resistance1 and since then she is not to be cheated40 ,a horse which is regularly used for attending church1 will1 from its own observation1 learn to recognize the ,sabbath and understand the meaning of the church bells4 ,two interesting illustrations of this fact ,i give on the authority of a recent number of the ,hartford ,post3 ,a pair of horses that had been used during the week in team-work to ,springfield1 on ,sunday were harnessed and driven to the door unhitched1 and1 the family being rather tardy that morning1 as soon as the second bell began to ring the horses started off alone1 and with their usual ,sunday motion went up in front of the church1 when1 after waiting the usual time1 they quietly went around under the horse-shed4 ,here the horses plainly understood the distinction between that day and the six previous ones when they had been driven to ,springfield1 else they would have gone1 after starting1 to where they had been going through the week2 they also evidently understood that at the ringing of the second bell it was time to start for church4 ,the gentleman who communicated the foregoing adds an instance which occurred in his own family3 ,the father of the writer1 owing to increasing infirmities1 rode alone to meeting1 half a mile1 driving an old gray mare twenty years old1 and had not failed of going every ,sabbath for some years4 ,on one occasion1 owing to a fall1 he could not go to meeting1 and on ,sunday morning1 as the time for meeting approached1 the horse1 in a lot near the house1 manifested great uneasiness1 and when the second bell struck she leaped over the fence and trotted quietly to church1 stopping at her usual hitching-place1 under an old elm tree1 until the close of the service1 when the faithful animal returned safely to the house4 ,when we remember that such exhibitions of intelligence occur continually where the animals have received no training on the subjects to which they relate1 it seems certain that they are the result of a mental process which strongly resembles thought1 and we would expect1 from patient culture1 displays of intelligence greatly in advance of those ordinarily taking place4 ,such an expectation is justified by the results which have followed training when directed to this end4 ,in a paper entitled 8,canine ,guests10 ,philip ,gilbert ,hamerton gives an account of the trained dogs of ,m4 du ,rouil which1 but for the unimpeachable veracity of the writer1 would be almost incredible4 ,m4 du ,rouil began to educate his first dog out of curiosity to see the effect of the sort of education which seemed to him best adapted for establishing a close understanding between the human and canine minds2 the results astonished himself and were so gratifying that he subsequently educated two others on the same principles4 ,two of these dogs1 8,blanche0 and 8,lyda10 with their master1 were guests of ,mr4 ,hamerton1 and the intelligence they exhibited1 and which he describes1 is1 by his own admission1 8incredible10 yet may be so only because of our ignorance of the nature and extent of the mental powers belonging to the animal creation4 ,among the many feats performed by them were the spelling of words by lettered cards2 the correction of words purposely misspelled2 the working out of simple problems in arithmetic and the playing of cards and dominoes4 ,of the latter1 ,mr4 ,hamerton says3 8,both the dogs played a game at dominoes4 ,this was managed as follows3 the dogs sat on chairs opposite each other1 and took up the domino that was wanted2 but the master placed it in its position and kept announcing the state of the game4 ,their distress when they could not go on without drawing from the bank was announced in piteous whines1 and amused us all exceedingly4 ,lyda was the loser1 and precipitately retreated to hide herself with an evident consciousness of defeat40 ,an incident occurred in the course of the evening which showed some understanding of language4 ,a little girl wanted ,blanche to come to her1 but the dog kept away1 on which ,m4 du ,rouil said1 8,blanche1 go salute the little girl60 ,she immediately went up to the child and made a formal obeisance4 ,the owner of ,blanche stated that he was going home one night accompanied by the dog and on his way saw a man who was searching for some object that he had lost4 8,what are you seeking80 he asked4 ,the man answered that he had lost #bhj francs4 8,possibly my dog may be able to find them for you2 have you any money left8 ,if you have1 show her a piece of gold40 ,it was done and the dog directed to search4 ,she at once set out and soon returned1 bringing first one piece of gold1 then another1 and then a bank-note1 till the whole sum that had been lost was regained4 ,m4 du ,rouil said that ,blanche really knew all the letters and the playing-cards by their names1 and ,lyda really knew all the figures4 ,in addition to this ,blanche had studied about one hundred and fifty words in different languages1 something like twenty in each language4 ,so it was with ,lyda and the figures4 ,she knew each one by its name1 and would bring the one called for4 ,in describing the earlier stages of training through which these dogs had passed1 their owner said the first thing was to make the dog fetch an object1 the next to make him discriminate between one of two very different objects placed together1 and bring one or the other as it was mentioned by its name4 ,in beginning the alphabet he put two most dissimilar letters side by side to begin with1 such as an ,o and an ,i1 avoiding the confusion of similar ones1 such as ,o and ,q or ,b and ,r4 ,gradually the dog became observant enough to discriminate between letters in which the difference was not so marked4 ,m4 du ,rouil said he had found the greatest difficulty in teaching ,blanche to distinguish between the knaves and kings in playing-cards1 but that she learned the aces very promptly4 ,when he was asked what1 after his ten years' experience1 was his opinion of the intelligence of dogs1 he answered1 with great emphasis1 8that it is infinite40 ,in subsequent pages ,i shall set forth my method of educating both dogs and horses to perform a variety of feats1 which will be described1 and from the ideas thus imparted the reader may multiply the number of tricks to any desired amount4 ,,ferren',s ,,patented ,,steel ,,horseshoe4 ,illustration3 ,,hoof ,,expanding ,,horse ,,shoe ,,for ,,contracted ,,feet ,,corns ,ground surface of shoe4 ,the hoof prepared for the shoe4 ,one of the most valuable patents for ,horseshoes was granted to ,h4 ,b4 ,ferren1 of ,batavia1 ,n4 ,y41 for a ,steel ,horseshoe1 which promises to come into general use1 and will1 to a very large extent1 supersede an ,iron ,shoe1 whether made by a machine or by hand1 because its form is the best1 the material is durable1 and the manner of making is such as to secure economy1 and its adoption will prevent many of the prevalent cruel malpractices upon a horse's foot4 ,,trick ,,horses4 ,many horses are susceptible of an education far more extensive than is necessary for ordinary use1 and for the benefit of such persons as may desire to teach their horses something more than the usual accomplishments1 whether for their own amusement1 or for the purpose of seeing how far the intelligence of the animal can be developed1 ,i have prepared a description of a variety of tricks1 which1 as performed by my horses1 have been received with universal applause1 both in ,canada and in the ,united ,states2 to simplify which1 ,i have1 at considerable cost1 procured plates1 illustrating each of the tricks4 ,but that no person may be misled into supposing that this forms a part of my general system of educating the horse1 ,i deem it proper to present these directions separately4 ,though the tricks to be hereafter illustrated and explained will add nothing of intrinsic value to the horse1 nor of real benefit to his owner1 yet the reader will readily see in them the demonstration of a highly important fact1 viz41 that horses can be taught the meaning of words1 and to yield obedience to sounds to such an extent as to convince a candid mind that their intelligence is far in advance of that generally attributed to them4 ,with these remarks ,i will proceed to explain the modus operandi1 as ,i call attention to a variety of tricks they may easily be taught to perform4 ,before passing to this1 let me impress on the reader some leading principles in educating the horse4 ,first1 never allow yourself to get in a hurry2 impatience or excitement on your part will go far in defeating the object of your instructions4 ,second1 do not prolong your lessons beyond twenty minutes at one time2 and1 especially1 never use severity beyond that which may be absolutely necessary4 ,thus by kindness and patience in repeating your lessons at short intervals1 you will surmount every difficulty and accomplish your purpose in a manner satisfactory to yourself4 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,to ,,mount ,a ,,pedestal4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,to ,,mount ,a ,,pedestal4 ,first make the ,bonaparte bridle1 and place it on your horse1 then lead him quietly up to the pedestal1 and say to him1 8,get up with your fore-feet60 of course he will not obey2 now you must teach him your meaning4 ,while you hold the bridle let some one take hold of his front foot1 raise it carefully and place it on the pedestal2 then caress him1 after which say1 8,get down60 at the same time using your bridle in gently backing him4 ,when he puts his foot down do not omit to caress him4 ,repeat this until he will obey when spoken to1 then go through the same process with the other foot4 ,after this1 place both feet on the pedestal2 then require him to get down1 then up and down till he will obey you without the use of the bridle4 ,great care should be taken not to excite the horse while educating him1 for when excited his brain becomes muddled1 and he is unfitted for retaining your instruction4 ,to make your horse stand on three legs3 take a pin1 and place it in the end of your whipstock1 and with the point prick him slightly on the leg1 in front1 just below the fetlock joint1 but not hard enough to make him kick2 repeat this several times accompanied by the words1 8hold up your foot60 continuing to repeat the punishment and words until he will obey the command without punishment4 ,,how ,,to ,,make ,a ,,horse ,,waltz4 ,tie his head to his side by means of a surcingle and cord1 fastening the cord at the side1 reaching from the mouth2 touch him lightly with the whip4 ,he has to go1 and1 of course1 he must go around and around4 ,he soon learns perfectly to waltz by the motion of the whip1 the teacher still repeating the word 8waltz40 ,,to ,,educate ,,the ,,horse ,,to ,,walk ,,on ,,his ,,hind ,,feet4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,to ,,walk ,,on ,,his ,,hind ,,feet4 ,make the ,bonaparte bridle1 and put it on your horse2 also put on a bitting rig1 similar to the one shown in the engraving1 drawing his head pretty well up and in4 ,now stand near his head with bridle in hand1 and jerk upward1 as though you desired to lift him up1 at the same time repeating the words1 8stand up on your hind feet60 repeat this several times1 and if he does not make a move to please you1 take hold of one leg1 raising him up with one hand and using the bridle with the other1 as before directed1 not forgetting to caress him if he makes the slightest move in the direction of obedience4 ,in order to ensure success1 kindness and patience should be the ruling principles4 ,after you have taught your horse to stand on his hind feet you will next educate him to walk upright4 ,this can be easily done by observing the following directions4 ,stand in front of him1 whip in hand1 saying1 8,get up60 then shake the whip in front of him1 stepping backwards slowly1 at the same time say to him1 8,come here60 repeating it sharply and touching him gently with the whip on the knees4 ,by carefully observing the above directions1 you will quickly teach your horse to stand upright1 and to walk on his hind feet4 ,,how ,,to ,,make ,a ,,horse ,,say 8,,no40 ,prick him on the neck at the terminus of the mane till he shakes his head1 then remove the pin1 caress him1 repeat for a while1 and your horse will soon shake his head when you raise your hand to your heart2 be always sure to treat the animal kindly for well-doing1 and caress him when he deserves it1 and he will repay you by his love for you and willingness to do your bidding4 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,to ,,push ,a ,,vehicle4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,to ,,push ,a ,,vehicle4 ,after your horse has been taught to mount a pedestal with his fore-feet1 and to stand and walk upright on his hind-feet it is a comparatively easy task to educate him to mount upon a vehicle and push it4 ,it is not at all necessary that a horse should be attached to it in front1 as appears in the illustration1 where the engraver has placed a representation of my black horse1 ,prince ,albert1 as a matter of taste1 not as being necessary in conducting the instruction4 ,in this trick it will be scarcely necessary for the educator to put the ,bonaparte bridle on his horse unless he should show some stubbornness1 but1 with bitting rig on1 stand near his head1 whip in hand1 and say to him in rather a loud and sharp tone of voice1 8,get up60 ,some fear on his part may be manifested1 still do not give up nor lose your patience1 but lift his feet up and caress him4 ,when he does get up do not at first allow the vehicle to move1 nor until he has mounted two or three times1 then say to him1 8,push60 and in a short time you will have taught him not only to get up on the vehicle but to push it in front of him4 ,after your horse has been thoroughly taught1 you will discover that he is delighted to amuse you1 and he will appear pleased to participate in the enjoyment of the trick4 ,,how ,,to ,,make ,a ,,horse ,,go ,,lame4 ,tap him on the fore-leg till he holds it up1 then caress him kindly2 lead him with the left hand to the bit1 and tap the left fore-leg with a stick in your right hand2 repeat the word 8lame1 lame1 lame10 and your horse will soon learn to hold up one leg at the command4 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,to ,,be ,,vicious4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,to ,,be ,,vicious4 ,many persons are incredulous in regard to the assertion that horses can be educated2 had one lived a hundred years ago he might have been excused for such incredulity1 but in this age of knowledge and advancement in all departments of human life1 no man should close his eyes to any of the developments wrought by man's ingenuity4 ,that the horse possesses more intelligence than many are disposed to admit1 facts abundantly prove1 and that he is quite as susceptible of acquiring evil and vicious habits as is man1 the following trick will show4 ,my horse1 ,prince ,albert1 appears to enjoy the subjoined trick greatly1 and ,i regard it as quite a sensational one4 ,to educate a horse to be vicious you have only to attract his attention1 and then appear to be afraid of him4 ,for instance1 strike him lightly with a whip on the knees1 then run away from him1 and after you have repeated this a few times he will run after you4 ,you may make the trick more interesting by calling him names1 such as 8a nigger10 8a mean horse10 and on speaking the words run from him4 ,but be careful to have some place of safety1 so that1 when he follows1 you may get out of his reach1 as at some time he may disappoint and overtake you and mete out a punishment that will be anything but pleasing or desirable4 ,,how ,,to ,,teach ,a ,,horse ,,to ,,laugh4 ,prick him with a pin on the nose till he turns his lip up2 then caress him well4 ,he will soon learn that when you point towards him and say1 8,laugh10 that it means a prick in the nose1 if he does not turn his lip up4 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,to ,,walk ,,on ,,his ,,knees4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,to ,,walk ,,on ,,his ,,knees4 ,the reader will observe1 by reading my book1 that great use is made of the ,bonaparte bridle1 and if those who handle horses will always resort to it when obedience from the horse is desired1 they will save much time1 trouble and annoyance that so often occur1 especially to persons who quickly loose their tempers4 ,men can accomplish more in fifteen minutes using the bridle than in fifteen hours with any other means1 as it does not inflict a severe punishment when properly used1 but never fails to secure obedience4 ,therefore1 as in most cases it is used1 ,i1 in the present1 introduce it again4 ,put a surcingle on the horse1 attach a strap to his nigh fore-foot between the fetlock joint and hoof and draw it up to within eight or ten inches of his body1 then take a strap or cord1 say #f or #g feet long1 and fasten it to his off fore-leg in the same manner and secure the services of some person to assist you1 directing him to stand on the off-side1 and1 when directed1 to pull up his foot4 ,place on the horse the ,bonaparte bridle1 and take your position in front of him with bridle in hand1 requesting assistant to pull1 when your horse will come down on his knees1 now pull on your bridle and say1 8,come here10 when he will soon obey you4 ,do not make your lessons long1 but repeat them often2 not forgetting to caress him if he should make the slightest move towards you4 ,never attempt to teach a horse this trick with shoes on his hind-feet1 as he might cut himself1 which would cause him to dread a second effort4 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,to ,,drive ,a ,,boy ,,off ,,the ,,pedestal4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,to ,,drive ,a ,,boy ,,off ,,the ,,pedestal4 ,it will be necessary to first educate the horse to mount the pedestal4 ,instructions to do this may be found elsewhere2 then proceed in the following manner to educate to the above trick4 ,put on the ,bonaparte bridle1 using a cord1 say twenty feet long1 and send your horse away from you with a whip1 the length of the cord1 then give him a slight pull1 and say1 8,come here20 then run from him and mount the pedestal yourself2 when he approaches he will try to mount1 and as he does so you jump off4 ,after you have thus exercised him a few times get a boy to assist you4 ,let the boy stand on the pedestal1 and say to your horse1 8,come here and mount up20 instruct the boy to leave so soon as the animal shall mount4 ,you will find this trick quite a sensational one1 and not difficult to learn your horse4 ,,to ,,shake ,,hands4 ,this is easily accomplished by tying a short strap or piece of cord to the forward foot below the fetlock2 then stand directly in front of the horse1 and hold the end of the strap in your hand1 and say1 8,shake hands1 sir40 ,after which pull immediately upon the strap1 which will bring his foot forward1 and which you are to accept as shaking hands2 then1 of course1 you must caress and feed him1 and keep him repeating1 until1 when you make the demand1 he will bring the foot forward in anticipation of having it pulled up4 ,,how ,,to ,,make ,a ,,horse ,,bow4 ,prick him in the breast with a pin1 till he throws his head down and up the least bit2 then take the pin away1 and caress him kindly2 repeat for a few times1 until when you stand back and attract his attention1 he will nod his head1 expecting a prick in the breast4 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,to ,,sit ,,down4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,to ,,sit ,,down4 ,horses differ very much in their capacity for being taught therefore1 if you desire a pleasing subject1 select one that is tractable4 ,directions3 ,make the ,bonaparte bridle1 and place it on your horse1 so that you may have him under proper control1 then put on him a common hame collar2 now take two pole-straps and place one on each hind-leg1 below the fetlock joint1 and attach a cord1 say twelve feet long1 to each strap1 carry your cord up through the collar on each side and bring the ends behind him1 holding also the end of the ,bonaparte bridle in your hand1 and commence to pull on your cords2 now repeat over the words1 8sit down20 as he goes backwards draw up still more on your cords1 until he shall sit down4 ,do not allow him to remain in this sitting posture more than a minute the first lesson4 ,repeat this two or three times a day for five or six days1 and you1 with the assistance of a whip pointed downwards to the ground1 will witness the pleasing effect of your instruction by seeing your horse sit down at the word of command4 ,,to ,,cure ,,the ,,scratches ,,in ,,the ,,shortest ,,time ,,ever ,,known4 ,use two tablespoonfuls of lard1 and one tablespoonful of slacked lime2 brush out the dirt and dust from the foot2 use no water4 ,apply the salve1 well mixed1 twice each day4 ,it will cure the worst cases in #d to #f days4 ,another remedy3 ,hydrate of potassa1 #aj grains2 pulverized nut-galls1 oz42 white lead1 pulverized opium1 each oz42 lard1 lb4 ,wash with soap-suds1 rub dry1 and apply the mixture night and morning4 ,give purging ball4 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,to ,,bore ,,for ,,oil4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,to ,,bore ,,for ,,oil4 ,place on your horse the ,camanche bridle1 and educate him to the words1 8,come here10 so that he will mind you readily on hearing the words2 by this you can better control him while educating to the trick in question4 ,some difficulty may at first be experienced1 but by patience and perseverance you will not fail4 ,take an ordinary pole-strap and place it on your horse below the fetlock joint on the off fore-foot2 now take one loose turn round the nigh fore-foot1 and take the end of the strap in one hand1 with the other hand pull gently on the bridle1 using the words as instructed4 ,your animal will attempt to obey1 but will find himself somewhat hampered1 yet he will quickly learn4 ,if he should at first move a foot to please you1 say 8,whoa10 and then caress4 ,make your lesson short1 and do not try to force him too much1 for if you do he will become excited and resist your effort4 ,,how ,,to ,,make ,a ,,horse ,,walk ,,up4 ,first put a rope around his neck1 bring it down through his mouth1 back through the loop on the neck1 jerk him till he raises his fore-feet the least bit1 then stop and caress him2 then check him up tight to a surcingle--from the bit to the side-ring is the better way2 then jerk on the cord1 and he will soon get up erect2 repeat1 still caressing him well for all he does2 he will soon get up at the motion of the whip4 ,you should1 when practicing him1 repeat the words1 8get up1 sir60 ,it is in this manner ,i taught ,tom ,thumb to go up and down stairs1 and to perform on the stage in different places1 affording amusement to thousands of witnesses4 ,a ,,sure ,,method ,,of ,,making ,a ,,horse ,,bad ,,to ,,catch4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,sure ,,method ,,of ,,making ,a ,,horse ,,bad ,,to ,,catch4 ,two or three pages might be written upon this subject1 and profitably read by owners of horses4 ,young men and boys are largely addicted to the habit of riding or leading the horse up to the bars or fence1 and1 some being too lazy to let down the rails properly1 compelling him to jump over1 and if he resists1 the first effort is to hit him with the bridle or halter1 and away the animal goes almost frantic with fear4 ,to another class it proves an amusement1 certainly arising from a depraved nature1 as they like to see the animal jump2 and to enjoy their sport they hurry him over regardless of consequences--not thinking they are laying the foundation of a very bad habit in the horse--that of being bad to catch in the field4 ,let those who have been guilty in the past1 after reading this paragraph over1 desist from pursuing such a course of conduct toward horses1 and ere long the time will come when there will be no need to apply the remedy--elsewhere found--to educate the horse that is bad to catch in the field4 ,,hide ,,bound4 ,this condition of the skin is usually produced by any derangement of system4 ,medicine of an alterative character is here indicated4 ,the most successful remedy is sulphur1 pulverized1 #h oz42 nitrate of potassa1 pulverized1 #c oz42 black antimony1 pulverized1 #b oz42 sulphate of iron1 #d oz4 ,mix well together1 and give one tablespoonful twice a day4 ,another good remedy3 ,take saltpetre1 #d oz42 crude antimony1 #a oz42 sulphur1 #b oz4 ,both the saltpetre and antimony should be finely pulverized1 then add the sulphur1 and mix well together4 ,dose3 tablespoonful of the mixture in bran-mash daily4 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,to ,,take ,a ,,handkerchief ,,from ,,his ,,side4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,to ,,take ,a ,,handkerchief ,,from ,,his ,,side4 ,the reader must understand that it is necessary first to educate your animal to obey the words 8come here0 and 8whoa10 before he can be taught tricks successfully4 ,there must be great caution used in teaching the above trick4 ,first stand on the nigh-side and prick the animal lightly on the shoulder2 he will reach round and bite near where the punishment is inflicted4 ,after you have repeated this a few times1 hold a handkerchief in hand with the pin and he will soon catch hold of it with his teeth2 as you use the pin1 say 8,take it from the nigh-side40 ,next prick him with a pin on the off-shoulder1 handkerchief accompanying1 and say 8,take it from the off-side40 ,when you have given him five or six lessons1 you may hold the handkerchief on his side and touch him with your finger1 repeating the words above directed4 ,the instructor must be cautious when using the pin in educating1 not to provoke so as to make the animal cross4 ,,distemper4 ,all catarrhal affections are classed by horse owners under the head of distemper4 ,common catarrh1 epidemic catarrh1 laryngitis1 bronchitis1 and all other diseases accompanied by nasal discharges1 are regarded by horsemen as one and the same4 ,the following remedy is to cure distemper in its simple form1 as we find it in colts soon after the disease commences4 ,if there is swelling under the jaws1 poultice the throat with flaxseed meal1 or bread and milk4 ,apply mustard and vinegar1 and give internally one of the following powders in feed3 pulverized gentian1 #b ounces2 sulph4 copper1 #a oz42 pulverized ginger1 #f drams2 mix1 and divide into #h powders4 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,to ,,kiss ,a ,,boy4 ,illustration3 ,,to ,,educate ,a ,,horse ,,to ,,kiss ,a ,,boy4 ,this kind of education is not particularly beneficial to the horse owner1 but it illustrates clearly the idea foreshadowed in many parts of my work3 first1 that the horse may be taught almost anything that is in his power to do2 second1 that if you go rightly to work you may so gain his confidence that he will cheerfully obey every reasonable command4 ,direction4--,take a piece of apple1 place it in your mouth and say to your horse1 8,kiss me40 ,he will approach you to take it2 when he does so caress him4 ,after repeating this a few times1 when you approach him extend your mouth towards his and repeat the words 8kiss me40 ,if he does not respond1 place a piece of apple in your mouth as before1 and repeat it until he shall obey without the use of the apple4 ,,bone ,,spavin4 ,one-half pound of blood root2 #a quart of alcohol2 #b oz4 tannin2 lb4 alum4 ,mix and let stand4 ,shaking several times a day till the strength is all in the alcohol1 and bathe the spavin twice a day1 rubbing with the hand4 ,,for ,,windgalls4 ,olive oil1 #b oz42 nitric acid1 oz4 ,rub as much in every day1 or every second or third day1 as will bear without starting the hair4 ,,for ,,inflamed ,,swellings ,,or ,,lamed ,,shoulders4 ,equal parts oil amber1 oil spike1 gum camphor1 and ether4 ,should be shaken well before using1 and well rubbed in with the hand4 ,,educating ,,dogs4 ,illustration3 ,,educating ,,dogs4 ,,to ,,roll ,a ,,barrel4 ,place1 on the dog the ,bonaparte bridle so that you may control him2 then put his fore-feet upon the barrel1 standing in front of him with a piece of meat extended towards him1 and say1 8,roll the barrel20 pull gently on the cord1 and if he should start the barrel don't fail to caress him4 ,with two dogs1 put one on the top of the barrel1 and they will quickly learn to roll it without being enticed by meat4 ,,to ,,fire ,a ,,gun4 ,drill a hole in the back of a common chair2 attach a piece of iron at the lower part of the pistol1 and place it in the chair as illustrated2 tie a string with a knot in the end1 to the trigger2 let it run through a ring in the butt of the pistol1 then tie a piece of meat to the end of the string2 now the dog will try to get the meat2 in doing so he will fire it off4 ,load the pistol with blank cartridges4 ,a few lessons will educate the animal so that at the order1 8,make ready--present--fire60 he will obey4 ,place his mate in front of the pistol in a sitting posture and stand near him1 and when the report is heard1 teach him to lie down1 which you can easily do by at first pressing him down with your hand until he will mind the word 8dead40 ,dogs are remarkably fond of being caressed1 and the reader should not neglect this important accompaniment to his instructions4 ,illustration3 ,,education ,,of ,,dogs--,,continued ,,to ,,pass ,,between ,,your ,,legs4 ,hold meat in your hand and pass it from one hand to the other between your legs4 ,occasionally give the animal a small piece2 you will thus induce him after a little to obey the command 8,pass through10 motioning in the direction with your hand4 ,,to ,,jump ,,through ,a ,,hoop4 ,at the first lesson procure a barrel hoop and elevate it1 say six inches from the ground1 holding it in your hand1 and with the other hold out a piece of meat a short distance from the hoop1 and say to your dog1 8,jump40 ,he will go for the meat2 increase the height of the hoop a little each time1 and you will soon have taught him so that you may not only reduce the hoop in size1 but he will obey you without the use of meat4 ,,to ,,stand ,,on ,,chairs4 ,place two chairs back to back2 then separate the chairs1 say one foot apart1 and decoy your dog to mount on one chair2 then hold a piece of meat in your hand elevated above the chairs1 and it will attempt to climb for the meat2 repeat this process a few times1 and soon you will educate the animal to rest its feet on the back of each chair2 after which you may increase the distance until you distend the body1 as seen in engraving1 in accordance with your wishes4 ,continue until it will readily obey you without the use of meat2 often caress the animal1 as by this means you increase confidence and secure obedience4 ,,miscellaneous4 ,,for ,,curing ,,colic ,,in ,,horses4 ,illustration3 ,,effectual ,,remedy ,,for ,,colic4 ,symptoms4--,pawing1 manifesting a desire to be down1 and1 without doing so1 commence pawing again4 ,as the symptoms increase the animal cannot be kept on his feet2 he frequently falls as if shot2 pulse not altered from natural condition4 ,intervals of rest1 together with the condition of the pulse1 distinguish the disease from inflammation of the bowels4 ,treat as follows3 ,take a piece of woolen cloth1 about one foot square1 or its equivalent in pieces1 saturate the cloth thoroughly with mutton or beef tallow1 using from a quarter to a half pound1 then roll up the cloth and it is ready for use2 next place a blanket over the head of the horse1 as seen in engraving2 then set fire to the cloth1 holding it under the horses head with a shovel1 and allowing him to inhale the smoke4 ,care should be used so as not to strangle the horse4 ,by strictly following the foregoing treatment the efficacy of this remedy will be shown1 as the animal will be relieved in from fifteen to twenty minutes4 ,another remedy is3 ,frequent injections of soap and water2 and give internally1 spirits of nitre1 #aj drams2 laudanum1 #aj drams2 water1 pint4 ,mix for drench4 ,this may be repeated in twenty minutes1 if relief is not obtained4 ,another remedy1 giving instant relief3 ,from #de to #ej drops of chloroform1 given on sugar1 ,i have never known to fail giving immediate relief4 ,i have known men to be from home1 and have their horses taken with this disease1 and use this remedy1 and in thirty minutes the horses were able to be driven4 ,,the ,,only ,,safe ,,and ,,practical ,,way ,,to ,,give ,a ,,horse ,,medicine4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,only ,,practical ,,and ,,safe ,,way ,,to ,,give ,,medicine4 ,much difficulty is experienced in giving medicine to a horse1 but those who view and comprehend the foregoing illustration will see how easily all difficulty may be removed4 ,in administering the medicine while the animal is standing1 there is a constant liability to annoyance from the danger of strangling1 by holding the head too high1 or of spilling the medicine1 in which cases the owner is foiled and the horse is left to suffer4 ,the idea as illustrated1 of which ,i claim to be the originator1 though simple in itself is of great importance4 ,directions4--,if your horse is standing1 use the directions previously given to throw him2 when down1 turn his mouth upward and pull a little on the cord used in throwing him1 when he will open his mouth1 and you can give the medicine with a spoon without risk of spilling it2 always observing care not to allow it to enter the nostrils1 by which a horse may easily be strangled4 ,any person following these directions1 will soon appreciate the value of the method described4 ,,spavin4 ,this being a valuable recipe1 it is worth money to any man dealing in horses4 ,euphorbium1 #e oz42 cantharides1 fine1 #b oz41 iodine1 #a oz41 dissolved in alcohol2 red precipitate1 oz42 corrosive sublimate1 #b oz42 quicksilver1 oz42 hog's lard1 #f oz42 white turpentine1 #f oz42 verdigris1 lb4 ,melt the lard and turpentine together1 then1 while hot1 add the others1 except the quicksilver1 which must be stirred in as it becomes cold4 ,mix well4 ,when cold it is fit for use4 ,rub it in well on the spavin every day for three days1 then wash clean with soap-suds1 and omit for three days2 then repeat for three days1 and so continue until a perfect cure is effected4 ,should it blister1 use more cautiously4 ,,to ,,tell ,a ,,horse',s ,,age4 ,there is only one sure way of telling the age of a horse1 and that is by an examination of his teeth1 and that only extends to a certain age1 although an experienced horseman can guess very nearly for some time after that period4 ,there are six teeth in the front part of a horse's mouth1 above and below1 called the gatherers1 from which we may judge of his age4 ,when a colt is foaled1 he generally has no teeth in the front part of his mouth4 ,in a few days1 two come in the upper jaw1 and two below2 and again1 after a few days1 four more appear1 but the corner teeth do not make their appearance until he is four or five months old2 these twelve teeth remain unchanged in the front of the colt's mouth until he is about two years old1 when he sheds the two center nippers4 ,at three years old1 a colt sheds the adjoining teeth4 ,at four years old1 the under or corner teeth4 ,at five years old1 the bridle tooth makes its appearance4 ,at six years old1 the cups leave the two center teeth below4 ,at seven years old1 the cups leave the adjoining teeth4 ,at eight years old1 the cups leave the outer or corner teeth4 ,at nine years old1 the cups leave the two center nippers1 above4 ,at ten years old1 the cups leave the adjoining teeth4 ,at eleven years old1 the cups leave the corner upper teeth4 ,at twelve years1 or past1 the groove on inside of the bridle tooth disappears in a horse4 ,mares very seldom have them4 ,,new ,,method ,,to ,,tell ,,the ,,age4 7,see engraving of horse's teeth from the age of #g to #ah years4 ,always look for the cups in the upper teeth47 ,illustration3 #ah ,years4 #af ,years4 #ad ,years4 #g ,years4 #h ,years4 #i ,years4 #aj ,years4 #aa ,years4 #ab ,years4 #g years4 ,the cups in center of teeth are large4 #h years4 ,a trifle smaller4 #i years4 ,still smaller4 #aa years4 ,smaller4 #ab years4 ,cups in center of teeth are smaller and nearly round4 #ad years4 ,the teeth are round and cups have nearly disappeared4 #af years4 ,are a mere speck in the teeth2 scarcely discernible4 #ah years4 ,the cups have worn away1 and the teeth are round4 ,,training ,,steers4 ,drive your steer in a small yard1 fenced so that he cannot escape4 ,then approach him gently1 and if he runs1 do not run after him1 but follow slowly and quietly4 ,should he again run from you1 do not strike him with the whip1 or in any way frighten him1 he will soon stand and permit you to approach him4 ,place then around his body a surcingle or strap1 near the fore-legs4 ,take a hame-strap and buckle around the near fore-foot2 take a cord or rope1 and pass it through under the surcingle1 and tie to the strap which is around the foot4 ,the cord should be twenty or thirty feet long1 to permit him to run about you in the yard1 without your pulling on it4 ,draw up on the rope to force him to move on three legs2 approach him gently1 till he will permit you to handle him as you please4 ,then hold up the near fore-foot by the cord1 with your left hand1 and holding the whip in your right1 pass it over his shoulder1 and quietly touch him on the off-side of his head1 and at the same time say1 8,haw60 continue thus till he moves his head towards you1 for which caress him about the head and neck2 repeat this till he will 8haw10 at the word1 towards you4 ,should he attempt to run from you1 pull on the strap1 say 8,haw10 at the same time touch him on the head with the whip4 ,he will soon learn to stop at the word of command1 in1 this way1 and turn towards you readily4 ,then take off the rig and turn him loose4 ,then proceed with the mate in the same way1 when you can turn it out1 and by this time the other steer will be ready to receive another lesson4 ,drive it in the same yard1 and repeat the lesson with a whip4 ,quietly touch on the near side of the head1 and at the same time say1 8,gee60 until he will move around from you4 ,then caress him1 till he will 8gee0 or 8haw0 readily4 ,go through the same lesson with the other4 ,that is all you should try to do with them in four hours' time4 ,take both together in the yard2 repeat this lesson till both understand what you desire of them4 ,take one of them near the wall2 stand by his side2 hit him gently on the head1 at the same time say 8,back60 till he will step back2 then caress him4 ,repeat1 till he will go back readily at the word4 ,give each the same lesson4 ,this manner of training steers will make them always do your bidding4 ,when convenient1 repeat the above lessons1 with both together4 ,then put on the yoke1 and let them go4 ,one hour1 at first1 is long enough to become accustomed to the restraint of the yoke4 ,repeat this in the yard4 ,if the steers should ever run from you1 which often occurs in an ordinary method of training1 buckle a hame-strap around the foot1 bring it up through the surcingle back to the sled or wagon1 between the steers4 ,let the man pull on the cord if they attempt to run away2 this will pull up their feet2 whip them over the head1 which will stop them and break up the habit4 ,,treatise ,,on ,,horseshoeing4 ,the main object should be to have the shoe so formed as to size1 weight1 fitting1 and fastening1 as to combine the most advantages of protection1 and preserve the natural tread of the foot the best4 ,in weight1 it should be proportioned to the work or employment of the horse4 ,the foot should not be loaded with more iron than is necessary to preserve it4 ,if the work of the horse is principally on the road1 at heavy draught1 the shoe should be rather heavy1 in order that it may not be bent by contact with hard1 uneven earth2 it should be wide in the web1 and of equal thickness and width from the toe to the heel1 that it may as much as possible protect the sole1 without altering the natural position of the foot2 it should be well drawn in at the heels1 that it may rest on the bars1 thereby protecting the corn place1 or angles between the bar and crust1 and should in no part extend beyond the outer edge of the crust4 ,it is too often the case that the shoe is made according to the smith's notions of what the form of the horse's foot should be1 and the foot is pared1 burned1 and rasped until it fits the shoe4 ,now1 it should always be borne in mind that the shoe is intended for the foot1 and not the foot for the shoe1 and that it is therefore peculiarly proper to make the shoe fit the natural form of the foot4 ,it is impossible to have the foot of a horse sound and safe1 for work and use1 after bringing it to an unnatural figure1 by the use of the knife and rasp4 ,the foot of the horse being elastic1 it expands to the weight of the horse1 in precisely the same degree1 whether resting upon the most open or the most contracted shoe4 ,therefore1 the shape of the shoe cannot possibly affect the shape of the foot4 ,the form of the foot is determined by the situation of the nails ,if the nails are placed so that the inside quarters and heels are left free to expand in a natural manner1 no shape which we can give to the shoe can of itself change the form of the foot4 ,it must not be inferred1 however1 from this that the shape of the shoe is of no importance2 quite the contrary being the case1 as ,i have already shown4 ,in forming the shoe1 we should always adopt that which produces the greatest number of advantages with the fewest disadvantages4 ,we find that the sole-surface of the foot is by nature concave in form1 which seems to offer the greatest fulcrum of resistance to the horse when traveling4 ,it is important to preserve the natural mechanical action of the horn and sole2 therefore the ground surface of the foot1 that is to say1 the ground surface of the shoe1 should be leveled cup fashion2 its outer edge being prominent1 corresponds to the lower and outer rim of the hoof2 while the shoe being hollow1 resembles the natural cavity of the sole of the foot4 ,the ground surface of the shoe should always be concave4 ,the pattern that nature has presented us in making the sole concave1 cannot be improved upon by the smith1 with all his skill4 ,the expansion of the heels1 and growth of the foot1 require that the shoe should be long enough1 and wide enough at the heels1 to allow for the natural growth of the foot in the time it is calculated the shoe should be on before being reset2 for as the foot enlarges1 the shoe is brought forward until it loses its original proportion1 and becomes too short and narrow4 ,the shoe may be about a quarter of an inch wider and longer than the extreme bearing of the heels2 and the nail-holes should be punched coarse and in the center of the web4 ,the manner of fastening the shoe is what really affects the foot1 and what requires the most special attention in shoeing2 for the foot1 being elastic1 expands in the same proportion on the rough as on the nicely-fitted shoe4 ,it is the number and position of the nails that really affect the foot4 ,if they are placed well back in the quarters1 four on a side1 as is common1 the crust is held as firmly to this unyielding shoe as if in a vice1 which utterly prevents the free action necessary to its health4 ,inflammation is produced1 which causes contraction and the consequent1 derangement of the whole foot4 ,if the free natural expansion of the foot1 and the spreading of the quarters in proportion to the growth of the hoof is prevented by the nailing of the shoe1 irritation of the fleshy substance between the crust and coffin-bone will result1 and ultimately create so much diseased action of the parts as to cause contraction and navicular disease4 ,shoes may be fastened without causing such mischief1 if the following method of nailing is observed4 ,in experimenting1 for the purpose of ascertaining how few nails are absolutely necessary1 under ordinary circumstances1 for retaining the shoe securely in its place as long as it should remain upon the foot1 it has been satisfactorily established that five nails are amply sufficient for the fore shoes1 and seven for the hind ones1 three should be placed on the outside of the foot1 and two on the inner side1 near the toe1 thereby leaving the foot free to expand in a natural manner4 ,the nails should not be driven high up in the crust1 but brought out as soon as possible4 ,another mistake with most smiths is in rasping the clinches away too fine2 they should be turned broad and flat4 ,it is also a custom with some to rasp and sand-paper the whole surface of the hoof1 for the purpose of making it look nice and smooth4 ,such a practice should never be tolerated2 the covering thus removed is provided by nature to protect the too rapid evaporation of the moisture of the hoof1 and when taken away1 causes the horn to become dry and brittle4 ,it has so long been customary to use as many nails as could be conveniently driven1 in fact1 of fastening the shoe as if it were to a lifeless block of wood1 that the fear is very commonly entertained that the shoe will not be held in its place with so few nails4 ,such fears are utterly groundless1 as both theory and practice demonstrate4 ,if the presence of a nail in the crust were a matter of no moment1 and two or three more than are really necessary were merely useless1 no great reason would exist for condemning the common practice of using too many nails1 but it is far otherwise2 the nails1 aside from confining the natural expansion of the hoof1 separate the fibres of the horn1 which never1 by any chance1 become united again1 but continue apart and unclosed1 until1 by degrees1 they grow down with the rest of the hoof1 and are finally1 after repeated shoeing1 removed by the knife4 ,as these holes cannot possibly grow down and be removed under three shoeings1 it will be found1 even with a small number of nails1 that three times that number of holes must exist in the hoof all the while2 and as they are often1 from various causes1 extended into each other1 they necessarily keep it in a brittle1 unhealthy state1 and materially interfere with the future nail-hold4 ,as the position of the hind-foot1 and the nature of its office1 render it less liable to injury than the fore-foot1 consequently1 it less frequently lames2 however1 disease of the navicular bone of this foot is by no means impossible4 ,the same care should be taken as with the fore-foot4 ,calks1 although they may be turned down of perfectly even length on each side 7which is seldom done71 are objectionable appendages1 and should be dispensed with1 except1 perhaps1 for very heavy draughts1 or when the roads are frozen or covered with ice4 ,,to ,,prevent ,,horses ,,interfering4 ,illustration3 ,,interfering ,,and ,,overreaching4 ,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #b4 ,fig4 #c4 ,nature has provided a proper hoof for the horse1 but sometimes it is round and flat and the animal will strike itself with the crust when not shod2 the natural tendency being to travel very close1 especially with the hind-feet4 ,well-informed minds1 together with the mechanical skill of many blacksmiths1 have been brought to bear upon this topic1 and after years of experience and research they have been unable to remedy this evil4 ,as such ,i term it1 because horses have suffered much1 and become depreciated in value because of being addicted to the annoying habit of interfering4 ,i here propose to give a sure and certain remedy that has never been known to fail4 ,the preparation of the hoof is by no means as important as that of the shoe2 yet1 should the animal interfere very badly1 it may be better to leave the outside a trifle the lowest2 however1 the smith ought to be governed by circumstances1 not as to the shoe1 but to paring the hoof4 ,all that can be removed from the inside without putting the hoof out of shape ought to be done4 ,also pare the hoof at the toe instead of the heel1 simply rasping it so as to form a level surface4 ,prepare the shoe carefully in accordance with the following directions1 and as illustrated on foregoing engraving1 ,fig4 #a3 ,make the inside twice the width and twice the thickness that you do the outside1 gradually tapering the width and thickness from the toe-calk4 ,make the heel-calk on the inside or heavy part of the shoe1 about an inch long1 and lengthwise from heel to toe1 and incline it a little inward to the frog of the foot4 ,don't allow your shoes to remain on longer than four weeks at most1 and use as small nails as possible4 ,,overreaching4 ,young horses are more subject to overreaching than old ones4 ,it very frequently disappears as the speed of the animal is increased4 ,at a moderate gait1 the front feet do not always get out of the way in time for the hind ones1 as they are brought forward4 ,sometimes the heels are cut or badly bruised1 and occasionally the shoes are torn from the fore-feet4 ,remedy4--,have the front shoes made nearly twice the weight of the hind shoes4 ,lower the toe-calk on the fore shoe and increase the ordinary length of the calk on the hind shoe1 and do not make the fore shoe to project more than half an inch beyond the heel4 ,if the horse should have a good square heel1 don't allow the shoe to project any4 ,observe to instruct the smith to pare the toe or forward part of the fore-foot1 and not the heel1 simply rasping it to form a level surface4 ,see illustration of shoes1 ,figs4 #b and #c4 ,,sure ,,method ,,of ,,producing ,a ,,rapid ,,growth ,,in ,,horses' ,,hoofs4--,wash the hoof and apply common soft soap inside and out1 twice a day1 avoiding to rub any on the frog of the foot4 ,care should be used so as not to allow the soap to remain on the hair near the hoof4 ,by putting a mark near the hair1 the operator will be better able to judge the rapid growth4 ,while using the above1 should the hoof get soft1 apply salt1 which will quickly harden4 ,i have grown an entirely new hoof on a horse in six weeks1 by following the above direction4 ,,an ,,exposition ,,of ,,the ,,dunbar ,,system ,,of ,,horseshoeing1 ,,and ,,treatment ,,of ,,the ,,horse',s ,,foot4 ,as taught to the ,farriers of the ,united ,states ,army by ,,alexander ,,dunbar1 under the authority of the ,joint ,resolution of ,congress1 and for which ,dunbar received twenty-five thousand dollars4 ,highly recommended to the ,u4 ,s4 ,army by ,robert ,banner and ,george ,wilkes4 ,,instructions ,,for ,,fitting ,,and ,,driving ,,the ,,shoe4 ,the first thing to be done is to carefully examine the horse's feet all around1 to see that they are of a natural shape1 taking care to abstain from any action that will tend to excite the horse4 ,the shoes should be removed one at a time1 and the nails carefully drawn after the clinches are cut1 one at a time2 anything like tearing off the shoe by main force should by all means be avoided4 ,the shoe being removed1 the rasp should then be used on the edge of the foot where the shoe has been1 removing all dirt and gravel which may have accumulated there1 and thus prevent injury to the shoeing knife4 ,if the foot is healthy and of a natural shape1 and has been shod regularly1 no alteration is required1 but simply to pare out the sole of the foot1 removing the bors entirely1 and opening out the heels back4 ,the surface of the frog should be trimmed off a very little1 but the sides should never be cut4 ,by reference to ,plate ,no4 #ab the exact idea of the system of paring the foot may be gained4 ,it has been practiced successfully1 and is recommended for the simple reason that by the system of removing the bors and opening out the heels1 contraction is prevented1 and the frog retains its natural shape1 because all pressure is removed from each side4 ,the foot should not be scooped out so as to leave the wall projecting without any support2 for the wall of the hoof is the base upon which the horse travels1 and this should be supported by a sufficiency of the sole as a 8ground surface40 ,the shoes should be removed and the feet prepared one at a time4 ,in fitting a shoe to the foot1 after it has been thoroughly prepared1 the farrier should take hold of the foot and see that the shoe is perfectly easy on the heels1 and that he has sufficient room all around in the manner illustrated on ,plate ,no4 #aa4 ,if the shoe is found to fit well everywhere1 he will take the foot between his knees1 and placing the shoe properly1 drive the nails with great care1 so that the shoe cannot get out of its proper place4 ,when the nails are started he should hammer them home lightly1 or according to the foot he is working on4 ,the three nails on the inside and outside1 toward the toe1 should always be driven a little tighter than the heel nails1 so as to prevent pressure on the heels4 ,no man should be in a hurry in shoeing a horse1 but should always be careful in fitting and driving the shoe as instructed4 ,a shoe should never be fitted tightly1 unless the coffin-bone has too much play2 then it should be fitted tight around the toe and each quarter1 as far as the nail-holes extend back1 in order to contract the foot1 and bring the coffin-bone to its proper place4 ,such cases are1 however1 very rare4 ,the heels of the shoe should never be allowed to curve inward toward the frog1 and the foot should be prepared so as to prevent any pressure from the shoe on the heel1 in the manner shown by ,plate ,no4 #ad1 at the same time allowing the bearing of the shoe to be perfectly equal4 ,if the horse has a long foot it should be shortened on the toe as much as possible--the more the better--for the hoof grows out more quickly at the toe2 and it is necessary1 because in a case of this kind the coffin-bone is necessarily out of its proper position1 and the operation of shortening the toe must be continued until it resumes its natural shape2 but a close operation1 and working the horse at the same time1 is not recommended1 because the foot can be brought to its proper shape by cutting gradually in time4 ,after the cutting has been performed1 a shoe should be fitted so as to have the pressure on each quarter1 and with heels1 if the horse's heels are naturally low1 in order to prevent a sudden change4 ,a horse should be re-shod at least once a month4 ,,plate ,,no4 #c--,paring out the ,foot4--,by reference to this plate it will be seen what a difference there exists between the system recommended and practiced by ,mr4 ,dunbar1 and the old style practiced and recommended by all authorities on the subject heretofore4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #c4 ,,paring ,,the ,,foot4 a ,new ,style4 b ,old ,style4 ,the bors should be cut away entirely1 removing the pressure from the frog1 and cutting out the heel4 ,by this system of paring the foot a ground surface will always be left1 commencing at the heel and expanding gradually1 as illustrated by the plates 8,a0 to 8,c20 the sides of the frog should never be cut1 but the top should be cut down sufficiently to allow it to be clear of the ground after the shoe is fitted4 ,the cleft of the frog should always be cleaned out thoroughly every time the shoe is renewed4 ,,plates ,,nos4 #d4 ,,and #e--,long ,feet before and after ,cutting4--,a horse with a long foot1 as will be easily seen1 will suffer from an undue pressure on the heels 7see article on ,corns71 causing corns1 and in addition to that1 if the foot is not shortened in time1 it will cause the coffin-bone to lose its proper shape1 but this can be remedied by shortening the toe every time the horse is shod1 thus keeping the foot in its proper shape4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #d4 ,,long ,,foot--,,before ,,treatment4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #e4 ,,long ,,foot--,,after ,,treatment4 ,the common practice of fitting a shoe tight on the heels1 to prevent interfering1 is entirely wrong2 an interfering horse does not strike with his heel1 but with the inner side of the toe1 not further back than the heel-nails1 both hind and forward4 ,to prevent this1 the shoe should be fitted wider on the inner than on the outer heel4 ,a horse that interferes should be carefully examined by the farrier before shoeing1 who will notice particularly the shape of his feet4 ,if the animal stands inward and interferes1 the outside quarter should be cut down1 and thus throw the foot level2 and if he stands outward and interferes1 the inside quarter should be cut down for the same reason4 ,after this a shoe should be fitted with no nails on the inner quarter1 which should be thickest4 ,to prevent a horse traveling pigeon-toed is simply to pare off the inner quarter of the toe1 and have the shoe fitted as above4 ,by this operation the bearing will be level4 ,this will apply also to a horse for light riding1 and for a horse traveling between the shafts2 but for the latter a good block heel on the outer1 and a small one on the inner quarter of the shoe should be made2 the toe also to be made thick in proportion1 to make the bearing level4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aj4 ,,coffin-,,bone4 ,fig4 #a4 a ,upper pastern4 b ,lower pastern4 c ,navicular bone4 d ,coffin-bone4 ,fig4 #b4 a ,upper pastern4 b ,lower pastern4 c ,navicular bone4 d ,coffin-bone1 with the horny lamin4 ,,plate ,,no4 #aj is a representation of a perfectly healthy coffin-bone1 with the upper and lower pastern and navicular bones front1 and reverse sides4 ,the system recommended by the author is intended to prevent any pressure whatever on the wings of the coffin-bone4 ,anything that prevents the perfectly free action of the coffin-bone will cause 8navicular disease10 and 8ossified cartilages40 ,after a foot is pared1 as recommended in this1 so as to be easily expanded1 the wings of the coffin-bone1 which are the widest part1 should be protected by a wide shoe1 and there should be no pressure whatever on the heels4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aa4 ,,fitting ,a ,,shoe ,,to ,,remove ,,pressure ,,from ,,the ,,heel4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ab4 ,,contracted4 ,,natural4 ,no4 #ac4 ,,old ,,style ,,paring ,,out ,,the ,,foot4 ,,new ,,style4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ad4 ,,contracted ,,foot ,,after ,,treatment4 ,,corns4 ,the pressure of the bor on one side of the seat of the disease1 and of the horny substance of a contracted heel on the other side1 added to a tight shoe1 causes inflammation1 which1 when it becomes chronic1 is styled a corn4 ,a corn may be detected by paring the foot close4 ,it is not necessary1 as recommended by some authorities1 to use pincers1 squeezing the hoof all around to find the corn1 thereby giving the horse unnecessary pain4 ,they are to be found only in the heel1 and do not result from bruises1 but from pressure4 ,treatment4--,the shoe having been removed1 the inside of the hoof should be pared out thoroughly all around1 and if a long hoof1 it should be shortened4 ,if the corn is visible1 the heel should be pared down and the bors weakened1 opening the heel as far back as possible 7see ,plate ,no4 #aa71 and fitting an open shoe1 so as to throw the pressure off the heel4 ,the pressure having been removed1 the corn will disappear1 or grow down in the quarter1 in which case the farrier should fit a bor shoe1 so as to throw the weight off the diseased heel and partly on the frog1 the elastic surface of which will prevent severe pressure4 ,if a horse has a long foot1 the pressure is more on the corns1 because his foot is in front of him1 and an over-proportion of his weight comes on his heels4 ,a horse with a long foot is like a man with a thick sole to his boot and no heels1 for with his heels he strikes the ground first4 ,every horse should have his feet well under him1 and not in front of him4 ,this fact should be taken into consideration when fitting the open shoe4 ,inflammation should be reduced by placing a swab over the coronet1 and using a hot poultice of linseed meal for the foot4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ae4 ,,expanding ,,the ,,foot ,,after ,,it ,,has ,,been ,,pared ,,out4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #af4 ,,lateral ,,quarter-,,crack ,,before ,,treatment4 ,,contracted ,,foot4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ag4 ,,quarter-,,crack--,,lateral--,,under ,,treatment4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ah4 ,,straight ,,quarter-,,crack ,,under ,,treatment4 ,the pressure having been removed from a corn for a fortnight1 it will be observed to have a light color1 representing the color of a new corn1 and if properly treated1 it will gradually disappear1 and be displaced by a healthy growth of foot4 ,the horse should be allowed at least a month in which to recover from his lameness2 but it is not necessary to turn him out to grass1 and care should be taken that his feet are closely attended to1 having the shoes renewed about once in a fortnight4 ,contraction is the result of neglect1 want of natural moisture1 and tight shoeing4 ,the result is lameness1 if in one foot1 and if in both feet1 the loss of their free1 natural use1 causing short steps and stumbling4 ,if the inner quarter is contracted1 it is the cause1 if not soon remedied1 of quarter-crack4 ,the practice of fitting a shoe so as to fit tighter on the inner than the outer quarter1 to prevent interfering1 renders it more liable to contraction4 ,the want of proper moisture causes the horn to shrink1 and prevents the foot from expanding naturally4 ,this should be remedied by soaking the feet1 if feverish1 in warm1 and if healthy1 in cold water1 twice a day1 an hour at each time4 ,this moisture should be applied at least two hours before the horse is used4 ,this will render the foot elastic1 and prevent abuse from traveling over rough roads4 ,by reference to accompanying plate1 ,no4 #ab1 the difference will be observed between a natural and a contracted foot4 ,the quarters growing toward each other in the contracted1 cause the coffin-bone to lose its proper shape1 and forcing the sensitive frog upwards from its proper place1 causes scratches and thrush4 ,treatment of contraction1 briefly speaking1 is expansion4 ,the foot should be thoroughly prepared in the following manner3 ,if the horse is lame1 the farrier should shorten the toe1 lower the foot all around1 and open the heels back until the blood is drawn4 ,the sole of the foot should be pared as closely as possible on each side of the frog1 in the manner shown by the illustration on ,plate ,no4 #ab1 8natural foot40 ,the frog should be lowered1 but the side should not be cut4 ,a groove should be made with a rasp just under and parallel with the coronet on each side 7see ,plate ,no4 #ad7 deep enough to draw blood1 then with a fine shoeing knife1 cut little notches down from the cornet and across the groove at certain equal distances1 as shown by illustration ,no4 #ad1 the entire length of the groove4 ,these notches should also be deep enough to draw blood4 ,this will relieve the pressure caused by contraction from the cartilages on both sides1 and allow them to resume their proper shape4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ai4 ,,quarter-,,crack1 ,,after ,,treatment4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bj4 ,,toe-,,crack1 ,,before ,,treatment4 ,having the foot ready for a shoe1 a hand should be placed on each side of the foot1 pressing it outward in the manner shown by ,plate ,no1 #ae4 ,the shoe must be very carefully fitted1 and must have eight nail-holes1 for the reason that it is the heel nails that relieve a horse while in contraction4 ,the shoe should be fitted so as to project at least a quarter of an inch on each side of the foot1 so as to see the nail-holes projecting on each side of the outer and inner quarter4 ,having this accomplished1 the bearing should be equal2 the nails must be driven first toward the toe1 then toward the heel1 driving them half-way1 and using the utmost care and skill2 the higher the nails are driven the better4 ,the shoe being fitted so wide1 there is no fear of pricking4 ,the nails toward the heel should be driven by alternate taps on each side1 because the foot expands on each side on account of being pared so thin on either side of the frog1 the source of the expansion4 ,the heel nails should relieve the wings of the coffin-bone1 which suffer most while in a state of contraction1 and allow them to come back to their proper position4 ,considerable soreness will result from this mode of treatment1 which can be remedied by using thin poultices of linseed meal1 applied as hot as possible1 to be renewed at least once every two days for the period of two weeks4 ,the foot should also be thoroughly soaked in a bucket of warm water for half an hour at each renewal of the poultice2 this will remove all soreness1 and prevent the foot from shrinking when exposed to the weather4 ,the expansion treatment should be continued gradually until the coffin-bone resumes its natural shape2 when this is accomplished1 the growing hoof will naturally accommodate itself to the bone4 ,the severe treatment recommended is necessary only in an aggravated case causing lameness4 ,it can be so modified by cutting the hoof1 and expanding the foot gradually1 as to allow the horse to be used while under treatment1 if he has not been disabled4 ,,quarter ,,and ,,toe-,,cracks4 ,quarter-cracks are commonly found in feet of saddle horses1 and are caused by contraction and pressure1 and are also the result of a shoe being fitted tightly on the inner quarter1 to prevent interfering1 as stated in remarks on 8,contraction40 ,most commonly found on the inner quarter2 it commences at the coronet1 extending downward1 and when it extends through to the lamin causes lameness1 and is especially serious if the foot is contracted1 as shown by ,plate ,no4 #af4 ,there are two kinds of quarter-cracks1 as shown by plates ,nos4 #ag and #ah--the lateral and the straight the latter being the most serious1 if the separation commences at the coronet4 ,treatment4--,if the foot is inclined to contract1 it should be prepared as for contraction2 shorten the toe and expand the foot1 under the directions already given4 ,if lameness has resulted1 a bor shoe should be fitted1 so as to remove all pressure from half an inch on each side of the crack1 then with a rasp cut a groove under and parallel with the coronet1 extending about half an inch on each side of the crack2 with a shoeing knife cut some small notches on each side of the groove1 after which the edges of the crack may be cut away4 7,see ,plates ,nos4 #ag and #ah47 ,if the foot bleeds freely so much the better4 ,after this is done a firing-iron should be applied so as to cauterize the crack4 ,this operation having been performed1 the foot should be dressed with tar every morning for about three weeks4 ,the pressure being removed1 the new growth will commence at the coronet1 and extend downward1 as shown in ,plate ,no4 #ai1 until a permanent cure is effected4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ba4 ,,toe-,,crack1 ,,after ,,treatment4 ,explaining use of 8,expansion ,plate40 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bb4 ,,thrush4 ,before ,treatment4 ,after ,treatment4 ,no4 #bc4 ,,pumice ,,foot4 ,before ,treatment4 ,after ,treatment4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bd4 ,,hoof-,,bound--,,under ,,treatment4 ,toe-crack1 more common to heavy and draught horses1 is caused by want of room2 the space inside the wall of the foot not being large enough to accommodate the lamin1 it causes inflammation1 and breaks out at the weakest point1 which is the coronet1 and extends downward to the toe1 causing the foot to assume the appearance of a cloven foot4 7,see ,plate ,no4 #bj47 ,treatment4--,shorten the toe as much as possible1 and then pare the sole of the foot until it will yield to the pressure of the thumb4 ,no pressure should be allowed within half an inch on each side of the crack on the toe1 for the reason that the pressure on the toe prevents the coronet from uniting4 ,having prepared the sole of the foot1 a fine shoeing knife should be used to remove the horn that is inclined to grow inward on each side of the crack1 after which a groove under the coronet1 extending on each side of the crack1 will be made1 and the notches on each side of the groove as already directed4 ,a firing-iron should be applied to cauterize the crack from the coronet downward4 ,then the crack should be cut away in the center1 so as to allow the use of an 8expansion plate10 as shown in ,plate ,no4 #ba4 ,this expansion plate can be made of brass or steel4 ,it is composed of four pieces1 as follows3 ,a plate divided in the center into two equal parts1 ,a and ,b 7see ,plate ,no4 #ba71 and a thread cut in the center4 ,each part is made so as to fit dove-tailed into the crack1 held in place with a screw ,c1 and a burr ,d1 underneath1 to prevent the screw from pressing the lamin of the foot4 ,the screw1 which has considerable power as a lever1 forces the two plates apart1 lifts up the wall of the foot which is pressing each side of the crack1 and presses it outward4 ,this being done1 an open shoe should be fitted1 wider than the foot1 so as to expand it1 which1 together with the notches cut in the groove under the coronet1 will cause a new and strong growth from each side of the crack1 commencing at the coronet and extending downward4 ,the length of time required to effect a removal of the crack depends on the treatment and skill of the operator4 ,if the foot is expanded by the plate with skill1 and the nails in the shoe driven so as to prevent the wall of the foot from closing in on the crack1 the plate may be removed at once2 otherwise it should remain stationary1 which can be done by substituting the small screw ,e1 which will not prevent the horse from being used while under treatment4 ,the use of the expansion plate is not necessary1 unless the crack extends the whole length of the hoof4 ,the crack extending from the coronet1 partly down the front of the foot1 should be treated at once1 removing pressure by shortening the toe and expanding the foot1 as already instructed2 then1 by means of the groove and notches1 promote a new growth at the coronet4 ,,thrush4 ,is a disease of the frog1 most common to a foot which is hoof-bound or contracted1 but all horses' feet are subject to it when they are neglected4 ,the frog1 pressed on each side by the bors of the foot1 and from the overgrowth of the hoof1 becomes inflamed1 and the result is thrush4 7,see ,plate ,no4 #bb47 ,illustration3 ,no4 #be4 ,,overgrowth ,,of ,,hoof ,,and ,,neglect4 ,after ,treatment4 ,ground ,surface before ,treatment4 ,treatment if the ,hoof is ,hoof-bound4--,the farrier1 after removing the shoe1 should use his rasp1 and lower the wall of the foot all around from heel to heel2 then1 by the free use of the knife1 pare the foot to its natural size4 ,also pare around the frog until the sole of the foot yields to the pressure of the thumb1 then open the heels and remove the pegs that grow on each side of the heels4 ,all this should be done before a knife is used on the frog4 ,after all pressure is removed by this paring operation1 the condition of the frog will show how it was affected by pressure on each side4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bf4 ,,overgrowth ,,of ,,hoof--,,front ,,view ,,before ,,treatment4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bg4 ,,overgrowth ,,of ,,hoof--,,front ,,view ,,after ,,treatment4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bh4 ,,navicula4--,,enlargement ,,of ,,metacarpal ,,bone4 ,next1 by the use of the knife1 cut a slice off the top of the frog1 and carefully clean out the cleft1 which suffers most on account of the direct pressure of the bors on each side of the frog4 ,after this cleaning operation is performed1 a warm poultice of flaxseed meal should be applied two or three times1 according to the condition of the foot4 ,when the poultice is removed1 the foot should be washed out occasionally with castile soap and warm water1 after which a little salt1 ground into fine powder1 should be forced into the cleft1 and kept in by a mixture of tar and oakum as a dressing1 after which an open shoe should be fitted so as to expand the foot gradually4 ,this treatment should be pursued until a permanent cure is effected4 ,if the foot is in a state of contraction1 it should be expanded under the instructions already given4 ,by this expansion all pressure is removed1 and a permanent cure is easily effected by following the instructions already given4 ,no liquid remedies1 such as butter of antimony1 or chloride of zinc1 should be used1 as they dry up the foot before the inflammation is removed4 ,by reference to ,plate ,no4 #bb a good idea may be obtained of the manner of paring out a hoof suffering from thrush4 ,,pumice ,,foot4 7,see ,plate ,no4 #bc7 should always be pared out on each side of the frog until it yields to the pressure of the thumb4 ,this paring should1 however1 be done immediately around the frog1 leaving more than the usual ground surface 7see plate ,after ,treatment74 ,the toe should be shortened as much as possible1 and the heels cut out back4 ,if the horse is lame a bor shoe is the best to protect the foot1 with a leather sole1 and some spirits of tar as a moisture4 ,this shoe should be renewed at least once a month1 with a leather sole1 until a cure is effected4 ,,hoof-,,bound4 7,plate ,no4 #bd47 ,a horse that is hoof-bound is deprived of his free action1 and resembles a horse that is foundered4 ,treatment4--,the foot should be pared out thoroughly1 and on each side of the frog1 until it yields to the pressure of the thumb4 ,open the heels and remove the bors that press the frog on each side1 and cause the animal much pain4 ,the toe should be shortened1 and if the foot is inclined to contraction1 the shoe should be fitted wider than the foot1 which1 if done properly1 will expand the foot 7see article ,contraction74 ,the shoe should be a good1 heavy1 open one1 well eased off at the heels4 ,having the foot prepared1 the operation should next be performed around the coronet1 as follows3 ,if the cartilages are hard1 as they are generally from being pressed upwards1 a groove should be made with a rasp immediately under the coronet1 and extending all the way across from heel to heel1 deep enough to draw blood4 ,next1 with a fine knife cut notches across the groove at equal distances the whole length of the groove1 and extending from the coronet downward4 ,by this operation1 illustrated on ,plate ,no4 #bd1 the pressure is removed from the cartilages4 ,after this a poultice of linseed meal should be applied around the coronet1 which loosens all pressure and starts a new growth4 ,if the horse is lame from this disease the close cutting operation should be performed and the poultice applied one week2 otherwise the operation need not be so severe4 ,,plates ,,nos4 #be1 #bf1 #bg--;,illustrations of ,overgrowth of ,hoof and ,neglect before and after ,treatment4--,the illustration1 8,before ,treatment10 ,plate ,no1 #be1 represents the ground surface of a foot operated upon1 and 8,after ,treatment0 represents the same foot after one pound of overgrowth had been removed from one foot4 ,plates ,nos4 #bf and #bg show the difference between the foot before and after treatment1 and show the importance of being careful in observing a horse's foot so as to prevent lameness1 and the various diseases caused by neglect4 ,,plates ,,nos4 #bh ,,and #bi--;,enlargement of the ,metacarpal ,bone4--,in a great many cases because the enlargement interferes with the free use of the flexor tendon1 pressing it out of its proper place4 ,a horse with a contracted foot suffers from this pressure when the shoe is fitted tight and brings the heels inward4 ,the metacarpal bones extend from the back of the knee downward to the pastern joint1 forming1 as it were1 a brace on each side4 ,they become quite small as they extend downward1 and the enlargement is generally found on the inside of the leg4 7,see ,plate ,no4 #bh47 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bi4 ,,enlargement ,,of ,,the ,,metacarpal ,,bone4 a ,showing how to find the enlargement4 b ,showing the manner in which the incision is made1 and the enlargement removed4 ,the enlargement may be discovered by running the hand downward from the knee1 the thumb on the side and the forefinger on the other1 until it is felt 7see ,plate #bi1 8,a074 ,if pressed and the horse yields to the pressure1 it is a sure sign that he is affected1 and he should be properly shod at once as if for contraction1 or the enlargement should be removed4 ,to do this1 the horse should be in the following position3 ,first1 with plenty of straw under him to prevent bruising2 then he should be thrown on his side and fastened down1 so as to allow the operator to make an incision with a fine pocket knife partly to the front and near where the enlargement is4 ,this operation will not interfere with the tendons1 or veins that extend upward from the foot4 ,the incision having been made1 the finger may be inserted1 as shown in ,plate ,no4 #bi1 8,b10 so as to raise the enlargement and make it visible4 ,then1 with a pair of nippers1 snap the end off with one motion4 ,the incision should be closed1 fastened together with a needle and silk thread2 then apply a linen bandage and over this a woolen cloth1 containing a little moisture1 to prevent fever4 ,a little sweet oil should be applied1 to keep it clean while healing4 ,the operation is not severe and is thoroughly effective4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cj4 ,a ,,foot ,,that ,,is ,,deprived ,,of ,,the ,,free ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,back ,,tendons4 ,,plates ,,nos4 #cj ,,and #ca represent a foot which has been deprived of the free use of the back tendons1 caused by a sudden jar or misstep1 causing a horse so affected to travel on his toe1 and can be remedied only by a system of expanding the foot under the directions already given for contraction4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ca4 ,ossified growth of ,upper and ,lower ,pastern ,joint1 also ,navicular ,joint and ,coffin-bone1 in a foot which has been deprived of the free use of the back ,tendons4 ,see ,plate ,no4 #cj4 ,after this a shoe should be fitted with a toe and no heels1 for by raising the toe the bearing is thrown on the heels4 ,if the action is heavy on the toe1 the shoe should be provided with a steel toe-calk4 ,this will prevent a horse from traveling on his toe1 and such a case1 if taken in time1 can be remedied1 if not permanently cured1 by simply fitting a shoe so as to throw the bearing on the heels4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cb4 ,,the ,,sensitive ,,frog4 ,interior surface4 ,exterior surface4 ,,plates ,,nos4 #cj ,,and #ca represent an aggravated case1 which from neglect became incurable4 ,,plate ,,no4 #cb represents the exterior surface of the sensitive frog4 ,the great principle of this system of paring the horse's feet1 is to remove all pressure from the frog4 ,it should be protected from all pressure1 and such diseases as thrush and scratches may be avoided4 ,,plate ,,no4 #cc gives a sectional view of all the bones and tendons of the horse's foot4 ,every blacksmith and farrier should thoroughly understand this and the anatomy of the horse's foot1 in order to be able to know exactly how to treat any disease which may be brought to their notice4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cc4 ,,section ,,of ,,the ,,pastern ,,and ,,other ,,bones1 ,,ligaments1 ,,etc4 ,a--,shank-bone4 ,b--,upper and larger pastern-bone4 ,c--,sesamoid-bone4 ,d--,lower or smaller pastern-bone4 ,e--,navicular or shuttle-bone4 ,f--,coffin-bone1 or bone of the foot4 ,g--,suspensory ligament inserted into the sesamoid-bone4 ,h--,continuation of the suspensory ligament inserted into the smaller pastern-bone4 ,i--,small inelastic ligament lying down the sesamoid-bone to the larger pastern-bone4 ,k--,a long ligament reaching from the pastern-bone to the knee4 ,l--,extensor tendon inserted into both the pastern and the coffin-bone4 ,m--,tendon of the perforating flexor inserted into the coffin-bone1 after having passed over the navicular-bone4 ,n--,seat of the navicular-joint lameness4 ,o--,inner or sensible frog4 ,p--,cleft of the horny frog4 ,q--,a ligament uniting the navicular-bone to the smaller pastern4 ,r--,a ligament uniting the navicular-bone to the coffin-bone4 ,s--,sensible sole between the coffin-bone and the horny side4 ,t--,horny sole4 ,u--,crust or wall of the foot4 ,v--,sensible lamin to which the crust is attached4 ,w--,coronary ring of the crust4 ,x--,the covering of the coronary ligament from which the crust is secreted4 ,z--,place of bleeding at the toe4 ,,recipes4 ,the following recipes have been gathered from souses entitled to the fullest confidence1 as remedies of value to all owners of horses1 and are presented with the hope of doing good3 ,,influenza4 ,for several years past a disease has been more or less prevalent in various sections of this country1 known to the ,veterinary as epidemic catarrh or influenza4 ,the symptoms of this disease are so various in different animals--no two being precisely alike--that a variety of opinions are current concerning it and its nature2 and1 as a consequence1 various other diseases are often confounded with it4 ,the usual or leading symptoms are a slight watery or mucous discharge from the nose2 eyelids presenting a reddish appearance2 matter collects in the corner of the eyes2 pulse feeble2 great debility1 as shown by the quick1 feeble action of the heart--a symptom rarely absent2 membrane of nose much reddened2 sore throat and cough2 occasionally the feet become fevered as in founder1 causing much stiffness1 and might be easily taken for that disease4 ,treatment4--,this being a typhoid disease1 it requires a sustaining treatment1 or success will be very doubtful4 ,in the early stage of this disease1 give the first two days ten drops of tincture of aconite1 or bryonia1 in a little water1 every six hours2 after which give a pail of water to drink1 and1 once a day1 #a oz4 spirits of nitre1 or #b drams extract of belladonna2 and give in the feed1 three times a day1 one of the following powders3 gentian root1 saltpetre1 and anise seed1 of each #a oz42 sulphate of quinine1 #a dram2 mix1 and divide into eight powders4 ,the throat should be bathed with mustard and vinegar2 or with linseed oil1 #c oz41 spirits of hartshorn1 #a oz4 ,mix together4 ,no hay or corn should be given1 but scalded oats or wheat bran1 with linseed tea1 or oatmeal gruel1 should constitute the diet4 ,i would recommend a few carrots4 ,but above all1 good nursing is to be desired1 and by strictly following the foregoing instructions a successful result is probable4 ,,condition ,,powder4 ,fenugreek1 cream of tartar1 gentian1 sulphur1 saltpetre1 resin1 black antimony1 and ginger1 of each #a oz42 cayenne oz42 all finely pulverized4 ,mix thoroughly4 ,it is used for yellow water1 hide bound1 colds1 coughs1 distemper1 and all other diseases where a condition powder is needed4 ,they carry off gross humors1 and purify the blood4 ,dose4--,in ordinary cases one tablespoonful once a day4 ,in extreme cases give twice daily4 ,this powder has never failed to give entire satisfaction4 ,,glanders4 ,this is one of the most fatal diseases to which the horse is subject4 ,it is propagated in most cases by contagion1 the infection being disseminated by seed from the nasal discharge1 not1 as many suppose1 by the breath4 ,according to eminent foreign authors1 the disease has its origin also in a vitiated state of the blood1 and this may result from improper treatment or neglect of almost any disease to which he is liable4 ,in its early stage it appears to be only a slight inflammation of the inner membrane of the nose1 not1 however1 attended with the usual florid red characterizing inflammation1 but of a paler hue1 and afterwards becoming darker4 ,the first marked symptom is a discharge from the nose1 scarcely to be distinguished at first from the natural moisture1 either by its color or consistence1 and generally coming from one nostril only1 and that the left one4 ,in appearance it is thin and transparent1 closely resembling the natural discharge1 a little increased in quantity1 and sometimes continues in this doubtful stage for several weeks or months4 ,instances are indeed known where it has existed for several years before it became fully developed4 ,in such cases it is attended with no loss of appetite1 no cough1 or apparent illness of any kind1 with little enlargement of the glands under the jaw1 and at the same time the horse is capable of communicating disease4 ,too many of these horses1 with a decided glanderous discharge from the nose and adherent glands under the jaw1 are found on our roads1 or are employed in agriculture1 which 7although they are otherwise in good health1 and perform their work well7 should not be permitted2 for by such means the contagion is widely spread4 ,no cough accompanies real glanders in any of its stages1 except the last1 which is usually soon cut short by death4 ,in addition to the preceding tokens for discovering at an early period the true glanders from other disorders1 let the nostrils be closely examined4 ,in the real glanders1 the left or running nostril will be found of a deeper color than ordinary1 while the other1 or dry nostril1 is of a paler color1 or almost white4 ,the reader must bear in mind the varied color of the nostril in deciding all cases of this character4 ,also that in colds1 etc41 both nostrils run4 ,before the disease finishes its course1 both sides of the nose and head become affected--the ulcers extend down the windpipe1 and fasten upon the lungs4 ,the virus1 secreted by and discharged from the ulcers1 is absorbed and carried through the whole system1 and soon puts an end to the creature's miserable existence4 ,the best preventives of glanders are dry1 clean1 well-ventilated stables1 moderate exercise1 green food1 when it can be procured1 and roots in the winter4 ,the disease may be cured in its early stages1 or before ulcers are formed in the nose1 or the lumps under the jaw adhere to the bone1 by turning the animal on a dry pasture1 by proper attention to the bowels1 and by use of alterative medicines1 to work the poisons out of the system4 ,should the bowels require loosening1 give the common purge4 ,for purifying the blood1 the condition powder is the most effectual remedy4 ,the owner must beware of putting the horse to hard labor too soon1 after having been turned out as before directed1 as the disease is liable to return on subsequent confinement1 even after the running at the nose has entirely disappeared4 ,it is conceded by all1 that when this disease is once seated1 it cannot be cured2 and humanity dictates1 and economy should prompt us to terminate the animal's existence at once4 ,this course has now become an imperative duty1 as the fact is established that man is susceptible to the contagion2 and there are numerous cases on record where those who have had the care of glandered horses have fallen victims to this disease4 ,,lock ,,jaw4 ,this disease generally arises from nail wounds in the feet1 or from sharp metallic substances taken into and wounding the stomach or intestines4 ,the first symptoms of the disease are observed about the ninth or tenth day after the injury is done1 which are a straggling or stiffness of the hind-legs1 to which succeed in a few days the following3 on elevating the head1 a spasmodic motion of the membrane in the inner corner of the eye will be observed1 showing little more than the white of the eye2 the muscles of the jaws become rigid2 the tongue is swollen1 and the mouth is filled with saliva2 the ears are erect1 and the nose poked out2 the nostrils expand2 respiration becomes much disturbed2 and finally1 the jaws become firmly set1 and the bowels constipated4 ,treatment4--,tinct4 of aconite1 #b drs42 tinct4 of belladonna1 #b drs42 water1 oz4 ,mix1 and give #dj drops every #d hours on the tongue2 keep a ball of aloes in the mouth for several days4 ,there is no fear of giving too much4 ,i have known half a pound to be given in a few days with good success4 ,hydrocyandic acid1 #bj drops in a little water1 and put upon the tongue every four hours1 is an excellent remedy4 ,foment the jaws with bags of hops steeped in hot water1 and bathe the line of the back from the pole to the croup with mustard and vinegar4 ,be careful not to allow the animal to be unnecessarily excited by noises and confusion about him4 ,go about him quietly2 keep a pail of bran slop before him all the time4 ,if the foot has been injured1 poultice with flaxseed meal1 and keep the wound open until a healthy action has been established4 ,,to ,,distinguish ,,between ,,distemper ,,and ,,glanders4 ,the discharge from the nose in ,glanders will sink in water4 ,in ,distemper it will not4 ,,chronic ,,cough4 ,this is generally the consequence of neglected catarrhal affections1 worms1 etc4 ,for treatment1 give twice each day ,barbadoes aloes1 #b oz42 pulv4 foxglove 7or digitalis71 #a oz42 linseed meal1 #ac oz4 ,mix with molasses4 ,dose1 #a oz4 ,another remedy is1 sal ammoniac1 #a oz42 squills1 pulv41 oz42 aloes1 pulv41 #a oz42 linseed meal1 #af oz42 mix with molasses1 and divide into four balls2 to be given one each night for four days4 ,,treatment ,,for ,,rheumatism4 ,poultice the feet with mustard and flaxseed meal4 ,give internally of nux vomica1 #a oz42 pulv4 gentian root1 #a oz42 pulverized ginger1 #a oz4 ,mix and divide into #ab powders2 give one every night in the feed1 keep the body warm1 and give no corn4 ,,founder ,,remedy4 ,give from #a to #d ounces of saltpetre1 according to the severity of the case4 ,for a severe case1 draw about one gallon of blood from the neck2 then drench with linseed oil1 #a quart2 rub the fore-legs with water as hot as can be borne without scalding1 continuing the washing till the horse is perfectly limber4 ,,horse ,,ointment4 ,resin1 #d oz42 beeswax1 #d oz42 honey1 #b oz42 lard1 #h oz42 melt these articles slowly1 bringing gradually to a boil2 remove from the fire1 and slowly add a little less than a pint of spirits of turpentine1 stirring all the time this is being added1 and stir till cool4 ,this is an extraordinary ointment for bruises of the flesh1 or hoof1 or broken knees1 galls or bites1 or when a horse is gelded to heal and keep off flies4 ,,magic ,,liniment4 ,take #b oz4 oil of spike2 #b oz4 origanum2 #b oz4 hemlock2 #b oz4 wormwood2 #d ounces sweet oil2 #b oz4 spirits ammonia2 #b ounces gum camphor2 #b oz4 spirits turpentine2 #a quart proof spirits4 ,mix well and bottle for use4 ,cork tight4 ,for sprains1 bruises1 or lameness of any kind1 this liniment is unsurpassed4 ,this is the same liniment1 leaving out the turpentine1 which has achieved so many wonderful cures for human ailment4 ,a more simple liniment can be made by putting into spirits of turpentine all the gum camphor it will cut4 ,for ordinary purposes it is fit for use2 but if you wish to reduce pain1 add as much laudanum as there is turpentine4 ,,french ,,paste ,,for ,,bone ,,spavin4 ,corrosive sublimate1 quicksilver1 and iodine1 of each #a oz41 with sufficient lard to form a paste4 ,rub the quicksilver and iodine together1 and add the sublimate1 and finally add the lard1 rubbing thoroughly4 ,shave off the hair the size of the bone enlargement1 then grease all around it1 but not where the bone is shaved off4 ,this prevents the action of the medicine only upon the spavin2 rub in as much of the paste as will lie on a five cent piece1 each morning for four mornings only1 and in from six to eight days the spavin will come out2 then wash out the wound with suds1 soaking well for an hour or two1 which removes the poisonous effects of the medicine1 and facilitates the healing1 which can be done by any healing salve4 ,i prefer the horse ointment to any other4 ,,how ,,to ,,clean ,,and ,,oil ,,harness4 ,first take the harness apart1 having each strap and piece by itself2 then wash it with warm water and ,castile soap4 ,when cleansed1 black each part with the following dye3 #a oz4 extract of logwood2 #ab grains bichromate of potash--both pounded fine2 put into two quarts of boiling rain-water1 and stir till all is dissolved4 ,when cool1 it may be used4 ,it may be bottled and kept for future use1 if desired4 ,it may be applied with a shoe brush4 ,when the dye has struck in1 you may oil each part with neatsfoot oil1 applied with a paint brush4 ,for second oiling1 use one-third castor oil and two-thirds neat's-foot oil1 mixed4 ,a few hours after1 wipe clean with a woolen cloth1 which gives the harness a glossy appearance4 ,this preparation does not injure the leather or stitching1 but makes it soft and pliable1 and obviates the necessity of oiling as often as is necessary by the ordinary method4 ,when the harness is removed from the horse1 take a woolen cloth or chamois skin1 kept for the purpose1 and wipe off the dust and all moisture from rain or perspiration1 and when the harness is nearly dry1 rub the damper parts very thoroughly with a second cloth or skin1 until they are quite soft and pliable4 ,the bits1 and plated mountings1 should be cleaned and rubbed with a slightly-oiled rag1 before the harness is finally hung in its place2 the harness should be protected from dust either by a covering of cloth1 or by hanging in a closet4 ,whenever the leather becomes dry and hard1 it should be cleaned and oiled according to the foregoing directions4 ,,physic ,,ball4 ,barbadoes aloes1 #a lb42 syrup buckthorn1 #c oz42 cod-liver oil1 #c oz4 ,melt the whole1 and stir till cool4 ,in winter1 add a little water1 make into #ah pills1 and give #a every four hours1 or as much as will move the bowels4 ,,to ,,scatter ,,poll-,,evil4 ,take a quantity of mandrake root1 bruise and boil it1 strain and boil down until rather thick2 then form an ointment1 simmering with sufficient lard for the purpose4 ,anoint the swelling once a day until cured4 ,it has cured them after they were broken out1 by putting it in the pipes a few times2 also1 anointing around the sore4 ,,healing ,,salve ,,for ,,abrasions ,,and ,,cuts4 ,oxide of zinc1 #d drams2 fresh lard1 #a oz42 carbolic acid1 #f grains4 ,melt the lard1 and stir in the oxide of zinc1 which must be very finely powdered2 add the carbolic acid and mix thoroughly4 ,apply twice a day to the wound4 ,this salve is very valuable for its healing properties1 and will be found of special service1 if there is any foul discharge4 ,,wash ,,for ,,foul ,,ulcers4 ,permanganate of potassa1 #a dram2 pure water1 #f fluid ounces4 ,clean the sore once or twice a day1 with a quart of water1 to which a large tablespoonful of the wash has been added1 using a soft sponge4 ,the discoloration of the solution indicates its complete loss of power as a disinfectant4 ,the bottle must be kept tightly corked1 as impurities in the air will1 in time1 impair its value4 ,,antispasmodic ,,tincture4 7,for ,man or ,beast47 ,oils of cajeput1 cloves1 peppermint1 anise1 of each #a oz42 of alcohol1 #a quart4 ,mix together1 and bottle for use4 ,dose1 for horse1 #a oz4 every #ae minutes1 in a little whisky and warm water1 sweetened with molasses4 ,continue till relieved4 ,dose for man1 one teaspoonful4 ,,record ,,of ,,fast ,,horses ,,for #ahge4 ,the author of this work would not have the reader imagine that he is known to the popular world as a sporting man1 but believing his book will come into the hands of not only lovers of the noble animal as a beast of burden1 and highly prized by the honest yeomanry of this continent1 but into the hands also of those who admire more for qualities of speed1 as exhibited on the turf1 deems it advisable to gratify the appetite of all who appreciate fast trotting1 by devoting a corner to record the driving of all horses having a public record of #b4cj1 or better4 ,considerable trouble and expense has attended the research1 and it embraces a complete list of horses that have shown on the turf since #ahgj1 compiled in the most accurate manner1 and alphabetically arranged4 ,abdallah1 b4 s4 #b4cj ,adelaide1 b4 m4 #b4bb ,ajax1 b4 s4 #b4bi ,albert1 blk4 g4 #b4bd ,albion ,boy1 b4 g4 #b4cj ,alice1 b4 m4 #b4be ,allie ,west1 blk4 s4 #b4be ,alton ,boy #b4bi #b;,american ,girl1 b4 m4 #b4af ,amy1 b4 m4 #b4bb ,amy ,b1 b4 m4 #b4cj ,annie ,collins1 b4 m4 #b4bf ,arthur1 blk4 g4 #b4bh ,aurora1 s4 m4 #b4bg ,baby ,boy1 wh4 g4 #b4cj ,badger ,girl1 g4 m4 #b4be ,barney ,kelley1 b4 g4 #b4bf ,bashaw1 ,jr4 #b4be ,bashaw ,maid1 ch4 m4 #b4cj ,basil ,duke1 cr4 g4 #b4bh ,bateman1 b4 g4 #b4bg ,bay ,henry1 b4 g4 #b4cj ,bay ,jack #b4cj ,bay ,sallie1 b4 m4 #b4cj ,bay ,whalebone1 b4 g4 #b4bf ,bella1 b4 m4 #b4bb ,belle1 b4 m4 #b4bh ,belle ,brasfield1 b4 m4 #b4be ,belle ,deane1 blk4 m4 #b4cj ,belle of ,toronto1 g4 m4 #b4bh ,ben ,cummings1 ch4 s4 #b4bf ,ben ,flagler1 g4 g4 #b4bf ,ben ,morrill1 br4 s4 #b4bh ,ben ,smith1 b4 g4 #b4bh ,ben ,star1 b4 g4 #b4bd ,beppo1 or ,j4 ,w4 ,conley1 b4 g4 #b4bd ,bertie1 g4 m4 #b4bg ,billy ,hoskins1 g4 g4 #b4bf ,billy ,lambertson1 b4 g4 #b4bh ,billy ,platter1 g4 g4 #b4bf ,black ,bird1 blk4 s4 #b4bb ,black ,george1 blk4 s4 #b4bc ,black ,mack1 blk4 g4 #b4bf ,black ,swan1 blk4 m4 #b4bh ,blanche1 blk4 m4 #b4bc ,bodine1 b4 g4 #b4ai ,bonner1 ch4 g4 #b4bc ,breeze1 b4 g4 #b4be ,bristol ,bill1 g4 g4 #b4bi ,bro4 ,jonathan1 b4 g4 #b4bd ,brown ,dick1 br4 s4 #b4bd ,brown ,jack1 br4 g4 #b4bh ,bully ,brooks1 b4 g4 #b4cj ,buzz1 br4 g4 #b4bh ,byron1 s4 s4 #b4be ,caledonia ,chief1 ch4 s4 #b4bi ,california ,dexter1 b4 g4 #b4bg ,calmar1 b4 g4 #b4cj #b;,camors1 blk4 g4 #b4ai ,capitola1 b4 m4 #b4bi ,captain1 b4 s4 #b4bh ,captain ,jinks1 s4 g4 #b4cj ,carrie1 b4 m4 #b4bd ,castle ,boy1 b4 g4 #b4ba ,catskill ,girl1 b4 m4 #b4bh ,cattaraugus ,chief1 b4 g4 #b4bi ,chas4 ,e4 ,loew1 blk4 s4 #b4be ,chas4 ,hinson1 g4 g4 #b4bh ,charlie ,green1 b4 g4 #b4bf ,clara ,g41 b4 m4 #b4bf ,clarence1 ch4 g4 #b4bg ,clementine1 b4 m4 #b4ba ,colbourne1 dun4 g4 #b4cj ,col4 ,barnes1 ch4 g4 #b4bh ,col4 ,moulton1 ch4 s4 #b4bh ,col4 ,russell1 b4 g4 #b4be ,col4 ,pike1 b4 g4 #b4bi ,comee1 b4 g4 #b4bd ,commodore1 b4 g4 #b4be ,commonwealth1 br4 s4 #b4bd ,cozette1 blk4 m4 #b4bc ,crown ,prince1 wh4 g4 #b4be ,dan1 br4 g4 #b4bh ,daniel ,boone1 g4 g4 #b4bh ,dan ,voorhies #b4bf ,defiance1 blk4 s4 #b4bi ,defiance1 br4 g4 #b4bd ,delhi1 b4 g4 #b4bi ,denmark1 br4 g4 #b4cj ,derby1 b4 g4 #b4be ,dick ,jamison1 b4 g4 #b4bf ,dinah1 rn4 m4 #b4cj ,doble1 blk4 s4 #b4bh ,dolly1 b4 m4 #b4cj ,don ,elipha 7buckskin mustang7 #b4cj ,dot1 b4 g4 #b4bi ,doubtful1 g4 g4 #b4bi ,draco ,prince1 blk4 s4 #b4bd ,dreadnaught1 ch4 g4 #b4bg ,duchess1 b4 m4 #b4bh ,duke1 b4 g4 #b4bf ,dutchman1 b4 g4 #b4cj ,ella ,wilson1 b4 m4 #b4cj ,ella ,lewis1 br4 m4 #b4bg ,eva1 b4 m4 #b4be ,ella ,madden1 b4 m4 #b4bf ,ella ,wright1 b4 m4 #b4bd ,everett ,ray1 b4 g4 #b4be ,edginton #b4bf ,ed4 ,white1 p4 g4 #b4bg ,easton ,boy1 wh4 g4 #b4be ,ella ,elwood1 b4 m4 #b4bi ,elmo1 ch4 s4 #b4bg ,fleetwood1 ch4 g4 #b4bi ,frank ,wood1 b4 g4 #b4bd ,frank1 br4 m4 #b4bg ,factory ,girl1 b4 m4 #b4bi ,flora ,bell1 b4 m4 #b4bb ,flora ,bell1 ch4 m4 #b4cj ,frank ,palmer1 b4 g4 #b4bf ,fannie1 ch4 m4 #b4bi ,frank ,j41 dun4 g4 #b4bc ,frank ,davis1 #b4cj ,frank ,munson1 #b4cj ,frank ,reeves1 #b4cj ,fox1 b4 g4 #b4cj ,fred ,hooper1 b4 g4 #b4bc ,fleety ,golddust1 g4 m4 #b4bj ,filbert1 g4 g4 #b4bh ,fanny ,otis1 b4 m4 #b4bh ,falmouth ,boy1 b4 g4 #b4bi ,frank ,ferguson1 br4 g4 #b4bg ,flora ,shepard1 b4 m4 #b4cj ,george ,miller1 b4 g4 #b4cj ,gray ,jack1 g4 g4 #b4bh ,glengarry1 b4 g4 #b4bg ,george ,treat1 #b4bh ,george ,m4 ,patchen1 #b4bc ,gray ,alex1 g4 g4 #b4bh ,gazelle1 b4 m4 #b4ba ,grace1 b4 m4 #b4bg ,goldsmith ,maid1 b4 m4 #b4ad ,george1 b4 g4 #b4bd ,gen4 ,sherman1 g4 g4 #b4bh ,gold ,leaf1 s4 g4 #b4bh ,gen4 ,grant1 s4 s4 #b4bj ,granville1 ch4 g4 #b4bi ,governor1 b4 g4 #b4cj ,gen4 ,howard1 br4 g4 #b4cj #b;,gloster1 b4 g4 #b4ag ,geo4 ,b4 ,daniels1 s4 g4 #b4bd ,grafton1 ch4 g4 #b4bb ,gen4 ,picton1 g4 g4 #b4cj ,gen4 ,love1 s4 s4 #b4cj ,gray ,chief1 g4 g4 #b4bf ,great ,eastern1 br4 g4 #b4bh ,gen4 ,garfield1 b4 g4 #b4ba ,gray ,eddy1 g4 g4 #b4bg ,gov4 ,sprague1 blk4 s4 7#d years1 public trial1 #a mile7 #b4ba ,grace ,bertram1 ch4 m4 #b4bi ,grand ,duchess1 b4 m4 #b4bf ,henry1 b4 g4 #b4bj ,hannah ,d41 b4 m4 #b4bg ,harry ,mitchel1 b4 g4 #b4bh ,h4 ,c4 ,hill1 br4 g4 #b4be ,honesty1 b4 s4 #b4bf ,huntress1 b4 m4 #b4ba ,hattie1 ch4 m4 #b4cj ,hopeful1 g4 g4 #b4ag ,hotspur1 b4 g4 #b4bc ,hamperion1 br4 s4 #b4bi ,h4 ,w4 ,genet1 b4 s4 #b4be ,huckleberry1 b4 g4 #b4bf ,herod1 br4 g4 #b4bi ,hope1 s4 g4 #b4bh ,haviland1 b4 g4 #b4bi ,honest ,harry1 m4 g4 #b4be ,honest ,dutchman1 #b4bf ,harry ,harley1 b4 g4 #b4be ,harvest ,queen1 b4 m4 #b4bi ,hal4 ,terrel1 b4 g4 #b4bh ,idol1 ch4 m4 #b4bg ,idol1 b4 m4 #b4bc ,j4 ,n4 ,mansua1 b4 g4 #b4bi ,joe ,udell1 b4 g4 #b4cj ,john ,stuart1 b4 g4 #b4cj ,joe ,brown1 g4 s4 #b4bf ,jerome1 ch4 g4 #b4bh ,jas4 ,howell1 ,jr4 #b4bd ,jubilee ,lambert1 br4 s4 #b4be ,judge ,fullerton1 ch4 g4 #b4ah ,joker1 b4 g4 #b4bc ,jennie1 b4 m4 #b4bb ,john ,h41 b4 g4 #b4bc ,jim ,irving1 b4 g4 #b4bc ,jack ,draper1 g4 g4 #b4bi ,john ,w4 ,hall1 ch4 g4 #b4be ,joe ,green1 b4 s4 #b4bi ,john ,t4 ,rich1 b4 s4 #b4bh ,john ,c4 ,fero1 br4 g4 #b4bg ,john ,morrissey1 ch4 g4 #b4bf ,j4 ,j4 ,bradley1 b4 g4 #b4be #b;,j4 ,h4 ,burke1 blk4 g4 #b4bg ,j4 ,d4 ,mc,mann1 b4 g4 #b4bh ,jackson1 b4 s4 #b4bg ,joe1 or ,triumph1 s4 g4 #b4be ,john ,e41 b4 g4 #b4bh ,jay ,gould1 b4 s4 #b4bj ,j4 ,g4 ,blaine1 blk4 g4 #b4bh ,joe ,coburn1 #b4cj ,judge ,robertson1 b4 g4 #b4bi ,john ,t41 br4 g4 7fraud same as ,huckleberry71 #b4bi #b,kilburn ,jim1 b4 s4 #b4bc ,ki-,ki1 b4 g4 #b4bh ,kittie ,d41 b4 m4 #b4bf ,kansas ,chief1 b4 g4 #b4ba ,kate ,campbell1 br4 m4 #b4be ,kittie ,cook1 br4 m4 #b4bi ,kate ,bennett1 rn4 m4 #b4bi ,lady ,blanchard1 g4 m4 #b4bf ,lady ,garfield1 b4 m4 #b4bi ,lady ,hughes1 b4 m4 #b4cj #b,lady ,hamilton1 b4 m4 #b4cj ,lydia ,thompson1 b4 m4 #b4bf ,little ,longfellow1 s4 g4 #b4bi ,license1 ch4 g4 #b4bf ,lothair1 blk4 s4 #b4bi ,lothair1 br4 g4 7fraud same as ,small ,hope71 #b4bh ,little ,gipsy1 b4 m4 #b4bh ,lew ,ives1 b4 g4 #b4bh ,lady ,mack1 b4 m4 #b4be ,logan1 s4 s4 #b4bh ,lucille ,golddust1 b4 m4 #b4ai ,lady ,dahlman1 br4 m4 #b4bh ,lizzie ,keller1 br4 m4 #b4cj ,lady ,thompson1 #b4bh ,lady ,star1 br4 m4 #b4bd ,little ,mack1 br4 s4 #b4bh ,lady ,griswold1 g4 m4 #b4bi ,lewinski1 b4 g4 #b4bf ,lady ,emma1 ch4 m4 #b4bh ,lady ,star1 #b4be ,little ,fred1 b4 g4 #b4be ,lady ,blanche1 b4 m4 #b4bh ,lady ,turpin1 blk4 m4 #b4bc ,lottery1 g4 g4 #b4bg ,lulu1 b4 m4 #b4ad ,lady ,williams1 ch4 m4 #b4bh ,lady ,banker1 b4 m4 #b4bc ,lady ,snell1 b4 m4 #b4bc ,lida ,picton1 br4 m4 #b4bg ,lady ,stout1 ch4 m4 #b4bi ,lew ,scott1 b4 g4 #b4cj ,lady ,elgin1 g4 m4 #b4bg ,lillie ,shields1 s4 m4 #b4bi ,lady ,byron1 blk4 m4 #b4bh ,lady ,h41 g4 m4 #b4cj ,lady ,maud1 b4 m4 #b4ah ,lady ,ross1 b4 m4 #b4bi ,major ,edsall1 b4 s4 #b4bi ,major ,allen1 s4 g4 #b4bd ,mat4 ,smith1 b4 s4 #b4bf ,mountain ,boy1 b4 g4 #b4bj ,myron ,perry1 b4 g4 #b4bd ,mollie ,morris1 ch4 m4 #b4bb ,mila ,caldwell1 s4 m4 #b4bf ,mack1 g4 g4 #b4bh ,mary ,a4 ,whitney1 b4 m4 #b4bh ,may ,howard1 g4 m4 #b4bd ,molsey1 b4 m4 #b4ba ,mary ,davis1 b4 m4 #b4bf ,music1 ch4 m4 #b4ba ,mollie1 b4 m4 #b4bh ,mystic1 b4 g4 #b4bb ,maud1 b4 m4 #b4bi ,medoc1 g4 g4 #b4bh ,mambrino ,star1 b4 g4 #b4bh ,mambrino ,gift1 br4 s4 #b4bj ,monarch1 ,jr41 rn4 s4 #b4be ,monroe1 ch4 s4 #b4bh ,mac1 br4 g4 #b4bg ,magnolia1 g4 g4 #b4bf ,major ,root1 br4 g4 #b4bg ,major ,king1 s4 g4 #b4cj ,may ,queen1 b4 m4 #b4bj ,may ,bird1 blk4 m4 #b4bg ,maggie ,briggs1 b4 m4 #b4bg ,moscow1 blk4 g4 #b4bh ,mazoumanie1 ch4 g4 #b4bg ,mohawk1 ,jr41 b4 s4 #b4be ,mary1 b4 m4 #b4bh ,newberlin ,girl1 b4 m4 #b4bi ,none ,such1 s4 m4 #b4be ,natchez1 blk4 g4 #b4cj ,nellie ,gray1 #b4bd ,nellie ,irwin1 b4 m4 #b4be ,nick1 br4 g4 #b4bi ,nettie1 b4 m4 #b4ah ,nino1 b4 g4 #b4bi ,ned ,forrest1 blk g4 #b4bh ,nellie1 g4 m4 #b4cj ,nellie ,walton1 b4 m4 #b4bf ,north ,star ,mambrino1 #b4bf ,nettie ,burlew1 b4 m4 #b4be ,nerea1 s4 m4 #b4bc ,ned ,wallace1 b4 s4 #b4bi ,ohio ,boy1 b4 g4 #b4bg ,observer1 ch4 g4 #b4bd ,orient1 s4 g4 #b4bd ,oakland ,maid1 g4 m4 #b4bf ,occident1 br4 g4 #b4af ,prince ,allen1 ch4 s4 #b4bf ,patchen ,chief1 blk4 s4 #b4be ,pownall ,mare1 br4 m4 #b4bi ,pat ,ring1 #b4bh ,polly1 or ,tackney #b4bf ,phil ,sheridan1 blk4 s4 #b4bf ,pilot ,temple1 b4 s4 #b4bd ,parkis' ,abdallah1 b4 s4 #b4bf ,prince1 rn4 g4 #b4bh ,preston1 dun4 g4 #b4bh ,planter1 #b4cj ,prospero1 #b4bb ,pumpkin1 #b4bg ,queen of the ,west1 #b4bf ,royal ,john1 g4 g4 #b4bg ,red ,dick1 ch4 g4 #b4bh ,rolla ,golddust1 b4 g4 #b4be ,rhode ,island1 br4 s4 #b4bc #b,ripon ,boy1 b4 s4 #b4be ,rosalind1 b4 m4 #b4ba ,ross1 sp4 g4 #b4bi ,rex ,patchen1 b4 s4 #b4cj ,randall1 ch4 g4 #b4bd ,red ,cloud1 b4 g4 #b4ah ,rattler1 b4 g4 #b4bg ,royal ,george1 g4 g4 #b4bf ,rosewood1 br4 m4 #b4bg ,rarus1 b4 g4 #b4bj ,rival1 g4 s4 #b4cj ,rutledge1 b4 g4 #b4cj ,st4 ,elmo1 g4 g4 #b4bi ,sleepy ,john1 b4 g4 #b4bd ,shakespeare1 ch4 s4 #b4cj ,susie ,parker1 b4 m4 #b4bg ,sentinel1 b4 s4 #b4bi ,skinkel's ,hambletonian1 b4 s4 #b4bh ,st4 ,james1 b4 g4 #b4bc ,sam ,purdy1 b4 g4 #b4bc ,spotted ,colt1 sp4 g4 #b4be ,stump ,puller1 or ,columbia ,chief1 blk4 s4 #b4cj ,shepard ,knapp1 ,jr41 b4 g4 #b4bg ,sisson ,girl1 blk4 m4 #b4bh ,star1 s4 g4 #b4cj ,snowball1 wh4 g4 #b4bg ,scotland ,maid1 b4 m4 #b4bh ,silver ,side1 g4 g4 #b4cj ,stewart ,maloney1 b4 g4 #b4bg ,surprise1 g4 g4 #b4bf ,sam ,west1 b4 g4 #b4bi ,star of the ,west1 bk4 s4 #b4bf ,smuggler1 b4 s4 #b4bj ,susie1 s4 m4 #b4be ,sleepy ,tom1 b4 g4 #b4cj ,simon1 ch4 g4 #b4cj ,snowflake1 g4 m4 #b4bb ,sir ,wm4 ,wallace1 b4 s4 #b4bg ,swallow1 b4 m4 #b4cj ,sea ,foam1 g4 m4 #b4bd ,sunbeam1 b4 m4 #b4cj ,san ,bruno1 br4 g4 #b4be ,silas ,rich1 s4 s4 #b4bh ,sconchin1 #b4be ,sensation1 #b4bd ,sorrel ,frank1 #b4bh ,sucker ,state1 #b4bh ,st4 ,julien1 b4 s4 #b4bb ,sciota ,belle1 br4 m4 #b4bh ,tennessee1 br4 m4 #b4bg ,tanner ,boy1 g4 g4 #b4bg ,twilight1 wh4 m4 #b4bg ,tom ,wonder1 br4 g4 #b4bi ,tom ,hendricks1 #b4cj ,thos4 ,l4 ,young1 ch4 g4 #b4ai ,tom ,keeler1 b4 g4 #b4bf ,thos4 ,jefferson1 blk4 s4 #b4bc ,tom ,britton1 br4 g4 #b4bg ,tom ,walter1 s4 g4 #b4bi ,tom ,moore1 b4 g4 #b4bh ,t4 ,a41 b4 g4 #b4bh ,tom ,brown1 s4 g4 #b4bg ,unknown1 ch4 g4 #b4bc ,viola1 b4 m4 #b4bh ,vanity ,fair1 b4 g4 #b4bd ,western1 b4 g4 #b4cj ,western ,girl1 b4 m4 #b4bg ,w4 ,b4 ,whitman1 or ,billy ,barr1 #b4bc ,w4 ,k4 ,thomas1 g4 g4 #b4bf ,w4 ,h4 ,allen1 b4 s4 #b4bc ,winthrop ,morrill1 ,jr4 #b4bh ,white ,cloud1 wh4 g4 #b4bg ,whitestockings1 #b4cj ,westfield1 ch4 g4 #b4bf ,wild ,oats1 br4 g4 #b4bi ,wellesley ,boy1 b4 g4 #b4bf ,whalebone1 b4 g4 #b4bi ,young ,bruno1 b4 g4 #b4bb ,york ,state1 b4 g4 #b4bc ,young ,rattler1 #b4cj ,young ,magna1 b4 g4 #b4bi ,young ,grafton1 ch4 h4 #b4cj ,zephyr1 br4 m4 #b4cj #b ,dead4 ,,rules ,,and ,,regulations ,,adopted ,,by ,,the ,,national ,,association ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,trotting ,,turf4 ,,rule #a4--,mandate4--,all trotting and pacing engagements and performances over the several courses which are1 or shall be represented by membership in the 8,,national ,,association ,,for ,,the ,,promotion ,,of ,,the ,,interests ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,trotting ,,turf10 and each and every person who shall in any way be concerned or employed therein1 as well as all associations and proprietors themselves who are or shall become members of said ,national ,association1 shall be governed by the following rules from and after ,february #dth1 #ahgd4 ,see also ,articles #ab and #ac of ,by-,laws4 ,,rule #b4--;,entries4--,all entries for premiums must be made under cover1 enclosing the entrance money for purses and forfeits in sweepstakes1 and sealed and addressed to or deposited with the ,secretary1 or other person authorized to receive the same1 at such time and place as shall have been prescribed4 ,notices by telegraph of intention to enter shall be received up to the hour advertised for closing1 and all such entries shall be eligible1 provided the entrance fee specified shall be paid in due course1 by mail or otherwise4 ,see also ,art4 #ag of ,by-,laws4 ,it shall be the duty of the ,secretary1 or other person authorized1 to prepare the list of entries for publication1 comprising all information necessary for the enlightenment of the general public and parties to the race2 and all entries as aforesaid shall be opened and announced at a public meeting1 of which reasonable notice by advertisement or otherwise shall be given to the parties in interest4 ,,rule #c4--;,entrance ,fee4--,the entrance fee shall be #aj per cent4 of the purse1 unless otherwise specified2 and any person failing to pay his entrance dues may1 together with his horse or horses1 be suspended until they are paid in full1 which shall be with an addition of #aj per cent4 penalty and interest at #g per cent4 per annum until paid--the penalty to go to the ,national ,association4 ,provided1 that no such suspension imposed after ,april #a1 #ahgd1 shall be lawful unless imposed within sixty days from the close of the meeting2 and further provided1 that any entry which shall be accepted upon conditions differing from those applied by the terms of the race to other entries in the same class shall be regarded a 8conditional entry10 and as such shall be void4 ,and any associate member who shall accept any such conditional entry1 shall1 upon satisfactory evidence produced to the ,board of ,appeals1 be held to forfeit to the ,national ,association #bj per cent4 of the amount of the purse in which such conditional entry has been accepted4 ,,rule #d4--;,how ,many to ,enter4--,in all purses three or more entries are required1 and two to start1 unless otherwise specified4 ,,rule #e4--;,horses to be ,eligible when ,entries ,close4--,a horse shall not be eligible to start in any race that has beaten the time advertised prior to the closing of the entries for the race in which he is entered1 unless otherwise specified in the published conditions4 ,horses shall not be eligible if the time specified has been beaten by them at a greater distance2 that is1 a horse having made two miles in five minutes is eligible for a #b3cj race1 but not eligible for a race limited to horses of a slower class than that4 ,,rule #f4--;,description and ,name of each ,horse ,required4--,an accurate and satisfactory description of each entry will be required1 and shall be in the following form1 to wit3 ,color4--,the color and marks shall be accurately given4 ,sex4--,it shall be distinctly stated whether the entry be a stallion1 mare1 or gelding1 and the names of the sire and dam shall be given in all cases 7and when unknown shall be so stated in the entry71 under penalty of #be fine for each omission4 ,and the pedigree so given shall be published by the associate member with the advertisement of entries4 ,name of ,horse4--,every horse shall be named1 and the name correctly and plainly written in the entry2 and after trotting in a public race such name shall not be changed1 except by permission of the ,board of ,appeals1 and upon payment of a recording fee of #aj1 the fee to go to the ,national ,association2 for each violation of this requirement a fine of #ajj shall be imposed1 together with suspension or expulsion2 and if the horse has ever trotted in a public race the last name under which he or she trotted shall be given with the entry2 and if the name has been changed within two years1 each name he or she has borne during that time must be given2 and if any horse without a name has ever trotted in a public race1 mention must be made in the entry of a sufficient number of his or her most recent performances1 to enable interested parties to identify the animal2 provided1 that it shall not be necessary to furnish any one association or proprietor with the same record the second time4 ,in entries and nominations hereafter made1 the words 8no name0 shall not be received as a name2 neither shall such descriptive words as 8bay horse10 8gray mare10 c41 be allowed as names1 under penalty of a fine not to exceed the entrance fee1 to be imposed on the member who violates this restriction4 ,a horse having once been named1 shall not again start in a race on any course in the ,united ,states or ,canada without a name1 nor under a different name1 unless the foregoing requirements have been complied with4 ,double ,teams4--,in all double-team races the entry must contain the name and description of each horse1 in the manner provided for entry of single horses4 ,,rule #g4--,name and ,address4--,the residence and post-office address1 in full1 of the person or persons in whose name an entry is made1 and if he or they be not the owner1 then that of the owner or owners also must accompany each nomination4 ,,rule #h4--;,entries that ,cannot ,start4--,as many horses may be entered by one party1 or as many horses trained in the same stable as may be desired1 but only one that has been owned or controlled in whole or in part by the same person or persons1 or trained in the same stable within ten days preceding the race1 can start in any race of heats4 ,,rule #i4--,no purse for a 8,walk ,over40--,no purse will be awarded for a 8walk over10 but in cases where only one of the horses entered for any premium shall appear on the course1 he shall be entitled to his own entrance money and to one-half of the entrance money received from all other horses entered for said premium4 ,,rule #aj4--;,in ,case of ,death1 ,engagements ,void4--,all engagements1 including obligations for entrance fees1 shall be void upon the decease of either party or horse1 so far as they shall affect the deceased party or horse2 but forfeits1 also matches made play or pay1 shall not be affected by the death of a horse4 ,,rule #aa4--,match ,races4--,in all match races these rules shall govern1 unless the contrary be expressly stipulated and assented to by the club1 association1 or proprietor of the course over which the race is to come off4 ,,rule #ab4--,when ,matches ,become ,play or ,pay4--,in all matches made to come off over any of the associate courses1 the parties shall place the amount of the match in the hands of the stakeholder one day before the event 7omitting ,sunday7 is to come off1 at such time and place as the club1 association1 or proprietor1 upon application may determine1 and the race shall then become play or pay4 ,,rule #ac4--,purse or ,stakes ,wrongfully ,obtained4--,a person obtaining a purse or stake through fraud or error shall return it to the ,treasurer if demanded within one year1 or be punished as follows3 ,he1 together with the parties implicated in the wrong1 and the horse or horses1 shall be expelled until such demand is complied with1 and such stake or purse shall be awarded to the party justly entitled to the same4 ,,rule #ad4--;,fraudulent ,entries1 or ,meddling with ,horses4--,any person found guilty of dosing or tampering with any horse1 or of making a fraudulent entry of any horse1 or of disguising a horse with intent to conceal his identity1 or being in any way concerned in such a transaction1 shall be expelled4 ,any horse that shall have been painted or disguised1 to represent another or a different horse1 or shall have been entered in a purse in which he does not belong1 shall forfeit the entrance money and be expelled4 ,,rule #ae4--,reward4--,a reward of #ej will be paid to the person who shall first give information leading to the detection and conviction of any fraudulent entry and the parties thereto1 to be paid out of the funds of the ,national ,association for the ,promotion of the ,interests of the ,american ,trotting ,turf1 by the ,treasurer1 upon the decision and order of the ,board of ,appeals2 provided1 that this shall not be construed to extend to courses outside of this ,association4 ,,rule #af4--,protests4--,protests maybe made verbally before or during a race1 and shall be reduced to writing1 and shall contain at least one specific charge1 and1 when required1 a statement of the nature of the evidence upon which they are based1 and they shall be filed with the ,judges1 ,association1 or proprietor before the close of the meeting4 ,the ,judges shall in every case of protest demand that the rider or driver1 and the owner or owners1 if present1 shall immediately testify under oath1 in the manner hereinafter provided2 and in case of their refusal to do so1 the horse shall not be allowed thereupon to start or continue in that race1 but shall be considered and declared ruled out1 with forfeit of entrance money4 ,but if the parties do comply1 and take the oath as herein required1 unless the ,judges find conclusive evidence to warrant excluding the horse1 they shall allow him to start or continue in the race under protest1 and the premium1 if any is won by that horse1 shall be retained a sufficient length of time 7say three weeks7 to allow the parties interested a chance to sustain the allegations of the protest1 or to furnish information which shall warrant an investigation of the matter by the associate member1 or the ,board of ,appeals1 and all outside bets on such horse shall be held in abeyance pending the decision of such protest2 provided1 that where no action as aforesaid has been taken to sustain a protest1 during three weeks1 the associate member shall proceed as if such protest had not been made4 ,in any heat which such protested horse shall win1 the ,judges shall waive the application of a distance as to all other horses1 except for 8fouls0 defined in ,rule #dh4 ,when a protest is presented before or during a race1 and the parties refuse to make the prescribed oath1 if the ,judges believe the refusal is designed to favor a fraud1 they may require the horse under protest to start or continue in the race4 ,any person found guilty of protesting a horse falsely and without cause1 or merely with intent to embarrass a race1 shall be punished by a fine not exceeding #ajj1 or by suspension not to exceed one year1 or by expulsion4 ,when a protest has been duly made1 or any information lodged with the ,judges in support of a protest1 alleging an improper entry or any act prohibited or punishable under these rules1 the same shall not be withdrawn or surrendered before the expiration of three weeks1 without the approbation of the association or proprietor of the course upon which such protest or information was produced2 and if any association or proprietor shall permit such a withdrawal of protest or information1 with a corrupt motive to favor any party who shall be affected by the same1 the association or proprietor so permitting1 if convicted thereof by the ,board of ,appeals1 shall be expelled from all connection with the ,national ,association4 ,associations or proprietors shall be warranted in retaining the premium of any horse1 during the time herein mentioned1 without any formal protest1 if before it is paid they shall receive information in their judgment tending to establish fraud4 ,the oath required in answer to protest shall be in the following form1 to wit3 ,i of in the ,county of ,state of on oath depose and say that ,i am the of the called the same entered in a purse for horses that have never trotted better than minutes and seconds1 to be trotted this day on this course1 and the same that has been protested1 and to which protest this affidavit is in answer1 hereby declare and affirm that to the best of my knowledge and belief said before-mentioned horse is eligible to start or compete in the race aforesaid2 and that ,i fully believe all the provisions and conditions required in the rules and regulations for the government or trials of speed over this course were fully and honestly complied with in making the entry aforesaid4 ,given under my hand1 at this day of ,a4 ,d4 #ahg4 ,subscribed and sworn to before me1 this day of ,a4 ,d4 #ahg4 ,justice of the ,peace4 ,,note4--,in the absence of a ,justice of the ,peace1 if this oath be administered by an officer of the association1 or one of the ,judges of the race1 it will be considered sufficient for the purposes of the ,national ,association4 ,,rule #ag4--,when ,horses ,shall not be ,drawn4--,no horse shall be drawn except by permission of the ,judges of the race1 under penalty of being expelled1 unless at or before seven o'clock ,p4 ,m4 of the day preceding the race 7omitting ,sunday71 the proper party shall have lodged with the ,president1 ,secretary1 or proprietor of the course1 a written notice of his intention not to start1 after which notice the horse so drawn shall be ineligible to start in the race4 ,parties having two or more entries in one race shall elect which they will not start1 and notify their decision at the same time1 in the same manner1 and under the same penalty as provided above4 ,,rule #ah4--,power of ,postponement4--,in case of unfavorable weather1 or other unavoidable cause1 each association or proprietor shall have power to postpone to the next fair day and good track 7omitting ,sunday71 all purses or sweepstakes1 or any race to which they have contributed money1 upon giving notice thereof2 and they may exercise this power before or after the race has commenced4 ,see also ,rule #ai4 ,,rule #ai4--,no ,trotting ,after ,dark4--,no heat shall be trotted when it is so dark that the horses cannot be plainly seen by the ,judges from the stand1 but all such races shall be continued by the ,judges to the next fair day 7omitting ,sunday71 at such hour as they shall designate4 ,in all matches and stakes1 the above rule shall govern1 unless otherwise especially agreed between the parties and the association or proprietors4 ,,rule #bj4--,weights and ,weighing4--,every horse starting for purse1 sweepstake1 or match1 in any trotting or pacing race1 shall carry1 if to wagon or sulky1 #aej lbs41 exclusive of harness3 and if under the saddle1 #ade lbs41 the saddle and whip only to be weighed with the rider4 ,riders and drivers shall weigh in the presence of one or more of the ,judges previous to starting for any race1 and after each heat shall come to the starting stand1 and not dismount or leave their vehicles without permission of the ,judges1 and those who are deficient in bodily weight shall be re-weighed after each heat4 ,any rider or driver not bringing in his required weight shall be distanced1 unless such decision shall be deemed to favor a fraud4 ,but a rider or driver thrown or taken by force from his horse or vehicle1 after having passed the winning-post1 shall not be considered as having dismounted without permission of the ,judges1 and if disabled may be carried to the ,judges' stand to be weighed1 and the ,judges may take the circumstances into consideration and decide accordingly4 ,and the riders or drivers who shall carry during the heat and bring home with them the weights which have been approved or announced correct and proper by the ,judges1 shall be subject to no penalty for light weight in that heat2 provided the ,judges are satisfied the mistake or fault was their own1 and that there has been no deception on the part of the rider or driver who shall be deficient in weight2 but all parties shall thereafter carry the required weight4 ,,rule #ba4--;,handicaps and ,miscellaneous ,weights4--,in matches or handicaps1 where extra or lesser weights are to be carried1 the ,judges shall carefully examine and ascertain before starting1 whether the riders1 drivers or vehicles are of such weights as have been agreed upon or required by the match or handicap1 and thereafter the riders and drivers shall be subject to the same penalties and conditions as if they were to carry the weights prescribed by the rules4 ,,rule #bb4--,when ,riders and ,drivers are ,overweight4--,if the bodily weight of any rider or driver shall be found to exceed that which is prescribed in the rules1 or that which is required by the conditions of the race1 and the overweight shall exceed twenty pounds1 it shall be announced from the stand before the heat2 and the judges shall have power1 if in their belief such extra weight was imposed on the horse for an improper or fraudulent purpose1 to substitute another rider or driver of suitable weight2 and if they believe the horse has been prejudiced in the race by such overweight1 he shall not be allowed to start again or continue in the race1 and all outside bets on such horse shall be declared off4 ,see also ,rule #bh4 ,a horse prevented by this rule from continuing in the race shall not be distanced1 but ruled out4 ,,rule #bc4--,length of ,whips4--,riders and drivers will be allowed whips not to exceed the following lengths3 ,for saddle horses1 #b ft4 #aj in12 sulkies1 #d ft4 #h in42 wagons1 #e ft4 #aj in42 double teams1 #h ft4 #f in42 tandem teams and four-in-hand1 unlimited3 snappers1 not longer than three inches1 will be allowed in addition to the foregoing measurement4 ,,rule #bd4--;,judges' ,stand4--,none but the ,judges of the race in progress1 and their assistants1 shall be allowed in the ,judges' stand during the pendency of a heat1 except members of the ,board of ,appeals4 ,,rule #be4--,selection of ,judges4--,see also ,art4 #ac of ,by-,laws4 ,in every exhibition or race1 over any course represented in the ,national ,association1 each course for itself1 through the proprietor or association controlling the same1 shall choose or authorize the selection of three 7#c7 competent ,judges1 for the day or race1 who shall understand the rules of the said ,national ,association1 and shall rigidly enforce the same2 and all their decisions shall be subject to and in conformity with said rules4 ,any person having any interest in1 or any bet dependent upon the result of a race1 or having any interest in either of the horses engaged therein1 shall thereby be disqualified and restricted from acting as a ,judge in that race4 ,and if any person who is thus disqualified shall intentionally and deceptively violate this restriction1 he shall1 upon conviction thereof by the ,board of ,appeals1 be adjudged guilty of a dishonorable act1 for which he shall be expelled from every course represented in said ,national ,association4 ,,rule #bf4--;,authority of ,judges4--,the ,judges of the day or race shall have authority1 while presiding1 to appoint distance and patrol judges and timers2 to inflict fines and penalties1 as prescribed by these rules2 to determine all questions of fact relating to the race over which they preside2 to decide respecting any matters of difference between parties to the race1 or any contingent matter which shall arise1 such as are not otherwise provided for in these rules2 but all their decisions shall be in strict conformity with the rules1 or with the principles thereof4 ,they shall have control over the horses about to start1 and the riders or drivers and assistants of the horses1 and1 in the absence of other provision in these rules1 they shall have authority to punish by a fine not exceeding #ajj1 or by suspension or expulsion1 any such person who shall fail to obey their orders or the rules4 ,,rule #bg4--;,distance and ,patrol ,judges4--,in all races of heats there shall be a ,distance ,judge appointed by the ,judges of the race or by those in authority1 who shall remain in the distance stand during the heats1 and immediately after each heat shall repair to the ,judges' stand and report to the ,judges the horse or horses that are distanced1 and all foul or improper conduct1 if any has occurred under his observation4 ,patrol ,judges may be similarly appointed1 and it shall be their duty to repair in like manner to the ,judges' stand1 and report all foul or improper conduct1 if any has occurred under their observation4 ,,rule #bh4--,powers and ,duties of ,judges4--,the ,judges shall be in the stand fifteen minutes before the time for starting the race2 they shall weigh the riders or drivers1 and determine the positions of the horses1 and inform each rider or driver of his place1 before starting2 they may require the riders and drivers to be properly dressed2 they shall be prepared to take the time of each heat in the race1 and they may appoint some suitable person or persons to assist them in that respect1 and the time so taken shall be recorded and announced in conformity with these rules4 ,see also ,rules #ci and #dj1 and ,art4 #ac of ,by-,laws4 ,the ,judges shall ring the bell1 or give other notice1 ten minutes previous to the time announced for the race to come off1 which shall be notice to all parties to prepare for the race at the appointed time1 when all the horses must appear at the stand1 ready for the race1 and any rider or driver failing to obey this summons may be punished by a fine not exceeding #ajj1 or his horse may be ruled out by the ,judges and considered drawn2 but in all stakes and matches a failure to appear promptly at the appointed time shall render the delinquent party liable to forfeit4 ,the result of a heat shall not be announced until the ,judges are satisfied as to the weights of the riders or drivers1 and sufficient time has elapsed to receive the reports of the ,distance and ,patrol ,judges4 ,the ,judges shall not notice or consider complaints of foul from any person or persons except the ,distance and ,patrol ,judges appointed by themselves or by those in authority1 and from owners1 riders1 or drivers in the race4 ,if the ,judges believe that a horse is being or has been 8pulled10 or has been ridden or driven in other respects improperly1 with a design to prevent his winning a heat which he was evidently able to win1 and that such act was done on the part of the rider or driver for the purpose of throwing the race1 or to perpetrate or aid a fraud1 they may declare that heat void1 and they shall have power to substitute a competent and reliable rider or driver for the remainder of the race1 who shall be paid a reasonable compensation for his services1 but not to exceed #ej2 and any professional rider or driver who1 without good and sufficient reason1 refuses to be so substituted1 may be fined1 suspended1 or expelled1 by order of the ,judges and upon approval of the ,board of ,appeals2 and if the result and circumstances of the race shall confirm their belief1 the rider or driver so removed shall be expelled by the ,judges4 ,and at the close of the race1 if they are warranted under the foregoing circumstances in deciding that such improper conduct has changed the result of the race to the prejudice of innocent parties1 they shall declare all outside bets 8off10 and if the owner or person or persons controlling the offending horse shall be a party or parties to such fraud1 he or they1 together with the horse1 shall be punished by expulsion4 ,see also ,rules #bb and #dh4 ,,rule #bi4--,starting and ,keeping ,positions4--,no rider or driver shall cause unnecessary delay after the horses are called up1 either by neglecting to prepare for the race in time1 or by failing to come for the word1 or otherwise2 and in scoring1 if the word is not given1 all the horses in the race shall immediately turn1 at the tap of the bell or other signal given1 and jog back for a fresh start4 ,but there shall be no recall after the starting word or signal has been given4 ,provided1 however1 that if the ,judges shall through any error give signal of recall1 after having given the word1 ,,distance shall be waived in that heat1 except for foul riding or driving4 ,when the ,judges are prevented from giving a fair start by a horse or horses persistently scoring ahead of others1 or being refractory1 or from any other fault of either horse1 rider1 or driver1 it shall be their duty1 after three scorings1 to select one of the contending horses1 of average speed compared with the others1 and no driver shall come up in advance of said horse before crossing the score4 ,no driver shall be allowed to sponge out his horse or horses oftener than once in five times scoring4 ,if these requirements are not complied with on the part of any rider or driver1 the ,judges may not only start the race1 or give the word without regard to the absence or position of the offending party or parties1 but the offender may be punished by a fine not exceeding #ajj1 or by suspension not to exceed one year4 ,in all cases1 the starting word or signal shall be given from the ,judges' stand1 and in no instance shall a standing start be given4 ,when1 through any fault of either horse1 rider1 or driver1 the ,judges are prevented from giving a fair and prompt start1 they shall warn the faulty party of the penalties to which he is subject1 and if such warning is not heeded1 they shall rigidly enforce said penalties4 ,the horse winning a heat shall take the pole 7or inside position7 the succeeding heat1 and all others shall take their positions in the order assigned them in judging the last heat4 ,when two or more horses shall make a dead heat1 the horses shall start for the succeeding heat in the same positions they occupied at the finish of the dead heat4 ,in coming out on the homestretch the foremost horse or horses shall keep the positions first selected1 or be liable to be distanced2 and the hindmost horse or horses1 when there is sufficient room to pass on the inside or anywhere on the homestretch1 without interfering with others1 shall be allowed to do so1 and any party interfering to prevent him or them shall be distanced4 ,if a horse1 in attempting to pass another on the homestretch1 should at any time cross or swerve1 so as to impede the progress of a horse behind him1 he shall not be entitled to win that heat4 ,although a leading horse is entitled to any part of the track1 except after selecting his position on the homestretch1 he shall not change from the right to the left1 or from the inner to the outer side of the track1 during any part of the race1 when another horse is so near him that in altering his position he compels the horse behind him to shorten his stride1 or causes the rider or driver of such other horse to pull him out of his stride2 neither shall any horse1 rider1 or driver1 cross1 jostle1 or strike another horse1 rider1 or driver1 nor swerve or do any other thing that impedes the progress of another horse2 nor shall any horse1 in passing a leading horse1 take the track of the other horse so soon after getting the lead as to cause the horse passed to shorten his stride4 ,in any heat wherein there shall be a violation of any of these restrictions1 the offending horse shall not be entitled to win the heat1 and he shall be placed behind all other horses in that heat4 ,and if the impropriety was intentional on the part of the rider or driver1 the offending horse may be distanced1 and the rider or driver shall be suspended or expelled4 ,see also ,rule #dh4 ,,rule #cj4--;,horses ,breaking4--,when any horse or horses break from their gait in trotting or pacing1 their riders or drivers shall at once pull them to the gait in which they were to go the race1 and any party failing to comply with this requirement1 if he come out ahead1 shall lose the heat1 and the next best horse shall win the heat2 and whether such breaking horse come out ahead or not1 all other horses shall be placed ahead of him in that heat1 and the ,judges shall have discretionary power to distance the offending horse or horses1 and the rider or driver may be punished by a fine not to exceed #ajj1 or by suspension not exceeding one year4 ,should the rider or driver comply with this requirement1 and the horse should gain by a break1 twice the distance so gained shall be taken from him at the coming out2 but this provision must not be so construed as to shield any trotting or pacing horse from punishment for running4 ,in case of any horse 7in a trotting race7 repeatedly breaking1 or running1 or pacing1 while another horse is trotting1 the ,judges shall punish the horse so breaking1 running1 or pacing1 by placing him last in the heat1 or by distancing him4 ,a horse breaking at or near the score shall be subject to the same penalty as if he broke on any other part of the track4 ,,rule #ca4--,relative to ,heats and ,horses ,eligible to ,start4--,in heats1 one1 two1 three1 or four miles1 a horse not winning one heat in three1 shall not start for a fourth1 unless such horse shall have made a dead heat4 ,in heats best three in five1 a horse not winning a heat in the first five shall not start for a sixth1 unless said horse shall have made a dead heat4 ,but where ten or more horses start in a race1 every horse not distanced shall have the right to compete until the race is completed--subject1 however1 to all other penalties in these rules4 ,,rule #cb4--;,dead ,heats4--,a dead heat shall be counted in the race1 and shall be considered a heat which is undecided only as between the horses making it1 and it shall be considered a heat that is lost by all the other horses contending therein2 and the time made in a dead heat shall constitute a record for each horse making such dead heat4 ,whenever each of the horses making a dead heat would have been entitled to terminate the race had he won said dead heat1 they only shall start again2 and1 in that case1 each of the horses thus prevented from starting shall retain his position in the award of premiums as if said dead heat had been decided in favor of one of the horses which made the same a 8dead heat40 ,a horse prevented from starting by this rule shall not be distanced1 but ruled out4 ,,rule #cc4--,time ,between ,heats4--,the time between heats shall be twenty minutes for mile heats2 and for mile heats best three in five1 twenty-five minutes2 and for two-mile heats1 thirty minutes2 for three-mile heats1 thirty-five minutes2 and should there be a race of four-mile heats1 the time shall be forty minutes4 ,after the first heat the horses shall be called five minutes prior to the time of starting4 ,,rule #cd4--,time ,allowed in ,case of ,accidents4--,in case of accidents1 ten minutes shall be allowed2 but the ,judges may allow more time when deemed necessary and proper4 ,,rule #ce4--;,collision and ,break-,down4--,in case of collision and break-down1 the party causing the same1 whether willfully or otherwise1 may be distanced2 and if the ,judges find the collision was intentional or to aid fraud1 the driver in fault shall be forthwith suspended or expelled1 and his horse shall be distanced2 but1 if necessary to defeat fraud1 the ,judges may direct the offending horse to start again4 ,no horse but the offending one shall be distanced in such a heat1 except for foul driving4 ,the ,judges in a concluding heat1 finding that a collision involved a fraudulent object1 may declare that heat void4 ,see also ,rule #dh4 ,,rule #cf4--,placing ,horses4--,a horse must win a majority of the heats which are required by the conditions of the race to be entitled to the purse or stake2 but if a horse shall have distanced all competitors in one heat1 the race will then be concluded1 and such horse shall receive the entire purse and stakes contended for4 ,when more than one horse remains in the race entitled to be placed at the finish of the last heat1 the second best horse shall receive the second premium1 if there be any2 and if there be any third or fourth premium1 etc41 for which no horse has won and maintained a specific place1 the same shall go to the winner2 provided1 that the number of premiums awarded shall not exceed the number of horses which started in the race4 ,the foregoing provisions shall always apply1 in such cases1 unless otherwise stated in the published conditions of the race4 ,in deciding the rank of horses other than the winner1 as to second1 third1 and fourth places1 etc41 to be assigned among such as remain in the race entitled to be placed at the conclusion of the last heat thereof1 the several positions which have been assigned to each horse so contending shall be considered as to every heat in the race--that is1 horses having won two heats1 better than those winning one2 a horse that has won a heat1 better than a horse only making a dead heat2 a horse winning one or two heats and making a dead heat1 better than one winning an equal number of heats but not making a dead heat2 a horse winning a heat or making a dead heat and not distanced in the race1 better than a horse that has not won a heat or made a dead heat2 a horse that has been placed 8second0 twice1 better than a horse that has been placed 8second0 only once1 etc4 ,when two or more horses shall be equal in the race at the commencement of a final heat thereof1 they shall rank as to each other as they are placed in the decision of such final heat4 ,in case these provisions shall not give a specific decision as to second and third money1 etc41 the ,judges of the race are to make the awards according to their best judgment1 but in conformity with the principles of this rule4 ,,rule #cg4--;,distances4--,in races of mile heats1 #hj yards shall be a distance4 ,in races of two-mile heats1 #aej yards shall be a distance4 ,in races of three-mile heats1 #bbj yards shall be a distance4 ,in races of mile heats1 best three in five1 #ajj yards shall be a distance4 ,but if any association or proprietor shall choose1 they can provide1 in heats of not over one mile1 wherein eight or more horses contend1 to increase the distance one-half1 in which case such change shall be stated in the published conditions of the race before entry4 ,all horses whose heads have not reached the distance-stand as soon as the leading horse arrives at the winning-post shall be declared distanced1 except in cases otherwise provided for1 or the punishment of the leading horse by setting him back for running1 when it shall be left to the discretion of the ,judges4 ,a distanced horse is out of the race1 and if in any heat one horse shall distance all competitors the race will then be completed1 and the winner shall be entitled to the entire purse and stakes contended for1 unless otherwise stipulated in the published conditions of the race4 ,,rule #ch4--,rank ,between ,distanced ,horses4--,horses distanced in the first heat of a race shall be equal1 but horses that are distanced in any subsequent heat shall rank as to each other in the order of the positions to which they were entitled at the start of the heat in which they were distanced4 ,,rule #ci4--,time and its ,record4--,in every public race the time of each heat shall be accurately taken and placed in the record1 and upon the decision of each heat the time thereof shall be publicly announced by the ,judges1 except as provided in these rules concerning those heats which are 8not awarded to either of the leading horses40 ,it shall be the duty of the ,judges of the race to take the time as aforesaid1 or to appoint some suitable person or persons to assist them in that respect1 and no unofficial timing shall be announced or admitted to the record4 ,see also ,rule #dj4 ,,rule #dj4--,two ,leading ,horses to be ,separately ,timed4--,the two leading horses shall be separately timed1 and if the heat is awarded to either1 his time only shall be announced and be a record4 ,in case of a dead heat1 the time shall constitute a record for the horses making the dead heat2 and if for any other cause the heat is not awarded to either of the leading horses1 it shall be awarded to the next best horse1 and no time shall be given out by the ,judges or recorded against either horse2 and the ,judges may waive the application of the rule in regard to distance in that heat1 except for foul riding or driving4 ,,rule #da4--,suppression of ,time4--,in any public race1 if there shall be any intentional suppression or misrepresentation in either the record or the announcement of the time of any heat in the race1 procured through any connivance1 or collusive arrangement1 or understanding between the proprietor or ,judges or ,timers and the owner of the winning horse or his driver or other authorized agent1 it shall be deemed fraudulent4 ,and any horse winning a heat or making a dead heat wherein there was such a fraudulent suppression of time1 together with the parties implicated in the fraud1 shall by operation of the rules be thenceforth expelled4 ,,rule #db4--;,a ,public ,race4--,any contest for purse1 premium1 stake1 or wager1 on any course1 and in the presence of a ,judge or ,judges1 shall constitute a public race4 ,,rule #dc4--,when ,time ,becomes a ,bar4--,time made at fairs and on any track1 whether short or not1 shall constitute a bar1 the same as if made over a track that was full measurement4 ,,rule #dd4--,when ,time shall not be a ,bar4--,time made under the saddle1 as well as time made when two or more horses are harnessed together1 shall constitute a record for races of the same character1 but shall not be a bar for races of a different character4 ,,rule #de4--;,complaints by ,riders or ,drivers4--,all complaints by riders or drivers1 of any foul riding or driving1 or other misconduct1 must be made at the termination of the heat1 and before the rider or driver dismounts or leaves his vehicle4 ,,rule #df4--;,decorum4--,if any owner1 trainer1 rider1 driver1 or attendant of a horse1 or any other person1 use improper language to the officers of the course or the ,judges in a race1 or be guilty of any improper conduct1 the person or persons so offending shall be punished by a fine not exceeding #ajj1 or by suspension or expulsion4 ,see also ,rule #dh4 ,,rule #dg4--,loud ,shouting4--,any rider or driver guilty of loud shouting1 or making other improper noise1 or of making improper use of the whip during the pendency of a heat1 shall be punished by a fine not to exceed #be1 or by suspension during the meeting4 ,see also ,rule #dh4 ,,rule #dh4--;,fouls4--,if any act or thing shall be done by any owner1 rider1 driver1 or their horse or horses1 during any race or in connection therewith1 which these rules define or warrant the ,judges in deciding to be fraudulent or foul1 and if no special provision is made in these rules to meet the case1 the ,judges shall have power to punish the offender by fine not to exceed #ajj1 or by suspension or expulsion4 ,and in any case of foul riding or driving they shall distance the offending horse1 unless they believe such a decision will favor a fraud4 ,the term 8foul0 shall be construed to apply to riding or driving contrary to rule1 to any act of a fraudulent nature1 and to any unprincipled conduct such as tends to debase the character of the trotting turf in the estimation of the public4 ,see also ,rules #bh1 #bi1 #ce1 #df and #dg4 ,,rule #di4--;,fines4--,all persons who shall have been fined under these rules1 unless they pay the fines imposed in full on the day of assessment1 shall be suspended until they are so paid or deposited with the ,treasurer of the ,national ,association4 ,all fines which shall be paid to the association or proprietor on whose grounds they were imposed1 shall by them be reported and paid to the ,treasurer of said ,national ,association4 ,,rule #ej4--,no ,compromise of ,penalties4--,in no case shall there be any compromise in the manner of punishment prescribed in the rules1 but the same shall be strictly enforced4 ,,rule #ea4--,suspensions and ,expulsions4--,whenever the penalty of suspension is prescribed in these rules1 if applied to a horse1 it shall be construed to mean a disqualification during the time of suspension to enter or compete in any race to be performed on the course of the association or proprietor2 and if applied to a person1 it shall be construed to mean a conditional withholding of all right or privilege to make an entry1 or to ride1 drive1 train1 or assist on the course and grounds of the association or proprietor4 ,if no limit is fixed in an order of suspension and none is defined in the rule applicable to the case1 the punishment shall be considered as limited to the season in which the order was issued4 ,whenever the penalty of expulsion is prescribed in these rules1 it shall be construed to mean unconditional exclusion and disqualification from any participation in the privileges and uses of the course and grounds of the association or proprietor4 ,no penalty of expulsion shall be removed or modified1 except by the order or upon the approval of the ,board of ,appeals4 ,whenever either of these penalties has been imposed on any horse or person1 on the grounds of any association or proprietor holding membership in said ,national ,association1 written or printed notice thereof shall immediately be forwarded to the ,secretary of said ,national ,association1 stating the offense and the character of punishment1 who shall at once transmit the information to each associated course or member2 and thereupon the offender thus punished shall suffer the same penalty and disqualification with each and every association and proprietor holding membership in said ,national ,association4 ,,rule #eb4--,right of ,appeal4--,any person who has been subjected to the penalty of suspension1 or a fine1 by the decision of the ,judges of a race1 can appeal from such decision to the association or proprietor upon whose grounds the penalty was imposed1 and from their decision can appeal to the ,board of ,appeals2 provided1 that where the penalty was a fine1 it shall have been previously paid4 ,all decisions and rulings of the ,judges of any race1 and of the several associations and proprietors belonging to said ,national ,association1 may be appealed to the ,board of ,appeals1 and shall be subject to review by said ,board1 upon facts and questions involving the proper interpretation and application of these rules1 and their decisions shall be final2 provided1 that parties to be affected thereby1 shall be notified as the ,board shall direct1 of a time and place when such appeal will be acted on by the ,board4 ,provided further1 if the appeal relate to the decision of a race1 immediate notice shall have been given to the ,judges of the race1 of the intention so to appeal4 ,notices of all other appeals must be given within one week from the announcement of the decisions appealed4 ,any person who shall appeal from any order suspending him or his horse for non-payment of entrance money or a fine1 may deposit the amount claimed with the ,treasurer of said ,national ,association1 who may thereupon issue a certificate or notice temporarily reinstating or relieving the party and his horse from such penalty1 subject to the final action of the ,board of ,appeals4 ,,rule #ec4--;,age of a ,horse--,how ,reckoned4--,the age of a horse shall be reckoned from the first day of ,january of the year of foaling4 ,,rule #ed4--;,colts and ,fillies ,equally ,eligible to ,enter4--,all colts and fillies shall be eligible alike to all premiums and stakes for animals of their age1 unless specially excluded by the conditions imposed4 ,,rule #ee4--;,a ,green ,horse4--,a green horse is one that has never trotted or paced for premiums or money either double or single4 ,,rule #ef4--,races made and 8,no ,hour ,named40--,all races shall be started at #c o'clock ,p4 ,m41 from the #ast day of ,april to the #aeth day of ,september1 and after that date at #b o'clock ,p4 ,m41 until the season closes1 unless otherwise provided4 ,,rule #eg4--,race made and no ,distance ,specified4--,when a race is made and no distance specified1 it shall be restricted to the following distances1 viz43 ,one mile and repeat2 mile heats1 best #c in #e2 two miles and repeat1 or three miles and repeat1 and may be performed in harness to wagon1 or under the saddle4 ,,rule #eh4--,race made to 8,go as they ,please40--,when a race is made to go as they please1 it shall be construed that the performance shall be in harness1 to wagon1 or under the saddle2 but after the race is commenced no change shall be made in the mode of going1 and the race shall be deemed to have commenced when the horses appear on the track4 ,,rule #ei4--,race made to go 8in ,harness40--,when a race is made to go in harness1 it shall be construed to mean that the performance shall be to a sulky4 ,,rule #fj4--,matches made against ,time4--,when a horse is matched against time1 it shall be proper to allow any other horse to accompany him in the performance1 but not to be harnessed with or in any way attached to him4 ,in matches made against time1 the parties making the match shall be entitled to three trials1 unless expressly stipulated to the contrary1 which trials shall be had on the same day--the time between trials to be the same as the time between heats in similar distances4 ,,rule #fa4--;,horses sold with ,engagements4--,the seller of a horse sold with his engagements has not the power of striking him out4 ,in case of private sale1 the written acknowledgment of the parties that the horse was sold with engagements1 is necessary to entitle the buyer to the benefit of this rule4 ,a true copy from the record4 ,d4 ,f4 ,,longstreet4 ,secretary4 ,,general ,,index4 ,,page4 ,,autobiography1 #aa ,,bits ,,used ,,in ,,educating ,,horses ,,addicted ,,to ,,bad ,,habits3 ,to prevent a horse getting his tongue over the bit1 #bea ,lolling the tongue1 #bea ,cure a horse sucking wind1 #beb ,dead mouth1 #bec ,cure a side-reiner1 #bec ,,cattle1 ,,education ,,of3 ,to educate a cow not to kick while being milked1 #cbg ,to educate a cow to give down her milk1 #cca ,practical result of educating cows to give down milk1 #cce ,to educate cattle to lead behind a wagon1 #cci ,system of educating steers1 #dbh ,,directions ,,for ,,feeding ,,and ,,fitting ,,the ,,horse1 #dea ,,dogs1 ,,education ,,of3 ,to roll a barrel1 #daa ,to fire a gun1 #daa ,to pass between your legs1 #dae ,to jump through hoops1 #dae ,to stand on chairs1 #daf ,,dunbar ,,system ,,of ,,horseshoeing1 ,,etc41 #dde ,,educating ,,the ,,horse1 ,,system ,,of3 ,new method of haltering a vicious or wild colt1 #afa ,teaching the words 8,come here01 #afe ,how to lay a horse down1 #afi ,how to get a horse up that throws himself1 #agc ,to educate a colt not to be afraid of his heels1 #agg ,to educate a colt to drive before being harnessed1 #aha ,how to educate a colt to move his body when he moves his head1 #ahe ,improved method of bitting colts1 #ahi ,educating a horse to ride1 #aic ,instructions to ride the colt1 #aig ,to halter-break and hitch a colt in the stall1 #bja ,to educate the horse not to kick at you when entering the stall1 #bje ,to educate the horse that kicks or paws in the stable1 #bji ,to prevent a horse from getting cast in the stall1 #bac ,to educate a colt to lead behind a wagon1 #bag ,to educate a horse that is bad to catch1 #bba ,to educate a horse not to rear1 #bbe ,to educate and prevent a horse from cribbing1 #bbi ,to educate and break a halter-puller1 #bcc ,to educate a horse not to kick when the rein gets under his tail1 #bcg ,another method of educating a kicking horse1 #bda ,to harden a tender-mouthed horse1 #bdd ,to educate the horse bad to groom1 #bdg ,hugging the pole1 #bdh ,luggers on the bit1 #bdh ,to educate horses not to fear objects while driving1 #beg ,first lesson in educating horses not to fear an umbrella1 #bfa ,second lesson in educating horses not to fear an umbrella1 #bfe ,horse bad to bridle1 #bfb ,to educate a single-footed horse to trot square1 #bfi ,to educate a pacing horse to trot1 #bgc ,to educate a horse to trot fast1 #bgg ,to educate a horse not to kick while in shafts1 #bha ,to educate and infuse life into a lazy horse1 #bhg ,to educate a balky horse to draw in double harness1 #bie ,an easy method of starting a balky horse1 #bia ,to educate a horse not to kick while being shod1 #bii ,to educate a horse while standing bad to shoe1 #cjc ,double hitch educating bridle1 #cjg ,a boon for the blacksmith1 #caa ,to educate a horse not to be afraid of the cars1 #cae ,to educate a horse to back at the word of command1 #cai ,to educate horses or cattle not to jump fences1 #cbc ,to educate a tender-mouthed horse to pull on the bit1 #cdc ,to educate horses not to fear a buffalo robe--illustration and instructions found between pages1 #cdd and #cde ,to educate and make a horse bad to catch1 #cii ,,fast ,,horses1 ,,record ,,of1 #eac ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,horse1 #ada ,,intelligence ,,of ,,animals1 #cde ,,miscellaneous3 ,the only practical way of administering medicine to a horse1 #dbc ,to tell a horse's age1 #dbe ,new method to tell the age1 #dbf ,sure method of producing a rapid growth in horses' hoofs1 #ddd ,corns and their treatment1 #dei ,ferren's steel horseshoe1 #cfb ,hoof-expanding shoe for contracted feet1 #cfb ,,recipes--,,many ,,never ,,before ,,published3 ,an excellent liniment for sprains1 splints or curbs1 #bgj ,a remedy for heaves1 #cbd ,a sure cure for worms in horses1 #ccf ,a cure for colic or gripes1 #cbh ,cure for spavin1 #djh ,cure for windgalls1 #djh ,cure for colic1 #dai ,cure for heaves--never before published1 #ccf ,diuretic drops1 #bhd ,treatment of wounds1 #bff ,to prevent horses being teased by flies1 #cjd ,an ,english stable liniment1 #bff ,liniment for contracted hoof1 #bif ,for inflammation of the lungs1 #cbd ,to cure the scratches in the shortest time ever known1 #cib ,to cure distemper1 #djd ,to cure hide-bound1 #djd ,to cure inflamed swellings or lame shoulders1 #djh ,ring bone remedy1 #bgj ,remedy for botts1 #bff ,another cure for spavin1 #dbd ,a valuable liniment for sweeny1 #caf ,ointment for bruises1 scratches1 saddle galls1 etc41 #bif ,nerve and bone liniment1 #bgd ,sure cure for poll-evil and fistula1 #bgd ,to cure influenza1 #dif ,condition powders1 #dih ,glanders1 #dii ,lock-jaw1 #ejc ,to distinguish between distemper and glanders1 #ejd ,chronic cough1 #eje ,treatment for ,rheumatism1 #eje ,founder remedy1 #ejf ,horse ointment1 #ejf ,magic liniment1 #ejg ,french paste for bone spavin1 #ejh ,how to clean and oil harness1 #eji ,physic ,ball1 #eaj ,to scatter poll-evil1 #eaa ,healing salve for abrasion and cuts1 #eaa ,wash for foul ulcers1 #eab ,antispasmodic tincture1 #eab ,,shoeing1 ,a ,,treatise ,,on1 #dca ,to prevent horses interfering1 #dda ,to prevent overreaching1 #ddc ,,trick ,,horses3 ,to educate a horse to mount a pedestal1 #cfg ,to make a horse waltz1 #cfh ,to walk on his hind-feet1 #cga ,to teach to say 8,no01 #cgb ,to teach to go lame1 #cgf ,to teach to be vicious1 #cgi ,to teach to push a vehicle1 #cge ,to teach to laugh1 #chj ,to teach to walk on his knees1 #chc ,to teach to drive a boy off a pedestal1 #chg ,to teach to make a bow1 #chh ,to teach to shake hands1 #chh ,to teach to sit down1 #cia ,to teach to bore for oil1 #cie ,to teach to walk upright1 #cif ,to teach to take handkerchief from his side1 #djc ,to teach to kiss a boy1 #djg ,,rules ,,trotting ,,course1 ,,revised1 #eba