,transcrib] ,note ,text emphasis is d5ot$ z ,italics & ,bold4 ,:ole & fractional "p ( numb]s z #abc-d_/e4 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 ,no4 #abbg ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,,sewage & ,,sew]age ( ,,f>m ,,homes ,illu/ration ,,disposal ,,( ,,f>m ,,sewage 9 a clean mann] is always an important problem4 ,! aims ( ?is bullet9 are tw(old3 7#a7 ,to emphasize basic pr9ciples ( sanitation2 7#b7 to give directions = con/ruct+ & op]at+ home sew]age works t %all be simple1 s]viceable1 & safe4 ,c>e 9 op]at+ is absolutely necess>y4 ,no in/allation w run itself4 ,cont9u$ neglect ends 9 failure ( ev5 ! be/ design$1 be/ built plants4 ,if ! h\sehold] is to build & neglect1 he might z well save exp5se & cont9ue ! e>li] practice4 ,contribution f ! ,bureau ( ,public ,roads ,,?os4 ,h4 ,mac,d,o,n,a,l,d1 ,*ief ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,janu>y1 #aibb ,,sewage ,,& ,,sew]age ,,( ,,f>m ,,homes4 ,george ,m4 ,w>r51 ,hydraulic ,eng9e]1 ,bureau ( ,public ,roads4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page4 ,introduction #c ,plans & advice #c ,sewage1 sew]s1 & sew]age def9$ #d ,nature & quantity ( sewage #d ,sewage-borne diseases & _! avoidance #e ,h[ sewage decomposes #i ,importance ( air 9 treatm5t ( sewage #aj ,practical utilities #aa ,kit*5-,s9k ,dra9age #bf ,cesspools #bf ,septic tanks #bh ,grease traps #ec ,g5]al proc$ure #ee ,,introduction4 ,! ma9 purpose ( home-sew]age works is to get rid ( sewage 9 su* way z 7#a7 to gu>d aga9/ ! transmission ( disease g]ms ?r\gh dr9k+ wat]1 flies1 or o!r means2 7#b7 to avoid creat+ nuisance4 ,:at is ! be/ me?od & :at ! be/ outfit are que/ions n to be answ]$ (fh& f af>4 ,a treatm5t t is a success 9 "o location may be a failure 9 ano!r4 ,9 e in/ance decision %\ld be bas$ ^u field data & full k ( ! local ne$s & conditions4 ,an in/allation plann$ f assum$ conditions may "w h>m4 ,! h\sehold] may be misl$ z to ! purification & rely on a protection t is n real4 ,he may anticipate little or no odor & f9d a nuisance has be5 creat$4 ,,plans ,,& ,,advice4 ,?\gh specific plans c n be s5t 9 ! abs5ce ( def9ite in=mation1 & ?\gh plans & specifications c n be prep>$ to meet individual requirem5ts1 ! ,division ( ,agricultural ,eng9e]+1 ,bureau ( ,public ,roads1 gladly gives su* help z is possible4 ,to ^? :o contemplate in/all+ sew]age works on f>ms & :o furni% ! in=mation outl9$ "u ! caption ,field data1 on page #eb1 plans1 advice1 or sugge/ions w be s5t4 ,local requirem5ts are frequ5tly met or approximat$ by "o ( ! designs on h&2 work+ draw+s 9 ! =m ( blue pr9ts w !n be furni%$4 ,sometimes ! designs1 slightly modifi$1 may suit ! ne$s4 ,9 o!r in/ances x is suffici5t to s5d publi%$ bullet9s or give writt5 sugge/ions ( a practical nature4 ,,sewage1 ,,sew]s1 ,,& ,,sew]age ,,def9$4 ,human excrem5ts 7feces & ur9e7 z f\nd 9 closets & privy vaults are kn[n z night soil4 ,^! wa/es may be flu%$ away ) runn+ wat]1 & !re may be add$ ! dis*>ges f wa%bas9s1 ba?tubs1 kit*5 & slop s9ks1 laundry trays1 wa%+ vats1 & floor dra9s4 ,?is refuse liquid product is sewage1 & ! und]gr\nd pipe :i* conveys x is a sew]4 ,s9ce sew]s c>ry f\l matt] !y %\ld be wat]-tight1 & ?is feature ( _! con/ruction di/+ui%es !m f dra9s remov+ relatively pure surface or gr\nd wat]4 ,sew]age ref]s to a sy/em ( sew]s1 includ+ ! pipes1 tanks1 disposal works1 & appurt5ances4 ,,nature ,,& ,,quantity ,,( ,,sewage4 ,"u av]age conditions a man dis*>ges daily ab\t #c-a_/b ounces ( moi/ feces & #dj ounces ( ur9e1 ! total 9 a ye> approximat+ #iib p\nds4#a ,feces consi/ l>gely ( wat] & undige/$ or p>tially dige/$ food2 by weight x is #gg4b p] c5t wat]4 #b ,ur9e is ab\t #if4c p] c5t wat]4#b #a ,practical ,physiological ,*emi/ry1 by ,philip ,b4 ,hawk1 #aiaf1 pp4 #bba1 #cei4 #b ,agriculture1 by ,f4 ,h4 ,/or]1 #ahid1 vol4 #b1 p4 #gj4 ,! excrem5ts con/itute b a small "p ( ord9>y sewage4 ,9 addition to ! excrem5ts & ! daily wat] consumption ( p]haps #dj gallons p] p]son are _m sub/ances ent]+ into ! economy ( ! h\sehold1 su* z grease1 fats1 milk1 bits ( food1 meat1 fruit1 & vegetables1 tea & c(fee gr\nds1 pap]1 etc4 ,?is complex product conta9s m9]al1 vegetable1 & animal sub/ances1 bo? dissolv$ & undissolv$4 ,x conta9s dead organic matt] & liv+ organisms 9 ! =m ( exce$+ly m9ute vegetative cells 7bact]ia7 & animal cells 7protozoa74 ,^! l[ =ms ( life are ! active ag5ts 9 de/roy+ dead organic matt]4 ,! bact]ia are numb]$ 9 billions & include _m species1 "s useful & o!rs h>mful4 ,!y may be t]m$ t9y scav5g]s1 :i* "u favorable conditions multiply ) great rapidity1 _! useful "w be+ ! oxidiz+ & nitrify+ ( dissolv$ organic matt] & ! break+ d[n ( complex organic solids to liquids & gases4 ,among ! myriads ( bact]ia are _m ( a virul5t nature4 ,^! at any "t may include species :i* are ! cause ( well-kn[n infections & p>asitic diseases4 ,,sewage-,,borne ,,diseases ,,& ,,_! ,,avoidance4 ,any spittoon1 slop pail1 s9k dra91 ur9al1 privy1 cesspool1 sewage tank1 or sewage di/ribution field is a pot5tial dang]4 ,a bit ( spit1 ur9e1 or feces ! size ( a p9 head may conta9 _m hundr$ g]ms1 all invisible to ! nak$ eye & ea* "o capable ( produc+ disease4 ,^! dis*>ges %\ld be kept away f ! food & dr9k ( man & animals4 ,f specific g]ms t may be c>ri$ 9 sewage at any "t !re may result typhoid fev]1 tub]culosis1 *ol]a1 dys5t]y1 di>rhea1 & o!r dang]\s ailm5ts1 & x is probable t o!r maladies may be trac$ to human wa/e4 ,f c]ta9 animal p>asites or _! eggs t may be c>ri$ 9 sewage !re may result inte/9al worms1 ( :i* ! m common are ! hookworm1 r\ndworm1 :ipworm1 eelworm1 tapeworm1 & seat worm4 ,sewage1 dra9age1 or o!r impure wat] may conta9 also ! causative ag5ts ( num]\s ailm5ts common to live /ock1 su* z tub]culosis1 foot-&-m\? disease1 hog *ol]a1 an?rax1 gl&]s1 & /oma* & inte/9al worms4 ,disease g]ms are c>ri$ by _m ag5cies & unsuspect+ly receiv$ by devi\s r\tes into ! human body4 ,infection may come f ! swirl+ du/ ( ! railway roadb$1 f contact ) transitory or *ronic c>ri]s ( disease1 f gre5 truck gr[n 9 g>d5s f]tiliz$ ) night soil or sewage1 f food prep>$ or t\*$ by unclean h&s or visit$ by flies or v]m91 f milk h&l$ by sick or c>eless dairym51 f milk cans & ut5sils wa%$ ) contam9at$ wat]1 or f ci/]ns1 wells1 spr+s1 res]voirs1 irrigation dit*es1 brooks1 or lakes receiv+ ! surface wa% or ! und]gr\nd dra9age f sewage-pollut$ soil4 ,_m record$ examples %[ ) c]ta9ty h[ typhoid fev] & o!r diseases h be5 transmitt$4 ,a few indicat+ ! responsibilities & duties ( p :o live 9 ! c\ntry are cit$ "h4 ,9 ,augu/1 #ahhi1 a si/] & two bro!rs ag$ #ah1 #ba1 & #bc ye>s1 respectively1 & all app>5tly 9 robu/ heal? dwelt toge!r 9 a rural village 9 ,columbiana ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,typhoid fev] 9 p>ticul>ly virul5t =m develop$ aft] use ( dr9k+ wat] f a badly pollut$ surface s\rce4 ,! dea?s ( all ?ree occurr$ )9 a space ( #aj days4 ,9 ,septemb] & ,octob]1 #ahii1 #fc cases ( typhoid fev]1 result+ 9 #e dea?s1 occurr$ at ! ,nor?ampton 7,mass47 insane hospital4 ,?is epidemic 0 conclusively trac$ to cel]y1 :i* 0 eat5 freely 9 ,augu/ & 0 gr[n & bank$ 9 a plot t _h be5 f]tiliz$ 9 ! late w9t] or e>ly spr+ ) ! solid residue & scrap+s f a sewage filt] b$ situat$ on ! hospital gr\nds4 ,"s ye>s ago ,dr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,sk9n]1 ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 inve/igat$ ! cause ( an outbreak ( typhoid fev] 9 s\?we/ ,virg9ia4 ,a small /ream me&]$ ?r\gh a n>r[ valley 9 :i* five #aj-;in* wells ab\t #dej feet deep _h be5 drill$ 9 lime/one =mation4 ,! wells 7 f #ej to #djj feet f ! /ream1 f :i*1 x 0 suspect$1 pollution 0 rea*+ ! wells4 ,9 a pool 9 ! /ream b$ approximately "o-f\r? mile above ! wells sev]al hundr$ p\nds ( common salt 7 dissolv$4 ,f\r ( ! wells 7 cut (f f ! pump & ! fif? 0 subject$ to heavy pump+4 ,! wat] dis*>g$ by ! pump 0 exam9$ at #ae-m9ute int]vals & its salt cont5t det]m9$ ov] a consid]able p]iod ( "t4 ,aft] ! lapse ( sev]al #ae-m9ute int]vals ! salt began to rise & cont9u$ to rise until ! maximum 0 approximately sev5 times t at ! beg9n+ ( ! te/1 ?us prov+ ! facility ) :i* pollution may pass a long di/ance und]gr\nd & rea* deep wells4 ,probably no epidemic 9 ,am]ican hi/ory bett] illu/rates ! dire results t may foll[ "o ?\ghtless act ?an ! outbreak ( typhoid fev] at ,plym\?1 ,pa41 9 #ahhe4 ,9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y ( t ye> ! night dis*>ges ( "o typhoid fev] pati5t 7 ?r[n out ^u ! sn[ ne> 8 home4 ,^!1 c>ri$ by spr+ ?aws into ! public wat] supply1 caus$ an epidemic runn+ f ,april to ,septemb]4 ,9 a total population ( ab\t #h1jjj1 #a1ajd p]sons 7 attack$ by ! disease & #aad di$4 ,l plants & animals1 disease g]ms v>y 9 _! p[]s ( resi/ance4 ,"s are h>dy1 o!rs succumb easily4 ,outside ! body mo/ ( !m probably die 9 a few days or weeks4 ,x is nev] c]ta9 :5 su* g]ms may n lodge :]e ! imm$iate surr\nd+s are favorable to _! life & reproduction4 ,milk is "o ( ! common sub/ances 9 :i* g]ms multiply rapidly4 ,! exp]i5ce at ,nor?ampton %[s t typhoid-fev] g]ms may survive sev]al mon?s 9 g>d5 soil4 ,laboratory te/s by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,public ,heal? ,s]vice %[$ t typhoid-fev] g]ms _h n all succumb$ aft] be+ froz5 9 cream #gd days4 7,public ,heal? ,reports1 ,feb4 #h1 #aiah1 pp4 #afc-aff47 ,rav5el kept ! spores ( an?rax imm]s$ = #bdd days 9 ! /ronge/ tann+ fluids )\t p]ceptible *ange 9 _! vitality or virul5ce4 7,annual ,report1 ,/ate ,dep>tm5t ( ,heal?1 ,mass41 #aiaf1 p4 #did47 ,unsafe practices4--,^u ?\s&s ( small f>ms !re are no privies & excretions are deposit$ c>elessly ab\t ! premises4 ,a place ( ?is "* is %[n 9 figure #a4 ,^u ?\s&s ( o!r f>ms ! privy is s fil?y & neglect$ t hir$ m5 & visitors seek ne>-by %$s1 fields1 & woods4 ,a privy ( ?is "* is %[n 9 figure #b4 ,^! practices & conditions exi/ 9 e section ( ! c\ntry4 ,!y %\ld be aboli%$4 ,des]v+ ( sev]e c5sure is ! old cu/om ( convey+ excrem5ts or sewage into ab&on$ wells or "s conv5i5t /ream4 ,su* a practice is indec5t & unsafe4 ,x is unnecess>y & is contr>y to ! laws ( mo/ ( ! ,/ates4 ,likewise dang]\s & ev5 m disgu/+ is ! old cu/om ( us+ human excrem5t or sewage = ! f]tilization ( truck l&4 ,"u no circum/ances %\ld su* wa/es be us$ on l& devot$ to cel]y1 lettuce1 radi%es1 cucumb]s1 cabbages1 tomatoes1 melons1 or o!r vegetables1 b]ries1 or l[-gr[+ fruits t are eat5 raw4 ,disease g]ms or p>ticles ( soil conta9+ su* g]ms may adh]e to ! sk9s ( vegetables or fruits & infect ! eat]4 ,^u f>ms x is necess>y to dispose ( excretal wa/es at no great di/ance f ! dwell+4 ,! ability & likelihood ( flies c>ry+ disease g]ms direct to ! d9n] table1 kit*51 or pantry are well kn[n4 ,v]m91 h\sehold pets1 p\ltry1 & live /ock may spread su* g]ms4 ,= ^! reasons1 & also on ! score ( odor1 f>m sewage nev] %\ld be expos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bpr-,,re #acha ,fig4 #a4--,"o ( _m f>ms lack+ ! simple/ sanit>y conv5i5ce4 ,important safety measure4--,! f>m] c d no o!r "o ?+ s vital to 8 own & ! public heal? z to make sure ( ! cont9u$ purity ( ! f>m wat] supply4 ,inve/igations indicate t ab\t ?ree out ( f\r %all[ wells are pollut$ badly4 ,wells & spr+s are f$ by gr\nd wat]1 :i* is m]ely natural dra9age4 ,dra9age wat] usually moves ) ! slope ( ! l&4 ,x always dissolves "p ( ! m9]al1 vegetable1 & animal matt] ( ! gr\nd ov] or ?r\gh :i* x moves4 ,9 ?is way impurities are c>ri$ into ! gr\nd wat] & may rea* di/ant wells or spr+s4 ,! great safegu>ds are clean gr\nd & wide sep>ation ( ! well f probable *annels ( impure dra9age wat]4 ,x is n en\gh t a well or spr+ is #ej or #aej feet f a s\rce ( fil? or t x is on high] gr\nd4 ,giv5 por\s gr\nd1 a seamy l$ge1 or long-cont9u$ pollution ( "o plat ( l&1 ! zone ( contam9ation is likely to ext5d long di/ances1 p>ticul>ly 9 d[nhill directions or :5 ! wat] is l[ ?r\gh dr\ght or heavy pump+4 ,only :5 ! surface ( ! wat] 9 a well or spr+ is at a high] level at all times ?an any ne>-by s\rce ( fil? is !re assurance ( safety f impure seepage4 ,"s ( ! =ego+ facts are %[n diagrammatically 9 figure #c4 ,figure #d is typical ( ^? insanit>y1 poorly dra9$ b>ny>ds t are almo/ c]ta9 to "w injury to wells situat$ 9 or ne> !m4 ,figure #e illu/rates poor relative location ( privy1 cesspool1 & well4 ,figure #f is a typical example ( a nuisance4 ,accumulations ( fil? result 9 objectionable odor & noxi\s dra9age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bpr-,,re #achhc ,fig4 #b4--,! rickety1 uncom=table1 unspeakably f\l1 dang]\s gr\nd privy4 ,neglect$ by ! own]1 %unn$ by ! hir$ man1 avoid$ by ! gue/1 :o1 9 pref]5ce1 goes to ne>-by fields or woods1 pollut] ( wells1 meet+ place ( h\se flies & disease g]ms1 privies ( ?is "* abide only because ( man's indiff]5ce4 ,sewage or impure dra9age wat] %\ld nev] be dis*>g$ into or ^u gr\nd dra9+ t[>d a well1 spr+1 or o!r s\rce ( wat] supply4 ,nei!r %\ld su* wa/es be dis*>g$ into ',op5+s 9 rock1 an ab&on$ well1 nor a hole1 cesspool1 vault1 or tank s locat$ t pollution c escape into wat]-be>+ e>? or rock4 ,:atev] ! sy/em ( sewage disposal1 x %\ld be entirely & widely sep>at$ f ! wat] supply4 ,fur!r in=mation on locat+ & con/ruct+ wells is giv5 9 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #ida1 ,wat] ,sy/ems = ,f>m ,homes1 copies ( :i* may be _h ^u reque/ to ! ,division ( ,publications1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,en\gh has be5 said to br+ home to ! read] ^! vital po9ts3 #a4 ,nev] all[ ! f>m sewage or excrem5ts1 ev5 9 m9ute/ quantity1 to rea* ! food or wat] ( man or live /ock4 #b4 ,nev] expose su* wa/es s t !y c be visit$ by flies or o!r c>ri]s ( disease g]ms4 #c4 ,nev] use su* wa/es to f]tilize or irrigate vegetable g>d5s4 #d4 ,nev] dis*>ge or ?r[ su* wa/es into a /ream1 pond1 or ab&on$ well1 nor into a gutt]1 dit*1 or tile dra9age sy/em1 :i* naturally mu/ h outlet 9 "s wat]c\rse4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,h[ an app>5tly good well may draw f\l dra9age4 ,arr[s %[ direction ( gr\nd wat] movem5t4 ,a-,a1 ,usual wat] table 7surface ( free wat] 9 ! gr\nd72 ,b-,b1 wat] table l[]$ by dr\ght & pump+ f well ,d2 ,c-,c1 wat] table fur!r l[]$ by dr\ght & heavy pump+2 ,e-,f1 level l9e f surface ( sewage 9 cesspool4 ,well ,d is safe until ! wat] table is l[]$ to ,e2 fur!r l[]+ draws dra9age f ! cesspool &1 ) ! wat] table at ,c-,c1 f ! b>n4 ,! location ( well ,g r5d]s x unsafe always4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bpr-,,re #ache ,fig4 #d4--;,an insanit>y1 poorly dra9$ b>ny>d4 7,bo>d ( ,heal?1 ,milwaukee47 ,liquid manure or o!r f\l dra9age is sure to lea* into wells situat$ 9 or ne> b>ny>ds ( ?is "*4 ,,h[ ,,sewage ,,decomposes4 ,:5 a bottle ( fre% sewage is kept 9 a w>m room *anges occur 9 ! appe>ance & nature ( ! liquid4 ,at fir/ x is light 9 appe>ance & its odor is slight4 ,x is well suppli$ ) oxyg51 s9ce ?is gas is always f\nd 9 wat]s expos$ to ! atmosph]e4 ,9 a few h\rs ! solids 9 ! sewage sep>ate me*anically accord+ to _! relative weights2 s$im5t collects at ! bottom1 & a greasy film cov]s ! surface4 ,9 a day's "t !re is an enorm\s developm5t ( bact]ia1 :i* obta9 _! food supply f ! dissolv$ c>bonace\s & nitrog5\s matt]4 ,z long z free oxyg5 is pres5t ?is action is spok5 ( z arobic decomposition4 ,!re is a gradual increase 9 ! am\nt ( ammonia & a decrease ( free oxyg51 ! latt] go+ to support bact]ial life4 ,:5 ! ammonia is ne> ! maximum & ! free oxyg5 is exhau/$ ! sewage is said to be /ale4 ,foll[+ exhau/ion ( ! oxyg5 supply1 bact]ial life cont9ues pr(use1 b x gradually dim9i%es z a result ( r$uction ( its food supply & ! poison\s effects ( its own wa/es4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( oxyg5 ! bact]ial action is spok5 ( z anarobic decomposition4 ,! sewage turns d>k] & becomes m (f5sive4 ,susp5d$ & settl$ organic sub/ances break ap>t or liquefy lat]1 & v>i\s f\l-smell+ gases are lib]at$4 ,sewage 9 ?is condition is kn[n z septic & ! putrefaction t has tak5 place is call$ septicization4 ,! odor ev5tually disappe>s1 & a d>k1 insoluble1 mosslike sub/ance rema9s z a deposit4 ,complete r$uction ( ?is deposit may require _m ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bpr-,,re #achh ,fig4 #e4--,poor relative locations ( privy1 cesspool1 & well4 7,/ate ,dep>tm5t ( ,heal?1 ,massa*usetts47 ,nev] all[ privy1 cesspool1 or s9k dra9age to escape ,into ! plot ( gr\nd f :i* ! wat] supply is tak54 ,,importance ,,( ,,air ,,9 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,sewage4 ,decomposition ( organic matt] by bact]ial ag5cy is n a complete me?od ( treat+ sewage1 z w be %[n lat] "u ,septic tanks4 ,x is suffici5t to obs]ve "h t 9 all practical me?ods ( treatm5t a]ation plays a vital "p4 ,! air or ! sewage1 or bo?1 mu/ be 9 a f9ely divid$ /ate1 z :5 sewage p]colates ?r\gh ! int]/ices ( a por\s1 air-fill$ soil4 ,! pr9ciple involv$ 0 cle>ly /at$ #cj ye>s ago by ,hiram ,f4 ,mills1 a memb] ( ! ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?4 ,9 discuss+ ! int]mitt5t filtration ( sewage ?r\gh gravel /ones too co>se to arre/ ev5 ! co>se/ p>ticles 9 ! sewage ,mr4 ,mills said3 ,! sl[ movem5t ( ! sewage 9 ?9 films ov] ! surface ( ! /ones1 ) air 9 contact1 caus$ a removal = "s mon?s ( #ig p] c5t ( ! organic nitrog5\s matt]1 z well z #ii p] c5t ( ! bact]ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bpr-,,re #achg ,fig4 #f4--;,a typical nuisance4 7,bo>d ( ,heal?1 ,milwaukee47 ,a y>d l ?is is an eyesore1 a fire m5ace1 a bre$+ place = mosquitoes & v]m91 a refuge = rats & mice1 a s\rce ( noxi\s odors & f\l dra9age1 & a violation ( e sanitation code4 ,,practical ,,utilities4 ,previ\s discussion has dealt l>gely ) basic pr9ciples ( sanitation4 ,! con/ruction & op]ation ( simple utilities embody+ "s ( ^! pr9ciples are discuss$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 7#a7 ,privies = excrem5ts only2 7#b7 works = h&l+ wa/es :]e a supply ( wat] is available = flu%+4 ,,pit ,,privy4 ,figure #g %[s a portable pit privy suitable = places ( ! "* ( t %[n 9 figure #a1 :]e l& is abundant & *eap1 & 9 su* localities has prov$ practical4 ,x provides1 at m9imum co/ & ) lea/ att5tion1 a fix$ place = deposit+ excretions :]e ! fil? c n be track$ by man1 spread by animals1 rea*$ by flies1 nor wa%$ by ra94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--,portable pit privy4 ,= use :]e l& is abundant & *eap1 b unless h&l$ ) judgm5t c n be reg>d$ z safe4 ,! privy is m\nt$ on runn]s = conv5i5ce 9 mov+ to new locations4 ,! privy is light & inexp5sive & is plac$ ov] a pit 9 ! gr\nd4 ,:5 ! pit becomes "o-half or two-?irds full ! privy is drawn or c>ri$ to a new location4 ,! pit %\ld be %all[1 pref]ably n ov] #b-a_/b feet 9 dep?1 & nev] %\ld be locat$ 9 wet gr\nd or rock =mation or :]e ! surface or ! /rata slope t[>d a well1 spr+1 or o!r s\rce ( dome/ic wat] supply4 ,besides /&+ on l[] gr\nd ! pit %\ld nev] be )9 #bjj feet ( a well or spr+4 ,s9ce dryness 9 ! pit is ess5tial1 ! gr\nd %\ld be rais$ slightly & #aj or #ab in*es ( e>? %\ld be bank$ & compact$ aga9/ all sides to %$ ra9 wat]4 ,! bank+ also s]ves to exclude flies4 ,if ! soil is s&y or gravelly1 ! pit %\ld be l9$ ) bo>ds or pales to prev5t cav+4 ,! privy %\ld be bo>d$ closely & %\ld be provid$ ) scre5$ op5+s = v5tilation & light4 ,! scre5s may consi/ ( /&>d galvaniz$ or black enamel$ wire clo? hav+ #ad squ>es to ! in*4 ,! :ole seat %\ld be easily removable = clean+4 ,a little loose absorb5t soil %\ld be add$ daily to ! accumulation 9 ! pit1 & :5 a pit is ab&on$ x %\ld be fill$ imm$iately ) dry e>? m\nd$ to %$ wat]4 ,a pit privy = use 9 field "w1 consi/+ ( a framework ( #a_/b-;in* iron pipe = corn] po/s connect$ at ! top ) #a_/d-;in* iron rods b5t at ! ends to "r angles & hung ) curta9s ( unblea*$ musl91 is describ$ 9 ,public ,heal? ,report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,public ,heal? ,s]vice1 ,july #bf1 #aiah4 ,a pit privy1 ev5 if mov$ (t51 c n be reg>d$ z safe4 ,! dang] is t accumulations ( wa/e may ov]tax ! purify+ capacity ( ! soil & ! lea*+s rea* wells or spr+s4 ,slop+ gr\nd is n a gu>anty ( safety2 ! great safegu>d lies 9 locat+ ! privy a long di/ance f ! wat] supply & z f> bel[ x z possible4 ,,sanit>y ,,privy4 ,! next /ep 9 evolution is ! sanit>y privy4 ,its con/ruction mu/ be su* t x is practically impossible = fil? or g]ms to be spread above gr\nd1 to escape by p]colation und]gr\nd1 or to be accessible to flies1 v]m91 *ick5s1 or animals4 ,fur!rmore1 x mu/ be c>$ = 9 a cleanly mann]1 else x ceases to be sanit>y4 ,to secure ^! desirable ends sanit>ians h devis$ num]\s types ( tight-receptacle privy4 ,consid]+ ! small co/ & ! prov$ value ( "s ( ^! types1 x is to be regrett$ t few are se5 on ,am]ican f>ms4 ,! conta9] = a sanit>y privy may be small--= example1 a galvaniz$-iron pail or g>bage c1 to be remov$ f "t to "t by h&2 x may be l>ge1 z a b>rel or a metal tank m\nt$ = mov+2 or x may be a /ation>y und]gr\nd metal tank or masonry vault4 ,! ess5tial requirem5t 9 ! receptacle is p]man5t wat]-tightness to prev5t pollution ( soils & wells4 ,wood5 pails or boxes1 :i* w>p & leak1 %\ld n be us$4 ,:]e a vault is us$ x %\ld be %all[ to facilitate empty+ & clean+4 ,moreov]1 if ! receptacle %\ld leak x is bett] t ! escape ( liquid %\ld be 9 ! top soil1 :]e air & bact]ial life are mo/ abundant4 ,sanit>y privies are classifi$ accord+ to ! me?od us$ 9 treat+ ! excretions1 z dry e>?1 *emical1 liquefy+4 ,,dry-,,e>? ,,privy4 ,pail type4--,a v s]viceable pail privy is %[n 9 figures #h & #i4 ,! me?od ( v5tilation is an adaptation ( a sy/em t has prov$ v effective 9 b>ns & o!r build+s "h & abroad4 ,a flue ) a cle> op5+ ( #af squ>e in*es rises f ! re> ( ! seat & t]m9ates above ! ridge-pole 9 a c[l or small ro($ h\s+4 ,atta*$ to ?is flue is a %ort auxili>y duct1 #d by #ae in*es1 = remov+ f\l air f ! top ( ! privy4 ,9 its upp] portion on ! long sides ! c[l is op51 all[+ free movem5t ( air across ! top ( ! flue4 ,9 addition ! long sides ( ! c[l are op5 bel[ next to ! ro(4 ,^! two op5+s1 ) ! connect+ v]tical air passages1 p]mit free upw>d movem5t ( air ?r\gh ! c[l1 z indicat$ by ! arr[s4 ,! comb9$ effect is to create draft f b5ea? ! seat & f ! top ( ! privy4 ,! v5tilat+ flue is #b by #h in*es at ! seat & #d by #d in*es #e feet above4 ,! tap] slightly increases ! labor ( mak+ ! flue1 b p]mits a #b-;in* r$uction 9 ! l5g? ( ! build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--,pail privy4 ,well con/ruct$1 v5tilat$1 & scre5$4 ,) prop] c>e is sanit>y & unobjectionable4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--;,full privy4 ,9 plan ! privy is #d by #d-a_/b feet4 ,! sills are secur$ to durable po/s set ab\t #d feet 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! bo>d+ is tight1 & all v5ts & w9d[s are scre5$ to exclude insects4 ,! scre5s may be ! same z = pit privies or1 if a m la/+ mat]ial is desir$1 bronze or copp] scre5+ ( #ad squ>es to ! in* may be us$4 ,! entire seat is h+$1 ?us p]mitt+ removal ( ! receptacle & facilitat+ clean+ & wa%+ ! und]side ( ! seat & ! de/ruction ( spid]s & o!r insects :i* ?rive 9 d>k1 unclean places4 ,! receptacle is a heavy galvaniz$-iron g>bage c4 ,heavy br[n-pap] bags = l9+ ! c may be _h at slight co/1 & _! use helps to keep ! c clean & facilitates empty+4 ,pa9t+ ) black asphaltum s]ves a simil> purpose & protects ! c f ru/4 ,if ! cont5ts are froz51 a little heat releases !m4 ,( nonfreez+ mixtures a /rong br9e made ) common salt or calcium *loride is effective4 ,two & "o-half to #c p\nds ( ei!r ?or\ghly dissolv$ 9 a gallon ( wat] l[]s ! freez+ po9t ( ! mixture to ab\t z]o4 ,d5atur$ alcohol or wood alcohol 9 a #be p] c5t solution has a l l[ freez+ po9t & ! additional m]it ( be+ noncorrosive ( metals4 ,! c %\ld be empti$ frequ5tly & ! cont5ts completely buri$ 9 a ?9 lay] by a pl[ or 9 a %all[ h&-dug tr5* at a po9t bel[ & remote f wells & spr+s4 ,:]ev] inte/9al disease exi/s ! cont5ts ( ! c %\ld be de/roy$ by burn+ or made /]ile be=e burial by boil+ or by incorporation ) a /rong *emical dis9fectant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bpr-,,re #achb ,fig4 #aj4--;,a well-v5tilat$ privy 9 ,montana4 ,a privy v5tilat$ 9 ! mann] be=e describ$ is %[n 9 figure #aj4 ,! c[l1 h[ev]1 is op5 on f\r sides in/ead ( two sides z %[n 9 figures #h & #i4 ,! work+ draw+s 7fig4 #h & #i7 %[ t ! con/ruction ( a privy ( ! k9d is n difficult4 ,figure #aa gives ?ree sugge/ions :]eby a privy may be conv5i5tly locat$ & ! approa* scre5$ or p>tially hidd5 by latticework1 v9es1 or %rubb]y4 ,vault type4--,a primitive & yet s]viceable ?ree-seat dry-e>? privy ( ! vault type is %[n 9 figure #ab4 ,?is privy 0 con/ruct$ 9 #ahag ^u a f>m at ,we/boro1 ,mass4 ,! vault1 made ( bricks1 0 #f feet long by #e feet wide1 & ! bottom 0 #a foot bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! brickwork 0 laid 9 mort>1 & ! "p bel[ ! gr\nd surface 0 pla/]$ on ! inside4 ,! outside ( ! vault 0 expos$ to light & air on all f\r sides4 ,across ! long side ( ! vault 9 ! re> 0 a door sw++ upw>d ?r\gh :i* ! night soil 0 remov$ two or ?ree times a ye>1 usually 9 ! spr+1 summ]1 & fall1 & haul$ to a ne>-by field1 :]e x 0 deposit$ 9 a furr[1 j ahead ( ! pl[4 ,especial att5tion is call$ to ! %all[ness ( ! vault & ! light5$ labor ( clean+ x out4 ,! sw++ door at ! re> facilitat$ ! spr9kl+ ( dry soil or a%es ov] ! cont5ts ( ! vault1 ?us avoid+ ! necessity ( c>ry+ dirt & du/ into ! build+ & du/ settl+ ^u ! seat4 ,?is privy 0 9 use = ne>ly #ajj ye>s )\t r5ewal or repairs4 ,:5 la/ se5 ! orig9al seat1 :i* always 0 kept pa9t$1 %[$ no signs ( decay4 ,mod]n me?ods w\ld call = a concrete vault ( gu>ante$ wat]-tightness1#c prop] v5tilation & scre5+1 & h++ ! seat4 #c ,directions = mix+ & plac+ concrete to secure wat]-tightness are conta9$ 9 an article entitl$ ,secur+ a dry cell>1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,ye>book1 #aiai2 publi%$ also z ,ye>book ,sep>ate ,no4 #hbd1 & obta9able = #aj c5ts f ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,scre5+ ! approa* to a privy4 ,a1 ,rais$ plat=m ) lattice sides1 suitable = %ort di/ances1 conv5i5t & easily cle>$ ( sn[2 ,b1 walk hidd5 by lattice "w2 ,c1 walk enclos$ by an arbor4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--;,a primitive vault privy 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,note ! tight1 %all[1 easily clean$ vault4 ,a1 ,brick vault #e by #f feet1 bottom ab\t #a foot 9 ! gr\nd2 ,b1 wat]-tight pla/]+2 ,c1 r[lock c\rse ( brick2 ,d1 door h+$ at top2 ,e1 door button2 ,f1 ?ree-pane w9d[ h+$ at top2 ,g1 passageway4 ,work+ draw+s = a v conv5i5t well-built two-seat vault privy are reproduc$ 9 figures #ac & #ad4 ,! ess5tial features are %[n 9 suffici5t detail to require little explanation4 ,) concrete mixtures ( #a3b3c 7#a volume cem5t1 #b volumes s&1 #c volumes /one7 = ! vault & #a3b3d = ! po/s !re w be requir$ a total ( ab\t #b cubic y>ds ( concrete1 tak+ #c-a_/b b>rels ( cem5t1 #a cubic y>d ( s&1 & #a-a_/b cubic y>ds ( brok5 /one or scre5$ gravel4 ,! /one or gravel %\ld n exce$ #a in* 9 diamet]1 except t a few cobble/ones may be emb$d$ :]e ! vault wall is ?icke/1 ?us effect+ a slight sav+ ( mat]ials4 ,,*emical ,,closet4 ,a type ( sanit>y privy 9 :i* ! excrem5ts are receiv$ directly into a wat]-tight receptacle conta9+ *emical dis9fectant is meet+ ) consid]able favor = camps1 p>ks1 rural cottages1 s*ools1 hotels1 & railway /ations4 ,^! *emical closets1#d z !y are call$1 are made 9 diff]5t =ms & are kn[n by v>i\s trade names4 ,9 ! simple/ =m a %eet-metal receptacle is conceal$ 9 a small metal or wood5 cab9et1 & ! closet is op]at$ usually 9 mu* ! same mann] z ! ord9>y pail privy4 ,^! closets are v simple & compact1 ( good appe>ance1 & easy to in/all or move f place to place4 ,9 ano!r type1 kn[n z ! *emical tank closet1 ! receptacle is a /eel tank fix$ 9 position und]gr\nd or 9 a basem5t4 ,! tank has a capacity ( ab\t #abe gallons p] seat1 is provid$ ) a h&-op]at$ agitator to secure ?or\gh mix+ ( ! *emical & ! excretions1 & ! cont5ts are bail$1 pump$1 or dra9$ out f "t to "t4 #d ,among publications on *emical closets are ! foll[+3 ,*emical ,closets1 ,repr9t ,no4 #djd f ! ,public ,heal? ,reports1 ,u4 ,s4 ,public ,heal? ,s]vice1 ,june #bi1 #aiag1 pp4 #ajag-ajbj2 ,! ,*emical ,closet1 ,eng9e]+ ,bullet9 ,no4 #e1 ,mi*4 ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 ,octob]1 #aiaf2 ,heal? ,bullet92 ,va4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,heal?1 ,m>*1 #aiag1 pp4 #bad-bai4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,two-seat vault privy4 ,*emical closets1 l e =m ( privy1 %\ld be well in/all$1 cleanly op]at$1 & frequ5tly empti$1 & ! wa/es %\ld receive safe burial4 ,) exception ( frequ5cy ( empty+1 ! same c be said ( *emical tank closets4 ,) bo? =ms ( closet ?or\gh v5tilation or draft is ess5tial1 & ?is is obta9$ usually by connect+ ! closet v5t pipe to a *imney flue or ext5d+ x well above ! ridge-pole ( ! build+4 ,! cont5ts ( ! conta9] %\ld always be subm]g$ & v l[ temp]atures gu>d$ aga9/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,two-seat vault privy4 ,note ! %all[1 wat]-tight1 easily clean$ concrete vault4 ,z to ! g]micidal results obta9$ 9 *emical closets1 few data are available4 ,a dis9fect+ comp\nd may n /]ilize m ?an a ?9 surface lay] ( ! solid matt] deposit$4 ,exp]im5ts by ,dr4 ,alvah ,h4 ,doty ) v>i\s ag5ts recomm5d$ & widely us$ = ! b$side /]ilization ( feces %[$ t at ! end ( #bj h\rs ( exposure to ! dis9fectant b "o-eigh? ( an in* ( ! fecal mass 0 dis9fect$4#e ,pla9ly1 !n1 to de/roy all bact]ial & p>asitic life 9 *emical closets ?ree ?+s are necess>y3 7#a7 ,a v p[]ful ag5t2 7#b7 p]meation ( ! fecal mass by ! ag5t2 7#c7 ret5tion ( its /r5g? & pot5cy until p]meation is complete4 ,! comp\nds or mixtures commonly us$ 9 *emical closets are ( two g5]al k9ds3 ,fir/1 ^? 9 :i* "s coal-t> product or o!r oily dis9fectant is us$ to de/roy g]ms & deodorize1 leav+ ! solids little *ang$ 9 =m2 second1 ^? ( ! cau/ic class t dissolve ! solids1 :i*1 if ( suffici5t /r5g? & p]meat+ e portion1 %\ld de/roy mo/ if n all bact]ial life4 ,n infrequ5tly ! *emical solution is int5d$ to accompli% dis9fection1 deodorization1 & r$uction to a liquid or semiliquid /ate4 #e ,annual ,report1 ,mass4 ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 #aiad1 p4 #gbg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--;,*emical closet4 ,a1 ,wat]-tight %eet-metal conta9]2 ,b1 metal or wood5 cab9et2 ,c1 wood5 or composition seat r+2 ,d1 h+$ cov]2 ,e1 #c or #d in* v5tilat+ flue ext5d+ #ah in*es above ro( or to a *imney2 ,f1 air inlets4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--;,*emical tank closet4 ,a1 ,tank1 #b feet #c in*es by #d feet #b in*es1 #e_/fd-;in* iron1 seams weld$1 capacity #abe gallons2 ,b1 #ad-;in* cov]$ op5+ = re*>g+ & empty+ tank2 ,c1 #ab-;in* galvaniz$ %eet-metal tube2 ,d1 #d-;in* %eet-metal v5tilat+ pipe ext5d+ above ridge-pole or to a *imney2 ,e1 agitator or paddle4 ,a simple type ( *emical closet is %[n 9 figure #ae1 & ! ess5tial features are indicat$ 9 ! notation4 ,^! closets ) v5t pipe & appurt5ances1 ready = sett+ up1 retail = #bj & upw>d4 ,a *emical tank closet1 retail+ = ab\t #hj p] seat1 is %[n 9 figure #af4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture occasionally receives compla9ts f p :o h in/all$ *emical closets1 usually on ! score ( odors or ! co/ ( *emicals4 ,,liquefy+ ,,closet4 ,ano!r type ( sanit>y privy1 kn[n z a liquefy+ closet1 makes use ( bact]ial action z an aid to disposal4 ,! excretions are deposit$ 9 a tight receptacle conta9+ wat]1 :]e f]m5tation & decomposition r$uce a l>ge "p ( ! organic solids to liquid & gase\s =ms4 ,mu* ( ! liquid evaporates & ! gases diffuse1 s t ! volume ( sewage is r$uc$ mat]ially4 ,m or less insoluble & undige/$ residue1 kn[n z sludge1 gradually accumulates at ! bottom ( ! receptacle1 :i* f "t to "t mu/ be clean$ out4 ,disposal ( ! p>tially cl>ifi$ liquid & ! sludge1 h[ev]1 involves mu* less labor ?an w\ld be ne$$ to h&le ! untreat$ excrem5ts4 ,liquefy+ closets h be5 us$ _m ye>s ) fair satisfaction4 ,! receptacle sometimes is a tight brick vault1 b m frequ5tly a b>rel or hog%ead ) "o end ne>ly flu% ) ! gr\nd4 ,ov] ?is is m\nt$ ! seat1 sometimes ) iron b>s b5ea? to prev5t accid5t to small *ildr51 & ! :ole is inclos$ 9 a small frame h\se4 ,! vault usually is bail$ or pump$ out two or ?ree times a ye>4 ,^u f>ms :]e slope1 soil1 & dra9age conditions are favorable ! efflu5t f liquefy+ closets may be di/ribut$ & a]at$ by means ( dra9 tile laid 9 ! top soil or 9 %all[ b$s fill$ ) c9d]s1 coke1 gravel1 or /one4 ,figure #ag %[s a simple "o-*amb] liquefy+ closet ) %all[ di/ribution ( ! efflu5t 9 a /one-fill$ tr5*4 ,! vault or tank consi/s ( vitrifi$ sew] pipe1 a simple & *eap con/ruction4 ,:]e a l>g] vault is requir$ concrete or brick may be us$1 ! usual capacity be+ #ab or #ac gallons to a p]son4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,liquefy+ closet4 ,a1 ,excavation ab\t #c feet #c in*es 9 diamet]2 ,b1 #c-;foot l5g? vitrifi$ ,y bran*1 #bd by #d in*es2 ,c1 #b-;foot l5g? ( #bd-;in* h>d burn$ dra9 tile or vitrifi$ sew] pipe2 ,d1 #d by #d in* ,y bran*2 ,e1 #a-;foot l5g? ( #d-;in* ca/-iron soil pipe2 ,f1 concrete bottom mak+ wat]-tight seal2 ,g1 jo9ts made wat] tight by use ( a /r& ( jute or oakum & ri* ,portl& cem5t mort> or hot bitum9\s jo9t+ comp\nd2 ,h2 subm]g$ outlet2 ,i1 removable /ra9] ) op5+s #a_/d in* or l>g]2 ,j1 #d-;in* removable plug2 ,k1 #d-;in* dra9 tile laid on good slope 9 tr5* ab\t #ae in*es deep1 ends ( tile butt+1 jo9ts cov]$ ) /rips ( t>r$ pap] ext5d+ ?ree-f\r?s ( ! way ar\nd ! tile2 ,l1 removable seat support$ by end cleats2 ,m1 #d by #d in* v5tilat+ flue1 bottom portion removable2 ,n1 h+$ door to facilitate bail+ out sludge4 ,faults 9 liquefy+ closets are objectionable odor1 clogg+ ( ! scre5 ov] ! outlet1 or insuffici5t wat] 9 ! vault to insure prop] bact]ial action4 ,a v5tilat+ pipe %\ld be provid$ ext5d+ f b5ea? ! seat to above ! ro(4 ,! outlet pipe %\ld n be less ?an #d in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! me% ( ! scre5 %\ld n be less ?an "o-f\r? in*4 ,! cont5ts ( ! vault %\ld be dilut$ ) wat] at int]vals1 dep5d+ ^u ! numb] ( p]sons us+ ! closet & ! rapidity ( evaporation4 ,dilution may be effect$ by p\r+ 9 #a or #b gallons ) a pail1 or a small pipe may be l$ f ! eaves tr\gh ( ! closet to ! vault4 ,! efflu5t may be light color$ & app>5tly in(f5sive1 b x /ill is sewage1 & !re=e ! di/ribut+ tile nev] %\ld be laid 9 ! vic9ity ( a well or spr+4 ,,dis9fectants ,,& ,,deodorants4 ,dis9fection is ! de/ruction ( disease g]ms4 ,/]ilization is ! de/ruction ( all g]ms or bact]ia1 bo? ! h>mful & ! useful4 ,antisepsis is ! *eck+ or re/ra9+ ( bact]ial gr[?4 ,deodorization is ! de/ruction ( odor4 ,un=tunately 9 practice none ( ^! processes may be complete4 ,! ag5t may be ( inf]ior quality1 may h lo/ its pot5cy1 or may n rea* all p>ts ( ! mass treat$4 ,a dis9fectant or g]micide is an ag5t capable ( de/roy+ disease g]ms2 an antiseptic is an ag5t m]ely capable ( arre/+ bact]ial gr[?1 & x may be a dilute dis9fectant2 a deodorant is an ag5t t t5ds to de/roy odor1 b ^: action may consi/ 9 absorb+ odor or 9 mask+ ! orig9al odor ) ano!r m agreeable "o4#f #f ,^? desir+ m explicit in=mation on dis9fectants & ! pr9ciples ( dis9fection are ref]r$ to ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,f>m]s' ,bullet9s #ibf1 ,"s ,common ,dis9fectants1 & #ied1 ,! ,dis9fection ( ,/ables1 & to publications ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,public ,heal? ,s]vice4 ,( active dis9fect+ ag5ts1 heat f fire1 live /eam1 or boil+ wat] is ! sure/4 ,! heat g5]at$ by ! slak+ ( quicklime has prov$ effective ) small quantities ( excreta4 ,results ( te/s by ! ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?#g %[ t ! pref]able me?od consi/s 9 add+ suffici5t hot wat] 7#abj to #adj ,f47 to cov] ! excrem5t 9 ! receptacle1 !n add+ small pieces ( fre% /rong quicklime 9 am\nt equal to ab\t "o-?ird ( ! bulk ( wat] & excrem5t comb9$1 cov]+ ! receptacle1 & all[+ x to /& #a-a_/b h\rs or long]4 #g ,annual ,report1 ,mass4 ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 #aiad1 pp4 #gbg-gbi4 ,among *emical dis9fectants a /rong solution ( sodium hydroxide 7cau/ic soda7 or potassium hydroxide 7cau/ic pota%1 lye7 is v effective & is useful 9 dissolv+ grease & o!r organic sub/ances4 ,bo? *emicals are co/ly1 b cau/ic soda is less exp5sive ?an cau/ic pota% & con/itutes mo/ ( ! ord9>y comm]cial lyes4 ,*lor9at$ lime 7*loride ( lime1 blea*+ p[d]7 ei!r 9 solution or 9 p[d]$ =m is valuable4 ,= ! dis9fection ( /ools ( typhoid-fev] pati5ts ! ,virg9ia ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?#h recomm5ds ?or\ghly dissolv+ #a_/b p\nd ( be/ *loride ( lime 9 #a gallon ( wat] & all[+ ! solution to cov] ! feces = at lea/ #a h\r4 ,! solution %\ld be kept 9 well-/opp]$ bottles & us$ promptly1 c]ta9ly )9 #b or #c days4 ,copp] sulphate 7blue vitriol1 blue/one7 9 a #e p] c5t solution 7#a p\nd 9 #b-a_/b gallons ( wat]7 is a good b r co/ly dis9fectant4 ,none ( ! =mulas "h giv5 is to be con/ru$ z fix$ & precise4 ,conditions may v>y ! proportions1 z !y always w v>y ! results4 ,! read] %\ld rememb] t few1 if any1 *emical dis9fectants c be expect$ fully to dis9fect or /]ilize l>ge masses ( excrem5t unless ! ag5t is us$ repeat$ly & 9 lib]al quantities or me*anical means are employ$ to secure ?or\gh incorporation4 #h ,heal? ,bullet91 ,va4 ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 ,june1 #aiag1 pp4 #bgg-bhj4 ,among deodorants "s ( ! dry+ p[d]s m5tion$ bel[ possess m or less dis9fect+ p[]4 ,*loride ( lime1 ?\gh giv+ (f an unpleasant odor ( *lor9e1 is employ$ ext5sively4 ,lime 9 ! =m ( ei!r quicklime or milk ( lime 7:itewa%7 is mu* us$ & is an active dis9fectant4 ,to prep>e milk ( lime a small quantity ( wat] is sl[ly add$ to good fre% quicklime 9 lumps4 ,z soon z ! quicklime is slak$ a quantity ( wat]1 ab\t f\r times ! quantity ( lime1 is add$ & /irr$ ?or\ghly4 ,:5 us$ z a :itewa% ! milk ( lime is ?9n$ z desir$ ) wat] & kept well /irr$4 ,lib]al use ( milk ( lime 9 a vault or cesspool1 ?\gh x may n dis9fect ! cont5ts1 is ( use 9 *eck+ bact]ial gr[? & abat+ odor4 ,to give ! be/ results x %\ld be us$ frequ5tly1 beg9n+ :5 ! vault or cesspool is empty4 ,iron sulphate 7gre5 vitriol1 copp]as7 because ( its aff9ity = ammonia & sulphides is us$ z a tempor>y deodoriz] 9 vaults1 cesspools1 & dra9s2 #a p\nd dissolv$ 9 #d gallons ( wat] makes a solution ( suitable /r5g?4 ,,prev5tion ,,( ,,privy ,,nuisance4 ,! foll[+ is a summ>y ( simple measures = prev5t+ a privy f becom+ a nuisance3 #a4 ,locate ! privy inconspicu\sly & deta*$ f ! dwell+4 #b4 ,make ! receptacle or vault small1 %all[1 easy ( access1 & wat]-tight4 #c4 ,clean out ! vault (t54 ,d n wait until excrem5t has accumulat$ & decomposition is suffici5tly advanc$ to cause /rong & f\l odors4 #d4 ,spr9kle into ! vault daily loose dry soil1 a%es1 lime1 sawdu/1 gr\nd gypsum 7l& pla/]71 or p[d]$ peat or *>coal4 ,^! w absorb liquid & odor1 ?\gh !y may n de/roy disease g]ms4 #e4 ,make ! privy h\se ra9-pro(2 v5tilate x ?or\ghly1 & scre5 all op5+s4 ,,objection ,,to ,,privies4 ,all ! me?ods ( wa/e disposal h]et(ore describ$ are op5 to ! foll[+ objections3 #a4 ,!y d n take c>e ( kit*5 slops & liquid wa/es incipi5t to a pressure wat] sy/em4 #b4 ,!y reta9 fil? = a consid]able p]iod ( "t ) probability ( odors & liability ( transmission ( disease g]ms4 #c4 ,!y require m p]sonal att5tion & c>e ?an p g5]ally are will+ to give4 ,by f> ! mo/ satisfactory me?od yet devis$ ( c>+ = sewage calls = a supply ( wat] & ! flu%+ away ( all wa/es z soon z creat$ ?r\gh a wat]-tight sew] to a place :]e !y und]go treatm5t & f9al disposal4 ,,kit*5-,,s9k ,,dra9age4 ,a necessity 9 e dwell+ is effective disposal ( ! kit*5-s9k slops4 ,?is necessity ord9>ily arises long be=e ! f>m home is suppli$ ) wat] "u pressure & ! conv5i5ces t g ) x4 ,h5ce ! fir/ call = in=mation on sewage disposal is likely to relate m]ely to s9k dra9age4 ,?is wa/e wat] ?\gh x may n be z dang]\s to heal? z sewage conta9+ human excrem5ts is /ill a m5ace to ! f>m well & capable ( creat+ disagreeable odor4 ,! usual me?od ( dispos+ ( s9k slops is to all[ !m to dribble on or b5ea? ! surface ( ! gr\nd close to ! h\se4 ,su* dra9age %\ld be tak5 9 a wat]-tight c>ri] at lea/ #ajj feet d[nhill f ! well & dis*>g$ bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,e s9k %\ld be provid$ ) a suitable scre5 to keep all l>ge p>ticles out ( ! wa/e pipe4 ,an approv$ =m ( s9k /ra9] consi/s ( a brass plate bolt$ 9 position ov] ! outlet & hav+ at lea/ #cg p]=ations n l>g] ?an "o-f\r? in* 9 diamet]4 ,provid$ a s9k is ?us equipp$ & is giv5 prop] c>e & ! l& has fair slope & dra9age1 ! wa/e wat] may be conduct$ away ?r\gh a wat]-tight sew] & di/ribut$ 9 ! soil by means ( a %ort bl9d dra94 ,! bl9d dra9 may be conv5i5tly made ( dra9 tile 9 ! mann] %[n 9 figure #ag4 ,a simple in/allation1 consi/+ ( a kit*5 s9k & pump & means ( disposal z describ$1 is %[n 9 figure #ah4 ,,cesspools4 ,:]e f>ms h wat] "u pressure an op5 or lea*+ cesspool is a common me?od ( dispos+ ( ! sewage4 ,ord9>y cesspools are circul> excavations 9 ! gr\nd1 l9$ ) /one or brick laid )\t mort>4 ,!y v>y f #e to #aj feet 9 diamet] & f #g to #ab feet 9 dep?4 ,sometimes ! top is ar*$ & capp$ at ! gr\nd surf ace by a cov] ( wood1 /one1 or ca/ iron4 ,at o!r times ! walls are c>ri$ /raight up & bo>ds or planks are laid1 across = a cov]1 & ! entire /ructure is hidd5 ) a h$ge or %rubb]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--;,h[ to wa/e kit*5-s9k dra9age4 ,a1 ,s9k2 ,b1 wa/e pipe2 ,c1 trap2 ,d1 clean-out2 ,e1 box fill$ ) hay1 /raw1 sawdu/1 excelsior1 coke1 or o!r insulat+ mat]ial2 ,f1 #d-;in* vitrifi$ sew]-pipe1 hubs uphill1 & jo9ts made wat] tight = at lea/ #ajj feet d[nhill f a well2 ,g1 #d-;in* vitrifi$ sew] pipe1 hubs d[nhill1 jo9ts slightly op51 laid 9 an #ah-;in* b$ ( co>se s&1 gravel1 /one1 brok5 brick1 slag1 c9d]s1 or coke2 /rip ( t>r$ pap] on burlap or a ?9 lay] ( hay1 /raw1 corn/alks1 bru%1 or sods1 grass side d[n2 ,i1 #ab in*es ( natural soil2 ,j1 /one-fill$ pit4 ,z "h illu/rat$1 wat] is drawn by a pit*] or kit*5 pump 7,k7 ?r\gh a #a-a_/d or #a-a_/b in* galvaniz$-iron suction pipe 7,l7 f a ci/]n 7,m74 ,! suction pipe %\ld be laid bel[ fro/ & on a smoo? upw>d grade f ci/]n to pump & be provid$ ) a foot valve 7,n7 to keep ! pump prim$4 ,if a foot valve is us$1 pump & pipe mu/ be safe f fro/ or o!r means ?an tripp+ ! pump be provid$ = dra9+ ! sy/em4 ,except "u ! mo/ favorable conditions ! con/ruction & use ( a cesspool c n be condemn$ too /rongly4 ,!y are only p]missible :]e no o!r arrangem5t is possible4 ,lea*+ cesspools especially are op5 to ^! s]i\s objections3 #a4 ,unless locat$ 9 por\s soil1 /agnation is likely to occur1 & failure ( ! liquid to seep away may result 9 ov]fl[ on ! surface ( ! gr\nd & ! creation ( a nuisance & a m5ace4 #b4 ,!y reta9 a mass ( fil? 9 a decompos+ condition deep 9 ! gr\nd :]e x is b slightly affect$ by ! bact]ia & air ( ! soil4 ,9 seep+ ?r\gh ! gr\nd x may be /ra9$1 b !re c be no assurance t ! f\l liquid ) little improvem5t 9 its condition may n pass into ! gr\nd wat] & pollute wells & spr+s situat$ long di/ances away 9 ! direction ( und]gr\nd fl[4 ,= ! purpose ( avoid+ soil & gr\nd-wat] pollution cesspools h be5 made ( wat]-tight con/ruction & ! cont5ts remov$ by bail+ or pump+4 ,^u ! f>m1 h[ev]1 ?is type ( con/ruction has little to recomm5d x1 = ! reason t facilities = remov+ & dispos+ ( ! cont5ts 9 a clean mann] are lack+4 ,9 "s in/ances cesspools h be5 made wat]-tight1 ! outfl[ be+ effect$ by ?ree or f\r elb[s or ,t-bran*es set 9 ! masonry ne> ! top1 ) ! inn] ends turn$ d[n bel[ ! wat] surface1 ! :ole surr\nd$ to a ?ickness ( sev]al feet ) /one or gravel int5d$ to act z a filt]+ m$ium4 ,te/s ( ! soil wat] adjac5t to cesspools ( ?is type %[ t no reliance %\ld be plac$ ^u !m z a means ( purify+ sewage1 ! fatal defects be+ con/ant saturation ) sewage & lack ( air supply4 ,to ! ext5t t ! subm]g$ outlets keep back grease & solid matt]s ! s*eme is ( s]vice 9 prev5t+ clogg+ ( ! pores ( ! surr\nd+ gr\nd4 ,:]e ! gr\nd ab\t a cesspool has become clogg$ & wat]-logg$1 relief is (t5 secur$ by lay+1 sev]al l9es ( dra9 tile at %all[ dep?1 radiat+ f ! cesspool4 ,! ends ( ! pipes )9 ! cesspool %\ld turn d[n1 & x is advantage\s to surr\nd ! l9es ( pipe ) /ones or co>se gravel1 z %[n 9 figures #ag & #ah & discuss$ "u ,septic tanks4 ,9 ?is way n only is ! area' ( p]colation ext5d$1 b a]ation & p>tial purification ( ! sewage are effect$4 ,:]e a cesspool is locat$ at a di/ance f a dwell+ & !re is opportunity to lead a v5t pipe up ! side ( a %$1 b>n1 or any /able object x is advisable to d s = purposes ( v5tilation4 ,:]e ! conditions are less favorable x may be be/1 because ( ! odor1 to omit any direct v5t pipe f ! cesspool & rely = v5tilation on ! h\se sew] & ma9 soil /ack ext5d+ above ! ro( ( ! h\se4 ,cesspools %\ld be empti$ & clean$ at lea/ once a ye> & ! cont5ts giv5 safe burial or1 ) ! requisite p]mission1 wa/$ 9 "s municipal sew]age sy/em4 ,aft] clean+1 ! walls & bottom may be treat$ ) a dis9fectant or a deodorant4 ,,septic ,,tanks4 ,a tight1 und]gr\nd septic tank ) %all[ di/ribution ( ! efflu5t 9 por\s soil g5]ally is ! safe/ & lea/ tr\blesome me?od ( treat+ sewage ^u ! f>m1 :ile at ! same "t m or less ( ! irrigat+ & manurial value ( ! sewage may be realiz$4 ,! late ,pr(4 ,k9nicutt us$ to say t a septic tank is simply a cesspool1 regulat$ & controll$4 ,! reactions describ$ "u ! captions ,h[ sewage decomposes1 ,liquefy+ closet1 & ,cesspools take place 9 septic tanks4 ,9 all sewage tanks1 :atev] _! size & %ape1 a portion ( ! solid matt]1 especially if ! sewage conta9s mu* grease1 floats z scum on ! liquid1 ! heavi] solids settle to =m sludge1 :ile f9ely divid$ solids & matt] 9 a /ate ( emulsion are held 9 susp5sion4 ,if ! sludge is reta9$ 9 ! bottom ( ! tank & conv]t$ or p>tly conv]t$ into liquids & gases ! tank is call$ a septic tank & ! process is kn[n z septicization4 ,! process is sometimes spok5 ( z "o ( dige/ion or rott+4 ,hi/ory4--,prototypes ( ! septic tank 7 kn[n 9 ,europe ne>ly #ej ye>s ago4 ,betwe5 #ahgf & #ahic a numb] ( clos$ tanks ) subm]g$ inlets & outlets embody+ ! pr9ciple ( /orage ( sewage & liquefaction ( ! solids 7 built 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,x 0 lat] se5 t _m ( ! e>ly claims = ! septic process 7 extravagant4 ,9 rec5t ye>s septic tanks h be5 us$ ma9ly 9 small in/allations1 or1 :]e employ$ 9 l>ge in/allations1 ! =m has be5 modifi$ to secure dige/ion ( ! sludge 9 a sep>ate comp>tm5t1 ?us 9 a measure obviat+ disadvantages t exi/ :]e septicization takes place 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ent]+ fre% sewage4 ,purposes4--,! purposes ( a septic tank are to receive all ! f>m sewage1 z def9$ on page #d1 hold x 9 a quiet /ate = a "t1 ?us caus+ p>tial settlem5t ( ! solids1 & by nature's processes ( decomposition insure1 z fully z may be1 ! de/ruction ( ! organic matt]4 ,limitations4--,t a septic tank is a complete me?od ( sewage treatm5t is a widespread b wrong impression4 ,a septic tank does n elim9ate odor & does n de/roy all organic solids4 ,on ! contr>y1 f\l odors develop1 & ( all ! susp5d$ matt] 9 ! sewage ab\t "o-?ird escapes ) ! efflu5t1 ab\t "o-?ird rema9s 9 ! tank1 & ab\t "o-?ird only is de/roy$ or r$uc$ to liquids & gases4 ,! efflu5t is f\l & dang]\s4 ,x may conta9 ev5 m bact]ia ?an ! raw sewage1 s9ce ! process involves int5sive gr[?s4 ,z to ! effects ^u ! gr[? & virul5ce ( disease g]ms little is kn[n def9itely4 ,x is n believ$ t su* g]ms multiply "u ! conditions prevail+ 9 a septic tank4 ,if disease g]ms are pres5t _m ( _! numb] along ) o!r bact]ia may pass ?r\gh ) ! fl[ or may be enme%$ 9 ! settl+ solids & !re survive a long "t4 ,h5ce ! f>m] %\ld safegu>d wells & spr+s f ! seepage or dis*>ges f a septic tank z c>efully z f ^? ( liquefy+ closets & cesspools4 ,fur!r treatm5t ( efflu5ts4--,! efflu5t ( a septic tank or any o!r =m ( sewage tank is f\l & dang]\s4 ,:e!r or n ! solids are remov$ by scre5+1 by %ort p]iods ( re/1 z 9 pla9 or modifi$ =ms ( settl+ tanks1 or by long] quiesc5ce1 z 9 septic tanks1 ! efflu5t g5]ally requires fur!r treatm5t to r$uce ! numb] ( h>mful organisms & ! liability ( nuisance4 ,?is fur!r treatm5t usually consi/s ( "s mode ( filtration4 ,9 ! e>lie/ example ( su* treatm5t ! sewage 0 us$ to irrigate l& by ei!r broad flood+ or furr[ irrigation4 ,by ano!r me?od ! sewage is di/ribut$ und]gr\nd by means ( dra9 tile laid ) op5 jo9ts1 z illu/rat$ 9 figures #ag1 #bi1 & #cb4 ,artificial sewage filt]s are compos$ ( co>se s&1 scre5$ gravel1 brok5 /one1 coke1 or o!r mat]ial1 & ! sewage is appli$ 9 num]\s ways4 ,s9ce filtration is ess5tially an oxidiz+ process requir+ air1 ! sewage is appli$ int]mitt5tly 9 doses4#i #i ,artificial filt]s ( v>i\s types are well describ$ & illu/rat$ 9 ,public ,heal? ,bullet9 ,no4 #aja1 ,/udies ( ,me?ods = ! ,treatm5t & ,disposal ( ,sewage--,! ,treatm5t ( ,sewage f ,s+le ,h\ses & ,small ,communities4 ,u4 ,s4 ,public ,heal? ,s]vice1 ,decemb]1 #aiai4 ,if prop]ly design$ & op]at$1 filt]s ( s&1 coke1 or /one are capable ( excell5t results4 ,"u ! mo/ favorable conditions x is unwise to dis*>ge ! efflu5t ( a sewage filt] 9 ! ne> vic9ity ( a s\rce ( wat] supply4 ,"u f>m conditions filt]s are usually neglect$ or ! sewage is improp]ly appli$1 result+ 9 ! clogg+ & bef\l+ ( s& filt]s & ! dis*>ge f /one filt]s ( an efflu5t :i* is practically z dang]\s & ev5 m (f5sive ?an raw sewage4 ,moreov] unless ! filt]s are cov]$ !re are likely to be annoy+ odors1 & !re is always ! possibility ( disease g]ms be+ c>ri$ by flies :]e sewage is expos$ 9 ! vic9ity ( dwell+s4 ,h5ce x seems m practical = ! f>m]1 avoid+ ! exp5se ( e>? embankm5ts or masonry sides & bottom = a filt] b$1 to wa/e ! tank efflu5t b5ea? ! surface ( su* area ( l& z is mo/ suitable & available4 ,?is me?od ( apply+ sewage to ! soil or subsoil is (t5 spok5 ( z subirrigation1 b subsoil di/ribution ( sewage is diff]5t 9 pr9ciple & practice f subirrigation = ! increase ( crop yields4 ,subirrigation is r>ely successful unless ! l& is ne>ly level1 ! top soil por\s & und]laid ) an imp]vi\s /ratum to hold ! wat] )9 rea* ( plant roots1 & unless a relatively l>ge quantity ( wat] is us$ & ! "w is skillfully done4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! quantity ( sewage on f>ms be+ small1 x may be wa/$ 9 hilly gr\nd1 :i* %\ld be z por\s1 deeply dra9$1 & dry z possible4 ,p>ts ( a sy/em4--,! f\r p>ts ( a septic-tank in/allation ) subsurface di/ribution ( ! efflu5t are outl9$ 9 figure #ai3 7#a7 ,! h\se sew] f h\se to tank2 7#b7 ! sewage tank consi/+ ( "o or m *amb]s2 7#c7 ! sew] f tank to di/ribution field2 7#d7 ! di/ribution field1 :]e ! sewage is di/ribut$ & wa/$1 sometimes call$ ! absorption field4 ,^! p>ts w be discuss$ 9 ! ord] nam$1 al?\gh ! la/ %\ld h ! fir/ consid]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--,p>ts ( a septic-tank in/allation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--,sett+ l9e & grade = h\se sew]4 ,to ! obs]v] at ,a ! top edges ( ! grade bo>ds appe> z "o2 ! half-driv5 nails are set to l9e4 ,h\se sew]4--,! l5g? w v>y ) ! slope ( ! gr\nd & position ( build+s1 well1 & di/ribution field4 ,fifty to #ajj feet is a fair l5g?2 a great] is /ill m sanit>y4 ,:]ev] possible ! h\se sew] %\ld be laid /raight 9 l9e & grade4 ,figure #bj %[s h[ ?is "w may be done4 ,suppose ! di/ance f ,a to ,e be #ajj feet2 t grade bo>ds be set #be feet ap>t crosswise ( ! tr5* at ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 & ,e2 t ! gr\nd at ,a be #d feet l[] ?an at ,e2 t ! top ( ! sew] be #b-a_/b feet bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd at ,a & #d-a_/b feet bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd at ,e2 ! fall ( ! sew] betwe5 ,a & ,e is #b feet 7#d #b-a_/b - #d-a_/b #b74 ,if ! fall 9 #ajj feet be #b feet1 9 #be feet x is "o-f\r? z mu*1 or #f in*es4 ,h5ce1 grade bo>d ,b is #f in*es high] ?an grade bo>d ,a1 ,c is #f in*es high] ?an ,b1 & s on to ,e4 ,! top edges :5 all ! bo>ds are set ) a c>p5t]'s level & fa/5$ 9 position %\ld be 9 l9e4 ,! grade ?us e/abli%$ may be any conv5i5t height above ! top ( ! propos$ sew]1 & ! measur+ /ick us$ to grade ! pipe is cut accord+ly4 ,?is height is usually a c]ta9 numb] ( :ole feet4 ,fix+ ! l9e ( ! sew] is a m]e matt] ( settl+ nails 9 ! top edges ( bo>ds ,a & ,e directly ov] ! c5t] ( ! propos$ sew] & tightly /ret*+ a fi% l9e or grade cord2 nails %\ld be set :]e ! cord crosses bo>ds ,b1 ,c1 & ,d4 ,if ! cell> or basem5t conta9s plumb+ fixtures1 ! h\se sew] %\ld ent] #a to #b feet bel[ ! cell> floor4 ,if all plumb+ fixtures are on ! floors above1 ! sew] may ent] at no great] dep? ?an necess>y to insure protection f fro/ outside ! cell> wall4 ,digg+ ! tr5* & lay+ ! pipe %\ld beg9 at ! tank or l[] end4 ,! l>ge end ( ! pipes1 call$ ! hub1 %\ld face uphill1 & ! b>rel ( ea* pipe %\ld h ev5 be>+ ?r\gh\t its l5g?4 ,suffici5t e>? %\ld be remov$ f b5ea? ! hubs to p]mit ! jo9ts to be made 9 a workmanlike mann]4 ,! h\se sew] may be vitrifi$ salt-glaz$ sew] pipe1 concrete pipe1 or ca/-iron soil pipe4 ,! latt]1 ) p\r$ & calk$ lead jo9ts makes a p]man5tly wat]-tight & root-pro( sew]1 :i* always %\ld be us$ :]e ! vic9ity ( a well mu/ be pass$2 #d1 #e1 or #f-;in* pipe may be us$1 dep5d+ ma9ly on ! fall & 9 less degree on ! quantity ( sewage dis*>g$4 ,z a measure ( economy ! #d-;in* size is favor$ = iron pipe4 ,if vitrifi$ pipe is us$1 ei!r ! #e or #f in* size is pref]able1 z ^! sizes are made /raight] ?an ! #d-;in* size & are less liable to ob/ruction4 ,( ! two ! #e-;in* size is pref]able4 ,! fall 9 #ajj feet %\ld nev] be less ?an #b feet = #d-;in* size1 #a-a_/b feet = #e-;in* size1 #a foot = #f-;in* size4 ,figure #ba %[s me?ods ( mak+ good jo9ts4 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 & ,g are ord9>y sew] pipe jo9ts2 ,h1 is ca/-iron soil pipe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--;,h[ to make good jo9ts4 ,see text = directions & specifications4 ,a %[s ! use ( a y>n+ iron to pack a small /r& ( jute into ! jo9t space1 ?us c5t]+ ! pipes & prev5t+ ! jo9t fill] runn+ inside4 ,! jo9t surfaces %\ld be free ( dirt & oil4 ,! jute is cut 9 l5g?s to g ar\nd ! pipe2 a small /r& is soak$ 9 neat ,portl& cem5t gr\t1 !n twi/$ & wrapp$ ar\nd ! small end ( ! pipe to be pu%$ into ! hub ( ! la/ pipe laid4 ,aft] ! pipe is pu%$ home ! jute is pack$ ev5ly to a dep? ( n ov] #a_/b in*1 leav+ ab\t #a-a_/b in*es = ! jo9t fill]4 ,old hemp rope or oakum dipp$ 9 liquid cem5t or pap] may be us$ 9 place ( jute1 & ! pack+ may be done ) a ?9 file or piece ( wood4 ,b %[s ! use ( a rubb] mitt5 or glove to =ce ,portl& cem5t mort> into ! jo9t space4 ,! mort> %\ld be ?or\ghly & fre%ly mix$ 9 ! proportion ( "o volume ( cem5t to "o volume ( clean s& & %\ld be press$ & tamp$ to fill ! jo9t completely4 ,c %[s a section ( f9i%$ jo9t4 ,! fre% mort> %\ld n be loos5$ or di/urb$ :5 lay+ ! next pipe4 ,d %[s me?od ( p\r+ a jo9t ) gr\t1 :i* is quick]1 *eap]1 & bett] ?an us+ a rubb] mitt54 ,a flexible %eet-metal =m or mold1 oil$ to prev5t ! gr\t /ick+1 is clamp$ tightly ar\nd ! jo9t & is completely fill$ ) gr\t consi/+ ( equal p>ts ( ,portl& cem5t & clean s& mix$ dry1 to :i* wat] is add$ to produce a creamy consi/5cy4 ,! pipes %\ld n be di/urb$ & ! =m %\ld n be remov$ = #bd h\rs4 ,e %[s a section ( gr\t$ jo9t1 well r\nd$ out1 /rong1 & tight4 ,f %[s ! use ( a pipe jo9t] = p\r+ a hot fill]4 ,! pipe jo9t] may be an asbe/os or rubb] runn] or coll> or a piece1 ( g>d5 hose clamp$ ar\nd ! pipe leav+ a small triangul> op5+ at ! top4 ,! jo9t] is press$ firmly aga9/ ! hub1 & any small op5+s betwe5 ! jo9t] & pipe are sme>$ ) pla/ic clay to prev5t leakage ( ! fill]4 ,a clay dike or funnel ab\t #c in*es high built ar\nd ! triangul> op5+ greatly aids rapid & complete fill+ ( ! jo9t space4 ,! fill] may be a comm]cially prep>$ bitum9\s comp\nd or molt5 sulphur & f9e s&4 ,! =m] makes a slightly ela/ic jo9t2 ! latt] a h>d unyield+ jo9t4 ,) good workman%ip bo? k9ds ( jo9t are practically wat]-tight & root-pro(1 & co/ ab\t ! same z cem5t mort> jo9ts4 ,! fill] is heat$ 9 an iron kettle ov] a wood1 coke1 or coal fire4 ,x %\ld be well /irr$1 & :5 at a free runn+ consi/5cy %\ld be p\r$ ) a ladle l>ge en\gh to fill ! jo9t completely at "o op]ation4 ,z soon z ! comp\nd cools ! jo9t] is remov$4 ,sulphur-s& fill] is made by mix+ toge!r dry & melt+ equal volumes ( ord9>y p[d]$ sulphur & v f9e clean s&1 pref]ably ! f9e/ quicks&4 ,a #e-;in* sew] pipe jo9t requires f ?ree-t5?s to n9e-t5?s ( a p\nd 7accord+ to ! k9d ( pipe7 ( sulphur1 wor? #c to #e c5ts p] p\nd1 & a l quantity ( s&4 ,f #a_/b to #a-a_/b p\nds ( bitum9\s fill] are requir$ = a #e-;in* pipe jo9t4 ,g %[s section ( f9i%$ jo9t4 ,h %[s ! use ( a p\r+ ladle 9 mak+ lead jo9ts 9 ca/-iron soil pipe4 ,?is pipe is 9 l5g?s to lay #e feet1 & ! metal ( ! b>rel is #a_/d in* ?ick4 ,! jo9t is y>n$ ) dry jute or oakum1 z describ$ above1 & is p\r$ full ) molt51 s(t1 pig lead to be aft]w>ds driv5 tightly ) hamm] & calk+ tools4 ,ab\t #a p\nd ( lead = ea* in* 9 diamet] ( pipe is requir$4 ,prep>$ cem5ts ( v>y+ composition h prov$ effective11 &1 z !y require no calk+1 are economical4 ,among ! be/ is a f9ely gr\nd1 ?or\ghly mix$ comp\nd ( iron1 sulphur1 slag1 & salt4 ,i is a home-made pipe jo9t] or clay roll = use 9 p\r+ molt5 lead4 ,a /r& ( jute long en\gh to encircle ! pipe & ! ends to fold back1 leav+ an op5+ at ! top1 is cov]$ ) clay moi/5$1 roll$1 & work$ to =m a pla/ic rope ab\t #a in* 9 diamet]4 ,! jo9t] gives ! v be/ results b mu/ be frequ5tly moi/5$ & work$ to keep ! clay s(t & pliable4 ,! jo9t] %[n 9 ,f is frequ5tly us$ = p\r+ lead jo9ts4 ,ob/ructions 9 h\se sew]s are frequ5t4 ,among ! causes are brok5 pipes1 grade insuffici5t to give cleans+ velocities1 newspap]1 rags1 g>bage1 or o!r solids 9 ! sewage1 congeal+ ( grease 9 pipes & ma9 runn+ traps 7h\se sew] traps71 & poor jo9t con/ruction :]eby rootlets gr[ into ! sew] & *oke x4 ,good grade & good con/ruction1 ) p>ticul> c>e giv5 to ! jo9ts1 w av]t or less5 ^! tr\bles4 ,! sew] %\ld be p]fectly /raight1 ) ! int]ior ( ! jo9ts scrap$ or swabb$ smoo?4 ,:5 ! jo9t-fill+ mat]ial has set1 ! holl[s b5ea? ! hubs %\ld be fill$ ) good e>? free ( /ones1 well tamp$ or puddl$ 9 place4 ,x is important t l mat]ial be us$ at ! sides ( ! pipe & above x = at lea/ #a foot4 ,! back fill+ may be complet$ ) scrap] or pl[4 ,no runn+ trap %\ld be plac$ on ! h\se sew]1 because x is liable to become ob/ruct$ & x prev5ts free movem5t ( air ?r\gh ! sew] & soil /ack4 ,conductors or dra9s = ra9 or o!r clean wat] %\ld nev] connect ) ! h\se sew]1 b %\ld dis*>ge into a wat]c\rse or o!r outlet4 ,:]e ob/ruction ( a h\se sew] occurs1 use ( "s ( ! simple tools %[n 9 figure #bb may rem$y ! tr\ble4 ,x is n likely t f>m]s w h ^! appliances1 except possibly "s ( ! aug]s2 b "s ( !m c be made at home or by a blacksmi?1 & mo/ ( !m %\ld be obta9able = tempor>y use f a well-organiz$ t[n or city sew] dep>tm5t4 ,! purpose ( ! sev]al tools %[n is indicat$ 9 ! notation4 ,! tank4--,! septic tank %\ld be 9 an isolat$ location at lea/ #ej to #ajj feet f any dwell+4 ,?is is n always possible1 because ( flat gr\nd1 b 9 _m su* in/ances reasonable di/ance & fall may be secur$ by rais+ bo? ! h\se sew] & tank & embank+ !m ) e>?4 ,cases are kn[n :]e tanks adjo9 cell> or basem5t walls & ! top ( ! tank is us$ z a door/ep2 9 o!r cases tanks h be5 con/ruct$ )9 build+s4 ,su* practices are bad4 ,x is difficulty to con/ruct an absolutely wat]-tight masonry tank1 & /ill m difficult to make x pro( aga9/ ! passage ( sewage odors4 ,9 ,nor!rn ,/ates1 p>ticul>ly 9 expos$ situations1 x is desirable to h ! top ( ! tank #a to #b feet und]gr\nd1 ?us promot+ w>m? & uni=mity ( temp]ature 9 ! sewage4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,/ates ?is feature is less important1 & ! top ( ! tank may be flu% ) ! gr\nd4 ,e tank %\ld be tightly cov]$1 = ! reason above /at$ & to gu>d aga9/ ! spread ( odors1 ! transmission ( disease g]ms by flies1 & accid5ts to *ildr54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--,sew]-clean+ tools--h[ to use !m4 ,a1 ,ord9>y #a-a_/b or #b in* aug] weld$ to a piece ( -in* extra-/rong wr\ght pipe ab\t #e feet long2 ! /em is l5g!n$ by add+ o!r pieces ( pipe ) screw c\pl+s1 & is fitt$ ) a pipe h&le2 all clean+ "w %\ld proce$ up/ream2 ,b1 twi/ or op5 e>? aug]2 ,c1 ribbon or clos$ e>? aug]2 ,d1 spiral or coal aug]2 ,e1 %ip aug]2 ,f1 root cutt]2 ,g1 sew] rods ) hook c\pl+1 usually ( hickory or a% #a or #aa in*es 9 diamet] & #c or #d feet long2 ,h1 g\ge = cutt+ ob/ructions2 ,i1 scoop = remov+ s& or simil> mat]ial2 ,j1 claw1 & ,k1 screw1 = remov+ pap] or rags2 ,l1 scrap]2 ,m1 wire bru% = remov+ grease1 drawn back & =? ) a wire or rope2 ,n1 home-made wire bru% 7= a #e-;in* sew] use a #a-a_/b-;in* wood5 pole to :i* is securely tack$ a piece ( heavy rubb]1 canvas or lea!r belt+ or h>ness lea!r #e-a_/b by #h in*es1 spirally /udd$1 z %[n1 ) ord9>y wire nails #a-a_/b in*es 9 l5g?74 ,consid]able latitude is all[able 9 ! design & con/ruction ( septic tanks4 ,no p>ticul> %ape or exact dim5sions c be pres5t$ = a giv5 numb] ( p4 ,"o family ( #e p]sons may use z mu* wat] z ano!r family ( #aj p]sons2 h5ce ! quantity ( sewage r ?an ! numb] ( p]sons is ! bett] basis ( design4 ,exact dim5sions are n requisite1 = settlem5t & septicization proce$ :e!r ! sewage is held a few h\rs m or a few h\rs less4 ,z to mat]ials ( con/ruction "s =m ( masonry1 ei!r brick1 build+ tile1 rubble1 concrete1 or cem5t block1 is employ$ g5]ally4 ,vitrifi$ pipe1 /eel1 & wood h be5 us$ occasionally4 ,a plant = use all ye> r\nd %\ld h two *amb]s1 "o to secure settlem5t & septicization ( ! solids & ! o!r to secure p]iodic dis*>ge ( ! efflu5t by ! use ( an automatic sewage siphon4 ,! fir/ *amb] is kn[n z ! settl+ *amb]1 ! second z ! siphon or dos+ *amb]4 ,! siphon *amb] is (t5 omitt$ & ! efflu5t is all[$ to dribble away ?r\gh subsurface tile1 z illu/rat$ 9 figures #ag & #ah4 ,! latt] proc$ure is n g5]ally advis$1 b may be p]missible :]e ! l& slopes %>ply or has long p]iods ( re/1 z at summ] h\ses & camps4 ,! septic tanks %[n 9 ?is bullet9 are design$ to satisfy ! foll[+ conditions3 #a4 ,wat] consumption ( #dj gallons p] p]son p] day ( #bd h\rs4 #b4 ,a det5tion p]iod ( ab\t #bd h\rs2 t is1 ! capacity ( ! settl+ *amb] bel[ ! fl[ l9e is approximately equal to ! quantity ( sewage dis*>g$ f ! h\se 9 #bd h\rs4 #c4 ,:]e a siphon *amb] is provid$1 its size is su* t ! dose ( sewage %all be approximately equal to #bj gallons p] p]son2 t is1 ! capacity ( ! siphon *amb] betwe5 ! dis*>ge & l[-wat] l9es is r\ghly equal to ! quantity ( sewage dis*>g$ 9 #ab h\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,"o-*amb] septic tank--does no?+ m ?an a tight cesspool4 ,brick con/ruction1 heavily pla/]$ inside2 size suitable = #ahj to #bhj gallons ( sewage daily 7nom9ally #d to #g p]sons74 ,a simple "o-*amb] brick tank suitable = a h\sehold dis*>g+ #ahj to #bhj gallons ( sewage daily is %[n 9 figure #bc4 ,a small two-*amb] tank con/ruct$ ( #bd-;in* vitrifi$ pipe1 suitable = a h\sehold dis*>g+ ab\t #abe gallons ( sewage daily1 is %[n 9 figure #bd4 ,a typical two-*amb] concrete tank is %[n 9 figure #be4 ,except+ ! subm]g$ outlet1 all pipes )9 ! tank & built into ! masonry are ca/-iron soil pipe ) ca/-iron fitt+s4 ,vitrifi$ or concrete sew] pipe & specials are g5]ally us$ z !y are frequ5tly m readily obta9able & a slight sav+ 9 fir/ co/ may be effect$4 ,ca/ iron is less liable to be brok5 9 h&l+ or aft] be+ set rigidly 9 masonry1 & ! jo9ts are m easily made wat]-tight4 ,! subm]g$ outlet is midway ( ! dep? ( liquid 9 ! settl+ *amb]4 ,! inside dep? ( ! siphon *amb] is ! draw+ dep? ( ! siphon plus #a foot #e in*es4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! pr9cipal dim5sions ) quantities ( mat]ials = f\r sizes ( tank z illu/rat$ 9 figure #be3 ,dim5sions & quantities = septic tanks4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,quantity ,settl+ *amb]4 ( ,capacity ,numb] sewage bel[ -------------------------------------- ( 9 #bd fl[ ,l5g?4 ,dep?4,wid?4 ,w4 ,x4 ,y4 ,z4 p]sons4 h\rs4 l9e4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,galls4 ,galls4 ,ft4 ,94,ft4 ,94,ft4 ,94 ,94,ft4 ,94,94,94 #e #ahj-bhj #bdj #d #j #e #j #b #j #f #b #j #d #f #aj #cbj-dhj #dbj #e #j #e #f #b #f #f #b #c #d #f #ae #ebj-fhj #fbj #e #f #f #j #c #j #h #b #f #e #h #bj #gbj-ifj #hfj #f #j #f #f #c #f #h #b #i #e #h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,quantity ,siphon *amb]4 ,numb] ( sewage ---------------------------------------- -- ( 9 #bd ,l5g?4 ,dep?4 ,wid?4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,d4 p]sons4 h\rs4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,galls4 ,ft4 ,94 ,ft4 ,94 ,ft4 ,94 ,94 ,94 ,94 ,94 #e #ahj-bhj #e #j #b #h #b #j #c #d #ae #ah-a_/d #aj #cbj-dhj #h #j #b #h #b #f #c #d #ae #bj-a_/d #ae #ebj-fhj #h #h #b #aj #c #j #d #d #ag #bj-a_/d #bj #gbj-ifj #aj #j #b #aj #c #f #d #d #ag #bj-a_/d ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,quantity ,re9=cem5t ( 9 top slab ,numb] sewage 7/rip ( ( 9 #bd ,concrete4 ,cem5t4 ,s&4 ,/one4 heavy /ock p]sons4 h\rs4 f5c+74 ------------- ,l5g?4,wid?4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,galls4 ,cu4 yds4 ,bbls4 ,cu4 yds4 ,cu4 yds4 ,ft4 ,94 #e #ahj-bhj #c #d-a_/b #a-a_/c #b-b_/c #aj #c #aj #cbj-dhj #d-a_/d #f-a_/d #b #c-c_/d #ad #c #ae #ebj-fhj #f-b_/c #i-c_/d #c #f #ae-b_/c #d #bj #gbj-ifj #h #ab #c-a_/b #g #ag-a_/b #e ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,siphons4--,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! vital importance ( air 9 sewage filtration4 ,if ! spaces )9 a filt] or soil are con/antly fill$ ) wat]1 air is exclud$1 & ! action ( ! filt]+ mat]ial is m]ely t ( a me*anical /ra9] ) its clogg+ t5d5cy4 ,! purpose ( a siphon is tw(old3 7#a7 ,to secure int]mitt5t dis*>ge1 ?us all[+ a consid]able p]iod ( "t = "o dose to "w (f 9 ! soil & = air to ent] ! soil spaces be=e ano!r flu% is receiv$2 7#b7 to secure di/ribution ov] a l>g] area & 9 a m ev5 mann] ?an :]e ! sewage is all[$ to dribble & produce ! conditions ( ! old-fa%ion$ s9k dra9--namely1 a small area ( wat]-logg$ gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--,two-*amb] septic tank1 simple & inexp5sive4 ,con/ruct$ ( #bd-;in* vitrifi$ sew] pipe2 size suitable = #abe gallons ( sewage daily 7nom9ally #c p]sons74 ,a1 ,h\se sew]2 ,b1 settl+ *amb]1 made ( "o d\ble ,t bran* & "o l5g? ( /raight pipe1 ea* #c feet long & #b feet 9 diamet]1 support$ by #d in*es ( concrete1 all jo9ts made wat]-tight2 ,c1 subm]g$ outlet1 consi/+ ( a metal ,t slipp$ into ! sew]-pipe bran*2 ,d1 wire scre51 #b-;in* me%2 ,e1 siphon *amb] made ( "o ,t bran* #c feet long & #b feet 9 diamet]2 ,f1 siphon2 ,g1 #c-;in* ov]fl[2 ,h1 sew] to di/ribution field2 ,i1 tight cov] ) lift+ r+2 ,j1 concrete protection ar\nd sew]-pipe hubs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--,typical two-*amb] concrete septic tank4 7,see table = dim5sions & quantities = diff]5t sizes47 ,?ree types ( sewage siphon are %[n 9 figure #bf4 ,9 all1 ! ess5tial pr9ciple is ! same3 ,a column ( air is entrapp$ betwe5 two columns ( wat]2 :5 ! wat] 9 ! *amb] rises to a pr$et]m9$ height1 call$ ! dis*>ge l9e1 ! pressure =ces out ! conf9$ air1 de/roy+ ! balance & caus+ a ru% ( wat] ?r\gh ! siphon to ! sew]4 ,! entire op]ation is automatic & v simple4 ,! siphons %[n are comm]cial products made ( ca/ iron2 !y h few p>ts & none t move1 & ! :ole con/ruction is simple & durable4 ,! table 7fig4 #bf7 li/s /ock sizes adapt$ to f>m use4 ,manufactur]s furni% full in=mation = sett+ _! siphons & putt+ !m 9 op]ation4 ,= example1 take type #b1 figure #bf3 7#a7 ,set siphon trap 7,u-%ap$ pipe7 plumb1 mak+ ,e 7height f floor to top ( long leg7 z specifi$2 7#b7 fill siphon trap ) wat] till x beg9s to run out at ,b2 7#c7 place bell 9 position on top ( long leg1 & ! siphon is ready = s]vice4 ,d n fill v5t pipe on side ( bell4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--,?ree types ( sewage siphon4 ,! table gives dim5sions = sett+ /&>d #c & #d in* siphons2 also ! appropriate size & grade ( ! sew] to c>ry ! siphon dis*>ge4 ,transcrib] ,note3 ,! data = ,type #a ,siphon has be5 add$ to ! table4 ,type #b ,,in*es ------------------------------- ,diamet] ( siphon ,a #c #c #d #d ,diamet] ( outlet ,b #d #d #d #d ,draw+ dep? ,c #ac #ae #ad #ag ,dep? to floor ,d #af #ah #ag #bj ,height above floor ,e #g #i #h #aa ,cle>ance "u bell ,f #b #b #b #b ,inside bottom ( outlet1 to dis*>ge l9e ,g #bj #bb #bb #be ,dis*>ge l9e1 to top ( wall ,h ,dep? ( outlet sump ,i ,l5g? & wid? ( outlet sump ,j ------------------------------- ,r #d #d #d #d ,s #b ft4 #b ft4 #g ft4 #h ft4 ,diamet] ( c>ri] 7,r71 & ------------------------------- m9imum fall 7,s7 9 feet ,r #e #e #e #e p] #ajj feet ,s #a ft4 #a ft4 #b ft4 #b ft4 ------------------------------- ,r #f #f #f #f ,s #a ft4 #a ft4 #a ft4 #a ft4 ------------------------------- ,type #c ,type #a ,,in*es ,,in*es ------------------- ---- ,diamet] ( siphon ,a #c #c #d #d #d ,diamet] ( outlet4 ,b ,draw+ dep? ,c #ac #ae #ad #ag #e ,dep? to floor4 ,d #ag #ag #ai #bb #ae ,height above floor ,e #ac #ac #ae #ah #ai ,cle>ance "u bell4 ,f ,inside bottom ( outlet1 to dis*>ge l9e4 ,g #ai #ba #bj #be ,dis*>ge l9e1 to top ( wall4 ,h #f #f #h #h ,dep? ( outlet sump ,i #ac #ac #aa #ab ,l5g? & wid? ( outlet sump ,j #ah #ai #ai #ah ------------------- ---- ,! ov]head siphon1 type #c1 figure #bf1 may be in/all$ readily 9 a tank already built by addition ( an outlet sump4 ,if prop]ly set & h&l$1 sewage siphons require v little att5tion & flu% ) c]ta9ty4 ,l all plumb+ fixtures !y are liable to /oppage if rags1 newspap]1 & simil> solids get into ! sewage4 ,if f\l+ ( ! sniff+ hole or v5t prev5ts ! entrance ( suffici5t air into ! bell to lock ! siphon prop]ly1 all[+ sewage to dribble ?r\gh1 ! rem$y is to clean ! siphon4 ,siphons are = h&l+ liquid2 sludge if all[$ to accumulate w *oke !m4 ,subm]g$ outlet4--,! purpose ( a subm]g$ outlet is to take ! outfl[ f a po9t betwe5 ! sludge at ! bottom & ! float+ solids or scum4 ,! outlet 9 figure #be may be readily made ( %eet metal by a t9smi?4 ,wr\ght iron or /eel pipe ) elb[s or light lead pipe may be us$1 ! pipe be+ set 9 ! concrete & left 9 place4 ,sometimes a galvaniz$ wire scre5 7#a_/d-;in* me%7 is fitt$ ov] ! inn] end to prev5t l>ge solids leav+ ! settl+ *amb] & possibly clogg+ ! siphon or di/ribution tile4 ,if a scre5 is us$ x %\ld be easily removable = clean+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--;,home-made re9=c$ concrete cov]s4 7#a7 ,slabs plac$ crosswise p]mit uncov]+ ! :ole tank = clean+1 b z inspection is some:at difficult1 clean+ is ! m likely to be neglect$2 7#b7 manhole1 #ah in*es squ>e2 cov]1 #bb by #bb by #c in*es ?ick1 easy to make & to slide or lift f ! op5+4 ,manhole frame & cov]4--,! frame & cov] %[n 9 figure #be are /ock patt]ns made ( ca/ iron & weigh+ ab\t #bej p\nds p] set4 ,! cov] is #ba in*es 9 diamet]2 x is tight &1 on acc\nt ( its weight1 is unlikely to be di/urb$ by small *ildr54 ,! frame or rim is ab\t #g in*es high & #ca in*es 9 longe/ diamet]4 ,if desir$1 light ca/-iron ci/]n or cesspool cov]s obta9able f plumb+ supply h\ses1 home-made slabs ( re9=c$ concrete 7see fig4 #bg71 or wood5 cov]s 7see fig4 #bc7 may be us$4 ,ov]fl[4--,! purpose ( an ov]fl[ is to pass sewage to ! di/ribution field %\ld ! siphon /op work+4 ,! ov]fl[ 7fig4 #be7 is a #c-;in* ris] pipe ) top #c in*es above ! dis*>ge l9e & ! bottom calk$ or cem5t$ into ! side outlet ( a ,t-bran*4 ,! run ( ! ,t-bran* %\ld correspond ) ! size ( ! sew] f ! tank to ! di/ribution field4 ,if ?is sew] is #d-;in* pipe1 a #d by #c in* ,t-bran* is us$1 ! #d-;in* spigot end ( ! siphon be+ calk$ or cem5t$ into ! bran*1 z %[n 9 figure #be2 if ! sew] is #e-;in*1 a #e by #c in* ,t-bran* is us$ & connect$ to ! siphon ) a #e-;in* to #d-;in* r$uc] 79 vitrifi$ specials ! equival5t is a #d-;in* to #e-;in* increas]72 if ! sew] is #f-;in*1 a #f by #c in* ,t-bran* is us$ & connect$ to ! siphon ) a #f-;in* to #d-;in* r$uc]4 ,concrete "w4--,be=e excavation = ! tank is begun1 two wood5 =ms %\ld be built = %ap+ ! inside ( ! settl+ & siphon *amb]s4 ,9 mo/ in/ances ! gr\nd is fairly firm1 s t ! l9es ( excavation may con=m to ! outside dim5sions ( ! tank1 ! back ( ! walls be+ built aga9/ ! e>?4 ,! =ms may be made ( squ>e-edg$ bo>ds1 brac$ & lightly nail$1 z %[n 9 figure #bh4 ,! =ms %\ld h no bottom4 ,if x is desir$ to lay ! sides & cov]+ slab 9 "o op]ation1 ! top ( ! =ms mu/ be bo>d$ ov]4 ,all pipe & manhole op5+s %\ld be accurately plac$ & cut4 ,! faces ( ! =ms may be cov]$ ) pap] or sme>$ ) soap or grease to facilitate removal lat]4 ,! gr\nd %\ld next be excavat$ to ! prop] dep? = plac+ ! floors 9 bo? *amb]s4 ,! settl+ *amb] floor1 be+ ! l[]1 %\ld be plac$ fir/4 ,ef=t %\ld be made to secure wat]-tight "w1 a feature ( especial importance :]e leakage might endang] a well or spr+4 ,a concrete mixture ( #a3b3d is g5]ally pref]r$ 7#a volume cem5t1 #b volumes s&1 #d volumes /one74 ,! +r$i5ts %\ld be ( be/ quality & ?or\ghly mix$4 ,! concrete %\ld be p\r$ promptly & work$ ) a spade or flat %ovel to make ! face smoo? & elim9ate pockets or voids )9 ! mass4#aj ,be=e ! settl+ *amb] floor has h>d5$ ! =m %\ld be set ^u ! floor & ! concrete "w cont9u$ up ! sides4 ,! pipe =m = ! subm]g$ outlet %\ld be set4 ,:5 ! side walls ( ! settl+ *amb] h rea*$ ! bottom ( ! excavation = ! siphon *amb]1 ! siphon trap ) its connect+ bran* & %ort piece ( pipe %\ld be set to prop] l9e & grade & block$ 9 position4 ,! floor ( ! siphon *amb] %\ld n[ be p\r$ & ! =m = t *amb] plac$ !reon1 leav+ a #f-;in* or #h-;in* space 7accord+ to ! ?ickness ( ! division wall7 betwe5 ! ends ( ! two =ms4 ,p\r+ ( all side walls & ! top slab %\ld cont9ue )\t /op1 mak+ ! entire /ructure a monoli?4 #aj ,see footnote1 p4 #ag4 ,= m detail$ in=mation on =m & concrete "w ! read] is ref]r$ to ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 ,no4 #dha1 ,concrete ,con/ruction on ! ,live-,/ock ,f>m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--;,=ms = concrete "w--h[ to use !m4 #a4 ,make ! =ms z %[n & to ! dim5sions requir$ by fig4 #be & ! table on p4 #cg2 nails to be driv5 f ! inside & left project+ = draw+ ) a claw hamm]4 #b4 ,excavate to l9es #f or #h in*es1 z may be requir$1 outside ( ! =ms & to ! dep?s requir$ = bo? *amb]s4 #c4 ,p\r settl+ *amb] floor & place =m !reon4 #d4 ,p\r settl+ *amb] walls to level ( siphon *amb] excavation1 ins]t+ subm]g$ outlet pipe at ! prop] height4 #e4 ,block siphon trap & connect$ bran* & %ort pipes to correct l9e & grade1 & fill ) concrete ar\nd ! trap4 #f4 ,p\r siphon *amb] floor1 & place ! =m !reon4 #g4 ,cont9ue p\r+ all walls to _! full height1 ins]t+ ! inlet pipe :5 ! concrete rea*es t elevation4 #h4 ,d n remove =ms till ! concrete is h>d2 ) favorable wea!r1 =ms = walls only may be remov$ 9 #a to #b days2 =ms support+ a cov] slab %\ld rema9 #a to #b weeks4 ,/eel re9=cem5t4--,to /iff5 ! cov] slab & gu>d aga9/ crack+1 a little /eel %\ld be emb$d$ 9 ! concrete ab\t #a in* above ! inside top4 ,= ?is purpose a /rip ( heavy /ock f5c+ is conv5i5t & inexp5sive4 ,! l9e wires %\ld be n less ?an ,no4 #aj gauge 7ab\t #a_/h in*7 & ! /ay wires n less ?an ,no4 #aa gauge4 ,! re9=cem5t %\ld be cut at manholes & fa/5$ ar\nd manhole op5+s4 ,if desir$ a /&>d wire-me% re9=cem5t weigh+ ab\t "o-?ird ( a p\nd p] squ>e foot may be us$4 ,ano!r alt]native is to use #a_/d-;in* r\nd rods1 spac+ ! crosswise rods #f in*es ap>t & ! l5g?wise rods #ab in*es ap>t4 ,p\ltry nett+ %\ld n be us$1 because ( its lightness4 ,sew] f tank to di/ribution field4--,! l5g? ( ?is sew] dep5ds on ! situation ( ! field & ! fall to x4 ,! size ( ! sew] dep5ds on ! fall t c be obta9$ & ! size ( siphon4 ,! table 9 figure #bf %[s ! m9imum fall at :i* #d-;in*1 #e-;in*1 & #f-;in* sew]s %\ld be laid to take ! dis*>ge ( ! #c-;in* & #d-;in* siphons specifi$4 ,! l9e & grade %\ld be set 9 ! same mann] z = ! h\se sew] 7see fig4 #bj71 & ! con/ruction %\ld be z specifi$ "u t caption4 ,di/ribution field4--,! di/ribution field or area is a sewage filt]1 & its selection & ! mann] ( prep>+ x l>gely det]m9e ! success ( subsoil disposal ( sewage4 ,z a rule f>m l& is n ! be/ filt]+ mat]ial4 ,x is too f9e gra9$ & f]tile4 ,its t5d5cy is to hold wat] too long1 to admit insuffici5t air1 to clog :5 ev5 small quantities ( sewage are appli$4 ,h5ce ! di/ribution area %\ld be ( lib]al size--on ! av]age #ejj squ>e feet = ea* p]son s]v$4 ,x %\ld be dry1 por\s1 & well dra9$--qualities t *>act]ize s&y1 gravelly1 & light loam soils4 ,x %\ld be devoid ( trees & %rubb]y1 ?us giv+ sunlight & air free access4 ,x %\ld be locat$ at lea/ #cjj feet d[nhill f a well or spr+ us$ = dome/ic wat] supply4 ,pref]ably x %\ld slope g5tly1 b %>p slopes are n prohibitive4 ,subsoil+ ! area is always desirable4 ,clay & o!r compact1 imp]vi\s soils require special treatm5t4 ,less sewage c be appli$ to !m1 & h5ce x is well to h ! area l>g] ?an #ejj squ>e feet p] p]son4 ,clay %\ld be subsoil$ z deep z possible ) a subsoil pl[4 ,9 "s in/ances dynamite has be5 ( s]vice 9 op5+ up ! gr\nd to /ill great] dep?4 ,dra9age & a]ation %\ld be fur!r promot$ by lay+ tile und]dra9s1 z outl9$ 9 figure #ai & %[n 9 m detail 9 figure #ca4 ,aft] ! con/ruction "w ! di/ribution area %\ld be rak$ & se$$ ) ?ick-gr[+ grass4 ,grass is a safe crop2 its wat] requirem5t is high1 & x af=ds consid]able protection f fro/4 ,suitable grasses are r$top1 :ite clov]1 blue grass1 & ,b]muda grass4 ,! area may be pa/ur$ or kept z grass l&4 ,di/ribution sy/em4--,poor di/ribution ( ! sewage & failure to protect ! jo9ts ( ! di/ribution tile acc\nt = mo/ ( ! failures4 ,ea* flu% ( ! siphon %\ld be s controll$ t e "p ( ! field w receive its due proportion4 ,! di/ribution tile mu/ be s laid t loose dirt w n fall or wa% into ! op5 jo9ts4 ,diff]5t me?ods ( divid+ ! flu% & lay+ out ! di/ribution tile are %[n 9 figures #bi & #cb4 ,lay\ts #a1 #b1 & #c1 figure #bi1 are suitable = flat or g5tly slop+ areas & are plann$ = ! %all[ siphon *amb]s tabulat$ on page #cg4 ,lay\t #d1 figure #bi1 is suitable = /eep slopes4 ,9 all f\r lay\ts use is made ( "o or m ,v-bran*es 7n ,y-bran*es7 to divide ! fl[ equally among ! sev]al l9es4 ,v-bran*es1 sometimes call$ bree*es1 %\ld be level$ ) a c>p5t]'s level crosswise ! ends ( ! legs1 ?us insur+ equal division ( ! fl[4 ,! size & l5g? ( di/ribution tile & ! spac+ ( ! l9es or runs admit ( consid]able v>iation 9 diff]5t soils4 ,wat] s9ks rapidly 9 gravels & s&s1 & h5ce l>g] tile & %ort] l5g? are p]missible ?an 9 close soils4 ,lat]al movem5t is sl[ 9 all soils1 b ext5ds f>!r 9 gravels & s&s ?an 9 close soils4 ,9 av]age soils ! effect on vegetation #e feet away f ! l9e is practically nil4 ,f ^! consid]ations1 ) ! siphon dose #bj gallons p] p]son1 x is usually a safe rule to provide #ej feet ( #c-;in* tile = ea* p]son s]v$ & to lay ! l9es #aj feet ap>t4 ,su* provision gives a capacity )9 ! bore ( ! tile l9es ab\t equal to ! siphon dose1 & z "s sewage is wa/$ at ea* jo9t a reasonable factor ( safety is provid$4 ,a spac+ ( #aj feet w1 x is believ$1 p]man5tly prev5t ! ext5sion ( lat]al absorption f l9e to l9e1 provid$ ! area is fairly well dra9$4 ,z betwe5 #c-;in* & #d-;in* tile ! small] size co/s less & is bett] calculat$ to tap] ! dose to small proportions4 ,f\r-in* tile is less likely to get out ( alignm5t or to become clogg$2 a l5g? ( #bh feet has ! same capacity 9 ! bore z #ej feet ( #c-;in*4 ,good-quality dra9 tile 9 #a-;foot l5g?s or second-quality sew] pipe 9 #b-;foot l5g?s may be us$4 ,! l9es are g5]ally laid 9 p>allel runs1 b may be v>i$ accord+ to ! topography4 ,lay\ts #a1 #b1 & #c1 figure #bi1 = flat or g5tly slop+ l&1 run ) ! slope2 lay\t #d1 = /eep slopes1 runs back & =? along ! cont\r 9 a s]ies ( long flat sweeps & %ort /eep curves4 ,! grade ( ! runs & sweeps %\ld be g5tle1 r>ely m ?an #aj or #ab in*es 9 #ajj feet4 ,9 lay\ts #a1 #b1 & #c1 figure #bi especially1 x is desirable t ! la/ #bj feet ( ea* run %\ld be laid level or giv5 a slight upw>d slope1 ?us gu>d+ aga9/ undue fl[ ( sewage to ! l[e/ ends ( ! sy/em4 ,fig4 #bi4--,me?ods ( lay+ di/ribution sy/em3 ,me?ods #a1 #b1 & #c = flat or g5tly slop+ l&2 me?od #d = /eep slopes 7see also fig4 #cb72 ,a1 direction ( slope2 ,b1 cont\r ( field2 ,c1 sew] f tank1 pref]ably size #e in*1 ?\gh #d or #f in* may be us$1 dep5d+ on ! fall & ! size ( ! siphon 7see table1 fig4 #bf72 ,d1 ,v-bran* set to divide ! fl[ exactly2 ,e1 r$uc]1 to #d in*es2 ,f1 #a_/h b5d1 #d-;in*2 ,g1 increas]1 f #d in*es2 ,h1 increas]1 #c to #d in*es2 ,i1 r$uc]1 #d to #c in*es2 ,j1 di/ribution tile1 #c-;in*2 ,k1 di/ribution tile1 #d-;in*4 ,! runs %\ld be laid no deep] ?an necess>y to give cle>ance :5 pl[+ & prev5t injury f fro/4 ,t5 in*es ( e>? above ! top ( ! tile is suffici5t g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! s\!rn half ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & #ah in*es g5]ally 9 ! ,nor?1 b if ! field is expos$ or lacks a ?ick heavy gr[? ( grass ! cov] %\ld be increas$ to #b-a_/b or #c feet ne> ! ,canadian l9e4 ,:at is bett]1 ! tile 9 all in/ances may be laid ) a #aj-;in* cov] & 9 cold wea!r ! runs may be cov]$ ) hay1 /raw1 or leaves weight$ d[n1 :i* may be remov$ 9 ! spr+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4--;,f\r me?ods ( protect+ op5 jo9ts 9 di/ribution l9es--an all-important "w4 ,sket*es %[ cross-section & longitud9al views2 ! dep? f ! surface ( ! gr\nd to ! top ( ! tile is ab\t #aj in*es4 #a4 ,a1 ,subsoil gr\nd2 ,b1 #c or #d in* dra9 tile2 ,c1 /rip ( t>r$ pap] ab\t #f in*es wide & ext5d+ ?ree-f\r?s ! di/ance ar\nd ! tile1 all[+ sewage to escape at ! bottom2 ,d1 co>se s&1 gravel1 brok5 /one or brick1 slag1 c9d]s1 or coke1 ! co>se/ mat]ial plac$ ar\nd ! tile 7:]e ! gr\nd is naturally v por\s & well dra9$1 special fill+ 9 ! tr5* may be omitt$72 ,e1 natural soil4 #b4 ,dra9 tile cov]$ ) a bo>d laid flat1 leav+ ! entire jo9t op54 #c4 ,dra9 tile laid 9 /onew>e gutt] pieces & ! jo9t cov]$ ) /onew>e caps2 gutt] & cap pieces are inexp5sive comm]cial products2 _! radius is long] ?an t ( ! outside ( ! tile1 ?us leav+ op5 mo/ ( ! jo9t space2 ! gutt] aids 9 keep+ ! tile 9 l9e4 #d4 ,vitrifi$ sew] pipe ) hubs fac+ d[nhill2 ! spigot end %\ld be c5t]$ 9 ! hub ) a few small *9ks or w$ges4 ,mak+ ! jo9ts ( ! di/ribution tile dem&s especial att5tion4 ,= a %ort di/ance on ! upp] end ( ea* run ! tile %\ld be laid ) ends abutt+2 ! jo9t op5+ %\ld be increas$ gradually to "o-eigh? in* & ?is increas$ to "o-f\r? 9 ! la/ #bj feet ( ! run4 ,all jo9ts %\ld be protect$ aga9/ ! entrance ( loose dirt4 ,f\r me?ods are %[n 9 figure #cj4 ,! l[] end ( ea* run %\ld be clos$ ) a brick or flat /one2 or1 :at is bett]1 an elb[ or ,t-bran* may be plac$ on ! end & v5t$ above ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 improv+ ! fl[ ( sewage1 ! v5tilation ( pipes1 & ! a]ation ( ! soil4 ,if ! di/ribution tile mu/ be laid 9 clay or o!r close1 poorly dra9$ soil1 special treatm5t is necess>y4 ,a common me?od is to subsoil & und]dra9 ! area ?or\ghly1 z %[n 9 figure #ca4 ,x is n always possible to run ! und]dra9 9 l9es betwe5 ! di/ribution l9es z %[n 9 figures #ai & #ca1 b x is a desirable ?+ to d1 z ! sewage mu/ !n receive "s filtration ?r\gh natural soil4 ,9 "s in/ances x is suffici5t to lay ! di/ribution tile on a cont9u\s b$1 #h to #ab in*es ?ick1 ( co>se gravel1 brok5 /one1 or brick1 slag1 coke1 or c9d]s & complete ! refill z %[n 9 figure #ah or #ca4 ,figure #cb %[s two o!r me?ods ( controll+ ! fl[ on /eep slopes & div]t+ prop] proportions to ! sev]al lat]al di/ributors laid along ! cont\r ( ! field4 ,?is "w c n be effect$ prop]ly ) ,t or ,y bran*es2 ! fl[ t5ds to %oot /raight ahead1 comp>atively little escap+ lat]ally4 ,to ov]come ?is difficulty rec\rse is _h to div]t+ boxes1 ( :i* two types are %[n 9 figure #cb4 ,^! boxes involve exp5se1 b p]mit inspection & division ( ! fl[ accord+ to ! ne$s4 ,!y may be built ( brick1 /one1 concrete1 or ev5 wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4--;,close soils %\ld be deeply subsoil$ & und]dra9$4 ,por\s1 well-dra9$1 air-fill$ soil is absolutely necess>y4 ,a1 ,subsoil$ gr\nd2 ,b1 #c or #d in* di/ribution tile2 ,c1 dep? v>iable ) ! climate1 #a-a_/d to #c-a_/b feet2 ,d1 #d-;in* und]dra92 ,e1 dep? su* z w\ld prep>e l& = good crop production1 g5]ally #c-a_/b to #d feet2 ,f1 /one or o!r co>se mat]ial2 ,g1 gravel grad+ upw>d to co>se s&2 ,h1 loose soil4 ,type #a consi/s ( a s+le box1 into :i* all ! lat]al di/ributors head4 ,x w be not$ t ! lat]als ent] at slightly diff]5t elevations1 ! two opposite ! inlet sew] be+ ! highe/1 ! next two slightly l[]1 & ! next two ! l[e/4 ,?is /agg]+ ( ! outlets1 9 a measure1 (fsets ! t5d5cy ( ! fl[ to %oot across & escape by ! mo/ direct r\te4 ,type #b calls = "o or m div]t+ boxes1 accord+ to ! numb] ( lat]al di/ributors1 & readily p]mits ( wa/+ sewage at widely sep>at$ elevations & di/ances4 ,! outlet pipes ent] ! box at slightly diff]5t elevations1 = ! reason already /at$4 ,) ei!r type1 %\ld ! outlets n be set at ! "r elevations1 p>tial plugg+ ( ! holes & a little exp]im5t+ w enable "o to equalize or proportion ! dis*>ges4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4--,two sy/ems ( di/ribution on /eep slopes--use ( div]t+ box4 ,a ,direction ( slope2 ,b1 cont\r ( field2 ,c1 #d1 #e or #f in* sew] f tank2 ,d div]t+ box2 ,e1 #c-;in* or #d-;in* di/ribution tile4 ,sewage swit*4--,! clogg+ ( filt]s & soils aft] long-cont9u$ application ( sewage has be5 previ\sly ref]r$ to4 ,x is1 !re=e1 desirable to arrange ! di/ribution sy/em 9 two units ) a swit* betwe5 !m1 s t "o area may dra9 & become a]at$ :ile ! o!r is 9 use4 ,?is proc$ure is especially desirable :]e ! soil is close & ! in/allation ( consid]able size4 ,x adds to ! life & effectiv5ess ( ! di/ribution area & p]mits use ( a plant 9 case x is necess>y to repair1 ext5d1 or relay ! tile 9 ei!r unit4 ,arrangem5t 9 two units does n necess>ily mean d\bl+ ! am\nt ( tile & ! area requir$ 9 a s+le field4 ,h[ev] desirable t may be1 exp5se or lack ( suitable gr\nd w (t5 prev5t4 ,) op5 s&s & gravels & ! assum$ siphon dose ( #bj gallons p] p]son1 #ae to #bj feet ( #d-;in* tile 9 ea* unit = ea* p]son w usually suffice4 ,) m compact soil x is advisable to m ne>ly d\ble ! requirem5ts previ\sly describ$4 ,two simple types ( swit* are %[n 9 figure #cc4 ,! swit* %\ld be turn$ frequ5tly1 c]ta9ly z (t5 z is necess>y to prev5t saturation or bogg9ess ( ei!r area4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4--,two simple types ( sewage swit*4 ,a1 ,sew] f tank2 ,b1 swit* box2 ,c1 cov]2 ,d1 blade or /op bo>d 79 ! left-h& box ! direction ( fl[ is controll$ by plac+ ! blade 9 alt]nate diagonal position2 9 ! "r-h& box ! /op works 9 iron guides ca/ integral ) a %ort piece ( light-weight pipe set 9 ! masonry2 if desir$ ! guides may be wood1 fa/5$ to ! masonry ) expansion bolts72 ,e1 sew] to di/ribution area2 ,f 7"r-h& box71 alt]nate position ( outlets or additional outlets if requir$4 ,a complete in/allation4--,! g5]al lay\t & work+ plans ( a complete in/allation built 9 #aiae-af are %[n 9 figure #cd4 ,! plant is l>g] ?an ^? h]et(ore consid]$1 & involves sev]al additional features4 ,! settl+ *amb] bel[ ! fl[ l9e has a capacity ( #a1jjj gallons1 & on a basis ( #dj gallons p] p]son p] day w\ld s]ve #be p4 ,= _m ye>s sewage _h be5 dis*>g$ ?r\gh two #d-;in* sew]s to a cesspool 9 ! re> ( ! h\se4 ,! proximity ( ! well made x unsafe1 & ! ov]fl[ ( ! cesspool dribbl$ ov] ! l[ portion ( ! g>d5 & b>ny>d1 creat+ nuisance4 ,! fir/ /ep 0 to make bor+s ) a soil aug] 9 ! pa/ure #djj or #ejj feet f ! h\se4 ,! bor+s %[$ a heavy clay soil to a dep? ( ab\t #d feet1 und]laid ) a s&y /ratum only a few in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,x 0 decid$ to locate ! di/ribution area 9 ! pa/ure & to aid ! seepage ( sewage by digg+ num]\s filt] wells ?r\gh ! clay to ! s&y /ratum4 ,levels 7 tak5 & a cont\r plan prep>$ to s]ve = lay+ out ! plant & e/abli%+ ! grades4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4--;,a complete in/allation = a l>ge rural home4 ,g5]al lay\t on a cont\r plan & con/ruction draw+s4 ,note ab&onm5t ( old cesspool ne> ! well & g>d5 & removal ( sewage to a l[] & saf] location 9 ! pa/ure1 :]e ! treatm5t is subsurface di/ribution1 aid$ by num]\s filt] wells ab\t #d feet deep fill$ ) co>se gravel4 ,note t sludge is remov$ f ! bottom ( ! settl+ *amb] by op5+ ! gate on ! sludge dra94 ,! septic tank is built 9 "o corn] ( ! b>ny>d1 & a #e-;in* sew] connects x ) ! old #d-;in* sew]s to ! cesspool4 ,all sew] pipe jo9ts 7 p\r$ ) a flexible jo9t+ comp\nd4 ,! settl+ *amb] is ( hopp] %ape at ! bottom1 & a #d-;in* sludge dra9 ) gate provides = ! gravity removal ( sludge4 ,! l[] end ( ! sludge dra9 is above ! surface ( ! gr\nd & #i feet bel[ ! fl[ l9e4 ,! end is protect$ by a small reta9+ wall1 & ! sludge is readily caught 9 b>rels & haul$ out on ! l& = burial4 ,! outlet is l[ en\gh to dra9 ! settl+ *amb] completely4 ,if x is desir$ m]ely to =ce out ! sludge1 ! dra9 may be br\ght to ! surface "u a head ( #c to #e feet1 dis*>g+ ! sludge into a tr5* or dry+ b$1 to be appli$ lat] to ! l&4 ,a #b-;in* wa/e pipe ab\t mid-dep? ( ! settl+ *amb] p]mits draw+ (f ! cle>] portion ( ! sewage to ! siphon *amb] & f !nce ?r\gh ano!r #b-;in* wa/e pipe into ! #f-;in* sew] lead+ to ! di/ribution field4 ,! #d-;in* siphon has a draw+ dep? ( #cc in*es1 & z ! siphon *amb] is #d feet wide by #f feet long ! dose is ab\t #ejj gallons4 ,! siphon co/ #ce4 ,! #f-;in* sew] to ! swit* box falls ab\t #f in*es 9 #ej feet4 ,! di/ribution field 0 ?or\ghly subsoil$1 & ab\t #hjj feet ( #c-;in* tile 0 laid 9 ea* unit4 ,at int]vals ( #be feet along ! di/ribution tr5*es #f-;in* holes 7 dug ?r\gh ! clay /ratum ) a po/hole digg]4 ,^! holes 7 fill$ ) /one & con/itute ! filt] wells previ\sly m5tion$4 ,all tile l9es are surr\nd$ ) /one & co>se gravel1 & ! gr\nd has be5 trimm$ to give a uni=m cov] ( #ab in*es4 ,all "w 0 done by day labor 9 a ?or\gh mann]4 ,z ! m5 7 do+ o!r "w at ! same "t ! actual co/ is n kn[n1 b x is believ$ ! in/allation co/ ab\t #gjj4 ,co/ data4--,reliable co/ figures are difficult to e/imate4 ,labor1 mat]ials1 freight1 haulage1 & o!r items v>y greatly 9 diff]5t localities4 ,! septic tank %[n 9 figure #bc conta9s ab\t #a1jjj bricks & is e/imat$ to co/ #fj complete4 ,! septic tank %[n 9 figure #be = #e p]sons is e/imat$ to co/ #ace2 = #aj p]sons1 #agj2 = #ae p]sons1 #bdj2 = #bj p]sons1 #bhj4 ,9 ,m>yl&1 9 #aiaf1 ! co/ ( in/all+ a septic tank simil> to t %[n 9 figure #be 7= #e p71 includ+ #hf feet ( #e-;in* h\se sew] 7#ee feet ( ca/-iron pipe pass+ a well1 & #ca feet ( vitrifi$ pipe7 & #bad feet ( second-quality #d-;in* sew] pipe 9 ! di/ribution area1 0 z foll[s3 ,excavation1 labor #g4ej ,mat]ials deliv]$ #df4fj ,?ree-in* siphon1 includ+ freight #ae4ge ,con/ruction1 labor #bh4jj ,sup]vision #e4jj ------ ,total #ajb4he ,! quotations 9 ! foll[+ table w be f\nd useful 9 mak+ e/imates ( co/3 ,co/ ( pipe & dra9 tile4 7,febru>y1 #aiba47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,size1 9 in*es4 ,k9d ( pipe4 -------------------------------- #c #d #e #f ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,extra heavy ca/-iron soil pipe1 on c>s ,*icago1 ,ill41 p] or ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 foot #j4cd #j4df #j4fa #j4gb ,vitrifi$ salt-glaz$ sew] pipe1 on c>s ,*icago1 ,ill4 d 4#ae 4#ae 4#bb 4#bb ,vitrifi$ salt-glaz$ sew] pipe1 at factory ne> ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 d 4#ab 4#ab 4#ah 4#ah ,clay or %ale dra9 tile1 at factory 9 ,ohio d 4#jc 4#jc 4#jd 4#je ,clay or %ale dra9 tile1 at factory ne> ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 d 4#jd 4#je 4#jf 4#jg ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,! co/ ( ca/-iron fitt+s may be r\ghly e/imat$ z foll[s3 ,b5ds1 "o to "o & "o-half times ! price ( /raight pipe2 ,t-bran*es1 two times ! price ( /raight pipe2 r$uc]s1 av]age ( ! prices ( /raight pipe at ea* end4 ,! co/ ( clay b5ds1 ,t-bran*es1 r$uc]s1 & increas]s may be r\ghly e/imat$ at f\r times ! price ( /raight pipe4 ,op]ation4--,att5tion mu/ be giv5 to e plant to insure success4 ,unusual or excessive f\lness %\ld be inve/igat$4 ,no *emicals %\ld be us$ 9 a septic tank2 g>bage1 rags1 newspap]1 & o!r solids n readily soluble 9 wat] %\ld be kept out ( sew]s & tanks4 ,! plant %\ld be inspect$ (t51 not+ p>ticul>ly if ! siphon is op]at+ satisfactorily4 ,if scum =ms 9 ! settl+ *amb] x %\ld be remov$1 & ! sludge %\ld be bail$ or pump$ out ye>ly4 ,frequ5tly tanks are n clean$ out = ?ree or f\r ye>s1 result+ 9 l>ge quantities ( solid matt] go+ ?r\gh to ! di/ribution sy/em & clogg+ x4 ,clogg+ may occur 9 ! tile or 9 ! adjac5t soil4 ,9 ei!r case ! tile %\ld be dug up1 clean$1 & relaid4 ,9 "s cases x has be5 f\nd advantage\s to relay ! tile betwe5 ! =m] l9es4 ,:5 sewage is appli$ to fairly por\s l& at ! sl[ rate "h recomm5d$ & ! plant is well h&l$ ! tile l9es %\ld op]ate satisfactorily = _m ye>s4 ,lim+ heavy soils t5ds to loos5 & keep !m sweet4 ,field data4--,z a basis = outl9+ or design+ a suitable in/allation ! foll[+ data %\ld be kn[n3 #a4 ,/ate1 t[n1 & :e!r 9 or ne> an incorporat$ municipality4 #b4 ,usual numb] ( p]sons to be s]v$4 #c4 ,av]age daily consumption ( wat] 9 gallons4 #d4 ,k9d & dep? ( well1 dep? to wat] surface4 #e4 ,"* ( soil1 :e!r s&y1 gravelly1 loamy1 clay1 or muck4 #f4 ,condition ( soil z to dra9age4 #h4 ,"* ( und]ly+ rock &1 if kn[n1 its dep? bel[ ! surface4 #i4 ,dep? to gr\nd wat] at bo? h\se & field :]e sewage is to be di/ribut$4 #aj4 ,m9imum w9t] temp]ature & approximate dep? to :i* fro/ goes4 #aa4 ,numb] & k9d ( build+s to be connect$ ) ! sew]4 #ab4 ,numb] & k9d ( plumb+ fixtures 9 ea* build+4 #ac4 ,:e!r plumb+ fixtures are to be put 9 ! basem5t4 #ad4 ,dep? ( basem5t floor bel[ gr\nd4 ,a plan to scale or a sket* ) dim5sions %[+ prop]ty l9es1 build+s1 wells1 spr+s1 & dra9age outlets %\ld be furni%$4 ,! direction ( surface dra9age %\ld be indicat$ by arr[s4 ,! slope ( ! l& 7v]tical fall 9 a /at$ horizontal di/ance7 %\ld be giv5 or if possible a cont\r plan 7%[+ l9es ( con/ant elevation7 %\ld be furni%$4 ,,grease ,,traps4 ,f>m sewage may conta9 f #aj to #cj p\nds ( grease & fats p] p]son p] ye>4 ,?is grease1 orig9at+ ma9ly 9 ! kit*5 s9k1 h9d]s septic action & clogs pipes1 filt]s1 & soils4 ,half ! grease may be /opp$ by a septic tank1 b ! rema9d] goes into ! di/ribution sy/em1 int]f]+ ) its action4 ,a grease trap is a device = sep>at+ ! grease f o!r wa/es4 ,! ne$ = x may be less5$ by c>efully deposit+ wa/e greases & fats ) ! g>bage2 b "o %\ld always be in/all$ if ! kit*5 is c>elessly manag$ or dis*>ges quantities ( greasy wat] z at in/itutions1 hotels1 bo>d+ h\ses1 & bake%ops4 ,a grease trap %\ld h sev]al times ! capacity ( ! greate/ quantity ( greasy wat] dis*>g$ into x at "o "t1 9 ord] t ! ent]+ wat] %all be well cool$ & ! grease congeal$4 ,! solidifi$ grease rises to ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! trap & is reta9$ !re94 ,a di%pan ( greasy wat] 7#b-a_/b to #c gallons7 is ! l>ge/ quantity likely to be dis*>g$ at "o "t f an ord9>y kit*5 s9k1 h5ce ! grease trap %\ld h n less capacity ?an #g or #h gallons4 ,figure #ce %[s ?ree types ( grease traps suitable = f>m use4 ,9 ea* ! outlet pipe has small cle>ance at ! bottom4 ,?is feature1 toge!r ) ! ,v-%ap$ hopp] bottom1 t5ds to create a sc\r+ velocity & ?us prev5t ! accumulation ( c(fee gr\nds & o!r solid wa/es 9 ! bottom ( ! trap4 ,a grease trap %\ld be close to ! s9k x is int5d$ to s]ve1 b n )9 ! kit*51 on acc\nt ( objectionable odors :5 ! trap is op5$ to remove grease4 ,x is good practice to place ! trap 9 ! cell> or basem5t1 :]e x is safe f fro/ yet close to ! s\rce ( grease4 ,illu/ration3 ,ready-made grease trap4 ,vitrifi$1 salt-glaz$ e>!nw>e4 ,,/ock ,,sizes ,diamet]4 ,dep?4 ,in*es4 ,in*es4 #ae #bd #ah #cf #bd #cf ,illu/ration3 ,home-made grease trap4 ,concrete or well-pla/]$ brick "w2 elb[1 cross & increas] to be recess$ dra9age fitt+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,type ( grease trap us$ at ,u4 ,s4 ,army camps4 ,fig4 #ce4--,?ree types ( grease trap4 ,,g5]al ,,proc$ure4 ,d n wa/e money by digg+ &1 p>tly con/ruct+1 aft]w>ds seek+ in=mation4 ,prep>e a plan & "w f x4 ,get 9 t\* ) y\r c\nty agricultural & home demon/ration ag5ts4 ,advice may be obta9$ also f ext5sion work]s1 ,/ate agricultural colleges1 ,/ate & local bo>ds ( heal?1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,public ,heal? ,s]vice1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,d n guess di/ances & levels4 ,use a measur+ tape & "s type ( level--eng9e]'s1 ar*itect's1 dra9age1 h&1 or c>p5t]'s4 ,/udy ?is bullet91 & design1 lay out1 & con/ruct 9 accordance !re)4 ,rememb] to3 7#a7 ,isolate ! septic tank--locate x #ej to #ajj or m feet f any dwell+ &1 if practicable1 to ! leew>d ( prevail+ summ] breezes2 7#b7 locate ! cesspool or sewage di/ribution field d[nhill f ! well or spr+1 &1 if possible1 #cjj feet !refrom2 7#c7 select dry1 por\s1 deeply dra9$ gr\nd = disposal ( all sewage2 7#d7 d n apply m sewage to a giv5 area ( l& ?an c be ?or\ghly absorb$ & oxidiz$2 7#e7 lay sew]s /raight & bel[ ! rea* ( fro/1 v5tilate !m ?or\ghly1 & make ! jo9ts wat]-tight & root-pro(4 ,make%ift me?ods1 mat]ials1 or devices %\ld be avoid$ or us$ sp>+ly4 ,d n place a v5t pipe 9 ! top ( a cesspool or septic tank if ne> a dwell+4 ,siphon *amb] & siphon may be omitt$ 9 ^? r>e in/ances :]e x is feasible to dis*>ge into salt wat] or into a l>ge /ream already badly pollut$4 ,disposal ( sewage 9 a runn+ /ream %\ld be a la/ resort4 ,su* practice endang]s wat] supplies d[n/ream1 & unless ! volume & velocity ( fl[ are good nuisance may be creat$ 9 ! vic9ity4 ,d n neglect inspection & op]ation4 ,clean out settl+ tanks ye>ly or (t5]4 ,all pipe l9es bel[ gr\nd %\ld be m>k$ ) iron or /one m>k]s to facilitate exam9ation1 repair1 or ext5sion ( ! sy/em4 ,!re is a g5]al b errone\s belief t ! co/ ( sew]age is little 9 ! city b almo/ prohibitive 9 ! c\ntry4 ,all p]sonal & realty prop]ties 9 "o ea/]n city repres5t a valuation ( #aj1chb p] home1 :i* pays #cee = sew]s outside ! cell> wall4 ,an av]age f>m 9 a ,middle ,we/ ,/ate repres5ts a valuation ( #ag1bei4 ,is n ! f>m] ju/ifi$ 9 ! small outlay requir$ to dispose ( ! f>m sewage8 ,because ( ! issuance ( bonds & ! apportionm5t ( sew] assessm5ts = a s]ies ( ye>s ! city dwell] may h 8 burd5 di/ribut$ ov] a long p]iod4 ,! f>m] does n pay int]e/ on ^! obligations1 & sew] "w c be done m *eaply 9 ! c\ntry ?an 9 ! city4 ,safe disposal ( f>m sewage is n a pass+ fad b a vital necessity4 ,besides be+ an asset a good sew]age in/allation greatly promotes ! :olesom5ess & heal?fulness ( ! f>m4 ,moreov] ! b5efits are f>-rea*+1 because f>m products g into e home1 & f>m & urban populations m+le freely4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib] ,note ,two head]s 7,kit*5-,s9k ,dra9age & ,cesspools7 7 add$ to ! ,table ( ,cont5ts bas$ on _! =matt+ 9 ! text4 ,m9or typos h be5 correct$4 ,illu/rations 7 mov$ to prev5t splitt+ p>agraphs4 ,figure #ba4 0 mov$ adjac5t to ! directions & specifications on ,page #cb4 ,due to space consid]ations 9 ! text only v]sion1 emphasis ( column head]s 7 sometimes elim9at$ & "s ( ! tables 7 re>rang$4