file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #fcjia-;h4htm or #fcjia-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #fcjia_/pg#fcjia-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#fcji a_/fcjia-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/gri#ccabe jjjjbdeej ,"s *>act]s might n display prop]ly 9 ?is ,,utf-#h text file 7e4g41 empty squ>es74 ,if s1 ! read] %\ld consult ! html v]sion or ! orig9al page images not$ above4 ,! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art ,publication ( ! ,committee on ,education ,,! ,,craft ,,( ,,a!nian ,,pott]y by ,,gisela ,m4 ,a4 ,,ri*t] 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,( ,,?is ,,book #ejj ,,copies ,,7 ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,may #aibc #ejj ,,additional ,,copies ,,7 ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,m>* #aibd 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art ,,! ,,craft ,,( ,,a!nian ,,pott]y ,an ,inve/igation ( ! ,te*nique ( ,black-,figur$ & ,r$-,figur$ ,a!nian ,vases by ,,gisela ,m4 ,a4 ,,ri*t]1 ,,litt4,d4 ,associate ,curator1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,classical ,art ,illu/ration ,new ,hav5 ,yale ,univ]sity ,press ,london ,humphrey ,mil=d ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press ,,mdccccxxiv ,copyright #aibc by ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,,cont5ts ,page ,li/ ( ,illu/rations vii ,preface xi ,*apt] ,i4 ,te*nical ,processes 9 ! ,mak+ ( ,mod]n ,pott]y & _! ,application to ! ,te*nique ( ,anci5t ,vases #a ,prep>ation ( ! ,clay #a ,+r$i5ts & ,prop]ties #a ,wa%+ #b ,w$g+ #b ,fa%ion+ ! ,vases #d 7#a7 ,:eelwork #d ,types ( ,:eel #d ,?r[+ #g ,turn+ #aj ,"w 9 ,sections #ae ,poli%+ #ai ,atta*m5t ( h&les #bj 7#b7 ,build+ #bf 7#c7 ,m\ld+ #bg ,fir+ ! ,vases #bi ,production ( ,temp]ature #bi ,types ( ,kilns #cb ,pack+ ! ,kiln #cd ,fir+ #ce ,numb] ( ,fir+s #cg ,injuries 9 ! ,fir+ #dd ,glaz+ #dg ,r$ ,o*re ,wa% #ec ,7 ,a!nian ,vases ,made = ,e-,day ,use8 #ei ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,repres5tations ( ,anci5t ,pott]s #fd ,fa%ion+ ! ,vases #fd ,decorat+ ! ,vases #gj ,fir+ ! ,vases #ge ,miscellane\s ,sc5es #gh ,repres5tations ,wrongly ,int]pret$ z ,pott]y ,sc5es #hc ,pott]'s ,implem5ts #hd ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,ref]5ces to ! ,pott]y ,craft 9 ,anci5t ,lit]ature #hg ,prep>ation ( ! ,clay #hg ,fa%ion+ ! ,vases #hi 7#a7 ,:eelwork #hi 7#b7 ,build+ #ic ,fir+ ! ,vases #id ,r$ ,o*re ,wa% #if ,porosity ( ,greek ,pott]y #ih ,! ,/atus ( ,pott]s #ih ,conclusion #ajf ,select$ ,bibliography #aji ,index #aaa ,,illu/rations ,figure ,page #a4 ,w$g+ 7a7 #c #b4 ,w$g+ 7b7 #d #c4 ,kick-:eel ) treadle #e #d4 ,kick-:eel ) disk #f #e4 ,:eel put 9 motion by assi/ant turn+ h&le #f ,processes ( ?r[+3 #f4 ,c5t]+ ball #g #g4 ,press+ clay d[n #g #h4 ,squeez+ clay into cone #g #i4 ,ins]t+ ?umb #g #aj4 ,mak+ cyl9d] #h #aa4 ,mak+ b[l #h #ab4 ,mak+ j> #h #ac4 ,mak+ bottle #h #ad4 ,turn+ a vase #aj #ae4 ,turn$ foot #aa #af4 ,foot left z ?r[n #ab #ag4 ,turn+ m>ks on outside ( vase #ac #ah4 ,turn+ m>ks on inside ( vase #ac #ai4 ,f9i%+ m>ks left 9 h&work #ad #bj4 ,unturn$ inside ( amphora #ae #ba4 ,vase ?r[n 9 sections #af #bb4 ,sections 9 place #ag #bc4 ,vase aft] turn+ #ag #bd4 ,wet cell> #ah #be4 ,detail ( kylix %[+ jo9t #ai #bf4 ,detail ( amphora %[+ diff]5ce betwe5 poli%$ & unpoli%$ surfaces #bj #bg4 ,atta*m5t ( h&les #ba #bh-cc4 ,a!nian vases %[+ treatm5t ( h&les #bb1 #bc1 #bd #cd4 ,detail ( krat] %[+ "u "p ( h&le left r\gh #be #ce4 ,mak+ coils #bf #cf4 ,vase p\r$ 9 a m\ld #bh #cg4 ,inside ( m\ld$ vase #bi #ch4 ,vase %[+ jo9t ( two p>ts ( m\ld #cj #ci4 ,op5 kiln #ca #dj4 ,muffle kiln ) biscuit w>e #cb #da4 ,op5 kiln %[+ sagg]s #cc #db4 ,muffle kiln ) glaz$ w>e #cd #dc4 ,detail ( amphora %[+ prelim9>y sket* #cg #dd4 ,design on r$-figur$ krat]4 7a7 ,prelim9>y sket* #ch 7b7 ,complet$ pa9t+ #ch #de4 ,detail ( hydria %[+ d5t ) m>k ov] black glaze #da #df4 ,detail ( amphora %[+ d5t ) clay f o!r body /ill adh]+ #db #dg4 ,unf9i%$ kylix #dc #dh4 ,foot ( unf9i%$ kylix #dc #di4 ,black-glaz$ amphora ) l>ge r$ spot on "o side #df ,me?ods ( ,glaz+3 #ej4 ,dipp+ #dh #ea4 ,p\r+ #di #eb4 ,use ( ! bru% #ej #ec4 ,spray+ #ea #ed4 ,hydria %[+ bru% m>ks #eb #ee4 ,detail ( psykt] %[+ relief l9e #ec #ef4 ,detail ( amphora %[+ dilut$ black glaze l9e 7on arm7 go+ ov] r$ o*re left 9 prelim9>y sket* l9e #eg #eg4 ,inside ( krat] %[+ ext5sive we> #fc ,repres5tations ( anci5t pott]s fa%ion+ vases3 #eh4 ,a!nian pott]y e/abli%m5t #fd #ei4 ,pott] ?r[+ #ff #fj4 ,pott] ?r[+ #ff #fa4 ,pott] atta*+ h&les #fg #fb4 ,pott] incis+ l9es 787 #fh #fc4 ,pott] jo9+ sections 787 #fh #fd4 ,boy f9i%+ a vase #fi #fe4 ,pott] build+ a vase #gj ,repres5tations ( anci5t pott]s decorat+ vases3 #ff4 ,a!na & ,victories cr[n+ pott]s at "w #ga #fg4 ,y\? decorat+ kylix #gb #fh4 ,pott] glaz+ kylix #gc #fi4 ,pott] pa9t+ b&s on a krat] #gc #gj4 ,?ree y\?s1 "o pa9t+ a krat] #gd #ga4 ,pott]y e/abli%m5t #ge ,repres5tations ( anci5t pott]s fir+3 #gb4 ,pott] /ok+ fire #gf #gc4 ,pott] /ok+ fire #gf #gd-gi4 ,pott]s regulat+ draught #gg #hj4 ,vases /ack$ 9 pott]'s kiln #gh ,repres5tations ( anci5t pott]s3 miscellane\s sc5es3 #ha4 ,y\? remov+ vase f ov5 ) two /icks #gi #hb4 ,y\? work+ on vases 787 #gi #hc4 ,ma/] pott]787 #hj #hd4 ,woman pott]787 #ha #he4 ,cli5t 9 pott]'s %op #hb #hf4 ,%ip ) c>go ( pott]y #hb ,pott]'s ,implem5ts3 #hg4 ,:eel-head #hd #hh4 ,tools f\nd at ,arezzo #he #hi4 ,/ilt #he ,,preface ,= our k ( ! te*nique ( ,a!nian vases we h v>i\s s\rces ( in=mation4 ,!re are a numb] ( ref]5ces to ! craft 9 anci5t lit]ature2 we h sev]al actual repres5tations ( pott]s at "w among extant vase pa9t+s2 & !re is ! important te/imony ( ! vases !mselves4 ,! in=mation glean$ f ^! ?ree s\rces has be5 duly work$ ov] by ar*aeologi/s1 & ! _m acc\nts we h ( ! te*nique ( ,greek vases are all bas$ m or less on ?is evid5ce4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r v important s\rce ( in=mation ready to our h& :i* has n be5 fully utiliz$1 namely1 ! /udy ( ! te*nical processes employ$ 9 ! mak+ ( mod]n pott]y4 ,=1 ! nature & prop]ties ( clay be+ ! same n[ t !y 7 9 ,greek times1 ! mann] ( work+ x mu/ h be5 ess5tially ! same !n z n[4 ,_m ar*aeologi/s h1 ( c\rse1 se5 pott]s at "w 9 diff]5t places1 or p]haps consult$ pott]s on specific po9ts2 b t is a diff]5t ?+ f gett+ a ?or\gh k ( ! craft oneself & le>n+ once = all :at is possible & :at is n possible 9 clay-work+4 ,! neglect ( ?is highly valuable s\rce ( in=mation has l$ to "s surpris+ !ories reg>d+ ! te*nique ( ,greek vases2 & ^! !ories h be5 repeat$ ov] & ov] aga9 9 our books on vases1 = ! simple reason t1 n hav+ any fir/-h& k1 we h copi$ ^! /atem5ts f "o ano!r4 ,a mod]n pott] read+ ^! acc\nts f9ds !m rem>kable lit]ature4 ,! pres5t writ]1 realiz+ h] own ignorance on ! _m que/ions ( clay-work+1 w5t to a mod]n pott]y s*ool4 ,! result ( ?is fir/-h& /udy 0 n only ! acquisition ( new k1 b a totally new insight into ! :ole subject4 ,! pres5t essay is an attempt to revise ! curr5t !ories ( ! te*nique ( ,a!nian pott]y 9 ! light ( ?is practical exp]i5ce4 ,n only does su* practical exp]i5ce supply u ) ! k ess5tial = ! consid]ation ( te*nical problems1 b x gives u a new appreciation ( ! beauty ( ,a!nian vases4 ,if we try to make su* %apes ourselves we %all beg9 to obs]ve _m details :i* p]haps pass$ unnotic$ be=e--! f9ely design$ h&les1 ! well-proportion$ feet1 ! practical m\?s2 & ! curves1 ! m\ld+s1 & ! subtle v>iations w become a con/ant delight to ! eye4 ,moreov]1 we %all be impress$ m ?an ev] ) ! wond]ful s5se ( proportion 9 ,a!nian vases4 ,= ! relation ( ! height to ! wid?1 ! proportions ( ! neck1 ! body1 ! foot1 & ! h&les to "o ano!r appe> to be all nicely ?\ght out4 ,!re is no hit-or-miss ab\t x2 ! :ole is an int]relat$ !me evid5tly plann$ c>efully be=e mak+1 ei!r by ! pott] himself or by a pr(essional design]4 ,9 %ort1 any "o :o has tri$ 8 h& 9 ! production ( ,greek =ms w und]/& v well t ! mak]s ( su* vases 7 pr\d ( _! "w & t ! signature ( a well-kn[n pott] 0 at lea/ z valuable z t ( a popul> decorator4#a ,! pott]y s*ool to :i* ,i w5t 0 ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,s*ool ( ,c]amics at ,alfr$1 ,new ,york4 ,?r\gh\t my "w at ! s*ool & lat] 9 my inve/igation ( ,greek vases at ! ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,i _h ! great b5efit ( ! advice ( ,pr(essor ,*>les ,f4 ,b9ns1 director ( ! s*ool4 ,9 fact1 any value :i* ?is pap] may possess is l>gely due to ?is opportunity ( appeal to someone :o possesses ! r>e comb9ation ( exp]t k 9 ! field ( practical pott]y ) a s*ol>'s attitude t[>d ! problems pres5t$ by ! anci5t w>e4 ,x is also a pleasure to ackn[l$ge ! _m helpful sugge/ions made f "t to "t by ,miss ,maude ,rob9son1 director ( ! pott]y "w at ,gre5wi* ,h\se1 ,new ,york1 z well z by ,miss ,elsie ,b9ns & ,h>old ,na%1 mod]n pott]s :om ,i h _h ! advantage ( consult+ on v>i\s que/ions4 ,i am indebt$ to ,miss ,hel5 ,mc,clees = valuable assi/ance 9 ! section deal+ ) ! ref]5ces to pott]y craft 9 anci5t lit]ature4 ,9 my exam9ation ( ,greek vases1 :i* necessitat$ h&l+ ( ! specim5s1 ,i 0 greatly help$ by ! c\rte\s assi/ance ( _m museum directors4 ,! plan ( ?is book is z foll[s3 ,! fir/ *apt] gives a concise acc\nt ( ! processes 9 use 9 ! mak+ ( vases at mod]n pott]y s*ools#b & _! application to ! te*nique ( anci5t vases4 ,! second *apt] conta9s a description ( ! v>i\s repres5tations we h ( anci5t pott]s at "w4 ,9 ! ?ird *apt] are collect$ ! *ief ,greek & ,lat9 texts ref]r+ to ! anci5t pott]y craft4 ,aft] ?is pres5tation ( all ! evid5ce on ! te*nique ( ,a!nian vases comes a %ort summ>y ( ! new conclusions arriv$ at1 & a select$ bibliography4 ,! illu/rations ( mod]n pott]y sc5es 7 tak5 "u ! direction ( ,*>les ,f4 ,b9ns at ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,s*ool ( ,c]amics1 ,alfr$1#c & ( ,maude ,rob9son at pott]y /udios 9 ,new ,york ,city4#d ,i4 ,,te*nical ,,processes ,,9 ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,,mod]n ,,pott]y ,,& ,,_! ,,application ,,to ,,! ,,te*nique ,,( ,,anci5t ,,vases ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,clay ,+r$i5ts & prop]ties4 ,! mak+ ( a pot beg9s 9 ! clay b$4 ,! clay has to be f\nd1 x has to be transport$1 & above all x has to be te/$ to see :e!r x is adapt$ to ! pott]'s ne$s4 ,= !re are _m diff]5t k9ds ( clay & !y are z individual z human be+s2 s t a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( !m is ess5tial to ! successful pott]4 ,! *ief +r$i5ts ( clay are silica1 alum9a1 & wat]4 ,o!r possible +r$i5ts are iron oxide1 lime 7calcium oxide71 magnesia1 & pota%4 ,to ! iron comp\nds are due ! diff]5t colors ( ! clay4 ,:5 pott]s speak ( ! color ( a clay--r$1 yell[1 :ite--!y ref] to ! color aft] burn+1 n 9 ! raw /ate4 ,! tones ( ! color are controll$ by heat2 = in/ance1 a r$ clay becomes fir/ p9k1 !n 9 a high] fire a deep] r$1 & 9 a /ill high] fire a br[ni% r$4 ,! pott] dem&s ?ree prop]ties ( 8 clay3 7#a7 pla/icity1 ! prop]ty :i* enables ! clay to acquire =m2 7#b7 porosity1 ! prop]ty :i* enables ! wat] to escape2 & 7#c7 vitrification1 ! prop]ty :i* enables ! clay to be fir$4 ,^! ?ree prop]ties are due to ! ?ree *ief compon5t p>ts ( ! clay2 namely1 clay base1 qu>tz1 & feldsp>4 ,x w be f\nd t "s clays are n pla/ic en\gh1 o!rs n suffici5tly por\s1 & o!rs aga9 n prop]ly vitrifiable2 9 su* cases ! addition ( c]ta9 sub/ances is necess>y to make ! clay usable4 ,! actual composition ( ! clay1 !re=e1 is ( great importance1 z no am\nt ( skilful labor w avail if ! clay itself has n ! "r consi/5cy4 ,wa%+4 ,:5 ! "r composition ( ! clay has be5 assur$1 ! next /ep is to wa% x & sep>ate x f ! _m natural impurities1 su* z /ones1 /icks1 etc41 ) :i* x is mix$4 ,a clay n prop]ly wa%$ is a s\rce ( great vexation 9 ! lat] /ages ( pott]y mak+4 ,! be/ me?od is t ( 8blung+10 t is1 ! dry clay is put into wat] & /irr$ con/antly until x rea*es ! consi/5cy ( cream1 te*nically call$ 8slip10 :]eupon x is p\r$ ?r\gh sieves1 co>se or f9e accord+ to ! desir$ consi/5cy4 ,! liquid clay or slip mu/ !n be dri$ suffici5tly to become pla/ic & workable4 ,?is c be done ei!r 9 filt] presses 9 :i* ! wat] is squeez$ out 9 a comp>atively %ort "t1 or 9 %all[ receptacles 9 ! op5 air :]e ! wat] is all[$ sl[ly to evaporate4 ,w$g+4 ,b ev5 at ?is /age ! clay is n yet ready = use2 x has fir/ to g ?r\gh ! important process ( knead+ or 8w$g+40 ,?is consi/s ( cutt+ a ball ( clay 9 two aga9/ a wire 7fig4 #a71 slapp+ ! two p>ts on a pla/] or wood5 bo>d1 "o on top ( ! o!r 7fig4 #b71 !n lift+ up ! :ole lump1 cutt+ x 9 two aga91 & slapp+ x d[n z be=e4 ,! purpose is to remove all air bubbles & to correct irregul>ities 9 h>dness4 ,! op]ation has sometimes to be repeat$ fifte5 or tw5ty times be=e a good texture is secur$4#e ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,w$g+ 7a7 ,we le>n f ! above survey t ! f9e consi/5cy ( ! clay 9 ,a!nian & 9 "s o!r ,greek w>es is n necess>ily due to its natural /ate1 b to ! c>eful wa%+ & knead+ und]gone 9 its prep>ation = use4 ,:5 diff]5t p>ticles are f\nd 9 ! fir$ clay !y are due to indiff]5t wa%+4 ,& ! v>y+ %ades ( p9k & r$ ( ,greek vases likewise d n presuppose diff]5t k9ds ( clay1 b are due l>gely to ! v>i\s temp]atures to :i* ! vases 7 fir$4 ,we h too (t5 made our analyses ( clays ( ,greek vases )\t due cognizance ( ^! facts4 ,,fa%ion+ ,,! ,,vases 7#a7 ,,:eelwork ,!re are ?ree pr9cipal ways ( mak+ vases--fa%ion+ !m on ! :eel1 build+ !m1 & mak+ !m f m\lds4 ,let u exam9e fir/ ! "w on ! :eel1 ! pott]'s tool p> excell5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,w$g+ 7b7 ,types ( :eel4 ,!re are v>i\s types ( :eel 9 g5]al use today4 ,! :eel run by electric p[] does n conc]n u "h s9ce x _c h be5 us$ by ! ,greeks4 ,9 /udio pott]ies1 a kick-:eel is (t5 us$4 ,9 ?is ! op]ator /&s & kicks ) 8 left foot aga9/ a treadle1 ! weight ( 8 body be+ support$ by ! "r 7fig4 #c74 ,ano!r fairly popul> type has a l>ge1 heavy disk at ! bottom revolv+ 9 a horizontal plane1 & kept 9 motion by "o foot ( ! op]ator 7fig4 #d74 ,a v simple type ( :eel 9 use "s "t ago is illu/rat$ 9 fig4 #e4 ,"h ! motion is imp>t$ by an assi/ant turn+ ! h&le4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,kick-:eel ) treadle ,any "o ( ^! ?ree types may h be5 us$ by ! ,greeks4 ,9 ! repres5tations ( anci5t pott]s at "w 7cf4 pp4 #fd ff47 ! :eel appe>s to h be5 propell$ ei!r ) ! foot or by an assi/ant4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,kick-,:eel ) disk ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,:eel put 9 motion by assi/ant turn+ h&le ,b>b]1 ,! ,pott]y & ,porcela9 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 p4 #d1 fig4 #b ,?r[+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #f-i4 ,processes ( ?r[+ ,fig4 #f4 ,c5t]+ ball ,fig4 #g4 ,press+ clay d[n ,fig4 #h4 ,squeez+ clay into cone ,fig4 #i4 ,ins]t+ ?umb ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #aj-ac4 ,processes ( ?r[+ ,fig4 #aj4 ,mak+ cyl9d] ,fig4 #aa4 ,mak+ b[l ,fig4 #ab4 ,mak+ j> ,fig4 #ac4 ,mak+ bottle ,! fir/ task 9 fa%ion+ a vase on ! :eel--or 8?r[+0 x1 z x is te*nically call$--is to c5t] ! ball ( clay on ! :eel-head4 ,x is accompli%$ by press+ ! left h& aga9/ ! ball ( clay z x revolves rapidly1 c>e be+ tak5 to keep ! left =e>m absolutely rigid 7fig4 #f74 ,! "r h& is us$ = keep+ ! clay wet by spr9kl+ x ) wat]1 & = pull+ ! clay inw>d1 ?us squeez+ x up to a cone4 ,! cone is press$ up & d[n 9 ?is mann] sev]al times 7figs4 #g & #h74 ,:5 ! ball runs p]fectly true1 x is "t to op5 x by ins]t+ ! ?umb 9 ! c5t] 7fig4 #i72 !n by plac+ ! f+]s ( "o h& inside ! holl[1 & ! f+]s ( ! o!r on ! outside1#f & by rais+ bo? h&s gradually sev]al times & squeez+ ! clay lightly :ile s do+1 a cyl9d] is =m$ 7fig4 #aj74 ,! cyl9d] is ! f\ndation ( all o!r %apes4 ,= to produce a b[l1 "o ne$ only pull out ! cyl9d] a little at ! top 7fig4 #aa72 to make a globul> j>1 pull x out at ! bottom & 9 at ! top 7fig4 #ab72 to fa%ion a long-neck$ vase1 pull x out at ! bottom & 9 at ! top1 leav+ en\gh clay to sp9 ! top into a tall1 n>r[ cyl9d] :i* w s]ve z a neck 7fig4 #ac72 & by v>i\s o!r manipulations "o c produce almo/ e v>iety ( %ape4 ,to ?r[ a vase to specific measurem5ts1 a c>eful draw+ ( ! %ape %\ld fir/ be made & calip]s & measur+ /icks kept close at h& = *eck+ ! "w z x proce$s4 ,! e>lie/ ,greek vases are made by h&2 b f ! ,e>ly ,m9oan ,,iii & ,middle ,helladic ,i p]iods 7i4e41 ab\t #bbjj ,b4,c47 9 c]ta9 places at lea/1 vases 7 regul>ly ?r[n on ! :eel4 ,!y c\ld n h ! regul> & symmetrical outl9es !y h if !y 7 built by h&1 & _m w\ld %[ traces ( v]tical jo9ts if !y 7 made 9 m\lds4 ,t ! processes ( ?r[+ 7 id5tical ) ^? describ$ z 9 use today1 !re is ( c\rse no means ( det]m9+2 b !y c]ta9ly mu/ h be5 simil>1 z clay has n *ang$ its nature f ,greek times to ours4 ,! evid5ce :i* we glean f repres5tations on ,greek vases ( pott]s at "w1 scanty ?\gh x is1 be>s out ?is self-evid5t fact4 ,f ! above description x w be not$ t 9 ?is "w ( ?r[+ ! simultane\s use ( bo? h&s is necess>y--an important fact to rememb] :5 int]pret+ sc5es to be relat$ to ! fa%ion+ ( vases4 ,turn+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,turn+ a vase ,aft] a piece has be5 ?r[n on ! :eel1 x has assum$ its g5]al %ape1 b t is all4 ,! ?9n+ ( ! walls1 ! ref9em5ts ( foot & lip1 all su* f9i%+ t\*es mu/ be res]v$ = ! next process4 ,?is is kn[n among mod]n pott]s z 8turn+40 ,9 ?is ! clay is no long] 9 a wet /ate1 b 9 a 8lea!r-h>d0 condition1 & x is n work$ ) ! h&s b ) /eel cutt+ tools4 ,a newly %ap$ vase becomes lea!r h>d aft] x has be5 kept 9 ! air & ! wat] all[$ to evaporate = ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,pieces 9 ?is /ate are h>d en\gh to be h&l$ ) c>e & to be cut easily ) a knife4 ,!y are n s fragile z ei!r 9 ! wet or 9 ! 8bone-dry0 /ate1 b !y are /ill delicate & expos$ to _m dang]s4 ,n until a vase has be5 fir$ is x safe to h&le x freely4 ,! cutt+ ) ! /eel tools is done on ! :eel 7or 8jigg]0#g71 ! "r h& :i* grasps ! tool be+ kept /eady by lett+ x re/ on a /ick held 9 ! left h&2 ! /ick %\ld h a %>p5$ nail on "o end1 ! po9t ( :i* is press$ into a wood5 bo>d at ! height requir$ 7fig4 #ad74 ,by cont9u$ cutt+ (f ( ?9 %av+s ( clay & by add+ m clay 9 slip =m :5 m is ne$$1 ! f9al outl9e ( ! %ape & ! v>i\s grooves & m\ld+s = lip & foot c be obta9$4 ,b x is a sl[ process1 requir+ "t1 c>e1 & great pati5ce4 ,= ! smoo?+ ( ! surface1 scrap]s1 s&pap]1 & sponge are useful4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,turn$ foot ,met4 ,mus4 ,acc4 ,no4 #ab4bcd4b ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,foot left z ?r[n ,met4 ,mus4 ,acc4 ,no4 #jg4bcb4cj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,turn+ m>ks on outside ( vase ,met4 ,mus4 ,acc4 ,no4 #jf4ajba4fd ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,turn+ m>ks on inside ( vase ,met4 ,mus4 ,acc4 ,no4 ,g4,r4#abbh ,?is turn+ or ref9+ ( ! %ape aft] ?r[+1 01 z we might expect1 n 9 univ]sal use 9 anci5t times4 ,prior to ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 x 0 us$ occasionally "h & !re1 & (t5 only to a limit$ ext5t4 ,b !re _c be ! slighte/ d\bt t 9 ! ,a!nian black-figur$ & r$-figur$ vases ext5sive use 0 made ( ! turn+ tools4 ,! grooves & m\ld+s = lip & foot 7 produc$ by ?is turn+ process1 n1 z mod]n ar*aeologi/s tell u1 by ! use ( m\lds4#h ,= ?is !re is abundant pro(4 ,! feet ( ,a!nian vases are almo/ all turn$ at ! bottom1 "s ) rem>kable c>e & f9i% 7fig4 #ae71 n left flat1 z !y w\ld be aft] ?r[+ 7fig4 #af74 ,! lids ( pyxides & simil> vases c\ld n h be5 made to fit s neatly on _! l$ges )\t ! use ( turn+4 ,above all1 ! wond]ful f9i% & precision ( ,a!nian vases c\ld nev] h be5 atta9$ by m]e ?r[+4 ,b !re is ev5 m conv9c+ pro(4 ,unless ! m>ks ( ! turn+ tools are v c>efully oblit]at$ 7) scrap]s1 s&pap]1 & sponge71 traces ( !m are always visible4 ,& ?is is ! case also 9 ,a!nian vases4 ,! outside surfaces are g5]ally c>efully smoo!d1 b ev5 !re ! ridges =m$ by ! tools are (t5 disc]nible 7fig4 #ag72 & on ! inside ( ! necks or feet or lids su* ridges & conc5tric or spiral scrat*es are q frequ5t 7fig4 #ah74 ,!y are v diff]5t1 h[ev]1 f ! f9i%+ m>ks left 9 h&work 7fig4 #ai74 ,to appreciate ! f9e1 smoo? surface :i* "w ) ! turn+ tools produces1 we ne$ only exam9e ! insides ( mo/ ,a!nian amphorai & hydriai2 = ^!1 be+ m or less conceal$1 are g5]ally left z ?r[n1 (t5 %[+ ! spiral ridges :i* rapidly revolv+ clay w cause 7fig4 #bj74 ,!y ?us =m a /rik+ contra/ to ! f9ely smoo!d outside surfaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,f9i%+ m>ks left 9 h&work ,met4 ,mus4 ,acc4 ,no4 ,g4,r4#hcd ,! fact t ! ,a!nian pott] made use ( ! turn+ process %[s incid5tally t he 0 able to make 8 vases to v exact measurem5ts4 ,?is is important 9 connection ) ,jay ,hambidge's !ory t ,a!nian pott]y 0 c>efully design$ on c]ta9 geometrical pr9ciples2#i = if ! ,a!nian pott] _h conf9$ himself m]ely to ?r[+ on ! :eel t w\ld n h be5 possible4 ,x is dur+ ! second process ( turn+ t an exp]t pott] c effect _m *anges 9 wid? & height or 9 details1 & ?us make 8 product correspond exactly ) 8 c>efully plann$ design4 ,mod]n pott]s ( /&+ "w 9 ! same way today4 ,!y fir/ make a draw+ ( a vase1 full size or to scale1 & !n proce$ to foll[ ?is draw+ 9 e detail1 us+ rules & calip]s = _! guidance4 ,( c\rse x ne$s a great deal ( skill & pati5ce to be able to "w s exactly2 b ,greek pott]s1 we c be q sure1 _h a good supply ( bo? ( ^! qualities4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,unturn$ inside ( amphora ,met4 ,mus4 ,acc4 ,no4 ,g4,r4#ede ,"w 9 sections4 ,s f> we h spok5 only ( comp>atively small vases1 :i* c be ?r[n all 9 "o piece4 ,l>g] vases are be/ ?r[n 9 sections4 ,to ?r[ l>ge j>s 9 "o piece requires great physical /r5g?1 & x is v difficult to f9i% su* j>s prop]ly on ! inside & to prev5t !m f be+ unduly heavy4 ,! section "w is by no means easy4 ,at fir/ a draw+ ( ! vase has to be made1 ei!r full size or to scale1 & ! heights ( ! diff]5t p>ts m>k$ (f4 ,:ile ?r[+ ! respective pieces use mu/ be made ( measur+ /icks & calip]s1 to obta9 ! "r heights & diamet]s4 ,! measurem5ts %\ld be ^? ( ! s(t clay1 :i* w ( c\rse be slightly l>g] ?an ^? ( ! f9al %ape4 ,ab\t "o-eigh? is ! av]age all[ance = ! %r9kage ( ! clay 9 dry+ & fir+4 ,?is %r9kage w naturally be proportional2 s t ! relation ( e "p to ! :ole w be ! same 9 ! fir$ vase z 9 ! ?r[n product4 ,! jo9+ is obta9$ by apply+ a ?ick slip ( ! same clay z 0 us$ = ! vase1 to act z a b9d]4 ,:5 all ! sections are 9 place ! outside ( ! vase c be 8turn$40 ,if ?is & ! =ego+ processes are done skilfully ! f9al jo9ts w h>dly be visible1 ev5 be=e ! glaze is appli$4 ,figs4 #ba1 #bb1 #bc %[ ! ?ree *ief /ages 9 ! mak+ ( a vase 9 sections4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,vase ?r[n 9 sections ,to obta9 good results 9 ?is "w x is important t x %\ld n be hurri$4 ,x is be/1 = in/ance1 be=e jo9+ ! sections1 to let !m /& on top ( "o ano!r = a day or long]1 9 ord] t !y may mature toge!r4 ,to reta9 ! pieces dur+ ?is "t 9 lea!r-h>d condition1 !y mu/ be kept 9 a 8wet cell>10 t is1 9 a moi/ place :]e ! wat] 9 ! clay w n evaporate 7fig4 #bd74 ,) ?is simple precaution pieces c be kept lea!r h>d practically indef9itely4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,sections 9 place ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,vase aft] turn+ ,section "w 0 us$ by ! ,greeks1 z x is n[4 ,!re w\ld1 9 fact1 be no?+ ga9$ 9 ?r[+ ! v l>ge vases1 su* z "s ( ! krat]s & amphorai1 all 9 "o piece2 & ?\gh ! jo9ts are1 z a rule1 skilfully conceal$1 !y are pla9ly visible on c]ta9 examples1 especially on ! inside4 ,:]e possible ! jo9ts seem to h be5 made at ! natural angles or 8articulations0 ( ! vase 7t is1 at ! neck1 ! foot1 etc472 & fur!r to simplify ! "w1 a ?9 ridge ( clay 0 (t5 add$ to conceal ! jo9t4#aj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,wet cell> ,"o ( ! mo/ difficult ?+s to ?r[ successfully is a flat1 wide b[l on a foot2 & ! l>g] ! diamet] ( ! b[l ! m difficult ! task1 s9ce ! ov]hang+ rim almo/ always sags at ! critical mom5t4 ,! fif?-c5tury kylix has !re=e always be5 rightly admir$ z "o ( ! greate/ feats ( ! ,a!nian pott]4 ,h[ did he prev5t ! b[l f sagg+8 ,did he ?r[ x upside d[n & holl[ x out lat] ) ! turn+ tools8 ,or did he make ! base v ?ick & !n 8turn0 x d[n to fit on a sl5d] foot8 ,bo? me?ods w\ld be clumsy1 z !y w\ld entail l5g?y turn+ "w4 ,or 0 ! ,a!nian pott] s skilful t he someh[ prev5t$ ! clay f sagg+8 ,n at all4 ,he simply ?rew 8 kylix 9 two sections2 ! foot ) a b[l ab\t half ! requir$ diamet] 9 "o piece 7or possibly two1 ) ! foot sep>ate71 & ! rema9+ "p ( ! b[l z a sep>ate section4 ,! jo9ts :]e ! two p>ts ( ! b[l 7 unit$ are cle>ly visible on _m kylikes on ! outside 7fig4 #be7aa2 ! inside ( ! kylix1 be+ ! mo/ conspicu\s "p1 is always s c>efully turn$ t no jo9+ c be detect$4 ,poli%+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,detail ( kylix %[+ jo9t ,met4 ,mus4 ,acc4 ,no4 #jf4ajba4afg ,to imp>t a poli%1 ! blade ( a knife is appli$ to ! surface :ile ! vase is revolv+2 = an inw>d curve a curv$ tool mu/ be us$4 ,! op]ation is simple & c be accompli%$ 9 a few m9utes4 ,x is n (t5 employ$1 h[ev]1 by ! mod]n pott]1 ^: object is to keep ! pores ( 8 vase op5 = ! bett] adhesion ( ! glaze ) :i* he int5ds to cov] ! surface ( 8 pot4 ,! ,a!nian pott]1 on ! o!r h&1 put great /ress on giv+ ! surface ( 8 vase a f9e poli%2 probably us+ ! simple me?od describ$ above4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a poli%$ & an unpoli%$ surface is cle>ly se5 on "s vases on :i* ! pott] has omitt$ to repoli% ! p>ts r\nd ! h&les :]e ! slip us$ = ! atta*m5t _h spill$ ov] 7fig4 #bf74 ,atta*m5t ( h&les4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,detail ( amphora %[+ diff]5ce betwe5 poli%$ & unpoli%$ surfaces ,met4 ,mus4 ,acc4 ,no4 ,g4,r4#ecj ,! f9al process 9 ! fa%ion+ ( a vase is ! atta*m5t ( ! h&les4 ,^! c be made ei!r 9 m\lds or by h&4 ,any "o :o ?9ks t ! mak+ ( h&les is a simple or quick process w soon be undeceiv$4 ,:e!r work+ 9 pla/]1 z "o w\ld if ! h&le is made 9 a m\ld1 or 9 clay1 if x is made by h&1 ! pott] mu/ be/[ inf9ite c>e on ! "w1 z bo? clay & pla/] are v liable to break2 & work+ on s small a ?+ z a h&le is extremely fussy4 ,! writ] p]sonally f\nd no?+ s difficult 9 h] :ole pott]y tra9+ z ! mak+ ( h&les4 ,! be/ me?od ( proc$ure 9 h&work is fir/ to %ape ! h&le r\ghly :ile ! clay is s(t & pla/ic1 !n wait until x becomes lea!r h>d1 & f9ally ref9e x to ! desir$ =m & f9i% ) model+ tools4 ,9 m\ld$ "w1 ! h&le has to be cut out 9 pla/] & !n us$ = mak+ ! m\ld4 ,:5 ! h&les are f9ally made1 !y are jo9$ to ! vase by means ( slip1 9 ! same way t ! sections 7 7fig4 #bg74 ,z ! h&le is press$ into position ! sup]flu\s slip w ( c\rse spill ov] ! edge1 & ?is has to be c>efully remov$ & ! surface smoo!d be=e ! vase c be pron\nc$ f9i%$4 ,! vase is !n put 9 ! dry+ room s t all ! wat] 9 ! clay may evaporate4 ,only :5 x is p]fectly dry c x be fir$ 9 ! kiln2 o!rwise x is liable to crack4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,atta*m5t ( h&les ,! h&les ( ,a!nian vases %[ p]haps bett] ?an any?+ else ! great skill & s5se ( beauty ( ! ,a!nian pott]2 & !y w repay detail$ /udy 7cf4 figs4 #bh-cc74 ,!y are nev]1 z s (t5 on mod]n vases1 deta*$ pieces /uck on ! vase z a k9d ( aft]?\ght4 ,r1 !y seem to gr[ out ( ! vase l bran*es f a tree1 :i* gives !m a wond]ful1 liv+ quality4 ,moreov]1 ! place :]e !y 7 atta*$1 ! size1 & ! curve h be5 c>efully consid]$ bo? f a practical & f an ae/hetic po9t ( view4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,amphora 9 ! ,bo/on ,museum ,acc4 ,no4 #ja4ag ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,hydria 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum ,acc4 ,no4 #jf4ajba4aij ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,kan?>os 9 ! ,bo/on ,museum ,acc4 ,no4 #ie4cf ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,volute krat] 9 ! ,bo/on ,museum ,acc4 ,no4 #ij4aec ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,bell krat] 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum ,acc4 ,no4 #jg4bhf4hf ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,kylix 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum ,acc4 ,no4 ,g4,r4#ajdg ,a!nian h&les are made by h&1 n 9 m\lds4 ,practically e pair ( h&les %[s p]ceptible v>iations su* z are unavoidable 9 h&work & di/+ui% x f ! me*anical products ( m\ld+4 ,! h&les 7 atta*$ to ! vase 9 lea!r-h>d condition1 & (t5 ! pressure entail$ !reby result$ 9 a slight bulge on ! inn] side4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly noticeable on kylikes :]e ! walls ( ! pot 7 especially ?94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,detail ( krat] %[+ "u "p ( h&le left r\gh ,met4 ,mus4 ,acc4 ,no4 #jg4bhf4gc ,x may be not$ t ! h&les ( ,a!nian vases are n f9i%$ (f neatly 9 p>ts :]e !y 7 n se54 ,= in/ance1 ! "u p>ts ( h&les on column krat]s are g5]ally left q r\gh 7fig4 #cd74 ,?is fact1 toge!r ) t already obs]v$1 t ! insides ( amphorai & hydriai are usually unturn$1 %[s t ! ,greeks1 at lea/1 _h no su* !ories z ^? (t5 held today t a "w %\ld be f9i%$ p]fectly all ov]1 ev5 9 places n ord9>ily se51 & 7 q will+ to save tr\ble :5 possible4 ,_m pott]s today be/[ z mu* c>e on ! inside ( a n>r[ flask z on t ( an op5 b[l4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! s5se ( proportion ( ! ,greeks t _! pott]s took inf9ite tr\ble ) :at 0 important--! %apes1 ! proportions1 ! decoration--b t !y did n sp5d "t & labor :]e x pr(it$ nobody4 7#b7 ,,build+ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,mak+ coils ,comp>$ to ! :eelwork ! build+ appe>s simple at fir/1 b exp]i5ce w soon %[ t x too ne$s consid]able practice4 ,?\gh ! actual process has n ! glamor & ?rill associat$ ) :eelwork1 !re is a c]ta9 quality 9 a built vase :i* gives x a value ( its own4 ,build+ is g5]ally done n[adays by means ( coils ( clay 7fig4 #ce71 :i* mu/ be a little ?ick] ?an ! walls ( ! vase are to be & %\ld be z uni=m z possible4 ,to make ! foot ( ! vase1 ! end ( "o ( ^! coils is laid 9 ! c5t] ( a pla/] bat & ! re/ coil$ r\nd 9 spiral l9e4 ,to hide ! jo9ts ! surface is rubb$ ov] ) ! f+]s on bo? sides4 ,9 mak+ ! walls ( ! vase a coil is us$ = ea* r\nd & ! sup]flu\s clay p9*$ (f1 e new coil be+ begun at a new po9t4 ,! :ole surface1 inside & outside1 is aga9 smoo!d by rubb+ ) ! f+]s1 us+ v little wat] 9 ! process4 ,only ab\t ?ree coils %\ld be work$ 9 at a "t & !n left to h>d5 be=e new coils are add$4 ,9 build+ up a c]ta9 %ape x is be/ to use a templet ( c>dbo>d or pla/]1 to be sure t ! pr(ile ( ! vase is foll[$ out correctly4 ,to give ! requir$ f9i% at ! end1 model+ tools z well z fur!r rubb+ ) ! f+]s are requir$4 ,) ?is process 9 m9d x is easy to di/+ui% betwe5 built & :eel-made pott]y among ! ,greek w>es4 ,9 ! built pott]y1 h[ev] c>eful ! "w1 !re is always a c]ta9 unev5ness ( outl9e--:i* inde$ gives x "s ( its *>m4 ,unlike ! mod]ns1 ! ,greeks did n cont9ue to build pott]y aft] ! inv5tion ( ! :eel4 ,naturally ! g5]al adoption ( ! :eel 0 n syn*ron\s 9 all c]amic c5t]s4 ,x 0 us$ consid]ably e>li] 9 ,crete1 = in/ance1 ?an 9 ,cyprus4 ,b :5 once its conv5i5ce 0 ?or\ghly realiz$1 ! sl[] & m monoton\s me?od 0 entirely dropp$4 ,among ,a!nian black-figur$ & r$-figur$ vases !re are no built pieces4 7#c7 ,,m\ld+ ,! process ( m\ld+ vases is ! "o mo/ 9 use n[adays1 = ! simple reason t :5 once ! requir$ m\ld has be5 made ! production ( any numb] ( vases is a rapid & easy task4 ,b ?\gh comm]cially favor$1 ?is me?od is look$ d[n ^u by ! arti/ic pott] z be+ purely me*anical1 & !re is no d\bt t a m\ld$ vase has all ! *>act]i/ics ( ma*9e "w4 ,! mat]ial us$ = m\lds n[adays is pla/]4 ,! clay c ei!r be p\r$ into a m\ld 9 slip =m or press$ into a m\ld :ile s(t & pla/ic4 ,9 ! =m] process ! m\ld or m\lds are made 9 two or m pieces1 :i* fit closely toge!r leav+ an op5+ at ! top4 ,by p\r+ ! clay slip into ! op5+1 leav+ x to h>d5 a little1 & !n p\r+ out aga9 :at has n h>d5$1 a holl[ vase is =m$4 ,aft] due %r9kage ! m\ld is c>efully remov$ f ! vase 7fig4 #cf74 ,! same m\ld c be us$ indef9itely = mak+ vases ( ! same %ape2 x has only to be dri$ betwe5 "o use & ! next4 ,h&les c be produc$ 9 ! same way & !n atta*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,vase p\r$ 9 a m\ld ,9 press+ clay into m\lds ea* "p ( ! m\ld is us$ sep>ately1 except :]e only "o m\ld is requir$1 z 9 ! case ( an op5 b[l or tile4 ,:5 ! clay has be5 c>efully press$ into e "p ( ! m\ld1 x is left to h>d51 & !n1 ^u %r9kage1 c be easily sep>at$4 ,if ! vase has be5 press$ 9 sev]al pieces1 ! p>ts mu/ be c>efully jo9$ & ! seams effac$ z neatly z possible4 ,! ,greek pott] did n use m\ld+ z a labor-sav+ device4 ,he employ$ x only :]e ! "w dem&$ x1 z 9 ! ,a!nian pla/ic w>e4 ,"h we sometimes ev5 f9d ! same m\ld us$ sev]al times1 z 9 ! gr\p ( a negro & a crocodile ( :i* *ance has pres]v$ u at lea/ five replicas#ab2 b ! numb] ( su* repetitions is n great & c]ta9ly w\ld n indicate mass production4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,inside ( m\ld$ vase ,met4 ,mus4 ,acc4 ,no4 #jf4ajba4bje ,! mat]ial ( ,greek m\lds 0 burnt clay4 ,t ! ,a!nian pla/ic vases 7 press$ into m\lds r ?an p\r$ c be se5 f ! fact t ! insides ( ^! vases are r\gh & %[ f+]-m>ks 7cf4 fig4 #cg74 ,! jo9ts ( ! two p>ts are cle>ly visible on _m examples 7cf4 fig4 #ch74 ,(t5 ! lip 0 ?r[n sep>ately on ! :eel & atta*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,vase %[+ jo9t ( two p>ts ( m\ld ,met4 ,mus4 ,acc4 ,no4 #jf4ajba4bjc ,,fir+ ,,! ,,vases ,production ( ,temp]ature4 ,9 ! fire ! great miracle takes place & ! dry clay1 mo/ friable & p]i%able ( mat]ials1 becomes "o ( ! mo/ durable4 ,?is is accompli%$ by ! s(t5+ ( ! feldsp> gra9s :i* cem5t ! :ole toge!r & ?us =m a d5se mass4 ,to produce ! temp]ature at :i* ?is ph5om5on takes place two ?+s are necess>y1 fuel & draught1 ! =m] supply+ ! c>bon1 ! latt] ! oxyg54 ,! lib]ation ( ! c>bon 9 ! fuel & its union ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air develop combu/ion1 dur+ :i* heat is g5]at$4 ,combu/ion c be complete or incomplete4 ,x is complete :5 !re is an excess ( air & ! c>bon c comb9e ) two molecules ( oxyg5 to =m c>bon dioxide 7,,co74 ,?is condition is call$ oxidation4 ,x is incomplete :5 !re is n en\gh air & ! c>bon c get only "o molecule ( oxyg51 =m+ c>bon monoxide 7,,co74 ,?is condition is call$ r$uction4 ,c>bon monoxide1 be+ v hungry = oxyg51 w try to extract x f :atev] s\rce x c4 ,if f]ric oxide 7,fe,o7 is pres5t 9 ! clay--:i* is ! case 9 r$ clay--! c>bon monoxide w take "o molecule ( oxyg5 f x & conv]t x into f]r\s oxide 7,,co ,fe,o ,,co #b;,fe,o74 ,! important feature 9 ?is process is t f]ric oxide is r$ & w make ! clay burn r$2 b f]r\s oxide 7,fe,o7 is black & w give ! clay a blacki% color4 ,if no f]ric oxide is pres5t 9 ! clay1 t is1 if ! clay is n a r$ clay1 !n r$uction has no effect on ! color ( ! clay & c be freely us$4 ,9 ,europe pott]s regul>ly burn "u r$uc+ conditions1 :ile 9 ,am]ica ! g5]al practice is to burn "u oxidiz+ conditions4 ,:5 ! draught 9 ! kiln is faulty1 p>tial r$uction w (t5 occur1 & _m faults 9 ! burn+1 especially 9 ! glazes1 are attributable to ?is cause4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,op5 kiln ,we %all see pres5tly h[ important is a k ( ^! *emical *anges dur+ ! process ( fir+ :5 we come to consid] ! defects on ,greek vases caus$ by injuries 9 ! fir+ 7cf4 pp4 #dd ff474 ,types ( kilns4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,muffle kiln ) biscuit w>e ,!re are two *ief types ( kiln con/ruction 9 use today3 7#a7 ! op5 kiln1 9 :i* ! flame passes ?r\gh ! kiln *amb] 7fig4 #ci72 7#b7 ! muffle kiln1 9 :i* ! flame passes ar\nd ! *amb] & n ?r\gh x 7fig4 #dj74 ,9 ! op5 kiln ! w>e ei!r comes 9 direct contact ) ! flame1 or is /ack$ 9 sagg]s1 i4e41 boxes made ( fire clay fitt+ "o on top ( ! o!r 7fig4 #da74 ,! muffle kiln is1 s to speak1 "o l>ge sagg]1 & ! w>e is /ack$ on %elves4 ,! draught 9 ! kiln c be ei!r an up draught or a d[n draught2 9 ei!r case ! air supply1 z well z ! fuel supply1 mu/ be "u control1 s t ! combu/ion %all be z desir$4 ,! draught c be regulat$ by means ( damp]s1 ! fuel by att5tion to ! burn]s4 ,an ar*$ top is an advantage1 = x imp>ts great] /r5g?--an important item consid]+ ! /ra9 to :i* ! kiln is subject$--& x facilitates ! circulation ( ! heat4 ,coal1 wood1 gas1 or k]os5e oil c be us$ = fuel4 ,( ^!1 oil & gas are n[ ! mo/ popul>2 coal & wood are rapidly com+ into disuse on acc\nt ( ! great] labor !y entail4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,op5 kiln %[+ sagg]s ,pack+ ! kiln4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,muffle kiln ) glaz$ w>e ,9 pack+ ! kiln ! w>e is /ack$ z closely z possible = economical reasons1 s t z mu* z possible %all be accompli%$ 9 "o fir+4 ,9 biscuit fir+ ! w>e c be plac$ s t x t\*es 7fig4 #dj72 9 glaze fir+ ! pieces mu/ be sep>at$ 7fig4 #db7 bo? f "o ano!r & f ! bottom ( ! sagg]s or %elves on :i* !y /&1 s9ce ! melt$ glaze is apt to run4 ,glaz$ pieces are !re=e g5]ally plac$ on /ilts made ( burnt clay1 & ! m>ks ( ^! /ilts w (t5 %[ on ! bottoms ( ! vases4 ,t ! *ief features ( mod]n & ,a!nian kilns 7 simil> is cle> f an exam9ation ( ! anci5t repres5tations ( kilns 7cf4 figs4 #gb-ha & pp4 #gf ff474 ,h[ closely ! w>e 0 sometimes /ack$ is cle>ly se5 9 fig4 #hj4 ,! fuel us$ by ! ,greeks 0 probably wood & *>coal4 ,almo/ all mod]n pott]y is twice fir$2 once = ! conv]sion ( ! clay into t]racotta or biscuit1 & ! second "t = ! glaze4 ,to glaze unbiscuit$ w>e is a delicate bus9ess1 & ! risk ( glaz+ a piece ( raw clay is consid]$ l>g] ?an ! tr\ble ( burn+ x a second "t4 ,x is done occasionally :5 v t\gh clay is us$1 = in/ance1 9 kit*5 crooks & 9 /onew>e2 9 t case x is be/ to apply ! glaze :5 ! clay is 9 lea!r-h>d condition1 = !n ! absorption is less4 ,m ?an ! two regul> fir+s are (t5 us$ = correct+ mi/akes 9 glaz+1 = additional coats ( glaze1 & = decorat+ ! w>e4 ,fir+4 ,diff]5t w>es & diff]5t glazes require diff]5t temp]atures4 ,?us porcela9 & /onew>e are fir$ to mu* high] temp]atures ?an ord9>y pott]y1 & salt & alkal9e glazes ne$ a high] fire to mature ?an ! ord9>y lead glazes4 ,:5 ! requir$ temp]ature has be5 rea*$--:i* n[adays is det]m9$ ei!r by means ( a pyromet] or ) ! help ( pyrometric cones :i* melt at a giv5 temp]ature & :i* are wat*$ ?r\gh a spy-hole 7cf4 fig4 #dj :]e ! cones are set up opposite ! spy-hole 9 ! door1 & fig4 #db :]e ! cones h melt$7--! fire is gradually ext+ui%$ & ! kiln left to cool sl[ly4 ,twelve h\rs = ! fir+ & twelve = cool+ is a r\gh e/imate = ! fir+ ( an ord9>y kiln4 ,x is important n to hurry ! process ( cool+1 z a too rapidly cool+ fire may crack ! w>e or affect ! glaze injuri\sly4 ,! ,greeks fir$ _! pott]y at a consid]ably l[] temp]ature ?an pott]s d today4 ,x seems to h be5 ab\t #ifj c5tigrade 7correspond+ to ab\t cone #jaj7 s9ce any increase ov] ?is temp]ature causes a *ange 9 ! color ( ! clay toge!r ) an additional contraction4 ,mr4 ,tonks has made ! +5i\s sugge/ion t1 #iej & #ajfe be+ ! melt+ po9ts ( silv] & gold respectively1 ! ,greeks may h us$ ^! metals 9 ! same way z ! mod]n pott]s use cones1 to regulate ! heat ( ! kiln4#ac ,:5 ! kiln is f9ally op5$ comes ! excit+ mom5t ( see+ :at ! fire has done ) "o's products4 ,9 tak+ out ! cont5ts ( ! kiln1 gloves & /icks are (t5 useful = h&l+ w>e t is /ill too hot to t\*4 ,inv>iably !re w be surprises--:at "o has expect$ to be a great success (t5 turns out a failure1 & :at "o ?\ght little ( may become a r>e ?+ ( beauty4 ,9 ! biscuit fir+ ! adv5tures ( ! pot are comp>atively few2 x may crack or sag or w>p1 b z a rule ! expect$ %ape is ma9ta9$4 ,b 9 ! glaze fir+ s _m elem5ts ent] 9 t ev5 an exp]i5c$ pott] c nev] be sure ( ! result4 ,! color may turn out a diff]5t %ade f t desir$2 ! glaze may unexpect$ly be matt 7dull7 or too glossy2 x may bli/] or peel or crack2 x may be too ?9 or too ?ick4 ,su* defects are almo/ inv>iably due to faulty composition ( ! clay or ! glaze or to ! conditions ( fir+4 ,!y c (t5 be rem$i$ by fur!r glaz+s & fir+s2 b q (t5 a pot on :i* mu* "t & labor h be5 be/[$ is hopelessly ru9$4 ,a good pott]1 h[ev]1 w soon le>n to be> su* mi%aps philosophically2 & x is c]ta9ly true t "o (t5 le>ns mu* m f failures ?an f successes4 ,moreov]1 ! elem5t ( unc]ta9ty l5ds spice to ! craft4 ,a c>eful consid]ation ( ! mod]n processes ( fir+ pott]y describ$ above w help u to settle ! problems connect$ ) ! fir+ ( ,greek vases--= ! action ( fire on clay rema9s ! same ev5 ?\gh ! kilns 9 use by ! ,greeks 7 probably some:at m primitive ?an n[4 ,! *ief problems :i* confront u 9 ,a!nian pott]y are 7#a7 ! numb] ( fir+s1 7#b7 ! int]pretation ( defects on ,greek vases z injuries 9 ! fir+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,detail ( amphora %[+ prelim9>y sket* ,met4 ,mus4 ,acc4 ,no4 #jf4ajba4aad ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,design on r$-figur$ krat] 7a7 ,prelim9>y sket* 7b7 ,complet$ pa9t+ ,furtwngl] u4 ,rei*hold1 ,grie*is*e ,vas5mal]ei1 ,i1 pl4 ,,vii ,numb] ( fir+s4 ,0 ,a!nian pott]y once or twice fir$8#ad ,t is1 0 x decorat$ 9 lea!r-h>d or 9 biscuit condition8 ,?is has be5 "o ( ! mo/ debat$ que/ions 9 ,greek c]amics4 ,ar*aeologi/s (t5 assume (fh& a numb] ( fir+s1#ae b )\t /at+ any evid5ce or squ>ely fac+ ! problems involv$4 ,briefly1 ! argum5ts = & aga9/ are z foll[s4 ,z is well kn[n1 a l>ge proportion ( r$-figur$ vases ( good p]iod %[ a prelim9>y1 colorless sket* = ! design trac$ ) a blunt#af in/rum5t directly on ! clay 7cf4 figs4 #dc-dd74 ,! smoo? grooves ( ?is sket* %[ beyond d\bt t ! sket* 0 made :ile ! clay 0 9 lea!r-h>d condition1 t is1 be=e fir+4 ,if ! vase _h be5 fir$1 ev5 at a l[ temp]ature1 ! sket* w\ld h _h to be scrat*$ 9 ) a %>p tool1 & w\ld h left a ragg$1 n a smoo? l9e4#ag ,n[ x is n a natural proc$ure = an arti/ to make a r\gh sket* = 8 design1 & !n to leave 8 vase to be fir$ be=e complet+ 8 "w4 ,fur!rmore1 an exam9ation ( ! incis$ l9es on ! black-figur$ vases--:i* cle>ly g ov] ! black glaze--%[s also t ^! l9es mu/ h be5 made :ile ! clay 0 /ill lea!r h>d4 ,! ragg$ edge ( ! glaze along ! incisions has sometimes be5 ?\ght to indicate t !y 7 made aft] fir+4 ,b j ?is effect is produc$ by cutt+ ?r\gh dry glaze on unfir$ clay2 & x w\ld h be5 v difficult to atta9 ! requir$ delicacy1 sw+1 & smoo?ness by incision into h>d1 fir$ clay4 ,any "o :o w try ! exp]im5t w soon become conv9c$ ( ?is4#ah ,s t1 = ! black-figur$ p]iod at lea/1 ?is evid5ce po9ts to a once-fir$ pott]y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x might be urg$ t if we assume t ! decoration 0 execut$ 9 lea!r-h>d condition1 ! vase pa9t]s :om we see depict$ on ,greek vases %\ld be h&l+ _! pots ) consid]able c>e1 & t ?is is h>dly convey$ 9 ! repres5tations4 ,on ! ,bo/on fragm5t1 = in/ance1 ! pa9t] is hold+ a kylix by its sl5d] foot )\t any app>5t fe> ( break+ x 7fig4 #fg74 ,& :oev] pa9t$ ! sc5e knew :at he 0 do+1 = he 0 9 ! act ( decorat+ su* a kylix himself4 ,h[ev]1 if ! clay us$ by ! ,a!nians 0 ( a t\gh v>iety1#ai ?is w\ld1 ,i h be5 told by pott]s1 be a p]fectly possible proc$ure2 & exp]im5ts made ) import$ ,a!nian clay#bj bore ?is out to an a/oni%+ degree4 ,vases made ( ?is clay c\ld be h&l$ q freely 9 lea!r-h>d condition4 ,s t if ! ,a!nian pott] ( ! fif? c5tury us$ simil> clay to t ( 8 pres5t-day desc5dant1 8 h&l+ ( ^! pots on ! vase pa9t+s w\ld be p]fectly ju/ifi$ 9 ! lea!r-h>d /ate4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 evid5ce :i* seems to settle ?is "q beyond dispute4 ,on a numb] ( ! ,a!nian vases !re are d5ts su* z c only h occurr$ :ile ! vase 0 /ill 9 a lea!r-h>d /ate4 ,! m>k ( ! object contact ) :i* caus$ ! d5t is inv>iably ov] ! black glaze 7cf4 fig4 #de71 %[+ cle>ly t ! glaze mu/ h be5 appli$ 9 lea!r-h>d condition4#ba ,9 "s cases we f9d /ill adh]+ 9 ! d5ts a little burnt clay1 app>5tly f ano!r vase contact ) :i* caus$ ! accid5t4 ,"h x is probable t ! accid5t 0 caus$ n :ile ! vase 0 lea!r h>d1 b :5 r$ hot 9 ! kiln1 at lea/ 9 ^? in/ances1 z 9 ! black-figur$ amphora 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum#bb 7fig4 #df71 :]e ! glaze %[s a r\gh fracture due to ! sep>ation ( ! two pieces :i* _h /uck toge!r2 = ?is fractur$ edge w\ld h become fus$ & smoo? ^u subsequ5t fir+4#bc ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,detail ( hydria %[+ d5t ) m>k ov] black glaze ,met4 ,mus4 ,acc4 ,no4 #ag4bcj4ae ,! fragm5ts ( unf9i%$ vases :i* h be5 f\nd f "t to "t#bd h be5 us$ z evid5ce to prove sev]al glaze fires2 = !y %[ fir$ vases at a def9ite /age 9 ! glaz+1 ! outl9es & inn] m>k+s pa9t$1 b ! backgr\nd n yet fill$ 94 ,mu/ we1 !n1 suppose t x 0 ! regul> practice--at lea/ 9 ! lat] r$-figur$ p]iod to :i* all ! unf9i%$ pieces belong--to fire be=e & aft] ! pa9t+ ( ! backgr\nd8 ,x is difficult to see :at w\ld be ga9$ by ! process4 ,if ! pott]y 7 fir$ be=e any decoration 0 appli$1 !re w\ld be ! advantage ( saf] h&l+ ( ! w>e2 b to h an extra fir+ ) ! decoration m ?an half complet$ gives no app>5t ga9 & !re is ! di/9ct disadvantage ( ! extra exp5se ( fir+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,detail ( amphora %[+ d5t ) clay f o!r body /ill adh]+ ,met4 ,mus4 ,acc4 ,no4 ,g4,r4#ecj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,unf9i%$ kylix ,met4 ,mus4 ,acc4 ,no4 #aa4bab4i ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,foot ( unf9i%$ kylix ,met4 ,mus4 ,acc4 ,no4 #aa4bab4i ,! unf9i%$ kylix 9 ! collection ( ! ,metropolitan ,museum may %$ light on ?is problem 7fig4 #dg74 ,x is n s fragm5t>y z ! pieces 9 ! o!r museums1 be+ complete except = portions ( ! rim4 ,! foot is v r\ghly turn$ 7fig4 #dh71 v diff]5t f ! av]age kylix foot1 z if x _h n be5 wor? :ile to sp5d mu* "t on ?is product4 ,! decoration itself is also q cursory4 ,?is sugge/s t ! piece 0 m]ely a 8te/10 su* z pott]s use (t5 n[adays = mak+ trials ( _! clay body1 or _! glaze1 or _! kiln4 ,! kylix is1 z a matt] ( fact1 too s(t fir$1 & ! glaze has turn$ r$di% 9 p>ts4 ,may we be p]mitt$ ! guess t ?is 0 a trial to te/ out a new kiln8 ,x is only a possibility & !re are _m o!rs4 ,! important po9t is t ! evid5ce ( ! unf9i%$ fragm5ts does n make x necess>y to assume m ?an "o glaze fir+4 ,! probability1 !re=e1 is t ,a!nian pott]y is once fir$1#be all ornam5tation--bo? glaze & accessory colors#bf--;be+ appli$ :ile ! vase 0 9 lea!r-h>d condition2 = 9 ! case ( ! accessory colors also !re w\ld h be5 no advantage 9 an additional fir+4 ,injuries 9 ! fir+4 ,! action ( ! fire on ! pott]'s products 0 app>5tly z mu* an op5 "q 9 ,greek times z x is n[4 ,practical exp]i5ce mu/ h gone a long way !n z today2 b full control c\ld n be a*iev$4 ,9 =m+ an e/imate ( :at proportion ( ! pott]y 0 spoil$ 9 ! kiln we mu/ rememb] t 9 our museums we are apt to enc\nt] ! survival ( ! fitte/--:at ! pott] consid]$ wor? pres]v+1 :at ! ,greek cli5t deem$ adequate to 8 ne$1 & :at ! mod]n museum curator consid]s good en\gh = exhibition4 ,b ev5 9 ?is selection we meet ) a numb] ( kiln mi%aps1 :i* app>5tly 7 s common t !y 7 h>dly notic$4 ,:5 our eyes h become tra9$ to obs]ve su* ?+s1 we %all note t 9 any collection ( ,greek vases !re are _m cases ( w>p+ & sagg+1 especially 9 ! ov]hang+ lips ( ! hydriai & amphorai4#bg ,!re are _m cracks & d5ts1#bh _m faults 9 ! glaze4 ,a v conspicu\s fault is ! *ange ( ! clay f a p9k to a grayi% color4#bi ,ar*aeologi/s (t5 expla9 ?is z due to ov]-fir+4#cj ,! real reason is n t ! temp]ature has be5 too high1 b t ! clay has be5 subject$ 9 ! kiln or 9 ! fun]al pyre1 to fumes ! c>bon ( :i* has be5 absorb$ by ! clay4 ,9 o!r words1 !re 0 ei!r r$uction & ! r$ f]ric oxide 9 ! clay has be5 *ang$ to black f]r\s oxide 7cf4 pp4 #cj f471 or ! clay has absorb$ ! black c>bon physically4 ,:5 controll$1 ?is *ange is v useful to ! pott] = obta9+ c]ta9 effects4 ,?us buc*]o pott]y is simply r$ clay fir$ "u completely r$uc+ conditions2 & 9 ! ,vasiliki mottl$ w>e "s c>bonace\s pigm5t l t> 0 probably plac$ on ! spots :i* 7 int5d$ to be black1 :]eupon ! c>bon w\ld be absorb$ by ! clay & ! iron r$uc$4#ca ,! commone/ injury to ! glaze 9 ! fire is its *ange into a brilliant r$ in/ead ( ! int5d$ black4 ,?is c be obs]v$ on _m vases1 sometimes z a l>ge spot 7cf4 fig4 #di71 o!r times z a less cle>ly def9$ v>iegation4#cb ,! cause 0 irregul>ity ( fire1 a jet ( air pass+ ?r\gh ! kiln com+ 9 contact ) p>ts ( ! vases4 ,9 o!r words1 !re 0 an excess ( oxyg5 7or ! rev]se ( r$uction7 :i* turn$ ! black f]r\s oxide ( ! glaze into r$ f]ric oxide4#cc ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,black-glaz$ amphora ) l>ge r$ spot on "o side ,met4 ,mus4 ,acc4 ,no4 ,g4,r4#fjg ,su* r$ spots caus$ by jets ( air com+ 9 contact ) ! vases mu/ n be confus$ ) ! v simil> r$ spots :i* are due to ! we>+ (f ( ! black glaze & ! exposure und]nea? x ( ! o*re-t9t$ clay 7cf4 p4 #eh74 ,exam9ation ) a magnify+ glass w %[ ! diff]5ce3 9 "o case ! r$ is "p ( & level ) ! black glaze1 9 ! o!r x is on a lay] b5ea? ! black glaze2 9 ! =m] case ! r$ w n come (f :5 rubb$1 9 ! latt] x w4 ,,glaz+ ,besides %ap+ & fir+ a vase1 a pott] mu/ und]/& ! art ( glaz+1 to _m ! mo/ allur+ "p ( ! craft2 ?is comprises bo? ! prep>ation ( ! glaze & its application to ! pot4 ,a glaze is a *emical comp\nd1 kn[n z a silicate1 :i* ^u fir+ becomes a glassy sub/ance4 ,x has ?ree *ief +r$i5ts3 7#a7 an oxide ( lead1 ( lime1 ( alkali1 etc41 :i* =ms ! f\ndation ( ! glaze2 7#b7 alum9a & boron oxide1 :i* regulate ! behavior ( ! glaze 9 ! fire2 & 7#c7 silica1 :i* controls ! fitt+ ( ! glaze to ! body4 ,mod]n glazes are divid$ into two *ief categories3 lead glazes & leadless glazes4 ,( ^! ! =m] are by f> ! m num]\s2 b alkal9e glazes1 t9 enamels1 etc41 are also us$1 especially 9 /udio pott]ies4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( a glaze ! +r$i5ts h fir/ to be weigh$ out c>efully 9 ! requir$ proportions2 ! mixture has !n to be gr\nd ) wat] & siev$2 & :5 ! "r ?ickness is atta9$ 7usually ab\t ! consi/5cy ( cream71 ! glaze is appli$ to ! vase1 :i* %\ld fir/ be soak$ 9 wat] to saturation to prev5t too rapid absorption4 ,gum tragacan? is us$ z a b9d] to make ! glaze /ick4 ,! glaze c be appli$ 9 v>i\s ways--by dipp+ 7fig4 #ej71 by p\r+ 7fig4 #ea71 by ! use ( ! bru% 7fig4 #eb71 or by spray+ 7fig4 #ec71 ! me?od dep5d+ *iefly on ! individual *oice ( ! pott]4 ,to apply a glaze prop]ly to ! clay body is a great art1 & ^u x1 z mu* z on ! prep>ation ( ! glaze1 f9al success dep5ds4 ,! glaze mixtures :5 appli$ are :iti% or grayi%2 x is only aft] fir+ t !y assume ! wond]ful range ( colors :i* delight u s mu* today4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,me?od ( glaz+3 dipp+ ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,me?od ( glaz+3 p\r+ ,! ,a!nian pott] _h no ambition to produce brilliant color effects 9 glaz+4 ,he 0 cont5t ) ! "o v>iety :i* he _h br\ght to p]fection--a ?91 lum9\s glaze ( a deep1 velvety black color & ( a/oni%+ durability4 ,aft] g5]ations ( exp]im5ts we _c yet say t we c successfully imitate x4 ,its composition is1 h[ev]1 no long] a secret4 ,x has be5 %[n by analysis & syn!sis t ! *ief compon5t p>ts ( ! glaze are an alkali 7pota% or soda71 a clay 7:i* w\ld conta9 "s silica su* z fl9t naturally71 & f]r\s oxide4#cd ,! exact proportion ( ^! p>ts1 & above all ! manipulation ( ! glaze are /ill unkn[n4 ,at lea/1 no?+ completely correspond+ to ! ,greek glaze has z yet be5 produc$1 ?\gh ,mr4 ,tonks#ce & especially ,mr4 ,b9ns#cf h come v ne> x4 ,:e!r ! secret lies 9 ! proportion1 9 ! m$ium us$ = b9d]1#cg or 9 "s undiscov]$ elem5t "o _c tell4 ,x is only c]ta9 t :5 ! discov]y is made1 z d\btless x mu/ be1 x w be ( great import bo? to ar*aeologi/s & to mod]n pott]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,me?od ( glaz+3 use ( ! bru% ,! glaze 01 z ,i h endeavor$ to %[ 7cf4 pp4 #cg ff471 appli$ to ! vase 9 lea!r-h>d condition4 ,at t /age ! clay /ill conta9s en\gh wat] to prev5t too rapid absorption1 & ! glaze1 !re=e1 runs 9 an easy1 fl[+ mann]4#ch ,to c>ry out 8 "w ! pa9t] c\ld take 8 "t1 =1 z we h se5 7cf4 p4 #af71 a vase c be kept lea!r h>d = an indef9ite p]iod by ! simple device ( plac+ x 9 a damp box1 t is1 an air-tight case ) a pan ( wat] at ! bottom4#ci ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,me?od ( glaz+3 spray+ ,cox1 ,pott]y = ,arti/s1 ,craftsm5 & ,tea*]s1 p4 #aaa1 fig4 #ea ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,hydria %[+ bru% m>ks ,met4 ,mus4 ,acc4 ,no4 #aa4bab4g ,h[ did ! ,greek pa9t] apply ! glaze to 8 pott]y8 ,we "k t on ! broad] surfaces ! bru% 0 us$1 = bru% m>ks are cle>ly visible 9 _m cases4#dj ,:5 possible ! backgr\nds & horizontal b&s 7 pa9t$ :ile ! piece 0 rotat+ on ! :eel2 :]e a panel _h to be res]v$1 ! irregul>ity ( free-h& bru% "w c readily be obs]v$ 7fig4 #ed74 ,= ! 8flat0 glaze l9es1 9 bo? ! figur$ sc5es & ! ornam5tal motives1 small] bru%es 7 employ$4 ,b :at 0 ! in/rum5t :i* produc$ ! fam\s 8relief0 l9es1 t is1 ^? f9e l9es :i* /& out p]ceptibly f ! surface & :i* 7 us$ = ! cont\rs & inn] m>k+s ( ! figures dur+ ! be/ r$-figur$ p]iod 7fig4 #ee78 ,! quality ( ^! l9es has be5 ju/ly admir$ by all :o h /udi$ !m & x has be5 ?\ght t ! in/rum5t us$ _h mu* to d ) ! result4#da ,aft] a numb] ( exp]im5ts ) f9e bru%es1 s+le bri/les1 re$s1 fea!rs1 p5s1 etc41 ,i h come to ! conclusion t x is ( little avail to discuss ! in/rum5t us$ be=e we c employ 9 our exp]im5ts a glaze id5tical ) ! ,greek4 ,= to get ! wond]ful fl[ ( ! ,greek l9e1 ! glaze mu/ run mu* m easily ?an any imitation black glaze :i* we h s f> produc$4 ,! groove :i* runs d[n ! middle ( ! relief l9es h>dly af=ds a clue2 = slight pressure ( any in/rum5t seems to produce su* a result4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,detail ( psykt] %[+ relief l9e ,met4 ,mus4 ,acc4 ,no4 #aj4baj4ah ,,r$ ,,o*re ,,wa% ,9 ?ree /atem5ts ( anci5t writ]s ! addition ( r$ o*re to ,a!nian pott]y is ref]r$ to4#db ,9 ,pl9y1 ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,,xxxv1 #aeb1 we read3 ,b\tades inv5tum e/ rubricam add]e aut ex rubra creta f+]e1 8,b\tades fir/ add$ r$ o*re1 or made pott]y ( r$ clay40 ,isidorus1 ,etymologiae1 ,,xx1 iv1 #c1 speaks ( pott]y vases hav+ be5 fir/ inv5t$ at ,samos & !n adds3 ,po/ea inv5tum et rubricam add]e et ex rubra creta f+]e1 8a lat] inv5tion 0 to add r$ o*re & to make pott]y ( r$ clay40 ,suidas 9 8 lexicon1 :]e he describes ,cape ,kolias z a place 9 ,attica :]e pott]y is made1 says t ! clay f t region is ! be/1 & adds3 1 8s t x is also dy$ ) r$ o*re40 ,ar*aeologi/s h assum$ t ?is r$ o*re 0 mix$ ) ! clay & t to x 0 due ! deep] color ( ,a!nian w>e z comp>$1 = in/ance1 ) ! geometric4 ,?us 9 practically all our books on vases ! prep>ation ( ! clay = ! manufacture ( ,a!nian vases is describ$ some:at z foll[s3 8,! clay hav+ be5 ?or\ghly purifi$ & wa%$1 0 !n knead$ & br\ght to a consi/5cy suitable = %ap+ x on ! :eel4 ,x 0 at ?is /age t o!r sub/ances1 *iefly a r$ e>? 7o*re 71 7 work$ 9 ) ! clay to deep5 ! color40 ,fir/ ( all1 x %\ld be not$ t if o*re is to be add$ to ! clay x mu/ be done long be=e ! knead+ /age1 o!rwise ! r$ o*re w ( c\rse n mix ev5ly4 ,! be/ "t w\ld be :5 ! clay is dry1 s t a def9ite proportion c\ld be weigh$ out4 ,b t is too obvi\s to ne$ discussion4 ,! "q is1 ,does ! addition ( r$ o*re mat]ially *ange ! color ( ! clay8 ,x may be int]e/+ 9 ?is connection to record my exp]i5ce 9 ! matt]4 ,ab\t ?ree ye>s ago ,i 0 ask$ to speak at a conv5tion ( mod]n pott]s meet+ at ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art1 on ! subject ( ,greek vases4 ,i ?\ght t ^! pott]s w\ld probably be specially int]e/$ 9 ! te*nical side ( ,greek c]amics1 & ) ! c\rage ( ignorance ,i describ$ 9 detail our !ories reg>d+ ! manufacture ( ,greek pott]y4 ,x 0 ! que/ions :i* ! pott]s ask$ me aft]w>ds :i* conv9c$ me t x 0 "t ,i w5t to a pott]y s*ool4 ,"o ( my /atem5ts :i* ar\s$ consid]able int]e/ 0 ?is !ory t r$ o*re 0 add$ z an +r$i5t to deep5 ! color ( r$ clay4 ,sev]al m5 came to me aft] ! talk & said1 8,i don't see :y ! ,greeks did t2 = by j slightly rais+ ! temp]ature !y c\ld easily h deep5$ ! color40 ,i _h no answ] !n1 b :5 ,i w5t to ! pott]y s*ool ,i ?\ght ,i %\ld take no?+ = grant$1 b conv9ce myself by mak+ my own exp]im5ts4 ,s ,i made "s te/s1 add+ c]ta9 p]c5tages ( o*re to see h[ x w\ld affect ! color4 ,app>5tly ! o*re _h little effect1 & ! pieces ) & )\t o*re 7 ab\t equally p9k :5 !y came out ( ! kiln4 ,i !n burn$ "s pieces )\t any o*re to a little high] temp]ature & ! r$ 0 consid]ably deep5$4 ,i 0 q conv9c$ !n t ! o*re add$ z an +r$i5t to ! clay w\ld n h ! desir$ result2 besides1 if we ne$$ fur!r pro( we might rememb] t analyses made ( ,a!nian clay h %[n no trace ( o*re4#dc ,:at1 !n1 d ,pl9y & ,suidas mean :5 !y speak ( ! addition ( r$ o*re to ,a!nian pott]y8 ,a numb] ( ar*aeologi/s h obs]v$ f "t to "t t ,a!nian vases1 especially ( ! late r$-figur$ p]iod1 %[ traces ( a r$di% pigm5t appli$ ov] ! surface4 ,rei*hold 9 8 te*nical description ( vases 9 ,furtwngl] und ,rei*hold1 ,grie*is*e ,vas5mal]ei1 frequ5tly ref]s to x z 8rtli*e ,lasur40#dd ,potti] ascrib$ x to a sort ( v>ni% or lu/re appli$ ov] ! surface ( ! decorat$1 fir$ vase :i* on decomposition precipitat$ into a r$ deposit4#de ,walt]s ?\ght t r$ o*re 0 rubb$ on c]ta9 p>ts ( ! vase :i* _h rema9$ too pale aft] bak+4#df ,a detail$ exam9ation ( ! vases 9 _m ,european & ,am]ican museums conv9c$ me t ! use ( ?is r$ pigm5t 0 q g5]al ?r\gh\t ! r$-figur$ p]iod1 & to a limit$ ext5t 9 ! black-figur$ p]iod4 ,on a few vases x appe>s 9 excell5t pres]vation4#dg ,! majority ( r$-figur$ vases ( all p]iods#dh & a few ( ! black-figur$ vases#di %[ traces ( x4 ,:5 x is n o!rwise visible1 x c (t5 be detect$ 9 ! slight depressions ( ! prelim9>y sket*1 or "u ! h&les1 or on ! "u side ( ! foot4 ,z ! color comes (f :5 rubb$ ) a damp clo?1 x is n surpris+ t x is n bett] pres]v$1 aft] ! ext5sive clean+ t mo/ museum specim5s h und]gone4 ,b ! _m traces :i* are /ill pres]v$ c only be satisfactorily expla9$ by assum+ t x 0 ! g5]al practice--at lea/ 9 ! r$-figur$ p]iod--to apply a r$ pigm5t ov] ! :ole surface ( ! vase4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,detail ( amphora %[+ dilut$ black glaze l9e 7on arm7 go+ ov] r$ o*re left 9 prelim9>y sket* l9e ,met4 ,mus4 ,acc4 ,no4 #ab4bcf4b ,9 ! light ( ?is exp]i5ce let u aga9 exam9e :at ,pl9y & ,suidas say4 ,pl9y's /atem5t is suffici5tly vague to make any int]pretation possible2 b ,suidas' use ( ! ^w 1 8to be dipp$10 is illum9at+4 ,! clay c\ld n h be5 8dipp$0 9 a p[d]y or liquid /ate1 ! only way ( hav+ ! o*re become an actual +r$i5t 9 ! clay4 ,! t]m implies t ! clay mu/ h become a solid vase1 9 :i* case ! o*re 0 appli$ only on its surface4 ,inde$ ,a!naeus 7#dhj ,e7 uses ! t]m to signify ! 8glaz+0 or 8silv]+0 ( e>!n vessels4 ,s t lit]>y te/imony seems to agree ) ! evid5ce ( ! vases !mselves t ! o*re 0 appli$ on ! surface4 ,at :at /age1 !n1 0 ?is o*re add$8 ,0 x be=e or aft] ! black glaze8 ,c>eful exam9ation has %[n t x 0 previ\s to ! glaz+4 ,:5 ! black glaze is *ipp$ (f x g5]ally takes ! surface too1 s t in/ances ( ! r$ o*re %[+ und]nea? are n num]\s2 b !re are nev]!less a numb] ( und\bt$ examples4#ej ,an especially conv9c+ in/ance is on an amphora 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum 9 :i* a dilut$ black glaze l9e goes cle>ly ov] traces ( ! r$ lift 9 a prelim9>y sket* l9e 7fig4 #ef74 ,fur!rmore1 9 _m cases ! glaze on ! backgr\nd surfaces has dis9tegrat$ & %[s ! r$ o*re b5ea?4#ea ,s9ce ! black glaze 0 probably appli$ to ! lea!r-h>d clay1 ! o*re wa% mu/ also h be5 add$ 9 t /ate4 ,! lea!r-h>d vase might h be5 dipp$ 9 an o*re solution or ! o*re appli$ ) a bru% or rubb$ into ! surface z a p[d]4 ,9 ord] to make x adh]e prop]ly to ! clay actual exp]im5ts h %[n t by f> ! be/ results are obta9$ by giv+ ! surface a good poli% aft] ! application ( ! o*re4 ,! o*re is !reby actually incorporat$ ) ! clay & =ms a good firm surface4 ,if n s poli%$1 x is p[d]y aft] fir+ & comes (f easily4 ,exp]im5ts fur!r %[$ t 7#a7 r$ o*re appli$ 9 ?is mann] on ! r$ clay 9 lea!r-h>d condition produc$ an effect id5tical ) ! r$ 8wa%0 obs]vable on ! ,a!nian vases2 7#b7 prelim9>y sket* l9es engrav$ lightly ) a blunt tool did n remove ! o*re2 7#c7 ! o*re 9 no way int]f]$ ) ! adhesion ( ! black glaze ov] x2 7#d7 ! o*re came (f only a little at a "t ev5 :5 rubb$ h>d :ile wet4 ,x is !re=e only dur+ ! long processes ( we> & "t t ! r$ o*re application has worn (f4 ,b ev5 :5 x has entirely disappe>$1 x has /a9$ ! clay a deep] color--namely1 ! orangey hues :i* we see n[2 = ! actual color ( ! clay is light] & p9k]1 z any fracture w %[4#eb ,orig9ally1 h[ev]1 we le>n f our inve/igation1 ! r$-figur$ ,a!nian vases _h an ev5 deep] & ri*] t9t ?an !y h n[--approa*+ m ne>ly ! color ( copp]4 ,! g5]al effect1 !re=e1 mu/ h be5 consid]ably m vivid ?an x is today1 & to "s ?is ?\ght may n at fir/ appeal4 ,b we %\ld rememb] t we are discov]+ also 9 o!r fields t ! ,greeks lov$ bright1 int5se color1 n ! fad$ t9ts t s _m ( _! works pres5t today4 ,,7 ,,a!nian ,,vases ,,made ,,= ,,e-,,day ,,use8 ,! !ory has (t5 be5 advanc$ t ! pa9t$ black-figur$ & r$-figur$ vases 7 made = decoration & = votive & fun]al purposes1 b n = actual use4 ,p]cy ,g>dn] 9 8 ,gramm> ( ,greek ,art 7p4 #afj7 holds ?is view & gives z 8 reason t ! pa9t$ vases 7 too fragile to be easily h&l$ & too por\s to conta9 liquid4 ,rei*hold 9 ,furtwngl] und ,rei*hold1 ,grie*is*e ,vas5mal]ei1 ,text1 ,i1 p4 #hb1 & ,skizz5bu* grie*is*] ,mei/]1 p4 #aj1 is ( ! same op9ion1 & bases 8 assumption on ! fact t a numb] ( ! vases %[ anci5t rivet m>ks & c\ld n !re=e h s]v$ any practical purpose 9 su* a condition2 also t no anci5t vases %[ signs ( we>1 :i* w\ld h be5 unavoidable if !y _h be5 9 daily use4 ,does our inve/igation ( ! te*nique ( ,a!nian vases help to settle ?is "q8 ,let u look fir/ at ! case 9 its broad] aspects4 ,nobody c "w long ) ,greek vases or o!r =ms ( ,greek indu/rial art )\t be+ impress$ ) ! wond]ful comb9ation ( beauty & practical utility :i* ^! objects %[4 ,! ,greek vases are n only f9ely proportion$1 b ea* "o is admirably adapt$ to its purpose4 ,we ne$ only try p\r+ f an o9o*o to see h[ easily ! liquid fl[s )\t any dang] ( spill+2 or f a leky?os to see h[ ! oil trickles ?r\gh ! n>r[ neck1 drop by drop1 or 9 a v ?9 /ream1 j "r = cook+ or ! mak+ ( salad dress+4 ,we ne$ only dr9k f a kylix to realize h[1 contr>y to expectations1 x is an easy & delightful process--! little curve ( ! rim prev5t+ ! liquid f spill+ d[n "o's *eeks4#ec ,we ne$ only closely obs]ve ! h&les ( ,greek vases to see h[ _! positions1 _! curves1 & above all _! extraord9>y solidity r5d] !m em95tly practical4 ,moreov]1 ! /udy ( a hundr$ little details1 ! =ms ( ! knobs on pyxides1 ! projections = hold+ ! lids 9 place1 ! outw>d or inw>d curves ( ! lips1 ! sub/antial feet1 all comb9e to =m ov]p[]+ evid5ce t ^! vases 7 design$ = actual use4 ,x is only 9 isolat$ in/ances1 su* z ! l\trophoroi :i* h no bottoms or ! :ite leky?oi :i* h no connection betwe5 ! neck & body1 t ?is rule does n hold good4 ,su* vases1 h[ev]1 belong to cle>ly def9$ classes evid5tly made z votive (f]+s or z tomb furniture4 ,t ! bulk ( vases 7 made = votive purposes1 !re is no real evid5ce4 ,among ! _m six?- & fif?-c5tury inscriptions record+ su* (f]+s !re are few relat+ to pott]y vases4 ,nor is x conceivable t ^! vases 7 purely ornam5tal4 ,we "k t private h\ses 9 ,a!ns 7 at t p]iod excessively simple1 consi/+ mo/ly ( a c\rty>d & a few rooms op5+ on x1 s t x is n likely t p surr\nd$ !mselves ) a lot ( useless ornam5ts2 nor c we believe t 9 a p]iod :i*1 at lea/ 9 ! six? c5tury1 0 /ill "o ( /r5u\s endeavor1 ^! vases 7 export$ to all p>ts ( ! _w m]ely z decorative bric--brac4 ,ev]y?+ we "k ( ,greek life at t "t po9ts aga9/ su* an assumption4 ,moreov]1 if ! ,greeks _h su* decorations 9 _! homes we %\ld expect to see1 depict$ 9 ! vase pa9t+s1 cab9ets or %elves ) vases display$ on !m2 in/ead1 :5 vases are %[n1 !y are inv>iably 9 actual use1 or hang+ on a nail on ! wall1 ready = imm$iate s]vice4#ed ,!re is ano!r consid]ation4 ,ev5 if1 f our mod]n po9t ( view1 we may hesitate to believe t a beautiful cup ( ,euphronios 0 us$ m]ely z a dr9k+ vessel1 :]e are we to draw ! l9e8 ,any "o :o has work$ 9 a museum or has excavat$ on fif?-c5tury sites kn[s t besides ! select$ specim5s exhibit$ 9 museum cases !re are a l>ge numb] ( inf]ior examples1 ha/ily decorat$1 :i* c\ld h>dly h be5 display$ z ornam5ts1 b :i* are op5 to ! same objections rais$ aga9/ ! vases ( bett] workman%ip4 ,& n[ let u exam9e ^! objections4 ,fir/1 ! vases are suppos$ to be too por\s to conta9 liquid4 ,! f95ess ( ! clay1 ! poli% :i* 0 imp>t$ to x1 & p]haps ! application ( ! o*re t5d$ to r$uce ?is porosity some:at4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ! deposit left by w9e & oil w\ld /ill fur!r close ! pores4 ,9 any case1 exp]im5ts %[ t ,a!nian vases d hold liquids )\t any difficulty4 ,! unglaz$ portions become damp1 & a damp m>k is left on ! table if ! foot is n glaz$2 b 9 ! days be=e highly poli%$ furniture !re 0 no /rong objection to t1 & !re 0 on ! o!r h& a v real advantage4 ,= x all[s a c]ta9 am\nt ( evaporation :i* w\ld t5d to cool ! liquid--a v desirable ?+ 9 a w>m climate )\t a regulat$ ice supply4 ,any "o :o has tri$ ! exp]im5t ( keep+ wat] 9 an unglaz$ j> 9 a w>m room has f\nd t ! evaporation keeps x delightfully cool4 ,9 s\!rn ,europe today liquids are kept 9 t mann] dur+ ! summ]4 ,we mu/ also rememb] t a l>ge numb] ( ! e>ly w>es f ! ,bronze ,age d[n1 z well z ! common] w>es at all times1 are ei!r :olly unglaz$ or h unglaz$ portions4 ,& surely nobody wants to cont5d t ^! vases 7 n manufactur$ = use4 ,! objection t ,a!nian pott]y is fragile is easily dispos$ (4 ,actual h&l+ ( ! vases w %[ t !y are any?+ b fragile1 9 fact t !y are rem>kably /rong4 ,all ^? portions :i* w\ld get special we>1 su* z h&les & rims1 are almo/ always /\tly made1 m s ?an mu* ( ! *9a & e>!nw>e & glass we use today4 ,occasionally1 ( c\rse1 we get a v ?9 & delicate example2 & t w\ld h to be h&l$ ) special c>e4 ,!n1 z reg>ds ! "q ( we>4 ,t]racotta is1 z a matt] ( fact1 "o ( ! mo/ inde/ructible mat]ials we h1 & especially s :5 glaz$4 ,glaz$ e>!nw>e1 consequ5tly1 ev5 ?\gh 9 con/ant use %[s little trace ( we>4 ,:at little we %\ld expect1 a close inspection ( ,a!nian vases w reveal4 ,! black glaze1 ev5 :5 p]fectly pres]v$ on ! ext]ior1 is mu* worn on ! int]ior ( /amnoi or krat]s 7cf4 fig4 #eg71 :]e ! liquid came 9 con/ant contact ) ! glaze1 & ! unglaz$ int]iors ( amphorai & hydriai are c]ta9ly n p]fectly fre% & unus$ look+4 ,x is also notewor?y t f9ely & poorly decorat$ vases are 9 ! same condition 9 ?is respect4 ,a comp>ison ) ! ,corean pott]y ( ! ,korai p]iod1 #ice-acib ,a4,d41#ee :i* is kn[n to h be5 made to s]ve m]ely z tomb furniture1 is helpful4 ,! fre% & clean insides ( ^! vases (f] a v diff]5t appe>ance f t ( ! discolor$ int]iors ( ,greek amphorai & hydriai--a cle> pro( t ! ,a!nian w>e did n s]ve ! same unutilit>ian purpose z ! ,corean4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,inside ( krat] %[+ ext5sive we> ,met4 ,mus4 ,acc4 ,no4 #jg4bhf4gd ,la/ly1 reg>d+ ! argum5t ab\t rivet$ vases1 x is surely natural n[ & !n1 in/ead ( ?r[+ away a brok5 pot1 to h x put toge!r & make ! be/ ( x 9 its m5d$ /ate4 ,we d ! same ?+ n[adays4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! vase c\ld /ill h be5 us$ to conta9 dry mat]ials4 ,su* ,a!nian vases ) anci5t rivet m>ks are 9 any case infrequ5t1 & d n comp>e 9 numb] ) ! brok5 vases :i* h n be5 m5d$4 ,su* consid]ations %\ld once = all explode ! !ory t ,a!nian vases 7 n actually us$2 s t we c ?9k ( !m1 9 ! way t appeals to our imag9ation1 z s]v+ 9 ! daily life ( ! ,a!nians & z add+ to ! enjoym5t ( t life1 bo? by _! beauty & by _! usefulness4 ,,ii4 ,,repres5tations ,,( ,,anci5t ,,pott]s ,an important s\rce ( k = ! te*nique ( ,greek vases is suppli$ by ! repres5tations ( anci5t pott]s at "w & by pott]'s implem5ts :i* h surviv$4 ,x may be int]e/+ to review ^! & see :at new int]pretations exp]i5ce at a mod]n pott]y s*ool w sugge/4 ,,fa%ion+ ,,! ,,vases #a4 ,black-figur$ hydria 9 ,muni*4 ,furtwngl] u4 ,rei*hold1 ,grie*is*e ,vas5mal]ei1 ,i1 ,text1 p4 #aei4 ,jahn1 ,bes*reibung d] ,vas5sammlung 9 d] ,p9ako!k zu ,mn*51 ,no4 #gca4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,a!nian pott]y e/abli%m5t ,furtwngl] u4 ,rei*hold1 ,grie*is*e ,vas5mal]ei1 ,i1 ,text1 p4 #aei ,an ,a!nian pott]y e/abli%m5t4 ,to ! left a man sits on a /ool & is hold+ ) bo? h&s an amphora on 8 lap2 a boy 7only ! head & "o h& are pres]v$7 is /&+ be=e him1 plac+ "o h& on ! body ( ! vase2 ! latt] is pa9t$ black1 t is1 x has already be5 glaz$4 ,! man has ! air ( inspect+ x1 :ile ! boy is app>5tly help+ him hold x 7s9ce x is /ill 9 lea!r-h>d condition1 x requires c>eful h&l+74 ,! next gr\p repres5ts a man ?r[+ a tall vase on a :eel2 a boy is sitt+ be=e him on a l[ /ool1 turn+ ! :eel ) bo? h&s at :atev] spe$ is requir$4 ,! vase is s tall t ! entire =e>m ( ! pott] is ins]t$2 :ile 8 o!r h& 7n[ miss+7 0 d\btless plac$ on ! outside ( ! vase1 s t by ! pressure ( ! two h&s ! pot might acquire ! necess>y =m & ?ickness4 ,! vase is pa9t$ :ite to %[ t x is z yet unglaz$4 ,a pair ( calip]s is hang+ on ! wall ready = use1 to enable ! pott] to *eck ! heights & wid?s ( 8 products4 ,to ! "r a y\? is c>efully c>ry+ away a vase t has j be5 ?r[n1 to dry4 ,a simil> vase is already /&+ on ! o!r side ( a column1 dry+ 9 ! op5 air or 9 a c\rt4 ,bo? vases are pa9t$ :ite to indicate _! unglaz$ condition4 ,next we see an old man walk+ leisurely ) a /ick4 ,8 dignifi$ air is 9 /rong contra/ to ! busy absorption ( ! workm54 ,he is evid5tly ! ov]se] or proprietor ( ! pott]y4 ,to 8 "r a tall y\? is c>ry+ a heavy weight on 8 back1 app>5tly a sack ( *>coal4 ,he is br++ x to ! kiln1 :i* is be+ /ok$ by ! fireman4 ,! kiln has a satyr head at ! top to av]t ! evil eye & protect ! pott]y f all dang] dur+ ! fir+4#ef #b4 ,fragm5t ( a ,cor9?ian p9ax 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum4 ,antike ,d5kml]1 ,i1 #ahhf1 pls4 #h1 #ag4 ,furtwngl]1 ,bes*reibung d] ,vas5sammlung 9 ,b]l91 ,i1 ,no4 #hfi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,pott] ?r[+ ,antike ,d5kml]1 ,i1 pl4 #h1 ,no4 #ag ,a pott] ?r[+ a vase on a :eel1 ) bo? 8 h&s plac$ on ! out] surface2 only ! two h&s ( ! pott] & ! upp] "p ( ! :eel ) ! vase are pres]v$4 #c4 ,r$-figur$ fragm5t f ! ,akropolis 9 ,a!ns4 ,a!nis*e ,mit!ilung51 ,,xiv1 #ahhi1 p4 #aeg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,pott] ?r[+ ,a!nis*e ,mit!ilung51 #ahhi1 p4 #aeg ,a pott] is sitt+ on a /ool & ?r[+ a vase on a :eel :i* is be+ propell$ by a boy2 ano!r man sits beh9d him ) a krat] on 8 lap4 #d4 ,int]ior ( a black-figur$ kylix 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,briti% ,museum1 ,guide to ,greek & ,roman ,life 7#b;d edition71 #aibj1 p4 #ahb1 fig4 #bah4 ,walt]s1 ,catalogue ( ! ,greek & ,etruscan ,vases1 ,,ii1 ,b4#dcb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,pott] atta*+ h&les ,briti% ,museum1 ,guide to ,greek & ,roman ,life 7#b;d ,edition71 p4 #ahb1 fig4 #bah ,a pott] is sitt+ 9 front ( 8 :eel on :i* a kylix is /&+4 ,he is app>5tly engag$ 9 atta*+ ! h&les4 ,on a %elf above are pil$ "s m kylikes & a jug4 ,! :ole is v r\ghly pa9t$4 #e4 ,cor9?ian black-figur$ p9ax 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,l\vre4 ,gazette ar*ologique1 ,,vi1 #ahhj1 p4 #ajf1 #c;a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,pott] incis+ l9es 787 ,gazette ar*ologique1 #ahhj1 p4 #ajf 7#c;a7 ,a pott] is sitt+ be=e 8 :eel propell+ x ) "o h&4 ,he is work+ on :at appe>s to be a "o-h&l$ jug4 ,he is n 8?r[+0 or 8turn+0 x1 s9ce x already has its h&le atta*$4 ,p]haps he is incis+ horizontal l9es on x1 = :i* process he c\ld easily propel 8 own :eel4 ,on ! wall hang two o!r jugs 7) simil> incis$ l9es71 & "s plates 787 are /ack$ on ! floor4 #f4 ,cor9?ian p9ax 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum4 ,antike ,d5kml]1 ,i1 #ahhf1 pl4 #h1 #ad;b4 ,furtwngl]1 ,bes*reibung d] ,vas5sammlung 9 ,b]l91 ,i1 ,no4 #hhe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,pott] jo9+ sections 787 ,antike ,d5kml]1 ,i1 pl4 #h1 ,no4 #ad;b ,a man is sitt+ 9 front ( a tall globul> vase on a high foot4 ,he is n ?r[+ x1 = !re is no indication ( a :eel4 ,p]haps he is jo9+ ! sections ( a tall vase1 "s ( :i* are already 9 place1 :ile "o "p lies on ! floor wait+ to be atta*$4 ,b ! :ole sc5e is s r\ghly pa9t$ t x is impossible ev5 to "k def9itely t a pott] is repres5t$4 #g4 ,int]ior ( a r$-figur$ kylix1 ,b]l9 ,museum ,no4 #bedb4 ,rayet et ,collignon1 ,hi/oire de la cramique grecque1 p4 ,,xvii1 fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,boy f9i%+ vase ,rayet et ,collignon1 ,hi/oire de la ,cramique grecque p4 ,,xvii1 fig4 #g ,a boy is sitt+ ) a cup 7kotyle7 9 "o h& & an implem5t 9 ! o!r1 evid5tly engag$ 9 a f9i%+ process4 ,p]haps he is remov+ ! surplus clay aft] ! h&les h be5 atta*$2 = ! vase is z yet unglaz$ & is left 9 ! r$ color ( ! clay1 9 contra/ to ! black kotyle & o9o*o on ! /& close by4 #h4 ,t]racotta /atuette ( a pott] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,briti% ,museum1 ,guide to ,greek & ,roman ,life 7#b;d edition71 #aibj1 p4 #aha1 fig4 #baf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,pott] build+ a vase ,briti% ,museum1 ,guide to ,greek & ,roman ,life 7#b;d ,edition71 p4 #aha1 fig4 #baf ,a man is repres5t$ 9 a cr\*+ attitude app>5tly engag$ 9 build+ a pot4 ,,decorat+ ,,! ,,vases #a4 ,r$-figur$ hydria 9 ,ruvo4 ,annali dell',in/ituto1 #ahgf1 pl4 ,,de4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,a!na & ,victories cr[n+ pott]s at "w ,annali dell',in/ituto1 #ahgf1 pl4 ,,de ,a!na & two ,victories cr[n+ pott]s at "w4 ,to ! left is a pott] sitt+ on a l[ /ool & engag$ 9 decorat+ a volute krat]2 he is hold+ a bru% 9 8 clos$ fi/ 9 ,japanese fa%ion1 & is look+ 9 surprise at ! ,nike :o is cr[n+ him2 by 8 side are two pa9t pots4 ,9 front ( him ano!r workman1 com=tably seat$ on a *air1 is busily pa9t+ a kan?>os :i* he holds tipp$ on 8 lap4 ,he also holds ! bru% 9 8 fi/ d[nw>ds4 ,ano!r kan?>os & an o9o*o /& on ! floor1 await+ _! turn to be decorat$2 on a l[ /& close by are two pa9t pots1 "o ) its lid tipp$ aga9/ ! side4 ,! arti/ is completely absorb$ 9 8 "w & has n yet discov]$ ,a!na1 ! patron ( arts & crafts1 approa*+ him ) a wrea?4 ,beh9d ,a!na a ?ird workman is seat$ on a l[ /ool1 decorat+ a bell krat] ) a palmette design4 ,he tips up ! vase ) "o h&1 holds ! bru% firmly 9 8 fi/1 & has 8 pa9t pot )9 easy rea* on ! floor4 ,a ,nike is ab\t to cr[n him ) a wrea?2 b he1 too1 is entirely engross$ 9 8 "w & q unconsci\s ( ! honor to be conf]r$ on him4 ,complet+ ! sc5e on ! "r is a girl on a l[ plat=m pa9t+ ! h&le ( a l>ge volute krat]4 ,! figure is ( special int]e/ today1 = x %[s t !re 7 wom5 pott]s !n z n[4 ,above h] on ! wall are susp5d$ a kan?>os & a leky?os4 ,! :ole sc5e is ( great importance z ! mo/ repres5tative we possess ( anci5t vase pa9t]s at "w4 #b4 ,r$-figur$ kylix 9 ! ,museum ( ,f9e ,arts1 ,bo/on4 ,h>twig1 ,jahrbu* des ,in/ituts1 ,,xiv1 #ahii1 pl4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,y\? decorat+ kylix ,h>twig1 ,jahrbu* des ,in/ituts1 #ahii1 pl4 ,,iv ,a y\? is sitt+ on a /ool1 hold+ a kylix by ! foot & decorat+ ! outside ( x ) :at looks l a bru% ) long bri/les1 ?\gh x has also be5 id5tifi$ z a fea!r 7by ,h>twig74 ,9 ! h& t grasps ! kylix is a po9t$ in/rum5t :i* has be5 id5tifi$ by ,h>twig z ! implem5t ) :i* ! prelim9>y sket* 0 drawn4 ,! attitude ( ! pa9t] sugge/s ! quiet absorption requir$ by a delicate task4 ,beh9d ! y\? is 8 knott$ /aff1 & on ! wall hang 8 oil flask & /rigil4 #c4 ,fragm5t ( a r$-figur$ kylix1 f\nd on ! ,akropolis1 ,a!ns4 ,h>twig1 ,jahrbu* des ,in/ituts1 ,,xiv1 #ahii1 p4 #aed1 fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,pott] glaz+ kylix ,h>twig1 ,jahrbu* des ,in/ituts1 #ahii1 pl4 #aed1 fig4 #b ,a pott] glaz+ ! inside ( a kylix z x rotates on ! :eel4 ,a woman appe>s to be cr[n+ him ) a wrea?4 #d4 ,cor9?ian p9ax 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum4 ,antike ,d5kml]1 ,i1 pl4 #h1 ,no4 #ah4 ,furtwngl]1 ,bes*reibung d] ,vas5sammlung zu ,b]l91 ,i1 ,no4 #hfh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,pott] pa9t+ b&s on a krat] ,antike ,d5kml]1 ,i1 pl4 #h1 ,no4 #ah ,a pott] is sitt+ on a /ool be=e 8 :eel1 app>5tly 9 ! act ( pa9t+ broad black b&s on a column krat] :ile ! vase is revolv+4 #e4 ,r$-figur$ bell-krat] 9 ! ,a%molean ,museum1 ,ox=d4 ,beazley1 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 ,,xxviii1 #aijh1 pl4 ,,xxxii1 ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,?ree y\?s1 "o pa9t+ a krat] ,beazley1 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 ,,xxviii 7#aijh71 pl4 ,,xxxii1 ,a4 ,to ! left a y\? is sitt+ on a /ool pa9t+ ! outside ( a bell krat]4 ,he is /eady+ ! vase ) 8 left arm plac$ inside ! krat]1 :ile he lets ! rim re/ on 8 lap4 ,by 8 side is a l[ /& ) a skyphos evid5tly conta9+ ! pa9t4 ,a second workman is c>ry+ (f ano!r krat] to ! "r4 ,he may be go+ to fet* "s wat] or w9e 9 x1 = x is evid5tly a complet$1 fir$ vase1 o!rwise he w\ld n be c>ry+ x by ! h&les4 ,a ?ird workman is mov+ 9 ! same direction hold+ up a skyphos1 p]haps to get m pa9t or "s wat] or w9e to dr9k4 ,a krat] /&+ on ! gr\nd completes ! sc5e4 ,on ! wall hang "s implem5ts ( ! pott]'s trade1 id5tifi$ by ,beazley f ! orig9al z 7#a7 a kylix = dr9k+1 7#b7 a mort> = gr9d+ ! +r$i5ts ( ! glaze1 7#c7 a bru% case1 7#d7 a b[l to conta9 liquid glaze1 7#e7 a /ra9] = siev+ ! glaze4 #f4 ,botian black-figur$ skyphos 9 ! ,polyte*nion 9 ,a!ns4 ,f\nd 9 ,lokris4 ,blmn]1 ,a!nis*e ,mit!ilung51 ,,xiv1 #ahhi1 p4 #aea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,pott]y e/abli%m5t ,blmn]1 ,a!nis*e ,mit!ilung51 ,,xiv1 #ahhi1 p4 #aea ,! ma/] ( ! pott]y is sitt+ ) a kylix 9 "o h&1 :ile ) ! o!r he is try+ to beat a slave :o is runn+ (f ) ?ree skyphoi4 ,?ree o!r skyphoi are on ! gr\nd1 :ile a kan?>os & a skyphos are ne> by on a %elf4 ,ano!r workman is inspect+ a skyphos he has j glaz$2 a pa9t pot & bru% are on a l[ /& by 8 side4 ,he takes no notice ( a sc5e :i* is tak+ place close by1 a man beat+ a slave susp5d$ f ! ceil+4 ,! workman%ip is v crude1 & if x is a product ( ! pott]y e/abli%m5t :i* x depicts1 x is a fair sample ( ! "w we might expect f a place run on su* me?ods6 ,,fir+ ,,! ,,vases #a-aj ,votive tablets or p9akes f\nd at ,p5teskuphia ne> ,cor9?1 dat+ #fej-eej ,b4,c4 7figs4 #gb-hj74 ,nos4 #gc-gh1 #hj are 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum2 ,nos4 #gb1 #gi 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,l\vre4 ,antike ,d5kml]1 ,i1 #ahhf1 pl4 #h1 ,nos4 #a1 #d1 #ab1 #ae1 #ai;b1 #ba1 #bb1 #bf 7,furtwngl]1 ,bes*reibung d] ,vas5sammlung zu ,b]l91 ,i1 ,nos4 #fjh1 #hjb1 #faf1 #hic1 #iji1 #hbg1 #faa74 ,gazette ar*ologique1 ,,vi1 #ahhj1 p4 #aje 7#a71 p4 #ajf 7#a74 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #gb-gc4 ,pott]s /ok+ ! fire ,antike ,d5kml]1 ,i1 pl4 #h1 #bf4 ,gazette ar*ologique1 ,,vi1 p4 #aje4 ,repres5tations ( pott]'s kilns4 ,! kilns are dom$1 & h ?ree op5+s1 "o at ! bottom = ! fuel1 "o on ! side = ! ins]tion ( ! w>e & to act z a spy-hole1 & "o at ! top to let out ! smoke & = ! regulation ( ! draught4 ,on figs4 #gb-gi1 ! firem5 are busy /ok+ ! fire1 & climb+ to ! top ( ! kiln to manipulate ! draught-hole ) a hook$ implem5t2 = ! flames are se5 em]g+ at ! top1 :i* means t heat is be+ wa/$4 ,fig4 #hj %[s ! inside ( a kiln1 9 horizontal section1 ) two op5+s = ! fire1 ea* op5+ hav+ two *annels into ! kiln4 ,! vases %\ld ( c\rse /& upright1 b ! pa9t] naturally f\nd x difficult to depict !m 9 ! "r p]spective look+ at !m f ! top4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #gd-gi4 ,pott]s regulat+ draught ,antike ,d5kml]1 ,i1 pl4 #h1 ,nos4 #d1 #ab1 #a1 #ba1 #bb2 ,gazette ar*ologique1 ,,vi1 p4 #ajf4 ,furtwngl] 7,bes*reibung d] ,vas5sammlung zu ,b]l91 ,i1 p4 #gj1 note7 0 incl9$ to ?9k t ^! ov5s are n pott]y kilns1 b furnaces = metal smelt+4 ,8 objections1 h[ev]1 d n hold4 ,! ov5s are n too l>ge = pott]y1 & ! climb+ to ! top = ! regulation ( ! draught is a well-kn[n proce$+4 ,moreov]1 ! sc5e 7fig4 #hj7 %[+ ! /ack$ vases1 ! little pots pa9t$ on figs4 #ge & #gh z if to indicate ! purpose ( ! ov5s1 & ! repres5tations ( pott]s at "w on o!r tablets1 make ! int]pretation z pott]y kilns ! mo/ likely4 ,^! pictures are ( special importance s9ce no actual ,greek kilns h yet be5 discov]$1 ?\gh sev]al ,etruscan & num]\s ,roman ones h come to light 7cf4 ,montelius1 ,civilisation primitive1 pl4 #ajg1 #aa1 & ,blmn]1 op4 cit41 ,,ii1 pp4 #bc ff474 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,vases /ack$ 9 pott]'s kiln ,antike ,d5kml]1 ,i1 pl4 ,,viii1 ,no4 #ai;b ,,miscellane\s ,,sc5es #a4 ,engrav$ gem1 pres5t :]eab\ts n kn[n4 ,mill91 ,pe9tures de vases antiques1 ,,ii1 title vignette4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,y\? remov+ vase f ov5 ) two /icks ,mill91 ,pe9tures de vases1 ,,ii1 title vignette ,a y\? is sitt+ 9 front ( an ov5 remov+ ) two /icks a two-h&l$ vase :i* has be5 plac$ !re = dry+4 ,he is us+ ! /icks in/ead ( 8 f+]s because ! pot is too hot to t\*2 n 9 ord] to avoid injur+ ! fre% glaze on ! vase1 z has be5 sugge/$ 7cf4 ,blmn]1 ,te*nologie u4 ,t]m9ologie ,,ii1 #ahie1 p4 #eb71 = ! /icks w\ld m>k ! glaze z mu* z ! f+]s w\ld4 ,mod]n pott]s (t5 use /icks = remov+ hot w>e f ! kilns 7cf4 p4 #cf74 #b4 ,engrav$ gem1 pres5t :]eab\ts n kn[n4 ,mill91 ,pe9tures de vases antiques1 ,i1 vignette4 ,blmn]1 ,te*nologie u4 ,t]m9ologie1 ,,ii1 p4 #eb1 fig4 #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,y\? work+ on vases 787 ,mill91 ,pe9tures de vases1 ,i1 vignette ,a y\? is sitt+ on a l[ tripod 9 front ( an ov54 ,he holds a jug by ! h&le1 & seems to be work+ on x ) an in/rum5t4 ,x is n cle> :at he is do+2 ! way he holds ! vase by "o h&le sugge/s t ! vase has be5 fir$4 ,on ! ov5 are a kylix & an o9o*o1 p]haps plac$ !re = dry+4 #c4 ,ar*aic ,greek /ele 9 ! ,akropolis ,museum1 ,a!ns4 ,le*at1 ,la ,sculpture attique avant ,pheidias1 p4 #cfg1 fig4 #bi4 ,dick9s1 ,catalogue ( ! ,akropolis ,museum at ,a!ns1 p4 #bgb1 ,no4 #accb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,ma/] pott] 787 ,le*at1 ,la ,sculpture attique avant ,phidias1 p4 #cfg1 fig4 #bi ,a be>d$ man is repres5t$ seat$1 hold+ 9 8 left h& two kylikes1 "o by ! h&le1 ! o!r by ! foot4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! /ele is miss+4 ,! figure has be5 int]pret$1 ) "s probability1 z a 8ma/] pott]40 #d4 ,greek /ele 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art1 ,new ,york4 ,ri*t]1 ,h&book ( ! ,classical ,collection1 p4 #bji1 fig4 #abe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4 ,woman pott] 787 ,met4 ,mus4 ,acc4 ,no4 #jh4beh4db ,a woman is repres5t$ seat$ ) a pyxis on h] lap & a leky?os 9 "o h&4 ,on ! analogy ( ! ,akropolis /ele1 x is possible t "h too we h a votive (f]+ ( a pott]4 #e4 ,int]ior ( a kylix 9 ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 ,baltimore4 ,h>twig1 ,die grie*is*5 ,mei/]s*al51 pl4 ,,xvii1 ,i1 & title vignette4 ,hopp91 ,a ,h&book ( ,attic ,r$-,figur$ ,vases1 ,,ii1 p4 #cee4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,cli5t 9 pott]'s %op ,h>twig1 ,die grie*is*5 ,mei/]s*al51 title vignette ,a cli5t 9 a pott]'s %op is exam9+ ! /ack$ w>e1 & holds 8 purse ready to pay = :at he w select4 #f4 ,fragm5t ( a ,cor9?ian p9ax 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum4 ,antike ,d5kml]1 ,i1 #ahhf1 pl4 #h1 #c;a4 ,furtwngl]1 ,bes*reibung d] ,vas5sammlung zu ,b]l91 ,i1 ,no4 #hca;b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,%ip ) c>go ( pott]y ,antike ,d5kml]1 ,i1 pl4 #h1 #c;a ,sail+-%ip ) a %eet w\nd r\nd ! ma/1 & a r[ ( jugs pa9t$ 9 ! field above4 ,! latt] app>5tly indicate ! c>go ( ! %ip1 & ! tablet is probably an (f]+ ( a m]*ant to ! sea-god ,poseidon = ! safe conduct ( 8 preci\s consignm5t to =eign l&s4 ,?is is ! only picture we h ( ! transport ( ,greek vases1 :i* we "k play$ s significant a "p 9 ,greek c]amic indu/ry4 ,ev5 9 ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c41 :5 mo/ important localities produc$ _! own w>es1 su* %ipm5ts mu/ h be5 frequ5t1 s9ce1 = in/ance1 l>ge numb]s ( ,cor9?ian vases h be5 une>!d 9 ,etruria1 & ,laconian vases are f\nd scatt]$ f> & wide4 ,9 ! six? & fif? c5turies ,b4,c41 :5 ,a!ns suppli$ a l>ge "p ( ! ,greek _w ) h] pott]y1 ! trade mu/ h be5 an exce$+ly active "o2 s t we mu/ imag9e %ip aft] %ip lad5 ) pott]y sail+ f ! ,piraeus = di/ant l&s4 ,,repres5tations ,,wrongly ,,int]pret$ ,,z ,,pott]y ,,sc5es ,f "t to "t v>i\s repres5tations h be5 int]pret$ z pott]y sc5es :i* probably h no su* significance4 ,! foll[+ are ! two mo/ important4 #a4 ,int]ior ( a kylix 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art4 ,a satyr is /ok+ ! fire ( an ov5 on :i* is a skyphos4 ,?is sc5e is figur$ 9 _m ( ! books on vases 7cf4 e4g4 ,walt]s1 ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,pott]y1 ,i1 p4 #baf1 fig4 #fh7 & int]pret$ z a satyr fir+ pott]y2 probably he is simply cook+ 8 d9n]4 #b4 ,int]ior ( a kylix4 ,g]h>d1 ,aus]les5e ,vas5bild]1 pls4 ,,clxxx-,,clxxxi4 ,y\? hold+ ! rim ( a l>ge krat] ) bo? h&s4 ,he is sometimes int]pret$ z a pott] work+ on a vase2 b !re is no cle> connection ) pott]y "w4 ,,pott]',s ,,implem5ts ,un=tunately v few pott]'s implem5ts ( classical ,greek times h surviv$4 ,we h no ,a!nian :eel or kiln or turn+ tools4 ,& ev5 f o!r p]iods ! li/ ( su* ut5sils is a slim "o4 ,b :at has surviv$ "h & !re f o!r p]iods is 9 l9e ) ! g5]al tr5d ( ! evid5ce--t ! te*niques 9 anci5t times 7 v simil> to :at !y are today4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ pieces are ! t]racotta disks f\nd at ,g\rnia1 ,arezzo1 & else:]e1#eg :i* are :eel-heads#eh on :i* ! pott]y 0 ?r[n & turn$4 ,on ! "u side ( "s ( ^! is a hole = ins]tion 9 ! pivot 7fig4 #hg74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,:eel-head ,briti% ,museum1 ,guide to ,greek & ,roman ,life 7#b;d ,edition71 p4 #aha1 fig4 #bag ,! pott]'s tools f\nd at ,arezzo 7fig4 #hh7ei are n unlike our mod]n model+ tools & 7 d\btless us$ = v>i\s f9i%+ processes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,tools f\nd at ,arezzo ,d>emb]g et ,saglio1 ,dictionnaire des antiquits grecques et roma9es1 p4 #aabb1 fig4 #cjcf ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,nos4 #gd4g-aj1cjb7 are t]racotta /ilts us$ = support+ vases 9 ! kilns1 v l ! /ilts us$ by pott]s today4 ,x is unlikely t !y 7 us$ by ! ,a!nian pott]s1 s9ce ! ,greek black glaze is s ?9 x w\ld n be apt to run1 b = ! ,roman w>e ) metallic glaze !y 7 ess5tial1 & ! m>ks !y left are visible on ! feet ( ! vases4#fj ,on "o ( ! ,briti% ,museum /ilts 7fig4 #hi7 are rema9s ( a gre5i% glaze f su* a vase4 ,no m\lds = ! ,a!nian pla/ic w>e h to my k be5 f\nd4 ,b m\lds = ! lat] w>es1 su* z ! ,arret9e1 are ( c\rse pl5tiful4 ,!y are inv>iably made ( burnt clay4 ,! kilns :i* h surviv$ all date f ,roman times 7cf4 ,blmn]1 op4 cit41 ,,ii1 pp4 #bc ff474 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,/ilt ,,iii4 ,,ref]5ces ,,to ,,! ,,pott]y ,,craft ,,9 ,,anci5t ,,lit]ature ,! in=mation d]iv$ f anci5t lit]ature on ! subject ( ! te*nique ( ,a!nian vases is decid$ly meagre2 & naturally s4 ,! only p :o c\ld h giv5 u valuable data reg>d+ te*nical que/ions 7 ! pott]s !mselves1 & !y 7 n writ]s4 ,outsid]s knew z little ( ! te*nique ( ! craft z !y d today4 ,s we obta9 f !m only g5]al rem>ks2 & ^! on ! :ole be> out ! po9ts we h already made4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 !y ?r[ fre% light on a "q1 or give u in=mation on "s po9t on :i* ! vases !mselves _c speak1 su* z ! /atus ( ! anci5t pott]s1 ! value plac$ on ! vases1 etc4 ,x is important1 !re=e1 to exam9e ! *ief ref]5ces 9 ,greek & ,roman lit]ature on ?is subject4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,clay ,geoponica1 ,,ii1 #di4 #c4 ,x is mo/ necess>y = e reason to h pott]s 7on a f>m71 s9ce we are conv9c$ t x is possible to f9d pott]'s clay on any l&2 = ei!r on ! surface1 or deep d[n1 or 9 out-(-!-way places on ! l& y w f9d e>? suitable = mak+ pott]y4 #c4 1 1 1 1 4 ,! abundance ( clay on ,greek soil mu/ h help$ ! manufacture ( ! _m local v>ieties be=e ,a!ns obta9$ ! monopoly 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,geoponica1 ,,vi1 #c4 ,on mak+ pi?oi #a4 ,n all e>? is suitable = pott]y1 b ) reg>d to pott]'s clay1 "s pref] ! yell[i% r$1 "s ! :ite1 & o!rs mix ! two4 #b4 ,"s 9 judg+ ( a well-made pi?os are satisfi$ if1 :5 /ruck1 x gives =? a %>p1 cle> s\nd4 #c4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is n en\gh1 b ! p]son 9 *>ge ought to be pres5t :ile ! "w is go+ on1 & see to x t ! clay has be5 well work$1 & n let x be put on ! :eel be=e ! clay %[s :at sort ( pot x w make :5 fir$4 #a4 1 1 1 4 #b4 1 4 #c4 1 1 1 1 4 ,good pott]s 7 evid5tly well aw>e1 !n z n[1 ( ! importance ( ! "r composition & consi/5cy ( _! clay4 ,x is also int]e/+ to note t pott]s 9 mod]n ,a!ns /ill regul>ly use a mixture ( r$ & :ite clay 7cf4 p4 #dj1 note #b74 ,sophokles1 ,fragm5ts1 #dch4 ,fir/ beg9 to "w ! clay ) y\r h&s4 4 ,hesy*ius1 ,lexicon1 s4 v4 4 3 to make ready2 or z is said1 to knead ! clay1 :i* is to prep>e x1 to mix x1 to wet x1 to "w x into a pla/ic mass4 1 1 1 1 1 4 9 o!r words 0 ! ,greek expression = w$g+ ! clay & gett+ x ready = ?r[+4 ,,fa%ion+ ,,! ,,vases 7#a7 ,,:eelwork ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,,iv1 #gf4 ,talos1 ! son ( ,da$alus' si/]1 0 br\ght up z a *ild by ,da$alus1 & be+ clev]] ?an 8 tea*]1 he inv5t$ ! pott]'s :eel4 1 ' 4 ,/rabo1 ,geography1 ,,vii1 p4 #cjc4 ,ephoros says t ,ana*>sis' inv5tions 7 ! bell[s1 ! d\ble-fluk$ an*or1 & ! pott]'s :eel4 ,i repeat ?is /atem5t1 al?\gh ,i am well aw>e t ?is writ] is n v accurate1 & especially 9 ! acc\nt ( ,ana*>sis1 = h[ c\ld ! pott]'s :eel be an inv5tion ( 81 :ile ,hom]#fa :o 0 ( an e>li] "t knew ( x8 444 4 1 4 1 2 ,pl9y1 ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,,vii1 #aih4 ,coroebus ! ,a!nian inv5t$ e>!n pots1 & among ! inv5tors1 ! ,scy?ian ,ana*>sis1 or z o!rs say1 ,hyp]bius ! ,cor9?ian1 discov]$ ! pott]'s :eel4 444 figl9as 7inv5it7 ,coroebus ,a!ni5sis1 9 iis orbem ,ana*>sis ,scy!s1 ut alii1 ,hyp]bius ,cor9?us4 ,critias1 ,elegies1 ,i1 #ab-ad 7,b]gk74 ,! *ild ( ! :eel & ! e>? & ! kiln1 ! fam\s pott]y1 useful h\se s]vant1 t city inv5t$ :i* set up ! glori\s trophy at ,m>a?on4 ' 1 1 1 4 ,x is natural t ! anci5ts %\ld h attribut$ ! great inv5tion ( ! pott]'s :eel to v>i\s individuals or cities1 b !y !mselves realiz$ ! anomaly ( ascrib+ x to a comp>atively rec5t p]iod1 :5 x 0 kn[n to ,hom] 7see bel[74 ,actual rema9s ( :eel-?r[n vases %[ t ! :eel 0 kn[n 9 ,crete & ,greece 9 ! ,e>ly ,m9oan & ,e>ly ,helladic ,,iii p]iods 7be=e #bbjj ,b4,c47 & 9 ,egypt 9 ! ?ird & f\r? dyna/ies#fb 7ab\t #cjjj ,b4,c474 ,hom]1 ,iliad1 ,,xviii1 #eii-fja4 ,& n[ !y w\ld run r\nd ) deft feet exce$+ lightly1 z :5 a pott] sitt+ by 8 :eel t fitte? betwe5 8 h&s make? trial ( x :e!r x run4 7,lang1 ,leaf & ,my]s47 ' 1 '1 4 1 4 ,plut>*1 ,de g5io ,socratis1 p4 #ehh;f4 ,"o ought n to be surpris$ at see+ ! movem5t ( l>ge m]*ant-vessels controll$ by small helms1 nor ! :irl+ ( ! pott]'s :eel mov+ regul>ly at ! m]e t\* ( ! tips ( 8 f+]s4 1 4 ,p]sius1 ,satires1 ,,iii1 #bc-bd4 ,advice to an idle "y man ( good position4 ,y are wet1 s(t clay2 at ?is v mom5t y %\ld be ha/5+ to %ape y\rself on ! swift :eel4 udum et molle lutum es1 nunc nunc prop]&us et acri f+5dus s9e f9e rota4 ,hippokrates1 1 ,i1 ,littr1 ,,vi1 p4 #did1 #bb4 ,pott]s turn ! :eel :i* moves nei!r backw>d nor =w>d & at ! same "t imitates ! rotation ( ! univ]se1 & on ?is same :eel z x :irls !y make ?+s ( all k9ds1 no "o ( !m l ano!r1 f ! same mat]ials ) ! same tools4 1 1 4 ,! fasc9ation ( a pot %ap$ on a rapidly turn+ :eel appeal$ to ! anci5ts z x does to u2 & ! p>allelism betwe5 a pot 9 ! mak+ & man %ap$ by life is too obvi\s to h escap$ !m4 ,hippokrates' rem>k t ( ! vases produc$ on ! :eel no two are alike is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,greek love ( v>iety4 ,ecclesia/icus1 #ch1 #cb4 ,s does ! pott] sitt+ at 8 "w & turn+ 8 :eel r\nd ) 8 feet1 :o is always pa9/ak+ ) 8 task2 & all 8 "w is done by numb]4 ,he m\lds ! clay ) 8 arm1 & 8 feet4 ,lit]al translation ( ! ,greek text writt5 by a ,hebrew & evid5tly color$ by 8 own idiom4 1 1 1 4 1 4 ,?is is ! only place 9 anci5t lit]ature 9 :i* ! action ( ! foot 9 :eelwork is ref]r$ to4 ,9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 !re=e1 we might assume ! k ( ! kick-:eel1 ?\gh x may well h be5 9 use long be=e !n1 s9ce x is a simple & obvi\s device4 ,:]e labor1 h[ev]1 0 *eap & pl5tiful1 z 9 fif?-c5tury ,a!ns1 a slave boy turn+ ! :eel = ! pott]1 ^: :ole /r5g? & att5tion c\ld !n be exp5d$ on 8 "w1 w\ld be pref]able2 & ?is is ! mann] 9 :i* :eelwork is depict$ 9 ,a!nian vase pa9t+s 7cf4 pp4 #fd ff74 ,a!naeus1 ,,xi1 p4 #dhj c4 ,^! kylikes are clay dr9k+-cups1 & are s call$ f be+ turn$ on ! :eel4 ' 4 ,! kylix is1 ( c\rse1 ! :eel-made vase p> excell5ce4 ,no?+ s light & graceful or ) su* a f9e fl[ ( l9e c\ld be produc$ by h&work4 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 p4 #ead e4 ,is n ?is1 z !y say1 to le>n ! pott]'s craft by und]tak+ a pi?os1 444 & does n ?is seem to y a fooli% ?+ to d8 444 2 ,plato1 ,la*es1 p4 #ahg b4 ,= if ?is is y\r fir/ attempt at education1 y mu/ take c>e le/ y try ! exp]im5t1 n on a ,c>ian slave1 b on y\r sons or ! *ildr5 ( y\r fri5ds1 & let ! prov]b fit y :i* says t ! pott]'s art is 9 ! pi?os4 1 1 ' 1 4 ,s*olia/ on ,plato1 ,la*es1 p4 #ahg b4 ,! prov]b1 89 ! pi?os is ! pott]'s art10 ab\t ^? :o skip ! fir/ lessons & take hold ( ! greate/ tasks :i* are prop]ly ! la/4 1 1 1 4 ,corpus ,p>oemiographorum ,graecorum1 ,z5obius1 ,,iii1 #fe4 8,i le>n ! pott]'s craft on ! pi?os02 a prov]b ^u ^? :o skip ! fir/ lessons1 & imm$iately attempt great] ?+s2 z if anyone :o 0 le>n+ to be a pott]1 be=e le>n+ to m\ld plates or any o!r small ?+1 %\ld und]take a pi?os4 3 1 4 1 1 4 ,! fact t !re 0 a ,greek prov]b on ! folly ( attempt+ l>ge vases be=e a ?or\gh k ( ! craft has be5 acquir$1 %[s h[ common 0 ! realization ( ! difficulty ( ! task4 ,plut>*1 ,quae/iones conviviales1 ,,ii1 p4 #fcf c4 ,polykleitos ! model] said t ! "w is mo/ difficult :5 ! clay /&s ! te/ ( ! nail 7874 1 4 ,if we int]pret ?is passage z ref]r+ to a pott]1 & z mean+ :5 ! /age has be5 rea*$ t ! clay is h>d en\gh to be scrat*$ ) ! nail1 ?is may possibly be an allusion to turn+2 :i* may well be call$ ! mo/ difficult process ( pott]y mak+4 ,b ?is int]pretation is v unc]ta94 ,! passage is usually tak5 z ref]r+ to ! sculptor's la/ t\*es on a clay model = a bronze /atue4 7#b7 ,,build+ ,geoponica1 ,,vi1 #c 7#d74 #d4 ,pott]s d n use ! :eel = all pi?oi1 b only = ! small ones4 ,! l>g] ones !y build up day by day1 plac+ !m on ! gr\nd 9 a w>m room1 & ?us make !m l>ge4 #d4 1 4 1 4 ,pollux1 ,onoma/icon1 ,,vii1 #afd4 #afd4 ,t ar\nd :i* ^? :o make pi?oi put ! clay & %ape x--?is wood5 core is call$ 4 #afd4 1 4 ,su* h&-built w>e does n1 ( c\rse1 include ! l>ge pa9t$ krat]s & amphorai ( ,a!nian make2 = ^! h all ! e>-m>ks ( :eel-?r[n pott]y4 ,wood5 cores are /ill us$ today 9 ! mak+ ( cem5t =ms4 ,s9ce ! clay cem5t %r9ks ^u dry+ & ! wood does n1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to prev5t ! =m] f crack+4 ,! wood5 core is !re=e made 9 collapsible =m4 ,a w$ge is made 9 ! c5t] & a core built ar\nd x4 ,:5 ! "w is f9i%$ ! w$ge c be drawn out & ! sides ( ! core w fall 94#fc ,,fir+ ,,! ,,vases ,geoponica1 ,,vi1 #c 7#e74 #e4 ,! fir+ is no small "p ( ! pott]'s craft4 ,n too little or too mu* fire %\ld be built "u ! pots1 b j en\gh4 1 1 4 ,vita ,h]odotea ,epigrammata ,hom]ica1 #ad4 7,text ( ,t4 ,w4 ,all51 9 ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,classical ,texts47 ,"s pott]s1 see+ him ,hom] sett+ out ! next morn+ :ile !y 7 build+ a fire 9 a kiln ( f9e pott]y1 call$ him to !m1 kn[+ t he 0 a poet1 & !y bade him s+1 promis+ to give him "s ( ! pott]y & :atev] else !y _h1 & ,hom] sang to !m ! foll[+ poem1 :i* is call$ ! 8,kiln03-- 8,if y w give me a rew>d ,i w s+ to y1 ,o pott]s4 ,come hi!r1 ,a!na1 & /ret* ?y h& ov] ! kiln1 & may ! kotyloi black5 well & all ! 444 & may !y be well bak$1 & receive ! price due to _! value1 _m be+ sold 9 ! m>ket1 & _m 9 ! /reets4 ,may !y ga9 mu*4444 ,b if y turn to %amelessness1 & *oose falsehood1 !n ,i summon ! de/roy]s to fall ^u ! kiln1 ,cra%] & ,sma%] & ,unqu5*able & ,%att]] & ,fi]ce ,conqu]]1 :o w\ld br+ _m evils ^u ?is craft 444 & may ! :ole kiln be ?r[n into confusion1 :ile ! pott]s lam5t l\dly4 ,z a horse's jaw eats gre$ily1 s may ! kiln dev\r all ! pott]y )9 x1 mak+ x brittle4 ,come hi!r1 ,circe1 daught] ( ! sun1 skill$ 9 drugs2 br+ malignant poisons1 afflict ! m5 & ru9 _! "w4 ,let ,*eiron br+ hi!r _m ,c5taurs1 bo? ^? :o escap$ ! h&s ( ,h]akles1 & ^? :o p]i%$4 ,let !m h>%ly smite ! "w & smite ! kiln1 & may ! m5 !mselves see ^! griev\s de$s ) lam5tations4 ,b ,i %all be happy :5 ,i see _! unlucky craft4 ,& ! man :o peeps ov]1 may 8 :ole face burn on acc\nt ( ?is1 s t all may "k h[ to d :at is "r40 ,t 1 1 1 4 1 ' ' 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 4 ' ' ' 1 ' 1 ' ' 1 ' 4 1 4 1 ' ' 4 4 1 ' 4 1 ' 1 ' 1 1 ' 4 ' 4 ' 1 1 ' 4 ,?is is a good picture ( ! havoc t may happ5 9 a kiln4 ,hippokrates1 ,epidemia1 ,,iv1 #bj2 ,littr1 ,v1 p4 #afj4 ,! man :o fell d[n f ! pott]'s ov51 s9ce a cupp+-glass 0 n appli$ imm$iately1 suff]$ f an int]nal inflammation & on ! tw5tie? day grew worse4 1 1 1 4 ,?is rem9ds u ( ! m5 we see climb+ on ! kilns 9 ! repres5tations on ,cor9?ian p9akes 7p4 #gf74 ,pollux1 ,onoma/icon1 ,,vii1 #ajh4 ,x 0 ! cu/om = bronze ca/]s to hang some?+ ridicul\s 9 front ( _! furnaces1 or to m\ld some?+ ^u !m1 9 ord] to av]t envy4 ,^! 7 call$ 4 1 1 4 4 ,su* devices to av]t ! evil eye w\ld apply equally to pott]y kilns1 z we "k f actual repres5tations 7cf4 pp4 #fd f474 ,x is natural t ! vag>ies ( a kiln %\ld be ascrib$ by ! sup]/iti\s anci5ts to sup]natural =ces4 ,,r$ ,,o*re ,,wa% ,inscriptiones ,graecae1 ,,ii1 #a1 #edf4 ,be x decre$ by ! s5ate & p ( ! ,i\lietai conc]n+ ! repres5tations ( ! envoys f ,a!ns1 t ! export ( miltos %all be to ,a!ns1 & to no o!r place f ?is day =w>d2 if anyone exports x to any o!r place1 8 %ip & its c>go %all be confiscat$ & a half %all be giv5 to ! in=m]2 444 ,if ! ,a!nians decree any o!r regulations = ! gu>d+ ( ! miltos !y %all be valid4 77 1 7 ' 1 7 1 7 71 4 7 1 7 4 7 7 444 7 7 7 444 7 4 ,inscriptiones ,graecae1 ,,ii1 #a1 #edf4 ,!og5es mov$3 be x decre$ by ! s5ate & p ( ! ,koresians1 conc]n+ ! repres5tations ( ! envoys f ,a!ns1 ! export ( miltos %all be to ,a!ns 444 z x 0 be=e2 & 9 ord] t ! decrees ( ! ,a!nians & ,koresians conc]n+ miltos may be valid1 x %all be export$ 9 a %ip :i* !y %all designate & 9 no o!r %ip 444 ! tax ( two p] c5t %all be paid to ! collectors by ^? engag$ 9 ! trade4 77 4 77 7 4 ' 71 7 444 7 4 ' 7 7 7444 7 1 7 444 1 7 444 77 4 ,x is int]e/+ to le>n h[ important miltos 7r$ o*re7 0 to ! ,a!nians4 ,we "k t x 0 us$ 9 build+ = ! dress+ ( /ones#fd2 & if ! appe>ance ( "o ( ! *ief articles ( comm]ce ( ,a!ns1 viz4 ! pott]y1 0 dep5d5t on x 7cf4 pp4 #ec ff471 x is natural t /r+5t provisions %\ld be made = its acquisition & monopoly4 ,pl9y1 ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,,xxxv1 #ab 7#dc71 #aeb4 ,! addition ( r$ o*re or m\ld+ 9 r$ clay is ! inv5tion ( ,butades4 ,butades inv5tum e/ rubricam add]e aut ex rubra creta f+]e4 ,suidas1 ,lexicon1 s4 v4 4 ,pott]s ( ,kolias3 ,kolias1 a place 9 ,attica :]e vases are m\ld$4 ,x is said t ( all ! k9ds ( clay t are br\ght to ! :eel 7& ! :eel on :i* vessels are %ap$ is meant71 t is1 ( all ! clay fit = mak+ vases1 ! clay ( ,kolias is ! be/1 s t x is also dy$ ) miltos4 1 1 1 7 7 1 1 4 ,isidorus1 ,etymologiae1 ,,xx1 iv1 #c4 ,x is said t pott]y vases 7 fir/ inv5t$ 9 ! isl& ( ,samos1 be+ made ( clay & h>d5$ by fire1 :5ce comes ! t]m ,samian vases4 ,a lat] inv5tion 0 to add r$ o*re & to make pott]y ( r$ clay4 ,fictilia vasa 9 ,samo insula prius inv5ta traduntur1 facta ex creta et indurata igni2 unde et ,samia vasa3 po/ea inv5tum et rubricam add]e et ex rubra creta f+]e4 ,! significance ( ^! passages has already be5 discuss$ on pp4 #ec-ei4 ,,porosity ,,( ,,greek ,,pott]y ,pollux1 ,onoma/icon1 ,,vii1 #afa ff4 #afb4 ,ari/ophanes says t a clay v9eg> j> has leprosy1 in/ead ( say+ t x is moi/ 7sweats874 1 1 4 ,?is appe>s to ref] to ! fact t unglaz$ w>e 7& ev5 pa9t$ ,a!nian pott]y is unglaz$ 9 p>ts7 becomes moi/ :5 fill$ ) liquid1 on acc\nt ( its porosity4 ,,! ,,/atus ,,( ,,pott]s ,isokrates1 ,de ,p]mutatione1 #b4 ,z if "o %\ld h ! insol5ce to call ,pheidias1 :o made ! /atue ( ,a!na1 a /atuette mak]1 or to say t ,zeuxis & ,p>rhasius _h pli$ ! same trade z t ( ! pa9t]s ( p9akes4 1 4 ,ari/ophanes1 ,ekklesiaz\sai1 #iie f4 ,old ,woman4 ,:o is ?is8 ,"y ,man4 ,! man :o pa9ts leky?oi = ! dead4 4 ' 2 4 4 ,plut>*1 ,life ( ,numa1 #ag4 ,s1 di/+ui%+ ! :ole p by ! sev]al arts & trades1 he =m$ ! companies ( musicians1 goldsmi?s1 c>p5t]s1 dy]s1 %oemak]s1 sk9n]s1 brazi]s1 & pott]s 7,a4 ,h4 ,cl\gh74 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 ,plato1 ,eu?ydemos1 #cja1 c1 d4 ,:at1 said he1 is ! bus9ess ( a good workman8 ,tell me1 9 ! fir/ place1 ^: bus9ess is hamm]+8 ,! smi?'s4 ,& ^: ! mak+ ( pots8 ,! pott]'s4 ,& :o has to kill & sk9 & m9ce & boil & roa/8 ,! cook1 ,i said4 ,& if a man does 8 bus9ess1 he does rightly8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,& ! bus9ess ( ! cook is to cut up & sk91 y h admitt$ t8 ,yes1 ,i h1 b y mu/ n be too h>d ^u me4 ,!n if "s "o 7 to kill1 m9ce1 boil1 roa/ ! cook1 he w\ld d 8 bus9ess1 & if he 7 to hamm] ! smi?1 & make a pot ( ! pott]1 he w\ld d _! bus9ess 7,j[ett74 1 1 2 1 2-- 4-- 1 2 4-- 1 2--1 ' 4-- 1 1 1 2 4-- 1 1 2 2--1 1 -- 1 ' 1 1 4 1 4 ,ju/9us1 ,hi/oriae ,philippicae1 ,,xxii1 #a1 #a & #b4 ,aga?ocles1 ! tyrant ( ,sicily1 :o succe$$ to ! great p[] ( ! eld] ,dionysius1 came into ! spl5dor ( a k+dom f a humble & base family4 ,& too1 be+ born 9 ,sicily ( a pott]1 he _h a boyhood n m honorable ?an 8 orig94 ,aga?ocles1 ,siciliae tyrannus1 qui magnitud9i prioris ,dionysii successit1 ad regni maie/atem ex humili et sordido g5]e p]v5it4 ,quippe 9 ,sicilia patre figulo natus non hone/iorem pu]itiam quam pr9cipia orig9is habuit4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 ab\t ! l[ly /atus ( ,greek pott]s1#fe & ! above ref]5ces be> out ?is g5]al idea4 ,! craft ( pott]y 0 evid5tly plac$ on a p> ) o!r trades1 & all su* manual "w 0 n consid]$ a wor?y occupation ( free-born citiz5s1 & left mo/ly to ! metics1 or non-citiz5s4 ,we "k ?is n only f texts & inscriptions on /one1 b also f ! non-,attic =ms ( ! names ( ! pott]s1 z well z ! inscriptions on ! vases :i* frequ5tly %[ non-,attic spell+s4 ,x w\ld be absurd1 h[ev]1 to inf] t all pott]y 0 z contemptu\sly reg>d$ z ! r\gh little tomb leky?oi#ff & ! p9akes ref]r$ to by ,ari/ophanes & ,isokrates4 ,& ?is is borne out by ! foll[+ ref]5ces4 ,plato1 ,hippias ,maior1 p4 #bhh d4 ,if a skilful pott] _h made ! vessel smoo? & r\nd$ & well bak$1 l "s ( ! f9e two-h&l$ j>s :i* hold six *oai--if he %\ld ask u ab\t su* a vessel z ?is1 we %\ld be oblig$ to agree t x 0 beautiful4 1 1 1 1 1 4 ,pl9y1 ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,,xxxv1 #afa4 ,at ,ery?rae 9 ! temple !re are %[n today two amphorai consecrat$ on acc\nt ( _! ?9ness1 a pupil & a tea*] hav+ conte/$ z to :i* ( !m c\ld draw ! clay ?9n]4 ,ery?ris 9 templo hodieque o/5duntur amphorae duae propt] t5uitatem consecratae discipuli magi/rique c]tam9e1 ut] t5uiorem humum duc]et4 ,amphis1 ,ampel\rgos1 ,i4 ,me9eke1 ,fragm5ta ,comicorum ,graecorum1 ,,iii1 p4 #cjb4 ,!re is no sweet] solace 9 life = human ills ?an craftsman%ip2 = ! m9d1 absorb$ 9 its /udy1 sails pa/ all tr\bles & =gets !m4 4 ,p9d>1 ,nemean ,odes1 ,x1 #ce1 #cf4 ,& 9 e>!nw>e bak$ 9 ! fire1 )9 ! closure ( figur$ urns1 !re came among ! goodly folk ( ,h]a ! prize ( ! olive-fruit 7,my]s74 4 ,simonides1 ,fragm5ts1 #aee 7#bac7 7,b]gk74 ,& he won five g>l&s 9 succession at ! ,pana!naic games1 amphorai full ( oil4 ' ' 4 ,t f9ely execut$ pott]y 0 held 9 high e/eem is evid5t f ! rem>ks ( ,plato1 ,pl9y1 & ,p9d>2 & !re c]ta9ly c\ld be no m en?usia/ic eulogy ( craftsman%ip ?an ,amphis' beautiful l9es4 ,moreov]1 ! fact t clay vases 7 us$ z prizes at ! mo/ important games at ,a!ns c]ta9ly po9ts to consid]able & wide-spread appreciation ( !m4 ,ktesias ap4 ,a!naeus1 p4 #dfd a4 ,& ,ktesias says1 8,among ,p]sians he :om ! k+ wi%es to insult uses pott]y vessels40 8 0 1 8 1 04 ,plut>*1 ,life ( ,galba1 #ab4 ,:5 he 0 d9+ ) ,claudius ,caes> he /ole a silv] cup1 & ,caes>1 f9d+ x out1 invit$ him to d9n] aga9 on ! next day1 b ord]$ 8 s]vants to br+ out & put be=e ! gue/ no?+ silv]1 b ev]y?+ ( pott]y4 4 1 1 4 ,tibullus1 ,elegies1 ,i1 #a1 #cg f4 ,come1 ye gods1 nor scorn ! gifts f a poor man's table1 f clean pott]y vessels4 ,adsitis1 divi1 neu vos e paup]e m5sa dona nec e puris sp]nite fictilibus4 ,juv5al1 ,satires1 ,,iii1 #afh4 ,ev5 a poor man is a%am$ to d9e (f pott]y di%es4 fictilibus c5>e pudet-- ,m>tial1 ,epigrams1 ,,xiv1 #ih4 ,we advise y n ov]mu* to despise ,arretian vases3 ,tuscan e>!nw>e 0 luxury to ,pors5a 7,w4 ,e4 ,k]74 ,arret9a nimis ne sp]nas vasa monemus4 lautus erat ,tuscis ,pors5a fictilibus4 ,lucian1 ,prome!us1 #a4 ,!n y say ,i am ,prome!us8 ,if1 ,sir1 x is because ,i too "w 9 clay1 ,i recognize ! simil>ity & ackn[l$ge t ,i am l him1 nor d ,i refuse to be call$ a pott]4 2 1 1 1 1 ' 4 ,a!naeus1 ,,xi1 p4 #dhb b4 7,repeat$ by ,macrobius1 ,satires1 ,v1 #ba1 #aj47 ,!y plac$ a krat] = ! gods1 n ( silv] nor set ) /ones1 b ( clay f ,kolias4 1 1 4 ,?\gh ! ,p]sians & ! ,romans set great /ore by metal vases & reg>d$ clay vases z fit only = a poor man's table1 ! ,greeks _h no su* feel+s1 z we le>n f ,a!naeus & f innum]able vase pa9t+s ( banquets4 ,inscriptiones ,graecae1 ,i1 ,suppl41 #cfb1 p4 #gi4 ,euphronios ! pott] (f]$ 444 9 supplication to 7,a!na7 ,hygieia4 77 7 7 7444 7 774 ,inscriptiones ,graecae1 ,i1 ,suppl4 #cgc1 p4 #aja4 ,mnesiades ! pott] & ,&okides d$icat$ me4 77 4 ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1 #cdhe4 ,! "l ( ! l& & sea1 ,imp]ator ,caes> ,m4 ,aurelius ,sev]us ,anton9us1 ,pius1 ,augu/us1 ! pott]s h erect$ f _! own prop]ty4 4 77 1 1 1 7 7 77 4 ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1 #iahh4 ,s>cophagus ( ,!ophilos & 8 son ,tyrannos1 a pott] by trade4 7 7 7777 77 774 ,corpus ,inscriptionum ,graec>um1 add5da #dbab4 ,i1 ,sesames ! pott]1 h b\ght ?r\gh ! bo>d ( magi/rates ?is burial vault = myself & my wife ,elpis & my "m-9-law ,euphrosyne & = ,iano>ios & our *ildr51 & = ,sot]i*os my fa!r-9-law4 ,no "o else %all be buri$ "h1 s9ce 7! violator7 %all pay to ! sacr$ treasur] #aejj d5>ii4 7 77 7 7 77 77 77 774 774 7777 7 77 4 ,^! inscriptions ( d$ications %[ t pott]s sometimes became p ( means & influ5ce4 ,plato1 ,republic1 p4 #dfg a4 ,did y nev] obs]ve 9 ! arts h[ ! pott]s' boys look on & help1 long be=e !y t\* ! :eel8 7,j[ett74 1 1 2 ,qu9tilian1 ,in/itutio ,oratoria1 ,,ii1 #ag1 #c4 444 ,= :at man is !re s b]eft1 ,i w n say ( le>n+1 b ( s5se1 t he ?9ks t !re is an art ( con/ruct+ & ( weav+1 & ( mak+ vases f clay1 b t rhetoric1 t greate/ & noble/ "w1 z ,i said above1 has ris5 to su* sublime heights )\t art8 444 nam quis e/ adeo non ab eruditione modo1 s$ a s5su remotus hom9is1 ut fabric&i quidem et tex5di et e luto vasa duc5di artem putet1 rhetoric5 autem1 maximum ac pul*]rimum1 ut supra diximus1 opus1 9 tam sublime fa/igium exi/imet s9e arte v5isse8 ,suidas1 ,lexicon1 s4 v4 4 ,to make pott]y3 commonly said in/ead ( 8to "w h>d40 4 4 ,hesiod1 ,works & ,days1 #be f4 ,pott] be>s a grudge aga9/ pott]1 & c>p5t] aga9/ c>p5t]1 & begg> envies begg>1 & m9/rel is jeal\s ( m9/rel4 4 ,ari/otle1 ,rhetoric1 #b1 #d1 #ba1 #bb4 ,we are fri5dly t[>ds our equals1 & t[>ds ^? :o h ! same int]e/s1 if !y d n cla% ) u1 & if _! livelihood does n come f ! same s\rce1 = ?us arises ! prov]b 8,pott] hates pott]40 1 ' 4 4 ,ari/otle1 ,nicoma*aean ,e?ics1 #h1 #a1 #f4 ,= "s def9e fri5d%ip z a k9d ( resemblance1 & claim t ^? :o resemble ea* o!r are fri5ds1 :5ce is ! say+ 8,l to l10 & 8,jackdaw to ,jackdaw10 & s on4 ,o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 say t all su* p are l pott]s to ea* o!r4 1 4 1 4 ' 4 ,evid5tly x 0 fully recogniz$ t pott]y 0 a craft :i* ne$$ a long appr5tice%ip1 & 9 su* a highly specializ$ art we are n surpris$ to read ( ! ke5 rivalry exi/+ among pott]s4 ,! inscription by ,eu?ymides on "o ( 8 vases1 8,nev] has ,euphronios pa9t$ ! l ( ?is0 7cf4 ,hopp91 ,h&book ( ,attic ,r$-,figur$ ,vases1 p4 #dcb71 is evid5ce ( ! same _s4 ,judg+ f ! evid5ce collect$ above x is fair to assume t ?\gh ! e/imate ( pott]s & pott]y v>i$ at diff]5t times1 9 ! p]iod ( ,a!nian vase pa9t+ x 0 di/9ctly high4 ,pott]s _h1 x is true1 no social /atus2 b !y 7 respect$ memb]s ( ! community1 & ! ke5 appreciation ( _! "w _h z its natural result eag] rivalry among ! pott]s & ! sett+ ( high /&>ds4 ,t _! craft 0 reg>d$ z a 8trade0 is ( c\rse no?+ new4 ,arti/s z a class h only lately be5 promot$ to ! high] social ranks4 ,we ne$ only recall ,albre*t ,dr]'s description ( ! great ,procession f ! ,*ur* ( ,our ,lady at ,antw]p1 9 :i* he li/s ! pa9t]s & sculptors & goldsmi?s ) 8! masons1 ! jo9]s1 ! c>p5t]s1 ! sailors1 ! fi%]m51 ! but*]s1 ! lea!r]s1 ! clo?mak]s1 ! bak]s1 ! tailors1 ! cordwa9]s10 & ref]s to ! gr\p z 8workm5 ( all k9ds & _m craftsm5 & deal]s :o "w = _! livelihood40 ,?is is n s mu* an indignity to art z a :olesome appreciation ( all manual labor4 ,,conclusion ,! foll[+ is a summ>y ( ! te*nical processes ( ! black-figur$ & r$-figur$ ,a!nian vases 9 ! ord] :i* our /udy ( ! subject has sugge/$4 ,i4 ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,clay 7#a7 ,mix+ ! requisite +r$i5ts 7unless ! natural clay 0 satisfactory74 7#b7 ,wa%+4 7#c7 ,w$g+ or knead+4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,fa%ion+ ,,( ,,! ,,vase 7#a7 ,?r[+4 7#b7 ,turn+4 7#c7 ,poli%+4 7#d7 ,atta*+ h&les4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,decoration ,,( ,,! ,,vase a4 ,black-figur$ ,te*nique4 7#a7 ,application ( r$ o*re ov] ! :ole surface4 ,traces ( ! r$ o*re solution on black-figur$ vases are n common2 s t x is possible t its application 0 n a regul> proce$+4 7#b7 ,prelim9>y sket* = design4 ,z ?is 0 completely cov]$ by ! black glaze aft]w>ds & !re are !re=e only occasional traces ( x n[ 7cf4 e4g4 ,furtwngl] u4 ,rei*hold1 ,grie*is*e ,vas5mal]ei1 ,i1 pl4 #d71 x is unc]ta91 ?\gh inh]5tly probable1 t su* a sket* 0 g5]ally made4 7#c7 ,pa9t+ ( ! design1 includ+ figures1 decorative motives1 & backgr\nds1 9 black glaze4 7#d7 ,incision ( details4 7#e7 ,addition ( purple & :ite accessory colors4 b4 ,r$-figur$ ,te*nique4 7#a7 ,application ( r$ o*re ov] ! :ole surface4 7#b7 ,prelim9>y sket* = design ) a blunt in/rum5t4 7#c7 ,pa9t+ ( ! design1 ! decorative motives1 & ! solid black surfaces4 ,! process ( ! figure pa9t+ 0 z foll[s3 ! outl9es ( ! figures 7 indicat$ outside ! spaces int5d$ = !m1 fir/ ) a n>r[ l9e1 !n ) a broad] cont\r /ripe2 !n ! details )9 ! r$ silh\ette1 & sometimes ! outl9es1 7 pa9t$ 9 black glaze l9es2 f9ally ! backgr\nd 0 fill$ 9 ) ! black glaze4 7#d7 ,addition ( accessory colors if ne$$4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,fir+ ,,( ,,! ,,vase ,! mo/ important revisions ( curr5t !ories on ! te*nique ( ,a!nian vases :i* our treatm5t ( ! subject has sugge/$ are3 7#a7 ,! use ( turn+ z a regul> process appli$ to ! vases aft] !y 7 ?r[n4 ,to ?is op]ation !y owe mu* ( _! f9i% & ref9em5t4 7#b7 ,! application ( a r$ o*re pigm5t on ! surface ( ! vases 9 _! raw /ate1 be=e !y 7 decorat$ or fir$4 ,x is to ?is r$ o*re application t ! pres5t orangey color ( ! ,a!nian vases is due1 z aga9/ ! p9ki% hue %[n 9 ! fractures ( ! clay4 ,orig9ally1 h[ev]1 ?is color 0 ev5 deep]1 approa*+ t ( bright r$ copp]4 7#c7 ,bo? ! glaze & ! accessory colors 7 appli$ :5 ! vases 7 9 lea!r-h>d condition1 be=e any fir+4 ,in/ead ( ! two1 ?ree1 or f\r fir+s (t5 assum$ by ar*aeologi/s1 ! evid5ce po9ts to only "o fire1 aft] total completion ( ! vase4 7#d7 ,! great majority ( ,a!nian vases 7 made = actual use1 n = votive1 decorative1 or fun]al purposes1 z is /ill (t5 assum$4 ,,footnotes #a ,rei*hold's !ory 9 8 ,skizz5bu* grie*is*] ,mei/] 7#aiai71 p4 #ab1 t ! ^w 78made x07 9 a signature ref]s to ! draughtsman ( ! sket* = ! decoration1 :ile its executor sign$ 78pa9t$ x071 s9ce ! actual mak+ ( ! vase 8requir$ no arti/ic skill & c\ld be left to e appr5tice10 only %[s 8 exclusive preoccupation ) ! draw+s on ! vases1 9 ! copy+ ( :i* he s mu* excell$4 #b ,= any "o :o wi%es to /udy ?is subject at great] l5g?1 ,*>les ,f4 ,b9ns's "w on ! ,pott]'s ,craft is /rongly recomm5d$ 7second edition1 #aibb74 #c ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #f-ac1 #ad1 #ba-bc1 #bg1 #ci1 #da4 #d ,figs4 #c1 #d1 #ce1 #cf1 #dj1 #db1 #ej1 #ea1 #eb4 #e ,9 comm]cial pott]ies :]e a l>g] output & co>s] w>es are produc$ w$g+ en gros becomes necess>y4 ,9 mod]n ,greece x is done by tread+ ! clay ) b>e feet4 #f ,sometimes a wood5 scrap] is held on ! outside to obta9 a smoo!r surface2 especially 9 cases :5 ! lat] process ( turn+ is disp5s$ )4 #g ,! jigg] is ! te*nical ^w = ! :eel on :i* %apes are m\ld$ ) ! aid ( a jolly or pr(ile2 b x c be us$ = o!r purposes4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 an ord9>y :eel & a jigg] is t 9 ! =m] ! spe$ is *angeable1 9 ! latt] fix$4 #h ,cf4 e4g4 ,walt]s1 ,anci5t ,pott]y1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bjh2 ,h]=d1 ,greek ,vase ,pa9t+1 p4 #i2 etc41 etc4 #i ,cf4 ,jay ,hambidge1 ,dynamic ,symmetry1 ! ,greek ,vase1 & ,l4 ,d4 ,caskey1 ,geometry ( ,greek ,vases4 #aj ,cf4 e4g4 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum ,nos4 #jh4beh4ba & #ab4bcf1 :]e ! jo9t is visible und]nea? ! clay ridge4 #aa ,cf4 also especially ,metropolitan ,museum ,nos4 ,g4 ,r4 #ecd1 #ji4bba4dg1 #ji4bba4dh1 #jf4ajba4afh1 ,g4 ,r4 #eha1 #ah4ade4bh1 etc4 #ab ,cf4 ,bus*or1 ,mn*n] ,jahrbu* d] bild5d5 ,kun/1 #aiai1 ,i_/,,ii1 pp4 #a ff4 #ac ,cf4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ar*aeology1 ,,xii1 second s]ies1 #aijh1 p4 #dba4 #ad 8,twice fir$0 te*nically means1 z already expla9$ 7p4 #ce71 once = biscuit1 ano!r "t = glaze2 ! glaz+ itself may h necessitat$ sev]al fir+s1 b ! piece w\ld /ill be spok5 ( z twice fir$4 #ae ,cf4 e4g4 ,walt]s1 op4 cit41 pp4 #bba1 #bbb1 & ,h]=d1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ac1 #ad4 ,rei*hold1 op4 cit41 p4 #aeb1 felt conv9c$ !re 0 only "o fir+4 #af ,occasionally a too!d in/rum5t seems to h be5 us$2 z on ! pyxis1 ,no4 #jf4aaag1 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum4 #ag ,ar*aeologi/s' acc\nts are v mislead+ "h1 = "s ev5 assume t vases are 9 lea!r-h>d condition aft] ! fir/ fir+4 7,cf4 ,h]=d1 ,h&book ( ,greek ,vase ,pa9t+1 p4 #ab47 #ah ,e4 ,potti] has come to ! same conclusion2 cf4 8 ,catalogue ( ! ,l\vre ,vases1 ,,iii1 p4 #fgd4 #ai ,! clay ( ,rei*hold's pot1 :i* he says c\ld be dropp$ on ! floor )\t appreciable damage 7,furtwngl] und ,rei*hold1 ,grie*is*e ,vas5mal]ei1 ,i1 p4 #aeb71 mu/ h be5 v t\gh inde$4 ,pott]s ,i h ask$ h nev] enc\nt]$ clay q z t\gh z t4 ,! lea!r-h>d vases ,i h h&l$ 7 fit only = ! du/ b9 :5 !y fell on ! floor--a n unusual ev5t :5 le>n+ to turn4 #bj ,i wi% "h to ackn[l$ge ! great k9dness ( ,a4 ,j4 ,b4 ,wace1 director ( ! ,briti% ,s*ool ( ,a!ns1 :o w5t to mu* tr\ble 9 s5d+ me ?is clay4 ,! clay s5t is t us$ by ! ,a!nian pott]s today4 ,x is a mix$ clay1 compos$ ( r$ e>? f ,*al&ri & :ite e>? f ,k\k\vaones4 #ba ,cf4 also ,nos4 #jf4ajba4aad1 #jg4bhf4gh1 #ag4bcj4ac 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum1 & o!r in/ances quot$ by ,rei*hold 9 ,furtwngl] u4 ,rei*hold1 ,grie*is*e ,vas5mal]ei1 ,i1 p4 #aeb4 ,if1 z ,rei*hold assumes1 ! vases 7 actually plac$ 9 ! kiln lea!r h>d1 !y mu/ h be5 all[$ to dry = "s days 9 ! kiln be=e fir+2 o!rwise !y w\ld h crack$4 #bb ,cf4 also ,furtwngl] u4 ,rei*hold1 loc4 cit4 #bc ,?is is ,mr4 ,b9ns's explanation4 #bd ,five are li/$ by ,h>twig1 ,jahrbu* des deuts*5 ar*4 ,in/ituts1 ,,xiv1 #ahii1 p4 #afd1 note #ba1 "o 9 ,a!ns1 "o 9 ,svres1 "o 9 ,wrzburg1 "o 9 ,b]l91 "o 9 ,bonn4 ,a six? piece is a fragm5t>y kylix 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,no4 #aa4bab4i1 & a sev5? "o1 ! cov] ( a toilet box1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,room ( ,greek & ,roman ,life1 ,no4 #dbf4 #be ,an int]e/+ p>allel is furni%$ by ,*9ese porcela9 = :i*1 ,mr4 ,bos* ,reitz tells me1 !re is cle> evid5ce t x is once fir$4 #bf ,x is sometimes assum$ t ! accessory colors--purple & :ite--7 n fir$ & t ?is is ! reason :y !y are less well pres]v$ & dull in/ead ( %9y l ! black glaze4 ,t !y 7 fir$ is %[n by ! discoloration ( ! black glaze b5ea? ! :ite or purple4 ,!y are nei!r %9y nor durable = ! simple reason t !y are n a glaze b e>? colors4 #bg ,cf4 e4g4 ,no4 #jf4ajba4aad1 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum4 #bh ,cf4 e4g4 ,nos4 ,g4 ,r4 #ecj1 #jf4ajba4hb1 #jf4ajba4aad1 etc41 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum1 & ,no4 #cgi 7,salle ,g7 z a conspicu\s example 9 ! ,l\vre4 #bi ,cf4 e4g4 ,nos4 #jg4bhf4dg1 #jg4bhf4ha1 & ,c4 ,r4 #eda 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum4 #cj ,cf4 e4g4 ,rei*hold 9 ,furtwngl] u4 ,rei*hold1 ,grie*is*e ,vas5mal]ei1 ,i1 p4 #aec4 #ca ,?is is ,mr4 ,b9ns's explanation4 ,he does n consid] t ! accid5tal pil+ toge!r ( gl[+ coals c\ld acc\nt = ! c>efully design$ effects 9 ! ,vasiliki w>e2 s t ,mr4 ,seag]'s +5i\s !ory 7cf4 ,hawes1 etc41 ,g\rnia1 p4 #ej7 w\ld h to be giv5 up4 #cb ,cf4 e4g4 #aa4bab4g1 #ab4ccf4a1 ,g4 ,r4 #ed1 ,g4 ,r4 #abbi1 #jf4ajba4abj1 #jf4ajba4aia1 #ab4bbi4ae1 etc41 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum4 #cc ,?is explanation is also t (f]$ by ,rei*hold 9 ,furtwngl] u4 ,rei*hold1 ,grie*is*e ,vas5mal]ei1 ,i1 p4 #aec4 ,x is to ?is same cause t ,i %\ld be incl9$ to attribute ,rei*hold's 8,lag]r+e10 r\nd r$ spots or black spots surr\nd$ by r$ r+s 7op4 cit41 p4 #aed74 ,supports su* z he describes :i* came into direct contact ) ! glaze are inconceivable2 ! glaze w\ld h /uck to !m & s]i\s injury result$4 ,fur!rmore1 ,a!nian vases mu/ h be5 plac$ 9 ! kiln /&+ on _! feet1 & = ?is purpose ! "u surfaces ( ! feet are left unglaz$ s z to prev5t ! glaze f /ick+4 ,if plac$ 9 ! positions ,rei*hold sugge/s1 ! vases w\ld h be5 apt to w>p1 & no pott] w\ld run su* risks4 #cd ,cf4 ,salvtat 9 ,brongni>t1 ,trait des arts cramiques1 ,i1 p4 #eej2 & ,tonks1 ,black ,glaze on ,greek ,vases1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ar*aeology1 ,,xii1 second s]ies1 #aijh1 pp4 #dbj ff4 ,mr4 ,b9ns 9 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts has come to ! same conclusion4 #ce ,cf4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ar*aeology1 ,,xii1 second s]ies1 #aijh1 pp4 #dbc f4 #cf ,mr4 ,b9ns's exp]im5ts are z yet unpubli%$4 #cg ,"u ,mr4 ,b9ns's direction ,i tri$ gum arabic1 honey1 wat] glass1 glue1 :ite ( egg1 glyc]9e1 & oil z b9d]s1 b none gave complete satisfaction4 #ch ,h4 ,b4 ,walt]s 9 8 ,anci5t ,pott]y1 ,i1 p4 #bab1 says t ! glaze runs be/ on a surface already bak$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 to make glaze run at all on ! bak$ surface1 ! biscuit has to be soak$ 9 wat]4 #ci ,rei*hold 9 ,furtwngl] u4 ,rei*hold1 ,grie*is*e ,vas5mal]ei1 ,i1 p4 #aeb1 =gets ?is :5 he argues t s9ce ! decorations 7 appli$ on lea!r-h>d clay !y mu/ h be5 execut$ )9 a few days4 #dj ,"s ar*aeologi/s ev5 claim t !y h notic$ hairs ( bru%es 9 ! glaze4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 impossible t ^! are hairs f ! bru%es ) :i* ! glaze 0 pa9t$1 z !y w\ld h burn$ up 9 ! fire to :i* ! glaze 0 subject$4 #da ,cf4 e4g4 ! discussions by ,h>twig1 ,jahrbu* d4 ,in/ituts1 ,,xiv1 #ahii1 pp4 #adg ff42 ,rei*hold1 9 ,furtwngl] u4 ,rei*hold1 ,grie*is*e ,vas5mal]ei1 ,i1 ,text1 pp4 #adh & #bcj2 ,tonks1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ar*aeology1 ,,xii1 second s]ies1 #aijh1 p4 #dbe2 ,walt]s1 ,anci5t ,pott]y1 ,i1 pp4 #bbg ff4 #db ,= full quotations ( ^! /atem5ts cf4 pp4 #ig1 #ih4 #dc ,cf4 ,john1 ,mal]ei d] ,alt51 p4 #agc4 #dd ,cf4 e4g4 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #adj1 #ade4 #de ,cf4 e4g4 ,potti]1 ,catalogue des vases antiques du ,l\vre1 ,,iii1 p4 #fhb4 #df ,cf4 e4g4 ,walt]s1 ,anci5t ,pott]y1 ,i1 p4 #bah4 #dg ,cf4 e4g4 9 ! ,museum fr ,kle9kun/1 ,muni*1 ! kylix ) ,dionysos by ,exekias1 ,no4 #bjdd1 & ! ,euphronios kylix1 ,no4 #bfbj4 ,^! give u an excell5t idea ( ! orig9al appe>ance ( ,a!nian vases4 #dh ,cf4 especially 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,e#agh1 ,e#adi1 ,e#bhb1 ,e#chb2 & 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,g4 ,r4 #fjd1 #jg4bhf4gc1 #jg4bhf4gd1 #jf4ajba4ajh1 #ab4bcf4b1 #jg4bhf4fe1 ,g4 ,r4 #ehi1 #jf4ajba4aba1 ,g4 ,r4 #egc1 #ag4bcj4ac1 :]e ext5sive traces c /ill be se54 #di ,cf4 e4g4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,b4#dci1 ,b4#eaf1 ,b4#eib1 ,b4#ddf2 ,metropolitan ,museum1 #jf4ajba4ef1 ,g4 ,r4 #eee4 #ej ,cf4 e4g4 ,briti% ,museum1 ,e4#gd1 ,e4#gb1 ,e4#cjg1 ,e4#chb1 ,e4#adi1 ,e4#ccc4 #ea ,su* r$ spots mu/ n be confus$ ) ^? caus$ by excess ( oxidation 9 ! fir+ 7cf4 pp4 #dd ff474 #eb ,import$ ,a!nian clay 7cf4 p4 #dj7 fir$ to ! temp]ature to :i* ! anci5t ,greeks fir$ _! pott]y 0 s light & *>act]less 9 color t "s process to deep5 ! hue w\ld appe> almo/ imp]ative4 #ec ,_m mod]n imitations ( kylikes lack j ?is feature1 :i* makes dr9k+ out ( !m a v diff]5t /ory4 #ed ,cf4 ,antike ,d5kml]1 ,,ii1 pl4 #h2 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 ,,xii1 #ahia1 pl4 ,,xx1 & ,,xxxii1 #aiab1 pl4 ,,vii2 ,furtwngl] u4 ,rei*hold1 ,grie*is*e ,vas5mal]ei1 ,i1 pls4 #ai & #bd1 ,,iii1 text1 p4 #ai1 fig4 #g2 ,notor1 ,la femme dans l'antiquit1 p4 #bec2 ,wi5] ,vorlegebltt]1 #ahhi1 pl4 ,,xii 7on ,ficoroni ci/a72 ,h>twig1 ,grie*is*e ,mei/]s*al51 pl4 ,,lxvii1 #c;a & #d1 pl4 ,,lxix1 #b;a-c2 ,d>emb]g et ,saglio1 ,dictionnaire ,,iv1 "p #b1 p4 #aafj1 fig4 #fbeb2 etc4 #ee ,cf4 e4g4 ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,nos4 #ae4afj4b-c1 #ai4ci4bj4 #ef ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e 9 ?is connection ! satyr heads on %ields1 p]haps int5d$ to fright5 ! enemy 7cf4 ,g]h>d1 ,aus]les5e ,vas5bild]1 pl4 ,,clxxxviii2 ,micali1 ,/oria degli anti*i popoli italiani ,,iii1 p4 #fc1 pl4 #da1 #a-c74 #eg ,cf4 e4g4 ,zahn1 ,b]i*te d] s*sis*5 ,gesells*aft1 #ahed1 p4 #dj1 note #df2 ,briti% ,museum1 ,guide to ,greek & ,roman ,life 7#b;d edition71 #aibj1 p4 #aha1 fig4 #bag 7,no4 #aije4f-ac4a72 ,d*elette1 ,les vases cramiques orns de la ,gaule roma9e1 ,,ii1 #aijd1 p4 #cch4 #eh ,n[adays pla/] or wood is ! usual mat]ial = su* :eel-heads4 #ei ,cf4 e4g4 ,fabroni1 ,/oria degli anti*i vasi fittili aret9i1 #ahda1 pl4 ,,iii1 #i1 #aj2 ,v1 #g1 #h1 #i2 p4 #fd1 & ,d>emb]g et ,saglio1 ,dictionnaire1 "u figl9um1 p4 #aabb1 fig4 #cjcf4 #fj ,cf4 e4g4 ,nos4 #ae4afc4a1 #ag4abj4bej 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum4 #fa ,cf4 e4g4 ,iliad1 ,,xviii1 #eii-fja1 quot$ bel[4 #fb ,cf4 ,reisn]1 ,naga-ed-,dr1 ,i1 p4 #acc4 #fc ,?is in=mation ,i owe to ,mr4 ,b9ns4 #fd ,cf4 ,g4 ,p4 ,/ev5s 9 ,f[l]-,:eel]1 ,greek ,ar*aeology1 p4 #ajb4 #fe ,see especially ,potti]1 ,catalogue des ,vases au ,muse du ,l\vre1 ,,iii1 pp4 #fij ff4 #ff ,!re is no reason to assume1 z has be5 done by ,walt]s1 ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,pott]y1 ,i1 pp4 #acb & o!rs1 t ^! leky?oi are ! beautiful :ite leky?oi 9 our collections2 x is m likely t !y are ! v r\ghly pa9t$ little jugs f\nd 9 l>ge quantities 9 tombs1 b r>ely plac$ ) select$ museum examples4 ,,select$ ,,bibliography ,! te*nique ( ,greek vases has naturally be5 a subject ( /udy ) mo/ writ]s on ,greek c]amics4 ,! foll[+ is a selection ( ! mo/ important works 9 ?is field3 ,,bl,,mn]1 ,h4 ,te*nologie u4 ,t]m9ologie d] ,gew]be u4 ,kn/e bei d5 ,grie*5 u4 ,rm]n1 ,,ii1 pp4 #cb ff4 ,leipzig1 #ahie4 ,,brongni>t1 ,a4 ,trait des arts cramiques ou des pot]ies1 ,i4 ,second edition1 ,p>is1 #ahed4 ,,jahn1 ,o4 b] e9 ,vas5bild wel*es e9e ,tpf]ei vor/ellt1 9 ,b]i*te d] s*sis*5 ,gesells*aft d] ,wiss5s*aft54 ,leipzig1 #ahed4 ,,jamot1 ,p41 9 ,d>emb]g et ,saglio1 ,dictionnaire des antiquits grecques et roma9es1 "u figl9um4 ,,luynes1 ,duc de4 ,de la pot]ie antique1 9 ,annali dell',in/ituto1 ,,iv1 pp4 #ach ff4 ,milan1 #ahid4 ,,p]rot1 ,g41 9 ,p]rot et ,*ipiez1 ,hi/oire de l'art dans l'antiquit1 ,,ix1 pp4 #cbb ff4 ,p>is1 #aiaa4 ,,potti]1 ,e4 ,catalogue des vases antiques de t]re cuite au ,muse du ,l\vre1 ,,iii1 pp4 #fea ff4 ,p>is1 #aijf4 ,,rayet1 ,o41 et ,collignon1 ,m4 ,hi/oire de la cramique grecque1 ,introduction4 ,p>is1 #ahhh4 ,,rei*hold1 ,k41 9 ,furtwngl] u4 ,rei*hold1 ,grie*is*e ,vas5mal]ei1 text passim b especially ,i1 pp4 #ab ff41 #ai ff41 #de1 #ed1 #fh1 #hb1 #adj1 #ade ff41 #aha2 ,,ii1 pp4 #aii ff4 ,muni*1 #aijd4 ,,rob9son1 ,e4 ,catalogue ( ,greek1 ,etruscan1 & ,roman ,vases 9 ! ,museum ( ,f9e ,arts1 ,bo/on1 pp4 #cc ff4 ,bo/on & ,new ,york1 #ahic4 ,,walt]s1 ,h4 ,b4 ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,pott]y1 ,greek1 ,etruscan1 & ,roman1 ,i1 pp4 #bjb ff4 ,london1 #aije4 ,,:eel]1 ,j4 ,r41 9 ,f[l] & ,:eel]1 ,greek ,ar*aeology1 pp4 #dbj ff4 ,new ,york1 #aiji4 ,! two foll[+ h&books on ! manufacture ( mod]n pott]y w be f\nd useful also by /ud5ts ( anci5t te*niques3 ,,b9ns1 ,c4 ,f4 ,! ,pott]'s ,craft4 ,new ,york1 #aiaj 7second edition1 #aibb74 ,,cox1 ,g4 ,pott]y = ,artisans1 ,craftsm51 & ,tea*]s4 ,new ,york1 #aiad4 ,,index ,alum9a1 #dg4 ,b9d]1 m$ium us$ z1 #af1 #dg1 #ej4 ,biscuit1 #cd-cg1 #ea4 ,blung+1 #b4 8,bone-dry10 #aa4 ,bru%-case1 #gd4 ,bru%es1 #dg1 #ea1 #eb1 #gj1 #ga-ge2 repres5tations (1 #gj-gb4 ,buc*]o pott]y1 te*nique (1 #de4 ,build+1 #d1 #bf-bg1 #ic-id2 coils1 #bf2 lit]>y ref]5ces to1 #ic-id2 t]racotta /atuette ( man 9 act (7871 #gj2 wood5 core =1 #ic-id4 ,calip]s1 #ae1 #af1 #fe4 ,c>bon1 #cj1 #de2 dioxide1 #cj2 monoxide1 #cj4 ,c5t]+1 #g1 #h4 ,clay1 #a1 #bj1 #dj-dd2 color (1 #a1 #c1 #de1 #ed1 #ee1 #eh1 #hg1 #hh2 compon5t p>ts (1 #a1 #hh2 +r$i5ts (1 #a1 #ee1 #eg2 lit]>y ref]5ces to1 #hg1 #hh2 pla/icity (1 #a1 #b1 #hh2 porosity (1 #a1 #ei1 #fa1 #fb2 prep>ation (1 #a1 #hh2 v>ieties (1 #dj2 vitrification (1 #a1 #bi1 #cj2 wa%+ (1 #b1 #c4 ,color1 #cf1 #ed1 #eh1 #ei2 accessory1 #dd2 *ange (1 ?r\gh fir+1 #a1 #c1 #ca1 #cf1 #de1 #eh2 lit]>y ref]5ces to1 see ,miltos4 ,cones1 pyrometric1 #ce1 #cf4 ,decorat+1 #ce1 #ci1 #db1 #dd1 #ea2 anci5t repres5tations (1 #dj1 #gj-ge4 ,design1 #ae2 be=e or aft] fir+1 #cg-dd2 prelim9>y1 #cg1 #ci1 #eh1 #gb4 ,draught1 #cj1 #ca1 #cc1 #gf4 ,dry+1 #aj1 #ba4 ,fa%ion+ ( vases1 #d-bi2 lit]>y ref]5ces to1 #hi-id4 ,f9i%1 #be1 #fi2 inside1 #ae2 out] surface1 #be2 "u h&les1 #be4 ,fir+ ( vases1 #c1 #bi-dg1 #gi2 accid5ts ?r\gh1 #cf1 #cg1 #dj1 #da1 #dd-dg2 l5g? 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