,,color ,,/&>ds ,,& ,,color ,,nom5clature ,,ridgway ,illu/ration3 ,color ,:eel ,,fifty-,,?ree ,,color$ ,,plates ,,elev5 ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,fifte5 ,,nam$ ,,colors ,,color ,,/&>ds ,,& ,,color ,,nom5clature ,,by ,,rob]t ,,ridgway1 ,m4,s41 ,c4,m4,z4,s41 ,etc4 ,curator ( ! ,division ( ,birds1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum4 ,) ,fifty-?ree ,color$ ,plates & ,elev5 ,hundr$ & ,fifte5 ,nam$ ,colors4 ,,wa%+ton4 ,d4 ,c4 #aiab4 ,publi%$ by ! ,au?or4 ,copyright1 #aiab by ,rob]t ,ridgway ,,press ,,( ,a4 ,,ho5 ,,company ,,baltimore1 ,,md ,,to ,seor ,don ,,jos ,c4 ,,zel$,n ,,( ,,san ,,jos1 ,,co/a ,,rica ,true & /eadfa/ fri5d = m ?an two-score ye>s2 ho/1 guide1 & companion on excursions among ! glori\s =e/s1 magnific5t m\nta9s1 & lovely pla9s ( 8 native l&2 ^: enc\ragem5t made possible ! completion ( a seem+ly hopeless task1 ?is book is affectionately & gratefully d$icat$4 ,,preface ,! motive ( ?is "w is ,,! ,,/&>dization ,,( ,,colors ,,& ,,color ,,names4 ,! t]m9ology ( ,sci5ce1 ! ,arts1 & v>i\s ,indu/ries has be5 a mo/ important factor 9 ! developm5t ( _! pres5t high effici5cy4 ,measurem5ts1 weights1 ma!matical & *emical =mul1 & t]ms :i* cle>ly designate practically e v>iation ( =m & /ructure h long be5 /&>diz$2 b ! nom5clature ( colors rema9s vague &1 = practical purposes1 mean+less1 !reby s]i\sly imp$+ progress 9 almo/ e bran* ( indu/ry & rese>*4 ,_m works on ! subject ( color h be5 publi%$1 b mo/ ( !m are purely te*nical1 & p]ta9 to ! physics ( color1 ! pa9t]'s ne$s1 or to "s p>ticul> art or indu/ry alone1 or 9 o!r ways are unsuit$ = ! use ( ! zoologi/1 ! botani/1 ! pa?ologi/1 or ! m9]alogi/2 & ! comp>atively few works on color int5d$ specially = naturali/s h all fail$ to meet ! requirem5ts1 ei!r because ( an insuffici5t numb] ( color samples1 lack ( names or o!r means ( easy id5tification or designation1 or faulty selection & classification ( ! colors *os5 = illu/ration4 ,m ?an tw5ty ye>s ago ! au?or ( ! pres5t "w attempt$ to supply ! defici5cy by ! publication ( a book#a conta9+ #ahf samples ( nam$ colors1 b ! ef=t 0 successful only to ! ext5t t x 0 an improvem5t on its pr$ecessors2 &1 al?\gh /ill ! /&>d ( color nom5clature among zoologi/s & _m o!r naturali/s1 x nev]!less is s]i\sly defective 9 ! altoge!r inadequate numb] ( colors repres5t$1 & 9 _! unsci5tific arrangem5t4 ,fully realiz+ 8 failure1 ! au?or1 "s two or ?ree ye>s lat]1 began to devise plans1 ga!r mat]ials1 & acquire special k ( ! subject1 9 ! hope t he might "s day be able to prep>e a new "w :i* w\ld fully meet ! ne$s ( all :o h use = x4 ,un=tunately1 8 "t has be5 s fully occupi$ ) o!r matt]s t progress has necess>ily be5 sl[2 b aft] m ?an tw5ty ye>s ( sporadic ef=t x has at la/ be5 complet$4 ,ackn[l$gm5ts are due to s _m fri5ds = helpful sugge/ions t x is h>dly possible to "n !m all1 or to specify ! ext5t or k9d ( help :i* ea* has r5d]$2 b special m5tion %\ld be made ( ,mr4 ,,lewis ,e4 ,,jewell1 ( ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity2 ,dr4 ,r4 ,m4 ,,/rong1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago2 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,j4 ,,spillman1 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture2 ,mr4 ,,williams ,,wel*1 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,signal ,s]vice2 ,mr4 ,,milton ,,bradley1 ( ,spr+field1 ,mass42 ,dr4 ,p4 ,g4 ,,nutt+1 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,/&>ds2 ,mr4 ,p4 ,l4 ,,rick]1 ( ! ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture2 & ,mr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,ridgway1 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,! late ,pr(essor ,s4 ,p4 ,,langley1 !n ,secret>y ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 0 good en\gh to take a k9dly int]e/ 9 ?is und]tak+ & gave ! au?or assi/ance = :i* he is glad to make ackn[l$gm5t4 ,m ?an to all o!rs1 h[ev]1 is ! au?or deeply indebt$ to ,mr4 ,john ,e4 ,,?ay]1 ( ,lanca/]1 ,mass41 & ,seor ,don ,,jos ,c4 ,,zel$,n1 ( ,san ,jos1 ,co/a ,rica1 = aid s indisp5sible t )\t x ! "w c\ld n h be5 complet$4 ,to ,dr4 ,g4 ,,gr,,bl] ,,co41 ( ,leipzig1 ,g]many1 ! au?or is "u obligations = ! gift ( a ne>ly complete set ( _! celebrat$ coal-t> dyes1 :i* h prov5 q necess>y to ! "w1 especially 9 ! color+ ( ! ,maxwell disks on :i* ! color s*eme is bas$4 ,! reproduction ( ! plates has be5 a difficult matt]1 involv+ n only exp5sive exp]im5tation1 b m ?an ?ree ye>s ( unremitt+ labor4 ,va/ly diff]5t f ! ord9>y l9es ( comm]cial color "w1 ! correct copy+ ( ea* "o ( ! #aaae colors ( ! orig9al plates develop$ _m p]plex+ & (t5 disc\rag+ problems1 :i* 7 f9ally solv$ ?r\gh ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,,ho5',s exp]t k ( *emi/ry & pigm5ts2 ! skill1 indu/ry1 & pati5ce ( ! firm's head colori/1 ,mr4 ,,frank ,,portugal1 & ! p]sonal int]e/ ( bo? ^! g5tlem54 ,x is1 !re=e1 ) ! greate/ pleasure t ! au?or's grateful ackn[l$gm5t is made to ! firm ( ,a4 ,,ho5 ,,company = ! satisfactory mann] 9 :i* !y h fulfill$ _! contract4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface i ,,prologue #a ,plan #a ,color ,names #i ,color ,t]ms #ae ,table ( p]c5tages ( ,compon5t ,colors 9 ,spectrum ,hues #ba ,table ( p]c5tages ( ,:ite & ,black 9 ,tone ,scales #bc ,table ( p]c5tages ( ,neutral ,gray 9 ,brok5 ,colors #be ,table ( p]c5tages ( ,black & ,:ite 9 tones ( ,c>bon ,gray #be ,dyes & ,pigm5ts us$ 9 ,color+ ( ,maxwell ,disks #bf ,alphabetical ,li/ ( ,colors repres5t$ on ,plates #bi ,colors ( old edition ,n ,repres5t$ on ,plates #da ,li/ ( ,useful ,books on ,color #db ,,prologue ,z /at$ 9 ! ,preface1 ! purpose ( ?is "w is ! /&>dization ( colors & color nom5clature1 s t naturali/s or o!rs :o may h occasion to write or speak ( colors may d s ) ! c]ta9ty t !re ne$ be no "q z to :at p>ticul> t9t1 %ade1 or degree ( grayness1 ( any color or hue is meant4 ,!re=e1 x is unnecess>y to treat ( ! subject f any o!r po9t ( view2 x w be suffici5t to say t ?is "w is bas$ on a ?or\gh /udy ( ! subject f e /&po9t1 & t practically all au?oritative works on ! subject ( color h be5 c>efully consult$4#b ,,plan4 --,! sci5tific arrangem5t ( colors 9 ?is "w is bas$ ess5tially on ! sugge/ions ( ,pr(essor ,j4 ,h4 ,pillsbury = a s*eme ( color /&>ds1#c :i* h also be5 ! basis ( sev]al o!r ef=ts t[>d ! same end1 z ! plates 9 ,milton ,bradley's ,elem5t>y ,color & educational color$ pap]s1 ,prang's *>ts ( /&>d colors1 ,kl9kseick & ,valette's ,code des ,c\leurs1 etc42 b :ile all ^! pres5t a sci5tifically arrang$ color-s*eme & m or less adequate numb] ( colors !y all fail to supply a ready or conv5i5t means ( id5tify+ & designat+ ! colors--! pr9cipal utility ( a "w ( ?is k9d4 ,x is 9 ! latt] respect t ! pres5t "w is believ$ to meet1 m ne>ly ?an any o!r at lea/1 ?is ess5tial requirem5t1 & 9 ?is consi/s :atev] orig9ality may be claim$ = x4 ,! key to ! classification or arrangem5t h]e) pres5t$ is1 ( c\rse1 ! sol> spectrum1 ) its six fundam5tal colors & int]m$iate hues1 augm5t$ by ! s]ies ( hues connect+ violet ) r$1 :i* ! spectrum fails to %[4 ,if1 ) ! r$-violets & violet-r$s ?us add$ to ! spectrum hues1 ! b& =m+ ?is scale be jo9$ end to end a circle is =m$ 9 :i* !re is cont9u\sly a gradual *ange ( hue1 /ep by /ep1 f r$ ?r\gh orange-r$ & r$-orange to orange2 orange ?r\gh yell[-orange & orange-yell[ to yell[2 yell[ ?r\gh gre5-yell[ & yell[-gre5 to gre52 gre5 ?r\gh blue-gre5 & gre5-blue to blue2 blue ?r\gh violet-blue & blue-violet to violet2 & violet ?r\gh r$-violet & violet-r$ to r$--! />t+-po9t--) int]m$iate connect+ hues4 ,9 ! sol> spectrum1 bo? prismatic & grat+1 b especially ! =m]1 ! spaces betwe5 ! adjo9+ di/9ct colors are v unequal2 !re=e = ! pres5t purpose an ideal scale mu/ be con/ruct$1 s t an approximately equal numb] ( equally di/9ct connect+ hues %all be %[n4 ,di/9ctions ( hue appreciable to ! normal eye are s v num]\s#d t ! crit]ion ( conv5i5ce or practicability mu/ det]m9e ! numb] ( segm5ts into :i* ! ideal *romatic scale or circle may be divid$ 9 ord] to be/ s]ve ! purpose 9 view4 ,c>eful exp]im5t seems to h demon/rat$ t ?irty-six is ! practicable limit1 & accord+ly t numb] has be5 adopt$4#e ,if ! numb] ( int]m$iate hues 7 equal 9 all cases !re w\ld1 9 ?is s*eme1 be five betwe5 ea* two adjac5t fundam5tal colors ( ! spectrum2 b a great] numb] ( recognizably di/9ct hues is obvi\sly necess>y 9 "s cases ?an 9 o!rs2 = example1 spectrum orange is decid$ly ne>] 9 hue to r$ ?an to yell[1 & !re=e ! numb] ( int]m$iates requir$ on ea* side ( ! orange is diff]5t1 be+ 9 ! proportion ( f\r = ! r$-orange s]ies to five = ! orange-yell[1 & simil>ly six are requir$ = ! violet-r$ s]ies1 :ile f\r suffice = ! blue-violet hues4 ,!re is no kn[n means by :i* we c measure ! proportion ( two or m pigm5ts 9 any giv5 mixture1 because color-effect _c be measur$ by ! p9t ( mix$ pa9t or ! ounce ( dry pigm5t2#f b1 =tunately1 we h a v exact me?od1 9 ! color-:eel & ,maxwell disks1 by :i* ! relative proportions ( two or m colors 9 any mixture may be precisely measur$4 ,?is me?od has be5 us$ 9 ! pa9t+ ( e "o ( ! #aaae colors ( ! pres5t "w1 by means ( "o disk to repres5t ea* "o ( ! ?irty-six colors 7bo? pure & brok571 toge!r ) a black1 a :ite1 & a neutral gray disk1 ! la/ be+ a mat* 9 color to ! gray result+ f ! mixture ( r$1 gre5 & violet on ! color-:eel2#g ! neutral gray disk1 h[ev]1 be+ us$ only = ! mak+ ( disks = ! brok5 s]ies ( colors 71 1 1 1 & 7 & = ! scale ( neutral grays 7,plate ,,liii47 ,^! color$ disks are slit on "o side f c5t] to circumf]5ce1 & !re=e by int]lock+ two or m !y may be adju/$ s t ei!r occupies any desir$ p]c5tage ( ! :ole area1 :i* may be v precisely det]m9$ by a scale ( #ajj segm5ts %[n on ! out] edge ( a l>g] disk on :i* ! color$ disks are sup]impos$4 ,:5 connect$ ) ! color-:eel & adju/$ z may be desir$1 & !n rapidly revolv$1 ! two or m di/9ct colors resolve !mselves into a s+le uni=m composite color1 ^: elem5ts are %[n1 9 _! relative proportion1 by ! scale surr\nd+ ! disks4#h ,! scales 7bo? horizontal & v]tical7 ( ! pres5t "w are all prep>$ directly f def9ite color-:eel =mul1 bas$ on c>efully calculat$ curves2 ! ?irty-six pure spectrum hues1 repres5t$ by ! middle horizontal l9e ( color-squ>es on ,plates ,i-,,xii 7toge!r ) an equal numb] ( int]m$iates repres5t$ by blank spaces71 requir+ a sep>ate curve & consequ5tly diff]5t relative proportions ( ! two compon5t colors = ea* s]ies ( hues--t is1 ! s]ies f r$ to orange1 orange to yell[1 yell[ to gre51 gre5 to blue1 blue to violet1 & violet to r$1 respectively2 b ! progressive increm5ts ( :ite 9 ! scales ( t9ts1 black 9 ^? ( %ades1 & neutral gray 9 ! sev]al s]ies ( brok5 colors are exactly ! same 9 e case4 ,! fir/ s]ies ( ,plates 7,i-,,xii7 %[s ! pure1 full spectrum colors & int]m$iate hues 7middle horizontal l9e1 nos4 #a-gb71i ea* ) its v]tical scale ( t9ts 7upw>d1 a-g7 & %ades 7d[nw>d1 h-n71 ! increm5ts ( :ite = ! t9ts be+ #i4e1 #bb4e1 & #de p] c5t41 respectively1 ^? ( black 9 ! %ades be+ #de1 #gj4e1 & #hg4e p] c5t4 ,! rema9+ ,plates %[ ^! same ?irty-six colors or hues 9 exactly ! same ord] & simil>ly modifi$ 7v]tically7 by precisely ! same progressive increm5ts ( :ite 7upw>d7 & black 7d[nw>d71 b all ! colors are dull$ by admixture ( neutral gray2 ! fir/ s]ies 7#a-gb1 ,plates ,,xiii-,,xxvi7 conta9+ #cb p] c5t4 ( neutral gray1 ! second 7#a-gb1 ,plates ,,xxvii-,,xxxviii7 #eh p] c5t41 ! ?ird 7#a-gb1 ,plates ,,xxxix-,,xliv7 #gg p] c5t41 & ! f\r? 7#a-gb1 ,plates ,,xlv-,l7 #ij p] c5t4 ,! la/ ?ree ,plates 7,,li-,,liii7 %[ ! six spectrum colors#aj 7also purple1 ! int]m$iate betwe5 violet & r$7 /ill fur!r dull$ by admixture ( #ie4e p] c5t4 ( neutral gray1 ^! be+ 9 reality color$ grays2 to :i* are add$ a scale ( neutral gray & "o ( c>bon gray1 ! =m] be+ ! gray result+ f mixture ( ! ?ree prim>y colors 7r$ #cb1 gre5 #db1 violet #bf p] c5t41 :i* 9 relative d>kness equals black #gi4e1 :ite #bj4e p] c5t472 ! latt] be+ ! gray produc$ by mixture ( lamp black & ,*9ese :ite1 & ! scale a reproduction ( t 9 ! au?or's fir/ ,nom5clature ( ,colors 7#ahhf1 ,plate ,,ii1 nos4 #b-aj74 ,x %\ld be emphasiz$ t 9 all cases except ! scale ( c>bon grays1 only ! disks repres5t+ ! middle horizontal s]ies ( colors 7bo? pure & brok57 h be5 us$1 9 comb9ation ) a black & a :ite disk1 respectively1 to make ! colors ( ! v]tical scales ( t9ts & %ades4 ,! color+ ( a satisfactory set ( disks to repres5t ! ?irty-six pure spectrum colors & hues 0 a matt] ( extreme difficulty1 _m hundr$s hav+ be5 pa9t$ & disc>d$ be=e ! desir$ result 0 a*iev$4 ,sev]al s]i\s problems 7 involv$1 ! matt] ( *ange ( hue ?r\gh *emical reaction ( ! comb9$ pigm5ts or dyes#aa 7especially ! latt]7 be+ almo/ z tr\blesome z t ( secur+ ! prop] degree ( diff]5ce betwe5 ea* adjo9+ pair ( hues4 ,! me?od by :i* satisfactory results 7 f9ally secur$ 0 z foll[s3 ,fir/1 six disks 7 color$ to repres5t ea* ( ! fundam5tal spectrum colors1 accord+ to ! au?or's conception ( !m4#ab ,^! six disks 7 !n plac$ aga9/ a suitable backgr\nd 7a neutral gray71 9 spectrum sequ5ce1 ) wide int]vals = ! accommodation ( connect+ s]ies ( disks1 :i* 7 !n color$ s z to repres5t an app>5tly ev5 transition f "o to ! o!r4 ,:5 ?is v difficult task _h be5 done z well z ! eye alone c\ld judge1 ea* int]m$iate 0 !n measur$ on ! color-:eel & ! relative proportions 79 p]c5tages7 ( its two compon5t colors record$4 ,aft] ?is _h be5 done = all ! int]m$iate hues ea* s]ies 7! r$-orange1 orange-yell[1 yell[-gre51 gre5-blue1 blue-violet1 & violet-r$7 0 tak5 sep>ately & a curve con/ruct$ on cross-section pap] f ! record$ ratios4 ,^! curves 7 f\nd to be 9 all cases m or less irregul> or unsymmetrical1 b nev]!less 7 suffici5tly ne> correct to s]ve z a basis = a symmetrical curve2 & aft] ! po9ts out ( prop] l9e 7 suitably relocat$ ! two compon5t colors 7 correspond+ly readju/$ on ! color-:eel & ea* faulty disk correct$ 7or a new "o pa9t$7 until x exactly mat*$ ! requir$ comb9ation4 ,! scales repres5t+ ! t9ts & %ades ( ea* color1 & also ! gray or brok5 colors 7 simil>ly det]m9$ by correct$ curves4#ac ,by ! me?od adopt$ ( runn+ ea* ( ! ?irty-six spectrum hues ?r\gh a scale ( t9ts & %ades1 & repeat+ ! comb9ation ?r\gh sev]al s]ies modifi$ by increas+ increm5ts ( neutral gray1 practically ! entire possible range ( color v>iation is cov]$1#ad r5d]+ x an easy matt] to locate 9 ! plates1 ei!r among ! colors actually %[n or 9 an int]m$iate space1 any color :i* x is desir$ to mat*2 & :]e %ort di/9ctive names h n be5 f\nd 7_! place be+1 t5tatively1 suppli$ by comp\nd names71 z1 necess>ily1 mu/ (t5 be ! case1 any color or int]m$iate betwe5 any two colors1 ei!r z to hue1 t9t1 or %ade1 may be readily designat$ by ! v simple sy/em ( symbols 7num]als & lett]s7 employ$4#ae ,9 ord] to designate any color = :i* a satisfactory "n _c be f\nd1 or "o n repres5t$ on ! plates1 x is only necess>y to proce$ z foll[s3 ,suppose ! color 9 "q is ne>e/ #a on ,plate ,i2 say1 = example1 is int]m$iate 9 hue betwe5 #a 7spectrum r$7 & #c 7sc>let-r$71 or 9 o!r words if repres5t$ 9 color its position w\ld be 9 ! uncolor$ space designat$ z no4 #b2 & 9 tone betwe5 ! full color 7middle horizontal l9e7 & t9t b4 ,its designation1 !re=e1 is #b;a4 ,exactly ! same me?od applies to any ( ! o!r blank spaces1 z well z to ! colors !mselves1 except t 9 case ( ! brok5 colors ! primes 71 1 1 1 or 7 are to be affix$ to ! hue numb]4 ,fir/ locate ! hue1 designat$ by numb]1 !n ! tone1 designat$ by l[] case lett]1 ! full1 pure colors ( ! middle horizontal r[ be+ designat$ by numb] alone4 ,color ,names4--,:ile x is true t ! nam+ ( colors z usually employ$ has s little to d ) ! purely te*nical aspects ( *romatology or color-physics t1 z ,von ,bezold rem>ks#af we are 9 reality deal+ ) ! peculi>ities ( language1 x is equally true t a collection ( color /&>ds design$ expressly = ! purpose ( id5tify+ & designat+ p>ticul> colors c be/ atta9 ?is object by ! use ( a c>efully select$ nom5clature4 ,9 o!r words1 ! prime necessity is to /&>dize bo? colors & color names1 by elim9ation ( ! elem5t ( p]sonal equation 9 ! matt]4 ,9 no o!r way c agreem5t be rea*$ z to ! di/9ction betwe5 violet & purple1 two color names q g5]ally us$ int]*angeably or synonym\sly b 9 reality belong+ to q di/9ct hues1 or t any o!r color "n c be def9itely fix$4 ,v>i\s me?ods ( h&l+ ! matt] ( color 9 zoological & botanical descriptions1 etc41 by ! avoidance ( color names & sub/itution !re= ( symbols1 num]als1 or me*anical contrivances 7z color-:eel & spectrum analyses1 color-sph]es1 etc47 h be5 devis$ b all h be5 f\nd impracticable or unsatisfactory4 ,! au?or has tak5 ! tr\ble to get an expression ( op9ion 9 ?is matt] f _m naturali/s & o!rs1 & ! pref]5ce = color-names v greatly pr$om9ates2 consequ5tly1 :5ev] x has be5 possible to f9d a "n :i* seems suitable = any color 9 ?is "w x has be5 done1 leav+ z few z possible unnam$1 & = ^! "s o!r means mu/ be devis$ = _! designation4 7,see page #h74 ,! selection ( appropriate names = ! colors depict$ on ! ,plates has be5 9 "s cases a matt] ( consid]able difficulty4 ,) reg>d to c]ta9 ones x may appe> t ! names adopt$ are n entirely satisfactory2 b1 to =e/all su* criticism1 x may be expla9$ t ! purpose ( ^! ,plates is n to %[ ! color ( ! p>ticul> objects or sub/ances :i* ! names sugge/1 b to provide appropriate1 or at lea/ approximately appropriate1 names = ! colors :i* x has seem$ desirable to repres5t4 ,9 o!r words1 c]ta9 colors are select$ = illu/ration1 = :i* names mu/ be provid$2 & :5 names t are exclusively p]t95t or o!rwise entirely satisfactory are n at h&1 !y mu/ be look$ up or inv5t$4 ,x %\ld also be borne 9 m9d t almo/ any object or sub/ance v>ies m or less 9 color2 & t !re=e if ! orange1 lemon1 *e/nut or lilac ( ! ,plates does n exactly mat* 9 color ! p>ticul> orange1 lemon1 *e/nut or lilac :i* "o may comp>e x )1 x may 79 fact does7 correspond ) o!r specim5s4 ,)\t /&>dization1 ev5 if arbitr>y1 color nom5clature mu/1 necess>ily1 rema9 9 its pres5t condition ( absolute *aos4 ,ev5 ! /&>d pigm5ts are n con/ant 9 color1 practically e "o ( !m be+ subject to m or less v>iation 9 hue or tone1 diff]5t samples f ! same manufactur] sometimes v>y+ to ! ext5t ( sev]al tones or hues ( ! pres5t "w2 inde$1 9 e case :]e two or m samples ( ! same color h be5 comp>$ x has be5 f\nd t no two are exactly alike1 ! diff]5ce (t5 be+ v great4 ,= example3 ,( five samples ( v&yke br[n only two are approximately simil>1 ea* ( ! o!r ?ree be+ widely diff]5t1 n only f "o ano!r b f ! o!r two1 "o be+ a blacki% br[n1 ano!r r$di% br[n1 ! ?ird a yell[i% orange-br[n4 ,( elev5 samples ( olive no two are closely simil>1 ! color rang+ f a %ade ( dull 7grayi%7 blue-gre5 to orange-br[n1 d>k br[ni% gray1 & light yell[i% olive2 & ! same or ne>ly ! same degree ( v>iation is se5 9 absolutely e color exam9$1 %[+ v cle>ly ! utt] wor?lessness ( color names unless fix$ or /&>diz$4 ,9 ord] to obta9 z _m color names z possible = /&>dization x has be5 necess>y to draw f all available s\rces4 ,sev]al ?\s& samples ( nam$ colors h !re=e be5 collect$1 & = conv5i5ce ( ref]5ce & comp>ison gumm$ to c>d catalogue c>ds1 ) ! "n1 s\rce1 & o!r data !reon4 ,^! include ! colors f _m /&>d works1 among !m ,w]n]'s ,nom5clature ( ,col\rs 7,syme's edition1 #ahba71 ,hay's ,nom5clature ( ,col\rs 7#ahdf71 ,ridgway's ,nom5clature ( ,colors 7#ahhf71 ,sacc>do's ,*romataxia 7#ahia71 ,ma!ws' ,*>t ( ,correct ,colors ( ,fl[]s 7,am]ican ,flori/1 #ahia71 ,willson & ,calk9s' ,famili> ,colors1 ,ob]?ur & ,dau!nay's ,rep]toire des ,c\leurs 7#aije71 ,leidel's ,h9ts on ,t9ts 7#ahic71 ,lefvr's ,mati]es ,colorantes ,artificiales 7#ahif71 ! ,/&>d ,diction>y *>t ( typical colors1 ! educational color$ pap]s ( ,milton ,bradley & ,prang1 & _m o!rs2 & besides ^! practically all ( ! arti/s' oil1 wat]1 & dry colors1 manufactur$ by ,w9sor & ,newton1 ,f4 ,s*o5feld & ,co41 ,*>les ,rob]son & ,co41 ,george ,r[ney & ,co41 ,madd]ton & ,co41 ,r4 ,ack]mann & ,co41 ,b\rgeois1 ,b9ant1 ,*5al1 ,le ,franc1 ,devoe1 ,raynolds1 ,osborne1 ,bradley1 ,hatfield & o!rs2 also ! coal-t> or anil9e dyes ( ,dr4 ,g4 ,grbl] ,co41 ,cont95tal ,color & ,*emical ,co41 & ,h5ry ,heil ,*emical ,co41 & ! well kn[n ,diamond ,dyes2 *romo-li?ographic inks1 embroid]y silks1 etc41 etc4 ,! mat]ial f :i* to select suitable color names 0 greatly augm5t$1 almo/ at ! la/ mom5t1 f two s\rces1 z foll[s3 7#a7 ,a v l>ge collection ( color-samples 7un=tunately mo/ly unnam$7 collect$ & m\nt$ on c>ds by ,mr4 ,fr$]ick ,a4 ,wampole1 a tal5t$ "y arti/1 to :om 0 delegat$1 by a ,committee ( ! ,am]ican ,mycological ,society1 ! task ( prep>+ a nom5clature ( colors bas$ ^u spectroscopic det]m9ations1 b :i*1 un=tunately1 ! untimely dea? ( ,mr4 ,wampole prev5t$ f progress+ beyond ! accumulation ( ?is collection4 ,= ! use ( ?is mat]ial ,i am indebt$ to ! c\rtesy ( ,dr4 ,fr$]ick ,v4 ,coville1 ,botani/ ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 & ,mr4 ,p4 ,l4 ,rick]1 ,assi/ant ,botani/1 ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 9 ! same ,dep>tm5t4 7#b7 ,a spl5did collection ( color$ ,japanese silks1 taffetas1 velvets1 & o!r dress goods1 k9dly s5t me by ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,hospital1 ( ! silk dep>tm5t ( ! firm ( ,woodw>d & ,lo?rop1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,! v l>ge numb] ( colors repres5t$ 9 ?is collection are all nam$ & h af=d$ a consid]able numb] ( ! names adopt$ 9 ! pres5t "w4 ,= obvi\s reasons x has1 ( c\rse1 be5 necess>y to ignore _m trade names1 ?r\gh :i* ! popul> nom5clature ( colors has become involv$ 9 really *aotic confusion r5d]$ m conf\nd$ by ! cont9ual co9age ( new names1 _m ( !m synonym\s & mo/ ( !m vague & v>iable 9 _! application4 ,mo/ ( !m are inv5t$1 app>5tly )\t c>e or judgm5t1 by ! dy] or manufactur] ( fabrics1 & are z caprici\s 9 _! mean+ z 9 _! orig92 = example3 ,su* fanciful names z zulu1 s]p5t gre51 baby blue1 new old rose1 ,london smoke1 etc41 & su* nons5sical names z a%es ( roses & elephant's brea?4 ,an inspection ( ! sample books ( manufactur]s ( fancy goods 7su* z embroid]y silks & crewels1 ribbons1 velvets1 & o!r dress- & uphol/]y-goods7 is suffici5t n only to illu/rate ! above obs]vations1 b to %[ also ! absolute want ( sy/em or classification & ! g5]al unavailability ( ^! trade names = adoption 9 a practical color nom5clature4 ,?is is v un=tunate1 s9ce _m ( ^! trade names h ! m]it ( brevity & euphony & lack only ! quality ( /ability4 ,x has be5 difficult = ! au?or to decide :e!r ! /&>ds ( 8 orig9al ,nom5clature ( ,colors 7#ahhf7 %\ld be reta9$ 9 ! pres5t "w4 ,"s ( !m are admitt$ly wrong 7inde$1 c]ta9 ones are n z !y 7 int5d$ to be72 besides1 ow+ to ! me?od ( reproduc+ ! orig9als 7h& /5cil+7 !re is consid]able v>iation 9 diff]5t copies ( ! book1 "o or m repr9ts1 necessitat+ new mixtures ( pigm5ts1 add+ to ?is lack ( uni=mity4#ag ,_m p]sons1 h[ev]1 h urg$ ! ret5tion ( ! old /&>ds1 on ! gr\nd t !y h be5 us$ by s _m zoologi/s & botani/s 9 _! writ+s dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s t !y h become e/abli%$ ?r\gh common usage4 ,?is v important consid]ation has induc$ ! au?or to reta9 su* ( ! old /&>ds z c be mat*$ 9 ! pres5t "w1 ev5 ?\gh "s ( !m d n agree /rictly ) ei!r 8 own or ! usual conception ( ! colors 9 "q4 ,an a/]isk 7997 prec$+ a color "n indicates t ! "n 9 "q is adopt$ f ! old] "w1 ! v>iation betwe5 diff]5t copies ( ! "w requir+ ! selection1 9 ! new "o1 ( a color repres5t+ z ne>ly z possible an av]age ( ! =m]4 ,9 any sy/ematically arrang$ s*eme1 unless ! numb] ( colors %[n is practically unlimit$1 x w1 necess>ily1 be impossible to f9d repres5t$ !reon a c]ta9 proportion ( colors compris$ among ev5 a v limit$ numb] select$ at r&om1 or only r\ghly classifi$4 ,h5ce _m 7?irty-six1 or m ?an five p] c5t47 ( ! colors %[n 9 ! old ,nom5clature ( ,colors fall into ! blank int]vals ( ! pres5t "w1 be+ int]m$iate ei!r 9 hue or tone1 or *roma1 sometimes all4 ,x is necess>y ( c\rse to provide "s means = ! correlation ( ^! ) ! pres5t s*eme1 :i* is done by ! li/ on page #da1 :]e ! position ( ea* is %[n4 ,! "q ( giv+ repres5tations ( metallic colors 9 ?is "w 0 at "o "t consid]$2 b ! idea 0 ab&on$ = ! reason t ^! are 9 reality only ord9>y colors reflect$ f a metallic or burni%$ surface1 or appe>+ z if s reflect$2 ! actual hue is precisely ! same1 ?\gh (t5 *angeable accord+ to angle ( impact ( ! light rays1 & relative position ( ! eye1 ?is *angeabl5ess be+ sometimes due to int]f]5ce4#ah ,colors aga9 v>y1 )\t actual diff]5ce ( hue1 9 reg>d to quality ( texture or surface2 t is to say1 ! color may be q lu/reless1 appe>+ on a dull1 sometimes velvety surface1 :ile aga9 x may be m or less glossy1 ev5 to ! degree ( appe>+ z if v>ni%$4 ,to deal ) ^! v>iations1 h[ev]1 requires simply ! use ( suitable adjectives4 ,= example3 ,to indicate a color :i* has no lu/re or brightness1 ! adjective matt 7or mat7 may be us$1 9 pref]5ce to dull1 :i* implies r$uction 9 purity or *roma2 o!r adjectives1 appropriate 9 special cases1 be+ velvety1 glossy1 burni%$ metallic1 matt-metallic1 etc4 ,color ,t]ms4--,no o!r p]son has pres5t$ s =cibly ! urg5t ne$ = re=m 9 popul> nom5clature nor /at$ s cle>ly & concisely its %ortcom+s & ! simple rem$y1 z ,mr4 ,milton ,bradley1 f "o ( ^: educational pamphlets on ! subject#ai ! foll[+ is quot$3 ,! li/ ( words n[ employ$ to express qualities or degrees ( color is v small1 9 fact a half doz5 comprise ! m common t]ms1 & ^! are press$ into s]vice on all occasions1 & 9 su* v>i$ relations t !y n only fail to express any?+ def9ite b con/antly contradict !mselves4444 ,t9t1 ,hue & ,%ade are employ$ s loosely by ! public g5]ally1 ev5 by ^? p :o claim to use ,engli% correctly1 t nei!r ^w has a v def9ite mean+1 al?\gh ea* is capable ( be+ z accurately us$ z any o!r ^w 9 our e day vocabul>y4444 ,c]ta9ly "o w\ld expect t m5 ( le>n+1 at lea/1 w\ld employ ! broad] color t]ms correctly2 b "s ( ! highe/ au?orities on color-physics habitually use !m int]*angeably1 z if !y 7 q synonym\s2 & ev5 ! diction>ies1 ) few exceptions1 give incorrect or hazy def9itions ( ^! t]ms4 ,x is n /rictly correct to say a d>k t9t or light %ade ( any color1 because a t9t implies a color pal] ?an ! full color1 :ile a %ade means exactly ! opposite2 & to say an orange %ade 7or t9t7 ( r$1 a gre5i% %ade 7or t9t7 ( blue1 a blui% %ade 7or t9t7 ( violet1 etc41 is an absurdity1 = ! t]m hue1 :i* specifically & alone ref]s to relative position 9 ! spectrum scale1 )\t ref]5ce to lightness or d>kness1 is ! only "o :i* c correctly be us$ 9 su* cases4 ,inde$ ! /&>dization ( color t]ms is almo/ if n q z important1 9 ! int]e/ ( educational progress1 z t ( ! colors !mselves & _! names2 !re=e1 to make easy a cle> und]/&+ ( ! specific mean+ ( ea*1 ! foll[+ def9itions are giv53-- ,color4--,! t]m ( wide/ application1 be+ ! only "o :i* c be us$ to cov] ! entire range ( *romatic manife/ation2 t is to say1 ! spectrum colors 7toge!r ) ^? betwe5 violet & r$1 n %[n 9 ! spectrum7 ) all _! innum]able v>iations ( lum9osity1 mixture1 etc4 ,9 a m re/rict$ s5se1 appli$ to ! six di/9ct spectrum colors 7r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 & violet71 :i* are sometimes di/+ui%$ z fundam5tal colors or spectrum colors4 ,hue4--,:ile (t5 us$ int]*angeably or synonym\sly ) color1 ! t]m hue is m prop]ly re/rict$ by special application to ^? ly+ betwe5 any contigu\s pair ( spectrum colors 7also betwe5 violet & purple & betwe5 purple & r$72 z an orange hue 7n %ade or t9t1 z s (t5 incorrectly said7 ( r$2 a yell[ hue ( orange2 a gre5i% hue ( yell[2 a blui% hue ( gre52 a violet hue ( blue1 etc4 ,t9t4--,any color 7pure or brok57 weak5$ by high illum9ation or 79 ! case ( pigm5ts7 by admixture ( :ite1 or 79 ! case ( dyes or wa%es7 by excess ( aque\s or o!r liquid m$ium2 z1 a deep1 m$ium1 light1 pale or delicate 7pallid7 t9t ( r$4 ,! t]m _c correctly be us$ 9 any o!r s5se4 ,%ade4--,any color 7pure or brok57 d>k5$ by %ad[ or 79 ! case ( pigm5ts7 by admixture ( black2 exactly ! opposite ( t9t2 z a m$ium1 d>k1 or v d>k 7dusky7 %ade ( r$4 ,tone4--,ea* /ep 9 a color scale is a tone ( t color4#bj ,! t]m tone _c1 h[ev]1 be prop]ly appli$ to a /ep 9 ! spectrum scale1 9 :i* ea* contigu\s pair ( ! six di/9ct spectrum or fundam5tal colors are connect$ by hues4 ,h5ce tone#ba is exclusively applicable to ! /eps 9 a scale ( a s+le color or hue1 compris+ ! full color 79 ! c5t]7 & graduat$ t9ts & %ades lead+ (f !refrom 9 opposite directions2 or ( neutral gray simil>ly graduat$ 9 tone f ! d>ke/ %ade to ! pale/ t9t4 ,ea* "o ( ! color$ blocks 9 ! v]tical scales ( ! plates 9 ?is "w repres5ts a sep>ate tone ( t color4 ,scale4--,a l9e> s]ies ( colors %[+ a gradual transition f "o to ano!r1 or a simil> s]ies ( tones ( "o color4 ,! fir/ is a *romatic scale#bb 7or scale ( colors & hues7 & 9 ! plates ( ?is "w is repres5t$ by ea* horizontal s]ies2 ! second is a tone scale1 on ! plates runn+ v]tically1 gr[+ f ! full color1 9 ! c5t]1 to a pale t9t 7at ! top7 & a d>k %ade 7at ! bottom74 ,= cle>] compreh5sion ( ^! two di/9ct scales1 ea* plate ( ?is "w may be comp>$ to a %eet ( wov5 fabric2 ! *romatic scale 7horizontal7 repres5t+ ! w>p1 ! lum9osity or tone scale 7v]tical7 ! wo(4 ,a ?ird k9d ( color scale is repres5t$ by add+ progressive increm5ts ( neutral gray to any color4 ,?is is %[n by ! sev]al s]ies ( ,plates1 ( :i* ! fir/ 7,plates ,i-,,xii1 ) colors numb]$ #a-ga7 repres5ts ea* /ep 9 ! spectrum scale unmix$ ) gray1 foll[$ by five o!r s]ies 9 :i* ! same colors#bc are %[n dull$ by gradually increas+ increm5ts ( neutral gray1 ! fir/ 7,plates ,,xiii-,,xxvi1 colors #a-ga7 conta9+ #cb p] c5t41 ! second 7,plates ,,xxvii-,,xxxviii1 colors #a-ga7 #eh p] c5t41 ! ?ird 7,plates ,,xxxix-,,xliv1 colors #a-fi7 #gg p] c5t41 ! f\r? 7,plates ,,xlv-,l1 colors #a-fi7 #ij p] c5t41 & ! fif? 7,plates ,,li-,,liii1 colors #a1 #ae1 #bc1 #ce1 #di1 #ei & #fg7 #ie4e p] c5t4 ( gray1 ! la/ be+ 9 reality color$ grays4 ,f9ally scales are %[n 7on ,plate ,,liii7 ( neutral gray 79 :i* all trace ( color is want+71 & ( c>bon gray1 a simple mixture ( lamp-black & *9ese :ite4 ,x is n easy to f9d a suitable "n = ^! scales ( r$uc$ or brok5 colors1 b !y may1 = pres5t conv5i5ce1 be t]m$ r$uc$ or brok5 scales4 ,full ,color4--,a color correspond+ 9 int5sity ) its manife/ation 9 ! sol> spectrum4 ,pure ,color4--,a color correspond+ 9 purity ) 7or1 9 ! case ( mat]ial colors1 closely approximat+ to7 "o ( ! spectrum colors4 ,brok5 ,color4--,any "o ( ! spectrum colors or hues dull$ or r$uc$ 9 purity by admixture 79 any proportion7 ( neutral gray1 or v>y+ relative proportions ( bo? black & :ite2 also produc$ by admixture ( c]ta9 spectrum colors1 z r$ ) gre51 orange ) blue1 yell[ ) violet1 etc4 ,^! brok5 colors are f> m num]\s 9 ,nature ?an ! pure spectrum colors1 & include ! almo/ inf9ite v>iations ( br[n1 russet1 citr9e1 olive1 drab1 etc4 ,!y are (t5 call$ dull or neutral colors4 ,fundam5tal ,colors4--,! six psy*ologically di/9ct colors ( ! sol> spectrum2 ,r$1 ,orange1 ,yell[1 ,gre51 ,blue1 & ,violet4 ,prim>y ,colors4--,!oretically1 any ( ! spectrum colors :i* _c be made by mixture ( two o!r colors4 ,accord+ to ! g5]ally accept$ ,"y-,helmholtz !ory1 ! prim>y colors are r$1 gre51 & violet3 orange & yell[ result+ f a mixture ( r$ & gre51 & blue f a mixture ( gre5 & violet4 ,!re is consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion1 h[ev]1 z to ?is "q1 & fur!r inve/igation ( ! subject seems to be requir$2 at any rate1 au?orities fail to expla9 :y r$ may be exactly reproduc$ 7except z to ! degree ( lum9osity7 by a mixture ( orange & violet1 exactly z yell[ results f mixture ( r$ & gre5 or blue f gre5 or violet1 gre5 be+1 9 fact1 ! only spectrum color t _c be made by mixture ( o!r colors4#bd ,*roma4--,degree ( fre$om f :ite light2 purity1 int5sity or fullness ( color4 ,lum9osity4--,degree ( brightness or cle>ness4 ,! relative lum9osity ( ! spectrum colors is z foll[s3 ,yell[ 7brighte/781 orange yell[2 orange2 gre5i%-yell[1 yell[-gre51 & gre52 orange-r$2 r$ & blue 7equal72 violet-blue1 blue-violet1 violet4#be ,w>m ,colors4--,! colors ne>] ! r$ end ( ! spectrum or ^? ( long] wave-l5g?s 7r$1 orange1 & yell[1 & connect+ hues7 & comb9ations 9 :i* !y pr$om9ate4#bf ,cool1 or ,cold1 ,colors4--,! colors ne>] ! violet end ( ! spectrum or ^? ( %ort] wave-l5g?1 especially blue & gre5-blue4 ,b x is1 p]haps1 que/ionable :e!r gre5 & violet may be t]m$ ei!r w>m or cool4 ,complem5t>y ,color4--,z :ite light is ! sum ( all color1 if we take f :ite light a giv5 color ! rema9+ color is ! complem5t ( ! giv5 color4 ,:5 any two colors or hues :i* :5 comb9$ 9 prop] proportion on ! color-:eel produce1 by rotation1 neutral gray1 ^! two colors ea* repres5t ! complem5t>y ( ! o!r4 ,con/ants ( ,color4--,! con/ants ( color are numb]s :i* measure 7#a7 ! wave-l5g?1 7#b7 ! *roma1 & 7#c7 ! lum9osity4 ,9 addition to ! t]ms def9$ above !re are _m o!rs1 = :i* ! read] is ref]r$ to ! *apt] on ,color ,def9itions on pages #bc-cj ( ,milton ,bradley's excell5t & mo/ useful book ,elem5t>y ,color4 ,,table ,,( ,,p]c5tages ,,( ,,compon5t ,,colors ,,9 ,,! ,,connect+ ,,hues ,,( ,,! ,,*romatic ,,scale4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! relative p]c5tages1 9 color-:eel measurem5t1 ( ! two compon5ts 9 ea* ( ! hues connect+ adjac5t pairs ( ! six spectrum colors z repres5t$ on ! orig9al ,plates ( ?is "w2 toge!r ) an equal numb] ( exact int]m$iates 7n %[n on ! ,plates71 ! latt] 9 l[]-case type & n indicat$ by symbols4 ,numb]4 ,color4 ,r$4 ,orange4 ,yell[4 ,gre54 ,blue4 ,violet4 ,wavel5g?4#bg #a ,r$ #ajj #fdd #b #ij #aj #c ,o-,r #hj #bj #d #gj #cj #e ,,oo-,r #fj #dj #f #ej #ej #g ,r-,o #dj #fj #h #cj #gj #i ,,or-,o #bj #hj #aj #aj #ij #aa ,orange #ajj #eih #ab #if #d #ac ,,oy-,o #ia #i #ad #hf #ad #ae ,y-,o #hj #bj #af #gc4e #bf4e #ag ,o-,y #fe #ce #ah #ef4e #dc4e #ai ,,yo-,y #dg #ec #bj #cf4e #fc4e #ba ,o-,,yy #be #ge #bb #ac4e #hf4e #bc ,yell[ #ajj #egg #bd #hg #ac #be ,,yg-,y #ge #be #bf #fd #cf #bg ,g-,y #ee #de #bh #df #ed #bi ,,gg-,y #ci #fa #cj #ca #fi #ca ,y-,g #bd #gf #cb #ag #hc #cc ,,gy-,g #aa #hi #cd #f #id #ce ,gre5 #ajj #ebj #cf #if4e #c4e #cg ,,gb-,g #ic #g #ch #ij #aj #ci ,b-,g #he #ae #dj #ha #ai #da ,,bb-,g #ge #be #db #fi #ca #dc ,g-,b #fa #ci #dd #ed #df #de ,,bg-,b #de #ee #df #cf #fd #dg ,g-,,bb #be #ge #dh #ac #hg #di ,blue #ajj #dgc #ej #hd #af #ea ,,bv-,b #gb #bh #eb #fd #cf #ec ,v-,b #ed #df #ed #dg #ec #ee ,b-,v #dj #fj #ef #cb #fh #eg ,,vb-,v #bb #gh #eh #ab #hh #ei ,violet #ajj #daj #fj #c #ig #fa ,,vr-,v #g #ic #fb #aa #hi #fc ,r-,v #ah #hb #fd #bd #gf #fe ,,rr-,v #cc #fg #ff #da #ei #fg ,v-,r #eb #dh #fh #fd #cf #fi ,,rv-,r #gd #bf #gj #hc #ag #ga ,v-,,rr #ij #aj #gb #ie4e #d4e ,,table ,,%[+ ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,:ite ,,& ,,black1 ,,respectively1 ,,9 ,,ea* ,,tone ,,( ,,! ,,tone ,,or ,,lum9osity ,,scales4 ,all ( ! v]tical scales 9 ! orig9al ,plates ( ?is "w 7! scale ( c>bon grays alone except$7 conta9 ! foll[+ p]c5tages by color-:eel measurem5t3 ,,tone4 ,,p]c5tages4 ,:ite4 ,color4 ,black4 7,:ite7 #ajj 7g7 #gj #cj f #de #ee 7e7 #cb #fh d #bb4e #gg4e 7c7 #ae #he b #i4e #ij4e 7a7 #e #ie 7,full ,color7 #ajj 7h7 #fd #bf i #ee #de 7j7 #da #ei k #bi4e #gj4e 7l7 #bj #hj m #ab4e #hg4e 7n7 #f #id 7,black7 #ajj ,"o ( ! mo/ s]i\s difficulties enc\nt]$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! ,plates ( ?is "w 0 ! app>5t impracticability ( reproduc+ satisfactory %ades ( pure colors4 ,?is orig9at$ 9 ! fact t !re seems to be no sub/ance 7pigm5t1 dye1 or fabric7 :i* repres5ts a true black1 all reflect+ m or less ( :ite light1 & consequ5tly produc+ %ades :i* are dull or brok54 ,! difficulty is increas$ by ! additional fact t any black pigm5t mix$ ) almo/ any color falls %ort ( ev5 ! color-:eel mixture 9 purity ( hue 9 ! result+ %ades1 ow+ to ! v consid]able am\nt ( gray 9 all black pigm5ts4 ,*romoli?ography c be made to produce cle>] & bett] %ades ( ! pure colors1 b is di/9ctly objectionable = ! purpose ( a "w ( ?is k9d ow+ to ev5tual oxidation ( ! oil or v>ni% ) :i* ! pigm5ts are comb9$ 9 li?ographic inks1 caus+ a *ange ( hue2 r$s becom+ m orange1 blues m gre5i%1 etc41 9 c\rse ( "t4 ,:ile ! abs5ce 79 l>ge "p7 ( pure *romatic %ades is mu* to be regrett$1 ! defect is n s s]i\s1 f ! /&po9t ( utility1 z might appe> at fir/ sight2 = :ile saturat$ or d>k5$ pure colors are n uncommon 9 ! animal1 vegetable1 & m9]al k+doms1 m or less brok5 d>k colors are inf9itely m s2 & s9ce ! latt] are greatly increas$ 9 numb] by ! defect m5tion$ ! actual result is r an advantage ?an o!rwise4 ,x w d\btless be notic$ t !re is a conspicu\s diff]5ce 9 relative d>kness betwe5 %ades ( yell[ & contigu\s hues on ! "o h& & correspond+ ones ( violet & adjac5t hues on ! o!r1 z if ! p]c5tage ( black 9 ea* 7 v diff]5t4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is entirely ! result ( diff]5ce ( lum9osity ( ! two sets ( colors1 t ( yell[ be+ betwe5 #gjjj & #hjjj :ile t ( violet is only ab\t #ac2bh = ! p]c5tage ( black 9 correspond+ tones ( ! v]tical scales is precisely ! same = ea* color ?r\gh\t ! *romatic scale ( ?is "w4 ,,table ,,%[+ ,,p]c5tages ,,( ,,neutral ,,gray ,,9 ,,! ,,brok5 ,,color ,,scales4 ,e ,plate 9 ea* s]ies ( brok5 colors 7 to 7 conta9s exactly ! same p]c5tage ( neutral gray 9 ea* color1 ! relative am\nt increas+ progressively 9 ! sev]al s]ies1 z %[n 9 ! foll[+ table4 ,! p]c5tages ( :ite 9 ! t9ts & ( black 9 ! %ades ( ! tone scales are 9 all cases exactly ! same z 9 ! tone scales ( pure colors4 ,,s]ies4 ,,p]c5tages4 ,color4 ,neutral ,gray4 ,pure ,colors #ajj 77 #fh #cb 77 #db #eh 77 #bc #gg 77 #aj #ij 77 #d4e #ie4e ,neutral ,gray #ajj ,,table ,,( ,,p]c5tage ,,( ,,black ,,& ,,:ite ,,9 ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,tones ,,( ,,c>bon ,,gray4 ,,tone ,,numb]4 ,,p]c5tages4 ,black4 ,:ite4 #a #ajj #b #ih #b #c #id4e #e4e #d #hi4e #aj4e #e #hc #ag #f #ge #be #g #fg4e #cb4e #h #eh4e #da4e #i #dg #ec #aj #cj #gj ,note4--,! p]c5tages giv5 9 ! prec$+ tables may n 9 all cases be precisely ^? actually conta9$ 9 ! colors on ! ,plates1 s9ce absolute precision 9 reproduction is h>dly possible4 ,all t c be claim$ is a reasonably close approximation to ! ideal4 ,,dyes ,,& ,,pigm5ts ,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,maxwell ,,disks1 ,,repres5t+ ,,! ,,?irty-,,six ,,colors ,,( ,,! ,,pure ,,spectrum ,,scale1 ,,=m+ ,,! ,,basis ,,( ,,! ,,color-,,s*eme ,,( ,,?is ,,"w4#bi ,r$4--,devoe's g]anium lake 7dry71 its orange hue neutraliz$ by a wa% ( rhodam9 b4 7,croce9 sc>let b4 wa%$ ) rhodam9 b4 produces practically ! same f9e r$47 ,hues betwe5 r$ & orange4--,croce9 sc>let b4 ) gold orange4 ,orange4--,gold orange ) orange g4 ,hues betwe5 orange & yell[4--,orange g4 ) auram94 ,yell[4--,auram91 r dilute4 7,! be/ sub/itute among pigm5ts is a f9e quality ( z9c yell[1 z ,hatfield's47 ,hues betwe5 yell[ & gre54--,auram9 wa%$ ) light gre54 ,gre54--,auram9 7v dilute7 wa%$ ) light gre54 7,! auram9 %\ld be appli$ fir/1 because x sets or becomes fa/ quickly1 :ile ! light gre5 does n1 b is l>gely remov$ by ov]wa%es ( ! yell[1 ?us r5d]+ x v difficult to get ! desir$ hue47 ,hues betwe5 gre5 & blue4--,me?yl gre52 ! same wa%$ ) light blue 7,diamond ,dye72 = ! hues ne>] blue1 light blue wa%$ ) ,w9sor & ,newton's p]man5t blue or new blue 7! lea/ violet-hu$ ( ! artificial ultram>9es74 ,blue4--,light blue wa%$ ) p]man5t blue or new blue4 7,al?\gh ! color is ne>] t ( ! artificial ultram>9es nam$1 x is useless to apply ! latt] fir/1 = ov]wa%es ( ! light blue m]ely s9k ?r\gh & d>k5 ! color )\t improv+ ! hue4 ,a mod]ately saturat$ solution ( ! light blue %\ld be appli$ fir/1 & :5 ?is is dry cov]$ ) "o or m r ?9 wa%es ( ! p]man5t blue or new blue74 ,hues betwe5 blue & violet4--,w9sor & ,newton's p]man5t blue & "s ( ! m violet-hu$ artificial ultram>9es1 ! hues ne>] violet wa%$ ) cry/al violet or g5tian violet4 ,violet4--,cry/al violet4 ,hues betwe5 violet & r$4--,me?yl violet #a;b4 wa%$ ) rhodam9 b42 = hues ne>] r$1 rhodam9 b4 ) ,devoe's g]anium r$ 7dry7 or croce9 sc>let b4 ,:ile m or less simil> 9 hue to rhodam9 b41 sev]al o!r anil9e dyes1 z acid fu*s91 rub9 s41 rose91 mag5ta1 etc41 d n comb9e satisfactorily ) ! violets1 ! mixture soon becom+ d>k or dull & none ( !m are q z pure a purple or r$-violet4 ,x is mo/ important to rememb] t disks ?us color$ mu/ be c>efully protect$ f light :5 n 9 actual use & nev] expos$ to direct sunlight4 ,! artificial ultram>9es are1 ( c\rse1 p]man5t1 & s1 practically1 are croce9 sc>let1 gold orange1 orange g41 & auram9--t is to say1 are n mat]ially affect$ by ! action ( light except aft] v prolong$ exposure1 ?\gh ! la/ nam$ und]goes a *ange ( hue2 b ! gre5 & violet anil9e dyes are all v evanesc5t1 rapidly fad+ & ev5tually disappe>+2 light blue & rhodam91 :ile s5sitive to light1 are f> less s ?an ! gre5s & violets4 ,,alphabetical ,,li/ ,,( ,,colors ,,repres5t$ ,,on ,,plates ,,( ,,?is ,,"w ,,color ,,"n4 ,plate4 ,color or hue ,numb]4 ,tone4 ,abs9! ,gre5 ,,xxxi #bi -- ,acaj\ ,r$ ,,xiii #a i ,acet9 ,blue ,,xxxv #di k ,ack]mann's ,gre5 ,,xviii #ce k ,aconite ,violet ,,xxxvii #fc -- ,ag]atum ,violet ,,xxxvii #fc b ,alice ,blue ,,xxxiv #de b ,aliz>9e ,blue ,,xxi #ea m ,aliz>9e ,p9k ,,xiii #a d ,am>an? ,p9k ,,xii #fi d ,am>an? ,purple ,,xii #fi i ,amb] ,br[n ,,iii #ac k ,amb] ,yell[ ,,xvi #ba b ,am]ican ,gre5 ,,xli #cc i ,ame?y/ ,violet ,,xi #fa -- ,amp>o ,blue ,,ix #ea b ,amp>o ,purple ,,xi #fc b ,&ov] ,gre5 ,,xlvii #be i ,anil9e ,black ,l #fi m ,anil9e ,lilac ,,xxxv #ec d ,anil9e ,yell[ ,,iv #ai i ,an?rac5e ,gre5 ,,vii #ci m ,an?rac5e ,purple ,,xliv #fi k ,an?rac5e ,violet ,,xxv #fa k ,antimony ,yell[ ,,xv #ag b ,antique ,br[n ,,iii #ag k ,antique ,gre5 ,,vi #ce m 99,antw]p ,blue ,,viii #de k 99,apple ,gre5 ,,xvii #bi -- ,apricot ,buff ,,xiv #aa b ,apricot ,orange ,,xiv #aa -- ,apricot ,yell[ ,,iv #ai b ,argus ,br[n ,,iii #ac m ,argyle ,purple ,,xxxvii #fe b ,army ,br[n ,,xl #ac i ,artemisia ,gre5 ,,xlvii #cc -- ,asphodel ,gre5 ,,xli #bi -- 99,a/] ,purple ,,xii #fg i ,auburn ,,ii #aa m 99,auricula ,purple ,,xxvi #fi k ,avellane\s ,,xl #ag b ,azurite ,blue ,,ix #ec m ,b>ium ,yell[ ,,xvi #bc d ,b>yta ,yell[ ,,iv #ba f 99,bay ,,ii #g m ,begonia ,rose ,i #a b ,b5zo ,br[n ,,xlvi #ac i ,b5zol ,gre5 ,,vii #da -- 99,b]l9 ,blue ,,viii #dg m ,b]yl ,blue ,,viii #dc f 99,b]yl ,gre5 ,,xix #da b 99,bice ,gre5 ,,xvii #bi k ,biscay ,gre5 ,,xvii #bg i ,bi%op's ,purple ,,xxxvii #fe -- 99,bi/] ,,xxix #ae m ,bitt]sweet ,orange ,,ii #i b ,bitt]sweet ,p9k ,,ii #i d 99,black ,,liii #gc 7#a7 ,blacki% ,br[n 7#a7 ,,xlv #a m ,blacki% ,br[n 7#b7 ,,xlv #e m ,blacki% ,br[n 7#c7 ,,xlv #i m ,blacki% ,gre5-,blue ,,viii #dc m ,blacki% ,gre5-,gray ,,lii #ce m ,blacki% ,m\se ,gray ,,li #ae m ,blacki% ,plumbe\s ,,lii #di k ,blacki% ,purple ,,xi #fe m ,blacki% ,r$-,purple ,,xii #fg m 99,blacki% ,slate ,,liii #ge 7#c7 ,blacki% ,violet ,x #ei m ,blacki% ,violet-,gray ,,lii #ei m ,blanc's ,blue ,,xx #dg k ,blanc's ,violet ,,xxiii #ei k ,blue-,violet ,x #ee -- ,blue-,violet ,black ,,xlix #eg m ,blui% ,black ,,xlix #di m ,blui% ,glauc\s ,,xlii #cg f ,blui% ,gray-,gre5 ,,xlii #da -- ,blui% ,lav5d] ,,xxxvi #eg d ,blui% ,slate-,black ,,xlviii #de m ,blui% ,violet ,x #eg -- ,bone ,br[n ,,xl #ac m ,bordeaux ,,xii #ga k 99,bottle ,gre5 ,,xix #cg m ,bradley's ,blue ,,ix #ea -- ,bradley's ,violet ,,xxiii #ei -- ,brazil ,r$ ,i #e i ,brem5 ,blue ,,xx #dc b 99,brick ,r$ ,,xiii #e k ,bright ,*alc$ony ,yell[ ,,xvii #be -- ,bright ,gre5-,yell[ ,v #bg -- ,br[ni% ,drab ,,xlv #i -- ,br[ni% ,olive ,,xxx #ai m ,br[ni% ,v9ace\s ,,xxxix #e b ,brussels ,br[n ,,iii #ae m ,buck?orn ,br[n ,,xv #ag i 99,buff-,p9k ,,xxviii #aa d 99,buff-,yell[ ,,iv #ai d ,buffy ,br[n ,,xl #ag i ,buffy ,citr9e ,,xvi #ai k ,buffy ,olive ,,xxx #ba k ,burn ,blue ,,xxxiv #dg f ,burnt ,lake ,,xii #ga m 99,burnt ,si5na ,,ii #i k 99,burnt ,umb] ,,xxviii #i m ,cacao ,br[n ,,xxviii #i i ,cadet ,blue ,,xxi #di i ,cadet ,gray ,,xlii #de b 99,cadmium ,orange ,,iii #ac -- 99,cadmium ,yell[ ,,iii #ag -- ,calam9e ,blue ,,viii #dc d ,calla ,gre5 ,v #be m ,calli/e ,gre5 ,,vi #ca i ,cameo ,br[n ,,xxviii #g k ,cameo ,p9k ,,xxvi #ga f 99,campanula ,blue ,,xxiv #ee99 b ,capri ,blue ,,xx #dc i ,capuc9e ,buff ,,iii #ac f ,capuc9e ,orange ,,iii #ac d ,capuc9e ,yell[ ,,iii #ae b 99,c>m9e ,i #a i ,c>nelian ,r$ ,,xiv #g -- ,c>ob ,br[n ,,xiv #i m ,c>rot ,r$ ,,xiv #g b ,c>tridge ,buff ,,xxx #ai f ,ca/or ,gray ,,lii #ce i ,c$> ,gre5 ,,vi #ca m ,cel&9e ,gre5 ,,xlvii #cc b ,c5dre ,blue ,,viii #dc b ,c5dre ,gre5 ,,vi #ce b ,c]ro ,gre5 ,v #bg m 99,c]ulean ,blue ,,viii #de -- ,*aetura ,black ,,xlvi #ag m ,*aetura ,drab ,,xlvi #ag k ,*alc$ony ,yell[ ,,xvii #be b ,*amois ,,xxx #ai b ,*apman's ,blue ,,xxii #di99 i ,*>treuse ,yell[ ,,xxxi #be d ,*at5ay ,p9k ,,xiii #c f ,*essylite ,blue ,,xx #de k 99,*e/nut ,,ii #i m ,*e/nut-,br[n ,,xiv #aa m ,*icory ,blue ,,xxiv #eg99 d 99,*9a ,blue ,,xx #de i ,*9ese ,violet ,,xxv #fe b 99,*ocolate ,,xxviii #g m 99,*romium ,gre5 ,,xxxii #ca i ,*rysolite ,gre5 ,,xxxi #bg b ,*rysoprase ,gre5 ,,vii #cg b 99,c9]e\s ,,lii #di d 99,c9namon ,,xxix #ae -- ,c9namon-,br[n ,,xv #ae k ,c9namon-,buff ,,xxix #ag b ,c9namon-,drab ,,xlvi #ac -- 99,c9namon-,ruf\s ,,xiv #aa i ,citr9e ,,iv #ba k ,citr9e-,drab ,,xl #ba i ,citron ,gre5 ,,xxxi #be b 99,citron ,yell[ ,,xvi #bc b ,civette ,gre5 ,,xviii #ca k 99,cl>et ,br[n ,i #e m 99,clay ,color ,,xxix #ag -- ,cle> ,cadet ,blue ,,xxi #di -- ,cle> ,dull ,gre5 ,yell[ ,,xvii #bg b ,cle> ,fluorite ,gre5 ,,xxxii #cc b ,cle> ,gre5-,blue ,gray ,,xlviii #de d ,cle> ,payne's ,gray ,,xlix #di b ,cle> ,w9dsor ,blue ,,xxxv #di -- ,cle> ,yell[-,gre5 ,,vi #ca b 99,clove ,br[n ,,xl #ag m ,cobalt ,gre5 ,,xix #cg b ,colonial ,buff ,,xxx #ba d ,columbia ,blue ,,xxxiv #dg b ,commel9a ,blue ,,xxi #ea -- ,congo ,p9k ,,xxviii #g b ,coral ,p9k ,,xiii #e d 99,coral ,r$ ,,xiii #e -- ,cor9?ian ,p9k ,,xxvii #c d ,cor9?ian ,purple ,,xxxviii #fi k ,cor9?ian ,r$ ,,xxvii #c -- ,cornfl[] ,blue ,,xxi #ec -- ,corydalis ,gre5 ,,xli #bi d ,cossack ,gre5 ,,vi #cc m ,cosse ,gre5 ,v #bi i ,cot+a ,purple ,,xi #fc k ,c\rge ,gre5 ,,xvii #be i ,c\rt ,gray ,,xlvii #bi f 99,cream ,color ,,xvi #ai f 99,cream-,buff ,,xxx #ai d ,cress ,gre5 ,,xxxi #bi k 99,cyan9e ,blue ,,ix #ea m ,dahlia ,c>m9e ,,xxvi #ga k 99,dahlia ,purple ,,xii #fg k ,danube ,gre5 ,,xxxii #ce m ,daphne ,p9k ,,xxxviii #fi b ,daphne ,r$ ,,xxxviii #fi -- ,d>k ,am]ican ,gre5 ,,xli #cc k ,d>k ,anil9e ,blue ,x #ee m ,d>k ,an?rac5e ,violet ,,xxv #fa m ,d>k ,blui% ,glauc\s ,,xlii #cg b ,d>k ,blui% ,gray-,gre5 ,,xlii #da k ,d>k ,blui% ,violet ,x #eg m ,d>k ,cadet ,blue ,,xxi #di m ,d>k ,*essylite ,blue ,,xx #de m ,d>k ,c9nab> ,gre5 ,,xix #ci k ,d>k ,citr9e ,,iv #ba m ,d>k ,cor9?ian ,purple ,,xxxviii #fi m ,d>k ,cress ,gre5 ,,xxxi #bi m ,d>k ,delft ,blue ,,xlii #de m ,d>k ,diva ,blue ,,xxi #ea k ,d>k ,dull ,blui% ,violet 7#a7 ,,xxiv #eg99 k ,d>k ,dull ,blui% ,violet 7#b7 ,,xxxv #ea k ,d>k ,dull ,blui% ,violet 7#c7 ,,xxxvi #eg k ,d>k ,dull ,violet-,blue ,,xxiv #ec99 k ,d>k ,dull ,violet-,blue ,,xxxv #ec k ,d>k ,dull ,yell[-,gre5 ,,xxxii #ca m ,d>k ,glauc\s-,gray ,,xlviii #cg b ,d>k ,gobel9 ,blue ,,xxxiv #dc k ,d>k ,grayi% ,blue-,gre5 ,,xlviii #cg k ,d>k ,grayi% ,blue-,violet ,,xxiv #ee99 k ,d>k ,grayi% ,br[n ,,xlv #e k ,d>k ,grayi% ,lav5d] ,,xliii #eg b ,d>k ,grayi% ,olive ,,xlvi #ba k ,d>k ,gre5 ,,xviii #ce m ,d>k ,gre5-,blue ,gray ,,xlviii #de -- ,d>k ,gre5-,blue ,slate ,,xlviii #de k ,d>k ,gre5i% ,glauc\s ,,xli #cc b ,d>k ,gre5i% ,olive ,,xxx #bc m ,d>k ,gull ,gray ,,liii #ge 7#f7 ,d>k ,heliotrope ,gray ,l #fe -- ,d>k ,heliotrope ,slate ,l #fe k ,d>k ,hyssop ,violet ,,xxxvi #ei k ,d>k ,indian ,r$ ,,xxvii #c m ,d>k ,ivy ,gre5 ,,xlvii #be k ,d>k ,lav5d] ,,xliv #fa b ,d>k ,livid ,br[n ,,xxxix #a k ,d>k ,livid ,purple ,,xxxvii #fc m ,d>k ,madd] ,blue ,,xliii #ec k ,d>k ,madd] ,violet ,,xxv #fc m ,d>k ,m>oon ,purple ,,xxvi #ga m ,d>k ,m$ici ,blue ,,xlviii #da i ,d>k ,m9]al ,r$ ,,xxvii #a m ,d>k ,m\se ,gray ,,li #ae k ,d>k ,naph?al5e ,violet ,,xxxvii #fa m ,d>k ,neutral ,gray ,,liii #gc k ,d>k ,nigros9 ,violet ,,xxv #fe m ,d>k ,olive ,,xl #ba m ,d>k ,olive-,buff ,,xl #ba -- ,d>k ,olive-,gray ,,li #bc i ,d>k ,ori5t ,blue ,,xxxiv #de k ,d>k ,payne's ,gray ,,xlix #di k ,d>k ,p]illa ,purple ,,xxxvii #fe m ,d>k ,plumbago ,blue ,,xliii #ec b ,d>k ,plumbago ,gray ,l #fa -- ,d>k ,plumbago ,slate ,l #fa k ,d>k ,plumbe\s ,,lii #di i ,d>k ,porcela9 ,gre5 ,,xxxiii #ci k ,d>k ,purple-,drab ,,xlv #a i ,d>k ,purpli% ,gray ,,liii #fg k ,d>k ,quak] ,drab ,,li #a k ,d>k ,russian ,gre5 ,,xlii #cg k ,d>k ,slate-,purple ,,xliv #fe k ,d>k ,slate-,violet 7#a7 ,,xliii #eg k ,d>k ,slate-,violet 7#b7 ,,xliv #fa k ,d>k ,s(t ,blue-,violet ,,xxiii #ee k ,d>k ,s(t ,blui% ,violet ,,xxiii #eg k ,d>k ,sulphate ,gre5 ,,xix #ci i ,d>k ,t]re ,v]te ,,xxxiii #da k ,d>k ,tyrian ,blue ,,xxxiv #dg k ,d>k 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,plates ,,xl & ,,xlvi74 ,buff #ah d 7see ,plates ,,iii & ,,iv74 ,burnt ,c>m9e #ga i 7,plate ,,xii74 ,can>y ,yell[3 ,betwe5 #bc b & #ba b 7see ,plates ,,iv & ,,xvi74 ,*9ese ,orange #ab h 7see ,plates ,,ii & ,,iii74 ,*rome ,yell[ #bj a 7,plate ,,iv74 ,cobalt ,blue #dh slightly dull 7see ,plates ,,viii & ,,ix74 ,crimson #a j 7,plate ,i74 ,fr5* ,blue #eb h 7,plate ,,ix74 ,gall/one ,yell[ #ai h 7,plate ,,xvi74 ,gamboge ,yell[ #bj1 slightly dull1 or #ba1 slightly dull 7,plate ,,iv74 ,g]anium ,r$ #c a 7,plate ,i74 ,heliotrope ,purple3 ,betwe5 #fe b & #fe b 7see ,plates ,,xliv & ,l74 ,indian ,yell[ #ah h or #ah slightly dull 7,plate ,,iii74 ,?is color & ,saffron ,yell[ are practically id5tical 9 _m copies ( ! old ,nom5clature4 ,lake ,r$ #gb h 7,plate ,,xii74 ,m>oon ,purple #gb i 7,plate ,,xxvi74 ,o*race\s #af h 7,plate ,,xv74 ,o*race\s-,ruf\s #ab h 7see ,plates ,,xiv & ,,xv74 ,o*re ,yell[ #ah 7see ,plates ,,xv & ,,xvi74 ,orange-,o*race\s #af h 7,plate ,,iii74 ,orange ,v]milion #d1 dull 7,plate ,i74 ,orpim5t ,orange #aa h 7,plate ,,ii74 ,pea*-blossom ,p9k #a e 7,plate ,i74 ,poppy ,r$3 betwe5 #c & #e h 7,plate ,i74 ,saffron ,yell[ #ah 7see ,plates ,,iii & ,,iv74 ,saturn ,r$ #aa a 7,plate ,,ii74 ,sc>let ,v]milion #d1 dull 7,plate ,i74 ,sevres ,blue #df h 7,plate ,,viii74 ,solf]9o #fg h 7,plate ,,xii74 ,tawny-,o*race\s #ad h 7,plate ,,xv74 ,turquoise ,blue #dd b 7,plate ,,xx74 ,v]dit] ,blue3 ,betwe5 #dc & #dc b 7see ,plates ,,xx & ,,xxxiv74 ,v]milion3 ,betwe5 #c & #c 7see ,plates ,i & ,,xiii74 ,violet #fa h 7,plate ,,xi74 ,w9e ,purple #gj h 7,plate ,,xxvi74 ,a ,,few ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,books ,,on ,,! ,,subject ,,( ,,color ,,:i* ,,! ,,au?or ,,( ,,?is ,,"w ,,has ,,f\nd ,,mo/ ,,useful ,bradley1 ,milton1 au?or ( ,color 9 ! ,s*oolroom & ,color 9 ! ,k9d]g>d54--,elem5t>y ,color4 ,) an ,introduction by ,h5ry ,lafav\r1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,physics1 ,williams ,college4 ,milton ,bradley & ,co41 ,spr+field1 ,mass4 #ahie4 ,small #hvo41 pp4 i-iv1 #a-abh2 color$ frontispiece 7m9iature color *>ts made f ! ,bradley educational color$ pap]s1 %[+ #abf unnam$ colors7 & num]\s figures 9 text4 ,! pres5t writ] frankly & gratefully ackn[l$ges t he has le>n$ m1 & le>n$ x m easily1 f ?is little book1 :i* is a model ( concis5ess & p]spicuity1 ?an f c>eful /udy ( m elaborate & au?oritative works on ! subject4 ,x is !re=e mo/ he>tily recomm5d$ to ! /ud5t z a prelim9>y1 at lea/1 to ! /udy ( m te*nical works on color4 ,bradley1 ,milton4--,! ,evolution ( a ,practical ,sy/em ( ,color ,education bas$ on ,spectrum ,/&>ds4 ,milton ,bradley ,co41 ,spr+field1 ,mass4 ,pamphlet1 #hvo41 pp4 #h4 ,bradley1 ,milton4--,a ,few ,practical ,sugge/ions relat+ to ,color ,/&>ds & ! ,pres5t ,/atus ( ,elem5t>y ,color ,in/ruction 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,milton ,bradley ,co41 ,spr+field1 ,mass4 ,pamphlet1 small #hvo41 pp4 #af4 ,bradley1 ,milton4--,"s ,criticisms ( ,popul> ,color ,def9itions1 & ,sugge/ions = a ,bett] ,color ,nom5clature4 ,milton ,bradley ,co41 ,spr+field1 ,mass41 #ahih4 ,pamphlet1 #abmo41 pp4 #ae4 ,bradley1 ,milton4--,! ,bradley ,color ,s*eme1 ) ,sugge/ions to ,tea*]s4 ,milton ,bradley ,co41 ,spr+field1 ,mass4 ,pamphlet1 #abmo41 pp4 #de4 ,*ur*1 ,a4 ,h41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 etc41 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,royal ,academy ( ,arts 9 ,london4--,! ,*emi/ry ( ,pa9ts & ,pa9t+4 ,?ird edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 ,london3 ,seeley & ,co4 ,small #hvo41 pp4 i-vii viii-xx1 #a-cee4 ,an invaluable "w :i* %\ld be consult$ by e pa9t]4 ,hur/1 ,george ,h41 ,f4 ,c4 ,s41 etc4--,col\r3 ,a ,h&book ( ! ,!ory ( ,col\r4 ,) t5 col\r$ plates & sev5ty-two illu/rations4 ,london3 ,scott1 ,gre5wood ,co41 #aijj41 #hvo41 #afj pp4 ,rood1 ,ogd5 ,n4--,/ud5ts' ,text-book ( ,color2 or ,mod]n ,*romatics1 ) applications to ,art & ,indu/ry4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company1 #aijc4 ,small #hvo41 pp4 i-v vi-viii1 #i #aj-cbi2 #a color$ plate 7frontispiece7 & #acj orig9al illu/rations4 7,"o ( ! be/ te*nical works on ! physics ( color47 ,v&]poel1 ,emily ,noyes4--,color ,problems4 ,a ,practical ,manual = ! ,lay ,/ud5t ( ,color4 ,) "o hundr$ & sev5te5 color$ plates4 ,longmans1 ,gre5 & ,co41 ,new ,york1 ,london & ,bombay4 #aijc4 ,small #hvo41 pp41 i-vi vii-xv1 #a-b #c-acg4 ,! color$ plates ( ?is excell5t "w illu/rate ! physics & psy*ology ( color1 color h>monies1 & k9dr$ subjects1 b h no relation to color nom5clature4 ,jorg5s51 ,*>les ,julius4--,! ,ma/]y ( ,color4 ,a simple & p]fect color sy/em1 bas$ ^u ! spectral colors1 = educational & practical use 9 ! ,arts & ,crafts4 ,publi%$ by ! ,au?or4 ,milwaukee1 #aijf4 #hvo41 #b vols41 "o ( text1 ! o!r ( #bb loose color$ plates conta9$ 9 d\ble box4 ,an exce$+ly useful "w = arti/s & decorators1 b n adapt$ to ! ne$s ( sci5ce4 ,! te*nical execution ( ! plates is exquisite & ! colors v f9e4 ,,footnotes #a ,a ,nom5clature ( ,colors = ,naturali/s1 & ,comp5dium ( ,useful ,k = ,orni?ologi/s4 ,by ,rob]t ,ridgway1 ,curator1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,birds1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum4 ,) t5 color$ plates & sev5 plates ( outl9e illu/rations4 ,bo/on3 ,little1 ,br[n1 & ,company4 #ahhf4 7#abmo41 pp4 #abi1 pls4 #ag47 ,! subject ( color & color nom5clature discuss$ on pages #ae-eh4 ,plates i-x1 inclusive1 repres5t #ahf nam$ colors1 h&-pa9t$ 7/5cill$74 #b ,titles ( sev]al books on ! subject :i* are especially recomm5d$ to ! lay /ud5t ( *romatology are giv5 at ! end ( ?is text4 #c ,see ,sci5ce1 ,june #i1 #ahic1 & ,nature1 ,vol4 ,,lii1 ,no4 #acdg1 ,aug4 #bb1 #ahie1 pp4 #cij-cib4 #d ,accord+ to ,aub]t m ?an #ajjj hues are di/+ui%able 9 ! spectrum1 ?\gh among !m all ! hues betwe5 violet & r$ are want+4 #e ,t is to say1 ! practical limit = pictorial repres5tation ( ! colors 9 _! v>i\s modifications4 #f ,milton ,bradley3 ,elem5t>y ,color1 p4 #ah4 #g ,see color$ figure on frontispiece4 #h ,see ! color$ figure on ! frontispiece ( ?is "w1 :i* cle>ly illu/rates ?is me?od ( color measurem5t4 ,l>g] disks ( spectrum r$1 gre51 & violet are int]lock$ & adju/$ s t !y pres5t1 respectively1 #cb1 #db1 & #bf p] c5t4 ( ! circumf]5ce2 sup]impos$ on ^! is a s+le small] disk ( neutral gray1 & on ?is two /ill small] disks ( black & :ite1 ! =m] occupy+ #gi1 ! latt] #ba1 p] c5t4 ( ! area4 ,! result ( ?is comb9ation ( colors1 :5 ! disks are rapidly revolv$1 is t ! entire surface becomes a uni=m neutral gray precisely l ! middle disk1 :i* bl5ds s completely ) ! color inside & outside its limits t no trace ( division c be detect$4 ,h5ce1 neutral gray equals a comb9ation ( r$ #cb1 gre5 #db1 & violet #bf p] c5t41 & also equals a comb9ation ( black #gi & :ite #ba p] c5t4 ,z fur!r illu/rat+ ! po9t1 x may be m5tion$ t n only does ! above-m5tion$ comb9ation ( ! ?ree prim>y colors equal neutral gray b s also does ! comb9ation ( any color 7second>y or t]ti>y z well z prim>y7 ) its complem5t>y1 ?\gh ! d>kness or lightness ( ! gray v>ies some:at1 z ! foll[+ table %[s3 ,spectrum ,color4 ,complem5t>y ,color4 ,equival5t ,gray4 ,"n4 ,p] ,c5t4 ,p] ,c5t4 ,composition4 ,black4 ,:ite4 ,r$ #dd #ef ,blue #da ,gre5 #ei4 #gb4e #bg4e ,orange #bh4e #ga4e ,blue #ea4e ,gre5 #dh4e4 #fi #ca ,yell[ #cc #fg ,blue #fj4e ,violet #ci4e4 #fd #cf ,gre5 #ea #di ,r$ #eg4e ,violet #db4e4 #gc #bg ,blue #fd #cf ,yell[ #hb ,orange #ah4 #fb #cg ,violet #fb4e #cg4e ,yell[ #fi ,gre5 #ca4 #fa4e #ch4e #i ,! numb] is d\bl$ s t e o!r "o repres5ts an int]m$iate hue n %[n 9 color4 #aj ,ow+ to ! circum/ance t spectrum orange does n1 at lea/ :5 mix$ ) gray1 fairly repres5t a m$ium hue betwe5 r$ & orange1 be+ mu* ne>] ! =m]1 a hue mu* ne> to yell[ 7yell[-orange1 ,no4 #ae7 has be5 select$4 #aa ,= satisfactory color-:eel "w x is necess>y to disc>d practically all ! s-call$ arti/s' colors1 z be+ mu* too dull to ev5 approximately repres5t ! colors ( ! spectrum1 & to sub/itute c>efully select$ anil9e or coal-t> dyes1 ( :i*1 =tunately1 !re is a v l>ge numb] ( rem>kable purity ( hue4 ,inde$1 ! "w ( mo/ color-physici/s is vitiat$ by _! use ( su* crude colors z v]milion1 c>m9e1 sc>let-lake1 *rome yell[1 em]ald gre51 ,prussian blue1 etc4 7,= a li/ ( dyes & pigm5ts us$ 9 prep>+ ! ,maxwell disks repres5t+ ! ?irty-six colors ( ! *romatic scale1 see pages #bf1 #bg47 #ab ,9 fix+ ! exact position or wave-l5g? ( ! spectrum colors consid]able latitude is all[able1 ! elem5t ( p]sonal equation--t is1 diff]5ce 9 ! conception ( diff]5t p]sons z to j :]e ! r$de/ r$1 gre5e/ gre51 etc41 are locat$1 acc\nt+ = ! consid]able disagreem5t among *romatologi/s z to ! wave-l5g?s4 ,! foll[+ table1 %[+ ! av]age1 mean1 & extreme wave-l5g? ( ea* ( ! spectrum colors z giv5 by n9e or m au?orities toge!r ) ^? ( ! pres5t "w 7z det]m9$ by ,dr4 ,p4 ,g4 ,nutt+1 ,associate ,physici/ ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,/&>ds7 is ( int]e/ 9 ?is connection3 ,av]age ,extremes ,mean ,?is "w4 ( #i-ab ( #i-ab ( #i-ab au?orities4 au?orities4 au?orities4 ,r$ #fdd #fggj #fddj-gjbh #fgcd 7#aj7 ,orange #eih #b #fjgd #ehib-fcjj #fjif 7#i7 ,yell[ #egg #a #eghf #efdj-ehej #egde 7#aj7 ,gre5 #ebj #aj #ebce #ejej-ecce #eaic 7#aa7 ,blue #dgc #c #dgch #debj-dhfa #dfhj 7#ab7 ,violet #daj #dagf #djej-dccj #daij 7#aj7 ,f ?is table x w be se5 t ! r$ ( ?is "w is appreciably m orange ?an t ( o!rs1 ! orange slightly m yell[i%1 & ! violet a little less blui% ?an ! av]age2 b ! au?or is assur$ by ,dr4 ,nutt+ t ^! /&>ds are exceptionally accurate4 #ac ,! p]c5tages are giv5 9 tables on pages #bc & #be4 #ad ,t is to say1 !oretically4 ,un=tunately x seems to be beyond ! colori/s' skill to reproduce true %ades ( ! pure colors1 all %[+ a m or less decid$ admixture ( gray1 result+ 9 a s]ies ( brok5 or dull %ades4 7,see pages #bc & #bd47 #ae ,al?\gh only #aaae diff]5t colors are actually %[n on ! plates ! sy/em is really equival5t to ! pres5tation ( consid]ably m ?an #djjj di/+ui%able & designatable colors4 #af ,! ,!ory ( ,color 7,am]ican edition1 #ahgf71 p4 #ii4 #ag ,9 ! pres5t "w ! possibility ( v>iation betwe5 diff]5t copies is :olly elim9at$ by a v diff]5t process ( reproduction4 ,ea* color1 = ! entire edition1 is pa9t$ uni=mly on l>ge %eets ( pap] f a s+le mixture ( pigm5ts1 ^! %eets be+ !n cut into ! small squ>es :i* repres5t ! colors on ! plates4 #ah ,see ,rood3 ,mod]n ,*romatics1 pages #ej-eb4 #ai ,"s criticisms ( ,popul> ,color ,def9itions & ,sugge/ions = a bett] ,color ,nom5clature4 ,milton ,bradley ,co41 ,spr+field1 ,mass4 7,small pamphlet ( #ae pages74 #bj ,milton ,bradley3 ,elem5t>y ,color1 p4 #be4 #ba ,exception has be5 tak5 9 a rec5t "w 7,a ,color ,notation1 by ,a4 ,h4 ,munsell7 to ! use ( ! t]m tone 9 ?is connection1 on ! gr\nd t its prop] use belongs to music1 & ! t]m value is sub/itut$4 ,! same l9e ( reason+ w\ld1 h[ev]1 c]ta9ly require ! disc>d+ ( *romatic scale z a t]m ( music nom5clature1 s9ce its d]ivation is cle>ly f color 7*roma74 ,fur!rmore1 ! ^w value is ev5 m ela/ic 9 its application ?an tone1 &1 all ?+s consid]$1 ! pres5t writ]1 at lea/1 fails to see t any improvem5t is made by ! propos$ *ange4 #bb ,! t]m *romatic scale has un=tunately be5 appropriat$ = a v diff]5t use 79 music72 nev]!less x is /rictly correct 9 ! pres5t s5se :ile 9 ! o!r x is n1 ?\gh firmly e/abli%$ by long usage4 ,! t]m spectrum scale is n adequate1 z a sub/itute1 because ! spectrum s]ies ( colors is incomplete ?r\gh abs5ce ( ! hues connect+ violet ) r$1 :i* are necess>y to %[ ! full scale ( pure colors & hues4 #bc ,! di/9ctions ( color or hue dim9i%+ 9 proportion to ! increas$ admixture ( gray1 ea* alt]nate color or hue1 ) its scale 7v]tical7 ( tones1 is omitt$ f ! ?ird & f\r? s]ies2 :ile 9 ! fif? ! color diff]5tiation is s greatly r$uc$ t only ! six spectrum colors 7dull$ by admixture ( #ie4e p] c5t4 ( neutral gray71 toge!r ) purple 7! int]m$iate betwe5 violet & r$7 are giv52 a yell[ orange hue be+ sub/itut$ = spectrum orange because x is m exactly int]m$iate 9 hue betwe5 r$ & yell[4 #bd ,j4 ,j4 ,mll] f\nd t a mixture ( ! orange & violet rays ( ! spectrum produc$ a :iti% r$ 7,rood1 ,mod]n ,*romatics1 p4 #abi74 ,! au?or ( ! pres5t "w1 )\t be+ at ! "t aw>e ( ?is1 produc$ an absolutely pure r$ 7b ( r$uc$ int5sity7 by mixture ( ei!r orange & violet 7orange #fc4e1 violet #cf4e p] c5t4 r$ #he :ite #ae p] c5t471 or f orange & ! violet-r$ :i* is complem5t>y to gre5 7violet-r$ #ea1 orange #di p] c5t471 ! latt] equal+ r$ #hi :ite #aa p] c5t2 ! mixtures be+ made on a color-:eel ) ,maxwell disks repres5t+ ! pure colors ( ! pres5t "w4 ,! r$ result+ f ei!r ( ^! mixtures on ! color-:eel is f> pur] ?an ! blue result+ f mixture ( gre5 & violet1 & incomp>ably m s ?an ! yell[ result+ f mixture ( ei!r r$ & gre5 or orange & gre54 ,consequ5tly1 if ! same results w\ld come f mix+ orange & violet light1 x is difficult to und]/& h[ r$ c be a prim>y color accord+ to ! accept$ def9ition4 #be ,rood3 ,mod]n ,*romatics1 p4 #cd4 ,) ! s+le exception ( ,v&]poel 7,color ,problems1 p4 #bh1 plates #c1 #d1 :]e yell[ is giv5 fir/ 9 ord] ( lum9osity7 all au?orities on color-physics t ,i h be5 able to consult v s+ul>ly ignore yell[ entirely 9 _! treatm5t ( ! subject ( lum9osity4 #bf ,all quotations "h are f ,milton ,bradley's ,elem5t>y ,color1 except :]e o!rwise not$4 #bg ,z det]m9$ by ,dr4 ,p4 ,g4 ,nutt+1 ,associate ,physici/1 ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,/&>ds4 #bh ,see ,rood1 ,mod]n ,*romatics1 pages #cd1 #ce4 #bi ,! anil9e or coal-t> dyes nam$ are all ( ! manufacture ( ,dr4 ,g4 ,grbl] & ,co41 ,leipzig1 ,g]many1 unless o!rwise /at$4 7,see ,preface1 page ii47 ,,caution666 ,,d ,,n ,,expose ,,^! ,,plates ,,to ,,! ,,light ,,= ,a ,,long] ,,"t ,,?an ,,is ,,necess>y4 ,! pigm5ts us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ^! ,plates are ! mo/ durable kn[n1 ^? :i* h be5 prov5 un/able hav+ be51 z f> z possible1 disc>d$4 ,! latt] include c>m9e & o!r co*9eal lakes1 colors ( vegetable orig9 7z gamboge1 violet c>m9e1 indigo1 etc471 & mo/ ( ! anil9e or coal t> dyes1 ?\gh among ! la/ are a consid]able numb] :i* are really m p]man5t ?an sev]al colors habitually us$ by arti/s4 ,c]ta9 colors 9 ?is "w c\ld n1 h[ev]1 possibly be reproduc$ except by ! employm5t ( pigm5ts :i* are m or less s5sitive to prolong$ exposure to light1 & h5ce ?is caution n to expose ! plates unnecess>ily4 7,see ,*ur*3 ,! ,*emi/ry ( ,pa9ts & ,pa9t+1 ?ird edition1 pages #beg-bfc47 ,plate ,i #a ,,r$ #c ,o-,r4 #e ,,oo-,r4 f ,h]mosa ,p9k ,la ,france ,p9k ,%rimp ,p9k d ,eos9e ,p9k 99,g]anium ,p9k ,/rawb]ry ,p9k b ,begonia ,rose ,rose ,doree ,pea* ,r$ ,spectrum ,r$ ,sc>let-,r$ 99,sc>let i 99,c>m9e ,nopal ,r$ ,brazil ,r$ k ,ox-blood ,r$ ,g>net ,br[n ,morocco ,r$ m ,victoria ,lake 99,m>oon 99,cl>et ,br[n ,plate ,,ii #g ,r-,o4 #i ,,or-,o4 #aa ,,orange f ,safrano ,p9k ,ori5t ,p9k ,orange-,p9k d ,gr5ad9e ,p9k ,bitt]sweet ,p9k ,light ,salmon-,orange b ,gr5ad9e ,bitt]sweet ,orange ,salmon-,orange ,gr5ad9e ,r$ 99,flame ,sc>let 99,orange ,*rome i ,engli% ,r$ ,m>s ,orange 99,orange-,ruf\s k ,mahogany ,r$ 99,burnt ,si5na ,san=d's ,br[n m 99,bay 99,*e/nut ,auburn ,plate ,,iii #ac ,,oy-,o4 #ae ,y-,o4 #ag ,o-,y4 f ,capuc9e ,buff ,pale ,yell[-,orange ,pale ,orange-,yell[ d ,capuc9e ,orange 99,orange-,buff ,light ,orange-,yell[ b ,mikado ,orange ,capuc9e ,yell[ 99,deep ,*rome 99,cadmium ,orange 99,orange 99,cadmium ,yell[ i ,xan?9e ,orange ,m>s ,yell[ 99,raw ,si5na k ,amb] ,br[n ,sudan ,br[n ,antique ,br[n m ,argus ,br[n ,brussels ,br[n 99,raw ,umb] ,plate ,,iv #ai ,,yo-,y4 #ba ,o-,,yy4 #bc ,,yell[ f 99,maize ,yell[ ,b>yta ,yell[ ,m>tius ,yell[ d 99,buff-,yell[ ,p9>d ,yell[ ,picnic ,yell[ b ,apricot ,yell[ ,empire ,yell[ ,pale ,lemon ,yell[ ,light ,cadmium ,lemon ,*rome 99,lemon ,yell[ i ,anil9e ,yell[ ,sulph9e ,yell[ ,pyrite ,yell[ k ,orange-,citr9e ,citr9e ,w>bl] ,gre5 m ,m$al ,bronze ,d>k ,citr9e 99,olive-,gre5 ,plate ,v #be ,,yg-,y4 #bg ,g-,y4 #bi ,,gg-,y4 f 99,sulphur ,yell[ ,pale ,gre5-,yell[ ,pale ,virid9e ,yell[ d ,pale ,gre5i% ,yell[ ,light ,gre5-,yell[ ,light ,virid9e ,yell[ b ,light ,gre5i% ,yell[ ,gre5-,yell[ ,virid9e ,yell[ ,gre5i% ,yell[ ,bright ,gre5-,yell[ ,neva ,gre5 i ,oil ,yell[ ,javel ,gre5 ,cosse ,gre5 k ,yell[i% ,oil ,gre5 99,oil ,gre5 ,lettuce ,gre5 m ,calla ,gre5 ,c]ro ,gre5 ,sp9a* ,gre5 ,plate ,,vi #ca ,y-,g4 #cc ,,gy-,g4 #ce ,,gre5 f ,pale ,yell[-,gre5 ,light ,virid9e ,gre5 ,pale ,c5dre ,gre5 d ,light ,yell[-,gre5 ,virid9e ,gre5 ,light ,c5dre ,gre5 b ,cle> ,yell[-,gre5 ,v&]poel's ,gre5 ,c5dre ,gre5 ,yell[-,gre5 ,night ,gre5 99,em]ald ,gre5 i ,calli/e ,gre5 ,s*eele's ,gre5 ,peacock ,gre5 k 99,p>rot ,gre5 99,grass ,gre5 ,mead[ ,gre5 m ,c$> ,gre5 ,cossack ,gre5 ,antique ,gre5 ,plate ,,vii #cg ,,gb-,g4 #ci ,b-,g4 #da ,,bb-,g4 f ,opal9e ,gre5 ,pale ,blue-,gre5 ,pale ,turquoise ,gre5 d ,neuvid] ,gre5 ,light ,blue-,gre5 ,turquoise ,gre5 b ,*rysoprase ,gre5 ,tyrolite ,gre5 ,v5ice ,gre5 ,vivid ,gre5 ,skobel(f ,gre5 ,b5zol ,gre5 i 99,viridian ,gre5 ,gu9ea ,gre5 ,e?yl ,gre5 k ,d>k ,viridian ,gre5 ,wall ,gre5 ,sorr5to ,gre5 m ,diam9e ,gre5 ,an?rac5e ,gre5 99,myrtle ,gre5 ,plate ,,viii #dc ,g-,b4 #de ,,bg-,b4 #dg ,g-,,bb4 f ,b]yl ,blue 99,pale ,blue 7,e?yl ,blue7 ,pallid ,me?yl ,blue d ,calam9e ,blue ,pale ,c]ulean ,blue ,pale ,me?yl ,blue b ,c5dre ,blue ,light ,c]ulean ,blue ,light ,me?yl ,blue ,italian ,blue 99,c]ulean ,blue ,me?yl ,blue i ,peacock ,blue ,oxide ,blue ,leit*'s ,blue k ,pat5t ,blue 99,antw]p ,blue 99,p>is ,blue m ,blacki% ,gre5-,blue 99,m>9e ,blue 99,b]l9 ,blue ,plate ,,ix #di ,,blue #ea ,,bv-,b4 #ec ,v-,b4 f ,pale ,maz>9e ,blue ,pale ,amp>o ,blue ,pallid ,violet-,blue d ,maz>9e ,blue ,light ,amp>o ,blue ,pale ,violet-,blue b ,salvia ,blue ,amp>o ,blue ,light ,violet-,blue ,spectrum ,blue ,bradley's ,blue ,ph5yl ,blue i 99,ultram>9e ,blue ,lyons ,blue 99,smalt ,blue k ,rood's ,blue ,helvetia ,blue ,hay's ,blue m ,prussian ,blue 99,cyan9e ,blue ,azurite ,blue ,plate ,x #ee ,b-,v4 #eg ,,vb-,v4 #ei ,,violet f ,pallid ,blue-,violet ,pallid ,blui% ,violet ,pallid ,violet d ,pale ,blue-,violet ,pale ,blui% ,violet ,pale ,violet b ,light ,blue-,violet ,light ,blui% ,violet ,light ,violet ,blue-,violet ,blui% ,violet ,spectrum ,violet i ,deep ,blue-,violet ,violet ,ultram>9e 99,royal ,purple k ,hyac9? ,blue ,roslyn ,blue ,d>k ,violet 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