,?is file 0 produc$ f page images at ! ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,?is book 0 transcrib$ f scans ( ! orig9al f\nd at ! ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,i h rotat$ "s images4 ,tables are treat$ z images4 ,! back ( ! book conta9s ads = o!r books1 :i* ,i h treat$ z additional *apt]s4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,build ,a #bj-;,,foot 99,,bi-,,plane ,,glid]99 ,a ,practical ,h&book on ! ,con/ruction ( a ,bi-plane ,glid+ ,ma*9e1 ,enabl+ an ,intellig5t ,read] to ,make ,8 ,fir/ ,/ep 9 ! ,field ( ,aviation2 ,) a ,compreh5sive ,und]/&+ ( ! ,pr9ciples ,involv$4 ,,by ,,alfr$ ,,p[ell ,,morgan ,editor ,me*anical & ,electrical ,dep>tm5t ( ! 8,boy's ,magaz9e40 ,,new ,,edition1 ,,revis$ ,,new ,,york ,,spon ,,*amb]la91 #abc ,,lib]ty ,,/4 ,,london 99,e4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 ,,limit$1 #eg ,,haym>ket1 ,s4,w499 #aiab ,copyright1 #aiji1 by ,spon ,*amb]la94 ,,h[ ,,to ,,build ,a #bj-;,,foot ,,bi-,,plane ,,glid] ,,preface ,glid+ flight is a comp>atively new field = ! amateur to delve 91 b ! "t has arriv$ :5 x is be+ ext5sively tak5 up bo? z a sport & a means ( exp]im5t4 ,_m v co/ly a]oplanes h fail$ to fly because ( man's total inexp]i5ce 9 ! art ( fly+4 ,all ( ! great aviators n[ be=e ! _w1 ^: ma*9es are ! result ( _! own g5ius le>n$ to fly be=e succe$+ 9 a motor driv5 ma*9e4 ,! ,wright bro!rs sp5t no less ?an ?ree ye>s on ! s& dunes ne> ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a mak+ glid+ flights4 ,!y approa*$ ! difficulties 9 a me?odical mann]1 work+ out ea* problem & det]m9+ :i* 0 ! be/ means ( accompli%+ a c]ta9 result4 ,to control ! t5d5cy to pit*+1 !y devis$ an elevation rudd] & atta*$ x to ! front ( _! ma*9e4 ,! next /ep 0 to det]m9e :e!r equilibrium %\ld be ma9ta9$ by %ift+ ! c5tre ( gravity or if !re 0 n a bett] me?od & !y introduc$ :at is probably ! mo/ valuable feature ( ! mod]n a]oplane1 namely ! w>p+ or twi/+ ( ! ends ( ! planes to secure lat]al /ability :5 a gu/ ( w9d /rikes "o end ( ! ma*9e4 ,9 ?is mann] ! ,wright's cont9u$ _! exp]im5ts until e move _h become a matt] ( habit & to balance & guide an a]oplane 0 almo/ an in/9ct4 ,a gasol9e eng9e 0 !n fa/5$ 9 ! ma*9e & connect$ to drive two screw propell]s at ! re>4 ,dec4 #ag1 #aijc ! ma*9e flew = a few seconds4 ,! leaps & b\nds ) :i* aviation has s9ce progress$ bo? 9 ! h&s ( ! ,wrights & o!rs is a matt] too well kn[n to be repeat$4 ,!re is !re=e no excuse necess>y to be made = ?is little book1 com+ z x does at ?is "t & x is s9c]ely hop$ t x may int]e/ & lead _m to exp]im5t fir/ & build _! a]oplane aft]w>d s t :5 _! ma*9e is complete x may be practical & n int5d$ to op]ate 9 "s lift-y\rself-by-y\r-boot-/raps mann]4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,build ,a #bj-;,,foot ,,bi-,,plane ,,glid] 4444444444444444444444444444 ,,preface 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,framework4 444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,cov]+ ! ,planes4 44444444444444444444444444444444 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,truss+4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,glid+4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,rem>ks4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444 ,,books ,,= ,,aviators 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 ,,books ,,on ,,a]onautics4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444 ,,model ,,a]oplanes4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444 ,,good ,,books ,,= ,,wireless ,,op]ators4 444444444444444444444444444444 ,fig4 #a ,horizontal ,beam 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444 ,fig4 #b4--,/rut4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 ,fig4 #c4--,position ( ,/ruts4 444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,fig4 #d4--,/rut clamp4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 ,fig4 #e4--,/an*ion4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444 ,fig4 #f4--,/an*ion socket4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4 ,fig4 #g4--;,eyebolt4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444 ,fig4 #h4--;,assembly ( /an*ion1 socket beam1 /rut & clamp4 444444 ,fig4 #i4--,rib4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444 ,fig4 #aj4--,rib clamp4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444 ,fig4 #aa4--,plan ,view ( ,planes %[+ ,ribs4 444444444444444444444444 ,fig4 #ab4--;,arm piece4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444 ,fig4 #ac4--,p>ts ( rudd] framework4 4444444444444444444444444444444 ,fig4 #ad4--;,corn]s ( horizontal rudd] plane4 4444444444444444444444 ,fig4 #ae4--;,complete framework ( rudd]4 4444444444444444444444444444 ,fig4 #af4--;,cross b>4 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444 ,fig4 #ag4--,rudd] ,sockets1 or ,clamps4 4444444444444444444444444444444 ,fig4 #ah4--;,arrangem5t ( ,armpieces & ,rudd] ,cross ,b>4 44444444444 ,fig4 #ai4--;,complete ,framework ,ribs on ,l[] ,plane ,n ,%[n 444444444 ,fig4 #bj4--,me?od ( hemm+ up edge ( clo?4 4444444444444444444444 ,fig4 #ba4--,section ( clo? hemm$1 & re9=c+ /rips sewn on4 4 ,fig4 #bb4--,truss+ ,( ,cells4 444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,fig4 #bc4--,plan & ,elevation ,views ( ,piano ,wire ,brac+4 4444444444 ,fig4 #bd4--,me?od ( an*or+ wires 44444444444444444444444444444444 ,fig4 #be4--;,bicycle spoke turnbuckle4 44444444444444444444444444444444 ,fig4 #bf4--,top view1 %[+ h[ /reams ( air divide4 4444444444444 ,fig4 #bg4--,%[+ h[ air curr5ts pass ov] objects4 44444444444444 ,fig4 #bh--;,action ( a]oplane4 44444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,fig4 #bi--,ready to ,/>t 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 4444 ,fig4 #cj--,l9es ( ,flight 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,framework4 99,a glid+ ma*9e991 m (t5 popul>ly t]m$ a glid]1 is simply a motorless a]oplane1 op]at+ by =ce ( gravity to c>ry its pass5g] sail+ ?r\gh ! air f ! top to ! foot ( a slope4 99,! glid]99 describ$ h]e9 is ! type develop$ by ,octave ,*anute & may be consid]$ z ! p>5t ( ! biplane ma*9es ) :i* ! _w has lately become s famili>4 ,! ma*9e is kn[n z a biplane s9ce its support+ surface is 9 ! =m ( two sup]impos$ truss$ planes v]tically above ea* o!r & hav+ a tail 9 ! re> = ! control ( direction4 ,!re is always a t5d5cy among exp]im5t]s to dep>t f ! design & dim5sions ( any ma*9e or app>atus (f]$ = con/ruction4 ,?is1 s9ce x develops orig9ality is a good indication1 b mo/ ( ^? :o w und]take to build a glid] are attempt+ some?+ altoge!r new & s any radical *ange f ! in/ructions 9 ?is little booklet are unadvisable4 ,x is bett] at fir/ to b5efit by ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs4 ,! glid] "h describ$ is consid]$ z ! /&>d ( ! biplane type4 ,x has an active support+ surface ( #aeb squ>e feet :i* is suffici5t to c>ry ! weight ( an ord9>y man4 ,a ma*9e hav+ a l>g] surface w support ! same weight :5 mov+ ?r\gh ! air at a sl[] spe$1 b l>g] surface means an increase 9 "s ( ! g5]al dim5sions4 ,an increase 9 surface by l5g!n+ ! planes w make ! ma*9e mu* h>d] to keep on an ev5 keel1 :ile increas+ _! dep? 9 ! direction ( flight w require great] agility on ! "p ( ! op]ator to keep ! c5tre ( gravity 9 ! prop] position4 ,a l>g] ma*9e also means m weight & a heavy ma*9e is h>d to make a l&+ )4 ,on ! o!r h& a light glid] is dang]\s & w n /& any r\gh usage4 99,! co/ ( ! glid]991 provid$ ! con/ruction is accompli%$ by ! int5d+ own] is s l[ z to place x )9 ! rea* ( any p]son ( ord9>y means4 ,! exp5diture = raw mat]ials v>ies greatly4 ,x is usually a little less ?an #bj4jj & %\ld n exce$ #ce4jj4 ,a f9i%$ glid] is wor? f #ej4jj to #ajj4jj dep5d+ :e!r or n m ?an "o is made at a "t4 99,h\s+499 ,"o ( ! fir/ consid]ations is usually ! h\s+ & /or+ ( ! glid]1 b ! ma*9e "u consid]ation is s design$ t x may be quickly tak5 ap>t or knock$ d[n & be put away 9 ! cell>1 "u ! por* or 9 "s o!r out ( ! way place4 99,! framework99 is compos$ entirely ( select$ spruce1 /raight gra9$ & free f knots4 ,spruce is v d5se & t\gh b yet "o ( ! lighte/ ( woods4 99,! dim5sions99 giv5 are = ! f9i%$ pieces aft] !y h be5 plan$ up4 ,! usual me?od ( f9i%+ wood = a]onautical "w1 s t x has a h>d glassy surface & (f]s little resi/ance to ! air is fir/ to give x a ?or\gh bru%+ ov] ) hot glue & wat]4 ,x is rubb$ d[n aft] dry+1 us+ f9e s& pap]4 ,! wood is !n giv5 a coat ( ?9 %ellac4 ,?is is r a t$i\s op]ation & in/ead "s may pref] to fir/ smoo? up ! wood by s& pap]+ & giv+ x a coat ( sp> v>ni%4 ,! corn]s ( all ! woodwork are r\nd$ (f s z to r$uce ! resi/ance (f]$ to ! air4 99,horizontal beams994 ,! pr9cipal memb]s ( ! planes :5 smoo!d up %\ld measure #bj feet long1 #a #a_/b in*es wide & #c_/d in*es ?ick4 ,f\r ( ^! beams are requir$4 ,9 "s lumb] y>ds1 tw5ty foot spruce free f knots is v h>d to secure & s in/ead1 two #aj foot pieces may be splic$ toge!r at ! c5tre z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,! splic+ /rip is #e feet long & has ! same cross section z ! beams1 save = a di/ance ( "o foot f ea* end :]e x beg9s to tap] d[n to #a_/d in* ?ick4 ,six holes are bor$ ?r\gh ! splic+ /rip & ! beams s t !y may be fa/5$ toge!r by means ( six #c_/af in* r\nd head$ /ove bolts4 ,! holes are locat$ s t ! space betwe5 ! two c5tre bolts is six in*es :ile ! o!rs are locat$ "o foot ap>t4 ,a l>ge wa%] hav+ a small hole 9 ! c5tre is plac$ "u ! head ( ea* bolt z well z ! nut4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,horizontal ,beam 99,/ruts499 ,ea* pair ( horizontal beams are held p>allel to ea* o!r & ?ree feet ap>t by six horizontal /ruts4 ,! =m ( ^! /ruts is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,!y are ?ree feet long & #a_/b x #a #a_/d in*es 9 cross section4 ,a not* #a #a_/b x #c_/d in*es is cut 9 ea* end s z1 to =m a projection #a #a_/b x #a_/b x #a_/b in*es4 ,! location ( ! /ruts 9 ! plane is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,! two 9 ! c5tre are two feet ap>t & ! o!rs respectively #d feet #f in*es & #i feet on ei!r side4 ,! /ruts on ! upp] plane are plac$ s t ! projections come above ! horizontal memb]s4 ,^? on ! l[] plane are plac$ j ! opposite1 t is s t !y come on ! "u side4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,/rut4 ,!y are fa/5$ ) "o or two small wire nails & !n secur$ by means ( a clamp4 ,two doz5 clamps are requir$4 ,!y are b5t out ( a /rip ( %eet brass "o sixte5? ( an in* ?ick1 #c #g_/h in*es long & #a in* wide4 ,! ends are r\nd$ & a #a_/d in* hole locat$ & bor$ 9 ea* z 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,position ( ,/ruts4 ,! clamp also s]ves to protect ! "u side ( ! beam f ! action ( ! nuts on ! ends ( ! eyebolts4 ,! me?od ( fa/5+ ! clamp is detail$ a little lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,/rut clamp4 99,/an*ions994 ,! planes are sep>at$ by twelve /an*ions1 f\r feet long & #g_/h ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--,/an*ion4 ,!y are r\nd$ & smoo!d up s t ! ends w fit snugly into ! socket illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,^! sockets may be pur*as$ already bor$ & f9i%$ or c be procur$ at a f\ndry4 ,!y are pref]ably made ( alum9um :i* metal is at once light & /rong b brass or ev5 iron may be us$ if x is necess>y to avoid exp5se4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--,/an*ion socket4 ,!re are o!r me?ods ( jo9+ ! /an*ions to ! beams b ! use ( ! socket is recomm5d$ because x is ! /ronge/ me?od & also p]mits ! glid] to be readily tak5 ap>t4 ,! base ( ! socket is #c #a_/d in*es long1 #a #a_/d in*es wide & #a_/d ( an in* ?ick4 ,! cup has an int]nal diamet] ( sev5 eigh?s ( an in* & an outside diamet] ( "o in* & "o qu>t]4 ,x is "o in* high above ! base4 ,two #a_/d in* holes are bor$ #a #g_/h in*es ap>t 9 ! base4 ,two small] holes #a_/h in* 9 diamet] are bor$ #g_/af in* ne>] ! ends ( ! base ?an ! l>g] holes4 99,! wood5 patt]n99 is made f ! dim5sions indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,x is ?or\ghly smoo!d up by rubb+ ) s& pap] & !n giv5 a coat ( %ellac4 ,all p>ts %\ld h a v slight tap] t[>ds ! top s t ! patt]n may be )drawn easily f ! s& m\ld4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--;,eyebolt4 ,if ! int]ior ( ! m\ld is coat$ ) lamp-black1 ! ca/+s w require no o!r f9i%+ ?an bor+ ! holes4 ,two doz5 ( ^! sockets are requir$4 ,six are fa/5$ to ea* ( ! f\r horizontal memb]s by means ( r\nd head$ wood screws :i* pass ?r\gh ! small] holes 9 ! base4 ,! sockets are locat$ exactly opposite ! ends ( ea* /rut s t :5 ! /an*ions are 9 place1 !y w be sep>at$ by ! same di/ances b all lie 9 a plane at "r angles to t 9 :i* ! /ruts are4 ,a #a_/d in* hole is bor$ ?r\gh ! horizontal beam directly "u ea* "o ( ! #a_/d in* holes 9 ! base ( ! socket4 ,^! holes p]mit an eyebolt to pass ?r\gh4 ,! eye bolt is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,! /ock is #a_/d in* 9 diamet] & %\ld be at lea/ two in*es long "u ! eye4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--;,assembly ( /an*ion1 socket beam1 /rut & clamp4 ,! diamet] ( ! eye is "o half an in*4 ,^! eye bolts are obta9able already ?read$ & ready = use ) a nut & wa%]s1 b c be procur$ some:at *eap] 9 blank =m & ?read$ by ! pur*as]4 ,f\r doz5 are necess>y1 two = ea* socket4 ,! eye bolts pass ?r\gh ! socket & beam1 com+ out on ! "u side directly opposite ! holes 9 ! /rut clamp4 ,a nut plac$ on ! "u side z 9 ,fig4 #h w !n hold ! clamp tightly aga9/ ! "u side ( ! beam & secure ! position ( ! /rut4 99,ribs499 ,=ty "o ribs support ! clo? =m+ ! surfaces4 ,!y are ea* "o half an in* squ>e 9 cross section & f\r feet long4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--,rib4 ,!y are fa/5$ to ! horizontal memb]s "o foot ap>t1 flu% ) ! front & project+ "o foot 9 ! re>4 ,"o or two small wire nails are us$ to fa/5 ! front ends & !n a clamp plac$ ov] !m & screw$ d[n ) two ,no4 #e r\nd head$ wood screws1 "o half an in* long4 ,a small brad awl %\ld be us$ to make a hole be=e />t+ ! screw & s avoid any possibility ( />t+ a split 9 ! wood4 ,! clamps are b5t out ( %eet copp] /rips1 #b #a_/d in*es long & #e_/h ( an in* wide4 ,! ends are r\nd$ & a hole bor$ ?r\gh :i* ! screws may pass4 ,! surfaces ( ! planes are curv$ to give !m an increas$ c>ry+ capacity & add to ! glid+ p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,rib clamp4 ,! be/ me?od is to /eam ! ribs & !n b5d !m s t :5 !y dry !y w reta9 _! curve & n t5d to pu% ! horizontal beams ap>t4 ,only a v slight curve %\ld be giv5 & ! am\nt ( curvature %\ld be ! same = all ! ribs4 ,"s design]s con/ruct glid]s hav+ flat planes1 int5d+ t ! pressure ( ! air und]nea? ! fabric %all produce a natural curve b su* a me?od is exce$+ly poor practice & results 9 a v ineffici5t ma*9e4 ,! ribs mu/ be p]fectly rigid & ! frame ( ! :ole ma*9e /rongly truss$ s t x _c possibly be di/ort$ by ! air pressure4 ,! foll[+ extract f ! report ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itute well illu/rates ?is po9t4 ,?is new laun*+ piece did its "w effectively & subsequ5t disa/] 01 at any rate1 n due to x4 ,b n[ a new s]ies ( failures took place1 :i* c\ld n be attribut$ to any defect ( ! laun*+ app>atus1 b to a cause :i* 0 at fir/ obscure2 = sometimes ! a]odrome1 :5 successfully laun*$ w\ld da% d[n =w>d & into ! wat]1 & sometimes 7"u app>5tly id5tical conditions7 w\ld sweep almo/ v]tically upw>d into ! air1 & fall back al?\gh ! circum/ances ( flight seem$ to be ! same4 ,! cause ( ?is class ( failures 0 f9ally f\nd 9 ! fact t z soon z ! :ole ma*9e 0 up-borne by ! air1 ! w+s yield$ "u ! pressure :i* support$ !m1 & 7 mom5t>ily di/ort$ f ! =m design$ & :i* !y appe>$ to possess4 ,mom5t>ily1 b en\gh to cause ! w9d to cat* ! top1 direct+ ! flight d[nw>d1 or "u !m1 direct+ ! flight upw>d1 & to wreck ! exp]im5t4 ,:5 ! cause ( ! difficulty 0 f\nd ! cure 0 n easy1 = x 0 necess>y to make ?is great su/a9+ surfaces rigid1 s t !y c\ld n b5d40 ,! report 9 "q ref]s to ! exp]im5ts conduct$ ) ,pr(essor ,langely's model a]odrome4 ,"s exp]im5t]s claim t ! p>abolic curve gives ! greate/ lift ) ! lea/ p[] requir$ = propulsion b x c be safely d\bt$4 ,! ,wright ma*9e is probably ! mo/ effici5t 9 exi/5ce4 ,_! curve is v ne>ly ! arc ( a circle & is n ( ! p>abolic =m4 ,f\r p] c5t is ab\t ! prop] curve to give ! planes ( a glid]4 ,?is is ab\t two in*es = ribs f\r feet long4 ,aft] fa/5+ ! front end ( ! ribs1 curve !m up 9 ! c5tre by press+ d[n on ! loose & at ! re>4 ,!n nail ! rib to ! re> beam ) a small wire brad & screw on ! clamp4 ,! nails prev5t ! ribs f slipp+ longitud9ally :ile ! clamps s]ve to prev5t !m f mov+ sideways or pull+ (f :5 ! fabric is "u ! pressure ( ! air4 ,fig4 #aa is a plan view ( ! top & bottom planes4 ,tw5ty "o ribs1 ea* "o foot ap>t are us$ on ! upp] plane4 ,only tw5ty ribs are requir$ on ! bottom surface because an op5+ two feet wide mu/ be left 9 ! c5tre = ! body ( ! op]ator4 99,arm pieces499 ,! op]ator is support$ 9 ! ma*9e by two /rips ( wood pass+ "u 8 armpits4 ,^! armpieces are #c feet long1 #a in* wide & #a #c_/d in*es deep4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,plan ,view ( ,planes %[+ ,ribs4 ,!y are fa/5$ to ! horizontal beams by means ( a #c_/af in* r\nd head$ /ove bolt4 ,! di/ance betwe5 %\ld be j wide en\gh to be com=table & is v>iable ) ! bread? ( ! op]ator betwe5 8 %\ld]s4 ,?irte5 in*es is ab\t ! prop] di/ance = ! av]age p]son4 ,! upp] side ( ! arm pieces is r\nd$ s t !y w n be q s uncom=table z !y w\ld be if left squ>e4 ,x is n a good plan to pad ^! pieces by wrapp+ !m ) clo? = x w imp$e ! movem5ts ( ! body 9 balanc+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--;,arm piece4 99,rudd]499 ,! rudd] is compos$ ( two planes at "r angles to ea* o!r & 9 ! re> ( ! ma9 surfaces4 ,! v]tical portion keeps ! ma*9e head$ into ! w9d & causes x to glide 9 ! direction 9 :i* x is />t$ or head on into ! w9d4 ,! horizontal rudd] /eadies ! ma*9e longitud9ally & prev5ts ! ma*9e f sudd5ly div+ or pit*+4 ,nei!r ( ! rudd] planes are movable4 ,! sep>ate p>ts compos+ ! framework are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,p>ts ( rudd] framework4 ,! cross section ( all ! /icks is ! same1 namely "o in* squ>e4 ,! two long beams1 ,a1 are #h feet #aa in*es long4 ,! two uprights1 ,b1 ea* #c feet #aj in*es long f ! v]tical memb]s ( ! directional plane4 ,! horizontal plane is made up ( six horizontal /rips1 two ( !m1 ,c1 six feet long & f\r1 ,d1 two feet 9 l5g?4 99,! horizontal plane99 is fitt$ toge!r ) half & half lap jo9ts4 ,x is fir/ fa/5$ ) nails & !n re9=c$ ) brass corn] braces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--;,corn]s ( horizontal rudd] plane4 ,corn] braces are also us$ to /r5g!n ! v]tical plane4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--;,complete framework ( rudd]4 99,! rudd] beams99 are /epp$ into sockets on ! body ( ! ma*9e s t ! rudd] is deta*able4 99,a %ort cross b>99 #b feet in*es long & #a #a_/d x #c_/d in*es 9 cross section1 is fa/5$ betwe5 ! two c5tre /ruts ( bo? planes at a po9t eight in*es =w>d ( ! re> beams4 ,^! cross b>s c>ry "o ( ! sockets m5tion$ above z also d ! re> horizontal beams4 ,! cross b> & sockets 9 ! upp] plane %\ld be directly ov] ^? 9 ! l[] plane b 9 an inv]t$ position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--;,cross b>4 99,! con/ruction ( ! sockets99 is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ag4 ,! small] "o is fa/5$ to ! cross b> & is b5t out ( a /rip ( #a_/af in* %eet brass #d #a_/b in*es long & #c_/d ( an in* wide4 ,! l>g] socket is ! same l5g? & ?ickness b is #a #a_/d in*es wide & is fa/5$ to ! horizontal beam4 ,two ( ea* size are requir$4 ,! ends are r\nd$ & a #c_/af in* hole bor$ 9 ea* s t a #c_/af in* r\nd head$ /ove bolt may be us$ to fa/5 ! sockets to ! framework4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,rudd] ,sockets1 or ,clamps4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--;,arrangem5t ( ,armpieces & ,rudd] ,cross ,b>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--;,complete ,framework ,ribs on ,l[] ,plane ,n ,%[n ,a hole is bor$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! top ( ! small] sockets s t a bolt may be pass$ ?r\gh ! rudd] beam & cross b> to prev5t ! =m] f pull+ out4 ,! two sockets 9 ea* plane mu/ be 9 p]fect alignm5t & lie on a l9e drawn at "r angles to ! horizontal memb]s ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! planes4 ,9 ,fig4 #ae x w be notic$ t f\r bolts pass ?r\gh ea* plane ne> ! corn]s4 ,! bolts are #c_/af in*es 9 diamet] & s]ve to fa/5 ! piano wires :i* brace ! v]tical & horizontal plane to ea* o!r4 ,! complete framework ( ! glid] )\t ! tie wires & ! ribs on ! l[] plane w appe> z 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,f ,spon ,*amb]la9 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,cov]+ ! ,planes4 ,! surfaces ( a motor driv5 a]oplane are usually made ( "s mat]ial :i* is practically air tight4 ,! ,h]r+-,curtiss ,co41 use ,baldw9's rubb]iz$ silk1 :ile mo/ ( ! =eign aviators pref] a balloon clo? kn[n "u ! "n ( cont95tal4 ,ord9>ily ! surfaces ( a glid] are n cov]$ ) any prep>ation to make !m air tight & is n necess>y1 b s9ce x w consid]ably increase _! effici5cy x is (f]$ z a sugge/ion to ^? :o are able or c>e to und]go ! exp5se4 99,a]o v>ni%es99 = ?is purpose are obta9able 9 ! m>ket & may be appli$ ) an ord9>y bru% or by imm]s+ ! fabric4 ,"o gallon w cov] approximately #ajj squ>e feet ( ord9>y ,cambric1 al?\gh mu* dep5ds ^u ! weave4 ,! m op5 or co>s] ! goods1 ! m v>ni% x w require1 :ile f9e fabrics take ! lea/ am\nt4 ,v>ni% is exp5sive & is n consid]$ 9 ! e/imate ( co/ made at ! beg9n+ ( ! book4 99,! surfaces99 are =m$ ( cambric or musl9 /ret*$ tightly ov] ! ribs4 ,?irty y>ds ( mat]ial1 "o y>d wide w be suffici5t to cov] ! ma*9e1 includ+ ! rudd]s4 ,sev5 /rips #d feet #f #a_/b in*es long are cut & sew$ toge!r along ! selvages s t a surface #d feet #f #a_/b in*es wide & a little ov] #bj feet long is =m$4 ,tw5ty "o /rips1 #d feet #f #a_/b in*es long & #a #a_/b in*es wide are cut & sew$ to ! surface at "r angles to ! long edges & "o foot ap>t1 betwe5 _! c5tre l9es4 ,! edges ( ^! /rips are turn$ "u #a_/d ( an in* on ea* side s t !y =m a re9=cem5t #a in* wide :i* w come directly above ea* rib4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--,me?od ( hemm+ up edge ( clo?4 99,re9=c+499 ,! long edges ( ! surface are !n d\bl$ back & hemm$1 turn+ "u #a_/d ( an in* & =m+ a #c in* hem z illu/rat$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ,fig4 #bj4 ,?is #c in* hem is !n d\bl$ back "o in* & sew$ aga9 s t ! result is a two in* hem1 compos$ ( two ?icknesses ( clo? save = "o in* back f ! edge :]e x is made up ( f\r ?icknesses4 ,?is re9=c+ is necess>y to avoid ripp+ & te>+ ! clo? out f "u ! tack heads :5 x is "u pressure dur+ a flight4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--,section ( clo? hemm$1 & re9=c+ /rips sewn on4 99,! bottom planes499 ,! clo? on ! bottom planes is made up ( two sections1 divid$ by ! space 9 ! c5tre ( ! l[] plane :i* ! op]ator occupies4 ,^! sections are made & re9=c$ 9 exactly ! same mann] z t = ! top plane j describ$ b are "o foot less ?an half z long4 99,! clo? is tack$99 ov] ! front horizontal beam & !n /ret*$ tightly ov] ! curv$ ribs & fa/5$ ) tacks at ! ends4 ,fa/5 ! corn]s ( ! clo? fir/ & smoo? x out be=e driv+ ! tacks 9 ! ribs4 ,ord9>y brass head$ uphol/]]'s nails are us$ b !y %\ld n be long en\gh to pass all ! way ?r\gh ! ribs4 ,a /rip ( felt #c_/h ( an in* wide & f\r feet long is laid on ! clo? directly ov] ea* rib s t x comes betwe5 ! head ( ! tack & ! clo?4 ,?is precaution may seem unnecess>y to "s1 b x greatly r$uces ! liability ( hav+ ! clo? te> :5 "u pressure4 ,! tacks along ! ribs are spac$ ab\t #d in*es ap>t ,a heavy weight held aga9/ ! "u side ( ! rib by an assi/ant1 :5 ! tacks are driv5 9 w provide a firm f\ndation to hamm] aga9/4 ,a v good me?od ( fa/5+ ! clo? to ! ribs is to sew a pocket on ! "u side ( ! surface & into :i* ! ribs may be slipp$4 ,! re> ends ( ! ribs may be fitt$ ) metal tips by tap]+ ! end d[n until x is r\nd & measures #a_/b in* 9 diamet]4 ,a #a_/b in* brass f]rule su* z t us$ on file h&les is !n =c$ on4 99,! rudd] planes99 are cov]$ on bo? sides4 ,! fabric is /ret*$ tightly ov] ! frame & !n tack$ along ! edges4 ,! edges %\ld be turn$ "u be=e tack+ s t !re is no possibility ( ! clo? te>+ out4 ,! clo? at ! ends ( ! planes %\ld be securely fa/5$ to ! /ruts by means ( tacks4 ,?is w relieve ! ribs ( "s ( ! /ra9 & correct a t5d5cy = !m to pull 9 t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,truss+4 ,! /r5g? ( ! glid] lies 9 its prop] truss+ ) piano wires :i* :5 tight5$ up %\ld s brace ! framework t x w support )\t appreciable sag or /ra91 a heavy man hang+ f ! arm pieces & ! ends ( ! planes re/+ on a pair ( c>p5t]s' horses4 ,two me?ods ( truss+ ! planes are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bb4 ,! ma*9e is divid$ into five cells ! v]tical b\nd>ies ( :i* are =m$ by ! /an*ions4 4 99,! fir/ me?od99 illu/rat$ is ! "o us$ 9 ?is case = ! glid]4 ,x is some:at simpl] ?an ! second & does n require ! use ( any turnbuckles4 ,ea* wire is fa/5$ to "o ( ! eyebolts on ! horizontal beams & !n run diagonally across to ! socket on ! opposite beam 9 ! o!r plane1 consid]+ front & re> to be oppos$4 ,f\r ( ^! diagonal wires1 repres5t$ by ,j 9 ,fig4 #bc brace ea* ( ! f\r l>ge cells4 ,! middle cell _c be truss$ up 9 ?is mann] because ! wires w\ld int]f]e ) ! body ( ! op]ator4 ,s ! rectangles =m$ by ! two c5tre /ruts ) ! upp] horizontal beams & ! two c5tre re> /an*ions ) ! re> horizontal beams ( ! upp] & l[] planes1 are brac$ by means ( wires runn+ across _! diagonals4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--,truss+ ,( ,cells4 99,! rudd]99 is /iff5$ & truss$ to ! planes by sixte5 wires4 ,two ( ^! ,f & ,h run f ! top ( ! v]tical rudd] plane to ! l[] sockets 9 ! re>1 #d #a_/b feet f ! ends ( ! planes4 ,! correspond+ pair ,e & ,g run f ! bottom ( ! rudd] to ! top sockets ( ! same /an*ions4 ,f\r wires ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d /eady ! horizontal plane & run f its corn]s to ! sockets 9 :i* ! rudd] beams are /epp$ on ! frame ( ! glid] itself4 ,! rema9+ eight1 indicat$ by ,i 9 ! illu/ration brace ! horizontal & v]tical planes ( ! rudd] to ea* o!r4 ,fig4 #bd illu/rates ! me?od ( an*or+ piano wires4 ,! wire is fir/ pass$ ?r\gh a %ort piece ( #a_/h in* copp] tub+ ab\t #c_/h ( an in* long1 !n ?r\gh ! eyebolt4 ,! end is d\bl$ back pass$ ?r\gh ! tube aga9 b n[ 9 a rev]se direction4 ,by b5d+ ! extreme end ( ! wire ov] 9 ! =m ( a hook & %ov+ ! tube d[n close to ! eye bolt1 ! wire is secur$ & _c pull out4 ,! o!r end ( ! wire is fa/5$ 9 ! same mann] b be=e ! end is b5t ov] into a hook1 ! wire mu/ be fir/ pull$ tight4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,plan & ,elevation ,views ( ,piano ,wire ,brac+4 ,aft] fa/5+ all ( ! wires _! t5sion may be regulat$ by turn+ ! nuts on ! l[] ends ( ! eye bolts4 ,x is v necess>y t ! frame %\ld be p]fectly true & n w>p$ or twi/$4 ,o!rwise ! ma*9e w be v h>d to balance & manage :5 mak+ a glide4 ,especially mu/ ! rudd] be true ) ! re/ ( ! ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--,me?od ( an*or+ wires ,s9ce !re are no eyebolts ab\t ! rudd] :i* c\ld be us$ to tight5 or loos5 ! truss wires1 a turnbuckle mu/ be includ$ 9 ea* wire = t purpose4 99,turnbuckles499 ,! con/ruction ( ^! turnbuckles :i* are v simple & inexp5sive is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #be4 ,!y are made ( a bicycle spoke & nipple by cutt+ (f "o end ( ! spoke & us+ ! "p :i* is ?read$4 ,! end ( ?is piece is b5t back & twi/$ into an eye4 ,a piece ( #a_/af in* %eet brass #a_/b x #c_/h in* has a hole bor$ 9 its c5tre1 ! diamet] ( :i* is su* t x w j admit ! spoke nipple4 ,! nipple is prev5t$ f pass+ all ! way ?r\gh by ! %\ld] on "o end4 ,a piece ( %eet iron #a_/b in* wide & #c in*es long has a simil> hole bor$ 9 its c5tre4 ,! ends ( ?is /rap are r\nd$ & bor$ s t ! piano wire may be pass$ ?r\gh4 ,! turnbuckle is !n assembl$ & connect$ z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,! t5sion ( ! wire is regulat$ by turn+ ! spoke nipple :ile ! spoke itself is held rigid4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--;,bicycle spoke turnbuckle4 99,! second me?od99 ( brac+ illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bb requires t a turnbuckle be includ$ 9 ! diagonals ( e rectangle1 except ^? =m$ by ! /an*ions ) ! horizontal beams4 ,?is me?od is us$ on almo/ all a]oplanes & is consid]$ ! /ronge/ b ! fir/ me?od is pl5ty /rong en\gh = an ord9>y glid]4 ,if aft] truss+1 ! ma*9e is f\nd to be w>p$ or twi/$1 x mu/ be tru$ up4 ,by sight+ along ! horizontal beams & tight5+ or loos5+ ! necess>y wire any curvature may be easily correct$4 99,! second me?od99 ( truss+ is consid]ably h>d] to true up ?an ! fir/1 s9ce :5 "o diagonal ( a rectangle is tight5$1 ! o!r mu/ be loos5$4 ,b s9ce x makes an exce$+ly firm & rigid /ructure1 x may be well recomm5d$ to ^? :o c>e to und]go ! add$ exp5se & labor involv$ by ! extra turnbuckles & wires4 99,to take ! glid] ap>t991 fir/ remove ! bolts hold+ ! rudd] beams 9 ! sockets on ! ma*9e4 ,!n unfa/5 ! wires :i* brace ! rudd] to ! ma*9e by loos5+ ! turnbuckles until ! spokes & nipples unscrew & come ap>t4 ,! rudd] may n[ be remov$ f ! ma*9e4 ,next take (f all ! nuts on ! eye bolts 9 ! l[] plane & pull ! eyebolts out ( ! sockets4 ,! two planes w !n come ap>t4 ,remove ! /an*ions by pull+ !m out ( ! sockets4 ,! two planes are !n laid "o on top ( ! o!r & w occupy v little room4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,glid+4 ,! fir/ words :i* may well be said ^u ?is subject are to emphasize caution4 ,b by ?is ,i d n wi% to imply t glid+ is exce$+ly dang]\s4 ,nei!r d ,i by caution mean timidity b r judgm5t & common s5se4 ,canoe+ is g5]ally consid]$ a safe sport1 b :o w\ld ?9k ( canoe+ on ! ocean 9 a /orm4 ,x is exactly ! same extreme to glide f a v high object1 or exp]im5t 9 a high w9d4 99,! atmosph]e99 ne> ! e>? is a mass ( :irl+ & swirl+ curr5ts :i* are con/antly ris+ & fall+ & become v pron\nc$ 9 a high w9d4 ,ev5 9 a comp>ative calm ^! eddy curr5ts exi/ b ( c\rse n to a dang]\s degree4 ,evid5ce ( ?is may be se5 by wat*+ ! little du/ p>ticles float+ 9 ! air & made visible by a sunbeam com+ ?r\gh ! w9d[ ( a quiet room4 ,al?\gh ! s5se ( feel+ _c detect ! smalle/ air curr5t1 ^! little p>ticles are :irl+ ar\nd & con/antly *ang+ _! direction4 ,:5 ! w9d /rikes "s natural object su* z a tree or a /one1 ! /reams ( air divide1 "p ( !m pass+ to ! sides & "p go+ ov] ! top4 ,! air beg9s to divide "s di/ance be=e x rea*es ! object & ! result is a ris+ curr5t on "o side & a fall+ curr5t on ! o!r4 ,^! curr5ts are ! bugbe>s ( aviators = :5 "o end ( _! ma*9e passes into su* a curr5t t end rises or falls dep5d+ :e!r or n ! curr5t is ris+ or fall+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--,top view1 %[+ h[ /reams ( air divide4 ,o!r ris+ & fall+ curr5ts are caus$ by ! sun pass+ beh9d cl\ds4 ,portions ( ! atmosph]e are ?us *ill$ & comm5ce to fall :ile o!rs ^u :i* ! sun is reappe>+ are heat$ & rise4 ,ballooni/s con/antly enc\nt] ^! *anges 9 temp]ature & ! gas 9 ! bag exp&s or contracts s rapidly t x (t5 requires a skillful pilot to prev5t disa/]4 ,^! ris+ & fall+ curr5ts caus$ by *anges ( temp]ature may be cle>ly se5 on ! surface ( a lake if ! obs]v] is /ation$ at a height :]e he may look d[n on ! wat]4 ,9 "s places ! wat] is cov]$ ) smoo? glassy /reaks :i* run 9 v>i\s directions4 ,^! smoo? /reaks are evid5ce ( ris+ curr5ts ( air at ^? places4 ,! r\gh spots :i* sudd5ly spread out & run across ! wat] are caus$ by desc5d+ curr5ts4 ,!re=e x is n good judgm5t to attempt glid+ ov] gr\nd brok5 by trees or o!r natural objects or :5 ! w9d is bl[+ ov] #ab-ae miles p] h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--,%[+ h[ air curr5ts pass ov] objects4 ,d n "u any consid]ation jump (f f a height :i* rises prom95tly f surr\nd+ objects4 ,otto ,lili5?al1 ! brilliant ,g]man inve/igator & eng9e] :o made ov] two ?\s& glid+ flights specifically w>n$ exp]im5t]s aga9/ />t+ glides f precipit\s cliffs or build+s4 ,!re are two excell5t reasons = ?is4 ,fir/1 because :5 jump+ f su* an elevation1 a gu/ ( w9d reb\nds f ! sides & /rikes ! ma*9e s t x requires great skill to c\nt]act its influ5ce4 ,second1 because1 ! op]ator & ma*9e are sudd5ly susp5d$ high 9 ! air4 ,be satisfi$ at fir/ by runn+ aga9/ ! w9d on level gr\nd & mak+ %ort jumps4 ,aft] "s practice1 op]ations may be transf]r$ to a g5tle slope & ! l5g? ( ! glides consid]ably increas$4 ,if ! exp]im5t] ?us proce$s sl[ly )\t impati5ce1 !re is no dang] 9 glid+4 ,x is said t ! ,wright bro!rs nev] s mu* z turn$ an ankle 9 ! hundr$s ( flights !y made1 be=e build+ a p[] driv5 ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh--;,action ( a]oplane4 99,action ( an ,a]oplane994 ,be=e />t+ to glide x is p]haps well to und]/& h[ ! ma*9e op]ates & supports its pass5g]4 ,! illu/ration %[s ! cross section ( an a]oplane mov+ =w>d ?r\gh ! air 9 ! direction indicat$ by ! arr[4 ,! front edge ( ! a]oplane is elevat$ s t ! surfaces =m an angle ) ! horizontal4 ,! front edge ent]s practically /ill air & causes x to foll[ ! curve ( ! planes & leave at ! re> 9 a d[nw>d direction4 ,s9ce ! action & reaction ( two =ces are always equal & opposite1 !re is a =ce ex]t$ aga9/ ! a]oplane caus+ x to rise4 ,a sky-rocket is caus$ to asc5d by ! reaction ( gases =m$ by burn+ p[d] escap+ d[nw>ds ?r\gh a small hole4 ,! a]oplane1 by means ( its curvature directs ! air d[nw>ds & s rises itself4 ,! planes pass s rapidly on to new & undi/urb$ bodies ( air1 & /ay ov] "o body = s brief an in/ant1 t !re is no "t to completely ov]come ! in]tia ( ! air & =ce x d[nw>ds4 ,?is may be lik5$ to a skat] mov+ swiftly ov] v ?9 ice :i* w\ld n be> 8 weight 7 he /&+ /ill1 b s9ce he is mov+ s rapidly1 t any "o portion ( ! ice does n h "t to b5d to ! break+ po9t1 is support$4 99,equilibrium499 ,a glid] w rema9 9 p]fect equilibrium only s long z ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! ma*9e & op]ator fall 9 ! same v]tical l9e z ! pressure ex]t$ by ! air4 ,if ! =m] is =w>d ( ! latt]1 ! ma*9e w incl9e =w>d & travel d[nw>ds4 ,if ! c5tre ( gravity is to ! re> ( ! c5tre ( upw>d ?ru/ ex]t$ by ! air1 ! head ( ! ma*9e w rise1 :ile if x is to ei!r ! "r or left side1 ! ma*9e w lean or turn ov] respectively to ! "r or left4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi--,ready to ,/>t ,! c5tre ( pressure on ! plane is some:at 9 advance ( ! actual dim5sional c5tre ( ! plane4 ,?is is due to ! curvature ( ! plane & also to ! di/urb+ action ^u ! air ( ! front edge4 99,to make a glide991 c>ry ! ma*9e to ! top ( a slope4 ,h two assi/ants hold ! ends ( ! l[] plane4 ,get 9 und]nea? & /& up betwe5 ! arm pieces4 ,grasp ! front horizontal beam ( ! l[] plane & lift ! ma*9e until ! arm /icks are snugly "u ! arm pits z 9 ! illu/ration4 ,if necess>y h ! two assi/ants prep>$ to run a %ort di/ance ) ! ma*9e1 b z soon z y are 9 motion y w be reliev$ ( all weight & surpris$ at ! lift ex]t$4 ,aft] gett+ ! ma*9e snugly up "u ! arm pits1 face ! w9d1 elevate ! front ( ! ma*9e slightly1 run a %ort1 di/ance & leap into ! air4 ,if y are 9 ! "r position y w sail to ! foot ( ! slope 9 free flight4 ,to l&1 pu% y\rself t[>ds ! back ( ! ma*9e1 s t ! glid] tips upw>d slightly 9 front4 ,x w !n rise slightly b loose its mom5tum & sl[ly settle s t y drop g5tly on y\r feet4 99,balanc+99 is accompli%$ 9 flight by mov+ ! legs & body t[>ds t side :i* is highe/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj--,l9es ( ,flight 99,%ift+ ! c5tre ( gravity99 by sw++1 ! legs =w>d or mov+ ! body 9 ! same direction1 w naturally cause ! c5tre ( gravity to assume a =w>d position1 & be+ a =ce ex]t$ d[nw>ds1 ! ma*9e w dip & desc5d4 ,a rev]se movem5t ( ! c5tre ( gravity w cause ! front ( ! ma*9e to tip up & asc5d4 ,b if ! upw>d slant is cont9u$ too long ! glid] w loose its =w>d velocity & settle4 ,! t5d5cy is always to place ! weight ( ! body too f> to ! re>4 ,aft] a little exp]i5ce ! exp]im5t] w le>n h[ to dip 8 ma*9e to acquire velocity = a rise & to o!rwise h&le x4 ,fig4 #bi illu/rates two l9es ( flight 9 _! successive /ages4 ,at #a ! op]ator is runn+ along ! top ( ! hill & ! dott$ l9e f #a to #b repres5ts 8 c\rse imm$iately aft] leav+ ! gr\nd4 ,9 case ! weight is back slightly too f> & is n %ift$ mu* dur+ ! glide1 ! ma*9e w foll[ ! upp] l9e indicat$ by #c1 #d1 #e & l& at #f4 ,if in/ead1 at #b1 ! body is mov$ =w>d1 ! ma*9e w travel d[n z %[n by #g & approa* ! e>?4 ,hav+ atta9$ consid]able velocity at ,s1 ! op]ator moves back & ! ma*9e rises1 travels upw>ds z at #i & !n settles ab\t at ! po9t #f4 ,?is latt] l9e ( flight is to be pref]r$ s9ce ! ma*9e does n rise q s high 9 ! air & moreov] has m velocity s t ! op]ator may rise if necess>y4 ,if dur+ a flight a gu/ ( w9d /rikes ! ma*9e f ! front1 x w accel]ate its v]tical motion 9 reg>d to ! e>?4 ,t is1 if ! ma*9e is already ris+ x w rise high] & if desc5d+ w fall m quickly4 ,a gu/ ( w9d f ! re> w cause ! ma*9e to drop sudd5ly & s always glide into ! w9d4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,rem>ks4 ,9 a little booklet su* z ?is x is ev5 impossible to cov] ! subject ( glid+ flight fully mu* less p[] driv5 a]oplanes1 b a %ort description ( su* a ma*9e built by ! au?or1 assi/$ by ,mr4 ,h>old ,dodd & ,mr4 ,saf=d ,adams w no d\bt int]e/ _m s9ce x has be5 us$ successfully z a glid] 9 t[$ flights4 ,! ma*9e 0 atta*$ to an automobile by means ( a long piano wire bridle4 ,x rises at a spe$ ( betwe5 #ae & #bj miles p] h\r & rema9s 9 ! air z long z ! auto keeps mov+ at ?is rate4 ,! gr\nds us$ by ! au?or 9 8 exp]im5ts limit$ ! flights to ab\t #hjj feet4 ,! automobile 9 "o flight travel$ ab\t #ej miles p] h\r1 b ! ma*9e so>$ on a p]fectly ev5 keel & )\t any pit*+4 ,j z ! au?or 0 ab\t to desc5d1 ! t[+ wire broke1 b ! a]oplane glid$ s g5tly to ! gr\nd t x 0 impossible to tell :]e x fir/ t\*$4 ,! foll[+ description ( ! ma*9e is an extract f an article writt5 by ,mr4 ,r4 ,s4 ,br[n4 ,! two support+ surfaces ( ! a]oplane are five feet wide 9 ! direction ( flight & tw5ty six feet long4 ,:5 ! ma*9e is mov$ rapidly =w>d1 ! action & reaction ( ! /ill air on ! l[] side ( ! mov+ surfaces1 lifts ! a]oplane f ! gr\nd & supports x 9 ! air4 ,! curvature ( ! planes is t segm5t ( a p>abola1 ^: dep? is "o n9? its l5g?4 ,!y are spac$ "o v]tically above ! o!r & ab\t f\r & "o half feet ap>t 9 ! middle4 ,! ends conv]ge slightly to make ! ma*9e less affect$ by cross gu/s4 ,! longitud9al curvature ( ! planes is ma9ta9$ by spruce ribs half an in* squ>e & spac$ n9e in*es ap>t4 ,_! front ends are +5i\sly fa/5$ 9 brass sockets on ! front horizontal memb]s & _! re> ends project ab\t a foot ov] ! re> horizontal pieces4 ,! fabric a close wov5 musl9 is put on ov] ! top & bottom ( ! ribs & is fa/5$ by grommets to a wire runn+ ?r\gh ! re> ends ( ! ribs1 & by /rips ( felt fa/5$ d[n to ! ribs ) uphol/]]'s tacks4 ,! /an*ions are six feet ap>t except ! middle two1 :i* are only eighte5 in*es ap>t4 ,! horizontal pieces ( ea* surface are p>allel & f\r feet di/ant f ea* o!r4 ,all are ( select$ spruce1 %ap$ s z to give ! greate/ /r5g? ) ! lea/ resi/ance to ! air1 & ! lea/ weight4 ,all ! _m rectangles ( ! /ructure are brac$ diagonally ) /eel piano wire4 ,9 e "o a small turnbuckle is ins]t$ to adju/ ! l5g?4 ,! nuclei ( ^! turnbuckles consi/s ( bicycle spokes4 ,by ?is wir+ a p]fectly rigid truss is =m$4 ,t5 feet to ! re> ( ! ma9 body1 !re is a horizontal tail1 :i* halves a v]tical rudd] ( ab\t ! same area4 ,?is v]tical surface is movable & turns ! a]oplane to ! "r & left :5 mov$ by rotation ( ! /e]+ :eel4 ,z c be se5 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration ^! rudd]s are /rongly support$ f ! pr9cipal /ructure4 ,at an equal di/ance 9 front ( ! support+ planes is ! elevation rudd]4 ,?is consi/s ( two horizontal plane surfaces1 six feet by two4 ,^! turn ab\t a horizontal axis transv]se to ! direction ( flight4 ,?us ! angle :i* !y pres5t to ! w9d c be alt]$ at ! w ( ! op]ator4 ,?is is accompli%$ by pu%+ & pull+ on ! /e]+ :eel4 ,?r\gh ! middle ( ! horizontal surface runs a triangul> v]tical plane4 ,?is is design$ to prev5t ! turn+ ( ! ma*9e by a gu/ /rik+ ! re> v]tical rudd]1 = if x /rikes bo? v]tical surfaces1 "o 9 front & "o beh9d1 ! two neutralize ea* o!r & no turn+ takes place4 ,on ! gr\nd ! ma*9e runs on ?ree tw5ty-in* pneumatic tir$ :eels4 ,^! 7 especially made = ! purpose1 ) seamless rims & heavy motorcycle spokes4 ,two are set 9 regul> =ks ( tub+ "u ! re> edge ( ! l[] plane1 :ile ! ?ird :eel is consid]ably 9 advance ( ! body prop]4 ,:5 runn+ on ! gr\nd prep>atory to ris+1 ! ma*9e is c>ri$ on ^! little :eels4 ,! op]ators seat is 9 front ( ! support+ planes1 & z ! photograph %[s is c>ri$ on two braces f ! front :eel4 ,sitt+ 9 ! seat1 ! aviator c direct ! a]oplane f side to side by turn+ ! /e]+ :eel be=e him4 ,?is /e]+ :eel is m\nt$ on a po/ h+$ at ! bottom1 & by pu%+ or pull+ on ! :eel ! aviator is enabl$ to control 8 height above gr\nd by means ( ! elevation rudd] :i* is connect$ by a wood5 rod to ! /e]+ po/4 ,mid-way betwe5 ! two ma9 surfaces & at ! front ( ea* end is a small plane4 ,^! are tilt$ at positive & negative angles to ! w9d1 by means ( cords connect+ !m ) a pivot$ b> mov$ by ! pilots feet4 ,9 flight1 if "o end rises1 ! aviator presses d[n ! end ( ! b> on ! ris+ side4 ,?is causes ! 'balanc+ plane' on ! high side1 :i* is ! "n giv5 to ! movable planes j describ$1 to =m a negative angle ) ! w9d s t ! high side is =c$ d[n4 ,! o!r balanc+ plane assumes an equal positive angle1 s z to =ce up ! l[] side4 ,?us ! ma*9e is aga9 br\ght to an ev5 keel4 ,aft] a little exp]i5ce1 ?is action becomes almo/ automatic1 s t no difficulty is exp]i5c$ 9 keep+ ! fly] level4 ,! motor1 :i* at pres5t has n be5 in/all$1 w be support$ betwe5 ! two ma9 planes & connect$ to a lam9at$ spruce propell]1 six feet 9 diamet]40 ,^? :o ( until late h n be5 associat$ ) a]onautics c sc>cely realize ! /eps by :i* aviation _h progress$ & ! tr5d t[>ds build+ ma*9es4 ,! a]oplane work] c no long] be classifi$ ) ! seek] aft] p]petual motion4 ,x is !re=e to be lam5t$ t s _m ( ^! ma*9es p>take ( freak con/ruction4 ,orig9ality is always to be fo/]$ b mu/ be> "s degree ( proportion4 ,only a v few favor$ p 9 comp>ison to ! re/ ( civilization h be5 enabl$ to see an a]oplane 9 flight4 ,_m times less are ^? :o h _h ! privilege ( exam9+ a successful ma*9e4 ,,books ,,= ,,aviators 99,,! ,,b>ometrical ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,heights499 ,a practical me?od ( b>ometrical level+ & hypsometry4 ,by ,f4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,cordeiro4 ,) an app5dix on ! ,air-,b>omet]4 ,full limp lea!r1 #a4jj4 99,,table ,,( ,,b>ometrical ,,heights ,,to #bj1jjj ,,feet499 ,comput$ by ,william ,h4 ,mackesy4 ,! tables are ma9ly int5d$ = use ) ! comp5sat$ m\nta9 an]oid b>omet] b !y are also suitable = ! m\nta9 m]curial b>omet]4 ,a valuable little set ( tables4 99,,! ,,atmosph]e ,,its ,,*>act]i/ics ,,& ,,dynamics499 ,by ,f4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,cordeiro4 ,9 produc+ ?is "w ! au?or has endeavor$ to place be=e ! public valuable data & in=mation collect$ by him z to ! orig9 ( hurricanes1 _! causes & o!r atmosph]ic di/urbances4 ,9 view ( ! fact t s mu* int]e/ is n[ be+ tak5 9 ! navigation ( ! air e scrap ( in=mation t c be collect$ relative to atmosph]ic conditions w prove ( consid]able value to all ^? int]e/$ 9 ?is new sci5ce4 ,! "w is divid$ "u ! foll[+ head+s3--,con/itution4 ,temp]ature & d5sity4 ,convective equilibrium4 ,v>i\s atmosph]es4 ,aque\s vapor4 ,pressure ( air4 ,practical b>ometry4 ,motion relative to ! mov+ e>?4 ,v]tical motion4 ,horizontal motion4 ,frictionless motion ov] a rotat+ sph]oid4 ,motion on ! rotat+ e>? )\t friction4 ,g5]al circulation ( ! atmosph]e4 ,equatorial circulation4 ,pol> ,circulation4 ,middle circulation4 ,planet>y circulation4 ,cyclones4 ,porto ,rican hurricane ( ,augu/ #h1 #ahii4 ,horizontal velocity4 ,tornadoes4 ,o!r ,ph5om5a occurr+ 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,s\nd4 ,m]g$ explosions4 ,optical ph5om5a4 ,! ra9b[4 ,atmosph]ic conditions 9 relation to fly+ ma*9es1 etc4 ,) num]\s tables & #cd illu/rations1 #dto4 ,pap] cov]s #a4ej1 full clo?1 #b4ej net4 99,,! ,,!ory ,,& ,,practice ,,( ,,model ,,a]oplan+499 ,by ,v4 ,e4 ,johnson1 ,m4,a4 ,! object ( ?is book is to give 9 pla9 language ! g5]al practice & pr9ciples ( ,model ,a]oplan+4 ,model propell]s & motors h be5 c>efully dealt )1 & mu* valuable data includ$ f ! au?or's own exp]im5ts4 ,cont5ts ( ,*apt]s4--,gloss>y ( ,t]ms us$ 9 ,model ,a]oplan+4 ,introduction4 ,! ,"q ( ,weight4 ,! ,"q ( ,resi/ance4 ,! ,"q ( ,balance4 ,motive ,p[]4 ,rubb] ,motors & o!r =ms ( ,motors4 ,propell]s or ,screws4 ,! ,"q ( ,su/5tion4 ,! c5t] ( pressure4 ,mat]ials = ,a]oplane con/ruction4 ,h9ts on ! build+ ( ,model ,a]oplanes4 ,! ,/e]+ ( ! ,model4 ,! ,laun*+ ( ! ,model4 ,helicopt] ,models4 ,exp]im5tal records4 ,model ,fly+ competitions4 ,useful notes1 tables1 =mulae1 etc41 etc4 #afc pages1 #hb illu/rations1 #abmo clo?1 #a4ej4 ,,books ,,on ,,a]onautics4 99,,resi/ance ,,( ,,air ,,& ,,! ,,"q ,,( ,,fly+499 ,by ,a4 ,samuelson4 ,an important lecture ( consid]able int]e/ to ^? int]e/$ 9 ,a]onautics4 ,cont5ts3 ,introduction4 ,! ,resi/ance ( ,pla/ic ,bodies4 ,air-pressure on ,flat ,bodies4 ,! ,c5tre ( ,air-pressure4 ,di/ribution ( ! ,air-pressure on ! ,s+le ,elem5ts ( an ,incl9$ ,plane4 ,! ,normal ,air-pressure on a ,?9 ,plane ,incl9$ at an ,angle to ! ,direction ( ,motion4 ,lili5?al's ,balance ( ,rotation4 ,! ,num]ical ,value ( ! ,normal ,pressure4 ,fly+ 9 ,g5]al4 ,fly+ 9 ,reality4 ,horizontal ,flight by ,w+-,flapp+4 ,/e]+ & o!r ,effects ( ! ,/roke4 ,conclusions4 99#bc illu/rations1 #hvo41 pap]4 #ge;c499 99,,flight-,,velocity499 ,by ,a4 ,samuelson4 ,?is "w is a %ort compreh5sion ( ext5sive sci5tific inve/igation & exp]im5tal "w4 ,cont5ts3 ,! ,r[+ ,fly] ,no4 #e4 ,! ,motor ,me*anism4 ,! ,fundam5tal ,conditions ( ,fly+ by ,w+ ,flapp+4 ,! ,w+s4 ,! ,re-sail4 ,flight ,velocity4 ,liv+ ,fly]s4 ,plane or ,concave ,support+ ,surfaces4 ,! ,false ,resolution ( ,=ces4 ,! ,errone\s ,op9ion3 ! ,bread? ( an ,incl9e ,plane ,prevails ov] its ,l5g?4 ,! ,c5tre ( ,air-pressure1 & ! ,di/ribution ( ! ,pressure4 ,on ! ,s+le ,p>ts ( an ,incl9$ ,plane4 ,! ,pr9ciple3 ! ,normal ,air-pressure ( an ,incl9$ ,plane is indep5d5t ( ! ,angle ( ,incl9ation4 ,tables ( ,motion at ,v>y+ ,angles4 ,! ,human ,flight4 ,conclusions4 99,) five plates1 #hvo41 pap]4 #ge;c499 99,,fly+ ,,ma*9es499 ,pa/1 ,pres5t & ,future4 ,a popul> acc\nt ( fly+ ma*9es1 dirigible balloons4 ,by ,a4 ,w4 ,m>%all & ,h4 ,gre5ly4 ,:il/ ! matt] 9 ?is book is int5d$ z a popul> exhibition ( ! subject1 x includes in=mation :i* w assi/ ! read] ) s]i\s int5tions ( mak+ an attempt to produce a fly+ ma*9e or air-%ip4 ,a great deal ( s\nd exp]im5tal "w has be5 done1 =m+ a basis ^u :i* future plans c be calculat$4 ,an acc\nt ( "s ( ?is "w is "h giv54 ,cont5ts ( ,*apt]s3 #a4 ,introduction4 ,dr4 ,b>ton's ,air-%ip4 ,lebaudy's ,milit>y ,air-%ip4 ,! ,deuts* ,air-%ip4 ,! ,wellman ,air-%ip4 ,motors ( ! ,wellman ,air-%ip4 ,*apt] #b4 ,dirigible ,balloons4 ,giff>d's4 ,dupuy de ,lome4 ,tiss&i]s'4 ,krebes'4 ,santos ,dumont's1 ,no4 #f & ,no4 #i4 ,sp5c]'s ,air-%ip4 ,b>ton's4 ,maxim's ,fly+ ,ma*9e4 ,ar*deacon's ,air ,propell] ,cycle4 ,b>ton's1 ,rawson's1 ,baulx1 ,zeppel91 ,deuts*1 ,lamb]t1 ,wellman's ,air-%ips4 ,trolan9i's ,air-propell$ ,boat4 ,*apt] #c4 ,fly+ ,ma*9es4 ,giv+ a ,numb] ( ^? made by ,h>grave & also by ,phillips1 ,ad]1 ,maxim1 ,pil%]'s ,so>+ ,w+s1 ,langley1 ,ba/9e1 ,bleirot1 ,voison1 ,wright's ,glid+ ,a]oplane1 & num]\s o!rs4 ,*apt] #d4 ,! ,art ( ,fly+4 ,*apt] #e4 ,fly+ ,ma*9es ( ! ,future4 99#acd pages1 illu/rations & page plates1 #abmo4 #ej;c499 ,,model ,,a]oplanes4 99,,model ,,fly+ ,,ma*9es1 ,,_! ,,design ,,& ,,con/ruction499 ,by ,w4 ,g4 ,a/on4 ,cont5ts ( *apt]s3--#a4 ,g5]al pr9ciples & _! application4 #b4 ,p[]4 #c4 ,support+ surfaces4 #d4 ,screws1 & h[ to make !m4 #e4 ,tails & elevators4 #f4 ,f9s4 #g4 ,designs4 ,) a numb] ( examples ( monoplane1 bi-plane1 t&em bi-plane & tri-plane models4 #h4 ,dirigibles4 #i4 ,helicopt]s4 #aj4 ,orni?opt]s4 #aa4 ,w9d+ app>atus4 #ab4 ,compress$ air motor4 ,a fir/-rate book = ,model ,mak]s1 #abe pages1 #ie illu/rations1 #abmo4 bo>ds1 po/paid1 = #ee;c4 99,,model ,,glid]s1 ,,birds1 ,,butt]flies ,,& ,,a]oplanes499 ,h[ to ,make & ,fly ,!m4 ,a booklet ) "o l>ge %eet conta9+ twelve butt]flies & two birds 9 colors & mat]ial = mak+ a small c>d-bo>d ,model ,a]oplane ,glid]4 ,complete 9 fold]1 po/paid1 = #ee;c4 99,,model ,,a]oplanes1 ,,h[ ,,to ,,build ,,& ,,fly ,,!m499 ,by ,e4 ,w4 ,tw9+4 ,consi/+ ( "o booklet & five l>ge scal$ draw+s = ?ree ,tw9+ ,models1 two ( !m be+ ( ! ,bi-plane ,glid] type4 ,complete 9 fold]1 po/paid1 = #ee;c4 99,,tw9+',s ,,model ,,no4 #b499 ,a complete set ( ! mat]ials 9 ! r\gh1 includ+ ! rubb] ( a ,bi-plane ,model )\t ! draw+s1 po/paid1 = #fe;c4 99,,tw9+',s ,,model ,,no4 #c499 ,a complete set ( mat]ials 9 ! r\gh ) rubb] = ! con/ruction ( ?is h&some ,model ,bi-plane )\t ! draw+s1 po/paid1 = #a4ae4 99,,! ,,a]oplane ,,portfolio499 ,by ,d4 ,ross ,k5n$y4 ,conta9+ n9e %eets ( scale draw+s ( ! foll[+ celebrat$ ,a]oplanes3 ,bi-plane type--,wright1 ,f>man1 ,vois91 ,cody1 ,h]r+-,curtis4 ,monoplanes--,rep4 ,anto9ette1 ,santos ,dumont1 & ,bl]iot4 ,ea* ( ^! ma*9es are "h %[n 9 ,end ,view1 ,plan & ,elevation4 ,includ+ booklet :i* conta9s a description ( ea* ma*9e4 ,?is timely set ( draw+s %\ld prove ( value to ev]yone int]e/$ 9 ?is important new indu/ry4 ,! complete set 9 fold]1 po/paid1 = #ee;c4 99,,! ,,p]cy ,,pi]ce ,,fly]499 ,a l>ge scale draw+ ( ?is prize-w9n+ ,monoplane4 ,) all measurem5ts & details %[+ a front elevation1 a side elevation & a top elevation2 ) #h-page descriptive booklet ( p>ticul>s po/paid1 #ae;c4 99,,p]cy ,,pi]ce ,,draw+199 ) booklet & complete set ( mat]ials 9 ! r\gh f :i* any "o c make an exact duplicate ( ?is d&y ,model complete1 po/paid1 = #a4ae4 99,a ,,?ree-,,foot ,,model ,,a]oplane499 ,bl]iot ,type4 ,by ,g4 ,e4 ,alex&]4 ,a l>ge scale draw+ ) measurem5ts & descriptive matt] %[+ ! con/ruction ( a spl5did ,model ,fly+ ,ma*9e4 ,! ,model f :i* ?is draw+ is tak5 has prov$ a v successful fly]1 po/paid = #ae;c4 ,,good ,,books ,,= ,,wireless ,,op]ators4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,plans ,,& ,,specifications ,,= ,,wireless ,,telegraph ,,sets1 ,complete & ,detail$ ,in/ruction = ,mak+ an ,exp]im5tal ,set1 also a ,"o to ,five ,mile ,set1 #ee pages1 #cg illu/rations2 price #be;c4 ,"p #b4 ,,plans ,,& ,,specifications ,,= ,,wireless ,,telegraph ,,sets4 ,by ,a4 ,fr$]ick ,coll9s4 ,w conta9 complete & detail$ data = con/ruct+ a ,five to ,t5 ,mile ,set1 also a ,t5 to ,tw5ty-five ,mile ,set1 ) ab\t #fj illu/rations1 & #ij pages4 ,price1 #be;c4 ,p>ts ?ree & f\r 9 prep>ation4 ,,mak+ ,,wireless ,,outfits4 ,by ,newton ,h>rison4 ,a concise & simple explanation on ! con/ruction & use ( simple & inexp5sive wireless equipm5ts1 = s5d+ & receiv+1 giv+ full details & draw+s ( app>atus1 diagrams ( circuits & tables4 ,includ+ ! ,morse & ,cont95tal ,codes4 #fa pages1 #bg illu/rations4 ,price1 #be;c42 clo?1 #ej;c4 ,,wireless ,,telephone ,,con/ruction4 ,by ,newton ,h>rison4 ,a compreh5sive explanation ( ! mak+ ( a ,wireless ,telephone ,equipm5t4 ,bo? ! transmitt+ & receiv+ /ations fully expla9$ ) details ( con/ruction suffici5t to give an intellig5t read] a good />t 9 build+ a ,wireless ,telephone sy/em & 9 op]at+ x4 #gd pages & #dc illu/rations4 ,price1 #be;c4 ,,telegraphy ,,= ,,beg9n]s4 ,! ,/&>d ,me?od4 ,an au?oritative book ( in/ruction 9 ! me?ods & =ms mo/ approv$1 ) a s]ies ( lessons4 ,by ,willis ,h4 ,jones4 ,) ! ,morse alphabet & ! ,cont95tal code4 #fd pages1 #ai illu/rations1 pap] b9d+1 #be;c42 clo? b9d+1 #ej;c4 ,,induction ,,coils4 ,h[ to ,make & ,use ,!m4 ,by ,p4 ,m>%all4 ,a practical h&book on ! con/ruction & use ( sp>k+ coils = wireless telegraphy4 ,) tables ( w9d+s = coils giv+ #a_/d 94 sp>k up to #ab 94 sp>ks4 ,) full description = ! con/ruction ( m]cury int]rupt]s4 #gf pages1 #ce illu/rations4 ,price1 #be;c42 clo? b9d+1 #ej;c4 ,full descriptive circul> ( ,! ,model ,libr>y ,s]ies ( practical ,h&books ,,free4