,transcrib] ,note ,text emphasis is d5ot$ z ,italics4 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture ,,bullet9 ,no4 #hdd ,contribution f ! ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry ,,wm4 ,a4 ,,taylor1 ,*ief ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,pr(essional ,,pap] ,augu/ #aa1 #aibj ,,sweet-,,clov] ,,se$ ,"p ,i4--,poll9ation ,/udies ( ,se$ ,production ,"p ,,ii4--,/ructure & ,*emical ,nature ( ! ,se$ ,coat & its ,relation to ,imp]meable ,se$s ( ,sweet ,clov] ,by ,h4 ,s4 ,,coe1 =m]ly ,assi/ant ,agronomi/1 ,(fice ( ,=age-,crop ,inve/igations1 & ,j4 ,n4 ,,m>t91 ,pr(essor ( ,morphology & ,cytology1 ,i[a ,/ate ,college ,,cont5ts ,page ,"p ,i4--,poll9ation ,/udies ( ,se$ ,production4 ,unsatisfactory yields ( sweet-clov] se$ #a ,previ\s inve/igations ( ! poll9ation ( sweet clov] #b ,outl9e ( poll9at+ exp]im5ts #c ,/ructure ( ! fl[]s ( ,melilotus alba #d ,developm5t ( ! floral organs ( sweet clov] #e ,f]tilization 9 ,melilotus alba #h ,developm5t ( ! se$ #h ,mature poll5 ( sweet clov] #i ,g]m9ation ( ! poll5 #i ,cross-poll9ation & self-poll9ation ( sweet clov] #aj ,artificial manipulation ( sweet-clov] fl[]s #aj ,se$ production ( ,melilotus alba "u ord9>y field conditions #ac ,effici5cy ( c]ta9 k9ds ( insects z poll9ators ( sweet clov] #ad ,relation ( ! position ( ! fl[]s on ,melilotus alba plants to se$ production #ai ,influ5ce ( ! wea!r at blossom+ "t ^u se$ production #bj ,insect poll9ators ( sweet clov] #ba ,effect ( moi/ure ^u ! production ( ,melilotus alba se$ #bb ,"p ,,ii4--,/ructure & ,*emical ,nature ( ! ,se$ ,coat & its ,relation to ,imp]meable ,se$s ( ,sweet ,clov]4 ,hi/orical summ>y #bf ,mat]ial & me?ods #cj ,/ructure ( ! se$ coat #ca ,micro*emi/ry ( ! se$ coat #cc ,! se$ coat 9 relation to ! absorption ( wat] #cd ,a comp>ison ( p]meable & imp]meable se$ coats #cd ,! action ( sulphuric acid on ! coats ( imp]meable se$s #ce ,lit]ature ,cit$ #cf ,illu/ration ,,wa%+ton ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice #aibj ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture ,,bullet9 ,no4 #hdd ,contribution f ! ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry ,,wm4 ,a4 ,,taylor1 ,*ief ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,pr(essional ,,pap] ,augu/ #aa1 #aibj ,,sweet-,,clov] ,,se$ ,"p ,i4--,poll9ation ,/udies ( ,se$ ,production ,"p ,,ii4--,/ructure & ,*emical ,nature ( ! ,se$ ,coat & its ,relation to ,imp]meable ,se$s ( ,sweet ,clov] ,by ,h4 ,s4 ,coe1 =m]ly ,assi/ant ,agronomi/1 ,(fice ( ,=age-,crop ,inve/igations1 & ,j4 ,n4 ,m>t91 ,pr(essor ( ,morphology & ,cytology1 ,i[a ,/ate ,college4 ,,cont5ts ,page ,"p ,i4--,poll9ation ,/udies ( ,se$ ,production4 ,unsatisfactory yields ( sweet-clov] se$ #a ,previ\s inve/igations ( ! poll9ation ( sweet clov] #b ,outl9e ( poll9at+ exp]im5ts #c ,/ructure ( ! fl[]s ( ,melilotus alba #d ,developm5t ( ! floral organs ( sweet clov] #e ,f]tilization 9 ,melilotus alba #h ,developm5t ( ! se$ #h ,mature poll5 ( sweet clov] #i ,g]m9ation ( ! poll5 #i ,cross-poll9ation & self-poll9ation ( sweet clov] #aj ,artificial manipulation ( sweet-clov] fl[]s #aj ,se$ production ( ,melilotus alba "u ord9>y field conditions #ac ,effici5cy ( c]ta9 k9ds ( insects z poll9ators ( sweet clov] #ad ,relation ( ! position ( ! fl[]s on ,melilotus alba plants to se$ production #ai ,influ5ce ( ! wea!r at blossom+ "t ^u se$ production #bj ,insect poll9ators ( sweet clov] #ba ,effect ( moi/ure ^u ! production ( ,melilotus alba se$ #bb ,"p ,,ii4--,/ructure & ,*emical ,nature ( ! ,se$ ,coat & its ,relation to ,imp]meable ,se$s ( ,sweet ,clov]4 ,hi/orical summ>y #bf ,mat]ial & me?ods #cj ,/ructure ( ! se$ coat #ca ,micro*emi/ry ( ! se$ coat #cc ,! se$ coat 9 relation to ! absorption ( wat] #cd ,a comp>ison ( p]meable & imp]meable se$ coats #cd ,! action ( sulphuric acid on ! coats ( imp]meable se$s #ce ,lit]ature ,cit$ #cf ,"p ,i4--,,poll9ation ,,/udies ,,( ,,se$ ,,production4 ,,unsatisfactory ,,yields ,,( ,,sweet-,,clov] ,,se$4 ,9 "s sections ( ! c\ntry mu* tr\ble has be5 exp]i5c$ = a few ye>s pa/ 9 obta9+ satisfactory yields ( sweet-clov] se$4 ,?is difficulty has be5 due = ! mo/ "p to ! foll[+ causes3 7#a7 ,to cutt+ ! plants at an improp] /age ( developm5t1 7#b7 to ! use ( ma*9]y n adapt$ to ! h&l+ ( ! crop1 7#c7 to ! %$d+ ( immature pods1 & 7#d7 possibly to ! lack ( poll9ation4 ,z ! fir/ two h be5 ov]come1 ma9ly because ( a bett] und]/&+ ( ! requirem5ts = h&l+ ?is crop1 ! subject matt] ( ?is bullet9 is conc]n$ prim>ily ) ! factors :i* produce ! ?ird & f\r? causes4 ,:]e ! production ( se$ 0 disappo9t+ al?\gh ! plants produc$ an abundance ( fl[]s1 x has be5 obs]v$ t _m app>5tly 7 n f]tiliz$1 or if f]tiliz$ ! pods abort$4 ,9 ord] to obta9 data 9 reg>d to ! causes ( ! failure ( sweet clov] to produce a normal se$ yield1 a /udy 0 made ( ! insects :i* 7 mo/ active 9 poll9at+ ! fl[]s1 ! s\rce ( ! poll5 necess>y to effect f]tilization1 & ! conditions "u :i* ! fl[]s mu/ be poll9at$ 9 ord] to become f]tiliz$4 ,! relation ( environm5tal conditions to ! %$d+ ( immature pods 0 also inve/igat$4 ,9 ord] to ov]come local environm5tal factors z mu* z possible1 ! exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ on ! ,gov]nm5t ,exp]im5t ,f>m at ,arl+ton1 ,va41 & 9 coop]ation ) ! botanical dep>tm5t ( ! ,i[a ,/ate ,college at ,ames1 ,i[a4 ,,previ\s ,,inve/igations ,,( ,,! ,,poll9ation ,,( ,,sweet ,,clov]4 ,s9ce ,d>w9 7#d1 p4 #cfj7a publi%$ ! /atem5t t a plant ( ,melilotus (fic9alis protect$ f insect visitation produc$ b a v few se$s1 :ile an unprotect$ plant produc$ _m1 o!r sci5ti/s h inve/igat$ ?is subject4 ,knu? 7#ai1 v4 #a1 p4 #cg71 9 giv+ a li/ ( ! be/ kn[n cases ( self-/]ility 9 plants1 m5tions ,melilotus (fic9alis4 ,! same au?or 7#ai1 v4 #b1 p4 #bhb7 /ates t s9ce ! /igma projects beyond ! an!rs1 automatic self-poll9ation is difficult1 & = ! same reasons ,mll] 7#bi1 p4 #ahj7 believes t self-f]tilization is n apt to occur4 #a ,! s]ial numb]s 9 p>5!ses ref] to ,lit]ature cit$1 pages #cf-ch4 ,9 #aija ,kir*n] 7#ah1 p4 #g7 cov]$ a numb] ( ,melilotus alba racemes ) nets4 ,on "o ( ! plants #ab protect$ racemes produc$ #ahg se$s & on ano!r plant only "o se$ 0 obta9$ f #aj cov]$ racemes4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 duplicat$ 9 #aijd1 ) ! result t #dj nett$ racemes produc$ an av]age ( #ch se$s ea*4 ,kir*n] conclud$ f ?is exp]im5t t spontane\s self-poll9ation occurs regul>ly ev5 ?\gh ! /igma projects above ! an!rs4 ,he 7#ah1 p4 #h7 also p]=m$ an exp]im5t ) ,melilotus (fic9alis 9 #aija4 ,at ?is "t #af isolat$ racemes produc$ a total ( #aa se$s4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 repeat$ 9 #aijd1 ) ! result t #af protect$ racemes produc$ an av]age ( #ad se$s ea*4 ,z ! racemes on "o ( ! plants t 0 protect$ 9 #aijd di$1 ,kir*n] conclud$ t ! fl[]s ( ,m4 (fic9alis 7 especially s5sitive to inclosure 9 nets & t ! failures to obta9 m ?an a v few se$s on protect$ racemes 9 ,d>w9's exp]im5t & 9 8 fir/ exp]im5t 7 due to ?is cause4 ,accord+ to ,k]n] 7#ag1 v4 #b1 p4 #cii7 ! peas & l5tils 7,pisum & ,ervum7 & ! diff]5t species ( horn$ clov] & /one clov] 7,lotus & ,melilotus7 z well z ! num]\s species ( ! g5us ,trifolium & also _m o!rs produce se$s :5 insects are exclud$ f ! plants1 & only isolat$ species ( ^! g5]a gave poor yields )\t insect visitation4 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,poll9at+ ,,exp]im5ts4 ,! yield ( sweet-clov] se$ v>ies greatly f ye> to ye> 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x has be5 assum$ t ?is v>iation 0 due to climatic conditions1 z excell5t se$ crops 7 seldom h>ve/$ 9 seasons ( excessive ra9fall or ( prolong$ dr\ght j prec$+ or dur+ ! fl[]+ p]iod4 ,! lack ( a suffici5t numb] ( suitable poll9at+ insects also 0 ?\ght to be an important factor 9 r$uc+ se$ production4 ,?is 0 especially true :]e ! acreage ( sweet clov] 0 l>ge & :]e few1 if any1 honeybees 7 kept4 ,9 ord] to obta9 data ^u ! factors influ5c+ ! yield ( se$1 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts 0 outl9$ to det]m9e 7#a7 :e!r ! fl[]s are able to set se$ )\t ! assi/ance ( outside ag5cies1 7#b7 :e!r cross-poll9ation is necess>y1 7#c7 ! diff]5t k9ds ( insects :i* are active ag5ts 9 poll9at+ sweet clov]1 & 7#d7 :e!r a relation exi/s betwe5 ! quantity ( moi/ure 9 ! soil & ! production ( se$4 ,! racemes conta9+ ! fl[]s :i* 7 to be poll9at$ by h& 7 cov]$ ) t>latan be=e any ( ! fl[]s op5$ & 7 kept cov]$ except :ile be+ poll9at$ until ! se$s 7 ne>ly mature4 ,?is clo? has ab\t twice z _m me%es to ! l9e> in* z ord9>y mosquito nett+ & s]v$ to exclude all insects t are able to poll9ate ! fl[]s4 ,:5 entire plants 7 to be protect$ f all outside ag5cies1 cages cov]$ ) *eeseclo?1 glass frames1 or wire nett+ 7 us$4 ,a prelim9>y /udy ( ! poll9ation ( ,melilotus alba & ,m4 (fic9alis %[$ t bo? 7 visit$ by ! same k9ds ( insects & t bo? requir$ ! same me?ods ( poll9ation 9 ord] to set se$4 ,on ?is acc\nt ,m4 alba 0 us$ 9 mo/ ( ! exp]im5ts report$ 9 ?is bullet94 ,:]e ,m4 (fic9alis 0 employ$ x is s /at$4 ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,fl[]s ,,( ,,melilotus ,,alba4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,diff]5t p>ts ( ! fl[] ( ,melilotus alba3 #a1 ,side view ( ! fl[]2 #b1 side view ( ! fl[] ) ! c>9a & al slightly depress$2 #c1 side view ( ! fl[]1 %[+ ! c>9a & al depress$ suffici5tly to expose ! /am9al tube & ! t5? free /am52 #d1 ala2 #e1 ate & c>9a spread ap>t to %[ _! relative position & %ape2 #f1 fl[] aft] ! petals h be5 remov$1 %[+ 9 detail ! calyx & /am9al tube2 #g1 ! /am9al tube split op5 to %[ ! relative size & position ( ! pi/il1 a1 ,al2 b1 vexillum2 c1 c>9a2 d1 calyx2 c1 /igma2 b1 an!rs3 g1 t5? free /am52 h1 digitate process ( ! sup]ior basal angle ( an ala2 i1 depressions 9 ! ala2 j1 /am9al tube2 k1 pi/il4 ,! racemes ( ,melilotus alba conta9 f #aj to #abj fl[]s ) an av]age ( approximately #ej p] raceme = all ( ! racemes ( a plant gr[+ "u cultivation 9 a field conta9+ a good /&4 ,! fl[] consi/s ( a gre51 smoo?1 or slightly pubesc5t calyx ) #e-po9t$ lobes & ) an irregul> :ite corolla ( five petals4 7,fig4 #a47 ,! claws ( ! petals are n unit$ nor are !y atta*$ to ! /am9al tube :i* is =m$ by ! union ( ! filam5ts ( ! n9e inf]ior /am5s4 ,z ! claws ( ! al & c>9a are n attack$ to ! /am9al tube2 ! petals may be b5t d[nw>d suffici5tly f> s t _m diff]5t k9ds ( insects may secure )\t difficulty ! nect> secret$ ar\nd ! base ( ! ov>y4 ,! f+]like processes ( ! al are appress$ closely to ! c>9a1 !re=e ! al are b5t d[nw>d ) ! c>9a by insects4 ,^! processes grasp ! /am9al tube sup]iorly & tightly :5 ! c>9a & al are 9 _! natural positions1 b :5 ! c>9a is press$ d[nw>d by insects ! f+]like processes op5 slightly b n s f> t !y d n spr+ back to _! orig9al position :5 ! pressure is remov$4 ,! /am9al tube splits sup]iorly to admit ! t5? free /am54 ,! filam5t ( ?is sup]ior /am5 lies along ! side ( ?is /am9al tube4 ,! filam5ts ( ! n9e /am5s :i* compose ! /am9al tube sep>ate 9 ! holl[ ( ! c>9a4 ,all /am5s be> f]tile an!rs4 ,! pi/il is 9 ! /am9al tube1 ! upp] "p ( ! /yle & /igma ( :i* is inclos$ ) ! an!rs 9 ! c>9a4 ,! /igma is slightly above ! /am5s4 ,an insect ins]ts its head into a sweet-clov] fl[] betwe5 ! vexillum & c>9a1 ! /igma1 !re=e1 comes into direct contact ) ! head ( ! insect & cross-poll9ation is effect$4 ,at ! same "t ! an!rs bru% aga9/ ! insect1 s t its head is du/$ ) poll51 to be c>ri$ to o!r fl[]s4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,floral ,,organs ,,( ,,sweet ,,clov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,l5g?wise sectional view ( a v "y fl[] ( ,melilotus alba1 %[+ ! relative developm5t ( ! /am5s & pi/il4 ,9 ! upp] set ( /am5s ! divisions ( ! "m cells are complet$1 :ile division is j beg9n+ 9 ! l[] set ( /am5s4 ,9 ! ovules ! out] integum5ts are well />t$ on _! developm5t1 a1 ,an!r2 o1 ovule2 p1 pi/il4 #ch4 ,! /am5s ( ,melilotus alba & ,m4 (fic9alis may be divid$ into two sets1 accord+ to _! l5g? & "t ( developm5t4 7,fig4 #b47 ,! long] set ext5ds ab\t ! l5g? ( ! an!rs above ! %ort] set1 & ! poll5 "m cells 9 ! long] set divide to =m poll5 gra9s at lea/ two days e>li] ?an ^? 9 ! %ort] set4 ,at ! "t ! poll5 "m cells divide1 ! long] set ( /am5s is approximately ?ree-eigh?s ( a millimet] 9 l5g? & ! pi/il ab\t half a millimet] long4 ,! /igma & a portion ( ! /yle project beyond ! /am5s1 & ?is relative position is ma9ta9$ to maturity4 ,! poll5 "m cells und]go ! r$uction division :ile ! megaspore "m cells are j be+ diff]5tiat$ & :ile ! out] integum5ts are b>ely prom95t at ! base ( ! nucellus4 ,! poll5 gra9s are =m$ :ile ! embryo sac is beg9n+ to develop4 ,! division ( ! megaspore "m cell does n occur until a numb] ( days lat]1 & ! embryo sac is n mature until ! fl[] is ne>ly ready to op54 ,?us1 ! poll5 gra9s are =m$ a week to #aj days be=e ! embryo sac is ready = f]tilization4 ,! poll5 gra9s increase 9 size & und]go int]nal *anges aft] _! =mation4 ,^! *anges1 :i* are n complet$ until ! fl[] is "o-half or m ( its mature l5g?1 may be reg>d$ z ! rip5+ processes1 & !y are und\bt$ly necess>y be=e ! poll5 is capable ( function+4 ,= ?is reason x is probable t ! poll5 gra9s are n able to function mu* be=e ! embryo sac is mature4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,/igma at ! "t ( poll9ation1 %[+ its papillate "* & ! position ( ! poll5 9 ref]5ce to ! papill 9 poll9ation4 #age4 ,! pi/ils ( ,melilotus alba & ,m4 (fic9alis are /raight = ! great] "p ( _! l5g?1 b curve r abruptly t[>d ! keel j bel[ ! capitate /igma4 ,! surface ( ! /igma is papillate4 7,fig4 #c47 ,9 _! reaction ) ,sudan ,,iii1 alkan91 & safran9 ! ,walls ( ! papill ( ! /igma %[ t "s fatlike sub/ances are pres5t4 ,aside f wat]1 ! cont5ts ( ! papill consi/ *iefly ( a f9e emulsion ( oil4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,ovules4 ,! numb] ( ovules 9 ! ov>y ( ,melilotus alba v>ies f two to five2 h[ev]1 mo/ commonly1 ?ree or f\r ovules occur4 ,9 ,melilotus (fic9alis ! numb] 9 ea* ov>y ranges f ?ree to six4 ,9 bo? species ! ovules are campylotrop\s at maturity ) ! micropyl> end turn$ t[>d ! base ( ! ov>y4 ,mature ovules conta9 two integum5ts1 b ! inn] "o does n close entirely ar\nd ! end ( ! nucellus4 ,! out] integum5t develops consid]ably ahead ( ! inn] "o4 ,! out] integum5t is mu* ?ick5$ at ! micropyl> end1 ! se$ coat is =m$ f x1 & ! inn] integum5t is us$ z n\ri%m5t by ! endosp]m & embryo4 ,! numb] ( megaspore "m cells 9 an ovule v>ies f "o to _m4 ,two or m embryo sacs (t5 />t to develop 9 ! same ovule1 b seldom m ?an "o matures4 7,pl4 ,i1 figs4 #a1 #b1 & #c47 ,9 g5]al1 ! developm5t ( ! embryo sac proce$s 9 ! ord9>y way1 z describ$ by ,"y 7#dd1 p4 #acc71 ) ! inn] megaspore function+4 7,text fig4 #d & ,pl4 ,,ii1 fig4 #a47 ,9 its developm5t ! nucellus is de/roy$ rapidly1 ! de/ruction be+ mo/ rapid fir/ at ! micropyl> end proce$+ backw>d4 ,! nucellus is completely de/roy$ at ! micropyl> end by ! "t ! embryo sac is mature1 & consequ5tly ! embryo sac comes 9 contact ) ! out] integum5t 9 ?is region4 7,pl4 ,,ii1 fig4 #a47 ,z ! de/ruction ( ! nucellus ext5ds t[>d ! *alazal end ! embryo sac becomes mu* elongat$ & tubelike4 ,! antipodals disappe> e>ly1 s t a mature embryo sac consi/s ( ! egg1 ! syn]gids1 & ! two pol>s4 ,! two pol>s lie 9 contact 9 ! micropyl> end ( ! sac ne> ! egg until f]tilization4 ,,/]ility ,,( ,,! ,,ovules4 ,9 ,melilotus alba & ,m4 (fic9alis !re is v little t5d5cy t[>d /]ility ( ovules4 ,9 an ext5d$ /udy ( ovules develop+ "u normal & "u excessive moi/ure conditions only an occasional "o 0 f\nd 9 :i* no reproductive cells 7 diff]5tiat$1 & no ov>ies 7 f\nd 9 :i* all ( ! ovules 7 /]ile4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,m$ian section ?r\gh an ovule1 %[+ ! embryo sac ) f\r nuclei & ! position ( ! integum5ts4 #aej4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,poll54 ,! poll5 "m cells d n sep>ate1 b previ\s to ! r$uction division ! protoplasm %r9ks f ! walls1 ?us =m+ a d5se globul> mass :i* (t5 occupies less ?an half ! lum5 ( ! "m cell4 7,pl4 ,i1 fig4 #d47 ,nucle> division occurs :ile !y are 9 ?is contract$ condition1 & f\r nuclei are =m$ f two successive divisions4 ,! cytoplasm is equally di/ribut$ ar\nd ea* nucleus4 ,! f\r masses ( protoplasm sep>ate1 & z !y enl>ge a numb] ( times & develop into mature poll5 gra9s !y become b9ucleate1 & a wall is gradually =m$ ar\nd ea*4 7,pl4 ,i1 figs4 #e & #f47 ,at fir/ ! cytoplasm is q d5se & conta9s "s />* b no fatty oils4 ,h[ev]1 ! cytoplasm ( mature poll5 gra9s is vacuolate1 & x conta9s a fatty oil 9 ! =m ( an emulsion4 ,soon aft] ! poll5 gra9s are =m$1 ! walls ( ! "m cells disappe>1 ?us p]mitt+ ! poll5 gra9s to lie loose 9 ! an!r4 ,,f]tilization ,,9 ,,melilotus ,,alba4 ,! "t int]v5+ betwe5 poll9ation & f]tilization 0 inve/igat$ ) bo? self-poll9at$ & cross-poll9at$ fl[]s4 ,9 cross-poll9ation ! p>5ts 7 sep>ate plants4 ,?is po9t 0 inve/igat$ ) plants out ( doors dur+ ! summ] ( #aiaf & ) plants 9 ! gre5h\se dur+ ! foll[+ w9t]4 ,! "t elaps+ betwe5 poll9ation & f]tilization rang$ f #ej to #ee h\rs & 0 n long] 9 ! case ( self-poll9at$ ?an ) cross-poll9at$ fl[]s4 ,fur!rmore1 ! rate ( ! developm5t ( ! embryo 9 ea* k9d ( poll9ation 0 /udi$ & 0 f\nd to be z rapid 9 self-poll9ation z 9 cross-poll9ation4 ,!re=e1 self-poll9ation is app>5tly z effective z cross-poll9ation 9 ,melilotus alba s f> z ! vigor ( poll5 tubes & ! rate at :i* embryos develop are conc]n$4 ,melilotus (fic9alis 0 n /udi$ 9 ref]5ce to ?is po9t4 ,consid]able diff]5ce (t5 exi/s 9 ! size ( ! "y embryos 9 ! ovules ( ! same pod4 ,?is is due 9 "p to a diff]5ce 9 ! "t ( f]tilization1 al?\gh "s ( x is due to a diff]5ce 9 n\ri%m5t4 ,x 0 obs]v$ t ! ovule fir/ f]tiliz$ might be an upp] "o1 l[] "o1 or any "o betwe5 ^!4 ,occasionally "o or m ovules are n f]tiliz$4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,se$4 ,a proembryo ) a r long susp5sor is develop$ f ! f]tiliz$ egg4 7,pl4 ,,ii1 fig4 #b74 ,! endosp]m1 :i* q e>ly =ms a p]iph]al lay] ar\nd ! entire embryo sac1 develops mo/ rapidly ab\t ! embryo1 :i* soon becomes ?or\ghly emb$d$ 9 x4 7,pl4 ,,iii1 figs4 #a & #b47 ,aft] ! embryo has us$ up ! endosp]m 9 ! micropyl> end & has enl>g$ s mu* z to occupy ne>ly all ( ! space 9 ?is region1 ! developm5t ( ! endosp]m becomes m active 9 ! *alazal end1 & :5 ! embryo is mature !re is v little endosp]m left4 ,! se$ coat beg9s to =m ab\t ! "t ( f]tilization1 al?\gh x app>5tly does n dep5d ^u x1 = 9 ovules :]e f]tilization is prev5t$ ! out] integum5t und]goes ! e>ly modifications 9 ! developm5t ( ! se$ coat be=e ! ovule breaks d[n4 ,! developm5t ( ! se$ coat is app>5t fir/ at ! micropyl> & *alazal ends1 :]e ! out] cells ( ! out] integum5t become mu* elongat$ & _! out] walls ?ick5 v soon aft] f]tilization4 ,! modifications 9 ! developm5t ( ! se$ coat ext5d ar\nd ! ovule f ^! po9ts1 involv+ at fir/ only ! out] or epid]mal lay] ( cells :i* =m ! malpighian lay]4 ,lat]1 ! cells j b5ea? ! malpighian lay] =m ! o/eoscl]id lay]4 ,accompany+ or closely foll[+ ! =mation ( ! o/eoscl]id cells1 ! rema9+ cell lay]s ( ! out] integum5t become modifi$ into ! nutritive & aleurone lay]1 & ! se$ coat is fully =m$4 ,meantime ! inn] integum5t is practically all us$ z food4 ,plate ,i4 ,illu/ration ,developm5t ( ! ,ovules & ,poll5 9 ,sweet ,clov]4 ,fig4 #a4--,section ?r\gh ! nucellus ( an ovule ( ,melilotus alba1 %[+ two megaspore "m cells4 #cfj4 ,fig4 #b4--,m$ian section ?r\gh an ovule ( ,melilotus alba1 %[+ ! two cells result+ f ! fir/ division ( ! megaspore "m cell1 & ! relative developm5t ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! ovule4 #cjj4 ,fig4 #c4--,section ?r\gh ! nucellus ( an ovule ( ,melilotus alba1 %[+ two embryo sacs1 "o be+ m advanc$ ?an ! o!r4 #cfj4 ,fig4 #d4--,protoplasm ( ! poll5 "m cell ( ,melilotus alba contract$ & ready to und]go division4 #efj4 ,fig4 #e4--,poll5 gra9s ( ,melilotus alba j =m$1 %[+ _! d5se cytoplasm & ! pres5ce ( ! "m-cell wall4 #efj4 ,fig4 #f4--;a1 ,mature poll5 gra9 ( ,melilotus alba1 %[+ ! b9ucleate condition at ! "t ( %$d+2 b1 surface view4 #efj4 ,plate ,,ii4 ,illu/ration ,fig4 #a4--,m$ian ,section ?r\gh an ,ovule ( ,melilotus alba4 ,! embryo sac is %[n ready = f]tilization4 ,! egg & syn]gids are 9 contact ) ! out] integum5t at ! micropyl> end4 ,! rema9s ( ! antipodals may be se5 at ! *alazal end4 #ahj4 ,illu/ration ,fig4 #b4--,section ?r\gh an ,ovule ( ,melilotus alba1 ab\t ,?ree ,days ,aft] ,f]tilization4 ,! proembryo1 ! endosp]m1 & modifications ( ! integum5ts are %[n4 ,at ?is /age ! susp5sor prom95t "p ( ! proembryo1 & ! endosp]m is mo/ abundant ar\nd ! embryo4 ,! inn] integum5t is be+ rapidly de/roy$1 & ! out] integum5t is beg9n+ to =m ! se$ coat1 z is indicat$ by ! modifications 9 ! out] lay] ( its cells1 :i* are elongat+ & ?ick5+ _! out] walls4 #cc4 ,plate ,,iii4 ,illu/ration ,fig4 #a4--,section ( an ,ovule ( ,melilotus alba aft] ,f]tilization4 ,! /age ( developm5t is a little lat] ?an t %[n 9 ,plate ,,ii1 figure #b4 ,! embryo is emb$d$ deeply 9 endosp]m tissue4 #de4 ,illu/ration ,fig4 #b4--,section ?r\gh an ,ovule ( ,melilotus alba aft] ! ,embryo is ,ne>ly ,half ,mature4 ,b little endosp]m rema9s except 9 ! *alazal end1 & v little rema9s ( ei!r ! nucellus or inn] integum5t4 ,! modifications :i* trans=m ! out] integum5t into a se$ coat are well "u way4 ,n only ! out] lay] ( cells :i* becomes ! ,malpighian lay] is q well modifi$1 b also ! lay] b5ea? is be+ trans=m$ into ! o/eoscl]id lay]4 #cj4 ,plate ,,iv4 ,illu/ration ,/ubble ( ,melilotus alba4 ,^! plants1 :i* 7 cut #ab in*es above ! gr\nd dur+ ra9y wea!r1 _h made a #dj to #db in* gr[?4 ,! /ubble became infect$ at ! top & ! light-color$ portions ( !m 7 kill$ by disease1 ?us *eck+ ! wat] supply to ! gr[+ bran*es above ! infection4 ,,mature ,,poll5 ,,( ,,sweet ,,clov]4 ,! poll5 gra9s ( ,melilotus alba & ( ,m4 (fic9alis are q simil>4 ,ea* gra9 conta9s ?ree g]m pores1 & :5 view$ s t ! pores are visible !y pres5t a slightly angl$ appe>ance4 ,! av]age dim5sions ( ! poll5 ( ,melilotus alba & ( ,m4 (fic9alis are #bf by #cb microns & #bd by #cj microns1 respectively1 :5 measur$ 9 ! positions %[n 9 b 9 ,plate ,i1 figure #f4 ,! walls ( ! poll5 gra9s h cut9 deposit$ 9 !m1 z %[n by _! reactions ) ,sudan ,,iii1 alkan91 safran91 & *loriodid ( z9c4 ,! cont5ts ( ! poll5 gra9s give a di/9ct reaction :5 te/$ = fat1 & ,millon's reag5t %[s t also "s prote9 is pres5t4 ,te/s = sug>s & />* %[$ t ^! sub/ances are n pres5t 9 p]ceptible quantities 9 mature poll5 gra9s1 al?\gh "s />* is pres5t 9 immature poll54 ,,g]m9ation ,,( ,,! ,,poll54 ,! g]m9ation ( ! poll5 ( ,melilotus alba p]mits consid]able v>iation 9 moi/ure1 z is illu/rat$ 9 ,table ,i4 ,table ,i4--,g]m9ation ( ! poll5 ( ,melilotus alba 9 wat] & 9 solutions ( cane sug> ( diff]5t /r5g?s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,cane sug> 9 solution 7p] c5t74 ,pure -------------------------------- ,melilotus alba4 wat]4 #h #ab #ah #bd #cj #ce #de #ee ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,g]m9ation ( poll5 #cc #bc #fd #df #fj #df #ca #bb #j p] c5t ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,! results giv5 9 ,table ,i repres5t ! av]age ( #ab te/s4 ,"s ( ! poll5 gra9s bur/ 9 pure wat] & 9 ! weak cane sug> solutions1 ! p]c5tage ( bur/+ be+ greate/ 9 pure wat] & decreas+ z ! p]c5tage ( sug> 9 ! solution 0 increas$4 ,!re 0 consid]able v>iation 9 ! p]c5tages ( g]m9ation 9 bo? wat] & 9 ! solutions ( diff]5t /r5g?s1 & at times !re 0 v little bur/+ :i* 0 n accompani$ by a high p]c5tage ( g]m9ation4 ,! poll5 tubes grew z rapidly 9 wat] z 9 any ( ! sug> solutions1 "s rea*+ a l5g? ( #ajj microns 9 six h\rs4 ,z ! poll5 tubes made no m gr[? 9 ! solutions ( sug> ?an 9 wat]1 x is evid5t t ! sug> is n us$ z food1 b helps 9 g]m9ation by r$uc+ ! rate at :i* wat] is absorb$4 ,to judge f ,table ,i1 ! poll5 ( sweet clov] c be effective n only "u ord9>y conditions b also :5 ! fl[]s are wet ) ra9 or dew or :5 ! /igma is s dry t 9 ord] to obta9 wat] f ! papill ! poll5 mu/ ov]come a high resi/ance (f]$ by ! sap ( ! papill1 a resi/ance t may be equal to ! osmotic pressure ( a #de p] c5t solution ( cane sug>4 ,?is is 9 accord ) results obta9$ "u field conditions2 z fl[]s t 7 poll9at$ :ile ra9 0 fall+ set se$ satisfactorily1 indicat+ t a high p]c5tage ( humidity 9 ! atmosph]e does n *eck ! g]m9ation ( ! poll5 suffici5tly to int]f]e ) f]tilization4 ,nei!r 0 ! sett+ ( se$ affect$ :5 ! soil ab\t ! roots ( plants 0 kept saturat$ ) wat]1 %[+ t ! excessive quantity ( wat] 9 ! /igmas result+ f an abundance ( wat] 9 ! soil did n int]f]e ) ! f]tilization ( ! fl[]s4 ,no def9ite c\nts 7 made ( ! g]m9ation ( ! poll5 ( ,melilotus (fic9alis 9 ! solutions ( cane sug> ( diff]5t /r5g?s1 b obs]vations %[ t ! moi/ure requirem5t ( ! poll5 ( ?is species is approximately ! same z t ( ,melilotus alba4 ,,cross-,,poll9ation ,,& ,,self-,,poll9ation ,,( ,,sweet ,,clov]4 ,results publi%$ by previ\s inve/igators on ! cross-poll9ation & self-poll9ation ( sweet clov] d n agree4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,d>w9 7#d7 %[ t ! fl[]s are self-poll9at$ to only a small ext5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,kir*n] 7#ah7 & ,k]n] 7#ag7 f9d t self-poll9ation occurs g5]ally & t cross-poll9ation is n necess>y = ! production ( se$4 ,h[ev]1 all inve/igators agree t _m diff]5t k9ds ( insects are able to poll9ate sweet clov]4 ,because ( ! div]se op9ions z to ! poll9ation ( sweet clov]1 a numb] ( exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ to det]m9e 7#a7 :e!r insect visitation 0 necess>y to poll9ate ! fl[]s1 7#b7 if necess>y1 :e!r ! fl[]s mu/ be cross-poll9at$1 & 7#c7 :at insects are active ag5ts z poll9ators ( sweet clov]4 ,,artificial ,,manipulation ,,( ,,sweet-,,clov] ,,fl[]s4#b #b ,! writ]s wi% to ackn[l$ge _! indebt$ness to ,mr4 ,c>l ,kurtzweil = assi/ance 9 conduct+ "p ( ! field exp]im5ts at ,ames4 ,exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ to det]m9e1 if possible1 ! effect ( v>i\s types ( artificial manipulation ( sweet-clov] fl[]s :5 9 full bloom on ! production ( se$4 ,only heal?y1 vigor\s plants gr[+ on well-dra9$ soil 7 select$ = ^! exp]im5ts4 ,be=e any ( ! fl[]s 7 op51 ! individual racemes 7 cov]$ ) t>latan & label$4 7,fig4 #e47 ,z soon z "p ( ! fl[]s op5$1 ! racemes 7 uncov]$ & aft] remov+ all fl[]s t 7 n op5 ! op5 fl[]s 7 poll9at$ & ! racemes re-cov]$4 ,if ! fl[]s ( sweet clov] are n f]tiliz$ !y w rema9 op5 = two to ?ree days1 !n )]1 & 9 a %ort "t drop4 ,b aft] be+ f]tiliz$ ! ovules enl>ge v rapidly1 & ! corollas usually drop 9 ab\t sev5 or eight days4 ,!re=e1 all f]tiliz$ fl[]s c be di/+ui%$ a few days aft] f]tilization has tak5 place4 ,c\nts 7 made ( ! numb] ( pods :i* =m$ 9 #aj to #ab days aft] poll9ation4 ,an outl9e ( ! exp]im5ts is giv5 9 ,table ,,ii4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,individual racemes ( :ite sweet clov] cov]$ ) *eeseclo? to protect !m f insect visitation4 ,table ,,ii4--,treatm5t ( sweet-clov] fl[]s 9 ! artificial-manipulation exp]im5ts4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,exp]im5t4 ,me?od ( poll9at+ ! fl[]s4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,a ,*eck--cov]$4 ,b ,*eck--op5 to insect visitation at all times4 ,c ,a sep>ate too?pick 0 us$ to spr+ ! keel ( ea* fl[] on ! raceme4 ,d ,"o too?pick 0 us$ to spr+ ! keels ( all ! fl[]s on a raceme4 ,e ,cross-poll9at$4 ,f ,raceme roll$ sev]al times betwe5 ?umb & f+]4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,z insects1 & especially honeybees1 usually visit all rec5tly op5$ fl[]s on a raceme1 exp]im5ts ,c & ,d 7 conduct$ to det]m9e :e!r m se$ w\ld be produc$ :5 poll5 f o!r fl[]s on ! same raceme 0 plac$ on ! /igmas ( ! fl[]s ?an :5 only ! poll5 produc$ by ea* fl[] 0 plac$ on its own /igma4 ,! effect ( poll9ation :5 only ! poll5 produc$ by an individual fl[] 0 plac$ on its own /igmas 0 also obta9$ 9 exp]im5t ,f1 z by ?is me?od ( poll9ation no poll5 0 transf]r$ f "o fl[] to ano!r4 ,x c n be /at$ def9itely t ! se$ produc$ by ! cross-poll9at$ fl[]s 0 ! result ( f]tilization ) =eign poll51 z ! an!rs 7 n remov$ f ! fl[]s poll9at$ because x w\ld be necess>y to remove ! an!rs :5 ! fl[]s 7 n m ?an two-?irds mature1 & 9 do+ ?is ! fl[]s w\ld be s mutilat$ t only occasionally w\ld poll9ation at ?is "t or at a lat] date be effective4 ,! fl[]s li/$ 9 exp]im5t ,e 7 poll9at$ a %ort "t be=e !y op5$1 & 9 ea* case poll5 tak5 f fl[]s ( o!r plants 0 plac$ on ! /igmas4 ,! petals ( ! cross-poll9at$ fl[]s 7 n mutilat$1 & 9 ea* case !y return$ to _! orig9al positions soon aft] poll9ation4 ,! results obta9$ 9 exp]im5t ,b1 :]e ! racemes 7 simply label$ & left op5 to ! action ( insects at all times1 s]ve = comp>ison ) o!r exp]im5ts :]e ! fl[]s 7 protect$ f insect visitation & 7 artificially manipulat$4 ,m>t9 7#be7 f\nd ! sett+ ( alfalfa se$ & ,we/gate 7#dj7 f\nd ! sett+ ( r$-clov] se$ to be affect$ by an excessive quantity ( moi/ure 9 ! soil or atmosph]e4 ,9 ord] to ov]come ! possible effect ( ?is or ( o!r detrim5tal factors1 9 ea* exp]im5t only ! fl[]s on a c]ta9 numb] ( racemes 7 poll9at$ at "o "t4 ,all ( ! exp]im5ts 7 repeat$ a numb] ( times dur+ ! mon?s ( ,july & ,augu/1 #aiaf1 & ! results giv5 9 ,table ,,iii %[ ! total numb] ( fl[]s poll9at$ & ! numb] ( pods t =m$ dur+ ! two mon?s4 ,! results pres5t$ 9 ,table ,,iii %[ t fl[]s f]tiliz$ ) poll5 transf]r$ f ano!r plant produc$ a high] p]c5tage ( pods ?an any ( ! o!r treatm5ts4 ,! results obta9$ 9 exp]im5t ,d1 :]e ! same too?pick 0 us$ to spr+ ! keels ( all ! fl[]s on a raceme1 %[ t ?is me?od ( poll9ation produc$ an av]age ( #g4bd pods p] raceme m ?an ! racemes 9 exp]im5t ,c4 :]e a sep>ate too?pick 0 us$ = ea* fl[]4 ,^! results indicate t poll5 transf]r$ f "o fl[] to ano!r on ! same raceme is m effective ?an :5 ! poll5 produc$ by an individual fl[] is us$ to f]tilize its own /igma4 ,h[ev]1 ! results ( exp]im5t ,c prove t self-poll9ation is effective 9 ,melilotus alba4 ,9 exp]im5t ,b4 :i* 0 ! op5 *eck1 #d4c p] c5t m fl[]s set se$ ?an on ! racemes :]e ! same too?pick 0 us$ to spr+ all ! keels1 b #aa4eg p] c5t m se$ 0 obta9$ ?an 9 exp]im5t ,c4 ,spontane\s self-poll9ation occurs to only a v small ext5t1 z w be se5 f ! results ( exp]im5t ,a1 9 :i* an av]age ( only #b4i p] c5t ( ! fl[]s set se$4 ,table ,,iii4--,effect ( diff]5t types ( artificial manipulation on ! se$ production ( sweet clov] at ,arl+ton1 ,va41 & at ,ames1 ,i[a1 9 #aiaf4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,total numb] (-- ,fl[]s t set se$ 7p] c5t74 ,exp]i---------------------------------- ---------- ,location4 m5t4 ,racemes4,fl[]s4,pods set4 ,at ea* /ation4 ,av]age4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,arl+ton ,a #di #c1eaj #add #d4a #b4i ,ames ,a #hd #d1ecf #ib #b4j ,arl+ton ,b #ajj #e1eii #c1igc #gj4ie #ff4ea ,ames ,b #aif #a1bgf #fjj #dg4jb ,arl+ton ,c #ej #a1bbi #gja #eg4jc #ed4id ,ames ,c #ge #bhi #acc #df4jb ,arl+ton ,d #ej #a1dhj #icf #fc4bd #fb4ah ,ames ,d #hh #ege #cdb #ei4dg ,arl+ton ,e #ca #cgg #cjg #ha4dc #gj4aj ,ames ,e #dh #age #hj #de4ga ,arl+ton ,f #cj #icc #ebd #ef4af 444444444 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,se$ ,,production ,,( ,,melilotus ,,alba ,,"u ,,ord9>y ,,field ,,conditions4 ,! production ( se$ ( ,melilotus alba "u ord9>y field conditions v>ies consid]ably1 n only 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry b also on diff]5t fields 9 ! same region4 ,a numb] ( factors contribute to ?is v>iation1 "o ( ! mo/ important ( :i* appe>s to be ! inability ( ! plant to supply all ! develop+ se$ ) suffici5t moi/ure1 caus+ "s ( !m to abort4 ,z po9t$ out on page #bb ?is condition 0 v m>k$ 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! c\ntry 9 #aiaf4 ,h[ev]1 poor se$ production is n always correlat$ ) lack ( moi/ure1 = ! se$ crop 0 a failure 9 #aiae1 :]e cl\dy & ra9y wea!r prevail$ mu* ( ! "t ! plants 7 9 bloom4 ,x is believ$ t ! lack ( poll9ation by insects 0 ! pr9cipal cause = ! failure ( se$ to set1 z v few insects visit sweet-clov] fl[]s :5 su* conditions prevail4 ,z sweet-clov] poll5 w g]m9ate 9 pure wat] & z plants :i* h _! roots subm]g$ 9 wat] set se$ abundantly :5 poll9at$1 ! failure ( ! se$ crop 9 #aiae 0 n due to excessive moi/ure4 ,z a rule1 ?9 /&s ( sweet clov] produce m se$ to ! acre ?an ?ick /&s & isolat$ plants m se$ ?an ^? gr[+ 9 ei!r a ?ick or ?9 /&4 ,! correlation ( se$ production ) ! ?ickness ( /& is probably due to ! %ad+ & p>tial prev5tion ( insect visitation to "p ( ! racemes on ! l[] bran*es4 ,mo/ ( ! fl[]s ^u ! l[] bran*es ( isolat$ plants are directly expos$ to sunlight & to insect visits3 !re=e ! racemes on ^! bran*es produce z l>ge a p]c5tage ( se$ z ! racemes on ! upp] bran*es4 ,9 a ?ick /&1 little se$ is produc$ by racemes on ! l[] bran*es4 ,a plant approximately #c feet high gr[+ close to ! c5t] ( a field at ,arl+ton4 ,va41 9 :i* 0 an av]age /& ( f\r sweet-clov] plants to ! squ>e foot 0 select$ 9 ord] to det]m9e ! numb] ( racemes produc$ & ! av]age numb] ( se$s to ! raceme4 ,?is plant produc$ #aif racemes1 :i* conta9$ an av]age ( #bj4d pods ea*4 ,! racemes v>i$ f #b to #aj cm4 9 l5g?1 & ! numb] ( pods to ! raceme rang$ f to #ge4 ,! racemes on ! upp] & mo/ expos$ portions ( ! plants 7 l>g] & ! fl[]s produc$ a mu* high] p]c5tage ( pods ?an ! racemes close to ! bases ( ! l>g] bran*es4 ,_m ( ! small racemes on ! l[] bran*es produc$ less ?an five pods ea*4 ,! data obta9$ f ! two plants at ,arl+ton t 7 protect$ f night-fly+ insects may also be cit$ "h1 z ! results ( t exp]im5t %[ t night-fly+ insects are n an important factor 9 ! production ( sweet-clov] se$1 &1 fur!r4 because !y 7 gr[+ "u ! same conditions1 9 ! same plat1 & 7 approximately ( ! same size4 ,^! two plants produc$ a total ( #edd racemes1 ) an av]age ( #bj4i pods ea*4 ,! numb] ( pods to ! raceme v>i$ f to #hf4 ,,effici5cy ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,k9ds ,,( ,,insects ,,z ,,poll9ators ,,( ,,sweet ,,clov]4 ,9 ord] fur!r to te/ ! self-/]ility ( sweet clov] & to det]m9e ! relative effici5cy ( night-fly+ & ( diff]5t k9ds ( day-fly+ insects z poll9ators ( ! fl[]s1 a numb] ( cages cov]$ ) *eeseclo?1 glass1 or wire scre5 hav+ #ad me%es to ! l9e> in* 7 plac$ ov] plants at ,arl+ton4 ,va41 & at ,ames4 ,i[a1 9 ,july & ,augu/4 #aiaf4 ,! bases ( ! cages 7 buri$ sev]al in*es 9 ! gr\nd1 s t insects c\ld n pass "u !m4 ,*eeseclo? 0 us$ to cov] mo/ ( ! cages & 0 made into sacks ( su* a size t !y c\ld be put on or remov$ f ! frames ( ! cages )\t difficulty4 ,x 0 /ret*$ tightly ov] ! frames & fa/5$ to _! bases ) la?s4 ,a cage hav+ two sides & ! top ( glass b ) ends cov]$ ) *eeseclo? to p]mit v5tilation 0 us$ at ,ames to protect a numb] ( plants f insect visitation at all times4 ,! purpose ( ?is cage 0 to det]m9e :e!r ! p>tial %ad+ ( ! plants 9 ! cages cov]$ ) *eeseclo? w\ld h any effect ^u ! sett+ ( se$4 ,! cage cov]$ ) wire nett+ hav+ #ad me%es to ! l9e> in* 0 us$ to det]m9e ! effici5cy z poll9ators ( sweet clov] ( insects s small t !y c\ld pass ?r\gh op5+s ( ?is size4 ,! plants us$ 9 ! exp]im5ts at ,arl+ton 7 gr[+ close to ! c5t] ( a field ( sweet clov]4 ,volunte] plants 9 a field t conta9$ only a scatt]+ /& 7 us$ at ,ames4 ,! cages 7 plac$ ov] ! plants 9 all ( ^! exp]im5ts be=e any ( ! fl[]s op5$1 & ! "w 0 cont9u$ until !y 7 ?r\gh bloom+4 ,,plants ,,subject ,,to ,,insect ,,visitation ,,at ,,all ,,times4 ,a plant subject to insect visits at all times & gr[+ 9 ! same plat z ^? inclos$ 9 ! cages at ,arl+ton 0 select$ z a *eck to ^? inclos$ 9 ! cages dur+ _! entire fl[]+ p]iod or = only a portion ( x4 ,?is plant1 :i* 0 9 bloom at ! same "t z ^? inclos$ 9 ! cages1 produc$ #aif racemes ) an av]age ( #bj4d pods ea*4 ,z all ( ! racemes 7 collect$ & z ^? on ! l[] portions ( ! plant 7 small] ?an ^? on ! upp] bran*es1 ! av]age numb] ( se$s p] raceme is mu* l[] ?an x w\ld h be5 if only ! l>g] racemes _h be5 collect$4 ,an isolat$ plant t 0 subject to insect visits at all times 0 select$ = a *eck to ! cage "w conduct$ at ,ames4 ,?is 0 necess>y 9 ord] to get results t w\ld be comp>able ) ^? obta9$ f ! plants inclos$ 9 ! cages1 z ! cage exp]im5ts at ,ames 7 conduct$ ) isolat$ plants4 ,! plant produc$ #bci racemes1 ) an av]age ( #da4f pods4 ,,plants ,,protect$ ,,f ,,insect ,,visitation ,,dur+ ,,_! ,,entire ,,fl[]+ ,,p]iod4 ,on ,july #c1 #aiaf1 a cage #c feet squ>e & #c feet high1 cov]$ ) *eeseclo?1 0 plac$ ov] ?ree sweet-clov] plants at ,arl+ton4 7,fig4 #f47 ,?is cage 0 n op5$ until ,augu/ #c1 :5 practically all ( ! racemes _h pass$ ! fl[]+ /age & ! few se$s t =m$ on "s ( !m 7 practically mature4 ,! ?ree plants inclos$ 9 ! cage produc$ #ijd racemes1 ) an av]age ( #j4fc pod ea*4 ,no pods 7 produc$ on #eid racemes1 :ile #aej produc$ b "o ea*4 ,none ( ! racemes produc$ m ?an five pods4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 duplicat$ at ,ames 9 ,augu/1 #aiaf1 ) ! result t ! ?ree protect$ plants produc$ a total ( #ggf racemes1 ) an av]age ( #j4ai pod ea*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--;,cage cov]$ ) *eeseclo? to protect plants f insect visitation4 ,! plants inclos$ at ,arl+ton produc$ #j4dd pod to ! raceme m ?an ! plants inclos$ at ,ames1 & ! av]age = ! six plants at ,arl+ton & at ,ames is only #j4db pod to ! raceme4 ,results giv5 bel[ = n9e plants inclos$ 9 ! glass-cov]$ cage %[ t ! pods produc$ p] raceme by diff]5t plants v>i$ f #j4a to #j4de1 :i* is slightly less ?an ! v>iation 9 ! two cages cov]$ ) *eese-clo?4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r ! %ad+ ( ! plants 9 ! *eeseclo?-cov]$ cages _h caus$ ! production ( se$ to be r$uc$1 a cage #d feet wide1 #d feet high1 & #aj feet long1 hav+ glass sides & top1 b ) ends cov]$ ) *eeseclo? to p]mit v5tilation1 0 plac$ ov] n9e plants at ,ames 9 ,augu/1 #aiaf4 ,! results obta9$ 9 ?is exp]im5t are pres5t$ 9 ,table ,,iv4 ,table ,,iv4--,production ( sweet-clov] se$ by plants protect$ f insect visitation dur+ _! entire fl[]+ p]iod at ,ames1 ,i[a1 9 #aiaf4 ,racemes ,pods produc$ ,av]age numb] ( ,plant4 p] plant4 by all racemes4 pods to ! raceme4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,no4 #a #hd #ag #j4bj ,no4 #b #acj #eh 4#dd ,no4 #c #aff #cj 4#ah ,no4 #d #aii #hh 4#dd ,no4 #e #bdc #ce 4#bg ,no4 #f #aca #cf 4#bg ,no4 #g #aai #ac 4#aj ,no4 #h #ahb #hc 4#de ,no4 #i #cdj #adb 4#da ---------------------------------------- ------- ,total #a1eid #eib 4444444 ,av]age 4#ca ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,! results giv5 9 ,table ,,iv %[ t an av]age ( #j4ca ( a pod to ! raceme 0 obta9$ f #a1eid racemes & t ! v>iation 9 se$ production ( ! diff]5t plants 0 f #j4a to #j4de to ! raceme4 ,! av]age se$ production = ! n9e plants is #j4aa se$ to ! raceme less ?an ! av]age results obta9$ f ! six plants t 7 cov]$ ) *eeseclo?4 ,z ?is diff]5ce is well )9 ! limit ( v>iation = individual plants1 x may be /at$ t ! %ad+ ( ! plants 9 ! *eeseclo?-cov]$ cages did n r$uce ! production ( se$4 ,! results ( ?is exp]im5t %[ t spontane\s self-poll9ation does n occur regul>ly1 z /at$ by ,kir*n]4 ,,fl[]s ,,poll9at$ ,,only ,,by ,,night-,,fly+ ,,insects4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! importance ( night-fly+ insects z poll9ators1 two *eeseclo?-cov]$ cages #c feet squ>e & #c feet high 7 plac$ ov] sweet-clov] plants at ,arl+ton on ,july #aj1 #aiaf4 ,! cov]s ( ! cages 7 remov$ ea* ev5+ at #g3cj & replac$ ea* morn+ at #d3cj o'clock4 ,practically all ! fl[]s on ^! plants _h bloom$ by ,augu/ #b1 & ! se$ produc$ 0 ne>ly mature4 ,! few racemes t conta9$ op5$ fl[]s or buds 7 disc>d$4 ,! ?ree plants 9 "o cage produc$ #gbc racemes1 ) an av]age ( #c4gf pods ea*1 :ile ! "o plant 9 ! o!r cage produc$ #bbg racemes1 ) an av]age ( #c4eh pods to ! raceme4 ,! f\r plants1 !re=e1 produc$ a total ( #iej racemes1 ) an av]age ( #c4ga pods ea*4 ,! only night-fly+ insect f\nd work+ on sweet clov] :ile ^! plants 7 9 bloom 0 ,diacrisia virg9ica ,fabr4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 duplicat$ at ,ames 9 ,augu/1 #aiaf1 ) ! result t "o plant subject to visitation only by night-fly+ insects produc$ #dhf racemes1 ) an av]age ( #af4e pods ea*4 ,! results obta9$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts %[ t night-fly+ insects 7 mu* m active 9 poll9at+ sweet clov] at ,ames ?an at ,arl+ton4 ,h[ev]1 z ! results obta9$ f ! plants subject to visitation by day-fly+ insects only 7 practically ! same z ^? obta9$ f plants :i* 7 subject to insect visitation at all times1 x is conclud$ t night-fly+ insects 7 n a factor 9 ! poll9ation ( sweet clov] at ,arl+ton or at ,ames 9 #aiaf4 ,,fl[]s ,,poll9at$ ,,only ,,by ,,day-,,fly+ ,,insects4 ,a *eeseclo?-cov]$ cage1 #c feet squ>e & #c feet high1 0 plac$ on ,july #g1 #aiaf1 ov] two sweet-clov] plants at ,arl+ton1 be=e any ( ! fl[]s op5$4 ,z ! cov] ( ?is cage 0 remov$ at #g4cj a4 m4 & replac$ at #d4cj p4 m4 ea* day dur+ ! exp]im5t1 ! plants 7 subject to visitation by day-fly+ insects only4 ,z soon z all ( ! fl[]s on mo/ ( ! racemes _h bloom$1 & be=e any mature pods %att]$1 ! racemes 7 remov$ f ! plants & ! pods produc$ by ea* raceme c\nt$4 ,! two plants produc$ a total ( #edd racemes1 ) an av]age ( #bj4i pods ea*4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 also conduct$ at ,ames4 ,"o plant 0 protect$ f insect visitation at night 9 ,augu/1 #aiaf1 ) ! result t x produc$ #dah racemes1 ) an av]age ( #da4aa pods ea*4 ,,plants ,,protect$ ,,f ,,all ,,insects ,,t ,,c\ld ,,n ,,pass ,,?r\gh ,a ,,wire ,,scre5 ,,hav+ #ad ,,me%es ,,to ,,! ,,l9e> ,,in*4 ,x is well kn[n t _m small insects1 & especially ^? belong+ to ! family ,syrphid & to ! g5us ,halictus1 frequ5t sweet-clov] fl[]s1 b no records h be5 not$ t %[ h[ important ^! insects are z poll9ators ( ?is plant4 ,9 ord] to obta9 data on ?is subject a cage #ab feet squ>e & #f feet high1 made ( wire scre5 hav+ #ad me%es to ! l9e> in*1 0 plac$ ov] a few plants at ,ames1 9 ,july1 #aiaf1 be=e !y began to bloom4 ,! base ( ! cage 0 buri$ sev]al in*es 9 ! soil1 s t no insects c\ld get into x4 ,z ^! plants 7 gr[+ 9 a field :]e !re 0 a suffici5t supply ( moi/ure at all times1 !y made a gr[? ( #e to #f feet4 ,= ?is reason all ! racemes 7 collect$ f only a portion ( "o ( ! plants in/ead ( f ! entire plant1 z 0 done ) ! small] ones inclos$ 9 ! *eeseclo?-cov]$ cages4 ,! bran*es select$ conta9$ #bbd racemes1 ) an av]age ( #bd4ec pods ea*4 ,_m insects t 7 able to pass ?r\gh ! wire nett+ 7 obs]v$ work+ on ! fl[]s ( ! inclos$ plants4 ,a *eck plant1 subject to visitation by all insects & gr[+ )9 a few y>ds ( ! cage1 conta9$ #bfd racemes1 ) an av]age ( #bh4bc pods ea*4 ,?is exp]im5t %[s t small insects are effici5t poll9ators ( sweet clov] & t ! plant to :i* all insects _h access produc$ an av]age ( only #c4g pods to ! raceme m ?an ! "o inclos$ 9 ! cage4 ,z ^! plants 7 gr[+ close to a /rip ( timb] & "s di/ance f a field ( sweet clov]1 x is probable t m small insects work$ on ! fl[]s ?an w\ld h be5 ! case if ! cage _h be5 locat$ 9 ! c5t] ( a field ( sweet clov]4 ,?\gh ^! results %[ t small insects are able to poll9ate sweet-clov] fl[]s freely1 x is v d\btful :e!r insects ( ?is k9d w\ld be num]\s en\gh to poll9ate suffici5t fl[]s 9 a l>ge field ( sweet clov] = pr(itable se$ production4 ,! honeybee is ! mo/ effici5t poll9ator ( ?is plant1 & x is believ$ t 9 _m sections x is responsible = ! poll9ation ( m ?an half ( ! fl[]s4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,insect-,,poll9ation ,,/udies4 ,! data secur$ 9 ! diff]5t exp]im5ts :]e sweet-clov] fl[]s 7 subject to insect visitation at "o "t or ano!r are pres5t$ 9 detail 9 ,table ,v4 ,table ,v4--,summ>y ( ! insect poll9ation /udies conduct$ at ,arl+ton1 ,va41 & ,ames1 ,i[a1 9 #aiaf4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,numb] (-- ,numb] -------------------------- ,location4 ( ,me?od ( treatm5t4 ,racemes4 ,pods ,pods p] plants4 produc$4 raceme1 av]age4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,arl+ton4 #a ,*eck--subject to insect #aif #d1jac #bj4dg visitation at all times4 ,ames4 #a d4 #bci #i1idc #da4fj ,arl+ton4 #c ,protect$ f all #ijd #egg 4#fc insects4 ,ames4 #ab d4 #b1cgj #fec 4#bg ,arl+ton4 #c ,visit$ by night-fly+ #gbc #b1gbj #c4gf insects only 7cage #a74 ,d4 #a ,visit$ by night-fly+ #bbg #aeb 4#fg insects only 7cage #b74 ,ames4 #a ,visit$ by night-fly+ #dhf #h1jbd #af4ea insects only4 ,arl+ton4 #b ,visit$ by day-fly+ #edd #aa1cig #bj4ie insects only4 ,ames4 #a d4 #dah #ag1ahf #da4aa ,d4 #i ,protect$ f all #a1eid #ejb 4#ca insects4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,! results 9 ,table ,v %[ t an av]age ( #j4cg pod to ! raceme 0 obta9$ f ! plants protect$ f visitation by all insects dur+ ! fl[]+ p]iod4 ,z ! racemes ( ,melilotus alba w av]age approximately #ej fl[]s ea*1 less ?an #a p] c5t ( !m set se$ )\t be+ poll9at$ by insects4 ,! results obta9$ 9 ! cages 9 :i* only night-fly+ insects _h access to ! fl[]s %[ t ^! insects poll9ate sweet clov] to a slight ext5t1 b t ! numb] ( pods produc$ by !m is s few t x may be assum$ t ^! fl[]s w\ld h be5 poll9at$ by day-fly+ insects4 ,?is assumption is borne out by ! results obta9$ 9 ! cages :]e only day-fly+ insects _h access to ! fl[]s1 z ! results obta9$ 9 ^! cages at ,arl+ton & ,ames1 respectively1 are approximately ! same z ^? obta9$ on ! plants subject to insect visitation at all times4 ,x w be not$ t ! yield ( se$ on ! plants visit$ by insects at ,ames is mu* high] ?an t ( ! plants subject$ to insect visits dur+ ! same p]iod at ,arl+ton4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 se$ yield may be attribut$ to ! fact t isolat$ plants 7 us$ 9 ! exp]im5ts at ,ames1 & at ,arl+ton ! exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ ) plants gr[+ "u field conditions4 ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,fl[]s ,,on ,,melilotus ,,alba ,,plants ,,to ,,se$ ,,production4 ,obs]vations ( sweet-clov] plants gr[n "u cultivation1 & especially :5 ! /&s 7 ?ick1 %[$ t ! fl[]s ( ! racemes on ! upp] & expos$ bran*es produc$ a l>g] p]c5tage ( se$ ?an ^? on ! l[] bran*es :i* 7 less expos$4 ,x is ?\ght by "s t ! failure ( ! fl[]s on ! l[] racemes to be f]tiliz$ is due to %ad+2 b ! results obta9$ 9 ! *eeseclo? & glass cov]$ cages d n w>rant ?is belief1 z x is d\btful :e!r ! %ad+ ( ! fl[]s on ! l[] racemes is m ?an t caus$ by ! *eeseclo?4 ,x is probably ! lack ( poll9ation t causes ?is decrease 9 se$ production on ! l[] bran*es ( plants gr[+ close toge!r1 z a va/ numb] ( fl[]s op5 ea* day on portions ( ! plants :i* are expos$ directly to visitation by insects & are !re=e m accessible to !m4 ,9 ord] to obta9 in=mation ^u ! numb] ( fl[]s t produce se$ on ! upp] & l[] portions1 respectively1 ( sweet-clov] plants :5 gr[n "u field conditions & :]e ! /& conta9$ f\r to five plants to ! squ>e foot1 a numb] ( racemes 7 label$ on diff]5t portions ( ! plants at ,ames 9 #aiae & #aiaf4 ,:5 ! pods 7 p>tly mature1 records 7 made ( ! numb] ( fl[]s t produc$ pods4 ,! results obta9$ are giv5 9 ,table ,,vi4 ,table ,,vi4--,relation ( ! position ( sweet-clov] fl[]s on ! plants to se$ production1 at ,ames1 ,i[a1 9 #aiae & #aiaf4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,pods =m$4 ,numb] (---------------------------- ,ye>4,position ( ! fl[]s4 fl[]s4 ,numb]4 ,p]c5tage4 ,av]age4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #aiae ,upp] half ( plants #hab #ceg #dc4i #aiaf d #bfa #aja #ch4g #db4f #aiae ,l[] half ( plants #cdd #dd #ab4g #aiaf d #baf #ei #bg4c #ah4c ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,! fl[]s on ! upp] racemes ( ! plants produc$ #ca4b p] c5t m pods ?an ^? on ! l[] racemes 9 #aiae4 & #aa4d p] c5t m 9 #aiaf4 ,^! results prove t insects m frequ5tly visit ! fl[]s t are directly expos$ & are !re=e m accessible4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,wea!r ,,at ,,blossom+ ,,"t ,,^u ,,se$ ,,production4 ,! se$ production ( sweet clov] is seldom satisfactory :5 ra9y or muggy wea!r prevails dur+ ! fl[]+ p]iod4 ,9 ord] to obta9 data z to ! relation exi/+ betwe5 ! visits ( insects & ! prevail+ wea!r conditions1 a record ( insect visits & ( ! numb] ( fl[]s t op5$ ea* day 0 kept = a p]iod ( n9e days at ,ames 9 ,augu/1 #aiae4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t ! racemes 7 m>k$ e>ly ea* morn+ j above ! la/ fl[]s :i* _h op5$ ! previ\s day1 & e>ly ! foll[+ morn+ ! numb] ( fl[]s :i* _h op5$ ! previ\s day 0 not$4 ,! numb] ( fl[]s t 7 poll9at$ 0 det]m9$ by ! numb] ( pods t =m$4 ,table ,,vii gives 9 detail ! results obta9$4 ,table ,,vii4--,influ5ce ( ! wea!r at blossom+ "t ^u ! yield ( sweet -clov] se$1 at ,ames4 ,i[a1 9 #aiae4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,numb] ( ,p]c5tage ,date1 ,wea!r conditions4 ,insect fl[]s ,pods ( fl[]s #aiae4 visitors4 t =m$4 t op5$4 matur$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,aug4 #af;,cl\dy & %[]y ,v few #ajb #ah #ag4f ,aug4 #ag,ra9 all day ,none #fi #d #e4g ,aug4 #ah;,cl\dy mo/ ( ! day ,v few #fj #bj #cc4c ,aug4 #ai;,cle> & cool ,num]\s #id #ec #ef4c ,aug4 #bj,mo/ly cle> & w>m d #fa #ch #fb4b ,aug4 #ba;,cle> & w>m d #ha #dd #ed4c ,aug4 #bb,p>tly cl\dy & w>m ,aug4 #bc d d #aha #ajj #ee4b ,aug4 #bd;,cl\dy till mid-aft]noon ,few #cg #ab #cb4d ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,! data giv5 9 ,table ,,vii %[ t ! p]c5tage ( effective poll9ation is mu* high] 9 cle> wea!r1 :5 insects are active1 ?an 9 cl\dy or ra9y wea!r1 :5 b few insects visit ! fl[]s4 ,,insect ,,poll9ators ,,( ,,sweet ,,clov]4 ,on acc\nt ( ! ease ) :i* ! heavy fl[ ( nect> ( sweet-clov] fl[]s may be obta9$ _m insects visit ! fl[]s1 !reby poll9at+ !m4 ,:ile ! useful insect visitors ( fl[]s ( r$ clov] are limit$ to a few species ( ,hym5opt]a1 ^? poll9at+ sweet-clov] blossoms are _m & belong to su* ord]s z ,coleopt]a1 ,lepidopt]a1 & ,dipt]a1 z well z to ! ,hym5opt]a4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! honeybee is ! mo/ important poll9ator ( sweet clov]4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry ! diff]5t species ( ,halictus1 commonly kn[n z sweat bees1 rank next 9 importance4 ,! m>g9$ soldi] beetles 7,*auliogna?us m>g9atus ,fabr47 7 v active poll9ators at ,arl+ton1 ,va41 9 ! latt] "p ( ,june & fir/ "p ( ,july1 #aiaf1 b ! woolly be> 7,diacrisia virg9ica ,fabr47 0 ! only night-fly+ insect f\nd work+ on sweet clov] at ,arl+ton4 ,insects belong+ to ! g5]a ,halictus1 ,syritta1 & ,p>agus 7 v active poll9ators at ,ames1 ,i[a1 9 #aiaf1 & rank$ next 9 importance to ! honeybee4 ,9 fact1 ! results obta9$ 9 ! cage :]e ! plants 7 protect$ f visitation by insects t c\ld n pass ?r\gh a scre5 hav+ #ad me%es to ! l9e> in* %[$ t ^! small insects 7 able "u ! conditions ( t exp]im5t to poll9ate practically z _m fl[]s z l>g] insects4 ,! insects li/$ bel[ 7 collect$ :ile visit+ ,melilotus alba & ,m4 (fic9alis fl[]s 9 #aiaf4 ,,at ,,arl+ton1 ,,va4 ,neuropt]a4--,p]i!mis domitia ,dru41 ,enallagma sp4 ,hemipt]a4--,adelphocoris rapidus ,say1 ,lygus prat5sis ,l9n1 7t>ni%$ plant bug74 ,coleopt]a4--,*auliogna?us m>g9atus ,fabr4 7m>g9$ soldi] beetle71 ,diabrotica #ab-punctata ,oliv4 7s\!rn corn rootworm74 ,lepidopt]a4--,pi]is protodice ,bd4 7import$ cabbage butt]fly71 ,heodes hypophleas ,bd41 ,lyca5a comyntas ,gdt41 ,hylephila campe/ris ,bd41 ,scepsis fulvicollis ,hubn41 ,ancyloxypha numitor ,fabr41 ,pholisora catullus ,fabr41 ,pyrau/id sp41 ,loxo/ege similalis ,gn4 7g>d5 webworm71 ,!cla mel9us ,hubn41 ,colias philodice ,gdt4 7! common sulphur butt]fly71 ,t>a*idia caudefactor ,hubn41 ,pyrameis atalanta ,l9n41 ,dra/]ia 7#b species71 ,diacrisia virg9ica ,fabr4 7! woolly be>74 ,hym5opt]a4--,halictus l]\xi ,lep41 ,h4 provan*]i 7sweat bee71 ,h4 pectoralis ,sm4 7sweat bee71 ,halictus 7#c unid5tifi$ species71 ,h4 legatus ,say1 ,bombus aff9is ,cr41 ,b4 impati5s ,h>ris 7bumblebee71 ,melissodes bimaculata ,lep41 ,poli/es pallipes ,lep4 7pap] wasp71 ,mega*ile sp4 7leaf-cutt] bee71 ,coelioxys octod5tata ,say1 ,xylocopa virg9ica ,drury 7common c>p5t] bee71 ,pompiloides sp41 ,apis mellifica ,l9n1 7honeybee71 ,philan?us punctatus ,say1 ,sphex nigricans ,dahlb4 7cat]pill> hawk71 ,s4 pictip5nis ,wal% 7cat]pill> hawk74 ,dipt]a4--,ar*ytas analis ,fabr41 ,*rysomyia macell>ia ,fabr4 7screw-worm fly714 ,poll5ia rudis ,fabr4 7clu/] fly71 ,ocypt]a c>ol9ae ,desv41 ,tri*ophora ruficauda ,v4 ,d4 ,w41 ,eri/alis arbu/orum ,l9n41 ,physocephala tibialis ,say4 ,,at ,,ames1 ,,i[a4 ,hemipt]a4--,lygus prat5sis ,l9n41 ,adelphocoris rapidus ,say1 ,coleopt]a4--,cocc9ella transv]soguttata ,fabr4 ,lepidopt]a4--,eurymus eury!me ,bdv41 ,*rysophanus sp41 ,lyca5a 7#b species714 ,liby!a ba*mani ,kirtl&1 ,pi]is rapae ,l9n4 ,hym5opt]a4--,ango*lora sp41 ,apis mellifica ,l9n41 ,colletes sp41 ,halictus l]\xi ,lep41 ,h4 provan*]i ,d4 ,j41 ,halictus sp41 ,elis sp41 ,calliopsis &r5i=mis ,smi?1 ,poli/es sp41 ,sphex sp41 ,eum5es frat]na ,say1 ,sceliphron sp41 ,isodontia h>risi1 ,f]n41 ,c]c]is sp41 ,oxybelus sp4 ,dipt]a4--,syritta sp41 ,p>agus sp41 ,*rysomyia macell>ia ,desv41 ,syrphid 7#b unid5tifi$ specim5s74 ,,effect ,,( ,,moi/ure ,,^u ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,melilotus ,,alba ,,se$4 ,c>eful inspection ( a numb] ( sweet-clov] fields 9 ,i[a & ,ill9ois 9 ! autumn ( #aiaf indicat$ t _m plants 7 unable to obta9 suffici5t moi/ure = ! prop] developm5t ( _! fl[]s4 ,exam9ation ( fl[]s t abort$ %ortly aft] rea*+ _! mature size %[$ t ! an!r sacs _h n bur/1 ev5 ?\gh ! poll5 gra9s 7 mature4 ,app>5tly = ! same reason _m immature pods abort$4 ,! precipitation = ,july1 #aiaf1 9 ,liv+/on ,c\nty1 ,ill41 :]e ! sweet-clov] se$ crop suff]$ mat]ially = lack ( moi/ure1 0 #c4b in*es less ?an normal1 :ile ! temp]ature 0 #d4e ,f4 above normal4 ,9 ,augu/ ! precipitation 0 #j4if ( an in* bel[ normal & ! temp]ature #d4b ,f4 above normal4 ,at ,ames1 ,i[a1 ! precipitation 0 #c4ed in*es bel[ normal & ! temp]ature #e4d ,f4 above normal 9 ,july4 ,bo? ! precipitation & temp]ature 7 ab\t normal at ,ames 9 ,augu/1 b mo/ ( ! precipitation fell be=e ! exp]im5ts 7 comm5c$4 ,9 nor?-c5tral ,ill9ois ! se$ production ( sweet clov] 0 v irregul>4 ,"s fields produc$ an abundance ( se$1 :ile a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! pods on ! plants 9 o!r fields ne> by1 :]e ! ?ickness ( ! /&1 size ( ! plants1 & conditions 9 g5]al 7 approximately ! same1 abort$4 ,x 0 evid5t t all /&s produc+ a good se$ crop 7 gr[+ on well-dra9$ soil & t ^? :i* 7 n yield+ satisfactorily 7 on poorly dra9$ l&4 ,x is well kn[n t sweet clov] w produce deep taproots only :5 ! plants are gr[+ 9 well-dra9$ soil & t a mu*-bran*$ surface root sy/em w be =m$ on poorly dra9$ l&1 & especially :5 !re is an excess ( moi/ure or a high wat] table dur+ ! fir/ season's gr[?4 ,dur+ ?is dr\ghty p]iod 9 #aiaf ! upp] lay] ( soil became s deplet$ ( moi/ure t ! plants ) surface root sy/ems 7 unable to obta9 suffici5t wat] to mature _! se$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! lack ( precipitation & ! high temp]atures did n affect ! moi/ure cont5t ( ! subsoil suffici5tly to int]f]e ) ! normal se$ production ( deep-root$ plants4 ,accord+ to ,lutts 7#bb1 p4 #dg7 ?is same condition 0 f\nd to be true 9 ,ohio 9 #aiaf4 ,z a rule1 "u dr\ghty conditions ! second crop ( sweet clov] w produce a high] yield ( se$ ?an ! fir/ crop1 z ! second gr[? ( ! plants is seldom m ?an half z mu* z ! fir/1 !reby requir+ less moi/ure4 ,h[ev]1 if %[]y hot wea!r prevails :5 ! fir/ crop is cut1 ! end ( ea* /ub is v apt to become infect$1 usually ) a species ( ,fus>ium1 :i* kills all ! cortex z f> back z ! upp] bud or "y %oot & t "p ( x on ! opposite side ( ?is bud to ! bud bel[4 ,if ! second bud f ! top ( a /ub is n directly opposite ! upp] "o ! decay may ext5d ne>ly to ! gr\nd4 7,pl4 ,,iv47 ,! de/ruction ( half to two-?irds ( ! cortex f #b to #d in*es bel[ ! upp] bud mat]ially r$uces ! quantity ( wat] t c be convey$ to ! bran* above ! base ( ! dead area4 ,plants ?us infect$ obta9 suffici5t moi/ure = se$ production only "u ! mo/ favorable conditions4 ,:5 ! fir/ crop is cut dur+ w>m dry wea!r1 & especially :5 ! fir/ crop has n be5 p]mitt$ to make m ?an a #cj to #cb in* gr[?1 ! /ubble seldom decays1 & 9 no in/ance h ! plants be5 obs]v$ to decay z f> back z ! upp] buds4 ,an exp]im5t 0 conduct$ at ,ames 9 ! latt] "p ( ,augu/ & fir/ "p ( ,septemb]1 #aiaf1 to det]m9e ! effect ( wat]+ plants t 7 abort+ a l>ge p]c5tage ( _! fl[]s & immature pods4 ,= ?is purpose sev]al volunte] plants gr[+ 9 a mead[ 7 select$4 ,a hole #ab in*es squ>e & #ad in*es deep 0 dug #h in*es f ! cr[n ( "o plant1 & ea* ev5+ dur+ ! exp]im5t #b gallons ( wat] 7 p\r$ into ! hole4 ,! top ( ! hole 0 kept cov]$1 s z to *eck evaporation f x z mu* z possible4 ,ano!r plant ( ! same size & gr[+ ab\t #ae y>ds f ! wat]$ plant s]v$ z a *eck4 ,on bo? plants _m ( ! fl[]s & immature buds 7 abort+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! exp]im5t4 ,! soil 9 ?is field 0 s deplet$ ( moi/ure t ! leaves ( ! plants wilt$ dur+ ! hotte/ "p ( ! days prec$+ ! exp]im5t4 ,! foliage on ! *eck plant wilt$ ea* day = ! fir/ five days ( ! exp]im5t4 ,on ! six? day #j4if ( an in* ( ra9 fell & f\r days lat] #j4bc ( an in* m4 ,! dropp+ ( ! fl[]s 0 tempor>ily *eck$ by ^! precipitations1 b ow+ to ! dry1 compact condition ( ! soil ! ra9 0 n suffici5t to *eck entirely ! fall ( fl[]s & immature pods4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! exp]im5t ! racemes on bo? plants 7 divid$ into ?ree classes1 accord+ to ! developm5t ( ! fl[]s1 & label$4 ,!y 7 collect$ & ! se$s c\nt$ z soon z ! pods at ! bases ( ! racemes comm5c$ to turn br[n4 ,table ,,viii pres5ts ! results obta9$4 ,table ,,viii4--,effect ( wat] ^u ! se$ production ( sweet clov] :5 gr[+ "u dr\ghty conditions at ,ames1 ,i[a1 9 #aiaf4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,plant n wat]$4 ,plant wat]$4 ---------------------------------- ,av]age ,av]age ,/age ( developm5t ,numb] numb] ( ,numb] numb] (,increase :5 label$4 ( pods p] ( pods p] f racemes raceme racemes raceme wat]+4 label$4 t label$4 t matur$4 matur$4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,fl[]s at ! base ( ! racemes j ready #di #bg4ci #aaj #ee4fc #bh4bd to op54 ,pods #c to #f days old #cj #ba4ac #aab #ci4ha #ah4fh ,pods #i to #ab days old #ce #ae4bc #ej #bi4hf #ad4fc ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,! effect ( ! wat] 0 noticeable soon aft] ! fir/ application1 z ! leaves & fl[]s on ?is plant became turgid & ! an!r sacs bur/ at ! prop] /age ( _! developm5t4 ,v few fl[]s fell aft] ! second day4 ,! wat] decid$ly *eck$ ! abort+ ( immature pods1 z is %[n by ! results obta9$ on ! racemes :i* 7 label$ aft] ! pods _h =m$4 ,! racemes :i* conta9$ pods #c to #f days old :5 label$ matur$ #i4ie pods to ! raceme m ?an ^? :i* conta9$ old] pods at ! beg9n+ ( ! exp]im5t1 b ?is 0 expect$1 z mo/ ( ! abort+ :i* caus$ ?is diff]5ce _h tak5 place be=e ! racemes 7 label$4 ,z v few pods abort$ be=e !y 7 #c to #f days old1 ! diff]5ce ( #i4ie pods to ! raceme 9 favor ( ! ones label$ :5 ! fl[]s at _! bases 7 j ready to op5 0 l>gely due to ! dropp+ ( ! fl[]s on ! old] racemes be=e ! exp]im5t 0 begun4 ,x w be se5 t ! production ( mature pods on ! plant n wat]$ 0 mu* great] on ! racemes t 7 label$ be=e ! fl[]s op5$ ?an on ! old] racemes4 ,?is diff]5ce is und\bt$ly due to ! precipitation :i* fell on ! six? & t5? days ( ! exp]im5t4 ,x is believ$ t ! yield ( #ae4bc pods to ! raceme on ! ones label$ :5 ! pods 7 #i to #ab days old is repres5tative ( ! production ( pods p] raceme previ\s to ! precipitation & t ! o!r racemes on ?is plant w\ld h yield$ proportionately if conditions _h rema9$ ! same4 ,9 ! e>ly spr+ ( #aiaf1 ,melilotus alba 0 plant$ 9 sev]al l>ge pots 9 ! gre5h\se ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,^! pots 7 plac$ outside ! gre5h\se 9 ! late spr+1 :]e !y rema9$ until ! foll[+ ,janu>y1 :5 !y 7 tak5 into ! gre5h\se4 ,! plants grew rapidly & began to fl[] dur+ ! latt] "p ( ,april1 #aiag4 ,at ?is "t two pots 7 plac$ 9 a l>ge cage made ( scre5 hav+ #bj me%es to ! l9e> in*4 ,"o pot 0 subm]g$ 9 a tub ( wat]1 s t ! soil 0 saturat$ at all times1 :ile ! plant 9 ! o!r pot 0 giv5 only suffici5t wat] to keep x f wilt+4 ,! pods on a few racemes 7 self-poll9at$ & ! results obta9$ are giv5 9 ,table ,,ix4 ,table ,,ix4--,effect ( moi/ure on ! se$ production ( ,melilotus alba at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c1 9 #aiag4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,total numb] (-- ,fl[]s t matur$ 7p] c5t74 ---------------------------------------- -- ,soil treatm5t4 ,pods ,racemes4 ,fl[]s4 =m$4 ,total4 ,increase4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,soil giv5 only a limit$ #ab #bbg #fe #bh4fc 444444 quantity ( wat]4 ,soil saturat$4 #ag #dbe #bce #ee4jc #bf4bb ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,! results ( ?is exp]im5t comp>e favorably ) ^? obta9$ "u field conditions at ,ames 9 #aiaf4 ,"p ,,ii4--,,/ructure ,,& ,,*emical ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,se$ ,,coat ,,& ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,imp]meable ,,se$s ,,( ,,sweet ,,clov]4#c #c ,! writ]s wi% to ackn[l$ge ! s]vice r5d]$ by ,mr4 ,h4 ,s4 ,doty1 ,in/ructor 9 ,botany1 ,i[a ,/ate ,college1 ,ames1 ,i[a1 9 assi/+ 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is article4 ,,hi/orical ,,summ>y4 ,:5 agriculturi/s fir/ began to cultivate wild legumes !y obs]v$ t _m se$s w\ld n g]m9ate )9 a comp>atively %ort "t aft] plant+4 ,?us ! problem ( imp]meable se$s began to dem& att5tion _m ye>s ago4 ,h[ev]1 imp]meable se$s are n conf9$ to ! ,legum9os1 z !y occur also 9 ! ,malvace1 ,*5opodiace1 ,convolvulace1 ,cannace1 & o!r families4 ,s9ce ! fir/ acc\nt ( ! /ructure ( legume se$ coats by ,malpighi 7#bc v4 #a7 9 #afhg1 _m inve/igators h contribut$ to our k ( ! /ructure ( ! coats ( se$s belong+ to ?is family4 ,pammel 7#ca7 made an ext5sive /udy ( legume se$s1 includ+ all ! g5]a 9 ! six? edition ( ,gray's ,manual1 z well z g5]a n includ$ 9 t publication4 ,he f\nd t ! se$ coat uni=mly consi/$ ( ?ree lay]s1 namely1 ! out] lay] ( ,malpighian cells1 ! o/eoscl]id lay]1 & ! inn] lay] ( nutri5t cells4 ,pammel's "w includ$ a /udy ( ! se$ coats ( ,melilotus alba & ,m4 (fic9alis1 & ! descriptions & illu/rations 9 8 publication agree = ! mo/ "p ) ! results obta9$ 9 ! inve/igations report$ 9 ?is article4 ,h[ev]1 m v>iation 0 notic$ 9 ! diff]5t lay]s ( ! se$ coat ?an he describes4 ,! cause ( imp]meability 9 se$s has be5 inve/igat$ by _m4 ,x has be5 f\nd to be due to ! embryos 9 "s se$s1 su* z ! haw?orns1 b 9 mo/ cases to ! /ructure ( ! se$ coat1 & especially s 9 ! ,legum9os4 ,crock] 7#c7 /ates t1 exactly opposite to ! common view1 ! cause ( delay$ g]m9ation g5]ally lies 9 ! se$ coats r ?an 9 ! embryos4 ,nobbe 7#bi7 ?\ght t ! h>dness ( legum9\s se$s 0 due to ! ,malpighian lay]1 & 9 a lat] publication ,nobbe & ,ha5le9 7#cj1 p4 #ha7 /ate t ! absorb5t p[] ( _m se$s is inhibit$ or entirely arre/$ by ! cones ( ! ,malpighian cells & ! %ields built up betwe5 !m1 :i* consi/ pr9cipally ( cut94 ,huss 7#ae7 agrees ) ,nobbe & ,ha5le94 ,v]s*affelt 7#ci7 f\nd t ! imp]meability ( ! se$s ( ,csalp9iace & ,mimosace inve/igat$ 0 due to1 ! inability ( wat] to pass ?r\gh ! canals ( ! se$ coat4 ,by soak+ ! se$s 9 alcohol or o!r sub/ances :i* *ange ! capill>ity ( ! pores1 ! se$ coats 7 made readily p]meable to wat]4 ,gola 7#f7 /ates t ! cause ( ! imp]meability ( se$s is ! peculi> "* ( ! ,malpighian cells1 :i* prev5ts _! infiltration & consequ5t increase 9 volume1 :ile ,b]g!il & ,day 7#b7 f\nd t ! h>dness ( ! se$s ( ,indig(]a arrecta 0 due to _! possession ( a v ?9 out] cov]+ ( a sub/ance resi/ant to wat]4 ,ew>t 7#e1 p4 #ahe7 believes t 9 mo/ imp]meable se$s ! cuticle prohibits ! absorption ( wat]1 b gives z an exception ,adansonia digitata1 9 :i* ! :ole integum5t seems to be p]meable to wat] ) difficulty4 ,! foll[+ is quot$ f ,:ite 7#db1 p4 #bje73 ,z a g5]al rule 9 small & m$ium-siz$ se$s ! cuticle is well develop$ & repres5ts ! imp]meable "p ( ! se$ coat1 :ile 9 ! cases ( l>ge se$s1 su* z ^? ( ,adansonia gregorii1 ,mucuna gigantea1 ,wi/>ia maid5iana1 & ,guil&9a bonducella1 ! cuticle is relatively unimportant & inconspicu\s4 ,9 ^! se$s ! extreme resi/ance :i* !y exhibit appe>s to be locat$ 9 ! palisade cells4 ,9 discuss+ ! se$ coat ( ,melilotus alba1 ,rees 7#cc1 p4 #djd7 /ates t ! out] lay] consi/s ( palisade cells cov]$1 ext]nally by a /ructureless membrane1 :i*1 h[ev]1 did n appe> to be cuticle b hemicellulose1 z x /a9$ mag5ta ) *loriodid ( z9c4 ,! great] "p ( ! walls ( ! palisade cells also appe>s to be compos$ ( hemicellulose & ! out] ends only 7 cuticul>iz$4 ,9 ord] to f9d :e!r ! out] membrane 0 9 itself imp]meable to wat]1 ?is au?or treat$ se$s = %ort int]vals 9 sulphuric acid to dissolve ! outside cov]+ )\t directly affect+ ! palisade cells4 ,se$s treat$ 9 ?is mann] swell$ 9 wat] & microscopic exam9ation %[$ t ! ends ( ! palisade cells 7 q intact1 b _h sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,f ?is x 0 conclud$ t ! out] membrane is in/rum5tal 9 conf]r+ imp]meability on ! se$1 al?\gh n directly responsible = x1 z is ! case ) a true cuticle4 ,x is fur!r believ$ t x probably s]v$ z a cem5t sub/ance by means ( :i* ! cuticul>iz$ ends ( ! cells 7 held toge!r closely1 ?us =m+ a b>ri] ?r\gh :i* wat] c\ld n p5etrate1 b t z soon z ?is b>ri] 0 remov$ ! ends ( ! palisade cells sep>at$ & wat] pass$ 9 betwe5 !m4 ,m ?an #bj ye>s ago ma*9es 7 devis$ by ,kuntze1 ,mi*al[ski 7#bg1 p4 #hf71 ,huss 7#ae71 & lat] by ,hughes 7#ad71 to sc>ify imp]meable se$s4 ,o!r me?ods h be5 recomm5d$ & employ$ to "s ext5t = ha/5+ ! g]m9ation ( se$s4 ,hiltn] 7#ac1 p4 #dd7 treat$ se$s ( r$ clov]1 :ite clov]1 & alfalfa #aj1 #cj1 & #fj m9utes ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid & f\nd t ! be/ g]m9ation result$ f ! #fj-m9ute treatm5t4 ,love & ,leighty 7#ba7 also treat$ ! se$s ( v>i\s legumes ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid & obta9$ a bett] g]m9ation 9 all cases4 ,9 _! inve/igations ) ,melilotus alba x 0 f\nd t a #b-;h\r treatm5t result$ 9 "s injury to ! se$1 b t a treatm5t v>y+ f #be m9utes to #a h\r gave good results4 ,9 mo/ cases 9 our inve/igations ! se$ coats ( sweet clov] became p]meable to wat] aft] a treatm5t ( #ae m9utes 9 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 & )9 #e m9utes all ( ! ,malpighian cells 7 de/roy$ d[n to ! light l9e4 ,h>r+ton 7#aj7 f\nd t ! soil1 season1 climate1 color1 or size ( r$-clov] se$s _h no influ5ce ^u ! p]c5tage ( imp]meable se$s & t ! good g]m9ation ord9>ily obta9$ ) r$ clov] 0 due to ! sc>ify+ ( ! se$ coats by ! rasps ( hull+ ma*9es4 ,h>r+ton 7#aa7 also /udi$ ! agricultural value ( imp]meable se$s & f\nd t alt]nations ( temp]ature cause ! s(t5+ & g]m9at+ ( _m imp]meable clov] se$s :5 a temp]ature ( #aj ,c4 or cool] is us$ 9 alt]nation ) a temp]ature ( #bj ,c4 or w>m] & t ! effect ( su* an alt]nation ( temp]ature is greatly increas$ by previ\sly expos+ ! se$s to g]m9at+ conditions at a temp]ature ( #aj ,c4 or cool] & is decreas$ by previ\sly expos+ ! se$s to g]m9at+ conditions at a temp]ature ( #cj ,c4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t imp]meable se$s :i* rema9 9 ! field ov] w9t] g]m9ate readily ! foll[+ spr+4 ,! light l9e is ! mo/ important & int]e/+ feature ( ! ,malpighian cell1 at lea/ s f> z ,melilotus alba & ,m4 (fic9alis are conc]n$4 ,b "o light l9e occurs 9 ! ,malpighian cells 9 mo/ ,legum9os1 al?\gh ,pammel 7#cb7 reports two well-develop$ light l9es 9 ,gymnocladus canad5sis1 ,jun[icz 7#af7 f\nd ?ree 9 ,lup9us v>ius1 & ,sempol[ski 7#cf7 two 9 ,lup9us angu/ifolius4 ,_m inve/igators h /udi$ ! light l9e1 & diff]5t !ories h be5 advanc$ z to its function1 physical prop]ties1 & *emical nature4 ,s*leid5 & ,vogel 7#ce1 p4 #bf7 9 describ+ ! mature te/a ( ,s*izolobium excelsum 9 #ahch und\bt$ly ref]r$ to ! light l9e :5 !y /at$ t ! walls ( ! ,malpighian cells 7 n equally ?ick5$4 ,mett5ius 7#bf71 9 #ahdf1 0 probably ! fir/ def9itely to describe ! light l9e4 ,?is au?or believ$ x 0 compos$ ( pore canals1 all appe>+ at ! same height 9 ! cells1 b he 0 unable to prove ?is by cross sections4 ,lohde 7#bj7 /udi$ ! light l9e 9 se$s ( ,hibiscus trionum & f\nd x cut9iz$4 ,han/e9 7#h7 /ates t ! ,malpighian cells are compos$ ( two cell lay]s & ! light l9e is produc$ by ! adjo9+ walls ( ! ends ( ! cells4 ,lat]1 ?is same au?or 7#i71 accord+ to ,h>z 7#ab71 ref]s to ! light l9e z a p]=at$ disk compos$ ( tissue ( /rong refract+ p[]4 ,russ[ 7#cd7 concludes t ! light l9e is produc$ by nei!r *emical nor me*anical *anges b is caus$ by a modifi$ molecul> /ructure conta9+ less wat] ?an ! rema9d] ( ! cell wall4 ,hiltn] 7#ac7 agrees ) ,russ['s explanation4 ,h>z 7#ab1 p4 #efa7 also agrees ) ,russ[ & adds t he has obs]v$ t ! light l9e disappe>$ 9 a numb] ( cases aft] applications ( nitric acid4 ,wig& & ,d5n]t 7#dc7 sugge/$ t ! light l9e is due to a s]ies ( erect fissures1 :ile ,tietz 7#cg1 p4 #cb7 believes x is due to a *emical modification & t ! ph5om5on results f ! exceptionally extreme d5sity ( p>ts ( ! cellulose membrane4 ,jun[icz 7#af7 f\nd evid5ce ( cellulose mat]ial4 ,! cell wall at ?is po9t 0 /rongly refractive & _h a diff]5t molecul> /ructure4 ,aft] /udy+ ,phaseolus vulg>is1 ,hab]l&t 7#g1 p4 #ch7 agrees ) ! ,russ[ explanation4 ,9 ! se$ ( ?is plant ! light l9e color$ blue aft] be+ treat$ ) *loriodid ( z9c4 ,sempol[ski 7#cf71 :o inve/igat$ ! light l9e 9 ,lup9us angu/ifolius1 /ates t !re is n only a diff]5ce 9 ! molecul> /ructure b also a *emical modification ( ! cell wall at ?is po9t1 s9ce ) iod9 & sulphuric acid ! cell wall color$ blue1 :]eas ! light l9e color$ yell[4 ,wett/e9 7#da71 :o /udi$ se$s ( ,nelumbo1 agrees ) ,russ[ 7#cd7 & ,sempol[ski 7#cf7 t *emical & physical modifications occur4 ,he f\nd t iod9 & sulphuric acid color$ ! ,malpighian cells int5sely blue1 ! light l9e at fir/ yell[i%1 & !n lat] x gradually became blue4 ,?is reaction may be accel]at$ by heat4 ,iod9 produc$ ! same effect1 & ! light l9e color$ blue m rapidly4 ,:5 treat$ ) a wat]-)draw+ m$ium ! light l9e 0 n alt]$ = "s "t1 b f9ally disappe>$ ) cont9u$ application4 ,cook+ = a long "t 9 cau/ic pota% or /&+ 9 cold cau/ic pota% caus$ ! cells to swell1 :ile ! light l9e rema9$ un9jur$ at fir/ b f9ally disappe>$4 ,he also believ$ t ! abs5ce ( pore canals 9 ! region ( ! light l9e caus$ x to be m d5se4 ,nobbe & ,ha5le9 7#cj7 treat$ sections ( se$ coats ( ,trifolium prat5se ) iod9 & sulphuric acid & f\nd t ! light l9e color$ blue z readily z ! ?ick5$ ridges t radiate inw>d f x1 b t ! out] processes ( ! palisade cells project+ f ! light l9e t[>d ! cuticle /a9$ d>k br[n4 ,!y also /ate t v>i\s causes "w to produce su* unusual lu/]s 9 ! light l9e1 ! pr9ciple "o ( :i* is ! ?ick5$ ridges :i* radiate inw>d1 rea* _! greate/ developm5t at ?is po9t1 & coalesce 9 ! lum5 ( ! cell4 ,! result is t ! light l9e falls ^u a cont9u\sly homog5e\s m$ium1 :ile 9 ! inn] portions ( ! ridges ! light passes ?r\gh m$ia ( v>y+ opacity1 su* z cellulose1 wat]1 & protoplasm1 :]eby x is progressively subdu$ 9 v>y+ degrees by p>tial reflection4 ,pammel 7#ca1 p4 #adg7 /udi$ ! light l9e 9 ,melilotus alba & f\nd t x consi/$ ( a n>r[ b di/9ct refractive zone bel[ ! conical lay]4 ,! refractive zone color$ blue ) *loriodid ( z9c4 ,! :ole upp] "p 01 h[ev]1 m or less refractive1 :ile ! rema9d] ( ! cell wall conta9$ pigm5t & color$ blue ) *loriodid ( z9c4 ,small canals project into ! walls1 9 "s cases ext5d+ beyond ! light l9e4 ,beck 7#a7 f\nd t ! light-refract+ p[] ( ! light l9e 0 mu* great] ?an t ( ! undiff]5tiat$ membrane & /at$ t !re may be 9 addition to ?is a *emical diff]5ce :i* c n be detect$ ) ! pres5t micro*emical me?ods4 ,he does n believe t x is cuticul>iz$ or t x conta9s less wat] ?an ! re/ ( ! cell4 ,m>lire 7#bd1 p4 #aa7 gives a physical explanation & /ates t ! true cause ( ! light l9e lies 9 ! peculi> /ructure ( ! second>y membrane ( ! ,malpighian cell4 ,tunmann 7#ch1 p4 #eei7 obs]v$ t x did n hydrolize 9 weak acids & !re=e decid$ t x 0 n hemicellulose4 ,he f\nd t x dissolv$ 9 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid m readily ?an ! regions surr\nd+ x & t x 0 compos$ ( pect9 or callose4 ,9 our inve/igations ! ma9 portion ( ! light l9e ( ,melilotus alba & ,m4 (fic9alis 0 v resi/ant to conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 only ! n>r[ out] portion be+ attack$4 ,x %[$ evid5ce ( callose4 ,,mat]ial ,,& ,,me?ods4 ,p]meable & imp]meable se$s#d ( ,melilotus alba & ,m4 (fic9alis 7 obta9$ f comm]cial samples & also f samples collect$ 9 ! field4 ,^? select$ = section+ 7 all[$ to dry aft] be+ remov$ f ! g]m9ator & !n emb$d$ on ! ends ( p9e blocks 9 glyc]9 gum1 :i* 0 made by dissolv+ #aj grams ( p[d]$ gum arabic 9 #aj c4 c4 ( wat] & add+ #dj drops ( glyc]94 ,aft] ! glyc]9 gum _h dri$ = #bd h\rs1 ! se$s 7 easily section$4 ,?is me?od ( emb$d+ causes no *ange 9 ! se$ coat4 ,x is m satisfactory ?an ! p>aff9 me?od = hold+ ! se$s firmly4 ,! glyc]9 gum dissolv$ readily :5 ! sections 7 m\nt$ 9 wat]4 #d ,! t]m p]meable is us$ 9 ?is pap] to designate se$s ^: coats are p]meable to wat] 9 two weeks or less at temp]atures favorable = g]m9ation1 :ile ! t]m imp]meable is us$ to designate se$s ^: se$ coats are imp]meable to wat] = ?is l5g? ( "t :5 temp]atures are favorable = g]m9ation4 ,imp]meable se$s are commonly ref]r$ to z h>d se$s1 & !y may become p]meable 9 "t4 ,9 ! micro*emical /udies ,sudan ,,iii1 alcan91 *lorophyll solution1 & phosphoric acid iod9 7 us$ to te/ = cut9 or sub]92 sulphuric acid & iod91 *loriodid ( z9c1 & *loriodid ( calcium = cellulose2 phlorogluc9 & hydro*loric acid = lign92 ru!nium r$ = pectic sub/ances2 & sulphuric acid1 ,congo r$1 & anil9e blue = callose4 ,:]e v ?9 sections 7 necess>y = detail$ /udy ( ! /ructure ( ! se$ coat1 pods 9 v>i\s /ages ( developm5t 7 collect$1 & aft] ! usual prelim9>y treatm5t !y 7 emb$d$ 9 p>aff9 & section$ ) ! microtome4 ,micro*emical te/s 7 made ) ^! sections by us+ v>i\s specific /a9s4 ,safran9 0 us$ to te/ = cut91 sub]91 & lign92 haematoxyl9 & me?yl blue = cellulose 2 me?yl5e blue1 me?yl violet ,b1 mauve91 & ru!nium r$ = pectic sub/ances2 & anil9e blue & ,congo r$ = callose4 ,9 /udy+ "s po9ts ) ref]5ce to ! pore sy/em ( ! se$ coat1 x 0 necess>y to use free-h& sections ( fre% pods4 ,9 /udy+ ! se$ coat 9 relation to ! absorption ( wat]1 bo? p]meable & imp]meable se$s 7 soak$ 9 wat] solutions ( safran91 g5tian violet1 eos91 & haematoxyl91 !n dri$ & emb$d$ 9 glyc]9 gum = section+4 ,se$s 7 soak$ 9 /a9s dissolv$ 9 #ie p] c5t alcohol to te/ ! p5etration ( alcohol4 ,x 0 evid5t t ! se$ coats did n act z a filt]1 z ! /a9s pass$ ?r\gh !m ) ! wat] or alcohol4 ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,se$ ,,coat4 ,!re is v little endosp]m pres5t 9 mature se$s ( ,melilotus alba or ,m4 (fic9alis4 ,t :i* is pres5t is q p]meable to wat] & !re=e be>s no relation to ! imp]meable se$s ( ^! plants4 ,! out] lay] ( ! se$ coat1 :i* is ! modifi$ epid]mal lay] ( ! ovule1 is kn[n z ! ,malpighian lay]4 7,pl4 ,v1 figs4 #a & #b47 ,! cells con/itut+ ?is lay]1 commonly call$ palisade cells1 are ! mo/ highly modifi$ cells ( ! se$ coat4 ,!y are v mu* elongat$1 _! l5g? v>y+ 9 ! diff]5t regions ( ! coat1 & _! out] tang5tial walls & ! out] portions ( _! radial walls are s mu* ?ick5$ t _! lum9a are conf9$ to ! inn] portion ( ! cells1 sometimes occupy+ less ?an half ! l5g? ( ! cells4 ,! inn] tang5tial walls & inn] portions ( ! radial walls are ?ick5$ j previ\s to ! dea? ( ! cells1 ! ?ick5+ sometimes be+ only slight & sometimes s mu* z to leave only v n>r[ lum9a4 ,!re is a v ?9 lay] on ! out] surface ( ! ,malpighian cells :i* has be5 call$ cuticle by previ\s inve/igators1 b ! *emical composition ( ?is lay] & its p]vi\sness to wat] indicate t !re is v little cut9 pres5t4 ,?is lay] is probably ! prim>y epid]mal cell wall r ?an a deposit on ! out] surface ( ! wall4 ,to det]m9e ?is a /udy ( ! developm5t ( ! ,malpighian cells is necess>y4 ,b5ea? ! s-call$ cuticle !re is ! mu* ?ick5$ out] portion ( ! ,malpighian cells 9 :i* !re are two r di/9ct regions1 "o con/itut+ ! conelike /ructures & ! o!r =m+ a cont9u\s lay] ov] ! conelike /ructures1 sep>at+ !m f ! cuticle & fill+ 9 betwe5 !m4 ,^! two regions sep>ate easily1 & 9 cutt+ sections ! out] region1 call$ by "s ! cuticul>iz$ portion1 (t5 breaks away1 leav+ ! entire surface ( ! cones expos$4 ,! t]m cuticul>iz$ lay] w be us$ to designate all ( ! ?ick5+ cov]+ ! cones1 includ+ t ar\nd ! cones z well z ! portion betwe5 ! cones & ! cuticle4 ,?is t]m is n entirely appropriate1 = ! region is practically free f cut91 b = ! want ( a bett] t]m x w be us$4 ,!re are canals 9 ! cuticul>iz$ lay] & cones1 :i* are easily se5 :5 ! sections are treat$ ) *loriodid ( z9c or sulphuric acid4 ,a surface view ( a section %[+ ! cones & cuticul>iz$ lay] :5 m\nt$ 9 glyc]9 %[s ! canals z d>k l9es due to ! air inclos$4 ,! canals are mo/ abundant along ! l9es :]e ! lat]al walls ( ! cells jo91 b _m are )9 ! cones & 9 ! cuticul>iz$ sub/ance betwe5 ! cones4 7,pl4 ,v1 fig4 #e47 ,! well-develop$ light l9e 9 ,melilotus alba & ,m4 (fic9alis is f\nd j bel[ ! bases ( ! cones4 ,9 "s se$ coats only a few & 9 o!rs none ( ! canals :i* are common 9 ! cones & cuticul>iz$ region cross ! light l9e4 ,a v di/9ct l9e ( small canals fill$ ) air & ?us =m+ a d>k b& is pres5t j above ! fight l9e1 ?us mak+ ! light l9e m conspicu\s4 7,pl4 ,v1 fig4 #c47 ,:5 ! lum9a ( ! cells ext5d across ! light l9e1 !y are exce$+ly small4 ,! light l9e is ! mo/ compact region ( ! ,malpighian lay] & is conspicu\s because x refracts ! light mu* m ?an ! regions above & bel[ x4 ,j bel[ ! ,malpighian is a lay] ( cells v>i\sly modifi$ & kn[n z ! o/eoscl]id4 ,! cells ( ?is lay] are (t5 ref]r$ to z ! h\rglass cells on acc\nt ( _! %ape4 ,9 "s regions ( ! se$ coat !y are exp&$ at bo? ends & _! walls are mu* ?ick5$1 ! ?ick5+s =m+ ridges on ! radial walls1 :ile 9 o!r regions only ! upp] tang5tial wall & a portion ( ! radial walls are ?ick5$ & ! cells are exp&$ only at ! inn] end1 ?us hav+ ! %ape ( ! fru/um ( a cone4 ,b5ea? ! o/eoscl]id lay] is ! nutri5t lay]4 ,! nutri5t lay] conta9s *loropla/s4 ,x v>ies n only 9 ! numb] ( lay]s ( cells compos+ x1 b also 9 ! modifications ( ^! cells4 ,?is lay] ranges f f\r to sev5 cells 9 ?ickness 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! se$ coat4 ,,plate ,v4 ,illu/ration ,/ructure ( ! ,se$ ,coat ( ,sweet ,clov]4 ,fig4 #a4--,section ( ! se$ coat ( ,melilotus (fic9alis4 #dej4 ,fig4 #b4--;,ano!r section ( ! se$ coat ( ,melilotus (fic9alis1 %[+ ! v>iation 9 size & modifications t occur 9 ! ?ree lay]s4 #dej4 ,fig4 #c4--,section ( ! ,malpighian lay] ( a ,melilotus alba se$1 %[+ a l9e ( canals j above ! light zone4 #dej4 ,fig4 #d4--,section ( ! ,malpighian lay] ( a p]meable ,melilotus alba se$4 #dej4 ,fig4 #e4--,tang5tial section ( ! ,malpighian cells cut betwe5 ! cuticle & tops ( ! cones1 %[+ pores4 #ecj4 ,fig4 #f4--,section ?r\gh ! ,malpighian lay] ( an imp]meable ,melilotus alba se$4 #dej4 ,fig4 #g4--,section ?r\gh ! ,malpighian lay] ( an imp]meable ,melilotus alba se$1 %[+ ! region ?r\gh :i* wat] & /a9s readily pass$4 #dej4 ,fig4 #h4--;,cross section ( a ,malpighian cell ( a p]meable ,melilotus alba se$ ?r\gh ! region ( ! light zone1 %[+ ! lum5 n entirely clos$4 #ecj4 ,fig4 #i4--,section ?r\gh ! ,malpighian lay] ( a ,melilotus alba se$ %ad$ to %[ ! portions :i* react to ! cellulose & pectose te/s4 #dej4 ,fig4 #aj4--,section ?r\gh ! ,malpighian lay] ( a ,melilotus alba se$ :i* %[s ! condition ( ! se$ coat aft] #fj m9utes' treatm5t ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid4 ,t portion above ! light zone 0 de/roy$1 & ! lum9a z small pores ?r\gh :i* mu* ( ! /a9 n[ pass$ 7 se5 ext5d+ across ! light l9e4 ,! l9es betwe5 ! cells 7 mu* m di/9ct1 appe>+ z small int]cellul> spaces ?r\gh :i* "s /a9 pass$4 #dej4 a1 ,cuticle2 b1 cuticul>iz$ lay]2 c1 conelike portion ( ! ?ick5+ ( ! ,malpighian cells2 d1 light l9e2 e1 region ( a h>d se$ coat ?r\gh :i* wat] & /a9s readily pass$2 l1 lum52 ,m1 ,malpighian cells2 ,n1 nutri5t cells2 ,o1 o/eoscl]id cells2 p1 canals j above light zone4 ,,micro*emi/ry ,,( ,,! ,,se$ ,,coat4 ,te/s = cut9 %[$ t !re 0 v little pres5t 9 ! se$ coat4 ,slight reactions = cut9 7 obs]v$ 9 ! cuticle1 9 ! out] m>g9 ( ! cuticul>iz$ lay]1 & 9 ! basal portion ( ! cones4 ,^! reactions 7 s slight z to be almo/ negligible4 ,x is evid5t t ! cuticle & cuticul>iz$ lay] are n well nam$ 9 ,melilotus alba & ,m4 (fic9alis4 ,te/s = cellulose %[$ t x 0 pres5t 9 ! cuticle1 cuticul>iz$ lay]1 cones1 ! walls ( ! ,malpighian cells bel[ ! light l9e1 & ! walls ( ! cells ( ! o/eoscl]id & nutri5t lay]s4 7,pl4 ,v1 fig4 #i47 ,! reaction = cellulose 9 ! ,malpighian cells 0 q di/9ct 9 ! walls bel[ ! light l9e1 less di/9ct 9 ! cones & cuticle1 & lea/ di/9ct 9 ! cuticul>iz$ lay]4 ,te/s = lign9 occasionally %[$ slight traces 9 ! ,malpighian cells bel[ ! light l9e4 ,:5 treat$ ) reag5ts = pectic sub/ances1 ! cuticle1 cuticul>iz$ lay]1 cones1 & all cell walls bel[ ! light l9e gave a def9ite reaction4 ,! reaction ( ! cones & cuticle 0 m pron\nc$ ?an ! cuticul>iz$ lay]4 ,te/s = callose gave no reaction except 9 ! upp] "p ( ! light l9e4 ,?is "p ( ! light l9e /a9$ slightly blue ) anil9e blue & 0 easily dissolv$ ) sulphuric acid4 ,9 cutt+ free-h& sections ( fre% mat]ial ! ,malpighian lay] sometimes broke along ?is l9e4 ,! great] "p ( ! light l9e react$ to none ( ! te/s1 & its *emical nature 0 n det]m9$4 ,:5 microtome sections ( se$s 9 diff]5t /ages ( developm5t 7 treat$ ) v>i\s /a9s1 ! results 7 9 accord ) ^? obta9$ ) free-h& sections4 ,?us ) safran9 ! p]iph]y & cones ( ! ,malpighian cells 7 slightly /a9$1 :ile haematoxyl9 & me?yl blue /a9$ all ! se$ coat except ! light l9e4 ,! cones & cuticle /a9$ m readily ?an ! cuticul>iz$ lay]1 b nei!r /a9$ z deeply z ! cell walls bel[ ! light l9e4 ,me?yl5e blue1 me?yl violet ,b1 & mauve9 /a9$ all above ! light l9e1 indicat+ ! pres5ce ( pectic sub/ances2 h[ev]1 ! /a9+ 0 m prom95t 9 ! cones & cuticle4 ,! diff]5ce 9 reaction ( ! cones & cuticul>iz$ lay] to ! cellulose & pectose te/s probably indicates a diff]5ce 9 d5sity r ?an a diff]5ce 9 *emical composition4 ,s9ce ! cuticul>iz$ lay] sep>ates readily f ! cones1 !re may be a diff]5ce 9 physical prop]ties4 ,) ,congo r$ ! upp] "p ( ! light l9e 0 only v slightly /a9$1 b anil9e blue _h a m pron\nc$ effect4 ,! micro*emical te/s appli$ to ! se$ coat %[ t 9 ! region above ! light l9e !re is only a slight trace ( cut9 or sub]91 b a consid]able am\nt ( cellulose & pectose4 ,all cell walls bel[ ! light l9e are ma9ly cellulose b conta9 "s pectose4 ,! upp] portion ( ! light l9e conta9s callose1 b ! rema9d] ( ! light l9e appe>s to be *emically diff]5t f all o!r p>ts ( ! se$ coat or else s d5se z to resi/ ! attack ( ! reag5ts4 ,,! ,,se$ ,,coat ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,absorption ,,( ,,wat]4 ,a /udy ( p]meable se$s soak$ 9 wat] conta9+ /a9s %[$ t !re 7 no local regions ?r\gh :i* ! wat] pass$4 ,! /a9s pass$ ?r\gh all regions ( ! se$ coat4 ,coat+ ! micropyl> region ) vasel9e ret>d$ g]m9ation1 b _h no effect ^u ! p]c5tage ( g]m9ation at ! end ( ?ree days4 ,9 se$ coats ?r\gh :i* ! /a9 _h pass$1 ! light l9e 0 n /a9$4 ,"s /a9 0 f\nd 9 ! canals :i* cross$ ! light l9e1 & mu* m 9 ! cell cavities4 ,!re 0 no evid5ce t ! /a9 _h p]meat$ ! sub/ance ( ! light l9e4 ,x 0 able to cross ! light l9e only :5 pores 7 pres5t4 ,9 imp]meable se$s ! /a9s pass$ readily to ! light l9e4 7,pl4 ,v1 fig4 #g47 ,x 0 evid5t t ! absorption ( wat] 0 n prev5t$ by ei!r ! cuticul>iz$ lay] or ! cone-%ap$ /ructures ( ! ,malpighian lay]1 b by ! light l9e4 ,! region outside ( ! light l9e became /a9$ 9 a few h\rs1 b !re 0 no trace ( ! /a9 )9 ! light l9e aft] ! se$s _h rema9$ a week 9 ! /a9s4 ,alcohol did n p5etrate ! se$ coat m readily ?an wat]4 ,a ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,p]meable ,,& ,,imp]meable ,,se$ ,,coats4 ,no diff]5ce 9 *emical /ructure 0 f\nd betwe5 ! coats ( p]meable & imp]meable se$s4 ,! pr9cipal diff]5ces 7 9 ! "* & am\nt ( ?ick5+ ( ! cell walls4 ,9 _m ( ! p]meable se$s "s ( ! canals 7 f\nd to ext5d across ! light l9e1 b ?is 0 n true = all p]meable se$s4 7,pl4 ,v1 fig4 #h47 ,oblique sections ( p]meable se$ coats %[$ t ! cell cavities1 al?\gh r$uc$ to m]e pores by ! ?ick5+ ( _! radial walls1 ext5d$ across ! light l9e into ! base ( ! cones1 ?us =m+ a passageway ?r\gh :i* ! /a9s pass$ to ! l>g] portions ( ! cell cavities bel[ ! light l9e4 7,pl4 ,v1 fig4 #d47 ,9 ! coats ( ! imp]meable se$s ! light l9e 0 usually broad]1 ! ,malpighian cells ?ick5$ m bel[ ! light l9e1 & ! ma9 cavities ( ! ,malpighian cells 7 m r$uc$ & f>!r bel[ ! light l9e ?an 9 ! coats ( p]meable se$s4 7,pl4 ,v1 fig4 #f47 ,no canals except occasionally a few v small ones 7 se5 cross+ ! light l9e 9 imp]meable se$s4 ,cross & oblique sections %[$ t ! lum9a ( ! ,malpighian cells 7 clos$ 9 ! region ( ! light l9e4 ,?us x 0 f\nd t p]meable & imp]meable se$s diff] ma9ly 9 ! am\nt ( ?ick5+ :i* occurs 9 ! walls ( ! ,malpighian cells4 ,9 ! imp]meable se$s ! ?ick5+ :i* beg9s at ! out] tang5tial wall ( ! ,malpighian cell ext5ds f>!r t[>d ! inn] tang5tial wall1 leav+ ! cell lum9a small] & f>!r bel[ ! light l9e ?an 9 p]meable se$s4 ,! ?ick5+ is also m complete 9 imp]meable se$s1 leav+ few] & small] canals across ! light l9e z well z clos+ ! cell lum9a 9 ! region ( ! light l9e4 ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,sulphuric ,,acid ,,on ,,! ,,coats ,,( ,,imp]meable ,,se$s4 ,imp]meable se$s 7 soak$ 9 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid 7sp4 gr4 #a4hd7 = #ae1 #cj1 & #fj m9utes2 !n wa%$ & put 9 ! /a9+ solutions4 ,aft] !y _h swoll51 !y 7 remov$ f ! /a9+ solutions1 dri$1 & emb$d$ 9 glyc]9 gum4 ,a /udy ( ^! se$s %[$ t ! acid _h eat5 away all ( ! mat]ial outside ( ! light l9e & t ! /a9 _h pass$ ?r\gh all regions ( ! se$ coat4 7,pl4 ,v1 fig4 #aj47 ,:5 obs]v$ "u ! microscope1 x 0 se5 t ! action ( ! acid 0 rapid1 de/roy+ ! cuticle1 cuticul>iz$ lay]1 & cones 9 ab\t #e m9utes4 ,aft] #ae m9utes treatm5t ) acid ! light l9e1 aside f ! pres5ce ( canals & pores n previ\sly visible1 seem$ to be v little affect$4 ,! division l9es along :i* ! lat]al walls ( ! ,malpighian cells 7 jo9$ n[ became mu* m di/9ct across ! light l9e1 ?us indicat+ t !re 0 "s swell+ 9 ?is region4 ,:5 a close exam9ation ( ! pa? ( ! /a9 0 made ! cell lum9a1 & occasionally v small pores1 7 f\nd to ext5d across ! light l9e4 ,! pres5ce ( ! /a9 9 ! pores indicat$ t !y 7 pa?s ( ! /a9 across ! light l9e4 ,"s ( ! /a9 pass$ along ! l9es betwe5 cells & ?r\gh ! occasional canals cross+ ! light l9e1 b judg+ f ! int5sity ( ! /a9 9 ! lum9a ! canals appe>$ to be ! pr9cipal passageways4 ,! action ( ! acid 9 op5+ ! cell cavities across ! light l9e 0 n det]m9$4 ,x may be due to ! swell+ ( ! light l9e or to ! removal ( sub/ances clos+ ! pores4 ,no se$s 7 expos$ to ! acid = long] ?an an h\r1 b at ! end ( ?is p]iod ! light l9e 0 /ill intact4 ,z comp>$ ) o!r portions ( ! ,malpighian lay]1 x is extremely resi/ant to conc5trat$ sulphuric acid4 ,s9ce all cell walls bel[ ! light l9e are ma9ly cellulose1 ! resi/ance ( ! light l9e prev5ts ! acid f de/roy+ ! entire se$ coat & rea*+ ! embryo4 ,,lit]ature ,,cit$4 7#a7 ,beck1 ,gun!r4 #ahgh4 ,v]glei*5de ,anatomie d] ,sam5 von ,vicia und ,ervum4 ,9 ,sitzb]4 ,k4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,vi5na1 ,ma?4 ,naturw4 ,kl41 ,bd4 #gg1 ,abt4 #a1 p4 #ede-egi1 #b pl4 7#b7 ,b]g!il1 ,c1 & ,day1 ,d4 ,l4 #aijg4 ,on ! cause ( h>dness 9 ! se$s ( ,indig(]a arrecta4 ,9 ,ann4 ,bot41 v4 #ba1 no4 #ha1 p4 #eg-fj1 pl4 #g4 7#c7 ,crock]1 ,william4 #aijf4 ,role ( se$ coats 9 delay$ g]m9ation4 ,9 ,bot4 ,gaz41 v4 #db1 no4 #d1 p4 #bfe-bia1 #d fig4 ,lit]ature cit$1 p4 #bij-bia4 7#d7 ,d>w91 ,*>les4 #ahhe4 ,! effects ( cross & self f]tilisation 9 ! vegetable k+dom4 #dhb p4 ,new ,york4 7#e7 ,ew>t1 ,alfr$ ,j4 #aijh4 ,on ! longevity ( se$s4 ,9 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,victoria1 v4 #ba1 pt4 #a1 p4 #a-bjc4 ,lit]ature1 p4 #c-d4 7#f7 ,gola1 ,guiseppe4 #aije4 ,ric]*e sulla biologia e sulla fisiologia dei semi a tegum5to imp]meabile4 ,9 ,mem4 ,r4 ,accad4 ,sci4 ,tor9o1 s4 #b1 t4 #ee1 p4 #bcg-bgj1 #a pl4 7#g7 ,hab]l&t1 ,g4 #ahgg4 ,ueb] die ,entwickelungsges*i*te und d5 ,bau d] ,sam5s*ale bei d] ,gattung ,phaseolus4 ,9 ,sitzb]4 ,k4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,vi5na1 ,ma?4 ,naturw4 ,kl41 ,bd4 #ge1 ,abt4 #a1 p4 #cc-dg1 #b pl4 ,han/e91 ,johannes4 7#h7 #ahfc4 ,erlut]ung des ,n>doo g5annt5 ,nahrungsmittels d] ,urbewohn] ,au/rali5s1 e9] ,m>silea-,fru*t1 neb/ ,bem]kung5 zur ,entwicklung dies] ,gattung4 ,9 ,monatsb]4 ,k4 ,preuss4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,b]l91 #ahfb1 p4 #ajc-aai1 #a pl4 7#i7 #ahff4 ,pilul>iae globulif]ae g5]atio cum ,m>silia comp>ata4 #af p4 ,bonnae4 ,diss]tation4 ,h>r+ton1 ,george ,t4 7#aj7 #aiae4 ,h>d clov] se$ & its treatm5t 9 hull+4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,f>m]s' ,bul4 #fgf1 #h p4 7#aa7 #aiaf4 ,agricultural value ( imp]meable se$s4 ,9 ,j\r4 ,agr4 ,rese>*1 v4 #f1 no4 #bj1 p4 #gfa-gif1 #f fig41 pl4 #ajf4 ,lit]ature cit$1 p4 #gif4 7#ab7 ,h>z1 ,c4 ,d4 #ahhe4 ,l&wirts*aftli*e ,sam5kunde4 #acfb p41 #bja fig4 ,b]l94 7#ac7 ,hiltn]1 ,l4 #aijb4 ,die ,keimungsv]hltnisse d] ,legum9os5sam5 und ihre ,bee9flussung dur* ,organism5wirkung4 ,9 ,arb4 ,k4 ,gesundheitsamte1 ,biol4 ,abt41 ,bd4 #c1 ,heft #a1 p4 #a-ajb1 #d fig4 7#ad7 ,hughes1 ,h4 ,d4 #aiae4 ,mak+ legumes gr[4 ,9 ,f>m & ,fireside1 v4 #ch1 no4 #ai1 p4 #g1 illus4 7#ae7 ,huss1 ,ma?ias4 #ahij4 b] ,quellungsunfhigkeit von ,legum9os5sam5 und ,mittel zu d]5 ,abhilfe4 #gc p4 ,halle4 ,diss]tation4 7#af7 ,jun[icz1 ,r4 #ahgh4 ,die ,li*tl9ie 9 d5 ,prism5zell5 d] ,sam5s*al54 ,9 ,sitzb]4 ,k4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,vi5na1 ,ma?4 ,naturw4 ,kl41 ,bd4 #gf1 ,abt4 #a1 p4 #cce-ceb1 #b pl4 7#ag7 ,k]n] von ,m>ilaun1 ,anton4 #ahia4 ,pflanz5leb54 #b ,bd4 ,leipzig4 7#ah7 ,kir*n]1 ,o4 #aije4 b] die ,wirkung d] ,selb/be/ubung bei d5 ,papilionace54 ,9 ,naturw4 ,zts*r4 ,l&-u4 ,=/w41 ,jahrg4 #c1 ,heft #a1 p4 #a-af2 ,heft #b1 p4 #di-fd2 ,heft #c1 p4 #ig-aaa4 ,lit]atur-v]zei*nis1 p4 #aaj-aaa4 7#ai7 ,knu?1 ,paul4 #aijf-h4 ,h&book ( fl[] poll9ation1 bas$ on ,h]mann ,mll]'s "w ^u ,! f]tilisation ( fl[]s by insects1 transl4 by ,j4 ,r4 ,a9swor? ,davis4 #c v41 illus4 ,ox=d4 ,bibliography1 v4 #a1 p4 #bab-chj4 7#bj7 ,lohde1 ,georg4 #ahgd4 ,ueb] die ,entwicklungsges*i*te und d5 ,bau e9ig] ,sam5s*al54 #db p41 #a pl4 ,naumburg4 ,diss]tation4 7#ba7 ,love1 ,h>ry ,h41 & ,leighty1 ,clyde ,e4 #aiab4 ,g]m9ation ( se$ z affect$ by sulphuric acid treatm5t4 ,n4 ,y4 ,cornell ,agr4 ,exp4 ,/a4 ,bul4 #cab1 p4 #bic-ccf1 fig4 #gh-he4 7#bb7 ,lutts1 ,f4 ,m4 #aiag4 ,sweet clov]1 advantages ( ! crop = soil improvem5t4 ,9 ,ohio ,agr4 ,exp4 ,/a4 ,mo4 ,bul41 v4 #b1 no4 #b1 p4 #de-dg1 illus4 7#bc7 ,malpighi1 ,m>cello4 #afhg4 ,op]a omnia1 seu !saurus locupletissimus botanico-m$ico-anatomicus 444 ,new ed4 #b v41 pl4 ,lugduni ,batavorum4 7#bd7 ,m>lire1 ,h4 #ahig4 ,sur la gra9e et spcialem5t sur l'endosp]me du ,c]atonia siliqua4 ,9 ,cellule1 t4 #ac1 fasc4 #a1 p4 #e-fj1 #b pl4 7#be7 ,m>t91 ,j4 ,n4 #aiae4 ,relation ( moi/ure to se$ production 9 alfalfa4 ,i[a ,agr4 ,exp4 ,/a4 ,rese>* ,bul4 #bc1 p4 #cja-cbd1 #b fig4 7#bf7 ,mett5ius1 ,georg4 #ahdf4 ,beitraege zur ,k5ntniss d] ,rhizoc>pe54 #fe p41 #c pl4 ,frankfurt am ,ma94 7#bg7 ,die ,hoh5heim] ,sam5ritzma*9e4 #ahid4 ,9 ,brauns*weig4 ,l&w4 ,ztg41 ,jahrg4 #fb1 ,nr4 #ai1 p4 #hf4 illus4 7#bh7 ,mll]1 ,h]mann4 #ahhc4 ,! f]tilisation ( fl[]s1 transl4 by ,d',arcy ,w4 ,?ompson4 #ffi p41 #ahf fig4 ,london4 ,bibliography1 p4 #eii-fcj4 7#bi7 ,nobbe1 ,fri$ri*4 #ahgf4 ,h&bu* d] ,sam5kunde4 #fca p41 #cci fig41 #a pl4 ,b]l94 7#cj7 --------1 & ,ha5le91 ,h4 #ahgg4 ,ueb] die ,resi/5z von ,sam5 geg5 die uss]5 ,factor5 d] ,keimung4 ,9 ,l&w4 ,v]su*s ,/a41 v4 #bj1 p4 #ga-if1 #ac fig4 ,pammel1 ,l4 ,h4 7#ca7 #ahii4 ,anatomical *>act]s ( ! se$s ( ,legum9osae1 *iefly g5]a ( ,gray's ,manual4 ,9 ,trans4 ,acad4 ,sci4 ,/4 ,l\is1 v4 #i1 p4 #ia-bge1 pl4 #g-ce4 ,bibliography1 p4 #bbd-beg4 7#cb7 #ahhf4 ,on ! /ructure ( ! te/a ( sev]al legum9\s se$s4 ,9 ,bul4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 v4 #ac1 no4 #b1 p4 #ag-bd1 pl4 #eb-ec4 7#cc7 ,rees1 ,b]?a4 #aiaa4 ,longevity ( se$s & /ructure & nature ( se$ coat4 ,9 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,victoria1 n4 s41 ,v4 #bc1 pt4 #b1 p4 #bic-dad1 pl4 #gi-ha4 7#cd7 ,russ[1 ,edmund4 #ahgb4 ,v]glei*5de ,unt]su*ung5 betreff5d die ,hi/iologie 7,hi/iographie und ,hi/iog5ie7 d] vegetativ5 und spor5bild5d5 ,organe und die ,entwickelung d] ,spor5 d] ,leitbndel-,kryptogam51 mit ,b]cksi*tigung d] ,hi/iologie d] ,phan]ogam51 ausgeh5d von d] ,betra*tung d] ,m>siliace54 ,9 ,mm4 ,acad4 ,sci4 ,/4 ,pet]sb41 s4 #g1 t4 #ai1 no4 #a1 #bjg p41 #aa pl4 7#ce7 ,s*leid51 ,m4 ,j41 & ,vogel1 ,j4 ,r4 ,?4 #ahdb4 b] das ,album51 inbesond]e d] ,legum9os54 ,9 ,nova ,acta4 ,acad4 ,caes4 ,leop4 ,c>ol4 ,nat4 ,cur41 v4 #ai1 pt4 #b1 p4 #ea-if1 pl4 #dj-de4 ,repr9t$4 7#cf7 ,sempol[ski1 ,anton4 #ahgd4 ,beitraege zur ,k5ntniss des ,baues d] ,sam5s*ale4 #eg p41 #c pl4 ,leipzig4 ,diss]tation4 7#cg7 ,tietz1 ,a4 ,o4 ,q4 #ahgf4 b] die ,keimung e9ig] ,conif]5 und ,laubhlz] bei v]s*i$55 ab] con/ant5 ,temp]atur54 #dd p41 #h pl4 ,reudnitz-,leipzig4 ,diss]tation4 7#ch7 ,tunmann1 ,o4 #aiac4 ,pflanz5mikro*emie4 #fca p41 #acg fig4 ,b]l94 7#ci7 ,v]s*affelt1 ,e4 #aiab4 ,le traitem5t *imique des gra9es imbibition t>dive4 ,9 ,rec4 ,trav4 ,bot4 ,nerl41 v4 #i1 livr4 #d1 p4 #dja-dce4 7#dj7 ,we/gate1 ,j4 ,m41 & ,coe1 ,h4 ,s4 #aiae4 ,r$ clov] se$ production3 ,poll9ation /udies4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr4 ,bul4 #bhi1 #ca p41 #g fig4 ,lit]ature cit$1 p4 #bi-ca4 7#da7 ,wett/e91 ,ri*>d von4 #ahhh4 ,beoba*tung5 b] d5 ,bau & die ,keimung des ,sam5s von ,nelumbo nucif]a ,grtn4 ,9 ,v]h&l4 ,k4 ,k4 ,zool4-,bot4 ,gesell4 ,wi51 ,bd4 #ch1 p4 #da-dh1 pl4 #a4 7#db7 ,:ite1 ,jean4 #aijh4 ,! occurr5ce ( an imp]meable cuticle on ! ext]ior ( c]ta9 se$s4 ,9 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,victoria1 v4 #ba1 n4 s4 pt4 #a1 p4 #bjc-baj1 #b pl4 7#dc7 ,wig&1 ,alb]t1 & ,d5n]t1 ,e4 #ahhh4 ,nelumbium speciosum ,w4 ,e9e monographis*e ,/udie4 #fh p41 #f pl4 ,cassel4 7,biblio!ca ,botanica1 ,heft #aa47 7#dd7 ,"y1 ,w4 ,j4 #aijf4 ,! embryology ( ,melilotus alba4 ,9 ,proc4 ,ind4 ,acad4 ,sci4 #aije1 p4 #acc-ada1 #ej fig4 ,bibliography1 p4 #acf4 ,,additional ,,copies ,,( ,,?is ,,publication ,,may ,,be ,,procur$ ,,f ,,! ,,sup]9t5d5t ,,( ,,docum5ts ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,at #ae ,,c5ts ,,p] ,,copy 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib] ,note ,m9or typos may h be5 correct$4 ,illu/rations 7 mov$ to prev5t splitt+ ( p>agraphs4 ,cont5t produc$ f files g5]\sly provid$ by ! ,,usda ?r\gh ,! ,int]net ,ar*ive & all resultant files are plac$ 9 ! ,public ,doma94