,h&book #aci ,crat]s ( ! ,moon ,a ,guide to ,crat]s ( ! ,moon ,national ,monum5t ,idaho ,division ( ,publications ,national ,p>k ,s]vice ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 #aiia ,illu/ration3 uncaption$ ,us+ ,?is ,h&book ,crat]s ( ! ,moon ,national ,monum5t protects volcanic features ( ! ,crat]s ( ! ,moon lava field4 ,"p #a ( ?is h&book introduces ! p>k & rec\nts its e>ly exploration4 ,"p #b explores h[ life has adapt$ to ! p>k's volcanic l&scape--& h[ p h p]ceiv$ x4 ,"p #c pres5ts concise travel guide & ref]5ce mat]ials = t\r+ ! p>k & = camp+4 ,national ,p>k ,h&books are publi%$ to support ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice's managem5t programs & to promote und]/&+ & enjoym5t ( ! m ?an #cej ,national ,p>k ,sy/em sites1 :i* repres5t important examples ( our c\ntry's natural & cultural inh]itance4 ,ea* h&book is int5d$ to be in=mative read+ & a useful guide be=e1 dur+1 & aft] a p>k visit4 ,m ?an #ajj titles are 9 pr9t4 ,!y are sold at p>ks & c be pur*as$ by mail f ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,u4,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton1 ,,dc #bjdjb4 ,?is is h&book numb] #aci4 ,libr>y ( ,congress ,catalog+-9-,publication ,data ,crat]s ( ! ,moon3 ,a ,guide to ,crat]s ( ! ,moon ,national ,monum5t1 ,idaho_/produc$ by ! ,division ( ,publications1 ,national ,p>k ,s]vice4 p4 cm4--7,(ficial national p>k h&book2 #aci7 #a4 ,crat]s ( ! ,moon ,national ,monum5t 7,idaho7--,guidebooks4 #b4 ,geology--,idaho--,crat]s ( ! ,moon ,national ,monum5t--,guidebooks4 ,i4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,p>k ,s]vice4 ,division ( ,publications4 ,,ii4 ,s]ies3 ,h&book 7,unit$ ,/ates4 ,national ,p>k ,s]vice4 ,division ( ,publications72 #aci4 ,f#geb4;,c#g;,c#gc #aiia #iag4if'ei--;dc#bj #hi-acfgj;,,cip ,,isbn #j-iabfbg-dd-a ,"p #a ,welcome to ,crat]s ( ! ,moon #d ,rift ,volcanism on ! ,snake ,riv] ,pla9 #g ,"p #b ,f ,moonscape to ,l&scape #bj ,geology ( ! ,crat]s ( ! ,moon #bc ,life ,adapts to a ,volcanic ,l&scape #ce ,indians1 ,e>ly ,explor]s1 & ,practic+ ,a/ronauts #dg ,"p #c ,guide & ,advis] #eb ,approa*+ ,crat]s ( ! ,moon #ed ,visitor ,c5t] & ,programs #ef ,map #eh ,take ! ,driv+ ,t\r #ei ,camp+ & ,backc\ntry ,use #fj ,w9t] ,recreation #fa ,regulations & ,safety #fb ,ne>by ,attractions #fc ,arm*air ,explorations #fd ,"p #a ,welcome to ,crat]s ( ! ,moon ,illu/ration3 uncaption$ ,illu/ration3 ,rock or rope8 ,folds ( lava rock look l coils ( irregul> rope4 ,lava fl[s ( ?is type are kn[n z pahoehoe1 a ,hawaiian ^w pron\nc$ pah-hoy-hoy & mean+ ropey4 ,rift ,volcanism on ! ,snake ,riv] ,pla9 ,light play+ on cobalt blue lavas ( ! ,blue ,dragon ,fl[s caught ! inn] eye ( explor] ,rob]t ,limb]t3 8,x is ! play ( light at sunset across ?is lava t *>ms ! spectator4 ,x becomes a twi/$1 wavy sea4 ,9 ! moonlight its glaz$ surface has a silv]y %e54 ,) *ang+ conditions ( light & air1 x v>ies also1 ev5 :ile "o /&s & wat*es4 ,x is a place ( color & sil5ce44440 ,limb]t explor$ ! ,crat]s ( ! ,moon lava field 9 ,idaho 9 ! #aibjs & wrote ^? words = a #aibd issue ( ,national ,geographic ,magaz9e4 8,= sev]al ye>s ,i _h li/5$ to /ories told by fur trapp]s ( ! /range ?+s !y _h se5 :ile rang+ 9 ?is region10 wrote ,limb]t1 a sometime taxid]mi/1 tann]1 & furri] f ,boise1 ,idaho4 8,"s ( ^! acc\nts seem$ beyond belief40 ,to ,limb]t x seem$ extraord9>y 8,t a region ( su* size & sc5ic peculi>ity1 9 ! he>t ( ! great ,nor?we/1 c\ld h rema9$ practically unkn[n & unexplor$44440 ,on 8 ?ird & mo/ ambiti\s trek1 9 #aibd1 ,limb]t & ,w4 ,c4 ,cole 7 at times left spee*less by ! lava l&scape !y explor$4 ,limb]t rec\nt$ 8 impressions 9 magaz9e & newspap] articles ^: publication 0 influ5tial 9 ! area's be+ protect$ "u f$]al own]%ip4 ,9 #aibd1 "p ( ! lava field 0 proclaim$ z ,crat]s ( ! ,moon ,national ,monum5t1 protect$ "u ! ,antiquities ,act4 ,x 0 creat$ 8to pres]ve ! unusual & weird volcanic =mations40 ,! b\nd>y has be5 adju/$ & ! p>k enl>g$ s9ce !n4 ,9 #aigj1 a l>ge "p ( ! national monum5t 0 designat$ by ,congress z ! ,crat]s ( ! ,moon ,wild]ness4 ,x is fur!r protect$ "u ! ,national ,wild]ness ,pres]vation ,sy/em4 ,until #aihf1 little 0 kn[n ab\t ,limb]t except = ^? facts rec\nt$ above4 ,t ye>1 h[ev]1 a rese>*] compil+ a hi/ory ( ! national monum5t locat$ ,limb]t's daught] 9 ,boise4 ,! daught] /ill possess$ hundr$s ( items1 includ+ e>ly glass plate negatives1 photographs1 & manuscripts ( h] fa!r & t %$ m light on 8 life1 ! e>ly days ( ,idaho1 & ,crat]s ( ! ,moon4 ,"s ( ^! photographs s]v$ z bluepr9ts = ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice 9 ! rehabilitation ( fragile spatt] cone =mations t h det]iorat$ ov] ! ye>s ( heavy human traffic4 ,! ,limb]t collection has be5 fully catalog$ by ,boise ,/ate ,univ]sity curators & has already prov5 to be a valuable res\rce to hi/orians int]e/$ 9 ,limb]t & ?is fasc9at+ "p ( ,idaho4 ,pres]vation ( ! area owes mu* to ,limb]t's imag9ative advocacy 9 ! true _s ( ! ,we/ 9 its e>li] days4 ,local leg5ds1 beg9n+ 9 ! late #ahjjs1 held t ?is area resembl$ ! surface ( ! moon1 on :i*--x mu/ n[ be rememb]$--no "o _h !n walk$6 ,geologi/ ,h>old ,t4 ,/e>ns fir/ us$ ! "n ,crat]s ( ! ,moon :5 he sugge/$ to ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice1 9 #aibc1 t a national monum5t be e/abli%$ "h4 ,/e>ns f\nd 8! d>k crat]s & ! cold lava1 ne>ly de/itute ( vegetation0 simil> to 8! surface ( ! moon z se5 ?r\gh a telescope40 ,! "n ,crat]s ( ! ,moon w\ld /ick aft] ,limb]t adopt$ x 9 ,national ,geographic ,magaz9e 9 #aibd4 ,lat] t ye> ! "n became (ficial :5 ! area 0 set aside by ,presid5t ,calv9 ,coolidge z a national monum5t "u ! ,antiquities ,act4 ,l "s o!r areas 9 ! ,national ,p>k ,sy/em1 ,crat]s ( ! ,moon has liv$ to see ! "n t its e>ly explor]s affix$ to x prov$ some:at errone\s by subsequ5t ev5ts or f9d+s4 ,:5 ,/e>ns & ,limb]t call$ ?is lava field ,crat]s ( ! ,moon1 probably few p]sons o!r ?an sci5ce fiction buffs actually ?\ght t human be+s might "o day walk on ! moon & see fir/h& :at its surface is l4 ,p h n[ walk$ on ! moon1 h[ev]1 & we "k t its surface does n1 9 fact1 closely resemble ?is "p ( ,idaho4 ,al?\gh !re are "s volcanic features on ! surface ( ! moon1 mo/ ( its crat]s 7 =m$ by ! impact ( meteorites collid+ ) ! moon4 ,moonscape or n1 e>ly fur trapp]s avoid$ ! lava fl[s along ! base ( ! ,pione] ,m\nta9s at ! nor? ( today's p>k4 ,9 do+ s1 !y foll[$ ,indian trails su* z "o f\nd by ,limb]t t 8resembl$ a light /reak w9d+ ?r\gh ! lava4 ,:5 ! sun 0 directly ov]head x c\ld be se5 to advantage1 b at times 0 difficult to foll[4 ,?9k ( ! ye>s ( travel10 ,limb]t m>vel$1 8necess>y to make t m>k on rock60 ,at lea/ "o ,indian trail 0 de/9$ to become "p ( ,goodale's ,cut(f1 an alt]native r\te on ! ,oregon ,trail t pione]s 9 wagon tra9s us$ 9 ! #ahejs & #ahfjs4 ,_m adjectives e>ly us$ = ?is sc5e--weird1 b>r51 excit+1 awe-inspir+1 monoton\s1 a/oni%+1 curi\s1 bleak1 my/]i\s--/ill apply4 ,x is n difficult today to see :y pione]+ folk int5t on wre/+ a liv+ f ! l& did n tackle ?is volcanic t]ra94 ,geologi/s possess$ ! prop] motivation to tackle x1 h[ev]4 ,curiosity ar\s$ by ?is lava field has l$ sev]al g5]ations ( geologi/s1 beg9n+ ) ,israel ,c4 ,russell 9 #aija & ,h>old ,t4 ,/e>ns 9 ! #aibjs1 into a deep] und]/&+ ( its volcanic orig9s4 ,) ev] increas+ p5etration ( its geological hi/ory1 ! app>5t o!rworldl9ess ( ,crat]s ( ! ,moon has retreat$--b n entirely4 ,! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration 7,,nasa7 br\ght ! second set ( a/ronauts :o w\ld walk on ! moon to ?is ali5 corn] ( ! galaxy be=e _! moon%ot4 ,"h !y /udi$ ! volcanic rock & explor$ an unusual1 h>%1 & un=giv+ environm5t be=e emb>k+ on _! own o!rworldly adv5ture4 ,mo/ types ( volcanic features 9 ! p>k c be se5 q readily by fir/ /opp+ at ! visitor c5t] & !n driv+ ! ,loop ,road4 ,f> m features c be se5 if y also walk ! int]pretive trails at ! /ops along ! ,loop ,road4 ,/ill m await ^? :o inve/ ! "t requir$ to come to feel ! my/]i\s timelessness & raw natural =ce implicit 9 ?is expansive lava field4 ,_m travel]s are en r\te to ,yell[/one ,national ,p>k & sp5d only a c\ple ( h\rs visit+ ,crat]s ( ! ,moon4 ,?is is ironic because "h y are on ! geological track ( ,yell[/one4 ,9 fact1 ,crat]s ( ! ,moon repres5ts :at ,yell[/one's l&scape w resemble 9 ! future1 & bo? areas c supplem5t y\r insight into :at happ5s :5 ! ,e>?'s unimag9able inn] =ces erupt to its surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,silv]y leaves ( ! buck:eat dot a c9d] g>d5 ) su* regul> spac+ !y almo/ look plant$4 ,su* spac+ results f ! %ortage ( available surface wat]3 ,ea* plant controls ) its roots ! space surr\nd+ x1 disc\rag+ compet+ plants4 ,ra9wat] & sn[melt p5etrate volcanic c9d]s s readily t _! moi/ure quickly drops beyond rea* ( mo/ plants' root sy/ems4 ,= a close-up view ( a buck:eat1 see page #cf4 ,al?\gh ,idaho is fam\s = =e/s1 riv]s1 & sc5ic m\nta9 wild]ness1 its ,snake ,riv] ,pla9 region boa/s little ( ^! attributes4 ,?is pla9 arcs across s\!rn ,idaho f ! ,oregon bord] to ! ,yell[/one area at ! ,montana-,wyom+ bord]4 ,x m>ks ! trail ( ! passage ( ! ,e>?'s cru/ ov] an unusual geologic heat s\rce t n[ br+s ! ,e>?'s inc5di>y inn] work+s s close to its surface ne> ,yell[/one4 ,?is heat s\rce fuels ,yell[/one's bubbl+1 spew+1 sp\t+ geo!rmal wond]s4 ,crat]s ( ! ,moon !re=e /&s z a geologic prelude to ,yell[/one1 z its precursor & ! ance/ral /uff ( its fi]y secrets4 ,:5 did all ?is volcanism at ,crat]s ( ! ,moon happ58 ,w x happ5 aga98 ,accord+ to ,mel ,kuntz & o!r ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey geologi/s :o h conduct$ ext5sive field rese>* at ,crat]s ( ! ,moon1 ! volcanic activity =m+ ! ,crat]s ( ! ,moon lava field probably />t$ only #ae1jjj ye>s ago4 ,! la/ eruption 9 ! volcanic cycle end$ #b1jjj ye>s ago1 ab\t ! "t t ,julius ,caes> rul$ ! ,roman ,empire4 ,crat]s ( ! ,moon is a dormant1 b n ext9ct1 volcanic area4 ,its sleep+ volcanoes c\ld become active aga9 9 ! ne> future4 ,! l>ge/ e>?quake ( ! la/ qu>t] c5tury 9 ! contigu\s ,unit$ ,/ates %ook ,idaho's talle/ m\nta91 ,borah ,peak1 j nor? ( "h 9 #aihc4 ,:5 x did1 "s geologi/s wond]$ if x might initiate volcanic activity at ,crat]s ( ! ,moon4 ,x did n4 ,accord+ to ,kuntz1 h[ev]1 ?is is no reason n to expect ano!r volcanic eruption "h soon--probably 8)9 ! next #a1jjj ye>s40 ,"p ,two ( ?is h&book explores ! /ill "y & rapidly evolv+ und]/&+ ( ! fasc9at+ geologic /ory ( ,crat]s ( ! ,moon4 ,today's ,crat]s ( ! ,moon ,national ,monum5t encompasses #hc squ>e miles ( ! mu* l>g] ,crat]s ( ! ,moon lava field4 ,rea*+ s\!a/w>d f ! ,pione] ,m\nta9s1 ! p>k b\nd>y encloses a s]ies ( fissure v5ts1 volcanic cones1 & lava fl[s kn[n z ! ,great ,rift volcanic zone4 ,?is volcanic rift zone is a l9e ( weakness 9 ! ,e>?'s cru/ t c be trac$ = "s #fj miles across ! ,snake ,riv] ,pla94 ,rec5t volcanism m>ks mu* ( its l5g?4 ,y c explore ! ,great ,rift & "s ( its volcanic features via ! p>k's #g-mile ,loop ,drive1 z describ$ 9 ,"p ,?ree ( ?is h&book4 ,9 ! p>k's nor!rn "p y w f9d spatt] cones1 c9d] cones1 lava fl[s1 lava caves1 & an unexpect$ v>iety ( wildfl[]s1 %rubs1 trees1 & wild animals4 ,! mu* l>g] s\!rn "p ( ! p>k1 designat$ by ,congress 9 #aigj z ! ,crat]s ( ! ,moon ,wild]ness ,area1 is a va/ & l>gely untravel$ region ( />k volcanic features flank+ ! ,great ,rift4 ,x (f]s a *all5ge to s]i\s hik]s & explor]s--latt] day ,rob]t ,limb]ts--:o are prep>$ = rugg$ wild]ness travel4 ,despite its seem+ b>r5ness1 ,crat]s ( ! ,moon is inde$ home to a surpris+ div]sity ( plant & animal life4 ,z ,limb]t not$ 9 #aibd3 8,9 ! ,we/ ! t]m #8,lava ,b$s ( ,idaho' has always signifi$ a region to be %unn$ by ev5 ! mo/ v5turesome travel]s--a l& suppos$ly b>r5 ( vegetation1 de/itute ( wat]1 devoid ( animal life1 & lack+ 9 sc5ic int]e/4 8,9 reality ! region has slight resemblance to its imag9$ aspect4 ,its vegetation is mo/ly hidd5 9 pockets1 b :5 f\nd consi/s ( p9es1 c$>s1 junip]s1 & sagebru%3 its wat] is hidd5 deep 9 tanks or holes at ! bottom ( l>ge #8bl[-outs' & is f\nd only by foll[+ old ,indian or m\nta9 %eep trails or by wat*+ ! flight ( birds z !y drop into ^! places to qu5* _! ?ir/4 ,! animal life consi/s pr9cipally ( migrant birds1 rock rabbits1 wood*ucks1 black & grizzly be>s3 its sc5]y is impressive 9 its gr&eur40 ,ye>s ( pati5t record-keep+ by sci5ti/s h fit numb]s to ,limb]t's p]ceptive obs]vations4 ,! numb] ( species id5tifi$ includes m ?an #cjj plants1 #b1jjj insects1 #h reptiles1 #adj birds1 #cj mammals--& "o amphibian1 ! we/]n toad4 ,we n[ call ,limb]t's 8rock rabbit0 ! pika4 ,! grizzly is long gone "h4 ,) few exceptions1 ! p>k's d5iz5s live mo/ly "u conditions ( great environm5tal /ress4 ,ne> con/ant w9ds1 breeze-to-gale 9 /r5g?1 sweep across ! p>k to rob moi/ure f all liv+ ?+s4 ,scant soils1 l[ levels ( precipitation1 ! inability ( c9d] cones to hold ra9wat] ne> ! surface1 & ! heat ( ! summ] sun--int5sifi$ by heat-absorb+ black lavas--only aggravate su* moi/ure !ft4 ,c9d] surfaces regi/] summ] soil temp]atures ( ov] #aej;,f & %[ a lack ( plant cov]4 ,plants cov] g5]ally less ?an #e p]c5t ( ! total surface ( ! c9d] cones4 ,a rec5t /udy f\nd t :5 ! area is look$ at on a p>kwide basis1 mo/ ( ! l& is v sp>sely vegetat$ 7less ?an #ae p]c5t vegetative cov]74 ,on a scale ( s& trap to putt+ gre51 ?is w\ld approa* ! s& trap end ( ! scale4 ,illu/ration3 ,w9t] sn[ trans=ms ^! l&scapes1 smoo?+ out bo? cont\rs & ! jagg$ edges ( lavas4 ,less lun> 9 appe>ance n[1 ! p>k none!less ma9ta9s an o!rworldly aura4 ,illu/ration3 ,! p>k 0 nam$ 9 #aibd1 #de ye>s be=e humans walk$ on ! ,moon4 ,al?\gh we n[ "k m ab\t ! ,moon's actual surface1 ! p>k's "n /ill r+s true4 ,only a few trees imm$iately sugge/ t ! l>ge photo 0 tak5 on ,e>?4 ,9 ! inset photo1 a/ronaut ,edw9 ,e4 8,buzz0 ,aldr9 walks on ! ,moon ne> ! lun> module4 ,into ?is difficult environm5t wildlife rese>*] ,brad ,griffi? v5tur$ to c\nt1 m>k1 & scrut9ize ! mule de] ( ,crat]s ( ! ,moon 9 ,may #aihj4 ,griffi?1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,idaho1 conduct$ a ?ree-ye> /udy ( ! p>k's mule de] population because ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice 0 conc]n$ t ?is protect$ & productive h]d might multiply s mu* t x w\ld ev5tually damage its habitat4 ,among o!r ?+s1 he w\ld f9d t ! h]d has develop$ a dr\ght evasion /rategy t makes x behave unlike any mule de] population kn[n any:]e else4 8,by late summ]10 ,griffi? expla9s1 8plants h matur$ & dri$ s t !y no long] provide adequate moi/ure to su/a9 ! de] 9 ?is l&scape t (f]s !m no free wat]4 ,foll[+ ab\t #ab days ( w>m nights & hot days 9 late ,july1 ! de] migrate f #e to #aj miles nor? to ! ,pione] ,m\nta9s4 ,!re !y f9d free-fl[+ creeks & ! cool1 moi/ %ade ( asp5 & ,d\glas-fir groves & wait out summ]'s wor/ heat & dryness4 ,e>ly fall ra9s trigg] ! de]'s return to ! p>k's wild]ness f ?is oasis 9 late ,septemb] to fe$ on ! nutriti\s bitt]bru% until ,novemb] sn[falls u%] !m back to _! w9t] range40 ,! pri/9e & high-quality =age ( ! ,crat]s ( ! ,moon ,wild]ness ,area1 hi/orically ne>ly unt\*$ by dome/ic live/ock graz+1 has inspir$ ?is migratory /rategy = evad+ dr\ght4 ,9 effect1 ! mule de] make use ( a dual summ] range1 a behavioral modification unkn[n else:]e = _! species4 8,_! late summ] & fall adaptations simply complete ! mule de]'s ye>long /rategy = cop+ ) ! limits t ?is volcanic l&scape imposes on !m10 ,griffi? expla9s4 ,tak+ a walk 9 ! p>k on a mid-summ] aft]noon gives y a good opportunity to exp]i5ce ! influ5ce ( w9d1 heat1 & lack ( moi/ure4 ,! p>k's w9ds are p>ticul>ly /rik+4 ,! lava t has fl[$ out ( ! ,great ,rift has built up & rais$ ! l& surface 9 ! p>k to a high] elevation ?an its surr\nd+s s t x int]cepts ! prevail+ s\?we/]ly w9ds4 ,aft]noon w9ds usually die d[n 9 ! ev5+4 ,z "p ( ! dynamics ( temp]ature & moi/ure t det]m9e mule de] behavior1 ?is daily w9d cycle helps expla9 :y !y are m active at night ?an are mule de] else:]e4 ,^! de] d n move ar\nd z mu* z mule de] 9 less ecologically try+ areas4 ,!y h adapt$ behaviors to cons]ve en]gy & moi/ure 9 ?is environm5tally /ressful l&scape4 ,e>ly morn+s may f9d p>k rang]s climb+ up a c9d] cone to c\nt ! de]1 cont9u+ ! collection ( data t ,brad ,griffi? set 9 motion ) 8 ?ree-ye> /udy4 ,! rang]s /ill conduct spr+ & late summ] c5suses3 ov] a rec5t ?ree-ye> p]iod ! de] populations av]ag$ ab\t #dbj animals4 ,ano!r sev]al ye>s ( collect+ w give ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice a body ( data on ! mule de] t is available n[h]e else4 ,! uniqu5ess ( ?is data ab\t ! p>k's mule de] population w\ld surely please ! boo/] aspect ( ,rob]t ,limb]t's p]sonality4 ,likewise1 ! rese>* *all5ges involv$ 9 obta9+ x w\ld appeal to 8 explor] self4 ,hi/ory has ju/ifi$ ,limb]t on bo? c\nts4 ,publicity aris+ f 8 explorations l$ to creation ( ! national monum5t4 ,fur!rmore1 t publicity put =? a r heady claim t hi/ory has also unequivocally borne out3 8,al?\gh almo/ totally unkn[n at pres5t10 ,limb]t prophesi$ 9 #aibd1 8?is section is de/9$ "s day to attract t\ri/s f all ,am]ica44440 ,e ye> t5s ( ?\s&s ( travel]s fulfill ,rob]t ,limb]t's prophecy ( m ?an a half-c5tury ago4 ,"p #b ,f ,moonscape to ,l&scape ,illu/ration3 uncaption$ ,illu/ration3 ,:at la/ happ5$ "h ab\t #b1jjj ye>s ago look$ mu* l ?is photograph ( a volcanic eruption 9 ,hawaii4 ,bubbl+1 pool+1 & fl[+ lava blanket$ ! l&scape z molt5 mat]ials p\r$ or gu%$ out ( ! ,e>?4 ,mo/ volcanic ph5om5a pres]v$ at ,crat]s ( ! ,moon h be5 se5 9 action 9 ,hawaii4 ,geology ( ! ,crat]s ( ! ,moon ,a #djj-mile-long arc kn[n z ! ,snake ,riv] ,pla9 cuts a swa? f #cj to #abe miles wide across s\!rn ,idaho4 ,idaho's (ficial /ate highway map1 :i* depicts m\nta9s ) %ades ( gre51 %[s ?is arc z :ite because !re is comp>atively little v>iation "h comp>$ to mo/ ( ! /ate4 ,^u ?is pla91 imm5se am\nts ( lava f )9 ! ,e>? h be5 deposit$ by volcanic activity dat+ back m ?an #ad million ye>s4 ,h[ev]1 "s ( ^! lavas1 notably ^? at ,crat]s ( ! ,moon ,national ,monum5t1 em]g$ f ! ,e>? z rec5tly z #b1jjj ye>s ago4 ,crat]s ( ! ,moon conta9s "s ( ! be/ examples ( basaltic volcanism 9 ! _w4 ,to und]/& :at happ5$ "h1 y mu/ und]/& ! ,snake ,riv] ,pla94 ,basaltic & ,rhyolitic ,lavas4 ,! lavas deposit$ on ! ,snake ,riv] ,pla9 7 ma9ly ( two types classifi$ z basaltic & rhyolitic4 ,magma1 ! molt5 rock mat]ial b5ea? ! surface ( ! ,e>?1 issues f a volcano z lava4 ,! composition ( ?is fluid rock mat]ial v>ies4 ,basaltic lavas are compos$ ( magma orig9at+ at ! b\nd>y ( ! ,e>?'s mantle & its cru/al lay]4 ,rhyolitic lavas orig9ate f cru/al mat]ial4 ,to expla9 its pa/1 geologi/s n[ divide ! ,snake ,riv] ,pla9 into ea/]n & we/]n units4 ,! foll[+ geologic /ory relates to ! ea/]n ,snake ,riv] ,pla91 on :i* ,crat]s ( ! ,moon lies4 ,on ! ea/]n ,snake ,riv] ,pla91 basaltic & rhyolitic lavas =m$ 9 two diff]5t /ages ( volcanic activity4 ,y\ng] basaltic lavas mo/ly lie atop old] rhyolitic lavas4 ,?is portion ( ! pla9 runs f nor? ( ,tw9 ,falls ea/w>d to ! ,yell[/one area on ! ,wyom+-,montana bord]4 ,drill+ to dep?s ( almo/ #b miles ne> ! pla9's midl9e1 geologi/s f\nd mile ( basaltic lava fl[s ly+ atop m ?an #a miles ( rhyolitic lava fl[s4 ,h[ mu* deep] ! rhyolitic lavas may ext5d is n kn[n4 ,no "o has drill$ deep] "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,cross+ ,idaho 9 an arc1 ! ,snake ,riv] ,pla9 m>ks ! pa? ( ! ,e>?'s cru/al plate z x migrates ov] a heat s\rce unusually close to ! surface4 ,x is believ$ t ! heat s\rce fuel+ ,yell[/one's !rmal features today is ess5tially ! same "o t produc$ volcanic episodes at ,crat]s ( ! ,moon end+ ab\t #b1jjj ye>s ago4 ,?is comb9ation--a ?9n] lay] ( y\ng] basaltic lavas ly+ atop an old] & ?ick] lay] ( rhyolitic lavas--is typical ( volcanic activity associat$ ) an unusual heat ph5om5on inside ! ,e>? t "s geologi/s h describ$ z a mantle plume4 ,! mantle plume !ory 0 develop$ 9 ! e>ly #aigjs z an explanation = ! creation ( ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s4 ,accord+ to ! !ory1 unev5 heat+ )9 ! ,e>?'s core all[s "s mat]ial 9 ! ov]ly+ mantle to become slightly hott] ?an surr\nd+ mat]ial4 ,z its temp]ature increases1 its d5sity decreases4 ,?us x becomes relatively buoyant & rises ?r\gh ! cool] mat]ials--l a t5nis ball releas$ und]wat]--t[>d ! ,e>?'s cru/4 ,:5 ?is molt5 mat]ial rea*es ! cru/ x ev5tually melts & pu%es itself ?r\gh ! cru/ & x erupts onto ! ,e>?'s surface z molt5 lava4 ,! ,e>?'s cru/ is made up ( num]\s plates t float ^u an und]ly+ mantle lay]4 ,!re=e1 ov] "t1 ! pres5ce ( an unusual heat s\rce creat$ by a mantle plume w be express$ at ! ,e>?'s surface--float+ 9 a con/ant direction above x--z a l9e ( volcanic eruptions4 ,! ,snake ,riv] ,pla9 records ! progress ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican cru/al plate--#cej miles 9 #ae million ye>s--ov] a heat s\rce n[ locat$ bel[ ,yell[/one4 ,! ,hawaiian *a9 ( isl&s m>ks a simil> l9e4 ,because ! me*anisms t cause ?is geologic action are n well und]/ood1 _m geologi/s ref] to ?is simply z a heat s\rce r ?an a mantle plume4 ,two ,/ages ( ,volcanism4 ,z describ$ above1 volcanic eruptions associat$ ) ?is heat s\rce occur 9 two /ages1 rhyolitic & basaltic4 ,z ! upwell+ magma f ! mantle collects 9 a *amb] z x ent]s ! ,e>?'s l[] cru/1 its heat beg9s to melt ! surr\nd+ cru/al rock4 ,s9ce ?is rock conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( silica1 x =ms a ?ick & pa/y rhyolitic magma4 ,rhyolitic magma is light] ?an ! ov]ly+ cru/al rocks1 !re=e1 x beg9s to rise & =m a second magma *amb] v close to ! ,e>?'s surface4 ,z m & m ( ?is gas-*>g$ rhyolitic magma collects 9 ?is upp] cru/al *amb]1 ! gas pressure builds to a po9t at :i* ! magma explodes ?r\gh ! ,e>?'s cru/4 ,explosive ,rhyolitic ,volcanism4 ,rhyolitic explosions t5d to be deva/at+4 ,:5 ! gas-*>g$ molt5 mat]ial rea*es ! surface ( ! ,e>?1 ! gas exp&s rapidly1 p]haps z mu* z #be to #ge times by volume4 ,! reaction is simil> to ! bubbles t =m 9 a bottle ( soda pop t has be5 %ak54 ,y c %ake ! conta9] & ! pressure-bottl$ liquid w reta9 its volume z long z ! cap is tightly seal$4 ,release ! pressure by remov+ ! bottle cap1 h[ev]1 & ! s(t dr9k w spray all ov] ! room & occupy a volume ( space f> l>g] ?an ! bottle f :i* x issu$4 ,?is initial va/ spray is !n foll[$ by a foam+ action z ! less gas-*>g$ liquid n[ bubbles out ( ! bottle4 ,collectively1 ! num]\s rhyolitic explosions t occurr$ on ! ,snake ,riv] ,pla9 eject$ hundr$s ( cubic miles ( mat]ial into ! atmosph]e & onto ! ,e>?'s surface4 ,9 contra/1 ! eruption ( ,m\nt ,sa9t ,hel5s 9 #aihj1 :i* kill$ #fe p & deva/at$ #aej squ>e miles ( =e/1 produc$ less ?an #a cubic mile ( eject$ mat]ial4 ,s mu* mat]ial 0 eject$ 9 ! massive rhyolitic explosions 9 ! ,snake ,riv] ,pla9 t ! ,e>?'s surface collaps$ to =m huge depressions kn[n z cald]as4 7,l caldron1 ^: root mean+ x %>es1 ?is "n implies bo? b[l-%ap$ & w>m$47 ,mo/ evid5ce ( ^! gigantic explosive volcanoes 9 ! ,snake ,riv] ,pla9 has be5 cov]$ by subsequ5t fl[s ( basaltic lava4 ,h[ev]1 traces ( rhyolitic eruptions are f\nd along ! m>g9s ( ! pla9 & 9 ! ,yell[/one area4 ,quiet ,outp\r+s ( ,basaltic ,lava4 ,z ?is area ( ! ,e>?'s cru/ pass$ ov] & !n beyond ! sub-surface heat s\rce1 ! explosive volcanism ( ! rhyolitic /age ceas$4 ,! heat conta9$ 9 ! ,e>?'s upp] mantle & cru/1 h[ev]1 rema9$ & cont9u$ to produce upwell+ magma4 ,?is 0 basaltic magma t1 because x conta9$ less silica ?an rhyolite1 0 v fluid4 ,! basalt1 l ! rhyolite1 collect$ 9 isolat$ magma *amb]s )9 ! cru/ until pressures built up to =ce x to ! surface ?r\gh v>i\s cracks & fissures4 ,^! weak spots 9 ! ,e>?'s cru/ 7 ! results ( e>li] geologic activity1 expansion ( ! magma *amb]1 or ! =mation ( a rift zone4 ,illu/ration3 ,microscopic cross section ( basaltic rock4 ,illu/ration3 ,microscopic cross section ( rhyolitic rock4 ,cross sections %[ va/ly diff]5t textures4 ,rhyolitic magma conta9s m silica2 x is v ?ick & does n all[ trapp$ gas to escape easily4 ,its volcanic eruptions bla/ l>ge crat]s 9 ! ,e>?'s cru/4 ,basaltic magma is m fluid & all[s gas to escape readily4 ,x erupts m g5tly4 ,"h 9 ! ea/]n ,snake ,riv] ,pla91 basaltic lava fl[s almo/ completely cov] e>li] rhyolitic deposits4 7cont9u$ on page #bh7 ,id5tify+ ! ,lava ,fl[s ,at ,crat]s ( ! ,moon ! black rocks are lava fl[s4 ,! surface lava rocks1 basaltic 9 composition1 =m$ f magma orig9at+ deep 9 ! ,e>?4 ,!y are nam$ = _! appe>ances3 ,pahoehoe 7pron\nc$ 8pah-hoy-hoy0 & mean+ 8ropey071 ,aa 7pron\nc$ 8ah-ah0 & mean+ 8r\gh071 or ,blocky4 ,geologi/s h se5 h[ ^! fl[s behave 9 mod]n volcanic episodes 9 ,hawaii & else:]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,pahoehoe lava ,pahoehoe ,m ?an half ! p>k is cov]$ by pahoehoe lava fl[s4 ,riv]s ( molt5 rock1 !y h>d5 quickly to a relatively smoo? surface1 bill[ly1 hummocky1 or flat4 ,o!r pahoehoe =mations resemble coil$1 heavy rope or ice jams4 ,illu/ration3 ,aa lava ,aa ,aa fl[s are f> m rugg$ ?an pahoehoe fl[s4 ,mo/ occur :5 a pahoehoe fl[ cools1 ?ick5s1 & !n turns into aa4 ,(t5 impassable to ^? travel+ afoot1 aa fl[s quickly *ew up hik+ boots4 ,blocky lava is a v>iety ( aa lava ^: relatively l>ge silica cont5t makes x ?ick & (t5 d5se1 glassy1 & smoo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,blocky lava ,bombs ,lava pieces bl[n out ( crat]s may solidify 9 flight4 ,!y are class$ by %ape3 sp9dle1 ribbon1 & breadcru/4 ,bombs range f in* to m ?an #c feet long4 ,tree ,molds ,:5 molt5 lava advances on a liv+ =e/1 result+ tree molds may record impressions ( *>r$ surfaces ( trees 9 ! lava4 ,illu/ration3 ,blue ,dragon ,fl[s lava ,illu/ration3 ,breadcru/ bomb ,illu/ration3 ,sp9dle bomb ,illu/ration3 ,wood-l lava ,illu/ration3 ,tree mold ,illu/ration3 ,lava riv] ,illu/ration3 ,mt4 ,/4 ,hel5s erupts 9 #aihj4 ,because ! lava conta9$ a l>ge am\nt ( silica1 its explosive eruption contra/s %>ply ) rec5t basaltic fl[s 9 volcanic activity 9 ,hawaii4 ,illu/ration3 ,basaltic fl[s 9 ,hawaii4 ,^u rea*+ ! surface1 ! gases conta9$ )9 ! lava easily escap$ & produc$ r mild eruptions4 ,in/ead ( explod+ into ! air l e>li] rhyolitic activity1 ! m fluid basaltic lava flood$ out onto ! surr\nd+ l&scape4 ,^! fl[s 7 fairly ext5sive & (t5 cov]$ _m squ>e miles4 ,aft] millions ( ye>s1 mo/ ( ! old] rhyolitic deposits h be5 cov]$ by ^! basaltic lava fl[s4 ,! ,great ,rift & ,crat]s ( ! ,moon4 ,crat]s ( ! ,moon ,national ,monum5t lies along a volcanic rift zone4 ,rift zones occur :]e ! ,e>?'s cru/ is be+ pull$ 9 opposite directions4 ,geologi/s believe t ! int]actions ( ! ,e>?'s cru/al plates 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,snake ,riv] ,pla9 h /ret*$1 ?9n$1 & weak5$ ! ,e>?'s cru/ s t cracks h =m$ bo? on & bel[ ! surface "h4 ,magma "u pressure c foll[ ^! cracks & fissures to ! surface4 ,:ile !re are _m volcanic rift zones ?r\gh\t ! ,snake ,riv] ,pla91 ! mo/ ext5sive is ! ,great ,rift t runs ?r\gh ,crat]s ( ! ,moon4 ,! ,great ,rift is approximately #fj miles long & x ranges 9 wid? f #a to #e miles4 ,x is m>k$ by %ort cracks--less ?an #a mile 9 l5g?--& ! alignm5t ( m ?an #be volcanic c9d] cones4 ,x is ! site ( orig9 = m ?an #fj diff]5t lava fl[s t make up ! ,crat]s ( ! ,moon ,lava ,field4 ,eight ,major ,eruptive ,p]iods4 ,mo/ ( ! lavas expos$ at ,crat]s ( ! ,moon =m$ betwe5 #b1jjj & #ae1jjj ye>s ago 9 basaltic eruptions t comprise ! second /age ( volcanism associat$ ) ! mantle plume !ory4 ,^! eight eruptive p]iods ea* la/$ ab\t #a1jjj ye>s or less & 7 sep>at$ by p]iods ( relative calm t la/$ = a few hundr$ to m ?an #b1jjj ye>s4 ,^! sequ5ces ( eruptions & calm p]iods are caus$ by ! alt]nat+ build up & release ( magmatic pressure inside ! ,e>?4 ,once an eruption releases ?is pressure1 "t is requir$ = x to build up aga94 ,eruptions h be5 dat$ by two me?ods3 paleomagnetic & radioc>bon dat+4 ,paleomagnetic dat+ comp>es ! alignm5t ( magnetic m9]als )9 ! rock ( fl[s ) pa/ ori5tations ( ! ,e>?'s magnetic fields4 ,radioc>bon dat+ makes use ( radioactive c>bon-#ad 9 *>coal creat$ f vegetation t is ov]run by lava fl[s4 ,dates obta9$ by bo? me?ods are consid]$ to be accurate to )9 ab\t #ajj ye>s4 ,a ,typical ,eruption at ,crat]s ( ! ,moon4 ,rese>* at ! monum5t & obs]vations ( simil> eruptions 9 ,hawaii & ,icel& sugge/ ! foll[+ sc5>io = a typical eruption at ,crat]s ( ! ,moon4 ,v>i\s =ces comb9e to cause a section ( ! ,great ,rift to pull ap>t4 ,:5 ! =ces t t5d to pull ! ,e>?'s cru/ ap>t are comb9$ ) ! =ces creat$ z magma accumulates1 ! cru/ becomes weak5$ & cracks =m4 ,z ! magma rises buoyantly )9 ^! cracks1 ! pressure ex]t$ on x is r$uc$ & ! gases )9 ! magma beg9 to exp&4 ,z gas cont9ues to exp&1 ! magma becomes fro?y4 ,at fir/ ! lava is v fluid & *>g$ ) gas4 ,eruptions beg9 z a long l9e ( f\nta9s t rea* heights ( #a1jjj feet or less & are up to a mile 9 l5g?4 ,?is 8curta9 ( fire eruption0 ma9ly produces c9d]s & fro?y1 fluid lava4 ,aft] h\rs or days1 ! expansion ( gases decreases & eruptions become less viol5t4 ,segm5ts ( ! fissure seal (f & eruptions become small] & m localiz$4 ,c9d]s ?r[n up 9 ! air n[ build piles ar\nd individual v5ts & =m c9d] cones4 ,) fur!r r$uctions 9 ! gas cont5t ( ! magma1 ! volcanic activity aga9 *anges4 ,huge outp\r+s ( lava are pump$ out ( ! v>i\s fissures or ! v5ts ( c9d] cones & =m lava fl[s4 ,lava fl[s may =m ov] p]iods ( mon?s or possibly a few ye>s4 ,long-t]m eruptions ( lava fl[s f a s+le v5t become ! s\rce ( mo/ ( ! mat]ial produc$ dur+ a su/a9$ eruption4 ,z gas pressure falls & magma is deplet$1 fl[s subside4 ,f9ally1 all activity /ops4 ,:5 ,w ! ,next ,eruption ,occur8 ,crat]s ( ! ,moon is n an ext9ct volcanic area4 ,x is m]ely 9 a dormant /age ( its eruptive sequ5ce4 ,by dat+ ! lava fl[1 geologi/s h %[n t ! volcanic activity along ! ,great ,rift has be5 p]si/5t ov] ! la/ #ae1jjj ye>s1 occurr+ approximately e #b1jjj ye>s4 ,because ! la/ eruptions took place ab\t #b1jjj ye>s ago1 geologi/s believe t eruptions are due "h aga9--probably )9 ! next #a1jjj ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ! air ! ,great ,rift looks l an irregul>ly da%$ l9e punctuat$ by tell-tale cones & crat]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,*a9like1 ! ,hawaiian gr\p ( isl&s traces ! migration ( ,e>?'s cru/al plate ov] an unusual und]sea heat s\rce4 ,! ,hawaiian *a9 ( isl&s & ! ,snake ,riv] ,pla9 map simil> happ5+s4 7cont9u$ on page #cd7 ,indian ,tunnel ,illu/ration3 uncaption$ ,indian ,tunnel looks l a cave1 b x is a lava tube4 ,:5 a pahoehoe lava fl[ is expos$ to ! air1 its surface beg9s to cool & h>d54 ,a cru/ or sk9 develops4 ,z ! fl[ moves away f its s\rce1 ! cru/ ?ick5s & =ms an insulat+ b>ri] betwe5 cool air & molt5 mat]ial 9 ! fl['s int]ior4 ,a rigid ro( n[ exi/s ov] ! /ream ( lava ^: molt5 core moves =w>d at a /eady pace4 ,z ! fl[ ( lava f ! s\rce v5t is deplet$1 ! level ( lava )9 ! molt5 core gradually beg9s to drop4 ,! fl[+ int]ior !n pulls away f ! h>d5+ ro( above & sl[ly dra9s away & out4 ,! ro( & la/ remnants ( ! lava riv] inside x cool & h>d51 leav+ a tube4 ,illu/ration3 ,lava tube ,illu/ration3 ,great horn$ owl ,_m lava tubes make up ! ,indian ,tunnel ,lava ,tube ,sy/em4 ,^! tubes =m$ dur+ ! same eruption )9 a s+le lava fl[ ^: s\rce 0 a fissure or crack 9 ! ,big ,crat]s_/,spatt] ,cones area4 ,a trem5d\s am\nt ( lava 0 pump$ out "h1 =m+ ! ,blue ,dragon ,fl[s4 7,hundr$s ( t9y cry/als on its surface produce ! color blue :5 light /rikes !m47 ,lava =c$ ?r\gh ! ro( ( ! tube sy/em =m$ huge ponds ^: surfaces cool$ & began to h>d54 ,lat] ^! ponds collaps$ z lava dra9$ back into ! lava tubes4 ,big ,s9k is ! l>ge/ ( ^! collapses4 ,blue ,dragon ,fl[s cov] an area ( m ?an #ajj squ>e miles4 ,hidd5 b5ea? are miles ( lava tubes1 b collaps$ ro( sections call$ skylights provide entry to only a small "p ( ! sy/em4 ,only "t1 ) ! collapse ( m ro(s1 w reveal ! total ext5t ( ! sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,icicles 7ice /alactites7 ,illu/ration3 ,lava /alactites ,/alactites ,dripp$ f hot ceil+s1 lava =ms /alactites t hang f above4 ,m9]al deposits ,sulfate comp\nds =m$ on _m lava tube ceil+s f volcanic gases or by evaporation ( matt] lea*$ f rocks above4 ,ice ,9 spr+1 ice /alactites =m on cave ceil+s & walls4 ,ice /alagmites =m on ! cave floor4 ,summ] heat de/roys ^! features4 ,wildlife ,lava tube beetles1 bu%y-tail$ woodrats 7packrats71 & bats live 9 "s d>k caves4 ,violet-gre5 swall[s1 great horn$ owls1 & rav5s may use wall cracks & %elves ( well-lit caves = ne/+ sites4 ,c9d] ,cones & ,spatt] ,cones ,illu/ration3 uncaption$ ,illu/ration3 ,c9d] cone ,illu/ration3 ,spatt] cone ,c9d] ,cones ,:5 volcanic eruptions ( fairly mod]ate /r5g? ?r[ c9d]s into ! air1 c9d] cones may be built up4 ,^! cone-%ap$ hills are usually truncat$1 look+ z ?\gh _! tops 7 slic$ (f4 ,usually1 a b[l- or funnel-%ap$ crat] w =m inside ! cone4 ,c9d]s1 :i* cool$ rapidly :ile fall+ ?r\gh ! air1 are highly por\s ) gas vesicles1 l bubbles4 ,c9d] cones hundr$s ( feet high may be built 9 a few days4 ,big ,c9d] ,butte is a c9d] cone4 ,at #gjj feet high x is ! talle/ cone 9 ! p>k4 ,! %ape develops because ! l>ge/ fragm5ts1 & 9 fact mo/ ( ! fragm5ts1 fall close/ to ! v5t4 ,! angle ( slope is usually ab\t #cj degrees4 ,"s c9d] cones1 su* z ,nor? ,crat]1 ! ,wat*man1 & ,%eep ,trail ,butte1 7 built by m ?an "o eruptive episode4 ,y\ng] lava 0 add$ to !m z a v5t 0 rejuv5at$4 ,if /rong w9ds prevail$ dur+ a c9d] cone's =mation1 ! cone may be elongat$--9 ! direction ! w9d 0 bl[+--r ?an circul>4 ,grassy1 ,paisley1 ,sunset1 & ,inf]no ,cones are elongat$ to ! ea/ because ! dom9ant w9ds 9 ?is area come f ! we/4 ,! nor!rnmo/ section ( ! ,great ,rift conta9s ! mo/ c9d] cones = ?ree reasons3 #a4 ,!re 7 m eruptions at t end ( ! rift4 #b4 ,! lavas erupt$ !re 7 ?ick]1 result+ 9 m explosive eruptions4 7,!y are m visc\s because !y conta9 m silica47 #c4 ,l>ge am\nts ( gr\ndwat] may h be5 pres5t at ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ! lavas & :5 x came 9 contact ) magma x g5]at$ huge am\nts ( /eam4 ,all ( ^! conditions lead to m ext5sive & m explosive eruptions t t5d to create c9d] cones r ?an lava fl[s4 ,spatt] ,cones ,:5 mo/ ( its gas cont5t has dissipat$1 lava becomes less fro?y & m tacky4 ,!n x is toss$ out ( ! v5t z globs or clots ( lava pa/e call$ spatt]4 ,! clots p>tially weld toge!r to build up spatt] cones4 ,spatt] cones are typically mu* small] ?an c9d] cones1 b !y may h /eep] sides4 ,! ,spatt] ,cones area ( ! p>k 7,/op #e on ! map ( ! ,loop ,drive7 conta9s "o ( ! mo/ p]fect spatt]-cone *a9s 9 ! _w4 ,^! cones are all less ?an #ej feet high & less ?an #ajj feet 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,li*5s (t5 pione] new life on ,e>?4 ,two plants 9 "o1 li*5s are compos$ ( an alga & a fungus gr[+ toge!r to _! mutual b5efit1 usually on rock4 ,h>dy & sl[-gr[+1 li*5s help break d[n rock to soil-build+ m9]al matt]4 ,ev5tually _! vegetable matt] decays1 help+ to =m ! fir/ soils t o!r plants c !n use4 ,t\gh 9 ! extreme1 "s li*5s c be heat$ to high temp]atures & /ill be capable ( resum+ normal gr[? :5 return$ to viable conditions4 ,life ,adapts to a ,volcanic ,l&scape ,two ?\s& ye>s aft] volcanic eruptions subsid$1 plants & animals /ill /ruggle to ga9 toeholds on ?is un=giv+ lava field4 ,mu* ( ! _w's vegetation c\ld n survive "h at all4 ,environm5tal /resses creat$ by scant soil & m9imal moi/ure are comp\nd$ by highly por\s c9d]s t are incapable ( hold+ wat] ne> ! gr\nd surface :]e plants & o!r organisms c make ready use ( x4 ,sc>ce at be/--total av]age precipitation is betwe5 #ae to #bj in*es p] ye>--ra9wat] & sn[melt quickly slip d[n out ( rea* ( ! plants gr[+ on c9d] cones4 ,summ]'s hot1 dry w9ds rob moi/ure f all liv+ ?+s expos$ to !m4 ,:isk+ across leaves & ne$les ! w9ds c>ry away moi/ure preci\s to plant tissues4 ,on ! side ( a c9d] cone1 summ] day temp]atures at gr\nd level c be m ?an #aej;,f4 ,! secret to survival "h is adaptation4 ,mo/ life =ms cope by /rategies ( ei!r resi/+ or evad+ ! extremes ( ?is semi-arid climate4 ,to resi/ be+ robb$ ( moi/ure by w9ds & heat1 a plant may feature v small leaves t m9imize moi/ure loss4 ,to evade heat1 w9d1 & aridity1 ano!r plant may gr[ inside a crevice t provides life-giv+ %ade & collects preci\s moi/ure & soil p>ticles4 ,ano!r plant may sp5d ab\t #ie p]c5t ( ! ye> dormant4 ,x may ru% ?r\gh ! g]m9ation1 spr\t+1 leaf+ out1 bloom+1 & fruit+ /ages & return to ! dormancy ( its se$ /age 9 j two weeks4 ,! dw>f buck:eat has adapt$ to life on por\s c9d]s by evolv+ a root sy/em t may spread out = up to #c feet to support its abovegr\nd "p1 :i* is a m]e #d in*es high4 ,?is buck:eat only looks l a dw>f because y c n see its roots4 7cont9u$ on page #dj7 ,plants ,adapt to a ,volcanic ,l&scape ,illu/ration3 uncaption$ ,wat] is ! limit+ factor 9 plant gr[? & reproduction bo? on ! lava fields ( ,crat]s ( ! ,moon & on ! surr\nd+ sagebru% /eppe4 ,plants h develop$ a comb9ation ( adaptations to cope ) dr\ght conditions4 ,!re are ?ree major /rategies3 #a4 ,dr\ght tol]ance ,physiological adaptations lead+ to dr\ght tol]ance are typical ( des]t plant species4 ,! tissues ( "s plants c )/& extreme dehydration )\t suff]+ p]man5t cell damage4 ,"s plants c extract wat] f v dry soils4 ,sagebru% & antelope bitt]bru% exemplify dr\ght tol]ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,dw>f monkeyfl[] ,illu/ration3 ,buck:eat #b4 ,dr\ght avoidance ,c]ta9 /ructural modifications c enable plants to reta9 or cons]ve wat]4 ,common adaptations ( ?is type include small leaves1 hair9ess1 & succul5ce4 ,! small leaves ( ! antelope bitt]bru% expose less area to evaporative influ5ces su* z heat & w9d4 ,hairs on ! scorpionwe$ r$uce surface evaporation by inhibit+ air fl[ & reflect+ sunlight4 ,succul5t plants su* z pricklype> cactus h tissues t c /ore wat] = use dur+ dr\ght p]iods4 ,o!r plants1 su* z wire lettuce1 avoid dr\ght by hav+ v little leaf surface comp>$ to _! ov]all volume4 #c4 ,dr\ght escape ,"s plants1 su* z mosses & f]ns1 escape dr\ght by gr[+ ne> p]si/5t wat] supplies su* z natural po?oles & seeps f ice caves4 ,_m o!r dr\ght escap]s1 su* z dw>f monkeyfl[]1 simply c>ry out _! full life cycle dur+ ! moi/ "t ( ! ye>4 ,! re/ ( ! ye> !y survive 9 se$ =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,pricklype> cactus ,illu/ration3 ,f]ns ,plant ,microhabitats ,illu/ration3 uncaption$ ,lava fl[s ,mo/ plants _c gr[ on lava fl[s until en\gh soil has accumulat$ to support !m4 ,! p>k's old] volcanic l&scapes1 :]e soils are be/ develop$1 are clo!d ) sagebru%-grassl& vegetation4 ,on y\ng] lava fl[s1 bits ( soil fir/ accumulate 9 cracks1 jo9ts1 & crevices4 ,x is 9 ^! microhabitats t vascul> plants may ga9 foo?olds4 ,n>r[ cracks & jo9ts may conta9 des]t p>sley & lava phlox4 ,%all[ crevices w hold scabl& p5/emon1 f]nleaf fleabane1 & gl& c9quefoil4 ,deep crevices c support ! syr+a1 v>i\s f]ns1 bu% rockspirea1 tansybu%1 & ev5 limb] p9e4 ,n until full soil cov] is a*iev$ c ! antelope bitt]bru%1 rubb] rabbitbru%1 & sagebru% f9d suitable ni*es4 ,on lava fl[s soils fir/ =m f erod$ lava & ! sl[ decomposition ( li*5s & o!r plants able to colonize b>e rock4 ,^! soils c be supplem5t$ by w9d-bl[n soil p>ticles until vascul> plants ga9 foo?olds4 ,z plants beg9 to gr[ & !n die1 _! gradual decomposition adds fur!r soil matt]4 ,^! soil beg9n+s accumulate 9 cracks & crevices1 :i* also provide critical %ade & w9d protection4 ,deep crevices provide l[] temp]atures favor+ plant survival4 ,illu/ration3 ,rubb] rabbitbru% ,illu/ration3 ,syr+a ,c9d] g>d5s ,comp>$ to ! lava fl[s1 c9d] cones are mu* m quickly invad$ by plants4 ,"h1 too1 h[ev]1 volcanic orig9s influ5ce plant gr[?4 ,comp>$ to ! relatively level lava fl[s1 /eeply slop+ c9d] cones introduce a new factor t controls ! developm5t ( plant communities3 topography4 ,"h y f9d m>k$ diff]5ces 9 ! plant communities betwe5 ! nor?- & s\?-fac+ slopes4 ,s\?-fac+ slopes are expos$ to prolong$1 int5se sunlight1 result+ 9 high evaporation ( wat]4 ,because ( ! prevail+ w9ds1 sn[ accumulates on nor!a/ sides ( cones1 giv+ !m f> m annual wat] ?an s\?we/-fac+ sides receive4 ,! pione]+ h]bs t fir/ colonize c9d] cones w p]si/ on s\?we/-fac+ slopes long aft] succe$+ plant communities h come to dom9ate nor?-fac+ slopes4 ,x is on ^! nor?-fac+ slopes t limb] p9e fir/ develops 9 ! c9d] g>d54 ,s\?-fac+ slopes may nev] support ! limb] p9e b may be dom9at$ by %rubs4 ,unwea!r$ c9d] p>ticles range 9 size f #c to #d in*es 9 diamet] d[n to v small p>ticles4 ,!y av]age ab\t in* 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,c9quefoil ,illu/ration3 ,wire lettuce ,ecological conditions at ,crat]s ( ! ,moon are g5]ally s h>% t slight *anges c make ! diff]5ce = ! survival ( a plant or o!r organism4 ,life ?rives 9 _m rock crevices t are surr\nd$ by b>r5 expos$ lava rock ( ! same physical composition4 ,^! microhabitats provide ! critical %ade & increas$ soil & moi/ure cont5t requir$ = plant survival4 ,ov] ! ye>s1 p>ticles ( soil w naturally collect 9 rock crevices1 :i* also h ! effect ( funnel+ precipitation into _! dep?s4 ,_! %ade fur!r protects ^! pockets ( soil & wat] f w9d erosion1 excessive heat1 & evaporation & lea*+ by direct sunlight4 ,illu/ration3 ,limb] p9es are ! tree pione]s ( ! lava t]ra94 ,_! se$l+s (t5 f9d suitable conditions = g]m9ation 9 rock crevices long be=e surr\nd+ l&scapes support tree gr[?4 ,mo/ common ( all ! p>k's trees1 limb] p9e is nam$ = its flexible bran*es4 ,_m p>k animals dep5d on ?is tree 9 "s fa%ion = _! livelihoods4 ,illu/ration3 ,limb] p9e cones /ay gre5 & res9\s ?r\gh _! fir/ ye> ( developm5t & !n turn br[n & woody z _! se$s mature 9 ! second ye>4 ,cones gr[ to ab\t #d in*es long4 ,at ,crat]s ( ! ,moon1 crevices are ( su* importance to plants t botani/s diff]5tiate betwe5 n>r[1 %all[1 & deep crevices :5 /udy+ ?is ph5om5on4 ,n>r[ crevices w support dw>f gold5we$ or hairy golda/]4 ,%all[ crevices support scabl& p5/emon1 f]nleaf fleabane1 & gl& c9quefoil4 ,deep crevices give rise to syr+a1 f]ns1 bu% rockspirea1 tansybu%1 ,lewis mockorange1 & ev5 ! limb] p9e tree4 ,complete soil cov] & !n vegetative cov] c develop on ^! lava fl[s only aft] crevices h fir/ become fill$ ) soil4 ,plants exploit o!r means ( protection to survive 9 ?is h>% environm5t4 ,%ad$ & w9d-%elt]$1 ! nor!rn side ( a c9d] cone c support grass1 %rubs1 & limb] p9e trees :ile ! cone's s\!rn face supports only scatt]$ h]bs4 ,mo/ c9d] cones 9 ! p>k %[ di/9ct diff]5ces ( plant cov] betwe5 _! nor!rn & s\!rn exposures4 ,nor!rn exposures are cool] & m moi/ ?an s\!rn exposures1 :i* receive f> m direct sunlight4 ,9 addition1 "h at ,crat]s ( ! ,moon1 ! prevail+ s\?we/]ly w9ds comp\nd ! ability ( ! dry heat to rob por\s c9d] cone surfaces & _! liv+ organisms ( preci\s moi/ure4 ,! build-up ( successive lava fl[s has s rais$ ! l&scape t x n[ int]cepts w9d curr5ts t op]ate high] above surr\nd+ pla9s4 ,limb] p9e trees f9d foo?olds on ! %ad$ & %elt]$ nor!rn exposures ( c9d] cones4 ,bitt]bru% & rabbitbru% %rubs t c b>ely survive on ! l[] skirts ( a c9d] cone's s\!rn side may gr[ two-?irds ( ! way up its protect$ nor!rn face4 ,= _m species ( plants ! limits ( habitability on ?is volcanic l&scape are n>r[ly def9$4 ,v small v>iations 9 _! situations c det]m9e success or failure4 ,travel]s (t5 ask p>k rang]s :e!r or n "s ( ! p>k's plants 7 plant$ by p4 ,! plants 9 "q are dw>f buck:eats & gr[ 9 c9d] g>d5s4 ,x is _! incr$ibly ev5 spac+ t creates an ord]l9ess t is easy to mi/ake = human design4 ,! regul> spac+ comes ab\t because ( ! competition = moi/ure1 h[ev]4 ,! root sy/ems ( ^! plants exploit ! available wat] f an area ( gr\nd surface mu* l>g] ?an ! spread ( _! foliage4 ,9 ?is way1 mature plants c f5d (f competition by us+ ! moi/ure t w\ld be requir$ = a pot5tially encroa*+ plant to become e/abli%$4 ,! effect is an ev5 spac+ t makes x appe>1 inde$1 z ?\gh someone _h set out ! plants on measur$ c5t]s4 ,crat]s ( ! ,moon ab\nds ) ^! surpris+ plant microhabitats t delight explor]s on foot4 ,! bleak lava fl[s sep>ate ^! em]g+ pockets ( new life1 isolat+ !m l isl&s or oases )9 _! b>r5 volcanic surr\nd+s4 ,sci5ti/s h /udi$ ,c>ey ,kipuka1 an isl& ( plantlife 9 ! mo/ s\!rn "p ( ! p>k1 to f9d out :at *anges h occurr$ 9 ! biologic community4 ,kipuka is a ,hawaiian "n giv5 to an area ( old] l& t is surr\nd$ by y\ng] lava fl[s4 ,rec5t lava fl[s did n ov]run ,c>ey ,kipuka1 s its plant cov] is unalt]$4 ,%ortage ( wat] protect$ x f live/ock graz+ t might h *ang$ its "*4 ,its vegetation is a b5*m>k = comp>+ plant cov] *anges on simil> sites ?r\gh\t s\!rn ,idaho4 ,= ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice & o!r manag]s ( wildl&s1 kipukas--repres5t+ isolat$ & pri/9e plant habitat un*ang$ by human influ5ce--provide ! be/ answ] t we h to ! important "q1 8,:at is natural80 ,arm$ ) a satisfactory answ] to t "q1 x is possible to manage ! l& ecologically4 ,p>k manag]s c seek to re/ore natural sy/ems & to all[ !m to be z self-regulat+ z possible4 ,x is ironic t ,crat]s ( ! ,moon1 a volcanic l&scape subject$ to pr(\nd *ange1 %\ld also protect ?is in=mative glimpse ( :at rema9s un*ang$4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ! p>k's mazes ( jumbl$ rock1 gr\nd squirrels fa%ion homes ) _m entrances & exits4 ,opportuni/ic fe$]s on vegetable matt]1 ^! engag+ rod5ts fall prey to hawks & owls f above & small pr$atory mammals on ! gr\nd4 ,!y !re=e s]ve z an important transf] po9t betwe5 plant & animal lay]s ( ! p>k's food en]gy s*eme4 ,illu/ration3 ,9 ! #aibjs1 memb]s ( ! ,limb]t ,exp$ition1 describ$ on pages #ej & #ea1 foll[$ ! flight ( doves to locate wat] z !y explor$ :at lat] became ! p>k4 7cont9u$ on page #df7 ,wildfl[]s ,wildfl[]s c>pet ,crat]s ( ! ,moon's seem+ly b>r5 lava fields f e>ly ,may to late ,septemb]4 ,! mo/ spectacul> %[s ( wildfl[]s come ) p]iods ( precipitation4 ,9 late spr+1 moi/ure f sn[melt--supplem5t$ n[ & !n by ra9fall--sees ! blossom+ ( mo/ ( ! delicate annual plants4 ,_m ( ! p>k's fl[]+ plants1 hav+ no me*anisms = cons]v+ moi/ure1 simply complete _! life cycles be=e ! middle ( summ]4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( ^? t gr[ on ! por\s c9d] g>d5s into :i* moi/ure quickly desc5ds beyond rea* ( mo/ plants' root sy/ems4 ,z summ] cont9ues & supplies ( moi/ure sl[ly dw9dle1 only ! mo/ dr\ght-resi/ant ( fl[]+ plants cont9ue to gr[ & to bloom4 ,) ! onset ( autumn ra9s1 only ! t9y yell[ blossoms ( ! sagebru% & rabbitbru% rema94 ,illu/ration3 ,blaz+ /> ,illu/ration3 ,monkeyfl[] ,illu/ration3 ,des]t p>sley ,illu/ration3 ,wild onion ,illu/ration3 ,bitt]root ,illu/ration3 ,pa9tbru% ,illu/ration3 ,scabl& p5/emon ,illu/ration3 ,arr[-leav$ balsamroot ,illu/ration3 ,scorpionwe$ ,mule ,de] ,illu/ration3 uncaption$ ,brad ,griffi? c\ld be call$ ! mule de] man4 ,9 #aihj1 ?is wildlife rese>*] began a ?ree-ye> /udy ( ! mule de] h]d t summ]s 9 ! p>k4 ,! imm$iate conc]n 0 t ! de]1 protect$ inside ! p>k1 might be ov]populat+ _! range & endang]+ _! habitat4 ,griffi? set out to f9d out j h[ ! de] use ! area1 :at _! population level is1 & h[ c]ta9 factors--production1 mortality1 & di/ribution--affect _! population dynamics4 ,! mule de] use ! p>k ,april ?r\gh ,novemb] only1 because w9t] br+s sn[s too deep = ! de] to f9d food "h4 ,! mo/ /rik+ f9d+ ( ,griffi?'s rese>* is t ! mule de] at ,crat]s ( ! ,moon--unlike mule de] /udi$ else:]e--h a dual summ] range4 ,put simply1 ! mule de] h _h to und]go behavior modification to live "h4 ,! de] move back into ! s\!rn p>k 9 mid-,april1 liv+ 9 ! protect$ wild]ness area !re4 ,:ile 9 ! wild]ness area1 ! p>k's de] r\t9ely live up to ne>ly #aj miles f op5 wat]1 gett+ _! wat] f food1 dew1 fog1 & tempor>y puddles4 ,?is area has high] quality =age = ^! de] ?an any o!r "p ( _! annual range4 ,! trade-(f is t ! wild]ness area has almo/ no op5 wat]4 ,:5 ! moi/ure cont5t ( _! =age decreases 9 summ]1 usually 9 ,july1 ! de] move up to ! nor!rn "p ( ! p>k :]e !re is op5 wat]4 ,_! habits 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! p>k are unusual1 too1 ,griffi? says1 because !re ! de] live 9 mu* clos] qu>t]s ?an o!r h]ds are kn[n to tol]ate on summ] ranges4 ,!y live 9 ?is wildlife equival5t ( an ap>tm5t complex until ! fall ra9s come4 ,!n !y move back d[n to ! wild]ness area4 ,! de] make ?is unusual summ] migration1 ,griffi? sugge/s1 to avail !mselves ( ! high quality =age 9 ! s\!rn p>k4 8,! p>k s]ves z an isl& ( high quality habitat = mule de]10 he wrote 9 8 report4 ,x is n[ kn[n ! de] w leave ! wild]ness area = ! nor!rn p>k aft] #ab days ) daytime highs above #hj;,f & nighttime l[s above #ej;,f 9 summ]4 8,we c't really pr$ict ?is10 ,p>k ,rang] ,neil ,k+ says1 8b ! de] "k :5 ?is is40 ,:at is happ5+ is t ! p]c5tage ( wat] 9 _! =age plants falls bel[ :at is necess>y to su/a9 ! de] ) increas+ly hot wea!r4 ,z y w\ld expect1 does nurs+ two fawns leave a c\ple days e>li] ?an does ) only "o fawn4 ,! rate at :i* _! fawns survive to ! fall ( ! ye> is a/oni%+4 8,?is is an incr$ibly productive h]d10 ,griffi? says1 8"r up !re ) ! highe/ fawn survival rate ( any we/]n mule de] h]d40 ,p>k rang]s cont9ue ,griffi?'s /udies by tak+ de] c5sus c\nts4 ,illu/ration3 ,map %[+ fall1 summ]1 & spr+ migrations ,illu/ration3 ,! ,nor!rn ,%o%one regul>ly pass$ ?r\gh ! ,crat]s ( ! ,moon area on _! annual summ] migration f ! ,snake ,riv] to ! ,camas ,prairie1 we/ ( ! p>k4 ,!y took ?is j\rney to get out ( ! hot des]t & into ! cool] m\nta9s4 ,!re !y c\ld ga!r root crops & hunt m>mots1 jackrabbits1 porcup9es1 & gr\nd squirrels4 ,z !y pass$ ?r\gh today's p>k1 !y left beh9d arr[heads1 *opp]s1 & scrap]s & built /one circles t may h be5 us$ = c]emonial purposes4 ,^! artifacts & /ructures are evid5ce ! ,indians 7 tempor>y visitors to ?is va/ volcanic l&scape4 ,indians1 ,e>ly ,explor]s ,& ,practic+ ,a/ronauts ,n surpris+ly1 ar*eologi/s h conclud$ t ,indians did n make _! homes on ?is imm5se lava field4 ,a/ronauts w\ld "o day trek ab\t ,crat]s ( ! ,moon 9 hopes t exp]i5c+ its h>%ly ali5 environm5t w\ld make walk+ on ! moon less disori5t+ = !m4 ,no wond] p h n *os5 to live on ^! hot1 black1 sometimes %>p lava fl[s on :i* y mu/ l9e ! flight ( doves to locate dr9k+ wat]4 ,indians did trav]se ?is area on annual summ] migrations1 h[ev]1 z %[n by ! develop$ trails & _m sites :]e artifacts ( ,nor!rn ,%o%one culture h be5 f\nd4 ,mo/ ( ^! ar*eological sites are n easily disc]n$ by ! untra9$ eye1 b ! /one w9dbreaks at ,indian ,tunnel are easily exam9$4 ,r+s ( rocks t may h be5 us$ = tempor>y %elt]1 hunt+ bl9ds1 or religi\s purposes1 num]\s /one tools1 & ! hamm]/ones & *ipp+s ( arr[head mak+ are f\nd scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! lava fl[s4 ,"s ( ! h>d]1 d5se volcanic mat]ials f\nd "h 7 made into crude cutt+ & scrap+ tools & projectile po9ts4 ,su* evid5ce sugge/s only %ort =ays into ! lavas = hunt+ or collect+ by small gr\ps4 ,! ,nor!rn ,%o%one 7 a hunt+ & ga!r+ culture directly dep5d5t on :at ! l& (f]$4 ,!y turn$ :at !y c\ld ( ?is volcanic environm5t to _! b5efit4 ,be=e settlem5t by ,europeans1 ! vic9ity ( ! p>k boa/$ sev]al game species t are r>e or abs5t f ,crat]s ( ! ,moon today4 ,^! includ$ elk1 wolf1 bison1 grizzly & black be>1 & ! c\g>4 ,bighorn %eep1 ^: males sport *>act]i/ic headge> ( l>ge1 curl$ horns1 h be5 abs5t f ! p>k s9ce ab\t #aibj4 ,milit>y explor] ,u4,s4 ,army ,capt4 ,b4,l4,e4 ,bonneville left impressions ( ! ,crat]s ( ! ,moon lava field 9 8 travel di>ies 9 ! e>ly #ahjjs4 ,9 ,! ,adv5tures ( ,capta9 ,bonneville1 :i* 7 bas$ on ! di>ies1 #ai?-c5tury au?or ,wa%+ton ,irv+ pictures a place 8:]e no?+ meets ! eye b a desolate & awful wa/e1 :]e no grass gr[s nor wat] runs1 & :]e no?+ is to be se5 b lava40 ,irv+ is p]haps mo/ fam\s = ,! ,leg5d ( ,sleepy ,holl[1 b 8 ,adv5tures is consid]$ a significant p]iod "w ab\t ! ,we/ & provid$ ?is e>ly1 if brief1 glimpse ( a !n unnam$ ,crat]s ( ! ,moon4 ,pione]s work+ we/w>d 9 ! #ai? c5tury s\ght ei!r gold or af=dable f>m or ran* l&s s !y1 l ! ,nor!rn ,%o%one1 bypass$ ^! lava wa/es4 ,lat]1 ne>by settl]s w\ld v5ture into ?is area 9 se>* ( additional graz+ l&s4 ,f9d+ none1 !y left ,crat]s ( ! ,moon sub/antially alone4 ,e>ly pione]s :o left traces 9 ! vic9ity ( ! p>k did s by foll[+ :at ev5tually came to be kn[n z ,goodale's ,cut(f4 ,! r\te 0 bas$ on ,indian trails t skirt$ ! lava fields 9 ! nor!rn section ( ! p>k4 ,x came into use 9 ! e>ly #ahejs z an alt]nate to ! regul> r\te ( ! ,oregon ,trail4 ,%o%one ,indian ho/ilities along ! ,snake ,riv] "p ( ! trail--"o su* incid5t is memorializ$ 9 ,idaho's ,massacre ,rocks ,/ate ,p>k--l$ ! emigrants to se>* = a saf] r\te4 ,!y 7 head$ = ,oregon1 p>ticul>ly ! ,walla ,walla area ar\nd ,:itman ,mission1 family gr\ps 9 se>* ( agricultural l&s = settlem5t4 ,emigrants travel+ x 9 #ahed notic$ names c>v$ 9 rocks & trees along its r\te4 ,x 0 nam$ 9 #ahfb by travel]s app>5tly grateful to _! guide1 ,tim ,goodale1 ^: pres5ce1 !y felt1 _h prev5t$ ,indian attacks4 ,ill9ois-born ,goodale 0 cut 9 ! mold ( ! typical e>ly trapp] & trad] ( ! ,f> ,we/4 ,he 0 kn[n to ! fam\s fur trade bro!rs ,solomon & ,william ,sublette4 ,8 "n turn$ up at su* fur trade locales z ,pueblo1 ,taos1 ,=t ,bridg]1 & ,=t ,l>amie ov] a p]iod ( at lea/ #bj ye>s4 ,aft] ! discov]y ( gold 9 ,idaho's ,salmon ,riv] c\ntry1 a p>ty ( emigrants p]suad$ ,goodale to guide !m ov] ! r\te !y w\ld "n = him4 ,goodale 0 an exp]i5c$ guide3 9 #ahfa1 he _h s]v$ 9 t capacity = a milit>y survey we/ ( ,d5v]4 ,! l>ge b& ( emigrants set out 9 ,july & 0 jo9$ by m wagons at ,crat]s ( ! ,moon4 ,ev5tually _! numb]s includ$ #gie m5 & #cjj wom5 & *ildr54 ,indian attacks occurr$ frequ5tly along ! ,oregon ,trail at t "t1 b ! size ( ?is gr\p evid5tly disc\rag$ su* incursions4 ,! trip 0 n )\t incid5t1 b ,goodale's reputation rema9$ suffici5tly intact = 8 cli5ts to affix 8 "n to ! r\te4 ,subsequ5t modifications & ! addition ( a f]ry cross+ on ! ,snake ,riv] made ,goodale's ,cut(f into a popul> r\te = we/]n emigration4 ,traces ( x are /ill visible 9 ! vic9ity ( ! p>k today4 ,curiosity ab\t ?is un9habitable area ev5tually l$ to m detail$ k ( ,crat]s ( ! ,moon & k l$ to its pres]vation4 ,geologi/s ,israel ,c4 ,russell & ,h>old ,t4 ,/e>ns ( ! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey explor$ "h 9 #aija & #aibc1 respectively4 ,taxid]mi/-turn$-lectur] ,rob]t ,limb]t explor$ ! area 9 ! e>ly #aibjs4 ,limb]t made ?ree trips4 ,on ! fir/ two1 he m or less retrac$ ! /eps ( ^! geologi/s4 ,on 8 ?ird & mo/ ambiti\s trek1 ,limb]t & ,w4 ,l4 ,cole trav]s$ :at is n[ ! p>k & ! ,crat]s ( ! ,moon ,wild]ness ,area s\? to nor?1 />t+ f ! ne>by community ( ,m9idoka4 ,_! r\te took !m by ,two ,po9t ,butte1 ,e*o ,crat]1 ,big ,crat]s1 ,nor? ,crat] ,fl[ & out to ! ,old ,arco-,c>ey ,road1 !n kn[n z ! ,yell[/one ,p>k & ,l9coln ,highway4 ,^! explorations & _! att5dant publicity 9 ,national ,geographic ,magaz9e 7 in/rum5tal 9 ! proclamation ( ,crat]s ( ! ,moon z a national monum5t by ,presid5t ,calv9 ,coolidge 9 #aibd4 ,s9ce ,limb]t's day1 a/ronauts h walk$ bo? "h & on ! moon4 ,despite our n[ detail$ k ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 ^! two places1 ! "n--& mu* ( ! p>k's awe-inspir+ appeal--rema9s ! same4 ,x is z ?\gh by le>n+ m ab\t bo? ^! ni*es 9 our univ]se we someh[ h le>n$ m ab\t ourselves z well4 ,illu/ration3 ,9 ! mid-#ahjjs ! ,oregon ,trail s]v$ z a major r\te to ! ,we/ = pione]s4 ,b :5 ho/ilities develop$ along ! trail ) ! ,%o%one-,bannock ,indians1 _m ( ! emigrants began us+ an alt]nate r\te kn[n z ,goodale's ,cut(f4 ,?is trail w5t fur!r nor? & pass$ ?r\gh ! pres5t-day p>k b\nd>y4 7cont9u$ on page #eb7 ,e>ly ,explor]s & ! ,limb]t ,exp$ition ,illu/ration3 uncaption$ ,! fir/ kn[n explorations ( ^! lava fields 7 conduct$ by two ,arco1 ,idaho1 cattlem5 9 #ahgi4 ,ar?ur ,f]ris & ,j4,w4 ,p[ell 7 look+ = wat] = _! live/ock4 ,! fir/ sci5tific explorations 7 c>ri$ out by ,israel ,c4 ,russell1 survey+ ! area = ! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey 9 #aija & #aijc4 ,beg9n+ 9 #aiaj1 ,samuel ,a4 ,paisely1 lat] to become ! p>k's fir/ cu/odian1 also explor$ ^! lava fields4 ,9 #aiba1 ! ,u4,s4,g4,s4 s5t two geologi/s "h1 ,h>old ,t4 ,/e>ns & ,o4,e4 ,me9z]1 ) a geologi/ f ! ,c>negie ,in/itute4 ,bas$ on ?is field "w1 ,/e>ns recomm5d$ t a national monum5t be creat$ "h4 ,also dur+ ! e>ly #bjs1 ! explorations ( ,idaho entrepr5eur ,rob]t ,w4 ,limb]t caught ! public's fancy4 ,a report ( ! explorations ( 8,two-gun0 ,bob ,limb]t 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,m>* #aibd ,national ,geographic ,magaz9e4 ,limb]t 0 a ,boise1 ,idaho1 taxid]mi/1 tann]1 & furri]4 ,he 0 also an amateur wre/l] & quick-draw arti/ :o lat] p]=m$ on ! national lecture circuit4 ,report$ly1 ,limb]t once *all5g$ ,al ,capone to a pi/ol duel at #aj paces4 ,evid5tly ,capone decl9$4 ,limb]t made ?ree treks into ! lava fields betwe5 #aiba & #aibd4 ,he fir/ explor$ ! m easily accessible nor!rn portion ( ! lava fields4 ,limb]t's ?ird exp$ition cross$ ! area f s\? to nor?1 h[ev]1 />t+ f ,m9idoka4 ,! ,limb]t ,trek ,illu/ration3 ,on 8 ?ird exp$ition1 ,limb]t1 ,cole1 & a dog trav]s$ ! lava fl[s f s\? to nor?4 ,! photos t appe>$ 9 ,! ,national ,geographic ,magaz9e 9 #aibd 7 tak5 on v>i\s exp$itions4 ,) ,limb]t 7 ,w4,l4 ,cole & an ,air$ale t]ri]4 ,tak+ ! dog along 0 a mi/ake1 ,limb]t wrote1 8= aft] ?ree days' travel 8 feet 7 worn raw & ble$+40 ,limb]t said x 0 pitiful to wat* ! dog z x hobbl$ aft] !m4 ,! l&scape 0 s unusual t ,limb]t & ,cole _h difficulty e/imat+ di/ances4 ,?+s w\ld be half aga9 z f> away z !y _h reckon$4 ,9 "s areas _! compass ne$les w5t wild ) magnetic di/ortions caus$ by high conc5trations ( iron 9 ! lava rock4 ,biz>re features !y f\nd--su* z multi-color$1 bl[-out crat]s--mov$ ,limb]t to write3 8,i notic$ t at places l ^! we _h almo/ no?+ to say40 ,limb]t & ,cole discov]$ ice caves ) ice /alactites4 ,!y f\nd wat] by track+ ! flights ( m\rn+ doves4 ,!y f\nd pockets ( cold wat] 7trapp$ above gr\nd by ice deposits bel[ ! surface7 cov]$ ) yell[jackets fatally numb$ by ! cold4 ,!y drank ! wat] anyway4 ,9 des]t c\ntry1 said ,limb]t1 "o c't be too picky4 ,betwe5 ,limb]t's lively article 9 ! ,national ,geographic ,magaz9e1 & ! reports ( geologi/ ,/e>ns1 ,presid5t ,calv9 ,coolidge 0 induc$ to designate "p ( ! lava fields z ,crat]s ( ! ,moon ,national ,monum5t on ,may #b1 #aibd4 ,illu/ration3 untitl$ ,illu/ration3 untitl$ ,"p #c ,guide & ,advis] ,illu/ration3 ,approa*+ ,crat]s ( ! ,moon ,crat]s ( ! ,moon ,national ,monum5t is locat$ 9 s\?-c5tral ,idaho's ,snake ,riv] ,pla91 midway betwe5 ,boise1 ,idaho1 & ,gr& ,teton & ,yell[/one ,national ,p>ks4 ,! p>k includes #ec1ede acres1 & ! elevation at ! visitor c5t] is #e1ijj feet above sea level4 ,u4,s4 #bj-bf-ic gives access to ! p>k4 ,nom9al entrance fees are *>g$4 ,gold5 ,eagle1 ,gold5 ,age1 & ,gold5 ,access passports are honor$ & may be obta9$ at ! entrance /ation4 ,seasons & ,wea!r4 ,p>k facilities are op5 & naturali/ programs are conduct$ f mid-,june ?r\gh ,labor ,day4 ,f ,novemb] to ,april1 ! ,loop ,drive 7see map7 is clos$ by sn[ & p>k facilities are limit$4 ,9 spr+ & fall1 ! op5+ & clos+ ( facilities & ! ,loop ,drive are det]m9$ by wea!r conditions1 :i* v>y greatly f ye> to ye>4 ,9 spr+ ! wea!r is unpr$ictable4 ,/rong w9ds may occur & sn[ &_/or freez+ ra9 are n uncommon4 ,temp]atures range f highs 9 ! #ejs to l[s 9 ! #bjs,f4 ,summ] features w>m to hot days & cool nights4 ,expect aft]noon w9ds4 ,!re may be v sporadic aft]noon ?und]/orms1 & temp]atures may range f ! #djs to ! #ijs4 ,fall (f]s g5]ally fair wea!r ) l[ precipitation & infrequ5t w9ds4 ,e>ly sn[/orms are possible1 & sn[ is c]ta9 by late fall4 ,fall temp]atures range f highs 9 ! #fjs to l[s 9 ! #cjs4 ,w9t] br+s ! possibility ( sev]e /orms ) drift+ sn[4 ,highway access is (t5 be/ describ$ z sn[-pack$4 ,on bright sunny days temp]atures may rea* into ! #djs1 b ! range is g5]ally f highs 9 ! #cjs to l[s ar\nd m9us #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,today's p>k encompasses a small portion ( ! ,great ,rift & ! great] portion ( ! ,crat]s ( ! ,moon ,lava ,field ne> ,arco1 ,idaho4 ,blue arr[s on ?is map %[ ! r\te ( ! ,limb]t ,exp$itions 9 ! #aibjs4 ,! detail map appe>s on page #eh4 ,limb]t's r\te ,f ,m9idoka4 ,two ,po9t ,butte ,v]million ,*asm ,%eep ,trail ,butte ,e*o ,crat] ,bridge ( ,te>s ,big ,c9d] ,butte ,big ,crat]s ,nor? ,crat] ,fl[ ,old ,arco ,c>ey ,road ,m>t9 ,p4,o4 ,see detail map ,visitor ,c5t] ,h&icapp$ ,access4 ,! p>k visitor c5t]1 re/rooms1 & amphi!at] are accessible to ! disabl$4 ,travel ,plann+4 ,u4,s4 #bj-bf-ic provides access to ,crat]s ( ! ,moon4 ,no public transportation s]ves ! p>k4 ,s*$ul$ airl9es s]ve ,idaho ,falls1 ,tw9 ,falls1 & ,hailey1 ,idaho4 ,r5tal c>s are g5]ally available at ^! airports1 b advance res]vations are advis$4 ,x is ab\t a ?ree-h\r drive f ! p>k to ,gr& ,teton ,national ,p>k1 & ab\t a f\r-h\r drive to ,yell[/one ,national ,p>k4 ,! (ficial ,idaho ,/ate ,highway ,map is available f ! ,idaho ,transportation ,dep>tm5t1 ,p4,o4 ,box #gabi1 ,boise1 ,,id #hcgjg1 telephone 7#bjh7 #ccd-hjjj4 ,idaho's travel (fice provides in=mation ab\t cultural activities1 sc5ic t\rs1 outfitt]s & guides1 *amb]s ( comm]ce1 hotels1 & motels ?r\gh\t ! /ate4 ,write or call ,idaho's ,travel ,promotion ,division1 #gjj ,we/ ,/ate ,/reet1 ,boise1 ,,id #hcgbj-bgjj1 telephone 7#bjh7 #ccd-bdgj4 ,/ay on ,roads4 ,please /ay on roadways & p>k+ pull\ts t are provid$4 ,if a vehicle goes (f ! roadway onto c9d]s1 ! c9d]s are compact$ & ! tracks may rema9 visible = #aj to #bj ye>s or m4 ,in=mation ab\t ! ,p>k4 ,address specific inquiries ab\t ! p>k to ! ,sup]9t5d5t1 ,crat]s ( ! ,moon ,national ,monum5t1 ,p4,o4 ,box #bi1 ,arco1 ,,id #hcbac1 or telephone 7#bjh7 #ebg-cbeg4 ,illu/ration3 ,make ! visitor c5t] y\r fir/ /op 9 ! p>k4 ,ask at ! in=mation desk = s*$ules ( rang]-l$ walks1 talks1 & o!r programs & = advice ab\t camp+4 ,illu/ration3 uncaption$ ,visitor ,c5t] & ,programs ,! p>k visitor c5t] is locat$ ne> ! only entrance to ! p>k4 ,"h y w f9d displays & in=mation to help y plan y\r visit4 ,slides1 po/c>ds1 maps1 & o!r publications ab\t ! p>k are display$ = sale4 ,p>k ,s]vice rang]s at ! in=mation c\nt] c answ] y\r que/ions & help y plan y\r /ay 9 ! p>k4 ,! displays al]t y to wildfl[]s & wild animals y might expect to see "h4 ,o!r exhibits describe ! p>k's geologic hi/ory4 ,a film expla9s h[ lava fl[$ f fissures 9 ! ,e>? to create ! c9d] cones1 lava fl[s1 & o!r volcanic features y w see at ,crat]s ( ! ,moon4 ,! film includes actual footage ( eruptions ( ! same type t occurr$ "h "s #b1jjj ye>s ago4 ,*eck at ! visitor c5t] = ! s*$ules ( conduct$ walks & campfire programs4 ,y also c get in=mation "h ab\t two self-guid+ nature trails & ! p>k's ,loop ,drive 7see page #ei74 ,activities & ,ev5+ ,programs4 ,9 summ]1 rang]-guid$ walks & o!r programs give visitors an intimate look at v>i\s aspects ( ! p>k4 ,program s*$ules v>y2 we sugge/ t y contact ! p>k = curr5t in=mation prior to arrival4 ,sev]al sites h be5 design$ to make x easy to see ! p>k on y\r own4 ,! visitor c5t] is a good place to /op & plan y\r visit4 ,ev5+ programs may f9d y want+ a sweat] or light jacket to w>d (f ! *ill1 despite ! hot summ] days4 ,^! programs explore su* topics z ! p>k's wildlife & its survival1 ! p[]s ( nature1 & ?is l&scape's volcanic orig9s4 ,"s programs are illu/rat$ ) slides or movies & take place 9 ! amphi!at]4 ,self-guid+ ,trails4 ,explore ?ree repres5tative areas ( ! p>k on self-guid+ nature trails4 ,devils ,or*>d ,trail helps y und]/& ! complex environm5tal conc]ns fac+ ,crat]s ( ! ,moon4 ,a pamphlet available at ! trailhead discusses ! major impacts visitors1 neighbors1 & manag]s h on ! fragile lava l&scape4 ,numb]$ explanations correspond to m>k]s along ! trail4 ,y c walk ?is trail 9 ab\t #bj m9utes4 ,nor? ,crat] ,fl[ ,trail takes y ?r\gh a lava fl[ t includes raft$ blocks 7crat] wall fragm5ts7 & o!r int]e/+ features *>act]i/ic ( basaltic lava fl[s1 :i* are expla9$ by wayside exhibits4 ,?is trail goes ?r\gh "o ( ! mo/ rec5t lava fl[s 9 ! p>k4 ,! %9y lava fl[s made e>ly explor]s ?9k ! volcanic eruptions _h happ5$ only a few ye>s be=e4 ,please /ay on trails 9 ?is v fragile area4 ,! p>k 0 e/abli%$ to provide protection = its unusual l&scape features4 ,^! require cont9u+ protection & y c help provide x4 ,caves ,trail all[s y ! opportunity to explore a lava tube4 ,^! caves =m$ :5 ! surface ( lava fl[ cool$ & h>d5$ :ile ! int]ior rema9$ molt5 & cont9u$ to dra94 ,aft] ! lava dra9$ away1 a holl[ tube rema9$4 ,a pamphlet at ! trailhead provides a map ( ! cave area & tells y :at to expect z y explore ^! lava tubes on y\r own4 ,wayside exhibits po9t out ! mo/ int]e/+ lava =mations along ! trail4 ,to see only ,indian ,tunnel1 ! l>ge/ ( ! lava tubes1 w require ne>ly "o h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,visitors read a wayside exhibit b5ea? impos+ monoli?s4 ,fl[s ( lava raft$ su* fragm5ts ( brok5 crat] walls into o!rwise inexplicable positions4 ,map ,illu/ration3 ,crat]s ( ! ,moon ,national ,monum5t ,wild]ness area ,grassy ,cone #aibe m #fcae ft ,sunset ,cone #aied m #fdae ft ,backc\ntry area ,trail ,po9t ( int]e/ ,visitor ,c5t] ,to ,arco ,to ,c>ey ,campgr\nd ,nor? ,crat] ,fl[ ,trail ,nor? ,crat] ,trail ,sil5t ,cone #ahch m #fceg ft4 ,nor? ,crat] #aijh m #hbdd ft ,devils ,or*>d ,nature ,trail ,paisley ,cone #ahha m #fajg ft ,inf]no ,cone #ahhd m #faha ft ,sn[ ,cone ,spatt] ,cones ,nor? ,crat] ,trail ,,great ,,rift ,,zone ,,big ,,s9k ,brok5 ,top #ahdf m #ejeh ft ,buffalo ,cave ,half ,cone #ahde m #ejee ft ,big ,c9d] ,butte #aihh m #eeaf ft ,,tree ,,molds ,dewdrop ,cave ,surprise ,cave ,beauty ,cave ,boy ,sc\t ,cave ,indian ,tunnel ,,pione] ,,m\nta9s ,,gre5 ,,dragon ,,fl[s ,,s]rate ,,fl[ ,,blue ,,dragon ,,fl[s ,,brok5 ,,top ,,fl[ ,,lava ,,cascades ,,big ,,crat]s ,take ,! ,driv+ ,t\r ,y c see mo/ ( ! features = :i* ,crat]s ( ! ,moon is fam\s by a comb9$ auto & foot t\r along ! ,loop ,drive4 ,) sev]al %ort walks includ$1 y c make ! drive 9 ab\t two h\rs4 ,numb]$ /ops are key$ to ! map 9 ! p>k fold]4 #a4 ,visitor ,c5t]4 ,! #g-mile ,loop ,drive beg9s at ! visitor c5t]4 ,mo/ ( ! drive is "o-way4 ,spur roads & trailheads enable y to explore ?is lava field ev5 fur!r4 #b4 ,nor? ,crat] ,fl[4 ,a %ort foot trail crosses ! ,nor? ,crat] ,fl[ to a gr\p ( crat] wall fragm5ts transport$ by lava fl[s4 ,?is is "o ( ! y\nge/ fl[s "h4 ,! triple twi/ tree & its #a1cej gr[? r+s h 9 ! pa/ help$ date ! rec5cy ( ! la/ fl[s "h4 ,along ?is trail y c see f9e examples ( pahoehoe lava & aa lava fl[s 7see page #bf74 ,j beyond ! ,nor? ,crat] ,fl[ ,trail is ! ,nor? ,crat] ,trail4 ,?is %ort1 /eep1 self-guid+ nature trail leads y to ! v5t ov]look+ ! crat] ( a c9d] cone4 #c4 ,devils ,or*>d4 ,devils ,or*>d is a gr\p ( lava fragm5ts t /& l isl&s 9 a sea ( c9d]s4 ,?is m>ks ! re/+ place = blocks ( mat]ial f ! walls ( ,nor? ,crat] t broke free & 7 raft$ "h on lava fl[s4 ,! %ort spur road leads to a self-guid+ trail ?r\gh ^! weird features4 ,y c easily walk ! trail 9 ab\t #bj m9utes4 ,an e>ly morn+ or ev5+ visit may all[ y to obs]ve p>k wildlife4 ,9 spr+time1 ! wildfl[] displays 9 ! c9d] g>d5s are glori\s4 ,9 ,june & e>ly ,july1 dw>f bloom+ monkeyfl[]s give ! gr\nd a mag5ta ca/4 #d4 ,inf]no ,cone ,viewpo9t4 ,f ! viewpo9t atop ,inf]no ,cone1 a l&scape ( volcanic c9d] cones spreads be=e y to ! di/ant m\nta9 ranges beyond4 ,notice t ! cool]1 moi/] nor!rn slopes ( ! cones be> noticeably m vegetation ?an ! dri] s\!rn slopes1 :i* receive ! brunt ( sun%9e4 ,if y take ! %ort1 /eep walk to ! summit ( ,inf]no ,cone1 y c easily recognize ! *a9 ( c9d] cones t def9es ! ,great ,rift4 ,p]haps n[h]e else 9 ! p>k is x s easy to visualize h[ ! volcanic activity broke out along ?is great fissure 9 ! ,e>?4 ,t[]+ 9 ! di/ance above ! lava pla9 is ,big ,c9d] ,butte1 "o ( ! _w's l>ge/1 purely basaltic1 c9d] cones4 #e4 ,big ,crat]s & ,spatt] ,cones ,area4 ,spatt] cones =m$ along ! ,great ,rift fissure :]e clots ( pa/y lava /uck toge!r :5 !y fell4 ,! mat]ials & =ces ( ^! eruptions orig9at$ at dep?s ( approximately #dj miles )9 ! ,e>?4 ,a %ort1 /eep walk to ! top ( ,big ,crat]s (f]s a view ( a s]ies ( volcanic v5ts4 #f4 ,trails to ,tree ,molds & ! ,wild]ness ,area4 ,a spur road j beyond ,inf]no ,cone takes y to trails to ! ,tree ,molds ,area & ! ,crat]s ( ! ,moon ,wild]ness4 ,tree molds =m$ :]e molt5 lava fl[s encas$ trees & !n h>d5$ 7see page #bg74 ,! cyl9drical molds t rema9$ aft] ! wood burn$ & rott$ away range f a few in*es to m ?an #a foot 9 diamet]4 #g4 ,cave ,area4 ,at ?is f9al /op on ! ,loop ,drive1 a -mile walk takes y to ! lava tubes4 ,"h y c see ,dewdrop1 ,boy ,sc\t1 ,beauty1 & ,surprise ,caves & ! ,indian ,tunnel4 7,= h[ ^! lava tubes =m$1 see page #cj47 ,c>ry a fla%light 9 all caves except ,indian ,tunnel4 ,camp+ & ,backc\ntry ,use ,! campgr\nd has ab\t #ej sites4 ,^! are available on a fir/-come1 fir/-s]v$ basis4 ,res]vations are n accept$4 ,a daily fee = camp+ is *>g$4 ,wat] & re/rooms are provid$ 9 ! campgr\nd1 b !re are no %[]s1 dump /ation1 or hookups4 ,wood fires are prohibit$ 9 ! p>k1 b grills at ea* campsite may be us$ = *>coal fires4 ,! campgr\nd accommodates bo? ,r,vs & t5ts4 ,dur+ ! summ]1 p>k rang]s pres5t ev5+ programs at ! campgr\nd amphi!at]4 ,backc\ntry ,use4 ,"s ( ! p>k's mo/ intrigu+ l&scapes lie beyond ! road's end 9 ! #fh-squ>e-mile ,crat]s ( ! ,moon ,wild]ness ,area4 ,only two trails p5etrate ! wild]ness1 & ^! = only %ort di/ances4 ,aft] ! ?ree-mile trail to ,e*o ,crat] runs out1 y are on y\r own4 ,= fur!r exploration1 y c simply foll[ ! ,great ,rift & its *a9 ( c9d] cones4 ,^! l&m>ks help y f9d y\r way4 ,to explore f>!r afield1 y %\ld h a good topographic map & basic map skills4 ,y c pur*ase su* a map at ! visitor c5t]4 ,all hik]s :o plan to /ay ov]night 9 ! wild]ness are requir$ to regi/] ) a p>k rang]4 ,backc\ntry use p]mits are available free at ! visitor c5t]4 ,ea* hik] %\ld c>ry at lea/ "o gallon ( wat] = ea* day out2 ev5 m may be necess>y dur+ ! hot summ]4 ,!re is no dr9k+ wat] available 9 ! wild]ness4 ,! be/ times = wild]ness travel are ,may-,june & ,septemb]-,octob]4 ,daytime temp]atures are usually mild !n1 :ile nights are cool1 b y mu/ be prep>$ = inclem5t & v cold wea!r 9 ^! transitional mon?s4 ,summ] daytime temp]atures climb into ! #ijs1 & reflect$ heat (f ! lavas may be ev5 high]4 ,long di/ance hik+ is n v pleasant !n1 & ! weight ( necess>y dr9k+ wat] is burd5some4 ,safety4 ,/urdy boots & long pants are necess>y ge> = ! jagg$ aa lava fl[s4 ,br+ clo?+ = bo? hot & cool wea!r2 bo? c occur ! same day 9 ?is des]t climate4 7,see dr9k+ wat] w>n+ above47 ,regulations4 ,campfires are prohibit$ 9 ! backc\ntry4 ,c>ry a self-conta9$ backpack /ove & fuel4 ,me*aniz$ vehicles1 includ+ bicycles1 are prohibit$ 9 ! wild]ness area4 ,pets are also prohibit$ 9 ! wild]ness4 ,pack out ev]y?+ t y pack 9--& any tra% y f9d t o!rs left beh9d4 ,a good admonition is3 8,take only pictures1 & try n to leave s mu* z a footpr9t40 ,w9t] ,recreation ,! visitor c5t] is op5 e day except w9t] holidays4 ,w9t] h\rs are #h a4m4 to #d3cj p4m4 ,wild]ness p]mits1 topographic maps1 & in=mation are available "h4 ,to f9d out ab\t curr5t sn[ conditions1 call 7#bjh7 #ebg-cbeg4 ,ski+4 ,crossc\ntry ski+ provides an enjoyable exp]i5ce ( ! p>k's l&scape trans=m$ by sn[4 ,:5 heavy sn[s accumulate1 usually 9 late ,novemb]1 ! #g-mile ,loop ,drive is clos$ & x becomes a natural ski trail4 ,mo/ ( ! ,loop ,drive foll[s fairly level t]ra94 ,! be/ mon?s = ski+ are ,janu>y to ,m>* 9 mo/ w9t]s4 ,usually !re is ab\t #ah in*es ( sn[pack by ,janu>y & #c feet by ,m>*4 ,temp]atures range f #de;,f to well bel[ z]o4 ,be prep>$ = inclem5t wea!r & high w9ds at all times4 ,blizz>ds may be enc\nt]$4 ,haz>ds4 ,ski+ (f ! ,loop ,drive is all[$ b n recomm5d$4 ,mo/ ( ! p>k is cov]$ by %>p1 jagg$ lava1 & sn[ cov] may mask cracks & cav]ns und]nea?4 ,camp+4 ,w9t] camp+ is p]mitt$ 9 ! ma9 campgr\nd4 ,! campgr\nd is n pl[$2 be prep>$ to camp 9 ! sn[4 ,wood fires are n p]mitt$ any:]e 9 ! p>k4 ,wild]ness use4 ,! wild]ness is ideal = ov]night ski trips4 ,y %\ld be well equipp$ & exp]i5c$ at w9t] camp+1 h[ev]4 ,a free wild]ness use p]mit1 available at ! visitor c5t]1 is requir$ = all ov]night use outside ! p>k campgr\nd4 ,bo? backpack]s & crossc\ntry ski]s f9d solitude 9 _! respective seasons 9 ! p>k4 ,o!rs may pref] rang]-l$ explorations ( ! p>k's _m unusual features4 ,illu/ration3 ,backpack]s ,illu/ration3 ,crossc\ntry ski]s ,illu/ration3 ,rang]-l$ explorations ,regulations & ,safety ,_m managem5t conc]ns1 regulations1 & safety tips are giv5 "u specific subjects 9 ?is h&book4 ,"h are "s o!r ?+s to consid]4 ,precautions mu/ be tak5 :5 y explore ! p>k because ( ! rugg$ t]ra91 heat1 & lack ( naturally available dr9k+ wat]4 ,y w ne$ /urdy boots1 a hat1 & ample1 leakpro( wat] conta9]s4 ,make sure conta9]s are wat]tight be=e y leave home4 ,explor+ caves requires fla%lights4 ,camp only 9 ! p>k campgr\nd4 ,all o!r ov]night use1 ev5 9 w9t]1 requires a wild]ness use p]mit4 ,a day-use p]mit is requir$ to visit ! area ( ! p>k t lies nor? ( ,highway #bj-bf-ic4 ,pets4 ,pets are all[$ only 9 ! campgr\nd & on ! ,loop ,drive1 b !y mu/ be kept on a lea% at all times4 ,pets are prohibit$ 9 all public build+s1 on trails1 or 9 (f-road areas4 ,vehicles4 ,all motor vehicles & bicycles mu/ /ay on pav$ roads only4 ,!y are n all[$ on trails4 ,fire>ms4 ,fire>m re/rictions are en=c$3 ,no hunt+ is all[$ 9 ! p>k4 ,collect+4 ,! collection1 removal1 or di/urbance ( any natural features )9 ! p>k is /rictly prohibit$4 ,illu/ration3 ,= contempor>y explor]s ! driv+ t\r & its associat$ trails make ! safe/ trek r\tes4 ,ex]cise great caution--& close ov]sight ( "y *ildr5--at all times on y\r p>k exp$itions4 ,illu/ration3 trail ,ne>by ,attractions ,yell[/one ,national ,p>k is _w fam\s = its geys]s & mudpots1 canyons & wat]falls1 & wildlife & wild]ness4 ,= in=mation write or call1 ,sup]9t5d5t1 ,yell[/one ,national ,p>k1 ,,wy #hbaij1 7#cjg7 #cdd-gcha4 ,illu/ration3 ,m9]va ,t]race1 ,yell[/one ,gr& ,teton ,national ,p>k features ! spectacul>ly sc5ic ,teton ,range & lovely lakes at its base4 ,john ,d4 ,rockefell]1 ,jr41 ,memorial ,p>kway jo9s ,gr& ,teton ) ,yell[/one4 ,= in=mation write or call1 ,sup]9t5d5t1 ,gr& ,teton ,national ,p>k1 ,p4,o4 ,draw] #agj1 ,moose1 ,,wy #hcjab1 7#cjg7 #gcc-bhhj4 ,illu/ration3 ,gr& ,teton 9 w9t] ,nez ,p]ce ,national ,hi/orical ,p>k includes #bd widely scatt]$ sites 9 nor?-c5tral ,idaho t pres5t ! hi/ory ( ?is ance/ral homel& ( ! ,nez ,p]ce tribe4 ,= in=mation write or call1 ,sup]9t5d5t1 ,nez ,p]ce ,national ,hi/orical ,p>k1 ,p4,o4 ,box #ic1 ,spald+1 ,,id #hceea1 7#bjh7 #hdc-bbfa4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,nez ,p]ce today ,hag]man ,fossil ,b$s ,national ,monum5t1 au?oriz$ 9 #aihh1 pres]ves ,plioc5e fossil sites along ,idaho's ,snake ,riv]4 ,! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice is plann+ = future ne$s4 ,facilities h n be5 develop$4 ,= in=mation write or call1 ,sup]9t5d5t1 ,hag]man ,fossil ,b$s ,national ,monum5t1 ,p4,o4 ,box #egj1 ,hag]man1 ,,id #hcccb1 7#bjh7 #hcg-dgic4 ,city ( ,rocks ,national ,res]ve is a fasc9at+ l&scape ( monoli?s1 spires1 & domes us$ hi/orically by ,nor!rn ,%o%one ,indians & emigrants on ! ,cali=nia ,trail4 ,x has become a mecca = recreational rock climb]s4 ,primitive facilities4 ,= in=mation write1 ,manag]1 ,city ( ,rocks ,national ,res]ve1 ,p4,o4 ,box #afi1 ,almo1 ,,id #hccab4 ,arm*air ,explorations ,! nonpr(it ,crat]s ( ! ,moon ,natural ,hi/ory ,association sells books1 maps1 & o!r publications at ! visitor c5t] or by mail4 ,= a free li/ write to ! p>k address on page #ee4 ,! foll[+ select$ books may also be ( int]e/4 ,belknap1 ,william ,j4 8,man on ! ,moon 9 ,idaho10 ,national ,geographic ,magaz9e1 ,volume #aai 7,octob]1 #aifj74 ,bonni*s51 ,bill & ,roy ,m4 ,breck5ridge et al4 ,c5ozoic ,geology ( ,idaho1 ,idaho ,geologic ,survey1 ,univ]sity ( ,idaho1 #aihb4 ,bull>d1 ,fr$ ,m4 ,volcanoes ( ! ,e>?1 ,univ]sity ( ,texas ,press1 #aigf4 ,*ronic1 ,halka4 ,pages ( ,/one3 ,! ,geologic ,/ory ( ,our ,we/]n ,p>ks & ,monum5ts1 ,! ,m\nta9e]s1 #aihd4 ,cl>k1 ,david ,r4 ,crat]s ( ! ,moon--,idaho's ,une>?ly ,l&scape1 ,crat]s ( ! ,moon ,natural ,hi/ory ,association1 #aiij4 ,h5d]son1 ,paul ,a4 ,ar\nd ! ,loop3 ,crat]s ( ! ,moon1 ,crat]s ( ! ,moon ,natural ,hi/ory ,association1 #aihf4 ,limb]t1 ,rob]t ,w4 8,among ,crat]s ( ! ,moon10 ,national ,geographic ,magaz9e1 ,volume #de 7,m>*1 #aibd74 ,mc,kee1 ,bates4 ,cascadia1 ,mc,graw-,hill1 #aigb4 ,mos]1 ,don4 ,! ,snake ,riv] ,c\ntry1 ,"t-,life ,books1 #aigd4 ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration 7,,nasa74 ,volcanism ( ! ,ea/]n ,snake ,riv] ,pla91 ,idaho3 ,a ,comp>ative ,planet>y ,geology ,guidebook1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 #aigg4 ,s*w>tz1 ,susan4 ,nature 9 ! ,nor?we/1 ,pr5tice-,hall1 #aihc4 ,o!r ,national ,p>k ,h&books 9 ?is s]ies4 ,y might enjoy o!r (ficial ,national ,p>k ,h&books ab\t areas 9 ,idaho1 ,wyom+1 & ,montana4 ,^! h&books include3 ,gr& ,teton ,national ,p>k2 ,nez ,p]ce ,national ,hi/orical ,p>k2 ,devils ,t[] ,national ,monum5t2 & ,=t ,l>amie ,national ,hi/oric ,site4 ,^! in=mative h&books are available at ! p>ks or by mail f3 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,u4,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton1 ,,dc #bjdjb4 ,= a li/ ( h&books write to3 ,national ,p>k ,s]vice1 ,(fice ( ,in=mation1 ,p4,o4 ,box #cgabg1 ,wa%+ton1 ,,dc #bjjac-gabg4 ,,gpo3 #aiij--bfb-jih_/bjjjb ,national ,p>k ,s]vice ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior ,z ! ,nation's pr9cipal cons]vation ag5cy1 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior has responsibility = mo/ ( our nationally own$ public l&s & natural res\rces4 ,?is includes fo/]+ wise use ( our l& & wat] res\rces1 protect+ our fi% & wildlife1 pres]v+ ! environm5tal & cultural values ( our national p>ks & hi/orical places1 & provid+ = ! enjoym5t ( life ?r\gh outdoor recreation4 ,! ,dep>tm5t assesses our en]gy & m9]al res\rces & works to assure t _! developm5t is 9 ! be/ int]e/ ( all our p4 ,! ,dep>tm5t also promotes ! goals ( ! ,take ,pride 9 ,am]ica campaign by enc\rag+ /ew>d%ip & citiz5 responsibility = ! public l&s & promot+ citiz5 p>ticipation 9 _! c>e4 ,! ,dep>tm5t also has major responsibility = ,am]ican ,indian res]vation communities & = p :o live 9 isl& t]ritories "u ,u4,s4 adm9i/ration4 ,! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice expresses its appreciation to all ^? p]sons :o made ! prep>ation & production ( ?is h&book possible4 ,special ?anks are due ! ,crat]s ( ! ,moon ,natural ,hi/ory ,association = f9ancial support4 ,unless cr$it$ bel[1 photographs & illu/rations come f ! files ( ,crat]s ( ! ,moon ,national ,monum5t & ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice4 ,g>y ,braas* #bh top ,bureau ( ,l& ,managem5t #bi top ,v]n ,craw=d #cj-ca ,jeff ,gnass #d-e1 #f1 #bg tree mold ,*>ley ,gur*e #aj-aa1 #cb-cc1 #cf monkeyfl[] ,russell ,lamb #fc ,nez ,p]ce ,rog] ,mc,gehee #cj owl ,,nasa #af inset ,national ,geographic ,society #ej-ea1 #fc ,gr& ,teton 7,david ,alan ,h>vey7 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey #be bo? ,gl5n ,van ,nimweg5 #cd1 #cf-cg ,williams & ,he9tz ,map ,corporation #eh ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,relocat$ all image captions to be imm$iately "u ! correspond+ images1 remov+ r$undant ref]5ces l 0prec$+ page04 --,sil5tly correct$ a few palpable typos4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4