,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,a s+le und]score aft] a symbol indicates a subscript4 ,c>at symbol 80 designates a sup]script4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,! num]ical ref]5ces to ! ,,notes1 e4 g4 #a h be5 *ang$ to 87see ,,note x70 9 ord] to avoid confusion ) ! true footnotes4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,worlds ,illu/ration ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,bo/on ,,*icago ,,atlanta ,,san ,,francisco ,,macmillan ,,co41 ,,limit$ ,,london ,,bombay ,,calcutta ,,melb\rne ,,! ,,macmillan ,,co4 ,,( ,,canada1 ,,ltd4 ,,toronto ,illu/ration3 ,,saturn--,,photograph$ ,,at ,,! ,,l[ell ,,obs]vatory ,,by ,,mr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,,sliph]4 ,,septemb]1 #aiji4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,worlds ,,by ,,p]cival ,,l[ell1 ,a4,b41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,m>s ,,& ,,its ,,canals10 8,,m>s ,,z ,,! ,,abode ,,( ,,life10 ,,etc4 ,,director ,,( ,,! ,,obs]vatory ,,at ,,flag/aff1 ,,arizona2 ,,non-,,resid5t ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,a/ronomy ,,at ,,! ,,massa*usetts ,,in/itute ,,( ,,te*nology2 ,,fell[ ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,academy ,,( ,,arts ,,& ,,sci5ces2 ,,membre ,,de ,,la ,,soci,t ,,a/ronomique ,,de ,,france2 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,a/ronomical ,,& ,,a/rophysical ,,society ,,( ,,am]ica2 ,,mitgli$ ,,d] ,,a/ronomis*e ,,gesells*aft2 ,,membre ,,de ,,la ,,soci,t ,,belge ,d',,a/ronomie2 ,,honor>y ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,soci$ad ,,a/ronomica ,,de ,,mexico2 ,,janss5 ,,m$alli/ ,,( ,,! ,,soci,t ,,a/ronomique ,,de ,,france1 #aijd1 ,,= ,,rese>*es ,,on ,,m>s2 ,,m$alli/ ,,( ,,! ,,soci$ad ,,a/ronomica ,,de ,,mexico ,,= ,,/udies ,,on ,,m>s1 #aijh ,,illu/rat$ ,new ,york ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #aiji ,all rights res]v$ ,,copyright1 #aiji1 ,,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company4 ,set up & electrotyp$4 ,publi%$ ,decemb]1 #aiji4 ,norwood ,press ,j4 ,s4 ,cu%+ ,co4--,b]wick ,smi? ,co4 ,norwood1 ,mass41 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,to ,,! ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,massa*usetts ,,in/itute ,,( ,,te*nology ,,to ,,my ,,colleagues ,,!re ,,& ,,to ,,its ,,/ud5t ,,body ,,to ,,^: ,,int]e/ ,,& ,,att5tion ,,^! ,,lectures ,,are ,,indebt$ ,,!y ,,are ,,appreciatively ,,inscrib$ 8,si je n'tais pas dev5u gnral en *ef et l'in/rum5t du sort d'un gr& p1 j'aurais c\ru les bureaux et les salons p\r me mettre dans la dp5dance de qui que ce ft1 en qualit de m9i/re ou d'ambassadeur8 ,non1 non6 je me s]ais jet dans l'tude des sci5ces exactes4 ,j'aurais fait mon *em9 dans la r\te des ,galile1 des ,newton4 ,et puisque j'ai russi con/amm5t dans mes gr&es entreprises1 eh bi51 je me s]ais hautem5t di/+u aussi p> des travaux sci5tifiques4 ,j'aurais laiss le s\v5ir de belles dc\v]tes4 ,aucune autre gloire n'aurait pu t5t] mon ambition40 --,,napoleon ,i1 ,,quot$ ,,by ,,arago4 ,! sub/ance ( ! foll[+ pages 0 writt5 & pres5t$ 9 a univ]sity c\rse ( lectures be=e ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology--9 ,febru>y & ,m>* ( ?is ye>4 ,! k9d int]e/ ) :i* ! lectures 7 receiv$1 n only by ! /ud5ts & pr(essional bodies1 b by ! public1 0 foll[$ by an imm$iate reque/ f ,! ,macmillan ,company to issue !m 9 book =m1 & z su* !y n[ appe>4 ,,p]cival ,,l[ell4 ,,bo/on1 ,,mass41 ,may #bi1 #aiji4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,bir? ,,( ,a ,,sol> ,,sy/em #a ,,ii4 ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,! ,,initial ,,cata/rophe ,,9 ,,our ,,own ,,case #ca ,,iii4 ,,! ,,inn] ,,planets #eh ,,iv4 ,,! ,,out] ,,planets #id ,v4 ,,=mation ,,( ,,planets #abg ,,vi4 ,a ,,planet',s ,,hi/ory--,,self-,,su/a9$ ,,/age #aee ,,vii4 ,a ,,planet',s ,,hi/ory--,,sun-,,su/a9$ ,,/age #ahb ,,viii4 ,,dea? ,,( ,a ,,_w #bac ,,notes #a4 ,,meteor ,,orbits #bda #b4 ,,d5sities ,,( ,,! ,,planets #bdc #c4 ,,v>iation ,,9 ,,spectroscopic ,,%ift #bdc #d4 ,,on ,,! ,,planets' ,,orbital ,,tilts #bdd #e4 ,,planets ,,& ,,_! ,,satellite ,,sy/ems #bde #f4 ,,on ,,! ,,induc$ ,,circul>ity ,,( ,,orbits ,,?r\gh ,,collision #bej #g4 ,,capture ,,( ,,satellites #bea ,,index #bec ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,plates ,i4 ,saturn ,frontispiece ,,opposite ,,page ,,ii4 ,! ,mov+ ,nebula surr\nd+ ,nova ,p]sei1 #aija-aijb #ad ,,iii4 ,repres5tative ,/ell> ,spectra #bd ,,iv4 ,spectra ( ! ,major ,planets #eb ,v4 ,v5us1 #ahif-ahig #hb ,,vi4 ,a/]oids3 ,major ,axes ( ,orbits #ih ,,vii4 ,saturn--,a ,draw+ %[+ ,agglom]ations #ajh ,,viii4 ,spectrogram ( ,jupit]1 ,moon ,comp>ison #aeb ,,ix4 ,spectrogram %[+ ,wat]-vapor 9 ,atmosph]e ( ,m>s #afj ,x4 ,tree ,f]n #agf ,,xi4 ,t5 ,views ( ,m]cury1 %[+ ,effect ( ,libration #bbb ,,xii4 ,spectrogram ( ,saturn #bcb ,,cuts ,,appe>+ ,,9 ,,text ,,page ,algol & its ,d>k ,companion #d ,nova ,p]sei #aa ,spectrum ( ,nova ,p]sei #ab ,! ,mov+ ,nebula surr\nd+ ,nova ,p]sei1 #aija #ac ,great ,nebula 9 ,orion #ag ,great ,nebula 9 ,&rom$a #ah ,nebula ,m4 #ajj ,com #ai ,nebula ,i4 #bbf ,urs ,majoris #bj ,nebula ,v4 #bd ,com4 ,%[+ ,globul> ,/ructure #ba ,nebula ,m4 #aja ,urs ,majoris #bc ,! ,radiant ( a ,meteoric ,%[] #cg ,diagram expla9+ ,proportionate ,visibility ( ,meteors #ch ,! ,m>t ,iron #da ,section ( ,meteorite %[+ ,widmann/ttian ,l9es #db ,meteorite1 ,toluca #dc ,nebula ,v4 #ad ,cygni #de ,nebula ,n4,g4,c4 #adii ,p]sei #df ,nebula ,n4,g4,c4 #fifj 9 ,cygnus #dg ,nebula ,m4 #ea ,canum ,v5aticorum #dh ,orbits ( ! ,inn] ,planets #ei ,sulla ,rotazione di ,m]curio4--,di ,g4 ,v4 ,s*iap>elli #fd ,map ( ,m]cury4 ,l[ell #fi ,v5us4 ,octob]1 #ahif-,m>*1 #ahig #gh ,v5us4 ,april #ab1 #aiji4 #gi ,diagram3 ,convection ,curr5ts 9 ,atmosph]e ( ,v5us #ha ,diagram3 ,%ift 9 ,c5tral ,b>ometric ,depression #ha ,spectrogram ( ,v5us1 %[+ its ,long ,day #hg ,spectrogram ( ,jupit]1 giv+ ! ,l5g? ( its ,day by ! ,tilt ( its ,spectral ,l9es #hi ,orbits ( ! ,out] ,planets #ie ,draw+ ( ,jupit] %[+ its ,ellipticity #ajc ,two ,draw+s ( ,jupit] & its ,wisps #aje ,photograph ( ,jupit]1 #aiji #ajg ,diagram ( ,saturn's ,r+s #aac ,! ,tores ( ,saturn #aad ,*>t %[+ increas+ ,tilts ( ! ,major ,planets #aca ,orbital ,tilts & ,ecc5tricities ( ,satellites #acc ,masses ( ,planets & ,satellites #acf ,two ,draw+s ( ,jupit] & its 8,great ,r$ ,spot0 #afd ,sun ,spots #afe ,photograph ( a ,sun ,spot #aff ,! ,volcano ,colima1 ,mexico1 ,m>* #bd1 #aijc #afi ,jukes ,butte1 a ,d5ud$ ,laccoli?1 z se5 f ! ,nor?we/ #agj ,ideal ,section ( a ,laccoli? #agj ,e>? z se5 f above4--,photograph$ at an ,altitude ( #eejj ,feet #ahc ,tracks ( ,sauropus ,primvus #ahh ,adv5tures ( a ,heat ,ray #aic ,pol> ,caps ( ,m>s at _! ,maxima & ,m9ima #aih ,glacial ,map ( ,eurasia #bjj ,map %[+ ! ,glaciat$ ,area ( ,nor? ,am]ica #bja ,photograph ( ! ,moon #bje ,petrifi$ ,bridge1 ,?ird ,petrifi$ ,=e/1 ne> ,adamana1 ,arizona #baj ,?ree ,views ( ,v5us1 %[+ ,agreem5t at ,diff]5t ,di/ances #bbj ,diagram ( ,libration 9 ,longitude due to ,rotation #bbb ,moon1--,full & ,half #bbe ,diagram illu/rat+ ,molecul> ,motion 9 a ,gas #bbg ,di/ribution ( ,molecul> ,velocities 9 a ,gas #bbi ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,worlds ,,*apt] ,i ,,bir? ,,( ,a ,,sol> ,,sy/em ,a/ronomy is usually ?\ght ( z ! /udy ( ! bodies visible 9 ! sky4 ,& su* x l>gely is :5 ! pres5t /ate ( ! univ]se alone is consid]$4 ,b :5 we attempt to pe] into its pa/ & to =esee its future1 we f9d ourselves fac+ a new side ( ! heav5s--! contemplation ( ! invisible !re4 ,= 9 ! evolution ( worlds n simply mu/ ! processes be foll[$ by ! m9d's eye1 s %ort ! span ( human life1 b !y beg9 & end 9 :at we _c see4 ,:at ! sol> sy/em sprang f1 & :at x w ev5tually become1 is alike matt] devoid ( light4 ,out ( d>kness into d>kness aga93 su* are ! b\rns ( cosmic action4 ,! />s are suns2 pa/1 pres5t1 or pot5tial4 ,ea* ( ^? diamond po9ts we m>k /udd+ ! heav5s on a w9t]'s night are globes comp>able )1 & 9 _m cases greatly excell+1 our own rul] ( ! day4 ,! telescope discloses myriads m4 ,yet ^! self-confess$ d5iz5s ( space =m b a fraction ( its occupants4 ,q z ne>1 & p]haps mu* ne>]1 are orbs ( :i* mo/ ( u h no suspicion4 ,unimpress+ our s5ses & !re=e ignor$ by our m9ds1 bodies p x :i*1 except = r>e occurr5ces1 rema9 =ev] invisible4 ,= d>k />s 9 c\ntless numb]s c\rse hi!r & ?i!r ?r\gh\t ! univ]se at spe$s z /up5d\s z ! luc5t ones !mselves4 ,_h we no o!r k ( !m1 reason+ w\ld suffice to demon/rate _! exi/5ce4 ,x is ! logic ( unlimit$ subtraction4 ,e self-%9+ /> is cont9ually giv+ out light & heat4 ,n[ su* an exp5diture _c g on =ev]1 z ! s\rce ( its repl5i%+ by contraction1 accretion1 or dis9tegration is f9ite4 ,long to our measures ( "t z ! process may la/1 x mu/ ev5tually h an end & ! /> f9ally become a cold d>k body1 pursu+ z be=e its c\rse1 b 9 itself in]t & dead2 an orb gr[n orbd1 9 ! old ,fr5* s5se4 ,s x mu/ rema9 unless "s cosmic cata/rophe rek9dle x to life4 ,! *ance ( su* occurr5ce 9 a giv5 "t comp>$ ) ! duration ( ! />'s light-emitt+ c>e] w det]m9e ! numb] ( d>k />s relative to ! luc5t ones4 ,! *ance is und\bt$ly small1 & ! numb] ( d>k bodies 9 space proportionally l>ge4 ,reason+1 !n1 in=ms u fir/ t su* bodies mu/ exi/ all ab\t u1 & second t _! multitude mu/ be great4 ,valid z ?is reason+ is1 h[ev]1 we are n left to inf]5ce = our k ( !m4 ,!re is a c]ta9 /> amid ! pol> con/ellations kn[n z ,algol1--el ,gh\l1 ! ,arabs call$ x1 or ,! ,dmon4 ,! "n %[s !y notic$ h[ x w9k$ its eye & recogniz$ some?+ s>ca/ically s9i/] 9 its int5t4 ,= once 9 two days & tw5ty h\rs its light fades to "o-?ird ( its usual am\nt1 rema9s ?us = ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 & !n sl[ly rega9s its brightness4 ,seem+ly unmov$ itself1 its /eady bl9k+ f ! "t man fir/ obs]v$ x took on an uncann9ess he felt4 ,to untelescop$ man x c]ta9ly seem$ demoniacal1 ?is punctual recurr5t w9k4 ,spectroscop$ man has le>nt its cause4 ,goodricke 9 #agie div9$ x1 & rese>* s9ce has confirm$ 8 ke5 intuition4 ,its loss ( light is occasion$ by ! pass+ 9 front ( x ( a d>k companion almo/ ( its own size revolv+ ab\t x 9 a close elliptic orbit4 ,t ?is is ! explanation ( its /range behavior1 ! %ift ( its spectral l9es makes c]ta91 by %[+ t ! bright /> is rec$+ f u at tw5ty-sev5 miles a second sev5te5 h\rs be=e ! eclipse & com+ t[>ds u at ab\t ! same rate sev5te5 h\rs aft] x2 its d>k companion1 !re=e1 do+ ! rev]se4 ,algol is no solit>y specim5 ( a m9d-se5 invisible />4 ,_m eclips+ b9>ies ( ! same class are n[ kn[n2 & consid]+ t ! ph5om5on c\ld n be disclos$ unless ! orbital plane ( ! pair trav]s$ ! obs]v]'s eye1 an unlikely *ance 9 a =tuit\s di/ribution1 we p]ceive h[ _m su* 9 tru? !re mu/ be :i* escape recognition = _! tilt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,algol ,,& ,,its ,,d>k ,,companion1 ,,z ,,se5 ,,f ,,! ,,e>?1 ,illu/ration3 ,,z ,,se5 ,,f ,,above ,,orbit4 ,b if d>k />s exi/ 9 connection ) luc5t ones1 !re mu/ be _m m t travel alone4 ,our own ,sun is an in/ance 9 embryo4 ,if he live long en\gh1 he w become su* a solit>y %r\d$ tramp 9 8 old age4 ,= he has no companion to betray him4 ,! only way 9 :i* we c\ld become cognizant ( ^! w&]]s w\ld be by _! *ance collision ) "s o!r />1 d>k or luc5t z ! case might be4 ,! impact ( ! cata/rophe w\ld g5]ate s mu* light & heat t ! previ\sly d>k body w\ld be conv]t$ into a blaz+ sun & a new /> make its adv5t 9 ! sky4 ,/> bir?s ( ! sort h actually be5 not$4 ,e n[ & !n a new /> sudd5ly appe>s 9 ! firmam5t--a nova z x is te*nically call$4 ,^! app>itions date f ! dawn ( a/ronomic hi/ory4 ,! e>lie/ *ronicl$ is f\nd 9 ! ,*9ese ,annals ( #acd ,b4,c4 ,x %one out 9 ,scorpio & 0 probably ! new /> :i* ,pl9y tells u incit$ ,hipp>*us1 8,! ,fa!r ( ,a/ronomy10 to make 8 celebrat$ catalogue ( />s4 ,f ?is "t d[n we h record$ in/ances ( l "*4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s 0 ! 8,pilgrim ,/>0 ( ,ty*o ,brahe4 ,t a/ronom] has left u a full acc\nt ( x4 8,:ile ,i 0 liv+10 he tells u1 8) my uncle 9 ! mona/]y ( ,he>itzwadt1 on quitt+ my *emical laboratory "o ev5+1 ,i rais$ my eyes to ! well-kn[n vault ( heav5 & obs]v$1 ) indescribable a/oni%m5t1 ne> ! z5i?1 9 ,cassiopeia1 a radiant fix$ /> ( a magnitude nev] be=e se54 ,9 my amazem5t ,i d\bt$ ! evid5ce ( my s5ses4 ,h[ev]1 to conv9ce myself t x 0 no illusion1 & to h ! te/imony ( o!rs1 ,i summon$ my assi/ants f ! laboratory & inquir$ ( !m1 & ( all ! c\ntry p t pass$ by1 if !y also obs]v$ ! /> t _h ?us sudd5ly bur/ =?4 ,i subsequ5tly he>d t 9 ,g]many wagon]s & o!r common p fir/ call$ ! att5tion ( a/ronom]s to ?is great ph5om5on 9 ! heav5s1--a circum/ance :i*1 z 9 ! case ( non-pr$ict$ comets1 furni%$ fre% occasion = ! usual raill]y at ! exp5se ( ! le>n$40 ,! new />1 he in=ms u1 0 j l all o!r fix$ />s1 b z bright z ,v5us at h] brighte/4 ,^? gift$ ) ke5 sight c\ld disc]n x 9 ! daytime & ev5 at noon4 ,x soon began to wane4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #aegb1 x resembl$ ,jupit]1 & a ye> & ?ree mon?s lat] _h sunk beyond recognition to ! nak$ eye4 ,x *ang$ color z x did s1 pass+ f :ite ?r\gh yell[ to r$4 ,9 ,may1 #aegc1 x return$ to yell[ 78! hue ( ,saturn10 he expressly /ates71 & s rema9$ till x disappe>$ f sight1 sc9tillat+ /rongly 9 proportion to its fa9tness4 ,?irty-two ye>s lat] ano!r /rang] appe>$ & 0 se5 by ,kepl]1 :o wrote a pap] ab\t x entitl$ 8,! ,new ,/> 9 ! ,foot ( ! ,s]p5t40 ,x %one out 9 ! same sudd5 mann] & fad$ 9 ! same leisurely way4 ,s9ce #ahfj !re h be5 sev]al su* app>itions1 & s9ce #ahgf x has be5 possible to /udy !m ) ! spectroscope1 :i* has imm5sely increas$ our k ( _! con/itution4 ,inde$1 ?is in/rum5t ( rese>* has really op5$ our eyes to :at !y are4 ,nova ,cygni1 9 #ahgf1 ,nova ,aurig1 9 #ahib1 & ,nova ,p]sei1 9 #aija1 besides sev]al o!rs f\nd by ,mrs4 ,flem+ on ! ,arequipa plates1 7 excell5t examples1 & all agre$ 9 _! ma9 features1 %[+ t nov con/itute a type ( />s by !mselves1 ^: appe>+ 9 ! fir/ place & ^: behavior aft]w>ds prove !m to h />t$ f l cause & to h pursu$ p>allel l9es ( developm5t4 ,z a typical case we may review ! hi/ory ( ,nova ,aurig4 ,on ,febru>y #a1 #ahib1 an anonym\s po/-c>d 0 receiv$ by ,dr4 ,copel& ( ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,ed9burgh1 t read z foll[s3 8,nova 9 ,aurig4 ,9 ,milky ,way1 ab\t #b s\? ( ,aurig1 prec$+ #bf ,aurig4 ,fif? magnitude slightly bright] ?an 40 ,! obs]vatory /aff at once look$ = ! nova & easily f\nd x ) an op]a glass4 ,!y !n exam9$ x ?r\gh a prism plac$ be=e _! #bd-;in* reflector & f\nd its spectrum4 ,x prov$ to be t ( a 8blaze />40 ,dr4 ,?omas ,d4 ,&]son turn$ out to be ! writ] ( ! anonym\s po/-c>d--8 "n mode/ly self-oblit]at$ by ! nova's light4 ,he _h detect$ ! /> on ,janu>y #bd1 b _h only v]ifi$ x z a new "o on ! #ca/4 ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory !n look$ up its ar*iv$ plates4 ,! plates %[$ t x _h appe>$ sometime betwe5 ,decemb] #a & #aj4 ,its maximum _h be5 atta9$ on ,decemb] #bj1 aft] :i* x decl9$1 to record app>5tly ano!r maximum on ,febru>y #c ( ! #c4e magnitude4 ,f ?is "t its light /eadily wan$ till on ,april #a x 0 only ( ! #af? magnitude or _/ ( :at x _h be54 ,9 ,augu/ x bright5$ aga9 & !n wan$ once m4 ,mean:ile its spectrum und]w5t equally /range fluctuations4 ,at fir/ x exhibit$ ! bright l9es *>act]i/ic ( ! flam+ r$ sol> prom95ces1 ! calcium1 hydrog51 & helium l9es flank$ by _! d>k correlatives ^u a cont9u\s backgr\nd1 %[+ t bo? gl[+ & cool] gases 7 "h conc]n$4 ,! sodium l9es1 too1 appe>$1 l ^? t come out 9 comets z !y approa* ! furnace ( ! ,sun4 ,an outbur/ su* z occurs 9 m9iature 9 ! sol> *romosph]e or out]mo/ gase\s lay] ( ! ,sun 0 "h go+ on ^u a gigantic scale4 ,a v]itable spectral *aos next sup]v5$1 /ay+ until ! /> _h practically fad$ away4 ,!n1 on its reappe>ance1 9 ,augu/1 ,hold51 ,s*aeb]le1 & ,campbell discov]$ to _! surprise n :at _h be5 at all1 b some?+ utt]ly new3 ! sob]ly bright l9es only ( a nebula4 ,f9ally1 t5 ye>s lat]1 ,janu>y1 #aijb1 ,campbell f\nd its spectrum _h become cont9u\s1 ! body hav+ rev]t$ to ! condition ( a />4 ,n[ h[ are we to int]pret ^! gr&iose vicissitudes1 visually & spectrally reveal$8 ,t we witness$ "s great cata/rophe is cle>4 ,! sudd5 increase ( light ( _m ?\s& fold f invisibility to prom95ce %[s t a trem5d\s cataclysm occurr$4 ,! bright l9es 9 ! spectrum confirm x & imply t va/ upheavals l ^? t %ake ! ,sun 7 !re 9 progress1 b on s /up5d\s a scale t1 if = no o!r reason1 we mu/ dismiss ! idea t explosions alone c possibly be conc]n$4 ,! d>k correlatives ( ! bright l9es h be5 int]pret$ z indicat+ t two bodies 7 conc]n$1 ea* travell+ at velocities ( hundr$s ( miles a second4 ,b 9 ,nova ,aurig %ift+s ( ! spectral l9es imply+ six bodies at lea/ 7 record$1 if su* be attribut$ to motion 9 ! l9e ( sight1 & ,vogel 0 m9d$ to ?r[ 9 a few planets z well--z ,miss ,cl]ke pi?ily puts x4 ,!re is n room = s _m on ! /age ( ! cosmic drama4 ,o!r causes1 z we n[ "k1 may also displace ! spectral l9es4 ,great pressure has be5 %[n to d x1 ?anks to ! labors ( ,humphreys & ,mohl] at ,baltimore4 8,anomal\s refraction0 may d x1 z ,pr(essor ,julius ( ,utre*t has f\nd out4 ,f9ally1 *anges ( d5sity may produce x1 z ,mi*elson has discov]$4 ,to ^! causes we may confid5tly ascribe mo/ ( ! %ift+s 9 ! /ell> spectrum1 = j su* =ces mu/ be !re at "w4 ,mr4 ,monck sugge/$ ! idea t new />s are ! result ( old d>k />s ru%+ ?r\gh gase\s fields 9 space & r5d]$ lum9\s by ! enc\nt]4 ,seelig] reviv$ & develop$ ?is idea1 :i* 9 c]ta9 cases is und\bt$ly ! tru?4 ,probably ?is occurr$ to ! new /> ( #ahhe :i* sudd5ly blaz$ out almo/ 9 ! c5tre ( ! great nebula 9 ,&rom$a4 ,x behav$ l a typical nova & 9 due c\rse fad$ to indi/+ui%ability4 ,some?+ l x happ5$1 too1 9 ! nova ( #ahfj1 :i* sudd5ly fl>$ up 9 ! /> clu/] #hj ,messi]1 outdo+ 9 lu/re ! clu/] itself1 & !n1 too1 fad$ away4 ,b j z psy*ology tea*es u t n only d we cry because we are sorr[ful1 b t we are sorr[ful because we cry1 s :ile a nova may be made by a nebula1 no less may a nebula be made by a />4 ,let u see h[ ?is might be br\ght ab\t & :at sign manuals x w\ld pres5t4 ,suppose t ! two bodies actually graz$4 ,!n ! disruption w\ld affect ! />'s cuticle1 fir/ rais+ ! out] p>ts1 consi/+ r ( c>bon ?an ( ! metals1 s9ce t sub/ance is ! light]1 to int5se heat & ! gases ab\t x at ! same "t4 ,! gl[+ c>bon w\ld be int5sely bright1 & at fir/ its light w\ld ov]p[] t f ! gases1 & n till its great gl[ _h p>tially subsid$ w\ld !irs be se54 ,!n ! gases1 hydrog51 helium1 & s =?1 w\ld make !mselves evid5t4 ,f9ally only ! mo/ t5u\s ones1 ^? peculi> to a nebula1 w\ld rema9 visible4 ,aft] :i* ! m solid p>ticles due to ! disruption w\ld fall toge!r & light up aga9 by _! individual collisions4 ,mu* ! same w\ld result if )\t /rik+ ! />s pass$ close4 ,illu/ration3 #aija ,febru>y #bj? #aija ,febru>y #bh? ,be=e appe>ance ( ,nova ,! ,nova ,,nova ,,p]sei4 ,photographs by ,a4 ,,/anley ,,williams1 ,hove1 ,sussex4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spectrum ,,( ,,nova ,,p]sei4 7,f4 ,ell]man1 #dj 94 ,y]kes47 ,n[ to put ?is !ory to ! pro(4 ,9 ! e>ly morn+ ( ! #bb;d ( ,febru>y1 #aija1 ,dr4 ,&]son1 ! discov]] ( ,nova ,aurig1 p]ceiv$ t ,algol _h a neighbor1 a /> z bright z itself1 :i* _h nev] be5 !re be=e4 ,)9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( its detection ! newcom] rivall$ ,capella1 & %ortly aft] took rank z ! premi] /> ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,its spectrum on ! #bb;d 0 f\nd at ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory to be l t ( ,rigel1 a cont9u\s "o cross$ by "s ?irty fa9t d>k l9es4 ,on ! #bd?1 h[ev]1 s soon z x began to wane1 ! bright l9es ( hydrog5 7 conspicu\s ) _! d>k correlatives1 j z !y _h be5 ) ,nova ,aurig & o!r nov4 ,at ! same "t ea* p>ticul> spectral l9e prov$ a law unto itself1 "s %ift$ m ?an o!rs1 ?us negativ+ motion z _! only cause & indicat+ *ange ( pressure or d5sity z conc]n$ concomitants ( ! affair4 ,blue emissions l ^? ( ,wolf-,rayet />s next made _! appe>ance2 !n a b&1 f\nd by ,wright at ! ,lick to *>act]ize nebul1 %one out1 & f9ally 9 ,july ! *ange to a nebul> spectrum /ood complete4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,mov+ ,,nebula ,,surr\nd+ ,,nova ,,p]sei4 #aija1 ,septemb] #bj?4 #aija1 ,novemb] #ac?4 ,drawn by ,g4 ,w4 ,,rit*ey1 f ,photographs tak5 ) ! #bd-;94 ,reflector1 ,,y]kes ,,obs]vatory4 ,!n came :at is ! mo/ sugge/ive feature 9 ! :ole ev5t4 ,on ,augu/ #bb & #bc ,dr4 ,wolf at ,knig/ahl took ) 8 !n new ,bruce objective "s long exposure plates ( ! nova1 & on !m f\nd1 to 8 surprise1 wisps ( nebul\s matt] to ! s\!a/ ( ! />4 ,on ,septemb] #bj ,rit*ey1 ) a two-foot mirror ( 8 own con/ruct+ expos$ = f\r h\rs1 br\ght ! :ole =mation to light4 ,x turn$ out to be a spiral nebula encircl+ & app>5tly emanat+ f ! />4 ,its connection ) ! nova 0 pat5t4 ,b !re 0 m to come4 ,lat] plates tak5 at ! ,lick on ,novemb] #g disclos$ ! />tl+ fact t ! nebula 0 visibly exp&+1 uncoil+ outw>d f ! />4 ,a plate by ,rit*ey on ,novemb] #ac confirm$ ?is1 & /ill lat] plates by him 9 ,decemb]1 ,janu>y1 & ,febru>y %[$ ! motion to be progressive4 ,at ! same "t ! /> %[$ no p>allax1 & ! spe$ ( ! motion seem$ ?us to be indicat$ z enorm\s4 ,kapteyn sugge/$ to acc\nt = x t appe>ance1 n reality1 0 "h conc]n$2 t ! nebula _h always exi/$1 & 0 only %[n up by ! light f ! conflagration travell+ outw>d f ! nova at ! rate ( "o hundr$ & eighty-six ?\s& miles a second4 ,?is w\ld make ! cata/rophe to h occurr$ z f> back z ! "t ( ,james ,i1 ( :i* ! news m tru?ful b less timely ?an t ( ! morn+ pap]s _h only j rea*$ u4 ,illu/ration3 ,decemb] #ad1 #aija4 ,illu/ration3 ,janu>y #g & #i1 #aijb4 ,illu/ration3 #aijb4 ,febru>y #h1 #aijb4 ,,! ,,mov+ ,,nebula ,,surr\nd+ ,,nova ,,p]sei--,,aft] ,,rit*ey4 ,b a little ( t simple reason+ by :i* ,zadig recov]$ ! lo/ horses ( ! ,sultan1 & :i* f its unaccu/om$ness 9 ! affairs ( m5 got him suspect$ ( hav+ /ol5 !m & v ne>ly caus$ 8 dea?1 w %[ ! unt5abl5ess ( ?is idea & help u to a solution4 ,9 ! fir/ place we note t ! /> holds ! v c5tre ( ! nebul> /age1 a rem>kable prom95ce if ! /> has no creative "r to ! position4 ,!n ! same knots & pat*es ( ! nebul\s configuration are visible 9 all ! photographs1 9 ! same relative positions1 turn$ ?r\gh correspond+ angles z "o w see = himself1 all hav+ mov$ symmetrically f "o date to ano!r4 ,at ! truly m>vell\s mimicry impli$ if diff]5t objects 7 conc]n$ common s5se in/9ctively %ies1 & v prop]ly1 z ! *ances aga9/ x are millions to "o4 ,cle>ly x 0 n a m]e matt] ( e!real motion1 b a v mat]ial motion ( matt]1 :i* 0 "h conc]n$4 ,some?+ corpuscul> emanat+ f ! nova spread outw>d into space4 ,cl9*+ ?is conclusion is ! result ( a se>* by ,p]r9e = traces ( ! nebula on e>li] plates4 ,= on "o tak5 by him on ,m>* #bi 7#aija7 he f\nd ! process already />t$ 9 two close coils1 its conception ?us cle>ly dat+ f ! "t ( ! />'s outbur/4 ,9 ,nova ,p]sei1 !n1 we actually witness$ a spiral nebula evolv$ f a disrupt$ />4 ,:at 0 ?is ejectum & :at drove x =?8 ,pr(essor ,v reg>d$ x z compos$ ( corpuscles su* z give rise to ca?ode rays dis*>g$ f ! /> "u ! /ress ( light pressure or electric repulsion4 ,b ,i ?9k we may see 9 x some?+ simpl] /ill2 to wit1 gase\s molecules driv5 (f by light pressure alone--! smoke1 z "o may say1 ( ! cata/rophe--ak9 exactly to ! con/itu5ts ( comet's tails4 ,! m]e light ( ! conflagration pu%$ ! hydrog5 molecules away4 ,?is w\ld expla9 _! pres5ce & _! exce$+ hurry at ! same "t4 ,!y 7 />t$ on _! travels by dome/ic j>s & kept go+ by ! vivid aft]-effects ( t infelicity4 ,! fairly /eady rate ( regression f ! nova obs]v$ may be expla9$ by ! obs]v$ decrease 9 ! light ( ! repell5t s\rce4 ,su* comb9$ ) ! ret>d+ effect ( gravity might make ! regression equable4 ,?is is ! m explanatory z ! spe$ 0 c]ta9ly mu* less ?an t ( light1 ?\gh greatly exce$+ any possible f ! direct disruption4 ,at ! same "t bo? ! bright & ! d>k l9es ( hydrog5 se5 9 ! spectrum /& acc\nt$ =2 ! collid+ molecules1 at _! />t+ on _! travels f ! />1 %9+ ?r\gh _! sp>s] fell[s f>!r out4 ,an int]e/+ biograph ( ! levity ( light6 ,nova ,p]sei ?us introduces u at its bir? to "o ( a class ( mo/ int]e/+ objects comp>atively rec5tly discov]$ & ( mo/ pregnant import1--! spiral nebul4 ,illu/ration3 ,,great ,,nebula ,,9 ,,orion--,,aft] ,,rit*ey4 ,illu/ration3 ,,great ,,nebula ,,9 ,,&rom$a--,,aft] ,,rit*ey4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nebula ,m4 #ajj ,,com--,,aft] ,,rob]ts4 ,9 #ahdc :5 ,"l ,rosse's giant speculum1 six feet across1 0 turn$ ^u ! sky1 a nebula 0 br\ght to light :i* 0 unlike any ev] be=e se54 ,x 0 nei!r irregul> l ! great nebula 9 ,orion nor r\nd l ! s call$ planet>y nebul1--! two great classes at t "t kn[n1--b exhibit$ a /rik+ spiral /ructure4 ,x prov$ ! =]unn] ( a rem>kable revelation4 ,= ! specim5 ?us disclos$ has turn$ out to typify n only ! mo/ int]e/+ =m ( ^? heav5ly wrea?s ( light1 b by f> ! commone/ z well4 ,z telescopic & especially photographic means improv$1 ! numb] ( su* objects detect$ /eadily increas$ until ab\t ?irte5 ye>s ago ,keel] by 8 sy/ematic discov]ies ( !m came to ! conclusion t a spiral /ructure p]vad$ ! great majority ( all ! nebul visible4 ,_! relative univ]sality 0 outdone only by ! inv>iability ( _! =m4 ,= !y all repres5t spirals ( "o type3 two coil$ arms radiat+ diametrically f a c5tral nucleus & dilat+ outw>d4 ,ev5 nebul n orig9ally suppos$ spiral h disclos$ on bett] revelation ! dom9ant =m4 ,?us ! great nebula 9 ,&rom$a =m]ly ?\ght l5s-%ap$ proves to be a huge spiral coil$ 9 a plane n _m degrees incl9$ to ! plane ( sight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nebula ,i4 #bbf ,,urs ,,majoris--,,aft] ,,rob]ts4 ,z %\ld happ5 if ! spirals are unrelat$1 left-h&$ & "r-h&$ ones are ab\t equally common4 ,9 ,dr4 ,rob]ts' great collection ( ^? 9 :i* ! /ructure is di/9ctly disc]nible1 n9e are "r-h&$1 t5 left-h&$1 %[+ t !y p>take ( ! ambidextr\s imp>tiality ( space4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nebula ,v4 #bd ,,com--,,aft] ,,rob]ts4 ,%[+ globul> /ructure4 ,la/ly ! spirals are evid5tly ?ick] ne> ! c5tre1 ?9n+ out at ! edge1 & :5 ! c5tral nucleus is pron\nc$1 x seems to h a c]ta9 globul>ity n %>$ by ! arms1 & m or less deta*$ f !m4 ,?is appe>s 9 ^? cases :]e !y are %[n u edgewise1 & x has be5 ?\ght p]ceptible 9 ! great nebula ( ,&rom$a4 ,! difficulty 9 e/abli%+ ! ph5om5on comes f ! impossibility ( bo? features %[+ at _! be/ toge!r4 ,= ! globul>ity to come out well1 ! spiral mu/ be pres5t$ to u ne>ly 9 ! plane ( sight2 = ! spirality1 9 a plane at "r angles to x4 ,mu* may be le>nt by pond]+ on ^! peculi>ities4 ,! widespread "* ( ! ph5om5on po9ts to "s univ]sal law4 ,we are "h cle>ly confront$ by ! embodim5t ( a great cosmic pr9ciple1 caus+ ! helices x is = u to uncoil4 ,x is a problem 9 me*anics4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a spiral /ructure d5otes action on ! face ( x4 ,x implies a rotation comb9$ ) motion out or 94 ,we are famili> ) ! fact 9 ! sp>ks ( p9-:eel pyrote*nics4 ,any rotat+ fluid urg$ by an outw>d or an inw>d impulse mu/ take ! spiral =m4 ,a common example occurs 9 ! wat] let out ( a bas9 ?r\gh a hole 9 ! c5tre :5 we draw out ! plug4 ,"h ! =ce is inw>d1 & because ! b[l & orifice are n p]fectly symmetric1 a rotation is set up 9 ! wat] try+ to escape1 & ! two comb9e to give u a beautiful con*oidal swirl4 ,9 ?is case ! p>ticles seek ! c5tre1 b ! same g5]al %ape is assum$ :5 !y seek to leave x4 ,ano!r po9t to be notic$ is t a spiral nebula c\ld n develop ( itself & subsi/4 ,to cont9ue x mu/ h outside help4 ,= if x 7 due to int]nal explosive action 9 ! pri/9e body1 ea* ejectum mu/ return to ! po9t x />t$ f1 or else dep>t =ev] into space1 = ! orbit x w\ld describe mu/ ei!r be clos$ or unclos$4 ,if ! =m]1 x w\ld revisit its />t+-po9t2 if ! latt]1 x w\ld nev] return4 ,explosion1 !re=e1 ( itself c\ld n h produc$ ! =ms we see1 unless !y be ephem]al app>itions1 a supposition _! pres5ce ?r\gh\t ! heav5s seems effectually to exclude4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nebula ,m4 #aja ,,urs ,,majoris--,,aft] ,,rit*ey4 ,! =m ( ! spiral nebul proclaims _! motion1 b "o ( its p>ticul> features discloses m4 ,= x implies ! pa/ cause :i* set ?is motion go+4 ,a di/9ctive detail ( ^! spirals1 :i* s f> z we "k is %>$ by all ( !m1 are ! two arms :i* leave ! c5tre f diametrically opposite sides4 ,?is indicates t ! outw>d driv+ =ce act$ only 9 two places1 ! "o ! antipodes ( ! o!r4 ,n[ :at k9d ( =ce is capable ( ?is peculi> effect8 ,if we ?9k ( ! matt]1 we %all realize t tidal action w\ld produce j ?is result4 ,we see x daily 9 ! case ( ! ,moon2 :5 x is high tide 9 ! op5 ocean h]eab\ts1 x is high tide also at ! opposite end ( ! ,e>?4 ,! reason is t ! tid]ais+ body pulls ! fluid ne>e/ x m /rongly ?an x pulls ! ,e>? z a :ole1 & pulls ! ,e>? z a :ole m ?an x pulls ! fluid at ! opposite extremity4 ,suppose1 n[1 a /rang] to approa* a body 9 space ne> en\gh2 x w inevitably raise tides 9 ! o!r's mass1 & if ! approa* be v close1 ! tides w be s great z to te> ! body 9 pieces along ! l9e due to _! action2 t is1 p>ts ( ! body w be sep>at$ f ! ma9 mass 9 two antipodal directions4 ,?is is precisely :at we see 9 ! spiral nebula4 ,nor is !re any o!r action t we "k ( :i* w\ld ?us h&le ! body4 ,if x 7 to dis9tegrate "u increas$ spe$ ( rotation due to contraction ^u itself1 p>ts ( its p]iph]y %\ld be %$ cont9ually & a p9-:eel ( matt]1 n a two-arm$ spiral1 be ?r[n (f4 ,if explosion 7 ! dis9tegrat+ cause1 disruption w\ld occur unsymmetrically 9 "o or m directions1 n symmetrically z "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,repres5tative ,,/ell> ,,spectra ,photograph$1 9 #aijg & #aijh1 by ,v4 ,m4 ,,sliph]1 at ,,l[ell ,,obs]vatory ,flag/aff1 ,arizona1 ) prism spectrograph4 ,z ! /rang] pass$ on1 8 effect w\ld dim9i% until 8 attraction no long] ov]balanc$ t ( ! body = its disrupt$ portions4 ,^! might !n be controll$ & =c$ to move 9 elliptic orbits ab\t ! mass ( :i* !y _h orig9ally made "p4 ,!nce w\ld come into be+ a sol> sy/em1 ! knots 9 ! nebula go+ to =m ! planets t 7 to be4 ,be=e proce$+ to :at pro( we h t x actually did occur 9 ?is way we may pause to consid] "s consequ5ces ( :at we h already le>n$4 ,?us :at br\ght ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! sy/em may also compass its end4 ,if "o r&om enc\nt] took place 9 ! pa/1 a second is z likely to occur 9 ! future4 ,ano!r cele/ial body may any day run into ! ,sun1 & x is to a d>k body t we mu/ look = su* de/ruction1 because !y are s mu* m num]\s 9 space4 ,t any ( ! luc5t />s1 ! />s commonly s call$1 c\ld collide ) ! ,sun1 or come ne> en\gh to am\nt to ! same ?+1 is demon/rably impossible = ons ( ye>s4 ,b ?is is f> f ! case = a d>k />4 ,su* a body might well be )9 a hundr$? ( ! di/ance ( ! ne>e/ ( our kn[n neighbors1 ,alpha ,c5tauri1 at ! pres5t mom5t )\t our be+ aw>e ( x at all4 ,our s5ses c\ld only be cognizant ( its proximity by ! borr[$ light x reflect$ f our own ,sun4 ,d>k 9 itself1 our own head-lights alone w\ld %[ x up :5 close ^u u4 ,x w\ld loom out ( ! void ?us sudd5ly be=e ! cra%4 ,we c calculate h[ mu* w>n+ we %\ld h ( ! com+ cata/rophe4 ,! ,sun ) its ret9ue is spe$+ ?r\gh space at ! rate ( elev5 miles a second t[>d a po9t ne> ! bright /> ,vega4 ,s9ce ! tramp w\ld probably also be 9 motion ) a spe$ comp>able ) our own1 x might hit u com+ f any po9t 9 space1 ! likelihood dep5d+ ^u ! direction & am\nt ( its own spe$4 ,s t at ! pres5t mom5t su* a body may be 9 any "p ( ! sky4 ,b ! *ances are greate/ if x be com+ f ! direction t[>d :i* ! sun is travell+1 s9ce x w\ld !n be approa*+ u head on4 ,if x 7 travell+ itself z fa/ z ! ,sun1 its relative spe$ ( approa* w\ld be tw5ty-two miles a second4 ,! previ\sness ( ! w>n+ w\ld dep5d ^u ! /rang]'s size4 ,! w>n+ w\ld be long accord+ z ! /rang] 0 l>ge4 ,let u assume x ! mass ( ! ,sun1 a mo/ probable supposition4 ,be+ d>k1 x mu/ h cool$ to a solid1 & its d5sity !re=e be mu* great] ?an ! ,sun's1 probably some?+ l eight times z great1 giv+ x a diamet] ab\t half 8 or f\r hundr$ & ?irty ?\s& miles4 ,its app>5t brightness w\ld dep5d bo? ^u its di/ance & ^u its intr9sic brightness or alb$o1 & ?is la/ w\ld itself v>y accord+ to its di/ance f ! ,sun4 ,:ile x 0 /ill 9 ! dep?s ( space & its atmosph]e lay in]t1 ow+ to ! cold !re1 its intr9sic brightness might be t ( ! ,moon or ,m]cury4 ,z its own rotation w\ld greatly affect ! spe$ ) :i* its sunw>d side 0 w>m$1 we c =m no exact idea ( ! law ( its increase 9 light4 ,t ! augm5tation w\ld be great we see f ! behavior ( comets z !y approa* ! great he>? ( our sol> sy/em4 ,b we are n call$ ^u to evaluate ! "q to t nicety4 ,we %all assume1 !re=e1 t its brilliancy w\ld be only t ( ! ,moon1 rememb]+ t ! la/ /ages ( its fateful j\rney w\ld be mu* m respl5d5tly set (f4 ,) ^! data we c f9d h[ long x w\ld be visible be=e ! collision occurr$4 ,z a v small telescopic /> x w\ld und\bt$ly escape detection4 ,x is n likely t ! /rang] w\ld be notic$ simply f its appe>ance until x _h atta9$ ! elev5? magnitude4 ,x w\ld !n be "o hundr$ & =ty-n9e a/ronomical units f ! ,sun or at five times ! di/ance ( ,neptune4 ,b its detection w\ld come ab\t n ?r\gh ! eye ( ! body1 b ?r\gh ! eye ( ! m9d4 ,long be=e x c\ld h attract$ man's att5tion to itself directly its effects w\ld h betray$ x4 ,previ\s1 inde$1 to its possible %[+ 9 any telescope ! behavior ( ! out] planets ( ! sy/em w\ld h reveal$ its pres5ce4 ,! f> plummet ( man's analysis w\ld h s\nd$ ! cause ( _! di/urbance & po9t$ out ! po9t f :i* t di/urbance came4 ,cele/ial me*anics w\ld h =etold1 z once ! discov]y ( ano!r planet1 s n[ ! end ( ! _w4 ,unexpla9$ p]turbations 9 ! motions ( ! planets1 ! f> tremors ( its com+1 w\ld h spok5 to a/ronom]s z ! fir/ h]ald+ ( ! /rang] & ( ! de/ruction x 0 ab\t to br+4 ,neptune & ,uranus w\ld beg9 to deviate f _! prescrib$ pa?s 9 a mann] n to be acc\nt$ = except by ! action ( "s new =ce4 ,_! p]turbations w\ld resemble ^? caus$ by an unkn[n ext]ior planet1 b ) ?is diff]5ce t ! p]iod ( ! di/urbance w\ld be exactly t ( ! di/urb$ planet's own p]iod ( revolution r\nd ! ,sun4 ,our ext]ior s5t9els might fail ?us to give u w>n+ ( ! =eign body because ( be+ at ! "t 9 ! opposite p>ts ( _! orbits4 ,we %\ld !n be fir/ appris$ ( its com+ by ,saturn1 :i* w\ld give u less prefatory notice4 ,x w\ld be "s tw5ty-sev5 ye>s f ! "t x ent]$ ! range ( vision ( our pres5t telescopes be=e x rose to t ( ! un>m$ eye4 ,x w\ld !n h rea*$ =ty-n9e a/ronomical units' di/ance1 or two-?irds z f> aga9 z ,neptune4 ,f "h1 h[ev]1 its approa* w\ld be m rapid4 ,humanity by ?is "t w\ld h be5 made acqua9t$ ) its s9i/] int5t f a/ronomic calculation1 & w\ld wat* its sl[ ga9+ 9 conspicu\sness ) ev] gr[+ al>m4 ,dur+ ! next ?ree ye>s x w\ld h om9\sly increas$ to a fir/ magnitude />1 & two ye>s & ?ree mon?s m h rea*$ ! di/ance ( ,jupit] & surpass$ by f> 9 lu/re ,v5us at h] brighte/4 ,mean:ile ! di/urbance occasion$ n simply 9 ! out] planets b 9 our own ,e>? w\ld h become v al>m+ inde$4 ,! seasons w\ld h be5 already greatly *ang$1 & ! ye> itself l5g!n$1 & all ^! *anges fraught ) dang] to ev]y?+ ^u ! ,e>?'s face w\ld mom5t>ily gr[ worse4 ,9 "o hundr$ & =ty-five days f ! "t x pass$ ! di/ance ( ,jupit] x w\ld rea* ! di/ance ( ! ,e>?4 ,com+ f ,vega1 x w\ld n hit ! ,e>? or any ( ! out] planets1 z ! ,sun's way is incl9$ to ! planet>y planes by "s sixty degrees1 b ! effects w\ld be none ! less m>k$ = t4 ,day & night alone ( our a/ronomic relations w\ld rema94 ,x w\ld be l go+ mad & yet rema9+ consci\s ( ! fact4 ,in/ead ( foll[+ ! ,sun we %\ld n[ 9 :ole or "p1 accord+ to ! direction ( its approa*1 obey ! /rang]4 ,= n9ete5 m days ?is frightful *aos w\ld cont9ue2 z l "s comet glorifi$ a ?\s& fold ! tramp dropp$ sil5tly ^u ! ,sun4 ,t[>d ! close ( ! n9ete5? day ! cata/rophe w\ld occur1 & almo/ 9 m]ciful deliv]ance f ! already *aotic cataclysm & ! yet great] horror ( its contemplation1 we %\ld "k no m4 ,unless ! univ]se is o!rwise articulat$ ?an we h reason to suppose1 su* a cata/rophe sometime seems c]ta94 ,b we may be> ourselves ) equanimity 9 its prospect = two mitigat+ details4 ,"o is t !re is no sign :atev] at ! mom5t t any su* /rang] is ne>4 ,! unacc\nt$-= errors 9 ! planet>y !ories are n su* z po9t to ! adv5t ( any tramp4 ,ano!r is1 t judg$ by any scale ( "t we "k1 ! *ance ( su* occurr5ce is immeasurably remote4 ,n only may ea* ( u re/ cont5t 9 ! ?\ght t he w die f causes ( 8 own *oos+ or neglect1 b ! ,e>? h]self w cease to be a possible abode ( life1 & ev5 ! ,sun w h become cold & d>k & dead s long be=e t day arrives t :5 ! f9al %ock %all come1 x w be q ready = ano!r resurrection4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,! ,,initial ,,cata/rophe ,,9 ,,our ,,own ,,case ,by q ano!r class ( d>k bodies ?an ^? we contemplat$ 9 ! la/ *apt] is ! imm$iate space ab\t u t5ant$4 ,= t1 too1 is any?+ b ! void our s5ses give u to und]/&4 ,c\ld we rise a hundr$ miles above ! ,e>?'s surface we %\ld be highly sorry we came1 = we %\ld incont95tly be kill$ by fly+ brickbats4 ,in/ead ( masses ( a sunlike size we %\ld h to d ) bits ( matt] on ! av]age small] ?an ourselves b h>dly on t acc\nt innocu\s1 z !y w\ld /rike u ) fifte5 hundr$ times ! spe$ ( an express tra94 ,only 9 "o respect are ! two classes ( erratics alike1 bo? rema9 invisible till !y are ^u u4 ,ev5 s1 ! cause ( _! visibility is diff]5t4 ,! "o is ann\nc$ by ! light x reflects1 ! o!r by ! gl[ x gives out on its de/ruction4 ,^! la/ are ! meteorites or %oot+-/>s4 ,!y are z well kn[n to e "o = _! commonness z1 =tunately1 ! fir/ are r>e4 ,on any />light night "o ne$ n t>ry long be=e "o ( ^! visitants d>ts across ! sky1 a brilliant ?read ( fire gone almo/ ere x be descri$4 ,usually ?is is all ( :i* "o is made aw>e4 ,sil5t1 gho/like1 ! app>ition comes & goes1 & no?+ m ( x is ei!r se5 or he>d4 ,b sometimes !re is a good deal m4 ,occasionally a l>ge ball ( flame %oots ?r\gh ! air1 a detonation l di/ant ?und] />tles ! e>1 & a lum9\s tra91 p]si/+ = sev]al seconds1 floats sl[ly away4 ,f9ally if "o be =tunate to be ne>1--b n too ne>1--"o or m masses ( /one are se5 to fall swiftly & bury !mselves 9 ! gr\nd4 ,^! are meteorites3 f> w&]]s come at la/ to re/ 9 graves !y h dug !mselves4 ,a great revolution has tak5 place lately 9 our ideas conc]n+ meteorites4 ,inde$1 x 0 n s v long ago1 s9ce mod]n man admitt$ _! a/ronomic "* at all4 ,he look$ z askance at !m z he did at fossils4 ,x 0 ! fall at ,aigle1 9 ,switz]l&1 ,april #bf1 #ahjc1 t fir/ op5$ m5's eyes to ! fact t su* falls actually occurr$4 ,x is m ?an a n9e days' wond] at times h[ long m51 z well z puppies1 c rema9 bl9d4 ,to admit t /ones fell f heav51 h[ev]1 0 n to see :5ce !y came4 ,_! pat]nity 0 imput$ to ne>ly e body 9 ! sky4 ,!y 7 at fir/ suppos$ to h be5 eject$ f e>?ly volcanic v5ts1 !n f volcanoes 9 ! ,moon4 ,t !y are ( dome/ic manufacture is1 h[ev]1 negativ$ by ! pa?s !y sev]ally pursue4 ,nor c !y = l reason h be5 eject$ f ! ,sun4 ,! ,e>? 0 n _! bir?place4 ,x is ali5 gr\nd 9 :i* !y lie at la/ & f :i* we transf] !m to glass cases 9 our museums4 ,?is fact ab\t _! p>5tage !y tell by ! spe$ ) :i* !y ent] our air4 ,!y become visible #ajj miles up & explode at f #bj to #aj1 & _! spe$ has be5 f\nd to be f #aj to #dj miles a second1 :i* is t ( cosmic bodies mov+ 9 l>ge elliptic orbits ab\t ! ,sun1--a spe$ great] ?an ! ,e>? c\ld ev] h imp>t$4 ,f\r classes ( su* small cele/ial bodies t5ant space :]e ! planets move3 sporadic %oot+-/>s1 meteorites1 meteor-/reams1 & comets4 ,! discov]y ( ! relation ( ea* ( ^! to ! sol> sy/em & !n to ea* o!r =ms "o ( ! late/ *apt]s ( a/ronomic hi/ory4 ,= !y turn out to be g5]ically "o4 ,x 0 long1 h[ev]1 be=e ?is 0 p]ceiv$4 ,! fir/ /ep 0 tak5 simultane\sly by ,pr(essor ,olm/ead ( ,yale & ,tw9+ 9 #ahcc f reason+ on ! sup]b ,novemb] meteor-%[] ( t ye>4 ,all ! %oot+-/>s1 8?ick z sn[flakes 9 a /orm10 _h a common radiant f :i* !y seem$ to come4 ,?us !y argu$ t ! meteors mu/ all be travell+ 9 p>allel l9es along an orbit :i* ! previ\s %[]1 ( #agii1 %[$ to be p]iodic4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ recognition ( a meteor-sw>m4 ,! next advance 0 :5 ,s*iap>elli1 9 #ahfb1 po9t$ out ! rem>kable connection betwe5 meteor-sw>ms & comets4 ,on calculation ! ,augu/ meteor-/ream & ! comet ( #ahfb prov$ to be pursu+ exactly ! same pa?4 ,soon o!r in/ances ( l association 7 discov]$1 & we n[ "k ma!matically t meteor-/reams c be1 d$uctively t !y mu/ be1 & obs]vationally t !y are1 dis9tegrat$ comets4 ,m ?an "o comet has ev5 be5 se5 to split4 ,!n came ! recognition t comets are n visitors f space1 z ,sir ,isaac ,newton & ,laplace suppos$1 b "p & p>cel ( our own sol> sy/em4 ,)\t go+ into ! hi/ory ( ! subject1 :i* includes ,gauss1 ,s*iap>elli1 & f9ally ,fabry's great ,memoir1 mu* too little kn[n1 ! pro( c1 ,i ?9k1 be made compreh5sible )\t too mu* te*nique1 ?anks to ! fact t ! ,sun is spe$+ ?r\gh space at ! rate ( elev5 miles a second4 ,orbits describ$ by bodies "u ! action ( a c5tral =ce are always conic sections1 z ,sir ,isaac ,newton prov$4 ,!re are two classes ( su* curves3 ^? :i* return into !mselves1 su* z ! circle & ellipse1 & ^? :i* d n1 ! hyp]bol4 ,if a body travel 9 ! fir/ or clos$ class ab\t ! ,sun1 x is cle>ly a memb] ( 8 family2 if 9 ! second1 x is a visitor :o b[s to him only 9 pass+ & nev] returns4 ,:i* orbit x %all pursue dep5ds at a giv5 di/ance solely ^u ! spe$ ( ! body2 if t spe$ be "o ! ,sun c control1 ! body w move 9 an ellipse2 if great]1 9 an hyp]bola4 ,obvi\sly ! ,sun c control j ! spe$ he c imp>t4 ,n[ a comet ent]+ ! sy/em f )\t w\ld already possess a motion ( its own :i*1 :5 comp\nd$ ) ! sol>-acquir$ spe$1 w\ld make "o great] ?an ! ,sun c\ld ma/]4 ,comets1 !re=e1 if visitors f space1 %\ld all move 9 hyp]bol4 ,none = c]ta9 d2 & only six out ( f\r hundr$ ev5 h9t at x4 ,comets1 !n1 are all memb]s ( ! sol> family1 exc5tric ones1 b n to be d5i$ recognition ( k9%ip = su* behavior4 ,/ill1 admittance to ! sol> family circle 0 d5i$ to meteorites & %oot+-/>s4 ,?us ,pr(essor ,kirkwood1 9 #ahfa1 _h consid]$ 8t ! motions ( "s lum9\s meteors 7or cometoids1 z p]haps !y might be call$7 h be5 decid$ly indicative ( an orig9 beyond ! limits ( ! sol> sy/em40 ,"h cometoid 0 an apt co9age1 b :5 comets 7 lat] %[n n to be ( extra-sol> orig91 ! reason+ c>ri$ lum9\s meteors 9 its tra94#a ,f9ally ,s*iap>elli1 9 #ahga1 conclud$ an able ,memoir on ! subject ) ! decision t 8a /ell> orig9 = meteorites 0 ! mo/ likely & t meteorites 7 id5tifiable ) %oot+-/>s40#b ,a pregnant rem>k ?is1 ?\gh n exactly z ! au?or ?\ght1 = in/ead ( prov+ bo? int]/ell>1 z he int5d$1 bo? h prov$ to be sol> b\nd4 #a 8,mem4 del ,reale ,in/4 ,lomb>do10 ,vol4 ,,xii4 ,,iii della s]ie ,,iii4 #b ,quot$ 9 8,lum9\s ,meteors10 ,committee's ,report = #ahgj-ahga1 p4 #dh4 ,x 0 ,pr(essor ,newton1 9 #ahhi1 :o fir/ %[$ t meteorites 7 pursu+1 z a rule1 small elliptic orbits ab\t ! ,sun1 & t _! motion 0 direct4 ,he1 too1 0 ! fir/ to surmise t meteorites are b bigg] %oot+-/>s4 ,n[1 z to _! connection4 ,( direct evid5ce we h little4 ,a few meteors h be5 obs]v$ to come f ! kn[n radiants ( %oot+-/>s4 ,two in/ances we h ( ! fall ( meteorites dur+ /> %[]s4 ,"o 9 #ajie1 :5 ! ,saxon ,*ronicle tells u />s fell 8s ?ickly t no man c\ld c\nt !m1 "o ( :i* /ruck ! gr\nd & :5 a by/&] ca/ wat] ^u x /eam 0 rais$ ) a great noise ( boil+40 ,! second case 0 ! fall ( a sid]ite1 eight p\nds' wor? ( nickel-iron1 at ,mazapil dur+ ! ,&rom$e %[] ( #ahhe1 :i* 0 by _m suppos$ to be a "p ( ! lo/ ,biela comet4 ,x conta9$ graphite en\gh to p5cil its own hi/ory1 b un=tunately c\ld n write4 ,! direction f :i* x came 0 n record$1 & s ! connection betwe5 x & ! comet n made out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,radiant ,,( ,a ,,meteoric ,,%[]1 ,,%[+ ,,also ,,! ,,pa?s ,,( ,,?ree ,,meteors ,,:i* ,,d ,,n ,,belong ,,to ,,?is ,,%[]--,,aft] ,,d5n+4 ,if our direct k is ?us scanty1 reason+ af=ds sur] gr\nd = belief4 ,= at ?is po9t !re /eps 9 a bit ( news ab\t ! family relations ( %oot+-/>s f a s\rce h>dly to h be5 anticipat$4 ,inde$1 x arose f ! ?\ght to exam9e a qualitative /atem5t 9 ,"y's 8,a/ronomy0 quantitatively4 ,ma!matics is simply precise reason+1 appli$ usually to ! discov]y t a pet !ory w n "w4 ,b sometimes x pres5ts "o ) an unexpect$ f9d4 ,?is is :at x did "h4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact ( obs]vation t m meteors are visible at six o'clock 9 ! morn+ ?an at six o'clock at night 9 ! proportion ( #c to #a4 ,?is seem+ pref]5ce = e>ly ris+ is due to no matut9ality on ! "p ( ! meteors1 b to ! mat9 aspect !n pres5t$ by ! ,e>? comb9$ ) its orbital motion r\nd ! ,sun4 ,= at six 9 ! morn+ ! obs]v] /&s on ! advanc+ side ( ! ,e>?1 at ! b[ ( ! air%ip2 at six at night he is at ! /]n4 ,he1 !re=e1 runs into ! meteors at sunrise & slips away f !m at sunset4 ,he is pelt$ 9 ! morn+ 9 consequ5ce4 ,j z a p$e/rian fac+ a /orm gets wett] 9 front ?an beh9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,meteors ,diagram expla9+ _! proportionate visibility4 ------------ d5otes true pa?s4 ---- - ---- 0 app>5t pa?s4 ------------ - - - 0 ,e>?'s pa?4 ,s f> ! books4 ,n[ let u exam9e ?is quantitatively accord+ to ! direction 9 :i* ! meteors !mselves may be mov+ be=e ! enc\nt]4 ,suppose1 9 ! fir/ place1 t !y 7 travell+ 9 e possible direction1 ) ! av]age velocity ( ! mo/ erratic memb]s ( ! family1 ! great comets4 ,on ?is supposition calculation %[s t we ought to meet #e4h times z _m at six 9 ! morn+ z at six at night4 ,if _! orbits 7 small] ?an ?is1 say1 some?+ l ^? ( ! a/]oids1 we %\ld f9d #g4f to #a = ! ratio4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 t !y 7 all travell+ 9 ! same s5se z ! ,e>?1 direct z x is call$ 9 contradi/9ction to retrograde1 & let u calculate :at proportion 9 t case we %\ld meet at ! two h\rs respectively4 ,x turns out to be #b4d to #a = ! p>abolic ones1 #c4c to #a = ! small] orbit$1 or almo/ precisely :at obs]vation %[s to be ! case see ,,note #a4 ,"h1 !n1 a bit ( ab/ract reason+ has appriz$ u ( a mo/ int]e/+ family fact2 to wit1 t ! great majority ( %oot+-/>s are travell+ 9 ! same ord]ly s5se z ourselves4 ,fur!rmore1 z "s mu/ be mov+ 9 small] orbits ?an ! mean1 o!rs mu/ be j\rney+ 9 great]2 or1 9 o!r words1 %oot+-/>s are scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! sy/em4 ,9 %ort1 ^! little bodies are t9y planets !mselves1 z truly planets z ! a/]oids1--a/]oids ( a g5]al in/ead ( a localiz$ habit4 ,?us meteorites & %oot+-/>s are k91 & f ! fact t !y are pursu+ orbits n v unlike our own we get our initial h9t ( a community ( orig94 ,inde$1 !y are ! little bricks out ( :i* ! :ole /ructure ( our sol> sy/em 0 built up4 ,:at we enc\nt] to-day are ! left-ov] fragm5ts ( :at once 01 ! fraction t has n z yet be5 swept up by ! l>g] bodies4 ,& ?is is :y ^! latt]-day survivors move1 z a rule1 direct4 ,to run c\nt] to ! cons5sus ( tr5d is to be subject$ to great] *ance ( ext]m9ation4 ,^? t did s h already be5 we$$ out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,m>t ,,iron4 7,proc4 ,wa%4 ,acad4 ( ,sci4 vol4 ,,ii4 ,plate ,,vi47 ,f ! behavior ( meteorites we proce$ to scan _! appe>ance4 ,& "h we notice "s fur!r telltale facts ab\t !m4 ,_! conduct in=m$ u ( _! relation%ip1 _! "* bespeaks _! p>5tage4 ,mo/ meteorites are /ones1 b "o or two p] c5t are ne>ly pure iron mix$ ) nickel4 ,:5 pick$ up1 !y are usually cov]$ ) a glossy ?9 black cru/4 ,?is ov]coat !y h put on 9 com+ ?r\gh our air4 ,air-begott51 too1 are ! holes ) :i* _m ( !m are pitt$4 ,= ent]+ our atmosph]e ) _! spe$ 9 space is equival5t to imm]s+ !m sudd5ly 9 a bl[pipe flame ( sev]al ?\s& degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,?us _! surface is burnt & fus$ to a c9d]4 ,yet 9 spite ( be+ w>m to ! t\* _! he>ts are /ill cosmically cold4 ,! ,dhurmsala meteorite fall+ into moi/ e>? 0 f\nd an h\r aft]w>ds coat$ ) fro/4 ,agassiz lik5$ x to ! ,*9ese cul9>y *ef d'uvre 8fri$ ice40 ,x is ! cold ( space1 #bjj or m ,c5tigrade bel[ z]o1 t !y be> )91 pro( ( _! cosmic habitat4 ,t !y are bits ( a once l>g] mass is evid5t on _! face4 ,_! %ape %[s t !y are n :oles b p>ts1 :ile _! con/itution bespeaks !m any?+ b elem5t>y4 ,diagnosis ( x yields p]haps _! mo/ int]e/+ bit ( news4 ,= x %[s _! orig94 ,_! autopsy proves !m to conta9 ?irty kn[n elem5ts1 & n "o t is new4 ,! li/ includes all ! sub/ances mo/ common on ! ,e>?'s surface1 :i* is sugge/ive2 b1 :at is /ill m in/ructive1 ^! are comb9$ into m9]als :i* l>gely diff] f ^? ) :i* we are sup]ficially famili>4 ,pr(essor ,newton1 ^: specialty !y 71 has said3 8,9 g5]al !y %[ no resemblance 9 _! me*anical or m9]alogical /ructure to ! granitic & surface rocks ( ! ,e>?4 ,"o condition 0 c]ta9ly necess>y 9 _! =mation1 viz4 ! abs5ce ( free oxyg5 & ( en\gh wat] to oxidize ! iron40 ,?us !y are n ( ! ,e>? e>?y2 nor yet1 poor little waifs1 ( ! upp] cru/ ( any o!r body4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,meteorite ,,%[+ ,,widmann/,,ttian ,,l9es4 7,field ,columbian ,museum1 ,*icago47 ,illu/ration3 ,,meteorite1 ,,toluca4 7,field ,columbian ,museum1 ,*icago47 ,9 !m prove to be occlud$ gases1 :i* c be got out by heat+ 9 ! laboratory1 & :i* mu/ h got 9 :5 ! meteorites 7 /ill subject$ to great heat & pressure4 ,= only ?us c\ld ^! gases h be5 absorb$4 ,bo? su* heat & su* pressure accuse "s great solid body z orig9 ( ?is flotsam ( ! sky4 ,fragm5ts n[1 !y owe to its disruption _! pres5t sep>ate /ate4 ,?is p>5t mass mu/ h be5 mu* l>g] & m massive ?an ! ,e>?1 z ! grate am\nt ( occlud$ hydrog51 sometimes "o-?ird ! volume at #ejj ,c41 ( ! meteorite seems to te/ify4 ,! two classes ( meteorites1 ! /one & ! iron1 %[ ?is fur!r by ! v diff]5ces !y exhibit betwe5 !mselves4 ,= bo? ! am\nt & ! proportions ( ! occlud$ gases 9 ! two prove to be q di/9ct4 ,9 ! /ones ! quantity ( gas is great] & ! composition is div]se4 ,9 ! /ones c>bonic acid gas is common1 c>bon monoxide r>e2 9 ! irons ! ratio is j ! o!r way4 ,?us ,wright f\nd 9 n9e specim5s ( ! iron meteorites3-- ,,co ,,co ,h ,,* #aa4e #cb4d #ed4a #jj ( ! total2 9 t5 ( /one3-- ,,co ,,co ,h ,,* #fj4a #c4d #cb4j #b4a ,! /ones are mu* light] ?an ! iron1 _! specific gravities be+ z #c to #g or #h = ! metallic4 ,! /ones1 !re=e1 came f a m sup]ficial lay] ( ! body torn ap>t ?an ! iron1 & ! composition ( _! occlud$ gases be>s ?is out4 ,^? 9 ! /ones are su* z we may conceive absorb$ ne>] ! surface1 ^? 9 ! iron f regions deep] d[n4 ,"h1 !n1 ! meteorites tell u ( ano!r1 an e>li]1 /age ( our sol> sy/em's hi/ory1 "o t m\nts back to be=e ev5 ! nebula arose to :i* we owe our bir?4 ,= ! l>ge body to ^: dismemb]m5t ! meteorites 7 due c h be5 no o!r ?an ! "o ^: cataclysmic %att]+ produc$ t v nebula :i* 0 = u ! orig9 ( ?+s4 ,! meteorites1 by cont9u+ un*ang$1 l9k ! pres5t to t f>-(f pa/4 ,& !y tell u1 too1 t ?is body mu/ h be5 d>k4 ,= solid1 !y in=m u1 x 01 & solidity 9 a heav5ly body means defici5cy ( light4 ,t su* corroborative te/imony to a cataclysmic orig9 is =?com+ 9 ! sky we %all see by turn+ aga9 to ! spiral nebul4 ,( ! two classes ( nebul :i* we contemplat$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 ! amorph\s & ! /ructural1 !re is m to be said ?an we t\*$ on !n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nebula ,v4 #ad ,,cygni--,,aft] ,,rob]ts4 ,n only 9 look are ! two q unlike1 b ! spectroscope %[s t ! diff]5ce 9 appe>ance is associat$ ) dissimil>ity ( "*4 ,= ! spectrum ( ! amorph\s proves to consi/ ( a few bright l9es1 due to hydrog5 & nebulium *iefly1 9 ! gre51 :5ce ! "n gre5 nebul4 ,t ( ! spirals1 on ! o!r h&1 is cont9u\s1 & !re=e :ite4 ,! great nebula 9 ,&rom$a 0 "o ( ! fir/ 9 :i* ?is 0 recogniz$2 & ! p]ception 0 pregnant1 = no nebula defies resolution m det]m9$ly ?an x4 ,we may1 !re=e1 inf] t x is n made up ( />s1 c]ta9ly big en\gh = u to see4 ,on ! o!r h&1 f ! fact t its spectrum is cont9u\s x mu/ be solid or liquid4 ,"y po9t$ out t ?is did n foll[1 because a gas "u great pressure also gives a cont9u\s spectrum4 ,b he =got t "h no su* pressure c\ld exi/4 ,a nebula ( compress$ gas c\ld n h an irregul> =m & w\ld h1 9 ! case ( ! ,&rom$a nebula1 a mass s enorm\s z to preclude supposition4 ,cont9uity ( spectrum "h means discont9uity ( mass4 ,! spectral solidity ( ! nebula speaks ( a /atus quo ante1 n ( a condition ( cond5sation n[ go+ on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nebula ,n4 ,g4 ,c4 #adii ,,p]sei--,,aft] ,,rob]ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nebula ,n4 ,g4 ,c4 #fifj ,,9 ,,cygnus--,,aft] ,,rit*ey4 ,advanc$ spectroscopic means reveals t ! spectra ( ^! 8:ite0 nebul are n simply cont9u\s4 ,?us t ( ! ,&rom$a nebula %[s v fa9t d>k l9es cross+ x1 app>5tly accordant ) ^? ( ! sol> spectrum & fa9t bright ones fall+ ne> & probably co9cid5t ) ^? ( ! ,wolf-,rayet />s1 due to hydrog51 helium1 & s =?4 ,^! lat] obs]vations make practically c]ta9 :at e>li] ones p]mitt$ u j n[ only to inf]3 t x is n compos$ ( />s1 b ( some?+ subtl] /ill2 to wit1 ( meteorites4 ,! reason+ is int]e/+1 z %[+ t if "o h hold ( a true idea1 ! />s 9 _! c\rses fight = him4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nebula ,m4 #ea ,,canum ,,v5aticorum--,,aft] ,,rit*ey4 ,al?\gh ,locky] has long be5 ( op9ion t ! nebul are compos$ ( meteorites1 ! pres5t argum5t diff]s f 84 ,! way 9 :i* _! spectra e/abli% _! con/itution may be outl9$ z foll[s3 ! :ite nebul are f _! /ructure evid5tly 9 process ( evolution1 & if !y are 9 /able motion1 z we suppose !m to be1 _! p>ts are mov+ r\nd _! common c5tre ( gravity4 ,z ! :ite nebul resi/ resolution z ob/9ately z ! gre51 ^! p>ts mu/ be n only solid b comm9ut$ 7compos$ ( small p>ticles74 ,n[ ?is w\ld be ! case 7 !y flocks ( meteorites su* z we h se5 compos$ our own sy/em once ^u a "t4 ,?\gh all are travell+ r\nd ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! flock1 ea* is pursu+ its own orbit slightly diff]5t f1 & int]sect+ ^? (1 its neighbors4 ,collisions betwe5 ! meteors mu/ !re=e con/antly occur1 & ! "q is1 are ^! %ocks suffici5t to cause light4 ,let u take our own sy/em & consid] two meteorites at our di/ance f ! ,sun1 travell+ 9 ! same s5se1 ! "o 9 an ellipse1 ! o!r 9 a circle1 ) a major axis five p] c5t great] & meet+ ! o!r at aphelion4 ,?is w\ld be no improp] jo/le = su* heav5ly bodies4 ,if we calculate ! spe$s ( bo? & d$uct ! elliptic f ! circul>1 we %all h ! relative spe$ ( collision4 ,x proves to be a half a mile a second or #cj times ! spe$ ( an express tra94 ,z su* a tra9 br\ght up sudd5ly aga9/ a /one wall w\ld c]ta9ly elicit sp>ks1 we see t a spe$ #cj times z great1 ^: en]gy is #ijj times great]1 is q compet5t to a %ock suffici5t to make u see />s en masse4 ,b1 inde$1 !re mu/ be collisions mu* m viol5t ?an ?is2 bo? because ! c5tral mass is (t5 mu* great] & because ! orbits diff] mu* m1 & ! effect w\ld increase z ! squ>e ( ! spe$4 ,! heat ?us g5]at$ w\ld cause ! meteorites to gl[1 & at ! same "t raise ! temp]ature ( ! gases 9 & ab\t !m4 ,fur!rmore1 ! light w\ld come to u ?r\gh o!r non-affect$ portions ( gas betwe5 u & ! sc5e ( ! collision4 ,?us all ?ree peculi>ities ( ! spectra /& expla9$3 we h a cont9u\s backgr\nd ( light due to heat$ solid meteorites1 ! bright l9es ( gl[+ gases1 & d>k l9es due to o!r gases n ignit$1 ly+ 9 our l9e ( sight4 ,9 addition we %\ld p]ceive ano!r result4 ,collisions w\ld be bo? m num]\s & m pron\nc$ t[>d ! c5tre ( ! nebula1 = x mu/ spe$ily gr[ d5s] t[>d its core ow+ to ! fall+ 9 ( meteorites1 9 consequ5ce ( %ock4 ,be+ d5s] 9 ! c5tre1 ! p>ticles w\ld !re be ?ick] & be travell+ at great] spe$4 ,! nebul1 !re=e1 %\ld be brighte/ at _! c5tres1 :i* is accordant ) obs]vation4 ,?us f hav+ (f]$ !mselves exempl>s ( ! way 9 :i* our own sy/em came into be+1 ! :ite nebul ass]t _! pres5t con/itution to be t f :i* we "k our sy/em sprang4 ,ano!r sugge/ive fact ab\t ! pres5t memb]s ( our sol> sy/em :i* has some?+ to say ab\t a pa/ collision is ! d5sities ( ! diff]5t planets4 ,! av]age d5sity ( ! f\r inn] planets1 ,m>s1 ! ,e>?1 ,v5us1 & ,m]cury is ne>ly f\r times t ( ! f\r out] ones ,neptune1 ,uranus1 ,saturn1 & ,jupit] see ,,note #b4 ,! discrepancy is /rik+ & _c be expla9$ by size1 z ! smalle/ are ! mo/ massive1 & if all 7 primally ( l con/itution1 %\ld be ! lea/ compress$4 ,nor c x be expla9$ simply by great] heat t5d+ to exp& !m1 = ,neptune & ,uranus %[ no signs ( be+ v hot4 ,! m9or diff]5ces betwe5 memb]s ( ea* gr\p are probably explicable 9 "p by ^! two factors1 mass & heat1 b ! great gulf betwe5 ! two gr\ps _c s be spann$4 ,we are !n driv5 to ! supposition t ! mat]ials compos+ ! out] ones 7 orig9ally light]4 ,n[ ?is is precisely :at %\ld happ5 _h all eight be5 =m$ by disruption ( a previ\s body4 ,= its cuticle w\ld be its lea/ d5se portion1 & on disruption w\ld travel f>!/ away1 n because ( be+ light]1 b because ( be+ on ! outside4 ,p>ts com+ f deep] d[n w\ld rema9 ne>1 & be d5s] intr9sically4 ,:at ! pres5t d5sities ( ! planets enable u to inf] ( ! cataclysm f :i* !y came1 a rem>kable set ( spectrograms tak5 n long ago by ,dr4 ,v4 ,m4 ,sliph]1 at ,flag/aff1 seems to confirm4 ,! spectrograms 9 "q 7 made possible by 8 production ( a new k9d ( plate4 ,8 object 0 to obta9 "o :i* %\ld comb9e suffici5t spe$ ) great photographic ext5sion ( ! spectrum into ! r$4 ,= x is 9 ! r$ end t ! absorption l9es due to ! planets' atmosph]es *iefly lie4 ,) ! plates h]et(ore us$ x 0 impossible to g mu* beyond ! yell[1 ! ,c l9e m>k+ ! ,ultima ,?ule ( att5t4 ,n only 0 x advisable to get m p>ticul>ity 9 ! p>ts previ\sly explor$1 b x 0 imp]ative to g beyond into p>ts z yet unkn[n4 ,aft] sev]al attempts he succe$$1 ! plates :5 expos$ %[+ ! spectra beyond ev5 ! ,a b&4 ,( _! weal? ( depiction x is only necess>y to say t 9 ! spectrum ( ,neptune #acj l9es & b&s c easily be c\nt$ betwe5 ! wave-l5g?s #dfjj 1 #gfjj 4 ,( ^!1 #ca belong to ! planet1 :i* comp>es ) #f f\nd by ,hugg9s1 #aj by ,vogel1 & #i by ,keel] 9 ! "p ( its spectrum !y 7 able to obta94 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,spectra ,,( ,,! ,,major ,,planets4 ,photograph$1 9 #aijg1 by ,v4 ,m4 ,sliph]1 at ,,! ,,l[ell ,,obs]vatory ,flag/aff1 ,arizona4 ,! result 0 a revelation4 ,! plates expos$ a ho/ ( l9es nev] previ\sly se52 l9es t d n appe> 9 ! spectrum ( ! ,sun1 nor yet 9 ! add$ spectrum ( ! atmosph]e ( ! ,e>?1 b are due to ! planets' own envelopes4 ,b ?is 0 only ! />t+-po9t ( _! disclosures4 ,:5 9 ?is mann] he _h tak5 ! color signatures ( ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 & ,neptune1 an ord]ly sequ5ce 9 _! respective absorption b&s /ood /rik+ly confess$4 ,9 o!r words1 _! atmosph]es prov$ n only peculi> to !mselves & unlike :at we h on ,e>?1 b progressively s accord+ to a def9ite law4 ,t law 0 di/ance f ! ,sun4 ,:5 ! spectra 7 arrang$ v]tically 9 ord]$ orbital relation outw>d f ! ,sun1 ) t ( ! lun> = comp>ison on top1 a surpris+ progression %[$ d[n ! column 9 ! /range b&s1 an increase 9 numb] & a progressive deep5+ 9 t9t4 ,! lun>1 ( c\rse1 gives u ! ,sun & our own air4 ,all else mu/ !re=e be ( ! individual planet's own4 ,beg9n+1 !n1 ) ,jupit]1 we note1 besides ! ren=cem5t ( :at we "k to be ! great wat]-vapor b&s #8a1' sev]al new ones1 :i* %[ /ill d>k] 9 ! spectrum ( ,saturn4 ,! /ronge/ ( ^! is app>5tly n id5tifiable ) a b& 9 ! spectra ( ,mira ,ceti 9 spite ( fall+ ne> x4 ,pass+ on to ,uranus1 we p]ceive ^! b&s /ill m acc5tuat$1 & ) !m o!rs1 "s /rang]s1 "s sol> l9es enhanc$4 ,?us ! hydrog5 l9es /& out z 9 ! ,sirian />s4 ,all deep5 9 ,neptune1 :ile fur!r newcom]s appe>4 ,?us we are sure t free hydrog5 exi/s 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! atmosph]es ( ! two out]mo/ planets & mo/ s 9 ! "o f>!/ (f4 ,helium1 too1 app>5tly is !re1 & o!r gases :i* 9 "p may be ^? ( long-p]iod />s1 decad5t suns1 9 "p sub/ances we d n "k4 ,f ! fact t ^! b&s are n pres5t 9 ! ,sun & app>5tly 9 no type ( />s1 we may p]haps inf] t ! sub/ances occasion+ !m are n elem5ts b comp\nds to u unkn[n4 ,& f ! fact t free hydrog5 exi/s !re alongside ( !m1 & app>5tly helium1 too1 we may fur!r conclude t !y are ( a light] ord] ?an c be reta9$ by ! ,e>?4 ,b n[1 we may ask1 :y %\ld ^! light] gases be f\nd :]e !y are8 ,x _c be 9 consequ5ce simply ( ! k9etic !ory ( gases f :i* a coroll>y %[s t ! heavie/ bodies w\ld reta9 _! gases longe/1 because ! /range gases are n apportion$ accord+ to ! sizes ( _! ho/s4 ,jupit]1 by all odds ! bigge/ 9 mass1 has ! lea/1 & ,saturn1 ! next weightie/1 ! next 9 am\nt4 ,nor c title to su* gase\s own]%ip be lodg$ 9 ! planet's pres5t /ate4 ,= ?\gh ,jupit] is ! hotte/ & ,saturn ! next s1 ! increas$ mass m ?an makes up 9 re/ra9t :at increas$ temp]ature adds 9 molecul> volatility--z we p]ceive 9 ! cases ( ! ,sun & ,e>?4 ,no2 _! envelopes are increas+ly /range because _! int]nal con/itu5ts are diff]5t1 & z hydrog5 is mo/ abundant 9 ,neptune1 ! lighte/ ( all ! gases1 x is inf]able t ?is planet's mat]ial is light]4 ,z di/ance f ! ,sun det]m9es _! atmosph]ic clo?+1 s di/ance decides ^u _! bodies1 too4 ,x 0 all a case ( primog5iture4 ,! light /range matt] t con/itutes !m 0 s because x came f ! out] "p ( ! dismemb]$ p>5t orb4 ,neptune ! out]mo/1 ,uranus ! next1 !n ,saturn & ,jupit] came 9 t ord] f ! sev]al successive lay]s ( ! pri/9e body1 :ile ! inn] planets came f p>ts ( x deep] d[n4 ,! major planets 7 ( ! sk9 ( ! dismemb]$ body1 we ( its l[] fle%4 ,v int]e/+ ! /udy ( ^! curi\s spectral l9es f ! out] planets = !mselves alone2 ev5 m s = :at "o w\ld h>dly h imag9$3 t !y %\ld actually tell u some?+ ( ! g5esis ( our :ole sol> sy/em4 ,!y corroborate 9 s f> :at ! meteorites h to say4 ,t ! meteorites are solid &1 except = _! exp]i5ces 9 com+ ?r\gh our air1 be> no m>ks ( ext]nal heat1 is a fact :i* is itself significant4 ,x seems to h9t n at a cra% z _! occasion+ b at disruptive tidal /ra9s4 ,! p>5t body appe>s to h be5 torn ap>t )\t mu* developm5t ( heat4 ,p]haps1 !n1 we _h no glori\sly pyrote*nic bir?1 b a m mode/ com+ into exi/5ce4 ,b ab\t ?is we mu/ ourselves mode/ly be cont5t to rema9 = ! pres5t 9 ! d>k4 ,n ! lea/ important feature ( ! !ory ,i h ?us outl9$ is t x f9i%es out ! r\nd ( evolution4 ,x becomes a conception sapi5s 9 se ipso totus1 t]es atque rotundus4 ,to frame a !ory t c>ries "o back into ! pa/1 to leave "o !re hung up 9 heav51 is = inconclusiv5ess z bad z ! anci5t fabul\s support ( ! _w1 :i* ,atlas c>ri$ /&+ on an elephant upheld by a tortoise4 ,:at support$ ! tortoise we 7 n told4 ,s "h1 if meteorites 7 our occasion+1 we mu/ acc\nt = ! meteorites1 />t+ f our pres5t /ate4 ,?is ! pres5t pres5tation does4 ,?us d ! /ones t fall f ! sky in=m u ( two hi/oric ev5ts 9 our sol> sy/em's c>e]4 ,!y tell u fir/ & directly ( a nebula made up ( !m1 out ( :i* ! sev]al planets 7 by agglom]ation =m$ & ( :i* mat]ial !y are ! la/ unga!r$ rema9s4 ,& !n !y speak to u m remotely b ) no less c]ta9ty ( a "t ant$at+ t nebula itself1 a "t :5 ! nebula's con/itu5ts /ill lay enfold$ 9 ! womb ( a =m] ,sun4 ,man's int]e/ 9 !m hi!rto has be51 z ) o!r ?+s1 *iefly propriet>y4 ,gre$ ( !m has gr[n s ke5 t legal que/ions h be5 rais$ ( ! own]%ip ( _! f9d+1 & our c\rts h solemnly decl>$ !m n 8wild game0 b 8real e/ate10 & z su* belong+ to ! own] ( ! l& on :i* !y fall4 ,b to ! sci5tific eye _! e/ate is some?+ m ?an 8real10 = !irs is ! olde/ real e/ate 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,!y 7 :at !y are n[ :5 ! ,e>? we pride ourselves 9 own+ 0 b a molt5 mass4 ,s t :5 9 future y see ^! /range /ones 9 r[s ^u a museum's %elves1 reg>d !m n z r>ities1 9 :i* ea* museum /rives to outdo its neighbors by ! quantity x c possess1 b z rosetta /ones tell+ u ( an epo* 9 cosmic hi/ory long s9ce pass$ away--( :i* !y alone hold ! key4 ,look at !m z ! lit]>y d _! books1 = t :i* !y conta91 n z ! bibliophile to :om a mispr9t copy outvalues a correct$ "o & by :om 8uncuts0 are ! mo/ priz$ ( all4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,inn] ,,planets ,:5 we recall t ! ,ptolemaic sy/em ( ! univ]se 0 once taught side by side ) ! ,cop]nican at ,h>v>d & at ,yale1 we are impress$1 n s mu* ) ! age ( our univ]sities1 z ) ! y\? ( mod]n a/ronomy & ) ! extraord9>y vitality ( old ideas4 ,t ! ,ptolemaic sy/em 9 its fundam5tal pr9ciple 0 antiquat$ at ! />t1 ! old] ,greeks hav+ _h ju/] conceptions1 does n less5 our wond] at its t5acity4 ,b ! fact helps u to und]/& :y s mu* fossil error holds its gr\nd 9 _m a/ronomic text-books to-day4 ,t /ale intellectual bread is deem$ bett] = ! dige/ion ( ! "y1 is "o reason :y x (t5 seems to !m s dry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,orbits ,,( ,,! ,,inn] ,,planets4 ,be=e ent]+ ^u ! problem ( ! g5esis & c>e] ( a _w1 x is ess5tial to h acqua9tance ) ! data ^u :i* our d$uctions are to re/4 ,to set =?1 !re=e1 :at is kn[n ( ! sev]al planets ( our sol> sy/em1 is a necess>y prelim9>y to any und]/&+ ( h[ !y came to be or :i!r !y are t5d+2 & z our k has be5 vitally affect$ by mod]n discov]ies ab\t !m1 x is imp]ative t ?is exposition ( ! facts %\ld be z ne> z possible abrea/ ( ! rese>* itself4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 give ! read] 9 ?is *apt] a bird's-eye view ( ! pres5t /ate ( planet>y a/ronomy1 :i* he w f9d almo/ a diff]5t "p ( spee* f :at x 0 ?irty ye>s ago4 ,x is n s mu* 9 our k ( _! pa?s z ( _! p]sons t our acqua9tance ) ! planets has be5 improv$4 ,& ?is k x is :i* has made possible our /udy ( _! evolution z worlds4 ,c\ld we get a cosmic view ( ! sol> sy/em by leav+ ! _w we live on = "s suitable vantage-po9t 9 space1 two attributes ( x w\ld impose !mselves ^u u--! g5]al symmetry ( ! :ole1 & ! impressively grad$ proportions ( its p>ticul> p>ts4 ,r\nd a great c5tral globul> mass1 ! ,sun1 f> exce$+ 9 size any ( 8 att5dants1 circle a s]ies ( bodies at di/ances f him q va/1 comp>$ ) _! dim5sions4 ,^!1 8 pr9cipal planets1 are 9 _! turn c5tres to satellite sy/ems ( l "*1 b on a correspond+ly r$uc$ scale4 ,all ( !m travel sub/antially 9 "o plane1 a fact giv+ ! sy/em ?us se5 9 its entirety a rem>kably level appe>ance1 z ( an ideal surface pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! ,sun4 ,dep>t+ some:at f ?is g5]al uni=mity 9 _! directions ( motion1 & also deviat+ m f circul>ity 9 _! pa?s1 "s mu* small] bodies1 a c]ta9 di/ance out1 d>t n[ up n[ d[n across x at diff]5t angles & f all ! po9ts ( ! compass1 agree+ ) ! o!rs only 9 hav+ ! c5tre ( ! ,sun _! seem+ly nev] atta9$ goal ( endeavor4 ,^! bodies are ! a/]oids4 ,surr\nd+ ! :ole1 & ev5 p5etrat+ )9 its ord]ly prec9cts1 a ?ird class w\ld be visible :i* might be describ$ = size z cosmic du/1 & = display z heav5ly pyrote*nics4 ,com+ f all p>ts ( space indiff]5tly !y w\ld seem to seek ! ,sun 9 almo/ /raight l9es1 b[ to him 9 circuit1 & !n dep>t :5ce !y came4 ,= 9 su* long ellipses d !y j\rney t ^! seem to be p>abolas4 ,^! visitants are ! comets & _! associates ! meteor-/reams4 ,al?\gh = purposes ( discrim9ation we h labell$ ! sev]al classes ap>t1 an ess5tial fact ab\t ! :ole company is to be not$3 t no h>d & fa/ l9e c be drawn sep>at+ ! sev]al con/itu5ts f "o ano!r4 ,9 size ! memb]s ( ! "o class m]ge ins5sibly into ! o!r4 ,"s ( ! planets are h>dly l>g] ?an "s ( ! satellites2 "s ( ! satellites ?an "s ( ! a/]oids2 "s ( ! a/]oids ?an comets & %oot+-/>s4 ,9 pa?1 too1 we f9d e gradation f almo/ p]fect circul>ity l ! orbits ( ,io & ,europa to ! v ?re%old ( :]e "o /ep m w\ld cease to leave ! body a memb] ( ! ,sun's family by turn+ its ellipse into an hyp]bola4 ,f9ally1 9 incl9ation we h e angle ( dep>ture f or?odox platitude to uncon=m+ uprightness4 ,?is po9t1 t heav5ly bodies1 l t]re/rial ones1 %[ all possible grades ( indi/9ction1 is k9 to t specific g5]alization by :i* ,d>w9 revolutioniz$ zology a g5]ation ago4 ,x is z fundam5tal to planets z to plants4 ,= x %[s t ! :ole sol> sy/em is evolution>ily "o4 ,a second po9t to be notic$ 9 pass+ is t undue incl9ation & excessive ecc5tricity g toge!r4 ,! bodies t h _! pa?s lea/ circul> h !m1 z a rule1 ! mo/ atilt4 ,& ) ^! two qualities goes lack ( size4 ,x is ! smalle/ bodies t deviate mo/ f ! g5]al cons5sus ( ! sy/em4 ,) s mu* by way ( g5]ic preface1 ! pregnancy ( :i* w become app>5t z we proce$1 we come n[ to p>ticul> consid]ation ( its memb]s 9 turn4 ,ne>e/ to ! ,sun ( all ! planets comes ,m]cury4 ,s close is he to t lum9>y1 & s f> )9 ! orbit ( ! e>?1 t he is n a v common object to ! unaid$ eye4 ,cop]nicus is said nev] to h se5 him1 ow+1 d\btless1 to ! mi/s ( ! ,vi/ula4 ,by kn[+ :5 to look1 h[ev]1 he may be se5 = a few days e>ly 9 ! spr+ 9 ! we/ aft] sunset1 or be=e sunrise 9 ! ea/ 9 autumn4 ,he is !n conspicu\s1 be+ ab\t z bright z ,capella1 = :i* /> or ,arcturus he is easily mi/ak5 by "o n famili> ) ! con/ellations4 ,8 mean di/ance f ! ,sun is ?irty-six million miles1 b s ecc5tric is 8 orbit1 ! mo/ s ( any ( ! pr9cipal planets1 t he is at times half z f> (f aga9 z at o!rs4 ,ev5 8 orbital behavior is ! lea/ und]/ood ( any 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,8 orbit sw+s r\nd at a rate :i* s f> has defi$ analysis4 ,x may be a case ( reflect$ p]turbation1 "o1 t is1 ( :i* ! indirect effect f ano!r body becomes m p]ceptible ?an w\ld be ! direct effect on ! body itself4 ,z yet x baffles geomet]s4 ,z to 8 p]son1 our ignorance until lately 0 pr(\nd4 ,x is only rec5tly t su* fundam5tal facts ab\t him z 8 size1 8 mass1 & 8 d5sity h be5 rea*$ ) any approa* to precision4 ,?is 0 because he s closely hugs ! ,sun t obs]vations ^u 8 full1 or ne>ly full1 disk _h nev] be5 attempt$4 ,:5 ,i say t 8 volume 0 n kn[n to )9 a ?ird ( its am\nt1 8 mass n clos] ?an "o-half1 :ile 8 receiv$ d5sity 0 ne>ly d\ble :at we n[ h reason to suppose ! fact1 "s idea ( ! dep? ( our nesci5ce may be imag9$4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 did n prev5t text-books f confid5tly mis9/ruct+ y\?1 or ,nautical ,almanacs f misguid+ comput]s ) figures t ?us almo/ a*iev$ immortality1 s long _h !y pass$ curr5t 9 spite ( lack+ t p]fection :i* is usually assign$ z its w>rant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sulla ,,rotazione ,,di ,,m]curio--,,di ,g4 ,v4 ,,s*iap>elli4 ,s*iap>elli fir/ put a/ronomy on ! "r track4 ,by attempt+ daylight obs]vations ( ! planet1 n t[>d night1 b actually at midday1 he made "s rem>kable discov]ies1 & ?\gh he did n detect ! hi!rto errone\s values ( ! volume1 ! mass1 or ! d5sity1 8 me?od ( obs]vation pav$ ! way = _! asc]ta9m5t4 ,:at he s\ght1 & f\nd1 0 evid5ce ( m>k+s ^u ! disk by :i* ! planet's "t ( rotation might be det]m9$4 ,up to !n1 ,s*roet]'s value ( ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs _h be5 accept$1 on v sl5d] evid5ce inde$1 & pass$ into all ! books4 ,b :5 ! planet came to be obs]v$ by noon1 v def9ite m>k+s /ood out on its face1 :i* %[$ its rotation to take place1 n 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 b 9 eighty-eight days4 ,by a p]si/5ce equal to 8 able *oice ( obs]v+ "t1 he e/abli%$ ?is beyond dispute4 ,he prov$ ! revolutioniz+ fact t ,m]cury's p]iods ( rotation & ( revolution 7 ! same4 ,he detect$1 too1 ! evid5ce 9 ! position ( ! m>k+s ( ! planet's great libratory sw+ due to ! ecc5tricity ( its orbit1 a result z rem>kable z a feat ( obs]vation z x 0 conclusive z a pro(4 ,if ,s*iap>elli _h nev] done any o!r a/ronomical "w1 ?is /udy ( ,m]cury w\ld h plac$ him z ! fir/ obs]v] ( 8 day4 ,= ! obs]vations are s difficult t ! planet n only baffl$ all 8 pr$ecessors1 b has foil$ _m s9ce :o are cr$it$ ) be+ obs]v]s ( em95ce4 ,9 #ahif ! /udy ( ,m]cury 0 tak5 up at ! ,l[ell ,obs]vatory 9 ,arizona along ! same l9es t _h prov$ s successful ) ,s*iap>elli1 b )\t us+ 8 obs]vations z guide4 ,inde$1 8 pap]s _h n !n be5 read !re4 ,! two conclusions 71 !re=e1 indep5d5t ( "o ano!r4 ,! outcome 0 a complete corroboration & an ext5sion ( ,s*iap>elli's "w4 ,we %all beg9 ) ! consid]ation ( ! mo/ fundam5tal po9t4 ,9 ! cle> & /eady air ( ,flag/aff1 p]mitt+ ( measurem5t ( 8 disk up to )9 a few degrees ( ! ,sun1 ,m]cury 0 f\nd to be mu* l>g] ?an previ\sly ?\ght4 ,in/ead ( a diamet] ( ?ree ?\s& miles he prov$ to h "o ( ?irty-f\r hundr$1 mak+ 8 volume ne>ly half z l>ge aga9 z _h be5 cr$it$ him4 ,^! measures bore intr9sic evid5ce ( _! tru/wor?9ess 9 an int]e/+ mann]1 & at ! same "t produc$ int]nal te/imony t acc\nt$ = ! smallness ( previ\s det]m9ations4 ,measures h]et(ore _h be5 made1 usually if n inv>iably1 ei!r :5 ! planet transit$ ! ,sun or :5 x exhibit$ a pron\nc$ phase4 ,n[ 9 bo? ^! cases ! planet looks small] ?an x is4 ,9 ! fir/ case ?is is due to irradiation1 ! surr\nd+ disk ( ! ,sun encroa*+ bo? to ! eye & to ! cam]a ^u ! silh\ette ( ,m]cury4 ,& ?is inevitable effect _h n be5 all[$ = 9 ! measures4 ,9 ! second case ! horns ( ! planet nev] seem to ext5d q to _! true position4 ,?is 0 r5d]$ evid5t by ! ,flag/aff s]ies ( measures1 :i* began :5 ! planet 0 a half-moon & cont9u$ till x 0 almo/ full4 ,z x did s1 ! values = ! diamet] /eadily increas$1 ev5 aft] irradiation 0 all[$ =1 al?\gh ?is aga9/ ! brilliant backgr\nd ( ! noonday sky mu/ h be5 exce$+ small1 & t5d$ 9 "p to be dim9i%$ z ! planet atta9$ ! full1 because ( its consequ5t ne>+ ( ! ,sun4 ,! measures ?us expla9$ !mselves & v\*$ = _! own accuracy4#c ,!n came a curi\s bit ( unexpect$ pro( to corroborate !m4 ,9 8 8,a/ronomical ,con/ants10#d publi%$ b a %ort "t be=e1 ,newcomb _h detect$ a sy/ematic error 9 ! "r asc5sions ( ,m]cury :i* he 0 n able to expla94 ,by dilig5t m\s+ t em95t comput] _h discov]$ t ,m]cury 0 regi/]$ by obs]v]s too f> f ! ,sun on :i*ev] side ( him x happ5$ to be1 & 9 proportion r\ghly n to its di/ance (f b to ! phase ! planet exhibit$4 ,:5 ! disk 0 a cresc5t ! discrepancy betwe5 obs]vation & !ory 0 l>ge1 & !nce decreas$ z ! planet pass$ to ! full4 ,he suspect$ ! cause1 & w\ld h f\nd x _h he n consid]$ ! diametral measures ( ! planet too well assur$ to p]mit ( d\bt4 ,z x 01 he neglect$ a factor :i* has vitiat$ almo/ all ! obs]vations made on ! planets up to )9 a few ye>s1 ! correction = irradiation4 ,?is 0 ! case "h4 ,! receiv$ measures1 beg9n+ ) ,bradley & end+ ) ,todd1 _h almo/ )\t exception be5 made 9 transit1 &1 z no reg>d _h be5 paid to ! contract+ effect ( irradiation1 _h be5 invalidat$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,! new me?od suppli$ almo/ exactly ! am\nt ne$$ to expla9 ! "r asc5sions1 a second ( arc1 & 9 precise accordance ) ! place :i* ! discrepancy dem&$4 #c ,new ,obs]vations ( ! ,planet ,m]cury1 ,memoirs ,am]4 ,acad4 #ahig4 ,vol4 ,,xii1 ,no4 #d4 #d 8,a/ronomical ,con/ants10 #ahie1 pp4 #fg1 #fh4 ,ab\t ! mass !re has be51 & /ill is1 great unc]ta9ty4 ,?is is because x c only be f\nd f ! p]turb+ effect x has on ,v5us1 ! ,e>?1 or ,encke's comet4 ,mod]n det]m9ations1 h[ev]1 are small] ?an ! old] ones2 ?us ,backlund 9 #ahid got f ! effect on ,encke's comet only "o-half ! mass t ,encke _h1 fifty-?ree ye>s be=e4 ,probably ! mo/ reliable in=mation comes f ,v5us1 :i* ,tiss]& f\nd to give = ,m]cury _/ ( ! mass ( ! ,sun1 or _/ ( ! mass ( ! ,e>?4 ,if we take _/ z ! ne>e/ r\nd numb]1 we f9d ! planet's d5sity to be #j4ff t ( ! ,e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,m]cury ,,l[ell ,,obs]vatory #ahif-ig ,! same obs]vations t disclos$ at ,flag/aff ! planet's size reveal$ a set ( m>k+s on 8 face s def9ite z to make ! rotation p]iod unmi/akable4 ,x takes place1 z ,s*iap>elli f\nd1 9 eighty-eight days1 or ! "t ( ! planet's revolution r\nd ! ,sun4 ,! m>k+s disclos$ ! fact1 z ,s*iap>elli _h also discov]$1 9 a mo/ int]e/+ mann]1 = ! ellipticity ( ! planet's orbit /ood reflect$ 9 ! sw+ ( ! m>k+s across ! face ( ! disk1 a def9it5ess 9 ! pro( ( a really surpris+ k9d4 ,:at ?is means we %all see 9 a subsequ5t *apt] :5 we take up ! me*anical problem ( ! tides4 ,ano!r result t issu$ f ! positions ( ! m>k+s 0 ! det]m9ation ( ! planet's pole4 ,except = ! libration above notic$1 ! m>k+s kept an inv>iable longitud9al position ^u ! illum9at$ disk1 %[+ t ! planet turn$ always ! same face to ! ,sun2 b latitud9ally a diff]5ce 0 noticeable betwe5 _! place 9 ,octob]-,novemb]1 #ahif1 & 9 ,febru>y-,m>*1 #ahig1 ! latt] be+ #d f>!r nor?4 ,n[ ?is is j :at ! orbital position %\ld h caus$1 if ! pole /ood v]tically to x4 ,?us a diff]5ce ( #d f p]p5dicul>ity %\ld h be5 disc]nible1 _h x exi/$1--a v small am\nt 9 su* a det]m9ation4 ,we may1 !re=e1 conclude t ! axis /&s plumb to ! orbit1 & ?is is :at !ory dem&s4 ,! /ate ( ?+s ?is introduces to u ^u t o!r _w is to our ideas exce$+ /range4 ,x is n s mu* ! sl[ness ( ! diurnal sp91 eighty-eight times z long z our own1 :i* is surpris+1 z ! fact t ?is makes its day inf9ite 9 l5g?4 ,two antipodal hemisph]es divide ! planet1 ! "o ( :i* frizzles "u et]nal sun1 ! o!r freezes amid ev]la/+ night4 ,! ,sun does n1 inde$1 /& /ock-/ill 9 ! sky1 b nods l "s huge p5dulum to & fro along a p>allel ( latitude4 ,9 consequ5ce ( libration ! two great doma9s ( day & night are sund]$ by a /rip ( debatable gr\nd #bc 9 bread? on ei!r side1 ^u :i* ! ,sun alt]nately rises & sets4 ,"h !re is a true day1 eighty-eight ( our days 9 l5g? f "o sunrise to ! next4 ,b its day & night are n apportion$ alike4 ,! ea/]n /rip has its daylight brief] ?an its />light h\rs2 ! we/]n has !m long]4 ,nor are diff]5t portions ( ! /rips simil>ly circum/anc$ 9 _! sunw>d reg>d4 ,only ! edge next p]petual day has any?+ approa*+ an equal di/ribution ( sunlight & %ade4 ,! f>!r "o j peeps at ! ,sun = a mom5t e eighty-eight days1 & !n s9ks back aga9 into obscurity4 ,! transition f day to night is equally in/antane\s & pr(\nd4 ,= little or no twilight "h prolongs ! light2 s9ce ! air1 if !re be any at all1 is too ?9 to b5d x to s]vice r\nd ! edge to illum9ate ! night4 ,:5 ! libratory ,sun sets1 d>kness l a mantle falls swiftly ov] ! face ( ! gr\nd4 ,no evid5ce ( atmosph]e has ev] be5 p]ceiv$1 & !ory in=ms t x %\ld be ne>ly1 if n :olly1 abs5t4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! rigid uprightness ( ! planet's axis1 seasons d n exi/4 ,_! ne>e/ simulacrum comes f ! seem+ dilatation ( ! ,sun dur+ half ! ye>1 & its app>5t contraction dur+ ! o!r half4 ,x exp&s s mu* betwe5 its ,janu>y & its ,july z to receive m heat 9 ! ratio ( n9e to f\r4 ,a seasonless1 dayless1 & almo/ ye>less planet1 x is bett] to look at ?an to look f2 b its /udy op5s our eyes to ! great div]sity :i* ev5 "o ( our ne>e/ neighbors exhibits f :at we take z matt]s ( c\rse on ,e>?4 ,t :at we take (fh& to be purely a/ronomic ph5om5a %\ld turn out to be s ess5tially ( ! p>ticul> _w1 worldly1 cl>ifies vision ( :at ^! really are1 & h[ dep5d5t on & int]wov5 ) ev]yday life a/ronomy is4 ,or1 we may consid] x turn$ ab\t & realize h[ purely a/ronomic relations1 su* ab/ract me*anical matt]s z rotations & revolutions1 result 9 completely *ang+ ! v face & "* ( ! globe conc]n$4 ,m]cury to-day />es =ev] at ! ,sun4 ,! m>k+s we see h /]eotyp$ ?is />e to its inevitable result4 ,= !y seem to m>k a globe sun-crack$4 ,at su* a condition ! curi\s crisscross ( d>k1 irregul> l9es c]ta9ly h9ts1 acc5tuat$ & p]fect$ z x is by a b\nd+ curve :]e ! mean sunw>d side t]m9ates to ! enclos+ !m z by ! c>apace ( a tortoise4 ,?\gh !y _c probably be actual cracks1 h[ev] mu* !y may resemble su*1 yet !y may well owe _! exi/5ce to t fundam5tal cause4 ,9 color ! planet is gha/ly :ite2 ( t wan hue t sugge/s a body f :i* all life has fl$4 ,f> :it] ?an ,v5us 9 po9t ( fact1 ! rosy t9t ) :i* x sp>kles 9 ! sunset gl[ is all borr[$ ( ! dy+ day & vani%es :5 ! planet is look$ at 9 ! uncompromis+ light ( noon4 ,se5 close toge!r once at ,flag/aff x 0 possible directly to comp>e ! two2 :5 ,m]cury1 al?\gh lit by ! ,sun two & a half times z brilliantly z ,v5us1 01 surface = surface1 m ?an twice z fa9t4 ,mll] has f\nd its intr9sic brightness ab\t t ( our ,moon1 :i* 9 "s respects x resembles1 ?\gh x app>5tly dep>ts widely f any simil>ity 9 o!rs4 ,! blea*$ bones ( a _w2 t is :at ,m]cury seems to be4 ,v5us comes next 9 ord] outw>d f ! ,sun4 ,to u h] incomp>able beauty is p>tly ! result ( prop9quity3 ne>ness to ourselves & ne>ness to ! ,sun4 ,relatively s close is %e to bo? t %e does n ne$ ! ,sun's )drawal to appe>1 b may ne>ly always be se5 9 ! daytime 9 cle> air if "o kn[s :]e to look = h]4 ,situate ab\t sev5-t5?s ( our own di/ance f our common giv] ( light & heat1 %e gets ab\t d\ble ! am\nt t falls to our lot1 s t h] surface is proportionately brilliantly illum9at$4 ,be+ also relatively ne> u1 %e displays a correspond+ly l>ge surface4 ,b ?\gh "p ( h] lu/re is due to h] position1 a "p is h] own4 ,direct visual obs]vation1 z we rem>k$ above1 %[s h] intr9sic brightness to be m ?an five times t ( ,m]cury1 squ>e mile to squ>e mile ( surface = ! two4 ,n[ ?is has be5 det]m9$ v c>efully photometrically by ,mll] at ,potsdam4 ,! result ( 8 inquiry 0 to indicate t ,m]cury %9es ) #j4ag ( absolute reflection1 ,v5us ) #j4ib4 ,s high a value has seem$ to _m a/ronom]s impossible1 because s f> surpass+ t :i* has tacitly be5 tak5 z ! ne plus ultra ( planet>y brightness1 t ( cl\d1 #j4gb4 ,n[1 "o ( ! direct outcomes ( ! /udy ( ,v5us at ! ,l[ell ,obs]vatory 0 an explanation ( ?is seem+ly incr$ible ph5om5on4 ,:5 ! planet came to be critically exam9$ !re "u conditions ( see+ :i* p]mitt$ discov]y1 m>k+s v fa9t1 b nev]!less assurable1 /ood pres5t$ on ! planet's face4 ,^! m>k+s1 ( :i* we %all h m to say 9 a mom5t1 _h ?is ( p]t95cy to our pres5t po9t1 t !y kept an inv>iable position to "o ano!r4 ,!y ?us betray$ !mselves to be surface features4 ,fur!rmore1 _! dimness 0 z inv>iable an attribute ( !m z _! place4 ,!y 7 n obscur$ on "s occasions & reveal$ at o!rs1 b /ay$1 s f> z "o might judge1 p]man5tly ! same4 ,!y 7 ?us nei!r cl\ds !mselves nor subject to ! caprice ( cl\d4 ,! old idea t ,v5us 0 a cl\d-wrapp$ planet & ow$ h] spl5dor to ?is envelope1 vani%$ lit]ally into ?9 air4 ,x is precisely because %e is n cl\d-cov]$ t h] lu/re is s great4 ,%e 8clo!s h]self ) light z ) a g>m5t0 by a physical process ( "s int]e/4 ,z becomes ! ,"m ( ! ,loves1 ?is is gauze ( ! mo/ att5uat$ "*1 & yet a wond]ful height5] ( effect4 ,= x consi/s solely ( ! atmosph]e t compasses h] ab\t4 ,x is well kn[n t a sub/ance :5 comm9ut$ reflects mu* m light ?an :5 cond5s$ into a solid /ate4 ,n[ an atmosph]e is itself su* a comm9ut$ affair1 &1 fur!rmore1 holds 9 susp5sion a v>iety ( du/4 ,?is w\ld p>ticul>ly be ! case ) ! atmosph]e ( ,v5us1 z we %all h reason to see :5 we consid] ! conditions ^u t planet made evid5t by /udy ( its surface m>k+s4 ,to h] atmosph]e1 !n1 %e owes f\r-fif?s or m ( h] brilliancy4 ,& ?is /&s corroborat$ by ! l[ alb$o ( bo? ,m]cury & ! ,moon1 :i* h no atmosph]e1 & by ! int]m$iate lu/re ( ,m>s1 :i* has "s1 b little4#e #e ,a/r4 ,na*4 ,no4 #cdjf4 ,mon?ly ,notices ,r4 ,a4 ,s41 ,m>*1 #ahig4 ,! rotation "t ( ,v5us1 ! det]m9ation1 t is1 ( ! planet's day1 is "o ( ! fundam5tal a/ronomical acquisitions ( rec5t ye>s4 ,= ^u x turns our :ole k ( ! planet's physical condition4 ,m ?an ?is1 x adds some?+ :i* mu/ be reckon$ ) 9 ! fram+ ( any cosmogony4 ,x is n a "q ( academic accuracy m]ely1 ( a little m or a little less 9 actual duration1 b "o :i* c>ries 9 its tra9 a completely new outlook on ,v5us & %$s a valuable side-light ^u ! hi/ory ( our :ole planet>y sy/em4 ,unconsci\sly influ5c$1 "o is incl9$ to ?9k1 by t]re/rial analogies1 a/ronom]s = m ?an a c\ple ( c5turies1 ev] s9ce ! "t ( ! fir/ ,cass9i 9 #afff1 deem$ ! day ( ,v5us to be j "u tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 l5g?4 ,s well atte/$ 0 its det]m9ation1 & s precisely figur$ to ! m9ute1 t x impos$ itself ^u text-books :i* /at$ x z an acquir$ fact d[n to ! la/ second4 ,nev]!less1 ,s*iap>elli 0 n s sure1 & proce$$ to look into ! matt]4 ,he fir/ look$ = himself1 & !n look$ up all ! old obs]vations4 ,8 *ief obs]vational dep>ture 0 obs]v+ by day z ne> to noon z possible2 because !n ! planet 0 highe/1 to say no?+ ( ! tak+ (f f its gl>e by ! m brilliant sky4 ,f c]ta9 d>k m>k+s ar\nd two bright spots ne> ! s\!rn cusp1 ( "o ( :i* spots ! detection dates f ! "t ( ,s*roet]1 & f a long1 d>k /reak /ret*+ !nce well d[n ! disk1 he conv9c$ himself t no su* p]iod z tw5ty-f\r h\rs c\ld possibly be correct1 inasmu* z :5ev] he look$1 ! m>k+s 7 always !re4 ,8 notes read1 8,same appe>ance z ye/]day10 day aft] day1 until he w\ld really h sav$ ink & p5man%ip _h he _h ! phrase cut into a die & /amp$4 ,he conclud$ t ! rotation 0 at lea/ six mon?s long1 & 0 probably syn*ron\s ) ! planet's "t ( revolution4 ,?is 0 9 #ahhi4 ,9 #ahie he became /ill m sure1 & %[$ h[ ! old] obs]vations 7 really compatible ) :at he _h f\nd4 ,9 #ahif ! subject 0 tak5 up at ,flag/aff4 ,v soon x became evid5t !re t m>k+s exi/$ on ! disk1 mo/ noticeable z f+]like /reaks po9t+ 9 f ! t]m9ator1 fa9t b unmi/akable f ! id5tity ( _! successive pres5tation4 ,s*roet]'s projection ne> ! s\? cusp 0 also cle>ly disc]nible z well z two o!rs1 "o 9 mid-t]m9ator1 "o ne> ! nor!rn cusp4 ,s*iap>elli's d>k m>k+s also came out1 develop+ into a sort ( coll> r\nd ! s\!rn pole4 ,o!r spots & /reaks also 7 disc]nible1 & all prov$ p]man5t 9 place4 ,by wat*+ !m assidu\sly x 0 possible to note t no *ange 9 position occurr$ 9 !m1 fir/ ?r\gh an int]val ( five h\rs1 !n ?r\gh "o ( days1 !n ( weeks4 ,c>e 0 tak5 to gu>d aga9/ illusion4 ,x ?us became evid5t t !y bore always ! same relation to ! illum9at$ portion ( ! disk4 ,?is illum9at$ "p1 !n1 nev] *ang$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! planet turn$ always ! same face to ! ,sun4 ,! fact lay beyond a d\bt1 ?\gh ( c\rse n beyond a d\bt]4#f #f ,mon?ly notices ,r4 ,a4 ,s41 ,m>*1 #ahig4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v5us4 ,,octob]1 #ahif--,,m>*1 #ahig--;,,draw+s ,,by ,,dr4 ,,l[ell4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v5us4 ,,april #ab1 #aiji1 #c;,h #bf,m--#d;,h #bb,m--,,by ,,dr4 ,,l[ell4 ,! ye>s t h pass$ s9ce ^! obs]vations 7 made h br\ght corroboration ( !m4 ,sev]al obs]v]s at ,flag/aff h se5 & drawn !m & add$ discov]ies ( _! own1 among :om are especially to be m5tion$1 ( ! obs]vatory /aff3 ,miss ,leon>d1 ,dr4 ,sliph]1 & ,mr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,sliph]4#g #g ,l[ell ,obs]vatory ,bullet9 #f4 ,9 "* ^! m>k+s 7 peculi> & di/9ctive4 ,9 addition to "s ( m ord9>y "* 7 a set ( spokelike /reaks :i* />t$ f ! planet's p]iph]y & ran inw>ds to a po9t n v di/ant f ! c5tre4 ,! spokes />t$ well-def9$ & broad at ! edge1 dw9dl+ & gr[+ fa9t] z !y proce$$1 requir+ ! be/ ( def9ition = _! foll[+ to _! c5tral hub4 ,! peculi> symmetry ?us display$1 a symmetry associat$ ) ! planet's sunrise & sunset l9e1 or1 /rictly speak+1 :at w\ld be su* did ! ,sun = ,v5us ev] rise or set1 w\ld seem inexplicable1 except = t v association4 ,:5 we reflect1 h[ev]1 ^u :at ?is means1 a v pot5t cause = !m becomes app>5t1 s pot5t t surprise is turn$ into appreciation t no?+ else c\ld well exi/4 ,t ,v5us turns on h] axis 9 ! same "t t %e revolves ab\t ! ,sun1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* %e turns always ! same face to him1 mu/ cause a /ate ( ?+s ( :i* we c =m b fa9t conception1 f any e>?ly analogy4 ,"o face bak$ = c\ntless ons1 & /ill bak+1 back$ by "o *ill$ by ev]la/+ night1 :ile bo? are /ill surr\nd$ by air1 mu/ produce indraughts f ! cold to ! hot side ( trem5d\s p[]4 ,a funnel-l rise mu/ take place 9 ! c5tre ( ! illum9at$ hemisph]e1 & ! p>tial vacuum ?us =m$ w\ld be fill$ by air drawn f its p]iph]y1 :i*1 9 its turn1 w\ld draw f ! regions ( ! night side4 ,su* w9ds w\ld sweep ! surface z !y ent]$1 becom+ less sup]ficial z !y advanc$1 & ! m>ks ( _! inru% might well be disc]nible ev5 at ! di/ance we are (f4 ,deltas ( su* inroad w\ld ?us seam ! b\nd+ circle ( light & %ade4 ,illu/ration3 ,i ,%[+ convection curr5ts 9 ! planet's atmosph]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ii ,%[+ %ift 9 c5tral b>ometric depression due to rotation ( ! planet affect+ ! w9ds4 ,,v5us4 ,ano!r result ( ! arial circulation w\ld be ! removal ( all moi/ure f ! sunw>d face1 & its deposit+ 9 ! =m ( ice ^u ! night "o4 ,= ! heat$ air w\ld be able to c>ry mu* wat] 9 susp5sion1 :i*1 on cool+1 aft] x _h rea*$ ! d>k hemisph]e w\ld unload x !re4 ,9 ! l[ temp]ature !re prevail+1 ?is moi/ure w\ld all be froz51 & s l>gely e/opp$ f return4 ,?is process cont9u+ = ages w\ld f9ally deplete "o side ( all its wat] to heap x up 9 ! =m ( ice ^u ! o!r4 ,n[ x is n a little odd t a ph5om5on has be5 obs]v$ ^u ,v5us :i* seems to display j ?is /ate ( ?+s4 ,_m obs]v]s h not$ an a%5 light on ! d>k side ( h] disk4 ,"s h tri$ to acc\nt = x z ,e>? %9e1 ! same e>?-reflect$ light t makes dimly visible ! old moon 9 ! new moon's arms4 ,b ! ,e>? is too f> away f ,v5us to p]mit ( any su* effect2 nor is !re any o!r body t c\ld ?us relieve its night4 ,b if ! night hemisph]e ( ,v5us be "o va/ pol> %eet1 we h !re a sub/ance able to mirror ! />s to a gho/like gleam :i* might be disc]nible ev5 f our di/ant po/4 ,illu/ration3 ,v5us ,rotation #bbe days4 ,?us :5 we reason ^u !m we see t ! peculi> m>k+s ( ! planet lose _! oddity1 becom+ ! v patt]n & prototype ( :at we %\ld expect to view4 ,int]pret$1 !y pres5t u ! picture ( a plight m pitiable ev5 ?an t ( ,m]cury4 ,= ! ne>ly p]fect circul>ity ( ,v5us' orbit prev5ts ev5 t slight *ange f ev]la/+ sam5ess :i* ! libration ( ,m]cury's af=ds4 ,to ,v5us ! ,sun /&s sub/antially /ock-/ill 9 ! sky1--a fact :i* mu/ prove highly reassur+ to ,ptolemaic a/ronom]s !re1 if !re be any /ill surviv+ f h] pa/4 ,no day1 no seasons1 practically no ye>1 div]sifies exi/5ce or records ! flight ( "t4 ,monotony et]naliz$1--su* is ,v5us' lot4 ,:at visual obs]vations h ?us discov]$ ( ! rotation "t ( ,v5us1 ) all t foll[s f x1 ! spectroscope at ,flag/aff has confirm$4 ,at ,dr4 ,sliph]'s h&s1 spectrograms ( ! planet h told ! same tale z ! m>k+s4 ,x 0 ) special ref]5ce to ?is po9t t ! spectrograph !re 0 con/ruct$1 & ! fir/ object to :i* x 0 direct$ 0 ,v5us4#h #h ,l[ell ,obs]vatory ,bullet9 ,no4 #c4 ,! planet's rotation "t 0 to be inve/igat$ by means ( ! motion x br\ght ab\t 9 ! l9e ( sight4 ,visual obs]vation1 telescopically1 reveals motion ?w>t-wise by ! displacem5t x produces 9 ! field ( view2 spectroscopic obs]vation discloses motion to or f ! obs]v] by ! %ift x causes 9 ! spectral l9es due to a /ret*+ or %ort5+ ( _! wave-l5g?s4 ,! spectroscope is an in/rum5t = analyz+ light4 ,ord9>y light consi/s ( light ( v>i\s wave-l5g?s4 ,by means ( a prism or grat+ ^! are disp]s$ into a color$ ribbon or b&1 ! long] waves ly+ at ! r$ end ( ! spectrum1 z ! ribbon is call$1 ! %ort] at ! violet4 ,n[ ! spectroscope is prim>ily su* a prism or grat+ plac$ betwe5 ! image & ! obs]v]1 by means ( :i* a s]ies ( color$ images ( ! object are produc$4 ,9 ord] t ^! may n ov]lap & s confuse "o ano!r1 ! light is all[$ to ent] ! prism only ?r\gh a n>r[ slit plac$ across ! telescopic image ( ! object to be exam9$4 ,?us successive images ( :at is conta9$ by ! slit are pres5t$ arrang$ accord+ to _! wave-l5g?s4 ,9 practice ! rays ( light f ! slit ent] a small telescope call$ ! collimator1 & are !re r5d]$ p>allel1 9 :i* condition !y fall ^u ! prism4 ,?is spreads !m out into ! spectrum & ano!r small telescope focusses !m1 ea* accord+ to its k9d1 into a spectral image b& :i* may !n be view$ by ! eye or caught ^u a photographic plate4 ,n[1 if an object be com+ t[>d ! obs]v]1 emitt+ or reflect+ light z x does s1 ea* wave-l5g? ( its spectrum w be %ort5$ 9 proportion to ! relative spe$ ( its approa* z comp>$ ) ! spe$ ( light1 because ea* new wave is giv5 out by s mu* ne>] ! obs]v] & 9 reflection ! body may also meet x4 ,rev]sely x w be l5g!n$ if ! object be rec$+ f ! obs]v] or he f x4 ,?is w\ld *ange ! color ( ! object 7 x n t :ile ea* hue moves into ! place ( ! next1 l ! gue/s at ,alice's tea-p>ty 9 ,wond]l&1 "s r$ rays pass (f ! visible spectrum1 b new violet rays come up f ! infraviolet & ! spectrum is z complete z be=e4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 9 all spectra are gaps :]e individual wave-l5g?s are absorb$ or omitt$1 & ^!1 ! l9es 9 ! spectrum1 tell ! tale ( %ift4 ,n[ if a body be rotat+1 "o side ( x w be approa*+ ! obs]v]1 :ile ! opposite side is rec$+ f him1 & if ! slit be plac$ p]p5dicul> to ! axis ab\t :i* ! sp9 takes place1 ea* spectral l9e w appe> n /raight across ! spectrum ( ! object1 b skew$1 ! approa*+ side be+ tilt$ to ! violet end1 ! rec$+ side to ! r$4 ,?is 0 to be ! proc$ure adopt$ = ! rotation ( ,v5us4 ,by plac+ ! slit p>allel to ! ecliptic1 or1 m prop]ly1 to ! orbit ( ,v5us1 :i* is practically ! same ?+1 x f\nd itself along :at we h reason to suppose ! equator ( ! planet4 ,ev5 a consid]able error on ?is po9t w\ld make little diff]5ce 9 ! rotational result4 ,9 ord] t !re might be no "q ( illusion or p]sonal bias1 photographs in/ead ( eye obs]vations ( ! spectrum 7 made4 ,= ref]5ce & *eck side by side ) t ( ,v5us 7 tak5 on ei!r h& ! spectra ( iron1 made by sp>k+ a tube conta9+ ! vapor ( t metal4 ,! vapor1 ( c\rse1 _h no motion ) reg>d to ! obs]v]1 & !re=e its spectral l9es c\ld h no tilt1 b mu/ repres5t motional v]ticality4 ,dr4 ,sliph] *ose 8 "t a/utely4 ,he select$ ! occasion :5 ,v5us 0 pass+ ?r\gh sup]ior conjunction1 or ! po9t 9 h] orbit z reg>ds u directly beyond ! sun4 ,at fir/ sight ?is might seem to be ! wor/ z well z ! mo/ impracticable ( epo*s1 inasmu* z ! planet is !n n only at h] f>!/ f ! ,e>?1 b 9 a l9e ) ! ,sun1 & s dr[n$ 9 8 gl>e4 ,b 9 po9t ( fact any tilt ( ! spectral l9es is !n1 ow+ to phase1 twice :at x is at elongation1 & exce$s /ill m :at x is :5 ,v5us has h] greate/ lu/re see ,,note #c4 ,9 8 purpose he 0 abett$ by ! ,flag/aff air1 :i* enabl$ ! planet to be spectrograph$ mu* ne>] ! sun ?an w\ld o!rwise h be5 ! case4 ,he ?us select$ ! be/ possible opportunity4 ,to gu>d aga9/ any subsequ5t bias on ! "p ( ! exam9] ( ! plates1 aft] ! spectroscope _h tak5 a plate x 0 !n rev]s$1 & ! process repeat$ on ano!r "o1 ! iron be+ sp>k$ z be=e4 ,:at _h be5 ! "r side ( ,v5us ) reg>d to ! r$ end ( ! spectrum ?us became ! left "o1 & vice v]sa4 ,9 ?is mann]1 :5 ! plates came to be measur$ = tilt1 ! measur] w\ld h no indication f ! spectrum itself :i* way ! l9es might be expect$ to tilt2 he c\ld1 !re=e1 n be influ5c$ ei!r consci\sly or unconsci\sly 9 8 decision4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spectrogram ,,( ,,v5us1 ,,%[+ ,,its ,,long ,,day--,v4 ,m4 ,,sliph]1 ,,l[ell ,,obs]vatory1 #aijc4 ,eight plates ) _! comp>ison f]ric spectra 7 ?us secur$2 f\r ) ! spectroscope direct1 f\r ) x rev]s$4 ,!y 7 !n %uffl$1 _! numb]s hidd51 & giv5 to ,dr4 ,sliph] to measure4 ,! spectral l9es told _! own /ory1 & )\t prompt+4 ,all ! plates agre$ )9 ! m>g9 ( error accordant ) _! possible precision1 a precision "s ?irty times t ( ,belopolski's exp]im5t on ! same l9es1--a result n d]ogatory ( t inve/igator1 b m]ely illu/rative ( sup]ior equipm5t4 ,!y %[$ conclusively t a rotation ( any?+ l tw5ty-f\r h\rs 0 out ( ! "q4 ,!y yield$1 inde$1 te/imony to a negative rotation ( ?ree mon?s1 :i*1 int]pret$1 means t s sl[ a sp9 z ?is 0 beyond _! p[] to precise4 ,= ,dr4 ,sliph] 0 at no less c>e to det]m9e j :at precision 0 possible 9 ! case1 al?\gh a spe$ correspond+ to a sp9 ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs on a globe ! size ( ,v5us is well kn[n to be spectroscopically measurable4 ,x w\ld mean a motion t[>d u ( "o ?\s& miles an h\r1 or ab\t a ?ird ( a mile a second4 ,! tilt occasion$ by ?is spe$ is well )9 ! spectroscope's ability to disclose4 ,n cont5t ) ?is1 h[ev]1 by two special inve/igations1 he prov$ ! spectroscope's actual limits ( p]=mance to be f> )9 ! quantity conc]n$4 ,"o ( !m 0 ! det]m9ation by ! same means & 9 l mann] ( ! rotation "t ( ,m>s1 ! l5g? ( t planet's day1 :i* 9 o!r ways we "k to ! hundr$? ( a second1 & :i* is #bd #cg #bc4ff ,n[ ,m>s (f]s a te/ ne>ly twice z difficult z ,v5us1 ev5 suppos+ ! app>5t disks ( ! two ! same1 because 8 diamet] be+ less 9 ! proportion r\ghly ( "o-half1 ! actual spe$ ( a p>ticle at 8 edge is less = ! same "t ( rotation 9 ! l proportion1 & x is only ) ! spe$ 9 miles1 n 9 angul> am\nt1 t ! spectroscope is conc]n$4 ,nev]!less1 :5 a l numb] ( plates 7 tri$ on him1 !y indicat$ on measurem5t a rotation "t )9 an h\r ( ! true4 ,?is corresponds to half an h\r on ,v5us4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t _h ,v5us' day be5 any:]e 9 ! neighborhood ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ,dr4 ,sliph]'s inve/igation w\ld h disclos$ x to )9 ?irty-"o m9utes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spectrogram ,,( ,,jupit]1 ,,giv+ ,,! ,,l5g? ,,( ,,its ,,day ,,by ,,! ,,tilt ,,( ,,its ,,spectral ,,l9es--,v4 ,m4 ,,sliph]1 ,,l[ell ,,obs]vatory4 ,?is result 0 fur!r borne out by a simil> te/ made by him ( ,jupit]4 ,inasmu* z ! diamet] ( ,jupit] is twelve times t ( ,v5us1 :ile ! rotation "t is #i #ej4d at ! equator1 ! precision atta9$ on ,v5us %\ld "h h be5 ab\t a m9ute4 ,& ?is is :at result$4 ,sliph] f\nd ! rotation "t spectrographically #i #ej1 or 9 accordance ) ! kn[n facts1 :ile previ\s det]m9ations ) ! spectroscope _h someh[ fall5 %ort ( x4 ,! c>e at ,flag/aff ) :i* ! possibility ( error 0 s\ght to be exclud$ 9 ?is inve/igation ( ! l5g? ( ,v5us' day & ! concordant precision 9 ! results are wor?y ( notice4 ,= x is by ?us be+ p>ticul> & sy/ematic t ! accuracy ( ! det]m9ations made !re1 9 o!r l9es besides ?is1 has be5 secur$4 ,9 size1 ,v5us ( all ! planets mo/ ne>ly approa*es ! ,e>?4 ,%e is #gfcj miles 9 diamet] to ! ,e>?'s #giah4 ,h] d5sity1 too1 is b j inf]ior to ours4 ,& %e /&s next u 9 place1 close/ 9 condition & con/itution 9 ! primal nebula4 ,yet 9 h] pres5t /ate %e c\ld h>dly be m div]se4 ,?is %[s u h[ dang]\s x is to dogmatize ^u :at c or _c be1 & h[ enlight5+ beyond expectation (t5 is prolong$ & sy/ematic /udy ( ! facts4 ,! next planet outw>d is our own abode4 ,x is "o ( :i* mo/ ( u ?9k we "k consid]able f exp]i5ce & yet ab\t :i* we (t5 reason cosmically s ill4 ,if we knew m1 we %\ld n deem ourselves ne>ly s unique4 ,= we really diff] f o!r memb]s ( our sy/em n m ?an !y d f "o ano!r4 ,mu* t appe>s to u fundam5tal is n s 9 fact4 ,?us _m ?+s :i* seem matt]s ( c\rse are m]ely accid5ts ( size & position4 ,our v day & night ^u :i* turn ! habits ( all animals &1 ev5 9 a measure1 ^? ( plants1 are1 z we h se51 n ! possession ( our ne>e/ ( cosmic k94 ,our seasons :i* bo? vegetally & vitally mean s mu* are abs5t next door4 ,& s ! li/ ( our globe's peculi> attributes might be run ?r\gh to ! f9d+ ( div]sity to our famili> ways at e turn4 ,b1 z we %all see lat]1 ^! diff]5ces f "o planet to ! next are n only n incompatible ) a c]ta9 on5ess ( ! :ole1 b actually help to make ! family relation%ip discov]able4 ,analogy alone is a dang]\s guide1 b analogy cross$ ) div]sity is ( all clews ! mo/ pregnant ( und]/&+4 ,! v fact t we c tell !m ap>t :5 we see !m toge!r1 z ! ,iri%man rem>k$ ( two bro!rs he 0 9 ! habit ( confus+1 po9ts to _! bro!rly relation4 ,proce$+ /ill fur!r1 we come to ,m>s at a mean di/ance ( "o hundr$ & =ty-"o million miles4 ,small] ?an ourselves1 8 diamet] is b a little ov] half ! ,e>?'s1 or =ty-two hundr$ miles1 8 mass "o-n9? ( ours1 & 8 d5sity ab\t sev5-t5?s z mu*4 ,"h1 aga91 b 9 a diff]5t way1 we f9d a planet unlike ourselves1 & we "k m ab\t him ?an ( any body outside ! ,e>? & ,moon4 ,s mu* ab\t him has be5 set =? else:]e t x is en\gh to m5tion "h t no oceans div]sify 8 surface1 no m\nta9s relieve x1 & b a ?9 air wraps x ab\t1--an air conta9+ wat]-vapor1 b s cle> t ! surface itself is almo/ nev] veil$ f view4 ,ab\t ! satellites ,m>s possesses1 ,deimos & ,phobos1 we may p]haps say a ^w1 z rec5t k conc]n+ !m exemplifies ! c>e n[ tak5 to su* asc]ta9m5t & ! importance ( consid]+ factors (t5 ov]look$4 ,soon aft] !y 7 discov]$ 9 #ahgg1 !y 7 measur$ photometrically1 ) ! result ( giv+ a diamet] ( six miles to ,deimos & "o ( sev5 miles to ,phobos1 & ^! values un*all5g$ ent]$ ! text-books4 ,:5 ! satellites came to be critically consid]$ at ,flag/aff1 x 0 f\nd t ^! det]m9ations 7 m>k$ly 9 error1 ,phobos be+ v mu* ! l>g] ( ! two1 ! actual values rea*+ ne>] t5 miles = ,deimos & ?irty-six = ,phobos4 ,9 gett+ ! ,flag/aff values1 ! size to ! eye ( ! satellite 0 correct$ = ! backgr\nd ^u :i* x %one2 = ! backgr\nd is all-important to ! brilliancy ( a />4 ,9 ! case ( a small /> ne> a planet1 ! swamp+ gl>e ( ! planet is some?+ l ! inv]se cube ( its di/ance away4 ,fur!rmore1 ! ,flag/aff obs]vations indicat$ h[ ! previ\s error _h crept 94 ,= be=e correction = ! diff]+ brilliancies ( ! field ( view1 ! app>5t size ( ! satellites judg$ by conspicu\sness 0 ab\t six to sev54 ,! photometric values mu/ h be5 tak5 j z !y came out1 no correction app>5tly hav+ be5 made = ! backgr\nd4 ,n[ ! backgr\nd is a fundam5tal factor 9 all photometric det]m9ations1 a factor some:at too important 9 ?is case to neglect1 s9ce x affect$ ! result #bejj p] c5t4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,out] ,,planets ,beyond ,m>s lies ! doma9 ( ! a/]oids1 a doma9 va/ 9 ext5t1 t1 unt5ant$ by any l>ge planet1 /ret*es out to ,jupit]4 ,occupi$ solely by a ho/ ( little bodies agree+ only 9 lack ( size1 ev5 ?is space seems too small to conta9 !m1 = rec5t rese>* has %[n "s transgress+ its b\nds4 ,"o1 ,eros1 discov]$ by ,de ,witt1 m ?an tr5*es on ,m>s' t]ritory1 hav+ an orbit small] ?an t ( ! god ( w>1 & may be consid]$ p]haps ! =]unn] ( m yet to be f\nd betwe5 ,m>s & ! ,e>?4 ,on ! o!r side1 ?ree rec5tly detect$ by ,max ,wolf at ,heidelb]g h p]iods equal to t ( ,jupit]1 & 9 _! motions appe> to exemplify an int]e/+ case ( cele/ial me*anics po9t$ out !oretically by ,lagrange long be=e its corroboration 9 fact 0 s mu* z dreamt4 ,a*illes1 ,patroclus1 & ,hector1 z ! triad are call$1 s move z always to keep _! angul> di/ance f ,jupit] unalt]$ 9 _! simil> circuits ( ! ,sun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,orbits ,,( ,,! ,,out] ,,planets4 ,be=e consid]+ ^! bodies individually1 we may well look ^u !m en bloc1 inasmu* z "o attribute ( ! a/]oids conc]ns !m g5]ically r ?an specifically1 & is ( great int]e/ bo? f a me*anical & an hi/orical po9t ( view4 ,=1 9 fact1 x is :at l$ to _! discov]y4 ,titius ( ,witt5burg1 ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 notic$ a curi\s relation betwe5 ! di/ances f ! ,sun ( ! !n kn[n planets4 ,x consi/$ 9 a sort ( regul> progression1 b ) "o significant gap4 ,bode 0 s /ruck by ! gap t he peopl$ x ) a suppos$ planet1 & s br\ght ! relation into g5]al reg>d 9 #aggb4 ,9 consequ5ce1 x usually be>s 8 "n4 ,x is ?is3 if we take ! geometrical s]ies1 #c1 #f1 #ab1 #bd1 #dh1 #if & add #d to ea* t]m1 we %all repres5t to a fair degree ( precision ! di/ances ( ! sev]al planets1 beg9n+ ) ,m]cury at #d & end+ ) ,saturn at #ajj1 :i* 0 ! out]mo/ planet !n kn[n4 ,all ! t]ms 7 repres5t$ except #bd #d1 or #bh--;a gap ly+ betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]4 ,:5 ,uranus 0 discov]$ by ,sir ,william ,h]s*el 9 #agha & 0 f\nd to be travell+ at :at correspond$ to ! next out] t]m #aib #d1 or #aif1 ! op9ion became q g5]al t ! s]ies repres5t$ a real law & t #bh mu/ be occupi$ by a planet4 ,von ,za* actually calculat$ :at he call$ its analogical elem5ts1 & f9ally got up 9 #ahjj a company to look = x :i* he jocul>ly describ$ z 8 cele/ial police4 ,consid]+ t ,bode's law is n a law at all1 b a curi\s co9cid5ce1 z ,gauss e>ly %[$ 9 its lack ( precision & 9 its failure to m>k ! place ( ,m]cury ) any approa* to accuracy1 & z ! discov]y ( ,neptune amply bore out1 x 0 p]haps j 9 fate t ! honor ( fill+ ! gap did n fall to any ( ! 8cele/ial police10 b to an ,italian a/ronom]1 ,piazzi1 at ! "t engag$ on a new /> *>t4 ,an illness ( ,piazzi caus$ x to be lo/ almo/ z soon z f\nd4 ,9 ?is plight an appeal 0 made to ! rem>kable ,gauss1 j />t+ on 8 c>e]4 ,gauss und]took ! problem & devis$ =mul by :i* its place 0 pr$ict$ & ! planet itself recov]$4 ,x prov$ to fit admirably ! gap4 ,b x _h h>dly be5 recov]$ be=e ano!r planet turn$ up equally fill+ ! conditions4 ,c]es1 ! fir/1 lay at #bf4fg a/ronomical units f ! ,sun2 ,pallas1 ! second1 at #bg4gb4 ,two claimants 7 "o too _m4 ,b ! inv5tive g5ius ( ,olb]s came to ! rescue4 ,by a bold hypo!sis he sugge/$ t s9ce two _h appe>$ :]e only "o 0 want$1 bo? mu/ orig9ally h =m$ p>ts ( a s+le explod$ planet4 ,he pr$ict$ t o!rs w\ld be detect$ by wat*+ ! place :]e ! explosion _h occurr$1 to wit3 :]e ! orbits ( ,c]es & ,pallas ne>ly int]sect$ 9 ! signs ( ! ,virg9 & ! ,:ale4 ,= 9 ! case ( an explosion ! v>i\s p>ts1 unless p]turb$1 mu/ all return 9 "t to ! sc5e ( ! cata/rophe4 ,by foll[+ 8 precept1 two m 7 9 fact detect$ 9 ! next two ye>s1 ,juno & ,ve/a4 ,8 hypo!sis seem$ to be confirm$4 ,no new planets 7 discov]$1 & ! old fulfill$ fairly :at 0 requir$ ( !m4 ,lagrange on calculation gave x 8 ma!matical ass5t4 ,nev]!less1 x 0 incorrect1 z ev5ts ev5tually %[$1 ?\gh = =ty ye>s x slept 9 peace1 no new a/]oids be+ f\nd4 ,we n[ "k t ?is 0 because ! re/ 7 all mu* small]1 & = su* nobody look$4 ,x 0 n till #ahde t ,h5cke1 an ex-po/ma/] ( ,driess5 9 ,prussia1 aft] fifte5 ye>s ( se>* detect$ ano!r1 ,a/ra1 ( ! #aa? magnitude4 ,aft] ?is discov]ies ( !m came on apace1 until n[ m ?an six hundr$ are kn[n1 & _! real numb] seems to be legion4 ,b ^? discov]$ are small] ea* ye> on ! av]age1 %[+ t ! l>g] h already be5 f\nd4 ,_! orbits are su* t !y _c possibly ev] h all =m$ "p ( a pri/9e :ole4 ,! idea1 n ! body1 0 explod$4 ,= !y are n[ recogniz$ z hav+ always be5 mu* z !y are to-day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,a/]oids4 ,,major ,,axes ,,( ,,orbits4 ,!y prove to be ?icke/ at ne>ly ! po9t :]e ,bode's law requir$1 ! spot :]e ,c]es & ,pallas 7 f\nd4 ,! mean ( _! di/ances is less1 be+ #b4fe in/ead ( #b4h a/ronomical units1 probably simply because ! ne>] ones are easi] discov]$4 ,! fact t !y are clu/]$ mo/ ?ickly j inside #b4h a/ronomical units implies t !re ( all po9ts )9 ! space betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit] a planet w\ld h =m$ if x c\ld4 ,a def9ite reason exi/s = its failure to d s--,jupit]'s di/urb+ pres5ce4 ,?r\gh\t ?is :ole region ,jupit]'s influ5ce is great2 s great t 8 scatt]+ effect ^u ! p>ticles exce$s _! own t5d5cy to come toge!r4 ,we see ?is 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! orbits4 ,if we plot ! orbits ( ! a/]oids1 we %all be /ruck by ! em]g5ce ( c]ta9 blanks 9 ! ribbon repres5t+ sections ( _! pa?4 ,x is ! wo( ( a plaid ( ,jupit]'s weav+4 ,! gaps are :]e a/]oids revolv+ ab\t ! ,sun w\ld h p]iods comm5surate ) 81 _/1 _/1 _/1 _/1 & ! l4 ,su* bodies w\ld return aft] a few revolutions1 five ( !irs1 = in/ance1 to ,jupit]'s two1 into ! same configurations ) him at ! same po9ts ( _! orbits4 ,?us ! same p]turbation w\ld be repeat$ ov] & ov] aga9 until ! a/]oid's pa? 0 s *ang$ t comm5surability ceas$ to exi/4 ,& x w\ld be long be=e p]turbation br\ght x back aga94 ,?us ! orbits are con/antly sw++ out & 91 all ( !m )9 c]ta9 limits1 b ^? are mo/ di/urb$ :i* syn*ronize ) 84 ,9 ?is mann] he has fa%ion$ _! arrangem5t & ev5 prev5t$ any l>ge planet f =m+ 9 ! gap4 ,su* re/rictive action is n only at "w to-day 9 ! di/ribution ( ! a/]oids & 9 ! p>titions ( ,saturn's r+1 b x mu/ h op]at$ /ill m 9 ! pa/ :ile ! sy/em 0 =m+4 ,to ,pr(essor ,milham ( ,william/[n is due ! brilliant sugge/ion t ?is 0 ! =ce t fa%ion$ ! planet>y orbits4 ,= a planet once giv5 (f f a c5tral mass w\ld ex]cise a prohibitive action ^u any planet try+ to =m )94 ,9 c]ta9 places x w\ld n all[ x to collect at all4 ,! evolution ( ! sol> family w\ld resemble t ( "s human ones 9 :i* ea* *ild br+s up ! next 9 turn4 ,s t ! planet>y sy/em made itself1 z reg>ds position1 a /eadily accumulative set ( prohibitions comb9+ to leave only c]ta9 places t5antable4 ,9 ?is mann] we may p]haps be br\ght back to ,bode's law z repres5t+ )9 a c]ta9 degree ( approximation a true me*anical result1 al?\gh no su* exact relation z ! law dem&s exi/s4 ,t a relation seem+ly close to x is necessitat$ by ! sev]al successive inhibitions ( ea* planet ^u ! next to =m1 is q possible4 ,"o o!r g5]al trait ab\t _! orbits is wor? animadv]sion4 ,9 spite ( be+ ecc5tric & incl9$1 !y are all trav]s$ 9 ! same s5se4 ,e "o ( ! a/]oids travels direct l ! l>g] planets4 ,9 ?is !y diff] f comet>y pa?s1 :i* are z (t5 retrograde z direct4 ,?us 9 m ways ?an "o !y hold a mid-c\rse 9 regul>ity betwe5 ! /eady1 ev5 "* ( ! planets prop] & :at 0 = long deem$ ! erratic behavior ( ! comet>y class ( cosmic bodies4 ,v tell+ ?is fact w be f\nd ) reg>d to ! g5esis ( ! sol> family1 z we %all see lat]4 ,) reg>d n[ to _! m individual *>act]i/ics1 ! a/]oids may be said to agree 9 "o po9t--_! div]sity1 n only to all ! l>g] memb]s ( ! sol> family1 b to "o ano!r4 ,= !y travel 9 orbits rang+ 9 ellipticity all ! way f su* z ne>ly approa* circles to ellipses ( comet>y ecc5tricity4 ,!y voyage1 too1 )\t reg>d to ! dynamical plane ( ! sy/em1 or1 :at is close to x1 ! ecliptic2 dep>t+ f ! g5]al level (t5 #cj &1 9 "o in/ance1 t ( ! little planet dubb$ ,w4 ,d41 by z mu* z #dh4 ,?is ecc5tricity & incl9ation put !m 9 a class by !mselves4 ,x is associat$ & unque/ionably connect$ me*anically ) ano!r trait :i* likewise di/+ui%es !m f ! planets m p>ticul>ly call$--_! dim9utive size4 ,only f\r--,ve/a1 ,c]es1 ,pallas1 & ,juno--out ( ! six hundr$ odd n[ kn[n exce$ a hundr$ miles 9 diamet]1 & ! great] numb] are h>dly ov] t5 or tw5ty miles across4 ,v t9y worlds inde$ !y w\ld seem1 c\ld we get ne> en\gh to !m to disc]n _! =ms & features4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 reason+ on c]ta9 light *anges !y exhibit has enabl$ u to div9e some?+ ( _! %apes1 & ev5 "*4 ,?us x 0 soon p]ceiv$ t ,eros fluctuat$ 9 ! light he s5t u1 be+ at times mu* bright] ?an at o!rs4 ,9 ,febru>y & ,m>*1 #aija1 ! *anges 7 su* t _! maximum exce$$ ?ree times _! m9imum two h\rs & a half lat]4 ,!n 9 ,may ! v>iation vani%$4 ,m ?an "o explanation has be5 put =w>d1 b ! be/ s f>1 because ! mo/ simple1 is t ! body is n a sph]e b a jagg$ mass1 a m\nta9 alone 9 space1 & t z x turns ^u its axis fir/ "o corn] & !n ano!r is pres5t$ to our view or ?r[s a %ade ^u its neighbor4 ,:5 ! pole directly faces u1 no great *ange occurs1 especially if x also ne>ly faces ! ,sun4 ,yet ev5 ?is fails to expla9 all its vag>ies4 ,eros is n alone 9 ?us exhibit+ v>iation4 ,sirona1 ,h]?a1 & ,t]cid9a h also %[n p]iodic v>iability1 & x is suspect$ 9 o!rs4 ,inde$1 x w\ld be surpris+ did !y n %[ *ange4 ,= !y are too small to h drawn _! cont5ts into symmetry1 & s rema9 z !y 7 :5 laun*$ 9 space4 ,mammo? meteorites !y und\bt$ly are4 ,) ! a/]oids we leave ! inn] half ( ! ,sun's ret9ue & pass to ! out]4 ,inde$1 ! a/]oids n only m>k 9 place ! transition b\nd betwe5 ! two1 b /amp x su* me*anically4 ,9 _! own p]sons !y witness t no l>ge body 0 "h all[$ to =m4 ,! culm9ation ( coalition 0 rea*$ 9 ,jupit]1 & t v acme ( accretion prev5t$ ?r\gh a long di/ance any o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,draw+ ,,( ,,jupit] ,,by ,,dr4 ,,l[ell4 ,,april #ab1 #aijg4 ,9 bulk1 ! major planets comp>$ ) ! inn] or t]re/rial ones =m a class ap>t2 & among ! major ,jupit] is by all odds fir/4 ,8 mass is #cah times ! ,e>?'s & 8 volume ne>ly #adjj times h]s4 ,f ?is x appe>s t 8 d5sity is v mu* less4 ,inde$1 8 sub/ance is only fractionally d5s] ?an wat]4 ,?is & its trem5d\s sp91 c>ry+ a po9t at its equator two hundr$ & eighty ?\s& miles r\nd 9 less ?an t5 h\rs1 flatt5 x to a v m>k$ oval ) an ellipticity ( #a_/ae4e4 ,n ! lea/ beautiful ( ! revelations ( a/ronomy are ! geometrical %apes ( ! heav5ly bodies1 proce$+ f ne>ly p]fect sph]es l ! ,sun or ,moon to m>k$ sph]oids l ,jupit] or ,saturn4 ,s enorm\s are ! masses & ! =ces conc]n$ t ! =ms assum$ "u !m are me*anically regul>4 ,!y are ! visible expression ( gravitation1 & s delight ! bra9 :ile !y satisfy ! eye4 ,x is to appreciation ( ! detail visible on ,jupit]'s disk t mod]n advance 9 ! /udy ( ! planet is indebt$4 ,exam9ation has %[n its features to be ( great int]e/4 ,to ,mr4 ,/anley ,williams ( ,brighton1 ,engl&1 mu* ( our k is due1 & ,mr4 ,scriv5 ,bolton has also made "s int]e/+ contributions4 ,! big pr9t ( ! subject1 read long ago1 is t ! planet's disk is noticeably b&$ by d>k belts4 ,two *>act]i/ics ( ^! belts are important4 ,"o is t !y exhibit a regul> secul> progression ) ! lapse ( ye>s1 ! s\? tropical belt be+ broad] & m sali5t = _m ye>s 9 succession1 & !n gradually fad+ out :ile ! nor!rn "o increases 9 prom95ce4 ,x has be5 suspect$ t ! rhy?m ( _! *ange is connect$ ) t ( sun spots4 ,! second is t ! belts d n pres]ve 9 _! sev]al features ! same relation 9 longitude t[>d "o ano!r4 ,!y all rotate1 b at diff]5t spe$s4 ,!re c\ld be no bett] pro( t ,jupit] is no solid1 b a see?+ mass ( heavy vapors boil+ l a caldron4 ,temp]$ by di/ance we c =m b a fa9t idea ( ! turmoil !re go+ on4 ,fur!r indication ( x is furni%$ by its gl[4 ,= all ! d>k belts are a beautiful *]ry r$1 a t9t ext5d+ ev5 to ! d>ki% hoods ov] ! planet's caps4 ,?is hue comes out well 9 good see+1 & be/1 z ) all planet>y m>k+s1 9 twilight1 n at night1 because ! excessive brightness ( ! disk is !n tak5 (f1 prev5t+ ! colors f be+ swamp$4 ,?is br+s u to ! planet's alb$o1 :i* ,mll] at ,potsdam has f\nd to be #ge p] c5t4 ,n[ ! int]e/ atta*+ to ?is det]m9ation is tw(old1 t x bespeaks cl\d & t x seems to imply some?+ else4 ,! alb$o ( cl\d is #gb p] c5t ( absolute :it5ess4 ,:at looks l cl\d1 !n1 is su*1 on t di/ant disk4 ,b ,jupit] surpasses cl\d 9 lu/re1 s9ce 8 alb$o exce$s #gb p] c5t4 ,yet a l>ge "p ( 8 surface is /rik+ly d>k] ?an t4 ,! inf]5ce f ?is is t he %9es by intr9sic light1 9 "p at lea/4 ,! fact may n be /at$ dogmatically1 z !re is no a/ronomic det]m9ation s unc]ta9 z ?is "o ( det]m9+ alb$oes1 & !re=e ,h]r ,mll]'s results mu/ be accept$ ) e res]ve1 b !y sugge/ t ,jupit] is /ill a semi-sun1 to be recogniz$ z su* by light z well z heat1 ?\gh 8 self-lum9osity1 if x exi/ at all1 c h>dly exce$ a dull r$ gl[4 ,illu/ration3 ,i4 ,,jupit] ,,& ,,its ,,wisps4--,a ,,draw+ ,,by ,,dr4 ,,l[ell1 ,,april #aa1 #aijg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ii4 ,,jupit] ,,& ,,its ,,wisps4--,a ,,draw+ ,,by ,,dr4 ,,l[ell1 ,,april #aa1 #aijg4 ,illu/ration3 ,s4 ,n4 ,,photograph ,,( ,,jupit]1 #aiji4 ,p4 ,l4 ,a mod]n detection on ,jupit]'s disk has be5 t ( wisps or lac+s across ! bright equatorial belt1 a detail ( importance due to ,mr4 ,scriv5 ,bolton4 ,reque/$ to look = !m1 ! obs]vatory at ,flag/aff 0 n long 9 corroborat+ ?is int]e/+ ph5om5on4 ,! peculi>ity ab\t !m po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,bolton is t !y trav]se ! belt at an angle ( ab\t #de to ! v]tical1 proce$+ f c>et-%ap$ d>k spots project+ into ! bright belt f ! d>k ones on ei!r side4 ,!y exi/ all r\nd ! equator & are f\nd indiff]5tly dextr\s or s9i/]--sometimes v]tical4 ,= !re are o!rs t g /raight across4 ,nor are !y conf9$ to ! bright equatorial belt1 b are to be se5 trav]s+ all ( ! bright belts bo? nor? or s\? up to ! pol> hoods4 ,f its sombr5ess x seems t we are "h reg>d+ a ph5om5on 9 ! negative2 rem>k+ x by :at x has left beh9d1 n by :at x has accompli%$4 ,= ! wisps are n wisps ( cl\d1 s9ce !y are d>k1 n light1 b gaps /rung out 9 ! cl\ds !mselves4 ,rec5tly photographs ( ,jupit] h be5 secur$ at ,flag/aff1 by ! new me?ods !re ( planet>y photography1 %[+ a surpris+ am\nt ( detail4 ,! wisps come out ) c]ta9ty1 & ! :ite spots1 :i* are su* a curi\s feature ( ! disk1 h also left _! impress on ! plate4 ,n ! lea/ ( ! s]vices ?us r5d]$ by ! cam]a is ! accurate position+ ( ! belts made possible by x4 ,micrometric measures are all v well :5 no?+ bett] is atta9able1 b any "o :o has made su* ^u a planet's disk sw++ l a lant]n 9 ! field ( view "u a v>iety ( causes in/rum5tal & optical1 kn[s h[ encumb]$ !y inevitably are ) error4 ,to h ! disk caught & fix$ on a plate :]e x may be measur$ at leisure & z (t5 z "o likes1 is a di/9ct advance t[>d fundam5tal accuracy4 ,measures ?us effect$ ^u ! ,jupit] images ( #aiji prov$ ! bright equatorial belt to lie exactly ^u ! planet's equator :5 all[ance 0 made = ! tilt ( ! planet's axis t[>d ! ,e>?4 ,?is %[$ t ! aspect ( ! planet t[>d ! ,sun _h no effect ^u ! position ( ! belt4 ,jupit]'s cl\d =mation1 !re=e1 is n dep5d5t1 z all ours are1 ^u ! sol> heat4 ,a l indiff]5ce to sol> action is exhibit$ 9 ! utt] oblivi\sness ( ! belts to day or night4 ,to !m d>kness & light are nugatory alike4 ,!y reappe> r\nd ! sunrise edge ( ! disk j z !y left x :5 !y sank f sight r\nd ! sunset "o1 & !y m>* across its sunlit face )\t s mu* z a flick] on _! features4 ,yet ?is seem+ immobility f mom5t to mom5t takes place 9 :at is really a see?+ furnace1 ! fi]y gl[ ( :i* we cat* bel[ ! va/ ebullition ( cl\d 9 ! *]ry hue ( its d>k] portions4 ,di/ance has m]g$ ! turmoil into ! semblance ( quiesc5ce & left only its l>g] secul> *anges to %[4 ,ev5 s ! ,colorado ,riv] f ! br9k ( ! ,gr& ,caon is se5 app>5tly at re/1 ! bill[s ( its rapids s /]eotyp$ to /ability "o takes ! rippl$ s& bank = ! riv] & ! bill[s ( ! riv] = ! ripple m>ks ( its banks4 ,at twice ! di/ance ( ,jupit] we cross ! orbit ( ,saturn4 ,"h ! r+$ planet1 ) an annual sweep ( tw5ty-n9e & a half ( our ye>s1 pursues 8 maje/ic circuit ( ! ,sun4 ,diadem$ ) ?ree or m circlets ( light & diamond$ by t5 satellites1 he rivals 9 8 cortge t ( 8 own "l4 ,9 "s ways 8 surpasses ! ,sun's4 ,= c]ta9ly 8 ret9ue is ! m spectacul> ( ! two2 ! m s t x is mu* ( x fairly compris$ )9 a s+le glance4 ,v impressive ,saturn is z1 att5d$ ?us1 he sails into ! field ( view4 ,illu/ration3 ,,saturn--,a ,,draw+ ,,by ,,dr4 ,,l[ell1 ,,%[+ ,,agglom]ations4 ,9 our survey we may be/ beg9 ) 8 globe4 ,if ,jupit]'s compression is /rik+1 ,saturn's is positively />tl+ :5 well display$4 ,?is happ5s b at r>e int]vals4 ,z ! plane ( 8 equator is almo/ exactly t ( ! r+s1 ! flatt5+ is conspicu\s only on ^? occasions :5 ! r+s disappe> because _! plane passes ?r\gh ! l9e ( sight4 ,se5 at su* times ! effect ( ! discr[n$ orb is s /range z to sugge/ delusion4 ,?is occurr$ two ye>s ago 9 #aijg1 & :5 ! planet 0 pick$ up by its position & ent]$ ! field unh]ald$ by its di/9ctive app5dage1 x 0 almo/ impossible to believe !re _h n be5 "s mi/ake & a c>icatur$ ,jupit] _h tak5 its place4 ,= ! flatt5+ outdoes t ( ,jupit] z #c to #b1 be+ ( ! equatorial diamet]4 ,su* a bulg+ almo/ sugge/s disruption & is due to ! extreme lightness ( ! planet's sub/ance1 :i* is actually only #j4gb ( t ( wat]4 ,l ,jupit]1 ! disk exhibits belts1 ?\gh v mu* fa9t]1 &1 l 81 ^! are ( a *]ry r$4 ,z ! planet's alb$o is ev5 great]1 #j4gh ( absolute :it5ess1 z d$uc$ f ,h4 ,/ruve's measures ( ! diamet]1 ! same suspicion ( %9+1 at lea/ 9 "p1 f inh]5t light1 applies equally to him4 ,b x is practically c]ta9 t 9 nei!r case does ?is light equal t ( ! planet's cl\ds1 or add any?+ to !m4 ,bo? planets are r$-hot1 n :ite-hot4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! alb$o dep5ds ^u t ( ! diamet]1 & an increase 9 ! latt] w\ld l[] ! alb$o to t ( cl\d4 ,8 mo/ unique possession are 8 r+s4 ,broad1 yet t5u\s1 !y weigh next to no?+1 be+1 z ,/ruve has dubb$ !m1 8,immat]ial light40 ,nev]!less1 x is n _! lightness b _! make-up t prev5ts f ly+ uneasy ! head t we>s ?is cr[n4 ,! me*anical m>vel 0 n appreciat$ by e>ly a/ronom]s1 :o took x = grant$ t !y 7 :at !y seem$1 solid1 flat r+s1 all ( a piece4 ,ev5 ,laplace consid]$ x suffici5t to divide !m up conc5trically to insure /ability4 ,to ,ed\>d ,ro*e ( ,montpelli]1 z retir+ly mode/ z he 0 p5etrat+ly pr(\nd1 is due ! ma!matical detection t to subsi/ !y mu/ be compos$ ( discrete p>ticles1--brickbats1 ,cl]k ,maxwell call$ !m1 :51 lat]1 unaw>e ( ,ro*e's "w1 he prov$ indep5d5tly ! same ?+ 9 8 essay on ,saturn's r+s4 ,peirce1 too1 9 ignorance ( ,ro*e1 _h half tak5 ! same /ep a little be=e1 %[+ t !y mu/ at lea/ be fluid4 ,!n 9 #ahie ,keel] +5i\sly photograph$ ! spectrum ( bo? ball & r+s to ! reveal+ ( velocities 9 ! l9e ( sight ( ! diff]5t portions ( ! spectrum exactly agree+ ) ! values me*anics dem&$4 ,! r+s h usually be5 consid]$ to be flat4 ,at ! "t ( _! disappe>ance1 h[ev]1 knots h be5 se5 ^u !m4 ,x is z if _! filam5t _h sudd5ly be5 /rung ) beads4 ,at ! la/ occurr5ce ( ! sort 9 #aijg1 ^! beads 7 p>ticul>ly well se5 at sev]al obs]vatories1 & 7 critically /udi$ at ,flag/aff4 ,9 connection ) a new ph5om5on detect$ !re1 t ( a d>k core 9 ! %ad[ ! r+s ?rew across ! planet's face1 an explanation sugge/$ itself to acc\nt = bo? !m & x3 to wit1 t ! r+s 7 n really flat1 b tores2 r+s1 t is1 l an an*or r+1 any cross-section ( :i* w\ld be ( ! nature ( an oval flatt5$ on its inn] side4 ,! cog5cy ( ! explanation consi/$ 9 its solution n only ( ! appe>ances b ( ! cause compet5t to br+ ^? appe>ances ab\t4 ,= measurem5t %[$ t ! knots 7 p]man5t 9 position1 :i*1 s9ce ! r+ revolv$1 indicat$ t !y ext5d$ all r\nd x 9 spite ( _! n seem+ to d s1 & t _! di/ances f ,saturn 7 j :at ?is cause %\ld produce4 ,! action obs]v$ 0 a coroll>y f ! important pr9ciple ( comm5surability ( orbital p]iod4 ,z we saw 9 ! case ( ! a/]oids1 if two bodies be travell+ r\nd a ?ird & _! respective p]iods ( revolution be comm5surate1 !y w con/antly meet "o ano!r 9 su* a mann] t great p]turbation w ensue & ! bodies be ?r[n out ( comm5surability ( p]iod4 ,:at has happ5$ to ! a/]oids has likewise occurr$ 9 ,saturn's r+s4 ,! di/urb] 9 ?is case has be51 n ,jupit]1 z ) !m1 b "o or o!r ( ,saturn's own satellites4 ,= :5 we calculate ! problem1 we f9d t ,mimas1 ,enceladus1 & ,te?ys h p]iods exactly comm5surate ) ! divisions ( ! r+s2 9 o!r words1 ^! ?ree inn] satellites1 ^: action because ( proximity is ! greate/1 h fa%ion$ ! r+s into ! ?ree p>ts we "k1 call$ ,a1 ! out]mo/2 ,b1 ! middle "o2 & ,c1 ! crpe r+1 ne>e/ to ! body ( ! planet4 ,mimas has be5 ! *ief actor1 ?\gh help$ by ! two o!rs1 :ile ,enceladus has fur!r subdivid$ r+ ,a by :at is kn[n z ,encke's division4 ,su* has be5 ! *ief action ( ! satellites on ! r+s3 x has made !m into ! sy/em we see4 ,b if we consid] ! matt]1 we %all realize t a second>y result mu/ h ensu$--:5 we rememb] t ! p>ticles compos+ ! r+s mu/ be v cr[d$ = ! r+s to %[ z bright z !y d1 & also t1 ?\gh relatively ?91 ! r+s are nev]!less "s eighty miles ?r\gh4 ,n[ x is evid5t t any di/urbance 9 s closely pack$ a sy/em ( small bodies z t con/itut+ ,saturn's r+s mu/ result 9 collisions betwe5 ! bodies conc]n$4 ,p>ticles pull$ out or 9 mu/ come 9 contact ) o!rs pursu+ _! own pa?s1 & z at ea* collision "s en]gy is lo/ by ! bl[1 a g5]al fall+ 9 t[>d ! planet results4 ,at ! same "t1 z ! bl[ w n usually be exactly 9 ! plane 9 :i* ei!r p>ticle 0 previ\sly mov+1 bo? w be ?r[n m or less out ( ! g5]al plane ( _! fell[s1 & ! r+ at t po9t1 ev5 if orig9ally flat1 w n rema9 s4 ,= ! r+1 ?\gh v n>r[ relatively1 has a real ?ickness1 q suffici5t = slantwise collision1 if ! bodies imp+e4 ,illu/ration3 ,saturn's ,r+s4 ,novemb] #aijg4 ,n[ ! knots or beads on ! r+s appe>$ exactly inside ! po9ts :]e ! satellites' di/urb+ action is greate/1 or1 9 o!r words1 9 precisely _! !oretic place4 ,we c h>dly d\bt t su*1 !n1 0 _! orig94#i #i ,pap] by ! writ] 9 ! ,phil4 ,mag41 ,april1 #aijh4 ,! result mu/ be gradually to =ce ! p>ticles z a rule ne>] ! planet1 until !y fall ^u its surface1 :ile a few are =c$ out to :]e !y may coalesce into a satellite1--a result =ese5 long ago by ,maxwell4 ,x is ?is process :i* 9 ! knots we are actually witness+ take place1 & :i*1 l ! corona ab\t ! eclips$ ,sun1 only comes out to view :5 ! oblit]at+ brightness ( ! ma9 body ( ! r+s is )drawn by _! edgewise pres5tation4 ,! reason ! out-(-plane p>ticles are mo/ num]\s j inside ! po9t ( di/urbance is n only t !re ! action ?r[+ !m out is mo/ viol5t1 b t all ! "t a levell+ action q ap>t f di/urbance is all ! "t t5d+ to r$uce !m aga9 to "o plane1 z we %all see fur!r on :5 we come to ! me*anical =ces at "w4 ,?us ! tore is mo/ pron\nc$ on its out] edge1 & falls to a uni=m level at its inn] b\nd>y4 ,! effect is some:at z repres5t$ 9 ! adjo9+ cut1 9 :i* ! v]tical scale is greatly magnifi$3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,tores ,,( ,,saturn4 ,n drawn to scale4 ,) ,saturn end$ ! b\nds ( ! sol> sy/em z kn[n to ! civiliz$ _w until #agha4 ,on ,m>* #ac ( t ye> ,sir ,william ,h]s*el 9 "o ( 8 telescopic voyages ?r\gh space came ^u a /range object :i* he at once saw 0 n a />1 because ( its v p]ceptible r\nd disk1 & :i* he !re=e took = a peculi> k9d ( comet4 ,ne>ly a ye> roll$ by be=e ,lexell %[$ by calculation ( its motion t x 0 no comet1 b und\bt$ly a new planet beyond ,saturn travell+ at almo/ twice t body's mean di/ance f ! ,sun4 ,by reckon+ backw>d1 x 0 f\nd to h be5 se5 & mapp$ sev]al times z a />1--no less ?an twelve times by ,lemonni] alone1--& yet its planet>y "* _h slipp$ ?r\gh 8 f+]s4 ,x c ev5 be se5 ) ! nak$ eye z a /> ( ! #f? magnitude1 & its c\rse is said to h be5 wat*$ by savage tribes 9 ,polynesia long be=e ,sir ,william ,h]s*el discov]$ x4 ,its gre5i% blue disk indicates t x is ab\t ?irty-two ?\s& miles 9 diamet]1 & its mass t its d5sity is ab\t #j4bb ( ! ,e>?'s or1 l ,jupit]'s1 some:at great] ?an wat]4 ,( its surface we probably see no?+4 ,inde$1 x is v d\btful if x h any surface prop]ly s call$1 be+ b a ball ( vapors4 ,its flatt5+1 _/ accord+ to ,s*iap>elli1 :i* is probably ! be/ det]m9ation1 agrees ) ! d5sity giv5 above1 indicat+ its sub/ance to be v light4 ,belts h fa9tly be5 descri$ trav]s+ its disk aft] ! analogy ( ,jupit] & ,saturn4 ,^! w\ld be mu* bett] kn[n ?an !y are b = ! great tilt ( ! planet's axis to ! ecliptic1 s t dur+ a "p ( its imm5se annual sweep its poles are po9t$ ne>ly at ! ,e>?1 & its tropical features1 ! places :]e ! belts lie1 are :olly hidd5 or greatly =e%ort5$ f our po9t ( view4 ,z ! planet's ye> is eighty-f\r ( our ye>s long1 x is only at int]vals ( =ty odd ye>s t ! disk is well en\gh display$ to br+ ! belts into obs]vable position4 ,! planet is att5d$ by f\r satellites1--,ariel1 ,umbriel1 ,titania1 & ,ob]on1--a midsumm] night's dream to a wat*] ( ! skies4 ,!y travel 9 a plane incl9$ #ih to ! ecliptic1 s t _! motion is ne>ly up & d[n to t plane & ev5 a little backw>d4 ,:e!r _! plane is also ! equatorial plane ( ! planet1 we d n "k = c]ta94 ,! obs]vations z yet are n conclusive "o way or ! o!r4 ,if ! two planes %\ld turn out n to co9cide1 x w op5 up "s new fields 9 cele/ial me*anics4 ,! belts h be5 ?\ght to indicate div]g5ce1 b ! mo/ rec5t obs]vations by ,p]rot9 on !m m9imize ?is4 ,!y sugge/1 too1 a rotation p]iod ( ab\t t5 h\rs1 :i* is :at we %\ld expect4 ,its alb$o1 or intr9sic brightness1 is1 accord+ to ,mll]1 #j4gc1 or almo/ exactly t ( cl\d4 ,?is tallies ) ! lack ( pron\ncem5t ( ! belts & is ano!r argum5t aga9/ ! reality ( ! rec5t diametral measurem5ts1 z all ,mll]'s values are got by divid+ ! am\nt ( light receiv$ by ! am\nt ( surface s5d+ x4 ,if ! diamet] 7 mu* less ?an ?irty-two ?\s& miles1 ! result+ alb$o w\ld become impossibly high4 ,if we "k b little ab\t ! actual surface ( ,uranus1 we "k n[ a good deal ab\t its atmosph]e4 ,& ?is p>tly because atmosph]e is almo/ all t x is4 ,! satellites are ! only solid ?+ 9 ! sy/em4 ,if we ne$$ a telltale t ! sol> sy/em _h evolv$1 ! gase\s con/itution ( its prim>ies & ! cond5s$ /ate ( _! att5dants w\ld suffici5tly in=m u4 ,probably all ! major planets are no?+ b gas4 ,x has be5 debat$ :e!r ,jupit] be almo/ all vapor ) a solid k]nel b5ea?1 or vapor entirely4 ,t he gr[s d5s] t[>d ! core is d\btless ! case1 b t he is any:]e o!r ?an a gase\s fluid is v unlikely4 ,= if he _h really begun to cond5se1 he mu/ h contract$ to f> )9 8 pres5t dim5sions4 ,! same is true ( ,uranus4 ,! surpris+ ?+ ab\t ,uranus is ! enorm\s ext5t ( 8 atmosph]e4 ,! e>lie/ spectroscopi/s p]ceiv$ ?is1 b ! m spectroscopy advances1 ! great] & m int]e/+ x proves to be4 ,by pu%+ inquiry into ! r$ end ( ! spectrum1 hi!rto a t]ra incognita1 ,dr4 ,sliph] has uncov]$ a mass ( z yet unexpla9$ revelation4 ,( ^! rem>kable spectrograms we %all speak lat]4 ,"h x is suffici5t to say t s great is ! absorption 9 ! r$ t only ! blue & gre5 9 any?+ l _! entirety get ?r\gh2 :i* acc\nts = ! well-kn[n sea-gre5 look ( ! planet4 ,fur!rmore1 ! spectroscope %[s t ?is atmosph]e1 or ! great bulk ( x1 mu/ lie above :at we see z ! cont\r ( ! disk4 ,= ! spectroscope is z incapable ( see+ ?r\gh opacity z ! eye1 ?\gh x di/ances ! eye 9 see+ ! invisible4 ,x is n :at is cond5s$ into cl\d1 b :at is n1 ( :i* x reveals ! pres5ce4 ,we are ?us made aw>e ( a great %ell ( air envelop+ ! planet4 ,9 ,uranus1 !n1 we see a body 9 an e>ly amorph\s /ate1 be=e ! solid1 ! liquid1 & ! gase\s conditions ( matt] h become diff]5tiate & settl$ ea* into di/9ctive place4 ,)\t ev5 an embryo core its sub/ance passes f viscosity to cl\d4 ,neptune has prov$ a planet ( surprises4 ,?\gh its orbital revolution is p]=m$ direct1 its rotation app>5tly takes place backw>d1 9 a plane tilt$ ab\t #ce to its orbital c\rse4 ,its satellite c]ta9ly travels 9 ?is retrograde mann]4 ,!n its appe>ance is unexpect$ly bright1 :ile its spectrum %[s b&s :i* z yet1 = ! mo/ "p1 defy explanation1 ?\gh !y /ate positively ! va/ am\nt ( its atmosph]e & its v peculi> con/itution4 ,b fir/ & n lea/ ( its surprises 0 its discov]y1--a set ( surprises1 9 fact4 ,= aft] ow+ recognition to "o ( ! mo/ brilliant ma!matical triumphs1 x turn$ out n to be ! planet expect$4 8,neptune is mu* ne>] ! ,sun ?an x ought to be10 is ! au?oritative way 9 :i* a popul> hi/orian puts ! intrud+ planet 9 its place4 ,= ! planet fail$ to ju/ify !ory by n fulfill+ ,bode's law1 :i* ,lev]ri] & ,adams1 9 po9t+ out ! di/urb] ( ,uranus1 assum$ 8z !y c\ld d no o!rwise40 ,?\gh n /rictly correct1 z n only did bo? geomet]s d o!rwise1 b nei!r did o!rwise en\gh1 ! quotation may s]ve to br+ ,bode's law into c\rt1 z x 0 at ! bottom ( "o ( ! /range/ & mo/ g5]ally misund]/ood *apt]s 9 cele/ial me*anics4 ,v soon aft] ,uranus 0 recogniz$ z a planet1 approximate ephem]ides ( its motion result$ 9 %[+ t x _h sev]al times previ\sly be5 record$ z a fix$ />4 ,bode himself discov]$ ! fir/ ( ^! records1 "o by ,may] 9 #agef1 & ,bode & o!rs f\nd ano!r made by ,flam/ead 9 #afij4 ,^! obs]vations enabl$ an elliptic orbit to be calculat$ :i* satisfi$ !m all4 ,subsequ5tly o!rs 7 detect$4 ,lemonni] discov]$ t he _h himself n discov]$ x sev]al times1 catalogu+ x z a fix$ />4 ,flam/ead 0 sp>$ a l mortification by be+ dead4 ,= bo? ^! obs]v]s _h record$ x two or m nights runn+1 f :i* x w\ld seem almo/ incr$ible n to h suspect$ its "* f its *ange ( place4 ,sixte5 ( ^! pre-discov]y obs]vations 7 f\nd 7!re are n[ n9ete5 kn[n71 :i* ) ^? made ^u x s9ce gave a s]ies runn+ back a hundr$ & ?irty ye>s1 :5 ,alexis ,b\v>d prep>$ 8 tables ( ! planet1 ! be/ up to t "t1 publi%$ 9 #ahba4 ,9 do+ s1 h[ev]1 he /at$ t he _h be5 unable to f9d any orbit :i* w\ld satisfy bo? ! new & ! old obs]vations4 ,he !re=e reject$ ! old z untru/wor?y1 =gett+ t !y _h be5 satisfi$ ?irty ye>s be=e1 & bas$ 8 tables solely on ! new1 leav+ x to po/]ity1 he said1 to decide :e!r ! old obs]vations 7 faulty or :e!r "s unkn[n influ5ce _h act$ on ! planet4 ,he _h h>dly made ?is invidi\s di/9ction aga9/ ! accuracy ( ! anci5t obs]v]s :5 8 own tables began to be out & grew s]i\sly m s1 s t )9 elev5 ye>s !y q fail$ to repres5t ! planet4 ,! discrepancies betwe5 !ory & obs]vation attract$ ! att5tion ( ! a/ronomic _w1 & ! idea ( ano!r planet began to be 9 ! air4 ,! great ,bessel 0 ! fir/ to /ate def9itely 8 conviction 9 a popul> lecture at ,knigsb]g 9 #ahdj1 & !reupon enc\rag$ 8 tal5t$ assi/ant ,flemm+ to beg9 r$uctions look+ to its locat+4 ,un=tunately1 9 ! mid/ ( 8 labors ,flemm+ di$1 & %ortly aft] ,bessel himself1 :o _h tak5 up ! matt] aft] ,flemm+'s dea?4 ,some:at lat] ,arago1 !n head ( ! ,p>is obs]vatory1 :o _h also be5 impress$ ) ! exi/5ce ( su* a planet1 reque/$ "o ( 8 assi/ants1 a rem>kable "y ma!matician nam$ ,lev]ri]1 to und]take its inve/igation4 ,lev]ri]1 :o _h already evid5c$ 8 m>k$ ability 9 cele/ial me*anics1 proce$$ to grapple ) ! problem 9 ! mo/ ?or\gh mann]4 ,he began by look+ into ! p]turbations ( ,uranus by ,jupit] & ,saturn4 ,he />t$ ) ,b\v>d's "w1 ) ! result ( f9d+ x v mu* ! rev]se ( good4 ,! f>!r he w5t1 ! m errors he f\nd1 until he 0 oblig$ to ca/ x aside entirely & recompute ^! p]turbations himself4 ,! catalogue ( ,b\v>d's errors he gave mu/ h be5 an eye-op5] g5]ally1 & x speaks = ! ability & precision ) :i* ,lev]ri] conduct$ 8 inve/igation t nei!r ,airy1 ,bessel1 nor ,adams _h detect$ ^! errors1 ) ! exception ( "o t]m notic$ by ,bessel & subsequ5tly by ,adams4#aj ,! result ( ?is recalculation ( 8 0 to %[ ! m cle>ly t ! irregul>ities 9 ! motion ( ,uranus c\ld n be expla9$ except by ! exi/5ce ( ano!r planet ext]ior to him4 ,he next set himself to locate ?is body4 ,influ5c$ by ,bode's law1 he began by assum+ x to lie at twice ,uranus' di/ance f ! ,sun1 &1 express+ ! obs]v$ discrepancies 9 longitude 9 equations1 compris+ ! p]turbations & possible errors 9 ! elem5ts ( ,uranus1 proce$$ to solve !m4 ,he c\ld get no rational solution4 ,he !n gave ! di/ance & ! extreme obs]vations a c]ta9 ela/icity1 & by ?is means 0 able to f9d a position = ! di/urb] :i* suffici5tly satisfi$ ! conditions ( ! problem4 ,lev]ri]'s fir/ memoir on ! subject 0 pres5t$ to ! ,fr5* ,academy on ,novemb] #aj1 #ahde1 t giv+ ! place ( ! di/urb+ planet on ,june #a1 #ahdf4 ,!re is no evid5ce t ! slighte/ se>* 9 consequ5ce 0 made by anybody1 ) ! possible exception ( ! ,naval ,obs]vatory at ,wa%+ton4 ,on ,augu/ #ca he pres5t$ 8 ?ird pap]1 giv+ an orbit1 mass1 & m precise place = ! unkn[n4 ,/ill no se>* foll[$4 ,tak+ advantage ( ! ackn[l$g+ ( a memoir1 ,lev]ri]1 9 ,septemb]1 wrote to ,dr4 ,galle 9 ,b]l9 ask+ him to look = ! planet4 ,! lett] rea*$ ,galle on ! #bc;d1 & t v night he f\nd a planet %[+ a disk j z ,lev]ri] _h =etold1 & )9 #ee ( its pr$ict$ place4 #aj ,adams1 8,explanation ( ! ,motion ( ,uranus10 #ahdf4 ,! planet _h sc>cely be5 f\nd :51 on ,octob] #a1 a lett] f ,sir ,john ,h]s*el appe>$ 9 ! ,london ,a!num ann\nc+ t a "y ,cambridge graduate1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,adams1 _h be5 engag$ on ! same inve/igation z ,lev]ri]1 & ) simil> results4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ public ann\ncem5t ( ,mr4 ,adams' labors4 ,x !n appe>$ t he _h />t$ z e>ly z #ahdc1 & _h communicat$ 8 results to ,airy 9 ,octob]1 #ahde1 a ye> be=e4 ,into ! sad set ( circum/ances :i* prev5t$ ! brilliant "y ma!matician f reap+ ! fruit ( :at might h be5 8 discov]y1 we ne$ n g4 ,x reflect$ no cr$it on any "o conc]n$ except ,adams1 :o ?r\gh\t 8 life ma9ta9$ a dignifi$ sil5ce4 ,suffice x to say t ,adams _h f\nd a place = ! unkn[n )9 a few degrees ( ,lev]ri]'s2 t he _h communicat$ ^! results to ,airy2 t ,airy _h n consid]$ !m significant until ,lev]ri] _h publi%$ an almo/ id5tical place2 t !n ,*allis1 ! head ( ! ,cambridge ,obs]vatory1 _h set to "w to se>* = ! planet b s r\t9ely t he _h actually mapp$ x sev]al times )\t f9d+ t he _h done s1 :5 ^w arriv$ ( its discov]y by ,galle4 ,b n[ came an ev5 m int]e/+ *apt] 9 ?is :ole /range /ory4 ,mr4 ,walk] at ,wa%+ton & ,dr4 ,pet]s5 ( ,altona indep5d5tly came to ! conclusion f a provisional circul> orbit = ! newcom] t ,lal&e _h catalogu$ 9 ! vic9ity ( its pa?4 ,!y !re=e set to "w to f9d out if any ,lal&e />s 7 miss+4 ,dr4 ,pet]s5 comp>$ a *>t directly ) ! heav5s to ! f9d+ a /> abs5t1 :i* 8 calculations %[$ 0 ab\t :]e ,neptune %\ld h be5 at ! "t4 ,walk] f\nd t ,lal&e c\ld only h swept 9 ! neighborhood ( ,neptune on ! #h? & #aj? ( ,may1 #agie4 ,by assum+ diff]5t ecc5tricities = ,neptune's orbit "u two hypo!ses = ! place ( its p]ihelion1 he f\nd a /> catalogu$ on ! latt] date :i* suffici5tly satisfi$ 8 computations4 ,he pr$ict$ t on se>*+ ! sky ?is /> w\ld be f\nd miss+4 ,on ! next f9e ev5+ ,pr(essor ,hubb>d look$ = x1 & ! /> 0 gone4 ,x _h be5 ,neptune4#aa #aa ,proc4 ,am]4 ,acad41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #fd4 ,?is discov]y enabl$ elliptic elem5ts to be comput$ = x1 :5 ! surpris+ fact appe>$ t x 0 n mov+ 9 any?+ approa*+ ! orbit ei!r ,lev]ri] or ,adams _h assign$4 ,in/ead ( a mean di/ance ( #cf a/ronomical units or m1 ! /rang] 0 only at #cj4 ,! result s disconc]t$ ,lev]ri] t he decl>$ t 8! small ecc5tricity :i* appe>$ to result f ,mr4 ,walk]'s computations w\ld be incompatible ) ! nature ( ! p]turbations ( ! planet ,h]s*el10 z he call$ ,uranus4 ,9 o!r words1 he expressly d5i$ t ,neptune 0 8 planet4 ,= ! newcom] proce$$ to foll[ ! pa? ,walk] _h comput$4 ,?is 0 /rik+ly confirm$ by ,mauvais' discov]+ t ,lal&e _h obs]v$ ! /> on ! #h? ( ,may z well z on ! #aj?1 b because ! two places did n agree1 he _h reject$ ! fir/ obs]vation1 & m>k$ ! second z d\btful1 ?us c>efully avoid+ a discov]y t actually knock$ at 8 door4 ,mean:ile ,peirce _h made a rem>kable contribution to ! :ole subject4 ,9 a s]ies ( pr(\nd pap]s pres5t$ to ! ,am]ican ,academy1 he w5t into ! matt] m g5]ally ?an ei!r ( ! discov]]s1 to ! />tl+ conclusion 8t ! planet ,neptune is n ! planet to :i* geometrical analysis _h direct$ ! telescope1 & t its discov]y by ,galle mu/ be reg>d$ z a happy accid5t40#ab ,he prov$ ?is fir/ by %[+ t ,lev]ri]'s two fundam5tal propositions1-- #a4 ,t ! di/urb]'s mean di/ance mu/ be betwe5 #ce & #cg4i a/ronomical units2 #b4 ,t its mean longitude = ,janu>y #a1 #ahjj1 mu/ h be5 betwe5 #bdc & #beb1-- 7 incompatible ) ,neptune4 ,ei!r alone might be reconcil$ ) ! obs]vations1 b n bo?4 #ab ,proc4 ,am]4 ,acad41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #fe et seq4 ,9 ju/ification ( 8 ass]tion t ! discov]y 0 a happy accid5t1 he %[$ t ?ree solutions ( ! problem ,lev]ri] _h set himself 7 possible1 all equally complete & decid$ly diff]5t f ea* o!r1 ! positions ( ! suppos$ planet be+ #abj ap>t4 ,_h ,lev]ri] & ,adams fall5 ^u ei!r ( ! o!r two1 ,neptune w\ld n h be5 discov]$4#ac ,he next %[$ t at #ce4c a/ronomical units1 an important *ange takes place 9 ! "* ( ! p]turbations because ( ! comm5surability ( p]iod ( a planet revolv+ !re ) t ( ,uranus4 ,9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 a planet inside ( ?is limit might equally acc\nt = ! obs]v$ p]turbations ) ! "o outside ( x suppos$ by ,lev]ri]4 ,?is ,neptune actually did4 ,f n consid]+ wide en\gh limits1 ,lev]ri] _h f\nd "o solution1 ,neptune fulfill$ ! o!r4#ad ,& ,bode's law 0 responsible = ?is4 ,_h ,bode's law n be5 tak5 orig9ally z basis = ! di/urb]'s di/ance1 ^? two great geomet]s1 ,lev]ri] & ,adams1 might h look$ inside4 #ac ,proc4 ,am]4 ,acad41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #add4 #ad ,proc4 ,am]4 ,acad41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ccb4 ,?is m g5]al solution1 z ,peirce 0 c>eful to /ate1 does n detract f ! honor due ei!r to ,lev]ri] or to ,adams4 ,_! ma/]ly calculations1 ! difficulty ( :i* no "o :o has n _h "s exp]i5ce ( ! subject c appreciate1 rema9 z an imp]i%able monum5t to bo?1 z does also ,peirce's to him4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,=mation ,,( ,,planets ,9 our fir/ two *apt]s we saw :at sign-po/s 9 ! sky !re are po9t+ to ! c\rse evolution ( a sol> sy/em probably foll[s1 & secondly1 :at evid5ce !re is t our sy/em took ?is road4 ,we n[ come to a "q n s easy to precise1--! actual details ( ! j\rney4 ,x is always difficult to desc5d f a glitt]+ panoramic survey to p>ticul> pa?-f9d+4 ,! ob/acles loom s mu* l>g] on a ne> approa*4 ,mo/ m5 %y at decisions & %un self-committal to any positive c\rse1 b :5 x comes to con/ruct+ a cosmogony1 few at all qualifi$ hesitate to frame "o if ! old does n suit4 ,! safety 9 s do+ lies 9 ! fact t no?+ 9 p>ticul> happ5s if x refuses to "w4 ,its absurdity is promptly %[n up1 x is true1 by "s "o else4 ,= !re is almo/ z good a trade 9 expos+ cosmogonies z 9 con/ruct+ !m4 ,b no special opprobrium atta*es to failure1 because ev]ybody has fail$1 f ,laplace d[n1 or up1 z y are pleas$ to consid] x4 ,besides x is really n s easy to d1 z "o is tempt$ to believe be=e 8 book is publi%$4 ,!n only does ! difficulty dawn1 ) a spe$ & cl>ity inv]sely proportional to ! previ\s relation ( ! critic to ! au?or4 ,= ! au?or himself is apt to be bl9d4 ,) ! fatal fondness ( a p>5t = 8 (fspr+ x is r>e = ! defects to be s gl>+ly app>5t to _! p]petrator4 ,at ! wor/ he consid]s !m v5ial faults :i* c be gloss$ away4 ,attack+ ! subject 9 ?is judicial _s1 ! read] c h>dly expect me to satisfy him ) a cosmogony entirely home-made1 b at be/ to pursue a happy middle c\rse betwe5 creator & critic1 advocat+ only su* portions z happ5 to be my own1 :ile /]nly expos+ ! mi/akes ( o!rs4 ,9 und]tak+ ! haz>d\s climb t[>d ! orig9 ( ?+s two qualities are necess>y 9 ! explor]3 a quick eye = possibilities & a /eady head 9 te/+ !m4 ,)\t ! disc]nm5t to p]ceive relations no asc5t to fir/ pr9ciples is possible2 & )\t ! support ( quantitative crit]ion1 "o is 9 dang] ( becom+ giddy f "o's own imag9ation4 ,congruities mu/ fir/ h9t at a pa?2 physical laws !n det]m9e its feasibility4 ,an eye = congruities is ! fir/ ess5tial4 ,= congruity alone accuses an und]ly+ law4 ,x is ! analogic t ) logic leads to great g5]alizations4 ,c]ta9 concords ( ! sort 9 ! motions ( ! planets 7 :at sugge/$ to ,laplace 8 sy/em ( ! _w4 ,) ! uncommon s5se ( a ma!matician he p]ceiv$ t su* accordances 7 n necessitat$ by ! law ( gravitation1 & on ! o!r h&1 c\ld n be due to *ance4 ,! laws ( probability %[$ millions to "o aga9/ x4 ,"o ( ^! happy h>monies 0 t all ! l>ge planets revolv$ ab\t ! ,sun 9 sub/antially ! same plane2 ano!r t !y all travell$ 9 ! same s5se 7direction74 ,_h !y be5 unrelat$ bodies at ! />t1 su* agreem5t 9 motion 0 ma!matically impossible4 ,_! pres5t cons5sus impli$ a common orig9 = all4 ,9 o!r words1 ! sol> sy/em mu/ h gr[n to be :at x is1 n />t$ s4 ,?is basic fact we may consid] c]ta94 ,b f x we w\ld fa9 g on to f9d out h[ x evolv$4 ,to d s ! same process mu/ be foll[$4 ,consid]+1 !n1 our sol> sy/em f ?is po9t ( view1 "o _c b be /ruck by "s fur!r congruities x pres5ts4 ,^! are n q ^? t inspir$ ,laplace1 because ( discov]ies s9ce1 & dem& 9 consequ5ce a !ory diff]5t f 84 ,! out ab\t con/ruct+ a !ory is t fre% facts w come along & knock = admission aft] ! door is %ut4 ,!y prove irreconcilables because !y 7 n consult$ 9 advance4 ,! consequ5ce is t s9ce ,laplace's "t new relations h come to light1 & "s suppos$ concords h _h to be giv5 up2 s t 7 he alive to-day he w\ld himself h =mulat$ "s o!r s*eme4 ,two1 h[ev]1 are /ill z true3 t ! planets all revolve 9 ! same plane & 9 ! same s5se1 & t s5se t ( ! ,sun's rotation4 ,b s g5]al a congruity z ?is po9ts only to an orig9al common mom5t ( mom5tum & is equally explicable h[ev] t motion 0 br\ght ab\t4 ,x seems q compatible ) an orig9al %ock4 ,to say t x 0 caus$ by a disruption is simply to g "o /ep f>!r back ?an ,laplace4 ,if1 !n1 su* a cata/rophe did occur z ! meteorites av]1 we may p]haps draw "s int]e/+ inf]5ces ab\t x f ! pres5t /ate ( ! sy/em4 ,9 a v close approa* su* z we mu/ suppose = ! disruption1 "o )9 ,ro*es' limit ( #b4e diamet]s1 ! /rang]1 suppos+ him ( equal size1 w\ld sweep f "o side ( ! =m] ,sun to ! o!r 9 ab\t two h\rs1 & ! brunt ( ! disrupt+ pull occur )9 t "t4 ,t ! =m] ,sun 0 rotat+ sl[ly seems e/abli%$ by ! "t1 tw5ty-eight days1 x n[ takes to g r\nd4 ,9 :i* case ! orbits ( ! masses :i* 7 to =m ! planets w\ld all lie 9 ab\t ! same plane1--! plane ( ! tramp's approa*4 ,if !re 7 exceptions1 !y %\ld be f\nd 9 ! inn]mo/4 ,= su* %\ld p>take mo/ l>gely ( ! ,sun's own orig9al rotation & travel !re=e mo/ ne>ly 9 its plane4 ,& z a fact ,m]cury1 ! ,b5jam91 does diff] f ! o!rs by revolv+ 9 a plane incl9$ "s #g to _! mean1 agree+ 9 ?is ) ! ,sun's own rotation1 ) ^: plane x 0 probably orig9ally co9cid5t 7digression f x n[ be+ due to secul> retrogression ( ! planets' nodes7 see ,,note #d4 ,f ! relations :i* advance has left un*ang$ we pass to ^? ph5om5a :i* seem$ to pres5t congruities 9 ,laplace's day1 b :i* h s9ce prov$ void ow+ to subsequ5t detection ( exceptions4 ,"t prev5ts my mak+ ! catalogue complete1 b ! read] %all be %[n en\gh to satisfy him ( ! problem's complexity & to :et 8 desire = fur!r rese>*--on ! "p1 pref]ably1 ( o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t ,,%[+ ,,increas+ ,,tilts ,,( ,,! ,,major ,,planets4 ,fir/ comes1 !n1 ! rotations ( ! planets ^u _! axes1 :i* ,laplace suppos$ to be all 9 ! same direction1 c\nt] to ! h&s ( a clock2 = ! heav5s m>k "t oppositely f u4 ,all ^? )9 & includ+ ,saturn1 ! only ones he knew1 turn1 inde$1 9 ! same s5se t !y travel r\nd ! ,sun4 ,b ,uranus dep>ts f t direction by a "r angle1 wall[+ r ?an sp9n+ 9 8 orbit2 :ile ,neptune goes /ill f>!r 9 idiosyncratic dep>ture & actually turns 9 ! opposite direction4 ,"h1 !n1 ,laplace's congruity breaks d[n1 b 9 its place a little att5tion w %[ t a new "o has aris54 ,= ,saturn's tilt is #bg & ,jupit]'s #c1 s t ) ! major planets !re is reveal$ a sy/ematic right+ ( ! planet>y axes f inv]sion ?r\gh p]p5dicul>ity to directness z "o proce$s inw>d t[>d ! ,sun4 ,ano!r congruity suppos$ to exi/ a c5tury ago 0 ! exempl>y agreem5t ( all ! satellites to foll[ 9 _! planet>y circuits ! patt]n set !m by _! prim>ies r\nd ! ,sun4 ,b z man has p5etrat$ f>!r into space & photographic plates h come to be employ$1 satellites h be5 reveal$ :i* dep>t f ?is ord]ly arrangem5t4 ,?is is ! case ) ! n9?1 ! out]mo/1 satellite ( ,saturn & ) ! eigh?1 ! out]mo/1 ( ,jupit]4 ,b1 z be=e1 ! break+ d[n ( "o congruity seems b ! e/abli%+ ( ano!r4 ,x appe>s t only ! mo/ di/ant satellites are p]mitt$ su* uncon=mity ( demeanor4 ,= dep>ture f ! suppos$ or?odoxy occurs 9 bo? in/ances :]e ! di/ance is mo/1 & does n occur 9 ! case ( all ! o!r satellites f\nd s9ce ,laplace's day1 elev5 9 numb]1 ne>] _! planets4 ,a ?ird congruity =m]ly believ$ 9 has suff]$ a l fate2 to wit1 t satellites always mov$ 9 or ne> ! equatorial plane ( _! prim>y4 ,all ^? fir/ discov]$ did2 ! f\r l>ge ones ( ,jupit]1 ! ma9 ones ( ,saturn1 & probably ^? ( ,uranus & ,neptune4 ,ev5 ! satellites ( ,m>s con=m$4 ,iapetus alone seem$ to make exception1 & t by a glossable am\nt4 ,b ?is ord]l9ess1 too1 has be5 dispos$ (1 only1 l ! o!rs1 to exp]i5ce a resurrection 9 a diff]5t =m4 ,illu/ration ,on exam9+ m precisely ! incl9ations ( ^! orbits "s ye>s ago1 an int]e/+ relation betwe5 !m & ! di/ances ( ! satellites f _! prim>ies =c$ itself on my notice4 ,! tilt increas$ z ! di/ance grew4 ,! only exceptions 7 v t9y bodies occupy+ a sort ( a/]oidal relation to ! re/4 ,a diagram w make ?is cle>4 ,! k]nel ( x dates f ! lectures !n deliv]$ be=e ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology 9 #aija4 ,! int]e/+ ?+ n[ ab\t x is t ! congruity !re po9t$ out has be5 con=m$ to by e satellite discov]$ s9ce1--! six?1 sev5?1 & eigh? ( ,jupit] & ! n9? & t5? ( ,saturn4 ,x is evid5t t we already "k en\gh ( ! g5iture ( our sy/em to prophesy some?+ ab\t x & h ! prophecy come true4 ,closely connect$ ) ! previ\s relation is a f\r? concordance cle>ly ( me*anical orig91 ! relation ( ! orbital ecc5tricities ( ! satellites to _! di/ances f _! respective planets4 ,! satellites pursue m & m ecc5tric orbits accord+ z !y /& remov$ f planet>y proximity4 ,a fif? congruity is no less /rik+4 ,all ! satellites ( all ! planets t we c obs]ve well en\gh to judge ( turn ! same face always to _! lords4 ,t ! ,moon does s to ! ,e>? is a fact ( ev]yday k1 & ! telescope h9ts t ! same respectful reg>d is paid by ,jupit]'s & ,saturn's ret9ues to !m4 ,:at is /ill m rem>kable1 ,m]cury & ,v5us turn out to obs]ve ! l vassal etiquette ) ref]5ce to ! ,sun4 ,& x w be notic$ t !y /& to him ! ne>e/ ( 8 c\rt4 ,"h1 !n1 is a law ( proximity :i* po9ts conclusively to "s well-e/abli%$ =ce4 ,la/ is a rem>kable congruity :i* /udy disclos$ to me likewise "s ye>s ago1 & :i* has receiv$ corroboration 9 discov]ies s9ce4 ,?is congruity is ! peculi> arrangem5t ( ! masses 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,consid] fir/ ! way 9 :i* ! sev]al planets1 z respects size1 /& ord]$ 9 di/ance f ! sun4 ,ne>e/ to him is ,m]cury1 ! smalle/ ( all ! pr9cipal ones4 ,v5us & ! ,e>? foll[1 ea* l>g] ?an ! la/2 !n comes ,m>s1 ( di/9ctly less bulk1 & s to ! a/]oids1 ( almo/ none4 ,aft] ?is ! mass rises aga9 to its maximum 9 ,jupit]1 & !n subsequ5tly falls ?r\gh ,saturn to ,uranus & ,neptune4 ,"h we m>k a m or less regul> gradation betwe5 mass & position1 a curve 9 :i* !re are two ups & d[ns1 ! out] swell be+ mu* ! l>g]1 ?\gh ! inn]1 too1 is suffici5tly pron\nc$4 ,n[ turn to ,saturn & 8 family1 :i* is ! mo/ num]\s ( ! second>y sy/ems & t hav+ ! greate/ span4 ,"u ,saturn's w+1 z x 71 is ! r+1 itself a cong]ies ( t9y satellites4 ,!n comes ,mimas1 ! smalle/ ( ! pr9cipal ones2 !n ,enceladus1 a little l>g]2 !n ,te?ys1 ! bigge/ ( ! ?ree4 ,next /&s ,dione1 small] ?an ,te?ys4 ,!n ! mass increases ) ,rhea1 rea*+ its culm9ation 9 ,titan1 aft] :i* x decl9es once m4 ,/rangely reproductive ?is ( ! curve we m>k$ 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! planets !mselves1 ev5 to ! little inn] rise & fall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,masses ,,( ,,planets ,,& ,,satellites4 ,/rik+ z su* analog\s ord]+ is1 x is n all4 ,=1 scann+ ! ,jovian sy/em1 we f9d ! ma9 curve "h aga92 ,ganym$e1 ! ,jupit] or ,titan ( ! sy/em1 /&+ 9 ! same m$ial position z !y4 ,la/ly1 tak+ up ,uranus & 8 family ( satellites1 ! same ord] is obs]vable !re4 ,titania1 ! l>ge/1 is po/$ 9 ! c5tre4 ,?us ! ord] 9 :i* ! little & ! big are plac$ ) ref]5ce to _! controll+ orb is ! same 9 ! sol> sy/em & 9 t ( e "o ( its satellite families4 ,me?od "h is unmi/akable4 ,nor is x easy to expla9 unless ! cause 9 all 0 l4 ,t ! rule 9 ! plac+ ( ! planets %\ld be fai?fully obs]v$ by !m 9 ! ord]+ ( _! own dome/ic ret9ues1 is n ! lea/ /range feature ( ! arrangem5t4 ,x argues a common pr9ciple = bo?4 ,n less significant is ! second>y hump 9 _! di/ribution1 d5ot+ recrudesc5ce f>!r 9 ( ! prim>y proc$ure %[n )\t4 ,"o po9t to be p>ticul>ly notic$ 9 ^! latt]-day congruities is t !y are n simply g5]al concords l ! old] ones--! fact t ! planets move 9 "o plane or 9 ! same s5se 9 t plane--b detail$ plac+s1 ord]$ accord+ to ! di/ances ( ! planets f ! ,sun or ( ! satellites f ! planets4 ,!y are ?us n simply ( ! comb9ative b ( ! p]mutative ord] ( probabilities1 a mu* high] "o2 9 o!r words1 ! *ance t !y c be due to *ance is multiplicately small4 ,?us j z ^! analogies are by s mu* m rem>kable1 s are !y by s mu* m cog5t4 ,!y tell u n only ( an evolution1 b !y speak ( ! v mann] ( its "w4 ,!y d n simply g5]alize1 !y specify ! mode ( action4 ,! difficulty is to und]/& _! language4 ,x is a case ( cele/ial hi]oglyphics to :i* we lack ! key4 ,9 attempt+ n[ to discov] h[ all ?is came ab\t we notice fir/ t ! sy/em c\ld n h orig9at$ 9 ! beautifully simple way sugge/$ by ,laplace1 because ( sev]al impossibilities 9 ! pa?4 ,if r+s 7 %$1 z he suppos$1 f a symmetric contract+ mass1 !y %\ld h result$ 9 some?+ ev5 m symmetric ?an we obs]ve to-day4 ,9 ! next place !y c\ld n1 x w\ld appe>1 ev5 if =m$1 h collect$ into planets4 ,nor c\ld !re h be5 an orig9al 8fire-mi/0 ) :i* z a /ock 9 trade ,laplace ?riftily end[$ 8 nebula to />t )--! necessity = :i* has be5 lik5$ to our suppos$ desc5t f monkeys2 b :i* 9 tru? is z mi/y a conception ( ! facts 9 ! "o case z x is a monkey+ ) !m 9 ! o!r4 ,d>w9's !ory di/9ctly av]s t we 7 n desc5d$ f monkeys2 & ,laplace's fire-mi/ "u mod]n exam9ation evaporates away4 ,x is an int]e/+ outcome ( mod]n analysis t ! v fact :i* sugge/$ ! annul> g5esis ( planets to ,laplace1 ! r+s ( ,saturn1 %\ld n[ probably be deem$ a /rik+ in/ance ( ! rev]se4 ,f> f its be+ an exempl> 9 ! heav5s ( ! pri/9e /ate ( ! sol> sy/em1 we may n[ see 9 x a %9+ patt]n ( h[ ! devolution ( bodies comes ab\t4 ,= in/ead ( typify+ an un=tunate set ( p>ticles :i* unt[>d circum/ance has prev5t$ f coalesc+ into a s+le orb1 x almo/ c]ta9ly repres5ts ! di/raught /ate to :i* a once m compact cong]ies ( !m has be5 br\ght by planet>y int]f]5ce4 ,= to j su* fate mu/ ! /resses 9 x caus$ by ,saturn h ev5tually l$4 ,disruption inevitable to su* a gr\p ! obs]vation ( comets demon/rates is daily tak+ place4 ,:5 a comet passes r\nd ! ,sun or ne> a planet1 ! p>titive pulls ( ! body t5d to dismemb] x1 & ! same is a =tiori true ( matt] circulat+ r\nd a planet z relatively ne> z ! meteoric p>ticles t con/itute ,saturn's r+s4 ,/>t+ z a cong]ies1 x 0 pull$ out m & m into a r+ until x became practically ev5 ?r\gh\t4 ,& ! v action t produc$ x t5ds to keep x z surpris+ly regul> z we note to-day4 ,no1 ! planets probably 7 o!rwise g5]at$ & may h look$ 9 _! e>li] /ages z ! knots 9 ! spiral nebul d to-day4 ,b ?is does n mean t we c detail ! process see ,,note #e4 ,tak+ n[ ! congruities = guide1 we proce$ to see :at !y affirm or negative4 ,laplace1 :5 he v5tur$ on 8 exposition ( ! sy/em ( ! _w1 did s 8) ! mi/ru/ :i* ev]y?+ :i* is n ! direct outcome ( obs]vation or calculation mu/ inspire40 ,to all :o "k h[ ev5 figures c lie ?is caution w seem well tim$4 ,! be/ we c d to keep our heads /eady is to lay firm hold at ea* /ep on ! great und]ly+ pr9ciples ( physics4 ,"o ( ^! is ! cons]vation ( ! mom5t ( mom5tum4 ,?is expression embodies "o ( ! gr&e/ g5]alizations ( cosmic me*anics4 ,! v phrase is fitt+ly sonor\s1 ) some?+ ( t religi\s sublimity :i* ! de> old lady said %e f\nd su* a consolation 9 ! biblical ^w ,mesopotamia4 ,inde$ ! idea is gr& = its v simplicity4 ,mom5tum means ! quantity ( motion 9 a body4 ,x is ! spe$ into ! numb] ( p>ticles or ! mass4 ,mom5t ( mom5tum d5otes ! rotatory p[] ( x r\nd an axis4 ,n[ ! curi\s & int]e/+ ?+ ab\t ?is quantity is t x c nei!r be dim9i%$ nor increas$4 ,x is an ab/raction f :i* no?+ c be ab/ract$--b results4 ,x is ! "o unalt]able ?+ 9 a univ]se ( *ange4 ,:at x 0 9 ! beg9n+ 9 a sy/em1 t x =ev] rema9s4 ,because ( ?is un*angeabl5ess we c use x v effectively = purposes ( d$uction4 ,"o ( ^! is 9 connection ) t o!r great pr9ciple ( physics1 ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,by ! mutual action ( p>ticles on "o ano!r1 by contraction1 by tidal pulls1 & s on1 "s en]gy ( motion is con/antly be+ *ang$ into heat & ?us dissipat$ away4 ,en]gy ( motion1 !re=e1 is sl[ly be+ lo/ to ! sy/em1 & ! only /able /ate = ! bodies compos+ x is :5 _! en]gy ( motion has decreas$ to ! m9imum consi/5t ) ! initial mom5t ( mom5tum4 ,?is pr9ciple we %all f9d v fecund 9 its application4 ,x means t our :ole sy/em is evolv+ 9 a way to less5 its en]gy ( motion :ile keep+ its quantity ( motion un*ang$4 ,! univ]se always does a ?+ ) ! lea/ possible exp5diture ( =ce & gets rid ( its sup]flu\s en]gy by p>t+ ) x to space4 ,philosoph]s may wrangle ov] its be+ ! be/ possible ( worlds1 b x is incontrov]tibly me*anically ! lazie/1 :i* a pessimi/ic fri5d ( m9e says proves x ! be/4 ,n[ ?is g5]alization f9ds imm$iate use 9 expla9+ c]ta9 features ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,9 look+ ov] ! congruities x w be se5 t deviation f ! pr9cipal plane ( ! sy/em or dep>ture f a circul> orbit is always associat$ ) smallness 9 size4 ,! insignificant bodies are ! erratic ones4 ,n[ x has be5 %[n ma!matically 9 sev]al diff]5t ways t :5 small p>ticles collect into a l>g] mass1 ! collisions t5d to make ! resultant orbit ( ! comb9ation bo? m circul> & m con=mant to ! g5]al plane ?an its con/itu5ts4 ,b we may see ?is m =?rightly by means ( ! g5]al pr9ciple enunciat$ above4 ,= 9 fact bo? results are direct outcomes ( ! cons]vation ( mom5t ( mom5tum4 ,giv5 a c]ta9 mom5t ( mom5tum = ! sy/em1 ! total en]gy ( ! bodies is lea/ :5 !y all move 9 "o plane4 ,?is is evid5t at once because ! compon5ts ( motion at "r angles to ! pr9cipal plane add no?+ to ! mom5t ( mom5tum ( ! sy/em4 ,x is also lea/ :5 ! bodies all revolve 9 circles ab\t ! c5tre ( gravity4 ,! circle has "s int]e/+ prop]ties :i* almo/ ju/ify ! reg>d paid to x by ! anci5ts z ! only p]fect figure4 ,x encloses ! maximum area = a giv5 p]iph]y1 s t accord+ to ! old leg5ds1 if "o 7 giv5 z mu* l& z he c\ld enclose ) a c]ta9 bull's hide1 he %\ld1 aft] cutt+ ! hide into /rips1 arrange ^! along ! circumf]5ce ( a circle4 ,n[ ?is prop]ty ( ! circle is intimately connect$ ) ! fact t a body revolv+ 9 a circle has ! greate/ mom5t ( mom5tum = ! lea/ exp5diture ( en]gy4 ,= "u ! same c5tral =ce all ellipses ( ! same longe/ diamet]s--major axes ^! are te*nically call$--are describ$ 9 ! same "t1 & ) ! same en]gy1 & ( all su*1 ! circle encloses ! greate/ area1 :i* area measures ! mom5t ( mom5tum see ,,note #f4 ,giv5 a c]ta9 mom5t ( mom5tum1 !n ! en]gy is lea/ :5 ! bodies all move 9 "o plane & all travel 9 circles 9 t plane4 ,z en]gy is con/antly be+ dissipat$ :ile any alt]ation among ! bodies is go+ on1 to coplan>ity & circul>ity ( pa? all ! bodies mu/ t5d1 if by collision !y be aggregat$ into l>g] masses4 ,z 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our sy/em ! small bodies travel out ( ! g5]al plane 9 ecc5tric ellipses :ile ! big ones travel 9 x 9 approximate circles1 ! facts indicate t ! orig9 ( ! l>g] masses 0 due to developm5t by aggregation out ( small] p>ticles4 ,! next pr9ciple is ( a diff]5t "*4 ,half a c5tury ago cele/ial me*anics dealt ) bodies *iefly z po9ts4 ,! ,e>? 0 treat$ z a weight$ po9t1 & s 0 ! ,sun4 ,?is 0 possible because a sph]e acts ^u outside bodies z if all its mass 7 collect$ at its c5tre1 & ! ,sun & _m ( ! planets are practically sph]es4 ,b :5 x came to nic] que/ions ( _! pres5t behavior & especially ( _! pa/ c>e]1 x grew necess>y to take _! %ape into acc\nt 9 _! mutual effects4 ,"o ( ! results 0 ! discov]y ( ! great rle play$ 9 evolution by tidal action4 ,inasmu* z ! planets are n p]fectly rigid bodies1 ea* is subject to tidal de=mation by ! o!r1 ! outside be+ pull$ m ?an ! c5tre on "o side & less on ! o!r4 ,bodily tides are ?us rais$ 9 x analog\s to ! surface tides we see 9 ! ocean1 only va/ly great]1 & ^! 9 turn act z a brake on its rotation4 ,n[ ! retrograde motions occurr+ 9 ! out]mo/ p>ts ( all ! sy/ems1 pr9cipal & subsidi>y1 only & always !re3 ! retrograde rotations ( ,neptune & ,uranus1 ! retrograde revolutions ( ! n9? satellite ( ,saturn & ( ! eigh? ( ,jupit]1 po9t to some?+ fundam5tal4 ,= :5 we consid] t x is precisely 9 its out] portions t any =ces %ap+ ! developm5t ( ! sy/em h _h less "t to produce _! effect1 we p]ceive t app>5t abnormality n[ is really survival ( ! orig9al normal /ate1 only to be f\nd at pres5t 9 :at has n be5 suffici5tly =c$ to *ange4 ,x sugge/s t ! pri/9e motion ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! scatt]$ agglom]ations :i* w5t to =m ! planets 0 retrograde1 & t _! pres5t direct rotations & ! direct revolutions ( mo/ ( _! satellites h be5 impos$ by "s =ce act+ s9ce4 ,let u inquire if !re be a =ce compet5t to ?is end1 & :at its mode ( action4 ,let u see h[ tidal action w\ld "w4 ,tidal =ce w\ld raise bulges1 & ^!1 n be+ c>ri$ r\nd ) ! planet's rotation except to a c]ta9 di/ance1 due to viscosity1 mu/ necess>ily act z brakes ^u ! planet's sp94 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! friction !y w\ld ?us ex]t1 en]gy ( motion mu/ be lo/4 ,s long1 !n1 z tidal =ces c come into play1 ! en]gy ( ! sy/em is capable ( decrease4 ,accord+ to ! la/ pr9ciple we consid]$1 ! sy/em _c be 9 /able equilibrium until ?is sup]flu\s en]gy is lo/ or until tidal =ces become inop]ative1 :i* _c be till all ! bodies 9 ! sy/em turn ! same face to _! respective c5tres ( attraction4 ,to see ?is m cle>ly1 take ! case ( a retrograde sp9 ( a planet z comp>$ ) a direct "o4 ,! en]gy ( ! planet's sp9 is ! same 9 bo? cases1 because en]gy dep5ds on ! squ>e ( a quantity2 to wit1 t ( ! velocity1 & is !re=e indep5d5t ( sign4 ,n s ! mom5t ( mom5tum4 ,= ?is dep5ds on ! fir/ p[] ( ! spe$1 & if positive 9 ! "o case1 mu/ be negative 9 ! o!r4 ,! mom5t ( mom5tum ( ! :ole sy/em1 !n1 is less 9 ! =m] case1 s9ce ! mom5t ( mom5tum ( ! retrograde rotation mu/ be subtract$ f1 t ( ! direct rotation be add$ to1 t ( ! re/ ( ! sy/em4 ,= a giv5 initial mom5t ( mom5tum ) :i* ! sy/em 0 end[$ at ! />t1 !re is1 !n1 sup]flu\s en]gy 9 ! fir/ /ate :i* c be got rid ( ?r\gh r$uction to ! second4 ,nature1 accord+ to h] pr9ciples ( lea/ ex]tion1 avails h]self ( ! *ance ( disp5s+ ) x1 & a direct rotation results4 ,sir ,rob]t ,ball fir/ sugge/$ ?is argum5t4 ,tidal action accompli%es ! end4 ,9 *eck+ up a body rotat+ contr>y to ! g5]al cons5sus ( sp91 its fir/ effect is to />t to turn ! axis ov]4 ,= ! body is 9 dynamical un/able equilibrium ) reg>d to ! re/ ( ! sy/em4 ,! right+ w\ld cont9ue1 practically to ! exclusion ( any dim9ution at fir/ ( ! sp91 until ! body _h turn$ ov] 9 its plane s t ! sp9 became direct4 ,z ! =ce increases greatly ) ne>ness to ! ,sun1 ! effect w\ld be mo/ m>k$ on ! ne>]1 & mo/ s on ! bigge/1 bodies4 ,?is w\ld acc\nt = ! o!rwise /range gradation f retrograde to direct 9 ! tilts ( ! axes ( ! out] planets1 & also = ! pres5t tilts ( all ! inn] ones4 ,relat$ to ! initial retrograde rotations ( ! planets1 & 9 a s5se survivals f an e>li] /ate ( ?+s1 are two ( ! late/ discov]ies ( motions 9 ! sol> sy/em1 ! retrograde orbital movem5ts ( ! n9? satellite ( ,saturn & ! eigh? ( ,jupit]4 ,consid]$ s anomal\s z sc>cely at fir/ to be believ$1 x has be5 /at$ t !y directly contradict ! !ory ( ,laplace4 ,?is is true2 9 ! same s5se & no m 9 :i* !y directly contradict ! contradictor1 "o ( ! late/ !ories4 ,= nei!r !ory has any?+ to expla9 !m z ! result ( law4 ,t !y _c be ! sport ( indiff]5t *ance seems evid5c$ by _! occupy+ simil> ext]nal positions 9 _! respective sy/ems4 ,z ! product ( a law we mu/ reg>d !m1 & to f9d t law we n[ turn4 ,suppose ! planet orig9ally to h be5 rotat+ backw>d1 or 9 ! direction ( ! h&s ( a clock4 ,at ?is "t ! satellite1 :i* may nev] h =m$ a "p ( its mass1 0 travell+ backw>d too1 accord+ to :at we h said4 ,!n "u ! friction ( ! tides rais$ on ! planet by ! ,sun1 ! planet proce$$ to turn ov]4 ,x cont9u$ to d s until x spun direct4 ,dur+ ?is process !re 0 no passage ?r\gh z]o ( its mom5t ( mom5tum consid]$ ) reg>d to itself1 & !re=e no difficulty on t score ( suppos+ t x successively g5]at$ satellites at all degrees ( incl9ation4 ,t its *ildr5 are ( ! nature ( adopt$ waifs1 ,bab9et's crit]ion 7#ahfa7 w\ld seem to imply4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,sun has be5 sl[+ up ! planet's rotation n[ = ons4 ,z x turn$ ov]1 its tidal bulges t5d$ to c>ry ov] ) x su* satellites z x already _h4 ,?is effect 0 mu* great] on ! ne>] ones1 bo? because !y 7 ne>] & because !y 7 mu* l>g] ?an ! out]4 ,s t ! ne>] kept ) ! planet1 ! o!rs lagg$ proportionately beh9d4 ,?is sugge/s itself to acc\nt = ! facts1 b ! subject involves s mu* t is unc]ta9 t ,i submit ! hypo!sis ) ! di/ru/ :i* ,laplace has s em95tly bespok54 ,i advance 9 its favor only ! ?ree /rik+ facts3 t a /eady progression 9 _! tilts ( rotation is obs]vable f ,neptune to ,jupit] & a sub/antially accordant "o f ,m>s to ,m]cury2 secondly1 t ! satellites turn _! faces to _! prim>ies1 z likewise d ,m]cury & ,v5us to ! ,sun2 &1 ?irdly1 t ! orbits ( ! satellites ( all ! planets are !mselves tilt$ 9 accordance ) :at x w\ld require see ,,note #g4 ,aft] ! axial sp9s h be5 made ov] to ! same s5se1 ! second consequ5ce ( tidal action 9 ! case ( two bodies revolv+ ab\t _! common c5tre ( gravity is to sl[ d[n bo? sp9s until fir/ ! small] & !n ! l>g] turn ! same face to ea* o!r & rema9 ?us con/ant ev] aft]4 ,n[ su* is precisely ! pass to :i* we obs]ve ! satellites ( ! planets h come4 ,all t we c be sure ( n[ turn ! same face always to _! prim>y4 ,! ,moon 0 ! fir/ to betray h] attitude1 because ! "o we c be/ note4 ,on scrut9y1 h[ev]1 ,jupit]'s satellites1 s f> z we c make out1 d ! l2 & ,saturn's1 too4 ,& a v prop] attitude x is1 ?is reg>d paid to compell+ attraction4 ,?us "o ( ! congruities we notic$ /&s acc\nt$ =4 ,! satellites c\ld h>dly h be5 at fir/ s obs]vant2 "t has br\ght ab\t ?is unfail+ recognition ( _! lords4 ,( ! peculi> mass+ ( ! bodies 9 ! family ( ! ,sun1 & ! /ill /rang] copy+ ( x 9 _! own dome/ic circles1 little c z yet be said 9 int]pretation4 ,t ! planet>y families & _! ance/ral gr\p %\ld agree is n ! lea/ /range "p ( ! affair4 ,x %[s t none ( !m 0 =tuit\s1 b t at ! =mation ( all "s common pr9ciple presid$1 apportion+ ! aggregations to _! prop] place4 ,b x is su* f9e pr9t ( ! sy/em's hi/ory z at pres5t to preclude disc]nm5t4 ,s mu* = ! details we may d$uce ( ! me?od ( our bir?4 ,we p]ceive unmi/akably t our sol> sy/em grew to be :at x is1 & t x develop$ by agglom]ation ( its previ\sly %att]$ fragm5ts into ! planets we behold to-day1 b exactly h[ ! process progress$ we are z yet unable to precise4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 z :at ,i h m5tion$ & tabl$ %[1 e day accumulat+ data :i* w enable an ev5tual det]m9ation probably to be rea*$4 ,f ! fact ( agglom]ation1 ! ess5ce ( ! affair1 we turn to ! traces x has left ^u its sev]al (fspr+4 ,j z ! cont9u$ exi/5ce to-day ( meteorites 9 /atu quo in=ms u ( a previ\s body f :i* our nebula sprang2 s a physical *>act]i/ic ( our own e>? at ! pres5t "t %[s x to h evolv$ f t nebula--ev5 ?\gh we _c make out all ! /eps4 ,( its hav+ done s1 we are f> m sure ?an ( h[ x did4 ,t primitive man p]ceiv$ t some:]e bel[ him 0 a fi]y region :i* 0 n an agreeable abode1 is pla9 f 8 consign+ to su* ,tophet ^? ^: religi\s t5ets did n squ>e ) 8 own4 ,t 8 conception ( x 0 n /rictly sci5tific is evid5c$ by 8 n realiz+ t to bury 8 enemies 0 ! way to make !m take ! fir/ /ep ( ! j\rney ?i!r4 ,inde$1 ! v9dictive v5t+ ( 8 notions cle>ly indicates _! s\rce z volcanic1 r ?an br$ ( a g5]al disapproval ( a d[nw>d desc5t ei!r 9 silicates or s94 ,x 0 n till man began to bore into ! ,e>? = metallic or potable purposes t he br\ght to light ! g5]ic fact t x 0 ev]y:]e hott] z "o w5t d[n4 ,& ?is n only 9 a v regul>1 b 9 a mo/ spe$y1 mann]4 ,! temp]ature increas$ 9 a really surpris+ way #a ,f4 = e sixty-five feet ( desc5t4 ,z ! rise cont9u$ unabat$ to ! limit ( 8 bor+s1 becom+ v unpleasant at its end1 x 0 cle> t at a dep? ( ?irty-five miles ev5 s refractory a sub/ance z plat9um mu/ melt1 & practically all ! ,e>? except a ?9 cru/ be molt5 or ev5 gase\s4 ,n[ heat1 l money1 is easy to dissipate b h>d to acquire1 z primitive man 0 ! fir/ to realize4 ,x does n come )\t cause4 ,be+ a mode ( motion1 o!r motion mu/ h prec$$ x f :i* x sprang4 ,s mu* ! doctr9e ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy tea*es u1 a doctr9e consid]$ n[ to h be5 ! great sci5tific heirloom ( ! n9ete5? c5tury to ! tw5tie?1 yet :i* 9 its day caus$ ! dea? ( its fir/ discov]]1 ,may]1 ( a brok5 he>t f non-recognition2 its second1 ,helmholtz1 0 refus$ publication by ! lead+ ,b]l9 physical magaz9e ( ! "t4 ,s quick is man to delay 8 own advance4 ,! only conceivable motion = ?us heat+ ! ,e>? z a :ole 0 ! fall+ toge!r ( its p>ts4 ,! pres5t heat ( ! ,e>?1 !n1 accuses ! conc\rse ( p>ticles 9 ! pa/ to its =mation1 or 9 o!r words proves t ! ,e>? 0 evolv$ out ( mat]ial orig9ally m sp>cely /rewn4 ,x does s n only 9 a g5]ic b 9 a mo/ p>ticul> mann]1 = ! heat is di/ribut$ j :]e x w\ld be by su* a process4 ,x is great] to-day )91 increas+ly1 because :5 ! globe began to cool1 ! surface necess>ily cool$ fir/ & e/abli%$ a regul> gradi5t ( heat f core to cuticle4 ,x is possible to te/ ?is qualitative inf]5ce quantitatively & see if ! fall+ toge!r ( ! meteorites 0 equal to ! task4 ,kn[+ ! me*anical equival5t ( heat1 :at we d is to calculate ! quantity ( motion involv$ & !n evaluate x 9 heat4 ,z we are unaw>e ( ! exact law ( d5sity ( ! ,e>?1 & are ignorant ( h[ mu* 0 radiat$ away 9 ! process1 ! problem is a little l e/imat+ ! =tune ( a man :5 we d n "k ! /ocks 9 :i* he has inve/$1 & ignore h[ mu* he has sp5t ! :ile4 ,we only "k :at he w\ld h be5 wor? _h he foll[$ our advice 9 ! matt] ( inve/m5ts & liv$ z frugally z we recomm5d$4 ,= "h1 too1 we are oblig$ to make c]ta9 assumptions4 ,nev]!less ! figure obta9$ 9 ! case ( ! planets' /ores ( heat is s enorm\s z to leave a mo/ ample m>g9 = dissipation4 ,_h ! ,e>? contract$ f a fairly g5]\s expansion to its pres5t /ate "u ! probable law ( d5sity sugge/$ by ,laplace 9 ano!r connection1 ! heat develop$ w\ld h be5 en\gh to raise ! :ole globe to #afj1jjj ,f4 if ( iron1 #ij1jjj ,f4 if ( /one4 ,z #aj1jjj ,f4 w\ld h suffic$ = ! ,e>? to h kept up its pa/1 to say no?+ ( its pres5t1 /ate1 we are ju/ifi$ ( our d$uction4 ,nor is ! ,e>? ! only body 9 ! sy/em :i* ?us argues itself evolv$ by ! fall+ toge!r ( its pres5t con/itu5ts4 ,9 ! l>g] planets ,jupit] & ,saturn we seem to see ! heat1 f> z we are away4 ,= ! *]ry hue !y disclose betwe5 _! bright] belts proves to come f great] absorption !re ( ! gre5 & blue rays ( ! spectrum1 indicat+ a great] dep? ( atmosph]e trav]s$4 ,?us ^! p>ts lie at a l[] level1 & _! ruddy hue is j :at !y %\ld %[ 7 !y /ill gl[+ ) a dull r$ heat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spectrogram ,,( ,,jupit]1 ,,moon ,,comp>ison4 ,,l[ell ,,obs]vatory4 ,v4 ,m4 ,,sliph]4 ,heat is n only ! end ( ! beg9n+1 x is ! beg9n+ ( ! end z well4 ,x is bo? ! result ( ! evolv+ ( def9ite bodies out ( ! agglom]ation ( matt]-/rewn space1 & ! cause ( ! high] evolution ( ^? globes !mselves4 ,= ! acquisition ( heat is ! necess>y preface to all t foll[s4 ,heat is a body's evolution>y capital ^: wise exp5diture ?r\gh cool+ d[n makes all fur!r advance to high] products possible4 ,a body too small to h acquir$ x mu/ rema9 =ev] lifeless1 z dead z ! meteorites !mselves t ent] our air z m]e in]t bits ( /one or iron4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 heat bo? mu/ h be5 & !n mu/ h be5 lo/4 ,l ! loss ( =tune or ( fri5ds sometimes 9 ! ennobl+ ( "*1 x is ?r\gh its pass+ away t its effects are realiz$4 ,= 9 cool+ d[n f a once heat$ condition1 t tra9 ( ev5ts occurs :i* we mo/ commonly p>ticul>ize z evolution4 ,s f> 9 our survey ! m>* ( advance has be5 ?r\gh masses ( matt]1 a mol> evolution2 f ?is po9t on x passes into its m9ute con/itu5ts & becomes a molecul> "o4 ,! "o is ! necess>y prelude to ! o!r4 ,up to ?is great turn+-po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ea* memb] ( a sol> sy/em we h be5 busi$ ) ! acquisition ( heat1 ?\gh we may n h be5 aw>e ( x ! :ile4 ,all ! motions we h /udi$ t5d$ to t end4 ,dur+ ^! ?ree *apt]s1 ,i1 ,,ii1 ,v1 we h be5 gradually ris+ 9 our po9t ( view until we /& at ! temp]ature p9nacle ( ! :ole process4 ,9 ! next ?ree we are to desc5d ^u ! o!r side4 ,! slope we h come up 0 ( necessity b>r52 ! "o we are to g d[n br+s u to v]dure & ! haunts ( m54 ,com+ f ! causes above1 we rea* at ea* /ep effects m & m relat$ to ourselves :i* ^? causes w help u to expla94 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,a ,,planet',s ,,hi/ory ,self-su/a9$ ,/age ,up to ?is po9t 9 our retrospective survey ! long c\rse ( evolution has tak5 "o l9e1 t ( dynamical sep>ation ( ! sy/em's p>ts ) subsequ5t reunitem5t ( !m accord+ to ! laws ( cele/ial me*anics4 ,( ?is action ,i h submitt$ ! read] my brief3 dep>t+ 9 x f common-law practice1 9 :i* ! cause ( action is %ort & ! brief long4 ,& ,i h1 ,i tru/1 gu>d$ aga9/ 8 appeal+ on exceptions4 ,f ?is po9t on we h two k9ds ( developm5t to foll[3 ! "o intr9sic1 ! *emical2 ! o!r incid5tal1 ! physical4 ,n t1 9 a way1 ! "o is divorcible f ! o!r4 ,= ! physical makes possible ! *emical by furni%+ x ! conditions to act4 ,b 9 ano!r s5se1 & t :i* is mo/ ?ru/ ^u our notice1 ! two are indep5d5t4 ,?us oceans & l&1 hills & valleys1 cl\ds & blue sky1 z we "k !m1--ev]y?+1 pretty mu*1 :i* we associate ) a _w1--are n univ]sal1 inevitable1 results ( planet>y evolution1 b resultant1 individual1 *>act]i/ics ( our p>ticul> abode4 ,!y are z mu* our own z ! peculi> ari?metic ( wait]s is !irs1 or z us$ to be ! sobriety ( ! c\ntry doctor's horse--8 & no o!r's4 ,our :ole geologic c>e] is ess5tially e>?ly4 ,n t its fundam5tal laws are n ( univ]sal application1 b ! kaleidoscopic patt]ns !y produce dep5d on ! little idiosyncrasies ( ! con/itu5ts & ! mode 9 :i* ^! fall toge!r4 ,our ev]yday exp]i5ces we %\ld f9d q *ang$1 c\ld we alight on ,v5us or on ,m>s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! *emical *anges :i* foll[ a body's acquisition ( heat1 sett+ 9 ! mom5t t heat has rea*$ its acme & />ts to decl9e1 are z univ]sal z ! univ]se itself4 ,!y are condition$1 x is true1 by ! body's size & by ! position t body occupi$ 9 ! primal nebula1 b !y dep5d directly ^u ! degree ( heat ! body _h atta9$4 ,! l>g] ! planet1 ! high] ! temp]ature x rea*$ & ! full] its possibilities4 ,ev5 ! planets are born to _! e/ate4 ,?us ! little meteorites live _! :ole wak+ life dur+ ! few seconds !y sp5d ru%+ ?r\gh our air4 ,= !n only does *ange affect _! o!rwise et]nally in]t c>e]s4 ,t ! "t is too %ort = any important exp]i5ce is evid5t on _! faces4 ,heat is mo/ intimately associat$ ) ! v con/itution ( matt]4 ,x is1 9 fact1 m]ely ! motion ( its ultimate p>ticles1 & plays an ess5tial "p 9 _! *emical relations4 ,j z a c]ta9 discreet f]vor & suffici5t exposure = attraction to take1 make = matrimony1 s ) ! little molecules1 a suitable degree ( w>m? & a propiti\s opportunity simil>ly conduce to conjunction2 too fi]y a temp]am5t result+ 9 a vagabondage prev5tative ( settl$ p>tn]%ip & too cold a "o 9 p]man5t celibacy4 ,y may ?9k ! simile a t\* too an?ropomorphic1 b x is a mo/ sob] /atem5t ( fact4 ,inde$1 x is m ?an probable t 9 "s dull s5se !y feel ! impulse1 ?\gh n ! ne$ ( express+ x 9 v]se4 ,t metals c rememb] _! pa/ /ates seems to h be5 demon/rat$ by ,bose1 & is c]ta9ly 9 keep+ ) g5]al pr9ciples z we "k !m to-day4 ,= memory is ! p>tial ret5tion ( pa/ *anges1 r5d]+ ^? *anges m facile ( repetition4 ,a high degree ( heat1 !n1 makes *emical union impossible1 because ! great spe$s at :i* ! molecules are ru%+ pa/ ea* o!r prev5ts any ( !m be+ caught4 ,lack ( spe$ is equally det]r5t4 ,nor is x :olly or ev5 pr9cipally1 p]haps1 a movem5t ( ! :ole :i* is "h conc]n$1 b a p>titive ?robb+ ( ! molecule itself4 ,c]ta9 x is t great cold is z prohibitive ( *emic comb9ation z great heat4 ,phosphorus1 :i* ev9ces su* avidity = oxyg5 at ord9>y temp]atures z to h got its "n f ! way x publi%es ! fact1 at v l[ ones %[s a coolness = its aff9ity am\nt+ to absolute unconc]n4 ,?us only )9 a c]ta9 range ( temp]ature does *emical comb9ation occur4 ,to rema9 above or bel[ ?is is to /ay =ev] immortally dead4 ,to get hot en\gh 9 ! fir/ place1 & !n subsequ5tly to cool1 are !re=e ess5tial processes to a body :i* is to "k evolution>y advance4 ,to p5 ! hi/ory ( ! sol> sy/em & leave out ( x all m5tion ( its mo/ transc5d5tally wond]ful result1 ! *emical evolution att5dant ^u cool+1 w\ld be to play 8,hamlet0 ) ,hamlet left out4 ,= ! ?+ :i* makes ! second half ( ! great cosmic drama s inconceivably gr& is ! build+ up ( ! inf9itely little into some?+ f> f9] ?an ! inf9itely great4 ,! me*anical action t fir/ tore a sun ap>t1 & !n :irl$ ! fragm5ts into ! beautifully symmetric sy/em we behold to-day1 is ( a gr&eur :i* is at lea/ conceivable2 ! molecul> "o t1 beg9n+ :]e ! o!r left (f1 built up fir/ ! diamond & !n humanity is "o t passes our p[] to imag9e4 ,t out ( ! aggregation ( meteorites %\ld come man1 a be+ able to look back ov] 8 own g5esis1 to be cognizant ( x1 z x 71 f its fir/ beg9n+s1 is almo/ to prove him imman5t 9 x f ! />t4 ,=tunate x is t 8 p[]s %\ld seem m limit$ ?an 8 p]ceptions1 & ! m s z he goes f>!r1 else he _h be5 b ! embodim5t ( conceit4 ,we mu/ sket*1 !re=e1 ! /eps 9 ?is m>vell\s syn!sis2 ha/ily1 = ,i h already spok5 ( x else:]e 9 pr9t & repetitions dull appreciation1--9 ! appreciative1--?\gh we h ! be/ ( prec$5ts = believ+ t1 ev5 9 sci5ce1 to be dull & it]ative insures success2 ! dulness pass+ = wisdom & ! it]ation tir+ opposition out4 ,9 ! ,sun all sub/ances are 9 _! elem5tal /ate4 ,?\gh its mat]ials are ! same z ! ,e>?'s1 we %\ld c]ta9ly n feel at home !re1 ev5 if we waiv$ ! "q ( com=t1 = we %\ld recognize no?+ we "k4 ,we talk glibly ( elem5ts z if we _h p]sonal acqua9tance ) !m1 man's innate snobb]y cropp+ out4 ,= to ! *emi/ alone are !y obs]vable entities4 ,no "o b he has ev] beheld calcium or silicon1 or magnesium1 or manganese1 & mo/ ( u w\ld c]ta9ly n "k ^! ev]yday elem5ts if we met !m on ! /reet4 ,( all ! sub/ances compos+ ! ,e>?'s cru/1 or ! air above1 or ! wat] b5ea?1 practically ! only elem5ts ) :i* we are p]sonally famili> are iron1 copp]1 & c>bon1 & ^! only 9 m9ute quantities & 9 t ord] ( acquisition2 :i* acc\nts = ! /one1 iron1 & bronze ages ( man1 end+ we may add ) ! graphite or lead-p5cil age ( e>ly education4 ,yet t elem5t>y sub/ances once exi/$ "h we h evid5ce4 ,we f9d su* 9 volcanic v5ts4 ,t ! ,e>? 0 once z hot on its surface z x n[ is und]nea?1 we "k f ! condition ( ! plutonic rocks :]e s$im5t>y /rata h n cov]$ !m up4 ,volcanoes & geys]s are our only av5ues n[ to t e>li] /ate ( ?+s4 ,f ^! pa?ways to ! pa/1 & only f !m1 d we f9d elem5t>y sub/ances produc$ to-day1--hydrog51 sulphur1 *lor9e1 oxyg51 & c>bon4#ae ,we are ?us made aw>e t once ! ,e>? 0 simple1 too1 on ! surface z well z deep] d[n4 ,a side-light1 ?is1 to :at we knew mu/ h be5 ! case4 #ae ,geikie1 8,geology10 pages #he1 #hf1 & #aca-acf4 ,f its primordial /ate1 ! lea/ complex comp\nds 7 evolv$ fir/4 ,z ! heat less5$1 high] & high] comb9ations became possible4 ,& ?is is :y ! m complex molecules are s un/able1 ! organic ones ! mo/4 ,s9ce !y are n possible at all "u mu* /ir ( _! atomic con/itu5ts1 x %[s t ! bond betwe5 !m mu/ be feeble--&1 !re=e1 easily brok5 by o!r causes besides heat4 ,to ! in/ability ( ! organic molecule is due its p[]2 & to cool+1 ! possibility ( its expression4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l[ell ,,obs]vatory ,,spectrogram ,,%[+ ,,wat]-,,vapor ,,9 ,,! ,,atmosph]e ,,( ,,m>s1 ,,janu>y #aijh4--,v4 ,m4 ,,sliph]4 ,= ! /eps 9 ! *emical process f ,sun to habitable ,e>? we mu/ look to ! spectroscope2 n 9 its old] field1 ! blue end ( ! spectrum1 b 9 t :i* is unfold+ to our view 9 ,dr4 ,sliph]'s +5i\s h&s1 ! ext5sion ( ! obs]vable "p ( x into ! r$4 ,= at t end lie ! b&s due to planet>y absorption4 ,"h we h already secur$ surpris+ results z to ! atmosph]es ( ! v>i\s planets4 ,we h n only f\nd positive evid5ce ( wat]-vapor 9 ! atmosph]e ( ,m>s1 b we h detect$ /range envelopes 9 ! major planets :i* %[ a con/itution diff]5t f t ( ! ,sun on ! "o h&1 & ( ! ,e>? on ! o!r4 ,t size & position are = mu* 9 ^! peculi>ities1 ,i h already %[n y2 b some?+1 too1 is to be laid at ! door ( age4 ,! major planets are n s advanc$ 9 _! planet>y hi/ory z is our ,e>?2 & ,dr4 ,sliph]'s spectrograms ( !m disclose :at is n[ go+ on 9 t prefatory1 *ildi% /age4 ,^! spectrograms are full ( possibilities1 & x is n too mu* to say t *emi/ry may yet be greatly indebt$ to ! />s4 ,comp\nds1 ! /range unkn[n sub/ances !re reveal$ by _! spectral l9es1 may be cryptic z yet to u4 ,"s ( ! elem5ts miss+ 9 ,m5deleff's table may be !re1 too4 ,helium 0 fir/ f\nd 9 ! ,sun2 coronium /ill awaits detection else:]e4 ,s ) ^! spectral l9es ( ! out] planets4 ,x looks z if *emi/ry _h be5 a ?\ght too previ\s 9 mak+ free = o!rs ) :at %\ld h be5 _! names1 ,z5on & ,uranium4 ,= we may yet h to speak ( ,dion & ,v>unium4 ,f ! *emical aspect ( evolution we pass to its physical side2 f ! indirectly to ! directly visible results4 ,"h aga91 to le>n :at happ5$ aft] ! sunlike /age1 we mu/ turn to ! major planets4 ,= ! cool+ :i* induc$ bo? physical & *emical *ange has !re progress$ less f>1 inasmu* z a l>ge globe takes long] to cool ?an a small "o4 ,to ! l>ge/ planets1 !n1 we %\ld look = types ( ! e>ly planet>y /ages to-day4 ,almo/ z soon z ! telescope 0 direct$ to ,jupit]1 among ! details x disclos$ 7 ! ,jovian belts 79 ! ye> #afcj71 d>k /reaks rul+ ! planet's disk p>allel to its equator4 ,!y are ( ! fir/ objects adv]tis$ z visible 9 small glasses to-day1 vy+ ) ! crat]s 9 ! ,moon z pur*asable wond]s ( ! sky4 ,z ! belts 7 bett] & bett] se51 features came out 9 !m :i* prov$ m & m int]e/+4 ,cass9i1 9 #afib1 notic$ t ! m>k+s travell$ r\nd ,jupit] & ^? ne>e/ 8 equator ! quicke/4 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el ?\ght !m due to ,jovian trade-w9ds1 ! planet's swift rotation mak+ up = defici5cy ( sun2 :y1 does n appe>4 ,mod]n /udy ( ! planet %[s t ! bright longitud9al lay]s betwe5 ! d>k belts are unque/ionably belts ( cl\d4 ,_! behavior indicates ?is1 & _! intr9sic brightness be>s x out4 ,= !y are ( almo/ exactly t alb$o4 ,:e!r !y are ! k9d ( cl\d ) :i* we are famili>1 cl\ds ( wat]-vapor1 we are n yet sure4 ,b :atev] _! con/itution1 _! conduct is q o!r ?an is exhibit$ by our own4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y are ( s+ul> p]man5ce = cl\ds4 ,! fleet+ =ms we "k z su* assume 9 ! ,jovian air a /ability wor?y ( ,jove himself4 ,9 _! g5]al outl9es1 !y rema9 ! same = ye>s at a "t4 8,con/ant z cl\d0 w\ld be ! prop] poetic simile !re4 ,b :ile rema9+ true to !mselves1 !y prove to be 9 sl[1 unequal %ift ) "o ano!r4 ,?us ,jupit]'s (ficial day diff]s accord+ to ! wat* ( ! p>ticul> belt t times x4 ,spots 9 diff]5t latitudes drift r\nd lazily 9 appe>ance1 swiftly 9 fact1 ^? ne> ! equator z a rule ! fa/e/4 ,nor is !re any h>d & fa/ latitud9al law2 x is a g-z-!y-please race 9 :i* "o belt passes its neighbor at a rate sometimes ( f\r hundr$ miles an h\r4 ,! mean day is #i #ee long4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jupit] ,,& ,,its 8,,great ,,r$ ,,spot0--,a ,,draw+ ,,by ,,dr4 ,,l[ell1 ,,april #ab1 #g #j-e1 #aijg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jupit] ,,& ,,its 8,,great ,,r$ ,,spot0--,a ,,draw+ ,,by ,,dr4 ,,l[ell1 ,,april #ab1 #g #bh-db1 #aijg4 ,a side-light is ca/ ^u ! ,jovian /ate ( ?+s by ! 8great r$ spot10 :i* has be5 m or less visible = ?irty ye>s1 & :i* takes five m9utes long] ?an ! equatorial b& to travel r\nd4 ,its t9t bespoke int]e/ 9 :at might be its atmosph]ic horizon4 ,yet x betray$ no sign ( be+ ei!r depress$ or exalt$ ) reg>d to ! re/ ( ! surface4 8,9 #ahia10 z ,miss ,cl]ke puts x1 8an opportunity 0 (f]$ ( det]m9+ its altitude relative to a small d>k spot on ! same p>allel1 by :i*1 aft] mon?s ( pursuit1 x 0 f9ally ov]tak54 ,an occultation appe>$ to be ! only alt]native f a transit2 yet nei!r occurr$4 ,! d>k spot *ose a ?ird4 ,x coa/$ r\nd ! ob/acle 9 its way1 & got damag$ beyond recognition 9 ! process40 ,x ?us a/utely refus$ to te/ify4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sun ,,spots--,,aft] ,,bond4 ,n[1 ?is exclusiv5ess on ! "p ( ! 8great r$ spot0 really (f]s u an insight to its "*4 ,cle>ly x 0 no void1 b occupi$ space ) m ?an ord9>y p]si/5cy4 ,z x 0 nei!r above nor bel[ ! d>k spot & %att]$ t spot on approa*1 :i* its =m] surr\nd+s _h n done1 its =ce mu/ h be5 due to motion4 ,?is c be expla9$ by its be+ =m$ ( a va/ upru% ( heat$ vapor f ! int]ior4 ,9 %ort1 x 0 a sort ( baby elephant ( a volcano1 or geys]1 occurr+ z befits its y\? 9 fluid1 n solid1 conditions1 b fairly p]man5t1 nev]!less--a bit ( k9d]g>t5 ,jovian geology4 ,?is e/imate ( x is concurr$ 9 by ,dr4 ,sliph]'s spectrogram ( ! d>k & light belts respectively4 ,= 9 ! spectrum ( ! d>k "o we see ! di/9ctive ,jovian b&s int5sifi$ z if ! light _h trav]s$ a great] dep? ( ,jovian air4 ,its color1 a *]ry r$1 abets ! conclusion--t 9 su* places we look d[n into ! fi]y1 *aotic turmoil s incessantly go+ on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,photograph ,,( ,a ,,sun ,,spot--,,aft] ,,! ,,late ,m4 ,,janss54 ,x is ( int]e/ to note t we h prototypes ( ?is sort ( extrat]re/rial cyclone 9 ! ,sun4 ,8 spots are probably local upsett+s ( atmosph]ic equilibrium1 us+ ! ^w atmosph]ic 9 ! wide/ possible s5se4 ,j z our /orms are ! milde/ examples ( ! l expo/ulation at ! impossibility ( keep+ up a too long cont9u$ decorum4 ,only t ) u ! ,e>? is n s mu* to blame z ! ,sun2 :ile bo? ,jupit] & ! ,sun are !mselves responsible = _! condition4 ,?us we h1 9 ! v dep? ( _! negation1 w>rant f ! d>k belts ( ,jupit] t ! bright ones are cl\d4 ,b also t !y are n cl\ds ord]$ z ours4 ,! ,jovian cl\ds pay no sort ( reg>d to ! ,sun4 ,9 orbital matt]s ,jupit] obeys ! rul] ( ! sy/em2 b he suff]s no int]f]5ce f him 9 8 dome/ic affairs4 ,8 cl\d-belts behave z if ! ,sun did n exi/4 ,day & night cause no diff]5ce 9 !m2 nor does ! ,jovian ye>4 ,!y come :5 !y w2 la/ = mon?s1 ye>s1 decades2 & disappe> 9 l mann]4 ,!y are sui ,jovis1 caus$ by v]tical curr5ts f ! heat$ core & /rung out 9 longitud9al procession by ,jupit]'s sp94 ,!y are self-rais$1 n sun-rais$1 cond5sations ( :at is vaporiz$ bel[4 ,jove is inde$ ! cl\d-compell] 8 "n implies4 ,yet ,jupit] emits no light1 unless ! *]ry r$ ( 8 d>k] belts be consid]$ its la/ l+]+ gl[4 ,he is ?us on ! road f ,sun to _w1 & 8 pres5t appe>ance in=ms u t ?is incubation takes place "u cl\d4 ,! l is true ( ,saturn1 9 fa9t] replica1 ev5 to ! *]ry hue4 ,9 "o way ,saturn visibly ass]ts 8 indep5d5ce beyond t possible by ,jupit]4 ,= ,jupit]'s equator lies almo/ 9 ! plane ( 8 orbit1 & on a ha/y view ! ,sun might be cr$it$ ) ! ord]+ ( ! belts1 z 0 inde$ long ! case4 ,b ,saturn's incl9ation to 8 orbital plane is #bg2 yet 8 belts fit 8 figure z neatly z 8 r+s1 & nev] get displac$1 no matt] h[ 8 body be turn$4 ,uranus & ,neptune are 9 ! same self-c5tr$ attitude at pres5t z ! fa9t traces ( belts on _! disk1 o!rwise ( ! same alb$o z cl\d1 lead u to conclude4 ,yet bo? _! d5sities & _! situation give u to believe !m fur!r advanc$ ?an ! giant planets1 & /ill !y lie wrapp$ 9 cl\d4 ,^! planets1 !n1 are q unbehold5 to ! ,sun = all _! pres5t int]nal economies4 ,:at goes on "u t veil ( cl\ds ) :i* !y discreetly hide _! do+s f ! too curi\s a/ronomic eye--we c only conjecture4 ,b we disc]n en\gh to "k t x is no placid unev5tfulness4 ,t x w cont9ue1 too1 we are assur$4 ,= :e!r ^! cl\ds are l>gely wat]-vapor n[1 or n1 to wat]y ones !y mu/ come z ! la/ ( all ! wrapp]s !y w ev5tually put (f4 ,! major planets are ! only ones at ! pres5t mom5t 9 ?is self-c5tr$ & self-su/a9$ /age4 ,_! great size has kept !m "y4 ,9 ! small] t]re/rial planets we c\ld n expect to witness any su* condition to-day4 ,if !y exp]i5c$ an ebulli5t y\?1 !y h long s9ce outgr[n x4 ,only by rummag+ _! pa/ c\ld we f9d evid5ce on ! po9t1 & ?is1 di/ance bo? 9 "t & space b>s u f do+4 ,!re is b "o body into ^: =etime c>e] we c\ld hope to pe] ) ! slighte/ prospect ( success--our own ,e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,volcano ,,colima1 ,,mexico1 ,,m>* #bd1 #aijc--;,,jos ,,m>ia ,,arreola1 ,,p] ,,fr$]ick ,,/>r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jukes ,,butte1 ,a ,,d5ud$ ,,laccoli?1 ,,z ,,se5 ,,f ,,! ,,nor?we/--,,gilb]t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ideal ,,section ,,( ,a ,,laccoli?--,,gilb]t4 ,:e!r our ,e>? 0 ev] hot en\gh at ! surface to vaporize ^? sub/ances :i* n[ =m ! ,jovian or ,saturnian cl\ds1 we d n "k2 b t x 0 once hot en\gh to vaporize wat] we are p]fectly c]ta94 ,& ?is f pro( bo? ( :at did exi/ & ( :at did n4 ,t ! surface temp]ature 0 at onetime 9 ! ?\s&s ( degrees ,fahr5heit1 ! ,plutonic magma und]ly+ all ! s$im5t>y rocks ( ! ,e>? amply %[s4 ,rev]sely1 ! abs5ce ( any effect ( wat] until we rea* ^! s$im5t>y deposits1 te/ifies t dur+ all ! e>li] /ages ( ! ,e>?'s c>e] wat] z su* 0 abs5t1 & z wat] subsequ5tly appe>$1 x is cle> t ! conditions did n at fir/ all[ x to =m4 ,we are sure1 !re=e1 t !re 0 a "t :5 wat] exi/$ only z /eam1 & v possibly a p]iod /ill ant]ior to t :5 x did n exi/ at all1 its con/itu5t hydrog5 & oxyg5 n hav+ yet comb9$4 ,!re 0 c]ta9ly an era1 !n1 9 ! morn+ ( ! ages1 :5 ! ,e>? wore h] cl\d-wrapp] mu* z ,jupit] 8 n[4 ,t ! seas 7 n once & yet are to-day1 af=ds pro( positive t at "s int]m$iate p]iod !y began to be4 ,av]y long int]m$iate "o x mu/ h be51 too1--all ! "t x took ! ,e>? to cool f ab\t #bjjj ,c4 to #ajj ,c4 ,n till aft] ! temp]ature _h fall5 to ! latt] figure 9 ! out] regions ( ! atmosph]e c\ld cl\ds =m1 & n till x _h done s at ! solid surface c\ld ! /eam be deposit$ z wat]4 ,reason+ ?us pres5ts u ) a picture ( our ,e>? z a va/ see?+ caldron f :i* /eam cond5s+ into cl\d 0 precipitat$ ^u a heat$ lay] ( rock1 to rise 9 cl\ds ( /eam aga94 ,! solid surface _h by ?is "t =m$1 ?ick5+ sl[ly & m or less irregul>ly1 & into its l>g] dimples ! wat] settl$ z x grew1 deep5+ !m into ! great ocean bas9s ( to-day4 ,we see ! process ) z mu* c]ta9ty & consid]ably m com=t ?an if1 9 ! ,fr5* s5se1 we _h assi/$ at x4 ,pres5ce ( m9d n[ ?us amply makes up = abs5ce ( body !n4 ,pass+ on evolution>ily we rea* m & m tol]able conditions & solid gr\nd 9 fact1 z well z !ory4 ,?us ! cru/ h>d5$ & cool$1 :ile ! oceans /ill rema9$ uncom=tably hot4 ,= wat] requires mu* m heat to w>m x to a giv5 temp]ature ?an rock1 ab\t f\r & a half times z mu*4 ,x has !re=e by s mu* ! m to lose1 & is proportionally long 9 ! los+4 ,^! hot seas mu/ h produc$ a small univ]se ( cl\d1 & z ! conditions 7 ! same all ov] ! ,e>?1 we c see easily ) ! m9d's eye t we c\ld n h se5 at all ) ! bodily "o1 _h we occupi$ ! l& 9 ^? v e>ly days4 ,to be q %ut out f curi\s sight )\t1 0 h>dly made up = by n be+ able to see m ?an dimly )94 ,any "o :o has /ood on ! edge ( a n-ext9ct crat] :5 ! w9d 0 bl[+ 8 way1 w h z good a realization ( ! !n /ate ( ?+s z he probably c>es =4 ,n[ ?is a/ronomic draw+ ( ! !n ,e>?1 :i* by its lack ( detail all[s ( no d\bt :atev]1 p]mits u to (f] help 9 ! elucidation ( "s ( _! ph5om5a to our geologic colleagues4 ,we are ! m embold5$ to d s 9 t !y h !mselves appeal$ to a/ronomy = diagnosis1 & accept$ no/rums devis$ by !mselves4 ,x is always bett] 9 su* cases to call 9 a regul> practition]4 ,n t he is necess>ily m a/ute1 b t he kn[s :at w n "w4 ,x 0 9 ! matt] ( ! paleologic climate t !y 7 l$ to consult a/ronomy4 ,! s+ul> ?+ ab\t paleologic times 0 ! comb9ation ( mu* w>m? ) little light2 & ! n less s+ul> fact t ^! conditions 7 r\ghly uni=m ov] ! :ole ,e>?4 ,f ?is univ]sality x 0 cle>1 z ,de ,lapp>5t1 _! *ief spokesman1 puts x1 t no?+ local c\ld expla9 ! fact4 ,x 0 some?+ :i* dem&$ a cause common to ! globe4 ,x ?us fell prop]ly )9 ! prov9ce ( a/ronomy4 ,= if we are to draw any l9e betwe5 ! sph]es ( influ5ce ( ! two sci5ces1 x w\ld seem to lie :]e totality ends & prov9cialism beg9s4 ,i use ?is n z a pejorative1 b simply to "p local color f "o univ]sal drab4 ,9 ! ,e>?'s g5]al attributes1--its size1 %ape1 & weight1--we mu/ h rec\rse to a/ronomy to le>n ! facts4 ,n less s = ^? pr9cipal causes :i* h %ap$ its g5]al c>e]2 we surr5d] x only at ! po9t :]e ev]yday int]e/ beg9s1 :5 ^? causes t l$ x ?r\gh its un9vit+ y\? give way to effects :i* 9 ! lea/ conc]n humanity at l>ge4 ,betwe5 ! m]e aggregation ( matt] into planet>y bodies1 ( :i* nebul> hypo!ses treat1 & ! specific trans=mation ( plants & animals ^u _! surfaces ) :i* organic evolution is conc]n$1 lies a long hi/ory ( developm5t1 :i*1 beg9n+ at ! "t ! body />ts to cool1 cont9ues till x become1 = "o cause or ano!r1 aga9 an in]t mass4 ,9 ?is p]iod is conta9$ its c>e] z a _w4 ,planetology ,i h v5tur$ to call ! br& ( a/ronomy :i* deals ) ?is evolution ( worlds4 ,x treats ( :at is g5]al & cosmic 9 t evolution1 z geology treats ( :at is t]re/rial & specific 9 ! hi/ory ( "o memb] ( ! class1 our own ,e>?4 ,! two d n int]f]e1 z ! "o faces que/ions 9 "t & space to :i* ! o!r rema9s p]=ce a /rang]4 ,if ! picture by ! "o be full] ( detail1 ! canvas ( ! o!r p]mits ( ! wid] p]spective4 ,c]ta9 ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( our ,e>? c only be expla9$ by a/ronomy1 z geologi/s h long s9ce recogniz$4 ,x is ^! t fall into our pres5t prov9ce4 ,geologi/s1 h[ev]1 h appli$ a/ronomy accord+ to _! own ideas4 ,ei!r !y call$ 9 auri/s1 s to speak1 :5 :at !y ne$$ 0 an oculi/1 or !y w5t to books = _! drugs1 :i* !y !n adm9i/]$ !mselves--a some:at dang]\s practice4 ,?us !y began by displac+ ! ,e>?'s axis 9 hope ( effect+ a result2 n realiz+ t ?is w\ld only %ift ! tr\ble1 n cure x2 9 fact1 make x r worse4 ,!y next tri$ :at ,de ,lapp>5t1 "o ( ! mo/ brilliant geologi/s ( ! age1 calls 8a v>iation 9 ! ecc5tricity ( ! ecliptic#af jo9$ to precession ( ! equ9oxes10--a />tl+ condition unkn[n to a/ronomy :i* does n deal 9 ecc5tric planes1 :atev] su* geometric anomalies may be1 b by :i* its co9] evid5tly means a *ange 9 ! ecc5tricity ( ! orbit1 z ! context %[s4 ,its effect on ! ,e>?1 z he wisely po9ts out1 w\ld be to r$uce its extremities to extremes4 ,to get out ( 8 qu&>y he !n embrac$ a brilliant sugge/ion ( a bro!r geologi/1 ,m4 ,bl&et4 ,m4 ,bl&et conceiv$ ! idea1 & br\ght x =? unaid$1 t all t 0 necess>y 0 a sun big en\gh to look d[n on bo? poles ( ! ,e>? at once4 ,to get ?is he travell$ back to ! "t :51 9 ,laplace's cosmogony1 ! ,sun fill$ ! :ole orbit ( ,m]cury4 ,?is conception1 :i*1 ,de ,lapp>5t rem>ks1 8might1 at ! "t ( its app>ition1 h disconc]t$ spirits accu/om$ to consid] our sy/em z /able10--an app>ition :i* we may add w\ld c]ta9ly cont9ue to disconc]t !m1--he says seems to him q 9 h>mony ) t sy/em's g5esis4 ,t x labors "u two physical impossibilities1 "o on ! score ( ! ,sun1 ! o!r on t ( ! ,e>?1 & t 9 ?is case two negatives d n make an affirmative1 ne$ n be repeat$ "h1 z ! read] w f9d x set =? at l5g? else:]e1#ag toge!r ) :at ,i conceive to be ! only explanation ( paleo!rmal times :i* w "w a/ronomically--pres5tly to be m5tion$4 ,b be=e ,i d s1 x is p]t95t to record two ?+s t h come to my notice s9ce4 ,"o is t 9 r]ead+ ,faye's 8,orig9e du ,monde10 ,i came ^u a passage 9 :i* x appe>s t ,m4 ,bl&et _h actually consult$ ,faye ab\t 8 hypo!sis1 & t ,faye _h %[n him its impossibility on mu* ! same gr\nds z ^? above ref]r$ to2 :i*1 h[ev]1 did n det] ,m4 ,bl&et f giv+ x to ! _w nor ,de ,lapp>5t f god-fa!r+ ! conception4 #af 8,abrg de ,geologie10 ,de ,lapp>5t4 #ag 8,m>s z ! ,abode ( ,life10 ,macmillan1 #aijh4 ,faye1 mean:ile1 develop$ 8 !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! _w1 & by x expla9$ ! great] heat & less] light ( paleologic times comp>$ ) our own1 ?us3 ,! ,e>? evolv$ be=e ! ,sun4 ,9 paleologic times ! ,sun 0 /ill ( great ext5t1--an unga!r$-up residue ( nebula t _h n yet fall5 toge!r en\gh to conc5trate1 n a contract+ mass f :i* ! planets _h be5 deta*$1--& 0 9 consequ5ce b feebly lum9\s & ( little heat+ effect2 s t !re 7 no seasons on ,e>? & no climatic zones4 ,! ,e>? itself suppli$ ! heat felt uni=mly ov] its :ole surface4 ,?is diff]s f my conception1 z ! read] w see pres5tly1 9 "o vital po9t--z to :y ! ,e>? 0 n heat$ by ! ,sun4 ,9 ! fir/ place ,faye's sun has no raison d'tre2 & 9 ! second no visible means ( exi/5ce4 ,if its matt] 7 n already )9 ! orbit ( ! ,e>? at ! "t1 !re seems no reason :y x %\ld ev] get !re2 & if !re1 :y x %\ld h be5 s loa? to cond5se4 ,we _c admit1 ,i ?9k1 any su* juv5ility 9 ! ,sun at ! "t ! ,e>? 0 already s f> advanc$ z geology %[s x to h be5 9 paleologic times4 ,= ! ,e>? _h already cool$ bel[ ! boil+-po9t ( wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tree ,,f]n4 ,to und]/& ! problem f ! ,e>?'s po9t ( view1 let u review ! facts ) :i* geology pres5ts u4 ,! flora ( paleologic times1 z we see bo? at _! adv5t 9 ! ,devonian & f _! sup]b developm5t 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s era1 consi/$ :olly ( =ms ^: desc5dants n[ seek ! %ade4#ah ,tree f]ns1 sigill>ia1 equiset1 & o!r gloom-seek+ plants compos$ x4 ,t "s tree f]n survivals to-day c be> ! light does n invalidate ! racial t5d5cy4 ,we h pl5ty ( in/ances 9 nature ( su* adaptability to *ang$ conditions4 ,9 fact1 ! dy+ out & det]ioration ( mo/ ( ! ord] %[s t ! conditions h *ang$4 ,& ^! plants1 gr[n to ! dim5sions ( trees1 inhabit$ equally ! tropic1 ! temp]ate1 & ! frigid zones z we "k !m n[4 ,la/ly1 no annual r+s ( gr[? are to be f\nd on !m4#ai ,9 o!r words1 !y grew "r on1 day 91 day out4 ,! climate1 !n1 0 z cont9u\s z x 0 widespread4 #ah ,de ,lapp>5t1 ,dana1 ,geikie1 passim4 #ai ,de ,lapp>5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a/ronomy & geology bo? ass]t t ! seas 7 w>m4#bj ,f ?is x foll[s t a va/ly great] evaporation mu/ h gone on !n ?an n[1 & t a welk9 ( cl\d mu/ ?us inevitably h be5 =m$4 #bj ,de ,lapp>5t1 ,dana1 ,geikie1 passim4 ,n[ put ! two facts toge!r1 & y h ! solution4 ,! climate 0 w>m & equable ov] ! :ole globe because a ?ick cl\d envelope %ut (f ! ,sun's heat1 ! heat be+ :olly suppli$ f ! /eamy seas4 ,at ! same "t1 by ! same means ! light 0 necess>ily s temp]$ z to produce exactly t half-light ! f]ns s de>ly love4 ,"o & ! same cause ?us answ]s ! d\ble riddle ( great] w>m? & less light 9 ^? old days ?an is n[ ! case4 ,& "h comes 9 ! second f9d ,i spoke ( above1 9 ! p]son ( "s old trilobites :o /epp$ 9 unexpect$ly 9 corroboration4 ,x has long be5 kn[n--?\gh its full significance seems to h escap$ notice--t 9 #ahgb ,m4 ,b>r&e made ! discov]y t _m species ( trilobites ( ! ,cambrian & l[] ,silurian1 ! two l[e/1 & !re=e ! olde/1 /rata ( paleozoic times1 & di/ant relative ( our horse%oe crabs1 7 bl9d4 ,:at is yet m significant1 ! mo/ ant$iluvian 7 ! lea/ provid$ ) eyes4 ,?us 9 ! primordial /rata1 "o-f\r? ( ! :ole numb] ( species 7 eyeless1 9 ! next above "o-fif?1 & 9 ! late/ ( all "o two-hundr$? only4#ba ,fur!rmore1 !y te/ify to ! difficulty ( see+1 9 two di/9ct ways1 "s by hav+ no eyes & "s colossal ones1 /r5u\s individuals increas+ _! equipm5t & ! lazy lett+ x lapse4 ,x seems m ?an que/ionable to attribute ?is bl9dness to a deep-sea habitat1 z ,suess does 9 describ+ !m1 = !y liv$ 9 :at geologi/s agree 7 %all[ seas on ! site ( ,bohemia to-day4 ,besides1 trilobites nev] _h abyssal proclivities2 = !y are f\nd pres]v$ 9 littoral deposits1 n 9 deep-sea silt4 ,muddy wat] may h _h "s h& 9 ?is1 b muddy wat] itself te/ifies to great commotion above & torr5tial ra9s4 ,s ! light 9 ^? seas 0 n :at x became lat]1 or w\ld be n[4 ,?us ^! trilobites 7 antelucan memb]s ( _! bro!rhood1 & ?is accuses a lack ( light 9 ^? e>li] eras ev5 great] ?an 9 ,c>bonif]\s times1 :i* is j :]e x ought to be f\nd if ! !ory is true4 #ba ,suess1 8,! ,face ( ! ,e>?10 p4 #bac4 ,i tru/ ?is conception may prove acceptable to geologi/s1 = x seems imp]ative f ! a/ronomic side t some?+ ( ! sort mu/ h occurr$4 ,& x is j z well1 if n bett]1 to view x ?us 9 ! light ( ! dawn ( geologic hi/ory z to rema9 9 ! d>k ab\t x altoge!r4 ,nesci5ce is n sci5ce--:e!r hyph5iz$ or ap>t2 = ! :ole object ( sci5ce is to syn!size & expla94 ,its body ( le>n+ is b ! lett]1 cord9ation ! _s1 ( its law4 ,nev]!less1 ! unp>donable impropriety ( a new idea1 ,i am aw>e1 is z repreh5sible z ! atroci\s crime ( be+ a "y man4 ,yet ! _w c\ld n get on )\t bo?4 ,"t is a sure re=m] & w r5d] ! mo/ h>d5$ case ( y\? s5ile 9 ! end4 ,s ev5 a new idea may gr[ respectable at la/4 ,& x is really z well to make its acqua9tance :ile x /ill has vigor 9 x z to wait till x is old & may be embrac$ ) impunity4 ,boa/$ cons]vatism is troglodytic1 & usually proves a self-conf]r$ euphuism = dull4 ,= cons]vatism proce$s f sl[ness ( appreh5sion4 ,x may be necess>y = c]ta9 m9ds to be 9 ! re> ( ! procession1 b x is ( d\btful glory to f9d di/9ction 9 ! fact4 ,?us ! y\? ( a _w1 l ! babyhood ( an individual1 is pass$ scre5$ f imm$iate contact f )\t4 ,t ?is is ! only way t life c orig9ate on a planet we _c say1 b t x is away 9 :i* x does occur1 our own ,e>? atte/s1 & t1 moreov]1 x is ! way ) all planets ( suffici5t size1 ! pres5t aspect ( ! major planets %[s4 ,x may well be t ) cele/ial bodies z ) e>?ly species1 "s swaddle _! "y1 o!rs ca/ !m =? to take _! *ance1 & t ^? t mo/ protect !m re> ! high] prog5y 9 ! end4 ,:at glories 9 evolution ?us await ! giant planets :5 !y %all h suffici5tly cool$ d[n1 we c only dimly imag9e4 ,b we c =esee en\gh to realize t we are n ! sum ( our sol> sy/em's possibilities1 & by /udy+ ! skies read !re a future m wond]ful ?an any?+ we "k4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,a ,,planet',s ,,hi/ory ,sun-su/a9$ ,/age ,two /ages h *>act]iz$ ! surface hi/ory ( ! ,e>?1--/ages :i* may be lik5$ to ! c>e] ( ! *ick )9 & )\t ! egg4 ,9 ! fir/ ( !m ! ,e>? lay scre5$ f outside influ5ce "u a ?ick %ell ( cl\d1 indiff]5tly exclusive ( ! cold ( space or ( ! heat+ beams ( ! ,sun4 ,mo!rless1 ! w>m? ( its own body brood$ ov] x1 keep+ its heat f dissipat+ too spe$ily into space1 & s fo/]+ ! life t 0 quick5+ ^u its surface4 ,! second /age began :5 ! egg-%ell broke & ! *ick lay expos$ to ! univ]se ab\t x1 to get its liv+ no long] f its little _w )91 b f ! great] "o )\t4 ,"o & ! same ev5t end$ ! old life to make possible ! new4 ,s soon z ! cl\d envelope 0 pi]c$1 bo? ! ,e>?'s own heat escap$ & ! ,sun's rays 7 p]mitt$ to come 94 ,x is n surpris+ t "u su* *ang$ conditions developm5t itself %\ld h *ang$1 too4 ,9 fact1 ! trans=mation 0 m>k$4 ,t its epo*al "* has fail$ to impress itself g5]ally on geologi/s1 is p]haps because !y look too closely1 miss+ ! m>* ( ev5ts 9 ! ev5ts !mselves1 & because1 too1 ( ! gradual nature ( its processional *ange4 ,we c recall only ,de ,lapp>5t z hav+ p>ticul>ly signall$ x2 al?\gh n only 9 its cause1 b = its effects1 x %\ld h delimit$ two great geologic divisions ( "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,e>? ,,z ,,se5 ,,f ,,above--,,photograph$ ,,by ,,dr4 ,,l[ell ,,at ,,an ,,altitude ,,( #eejj ,,feet4 ,a/ronomy & geology are ea* b "p ( "o univ]sal hi/ory4 ,! tale ea* has to tell mu/ prove 9 keep+ ) t ( ! o!r4 ,if !y seem at v>iance1 x behooves u v c>efully to scan _! respective /ories to f9d ! flaw :]e ! app>5t incongruity slipp$ 94 ,ea*1 too1 fitt+ly supplem5ts ! o!r1 & especially mu/ geology look to a/ronomy = its initial data1 s9ce a/ronomy deals ) ! beg9n+ ( our own ,e>?4 ,t /udy ( our ,e>? 9 its entirety falls prop]ly )9 ! prov9ce ( a/ronomy1 is n only d$ucible f its relation%ip to ! o!r planets1 b demon/rable f ! cosmic causes t h be5 at "w ^u x1 & ! inadequacy ( any?+ b cosmic laws to expla9 !m4 ,! able/ geologi/s to-day are becom+ aw>e ( ?is1--we h "o ( !m at ! head ( ! geology dep>tm5t ( ! ,in/itute1--:ile f ! curi\s a/ronomy at second h& :i* gets pr9t$ 9 geologic text-books1 by em95t m5 at t1 dat+ f "s "t be=e ! flood1--( mod]n ideas1--x seems high "t t ! connection %\ld be made cle>4 ,=1 aft] all1 our ,e>? too is a heav5ly body1 9 spite ( man's do+ 8 be/ to make x ! rev]se4 ,x has "s "r to a/ronomic reg>d1 ev5 if x is our own "m4 ,at ! same "t x is q pu]ile to consid] ! univ]se z b\nd$ by our t]re/rial backy>d4 ,if man took himself a ?\ght less importantly1 he might p]ceive ! humor ( s circumscrib$ a view4 ,l *ildr5 we play at be+ alone 9 ! univ]se1 & !n g !m "o bett] by believ+ x too4 ,i %all1 ( c\rse1 n t\* on any matt]s purely geologic1 = fe> ( committ+ ! v excesses ,i deplore2 m5tion+ only su* po9ts z a/ronomy has in=mation on1 & :i*1 by ! sidelights x ?r[s1 may help to illum9ate ! subject4 ,?us x c]ta9ly is int]e/+ & may to _m be a new po9t ( view1 t ! *anges introduc$ :5 paleologic times pass$ into neologic ones 7 9 _! fundam5tal aspects ess5tially a/ronomic2 :i* %[s h[ truly a/ronomic causes are wov5 into ! :ole fabric ( ! ,e>?4 ,= x 0 !n only1 t]re/rially speak+1 t ! ye> began4 ,! orbital p]iod _h exi/$1 ( c\rse1 f ! "t ! ,e>? fir/ made ! circuit ( ! ,sun4 ,b ! ye> 0 m a succs d'e/ime on ! ,sun's "p ?an "o ( popul> appreciation4 ,z ! ,sun c\ld n be se5 & work$ no /rik+ effects ^u ! ,e>?1 ! annual r\nd _h no recognizable p>ts1 & "o revolution laps$ into ! next )\t dem>cation4 ,only ) ! cle>+ ( ! sky did ! seasons come 93 to regi/] "t by /amp+ its record on ! trees4 ,be=e t1 summ] & w9t]1 spr+ & autumn1 7 unkn[n4 ,climate1 too1 made !n its fir/ appe>ance2 climate1 nam$ aft] ! sunw>d obliquity ( ! ,e>?1 & seem+ at times to live d[n to t *>act]ization4 ,wea!r !re _h be5 be=e2 pejoratively speak+1 no?+ b wea!r4 ,= ! d[np\rs 9 paleologic times mu/ h be5 exce$$ 9 numb]s only by _! =ce4 ,"o dull p]petual r\nd ( ra9 0 ! programme = ! day1 ) absolutely no hope ( a happy cle>ance to-morr[4 ,x 0 ! gold5 age only = wea!r prophets ^: progno/ications c\ld h>dly g wrong4 ,) climate1 h[ev]1 x 0 a v diff]5t matt]4 ,) polyp corals build+ reefs almo/ to ! pole 7#ha #ej71bb z f> nor? ne>ly z man has yet by 8 utmo/ ef=ts succe$$ 9 gett+1 :ile _! fell[s 7 busy at ! l indu/ry 9 ! tropics1 x is cle> t latitude 0 laugh$ at & climate ev5 lack$ a "n4 #bb ,dana4 8,geology40 ,ano!r a/ronomic feature1 !n = ! fir/ "t disclos$1 0 ! full significance ( ! day & ! revelation ( its cause4 ,:ile ! ,e>? brood$ "u p]petual cl\d1 !re c\ld h be5 b imp]fect recognition ( day & night4 ,or p]haps we may put x bett] by say+ t ! /&>d ( bo? 0 greatly depress$1 dull days alt]nat+ ) nights black z pit*4 ,b ! mom5t ! ,sun 0 let 91 all ?is *ang$1 ?\gh n 9 a tw9kl+4 ,! *ange came on mo/ gradually4 ,we c see 9 our m9d's eye ! fir/ op5+s 9 ! great welk9 p]mitt+ ! ,e>? its initial peeps ( ! _w beyond1 & h[ quickly & tantal\sly !y %ut 9 aga9 l a mid-/orm morn+ :i* dreams ( cle>+ only to f9d h[ dr[sy x /ill is4 ,b ev5tually ! cl\ds p>t$ afre% & f>!r1 & ! ,e>? began to op5 its eyes to ! univ]se )\t4 ,! cause ( ! cle>+1 ( c\rse1 0 ! fall+ temp]ature ( ! seas4 ,evaporation w5t on mu* less fa/ z ! heat ( ! wat] less5$4 ,! :ole r\nd ( aquatic travel f ocean to air1 & back to ocean aga91 proce$$ at an ev] slack5+ pace4 ,& "h1 if x s please geologi/s1 may be f\nd a reconcil+ ( _! dem&s = "t to ! relative pittance a/ronomy has be5 will+ to dole !m out1 a paltry #ej or #ajj millions ( ye>s1 :i* l all fram]s ( budgets !y h decl>$ utt]ly insuffici5t4 ,= 9 e>ly times ! =ces at "w 7 great]1 & by magnify+ ! means y quick5 ! process & contract ! ,e>?'s e>li] eras to reasonable limits4 ,^u ^! v>i\s a/ronomic novelties1 ! ,e>? on ?us awak5+ look$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,su* reg>d alt]$ = good its own int]nal relations4 ,! wid] outlook made impossible ! life ( ! n>r[] t prec$$ x4 ,a totally *ang$ set ( animals & plants arose1 to :om ! cosmos bore a diff]5t aspect4 ,! ,e>? ceas$ to be ! self-c5tr$ spot x seem$ be=e4 ,z long ago z ?is _h ! idea t our globe 0 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se be5 cosmically explod$4 ,! ,e>? knew x if man did n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tracks ,,( ,,sauropus ,,prim,,vus 7 74 ,i4 ,,lea4--,,dana1 8,,manual ,,( ,,geology40 ,its d5iz5s respond$4 ,! organisms t already inhabit$ x proce$$ to *ange _! "* & crawl out ^u ! l&4 ,= 9 ,devonian times ! ,e>? 0 ! home ( fi%es4 ,! l& 0 n consid]$ a fit abode by any?+ b insects1 & n ov]-good by !m4 ,b x look$ diff]5t :5 ! ,sun %one4 ,"s m>itime dwell]s felt tempt$ to explore1 & proce$$ 9 ! %ape ( amphibians to spy out ! l&4 ,!y h left v readable acc\nts ( _! travels 9 footnotes by ! way4 ,z "o %\ld always inspect ! orig9al docum5ts1 ,i w reproduce ! footnotes ( "o e>ly explor]4 ,x is "o ( ! few copies we h1 z ! type is worn out4 ,b x tells a pretty full /ory z x /&s4 ,! ripple-m>ks %[ t a sea bea* x 0 :i* ! discov]] trod 9 8 bold j\rney ( a few feet f home & fri5ds1 & ! pits 9 ! s&/one t x 0 ra9+ at ! "t ( 8 excursion4 ,no ,columbus or ,hakluyt c\ld h left a record m precise or m em95tly tru/wor?y4 ,! pilgrims f\nd x s good t _! ev5tual collat]als1 ! great reptiles1 actually took possession ( ! l& & held x = _m c5turies by "r ( em95t doma94 ,yet ?r\gh\t ! "t ( ^! bold adv5tur]s1 _! skies 7 only cle>+1 z ! pitt+ ( ! s&/one eloqu5tly /ates4 ,x 0 n till ! *alk cliffs ( ,dov] 7 be+ laid d[n t we h evid5ce t seasons _h fully develop$1 9 ! %ape ( ! fir/ decidu\s trees4#bc ,cryptogams1 cycads1 &1 f9ally1 conif]s _h 9 turn repres5t$ ! highe/ atta9m5ts ( vegetation1 & ! la/ ( ^! _h already recogniz$ ! seasons by a sort ( half-he>t$ hib]nation or annual m\lt+2 deem+ x wise n to be (f ) ! old leaves be=e !y 7 on ) ! new4 ,b f9ally ! mo/ advanc$ among !m decid$ unres]v$ly to accept ! w9t] & g to sleep till spr+4 ,! l>*es & g9kgo trees are desc5dants ( ! lead]s ( ?is conif]\s progressive p>ty4 ,at ! same "t color came 94 ,we are n accu/om$ to realize t nature drew ! ,e>? 9 grays & gre5s1 & t\*$ x up ) color aft]w>d4 ,only ! temp]$ t9ts ( ! rocks & ! lead5 blue ( ! sea1 subdu$ by ! di%e>t5+ welk9 ov]head to a dull drab1 enliv5$ _! abode = ! olde/ inhabitants4 ,b ) ,t]ti>y times ent]$ ! brilliantly petall$ fl[]s4 ,beg9n+ ) yell[1 ^! rose ?r\gh a *romatic scale ( beauty f :ite ?r\gh r$ to blue4#bd ,!y deck$ !mselves ?us gaudily because ! ,sun 0 !re to see by1 z well z eyes to see4 ,= )\t ! ,sun ^? unconsci\s horticulturi/s1 ! insects1 c\ld n h ex]cis$ _! pictorial pr(ession4 #bc ,dana1 ,geikie1 ,de ,lapp>5t4 #bd ,cf4 ,grant ,all54 ,to ! ent]+ ( ! ,sun ^u ! sc5e ?is wondr\s revolution 0 due2 & once ent]$1 x became ! dom9ant factor 9 ! ,e>?'s organic life4 ,we are 9 ! habit ( apo/rophiz+ ! ,sun z ! s\rce ( all t]re/rial exi/5ce4 ,x is true en\gh to-day1 & has be5 s s9ce man ent]$ on ! sc5e4 ,b x 0 n always ?us4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ! ,sun play$ no "p 9 ! _w's affairs4 ,z its heat is n[ all-important1 x becomes an int]e/+ matt] to det]m9e ! laws gov]n+ its am\nt4 ,t summ] is hott] ?an w9t] we all "k f exp]i5ce1 pleasurable or pa9ful z ! case may be4 ,?is is due to ! fact t ! ,sun is above ! horizon = a great] numb] ( h\rs 9 summ] & passes m directly ov]head4 ,b n s _m p are aw>e t on midsumm] day1 s f> z ! ,sun is conc]n$1 ! nor? pole %\ld be ! hotte/ place on e>?4 ,t ,arctic explor]s1 :o h got )9 speak+ acqua9tance ( x1 assure u x is n s1 %[s t some?+ besides ! direct rays ( ! ,sun is involv$4 ,inde$1 we le>n z mu* f ! ext5sively adv]tis$ !rmomet]s ( w9t] resorts :i*1 judici\sly plac$1 beguile ! /rang] to soj\rn :]e x is j too cold = com=t4 ,! factor 9 "q is ! blanket+ "* ( our air4 ,n[ a blanket may keep heat out z well z keep x 94 ,our air acts 9 bo? capacities4 ,x is by no means simply a /or] ( heat1 z _m p seem to suppose2 x is a heat-/opp] z well4 ,:at x really is is a temporiz]1 a buff] to ease ! %ocks ( sudd5 *ange l ^? com=table1 phlegmatic s\ls :o r$uce all emotion to a level4 ,= ! heat+ p[] ( ! ,sun1 ev5 at ! ,e>?'s di/ance away1 is mu* great] ?an appe>s4 ,k ( ?is we owe mo/ to ,langley1 & !n to ,v1 :o cont9u$ 8 results to yet a f9] det]m9ation1 ! be/ we h to-day4 ,9 consequ5ce we h le>nt t ! am\nt ( heat we %\ld receive f ! ,sun1 c\ld we get above our air1--! sol> con/ant1 z x is call$1--w\ld be ov] ?ree times :at x is on ! av]age 9 our latitude at ! surface1 & is ris+ /ill1 s to speak4 ,= z man has gone high] he has f\nd 8 inf]5ces ris+ too1 & ! limit w\ld seem to be n yet4 ,we see !n t ! air to :i* we ?\ght ourselves s mu* indebt$1 actually beg9s its k9dly (fices by %utt+ (f two-?irds ( :at 0 com+ to u4 ,z x plays1 h[ev]1 some?+ ( ! same trick to :at tries to escape1 we are really some:at behold5 to x aft] all4 ,b n s mu* z has be5 ?\ght4 ,we us$ to be told t ! ,moon's temp]ature ev5 at midday h>dly rose above freez+1 b ,v has f\nd x ab\t #cej ,f41 :i* ev5 ! mo/ *illy ( s\ls might f9d w>m4 ,by ! late aft]noon1 h[ev]1 he w\ld ne$ 8 ov]coat1 & no end ( blankets subsequ5tly1 = dur+ ! long lun> night ( f\rte5 days ! temp]ature mu/ fall appall+ly l[1 to -#cjj ,f4 or less4 ,z ! det]m9ation ( temp]ature is a vital "o1 n only to any organic exi/5ce1 b ev5 to inorganic conditions ^u a planet1 x behooves u to look c>efully into ! "q ( ! effective heat receiv$ f ! ,sun4 ,until rec5tly ! only crit]ion 9 ! case 0 assum$ to be di/ance f ! illum9at+ s\rce1 ab\t z effici5t a mode ( computation z e/imat+ a ,russian army by its (ficial roll4 ,= z we saw 9 our own case1 n all t ought to ev] gets to ! front1 to say no?+ ( :at is lo/ !re4 ,yet on ?is worse ?an guesswork a/ronomic text-books /ill ass]t z a fact t ! temp]ature ( o!r bodies--! ,moon & ,m>s1 = example--mu/ be excessively l[4 ,let u n[ exam9e into ?is mo/ int]e/+ problem4 ,x is intricate1 ( c\rse1 b ,i ?9k y w f9d x m compreh5sible ?an y imag9e4 ,inde$1 ,i %all be to blame if y d n4 ,= if "o kn[s 8 subject1 he c always expla9 x1 9 unte*nical language1 te*nical t]ms be+ m]ely a sort ( %or?& = ! pr(ession4 ,! physical processes involv$ c be made cle> )\t difficulty1 al?\gh _! quantitative evaluation is less =?rightly demon/rable4 ,let me1 !n1 give y an epitome ( my inve/igation ( ! subject4 ,illu/ration3 ,,adv5tures ,,( ,a ,,heat ,,ray4 ,consid] a ray ( light fall+ on a surface f ! ,sun4 ,a "p ( x is reflect$2 t is1 is in/antly ?r[n (f aga94 ,by ?is "p ! body %9es & makes its %[ 9 ! _w1 b gets no good itself4 ,ano!r "p is absorb$2 ?is alone goes to heat ! body4 ,n[ if ! visible rays 7 all t emanat$ f ! ,sun1 x w\ld be /rictly true1 & a pretty p>adox = believ]s 9 ! efficacy ( di/ance1 t :at heat$ ! planet 0 precisely :at seem$ n to d s4 ,un=tunately !re are also invisible rays1 & ^!1 too1 are 9 "p reflect$ & 9 "p absorb$1 & _! ratio is diff]5t f t ( ! visible ones4 ,to appreciate !m1 ,langley inv5t$ ! bolomet]1 9 :i* heat fall+ on a /rip ( metal produces a curr5t ( electricity regi/]$ by a galvanomet]4 ,by ?us record+ ! heat receiv$ at diff]5t p>ts ( ! spectrum & at diff]5t heights 9 our atmosph]e1 he 0 able to f9d h[ mu* ! air cut (f4 ,v has s9ce det]m9$ ?is /ill m accurately4 ,by ?us det]m9+ ! depletion 9 ! invisible "p ( ! spectrum jo9$ to :at a/ronomy tells u ( ! loss 9 ! visible "p1 we h a value = ! :ole am\nt4 ,by kn[+1 !n1 ! imm$iate brightness ( a planet & approximately ! am\nt ( atmosph]e x owns1 we are enabl$ to judge h[ mu* heat x actually receives4 ,?is proves to be1 9 ! case ( ,m>s1 m ?an twice z mu* z di/ance alone w\ld lead u to inf]4 ,! second "q is h[ mu* ( ?is x reta9s4 ,! temp]ature ( a body at any mom5t is ! balance /ruck betwe5 :at x receives & :at x radiates4 ,if x gets rid ( a great deal ( its income1 x w cle>ly be less hot ?an if x is mis]ly ret5tive4 ,to f9d h[ mu* x radiates we may take ! diff]5ce 9 temp]ature betwe5 sunset & sunrise1 s9ce dur+ ?is int]val ! ,e>? receives no heat f ! ,sun4 ,9 ! same way ! efficacy ( diff]5t atmosph]ic blankets may be judg$4 ,?us ! ,e>? p>ts ) n9e c5tigrade degrees' wor? ( its /ore on cle> nights1 & only f\r degrees' wor? on cl\dy ones1 be=e morn+4 ,?is is at sea-level4 ,by go+ up a high m\nta9 we get ano!r set ( depletions1 & f ?is a relative scale = diff]5t atmosph]ic blankets4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple1 & we only h to fill out ! skeleton ( !ory ) appropriate numb]s to f9d h[ w>m ! body is4 ,9 do+ s1 we light on "s int]e/+ facts4 ,?us cl\ds reflect #gb p] c5t ( ! visible rays1 lett+ ?r\gh only #bh p] c5t ( !m4 ,we feel *illy :5 a cl\d passes ov] ! ,sun4 ,on ! o!r h&1 slate reflects only #ah p] c5t ( ! visible rays1 absorb+ all ! re/4 ,?is is :y slate gets s mu* hott] 9 ! ,sun ?an *alk1 & :y m5 we> :ite 9 ! tropics4 ,:ite1 inde$1 is ! be/ color to clo! "o's self 9 ! ye> ar\nd1 except = ! cold effect x has on ! imag9ation1 = x keeps "o's own heat 9 z well z keep+ ! ,sun's out4 ,! mode/1 self-oblit]at+1 :ite w9t] habit ( ! pol> h>es n only enables !m to keep /ill & escape notice1 b keeps !m w>m :ile !y wait4 ,a/ronomically1 ! effect is equally /rik+4 ,m>s1 = example1 ow+ to be+ cl\dless & ( a dull] hue1 turns out to h a comput$ mean temp]ature ne>ly equal to ! ,e>?'s1--a !oretic d$uction :i* ! aspect ( ! planet mo/ oblig+ly corroborates4 ,x ?us enjoys a comp>atively g5ial old age4 ,= :at is specially in/ructive 9 planet>y economy is t1 on ! :ole1 cle> skies add m by :at !y let 9 ?an !y subtract by :at !y let out4 ,if ! ,e>? _h no cl\ds at all1 its mean temp]ature w\ld be high] ?an x is to-day4 ,?us z a planet ages a b5efic5t comp5sation is br\ght ab\t1 ! ,sun's heat increas+ z its own gives out4 ,n t ! =eign importation1 h[ev] slight ! duty levi$ on x by ! air1 ev] fully makes up = ! loss ( ! dome/ic article1 b x temp]s ! refrig]ation :i* inevitably occurs4 ,! subject ( refrig]ation leads u to "o ( ! mo/ puzzl+ & vex$ problems ( geology3 h[ to acc\nt = ! great ,ice ,age ( :i* ! manife/ sign manuals bo? 9 ,europe & 9 ,am]ica h s intrigu$ man s9ce he began to read ! riddle ( ! rocks4 ,^u ?is1 also1 planetology ?r[s "s light4 ,if ,i ne$$ an apology to ! geologi/s = seem+ aga9 to trespass on _! p>ticul> doma91 ,i might ref] to ! a/rocomico expositions put =w>d to acc\nt = ! great ,ice ,age4 ,we c all rememb] ,croll's 8,climate & ,"t10 a book :i* c h>dly be ov]prais$ = its title & :i* _h ?+s wor? read+ inside1 too4 ,x _h 9 consequ5ce no inconsid]able vogue at "o "t4 ,x und]took to acc\nt = glacial epo*s on a/ronomic pr9ciples4 ,x call$ 9 su* gr& cosmic conditions & dealt 9 su* impos+ p]iods ( "t t x fir$ fancy & almo/ compell$ capitulation by ! m]e m>%all+ ( its figurative array4 ,secul> *ange 9 ! ecc5tricity ( ! ,e>?'s orbit1 comb9$ ) progression 9 ! orbital place ( ! w9t]'s sol/ice1 0 suppos$ to h induc$ physical *anges ( climate :i* acc5tuat$ ! sn[fall 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e & s caus$ ext5sive & p]man5t glaciation !re4 ,9 o!r words1 long1 cold w9t]s foll[$ by %ort1 hot summ]s 9 "o hemisph]e 7 cr$it$ ) accumulat+ a p]petual sn[ %eet1 su* z %ort1 w>m w9t]s & long1 cold summ]s c\ld n effect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>s4 ,,nor? ,,pol> ,,cap4 ,,s\? ,,pol> ,,cap4 ,at maximum full ext5t ( :ite ,at maximum :ite ,at m9imum inn] circle ,at m9imum no?+ ,n[ x s happ5s t ^! a/ronomic conditions affect+ ! ,e>? sev]al ?\s& ye>s ago1 are 9 process ( action on "o ( our ne>e/ planet>y neighbors at ! pres5t "t4 ,! orbit ( ,m>s is su* t its pres5t ecc5tricity is great] ?an :at ! ,e>? ev] c h _h1 & ! w9t] sol/ice ( ! planet's s\!rn hemisph]e falls )9 #bc ( its aphelion po9t4 ,we h !n ! conditions = glaciation if ^! are ! a/ronomic ones suppos$1 & we %\ld expect a s\!rn pol> cap1 l>g] at its maximum & /ill m s1 relatively1 at its m9imum1 ?an 9 ! opposite hemisph]e4 ,let u n[ look at ! facts1 = we h n[ a k ( ! ,m>tian pol> caps exce$+ 9 "s respects :at we "k ( our own4 ,! accompany+ diagrams exhibit ! /ate ( ?+s at a glance1 ! maximum & m9imum ( ea* cap be+ repres5t$ 9 a s+le picture & ! two be+ plac$ side by side4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! s\!rn cap outdoes its antipodal c\nt]p>t at its maximum1 %[+ t ! long]1 cold] w9t] has its effect 9 sn[ or ho>-fro/ deposition4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 in/ead ( excell+ x at its m9imum1 :i* x %\ld d to produce p]man5t glaciation1 x s f> falls %ort ( its fell[ t dur+ ! la/ opposition at :i* x c\ld be well obs]v$1 x disappe>$ entirely4 ,! %ort1 hot summ]1 !n1 f> exce$$ 9 melt+ capacity t ( ! long] b cold] "o4 ,let u n[ suppose ! precipitation to be increas$1 ! w9t]s & summ]s rema9+ bo? 9 l5g? & temp]ature :at !y 7 be=e4 ,! am\nt ( sn[ :i* a summ] ( giv5 l5g? & w>m? c dispose ( is1 r\ghly speak+1 a def9ite quantity4 ,= x dep5ds to a great ext5t only on its am\nt ( heat4 ,! summ] precipitation may be tak5 z (fsett+ itself 9 ! two hemisph]es alike4 ,if1 !n1 ! sn[fall 9 ! w9t] be = any reason increas$ daily 9 bo?1 a "t w come :5 ! deposition due ! long] w9t] ( ! "o w exce$ :at its summ] c melt relatively to ! o!r1 & a p]man5t glaciation result 9 ! hemisph]e s circum/anc$4 ,increas$ precipitation1 !n1 n ecc5tricity ( orbit1 is ! real cause ( an ,ice ,age4 ,& ?is a/ronomic d$uction we owe n to !oretic conclusions1 = :i* we lack ! necess>y quantitative data1 b :olly to /udy ( our neighbor 9 space4 ,_h any "o in=m$ our geologic colleagues t !y mu/ look to ! sky = def9ite in=mation ab\t ! cause ( an ,ice ,age1 !y w\ld probably h be5 surpris$4 ,) ?is ,m>tian in=mation1 receiv$ "s ye>s ago1 x is pleas+ n[ to see t ,e>?ly k is gradually cat*+ up4 ,= t increas$ precipitation c\ld acc\nt = x1 ! evid5ce ( pluvial eras 9 ! equatorial regions1 contemporane\s ) glacial p]iods1 indicates4 ,b ano!r & probably ! *ief factor involv$ 0 n a g5]ally increas$ precipitation1 pot5t z t w\ld be1 b an increas$ sn[ deposit due to tempor>y elevation ( ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,glacial ,,map ,,( ,,eurasia--,,aft] ,,james ,,geikie4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,%[+ ,,! ,,glaciat$ ,,area ,,( ,,nor? ,,am]ica--,,! ,,arr[s ,,indicat+ ,,! ,,direction ,,( ,,ice ,,movem5t--,,*amb]l9 ,,& ,,salisbury4 ,= x n[ appe>s t !re 0 no glacial epo*4 ,our e>ly ideas inculcat$ by text-books at s*ool receiv$ a rude %ock :5 x appe>$ t ! glacial epo* 0 n1 z we _h be5 l$ to believe1 a pol> ph5om5on at all1 b a local affair :i* on ! face ( x _h no?+ to d ) ! pole4 ,= inve/igation has disclos$ t in/ead ( emanat+ f ! pole s\?w>d1 x proce$$ f c]ta9 c5tres1 desc5d+ !nce 9 all directions1 nor? z mu* z s\?4 ,?us !re 0 a c5tre 9 ,norway 9 #fe ,n4 lat4 & ano!r 9 ,scotl& 9 #ef ,n4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica !re 7 ?ree--! ,labradorian 9 latitude #ed ,n41 ! ,k]wat9 to ! nor?we/ ( ,hudson's ,bay 9 latitude #fb ,n41 & ! ,cordill]an along ! ,pacific coa/ 9 latitude #eh ,n4 ,on ! o!r h&1 nor!rn ,sib]ia1 ! colde/ region 9 ! _w1 0 n glaciat$4 ,t ! ice fl[$ (f ^! c5tres proves !m to h be5 high] ?an ! sides4 ,b we h fur!r evid5ce ( _! !n great height f ! fact t dead littoral %ells h be5 dr$g$ f #accc fa?oms 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 & ! prolongation "u wat] ( ! fiords ( ,norway & ( l& valleys 9 ,nor? ,am]ica witness to ! same subsid5ce s9ce4 ,b evid5ce refuses to /op "h4 ,! ,alps 7 !n m glaciat$ ?an !y are n[4 ,s 0 ,kilimanj>o & ,ruw5zori on ! equator2 & f9ally at ! same "t m ice & sn[ exi/$ r\nd ab\t ! s\? pole ?an is ! case to-day4 ,n[ ?is is really go+ too f> ev5 = ! mo/ ard5t believ]s 9 ! =ce ( ecc5tricity4 ,= if ! a/ronomic causes po/ulat$ 7 true1 !y mu/ h produc$ j ! opposite action at ! antipodes1 to say no?+ ( ! crux ( be+ equally effective at ! equator4 ,! !ory lies d[n l ! ass betwe5 two burd5s4 ,:i*ev] load x *ooses to saddle1 x mu/ p]=ce ab&on ! o!r4 ,s x turns out t ! ,ice ,age 0 n an ,ice ,age at all b an unt[>d elevation ( c]ta9 spots1 & is to be relegat$ to ! same limbo ( exagg]ation ( a local incid5t into a _w-wide cataclysm z ! deluge4 ,t "s geologi/s w /ill cl+ to _! =m] belief ,i d\bt n2 = z ! philosophic old lady rem>k$3 8,!re always h be5 two factions on e subject4 ,j z !re are ! suffragi/s & anti-suffragi/s n[1 s !re 7 slavehold]s & ! anti-slav]y p 9 my "t2 & ev5 9 ! days ( ! deluge1 !re 7 ! diluvians :o 7 9 favor ( a flood & ! ant$iluvians :o 7 oppos$ to x40 ,a tale :i* has a peculi>ly sci5tific moral1 z 9 sci5ce anti & ante seem (t5 int]*angeable t]ms4 ,:5 ,i began ! c\rse ( lectures t result$ 9 ?is volume1 ,i labor$ "u ! appreh5sion t an acc\nt ( cosmic physics might prove dull4 ,x soon ?reat5$ to prove too />tl+4 ,i !re=e ha/5 to reassure ! timid by say+ t we are outgr[+ ice ages & probably deluges4 ,elevations ( ! ,e>?'s cru/ are likely to be less & less pron\nc$ 9 ! future1 & mean:ile su* z exi/ are be+ sl[ly worn d[n4 ,secondly1 ! ,sun is sure to cont9ue ( mu* ! same effici5cy = _m ons to come4 ,& la/ly1 ! ess5tial +r$i5t ( bo? prodigies1 wat]1 is daily becom+ m sc>ce4 ,to ?is latt] po9t we n[ turn1 & p]haps :5 x is expla9$ to him ! read] may ?9k t he has be5 rescu$ f "o fate only to fall into ! h&s ( ano!r4 ,geology is necess>ily limit$ 9 its scope to :at has happ5$2 planetology is n s circumscrib$ 9 its doma94 ,x may indulge 9 progno/ication ( ! future1 & f9d c\nt5ance = its conclusions 9 ! physiognomy ( o!r worlds4 ,?us "o ( ! ?+s :i* x =esees is ! relative dry+ up ( our abode4 ,to ^? ^: /udies h nev] l$ !m (f ?is e>?1 ! fact t ! oceans are sl[ly evaporat+ into space may seem z incr$ible z w\ld1 to "o m>oon$ on a des]t isl&1 ! m>* ( mank9d 9 ! meantime4 ,we live on an isl& 9 space1 b c see some?+ ( ! isl&s ab\t u1 & our conception ( :at is com+ to our limit$ habitat c be judg$ mo/ surely by :at we note has happ5$ to o!rs m advanc$ ?an ourselves4 ,j z we look at ,jupit] to p]ceive "s lik5ess ( :at we once 71 ! real image ( :i* has travell$ by ?is "t f> into ! dep?s ( space beyond possibility ( recall1 s mu/ we look to ! ,moon or ,m>s if we desire to see "s fa9t adumbration ( ! pass to :i* we are likely to come4 ,= f _! lack ( size !y %\ld h prec$$ u on ! road we are b\nd to travel4 ,n[1 bo? ^! worlds to-day are wat]-lack+1 9 :ole or "p2 ! ,moon practically absolutely s1 ,m>s s f> z any oceans or seas are conc]n$4 ,we %\ld d wisely !n to take note4 ,b we h m def9ite in=mation ?an simply _! pres5t pres5tm5ts4 ,= bo? be> ^u _! faces m>ks ( hav+ held seas once ^u a "t4 ,!y 7 once1 !n1 m z we are n[4 ,we _c ( c\rse be sure1 z we are unable to get ne> en\gh to scan _! surfaces = signs ( erosive action4 ,b s f> z we c make out1 pa/ seas be/ expla9 _! appe>ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,moon--,,photograph$ ,,at ,,! ,,l[ell ,,obs]vatory4 ,s sealike1 inde$1 0 _! look t ! fir/ a/ronom]s to note !m took !m unhesitat+ly = wat] expanses4 ,?us ! mom5t ! telescope br\ght ! ,moon ne> en\gh = map mak+ ( x we f9d ! d>k pat*es at once designat$ z seas4 ,! ,sea ( ,s]5ity1 ! ,sea ( ,%[]s1 ! ,bay ( ,ra9b[s1 speak /ill ( :at once 0 suppos$ to be ! nature ( ! d>k1 smoo?1 lun> surfaces !y "n4 ,sugge/ively1 inde$1 9 an op]a glass d !y seem to lap ! l&4 ,! ,lake ( ,dreams =e-%ad[$ :at 0 ev5tually to be ?\ght ( !m4 ,) increas+ optical approa* ! sub/ance evaporat$1 b ! =m rema9$4 ,x 0 spe$ily evid5t t !re 0 no wat] !re2 yet ! semblance ( its repository /ill lurk$ 9 ^? %ad[s & sugge/s itself to "o scann+ _! surfaces to-day4 ,if !y be n old sea bottoms1 !y s+ul>ly mimic ! reality 9 _! smoo?1 slop+ floors & _! long1 curv+ l9es ( bea*4 ,_! /range uni=mity %[s t some?+ protect$ !m f volcanic fury :ile ! re/ ( ! lun> face 0 be+ corrugat$4 ,?is pres]vative po9ts to "s sup]9cumb5t pressure :i* c h be5 no o!r ?an wat]4 ,lava-fl[s on su* a scale seem inadmissible4 ,:at ^! surfaces %[ & :at !y d n %[ alike h9t !m sea bottoms once ^u a "t4 ,9 ! /range *alk-l hue ( ! lun> l&scape !y look l pla/] ( ,p>is dea?-masks ( ! =m] seas4 ,a l hi/ory fell to ! lot ( ! surface features ( ,m>s4 ,!re too1 z soon z ! telescope reveal$ !m & _! p]man5cy ( place1 ! d>k pat*es ^u ! planet's face 7 =?rightly tak5 = seas1 & 7 s call$3 ! ,sea ( ! ,sir5s & ! ,great ,r$ ,sea4 ,su* !y long cont9u$ to be deem$4 ,! seas ( ,m>s held wat] 9 !ory c5turies aft] ! idea ( ! lun> _h vani%$ into air4 ,at la/1 ru?less sci5ce prick$ ! pretty bubble analogy _h pictur$4 ,be+ s mu* f>!r (f ?an ! ,moon1 x 0 mu* lat] t _! true "* came out4 ,come out x has1 ?\gh1 )9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,l9es--"s ( ! s call$ canals--h be5 detect$ cross+ ! seas1 l9es p]si/5t 9 place4 ,?is has effectually dispos$ ( any wat] 9 !m4 ,b "h aga9 some?+ ( semblance is left beh9d4 ,!y are /ill ! d>ke/ portions ( ! planet1 & _! t9t *anges 9 places ) ! progress ( ! planet's ye>4 ,t _! color is t ( vegetation1 & t its *ange obeys ! seasons1 /amp x = vegetation 9 fact4 ,?us ^! regions mu/ be m humid ?an ! re/ ( ,m>s4 ,!y mu/1 !re=e1 be l[]4 ,t !y are ?us l[] & possess a modicum ( wat] to-day m>ks !m out = ! spots :]e seas w\ld be1 7 !re any seas to be4 ,z we "k ( a v]a causa :i* has = ages be5 t5d+ to deplete !m1 extrapolation f :at is n[ go+ on returns !m ! wat] !y h lo/ & rehabilitates _! anci5t aquatic "*4 ,to ! f>-sight ( inf]5ce1 seas !y aga9 become 9 ! morn+ ( ! ages long ago :5 ,m>s itself 0 "y4 ,nor is ?is ! end ( ! evid5ce4 ,:5 we comp>e quantitatively ! areas occupi$ by ! quondam seas on ,m>s & on ! ,moon1 we f9d reason to increase our confid5ce 9 our d$uction4 ,= ! small] body1 ! ,moon1 %\ld h _h less wat] relatively1 at ! "t :5 ! seas !re 7 laid d[n1 ?an ! l>g]1 ,m>s4 ,because f ! mom5t its mass began to collect1 x 0 9 process ( p>t+ ) its gases1 wat]-vapor among ! re/1 &1 z we %all see m 9 detail 9 ! next *apt]1 x _h f ! />t less hold on !m ?an ,m>s4 ,its oceans1 !re=e1 %\ld h be5 less ext5sive ?an ! ,m>tian ones4 ,?is is :at ! pres5t lun> ,m>e seem to atte/4 ,!y are less ext5d$ ?an ! d>k areas ( ,m>s4 ,a fact :i* becomes ! m evid5t :5 we rememb] t ! ,moon has long turn$ ! same face to ! ,e>?4 ,h] %ape1 !re=e1 has be5 t ( an egg1 ) ! apex po9t+ t[>d our _w4 ,"h ! wat] w\ld *iefly collect4 ,! great] "p ( ! seas %e ev] _h %\ld be on our side ( h] surface1 ! "o %e pres5ts 9 p]petuity to our gaze4 ,x is to ! heav5s t we mu/ look = our sure/ in=mation on su* a cosmic po9t1 because ( ! long p]spective o!r bodies give u ( our own c>e]4 ,less conclusive1 because dep5d5t ^u less "t1 is any evid5ce our globe c (f]4 ,yet ev5 f x we may le>n some?+2 if no?+ else1 t x does n contradict ! /ory ( ! sky4 ,to x1 !re=e1 we return1 quick5$ 9 appreh5sion by ! sights we h else:]e se54 ,! fir/ ?+ our %>p5$ s5se causes u to note is ! spread ( des]ts ev5 )9 hi/oric times4 ,j z des]ts %[ by _! latitud9al girdl+ ( ! ,e>? _! direct dep5d5ce ^u ! great sy/em ( planet>y w9ds1 z meteorologi/s recogniz+ly call !m1 s a /udy ( ! fr+es ( ^! belts discloses _! encroa*m5t ^u =m]ly less arid l&s4 ,! s\!rn bord]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean reveal ?is all ! way f ,c>?age to ,pale/9e4 ,! disappe>ance ( _! =m] peoples1 leav+ ^! l&s b scantily inhabit$ n[1 po9ts to ?is2 because o!r regions1 z ,india1 :i* /ill reta9 a wat]ful climate1 are z popul\s z ev]4 ,mu* ( ?is is d\btless due to ! ov]?r[ ( dyna/ies & ! ensu+ lapse ( irrigation1 b qu]y3 ,is x all8 ,= we h /ill m def9ite in=mation 9 ! dry+ up ( ! /reams :i* h left ! aqu$ucts ( ,c>?age )\t cont9uation1 z mu* to wat] on ! "o h& z to its dr9k]s on ! o!r4 ,m5 may leave because ( lack ( wat]1 b wat] does n leave because ( de>? ( m5 to dr9k4 ,rec5t se>* ar\nd ! ,caspian by ,hunt+ton has disclos$ ! l deg5]ation due to encroa*+ des]tism !re4 ,inde$1 x is no *ance co9cid5ce t j :]e all ! great nations ?riv$ 9 ! morn+ ( ! hi/oric times %\ld be precisely :]e popul\s peoples no long] exi/4 ,= nei!r increas+ cold nor increas+ heat is responsible = ?is1 see+ t no g5]al *ange has occurr$ 9 ei!r4 ,nor 7 !y p>ticul>ly expos$ to ext]m9ation by nor!rn hordes ( b>b>ians4 ,egypt z a _w p[] di$ a natural dea?1 & ,babylonia too2 b ! common p di$ ( ?ir/1 indirect & unconsci\s & n :olly ( _! own *oos+4 ,prehi/oric records make ?is conclusion d\bly sure1 by l5g!n+ ! limit ( our obs]vation4 ,bo? ext9ct flora & ext9ct fauna tell ! same tale4 ,9 ! neighborhood ( ,cairo petrifi$ =e/s atte/ t ,egypt 0 n always a wip$ slate1 :ile ! une>!d animals ( ! ,fayum be> witness to wat] :]e no wat] is to-day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,petrifi$ ,,bridge1 ,,?ird ,,petrifi$ ,,=e/1 ,,ne> ,,adamana1 ,,arizona--,,photograph ,,by ,,h>vey4 ,any:]e we w&] along ^! girdl+ belts we f9d ! same /ory writt5 = u to read4 ,! great des]ts ( ,new ,mexico & ,arizona %[ ca/ellat$ /ructures f> beyond ! means ( its pres5t ,indian population to inhabit4 ,yet ?is retr5*m5t occurr$ long be=e ! :ite man came ) 8 ext]m9at+ blight on ev]y?+ he t\*$4 ,nor h we reason to suppose t x arose 9 consequ5ce ( invasion by o!r ali5 hordes4 ,individual communities may ?us inde$ h p]i%$ z ! pres]vation ( _! domiciles intact leads u to inf]1 b all did n ?us vani% f (f ! ,e>?4 ,"h aga9 humanity di$ or mov$ away because nature dri$ ! s\rces ( its supply4 ,& "h1 z else:]e1 we f9d prehi/oric record 9 ! rocks ( a once m smil+ /ate ( ?+s1 /r5g!n+ ! te/imony we d$uce f man4 ,! =e/s1 cr[n+ n[ only ! great] heights1 are b ! %r9k+ residues ( :at once clo!d ! l&4 ,! well-nam$ ,arid ,zone is becom+ m s e day4 ,if f ! l& evid5ce ( dry+ up we turn to ! m>9e1 we see ! same %r9kage at "w4 ,x has ev5 be5 discov]$ 9 a l[]+ ( ! ocean b$1 b z ?is may s easily be disput$1 we turn to "o aspect ( ! situation :i* _c s easily be ga9said1--! bodies ( wat] t h be5 cut (f4 ,t ! ,dead ,sea1 ! ,caspian1 ! ,great ,salt ,lake1 are sl[ly b surely giv+ way to l&1 is pat5t4 ,if ! climate at lea/ 7 n m arid ?an be=e ?is c\ld n occur2 b m ?an ?is1 if ! ocean 7 n on ! :ole %r9k+1 !re w\ld be no t5d5cy to leave su* arms ( itself beh9d to %rivel up4 ,t ! ocean bas9s are deep5+ is possible1 b we "k ( "o depletion :i* is n replac$--evaporation into space2 & ( ano!r b\nd to come--)drawal into fissures :5 ! e>? %all cease to be too hot4 ,?is gradual )drawal ( ! wat] may seem an unpleasant "o to contemplate1 b l mo/ ?+s x has its silv] l9+ 9 ! hope x holds out t sometime !re %all be no m sea4 ,^? ( u :o dete/ ! con/ant go+ d[n to ! sea 9 %ips h>dly m ?an ! occasional go+ d[n ) !m1 c take a crumb ( com=t 9 ! ?\ght4 ,un=tunately x p>takes ( a some:at f>-(f realization 9 our di/ant desc5dants1 com+ a little too late to be ( mat]ial advantage to ourselves4 ,b let me n leave ! read] :olly disconsolate4 ,= ano!r ?\ght we c take ) u 9 clos+ our sket* ( s mu* ( ! ,e>?'s life z br+s x well d[n to to-day1--! ?\ght t x has gr[n = u a /eadily bett] place to contemplate f ! e>lie/ eras to ! pres5t "t4 ,inde$1 ) innate presci5ce we =bore to appe> till ! prospect did prove pleas+4 ,f9ally1 we may palliate progno/ication by consid]+ t if its future seem a ?\ght less attractive1 we1 at lea/1 %all n be !re to see4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,dea? ,,( ,a ,,_w ,ev]y?+ ar\nd u on ?is ,e>? we see is subject to "o inevitable cycle ( bir?1 gr[?1 decay4 ,no?+ t beg9s b comes at la/ to end4 ,n less is ?is true ( ! ,e>? z a :ole & ( ea* ( its si/] planets4 ,?\gh our own lives are too brief ev5 to m>k ! sl[ ne>+ to t ev5tual goal1 ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! ,e>? writt5 9 its rocks & ! pres5t aspects ( ! sev]al planets t circle simil>ly r\nd ! ,sun alike assure u ( ! c\rse ( ag+ z c]ta9ly z if "t1 ) all x br+s ab\t1 pass$ 9 "o long procession be=e our v eyes4 ,dea? is a di/ress+ ?+ to contemplate "u any circum/ances1 & n less s to a philosoph] :5 t ( a :ole _w is conc]n$4 ,to ?9k t ?is fair globe ) all x has br\ght =? mu/ lapse 9 "t to no?+ness2 t ! g5]ations ( m5 %all cease to be1 _! v records oblit]at$1 is some?+ to /rike a *ill into ! he>t ( ! mo/ call\s & numb endeavor at its core4 ,t ons mu/ roll away be=e t f9al day is to ! m9d ( ! f>-see+ no consolation = ! end4 ,n only t we %all pass1 b t ev]y?+ to %[ we ev] 7 %all p]i% too1 seems an ext9ction too ov]p[]+ = words4 ,b va9 regret avails n to *ange ! univ]se's c\rse4 ,:at is conc]ns u & :at w be too4 ,f fac+ x we _c turn away4 ,we may alleviate its poignancy by ! ?\ght t our int]e/ is aft] all remote1 affect+ *iefly desc5dants we %all nev] "k1 & comm5d to ourselves ! altrui/ic example s nobly set u by doctors ( m$ic9e :o1 on ! demise ( o!rs at :i*--& possibly to :i*--!y h !mselves assi/$1 %[ a =titude n easily surpass$1 a =titude ext5d+ ev5 to _! bills4 ,if !y c act ?us un%ak5 at sight ( _! contempor>ies1 we %\ld n fall beh9d !m 9 h]oism t[>d po/]ity4 ,hav+ 9 our la/ *apt] run ! gantlet ( ! geologi/s1 we are 9 "s sort =tifi$ to face dea?--9 a _w--9 ?is4 ,! m s t we h "s mill5niums ( respite be=e ! execution ( ! decree4 ,by ! dea? ( a planet we may designate t /age :5 all *ange on its surface1 save dis9tegration1 ceases4 ,= !n all we "k z life 9 its manifold manife/ations is at an end4 ,to ?is x may come by _m pa?s4 ,= a planet1 l a man1 is expos$ to dea? f a v>iety ( unt[>d ev5ts4 ,( ^! ! "o lea/ likely to occur is dea? by accid5t4 ,?is1 cele/ially speak+1 is any?+ :i* may happ5 to ! sol> sy/em f )\t1 & is ( ! nature ( an un=ese5 cata/rophe4 ,our ,sun might1 z we rem>k$1 be run into4 ,= s f> z we "k at pres5t ! />s are mov+ among !mselves )\t any too c>eful reg>d = "o ano!r4 ,! sw>m may be circl+ a c5tral ,sun z ,&r /ates1 b ! individual />s behave m l ! r&om p>ticles ( a gas ) lic5s$ fre$om to collide2 :]eas we may lik5 ! memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em to molecules 9 ! solid /ate held to a c5tre f :i* !y c nev] greatly dep>t4 ,_! motions ?us af=d a s5se ( security lack+ 9 ! univ]se at l>ge4 ,su* an accid5t1 a collision actual or virtual ) ano!r sun1 w\ld probably occur ) "s d>k />2 ( :i* we sket*$ ! ultimate results 9 our fir/ *apt]4 ,! imm$iate ones w\ld be ( a mo/ disa/r\s k9d4 ,= prefatory to ! new bir? w\ld be ! dissolution to make su* resurrection possible4 ,de/ruction might come direct1 or indirectly ?r\gh ! ,sun4 ,= ?\gh ! ,sun w\ld be ! tramp's objective po9t1 we might inadv]t5tly f9d ourselves 9 ! way4 ,! *oice w\ld be purely academic2 betwe5 be+ p[d]$1 or deorbit$ & burnt up4 ,s remote is ?is cont+5cy t x ne$ cause u no imm$iate al>m1 z ,i c>efully po9t$ out4 ,b s /rong is ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation & s pleasurable ! s5sation ( spread+ appall+ news1 t ! press ( ,am]ica1 & incid5tally ,europe1 took fire1 ) ! result1 s ,i h be5 writt51 t by ! "t ! pictur$ cata/rophe rea*$ ! ,pacific 8x _h assum$ ! dim5sions ( a fir/ magnitude fact40 ,?is is ! fir/ way 9 :i* our _w may come by its dea?4 ,x is possible1 b unlikely4 ,= our ,e>?1 long be=e t1 is morally c]ta9 to p]i% o!rwise4 ,! second mode is "o1 incid5t to ! v con/itution ( our sol> sy/em4 ,x foll[s z a direct outcome ( t sy/em's me*anical evolution1 & may be prop]ly designat$1 !re=e1 z due to natural causes4 ,x might be diagnos$ z dea? by p>alysis4 ,= su* x resembles 9 human be+s1 palsy ( individual movem5t afflict+ a planet in/ead ( a man4 ,tidal friction is ! sl[ und]m9+ cause2 a =ce :i* is con/antly at "w 9 ! action ( e body 9 ! univ]se ^u e o!r4 ,z we previ\sly expla9$1 ! pull ( "o mass ^u ano!r is inevitably diff]5tial4 ,n only is ! second drawn 9 its entirety t[>d ! fir/1 fall+ lit]ally z x circles r\nd1 b ! ne>] p>ts are drawn m ?an ! c5tre & ! c5tre m ?an ^? f>!/ away4 ,we may lik5 ! result to a /ret*$ rotat+ rubb] ball1 )1 h[ev]1 "o important diff]5ce1--t ea* lay] is m or less free to %e> ov] ! o!rs4 ,! bulge1 solicit$ by ! rotation to keep up1 by ! di/urb] to lag beh9d1 is torn two ways1 & ! friction acts z a break ^u ! body's rotation1 t5d+ fir/ to turn x ov] if x be rotat+ backw>d & !n to sl[ x d[n till ! body pres5ts ! same face 9 p]petuity to its prim>y4 ,! tides are ! bulge1 n simply ^? sup]ficial ones :i* we obs]ve 9 our oceans1 & "k to be s /rong1 b sub/antial ones ( ! :ole body :i* we mu/ conceive ?us z egg-%ap$ ?r\gh ! action t goes on--! long diamet] ( ! egg po9t+ some:at ahead ( ! l9e jo9+ its c5tre to ! di/ort+ mass4 ,all ! bodies 9 ! sol> sy/em are ?us really egg-%ap$1 ?\gh ! de=mation is s slight z to escape detection obs]vationally4 ,! k is an in/ance ( h[ mu* m p]ceptive ! bra9 is ?an ! eye4 ,= we are c]ta9 ( ! fact1 & yet to see x ) our pres5t means is impossible1 & may long rema9 s4 ,two concomitant symptoms foll[ ! friction ( ! tidal ans3 a %ift ( ! plane 9 :i* ! rotation takes place1 & a loss ( spe$ 9 ! sp9 itself4 ,! fir/ t5ds to br+ ! plane ( rotation d[n to ! orbital plane1 ) rotation & revolution 9 ! same s5se4 ,?is effect takes place quick] ?an ! o!r1 & 9 consequ5ce diff]5t /ages may be not$ 9 ! creep+ p>alysis by :i* ! body is f9ally ov]come4 ,loss ( seasons *>act]izes ! fir/4 ,= ! co9cid5ce ( ! two planes means inv>iability 9 ! ,sun's decl9ation ?r\gh\t ! ye> = a giv5 latitude4 ,?is r$uces all its days to "o dead level 9 :i* summ] & w9t]1 spr+ & autumn1 are always & ev]y:]e ! same4 ,!re is ?us a return at ! end ( ! planet's c>e] to an unev5tful condition rem9isc5t ( its />t2 a s5ility 9 planets comp>able to second *ildhood 9 man4 ,9 l>ge planets ?is outgr[+ ( seasons occurs be=e !y h any1 :ile ! planet is yet cl\d-wrapp$4 ,su* planets "k no?+ ( "s attributes ( y\?1 l ^? un=tunate m5 :o nev] 7 boys2 j z rev]sely ! meteorites are boys t nev] grew up4 ,= if ! planet be l>ge1 ! action ( ! tidal =ces is proportionately m p[]ful2 :ile on ! o!r h& ! self-ag+ ( ! planet is greatly prolong$1 & ?us x may come ab\t t ! =m] process out/rips ! latt] to ! miss+ ( seasons entirely4 ,?is is sure to be ! case ) ,jupit]1 z ! equator has already got d[n to )9 #c ( ! orbit1 & ?reat5s to be ! case ) ,saturn4 ,^! bodies1 !n1 :5 !y %all h put (f _! swaddl+ clo!s ( cl\d1 w wake to climates )\t seasons2 globes :]e conditions are always ! same on ! same belts ( latitude1 & on :i* ^! alt] progressively f equator to pole4 ,v>iety o!r ?an diurnal is ?us exclud$ f _! surfaces & f _! skies4 ,= ! ,sun & />s w rise always ! same1 9 punctual ob$i5ce only to ! sl[ly %ift+ ye>4 ,! next /age ( deprivation is ! p>t+ ) ! day4 ,al?\gh ! day disappe>s1 ! result is too mu* day or too little1 dep5d+ on :]e y *oose to consid] y\rself ^u ! afflict$ orb4 ,= tidal friction proce$s to l5g!n ! tw5ty-f\r or o!r h\rs fir/ to weeks1 !n mon?s1 !n ye>s1 & at la/ to inf9ity2 ?us br++ ! sun to a /ock-/ill on ! m]idian1 to flood "o side ( ! _w ) p]petual day & plunge ! o!r 9 et]nal night4 ,:i* ( ^! two hemisph]es w\ld be ! worse abode1 is matt] ( p]sonal pr$ilection2 du/ or glaci]1 des]ts bo?4 ,ev]la/+ un%ield$ noon w\ld cause a w9d circulation f all po9ts ( ! enlight5$ p]iph]y to ! c5tre1 :5ce a funnel-%ap$ curr5t w\ld rise to ov]fl[ back into ! antipodes1 !nce to return by ! horizon aga94 ,z ! night side w\ld be sev]al hundr$ degrees at lea/ cold] ?an ! noon "o1 all ! moi/ure w\ld be evaporat$ on ! sunlit hemisph]e1 to be c>ri$ r\nd & deposit$ z ice on ! o!r1 !re to /ay4 ,life w\ld be ei!r toa/$ or frapp4 ,a ,sah>a back$ by pol> regions w\ld be ! obv]se & ! rev]se ( ! %ield4 ,illu/ration3 ,octob] #ae1 #ahif4 ,illu/ration3 ,febru>y #ab1 #ahig4 ,illu/ration3 ,m>* #bf1 #ahig4 ,,v5us--,,draw+s ,,by ,,dr4 ,,l[ell ,,%[+ ,,agreem5t ,,at ,,diff]5t ,,di/ances4 ,! read] may deem ! picture a fancy sket* :i* possibly may n appeal to him4 ,nev]!less1 x n only is possible1 b "o :i* has ov]tak5 our ne>e/ ( neighbors4 ,to ?is pass ! ,mat] ,amorum1 ,v5us h]self1 has already be5 br\ght4 ,%e betrays x by ! wr9kles :i* mod]n obs]vation has reveal$ ^u h] face4 ,innoc5t critics1 ) a gallantry "o w\ld h>dly h cr$it$ !m1--:i* %[s h[ "o may wrong ev5 ! humble/ ( creatures1--h d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( ^! m>ks ( age1 on ! *ivalr\s a priori assumption t x c\ld n possibly be true because nev] se5 be=e4 ,_! negation1 9 nave ignorance ( ! facts1 p>takes ! logic ( ! gallant capta91 :o1 :5 ask$ by a lady to guess h] age1 repli$3 8',pon my ^w1 ,i hav5't ! slighte/ idea10 ha/ily add+1 8,b y don't look x60 ,less comm5dable ?an ?is conv5tional nesci5ce1 b un=tunately m to ! po9t1 is ! evid5ce ( pry+ sci5tific curiosity4 ,%rewdly div9$ z mu* z detect$ by ,s*iap>elli1 made m c]ta9 by ! cr['s-feet disclos$ at ,flag/aff1 & corroborat$ by ! te/imony ( ! spectroscope !re1 h] iso*ronism ( rotation & revolution lies beyond a d\bt4 ,attraction to h] "l has conqu]$ at la/ h] :o 0 ! cynosure ( all4 ,v5us1 9 h] old age1 />es =ev] at ! ,sun1 & we all "k h[ ill an ag+ beauty c support a g>i% light4 ,m]cury has be5 br\ght to a l pass4 ,?is 0 evid5t ev5 be=e ! facts came out ab\t ,v5us1 = ,v5us1 true to h] in/9cts1 %ields h]self ) a veil ( air :i* l>gely baffles man's too curi\s gaze4 ,m]cury1 on ! o!r h&1 (f]s no objection to obs]vation4 ,:5 look$ = at ! prop] "t1 8 m>k+s are q di/9ct1 d>k1 brok5 l9es sugge/+ cracks4 ,s*iap>elli1 aga91 0 ! fir/ to p]ceive ! true /ate ( ! case1 & 8 obs]vations 7 indep5d5tly confirm$ & ext5d$ at ,flag/aff 9 #ahif4 ,9 s do+ ! latt] disclos$ a v int]e/+ fact4 ,x 0 evid5t t ! m>k+s held 9 g5]al a def9ite fix$ position ^u ! illum9at$ "p ( ! disk1 %[+ t ! planet kept ! same face always to ! ,sun4 ,b sy/ematic obs]vation1 cont9u$ day aft] day = weeks1 disclos$ a curi\s %ift1 :i*1 ?\gh slight1 0 unmi/akable4 ,^u ?\ght ! cause sugge/$ itself1 & on be+ subject$ to calculation prov$ equal to su* acc\nt+4 ,9 ?is s+ul> sy/ematic sway /ood reveal$ ! libration 9 longitude caus$ by ! ecc5tricity ( ! planet's orbit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,( ,,libration ,,9 ,,longitude ,,due ,,to ,,rotation4 ,illu/ration3 ,m]cury4 ,effect ( ,libration ,rotation #hh days4 ,m]cury revolves ab\t ! ,sun 9 an ellipse m ecc5tric ?an t ( any o!r pr9cipal planet4 ,at times he is half z f> (f aga9 f him z he is at o!rs4 ,:5 ne>1 he travels fa/] ?an :5 f>4 ,= bo? reasons1 ne>ness & spe$1 8 angul> revolution ab\t ! ,sun v>ies greatly f po9t to po9t accord+ to :]e he f9ds himself 9 8 orbit4 ,8 rotation1 h[ev]1 is necess>ily uni=m4 ,= ev5 ! ,sun has no p[] at once to *ange ! enorm\s mom5t ( mom5tum ( 8 axial sp94 ,9 consequ5ce1 at times 8 angul> velocity ( revolution ga9s on 8 rotation1 at o!r times loses1 bo? com+ out toge!r at ! end ( a complete ,m]curial ye>4 ,! result is a sup]b rhy?mic oscillation1 a true m]curial p5dulum comp5sat$ by cele/ial laws to p]fect iso*ronism ( sw+4 ,! outw>d sign ( ?is %[s 9 ! movem5t ( ! m>k+s4 ,to obs]v]s 9 space l ourselves1 ! planet seems to sway 8 head z he travels along 8 orbit4 ,= weeks he turns 8 face1 z %[n by ! m>k+s on x1 m & m ov] to ! left2 !n turns x back aga9 z f> ov] to ! "r4 ,x is z if he 7 look+ furtively ar\nd z he ha/5s ov] 8 planet>y pa?4 ,v5us1 ( c\rse1 is equally subject to ?is law ( di/raction1 b ow+ to ! almo/ p]fect circul>ity ( h] orbit %e is less visibly affect$4 ,9 fact1 x is n possible to detect h] lapse f a fix$ reg>d to ! ,sun4 ,at mo/ x is no m ?an a glance out ( ! corn] ( h] eyes--h] slight deviation f p]fect rectitude ( demeanor4 ,k ( ! laws gov]n+ su* action alone p]mits u to recognize its occurr5ce4 ,m]cury & ,v5us are ! only planets z yet t turn a con/ant face to _! ov]rul+ "l4 ,! reason = ?is appe>s :5 "o goes into ! matt] analytically4 ,! tidal =ce is n ! direct pull ( ! ,sun on a p>ticle ( ! body1 b ! diff]5ce 9 ! pulls ^u a p>ticle at ! c5tre & "o at ! circumf]5ce4 ,be+ diff]5tial1 x dep5ds directly ^u ! radius ( ! di/ort$ body & inv]sely ^u ! ?ird p[] ( its di/ance away4 ,z ! space ?r\gh :i* ! =ce acts is proportional to ! =ce itself1 ! effect is z ! squ>es ( ! quantities m5tion$1 or1 inv]sely1 z ! six? p[] ( ! di/ance & z ! squ>e ( ! body's radius4 ,! result ?us proves greate/ on ! planets ne>e/ to ! ,sun1 & dim9i%es rapidly z we pass outw>d f him4 ,if1 !n1 ! sol> =ce _h _h "t en\gh to produce its effects1 x w\ld be fir/ 9 ,m]cury & !n 9 ,v5us t x %\ld be se54 ,& ?is is precisely :]e we obs]ve x4 ,! ,moon pres5ts u a well-kn[n case ( su* filial reg>d1 result+ 9 p]man5t incompet5cy ( action on its own acc\nt4 ,x turns always ! same face to u1 foll[+ u ab\t ) ! mute att5tion ( a dog to its ma/]4 ,"h aga9 ! libration may be detect$1 = no dog b makes excursions on ! road4 ,?is case diff]s f ^? ( ,m]cury & ,v5us 9 t ! body to :i* ! reg>d is paid is n also ! disp5s] ( light & w>m?4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ?\gh ! side ( ! ,moon ) :i* we are pres5t$ rema9s always ! same1 we d n always see x2 ! light creep+ ov] x ) ! progress ( ! lunation1 f new to full4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! wor/ t happ5s to our ,moon 9 its old age is t its day becomes its mon?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,moon--,,full ,,& ,,half1 ,,photograph$ ,,at ,,! ,,l[ell ,,obs]vatory4 ,our ,moon is n peculi> 9 hav+ its day & its mon? ! same4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is n[ ! rule ) satellites ?us to protract _! days4 ,s f> z we c obs]ve1 all ! l>ge satellites ( ,jupit] turn ! same face to him2 ^? ( ,saturn pay him a l reg>d2 :ile ab\t ^? ( ,uranus & ,neptune we are too f> (f to tell4 ,_! direct respect = _! prim>y1 ) only second>y recognition ( ! ,sun1 keeps !m f ! full consequ5ces ( _! fatal yield+ to attraction4 ,x is bad en\gh to h ! day half a mon? long1 b worse to h "o t nev] ends1 or1 /ill worse1 p]petual night4 ,9 our diagnosis ( ! cause ( dea? 9 planets1 we n[ pass f p>alysis to he>t failure4 ,= s we may speak ( ! next affection :i* ends 9 _! tak+ (f1 s9ce x is due to want ( circulation & lack ( brea?4 ,x comes ( a planet's los+ fir/ its oceans & !n its air4 ,to und]/& h[ ?is di/ress+ condition comes ab\t1 we mu/ consid] "o ( ! int]e/+ sci5tific legacies ( ! n9ete5? c5tury to ! tw5tie?3 ! k9etic !ory ( gases4 ,illu/ration3 ,,illu/rat+ ,,molecul> ,,motion ,,9 ,a ,,gas 7,,black ,,molecules ,,"h ,,consid]$ ,,at ,,re/74 ,! k9etic !ory ( gases supposes !m to be made up ( m9ute p>ticles all alike1 :i* are p]fectly ela/ic & are travell+ hi!r & ?i!r at great spe$s 9 practically /raight l9es4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ^! are =ev] collid+ among !mselves1 giv+ & tak+ velocities ) bewild]+ rapidity1 result+ 9 a /ate ( confusion calculat$ to drive a comput] mad4 ,somebody has lik5$ a quiet bit ( air to a boil] full ( furi\s bees madly b5t on gett+ out4 ,! simile flatt]s ! bees4 ,to foll[ ! vicissitudes ( any "o molecule 9 ?is hurly-burly w\ld be out ( ! "q2 /ill m1 x w\ld seem1 t ( all ( !m at once4 ,yet no less ,h]culean a task confronts u4 ,to f9d out ab\t _! motions1 we are !re=e driv5 to :at is call$ ! /ati/ical me?od ( inquiry1--:i* is simply a bran* ( ! doctr9e ( probabilities4 ,x is ! me?od by :i* we le>n h[ _m p are go+ to cat* cold 9 ,bo/on next week :5 we "k no?+ ab\t ! p1 or ab\t colds1 or ab\t cat*+ !m4 ,at fir/ sight x might seem z if we c\ld nev] discov] any?+ 9 ?is hopelessly ignorant way1 & z if we _h almo/ bett] call 9 a doctor4 ,b 9 ! multitude ( colds--n ( c\nsellors--lies wisdom4 ,s 9 o!r ?+s n hygi5ic4 ,z y _c possibly div9e1 = in/ance1 :at ea* boy 9 t[n is go+ to d dur+ ! ye>1 nor :at is 8 make ( m9d1 h[ c y say :e!r he w accid5tally dis*>ge a fire>m & %oot 8 playmate or n6 ,& yet if y take all ! boys ( ,bo/on1 y c pr$ict to a nicety h[ _m w ?us let (f a gun & 8n "k t x 0 load$40 ,9 ?is only g5u9e me?od ( prophecy1 complete ignorance ( all ! actual facts1 we are able )\t kn[+ any?+ :atev] ab\t ea* ( ! molecules to pr$icate a good deal ab\t !m all4 ,to beg9 )1 ! pressure a gas ex]ts ^u ! sides ( a vessel conta9+ x mu/ be ! bomb>dm5t ! sides receive f ! little molecules2 & ! heat+ due ?is ra9 ( bl[s1 or ! temp]ature to :i* ! vessel is rais$1 mu/ measure _! en]gy ( translation4 ,on ?is supposition x is f\nd t ! laws ( ,avogadro & ( ,boyle are p]fectly acc\nt$ =1 besides _m m prop]ties ( gases :i* ! !ory expla9s1 & z no?+ yet has be5 enc\nt]$ s]i\sly contradict+ x1 we may consid] x z almo/ z surely correct z ! !ory ( gravitation4 ,to ?ree great g5iuses ( ! la/ c5tury we owe ?is rem>kable discov]y--,clausius1 ,cl]k ,maxwell1 & ,boltzmann4 ,by det]m9+ ! d5sity ( a gas at a giv5 temp]ature & "u a giv5 pressure1 we c f9d by ! /ati/ical me?od ! av]age spe$ ( its molecules4 ,x dep5ds on ! mo/ probable di/ribution ( _! en]gy4 ,= hydrog5 at ! temp]ature ( melt+ ice1 & "u atmosph]ic pressure1 ?is spe$ proves to be a little ov] a mile a second--a spe$1 curi\sly en\gh1 :i* is to t ( light almo/ exactly z c5timetres to miles4 ,b "s ( ! molecules are go+ at spe$s mu* above ! mean2 few] & few] z ! spe$ gets high]4 ,j h[ _m !re are = any assign$ spe$1 we c calculate by ! same +5i\s application ( unkn[n quantities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,molecul> ,,velocities ,,9 ,a ,,gas4 ,^! spe$s h be5 f\nd = a temp]ature ( freez+1 & z ! spe$ v>ies z ! squ>e root ( ! absolute temp]ature1 we might suppose t :5 an adv5tur\s or lucky molecule arriv$ at practically ! limit ( ! atmosph]e1 :]e ! cold is int5se1 x w\ld become numbly sluggi%4 ,b let u consid] ?is4 ,:5 we enclose a gas 9 a cool] vessel1 ! molecules bomb>d ! sides m ?an !y are bomb>d$ back4 ,9 consequ5ce1 !y lose en]gy2 z we say1 are cool$4 ,b 9 free air if a molecule be =tunate en\gh to elude its neighbors1 !re is no?+ to take away its motion b ! e!r ?r\gh radiation1 & ?is is a v sl[ process4 ,?us ! escap+ fugitive mu/ arrive at ! conf9es ( ! air ) ! spe$ x _h at its la/ enc\nt]4 ,we rea*1 !n1 ?is result3 ,9 space !re is no su* ?+ z temp]ature2 temp]ature be+ simply ! aggregate effect ( molecul> temp]am5t4 ,! reason we %\ld consid] x uncommonly cold up !re is t few] molecules w\ld /rike u4 ,quantity1 !re=e1 9 our e/imation replaces quality1--a possible sub/itution :i* also acc\nts = "s reputations1 lit]>y or o!rwise4 ,! only =ces :i* c\ld affect ?is lonely molecule w\ld be ! heat+ by ! ,sun1 ! repell5t =ce ( light1 & gravity4 ,n[ ! spe$ :i* gravity on ! ,e>? c control is #f4i miles a second4 ,x c imp>t ?is to a body fall+ freely to x f inf9ite space1 & c !re=e annul x on ! way up1 & no m4 ,if1 !n1 any ( ! molecules rea* ! out] b\nd>y ( ! air go+ at m ?an ?is spe$1 !y w pass beyond ! ,e>?'s p[] to re/ra94 ,!y w become little rov]s 9 space on _! own acc\nt1 & d>t (f on int]/ell> travels ( _! own4 ,?is ext5sion ( ! k9etic !ory & ( ! consequ5t voyages ( ! molecules is due to ,dr4 ,john/one ,/oney1 :o has s9ce1 humor\sly en\gh1 tri$ to /op ! v balls he set roll+4 ,fir/ ?\ghts are usually ! be/1 aft] all4 ,z among ! molecules "s are already travell+ at spe$s 9 excess ( ?is critical velocity1 molecules mu/ con/antly be atta9+ to ?is emancipation1 & ?us be leav+ ! ,e>? = good4 ,9 consequ5ce !re is a /eady dra9 ^u its gase\s cov]+4 ,fur!rmore1 z we "k f comets' tails1 ! repell5t p[] ( ! light-waves1 :at we may call ! levity ( light1 mu* exce$s ^u su* volatile vagrants ! heat excitem5t or ev5 ! gravity ( ! ,sun1 s t we arrive at ?is int]e/+ conclusion--_! escape is be/ effect$ "u cov] ( ! night4 ,aga91 ! heavi] ! gas1 ! less its molecul> spe$ at a giv5 temp]ature1 because its k9etic en]gy :i* measures t temp]ature is "o-half ! molecule's mass into ! squ>e ( its spe$4 ,?us _! pond]osity prev5ts z _m ( !m f foll[+ _! m agile c\s9s ( a diff]5t con/itution4 ,s t ! light] gases are soon] gone4 ,wat]-vapor leaves be=e oxyg54 ,nor is !re any escape f ?is escape ( ! gases4 ,x may take excessively long1 b g !y mu/ until a solit>y individual :o happ5s to h _h ! wrong end ( ! la/ collision is alone left hopelessly beh9d4 ,ano!r factor also is conc]n$4 ,! small] ! planet1 ! l[] ! utmo/ velocity x c control1 & ! quick]1 !re=e1 x mu/ lose its atmosph]e4 ,= a great] numb] ( molecules mu/ at e in/ant rea* ! releas+ spe$4 ,?us ^? bodies t are little %all1 p]=ce1 h less to cov] !mselves )al4 ,n[ ?is inevitable depletion ( _! atmosph]ic envelopes1 ! aspects ( ! v>i\s planets /rik+ly atte/4 ,!y d s 9 mo/ exempl>y fa%ion1 accord+ to law4 ,! l>g]1 ! major planets1 z we h already rem>k$1 h a p]fect ple?ora ( atmosph]e1 m ?an we at lea/ "k :at to d ) 9 ! way ( catalogu+ yet4 ,! m$ium-siz$1 l our own ,e>?1 h a v com=table am\nt2 ,m>s1 an uncom=table "o1 z we consid]1 & ! smalle/ none at all4 ,all ! small] bodies ( our sy/em are ?us pa9fully depriv$ s f> z we c discov]4 ,we are c]ta9 ( x 9 ! case ( our ,moon & ,m]cury1 ! only ones we c see well en\gh to be sure4 ,9 fur!r evid5ce x has be5 %[n at ! ,y]kes & at ,flag/aff t no p]ceptible effect ( air betrays itself 9 ! spectroscopic impr9t ( ! r+s ( ,saturn1 ^? t9y satellites ( 81 & v rec5tly a spectrogram ( ,ganym$e1 ,jupit]'s ?ird moon1 made at ,flag/aff = ! purpose by ,mr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,sliph] has prov$ equally void ( atmosph]ic h9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,spectrogram ,,( ,,saturn--,,photograph$ ,,by ,,dr4 ,v4 ,m4 ,,sliph]1 ,,l[ell ,,obs]vatory1 ,,octob] #aa1 #aijd4 ,,exposure #d ,,on 8#bg0 ,,gilt ,,edge ,,plate4 ,,long ,,cam]a ,,plac$ ,,b5ea? ,,! ,,slit4 ,,titanium ,,comp>ison ,,spectrum4 ,,enl>gem5t ,,by ,,mr4 ,c4 ,o4 ,,lampl&4 ,) ! loss ( wat] & ( air1 all possibility ( developm5t dep>ts4 ,n only mu/ e organism die1 b ev5 ! inorganic c no long] *ange its /ate4 ,9 ! ext9ction ?us n only ( inhabitants b ( ! habitat t made !m possible1 occurs a curi\s inv]sion ( ! ord] we are famili> ) 9 ! life hi/ory ( organisms4 ,9 planets x is ! gr&*ildr5 t die fir/1 !n ! *ildr51 & la/ly _! surviv+ p>5t4 ,& ?is is n accid5tal1 b inevitably consequ5t ^u _! respective orig9s4 ,= ! (fspr+1 z we may spell x ) a hyph51 ( any cosmic mass is ( necessity small] ?an t f :i* x issu$4 ,be+ small]1 x mu/ age quick]4 ,9 ! natural ord] ( ev5ts1 !n1 its end mu/ be rea*$ fir/4 ,su* has be5 ! c\rse tak51 or /ill tak+1 by ! bodies ( our sol> family4 ,! late/ g5]ation has already succumb$ to ?is ebb+ ( vitality ) "t4 ,e "o ( ! satellites ( ! planets--^? ( ,neptune1 ,uranus1 ,saturn1 ,jupit]1 & our own ,moon--is practically dead2 born s ! small] :i* nev] 7 alive4 ,our own ,moon c>ries its decrepitude on its face4 ,to all int5ts & purposes its life is pa/2 & t x _h at "o "t a v fi]y exi/5ce1 ! great lun> crat]s amply te/ify4 ,x is n[1 = all its flood+ ) radiance our w9t] nights1 ! lifeless /atue ( its =m] self4 ,! same inevitable end1 9 default ( o!rs1 is n[ ov]tak+ ! planet>y gr\p4 ,its approa* is /amp$ on ! face ( ,m>s4 ,!re we see a _w dy+ ( exhau/ion4 ,! signs ( x are legible 9 ! m>k+s we descry4 ,h[ long be=e its "w is done1 we ignore4 ,b t x is a matt] ( "t only1 our /udy ( ! laws ( ! inexorable lead u to conclude4 ,m>s has be5 sp>$ ! fate ( ,m]cury & ,v5us to p]i% by ?is o!r =m ( planet>y dea?4 ,la/ 9 our enum]ation ( ! causes by :i* ! end ( a _w may be br\ght ab\t1 because ! la/ to occur 9 ord] ( "t1 is ! ext9ction ( ! ,sun itself4 ,c]ta9 to come & conclude ! sol> sy/em's hi/ory z ! abode ( life1 if all ! o!rs %\ld by any *ance fail to prec$e x1 x fitt+ly =ms ! climax1 gr& 9 its v quietude1 ( all t w5t be=e4 ,by ! same physical laws t caus$ our ,e>? once to be hot1 ! ,sun %9es to-day4 ,only its great] size has giv5 x a life & a brilliancy d5i$ to small] orbs4 ,! fall+ toge!r ( ! scatt]$ p>ticles ( :i* x is compos$1 caus$1 & /ill is caus+1 ! dazzl+ spl5dor x emits4 ,& s long z x rema9s gase\s1 its temp]ature mu/ increase1 9 spite ( its lavi% exp5diture ( heat1 z ,hom] ,lane discov]$ =ty ye>s ago4 ,b ! ,sun's /ore ( heat1 imm5se z x is to-day1 & cont9u$ z x is b\nd to be = untold ons by means ( contraction ( its globe ^u itself1 & possibly by o!r causes1 mu/ "s day give out4 ,f its pres5t gase\s condition x mu/ gradually b ev5tually contract to a solid "o1 & ?is 9 turn radiate all its heat into space4 ,sl[ly its lu/re mu/ dim z x becomes incapable ( repl5i%+ its supply ( motive p[] by fur!r %r9kage 9 size4 ,fitfully1 probably1 l ,mira ,ceti to-day1 x w %[ tempor>y bur/s ( spl5dor z if /riv+ to rega9 ! brightness x _h lo/1 only to s9k aft] ea* ef=t into m & m impot5t s5ility4 ,at la/ "s day mu/ come1 if we may talk ( days at all :5 ! great ev5t occurs :5 all days %all be blott$ out1 t ! la/ flick] %all gr[ ext9ct 9 ! orb t = s long has made ! he>? ( ! :ole sy/em4 ,=1 presci5tly en\gh1 ! ,lat9 ^w focus means he>?1 & ! body :i* includes )9 x ! focus ab\t :i* all ! planets revolve also con/itutes ! he>? f :i* !y all are light$ & w>m$4 ,:5 ?is ultimate mom5t arrives & ! la/ sp>k ( sol> en]gy goes out1 ! ,sun w h rev]t$ once m to :at x 0 :5 ! cataclysm ( ! =etime /rang] awoke x into activity4 ,x w aga9 be ! d>k body x 0 :5 our pe]+ into ! pa/ fir/ descries x d[n ! f> vi/a ( unrecord$ "t4 ,gho/like x w travel ?r\gh space1 unkn[n1 unh]ald$1 till ano!r collision %all cause x to take a place aga9 among ! bright company ( heav54 ,?us1 9 our acc\nt ( ! c>e] ( a sol> sy/em1 we began by see+ ) ! m9d's eye a d>k body travell+ incognito 9 space1 & a d>k body we f9d ourselves aga9 contemplat+ at ! end4 ,9 ?is kaleidoscopic biograph ( ! sol> sy/em's life1 ea* picture dissolves into its successor by ! fall+ toge!r ( its p>ts to fre% adju/m5ts ( /ability1 z 9 t in/rum5t ( pleasure :i* s wit*$ our *ildi% wond] 9 e>ly y\?4 ,j z :5 a comb9ation _h prov$ s pretty1 once gone1 to our sorr[ no turn+ ( ! h&le c\ld ev] br+ x back1 s 9 ! m>* ( worlds no retrace is possible ( /eps t once are pa/4 ,inexorable p]mutations lead f "o /ate to ! next1 till ! la/ ( all be rea*$4 ,yet1 unlike our *ildhood's toy1 reason+ c conjure up beside ! pres5t picture f> vi/as ( :at prec$$ x & ( :at is yet to come4 ,hidd5 f ?\ght only by ! di/raction ( ! day1 z ! univ]se to sight lies hid by ! day's ov]p[]+ gl>e1 bo? come out on its )drawal till we wond] we nev] gaz$ be=e4 ,our own surr\nd+s %ut out ! glories t lie beyond4 ,our veil ( atmosph]e cloaks !m f our view4 ,b wait1 z an a/ronom]1 till ! ,sun s9ks beh9d ! hills & 8 gorge\s gold ( p>t+ fades to amb] amid ! t5d] tape/ry ( trees4 ,! v air takes on a mean+ :i* ! flood ( day _h swamp$4 ,se5 itself1 no long] imp]fectly se5 ?r\gh1 x wakes to semi-s5ti5t exi/5ce1 a _s come to life al(t to %ield u f ! too imm$iate vacancy ( space4 ,! p]fumes ( ! soil1 ! trees1 ! fl[]s1 /eal out to x1 z ! twilight gl[ itself exhales to heav54 ,9 ! hu%$ quiet ( ! gloam+ ,e>? holds h] brea?1 presci5t ( a revelation to come4 ,!n z ! half-light deep5s1 ! univ]se appe>s4 ,"o by "o ! company ( heav5 /& =? to human sight4 ,v5us fir/ 9 all h] glory bright5s amid ! dy+ spl5dor ( ! we/1 gr[+ 9 lu/re z h] sett+ fades4 ,f mid-heav5 ! ,moon lets fall a %e5 ( silv]y light1 ! gho/ly mantle ( h] gho/like self1 ov] ! sil5t ,e>?4 ,ea/w>d ,jupit]1 l "s great lant]n ( ! sy/em's c5tral sweep1 sw+s upw>d f ! twilight b[ to take possession ( ! night4 ,beyond lies ,saturn1 or ,uranus p]*ance dim ) di/ance1 measur+ /ill great] span4 ,all 9 ord] 9 _! sev]al place ! noble cortge ( ! ,sun is expos$ to view1 se5 n[ by ! c\rtesy ( 8 )drawal1 backgr\nd$ aga9/ ! imm5sity ( space4 ,great worlds1 ^! sep>ate att5dants1 & yet z no?+s 9 ! void :]e />e ! sil5t />s1 huge suns !mselves ) ret9ues unse51 s va/ ! di/ances 'twixt u & !m4 ,no less a revelation awaits ! op5+ ( ! %utt]s ( ! m9d4 ,if night discloses glimpses ( ! great beyond1 k inve/s x ) a mean+ unfold+ & ext5d+ z acqua9tance gr[s4 ,sight is human2 insight seems div9e4 ,to "k ^? po9ts ( light = o!r worlds !mselves1 worlds ! telescope approa*es z ! ye>s advance1 :ile /udy recon/ructs _! pa/ & visions =? _! future1 is to be made free ( ! h]itage ( heav54 ,"t op5s to u z space exp&s4 ,we /& ^u ! ,e>?1 b 9 ! sky1 a vital portion n only ( our globe1 b ( all ( :i* x1 too1 =ms "p4 ,to feel x is to ent] ^u ano!r life2 & if to realization ( its beauty1 its gr&eur1 & its sublimity ( ?\ght ^! *apt]s ( its hi/ory h prov$ 9 any wise ! portal1 !y h n be5 p5n$ 9 va94 ,,notes #a ,,meteor ,,orbits ,if ! space ( ! sol> sy/em be equally fill$ ) meteors ?r\gh\t1 or if !y dim9i% z "o goes out f ! ,sun accord+ to any rational law1 _! av]age spe$ ( enc\nt] ) ! ,e>? w\ld be ne>ly p>abolic4 ,if !y 7 travell+ 9 orbits l ^? ( ! %ort-p]iod comets1 t is ) _! aphelia at ,jupit]'s orbit & _! p]ihelia at or )9 ! ,e>?'s1 _! major axes w\ld lie betwe5 #f4b & #e4b4 ,if we suppose _! p]ihelion di/ances to be equally di/ribut$ accord+ to di/ance1 we h = ! mean a major axis ( #e4g4 ,_! velocity1 !n1 at ! po9t :]e !y cross ! ,e>?'s track w\ld be giv5 by #b #a v 7------ - ------ 71 #a #b4he 9 :i* #ah4e 9 miles p] second #cdb4be1 :5ce v #bc4gf 9 miles p] second4 ,suppose !m to be approa*+ ! ,e>? indiff]5tly f all directions4 ,at sunset ! z5i? faces ! ,e>?'s quit2 at sunrise ! ,e>?'s goal4 ,let be ! real angle ( ! meteor's approa* reckon$ f ! ,e>?'s quit2 ! app>5t angle due to comp\nd+ ! meteor's velocity-direction ) t ( ! ,e>?4 ,!n ^? approa*+ x at any angle #j less ?an t :i* makes #ij w be visible at sunset2 ^? at a great] angle1 at sunrise4 ,! angle #ja is giv5 by ! relation1 a cos ------ 1 x 9 :i* a is ! ,e>?'s velocity1 x ! meteor's1 & is reckon$ f ! ,e>?'s quit4 ,! portion ( ! cele/ial dome cov]$ at sunset is1 !re=e1 #cfj s9 dd1 #j #j :]e is ! azimu?1 #ahj #cfj t at sunrise1 s9 dd4 #j ,if ! meteors h direct motion only1 c nev] exce$ #ij1 & ! limits become1 #cfj = sunset1 s9 dd1 #j #j #ij #cfj & = sunrise1 s9 dd4 #j ,! mean incl9ation at sunset is #cfj s9 dd1 #j #j 1 #cfj s9 dd1 #j #j 9 :i* mu/ be express$ 9 t]ms ( 1 etc4 ,f ?is x appe>s t ! relative numb] ( bodies1 travell+ 9 all directions & at p>abolic spe$1 :i* ! ,e>? w\ld enc\nt] at sunrise & sunset respectively w\ld be3-- sunrise #e4h sunset #a4j & ) ! spe$ ( ! %ort-p]iod comets1 sunrise #h4j sunset #a4j ,if1 h[ev]1 ! bodies 7 all mov+ 9 ! same s5se z ! ,e>?1 i4e4 direct1 ! ratios w\ld be3-- ,,p>abolic,,spe$ ,,( ,,%ort,,spe$ ,,( ,,actual ,,%ort-,,p]iod ,,spe$ ,,p]iod ,,comets ,,comets ,,ab\t ,,jupit] ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,sunrise #b4d #c4e #c4c ,sunset #a4j #a4j #a4j ,z ! actual numb] enc\nt]$ is betwe5 #b & #c to #a1 we see t ! great] "p mu/ be travell+ 9 ! same s5se z ! ,e>?1 s9ce !y come indiff]5tly at all altitudes f ! plane ( h] orbit4 #b ,,d5sities ,,( ,,! ,,planets ,! d5sities ( ! pr9cipal planets1 s f> z we c det]m9e !m at pres5t1 ! d5sity ( wat] be+ unity1 are3-- ,m]cury #c4fe ,v5us #e4cf ,e>? #e4ec ,moon #c4cb ,m>s #c4ic -------- mean #d4cf ,jupit] #a4cc ,saturn #j4gb ,uranus #a4bb ,neptune #a4aa -------- mean #a4ji ,sun #a4ch ,! second decimal place is n to be consid]$ z any?+ b an indication4 #c ,,v>iation ,,9 ,,spectroscopic ,,%ift ,9 ! case ( a body reflect+ light1 ! %ift diff]s f t = a body emitt+ x4 ,if ! planet be on ! fur!r side ( ! ,sun1 ! approa*+ rim advances bo? t[>d ! ,sun & t[>d ! ,e>?1 ?us d\bl+ ! %ift4 ,! rec$+ rim rec$es 9 l mann]4 ,at elongation ! rims approa* or rec$e ) reg>d to ! ,e>?1 b n ! ,sun1 & ! %ift is s+le z = emission4 ,at inf]ior conjunction rotational approa* to ! ,e>? implies rotational recession f ! ,sun1 & ! two effects cancel4 #d ,,on ,,! ,,planets' ,,orbital ,,tilts ,! tilts ( ! plane ( rotation ( ! ,sun & ( ! orbits ( ! sev]al planets to ! dynamical plane ( ! sy/em tabulat$ are3-- ,sun #g ,m]cury #f #ad ,v5us #b #d ,e>? #a #da ,m>s #a #ch ,a/]oids v>i\s ,jupit] #bj ,saturn #ef ,uranus #a #b ,neptune #dc :]e1 9 ! det]m9ation ( t plane1 ! late/ values ( ! masses ( ! planets & ! rotations ( ! ,sun1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn h be5 tak5 into acc\nt4 ,^! tilts sugge/ some?+1 d\btless1 b x is by no means cle> :at x is !y sugge/4 ,!y are j z compatible ) a giv+ (f f a sl[ly cond5s+ nebula z ) an orig9 by %ock4 ,! great] incl9ations ( ,m]cury & ,v5us may be due to _! late bir? f ! c5tral mass )\t ! necessity ( a cataclysm1 ! rotation ( t c5tral mass out ( ! g5]al plane be+ caus$ by ! cons5sus ( ! motions ( ! p>ticles f :i* x 0 =m$4 ,! accordance ( ! l>g] planet>y masses ) ! dynamical plane ( ! sy/em w\ld necess>ily result f _! great aggregations4 ,s t ?is1 too1 is q possible )\t %ock4 #e ,,planets ,,& ,,_! ,,satellite ,,sy/ems ,if we compute ! spe$s ( satellites ab\t _! prim>ies 9 ! sol> sy/em & comp>e !m ) ! velocities 9 _! orbits ( ! planets !mselves1 a /rik+ p>allelism /&s display$ betwe5 ! sev]al sy/ems4 ,?is is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table ( !m3 ,,p>abolic ,,mean ,,spe$1 ,,spe$ ,,at ,,ratio ,,spe$ ,,miles ,a ,,second ,,orbit ,,sat4 ,,ab\t -------------------------------------- ,,prim>y ,,to ( ,prim>y ( ,satellite ,miles a ,,planet',s 9 ,orbit ab\t ,prim>y second ,,spe$ ,v v ,,9 ,,orbit ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,jupit] #h4a #aa4e ,sat4 #a #aj4g #a4cb #b #h4e #a4je #c #f4g #j4hc #d #e4a #j4fc ,saturn #f4j #h4e #a #i4j #a4ej #b #g4i #a4ca #c #h4b #a4cf #d #f4c #a4je #e #e4c #j4hi #f #c4e #j4ei #h #b4j #j4cd ,uranus #d4b #e4i #a #c4e #j4hb #b #b4i #j4gj #c #b4c #j4ed #d #b4j #j4dg ,neptune #c4d #d4h #a #b4g #j4ha ,! relations "h disclos$ are too sy/ematic to be ! result ( *ance4 ,! orbits ( all ^! satellites h no p]ceptible ecc5tricity indep5d5t ( p]turbation except ,iapetus1 ( :i* ! ecc5tricity is ab\t 4#jc4 ,9 view ( ! v>i\s cosmogonies :i* h be5 advanc$ = ! g5esis ( ! sol> sy/em x is int]e/+ to note :at ^! spe$s imply z to ! effect ^u ! satellites ( ! impact ( p>ticles circulat+ 9 ! int]planet>y spaces at ! "t ! sy/em evolv$4 ,to simplify ! "q we %all suppose--:i* is suffici5tly ne> ! tru?--t ! planets move 9 circles1 ! int]planet>y p>ticles 9 orbits ( any ecc5tricity4 ,tak+ ! ,sun's mass z unity1 ! di/ance ,r ( any giv5 planet f ! ,sun also z unity1 let ! planet's mass be repres5t$ by ,m & ! radius ( its satellite's orbit1 suppos$ circul>1 z r4 ,we h = ! space velocity ( ! satellite on ! sunw>d side ( ! planet1 call+ t ( ! planet 9 its orbit ,v & t ( ! satellite 9 its orbit r\nd ! planet v1 ,v - v 7#a_/,r7 - ,m_/r4 ,= a p>ticle1 ! semi-major axis ( ^: orbit is a & :i* %all enc\nt] ! satellite1 ! velocity is v 7#b_/7,r-r7 - #a_/;a74 ,t no effect %all be produc$ by ! impact ( ^! two bodies1 _! velocities mu/ be equal1 or #a_/,r - ,m_/r #b_/7,r-r7 - #a_/;a ,z ,r-r a7#a e7 = ! po9t ( impact if ! p>ticle be :olly )9 ! orbit ( ! planet & e ! ecc5tricity ( its orbit1 we f9d e #b ,,mr_/r - ,,rm_/r approx4 = ! case ( no action1 ! o!r t]ms be+ ins5sible = ! satellites 9 ! table1 s9ce 9 all r ,r_/#djj4 ,suppos+1 n[1 ! p>ticles )9 ! orbit ( ! planet to be equally di/ribut$ accord+ to _! major axes1 !n z ! velocity ( any "o ( !m1 tak+ ,r-r ,r approx4 z unity1 is v 7#b_/a - #a_/;a71 ! mean velocity ( all ( ^? :i* may enc\nt] ! satellite is1 at ! po9t ( collision1 77#b;a - #a7 _/ a7da ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- da #b 7#b;a - a7 - #a_/7b7 log7#b;a - #a7 #b;a #j4ged2 t is1 j ov] ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! planet's spe$ 9 its orbit4 ,if we suppose ! p>ticles to be equally di/ribut$ 9 space1 we %all h m ) a giv5 major axis 9 proportion to t axis1 & our integral w become 7#b;a - #a7;a da ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ a da #h_/c 7#d;a-#a7_/h 7#b;a - a7 - 7#a_/af #b 7 log7#b;a - a7 #b a - #a_/7b #b 7 #j4gib ( ! planet's orbital spe$4 ,! spe$ v1 !n1 at :i* a satellite mu/ be mov+ r\nd ! planet to h ! same velocity z ! av]age p>ticle )9 ! planet's orbit1 is ,v - v v4 ,?is velocity is1 = ! sev]al planets3-- ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,p>ticles ,,z ,,_! ,,p>ticles ,,equal ,,major ,,axes ,,9 ,,space ------------------------------------ ,miles a second ,miles a second ---------------------------------------- ---- ,jupit] #b4j #a4f ,saturn #a4e #a4b ,uranus #a4j #j4i ,neptune #j4h #j4g ,if ! satellite be mov+ 9 its orbit less fa/ ?an ?is1 its space-spe$ w exce$ t ( ! av]age p>ticle2 x w /rike ! p>ticle at its own re> & be accel]at$ by ! collision4 ,if fa/]1 ! p>ticle w /rike x 9 front & ret>d x 9 its motion r\nd its prim>y4 ,f ! table x appe>s t all ! l>ge satellites ( all ! planets h an orbital spe$ r\nd _! prim>ies exce$+ ^? 9 ei!r column4 ,9 consequ5ce1 all ( !m mu/ h be5 ret>d$ dur+ _! =mation by ! impact ( int]planet>y p>ticles & =c$ ne>] _! prim>ies ?an w\ld o!rwise h be5 ! case2 & ?is :e!r ! p>ticles 7 di/ribut$ m d5sely t[>d ! ,sun1 z #a_/;a1 or 7 equally /rewn ?r\gh\t4 ,= int]planet>y p>ticles ^: orbits lie )\t ! p>ticul> planet's pa? ! mean spe$ is ! p>abolic at ! planet's di/ance1 giv5 9 ! ?ird column ( ! table4 ,?is is ! case on ei!r supposition ( di/ribution4 ,! orbital spe$ ( ! satellite :i* %all n be affect$ by collisions ) !m is1 = ! sev]al planets3-- ,,miles ,a ,,second ---------------------- ,jupit] #c4d ,saturn #b4e ,uranus #a4g ,neptune #a4d ,all ! satellites b ,iapetus h orbital spe$s exce$+ ?is1 & consequ5tly are ret>d$ also by ^! p>ticles4 ,= p>ticles cross+ ! orbit 7#b7 ! mean velocity w\ld be practically p>abolic1 #a4d1 ev5 if ! di/ribution 7 z #a_/r1 r be+ ! di/ance f ! ,sun4 ,! effect w\ld dep5d ^u ! angle ( approa* & 9 ! mean give a great] velocity = ! p>ticle ?an = ! satellite )9 ! orbit1 a less "o )\t2 ret>d+ ! satellite 9 bo? cases4 ,?us ! total effect ( all ! p>ticles enc\nt]+ ! l>ge satellites is to ret>d !m & to t5d to make !m hug _! prim>y4 ,= retrograde satellites ! velocities ( impact ) inside & outside p>ticles mov+ direct are respectively3 ,,inside ,,outside ----------------------------- ,jupit] #b4j v v #c4d ,saturn #a4e v v #b4e ,uranus #a4j v v #a4g ,neptune #j4h v v #a4d ,9 bo? cases ! impact t5ds to *eck ! satellite4 ,comp>+ ) ^! ! velocities ( impact = direct satellites 9 a direct pl5um3-- ,,inside ,,outside ------------------------------- ,jupit] #b4j - v #c4d - v ,saturn #a4e - v #b4e - v ,uranus #a4j - v #a4g - v ,neptune #j4h - v #a4d - v ! signs be+ tak5 positive :5 ! motion is direct1 we see t retrograde satellites w\ld be m arre/$ ?an direct ones ) ! same orbital spe$ r\nd ! prim>y4 ,9 a pl5um ( direct mov+ p>ticles1 !n1 ! =ce t5d+ to /op ! satellite & br+ x d[n ^u ! planet is great] = retrograde satellites ?an = direct ones4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! positions ( ! satellites h be5 controll$ by ! impact ( int]planet>y p>ticles1 ! retrograde satellites %\ld be f\nd ne>] _! planets ?an ! direct ones4 #f ,,on ,,! ,,induc$ ,,circul>ity ,,( ,,orbits ,,?r\gh ,,collision ,s9ce ! mom5t ( mom5tum is ! velocity into ! p]p5dicul> ^u its direction1 9 ! "t dt x is3-- vp dt h dt rd4 ,! :ole mom5t ( mom5tum f p]ihelion to p]ihelion is !re=e3-- #cfj rd a7#a-;e7_/#a-;e #cfj 7-e s9 7_/7#a;e cos 7 #b_/7a-;e7 tan 7#a-;e7_/7#a;etan 7_/#b77 #b;a 7#a - e71 :i* is twice ! area ( ! ellipse4 ,! en]gy 9 ! ellipse dur+ an int]val dt is 77mvdt 77m7#b_/r - #a_/;a7dt1 f ! well-kn[n equation = ! velocity 9 a focal conic4 ,! integral ( ?is = ! :ole ellipse is #cfj 77mv dt 777m_/h77#br - r_/a7d ma4 ,s9ce rd 7a #a - e7_/7#a e cos 7d 7#b;a #a -e7_/7#a -e7 tan77#a -e7_/7#a e7tan 7_/#b77 & r d is giv5 above4 ,by collision a "p ( ?is en]gy is lo/1 be+ conv]t$ into heat4 ,! major axis1 a1 is1 !re=e1 %ort5$4 ,b f ! expression #b;a 7#a-;e7 = ! mom5t ( mom5tum we see t ?is is greate/ :5 e is lea/4 ,if1 !re=e1 a is dim9i%$1 e mu/ also be dim9i%$1 or ! mom5t ( mom5tum w\ld be less5$1 :i* is impossible4 #g ,,capture ,,( ,,satellites ,see has rec5tly %[n 7,a/r4 ,na*4 ,no4 #dcda-db7 t a p>ticle mov+ ?r\gh a resi/+ m$ium "u ! attraction ( two bodies revolv+ r\nd "o ano!r 9 circles may ev5tually be captur$ by "o ( !m ?\gh orig9ally "u ! dom9ation ( bo?4 ,! argum5t consi/s 9 introduc+ ! effect ( a resi/+ m$ium ^u ! motion 9 ! space p]mitt$ by ,jacobi's integral1 foll[+ ,d>w9's exam9ation ( ?is space4 ,9 ! actual case ( nature ! effect is mu* m complicat$1 & at pres5t is n capable ( exact solution = masses o!r ?an indef9itely small1 ev5 suppos+ circul> orbits = ! *ief bodies4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 expla9 ! curi\s relation %[n 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! direct & retrograde movem5t ( satellites4 ,,index ,a ,abnormality1 ! survival ( orig9al /ate1 #add1 #adf4 ,absorption 9 spectrum1 planet>y1 #eb1 #afa4 ( ,uranus1 #aah4 ( ,jupit]1 #aeb4 ( ,saturn1 #aeb4 ,a*illes1 #id4 ,adams1 #aai1 #aba4 ,adams1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,c41 #abc-abf4 ,agassiz1 #da4 ,airy1 #aba1 #abc4 ,alb$o1 ( d>k />1 #bg4 ( ,m]cury1 #fb1 #gc-ge4 ( ,v5us1 #gc-ge4 ( ,moon1 #ge4 ( ,jupit]1 #ajd1 #aje4 ( ,saturn1 #aji4 ( ,uranus1 #aaf4 ( ,neptune1 #afh4 ( cl\ds1 #aie4 ,algol1 #c4 ,am]ican ,academy1 #abe4 ,amphibians1 fir/ record (1 #ahh4 ,&]son1 ,dr4 ,?omas ,d41 #h1 #ab4 ,&r1 #bae4 ,&rom$a1 great nebula 91 #aj1 #bj1 #ba4 con/itution disclos$ by spectroscope1 #de1 #dh4 ,apex ( ,sun's way1 #bf4 ,arago1 #aba4 ,a/]oids1 #ci1 #fj1 #fa1 #id-ajb4 doma9 (1 #id4 dim9utive size1 #id1 #aja4 numb]1 #id1 #aja4 peculi> discov]y (1 #ie-ih4 nev] =m$ "p ( a pri/9e :ole1 #ih4 :]e ?icke/1 #ih4 =mation ( l>ge planet f1 prev5t$1 #ih1 #ii4 mid-c\rse betwe5 planets & comets1 #ajj4 %ape (1 #aja1 #ajb4 mammo? meteorites1 #ajb4 m>k transition betwe5 inn] & out] planets1 #ajb4 ,atmosph]e1 spectrographic /udy (1 #ec1 #ed1 #afa4 ,m]cury depriv$ (1 #ga1 #ge1 #bcb4 reflect+ p[]1 #ge4 ( ,v5us1 #ge4 ,moon depriv$ (1 #ge1 #bcb4 ?9 on ,m>s1 #ge1 #ia1 #bcb4 ( ,uranus1 enorm\s1 #aag1 #aah1 #bcb4 ( ,neptune1 va/1 #aah1 #bcb4 ( ,jupit]1 #aff1 #bcb4 depletion (1 #bca-bcc4 none on ,ganym$e1 #bcb1 #bcc4 ( ,saturn1 #bcb4 lack+ 9 ,saturn's r+s1 #bcb4 ,avogadro1 #bbh4 ,axes ( planets1 sy/ematic right+ (1 #acb4 tilts acc\nt$ =1 #adf4 ,b ,bab9et1 #adg4 ,backl&1 #fh4 ,ball1 ,sir ,rob]t1 #ade4 ,b>r&e1 ,m41 #agh4 ,belopolski1 #hg4 ,bessel1 #abj1 #aba4 ,bl&et1 ,m41 #age1 #agf4 ,bode1 #ie1 #aai4 ,bode's law1 #if1 #ajj1 #aai1 #abb1 #abf4 ,bolomet]1 #aid4 ,bolton1 ,mr4 ,scriv51 #ajc1 #aje1 #ajf4 ,boltzmann1 #bbh4 ,bose1 #aeg4 ,b\v>d1 ,alexis1 #abj1 #aba4 ,boyle1 #bbh4 ,bradley1 #fh4 ,c ,cambrian era1 #agh4 ,cambridge ,obs]vatory1 #abc4 ,campbell1 #i4 ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 #agi4 ,cass9i1 #gf1 #afb4 ,cele/ial me*anics1 #bh1 #id1 #aee4 ,c]es1 #aja4 ,*allis1 #abc4 ,*emi/ry1 indebt$ to ! />s1 #afj4 ,clausius1 #bbh4 ,cl]ke1 ,miss1 #i1 #afd4 ,climate1 adv5t (1 #ahe4 ,cl\ds1 none on ,v5us1 #ge4 ( ,jupit] n ord]$ z ours1 #ajg1 #afc1 #afg4 ,uranus wrapp$ 91 #afh4 ,neptune wrapp$ 91 #afh4 ,e>? once wrapp$ 91 #agj1 #aga1 #agh4 ,collision ( d>k /> ) ,sun1 #be1 #bae4 w>n+ (1 #bf-bi4 di/urbances previ\s to1 #bi1 #cj4 r>ity ( ev5t1 #cj4 ,collisions betwe5 meteorites ( a flock1 #aa1 #di4 caus+ light1 #di1 #ej4 ,columbus1 #ahh4 ,comets1 #cc1 #fa4 memb]s ( sol> sy/em1 #cd1 #ce4 orbits (1 #fa1 #ajj4 ,comm5surability ( orbital p]iod1 #ii1 #aaa4 ,congruities ( sol> sy/em1 #abh-acg4 deviations f1 #fb1 #ajj1 #aja1 #acj1 #aca1 #ada4 specify mode ( evolution1 #acg4 ,convection curr5ts1 #bai4 9 atmosph]e ( ,v5us1 #hj4 ,copel&1 ,dr4 #g4 ,cop]nican sy/em1 #eh4 ,cop]nicus1 #fb4 ,cosmic action1 #a1 #bb1 #ahd4 ,croll1 #aif4 ,cuticle ( />1 effect ( impact on1 #aa4 ,d ,dana1 #agg1 #ahf1 #ahi4 ,d>k />s1 orig91 #b4 numb]1 #b1 #be4 evid5ce (1 #c-e4 collision (1 #aj1 #aa4 r5d]$ visible1 #bf4 ,d>w91 #fb1 #ach1 ,notes #beb4 ,day1 l5g!n$ to inf9ity1 #gj1 #bai4 none on ,v5us1 #hc4 ,jovian1 #afc4 fir/ appreciation (1 #ahf4 co9cides ) mon?1 on satellites1 #bbe4 ,dea? ( a planet1 def9$1 #bad4 cata/rophic cause1 #bae1 #baf4 due to tidal ret>dation ( rotation1 #baf-bai4 outcome ( loss ( oceans & air1 #bbf1 #bcc4 caus$ by ext9ction ( ,sun itself1 #bcd4 ,d5sity1 ( d>k />1 #bg4 ( planets1 #ea1 ,notes #bdc4 ( ,m]cury1 #fc1 #fd4 ( ,v5us1 #ij4 ( ,jupit]1 #ajc1 #aag4 ( ,uranus1 #aae4 ,des]ts1 increase (1 on ,e>?1 #bjh-baa4 ,devonian era1 #ahg4 ,dhurmsala meteorite1 #da4 ,diamet]1 ( ,m]cury1 #fc1 #fd1 #ff1 #fg4 ( ,v5us1 #ij4 ( ,e>?1 #ij4 ( ,m>s1 #ia4 ( satellites ( ,m>s1 #ib4 ( ,jupit]1 #ajc4 ( ,uranus1 #aae-aag4 ,du/1 9 atmosph]e ( ,v5us1 #ge4 ,e ,e>?1 *>act]i/ics1 n univ]sal1 #ij1 #ia1 #aee4 evolv$ f a nebula1 #adi4 int]nal heat1 #aej4 e>ly surface temp]ature1 #afj1 #afi1 #agj4 once cl\d-wrapp$1 #agj1 #aga1 #agh4 solid surface =m$1 #aga4 hot seas (1 #aga1 #agb4 self-su/a9$1 #ahb4 /udy (1 )9 prov9ce ( a/ronomy1 #ahd4 ceas$ to be self-c5tr$1 #ahg4 ,sun becomes dom9ant factor 9 organic life (1 #aij4 ,e>? %9e1 #hb4 ,ecc5tricity1 orbital1 ( ,m]cury1 #fc1 #fe1 #fi1 #bbb4 ( a/]oids1 erratic1 #ajj1 #aja4 ( satellites1 increases ) di/ance f prim>y1 #acd4 ,eclips+ b9>ies1 #c1 #d4 ,ejectum f nova1 #e1 #af4 rate ( regression1 #af4 ,elem5tal sub/ances1 #aei4 9 ,sun1 #aei4 once 9 ,e>?1 #afj4 discov]y (1 9 />s1 #afa1 #afb4 ,ellipticity1 ( ,jupit]1 #ajc4 ( ,saturn1 #aji4 ( ,uranus1 #aae4 ,encke1 #fh4 ,en]gy1 cons]vation (1 #adj1 #aej1 #aea4 dissipation1 #adj-adb4 conditions = a m9imum1 #adb4 ,eros1 fluctuation ( light (1 gives evid5ce ( =m1 #aja1 #ajb4 ,evolution1 #aec4 :ite nebul 9 process (1 #di4 r\nd$ out1 #ef4 ( sol> family1 #ajj4 evid5ce (1 9 sol> sy/em1 #aag4 mann] (1 less5s en]gy1 #ada4 ,evolution1 *emical1 #aee1 #agc4 univ]sal1 #aef4 temp]ature conducive to1 #aeg1 #aeh4 att5dant ^u cool+1 #aeh1 #afb4 /eps 91 %[n by spectroscope1 #afa4 ,evolution1 physical1 #aee1 #afb4 induc$ by cool+1 #afb4 ,f ,fabry1 #cd4 ,fauna1 #agh1 #agi1 #ahg4 ,faye1 #age1 #agf4 ,flag/aff1 ,arizona1 #eb1 #ff1 #fh1 #gi1 #hc1 #hi1 #ib1 #ajf1 #aaj1 #bba1 #bcb4 cle> & /eady air (1 #ff1 #hf4 ,flam/ead1 #aai4 ,flem+1 ,mrs41 #g4 ,flemm+1 #abj1 #aba4 ,flora1 ( paleologic times1 #agg4 ,fr5* ,academy1 #abb4 ,g ,galle1 ,dr41 #abb1 #abc1 #abe4 ,gases1 peculi> to nebul1 #aa1 #af4 occlud$ 9 meteorites1 #db1 #dc4 9 atmosph]es ( planets1 #ec-ee4 ,gauss1 #cd1 #if1 #ig4 ,geikie1 #afj1 #agg1 #ahi4 ,geology1 relation to a/ronomy1 #agc1 #agd1 #ahc1 #ahd4 scope (1 #agd1 #bjc4 ,geys]s1 av5ues to e>li] /ate1 #afj4 ,goodricke1 #c4 ,h ,hakluyt1 #ahh4 ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory1 #h1 #ab4 ,heat1 molecul> motion1 #aej1 #aeg1 #bcj4 ! result ( evolv+1 #aec4 ! preface to high] evolution1 #aec1 #aef4 laws gov]n+ am\nt (1 #aij4 atmosph]e keeps out1 z well z /ores1 #aia4 effective1 receiv$ f ,sun1 #aib-aid4 invisible rays1 #aid4 reta9$1 #aid-aif4 radiat$1 #aid-aif4 ,heat ( cond5sation ( ,e>?1 accuses conc\rse ( p>ticles1 #aea4 evaluat$1 #aea1 #aeb4 suffici5t = geologic ph5om5a1 #aeb4 ,hector1 #id4 ,helmholtz1 #aea4 ,h5cke1 #ih4 ,h]s*el1 ,sir ,john1 #abb4 ,h]s*el1 ,sir ,william1 #if1 #aad1 #afb4 ,h]?a1 p]iodic v>iability1 #ajb4 ,hipp>*us1 #e4 ,hold51 #i4 ,hubb>d1 ,pr(essor1 #abd4 ,hugg9s1 #eb4 ,humphreys1 #aj4 ,hunt+ton1 #bji4 ,i ,ice ,age1 #aif4 n ( orbital occasion+1 #aig-aii4 increas$ precipitation1 ! cause1 #aii1 #bjj4 a local affair1 #bjj-bjb4 ,irradiation1 affect+ diamet] ( ,m]cury1 #ff1 #fh4 ,j ,jacobi1 ,notes #beb4 ,julius1 ,pr(essor1 #aj4 ,juno1 #aja4 ,jupit]1 #ajc-ajh4 n solid1 #ajd1 #ajg4 a semi-sun1 #aje1 #ajh1 #aeb1 #aff1 #afg4 :ite spots (1 #ajf4 ,jupit]1 8great r$ spot0 (1 #afd4 "t ( rotation1 #afd4 a va/ upru% ( heat$ vapor1 #afe1 #aff4 ,jupit]'s belts1 secul> progression1 #ajd4 rotate at diff]5t spe$s1 #ajd1 #afb1 #afc4 color1 #ajd4 wisps across1 #aje1 #ajf4 bright ones1 cl\d1 #afc1 #afg4 spectrographic /udy (1 #aff4 ,k ,kapteyn1 #ad4 ,keel]1 #ai1 #eb1 #aaj4 ,kepl]1 #f4 ,k9etic !ory ( gases1 #bbf1 #bbh4 coroll>y (1 #ed4 ext5sion (1 #bcj1 #bca4 ,kirkwood1 ,pr(essor1 #ce4 ,l ,lagrange1 #id1 #ig4 ,lal&e1 #abc1 #abd4 ,lane1 ,hom]1 #bcd4 ,langley1 #aia1 #aid4 ,laplace1 #cd1 #aaj1 #abg1 #abi1 #aca1 #acb1 #ach1 #aci1 #adg1 #aeb1 #age4 ,laplacian cosmos1 #abi1 #acj4 false congruities (1 #aca-acc4 annul> g5esis1 disprov$1 #ach1 #aci4 orig9al 8fire-mi/0 (1 impossible1 #ach4 ,lapp>5t1 de1 #agc-agf1 #ahc1 #ahi4 ,lemonni]1 #aae1 #aai4 ,leon>d1 ,miss1 #gi4 ,lev]ri]1 #aai1 #aba-abf4 ,lexell1 #aae4 ,libration 9 longitude1 ( ,m]cury1 #fe1 #fi1 #gj1 #bbb1 #bbc4 causes true day1 #gj1 #ga4 ( ,v5us1 inappreciable1 #hc1 #bbc4 ( ,moon1 #bbd4 ,lick ,obs]vatory1 #ac1 #ad4 ,locky]1 #dh4 ,l[ell ,obs]vatory1 #fe1 #gd4 ,m ,major planets1 gase\s1 #aag4 con/itution (1 diff]s f ,sun or ,e>?1 #afa4 types ( e>ly planet>y /ages1 #afb4 self-c5tr$ & self-su/a9$1 #afh4 ,man1 imman5t1 #aei4 ,m>s1 pol> caps1 #aih4 canals 9 d>k regions1 #bjf1 #bjg4 dy+ ( exhau/ion1 #bcd4 ,mass1 ( ,m]cury1 #fc1 #fd1 #fh4 ( ,m>s1 #ia4 ( ,jupit]1 #ajc4 arrangem5t (1 9 sol> sy/em1 #ace-acg1 #adh4 ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 #acd1 #ahd4 ,mauvais1 #abe4 ,maxwell1 ,cl]k1 #aaj1 #aac1 #bbh4 ,may]1 #aai1 #aea4 ,m5deleff1 #afa4 ,m]cury1 #fb-gc4 "t ( rotation & revolution ! same1 #fe1 #fi4 axis /&s plumb to orbit1 #gj4 turns same face to ! ,sun1 #gj1 #gb1 #acd1 #bba4 surface m>k+s1 #gb1 #bba4 color1 #gb4 ,meteorites1 #ca1 #ce1 #cf4 cosmic bodies1 #cb1 #cc4 relation to %oot+-/>s1 #cf4 memb]s ( sol> sy/em1 #cf4 composition1 #dj-dd1 #ee4 fus$ by friction ) atmosph]e1 #dj4 temp]ature1 #da1 #ee4 fragm5ts ( a d>k body1 #dd4 l9k pa/ to pres5t1 #dd1 #ef1 #eg1 #acj4 ,meteors1 orbits (1 #cf1 #ci1 ,notes #bda-bdc4 visibility (1 #ch4 ,meteor-/reams1 #cc1 #fa4 fir/ recognition (1 #cd4 dis9tegrat$ comets1 #cd4 ,mi*elson1 #aj4 ,milham1 ,pr(essor1 #ii4 ,mira ,ceti1 #bce4 ,mohl]1 #aj4 ,molecul> spe$s1 gase\s1 #bbh-bca4 critical velocity1 #bcj1 #bca4 ,molecule1 organic1 p[] 9 its in/ability1 #afj4 ,mom5t ( mom5tum1 #adj1 ,notes #bej4 cause ( orig9al1 #acj4 ,mom5t ( mom5tum1 cons]vation (1 #adj4 appli$ to sol> sy/em1 #ada-adc4 ,mom5tum1 #adj4 ,monck1 ,mr41 #aj4 ,moon1 turns same face to ,e>?1 #acd1 #bjh1 #bbd1 #bbe4 once fi]y1 n[ dead1 #bcc1 #bcd4 ,m\nta9s1 none on ,m>s1 #ia4 ,mll]1 #gc1 #gd1 #ajd1 #aje1 #aaf4 ,n ,naval ,obs]vatory at ,wa%+ton1 #abb4 ,nebul1 orig9 (1 #aj1 #aa4 amorph\s1 #ah1 #dd4 planet>y1 #ah4 spectrum ( amorph\s1 #de4 ,nebul1 spiral1 #ag-be1 #dd4 evolv$ f disrupt$ />s1 #aj-ae4 relation to nov1 #ad-af4 corpuscul> "* (1 #ae1 #af4 knots & pat*es (1 #ae4 mo/ common1 #ai1 #bj4 two-arm$1 #bj1 #be4 c5tral nucleus1 globul>1 #ba4 n due to explosive action1 #bb1 #bc1 #be4 n caus$ by dis9tegration1 #bd1 #be4 cause ( developm5t1 #bd1 #be4 spectrum (1 #de-dh4 compos$ ( flocks ( meteorites1 #dh1 #di4 con/itution e/abli%$ by spectroscope1 #di1 #ej4 ,nebul> hypo!ses1 #agc4 ,neologic times1 cle>+ ( sky 91 #ahe4 ,neptune1 #aah4 rotates backw>d1 #aah4 owes discov]y to ma!matical triumph1 #aai-abf4 fa9t belts on1 #afh4 fur!r advanc$ ?an giant planets1 #afh4 ,newcomb1 #fg4 ,newton1 ,pr(essor1 #cf1 #db4 ,newton1 ,sir ,isaac1 #cd4 ,nova ,aurig1 #g1 #h1 #ab4 hi/ory *ronicl$ by its spectrum1 #h1 #i4 ,nova ,cygni1 #g4 ,nov1 #f1 #g4 orig9 #e1 #aj4 fir/ *ronicl$1 #e4 spectroscopic /udy (1 #g4 ,nova ,p]sei1 #g4 hi/ory (1 #ab-ae4 ,o ,oceans1 none on ,m>s1 #ia4 evaporation (1 #bjd4 bas9s (1 on ,moon1 #bjd-bjh4 bas9s (1 on ,m>s1 #bjf1 #bjg4 ,olb]s1 #ig4 ,olm/ead1 ,pr(essor1 #cc4 ,orbital di/ance1 ( ,m]cury1 #fb4 ( ,v5us1 #gc4 ( ,m>s1 #ia4 ( ,eros1 #id4 ( ,saturn1 #ajh4 ,orbital tilts1 ( a/]oids1 erratic1 #ajj1 #aja4 ( satellites ( ,uranus1 #aaf4 ( planets1 sub/antially ! same1 #abi-aca1 ,notes #bdd4 deviation f rule1 by ,m]cury1 #aca4 ( satellites1 increase ) di/ance f prim>y1 #acc1 #acd4 ,orbits1 det]m9+ factors1 #ce4 r5d]$ m circul> by collisions1 #ada-adc1 ,notes #bej1 #bea4 made m con=mant to g5]al plane by collisions1 #ada-adc4 ,orion1 great nebula 91 #ah4 ,p ,paleologic times1 mu* w>m? & little light 91 #agb4 fallacies 9 geologi/s' expositions (1 #agd-agf4 climate cont9u\s1 #agg1 #ahf4 seas w>m1 #agg1 #agh4 expla9$ by cl\d envelope1 #agh4 corroboration ( explanation1 #ahg1 #agi4 excessive ra9 91 #ahe1 #ahf4 passage into ,neologic1 ess5tially a/ronomic1 #ahe4 ,pallas1 #aja4 ,p>abolic spe$ at orbit1 ,notes #bde4 ,patroclus1 #id4 ,peirce1 #aaj1 #abe1 #abf4 ,p]r9e1 #ae4 ,p]rot91 #aaf4 ,p]turbations1 9 motion ( planets1 h]ald+ a cata/rophe1 #bh1 #cj4 reflect$1 #fc4 mass ( planet det]m9$ by1 #fh4 ( a/]oids by ,jupit]1 #ih1 #ii4 re/rictive action (1 #ii4 ! fa%ion+ =ce ( planet>y orbits1 #ii1 #ajj4 ( r+s ( ,saturn by satellites1 #aaa1 #aab4 ( ,uranus lead to discov]y ( ,neptune1 #aba-abf4 ,pet]s51 ,dr41 #abc4 ,photometric det]m9ations1 #ib1 #ic4 backgr\nd1 ! fundam5tal factor 91 #ib1 #ic4 ,piazzi1 #if4 ,pilgrim ,/>1 #e1 #f4 ,planet>y a/ronomy1 advance 91 #ei1 #fj4 ,planetology1 #bjc4 def9$1 #agc1 #agd4 ,planets1 #fa4 knots 9 spiral nebul1 #be1 #aci4 develop$ by agglom]ation1 #adc1 #adi1 #aea1 #aeb4 ,pl9y1 #e4 ,plutonic rocks1 #afj4 ,pluvial eras1 contemporane\s ) glacial1 #bjj4 ,polyp corals1 9 paleologic times1 #ahf4 ,pri/9e motion ( planet>y p>ticles1 retrograde1 #add4 sup]flu\s en]gy 91 #ade4 un/able1 #ade4 ,ptolemaic sy/em1 #eh4 ,r ,refrig]ation1 temp]$ by loss ( cl\d1 #aif4 ,revolutions1 ( %oot+-/>s1 #ci4 ( a/]oids1 direct l planets1 #ajj4 planet>y1 9 same s5se1 #abi1 #acj4 out]mo/ satellites1 retrograde1 #acb4 ( satellites expla9$1 #adf1 #adg1 ,notes #beb4 ,rit*ey1 #ad4 ,rob]ts1 ,dr41 #bj4 ,ro*e1 ,ed\>d1 #aaj4 ,rosse1 ,"l1 #ag4 ,rotation ( planets1 #aca1 #acb4 sy/ematic right+ ( axes1 #acb4 initially1 retrograde1 #adf4 ,rotation p]iod1 ( ,v5us1 spectrographically det]m9$1 #hc1 #he-ij4 ( ,m>s1 spectrographically det]m9$1 #hh1 #hi4 ( ,jupit]1 spectrographically det]m9$1 #hi4 ( ,uranus1 #aaf4 ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,ed9burgh1 #g4 ,s ,satellites1 #fa4 ( ,m>s1 #ib4 ( ,saturn1 #ajh1 #aab4 ( ,uranus1 #aaf4 solid1 #aag4 ( ,neptune1 #aah4 turn same face to prim>ies1 #acd1 #adg1 #adh1 #bbe4 late/ discov]ies 9 reg>d to motions (1 #adf4 orig9 (1 #adg4 dea? (1 be=e planet1 #bcc4 impact ( int]planet>y p>ticles on1 ,notes #bdf-bej4 capture (1 ,notes #bea1 #beb4 ,saturn1 #ajh-aad4 belts (1 #aji1 #afh4 inh]5t light1 #aji1 #aeb4 ,saturn's r+s1 #aji-aad4 me*anical m>vel (1 n e>ly appreciat$1 #aaj4 discrete p>ticles1 #aaj1 #ace4 knots ^u1 #aaj-aac4 n flat1 b tores1 #aaa-aad4 %[ devolution--n pri/9e /ate ( sol> sy/em1 #ach1 #aci4 once a cong]ies1 #aci4 ,s*aeb]le1 #i4 ,s*iap>elli1 #cd1 #cf1 #fd-ff1 #fi1 #gf1 #gg1 #bba4 ,s*roet]1 #fe1 #gg4 ,seasons1 loss (1 #ga1 #hc1 #bag1 #bah4 beg9 ) cle>+ ( sky1 #ahe4 fully develop$1 #ahi4 ,see1 ,notes #bea4 ,seelig]1 #aj4 ,%oot+-/>s1 #cc1 #ce4 radiant (1 #cc1 #cf4 memb]s ( sol> sy/em1 #cf-dj4 t9y planets1 #ci4 ,sid]ite1 #cf4 ,silurian era1 #agh4 ,sirona1 p]iodic v>iability (1 #ajb4 ,sky1 cause ( cle>+1 #ahg4 ,sliph]1 ,dr4 ,v4 ,m41 #eb1 #gi1 #hc1 #hf1 #hh1 #hi1 #aag1 #afa1 #aff4 ,sliph]1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,c41 #gi1 #bcc4 ,sol> con/ant1 #aia4 ,sol> sy/em1 evolv$ f a d>k />1 #dd4 evid5ce ( orig91 #ea1 #acj4 *>act]i/ics (1 #fj-fb4 evolution>ily "o1 #fb4 gap 9 progression ( orbital di/ances1 #ie-ajj4 bodies (1 egg-%ap$1 #bag4 ,specific gravity1 ( /one & iron1 #dd4 ,spectroscope1 #g1 #hd4 ,spectroscopic %ift1 #hd4 det]m9+ velocity1 #c4 9 ,nova ,aurig1 #i4 produc$ by great pressure1 #aj1 #ac4 produc$ by anomal\s refraction1 #aj4 produc$ by *ange ( d5sity1 #aj1 #ac4 expla9$1 #he4 v>iation 91 ,notes #bdc1 #bdd4 ,spectrum1 ( ,nova ,p]sei1 #ab1 #ac4 nebul>1 #ac1 #af1 #de-dh4 peculi>ities ( nebul>1 expla9$1 #ej4 photographic ext5sion (1 #eb1 #aag1 #afa4 ( major planets1 #eb1 #ec1 #afa4 ( belts ( ,jupit]1 #aff4 ,spiral /ructure1 implies rotation comb9$ ) motion out or 91 #bb4 ,/ability ( a sy/em1 condition =1 #adj1 #ada4 ,/oney1 ,dr4 ,john/one1 #bca4 ,/ruve1 #aji4 ,suess1 #agi4 ,sun1 orig9al sl[ rotation ( !1 #acj4 heat (1 #bcd1 #bce4 rev]sion to a d>k />1 #bce1 #bcf4 ,sun spots1 #ajd1 #aff4 ,t ,temp]ature1 ( ,moon1 #aia1 #aib4 ( ,m>s1 #aib1 #aid1 #aif4 def9$1 #bcj4 no su* ?+ z1 9 space1 #bcj4 ,t]cid9a1 p]iodic v>iability (1 #ajb4 ,t]ti>y times1 entrance ( color )1 #ahi1 #aij4 ,tidal action1 #adc-adg1 #baf-bah4 causes loss ( en]gy1 #add4 inop]ative1 #add1 #ade1 #adg4 *anges retrograde rotation ( planet to direct1 #ade-adg1 #bag4 on satellites1 #adg4 sl[s d[n sp91 #adh1 #bag4 br+s plane ( rotation d[n to orbital plane1 #bag4 l5g!ns day to inf9ity1 #bai4 analytically express$1 #bbd4 greate/ on planets ne> ,sun1 #ace1 #bbd4 ,tidal action1 disruptive1 #acj4 exemplifi$ by spiral nebul1 #bd1 #be4 h9t$ at1 by meteorites1 #ee4 !ory corroborat$ by d5sities ( planets1 #ea4 !ory corroborat$ by atmosph]es ( planets1 #eb-ee4 on comets1 #aci4 cause ( ,saturn's r+s1 #aci4 ,tiss]&1 #fh4 ,titius1 #ie4 ,todd1 #fh4 ,trees1 decidu\s1 fir/ appe>ance (1 #ahi4 ,trilobites1 bl9dness (1 #agh1 #agi4 ,tw9+1 #cc4 ,ty*o ,brahe1 #e4 ,u ,uranus1 #aad-aah4 hi/ory ( discov]y1 #aad1 #aae1 #aai4 a ball ( vapor1 #aae1 #aag4 belts (1 #aae1 #aaf1 #afh4 tilt ( axis to ecliptic1 great1 #aae4 spectroscopic revelations (1 #aag1 #aah4 9 an e>ly amorph\s /ate1 #aah4 fur!r advanc$ ?an ! giant planets1 #afh4 ,v ,velocity1 ( ,m]cury 9 orbit1 #fc4 ( satellites ab\t prim>y1 ,notes #bde4 ( major planets1 9 orbit1 ,notes #bde4 ,v5us1 #gc-ij4 surface m>k+s1 #gd1 #gg1 #gi1 #hj1 #hc1 #bbj1 #bba4 brilliancy due to cl\dless atmosph]e1 #ge4 importance ( rotation p]iod1 #ge1 #gf4 turns same face to ! ,sun1 #gg-hj1 #acd1 #bbj1 #bba4 ice on ! night side1 causes a%5 light1 #hb4 ,v1 ,pr(essor1 #af1 #aia1 #aib1 #aid4 ,ve/a1 #aja4 ,vogel1 #eb4 ,volcanoes1 av5ues to e>li] /ate1 #afj4 ,von ,za*1 #if4 ,w ,walk]1 ,mr41 #abc1 #abd4 ,wat]1 becom+ m sc>ce1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #baa4 lack+ on ,moon1 #bjd4 ,wat]-vapor1 9 atmosph]e ( ,jupit]1 #ec4 9 atmosph]e ( ,m>s1 #ia1 #afa4 small] planet has less hold on1 #bjg4 ,williams1 ,mr4 ,/anley1 #ajc4 ,witt1 de1 #id4 ,wolf1 ,dr41 #ac4 ,wolf1 ,max1 #id4 ,wolf-,rayet />s1 #ac1 #dh4 ,wright1 #ac1 #dc4 ,y ,ye>1 ( ,uranus1 #aaf4 ,y]kes ,obs]vatory1 #bcb4 ,"y1 #df4 ,,p]cival ,,l[ell',s ,m>s & ,its ,canals ,illu/rat$1 #hvo1 #b4ej net 8,! book makes fasc9at+ read+ & is int5d$ = ! av]age man ( intellig5ce & sci5tific curiosity4 ,x repres5ts mature reflection1 pati5t inve/igation & obs]vation1 & elev5 ye>s' additional "w & v]ification4444 ,x is ! 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"w is writt5 9 a /yle z popul> z ! precise enum]ation ( ! asc]ta9$ facts p]mits1 & if ! n>rative is n 9 all its details z entranc+ z a novel1 x nev]!less transports u into a region ( sup]latively romantic int]e/40--,new ,york ,tribune4 8,no d\bt ! highe/ liv+ au?ority on ,m>s & ?+s ,m>tian is ,pr(4 ,p]cival ,l[ell1 director ( ! obs]vatory at ,flag/aff1 ,arizona1 an a/ronomical inve/igator & writ] kn[n ov] ! entire _w4 ,pr(essor ,l[ell's book1 #8,m>s & ,its ,canals1' is ! f9al ^w1 up to ! pres5t1 on ! planet & :at we "k ( x40--,review ( ,reviews4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue1 ,new ,york ,,p]cival ,,l[ell',s ,m>s z ! ,abode ( ,life ,illu/rat$1 #hvo1 #b4ej net ,! book is bas$ on a c\rse ( lectures deliv]$ at ! ,l[ell ,in/itute 9 #aijf1 supplem5t$ by ! results ( lat] obs]vations4 ,x is1 9 ! l>ge1 ! pres5tation ( ! results ( ! au?or's rese>* into ! g5esis & developm5t ( :at we call a _w2 n ! m]e aggregat+ ( matt]1 b ! process by :i* t matt] comes to be individual z we f9d x4 ,he bridges ) ! new sci5ce ( planetology ! evolution>y gap betwe5 ! nebul> hypo!sis & ! ,d>w9ian !ory4 8,x is n only z an a/ronom] b z a writ] t ,pr(essor ,l[ell *>ms ! read] 9 ?is "w4 ,! beguilem5t ( ! !me is well mat*$ by ! grace & lit]>y f9i% ( ! /yle 9 :i* x is pres5t$4 ,! subject is "o to beget en?usiasm 9 its advocates1 & ! au?or c]ta9ly is n devoid ( x4 ,! w>m? & e>ne/ness ( ! true lov] ( 8 !me %9e ?r\gh ! entire "w s t 9 its :ole /yle & illu/rations x is a *>m+ production40--,/4 ,l\is ,globe ,democrat4 8,mr4 ,l[ell approa*es ! subject by outl9+ ! n[ g5]ally accept$ !ory ( ! =mation ( planets & ! sol> sy/em4 ,he describes ! /ages 9 ! life hi/ory ( a planet ?ree ( :i* are illu/rat$ 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! e>?1 ,m>s1 & ! moon4 ,he tells :at conditions we w\ld expect to f9d on a planet 9 :at we may call ! ,m>tian age1 & proce$s to %[ h[ ! facts reveal$ by obs]vation squ>e ) ! !ories4 ,! book is fasc9at+ly readable40--,! ,outlook4 8,s attractive are ! /yle & ! illu/rations t ! 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