file which includes the original        
illustration4       ,see #fbiij-;h4htm  
or #fbiij-;h4zip3                       
7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/cache_/epu
b_/#fbiij_/pg#fbiij-;images4html7       
or                                      
7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/files_/#fb
iij_/fbiij-;h4zip7         ,images of   
the original pages are available through
       ,internet ,archive4 ,see         
https3_/_/archive4org_/details_/islamisl
am#jjsmalrich   ,transcriber's note3    
,the second and third sections of this  
book are presented as an                
historical document on the prejudices of
 ,christians in ,europe       and       
,america against ,islam at the time this
 book was written4      ,studies in the 
,faiths4 ,,ii4  ,,islam  ,all rights    
reserved4   ,illustration3 ,,pearl      
,,mosque1 ,,agra4   ,,islam  by  ,,annie
 ,h4 ,,small  ,author of #8,yeshudas1'  
#8,suwarta1' #8,studies in ,buddhism1'  
etc4   ,illustration3 ,publisher's logo 
#aije ,london ,j4 ,m4 ,dent  ,co4 ,new  

,york3 ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton  ,co4  ,richard  
,clay  ,sons1 ,limited1 ,bread ,street  
,hill1 ,e4,c41 and ,bungay1 ,suffolk4   
,,preface   ,perhaps mutual             
understanding and sympathy are more     
difficult between ,christianity and     
,islam than between any two of the      
world's living ,faiths4 ,on the side of 
,islam is the too-little remembered fact
 that the only ,christianity of which   
she is1 so to speak1 officially         
conscious1 is the least true1 the least 
pure2 while on the ,christian side1 we  
tend to turn even from such points of   
contact as exist between ourselves and  
this latest of the ,faiths with an      
undefined shrinking from the possibility
 of sympathy3 the prophet repels us1 the
 religion repels us1 the moral code     
repels us1 the history repels us4 ,when 
we discover that ,islam claims to       
supersede ,christianity1 we are filled  
with indignation and horror4 ,when we   
discover1 as we do at intervals1 how    
dark the darkness of ,muslim lands and  

how cruel the tender mercies of ,muslim 
rule may be1 we desire nothing better   
than that ,islam should be blotted from 
off the face of the earth4  ,but ,islam 
is still a world power1 before which the
 ,christian nations of ,europe have     
stood helpless even while               
fellow-,christians have been cruelly and
 wickedly entreated4 ,islam cannot be   
ignored nor despised4 ,rather it is     
imperative that it should be studied1 if
 possible with sympathy1 by the         
,christian peoples1 in order that the   
,muslim motive power may be understood1 
and that ,islam may be met face to face1
 as it must one day be met by           
,christianity1 worthily and             
,christianly4 ,what if the inevitable   
battle should be fought by the armies of
 the ,cross1 rather than by the armies  
of the ,nations8  ,this little book has 
been prepared1 not primarily as a study 
of ,islam1 but rather to indicate       
directions which ,christian1 and        
especially ,missionary1 thought might   

profitably take4 ,for the sake of those 
who have not already some knowledge of  
,islam itself1 or of its doctrines as   
they compare with those of our own      
,faith1 the chapters have followed these
 two lines2 but matters of great        
importance to the special student have  
been necessarily omitted2 and others    
have been very lightly touched upon4    
,for the guidance of any who are        
desirous of making a more exhaustive    
study of this most important of all     
subjects1 to those who have at heart the
 honour of ,christ and ,his speedy      
reign1 there is available a very large  
literature1 in ,english1 ,german1 and   
,french1 upon ,islam and its relation to
 ,christianity4     ,,contents          
,,page   ,preface                       
v   ,contents                           
ix    ,i4 ,,islam                       
#aa     #a4 ,,the ,,apostle ,,of ,,islam
                                  #ac   
#b4 ,,the ,,great ,,thoughts ,,of       
,,islam                           #bj   

#c4 ,,the ,,religious ,,life ,,in       
,,islam                           #cb   
#d4 ,,the ,,solidarity ,,of ,,islam     
#db    ,,ii4 ,,islam ,,and              
,,christianity                          
#dg     #a4 ,,muhammad ,,and ,,jesus    
#di     #b4 ,,the ,,father-,,god        
#ed     #c4 ,,the ,,christian ,,life    
#eg     #d4 ,,the ,,failure ,,of        
,,christianity                          
#fa    ,,iii4 ,,the ,,coming ,,battle   
#fg    ,a ,short ,bibliography of       
,accessible ,books ,upon the ,subject   
#gc   ,transcriber's ,note     ,i       
,,islam        ,,in ,,the ,,name ,,of   
,,the ,,most ,,merciful ,,god4          
,praise be to ,god1 ,lord of the        
worlds--       ,the most merciful--     
,the ,king of the day of ,judgment4     
,thee only do we worship1 and to ,thee  
do we cry for help4       ,guide ,thou  
us in the straight way--       ,in the  
way of those to whom ,thou hast been    
gracious--       ,with whom ,thou art   
not angry--       ,and who go not       

astray4 ,amen4                          
,the great ,prayer of ,islam4     ,,the 
,,apostle ,,of ,,islam4        8,by the 
brightness of the morning1         and  
by the night when it groweth dark--     
,thy ,lord hath not forsaken thee1      
,neither doth ,he hate thee4            
,verily the life to come shall be better
 for thee           than this present   
life1         and thy ,lord shall give  
thee a reward           with which thou 
shalt be well pleased4        8,did ,he 
not find thee an orphan1         and    
hath ,he not taken care of thee8        
,did ,he not find thee wandering in     
error1         and hath ,he not guided  
thee into the truth8       ,did ,he not 
find thee needy1         and hath ,he   
not enriched thee8       ,wherefore     
oppress not the orphan1 neither         
repulse the beggar1         but declare 
the goodness of the ,lord40             
,sura ,,xcvi4   ,there is in the story  
of ,islam an interest quite unique2 it  
is the work of one unaided mind1 the    

mind of a man unlettered and ignorant1  
who came of an isolated people1 and who 
gained such knowledge as he had of the  
great world from hearsay as he travelled
 between ,central ,arabia and ,syria in 
charge of the merchant caravan of his   
mistress4 ,this man1 morally very frail 
to our thinking1 is all but divine to   
two hundred millions of men and women4  
,his word is final to them2 it alone    
reveals ,god1 it alone guides life1 it  
alone commands all ,muslim rulers1 and  
it defies ,christianity as no other     
power has done4  ,muhammad lived six    
hundred years after ,christ1 his ,faith 
came into existence in full view of     
,christianity1 it publicly claims to be 
a higher revelation and to supersede    
,christianity2 and the ,christian       
nations have not yet disproved the      
claim4 ,the attempt has not indeed been 
made1 unless we reckon the chivalrous   
and ill-fated missions of the ,crusades 
to redeem the ,holy ,sepulchre from the 
hands of the ,muslim4 ,whether          

,christianity realizes the fact of her  
failure in this respect1 or not1 ,islam 
is fully conscious of it4  ,sidenote3   
,muhammad  ,muhammad--the ,praised      
,one--was born at ,mecca on ,august     
#bith1 #egj ,a4,d4 ,he was left an      
orphan while still a little child1 and  
was adopted by an uncle4 ,later he      
became steward to a lady of ,mecca1     
,khadija1 who asked him to become her   
husband1 and was1 until her death1 his  
faithful and loving wife4 ,this marriage
 procured for ,muhammad that which he   
coveted above all things1 leisure for   
the study of the things of ,god4        
,sidenote3 ,the ,call  ,the time was    
past when the idolatrous worship of his 
tribe--the religious tribe of           
,arabia--had any meaning for him4 ,he   
had had glimpses of a purer1 a more     
satisfying ,faith4 ,both ,jews and      
,christians had crossed his path1 who   
had spoken of the one ,god3 ,creator1   
,ruler1 ,provider2 and the idea had     
seized and held his imagination4 ,upon  

this idea he now meditated in his chosen
 retreat1 a cave near ,mecca1 until it  
possessed him2 he dreamed dreams and saw
 visions1 and at length came forth to   
make them known1 being assured that he  
had been called to proclaim the reign of
 the one only ,god upon earth4          
,sidenote3 ,rejection  ,but the people  
of ,mecca1 custodians of the religious  
traditions of ,arabia1 would have none  
of this new doctrine2 they fiercely     
opposed the preacher1 and very soon     
drove him and his little company of     
disciples 7of whom his wife had been the
 first7 from the city4  ,sidenote3      
,flight  ,the ,hajrat1 or ,flight1 from 
which dates the ,muhammadan era1 took   
place on ,july #afth1 #fbb ,a4,d4  ,a   
refuge was found in the rival city of   
,madina4  ,sidenote3 ,madina  ,at       
,madina1 ,muhammad found leisure to     
mature and carry out the ,idea which had
 now possessed him that he should found 
a ,reign of ,god upon the earth4        
8,behind the quiet and unobtrusive      

exterior10 writes ,sir ,william ,muir1  
8lay hid a resolve1 a strength and      
fixedness of will1 a sublime            
determination1 destined to achieve the  
marvellous work of bowing towards       
himself the heart of all ,arabia as the 
heart of one man40 ,there is1 to the    
sympathetic student of his life1 nothing
 wonderful in the hold which ,muhammad  
took upon his followers4 ,he mastered   
men by the force of his iron will1 and  
then won them by the force of his noble 
and generous nature4  ,sidenote3        
,character  ,many words have been wasted
 upon the problems of the character of  
this sixth-century ,prophet1 and it is  
not intended to enter upon them here4   
,it must be remembered that if the      
vision of ,muhammad was world-wide while
 his personal life remained at the limit
 of his time and his isolated race1     
there are not lacking similar examples  
elsewhere of great leaders whose private
 lives we explain by their generation   
and surroundings2 also1 it is probably  

wise1 that until we know and are able to
 sympathize with the ,arabic character1 
we of the ,west should say little in way
 of condemnation1 all the more that     
condemnation of the ,prophet is not the 
method to win men from his allegiance4  
,sidenote3 ,personal ,claim  ,there is a
 far more important question which may  
not be passed over4 ,did ,muhammad      
realize the personal claim involved in  
his religious message8 ,was his soul so 
pre-occupied with the grand ,idea that  
his own relation to it was not at first 
apparent8 ,for1 it cannot be forgotten  
that from the beginning the second      
,article of the ,muslim ,creed was      
inherent in the first4 ,god is known as 
,god to the ,muslim only because the    
,apostle of ,god has proclaimed ,him to 
be ,god4 ,muhammad is the ,revealer of  
,god1 and ,god is ,god4 ,this is the    
true and inevitable order4  ,this claim1
 as a foundation of belief1 was the     
source of success of the arms of ,islam 
in the past1 and is the living power of 

,islam to-day2 at the same time1 it was 
and is the test of the man and of his   
message4 ,is ,muhammad the ,revealer of 
,god8 ,there is possible one answer only
 to the question1 so far as the         
disciples of the ,christ ,whom he       
claimed to supersede are concerned2 but 
the answer does not end the story of the
 relation between ,christianity and the 
,arabian ,prophet4 ,would that it did6  
,sidenote3 ,death  ,muhammad died at    
,madina on ,june #ith1 #fcb ,a4,d41 in  
his sixty-second year4 ,his death was   
peace4 ,his last words were1 8,the      
blessed ,companionship on high40        
,sidenote3 ,the dead hand  ,being dead  
this man still rules4 ,in all human     
history there is no more striking       
illustration of the might of the 8dead  
hand0 than is presented in ,islam4      
,,the ,,great ,,thoughts ,,of ,,islam4  
#a4 ,,god4   ,la-ilaha-,il-lal-laho4    
,there is no ,god save ,god4   8,say1   
,god is one ,god2 the eternal ,god3 ,he 
begetteth not1 neither is  begotten3    

,there is not any one like unto ,him4   
8,dost thou not know that ,god is       
almighty8 ,dost thou not know that  unto
 ,god belongeth the ,kingdom of ,heaven8
 neither have ye any  protector or      
helper except ,god4   8,to ,god         
belongeth the ,east and the ,west2      
therefore wheresoever  ye turn          
yourselves to pray1 there is the face of
 ,god2 for ,god is  omnipresent and     
omniscient4   8,your ,god is one ,god1  
there is no ,god but ,he1 the most      
merciful40  ,it was with a very simple  
message1 apparently1 that ,muhammad came
 forth from his long meditation in his  
lonely cave4 ,the message was not even  
original4 ,not only had ,arab mystics   
already dreamt of the aloneness of ,god1
 but there were ,jews and ,christians1  
inheritors of the same supreme truth1   
settled here and there over the land2   
and ,muhammad had come into contact with
 both during his early ,syrian journeys4
 ,the ,idea had become familiar to him  
long before4  ,sidenote3 ,the ,god of   

,muhammad  ,but1 the ,god of ,muhammad's
 contemplations was not the ,god of     
,judaism1 nor the ,god of ,christianity2
 he deliberately rejected both ,faiths4 
,true1 ,god is ,spirit1 ,god is one1    
,god is alone1 ,god is ,creator2 ,he is 
the al-knowing1 al-present1 al-governing
 ,one4 ,high attributes are ascribed to 
,him1 as in the ninety-nine ,names which
 the pious ,mussulman reverently repeats
 with the aid of his string of beads2   
but neither these1 nor the various      
attributes ascribed to ,him in the      
,quran itself1 largely affect the       
,muslim conception of ,god4  ,the ,god  
of ,muhammad is a ,being of two supreme 
characteristics4 ,he is the supreme     
,will1 and ,his ,will is carried into   
effect by ,his supreme ,power4  ,will3  
absolute1 eternal1 unchanging2 far above
 such human distinctions as right and   
wrong1 justice and injustice4 ,that     
which the ,will of ,god ordains1 that is
 right1 just1 and final4  ,power3 so    
unrestrained1 so awful1 carries that    

,will into effect1 that there exists no 
will or power save ,god's alone4 ,that  
which is ordained1 good or evil1        
righteous or unrighteous in man's poor  
view1 is of ,god4 ,he is the only ,doer4
 8,in the creation of heaven and earth1 
and in the ship which sails on the sea  
444 ,,all ,,is ,,god40 ,all creatures1  
even man1 are in the awful grip of this 
great ,spirit1 helpless2 they do that   
which ,he ordains1 that and no other4   
8,why are you so naughty80  8,god       
knows40  ,the reply of the little child 
is the reply of ,islam to all problems4 
,it is the secret of the awful fatalism 
which paralyzes men's emotions and will4
 ,two countenances remain1 after many   
years1 vividly impressed upon my memory2
 that of a man1 guilty of crime and     
under severe sentence1 whom no appeal   
could move from his perfect serenity4   
,he was not a hardened criminal2 he was 
simply convinced that ,god was the ,doer
 of the deed and he himself only the    
instrument for the carrying out of ,his 

will4 ,the other was a father1 carrying 
in his arms a dearly-loved little child 
to the grave4 ,he moved rapidly down the
 crowded street at the head of the      
procession of mourners1 unconscious     
either of curiosity or of sympathy      
around him4 ,the set grim expression    
might have suggested the idea of        
,spartan endurance1 save for the deep   
eyes which gazed into the far distance1 
and told unmistakably of the submission 
of a strong will to a ,stronger1 the    
will of his ,god4  ,this awful ,god has 
taken hold of the imagination of all    
,islam4 ,he was very real to the        
,prophet1 and the ,prophet has          
communicated his faith to those who have
 followed him4 ,mussulmans may be1 in   
our sense1 bad men1 but they are rarely 
irreligious men4 ,there are no atheists 
in ,islam4 ,a man who1 under the        
influence of ,english secular education1
 lightly declared that he had grown     
beyond so childish a superstition1 which
 however he declared to be 8good for    

women and children10 changed countenance
 while we discussed the religious       
education of his wife4 ,he could not rid
 himself easily of the convictions of   
his childhood1 as the grave face and    
reverent voice bore witness4  ,but1 the 
,will of ,god is far more present in the
 thought of the ,muslim than is ,god    
,himself4 ,god touches his life through 
,his ,will only4 ,god is apart2 seeing1 
knowing and judging indeed1 but apart in
 ,his absolute sovereignty1 in the      
inexorable way in which ,he carries out 
,his ,purpose4 ,we have1 therefore1 as a
 corollary to the teaching regarding the
 ,will1 the teaching of the pitiful     
helplessness of man in ,his ,hand4 ,god 
may crush me2 ,he can do it2 ,i can say 
nothing4 ,in conversation with a woman  
on one occasion reference was made to   
the ,christian doctrine of the assurance
 of the child relation with ,god4 ,she  
exclaimed1 8,surely that is blasphemy2  
it is almost like saying what the ,will 
of ,god for you is4 ,if saved1 ,god is  

merciful2 if cast into ,jahannam 7hell71
 ,god is just40         99       99     
99       99       99  ,,islam means     
resignation1 submission1 homage1 to this
 ,will of ,god4 ,the relation of the    
,muslim to his ,god is truly expressed  
in the word4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,thus early do    
,christ and ,muhammad part company4     
#b4 ,,the ,,word ,,of ,,god4   8,it is  
,he ,who hath sent down unto you the    
book of the ,quran1  distinguishing     
between good and evil2 and they to whom 
,we gave the  scripture know that it is 
sent down from thy ,lord1 with truth2   
,be not  therefore one of these who     
doubt thereof4 ,the words of the ,lord  
are  perfect in truth and justice2 there
 is none who can change ,his words2  ,he
 both heareth and knoweth40  ,sidenote3 
,quran  ,the ,will of ,god is supreme in
 ,his universe2 ,islam tells in one word
 the relation of the ,faithful to that  
,will2 and the ,will is revealed to men 
in its final form the ,quran4 ,the      

,quran descended from highest heaven    
complete1 and was passed on by the      
,angel to the ,prophet ,sura by ,sura1  
as its message was required4 ,the ,quran
 supersedes all other scriptures1 it is 
the eternal ,divine ,word2 there is no  
further truth to be revealed1 for this  
is literally the last word of ,god to   
man4 ,the human language medium is      
,arabic1 and as each several word is an 
,act of ,god1 the very words are sacred4
 ,there cannot1 therefore1 be any       
authorized translation of the ,quran2   
and1 as in its completeness it is one   
undivided message1 to issue it in parts 
would be grievous sin4 ,the book is     
published and used in many lands1 and   
passes through many hands1 but so great 
has been the care that it should be     
preserved perfect1 that it is believed  
to be practically unchanged since the   
scattered leaves were gathered          
reverently together after the ,prophet's
 death4 ,there is no doctrine of        
inspiration so high as this4   #c4 ,,the

 ,,thought ,,of ,,sin4   8,man chooseth 
to be wicked for the time which is      
before him4 ,he  asketh1 ,when shall the
 day of resurrection be8 ,but when the  
night  shall be dazzled1 and the moon   
shall be eclipsed1 and the sun and the  
moon shall be in conjunction1 on that   
day man shall say1 ,where is a  place of
 refuge8 ,by no means2 there shall be no
 place to fly unto4  ,with thy ,lord    
shall be a sure mansion of rest in that 
day2 on that day  shall man be told that
 which he hath done1 first and last4    
,yea1 a man  shall be an evidence       
against himself2 and though he offer his
 excuses1  they shall not be received40 
8,there shall every soul experience that
 which it shall have sent  before it40  
,sidenote3 ,sin  ,as is the ,god so are 
,his worshippers2 and the conception of 
the religious life in ,islam follows    
naturally upon the conception of ,god4  
,thus1 sin is terrible1 but not first as
 a deviation from a standard of absolute
 righteousness2 it is terrible because  

it is rebellion against an awful        
majesty4 ,this is fundamental4 ,yet to  
say that ,islam is non-moral1 that sin  
is an arbitrary term1 and that reward   
and punishment are in the hands of an   
arbitrary ,god1 is not the whole truth4 
,there are two kinds of sin 7reminding  
us of the ,roman ,catholic doctrine71   
sin greater and lesser4 ,among the      
greater sins are        ,unfaithfulness 
to ,god4       ,despair of the mercy of 
,god1 or       ,too strong an assurance 
of ,god's mercy4       ,false witness   
when on oath4       ,the practice of    
magic4       ,drunkenness4       ,theft4
       ,usury4       ,murder4           
,disobedience to parents4       ,flight 
before unbelievers in battle4           
,seizing the property of the orphan4    
,and the constant repetition of lesser  
sins becomes a greater sin4  ,lesser    
sins are very many1 and are not         
enumerated2 among them are gambling1 the
 use of images in worship1 and slander4 
,punishment awarded by the law is very  

severe2 the punishment awarded by ,god  
is as ,he shall ordain4 ,the future has 
a great share in the thought of the     
people of the ,east2 they are less      
materialistic1 less bound up in the     
present life than those of the ,west4   
,therefore the present life is more     
affected by the future possibilities1   
and in the case of a larger proportion  
of men and women than is the case with  
us4   #d4 ,,the ,,judgment ,,of ,,god4  
8,the striking4 ,what is the striking8  
and what shall make thee to  understand 
how terrible the striking will be8 ,on  
that day men shall be  like moths       
scattered abroad1 and the mountains     
shall be like carded  wool of various   
colours driven by the wind2 moreover1 he
 whose balance  shall be heavy with good
 works shall lead a pleasing life2 but  
as to  him whose balance shall be light 
his dwelling shall be the pit of  hell4 
,what shall make thee to understand how 
frightful the pit of hell  is8 ,it is a 
burning fire40  ,sidenote3 ,judgment    

,much has been said and written about   
the ,muslim ,paradise1 and there are    
indeed no parts of the ,quran so weak as
 those which dwell upon the sweets of   
the future life of the ,faithful4       
,serious ,mussulmans1 when on rare      
occasions ,i have heard them refer to   
this subject1 have invariably explained 
these passages as symbolical4 ,however  
that may be1 the passages in the ,quran 
which teach of the day of resurrection  
and of judgment are frequent and solemn4
 ,no doubt the judgment of ,god is used 
as a threat against unbelievers1 but it 
is also continually addressed to the    
,faithful as a motive2 and these        
teachings have1 as ,i believe1 far      
greater influence upon the life of the  
religious ,muslim than all the promised 
joys of ,paradise4   8,what thinkest    
thou of him who denieth the future      
judgment as a  falsehood8 ,it is he who 
pusheth away the orphan1 and stirreth   
not  up others to feed the poor4 ,woe be
 unto those who pray and who  are       

negligent at their prayer2 who play the 
hypocrites1 and deny  necessaries to the
 needy40  ,this was the message of the  
,arabian ,apostle4     ,,the ,,religious
 ,,life ,,in ,,islam4        8,clothe   
not the truth with vanity1              
neither conceal the truth against your  
own knowledge2       ,observe the stated
 seasons of prayer1         and pay your
 legal alms1         and bow down       
yourselves with those who bow down4     
,will ye command men to do justice1     
and forget your own souls8       ,yet ye
 read the books of the law2         do  
ye not therefore understand80   #a4     
,,the ,,repetition ,,of ,,the ,,creed4  
,la ilh ,il-lal-laho1                   
,muhammad-ur-,rasl-,ullah4  ,god is the 
alone ,god1 and ,muhammad is the        
,apostle of ,god4  ,sidenote3 ,kalima   
,the ,creed must be repeated by the true
 ,muslim once at the least during his   
lifetime4 ,this is the confession of the
 lips1 and must be made correctly and   
without hesitation2 it is also the      

confession of the heart1 and must be    
held till death4   #b4 ,,the ,,daily    
,,devotions4        8,therefore glorify 
,god when the evening overtaketh        
you1 and when ye rise in the morning2   
,and unto him be praise in heaven and   
earth1 and at         sunset1 and when  
ye rest at noon40  ,sidenote3 ,sult     
,there are five services of prayer      
daily1 observed with great regularity by
 all religious men and women4 ,the form 
is liturgical2 the word ,sult has rather
 the meaning of devotional service than 
of hours of prayer4 ,sidenote3 ,hours   
,the first hour is at dawn of day4 ,the 
second is at noon4 ,the third is between
 four and five in the afternoon4 ,the   
fourth service is held as the sun       
disappears beneath the horizon4 ,the    
fifth is at the retiring hour at night4 
,sidenote3 ,preparation  ,before prayer 
all ,mussulmans cleanse face1 ears and  
nostrils1 hands and feet2 that they may 
be free of all bodily pollution before  
entering the presence of ,god4 ,many    

change their garments each time they    
pray4 ,the room is cleaned1 and the     
worshipper who has cleaned the room     
changes his garments before engaging in 
the service4  ,sidenote3 ,solemnity     
,this service of prayer in the case of  
serious worshippers is very touching to 
the sympathetic witness2 it is true1 as 
so many critics of ,islam have noted1   
that prayer is formal1 and is repeated  
in an unknown tongue2 but to those who  
know the heart hunger which constantly  
finds expression in that                
five-times-repeated daily liturgy1 who  
would fain change the constant refrain  
8,god is great0 for the gladder 8,god is
 love10 the service1 whether in the     
mosque1 in the home1 or on the wayside1 
is one of the most pathetic appeals     
addressed to the unknown ,god by any    
people4  ,there is no mediation2 prayer 
is offered directly to ,god1 the only   
reference to the ,prophet being a prayer
 8for ,muhammad and his descendants40   
,prayer is always offered in the sacred 

language4   #c4 ,,ramadh,n1 ,,the       
,,month ,,of ,,fasting4   8,o true      
believers1 a fast is ordained you1 as it
 was ordained to  those before you1 that
 ye may fear ,god4 ,a certain number of 
days shall  ye fast2 but he among you   
who shall be sick1 or on a journey1     
shall  fast an equal number of other    
days4 ,and those who can keep it and do 
not1 must reckon their neglect by       
maintaining of a poor man4 ,and he  who 
voluntarily dealeth better with the poor
 man than he is obliged1  this shall be 
better for him4 ,but if ye fast it will 
be better for  you1 if ye knew it40     
,sidenote3 ,roza  ,it is probable that  
,muhammad ordained the month of fasting 
in imitation of the ,christian ,lent4   
,ramadhn1 the ninth month of the year1  
made sacred for ever by the descent of  
the ,quran from highest heaven1 to be   
revealed to the ,angel ,gabriel 7who    
delivered it as required to the         
,prophet71 is set apart for this        
religious sacrifice4 ,every ,mussulman  

is on the look-out for the first        
appearance of the new moon1 sign of the 
beginning of the fast 7the lunar year is
 followed71 and from that evening for   
thirty days1 from dawn until sunset     
neither food nor water is touched4 ,when
 ,ramadhn in the course of the years    
occurs in the hot season1 the fast is   
terrible in its severity4 ,cloudless    
sky1 scorching sun1 burning winds1 and  
not one drop of water to quench the     
awful thirst2 and at the same time      
additional prayers1 with the            
accompanying genuflections2 this while  
the day's task must still be            
accomplished2 it is a terrible test of  
the obedience and devotion of the       
,faithful4 ,it is true that travellers1 
invalids1 women nursing little children1
 and the weak1 are exempt2 but the fasts
 are supposed to be made up1 and we have
 known many who have struggled through  
the month1 who were quite unfit for it4 
,the early morning and evening          
meal--taken before dawn and after       

sunset--is not appetizing1 for it is    
always composed of stale food4  ,i have 
never known any religious man or woman  
who regarded the fast as a hardship4    
8,it is little we can do to serve ,god10
 said one woman4 ,little children plead 
to be allowed to fast4 ,boys and girls  
become utterly exhausted1 parched and   
fainting1 in homes where religious      
observances are faithfully kept4   #d4  
,,almsgiving4  ,sidenote3 ,zakt         
8,forget not liberality among you1 for  
,god seeth that which ye do40   8,the   
,lord is surely in a watch-tower1 whence
 he observeth the actions  of men4      
,moreover man1 when his ,lord trieth him
 by prosperity1 and  honoureth him1 and 
is bounteous to him1 saith3--,my ,lord  
honoureth me2  but when he proveth him  
by afflictions1 and withholdeth ,his    
provisions  from him1 he saith3--,my    
,lord despiseth me4 ,by no means2 but ye
 honour  not the orphan1 neither do ye  
excite one another to feed the poor2    
and ye devour the inheritance of the    

weak1 with undistinguishing  greediness2
 and ye love riches with much           
affection4444   8,o thou soul which art 
at rest1 return unto thy ,lord1 well    
pleased  with thy reward1 and well      
pleasing unto our ,god2 enter among my  
servants1 and enter ,paradise40  ,a     
fortieth part of the income belongs to  
the poor1 and is1 in ,muslim lands1 a   
compulsory tax4 ,it is distinct from    
private almsgiving4   #e4 ,,pilgrimage4 
,sidenote3 ,hajj   8,they who shall     
disbelieve1 and obstruct the way of     
,god1 and hinder  men from visiting the 
holy temple at ,mecca1 which ,we have   
appointed  for a place of worship unto  
all men3 the inhabitant thereof and the 
stranger have an equal right to visit   
it40  ,islam is scattered in many lands2
 but the idea of ,muhammad was of a     
universal ,kingdom4 ,the idea was never 
realized1 but the grip of the master    
hand is felt to this day4 ,each of the  
duties of the ,faith is a symbol of its 
unity2 but the constraining symbol is   

the centralization at ,mecca4 ,this is  
the sole remaining sign of the great    
vision4 ,islam is far scattered2 it is  
broken into many sects2 there are       
language separations1 and deeper racial 
separations2 but the whole unwieldy     
system and following is bound together  
by the ,mecca pilgrimage1 the least     
spiritual thing in the whole system4    
,muhammad made a brave battle for the   
unity and pure spirituality of ,god4    
,but it was the deepest desire of his   
heart to win ,mecca4 ,he did so at the  
expense of his central belief4          
,mussulmans visit the idolatrous city   
to-day as they did in the long past     
idolatrous ages4 ,the visible church of 
,islam is not a pure and beautiful and  
worthy mosque2 it is the old idolatrous 
stone of ,mecca4  ,every true ,muslim is
 bound to visit ,mecca at the least once
 in his lifetime4   #f4 ,,social        
,,morality4  ,sidenote3 ,social         
,morality  ,the social morality of      
,islam is--notwithstanding the marriage 

laws--very high1 and is guided by such  
virtues as these3 modesty1 honesty1     
kindness and brotherliness4 ,when       
,muhammad fled from ,mecca with his     
followers1 and settled in ,madina1 the  
little community was a commonwealth1 and
 that ideal has been retained in        
wonderful manner throughout the         
centuries and the far wanderings4 ,there
 is no caste in ,islam1 neither the     
,eastern nor the ,western form of that  
system4 ,each man stands in the same    
relation to the ,god ,who rules him1 and
 the consequent brotherhood is a very   
real thing4 ,poor and rich are not      
divided1 to be poor is in itself a      
claim1 and if a poor man comes to a rich
 man for aid1 the rich man regards it as
 a favour4 ,the laws of hospitality are 
most noble2 strangers are assured in any
 ,muslim house of a welcome1 a meal1 a  
rest1 and if need be1 even of clothing4 
,hospitality is an act of worship4  ,the
 aged are held in a beautiful reverence2
 the poor1 and especially the orphan1 is

 cared for as a religious duty2 in the  
home the patriarchal system still rules1
 the servant is a part of the family1   
and is treated with kindness4--,is he   
not a brother in the ,faith8  ,the      
position of woman remains as it was left
 by ,muhammad thirteen hundred years    
ago--for there is no growth in          
,islam--and it is not easy to define it4
 ,on the one hand is the marriage law1  
which gives to the husband full power   
over his wife or wives2 on the other1   
the property law1 which grants to a     
woman holding property in her own right1
 absolute control over it4 ,in the      
latter respect1 therefore1 the law of   
,islam is in advance of the law of      
,great ,britain4 ,i have known the      
curious anomaly of a woman whose person 
was at the mercy of a brutal drunken    
wretch1 whom she yet held in some degree
 in check through his dependence upon   
her for the means with which to live his
 chosen life4     ,,the ,,solidarity    
,,of ,,islam4   8,they seek to          

extinguish ,god's light with their      
mouths2 but ,god will  perfect ,his     
light1 though the infidels be averse    
thereto4 ,it is ,he  ,who hath sent ,his
 ,apostle with the direction1 and the   
religion of  truth1 that ,he may exalt  
the same above every religion1 although 
the  idolators be averse thereto40      
,there are two closely associated       
characteristics of ,islam which impress 
every student3--,sidenote3 ,rigidity the
 immovable rigidity which paralyzes     
individual action as well as social and 
religious progress and for ever holds   
its professors arrested at the stage and
 within the limit of ,arab conditions as
 they were thirteen centuries ago2      
,sidenote3 ,solidarity and the          
solidarity of the world of ,islam as it 
exists to-day4  ,it is at this point    
that the contrast between the methods of
 ,jesus and of ,muhammad is most sharply
 emphasized4 ,the founder of            
,christianity neither wrote1 nor left   
instructions for the preservation of    

,his teachings2 ,his method is best     
typified by ,his own favourite          
illustration2 ,his message is a seed1   
growing of its own living life1         
mysteriously1 silently1 slowly1         
producing fruit after its kind indeed1  
but each several fruit during each      
several season drawing its own share of 
nourishment even as it drew its life    
directly from the root1 original and    
distinct from any other4 ,muhammad      
spoke1 in the most literal sense1 the   
last word2 the teaching has             
crystallized2 principle and detail are  
alike unyielding4  ,sidenote3           
,muhammad's ,vision  ,muhammad was a    
statesman as well as a poet2 he had in  
view not only the conversion of the     
world to ,god and to himself1 but also a
 world kingdom based upon the religious 
idea2 and for the second end he worked  
possibly even 8better than he knew40    
,sidenote3 ,symbols of ,solidarity3     
,the study of the symbols of this bond  
of uniformity--not of union--is         

illuminating3--,sidenote3 #a4 ,creed    
,the ,creed1 binding to the ,god of     
,islam through the ,apostle of that     
,god2 ,sidenote3 #b4 ,prayer the daily  
,prayer ,ritual3 it has been truly said 
that 8each ,muslim is a ,church10 it is 
no less true that the ,muslim world is a
 ,church1 bound indissolubly by this    
uniform service of devotion2 ,sidenote3 
#c4 ,quran the ,quran and ,sidenote3 #d4
 ,fast ,ramadhn1 the ,book1 and the     
,fast which commemorates the gift of the
 ,book2 and above all1 ,sidenote3 #e4   
,pilgrimage the ,pilgrimage to ,mecca1  
the local habitation of ,islam1 sublime 
notwithstanding the apparent foolishness
 of the ceremonial4 8,thither the tribes
 go up10 from ,turkey1 ,syria1 ,persia1 
,afghanistan1 ,india1 ,china1 ,egypt and
 other ,north ,african lands1 and       
,arabia herself4 ,national distinctions 
are forgotten2 slave and master travel  
as brother worshippers2 ,islam feels her
 solidarity through the far-seeing      
provision of the centralization of her  

religious life1 in the city which is    
sacred to the memory of the ,apostle4   
,the fact that ,islam is broken up into 
as many sects as is ,christianity1 does 
not affect this solidarity so greatly as
 might be supposed from the experience  
of ,christianity2 in face of the        
,unbeliever the ,faithful stand a solid 
army1 the separations touch none of     
these symbols of unity4 ,a solid army   
confronts the world4 ,it has been       
asserted by one who knew ,islam well1   
that the conversion to another ,faith of
 an insignificant ,muslim in an obscure 
village is known and mourned 7or        
resented7 over the whole ,muslim world4 
,however that may be1 the solidarity of 
,islam is a grave and a suggestive fact2
 and the ,faith which hopes one day to  
win it1 would do well to oppose the     
statesmanship of ,muhammad with a       
statesmanship and a wisdom equal with   
his4     ,,ii  ,,islam ,,and            
,,christianity  ,,when ,,ye ,,pray1     
,,say--        ,father1       ,hallowed 

be ,thy ,name4       ,thy ,kingdom come4
       ,give us day by day our daily    
bread4       ,and forgive us our sins3  
for we ourselves also forgive every one 
that is indebted to us4       ,and bring
 us not into temptation4                
,amen4                                  
,the great ,prayer of ,christianity4    
#a4 ,,muhammad ,,and ,,jesus4   8,jesus 
is no other than a servant1 ,whom ,we   
have favoured with the  gift of         
prophecy2 and ,we appointed ,him for an 
example unto the  children of ,israel   
7if ,we pleased1 verily ,we could from  
ourselves  produce angels1 to succeed   
you in the earth71 and ,he shall be a   
sign  of the approach of the last hour2 
wherefore doubt not thereof40   8,o ye  
who have received the ,scriptures1      
exceed not the just bounds  of your     
religion1 neither say of ,god other than
 the truth4 ,verily  ,jesus ,christ the 
,son of ,mary is the ,apostle of ,god1  
and ,his ,word  ,which ,he conveyed to  
,mary1 and a ,spirit proceeding from    

,him4 ,believe1  therefore1 in ,god and 
,his apostles1 and say not1 ,there are  
three ,gods4  ,forbear this4 ,it will be
 better for you40   8,the ,christians   
say1 ,christ is the son of ,god4 ,this  
is their saying  in their mouths2 they  
imitate the saying of those who were    
unbelievers  in former times4 ,may ,god 
resist them4 ,how are they infatuated1  
they  take their priests and their monks
 for their lords1 besides ,god and      
,christ the son of ,mary2 although they 
are commanded to worship one  ,god only3
 there is no ,god but ,he4 ,far be that 
from ,him which they  associate with    
,him4 ,they seek to extinguish the light
 of ,god with  their mouths2 but ,god   
willeth no other than to perfect ,his   
light1  although the infidels be averse 
thereto40   ,there are in the ,quran    
many references to our ,lord ,jesus     
,christ1 but there is practically no    
historic knowledge4 ,it must be         
remembered that in ,muhammad's time     
there was no ,arabic version of the     

,bible2 he was therefore dependent for  
information upon the ,jews and          
,christians with whom he came into      
contact4 ,that he formed conclusions    
upon very insufficient knowledge is the 
terrible blunder of his life1 of which  
full use has been made by ,christian    
writers4 ,enough has not been made of   
the responsibility of the church which  
had no better tales to tell1 no truer   
account to give1 of their ,lord and     
their ,faith4 ,the ,christianity        
presented to this ,seeker after ,god was
 painfully inadequate to his need4  ,the
 little ,muhammad discovered led to his 
acknowledgment of the ,jewish and       
,christian books1 which he had never    
read1 with reservations4 ,it led also to
 a far more important admission4 ,the   
,jesus of the ,quran is denied          
,divinity1 but the character of ,jesus  
did not fail of effect4 ,all criticism  
is directed towards the professors of   
the ,christian ,faith1 and their        
doctrines4 ,this 8son of ,mary0 is1 in  

,muhammad's view1 that which he never   
dreamt of claiming for himself1 a man   
unstained by sin4 ,not only so1 but     
titles and honours are yielded to ,him  
little short of ,divine3--,he is ,masih1
 the ,messiah2 ,qaul-ul-,haqq1 the ,word
 of ,truth2 ,kalima1 the word2 ,he is   
8the ,apostle of ,god to confirm the    
law1 and to announce an ,apostle who    
should come after ,him1 whose name      
should be ,ahmad20 ,he had near access  
to ,god1 and was 8illustrious in this   
world and the next40  ,yet ,muhammad    
supersedes ,jesus ,christ6  ,sidenote3  
,the ,death of ,jesus  ,there is another
 part of the problem of the rejection of
 our ,lord2 the attitude of the ,quran  
towards the ,death of ,jesus4 ,the death
 upon the ,cross is indignantly denied4 
8,they have not believed on ,jesus1 and 
have spoken against ,mary a  grievous   
calumny2 and have said1 ,verily we have 
slain ,christ ,jesus  the ,son of ,mary1
 the ,apostle of ,god2 yet they slew    
,him not1 neither  crucified ,him1 but  

,he was represented by one in ,his      
likeness2 444 ,they  did not really kill
 ,him2 but ,god took ,him up unto       
,himself2 and ,god is  mighty and wise  
444 on the day of resurrection ,he shall
 be witness  against them40  ,it is said
 that ,muhammad so hated the sign of the
 ,cross1 that if any article1 however   
valuable1 came into his possession      
bearing the mark1 it was destroyed at   
once4 ,the horror of the thought that   
,jesus should have died the abhorred    
death1 or that ,god ,himself should have
 permitted it1 seems to be the argument 
against its having occurred4 ,in the    
,quran that which is symbolized by the  
,cross--the approach of ,god to sinful  
man in mercy and love--is entirely      
lacking4 ,there is no hint that the     
,christian ,message of ,atonement       
through the ,gift of the ,saviour's life
 to ,god in man's name had ever reached 
the ,prophet4 ,there is therefore no    
assurance1 save the ,prophet's word for 
it1 that ,god upon ,his far ,throne1    

hears1 or hearing answers and forgives  
the sin of ,his creatures2 there is no  
assurance of salvation in ,islam4  ,it  
is a tragic story2 the responsibility   
for which it has been the habit of      
,christian writers to cast largely upon 
,muhammad4 ,the apportionment of guilt  
is not so lightly determined4     #b4   
,,the ,,father-,,god4   8,to me1 ,i     
confess1 it seems a very considerable   
thing1 just to  believe in ,god2        
difficult indeed to avoid honestly1 and 
not easy to  accomplish worthily2 a     
thing not lightly to profess1 but rather
 humbly  to be sought2 not to be found  
at the end of any syllogism1 but in the 
inmost fountains of purity and          
affection2 not the sudden gift of the   
intellect1 but to be earned by a loving 
and brave life40   8,i believe in ,god  
the ,father ,almighty40   ,these simple1
 solemn1 tender words contain the       
,christian ,thought of ,god4 ,in the one
 word 8,almighty0 is summed up          
,muhammad's idea of supreme ,will and   

,power2 the ,christian prefixes a ,name 
to the attribute which so governs the   
sphere of the exercise of that will and 
power that it is difficult to conceive  
that the two teachings represent the    
same ,being4  ,sidenote3 ,fatherhood    
,in the view of ,him to ,whom we owe the
 ,father ,idea1 the ,all of ,god and the
 ,all of ,his universe are summed up in 
the ,fatherhood2 that is1 ,jesus did not
 think of the al-might of ,god as       
exerted from without1 the oneness of    
,creator and ,created is in ,his view   
indissoluble4 ,the birds could not      
maintain their little life1 nor the     
lilies their delicate tints1 without the
 ,father2 and words fail ,him to tell of
 the closeness of the ,fatherly interest
 in each member of ,his nearer          
offspring4 8,the very hairs of your head
 are numbered40  ,sidenote3 ,the        
,parable of ,jesus  ,and when words have
 failed1 ,he takes up ,his parable2 8,my
 ,father worketh1 and ,i work40 ,the    
lifework of ,jesus is1 ,he tells us1 the

 ,father's work made visible4  ,gentle1 
healing ,hands were laid upon the       
suffering2 sufficient food was provided 
for the hungry2 ,feet1 never weary1     
travelled hither and thither on errands 
of pity2 ,arms were open to gather in   
the little children2 ,eyes spoke of love
 and understanding where words missed   
their object2 happy human fellowship was
 offered3 and all was a parable of the  
work of the ,father-,god4  ,sidenote3   
,the ,father-,gift  ,it was not a new   
thought to ,his hearers that the        
profoundest attribute of ,god is        
holiness1 and that distinctions between 
right and wrong become acute in ,his    
presence2 but it was a revelation to    
which the world of men has not yet      
become accustomed that the ,father is so
 set upon goodness in the children who  
had miserably failed of it1 that no     
sacrifice was too great1 even for ,him1 
to secure it2 and that this austerity   
towards evil and purpose to subdue it1  
was the ,father love in its highest     

exercise4 ,in the ,cross1 symbol at once
 of man's sin and of ,his own grace1 our
 ,lord is still speaking the parable of 
the ,father's 8work40 8,the ,father     
worketh1 and ,i work40 8,god so loved   
the world that ,he gave0--,,jesus4      
,muhammad felt after ,god1 and attained 
the idea of ,his apartness1 aloneness1  
immensity4  ,jesus knew ,god1 and       
revealed to us that man had never been1 
and never could be1 outside of ,god2 and
 that the only true home of man's spirit
 is in ,his presence1 under ,his        
gracious rule2 for man and ,god are     
actually akin1 first by nature1 doubly  
so through ,his ,revealer and our       
,brother1 ,jesus ,christ4 ,therefore1 we
 8believe in ,god the ,father ,almighty1
 ,,and in ,jesus ,christ ,his only ,son 
our ,lord40     #c4 ,,the ,,christian   
,,life4   8,christianity is the bearing 
in upon us of a character until we find 
the character irresistible40   ,the     
study of the ,muslim ideal of life      
throws into prominence several          

too-rarely considered peculiarities of  
,christ's ideal life4  ,sidenote3       
,at-one-ment of ,life  #a4 ,there is1 in
 ,christ's view1 no division between the
 secular and the religious life4 ,the   
beginning of ,his revelation of the     
,father's work was ,his meeting of a    
difficulty at a village wedding feast1  
which thereupon became a sacrament2 and 
from that time onward we find no trace  
of any distinction in ,his own ,life or 
in ,his teaching4 ,to ,him all life was 
sacred2 and consisted in loyalty to the 
,father1 and service of the brethren1   
one undivided duty4 8,inasmuch10 ,he    
taught1 8as ye did your unconscious     
daily brotherly task1 you did it to     
,me20 and 8,i and the ,father are ,one40
  ,sidenote3 ,freedom  #b4 ,the         
,christian view of life is one of       
perfect freedom4 ,we are not slaves1 but
 sons1 and free4 ,free1 that is1 as     
children are2 free of the ,father's     
presence1 gifts1 love2 free within the  
,family traditions2 free1 in sympathy   

with the ,father to choose always the   
better and the best2 without any        
suggestion of limit to the possibilities
 of the child nature4 8,perfect as the  
,father is perfect0 is ,christ's own    
amazing word4  ,sidenote3 ,progress  #c4
 ,freedom1 and therefore progress1 for  
each son in his own life1 for each      
generation of sons according to the     
situation and the call4 ,not uniformity 
within the ,brotherhood1 but            
individuality within the limits of the  
,family likeness1 under the safe        
direction of the ,spirit of the ,father 
present with each one4 ,the spaciousness
 of the ,life-plan for every son of the 
,father cannot be exaggerated2 there is 
no rigidity in ,christianity4           
,sidenote3 ,brotherhood  #d4 ,there is  
another ,christian idea suggested by a  
study of ,islam1 which emerges from the 
last1 the idea of the ,brotherhood of   
the ,father's children4 ,this is of the 
very essence of ,christianity as it is  
of ,islam2 but has never been carried   

into effect in the same magnificent way4
 ,there are various illustrations of    
this4 ,the absence of all caste         
distinction in ,muslim society1 the     
kindly relations which exist between    
master and servant1 rich and poor1      
,mussulmans of various races4           
,christianity has much to learn in these
 directions4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,missionary
 ,impulse ,again1 the desire to bring   
men within the ,brotherhood is a passion
 with every true ,muslim4 8,every       
,mussulman is more or less of a         
missionary--that is1 he intensely       
desires to secure converts from         
non-mussulman peoples4444 ,all the      
emotions which impel a ,christian to    
proselytize are in a ,mussulman1        
strengthened by all the motives which   
impel a political leader1 and all the   
motives which sway a recruiting         
sergeant1 until proselytism has become a
 passion1 which whenever success seems  
practicable and especially success on a 
large scale1 develops in the quietest   

,mussulman a fury of ardour which       
induces him to break down every         
obstacle1 his own strongest prejudices  
included1 rather than stand for an      
instant in a neophyte's way40#a ,until  
the same imperialism--the word is       
hackneyed1 but best conveys the         
idea--has seized the ,christian         
imagination and conscience1 the children
 of the ,father will not have proved    
worthy of their name2 for ,he loved and 
longed after the world of men1 and ,his 
children should one and all do likewise4
  #a ,meredith ,townsend1 in ,asia and  
,europe4     #d4 ,,the ,,failure ,,of   
,,christianity4   8,we do not see ,god's
 preparations40   ,the lack of the      
,imperialist vision set before the      
,faithful by ,christ has been the       
weakness of ,christendom during long    
periods of her history4 ,there have     
indeed been imperialisms--as in the     
great hierarchical systems--but they    
have been of the order of ,world-power  
visions which ,christ definitely        

rejected1 and they were foredoomed to   
failure1 so far as ,he was concerned4   
,sidenote3 ,the ,kingdom ,vision  ,the  
,vision of ,christ has nothing material 
in it1 it relates itself at no point    
with the ,world4 ,he compares it        
continually to the little seed fallen   
into the ground1 dying to live1 growing 
silently from within of the power of its
 own mysterious hidden life2 observation
 hardly discloses its growth2 but as    
surely as comes the harvest of the      
farmer1 with its                        
thirty--sixty--hundred-fold result1 so  
surely shall come the ,kingdom of the   
,father4  ,sidenote3 ,the ,church  ,the 
,church1 as the visible responsible     
organ of the mystic ,brotherhood1 to    
which it fell to carry out the ,purpose 
of the ,kingdom1 and to present the idea
 of solidarity and continuity from age  
to age1 has1 as we acknowledge in       
thoughtful moods1 pitifully failed of   
this mission4 ,she is stately and       
impressive1 but nineteen centuries have 

not been sufficient to win this little  
world for the ,father4  ,there are many 
reasons for this failure4 ,notably1 the 
,church is in the world1 and has been   
greatly influenced by world methods4    
8,the world is still deceived by        
ornament10 and the ,church has tended to
 concentrate her energies upon such     
details of her task as yield most rapid 
and visible results2 results which too  
often have small relation to the object 
in view4 ,she has also wasted much      
energy upon the mere machinery of her   
task4 ,there is truth in the severe     
words of ,dr4 ,martineau1 8,christ came 
to bring fire upon earth2 and ,his      
disciples after eighteen centuries are  
still discussing the best patent match  
to get it kindled40 8,on furlough10     
remarked a missionary1 8one is          
overwhelmed by the complexity1 and the  
labour1 and the roar of ,church         
machinery4 ,i suppose it is all needful1
 but one dreads that the means may loom 
so large that the end shall be          

forgotten40  ,sidenote3 ,comparison with
 ,islam  ,the story of ,islam1 the      
,church which has grown up side by side 
with the ,church of ,christ1 is laden   
with suggestions upon this subject of   
the failure of the latter to bring in   
the ,kingdom of the ,father4 ,one or two
 of these only can be noted4  #a4       
,reference has already been made to     
several of the most noteworthy2 e4g41   
the reality of the ,muslim ,brotherhood1
 and the easily-kindled missionary      
ardour2 to the same category belongs    
another striking fact4 ,the ,muslim is  
never ashamed to confess ,his faith4    
,his devotion to ,god and his loyalty to
 the ,prophet are not matters too sacred
 for conversation4 ,they are his deepest
 life1 wherefore should he shun         
reference to them8 ,when as much can be 
said of the members of each ,christian  
,church1 much will be gained4           
8,i'm not ashamed to own my ,lord1      
,or to defend ,his cause40  #b4 ,islam  
is broken up into some two hundred      

sects2 ,christianity into as many1 or   
more4 ,the family feuds have1 in each   
case1 been fiercely maintained4 ,but1 at
 the call--8,fight for the religion of  
,god10 ,islam rallies as one man1 a     
solid front is offered to the enemies of
 the ,faith4 ,just at this point1 once  
again1 ,christianity has failed4 ,the   
family feud is carried into the enemy's 
country1 and weakens the aggressive     
warfare1 as only those who have taken   
part in that warfare can tell4  #c4 ,the
 solidarity of societies is a rarely    
realized but very solemn fact4 ,the     
,church of ,christ cannot divide herself
 into portions1 and fling               
responsibilities from division to       
division1 from age to age4 ,whether     
consciously or not1 when one member     
suffers all suffer1 when one member sins
 sin has come upon all2 and history     
teaches no lesson more plainly than that
 the harvest of the deeds of one        
generation is reaped by another4 ,thus1 
the most solemn lesson provided by the  

story of ,islam is contained in the very
 existence of ,islam4 ,a disloyal       
,church presented a false ,faith to one 
of the most earnest ,seekers after ,god 
who has ever gone forth upon the great  
,quest2 and the ,church has spent much  
wrath upon the 8false ,prophet0 who has 
ever since been her greatest opponent4  
,but she has never fairly faced her sin1
 nor acknowledged that the ,islam of    
to-day is to all intents the harvest of 
the seed of false doctrine she sowed    
thirteen centuries ago4 ,to discuss the 
truth or the falsehood of ,muhammad's   
claim will be the task of ,islam when   
she is brought face to face with the    
true ,christ2 it is beside the mark for 
the ,church of ,christ4 ,to her falls   
the far more awful duty of wiping out as
 best she may1 and at whatever cost1 the
 darkest blot which has marred her long 
history4 ,can it be that her ,lord      
cannot largely own her aggressive work  
done in ,his ,name1 until the wrong has 
been righted8     ,,iii  ,,the ,,coming 

,,battle   8,fight for the religion of  
,god1 and know that ,god is ,he ,who    
heareth  and knoweth40                  
,muhammad4   8,go ye therefore1 and make
 disciples of all the nations 444 and   
lo1 ,i  am with you alway1 even unto the
 end of the world40                     
,jesus ,christ4   ,,the ,,coming        
,,battle4  ,islam and ,christianity are 
not sister religions1 as some would have
 us believe4 ,the very existence of     
,islam is a challenge to ,christianity2 
and since ,muhammad sent out his        
missionary armies1 the two ,faiths have 
been constant rivals and enemies4 ,all  
apologists of any weight on both sides  
acknowledge the mutual exclusion of     
,christ and ,muhammad4 ,nothing is      
gained on either side by denial of this 
position4  ,history has corroborated    
this view only too literally4 ,in       
,muslim lands those bearing the         
,christian name have suffered and do    
suffer in proof of it4 8,to remain a    
,christian10 writes ,mrs4 ,king ,lewis1 

in her book--#8,critical ,times in      
,turkey1 and ,england's                 
,responsibility1'--8means to court death
 in some terrible manner40 ,the best    
that can be said of other lands is that 
there is an armed neutrality4  ,the two 
antagonists must one day meet2 and the  
war1 on the one side at least1 will be a
 religious war4 ,it will be a terrible  
war1 waged at fearful cost4 ,it could   
hardly be otherwise1 for the wrongs to  
be avenged on either side are deep and  
of long standing4  ,it is a saying with 
,mussulmans that ,christianity fears to 
meet ,islam4 ,missionaries in ,arabia   
have been taunted with the fact that    
parties of two or three men are sent by 
the ,church of ,christ to convert       
,arabia1 and the inference is drawn that
 the older ,faith dares not seriously to
 confront the younger4 ,some colour is  
given to the reproach by the fact that  
,christian ,europe dares not to confront
 the moribund ,turkish ,empire in       
defence of those who bear the ,christian

 name4  ,the question of ,christianity  
is1 whether the inevitable war shall be 
primarily or entirely a war of the      
nations1 bloody and disastrous2 or      
whether it is not possible even yet for 
the ,church to unite her forces1 and to 
meet the common enemy with a frank      
avowal of the first wrong1 and an offer1
 belated indeed1 but now earnest and    
sincere1 of the knowledge of ,christ4   
,the approach of ,christian to          
,mussulman must always be a difficult   
and delicate task4 ,he is prepossessed  
against ,christ1 he cannot believe that 
,christianity is other than a           
polytheistic ,faith1 8,the very bells of
 the churches ring1 ,jesus1 ,mary2      
,jesus1 ,mary10 said a ,muslim woman4   
,disdain of the ,prophet rouses his     
bitterest antagonism4 ,discussions and  
arguments end as they began4  ,but there
 is a soul of honour in him1 and a fair 
approach meets1 as a rule1 with a fair  
response4 8,you have read the ,quran8   
,bring me a ,bible10 said a bigotted    

,muslim woman to the writer4  8,shall we
 talk the matter quietly over8 ,tell me 
of your ,faith1 and of what it means to 
you2 and will you give me also a        
hearing80 ,such an appeal rarely fails2 
and if ,christ and ,his message be      
fairly introduced1 the result may safely
 be left with ,him4                     
,,the ,,end     ,a ,,short              
,,bibliography ,,of ,,accessible ,,books
 ,,upon ,,the ,,subject4     ,a         
,dictionary of ,islam4 ,by the ,,rev4   
,t4 ,p4 ,,hughes1 late of ,peshawar4    
,notes on ,muhammadanism4 ,by the ,,rev4
 ,t4 ,p4 ,,hughes1 late of ,peshawar4   
,the ,life of ,mahomet4 ,by ,,sir       
,,william ,,muir4    ,mahomet and       
,islam4 ,by ,,sir ,,william ,,muir4     
,mohammed1 ,buddha1 and ,christ4 ,by    
,,professor ,,dods4    ,the ,religion of
 the ,crescent2 or1 ,islam3 ,its        
,strength1 ,its ,weakness1     ,its     
,origin1 ,its ,influence4 ,by the ,,rev4
 ,w4 ,,st4 ,,clair ,,tisdall1 ,m4,a4    
,christianity and ,islam4 ,epochs of    

,church ,history ,series4 7,a4 ,d4 ,f4  
,randolph and ,co41 ,new ,york47    ,the
 ,quran4 ,of which there are several    
translations4                           
,,richard ,,clay  ,,sons1 ,,limited1    
,,bread ,,street ,,hill1 ,e4,c41 ,,and  
,,bungay1 ,,suffolk           99      99
      99      99      99      99        
,transcriber's note3  ,archaic and      
unusual spellings have been maintained  
from the original book4  ,obvious errors
 in printing have been corrected1 as    
detailed below4  ,the ,table of         
,contents was expanded to include the   
,preface1 ,table of ,contents1 ,a ,short
 ,bibliography of ,accessible ,books    
,upon the ,subject1 and this            
,transcriber's ,note4  ,the book cover  
image was created by the transcriber and
 is placed in the public domain4        
,details of the changes3    ,page #ae   
had crossed his path1 who had spoken    
orof    ,page #bd  corrolarycorollary to
 the teaching regarding the ,will1      
,page #cd  pullutionpollution before    

entering the presence of    ,page #da   
,islam is in advance of the law of      
great,great ,britain