,?is file 0 produc$ f page images at ! ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,?is book 0 transcrib$ f scans ( ! orig9al f\nd at ! ,int]net ,ar*ive & at ,google ,books4 ,i h rotat$ "s images4 ,tables are treat$ z images4 ,!re are two v]sions ( ?is book3 ! fir/ conta9s bo? p>ts & ! second is publi%$ z two volumes ) ,exam9ation ,pap]s at ! end ( ea*1 :i* ! /ud5t w\ld return to ! ,am]ican ,s*ool ( ,correspond5ce = cr$it4 ,i h includ$ ^! ,exam9ation ,pap]s at ! end ( ea* "p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tw5ty ,,horsep[] ,,neuport ,,monoplane ,,mak+ ,a ,,l&+ ,?is ,photograph ,protect$ ,by ,int]national ,copyright ,,build+ ,,& ,,fly+ ,,an ,,a]oplane ,a ,,practical ,,h&book ,,cov]+ ,,! ,,design1 ,,con/ruction1 ,,& ,,op]ation ,,( ,,a]oplanes ,,& ,,glid]s ,by ,,*>les ,b4 ,,hayw>d ,,memb]1 ,,! ,,a]onautical ,,society2 ,,memb]1 ,,society ,,( ,,automobile ,,eng9e]s2 ,,=m]ly ,,secret>y1 ,,society ,,( ,,automobile ,,eng9e]s2 ,,=m]ly ,,eng9e]+ ,,editor1 ,,! ,,automobile ,,illu/rat$ ,,*icago ,,am]ican ,,s*ool ,,( ,,correspond5ce #aiab ,copyright #aiab by ,am]ican ,s*ool ( ,correspond5ce ,ent]$ at ,/ation]s' ,hall1 ,london ,all ,rights ,res]v$ ,,build+ ,,& ,,fly+ ,,an ,,a]oplane ,,introduction ,! field ( aviation has1 f ! inception ( successful flight by ! ,wright ,bro!rs1 _h a wond]ful fasc9ation = ! amateur me*anic4 ,at fir/ ! /rong elem5t ( my/]y 9 ! movem5ts ( ?is mon/] man-ridd5 bird appall$ him1 b an exam9ation ( approv$ designs has remov$ ! my/]y & has assur$ him t he c1 ) 8 own h&s & at a co/ well )9 8 rea*1 build 8 own ma*9e 9 8 own back y>d4 ,b 9 ?is ease ( accompli%m5t lies a dang]1 namely1 ! belittl+ ( ! value ( accurate design & ! misjudg+ ( ! true importance ( small ?+s4 ,! inv5tive m9d usually believes itself capable ( mak+ improvem5ts 9 almo/ any?+1 & ! a]oplane inv5tor is no exception to ! rule4 ,fill$ ) ! confid5ce born ( ignorance1 & ) only ! k he has glean$ f newspap] & magaz9e acc\nts ( ! popul> types ( ma*9es1 he works out a br& new design4 ,! usual1 9 fact1 ! inv>iable result is failure1 disc\ragem5t1 & a loss ( "t & money4 ,h[ mu* m s5sible = ! "y inv5tor to build 8 fir/ ma*9e )\t v>y+ 9 "o p>ticul> f a tri$ & prov$ model1 leav+ 8 flights ( inv5tive fancy to 8 lat] ye>s ( matur] k & judgm5t4 ,! au?or ( ?is little book has foll[$1 9 bo? biplane & monoplane models1 ! well-kn[n types ( ,curtiss & ,bl]iot1 *oos+ ea* z ! simple/ repres5tative ( its class 9 con/ruction & design4 ,x is hop$ t ! book may n only be ( assi/ance to ! amateur build]1 b may also be ! means ( turn+ ! too confid5t inv5tor into saf] & m e/abli%$ pa?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h>ry ,,atwood ,,9 ,,8 ,,burgess ,,hydroa]oplane ,,skimm+ ,,ov] ,,! ,,surface ,,( ,,m>blehead ,,bay ,,build+ ,,& ,,fly+ ,,an ,,a]oplane 4444444444444444444444444444444444 ,,introduction 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444 ,,"p #a 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444 ,,build+ ,,a]oplane ,,models 4444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,,build+ ,a ,,glid] 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444 ,,build+ ,a ,,curtiss ,,biplane 444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,,details ,,( ,,con/ruction 444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,,"p ,,ii 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444 ,,build+ ,a ,,bl]iot ,,monoplane 4444444444444444444444444444444444 ,,art ,,( ,,fly+ 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444 ,,accid5ts ,,& ,,_! ,,lessons 44444444444444444444444444444444444 ,,amateur ,,aviators 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444 ,,"p #a ,"o ( ! commone/ phases ( int]e/ 9 aviation is ! desire to build a fly+ ma*9e4 ,9 fact1 ?is is v frequ5tly ! fir/ ?+ ! exp]im5t] und]takes aft] hav+ gone into ! !ory ( flight to "s ext5t4 ,only too (t51 no ef=t :atev] is made to get beyond !ory & ! ma*9e is an exp]im5t 9 e s5se ( ! ^w4 ,an exp]i5ce ( ?is nature is co/ly--f> m s ?an is agreeable = ! /ud5t1 & is likely to result 9 disgu/+ him ) aviation g5]ally4 ,!re are hundr$s ( s*emes & pr9ciples 9 ! art t h be5 tri$ aga9 & aga9 ) ! same dismal failure 9 ! end4 ,ref] to ! /ory ( ! ,wright ,bro!rs & note h[ _m ?+s !y m5tion hav+ tri$ & reject$ z worse ?an useless4 ,ab\t once 9 s (t5 someone r$iscov]s "s ( ^! ?+s &1 hav+ no facilities = prop]ly inve/igat+ :at pat5t attorneys t]m ! prior art 7ev]y?+ t has gone be=e1 f ! beg9n+ ( inv5tion1 or at lea/ pat5t$ inv5tion7 becomes possess$ ( ! idea t he has hit ^u some?+ entirely novel & :olly orig9al4 ,!re is no desire 9 ! pres5t "w to disc\rage ! seek] aft] new pr9ciples--und\bt$ly !re are _m yet to be discov]$4 ,! art ( flight is 9 its infancy & !re is /ill a great deal to be le>n$ ab\t x1 b !re is no m disc\rag$ inv5tor ?an he :o-discov]s a pr9ciple &1 aft] hav+ exp]im5t$ ) x at great exp5se1 f9ds t x is only "o ( _m ?+s t num]\s o!rs h sp5t consid]able money 9 prov+ fallaci\s1 a great _m ye>s ago4 ,if x be y\r ambition to build a fly+ ma*9e & y believe t y h discov]$ some?+ new ( value1 x w be to y\r int]e/ to reta9 a responsible pat5t attorney to advise y z to ! prior art1 be=e exp5d+ any money on its con/ruction4 ,y w f9d x v mu* m economical 9 ! end4 ,!re are probably n m ?an half a doz5 m5 alive 9 ?is c\ntry today :o "k all ! s*emes t won't "w4 ,! av]age seek] aft] k is assur$ly n likely to be "o ( ^! few1 s t until he kn[s he is work+ along new & untri$ l9es t give promise ( success1 x w pay him to /ick to ^? t h prov$ successful 9 actual practice4 ,9 o!r words1 to conf9e 8 ef=ts 9 ! build+ l9e to a ma*9e t exp]i5ce has demon/rat$ w fly if prop]ly con/ruct$ &1 :at is ( equal importance1 skilfully h&l$4 ,build a ma*9e1 by all means1 if y h ! opportunity4 ,x repres5ts ! be/ possible exp]i5ce4 ,b z is po9t$ out "u ! ,art ( ,fly+1 take a few lessons f "s "o :o kn[s h[ to fly1 be=e risk+ y\r neck 9 :at is to y a totally untri$ elem5t4 ,ev5 prop]ly design$ & con/ruct$ ma*9es are n always ready to fly4 ,an a]oplane ne$s c>eful inspection ( e "p & adju/m5t be=e x is safe to take to ! air 9 x1 & to be ( any value ?is look+-ov] mu/ be c>ri$ out by an exp]i5c$ eye4 ,,build+ ,,a]oplane ,,models ,! /ud5t may ent] ^u ! bus9ess ( build+ to any ext5t t 8 incl9ation or 8 f9ancial res\rces or 8 desire to exp]im5t may lead him4 ,! simple/ /age1 ( c\rse1 is t ( model build+ & !re is a great deal to be le>n$ f ! con/ruction & fly+ ( exp]im5tal models4 ,?is has become q a popul> pa/ime 9 ! public s*ools & "s v cr$itable examples ( "w h be5 turn$ out4 ,! app>5t limitations ( ^! rubb]-b& driv5 models ne$ n disc\rage ! /ud5t1 z "s ( ! s*ool-boy build]s h succe$$ 9 con/ruct+ models capable ( fly+ a qu>t] mile 9 /ill air & _! action 9 ! air is wond]fully l ! full-siz$ ma*9es4 99,models ) ,rubb]-,b& ,motor994 ,! limitations ( ! available p[] at comm& mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 z ! rubb]-b& motor is at be/ b a poor p[] plant4 ,x is accord+ly n good practice to h ! spread ( ! ma9 planes exce$ #bd in*es1 ?\gh l>g] successful models h be5 built4 ,9 attempt+ to reproduce any ( ! well-kn[n models1 difficulty is (t5 exp]i5c$ 9 accommodat+ ! rubb]-b& motor to !m1 z ev5 :]e ! necess>y space is available1 its weight ?r[s ! balance out entirely1 & ! result is a model t w n fly4 ,?is has l$ to ! production ( _m orig9al creations1 b ^!1 :ile excell5t fly]s1 w\ld n s]ve z models = l>g] ma*9es1 z ( necessity !y h be5 design$ ar\nd _! p[] plants4 ,! rubb] b&s = ?is purpose may be pur*as$ ( any a]onautic supply h\se4 ,! mo/ practical me?od ( m\nt+ ! motor is to atta* x to ! re> end ( ! fuselage1 usually a s+le /ick1 :i* is accord+ly made extra long = t purpose4 ,at ! o!r end x is atta*$ to a b5t wire fa/5$ to ! propell] 9 ord] to revolve ! latt]4 ,an easy way to w& up ! motor is to employ an ord9>y egg beat]1 modifi$ z describ$ bel[1 or a h& drill1 ins]t+ a small wire yoke 9 ! jaws 9 place ( ! usual drill1 or bit4 ,?is yoke is plac$ s z to engage ! propell] blades1 & ! latt] is !n turn$ 9 ! opposite direction1 /or+ en]gy 9 ! rubb] b& by twi/+ its /r&s tightly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,details ( ,ma9 ,frame ( ,rubb]-,b& ,driv5 ,a]oplane ,model ,= ^? /ud5ts :o d n c>e to und]take an orig9al design at ! outset1 or :o w\ld pref] to h ! exp]i5ce ga9$ by build+ f a plan t has already be5 tri$1 be=e attempt+ to orig9ate1 ! foll[+ description ( a successful model is giv54 ,?is model c n only be made = less ?an ! models sold at ?ree to five doll>s1 b is a mu* m effici5t fly]1 hav+ frequ5tly fl[n #gjj feet4 ,ma9 ,frame4 ,! ma9 frame ( ! model monoplane consi/s ( two /rips ,a ( spruce1 ea* #bh in*es long1 & measur+ 9 cross section #a_/d by #c_/h ( an in*4 ,z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 ! two /rips are ti$ toge!r at ! front ) /rong ?read & are !n glu$1 ! glue be+ spread ov] & betwe5 ! w9d+s ( ! ?read1 ,figs4 #a & #b4 ,! re> ends ( ^! /rips are spread ap>t #d #a_/d in*es to =m a /\t triangul> frame1 & are ti$ toge!r by cross b>s ( bamboo ,b & ,c :i* are secur$ to ! ma9 /rips ,a by /rong ?read & glue4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,details ( ,=w>d ,skids ( ,a]oplane ,model ,propell]s4 ,! propell]s ,d are two 9 numb] & are c>ri$ by ! two long /rips ,a4 ,ea* propell] is #e in*es 9 diamet]1 & is :ittl$ out ( a s+le block ( :ite p9e4 ,! propell]s h a pit* ( ab\t #aj in*es4 ,aft] ! :ittl+ is done !y are s&pap]$ & coat$ ) v>ni%4 ,! ?ickness ( ! wood at ! hub ,e1 ,fig4 #c1 ( ! propell] %\ld be ab\t #e_/h in*4 ,at ! re> ends ( ! /rips ,a1 be>+ blocks ,e are secur$4 ,^! be>+ blocks are simply small pieces ( wood project+ ab\t #e_/h in* lat]ally f ! /rips ,a4 ,!y are drill$ to receive a small metal tube ,t 7/eel1 brass1 or copp]71 ?r\gh :i* tube ! propell] %aft ,t passes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,details ( ,propell] & ,rudd] ( ,a]oplane ,model ,! propell] %aft itself consi/s ( a piece ( /eel wire pass+ ?r\gh ! propell] hub & b5t ov] ! wood1 s t x c n turn indep5d5tly ( ! propell]4 ,any o!r exp$i5t = caus+ ! propell] to turn ) ! %aft may obvi\sly be employ$4 ,small metal wa%]s ,t1 at lea/ ?ree 9 numb]1 are slipp$ ov] ! propell] %aft s z to lie betwe5 ! propell] & ! be>+ block4 ,t portion ( ! propell] %aft :i* projects =w>dly ?r\gh ! be>+ block ,e is b5t to =m a hook ,t4 ,to ! hook ,t rubb] /rips ,t by :i* ! propell]s are driv51 are secur$4 ,! rubb] /rips are ne>ly z long z ! ma9 /rips ,a4 ,at _! =w>d ends !y are secur$ to a fa/5+ consi/+ ( a d\ble hook ,g ,h1 ! hook ,g ly+ 9 a horizontal plane1 ! hook ,h 9 a v]tical plane4 ,! hook holds ! rubb] /rips1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #a & #d1 :ile ! hook ,h engages a hook ,t4 ,?is hook is easily made by pass+ a /rip ( /eel wire ?r\gh ! meet+ ends ( ! ma9 /rips ,a1 ! portions project+ f ea* side ( ! /rips be+ b5t into ! hooks ,i4 ,skids4 ,?ree skids are provid$1 on :i* ! model slides1 "o at ! =w>d end1 & two ne> ! re> end4 ,all are made ( bamboo4 ,z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b ! front skid may be ( any l5g? t seems desirable4 ,a #f-;in* piece ( bamboo w probably answ] mo/ requirem5ts4 ,?is piece ,n is b5t 9 opposite directions at ! ends to =m arms ,z & ,u1 ,! arm ,z is secur$ to ! =w>d ends ( ! two /rips ,a1 con/itut+ ! ma9 frame1 by means ( ?read & glue4 ,! /rips & skid are n held toge!r by ! same ?read1 b ! skid is atta*$ to ! two /rips aft] !y h be5 w\nd4 ,h5ce1 !re are two sets ( w9d+s ( ?read1 "o = ! two /rips ,a !mselves1 & ano!r = ! skid & ! /rips4 ,/rong ?read & glue %\ld be us$1 z be=e4 ,9 ord] to /iff5 ! skid1 two bamboo /ruts ,w w be f\nd necess>y4 ,^! are b5t ov] at ! ends to =m arms ,v1 ,fig4 #b4 ,ea* ( ! arms is secur$ to ! "u side ( a /rip ,a by /rong ?read & glue4 ,! arms ,x are sup]impos$ & ti$ to ! bamboo skid ,v ) /rong ?read & glue4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,details ( ,re> ,skids on ,a]oplane ,model ,! two re> skids1 ( :i* "o is %[n 9 ,fig4 #e1 consi/ ea* ( two #e-;in* /rips ( bamboo ,s1 likewise b5t at ei!r end 9 opposite directions to =m arms ,s & ,s1 ,! arms ,s are fa/5$ to ! /rips ,a by /rong ?read & glue4 ,to /iff5 ! skids a /rut ,c is provid$ = ea* skid4 ,ea* /rut consi/s ( a #c-;in* /rip ( bamboo b5t ov] s z to =m arms ,c4 ,/rong ?read & glue are employ$ to fa/5 ea* /rut 9 position on ! /rip & ! skid4 ,9 ! crot* ( ! triangul> space ,b1 a tie b> ,j1 ,figs4 #d & #e1 is secur$ by means ( ?read & glue4 ,?is tie b> connects ! two skids1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #a & #d1 & s]ves to /iff5 !m4 ,! triangul> space ,b is cov]$ ) pap]1 pref]ably bamboo pap]4 ,if bamboo pap] is n available1 p>*m5t or /iff light pap] ( "s k9d may be us$4 ,x does n ne$ to be wat]pro(4 ,?us triangul> f9s are =m$ :i* act z /abiliz+ surfaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,enl>g$ ,details ( ,"o ,re> ,skid1 ,a]oplane ,model ,ma9 ,planes4 ,! ma9 planes are two 9 numb]1 b are diff]5t 9 size4 ,contr>y to ! practice foll[$ 9 l>ge man-c>ry+ monoplanes1 ! front support+ surface is comp>atively small 9 area & ! re> support+ surface comp>atively l>ge4 ,^! support+ surfaces ,l & ,p are %[n 9 detail 9 ,figs4 #f & #g4 ,x has be5 f\nd t a surface ( consid]able area is requir$ at ! re> ( ! ma*9e to support x1 h5ce1 ! discrepancy 9 size4 ,al?\gh ! two support+ surfaces diff] 9 size1 !y are made 9 exactly ! same mann]1 ea* consi/+ ( a ?9 longitud9al piece ( spruce ,r1 to :i* cross pieces ( bamboo ,q are atta*$4 ,9 ! small] plane1 ,fig4 #g1 all ! cross pieces are ( ! same size4 ,9 ! l>g] plane1 ,fig4 #f1 ! out] /rips ,s are some:at %ort] ?an ! o!rs4 ,_! l5g? is #b #a_/b in*es1 :]eas ! l5g? ( ! /rips ,q is #c #a_/b in*es4 ,9 ord] to all[ = ! m gradual tap]+ ( ! plane1 ar\nd ! out] ends ( ! longitud9al /rips ,r & ! ribs ,q a /rip ( bamboo is ti$4 ,! frame1 compos$ ( ! longitud9al /rip & cross /rips1 is !n cov]$ ) bamboo pap]1 p>*m5t pap]1 or any o!r /yle light pap]1 :i* is glu$ 9 place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,details ( ,ma9 ,plane ( ,a]oplane ,model ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,details ( ,small] ,plane ( ,a]oplane ,model ,! =w>d or small] plane has a spread ( #h #a_/b in*es & a dep? ( #c #a_/d in*es4 ,! ma9 plane has a spread ( #bj in*es & a dep? ( #c #a_/b in*es at ! wide/ portion4 ,! au?or has made exp]im5ts :i* lead him to believe t ! tap]+ =m giv5 to ! out] edge ( ! plane improves bo? ! /ability & endurance ( ! ma*9e4 ,! planes are slightly ar*$1 al?\gh x w be f\nd t flat planes w also give good results4 ,! re> edge ( ! ma9 plane %\ld be plac$ #d #a_/d in*es di/ant f ! =w>d edge ( ! propell] block ,e4 ,! front plane mu/ h a slight angle ( incid5ce1 j h[ mu* dep5ds ^u ! weight ( ! ma*9e1 ! mann] 9 :i* x is made1 & v>i\s o!r factors4 ,?is angle ( incid5ce is obta9$ by re/+ ! front portion ( ! plane on two small blocks ,n1 ,figs4 #a & #b1 :i* are fa/5$ to ! top ( ! ma9 /rip ,a by /rong ?read & glue4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,device = ,w9d+ up ,rubb]-,b& ,motors ,! height ( ! blocks ,n %\ld be ab\t #a_/d in*1 al?\gh ?is w necess>ily v>y ) ! ma*9e4 ,! blocks %\ld be plac$ approximately #d in*es f ! =w>d end ( ! ma*9e4 ,! front end ( ! =w>d plane %\ld be elevat$ ab\t #a_/d in* above ! re> end1 :i* re/s directly on ! ma9 /rips4 ,bo? ! front & re> planes ,l & ,p are removably la%$ to ! frame by means ( ord9>y rubb] b&s1 :i* may be obta9$ at any /ation]y /ore4 ,^! rubb] b&s are lett]$ ,m 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,w9d+ ! ,rubb] ,/rips4 ,! rubb] /rips c be mo/ conv5i5tly w\nd up by means ( an egg beat]1 slightly *ang$ = ! purpose4 ,fig4 #h4 ,! beat] & ! frame 9 :i* x is c>ri$ are entirely remov$1 leav+ only ! ma9 rod ,e1 :i* is cut (f at ! l[] end s t ! total l5g? is n m ?an #b or #c in*es4 ,! two brass /rips ,d on ei!r side ( ! rod1 :i* are atta*$ to ! p9ion ,q me%+ ) ! l>ge driv+ :eel ,h1 are likewise reta9$4 ,a wa%] ,f is sold]$ to ! rod ne> its upp] end1 s z to limit ! motion ( ! small p9ion & ! brass /rips ,d atta*$ to ! p9ion4 ,next a wire ,b is b5t 9 ! =m ( a loop1 ?r\gh :i* loop ! c5tral rod passes4 ,! ends ( ! wire are sold]$ to ! side /rips ,d4 ,la/ly1 a piece ( wire ,c is b5t & sold]$ to ! l[] ends ( ! side /rips4 ,9 ord] to w9d up a rubb] /rip1 ! /rip is deta*$ f ! =w>d end ( ! model1 & ! hook ,a slipp$ ov] ! wire ,c4 ,! opposite end ( ! rubb] b& is held 9 any conv5i5t mann]4 ,naturally ! two /rips mu/ be w\nd 9 opposite directions1 s t ! two propell]s w turn 9 opposite directions4 ,by /ret*+ ! rubb] :ile x is be+ w\nd1 m revolutions c be obta9$4 ,x is n safe to h ! propell] revolve m ?an #gjj times4 ,! ratio ( ! ge>s ( ! egg-beat] w9d] c be figur$ out s t ! requisite numb] ( twi/s c be giv5 to ! rubb] b&s = t p>ticul> numb] ( revolutions4 ,model ) ,gasol9e ,motor4 ,! next & some:at m ambiti\s /age is ! build+ ( a p[]-driv5 model1 :i* has be5 made possible by ! manufacture ( m9iature gasol9e motors & propell]s = ?is purpose4 ,motors ( ?is k9d1 weigh+ b a few p\nds & capable ( develop+ #a_/d horse-p[] or m1 may be _h complete ) an #ah-;in* alum9um propell] & accessories = ab\t #de4 ,z is ! case ) ! rubb]-b& driv5 model1 ! monoplane is ! simple/ type to con/ruct1 & ! dim5sions & details ( an a]oplane ( ?is type are giv5 "h4 ,x w be f\nd t a lib]al-siz$ ma*9e is requir$ to support ev5 su* a small motor4 ,! planes1 ,fig4 #i1 h a spread ( #g feet #h in*es f tip to tip1 ea* w+ measur+ #c #a_/b feet by a *ord ( #ae in*es4 ,!y are support$ on a front & re> w+ sp> ( spruce1 #a_/b by #c_/h in* 9 section1 :ile ! ribs 9 bo? ! ma9 plane & ! re> /abiliz+ plane measure #a_/h by #a_/b in* 9 cross section4 ,!re are eight ( ^! spruce ribs 9 ! ma9 plane1 & !y are sep>ately heat$ & curv$ ov] a ,buns5 burn]1 or ov] a gas /ove1 :i* is ! same til+4 ,!y are !n nail$ to ! w+ sp>s #f in*es ap>t4 ,! ma9 sp>s ( ! fuselage are #g feet long & !y are made ( #a_/b by #c_/h in* spruce1 ! /ruts be+ plac$ #a #a_/b feet ap>t1 measur+ f ! re>1 ) sev]al int]m$iate /ruts to brace ! eng9e b$4 ,in/ead ( us+ /rut sockets = ! fuselage1 :i* w\ld increase ! co/ ( con/ruction unnecess>ily1 a simple comb9ation ( a ?ree-way wire fa/5] & a wire nail may be resort$ to4 ,! %ape ( ^! fa/5]s is %[n at ,a 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,!y may be cut out ( old crack] boxes or t9 cans 7%eet iron7 ) a pair ( %e>s1 ! holes 9 ! ends be+ made ei!r ) a small drill or by driv+ a wire nail ?r\gh ! metal plac$ on a bo>d1 & fil+ ! burrs (f smoo?4 ,a c5tral hole mu/ also be made = ! #a #a_/b in* wire nail :i* is driv5 ?r\gh ! ma9 sp> & ! fa/5] !n slipp$ ov] x4 ,z indicat$1 ?is nail also s]ves to hold ! /rut4 ,a drop ( sold] w s]ve to atta* ! fa/5] to ! nail4 ,! front ( ! fuselage is #i in*es squ>e1 tap]+ d[n to #f in*es at ! re>4 ,! height ( ! camb] ( ! ma9 planes is #a #a_/b in*es & ! angle ( incid5ce is #g degrees1 measur$ ) relation to ! fuselage4 ,! non-lift+ tail plane at ! re> :i* is to give ! ma*9e longitud9al /ability1 measures #d feet 9 span by #ad in*es 9 dep?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,details ( ,p[]-,driv5 ,a]oplane ,model ,! runn+ ge> or front l&+ frame is made ( #a_/b in* squ>e spruce1 all jo9ts be+ made ) #a_/af by #a in* bolts4 ,alum9um sleeves1 procurable at an a]onautic supply h\se1 are employ$ = ! atta*m5t ( ! rubb] spr+s & ! radius rods runn+ d[n to ! :eels1 :i* may also be pur*as$ ready to in/all4 ,old bicycle :eels w s]ve ! purpose admirably4 ,light /eel tubes #a_/b in* 9 diamet] are us$ to run ^! alum9um sleeves on4 ,two o!r /eel tubes are jo9$ to ! l[] corn] ( ! frame by flatt5+ !m at ! ends & drill+ ) a small hole = a nail4 ,^! are run diagonally up to ! fuselage & s]ve z buff]s to take ! %ocks ( l&+4 ,= brac+ ! w+s1 two simil> tubes are fa/5$ to =m a pyramid on top ( ! ma9 plane j back ( ! eng9e4 ,f ^!1 guys are run to ! w+s z %[n4 ,! eng9e b$ is made ( #a_/b by #c_/d-;in* :ite p9e1 & to make x solid x is c>ri$ z f> back z ! re> edge ( ! ma9 plane4 ,! batt]ies & coil are directly atta*$ to ?is plane1 c>e be+ tak5 9 _! plac+ to pres]ve ! balance ( ! ma*9e4 ,! rudd] measures #ad in*es squ>e & is made ( #c_/h-;in* squ>e spruce1 re9=c$ ) t9 at ! jo9ts1 z x is necess>y to make ! frame p]fectly rigid4 ,bo? sides are cov]$ ) fabric4 ,9 ?is case a #a-;horse-p[] motor furni%es ! necess>y en]gy & x is fitt$ ) an #ah-;in* alum9um propell] :i* x is capable ( turn+ at #b1djj r4p4m4 ,! c>buret] & gas tank are made integral1 & ! gasol9e & oil are bo? plac$ 9 ?is tank 9 ! proportion ( ab\t f\r p>ts to "o1 9 ord] to save ! weight ( an extra tank = oil4 ,flights ( half a mile are possible ) ?is model 9 calm wea!r1 b a great deal ( measur+ & te/+ ( ! fuel is necess>y 9 ord] to regulate ! flight1 & grass-cutt+ %\ld be practic$ by ! build] 9 ord] to prop]ly regulate ! ma*9e4 ,trials h %[n t ! flat non-lift+ tail on ! fuselage gives excell5t longitud9al /ability1 ! ma*9e ris+ nicely & mak+ its desc5t v easy angle1 s t x is seldom damag$ by viol5t collisions 9 l&+4 ,,build+ ,a ,,glid] ,! build+ ( h&- or p[]-driv5 models does n suffice to give t p]sonal exp]i5ce t mo/ /ud5ts are desir\s ( obta9+4 ,! be/ me?od ( secur+ ?is is to build a glid] & practice ) x4 ,any fly+ ma*9e )\t a motor is a glid] & ! latt] is ! basis ( ! successful a]oplane4 ,9 ! build+ ( an a]oplane ! fir/ ?+ con/ruct$ is ! glid]1 i4e4 ! frame1 ma9 planes1 /abiliz+ planes1 elevators1 rudd]s1 etc4 ,x is only by ! in/allation ( motive p[] t x becomes a fly+ ma*9e4 ,! biplane w be f\nd ! mo/ satisfactory type ( glid] z x is m compact & !re=e m easily h&l$1 :i* is ( great importance = practic+ 9 a w9d4 ,! g5]ally accept$ rule is t #aeb squ>e feet ( surface w su/a9 ! weight ( ! av]age man1 ab\t #agj p\nds1 & x w be app>5t t ! l5g? ( ! glid] w h to be great] if ?is surface is to be 9 ! =m ( a s+le plane ?an if ! same am\nt is obta9$ by incorporat+ x 9 two planes--! biplane4 ,a glid] ) a span ( #bj feet & a *ord ( #d feet w h a surface ( #aeb squ>e feet4 ,s f> z le>n+ to balance & guide ! ma*9e are conc]n$1 ?is may be ma/]$ m readily 9 a small glid] ?an 9 a l>ge "o1 s t !re is no advantage 9 exce$+ ^! dim5sions--9 fact1 r ! rev]se1 z ! l>g] con/ruction w\ld be correspond+ly m difficult to h&le4 ,! mat]ials necess>y consi/ ( a supply ( spruce1 l95 %oe ?read1 metal sockets1 piano wire1 turnbuckles1 glue1 & closely-wov51 light cotton fabric = ! cov]+ ( ! planes4 99,ma9 ,frame994 ,! ma9 frame or box cell is made ( f\r horizontal beams ( spruce #bj feet long & #a #a_/b by #c_/d in* 9 section4 ,!y mu/ be /raight-gra9$ & p]fectly free f knots or o!r defects4 ,if x be impossible to obta9 s+le pieces ( ?is l5g?1 !y may be ei!r splic$ or ! glid] may be built 9 ?ree sections1 consi/+ ( a c5tral section #h feet long1 & two end sections ea* #f feet 9 l5g?1 ?is =m ( con/ruction also mak+ ! glid] mu* easi] to dismantle & /[ 9 a small space4 ,9 ?is case1 ! ends ( ! beams ( ea* end section are made to project beyond ! fabric = #aj in*es & are slipp$ into tubes bolt$ to correspond+ projections ( ! c5tral section4 ,^! tubes are drill$ ) ?ree holes ea* & bolts are pass$ ?r\gh ^! holes & correspond+ holes 9 ! project+ ends aft] !y h be5 fitt$ into ! tubes1 & drawn up tightly ) two nuts on ea* bolt to prev5t %ak+ loose4 ,ord9>y #c_/af-;in* /ove bolts w s]ve v nicely = ?is purpose4 ,! upp] & l[] planes =m+ ! box cell1 are held ap>t by #ab /ruts1 #d feet long by #g_/h in* diamet]1 pref]ably ( r\nd$ or oval =m ) ! small edge =w>d to m9imize ! head resi/ance4 ,x is only necess>y to space ^! equally1 />t+ f bo? ends2 ?is w br+ ! splices ( ! dem\ntable sections 9 ! c5t] ( ! squ>e on ei!r side ( ! c5tral section4 ,! ma9 ribs are #c feet long by #a #a_/d- by #a_/b-;in* section & _! plac+ %\ld co9cide ) ! position ( ! /ruts4 ,betwe5 ^! ma9 ribs are plac$ #da small ribs1 equally spac$ & consi/+ ( pieces #d feet long by #a_/b in* squ>e4 ,^!1 z well z all ! o!r pieces1 %\ld h ! %>p edges ( ! squ>e r\nd$ (f ) s& pap]4 ,! ribs %\ld h a camb] ( #b in*es 9 _! l5g? & ! simple/ me?od ( giv+ !m ?is is to take a piece ( plank1 draw ! desir$ curve on x1 & !n nail blocks on bo? sides ( ?is curve1 =m+ a simple m\ld4 ,! rib pieces %\ld !n be /eam$1 b5t into ?is m\ld1 & all[$ to dry1 :5 !y w be f\nd to h p]man5tly assum$ ! desir$ curvature4 ,mean:ile1 all ! o!r pieces may be %ellac$ & all[$ to dry4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #aj4 ,wrong & ,"r way ( ,mak+ a ,wire ,jo9t ,assembl+ ! ,planes4 ,to assemble ! glid]1 ! beams are laid out on a floor1 spac$ ! exact di/ance ap>t1 i4e41 #c feet1 & exactly p>allel--9 ! dem\ntable plan1 ea* section is assembl$ indep5d5tly4 ,! ma9 ribs are !n glu$ 9 place & all[$ to set1 aft] :i* !y are /rongly b\nd 9 place ) ! l95 ?read1 & ! v>i\s lay]s ( ?read giv5 a coat+ ( hot glue z !y are put on4 ,?is me?od is n arbitr>y1 b x is simple & gives ! lighte/ =m ( con/ruction4 ,if desir$1 tie-plates1 clamps1 or any o!r light me?od ( fa/5+ may be employ$4 ,?is also applies to ! ribs4 ,!y are assembl$ by plac+ !m flu% ) ! front beam & all[+ !m to ext5d back a foot beyond ! re> beam1 ar*$ side up 9 e case4 ,!y may be glu$ & b\nd ) ?read1 held by clamps1 or nail$ or screw$ into place1 c>e be+ tak5 to fir/ />t a hole 9 ! beam ) an awl & to dip ! nails 9 s(t soap to prev5t splitt+ ! wood4 ,tw5ty-"o ribs1 spac$ "o foot ap>t1 are us$ 9 ! upp] plane1 & #bj 9 ! l[]1 ow+ to ! space left = ! op]ator 9 ! latt]4 ,= fa/5+ ! two planes toge!r1 :e!r z a :ole or 9 sectional units1 #bd alum9um sockets w be requir$4 ,^! may be pur*as$ ei!r ready to fit1 or an effective sub/itute made by saw+ %ort l5g?s ( /eel tub+1 slitt+ !m ) ! hack saw an in* f ! bottom1 & !n flatt5+ out & drill+ ! "r-angle flanges ?us =m$ to take screws = atta*+ ! sockets to ! beams4 ,9 case ^! sockets are b\ght1 !y w be provid$ ) eye bolts = ! guy wires2 if homemade1 !y may h extra holes drill$ 9 ! edges ( ! flanges = ?is purpose or "s simple wire fa/5] su* z t describ$ 9 connection ) ! p[]-driv5 model may be us$1 heavi] metal1 h[ev]1 be+ employ$ to make !m4 ,! sockets %\ld all be screw$ to ! beams at ! prop] po9ts & !n ! /ruts %\ld be =c$ into !m4 ,! next move is to tie ! frame toge!r ) guy wires4 ,no4 #ab piano wire be+ employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,ea* rectangle is truss$ by runn+ diagonal guy wires f ea* corn] to its opposite4 ,to pull ^! wires taut1 a turnbuckle %\ld be ins]t$ 9 ea* & aft] ! wire has be5 pull$ z tightly z possible by h&1 x %\ld be w\nd ^u itself to make a good /rong jo9t1 z %[n at ,b1 ,fig4 #f4 ,a fa/5+ z %[n at ,a w pull out "u comp>atively little /ra9 & is n safe4 ,z is ! case ) mo/ ( ! o!r fitt+s1 ^! turnbuckles may be b\ght or made at home1 ! simple bicycle type ( turnbuckle m5tion$ 9 connection ) ,build+ a ,curtiss1 be+ admirably adapt$ to ?is purpose4 ,9 fact1 ! con/ruction ( ! latt] w be f\nd to cov] ! requirem5ts ( ! glid]1 except t ! ribs are simpl] & light]1 z already describ$1 & no provision = ! eng9e or simil> details is necess>y4 ,all ! guy wires mu/ be tight5$ until !y are rigid1 & ! prop] degree ( t5sion = !m may be simply det]m9$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,aft] ! entire frame is wir$1 place ea* end ( x on a saw horse s z to lift x two or ?ree feet cle> ( ! floor4 ,/& 9 ! op5+ ( ! c5tral section1 z if ab\t to take a glide1 & by grasp+ ! =w>d c5tral /ruts1 raise y\rself f ! floor s z to br+ y\r entire weight ^u !m4 ,if prop]ly put toge!r ! frame w be rigid & unyield+1 b %\ld x sag ev5 slightly1 ! guy wires mu/ be uni=mly tight5$ until ev5 ! fa9te/ p]ceptible t5d5cy to give "u ! weight is ov]come4 ,/ret*+ ! ,fabric4 ,! me?od ( atta*+ ! fabric w be det]m9$ by :e!r ! glid] is to be "o piece or sectional1 & ! exp5se = ?is important item ( mat]ial may be z little or z mu* z ! build] wi%es to make x4 ,"s employ rubb]iz$ silk1 o!rs special a]onautic fabrics1 b = ! purposes ( ! amateur1 ord9>y musl9 ( good quality1 treat$ ) a coat ( light v>ni% aft] x is 9 place1 w be f\nd to s]ve all purposes4 ,! clo? %\ld be cut into #d-;foot /rips1 glu$ to ! front horizontal beams1 /ret*$ back tightly1 & tack$ to bo? ! re> horizontal beams & to ! ribs4 ,tacks %\ld also supplem5t ! glue on ! =w>d beams & ! uphol/]y /yle %\ld be us$ to prev5t te>+ ?r\gh ! clo?4 ,9 case ! glid] is built 9 sections1 ! abutt+ edges ( ! clo? w h to be re9=c$ by turn+ x ov] & /it*+ d[n a /rip "o in* wide1 & x w make ?is edge /rong] if an extra /rip ( loose fabric be ins]t$ "u ! turn be=e sew+ x d[n4 ,eyelets mu/ !n be made along ^! edges & ! diff]5t sections tightly lac$ toge!r :5 assembl+ ! glid]4 ,x is also desirable to place a /rip ( clo? or light felt along ! beams "u ! tacks to prev5t ! clo? f te>+ out "u ! pressure4 ,to =m a m com=table support = ! op]ator1 two arm pieces ( spruce1 #c feet by #a in* by #a #c_/d in*es1 %\ld be bolt$ to ! front & re> beams ab\t #ad in*es ap>t ov] ! c5tral op5+ left 9 ! l[] plane4 ,^! w be m conv5i5t ?an hold+ on to ! /ruts = support1 z x w n be necess>y to spread ! arms s mu* & !re w be m fre$om = manipulat+ ! weight to control ! glid] 9 flight4 ,9 us+ ! /ruts1 x is cu/om>y to grasp !m ) ! h&s1 :ile ) ! arm pieces1 z ! "n implies1 ! op]ator places 8 arms ov] !m1 "o ( ! /rips com+ "u ea* armpit4 ,aft] ! fabric has be5 giv5 a coat ( v>ni% on ! upp] side & all[$ to dry1 ! glid] is ready = use4 ,! co/ ( ! mat]ial %\ld be ab\t #cj to #dj1 dep5d+ ^u ! ext5t to :i* ! build] has reli$ ^u 8 own +5uity 9 fa%ion+ ! necess>y fitt+s--9 any case1 x w be less ?an ! am\nt requir$ = ! pur*ase ( ! eng9e alone = a p[]-driv5 model4 99,glid] ) ,rudd] & ,elevator994 ,x w be not$ t ?is is ! simple/ possible =m ( glid] 9 t x is n ev5 provid$ ) a rudd]1 b = ! beg9n+ ( 8 glid+ education ! novice w n require ?is1 z fir/ attempts %\ld be conf9$ to glides ov] level gr\nd 9 mod]ate1 /eady w9d curr5ts & at a mode/ elevation4 ,"s ( ! be/ glid+ flights made by ,h]r+1 ,*anute's co-work]1 7 9 a rudd]less glid]4 ,aft] hav+ ma/]$ ! rudim5ts ( ! art1 ! /ud5t may g z f> z ! dictates ( 8 ambition impel him 9 ! direction ( improvem5ts 9 8 glid]1 by add+ a rudd]1 elevator1 & w>p+ control4 ,9 fact1 x is n necess>y to conf9e himself to ! simple design ( glid] "h outl9$ at all4 ,he may take ei!r ! ,wright or ,curtiss ma*9es z a model & build a complete glid]1 foll[+ ! dim5sions & g5]al me?ods ( con/ruction "h giv51 ?\gh ^! may also be improv$ ^u by ! man h&y ) tools1 be>+ 9 m9d t ! object to be a*iev$ is ! m9imum weight consi/5t ) ! maximum /r5g?4 99,le>n+ to ,glide994 ,! fir/ trials %\ld be made on level gr\nd & ! w\ld-be aviator %\ld be assi/$ by two companions to help him 9 gett+ "u way4 ,! op]ator takes a position 9 ! c5t] rectangle1 back f> en\gh to tilt up slightly ! =w>d edges ( ! planes4 ,a />t & run =w>d is made at a mod]ate pace1 ! keep]s c>ry+ ! weight ( ! glid] & ov]com+ its head resi/ance by runn+ =w>d at ! same spe$4 ,z ! glid] cuts into ! air1 ! w9d caus$ by runn+ w cat* "u ! uplift$ edges ( ! curv$ planes & w buoy x up1 caus+ x to rise 9 ! air tak+ ! op]ator ) x4 ,?is rise w be probably only suffici5t to lift him cle> ( ! gr\nd a foot or two4 ,n[ he projects 8 legs slightly =w>d s z to %ift ! c5t] ( gravity a trifle & br+ ! edges ( ! glid] on an exact level1 p>allel ) ! gr\nd4 ,?is1 ) ! mom5tum acquir$ at ! />t1 w keep ! glid] mov+ =w>d = "s di/ance4 ,:5 ! weight ( ! op]ator is slightly back ( ! c5t] ( gravity1 ! lead+ edges ( ! planes are tilt$ up some:at1 increas+ ! angle ( incid5ce & 9 consequ5ce ! pressure "u ! planes1 caus+ ! glid] to rise1 & if ! glide is be+ made into a w9d1 z %\ld always be ! case1 q a height may be rea*$ z ! result ( ?is en]gy4 ,once x ceases1 ! t5d5cy to a =w>d & upw>d movem5t is lo/1 & x is to prolong ?is z mu* z possible t ! op]ator %ifts ! c5t] ( gravity to br+ ! ma*9e on an ev5 keel1 or :]e at a little height1 slightly bel[ ?is1 giv+ x a negative angle ( incid5ce1 :i* p]mits him to coa/ d[n ! air until suffici5t spe$ is acquir$ to rev]se ! angle ( incid5ce & aga9 rise s z to provide a hill = ano!r coa/1 ?us prolong+ ! flight consid]ably4 ,to put x 9 ! simple/ language1 :5 ! op]ator moves backw>d1 %ift+ ! c5t] ( gravity to ! re>1 ! planes are tilt$ s t !y cat* or scoop up ! advanc+ air & rise ^u x1 :]eas :5 he moves =w>d & ! planes tilt d[nw>d1 ?is air is spill$ out beh9d & no long] acts z a support1 & ! glid] coa/s1 ei!r until ! gr\nd is rea*$ or en\gh mom5tum is ga9$ to aga9 m\nt ^u ! w9d4 ,a comp>atively few flights w suffice to make ! /ud5t pr(ici5t 9 ! control ( 8 app>atus by 8 body movem5ts1 n only z conc]ns ! elevat+ & depress+ ( ! planes to asc5d or desc5d1 correspond+ to ! use ( ! elevator on a p[] ma*9e1 b also actual /e]+1 :i* is accompli%$ by lat]al movem5t to ! left or "r4 ,/able equilibrium is "o ( ! *ief ess5tials to successful flight & ?is c n be ma9ta9$ 9 an unc]ta91 gu/y w9d1 especially by ! novice4 ,! beg9n] %\ld c]ta9ly n attempt a glide unless ! conditions are "r4 ,^! are a cle>1 level space )\t ob/ructions su* z trees1 & a /eady w9d n exce$+ #ab miles p] h\r4 ,:5 a reasonable am\nt ( pr(ici5cy has be5 atta9$ 9 ! h&l+ ( ! glid] ov] level gr\nd1 ! field ( practice may be *ang$ to "s g5tle slope4 ,9 />t+ f ?is1 x w be f\nd easi] to keep ! glid] afloat1 b ! exp]i5ce at fir/ w prove />tl+ to ! amateur1 = z ! glid] sails away f ! top ( ! slope1 ! di/ance betwe5 him & ! gr\nd increases s rapidly t he w imag9e himself at a trem5d\s height1 b by pres]v+ ! balance & o!rwise manipulat+ 8 weight 9 ! mann] taught by ! practice ov] ! level1 a nice flight ( mu* great] di/ance w be made & ! ma*9e w gradually settle d[n to ! gr\nd mu* f>!r away f ! />t+ place ?an 0 possible 9 ! e>li] trials1 ?is be+ "o ( ! great advantages ( />t+ f an elevation4 ,!re is no?+ t w fit ! beg9n] s well = ! actual h&l+ ( a p[] ma*9e z a ?or\gh c\rse ( glid+ flights1 & x is recomm5d$ t ^? :o build glid]s become pr(ici5t 9 _! use be=e attempt+ to pilot an a]oplane1 :e!r ( _! own make or n4 ,a fur!r /ep 9 advance is ! actual build+ ( a full-fl$g$ p[] ma*9e1 & = ^? :o desire a simple & comp>atively inexp5sive type1 requir+ v little "w t c n be p]=m$ 9 ! home work%op1 a description ( ! con/ruction ( a ,curtiss biplane is giv51 :ile = ^? :o are m ambiti\s & also h great] f9ancial res\rces1 ! details ( ! build+ ( a ,bl]iot monoplane are giv54 ,,build+ ,a ,,curtiss ,,biplane ,co/4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! prospective build] w want to "k ! co/4 ,! be/ answ] to ?is is t ! ma*9e w co/ all its build] c af=d to sp5d ^u x & probably a little m1 z ! man to :om ! exp5se is n ( vital consid]ation w d\btless n und]take its con/ruction4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 & !re c be no?+ v def9ite ab\t x1 9 view ( ! great diff]5ce 9 ! conditions1 an exp5diture ( ?ree to f\r hundr$ doll>s w cov] ! complete outlay = ev]y?+ b ! motor4 ,if ! build] has ! "t & facilities = do+ all ! "w himself1 ?is am\nt may be r$uc$ v mat]ially4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if he f9ds x necess>y to pur*ase mo/ ( ! mat]ial 9 =m ready to assemble1 x may exce$ ?is4 ,b x w be a great aid to _m to "k t !re is practically no?+ ab\t ! mod]n a]oplane :i* c n be f\nd 9 /ock at "o ( ! a]onautic supply h\ses4 ,?is makes x possible = _m to und]take ! con/ruction ( a ma*9e to :om x w\ld n be feasible1 or at lea/ n an attractive project 9 view ( ! "t involv$1 7 x necess>y to make e "p at home4 ,s f> z becom+ involv$ 9 any legal difficulties is conc]n$ ow+ to exi/+ pat5ts1 ! /ud5t ne$ n worry himself ab\t ?is 9 attempt+ ! con/ruction ( a ,curtiss biplane1 s long z he re/ricts ! use ( 8 ma*9e to exp]im5tal purposes & does n try to compete ) ! pat5tees 9 _! own field--t ( exhibit+ & sell+ ma*9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #aa4 ,detail$ ,front ,view ( ,curtiss ,biplane 99,g5]al ,specifications994 ,j h[ long x w take to complete su* a ma*9e w dep5d v l>gely ^u ! skill ( ! build] & ! ext5t ( 8 res\rces =1 z already m5tion$1 ! exp5se may be cut d[n by mak+ all ! necess>y p>ts at home1 b x w naturally be at ! sacrifice ( a great deal ( "t4 ,= in/ance1 ! oval /ruts & beams may be b\ght already %ap$ f ! local plan+ mill1 or !y may be %av$ d[n f ! r\gh by h&4 ,turnbuckles c be made f bicycle spokes & nipples & /rips ( %eet /eel1 or !y c be b\ght at #ab to #ae c5ts ea*4 ,z a hundr$ or m ( !m are ne$$1 _! co/ is q a sub/antial item4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #ab4 ,plan & ,side ,elevation ( ,curtiss ,biplane ,a]oplane con/ruction d\btless impresses ! av]age obs]v] z be+ some?+ %r\d$ 9 consid]able my/]y--some?+ ab\t :i* !re is no little secrecy4 ,q ! contr>y is ! case 9 reality4 ,any man :o is fairly pr(ici5t z a c>p5t] & kn[s h[ to use ! m common ma*9i/'s tools1 su* z taps & dies1 drills1 hacksaw1 & ! l1 w f9d no difficulty 9 con/ruct+ ! ma*9e ( :i* ! details are giv5 "h4 ,hav+ complet$ its build+1 he w h to draw ^u 8 capital to supply ! motor4 ,"o capable ( develop+ #be to #cj horse-p[] at #a1jjj to #a1bjj r4p4m4 w give ! ma*9e consid]able spe$1 z x w be recall$ t ,curtiss made a numb] ( 8 fir/ flights ) a #be-;horse-p[] motor4 ,z to ! weight1 ! light] ! bett]1 b #djj p\nds = ! complete p[] plant w n be excessive4 ,! ma*9e c su/a9 itself 9 ! air ) less p[] ?an t m5tion$1 b ) a heavy1 l[-p[] motor x w be sluggi% 9 action4 ,?is is an advantage = ! amateur1 r ?an o!rwise1 z x w provide him ) an a]oplane t w n be apt to get away f him dur+ 8 fir/ trials1 ?us mak+ x saf] to le>n on4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #ac4 ,details ( ,ma9 & ,small ,ribs1 ,curtiss ,biplane ,! ,curtiss biplane has a spread ( #cj feet1 ! ma9 planes or w+s be+ divid$ into sections ( a l5g? equal to ! di/ance betwe5 /ruts1 ,figs4 #aa & #ab4 ,!re are five ( ^! sections1 ea* measur+ six feet4 ,! /ruts c be tak5 out & ! sections laid flat on ea* o!r = /orage4 ,! framework = ! front & re> rudd]s c also be jo9t$1 if desir$1 mak+ x possible to /ore ! ma*9e 9 small compass4 ,! longe/ p>ts ( ! ma*9e1 :5 tak5 ap>t1 are ! two diagonal beams runn+ f ! front :eel back to ! eng9e b$1 & ! skid4 ,! horizontal front rudd] is pack$ intact4 ,! v]tical re> rudd] is unhung & laid flat on ! tail4 ,two m5 c take ! ma*9e ap>t 9 a few h\rs1 & c reassemble x 9 a day4 ,:e!r ^! p>ticul> features ( con/ruction are cov]$ by pat5ts c n be said1 z ,curtiss has decl9$ to commit himself reg>d+ any rights he may h to !m4 ,ribs4 ,two di/9ct types ( ribs are us$1 ma9 ribs & small ribs1 bo? ( ! same curvature1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,! ma9 ribs are us$ betwe5 pairs ( /ruts1 to hold ap>t ! front & re> beams2 !y are heavy en\gh to be q rigid4 ,?ree to f\r small ribs are laid across ea* section ( ! planes1 betwe5 ! pairs ( ma9 ribs1 to give ! clo? ! prop] curvature1 & to ma9ta9 x 9 ! =m desir$4 ,! ma9 ribs are built up ( six #a_/d-;in* lam9ations ( wood #g_/h in* wide & securely glu$ toge!r4 ,! small ribs are made ( ?ree lay]s #a_/b in* wide4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! actual con/ruction w be ! mak+ ( ^! lam9at$ ribs1 b be=e describ+ ?is detail1 ! "q ( suitable mat]ial %\ld be well consid]$4 ,bo? weight & /r5g? mu/ be figur$ on & ?is limits ! *oice to a few k9ds ( wood4 ,( ^! spruce & elm are ! be/ available1 ) ! occasional use ( a% to give great] rigidity4 ,spruce is1 ( c\rse1 ! fir/ *oice4 ,?is wood 0 once consid]$ z hav+ no great /r5g?1 b a s]ies ( c>eful te/s %[s ?is belief to be unf\nd$4 ,) ! exception ( ! b$1 or support = ! motor & a few o!r p>ts1 ! ,wright ma*9es are con/ruct$ :olly ( spruce4 ,table ,i gives results ( te/s made ) spruce f ,wa%+ton & ,oregon1 & ) elm f ,mi*igan & ,indiana4 ,te/+ scales 7 employ$1 ! pieces be+ support$ at _! ends ) ! load 9 ! c5t]4 ,^! te/s 7 made ) cle> wood 9 ea* case1 z knots naturally decrease ! /r5g? ( a piece greatly1 ?is dep5d+ on _! size & location4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,details ( ,rib ,press1 ,curtiss ,biplane ,be=e proce$+ ) ! ribs !mselves1 ! press = giv+ !m ! prop] curvature mu/ be made4 ,take a good piece ( oak1 a%1 or o!r solid wood1 #h in*es wide by #e feet long1 & dress$ all ov]4 ,on ! side ( ! piece lay out ! curve1 ! dim5sions ( :i* are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,fir/1 rule ! horizontal1 or *ord l9e1 on x1 m>k+ (f #d feet #f in*es on ?is l9e1 equidi/ant f ea* end4 ,!n divide ! *ord into #f-;in* sections &1 at ! po9t ( ea* #f-;in* section1 erect p]p5dicul>s beg9n+ at ! re>1 #c_/d in*1 #a #c_/h in*es1 #b in*es1 & s on1 z indicat$ on ! draw+4 ,! upp] ends ( ^! p]p5dicul>s w =m locat+ po9ts = ! curve4 ,?r\gh !m draw a smoo? curve z %[n1 cont9u+ x d[n ?r\gh ! *ord at ea* end4 ,take ! piece ) ! curve ?us m>k$ on x to ! local plan+1 sa% & bl9d1 or sawmill--any plant equipp$ ) a b& saw--& h x cut ap>t along ! curve4 ,?is w co/ little or no?+--acqua9tance w obta9 x z a favor1 & acqua9tance ) any wood-work+ conc]n 9 ! a]oplane build]'s home t[n w be ( great aid4 ,fail+ ?is aid1 ! op]ation may be c>ri$ out ) a h& saw 7rip71 b ! job w n be z neat & w h to be clean$ up ) a draw knife & s& pap]1 tak+ c>e to pres]ve ! outl9e ( ! curve z drawn4 ,z ! rib press is really a m\ld or patt]n f :i* all ! ribs are to be b5t to a uni=m curvature1 c>e mu/ be tak5 9 its con/ruction4 ,to clamp ! two halves ( ! press toge!r1 a doz5 ma*9e bolts w be requir$2 !y %\ld measure #c_/d ,x #ae in*es4 ,if obta9able1 eye bolts w be f\nd m conv5i5t z !y may be turn$ up ) b "o wr5* & a b>4 ,! /eel /raps are #c_/h by #a #a_/b by #aj in*es long ) #c_/d-;in* holes drill$ #i in*es ap>t to c5t]s1 to enclose ! #h-;in* pieces4 ,obta9 a suffici5t supply ( bo>ds ( reasonably cle> spruce1 #a_/d in* ?ick1 #f to #g in*es wide1 & at lea/ #d feet #i in*es long 7dress$ bo? sides71 to make all ! ribs necess>y bo? small & l>ge4 ,?is mat]ial %\ld be pur*as$ f ! mill z x is out ( ! "q to attempt to cut ! ribs f l>g] sizes by h&4 ,buy sev]al p\nds ( good cab9et mak]s' glue & a wat]-jacket$ gluepot4 ,?is glue comes 9 %eets & 9 num]\s grades--a good quality %\ld be us$1 co/+ f #dj to #ej c5ts a p\nd if b\ght 9 a l>ge city4 ,lam9at+ ! ribs 9 ?is mann] & glu+ !m toge!r is n only ! quicke/ & easie/ me?od ( giv+ !m ! prop] curve1 be+ mu* sup]ior to /eam b5d+1 b is also /rong] :5 well done1 z ! quality ( ! mat]ial c be wat*$ m closely4 ,/>t ) ! mak+ ( ! small ribs2 apply ! glue ?9 & pip+ hot 9 a g5]\s lay] to ?ree bo>ds ) a good-siz$ flat pa9t or v>ni% bru%4 ,omit on ! upp] surface ( ?ird bo>d & apply betwe5 ?ree o!rs1 ,fig4 #ac4 ,?is w give two s]ies ( ?ree ea* 9 ! press4 ,tight5 up ! end bolts fir/1 z ! upp] "p ( ! press ne> ! top ( ! curve is likely to be weak unless lib]ally proportion$4 ,!n turn d[n ! nuts on ! o!r bolts4 ,d n attempt to turn any "o ( !m z f> z x w g ! fir/ "t1 b tight5 ea* "o a little at a "t1 ?us gradually mak+ ! compression ov] ! :ole surface z ne>ly uni=m z possible4 ,?is %\ld be cont9u$ until ! glue w no long] ooze out f betwe5 ! bo>ds1 indicat+ t !y are 9 close contact4 ,tw5ty-f\r h\rs %\ld be all[$ = dry+1 & :5 tak5 out ! cracks betwe5 ! bo>ds %\ld be almo/ invisible 9 ! f9i%$ ribs4 ,h ! lam9at$ bo>ds cut by a p[] rip saw at ! plan+ mill1 to ! dim5sions %[n 9 ! draw+1 mak+ an all[ance ( #a_/d in* = ! wid? ( ! saw blade at ea* cut 9 calculat+ ! numb] ( ribs :i* c be cut f ea* bo>d4 ,9 addition1 a m>g9 %\ld be all[$ at ea* side1 z x is impractical to get all ! ?9 bo>ds squ>ely 9 l9e4 ,= ! ma9 ribs1 apply ! glue betwe5 all six bo>ds1 clamp & dry 9 ! same mann]4 ,?irty small ribs w be requir$1 if ?ree are us$ 9 ea* section1 & =ty if f\r are specifi$1 :ile twelve ma9 ribs w be ne$$ = /&>d con/ruction1 & sixte5 if ! quick-dem\ntable plan ref]r$ to is foll[$4 ,x is advisable to make sev]al extra ribs ( ea* k9d 9 addition4 ,if ! build] has n suffici5t fai? 9 spruce alone1 despite ! figures giv5 9 ,table ,i1 "o ( ! lam9ations1 pref]ably ! c5t]1 or if two be employ$1 ! out] ones1 may be ( a%1 ?\gh ?is w add consid]ably to ! weight4 ,to prev5t ! ribs f splitt+ op5 at ! ends1 !y are protect$ by light /eel f]rules1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae4 ,:5 receiv$ 9 ! r\gh-saw$ condition f ! mill1 ! ribs mu/ be tap]$ at ! ends ) a plane or spoke %ave to fit ^! f]rules1 & ! %>p edges %\ld be r\nd$ (f4 ,9 do+ ?is1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! upp] surface ( ! small ribs gives ! curvature to ! clo? surface1 s t any tap]+ mu/ be done on ! l[] side4 ,! ma9 ribs may be tap]$ f bo? sides1 z x is ! c5t] l9e1 or crack betwe5 ! ?ird & f\r? lam9ations1 t det]m9es ! curve4 ,e in* along ?is l9e ,a-in* holes are to be drill$ = ! lac+1 ,fig4 #ae4 ,! f]rules = ! front ends ( ! small ribs are light #a_/b-;in* seamless /eel tub+2 !y may be flatt5$ to ! prop] %ape 9 a vise )\t heat+ & are drill$ ) a #a_/h-;in* hole4 ,!y are driv5 tight on to ! tap]$ ends ( ! ribs & fa/5$ 9 place ) a small screw4 ,! re>-end f]rules are #a_/b-;in* l5g?s ( #c_/h-;in* tub+1 driv5 on & drill$ ) a #a_/cb-;in* hole = ! re>-edge wire4 ,! re> f]rules ( ! ma9 ribs may be ! same #a_/b-;in* tub+ us$ = ! front ( ! small ribs2 !y %\ld be cut (f s t _! ends w come 9 ! same l9e z ! holes 9 ! ends ( ! small ribs4 ,if ! quick-dem\ntable plan be foll[$1 ! second ma9 rib f ea* end may be left long & drill$ ) a hole l ! small ribs4 ,! front f]rules ( ! ma9 ribs %\ld be #c_/d-;in* tub+ ( heavi] gauge1 drill$ ) a #a_/d-;in* hole4 ,! f9i%$ ribs are s&pap]$ smoo? & %ellac$ or coat$ ) sp> v>ni%4 ,! latt] is mu* m exp5sive & sl[] 9 dry+ b has ! great advantage ( be+ wea!r-pro( & w protect ! glue cracks f moi/ure4 ,! f]rules may be pa9t$ ) black enamel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,details ( ,ribs & ,/ruts1 ,curtiss ,biplane ,/ruts4 ,be=e go+ into ! detail ( ! con/ruction ( ! rema9d] ( ! ma9 cell & its atta*$ fram+1 a brief description ( its p>ts & _! relation to "o ano!r w make matt]s cle>]4 ,! upright /ruts1 ,fig4 #ae1 :i* hold ! two planes ap>t1 fit at ea* end into sockets1 :i* are simply metal cups ) bolts project+ ?r\gh _! ends4 ,fig4 #af4 ,^? at ! bottom ( ! front r[ ( /ruts pass ?r\gh ! eyes ( ! turnbuckles & connections = ! wire truss+1 !n ?r\gh ! flatt5$ f]rules ( ! ma9 ribs1 & f9ally ?r\gh ! beam1 all be+ clamp$ toge!r ) a nut4 ,^? at ! top g ?r\gh ! turnbuckles fir/1 !n ?r\gh ! beam1 & f9ally ! rib f]rule4 ,! bolts at ! back r[ ( /ruts mu/ g ?r\gh ! full ?ickness ( ! ma9 ribs1 & s mu/ be long]4 ,! draw+s4 ,figs4 #ae & #af1 %[ ! me?od ( atta*m5t ( bo? ! ma9 & ! small ribs & illu/rate a neat me?od ( atta*+ ! turnbuckles--in/ead ( be+ /rung on ! socket bolt "o aft] ano!r1 !y are rivet$ to ! corn]s ( a /eel plate :i* alone is clamp$ "u ! socket4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,details ( ,metal ,p>ts ( ,curtiss ,biplane ,beams4 ,! beams are jo9t$ at ea* /rut connection1 ! ends be+ cut squ>e & unit$ by a %eet-/eel sleeve1 a patt]n ( :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #af1 clamp$ on by two small bolts4 ,! hole = ! socket bolt is drill$ half 9 ea* ( ! two abutt+ beams4 ,z x is v difficult to obta9 long pieces ( wood suffici5tly /raight gra9$ & free f knots = ! purpose1 ?is jo9t$ sy/em consid]ably *eap5s ! con/ruction4 ,bo? beams & /ruts are ( spruce1 b to give additional /r5g?1 ! beams ( ! middle section may be a%4 ,special a]o clo?1 rubb]iz$ fabrics1 or light1 closely-wov5 duck 7rac+ ya*t sail clo? ( f9e quality1 ?is be+ employ$ at fir/ by ! ,wright ,bro!rs 9 _! ma*9es7 =ms ! surfaces ( ! w+s4 ,! front edge ( ea* section ( ! surface is tack$ to ! beam & ! re> edge is lac$ ov] ! re> wire already ref]r$ to1 ?is wire be+ /ret*$ taut ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! re> tips ( ! ribs1 bo? ma9 & small4 ,aft] ! clo? is /ret*$ tight1 x is tack$ to ! small ribs1 a /rip ( tape be+ laid "u ! tack heads to prev5t ! clo? f pull+ away f "u !m4 ,if ! a]oplane is int5d$ to be tak5 ap>t v (t51 ! /&>d design z %[n by ! l>ge draw+s1 ,figs4 #aa & #ab1 may be modifi$ s z to make x unnecess>y to unlace ! clo? ea* "t4 ,?is is arrang$ by reg>d+ ! two out] sections at ea* end ( ! plane z "o1 & nev] sep>at+ !m4 ,additional ma9 ribs are !n provid$ at ! inn] ends ( ^! sections1 & are atta*$ directly to ! beams1 in/ead ( be+ clamp$ "u ! /rut sockets4 ,9 tak+ ! ma*9e ap>t1 ! /ruts are pull$ f ! sockets1 leav+ ! latt] 9 place4 ,x w !n be an advantage to %ort5 ! ma9 planes some:at1 say #c in*es on ea* section1 s t ! out] d\ble sections w come "u ! #ab-;foot rule ( ! ,express ,companies4 ,runn+ ,ge>4 ,?ree :eels are provid$--"o 9 front "u ! outrigg] & two "u ! ma9 cell = />t+ & l&+4 ,two beams ext5d f ! front :eel to ! eng9e b$ & s]ve to c>ry ! pilot's seat1 z w be se5 f ! elevator1 ,fig4 #ab4 ,a ?ird beam runs back horizontally f ! front :eel & on r\gh gr\nd acts z a skid4 ,! re/ ( ! runn+ ge> is made ( /eel tub+1 ! pieces be+ jo9$ simply by flatt5+ ! ends1 drill+ & clamp+ ) bolts2 no sockets or special connections ( any k9d are necess>y "h4 ,if desir$1 ! :eels may be c>ri$ 9 bicycle =ks & may be fitt$ ) %ock absorb]s1 "s idea ( ! v>i\s exp$i5ts adopt$ by diff]5t build]s = ?is purpose be+ obta9able f ! sket*es4 ,fig4 #dj 9 ,types ( ,a]oplanes4 ,two sep>ate tubes1 "o on ea* side ( ! :eel make a simple con/ruction & w probably s]ve j z well4 ,! details ( ! runn+ ge> w be giv5 lat]4 ,outrigg+ & ,rudd]s4 ,= ! outrigg]s & ! frames c>ry+ ! front horizontal or elevat+ rudd] & ! re> v]tical rudd] & tail1 or horizontal keel1 ei!r spruce or bamboo may be employ$4 ,bamboo w be f\nd on ma*9es turn$ out by ! ,curtiss factory1 & :ile x is ! light] ( ! two1 x is n g5]ally favor$1 z spruce is easi] to obta9 9 good quality & is f> easi] to "w4 ,at _! ends1 ^! outrigg]s are fitt$ ) f]rules ( /eel tub+1 flatt5$ & drill$ ?r\gh4 ,! outrigg]s are atta*$ to ! ma9 framework ( ! ma*9e by slipp+ ! f]rules ov] ! socket bolts ( ! middle section /ruts1 above & bel[ ! beams4 ,x is pref]able1 h[ev]1 to atta* ! re> outrigg]s to extra bolts runn+ ?r\gh ! beams1 s t :5 ! ma*9e is to be h\s$ ! tail & rudd] c be un%ipp$ & ! triangul> frames swung ar\nd aga9/ ! ma9 frame1 consid]ably r$uc+ ! space requir$4 ,! tail1 horizontal & v]tical rudd]s1 & ! ail]ons are light frames ( wood1 cov]$ on bo? sides ) ! same k9d ( clo? z ! ma9 planes or w+s4 ,^! frames are brac$ ) piano wire 9 su* a mann] t no twi/+ /ra9s c be put on !m4 ,! front horizontal rudd]1 :i* is ( biplane con/ruction l ! ma9 cell1 is built up ) /ruts 9 ! same way4 ,in/ead ( be+ fitt$ ) sockets1 h[ev]1 ! /ruts are held by long screws run ?r\gh ! planes & into _! ends1 pass+ ?r\gh ! eyes ( ! turnbuckles4 ,,details ,,( ,,con/ruction 99,ma9 ,planes & ,/ruts994 ,x is pref]able to beg9 ) ! con/ruction ( ! ma9 planes & _! /ruts & truss wires1 ! ribs already describ$ be+ ! fir/ /ep4 ,! ma9 beams (f] no special difficulties4 ,!y are ovals #a #a_/d by #a #e_/h in*es1 all #f feet long except ! eight end ones1 :i* are #f feet #b in*es4 ,! beams ( ! c5tral section %\ld be ( a%1 or %\ld be ?ick] ?an ! o!rs4 ,9 ! latt] case1 !y mu/ be tap]$ at ! ends s t ! clamp+ sleeves w fit & ! additional wood mu/ be all on ! l[] side1 s t ! rib w n be ?r[n out ( alignm5t4 ,! spruce us$ = ! o!r beams %\ld be reasonably cle> & /raight gra9$1 b a small knot or two does n matt]1 provid$ x does n come ne> ! ends ( ! beam4 ,! beams may be cut to ! oval %ape by ! sawmill or plan$ d[n by h&4 ,fi%-%ap$ or /ream-l9e section1 z x is m commonly t]m$1 is us$ = ! /ruts1 ,fig4 #ae4 ,x is que/ionable :e!r ?is makes any mat]ial diff]5ce 9 ! w9d resi/ance1 b x is common practice to foll[ x 9 ord] to m9imize ?is factor4 ,x is m important t ! /ruts be l>g] at _! c5t]s ?an at ! ends1 z ?is /r5g!ns !m consid]ably4 ,at _! ends ! /ruts h f]rules ( ! #a-;in* brass or /eel tub+1 & fit into ! sockets :i* clamp ! ribs & beams toge!r4 ,! mat]ial is spruce b ! f\r c5tral /ruts :i* c>ry ! eng9e b$ %\ld ei!r be a% or ( l>g] size1 say #a #a_/d by #c in*es4 ,c>e ,necess>y to ,get ,planes ,p>allel4 ,! front /ruts mu/ be long] ?an ! re> ones by ! ?ickness ( a ma9 rib at ! po9t :]e ! re> /rut bolt passes ?r\gh x1 less ! ?ickness ( ! rib f]rule ?r\gh :i* ! bolt ( ! front /rut mu/ pass4 ,h[ev]1 ! fir/ di/ance is n really ! actual ?ickness ( ! rib1 b ! di/ance betwe5 ! top ( ! re> beam & ! bottom ( ! /rut socket4 ,9 ! draw+s ! diff]5ce 9 l5g? betwe5 ! front & re> /ruts is giv5 z #b in*es1 b x is pref]able = ! build] to leave ! re> /ruts r long & !n measure ! actual di/ance :5 assembl+1 cutt+ ! /ruts to fit4 ,! ends ( ! /ruts %\ld also be c\nt]sunk en\gh to cle> ! head ( ! socket bolt4 ,"o ( ! items :i* ! build] c n well escape buy+ 9 f9i%$ =m is ! /rut sockets4 ,^! are cup-%ap$ affairs ( press$ /eel :i* sell at #bj c5ts ea*4 ,sixte5 ( !m w be requir$ = ! ma9 frame1 & a doz5 m c advantage\sly be us$ 9 ! front & re> controls1 ?\gh = ?is purpose !y are n absolutely necess>y4 ,!y c also be obta9$ 9 a l>g] oval size suitable = ! f\r c5tral /ruts t c>ry ! eng9e b$1 z well z 9 ! /&>d #a-;in* size4 ,! bolts :i* project ?r\gh ! bottom ( ! sockets are ord9>y #a_/d-;in* /ove bolts1 ) _! heads braz$ to ! sockets4 ,= ! re> /ruts1 :]e ! bolt mu/ pass ?r\gh ! slant+ ma9 rib1 x is advisable to make angle wa%]s to put "u ! socket & also betwe5 ! beam & rib4 ,^! wa%]s are made by saw+ up a piece ( heavy brass tub+1 or a b> ) a #a_/d-;in* hole drill$ 9 its c5t]1 ! saw cuts be+ tak5 alt]nately at "r angles & at #fj degrees to ! axis ( ! tube4 ,! sleeves :i* clamp toge!r ! ends ( ! beams are made ( %eet /eel ( ab\t #bj gauge4 ,! /eel is cut out on ! patt]n giv5 9 ! draw+1 ,fig4 #af1 & ! #c_/af-;in* bolt holes drill$ 9 ! flanges4 ,! flanges are b5t ov] by clamp+ ! %eet 9 a vise along ! b5d+ l9e & !n beat+ d[n ) a hamm]4 ,!n ! sleeves c be b5t into %ape ar\nd a /ray end ( ! beam wood4 ,! holes = ! /rut socket bolts %\ld n be drill$ until ready to assemble4 ,ord9>ily1 #c_/af-;in* /ove bolts w d to clamp ! flanges toge!r4 ,hav+ rea*$ ?is /age1 ! amateur build] mu/ n[ supply himself ) turnbuckles4 ,z already m5tion$1 ^! may ei!r be pur*as$ or made by h&4 ,x is p]missible to use ei!r "o or two turnbuckles on ea* wire4 ,"o is really suffici5t1 b two--"o at ea* end--add b little weight & give great] leeway 9 mak+ adju/m5ts4 ,z !re are ab\t #aae wires 9 ! ma*9e :i* ne$ turnbuckles1 ! numb] requir$ w be ei!r #aae or #bcj1 dep5d+ ^u ! plan :i* is foll[$4 ,^? ( ! turnbuckles to be us$ on ! front & re> controls & ! ail]ons1 ab\t "o-fif? ( ! total numb]1 may be ( light] /ock ?an ^? employ$ on wires :i* c>ry "p ( ! weight ( ! ma*9e4 99,mak+ ,turnbuckles = ! ,truss ,wires994 ,on ! supposition t ! build] w make 8 own turnbuckles1 a simple =m is describ$ "h4 ,z w be se5 f ,fig4 #af1 ! turnbuckles are simply bicycle spokes1 ) ! nipple caught 9 a loop ( %eet /eel & ! end ( ! spoke itself twi/$ into an eye to :i* ! truss wire c be atta*$4 ,! %eet /eel us$ %\ld be #ah or #af gauge1 & may be cut to patt]n ) a heavy pair ( t9 snips4 ,! spokes %\ld be #c_/cb in* ov] ! ?read$ portion4 ,! eye %\ld be twi/$ up tight & braz$ s t x c n come ap>t4 ,! hole 9 ! middle ( ea* /rip is1 ( c\rse1 drill$ ! same size z ! spoke nipple4 ,! holes 9 ! ends are #c_/af in*4 ,9 ! orig9al ,curtiss ma*9es1 ! turnbuckles 7 /rung on ! socket bolts "o aft] ano!r1 sometimes mak+ a pack ( !m half an in* ?ick4 ,a mu* neat] con/ruction is %[n 9 ! draw+s1 9 :i* ! bolt pi]ces a s+le plate ) lugs to :i* to make ! turnbuckles fa/ by rivet+4 ,! plates are ( diff]5t %apes1 ) two1 ?ree1 or f\r lugs1 accord+ to ! places :]e !y are to be us$4 ,!y are cut f /eel /ock #c_/cb in* ?ick1 ) #a_/d-;in* holes = ! socket bolts & #c_/af in*1 or o!r conv5i5t size1 = ! rivets t fa/5 on ! turnbuckles4 ,! relative m]its ( cable & piano wire = truss+ h n be5 ?or\ghly ?re%$ out4 ,ea* has its advantages & disadvantages4 ,mo/ ( ! well-kn[n build]s use cable2 yet if ! diff]5ce betwe5 #a1jjj feet ( cable at #b #a_/d c5ts p] foot 7! price = #ejj-;foot spools71 & #h p\nds ( piano wire at #gj c5ts a p\nd1 looks consid]able to ! amateur build]1 let him by all means use ! wire4 ,! cable1 if us$1 %\ld be ! #c_/cb-;in* size1 :i* w /& a load ( #hjj p\nds2 piano wire %\ld be #bd gauge1 te/$ to #gde p\nds4 ,x %\ld be not$ t !re is a special s]ies ( gauges = piano wire1 kn[n z ! music wire gauge1 9 :i* ! size ( ! wire increases ) ! gauge numb]s1 in/ead ( ! contr>y1 z is usual ) ma*9]y wire gauges4 ,"o by no means unimportant advantage ( ! piano wire is t x is mu* easi] to fa/5 into ! turnbuckles4 ,a small sleeve or f]rule1 a #a_/d-;in* l5g? ( #a_/h-;in* tub+1 is fir/ /rung on ! wire4 ,! end ( ! wire is !n pass$ ?r\gh ! turnbuckle eye1 b5t up1 ?ru/ ?r\gh ! sleeve1 & aga9 b5t d[n4 ,:5 ! ma*9e is tak5 ap>t1 ! wire is n disconnect$ f ! eye1 b in/ead ! turnbuckle spoke is unscrew$ f ! nipple4 ,! %ape ( ! %eet-/eel loop %\ld be su* z to hold ! latt] 9 place4 ,cable1 on ! o!r h&1 mu/ be cut ) ab\t #b in*es to sp>e4 ,aft] be+ ?read$ ?r\gh ! turnbuckle eye1 ! end is w\nd back tightly on itself & !n sold]$1 to make c]ta9 t x c n loos54 ,) a supply ( turnbuckles & cable or piano wire at h&1 ! build] may g ahead ) ! ma9 box-l /ructure or cell1 :i* %\ld be complet$ except = ! clo? cov]+1 & 9 prop] alignm5t1 be=e tak+ up ! con/ruction ( ! runn+ ge> & controls4 99,runn+ ,ge>994 ,! runn+ ge> ( ! ma*9e is built ( seamless /eel tub+1 ^? p>ts :i* c>ry ! weight ( ! ma*9e direct be+ ( #c_/d-;in* outside diamet]1 #af-;gauge tub+1 :ile ! o!rs are #e_/h-;in* outside diamet]1 ei!r #ah or #bj gauge4 ,ab\t #be feet ( ! heavy & #de feet ( ! light tub+ w be requir$1 9 l5g?s z foll[s3 ,heavy1 f\r #c-;foot1 ?ree #d-;foot2 light1 "o #f-;foot1 two #d-;foot #f-;in*1 & sev5 #d-;foot pieces4 ,ref]r+ to ,fig4 #ag1 two diagonal braces f ! re> beam to ! eng9e b$1 ! ,v-%ap$ piece "u ! front eng9e b$ /ruts & all ( ! re> frame except ! horizontal piece f :eel to :eel1 are ( heavy tub+4 ,! horizontal 9 ! re> frame1 diagonals f ! re> :eels & ! re> end ( ! skid to ! front beam1 ! two horizontals betwe5 ! front & re> beam1 & ! =w>d ,v are ( light tub+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,details ( ,curtiss ,runn+ ,ge> ,?ree a% beams are us$ 9 ! runn+ ge>4 ,two ( ^! run diagonally f ! re> end ( ! eng9e b$ to ! front :eel4 ,^! are ab\t #aj feet long & #a by #a #c_/d in*es section4 ,! ?ird1 :i* on r\gh gr\nd acts z a skid1 is #h #a_/b feet long & ab\t #b in*es squ>e4 ,betwe5 ! jo9ts :]e ! tub+ frames are atta*$ to x1 ! upp] corn]s may be bevel$ (f ) a spoke %ave an in* or m d[n ea* side4 ,! beams are atta*$ to ! front :eel ) /rips ( /eel /ock #a #a_/b in*es wide & #a_/h in* ?ick4 ,! eng9e b$ beams are also a% ab\t #a by #a #c_/d in*es section4 ,_! re> ends are bolt$ to ! middle ( ! re> eng9e b$ /ruts & ! front ends may be #a_/b in* high]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sc5e ,,at ,,aviation ,,meet ,,at ,,r\51 ,,france1 ,,%[+ ,,an ,,anto9ette ,,monoplane ,,mak+ ,a ,,turn ,?is ,photograph ,protect$ ,by ,int]national ,copyright ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,fr5* ,,monoplane ,,travell+ ,,sixty-,,five ,,miles ,,an ,,h\r ,?is ,photograph ,protect$ ,by ,int]national ,copyright ,! :eels are usually #bj by #b in*es1 & ( ! bicycle type1 b heavi] & wid] 9 ! hub2 ! tires are s+le tube4 ,^! :eels1 complete ) tires1 co/ ab\t #aj ea*4 ,?is size is us$ on ! /&>d ,curtiss ma*9es1 b novice op]ators1 ^: l&+s are n q z g5tle z !y might be1 f9d !m easily brok54 ,!re=e1 x may be m economical 9 ! end to pay a little m & get heavi] tires--at lea/ to />t )4 ,= work+ ! tub+ into %ape1 a plumb]'s bl[ tor* is almo/ indisp5sable--mo/ automobili/s w already possess "o ( ^!4 ,! oval1 flat v>iety1 hold+ ab\t "o p9t1 is v h&y & packs away easily1 b on /eady "w requires fill+ some:at too frequ5tly4 ,) a doz5 bricks a %ield c be built 9 front ( ! tor* to protect ! flame & conc5trate ! heat4 ,:5ev] x is to be flatt5$ & b5t1 ! tub+ %\ld be br\ght to a bright r$ or yell[ heat4 ,screw+ ! vise d[n on x w !n flatt5 x quickly )\t hamm] m>ks4 ,:]e ! b5d is to be made 9 ! middle ( ! piece1 h[ev]1 x may be necess>y to resort to ! hamm] & anvil4 ,x is conv5i5t to />t ) ! framework "u ! re> beam4 ,?is may be drawn accurately to full size on ! work%op floor1 & ! tubes b5t to fit ! draw+4 ,) ?is framework once 9 place1 a def9ite />t+ po9t = ! rema9d] ( ! runn+ ge> is e/abli%$4 ,"h & 9 all o!r places1 :5 bor+ ?r\gh wood1 ! holes %\ld be drill$ out full1 & l>g] wa%]s %\ld be plac$ "u ! bolt head & nut4 ,all nuts %\ld be provid$ ) "s sort ( lock+ device ,! p]spective draw+4 ,fig4 #ag1 %\ld %[ ! g5]al arrangem5t cle>ly en\gh to enable ! build] to f9i% ! runn+ ge>4 99,outrigg]s994 ,bo? ! front & re> control memb]s1 or outrigg]s z !y are t]m$1 ,fig4 #ab1 may be conv5i5tly built up on ! c5tral section ( ! ma9 frame1 :i*1 x is assum$1 has n[ be5 fitt$ ) ! runn+ ge>4 ,! horizontal rudd]1 or elevator1 is a biplane /ructure l ! ma9 cell ( ! ma*9e1 b ) few] /ruts2 x is c>ri$ 9 front ( ! ma9 planes on two 99,a99-%ap$ frames4 ,! v]tical rudd]1 at ! re>1 is split along ! middle & /raddles a fix$ horizontal plane1 or tail4 ,?is also is c>ri$ on two 99,a99-%ap$ frames4 ,lat]al /ability is controll$ by two auxili>y planes or ail]ons1 "o at ea* side ( ! ma*9e & c>ri$ on ! two out] front /ruts4 ,^! ?ree control units--elevator1 tail & rudd]1 & ail]ons--w n[ be tak5 up sep>ately & _! con/ruction1 location on ! ma*9e1 & op]ation w be describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,details ( ,rudd]s & ,ail]ons1 ,curtiss ,biplane ,horizonal ,rudd] or ,elevator4 ,! two planes ( ! elevator are #b feet wide by #e feet #h in*es long & are spac$ #b feet ap>t1 be+ held 9 ?is position by t5 /ruts4 ,! frames ( ! planes are built ( spruce /icks #a_/b by #a in*1 ea* plane hav+ two /icks ! full l5g? & five ev5ly spac$ crosspieces or ribs4 ,^! are jo9$ toge!r ) squ>es ( ,x-%eet t91 z %[n 9 ! detail$ draw+1 ,fig4 #ah4 ,) a little exp]im5t+1 pap] patt]ns c be made f :i* ! t9 pieces c be cut out4 ,! /icks are !n nail$ ?r\gh ! t9 ) #c_/d-;in* brads4 ,x is conv5i5t to draw ! frames out accurately on a smoo? wood floor & !n "w ov] ?is draw+4 ,! fir/ few brads w hold ! /icks 9 place4 ,:5 all ! brads h be5 driv51 a little drop ( sold] %\ld be run 9 ar\nd ! head ( ea* "o4 ,?is is a t$i\s job4 ,"o mu/ be c>eful to use no m sold] ?an necess>y z x increases ! weight v rapidly4 ,two p\nds ( wire sold] %\ld be suffici5t = all ! control memb]s :i* are built 9 ?is way4 ,:5 ! top side is sold]$1 pry ! frame loose f ! floor ) a screwdriv] & turn x ov]4 ,!n ! project+ po9ts ( ! brads mu/ be cl9*$ & ! sold]+ repeat$4 ,at ?is /age1 ! two frames %\ld be cov]$ on bo? sides ) ! prep>$ clo? us$ = cov]+ ! ma9 planes4 ,! me?od ( prep>+ ?is clo? is detail$ a little f>!r along4 ,! /ruts1 s-call$1 to cont9ue ! analogy ) ! ma9 planes1 are turn$ /icks ( spruce #c_/h in* 9 diamet]4 ,!y are fitt$ at ea* end ) f]rules ( ?9 #c_/h-;in* brass1 or /eel tub+1 driv5 on tight4 ,in/ead ( us+ sockets1 ! /ruts are held at ea* end1 simply by a long wood screw driv5 ?r\gh ! t9 & wood ( ! plane frame & into ! /rut4 ,^! screws also hold ! turnbuckles = ! truss wires4 ,= truss+ purposes1 ! elevator is reg>d$ z consi/+ ( two sections only1 ! int]m$iate /ruts be+ disreg>d$4 ,! turnbuckles & wire us$ "h & 9 ! o!r control memb]s may well be ( light] /ock ?an ^? us$ 9 ! ma9 planes4 ,piano wire1 ,no4 #ah1 or #a_/af-;in* cable is amply /rong4 ,! %eet /eel may be ab\t #bb gauge1 in/ead ( #af1 & ! bicycle spokes small] 9 proportion4 ,no turnbuckle plates are necess>y4 ,! screws runn+ into ! /ruts may be pass$ directly ?r\gh ! eyes ( ! turnbuckles1 :]e !y w\ld h be5 atta*$ to ! turnbuckle plate4 ,9 ord] to secure a squ>e & neat /ructure1 ^? /ruts :i* h turnbuckles at _! ends %\ld be made a trifle %ort] ?an ! o!rs4 ,at ea* end1 ! elevator has an 99,x99-%ap$ frame ( #a_/d-;in* /eel tub+2 at ! int]section ( ! 99,x99's are pivots on :i* ! elevator is support$4 ,ea* 99,x99 is made ( two tubes1 b5t into a y & flatt5$ & braz$ toge!r at ! po9ts4 ,! ends ( ! 99,x99's are flatt5$ & b5t ov] s t ! screws :i* hold ! /ruts 9 place may pass ?r\gh !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,curtiss ,biplane ,ready = ,flight ,to ! front middle /rut is atta*$ an ext5sion :i* acts z a lev] = op]at+ ! elevator4 ,?is is a /ick ( spruce #c_/d in* 9 diamet] & #c feet #c in*es long4 ,at its upp] end x has a f]rule ( /eel tub+1 flatt5$ at ! end4 ,! l[] "p ( ! /ick may be fa/5$ to ! /rut by wrapp+ ! tube ) friction tape1 or by improvis+ a c\ple ( %eet /eel clamps4 ,! upp] end ( ! /ick is brac$ by a #a_/d-;in* /eel tube1 ext5d+ to ! top ( ! re> middle /rut1 & held by ! same screw z ! /rut4 ,?is ext5sion lev] is connect$ to ! /e]+ column by a bamboo rod1 #a in* 9 diamet] & ab\t #aj feet long1 provid$ ) flatt5$ f]rules ( /eel tub+ at ea* end4 ,ea* f]rule %\ld be held on by a #a_/h-;in* /ove bolt pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,front & ,re> ,outrigg] ,frames4 ,bo? ! front elevator & ! tail & rudd] at ! re>1 are c>ri$1 z m5tion$ above1 ea* on a pair ( 99,a99-%ap$ frames1 simil> to "o ano!r1 except t ^? 9 ! re> are long] ?an ^? 9 ! front4 ,bo? are made ( spruce ( ab\t ! same section z us$ = ! /ruts ( ! ma9 frame4 ,^! pieces may ei!r be full l5g?1 or !y may be jo9t$ at ! int]section ( ! crosspieces1 ! ends be+ clamp$ 9 a %eet-/eel sleeve1 j l t us$ on ! beams ( ! ma9 frame4 ,9 ?is case1 x is advisable to run a #a_/h-;in* /ove bolt ?r\gh ea* ( ! ends4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,details ( ,outrigg]s & ,front ,elevat+ ,planes z ,se5 f ,driv]'s ,seat ,! crosspieces ( ! 99,a99-frames are spruce ( ! same section1 or a little small]4 ,at _! ends may be us$ /rut sockets l ^? ( ! ma9 frame2 or1 if x is desir$ to save ?is exp5se1 !y may be fa/5$ by /rips ( #a_/af-;in* /eel /ock ) ?r\gh bolts4 ,! front outrigg] has1 besides ! two ,a-frames1 a r complicat$ arrangem5t ( /ruts design$ to brace ! front :eel aga9/ ! %ocks ( l&+4 ,?is arrangem5t does n appe> v pla9 9 a plan or elevation1 & may be/ be und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! photograph1 ,fig4 #ai1 & ! p]spective draw+1 ,fig4 #bj4 ,fig4 #bj is a view f ! driv]'s seat4 ,! elevator is se5 9 front1 ! 99,a99-frames at ea* side1 & at ! bottom ! two diagonal beams to ! eng9e b$ & ! skid4 ,ref]5ce to ?is draw+ w %[ ! two diagonals run f ! front :eel up & back to ! top ( ! ma9 frame1 & two m f ! :eel =w>d to ! %ort crosspieces ne> ! apexes ( ! 99,a99-frame3 !re is also a v]tical /rut :i* int]sects two horizontal pieces runn+ betwe5 ! ends ( ! long] crosspieces ( ! 99,a99-frames4 ,altoge!r1 !re are five atta*m5ts on ea* side ( ! front :eel1 ?r\gh :i* ! axle bolt mu/ pass1 viz1 ! connections to ! skid1 to "o ( ! diagonals to ! eng9e b$1 to "o ( ! re> diagonals1 to "o ( ! front diagonals1 & to "o side ( ! =k c>ry+ ! v]tical /rut4 ,( ^! ! skid atta*m5ts %\ld be on ! inside close/ to ! :eel1 & ! eng9e b$ diagonals next4 ,! f\r additional diagonals runn+ to ! front :eel may be spruce ( ! same section us$ 9 ! 99,a99-frames1 or turn$ "o in* r\nd4 ,at ea* end !y h flatt5$ f]rules ( /eel tub+4 ,! beams ( ! 99,a99-frames h simil> f]rules at ! ends :]e !y atta* to ! ma9 frames4 ,^! atta*m5ts %\ld be made on ! socket bolts ( ! /ruts on ei!r side ( ! middle #f-;foot section & on ! out] side ( ! ma9 beams--n betwe5 ! beam & ! socket itself4 ,x is possible1 ( c\rse1 to make all ! 99,a99-frames & diagonal braces ( bamboo1 if desir$1 ! qualities ( ?is mat]ial already hav+ be5 ref]r$ to4 ,bamboo rods = ?is purpose %\ld be betwe5 #a & #a #a_/d in*es 9 diamet]4 ,:]e f]rules are fitt$ on ! ends1 ! hole ( ! bamboo %\ld be plugg$ ) wood glu$ 9 place4 ,g5]ally1 9 ! con/ruction ( ! outrigg] frames1 ! build] c use 8 own discretion to a consid]able ext5t4 ,!re tire innum]able details :i* c be v>i$--f> too _m to consid] ev5 a "p ( ! possibilities 9 ?is connection4 ,if ! build] runs across any detail :i* he does n see m5tion$ "h1 he may safely assume t any workmanlike job w suffice4 ,(t51 ! me?od may be adapt$ to ! mat]ials on h&4 ,! diagonal wires f ! crosspieces ( ! ,a-frames to ! /ruts %\ld be cross$4 ,rudd] & ,tail ,con/ruction4 ,! frame = ! rudd] & tail are con/ruct$ 9 mu* ! same way z ^? = ! elevator1 ,fig4 #ah4 ,spruce /icks #a by #a_/b in* are us$ ?r\gh\t1 except = ! piece at ! back edge ( ! rudd] & ! long middle piece across ! tail2 ^! %\ld be #a #a_/b by #a_/b in*4 ,?is long middle piece ( ! tail is laid across on top ( ! re/ ( ! framework4 ,:5 ! clo? is put on1 ?is makes ! upp] surface slightly convex :ile ! l[] surface rema9s flat4 ,! ends ( ?is piece %\ld be re9=c$ ) %eet /eel1 fairly heavy & drill$ = #a_/d-;in* bolts1 atta*+ ! tail to ! 99,a99-frames4 ,! rudd] is hung f two po/s ext5d+ above & bel[ ! tail4 ,^! po/s may be set 9 ca/ alum9um sockets1 su* z may be obta9$ f any supply h\se = #bj c5ts apiece4 ,! po/s ne$ n be m ?an #c_/d in* 9 diamet]4 ,at _! out] ends1 !y %\ld h f]rules ( /eel tub+1 & ! turnbuckles or o!r atta*m5ts = ! truss wires %\ld be atta*$ by a wood screw runn+ into ! end ( ea*4 ,f ^! po/s ! rudd] may be hung on any light h+es ! build] may f9d conv5i5t1 or on h+es improvis$ f screw eyes or eye bolts1 ) a bolt pass+ ?r\gh ! eyes ( ea*4 ,9 /e]+1 ! rudd] is controll$ by a /e]+ :eel c>ri$ on a h+$ po/ 9 front ( ! pilot4 ,?is po/ %\ld be a% ab\t #a by #a #a_/d in*es4 ,x h+es at ! bottom on a /eel tube ( #a_/b-;in* diamet] :i* passes ?r\gh x & is support$ at ! ends on diagonal beams to ! eng9e b$4 ,two diagonals ( light] tub+ may be put 9 to hold ! po/s c5t]$ betwe5 ! two beams4 ,! po/ is1 ( c\rse1 upright1 & ! hub ( ! :eel is horizontal4 ,! :eel may be conv5i5tly m\nt$ on a piece ( tub+ ( ! same size z ! hub hole1 run ?r\gh ! po/ & held by a comp>atively small bolt1 :i* passes ?r\gh x & has a big wa%] on ei!r end4 ,! :eel is pref]ably ( ! motor-boat v>iety ) a groove ar\nd ! rim = ! /e]+ cable4 ,! re> edge ( ! tail %\ld be ab\t #a in* l[] ?an ! front4 ,to make ! rudd] po/ /& approximately v]tical1 w$ge-%ap$ pieces ( wood may be set "u ! sockets4 ,! /e]+ connections %\ld be ( flexible cables ( /eel su* z are made = ?is purpose4 ,!re %\ld be a d\ble pulley on ! po/ j "u ! :eel1 & ! cables %\ld be l$ (f ! po/ j at ! h+e at ! bottom1 s t sw++ ! po/ w n affect !m4 ,! cable is !n c>ri$ "u ! l[] ma9 plane & out ! l[] beams ( ! 99,a99-frames4 ,x is atta*$ to ! rudd] at ! back edge2 snap hooks %\ld be us$ = easy disconnection 9 pack+4 ,p]haps ! be/ way ( guid+ ! cable1 in/ead ( us+ pulleys1 is to run x ?r\gh %ort pieces ( tub+ la%$ to ! beams ) friction tape4 ,! tub+ c be b5t )\t flatt5+ by fir/ fill+ x ) melt$ lead1 :i*1 aft] ! b5d+1 c be melt$ out aga94 99,ail]ons = ,lat]al ,/ability994 ,! framework ( ! ail]ons is made 9 ! same way z t = ! elevator1 tail1 & rudd]1 ,fig4 #ah4 ,! pieces ar\nd ! edges %\ld be #a #a_/b by #a_/b in*1 z also ! long /rip laid ov] ! top ( ! ribs4 ,! ribs %\ld be #a_/b by #c_/d in*4 ,ea* ail]on has two holes1 "o = ! /rut to pass ?r\gh1 & ! o!r = ! diagonal truss wires at _! int]section4 ,! back edge also has a not* 9 x to cle> ! =e & aft wires4 ,ea* ail]on is hung on f\r /rips ( s(t /eel ab\t #a_/b by #c_/af in*1 twi/$ s t "o end is at "r angles to ! o!r4 ,^! are arrang$ "o on ea* side ( ! /rut :i* passes ?r\gh ! ail]on1 & "o at ea* end4 ,bolts ?r\gh ! /ruts c>ry ?ree ( !m & ! out] "o is truss$ by wires to ea* end ( ! out] /rut4 ,a frame ( #a_/d-;in* /eel tub+ fits ar\nd ! aviator's %\ld]s & is h+$ to ! seat1 s t he c move x by lean+ f "o side to ! o!r4 ,?is is connect$ by flexible cable to ! re> edges ( ! ail]ons1 s t :5 ! aviator leans to ! left1 he w raise ! left & l[] ! "r ail]on4 ,! upp] edges ( ! ail]ons are directly connect$ to ea* o!r by a cable runn+ along ! upp] front beam1 s t !y mu/ always move toge!r4 99,cov]+ ( ! ,planes994 ,m5tion has already be5 made ( ! fact1 9 ! g5]al description ( ! ma*9e1 t light sail clo?1 z employ$ on ! ,wright ma*9es1 may be us$ = ! planes or w+s4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 _m diff]5t mat]ials may be successfully employ$1 ! selection dep5d+ ^u ! build] himself & 8 f9ancial res\rces4 ,ab\t #ee squ>e y>ds ( mat]ial w be requir$1 & 9 comp>+ prices always comp>e ! wid? z ?is may v>y f #bh to #ee in*es4 ,rubb]iz$ silk :i* is us$ on ! /&>d ,curtiss ma*9es is ! mo/ exp5sive cov]+1 its co/ runn+ up to some?+ l two hundr$ doll>s4 ,!re are also sev]al good a]o fabrics on ! m>ket :i* sell at #fj c5ts a squ>e y>d1 z well z a numb] ( br&s ( v>ni% = ! clo?--mo/ ( !m1 h[ev]1 q exp5sive4 ,! mo/ economical me?od is to employ a /rong l95 clo? coat$ ) %ellac1 :i* w be f\nd v satisfactory4 ,! cov]+ ( ! frames ) ! clo? may well be po/pon$ until aft] ! eng9e has be5 in/all$ & te/$1 ?us avoid+ ! spla%+ ( oil & dirt :i* ! fabric is apt to receive dur+ ?is op]ation4 ,! wire to :i* ! clo? is lac$1 mu/ be /rung along ! re> ends ( ! ribs ( ea* plane4 ,! wires pass ?r\gh holes 9 ! ends ( ! small ribs & are atta*$ to ! ma9 ribs ) turnbuckles4 ,at ! ends ( ! planes ! ma9 ribs mu/ be brac$ aga9/ ! pull ( ! wire by a piece ( #a_/d-;in* tub+ runn+ f ! end ( ! rib diagonally up to ! re> beam4 ,bo? turnbuckles & tube are fa/5$ ) "o wood screw runn+ into ! end ( ! rib4 ,! clo? %\ld be cut to fit ! panels betwe5 ! ma9 ribs & hemm$ up1 all[+ at lea/ an in* 9 ea* direction = /ret*4 ,small eyelets %\ld be put along ! sides & re> edges an in* ap>t = ! lac+4 ,at ! front edge1 ! clo? is tack$ directly to ! beam1 ! edge be+ tak5 well "u & ar\nd to ! back4 ,/rong fi% l9e is good mat]ial = ! lac+4 ,aft] ! clo? is lac$ on1 x mu/ be tack$ d[n to ! small ribs4 ,= ?is purpose1 use uphol/]y tacks z !y h big cup-%ap$ heads :i* grip ! clo? & d n te> out4 ,z an extra precaution a /rip ( heavy tape mu/ be run ov] ea* rib "u ! tack heads4 ,all ! control memb]s are cov]$ on bo? sides1 ! edges be+ fold$ "u & held by tacks4 99,mak+ ! ,propell]994 ,if ! complet$ biplane is to fly prop]ly & also h suffici5t spe$ to make x safe1 consid]able c>e mu/ be devot$ to ! design & mak+ ( ! propell]4 ,e a]oplane has a safe spe$1 usually ref]r$ to 9 te*nical p>lance z its critical spe$4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,curtiss biplane "u consid]ation1 ?is spe$ is ab\t #dj miles an h\r4 ,by spe$+ up ! motor consid]ably1 x may be able to make #db to #dc miles an h\r 9 a calm1 su* a condition repres5t+ ! only true measure ( an a]oplane's ability 9 ?is direction1 :ile on ! o!r h&1 x w\ld n be safe to let its spe$ ) relation to ! w9d 7n to ! gr\nd7 fall mu* bel[ #ce miles an h\r4 ,at any sl[] rate ( travel1 its dynamic /ability w\ld be prec>i\s & ! ma*9e w\ld be likely to dive to ! gr\nd unexpect$ly4 ,! reasons = ?is h be5 expla9$ m 9 detail "u ! head+ ( ,! ,int]nal ,"w ( ! ,w9d4 ,! necessity ( mak+ ! propell] ne$ n disc\rage ! ambiti\s build]--if he c sp>e ! "t to d x "r1 x w be excell5t exp]i5ce4 ,if n1 propell]s design$ = driv+ a ma*9e ( ?is size c be pur*as$ ready to m\nt f any "o ( q a numb] ( manufactur]s4 ,b z ! outlay requir$ w be at lea/ #ej1 d\btless mo/ exp]im5t]s w pref] to und]take ?is "p ( ! "w z well z t ( build+ ! framework & ma9 cell1 p>ticul>ly z m ?an #ij p] c5t ( ! sum m5tion$ is repres5t$ by labor4 ,! co/ ( ! mat]ial requir$ is insignificant by comp>ison4 ,true-,screw ,design4 ,fir/ x w be necess>y to design ! propell] to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! biplane itself4 ,z ?is is a matt] t has already be5 gone into 9 consid]able detail "u ! appropriate head+1 no fur!r explanation ( propell] *>act]i/ics or ( ! te*nical t]ms employ$1 %\ld be ne$$ "h4 ,we w assume t ! biplane is to h a spe$ ( #dj miles p] h\r 9 /ill air ) ! motor runn+ at #a1bjj r4p4m4 ,) ?is data1 x w n be difficult to calculate ! correct pit* ( ! propell] to give t result4 ,?us #dj ,x #e1bhj ,x #ajj _/ #fj ,x #a1bjj ,x #he #c4de or 9 r\nd numb]s a pit* ( #c #a_/b feet4 #dj 7! spe$ 9 miles p] h\r7 times #e1bhj 7feet p] mile7 divid$ by #jj 7m9utes 9 an h\r7 gives ! spe$ ( ! a]oplane 9 feet p] m9ute4 ,divid+ ?is by #a1bjj 7revolutions p] m9ute7 gives ! numb] ( feet ! a]oplane is to advance p] revolution ( ! propell]4 ,! #ajj_/he "p ( ! equation repres5ts ! effici5cy ( ! propell] :i* c safely be figur$ on1 i4e41 #he p] c5t1 or an all[ance = slip ( #ae p] c5t4 ,=ty miles an h\r is ! maximum spe$ to be expect$1 :ile ! r4p4m4 rate ( ! eng9e %\ld be t at :i* x op]ates to ! be/ advantage4 ,! m]its ( ! true-screw & v>iable-pit* propell]s h already be5 dwelt ^u4 ,! =m] is n only m simple to build1 b exp]i5ce has %[n t1 z g5]ally employ$1 x gives bett] effici5cy4 ,h5ce1 ! propell] "u consid]ation w1 be ( ! true-screw type4 ,its pit* has already be5 calculat$ z #c #a_/b feet4 ,= a ma*9e ( ?is size & p[]1 x %\ld be #f feet 9 diamet]4 ,hav+ work$ out ! pit* & decid$ ^u ! diamet]1 ! next & mo/ important ?+ is to calculate ! pit* angle4 ,x w be evid5t t no two po9ts on ! blade w travel ?r\gh ! air at ! same spe$4 ,obvi\sly1 a po9t ne> ! tip ( ! propell] moves fa/] ?an "o ne> ! hub1 j z 9 r\nd+ a curve1 ! out] :eel ( an automobile has to travel fa/] ?an ! inn]1 because x has to travel f>!r to cov] ! same gr\nd4 ,= in/ance1 tak+ ! dim5sions ( ! propell] 9 "q x w be se5 t its tips w be travel+ ?r\gh ! air at close to #d4c miles p] m9ute1 t is1 #f ,x ,x #abjj _/ #e1bhj #d4bh 9 :i* #f1 ! diamet] ( ! propell] 9 feet1 times gives ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle :i* is travel$ by ! blade tips #a1bjj times p] m9ute2 ?is divid$ by ! numb] ( feet p] mile gives ! miles p] m9ute cov]$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a po9t on ! blade b #f in*es f ! hub w turn at only approximately #c1ejj feet p] m9ute4 ,!re=e1 if e "p ( ! blade is to advance ?r\gh ! air equally1 ! inn] "p mu/ be set at a great] angle ?an ! out] "p4 ,ea* "p ( ! blade mu/ be set at su* an angle t at ea* revolution x w move =w>d ?r\gh ! air a di/ance equal to ! pit*4 ,?is is kn[n z ! pit* angle4 ,! pit* divid$ by ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle describ$ by any "p ( ! blade1 w give a quantity kn[n z ! tang5t ( an angle = t p>ticul> "p4 ,! angle correspond+ to t tang5t may mo/ easily be f\nd by ref]r+ to a book ( trigonometric tables4 ,= example1 take t "p ( ! blade ( a #c #a_/b-;foot pit* propell] :i* is #f in*es f ! c5t] ( ! hub4 ,!n #c4e ,x #ab _/ #f ,x #b #a4aada tang5t ( #dh degrees #e m9utes 9 :i* #c4e ,x #ab r$uces ! pit* to in*es1 :ile #f ,x #b is ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle describ$ by ! po9t #f in*es f ! hub4 ,h[ev]1 9 ord] to give ! propell] blade a prop] hold on ! air1 x mu/ be set at a great] angle ?an ^! figures w\ld indicate4 ,t is1 x mu/ be giv5 an angle ( incid5ce simil> to t giv5 to e "o ( ! support+ planes ( ! ma*9e4 ,?is additional angle ranges f #b degrees #cj m9utes1 to #d degrees1 dep5d+ ^u ! spe$ at :i* ! p>ticul> "p ( ! blade travels2 ! great] ! spe$1 ! less ! angle4 ,?is does n apply to t "p ( ! blade ne> ! hub z ! latt] is dep5d$ ^u solely = /r5g? & is n expect$ to add to ! effective ?ru/ ( ! propell]4 ,table ,,ii %[s ! complete set ( figures = a blade ( #c #a_/b-;foot pit*1 ! angles be+ work$ out = sections ( ! blade #c in*es ap>t4 ,^! angles are employ$ 9 ,fig4 #ba1 :i* %[s "o blade ( ! propell] & its cross sections4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood t ^! calculations apply only to ! type ( propell] kn[n z ! true screw1 z di/+ui%$ f ! v>iable pit*4 ,! design ( ! latt] is a matt] ( p]sonal skill & exp]i5ce 9 its mak+ :i* is h>dly capable ( expression 9 any ma!matical =mula4 ,!re are said to be only ab\t ?ree m5 9 ?is c\ntry :o "k h[ to make a prop] v>iable-pit* propell]1 & x naturally is )\t advantage :5 made o!rwise4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,details ( ,propell] ,con/ruction1 ,curtiss ,biplane ,%ap+ ! ,blades4 ,l ! ribs1 ! propell] is made up ( a numb] ( lam9ations ( bo>ds f9i%$ true & securely glu$1 aft]w>d be+ cut to ! prop] %ape1 ?\gh ?is process1 ( c\rse1 involves f> m skill ?an 9 ! =m] case4 ,spruce is ! /ronge/ wood = its weight1 b x is s(t & cracks easily4 ,maple1 on ! o!r h&1 is t\gh & h>d1 s t x w be an advantage to alt]nate ! lay]s ( ^! woods ) an extra maple bo>d1 9 ord] to make bo? outside /rips ( ! h>d] wood1 s z to =m a good back+ = ! /eel flanges at ! hub1 ! re> lay] ext5d+ ! full l5g? ( ! ?9 re> edges ( ! blades4 ,o!r woods may be employ$ & frequ5tly are us$ by propell] manufactur]s1 su* z mahogany 7n ! gra9$ wood us$ = furniture1 b a *eap] grade :i* is mu* /rong]71 walnut1 alt]nate spruce & :itewood1 & o!rs4 ,! bo>ds %\ld be select$ ) ! greate/ c>e s z to insure _! be+ p]fectly cle>1 i4e41 absolutely free ( knots1 cross-gra9$ /reaks1 or simil> flaws1 :i* w\ld impair _! /r5g? & r5d] !m difficult to "w smoo?ly4 ,!y %\ld measure #f in*es wide by #f feet #a in* 9 l5g?4 ,_! surfaces mu/ be f9i%$ p]fectly true1 s t !y w come toge!r uni=mly all ov] ! area on :i* !y be> on "o ano!r1 & ! v>i\s pieces mu/ be glu$ toge!r ) ! mo/ pa9/ak+ c>e4 ,h ! glue hot1 s t x w spread ev5ly1 & see t x is ( a uni=m consi/5cy1 9 ord] t x may be smoo?ly appli$ to e bit ( ! surface4 ,!y mu/ !n be clamp$ toge!r "u z mu* pressure z x is possible to apply to !m ) ! means at h&1 ! rib press already describ$ 9 detail =m+ an excell5t tool = ?is purpose4 ,tight5 up ! nuts ev5ly a little at a "t1 avoid+ ! application ( excessive or unev5 pressure at "o po9t1 cont9u+ ! gradual tight5+ up process until x c n be c>ri$ any f>!r4 ,?is is to prev5t ! bo>ds f assum+ a curve 9 dry+ fa/4 ,all[ at lea/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs = dry+1 dur+ :i* p]iod ! lam9at$ block %\ld be kept 9 a cool1 dry place at z ev5 a temp]ature z possible4 ,be=e und]tak+ ! rema9d] ( ! "w1 all ( :i* mu/ be c>ri$ out by h&1 ) ! exception ( cutt+ ! block to ! outl9e ( ! propell]1 :i* may be done ) a b& saw1 a set ( templates or gauges %\ld be made f ! draw+s4 ,^! w be necess>y z guides = f9i%+ ! propell] accurately4 ,draw ! sections out full size on %eets ( c>dbo>d or t9 & cut out along ! curves1 f9ally divid+ ea* %eet into two p>ts1 "o = ! upp] side & "o = ! l[]4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to get ! sides ( ! template squ>e1 & :5 !y are us$1 ! propell] %\ld be laid on a p]fectly true & flat block4 ,ea* template %\ld be m>k$ z x is f9i%$1 to indicate :at "p ( ! blade x is a gauge =4 ,! "w ( cutt+ ! lam9at$ block d[n to ! l9es repres5t$ by ! templates is c>ri$ out ) ! aid ( ! plane1 spoke %ave1 & g\ge4 ,aft] ! fir/ r\gh+ out to approximate ! curvature ( ! f9i%$ propell] is complet$1 ! cuts tak5 %\ld be v f9e1 z x w be an easy matt] to g too deep1 ?us spoil+ ! block & necessitat+ a new />t ) fre% mat]ial4 ,= f9i%+1 pieces ( brok5 glass are employ$ to scrape ! wood to a smoo? surface1 foll[$ by co>se & f9ally by f9e s&pap]4 ,m\nt+4 ,! hub %\ld be ( ! same diamet] z ! flange on ! eng9e crank %aft to :i* ! fly:eel 0 bolt$1 & %\ld h its bolt holes drill$ to correspond4 ,to /r5g!n ! hub1 light /eel plates ( ! same diamet] are screw$ to x1 front & back1 & ! bolt holes drill$ "r ?r\gh ! metal & wood4 ,?is me?od ( fa/5+ is recomm5d$ :]e x is possible to sub/itute ! propell] = ! fly:eel =m]ly on ! eng9e1 x be+ common practice to omit ! use ( ! fly:eel altoge!r4 ,! writ] does n recomm5d ?is1 h[ev]1 z ! advantages ( smoo!r runn+ & m reliable op]ation ga9$ by ! use ( a fly:eel 9 addition to ! propell] f> m ?an (fset any disadvantage repres5t$ by its weight4 ,x w be not$ t ! ,wright motors h always be5 equipp$ ) a fly:eel ( ample size & weight & ?is is und\bt$ly responsible1 9 "s measure at lea/1 = ! fact t ! ,wright biplanes fly ) consid]ably less p[] ?an is ord9>ily employ$ = ma*9es ( ! same size4 ,if ! motor select$ be equipp$ ) an unusually heavy fly:eel1 & p>ticul>ly :]e ! :eel is ( comp>atively small diamet]1 mak+ x less effective z a balanc]1 x may be replac$ ) "o ( light] weight & l>g] diamet]4 ,x may be possible to atta* x by key+ to ! =w>d end ( ! crank %aft1 ?us leav+ ! flange f :i* ! fly:eel 0 tak5 free = m\nt+ ! propell]4 ,an ord9>y belt pulley w s]ve excell5tly z ! new fly:eel1 z mo/ ( its weight is c5t]$ 9 its rim1 b z ! common ca/-iron belt pulley ( comm]ce is seldom int5d$ to run at any su* spe$ z t ( an automobile motor1 x %\ld be exam9$ c>efully = flaws4 ,o!rwise1 !re w be dang] ( its blunt+ ) disa/r\s results "u ! influ5ce ( c5trifugal =ce4 ,its diamet] %\ld n exce$ #af in*es 9 ord] to keep its p]iph]al spe$ )9 reasonable limits4 ,:]e ! m\nt+ ( ! motor p]mits ( its use1 a wood pulley #ah to #bj in*es 9 diamet] ) a /eel b& ab\t #a_/h to #a_/d-;in* ?ick1 %runk on its p]iph]y1 may be employ$4 ,mo/ build]s w ridicule ! idea ( a fly:eel o!r ?an ! propell] itself4 ,y d n ne$ x2 s :y c>ry ! extra weight8 w be _! qu]y4 ,x is n absolutely necess>y1 b x is an advantage4 ,9 case ! fly:eel ( ! eng9e select$ is key$ to ! crank %aft1 or 9 case x is n possible to m\nt bo? ! fly:eel & ! propell] on diff]5t ends ( ! crank %aft1 "s o!r exp$i5t r ?an t ( bolt+ to ! flange mu/ be adopt$4 ,9 su* a case1 ! orig9al fly:eel1 :]e practical to reta9 x1 may be drill$ & tapp$ & ! propell] atta*$ directly to x4 ,:]e ! fly:eel c n be kept1 x w usually be f\nd practical to cut (f its rim & bolt ! propell] ei!r to ! web or spokes1 or to ! fly:eel hub1 if x be cut d[n to ! latt]4 ,! draw+4 ,fig4 #ba1 %[s ! re> or concave side ( ! propell]4 ,f ! viewpo9t ( a man /&+ 9 its w9d & fac+ =w>d1 x turns to ! left1 or anti-clockwise4 ,on _m ( ! propell]s n[ on ! m>ket1 ! curv$ edge is design$ to g fir/4 ,?is type may h great] advantages ov] t describ$1 b ! /raight front edge propell] is easi] = ! amateur to make4 99,m\nt+ ! ,eng9e994 ,hav+ complet$ ! propell]1 ! next /ep is ! m\nt+ ( ! eng9e4 ,ref]5ce to ! types available to ! amateur a]oplane build] has already be5 made4 ,!re are a numb] ( motors n[ on ! m>ket t h be5 design$ specially = ?is purpose & n a few ( !m are ( consid]able m]it4 ,_! co/ ranges f ab\t #bej up to #b1ejj1 b x may be possible to pick up a comp>atively light-weight automobile motor second h& :i* w s]ve all purposes & :i* w co/ f> less ?an ! *eape/ a]onautic motor on ! m>ket4 ,x mu/ be capable ( develop+ #cj actual horse-p[] at #a1jjj to #a1bjj r4p4m4 & mu/ n exce$ #djj p\nds complete ) all accessories1 su* z ! radiator & pip+1 magneto1 wat]1 oil1 etc4 ,consid]able weight may be sav$ on an automobile motor by remov+ ! exhau/ manifold & sub/itut+ a light] fly:eel = ! "o orig9ally on ! eng9e--or omitt+ x altoge!r1 z j m5tion$4 ,a light-weight a]onautic radiator %\ld be us$ 9 pref]5ce to ! usual automobile radiator4 ,:5 plac+ ! eng9e 9 position on ! a% beams =m+ its b$ or support1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! complete ma*9e1 ) ! op]ator 9 ! aviator's seat1 is design$ to balance on a po9t ab\t #a #a_/b feet back ( ! front edge ( ! ma9 planes4 ,z ! op]ator & ! motor repres5t mu* ! l>g] "p ( ! total weight1 ! balance may easily be regulat$ by mov+ !m slightly =w>d or backw>d1 z may be requir$4 ,x w be necess>y1 ( c\rse1 to place ! eng9e f> en\gh back 9 any case to p]mit ! propell] blades to cle> ! planes4 ,! actual in/allation ( ! eng9e itself w be an easy matt] = anyone :o has _h any exp]i5ce 9 ei!r automobile or m>9e gasol9e motor "w4 ,x is design$ to be bolt$ to ! two eng9e beams 9 ! same mann] z on ! side memb]s ( ! frame ( an automobile1 or ! eng9e b$ 9 a boat4 ,j 9 front ( ! eng9e is ! be/ place = ! gasol9e tank1 :i* %\ld be cyl9drical ) tap]+ ends1 to cut d[n its w9d resi/ance4 ,if ! design] is n anxi\s to c>ry out po9ts z f9e z ?is1 a light copp] cyl9drical tank may be pur*as$ f /ock4 ,x %\ld hold at lea/ t5 gallons ( gasol9e4 ,9 front ( ! tank is ! radiator4 99,controls994 ,! controls may be locat$ to con=m to ! build]'s own ideas ( accessibility & conv5i5ce4 ,usually ! swit* is plac$ on ! /e]+ column1 & x may be ( ! ord9>y knife v>iety1 or "o ( ! special swit*es made = ?is purpose1 z ta/e may dictate4 ,! ?rottle control & sp>k advance may ei!r be 9 ! =m ( p$als1 work+ aga9/ spr+s1 or ( small lev]s work+ on a not*$ sector1 at ! side ( ! seat4 ,! complete control1 lev]s1 & sector may be pur*as$ ready to m\nt :5ev] desir$1 z !y are made 9 ?is =m = bo? automobile & m>9e "w4 ,?is likewise applies to ! :eel1 :i* x w\ld n pay ! amateur to attempt to make4 ,ano!r p$al %\ld "w a brake on ! front :eel1 ! brake %oe consi/+ ( a /rip ( %eet /eel1 fa/5$ at "o end to ! =e "p ( ! skid & press$ aga9/ ! :eel by a bamboo rod directly connect$ ) ! brake p$al4 ,an em]g5cy brake c also be made by loosely bolt+ a /\t b> ( /eel on ! skid ne> its re> end2 "o end ( ?is b> is connect$ to a lev] ne> ! seat1 s t :5 ?is lev] is pull$ back ! o!r end ( ! b> t5ds to dig into ! gr\nd4 ,z mak+ a l&+ is "o ( ! mo/ difficult feats = ! amateur aviator to ma/] & suffici5t space = a long run aft] alight+ is n always available1 ^! brakes w be f\nd a v important feature ( ! ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,me?od ( ,/>t+ ! ,eng9e ( an ,a]oplane ,! eng9e is />t$ by sw++ ! propell]1 & ?is is an op]ation requir+ f> m caution ?an crank+ an automobile motor4 ,bo? h&s %\ld be plac$ on ! same blade4 ,fig4 #bb1 & ! latt] %\ld always be pull$ d[nw>d--nev] upw>d4 ,) ! swit* (f1 fir/ turn ! propell] ov] sev]al times to fill ! cyl9d]s ) gas1 leav+ x j ahead ( dead c5t] ( "o ( ! cyl9d]s1 & ) "o blade ext5d+ upw>d & to ! left at a #de-;degree angle4 ,aft] clos+ ! swit*1 take ! left blade ) bo? h&s & sw+ x d[nw>d %>ply1 gett+ out ( ! way ( ! foll[+ blade z quickly z possible4 99,te/s994 ,! fir/ ?+ to be done aft] ! propell] is f9i%$ & m\nt$ on ! eng9e is to te/ ! comb9ation1 or p[] plant ( ! biplane1 = spe$ & ?ru/1 or pull+ p[]4 ,f ^! two quantities x w be easy to figure ! p[] t ! eng9e is deliv]+4 ,! only in/rum5ts necess>y are a spr+ balance read+ to #cjj p\nds or ov]2 a revolution c\nt]1 su* z may be procur$ at any ma*9i/'s supply h\se = a doll> or two2 & a wat*4 ,"o end ( ! spr+ balance is fa/5$ to ! front end ( ! skid & ! o!r to a heavy /ake firmly driv5 9 ! gr\nd a few feet back4 ,! :eels ( ! biplane %\ld be set on smoo? bo>ds s t !y w n (f] any resi/ance to ! =w>d ?ru/4 ,:5 ! eng9e is />t$ ! spr+ balance w give a direct read+ ( ! pull ( ! propell]4 ,) "o obs]v] not+ ! ?ru/1 ano!r %\ld *eck ! numb] ( revolutions ! eng9e is turn+ p] m9ute4 ,to d ?is1 a small hole %\ld previ\sly h be5 c\nt]sunk 9 ! hub ( ! propell] to receive ! conical rubb] tip ( ! revolution c\nt]4 ,! obs]v] /&s beh9d ! propell]1 wat* 9 "o h& & revolution c\nt] 9 ! o!r4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! m9ute p]iod1 ! c\nt] is press$ firmly aga9/ ! hub1 & quickly )drawn at ! end ( ! m9ute4 ,a /op wat* is naturally an advantage = ! purpose4 ,! horse-p[] is figur$ z foll[s1 assum+1 = example1 a ?ru/ ( #bej p\nds at #a1bjj r4p4m4 #bej ,x #abjj ,x #c4e ,x #ajj _/ #cc4jjj ,x #he #cg h4 p4 ,z be=e1 ! #ajj_/he all[s = ! slip & repres5ts ! effici5cy ( ! propell]2 #cc1jjj is ! numb] ( foot p\nds p] m9ute or ! equival5t ( "o horse-p[]1 & #c4e is ! pit* ( ! propell]4 99,assembl+ ! ,biplane994 ,assembl+ ! ma*9e complete requires m space ?an is available 9 ! av]age work%op4 ,h[ev]1 x is possible to assemble ! sections ( ! planes 9 a comp>atively small room1 c>ry+ ! "w f> en\gh to make sure t ev]y?+ w g toge!r prop]ly :5 ! "t comes = complete assembly at ! te/+ gr\nd4 ,9 ?is case1 x is pref]able to assemble ! end sections fir/1 /&+ !m away :5 complete to make room = ! c5tral section1 on :i* ! runn+ ge> & outrigg]s are to be built up4 ,! build] w h decid$ by ?is "t :e!r he w make 8 ma*9e on ! regul> plan1 ) "o ma9 rib betwe5 ea* section1 or on ! quick-deta*able plan1 :i* has two ma9 ribs on ei!r side ( ! c5tral section1 z previ\sly expla9$4 ,x is desirable to be able to assemble two sections at once & ?is %\ld be possible any:]e z x requires a space only ab\t #f by #ac feet4 ,two wood #b,x#d's1 ab\t #ab feet long1 %\ld be nail$ d[n on ! blocks on ! floor2 make ^! level & p>allel to ea* o!r at a di/ance ( #c feet #f in*es on c5t]s1 "o be+ #c in*es high] ?an ! o!r4 ,/rips ( wood %\ld be nail$ on !m1 s z to hold ! ma9 beams ( ! frame 9 place :ile assembl+4 ,! two front & two re> beam sections are laid 9 place & jo9$ ) ! %eet-/eel sleeves1 ! flanges ( ! sleeves on ! inn] side ( ! beams4 ,!n ?r\gh ! sleeves 9 ! front beams1 :i* are1 ( c\rse1 ^? on ! high] b$1 drill ! holes = ! /rut socket bolts 7#a_/d in*74 ,! holes = ! out] ones g ?r\gh ! project+ ends ( ! beams2 ^? = ! inn] ones are half 9 ea* ( ! two abutt+ beams4 ,at ! end :]e ! c5tral section jo9s on1 a %ort l5g? ( wood ( ! same section may be ins]t$ 9 ! sleeve :ile drill+ ! hole4 ,an assi/ant %\ld hold ! beams firmly toge!r :ile ! holes are be+ drill$4 ,n[ lay 9 place ! ?ree ma9 ribs belong+ to ! two sections "u con/ruction & fa/5 !m at ! front ends by putt+ 9 place ! /rut sockets = :i* ! holes h be5 drill$1 ) a turnbuckle plate "u ea* socket1 ,fig4 #af4 ,! /rut socket bolt passes ?r\gh ! ma9 rib & ! beam4 ,! b$ on :i* ! assembl+ is be+ done1 %\ld be cut :5 suffici5tly "u ! jo9ts to leave room = ! project+ bolt ends4 ,set ! ribs squ>e ) ! front beams1 !n arrange ! re> beams s t _! jo9ts come exactly "u ! ribs2 clamp ! ribs d[n & drill a true1 v]tical hole ?r\gh ! rib beam1 hold+ ! two sections ( ! beam toge!r z be=e4 ,!n put ! re> /rut sockets 9 place1 us+ ! angle wa%]s previ\sly describ$1 above & bel[ ! rib4 ,:5 ! quick-deta*able plan is foll[$1 ! ribs at ! inn] ends ( ! d\ble section1 :]e !y jo9 ! c5tral section1 %\ld be bolt$ on an in* f ! ends ( ! beam1 us+ #a_/d-;in* /ove bolts in/ead ( ! socket bolts4 ,! sleeves %\ld be slott$1 s t !y c slide (f )\t remov+ ^! bolts1 z ! sleeves & ribs :i* occupy ! position ov] ! jo9ts ( ! beams1 belong to ! c5tral section4 ,! sections %\ld n[ be /rung up ) ! diagonal truss wires :i* w make !m rigid en\gh to /& h&l+4 ,! wires are atta*$ at ea* end to ! flange bolts ( ! sleeves4 ,ei!r "o or two turnbuckles may be us$ on ea* wire1 z already expla9$2 if b "o turnbuckle be us$1 ! o!r end ( ! wire may be conv5i5tly atta*$ to a /rip ( %eet /eel b5t d\ble & drill$ = ! bolt1 l ! %eet-/eel slip ( a turnbuckle4 ,! atta*m5t1 ( :atev] nature1 %\ld be put betwe5 ! end & ! flange ( ! sleeve1 n betwe5 ! two flanges4 ,?ree or f\r ribs c be us$ on ea* section2 f\r are pref]able on sections ( full #f-;foot l5g?4 ,!y are1 ( c\rse1 ev5ly spac$ on c5t]s4 ,at ! front ends1 !y are atta*$ to ! beam by wood screws ?r\gh _! flatt5$ f]rules4 ,! atta*m5t to ! re> beam is made ) a slip ( %eet /eel measur+ #a_/b by #c in*es1 b5t ov] ! rib & fa/5$ to ! beam at ea* side ) a wood screw4 ,a long wire nail is driv5 ?r\gh ! rib itself on ! beam4 ,f\r d\ble sections %\ld be built up 9 ?is mann]1 ! "r & left upp] & ! "r & left l[] sections4 ,upp]s & l[]s are alike except = ! inv]sion ( ! sockets 9 ! upp] sections4 ,rights & lefts diff] 9 t ! out] beams are long en\gh to fill up ! sleeves1 n leav+ room = ano!r beam to jo9 on4 ,ins]t+ ! /ruts 9 _! sockets betwe5 ! upp] & l[] sections ( ! same side w n[ =m ei!r ( ! two sides ( ! ma*9e complete4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to get ! re> /ruts ! prop] l5g? ) respect to ! front ones to br+ ! upp] & l[] planes p>allel4 ,! di/ance f ! top ( ! l[] front beam to ! top ( ! upp] front beam %\ld be ! same z ! di/ance betwe5 ! r[s ( brac+ holes 9 ! upp] & l[] ma9 ribs j above & bel[ ! re> /ruts--ab\t #d feet #f in*es4 ,x %\ld h>dly be necess>y to m5tion t ! ?ick edges ( ! /ruts come to ! front--!y are fi%-%ap$ & a fi% is ?ick] at ! head ?an at ! tail4 ,! truss wires may n[ be /rung on 9 ea* squ>e ( ! /ruts1 beams1 & ma9 ribs1 us+ turnbuckles z previ\sly describ$4 ,! wires %\ld be taut en\gh to s+ a l[ note :5 pluck$ betwe5 ! ?umb & =ef+]4 ,if ! con/ruction is c>ri$ out prop]ly1 ! framework w /& squ>e & true ) an ev5 t5sion on all ! wires4 ,x is p]missible = ! /ruts to slant backw>d a little z se5 f ! side1 b all %\ld be p]fectly 9 l9e4 ,= adju/+ ! turnbuckles1 ! build] %\ld make = himself a h&y little tool usually t]m$ a nipple wr5*4 ,x is simply a /rip ( /eel #a #a_/b by #a_/b by #c_/cb in*es1 ) a not* cut 9 ! middle ( ! long sides to fit ! flatt5$ ends ( ! turnbuckle nipples4 ,?is is mu* h&i] ?an ! pli]s & does n burr up ! nipples4 ,x has be5 assum$ 9 ?is description ( ! assembl+ t ! build] is work+ 9 a limit$ space2 if1 on ! contr>y1 he has room en\gh to set up ! :ole frame at once1 ! "w w be mu* simpl]4 ,9 ?is case1 ! con/ruction b$ %\ld be #cj feet long4 ,fir/ build up ! upp] plane complete1 /&+ x aga9/ ! wall :5 f9i%$2 !n build ! l[] plane1 put ! /ruts 9 _! sockets1 & lay on ! upp] plane complete4 ,return+ to ! plan ( assembly by sections1 aft] ! side sections or w+s ( ! ma*9e h be5 complet$1 ! /ruts may be tak5 out & ! sections laid aside4 ,! middle section1 to :i* ! runn+ ge> & outrigg]s w be atta*$1 is n[ to be built up 9 ! same way4 ,if ! build] is foll[+ ! plan 9 :i* !re is "o ma9 rib betwe5 ea* section1 x w be necess>y to take (f ! f\r inn] ma9 ribs f ! sections already complet$1 to be us$ at ! ends ( ! c5tral section4 ,! plan draw+ ( ! complete ma*9e %[s t ! ribs ( ! c5tral section are cut (f j back ( ! re> beam to make room = ! propell]4 ,?is is necess>y 9 ord] to set ! motor f> en\gh =w>d to balance ! ma*9e prop]ly4 ,! small ribs 9 ?is section h ! same curve b are cut (f #aj in*es %ort] at _! re> ends1 & ! /umps are smoo!d d[n = f]rules l ^? = ! o!r small ribs4 ,9 ! plan :i* has "o ma9 rib betwe5 ea* section1 ! ma9 rib on ea* side ( ! c5tral section mu/ be left full l5g?4 ,9 ! quick-deta*able plan ) two ma9 ribs on ea* side ( ! c5tral section1 ! inn] ones1 :i* really belong to ?is section1 are cut (f %ort l ! small ribs4 ,9 ! draw+ ( ! complete ma*9e1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! /ruts :i* c>ry ! eng9e b$ is %[n z #b feet4 ,?is is only approximate1 z ! di/ance mu/ be v>i$ to suit ! motor employ$4 ,by ?is "t1 ! build] w h decid$ :at eng9e he is go+ to use--or c get--& %\ld drill ! holes = ! sockets ( ^! /ruts ) due respect to ! wid? ( ! eng9e's support+ feet or lugs1 rememb]+ t ! eng9e b$ beams g on ! inside ( ! /ruts4 ,9 ! draw+ ( ! runn+ ge>4 ,fig4 #ag1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! eng9e-b$ /ruts has be5 designat$ ,a4 ,! di/ances1 ,b1 on ea* side are1 ( c\rse1 approximately 7#f'-- #b99;,a9971 :atev] ,a may be4 ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,aviation ,,gr\nds ,,%[+ ,,! ,,hang>s ,,rang$ ,,along ,,! ,,edges ,,( ,,! ,,field ,?is ,photograph ,protect$ ,by ,int]national ,copyright ,,exam9ation ,,pap] ,,build+ ,,& ,,fly+ ,,an ,,a]oplane 99,,"p ,i99 99,read ,c>efully993 ,place y\r "n & full address at ! head ( ! pap]4 ,any *eap1 light pap] l ! sample previ\sly s5t y may be us$4 ,d n cr[d y\r "w1 b arrange x neatly & legibly4 ,d n copy ! answ]s f ! ,in/ruction ,pap]2 use y\r own words s t we may be sure t y und]/& ! subject4 #a4 ,:at type ( ma*9e1 biplane or monoplane1 makes ! be/ glid] & :y8 #b4 ,give ! dim5sions ( a glid] :i* w support a man's weight4 #c4 ,9 a glid] :i* has no rudd]1 h[ is ! ma*9e controll$8 #d4 ,give c>efully ! details ( ! />t 9 mak+ a glide4 #e4 ,9 :at direction relative to ! w9d %\ld a glide be made8 ,ju/ify y\r answ]4 #f4 ,h[ mu/ ! /ability & balance ( a glid] 9 flight be controll$8 #g4 ,/ate ! prop] conditions = a successful glide4 #h4 ,give ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( a ,curtiss a]oplane1 def9+ ! v>i\s p>ts4 #i4 ,describe briefly ! details ( con/ruction ( ! ma9 support+ surfaces ( a ,curtiss4 #aj4 ,draw a diagram ( ! assembl$ planes %[+ h[ ! /ruts & cross wires are plac$ to give ! requir$ rigidity4 #aa4 ,give ! details ( ! runn+ ge> ( ! ,curtiss4 #ab4 ,:at is ! (fice ( ! ,curtiss ail]ons & h[ are !y controll$ f ! op]ator's seat8 ,draw sket*4 #ac4 ,describe ! details ( ! front & re> outrigg]s4 #ad4 ,:at type ( propell] is advis$ = ! ,curtiss8 ,give ! details ( its con/ruction4 #ae4 ,describe c>efully ! mann] 9 :i* a propell] %\ld move ?r\gh ! air 9 ord] to give ! maximum propulsion4 #af4 ,:at det]m9es ! exact location ( ! motor 9 ! a]oplane8 #ag4 ,give correct me?od ( />t+ ! motor :5 ready = a flight4 #ah4 ,:at te/s %\ld be conduct$ be=e a flight is und]tak58 99,aft] complet+ ! "w1 add & sign ! foll[+ /atem5t399 ,i h]eby c]tify t ! above "w is entirely my own4 7,sign$7 ,,"p ,,ii ,,build+ ,a ,,bl]iot ,,monoplane ,z m5tion$ 9 connection ) ! description ( its con/ruction1 ! ,curtiss biplane 0 select$ z a /&>d ( ?is type ( a]oplane aft] :i* ! /ud5t c\ld safely patt]n = a numb] ( reasons4 ,x is n only rem>kably simple 9 con/ruction1 easily built by anyone ) mod]ate facilities & at a slight outlay1 b x is likewise ! easie/ ma*9e to le>n to drive4 ,! monoplane is f> m difficult & exp5sive to build4 ,! ,bl]iot may be reg>d$ z ! mo/ typical example 9 ?is field1 9 view ( its great success & ! v l>ge numb]s :i* h be5 turn$ out4 ,9 fact1 ! ,bl]iot monoplane is ! product ( a factory :i* w\ld comp>e favorably ) "s ( ! l>ge automobile plants4 ,its con/ruction requires skillful workman%ip bo? 9 wood & metal1 & a great _m special ca/+s1 =g+s1 & /amp+s are necess>y4 ,al?\gh "s conc]ns 9 ?is c\ntry adv]tise t !y c>ry ^! fitt+s z /ock p>ts1 !y are n always correct 9 design &1 9 any case1 are exp5sive4 ,:]ev] x is possible to avoid ! use ( su* p>ts by any exp$i5t1 bo? =ms ( con/ruction are describ$1 s t ! build] may take 8 *oice4 ,bl]iot monoplanes are made 9 a numb] ( diff]5t models1 ! pr9cipal ones be+ ! #cj-;horse-p[] runab\t1 ,figs4 #bc & #bd1 ! #ej- & #gj-;horse-p[] pass5g]-c>ry+ ma*9es1 & ! #ej-1 #gj-1 & #ajj-;horse-p[] rac+ ma*9es4 ,( ^! ! fir/ has be5 *os5 z be/ adapt$ to ! purpose4 ,its con/ruction is typical ( ! high]-p[] monoplanes ( ! same make1 & x is m suitable = ! beg9n] to fly z well z to build4 ,x is employ$ exclusively by ! ,bl]iot s*ools4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,details ( ,bl]iot ,monoplane 99,motor994 ,! motor regul>ly employ$ is ! #cj-;horse-p[]1 ?ree-cyl9d] ,anzani1 a two-cyl9d] type ( :i* is %[n 9 ,a]onautical ,motors ,fig4 #dj4 ,f ! amateur's /&po9t1 a disadvantage ( ! ,bl]iot is ! v %ort space all[$ = ! in/allation ( ! motor4 ,= ?is reason1 ! p[] plant mu/ be fan %ap$1 l ! ,anzani2 /> =m1 l ! ,gnome2 or ( ! two-cyl9d] oppos$ type4 ,x mu/ likewise be air-cool$1 z !re is no space available = a radiator4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,side ,elevation ( ,bl]iot ,monoplane ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,top & ,side ,view ( ,bl]iot ,fuselage on ,:i* ,ma*9e ,is ,assembl$ 99,fuselage994 ,l mo/ monoplanes1 ! ,bl]iot has a long c5tral body1 usually t]m$ fuselage1 to :i* ! w+s1 runn+ ge>1 & controls are all atta*$4 ,a draw+ ( ! fuselage ) all dim5sions is reproduc$ 9 ,fig4 #be1 & z ! ma*9e is1 to a l>ge ext5t1 built up ar\nd ?is ess5tial1 its con/ruction is tak5 up fir/4 ,x consi/s ( f\r long beams unit$ by #ce crosspieces4 ,! beams are ( a%1 #a #c_/af in*es squ>e = ! fir/ ?ird ( _! l5g? & tap]+ to #g_/h in* squ>e at ! re> ends4 ,ow+ to ! difficulty ( secur+ good pieces ( wood ! full l5g?1 & also to facilitate pack+ = %ipm5t1 ! beams are made 9 halves1 ! abutt+ ends be+ jo9$ by sleeves ( #a #a_/h-;in*1 #bj-;gauge /eel tub+1 ea* held on by two #a_/h-;in* bolts4 ,al?\gh ! l5g? ( ! fuselage is #ba feet #aa #a_/d in*es1 ! beams mu/ be made ( two #aa-;foot halves to all[ = ! curve at ! re> ends4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,details ( ,u-bolt ,:i* is a ,feature ( ,bl]iot ,con/ruction ,! /ruts are also ( a%1 ! majority ( !m be+ #g_/h by #a #a_/d in*es1 & oval 9 section except = an in* & a half at ea* end4 ,b ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird /ruts 7c\nt+ f ! =w>d end7 on ea* side1 ! fir/ & second on ! top1 & ! fir/ /rut on ! bottom are #a #c_/af in*es squ>e1 ( ! same /ock z ! ma9 beams4 ,practically all ( ! /ruts are jo9$ to ! ma9 beams by ,u-bolts1 z %[n by ! detail draw+1 ,fig4 #bf1 ?is be+ "o ( ,l\is ,bl]iot's inv5tions4 ,! small /ruts are held by #a_/h-;in* bolts & ! l>g] ones by #c_/af-;in* bolts4 ,! ends ( ! /ruts mu/ be slott$ = ^! bolts1 ?is be+ done by drill+ ?ree holes 9 a r[ ) a #e_/cb- or #g_/cb-;in* drill1 accord+ to :e!r ! slot is = ! small] or l>g] size bolt4 ,! wood betwe5 ! holes is cut out ) a %>p knife & ! slot f9i%$ ) a co>se1 flat file4 ,all ( ! ,u-bolts measure #b in*es betwe5 ! ends4 ,! v]tical /ruts are set #a in* =w>d ( ! correspond+ horizontal /ruts1 s t ! f\r holes ?r\gh ! beam at ea* jo9t are spac$ #a in* ap>t1 alt]nately horizontal & v]tical4 ,to ! project+ angles ( ! ,u-bolts are atta*$ ! diagonal truss wires1 :i* cross all ! rectangles ( ! fuselage1 except t 9 :i* ! driv] sits4 ,?is truss+ %\ld be ( #bj-;gauge piano wire 7music-wire gauge7 or #a_/aj-;in* cable1 except 9 ! rectangles b\nd$ by ! l>ge /ruts1 :]e x %\ld be #be-;gauge piano wire or #c_/cb-;in* cable4 ,ea* wire1 ( c\rse1 %\ld h a turnbuckle4 ,ab\t #ajj ( ^! w be requir$1 ei!r ( ! spoke type or ! regul> type1 ) two screw eyes--! latt] pref]r$4 ,transv]se squ>es1 =m$ by ! two horizontal & two v]tical /ruts at ea* po9t1 are also truss$ ) diagonal wires4 ,al?\gh turnbuckles are sometimes omitt$ on ^! wires1 x takes consid]able skill to get accurate adju/m5ts )\t !m4 ,! extreme re> /rut to :i* ! rudd] is atta*$1 is n fa/5$ 9 ! usual way4 ,x %\ld be cut ) tongues at top & bottom1 fitt+ into not*es 9 ! ends ( ! beams1 & ! :ole b\nd ) /raps ( #bj-;gauge %eet /eel1 bolt$ ?r\gh ! beams ) #a_/h-;in* bolts4 ,cont9u+ =w>d1 ! /ruts h no peculi>ity until ! upp] horizontal "o is rea*$1 j beh9d ! driv]'s seat4 ,z x is impossible to truss ! quadrangle =w>d ( ?is /rut1 ow+ to ! position ( ! driv]'s body1 ! /rut is brac$ ) a ,u-%ap$ half-r\nd /rip ( #a_/b by #a in* ( a% or hickory bolt$ to ! beams at ! sides & to ! /rut at ! re>1 ) two #a_/h-;in* bolts at ea* po9t4 ,! front side ( ! /rut %\ld be left squ>e :]e ?is brace is 9 contact ) x4 ,! brace %\ld be /eam b5t ) ! curves on a #i-;in* radius1 & ! half-r\nd side on ! inside ( ! curve4 ,! v]tical /ruts j =w>d ( ! driv]'s seat c>ry ! inn] ends ( ! re> w+ beams4 ,ea* beam is atta*$ ) a s+le bolt1 giv+ ! necess>y fre$om to rock up & d[n 9 w>p+ ! w+s4 ,! upp] #f in*es ( ea* ( ^! /ruts fits into a socket design$ to re9=ce x4 ,9 ! g5u9e ,bl]iot1 ?is socket is an alum9um ca/+4 ,h[ev]1 a socket :i* _m w\ld reg>d z ev5 bett] c be made f a #g-;in* l5g? ( #bj-;gauge #a #a_/h-;in* squ>e tub+4 ,"o end ( ! tube is saw$ "o in* ?r\gh ! corn]s2 two opposite sides are !n b5t d[n at "r angles to =m flanges1 & ! o!r two sides saw$ (f4 ,a #a- by #c-;in* /rip ( #bj-;gauge %eet /eel1 braz$ across ! top & flanges completes ! socket4 ,) a little c>e1 a v cr$itable socket c be made 9 ?is way4 ,f9ally1 ) ! /rut 9 place1 a #c_/h-;in* hole is drill$ ?r\gh #d in*es f ! top ( ! socket = ! bolt secur+ ! w+ beam4 ,! upp] horizontal /rut at ?is po9t %\ld be ar*$ ab\t six in*es to give pl5ty ( elb[ room ov] ! /e]+ :eel4 ,! b5d+ %\ld be done 9 a /eam press4 ,! /rut %\ld be #a #c_/af in*es squ>e1 cut suffici5tly long to all[ = ! curve1 & fitt$ at ! ends ) sockets z describ$ above1 b set at an angle by saw+ ! squ>e tube d[n fur!r on "o side ?an on ! o!r4 ,on ! two l[] beams1 is laid a floor ( half-in* bo>ds1 ext5d+ "o foot =w>d & "o foot back ( ! c5t] l9e ( ! horizontal /rut4 ,?is floor may be ( spruce1 if x is desir$ to save a little weight1 or ( ord9>y tongue-&-groov$ floor bo>ds1 fa/5$ to ! beams ) wood screws or bolts4 ,! horizontal /rut "u ?is floor may be omitt$1 b its pres5ce adds b little weight & completes ! truss+4 ,across ! top ( ! fuselage above ! fir/ upp] horizontal /rut1 lies a /eel tube :i* =ms ! sockets = ! inn] end ( ! front w+ beams4 ,?is tube is #a #c_/d in*es diamet]1 #ah gauge1 & #bf #c_/d in*es long4 ,x is held fa/ by two /eel /raps1 #af gauge & #a in* wide1 clamp$ d[n by ! nuts ( ! v]tical /rut ,u-bolts4 ,! c5t] ( ! tube is1 !re=e1 9 l9e ) ! c5t] ( ! v]tical /ruts1 n ! horizontal ones4 ,! ,u-bolts :i* make ?is atta*m5t are1 ( c\rse1 ! #c_/af-;in* size1 & "o in* long] on ea* end ?an usual4 ,to make a neat job1 ! tube may be seat$ 9 wood blocks1 suitably %ap$1 b ^! mu/ n raise x m ?an a small fraction ( an in* above ! top ( ! fuselage1 z ?is w\ld increase ! angle ( incid5ce ( ! w+s4 ,! fir/ v]tical /ruts on ea* side are extras1 )\t correspond+ horizontal ones2 !y s]ve only to support ! eng9e4 ,:5 ! ,gnome motor is us$1 its c5tral %aft is c>ri$ at ! c5t]s ( two 99,x99-%ap$1 press$-/eel frames1 "o on ! front side1 flu% ) ! end ( ! fuselage & "o on ! re>4 99,truss ,frame ,built on ,fuselage994 ,9 connection ) ! fuselage may be consid]$ ! ov]head truss frame & ! w>p+ frame4 ,! =m] consi/s ( two inv]t$ 99,v99's ( #bj-;gauge1 #a- by #c_/h-;in* oval tub+1 jo9$ at _! apexes by a #bj-;gauge1 #c_/d-;in* tube4 ,ea* 99,v99 is =m$ ( a s+le piece ( ! oval tub+ ab\t #e feet long4 ,! flatt5$ ends ( ! horizontal tube are fa/5$ by a bolt 9 ! angles ( ! 99,v99's4 ,! c5t] ( ! horizontal tube %\ld be #b feet above ! top ( ! fuselage4 ,! flatt5$ l[] ends ( ! re> 99,v99 %\ld be rivet$ & braz$ to /rips ( #ah-;gauge /eel1 :i* w fit ov] ! bolts atta*+ ! v]tical fuselage /ruts at ?is po9t4 ,! legs ( ! front 99,v99 %\ld be slightly %ort]1 z !y re/ on top ( ! w+ socket tube4 ,ea* %\ld be held d[n by a s+le #c_/af-;in* bolt1 pass+ ?r\gh ! upp] wall ( ! tube & its reta9+ /rap2 ^! bolts also s]ve ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! tube f slid+ out f "u ! /rap4 ,ea* side ( ! frame is n[ brac$ by diagonal wires 7,no4 #bj piano wire1 or #a_/ad-;in* cable7 ) turnbuckles4 ,at ! upp] corn]s ( ?is frame are atta*$ ! wires :i* truss ! upp] sides ( ! w+s4 ,! front wires are simply fa/5$ "u ! head & nut ( ! bolt :i* holds ! frame toge!r at ?is corn]4 ,! atta*m5t ( ! re> wires1 h[ev]1 is m complex1 z ^! wires mu/ run ov] pulleys to all[ = ! rock+ ( ! re> w+ beams :5 ! w+s are w>p$4 ,to provide a suitable place = ! pulleys1 ! angle ( ! re> 99,v99 is enclos$ by two plates ( #bj-;gauge %eet /eel1 "o on ! front & "o on ! re>1 =m+ a triangul> box #a in* ?ick =e & aft1 & ab\t #b in*es on ea* side1 only ! bottom side be+ op54 ,^! plates are clamp$ toge!r by a #c_/af-;in* /eel bolt1 on :i* are m\nt$ ! pulleys4 ,!re %\ld be suffici5t cle>ance = pulleys #a in* 9 diamet]4 ,! wires runn+ ov] ^! pulleys mu/ !n pass ?r\gh holes drill$ 9 ! tube4 ,! holes %\ld n be drill$ until ! w+s are on1 :5 ! prop] angle = !m c be se54 ,! cutt+ & b5d+ ( ! /eel plates is a matt] ( "s difficulty1 & %\ld n be done until ! frame is o!rwise assembl$1 s t pap] patt]ns c be cut = !m4 ,!y %\ld h flanges b5t ar\nd ! tube1 secur$ by ! bolts :i* hold ! frame toge!r1 to keep !m f slipp+ (f4 ,! oval tub+ is us$ 9 ! v]tical p>ts ( ?is frame1 pr9cipally to r$uce ! w9d resi/ance1 be+ plac$ ) ! n>r[ side to ! front4 ,h[ev]1 if ?is tub+ be difficult to obta91 or if price is a consid]ation1 no h>m w be done by us+ #c_/d-;in* r\nd tub+4 ,b5ea? ! floor ( ! driv]'s cockpit 9 ! fuselage is ! w>p+ frame1 ! support = ! wires :i* truss ! re> w+ beams & also control ! w>p+4 ,?is frame is built up ( f\r #c_/d-;in*1 #bj-;gauge /eel tubes1 ea* ab\t #c feet long1 =m+ an inv]t$1 #d-sid$ pyramid4 ,! front & back pairs ( tubes are fa/5$ to ! l[] fuselage beams ) #c_/af-;in* bolts at po9ts #ae in*es front & back ( ! horizontal /rut4 ,at _! l[] ends ! tubes are jo9$ by a fixture :i* c>ries ! pulleys = ! w>p+ wires & ! lev] by :i* ! pulleys are turn$4 ,9 ! g5u9e ,bl]iot1 ?is fixture is a special ca/+4 ,h[ev]1 a v neat connection c be made ) a piece ( #a_/af-;in* /eel /ock1 #a #a_/d by #f in*es1 b5t into a 99,u99-%ape ) ! legs #a in* ap>t inside4 ,! flatt5$ ends ( ! tubes are rivet$ & braz$ to ! outside upp] corn]s ( ! 99,u991 & a bolt to c>ry ! pulleys passes ?r\gh ! l[] "p1 high en\gh to give cle>ance = #b-;in* pulleys4 ,?is frame ne$s no diagonal wires4 99,runn+ ,ge>994 ,pass+ n[ to ! runn+ ge>1 ! build] w enc\nt] ! mo/ difficult "p ( ! entire ma*9e1 & x is impossible to avoid ! use ( a few special ca/+s4 ,! g5]al plan ( ! runn+ ge> is %[n 9 ! draw+ ( ! complete ma*9e4 ,figs4 #bc & #bd1 :ile "s ( ! details are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #bg1 & ! rema9d] are giv5 9 ! detail %eet1 ,fig4 #bh4 ,x w be se5 t ea* ( ! two :eels is c>ri$ 9 a d\ble =k1 ! l[] =k act+ simply z a radius rod1 :ile ! upp] =k is atta*$ to a slide :i* is free to move up & d[n on a #b-;in* /eel tube4 ,?is slide is held d[n by two t5sion spr+s1 consi/+ ( ei!r rubb] tubes or /eel coil spr+s1 :i* absorb ! %ocks ( l&+4 ,! :ole con/ruction is su* t ! :eels are free to pivot sideways ar\nd ! tubes1 s t :5 l&+ 9 a qu>t]+ w9d ! :eels automatically adju/ !mselves to ! direction ( ! ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,fr5* ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,wright ,,ma*9e ,,built ,,"u ,,! ,,wright ,,pat5ts ,!re is ,little ,resemblance to ! ,orig9al ,except 9 ,w+ ,=m & ,w>p+ ,framework4 ,! ma9 framework ( ! runn+ ge> consi/s ( two horizontal beams1 two v]tical /ruts1 & two v]tical tubes4 ,! beams are ( a%1 #d #c_/d in*es wide 9 ! middle half1 tap]+ to #c #c_/d in*es at ! ends1 & #e feet #b #c_/d in*es long ov]all4 ,! upp] beam is ,h in* ?ick & ! l[] #a in*4 ,! edges ( ! beams are r\nd$ (f except at ! po9ts :]e !y are drill$ = bolt holes = ! atta*m5t ( o!r p>ts4 ,! two upp] beams ( ! fuselage re/ on ^! beams & are secur$ to !m by two #c_/af-;in* bolts ea*4 ,! v]tical /ruts are also ( a%1 #a #c_/af in* by #c in*es & #d feet #b in*es long ov]all4 ,!y h t5ons at ea* end :i* fit into correspond+ squ>e holes 9 ! horizontal beams4 ,! two l[] fuselage beams are fa/5$ to ^! /ruts by two #c_/af-;in* ?r\gh bolts & /eel angle plates =m$ f #a_/af-;in* %eet /eel4 ,! *annel section memb] across ! front sides ( ^! /ruts is = ! atta*m5t ( ! motor1 & w be tak5 up lat]4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t at ?is po9t dep5ds l>gely on :at motor is to be us$1 & ! /ruts %\ld n be r\nd$ or drill$ = bolt holes until ?is has be5 decid$4 ,f ! l[] ends ( ^! /ruts ,,cc1 ,fig4 #bg1 diagonal /ruts ,,dd run back to ! fuselage4 ,^! are ( a%1 #a #c_/af by #b #a_/b in*es & #b feet in*es long4 ,! re> ends ( ! /ruts ,,dd are fa/5$ to ! fuselage beams by ! project+ ends ( ! 99,u99-bolts ( ! horizontal fuselage /ruts1 & also by angle plates ( %eet /eel4 ,at ! l[] front ends ! /ruts ,,dd are fa/5$ to ! /ruts ,,cc & ! beam ,e by /eel angle plates1 & ! beam is re9=c$ by o!r plates on its "u side4 ,truss+4 ,9 ! g5u9e ,bl]iot1 ! framework is truss$ by a s+le l5g? ( /eel tape1 #a #a_/h by #a_/af in* & ab\t #aa feet long1 fa/5$ to ,u-bolts 9 ! beam ,a1 ,fig4 #bg4 ,?is tape runs d[n "o side1 "u ! beam ,e1 & up ! o!r side1 pass+ ?r\gh ! beam 9 two places1 :]e suitable slots mu/ be cut4 ,! tape is n made 9 ?is c\ntry1 b mu/ be import$ at consid]able exp5se4 ,ord9>y %eet /eel w n d4 ,if ! tape c n be obta9$1 a good sub/itute is #a_/h-;in* cable1 :i* !n w\ld be made 9 two pieces & fa/5$ to eye bolts at ea* end4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,details ( ,bl]iot ,runn+ ,ge> ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,details ( ,v>i\s ,fitt+s = ,bl]iot ,monoplane ,! two /eel tubes are #b in*es 9 diamet]1 #ah-;gauge1 & ab\t #d feet #aj in*es long4 ,at _! l[] ends !y are flatt5$1 b cut away s t a #b-;in* r+ w pass ov] !m4 ,to ^! flatt5$ ends are atta*$ spr+s & wires :i* run f ea* tube across to ! hub ( ! opposite :eel4 ,! purpose ( ^! is simply to keep ! :eels normally 9 position beh9d ! tubes4 ,! tubes1 x w be notic$1 pass ?r\gh ! l[] beam1 b are sunk only #a_/h in* into ! upp] beam4 ,!y are held 9 place by %eet-/eel sockets on ! l[] side ( ! upp] beam & ! upp] side ( ! l[] beam4 ,! o!r sides ( ! beams are provid$ ) flat plates ( %eet /eel4 ,! g5u9e ,bl]iot has ^! sockets /amp$ out ( %eet /eel1 b z ! amateur build] w n h ! facilities = do+ ?is1 an alt]native con/ruction is giv5 "h4 ,9 ?is me?od1 ! plates are cut out to patt]n1 ! mat]ial be+ %eet /eel #a_/af in* ?ick1 & a #a_/b-;in* hole drill$ ?r\gh ! c5t]1 a #b-;in* circle !n be+ drawn ar\nd ?is4 ,!n1 ) a cold *isel a half doz5 radial cuts are made betwe5 ! hole & ! circle4 ,f9ally ?is "p ( ! plate is heat$ ) a bl[-tor* & a #b-;in* piece ( pipe driv5 ?r\gh1 b5d+ up ! triangul> corn]s4 ,^! b5t up corn]s are !n braz$ to ! tubes1 & a /rip ( light %eet /eel is braz$ on to cov] up ! %>p edges4 ,( c\rse1 ! braz+ %\ld n be done until ! slides ,,gg1 ,figs4 #bg & #bh1 h be5 put on4 ,:5 ^! are once 9 place1 !y h to /ay on & a breakage ( "o ( !m1 means ! replacem5t ( ! tube z well4 ,?is is a fault ( ! ,bl]iot design t c n well be avoid$4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t ! socket at ! upp] end1 z well z its correspond+ plate on ! o!r side ( ! beam1 has ext5sions :i* re9=ce ! beam :]e ! eye bolts or 99,u99-bolts = ! atta*m5t ( ! /eel tape pass ?r\gh4 ,=ks4 ,next 9 ord] are ! =ks :i* c>ry ! :eels4 ,! %ort =ks ,,jj1 ,figs4 #bg & #bh1 :i* act simply z radius rods1 are made ( #a- by #c_/h-;in* oval tub+1 a /ock size :i* 0 specifi$ = ! ov]head truss frame4 ,x w be notic$ t ^! are 9 two p>ts1 fa/5$ toge!r ) a bolt at ! front end4 ,! regul> ,bl]iot con/ruction calls = =g$ /eel eyes to g 9 ! ends ( tubes1 b ^! w be h>d to obta94 ,! con/ruction %[n 9 ! draw+s is mu* simpl]4 ,! ends ( ! tubes are heat$ & flatt5$ until ! walls are ab\t #a_/af in* ap>t inside4 ,!n a /rip ( #a_/af-;in* %eet /eel is cut ! "r wid? to fit 9 ! flatt5$ end ( ! tube1 & braz$ 9 place4 ,! bolt holes !n pass ?r\gh ! comb9$ ?ickness ( ! tube & ! /eel /rip1 giv+ a bett] be>+ surface1 :i* may be fur!r increas$ by braz+ on a wa%]4 ,! long =ks ,,ff1 :i* transmit ! l&+ %ocks to ! spr+s1 are naturally made ( heavi] mat]ial4 ,! prop] size tub+ = !m is #a #a_/h by #e_/h in*es1 ?is be+ ! ne>e/ equival5t to ! #ad by #bh mm ,fr5* tub+4 ,h[ev]1 ?is is n a /ock size 9 ?is c\ntry & c only be procur$ by ord]1 or x c be made by roll+ out #ae_/af-;in* r\nd tub+4 ,if ! oval tub+ c n be secur$1 ! r\nd c be employ$ in/ead1 o!r p>ts be+ modifi$ to correspond4 ,! ends are re9=c$ 9 ! same way z describ$ = ! small =ks4 ,^! =ks are /r5g!n$ by alum9um clamps ,h1 ,figs4 #bg & #bh1 :i* keep ! tubes f spread+ ap>t4 ,"h1 ( c\rse1 is ano!r call = special ca/+s1 b a h&y workman may be able to improvise a satisfactory sub/itute f %eet /eel4 ,on ea* tube !re are f\r fitt+s3 ,at ! bottom1 ! coll> ,m to :i* ! =k ,j is atta*$1 & above1 ! slide ,g & ! clamps ,k & ,l1 :i* limit its movem5t4 ,! coll> & slide %\ld be =g$1 b z ?is may be impossible1 ! draw+s h be5 proportion$ = ca/+s4 ,! "w is simple & may be done by ! amateur ) little exp]i5ce4 ,! project+ /uds are pieces ( #c_/d-;in*1 #ad-;gauge /eel tub+ screw$ 9 tight & p9n$1 ?\gh if ^! p>ts be =g$1 ! /uds %\ld be integral4 ,! clamps :i* limit ! movem5t ( ! slides are to be :ittl$ out ( a% or "s o!r h>d wood4 ,! upp] clamp is held 9 place by f\r bolts1 :i* are screw$ up tight2 b :5 ! ma*9e makes a h>d l&+ ! clamp w yield a little & slip up ! tube1 ?us dead5+ ! %ock4 ,aft] su* a l&+1 ! clamps %\ld be inspect$ & aga9 mov$ d[n a bit1 if necess>y4 ,! l[] clamps1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 only keep ! :eels f hang+ d[n too f>1 h bolts pass+ cle> ?r\gh ! tubes4 ,to ! project+ lugs on ! slides ,,gg are atta*$ ! rubb] tube spr+s1 ! l[] ends connect+ ) eye bolts ?r\gh ! beam ,e4 ,^! rubb] tubes1 ( :i* f\r w be ne$$1 are be+ made by sev]al companies 9 ?is c\ntry & are sold by supply h\ses4 ,!y %\ld be ab\t #ad in*es long1 un/ret*$1 & #a #a_/d in*es 9 diamet]1 ) /eel tips at ! ends = atta*m5t4 ,hub ,atta*m5ts4 ,! hubs ( ! two :eels are connect$ ) ! l9k ,p1 ) univ]sal jo9ts ,n ,n at ea* end4 ,9 case ! ma*9e l&s :ile drift+ sidewise1 ! :eel :i* t\*es ! gr\nd fir/ w sw+ ar\nd to head 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! ma*9e is actually mov+1 & ! l9k w cause ! o!r :eel to assume a p>allel position2 ?us ! ma*9e c run diagonally on ! gr\nd )\t any t5d5cy to upset4 ,?is l9k is made ( ! same #a- by #c_/h-;in* oval tub+ us$ else:]e 9 ! ma*9e4 ,9 ! orig9al ,bl]iot1 ! jo9ts are c>efully made up ) /eel =g+s4 ,b jo9ts :i* w s]ve ! purpose c be improvis$ f a #a-;in* cube ( h>d wood & ?ree /eel /raps1 z %[n 9 ! sket*1 ,fig4 #bg4 ,f ea* ( ^! jo9ts a wire runs diagonally to ! bottom ( ! tube on ! o!r side1 ) a spr+ :i* holds ! :eel 9 its normal position4 ,?is spr+ %\ld be ei!r a rubb] tube1 l ^? describ$ above1 b small]1 or a /eel coil spr+4 ,9 ! latt] case1 x %\ld be ( tw5ty #c_/d-;in* coils ( ,no4 #be piano wire4 ,:eels4 ,! :eels are regul>ly #bh by #b in*es1 correspond+ to ! #gjj by #ej mm ,fr5* size1 ) #cj spokes ( #ab-;gauge wire4 ,! hub %\ld be #e #a_/d in*es wide1 ) a #e_/h-;in* bolt4 ,( c\rse1 ^! sizes ne$ n be foll[$ exactly1 b any v>iations w involve correspond+ *anges 9 ! dim5sions ( ! =ks4 ,! long =k goes on ! hub inside ( ! %ort =k1 s t ! inside measurem5t ( ! end ( ! big =k %\ld correspond to ! wid? ( ! hub1 & ! inside measurem5t ( ! small =k %\ld equal ! outside measurem5t ( ! l>ge =k4 ,re> ,skid4 ,sev]al me?ods are employ$ = support+ ! re> end ( ! fuselage :5 ! ma*9e is on ! gr\nd4 ,! fir/ ,bl]iot c>ri$ a small :eel 9 a =k provid$ ) rubb] spr+s1 ! same z ! front :eels4 ,! lat] models1 h[ev]1 h a d\ble 99,u99-%ap$ skid1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #bc & #bd4 ,?is skid is made ( two #h-;foot /rips ( a% or hickory #a_/b by #c_/d in*es1 /eam$ & b5t to ! 99,u99-%ape z %[n 9 ! draw+ ( ! complete ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,details ( ,framework ( ,bl]iot ,ma9 ,support+ ,planes 99,w+s994 ,hav+ complet$ ! fuselage & runn+ ge>1 ! w+s are next 9 ord]4 ,^! are con/ruct$ 9 a mann] :i* may seem unnecess>ily complicat$1 b :i* gives great /r5g? = comp>atively little weight4 ,ea* w+ conta9s two /\t a% beams :i* c>ry _! %>e ( ! weight ( ! ma*9e1 & #ab ribs :i* give ! prop] curvature to ! surfaces & at ! same "t re9=ce ! beams4 ,^! ribs 9 turn are ti$ toge!r & re9=c$ by light /rips runn+ p>allel to ! ma9 beams4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,complete ,rib ( ,bl]iot ,w+ & ,patt]n f ,:i* ,web ,is ,cut ,9 ! draw+ ( ! complete w+4 ,fig4 #bi1 ! beams are designat$ by ! lett]s ,b & ,e4 ,a is a %eet alum9um memb] int5d$ to hold ! clo? cov]+ 9 %ape on ! front edge4 ,c1 ,d1 & ,f are pairs ( /rips 7"o /rip on top1 ! o!r und]nea?7 :i* tie ! ribs toge!r4 ,g is a /rip along ! re> edge1 & ,h is a b5t /rip :i* gives ! r\nd$ %ape to ! end ( ! w+4 ,! ribs are designat$ by ! numb]s #a to #ab inclusive4 ,ribs4 ,! fir/ & mo/ difficult op]ation is to make ! ribs4 ,^! are built up ( a spruce bo>d #c_/af in* ?ick1 cut to %ape on a jig saw1 ) #c_/af- by #e_/h-;in* spruce /rip /ack$ & glu$ to ! upp] & l[] edges4 ,ea* rib ?us has an ,i-beam section1 su* z is us$ 9 /ructural /eel "w & automobile front axles4 ,ea* ( ! bo>ds1 or webs z !y are usually call$1 is divid$ into ?ree p>ts by ! ma9 beams :i* pass ?r\gh x4 ,build]s sometimes make ! mi/ake ( cutt+ out ea* web 9 ?ree pieces1 b ?is makes x v difficult to put ! rib toge!r accurately4 ,ea* web %\ld be cut out ( a s+le piece1 z %[n 9 ! detail draw+4 ,fig4 #cj1 & ! holes = ! beams %\ld be cut 9 aft] ! top & bottom /rips h be5 glu$ on4 ,! detail draw+1 ,fig4 #cj1 gives ! dim5sions ( a typical rib4 ,?is %\ld be drawn out full size on a /rip ( t\gh pap]1 & !n a m>g9 ( #c_/af in* %\ld be tak5 (f all r\nd except at ! front end :]e ! %eet alum9um memb] ,a goes on4 ,?is all[s = ! ?ickness ( ! top & bottom /rips4 ,9 prep>+ ! patt]n = ! jig saw1 ! not*es = /rips ,c1 ,d1 & ,f %\ld be disreg>d$2 nei!r %\ld x be expect$ t ! jig-saw op]ator w cut out ! oval holes along ! c5t] ( ! web1 :i* are simply to light5 x4 ,! not*es = ! front ends ( ! top & bottom /rips %\ld also be smoo!d ov] 9 ! patt]n4 ,:5 ! patt]n is ready1 a saw or plan+ mill provid$ ) a saw suitable = ! "w1 %\ld cut out ! #dj ribs 7all[+ a suffici5t numb] = defective pieces & breakage7 = ab\t #b4 ,! build] !n cuts ! not*es & makes ! oval op5+s ) an aug] & keyhole saw4 ,( c\rse1 ^! holes ne$ n be absolutely accurate1 b at lea/ #c_/d in* ( wood %\ld be left all ar\nd !m4 ,n9e ( ! twelve ribs 9 ea* w+ are exactly alike4 ,no4 #a1 :i* =ms ! inn] end ( ! w+1 does n h any holes cut 9 ! web1 & in/ead ( ! slot = ! ma9 beam ,b1 has a #a #c_/d-;in* r\nd hole1 z ! /ub end ( ! beam is r\nd$ to fit ! socket tube4 7,see ,fig4 #bc47 ,rib ,no4 #aa is #e feet #aj #a_/b in*es long1 & ,no4 #ab is #c feet long4 ,^! c be :ittl$ out by h&1 & ! %ape = !m w be obvi\s z soon z ! ma9 "p ( ! w+ is put toge!r4 ,! next /ep is to glue on ! top & bottom /rips4 ,! front ends %\ld be put on fir/ & held1 dur+ ! dry+1 9 a screw clamp1 ! ends sett+ close up into ! not*es provid$ = !m4 ,?9 #a_/b-;in* brads %\ld be driv5 9 along ! top & bottom at #a- to #b-;in* int]vals4 ,! re> ends ( ! /rips %\ld be cut (f to ! prop] l5g? & :ittl$ (f a little on ! inside1 s t !re w be room betwe5 !m = ! /rip ,g1 #a_/d in* ?ick4 ,f9ally1 cut ! slots = ! ma9 beams1 us+ a bit & brace & ! keyhole saw1 & ! ribs w be ready to assemble4 ,beams & ,/rips4 ,! ma9 beams are ( a%1 ! front beam 9 ea* w+ be+ #c #a_/d by #c_/d in*es & ! re> beam #b #a_/b by #e_/h in*es4 ,!y are n exactly rectangul> b mu/ be plan$ d[n slightly on ! top & bottom edges1 s t !y w fit into ! irregul>ly-%ap$ slots left = !m 9 ! ribs4 ,! front beams1 z m5tion$ above1 h r\nd /ubs :i* fit into ! socket tube on ! fuselage4 ,^! /ubs may be made by bolt+ %ort pieces ( a% bo>d on ea* side ( ! end ( ! beam & r\nd+ d[n ! :ole4 ,to give ! w+s _! slight incl9ation1 or dih$ral angle1 :i* w be app>5t 9 ! front view ( ! ma*9e1 ! /ubs mu/ lie at an angle ( #b #a_/b degrees ) ! beam itself4 ,?is angle %\ld be laid out v c>efully1 z a slight inaccuracy at ?is po9t w result 9 a mu* l>g] error at ! tips4 ,! re> beams project ab\t #b in*es f ! inn] ribs4 ,! ends %\ld be re9=c$ ) b&s ( %eet /eel to prev5t splitt+1 & ea* drill$ ) a #c_/h-;in* hole = ! bolt :i* atta*es to ! fuselage /rut4 ,a /rip ( heavy %eet /eel %\ld be b5t to make an angle wa%] to fill up ! triangul> space betwe5 ! beam & ! /rut2 ! bolt hole %\ld be drill$ p]p5dicul>ly to ! beam1 & n to ! /rut4 ,! out] ends ( ! beams1 beyond rib ,no4 #aj1 tap] d[n to #a in* deep at ! ends4 ,! alum9um memb] ,a1 ,fig4 #bi1 :i* holds ! front edge ( ! w+ 9 %ape1 is made ( a #d-;in* /rip ( fairly heavy %eet alum9um1 roll$ into %ape r\nd a piece ( half-r\nd wood1 #b #a_/d in*es 9 diamet]4 ,z %eet alum9um usually comes 9 #f-;foot l5g?s1 ea* ( ^! memb]s w h to be made 9 two sections1 jo9$ ei!r by sold]+ 7if ! build] has ma/]$ ?is difficult process7 or by a numb] ( small copp] rivets4 ,no especial difficulties are pres5t$ by ! /rips1 ,c1 ,d1 & ,f1 :i* are ( spruce #c_/af by #e_/h in*1 or by ! re> edge /rip ,g1 ( spruce #a_/d by #a #a_/b in*es4 ,ea* piece ,h %\ld be #a by #a_/b in* half-r\nd spruce1 b5t into %ape1 fitt$ into ! alum9um piece at ! front1 & at ! re> flatt5$ d[n to #a_/d in* & re9=c$ by a small /rip glu$ to ! back1 f9ally runn+ into ! /rip ,g4 ,! exact curve ( ?is piece does n matt]1 provid$ x is ! same on bo? w+s4 ,assembl+ ! ,w+s4 ,assembl+ ! w+s is an op]ation :i* dem&s consid]able c>e4 ,! ma9 beams %\ld fir/ be laid across two horses1 set level s t !re w be no /ra9 on ! framework z x is put toge!r4 ,!n ! #ab ribs %\ld be slipp$ ov] ! beams & ev5ly spac$ #ac in*es ap>t to c5t]s1 c>e be+ tak5 to see t ea* rib /&s squ>e ) ! beams1 ,fig4 #ca4 ,! ribs are n glu$ to ! beams1 z ?is w\ld make repairs difficult1 b are fa/5$ ) small nails4 ,/rips ,c1 ,d1 & ,f1 ,fig1 #bi1 are next put 9 place1 simply be+ /rung ?r\gh ! r[s ( holes provid$ = !m 9 ! ribs1 & fa/5$ ) brads4 ,!n spac]s ( #c_/af-;in* spruce1 #b or #c in*es long1 are plac$ betwe5 ea* pair ( /rips halfway betwe5 ea* rib1 & fa/5$ ) glue & brads4 ,?is c be se5 9 ! brok5-(f view ( ! w+ 9 ! front view draw+1 ,fig4 #bc4 ,! re> edge /rip fits betwe5 ! ends ( ! top & bottom /rips ( ! ribs1 z m5tion$ above1 fa/5$ ) brads or ) /rips ( %eet-alum9um tack$ on4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,assembl+ ! ,ma9 ,planes ( a ,bl]iot ,monoplane ,ea* w+ is truss$ by eight wires1 half above & half bel[2 half atta*$ to ! front & half to ! re> beam4 ,9 ! g5u9e ,bl]iot /eel tape is us$ = ! l[] truss+ ( ! ma9 beams1 simil> to ! tape employ$ 9 ! runn+ ge>1 b ,am]ican build]s pref] to use #a_/h-;in* cable4 ,! l[] re> truss+ %\ld be #c_/cb- or #g_/fd-;in* cable1 & ! upp] truss+ #c_/cb-;in*4 ,! beams are provid$ ) %eet-/eel fixtures = ! atta*m5t ( ! cables1 z %[n 9 ! brok5-(f w+ view1 ,fig4 #bc4 ,^! are cut f fairly-heavy metal1 & g 9 pairs1 "o on ea* side ( ! end beam1 fa/5 ) ?ree #c_/af-;in* bolts4 ,!y h lugs top & bottom4 ,!y are plac$ betwe5 ! fif? & six? & n9? & t5? ribs on ea* side4 ,to resi/ ! backw>d pressure ( ! air1 ! w+s are truss$ ) /ruts ( #a-;in* spruce & #a_/af-;in* cable1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bc4 ,! /ruts are plac$ betwe5 ! cable atta*m5ts1 be+ provid$ ) f]rules ( flatt5$ /eel tub+ arrang$ to all[ ! re> beam fre$om to sw+ up & d[n4 ,! diagonal cables are provid$ ) turnbuckles & run ?r\gh ! op5 spaces 9 ! ribs4 99,control ,sy/em994 ,! /e]+ ge> & tail con/ruction ( ! ,bl]iot are z di/9ctive z ! swivel+ :eels & ! 99,u99-bolts1 & ! ^w clo*e appli$ to ! bell-l atta*m5t = ! control wires1 has be5 adopt$ into ! int]national vocabul>y ( a]oplan+4 ,! driv] has betwe5 8 knees a small /e]+ :eel m\nt$ on a %ort v]tical po/4 ,?is :eel does n turn1 b in/ead ! po/ has a univ]sal jo9t at ! bottom :i* all[s x to be swung backw>d & =w>d or to ei!r side4 ,! po/ is really a lev]1 & ! :eel a h&le4 ,encircl+ ! l[] "p ( ! po/ is a hemisph]ical bell--! clo*e--) its bottom edge on ! same level z ! univ]sal jo9t4 ,f\r wires are atta*$ to ! edge ( ! clo*e4 ,^? at ! front & back are connect$ ) ! elevator1 & ^? at ! sides ) ! w+-w>p+ lev]4 ,! connections are s arrang$ t pull+ ! :eel back />ts ! ma*9e upw>d1 :ile pu%+ x =w>d causes x to desc5d1 & pull+ to ei!r side l[]s t side & raises ! o!r4 ,! ma*9e c be kept on a level keel by ! use ( ! :eel & clo*e alone2 ! aviator uses !m j z if !y 7 rigidly atta*$ to ! ma*9e1 & by !m he c\ld move ! ma*9e bodily into ! desir$ position4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 x has be5 f\nd t lat]al /ability c be ma9ta9$ m easily by ! use ( ! v]tical rudd] ?an by w>p+4 ,?is is because ! ma*9e naturally tips inw>d on a turn1 &1 consequ5tly1 a tip c be correct$ by a p>tial turn 9 ! o!r direction4 ,if1 = example1 ! ma*9e tips to ! "r1 ! aviator /e]s slightly to ! left1 & ! ma*9e comes back to a level keel )\t any noticeable *ange 9 direction4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances ?is plan is us$ altoge!r1 & ! w>p+ is us$ only on turns & 9 bad wea!r4 ,x w be notic$ t ! ,bl]iot control sy/em is almo/ id5tical ) t ( ! ,h5ri ,f>man biplane1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t 9 ! ,f>man ! clo*e & :eel are replac$ by a long lev]4 ,! movem5ts1 h[ev]1 rema9 ! same1 & z !re are probably m ,bl]iot & ,f>man ma*9es 9 use ?an all o!r makes toge!r1 ?is control may be reg>d$ almo/ z a /&>d4 ,x is n z univ]sal z ! /e]+ :eel1 ge> %ift1 & brake lev]s ( ! automobile1 b /ill x is a /ep 9 ! "r direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,control ,device ( ,/eel ,tub+ in/ead ( ,bl]iot ,clo*e ,9 ! g5u9e ,bl]iot1 ! clo*e is built up ( two bells1 "o inside ! o!r1 bo? ( %eet alum9um ab\t #a_/af in* ?ick4 ,! out] bell is #aa in*es 9 diamet] & #c #a_/b in*es deep1 & ! inn] "o #aj in*es 9 diamet] & #b in*es deep4 ,a r+ ( h>d wood is clamp$ betwe5 _! edges & ! /e]+ column1 an alum9um ca/+ pass+ ?r\gh _! c5t]s4 ,?is con/ruction is s complicat$ & requires s _m special ca/+s & p>ts t x is almo/ impossible = ! amateur4 ,/e]+ ,ge>4 ,:ile n s neat1 ! optional con/ruction %[n 9 ! accompany+ draw+1 ,fig4 #cb1 is equally effective4 ,9 ?is plan1 ! clo*e is replac$ by f\r 99,v99-%ap$ pieces ( #a_/b-;in*1 #bj-;gauge /eel tub+1 atta*$ to a /e]+ po/ ( #a-;in*1 #bj-;gauge tub+4 ,at ! l[] end1 ! po/ has a =k1 made ( pieces ( small] tub+ b5t & braz$ into place1 & ?is =k =ms "p ( ! univ]sal jo9t on :i* ! po/ is m\nt$4 ,! cross ( ! univ]sal jo9t1 :i* is some:at simil> to ^? employ$ on automobiles1 c be/ be made ( two pieces ( heavy tub+1 #a_/b in* by #ab gauge1 ea* cut half away at ! middle4 ,! two pieces are !n fa/5$ toge!r by a small bolt & braz$ = great] security4 ,! ends :i* are to g into ! =k ( ! /e]+ po/ mu/ !n be tapp$ = #c_/h-;in* ma*9e screws4 ,! two o!r ends ( ! cross are c>ri$ on 99,v99's ( #a_/b-;in*1 #bj-;gauge tub+1 spread f> en\gh ap>t at ! bottom to make a firm base1 & bolt$ to ! floor ( ! cockpit4 ,! /e]+ :eel itself is comp>atively unimportant4 ,on ! g5u9e ,bl]iot x is a solid piece ( wood #h in*es 9 diamet]1 ) two holes cut 9 x = h& grips4 ,on ! po/ j "u ! :eel are usually plac$ ! sp>k & ?rottle lev]s4 ,x is r difficult1 h[ev]1 to arrange ! connections = ^! lev]s 9 su* a way t !y w n be affect$ by ! movem5ts ( ! po/1 & = ?is reason _m amateur build]s place ! lev]s at "o side on "o ( ! fuselage beams4 ,f ! sides ( ! clo*e1 or f ! tub+ triangles :i* may be sub/itut$ = x1 two heavy wires run /raight d[n to ! ends ( ! w>p+ lev]4 ,?is lev]1 toge!r ) two pulleys1 is m\nt$ at ! l[] po9t ( ! w>p+ frame already describ$4 ,! lev] is #ab in*es long1 #aa in*es betwe5 ! holes at its ends1 & #b in*es wide 9 ! middle2 x %\ld be cut f a piece ( %eet /eel ab\t #a_/af in* ?ick4 ,! pulleys %\ld be #b #a_/b in*es 9 diamet]1 "o ( !m bolt$ to ! lev]1 ! o!r "o runn+ free4 ,! wires f ! out] ends ( ! re> w+ beams are jo9$ by a piece ( flexible control cable1 :i* is giv5 a s+le turn ov] ! free pulley4 ,! inn] wires1 h[ev]1 ea* h a piece ( flexible cable atta*$ to _! ends1 & ^! pieces ( cable1 aft] be+ giv5 a turn r\nd ! o!r pulley1 are made fa/ to ! opposite ends ( ! w>p+ lev]4 ,^! cables %\ld be run ov] ! pulleys1 n "u1 s t :5 ! clo*e is pull$ to ! "r1 ! left w+ w be w>p$ d[nw>d4 ,x is a common mi/ake to assume t bo? pulleys are fa/5$ to ! w>p+ lev]2 b :5 ?is is done ! out] wire slack5s (f & does n move 9 accord ) ! inn] wire1 on acc\nt ( ! diff]5t angles at :i* !y "w4 ,foot ,lev]s4 ,! foot lev] = /e]+ is cut f a piece ( wood #bb in*es long1 holl[$ out at ! ends to =m conv5i5t re/s = ! feet4 ,! wires connect+ ! lev] to ! rudd] may ei!r be atta*$ to ?is lev] direct1 or1 if a neat] con/ruction is desir$1 !y may be atta*$ to ano!r lev] "u ! floor ( ! cockpit4 ,9 ! latt] case1 a %ort piece ( #a-;in* /eel tub+ s]ves z a v]tical %aft to connect ! two lev]s1 :i* are fa/5$ to ! %aft by means ( alum9um sockets su* z may be obta9$ f any supply h\se4 ,! l[] lev] is #ab in*es long & #b in*es wide1 cut f #a_/af-;in* /eel simil> to ! w>p+ lev]4 ,amateur build]s (t5 cross ! rudd] wires s t press+ ! lev] to ! "r w cause ! ma*9e to /e] to ! left4 ,?is may seem m natural at fir/ glance1 b x is n ! ,bl]iot way4 ,9 ! latt]1 ! wires are n cross$1 ! idea be+ to facilitate ! use ( ! v]tical rudd] = ma9ta9+ lat]al equilibrium4 ,) ?is arrangem5t1 press+ ! lev] ) ! foot on ! high side ( ! ma*9e t5ds to br+ x back to an ev5 keel4 ,tail & ,elevator4 ,! tail & elevator planes are built up ) ribs & tie /rips 9 mu* ! same mann] z ! w+s4 ,h[ev]1 x w h>dly pay to h ^! ribs cut out on a jig saw unless ! build] c h ?is "w done v *eaply4 ,x s]ves ! purpose j z well to clamp toge!r a numb] ( /rips ( #c_/af-;in* spruce & plane !m d[n by h&4 ,! ribs :5 f9i%$ %\ld be #bd #a_/d in*es long4 ,! greate/ dep? ( ! curve is #a #a_/d in*es1 at a po9t "o-?ird ( ! way back f ! front edge1 & ! greate/ dep? ( ! ribs !mselves #b #a_/d in*es1 at ! same po9t4 ,sixte5 ribs are requir$4 ,a /eel tube #a in* by #bj gauge1 ,c1 ,fig4 #cc1 runs ?r\gh bo? tail & elevators1 & is ! means ( mov+ ! latt]4 ,ea* rib at ! po9t :]e ! tube passes ?r\gh1 is provid$ ) an alum9um socket4 ,^? on ! tail ribs act m]ely z be>+s = ! tube1 b ^? on ! elevator ribs are bolt$ fa/1 s t ! elevators mu/ turn ) ! tube4 ,at its c5t] ! tube c>ries a lev] ,g1 ( #a_/af-;in* /eel #ab by #b in*es1 fa/5$ on by two alum9um sockets1 "o on ea* side4 ,f ! top ( ! lev] a wire runs to ! front side ( ! clo*e1 & f ! bottom a second wire runs to ! re> side ( ! clo*e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,con/ruction ,details ( ,bl]iot ,tail1 ,elevators1 & ,rudd] ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,old ,,dut* ,,w9dmill ,,& ,a ,,mod]n ,,fr5* ,,a]oplane ,?is ,photograph ,protect$ ,by ,int]national ,copyright ,illu/ration3 ,,view ,,( ,,! ,r4 ,e4 ,p4 ,,motor ,,& ,,l&+ ,,ge> ,?is ,ma*9e is ! ,"w ( ,"o ( ! ,clev]e/ ,a]oplane ,design]s 9 ,europe ,! tube is c>ri$ 9 two be>+s ,,hh1 atta*$ to ! l[] beams ( ! fuselage4 ,^! are simply blocks ( h>d wood1 fa/5$ by /eel /rips & bolts4 ,! angle ( incid5ce ( ! tail is adju/able1 ! tail itself be+ held 9 place by two v]tical /rips ( /eel ris+ f ! re> edge & bolt$ to ! fuselage1 z %[n 9 ! draw+1 ,fig4 #cc4 ,to prev5t ! tail f fold+ up "u ! air pressure to :i* x is subject$1 x is re9=c$ by two #c_/d-;in*1 #bj-;gauge /eel tubes runn+ d[n f ! upp] sides ( ! fuselage1 z %[n 9 ! draw+ ( ! complete ma*9e1 ,fig4 #bc4 ,! tail & elevators h two pairs ( tie /rips1 ,b & ,d1 ,fig4 #cc1 made ( #c_/af- by #e_/h-;in* spruce4 ,! front edge ,a is half r\nd1 #a- by #a_/b-;in* spruce1 & ! re> edge ,e is a spruce /rip #a_/d- by #a #a_/b-;in*es4 ,! end pieces are curv$4 ,rudd]4 ,! rudd] is built up on a piece ( #a-;in* r\nd spruce ,m1 correspond+ 9 a way to ! /eel tube us$ = ! elevators4 ,on ?is are m\nt$ two long ribs ,,kk1 & a %ort rib ,j1 made ( spruce #c_/h in* ?ick & #a #c_/h in*es wide at ! po9t :]e ,m passes ?r\gh !m4 ,!y are fa/5$ to ,m ) #a_/h-;in* ?r\gh bolts4 ,! rudd] lev] ,n1 ( #a_/af-;in* /eel1 #ab by #b in*es1 is laid flat on ,j & bolt$ 9 place2 x is !n truss$ by wires runn+ f ea* end to ! re> ends ( ,,kk4 ,f ! lev] o!r wires also run =w>d to ! foot lev] :i* controls ! rudd]4 ,! wires to ! elevator & rudd] %\ld be ( ! flexible cable specially made = ?is purpose1 & %\ld be support$ by fairlead]s atta*$ to ! fuselage /ruts4 ,fairlead]s ( diff]5t designs may be procur$ f supply h\ses1 or may be improvis$4 ,ord9>y screw eyes are (t5 us$1 or pieces ( copp] tub+1 b\nd to ! /ruts ) friction tape4 99,cov]+ ! ,planes994 ,cov]+ ! ma9 planes1 tail1 elevators1 & rudd] may well be left until ! ma*9e is o!rwise ready = its trial trip1 z ! clo? w n !n be soil$ by ! du/ & grime ( ! %op4 ,! clo? may be any ( ! /&>d br&s :i* are on ! m>ket1 pref]ably 9 a r light weight made specially = d\ble-surfac$ ma*9es ( ?is type2 or light-weight sail clo? may be us$1 co/+ only #be or #cj c5ts a y>d4 ,ab\t #hj y>ds w be requir$1 assum+ a wid? ( #cf in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,me?od ( ,m\nt+ ,fabric on ,ma9 ,support+ ,frame ,except on ! rudd]1 ! clo? is appli$ on ! bias1 ! idea be+ t ) ?is arrangem5t ! ?reads act l diagonal truss wires1 ?us /r5g!n+ & brac+ ! framework4 ,:5 ! clo? is to be put on 9 ?is way x mu/ fir/ be sew$ toge!r 9 %eets l>ge en\gh to cov] ! entire plane4 ,ea* w+ w require a %eet ab\t #ad feet squ>e1 & two %eets ea* #f feet squ>e w be requir$ = ! elevators & tail4 ,! /rips ( clo? run diagonally across ! %eets1 ! longe/ /rips 9 ! w+ %eets be+ #bj feet long4 ,application ( ! clo? to ! w+s1 ,fig4 #cd1 is be/ begun by fa/5+ "o edge ( a %eet to ! re> edge ( ! w+1 /ret*+ ! clo? z tight z c be done conv5i5tly ) "o h&4 ,! clo? is !n spread =w>d ov] ! upp] surface ( ! w+ & is made fa/ along ! inn] end rib4 ,small copp] tacks are us$1 spac$ #b in*es ap>t on ! upp] side & #a in* on ! l[] side4 ,aft] ! clo? has be5 tack$ to ! upp] sides ( all ! ribs1 ! w+ is turn$ ov] & ! clo? /ret*$ ov] ! l[] side4 ,f9ally ! raw edges are trimm$ (f & cov]$ ) light tape glu$ d[n1 tape also be+ glu$ ov] all ! r[s ( tacks along ! ribs1 mak+ a neat f9i% & at ! same "t prev5t+ ! clo? f te>+ (f ov] ! tack heads4 99,in/allation ( ,motor994 ,z /at$ previ\sly1 ! ideal motor = a ,bl]iot-type ma*9e is %ort along ! crank %aft1 z ! available space 9 ! fuselage is limit$1 & air-cool$ = ! same reason4 ,g5u9e ,bl]iots are always fitt$ ) "o ( ! special types ( radial or rot>y a]onautic motors1 :i* are always air-cool$4 ,next 9 popul>ity to ^! is ! two-cyl9d]1 horizontal-oppos$ motor1 ei!r air- or wat]-cool$4 ,h[ev]1 successful ma*9es h be5 built ) /&>d automobile-type1 f\r-cyl9d]1 wat]-cool$ motors1 & ) f\r-cyl9d]1 two-cycle1 a]onautic motors4 ,:5 ! motor is wat]-cool$1 !re w inevitably be "s difficulty 9 f9d+ room = a radiator ( suffici5t size4 ,"o s*eme is to use tw9 radiators1 "o on ea* side ( ! fuselage1 inside ( ! ma9 frame ( ! runn+ ge>4 ,ano!r plan is to place ! radiator und]nea? ! fuselage1 us+ a supplem5t>y wat] tank above ! cyl9d]s to facilitate circulation4 ,^! two seem to be ab\t ! only practicable arrangem5ts1 z beh9d ! motor ! radiator w\ld n get en\gh air1 & above x w\ld ob/ruct ! view ( ! op]ator4 ,x is impossible to g5]alize to mu* effect ab\t ! me?od ( support+ ! motor 9 ! fuselage1 z ?is mu/ diff] ) ! motor4 ,automobile-type motors w be c>ri$ on two heavy a% beams1 brac$ by l5g?s ( /eel tub+ ( ab\t #a in* diamet] & #af gauge4 ,:5 ! sev5-cyl9d] rot>y ,gnome motor is us$1 ! crank %aft alone is support$2 x is c>ri$ at ! c5t] ( two ,x-%ap$ frames ( press$ /eel1 "o 9 front ( & ! o!r beh9d ! motor4 ,! ?ree-cyl9d] ,anzani motors are c>ri$ on f\r l5g?s ( *annel /eel b5t to fit ar\nd ! upp] & l[] portions ( ! crank case1 :i* is ( ! motorcycle type4 ,consid]able c>e %\ld be tak5 to prev5t ! exhau/ f bl[+ back into ! op]ator's face z ?is sometimes c>ries ) x drops ( burn+ oil1 besides disagreeable smoke & fumes4 ,! usual plan is to arrange a slop+ da%bo>d ( %eet alum9um s z to deflect ! gases d[n "u ! fuselage4 ,! ?ree sections ( ! fuselage back ( ! eng9e section are usually cov]$ on ! sides & bottom ) clo? l t us$ on ! w+s4 ,sometimes %eet alum9um is us$ to cov] ! section betwe5 ! w+ beams4 ,h[ev]1 ^? :o are j le>n+ to op]ate ma*9es & are a little d\btful ab\t _! l&+s (t5 leave (f ! cov]+ 9 ord] to be able to see ! gr\nd imm$iately b5ea? _! front :eels4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,runn+ ,ge> ( ,morane ,type ( ,bl]iot ,monoplane 99,new ,features994 ,morane ,l&+ ,ge>4 ,al?\gh ! regul> ,bl]iot l&+ ge> already describ$1 has _m advantages & ha4s be5 9 use ) only detail *anges = sev]al ye>s1 "s aviators pref] ! l&+ ge> ( ! new ,morane monoplane1 :i* 9 o!r respects closely resembles ! ,bl]iot4 ,?is ge>1 ,fig4 #ce1 is an adaptation ( t long 9 use on ! ,h5ri ,f>man & ,somm] biplanes1 comb9+ skids & :eels ) rubb]-b& spr+s4 ,9 case a :eel or spr+ breaks1 :e!r due to a defect or to a r\gh l&+1 ! skids (t5 save an upset4 ,besides1 ! t5sion ( ! spr+s is usually su* t on a r\gh l&+ ! :eels jump up & all[ ! skids to take ! %ock2 ?is also prev5ts ! excessive reb\nd ( ! ,bl]iot spr+s "u simil> conditions4 ,ano!r advantage :i* may h "s weight ) ! amateur build]1 is t ! ,morane runn+ ge> is mu* *eap] & easi] to con/ruct4 ,in/ead ( ! two heavy tubes1 ! f\r =ks ( oval tub+1 & ! _m slides1 coll>s1 & blocks--mo/ ( !m special =g+s or ca/+s--! ,morane ge> simply requires two %ort lam9at$ skids1 f\r a% /ruts1 & "s %eet /eel4 ,! lam9at$ skids are built up ( ?ree bo>ds ea* ( #e_/h by #b-;in* a%1 #c #a_/b feet long4 ,^! mu/ be glu$ "u heavy pressure 9 =ms giv+ ! prop] curve at ! front end4 ,:5 !y are tak5 f ! press1 ?ree or f\r #a_/b-;in* holes %\ld be bor$ at equal di/ances along ! c5t] l9e & wood p9s driv5 92 ^! help 9 reta9+ ! curve4 ,! f9i%$ size ( ! skids %\ld be #a #c_/d by #a #c_/d in*es4 ,f\r a% /ruts #a #a_/d by #b #a_/b in*es support ! fuselage4 ,!y are r\nd$ (f to an oval %ape except at ! ends1 :]e !y are atta*$ to ! skids & ! fuselage beams ) clamps ( #a_/af in* %eet /eel4 ,! ends ( ! /ruts mu/ be bevel$ (f c>efully to make a good fit2 !y spread out #ae degrees f ! v]tical1 & ! re> pair h a backw>d slant ( #cj degrees f v]tical4 ,additional fuselage /ruts mu/ be provid$ at ! front end ( ! fuselage to take ! place ( ! /ruts & beams ( ! ,bl]iot runn+ ge>4 ,! two v]tical /ruts at ! extreme front end may be ( ! same #a #a_/d- by #b #a_/b-;in* a% us$ 9 ! runn+ ge>1 plan$ d[n to #a #c_/af in*es ?ick to mat* ! ?ickness ( ! fuselage beams4 ,! horizontal /ruts %\ld be #a #c_/af by #a #c_/d in*es4 ,! :eels run on ! ends ( an axle tube1 & usually h pla9 be>+s4 ,! /&>d size bore ( ! hub is #ae_/af in*1 & ! axle tube %\ld be #ae_/af in* diamet] by #aa gauge4 ,! tube also has loosely m\nt$ on x two spools to c>ry ! rubb] b& spr+s4 ,^! are made ( #b #a_/d-;in* l5g?s ( #a #c_/h-;in* tub+1 ) walls ( suffici5t ?ickness to make an easy slid+ fit on ! axle tube4 ,to ! ends ( ea* l5g? ( tube are braz$ #b #a_/b-;in* wa%]s ( #c_/af in* /eel1 complet+ ! spool4 ,! ends ( ! rubb] b&s are c>ri$ on roll]s ( #c_/d-;in*1 #af-;gauge tub+1 fa/5$ to ! skids by fitt+s b5t up f #c_/af-;in* %eet /eel4 ,ea* fitt+ is bolt$ to ! skid ) two #c_/h-;in* bolts4 ,"s arrangem5t mu/ n[ be made to keep ! axle c5t]$ "u ! ma*9e1 z ! rubb] b&s w n take any sidewise /ra94 ,a clamp ( heavy %eet /eel %\ld be made to fit ov] ! axle at its c5t]1 & f ?is heavy wires or cables run to ! bottom ends ( ! =w>d /ruts4 ,^! wires may be provid$ ) /iff coil spr+s1 if x is desir$ to all[ a little sidewise movem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,details ( ,bl]iot ,inv]se ,curve ,tail ,new ,bl]iot ,inv]se ,curve ,tail4 ,"s ( ! late/ ,bl]iot ma*9es h a new tall :i* seems to add consid]able to _! spe$4 ,x consi/s ( a fix$ tail1 ,fig4 #cf1 ne>ly z l>ge z ! old-/yle tail & elevators comb9$1 ) two elevator flaps h+$ to its re> edge4 ,! peculi>ity ( ^! elevators1 f :i* ! tail gets its "n1 is t ! curve is concave above & convex bel[--at fir/ glance seem+ to h be5 atta*$ upside d[n4 ,9 ?is con/ruction1 ! #a-;in*1 #bj-;gauge tube1 :i* =m]ly pass$ ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! tail1 n[ runs along ! re> edge1 be+ held on by /rips ( #a_/b- by #a_/af-;in* /eel b5t into 99,u99-%ape & fa/5$ ) screws or bolts to ! ribs4 ,simil> /rips atta* ! elevators to ! tube1 b ^! /rips are bolt$ to ! tube4 ,! con/ruction is o!rwise l t previ\sly describ$4 ,x is said t fitt+ ?is tail to a ,bl]iot 9 place ( ! old-/yle tail adds #e miles an h\r to ! spe$1 )\t any o!r *anges be+ made4 ,ano!r slight *ange :i* di/+ui%es ! new] ,bl]iots is 9 ! ov]head frame1 :i* n[ consi/s ( a s+le inv]t$ 99,v99 in/ead ( two 99,v99's connect$ by a horizontal tube4 ,! s+le 99,v99 is set slightly back ( ! ma9 w+ beam1 & is high] &1 ( c\rse1 ( heavi] tub+ ?an 9 ! previ\s con/ruction4 ,its top %\ld /& #b feet #f in*es above ! fuselage1 & ! tub+ %\ld be #a in* #ah gauge4 ,x also requires f\r truss wires1 two runn+ to ! front end ( ! fuselage & two to ! /ruts to :i* ! re> w+ beams are atta*$4 ,all ( ! wires on ! upp] side ( ! w+s conv]ge to "o po9t at ! top ( ?is 99,v991 ! wires f ! w+ beams1 ( c\rse1 pass+ ov] pulleys4 ,^! v>iations f ! =m already describ$ may be ( int]e/ to ^? :o wi% to h _! ma*9es up-to-date 9 e detail1 b !y are by no means ess5tial4 ,hundr$s ( ! old-/yle ,bl]iots are fly+ e day & giv+ p]fect satisfaction4 ,,art ,,( ,,fly+ ,k ( ! sci5ce ( a]onautics & ability to fly are two totally diff]5t ?+s4 ,long-cont9u$ /udy ( ! problem f its sci5tific side enabl$ ! ,wright ,bro!rs to le>n h[ to build a ma*9e t w\ld fly1 b x did n tea* !m h[ to fly ) x4 ,t came z ! result ( p]si/5t attempts at fly+ itself4 ,a /udy ( ! !oretic laws ( balanc+ does n =m a good f\ndation = le>n+ h[ to ride a bicycle--practice ) ! actual ma*9e is ! only road to success4 ,! be/ evid5ce ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t sev]al ( ! mo/ successful aviators today h b a slight k ( ! sci5ce ( a]onautics4 ,!y are n p>ticul>ly well v]s$ 9 :at makes flight possible1 b !y "k h[ to fly because !y h le>n$ x 9 actual practice4 ,ref]5ce to ! e>ly "w ( ! ,wright ,bro!rs %[s t dur+ a p]iod ( sev]al ye>s !y sp5t a l>ge "p ( _! "t 9 actual exp]im5ts 9 ! air1 & x 0 n until ^! _h prov$ entirely satisfactory t !y attempt$ to build a p[]-driv5 ma*9e4 99,me?ods ,us$ 9 ,aviation ,s*ools994 ,aviation s*ools are spr++ up all ov] ?is c\ntry & !re are a numb] ( well-e/abli%$ in/itutions ( ?is k9d abroad4 ,9 ! c\rse ( in/ruction1 ! /ud5t mu/ fir/ le>n ! use ( ! v>i\s controls on a dummy ma*9e4 ,9 ! case ( an ,engli% s*ool1 ?is dummy1 ,fig4 #cg1 is a motorless a]oplane m\nt$ on a univ]sally-jo9t$ support s z to sw+ ab\t a pivot z desir$4 ,?is is employ$ = ! purpose ( famili>iz+ ! beg9n] ) ! means ( ma9ta9+ equilibrium 9 ! air4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,monoplane ,dummy ,us$ = ,practice 9 ,aviation ,s*ool ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,a]ocycle ) ,treadle ,p[] = ,practice ,"w ,a ,fr5* s*ool1 on ! o!r h&1 employs a w+less ma*9e1 :i* is o!rwise complete1 z x consi/s ( a regulation *assis ) motor & propell]1 all /e]+ & elevat+ controls4 ,on ?is1 ! /ud5t may practice :at has come to be famili>ly kn[n z grass-cutt+1 to 8 he>t's cont5t1 )\t any dang] ( ! ma*9e tak+ to ! air unexpect$ly1 z has frequ5tly be5 ! case :]e fir/ attempts h be5 made on a full-fl$g$ ma*9e4 ,usually1 mo/ ( su* attempts result disa/r\sly1 (t5 de/roy+ 9 a mom5t ! result ( mon?s ( "w 9 build+ ! ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,vois9 ,biplane ) ,d\ble ,control = ,tea*+ ,beg9n]s ,a ,fr5* a]ocycle1 ,fig4 #ch1 a comp>atively inexp5sive ma*9e1 is also useful = practice 9 balanc+ & 9 %ort1 l[ flights4 ,! ,fr5* app>atus 9 "q may accord+ly be consid]$ an advance1 n only ov] ! ,engli% ma*9e1 ev5 ( ! type %[n 9 ,fig4 #ci1 :i* has a d\ble control1 & is especially design$ = ! tea*+ ( beg9n]s1 b v mu* ov] ! practice ( attempt+ to actually fly = ! fir/ "t 9 a /range ma*9e1 z x provides ! necess>y practice 9 ! h&l+ ( ! motor & ! lat]al /e]+4 ,! ma*9e c make high spe$ ov] ! gr\nd1 b is p]fectly safe = ! beg9n]1 z x is incapable ( ris+4 ,hav+ gone ?r\gh ! /ages repres5t$ by ei!r ( ^! contrivances1 ! be/ c\rse = ! le>n] to foll[ is to try glid+1 tak+ %ort glides to atta9 ! ability to quickly meet v>y+ conditions ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! fact t ^! glides are ( extremely %ort duration at fir/ ne$ n be disc\rag+ :5 x is recall$ t1 aft] sev]al ye>s ( "w1 ! ,wright ,bro!rs consid]$ t great progress _h be5 made :51 9 #aijb1 !y 7 able to make glides ( #bf seconds4 ,dur+ six days ( ! practice season ( t ye>1 !y made #cge glid+ flights ( v>i\s di/ances1 mo/ ( !m comp>atively %ort1 b ea* "o ( value 9 famili>iz+ ! glid] ) ! conditions to be met4 ,x is n mat]ial :e!r glid+ or manipulation ( ! control lev]s is tak5 up fir/1 z bo? %\ld be ma/]$ z f> z possible be=e attempt+ to fly a regul> ma*9e4 99,use ( ! ,elevat+ ,plane994 ,s _m ?+s are necess>y to ! control ( an a]oplane t ?9k+ becomes entirely too sl[ a process--! aviator mu/ be end[$ ) some?+ approa*+ ! in/9ct ( ! bird2 he mu/ be s famili> ) 8 ma*9e & its peculi>ities t a l>ge "p ( ! "w ( controll+ x is ! result ( subconsci\s movem5t4 ,! control lev]s ( _m ma*9es are s arrang$ t ?is subconsci\s movem5t on ! "p ( ! aviator directly op]ates ! balanc+ me*anism4 ,!re is no "t to ?9k4 ,:5 a ma*9e rises f ! gr\nd1 fac+ ! w9d z x %\ld1 its pa? ( flight %\ld be a gradual upw>d incl9ation1 ?is be+ some?+ difficult to accompli% at fir/1 ow+ to ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! elevat+ rudd]1 ! t5d5cy almo/ inv>iably be+ to give ! latt] too great an angle ( incid5ce4 ,at ?is /age1 ! maximum velocity ( flight has n yet be5 atta9$ & c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep ! angle ( asc5t small4 ,o!rwise1 ! p[] ( ! eng9e1 :i* may n h rea*$ its maximum1 w\ld n be suffici5t to cause ! ma*9e to asc5d an incl9$ pa? at ! />t+ spe$4 ,if ! spe$ ( flight be r$uc$ by ! increas$ resi/ance at ?is po9t1 ! :ole ma*9e w slide back 9 ! air1 & if a sudd5 gu/ ( w9d happ5s to co9cide ) ! attempt to rise at too great an angle1 !re is dang] ( x be+ bl[n ov] backw>d4 ,:]e ! ma*9e is j leav+ ! gr\nd & ! elevator has be5 set at an excessive angle1 ! re> end ( ! skids or ! tail may slap ! gr\nd h>d & break (f1 or !y w impose s mu* resi/ance ^u its movem5t by scrap+ ov] ! turf t ! ma*9e c n atta9 its so>+ spe$4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 ( c\rse1 t rem>ks su* z ! pres5t c be only ( ! mo/ g5]al nature1 e type ( ma*9e hav+ its own peculi>ities--9 "s in/ances1 ! extreme opposite ( ^? *>act]iz+ simil> ma*9es4 ,= example1 9 ! ,vois9 #aiaj type1 ! v l>ge & p[]ful light tail t5ds to lift be=e ! ma9 planes1 & if ?is be n c\nt]act$1 ! :ole ma*9e may turn up on its end4 ,9 ord] to (fset ?is t5d5cy1 ! elevator mu/ be rais$ s z to keep suffici5t pressure b5ea? x2 ! mom5t ( ?is pressure ab\t ! c5t] ( gravity mu/ be at lea/ equal to ! pressure "u ! tail planes ab\t ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! ma*9e1 or ! tail w rise unduly 9 ! air4 ,at lea/ t is ! !ory ( x--naturally1 only practice ) t p>ticul> ma*9e w\ld suffice to enable an aviator to famili>ize himself ) t p>ticul> peculi>ity4 ,aga91 "s ma*9es are tail heavy4 ,b !re is great difficulty 9 ev5 approximat+ ! degree ( relative motion1 = :i* reason x has be5 sugge/$1 "u ,accid5ts & ,_! ,lessons1 t a gradomet]1 or small _s level1 9 pla9 sight ( ! aviator1 %\ld =m "p ( ! equipm5t ( e ma*9e4 ,! ,wrights long ago adopt$ ! exp$i5t ( atta*+ a /rip ( ribbon to ! elevator to provide an indication ( motion relative to ! w9d4 99,a]oplane 9 ,flight994 ,! s5sation ( motion aft] ! ma*9e leaves ! gr\nd is almo/ imp]ceptible1 & x is likewise extremely difficult to tell at j :at mom5t ! a]oplane ceases runn+ on ! solid gr\nd & takes to ! air4 ,!re is a feel+ ( exhil>ation b v little ( motion4 ,:]eas #dj miles an h\r ov] ! gr\nd1 p>ticul>ly 9 an automobile1 br+s ) x a lively appreciation ( ! spe$ ( travel1 ! same spe$ 9 an a]oplane is a v g5tle motion :5 high above ! gr\nd4 ,if !re be no objects close at h&1 ) :i* to comp>e ! spe$1 ! s5se ( motion is almo/ entirely lo/4 99,c5t] ( ,gravity994 ,! /atic balance ( a ma*9e %\ld be c>efully tri$ be=e comm5c+ to fly1 & p>ticul>ly t ( a biplane ( ! ,wright type1 9 :i* ! aviator sits beh9d ! eng9e4 ,:5 provision is made = c>ry+ a pass5g]1 8 seat is plac$ 9 ! c5t] l9e ( ! ma*9e1 s t 8 pres5ce or abs5ce does n mat]ially affect ! "q ( lat]al balance4 ,z m5 are n all ( ! same weight1 9 cases 9 :i* ! aviator only p>tly balances ! eng9e ab\t ! c5t] l9e1 8 weight be+ insuffici5t = ! purpose1 extra weights %\ld be plac$ on ! w+ tip at ! lighte/ end until ! true balance is secur$1 o!rwise a p]man5t w>p+1 or gau*issem5t z ! ,fr5* t]m x1 is requir$ at ?is side 9 ord] to keep ! ma*9e on an ev5 keel4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ma*9e w c>ry :at sailors t]m a port helm :]e ! left side ( ! ma*9e is light] ?an ! "r1 & vice v]sa1 & x w be necess>y to keep ! rudd] ov] to t side slightly dur+ ! entire flight to c\nt]act ?is t5d5cy4 ,9 a]oplanes fitt$ ) tails1 ! c5t] ( gravity is usually 9 ! vic9ity ( ! trail+ edge ( ! ma9 planes &1 ( c\rse1 %\ld be on ! c5t] l9e ( ! ma*9e4 ,! c5t] ( gravity ( ! aviator on a monoplane %\ld approximately co9cide ) t ( ! ma*9e4 ,if ?is be n ! case1 ! /abiliz]s or ! elevator mu/ be p]man5tly set to produce longitud9al balance4 ,mu* d[nw>d set1 or ! increase ( ! angle ( incid5ce ( ! tail1 w create undue resi/ance to flight & %\ld be avoid$ :5 possible by br++ ! weight f>!r =w>d4 ,! c5t] ( pressure %\ld co9cide ) ! c5t] ( gravity1 & balance w result4 ,be=e ev5 gr\nd "w is attempt$1 ! position ( ! c5t] ( gravity %\ld be det]m9$ 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ,fig4 #dj1 ! approximate location = f\r types ( ma*9es be+ %[n4 ,at :at po9t ! ma*9e mu/ be susp5d$1 s t x c tip only frontw>d & backw>d & be ev5ly balanc$1 is a "q t mu/ be answ]$ 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! probability ( ! ma*9e's pit*+ =w>d :5ev] mud1 grass1 or r\gh gr\nd is enc\nt]$ 9 alight+4 ,if ! c5t] ( gravity %\ld lie 9 front ( ! axles ( ! gr\nd :eels 9 a ma*9e ( ! ,f>man type1 tr\ble is sure to foll[4 ,always consid] ! relation ( ! c5t] ( gravity to ! :eels1 9 ord] t y may ga9 "s idea ( ! di/ribution ( ! weight on ! runn+ ge> :5 ! ma*9e is tipp$ =w>d #aj degrees4 ,if ! :eels are n =w>d f> en\gh !re w be tr\ble 9 runn+ on ! gr\nd4 ,! elevators mu/ correct :atev] v>iance !re may be f ! correct c5t] ( gravity & position ( ! :eels1 & ! manipulation ( ! elevators = t purpose requires skill4 ,if ! tail be v heavy1 ! elevator may n be able to c\nt]act t defect4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,me?od ( ,det]m9+ ,c5t] ( ,gravity ( ,diff]5t ,types ( ,ma*9es ,! position ( ! c5t] ( gravity ( a ma*9e 9 reg>d to lat]al /ability 9 flight is a matt] ( f> great] importance ?an untri$ aviators realize4 ,hav+ x too l[ is q z bad z too high1 z 9 ei!r case !re is a t5d5cy to upset4 ,al?\gh ! dih$ral angle is consid]$ wa/eful ( p[]1 x seems to d m to secure inh]5t /ability ?an any o!r device4 ,devices = ma9ta9+ /ability automatically are to be fr[n$ ^u 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! art4 ,! s5sitive p]ception & quick response :i* come ) intimate k ( a ma*9e's peculi>ities1 are at pres5t wor? m ?an gyroscopes & p5dulums4 ,to acquire ?is intimate k1 ! aviator mu/ famili>ize himself ?or\ghly ) ! ma*9e2 he mu/ become s accu/om$ to controls t he & ! ma*9e are lit]ally "o4 ,a practic$ bicycle rid] does n h to ?9k ab\t balance1 nei!r does ! practic$ aviator1 yet he mu/ always be prep>$ to meet motor /oppages1 unusual air di/urbances1 & breakages4 ,a leap f ! gr\nd directly into ! air1 )\t prelim9>y practice1 means c]ta9 accid5t1 to put x mildly4 99,c5t] ( ,pressure994 ,b al?\gh ! c5t] ( gravity rema9s approximately con/ant1 ! c5t] ( pressure is cont9ually v>y+ & is nev] con/ant = _m seconds4 ,! c5t] ( pressure on an a]ocurve con/ruct$ to ,phillips' design1 ,fig4 #da1 is ab\t "o-?ird ( ! *ord f ! lead+ edge ( ! plane "u normal conditions1 i4e41 :5 ! angle ( incid5ce is ab\t #h degrees betwe5 ! direction ( motion ( ! plane & t ( ! air4 ,at ! mom5t ?is angle is increas$ ! c5t] ( pressure moves t[>d ! re>1 & vice v]sa4 ,! c5t] ( gravity mu/ be mov$ to co9cide ) ?is new position1 or ! c5t] ( pressure mu/ be artificially re/or$ by ! use ( supplem5t>y planes or elevators1 mov+ 9 a contr>y direction4 ,a =w>d movem5t ( ! c5t] ( pressure t5ds to l[] ! tail ( ! ma*9e1 :5 ! int5sity ( ! pressure is un*ang$1 & to c\nt]balance ?is ! re> elevator mu/ h its angle ( incid5ce increas$ 9 ord] to increase ! lift at ! re> ( ! ma*9e1 or x w slide d[n backw>d4 ,! alt]native to be adopt$ 9 case ( tempor>y lack ( eng9e p[] is to decrease ! angle ( ! elevator & all[ ! a]oplane to sweep d[nw>d1 ?us ga9+ mom5tum4 ,! increase ( spe$ w !n be suffici5t probably to enable ! ma*9e to cont9ue 9 a horizontal flight1 :5 ! c5t] ( pressure is aga9 re/or$ to its normal position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,a]ocurve ( ,phillip's ,design 99,gr\nd ,practice994 ,fir/ ( all1 ! aviator %\ld famili>ize himself ) 8 seat = x is f t place t he mu/ judge w9d effects1 vibration1 motor tr\ble1 & ! ?\s& & "o little creaks & hums t w ultimately mean s mu* to him4 ,n until he has ?or\ghly accu/om$ himself to 8 seat1 %\ld he try to run along ! gr\nd4 ,?is done1 h\rs %\ld be sp5t runn+ up & d[n & ar\nd ! field to le>n ! use ( ! rudd]1 p>ticul>ly on r\gh gr\nd4 ,! runs %\ld be /raight s t :5 ! "t comes to leap into ! air1 ! aviator may be sure t he is on an ev5 keel1 & fly+ /raightaway4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! possibility ( leav+ ! gr\nd unexpect$ly 9 practice1 trials %\ld be made only 9 calm wea!r & ) ! motor well ?rottl$ d[n s t ! ma*9e w be r$uc$ to a spe$ ( n m ?an #ae miles p] h\r4 ,aft] a "t ?is may be increas$ to #bj1 b ! latt] is ! maximum = gr\nd practice1 z ! ma*9e w rise at spe$s slightly exce$+ ?is4 ,9 ^! practice rims on ! gr\nd1 ! /ud5t %\ld le>n to gauge ! ru% ( air aga9/ 8 face1 z :5 al(t 8 be/ gauge w be ! w9d pressure on 8 *eeks1 z t w tell him :e!r he is mov+ ) suffici5t spe$ to keep up or n4 ,x w also tell him ultimately :e!r he is mov+ along ! gr\nd fa/ en\gh to leap up4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v$r9es1 ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,mo/ ,,fam\s ,,& ,,successful ,,( ,,european ,,a]oplane ,,pilots1 ,,seat$ ,,9 ,a ,,dep]duss9 ,,monoplane ,illu/ration3 ,,air%ip ,,cross+ ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,national ,,roads ,,9 ,,rural ,,france ,?is ,photograph ,protect$ by ,int]national ,copyright ,9 ?is /age ( exp]im5t+ on ! gr\nd1 ! elevator is kept neutral z f> z possible4 ,) increas+ skill its use may be v5tur$1 b only sp>+ly1 = x takes v little to lift ! ma*9e f ! gr\nd ) a spe$ 9 excess ( #bj miles p] h\r4 ,x w soon be discov]$ t ! elevator c be us$ z a brake to prev5t pit*+ =w>d4 ,! tail elevators on ! ,f>man or ,bl]iot runn+ ge> are v effective ow+ to ! bla/ ( ! propell]1 ev5 :5 ! ma9 planes are n mov+ =w>d at lift+ spe$4 ,) ! ,curtiss type ( runn+ ge> & a front elevator only1 x is (t5 possible at #ah to #bj miles p] h\r to raise ! front :eel (f ! gr\nd = a second or two--facts :i* indicate t at #be to #bh miles p] h\r1 ! elevator is f> m effective4 99,fir/ ,flight994 ,! fir/ actual flight %\ld be conf9$ to a %ort trip p>allel to ! gr\nd & n m ?an "o or two feet above x4 ,at fir/1 ! /ud5t %\ld see h[ close he c fly to ! gr\nd )\t actually t\*+ x1 :i* he c d by gradually increas+ 8 =w>d spe$4 ,?is mu/ be done 9 an absolute calm z an appreciable am\nt ( w9d w br+ 9 too _m o!r factors = ! /ud5t to ma/] at s e>ly a /age4 ,?is practice %\ld be cont9u$ 9 calm air until %ort1 /raight flights c be made a foot or two f ! gr\nd ) ! motor wide op54 ,if x be f\nd t ! ma*9e b>ely flies /raightaway ) ! full p[] ( ! motor1 ! latt] is ei!r badly out ( adju/m5t1 or a m p[]ful eng9e is requir$4 ,9 an "u-p[]$ ma*9e turn+ w\ld be suicidal4 ,moreov]1 ! resi/ance enc\nt]$ 9 ! air is great] ?an on ! gr\nd & may be su* t ! spe$ is n suffici5t = su/5tation4 ,fig4 #db1 7a7 & 7b71 %[ :y x is possible to run along ! gr\nd fa/] ?an x is possible to travel 9 ! air1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 & :y ! gr\nd c be left at l[ spe$4 ,if x 7 possible to drive a ma*9e ) su* enorm\s project$ areas z ,,bb1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #db 7b71 a man c\ld fly sl[ly = an indef9ite p]iod4 ,b ! project$ area is great] ?an ! air displac$ by ! propell]1 & x is impossible to fly except ) a mod]ate angle ( incid5ce1 giv+ project$ areas ,a ,a1 ,fig4 #db 7a74 ,! /ud5t1 z he increases 9 skill1 may v5ture to a height ( #aj feet1 :i* %\ld be ma9ta9$ z accurately z be=e1 & aft] mak+ a run ( #ajj y>ds1 ! ma*9e %\ld be po9t$ d[n1 b ev] s slightly4 ,! w9d pressure on ! face imm$iately becomes great]4 ,)9 a foot or two ( ! gr\nd ! motor %\ld be cut (f or ?rottl$4 ,?is %\ld be tri$ t5 or fifte5 times1 & ! height increas$ to #cj or #dj feet1 9 ord] t ! /ud5t may famili>ize himself ) ! s5sation ( coa/+4 ,at ! end ( ea* glide ! ma*9e w seem to become m responsive1 z inde$ x does1 = glid+ d[n greatly increases ! effici5cy ( ! elevator & o!r controls1 because ( ! increas$ spe$4 ,glid+ d[n /eep angles is (t5 ! aviator's salvation 9 a tight place1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! motor fails1 a side gu/ ?reat5s or an air pocket is enc\nt]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,diagrams ,%[+ ,great] ,project$ ,area ( ,ma9 ,plane :5 ,runn+ along ,gr\nd 99,w>p+ ! ,w+s994 ,:5 suffici5t confid5ce has be5 atta9$ at a height ( #cj to #dj feet1 ! ail]ons or w>p+ devices may be tri$ judici\sly4 ,"h ! int5tion %\ld be to correct any t5d5cy to side tipp+1 & n purposely to incl9e ! ma*9e z f> z possible )\t actually caus+ a wreck4 ,! use ( ! lat]al control may cause ! ma*9e to sw]ve a little1 b t may be ignor$4 ,be=e l&+1 a /raight c\rse %\ld be tak5 s t ! ma*9e w always come d[n on an ev5 keel4 ,) increas+ practice1 ! /ud5t may fly high]1 b always ) ! und]/&+ t !re is a limit to ! angle ( incid5ce4 ,an automobile is ret>d$ :5 x /rikes a %ort1 /eep hill2 s is an a]oplane4 ,no a]oplane has yet be5 built t c take a /eep angle & climb "r up t grade cont9u\sly4 ,altitude is rea*$ by a s]ies ( small /eps & at comp>atively l[ angles1 z unless ! c\rse is /raight5$ out at regul> int]vals1 a ma*9e w lose its spe$ & t5d to plunge tail fir/1 j z is ! case :5 an attempt is made to rise f ! gr\nd at too %>p an angle4 ,9 w>p+ ! w+s an increase ( lift imp>t$ to "o w+ ( ! ma*9e is produc$ by increas+ ! angle ( incid5ce ( ! :ole or "p ( ! w+1 or by an increase ( pressure "u t w+1 & w t5d to cause t side ( ! ma*9e to rise & ! o!r side to l[]1 ! result be+ t ! ma*9e w be liable to slide ?r\gh ! air diagonally4 ,9 ! majority ( a]oplanes !re are no f9s or keels to c\nt]act ?is movem5t1 & lat]al /ability mu/ be re/or$ by artificially increas+ ! lift ( ! depress$ w+4 ,?is c be done by w>p+1 or l[]+ ! trail+ edge ( ! depress$ w+ & increas+ its lift1 & simultane\sly rais+ ! trail+ edge ( ! o!r w+1 ?us decreas+ ! angle ( incid5ce ( ! latt] & r$uc+ its lift+ effect4 ,?is applies to flight on a /raight c\rse1 :atev] ! cause may be t t5ds to upset lat]al /ability4 ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t ! c5t] ( gravity rema9s con/ant & ! c5t] ( pressure mu/ be manipulat$ to re/ore /ability4 ,?is manipulation is mu* m rapid & positive ?an ! alt]ation ( ! c5t] ( gravity by ! movem5t ( ! aviator's body resort$ to 9 ! e>ly glid+ flights ( pione] exp]im5t]s4 99,mak+ a ,turn994 ,! fir/ turn %\ld be made ov] a l>ge field & ! diamet] ( ! turn %\ld be at lea/ half a mile4 ,! height %\ld be n less ?an #ej feet4 ,aft] t level has be5 ma9ta9$1 ! rudd] %\ld be mov$ v g+]ly4 ,! ma*9e w lean 9 almo/ imm$iately1 because ! out] end travels at a high] spe$ ?an ! inn] & !re=e has a great] lift4 ,w>p+ or work+ ! ail]ons %\ld be resort$ to z a means ( c\nt]act+ ?is t5d5cy1 & ! rudd] swung to ! opposite direction1 if necess>y4 ,x is obvi\s t if ! rudd] w cause ! ma*9e to bank :5 swung 9 "o direction1 x w "r ! ma*9e aga9 :5 swung 9 ! opposite direction4 ,x is ev5 possible to turn ! ma*9e on an ev5 keel by anticipat+ ! bank+1 simply by correctly us+ ! rudd]1 :i* 0 necess>y 9 ! old ,vois9 ma*9e fl[n by ,f>man 9 #aijh1 because x _h no me*anical lat]al control4 ,! /ud5t %\ld le>n ! correct angle ( bank+1 i4e4 ! angle at :i* ! ma*9e w nei!r skid nor slide d[n & :i* is mo/ economical ( p[] because x requires less use ( ! lat]al controls4 ,! necessity ( feel+ ! air is great] 9 turn+ ?an 9 any o!r phase ( fly+4 ,by feel+ ! air is meant ! ability to meet any cont+5cy intuitively & n until ?is is acquir$ c ! /ud5t become an exp]t aviator4 ,:5 x has be5 acquir$1 safe fly+ is assur$ & is dep5d5t only ^u ! integrity ( ! planes1 motor1 & controls4 ,by us+ ! rudd] discreetly & by bank+ simply f> en\gh to p>tially (fset ! c5trifugal =ce ( turn+1 ! use ( ! lat]al control w n be necess>y 9 /ill air4 ,ev5 too %ort a turn c be correct$ by a quick use ( ! rudd]4 ,! peculi>ities exi/+ betwe5 diff]5t types ( monoplanes become ev5 m m>k$ ?an betwe5 ! biplane & ! monoplane4 ,= example1 9 pilot+ a ,bl]iot monoplane1 ,fig4 #dc1 x is necess>y to take into acc\nt ! effect ( ! eng9e torque4 ,z ! eng9e rotates 9 a "r-h& direction1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! pilot1 ! left w+ t5ds to rise 9 ! air1 ow+ to ! depression ( ! "r side ( ! ma*9e4 ,! ma*9e also t5ds to turn to ! "r1 & ?is mu/ be c\nt]act$ by putt+ ! rudd] ov] to ! left4 ,an a]oplane answ]s its controls ) comp>ative sl[ness1 ) ! exception1 p]haps1 ( ! ,wright ma*9e1 :i* is not$ = its s5sitive & quick response to e movem5t ( ! lev]s4 ,all control movem5ts mu/1 !re=e1 be v g5tle1 z ! behavior ( an a]oplane is m l t ( a boat ?an t ( an automobile4 ,! action ( ! elevator has already be5 describ$1 & x is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ difficult ( all ! controls to manipulate1 9 t x requires ! ex]cise ( a new s5se4 ,! direction rudd] is naturally a m famili> type ( control1 & 9 action is simil> to ! rudd] ( a boat4 ,! torque ( ! motor r5d]s x advisable = a novice to turn 8 ma*9e to ! "r1 if a "r-h& propell] be us$1 & vice v]sa4 ,if two propell]s1 turn+ 9 opposite directions1 are employ$1 z 9 ! ,wright biplane1 !re is no inequality f ! torque ( ! motor4 ,s9ce torque is n noticeable 9 /raight fly+1 /raight5+ out aga9 w always s]ve ! /ud5t :5 he f9ds himself 9 tr\ble on a turn4 ,:5 ! use ( ! rudd]s & ail]ons has r$uc$ ! spe$1 a d[nw>d glide w increase x aga91 & if ! motor %\ld /op on a turn1 su* a d[nw>d glide is imm$iately imp]ative4 ,:5 ! ma*9e is ?us glid+1 a *ange 9 ! =e-&-aft balance becomes at once app>5t1 because ! bla/ ( ! propell] no long] acts on ! tail1 & ! elevator mu/ !n be us$ ) great] amplitude to obta9 ! same effect4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,mak+ a ,/>t ) ,bl]iot ,monoplane ,only by con/ant practice 9 calm air c ! /ud5t famili>ize himself ) exactly ! am\nt ( w>p+ & rudd] control to employ to prop]ty (fset ! l[]+ ( ! inn] w+ 9 r\nd+ a turn4 ,if ?is be n correct$1 ! :ole ma*9e t5ds to bank excessively & w be apt to slide d[nw>d 9 a diagonal direction1 ,fig4 #dd4 ,?is is a p]il\s position = ! aviator & mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/ by ! manipulation ( ! w>p+ control s z to increase ! lift ( ! inn] w+ ( a biplane1 at ! same "t1 employ+ ! rudd] to c\nt]act ?is t5d5cy4 ,! use ( ! rudd] is ( ev5 great] importance on ! monoplane1 z1 9 ?is case1 w>p+ ! inn] w+ t5ds to direct ! :ole ma*9e d[nw>d in/ead ( rais+ ! inn] w+ itself4 ,sev]al bad accid5ts h result$ f monoplanes refus+ to respond to ! w>p+ ( ! inn] w+ :5 mak+ a turn4 ,9 su* ma*9es1 ! rudd] mu/ be practically always employ$ 9 connection ) ! w>p+ ( ! w+s 9 ord] to keep ! ma*9e on an ev5 keel1 al?\gh ! controls may n actually be int]connect$1 ?is be+ "o ( ! gr\nds on :i* =eign manufactur]s are try+ to make use ( ! ,wright pr9ciple1 )\t infr++ ! ,wright pat5ts1 z :ile !y employ w>p+ 9 connection ) ! simultane\s use ( ! rudd]1 ! controls are n atta*$ to ! same lev] z 9 ! ,wright ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,an ,a]oplane ,bank+ z x ,r\nds a ,pylon ,lat]al resi/ance mu/ also be tak5 into consid]ation 9 turn+1 o!rwise ! ma*9e1 if kept on an ev5 keel1 w t5d to skid ?r\gh ! air & turn ab\t its c5t] ( gravity z a pivot4 ,9 ! case ( an automobile1 ! resi/ance to lat]al displacem5t is great1 ?\gh on a greasy surface x may be small1 z :5 ! ma*9e skids sideways1 a suitable bank+ ( ! road be+ necess>y to prev5t ?is on turns4 ,_m hold t ! bank+ ( ! a]oplane on turns is only ! direct effect ( ! turn+ itself1 b ! fallacy ( ?is w be app>5t ^u a consid]ation ( ! law ( c5trifugal =ce4 ,x is obvi\s t to make a turn1 "s =ce mu/ be imp>t$ to ! ma*9e to c\nt]act ! effect ( ! c5trifugal =ce ^u ! ma*9e z a :ole4 ,& z ! sidewise projection ( ! ma*9e is small1 a comp5sat+ =ce mu/ be introduc$4 ,?is c be done only by previ\sly bank+ up ! ma*9e on ! out] w+1 s t ! pressure ( ! air "u ! ma9 plane c c\nt]act ! t5d5cy to lat]al displacem5t4 ,! =ce !n act+ "u ! planes is 9 a diagonal direction1 & ! angle at :i* x is incl9$ v]tically dep5ds ^u ! bank+ ( ! planes1 x be+ normal to _! great] dim5sion4 ,?is =ce c be resolv$ into two =ces1 "o p]p5dicul> & "o horizontal1 ! magnitude ( ea* be+ dep5d5t ^u ! degree ( bank+4 ,:5 ! spe$ ( ! ma*9e is high]1 ! am\nt ( bank+ mu/ be great] 9 ord] to increase ! value ( ! horizontal compon5t 9 proportion to ! increase ( ! value ( ! c5trifugal =ce at ! high] spe$1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! =ces act+ "u ! planes are also great] due to ! high] spe$4 ,z ! curve comm5ces1 ! rudd] be+ put ov]1 ! diff]5ce ( ! pressures on ! two w+s1 ow+ to _! diff]5t fly+ spe$s comes into acc\nt1 z already expla9$1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! bank+ does n increase abnormally4 ,:5 ! turn is complet$1 ! rudd] is /raight5$ & ! ma*9e is aga9 br\ght to an ev5 keel ) ! aid ( ! w+-w>p+ control1 or ! ail]ons4 ,! effect ( a rev]se w>p+ to prev5t excessive bank+1 l[]+ ! inside w+ tip incid5tally1 puts a slight drag on t w+ & assi/s 9 ! action ( turn+1 z does also ! provision ( small v]tical planes betwe5 ! elevator planes ( ! orig9al ,wright ma*9e4 ,s9ce ! adoption ( ! headless type1 ^! surfaces are plac$ betwe5 ! =w>d ends ( ! skids & ! braces lead+ d[n to !m4 ,9 mak+ a turn1 say1 to ! left1 ! outside or "r-h& w+ is fir/ rais$ by l[]+ ! w+ tip on t side & ! rudd] is !n put ov] to ! left4 ,:5 ! correct am\nt ( bank+ is acquir$1 ! w+ tip is re/or$ to its normal position1 & probably ! left w+ tip may h to be l[]$ slightly to increase ! lift on t side ow+ to its r$uc$ spe$4 ,:5 ! turn is complet$1 ! rudd] is /raight5$ out & ! left w+ tip l[]$ to re/ore ! ma*9e to an ev5 keel4 ,bo? ,gl5n ,curtiss 9 ?is c\ntry & ,r4 ,e4 ,pelt]ie 9 ,france h %[n t x is possible to maneuv] )\t us+ ! rudd] at all1 ! ail]ons or w+ tips alone be+ reli$ ^u = ?is purpose4 ,be=e flights 9 o!r ?an calm air are attempt$1 mu* practice is requir$4 ,! ma*9e mu/ be inspect$ ov] & ov] aga91 & ! w9d v>iations /udi$ ) a wat*ful eye4 ,n until ?is famili>ity ) ma*9e & atmosph]e be acquir$ %\ld fly+ 9 a w9d be attempt$4 ,to ! man on ! gr\nd1 w9d is simply air mov+ horizontally1 b to ! man 9 ! air x is q diff]5t4 ,n only mu/ he consid] horizontal movem5t1 b v]tical draughts & vortices z well4 ,a ris+ curr5t ( air lifts a ma*9e1 a d[nw>d curr5t depresses x1 & he mu/ le>n to take advantage ( ! =m] z ! birds d4 ,horizontal curr5ts affect =w>d spe$ ov] ! gr\nd2 swirls & vortices create inequalities 9 w9d pressure on ! planes & di/urb lat]al balance4 ,famili>ity ) all ^! atmosph]ic conditions c be acquir$ only aft] long practice4 ,aga9/ e tree1 h\se1 hill1 f5ce1 & h$ge beats an invisible surf ( air2 upw>d curr5ts on "o side & d[nw>d on ! o!r4 ,! upw>d draught is n usually dang]\s1 = x simply lifts ! ma*9e2 b ! d[n draught w cause x to drop4 ,a swift d[nw>d glide "u ! full p[] ( ! motor mu/ !n be made1 to increase ! =w>d spe$ & consequ5tly ! lift4 ,?is expla9s :y x is dang]\s to fly ne> ! gr\nd 9 a w9d2 likewise :y ! beg9n] %\ld nev] attempt fly+ at fir/ 9 any?+ b a dead calm4 ,turn+ 9 a ,w9d4 ,:5 turn+ 9 a w9d1 two velocities mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 t ( ! ma*9e relative to ! air & t relative to ! e>?4 ,! =m] is limit$ at its l[] value to t ( ! fly+ spe$ ( ! ma*9e1 & ! latt] mu/ be consid]$ on acc\nt ( ! mom5tum ( ! ma*9e z a :ole4 ,*ange ( mom5tum is a matt] ( horse-p[] & weight & is ! gov]n+ factor 9 fly+ 9 a w9d on a circul> c\rse4 ,suppose ! fly+ spe$ ( a ma*9e is a m9imum ( #cj miles an h\r relative to ! air1 & a w9d ( #bj miles an h\r is bl[+4 ,! actual spe$ ( ! ma*9e relative to ! e>? 9 fly+ aga9/ ! w9d w be #aj miles an h\r4 ,if x be desir$ to turn d[n ! w9d1 ! spe$ ( ! ma*9e relative to ! e>? mu/ be increas$ f #aj miles to #ej miles an h\r dur+ ! turn & a correspond+ *ange ( mom5tum mu/ be ov]come4 ,!re are two ways ( accompli%+ ?is1 ei!r by spe$+ up ! motor to give ! maximum p[]1 or by ris+ j previ\s to mak+ ! turn & !n sweep+ d[n z ! turn is made1 ?us utiliz+ ! accel]ation due to gravity to assi/ ! motor4 ,! w9d's velocity w assi/ ! ma*9e also & dur+ ! turn x w make consid]able leeway1 a small am\nt ( :i* is d$uct$ to c\nt]act ! c5trifugal =ce ( ! ma*9e4 ,turn+ 9 a contr>y direction1 i4e41 up into ! w9d :5 runn+ ) x1 requires consid]able skill1 z :5 fly+ #ej miles an h\r1 ! t5d5cy on r\nd+ a corn] into a #bj-mile-an-h\r w9d w\ld be = ! ma*9e to rise rapidly 9 ! air4 ,! c5trifugal =ce at su* a spe$ is also consid]able1 caus+ ! ma*9e to make mu* leeway ) ! w9d dur+ ! turn4 ,turn+ "u su* circum/ances %\ld be comm5c$ e>ly1 p>ticul>ly if !re are any ob/ructions 9 ! vic9ity1 & consid]able skill %\ld be acquir$ be=e an attempt is made to fly 9 su* a w9d4 99,/>t+ & ,l&+994 ,a ma*9e %\ld always be />t$ & l&$ 9 ! tee? ( ! w9d1 & no "o b ! mo/ exp]i5c$ aviators c af=d to disreg>d ?is advice1 c]ta9ly n ! novice4 ,! precaution is necess>y because 9 l&+ ! ma*9e %\ld always travel /raight ahead )\t ! possibility ( lur*+ & consequ5tly break+ a w+1 z frequ5tly happ5s4 ,contact ) ! gr\nd is necess>ily made at a "t :5 ! ma*9e is travel+ ov] x at a spe$ ( #cj to #dj miles p] h\r & skidd+ sideways at #aj to #ae miles p] h\r1 all circum/ances :i* t5d to wreck an a]oplane4 99,plann+ a ,flight994 ,x is easy to lose "o's way 9 ! air4 ,= t reason x is be/ to foll[ ! ,wright idea ( />t+ out ) a def9ite plan1 & ( l&+ 9 "s pr$et]m9$ spot1 z aimless w&]+ ab\t may prove disa/r\s to ! inexp]i5c$ aviator1 he may =get :i* way ! w9d 0 bl[+1 or h[ mu* fuel he _h1 or ! "* ( ! gr\nd b5ea? him4 ,%\ld ! motor /op1 he may make an all too ha/y decision 9 l&+4 ,x is an easy matt] to lose "o's be>+s 9 ! air1 n only because ! vehicle is completely imm]s$ 9 ! m$ium 9 :i* x is travel+1 b also because ! e>? assumes a new aspect f ! seat ( an a]oplane4 ,cecil ,grace 0 "o ( ^? :o lo/ 8 be>+s &1 z a consequ5ce1 8 life4 ,ord9>y w9ds bl[+ ov] a level c\ntry c be negotiat$ ) comp>ative safety4 ,n s ! puffy w9d4 ,to cope ) t1 con/ant vigilance is requir$1 p>ticul>ly 9 turn+4 ,9 a circul> flight 9 a /eady w9d1 ! only app>5t effect is t ! e>? is swept ov] fa/] 9 "o direction ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,be=e a cross-c\ntry flight is attempt$1 ! />t+ field %\ld be circl$ ov] at a great height1 z n until !n may ! long di/ance flight be />t$ 9 safety4 ,cross-c\ntry fly+ is1 ( c\rse1 fasc9at+1 & x is a sore temptation1 at an altitude ( a few hundr$ feet1 to ?r[ (f all caution & fly (f ov] t /range c\ntry bel[1 :i* is1 inde$1 a new l& z view$ f al(t4 ,to quote a pr(essional aviator3 ,"h ! greate/ self-re/ra9t mu/ be ex]cis$4 ,n until ! necess>y practice has be5 acquir$1 n until ! "r k9d ( confid5ce has be5 ga9$1 may "o ( ^! trips be attempt$1 & !n only aft] x has be5 prop]ly plann$4 99,tra9+ ! ,pr(essional ,aviator994 ,look back ov] ! a*ievem5ts 9 ! air dur+ ! comp>atively %ort "t t man has actually be5 fly+1 & x w be not$ t ! beg9n]s1 burn+ up ) ! en?usiasm ( ! novice1 h p]=m$ ! mo/ spectacul> feats & fl[n ) ! greate/ fe>lessness4 ,curtiss 0 comp>atively new at aviation :5 he won ! ,gordon-,b5nett at ,rheims 9 #aiji4 ,john ,b4 ,moisant1 ! six? "t he ev] w5t up 9 an a]oplane1 flew f ,p>is to ,london ) a #ahg-p\nd pass5g] & #cjb p\nds ( fuel1 oil1 & sp>e p>ts4 ,hamilton made 8 successful flight f ,new ,york to ,philadelphia & return :5 he 0 h>dly m ?an a novice1 :ile ,atwood's great flights f ,/4 ,l\is to ,new ,york & ,bo/on to ,wa%+ton 7 made be=e 8 "n _h become kn[n1 & ,bea*ey _h be5 fly+ only a few mon?s :5 he broke ! _w's altitude record at ,*icago1 :ile m rec5t a*ievem5ts1 notably ,dixon's flight across ! ,rockies1 h emphasiz$ ! "w ( ! beg9n]4 ,all ( ?is sub/antiates ! belief held at e aviation headqu>t]s 9 ! c\ntry--namely1 t ! old] m5 already 9 aviation may improve ! art by executive ability & sci5tific exp]im5ts1 b mo/ ( !m w deg5]ate z fly]s4 ,beyond a c]ta9 po9t1 frequ5cy ( flight does n necess>ily create a feel+ ( confid5ce & safety2 r x br+s a full] appreciation ( ! dang]s1 & ! m5 :o be/ "k h[ to fly are mo/ cont5t to /ay ^u ! gr\nd4 ,pr(essional aviators are drawn f e walk ( life1 b trick bicycle p]=m]s1 acrobats1 p>a*ute jump]s1 & rac+ automobile driv]s make ! mo/ promis+ applicants4 ,by a k9d ( six? s5se1 bo? ! ,wrights & ,curtiss we$ out ! promis+ ones aft] a brief exam9ation4 ,!y select m5 :o h an almo/ intuitive s5se ( balance4 ,mo/ ( ^!1 provid$ !y h n]ve1 h 9 !m ! /uff ( :i* aviators are made1 ev5 ?\gh !y may h _h no exp]i5ce 9 any l9e ak9 to aviation4 ,nei!r ,curtiss nor ! ,wrights w accept wom5 "u any condition4 ,! ,moisant s*ool does n %>e ?is discrim9ation & tra9$ ?ree wom5 = pilot's lic5ses dur+ #aiaa4 ,curtiss & ! ,wrights are ke5 9 _! realization t recklessness is pull+ a w+ fea!r f aviation e "t a man is kill$1 & !y are do+ _! utmo/ to promote cons]vatism4 ,curtiss said 9 an int]view3 ,i d n enc\rage & nev] h enc\rag$ fancy fly+4 ,i reg>d ! spectacul> gyrations ( sev]al aviators ,i "k z foolh>dy & unnecess>y4 ,i d n believe t fancy or trick fly+ demon/rates any?+ except an unlimit$ am\nt ( a c]ta9 k9d ( n]ve & p]haps ! possibilities ( :at is valueless--a]ial acrobatics4 ,"s aviators develop ! s5se ( balance v rapidly1 :ile o!rs acquire x only aft] long practice4 ,x may be develop$ to a l>ge ext5t by go+ up z a pass5g] ) an exp]i5c$ man4 ,!re=e1 9 tea*+ a beg9n]1 ,i make x a po9t to h him make z _m trips z possible ) someone else op]at+ ! ma*9e4 ,9 ?is way ! pupil ga9s confid5ce1 becomes accu/om$ to ! s5sation ( fly+1 & is soon ready = a flight on 8 own hook4 ,?is is ! me?od us$ 9 tra9+ army & navy (fic]s to fly4 ,i h nev] se5 novices m cauti\s & yet m eag] to fly ?an ^! "y (fic]s4 ,!y h always le>n$ e detail ( _! ma*9es be=e go+ al(t1 & l>gely because ( ?is !y h develop$ into great fly]s4 ,p]haps x is due to ! milit>y b5t ( _! m9ds2 at any rate1 !y h made good almo/ )\t exception4 ,,accid5ts ,,& ,,_! ,,lessons 99,press ,reports994 ,:5ev] an indu/ry1 pr(ession1 or :at n1 is prom95tly be=e ! public1 e ev5t connect$ ) x is reg>d$ z good copy by ! daily press4 ,happ5+s ( s insignificant a nature t 9 any commonplace call+ w\ld n be consid]$ wor?y ( m5tion at all1 are play$ up4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) fatalities1 & ! eag]ness to cat] to ! morbid /reak 9 human nature has be5 responsible = ! unusual am\nt ( att5tion devot$ to any or all accid5ts to fly+ ma*9es1 & m especially :]e !y h a fatal end+4 ,9 fact1 ?is has l$ to ! *ronicl+ ( _m dea?s 9 ! field ( aviation t h n happ5$--"s ( !m :]e !re 0 n ev5 an accid5t ( any k9d4 ,= in/ance1 9 _m ( ! casualty li/s publi%$ abroad f "t to "t1 su* fly]s z ,hamilton1 ,brook9s1 & o!rs h figur$ among ^? :o h be5 kill$1 ev] s9ce ! date ( mi%aps t !y _h mon?s ago4 ,x w be recall$ t five ye>s ago1 :5 ! automobile began to assume a v prom95t position1 e fatality = :i* x 0 responsible 0 h]ald$ broadca/ :]e dea?s caus$ by o!r vehicles w\ld n be accord$ m ?an local notice4 ,to a l>ge ext5t1 ?is is /ill true & w probably cont9ue to be ! case until ! automobile assumes a role 9 our daily exi/5ce z commonplace z ! horse-drawn wagon & trolley c>4 ,!re is und\bt$ly ample ju/ification = ?is & p>ticul>ly = ! editorial comm5t always accompany+ x1 :]e ! numb] ( lives sacrific$ to :at c be reg>d$ only z crim9al recklessness is conc]n$4 ,/ill1 ! fact t 9 a city l ,new ,york ! truck & ! trolley c> are responsible = an annual dea? roll m ?an twice z l>ge z t caus$ by ! automobile1 does n call = any p>ticul> m5tion4 ,horses & wagons1 we h always _h ) u1 & ! trolley c> long s9ce became too commonplace an in/itution ar\nd :i* to build a s5sation4 ,z ! mo/ novel & rec5t ( man's accompli%m5ts1 ! conque/ ( ! air & ev]y?+ p]ta9+ to x is a subject on :i* ! public is exce$+ly ke5 = news & no?+ appe>s to be ( too trivial import to m]it space4 ,:]e an aviator ( any prom95ce is injur$1 or succumbs to an accid5t1 ! ev5t is accord$ an am\nt ( att5tion little %ort ( t giv5 ! dea? ( "s "o prom95t 9 (ficial life4 ,dur+ ! f\r ye>s t aviation has be5 to ! =e1 ab\t #ajd m5 & "o woman h be5 kill$1 n includ+ ! dea?s ( ?ree or f\r spectators result+ f accid5ts to a]oplanes1 dur+ ?is p]iod--i4e41 f ! beg9n+ ( #aijh to ! end ( #aiaa4 ,9 view ( ! lack ( corroboration 9 "s cases1 ! figures are made ?us indef9ite4 ,naturally mo/ ( ^! dea?s h occurr$ 9 #aiaj & #aiaa--;9 fact1 #ej p] c5t took place f #aijh to ! end ( #aiaj1 & ! rema9d] dur+ #aiaa1 s9ce ^! ye>s 7 responsible = a f> great] developm5t1 & p>ticul>ly = a great] increase 9 ! numb] engag$1 ?an ev] be=e4 ,m 0 accompli%$ 9 ^! two ye>s ?an 9 ! entire p]iod int]v5+ betwe5 t day 9 ,decemb]1 #aijc1 :5 ! ,wright ,bro!rs fir/ succe$$ 9 leav+ ! gr\nd 9 a p[]-driv5 ma*9e1 & ! beg9n+ ( #aiaj4 99,fatal ,accid5ts994 ,conc$+ t ! maximum numb] m5tion$1 #aje1 7 kill$ dur+ ! f\r ye>s 9 "q1 ?r\gh\t ! _w1 x w d\btless come z a surprise to _m to le>n t ?is is probably n q twice ! numb] :o h succumb$ to football accid5ts dur+ ! same "t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone4 ,au!ntic /ati/ics place ! numb] ?us kill$ at #ac dur+ #aijh1 #bc 9 #aiji1 #ad dur+ #aiaj1 & #ag 9 #aiaa1 or a total ( #fg4 ,b we h be5 play+ football = a c\ple ( c5turies or m & ?is is reg>d$ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,! dea? ( a football play] occurr+ 9 "s small1 out-(-!-way place w\ld n receive m ?an local att5tion1 unless !re 7 o!r reasons = giv+ x prom95ce1 s t1 9 all probability1 ! /ati/ics 9 "q fall f> %ort ( ! tru?1 r ?an o!rwise4 ,! object ( m5tion+ ?is phase ( ! matt] is to place ! "q ( accid5ts 9 its true light4 ,t ! developm5t ( any new art is b\nd to be att5d$ by num]\s mi%aps1 _m ( !m fatal1 goes )\t say+ & x is some?+ t c n be ignor$4 ,no?+ c\ld be worse ?an attempt+ to gloss ov] or belittle ! loss ( life = :i* aviation has be5 responsible & d\btless w cont9ue to be4 ,progress inv>iably takes its toll & x is m (t5 f\nd$ ^u failure ?an unv>y+ success1 = e accid5t is a failure1 9 a s5se1 & e accid5t c>ries ) x its own lesson4 ,:]e ! cause is app>5t1 x gives an indication ( ! rem$y :i* w br+ ab\t ! prev5tion ( its recurr5ce4 ,9 o!r words1 x s]ves to po9t out weaknesses & %[s :at is necess>y to ov]come !m4 ,= t reason alone is ! "q ( accid5ts tak5 up "h1 z a /udy ( ^? t h occurr$ po9ts ! way to improvem5t4 ,table ,,iii gives a resume ( ! m important fatalities t h result$ f ! use ( a heavi]-?an-air ma*9e dur+ ! pa/ f\r ye>s3 ,fatalities greatly increas$ 9 numb] dur+ #aiaa1 b n out ( proportion to ! greatly augm5t$ numb] ( aviators4 ,) comp>atively few exceptions1 h[ev]1 ! accid5ts 7 m or less simil> 9 _! nature to ^? already tabulat$1 s t x w\ld be ( no p>ticul> value to ext5d ! comp>ison 9 ?is mann] to cov] !m4 ,_m ( ! fatalities dur+ t ye> 7 n ( ! aviators !mselves1 b ( ! spectators1 a fact :i* calls att5tion to a dang] t has n be5 fully appreciat$ be=e4 ,at ! />t ( ! ,p>is-,madrid race1 ! ,fr5* m9i/] ( w> & ano!r (ficial 7 kill$ by a monoplane plung+ into ! cr[d1 & on ! same day1 ,may #ba1 #aiaa1 five p 7 kill$ at ,odessa1 ,russia1 9 ! same mann]4 ,an unusual type ( mi%ap1 n m5tion$ 9 ! tabulation & 9 :i* ?ree or f\r aviators lo/ _! lives dur+ #aiaa1 0 ! burn+ ( ! a]oplane 9 midair1 or ! explosion ( ! gasol9e1 sett+ fire to ! w+s & ei!r burn+ ! aviator at 8 po/ or kill+ him by ! fall4 ,"o su* accid5t occurr$ 9 ,france 9 ,septemb]1 ano!r 9 ,spa9 two days lat]1 & a ?ird 9 ,g]many1 9 :i* two m5 7 kill$4 ,accid5ts ( an ev5 m unusual nature 7 ! collision ( two biplanes 9 midair at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ! collision ( a motorcycle ) a biplane z x swoop$ d[n on a race track1 & ! p>tial wreck+ ( ,f[l]'s biplane by a bull ^u l&+ ne> ,=t ,wor?1 ,texas1 b ^!1 ( c\rse1 _h no be>+ on ! design ( ! ma*9es4 ,ap>t f ^? specially ref]r$ to1 ! great majority ( accid5ts dur+ #aiaa may be ascrib$ to two or ?ree ( ! causes detail$ 9 connection ) ! comp>ative table4 ,( ^!1 lack ( exp]i5ce & foolh>d9ess /& out prom95tly1 ! latt] und\bt$ly caus+ ! d\ble fatality at ,*icago :5 two a]oplanes plung$ into ,lake ,mi*igan1 dr[n+ "o ( ! aviators1 :ile a ?ird ma*9e collaps$ 9 mid-air1 hurl+ ! aviator to 8 dea? on ! field4 ,c>eful read+ ( ! reports ( a l>ge numb] ( ^! accid5ts usually br+s to light ! /atem5t 9 attempt+ to make a quick turn1 or simil> phrase1 %[+ t ! mov+ cause ( ! accid5t 0 due to subject+ ! p>ts ( ! ma*9e to excessive /resses1 z outl9$ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 99,causes994 ,lack ( ,exp]i5ce4 ,x w be at once noticeable by ,table ,,iii t out ( a total ( #bh1 no less ?an #af1 or consid]ably m ?an half ( ! accid5ts1 7 due 9 "o way or ano!r to lack ( exp]i5ce4 ,9 o!r words1 ! aviators _h n fully compli$ ) ! c>d9al pr9ciple = success 9 fly+ ^u :i* ! ,wright ,bro!rs h always laid s mu* /ress1 i4e41 y mu/ fir/ le>n to fly be=e y c attempt to g al(t safely4 ,no?+ %ort ( a ?or\gh ma/]y ( ! ma*9e c suffice to give ! aviator ! ability to d ! "r ?+ at ! "r mom5t1 9 ! great majority ( cases4 ,!re w always be occasions :5 ev5 ! mo/ skill$ aviator w make errors ( judgm5t & frequ5tly !y co/ him 8 life4 ,b ?is is equally true ( e dang]\s call+1 :e!r x be runn+ an automobile1 driv+ a locomotive1 or do+ any ( ! ?\s& & "o ?+s :]e ! responsibility = 8 own & o!r lives is plac$ 9 "o man's h&s & dep5ds to a l>ge ext5t on 8 discretion & judgm5t 9 cases ( em]g5cy1 s t !re w be fatalities f ?is cause z long z man cont9ues to fly4 ,?is involves ! p]sonal equation t mu/ always be reckon$ )4 ,j h[ _m ( ! accid5ts t h result$ 9 ! fatalities set =?1 h be5 due to ! fallibility ( ! op]ator & = h[ mu* ! design ( ! curr5t types ( ma*9es is responsible1 w\ld be h>d to say4 ,fig4 #de1 = example1 :i* %[s ,h4 ,v4 ,roe 9 ! act ( /rik+ ! gr\nd 9 8 triplane1 illu/rates an accid5t due to bad design4 ,me?ods ( control w be improv$ & simplifi$ & made z ne>ly fool-pro( z human +5uity c accompli%1 b exp]i5ce 9 o!r fields has demon/rat$ unmi/akably t !y c nev] be develop$ to a po9t :]e x is impossible to d ! wrong ?+4 ,) skill at su* a premium 9 call+s ( responsibility :i* involve only conditions t h be5 famili> = ye>s1 h[ mu* m s mu/ x be 9 ! air ab\t :i* s little is kn[n8 ,consequ5tly1 ! real dang] is to be f\nd 9 ! p]sonal equation1 j z x is 9 e o!r mode ( conveyance1 despite ! fact t x has be5 p]fect$ to a po9t :i* app>5tly admits ( little fur!r developm5t :]e safe-gu>d+ x is conc]n$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,roe's ,multiplane z x ,/ruck ! ,gr\nd4 ,an ,accid5t ,due to ,poor ,design ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,de,lessep's ,ma*9e aft] ,/rik+ an ,ob/ruction ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,ov]turn$ ,monoplane ,due to a ,/>t 9 a ,gale 99,ob/ructions994 ,ob/ructions are b\nd to play a prom95t "p 9 accid5ts to any me?od ( conveyance1 b less s 9 aviation ?an 9 any o!r1 z x is only 9 ris+ & alight+ t ?is dang] is pres5t4 ,( ! two fatal accid5ts ascrib$ to ?is cause1 "o result$ f collid+ ) an ob/ruction :ile runn+ along ! gr\nd prep>atory to ris+1 & ! o!r f /rik+ an ob/ruction 9 flight1 ,fig4 #df4 ,9 view ( ! num]\s cross-c\ntry flights t h be5 made1 trips across cities & ! l1 x is to be m>vel$ at t up to ! pres5t writ+ no fatalities h be5 caus$ by :at ! aviator mo/ dreads :5 leav+ ! safety ( ! op5 field1 t is1 be+ compell$ to make a l&+ ?r\gh /oppage ( ! motor1 :e!r f a defection or lack ( fuel4 ,:ile no fatalities h z yet to be put d[n to ?is ev]-pres5t dang] 9 ext5d$ flights1 an accid5t t might h _h a fatal t]m9ation1 occurr$ to ,le ,blanc dur+ ! competition = ! ,gordon-,b5nett trophy1 :i* 0 ! *ief ev5t ( ! ,int]national ,meet 9 ,octob]1 #ajaj1 at ,belmont ,p>k1 ne> ,new ,york4 ,le ,blanc & 8 fell[ compatriots :o 7 eligible 7 all exp]i5c$ cross-c\ntry fly]s1 ! =m] hav+ won ! ,circuit de ,l',e/1 a race ar\nd ,france1 & by f> ! mo/ ambiti\s ( its k9d :i* _h be5 attempt$ up to t "t4 ,!y accord+ly prote/$ mo/ vigor\sly aga9/ fly+ ov] ! ,am]ican c\rse to compete = ! cup :i* ,curtiss _h captur$ at ,rheims ! ye> be=e1 ow+ to ! fact t x pres5t$ num]\s dang]\s ob/ructions 9 ! =m ( trees & telegraph poles4 ,b z x 0 impossible to provide any o!r conv5i5t five-kilomet] circuit 7#c4aa miles7 z call$ = by ! conditions1 ! prote/ 0 ( no avail4 ,aft] hav+ cov]$ #ai ( ! #bj laps necess>y to complete ! di/ance ( #ajj kilomet]s 9 "t t _h nev] be5 approa*$ be=e1 ,le ,blanc 0 compell$ to desc5d ?r\gh lack ( fuel1 & z he _h n ris5 m ?an #hj to #ajj feet at any "t dur+ ! race1 ?is meant com+ d[n ! mom5t ! motor /opp$4 ,! result 0 a collision ) a telegraph pole1 break+ x (f & wreck+ ! monoplane1 ! aviator =tunately escap+ any s]i\s injury4 ,dur+ ! same meet ,moisant demoli%$ 8 ,bl]iot monoplane by try+ to />t 9 ! face ( a high w9d1 ,figs4 #dg & #dh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,view ( ,moisant ,monoplane aft] a ,bad ,spill 99,/opp+ ( ,motor994 ,! m]e fact t ! motor /ops does n necess>ily mean a disa/r\s end+ to a flight1 z is v commonly believ$1 ?is hav+ be5 /rik+ly illu/rat$ by ,brook9s' glide to e>? f an altitude ( #e1jjj feet ) ! motor dead1 & ,moisant's glide f an ev5 great] height 9 ,france4 ,b x does mean a wreck unless a suitable l&+ place c be rea*$ ) ! limit$ ability to control ! ma*9e t ! aviator has :5 he c no long] comm& its p[]4 ,motors w und\bt$ly become m & m reliable z developm5t progresses1 b ! human equation--! p>tly-fill$ fuel tank1 ! loose adju/m5t t is ov]look$ be=e />t+1 & a hundr$ & "o ?+s ( a simil> nature--w always play _! role1 s t compulsory l&+ 9 unsuitable places w always con/itute a s\rce ( dang] z flights become m & m ext5d$4 99,breakage ( ,p>ts ( ,a]oplanes994 ,9 /udy+ ! =ego+ table1 x c only be a s\rce ( satisfaction to ! intellig5t /ud5t & believ] 9 a]ial navigation1 to note h[ l>ge a proportion ( ! accid5ts is due to ! breakage ( p>ts ( ! ma*9e4 ,?is implies a fault 9 con/ruction1 b n 9 pr9ciple4 ,x reveals ! fact t1 9 ! attempt to secure lightness1 /r5g? has sometimes be5 sacrific$1 *iefly ?r\gh lack ( appreciation ( ! /resses to :i* ! ma*9e is subject$ 9 op]ation4 ,at a "t :5 weight is reg>d$ almo/ z ! p>am\nt factor by s _m build]s1 x is inevitable t "s %\ld err by %av+ ?+s too f9e4 ,lightness is an absolute necessity & failure to a*ieve x 9 e in/ance )\t elim9at+ ! factor ( safety has be5 due m to ! crude me?ods ( con/ruction & lack ( suitable mat]ials1 ?an any o!r cause--conditions t are b\nd to obta9 9 ! e>ly days ( any art4 ,con/ruction is improv+ rapidly1 b progress is b\nd to be att5d$ ) accid5ts ( ?is nature4 ,! fact t _! proportion is greatly dim9i%+ despite ! rapidly increas+ numb] ( aviators is ! be/ evid5ce ( :at is be+ accompli%$4 ,:5 ma*9es are built ) su* a high factor ( safety 9 e "p t breakage is an almo/ unhe>d-( ?+1 failures f ?is cause w h be5 r$uc$ to an unsurpassable m9imum4 99,failure ( ! ,control ,me*anism994 ,"u ! g5]al classification ,b1 are includ$ n alone ^? accid5ts directly due to breakage ( "s vital "p1 b also ^? in/ances 9 :i* "s elem5t ( ! control1 su* z ! elevator1 has become inop]ative ?r\gh jamm+4 ,:5 an accid5t happ5s 9 ! air1 x takes place s quickly & ! ma*9e is s totally wreck$ by fall+ to ! gr\nd1 t x is usually difficult to det]m9e ! exact nature ( ! cause ?r\gh a subsequ5t exam9ation ( ! p>ts1 s t x c seldom be /at$ ) c]ta9ty j :at ! initial defection consi/$ (1 ?\gh x may be reg>d$ z a =egone conclusion t1 9 ! case ( exp]i5c$ aviators :o h previ\sly demon/rat$ _! ability to cope ) all ord9>y em]g5cies1 no?+ %ort ( ! failure ( "s vital "p c\ld h caus$ _! fall4 ,?is 0 ! case ) ,john/one's accid5t at ,d5v]--an occurr5ce illu/rat+ ano!r phase ( ! p]sonal equation t mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation :5 not+ ! lessons to be le>n$ f a /udy ( accid5ts & _! causes4 ,x is simply ! old1 old /ory ( famili>ity bre$+ contempt--! m9] ?aw+ out /icks ( dynamite be=e an op5 fire4 ,due to ! r>efi$ air ( ,d5v]1 :i* is at an elevation ( m ?an #e1jjj feet1 ,john/one _h und]e/imat$ ! brak+ p[]s ( ! air on ! ma*9e 9 l&+ ! day previ\s & _h cra%$ into a f5ce1 break+ "o ( ! "r out]mo/ /ruts betwe5 ! support+ planes4 ,prop] reg>d = safety %\ld naturally h call$ = its replacem5t by an entirely new /rut1 b conditions at fly+ meets z at pres5t conduct$ make quick repairs to damag$ ma*9es imp]ative4 ,! damag$ upright 0 accord+ly glu$ & brac$ by plac+ iron r+s ar\nd x1 ! r+s !mselves be+ held 9 place by ord9>y nails pass+ ?r\gh holes 9 ! iron l>ge en\gh to let ! nail head slip ?r\gh4 ,! vibration ( ! motor & ! /ra9+ ( ! /rut 9 w>p+ ! w+s caus$ ! nails to "w out ( ! holes1 p]mitt+ ! r+s to slide out ( place z well4 ,john/one 0 an accompli%$ aviator1 mu* giv5 to ! execution ( a]ial maneuv]s only possible to ! skill$ fly] ( quick & ready judgm5t4 ,b su* p]=mances impose excessive /resses on ! support+ planes & _! braces1 & "o ( ,john/one's quick turns caus$ ! repair$ /ruts to collapse ?r\gh ! /ra9 ( %>ply w>p+ ! w+ tips on t side4 ,he imm$iately attempt$ to re/ore ! balance ( ! ma*9e by br++ ! left w+ d[n ) ! control1 !n tri$ to =ce ! twi/+ on ! "r side1 succe$+ mom5t>ily1 & a few seconds lat] los+ all control & cra%+ to ! gr\nd4 ,x appe>$ to demon/rate t ev5 :5 disabl$ an a]oplane is n entirely )\t support1 b has m or less buoyancy--some?+ :i* is really m ( an optical illusion ?an any?+ else due to und]e/imat+ ! spe$ at :i* a body falls f any great height4 ,john/one's accid5t 0 ! fir/ ( its k9d1 9 t he fell f a height ( ab\t #hjj feet1 dur+ ! fir/ #ejj ( :i* he /ruggl$ to rega9 control ( ! ma*9e1 f9ally dropp+ ! rema9+ #cjj feet app>5tly z s mu* dead weight4 ,x %[$ 9 a mo/ /rik+ mann] ! vital importance ( ! /ruts connect+ ! support+ surfaces ( ! biplane1 any damage to !m result+ 9 ! crippl+ ( ! balanc+ devices & ! end ( all a]ial support4 99,biplane vs4 ,monoplane994 ,x requires only a glance at ,table ,,iii to %[ t ! great] numb] ( accid5ts h happ5$ to ! biplane1 yet ! latt] is g5]ally reg>d$ z ! saf] ( ! two4 ,prior to ,delagrange's fatal fall 9 ,janu>y1 #aiaj1 !re _h be5 only f\r fatalities ) mod]n fly+ ma*9es3 ,selfridge & ,lefebre 7 kill$ 9 ,wright ma*9es1 ! latt] ( ,fr5* manufacture1 ,f]b] lo/ control ( 8 ,vois9 biplane1 & ,f]n&ez 0 kill$ fly+ a biplane ( 8 own design4 ,9 "o case at lea/1 t ( ,lieut5ant ,selfridge1 ! accid5t appe>s to h be5 due to ! failure ( a vital "p--! propell]4 ,x has s9ce become cu/om>y to cov] ! tips ( propell]s = at lea/ a foot or s ) fabric tightly fitt$ & v>ni%$ s z to become practically an integral "p ( ! wood4 ,?is prev5ts spl9t]+ z well z avoid+ ! dang] ( ! lam9ations succumb+ to c5trifugal =ce & fly+ ap>t4 ,at ! extremely high spe$s1 p>ticul>ly at :i* direct-driv5 propell]s are run1 ! /ress impos$ on ! out] portion ( ! blades by ?is =ce is trem5d\s4 ,9 mak+ any attempt to comp>e ! numb] ( accid5ts to ! biplane & ! monoplane1 x mu/ also be borne 9 m9d t ! =m] has be5 9 ! majority4 ,delagrange's accid5t (f]s two special features ( te*nical int]e/4 ,x 0 ! fir/ fatality to happ5 ) ! monoplane & 0 likewise ! fir/ fatal accid5t :i* appe>$ to be di/9ctly due to a failure ( ! ma9 /ructure ( ! ma*9e4 ,= obvi\s reasons1 x is usually difficult to def9itely fix ! cause ( an accid5t1 b 9 ?is case !re seem$ good reason to suppose t ! ma9 fram+ ( "o ( ! w+s gave way altoge!r4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ,santos-,dumont _h an accid5t ! day foll[+ f an exactly simil> cause1 ! ma*9e plung+ to ! gr\nd4 ,b ) ! good =tune t has att5d$ ! exp]im5t] ?r\gh\t 8 long a]ial c>e]1 he 0 un9jur$4 ,x 0 def9itely e/abli%$ t ! cause 0 ! fracture ( "o ( ! wires tak+ ! upw>d ?ru/ ( ! w+4 ,9 ! case ( ! biplane1 ! top & bottom memb]s are bo? ( wood1 ) wood5 /ruts1 ! :ole be+ brac$ ) num]\s ties ( wire4 ,9 ! monoplane1 h[ev]1 ! ma9 sp>s are truss$ to a /rut bel[ by a comp>atively small numb] ( wires4 ,! /ructure ( ea* w+ is1 9 fact1 v mu* l ! rigg+ ( a sailboat1 ! ma9 sp>s tak+ ! place ( ! ma/ :ile ! wire /ays take t ( ! %r\ds1 ) ?is v important diff]5ce1 t ! ma/ ( ! boat is provid$ ) a =e/ay to take ! longitud9al pressure :5 go+ head to ! w9d1 :ile ! w+ ( an a]oplane (t5 has no su* provision1 ! longitud9al pressure due to air resi/ance be+ tak5 entirely by ! sp>4 ,x is q possible t ?is _h some?+ to d ) ,delagrange's accid5t1 z1 9 ! ef=t to make a new record1 8 ,bl]iot _h j be5 fitt$ ) a v mu* m p[]ful motor4 ,9 fact1 d\ble t = :i* ! ma*9e 0 orig9ally design$1 & ?is 0 giv5 by ! mak] z ! probable cause ( ! mi%ap4 ,z ! new motor 0 ( a v light type1 ! extra weight1 if any1 0 q a negligible proportion ( ! total weight ( ! ma*9e4 ,! v]tical /resses on ! w+s & _! support+ wires w\ld1 !re=e1 n be mat]ially increas$4 ,b z ! m p[]ful eng9e drove ! w+s ?r\gh ! air a great deal fa/]1 ! /resses br\ght ^u !m by ! increas$ resi/ance w\ld be sub/antially augm5t$ &1 unless provision 7 made = ?is1 ! factor ( safety w\ld be mu* r$uc$4 ,:e!r ! failure ( ! w+ 0 actually f longitud9al /ress or ! break+ ( a support+ wire1 z 9 ,santos-,dumont's case1 w nev] be kn[n1 b x is q cle> t ! "q ( ample /r5g? to resi/ longitud9al /resses %\ld be c>efully consid]$1 especially :5 increas+ ! p[] ( an exi/+ ma*9e4 ,! "q ( ! mo/ suitable mat]ials & fa/5+s = ! support+ wires is1 moreov]1 a matt] :i* requires v c>eful consid]ation4 ,9 ! case ( ! biplane1 ! wires are s num]\s t ! failure ( "o1 or ev5 m1 may n endang] ! :ole /ructure1 b ^? ( ! monoplane are s few t ! break+ ( b "o may mean ! loss ( ! w+4 ,9 ?is respect1 z 9 o!rs1 ! conditions are p>allel to ! ma/ ( ! sailboat4 ,x is only reasonable to expect1 !re=e1 t simil> mat]ials w\ld be be/ adapt$ to ! purpose4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 ! /ays ( a]oplane w+s are almo/ inv>iably solid /eel wire1 or ribbon1 :ile m>9e %r\ds are always ( /r&$ wire rope1 solid wire n hav+ be5 f\nd satisfactory4 ,weight = weight1 ! solid wire w /& a great] /ra9 :5 tri$ 9 a te/+ ma*9e ?an w ! /r&$ rope1 b practice has always demon/rat$ t x is n s reliable4 ,! /r&$ rope nev] breaks )\t w>n+1 & sometimes sev]al ( its wires may g be=e ! :ole gives way4 ,z ! breakage ( ! /r&s c be easily se51 x is possible to replace a damag$ /ay be=e x becomes unsafe4 ,9 ! case ( a s+le wire1 !re is no?+ to %[ :e!r x has det]iorat$ or n4 ,x seems a d\btful policy to use 9 an a]oplane :at exp]i5ce has %[n n to be good en\gh = a boat1 & /r&$ wire cables p>ticul>ly design$ = a]onautic use are n[ be+ plac$ on ! m>ket 9 ?is c\ntry4 99,record ,break+994 ,/riv+ aft] records has und\bt$ly prov$ "o ( ! mo/ prolific causes ( accid5t4 ,:at is want$ to make ! a]oplane ( ! greate/ practical use is t x %\ld be safe & reliable4 ,! t5d5cy ( record-break+ ma*9es is ! exact opposite ( ?is1 z ! weights ( all ! mo/ ess5tial p>ts mu/ be cut d[n to ! f9e/ limits possible 9 ord] to provide suffici5t p[] & fuel-c>ry+ capacity = ! record flight4 ,x is1 9 fact1 g5]ally ! case 9 eng9e]+ t ! design & mat]ials :i* w give ! be/ results = a %ort "t are ess5tially diff]5t f ^? :i* are ! mo/ reliable1 & /riv+ aft] spe$ records consi/s simply 9 disreg>d+ safety & reliability to ! greate/ ext5t to :i* ! pilots are will+ to risk _! necks1 & !re is no difficulty 9 gett+ m5 to take practically any risk = ! sub/antial rew>ds (f]$4 ,! p]=mance ( specially s5sational feats 9 ! air is likewise a f]tile s\rce ( accid5ts4 ,"o not$ aviator :o has ! reputation ( be+ a mo/ cons]vative & exp]t op]ator1 :ile endeavor+ to l& )9 a set space1 made too sudd5 a turn1 :i* result$ 9 ! tail ( ! ma*9e giv+ way1 precipitat+ him to ! gr\nd4 ,9 fact1 ! numb] ( failures result+ f abrupt turns %[s conclusively t !re is too small a factor ( safety 9 ! con/ruction1 n because ! add$ weight c\ld n be c>ri$1 b because ! extreme lightness alone made possible ! /unts = :i* !re is always applause or f9ancial rew>d4 ,x may seem /range to ! man ^: only int]e/ 9 a]onautics is t ( an obs]v]1 t s _m %\ld be will+ to take su* unhe>d-( *ances2 t an a]onaut w rise to great heights1 kn[+ 9 advance t a vital "p ( 8 ma*9e has be5 d]ang$1 or is only tempor>ily repair$2 & t _m o!rs w attempt ambiti\s flights ) eng9es or o!r p>ts t h nev] be5 te/$ previ\sly 9 op]ation 9 ! air4 ,_m "y & inexp]i5c$ aviators are n cont5t to ?or\ghly te/ out ea* new "p on ! gr\nd1 or close to x1 b mu/ g al(t at once to d _! exp]im5t+1 ) ! usual result ( su* foolh>d9ess4 ,if 9 o!r sports safe conditions 7 absolutely disreg>d$ 9 ?is mann]--take football z an in/ance--! result+ fatalities w\ld n be *>g$ aga9/ ! sport itself4 ,b aviation is s extremely novel & likewise s my/]i\s to ! un9itiat$ t ?is is nev] tak5 into consid]ation4 99,excessive ,lightness ( ,ma*9es994 ,if1 ev5 at ! pres5t e>ly /age ( aviation1 ma*9es are be+ made excessively light = purposes ( competition1 x is "t t ! conte/ committees ( organizations 9 *>ge ( meet+s =mulate rules z to ! size ( eng9es1 weight ( ma*9es1 & simil> factors1 s t accid5ts w n only be r$uc$ to a m9imum1 b competition along prop] l9es w develop types ( ma*9es :i* are useful & n m]ely rac+ freaks1 z has already be5 done 9 ! automobile field4 ,hair-rais+ p]=mances also %\ld be prohibit$1 at lea/ until su* "t z improvem5ts 9 ! con/ruction ( ma*9es make x reasonably c]ta9 t !y are able1 to )/& ! t]rific /ra9s impos$ ^u !m 9 ?is mann]4 ,sudd5ly attempt+ to br+ ! ma*9e to a horizontal plane aft] a long dip at an appall+ angle is an extremely dang]\s maneuv]1 :e!r x be tak5 9 ! upp] air or is "o ( ! n[ famili> long glides to e>?1 :i* require pull+ up %ort :5 )9 a few feet ( ! gr\nd & aft] ! dropp+ ma*9e has acquir$ consid]able in]tia4 ,! aviator is simply /ak+ 8 life aga9/ ! ability ( ! /ruts & /ays to )/& ! t]rific /resses impos$ ^u !m e "t ?is is done4 ,z at pres5t con/ruct$1 _m ( ! ma*9es are n suffici5tly /rong to )/& ! utmo/ 9 ! way ( spe$ & sudd5 turns :i* ! skill$ op]ator is likely to put on !m4 ,!y %\ld be made heavi]1 or ( mat]ials provid+ greatly increas$ /r5g? ) ! same weight4 ,t !y c be made heavi] )\t s]i\sly damag+ _! fly+ ability has be5 cle>ly demon/rat$ by ! num]\s flights ) "o & two pass5g]s1 & on "o occasion 9 :i* ?ree pass5g]s besides ! driv] 7 tak5 up on an ord9>y ma*9e4 ,?is 0 likewise tempt+ fate by ov]load+1 b x s]v$ to %[ ! possibilities4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,monoplane is ,liable to ,/& on its ,head if ,l&+ is ,n ,prop]ly ,made 99,l&+s994 ,!n !re is a class ( accid5ts = :i* nei!r ! aviator nor ! ma*9e is responsible1 z :]e spectators h cr[d$ on ! field1 caus+ ! fly]s to make altoge!r too sudd5 or impromptu l&+s at angles :i* w\ld o!rwise n be consid]$ = a mom5t4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 ref]s solely to exhibition meets1 & ! comp>ative immunity ( cross-c\ntry flights f fatal accid5ts z comp>$ ) ! latt]1 speaks = itself 9 ?is respect4 ,9 ! op51 ev5 ! novice seems to be able to pick a safe l&+1 especially if high en\gh to glide "s di/ance be=e rea*+ ! gr\nd4 ,?is br+s out ! fact t1 z a rule1 ! ma*9es are saf] 9 ! air--a l>ge "p ( ! dang] lies 9 mak+ a l&+4 ,/>t+ places are usually smoo?1 b l&+ places may be ! rev]se4 ,:5 alight+ directly aga9/ ! w9d1 :i* is ! only safe practice1 mo/ ( ! ma*9es w rema9 on an ev5 keel until !y come to a /op1 b ! slighte/ bump or depression1 9 connection ) a side gu/ ( w9d1 may sw]ve x ar\nd & capsize x1 z demon/rat$ by ! illu/ration ( a bad l&+ by ,de ,lesseps1 ,fig4 #di4 ,?is 0 emphasiz$ by "s ( ! m9or accid5ts at ! ,int]national ,meet ne> ,new ,york4 ,!re is no precision or accuracy 9 ! movem5ts ( a fly+ ma*9e :5 roll+ sl[ly ov] ! gr\nd aft] ! eng9e has be5 %ut (f1 & ! aviator is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 helpless4 ,! :eels on mo/ ma*9es are plac$ too ne> ! c5t] & too close toge!r4 ,:5 an attempt is made to l& ) ! w9d on ! qu>t] or side1 al?\gh ! ma*9e may /rike ! gr\nd safely1 ow+ to ! accuracy ) :i* x may be controll$ 9 ! air :ile at spe$1 x is apt to turn aft] roll+ a %ort di/ance & ! w9d w !n easily capsize x1 break+ a w+1 sma%+ a propell]1 & sometimes injur+ ! motor or ! aviator4 ,accid5ts f ?is cause h be5 common4 ,^! accid5ts & collisions ) ob/ructions make pla9 ! fact t brakes are q z necess>y on an a]oplane z on any o!r vehicle int5d$ to run on ! gr\nd4 ,practically all a]oplanes are fitt$ ) pneumatic tires & ball-be>+ :eels &1 z !re is v little head resi/ance1 !y w run a consid]able di/ance aft] alight+ at a spe$ ( #bj to #cj miles an h\r4 ,! employm5t ( a brake on ! :eels w\ld h av]t$ "o ( ! fatal accid5ts abroad1 z not$ 9 ,table ,,iii4 ,!y w\ld h enabl$ ,john/one to /op 8 ma*9e be=e collid+ ) ! f5ce surr\nd+ ! aviation gr\nds at ,d5v]1 & !y w\ld h prev5t$ sev]al m9or accid5ts at v>i\s meets1 :i*1 ?\gh n endang]+ ! aviator 9 e in/ance1 h (t5 s]i\sly damag$ 8 ma*9e4 ,e exhibition field is ob/ruct$ by f5ces1 po/s1 build+s1 & ! l1 & to avoid com+ 9 contact ) ^!1 z well z ) ! irrepressible spectator1 ! aviator %\ld c]ta9ly h an effective means ( br++ ! ma*9e to a /&/ill :5 x is runn+ along ! gr\nd4 ,h[ mu* m s is ?is necess>y = cross-c\ntry fly+ :5 ! *oice ( a l&+ place is a difficult matt] at be/4 ,ability to come to a /op quickly w\ld make x possible to l& 9 re/rict$ places :]e only a v limit$ run along ! gr\nd c\ld be _h4 99,lack ( ,suffici5t ,motor ,control994 ,ano!r class ( accid5ts t take place on ! gr\nd sugge/s ! necessity = improv+ ! motor control4 ,9 alight+1 ! motor is usually /opp$ by cutt+ (f ! ignition--ord9>ily by gr\nd+ or %ort-circuit+4 ,?rottl+ to /op appe>s to be seldom resort$ to1 b z sev]al in/ances h occurr$ 9 :i* ! aviator f\nd x impossible to cut (f ! ignition1 result+ 9 a collision ) ano!r ma*9e or a build+1 x is evid5t t ! control %\ld be arrang$ s t bo? me?ods c\ld be employ$4 ,) ! increas+ use ( air-cool$ motors t may cont9ue to run ?r\gh self-ignition aft] ! sp>k has be5 cut (f1 ?is is m necess>y ?an ev]4 ,:ile x has be5 demon/rat$ t ! /oppage ( ! motor does n necess>ily involve a fall1 mo/ aviators w naturally pref] to comm& ! assi/ance ( ! motor at all times1 & 9 ! case ( motors us+ a c>buret] ?is %\ld be jacket$ ei!r f ! cool+ wat] or ! exhau/1 & means provid$ = increas+ ! air supply to prev5t ! motor /opp+ at a great height ow+ to ! cold & ! r>efi$ air4 ,! reasons = ?is h be5 gone into m at l5g? "u ! head+ ( ,altitude4 ,) ^! & simil> improvem5ts t w be sugge/$ by exp]i5ce & fur!r accid5ts1 !re appe>s to be no reason :y aviation c n be made z safe z ! p]sonal equation w p]mit x to be4 ,!re w always be reckless fly]s4 ,ignorance & incompet5ce c n be altoge!r elim9at$ any m ?an !y c 9 sail+1 hunt+1 or any o!r sport4 ,! annual hunt+ fatalities f ^! causes 9 ?is c\ntry alone make a total beside :i* ! aggregate ( f\r ye>s 9 aviation ! _w ov]1 is b an insignificant fraction4 99,p>a*ute ,g>m5t z a ,safegu>d994 ,to save z _m z possible ( ^! reckless ones f !mselves1 s to speak1 a p>a*ute g>m5t has be5 devis$ to ease ! %ock ( ! fall4 ,x w be recall$ t ,vois9 w\ld n fly 9 8 biplane until he _h provid$ himself ) a heavily-padd$ helmet1 some:at on ! ord] ( ! football headpiece4 ,b nei!r a padd$ headpiece nor padd$ clo?+ w\ld avail mu* aga9/ a fall ( any k9d f an a]oplane2 h5ce1 ! p>a*ute g>m5t4 ,its object is n to take ! %ock ( a fall1 z are ! pads1 nor is x to prev5t a fall1 b to r$uce ! rate ( drop by int]pos+ suffici5t air resi/ance to make ! fall safe4 ,?is new p>a*ute is 9 ! =m ( a loose fl[+ g>m5t1 securely fa/5$ to ! body & fitt$ ov] a framework c>ri$ on ! aviator's back4 ,! l[] ends ( ! g>m5t are secur$ to ! ankles4 ,! arrangem5t is su* t :5 ! aviator ?r[s out 8 arms1 ! g>m5t is ext5d$ some:at 9 umbrella or p>a*ute =m1 ?us creat+ suffici5t resi/ance to prev5t too rapid a desc5t4 ,exp]im5ts h be5 made ) ?is p>a*ute dress 9 :i* ! we>] has jump$ f build+s1 cliffs1 & o!r heights1 & ! g>m5t has assum$ its role ( p>a*ute at once1 p]mitt+ a safe & easy desc5t4 99,/udy ( ,/resses 9 ,fancy ,fly+994 ,to sum up1 x w be se5 t ! mo/ prolific cause ( fatalities is ! p]sonal equation4 ,( all ! _m dang]s enc\nt]$ 9 a]oplan+1 "o ( ! mo/ cle>ly def9$1 z well z "o ( ! mo/ s$uctive1 results f fancy fly+3 f :eel+ r\nd %>p1 horizontal curves2 f conic spiral+2 f cascad+1 swoop+1 & undulat+ 9 v]tical plane curves1 popul>ly dubb$ /unts4 ,^! are =ms ( fly+ 9 :i* aviators con/antly vie ) "o ano!r4 ,!y frequ5tly result 9 impos+ /resses ^u ! ma*9e :i* are f> beyond its capacity to )/&4 ,! dang] is p>ticul>ly allur+ to reckless "y aviators engag$ 9 public exhibitions4 ,! dea? ( ,/4 ,croix ,john/one1 at ! ,*icago ,meet 9 ! summ] ( #aiaa1 af=ds a typical illu/ration ( :at may be expect$ z ! result ( su* p]=mances4 ,nev]!less1 p>tly because !y d n adequately appreciate ! risk1 & l>gely1 no d\bt1 because ( ! lib]al applause accord$ by an admir+ ?rong :i* also fails to realize ! haz>d\s nature ( ! fasc9at+ maneuv]s1 !re w d\btless always be aviators to und]take su* feats4 ,s+ul>ly en\gh1 ! exact magnitude ( su* haz>ds1 or m accurately1 ! ext5t ( ! increas$ /ress 9 ! ma*9e1 ?\gh beyond ev5 ! approximate guess ( ! aviator1 is capable ( nice computation 9 t]ms ( ! spe$ & curvature ( flight4 ,dur+ an exhibition meet 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c1 dur+ ! summ] ( #aiaa1 ,gl5n ,h4 ,curtiss f\nd difficulty 9 re/ra9+ "o ( 8 "y pupils f execut+ v>i\s hair-rais+ maneuv]s4 ,he w\ld plunge f a great elevation to acquire ! utmo/ spe$1 !n sudd5ly reb\nd & %oot f> al(t4 ,he w\ld undulate ab\t ! field1 & on turns w\ld bank ! ma*9e until ! w+s appe>$ to /& v]tical4 ,curtiss solemnly w>n$ ! "y aviator & e>ne/ly re/ra9$ him1 po9t+ out ! dang]s ( sweep+ %>p curves at high spe$1 ( swoop+ at su* dang]\s angles1 & ! l4 ,curtiss !n turn$ to ,a4 ,f4 ,zahm & express$ ! wi% t someone w\ld det]m9e exactly ! am\nt ( ! add$ /ress 9 curvil9e> flight4 ,! foll[+1 publi%$ by ,zahm1 9 ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 gives ! me?od ( calculat+ ?is3 ,:5 a body pursues a curvil9e> pa? 9 space1 ! c5tripetal =ce urg+ x at any in/ant may be express$ by ! equation ,fn m7,v_/,r7 7absolute units7 7m_/g77,v_/,r7 7gravitational units7 9 :i* ,fn is ! c5tripetal =ce1 m ! mass ( ! body1 ,v its velocity1 & ,r ! in/antane\s radius ( curvature ( ! pa? foll[$ by its c5t] ( mass4 ,s9ce ! mass may be reg>d$ z con/ant = any %ort p]iod1 ! equation may be express$ by ! foll[+ simple law3 ,! c5tripetal =ce v>ies directly z ! squ>e ( ! velocity ( flight & inv]sely z ! in/antane\s radius ( ! curvature ( its pa?4 ,9 apply+ ! above equation to compute ! /ress 9 an a]oplane ( giv5 mass m1 we may assume a s]ies ( values = ,v & ,r1 compute ! correspond+ values = ,fn1 & tabulate ! results = ref]5ce4 ,table ,,iv has be5 obta9$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,x may be not$ t on sub/itut+ 9 ! equation1 ,v is tak5 z repres5t+ miles p] h\r1 ,r z feet1 & g z #bb miles an h\r1 9 ord] to simplify ! figur+1 ?is be+ #cb4a feet p] second4 ,! table %[s at a glance ! c5tripetal =ce act+ on an a]oplane to be a fractional "p ( ! gravitational =ce1 ( weight ( ! ma*9e & its load4 ,= example1 if ! aviator is r\nd+ a curve ( #cjj feet radius at #fj miles p] h\r1 ! c5tripetal =ce is #j4ee ( ! total weight4 ,at ! excessively high spe$ ( #ajj miles p] h\r & ! extremely %ort radius ( #ajj feet1 ! c5tripetal =ce w\ld be #d4ee times ! weight ( ! mov+ mass4 ,! pilot w\ld !n feel heavi] on 8 seat ?an he w\ld sitt+ /ill ) a man ( 8 own weight on ei!r %\ld]4 ,= spe$s bel[ #fj miles p] h\r & radii ( curvature above #ejj feet1 ! c5tripetal =ce is less ?an "o ?ird ( ! weight4 ,! table gives values = spe$s ( #cj to #ajj miles p] h\r1 by increm5ts ( #aj miles & = radii ( curvature ( #ajj to #ejj feet1 by increm5ts ( #ajj feet1 s t int]m$iate spe$s & radii may readily be calculat$4 ,! entire /ress on ! a]oplane 9 horizontal flight1 be+ sub/antially ! resultant ( ! total weight & ! c5tripetal =ce1 c readily be figur$ by comp\nd+ !m4 ,?us 9 horizontal :eel+1 ! resultant =ce z %[n 9 ! diagram1 ,fig4 #ej1 is approximately ,f 7,fn,w7 ,9 swoop+1 or undulat+ 9 a v]tical plane1 ! resultant =ce at ! bottom ( ! curve has its maximum value ,f 7,fn,w7 & at any o!r "p ( ! v]tical pa?1 x has a m complex ?\gh small] value1 :i* ne$ n be giv5 9 detail4 ,x is obvi\s t ! greate/ /ress on ! ma*9e occurs at ! bottom ( a swoop1 if ! ma*9e be made to reb\nd on a %>p curve4 ,! total =ce 7,fn,w7 su/a9$ at ?is po9t may be f\nd f ! table1 if ,v & ,r be kn[n1 simply by add+ #a to ! figures giv51 !n multiply+ by ! weight ( ! ma*9e4 ,= example1 if ! spe$ be #ij miles p] h\r & ! radius ( curvature #bjj feet1 ! total =ce on ! su/a9+ surface w\ld be #b4hd times ! total weight ( ! ma*9e4 ,9 ?is case1 ! /ress on all p>ts ( ! fram+ w\ld be #b4hd times its value 9 level flight1 :5 only ! weight has to be su/a9$4 ,! pilot w\ld feel ne>ly ?ree times 8 usual weight4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,=ce ,diagram 9 ,horizontal ,:eel+ ,f ! =ego+1 x is app>5t t 9 ord9>y bank+ at mod]ate spe$s on mod]ate curves1 ! additional /ress due to c5tripetal =ce is usually well bel[ t due to ! weight ( ! ma*9e1 & t 9 viol5t fly+1 ! add$ /ress may consid]ably exce$ t due to ! weight ( ! ma*9e & may accord+ly be dang]\s1 unless ! a]oplane be con/ruct$ ) a specially high factor ( safety4 ,b !re is no?+ 9 ! results "h obta9$ t seems to make %>p curv+ & swoop+ prohibitive4 ,if ! fram+ ( ! ma*9e be giv5 an extra factor ( safety1 at ! exp5se p]haps ( endurance & spe$1 x may be made practically unbreakable by su* maneuv]s1 & /ill af=d to ! pilot & spectators alike all ! pleasures ( fanta/ic fly+4 99,me?ods ( ,mak+ ,te/s994 ,9 ord] to obta9 actual data = ! fluctuations ( /ress 9 an a]oplane 9 v>i$ fly+1 x is sugge/$ t ! /ress or /ra9 ( "s t5sion or compression memb] ( ! ma*9e be record$ :5 9 action2 or simpl] /ill1 p]haps1 t a record ( ! a]oplane's accel]ation be tak5 & p>ticul>ly its transv]se accel]ation4 ,a v simple device to reveal ! transv]se accel]ation ( an a]oplane 9 flight w\ld be a massive index ela/ically support$4 ,a la? or flat b> /ret*+ l5g?wise ( ! ma*9e1 "o end fix$1 ! o!r free to vibrate1 & c>ry+ a p5cil along a v]tical *ronograph drum1 w\ld s]ve ! purpose4 ,?is c\ld be protect$ f ! w9d by a h\s+ z %[n 9 ! sket*1 ,fig4 #ea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,me?od ( ,box+ an ,accel]ation ,record] ,an adju/able slid+ weight c\ld be set to increase or dim9i% ! amplitude ( ! trac+1 & an a]ial or liquid damp] c\ld be add$ to smoo? ! trac+4 ,! z]o l9e w\ld be midway betwe5 ! trac+s made on ! drum by ! /ation>y in/rum5t :5 re/+ alt]nately 9 its normal position & upside d[n2 ! di/ance betwe5 ?is z]o l9e to ! actual trac+ ( ! /ation>y in/rum5t w\ld be proportional to ! a]oplane /resses 9 level1 rectil9e> flight2 :ile 9 level flight on a curve1 ei!r horizontal or v]tical1 ! deviation ( ! mean trac+ f ! z]o l9e w\ld indicate ! actual /ress dur+ su* accel]at$ flight4 ,( c\rse1 ! drum c\ld be omitt$ & a simple scale put 9 its place1 s t ! pilot c\ld obs]ve ! mean excursion ( ! p5cil or po9t] f in/ant to in/ant2 also1 ! damp] ( su* excursion c\ld be adju/$ to any am\nt 9 ! propos$ in/rum5t if ! vibrat+ la? fitt$ its encas+ box closely ) an adju/able passage = ! air z x mov$ to & fro2 or if light damp+ w+s 7 add$ to ! la?1 or flat p5cil b>4 ,ano!r me?od w\ld be to obta9 by in/antane\s photography ! position ( ! c5troid ( ! a]oplane at a numb] ( successive in/ants1 f :i* c\ld be det]m9$ its spe$ & pa?1 or ,v & ,r ( ! fir/ equation1 by :i* data1 !re=e1 ! /ress c\ld be read f ,table ,,iv4 ,p]haps ! simple/ plan w\ld be to add an accel]ation p5hold]1 ) its spr+ & damp]1 to any record+ drum ! a]oplane may c>ry = record+ air pressure1 temp]ature1 spe$1 & s =?4 ,inde$1 all su* records c\ld be tak5 on a s+le drum4 ,a score ( devices1 m or less simple1 b suitable = reveal+ ! v>y+ /ress 9 an a]oplane1 w occur to any eng9e] :o may give ! subject att5tion4 ,& x is desirable 9 ! int]e/s bo? ( a]oplane design & ( prud5t manipulation t someone obta9 r\ghly accurate data = ! /resses develop$ 9 actual flight4 99,increm5t ( ,spe$ 9 ,driv+994 ,x is commonly suppos$ by aviators t ! increm5t ( spe$ due to driv+ is v prodigi\s4 ,an easy =mula w det]m9e ! major limit ( su* spe$ increm5t4 ,if ! initial & natural spe$ ( ! a]oplane be v1 & ! *ange ( level 9 div+ be h1 :ile ! spe$ at ! end ( ! dive be ,v1 ! m9imum *ange ( level necess>y to acquire any increm5t ( spe$1 ,v--v1 may be f\nd f ! equation h 7,v - v7_/#b;g ,if1 z be=e1 g be tak5 z #bb miles p] h\r1 ! equation r$uces to ! conv5i5t =mula h 7,v-v7_/#cj 9 :i* ,v & v are tak5 9 miles p] h\r4 ,assum+ v>i\s values = ,v & v1 ,table ,v has be5 f\nd = ! correspond+ values ( h 9 feet3 ,= example1 if ! natural spe$ ( ! a]oplane 9 level flight be #ej miles p] h\r1 & ! aviator wi%es to increase ! spe$ by #bj miles p] h\r1 he mu/ dive at lea/ #hj feet1 assum+ t ! a]oplane falls freely1 l a body 9 vacuo1 or t its propell] ov]comes ! air resi/ance completely2 o!rwise ! fall mu/ be r m ?an #hj feet4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t a conte/ be arrang$ to det]m9e :i* aviator c\ld dive mo/ swiftly & reb\nd mo/ sudd5ly1 ! prize go+ to ! "o :o %\ld /ress 8 ma*9e mo/ z indicat$ by ! accel]ograph above propos$4 ,b to avoid dang]1 ! conte/ w\ld h to be sup]vis$ by compet5t exp]im5tali/s1 & w\ld be be/ conduct$ ov] wat]4 ,x is safe to say t m ?an "o well-kn[n a]oplane w\ld be d5i$ entry 9 su* a conte/ because ( lack ( a suffici5t factor ( safety 9 its con/ruction4 99,dirigible ,accid5ts994 ,because its wrecks are spectacul> & ! loss involv$ trem5d\s1 ! dirigible has probably e>n$ an undes]v$ reputation1 ?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t ! big air%ips h come to grief ) surpris+ regul>ity4 ,! fact mu/ be not$1 h[ev]1 t :5 an airplane is wreck$1 ! aviator seldom escapes ) 8 life1 :ile ! spectators' lives are endang]$ to an ev5 great] ext5t1 :]eas 9 ! case ( ! dirigible1 ! loss is simply f9ancial1 bo? ! crew & pass5g]s usually escap+ )\t a scrat*4 ,?is is l>gely due to ! fact t ! majority ( accid5ts to dirigibles h happ5$ on ! gr\nd1 & h be5 caus$ by lack ( facilities = prop]ly h&l+ or dock+ ! huge gas bag4 ,( c\rse1 lack ( flotation or an accid5t to ! motors1 or bo? comb9$1 h br\ght two ( ! num]\s ,zeppel9s to e>? 9 a v haz>d\s mann]1 ?\gh no "o 0 kill$1 :ile f\r ,fr5* army (fic]s lo/ _! lives 9 ! ,republique disa/]1 ! exact cause ( :i* 0 nev] def9itely asc]ta9$4 ,?is 0 likewise ! case ) ,erbsloeh & 8 companion :o 7 dropp$ f ! sky1 _! air%ip hav+ tak5 fire4 ,x 0 ?\ght t ignition 0 caus$ by atmosph]ic electricity1 9 ?is in/ance4 ,by f> ! great majority ( lat] dirigible accid5ts h be5 due solely to ! crude me?ods ( h&l+ ! air%ips on ! gr\nd1 & ! frequ5cy ) :i* ^! h occurr$ %\ld c]ta9ly h be5 responsible = ! adoption ( improvem5ts 9 ?is respect at an e>li] day4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,morn+ ,po/1 a big ,lebaudy type b\ght = ,engli% use1 _h ! envelope ripp$ op5 by an iron gird] project+ f its %$4 ,repairs took sev]al mon?s1 & at ! end ( ! fir/ trial !reaft]1 ! %ip 0 aga9 ,wreck$ 9 l&+4 ,a company ( soldi]s fail$ to hold ! big craft & x drift$ broadside into a clump ( trees1 hopelessly wreck+ x4 ,9 attempt+ to dock ! ,deuts*l& ,i1 #bjj m5 7 unable to hold x d[n1 a heavy gu/ ( w& cat*+ ! big air%ip & p\nd+ x d[n on top ( a w9d break t _h be5 specially erect$ at ! entrance ( ! %$ = protection4 ,a simil> accid5t happ5$ to ! big ,p>seval1 a viol5t gu/ ( w9d ca/+ x aga9/ ! %$ & te>+ su* a hole 9 ! envelope t ! gas ru%$ out & ! c> dropp$ #cj feet to ! gr\nd4 ,! big ,briti% naval dirigible ( ! rigid type1 ! ,mayfly1 0 brok5 9 half 9 attempt+ to take x out ( ! %$ ! fir/ "t4 ,a cross w9d 0 bl[+ & ! gas bag ( "o ( ! c5tral sections 0 torn1 deflat+ x & %[+ 9 a /rik+ mann] t ! solidity ( a rigid dirigible results *iefly f ! a]o/atic pressure ( ! gas 9 its v>i\s comp>tm5ts4 ,)\t ! gas lift1 a rigid frame is s 9 reality only = c]ta9 limit$ di/ances1 z 0 %[n by ! total collapse ( ! ,mayfly's frame aft] hav+ be5 subject$ to ! oppos$ lev]age ( ! p>ts on ei!r side ( ! orig9al break4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 0 an error 9 design1 z ! frame ( a rigid dirigible %\ld c]ta9ly n be s weak 9 itself z to collapse ^u ! deflation ( a s+le "o ( ! c5tral comp>tm5ts4 ,! incid5t on ! trip ( ! ,zeppel9 ,,iii to ,b]l91 9 #aiji1 :5 ! fly+ blades ( a brok5 propell] pi]c$ ! hull )\t caus+ an accid5t1 %[s h[ mu* resi/ance x may (f]4 ,?is is exactly :at occur$ at ! ,*icago ,meet1 ,augu/ #ae1 #aiaa1 :5 ,badg]'s ,baldw9 biplane collaps$ at ! end ( a long dive1 caus+ ! dea? ( ! aviator4 ,,amateur ,,aviators ,x w probably come z a surprise to ! av]age read] to le>n t at ! end ( #aiaj1 !re 7 m ?an a ?\s& amateur aviators 9 ?is c\ntry1 ?\gh all ! flights :i* =m ! subject ( newspap] reports h be5 ! "w ( n m ?an a doz5 fly]s & d\btless half ! population has n z yet se5 an a]oplane 9 flight4 ,! desire to fly1 :e!r x be to satisfy "o's desire to so> above ! _w 9 seem+ defiance ( natural laws1 or m]ely to obta9 ! f9ancial rew>d t is won by successful flight1 attracts a great _m f all /ations & walks ( life4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true among old] boys :o look on aviation z an advanc$ =m ( kite-fly+4 ,an example ( r s]i\s "w along ?is l9e may be cit$ ( two high s*ool boys ( ,*icago1 ,h>old ,turn] & ,fr$ ,croll1 :o built a monoplane weigh+ #abe p\nds1 ,fig4 #eb4 ,?is ma*9e1 al?\gh too small = a motor1 0 equipp$ ) rudd] & o!r op]at+ planes & lev]s1 ! elevat+ plane & ail]ons be+ automatically op]at$ by an electrical device4 ,on "o ( its flights ! ma*9e1 c>ry+ a #abj p\nd op]ator1 0 />t$ & propell$ by atta*+ x to an automobile2 x rose to a height ( #ae feet1 & rema9$ 9 ! air #dc seconds4 ,contr>y to all prec$5t1 ! av]age amateur is b5t ^u a*iev+ :at ! skill$ pr(essional consid]s z beyond ev5 8 tal5t & res\rces--t ( build+ 8 own fly+ ma*9e4 ,) e o!r me*anical vehicle1 ! amateur le>ns to drive fir/ & ! majority are cont5t ) t a*ievem5t--= example1 v few *auffeurs h any great ambition to build _! own automobiles4 ,) fly+ ma*9es 7"o ( ! mo/ difficult ( me*anical contrivances71 ne>ly all amateurs want to con/ruct new types = !mselves & all confid5tly expect to fly ) no m k ?an t ga9$ 9 con/ruct+ !m4 ,we all h to be appr5tices be=e becom+ ma/]s1 s all aviators necess>ily h to be le>n]s & grass cutt]s be=e be+ pr(essionals4 ,*>les ,k4 ,hamilton 0 an exception1 b he 0 already an exp]t pilot ( dirigible balloons1 & he did n try to build 8 own a]oplane4 ,will>d1 ,m>s1 & ,ely1 all ,curtiss pupils1 flew aft] a v %ort tra9+1 b !y did n attempt to con/ruct a]oplanes = !mselves4 ,?is is also true ( ,clif=d ,b4 ,h>mon1 ! *ampion amateur4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,:at an ,amateur ,aviator ,c ,d 9 ,build+ an ,a]oplane 99,classes ( ,amateurs994 ,inv5tors4 ,g5]ally speak+1 amateurs are ( two classes4 ,^? ( ! fir/ class believe !y h conceiv$ "s entirely new sy/em or inv5tion1 or an improvem5t on "s ma*9e t has previ\sly prov$ a failure2 !y ?9k !y h discov]$ ! secret :i* o!r inv5tors :o prec$$ !m fail$ to grasp4 ,!y exp5d _! meag] capital 9 try+ to realize high hopes4 ,a comp>atively small numb] ev] get z f> z complet+ ! ma*9e & "o trial on ! field is usually suffici5t to put a quietus on ^? :o d1 z x is disappo9t+1 to say ! lea/1 to see ! result ( a numb] ( mon?s' "w undone 9 a tw9kl+ )\t ! ma*9e hav+ %[n ! lea/ disposition or ability to get (f t]ra firma4 ,w\ld ,be ,p]=m]s4 ,! second class f9ds its *ief inc5tive 9 ! munific5t rew>d to be ga9$ ) :at appe>s to be comp>atively little ef=t or exp5diture1 & ! amateur :o is seek+ f9ancial returns has no alt]native except to build 8 own ma*9e1 or ent] ei!r ! ,wright or ,curtiss s*ool ( fly+ & secure a b]? ) "o ( ^! companies4 99,wright & ,curtiss ,pat5ts994 ,?is is ! result ( conditions at pres5t obta9+ 9 ! field ( aviation4 ,! only g5]ally successful types ( ,am]ican a]oplanes are ! ,wright & ,curtiss1 & ! acquirem5t ( a biplane ( ei!r type means ! exp5diture ( at lea/ #e1jjj = ! ma*9e alone1 & !y are sold only to individuals on ! express condition t ! ma*9es are n to be us$ = exhibition or z a means ( pr(it to ! own]4 ,! manufactur]s h exp]t fly]s ( _! own :o att5d meets & fairs ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,x w\ld make _! monopoly impossible to all[ outsid]s to fly _! a]oplanes publicly or to exhibit !m4 ,by ?is re/riction ! price ( ! ma*9es is kept up & l>ge returns are ga9$ by exhibitions & fly+4 ,to break ?is monopoly by import+ ,european ma*9es is n possible4 ,all ! successful a]oplanes made abroad su* z ! ,f>man1 ,cody1 & ,somm] biplanes2 & ! ,bl]iot1 ,anto9ette1 & ,grade monoplanes are fitt$ ) devices ( control or /ability1 or bo?1 cov]$ by ! ,wright pat5ts & c n be fl[n 9 ?is c\ntry )\t legal tr\ble4 ,! num]\s =eign aviators :o br\ght ov] _! ma*9es 9 ! fall ( #aiaj to compete at ! ,int]national ,meet1 did s only on be+ grant$ a concession by ! ,wright ,company to ! effect t !y w\ld n be consid]$ z infr+]s & su$4 ,simil> arrangem5ts 7 made at subsequ5t meets & ?is h&icap w always be pres5t :]e =eign ma*9es are us$4 ,evasion by ,inv5tion ( ,new ,types4 ,b :5 he ?9ks ( ! unprec$5t$ sums paid pr(essionals = simply exhibit+ _! ma*9es & mak+ %ort flights1 ! amateur is anxi\s to obta9 a %>e ( ! pr(its4 ,no ?\ght is giv5 ! fact t 7 he & all 8 k9d p]mitt$ to fly1 ! a*ievem5t w\ld soon be commonplace & ! aviator's gold5 age w\ld be ov]4 ,!re are accord+ly hundr$s ( w\ld-be aviators 9 ?is c\ntry today :o are /riv+ to evade ! ,wright basic pat5ts by ei!r devis+ entirely new types ( a]oplanes1 or by inv5t+ new me?ods ( control & /ability t w n infr+e4 ,o!rs1 reason+ t ! old a]oplanes built be=e ! adv5t ( ! ,wright ma*9e _c be held z infr+em5ts ow+ to priority1 propose to develop ,maxim1 ,langley1 & ,ad] ma*9es1 ?\gh ! dictum 9 ! ,new ,york ,c\rt ( ,appeals decision ref]r$ to "u ! head ( ,legal ,/atus ( ,wright ,pat5t1 :i* /ates t a prior ma*9e :i* _h nev] be5 kn[n to fly w\ld n be consid]$ an anticipation ( a mod]n successful ma*9e1 may prove a /umbl+ block 9 _! case z well4 ,?us1 a r\nd ( ! work%ops ( ^! en?usia/s reveals a ho/ ( heavi]-?an-air ma*9es ( e conceivable type & %ape1 e "o ( :i*1 accord+ to its build]1 is an a]oplane t w fly4 ,m9eola & ,g>d5 ,city1 ,long ,isl&1 h>bor a score ( ^! little %ops ! ye> r\nd1 b ! same sc5es are be+ enact$ on a small] scale 9 almo/ e /ate 9 ! ,union1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,cali=nia1 ,ohio1 ,kansas1 ,massa*usetts1 & ,arizona1 9 addition to :i* !re are _m :o are c>ry+ _! exp]im5ts on 9 secret4 ,ea* believes deep 9 8 he>t t he w succe$ :]e a ma/] fail$4 ,maxim fail$ ) ?is type ( ma*9e1 quotes "o4 ,h[ did he expect to fly :5 8 control 0 n proportionate to ! ma*9e's lift capacity8 ,seem+ly1 nobody ev] ?\ght ( t & our fri5d w make a =tune by go+ ,maxim "o bett]1 b he does n4 ,aft] mon?s ( labor & a great deal ( exp5se he f9ds t "s un=ese5 difficulty develops :i* keeps 8 ma*9e to e>? z if x 7 "p & p>cel ( x4 ,ano!r has conceiv$ a type ( monoplane t is entirely new--diff]5t f any exi/+ type--& z ! latt] are all =eign1 he prides himself on hav+ develop$ a monoplane t w be entirely ,am]ican--! fir/ & only ,am]ican monoplane4 ,!oretically1 x is a wond]2 me*anically x is correct2 & x spe$s ov] ! turf ) surpris+ velocity2 b :5 ! elevat+ rudd] is op]at$ to make ! ma*9e rise1 x balks & plunges head fir/ into ! gr\nd4 ,aga9 & aga91 ! propell] & o!r brok5 p>ts are replac$ at no small exp5se2 aga9 & aga9 ! inv5tor goes ov] e "p ( ! ma*9]y & computes ! dim5sions ( ! support+ surface to see if x all corresponds ) ! =mula ( 8 special !ory4 ,b "t aft] "t1 ! a]oplane acts l a jump+ frog & l&s head fir/4 ,at la/1 its build] becomes conv9c$ t !re is some?+ radically wrong & beg9s to dep>t f 8 orig9al plans1 involv+ *anges t simply mean a wa/e ( ef=t & money1 s9ce ! inv5tor does n himself "k :at he is try+ to correct & no "o else kn[s bett] ?an he :at ! tr\ble is4 ,evasion by ,acquir+ ,european ,types4 ,o!rs /ill1 realiz+ f ! =ego+ exp]i5ces t x is almo/ impossible to con/ruct an entirely new type ( a]oplane (f-h&1 acquire ,european types & propose to fit !m ) new control & /ability devices1 su* z are n cov]$ by ! ,wright pat5ts4 ,s f>1 none has succe$$4 ,someh[1 ! ,wrights seem to h cov]$ all ! conceivable work+ devices = control & /ability1 & ! num]\s attempts h accord+ly result$ 9 failure4 ,und\bt$ly1 "s ( ^! a]oplanes built by amateurs may really be capable ( flight2 b h[ is ! inv5tor to "k x :5 he lacks ! ability to op]ate x8 ,to "k h[ to fly an a]oplane is a condition prec$5t to success 9 ! field ( aviation t c n be met by build+ ( a ma*9e4 ,! beg9n] is ?us badly h&icapp$4 ,ev5 ?\gh 8 ma*9e may embody ! elem5ts ess5tial to successful flight1 he may nev] be able to e/abli% ! fact1 s9ce 8 fir/ blund]+ attempt or two frequ5tly ends by wreck+ ! ma*9e1 & _m h nei!r ! means nor ! /am9a to p]sev]e fur!r aft] a few bad wrecks1 involv+ weeks & weeks ( rebuild+ ea* "t4 ,he c n engage an exp]t to fly 8 ma*9e = him1 z ! exp]t's "t p] m9ute figures out a price t makes him gasp1 & ev5 at t ! exp]t pr(essional's "t is pretty mu* all tak54 ,fur!rmore1 v few w\ld run ! risk ( attempt+ to fly an untri$ a]oplane--!y h m to lose ?r\gh accid5tal injury ?an ! build] has ?r\gh ! failure ( 8 !ories4 ,& s x is ) mo/ inv5tors4 ,!y may h conceiv$ some?+ really good1 b x is n complete1 & an a]oplane is h>dly wor? its weight z junk unless x is4 ,hundr$s ( pat5ts are tak5 out e ye> on devices to be us$ on heavi]-?an-air ma*9es2 inv5tors by scores make daily r\nds try+ to int]e/ f9anci]s 9 "s seem+ly wond]ful me*anical s*eme1 & doz5s ( companies are organiz$ ea* ye> to exploit "s especially promis+ inv5tions4 ,numb]s ( a]oplanes are con/ruct$ & hail$ z m>vels1 b1 someh[1 :5 a successful flight is made by an amateur x is always ) "s /&>d a]oplane1 ei!r ( ! ,curtiss or ,f>man types1 & mo/ly ! =m]4 ,9 fact1 ! ,curtiss has become a favorite ) ! amateur s9ce ! ,f$]al c\rt refus$ to su/a9 ! grant+ ( a prelim9>y injunction 9 favor ( ! ,wright ,company aga9/ ,gl5n ,h4 ,curtiss4 ,x is accord+ly be+ tak5 = grant$ 9 g5]al t ! outcome ( ! ,wright vs4 ,curtiss litigation w be to decl>e ! ,curtiss ma*9e non-infr++4 ,%\ld x be ! o!r way ab\t1 !re w c]ta9ly be gloom & despair 9 ! amateur camps ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,h[ev]1 nei!r ! ,wrights nor ,curtiss impose any re/riction ^u ! build+ ( ma*9es ( _! types = exp]im5tal purposes1 s t ! amateur :o wi%es to copy !m may safely d s1 provid$ no attempt be made to employ ! ma*9e = purposes ( public exhibition or f9ancial ga94 ,,exam9ation ,,pap] ,,build+ ,,& ,,fly+ ,,an ,,a]oplane 99,,"p ,,ii99 99,read ,c>efully993 ,place y\r "n & full address at ! head ( ! pap]4 ,any *eap1 light pap] l ! sample previ\sly s5t y may be us$4 ,d n cr[d y\r "w1 b arrange x neatly & legibly4 ,d n copy ! answ]s f ! ,in/ruction ,pap]2 use y\r own words s t we may be sure t y und]/& ! subject4 #a4 ,contra/ ! ,bl]iot ) ! ,curtiss 9 e ess5tial p>ticul>4 #b4 ,give details ( ! ,bl]iot runn+ ge>4 #c4 ,h[ is ! support+ plane ( ! ,bl]iot built & re9=c$8 #d4 ,:at sort ( fabric is us$ to cov] ! plane & h[ is x fa/5$ on8 #e4 ,describe by sket* ! ,bl]iot control sy/em4 #f4 ,h[ does ! location ( ! motor 9 ! ,bl]iot comp>e ) its location 9 ! ,curtiss8 #g4 ,:at is 8grass-cutt+0 & :y is x practic$8 #h4 ,describe "s ( ! devices us$ 9 aviation s*ools4 #i4 ,h[ is ! elevat+ plane manipulat$ to />t ! a]oplane f ! gr\nd8 #aj4 ,h[ is ! /atic balance ( a ma*9e det]m9$8 #aa4 ,h[ does w>p+ ! w+s affect ! behavior ( an a]oplane8 ,h[ %\ld ?is be practic$8 #ab4 ,give ! process ( mak+ a turn 9 an a]oplane4 #ac4 ,:at is 8bank+08 ,:at mu/ be done to prev5t excessive bank+ on a turn8 #ad4 ,h[ c a turn be made 9 a w9d8 #ae4 ,:y %\ld ! />t & ! l&+ always be made 9 ! tee? ( ! w9d8 #af4 ,:at is ! attitude ( ! ma/]s ( aviation t[>d fancy fly+8 #ag4 ,classify ! mo/ common s\rces ( accid5ts4 #ah4 ,:at mu/ an aviator d 9 case 8 motor /ops 9 midair8 ,is ?is consid]$ a dang]\s situation8 #ai4 ,:at are ! relative m]its ( biplane & monoplane z reg>ds ! avoidance ( accid5ts8 #bj4 ,:at are "s ( ! devices us$ to protect ! aviator 9 case 8 ma*9e collapses8 #ba4 ,analyze r c>efully ! additional /resses put ^u an a]oplane :5 an aviator sudd5ly swoops & !n rights 8 ma*9e by a quick movem5t ( ! control4 99,aft] complet+ ! "w1 add & sign ! foll[+ /atem5t399 ,i h]eby c]tify t ! above "w is entirely my own4 7,sign$7