,,!   ,,tyranny ,,( ,,%ams     ,,by     
,,joseph ,mc,c,a,b,e     ,,new ,,york   
,,dodd1 ,,mead  ,,company   #aiaf       
,,preface4    ,,?is book is a frank     
criticism ( mo/ ( ! dom9ant ideas &     
in/itutions ( our "t3 a confession (    
fai? 9 ne>ly all ! m  d>+ h]esies :i*   
hold1 s to say1 ! fir+ l9e ( our        
lit]ature3 a conception ( a new social  
ord] & new planet>y  arrangem5t4 ,x is  
!re=e c&idly egoi/ic1 & ,i %\ld l to    
expla9 ! circum/ances 9 :i* x 0 design$ 
& writt54    ,x 0 conceiv$1 & mu* ( x 0 
writt51 dur+ ! long voyage  f ,au/ralia 
to ,engl&4 ,at t "t ,i _h issu$1 if ,i  
may include  ! introduction to ,engli%  
read]s ( =eign writ]s1 "s fifty         
publications1 & 9 ^! ,i _h g5]ally      
describ$ remote p]iods (  hi/ory1 or ev5
 remot] p]iods ( ! e>?'s /ory or di/ant 
regions ( ! univ]se4 ,_m _h ask$ me to  
tell !m ?+s m  intimate & important ?an 
! way 9 :i* />s 7 =m$1 or !  mann]s (   
ext9ct ,d9osaurs & anci5t empresses3    
ask$ if ?irty  ye>s' /udy ( philosophy1 

sci5ce1 & hi/ory _h giv5 me no  int]e/  
91 or light ^u1 ! problems ( ! h\r4 ,9  
,au/ralasia  ?is reque/ 0 made m        
insi/5tly ?an ev]4 ,our anci5t          
prejudices h be5 transplant$ into ! soil
 ( ! new _w1 &  !y h ?riv5 !re1 l !     
gorse1 ! sp>r[1 ! rabbit1 &  s _m o!r   
pe/s :i* s5tim5tal coloni/s h introduc$ 
9  ord] to rem9d !m ( home4 ,b new ideas
 also h be5  import$1 & !y f9d a ri*    
soil 9 ! free1 unconv5tional1  ent]pris+
 colonial m9d4 ,m5 & wom5 are ask+ !    
same  que/ions !re z 9 ,london & ,new   
,york4    ,! g5]al drift or implication 
( ^! que/ions obsess$ me daily  dur+ !  
sl[ trav]se ( ! ,s\!rn ,ocean4 ,day aft]
 day !  great l9] visibly r\nd$ ?is va/ 
ball ( metal :i* we call our  e>?2 & to 
me !re is no m impressive symbol ?an ?is
 ( !  p[] & ! future ( man4 ,"s compla9 
t at sea !y feel !  e>? & man & man's   
conc]ns made trivial by ! great fires   
:i* blaze ?r\gh ! d>k] sky4 ,b l>g5ess  
is n greatness1  & a va/ prairie 9 "s   
inaccessible region does n make less    

preci\s ! little plot ( e>? at y\r door 
t y c make  beautiful4 ,y\r pr$om9ant   
feel+1 :5 y r\nd ! globe & see  ) y\r   
own eye its limitations1 is "o ( p[]4   
,?is sph]e1 y  feel1 is ! pr9cipality ( 
man2 & !re nev] 0 a p[] s  despotic &   
f>-rea*+ z ! p[] ( a unit$ race w\ld be4
 ,y  f$ z if ! e>? c\ld be embrac$ 9 !  
arms ( a giant1 &  humanity is ! giant4 
,if m5 7 agre$ 9 _! designs1 ! e>?  w\ld
 be z clay 9 ! h& ( ! pott]4 ,x w\ld    
prove z passive  & tractable z ! *ild's 
ball ( pla/ic9e--if all1 or !  great "p 
(1 m5 & wom5 7 agre$ z to ! %ape x 0    
desirable to impose on x4 ,9 our age    
diff]5ces ( ideal re/ra9  ! h& & prev5t 
u f giv+ a fair] face to ! e>?4 ,!  p[] 
( a unit$ mank9d w\ld be some?+ ak9 to  
omnipot5ce4  ,e man or woman :o has se5 
! e>? ) ?is l>g] vision mu/  see! )     
impati5ce to end ?is conflict ( old     
traditions & new  ideas :i* p>alyses our
 h&s2 to d :at he or %e c to  accel]ate 
t f9al h>mony ( conviction :i* w set    
free !  f+]s ( ! ,great ,pott]4 ,t is ! 

controll+ s5tim5t ( ?is  little book4   
,x happ5s t1 be=e ! book rea*es !       
public1 "o ( ^?  traditions :i* x       
assails has spread a gha/ly deva/ation  
ov] !  face ( ! e>?4 ,= ne>ly tw5ty ye>s
 ,i h us$ my sl5d]  opportunities z     
speak] & writ] to d5\nce ! milit>y      
ma*9e3  to imag9e ! mighty res\rces we  
wa/e on milit>ism & w>  transf]r$ to ^? 
ent]prises :i* seek to bright5 ! e>? &  
make ! he>ts ( m5 & wom5 light]4 ,n[ !  
little s]mon1 :i*  _m feeble voices 7   
prea*+1 is tak5 up by an orator ^:      
voice ?und]s f pole to pole1 ^: words   
are blood-curdl+  realities4 ,t5 ?\s&   
million /]l+1 p]haps1 p\r$ into ! sea  9
 eighte5 mon?s3 t5 million m51 p]haps1  
prematurely bla/$ (f  ! e>? or /rick5 = 
life3 & a trail ( blood & te>s &  mis]y 
t all ! mighty f]tility ( ! e>? w take a
  g5]ation to oblit]ate6 ,nor does ?is  
outp\r ( horror m]ely mean  t "o feature
 ( our life ne$s reconsid]ation4 ,we    
c\ld n  h reta9$ ?is milit>y ma*9e1 )   
its ev]-pres5t dang] (  an appall+      

calamity1 if our m9ds 7 g5]ally sane1   
al]t1  unclogg$ by %ams4    ,"o inquires
 h[ x is t a g5]ation :i* boa/s ( its   
wisdom  & humanity c reta9 ?is wor/     
survival ( b>b>ism1 & "o  f9ds t ! evil 
is connect$ ) a doz5 o!r evils &        
protect$ by a g5]al m5tal debility4 ,!  
habit ( trac+ ?is  calamity to ! peculi>
 crim9ality ( ano!r nation1 & dwell+    
only on our own h]oism & self-sacrifice 
9 meet+ ?is m5ace1 is  9 itself a v     
grave dang]4 ,we may be entirely c]ta9  
t1 z  long z we reta9 ! milit>y ma*9]y =
 settl+ qu>rels1 !re  w be w>s4 ,h[ came
 ! ma*9]y to l+] among/ u 9 !  tw5tie?  
c5tury8 ,at once we light ^u a doz5 o!r 
disord]s (  our life4 ,?is remissness 9 
civilis+ int]national int]c\rse  argues 
a grave indiff]5ce to a mo/ important   
task on ! "p (  our political s]vants1 &
 an equally grave abs5ce ( pressure &   
direction on ! "p ( _! support]s4 ,x    
reveals a dang]\sly  slov5ly condition (
 our indu/rial _w1 a v s]i\s defect 9   
our educational sy/em1 a /&+ m5ace 9 !  

enc\rag$  ?\ghtlessness ( ! mass ( our  
p1 a g5]al flabb9ess1  haz9ess1 & anmia 
( :at may be call$ ! intellectual "p (  
our public life4    ,?is is true ( all  
nations1--x may be ! turn ( ! ,unit$    
,/ates1  or ,norway1 or ,arg5t9a        
tomorr[1--b x is mo/ s]i\sly true (     
,engl&4 ,d n let u fuddle our m9ds ) !  
k9d ( rhetoric "o  addresses to         
s*oolboys4 ,we h1 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! w>1  
betray$ a sluggi%ness1 a lack ( =esight 
& initiative1 a  feebl5ess (            
organisation1 :i* ought to sob] any     
race1 h[ev]  weal?y4 ,our ,gov]nm5t     
knew1 or ought to h kn[n1 s9ce ! spr+  (
 #aiab1 t j ?is w> 0 ?reat5+ u2 &1 :5 x 
occurr$1  !y made a virtue ( ! fact t we
 7 ! lea/ prep>$  nation 9 ,europe4 ,!y 
took n9e mon?s to beg9 to organise our  
res\rces1 or to p]ceive t x 0 necess>y  
to d s4 ,pla9ly1  !re is some?+         
pr(\ndly1 compreh5sively wrong ) our    
public  life4 ,we %all muddle ?r\gh1    
because we h ! res\rces1  & because !   
,allies outnumb] _! oppon5ts by fifty p]

 c5t4  ,b if 9 a future w> we are       
compell$ to face a num]ically equal     
oppon5t1 ,engl& w1 if %e reta9s ^!      
faults1 see h] royal  /&>d 9 ! du/4 ,z x
 is1 ! co/ ( our ineptitude w be        
prodigi\s4    ,s ,i am confirm$ 9 my    
design to decl>e :at seems to me to be  
wrong  ) our life4 ,i *oose ! =m ( a    
direct *all5ge ( old  traditions ma9ly  
because !y s oppress & b5umb ! public   
m9d  t new ideals d n get a fair        
consid]ation4 ,b x w be f\nd  t beh9d ! 
s]ies ( *all5ges !re is a s]ies (       
affirmations1 & ^! make up a con/ructive
 ideal ( life4 ,probably  few w accept  
?is ideal 9 its entirety1 ?\gh ea* *apt]
  advocates a re=m :i* has millions (   
adh]5ts4 ,x is1 h[ev]1  n bas$ on any   
'ism1 lea/ ( all on dogmatism4 ,!re is a
 view  (1 or attitude t[>d1 life exp\nd$
 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 &  beh9d ea* p>ticul>  
claim4 ,b ea* section deals ) a specific
  dep>tm5t ( life & mu/ f9d its         
ju/ification )9 ! limits  ( t dep>tm5t4 
,if any regret t ! "w does n embody a   

pr(\nd philosophy ( life1 ,i mu/ reply t
 ,i pass$ ?r\gh  philosophy ?irty ye>s  
ago1 & came out into sci5ce & hi/ory 9  
se>* ( reality3 & t philosoph]s d n seem
 to me to be  ei!r agre$ among !mselves 
or 9 any close relation%ip to !  human  
problems ,i discuss4    ,_m w advise me1
 too1 t a man w\ld d well to conceal ! m
  (f5sive ( 8 h]esies1 9 ord] to ga9 a m
 pati5t he>+ =  ! o!rs4 ,t is ! usual & 
prud5t practice1 no d\bt2 b ?is  book   
has be5 writt5 9 a mood ( fi]y impati5ce
 ) untru?1 &  ?is has =bidd5 compromise4
 ,night by night1 z ,i sit on ! deck (  
! %ip1 ,i wat* ! d>k purple pall drop   
swiftly ov] ! la/  flu% ( ! tropical    
sky2 & ,i "k t1 ea* night1 x %r\ds !    
faces ( ?\s&s ( m51 wom51 & *ildr5 ^:   
*ance (  happ9ess is gone = ev]4 ,we are
 argu+ to-day ab\t man's  ailm5ts j z ! 
,greeks 7 argu+ 9 ! ,agora at ,a!ns two 
?\s& ye>s ago1 or z m5 argu$ 9 ! g>d5 ( 
,plato or (  ,epicurus4 ,meantime almo/ 
c\ntless millions h liv$ 9 pa9 &        
squalor1 & di$ 9 delusive hope1 "u !    

curse ( ^? anci5t  traditions :i* we w n
 disc>d4 ,!re=e ,i am impati5t3 ,i  _c  
sit 9 quiet enjoym5t ( ! sun%9e t is    
grant$ me4 ,x  w be f\nd t no man       
appraises m highly ?an ,i ! advance we  
h made 9 mod]n times1 & t ,i n[h]e      
exagg]ate ! d>k]  features ( life4 ,if  
at times ,i write fi]cely1 cynically1   
ev5  bitt]ly1 x is n f pessimism1 b f   
fulness & fire (  optimism4 ,my         
controll+ ?\ght is1 z ,i said1 a        
consci\sness ( our  p[]4    ,!re are two
 types ( p into ^: h&s ?is book may     
fall4 ,!  fir/ is ! man or woman ^:     
n]ves mu/ n be di/urb$ by !  spectacle (
 ! mis]y ( less =tunate be+s3 :o f9ds   
life good1  & in/9ctively res5ts any    
proposals to tamp] ) its  f\ndations4   
,^! p are no m op5 to blame1 z a rule1  
?an  ! prophet is entitl$ to praise = 8 
ard\r4 ,we d n *oose our  temp]am5t1    
:atev] else we *oose4 ,b "o does n      
appeal to ^!  com=table p4 ,!y w\ld h   
ref9$ & pleasant ?+s ab\t  !m always1 & 
!y %r9k f ! vaults :]e1 !y dimly "k1    

ugly & sordid & wri?+ ?+s are cr[d$     
toge!r3 le/ _!  glance fall on "s yell[ 
& di/ort$ face ^: holl[ *eeks1 or  eyes 
blood%ot ) pa9 or brutality1 w\ld di/urb
 ! ev5 pleasure  ( _! lives4 ,s be x4   
,let x be writt5 9 />k lett]s on _!     
m>ble /ones1 :5 ! la/ pea* has dropp$ f 
_! relax+  f+]s3 ,my ideal 0 to enjoy   
life1 & to let ! devil take !  h9dmo/4  
,d n let me be misund]/ood4 ,! enjoym5t 
( life is ! supreme  ideal advocat$ 9   
?is book4 ,i loa! asceticism1 ei!r      
,*ri/ian or  ,/oic4 ,b ,i write = !     
second type ( man or woman3 ! p :o  are 
/rong & heal?y en\gh to enjoy e pleasure
 t life  af=ds1 yet keep "s ?\ght = !   
unhapp9ess ( o!rs3 :o  ?9k x a normal "p
 ev5 ( a pleasant & ref9$ life1         
especially  a leisur$ life1 to sp>e "s  
h\rs = seek+ h[ ! _w may be  improv$ =  
less =tunate folk3 :o1 precisely because
 !y love !  sunlight1 ask if x _c be    
devis$ t all m5 & wom5 &  *ildr5 %all h 
a l>g] %>e ( x4 ,_! *ief difficulty is  
t1 unhappily1 ! new prophets are z      

discordant z ! old4 ,a few  c5turies    
ago1 :5 y cross$ ,london ,bridge1 or !  
,pont ,neuf at  ,p>is1 or ! ,ponte      
,vec*io at ,flor5ce1 a score ( rival    
quacks or  *>latans 79 ! lit]al s5se7   
cri$ 9 y\r e>s ! virtues (  _! conflict+
 rem$ies4 ,to-day j s _m conflict+      
social  physicians cry _! w>es 9 !      
/reets4 ,!y oppose ea* o!r  almo/ z     
bitt]ly z !y oppose ! old] traditions4  
,h[ %all a  busy man or woman decide    
among !m8 ,:at fix$ & unalt]able        
pr9ciple1 9 ?is _w ( dissolv+ cre$s1 c y
 adopt = !  te/+ ( _! tru? or untru?8   
,a v grave & s9c]e difficulty4 ,!re=e1  
aga91 ,i h *os5  to attack :at seem to  
me to be %ams3 :i* ,i w\ld def9e z      
untru?s t ! millions v5]ate z tru?s4 ,! 
"w ( re=m w  proce$ v sl[ly & v         
prec>i\sly until ^! are resolutely      
discr$it$ & de?ron$4 ,9 ea* case1 x is  
true1 x w be f\nd  t ! de?ronem5t ( an  
error en?rones a tru?2 b ,i insi/ t  we 
w pay no grave & practical att5tion to  
con/ructive s*emes  until we fully      

realise ! blund]s & brutalities ( our   
pres5t  civilisation4 ,! discord ( our  
social prophets does n excuse u  f      
p]ceiv+ ^!4    ,z to fix$ & unalt]able  
pr9ciples1 x seems to me t two1 at      
lea/1 are n di/urb$ by ! gr\nd-quakes ( 
our "t4 ,p]haps  !y /& ) m conspicu\s   
firmness :5 s _m o!r  et]nal v]ities h  
fall54 ,! fir/ is ! pr9ciple (          
tru?fulness or s9c]ity4 ,( ?is x ne$ be 
said only t1 if !re  are any p>ts ( our 
human tradition :i* ! l>g] m9d ( our age
  discov]s to be untrue1 !y ought to be 
reject$ at once2 & !  m closely !y are  
wov5 into our social fabric1 ! m spe$ily
  & m appreh5sively !y ought to be torn 
out4 ,! second &  great] pr9ciple is !  
aim ( arre/+ suff]+ & diffus+  happ9ess 
z f> z possible4 ,i w consid] ?is       
pres5tly1 &  m]ely /ate "h t ^! *apt]s h
 be5 writt5 solely 9 !  "n & "u !       
inspiration ( t ideal4 ,& if my words   
are at  times viol5t1 ! viol5ce is due  
solely to a great eag]ness = !  spe$i]  
com+ ( a bright] & m intellig5t age & to

 a  s9c]e abhorr5ce ( cant & %ams & all 
t l5g!ns ?is grey  twilight (           
civilisation4                           
,j4 ,m4      ,,cont5ts4    ,i4 ,!       
,philosophy ( ,revolt    ,,ii4 ,!       
,milit>y ,%am    ,,iii4 ,! ,follies (   
,%am ,patriotism    ,,iv4 ,political    
,%ams    ,v4 ,! ,di/ribution ( ,weal?   
,,vi4 ,idols ( ! ,home    ,,vii4 ,!     
,future ( ,woman    ,,viii4 ,%ams ( !   
,s*ool    ,,ix4 ,! ,education ( ! ,adult
    ,x4 ,! ,cl]ical ,%am       ,,!      
,,tyranny ,,( ,,%ams     ,,*apt] ,i4    
,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,revolt    ,?is   
*apt] is1 ) a few alt]ations1 reproduc$ 
f ,!  ,engli% ,review1 ,octob] #aiad4   
,,al?\gh ?is "w does n embody any sy/em 
( speculation ab\t  ! univ]se1 any cre$ 
or 'ism or l>ge & ab/ruse set (         
pr9ciples1 x mu/ beg9 ) a c>eful /udy ( 
! ph5om5on (  revolt4 ,nev] be=e 0 !re  
su* an age ( g5]al & fev]i%             
re/lessness2 nev] 0 !re su* quak+ ( !   
deepe/ f\ndations  ( old in/itutions1   
su* tott]+ ( ?rones & alt>s4 ,f e       

intellectual c5tre ! di/urb+ waves      
radiate4 ,r\nd ,london1  ,b]l91 & ,new  
,york ! rumbl+ is habitual4 ,already !y 
p]ceive  x 9 ,tokyo & ,pek+ &           
,con/ant9ople4 ,tomorr[ x w break on  ! 
e> 9 ,teh]an & ,lhasa4 ,! same que/ions 
are ask$ all ov]  ! e>?4 ,i h discuss$  
!m ) millionaires at ! ,ritz &  ) great 
ladies at ,cl>idge's3 ) /ud5ts 9 _!     
univ]sities  & m9]s 9 _! cottages3 )    
le>n$ pr(essors 9 ,rome or ,new  ,york1 
& ) notori\s an>*i/s 9 obscure corn]s ( 
,p>is3 )  work+ girls 9 ,melb\rne1 )    
,maoris 9 ,well+ton1 ) ,*9ese  & ,h9dus 
& al]t1 full-blood$ ,africans4 ,i h be5 
invit$ to  discuss !m ) a ,polynesian   
pr9cess & to lecture on !m 9  ,fiji1 &  
,i h _h lett]s on !m f ,japanese settl]s
 9 ,briti%  ,columbia & negro tailors 9 
,briti% ,guiana4 ,! same que/ions       
ev]y:]e3 religi\s doctr9es & political  
=ms1 education &  indu/ry1 m>riage &    
woman--almo/ e ideal & in/itution we  h 
inh]it$4 ,& ! p]si/5t note t res\nds f  
cont95t  to cont95t is ! note (         

rebellion4    ,v diff]5t feel+s are     
inspir$ by ?is *>act]i/ic fact (  mod]n 
life4 ,to "s x seems t ?is melt+ ( !    
rigid framework  ( traditions is a      
welcome sign ( spr+ & gr[?3 t a long    
w9t]1 :i* _h sl[$ ! blood ( ! e>? &     
ret>d$ !  developm5t ( civilisation1 is 
ov] at la/1 & little1 %apeless1  promis+
 %oots ( new ideals are ris+ f ! loos5$ 
soil4 ,to  o!rs x seems z if ! b9d+     
fabric ( our civilisation 7  weak5$ & we
 7 9 dang] ( return+ to b>b>ism4 ,surely
 ^?  old traditions did hold toge!r !   
/ructure ( our civilisation8  ,& surely 
x is impossible to replace 9 a few      
g5]ations ! l9ks  ( a planet-wide human 
society8 ,! %ades ( dead ,memphis &     
,babylon  & ,n9eveh1 ( ,a!ns & ,rome &  
,bagdad1 ( ,v5ice & ,g5oa &  ,flor5ce1  
pass be=e _! anxi\s eyes4 ,9 ea* case1  
!y rem9d  u1 ?is same moral1 social1 &  
intellectual re/lessness prec$$  dea?4  
,! inevitable specialism ( our age adds 
to ! confusion4 ,life is a  connect$    
:ole1 yet nei!r rese>* nor re=m c n[ be 

o!r ?an  sectional4 ,we devote ourselves
 to a c&id /udy ( "s p>ticul>  re=m1 &  
we f9d x a ?or\ghly reasonable proposal1
 a d$uction  f pr9ciples t we are b\nd  
to admit4 ,b we h n _h  leisure to      
discov] ! indisputable pr9ciples ( o!r  
re=ms2 &1  :5 we he> ! dem& ( *ange &   
progress ris+ on "o side  aft] ano!r--9 
! ,*ur*1 ! ,/ate1 ! ,home1 ! ,s*ool1 & s
  on--we rem>k s5t5ti\sly t rebellion is
 becom+ a fa%ion1 t  our g5]ation is    
gett+ fev]i% or neurotic1 t we mu/ insi/
 on  au?ority some:]e4 ,we repeat       
plausible phrases ab\t ! decay (        
respect & ! wisdom ( ! race4 ,we fa/5 on
 symptoms (  disord]--)\t inquir+ v     
closely :e!r ! disord] is new  or has   
be5 rec5tly aggravat$--& we conclude t  
cons]vatism is  a social duty3 t1 at all
 ev5ts1 we w admit re=m only by !  in*4 
,we fancy ourselves ! gu>dians ( !      
palladium4    ,q ap>t f purely selfi%   
motives1 "s ( ! close/ obs]v]s  ( our   
age d diff] radically 9 diagnosis &     
prescription4 ,! same  movem5ts are     

symptoms ( heal? to "o man1 symptoms (  
disease to  ano!r4 ,take ! enl>gem5t (  
divorce1 ! decay ( cl]ical  au?ority1 ! 
indu/rial revolt1 or ! rebellion ( wom54
 ,!re  seems to be no common gr\nd left 
on :i* ! obs]v]s may meet )  any hope ( 
agreem5t4 ,! old religi\s & political   
/&>ds w  n[ hopelessly divide any       
roomful ( educat$ m5 & wom54 ,y         
propose1 p]haps1 to fall back on moral  
/&>ds--! gr\nd on :i*  all reasonable p 
unite--& someone quotes aga9/ y half  a 
doz5 ( ! mo/ brilliant writ]s ( ,europe 
& ,am]ica4 ,hopes &  lam5tations1       
inspir$ by precisely ! same facts (     
life1 m+le  confus$ly 9 our lit]ature1 &
 m5 & wom5 ( l>ge he>t &  little leisure
 seem to be condemn$ to a /]ile         
p]plexity or a  selfi% absorption 9     
bus9ess & pleasure4 ,:at1 at all ev5ts1 
is  ! mean+ or purpose ( life8 ,& h[ is 
?is spread+ rebellion  relat$ to x8     
,fir/ let u exam9e ! gr\nds ( ! v       
di/ress+ =eca/s (  ! ,cons]vative4 ,9 ! 
va/ majority ( cases t are wor?  exam9+ 

"o w f9d t ! pessimism has n v firm     
f\ndations4 ,y\r dismal prophet is      
usually a man ) an anci5t  gospel :i* we
 are disc>d+1 or a new gospel :i* does n
 attract  u4 ,! appeal to ! mod]n _w1 he
 realises1 mu/ be utilit>ian3  he mu/ %[
 u t1 )\t him1 we p]i%4 ,s he recklessly
 heaps  up be=e our eyes /ati/ics (     
crime & consumption & lunacy &  alcohol3
 he makes weird & totally inaccurate    
/atem5ts ab\t ,france  or ! ,unit$      
,/ates or "s o!r c\ntry3 he m>%als !    
%ades (  dead empires--:i* seem to h di$
 ( a wond]ful complication (  mod]n     
maladies--be=e u ) appropriate rhetoric4
    ,n[ to ?is k9d ( cons]vatism1 :i*   
says t we are decay+1 ,i  reply t1 on e 
positive te/ ( national heal?1 we are m 
fl\ri%+ ?an we ev] 7 be=e4 ,d>k z ! e>? 
is1 x 0  nev] bright] ?an x is to-day1  
or m full ( promise = !  morr[4 ,! w> is
 n inconsi/5t ) ?is g5]al /atem5t1 z ,i 
w %[ lat]4 ,a failure to advance 9 "o   
direction does n alt]  ! fact t we h    
advanc$ 9 a hundr$ o!rs2 & ! gross      

behavi\r ( "o nation does n de/roy ! ga9
 t half a doz5  o!r nations 7 ready to  
behave ) a new dec5cy 9 w>f>e4 ,z  to t 
lesson ( hi/ory :i* is /rid5tly read to 
u by m5  & wom5 ^: comm& ( hi/ory is n  
o!rwise conspicu\s1 ,i  w\ld rem9d !m t 
! civilisation ( dead empires always    
rea*$  its height j be=e1 or at ! "t :51
 !y began to decay4 ,does  anyone sugge/
 t we ought n fur!r to develop our      
civilisation  le/ we also decay8 ,h[ev]1
 ,i h suffici5tly discuss$ else:]e  ?is 
nons5se ab\t laws ( hi/ory2 & ,i w %[   
lat] t  ^! old] empires decay$1 n       
because ( _! high developm5t (          
intellect & f9e s5tim5t1 :i* leads to   
revolt1 b f !  natural defect ( ^? v    
in/itutions :i* our cons]vatives  def5d4
    ,we are n decay+4 ,engl& is1 = e    
class ( its citiz5s1 an  immeasurably   
f9] place to live 9 ?an x 0 a hundr$    
ye>s ago4 ,i  speak on ! /r5g? ( a      
rigor\s comp>ison ( ! moral & social    
life ( ,engl& a c5tury ago ) t ( mod]n  
,engl&1 b ,i  _c give ! facts "h4 ,let x

 suffice to make pla9 t ,i h  no sympa?y
 ) pessimi/s & prea*]s ( p5ance &       
au/]ity1 (  any s*ool4 ,! _w improves1 &
 improves m rapidly ?an x ev]  did be=e4
 ,:at /irs "o's impati5ce is !          
consci\sness t we  c\ld1 & d n1 move )  
inf9itely great] spe$3 t we  tol]ate    
abuses & %ams :i* insult our intellig5ce
 & mock our  pr(essions ( humanity4     
,:at1 !n1 are ! gr\nds ( ! optimi/ic    
view ( ?is widespread  revolt8 ,let u   
admit t cons]vatism1 9 ! s5se ( an      
attitude (  caution1 is a virtue4 ,we   
w\ld n try unkn[n drugs on ! life ( an  
individual1 & we ought n to apply untri$
 recipes to ! life (  =ty million p4    
,yet x is precisely f ?is m$ical _w t   
we ga!r valuable h9ts ( progress4 ,by   
two c5turies ( sob] &  h]oic lab\r !    
physician has br\ght ! great] "p ( our  
maladies "u control4 ,he w\ld tell y1 9 
private1 t he has a  hope ( ev5tually   
be+ able to *eck all disease & prolong  
life4  ,! laissez-faire attitude is     
unkn[n 9 m$ical sci5ce4 ,x is  unkn[n 9 

our te*nical & comm]cial worlds4 ,we h  
made  /up5d\s progress1 n by cons]v+1 b 
by innovat+3 n ask+  if a ma*9e or a    
sy/em work$ well1 b if we c\ld devise a 
bett]4  ,9 sci5ce--9 all on :i* we pride
 ourselves 9 mod]n  civilisation--we h  
foll[$ ! progressive pr9ciple3 we h     
cultivat$ revolt4 ,s9ce we began to d s1
 we h rais$ ! level  ( our civilisation 
9 ea* g5]ation4    ,x is !re=e n        
surpris+ t _m are ask+ :e!r we ought  n 
to ext5d ! progressive pr9ciple to our  
religions1 moralities1  politics1       
economic sy/ems1 s*ools1 dome/ic & civic
 & social  traditions4 ,x is1 9 o!r     
words1 q natural t !re %\ld be  a dem&  
=1 n "o re=m only1 b a hundr$ re=ms1 9  
mod]n  life4 ,we are ju/ly1 wisely pr\d 
( :at is di/9ctive & sup]ior  9 our     
civilisation3 advance1 bett]            
organisation1 economy ( wa/e1  great]   
effici5cy4 ,! my/]y is t s _m w\ld      
re/rict ?is  improvem5t to :at !y call !
 l[] mat]ial dep>tm5ts (  life1 & keep a
 /rict gu>d aga9/ ! re=m] at ! fronti]s 

(  _! spiritual or political _w4 ,!     
mod]n rebellion is a v  logical ef=t to 
apply ^! v successful pr9ciples to z mu*
 (  life z is susceptible ( improvem5t4 
,?is ef=t1 fur!r1 co9cides ) ! q dom9ant
 &  *>act]i/ic note ( mod]n culture3    
evolution4 ,we =get sometimes  t until  
half a c5tury ago ,europe 0 oppress$ by 
an entirely  wrong view ( ! e>?'s       
res\rces4 ,plato put a philosophic      
ana!ma on ! e>?4 ,?is mat]ial mass1 he  
said1 0 a b>r5  ?+4 ,ord]1 tru?1 beauty1
 love _h to come to x1 9 fitful gleams1 
f a _w beyond1 ov] :i* man _h no        
control4 ,we "k n[ t  ,plato 0 wrong4   
,ord]1 tru?1 beauty1 & love h develop$  
on !  e>?--!y are sublun>y ?+s--& man c 
control _!  s\rces & enl>ge _!          
proportions4 ,!y d n prop]ly make m5    
great3 m5 make !m great4 ,!y are z      
surely "u our direction z  are appli$   
sci5ce & comm]ce & ! fran*ise4 ,we c    
cultivate  !m z we n[ cultivate pansies 
or %eep4 ,x dep5ds on u if lies  &      
disord] & di%on\r are to l+] among u1 or

 if tru? &  ju/ice & beauty are to      
prevail4    ,aga9 !re=e x is q natural t
 we %\ld he> a dem& = a  m ext5sive use 
( ^! p[]s ( ours4 ,! %ips & pl\ghs &    
illum9ants ( a hundr$ ye>s ago 7 made by
 ! same m51 or !  same g5]ations ( m51 z
 ! religions & polities & moralities  ( 
! "t4 ,:y assume t ! wisdom ( ! race 0  
almo/  infallible 9 its spiritual & m   
difficult creations1 b capable  (       
enorm\s improvem5t on ! mat]ial side8   
,cons]vatism1 z  any?+ m ?an an attitude
 ( caution & prud5ce1 has n a  plausible
 air4    ,x is well also to reg>d !     
ess5tial or *>act]i/ic l9e (  human     
evolution4 ,ap>t f a few :o are caught  
by a transi5t  attempt to glorify       
in/9ct1 we agree t ! developm5t (       
intellig5ce is "o ( ! ma9 s\rces (      
progress4 ,n[ ?is great  & g5]al awak5+ 
( intellig5ce 9 rec5t decades 0 b\nd to 
lead to a good deal ( *all5g+ ( old     
traditions4 ,t 0  precisely :y !        
gr&fa!rs ( our bi%ops & pe]s oppos$ x4  
,?is high] intellig5ce ( ! race is n[   

assi/$ 9 its decisions  by a va/ly      
great] & m accurate k ( man & !  univ]se
 ?an our gr&p>5ts _h2 & ! *eap5+ (      
lit]ature  dimly conveys ?is k to       
millions :o 7 left out ( acc\nt  :5 !   
traditional maps ( life 7 draft$4 ,!    
artisan discusses  economics & !ology4  
,! ,tonga ,isl&] works out ma!matical   
problems4 ,i met a pure-blood$ negro1 ) 
a ,european degree 9  philosophy1 :o    
told me t he _h be5 =c$ to resign 8 *air
 9  an ,african ,mohamm$an college      
because ( 8 advanc$ ideas6 ,once ,i     
discuss$ ) a gr\p ( m9]s indu/rial      
que/ions & religion  f twelve to ?ree 9 
! morn+1 ov] pots ( be]1 9 a little  inn
 on ! we/ coa/ ( ,new ,zeal&1 a hundr$  
miles f any?+  l a t[n4    ,x is q      
impossible = ?is spread+ & bett] in=m$  
intellig5ce to b[ humbly to ! ideas ( an
 e>li] g5]ation4 ,x  is go+ to ?9k =    
itself1 at all ev5ts4 ,! old traditions 
mu/  be revis$ ?r\gh\t4 ,revision is n  
p>ticul>ly dang]\s except  to errors4 ,&
 already we h discov]$ t our political &

  religi\s & social oracles h be5 tea*+ 
a good deal ( error4  ,we beg9 to       
suspect t _m ?+s ! div9e "r ( k+s & !   
et]nal torm5t ( ! wick$ may n be /rictly
 accurate4 ,we _h  bett] reconsid] all  
our ways ( liv+4    ,! second p]man5t   
/ra9 ( human evolution is ! developm5t (
  f9e s5tim5t4 ,! notion t ! _w is      
becom+ m  prepond]antly intellectual1 & 
t progress along our pres5t l9es  means 
a limitation ( s5tim5t1 is inaccurate4  
,we are work+ t[>d  a heal?y            
equilibrium4 ,s5tim5tal p--^? 9 :om a   
/>v+ (  intellect or disuse ( muscle has
 sur*>g$ ! n]v\s sy/em )  morbid        
en]gy--w become m balanc$1 m            
intellectual4 ,anci5t  phrases & mod]n  
%ibbole?s w n be able to induce 9 !m an 
in/9ctive w>m? or agitation3 !y w h to  
pass ! b> (  reason be=e !y rea* :at "o 
might call ! executive dep>tm5t  (      
p]sonality4 ,b s5tim5t--deep & heal?y   
feel+--has a  preci\s use 9 life4 ,!    
developm5t ( f9e s5tim5t is z  necess>y 
z ! cultivation ( reason to ! advance ( 

man & (  civilisation4 ,we f9d ?is      
illu/rat$ 9 all ! old] civilisations  :5
 !y rea* _! highe/ po9t4 ,we are pick+  
up ?is /ra9 (  developm5t to-day1 &1    
s9ce civilisation is n[ too widely      
diffus$  ev] to p]i% aga91 we may assume
 t x w cont9ue4 ,n[ ?is  f9] s5tim5t (  
our "t dem&s ! revision ( our traditions
 &  in/itutions no less imp]i\sly ?an   
our high] intellig5ce does4 ,we  _c     
leave beh9d ! call\sness & brutality ( !
 ,middle ,ages  & at ! same "t reta9    
m$ieval practices4 ,intellectually &    
emotionally we are improv+1 & we mu/    
expect t1 z our f9]  p[]s gr[1 !re w be 
an increas+ dem& = revision &           
recon/ruction4 ,z ,mr4 ,watson f9ely    
says3     ,gue/s ( ! ages1 at tomorr['s 
door   ,:y %r9k we8 ,! long track beh9d 
u lies1   ,! lamps gleam & ! music ?robs
 be=e1   ,bidd+ u ent]2 & ,i c\nt him   
wise   ,:o loves s well man's noble     
memories   ,he ne$s mu/ love man's nobl]
 hopes yet m4    ,?is is1 ,i ?9k1 a     
correct analysis ( ! innovat+ _s (      

mod]n times4 ,^! g5]al consid]ations to 
:i* x is due are  q beyond discussion4  
,"o feels t "o is almo/ p]petrat+       
platitudes 9 describ+ !m4 ,9 fact1 we   
w\ld to-day f9d only a  negligible numb]
 ( p :o oppose progress & innovation    
altoge!r4 ,!y usually oppose x 9 "o or  
two dep>tm5ts ( life1  & q w>mly applaud
 x 9 o!rs4 ,a ,sociali/-,rituali/       
cl]gyman1 = in/ance1 fi]cely dem&s      
advance 9 ! economic  field1 yet f5ces 8
 own dep>tm5t ( life ) ! mo/ rigor\s    
w>n+s aga9/ innovat+ trespass]s4 ,a     
,rationali/-,individuali/  feels t !    
,*ur* is ! mo/ obvi\s & urg5t field =   
innovation1 & at ! same "t gu>ds 8      
economic _w aga9/ x  ) a flam+ sword4 ,a
 ,suffragi/ p\rs fi]y scorn on our      
ob/9ate  cons]vatism 9 reg>d to !       
fran*ise1 & !n discov]s an ev5  m       
ob/9ate & entirely sacr$ cons]vatism :5 
o!r wom5 claim  some?+ m ?an political  
emancipation4 ,x is ?is v g5]al         
sect>ianism :i* compels u to review !   
philosophy ( revolt4  ,^! pr9ciples     

apply to ! :ole ( life4 ,all our        
in/itutions mu/  be critically exam9$4  
,! se>*light w n injure !m if !y  are   
s\nd4    ,b h[ comes ?is sweetly        
reasonable philosophy to be conv]t$ into
  t passion = re=m1 t mordant &         
exasp]at+ attack on  in/itutions1 :i*   
gives a special complexion to !         
lit]ature (  our "t8 ,= precisely ! same
 reason z ! invisible electric  curr5t  
leaps into inc&esc5ce :5 x passes ?r\gh 
! sluggi%  p>ticles ( ! filam5t ( c>bon 
or tung/53 resi/ance4 ,! old  fai? is   
gr[+ dim 9 our m9ds1 & we h a suspicion 
t !  ?\s&s ( m5 & wom5 :o1 ea* night1   
t]m9ate a life ( pa9  or /ruggle or     
burd51 wilt nev] see ! sun rise aga91 on
 ?is or  any o!r planet4 ,we "k t e     
decade 9 :i* we put (f1 )  worn & holl[ 
phrases1 ! ab&onm5t ( old errors1 sees  
ano!r  g5]ation pass away ) j ! same    
sc>s & traces ( pa9 z  ^? :i* scor$ !   
he>ts ( ! dead two1 & f\r1 & six  ?\s&  
ye>s ago4 ,we are vividly consci\s t1 q 
ap>t f  ! myriads ^: lives 7 embitt]$ by

 pov]ty1 or w>1 or a  gall+             
m>riage-yoke1 or ! tyranny ( "s old     
tradition1 !re are  fur!r & va/] myriads
 :o1 :atev] com=t !y knew1 might h  be5 
f> happi]1 & n[ ! sun has gone d[n on !m
 = ev]4  ,!re is real & v s]i\s gr\nd = 
impati5ce4 ,! acreage (  squalor & mis]y
 & grossness is /ill appall+1 & on e l& 
lies ! cru%+ burd5 ( milit>ism2 & ?is   
fe>ful visitation (  w> rem9ds u ( !    
incalculable p]iodic co/ ( our folly4 ,!
  soil ( ! planet is wet ) blood & te>s1
 & a great "p (  ?is inhuman ra9 might  
be arre/$4 ,mu* has be5 done3 x is j  t 
:i* /+s4 ,y _c look back on ! d>kness f 
:i* !  race has issu$ )\t p]ceiv+ t man 
has ! p[] to trans=m  ! face ( ! e>?3   
)\t ent]ta9+ a reason$ & coldly         
intellectual conviction t a day w yet   
dawn on ?is planet :5  laught]1 z (     
*ildr5 on ,may morn+1 w r+ f pole to    
pole1  & life1 = all its "w1 w be a     
holiday4 ,& :5 ?is reason$  & j belief  
enc\nt]s ! sull5 or selfi% indiff]5ce ( 
m5  & wom5 to _! creative p[]1 _!       

ins5sitiv5ess to ! evils  t !y or _!    
fell[s endure1 x gl[s & spits fire4     
,x is q easy to apologise = /rong       
language3 mu* easi] ?an to  ju/ify !    
g5]al lack ( x4 ,& ?is impati5ce _c be  
rebuk$  by rem9d+ u t ! rem$y ( "s ( our
 ills is v obscure2  because ! majority 
( p are indiff]5t to ! v idea (  re=m4  
,!y %\ld] burd5s :i* !y might at any    
mom5t lay aside  = ev]4 ,"s ( ! greate/ 
re=ms t are press$ on u are n  obscur$  
by any s]i\s controv]sy4 ,yet 9 e       
civilis$ nation !  mass ( ! p are in]t &
 indiff]5t4 ,"s ev5 make a  pret5ce (   
ju/ify+ _! in]tness4 ,:y1 !y ask1 %\ld  
we /ir  at all8 ,is !re su* a ?+ z a    
duty to improve ! e>?8 ,:at is  ! mean+ 
or purpose ( life8 ,or has x a purpose8 
,"o g5]ally f9ds t ?is k9d ( reason+ is 
m]ely a piece (  controv]sial a?letics  
or a ?9 excuse = idl5ess4 ,p tell y  t !
 conflict ( sci5ce & religion--x w\ld be
 bett] to say1  ! conflict ( mod]n      
culture & anci5t traditions--has robb$  
life  ( its pla9 significance4 ,! m5 :o1

 l ,tol/oi1 s]i\sly urge  ?is po9t fail 
to appreciate ! mod]n outlook on life4  
,c]ta9ly  mod]n culture--sci5ce1 hi/ory1
 philosophy1 & art--f9ds no  purpose 9  
life3 t is to say1 no purpose et]nally  
fix$ & to be  discov]$ by man4 ,a great 
*emi/ said a few ye>s ago t he c\ld     
imag9e a s]ies ( lucky accid5ts--! *ance
 bl[+ by ! w9d  ( c]ta9 *emicals into   
pools on ! primitive e>?--acc\nt+ =  !  
fir/ appe>ance ( life2 & "o might n     
unju/ly sum up !  influ5ces :i* h lift$ 
^? e>ly g]ms to ! level (  consci\s be+s
 z a simil> s]ies ( lucky accid5ts4     
,b x is %e] affectation to say t ?is    
demoralises u4 ,if !re  is no purpose   
impress$ on ! univ]se1 or prefix$ to !  
developm5t ( humanity1 x foll[s only t  
humanity may *oose its  own purpose &   
set up its own goal2 & ! mo/ elem5t>y   
s5se (  ord] w tea* u t ?is *oice mu/ be
 social1 n m]ely  individual4 ,9 :atev] 
measure ill-controll$ individuals may   
yield  to p]sonal impulses or           
attractions1 ! aim ( ! race mu/ be a    

collective aim4 ,i d n mean an au/]e    
dem& ( self-sacrifice f  ! individual1 b
 an adju/m5t--z g5ial & g5]\s z         
possible--( individual v>iations =      
common good4 ,o!rwise life  becomes     
discordant & futile1 & ! pa9 & wa/e     
react on ea*  individual4 ,s we raise   
aga91 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury1 ! old  "q ( ! 
greate/ good1 :i* m5 discuss$ 9 ! ,/oa  
,poikile & ! suburban groves ( ,a!ns1 9 
! cool atria (  patrician mansions on ! 
,palat9e & ! ,p9cian1 9 ! ,museum at    
,alex&ria1 & ! s*ools :i* ,om> ,khayym  
frequ5t$1 9 !  /raw-/rewn s*ools ( !    
,middle ,ages & ! opul5t *amb]s (       
,cosmo de' ,m$ici4    ,we answ]1 z m5   
did 9 all ^? e>li] debates1 accord+ to  
our  temp]am5t4 ,"o says culture1 ano!r 
"*1 ano!r happ9ess1  ano!r pleasure1    
ano!r effici5cy4 ,?is discussion is (t5 
a m]e  ex]cise ( wit1 & v (t5 we use a q
 arbitr>y /&>d 9  fix+ :at is be/1 or ! 
greate/ good4 ,probably ! mod]n  m9d w  
put to itself ! pla9 "q3 ,:at is ! be/  
purpose = ! race1 9 its own int]e/1 to  

adopt8 ,z we are n  n[ cle> t !re are   
any o!r int]e/s to be consult$1 ?is is  
! obvi\s =m ( ! "q4 ,& :5 we d put x 9  
?is =m1  ! old conflict beg9s to        
disappe>4 ,we see t a compreh5sive      
ideal1 embrac+ all ! classical answ]s1  
comm5ds itself4 ,we want  m--we want z  
mu* z possible--culture1 "*1 happ9ess1  
pleasure1 & effici5cy4 ,we want a quick]
 & full] developm5t (  man's highe/ &   
ri*e/ res\rces4 ,b1 if y look closely   
into  x1 !re is "o ultimate & comm&+    
elem5t 9 ?is broad ideal4  ,x is        
happ9ess4 ,culture is a necessity ( !   
race & luxury ( !  few4 ,"* is supremely
 important1 b y h n[ to prove to  m5 t x
 is important4 ,we d n b[ any long] to  
arbitr>y  comm&s & categorical          
imp]atives & ,/oic laws4 ,we h to be    
conv9c$ t ! cultivation ( a high type ( 
"* w less5  suff]+ & bright5 ! e>?4     
,pleasure1 aga91 is1 z ,epicurus        
insi/$1 only a "p ( a l>ge ideal (      
happ9ess4 ,!re is1 9  fact1 no gr\nd on 
:i* y c appeal to ! mass ( m5 to-day 9  

fav\r ( cultivation or idealism except  
?is gr\nd t x makes =  great] happ9ess3 
& on t gr\nd y may safely appeal to !   
:ole race4    ,sometimes1 :5 y asc5d !  
slopes ( a range ( hills1--! idea       
occurr$ to me dur+ a walk f ,*amonix to 
,montanv]t1--! mi/s  close r\nd y1 & !  
guid+ peaks & cont\rs are lo/4 ,!n1     
p]haps1 "s po9t breaks ?r\gh ! cl\ds1 & 
y /ride on  confid5tly4 ,?is mu/ apply  
to ! mo/ sceptical or nebul\s m9d (  our
 g5]ation4 ,! old dream ( a co-op]ative 
ef=t to improve  life1 to br+ happ9ess  
to z _m m9ds ( mortals z we c rea*1     
%9es above all ! mi/s ( ! day4 ,?r\gh ! 
ru9s ( cre$s &  philosophies1 :i* h =   
ages disda9$ x1 we are retrac+ our  /eps
 t[>d t height--j z ! ,a!nians did two  
?\s& ye>s  ago4 ,x re/s on no           
metaphysic1 no sacr$ leg5d1 no          
disputable  tradition--no?+ t scepticism
 c corrode or advanc+ k  und]m9e4 ,its  
f\ndations are ! fundam5tal & un*ang+   
impulses  ( our nature4 ,its features   
are z cle> & attractive to ! *ild z  to 

! philosoph]4 ,philosoph]s w1 ( c\rse1  
decl>e x  sup]ficial2 b we may rem9d !m 
t all _! suppos$ deep]  prob+ ( reality1
 f ,py?agoras to ,b]gson1 has end$ 9 a  
confusion ( contradictory guesses4      
,*ur*m5 w decl>e ) horror  t x is       
mat]iali/ic2 & we may rem9d !m t =      
fifte5 c5turies !y h taught ,europe to  
place its highe/ good 9  happ9ess4 ,if !
 happ9ess !y promis$ is gett+ d\btful1  
we make  sure ( :at we c4 ,9 tru?1      
h[ev]1 no nobl] aim ev] inspir$  action1
 & none is s fitt$ to appeal to mod]n   
man4 ,x is1 9 fact1  ! ma9spr+ ( ne>ly  
all ! progressive activity ( our "t4 ,! 
m d\btful all else becomes1 ! m det]m9$ 
m5 & wom5 are  to be happy 9 ?is _w4    
,?rones & cre$s & in/itutions1 ev5      
moral codes1 are br\ght to judgm5t      
to-day be=e t ideal4 ,x is  m pr(itable 
to judge ! liv+ ?an ! dead4    ,?is     
ideal is ! *ief inspiration ( !         
rebelli\s temp] ( our  age4 ,! revolt   
:i* burns 9 s mu* ( ! abl] lit]ature (  
our  "t is an unselfi% revolt1 or       

non-selfi% revolt3 x is an outcome  ( t 
l>g] _s :i* conceives ! self to be a "p 
( !  g5]al social organism1 & x is !re=e
 nei!r egoi/ic nor  altrui/ic4 ,x f9ds a
 sanction 9 ! new intellig5ce1 & an     
inspiration 9 ! f9] s5tim5ts1 ( our     
g5]ation1 b ! gl[  :i* *iefly illum9es x
 is ! gl[ ( ! great vision ( a  happi]  
e>?4 ,x speaks ( ! claims ( tru? &      
ju/ice1 &  assails untru? & inju/ice1 = 
^! are elem5tal pr9ciples (  social     
life2 b x appeals m confid5tly to ! w>m]
 sympa?y  :i* is l9k+ ! scatt]$ *ildr5 (
 ! race1 & x urges all  to co-op]ate 9 !
 re/riction ( suff]+ & ! creation (     
happ9ess4 ,! advance gu>d ( ! race1 ! m5
 & wom5 9 :om  m5tal al]tness is        
associat$ ) f9e feel+1 cry t !y h  rea*$
 ,pisgah's slope2 & 9 increas+ numb]s m5
 & wom5 are  press+ on to see if x be   
really ! ,promis$ ,l&4 ,t is !  _s ( !  
re=m-movem5t ( our times4 ,popes        
ana!matise our  age1 & ! cl]gy ( all    
sects bemoan its mat]ialism1 yet x  is  
exult+ 9 a wid] & high] idealism ?an any

 t ev] yet  /irr$ ! he>t ( man4 ,= we n[
 "k f :at d>k & brutal  orig9s we came1 
& we feel t1 if we advance only z we are
  advanc+1 we may rea* any height t any 
prophet ev] yet saw 9  8 visions4    ,x 
is v difficult to avoid :at seem to be  
rhetorical phrases 9  describ+ ?is age (
 ours3 ! age :i* "s pr(ess to f9d prosy 
& mat]iali/ic 9 comp>ison ) ! e>li] age 
:5 a h&ful (  ple?oric l&[n]s rul$      
,engl&1 & little *ildr5 work$ 9  fil?y  
rooms = twelve h\rs a day1 & cut-?roats1
 9 mo/ *>m+  co/umes1 slew ea* o!r 9 !  
fields ( ,london4 ,i h n !  lea/ desire 
to use rhetoric2 ,i d b express my      
feel+1 & :at ,i  take to be ! feel+ (   
advanc$ p g5]ally1 z x comes  to me4 ,b 
9 ?is poetry !re is ! solidity (        
sci5tific prose4  ,"s "t ago ,i sail$   
sl[ly t[>d ,t5]iffe f ! s\?4 ,eighty    
miles away1 on a f9e morn+1 ! summit ( !
 ,peak %[$ its  delicate cont\r 9 !     
cl\ds1 h>dly di/+ui%able f !m4 ,we      
?\ght x an illusion1 a simulat+ cl\d1   
because f> bel[ !  summit ! blue sky    

seem$ to /ret* f horizon to horizon4 ,! 
,peak float$ 9 ! air4 ,b1 z we drew     
ne>]1 ! blue b& bel[  x grew ?9n]1 & at 
la/ x disclos$ ! massive bulk ( !       
support+ m\nta94    ,speak+ z a sob]    
/ud5t ( hi/ory & sci5ce1 ,i say t ?is   
dream ( a bright] & happi] e>? re/s on  
no less solid a  f\ndation4 ,we see     
primitive man1 bl9dly1 & ) inf9ite      
sl[ness1  move t[>ds civilisation3 we   
see civilisation sl[ly1 ) _m a  tragic  
int]ruption1 advance t[>d ! mod]n age3 &
 n[ we see !  pace quick5 enorm\sly1 &  
we f9d a new consci\sness ( p[] &  a    
delib]ate aim at high] ?+s be> ! race   
onw>d4 ,!  re=m]'s belief 9 ! future is 
a sci5tific d$uction f !  pa/4    ,!    
failure ( ! mass ( p to co-op]ate 9 !   
realisation (  ?is ideal is due1 n to   
indol5ce or /upidity1 b to ! obsess+    
influ5ce ( ! old traditions4 ,!y *oke ! 
fires ( ! m9d3  !y make u ins5sible to !
 real enormity ( a great deal ( our     
social arrangem5ts4 ,h5ce x is t !      
re=m]'s appeal is ca/  s frequ5tly 9 a  

negative or aggressive =m4 ,! mo/ p[]ful
  ?+ 9 our _w is1 n tru?1 b untru?2 & ! 
mo/ important  ?+ 9 ! _w is to assail x4
 ,great is tru?1 & x w  prevail1 said an
 anci5t writ]4 ,b ! civilisation :i*    
gave  bir? to t s5tim5t di$1 & all its  
promis+ "y tru?s  p]i%$ ) x1 & ,europe  
fell "u ! rule ( lies = m ?an  a ?\s&   
ye>s4 ,untru? is mill5nia old] ?an tru?4
 ,its roots run  deep into ! fle% ( !   
he>t1 :ile ! rootlets ( tru? are        
/ruggl+ = a frail clasp 9 ! intellect4  
,great is untru?1 &  x w prevail--unless
 x is attack$ unceas+ly4 ,no untru? ev] 
di$ a natural dea?4 ,be+ ! sacr$ tru? ( 
ye/]day1 x is  usually entr5*$ 9 p[]ful 
corporations1 embodi$ 9 ! law &  life ( 
nations1 en%r9$ 9 ! t5aci\s affections (
 !  millions4 ,at "o "t y incurr$ s5t5ce
 ( dea? if y *all5g$  x3 n[ y incur     
sl&]1 misrepres5tation1 & mock]y4 ,!    
race  has be5 made docile to x by a k9d 
( negative ,eug5ic--p]haps we  ought to 
say ,cacog5ic--selection4 ,yet ne>ly    
ev]y?+ :i* !  majority v5]ate z tru?    

to-day began its c>e] z h]esy & w  end x
 z lie4    ,s ! fir/ task ( ! well-wi%] 
( mank9d is to di/+ui%  tru? f untru? 9 
our traditions4 ,! /ory ( man is a long 
/ory  ( ! tyranny ( consecrat$ %ams1 )  
occasional int]vals (  rebellion &      
advance to a high] /age4 ,rebellion is !
 salt ( !  e>?4 ,!re comes a "t 9 !     
hi/ory ( e civilisation :5  ! m9d ( a   
few rises high en\gh to survey          
critically t /ream  ( traditions 9 :i* !
 majority lazily float4 ,!n comes !     
inevitable revolt2 h5ce ! close k9%ip   
:i* we feel across !  ages ) ! ,prea*]1 
) ,socrates1 ) ,om> ,khayym1 )          
,erasmus1 ) ,molire4 ,we are at ! same  
/age ( evolution1 )  ! diff]5ce t we    
mod]ns h an imm5se mass ( k (  hi/ory & 
prehi/ory to aid u 9 te/+ ! value ( our 
traditions4 ,already we h disc>d$ scores
 ( old dogmas3 9  religion1 politics1   
education1 law1 & e dep>tm5t ( our      
common  life4 ,x w\ld be folly to       
attempt to f5ce (f any prov9ce ( our    
life f ?is critical scrut9y4 ,& s9ce we 

ob/9ately reta9 _m  traditions :i* a v  
high proportion ( prop]ly educat$ p     
reg>d z uns\nd & mis*iev\s1 s9ce ^!     
traditions are !  *ief ob/acle to !     
advance ( ! race1 "o ( ! mo/ press+     
ne$s ( our "t is1 surely1 a /]n campaign
 = ! abolition (  ?is tyranny ( %ams4   
,,*apt] ,,ii4   ,,! ,,milit>y ,,%am     
,,9 ! orig9al conception ( ?is "w       
milit>ism 0 select$ z  ! fir/ %am to be 
assail$ because x is at once ! mo/ co/ly
  & ! lea/ excusable4 ,! way to remove  
_m ( ! blots on our  civilisation is by 
no means pla94 ,a doz5 conflict+ !ories 
confront y1 & ea* has a suffici5tly l>ge
 body ( adh]5ts to  entitle x to        
consid]ation4 ,b !re are o!rs 9 reg>d to
 :i* a  l>ge & practical measure (      
agreem5t has be5 rea*$4 ,"h we d  n ne$ 
s mu* ! subtle dissection ( argum5ts &  
proposals z  ! k9dl+ ( t ard5t & imp]i\s
 s5tim5t :i* spurs a man  or a race to  
action4 ,! evil is recognis$3 ! way to  
rem$y x is  suffici5tly cle>4 ,:at we   
ne$ is1 9 ! mass ( ! p1 t  fi]y res5tm5t

 ( a hat$ tyranny :i* w %ake ! lie f its
  ?rone4    ,! fir/1 ! grave/1 ! mo/    
flagrant & mo/ vivid 9 our m9ds  at !   
mom5t ( ^! obvi\s %ams is w>1 ) !       
milit>y sy/em  :i* x involves4 ,"h !re  
is no sacr$ leg5d ( a div9e orig9  to   
confuse ! m9ds ( ! ignorant4 ,!re are   
leg5ds ( div9e  approval1 x is true1 b !
 cl]gy d n press !m & !y h  little      
influ5ce4 ,w> is a practice or          
in/itution :i* we cle>ly  trace to !    
wild impulses & imp]fect social =ms (   
e>ly man3  ev5 to ! %e] passion ( ! bea/
 t 0 /ill /rong 9 him4  ,no sophi/ry c  
obscure ?is be/ial orig94 ,we m5 & wom5 
( !  tw5tie? c5tury cl+ to "o feature1  
at lea/1 ( an age on :i*  we look back )
 high disda93 an age ) :i* we w\ld      
bitt]ly  res5t any comp>ison 9 po9t (   
intellig5ce & feel+4 ,we may try  to    
gild x ) glitt]+ phrases ab\t a nation's
 hon\r1 b we  "k1 all ! :ile1 t ! hon\r 
( a nation no m dem&s t  x %all dye its 
h&s 9 ! blood ( a si/]-nation ?an !     
hon\r  ( an individual requires s b>b>ic

 a consolation4    ,we ma9ta9 ?is %am 9 
an age :5 me*anical progress has made   
su*  /rides t x has turn$ ! indu/ry ( w>
 into our *ief & mo/  oppressive        
occupation4 ,we _c1 ) all our           
sacrifices1 f9d !  means to c>ry out mo/
 urg5t re=ms 9 our social life2 we _c   
put fle% on ! bones & light 9 ! eyes (  
poor *ildr51 or ease  ! lives ( worn    
work]s & helpless wid[s2 because we ne$ 
^!1  & ev5 great] res\rces1 to %>p5 !   
sabre = our neighb\r's  ?roat & enl>ge !
 calibre ( ! tube t w scatt] a hail (   
dea?4 ,we h = ye>s /ood 9 su* attitude  
confront+ ea*  o!r1 we civilis$ nations1
 t on any day ( any ye> ! bugle  might  
peal1 & ! soil & seas ( ,europe be r$d5$
 ) blood1  & ! pa9 :i* kn[s no rem$y    
%oot ?r\gh millions ( homes2  & n[ !    
trag$y has op5$1 grimm] ?an ! d\re/     
prophet _h  ev] pictur$ x4 ,:y h we done
 ?is8 ,ultimately1 because man1 !       
primeval savage1 kn[+ no?+ ( our sy/ems 
( ju/ice1 laid x  d[n t ! knife or !    
club 0 ! gu>dian ( a man's hon\r  or    

prop]ty3 proximately1 because we ( ?is  
highly cultivat$ age  en?rone /ill "o ( 
! mo/ gha/ly %ams :i* b>b>ism succe$$  9
 en=c+ on civilisation4    ,i h describ$
 x z a *>act]i/ic ( our age t we are    
ris+  above ! /ream ( traditions :i*    
fl[s f civilisation to  civilisation1 & 
are discov]+ t "s ( its s\rces are      
ta9t$4 ,n[ 9 ! case ( w>f>e ?is scrut9y 
( ! orig9 &  c\rse ( our traditions is  
comp>atively easy4 ,:at we h  discov]$  
is s well kn[n1 & s little disput$1 t x 
ne$  h>dly be relat$4 ,x may be useful  
to /ate1 at lea/1 t v  e>ly man 0       
probably n a combative & blood?ir/y     
savage4 ,he  lives to-day 9 su* l[ly    
peoples z ! ,v$dahs & ! ,yahgans1 &  !y 
are g5]ally peaceful & av]se f brawl+4  
,9 ?is  primitive man1 h[ev]1 !re       
slumb]$ all ! impulsive passion (  e>li]
 ance/ors1 & x 0 inevitable t a cultural
 rise %\ld  awak5 x4 ,:5 m5 became      
organis$ 9 tribes1 :5 !y became  hunt]s 
& till]s ( ! soil1 :5 !y increas$ & w&]$
 f>  afield1 qu>rels arose ov] wom5 &   

hunt+ gr\nds & o!r  necess>ies1 & !     
in/itution ( w>f>e 0 e/abli%$4 ,)9  !   
tribe !re 0 already "s k9d ( c\rt1 z a  
rule1 be=e  :i* a man c\ld br+ 8        
neighb\r = wrong-do+4 ,= ! qu>rel       
betwe5 tribe & tribe !re 0 no judge3 !  
v]dict lay ) !  heavi] weapon & ! /\t]  
arm4 ,h5ce1 ! high] ! intellig5ce  ( !  
tribe1 ! m deadly & widespread became ! 
c>nage4  ,f]ocity became a useful social
 quality--a virtue1 inde$1 ! supreme    
virtue1 or virtus 7manl9ess7--& !       
primitive g5ius 0 exp5d$  9 mak+ m cruel
 & lac]at+ ! b>bs ( ! arr[ & !  spe>4 ,!
 adm9i/ration ( ju/ice advanc$1 & a "t  
came :5  private v5geance1 & ev5 family 
feuds1 7 /rictly =bidd5 &  reg>d$ z     
crimes4 ,b1 :ile t5 m5 might n g to w>  
aga9/ t5  m51 t5 ?\s& w\ld m>* out1 ) ! 
sonor\s bless+ ( _!  prie/s1 to ! m     
b>b>ic but*]y ( w> aga9/ t5 ?\s&4  ,!   
m9d _h to gr[ l>g]1 ! he>t m human1 be=e
 ! reign (  ju/ice w\ld be ackn[l$g$ 9 !
 relations ( masses ( m5 to  ea* o!r z  
well z 9 ! relations ( individuals4     

,) ! dawn ( civilisation a t]rible      
p>adox occurr$4 ,w>f>e 0  n aboli%$1 b  
made m de/ructive4 ,aga9 we f9d ?is a   
natural  & intelligible developm5t4 ,ea*
 e>ly civilisation f\nd itself  surr\nd$
 by b>b>ic tribes1 ) :i* no compact (   
ju/ice c\ld  be e/abli%$ or tru/$4 ,!   
great ,/oic humanit>ians ( ,rome1 :o    
prea*$ ! bro!rhood ( m5 & d5\nc$        
viol5ce1 d>$ n1 9  ! int]e/ (           
civilisation1 plead dis>mam5t4 ,!re 71 (
  c\rse1 moral sophisms 9 support ( ?is 
pla9 ne$4 ,! pr(it (  aggression1 !     
pre/ige ( conqu]+1 7 adorn$ ) phrases   
ak9  to our :ite man's burd54 ,yet x is 
true t until mod]n  times w>f>e c\ld n h
 be5 aboli%$ )\t grave dang] to         
civilisation4 ,! crime ( w>f>e became a 
crime only 9 ^! lat]  c5turies4 ,n[ t   
fully ?ree-f\r?s ( ! race are ga!r$ into
  civilis$ /ates1 a compact ( ju/ice1 an
 int]national tribunal )  an            
int]national executive1 is possible2 &  
we are guilty1 ei!r  ( a base hypocrisy 
or a gha/ly ins5sibility to our grave/  

int]e/s1 9 refus+ to set up t compulsory
 int]national  tribunal4    ,no writ] w 
be expect$ to discuss pati5tly to-day ! 
pitiful  sophi/ry ) :i*1 until ye/]day1 
a few def5d$ ! ret5tion (  ! milit>y    
in/itution4 ,g]many res\nd$ )1 & ,engl& 
&  ,france & ! ,unit$ ,/ates e*o$ "h &  
!re1 ! pomp\s &  holl[ claims ( its     
,treits*kes & ,moltkes4 ,w> 0 a spl5did 
moral  discipl9e3 an in/itution appo9t$ 
by ,provid5ce = purg+ !  race ( slo? &  
mat]ialism1 = re/or+ *ivalry & bright5+ 
! %ield ( hon\r & rebuk+ selfi%ness4 ,w>
 has grimly beli$  its apologi/s & we   
ne$ notice !m no long]4 ,x has betray$  
"o  ( ! greate/ nations ( mod]n times   
into horrors & outrages  :i* are a      
supreme & et]nal mock]y ( _! moral      
claims = x4    ,o!rs m ju/ly claim$ t w>
 develops ! virility1 !  endurance1 !   
p[] ( m54 ,! lesson ( hi/ory1 !y said1  
is on  ! side ( w>3 ! great empires ( ! 
_w became great by _!  h]oism &         
sacrifices on ! field ( battle4 ,"h we  
mu/  di/+ui% c>efully4 ,x is obvi\sly   

true t ^! empires became  big1 p[]ful1 &
 weal?y by w>2 & if any nation c&idly   
confesses t x relies on w> to increase  
its t]ritory1 its p[]1  & its weal?1 its
 argum5t is unansw]able4 ,b !re is n[ no
  nation 9 ! _w t pr(esses to ma9ta9 an 
army & a navy =  ! purpose ( aggression 
& expansion4 ,ev5 ,g]many1 :i*          
und\bt$ly did con/ruct its massive      
armam5t = t purpose1 _h  n ! audacity to
 admit x4 ,def5ce is ! ju/ify+ title &1 
9  s f> z x is s9c]e1 x is a j title4   
,if1 z long z !  milit>y sy/em la/s1 an 
army & a navy ( a c]ta9 /r5g? are       
requir$1 9 ! judgm5t ( appo9t$ exp]ts1 =
 ! def5ce ( a  c\ntry & its in/itutions1
 we pay our %>e will+ly = !  ma9t5ance (
 su* an army & navy1 & we respect our   
soldi]s &  sailors4 ,i d n = "o mom5t   
advocate ! dis>mam5t ( "o  nation liv+  
amid/ arm$ neighb\rs2 & a p>tial        
dis>mam5t1 or  an insuffici5t armam5t1  
is ! sure/ provocation ( w>4 ,my po9t   
is t1 s9ce ! _w has rea*$ su* a pit* (  
moral developm5t  t ea* nation n[       

pr(esses to arm only aga9/ ! possible   
aggression ( a neighb\r1 ! "t has come =
 !m to agree ^u  ! inf9itely less co/ly 
& m reliable way ( settl+ _!  possible  
qu>rels z individuals d4 ,only "o       
nation1 ,g]many1 seems  to be g5u9ely   
oppos$ to ?is1 n s mu* f native malice (
  "* z f v s]i\s dome/ic reasons =      
aggression3 & a  p]fect opportunity n[  
arises = effectively impress+ on ,g]many
  ! fact t %e has come too late into !  
family ( ,great ,p[]s  = filibu/]+4     
,z to ! developm5t ( physique &         
endurance & discipl9e1 x is  too obvi\s 
t ?is c\ld be atta9$ by a?letic conte/s 
:i* are  at pres5t left to volunt>y     
int]e/ or to ! unattractive  manuvres ( 
pr(essional exploit]s4 ,= ye>s ,i h     
foll[$  pr(essional football ) ke5      
pleasure1 & ,i 0 int]e/$ :51  at !      
outbreak ( w>1 m5 cri$ t ^! football]s 7
 ! mo/  sup]b mat]ial = our recruit+    
ag5ts4 ,x 0 p]fectly true4 ,any  ,/ate  
:i* is s9c]ely eag] to develop !        
physique & endurance  ( its citiz5s c d 

x by ! use ( devices :i* w provide  mo/ 
enjoyable spectacles & national or      
int]national fe/ivals  in/ead ( p]iodic 
orgies ( blood & te>s4 ,! def5d]s ( w>  
mu/ be h>d press$ = argum5t :5 !y plead 
?is necessity4  ,!re is1 moreov]1 "o    
supreme diff]5ce betwe5 w> & a?letics  z
 in/rum5ts ( tra9+4 ,w> de/roys :at x   
creates3 a?letics  keeps its m5 among   
our citiz5s & bre$]s4    ,! tru? is t ! 
:ole hi/orical argum5t = w>1 :i* has _h 
an incalculable influ5ce 9 ! education (
 ,g]many1 is a mis]able  fallacy4 ,!    
real lesson ( hi/ory is t milit>ism has 
be5 a  malignant canc]1 transmitt$ f "o 
empire to ano!r1 &1 by  de/roy+ !m1 x   
has hundr$s ( times susp5d$ ! advance ( 
civilisation4 ,x is 9 a s5se a fallacy  
to claim t any nation  became great by  
w>4 ,! tribe :i* w9s asc5dancy ov] its  
neighb\rs does s because x is already m 
p[]ful1 m num]\s1  or m =tunately       
situat$4 ,!n comes ! p]iod ( expansion1 
:51 z we admit1 great] p[] & weal? &    
t]ritory are  und\bt$ly won by ! sword4 

,?is is ! s$uctive phase ( hi/ory1      
lead+ a/ray m5 l ,rusk9 z well z m5 l   
,momms5 &  ,niebuhr4 ,let u admit all   
its glories4 ,moral & humanit>ian       
excesses  are j z mis*iev\s z immoral   
excesses4 ,z a result ( ?is  successful 
w> & expansion1 ! old] empires 7 enabl$ 
to fo/]  art1 to protect _! gr[+        
culture1 to civilise va/ /ret*es (  !   
e>? t might o!rwise h la9 uncivilis$ =  
ages4    ,mo/ assur$ly w> has1 9 ?is    
s5se1 be5 a mo/ valuable influ5ce  9    
spread+ civilisation ov] ! e>?4 ,:at    
mod]n hi/orians  =get is t ! conditions 
h totally *ang$4 ,y\r empire is no      
long] surr\nd$ by myriads ( b>b>ians :om
 y mu/ conqu]  be=e y c civilise4       
,g]many has be5 =c$ to col\r its        
aggression by ! /upid pret5ce t x _h a  
high] ,kultur ?an  its neighb\rs1 & t1 9
 endeav\r+ to impose x on !m1 x 0  c>ry+
 out ! law ( hi/ory4 ,x is a pity t     
sci5ce &  hi/ory ev] adopt$ ! ^w law4   
,:at !y mean1 ( c\rse1 is  only a summ>y
 ( ! way 9 :i* ?+s uni=mly occurr$ 9    

c]ta9 conditions4 ,n[ t ! conditions are
 entirely *ang$1 !  laws h no           
application4 ,"o might sugge/ t we /ill 
ne$ armies  to conqu] & civilise !      
out/&+ b>b>ic peoples4 ,we d n4  ,we ne$
 an int]national arm$ =ce to *eck _!    
aggressions1 b  !re are o!r & bett]     
me?ods ( civilis+ !m4 ,9 any case1  ?is 
plea has no relation to ! va/ armies &  
navies & ! bloody  w>s we actually      
endure4    ,b x is ! next & f9al phase (
 milit>ism :i* ! hi/orical  apologi/s = 
w> h s grossly ov]look$3 ! phase :5 !   
be/  /ocks ( ! old race are ext+ui%$ on 
! battlefield or  en]vat$ by ! luxuri\s 
idl5ess :i* 0 b\ght by ! spoils (  w>4  
,is x n prov]bial h[ ! great families   
:i* _h l$ !  inv9cible legions ( ,rome  
dw9dl$ 9 five c5turies into a sickly    
clu/] ( p>asites or :olly disappe>$8 ,is
 x n notori\s t  x 01 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( 
! pres5t era1 ! heal?i]  prov9cial /ocks
 :i* sav$ ,rome f de/ruction1 or po/pon$
 its  de/ruction8 ,& d we n f9d1 z "t   
goes on1 m5 f m &  m di/ant prov9ces1 9 

! end m5 f ! b>b>ic fr+es (  ! ,empire1 
com+ to lead its legions & support its  
fall+ eagles8  ,all ?r\gh ,roman hi/ory 
w> pres5ts itself to ! m9d ( !  c&id    
hi/orian z a vampire liv+ on ! be/ blood
 ( ! p4  ,only a cont9u\s supply ( fre% 
blood & /\t frames f !  subject peoples 
keeps up ! illusion ( an et]nal ,rome4  
,x is  only ! %ell t la/s4 ,! p ( ,rome 
itself & ( !  neighb\r+ pla9s1 f :i* !  
old legion>ies _h come1 7  soon exhau/$4
 ,italy 9 turn 0 exhau/$ & made         
desolate4 ,!n  ,gaul & ,spa9 & ,africa1 
& ,?race & ,dacia & ! m di/ant          
prov9ces1 7 suck$ bloodless &           
res\rceless2 & ! great %ell  ( an empire
 fell ) a cra% "u ! bl[s ( ,go? & ,v&al4
 ,x  is a cl]ical my? t ,roman /r5g? 0  
sapp$ by vice4 ,its blood  0 drunk by   
w>4    ,^! ?+s ,niebuhr & ,momms5 =got  
:5 !y propos$ to ,g]many  ! spl5did     
example ( ,rome2 & hi/ory w h its rev5ge
 on its  great int]pret]s by record+ !  
close 9 trag$y ( ?is new  imp]ialism :i*
 !y inspir$4 ,o!r hi/orians boldly quot$

  ,greece--,alex&] ( ,mac$on--& !       
fallacy is ev5 m pite\s4  ,a!ns assur$ly
 did n become great by w>4 ,its mo/     
brilliant  p]iod op5s aft] a cru%+ &    
deva/at+ rev]se1 & its  a*ievem5ts 7    
entirely due to its /atesm51 its arti/s1
 & its  ?9k]s4 ,b f ! mom5t :5 ! %ad[ ( 
! ,mac$onian empire  fell on x1 a blight
 came swiftly ov] its culture4 ,its     
glory dep>t$  = ev] :5 x became "p ( a  
great milit>y p[]4 ,greece1 z a  :ole1 0
 impov]i%$ & ru9$ by w>4 ,sp>ta itself1 
"o ( !  mo/ /r5u\s milit>y p[]s t ev]   
liv$1 is a classical pro(  t w>         
invigorates only to de/roy4    ,to      
:atev] nation we turn1 we le>n ! same   
lesson ( hi/ory4 ,egypt  surviv$ ! /ra91
 ow+ to ! con/ant infusion ( =eign      
blood1  = eight ?\s& ye>s1 b sank at la/
 s exhau/$ t x seems  almo/ beyond !    
hope ( reanimation4 ,assyria &          
,babylonia 7  prep>$ = de/ruction by !  
same /eady dra9 ( _! heal?ie/  blood4 ,!
 ,hittites1 ! ,lydians1 ! ,phnicians1 ! 
,m$es1 !  ,p]sians foll[$ ! same c\rse4 

,f ! fir/ f\nd+ (  civilisation 9 !     
valley ( ! ,nile1 t5 ?\s& ye>s ago1 w>  
has brood$ ov] its cities & cornfields1 
& has "t aft] "t  blight$ its a*ievem5ts
 & its hopes4 ,x is z ?\gh "s god 7     
jeal\s ( ! advance ( man1 & ma9ta9$ on !
 e>? ?is  corrod+ pe/ to eat into ! life
 ( ea* successive empire1 &1 by  de/roy+
 x1 to int]rupt ! progress ( ! race4    
,9 ! hi/ory ( ,europe s9ce ! fall (     
,rome we witness ! same  human trag$y4  
,i d n ov]look ! o!r evil influ5ces1 su*
 z  fiscal disord] & indu/rial          
p>asitism1 :i* h contribut$ to  ! fall (
 empires1 b ! %>e ( w> 9 ^! trag$ies 0  
incalculable4 ,! fate ( e>ly ,engl&1    
battl+ aga9/ invad]s &  r5t by int]nal  
qu>rels = c5turies1 is typical4 ,!      
great]  ,engl& ( mod]n times1 or ! real 
greatness ( mod]n ,engl&1  0 built 9    
p]iods ( comp>ative peace by m]*ants &  
manufactur]s & s*ol>s4 ,ov] ! :ole (    
,europe ! vampire /ill  brood$1 fa/5+ on
 ea* "y nation t advanc$ beyond its     
fell[s4 ,! m$ieval republics ( ,italy 7 

wreck$ by w>4 ,holl&  & ,portugal1 once 
! mo/ promis+ p[]s ( ,europe1 7 exhau/$ 
by x4 ,n vice1 n en]vation1 n a dw9dl+  
bir?-rate1--:i*  are r consequ5ces ?an  
causes1--b ! incessant exhau/ion (  _!  
res\rces on ! seas & ! battlefield      
condemn$ !m to  decay4 ,italy fell back 
into ! /ate ( impot5ce :i* gave ,au/ria 
& ! ,papacy _! ignoble opportunity4     
,once m ! advance (  civilisation 0     
*eck$ by ! jeal\s god ( w>4    ,x is1 ( 
c\rse1 true t w>f>e produc$ f9e types ( 
m52 b  = e ,bay>d !re 7 t5 ?\s& brutal  
soldi]s1 ^: m>*  across ,europe left a  
broad track ( rape & ru94 ,x is true t !
  naval or milit>y successes ( ,v5ice & 
,g5oa & ,flor5ce enabl$  !m to raise    
m>ble palaces & to fo/] ! art ( pa9t]s &
 !  rese>* ( s*ol>s2 b x is equally true
 t prosp]ity bas$ on  su* a f\ndation 0 
g5]ally doom$4 ,! example ( m$ieval     
,rome  %[s t a milit>y basis 0 n        
ess5tial4 ,! peoples f :om  ! tribute _h
 be5 wrung await$ _! h\r--! h\r :5 !    
vampire _h suck$ ! great frame weak &   

bloodless--& !n1 by  ! same law ( might1
 !y smote ! oppressor4 ,! hi/orian :o   
reads ! :ole *ronicle ( man is sadd5$   
ev5 9 contemplat+ a  nation's prosp]ity4
 ,amid/ ! cries ( joy & triumph & love  
he  seems to he> ! cynical laught] ( !  
w>-god4    ,i ne$ n foll[ ! deva/ation (
 w> ?r\gh ! lat] hi/ory (  ,europe4 ,!  
,?irty ,ye>s ,w> laid ,g]many desolate1 
& po/pon$ its  cultural developm5t = m  
?an a c5tury4 ,spa91 ,portugal1 &       
,holl&1 :i* _h won empire by ! sword1   
lo/ x to ! sword4 ,!  ,ottoman ,empire  
sank into weakness & %ame4 ,all ?is 0   
due1 9 !  fir/ place1 to :at ,c\nt von  
,moltke calls ! in/itution (  ,god3 !   
in/itution )\t :i* ! _w w\ld fall into  
decay & lose itself 9 mat]ialism4 ,ev5  
:ile he spoke ,g]many  0 prosp]+ by     
peace z few nations _h ev] prosp]$ be=e4
  ,c\ld !re possibly be a m p]v]se read+
 ( ! lesson (  hi/ory8 ,c\ld !re be a   
great] mock]y conceiv$ ?an to imag9e    
,god smil+ on ?is blood-reek+ ,europe1  
or to call ?is a spiritual  triumph ov] 

mat]ialism8 ,is any man1 ) ! pres5t     
desolation (  ,europe be=e him1 tempt$  
to place ! soldi] above ! arti/1 !      
sci5ti/1 or ! eng9e] z an in/rum5t (    
progress8 ,let u grant  milit>ism all t 
x has really a*iev$4 ,x rema9s1 9 ! m9d 
(  ! hi/orian1 ! greate/ curse t mank9d 
has endur$ s9ce !  primitive humans 7   
fir/ ga!r$ into tribes & disput$ ea*    
o!r's sph]es ( influ5ce4    ,bl9d to ?is
 gha/ly trag$y ( hi/ory1 we h ma9ta9$ & 
*]i%$ milit>ism until x has br\ght on u 
9 turn ! greate/  cata/rophe t a s+le   
ye> ev] embrac$4 ,probably our          
gr&*ildr51 probably _m a *ild t gazes n[
 ) wide eyes on  our troops & bann]s1 w 
look back on our civilisation )         
amazem5t4 ,!y may smile at a            
drill-s]geant l ,c\nt von ,moltke  tell+
 illit]ate ru/ics ( ! glori\s moral     
qualities :i* w>  develops 9--! m5 :o   
trav]s$ ,belgium6 ,b we civilians w     
hone/ly puzzle !m4 ,we _h ! hi/ory ( !  
_w unfold$ be=e  u1 & we saw ?is        
in/itution pla9ly em]g+ f b>b>ism &     

leav+ its bloody & defac+ spla%es on e  
page ( !  *ronicle4 ,we trac$ !         
evolution ( ju/ice1 & we saw t1 z x  0 a
 mighty ga9 to m5 :5 tribunals 7 set up 
to adjudicate on  ! qu>rels (           
individuals or clans1 x w\ld be a f>    
mighti] ga9  to erect a tribunal =      
settl+ ! qu>rels ( nations4 ,yet we took
  ?is /upid burd5 f ! %\ld]s ( our      
fa!rs1 & we made x  incalculably heavi] 
= ourselves & our *ildr54    ,i ne$ n   
set out ! weight ( ! burd5 9 figures4   
,:5 ,i fir/  wrote ?is page ,i dilat$ on
 ! sev5ty million /]l+ p] ye>  :i* we   
,engli% 7 compell$ to sp5d on def5ce3 ,i
 imag9$ x  exp5d$ on social bett]m5t &  
human help--on a magnific5t s*eme  (    
education1 = *ildr5 & adults1 & s on4   
,!n ,i obs]v$--two  ye>s ago--) a %udd] 
t at any mom5t a w> might d\ble our     
,national ,debt & compel u to f9d a     
fur!r #dj1jjj1jjj a ye> to  pay = our   
milit>ism4 ,& "h1 )9 less ?an twelve    
mon?s1 we  h incurr$ ?is mon/r\s burd51 
yet we l+] /ill on ! v  fr+e ( ! mighty 

battlefield we h to trav]se4 ,?9k :at ! 
future may be if we reta9 milit>ism4 ,9 
! pa/ "o hundr$ ye>s1  or a little m1 w>
 has co/ ,europe ab\t #d1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,9
 "o  ye> a mod]n w> has co/ ,europe m   
?an t sum1 & may co/ x  d\ble4 ,add to  
?is1 if y c calculate x1 ! value ( !    
millions ( ! m robu/ work]s :o die on ! 
field3 !  appall+ loss to productive    
indu/ry3 ! port5t\s deva/ation (        
prop]ty4 ,i suppose t1 sob]ly1 ! total  
co/ ( ?is w> w be  some?+ betwe5 t5 &   
tw5ty ?\s& million /]l+4 ,:at w  be !   
co/ ( ! next w>1 :i* may come )9 t5     
ye>s8 ,& :at  might we h done 9 ,europe 
) t5 ?\s& million /]l+8    ,i am n1 x w 
be obs]v$1 rely+ on disput$ speculations
 l  ^? ( ,mr4 ,norman ,angell4 ,i d n   
accept 8 *>act]i/ic !ory2  b x ne$ n n[ 
be discuss$1 z our exp]i5ce r sugge/s  t
 a mod]n w> w prove s exhau/+1          
economically1 t !re  w be no "q (       
sub/antial indemnity = ! victor4 ,b we  
mu/ 9 any case add to ?is co/ ( w>1 =   
victor & vanqui%$  alike1 t incalculable

 damage :i* is express$ 9 ru9$ homes1   
ru9$ =tunes1 & ! pa9 ( loss4 ,?is also  
is too vividly  pres5t 9 our m9ds to ne$
 comm5t4 ,^! sacrifices h be5 borne     
h]oically4 ,^? ( u :o h lo/ no?+ c mo/  
s9c]ely  salute bo? ! m5 :o expos$ _!   
lives 9 a j cause & !  wom5 :o endur$ z 
wom5 d4 ,! soldi]'s trade is an         
hon\rable  trade :ile ! ne$ = x la/s1 & 
at su* a "t x calls =  respect &        
gratitude4 ,b h[ /upid & brutal 9 ! la/ 
degree is  ! sy/em t imposes ^!         
sacrifices1 :5 we reflect t !  hon\r or 
! rights ( any nation c\ld h be5        
v9dicat$ )\t  ! d>k5+ ( a s+le home or !
 loss ( a s+le citiz54    ,!re1 ( c\rse1
 we h ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! :ole        
discussion4 ,if we c aboli% & disp5se ) 
! milit>y sy/em1  our ret5tion ( x 9 !  
tw5tie? c5tury is ! mo/ appall+  %am &  
ana*ronism ( :i* we are guilty4 ,i d n  
enl>ge on !  co/ ( w>4 ,no "o to-day c  
be ins5sible ( x or sugge/ t any  b !   
mo/ imp]i\s ne$s w\ld ju/ify u 9 reta9+ 
x4 ,i  assume also t1 aft] ! lam5table  

behavi\r ( ,g]many1 none w  "q t !re w  
be w>s z long z milit>ism la/s1 & t  !  
co/ & c>nage w increase prodigi\sly4    
,! supreme po9t = u to realise is !     
comp>ative ease ) :i*  ?is greate/ (    
re=ms c be accompli%$4 ,we h no rival   
s*ools  ( economi/s or morali/s or      
philosoph]s d>k5+ c\nsel "h4 ,we  d n   
await a g5ius to discov] ! pa? = u4 ,a  
pla9 &  s]i\sly indisputable ideal is   
put be=e u3 arbitration4 ,a c\rt  =     
ex]cis+ x has already be5 e/abli%$3 !   
,hague ,tribunal4  ,let ! majority ( p 9
 ! m p[]ful nations ( ! e>?  agree to   
submit e int]national diff]5ce to t or  
"s o!r  tribunal1 & we h made an end (  
milit>ism & w>4    ,if ?is seem a ha/y  
or sup]ficial view ( a grave problem1   
reflect  on ! difficulties :i* a cauti\s
 or cons]vative ?9k] might  allege4 ,he 
w\ld1 ,i fancy1 on s9c]e consid]ation1  
admit t !  *ief & mo/ s]i\s difficulty  
is n a reluctance bas$ on  specific     
reasons1 b a g5]al apa?y due to want (  
reflection4 ,i am  n = a mom5t und]rat+ 

! magnitude ( ! ef=t t w be  requir$ 9  
ov]com+ ?is apa?y1 9 creat+ ! g5]al w4  
,9  ?is respect1 inde$1 ! pacifi/ re=m  
is peculi>ly hamp]$4  ,pessimi/ic p ask 
h[ we came to boa/ ( moral progress 9   
mod]n times :5 ?is milit>y evil has     
become great] ?an ev]4  ,!y d n reflect 
on ! special conditions ( ! problem4 ,9 
attack+ almo/ e o!r evil--indu/rial     
inju/ice1 say1 or cruel  sport1 or a    
/upid p5al code--we h to deal only ) our
 own  nation4 ,we c c>ry ! re=m )9 our  
own fronti]s1 :atev]  o!r nations d4 ,9 
! case ( milit>ism we _c4 ,all ! ,great 
,p[]s1 at lea/1 mu/ advance             
simultane\sly4 ,we h n to educate  a    
nation1 b a planet4 ,pacifi/s h at times
 giv5 !  impression--g5]ally a wrong    
impression--t !y =got ?is2 t  !y        
advocat$ dis>mam5t or relaxation (      
armam5t 9 our own  nation1 :e!r o!r     
nations dis>m$ or no4 ,9 ?is way1 &     
because  _m pacifi/s h weakly oppos$ or 
c>p$ at ,engl&'s action 9  ?is v grave  
crisis1 !y h done h>m by mak+           

humanit>ianism  seem unpractical1 bl9dly
 s5tim5tal1 & dang]\s4 ,i ne$ n  repeat 
t ,i h n ! lea/ sympa?y ) t sort (      
pacifism4  ,! re=m mu/ be int]national &
 ?or\ghly practical4    ,b ?is l>ge task
 ( plant+ a def9ite conviction 9 ! m9ds 
(  ! majority 9 _m nations does n       
conflict ) :at ,i said ab\t  ! ess5tial 
cle>ness & simplicity ( ! re=m4 ,if y   
set out  to attack pov]ty or to re=m    
m>riage1 y h fir/ to settle v  s]i\s    
controv]sies ab\t ! way to d x4 ,!re is 
no su*  controv]sy "h4 ,!re are1 x is   
true1 a few :o /ill h 9 _!  ve9s "s ( ! 
blood ( ! m$ieval swa%buckl]4 ,!y say t1
  :ile a qu>rel ab\t t]ritory might     
fitly be ref]r$ to a judge1 an  outrage 
on our national hon\r mu/ be expiat$ by 
blood4 ,! idea is  purely b>b>ic4 ,z if 
?is riv] ( human blood 7 n an           
immeasurably great] outrage ?an ! heat$ 
words ( a n]v\s  diplomati/1 or ! jibes 
( a silly j\rnali/1 or ! acts ( an      
excit$ cr[d1 or ! guilt ( a c\ple (     
assass9s6 ,z if an  int]national c\rt   

c\ld n devise "s means ( appeas+ injur$ 
hon\r z well z ( re/or+ injur$ rights6  
,x is dreadful  mat]ialism1 !y say1 to  
put hon\r 9 ! scale ) money4 ,s m5  said
 9 ! clubs ( ,london a c5tury ago 9     
def5ce ( ! duel1 &  we recognise 9 _!   
pleas ! l+]+1 m or less disguis$1 (  a  
b>b>ic s5tim5t4 ,mo/ ( u recognise t    
same feature 9 ?is  la/ apology = ! duel
 ( nations4 ,if we c tru/ our individual
  hon\r to a m$iocre magi/rate or judge1
 or a /ill worse jury1 we  c c]ta9ly    
entru/ our national hon\r to a gr\p ( ! 
able/ &  mo/ imp>tial lawy]s ( ! _w4 ,x 
is %e] di/ru/ ( ju/ice  to refuse x4    
,"h aga9 hi/ory is :olly on ! side (    
re=m4 ,:i* ( ! great  w>s ( ! n9ete5?   
c5tury involv$ a po9t ( hon\r t c\ld  n1
 ) entire dec5cy1 h be5 submitt$ to     
arbitration8 ,0  !re su* a po9t ( hon\r 
9 ! ,napoleonic w>s8 ,!  ,prusso-,dani%8
 ,! ,prusso-,au/rian8 ,! ,italian8 ,!   
,am]ican ,civil  ,w>8 ,! ,franco-,g]man8
 ,! ,russo-,turki%8 ,! ,s\? ,african8   
,:at  po9t 0 involv$ 9 any ( !m t c\ld n

 h be5 settl$  ) f> great] hon\r to !   
combatants & great] reg>d =  ju/ice by  
an imp>tial tribunal8 ,9 mo/ cases !y 7 
really w>s  ( aggression & expansion1 l 
! w> 9 :i* we are engag$4 ,we  may at   
lea/ ask ! m5 :o hold t m$ieval idea (  
w> to  h--s9ce !y boa/ mu* ( _!         
c\rage--! elem5t>y c\rage  to say s4    
,!re is no conceivable qu>rel t _c )    
p]fect hon\r be  submitt$ to            
arbitration4 ,& ! o/5sible gr\nd ( ?is  
colossal  /ruggle :i* is n[ exhau/+     
,europe--! satisfaction due to  ,au/ria 
= ! assass9ation ( ! ,ar*duke--0        
pre-em95tly a  matt] = a tribunal4 ,!   
frivolity & ins9c]ity ) :i* ^!  grave   
issues are sometimes met are1 to put x  
on ! l[e/ level1  co/ly4 ,speak+ 9 a    
,london club "s "t ago1 ,i urg$ ?is     
sub/itution ( arbitration = w>4 ,my     
oppon5t frivol\sly obs]v$  t he 0 n sure
 t a c\rt ( great lawy]s w\ld be *eap]  
?an w>1 & !re 7 "s :o q s]i\sly         
applaud$4 ,yet  ,europe _h !n actually  
exp5d$ ab\t #b1jjj1jjj1jjj 9 !          

prelim9>y /ages ( its great w>6         
,:]ev] !re is a consid]able & delib]ate 
reluctance to  sub/itute arbitration =  
w>1 :]ev] ^! unsatisfactory pleas  = w> 
are put =w>d1 we f9d a hypocritical     
concealm5t ( real  motives4 ,if we w\ld 
be practical we mu/ c&idly confront ^!  
motives1 & we %all f9d t ! mo/ p]si/5t &
 mo/ dang]\s  ( !m is /ill ! desire to  
ga9 t]ritory4 ,! spectacle ( !  decay ( 
! ,ottoman ,empire & ! app>5t           
helplessness ( !  ,balkan peoples _h m  
to d ) ! milit>ism ( ,european ,p[]s    
?an !y 7 will+ to admit4 ,t s\rce (     
temptation is n[  r5ew$1 & mo/ ( ! ,p[]s
 h1 or soon w h1 all !  t]ritory !y c   
reasonably desire4 ,! fur!r di/ribution 
(  ,african t]ritory c\ld cle>ly be be/ 
controll$ by an int]national  c\rt4 ,!re
 rema9s "o ,p[] t w /ill feel ! lu/ (   
t]ritory4 ,g]many conspicu\sly ?w>t$ 9  
,europe ! advance ( !  pacifi/ re=m     
because1 z ! :ole _w n[ sees1 x _h an   
aggressive t]ritorial ambition4 ,we may 
assume t ,au/ria w n[  be cur$ ( its    

lawless & co/ly designs1 & t ,g]many w  
rema9 ! "o unsat$ & discont5t$ nation4  
,b ,europe w surely  h ! elem5t>y wisdom
 ( refus+ to ma9ta9 its t]rible burd5   
on t acc\nt4 ,x w pay u bett] to meet ! 
real economic ne$  ( ,g]many by a g5]\s 
colonial deal1 & !n to use ! p[] (  an  
int]national polity to de/roy & prev5t !
 revival (  milit>ism 9 t c\ntry4    ,we
 %\ld ?us remove ! la/ s]i\s ob/acle to 
! re=m1 & !  "w might advance rapidly4  
,! tribunal1 z ,i said1 exi/s1 & has  _h
 m exp]i5ce ?an is g5]ally realis$4 ,!  
,hague ,conf]5ce  ( #aijg e/abli%$ a    
,prize ,c\rt1 ) p]man5t sal>i$ judges1 &
  an ,arbitration ,c\rt4 ,a l>ge numb] (
 v grave qu>rels h s9ce  be5 adju/$ by  
?is tribunal1 &1 z ,pr(essor ,s*ck+     
obs]ves1  m ?an a hundr$ contracts      
betwe5 ,/ates h be5 conclud$ 9  :i*1 on 
ea* occasion1 two ,/ates made !         
,arbitration ,c\rt  obligatory4 ,b1     
l>gely ow+ to ! opposition ( ,g]many & !
  g5]al apa?y1 ! ,c\rt rema9$ optional1 
& ! ,p[]s ma9ta9$  _! armies = !        

settlem5t ( qu>rels 9 ! old b>b>ic      
mann]4 ,! next & la/ /ep is = all !     
,p[]s to recognise !  ,c\rt z           
compulsory1 & to furni% x ) an executive
 7a small  int]national army & navy7 = !
 en=cem5t ( its decisions4 ,our  va/    
armies & navies !n become sup]flu\s &   
w\ld be disb&$  simultane\sly1 leav+    
only a small =ce 9 ea* c\ntry = !       
suppression ( native aggression 7) !    
cons5t ( ! ,hague ,c\rt7  & = use by !  
,c\rt itself to en=ce its v]dicts or    
suppress  illegal attempts to arm4      
,!re is no?+ ,utopian or academic ab\t  
?is re=m4 ,a body (  high-m9d$ lawy]s & 
/atesm5 h = ye>s discuss$ ! details  ( !
 s*eme1 & are ready to laun* x :5ev] !  
v>i\s  ,gov]nm5ts are compell$ by public
 op9ion to adopt x4 ,! imm$iate  task is
 to create ?is pressure ( public op9ion4
 ,we may hope t1  aft] our gha/ly lesson
 9 ! price ( ! milit>y me?od1 we %all   
no long] be rebuff$ ) vapid phrases l3  
,d n =ce !  pace4 ,a bus9ess-man :o     
talk$ nons5se ( t k9d w\ld soon  f9d 8  

level4 ,we ne$ to conduct our national &
 int]national life  on                  
bus9ess-pr9ciples1 to get rid z spe$ily 
z possible ( a wa/e  & disord] :i* are  
an outrage on ! intellig5ce ( ! race4 ,i
  look m confid5tly to bus9ess-m5 ?an to
 spee*-mak+  politicians & s5tim5tal    
morali/s = ! triumph ( ! re=m4  ,c]ta9  
indu/ries w1 ( c\rse1 be gravely        
dislocat$1 ev5  annihilat$1 by ! *ange2 
& va/ bodies ( additional work]s  w1 9  
mo/ c\ntries1 be ?r[n ^u a cr[d$        
lab\r-m>ket4 ,f  ! ab/ract economical   
po9t ( view x is only a "q (  transf]4  
,fifty millions :i* 7 sp5t on milit>y   
indu/ries w  n[ be us$ 9 enl>g+ o!r     
indu/ries or creat+ new4 ,9 reality  !re
 w be grave confusion2 b t is due to !  
utt]ly  disorganis$ nature ( our        
indu/rial _w1 :i* ,i discuss lat]4 ,9   
any case to allege ?is indu/rial        
difficulty z a s]i\s reason  aga9/      
dis>mam5t is a v s+ul> piece ( folly4 ,!
 co/ &  tr\ble ( adju/+ ?is tempor>y    
dislocation w\ld be inf9itely  less ?an 

! co/ & tr\ble ( a w>4    ,we ne$1      
!re=e1 to p]suade ! public1 :i* has     
borne its  milit>y yoke & endur$ !      
occasional la% ( w> ) !  placidity ( a  
draught-ox--t is1 c&idly1 h[ we %all    
appe> 9  ! social hi/ory ( ! future--t x
 may escape ! yoke & !  la% :5 x wills4 
,our ,*ur*es might make "s atonem5t = a 
long  & lam5table neglect ( _! duty by  
organis+ a really spirit$  collective   
campaign 9 ?is greate/ ( moral int]e/s4 
,! c5tral  educative body %\ld1 h[ev]1  
be q unsect>ian4 ,i take x t  an        
amalgamation ( ! v>i\s ,peace           
,societies1 /r5g!n$ by !  adhesion ( our
 comm]cial & indu/rial lead]s1 w\ld =m  
?is  c5tral educative body4 ,! pres5t w>
 w\ld furni% x ) a sup]b  text & an     
unansw]able argum5t4 ,x ought1 9 !      
circum/ances1 to  capture ea* c\ntry 9  
,europe m spe$ily ?an ,cobd5's fam\s    
league captur$ ,engl&4 ,! press w\ld    
beg9 to assi/ at a c]ta9  /age (        
progress4 ,ev5 ! politicians w\ld       
pres5tly l5d _!  oratory2 especially z  

_! pre/ige1 at lea/ 9 ?is c\ntry1 w\ld  
h>dly survive a second /ra9 su* z ?is w>
 has put on x4 ,e  ag5cy ought to be    
enli/$ 9 impress+ ^u ! public t1  :atev]
 o!r re=ms may imply1 "h we ask no      
sacrifice2 we  indicate a way 9 :i* !   
community may1 :5 x wills1 rid itself  (
 a /up5d\s burd5 & set free enorm\s     
res\rces = social  improvem5t4          
,re=m]s are widely1 & ) "s reason1      
accus$ ( be+ dreamy  & unpractical4 ,"h1
 at lea/1 x w be se5 t x is r !  public 
& ! oppon5ts ( re=m :o are dreamy1      
romantic1 &  unpractical3 t ! re=m      
itself is a bus9ess proposition ( !  mo/
 attractive & promis+ "*4 ,b let u be   
ev5 m  practical4 ,to =eca/ ! future is 
an int]e/+ intellectual  recreation2 b  
to close "o's m9d entirely aga9/ !      
possibilities & dang]s ( ! future is    
positive folly4 ,let u  glance at !     
future4    ,i h n ! fa9te/ hope t !     
,alli$ ,p[]s w1 z !y  ought to d1 dis>m 
,g]many & ,au/ria & !n dis>m !mselves1  
:5 ! w> is ov]4 ,!n ,g]many w conc5trate

 all its m>vell\s  p[] ( organisation1  
dissimulation1 & intrigue 9 a dream (   
revan*e4 ,! appall+ incompet5ce display$
 by :at we may call1  9 ! broade/ s5se1 
our ,intellig5ce ,dep>tm5t & our ,w>    
,(fice  w return1 :5 ! tempor>y         
accession ( bus9ess-ability has be5     
)drawn f x4 ,!re w be no s]i\s inquiry  
into our  sc&al\s indol5ce 9 ! e>ly     
p]iod ( ! w>1 our complete  failure to  
=eca/ ! conditions ( w>1 & our heavy    
somnol5ce  dur+ ,g]many's fev]i%        
prep>ations1 al?\gh ! docum5ts  publi%$ 
by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t %[ t1 by #aiac at  
lea/1  %>p-sight$ =eign repres5tatives  
saw cle>ly t w> 01 to put  x mod]ately1 
highly probable4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 our    
au?orities knew  t w> 0 gravely imm95t4 
,i happ5 to "k1 f a little brea*  (     
confid5ce1 t our ,w> ,(fice secretly    
w>n$ c]ta9 res]vi/s  9 ,june #aiad 7ev5 
be=e ! ,s]ajevo murd]7 to be ready4 ,!  
m5  7 ready1 & h borne _! %>e sup]bly2 b
 our au?orities  _h to confess t1 ev5   
aft] n9e mon?s' exp]i5ce ( ! w>1  !y 7  

immeasurably beh9d ,g]many 9 !          
production ( ! two  vital necess>ies ( a
 mod]n w>--ma*9e-guns & high-explosive  
%ells4    ,our exp]ts w return to ?is   
com=table somnol5ce4 ,!re w be  no s]i\s
 inquiry4 ,politicians & _! advis]s w   
escape 9 a  cl\d ( ?rill+ emotions &    
en?usia/ic rhetoric4 ,p]si/5t           
que/ion]s1 :o are rudely impati5t (     
p>ty-discipl9e1 w be  snubb$ & evad$4   
,any o!r que/ion]s1 n ( ! political _w1 
w be ignor$4 ,we %all return to ,briti% 
dignity & placidity4  ,g]many w "w &    
intrigue z x nev] work$ & intrigu$      
be=e4 ,!re w be grave dome/ic tr\ble 9  
,russia &1 z 9 !  case ( ,turkey1 ,g]man
 repres5tatives w ?9k :ile ,briti%      
repres5tatives play4 ,! prep>ations may 
occupy t5 ye>s or tw5ty  ye>s1 b !y w   
proce$4 ,! aim w be a w> ) ,russia      
neutral or fri5dly to ,g]many4 ,if x    
occurs 444 ,"o has only to  imag9e :]e  
we %\ld be to-day if ,g]many _h n made !
 error (  ab&on+ ! ,bism>ckian          
tradition4    ,beh9d ?is is a fur!r     

possibility4 ,*9a is j z capable z      
,japan ( le>n+ ! use ( ?irte5-in* guns &
 maxims4 ,sir ,hiram  ,maxim1 9 fact1 :o
 kn[s bo? ,*9a & ! gun1 q agrees ) me   
on t4 ,& ,*9a has1 beh9d t /oical &     
almo/ *ildlike  expression x pres5ts to 
,europe1 an acute memory t = ?irty  ye>s
 we h treat$ x ) flagrant inju/ice4 ,x  
may take decades  to undo ! evil ( ages 
( ,man*u misgov]nm5t & organise !       
res\rces ( ! c\ntry1 b ! day w come :5  
an al]t &  p[]ful nation ( #ejj1jjj1jjj 
,ori5tals w press aga9/ its  fronti]s4  
,we may rememb] t ! ,mongol bann]s h    
be=e n[  flutt]$ ov] ,mosc[ & rea*$ !   
,m$it]ranean4 ,& ! ,mongols  are n !    
only awak5+ p4 ,we may yet see an       
anti-,european  comb9ation f ! ,asiatic 
%ore ( ! ,pacific to ! ,african %ore  ( 
! ,atlantic4 ,^! are "s ( !             
possibilities we h& on to our  *ildr5 if
 we d n 9 "t ab&on ! milit>y sy/em4     
,to t pass has x br\ght u4 ,we wri! &   
groan "u ! t]rible  burd5 x lays on u1 &
 we %r9k f contemplat+ ! future2 yet  we

 might ca/ (f ! burd5 & rid ! future (  
p]il :5 we w4  ,we disav[ ! buccane]+   
_s1 & prote/ t we arm only 9  def5ce    
aga9/ ea* o!r2 & "o wond]s :e!r to smile
 or weep  at ! obtus5ess :i* prev5ts u f
 adopt+ a simple & humane  means (      
def5ce in/ead ( ?is exhau/+ b>b>ism4 ,we
  humanise w>1 yet cl+ ne$lessly to !   
:ole inhuman  bus9ess4 ,we are tea*+ !  
backw>d nations to arm1--we w\ld  gladly
 supply !m ) tutors & arms at any "t1--&
 may be ?us  prep>+ a m colossal        
conflict ?an ev]4 ,surely ! man or woman
  ( ! tw5ty-fir/ c5tury w f9d u an      
enigma6    ,let me close ) a repetition 
( my prote/ aga9/ !  miscon/ruction to  
:i* su* a book z ?is is always expos$4  
,i  advocate no ,utopian s*eme1 b "o :i*
 "s ( ! able/ lawy]s1  /atesm51 &       
bus9ess-m5 9 ,europe h discuss$ = ye>s &
  w>mly endors$4 ,i h no wi% to conceal 
te*nical difficulties  "u s5tim5tal     
phrases1 b ^! m51 to :om ,i ref]1 are   
prep>$ to meet ! difficulties4 ,i reg>d 
! "w ( ! soldi] z  hon\rable & wor?y1 z 

long z we impose ! milit>y sy/em on  ea*
 o!r2 & at ?is p>ticul> juncture regret 
only t ,i am long  pa/ ! age ( be>+     
arms4 ,i plead1 z long z ! sy/em la/s1  
= unque/ionable effici5cy 9 national    
def5ce1 :atev] x co/4  ,b ,i say t1 9   
?is milit>y sy/em1 we are en?ron+ !     
holl[e/ & mo/ gha/ly %am t ev] delud$   
humanity3 t1 :5  we h ! c\rage or wisdom
 to /rip x ( its t9sell$ robes1 we  w   
%udd] at sight ( ! gaunt frame ( dea?   
:i* has rul$  civilisation = s _m ?\s&  
ye>s3 t no?+ is want+ b  ! g5]al w to   
de?rone ?is mock]y ( a god3 & t1 :5 we  
h aboli%$ milit>ism & w>1 we %all       
advance along ! way (  social improvem5t
 ) f> light] /eps & va/ly increas$      
res\rces4       ,,*apt] ,,iii4   ,,!    
,,follies ,,( ,,%am ,,patriotism    ,,:5
 w>f>e is aboli%$1 & m5 no long] peep at
 _! =eign  neighb\rs ov] h$ges (        
bayonets1 !re w be a numb] ( less       
important int]national absurdities to   
remove4 ,"s ?ree hundr$  ye>s ago1 we   
discov]$ t ! e>? 0 a globe4 ,to-day we  

are  appreciat+ t ?is globe is ! prop]ty
 ( ! human race1 &  t ! fri5dly         
co-op]ation ( all bran*es ( ! race is   
extremely desirable4 ,national ef=ts &  
sacrifices are undone by  int]national  
wa/e & disord]4 ,we beg9 to p]ceive ?is1
 & !  mo/ sob] ( u mu/ look =w>d to a "t
 :5 ! scatt]$ &  antagoni/ic elem5ts ( !
 race w agree ^u "s graceful design  ( a
 ,city ( ,man1 & unite 9 con/ruct+ x4   
,t famili> phrase1 ! ,bro!rhood ( ,m51  
s\nds r holl[ 9  ! e>s ( _m4 ,i am      
avoid+ pretty phrases & disputable cre$s
  & subtle philosophies--,i am try+ to  
keep 9 direct contact )  ! realities (  
life--& !re=e ,i d n use x4 ,b ! s9c]e  
s5tim5t beh9d x1 ! feel+ t we m5 & wom5 
d =m "o  l>ge family 9 possession ( an  
imm5se & inf9itely f]tile  e/ate1 & t we
 w develop our prop]ty m advantage\sly =
  ea* ( u if we act z ?\gh we 7 bro!rs1 
c h>dly be  *all5g$4 ,! "q ( ! exact    
expression ( our relation%ip  to ea* o!r
 may be left to poets & sci5ti/s4    ,^?
 light] %ams ( patriotism1 :i* ,i %all  

describe 9 ?is  *apt] z hamp]+ ! m>* ( !
 race1 w be recognis$ ev5 by  m5 :o1 )  
,c>lyle or ,nietzs*e1 refuse ! title (  
bro!r to  "s ( _! fell[s4 ,we ourselves 
smile at !m sometimes1 & at  !          
*e]fulness ) :i* we endure ! grave      
inconv5i5ce !y put  on u2 & !y w c]ta9ly
 provoke ! laught] ( ! s*ol>s  :o w "s  
day le>n$ly discuss ! "q :e!r we m5 &   
wom5 ( ! tw5tie? c5tury 7 or 7 n        
civilis$4 ,!y h1  x is true1 a mu* m    
s]i\s aspect2 !y are important          
auxili>ies  ( ! w>-god4 ,on ! :ole1     
h[ev]1 !y are %ams t we ought to  kill )
 ridicule & bury ) g5ial disda94 ,!y are
 practices or  in/itutions :i* we h     
pla9ly inh]it$ f ! b>b>ic pa/1  :5 m5 7 
slaves ( tradition1 k+ly or prie/ly1 &  
d>e h>dly  use _! own intellig5ce on _! 
own habits4 ,9 ?is age ( ours1  :5 we   
are at la/ becom+ ! ma/]s1 in/ead ( !   
slaves1 (  our traditions1 !y are reg>d$
 by l>ge bodies ( m5 & wom5 9  e        
civilis$ c\ntry z /upid1 ana*roni/ic1 & 
mis*iev\s4    ,9 fact1 !re is "h aga9 no

 s]i\s diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,"o has  n to 
=ce "o's way ?r\gh "s controv]sial      
?icket be=e "o  c discov] ! correct pa? 
( re=m4 ,! way lies p]fectly cle>  be=e 
u1 & we c ent] x at any "t :5 we h !    
collective  w to d s4 ,"o might aga9    
describe ! proposal1 n z a  re=m--s9ce  
_m p in/9ctively %r9k f ! ^w  re=m--b z 
a bus9ess proposition ( ! simple/ & mo/ 
pr(itable "*4 ,i speak ( ^? false &     
antiquat$ freaks (  patriotism :i* keep 
diff]5t gr\ps ( human be+s speak+       
diff]5t languages1 us+ diff]5t weights &
 measures1 wre/l+  ) ea* o!r's my/]i\s  
co9age1 collect+ ea* o!r's  /amps1 &    
/umbl+ aga9/ ! _m o!r irritat+          
div]sities  :i* make "o "p ( ! e>? =eign
 to ano!r4 ,x may seem  to imply "s lack
 ( s5se ( proportion to pass f s grave a
  subject z w> to ^! matt]s1 b a v      
little reflection w  %[ h[ closely !y   
are connect$4    ,! fir/ & mo/ ludicr\s 
( !m is ! /ubbornness ) :i*  ea* fragm5t
 ( ! race prides itself on hav+ a       
language ( its  own4 ,?is confusion (   

tongues has irritat$ & inconv5i5c$ &    
help$ to exasp]ate aga9/ ea* o!r ! v>i\s
 sections ( !  human community = ?\s&s (
 ye>s1 al?\gh we c\ld suppress x  at w 9
 half a g5]ation4 ,millions ( u h an    
acute &  con/ant exp]i5ce ( ! absurdity 
( ! sy/em4 ,9 our s*ools1  :]e m9d &    
body require ! fulle/ possible att5tion 
dur+ !  few ye>s ( tra9+1 we devote a   
l>ge proportion ( ! "t to  tea*+ *ildr5 
h[ ! same idea may be express$ by half a
 doz5  diff]5t s\nds4 ,! high] ! class (
 s*ool1 ! m valuable  & skill$ ! tea*]1 
! m "t mu/ be wa/$ 9 le>n+ h[  anci5t   
,greeks & ,romans1 or h[ ,g]mans & ,fr5*
 & ,italians1  h inv5t$ diff]5t s\nds f 
ours = express+ ! same  ideas4 ,!       
sl5d]ness ( ! prote/ "o he>s aga9/ ?is  
polyglot  sy/em f educators !mselves is 
amaz+4 ,!y h1 x is true1  begun to rebel
 9 l>ge numb]s aga9/ ! tea*+ ( dead     
languages1 b comp>atively few ( !m      
support ! increas+ dem&  = t adoption ( 
a common tongue :i* w\ld d s mu* = !    
advance ( education4    ,^? ^: p>5ts did

 n happ5 to be weal?y en\gh 9 _! y\?  to
 s5d !m to s*ools :i* h ! di/9ction (   
tea*+  languages are hamp]$ 9 a hundr$  
ways4 ,if !y travel1 !y  mu/ pay        
sycophantic wait]s & c\ri]s to give !m a
 dim  und]/&+ ( ! human _w ?r\gh :i* !y 
pass4 ,ev5 9  _! own c\ntry !y _c ord] a
 d9n] at any well-ord]$  re/aurant )\t  
fir/ /udy+ a l5g?y vocabul>y ( sup]flu\s
  s\nds1 or )\t practis+ a doz5 little  
hypocrisies to conceal  _! ignorance4 ,9
 l>ge colonial hotels1 :]e h>dly a s+le 
p]son :o does n speak ,engli% is ev]    
f\nd1 "o receives a  m5u ) ! usual      
intimidat+ array ( ,fr5* phrases4 ,y    
ought to supply diction>ies ) ?is sort (
 ?+6 said an angry  "y squatt]1 tak+ a  
seat beside me 9 ! ,gr& ,hotel at       
,melb\rne1 to ! wait]4 ,if y are        
travell+ = bus9ess1 or ev5  transact+   
bus9ess at home1 y mu/ h y\r =eign      
correspond5ts & ag5ts2 & ) _! aid y     
foll[ dimly !  v int]e/+ advances &     
exp]im5ts t are be+ made 9 y\r  dep>tm5t
 abroad4 ,our ,gov]nm5ts mu/ pay m      

heavily =  diplomatic & consul> s]vice4 
,our books & magaz9es make a p>ade  (   
=eign phrases :i* h n yet become z      
famili> z ,engli%4  ,our %opkeep]s add  
tw5ty-five p] c5t4 to ! co/ ( our l95 by
  call+ x l+]ie4 444    ,we are torm5t$ 
9 a hundr$ ways1 yet we contemplate ?is 
absurd  muddle & wa/e ) z resign$ an air
 z if we /ill believ$ t  ! ,almighty _h1
 9 a fit ( temp]1 creat$ ! confusion (  
tongues  at anci5t ,babel4 ,s subtle &  
/rong is ! hold ( cu/om on u  t we r>ely
 ev5 ask ourselves :e!r ?is is a wise or
 an  unalt]able arrangem5t4 ,we he> )   
indiff]5ce1 if n )  amusem5t1 (         
societies :i* propose to adopt "o       
int]national  tongue 9 ! place ( ?is    
ridicul\s confusion2 we languidly       
picture  to ourselves little gr\ps (    
long-hair$ faddi/s meet+ 9 bleak  halls 
to attract our dull] neighb\rs to !     
cultivation ( "o m  innoc5t en?usiasm4  
,we h n "t = ^! ?+s4 ,:5 a  s5sible man 
has giv5 adequate "t to bus9ess &       
pleasure1 he has1  he says1 no h\rs to  

sp>e = ^! ideali/ic luxuries4 ,yet a    
mom5t's s]i\s reflection w\ld %[ u t !  
sole aim ( ^!  faddi/s is to make life  
less cr[d$ & labori\s1 to  light5 our   
bus9ess & add to our pleasure1 to       
introduce  common-s5se into a l>ge "p ( 
our conduct4 ,to su* /range             
contradictions & absurdities does ?is   
resolve to resi/ innovation  br+ u4     
,mo/ p are1 p]haps1--if !y ev] give a   
?\ght to !  matt]1--"u ! impression t x 
is a m\nta9\s &  impracticable task to  
introduce su* a re=m into ! life ( !    
_w4 ,x is1 on ! contr>y1 "o ( ! simple/ 
& mo/  practicable re=ms to :i* m5 c\ld 
set _! h&s4 ,x is ev5  less controv]sial
 a measure ?an ! abolition ( w>4 ,!re   
are few  prejudices ( our "t :i* h n    
attract$ ! +5uity ( "s  faddi/ or o!r2 b
 ?is is "o ( ! few4 ,m emphatically "h  
?an 9 ! case ( w>1 all t we ne$ is ! w (
 ! majority  to *ange our ana*roni/ic   
practice4 ,:5 "o reg>ds ! entirely      
uncontrov]sial nature ( ! re=m & !      
imm5se economy x w  entail1 x is h>dly  

unreasonable to hope t ?is w ( !        
majority may soon be secur$4    ,i      
assume t1 :5 we agree to direct our     
,gov]nm5ts to c>ry  out ?is elem5t>y    
improvem5t ( int]national life1 !y w    
summon an int]national commission (     
philologi/s1 educators1 &  comm]cial m51
 ^: bus9ess x w be to create a new      
language4  ,?is /ep w n be tak5 until ! 
volunt>y movem5t = re=m  has rea*$ su*  
proportions z to ar\se ! int]e/ (       
politicians2  b 9 ! end we rely on      
gov]nm5tal action1 z x is necess>y to   
re=m s*ools & ,p>liam5ts4 ,?is          
int]national commission w1 no  d\bt1    
exam9e imp>tially su* languages z       
,esp]anto4 ,possibly ^!  exi/+          
int]national tongues w be f\nd m complex
 ?an an  ideal language ought to be1 &  
less att5tive to ! f9] values (  spee*4 
,= ! simple purpose ( expression x is   
possible to create  a tongue f> less    
complex ?an any 9 use 9 ! civilis$ _w   
to-day3 a tongue t c\ld be le>n$ 9 a few
 mon?s ev5 by !  untra9$ intellig5ce4 ,x

 w\ld proce$ on ! entirely opposite     
pr9ciple to t ( mod]n ^w-mak]s3 !       
pr9ciple1 = in/ance1  t *anges fireworks
 into pyrote*nics 7a piece ( bad  ,greek
 = good ,engli%71 or g>d5+ into         
horticulture4  ,! use ( ?is debas$ ,lat9
 & ,greek 9 sci5ce has a c]ta9          
advantage "u our pres5t polyglot sy/em1 
z x is an approa*  t[>d int]national    
agreem5t1 b x is mak+ m on]\s ?an  ev] !
 burd5 ( our languages4 ,we want a      
simple means ( expression  & int]c\rse1 
) a p[] ( exp&+ to meet ! advance (     
?\ght & discov]y )\t ne$+ to run to su* 
l5g?s z  diam9otrihydroxydodecanoic     
acid4 ,no exi/+ national spee*  w\ld    
meet ! purpose1 lea/ ( all ,engli%2 b x 
w\ld be  advisable to h "s reg>d to     
/hetic int]e/s 9 fram+ a new  language1 
& ! old tongues w\ld supply a good deal 
( mat]ial 9  ?is reg>d4 ,! success ( !  
poet dep5ds on qualities ( words z  well
 z qualities ( imag9ation1 & we h no    
wi%1 l ,plato1 to  exclude poets f !    
ideal commonweal?4 ,we %\ld reta9 l>ge  

numb]s ( ^! %ort expressive words4      
,great numb]s ( p hesitate 9 face ( ?is 
proposal because !y  feel t x is a v    
l>ge innovation1 h[ev] simple &         
indisputable x is 9 pr9ciple4 ,!y       
contemplate su* ?+s z a  n]v\s *ild     
gazes on ! sea f ! /eps ( a ba?+ ma*9e4 
,intellectually1 a few su* plunges w\ld 
be ( incalculable s]vice to  our        
g5]ation4 ,"o c und]/& p hesitat+ be=e  
"s  disput$ economic or political s*eme1
 b to %r9k f adopt+  pla9 & l>ge re=ms  
su* z ?is is n a sign ( heal?4 ,we ne$  
to purge our sluggi% imag9ations ( _!   
prejudices1 to brace our  intellectual  
p[]1 to take pride 9 our creativ5ess4   
,:5 ! new int]national tongue is ready1 
a few ye>s w suffice  to make x prevail 
ov] ! old] languages 9 ! lead+ c\ntries 
:i* help$ to set up ! commission4 ,x w  
become ! "o spee*  ( ! s*ool1 ! press1  
comm]ce1 law1 gov]nm5t1 &1 possibly1  ! 
*ur*4 ,! travell+ public w1 z e         
,esp]anti/ kn[s1 at  once discov] !     
advantage4 ,! comm]cial _w w f9d x a    

spl5did economy & a priceless boon to   
int]national trade4 ,a man  w be able to
 travel f ,london to ,tokyo ) z little  
difficulty  z f ,woolwi* to ,eal+2 & x w
 be f\nd t :5 ! =eign  tongue1 :i* s    
in/9ctively sugge/s to u ! uni=m ( an   
enemy1  has disappe>$1 "o ( ! wor/      
ob/acles to mutual good-feel+  w be     
remov$4 ,:5 ! ,engli%man c talk to !    
,b]l9] )  p]fect ease1--,i assume t all 
beg9n+s ( dialect w\ld be  suppress$ z  
m]cilessly z we$s 9 a well-kept g>d51--j
 z a  citiz5 ( ,london n[ talks ) a     
citiz5 ( ,new ,york or ,sydney1 a  v    
dang]\s *asm w be bridg$4 ,x is q c]ta9 
t !  calamit\s attitude ( mod]n ,g]many 
c\ld n h proce$$ to su*  a dang]\s pit* 
if ! ,imp]iali/ & o!r lit]ature :i* is  
responsible = x _h be5 intelligible to !
 :ole ( ,europe4 ,a few  /ud5ts (       
p>ticul> aspects ( ,g]man life 7 m or   
less  acqua9t$ ) x1 & we refus$ to      
believe !n4 ,n[ we discov]1  to our     
amazem5t1 t a neighb\r+ nation has =    
decades be5  op5ly educat$ up to a pit* 

( unscrupul\s aggression1 & !  _w has   
be5 ?reat5$ ) an incalculable           
cata/rophe4 ,i am n  ov]look+ ! real    
reasons = ?is developm5t1 b ,i say      
confid5tly t x w\ld h be5 impossible if 
a national  lit]ature 7 n g5]ally conf9$
 )9 ! nation :i*  produces x4    ,9 !   
s*ool ! advantage w\ld be v consid]able4
 ,our  ov]/ra9$ & bespectacl$ *ildr5    
w\ld be sp>$ sev]al h\rs a  day ( _!    
s*ool-"w or home-"w4 ,! :ole anci5t &   
mod]n-language section ( ! curriculum   
w\ld be suppress$1 &  ?is suppression1 )
 o!r re=ms :i* ,i w describe lat]1  w\ld
 enl>ge ! tea*]'s opportunity ( giv+    
real education &  sp>e ! pupil a great  
deal ( deva/at+ bra9-fag4 ,= !          
education ( old] p ! ga9 w\ld be almo/ z
 great4 ,a  ,birm+ham artisan c\ld read 
! late/ novel ( d',annunzio or  late/   
play ( ,hauptmann )\t ! assi/ance (     
exp]t or inexp]t  translators4 ,all !   
old] lit]ature t is wor? pres]v+ w\ld   
be translat$ by specially qualifi$      
int]pret]s into ! new tongue1  & !      

orig9als w\ld !n become ! toys ( leisur$
 p$ants4 ,if1  z ,i sugge/$1 a prop]    
att5tion to ^w-values 7 secur$ 9 !  mak+
 ( ! new tongue1 !re is no reason :y x  
%\ld n express  poetical s5tim5ts z     
gracefully & pleasantly z any exi/+     
tongue4    ,is !re any ,utopian elem5t 9
 ?is s*eme8 ,mo/ p w probably  recognise
 t ! only bit ( utopianism 9 x is !     
expectation  t ! majority ( any nation c
 be induc$ to adopt x4 ,t might  seem to
 ju/ify "o 9 us+ impati5t language ab\t 
! wisdom (  ! majority ( u1 b x is no   
reflection on ! s*eme itself4 ,!  re=m]1
 h[ev]1 is ill-advis$ 9 reflect+ on !   
intellig5ce (  8 fell[s4 ,c>lyle's      
tw5ty-sev5 millions1 mo/ly fools1       
discov]$ 9 ! end t all _! follies1 :i*  
he s vigor\sly  d5\nc$ 9 8 ,latt]-,day  
,pamphlets1 7 m p]man5t &  accurate ?an 
8 et]nal v]ities4 ,x is usually want (  
leisure or imm$iate pr(it :i* ali5ates !
 public f s*emes (  re=m4 ,possibly a   
s*eme :i* s pla9ly promises m leisure to
 u  & a v consid]able pr(it may hope to 

w9 att5tion4 ,! re=m  ( spell+ ,i1 (    
c\rse1 take z an integral "p ( ! s*eme4 
,b ?is re=m ( int]national int]c\rse mu/
 take a m  compreh5sive %ape ?an ! m]e  
suppression ( ?is confus+  plurality (  
tongues4 ,x is j z fooli% ( u to ma9ta9 
a  plurality ( weights & measures1 (    
co9age & po/age-/amps1 (  social & civic
 & juridical =ms4 ,ev5 if we conf9e our 
att5tion  to ! lead+ civilis$ nations1  
we f9d 9 ^! respects a  confusion :i*   
outrages ! elem5t>y in/9cts ( comm]cial 
life  & lays a mon/r\s burd5 ( sup]flu\s
 tr\ble on u all4  ,travell]s &         
bus9ess-m5 endure x ye> aft] ye> ) ! mo/
  amaz+ pati5ce4 ,m5 :o w\ld be fir$ to 
in/ant action if !y  f\nd a trace ( su* 
disord] 9 _! dome/ic or comm]cial       
conc]ns resign !mselves to ?is colossal 
muddle ( int]national  int]c\rse z      
calmly z if x 7 a provid5tial & entirely
 sacr$  arrangem5t4 ,i rememb] once     
pass+ r rapidly f ,luc]ne to  ,london1  
by way ( ,wiesbad51 ,cologne1 &         
,brussels3 on ano!r  occasion by way (  

,cologne & ,am/]dam4 ,! h\rs "o has to  
sp5d  9 calculat+ co9age 7or lose !     
ex*ange-value71 ! worry  exp5d$ 9       
/ruggl+ = /amps or d9n]s 9 ! less       
famili>  tongues1 ! confusion (         
tra9-rules & /reet-usages & civic       
regulations1 reflect a sy/em ( *aotic   
disord]2 to say no?+ (  ! sizes ( boots 
or coll>s y ne$1 ! weight ( tobacco or  
fruit1 & s on4    ,all ?is is a port5t\s
 example ( slav]y to tradition1 :e!r !  
tradition be reasonable or no4 ,we h n !
 slighte/ reg>d =  ! hi/orical          
developm5t ( ?is muddle & ! peculi>     
folly (  reta9+ x 9 our g5]ation4 ,our  
e>li] ance/ors measur$ _!  wooll5s or _!
 corn or _! mead by ! simple /&>ds t are
  apt to occur to primitive peoples4    
,ev51 h[ev]1 :]e ! same  /&>d occurr$   
to1 or comm5d$ itself to1 diff]5t &     
remote  communities1 its vagu5ess 0     
fatal4 ,a ?\s& paces 7a  mille1 z !     
,romans said7 seem$ a fair reckon+ =    
long  di/ances1 b ! /ret* v>i$1 & we h  
,iri% miles & ,g]man  miles & ,engli%   

miles & nautical miles4 ,our ounces &   
y>ds &  p9ts are z intellig5t z mo/ ( ! 
o!r ?+s :i* ! anci5t  ,briton inv5t$1 b1
 be+ ,briti%1 !y seem sacr$ to u4 ,a    
hundr$  ye>s ago a f> sup]ior /&>d1 !   
decimal sy/em1 0 put be=e  u1 b our     
fa!rs felt t x smack$ ( ! ,fr5*         
,revolution &  ,napoleon & a!ism4 ,we   
smile at _! prejudice1 yet we h no      
great] disposition to alt] our          
un9tellig5t ways4 ,! ,g]man w\ld  be    
horrifi$ at hav+ to reckon 8 di/ances 9 
kilometres4 ,!  ,briti% lion1 ! ,fr5* or
 ,g]man or ,russian or ,am]ican         
eagle1--!re is a m>vell\s love ( t      
symbol ( aspiration &  progress1--or !  
ris+ sun ( ,japan1 mu/ h its own sy/em (
  weights & measures & co9s4 ,pass+     
?r\gh a /rip ( ,canada "s  mon?s ago ,i 
_h1 f lack ( ! local /amps1 to entru/ my
 po/ to  a k9dly waitress2 & 01 ( c\rse1
 robb$4 ,( late ye>s1  ,au/ralia has    
patriotically resolv$ to h its own co9s1
 & has  f\ght p>liam5t>y battles ov] its
 /amps4    ,! (t5-imag9$ visitor f ano!r

 planet w\ld n be s mu*  surpris$ at ?is
 extraord9>y & co/ly muddle ( patriotic 
%ams  z at our faculty = progress 9     
comm]ce & indu/ry amid/ x all4  ,we seem
 to be q bl9d to ! l>g] applications (  
our mod]n  doctr9e ( effici5cy4 ,reg>d$ 
z an economic sy/em1 :i* x  really is1 !
 int]national arrangem5t ( our civilis$ 
_w is  full ( crudities :i* are m wor?y 
( a ,papuan p$l>4 ,!  contra/ betwe5 !  
me?ods ( a l>ge ,*icago /ore or a       
,briti% or  ,g]man eng9e]+-bus9ess & !  
me?ods we reta9 9 f> l>g]  & m important
 conc]ns w "o day be a subject (        
amazem5t4  ,! evil ( :i* ,i am speak+   
eats into ! v he>t ( an  indu/rial &    
comm]cial sy/em :i* prides itself on its
 ord]1  economy1 & effici5cy4 ,yet ?is  
compreh5sive muddle is contemplat$      
almo/ )\t prote/ by bus9ess-m54 ,if x 7 
m]ely ! leisure  h\rs ( travell]s :i* 7 
dissipat$ 9 ?is ab/ruse /udy (  =eign   
tongues & co9s & cu/oms1 we might m]ely 
deplore  prov]bial vag>ies ( ta/e4 ,b ! 
abuse is immeasurably great]  ?an ?is2 !

 advantage we %\ld ga9 by ?is s*eme (   
unification  c sc>cely be calculat$4 ,"o
 w\ld ?9k t ! re=m 0 really  difficult  
to a*ieve1 or lay "u ! fr[n ( "s impos+ 
s*ool  ( !ologians or morali/s or       
economi/s6    ,i omit f ! li/ (         
p]v]sities :atev] is ! subject (  s]i\s 
economic controv]sy4 ,su* ?+s z national
 t>iffs1 =  in/ance4 ,h[ev] arguable !  
"q may be 9 ,engl&1 ev5 !  free-trad]   
usually appreciates 9 su* a c\ntry z    
,au/ralia !  plea = a protective t>iff4 
,!re is1 at all ev5ts1 a v s]i\s        
controv]sy on ! g5]al issue1 & x w\ld n 
be exp$i5t to  include among pla9 re=ms 
any s*eme ( univ]sal free-trade or      
univ]sal protection4 ,x is en\gh to po9t
 out t c]ta9 obvi\s1  /upid1 & mis*iev\s
 survivals ( old conditions gravely     
hamp] our  int]national int]c\rse4 ,!   
pre/ige ( our civilisation1 z well  z a 
common-s5se view ( our int]e/1 dem& t we
 %all suppress  !m4 ,m disputable re=ms 
may be consid]$ aft]w>ds4 ,our usual    
me?od is1 "o fe>s1 to discuss ! m       

disputable re=ms fir/4    ,x is         
difficult to conceive any plea be+ put  
=w>d on behalf (  ^! irrational old     
cu/oms1 b a suffici5tly +5i\s &         
sup]ficial apologi/ might claim t       
patriotism bids u ma9ta9  !m4 ,!re is no
 d\bt t ! "w ( re=m w h to proce$  ov] !
 bodies ( a numb] ( ! petti] patriots4  
,no "o c  suppose t ! task ( unification
 w be accompli%$ )\t  friction4 ,g]man  
pr(essors & ,bulg>ian politicians w     
prote/  aga9/ ?is p]nici\s cosmopolitan 
_s1 ?is horrible wi% to  d5ationalise u1
 ?is tamp]+ ) ! s\rces ( national en]gy4
  ,ard5t ,iri%m5 & ,wel%m5 w =m v       
talkative associations =  ! def5ce ( !  
gr& old tongue4 ,rival languages w be   
put  =w>d1 & ,esp]anto w /ra9 its hi!rto
 respectable res\rces  9 d5\nc+ ,volapk 
or ! new (ficial spee*4 ,fr5* & ,engli% 
& ,g]man savants w heat$ly press !      
claims ( ideal words 9  _! respective   
languages to be tak5 ov]1 & pamphlete]s 
w  discuss :e!r ,h]r ,pr(essor ,doktor  
,s*midt did or did n  contribute m      

sugge/ions ?an ,pr(essor ,smi?4 ,a high]
 criticism  ( ! new language w spread   
its pale gr[? l a p>asitic  fungus4     
,:at is patriotism8 ,9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! ^w
 is /ill widely1 if  n g5]ally1         
und]/ood1 x /&s = a s5tim5t t belongs   
ess5tially to a pre-rational age & _c   
survive un*ang$ 9 a  rational age4 ,?is 
does n mean t a rational age has no     
place =  s5tim5ts2 x means t ! s5tim5ts 
mu/ n affront reason4 ,we  _c at once   
pride ourselves on be+ p>agons (        
common-s5se1 yet  slaves to a s5tim5t   
:i* common-s5se mu/ n exam9e too        
closely4  ,loyalty to t l>g] national   
family to :i* we belong3 cordial &      
g5]\s support ( its int]e/s3 sacrifice1 
if ne$ be1 = its j  ambitions3 pride 9  
its wor?y a*ievem5ts1 ev5 9 its wor?i]  
sup]iorities--^! are useful &           
intelligible s5tim5ts1 & x is  n        
unreasonable to make a flag ! visible   
symbol ( ^! j  int]e/s & a*ievem5ts4 ,b 
a bl9d & undiscrim9at+ devotion  to flag
 or k+1 a glorification ( our national  

family above o!rs  9 ! roy/]+ fa%ion ( !
 ,middle ,ages1 a refusal to ask if !   
dem&s ( our rul]s are j or if ! int]e/s 
we are press$ to  support are s\nd &    
equitable1 an ob/9ate pride 9 a ?+      
because  x is ,briti% or ,g]man1 :e!r x 
be wise or no--^! are  s5tim5ts entirely
 at v>iance ) ! be/ _s ( our age4 ,we   
may recognise t ev5 ! crude old         
patriotism has contribut$ mu*  to !     
advance ( civilisation4 ,?is ga!r+ ( m5 
into rival  national gr\ps has =c$ !    
pace1 & has at times develop$ noble     
qualities4 ,b we mu/ admit also t ! same
 patriotism has  inspir$ hundr$s ( unju/
 & /upid w>s1 & has ma9ta9$ on  _!      
?rones k+s & que5s :o ought to h be5    
dismiss$ )  ignom9y4    ,! progress (   
civilisation does n entail !            
suppression1 b !  ref9em5t1 ( s5tim5t1 z
 is v pla9ly se5 9 ! suppos$            
implications ( patriotism4 ,:5 x is urg$
 t ^! absurd  national div]sities (     
spee* & co9age mu/ be su/a9$ on !  gr\nd
 ( patriotism1 we ask at once :i* s\nd  

elem5t ( patriotism  c\ld dem& su* an   
ana*ronism8 ,x is1 surely1 only !       
spuri\s  m$ieval s5tim5t t c\ld dictate 
s utt] an absurdity6 ,w !  int]e/s (    
,engl& be endang]$ because we remove a v
 s]i\s  burd5 f its economic life & its 
educational activity8 ,%all we  be less 
prosp]\s1 less happy1 less respect$1 =  
correct+ an  antiquat$ & fooli%         
practice8 ,^! ?+s1 we may reflect1 7  n 
/upid at ! "t :5 !y 7 develop$4 ,!      
resolute patriot  may1 if he wills1 take
 pride 9 ! relative +5uity ( ! p  :o    
inv5t$ !m4 ,ea* sep>ate national sy/em 0
 ! outcome (  special conditions1 & !   
sl5d] comm]ce betwe5 ! diff]5t          
communities at ! "t !y 7 develop$ did n 
require a rigor\s  int]national /&>d4   
,"o b>t]$ by ! piece or ! lump4 ,b x  is
 %e] folly to ignore ! mod]n            
trans=mation ( int]national  life3 to   
fancy t our unwill+ness to ex]t         
ourselves1 ev5 = our  own advantage1 may
 be ascrib$ to "s l(ty virtue4    ,x ne$
 h>dly be said t ,i am n *]i%+ a dream (

 spread+  at once ov] ! entire planet a 
uni=mity ( language & co9s &  /&>ds4 ,! 
lead+ civilis$ nations might1 )9 a few  
ye>s1  adopt su* a s*eme2 & a c]ta9     
numb] ( ! small] & less  advanc$        
nations1 :i* aspire to memb]%ip ( !     
civilis$ gr\p1  w\ld probably accept !  
re=m spe$ily en\gh4 ,on ! o!r h&1  !    
p]meation ( ! l[] races ) our ideas w\ld
 be a sl[ &  difficult process3 a "p ( t
 g5]al task ( civilis+ ! :ole  race :i* 
we h soon] or lat] to confront4 ,?is    
difficulty does  n at all affect !      
advantage we %\ld ga9 by adopt+ a s*eme 
(  unification )9 ! family ( civilis$   
nations1 & x _c be  plead$ z a reason = 
po/ponem5t4 ,b all ! re=ms ,i h  hi!rto 
discuss$ w1 :5 !y h spread ov] ! m      
highly  organis$ c\ntries1 f9d a        
tempor>y *eck 9 ?is *aotic jumble (     
peoples on ! fr+e ( civilisation1 & x   
may be useful to discuss  ! pr9ciples   
:i* ought to in=m our attitude t[>d !m4 
,our g5]ation looks out ^u ^! backw>d   
bran*es ( ! race1 n  only ) a f9]       

s5tim5t & a /rict] reg>d = pr9ciple ?an 
any previ\s g5]ation did1 b ) a v mu*   
cle>] k (  _! mean+4 ,we may1 ( c\rse1  
be fai?less to our pr9ciples 9  cases3  
we may casui/ically wrap a piece ( frank
 buccane]+ ( !  old type 9 hypocritical 
humanit>ian phrases4 ,! g5]al attitude  
is1 h[ev]1 m enlight5$1 z ^! pieces (   
hypocrisy !mselves  %[4 ,we may or may n
 hold ! doctr9e ( univ]sal bro!rhood2 at
  lea/ we und]/& ! true relation ( ^! m 
backw>d races to  ourselves1 & we are 9 
a mu* bett] position to det]m9e our "r  
& our duties4 ,we h advanc$ consid]ably 
s9ce1 little m ?an  half a c5tury ago1 a
 /]n morali/ l ,c>lyle c\ld def5d       
black-slav]y & d5\nce z a gospel ( dirt 
! sci5tific  revelation :i* ?rew light &
 hope on inf]ior types ( manhood4    ,! 
*ief diff]5ce is t we n[ see ! true     
relation ( ! l[]  races to ! high]4 ,x  
is false to say1 z ,c>lyle did1 t "s    
races 7 creat$ ) high] gifts ?an o!rs1 &
 7 !re=e  div9ely appo9t$ z !           
ma/]-races4 ,! notion is z absurd z !   

old & pr(itable leg5d ( ! lay+ ( a      
primitive curse on ,ham  & 8 black      
desc5dants4 ,diff]5ce ( geographical    
conditions is  ! *ief clue to ! unequal 
developm5t ( ! v>i\s bran*es (  ! race4 
,i h 9 v>i\s works develop$ ?is !me & w 
n  l+] ov] x "h4 ,y h at ! />t ! same   
human mat]ial &  capacities 9 all !     
scatt]$ gr\ps4 ,b "s h be5 = ages       
isolat$ f ! /imulat+ contact ( races ) a
 diff]5t or a  high] culture1 & ?is is !
 ess5tial condition ( advance4 ,o!rs  h1
 by %e] *ance1 be5 s situat$ t !y enjoy$
 ?is  /imulation 9 an extraord9>y       
degree4 ,on ?is pr9ciple we c  und]/& ! 
bir? ( civilisation 9 t f]m5t+ mass (   
peoples :i* settl$ betwe5 ! ,m$it]ranean
 & ! ,p]sian ,gulf  ages ago1 & !       
direction ( ! advanc+ /ream ( culture1  
p>tly  ea/w>d to ,india & ,*9a1 b ma9ly 
9 ! m fav\rable  nor?-we/]n direction4  
,x is1 !re=e1 no diff]5ce ( aborig9al   
outfit1 b a diff]5ce  9 ! *ances (      
migration & situation1 :i* acc\nts = !  
cultural div]sity ( races4 ,yet we mu/ n

 at once inf] t any  l[] race c1 on ?is 
acc\nt1 be drawn f its isolation &      
lift$ to ! high] level4 ,!re is reason  
to believe t a race  loses its          
educability if x rema9s unprogressive = 
too long a  p]iod4 ,! physiological     
reason may be t ! skull closes firmly1  
at a relatively e>ly age1 ov] ! bra9 9 a
 p 9 :i*  expansion ( bra9 aft] pub]ty  
has n be5 enc\rag$4 ,take !  ?ree l[]   
races ( ,au/ralasia4 ,! ,tasmanian 0 "o 
( !  olde/ & lea/ cultur$ bran*es ( !   
human family1 & he di$  out )9 a c5tury 
aft] contact ) ! :ites4 ,! ,maori ( ,new
  ,zeal& is ! mo/ rec5t & mo/ advanc$ ( 
! ?ree aborig9al  races4 ,) !           
,polynesian1 he is closely relat$ to !  
,european or  ,caucasic race1 & is      
c]ta9ly educable4 ,! ,au/ralian black   
comes  betwe5 ! two 9 culture & 9 !     
p]iod ( 8 isolation4  ,au/ralian        
sci5tific m5 :o h made ! mo/ sympa!tic  
ef=ts  to uplift ! black tell me t !y h 
fail$1 & ! race seems  to be doom$4     
,^! sci5tific pr9ciples h discr$it$ !   

old leg5d>y notions  ab\t ! l[] races1 b
 we mu/ n z yet make dogmas ( !m4  ,no?+
 b c&id & c>eful exp]i5ce w %[ :i* races
 are  educable & :i* in$ucable4 ,x is v 
probable t su* peoples  z ! wild ,v$dahs
 ( ,ceylon1 ! ,aetas ( ! ,philipp9es1 ! 
,yahgans ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 & "s ( !  
,c5tral ,african gr\ps1  w prove        
in$ucable4 ,o!r races :i* h be5 consid]$
  savage are already prov+ educable1    
ei!r z a body or 9  l>ge numb]s (       
in/ances4 ,_m peoples h n be5 te/$ at   
all4  ,we are only j at ! fr+e ( ?is va/
 & int]e/+ problem4    ,9 reg>d to !    
races :i*1 aft] humane & ?or\gh         
exp]im5t1  prove entirely in$ucable1 !  
solution does n (f] mu*  difficulty4    
,once _! primitive habits are di/urb$1 &
 !y beg9  to live on a p5sion allott$ !m
 by ! ,european nations :i* h  seiz$ _! 
t]ritory1 !y gradually die out4 ,a v    
good case may  be e/abli%$ by ^? writ]s 
:o hold t races :i* cl+  incurably to   
b>b>ism ought to be pa9lessly extirpat$1
 or prev5t$  f multiply+4 ,su* races z !

 ,au/ralian blacks are q  famili> ) a   
process ( /]ilisation :i* does n int]f]e
 )  _! enjoym5t ( life4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! 
life l$ by ^!  dome/icat$ b in$ucable   
savages is h>dly wor? pres]v+ at all4   
,h[ev]1 z !y are disappe>+1 "o ne$ n    
press t po9t4 ,!  claim ( sane          
humanit>ians1 t we h no "r to int]f]e ) 
_! conditions & seize _! t]ritory1 is q 
uns\nd4 ,!  human family has a "r to see
 l>ge f]tile regions ( ! e>?  develop$4 
,:o regrets to-day t ! ,am]9ds 7 p5sion$
 9  ord] to f9d room = ,canada & !      
,unit$ ,/ates & ,brazil &  ,arg5t9a8 ,:o
 does n see ! advantage ( peopl+        
,au/ralia ) a  f9e & advanc+            
civilisation ( 7ev5tually7 tw5ty or     
?irty  million progressive :ites in/ead 
( a few hundr$ ?\s& mis]able            
aborig9als8    ,at ! o!r end ( ! scale  
we h1 z ,i said1 peoples :o are mo/     
probably or c]ta9ly educable4 ,at a     
haz>d "o might in/ance !  ,?ibetans &   
,sib]ian ,mongolians1 ! ,koreans1 !     
,maoris &  ,polynesians1 ! ,lapps 7( !  

same blood z ! ,f9ns71 & a l>ge  numb] (
 ,asiatic & ,african peoples4 ,we mu/   
keep 9 m9d ! high  civilisation rea*$ by
 ! ,am]9ds ( ,p]u1 :]eas _! mod]n       
desc5dants1 ! ,qui*was1 seem s          
negligible4 ,9 ,africa !re is a  va/    
am\nt ( exp]im5t & classification to d1 
& already !  pure ,bantu races are      
furni%+ scores ( m5 :o are susceptible (
 a  univ]sity education4 ,i "k sev]al ( 
!m :o are z compet5t &  well-educat$ z !
 av]age ,engli% univ]sity man4    ,has !
 :ite race a duty 7! :ite man's burd57  
to attempt  to civilise ! col\r$ races8 
,i speak 9 g5]al t]ms1 ( c\rse4  ,x is  
%e] insol5ce to reg>d ! ,*9ese or       
,burmese--"o mu/ n  m5tion !            
,japanese--z l[] races4 ,n[1 speak+ 9 ! 
ab/ract1  z a matt] ( g5]al moral       
pr9ciple1 ! :ite has no cle> duty to    
civilise ! col\r$ races4 ,! s5tim5t (   
bro!rhood may inspire  a feel+ ( duty 9 
"s1 b "o _c build firmly on t phrase4   
,x is1 h[ev]1 n an ab/ract e?ical "q4 ,!
 :ite m5 h1  9 po9t ( fact1 spread ov] !

 globe1 & !y are 9 a fair way to  occupy
 all ! t]ritory on :i* ! col\r$ races   
7except !  ,*9ese & ,japanese &         
,burmese7 7 settl$4 ,only an attitude ( 
g5]al unscrupul\sness c\ld ignore !     
obligation :i* ?is  seizure ( t]ritory  
implies4 ,engl& & ,g]many h1 = in/ance1 
occupi$ ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific & made _!  
inhabitants a  subject race4 ,!y h done 
?is1 n only ) a gross lack (            
discrim9ation betwe5 ! ,polynesian 7:o  
is c]ta9ly educable7 &  ! mu* l[]       
,melanesian1 b ) a q cynical idea ( !   
civilis+ process4 ,! "w has be5 left to 
sailors &  travell]s1 :o h decimat$ !   
population by spirits & syphilis1  or to
 ! crudities ( ,*ri/ian mission>ies4 ,! 
joy ( native life  has be5 kill$1 & !   
en=cem5t ( clo?+ 7:i* ! natives         
naturally ca/ (f 9 ! cool] ev5+1 :5 !   
s5sitive ,european  0 n able to see !m7 
has l$ to an appall+ am\nt ( pneumonia  
& ph?isis4 ,we h done mu* to turn a     
wond]fully happy &  heal?y p into a     
g9-dr9k+ swaddl$ c>icature ( a ,bank    

,holiday cr[d4    ,b ! li/s ( our crimes
 9 deal+ ) ! l[] races ne$ n  be giv5   
"h4 ,if we :ite p are to g out among ! m
  backw>d col\r$ races1 & to pr(ess t we
 are assum+ !  pat]nal function (       
adm9i/]+ _! t]ritory1 we mu/ act on  "s 
pr9ciple4 ,x is r late 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w
 to s5d  out civilis+ exp$itions :i*    
consi/ ( mission>ies pres5t+  copies ( !
 ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 & soldi]s & m]*ants 
:o1 9  flagrant contradiction to !      
,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 exploit ! natives  & 
appropriate _! soil4 ,!re mu/ be a s]i\s
 attempt to educate  !m1 & !n an        
elim9ation ( ! unfit4 ,africa w prove a 
=midable region = ?is discrim9at+ "w4 ,!
 ,mohamm$ans  !mselves h already prov$ t
 _m ( its peoples are capable (         
culture4    ,we h a special problem 9   
our treatm5t ( races :i*1 l !  ,h9dus & 
,egyptians1 h already be5 drawn into !  
:ite sy/em4  ,let u be q c&id )         
ourselves 9 ?is matt]4 ,we appropriat$  
_! t]ritory = our advantage1 n !irs1 &  
our pr(ess$  mod]n s5tim5ts are compell+

 u to say t we are n 9  possession ( _! 
t]ritory 9 _! int]e/4 ,we protect !     
,h9du  f native despots1 ! ,egyptian f a
 cruel ,mahdi or ,pa*a1 !  retir$       
(ficial tells y4 ,h[ev]1 ,i d n propose 
t we %\ld  inve/igate ! title-de$s ( all
 our exi/+ empires z reg>ds  _! ov]sea  
possessions2 nor d ,i 9 ! lea/ advocate 
!  dismemb]m5t ( su* l>ge unities z !   
,briti% ,empire4 ,b !  pr9ciple on :i*  
"s w\ld /ake our exi/5ce 9 ,india or    
,egypt1  ! maxim t ,:at we h we         
hold1--:i* is (t5 illu/rat$  by a       
picture ( a p>ticul>ly /upid-look+      
bull-dog gu>d+ !  ,briti% flag1--is !   
fir/ pr9ciple ( ! pickpocket & !        
burgl>4 ,mod]n s5tim5t has to grant     
colonial empires a sort (  ,bula de     
,composicion1 su* z ! ,spani% ,*ur*1 = a
  consid]ation1 grants to pickpockets4  
,! be/ compromise is t !  peoples :i*   
are to-day l9k$ 9 empires %\ld rema9    
l9k$2 n  z dom9ant & subject peoples1 b 
z si/]-nations work+ out !  de/9y ( !   
race accord+ to ! highe/ /&>ds4 ,?is    

implies  t1 z !y assimilate ,we/]n      
culture 7z ! ,h9dus are q  rapidly do+71
 !y %all be m & m entru/$ ) !           
adm9i/ration ( _! own c\ntries4 ,! v    
diff]5t situation (  colonies ne$ n be  
discuss$4 ,:5 ,au/ralia & ,canada f9d1  
if  !y ev] d f9d1 t x is to _! int]e/ to
 set up complete  indep5d5ce1 !y w n cut
 ! cable3 !y w ca/ x (f z  calmly &     
confid5tly z !y n[ ca/ (f ! cable ( an  
,ori5t  l9] on ! quays at ,sydney4      
,along ^! l9es we may =eca/ ! future1 & 
v sl[1 draft+  ( ! m backw>d peoples    
into ! homog5e\s family ( ! m  civilis$ 
races4 ,! unification ( languages1      
co9age1 etc41 w be  gradually ext5d$ to 
!m4 ,b x is n my purpose 9 ?is "w to    
contemplate remote tasks & cont+5cies4  
,a great & practicable  re=m lies at our
 doors4 ,! ov]:elm+ majority ( ! race   
are  already incorporat$ 9 civilis$     
nations1 & ! "w (  organisation among/  
^! is urg5t & comp>atively easy4 ,i am n
  advocat+ a fanta/ic & l(ty s*eme = :i*
 "o ne$s to be  prep>$ by ! acceptance (

 advanc$ humanit>ian s5tim5ts4 ,:at  ,i 
am plead+ = is ! application to         
int]national life ( our  treasur$ maxims
 ( common-s5se & effici5cy4 ,^? simple &
  indisputable maxims condemn 9 ! mo/   
/r+5t t]ms ! patriotic  %ams :i* we     
suff] to p]plex & burd5 our life4 ,let u
 run !  planet on recognis$             
bus9ess-pr9ciples4       ,,*apt] ,,iv4  
,,political ,,%ams    ,,! re=ms ,i h s  
f> advocat$ h "o peculi>  *>act]i/ic4   
,!y are urg5t1 easy to grasp1           
indisputable 9  pr9ciple1 & enorm\sly   
advantage\s2 b !y ne$ int]national      
co-op]ation1 & we are only j beg9n+ to  
=m ^? fri5dly  int]national contacts :i*
 may lead to agreem5t4 ,h5ce x is t1    
al?\gh v cont5ti\s re=ms h already be5  
realis$1 ^!  l+]1 z we say1 outside !   
range ( practical politics4 ,b ?is  v   
phrase rem9ds u at once ( ano!r         
fundam5tal irregul>ity (  our life4 ,!  
man :o ?9ks a proposal dismiss$ because 
x is n  )9 ! range ( practical politics 
illu/rates admirably !  indol5ce ( m9d  

:i* ,i am assail+4 ,if a useful &       
economical  device 7 put be=e him 9 8   
bus9ess-capacity1 & he 7 told  t 8      
bus9ess _h no room = x1 he w\ld at once 
ask :at 0  wrong ) ! bus9ess4 ,i am     
cont5d+ all ?r\gh = !  application ( ?is
 progressive _s to l>g] conc]ns ?an     
/ores  or work%ops4 ,if our political   
sy/em1 to :i* we entru/ ^! l>ge         
conc]ns1 absolutely ignores "s ( our    
f9e/ *ances ( pr(it1  !re is some?+     
wrong ) ! sy/em4 ,our s]vants are n do+ 
:at !y are paid to d4    ,z ,i h already
 briefly cont5d$1 our rec5t exp]i5ce    
furni%es a  v gha/ly confirmation ( ?is 
suspicion4 ,! ,briti% ,empire w  survive
 ! dang]s t beset x1 ?\gh x w be deeply 
impair$  economically1 = two fundam5tal 
reasons3 ! ,allies h d\ble !  population
 ( ! ,c5tral ,european ,p[]s1 & !y h1   
includ+ 9  ?is respect ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 
f> l>g] ultimate res\rces 9  mat]ial &  
money4 ,! fact t we d ev5tually muddle  
?r\gh  w1 "o fe>s1 cont5t ! majority (  
our p1 b !  ?\ghtful patriot w ask two  

que/ions4 ,h[ _m hundr$ millions  has   
our sl[ness 9 mobilis+ our res\rces co/ 
u1 by protract+  ! w>8 ,& :at is likely 
to be ! fate ( ! ,briti% ,empire if1  ) 
a simil> slackness1 x has at "s lat]    
date to meet a  num]ically equal & f> m 
al]t enemy8    ,let me briefly rec\nt ! 
facts :i* %[ t our national bus9ess  has
 be5 grossly mismanag$4 ,c any p]son    
look back on all ! facts  :i* are n[    
public prop]ty & say t our soldi]s &    
/atesm5  7 innoc5t 9 n p]ceiv+ ! grave  
possibility ( w> )  ,g]many at any "t 9 
! la/ ?ree ye>s8 ,t1 h[ev]1 w  sc>cely  
be said3 ! read9ess ( our fleet is a    
suffici5t reply4 ,we  "k fur!r t ! g5]al
 "* ( ! w> 0 =ese54  ,engl& 0 to help   
,france & ,belgium1 on ,fr5* or ,belgian
 soil4  ,engl&'s co-op]ation on l& 01 z 
ev5ts h %[n1 vitally  necess>y4 ,yet !  
unprep>$ness ( ,brita9 = a great        
cont95tal  campaign 0 entirely sc&al\s4 
,no d\bt !re w\ld h be5 a  risk 9 op5ly 
enl>g+ ! army or creat+ great /ores (   
mat]ial4 ,g]many w\ld1 9 its unamiable  

way1 h ask$ que/ions4  ,t5d]-he>t$      
,memb]s ( ,p>liam5t w\ld h d5\nc$ our   
provocative proce$+s4 ,b a prep>ation ( 
plans1 a c5sus ( our  res\rces1 a s*eme 
= ! imm$iate enli/m5t ( !               
bus9ess-ability ( ! c\ntry & ! full use 
( all our indu/rial  ma*9]y--^! & a doz5
 o!r mo/ important measures c\ld h  be5 
tak5 9 ?is c\ntry z safely & secretly z 
!y 7 9  ,g]many4 ,n only 7 !y n tak51 b 
! milit>y prep>ations  7 actually       
relax$4 ,x has transpir$1 & is n        
disput$1 t  our great ,ars5al 0 only    
p>tially occupi$2 & ,mr4 ,a4 ,*amb]la9  
has publicly /at$ t ,kyno*s _h = ! ye>  
#aiad--! expect$  ye> ( w>--a ,gov]nm5t 
ord] two-?irds less ?an !y are capable  
( execut+ 9 a week1 & d n[ execute 9 a  
week4    ,! second fact is ! rem>kable  
failure to =eca/ ! conditions  ( ! w>4  
,if x be urg$ t a layman _c judge h[ f> 
su* a  failure is culpable1 ! answ] is  
prompt3 ! ,g]man au?orities1 :o  _h _h  
no m exp]i5ce ( w> ?an we1 did =eca/ !  
conditions4 ,_! m9ute & en]getic        

elaboration ( ! :ole s*eme  ( ! w>      
contra/s extraord9>ily ) ! sluggi% &    
conv5tional ease ( our au?orities4    ,!
 ?ird & grave/ fact is our appall+ &    
co/ly sl[ness 9  mobilis+ our res\rces  
:5 ! w> began4 ,six mon?s aft] !        
outbreak ( w> ,i w5t ov] a v l>ge       
eng9e]+ %op 9 !  nor?4 ,out ( hundr$s ( 
m5 only a score or two 7 engag$ on      
w>-mat]ial3 & "o ( ! two objects on :i* 
?is m]e h&ful (  m5 7 engag$ has prov$  
to be :olly valueless4 ,at t "t1 &  =   
mon?s aft]w>ds1 ! work]s ( ,brita9 7    
enc\rag$ 9 _!  easy ways1 & ! bulk ( !  
manufactur]s 7 enc\rag$ to g on  ) _!   
usual bus9ess1 by (ficial assurances t  
no great]  ef=t 0 ne$$4 ,:5 our disgu/$ 
soldi]s s5t u a message t1  n ! wea!r1 b
 a sc&al\s %ortage ( ammunition &       
ma*9e-guns kept !m back1 ! ,prime       
,m9i/]1 quot+ !  highe/ available       
au?ority1 publicly decl>$ ?is to be     
untrue4 ,we 7 ask$ r to admire ! way 9  
:i* we _h  dispat*$ ! greate/           
exp$ition>y =ce kn[n 9 hi/ory3 z if  !  

enorm\s progress ( mod]n times did n    
make ?is sup]iority a  matt] ( c\rse4   
,:5 criticism increas$1 we cri$ = ! gag 
&  ! public prosecutor1 & we g>l&$ !    
portraits ( ! v m5  :o _h disgrac$ u2 & 
we agre$ to ! ret5tion or promotion (   
incompet5t m51 on obvi\s p>ty-gr\nds4   
,happily "o m9i/] _h ! grit & patriotism
 to call to 8 aid a  gr\p ( bus9ess-m51 
& ! facts c\ld no long] be conceal$4    
,mr4  ,lloyd ,george admitt$ t s9ce !   
beg9n+ ( ! w>1 we _h  increas$ a        
?\s&fold our production ( munitions1 yet
 7 /ill  f> beh9d ! ,g]mans & f> %ort ( 
our ne$s2 & at la/1 elev5  mon?s aft] ! 
outbreak ( w>1 we began to organise1 or 
at lea/ to  asc]ta91 our res\rces4 ,aga9
 we l\dly congratulat$ ourselves on  our
 en]gy4 ,we cri$ %ame on all critics &  
pessimi/s & p  :o want$ m4 ,we fanci$   
ourselves 9 ! "* ( ,atlas1  tak+ ! :ole 
burd5 on our massive %\ld]s1 to sp>e our
 weak]  ,allies4 ,b ! s9i/] light :i*   
?is late increase ( output  ?rew on !   
fir/ six mon?s1 or m1 ( indol5t         

incompet5ce 0  q disreg>d$4 ,we g5ially 
ov]look$ ! fact t ! delay (  our advance
 0 co/+ u ne>ly a hundr$ millions a     
mon?4 ,we  all[$ less prom95t affairs to
 be conduct$ ) ! same indol5t           
insuffici5cy4 ,! mo/ absurdly inadequate
 measures 7 tak5 to  control ! prices ( 
food & coal1 & sc>cely a ?\ght 0 giv5   
to ! trem5d\s economic problem :i* w    
confront u :5 ! w>  is ov]1 or to !     
means ( rec\p+ ourselves by a sy/ematic 
promotion ( our ov]sea-trade4    ,9 a   
^w1 ! magnific5t organisation & ord]$   
national devotion  ( ! ,g]man p make !  
conduct ( ,engl& dur+ ! fir/ ye>  ( ! w>
 seem clumsy1 lazy1 & full ( dang] = !  
future4 ,=  ?is ! *ief blame q obvi\sly 
falls on our /atesm54 ,engli%  soldi]s h
 at lea/ be5 second to none 9 ! field3  
,engli%  artisans h1 s9ce ! ne$ 0       
ackn[l$g$1 work$ magnific5tly4  ,x is ! 
direct+ bra9 t 0 sluggi% & incompet5t4  
,!  magnitude ( ! sudd5 task does n     
excuse our rul]s1 nor does !  v l>ge    
s]vice t 0 actually done--:i* ,i d n = a

 mom5t  ov]look--less5 ! sc&al4 ,if a   
political ma*9e does n "k h[  to enl>ge 
itself 9 less ?an twelve mon?s to meet a
 new & v  urg5t task1 especially a task 
t x ought to h =ese51 x is  unfit to    
control our national de/9y4 ,our        
gov]nm5tal sy/em has  prov$ itself mo/  
dang]\sly & mis*iev\sly unfit to meet   
su* a  national em]g5cy1 & ?is          
cata/rophic exp]i5ce may enc\rage !     
read] to exam9e ) pati5ce ! criticisms  
:i* ,i propose to pass  on x4    ,"h    
aga9 we submit to ! tyranny ( a l>gely  
obsolete tradition4  ,:5 ! /ory ( !     
developm5t ( human in/itutions c be     
writt5  ) a deta*m5t ( :i* we are yet   
incapable1 "o ( ! /range/  pages w be t 
:i* tells ( ! evolution ( ,*ur* & ,/ate4
  ,f ! e>ly days :5 "s exceptionally    
p[]ful w>rior is rais$  on 8 %ield &    
salut$ z *ief or k+1 & :5 "s weird      
individual e>ns ! repute ( be+ able to  
control or propitiate !  mighty p[]s ( !
 environ+ _w1 gov]nm5t & religion       
/eadily advance to a comm&+ position 9 !

 life ( ! p4  ,! two m5 ( p[]1 ! k+ & ! 
prie/1 mu/ h  e/abli%m5ts 9 accord ) _! 
value to ! tribe1 & ! palace  & ! temple
 rise 9 spaci\s dignity above ! mean    
clu/] (  huts4 ,"t aft] "t ! race turns 
to exam9e ! tradition :i*  has be5 s    
deeply impress$ on x1 & k+s & gods are  
ca/ f  _! ?rones2 b new dyna/ies always 
arise4 ,( ,rome1 no less ?an  ( ,!bes or
 ,n9eveh1 x is ! monum5ts ( k+s & gods t
  survive4 ,only a few c5turies ago !   
,european city consi/$ ma9ly  ( two     
in/itutions3 ! palace & ! ca!dral4 ,!   
bulk ( !  citiz5s huddl$ 9 squalid      
fev]-/rick5 h\ses beyond ! fr+e (  !    
e/ates ( _! secul> & prie/ly rul]s4     
,! mod]n age1 ) its inconv5i5t que/ions 
& its bold spee*1  arrives4 ,comm]ce    
develops1 & ! palace & ca!dral disappe>1
 9  ! =e/ ( so>+ build+s4 ,:5 ! ro(s ( !
 new comm]ce  & ! new common] rise to a 
level ) ! ro( ( ! palace or  ! ca!dral1 
:5 m5 are no long] ov]%ad[$ by ! old    
p[]s1  ! imag9ation is releas$4 ,! div9e
 "r ( k+s goes 9 a fury  ( revolution>y 

flame3 k+s mu/ h5ce=? rule by human "r &
  answ] at a human tribunal1 :i* is m   
exact+ & al]t ?an !  old tribunal4 ,yet 
! p[] ( ! dead tradition is amaz+4 ,9   
,engl&  m5 /ill b[ rev]5tly :5 ! k+     
addresses !m z my subjects  & talks ( my
 empire3 /ill cr[n e ent]ta9m5t1        
spiritual  or ga/ronomic1 ) f]v5t       
aspirations :i* w\ld lead an  ill-in=m$ 
spectator to imag9e t !y reg>d$ ! k+'s  
heal?  z my/ically connect$ ) ! heal? ( 
! nation3 /ill describe  bi%ops & !     
heads ( families :i* h be5 suffici5tly  
long  idle & weal?y z _! lords4    ,^!  
ar*ological survivals are1 no d\bt1     
innocu\s1 if  irritat+4 ,! m s]i\s      
feature is t !y help to make s _m  p    
ins5sible ( ! mis]able compromises we   
endure 9 our  reorganis$ ,/ate4 ,!y are 
"p ( t sup]abundant a% :i*  clogs &     
dulls ! fire ( ! nation's life4 ,!      
n9ete5?  c5tury1 rightly & inevitably1  
adopt$ a democratic s*eme ( public      
adm9i/ration4 ,x 0 se5 t1 if ! k+ 7 n s 
close a  fri5d ( ! ,almighty z _h be5   

suppos$1 !re 0 no visible  reason :y !  
de/9ies ( ! nation %\ld be entru/$ to 8 
judgm5t3 :i* 01 z a rule1 n humanly     
impressive4 ,luckily1  c]ta9 nations _h 
won ! "r to d a good deal ( talk+ be=e  
! k+ came to a decision1 or ! "r to hold
 ,p>liam5ts1 &  ,europe g5]ally adopt$  
?is model4 ,! ,p>liam5t ,h\se n[ t[]$   
upw>d 9 ! city1 & x did ! real bus9ess (
 direct+ !  nation's affairs4 ,! k+     
became a k9d ( gr& seal = !  measures   
enact$ by ,p>liam5t4 ,"s nations1 !     
numb] ( :i* is  increas+1 reg>d$ ! seal 
z a co/ly & avoidable luxury1 &  aboli%$
 x3 "s kept ! k+1 ) all 8 /ately        
language &  pretty robes & sp>kl+       
jewell]y1 & aboli%$ ! lords3  "s kept ! 
k+ & ! lords1 b depriv$ !m ( real p[]4  
,!  ,engli% nation1 :i* is fam\s = its  
common-s5se1 its audacity1  & its       
ability1 belongs to ! la/ gr\p4 ,x      
inv5t$ t  rem>kable phrase1             
self-gov]nm5t3 :i* +5i\sly pres]ves  !  
fiction t someone has a "r to gov]n o!r 
p1 yet  conciliates ! mod]n _s by       

intimat+ t ! p really  gov]n _!         
gov]nors4    ,into ! extraord9>y        
confusion ( =ms & =mul :i* has  result$ 
f ?is compromise x w\ld be wa/e ( "t to 
ent]4 ,does  x really matt] t we all[   
our k+ to put on our co9s a  flatt]+    
portrait ( himself1 ) an intimation t he
 rules z  by ! grace ( ,god8 ,he is q   
consci\s t he rules u--if  8            
melodramatic relation to u may be call$ 
rul+--on !  und]/&+ t he nev]           
contradicts u4 ,we are n n[ knock$ on  !
 head1 except by an intoxicat$ patriot1 
if we refuse to /&  :ile our neighb\rs  
*ant _! ins9c]e incantation ab\t 8      
heal?3 we g1 n to ! ,t[]1 b to ! ord9>y 
law-c\rt1 if we  m5tion 8 p]sonal       
frailties2 & ! port5t\s s]i\sness )  :i*
 he takes 8 robes & 8 =mul injures none1
 & amuses  _m4 ,no d\bt1 slov5ly m5tal  
habits are always to be deplor$1 yet  ^!
 ?+s are n 9 !mselves important en\gh to
 be includ$ 9  a li/ ( s]i\s re=ms4 ,:at
 we d ne$ to exam9e critically is  ?is  
s*eme ( self-gov]nm5t by :i* we n[      

manage our national  affairs3 v badly1 x
 appe>s4    ,?is political ma*9]y is    
divid$ into two sections3 municipal     
gov]nm5t & national gov]nm5t4 ,! =m]1 f 
:i* e  elem5t ( gov]nm5t except ! "n has
 dep>t$1 ne$ n be  consid]$ at l5g?4 ,x 
consi/s ( gr\ps ( citiz5s :o are        
und]/ood to excel 9 public _s &         
self-sacrifice1 s t !y  devote a l>ge "p
 ( _! "t to ! unpaid s]vice ( _!        
fell[-citiz5s4 ,e few ye>s a man1 ( :om 
y _h probably nev]  he>d be=e1 calls to 
implore y1 ) a q pa9ful humility &      
c\rtesy1 to all[ him to dis*>ge ?is     
self-d5y+ function4 ,!  next day ano!r  
man1 ( :om also y _h nev] he>d be=e1    
calls  to in=m y1 9 discreet language1 t
 8 rival is a sp5d?rift1  a rogue1 or a 
fool2 & t he is ! man to repres5t y )   
due  reg>d to economy & ) absolute      
dis9t]e/$ness4 ,y probably  refra9 f    
vot+ = ei!r1 s9ce y h n ! abundant      
leisure ( a libel-c\rt4 ,y\r /reets w   
someh[ get pav$1 &  y\r *ildr5 s*ool$1 &
 y w pay ! bill4 ,b y may  discov] aft] 

a "t t ! air is ?ick ) *>ges (  jobb]y1 
or t "s local c\ncillor has be5 promot$ 
to !  high] & m lucrative political _w  
on ! gr\nd ( _m  ye>s' exp]i5ce ( local 
adm9i/ration4    ,if y happ5 to live 9 !
 ,metropolis1 :]e ! intellig5ce ( !     
nation is clott$1 s to say1 y f9d       
municipal life ev5 m  complex ?an ?is4  
,! eag] rivals :o solicit ! hon\r ( do+ 
y\r "w = no?+ are divid$ into bitt]ly   
ho/ile s*ools4 ,ea*  s*ool sp5ds hundr$s
 ( ?\s&s ( p\nds 9 a p]iodical ef=t  to 
conv9ce y t ! o!r s*ool is go+ to sw9dle
 y4 ,ea*  pla/]s ! wall ) repulsive     
typical portraits ( its expon5ts1  & y  
see y\rself depict$ z a weak & amiable1 
b small-witt$1  figure 7or1 p]haps1 z a 
burly & v /upid-look+ f>m]71 ^:  pockets
 are be+ pick$4 ,ea* produces a mo/     
exact /ati/ical pro(  t its oppon5ts h  
actually pick$ y\r pockets1 & t !  r$s  
or blues are ! only p ) a really        
dis9t]e/$  desire to sp5d "s h\rs e day 
9 ! gratuit\s dis*>ge (  public duties4 
,!y sp5d great sums ( money e few ye>s =

 !  purpose ( secur+ ?is ?ankless burd5 
& fac+ ! vitup]ation  ( _! oppon5ts4 ,y 
seek illum9ation 9 ! press1 & y f9d1  9 
rival j\rnals1 a mass ( contradictory   
/atem5ts & mutual  accusations ( ly+4   
,h[ev]1 ! sy/em is ?or\ghly ,briti% 9   
its enc\ragem5t ( individual action &   
public _s1 & y  ov]took all ! direct &  
indirect corruption x fo/]s4    ,:at is 
a man to d8 ,"o c at lea/ se>* v        
rigor\sly !  cr$5tials & ! public action
 ( ! man :o solicits y\r  vote1 &       
enc\rage ! appe>ance ( really indep5d5t 
&  f9e-spirit$ m5 & wom54 ,i h1         
naturally1 describ$ ! broad  features & 
g5]al abuses ( ! sy/em1 b !re are1 (    
c\rse1  l>ge numb]s ( m5 9 x :o are     
s9c]ely dis9t]e/$4 ,9 !  ma91 h[ev]1    
municipal politics is ta9t$ & complicat$
 by !  p>ty-sy/em ( ! l>ge political _w1
 & to ?is we may turn4    ,t section ( !
 political ma*9e :i* controls national  
affairs  is obvi\sly ( ! fir/           
importance4 ,on its work+ re/s ! grave  
issue ( peace or w>2 to x is entru/$1 9 

! la/ resort1 !  great task ( educat+ ! 
nation2 & ?r\gh x alone c we secure  any
 ( ^? num]\s re=ms :i* are to undo !    
tyranny ( %ams  & aboli% s mu* avoidable
 mis]y & confusion4 ,"o ought  !re=e to 
be gratifi$ to see h[ l>ge a place      
politics occupies  9 ! public m9d1 :i*  
is o!rwise s little incl9$ to s]i\s     
matt]s1 & 9 ! public press1 :i* s       
fai?fully mirrors !  ?\ght ( ! nation3  
to see h[ ! prom95t or eloqu5t          
politician  surpasses 9 public e/eem !  
greate/ arti/ or sci5ti/1 & ev5  rivals 
9 popul>ity ! prettie/ actress ( ! h\r3 
to see t  f\r-fif?s ( our public hon\rs 
are res]v$ = politicians &  /atesm51 & =
 ^? less gift$ b m weal?y m5 :o give  !m
 practical support4 ,unhappily1 :5 "o   
looks closely into ?is  apo!osis (      
politics1 "o f9ds t its m]it is m]ely   
sup]ficial3 t a v l>ge proportion ( ! m 
?\ghtful  p 9 e civilis$ community look 
on politics ) disda91 &  t "s ( ! m     
indep5d5t ( our politicians confess t "o
  mu/ almo/ lay aside "o's hone/y &     

ideals on ent]+ !  political _w4    ,a  
s]ies ( grave /ruggles & ?reats ( civil 
w> 9 ! fir/ half  ( ! n9ete5? c5tury    
inaugurat$ ! pres5t political phase 9   
,europe4 ,x transpir$ aft] ,wat]loo t ! 
,engli% p>liam5t>y  sy/em1 9 :i* our    
/atesm5 took su* pride1 0 a holl[ &     
corrupt %am4 ,a comp>atively few weal?y 
l&[n]s controll$ !  nation1 & b\ght     
votes = _! nom9ees4 ,aft] "s ye>s (     
agitation ! work+ m5 ( ! great          
manufactur+ c5tres =m$  armies & ?reat5$
 to =ce ! doors ( ,we/m9/] at ! po9t  ( 
! pike4 ,?is elicit$ a sy/em ( re/rict$1
 b real1 popul>  repres5tation4 ,lat]   
enl>gem5ts ( ! fran*ise improv$ !       
sy/em1 & to-day "s six or sev5 million  
adult males elect our  legislators4     
,until rec5tly ?is s*eme 0 l>gely       
fru/rat$ by !  p[] ( a non-elect$ ,h\se 
to suppress any measure :i* did n       
please a privileg$ m9ority1 b ?is is n[ 
mat]ially modifi$4 ,six  million free & 
adult repres5tatives ( ! nation appo9t &
  control ! m5 :o make our laws1 &      

direct ! k+ h[ to act4    ,b 9 practice 
?is admirable !ory becomes a mock]y & an
  illusion4 ,x may be tak5 z a          
,euclidean po/ulate t out ( six  million
 p ( any civilis$ nation f\r or five    
millions w  be--%all we say8--somnol5t3 
n f want ( bra91 b f want (  con/ant    
ex]cise ( x4 ,a v e>ne/ ideali/ ( ! la/ 
c5tury1  ,mr4 ,george ,jacob ,holyoake1 
propos$ t1 = ! great effici5cy (  our   
political ma*9]y1 e elector %\ld1 be=e  
he receiv$ a  vote1 be compell$ to pass 
an exam9ation 9 political economy &     
con/itutional hi/ory4 ,s9ce few ,memb]s 
( ,p>liam5t1 to say  no?+ ( vot]s1 w\ld 
h pass$ ! exam9ation1 ! proposal 0      
reject$1 & ! education ( ! vot] 0 left  
to ! int]e/$  political p>ties & to !   
press :i* support$ !m1 or 0  support$ by
 !m4 ,! result 0 t two rival            
organisations1  r\ghly correspond+ to ! 
two attitudes ( ! mod]n m9d t[>d  new   
ideas 7progressive & cons]vative71      
gradually increas$ 9  weal? & p[] until 
!y 7 able to control ! electorate &     

exclude f repres5tation e f9] %ade (    
political ?\ght4  ,! ma*9]y by :i* ?is  
is done does n leap to ! eyes1 z !      
,fr5* say1 & ! av]age elector pr\dly    
contra/s our political  sy/em ) t ( mo/ 
o!r nations4    ,c&idly1 we may take "s 
pride 9 ! contra/4 ,! /ruggles &        
sacrifices ( our fa!rs h won = u a sy/em
 :i* is f>  sup]ior to t :i* has hi!rto 
prevail$ 9 ,russia1 to !  despotic      
m$ievalism ( ,prussia1 to ! grave       
ins9c]ity ( ,spani%  political life1 to 
! confusion & occasional corruption (   
,fr5*  or ,italian politics1 to !       
rem>kable activity :i* prec$es a        
presid5tial election 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 
,our political life is  relatively free 
f l>ge corruption4 ,i happ5$ to be 9    
,new ,zeal&  :5 ! ,m>coni ,sc&al 0      
agitat+ ,engl&1 & ,i rememb]            
politicians ( t progressive little l&   
smil+ at ! ^w  sc&al & h9t+ t !y 7 m    
adv5tur\s4 ,"s ( our  discont5t is1 no  
d\bt1 due to wom5 writ]s :o magnify !   
evil 9  ord] to p]suade u to enli/ _!   

ref9+ influ5ce4 ,i d n1 9  fact1 ?9k t  
,mr4 ,belloc & ,mr4 ,cecil ,*e/]ton h   
prov$ "s  ( ! grav] *>ges :i* !y br\ght 
9 _! indictm5t ( our  s]vile ,/ate4 ,x w
 ne$ some?+ m ?an a li/ (  matrimonial  
connections to p]suade u t ,mr4 ,lloyd  
,george & ,mr4  ,w9/on ,*ur*ill 7 9 !   
habit ( meet+1 amiably &  cl&e/9ely1    
,mr4 ,bon> ,law & ,mr4 ,f4 ,e4 ,smi? = !
 collusive  arrangem5t ( our laws4      
,yet !re is en\gh 9 ! famili> criticisms
 ( our political  ma*9]y to ju/ify "o 9 
say+ t ! political %am is1 ev5  n[1     
intol]able4 ,:at1 c&idly1 is ! proc$ure8
 ,a g5]al election  is ann\nc$1 & two m5
 call1 or s5d ag5ts1 to solicit ! hon\r 
( repres5t+ y 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,9 ! di/rict 
9 :i* ,i write at  ! mom5t "o c&idate is
 a weal?y & muddle-head$ ,lib]al3 !  o!r
 is a weal?y & 7politically7 equally    
muddle-head$  ,cons]vative4 ,nei!r ( !m 
has ! remote/ idea ( repres5t+ my       
national wi%es1--!y w\ld blu% to be     
suspect$ ( x1--& nei!r  has ev] spok5 9 
,p>liam5t2 s ,i h nev] yet vot$4    ,b  

,i am an ecc5tric man4 ,let u take a    
normal case4 ,y notice1 z a  rule1 t    
dur+ ! few ye>s be=e ! election a weal?y
 man has  be5 op5ly suff]$1 or direct$ f
 8 p>ty-headqu>t]s1 to  nurse !         
con/itu5cy4 ,hundr$s w ca/ votes = him  
solely  because !y fe> a )drawal ( 8    
subscriptions to _! *apels  & football  
clubs1 & ( 8 op5-h&$ philan?ropy4 ,z !  
election approa*es1 ano!r c&idate       
appe>s4 ,he also is1 z a rule1  a weal?y
 man1 & he sp5ds betwe5 "o & two ?\s&   
p\nds 9  di/urb+ ! judgm5t & inflam+ !  
emotions ( ! vot]s4  ,pictorial po/]s1  
:i* might h adorn$ ! walls ( "s ,pyr5ean
  cav]n 9 ! ,old ,/one ,age1 are mass$  
ne> ! doors ( "s d>k  committee room or 
spread ov] ! t[n4 ,! bra9 /ruggles      
feebly ) ! contradictory /atem5ts (     
orators & j\rnals4 ,&  on ! day ( !     
election ! two weal?y rivals = ! hon\r (
  pr9t+ ,m4,p4 on _! c>ds1 & ! duty (   
vot+ z !y are  direct$ by _! sup]iors1  
flood ! di/rict1 al?\gh x has an        
excell5t tram-s]vice1 ) exp5sive c>s &  

c>riages1 to take !  tir$ work+ man to !
 poll4    ,possibly "o ( ! c&idates is n
 a weal?y man1 & y beg9 to  speculate on
 ! s\rce ( 8 ?\s& p\nds1 or ev5 ?ree    
hundr$  p\nds4 ,v few vot]s d inquire1 (
 c\rse2 mo/ ( !m w\ld be  surpris$ to "k
 h[ mu* a man sp5ds 9 solicit+ ! hon\r (
  repres5t+ !m--he has usually a great  
contempt = !m--9  ,p>liam5t4 ,! m       
inquisitive vot]1 h[ev]1 w\ld discov] t 
! poor] c&idate is 9 a special s5se !   
repres5tative ( a  p>ticul> p>ty1 & he  
w\ld t\* ! fr+e ( a peculi> &  +5i\s    
sy/em4 ,i happ5$ "o day to m5tion to a  
fri5d c]ta9  advanc$ op9ions ( a ,memb] 
( ,p>liam5t4 ,t1 he said  grimly1 w     
int]e/ my fa!r-9-law2 he f9ances ,mr4   
----4  ,?r\gh ! p>ty-organisation ?is   
weal?y & highly respectable  manufactur]
 paid ! election exp5ses & "p ( !       
income--,memb]s ( ,p>liam5t _h n !n a   
sal>y--( c&idates or  ,memb]s 9 v>i\s   
remote t[ns4 ,! manufactur]1 or ! v>i\s 
manufactur]s :o d ?is sort ( ?+1 w      
ev5tually be knight$  or b>onett$2 _!   

sons w h a *ance ( a secret>y%ip1 or    
ev5 ( ,cab9et rank4 ,! secretly         
subsidis$ ,memb] w g to  ,we/m9/]1 an   
automatic vot]4 ,9 fact1 s9ce a c&idate 
mu/  g5]ally h ! sanction ( ! c5tral    
organisation ( "o or  o!r p>ty be=e he c
 v5ture to solicit votes1 ev5 weal? does
  n usually relieve him ( !             
p>ty-tyranny4    ,:at1 !n1 is ! p>ty8 ,x
 is n s mu* a cre$ z a weal?y &  p[]ful 
organisation4 ,once x 0 a gr\p ( m5 :o  
happ5$ to h  ! same ideas4 ,by a natural
 evolution ( organisation--"o sees !    
same ?+ 9 ! evolution ( ,*ur*es--x has  
become r a  ma*9e = impress+ ^? ideas on
 m54 ,9 a s5se1 x is an  olig>*y4 ,we   
mu/ rememb] su* facts z ! dismissal (   
,mr4  ,balf\r1 & ! p[]lessness ( ,mr4   
,asqui? to get rid ( a c]ta9  ,m9i/] :om
 he dislik$4 ,! p[] ( ! front-b5*]s is n
  absolute4 ,b on ! :ole ! p>ty is an   
ari/ocracy ( weal?y m51  titl$ m51 &    
able m51 :i* rules ! c\ntry = a t]m (   
ye>s4  ,its lead+ ag5ts are ! ,m9i/]s & 
,:ips3 ! body ( ! p>ty  is an           

association = c>ry+ out its w1 & = add+ 
!  attractions ( p>o*ial ent]ta9m5t &   
*eap club-life to ! m  au/]e cult (     
ideas4 ,its rev5ue is1 to a great ext5t1
 secret2 b  ! annual li/s ( hon\rs      
reveal v pla9ly t x conducts an  unblu%+
 traffic 9 su* ?+s4 ,! reasons alli$ 9 !
 publi%$  li/ are (t5 too ludicr\s =    
words4 ,privately "o c (t5  asc]ta9 !   
exact price4    ,) ?is weal? !          
p>ty-ari/ocracy controls ! electoral    
campaign  & ! elect$ ,memb]s4 ,x has1   
fur!r1 at its disposal a l>ge  numb] (  
highly paid positions1 or functions :i* 
lead to highly  paid positions1 or      
pr(itable little occasional jobs1 or    
political  p5sions1 or a ,civil ,li/    
7:i* is grossly abus$71 & s on4 ,^!  x  
dangles be=e ! eyes ( impecuni\s or     
ambiti\s critics4 ,"h  are two facts )9 
my sl5d] p]sonal k ( ^! matt]s4 ,a  v   
influ5tial ,sociali/ 7my in=mant7 0     
invit$ to a small  d9n] ( !             
p>ty-ari/ocrats & diplomatically in=m$ t
 he  might be useful 9 (fice3 ano!r     

dra/ic critic 0 assur$ by a  ,cab9et    
,m9i/]1 ?r\gh a mutual fri5d 7my        
in=mant71 t no?+  w\ld be done = him    
until he ceas$ to criticise4    ,! sy/em
 is1 on bo? sides ( ! ,h\se1 corrupt1   
demoralis+1 &  int5sely prejudicial to !
 int]e/s ( ! c\ntry4 ,we f\nd its  dang]
 dur+ ! ,s\? ,african ,w>1 & we p]ceive 
x f> m  pla9ly to-day4 ,:at ought to be 
! brighte/ intellectual fire 9  ! l& is 
sluggi%1 *ok$ ) a%1 s]v$ (t5 ) inf]ior  
mat]ial4 ,! p]man5t dep>tm5ts ( ,/ate   
:i* dep5d on x are  correspond+ly       
sluggi%4 ,9 an em]g5cy x--aft] a        
humiliat+  trial ( its own              
ability--turns to bus9ess-m54 ,its :ole 
tradition  & proc$ure are abom9able4 ,m5
 :o are poor & indep5d5t may  bruise _! 
%9s on ! doors 9 va94 ,m5 ( no ability  
are  promot$1 ev5 to pe]ages & !        
,cab9et1 because _! fa!rs  contribut$   
mu* to ! p>ty's purse or pre/ige1 & !y  
!mselves w at lea/ be loyal4 ,m5 :o     
raise critical voices 9  ! ,h\se are    
snubb$ & suppress$3 m5 :o criticise     

outside are  safely ignor$4 ,! able/ & !
 mo/ s9c]e m5 9 ! p>ty--m5  l ,sir      
,edw>d ,grey & ,mr4 ,lloyd              
,george--acquiesce 9 all ?is4    ,!     
electoral sy/em & ! proc$ure ( ! ,h\se (
 ,commons are  design$ to protect ?is   
mon/r\s s*eme4 ,! l>ge fee :i* is       
exact$ ( c&idates & ! v l>ge sums :i*   
weal?y m5 are  all[$ to sp5d on         
elections intimidate able & indep5d5t1 b
  impecuni\s1 m54 ,! election is spread 
ov] a week or two 9 ord]  to give weal?y
 m51 :o may be reli$ ^u to support !    
con/itutional p>ties1 an opportunity (  
vot+ 9 sev]al  con/itu5cies1 & 9 ord] t 
,m9i/]s may give m aid to _!  weak]     
support]s4 ,= ! poll+-day ,saturday is  
avoid$ z mu* z  possible1 because on t  
day a l>g] p]c5tage ( ! work]s w\ld     
vote1 & !y are apt to vote aga9/ !      
con/itutional p>ties4  ,c>s & c>riages  
are p]mitt$ because ! c&idates ( !      
work]s  w easily be surpass$ 9 ?is      
well-kn[n advantage by c&idates (  !    
great p>ties4 ,m9orities are hopelessly 

exclud$ f  repres5tation1 su* z !y w\ld 
h "u a sy/em ( proportional             
repres5tation1 because !y w\ld s5d to ! 
,h\se a numb] (  indep5d5t ,memb]s :o   
w\ld di/urb all ! calculations ( ! ,:ip 
& all ! tricks ( p>ty-gov]nm5t4 ,"u a   
sy/em ( proportional  repres5tation x   
w\ld be q easy = "s scores ( able &     
e>ne/ m5 to secure election at v small  
co/1 by m]ely  circulat+ decl>ations (  
_! views2 b ?is1 or a grave increase  ( 
! ,lab\r ,memb]s1 w\ld wreck !          
p>ty-sy/em1 & !re=e !  mo/ democratic ( 
our or?odox politicians ma9ta9 all !    
abuses  & inju/ices ( our sy/em4    ,!  
division ( con/itu5cies is fur!r design$
 to protect ?is  iniquit\s & corrupt    
s*eme4 ,univ]sities1 ! ,city ( ,london1 
&  bor\ghs l ,durham1 ,bury ,/4         
,edmunds1 & ,montgom]y--ea* ( :i*  has a
 population ( less ?an #ag1jjj s\ls--h  
an equal "r to "o  unit ( repres5tation 
9 ,p>liam5t ) ,w&swor?1 ! ,rom=d        
division ( ,essex1 or ! ,h>r[ division (
 ,middlesex1 ea* ( :i*  has m ?an a     

qu>t] ( a million inhabitants4          
,eighty-?ree  con/itu5cies1 mo/ ( !m    
hav+ a l>ge proportion ( ! m  intellig5t
 work]s1 h a population ( m ?an #ajj1jjj
 ea*3  =ty-f\r con/itu5cies h a         
population ( less ?an #dj1jjj ea*4  ,9  
o!r words1 half ! p ( ,engl& & ,wales   
elect #afg ,memb]s  ( ,p>liam5t3 ! o!r1 
& notori\sly less intellig5t half1 elect
  #cbc ,memb]s ( ,p>liam5t4    ,f       
,glad/one d[nw>ds ev5 our mo/ democratic
 /atesm5 h  acquiesc$ 9 ^! enormities ( 
our electoral sy/em2 & !y h  meantime   
exp5d$ mu* eloqu5ce on ! inju/ice ( !   
,prussian  sy/em1 & h express$ ard5t    
hopes = ! emancipation ( !  p ( ,italy1 
or ,bulg>ia1 or ,p]sia1 or "s o!r remote
 l&4  ,yet ^! features ( our electoral  
s*eme are reta9$ solely 9  ord] to      
protect ! p>ty-sy/em3 to keep 9 ! h&s ( 
a gr\p1  :i* is l>gely h]$it>y & is at  
all ev5ts a small & jeal\s  ca/e1 all ! 
pre/ige & emolum5ts ( ! high] positions4
 ,ev5  ! grave p]il ( a national        
cata/rophe1 ow+ to ?is re/riction  ( p[]

 & responsibility to a gr\p ( mod]ate   
tal5t1 does n  %ake _! tradition4 ,we   
%all1 :5 ?is w> is ov]1 see !m  resi/   
re=m z en]getically z ev]4    ,)9 !     
,h\se ( ,commons itself a mass ( old    
rules & cu/oms are  ma9ta9$ = ! same    
purpose4 ,! h\rs ( "w are /ill arrang$  
on ! old supposition1 t a ,memb] (      
,p>liam5t is a man :o1 )  great         
self-sacrifice1 devotes a l>ge "p ( 8 "t
 gratuit\sly to  ! s]vice ( 8 c\ntry4 ,!
 mo/ important "w 9 ! nation's  economy 
is relegat$ to ! h\rs :5 e heal?y man is
 dispos$  to re/ & recreate himself3    
inde$1 ! m important ! issue at  /ake1 !
 m c]ta9 x is to be discuss$ dur+ ! wor/
 work+  h\rs out ( ! tw5ty-f\r4 ,"o has 
only to glance at our  legislators on _!
 b5*es aft] d9n] to realise !           
significance  ( x4 ,! majority ( !m are 
pla9ly reconcil$ to ! !ory t  ! heads ( 
! p>ty h done ! necess>y "w dur+ ! day3 
_! bus9ess is to keep suffici5tly awake 
to vote correctly4    ,! arrangem5t (   
bus9ess is n less iniquit\s4 ,! ,m9i/ry 

decides t c]ta9 measures ( re=m are     
ne$$1 ei!r 9 !  int]e/ ( ! p or 9 _! own
 int]e/1 &1 s9ce !y h  an assur$        
majority ( ,ayes1 ! l5g?y debate is     
almo/  sup]flu\s4 ,! pass+ ( ! measure  
has be5 secur$ 9 advance1  or x w\ld n  
be put =w>d4 ,! r>e ev5t (              
miscalculation1 &  ! /ill r>] ev5t (    
indep5d5t action1 ne$ n be reg>d$4 ,no  
,memb] is1 ev5 9 ^! cases1 influ5c$ by !
 long & tir+  spee*es :i* are made ab\t 
! matt]4 ,at "o "t ! debates _h  a c]ta9
 elocution>y elegance1 at lea/2 n[ !y   
repres5t an  unattractive %am-fight1 &  
abuse is be+ increas+ly sub/itut$  =    
rhetoric4 ,! mo/ paltry trick]y is      
employ$ on bo? sides1  because e man is 
aw>e t 8 spee* is really address$ to 8  
foll[]s outside ! ,h\se1 & he mu/1 9 !  
,h\se1 rely on  q o!r devices ?an       
eloqu5ce4 ,yet all ?is pseudo-gravity is
  light5$ occasionally by sitt+s 9 :i*  
"s measure ( !  greate/ importance1 b n 
introduc$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 is treat$  z  
flippantly z x w\ld be 9 a humor\s      

debate dur+ a long  sea-voyage4    ,if a
 man is in/ruct$ by 8 con/itu5ts to     
repres5t 9 ! ,h\se  "s special ne$ (    
!irs1 or "s public re=m :i* has millions
  to support x1 he f9ds t ! rules ( !   
,h\se1 or !  rules ( ! olig>*y1 w n all[
 him to introduce x4 ,a v  small        
fraction ( ! "t ( ! ,h\se is grant$ = ! 
discussion  ( su* proposals2 b ! debate 
is f>cical1 & is (t5 look$  =w>d to 9   
advance z su*1 because ev]ybody kn[s :at
 w be  ! issue1 ev5 if a majority ( !   
,h\se really fav\rs !  proposal4        
,measures ( grave social importance1 l  
wom5-suffrage1  h be5 arbitr>ily cru%$  
by ! olig>*s = ?irty ye>s1--z  e>ly z   
#ahhf wom5-suffrage _h #cdc support]s on
 ! b5*es1--&  ?is tyranny & inju/ice ( a
 few m9i/]s h l$ to ! mo/  viol5t &     
bitt] recrim9ation4    ,?is is !        
political ma*9]y to :i* we entru/ ! mo/ 
d$icate  & mom5t\s issues ( our national
 life1 & to :i* we h to  look = !       
realisation ( our mo/ treasur$ hopes (  
re=m4 ,!  imp>tial critic w n "q t !re  

are m5 9 ! political  _w z eag] = re=m z
 he1 or t dur+ ! la/ half-c5tury  "s    
excell5t social legislation has be5     
pass$4 ,^! measures are1  h[ev]1 due 9  
great "p to a /udi$ endeav\r to reta9 or
 ga9  support 9 ! c\ntry1--! ,insurance 
,act1 = in/ance1--& _m (  !m--relat+ to 
! sale ( cig>ettes1 to ! admission (    
*ildr5  into public-h\ses1 to ! flogg+ (
 procur]s--are small  s5tim5tal re=ms   
:i* occupy "t t c\ld be bett] employ$4  
,we ?9k t we op5 a new epo* (           
civilisation :5 we give a v  small      
p5sion to a v ag$ work]1 b ! problem ( !
 roots (  pov]ty or ! abolition ( w>f>e 
does n ent] ! p>ty-programme4  ,our     
bi%ops en?use ov] _! success 9 induc+ a 
complaisant ,home  ,secret>y to lay !   
la% on ! backs ( a sordid little gr\p ( 
crim9als1 & ev5 (f] to roll up _! own   
lawn sleeves = !  job2 b !y are         
indiff]5t1 or ho/ile1 :5 o!r p w\ld     
induce our ,m9i/]s to am5d ^?           
brutalities ( our m>riage-laws  :i* t5d 
to fo/] pro/itution4    ,?is political  

ma*9e mu/ be radically & compreh5sively 
re=m$  be=e x c be a fit in/rum5t = !   
re=m ( ! nation4 ,all  ! pyrote*nic     
di/ractions & gross irregul>ities ( an  
election  mu/ be suppress$3 all plural  
vot+ mu/ be aboli%$3 ! com$y (  c>s =   
feeble vot]s mu/ be =bidd53 all indirect
 brib]y1 ei!r  ( vot]s or c&idates1 mu/ 
be rigor\sly puni%$4 ,c&idates mu/  put 
a simple & sob] /atem5t ( _! views &    
proposals be=e  ! electorate1 & no fur!r
 exp5se %\ld be p]mitt$4 ,"s  sy/em (   
proportional repres5tation & second>y   
elections %\ld  ensure t l>ge m9orities 
w\ld n be entirely )\t  repres5tation4  
,! election %\ld be conf9$ to "o day1   
pref]ably  a ,sunday1 & /ripp$ ( all    
melodramatic nons5se & occasion =       
corruption4    ,! p>ty-sy/em w1 no d\bt1
 long survive 9 ,engli% political  life4
 ,)9 tw5ty ye>s or s ! ^w ,cons]vative  
w1 z  9 o!r c\ntries1 pass out ( use1 & 
! ,cons]vative elem5ts  w unite "u !    
bann] ( ,lib]alism1 9 opposition to     
,lab\r4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 ! dread ( ?is   

issue :i* at  pres5t unites !           
con/itutional p>ties 9 oppos+ re=m4 ,"o 
c1  by /udy+ advanc+ c\ntries1 ev5 =esee
 a next phase4 ,!  ,cons]vative elem5ts 
w unite 9 a ,lab\r p>ty aga9/ !         
,sociali/s2 & 9 ! dim future we may1 l  
,anatole ,france1 =esee  a ,sociali/    
commonweal? e/abli%$ & an ,an>*i/ p>ty  
furi\sly  assail+ x4    ,b1 ?\gh !      
p>ty-sy/em be reta9$ 7v mu* modifi$ by  
proportional repres5tation71 ?is disgu/+
 sale ( hon\rs &  (fices1 ?is olig>*ic  
tyranny ov] ! ,h\se & !  con/itu5cies1 w
 n survive4 ,re=m ( ! electoral proc$ure
  w enable a l>ge gr\p ( indep5d5t      
m5--indep5d5t ( ! l>ge  p>ties--to ent] 
,p>liam5t1 & ! removal ( ! ,iri% & o!r  
,memb]s1 :o conc5trate on a s+le issue &
 are will+ to traffic  on o!r issues1 w 
r$uce ! old majorities4 ,i d n d\bt t   
fre% complications w arise4 ,! weakness 
( proportional  repres5tation is t x w  
c]ta9ly lead to a numb] ( sect>ian      
gr\ps4 ,we ,ca?olics w1 ( c\rse1 return 
,ca?olic ,memb]s1  ready to sell _!     

votes on v>i\s issues 9 ! int]e/ ( !    
sect2 & ! ,bapti/s & ,me?odi/s1 & s on1 
w be tempt$ to  retort4 ,we %all h a    
teetotal gr\p1 & a ,puritan gr\p1 & an  
anti-wallpap] gr\p1 etc4 ,we mu/ hope t 
! /]n] education (  ! electorate w      
secure t ^! trivialities d n endang]    
grave national int]e/s4 ,! dissolution (
 ! old ,cons]vative  p>ty w leave !     
,lib]al p>ty unable to def5d its abuses2
 x  w h no opportunity ( collusion or   
retaliation4 ,s we may h  9 "t a        
political ma*9e--a body ( m51 appo9t+ _!
 own  lead]s1 sob]ly *os5 by ea*        
#ajj1jjj ( ! population1 reg>d+         
,p>liam5t z a grave national c\ncil1 n a
 !atre = ! display1  ( wit &            
rhetoric--:i* w effectively c>ry out ! w
 ( an  advanc+ p & enli/ ! int]e/ ( !   
mo/ ?\ghtful4    ,i am 9 all ?is assum+ 
t sex-b>ri]s & privileges w be  entirely
 aboli%$1 b ,i pref] to discuss !       
position ( woman 9  its entirety 9 a    
lat] *apt]4 ,x mu/ be expla9$1 h[ev]1 t 
9 tak+ #ajj1jjj z a unit (              

repres5tation1 ,i am contemplat+ an     
electorate ( ?irte5 or f\rte5 million   
vot]s4 ,some?+ betwe5 a  hundr$ & two   
hundr$ ,memb]s ( ,p>liam5t are surely   
suffici5t1  & w\ld make a mu* m         
practical & al]t body ?an our pres5t    
/uffy1 sleepy1 & ov]cr[d$ ,h\se4    ,x  
seems v d\btful if a ,second ,*amb]1 9  
any =m1 is a real  social ne$4 ,a ,h\se 
( ,lords is1 ( c\rse1 an insuff]able    
anomaly & m$ieval survival4 ,x is amaz+ 
t ?is h]$it>y  transmission ( titles--& 
su* titles6--& weal? has s long  surviv$
 ! /++ raill]y t m5 l ,?ack]ay p\r$ on x
  long ago3 x is /ill m amaz+ :5 we     
measure ! intellig5ce  & public _s ( our
 lords4 ,ev5 if we we$ out ! less       
intellig5t1 or ^? ^: int]e/ 9 horses or 
actresses or  !ology is m conspicu\s ?an
 _! int]e/ 9 ! nation's  affairs1 x is  
prepo/]\s t su* a body %\ld reta9 ! lea/
  control ( a prop]ly elect$ ,h\se (    
,commons4 ,we may tru/ t  be=e _m       
decades all h]$it>y titles w be aboli%$1
 & ?is  w demoli% at once ! "n & ! m    

(f5sive "p ( !  "* ( ! ,second ,h\se4 ,!
 idea t because "o _h a  di/+ui%$ or    
=tunate or unscrupul\s ance/or1 or "o   
has l>ge  e/ates or an ,am]ican wife1 "o
 is fitt$ to control our legislators1   
is too ludicr\s = discussion4 ,x is     
sometimes plead$ t !y  h a l>ge /ake 9 !
 c\ntry4 ,"o may surely reply1 n  only t
 !y w\ld d well to h _! l>ge /ake m ably
  repres5t$1 b t pov]ty has an ev5      
great] & m press+  "r to repres5tation4 
,z to ! bi%ops1 x is /ill m difficult to
 discov] :y !y are  all[$ to control    
secul> legislation4 ,!y h be5 *os5 =    
c]ta9 doctr9al & adm9i/rative functions1
 p>tly because (  _! ability to dis*>ge 
^? functions1 p>tly because !y _h a     
conv5i5t income1 & p>tly because !y c\ld
 comm& political or  dome/ic influ5ce4  
,b ev5 ! m5 :o h e>n$ a mitre because   
!y 7 admirably fitt$ to we> x1 & c\ld   
hold toge!r a l>ge  gr\p ( cl]gy )      
conflict+ doctr9al ideas1 are n obvi\sly
  qualifi$ = ! "w ( legislation4 ,_!    
record 9 ! legislative  assembly is     

deplorable4 ,!y h = ages bless$ our     
milit>i/ &  bellicose traditions4 ,!y h1
 9 _! own int]e/1 resi/$  ne>ly e       
important social re=m until rec5t ye>s1 
& ev5 n[  !y display a ke5 social s5se  
only :5 !re is "q (  flogg+ a few score 
( p]v]ts1 or some?+ ( t k9d4 ,!y h  no  
place 9 a mod]n political sy/em1 & _!   
pres5ce 9 x is an  ana*roni/ic rem9d] ( 
! "t :5 !y monopolis$ education4        
,ano!r elem5t ( our ,second ,*amb]      
consi/s ( m5 :o h be5  promot$ f ! ,fir/
 ,*amb]1 g5]ally 9 ord] to wat* !       
int]e/ ( _! p>ty1 or made pe]s = public 
s]vice or s]vice  to ! p>ty4 ,! v>i\s   
creatures ( ! p>ty are "o ( ! abuses  we
 h to correct4 ,ev5 ! o!rs are (        
que/ionable value4 ,is ,"l  ,morley m   
judici\s1 or m alive to ! highe/ int]e/s
 ( !  nation & ! race1 ?an ! ,"r        
,hon\rable ,john ,morley 08 ,does  age  
give wisdom to ,"l ,glad/one1 or did x  
enhance t ( ,"l  ,rob]ts8 ,is x n a fact
 t n9e m5 out ( t5 adopt a sluggi%  &   
reluctant attitude 9 age1 & are unfitt$ 

to deal ) !  proposals ( middle-ag$ m58 
,!re is1 at all ev5ts1 occasion =  v    
c>eful discrim9ation1 :]eas our pres5t  
practice is to  rew>d1 indiscrim9ately1 
a suppos$ m]it or a s]vice r5d]$ to  !  
p>ty ) a seat 9 ! ,upp] ,h\se4    ,!    
?ird class ( pe]s calls = ! same        
obs]vation4 ,success 9  manufacture or  
f9ance or law1 or a will+ness to give   
l>ge sums to  ! p>ty-funds1 is n an     
obvi\s qualification = controll+        
legislation4 ,:ile ^! m5 are 9 ! prime (
 _! vig\r &  judgm5t ! nation disp5ses  
entirely ) _! s]vices4 ,we invite  _!   
co-op]ation 9 ! national bus9ess :5 !y  
are und]/ood  to be too old & inela/ic  
to att5d any long] to _! less  important
 comm]cial conc]ns4 ,x is1 9 fact1      
impossible to frame a  really impressive
 plea = a ,second ,*amb] ( any          
description4 ,i  v5ture to say t if an  
hi/orical inquiry 7 made into !  s]vices
 r5d]$ by ,second ,*amb]s s9ce ! beg9n+ 
( !  p>liam5t>y sy/em1 x w\ld be f\nd t 
!y h r5d]$ little  or no real s]vice1   

:ile !y h ob/ruct$ ! "w ( re=m 9  e l&4 
,_! record--! fir/ ?+ we ought to       
consult--condemns  !m emphatically4 ,if 
! ,memb]s ( a ,second ,*amb] are n      
elect$  by ! p1 !y inv>iably consult    
class-int]e/s3 if !y are  elect$1 !y1 z 
"o sees 9 ,au/ralia1 are sup]flu\s4     
,?is political sy/em is complet$ by !   
royal ass5t to ,bills &  ! royal p[] to 
*oose ,m9i/]s4 ,! =m] is n[ an idle =m3 
! latt] is an intol]able abuse4 ,if ! p 
are self-gov]n$1  ! lead+ ag5ts 9 !     
,gov]nm5t are ,m9i/]s ( ! p1 n  ( ! k+4 
,! ,memb]s ( ,p>liam5t ought to *oose ! 
,m9i/]s4  ,k+%ip is a m$ieval survival1 
& x is inconsi/5t ) a cle>  & practical 
conception ( ! nation's bus9ess to reta9
 ^!  ar*aic =ms & in/itutions4 ,! tr5d (
 political evolution is  visibly f      
k+doms to republics4 ,a mon>* 9 !       
tw5tie?  c5tury is z ana*roni/ic z a "l2
 an h]$it>y mon>* is  an outrage ( mod]n
 s5tim5ts4 ,once m1 we ne$ to te/ !     
in/itution by its hi/orical m]its or    
dem]its4    ,_m p seem to reg>d our     

,con/itution mu* z c]ta9 l[ly  tribes   
reg>d ! my/]i\s /one :i* has dropp$ f   
heav5  among/ !m4 ,"s ev5 ( our         
politicians display a k9d (  feti%i/ic  
t]ror if a measure is project$ t seems  
to !m to  infr+e or enl>ge our          
,con/itution4 ,!y br&i% _! spe>s  be=e !
 idol & talk ( %$d+ _! blood 9 its      
def5ce4 ,!y  are at times ,balliol      
,s*ol>s1 or some?+ ( t k9d1 yet  "o w\ld
 suppose t !y 7 q unaw>e h[ our         
,con/itution  arose1 & :at pla9 &       
indisputable "r we h to revise &        
improve x4 ,x is a sort ( anci5t mansion
 to :i* a mod]n own]  has add$          
billi>d-rooms & work%ops & a g>age4 ,b x
 has  assur$ly n ! /hetic *>m ( a       
m$ieval build+1 & ?is age  ( ours ne$s  
to reconsid]1 if n recon/ruct1 x4 ,x w  
be a f9e  day = ,engl& :5 we h a ,royal 
,commission sitt+ 9 judgm5t on  our     
,con/itution3 calmly discuss+1 among/   
o!r matt]s1 !  exp$i5cy ( ask+ ! ?rone  
to retire on half-pay1 & all its        
p>asites to retire on no pay4    ,i h   

already describ$ ! *anges :i* are likely
 to occur 9 t  l>ge political /ructure1 
! ,empire4 ,! v>i\s regions ( !  e>? :i*
 con/itute x cl+ toge!r on ! und]/&+ t  
we  are q ins9c]e :5 we talk ( !m z our 
possessions4 ,x  is a f$]ation ( free   
nations1 b\nd toge!r by ?9n+ ties (     
blood & by ! advantage ( a collective   
def5ce4 ,:5 ! milit>y  sy/em is ab&on$  
!re w m]ely be a some:at fad$ & amiable 
s5tim5t unit+ ! imp]ial fragm5ts to ea* 
o!r m closely  ?an to _! ne>] neighb\rs4
 ,"o may hope t !y w rema9  unit$1 = a  
l>ge empire is a good ?+1 if x has l>ge 
ideals3 x  is a univ]sity (             
civilisation4 ,b unless we purge our    
correspond5ce ( ar*aic =ms ! ,colonies  
may gr[ impati5t4  ,! ,colonial ( ! ?ird
 g5]ation1 & (t5 ( ! second1 has  v     
little respect = ,engl&4 ,c&id          
,au/ralians w\ld make "s (  our         
,imp]iali/s tremble ) conc]n4 ,our      
colonial gov]nors1  ( c\rse1 report t   
loyalty is undim9i%$1 because a few     
hundr$  families 9 ,melb\rne & ,sydney  

press ) undim9i%$ snobbi%ness  to _!    
g>d5-p>ties4 ,^! ornam5tal non5tities   
ought to be  )drawn4 ,p]fect s9c]ity 9  
our relations ) ! ,colonies w  d mo/ to 
ma9ta9 ! f$]ation4 ,! spl5did           
co-op]ation (  ,au/ralia & ,canada 9 !  
w> has %[n t we h little to fe>4        
,india & ,egypt =m a special problem1   
complicat$ by ! fact t1  9 _! condition 
( dep5d5ce1 !y are l>ge & nutriti\s     
fields  = ! employm5t ( our sons4 ,x    
w\ld1 h[ev]1 be fooli% to  ignore !     
great *ange t is tak+ place 9 !m4 ,h9dus
 tell me  t1 :5 ,"l ,morley became      
,secret>y ( ,/ate1 ! advanc$            
,nationali/s s5t him a private message  
to ! effect t !y w\ld  co-op]ate ) a    
humanit>ian l him2 & he snubb$ !m4 ,a v 
l>ge proportion ( !m are beyond ! /age (
 be+ impress$ by  durb>s1 & are impati5t
 t ! masses %\ld be kept 9 t  *ildlike  
/ate ( m9d4 ,we set up a fictiti\s      
,ori5tal  imag9ation1 & try to make !   
,ori5tals live d[n to x4 ,!  example (  
,*9a & ,japan ought to h de/roy$ our    

illusions ab\t  ! ,ea/4 ,! diff]5ce is  
"o ( culture1 :i* may at any  "t be     
*ang$4 ,we %all h to deal m frankly &   
g5]\sly  ) ,egypt & ,india1 or else     
cease to rail at ,prussian or ,russian  
despotism4    ,h[ev]1 ,imp]ialism is n a
 grave or press+ problem4 ,! ,empire  w 
run its de/9$ evolution>y c\rse4 ,= u ! 
grave matt] is  ! corruption :i* clogs  
our political ma*9e & ! p]v]se          
tradition :i* prev5ts ! multitude f see+
 x4 ,! aw>d+ (  hon\rs & lucrative      
positions %\ld be )drawn entirely f     
politicians1 because1 ev5 if we compell$
 !m to publi% acc\nts1  !y w\ld /ill add
 to _! res\rces or pre/ige by ?is       
invet]ate  traffic4 ,! k+ might at lea/ 
r5d] u ! s]vice ( purify+  ?is dep>tm5t 
( national life3 p]haps h a li/ prep>$  
by !  ,privy ,c\ncil & *eck$ by         
indep5d5t inquiry4 ,i rememb] h[ ,sir   
,leslie ,/eph5 told me t he %rank f be+ 
add$ to !  +lori\s li/ ( mayors :o _h   
ent]ta9$ pr9ces or coal-own]s  :o _h    
f9anc$ elections or built *apels4 ,?is  

w\ld cut "o ( !  *ief roots ( our pres5t
 political corruption1 b we ne$ to press
  = a ?or\gh education ( ! p4 ,x mu/    
realise t !  political ma*9e is         
dang]\sly clogg$ & sluggi%3 t its       
democratic "* is a %am3 & t its en]gy is
 wa/$ on  measures :i* are insignificant
 9 comp>ison ) ! mighty tasks  (        
education1 pacification1 & indu/rial    
organisation :i* x ought  to und]take4  
,,*apt] ,v4   ,,! ,,di/ribution ,,(     
,,weal?    ,,9 ! la/ s5t5ce ( ! la/     
*apt] ,i spoke ( education1             
pacification1 & indu/rial organisation z
 ! ?ree monum5tal  tasks ( a re=m$      
political sy/em4 ,if ! supreme object ( 
a  c5tral adm9i/ration--! soon] we cease
 to talk ( gov]nm5t  ! bett]--is to make
 a p heal?y1 prosp]\s1 & happy1  ^! are 
surely ! ?ree re=ms to :i* x w mo/      
resolutely  apply itself4 ,i h spok5 ( !
 v grave & press+  nature ( "o ( ^!     
re=ms3 ! ne$ to aboli% milit>ism &  w>4 
,lat] *apt]s w deal ) education1 9 ! v  
broad &  ri* mean+ :i* ,i assign to !   

^w4 ,"h ,i w\ld sket* !  problem :i*    
seems to me to weigh heavily on u 9     
connection )  ! di/ribution ( weal? & ! 
pres5t disorganisation (  indu/ry4    ,x
 is useful sometimes to imag9e ourselves
 9 ! ye> #cjjj or s  look+ back )       
critical eye on ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,"o   
pictures  ! future hi/orian--"s n>r[ly  
specialis$ exp]t on ! social  life ( !  
second decade ( ! tw5tie?               
c5tury--disc\rs+ on u4  ,a /range &     
int]e/+ p1 he w say4 ,!y boa/$ ( _!     
intellig5ce1 & !y really did display a  
cr$itable measure (  intellig5ce 9 _!   
rese>* & _! appli$ sci5ce4 ,!y  reg>d$  
!mselves z f> sup]ior 9 humane s5tim5t  
to ! ,middle  ,ages1 to :i* !y prop]ly  
belong1 & !y put =w>d _m  excell5t vague
 proposals ( social improvem5t4 ,yet x  
is n easy to  und]/& _! slav]y to anci5t
 prejudices1 sometimes ( a q  b>b>ic "*4
 ,a sup]ficial obs]v] w\ld say t !      
contradiction 0 due to _! unhappy       
practice ( leav+ !  majority ( !        
community at a l[ level ( culture1 s t !

  intellig5t m9ority 7 *eck$ by a       
sl[]-m9d$ majority4 ,b x  is a s+ul>    
fact t "s ( ! mo/ intellig5t m5 among ! 
m9ority1 su* z ,mr4 ,a4 ,balf\r & ,mr4  
,f4 ,e4 ,smi?1 held mu* !  same views z 
! agricultural work]s1 & made a k9d (   
religion1  :i* !y call$ ,cons]vatism1 ( 
?is ob/9ate ret5tion ( old  traditions4 
,!y seem1 ) all _! pride 9 _! culture1  
to h  mi/ak5 _! place 9 ! evolution ( ! 
race4 ,no p is  entitl$ to be call$     
civilis$ :i* complac5tly tol]ates w>1   
squalid & widespread pov]ty1 d5se areas 
( ignorance1 political  corruption1 & ! 
_m o!r remnants ( b>b>ism :i* !y        
tol]at$4 ,! tw5tie? c5tury 0 ! la/ h\r (
 b>b>ism1 lit  by a few rays ( !        
civilisation :i* dawn$ 9 ! tw5ty-fir/   
c5tury4    ,if ! infliction ( pa9 &     
mis]y is1 z ,i believe1 ! wor/ =m  (    
crime1 ?is ret5tion ( w> & pov]ty is !  
grave/ ( our  social transgressions4 ,b 
! guilt ( our g5]ation 9 reg>d to  ^!   
two crimes is v unequal4 ,! way to      
aboli% w> is cle>1 b  ! rem$y ( ?is o!r 

op5 sore ( our social organism1 a pov]ty
  :i* /unts & embitt]s ! lives (        
millions 9 e l>ge  civilisation1 is n at
 all cle>4 ,! pla9 man :o1 oppress$ by !
  spectacle ( ?is desolat+1 un*ang+     
pov]ty1 seeks a rem$y 9  social         
lit]ature1 is at once beset by a doz5   
rival !ori/s4 ,!  ,sociali/1 ! ,an>*i/1 
! ,eug5i/1 ! ,mal?usian1 !  ,s+le-,tax]1
 & o!r au/]e ?9k]s press on him _!      
contradictory =mulae & _! mutual abuse2 
^! 9 turn are  assail$ contemptu\sly by 
m5 :o are n less acqua9t$ )  economic   
matt]s2 & ! old] political p>ties       
obs]ve1 ) a  sigh1 t pov]ty seems to be 
an inh]5t evil ( e indu/rial  ord]1 & we
 c d no m ?an mitigate its h>d%ips4 ,to 
?is la/  position ! pla9 man usually    
comes4    ,let u grant at once t ! old] 
political p>ties h done mu*  t[>d !     
alleviation ( pov]ty4 ,no "o :o is      
acqua9t$ ) !  condition ( ! work]s a    
hundr$ ye>s ago c hesitate to admit     
?is4 ,impati5ce is too r>e a virtue1 x  
is true1 b ?is does n  disp5se u f      

cultivat+ wisdom4 ,a great deal has be5 
won1 &  g5]ally won by ! middle class1 =
 ! oppress$ work]s4 ,betwe5  #ahcj &    
#ahhj1 at lea/1 ?\s&s ( middle-class m5 
7 work+ 9  ,europe = ! advance &        
enlight5m5t ( ! work]s4 ,! old  doctr9e 
( laissez-faire has be5 =c$ to          
compromise )  dec5cy4 ,we h entirely    
aboli%$ ! horrible exploitation ( *eap  
*ild-lab\r :i* 0 common e>ly 9 ! n9ete5?
 c5tury4 ,our  ,francis ,places & ,rob]t
 ,ow5s h won = ! work] ! "r to  =m      
,trade ,unions1 & o!rs ! free education 
( 8 *ildr54 ,we  no long] p]mit !       
employ] to fix ! conditions & h\rs (    
lab\r z he wills4 ,! cotton-work] (     
,man*e/]1 lab\r+ twelve  or f\rte5 h\rs 
a day1 & liv+ 9 a squalid cell>1 "o     
hundr$  ye>s ago1 w\ld be amaz$ if he   
c\ld visit ! factories & homes  & places
 ( amusem5t ( 8 gr&*ildr54 ,ev5 ! poor] 
work]s  are no long] left to ,god & !   
cl]gy2 :ile ! bulk ( !  work]s h numb]s 
( *eap luxuries :i* w\ld h seem$ an     
apocalyptic dream to ! work] (          

,napoleon's day4    ,b let u n imag9e t 
we h got our axe into ! roots (  pov]ty 
& are 9 a fair way to aboli% x4 ,?is is 
"o ( ! mo/  dang]\s fallacies ( our age2
 & aga9/ t com=table assurance  ,i1 kn[+
 well all t has be5 done1 plead t n "o (
 our  re=ms makes = ! abolition or !    
mat]ial re/riction (  pov]ty4 ,we p5sion
 ! v ag$ work] & ! /ill m ag$  wid[3 on 
! paup] scale4 ,we build sub/antial1 if 
r *e]less1  homes = ! de/itute1 & we put
 w>m1 if ignom9i\s1 clo?+ on  ! back ( !
 orphan4 ,we appo9t m9imum wages1 &     
p]mit maximum  prices4 ,we h lab\r      
bureaux1 & di/rict visitors1 & a        
,salvation  ,army1 & a ,*ur* ,army4 ,all
 ( :i* means t we give a dr9k to  !     
crucifi$2 x might be well to /udy if we 
c cease to crucify4    ,! pla9 man or   
woman :o e>ne/ly wi%es to help 9 !      
improvem5t  ( life w inquire fir/1 & mo/
 resolutely1 :at ! actual range  & dep? 
( pov]ty are2 w /udy1 secondly1 h[ f>   
our measures  ( re=m af=d u any hope (  
curtail+ x2 & w1 9 ! ?ird  place1 ask   

:e!r !re is any o!r way ( action :i*    
does (f]  "s hope ( re/rict+1 if n      
remov+1 ! evil4    ,9 ! m9d ( _m p      
pov]ty means t some:]e 9 ! d>k]  dep?s (
 our cities1 happily remote f ! %opp+   
c5tres1 !re  are a numb] ( p :o1 f lack 
( skill or excess ( dr9k1  _c f9d regul>
 employm5t1 & mu/ live4 444 ,"o does n  
"k  exactly h[ !y live1 b c]ta9ly on    
unpleasantly %ort & dry  rations4 ,9    
e>li] times "o dropp$ a half-sov]eign   
into !  poor-box at *ur* = ^! creatures1
 if !y w\ld come to *ur*  & le>n        
resignation4 ,to-day "o subscribes to ! 
,*>ity  ,organisation ,society or !     
,salvation ,army1 or jo9s "o ( ! _m     
ent]pris+ associations :i* are go+ to   
make ! poor ri*]  )\t mak+ ! ri* poor]4 
,we h a social consci5ce4 ,we  believe 9
 laissez-faire1 b1 be+ humane1 we w n   
pu% x to  extremes4 ,at ! same "t1 be+  
s5sible m51 we are n go+ to  pu%        
humanit>ianism to extremes4 ,!          
phrase-mak] is ! great  b5efactor4    ,=
 a fir/ acqua9tance ) pov]ty ,i w\ld    

recomm5d a man to sp5d  a few h\rs1 "s  
,saturday ev5+1 among ^? m>kets ( ! poor
  :i* /ill l9e _m ( our m d+y           
?or\ghf>es4 ,z ! night  draws on1 & !   
oil-lamps beg9 to fl>e & splutt] ov] !  
/alls1 ! grim c\rts & n>r[ /reets ( !   
di/rict dis*>ge  _! grey /reams ( life  
^u ! m>ket4 ,!re is pl5ty (  laught]1 y 
obs]ve2 !re are pl5ty ( r\nd-fac$       
matrons1 )  clean1 hone/ eyes &         
com=table dress4 ,we a9't got mu*       
money1 b we d live1 ,i he>d "o ( !m     
rem>k1 9 an int]val  betwe5 bur/s (     
raill]y4 ,! wives ( regul>ly employ$1 & 
(t5  n ill-paid1 work]s are !re1 z well 
z poor] folk4 ,b /udy  "s ( ! quiet]    
figures :i* move sl[ly among ! ?rong or 
l+] envi\sly be=e ! *eap %ops4 ,notice !
 puny1 %rivell$  infants1 ) qua9t />+   
eyes1 :i*1 at ! door ( !  public-h\se1  
lie lightly 9 ! arms ( wom5 ^: faces are
 bloat$  ) dr9k & co>se food3 ! lean &  
ragg$ boys & girls1 )  holl[ &          
prematurely %>p5$ eyes1 :o hang ab\t !  
fruit-/alls1 ready to d>t ^u ! rott5    

ca/aways1 or fo/]1 9  d>k] spots1 !     
premature sex-developm5t :i* w dra9 _!  
scanty /r5g?3 ! woman :o1 ) drawn face1 
waits ne> ! ,r$  ,lion to see h[ _m     
%ill+s h] sodd5 brute ( a husb& w at    
l5g? h& h] = a week's %opp+3 ! we>y old 
c\ple :o h  se5 bett] days1 & n[ pass 9 
sil5ce ?r\gh ! babel (  vulg>ity3 !     
hagg>d-fac$ wid[ 9 m\ldy black :o hides 
h]  paltry ,sunday d9n] 9 a worn bag3 ! 
eag] eyes ( ! poor]  hawk]s1 :i* light  
up pa!tically :5 a p5ny comes _! way3 ! 
m5 ^: faces *ange at a drunk5 jibe into 
su* faces z we h  se5 beh9d ! b>s ( a   
cage 9 a zoological g>d51 & ! cr[d  (   
m51 wom51 & *ildr5 ru%+ to enjoy !      
gratuit\s spectacle  ( a fight3 ! *eap1 
middle-ag$ pro/itute1 ^: features are a 
c>icature ( ! features ( woman4    ,y   
may see ^! ?+s 9 all p>ts (             
,london--nor?1 s\?1 ea/1  & we/--e      
,saturday ev5+1 & _m o!r ev5+s1 all !   
ye> r\nd4 ,y may see !m 9 all ! o!r l>ge
 t[ns & cities  ( ,brita91 & ! cities ( 
,france & ,g]many & ! ,unit$ ,/ates  &  

all o!r great civilisations4 ,i h /udi$ 
!m on  ,saturday nights 9 half ! cities 
( ,brita93 9 ,am/]dam &  ,brussels &    
,cologne1 9 ,p>is & ,nice1 9 ,v5ice &   
,rome &  ,naples1 9 ,new ,york &        
,*icago3 & 9 ! light ( our hi/orical    
rese>* "o sees _! ance/ors 9 all ! great
 cities ( all !  great civilisations t  
ev] 74 ,z x 0 9 ! beg9n+ 444 ,b  t ref]s
 to ! glory ( ,god4    ,foll[ to _!     
homes ^! m pa!tic figures ( a ,london   
cr[d4  ,y ne$ n d s lit]ally1 = m       
obs]vant & sympa!tic  visitors h be5 !re
 be=e y1 & !y told ,london long ago1 z  
f> z ,london 0 will+ to he>1 h[ !       
majority ( its citiz5s  live4 ,mr4      
,boo?'s book1 ,life & ,lab\r 9 ,london1 
_h bett] be  suppress$ :5 its "w is     
done1 le/ ! m5 & wom5 ( a m  humane age 
le>n too mu* ab\t u2 also ,mr4          
,r[ntree's book1 :i*  %[s ?is same fetid
 pov]ty ly+ at ! feet ( a sup]b m9/]1  !
 symbol ( ages ( ecclesia/ical weal? &  
p[]2 & _m o!r  books4 ,let me summ>ise !
 relevant record ( ! natural hi/ory (   

,london4    ,we may beg9 ) ! l[e/ dep?1 
) life z x is liv$ 9 "s  ( ! /reets :i* 
/ill l+] ab\t ,cov5t ,g>d51 & 9 ea/ &   
we/ & s\?4 ,we are beg9n+ to see ! grim 
hum\r ( tol]at+  ! exi/5ce ( ^! hotb$s (
 corruption "u ! v %ad[ (  our m>ble    
palaces ( ju/ice & our m>ble hotels =   
millionaires1  & we are de/roy+ !m2 b ! 
life rema9s /ill 9 suffici5t  quantity  
to fill a l>ge t[n4 ,9 t5em5ts ( ?is    
ord] fifte5  rooms out ( tw5ty are      
indescribably fil?y4 ,legions ( bugs    
lurk by  day beh9d ! fad$ rags ( anci5t 
wallpap] or 9 ! crevices (  ! unwa%$    
floor1 or ev5 v5ture =? z securely z if 
!y 7  consci\s ( free citiz5%ip 9 ^!    
places4 ,! w9d[s are a  r\gh mosaic (   
dirty glass & r\ghly pla/]$ pap]4 ,!    
ceil+  is pale black1 ! floor fil?y4 ,a 
table1 "o or two dilapidat$  *airs1 a   
k9d ( b$--! l&lord w\ld1 9 mo/ cases1 n 
raise two %ill+s on ! lot--& an entire  
family ( ragg$1  v]m9-eat5 human be+s   
fill ?is f\l box1 :i* is (t5 only  eight
 or t5 feet squ>e4    ,^! p are ?ieves1 

*eap pro/itutes1 hawk]s1 port]s1        
*>wom51 fl[]-sell]s1 ragm5--! mo/       
pitiful ( ! irregul>s  :i* we suff]1 age
 aft] age1 to live & bre$ & die beyond !
  extreme fr+e ( our indu/rial army4    
,sometimes !y h ne>ly z  mu* food to eat
 z a workh\se-idl]3 g5]ally n4 ,dr9k--! 
vile  mixtures ( ! *eap] public-h\se--!y
 h m con/antly2 &  _! *ildr5 are n 9 _! 
te5s be=e !y are famili> )  all ! vice &
 crime & brutality :i* sev5 out ( t5 (  
^!  rooms bre$ z naturally z !y bre$    
lice or bugs4 ,9 w9t] !  doors & w9d[s  
are seal$1 & m51 wom51 & *ildr5 huddle  
toge!r or1 at times1 cr\* ov] a few     
light$ /icks4 ,& ye> by  ye>1 c5tury by 
c5tury1 babies are u%]$ into ?is        
und]world 9  edify+ abundance1 to live  
its gha/ly life until ! yell[ frame  &  
dull bra9 are worn out4    ,%ock+1 y w  
say1 b happily r>e4 ,d y "k t1 accord+  
to ! be/ au?orities1 #ej1jjj m51 wom51 &
 *ildr5 9 ,london  alone live 9 ?is     
atmosph]e ( squalor & brutality & *ronic
  hung]8    ,let u pass to ! next high] 

circle ( ! mod]n ,inf]no--!  category ( 
casual or v badly paid lab\r & *ronic   
pov]ty1 !  mak]s ( y\r *eap furniture & 
clo!s & bru%es1 y\r  mat*-boxes &       
*ocolate-boxes1 ! hawk]s & co/]s &      
regul>  port]s & dock]s4 ,n[ !re are    
g5]ally two rooms to ea* family1  b !   
v]m9 /ill ?rive 9 m ?an half ( !m1 & !  
rooms  are fil?y1 & ! *ildr5 brea! an   
air t is f\l ) dr9k  & curs+ & ! mo/ op5
 & gross sexuality3 n n[ 9 fifte5  cases
 out ( tw5ty1 x is true1 b 9 t5 cases   
out ( tw5ty4 ,food  is habitually       
insuffici5t1 = lab\r is unc]ta91 & pr(it
 is  inf9itesimal2 &1 z a man mu/ dr9k1 
!re are con/ant  di/urbances to break ! 
monotony & help "o to =get !  cu/om>y   
hung]4 ,y may h at times notic$ !       
deject$ hawk]  return+1 on a wet summ]'s
 day1 ) 8 tomatoes unsold3 or !  *ildr5 
eag] to collect fragm5ts ( ! lids (     
orange-boxes 9 !  w9t]4 ,c\ntess        
,russell told me t %e once visit$1      
unexpect$ly1  a gr\p ( homes ( ?is      
class1 )9 a few m9utes' walk ( ,gordon  

,squ>e1 9 ! dep? ( w9t]4 ,h>dly any _h !
 mat]ial = a  fire1 & few _h food 9 !   
h\se4 ,s !y live1 ye> 91 ye> out2  & all
 t we propose to d is to give !m five   
%ill+s a week  ea* if !y w su/a9 ! burd5
 hone/ly = six decades1 or  h\se & fe$  
!m 9 jail if !y d n succe$ 9 curb+ _!   
crim9al impulses4    ,once1 9 ! ,we/m9/]
 ,c\rt1 ,i saw a "y & humane judge h&   
c]ta9 tickets to ! jury1 :5 !y _h       
e/abli%$ ! guilt (  two petty crim9als (
 ?is class4 ,^!1 g5tlem51 he said1  are 
p]mits to inspect ! jail2 g "s day & see
 ! place to  :i* y s5d crim9als4 ,a v   
wise & b5evol5t innovation1  b we /ill  
await ! judge :o w s5d ! jury to inspect
 !  homes 9 :i* ^! m5 conceive crime4   
,ab\t #djj1jjj citiz5s ( ! greate/ city 
9 ! _w belong to  ?is class4 ,if        
#djj1jjj d n con/itute a suffici5tly    
important  problem1 let u see ! homes ( 
! next category4 ,^! are !  irregul>ly  
employ$ & badly paid1 ?\gh n ! wor/     
paid1  work]s3 co/]s1 lab\r]s1 dock]s1  
etc4 ,!re are ab\t a million  ( !m 9    

,london alone4 ,!y "k q well :at hung]  
is3 =  weeks toge!r1 sometimes1 ! wage  
does n suffice to buy t  m9imum quantity
 ( nitrog5 & c>bon :i* m5 ( sci5ce h    
decl>$ to be necess>y1 & ! money is ill 
exp5d$4 ,!y "k  :at cold is1 = _m a h>d 
spell ( w9t] f9ds !m 9 want4 ,!y  h two 
or ?ree rooms to ea* family1 b1 z a     
rule1 n mu* (  t ,*ri/ian retic5ce on   
:i* our cl]gy congratulate u4    ,to !  
great majority ( ^! million & a half (  
,london's poor1  sexual pleasure is ! "o
 *eap luxury2 & we enc\rage !m to  bre$ 
indu/ri\sly4 ,my wife1 ) o!r ladies &   
g5tlem51  addresses !m on ! subject f ! 
tail ( a c>t 9 ,s\? ,london1  & tea*es !
 heavy-burd5$ mo!rs h[ to avoid hav+ s  
_m  *ildr52 & ! lead] ( ?is little gr\p 
0 s\rly &  m5ac+ly 7& q falsely7 told by
 a di/+ui%$ ,*ur*man1  sitt+ 9 a ,royal 
,commission1 t !y 7 break+ ! law ( !    
l&4 ,a fri5d ( m9e has be5 h\nd$ out ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates by  ! police = attempt+  
to give simil> in=mation to ! poor]     
mo!rs ( ,new ,york4    ,ev5 9 ?is ?ird &

 v l>ge category ( ,london homes !re is 
mu* fil?2 & ! w9d[s1 across :i* is drawn
 an odd clo? or a  ragg$ & dirty curta91
 ab\nd 9 brok5 panes4 ,!y h p]iods (    
comp>ative pl5ty1 :5 ! *ildr5 get boots 
& socks1 & _!  eld]s soak 9 be] & may   
ev5 v5ture to a c9ematograph %[1 if  !  
crude pictures on its g>i% faade promise
 a suffici5tly silly  or suffici5tly    
bloody programme4 ,all t ! police & !   
cl]gy  c>e ab\t is t n m ?an an in* or  
two ( und]clo?+ are  exhibit$ 9 ^!      
places4 ,!y h also p]iods ( want1 :5 !  
clo!s g to ! pawn%op1 & life runs on !  
exasp]at+1  brutalis+ l9es ( ! l[]      
class4 ,! daily r\nd ( life is  itself  
/upefy+4 ,at five or six !y are dragg$  
out ( an  insuffici5t sleep1 & !y dully 
take _! tea 7( a k9d7 &  bread & m>g>9e 
on a dirty table4 ,aft] t5 or twelve    
h\rs (  anxi\s que/ ( m9ute pr(its !y   
return home = a slightly bett]  meal--a 
kipp]1 p]haps1 or a few bits ( *eap     
meat--too tir$ 9  m9d & body to d m ?an 
smoke & dr9k4 ,!y h pl5ty (  fun1 ( a   

sort1 & take _! trag$ies lightly2 b !   
angels1 if  !re are any1 mu/ fold _! w+s
 ov] _! faces at ! aspect (  ^!         
fell[-immortals4 ,ev5 a politician might
 be expect$ to blu%  = ?is self-gov]n+  
democracy4 ,x is a squalid1 degrad+1    
/upefy+ life1 bel[ ! level (            
civilisation4    ,ne>ly "o-?ird ( !     
citiz5s ( ,london d n rise above ?is    
level4 ,! ?ree classes t ,i h describ$1 
or ! mass ( p  :o spread cont9u\sly ov] 
^! classes1 7 f\nd by ,mr4 ,boo? to     
numb] #a1cjj1jjj ( ! f\r & a half       
million inhabitants ( !  city4 ,! figure
 = ! ,great] ,london ( to-day is1 (     
c\rse1  imm5sely high]4 ,! subm]g$ t5?  
is a mo/ un=tunate  phrase4 ,x leads _m1
 :o "k little ( ^! matt]s1 to suppose  t
 only a t5? ( ! inhabitants ( ,london   
are v poor4 ,!  tru? is t a t5? live 9 a
 condition ( mis]y1 fil?1 &  degradation
 ( :i* ! ord9>y dec5t citiz5 c =m no    
conception4 ,!y are ! %irk]s1 !         
abnormal1 & ! wor/ casual  work]s4 ,b ! 
life ( ?is fur!r million--or ne>ly      

"o-f\r? (  ! total inhabitants ( !      
,metropolis--! irregul> or badly paid   
work]s1 is a grave & accus+ problem to e
 man ( dec5t  s5tim5t4 ,_! condition is 
n consi/5t ) civilisation4  ,c]ta9ly    
l>ge numb]s ( !m live clean & *e]ful    
lives1 b  ev5 9 ^! cases x is sc&al\s t 
sob] & will+ toil  %\ld receive wage    
en\gh only to secure cleanl9ess & !     
necess>ies ( life2 :ile a f> l>g] numb] 
s9k "u ! burd51  & are dirty1           
intemp]ate1 gross1 & improvid5t4        
,conceive ! ext5sion ( ?is class all ov]
 ,brita93 ! fur!r  va/ cont+5ts ( ?is   
army ( pov]ty 9 ! slums ( ,glasg[ &     
,liv]pool & ,man*e/]1 9 all our great   
manufactur+ & %ipp+  t[ns1 ev5 9 ! he>t 
( pretty rural ,engl&1 :]e ! wret*$     
wage & l[ /&>d & l>ge family /unt &     
degrade our  agricultural work]4 ,x is a
 v s]i\s error to imag9e t ?is  is m]ely
 an unhappy issue ( ! cr[d+ 9 our great 
cities4 ,9  picturesque & highly        
respectable ,york ,mr4 ,r[ntree f\nd t  
?irty  p] c5t4 ( ! citiz5s liv$ 9 v real

 pov]ty3 t t5 p]  c5t4 did n e>n money  
en\gh to buy a normal & suffici5t       
quantity ( pla9 food1 to say no?+ (     
luxuries4    ,?is is ! problem ( pov]ty4
 ,if y want x 9 figures1 a f\r? (  !    
inhabitants ( ,london1 :]e r5ts are     
appall+1 live on f  eighte5 to tw5ty-"o 
%ill+s weekly p] family1 & "s hundr$s  (
 ?\s&s live on less ?an ?is4 ,"o might )
 "s pr(it &  p]t95ce g on to inquire    
into ! life ( ! half ( !  population (  
,london :o are describ$ z com=table     
work]s4  ,:e!r ! little luxuries !y h   
are a fit rew>d = ! h>d  "w !y usually  
d1 :e!r !re c be any developm5t (       
di/9ctively human p[]s among !m1 :e!r we
 may *]i% a  feel+ ( entire security 9  
bas+ our political sy/em on t           
f\ndation1 are que/ions wor? putt+2 & "s
 day !y w put  !m to u4 ,b x is bett] = 
! mom5t to conf9e ourselves to  t       
pitiful f\r? ( ! community :i* lives 9  
degrad+ pov]ty  because x has only      
irregul> or wret*$ly paid employm5t4 ,is
 x an  exagg]ation to suspect t ?is va/ 

acreage ( pov]ty w make  ! future       
hi/orian hesitate to class u z civilis$8
    ,our social /ructure is ( ! nature (
 a pyramid4 ,at its apex1  glitt]+ 9 !  
sun1 call+ =? our pride & praise1 are   
culture  & weal? & p[]1 & all ! f9e ?+s 
!y br+ into  exi/5ce4 ,at its base are !
 support+ /ones1 cru%$ into !  soil by !
 t[]+ mass3 ! millions ( /unt$ or       
brutalis$  lives4 ,i "k bo? extremes (  
?is social ord]1 & ,i h felt1  hundr$s (
 times1 t if x is p]man5tly to reta9 ?is
 pyramidal  =m1 ! ref9$ lives & great   
a*ievem5ts ( ! few re/+ on  ?is broad   
base ( squalid & undevelop$ lives1      
civilisation is an  impossible dream4 ,i
 h felt t1 if m5 & wom5 realis$ ! full  
mean+ & range ( pov]ty1 !y w\ld susp5d !
 progress ( art  & sci5ce1 ( comm]ce &  
indu/ry1 = a hundr$ ye>s1 if ne$  71 9  
ord] to conc5trate ! be/ intellig5ce ( !
 race ^u  ! se>* = ! rem$y ( ?is va/    
disord]4 ,&1 if x be true1  z ,i ?9k1 t 
^! p1 once dead1 are dead = ev]1 & t  ! 
tradition ( a hundr$fold rew>d 9 heav5 =

 _! privations  on e>? is an illusion ) 
:i* pa/ors & ma/]s h reconcil$  !m to _!
 burd5s1 ,i w\ld1 if ,i c\ld1 s5d t     
assurance l a  trumpet-bla/ ?r\gh !     
slums ( ! _w & make ?is va/ army  ( !   
/rick5 summon u1 ! intellig5t m9ority1  
to a t>dy  judgm5t4    ,i d n1 z w appe>
 lat]1 advocate ! equal di/ribution (   
weal?4 ,i d assur$ly n plead t "o :o has
 weal? %\ld give  x to ! poor3 to see x 
ga!r aga91 p]haps1 9 less wor?y h&s4  ,i
 add ! contra/ ( weal? at ?is po9t only 
9 ord] to make q  s5sible ! d>kness ( ! 
life ( millions4 ,"o's fir/ task is  to 
e/abli%1 ) :at fa9t p[] ! p5 has1 !     
appall+  magnitude ( ! evil4 ,if any v  
l>ge numb] ( u did really grasp  ! human
 significance ( ^! facts & figures1 !   
indu/rial  problem w\ld n long be       
resign$1 z x is1 to bloodless economi/s 
& obscure propag&i/ bodies4    ,& !     
second aim ( ^? :o w\ld see ! _w bett]$ 
is1 z ,i  said1 to inquire into ! effect
 ( ! rem$ies we actually tru/ &  apply4 
,"h we ent] ! mi/i] region ( controv]sy1

 & ,i c b  set out ! gr\nds ( my s9c]e  
convictions4    ,( lab\r bureaux1 9 !   
fir/ place1 x w n be d\bt$ t  !y are an 
advantage to employ$ & employ]s4 ,!y are
 an advance  t[>d organisation4 ,!y br+ 
! work] m promptly to ! "w  t awaits    
him4 ,b !y1 obvi\sly1 d n add "o iota to
 !  insuffici5t "w1 = :i* myriads are   
/ruggl+3 !y d n add  "o p5ny to ! wage t
 is e>n$3 & !y are ( little or no       
s]vice to ! poore/ work]s1 :o *iefly    
conc]n u4    ,old age p5sions &         
insurance & free education are1         
simil>ly1  great advantages to ! work]s1
 9 :i* we may ju/ly take "s  pride1 b !y
 d n promise to aboli% or greatly dim9i%
 pov]ty4  ,! p5sion1 or ! insurance     
b5efit1 is necess>ily grant$ on !       
pov]ty scale1 & is 9 "s s5se a          
recognition ( x z "o ( !  p]man5t       
in/itutions ( life2 & ! elem5t>y        
in/ruction :i*  we give has rais$ !     
qualifications = "w1 z well z !         
equipm5t1 s t ! proportion ( unemploy$1 
or ill-employ$1 is  little *ang$4 ,nor  

w\ld x be entirely wrong to say t1 9    
reliev+ ! poor man ( ! direct *>ge (    
education &  insurance1 we h put !      
diff]5ce on 8 r5t4    ,( our poor-law   
sy/em1 t lam5table compromise ) a /upid 
old  tradition1 x is difficult to speak 
) pati5ce4 ,! able-bodi$  idl]s ( our   
workh\ses & our c\ntryside are a mock]y 
( !  work]s4 ,! tramp1 ! pr(essional    
idl] 9 se>* ( idl5ess1  ma9ta9$ 9 8     
repulsive ways by an undiscrim9at+ sy/em
 (  poorh\s+ & by a l>ge body ( *>itable
 wom51 is "o (  ! qua9te/ survivals ( an
 old] ord]4 ,8 fa!r idl$ ?r\gh  life    
be=e him1 & he 9 turn drags along ! road
 a mate &  *ildr5 :o w su/a9 ! ignoble  
tradition4 ,he ought to be  wa%$1 clo!d1
 & put on an indu/rial e/ate2 &1 if 8   
disease  prove incurable1 he ought to be
 an!tis$ out ( exi/5ce1 or at  lea/     
prev5t$ f reproduc+ 8 l4    ,!n !re are 
! emigration societies4 ,"o fe>s t 9    
l>ge "p  !y transport to ! colonies ei!r
 ! m5 :om ! colonies d n  want1 ! m5 :o 
w enl>ge ! slum-area ( colonial cities1 

or  ! m5 :om we ought n to sp>e4 ,at !  
be/1 emigration is a means  ( leav+ !   
problem ( pov]ty to our gr&*ildr51 :o w 
f9d  no m op5 spaces = ! dump+ ( our    
human surplus4 ,9 po9t (  fact1 h[ev]1  
ap>t f ! dispat* ( a small proportion ( 
specially prep>$ boys1 emigration is n  
affect+ our problem (  pov]ty4 ,!       
half-million v poor ( ,london1 ) !      
correspond+  hundr$s ( ?\s&s 9 our o!r  
cities1 d n make emigrants at  all2 & v 
few ( ! next & f> l>g] class are1 or    
c\ld be1  fit = agricultural            
deportation4    ,la/ly ( ^! devices :i* 
! less ?\ghtful are apt to reg>d z      
reliev+ pov]ty1 we h ! ,salvation ,army1
 :i* is q ! mo/  prepo/]\s social %am ( 
our age4 ,b its religi\s-social         
burlesque1 its pret5ti\s concealm5t (   
bad results & l\d  proclamation ( good  
results1 its refusal to pr9t a pla9     
balance-%eet f :i* a social /ud5t c     
measure ! def9ite  good done & ! co/ (  
x1 its und]cutt+ ( exi/+ "w1 &  s on1 h 
be5 suffici5tly expos$ to excuse u f    

dwell+ on  x4 ,x conta9s "s e>ne/ m5 &  
wom51 & has _h und\bt$  successes1 b !  
sy/em is too nebul\s1 g>rul\s1 & wa/eful
 to  m]it s]i\s att5tion4    ,let u turn
 to grav] matt]s4 ,! mass ( ! work]s1   
ap>t f !  m advanc$ bodies ( ,sociali/s 
& ,syndicali/s1 believe t !  solution ( 
! problem ( pov]ty w be f\nd 9 !        
developm5t (  ,trade ,unions & ( !      
political p[] ( ,lab\r4 ,by political   
p[]1  ) ! aid ( sympa!tic memb]s ( !    
middle-class1 !y h won  ! "r (          
comb9ation & a :ole code ( lab\r-laws2  
by an  increas$ political p[]1          
ultimately a political all-p[]1 !y w    
secure all ! legislation !y deem        
exp$i5t4    ,9 spite ( ! di/raction ( _m
 ( ! work]s by ,an>*i/s &  ,syndicali/s1
 :o despise political action1 & 9 spite 
( !  re/rictions ( ! fran*ise :i* are   
ma9ta9$ by ! old]  political p>ties1 x  
seems pla9 t at "s n v remote date  !   
work]s w control ! _w4 ,ev] s9ce ! door 
( !  political _w 0 op5$ to ,demos1     
eighty ye>s ago1 he 0 c]ta9  ev5tually  

to rea* ! ?rone1 no matt] h[ long he    
might be s$uc$  to t>ry by ! way4 ,^? :o
 ?9k o!rwise mu/ put _! tru/ 9  !       
p]man5t un9tellig5ce ( ! work]s4 ,!     
int]e/s ( ! mass  ( work]s are s f>     
id5tical t !y mu/ f9ally comb9e to      
promote !m4 ,we are pla9ly mov+1 all ov]
 ! _w1 9 ?is  direction4 ,9 ,au/ralasia1
 :]e ! virg9 soil p]mitt$ an            
exceptionally rapid gr[?1 we see ! f>!/ 
po9t yet rea*$1 &  )9 a decade or s     
,lab\r w h un%akable p[] all ov]        
,au/ralia1 at lea/4 ,cons]vatism has    
already disappe>$1 or  *ang$ its "n to  
,lib]alism4 ,9 ,g]many & ,france &      
,belgium we see ! same disposition ( !  
rival p>ties to unite 9  face ( advanc+ 
,demos4 ,9 ,engl& !re are signs t we    
%all at  no di/ant date see a simil>    
r$i/ribution ( political =ces1 &  x is  
anticipat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 all    
c\ntries ! political  en]gies are sl[ly 
ga!r+ ab\t two poles3 ,lib]al 7includ+ !
  old ,cons]vatives7 & ,lab\r4 ,ev5 9   
su* c\ntries z ,spa91  ,russia1 ,turkey1

 ,japan1 & ,*9a ! initial /ages ( !     
developm5t  may be detect$4 ,:5 ! work]s
 at la/ unite & secure an absolute      
majority-p[]1 !y w legislate on famili> 
l9es4 ,wages w  rise1 h\rs ( lab\r w be 
%ort5$1 & place w be f\nd =  l>g] numb]s
 ( work]s4    ,x is little use moralis+ 
on ?is *ange4 ,x is com+ on l !  tide4  
,!re w1 no d\bt1 be tempor>y abuses (   
p[]1 z !re  h always be51 b ! work]s w  
le>n ! vital ne$s ( an  indu/rial ord]1 
& !y w n />ve ! roots ( _! new          
prosp]ity4 ,let u assume t a /ate (     
equilibrium has be5  rea*$3 t ! work]s h
 p>am\nt political p[]1 & wages  are    
consid]ably increas$4 ,does ?is promise 
a solution ( !  problem ( pov]ty8    ,i 
am purposely leav+ out ( acc\nt !       
contempor>y gr[? ( r+s  & tru/s4        
,p>adoxical z x may seem to say s1 !y   
are n an  ess5tial elem5t ( ! problem4  
,! employ]s w 7z is happ5+7  =m unions 9
 face ( ! m5's unions1 & ! /ra9 laid on 
individual employ]s & small companies w 
fav\r ! gr[? (  tru/s4 ,9 s f> z ^! make

 = economy1 !y are cle>ly useful2  b no 
d\bt !y w be tempt$ to use _! monopoly  
to dictate  arbitr>y prices4 ,:51 h[ev]1
 ! work]s h a majority-p[]1  !y c ei!r  
slay ! tru/s or draw _! tee?4 ,on ! o!r 
h&1 a b5efic5t or lab\r-sav+ tru/ w n   
af=d any  advantage to ! less skilful   
work]s1 :o make up ! great army (  !    
poor1 & x w r$uce prices only by an     
unimportant fraction4  ,! *ief          
significance ( tru/s is t !y t5d to     
annihilate !  individuali/ employ]1 :o 0
 once consid]$ an indisp5sable          
in/itution1 & !y may ?us dispose ob/9ate
 admir]s ( ! old]  indu/rial ord] to    
welcome a radical *ange4 ,!y are m      
deadly to  ! middle-class ?an to !      
work+-class4    ,! really vital "q is   
:e!r ! rais+ ( wages &  r$uction ( h\rs1
 accompani$ by a l>ge am\nt ( second>y  
legislation to ! advantage ( ! work]1 w 
solve ! social  problem3 :i* is n !     
problem ( ! exi/5ce ( a few ?\s&        
pro/itutes1 b ! problem ( ! exi/5ce (1 9
 e c\ntry1  sev]al million p :o live 9  

privation & squalor1 & _c  develop human
 p]sonalities4 ,on ?is ,i (f] two or    
?ree  obs]vations4    ,does ! price (   
commodities rise 9 proportion to ! rise 
( wages8  ,if x does1 ! secur+ ( a      
nom9ally high] wage is cle>ly a         
delusion4 ,?is seems1 h[ev]1 to be our  
exp]i5ce4 ,9 ,engl&1  dur+ sixty or     
sev5ty ye>s ( trade-comb9ation1 wages h 
ris51  & h\rs & conditions ( lab\r h be5
 improv$1 to a rem>kable  ext5t1 9 spite
 ( op5 competition 9 an ov]cr[d$ m>ket4 
,b  prices & r5ts also h ris51 & x is n 
cle> t !re has  be5 a net advantage to !
 work]4 ,x is v difficult to answ] !  "q
 precisely1 because o!r factors 7su* z !
 application (  sci5ce7 h increas$ !    
productiv5ess ( lab\r & h  *eap5$ c]ta9 
commodities 7books1 clo!s1 pictures1    
tea1 etc474  ,! work]s h %>$ ^!         
advantages1 & are 9 a position ( f>     
great] com=t ?an !y 7 =m]ly4 ,b 9       
s]i\sly te/+ !  claim & promise ( !     
,trade ,unioni/ & ! ,lab\r politician we
  h to endeav\r to subtract ! improvem5t

 9 ! work]s'  condition :i* is due to ! 
application ( sci5ce1 & ( bett]  me?ods1
 to production & di/ribution4 ,:5 we    
make all[ance =  ?is1 x is c]ta9ly n    
cle> t ! rise ( wages %[s a m>g9  ov] ! 
increas$ price ( commodities3 t1 9 o!r  
words1 !  high] wage is a real          
advantage4    ,x is difficult to see h[ 
x c\ld be o!rwise4 ,:5 wages are  rais$1
 :o pays ! increm5t 9 ! co/ (           
production8 ,! employ]  or ! consum]8 ,x
 is a famili> exp]i5ce1 & an inh]5t     
necessity ( our indu/rial ord]1 t !     
consum] does2 & !  consum] is ! work]--!
 middle-class or weal?y consum] g5]ally 
gets ! diff]5ce 9 o!r ways4 ,x w\ld be  
bold to say t our  employ]s h paid ev5 a
 fraction ( ! increas$ wage out ( _!    
own pockets4 ,m usually !y put a fif? ( 
a p5ny on commodities  :5 ! work] has   
secur$ a six?4 ,competition alone       
re/ra9s !m1  & ?is is l>gely sup]s$$ by 
agreem5ts4 ,we h _h innum]able  in/ances
 ( ?is dur+ ! w>4 ,class aft] class (   
work]s claim$  a high] wage1 & prices   

rose high] & high] on acc\nt ( !        
increas$ co/ ( production4 ,if a ,lab\r 
,gov]nm5t 7 to  prev5t employ]s f       
increas+ ! co/ ( commodities & rais+    
r5ts 9 exact proportion to ! dem& =     
high] wages--71 9  o!r words1 to direct 
! employ]s to pay ! increase ( wage out 
( _! own pr(its--we %\ld soon see ! end 
( ?is indu/rial  ord]4 ,! ,/ate w\ld be 
compell$ to become ! employ]4    ,?is   
seems to be true ( practically all !    
legislation :i* a  political p[] (      
,lab\r c\ld secure4 ,comp5sation1       
p5nons1 &  insurance are typical        
in/ances4 ,! new dem& on ! employ]'s    
pr(its is met 9 "o ( two ways3 he )draws
 volunt>y  contributions to ^! or simil>
 purposes1 or he raises ! price (  8    
goods4 ,! l>g] consum] meets ! burd5 by 
rais+ 8 r5ts  or fees4 ,! unreflect+    
work] imag9es t ! c\ntry pays  = ^! ?+s2
 he =ms1 9 ?is respect1 a l>g]          
proportion (  ! c\ntry ?an he ?9ks4     
,! second & m important consid]ation is 
t ?is p[] to  dictate wages & pass      

measures 9 fav\r ( ! work]s does n hold 
out a prospect ( absorb+ t surplusage ( 
lab\r :i* is our  real problem4 ,i am   
assum+ t ev5 ! poor] & unskill$ work]s  
w h _! unions & _! %>e ( ! political    
p[]4 ,_!  wage w rise1 & ! price ( _!   
food & clo?+ & rooms  w rise2 b x is (  
great] consequ5ce to reflect t ! less   
compet5t work]s on ! fr+e ( ! indu/rial 
army w receive  little advantage4 ,"s   
b5efit !y w c]ta9ly h1 s9ce !           
curtailm5t ( h\rs & ! sl[+ ( ! pace (   
production w  make room = m work]s 9 ea*
 indu/ry2 ?\gh we mu/ rememb]  t ! pay (
 ^! new work]s w ei!r be tak5 f ! old]  
work]s1 ^: h\rs are %ort5$1 or--:i*     
comes to ! same  ?+--w be put on !      
commodities4 ,! total production w n  be
 increas$1 & ! employ] w n rel9qui% 8   
pr(it4 ,9 any  case1 ev5 ?is me?od (    
f9d+ room = m work]s w affect           
relatively few4    ,aga9 ,i may quote ! 
exp]i5ce ( ,au/ralia1 :]e ! work]s h  v 
great p[]4 ,9 ,melb\rne1 alone1 9 #aiac1
 ,i f\nd #cj1jjj m5  unemploy$2 & !re & 

9 o!r cities ! ta9t$ area ( pov]ty  &   
di/ress 0 increas+4 ,all ! elaborate    
organisation &  political p[] ( ! work]s
 c\ld n add to ! sum ( available  "w &  
?us absorb ! surplus ( lab\r4 ,i am     
cont5d+ t until  we d ?is we d n solve !
 pov]ty-problem4 ,! *ief cause (  ?is   
appall+ social disease is ! inequality (
 natural  end[m5t--ei!r ( muscle or     
n]ve--9 face ( an unorganis$ sy/em  (   
production4 ,!re is n "w1 ) regul> &    
dec5t wage1 =  all4 ,! weak]1 ! lazi]1 !
 m drunk51 & ! sl[] (  intellect1 are   
cr[d$ out ( ! ranks & driv5 to casual   
employm5t4 ,?is is ! tap-root ( pov]ty1 
& ! b5efits secur$  = ^? :o are 9 regul>
 employm5t w n affect x4    ,?irdly1 ?is
 lab\r-legislation w n t\* ! second *ief
 root  ( pov]ty1 ! extreme inequality ( 
! di/ribution ( weal?4  ,s9ce weal? is1 
9 ?is reg>d1 a fix$ quantity1--we are n 
conc]n$ "h ) ! effect ( fre%            
applications ( sci5ce to                
production1--an accumulation (          
commodities at "o po9t leads to  ?9ness 

at ano!r4 ,i am n plead+ = equality (   
income4 ,_m  work]s h an exagg]at$ idea 
( ! ga9 !y might h by an  equal         
di/ribution ( weal?4 ,! total annual    
income ( !  population ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom
 is n[ believ$ to be ab\t               
#b1djj1jjj1jjj4 ,if ?is 7 di/ribut$     
equally among/ ! heads (  our t5 million
 families & our l>ge army ( unm>ri$     
work]s1 !  result w\ld be b>ely #bjj a  
ye>2 & ! equalisation ( taxation1  !    
grant+ ( sub/antial p5sions1 etc41 w\ld 
fur!r r$uce x4  ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no s]i\s
 ne$ to discuss ?is idea4 ,i see no     
moral pr9ciple :i* =bids t we %\ld rew>d
 a man accord+ to  8 productiv5ess or   
inv5tiv5ess or o!r value to ! community1
  al?\gh 8 fell[s are n responsible = _!
 less] capacity2  & x is idle to        
speculate on "s imag9>y phase ( human   
developm5t 9 :i* ! m gift$ & m useful w 
refuse to be  m ri*ly rew>d$ ?an ! less 
useful4    ,b x does n foll[ t !        
community has no "r to control !        
di/ribution ( weal?4 ,at "o "t su* a    

proposal w\ld h be5  br&$ robb]y4       
,to-day ev5 ,cons]vatives d n ?reat5 to 
remove ! dea?-duties & graduat$         
income-tax by :i* we  confiscate "s ( ! 
weal? ( ! m =tunate4 ,! only "q  is1 to 
:at ext5t we may or ought to prev5t !   
excessive  accumulation ( weal?1 or to  
disp]se x aft] accumulation4    ,!re    
occur at once two me?ods ( enri*m5t :i* 
invite c>eful  att5tion4 ,"o is ! p[] to
 transmit weal? to "o's desc5dants  9   
p]petuity1 or until !y *oose to         
dissipate x4 ,mo/ ( u w  admit t 9 a    
social ord] at all resembl+ our own--&  
,i d n  c>e to speculate ab\t ,utopian  
or imag9able ord]s--! p[] to w9         
advantages = "o's *ildr5 z well z =     
oneself is a s\nd  inc5tive to "w4 ,b ! 
wi% to relieve "o's desc5dants ( !  ne$ 
to "w1 to make !m = ev] a burd5 on !    
community1 is a  p]v]se ideal4 ,x is "o 
( ^? uns\nd primitive traditions :i*  we
 detect 9 ! actual /ream ( our ideas &  
s5tim5ts1 &  in/ances are n unkn[n 9 our
 "t ( su* hold]s ( h]$it>y  weal?       

revolt+ aga9/ ! tradition4 ,:5 we       
realise t ?is  inh]it$ weal? means1 9   
pla9 t]ms1 ! "r to h a hundr$ or  a ?\s&
 fell[-m5 work+ = u or our desc5dants 9 
p]petuity1  = no m]it or s]vice on our  
"p1 & :5 we consid] ! folly  & wa/e :i* 
s commonly foll[ l>ge inh]it$ =tunes1 we
 mu/  reg>d ?is tradition z evil &      
indef5sible4 ,"o wond]s h[ long  ! work+
 community is go+ to su/a9 ?is burd51 & 
h[ long  ref9$ m5 & wom5 w imag9e t !y h
 a "r to live l  ,ori5tal pot5tates     
because !y _h a %rewd or a gift$        
ance/or4    ,x is sometimes said 9 _!   
fav\r t !y employ lab\r )  _! weal?4 ,i 
h he>d bi%ops give !m ?is fooli%        
consolation4  ,z if ! weal? w\ld cease  
to exi/1 & to employ lab\r1 if x  7 9 ! 
pockets ( a ?\s& m51 in/ead ( ! pockets 
( "o  ,duke ( ,norfolk or ,duke (       
,we/m9/]6 ,! only diff]5ce w\ld be  t   
?is weal?1 in/ead ( pay+ a ?\s& s]vants 
&  tradespeople to "w = ! com=t ( "o    
family1 w\ld pay a  ?\s& m51 :o w\ld    
lose no?+ by ! *ange ( employm5t1 to    

produce com=t = a ?\s& families4        
,meantime1 ! ,duke is  emb>rass$ by 8   
weal?1 or sp5ds x on sup]flu\s ?+s1 & ! 
?\s& families live 9 vici\s mis]y4 ,_!  
babies die = lack (  good milk 9 ! hot  
summ]1 & ! ri* y\? or maid5--,i h  kn[n 
?is done--c>elessly takes a ba? ( milk4 
,let u und]/&  cle>ly ?is economic tru?3
 great weal? is ! accumulation 9 "o     
man's h&s ( ! "r or p[] ( a ?\s&        
families to employ  lab\r4    ,! second 
s\rce ( weal? :i* invites consid]ation  
is !  une>n$ increm5t on gr\nd-values1  
or any o!r une>n$ &  accid5tal increase 
( value4 ,x is n[ v commonly admitt$ t  
?is belongs to ! community1 & ,i ne$ n  
enl>ge on x4    ,we h1 z ,i said1       
admitt$ ! community's "r to int]f]e )   
?is sc&al\s clott+ ( weal?1 & no d\bt a 
,lab\r-majority  w\ld increase          
dea?-duties until money c\ld n be       
transmitt$  beyond1 at mo/1 ! ?ird      
g5]ation1 & n 9 quantities  suffici5t to
 make m5 & wom5 a lifelong burd5 on !   
work+  community4 ,possibly "s day !re w

 be a g5]al scrut9y (  titles to weal?3 
n m]ely z f> back z ! enclosure ( !     
commons a hundr$ ye>s ago1 b back to !  
l&+ 9 ?is c\ntry  ( ,william ( ,norm&y4 
,possibly a day w come :5 m5 & wom5  w  
conceal ! fact t _! ance/ors came ov] ) 
!  ,conqu]or1 s9ce x g5]ally implies t !
 desc5dants ( ^?  lucky adv5tur]s h n   
done an hone/ day's "w s9ce t  "t4      
,possibly ! sons ( "s ( our capta9s (   
indu/ry (  a c5tury ago w burn ! family 
records1 le/ "s pry+ hi/orian  %\ld le>n
 by :at horrible exploitation (         
*ild-lab\r ! =tune  0 made4             
,prescriptive "r is a purely artificial 
"r creat$ by  ! community1 & x may be   
)drawn by ! community4    ,su* measures 
z ^! a ,lab\r ,gov]nm5t w1 no d\bt1     
ev5tually  take1 & !y w d mu* to relieve
 pov]ty & increase !  production (      
commodities ( g5]al use4 ,b !y w add r  
to  ! com=t ( work]s :o are already     
above ! pov]ty-l9e1 &  !y w n prev5t an 
excessive accumulation ( weal?1 ?\gh !y 
may f9ally disp]se x4 ,?is means !      

cont9uance ( deep pov]ty4  ,z long z a  
gift$ man may amass a =tune 9 a         
comp>atively %ort  "t1 )\t add+ to !    
weal? ( ! community1 !re w be  squalid  
pov]ty some:]e4    ,9 sum1 if !         
political ideal ( ,lab\r 7 fully        
realis$1 x w\ld  n put an end to1 &     
might n v mat]ially less51 our          
widespread pov]ty4 ,x w\ld n enl>ge !   
am\nt ( available  productive employm5t1
 & s ! weak 9 body or m9d or "*  w\ld   
/ill =m a pitiable army ( slum-dwell]s4 
,x w\ld1 hav+ no  m control ( indu/ry   
?an ! pres5t ,p>liam5t has1 be unable to
  meet any grave di/urbance ( !         
indu/rial _w1 su* z !  release ( hundr$s
 ( ?\s&s ( work]s by dis>mam5t4 ,x w\ld 
h no p[] to secure = ! work]s _! full   
%>e ( !  advantage ( any new application
 ( sci5ce1 & x w\ld be unable to  guide 
into new positions ! m5 displac$ by ?is 
application4 ,we  %\ld cont9ue to suff] 
! disadvantage ( an imp]fectly organis$ 
indu/rial sy/em2 ea* new enli/m5t ( !   
great =ces ( nature  or ( ! cunn+ (     

sci5ce 9 ! s]vice ( man w\ld enri* a few
  & impov]i% _m4 ,9 ord] to meet all ^! 
grave difficulties--9  ord] to d m ?an  
secure c]ta9 advantages = ! bett]       
equipp$ work]s--a ,lab\r ,p[] w\ld be   
=c$ radically to alt]  its pr9ciple &   
und]take ! organisation ( employm5t4    
,?is organisation ( indu/ry seems to be 
! only device :i* w  gradually re/rict1 
& f9ally aboli%1 pov]ty4 ,! opposition  
to x  ( middle-class work]s & ( s _m    
artisans is un9telligible4 ,x  is "t t  
we ceas$ to conf9e ! t]m work]s to !    
poor]  & less cultivat$ ca/e among ^? :o
 "w3 "t t ! lawy]  & actor & h\sewife   
claim$ t hon\rable title no less ?an !  
c>p5t] or navvy4 ,9 re/rict+ ! t]m to   
manual & badly paid  work]s we h        
conceal$ f ourselves ! real community ( 
int]e/ ( all :o "w4 ,all ( u1 except ^? 
:o live on !  lab\r ( o!rs1 h an int]e/ 
9 ! prop] organisation ( !  "w ( ! _w & 
! removal f our %\ld]s ( ?is  intol]able
 burd5 ( ! irregul> work]s & ! idl]s4 ,!
  middle-class has an ev5 great] int]e/ 

?an :at is n>r[ly call$  ! work+-class1 
because ! t5d5cy ( ,lab\r-legislation   
is1 &  w increas+ly be1 to put ! heavi] 
*>ge1 n on l>ge  employ]s1 :o easily    
evade x1 b on ! middle-class g5]ally4   
,"h aga9 ! w> has lum9\sly illu/rat$ our
 position4 ,bo?  employ]s & employ$ 79 !
 curr5t indu/rial s5se7 h made  great   
pr(it by x3 ! middle-class g5]ally has  
suff]$ sev]ely4  ,a prop] organisation (
 "w w\ld h prev5t$ ?is4    ,x c easily  
be %[n t ?is national organisation (    
employm5t1  ) grad$ incomes accord+ to  
s]vice r5d]$1 is ! only rem$y  ( pov]ty4
 ,! *ief root ( pov]ty is1 z ,i said1 ! 
insuffici5cy  ( prop]ly paid "w1 & ?is  
is entirely due to ! haphaz>d &         
unsy/ematic nature ( our indu/rial ord]4
 ,! private employ]  looks only to !    
actual dem& ( commodities1 or to !      
actual funds  = buy+ commodities4 ,he   
has no int]e/ 9 ! moneyless  unemploy$2 
inde$1 he f9ds x a conv5i5ce to h a l>ge
 numb]  f :i* he may select 8 work]s4 ,z
 a result1 a l>ge proportion  ( our p   

are unable to dem& _! normal %>e (      
commodities  because !y are n employ$1  
or because !y h no wage2 & !y  are n    
employ$ because !y d n dem& commodities4
 ,pla9ly1 !  community alone c alt] ?is 
p>adoxical /ate ( ?+s2 &1 s9ce  !       
community is n[ compell$ by its m humane
 s5tim5ts to c>ry  ! poor on its %\ld]s1
 x may at l5g? be induc$ to see t x     
w\ld be bett] to set !m on _! own feet4 
,9 a prop]ly organis$  indu/rial sy/em a
 work] w be paid by ! commodities :i* he
 or  %e actually produces1 or _!        
ex*ange-value4 ,!re c be no su*  ?+ z a 
sup]flu\s work]4 ,x is only a lam5table 
issue ( our  p]v]se pre-sci5tific sy/em 
t millions mu/ lack ! food &  clo?+ &   
luxuries :i* !y !mselves c\ld & w\ld1 "u
 a  m ord]ly sy/em1 produce4    ,?is    
implies1 ( c\rse1 ! transf] to !        
community1 at a j  paym5t1 ( ! l&1 !    
m9es1 & ! means ( transit1 & !  gradual 
ext5sion ( municipal ent]prise to       
productive &  di/ributive indu/ries4 ,i 
am cont5d+ only = pr9ciples1 &  w\ld    

ref] ! clos] inquir] to su* detail$     
con/ructive works z  ^? ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4  
,wells4 ,x w\ld be futile to con/ruct a 
rigid  s*eme ( collectivi/ organisation4
 ,su* indu/ries z ! press1  lit]ature1  
art1 etc41 pres5t difficulties :i* x    
w\ld be fooli%  to ov]ride4 ,b ^! affect
 comp>atively few work]s1 & x is        
p$antry ( an un9tellig5t k9d to wrangle 
ov] !m :ile we h a  cle> case 9 reg>d to
 o!r indu/ries :i* involve _m millions  
( work]s4 ,we w\ld d well1 h[ev]1 to    
rememb] t !  middle-class indu/ries     
!mselves are ov]cr[d$ & *aotic1 &  t mo/
 memb]s ( t class w\ld ga9 by           
organisation1 :]ev]  x is possible4     
,in/ead ( %r9k+ f x & inv5t+            
difficulties1 we ought to be eag] to    
discov] its possibilities4    ,i ignore 
also c]ta9 m or less academic objections
 :i* h be5  made aga9/ ?is proposal to  
organise employm5t4 ,mill's essay ,on   
,lib]ty is a monum5t ( ! futility ( ?is 
k9d ( reason+4 ,mill  0 a civil s]vant1 
&1 except 9 ! case ( ! idle & crim9al1  

no re/riction ( individual lib]ty is    
propos$ o!r ?an t :i*  ,mill *e]fully   
endur$4 ,middle-class m5 are apt to take
 fright at  ! ^w ,socialism4 ,x ought to
 be by ?is "t g5]ally kn[n  t half a    
doz5 v diff]5t !ories pass "u t "n1 & x 
is p>ticul>ly un9tellig5t to confuse !  
extreme & ! mod]ate  proposals4 ,ne>ly !
 :ole ( ! employm5t 9 any civilisation  
c\ld be organis$ )\t lay+ on any :o are 
will+ to "w a  great] re/ra9t ?an is    
laid on (ficials ( ! po/al s]vice4 ,z   
to confiscation1 x w be ga!r$ f an e>li]
 page t ,i  fav\r g5]\s comp5sation to  
actual hold]s ( l& or m9es1 b  no       
p]petual p5sions4    ,i d n anticipate f
 ?is *ange all ! advantages :i* "s      
,sociali/ writ]s expect4 ,_! s*emes (   
high univ]sal prosp]ity  seem to me to h
 an absurdly sl5d] basis ( actual "w4   
,mr4  ,william ,morris conjectur$ t if  
all ( u 7 to "w = f\r  h\rs a day !re   
w\ld be en\gh produc$ = all ( u to live 
9  luxury2 :]eas ,mr4 ,sidney ,webb     
calculates t x w\ld ne$ six  h\rs' "w a 

day1 on ! "p ( all1 to produce !        
necess>ies (  life4 ,x is true t a v    
l>ge body ( middlem51 comm]cial         
travell]s1 footm5 & o!r s]vants1 &      
duplicate work]s 9 rival  indu/ries w\ld
 be set free = s\nd productive or       
di/ributive or  pr(essional "w2 b ! eas+
 ( ! h\rs ( our actual work]s1  !       
removal ( ! "y f ! m>ket1 & o!r         
collat]al  improvem5ts1 mu/ be tak5 into
 acc\nt4 ,if we take "o h\r a day  f !  
actual work]s 9 our heavi] indu/ries1 we
 absorb at once  m ?an a million new m5 
)\t increas+ production4 ,9 any  case1 x
 is lam5table to dangle be=e ! eyes ( m5
 ! ideal (  work+ only f\r h\rs a day4  
,we want m ( ,br[n+'s gospel (  "w )    
*e]fulness4 ,no d\bt ! idea is t1 if !  
h\rs (  lab\r are r$uc$1 ! leisure w be 
employ$ 9 read+ ,b]gson  & ma/]+        
,brahms4 ,?is optimi/ic !ory seems to be
 at v>iance  ) our exp]i5ce4 ,improvem5t
 ( f9ancial position m usually  means ! 
sub/itution ( ,bass or ,dew> = *eap ale1
 & ( /alls  = ! gall]y at ! v>iety      

!atre4 ,a lat] *apt] w1 h[ev]1  discuss 
our int]e/s 9 ?is connection4    ,! fact
 rema9s t collectivism is ! only rem$y (
 pov]ty4 ,!  r$i/ribution ( weal?1 or ! 
prev5tion ( excessive weal?1  w\ld1 9 my
 view1 add comp>atively little to !     
wages ( !  millions2 & we mu/ n put to !
 cr$it ( an economic s*eme !  pr(it (   
su* *anges z dis>mam5t4 ,x is n ?is1 b !
 note (  effici5cy1 organisation1 &     
economy :i* appeals to me 9 !  ,sociali/
 ideal4 ,x w\ld aboli% a va/ am\nt (    
duplicate &  unnecess>y "w1 & x w\ld    
conduct to _! prop] place 9 !  indu/rial
 ord] ! l>ge army ( casual work]s4      
,london or ,new ,york  is a colossal    
monum5t ( indu/rial ineffici5cy4 ,our   
*aotic mass (  duplicate & triplicate   
rival groc]s1 bak]s1 but*]s1 etc41 our  
rival railways & o!r purveyors &        
produc]s1 ) _! sep>ate  /affs & _!      
appall+ wa/e 9 adv]tisem5t1 are a       
reproa* to  our intellig5ce4 ,we want an
 ord]ly & economical sy/em bo? (        
production & di/ribution1 & only !      

municipality 7or else a va/  &          
tyrannical tru/7 c conduct x4 ,mo/ ( all
 we want a p[] t  w sweep ! myriads (   
co/]s1 hawk]s1 newspap]-y\?s1           
fl[]-girls1 casual port]s1 loaf]s1      
musicians1 etc41 (f our  /reets1 & put  
!m to productive "w4 ,we want a great   
curtailm5t  ( c]ta9 luxury-indu/ries &  
fictiti\s indu/ries4 ,?is w\ld  give u  
an imm5sely increas$ volume ( productive
 "w1 & a great  sav+ 9 di/ribution4 ,!  
middle-class has n less to ga9 ?an !    
work]s by su* a s*eme ( organis+ our    
res\rces1 & x (f]s u  ! only confid5t   
prospect ( aboli%+ pov]ty & crime &     
gradually uplift+ ! mass ( ! p4         
,naturally1 we %\ld = a long "t h to    
deal ) a great deal (  refractory       
mat]ial4 ,idl5ess & crime are diseases1 
& !y ought  to be treat$ by ! me?ods (  
mod]n m$ic9e3 sci5tific1 humane1        
sometimes surgical4 ,c]ta9ly we w\ld    
ex]cise tyranny 9  deal+ ) ^!4 ,probably
 9 a prop]ly ord]$ society all  citiz5s 
w\ld be enroll$ 9 an indu/rial regi/]4  

,!  hyp]-s5sitive w\ld h ! same gu>antee
 ( privacy z "u our  income-tax sy/em1 &
 ! police w\ld h a mo/ effective means (
  locat+ ! crim9al4 ,any :o 7 p]man5tly 
refractory1 or %[$  an incurable        
disposition to rev]t to crime or to !   
vagrant  indu/ries :i* disgrace our     
cities to-day1 w\ld h no moral "r  to   
burd5 u ) _! exi/5ce4 ,! community w\ld 
(f] "w &  suffici5t wage to all4 ,! re/ 
might disappe> into segregat$  homes (  
idl5ess1 or1 if we are z wise z we ought
 to be1 into  le?al *amb]s4    ,?is     
incurably refractory gr\p w\ld1 h[ev]1  
probably prove small]  ?an _m believe4  
,we are at pres5t a little too mu*      
incl9$ to  consult sci5tific !ori/s ab\t
 h]$ity 7:i* is /ill v  obscure 9       
sci5ce7 & too little incl9$ to make     
social  exp]im5ts4 ,i am assum+ t a doz5
 o!r re=ms w\ld proce$  simultane\sly ) 
! re=m ( indu/ry4 ,education w\ld no    
long]  conf9e itself to giv+ an elem5t>y
 lit]acy to *ildr51 )\t  any fur!r c>e  
:at use !y make ( _! lit]acy2 x w\ld1 z 

,i  w sugge/ lat]1 s]i\sly conc]n itself
 ) ! adult  population4 ,a bold]        
treatm5t ( ! h\s+ "q w\ld /imulate  ^?  
:o h evil traditions2 we %\ld n conf9e  
ourselves to  build+ clean rooms = !m1  
:i* !y might make fil?y if !y  wi%$4    
,prud5tial re/riction ( ! bir?-rate w\ld
 be impress$ on  ! poor] class1 ) great 
b5efit to !mselves & _! *ildr5  & !     
,/ate4 ,eug5ic proposals might be       
practically =mulat$ &  enc\rag$4 ,we    
%\ld n expect indu/rial bett]m5t to h "s
  my/ic or magical effect ( itself 9    
uplift+ ! mass ( !  p2 b1 until ?is     
bett]m5t occurs1 o!r ef=ts to help !m  w
 be s]i\sly hamp]$ or entirely futile4  
,! v magnitude (  ! task w\ld prove a   
magnific5t tonic & /imulation to ! jad$ 
m9d ( ! community4    ,an increas+ numb]
 ( middle-class m5 & wom5 n[ recognise t
  ?is is1 n m]ely ! only solution ( !   
problem ( pov]ty1 b  ! mo/ pr(itable    
s*eme ( national life = all :o are will+
 to  "w4 ,s deta*$ an obs]v] z ,mr4     
,c>ve? ,read1 pr(essor (  ,philosophy at

 ,london ,univ]sity1 obs]ves t probably 
! future  lies ei!r ) ,co-op]ation or ) 
,socialism 7,natural &  ,social ,morals1
 p4 #baa74 ,on ! ,cont95t1 especially 9 
,italy1  ,france1 ,holl&1 ,belgium1     
,d5m>k1 ,g]many1 & ,russia1 !re is a    
high proportion ( cultivat$ &           
pr(essional m5 9 ! ,sociali/  movem5t4  
,no "o ne$ fe> its advance except ! idl]
 & ! man  ^: "w does n add to ! weal? ( 
! community or facilitate  its          
di/ribution4 ,x is ! application ( s\nd 
& tri$  bus9ess-pr9ciples to national   
life2 &1 :5 ^? pr9ciples h  fir/ be5    
appli$ to ! gov]nm5tal ma*9e1 & made x  
an  effective & dis9t]e/$ adm9i/ration1 
we %all move m quickly  t[>d !          
,collectivi/ ideal4    ,"s may wond] t a
 /ud5t ( sci5ce %\ld come to ?is        
conclusion4 ,!re is a vague idea abroad 
t an individuali/  /ruggle = exi/5ce &  
survival ( ! fitte/ is ! supreme &      
unalt]able law ( life4 ,?is idea1 ?\gh  
enc\rag$ by m5 l ,mr4  ,kidd1 is due to 
a m]ely sup]ficial acqua9tance )        

biology4 ,9  pa/ ages nature has c]ta9ly
 evolv$ high] types ma9ly by a bloody   
/ruggle ( individuals or a v calamit\s  
pressure ( environm5t4  ,9 ! pa/3 !re is
 ! limit ( ! tea*+ ( biology4 ,a new    
?+--human intellig5ce--has n[ ent]$ !   
life ( ! e>?1 &  x has 9 c\ntless ways  
sup]s$$ ! laws 7t is to say1  practices7
 ( unconsci\s nature4 ,! human m9d is n[
 a "p (  nature1 & !re=e natural        
selection is a :olly diff]5t  matt] f   
:at x once 04 ,maurice ,maet]l9ck has   
sugge/$ ?is  ) 8 usual felicity4 ,he    
imag9es himself on a hill1 f :i* he     
sees two wat]c\rses /ret*+ t[>d ! sea4  
,"o me&]s ov] !  pla9s1 wa/+ "t & space1
 bl9dly f9d+ its way ov] !  unev5 gr\nd3
 t is ! old1 un9tellig5t me?od ( nature4
 ,!  o!r wat]way /ret*es /raight across 
! l&scape1 a canal cut by  man 9 ! c\rse
 ( a few ye>s1 ) no wa/e ( gr\nd3 x is !
  new1 intellig5t me?od ( nature4 ,by   
?is me?od we n[ create new  species (   
plants 9 a ?\s&fold less "t ?an natural 
selection  79 ! usual s5se7 c\ld d2 & we

 d x precisely by disp5s+  ) !          
individuali/ /ruggle1 by intellig5t     
arrangem5t &  control4    ,e>ly sci5ce  
set up un9tellig5t nature z a gr& model 
= man4 ,x  is "t we outgrew ?is phase ( 
infancy4 ,intellig5ce mu/  increas+ly   
c\nt 9 ! life ( ! e>?4 ,we fir/ organise
 a  nation1 & pres5tly we %all organise 
int]national life4 ,we  organise        
p>ticul> bus9esses1 & pres5tly we %all  
organise !  :ole indu/rial life ( !     
planet4 ,!re is no "p ( human life  :i* 
calls m urg5tly = ! application (       
intellig5ce ?an  ?is disord]$1 wa/eful1 
pitiless1 pov]ty-saturat$ indu/rial  _w 
( ours4 ,let u treat human be+s at lea/ 
z intellig5tly z  we treat our fl[]s1 & 
z humanely z we treat our horses4 ,we d 
n entru/ ^? to ! trag$y ( /ruggle &     
survival4 ,we ne$ n  fe> t !re w be any 
re/riction ( ! developm5t (  p]sonality4
 ,"u su* a ,collectivi/ sy/em z ,i h 9  
m9d1  p]sonality w be develop$ until e  
man & woman is consci\s  ( 8 or h] %>e 9
 ! control ( ! de/9ies ( ?is planet1  & 

! %eep-l respect = anci5t traditions &  
abuses1 :i*  imp$es our progress to-day1
 w be = ev] aboli%$4       ,,*apt] ,,vi4
   ,,idols ,,( ,,! ,,home    ,,among !  
claims ( recon/ruction :i* ! insurg5t   
lit]ature (  our "t puts =w>d1 none1    
p]haps1 s />tles & inflames !           
,cons]vative z ! dem& = a re=m ( !      
family4 ,criticism (  ?is in/itution is1
 9 fact1 s sev]ely puni%$ or s sl&]\sly 
misrepres5t$ t x is usually ex]cis$ 9 ! 
m or less  imp]sonal =m ( ! drama or    
novel4 ,x happ5s1 h[ev]1 t !  drama or !
 novel is n[ q ! mo/ effective means (  
inoculat+ millions ) critical ideas1 &  
at lea/ half ! m  brilliant noveli/s &  
dramati/s ( ,europe employ _! art = ?is 
purpose1 or reflect "s su* s5tim5ts 9 _!
 "w4 ,h5ce !  outcry ab\t ! unclean     
novel3 :i* is usually f> clean]  ?an !  
,old ,te/am5t1 b m critical4 ,positivism
 _h assur$ u  t ?is in/itution w\ld be  
transf]r$ intact to a human  f\ndation1 
& ,murillo's ,holy ,family hung rev]5tly
 ov] !  he>?s ( ! new pagans4 ,n[1 half 

9 fe> & half 9 exultation1  ! cl]gy cry 
t humanism has betray$ its moral poison 
& its  social m5ace4    ,our fav\rite   
phrase "h is ! say+ t ! family is !     
f\ndation ( ! ,/ate4 ,if "o pati5tly    
consid]$ ! matt]1 "o  w\ld discov] t !  
div9e "r ( k+s 0 once reg>d$ )  equal   
confid5ce z ! indisp5sable f\ndation ( !
 ,/ate4 ,x may  v well be t ! div9e duty
 ( ! family is no less op5 to           
reconsid]ation4 ,x might be notic$ t !  
*ange f ari/ocracy  to democracy 0 at "o
 "t hail$ ) lurid prophecy ev5 by       
di/+ui%$ morali/s & sociologi/s1 yet ?is
 *ange has l$ to  great] effici5cy &    
prosp]ity4 ,we might p]ceive t !        
,*ri/ian dogmas 7 once ?\ght vital to   
our welf>e1 & x may be  t ! ,*ri/ian    
e?ic is 9 "s po9ts z disputable z !     
,*ri/ian dogmas4 ,few reflect on ^!     
matt]s1 & ! writ] :o  criticises !      
family is d5\nc$ ) peculi> bitt]ness4 ,q
  c]ta9ly t tomb ( dead civilisations   
yawns om9\sly be=e u if  we l5d e> to   
?is k9d ( rebel4 ,! family is s pla9ly  

indisp5sable an in/itution t x mu/ be   
protect$ f criticism3  le/ we be tempt$ 
to disp5se ) x4    ,i propose1 h[ev]1 to
 make a critical /udy ( ! family4       
,inde$1 ,i  v5ture to say at once t our 
ideal ( ! family is s encru/$  ) anci5t 
sup]/itions t x press+ly invites !      
critical  att5tion ( our age3 t ! family
 is ! f\ndation ( ! ,/ate  only 9 an    
hi/orical s5se1 n 9 ! s5se t a ,/ate _c 
be  bas$ on any o!r procreative         
arrangem5t3 & t ! cloak (  sup]/ition & 
rhetoric t we h put ab\t x has cov]$ =  
ages1 & /ill cov]s1 an appall+ am\nt (  
vice1 hypocrisy1 &  mis]y4 ,my po9t (   
view has be5 /at$4 ,! affairs ( ?is     
planet  mu/ be run by m5 = m54 ,!       
supreme aim mu/ be to light5 !  burd5 ( 
suff]+ :i* we inh]it f a less intellig5t
 & less  humane pa/4 ,any cre$1 code1 or
 in/itution :i* =bids progress on  ^!   
l9es mu/ be assail$4    ,! fir/ & mo/   
damnable sup]/ition 9 reg>d to ! family 
is  ! claim t m>riage ought to be       
indissoluble4 ,9 its /rict =m  ?is      

belief is held only by ,roman ,ca?olics1
 & by a section ( !  ,*ur* ( ,engl& :i* 
0 only p>tially re=m$ 9 ! sixte5?       
c5tury & has a /range ambition to disav[
 ev5 t limit$  re=m4 ,b ! mo/ insidi\s  
mis*ief ( ?is old ideal is t x  has     
emb$d$ deep 9 our m9ds ! feel+ t1 al?\gh
 indissoluble  m>riage is an intol]able 
yoke1 we mu/ be v *>y & nigg>dly  9     
grant+ relief4 ,?is feel+ we ascribe to 
a wise conc]n = our  social welf>e1     
:]eas x is due to ! subconsci\s tyranny 
( !  old sup]/ition4 ,rec5tly we h se5 !
 /range spectacle ( a  non-,*ri/ian     
morali/ /&+ among/ our bi%ops to b> !   
way (  re=m3 seek+ to prolong1 9 ! "n ( 
humanity1 a sup]/ition  t d>k5s ! homes 
( a l>ge "p ( humanity4 ,! bi%ops may  h
 smil$4    ,a di/+ui%$ sociological     
writ]1 ,mr4 ,l4 ,hobh\se1 9 classify+   
=ms ( m>riage1 says1 ) unconsci\s hum\r3
 ,m>riage is  indissoluble among !      
,&amanese1 "s ,papuans ( ,new ,gu9ea1 at
  ,watubela1 at ,lampong 9 ,sumatra1    
among ! ,igorrotes & ,italones (  !     

,philipp9es1 ! ,v$dahs ( ,ceylon1 & 9 ! 
,romi% ,*ur*4  ,"o tru/s t ! ,roman 7&  
,anglican7 ,ca?olics l ! company  !y    
keep2 ! peoples enum]at$ by ,mr4        
,hobh\se are ! v l[e/  & lea/ intellig5t
 savages kn[n to sci5ce4 ,! ,*ur* (     
,rome has  long boa/$ t its ideal (     
indissoluble union is ! f9al &  culm9at+
 po9t ( human wisdom 9 reg>d to !       
family4 ,x n[  appe>s t indissoluble    
m>riage 0 ! mo/ primitive human         
tradition1 & 0 disc>d$ by ! ,roman & all
 o!r civilisations  :5 !y pass$ f       
*ildhood to manhood4    ,sociologi/s h  
be5 accu/om$ to say t monogamy 0        
gradually  develop$ out ( promiscuity4  
,?is 0 m]e speculation1 & ,pr(essor     
,we/]m>ck & o!r rec5t au?orities rightly
 diss5t4 ,!  in/itution is old] ?an     
humanity4 ,we f9d monogamic family life 
among ! an?ropoid apes & among/ ! l[e/  
peoples1 :i*  repres5t e>ly man2 & _m   
writ]s on prehi/oric man n[ cont5d  t we
 f9d him pass+ f family to social life1 
n 9 !  rev]se way4 ,:5 ! la/ ,ice ,age  

=c$ m5 to live 9 caves1 &  ! scatt]$    
families clung toge!r & =m$ l>ge social 
gr\ps1  ! family life 0 modifi$1 & few (
 ! high] tribes ma9ta9$  ! primitive =m4
 ,rclus tells ( a ,khond :o1 on he>+ ( !
  monogam\s life ( ! wild ,v$dahs (     
,ceylon1 exclaim$ 9 disgu/3  ,!y live l 
! apes4    ,we may assume t little      
h>d%ip arises f incompatibility (       
temp]am5t among ! ,igorrotes or !       
,v$dahs1 & !re is no ne$  to describe ! 
ecc5tric =ms ( m>riage :i* arose among  
high]  savages4 ,none ( ! great         
civilisations ( ! pa/ ent]ta9$ !  idea (
 indissoluble m>riage4 ,! cl]gy1 (      
c\rse1 "k no?+ (  ! real l9e (          
evolution1 & 7z ,bi%op ,diggle has done7
 !y  repres5t ! ,roman sy/em z a        
comp>ative ref9em5t ( e>ly  promiscuity1
 on :i* ,*ri/ianity 0 to make ! f9al    
advance4 ,!  preci\s te/imony ( ,juv5al 
is invok$ 7aga9/ ! w>n+ ( all  mod]n    
hi/orians73 & we are expect$ to %udd]   
because ,/4 ,j]ome  tells u ( a ,roman  
lady :o _h be5 m>ri$ a score ( times4 ,x

 is  n /at$ :at h>m 0 done to ! lady1 or
 to anybody else1 or  :e!r %e 0 a freak 
9 h] g5]ation4 ,x is en\gh1 z ,mrs4     
,humphry ,w>d kn[s1 to say t divorce is 
frequ5t any:]e1 &  ?\s&s ( h&s w rise to
 heav53 :at ! precise social            
consequ5ces are ! ?\s& ( heads seem to  
reg>d z irrelevant4    ,i h read mo/ ( !
 lit]ature ( ! ,roman ,imp]ial p]iod1 & 
h f\nd t ! great] "p ( ! /atem5ts made  
ab\t x by  cl]ical morali/s are rubbi%4 
,e s]i\s /ud5t kn[s t x  0 precisely ! m
 rigid & intol]able e>li] =m ( ,roman   
m>riage 7! conf>reatio7 :i* l$ to laxity
 9 ! e>ly ,empire2  t ! ,roman ,lawy]s (
 ! fir/ & second c5turies1 :o relax$    
m>riage1 7 among ! mo/ consci5ti\s t !  
legal _w has  ev] produc$2 & t 9 ! "t ( 
,/4 ,j]ome--an embitt]$ &  int5sely     
puritanical prie/1 :o says worse ?+s    
ab\t 8  sac]dotal colleagues ?an he does
 ab\t ! pagans--we h ! solid  te/imony (
 su* docum5ts z ! ,lett]s ( ,symma*us & 
!  in/ructive ,saturnalia ( ,macrobius  
to %[ t ! family life (  ! pagans 0     

g5]ally heal?y1 sob]1 & h>moni\s4 ,!re  
is n  a p>ticle ( pro( t ,roman society 
suff]$ because ( !  facility ( divorce1 
or g5]ally abus$ ?is facility4    ,b !  
misrepres5tation ( ,roman morals is     
light 9 comp>ison )  ! misrepres5tation 
( lat] ,*ri/ian morals4 ,*ri/ianity took
 its  ideal f ! ,jews4 ,among/ ?is      
p>tially civilis$ p m>riage  _h be5 made
 easy = ! male by ! ret5tion ( polygamy1
 & x  0 n cu/om>y to consult ! feel+s ( 
! woman4 ,9 ! c\rse  ( "t ,greek        
influ5ce ent]$ ,juda1 & ! ,rabbis held  
le>n$  debates on m>riage & divorce4    
,bo? ! /rict] & ! lax] view  f\nd       
expression 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t & 9 e>ly   
,*ri/ian  lit]ature1 b a celibate       
prie/hood obta9$ supreme p[] 9 ,europe  
& ! /rict] view 0 en=c$4 ,! moral       
consequ5ces 7  disa/r\s4 ,:ile ! ,roman 
,curia1 :i* c\ld always f9d a flaw 9  ! 
m>riage ( a weal?y man1 0 enri*$1       
,europe 0 degrad$1 &  sexual immorality 
became g5]al4 ,x is en\gh to recall t a 
tradition ( loos5ess1 9 /rict           

correspond5ce ) ! law (  indissoluble   
m>riage1 survives f ! ages ( fai? to our
 own "t  9 ! ,lat9 c\ntries4 ,"s h spok5
 ( ! hot s\!rn  blood & ca/ ! blame on !
 climate4 ,i w\ld invite !  in=m$       
morali/ to run 8 eye ov] ! map ( ! e>?1 
& ask  himself :e!r *a/ity increases1 or
 ! sex-organs lose vitality1  9         
proportion z nations are remov$ f !     
,equator4 ,x is a  ludicr\s ef=t (      
,ca?olics to conceal ! evils (          
indissoluble  m>riage4 ,until !         
,re=mation sexual laxity 0 ! same all   
ov]  ,europe4    ,9 ,engl& ! old        
prie/-made law 0 reta9$ aft] !          
,re=mation1  & laxity ( morals 0 g5]al4 
,except = a v few weal?y  p1 divorce 0  
impossible until #aheg1 :5 a sl5d]      
measure (  re=m 0 wre/$ f ! cl]gy4 ,?is1
 ! pres5t law ( ,engl&1  a mis]able     
compromise ) religi\s prejudice & a     
p]man5t s\rce  ( vice & mis]y1 puts     
,engli% legislation on an important     
aspect (  ! f\ndation ( ! ,/ate bel[ t (
 any o!r civilis$  community4 ,in/ead ( 

ridd+ !mselves entirely ( cl]ical       
influ5ce1 & direct+ civic life on civic 
gr\nds1 our legislators  look$ /ill to  
anci5t ,juda1 & sub/itut$ ! less /r+5t  
view ( ! ,rabbis = ! m /r+5t4 ,! leg5d>y
 lead] ( a  rude ,arab tribe _h grant$  
divorce = adult]y1 & ! ,engli%  nation (
 ! n9ete5? c5tury foll[$ 8 example4 ,!  
result 0  ! mo/ /upid & mis*iev\s law ( 
m>riage outside ! sph]e (  ! ,holy      
,ca?olic ,*ur*4    ,engli% p are pr\d ( 
_! national conc]n = purity1 yet  !y    
tol]ate1 & _! prie/s def5d z some?+     
sacr$1 a /ate  ( law :i* is m$ieval 9   
its crud5ess & b>b>ity4 ,:5 two  p h    
obey$ our c\nsel to m>ry e>ly1 & !y     
discov] t  !y h misjudg$ ea* o!r1 we    
tell !m t !re is no relief  = !m unless 
!y commit adult]y3 :i*1 :5 x is         
committ$1 we  br& z ! d>ke/ s94 ,to !   
husb& we give ! fur!r  injunction t he  
mu/ be cruel to 8 wife be=e we w release
  him4 ,we !n1 al?\gh we take especial  
pride 9 ! cleanness  ( our press &      
lit]ature1 pr9t :ole columns ab\t _!    

conduct  9 suspici\s                    
situations1--sometimes entitl+ ! acc\nt1
 9 l>ge  type1 to attract att5tion1 ,a  
,horrible ,case1--& we ask ea*  o!r :e!r
 ,engl& is n 9 a /ate ( decay &         
contract+ !  cont95tal _s4 ,if !re are  
any :o d n *oose to commit  adult]y1 or 
d n *oose to h _! s]vants brib$ to      
describe  _! conduct = ! ent]ta9m5t ( ! 
public1 we grant !m a  legal p]mit to be
 happy & vici\s1 or mis]able & virtu\s1 
=  ! rema9d] ( _! lives3 ! ?+ we call a 
judicial sep>ation4    ,?is extraord9>y 
situation is c]ta9ly a slight improvem5t
 on  indissoluble m>riage1 b ! pride (  
our bi%ops & puritans 9 x  is peculi>4  
,"o may n expect !m to take into acc\nt 
!  suff]+ :i* hundr$s ( ?\s&s endure "u 
! law1 b !  adult]y to :i* x leads w\ld 
seem to be a prop] subject = _!         
consid]ation4 ,z a rule1 !y entreat u to
 ma9ta9 religion1  :e!r x be true or no1
 9 ! "n ( morality3 "h !y ask u to      
ma9ta9 immorality 9 ! "n ( religion1--9 
! "n ( a  suppos$ ,*ri/ian precept1--&  

we obey ev5 m readily4 ,:5 a  ,royal    
,commission recomm5ds t our law be      
br\ght into l9e ) !  law ( o!r civilis$ 
nations1 !y burn ) indignation & inspire
  a ,m9ority ,report3 a rem>kable       
mixture ( contradictions1 wor?less      
quotations1 & irrelevant rhetoric4 ,! "q
 ( immorality !y  %irk2 & to !          
unhapp9ess :i* l>ge numb]s ( our p      
endure  "u ! pres5t law !y are s        
ins5sitive t !y h>dly m5tion  x4    ,su*
 consequ5ces are to be expect$ z long z 
we borr[ our social  legislation f an   
anci5t polygam\s nation ) a great disda9
 =  wom54 ,x is said1 h[ev]1 z usual1 t 
our social int]e/  co9cides ) ! suppos$ 
comm& ( ,*ri/4 ,we h "h "o ( !  mo/     
s+ul> confusions ( ! :ole controv]sy4   
,m>riage is held to  be ! f\ndation ( ! 
,/ate1 because x is believ$ to be !     
sure/ way to supply x ) citiz5s4 ,?is   
duty ( procreation is1 9  fact1 ! only  
feature :i* disposes prie/s to give _!  
bless+  to s di/a/eful a ?+ z sexual    
union4 ,yet :5 a majority ( !           

,commission]s recomm5d t p %\ld be free 
to rem>ry if !  des]tion1 cruelty1      
insanity1 or imprisonm5t ( "o sp\se     
defrauds  ! ,/ate ( its supply ( little 
citiz5s1 ! bi%ops raise _!  crosi]s4    
,ev5 s ascetic & anti-fem9i/ a div9e z  
,/4 ,augu/9e  c\ld n d5y t a man _h a "r
 to take a concub9e :5 8  wife prov$    
/]ile4 ,our div9es speak mu* m f]v5tly  
?an ,/4  ,augu/9e did ( our social      
int]e/1 yet !y =bid u to consult  x4    
,9 sum1 we h g5]ally reject$ ! view t   
m>riage ought to be  indissoluble1 & we 
pride ourselves on curb+ ! influ5ce (   
prie/s2 b our :ole attitude t[>d divorce
 is %ap$ by ! old  sup]/ition & ! cl]gy4
 ,9 ! "n ( t sup]/ition we  condemn l>ge
 numb]s ( our fell[-citiz5s to live 9   
deep & acute  mis]y4 ,:i* ( our social  
int]e/s w\ld be prejudic$ by grant+     
relief to ! man or woman ^: life is     
embitt]$ by ! des]tion1  incurable      
insanity1 cruelty1 or crim9al conduct ( 
8 or h]  p>tn]8 ,! sugge/ion is         
prepo/]\s2 &1 if we d n grant ?is       

relief1 adult]y is 9 _! case a v5ial    
(f5ce1 if n a "r4    ,"s expla9 t !y fe>
 ! ?9 edge ( ! w$ge4 ,z if  w$ges _h a  
way ( press+ deep] by _! own weight1    
once we h  admitt$ !m6 ,if ,engl& *ooses
 to grant ^! re=ms1 & no  o!rs1 %e ne$ n
 be det]r$ by empty phrases4 ,b ,i      
believe t  ! al]t & resolute race :i* is
 com+ w g mu* fur!r ?an  ?is4 ,be=e _m  
g5]ations1 if n 9 ours1 !re w be divorce
  = incompatibility ( temp]am5t 9 e     
civilis$ c\ntry4 ,m5 &  wom5 w be       
divorc$1 aft] due delay1 because !y wi%1
 or :5  "o ( !m c %[ grave cause to     
sep>ate f ! o!r4  ,ill-in=m$ p express a
 conc]n ab\t ! *ildr5 or ! social       
consequ5ces4 ,!y d n take ! tr\ble to   
inquire :at happ5s 9  "s ( ! ,am]ican   
,/ates1 or 9 ,d5m>k1 ,norway1 ,sw$51 &  
,switz]l&1 :]e !re is long & ample      
exp]i5ce ( divorce by  mutual cons5t4 ,!
 social consequ5ces are j :at any       
unprejudic$  p]son w\ld expect3 happi]  
homes1 & m heal?ily eng5d]$ &  re>$     
*ildr54 ,b ! puritan does n want to     

inquire3 he is n  s9c]e4 ,w\ld he agree 
to divorce by mutual cons5t :]e !re are 
no *ildr5 or :]e ei!r or bo? p>5ts make 
adequate provision  = !m8 ,he w\ld n4 ,i
 w1 h[ev]1 return lat] to ! "q  (       
*ildr54    ,europe w be f> happi] :5 "s 
su* humane law z ! ,dani% is  g5]ally   
adopt$1 &1 aft] a few ye>s' sep>ation1 !
  discont5t$ are free to rem>ry4 ,b no  
"o :o is acqua9t$ )  ! t5d5cy & influ5ce
 ( mod]n lit]ature c fancy t ?is  w be !
 la/ /ate ( ! old ideal ( ! family4 ,f !
 fir/  ye>s :5 m5 7 free to decl>e _!   
op9ions )\t fe> ( !  /ake1 writ]s (     
great p[] h claim$ ! "r ( :at has come  
to be call$ free love4 ,"s w\ld aboli%  
m>riage1 b !  normal %ape ( ! dem& is t 
m5 & wom5 %all be free to love  & beget 
*ildr5 :e!r or no !y ask ! bless+ (     
,*ur* or  ,/ate4 ,by ! latt] "p ( !     
eighte5? c5tury1 :5 ,goe! took  a       
concub9e on ! pagan model1 _m ( ! fir/  
lit]>y m5 9  ,europe press$ ?is dem&1 & 
x is su/a9$ by "s ( ! mo/  brilliant    
writ]s 9 e c\ntry to-day4 ,! movem5t    

exhibits !  sl[ & /eady gr[? *>act]i/ic 
( re=ms :i* ev5tually  triumph4 ,x is no
 m]e bubble on ! surface ( our          
eff]vesc5t life2  x is ! new intellig5ce
 ( ! race exam9+ ! old traditions4      
,morali/s1 lay & cl]ical1 h a prepo/]\s 
way ( repres5t+  ?is z a surg+ ( selfi% 
passion aga9/ ! b>ri]s :i* human        
exp]i5ce or sup]human wisdom has erect$4
 ,!re is1 x is true1  mu* 9 our         
rebelli\s lit]ature itself :i*          
misrepres5ts !  movem5t4 ,y get !       
impression t1 z ! eighte5? c5tury       
que/ion$ ! div9e "r ( k+s & ! n9ete5?   
c5tury t  ( prie/s1 ! tw5tie? c5tury is 
*all5g+ ! div9e "r (  morali/s4 ,b ?is  
is due to ! common practice ( giv+ a    
n>r[  mean+ to ! ^w immorality4 ,goe! & 
,sw9burne became  zeal\s = morality1 b  
!y nev] alt]$ _! op9ions on  free love4 
,sud]mann & ,anatole ,france & ,prez    
,galds &  d',annunzio1 ,g4 ,b4 ,%aw &   
,t4 ,h>dy & ,e4 ,c>p5t] & ,h4 ,g4       
,wells1 are s9c]e morali/s3 !y inculcate
 hon\r1 tru?fulness1  k9dl9ess1 & ju/ice

 z firmly z our bi%ops1 & m effectively 
?an mo/ ( our cl]gy4 ,x is n morality t 
/&s at ! b>4  ,! real "q is :e!r any    
s\nd moral pr9ciple implies t  m>riage  
alone sanctions sex-union3 :e!r social  
good or social evil  w\ld result f an   
alt]ation ( our /&>ds4    ,?is is a q   
natural & legitimate "q1 & any          
heal?y-m9d$ p]son ought to be able to   
discuss x )\t hy/]ia  or vitup]ation4   
,*ri/ian morali/s h made "s v grave     
mi/akes dur+ ! la/ ?\s& ye>s4 ,humility 
& disda9 ( !  fle% 7 = c5turies extoll$ 
by !m z ! supreme virtues3  cruelty 0   
classifi$ z a v5ial (f5ce4 ,already !   
bulk ( our  div9es reject ! virtue (    
asceticism1 & !y =be> to press on  !    
mod]n _w ! k9d ( humility :i* turns !   
o!r *eek1 or  ! o!r pocket1 to !        
hooligan4 ,!y discov] t social ju/ice   
has be5 s+ul>ly neglect$ by _!          
pr$ecessors1 & !y beg9 to  suspect t w> 
or sweat+ may be worse ?an unbelief or  
,sabba?-break+4 ,x is n at all unnatural
 to inquire :e!r !re  may n also be "s  

elem5t ( error 9 _! sex-e?ic4    ,we d n
 g f> 9 su* an inquiry be=e our         
suspicion is confirm$4  ,! evolution ( !
 virtue ( *a/ity may "s day be trac$ by 
a  cold sci5tific inve/igator1 & 9 its  
e>li] /ages x w prove  extremely        
int]e/+4 ,x is prim>ily connect$ ) an   
anci5t  sup]/ition or tabu 9 reg>d to   
sex-life3 ! k9d (  primitive & unreason+
 feel+ :i* once drove wom5 to !  temples
 ( ,i%t> 9 p>ts ( ! ,ea/1 & /ill        
survives1 baldly &  ludicr\sly1 9 !     
purification process to :i* a rec5t  "m 
mu/ submit 9 ! ,roman & ,anglican       
,*ur*es4 ,?is old idea  t !re 0 some?+  
unclean or my/]i\s ab\t sex-life1  0 m  
or less disc>d$ :5 m5 pass$ out ( !     
b>b>ic /age1  b x q evid5tly surviv$ 9  
"p 9 ! virtue ( purity4 ,a man  or      
woman1 x 0 ?\ght1 _h a c]ta9 my/ic      
sup]iority if he or  %e did n use !     
organs ( sex4 ,h5ce ! widespread        
v5]ation (  ,ve/al ,virg9s1 ,py?agorean 
& ,s]apean recluses1 prie/esses (       
,isis1 ,aztec & ,*ri/ian nuns4 ,i call  

att5tion p>ticul>ly to !  notion t ^!   
celibates 7 9 "s s5se sup]ior to _!     
fell[s1 because x %[s cle>ly !          
connection ) ! old] idea  ( a my/ic     
uncleanness ab\t sex4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 
no rational  gr\nd = ?is sup]/ition1    
?\gh ev5 philosoph]s h  ent]ta9$ x4 ,!re
 is a l>ge & elegant lit]ature ab\t x1 f
  ! ,enneads ( ,plot9us to ,bulw]       
,lytton's ,zanoni or ! works  ( ,miss   
,corelli4    ,mo/ ( u see q cle>ly !    
b>b>ic /ra9 l+]+ 9 ?is  admiration (    
virg9ity1 b we d n p]ceive h[ f> our    
virtue (  purity is a compromise ) ?is  
anci5t sup]/ition4 ,i mean t1  toge!r ) 
s\nd elem5ts :i* ,i w discuss pres5tly1 
!  s5tim5t ( purity or *a/ity reta9$ a  
good deal ( ! old  irrational view (    
sex4 ,lu!r boldly attack$ ! !oretical   
asceticism ( ! m$ieval ,*ur*1 b 9 ! end 
,prote/antism  compromis$ ) ! old       
tradition4 ,?is aga9 is q pla9ly se5  :5
 we reflect on ! way 9 :i* ,*ur* p1 & _m
 ( our  mod]n my/ics & fem9i/s1 brea! ! 
^w lu/4 ,x means  m]ely pleasure 9      

sexual int]c\rse1 b x has to be m5tion$ 
z  r>ely z possible1 & ) d[nca/ eyes &  
an air ( v di/9ct  disapproval4 ,!      
impression is convey$ t x is a ?+ inv5t$
 by  ! devil1 b reluctantly p]mitt$ by !
 ,almighty because ! race  _h to be     
ma9ta9$4 ,! bless+ ( ! ,*ur* made x a   
b>ely  p]missible luxury4 ,we h only to 
reflect t lu/ does n  mean unw$d$ love1 
b sexual pleasure or desire "u any      
conditions1 to recognise ! trail ( ! old
 tabu ov] ! :ole  range ( ^! s5tim5ts4  
,9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ! evolution ( morals
 took a /range turn4  ,nei!r cl]gy nor  
laity _h be=e t "t1 speak+ g5]ally1     
obs]v$ *a/ity 9 practice1 b ! rise (    
non-,*ri/ian critics  9 ! eighte5?      
c5tury _h compell$ ! cl]gy to be m      
fai?ful  to _! own precepts4 ,?is 7& !  
gr[? ( su* movem5ts z  ,wesleyanism7 l$ 
to m conc]n ab\t virtue1 & :5 ! ,engli% 
,agno/ic s*ool arose its lead]s 7 taunt$
 by ! cl]gy ) a  wi% to rationalise or  
alt] morality4 ,by a natural reaction !y
  cultivat$ a p>ticul> zeal = virtue1 & 

accept$ ! old code 9  its entirety4 ,^? 
morali/s :o appeal$ to a categorical    
imp]ative or an intuition _h no         
difficulty 9 do+ ?is4  ,inde$1 any man  
:o to-day accepts ! ,/oic idea (        
morality1 or !  /hetic idea 7t virtue is
 s beautiful t we mu/ cultivate  x71 has
 z mu* "r z ! ,*ri/ian to pr(ess a reg>d
 =  *a/ity4 ,!re ensu$ a k9d ( rivalry (
 virtue betwe5 ! cl]gy  & ! new pagans4 
,x has end$ 9 ! curi\s spectacle ( our  
mod]n cl]gy1 ^: hi/orical k is bo? sl5d]
 &  peculi>1 claim+ t _! ,*ur*es are !  
mo/ fai?ful prea*]s  ( purity ! _w has  
ev] kn[n1 :ile ,agno/ic morali/s        
indignantly dispute _! suppos$ monopoly4
    ,! extreme complexity ( ?is         
evolution1 & ! fact t few ( u  reflect  
critically at all on our moral s5tim5ts1
 mu/ excuse me =  mak+ ?is l5g?y        
analysis4 ,x %[s t our conception (     
*a/ity  /ill conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( !   
old non-rational tradition1 &  t any man
 or woman :o decl9es 7z s _m d to-day7  
to b[ to  my/ic & obscure comm&s has a  

"r to exam9e x closely4 ,9 "o  ( my     
works 7,life ( ,g4 ,j4 ,holyoake1 ii4   
#fe7 ,i h %[n t s  s5sitive a morali/ z 
,j4 ,s4 ,mill admitt$ ?is4 ,obvi\sly1 ! 
precept ( purity or *a/ity has a totally
 diff]5t basis f all  ! o!r recognis$   
moral precepts4 ,^! o!rs are inv>iably  
social laws1 & ! transgression ( !m is  
inv>iably a social  hurt4 ,life itself  
furni%es ! reply if a man asks :y he    
ought to  be j1 k9d1 & tru?ful3 ! answ] 
is n s obvi\s :5 he asks  :y he ought to
 be *a/e4    ,?is w become v mu* cle>]  
if we exam9e our res5tm5t (  immoral    
actions4 ,9 ! majority ( cases we       
condemn !m on  moral pr9ciples q ap>t f 
*a/ity4 ,europe has 9 ?is respect  be5  
lam5tably misl$ by its pr(essional      
morali/s1 & we c  h>dly be surpris$ t 9 
practice x s l>gely ignor$ !m4 ,x is  q 
pla9 t a man or woman :o has m>ri$ on ! 
usual  t]ms--mutual fidelity--& !y rema9
 unalt]$1 is b\nd by hon\r  & ju/ice to 
obs]ve ! contract4 ,adult]y is 9 su* a  
case 7!  usual case7 condemn$ by moral  

pr9ciples :i* h a v mu*  cle>] basis ?an
 *a/ity4 ,aga91 ju/ice /]nly =bids a man
 to  inflict1 or run ! risk ( inflict+1 
grave injury on a woman by  caus+ h] to 
h a *ild 9 a social ord] :i* w heavily  
puni% h] = do+ s4 ,"h also !re is a firm
 reason1 ap>t f  *a/ity1 = moral        
res5tm5t4 ,:5 we elim9ate ^! o!r moral  
s5tim5ts f our condemnation ( immoral   
acts1 !re is c]ta9ly  no social gr\nd ( 
res5tm5t left2 &1 z ,i said1 ,i am n    
argu+ aga9/ a ,/oic or /hetic or        
!ological view4 ,socially1 x  w\ld be an
 enorm\s improvem5t if we kept ?is      
analysis 9 m9d4 ,if  morali/s talk$ less
 ab\t vice1 :i* has an academic s\nd1  &
 m ab\t crime & hon\r1 !re w\ld be less 
suff]+  9 ! _w4 ,! exp]i5ce ( two ?\s&  
ye>s has n comm5d$  ! ,*ur*'s practice (
 d5\nc+ vice :5 x ought to h  appeal$ to
 a man's s5se ( hon\r or ju/ice4 ,x put 
! acc5t on  ! wrong syllable4 ,_m a man 
w %r9k f an act :i* is  unju/1 or may   
involve cruelty1 if he is accu/om$ to   
reg>d x z  su*4 ,he is n s effectively  

intimidat$ by t]ms l virtue &  vice1 :i*
 require a :ole moral philosophy or     
!ology to invalidate  !m4    ,b ,i am n 
= a mom5t cont5d+ t ?is removal ( !     
acc5t  f "o syllable to ano!r leaves !  
law z x 04 ,x is1 on !  contr>y1 ! v    
ess5ce ( my cont5tion t ! law mu/1 9 !  
real int]e/ ( m5 & wom51 be alt]$ & t a 
l>ge am\nt (  e?ical tyranny1 :i* has no
 ju/ification1 mu/ be ab&on$4 ,let me   
fir/ put1 ) entire c&\r1 :at seems to me
 to be ! only  rational recon/ruction ( 
sex-morality on a social basis1 & !n we 
may reg>d ! reasons = advocat+ x4    ,x 
is1 z ,i said1 cle> t if a man or woman 
m>ries on a /rict  monogam\s contract1 &
 holds 8 or h] p>tn] to t contract1  !re
 is a pla9 obligation ( ju/ice to adh]e 
to x4 ,if1 on !  o!r h&1 a man & woman  
*oose to m>ry on any o!r  und]/&+1 or   
*oose to grant ea* o!r 7z is n[         
frequ5tly  done7 a great] lib]ty ?an !  
contract implies1 _! behavi\r is        
entirely _! own conc]n1 & no morali/ :o 
takes 8 /& on  purely social gr\nds has 

any?+ to say to x4 ,9 reg>d to  unm>ri$ 
int]c\rse1 x is fur!r pla9 t a man      
commits an  immoral or anti-social act  
:o entails on an unm>ri$ woman ! grave  
injury :i* *ild-be>+ does entail 9 our  
social ord] g5]ally4  ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be 
recognis$ t guilt is 9 ?is case entirely
  relative to circum/ances4 ,:]e public 
op9ion does n make a p>iah  ( su* a     
woman1 :]e no risk ( suff]+ is involv$1 
su* an act  ( free love is no conc]n ( !
 social morali/4 ,h5ce1 if two  p (     
mature intellig5ce1 mak+ a j provision =
 possible  *ildr51 *oose to live toge!r 
)\t m>riage1 x is entirely  _! own      
conc]n2 & if any woman1 /rong & judici\s
 en\gh to  take ! responsibility ( h]   
acts1 *ooses love )\t m>riage1 x  is h] 
own conc]n4    ,if !re seems to be an   
unfamili> coldness & delib]ation ab\t   
?is def5ce ( lic5ce1 x is en\gh to      
recall ! famili>  circum/ances4 ,"o _c1 
z a rule1 inquire dispassionately into  
?is subject )\t rais+ an hy/]ical /orm4 
,! cl]gy & o!r  puritans accuse a man ( 

! base/ & mo/ selfi% motives2 !y  seem1 
inde$1 s incapable ( und]/&+ t a man may
 plead =  ?is moral recon/ruction on    
motives at lea/ z unselfi% &  elevat$ z 
_! own t _! obtus5ess does little cr$it 
to  _! own moral physiognomy4 ,!y make  
fanatical appeals to  undiscrim9at+     
prejudice1 repeat silly phrases ab\t    
passion  & f>my>d morals1 & rely on     
intimidation4 ,! consequ5ce  is1 t      
ord9>y folk op5ly b[ to _! rhetoric &   
secretly  ignore x4 ,any prop]ly        
obs]vant p]son c f9d out 9 a week to    
:at ext5t ,london obs]ves ! virtue (    
purity4 ,x is !n left to  rebelli\s     
poets & noveli/s & o!r arti/s to make   
fi]y  onslaughts on ! tyranny3 to speak 
( virtue z ! a% ( a  burnt-out fire1 to 
*ant ! roses & raptures ( vice1 or  to  
say scornfully ) ,blake3     ,& prie/s 9
 black g[ns 7 walk+ _! r\nds1   ,& b9d+ 
) bri>s my joys & desires4    ,!re=e ,i 
h *os5 to apply to ! issue ! cold       
d$uctive  processes ) :i* exp]i5ce z a  
pr(essor ( moral philosophy has  made me

 famili>4 ,z ,i said1 ! ,*ri/ian is free
 to obs]ve 8  suppos$ div9e comm&1 !    
,/oic may b[ to a my/ic & inscrutable   
law1 ! moral /hete may en?use ov] ! *>m 
( virtue2 b ,i  ma9ta9 t ! sociological 
or utilit>ian view ( morals1 :i* is  n[ 
g5]ally accept$ by ! va/ numb] ( p :o h 
ceas$ to  be ,*ri/ian1 _c control       
sex-relations 9 any o!r s5se ?an  ?is4  
,a man mu/ avoid inju/ice & h>d%ip3 a   
woman mu/ use h]  discretion4 ,inde$1 z 
! cl]gy & ! puritans n[ take _!  /&     
commonly on social gr\nds1 ^! social    
consid]ations are  effective aga9/ !m4  
,b ! "q is n m]ely academic4 ,^! cold & 
sev]e  d$uctions are v prop]ly oppos$ to
 ! heat$ phraseology &  s5tim5tality (  
,cons]vatives1 :o pr(ess to be conc]n$  
ab\t our  social welf>e1 b ,i am really 
plead+ = ! great] happ9ess (  ! race1 ! 
less5+ ( hypocrisy1 ! curtailm5t ( a    
sy/em (  pro/itution :i* makes ! lives (
 s _m wom5 end 9 horror4  ,) all _! talk
 ab\t our social welf>e1 ! cl]gy &  _!  
puritan support]s are 9 ?is respect !   

grave/ di/urb]s  & re/rict]s ( our      
social welf>e2 & ! insol5ce ) :i*  !y   
assail e attempt at re=m is ludicr\s 9  
view ( _! own  record & gravely         
prejudicial to ! advance ( human        
happ9ess4 ,x  is n a "q ( aboli%+       
m>riage1 or ( int]f]+ ) !  lib]ty ( any4
 ,at "o mom5t ! cl]gy repres5t m>riage z
 s  b5efic5t1 s solidly e/abli%$ 9 !    
he>ts ( our p1 t  only a morbid s5suali/
 ev] assails x2 & ! next mom5t !y       
sugge/1 9 effect1 t if we relax our     
co]cion1 p w ab&on  m>riage 9 su* numb]s
 t ! social ord] w be ov]:elm$4  ,let u 
h s9c]ity & lib]ty4    ,b nei!r is x a  
"q ( spread+ a gospel ( free love1  9 ! 
p]v]se s5se 9 :i* ! cl]gy conceive su* a
 gospel4 ,!  consid]ations ,i h giv5    
above %\ld make ?is pla9 en\gh4 ,x is  a
 "q ( secur+ fre$om & love = ! hundr$s (
 ?\s&s  ( mature wom5 :o _c m>ry1 or :o 
d n *oose to ent] ^u  ! v prec>i\s      
exp]im5t ( surr5d]+ _! privacy &        
indep5d5ce3 a "q ( break+ ! tyranny ( an
 old  sup]/ition :i*1 by means ( public 

op9ion1 =bids s _m wom5  to h ! *ild !y 
desire to h1 or ! %>e ( happ9ess f  :i* 
!y are exclud$3 a "q ( putt+ an end to a
 va/ am\nt  ( ne$less suff]+ & privation
 & hypocrisy4 ,! ,/ate w\ld  ga9 r ?an  
lose by ?is fre$om3 x is ! ,*ur* only t 
w\ld suff]4 ,?\s&s ( wom5 already hold  
^! views1 z ! op5  circulation ( !      
,freewoman 7a few ye>s ago7 & ( our     
bold]  noveli/s %[s4 ,! feel+ ga9s gr\nd
 ye>ly1 & ! "t is  approa*+ :5 t seal ( 
ignom9y :i* our prie/-made law puts  on 
! illegitimate *ild w be remov$1 & m5 & 
wom5  w cease to speak ( lu/4           
,sex-pleasure has no m ta9t ?an  any    
o!r1 & ! notion t x is ju/ifi$ only z an
  accompanim5t to ! begett+ ( *ildr51 or
 to less5 ! risk (  adult]y1 is *ildi%ly
 irrational & g5]ally ins9c]e4 ,laws !re
  mu/ be3 b ! laws mu/ be made = m51 n  
m5 = ! laws4 ,x  is "t t ,europe %ook (f
 ! conceptions ( conduct :i* 7  impos$  
on x by impot5t monks l ,gregory ,,vii41
 & fram$ its own  rules 9 accordance ) !
 new & heal?i] attitude t[>d life4      

,asceticism is a comm]cial              
speculation--! sacrifice ( e>? = a      
d\ble %>e ( heav5--:i* we h no long]    
reason to appreciate4    ,! progress (  
?is view w be assi/$ by two contempor>y 
re=ms  ( receiv$ op9ion4 ,"o reg>ds !   
economic dep5d5ce ( woman on  man1 :i*  
,i w discuss lat]4 ,i ne$ only recall "h
 t "s (  ! wor/ evils ( our             
m>riage-sy/em--! s*em+ & b>t]+ &  l9k+ =
 life--are due to ?is dep5d5ce4 ,! o!r  
re=m is !  widespread & increas+        
rejection ( ! old idea t a woman mu/    
be> z _m *ildr5 z nature w p]mit h] to  
h4    ,!re is among/ u a disgu/+ am\nt (
 hypocrisy 9 reg>d to ?is  "q4 ,!       
majority ( educat$ p ( all classes1 ev5 
_m (  ! cl]gy1 n[ practise artificial   
limitation ( ! family1 yet we  proce$ on
 ! fiction t ?is is a disreputable      
practice4 ,we turn  into pornographic   
dpts ! %ops :i* sell contraceptives1 &  
we  all[ an antiquat$ law to be         
dra/ically en=c$ aga9/ m5 :o  w\ld be   
dec5t purveyors ( ! ?+s we use 9 secret4

 ,we h  talk$1 & read j\rnali/ic        
articles1 ab\t ! dw9dl+  population (   
,france = tw5ty ye>s1 ?\gh x is only )9 
!  la/ ye> or s t x has ev5 slightly    
decreas$2 & !  bir?-rate alone %[s t    
,london & ,b]l9 & e o!r great  city are 
rapidly approa*+ ! condition ( ,p>is4   
,we li/5 )\t  prote/ to ! lam5tations ( 
half-in=m$ faddi/s on !  limitation ( ! 
bir?-rate 9 anci5t ,rome 7:]e ! practice
 0  conf9$ to a few1 & prov$ an excell5t
 means ( sav+ ! ,/ate  by ridd+ x ( a   
worn-out nobility7 or ! m$ieval         
republics (  ,italy4 ,& :ile we         
p]petrate ^! & a hundr$ o!r follies1 we 
"k t ! majority ( u :o are educat$ &    
unprejudic$ f9d  ! practice humane &    
comm5dable4 ,we w\ld1 x seems1 r leave  
frail girls to ! m]cy ( quacks & dang]\s
 op]ators ?an tell  !m op5ly :at        
bett]-educat$ ladies d to avoid         
conception4    ,yet we h n "h ev5 !     
excuse ( an antique religi\s comm&4  ,! 
,ca?olic ,*ur*1 x is true1 sev]ely      
condemns ! use (  contraceptives1 b "o  

f9ds t its prohibition is bas$ m]ely on 
! reason+ ( m$ieval celibates4 ,) ^? :o 
argue t !  practice is aga9/ nature "o  
h>dly ne$s to discuss4 ,half !          
di/9ctive ?+s ( civilisation are aga9/  
nature1 nor is  !re any reason :y we    
%\ld n dep>t f ! ways ( t  anci5t &     
un9tellig5t dame4 ,h>dly less fooli% is 
! al>m ab\t  our dw9dl+ bir?-rate4 ,) e 
indu/ry & pr(ession already  mu*        
ov]cr[d$1 we d n act v intellig5tly 9   
c5sur+ !  mod]n re/riction ( production4
 ,b ^! are1 to a great ext5t1  ei!r     
:olly ins9c]e expressions or confus$    
repetitions ( anci5t  prejudices4 ,9    
,france1 :]e a society arose = ! *eck+ (
 !  practice1 x 0 f\nd t ! memb]s _h an 
av]age ( "o *ild  & a half 9 ea* family4
 ,a simil> c5sus among ! writ]s &       
associations :i* attack ,mal?usianism 9 
,engl& might yield an  in/ructive       
result4    ,"o c und]/& ! ho/ility to   
,mal?usianism--or1 r1                   
,neo-,mal?usianism1 s9ce ,mal?us's idea 
( re/rict+ population by  avoid+        

int]c\rse is unnecess>ily h]oic--9 a    
c\ntry l  ,au/ralia1 :i* urg5tly        
requires population2 ?\gh ev5 9         
,au/ralia ! opposition is futile4 ,"o c 
und]/& su* ho/ility  9 a l& :i* has     
univ]sal conscription1 & neighb\rs ) a  
sup]ior army2 ?\gh ,i h else:]e po9t$   
out ! s5sible &  natural way to settle  
?is difficulty4 ,b x is q irrational 9  
su* a city z ,london4 ,five-six?s ( u1 x
 has be5 demon/rat$1 d  n att5d *ur* or 
take our code ( life meekly f ! cl]gy1 z
  our fa!rs did2 our lab\r-m>ket is1 9 e
 division1 enorm\sly  ov]cr[d$2 & our   
army is n affect$ by ! dw9dl+ bir?-rate4
  ,:y1 9 ^! circum/ances1 %\ld ! wom5 ( 
,engl& be ask$ to  und]go ! pa9 &       
sickness & we>9ess ( a ye>ly bir?1 &    
we> out _! lives 9 ! re>+ ( a l>ge      
family8 ,m5 h1 z a  rule1 too little    
appreciation ( ! t]rible burd5 !y lay on
 _!  wives1 b _! own int]e/ at lea/     
ought to weigh ) !m4 ,:y  be con/ra9$ to
 f9d ! res\rces = re>+ & educat+ a l>ge 
family :5 a small] family w give bett]  

*ances to ! *ildr5  & conduce to !      
happ9ess ( ! home8    ,to ^! que/ions ! 
only answ] is an irrational outp\r+ (   
antique rhetoric4 ,x is m]e lu/ to h    
comm]ce )\t  *ildr53 x is selfi% to wi% 
to live 9 great] com=t by  re/rict+ !   
family3 x is unnatural4 ,! man :o w\ld  
less5 ! suff]+ ( 8 companion 9 life1 &  
obta9 great]  advantages & m lov+ c>e = 
8 *ildr5 by re/rict+ _!  numb]1 may     
smile at ! futility ( ?is k9d (         
rhetoric4 ,b x is  surely "t1 9 ! second
 decade ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 to meet x  )
 a frank & curt decl>ation t we h1 & w  
use1 a "r  to any pleasure :i* ?is life 
af=ds1 provid$ x hurt no "o4 ,!  la/    
trace ( asceticism %\ld be trodd5       
und]foot4 ,! m$ieval  cl]gy 7 a body ( a
 few fanatics lead+ an army (           
hypocrites4  ,_! ideas h no place 9 our 
life4 ,love & joy & comrade%ip  are 9   
!mselves z mu* ours z ! sc5t ( ! rose or
 ! flav\r  ( w9e4 ,x is "t t we e*o$    
defiantly ! sne]+ words ( !  apo/le1 &  
said3 ,yes1 let u eat & dr9k1 = tomorr[ 

we die4  ,we are n likely to =get t life
 has o!r pleasures1 ( culture  & art1   
besides ^? ( ! palate or ( love4 ,!     
supreme  comm&m5t is1 z old ,egypt said3
 ,?\ %alt make no man weep4  ,! supreme 
virtue is to quick5 ! he>ts ( m5 ) joy &
 fill  _! m9ds ) tru?4 ,& ! "t w come :5
 ! cl]gy1  read+ aright = ! fir/ "t !   
life ( ! ages ( fai?1 w  say3 ,we nev]  
insi/$ on our !oretical asceticism until
 ^?  d\r sceptics ( ! n9ete5? c5tury    
compell$ u3 ! ,middle ,ages  7 ! ages ( 
lib]ty4    ,! cl]gy are1 9 fact1 9 a    
dilemma4 ,! cry ( ! h\r is  social      
consequ5ces4 ,!re is a va/ am\nt (      
doleful recall+  ( dead civilisations & 
pr$iction ( com+ woe2 ?\gh ,engl& 0     
nev] be=e s prosp]\s1 solid1 & free f   
crime4 ,b dogmas  h worn s ?9 t we mu/  
be press$ to ma9ta9 !m1 ev5 if  !y are  
false1 on social gr\nds4 ,! answ] is q  
simple4 ,if any  social quality or rule 
( conduct is necess>y = our welf>e &    
happ9ess 9 ?is _w1 we ne$ no dogmatic   
f\ndation = x4 ,m5  w see t virtue is   

its own rew>d4 ,& if any rule ( conduct 
9  ! ,*ri/ian code is n bas$ ^u ! actual
 exig5cies ( life1  !re w be no social  
consequ5ces if we disreg>d x4 ,!        
sup]/itions ,i h assail$ belong to ?is  
latt] category4    ,b a campaign aga9/ !
 artificial re/riction ( ! bir?-rate    
has rec5tly be5 inaugurat$ on :at are   
?\ght to be s]i\s social  gr\nds1 & ?is 
leads me to a ?ird & la/ re=m :i* !     
family  w und]go4 ,i ref] to ! ,eug5ic  
movem5t4 ,let me fir/ expla9  :y ?is    
ho/ility ( ,eug5i/s to ! re/riction ( ! 
bir?-rate  seems a ne$less & illogical  
complication ( _! aims4    ,?is ho/ility
 is usually express$ 9 ! =m ( a fe> t ! 
re/riction ( bir?s among ! bett] class &
 unre/rict$  increase ( ! l[] class mu/ 
lead to det]ioration4 ,"o  w\ld ?9k t ! 
prop] rem$y ( ?is w\ld be to recomm5d   
prud5tial re/riction to ! mass ( !      
work]s1 z ! ,mal?usian  ,league         
endeav\rs to d4 ,x is a /range social   
idealism :i* w\ld  urge ov]-production  
all r\nd1 ) its tra9 ( dome/ic &        

indu/rial evils1 in/ead ( urg+          
re/riction all r\nd4 ,x w\ld  also be   
int]e/+ to le>n ! av]age numb] ( *ildr5 
to a  family among ^! zeal\s ,eug5i/s1 &
 :e!r !y d n f9d  middle-class          
pr(essions z ov]cr[d$ z ! manual        
indu/ries are4  ,at all ev5ts1 s9ce x is
 n[ impossible to induce educat$ mo!rs  
to return to ! virtu\s & exact+ indu/ry 
( _! ,victorian  pr$ecessors1 ! be/ ?+  
w\ld be to educate ! masses 9 a         
common-s5se view ( mat]nity & ( _! own  
int]e/4    ,x w suffice "h1 h[ev]1 to   
deal ) ! san] side ( !  ,eug5ic movem5t4
 ,x proposes to elim9ate bad human /ock 
& promote  ! mat+ ( good /ocks4 ,^! are 
^? :o f9d x a degradation  to introduce 
! me?ods ( ! bre$] into human affairs1 b
  ! objection is m]ely silly4 ,! me?ods 
( ! mod]n bre$] are  an expression (    
intellig5ce1 improv+ on nature2 ^!      
old-fa%ion$ folk w\ld h u disreg>d !    
p]suasion (  intellig5ce & reta9 ! crude
 me?ods ( un9tellig5t nature4 ,!  s]i\s 
"q is3 ,is ! ,eug5ic proposal s\nd &    

practicable8    ,z f> z positive        
,eug5ics1 or ! selection ( good human   
/ocks =  bre$+1 is conc]n$1 ! rec5t     
evolution ( ! movem5t seems to  %[ t no 
firm & practicable proposal c yet be    
=mulat$4 ,!  tru? is t ! movem5t is     
greatly enfeebl$ by a g5]al reliance  on
 disput$ !ories ( h]$ity4 ,"s ,eug5i/s  
rely on ,weismann's  !ory3 "s on !      
,m5deli/ !ory4 ,!y d n realise t        
sci5tific m5 are by no means agre$ ^u ^!
 !ories1 & x is a  s]i\s mi/ake to build
 on ei!r4 ,9 ,engl& mo/ ( our biologi/s 
are ,weismanni/s 79 a broad s5se71 b !re
 is m ho/ility to  ! !ory 9 ,g]many & ! 
,unit$ ,/ates1 & bo? !ories h  lately _h
 to confront grave difficulties4 ,any   
,eug5ic proposal :i*  is bas$ on a !ory 
( h]$ity mu/ be reg>d$ ) res]ve4 ,!     
dogmatic /atem5ts ( ,pr(essor ,k>l      
,pe>son1 = in/ance1 9 reg>d  to !       
impossibility ( alt]+ by education !    
innate qualities (  a *ild are entirely 
unw>rant$4 ,h]$ity is /ill a my/]y3 & ! 
relative importance ( h]$ity &          

environm5t 7or nature &  nurture7 is n  
yet det]m9$4    ,deta*+ ! elem5t ( !ory1
 we h a pla9 proposal to eradicate      
ta9t$ /ocks f ! human g>d5 & promote !  
gr[? ( !  s\nd]4 ,z ,i h said1 !        
positive proposal to bre$ has n yet  be5
 put be=e u 9 a practicable or          
discussable =m4 ,?is is  l>gely because 
,eug5i/s fe> to al>m ! public by po9t+  
out h[  x affects ! position ( m>riage4 
,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m o!r  difficulties4  
,! extraord9>y div]sity among *ildr5 ( !
 same  p>5ts w>ns u t we _c c\nt on !   
result ( mat+ human  be+s1 ) _!         
inf9itely m complex n]v\s sy/ems1 z we c
  c\nt on ! issue ( mat+ %eep or dogs4  
,! m$iocrity ( !  liv+ *ildr5 ( our     
able/ m5 ( ! la/ g5]ation1 ev5 :5  ! "m 
0 an excell5t mate1 is ano!r circum/ance
 to be  consid]$4 ,we d n yet "k ! po9ts
 to bre$ =1 & !re is  no con/ancy (     
result4 ,eug5i/s sometimes ref] to !    
physical or  m5tal sup]iority ( "o class
 ( *ildr5 ov] ano!r1 b 9 ?is  !y d n    
attempt to di/+ui% betwe5 ! effect (    

environm5t  & ! natural end[m5t4        
,positive ,eug5ics is n yet beyond !    
/age ( rese>*4 ,su* rese>*1 if conduct$ 
)\t academic  prejudice 7:i* is too     
app>5t 9 _m ,eug5ic pap]s71 is ( v      
great s]vice2 &1 if ev] a firm proposal 
lies be=e u1 we may  tru/ t rhetorical  
phrases & cl]ical prejudices w n be     
all[$ to b> ! way4    ,9 ! case (       
negative ,eug5ics we are ne>] agreem5t4 
,"h aga91  h[ev]1 rese>* is n always    
c&id4 ,inquiries h be5 made into  !     
l9eage ( ,am]ican crim9als1 & ! l>ge    
p]c5tage (  crim9als 9 "o family is held
 to indicate a ta9t$ /ock3 x is n       
suffici5tly notic$ t !y all liv$ 9 !    
same crime-bre$+  environm5t4 ,o!r      
,eug5i/s try to intimidate u ) ! cry t  
lunacy & crime are increas+ rapidly3    
:]eas 7z ,i %[$ 9 !  ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1   
,april #aiab7 !re is no prov$ increase (
 lunacy  & no increase ( crime1 9       
proportion to ! gr[? ( population4  ,^! 
me?ods br+ discr$it on ! ,eug5ic        
proposals4 ,x is1  h[ev]1 n[ agre$ t    

c]ta9 diseases1 includ+ c]ta9 =ms (     
m5tal disease1 are transmissible1 &     
common-s5se sugge/s t we  %\ld prev5t _!
 transmission4 ,x is well to be> 9 m9d1 
h[ev]1 t ^! ?+s affect only a fraction (
 ! community4 ,z  is ! case ) e new     
social proposal1 ,eug5ics is be+ press$ 
z a panacea2 & x appeals to _m z a      
fasc9at+ me?od (  heal+ our social      
maladies )\t t\*+ ! pres5t di/ribution  
( weal?4 ,x is "o subsidi>y rem$y among 
! hundr$ :i* mod]n  civilisation ne$s to
 apply4 ,by all means let u discov] :at 
ta9t$ /ocks1 if any1 !re are among/ u2 &
 let u h  ! elem5t>y c\rage &           
intellig5ce to ext+ui% !m1 by !         
isolation1 pa9less de/ruction1 or       
/]ilisation ( _!  repres5tatives4    ,! 
future ( ! family seems n obscure4      
,mal?usian & ,eug5ic  proposals w alt]  
mu* ( ! crud5ess & /upidity ( ! old     
family ideal1 & ease ( divorce w remove 
! blight x has put on  _m a home4       
,hundr$s ( ?\s&s bless m>riage )        
gratitude &  s9c]ity3 t5s ( ?\s&s curse 

x ) equal s9c]ity4 ,let !re  be lib]ty &
 life = all4 ,= a mod]n legislature to  
ignore a va/  am\nt ( vice & mis]y1 & be
 guid$ by ! anci5t =mula ( a  celibate  
prie/hood1 is "o ( ! mo/ lam5table      
features ( our  civilisation4 ,& !      
unbias$ social /ud5t may look )\t conc]n
  on ! gr[? ( extra-matrimonial love4   
,!re is no int]e/ ( !  ,/ate :i* =bids  
x1 nor any s\nd pr9ciple ( morals4 ,!   
woman  ( ! future w be h] own mi/ress1  
responsible nei!r to prie/  nor morali/ 
9 ?is respect4 ,if %e *ooses1 %e w m>ry2
 b %e  w n sacrifice half ! joy ( life  
because %e _c1 or does  n *oose to1     
v5ture ^u ! exp]im5t ( dome/ic intimacy4
       ,,*apt] ,,vii4   ,,! ,,future ,,(
 ,,woman    ,,! old tradition ( ! family
 is intimately connect$ ) ! old  ideal (
 womanhood1 & ?is 9 turn is summon$ to !
 b> ( mod]n  criticism4 ,a sub/antial   
*ange 9 ! position ( woman seems s      
revolution>y a di/urbance1 s9ce x       
directly affects half ! race  & mu/ v   
s]i\sly affect ! home & ! ,/ate1 t our  

,cons]vatives employ aga9/ ! proposal ! 
:ole ars5al (  controv]sial rhetoric4   
,we he> ( ! wisdom ( ! race--z if !     
race did n gr[ wis] z x gr[s old]--& !  
?9 end ( !  w$ge4 ,we are rem9d$ t !    
anci5t civilisations always came to  an 
end :5 _! wom5 rebell$ aga9/ _! natural 
position4 ,we  h private appeals to our 
s5su\s feel+s & our in/9cts (           
proprietor%ip1 & op5 appeals to !       
ascetic doctr9e ( !  ,paul9e ,epi/les4  
,we h hi/ory put be=e u1 z usual1 9 *os5
  fragm5ts1 & on ! /r5g? ( ^! deta*$    
bits ( le>n+ we  he> impressive s]mons  
on ! laws ( hi/ory & ( nature4    ,!    
appeal to hi/ory1 :i* m5 l ,dr4 ,emil   
,rei* h s gravely  abus$1 is 9 ?is case 
s+ul>ly un=tunate4 ,9 mo/ cases !  c&id 
/ud5t ( hi/ory f9ds "s anci5t abuse or  
irrational  tradition mak+ its way f "o 
civilisation to ano!r1 & f9ds  x natural
 t our m critical & indep5d5t g5]ation  
%\ld at  l5g? seek to de?rone x4 ,b 9 ! 
case ( woman ! ,cons]vative  has n ev5 !
 wisdom ( ! race to appeal to4 ,h]      

position  9 ! pa/ has v>i$ greatly1 b x 
is v f> f true t %e  _h always occupi$ t
 /ate ( subjection 9 :i* our ,victorian 
re=m]s f\nd h]4 ,i h else:]e 7,woman 9  
,political ,evolution7  survey$ ! full  
/ory ( woman's developm5t1 & w "h be    
cont5t ) a summ>y view :i* makes !      
,fem9i/ movem5t ( our  "t intelligible4 
,dur+ ! great] "p ( ! hi/ory (          
civilisation1 9 !  ,egyptian &          
,mesopotamian empires1 woman _h a       
consid]able measure (  fre$om & respect4
 ,:5 ! ,greeks & ,romans ent]$ ! /age1  
!y br\ght ) !m a diff]5t tradition 9    
reg>d to woman1 b  z soon z !y rea*$ !  
height ( _! cultural developm5t1  _!    
wom5 7& _m ( _! m57 rebell$ aga9/ ?is   
tradition4  ,! civilisation ( ,greece 0 
ext+ui%$ s spe$ily t ! wom5  ( ,a!ns1   
aid$ by s em95t a ?9k] z ,plato1 _h n "t
 to w9  _! emancipation2 b ! ,roman wom5
 did succe$ 9 lift+  !mselves f _!      
position ( subjection4 ,9 ! meantime1   
h[ev]1 ! political & religi\s developm5t
 ( ,europe l$ to !  reappe>ance ( !     

b>b>ic tradition 9 a new =m4 ,! ,*ri/ian
  lead]s _h 9 _! sacr$ docum5ts ! social
 code ( a rude  ,semitic tribe1 ! ,jews1
 :i* 0 /]nly emphasis$ by ,/4 ,paul1 &  
!y brood$ d>kly ov] ! position ( woman4 
,t]tullian fi]cely  rem9d$ ,*ri/ians t1 
b = woman1 ! race w\ld nev] h  be5      
damn$4 ,ambrose +5i\sly reflect$ t ,eve 
0 made out ( a  m]e rib1 n out ( ! bra91
 ( ,adam4 ,augu/9e reg>d$ woman z  an   
unpleasant in/itution creat$ by         
,provid5ce = ! relief (  weak-will$     
males & = ! ma9t5ance ( ! race4 ,j]ome  
fr[n$  heavily on ! ,roman woman's claim
 ( emancipation4 ,?is qua9t  mixture (  
,jewi% contempt & ascetic dread 0 impos$
 on ,europe by  ! triumphant prie/hood1 
educat$ ma9ly 9 ! op9ions ( !  ,fa!rs1 &
 woman sank aga9 to a position (        
inf]iority &  subjection4    ,wom5      
writ]s ( _m c\ntries h writt5 ?is /ory (
 !  degradation ( _! sex 9 ,*ri/ian     
,europe1 & "o c only admire  ! spl5did  
audacity ) :i* ,bi%op ,welldon assures  
wom5 t  ,jesus ,*ri/ 7:o nev] utt]$ a   

prote/ aga9/ ! ,jewi%  conception or a  
w>n+ aga9/ ! com+ abuse ( x7 0 !  fir/  
to respect !m1 or ! ,bi%op ( ,london    
describes  ,*ri/ianity z woman's be/    
fri5d1 or ,bi%op ,diggle  repres5ts !   
,*ri/ian z an advance on ! ,roman       
attitude4 ,our  cl]gy are di/+ui%$ = !  
facility ) :i* !y make  hi/orical       
/atem5ts )\t giv+ u any s]i\s evid5ce ( 
a  comm& ( hi/ory2 !y h ! advantage (   
be+ able to assure  _! foll[]s t x is a 
s9 to read m accurate & less  or?odox   
exp]ts4    ,! hi/orical tru? is t !     
n9ete5? c5tury f\nd woman 9 a  position 
f> l[] ?an t %e _h occupi$ at ,rome     
sev5te5  c5turies be=e--f> l[]1 inde$1  
?an %e _h occupi$ dur+  7except = two   
brief p]iods7 ! _m ?\s&s ( ye>s ( !     
hi/ory ( civilisation4 ,x 0 q inevitable
 t a movem5t =  h] emancipation &       
uplift+ %\ld f9d a place among ! great  
re=ms initiat$ 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,to      
conceive ?is movem5t z a  semi-hy/]ical 
rebellion aga9/ ! settl$ usage ( ! race 
is  m]ely to betray a gross ignorance ( 

hi/ory4 ,rec5t exp]i5ce has  taught u t 
!re is a great deal 9 ! settl$ usage ( !
 race  to rebel aga9/2 b x is false t 9 
?is case we are do+ s4  ,! undisput$    
hi/orical tru? is t woman _h be5        
comp>atively  free & respect$ dur+ !    
great] "p ( ! civilis$ p]iod3  t1 :5 !  
e>ly civilisations ( ,greece & ,rome _h 
plac$ h]  9 subjection = a few c5turies1
 %e1 at ! beg9n+ ( !  ,*ri/ian era1     
rebell$ & won h] emancipation3 & t !    
lat]  p]iod ( subjection 0 m]ely due to 
! incorporation 9 !  ,*ri/ian religion (
 ! primitive & crude ideal ( a polygam\s
  ,arab tribe4 ,aga9/ ?is intol]able    
sup]/ition mod]n civilisation  has      
rebell$1 & we are 9 ! mid/ ( a f> deep] 
discussion (  woman's nature & position 
?an ev] occurr$ be=e4    ,! discussion  
is pass+ ?r\gh ! ?ree phases :i* are    
cu/om>y  9 ^! controv]sies4 ,at fir/ !  
cl]gy & ! ,cons]vative  quot$ ! ,bible &
 ! ,fa!rs4 ,!n1 :5 wom5 began to %[ t   
!y 7 dispos$ to exam9e a little m       
closely ! au?ority (  docum5ts :i*      

taught s obvi\s an inju/ice1 x 0 plead$ 
t 9  ?is case ! religi\s view co9cid$ ) 
s\nd sci5ce &  sociology4 ,9 t phase we 
are to-day1 discuss+ claims t  nature & 
our social int]e/ are on ! side ( ! old 
ideal4  ,9 a few m decades1 :5 ! battle 
is won1 ! ,bi%op ( ,london (  ! "t w be 
demon/rat+ t ! re=m 0 anticipat$ by !   
,fa!rs sixte5 hundr$ ye>s ago & 0       
conta9$1 9 g]m1 9 !  ,new ,te/am5t4     
,at pres5t ! controv]sy ab\t woman's    
position turns l>gely on  ! "q ( h]     
nature1 & ! lit]ature ( ! subject is    
prodigi\s4 ,woman has diff]5t organs &  
functions ?an ^? (  man1 & x is natural 
to suppose t !y w give h] a diff]5t  "*4
 ,"h is ! opportunity ( ! male3 he has a
 solid  sci5tific fact to build ^u4     
,he sagely exam9es ! intellectual life (
 woman & pron\nces x  inf]ior to t (    
man3 he measures h] bra9 & f9ds x small]
  ?an t ( man1 & ?us discov]s !         
sci5tific basis ( h]  inf]iority2 & he  
nev] reflects t1 s9ce he1 on ! :ole1    
=bade h] to develop h] bra9 &           

intellig5ce dur+ ! fifte5  c5turies (   
,*ri/ian dom9ation1 x may be t h] bra9  
is n  work+ ) all ! en]gy ( :i* x is    
capable4 ,he lays d[n =  ?is dep5d5t    
creature a c]ta9 code ( deportm5t &     
behavi\r1  &1 :5 x has enfeebl$ h]1 he  
disc\rses on h] inf]ior muscul>         
developm5t3 if any girls or wom5        
defiantly ex]cise _! muscles  & become  
/rong1 he calls !m unwomanly & happily  
exceptional4 ,he obs]ves t woman is m   
emotional ?an man2 &1  ( c\rse1 he does 
n ask physiologi/s :e!r ?is may be      
m]ely1  or ma9ly1 ! effect 7z x is7 ( ! 
muscul> & intellectual  re/rictions he  
has plac$ on h]4 ,he bids h] develop    
pretty curves  on h] body = 8           
ent]ta9m5t1 & nev] ?9ks ab\t !          
physiological & psy*ological effect ( ! 
dead mass ( fat & !  flabby muscles4 ,he
 k9dly und]takes 7= a consid]ation7 !   
c>e (  ?is weak] companion1 &1 :5 %e    
beg9s to prove t %e c f5d  = h]self1 he 
sev]ely c5sures h] = intrud+ on 8       
lab\r-m>ket4 ,he le>ns f noveli/s t %e  

has a peculi> p[]  ( intuition 79       
fiction71 & a great] f95ess ( p]ception 
?an man 7:i* exact exp]im5t 9 ,am]ica   
has %[n to be untrue71  & is altoge!r a 
deep & unfa?omable be+4 ,& he !n1 9     
virtue ( 8 sup]ior und]/&+ ( h] my/]i\s 
nature1  proce$s to dictate to h] ab\t  
h] sph]e & h] capacities4    ,!         
absurdities & contradictions ( male     
writ]s on wom51 support$  by "s wom5    
writ]s1 dur+ ! la/ two hundr$ ye>s1 w\ld
 fill a  volume4 ,!y 7 m or less        
intelligible1 & c]ta9ly  ent]ta9+1 9 !  
e>li] "p ( ! mod]n p]iod1 b at a "t  :5 
we h sci5tific & hi/orical in=mation to 
guide u !y  are nei!r intellig5t nor    
amus+4 ,we n[ "k t !re is no su*  ?+ z  
an un*angeable nature ( a liv+ organism4
 ,/ructure &  function v>y ) use &      
environm5t1 :atev] !ory ( h]$ity  "o    
foll[s4 ,=bid ! bra9 & muscles to       
function = "s  c5turies1 & !y w become  
feebl]3 re/ore _! activity &  !y w      
return to /r5g?4 ,%ut a woman out (     
politics or bus9ess  or w>1 & %e w lose 

h] capacity = x3 re9troduce h] to x1  & 
h] faculties are %>p5$4 ,:5 ! k+s (     
,dahomi =m$ a  regim5t ( wom5 9 _! army1
 ! wom5 7 f\nd to be m  deadly fight]s  
?an ! m51 & !y drank z heavily4    ,z f>
 z ! political phase ( ! mod]n ,fem9i/  
/ruggle is  conc]n$1 ! application ( ^! 
pr9ciples is cle> en\gh4 ,:5  /atesm5 c 
f9d no bett] argum5t aga9/ !            
enfran*isem5t (  wom5 ?an ! fact t 7l ! 
politicians !mselves7 !y d no  milit>y  
s]vice1 & :5 sci5tific m5 plead only _! 
p]iodical  p]turbations & _! *ange (    
life1 x is "t to cease  argu+4 ,ev5 9   
c\ntries :i* h a sy/em ( conscription x 
has  nev] be5 propos$ t ^? :o are exempt
 f s]vice %\ld n  h a vote4 ,9 a c\ntry 
l ,engl& ! objection is supremely       
fooli%3 x rem9ds "o ( ,plato's ironical 
argum5t1 9 ?is  connection1 t m5 :o are 
bald %\ld n be all[$ to make %oes4  ,z  
to ! comp>ative di/urbance ( judgm5t :i*
 a c]ta9  proportion ( wom5 suff] at    
c]ta9 p]iods1 x is prepo/]\s to  suppose
 t ?is does n unfit !m = m important "w1

 b  does unfit !m = ca/+ a vote once 9  
sev5 ye>s4 ,is x  sugge/$ t !           
,cons]vative matron w1 if an election   
fall 9  h] p]iod ( n]v\s in/ability1 m>*
 9 a fr5zy to ! poll &  vote = ,keir    
,h>die8 ,ev5 ! m or less intoxicat$ male
 vot]  does n ov]rule a settl$          
conviction s easily4 ,b x is wa/e (  "t 
to discuss su* matt]s4 ,a simple        
inve/igation ( ye>s (  exp]i5ce 9       
,am]ica & ,au/ralasia is m valuable ?an 
!  p$antic decl>ations ( "o or two      
sci5tific m54 ,ev5 ,cons]vative         
,au/ralians smil$ :5 ,i ask$ !m if !    
consequ5ces ( female  enfran*isem5t1 z  
!y are d>kly =ebod$ by s]i\s p 9        
,engl&1 _h be5 obs]v$ 9 _! ,commonweal?4
    ,! anti-suffrage campaign has be5 ! 
dea?-bl[ ( ! prejudice  aga9/ !         
enfran*isem5t ( wom54 ,x has %[n !      
complete  futility ( ! ,cons]vative     
position4 ,wom5 w\ld probably h !  vote 
9 ,engl& to-day if a section ( ^? :o    
dem& x _h n  tak5 a false pa?4 ,! end1  
h[ev] sacr$1 does n ju/ify crim9al      

means2 nor c any s]i\s /atesman yield to
 viol5ce &  intimidation4 ,yet !re is   
no?+ 9 ?is tempor>y ab]ration to  /r5g!n
 ! anti-,fem9i/ position4 ,x 0 an error 
( judgm5t &  a misread+ ( hi/ory4 ,i am 
well acqua9t$ ) _m ( ! ladies  :o did ^!
 regrettable ?+s1 & ,i "k t ! sugge/ion 
(  hy/]ia is an insult4 ,x is1 h[ev]1   
useless to discuss ?is  "q fur!r4 ,wom5 
w be enfran*is$ 9 ,engl& )9 a few  ye>s1
 & 9 all civilis$ nations )9 a qu>t] ( a
 c5tury4    ,!n w beg9 ! campaign = ! "r
 to sit 9 ,p>liam5t1 ev5  9 ! ,m9i/ry4  
,f %e] =ce ( prejudice ! great majority 
(  ! enfran*is$ wom5 w resi/ ?is fur!r  
claim1 & ! long  /ory ( education &     
agitation w be repeat$4 ,?is is !       
outcome  ( our habit ( p]si/5tly        
compromis+ ) false traditions  in/ead ( 
frankly disc>d+ !m4 ,! immortal jokes   
ab\t wom5  w be retail$ 9 ! ,h\se (     
,commons by our legislators2 ! same  d>k
 w>n+s w come f sci5tific ,cass&ras :o h
 felt  social influ5ce2 ! same tragic   
:isp]s ab\t :at e woman  kn[s w be he>d 

9 draw+-rooms4 ,!n1 ab\t ! ye> #aicj1 we
  w discov] t woman is really capable ( 
und]tak+ ! n v  exact+ duties ( ! av]age
 ,memb] ( ,p>liam5t1--if we h n  9 !    
meantime aboli%$ ^! aimless long debates
 on subjects :i*  all approa* ) a fix$  
conviction1--& t x may n be  impossible 
to f9d a woman ) ! capacity ( ,mr4      
,reg9ald ,m',k5na  or ,"l ,glad/one or  
,mr4 ,walt] ,long4 ,our ,mrs4 ,humphry  
,w>ds w be  ! fir/ to compete = ! (fice4
    ,i turn to ! m s]i\s "q ( ! economic
 enfran*isem5t (  wom54 ,on ?is side ( !
 ,fem9i/ movem5t our views are h>dly    
less  hazy ?an 9 reg>d to politics4 ,!  
middle-class1 be+ ! bra9 z  well z !    
backbone ( ,engl&1 is *iefly responsible
 = ! maxim  t woman's place is ! home2 b
 ! middle-class is also !  great employ]
 ( lab\r1 & x has f\nd t female lab\r is
  *eap] ?an male1 & has !re=e conclud$ t
 woman's prop]  place is ! (fice or !   
work%op4 ,m ?an a f\r? ( ! girls  & wom5
 ( ,engl& "w outside ! home4 ,?is       
mat]ial inc5tive to  "r views is1 h[ev]1

 limit$ 9 its action4 ,:5 ! middle-class
  woman 9 turn seeks economic           
indep5d5ce1 %e is receiv$ )  coldness1  
if n d]ision4 ,wom5 may be cl]ks1       
tea*]s1 actresses1  telegraphi/s1       
hosi]y-mak]s1 etc41 b !y ought n to     
aspire to  be doctors1 lawy]s1 or       
/ockbrok]s4 ,if !y ask ! reason1 !y  he>
 an inconsi/5t jumble ( /atem5ts4 ,9 !  
fir/ place1 (  c\rse1 !y are n clev]    
en\gh2 9 ! second place1 h[ev]1 !y  are 
likely to be s f> successful t !y w\ld  
less5 !  available employm5t ( m54      
,c]ta9ly 9 su* a haphaz>d indu/rial _w z
 ours ! accession  ( a fre% army (      
work]s w cause1 & is caus+1 confusion4  
,on  ! laissez-faire pr9ciple ?is       
ov]cr[d+ ( ! m>ket is good2  x gives a  
great] play to selection & promotes     
effici5cy4 ,b we  h1 z ,i said1 =c$     
laissez-faire to compromise ) dec5cy4   
,we  pref] a little ov]cr[d+1 b n too   
mu*4 ,! op5+ ( !  doors ( all !         
pr(essions to woman means a worse       
ov]cr[d+ ?an  ev] 9 ! m$ical & legal    

worlds1 & we naturally hesitate4        
,naturally1 b n ju/ly or logically4     
,betwe5 logic & ju/ice !  mod]n man     
pleads t he is di/ract$1 & he asks "t = 
recon/ruction2 asks1 9 o!r words1 t we  
%\ld leave ! tr\ble  to ano!r g5]ation4 
,?is %r9k+ f tr\ble is ( no avail4 ,we  
h sanction$ ! pr9ciple ( female indu/ry 
outside !  home--millions ( wom5 are s  
employ$ 9 ,engl& to-day--& we h         
absolutely no gr\nd to limit x except ! 
natural disability (  woman or ! social 
ne$ = h] to und]take o!r functions4 ,(  
h]  natural disability little ne$ be    
said "h4 ,we h _h1 9 mo/  c\ntries1     
decades ( exp]i5ce ( ! employm5t ( wom5 
9 _m  indu/ries--tea*+1 nurs+1          
j\rnalism1 factory-"w1 art1 !atre1      
po/-(fice1 type-writ+1 %op-"w1 & s on4  
,:at proportion (  compla9t to ! numb] (
 work]s is !re t _! p]iodical  functions
 make !m unfit = employm5t8 ,we d n ne$ 
le>n$  exp]ts on gynecology to tell u ( 
! acute & exceptional cases  :i* h come 
"u _! obs]vation4 ,! sci5tific &        

practical  proc$ure is to make a g5]al  
inquiry into ! net result ( our         
employm5t ( millions ( girls & wom54    
,mo/ ( u w\ld await su*  a report )     
confid5ce4 ,z long z ! wages ( wom5 are 
l[] ?an  ^? ( m51 we he> v little       
compla9t2 nor d we f9d ! "w  ( our      
s*ools or ! play ( our !atres v mu*     
int]rupt$ by  peculi>ly fem99e          
weaknesses4 ,( late ye>s wom5 h %[n t   
!y are equally qualifi$ to be d5ti/s1   
doctors1 *>t]$  acc\ntants1 etc4        
,common-s5se w\ld p]suade u1 if we w\ld 
f9d !  real limits ( woman's capacity1  
to op5 to h] all ! doors ( !  _w ( "w & 
le>n x by exp]i5ce4    ,"o mu/ give m   
s]i\s att5tion to ! claim t ?is economic
  enfran*isem5t ( wom5 w t5d to less5   
mat]nity1 & w  !re=e endang] our social 
int]e/s4 ,?is "q ( !  bir?-rate is1 9   
fact1 v important f _m po9ts ( view1 &  
x is extremely advisable to h a cle> &  
reason$ grasp ( x4  ,_m p are at once   
al>m$ if x is %[n t a practice w  t5d to
 less5 ! bir?-rate4 ,!y r>ely exam9e )  

critical  att5tion ! reasons :i* w\ld be
 alleg$ by ^? :o ma9ta9  t a l[]+ ( !   
bir?-rate is a social m5ace4    ,b "o   
ne$s no l5g?y reflection to discov] t at
 ! root (  all ?is clam\r = ma9ta9+ or  
increas+ ! bir?-rate we h  only milit>y 
requirem5ts4 ,"s1 inde$1 urge t a nation
 ne$s z  _m soldi]s z possible = h]     
indu/rial army z well z = h]  milit>y   
=ces2 b1 see+ t ea* nation already has m
 ?an  %e c employ1 we are n impress$ by 
?is phrase4 ,x is n volume  (           
production1 or gross l>g5ess ( rev5ue1  
:i* makes a nation  great4 ,x is !      
proportion ( h] rev5ue to h] population1
 & 9  t respect "s ( ! smalle/ ,/ates   
are ! mo/ happily  situat$4 ,! ne$ ( a  
l>ge army alone ju/ifies compla9ts ab\t 
a  fall+ bir?-rate1 & x is mon/r\s t we 
%\ld lay ?is /ra9  on p>5ts m]ely 9 ord]
 to produce fodd] = cannon4 ,!  actual  
ne$ ( ea* c\ntry1 z long z ! milit>y    
sy/em la/s1  mu/1 ( c\rse1 be met1      
b--ap>t f ! hope t we w soon  ca/ (f !  
great] "p ( ?is milit>y burd5--two      

circum/ances  %[ t we h n "h a s\nd &   
p]man5t social ne$4 ,!  bir?-rate is    
fall+ 9 all civilis$ c\ntries1 & w      
ev5tually  rea* a common l[ level2 & !  
w> has %[n u t a nation )  a r$uc$      
population may1 l any nation ) a small  
population1  f9d comp5sation = its      
weakness 9 alliances4    ,! tru? is t ! 
premature advance ( ,france 9 re/rict+  
its  bir?-rate has l$ to a g5]al        
fallacy4 ,france expos$ itself to a     
p>ticul> dang] 9 face ( ,g]many1 & ?is  
special weakness (  ,france 0 conv]t$   
into ! g5]al /atem5t t any nation :i*   
r$uces its bir?-rate is 9 dang]4 ,n only
 is ! g5]al /atem5t  untrue1 b !        
p>ticul> case ( ,france is v c>elessly  
conceiv$4 ,aft] #ahga ! ,g]man ,empire  
_h su* an advantage 9  population ov]   
,france1 & 7until #ahie7 s mu* less ne$ 
(  ma9ta9+ a fleet1 t ev5 a full        
bir?-rate w\ld n h  equipp$ ,france     
confid5tly = a combat4 ,9 any case1 we  
come back  always to milit>y ne$s1 & we 
may tru/ t ^! w n long  impose _!       

t]rible /ra9 on civilisation4 ,!re is1  
ap>t f  !m1 no reason :y ! bir?-rate    
%\ld n s9k 9 e c\ntry to  ! level ( !   
dea?-rate1 & 9 _m c\ntries ev5 l[]4     
,on ! o!r h&1 ! sup]ficial folk :o cry =
 heavy mat]nity  & full cradles ov]look 
a v important social fact4 ,i am ?9k+   
*iefly ( ! m5 & wom5 :o d5\nce 9        
pr9ciple ! practice (  re/rict+ bir?s4  
,n only d !y ignore ! ov]cr[d+ ( our    
trades & pr(essions1--& !y are usually  
among/ ! mo/  reluctant to organise     
!m1--b !y fail to notice t !  increas+  
application ( sci5ce & humane s5tim5t to
 our modes (  liv+ ?reat5s ! e>?1 z a   
:ole1 ) enorm\s ov]-population1  unless 
! bir?-rate be *eck$4 ,! population (   
,engl& has  increas$ ne>ly f\rfold 9 !  
pa/ hundr$ ye>s1 :]eas x _h  little m   
?an d\bl$ 9 ! previ\s two hundr$ ye>s4  
,!  factors :i* are responsible = ?is   
va/ mod]n increase are  becom+ m active 
e decade1 & are spread+ ov] ! _w4  ,h[ w
 ! population ( ,europe & ,asia /& :5 !y
 are fully  appli$ 9 ,russia1 ,*9a1 &   

,india8 ,)9 tw5ty ye>s ! ,unit$  ,/ates1
 accord+ to its agricultural exp]ts1 w h
 z l>ge a  population z x c support1 &  
we h already se5 ,g]many v  l>gely ?ru/ 
into w> because ( its sup]abundant      
population4 ,!  future is full ( p]il & 
mis]y if we cont9ue to all[ ?is  milit>y
 dem& = m5 to masqu]ade z a s\nd &      
p]man5t human  ne$4 ,! bir?-rate mu/ be 
*eck$4    ,we mu/ !re=e refuse to all[ !
 pa? ( re=m to be ob/ruct$  by ei!r !   
prie/ or ! drill-s]geant4 ,if ev] a "t  
comes :5  "s real int]e/ ( ! race is    
endang]$ by too l[ a bir?-rate1  we may 
tru/ ! race to see to x4 ,cons]vatives  
(t5 imag9e t  ^? :o w\ld re=m life on   
common-s5se l9es are devoid (  s5tim5t4 
,!y confuse s5tim5t & s5tim5tality1 :i* 
is  s5tim5t out ( accord ) reason4 ,!   
man ( ! future w be1 9  my judgm5t1 n   
less1 b m emotional ?an ! man ( to-day2 
b  he w n all[ anci5t prejudices & m]e  
phrases to h !  un*eck$ support ( 8     
feel+s4 ,x w n be en\gh to tell him  t  
divorce is increas+1 or ! bir?-rate     

fall+1 or respect =  ! cl]gy det]iorat+4
 ,he w ask ! precise value 9 social     
t]ms ( y\r bogy4 ,at pres5t we h1 on    
broad social gr\nds1 mu*  to ga9 & no?+ 
to lose by a fall ( ! bir?-rate4 ,inde$1
 !  prospect ( a fall is1 z f> z ?is    
economic developm5t alone is  conc]n$1  
mu* exagg]at$4 ,millions ( employ$ wom5 
h1 & w  cont9ue to h1 *ildr54 ,"u our   
pres5t sy/em ( indu/ry ?is  has         
und\bt$ly c]ta9 risks & burd5s2 "u !    
organis$ sy/em  ( employm5t = :i* ,i    
plead x w be possible to adju/          
employm5t to mat]nal functions4    ,&   
?is br+s me to ! c>d9al issue ( ! :ole  
controv]sy3 !  economic position ( !    
m>ri$ woman or ! "m4 ,let u face ?is    
grav] position q c&idly4 ,! indu/rial   
disorganisation w  "r itself 9 ! c\rse (
 "t4 ,! middle-class fa!r ( our  "t ^:  
daught] does a c]ta9 am\nt ( "w1 n 9    
ord] to  relieve 8 pocket1 b 9 ord] to  
buy additional luxuries =  h]self1 has  
assur$ly a grievance4 ,%e takes "p ( a  
man's "w  & pay1 yet leaves on him ! old

 burd5 ( ma9t5ance4 ,%e makes  matt]s   
worse by accept+ a l[ wage1 because %e  
is n  self-ma9ta9+4 ,i am assum+ t wom5 
w become indep5d5t  economic units1 & t 
! rate ( paym5t w be--equal wage =      
equal s]vice4    ,b ! position ( ! m>ri$
 woman1 or ( ! indep5d5t woman :o       
und]takes mat]nal functions1 =ms a      
special & difficult problem1  :i* is    
press+ ^u u m heavily e decade4 ,!re is 
spread+ rapidly ?r\gh ! civilis$ _w a   
feel+ ( rebellion  aga9/ ! economic     
dep5d5ce ( wife or husb&4 ,no           
,cons]vative  argum5tation1 no c5sure ( 
new ideas1 no religi\s prea*+ (         
self-sacrifice = a d\btful rew>d 9      
heav51 w relieve u (  ?is difficulty4   
,educat$ wom5--/ati/ics ( college-taught
 wom5  are available--are increas+ly    
rebell+ aga9/ ! subjection or           
inf]iority :i* ?is economic dep5d5ce    
seems to entail4 ,x is !  *ief motive ( 
! g5]al dem& = economic indep5d5ce 7or  
an  indep5d5t place 9 ! indu/rial _w7 & 
has mu* to d ) !  revolt aga9/ m>riage  

itself4 ,:e!r or no we adopt new ideals 
(  social life1 ?is revolt w spread4    
,"o v quickly sees t x is n s mu*       
m>riage z !  traditional practice (     
husb&s :i* is *iefly responsible = !    
revolt4 ,! practice v>ies consid]ably1  
b1 ap>t f a small  class 9 :i* ! wife   
br+s ) h] or e>ns an indep5d5t  income1 
x is /ill g5]ally true to say t ! wife  
receives :at  ! husb& *ooses to give4   
,n[ x is pla9 t ?is difficulty may  be  
met 9 a v l>ge proportion ( cases by an 
equitable volunt>y  agreem5t4 ,v>i\s    
dome/ic exp]im5ts ( ! k9d are be+ tri$1 
& a comp>ison ( exp]i5ces w\ld be       
useful4 ,_m p are  agre$ 9 ! j view t1  
s9ce ! wife works at home :ile !  husb& 
works abroad1 all income is jo9t income4
 ,a common fund1  accessible to bo?1 is 
assign$ = h\sehold & sav+1 & an equal  &
 fix$ p]sonal %>e is tak5 by ea* f !    
income or wage4  ,su* an arrangem5t is q
 easily practis$ by middle-class p1  & x
 seems to me to remove e legitimate     
suspicion ( ignom9y  f ! wife's         

position4    ,:5 unm>ri$ wom5 h secur$  
economic indep5d5ce !y w be  able to    
dem& "s su* arrangem5t be=e m>ry+4 ,!   
k9d (  mode/y :i* w\ld prev5t a woman f 
hav+ an und]/&+  be=e m>riage 9 reg>d to
 income & *ildr5 is a v co/ly &  fooli% 
luxury4 ,let !m insi/ t ! ritual words1 
,) all my  worldly goods ,i !e end[1 mu/
 mean some?+ m ?an t !y  %all h         
*ocolates & pretty dresses if !y hum\r !
 moods (  a husb&4 ,our law1 :i* secures
 = a wife full ma9t5ance :5 %e  has     
ceas$ to d any "w = x 7aft] a           
sep>ation71 b has no  int]e/ 9 h] :5 %e 
is work+ dutifully = twelve or f\rte5   
h\rs a day1 is inf9itely m dang]\s to   
m>riage ?an are !  puritan assaults (   
,mr4 ,g4 ,b4 ,%aw4 ,9 any case1 a       
volunt>y agreem5t  t a wife has access  
to ! bank & ca%-box1 & a "r to take  =  
p]sonal use ! same sum z h] husb&1      
removes all ne$ (  ask+ money f a husb& 
7:i* is ju/ly odi\s to _m wom571  &     
makes a wife economically indep5d5t 9   
any important s5se (  ! ^w4    ,b x w\ld

 be futile to hope ei!r t ! majority (  
m5 w  ?us surr5d] _! privileg$ position1
 or t all wom5 w  recognise ev5 su* an  
arrangem5t z economic indep5d5ce4 ,a    
grave  conflict und\bt$ly lies be=e u1 &
 !re w be an increas+  dem& = !         
,/ate-end[m5t ( wifehood1 or at lea/ (  
mo!rhood4  ,! suffrage movem5t has      
naturally inflam$ ! difficulty by       
educat+ wom5 9 a s5se ( grievance4      
,inde$1 x seems to _m (  u t ,fem9i/    
writ]s h at times gone f> beyond        
legitimate  grievances & set up         
fictiti\s & mis*iev\s /&>ds4 ,?is is a  
v common developm5t ( propag&i/ movem5ts
 :i* meet ) a  prolong$ resi/ance4 ,!   
fir/ g5]ation ( agitators says !  obvi\s
 & j ?+s 9 reg>d to ! re=m3 ! next      
g5]ation  mu/ revive ! jad$ s5tim5t )   
/imulat+ novelties &  exagg]ations4 ,x  
seems to me "o ( ^! morbid exagg]ations 
to  speak ( m>riage z legalis$          
pro/itution2 to imag9e t "o  is sell+   
"o's body to a man1 or receiv+ paym5t = 
m9i/]+ to 8 lu/4 ,"o ,fem9i/ writ] ( "s 

influ5ce1  & "s pret5sion to k ( sci5ce1
 has actually comp>$ !  human male v    
unfav\rably ) all o!r male animals 9 !  
_w1  on ! gr\nd t ! latt] are cont5t ) a
 re/rict$ p]iod (  rut6    ,?is mixture 
( anci5t ,puritanism & advanc$ sociology
 is z  incongru\s z x is mis*iev\s4 ,a  
woman :o s9c]ely reg>ds  sex-pleasure 9 
! way g5]ally impli$ by ! use ( ! ^w    
lu/--a woman :o has n ! same heal?y     
desire ( x z h]  p>tn]--has no "r to    
m>ry3 except1 ( c\rse1 to m>ry a man )  
simil>ly antique views4 ,a wife ( su* a 
k9d may v well consid]  t %e is be+ paid
 to surr5d] h] body4 ,! normal wife is  
n paid = t at all4 ,%e is paid--if !re  
is any pay+--to c>e  = ! home & h]      
*ildr53 :i* is z well e>n$ a paym5t z  !
 fee ( a lawy]4 ,& f ! s5tim5tal po9t ( 
view x does  n make a p>ticle ( diff]5ce
 :e!r %e is paid out ( h]  husb&'s      
income or out ( ! c(f]s ( ! ,/ate4 ,%e  
w\ld /ill  sell h] body1 if !re is any  
sell+ ( body4 ,b !re is  n4 ,mat]nity & 
sex-pleasure are entirely diff]5t       

matt]s4    ,i am delib]ately try+ to    
und]m9e ! plea = ! end[m5t (  mo!rhood1 
because ! proposal seems to me to pres5t
 v grave  difficulties :i* ev5 s        
p5etrat+ a sociologi/ z ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4    
,wells has1 app>5tly1 n appreciat$4 ,mr4
 ,wells is1 ( c\rse1 9 a  v diff]5t     
position f ! ,fem9i/ writ]s :o advocate 
!  complete end[m5t or ma9t5ance ( wives
 or mo!rs by ! ,/ate4  ,su* a s*eme w\ld
 co/ ab\t #cjj1jjj1jjj a ye>1 & ne$ n be
  discuss$4 ,mr4 ,wells sugge/s r a     
mode/ contribution p] *ild  born 7leav+ 
out1 ,i assume1 weal?i] mo!rs72 a       
practicable s*eme1  ) mu* 9 its fav\r4  
,yet x seems to me t su* end[m5t w\ld   
mean t we w\ld enc\rage ! weake/ 9 w1 ! 
mo/ s5sual1  ! lea/ intellig5t & lea/   
provid5t ( our p1 to bre$4  ,intellig5t 
wom5 w\ld n ab&on ! practice ( re/rict+ 
bir?s  because ! ,/ate (f]$ !m a few    
%ill+s p] *ild4 ,! bett]  class--:e!r ( 
manual or pr(essional work]s--w\ld h to 
pay  = ! undesirable f]tility ( ! wor/  
class4 ,we are j  beg9n+ to realise t   

quality ( *ildr5 is m preci\s ?an       
quantity1 & ! end[m5t ( mo!rhood w\ld n 
enc\rage ?is  san] view4 ,! k9d ( brute 
:o is at pres5t re/ra9$ by !            
pat]nity-law w\ld be re/ra9$ no long]3 !
 r\gh] type (  husb&--a v num]\s        
type--w\ld pay s mu* less to 8 wife :5  
he f\nd ! ,/ate contribut+ 7ei!r 9 ca%  
or k9d7 to h]3 !  man :o at pres5t      
practises re/riction1 n out (           
consid]ation =  8 wife & family1 b to h 
m %ill+s = himself1 w\ld  cease to      
practise x1 & lay a great] burd5 on 8   
wife4    ,b1 :ile !re seem to be su*    
grave objections to ! end[m5t (         
mo!rhood t we d bett] to /r5g!n wom5 9  
_! individual  dem& ( ju/ice1 we mu/    
rememb] t ! wife w h !  advantage ( o!r 
*anges 9 ! home4 ,dome/ic s]vice is     
becom+  m & m repugnant to girls1 & "s  
=m ( co-op]ative &  effici5t h\sekeep+1 
) common s]vants & re/aurant1 w be      
adopt$4 ,"s day a photograph ( a        
tw5tie?-c5tury suburb w  provoke a      
smile4 ,p]haps ! museum ( ! future w set

 up models  ( our e/abli%m5ts1 j z we   
set up 9 our e?nographical  gall]ies    
models ( a ,kaffir or a ,papuan         
h\sehold4 ,boys & girls  w gaze ) admir+
 delight at ! navet ( ! model3 a  ?\s&  
brick boxes1 sep>at$ by a ?\s& little   
g>d5s1 )  ?ree ?\s& little *imneys      
smok+1 a ?\s& amateur cooks  p]spir+ ov]
 a ?\s& fires1 & a ?\s& ineffici5t      
s]vant-girls flirt+ ) ! s]vants ( rival 
but*]s &  dairym54 ,! common nurs]y w   
especially relieve ! "m &  l[] !        
dea?-rate4 ,! ,/ate w "o day h an int]e/
 9  see+ t ea* babe u%]$ into ! _w1 at  
su* pa9 &  sacrifice1 becomes a useful  
citiz54 ,if any mo!rs c>e to entru/  !  
*ild m fully to x1 ! ,/ate w f9d x      
pr(itable to  respond4 ,^! ?+s c be     
arrang$ )\t m detrim5t to  p>5tal       
affection ?an !re is 9 ! case (         
wom5--(t5 wom5 :o  write beautiful ?+s 9
 def5ce ( ! old tradition--:o h  nurses 
= ! *ild & s5d x lat] to a di/ant s*ool 
= !  great] "p ( ! ye>4    ,re=ms ( ?is 
k9d w enorm\sly relieve ! home life &   

enable  ev5 mo!rs to e>n1 if !y wi%1 q z
 mu* z ! ,/ate w\ld  ev] be able to aw>d
 !m4 ,! "w w be bett] done1 by tra9$    
work]s1 at less co/4 ,p d n reflect t   
?is *ange has be5  proce$+ = c5turies4  
,once ! wife brew$ ! ale1 & bak$ !      
bread1 & spun ! l953 lat] %e entru/$ ^! 
?+s to exp]ts  work+ = ! community1 &   
res]v$ = h]self ! mak+ (  pres]ves1     
pickles1 und]clo?+1 & antimacass>s3 n[  
^! ?+s  h gone to ! exp]t1 & ! wife     
conf9es h] amateur ef=ts to  scold+     
*ildr5 & cook+ refractory jo9ts4 ,%e w  
be reliev$  :5 x is all ov]1 & we %all h
 no m ( ! beautiful  doll or ! dome/ic  
drudge4 ,! indep5d5t position & great]  
leisure & broad] int]e/ 9 life w make h]
 intellectual  activity m simil> to t ( 
man's4    ,i speak1 ( c\rse1 ( ! mass ( 
wom51 & d n =get t  already ! intellect 
( al]t & ?\ghtful wom5 is equal to t  ( 
m5 ( ! correspond+ class4 ,! majority w 
be1 z x 71  diff]5tly ori5tat$ t[>d life
 by ^! *anges4 ,a san] muscul>  activity
 w re/ore ! balance ( ! sy/em1 & w rid  

!m (  ! excessive n]ve-en]gy1 p>ticul>ly
 ( ! sympa!tic sy/em1  :i* f9ds         
expression 9 facile & explosive emotion4
 ,!re w  assur$ly always be a bias t[>d 
s5tim5t 9 woman1 & we h no  reason to   
fe> a det]ioration ( ! di/9ctively      
fem99e  s5tim5ts ( t5d]ness1 ref9em5t1 &
 sympa?y4 ,! relief f  ! m irritat+     
dome/icities ought to acc5tuate !m4 ,on 
!  o!r h&1 ! idea ( obey+ ! male or     
practis+ self-sacrifice  = 8 undue      
b5efit1 w c]ta9ly disappe>2 & x is q "t 
t x did4 ,self-sacrifice1 9 case ( ne$1 
comes in/9ctively to  ei!r sex1 b ! k9d 
( self-sacrifice :i* a selfi% mascul9e  
tradition has press$ on wom5 is degrad+ 
to ! man & unju/ to  wife & daught]4    
,all t is attractive & really b5efic5t 9
  woman w be fo/]$1 b on ! emotional    
side x w become less  & less *>act]i/ic 
( "o sex4 ,! %>p contra/ ( ! sexes  t5ds
 to disappe>4 ,!re is some?+ grotesque  
ab\t ! traditional  idea t ! human male 
mu/ be di/+ui%$ by a great] capacity  = 
tak+ alcohol & us+ mean+less expletives 

& tell+ sexual  /ories4 ,ev5 9 physical 
/r5g? & a?letic skill ! sexes are       
approa*+2 nor does "o f9d any loss ( *>m
 or grace 9 "s (  ! f9e/ wom5 a?letes4  
,^! *anges are proce$+1 &1 ap>t f       
inevitable errors &  excesses1 on :i*   
c>icaturi/s fa/5 ) _! g5ial             
unscrupul\sness1 ! result is promis+4   
,contempor>y expressions (  al>m are (t5
 ludicr\s4 ,?\s&s ( ladies :o are       
horrifi$ at  ! em]g5ce ( a new sex are  
!mselves contriv+1 by means  :i* w\ld h 
caus$ _! prolific gr&mo!rs to raise :ite
  h&s to heav51 to limit _! families to 
two *ildr54 ,we take our  re=m 9 small  
doses1 z if complete social heal? 7 a ?+
 to be  consid]$ v s]i\sly4 ,yet if "o  
pati5tly traces 9 imag9ation  ! effect (
 all ^! *anges on ! womanhood ( ! race1 
"o  =esees a g5]ation ( wom5 :i* recalls
 ,%elley's l9es3     ,& wom51 too1      
frank1 beautiful1 & k9d   ,z ! free     
heav5 :i* ra9s fre% light & dew   ,on ! 
wide e>?1 pa/2 g5tle radiant =ms1   ,f  
cu/om's evil ta9t exempt & pure2        

,speak+ ! wisdom once !y c\ld n ?9k1    
,look+ emotions once !y fe>$ to feel1   
,& *ang$ to all :i* once !y d>$ n be1   
,yet1 be+ n[1 made e>? l heav52 nor     
pride1   ,nor jeal\sy1 nor envy1 nor    
ill-%ame1   ,! bitt]e/ ( ^? drops (     
treasur$ gall1   ,spoilt ! sweet ta/e ( 
! nep5!1 love4    ,grant ! poet 8       
lic5ce2 wom5 are n m likely ?an m5 to   
become angels4 ,! moral sup]iority :i*  
"s ,fem9i/ writ]s claim  = _! sex is    
f\nd$ on a curi\sly n>r[ view ( life2 if
 man1  in/ead ( woman1 _h to pay !      
p5alty ( sexual int]c\rse1 we  %\ld     
probably f9d ! aggression on ! o!r side4
 ,yet ! mo/  sob]-m9d$ ( u mu/ expect f 
?is heal?i] balance ( p[]s1  ?is eas+ ( 
! dome/ic burd51 ?is limitation ( c>e to
 a few  *ildr51 & ?is indep5d5ce (      
m>ital g5]osity or m>ital  selfi%ness1 a
 great advancem5t 9 ! "* & happ9ess (   
woman4    ,%elley1 h[ev]1 0 ?9k+ less ( 
wives ?an ( free wom51 &  economic      
indep5d5ce w swell _! numb]s4 ,! *anges 
,i h  describ$ w make m>riage f> less   

on]\s1 b !y w also make  x easi] = a    
woman to disp5se ) m>riage1 & be=e ! end
 (  ! tw5tie? c5tury !re w be 9 e city a
 gr[? (  tempor>y unions & indep5d5t    
conduct4 ,woman w be mi/ress1  morally &
 economically1 ( h] own de/9y2 %e w     
consult nei!r  husb& nor prie/4 ,! pla9 
moral law1 :i* =bids a man to  inflict  
pa9 or inju/ice1 w be m fai?fully obs]v$
 ?an x  ev] 0 be=e4 ,!re w be an imm5se 
r$uction ( ! hypocrisy1  ! pro/itution1 
! mis]y & illness1 :i* ?is fictiti\s law
 (  *a/ity has always caus$2 & !        
alt]ation ( public op9ion w  remove f a 
woman ! unpleasant consequ5ces :i*      
unw$d$ love  entails at ! pres5t "t4 ,x 
is prepo/]\s to say t ! ,/ate  w be     
injur$ by ^! *anges1 & x seems cle> t   
woman w  be happi]1 m heal?ily develop$1
 & n less t5d] & graceful  ?an %e c be  
"u ! pres5t reign ( %ams4       ,,*apt] 
,,viii4   ,,%ams ,,( ,,! ,,s*ool    ,,! 
con/ructive s*eme :i* ,i h 9 m9d ?r\gh\t
 ?is  criticism ( our prejudices &      
in/itutions may1 z ,i said1 be summ$    

ess5tially 9 two words3 indu/rial       
organisation & education4 ,:5  we h     
re=m$ our adm9i/rative ma*9]y1 :i* we   
miscall  gov]nm5t1 & ab&on$ our milit>y 
& naval atrocities1 &  simplifi$        
int]national life1 our *os5 public      
s]vants w f9d  t ^! two are _! *ief     
conc]ns4 ,probably ! supreme conc]n     
w--once we h con/ruct$ an ord]ly        
indu/rial ma*9]y--be  education1 9 !    
s5se :i* ,i w\ld atta* to ! ^w4 ,e ye> a
  million new citiz5s w jo9 ! community1
 & x w be !  ,/ate's fir/ bus9ess to see
 t !y are ?or\ghly prep>$ 9  e respect  
to contribute to its weal & happ9ess1 & 
t !y  ma9ta9 ?r\gh\t life suffici5t     
intellectual al]tness to control  _!    
common conc]ns ) wisdom & 9 a           
progressive _s4 ,x is  z a necess>y     
prelim9>y to ?is t ,i h dealt critically
 &  recon/ructively ) ! home & ! p>5t4  
,t glorification ( indol5ce :i* we call 
! pr9ciple (  laissez-faire is s        
successful 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( our public  
life  t :at ought to be ! ,/ate's *ief  

conc]n is h>dly ev]  m5tion$ 9 our      
orgies ( p>liam5t>y debate4 ,we peck at 
x  occasionally4 ,we enact t babies mu/ 
h orange-boxes1 & t  *ildr5 mu/ n smoke 
cig>ettes or approa* )9 a c]ta9 numb]  (
 y>ds ( a b> 7s t we get b>-sc5es       
outside ! door72 &  occasionally !      
repres5tatives ( rival sects get up a   
gr& debate  on ! ,bible 9 ! s*ool4 ,^!  
?+s emphasise ! g5]al  neglect4         
,laissez-faire meant orig9ally1 ,leave  
?+s z !y  are--x s\nd$ bett] 9 ,fr5*1 b1
 l _m anci5t  s5tim5ts1 x 0 conv]t$ into
 a respectable philosophy3 ,!  ,/ate mu/
 leave z mu* z possible to ! individual 
& !  amateur4 ,n9ete5?-c5tury ,radicals 
f\ght h]oically = ?is  ,cons]vative     
pr9ciple4    ,education1 h[ev]1 0 s     
flagrantly neglect$ by ! p>5t & !  ,*ur*
 t we _h to compromise & take ! *ild's  
m9d out (  _! c>e3 leav+ its body & "*  
to ! old haz>ds4 ,at la/  x dawns on u t
 a s\nd body & "* are j z important  to 
! ,/ate z ! capacity to read comic      
j\rnals & /ories3 t  ! entire be+ ( !   

*ild ne$s exp]t tra9+1 & x is wor?  !   
,/ate's :ile to give x4 ,?is broad ideal
 ( education is  increas+ly accept$ by  
pdagogi/s & social writ]s1 & x is       
already l>gely embodi$ 9 educational    
practice4 ,x has provok$ !  usual       
reaction1 ! usual det]m9ation t we w n  
all[ our  ways to be re=m$ )\t a        
/ruggle4 ,advanc$ tea*]s fight  )       
,cons]vative tea*]s & politicians       
7p>ticul>ly ( ! ve/ry  type71 & !       
famili> old hymn-tunes are he>d ?r\gh\t 
! l&4  ,we mu/ n weak5 p>5tal           
responsibility3 we mu/ n less5 !  *>m ( 
! dome/ic circle3 we mu/ n encroa* on ! 
sph]e (  ! ,*ur*3 we mu/ bew>e (        
,socialism3 we mu/ resi/ ! ?9 end  ( !  
w$ge :]ev] we see "o4    ,:y did !      
,/ate1 9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1
  und]take ! task ( educat+ ! "y8 ,i d n
 mean t  ,/ate-education 0 a new ?+ 9   
hi/ory :5 a few ,european  ,gov]nm5ts   
adopt$ x little ov] a c5tury ago4 ,!    
,roman ,empire _h  _h a v fair sy/em (  
municipal & ,/ate-education1 & x is "o  

( ! grave/ *>ges aga9/ ! cl]gy t !y     
suff]$ x to  decay1 & all[$ or compell$ 
n9ety p] c5t4 ( _! foll[]s to  rema9 9 a
 /ate ( gross ignorance = f\rte5 hundr$ 
ye>s4 ,at  ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 z 
! revolt aga9/  ecclesia/ical au?ority  
spread1 ! idea ( ,/ate-education 0      
reviv$4 ,9 ,engl& ! cl]gy w>mly resi/$ !
 progress ( !  idea1 b ! appall+        
ignorance ( ! p prov$ intol]able to  !  
increas+ b& ( re=m]s4 ,quak]s l ,lanca/]
 & ,agno/ics  l ,rob]t ,ow5 dem&$ &     
provid$ s*ools = ! *ildr5 ( !  work]s1 &
 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& 0 =c$ to meet ?is     
dang] (  unsect>ian education by f\nd+ a
 rival & or?odox association4  ,b =     
fifty ye>s ! s*ool+ rema9$ s primitive1 
& !  proportion ( illit]ates rema9$ s   
enorm\s1 t at la/ !  bi%ops 7 bru%$     
aside & ! ,gov]nm5t 0 compell$ to resume
  ! "w ( ! old ,roman municipalities &  
,s5ate4    ,! motives ( ! re=m]s &      
/atesm5 :o secur$ ?is advance  7        
complex4 ,"s ( !m 7 frankly anti-cl]ical
 & eag] to  und]m9e sup]/ition3 "s ( !m 

7 bus9ess-m5 :o plead$  t a lett]$ work]
 0 wor? m to ! ,/ate ?an an illit]ate   
work]4 ,! pr$om9ant feel+ 01 z x _h be5 
among ! ,/oic  re=m]s at ,rome1         
humanit>ian4 ,! gross ignorance ( ! mass
 (  ! p 0 a disgrace to civilisation & a
 s\rce ( brutality  & crime3 x 0 a human
 duty to educate4 ,x 0 v widely         
recognis$ t ?is s5tim5t impos$ on u a   
duty ( develop+ !  *ild's "* z well z   
its m9d1 b "h ! ,*ur*es 7  inflexible4  
,unblu%+ly ass]t+ t !y 7 ! hi/oric      
educators ( ,europe1 !y refus$ to       
rel9qui% _! la/ hold on !  s*ool1 & !   
,/ate 0 compell$ to accept ! compromise 
(  religi\s in/ruction 9 ! public       
s*ools1 z well z ! end[m5t  ( sect>ian  
s*ools4 ,z to ! ?ird "p ( ! ideal (     
education1  ! cultivation ( ! body1 we  
may admit t sci5ce itself 0 n  yet      
suffici5tly advanc$ to dem& x4    ,) !  
gr[? ( democratic aspirations1 !        
,cons]vative began to  see a dang] 9 ?is
 plea t ! community mu/ see to ! full   
developm5t ( all its *ildr51 & new      

phrases 7 inv5t$4  ,indu/rial effici5cy 
0 ! mo/ plausible ( ^! *ecks on         
education4 ,! manual work]s 7 to h _!   
intellects awak5$  to ! slight ext5t :i*
 0 ne$$ to make !m bett] in/rum5ts  (   
production1 b no fur!r3 le/ !y %\ld     
become dissatisfi$  ) _! position (     
inf]iority & di/urb our excell5t        
indu/rial ord]4 ,educators1 h[ev]1      
refus$ to be re/ra9$ by ?is  k9d (      
sociology4 ,x 0 _! bus9ess to develop ! 
*ild's  intellig5ce1 & !y _h a f9e      
ambition to d x ?or\ghly4 ,!y  built    
infant-s*ools1 :i* took ! t5d] "y away f
 _!  mo!rs1 to ! great advantage ( bo?4 
,!y f\nd t l>ge numb]s  ( *ildr5 7 too  
poorly f$ or too defective 9 body to    
receive  real education1 & !y in/itut$  
drill & dem&$ *eap or free  meals &     
m$ical inspection4 ,!y aboli%$ !        
half-tim]1 &  rais$ ! age ( compulsory  
att5dance4 ,!y began to res5t ! idea  t 
lessons f ! ,bible 7 a tra9+ ( "*4 ,^!  
developm5ts h al>m$ _m4 ,!y beg9 to see 
t 9 ! long-run  ^! ?+s w impose on !    

,/ate ! duty ( develop+ !  *ild's :ole  
be+--body1 m9d1 & "*--be=e ! boy or     
girl is all[$ to ent] ! indu/rial _w4   
,we hesitate1 z we d  9 face ( all l>ge 
& fully develop$ ideals1 & look r\nd =  
ways ( escape4    ,! *ief ( ^! evasions 
is /ill ! doctr9e ( :at we call  p>5tal 
responsibility4 ,"s day ! idea t a p>5t 
is !  be/-fitt$ p]son to tra9 a *ild w  
be reg>d$ z a m$ieval  sup]/ition4 ,!   
p>5t is z amateuri% 9 tra9+ *ildr5 z 9  
cook+ or mak+ frocks4 ,! notion t nature
 tells a "m  :at to d is "p ( ! crude   
psy*ology ( ! ,s*oolm54 ,f !  mom5t (   
bir?1 & dur+ ! mon?s be=e bir?1 ! human 
"m  has no inspiration :atev]4 ,%e goes 
by tradition1 by ! crude  advice ( eld]s
 & neighb\rs1 z e obs]v] ( ! arrival (  
! fir/ baby kn[s4 ,a cat acts by :at we 
call in/9ct1--by  c]ta9 neuro-muscul>   
reactions :i* natural selection has     
p]fect$1--b a human be+ has intellig5ce 
in/ead ( in/9ct1  & ! fir/ ?+           
intellig5ce enjo9s is t exp]ts ought to 
be  tra9$ = p>ticul> duties4 ,!         

dea?-rate 9 e civilis$  c\ntry has gone 
d[n enorm\sly s9ce we ceas$ to rely on  
mo!rly  in/9ct1 or gr&mo!rly fables4 ,a 
"t may come1 !re=e1 :5  ! ,/ate w       
receive a be>+ woman 9 a prop]ly appo9t$
 home1  & w c>e = ! *ild f ! mom5t (    
bir? until1 9 its  lat] te5s1 x is      
equipp$ = "w4 ,i w sugge/ 9 ! next      
*apt] t ?is ought by no means to be     
reg>d$ z ! completion  ( education2 "h  
,i am conc]n$ only ) ! e>li] "p4 ,_m are
  conv9c$ t ?is is ! la/ & logical t]m (
 ! developm5t on  :i* we h ent]$4    ,i 
am avoid+ remote ideals z mu* z         
possible1 b x is important  to meet !   
prejudice :i* opposes re=m along ?is    
l9e4 ,_m  p tell u t1 if ?is unnatural  
de?ronem5t ( ! "m &  invasion ( ! home  
are to be ! f9al t]ms ( our pres5t      
developm5t1 !y w resi/ x at e /ep3 on ! 
famili>  ?9-end-(-!-w$ge pr9ciple4 ,our 
beautiful home life mu/ be  pres]v$ at  
all co/s4 ,our p>5tal in/9cts %all n be 
enfeebl$4    ,c&idly1 9 :at proportion (
 ! real homes ( ,engl&1 z di/9ct  f !   

home ( a fiction-writ]1 is ! life       
beautiful8 ,9  :at proportion does x n r
 pres5t ! spectacle ( an  ov]burd5$ "m  
/ruggl+ h]oically to live up to h]      
reputation = g5tl5ess "u ! /ra9 ( ill or
 wayw>d *ildr5  & an irritat+ husb&8 ,9 
:at proportion are ! beautiful homes  ( 
! novel writt5 by sp9/]s or ba*elors1 or
 p :o re/rict  ! numb] ( _! *ildr51 or  
m5 ^: po/hum\s biographies d  n reveal a
 v sweet home life8 ,i believe x 0      
,c>lyle :o  orig9at$ t fond boa/ t no   
nation 9 ! _w has a ^w =  home l !      
,engli%4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly ,dick5s :o gave u 
!  mo/ t\*+ pictures ( dome/ic t5d]ness 
& happ9ess4 ,h[ _m  mo!rs ( ! work+ &   
l[] middle class d n dread !  holidays1 
:5 ! *ildr5 ?reat5 to be ne> !m all day8
 ,h[ _m  are capable ( tra9+ *ildr58 ,h[
 _m d n reg>d a bl[ z !  supreme moral  
ag5cy8 ,h[ _m w\ld n welcome ! eas+ ( _!
  burd51 & ! tra9+ ( _! *ildr5 by       
exp]ts8 ,& :y 9 !  _w %\ld mo!rs be     
likely to h less affection = _!  *ildr5 
because !y h inf9itely less tr\ble ) !m1

 & see  !m only 9 _! smil+ h\rs8    ,!  
happie/ phase ( ,engli% home life is1   
surely1 f\nd 9 ^?  middle-class families
 :i* c s5d ! *ildr5 away to s*ool =     
f\r-fif?s ( ! ye> & welcome !m home     
p]iodically 9 !  holiday mood4 ,9 ! va/ 
majority ( cases ! tea*] has to  /ruggle
 despair+ly aga9/ ! influ5ce ( ! home & 
!  /reet2 = x is to ! /reet t ! "m      
entru/s ! *ild4 ,a  lady 7an educational
 exp]t7 once obs]v$ to me t x 0         
rem>kable to f9d ! *ildr5 9 ,gaelic     
di/ricts ( ,scotl&  speak+ ! pure/      
,engli%4 ,on ! contr>y1 x 0 :olly       
natural1  & x po9ts an important        
pdagogical moral4 ,! *ildr5 le>n$       
,engli% f _! tea*]s only2 !re 0 no      
corrupt ,engli%  dialect 9 ! home or    
village to undo ! tea*]'s lessons4 ,9   
o!r matt]s besides language !           
s*ool-lessons are con/antly  fru/rat$   
outside ! s*ool4    ,i pass frequ5tly   
?r\gh ! /ream ( *ildr5 p\r+ out ( a     
l>ge & h&some suburban s*ool4 ,x is n 9 
a slum4 ,!re are  broad gre5 fields on e

 side1 & !re are va/ & beautiful  public
 spaces n f> away4 ,b ! homes f :i* _m (
 !  *ildr5 come are squalid1 & !        
/reet-sc5es1 especially 9 front  ( !    
local inn1 are (t5 disgu/+4 ,on m ?an "o
 occasion ,i  h he>d ! m5 op5ly talk (  
_! practice ( unnatural vice4 ,i  h se5 
a girl ( t5 wat* h] intoxicat$ fa!r     
misconduct  himself ) a pro/itute1 :ile 
! "m--^: att5tion 0  call$ to ! fact by 
! *ild1 9 ! mono-syllabic language ( !  
di/rict--*att$ ) a neighb\r4 ,& ,i am n 
surpris$ to notice  t1 :5 ! *ildr5 bur/ 
f s*ool1 :i* !y hate1 numb]s (  !m break
 into f\l language1 indec5t behavi\r1 & 
fight+4 ,_!  _w1 outside ! s*ool1 is "o 
mighty drag on ! tea*]'s  ef=ts4 ,:5 !y 
leave s*ool1 ) bra9s half-develop$ &    
only  ! maxims ( anci5t ,juda 7at :i*   
half _! _w sc(fs7 to  guide _! conduct1 
:5 !y ent] work%ops & laundries & jo9  !
 company ( r+-ey$ boys & girls 9 ! fir/ 
flu% (  sex-developm5t1 !y %$ ! feeble  
influ5ce ( ! s*ool-lessons  9 a few     
mon?s4    ,! di/rict ,i h 9 m9d is a v  

common type ( di/rict3 a  heal?y1 op5   
suburb on ! fr+e ( ,london1 ta9t$ by "o 
( ^?  old] villages 9 :i* ! poore/      
work]s are apt to congregate4 ,x  has an
 exp5sive ,*ur*-,in/itute & num]\s      
*apels4 ,y may see  ! ?+ 9 almo/ any "p 
( ,london1 & mo/ o!r t[ns4 ,i h a  vivid
 recollection ( pass+ f a ,ca?olic      
elem5t>y s*ool &  /rict home 9 ,man*e/] 
to a l>ge w>eh\se ?irty-five ye>s ago4  
,!re is little *ange 9 t respect to-day4
 ,a v few ye>s ago a  ,man*e/] boy pass$
 ! same way2 & a mon? or two lat]1 8    
fa!r told me1 he return$ home *uckl+ ov]
 a funny /ory  ab\t ,*ri/4 ,! s*ool     
fails1 n f lack ( devotion 9 !  tea*]s1 
b because ! *ild le>ns m 9 ! /reet1 &   
(t5  9 ! home2 & ^! lessons are1 someh[1
 m cong5ial4    ,n[ if we are n satisfi$
 ) ?is comp>ative wa/e ( ef=t &  /]ility
 ( result1 we h to consid] c&idly !     
ambition ( !  educationi/4 ,he wants to 
turn out a "y citiz5 ) an active  m9d1 a
 s\nd body1 & a "* prep>$ to resi/ ! m  
degrad+ influ5ces ( ! _w he w ent]4 ,he 

_c c>ry out  ?is aim 9 ! case ( e *ild  
entru/$ to him1 b he c 9  mo/ cases1 if 
! ,/ate w help him4 ,he mu/ h 8 *ildr5  
prop]ly n\ri%$3 nei!r und]f$ nor /uff$ )
 co>se food by  ignorant mo!rs4 ,he mu/ 
h !m seasonably clo!d & %od3 aga9  !    
mo!rs ne$ in/ruction & pressure4 ,he mu/
 h1 n only  drill & m natural =ms (     
ex]cise1 b m control ov] !  *ildr5      
outside ( s*ool-h\rs2 he is already     
beg9n+1 ) great  promise ( good1 to walk
 & play ) !m1 to take !m to museums1  & 
s on4 ,he mu/ h adequate m$ical         
assi/ance1 & mu/ h !  support ( ! law 9 
c\nt]act+ dirty homes & c>eless p>5ts4  
,he mu/ keep ! *ild /ill a few ye>s     
long] at s*ool1 because a  *ild only    
beg9s to be really educable at ?irte5 or
 f\rte54 ,he  mu/ h ! enc\ragem5t ( kn[+
 t ! m promis+ boys  & girls w f9d !    
av5ue op5 to high] s*ools1 & t !        
community w make "s s]i\s provision (   
m5tal /imulation =  ! adolesc5t & !     
adult4 ,& 9 ord] to c>ry out prop]ly ?is
  l>ge & promis+ s*eme ( tra9+ he mu/ h 

twice z _m  colleagues z he has1 s t ea*
 may be able to give individual         
att5tion to pupils1 & 9 ord] t too great
 dem&s be n made  on _! h\rs ( re/4     
,b :]e are we to f9d ! v l>ge sums (    
money :i* w\ld be  requir$ = c>ry+ out  
su* a s*eme8 ,i wi% ev]ybody 9 ,engl&   
realis$ t we %\ld h ! funds to c>ry out 
?is s*eme 9 its  entirety1 9 its mo/    
advanc$ developm5ts1 if we aboli%$      
milit>ism2 t if we _h done ?is be=e     
#aiad1 we %\ld h _h1  9 ! co/ ( ! w>1 ! 
funds to c>ry out su* a s*eme two or    
?ree times ov]4 ,we h to reflect also   
:e!r ! increas$  prosp]ity ( ,engl& w\ld
 n pay ! co/4 ,!re are o!r              
consid]ations :i* ,i give lat]1 b ,i    
w\ld add "h at lea/ a  ^w ab\t exp]i5ce 
9 o!r l&s4 ,at ,new ,york & ,*icago ,i  
visit$ s*ools--elem5t>y & second>y1 b   
bo? free--) :i*  we h no?+ to comp>e 9  
?is c\ntry3 palatial /ructures )  sup]b 
equipm5t & devot$ /affs4 ,yet :5 ,i ask$
 ratepay]s h[  !y contriv$ to sp5d s    
lavi%ly on education1 ! ?ree or f\r     

public m5 ,i ask$ 7 s little consci\s ( 
a burd5 t !y 7  unable to expla9        
satisfactorily :]e ! funds came f6      
,we are1 h[ev]1 mak+ progress "h &      
!re1--,brad=d1 =  in/ance1 has _h !     
c\rage to be q ,sociali/ic 9 its c>e (  
! "y1--& ! triple ideal ( education is  
g5]ally1 if at  times reluctantly1      
recognis$4 ,z f> z ! education ( ! body 
is  conc]n$1 9 fact1 we h no gr\nd =    
qu>rell+ ) our  tea*]s1 :atev] we may   
say ( "s ( our educational au?orities4  
,m$ical inspection1 drill1 hygi5e1 play1
 excursions1 fe$+1 etc41  are discuss$ v
 consci5ti\sly at e meet+ ( tea*]s1 &  !
 re=ms propos$ are m or less admitt$ 9  
all places1 ev5  "u ! ,london ,c\nty    
,c\ncil4 ,! tea*]s !mselves (t5 g f>    
beyond _! prescrib$ tasks 9 endeav\r+ to
 help ! *ildr54 ,9  places !y yield "p (
 _! necess>y midday re/ to att5d to !   
fe$+ ( poor *ildr53 :i* ,i f\nd         
admirably1 & mo/ *e]fully  &            
exp$iti\sly1 done 9 ,*icago 7:]e #aejj  
*ildr5 at "o s*ool  7 quietly &         

excell5tly f$ 9 ?irty m9utes7 by a      
committee (  ladies ( ! di/rict4 ,!y    
give ,saturdays & holidays =  conduct+  
visits to museums or excursions1 or =   
controll+ sports4  ,:at is *iefly ne$$  
is t ! au?orities %\ld deal /r+5tly  )  
backw>d sect>ian s*ools1 & provide a v  
mu* l>g] supply  ( tea*]s & s]vants4 ,! 
municipal au?ority ( ! ri*e/ city  9 !  
_w--! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil--is        
sc&al\sly /+y &  reaction>y 9 ?is       
respect4    ,:5 we turn to ! "q (       
educat+ ! intellig5ce1 x is n  possible 
to approve s cordially4 ,no "o1         
assur$ly1 c fail to  appreciate ! zeal &
 ef=ts ( educationi/s & tea*]s1         
especially 9 ! la/ few decades4 ,h>dly  
any body ( pr(essional  m5 & wom5 among 
u1 c]ta9ly no body ( public s]vants1 has
 a  deep] & s\nd] ambition to conduct   
its "w on ! mo/ effective  l9es4 ,a va/ 
lit]ature is publi%$1 frequ5t congresses
 are held1  & ! sci5ce ( psy*ology is   
assidu\sly cultivat$4 ,"o mu/           
appreciate also ! fatal limitations ( ! 

tea*]'s activity2 z  long z we )draw    
*ildr5 f him at ! age ( f\rte51         
education is impossible4 ,x may seem1   
!re=e1 ungraci\s or unwise  to          
criticise1--?\gh ,i am n :olly a layman 
9 reg>d to  education1--b !re is at lea/
 "o feature ( our s*ool life to  :i* ,i 
w\ld draw s]i\s critical att5tion4    ,!
 g5]al public is apt to express ?is     
feature res5tfully by  say+ t ! mod]n   
tea*] crams4 ,bett] in=m$ critics  h put
 x t mod]n education is little m ?an a  
process (  encephalisation1 or ! impr9t+
 ( c]ta9 facts on !  *ild's bra9 almo/ z
 me*anically z ! ind5t+ ( m>ks on  !    
cyl9d] ( a gramophone4 ,ea* ( ^!        
criticisms implies an  inju/ice4        
,educationi/s & tea*]s h1 ( c\rse1      
discuss$ ?is  v po9t = decades1 & !     
pres5t sy/em is ! =mulation (  _!       
delib]ate judgm5t4 ,!y /ill diff] among/
 !mselves z to  ! proportion ( memory-"w
 & /imulation-"w1 b x is too late  9 !  
day 7if accurate at all7 to tell tea*]s 
t to educate  means to draw out ! *ild's

 faculties1 n to put 94  ,e elem5t>y    
tea*] kn[s t he mu/ tra9 ! *ild to ?9k  
z well z furni% x ) positive in=mation4 
,! po9t "o may  legitimately raise is   
:e!r ! g5]al educational practice       
repres5ts a fair adju/m5t ( ! two       
functions4    ,x is ess5tial 9 su*      
disputes to h cle> pr9ciples4 ,:at is ! 
aim ( education8 ,! curr5t phrase1 to   
make good citiz5s1 is  f> too vague4 ,a 
good citiz5 is1 9 a l>ge employ]'s m9d1 
a man  :o w "w = two p\nds a week & n   
annoy weal?i] p by  dem&+ m3 9 a        
cl]gyman's m9d1 "o :o goes to *ur*4 ,!  
po9t is s]i\s & relevant1 because !re is
 a gr[+ t5d5cy  among ! middle & upp]   
class to insi/ on a return to ! ideal ( 
! old ,*ur* ( ,engl& s*ool society3 !   
*ildr5 mu/ n be  educat$ 9 su* a way t  
!y w aspire above ! /ation to  :i* !    
,almighty has call$ !m4 ,z1 h[ev]1 !    
educationi/ w  probably reply at once t 
8 duty is to d all 9 8 p[] to  promote  
intellig5ce dur+ su* p]iod z ! ,/ate    
?9ks advisable1  we ne$ n discuss ! l>g]

 ideal ( develop+ ! *ild's  p[]s on     
g5]al humanit>ian gr\nds4    ,b glance  
at ! manuals :i* are us$ 9 our s*ools1 &
 consid]  :e!r we h z yet realis$ ! true
 ideal ( education4 ,^!  manuals1 & !   
me?ods employ$1 are ! outcome ( a hundr$
 ye>s  ( critical discussion1 yet ,i    
v5ture to say t !y ne$ to be  entirely  
rewritt54 ,i pass ov] ! infant-s*ools & 
e>li]  /&>ds1 :]e ! fir/ g5]al ideas are
 c>efully1 & on !  :ole judici\sly1     
implant$4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z ! *ild ent]s
  its te5s1 x is pa9fully ov]load$ )    
memory-"w4 ,i take1 =  example1 !       
manuals ( geography & hi/ory :i* are us$
 9  educat+ *ildr5 ( elev5 9 a          
fir/-class ,london second>y s*ool4  ,!y 
are cramm$ ) in=mation :i* w nev] be ( !
 lea/ use  to "o man 9 t5 ?\s&1 & :i* we
 h no "r :atev] to  impose on ! "y bra9 
) s mu* necess>y "w to d4    ,! manual (
 e>ly ,engli% hi/ory :i* ,i h be=e me is
 a  *>act]i/ically mod]n production4    
,in/ead ( ! grim old  p>agraphs1 9      
alt]nate l>ge & small type1 on :i* ! eye

 ( !  *ild ne>ly always gazes )         
reluctance1 !re are vivid sket*es (     
life 9 successive ages4 ,!re is dang]1  
p]haps1 t ! *ild w  pass to ! opposite  
extreme1 & take ! manual z a /ory-book1 
a  "w ( ephem]al int]e/2 at lea/ c>eful 
guidance w be ne$$  to enable x to      
select ! necess>y mat]ial :i* is to be  
memoris$4 ,b ! *ief defect /ill is !    
ov]load+ ( ! pages  ) matt] ( no s]i\s  
usefulness4 ,! do+s ( ,e!lb]t &         
,e!lfri? & ,r$wald & ,p5da & ,(fa1 ^: v 
names bewild]  ! "y m9d1 are compress$  
into a few =bidd+ p>agraphs1  in/ead (  
be+ relegat$ to ! ,univ]sity4 ,lat] come
 ,e!lwulf &  ,osburh & ,e!lbald &       
,e!lb]t2 & ,sweyn ,=kbe>d & ,olaf       
,trygvasson & ,guhilda2 & ,rhodri &     
,llywelyn & ,griffi? ap ,rees  & ,own   
,gwyn$d & ,egfri? & ,malcolm ,canmore & 
,john ,balliol4 ,h[  _m ( u "k1 or ne$  
to "k1 a ^w ab\t !m1 & _!  families1 &  
_! battles8 ,!n ! ,fr5* w>s are told 9  
detail1  & ! pages bri/le ) dates &     
,fr5* names & g5ealogies2 &  ! ,w>s ( ! 

,roses introduce a new s]ies ( repell5t 
& useless  names & dates4 ,! *ild1 9 a  
^w1 is enorm\sly ov]burd5$ )  /uff :i*  
we adults w\ld refuse to commit to      
memory or ev5 to  read4 ,yet ?is is a v 
mod]n manual1 ! la/ ^w 9 !  adaptation (
 hi/ory to ! m9d ( a *ild ( t5 or elev54
    ,! manual ( ,european geography1    
also1 is "o ( ! mo/ mod]n &  enlight5$ t
 a tea*] c *oose1 b x imposes a mass (  
p$antic & useless k4 ,iso!rms & isob>s &
 ! freez+  ( ! ,od] & ,vi/ula & ,danube2
 ! navigability ( ! ,ebro &             
,guadalquiv]1 & ! :eat-gr[+ areas (     
,france & ,spa91 & !  indu/ries ( ,lille
 & ,r\baix & ,magdeburg & ,lomb>dy &    
,smyrna2  9 a ^w1 fully "o-?ird ( !     
details 9 ! little manual--!  details   
:i* x is mo/ difficult to rememb]1 :i*  
tax !  *ild's bra9 mo/1 & w be =gott5   
soone/ & ) lea/  loss--ought n to h be5 
ins]t$4 ,! :ole plan is academic &      
p$antic3 x is built on ! supposition t !
 *ild mu/ h a  summ>y ( ! k9d ( k :i* a 
geographical exp]t w\ld  h to ma/]4 ,& 9

 lat] ye>s ! *ild mu/ labori\sly cov]  !
 :ole globe ) ! same unnecess>y att5tion
 to useless  details4    ,9 ma!matics1  
at lea/1 ! same criticism w hold4       
,geometry is1  ( c\rse1 no long] a m]e  
task ( memorisation2 b ! positive  k (  
problems is n ( ! lea/ use1 save 9 a few
  exceptional cases1 & ! tra9+ ( ! m9d  
might be a*iev$ by  lessons 9 natural   
sci5ce4 ,9 natural sci5ce itself "o     
might  qu>rel ) mu* ( ! mat]ial giv53 n 
"o 9 t5 ?\s&1 =  in/ance1 w ev5 rememb] 
9 lat] ye>s ! elem5ts ( botany4  ,b at  
lea/ we are1 9 giv+ sci5tific in=mation1
 tra9+ !  "y to inquire into ! nature ( 
positive reality & initiat+  !m to      
bran*es ( k 9 :i* !y c easily advance 9 
lat] ye>s1 s9ce we h s f9e a popul>     
lit]ature ( sci5ce1  & ! advance w be a 
consid]able ga9 9 _! :ole m5tal         
outlook4 ,x is *iefly 9 reg>d to hi/ory 
& geography t "t  & lab\r might be sp>$1
 & m leisure giv5 = ensur+ t  ! *ild w  
assimilate ! k imp>t$4 ,m5tal en]gy %\ld
  n be wa/$ 9 ma/]+ an imm5se collection

 ( facts :i*1  exp]i5ce %[s1 are c]ta9  
to be =gott5 )9 a few ye>s4    ,i may   
also recall t1 :5 we *oose to c>ry out !
 elem5t>y  re=m ( aboli%+ ! plurality ( 
tongues1 a va/ economy w be  made 9 !   
curriculum1 & really useful k w be      
imp>t$  m ?or\ghly & ) f9] att5tion to !
 texture ( !  *ild's bra94 ,! academic  
plea1 t !re is excell5t tra9+  9 a      
?or\gh /udy ( ,lat9 & ,greek1 may be    
freely grant$4 ,b  !re is j z excell5t a
 tra9+ 9 ! ?or\gh /udy ( su*  bran*es ( 
sci5ce z are fitt$ = ! s*ool1 & !       
positive  in=mation ga9$ is p]man5tly   
useful4    ,if we ?us elim9ate languages
 & simplify geography & hi/ory we  give 
! mod]n tea*] a m hopeful opportunity4  
,x is surely !  univ]sal exp]i5ce t we  
=get n9e-t5?s ( ! geographical  details 
we le>n at s*ool1 & we f9d little       
inconv5i5ce 9  re-le>n+ su* z we ne$ to 
ma/] 9 lat] ye>s4 ,a judici\s           
outl9e-s*eme1 ) m physiography & less ( 
useless detail1 &  a full] acc\nt ( "o's
 national geography 7n because x        

describes ! *ild's c\ntry1 b because x  
is practical  in=mation7 w\ld suffice4  
,! rema9d]1 or "p ( x1 c\ld be  imp>t$ 9
 te*nical tra9+ = comm]ce4 ,hi/ory %\ld 
be :olly  remodell$4 ,x is ludicr\s     
to-day to make ! *ild gr[ pale &  worn  
ov] ! pa/ royal families & w>s ( ,engl&1
 & dismiss !  g5]al hi/ory ( ! race 9 a 
page or two4 ,a f9e s*eme ( !  hi/ory1 &
 ev5 ! prehi/ory & orig91 ( ! human     
race1 )  s mu* full] in=mation ab\t !   
*ild's own c\ntry z is  useful = !      
und]/&+ ( its in/itutions & monum5ts1   
c\ld  be imp>t$ 9 less "t1 ) m int]e/1 &
 ) f> great]  pr(it4 ,! patriotic %am   
deeply vitiates our s*eme ( in/ruction  
& makes ! tra9+ ( ! *ild sc&al\sly      
"o-sid$ &  exact+4 ,g]many has rec5tly  
%[n u ! p]nici\s results ( ?is          
political p]v]sion ( education4         
,pass+ to ! moral education ( *ildr51 we
 at once f9d x cruelly  di/ort$ &       
enfeebl$ by a religi\s %am ( ! lea/     
def5sible  nature4 ,su* morali/s z ,kant
 & ,em]son h>dly exagg]at$ !  human     

importance ( moral law1 h[ev] mu* !y    
fail$ to und]/&  its human significance4
 ,"* is ! pivot on :i* life turns4  ,!  
g5]al diffusion ( f9e qualities ( "*    
w\ld trans=m  ! e>?1 q ap>t f economic &
 political re=m1 & lead to  a spe$i]    
settlem5t ( our indu/rial & int]national
  difficulties4 ,x is !re=e ( supreme   
importance to tra9 ! w  or "* ( ! *ild f
 its e>lie/ ye>s4 ,yet !re is no  o!r   
bran* ( our education1 & h>dly any o!r  
bran* ( our  life1 9 :i* we tol]ate s   
crude & ludicr\s a pret5ce ( "w4    ,!  
education au?ority ( ! ,metropolis (    
,engl& w\ld1 "o  supposes1 h ! advantage
 ( ! f9e/ exp]t advice 9 ! _w4  ,ent] "o
 ( ! ?\s&s ( s*ools "u its control1     
h[ev]1 &  ask h[ ! tra9+ ( "* is        
conduct$4 ,a tea*] in=ms y  t at college
 he has le>n$ only to imp>t ,biblical   
k4 ,he w %[ y a s*eme ( lessons f\nd$ on
 ! ,old  & ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! y\ng] !    
*ild1 ! m prepo/]\s !  lesson4 ,9 ! l[] 
/&>ds ! *ild mu/ le>n ! /ory ( !        
,creation1 ! ,fall1 ! ,deluge1 etc4 ,x  

is /ill too "y to imag9e  t its tea*]   
may1 at ! comm& ( our education         
au?orities1 be  grossly deceiv+ x1 or to
 p]ceive t ^! anci5t ,babylonian  leg5ds
 conta9 no p>ticul> inc5tive to virtue4 
,:5 x passes to  ! high] /&>ds x is     
initiat$ to "s equally rem>kable  /ories
 ab\t ! e>ly hi/ory ( mank9d & ! e>ly   
conduct (  ! ,deity4 ,! tea*] r>ely     
believes ^! ?+s1 & x may be  assum$ t m5
 l ,mr4 ,sidney ,webb1 :o vot$ = ?is    
s*eme (  education 9 ! ,l4,c4,c41 d n4  
,if ! *ild has intellig5ce en\gh  to    
raise ! "q ( v]acity1 x mu/ be snubb$ or
 deceiv$4 ,a  ,london tea*] told me t on
 "o occasion1 :5 he _h describ$  "s ( ! 
rem>kable proce$+s ( ! ,israelites 9    
anci5t  ,pale/9e1 a precoci\s y\ng/]    
ask$3 ,please1 sir1 is x  true8 ,our    
education au?orities =bid him to reply  
to su* a  "q4 ,inde$1 8 headma/] 0 a    
,noncon=mi/ 7v zeal\s =  ,bible         
lessons71 & w\ld f9d a way to puni% any 
dep>ture f !  appo9t$ untru?s4    ,!    
lessons f ! ,new ,te/am5t are1 x is     

true1 devoid ( ?is  atmosph]e ( ,ori5tal
 animalism1 f]ocity1 & sup]/ition :i*   
cl+s to ! ,old ,te/am5t lesson1 b "h    
aga9 ! tea*] is  =c$ to violate !       
elem5t>y pr9ciples ( education4 ,he mu/ 
gravely tell ! /ory ( ! miracul\s bir?1 
! crucifixion1 &  ! resurrection (      
,*ri/4 ,he probably kn[s t "s ( ! mo/   
le>n$ div9es 9 ,engl& & o!r c\ntries    
reg>d ^! /ories z  false1 b he mu/      
delib]ately & solemnly tell ! "y t      
,*ri/ 0 ,god & t ^! ?+s are writt5 9 !  
,^w (  ,god4 ,he mu/ repeat p>ables :i* 
we "k to h be5 borr[$  7& (t5 spoil$ 9 !
 borr[+7 f ! ,jewi% rabbis1 yet tea*  t 
?is 0 ! unique feature ( ,*ri/'s prea*+4
 ,he mu/ use  all 8 +5uity to wr+ a     
moral lesson out ( ! p>ables ( !  work]s
 9 ! v9ey>d1 ! royal banquet1 & s on4   
,he mu/ keep up  ?is elaborate deception
 ( ! *ild until x leaves 8 c>e2 & he    
kn[s t1 9 n9e cases out ( t5 9 ,london  
or any l>ge city1 !  *ild is already    
he>+ on all sides sne]s at ^! anci5t    
my?s1  & laugh+ at ! sy/em :i*          

inculcates !m 9 ! "n ( all  t is mo/    
sacr$4    ,! aim ( our ,london          
au?orities1 & education au?orities      
g5]ally  9 ,engl&1 is n to tra9 "*1 b to
 tea* ! cont5ts (  ! ,bible4 ,:y a civic
 au?ority %\ld include ! tea*+ ( !      
,bible no man kn[s2 & :e!r a civic      
au?ority c be indiff]5t  to ! tru? or   
untru? ( ! lessons x imposes few seem to
 ask4 ,mr4  ,sidney ,webb1 endors+ ^!   
lessons1 said t ! ,bible 0 great        
lit]ature2 & scores ( our p>o*ial       
legislators1 :o 7 n  g5]ally kn[n to    
admire great lit]ature 7b 7 kn[n to h   
numb]s ( ,noncon=mi/ con/itu5ts71       
f]v5tly repeat$ ! phrase4  ,does ! *ild 
appreciate or he> a s+le ^w ab\t !      
lit]>y  qualities ( ! ,bible8 ,does a   
lit]>y lesson ne$ to be a delib]ate     
lesson 9 untru?8 ,c we f9d no great     
lit]ature :i* has n !  ta9t ( untru?8   
,dr4 ,clif=d says t ^! lessons t5d to   
make good citiz5s4  ,x is n at fir/     
sight app>5t :y we %\ld g to ! lit]ature
  ( an anci5t1 m5daci\s1 polygam\s1 &   

blood?ir/y tribe =  lessons 9 citiz5%ip 
9 a mod]n civilisation4 ,let u suppose1 
h[ev]1 t ! +5i\s tea*] has wrung a moral
 ( tru?fulness1  frat]nity1 respect =   
wom51 self-reliance1 & univ]sal ju/ice  
out ( ^! peculi> records ( anci5t ,juda4
 ,foll[ ! *ild1 9  imag9ation1 into !   
lat] ye>s ( citiz5%ip4 ,he h>dly leaves 
!  s*ool be=e he le>ns t ! :ole         
,biblical s*eme is v  g5]ally ridicul$1 
& is reject$ ev5 by l>ge numb]s ( le>n$ 
!ologians4 ,be=e _m ye>s1 at lea/1 he is
 fairly sure to le>n  ?is4 ,!           
prescriptions ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt he1 
( c\rse1  nev] _h ! slighte/ int5tion ( 
obs]v+4 ,! tea*]1 ev5  :ile he reads !  
quixotic c\nsels1 kn[s1 & possibly notes
 )  approval1 t ! boy's code is3 ,if any
 smite !e on ! "o  *eek1 smite him =?)  
on bo?4 ,b ! boy n[ le>ns t  f !        
,creation to ! ,resurrection ! :ole /ory
 is s]i\sly  disput$ & is reject$ by !  
majority ( well-educat$ p4 ,he  looks   
back on 8 ,bible lessons & 8 tea*] )    
d]ision1  & he disc>ds ! :ole au?ority (

 8 code ( conduct4 ,surely an  admirable
 f\ndation = virtue & citiz5%ip6        
,into ! l>g] "q ( ! relation ( religi\s 
education &  crime ,i _c ent] "h4 ,i h  
%[n else:]e t ,france1  ,victoria1 &    
,new ,zeal&1 ! c\ntries ) longe/        
exp]i5ce (  secul> education1 h ! be/   
record among civilis$ nations 9 !       
r$uction ( crime4 ,! c>elessness (      
cl]ical writ]s z to !  tru? ( _!        
/atem5ts on ?is subject is appall+4 ,!re
 is n a  tittle ( reason 9 crim9al      
/ati/ics1 or any o!r exact  indications 
( national heal?1 = reta9+ religi\s     
lessons 9 our  s*ools4 ,!y are !re m]ely
 because ! cl]gy f9d x conducive to  _! 
pre/ige to h _! sacr$ book en?ron$ )    
hon\r 9 !  national s*eme ( education4  
,z 9 ! case ( divorce1 !y ask u  to     
ma9ta9 immorality 9 ! "n ( religion4    
,g]man s*ools are  saturat$ ) religi\s  
tea*+1 yet we h se5 ! issue ( x  all4   
,= "o hundr$ ye>s our ,engli%           
s*ool-sy/em has be5 hamp]$ &  p]v]t$ by 
?is cl]ical insi/5ce on religi\s        

lessons4 ,p>5ts1  !y sometimes say1     
desire x2 b :5 ! ,trades ,union         
,congress1 !  only l>ge body ( p>5ts :i*
 ev] pron\nc$ on ! subject1  repeat$ly  
vot$ = secul> education1 by ov]:elm+    
majorities1  ! cl]gy1 ?r\gh ! m9ority ( 
_! foll[]s1 c\ld only secure  !         
exclusion ( ! subject f ! ag5da4 ,nei!r 
d ! majority  ( tea*]s desire x2 :ile   
educationi/s1 z a :ole1 res5t ?is       
griev\s complication ( _! "w4 ,no?+ b ! 
complete  secul>isation ( all s*ools    
receiv+ funds f ! nation or             
municipality w enable u to advance4 ,!  
cl]gy mu/ d _! own  "w on _! own        
premises4 ,! moral pretext is a ?9      
disguise ( an  ef=t to use ! nation's   
res\rces & au?ority = ! purpose  (      
atta*+ *ildr5 to ! *ur*es4    ,writ]s on
 ! subject are n :olly agre$ :e!r we    
ought to  sub/itute moral lessons = !   
disc>d$ ,bible lessons4 ,we c 9  su* a  
matt] proce$ only on probabilities1 & x 
seems to me t  judici\s lessons = !     
tra9+ ( "* are v desirable4 ,i  d n s   

mu* mean ab/ract or direct lessons on ! 
v>i\s  qualities ( "*4 ,if su* lessons  
7on tru?fulness1 hone/y1  manl9ess1     
etc47 7 tactfully & s5sibly conduct$1 !y
 c\ld be  ( great s]vice4 ,!re is really
 n mu* dang] ( turn+ !  av]age ,briti%  
s*oolboy into a prig4 ,b indirect       
lessons1  especially f hi/ory &         
biography1 %\ld be m effective4    ,9   
ei!r case our tea*]s w\ld ne$ special   
tra9+ = !  lessons1 & no philosophic or 
religi\s or anti-religi\s view (  moral 
pr9ciples %\ld be admitt$4 ,exp]i5ce has
 surely %[n h[  little use !re is 9 giv+
 *ildr5 a categorical imp]ative1  or a  
set ( arbitr>y comm&m5ts1 or an /hetic  
lesson on  mode/y4 ,y _c 9 "o h\r tea* !
 *ild to ?9k1 & 9  ! next expect x to   
accept y\r in/ruction )\t ?9k+1  because
 y are n prep>$ to give reasons = y\r   
comm&s4 ,x is  sometimes =gott5 t ev5   
*ildr5 %>e ! m5tal awak5+ (  our age1 & 
mu/ be treat$ wisely4 ,! ,am]ican or !  
,au/ralian  *ild well illu/rates ! *ange
 t is tak+ place4 ,x is  increas+ly     

dang]\s to give *ildr5 dogmatic or my/ic
 in/ruction  9 rules ( conduct1 nor is x
 9 ! lea/ necess>y to base ?is          
important "p ( _! tra9+ on disputable   
gr\nds4 ,e quality  ( "* t is inculcat$ 
may be relat$ to ! *ild's actual  or    
future exp]i5ce ( life1 & w f9d an ample
 sanction !re94  ,life is full ( mat]ial
 = su* lessons3 mat]ial f> ri*] &  easi]
 ( assimilation ?an ! do+s ( an anci5t  
,ori5tal p  ) a diff]5t code ( morals4  
,let ^! lessons ( hi/ory &  contempor>y 
life be develop$1 let ! *ild le>n 9 pla9
 human  spee* ! social significance (   
ju/ice & hon\r1 avoid+  namby-pamby     
diss]tations on ! beauty ( virtue1 & !re
 w be  plac$ 9 ! m9d ( ! "y1 n an exotic
 plant :i* ! *ild  w be tempt$ to       
eradicate1 b a g]m :i* w gr[ & be>      
fruit "u ! influ5ce ( its own exp]i5ce4 
,! mod]n ideal ( education fur!r implies
 t ! ,/ate %all  provide high] tuition =
 ^? y\?s & maid5s to :om x w be         
pr(itable to imp>t x4 ,s*ola/ic         
evolution is advanc+ s rapidly  9 ?is   

direction t ! ideal h>dly ne$s          
v9dication4 ,sev5te5  hundr$ ye>s ago   
su* a ladd] ( education exi/$ 9 ,europe2
  f ! municipally-end[$ elem5t>y s*ool !
 promis+ y\?  c\ld pass1 ?r\gh second>y 
colleges1 to ! imp]ial s*ools at  ,rome4
 ,_h t model be5 reta9$ & improv$ in/ead
 ( be+  ab&on$ = f\rte5 c5turies1       
,europe w\ld be 9 an immeasurably       
great] /ate ( effici5cy ?an x is4 ,we   
are re/or+ & improv+  ! pagan model1 &  
!re are signs t 9 "t we %all h a        
complete sy/em ( second>y1 te*nical1 &  
high] education1 q  ap>t f ! s*ools 9   
:i* ! *ildr5 ( m or less weal?y  p>5ts  
le>n _! traditional virtues & vices4 ,if
 we h also  "s means by :i* able *ildr5 
^: tal5t has escap$ !  academic eye 7(  
:i* we h _m classical in/ances7 may 9   
lat]  ye>s h a *ance ( recognition1 we  
%all exploit ! intellig5ce  ( ! race )  
spl5did results4    ,! co/ ( ?is great  
re=m ne$ n intimidate u4 ,enorm\s sums (
  money h be5 giv5 7by m5 l ,mr4        
,c>negie7 or bequea!d = !  purpose1 & ! 

admirable practice w cont9ue4 ,b we ne$ 
a  se>*+ revision ( educational         
end[m5ts1 f\ndations1  s*ol>%ips1 etc4  
,!re is /rong reason to suspect t e/ates
  :i* are n[ ( great value are n appli$ 
to ! s*ola/ic  purposes = :i* !y 7      
int5d$1 or are badly adm9i/]$1 or  are  
us$ 9 giv+ gratuit\s or *eap education  
to ! *ildr5 (  com=table p>5ts :o secure
 fav\r or influ5ce4 ,a consolidation (  
all ! end[m5ts :i* _h n 9 _! orig9 an   
express sect>ian  purpose w\ld provide a
 fund to :i* ! ,/ate & municipal        
au?orities ne$ add little4 ,! s*eme w\ld
 br+ "s ord] into  our *aos ( s*ools &  
colleges1 &1 :ile ! m snobbi%           
e/abli%m5ts w\ld cont9ue to pres]ve _!  
pupils f !  society ( ! *ildr5 (        
tradesfolk1 & w\ld wa/e valuable        
res\rces on uncultivable m9ds1 ! y\? ( !
 nation g5]ally1 (  bo? sexes1 w\ld be  
develop$ to ! full ext5t ( its capacity4
  ,^! ?+s h a monet>y value4 ,a di/+ui%$
 hi/orical writ]  told me t1 on s5d+ 8  
son to ,s&hur/1 he propos$ t !y  %\ld   

/udy toge!r ! campaigns ( ,napoleon4 ,! 
y\? pres5tly  in=m$ him t ! traditions (
 ,s&hur/ did n all[ !m to d  s]i\s "w   
outside ! g5]al r\t9e4 ,a few ye>s lat] 
we he>d  ! details ( our ,s\? ,african  
,w>4    ,x w be a "p ( ?is increas$     
effici5cy to rid our second>y  & high]  
s*ools ( cl]ical dom9ation4 ,x is futile
 to say t  ! cl]gyman mu/ repres5t      
morals & religion 9 ! s*ool4 ,8  record 
z a morali/ dur+ fifte5 hundr$ ye>s does
 n recomm5d  8 s]vices4 ,ev5 to-day     
public s*ools :i* reta9 ! tradition (   
cl]ical ma/]s are deplorable f ! moral  
po9t ( view4 ,"s (  !m are nurs]ies ( a 
vice :i*1 unless x be discont9u$ :5 !   
y\? goes out into ! _w1 may br+ on him  
"o ( ! mo/  degrad+ s5t5ces ( our p5al  
law4 ,! cl]ical me?od (  "*-tra9+--"o   
admits1 ( c\rse1 great occasional       
p]sonalities--has little influ5ce on ^! 
?+s4 ,public-s*ool  boys1 & especially  
"y m5 at our univ]sities1 "k t e        
syllable :i* ! prea*] addresses to !m is
 disput$1 & no  o!r gr\nd ( "r & heal?y 

conduct is1 z a rule1 impress$ on  !m4  
,_m w "k t ! grosse/ op9ion ( ! cl]gy   
!mselves is curr5t 9 our public s*ools &
 old] univ]sities1  & is embodi$ 9      
numb]s ( scurril\s /ories4 ,! position (
 !  cl]gyman 9 our educational _w is    
false4 ,he is !re = ! same  reason t !  
,bible is 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool3 9 ! int]e/
 (  ! ,*ur*es4 ,we h improv$ m5tal      
education enorm\sly s9ce x  ceas$ to be 
a monopoly ( ! cl]gy4 ,possibly we w    
make a simil>  improvem5t 9 "*-tra9+2 we
 c h>dly d x ) less  success ?an !y h   
done4       ,,*apt] ,,ix4   ,,!         
,,education ,,( ,,! ,,adult    ,,if x be
 grant$ t x is ! int]e/ & ! duty ( a    
nation to  develop ! intellig5ce ( its  
p1 we mu/ conclude t ! "w  is only half 
done1 or n half done1 by ev5 an ideal   
sy/em ( :at  is commonly call$          
education4 ,i am assum+ t a "t w come :5
  no y\? or maid5 w ent] work%op or     
(fice be=e ! age (  sev5te51 if n       
eighte52 & t ! bett] end[$ m9ority (    
our *ildr5 w1 )\t reg>d to _! private   

res\rces1 be  promot$ to second>y1      
te*nical1 & high] s*ools4 ,?is m9ority  
w1 on ! :ole1 ne$ no fur!r att5tion4    
,cultural int]e/ &  pr(essional         
/imulation w ensure t _! /udies cont9ue4
 ,b  ! majority w fall lam5tably %ort ( 
! ideal ( develop$ &  al]t intellig5ce4 
,! add$ ?ree or f\r ye>s w be enorm\sly 
valuable to ! tea*]1 b 9 ! majority (   
cases ! intellectual  int]e/ w /ill be s
 feeble t ! di/ractions ( life w at     
once ext+ui% x4    ,if we speak ( our   
actual _w1 n ( an ideal _w1 ?is fact is 
too pat5t to ne$ prov+4 ,=ty-five ye>s  
ago a b& ( en?usia/s  f\ght = !         
e/abli%m5t ( univ]sal elem5t>y          
education4 ,!  survivors ( t b& confess 
t ! spl5did results !y  anticipat$ h n  
be5 secur$4 ,"o is1 inde$1 tempt$       
sometimes  to wond] :e!r !re 0 n m zeal 
= culture among !  work]s half a c5tury 
ago ?an !re is to-day4 ,:5 y li/5 to a  
conv]sation1 ( work]s or ( av]age       
middle-class p1 on  politics or !ology  
or "s o!r absorb+ topic1 y are a/\nd$   

at ! sl5d] am\nt ( p]sonal ?9k+ & !     
slav]y to phrases  :i* !y h he>d4 ,_!   
m9ds seem to resemble ! scre5 ( a       
kaleidoscope1 on :i* ! col\r$ phrases !y
 h read 9 j\rnals  or *eap lit]ature    
weave automatic patt]ns4 ,i speak1 (    
c\rse1 (  ! mass4 ,i h giv5 hundr$s (   
sci5tific lectures to ke5  audi5ces (   
work+ m51 & ,i "k t t5s ( ?\s&s ( !m  h 
excell5t collections ( famili> books4 ,b
 ! result (  =ty-five ye>s ( education  
is f> f satisfactory4 ,x 0 ?\ght  t1 :5 
! p le>n$ to read1 & ! ideas ( an       
,em]son or  a ,d>w9 c\ld be appropriat$ 
by any man ( mod]ate end[m5t1 !  level (
 ! race w\ld rise mat]ially4 ,x has n   
ris5 z mu* z  0 expect$4 ,! phrases are 
le>n$ & repeat$3 ! ideas are n  vitally 
assimilat$1 because ! intellect is n    
suffici5tly  develop$4    ,two classes (
 p w impati5tly retort t !re is no ne$  
= fur!r developm5t4 ,"o class consi/s ( 
^? :o dread a  high] intellig5ce 9 !    
work]s because x leads to discont5t )   
_! condition4 ,to :i* "o may reply t ?is

 conc]n comes too  late4 ,"o ne$s little
 intellig5ce to p]ceive ! inequalities (
  ! di/ribution ( weal?4 ,! work]s ( !  
_w h p]ceiv$  x1 &1 al?\gh only an      
extreme ,sociali/ m9ority dem&s         
equalisation1 ! mass ( ! work]s dem& a  
high] rew>d4 ,midway  betwe5 ,au/ralia &
 ,engl&1 on ! deck ( a l9]1 ,i he>d a   
gr\p  ( middle-class m5 & wom5 contra/+ 
! m5ace ( ! ,au/ralian  work]s ) !      
indu/rial cont5t ( ! "m-c\ntry4 ,we l&$1
  to f9d f ! j\rnals t ! :ole ,unit$    
,k+dom 0 punctuat$  by /rikes1          
agitations1 & dem&s4 ,x is too late4 ,a 
di/+ui%$  ,belgian prelate 0 tak5 into a
 l>ge f\ndry1 &1 obs]v+ !  work]s1 he   
impulsively cri$3 ,:at a slave's life6  
,hu%1  !y w he> y1 said ! manag]4 ,9    
repeat+ ! exp]i5ce  he add$3 ,!y h he>d3
 x is too late4 ,x w be bett] n[  if1 9 
! indu/rial /ruggle ( ! future1 !re is  
intellig5ce z  well z pr9ciple on bo?   
sides4 ,if any l>ge proportion ( "w 9  !
 human economy requires ! sacrifice ( ! 
intellig5ce1 !re is  some?+ wrong ) !   

"w4    ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! o!r class ( p 
:o are impati5t ( !  design to /imulate 
_! m9ds consi/s ( ! mass ( ! work]s     
!mselves4 ,aft] eight or n9e or t5 h\rs 
( heavy muscul> "w  e day1 !y say1 !y h 
no incl9ation or fitness = s]i\s        
lit]ature1 s]i\s lectures1 or s]i\s art4
 ,!y pref] a dr9k1 a  bioscope1 a       
music-hall4 ,eight h\rs' "w1 eight h\rs'
 play1  eight h\rs' sleep2 t is ! ideal4
 ,a v natural &  symmetrical ideal1 b--x
 is j ! ideal :i* !  capitali/ wi%es !m 
to cultivate1 & ?is might sugge/        
reflection4 ,someone w d ! ?9k+ :ile !y 
play4 ,democratic  gov]nm5t is a mis*ief
 & a blund] unless ,demos is capable (  
?9k+4 ,if ! work]s ( ! _w h an ambition 
to control  _! de/9ies1 !y mu/ realise t
 _! de/9ies are ?+s too  l>ge & complex 
& important to be controll$ by m5 )     
sleepy  bra9s4 ,!re is no solution ( !  
broad social problem ( ?is  planet :i*  
does n imply t e adult man & woman1 (   
normal  p[]s1 %all be al]t & in=m$ &    
self-ass]tive en\gh to take  an         

intellig5t "p 9 its adm9i/ration4       
,!re=e1 x seems to _m t a s*eme (       
education :i* ceases to  op]ate at ! age
 ( f\rte51 :i* tea*es *ildr5 to read &  
has  no fur!r conc]n ) :at !y read1 :i* 
impresses on _!  cortex a mass ( facts (
 no utility or /imulation1 is n a       
fulfilm5t ( a nation's duty1 or a prop] 
consid]ation ( a  nation's int]e/4 ,!   
gr&] lessons ( hi/ory1 ! m  impressive  
tru?s ( sci5ce1 ! vital features (      
economics &  sociology1 ! ennobl+       
*>act]s ( f9e art1 _c be ev5  fa9tly    
impress$ on ! "y m9d4 ,yet !y c be      
impress$ on !  m9ds ( ne>ly all adults1 
& x w\ld be an incalculable ga9 to  !   
race if !y 74 ,:at is be+ done1 & :at   
might be done1 to  effect ?is8    ,!    
nation at pres5t leaves x to comm]cial  
int]e/ & to  philan?ropy to c>ry out1 9 
"s measure1 ?is important function1  &  
we may at once elim9ate ! comm]cial     
int]e/4 ,x supplies1 at  a prop] pr(it1 
:at is dem&$4 ,a m9ority ask = *eap     
works (  sci5ce & art & hi/ory1 & sev]al

 admirable s]ies ( manuals  & s]ial     
publications are suppli$4 ,a majority1  
an ov]:elm+  majority1 asks only to be  
ent]ta9$1 & !re is a mighty flood (     
novels & amus+ works1 a ri* crop (      
music-halls &  bioscope-%[s & !atres &  
skat+ r9ks4 ,x w readily be  und]/ood t1
 reg>d+ happ9ess z ! ultimate ideal1 ,i 
reg>d  ent]ta9m5t z a prop] "p ( life4  
,! com$ian & !  /ory-tell] & !          
pr(essional football-play] are r5d]+    
good  s]vice1 & x is intellectual       
snobb]y to murmur t !y m]ely  ent]ta9 p4
 ,a good deal ( nons5se is writt5 ab\t  
sport  & ent]ta9m5t4 ,_m ( u c1 )       
pleasant ease1 susp5d a  sev]ely        
intellectual task = a few h\rs to       
witness a fir/-class  football mat*4 ,"o
 wond]s if "s ( ! ascetics :o speak ab\t
  mudd$ oafs & ! football craze are aw>e
 t ! game  7except = pr(essional play]s7
 occupies m]ely an h\r & a half a  week 
7or alt]nate week7 = little m ?an half a
 ye>4    ,! mis*ief is t s mu* ( our    
ent]ta9m5t appeals to &  fo/]s a /ate ( 

m9d or ta/e :i* does exclude culture4   
,we h  to-day an army ( puritan sc\ts1  
wat*+ our music-halls &  c9ematograph   
films1 our picture-c>ds & novels1 our   
op5 spaces by  night & our ba?+-bea*es  
by day1 calculat+ m9utely :at am\nt  (  
dress or undress or sexual allusion !y  
may p]mit4 ,c]ta9ly we  ne$ co]cion 9 ^!
 matt]s4 ,no "o :o moves among/ our     
av]age  p1 9 any rank ( society1 c fail 
to recognise t !re w\ld  be 9 "t a      
volcanic outp\r ( sexuality if we did n 
impose  re/riction4 ,:e!r ?is *a/e      
pruri5cy ( ! mod]n ,*ur*es is  an       
admirable ?+1 & :e!r its hirel+s are a  
desirable  supplem5t to ! police-=ce1   
ne$ n be discuss$ "h2 b :at  amuses "o  
is _! int5se zeal to detect ! n>r[e/    
fr+e (  impropriety & _! utt] obtus5ess 
to grav] matt]s4 ,i h  sometimes1 :5    
wait+ be=e a lecture 9 ! dress+-room ( a
  v>iety !atre1 be5 confront$ ) a notice
 t ! curta9  w be rung d[n on any arti/ 
:o says ',damn' or m5tions !  lodg]1 or1
 m c&idly 79 ! ,colonies73 ,don't swe>4 

,we  don't c>e a damn1 b ! public does4 
,! g5]al public w\ld1  if x 7 consult$1 
probably make ! same reply z ! fram]s ( 
! notice1 & w\ld blame ! police = !     
re/riction ( lib]ty4  ,!re is1 9 a ^w1  
an appall+ pov]ty ( ta/e 9 ! g5]al      
public1 & x pays ! purveyor ( ent]ta9m5t
 to adapt 8 w>es  to x z f> z ! police w
 p]mit4 ,to ?is lam5table lack (  ta/e &
 culture 79 ! broad s5se7 (ficials &    
morali/s are  entirely indiff]5t z long 
z ! comdi5ne does n ref] to  ! sev5?    
comm&m5t4 ,! public may be z ignorant & 
vulg> z  !y l1 b !y mu/ n give          
expression to a natural effect (  ?is4  
,! music-hall & ! bioscope are ! great  
academies ( our p  to-day1 & _! "w is   
l>gely /upefy+4 ,s5tim5tal songs ( !    
mo/ vapid description alt]nate )        
patriotic songs ( a m$ieval  crud5ess & 
humor\s songs :i* might h appeal$ to a  
prehi/oric intellig5ce4 ,blood?ir/y     
melodramas1 s5sational sc5es1  & inf9ite
 v>iations ( ,! girl :o did :at we are  
=bidd5  to talk ab\t1 evoke & inflame   

elem5t>y emotions at ! l[e/  grade (    
culture4 ,cl]gym5 give c]tificates (    
high moral efficacy  to crude           
repres5tations ( passion 9 high life :i*
 are design$ to  appeal to raw feel+s4  
,! po/]s alone--! ecc5tric co/umes &    
daub$ faces & attempts at novelty 9 !   
way ( le]+--w>n away  p ( mod]ate ta/e  
or intellig5ce4 ,! bioscope is almo/ z  
bad4 ,ap>t f a few excell5t travel &    
sc5ic & sci5tific  pictures1 ! %[ is a  
mass ( crude fak+ & boori% horse-play   
:i* presupposes an elem5t>y intellig5ce 
9 ! spectators4  ,pictorial po/-c>ds add
 to ! mon/rosities & pu]ilities ( ?is   
k9d ( public education1 & a l>ge        
proportion ( ! /ories  publi%$1         
especially 9 ! p]iodicals :i* are read  
by girls &  boys & un$ucat$ wom51 fall 9
 ! same category4 ,we may tru/  t ! idea
 w n occur to anyone ( mak+ a collection
 ( our  picture-c>ds1 films1 music-hall 
po/]s1 novelties1 etc41 =  pres]vation z
 typical amusem5ts ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4  
,x is /upid to wat* ?is lam5table       

exposure ( our l[ av]age (  culture week
 by week ) complete indiff]5ce until m  
und]clo?+ is display$ ?an we ?9k prop]4 
,! bioscope &  music-hall--,i speak ( ! 
majority--are n m]ely ent]ta9+2 !y  are 
undo+ ! "w ( ! educator4 ,!y are fo/]+ !
 raw &  primitive emotions :i* x is !   
task ( education to ref9e &  br+ "u     
control1 debas+ public ta/e1 & appeal+  
to a  /&>d :i* is ess5tially            
un9tellectual4 ,! idea t fun may be     
utt]ly /upid & crude1 provid$ x is      
clean1 is ! idea ( a  n>r[-m9d$ fanatic1
 an enemy ( society4    ,:5 we pass to !
 next cultural level ( ent]ta9m5t--!    
bett]  music-hall1 ! metropolitan type (
 !atre1 ! conc]t1 ! novel1  etc4--we h a
 va/ provision ( ent]ta9m5t :i* amuses  
or  int]e/s )\t cultural prejudice2 ris+
 at times to a positive  measure (      
arti/ic education or intellectual       
/imulation4 ,two ?+s  only ne$ be notic$
 "h4 ,! fir/ is ! /upidity ( ! k9d (    
c5sor%ip :i* we tol]ate2 ( :i* little   
ne$ be said1 s9ce x  is g5]ally         

recognis$4 ,! amateur moral c5sor%ip (  
art rea*es  ! culm9ation ( its absurdity
 9 our dramatic inquisition4 ,!         
dramati/ may deal ) sex-passion z       
pruri5tly & provok+ly z  he likes1      
provid$ he leaves en\gh to ! spectator's
 facile  imag9ation2 b he mu/ n attempt 
to raise love z an intellectual  issue4 
,our p may feel love3 !y mu/ n ?9k ab\t 
x z a  s]i\s problem4    ,! o!r1 & m    
ne$$ obs]vation1 reg>ds ! novel4 ,!re   
are  novels ( f9e arti/ic value1 l ^? ( 
,phillpotts3 novels (  great            
intellectual use1 l ^? ( ,wells3 &      
novels ( a g5]al  & m subtle educational
 value1 l ^? ( ,m]$i?4 ,!re are  novels 
:i*1 l ! melodrama1 c\nt]act education  
by _! l[  /&>d ( art & intellig5ce1 &   
!re are novels--! great  majority--:i*  
ent]ta9 )\t prejudice4 ,s9ce we h z mu* 
"r to be ent]ta9$ z to be in/ruct$1     
novel-read+ is a normal  "p ( a normal  
life4 ,see+1 h[ev]1 t a v l>ge          
proportion  ( ! community read no?+ b   
novels1 x has be5 felt t !  novel might 

be us$ z a vehicle ( in/ruction1 & !    
didactic or  hi/orical novel has become 
an in/itution4 ,_m believe t !y are  be+
 educat$ :5 !y read ?is lit]ature4      
,aga9/ ?is com=t+ assumption x is       
necess>y to prote/4 ,ev5  ! greate/     
hi/orical noveli/s1 ,dumas & ,scott1 h  
tak5  rem>kable lib]ties ) ! kn[n facts1
 & add$ to ! picture (  ! "t a mass (   
imag9ative detail4 ,_m hi/orical novels1
 l  ,quo ,vadis or ,k+sley's ,hypatia1  
misrepres5t p]sonalities or  p]iods =   
controv]sial purposes2 & ! bulk ( mod]n 
hi/orical  novels are wor?less jumbles (
 fact & imag9ation4 ,x is1 z a  rule1 ! 
same ) ! sociological novel4 ,y mu/ "k !
 facts 9  advance--y mu/ "k :]e ! facts 
end & ! fiction beg9s--or  else m]ely   
reg>d ! book z a =m ( ent]ta9m5t4       
,lately ,i read  a s]i\s hi/orical "w1  
by a di/+ui%$ writ]1 9 :i* ,hypatia  7:o
 0 fifty or sixty ye>s old :5 %e 0      
murd]$7 is describ$  z a                
girl-philosoph]2 cle>ly because ,k+sley1
 = controv]sial  purposes1 ?\ght fit 9 8

 novel to make h] a "y & r  fooli%      
maid54 ,?\s&s ( p take _! convictions f 
novels ) a purpose1 especially religi\s 
or sociological  novels1 )\t reflect+ t 
! au?or may legitimately give !m  ei!r  
fact or fiction4 ,su* novels are (t5    
pr(\ndly mis*iev\s4  ,a consci5ti\s     
didactic noveli/ l ,mr4 ,wells aims r at
  rais+ issues & /imulat+ reflection1 & 
9 ?is ,mr4 ,wells has  done spl5did     
s]vice4 ,o!rs h done equal diss]vice1 & 
h  us$ artificially con/ruct$ *>act]s = 
! purpose ( rais+  prejudice aga9/ c]ta9
 ideas1 or h misl$ by a calculat$       
mixture ( fact & fiction4 ,x 0 9        
recomm5d+ to ! public "o  ( ^!          
novels--an exceptionally silly & crude  
piece ( "w--t  ! ,bi%op ( ,london       
describ$ ,*ri/ianity z woman's be/      
fri5d4    ,religi\s lit]ature is        
p>ticul>ly (f5sive 9 ?is respect1 b ,i  
w give special consid]ation to x lat]4  
,our press-criticism (  books is a v    
imp]fect sy/em ( *eck+ ! vag>ies &      
prejudices ( au?ors4 ,! criticisms are v

 frequ5tly m>k$ by  ignorance ( !       
subject & by p]sonal or doctr9al        
ho/ility to !  au?or1 :ile ! m le>n$ &  
consci5ti\s j\rnals (t5 %[  ! mo/       
ludicr\s p$antry4 ,i once publi%$ a     
novel1 pseudonym\sly1  & 0 amus$ to read
 9 a ,london weekly1 :i* takes great    
pride 9  ! sm>tness ( its reviews1 t !  
au?or _h nei!r an  elem5t>y k ( ! art ( 
writ+ nor an elem5t>y  acqua9tance ) !  
subject on :i* he wrote4 ,i _h already  
at t  "t writt5 ab\t tw5ty volumes1 & ,i
 _h _h twelve ye>s'  intimate exp]i5ce (
 ! mona/ic life ) :i* ! book 0  conc]n$4
 ,mr4 ,clem5t ,%ort]1 n kn[+ ! au?or1 _h
 g5]\sly  describ$ ! book z a brilliant 
novel4 ,on ano!r occasion an  hi/orical 
"w ( m9e 0 gravely c5sur$1 ?\gh no      
specific  errors 7 not$ 9 x1 by our     
lead+ lit]>y organ1 on ! gr\nd  t ,i 0 n
 an exp]t on ! p]iod4 ,i look$ up ! same
  j\rnal's critique ( a "w writt5 on !  
same hi/orical p]iod  by an academic    
au?ority1 & publi%$ by 8 univ]sity1 & ,i
 f\nd  t1 ?\gh !re 7 doz5s ( errors 9 ! 

"w1 x _h pass$  ! c5sor ) full hon\rs4  
,i add ) pleasure t "s ( !  mo/ g5]\s   
notices ( my works h appe>$ 9 pap]s 7su*
 z  ,! ,daily ,telegraph & ,!           
,spectator7 to :i* my ideas mu/ be      
repugnant4 ,b mo/ lit]>y m5 agree ) me t
 review+ is1 to a  l>ge ext5t1 prejudic$
 & incompet5t1 & few ( u w\ld cross a   
room to read ord9>y press-notices ( our 
books4    ,"o might ext5d ?is criticism 
to ! g5]al "w ( ! press z  ! great      
popul> educator4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 reflect
 t ! press  is hamp]$ by re/rictions :i*
 ! public ought to be> 9 m9d3 a  j\rnal 
is always a comm]cial transaction ) a   
p>ticul> section  ( ! public1 & x is    
g5]ally pl$g$ to political p>tisan%ip4  
,x is only j to rem>k t ?is mat]ially   
re/ricts !  educational ambition ( _m   
j\rnali/s4 ,! public !mselves are to    
blame t a l>ge section ( our press      
devotes s mu* space to  s5sational      
murd]s1 adult]ies1 burgl>ies1 royal     
bir?s &  m>riages1 w>s & o!r crimes &   
follies4 ,sunday j\rnals (t5  conta9    

tw5ty columns ( ?is rubbi%1 & ! wor/    
p>ts ( x are1  ) ! mo/ disgu/+          
hypocrisy1 ?ru/ into prom95ce by        
especially l>ge head-l9es ann\nc+ ,a    
,pa9ful ,case4 ,"o  imag9es ! work+ man 
sp5d+ five or six h\rs ( ! ,sabba?      
read+ ?is sort ( /uff4 ,great & grave   
?+s1 :i* he ought to  "k1 are happ5+ all
 ov] ! _w1 b he mu/ h %>p eyes if  he is
 to cat* ! obscure little p>agraphs     
:i*--if !re is any  ref]5ce at all--tell
 him h[ _m h be5 put to dea? 9 ,russia  
9 ! la/ qu>t]1 or h[ ! republican       
exp]im5t f>es 9  ,portugal1 or h[       
democracy advances 9 ,au/ralia or !     
,unit$ ,/ates4  ,! space is ne$$ =      
pictures ( burn$ mansions & notori\s    
murd]]s & ! commonplace relatives (     
politicians1 = v]batim  reports (       
divorce & crim9al cases1 = inque/s &    
royal  processions1 & = ! magnific5t    
spee*es ( ,cab9et ,m9i/]s &  w\ld-be    
,cab9et ,m9i/]s4    ,?is /ricture       
applies to ! press g5]ally4 ,h[ f> x    
sacrifices  to ^! m]etrici\s purposes ! 

s]i\s function ( educat+ !  public has  
be5 pa9fully impress$ on u by rec5t     
exp]i5ce4 ,only  "o or two j\rnals 9    
,engl& surpass$ our dr[sy politicians 9 
sagacity & =esight4 ,?\gh an ext5sive   
read] ( ,g]man  lit]ature 7sci5tific &  
hi/orical71 x _h nev] be5 my bus9ess  to
 foll[ political or milit>y utt]ances2  
yet1 :5 ! w> broke  out & ,i look$ back 
on ,g]many's enorm\s output 9 ?is       
dep>tm5t1 ,i realis$ t !re _h be5 9     
,london = a ye> or two  en\gh ,g]man    
lit]ature to conv9ce any mod]ate obs]v] 
t w>  0 fa/ approa*+--& ?is 0 only a    
fragm5t ( an enorm\sly  l>g] lit]ature4 
,our press _h ridicul$ ! "o or two m5 & 
j\rnals :o w>n$ ! public ( ! dang]4     
,fur!r1 :5 x  transpir$ t our ,gov]nm5t 
_h met ! crisis ) pa9ful  sl[ness &     
ineffici5cy1 ne>ly ! :ole press aga9    
conspir$ to  *eck criticism1 & x is     
probable t :5 ! w> is ov] !  press w    
unite ) ! ,*ur*es 9 cultivat+ a fooli% &
  dang]\s cont5tm5t on ! "p ( ! public4 
,our press is1 9  fact1 v l>gely an     

in/rum5t ( our corrupt p>ty-sy/em4 ,x   
nev]  initiates re=m1 & x mirrors1 day  
by day1 all ! crimes &  follies &       
maladies ( our social ord] )\t ! lea/   
res5tm5t  or ! fa9te/ sugge/ion (       
recon/ruction4 ,j\rnals are con/antly   
appe>+ ) ! pr(ess$ int5tion ( correct+  
^! defects1  yet !y are almo/ inv>iably 
spoil$ by illib]alism 9 "o or m         
dep>tm5ts ( _! "w1 or by gross          
exagg]ations1 hy/]ical  language1 or    
impracticable proposals4    ,all ?is is 
a reflection ( ! g5]ally l[ /ate (      
public culture1  & x w n alt] until we  
devote s]i\s c>e to ! education (  !    
g5]al intellig5ce4 ,we beg9 at s*ool to 
cultivate !  *ild's imag9ation1 ?\gh x  
is ! quality ( a *ild's m9d  :i* lea/   
requires /imulat+ & is mo/ 9 ne$ (      
subord9at+  to intellig5ce4 ,9 lat]     
ye>s1 :5 ! feeble intellectual          
/imulation we h giv5 is exhau/$1 we h to
 appeal to !  imag9ation or g unhe>d4 ,i
 h n read a book s9ce ,i left  s*ool1 a 
music-hall arti/ obs]v$ to me4 ,at      

tw5ty-five he _h  become incapable ( do+
 m ?an look at illu/rations1 z he _h    
done 9 8 *ildhood4 ,we g on until we    
make ! imag9ation itself  feeble on its 
con/ructive side4 ,miles ( g5]ally dauby
 &  grotesque po/]s l9e our /reets2 tons
 ( ! tra%ie/ lit]ature  = ! "y are      
dis*>g$ f m>ble palaces 9 ! neighb\rhood
  ( ,fleet ,/reet2 novels multiply until
 ! g5]al public takes !  words au?or &  
noveli/ to be synonym\s2 & ! daily organ
 ( !  millions t5ds m & m to be a       
collection ( pictures (  unimportant    
ev5ts & p]sons1 ) a v sl5d] & peculi>   
quantity ( news4    ,if we agree t      
democracy w advance until ! majority    
rule 9  reality1 & n m]ely 9 !ory1 ^!   
?+s mu/ conc]n u4 ,x is  ( little use to
 po9t to ! occasional p]iodical ) small 
circulation :i* endeav\rs to educate1 to
 ! occasional educative  column 9 m     
important j\rnals1 or to ! occasional   
lecture or  s]i\s conc]t or drama4 ,!   
broad fact rema9s t our future  rul]s   
are increas+ly enc\rag$ to refra9 f     

m5tal cultivation1  to mi/ake an appeal 
to ! imag9ation = k1 & to debase  _!    
ta/e m & m ) raw repres5tations ( crime 
&  passion4 ,! work+ man reads )        
indignation ( fa%ionable ladies  /ruggl+
 to f9d a place 9 c\rt :5 a man is be+  
tri$ = a  s]ies ( sordid murd]s2 & !    
work+ man !n reads1 day aft]  day1 a    
?ree-column v]batim report ( ! trial1 & 
regrets t  !re is n m ( x4    ,9 ord] to
 meet ?is grave public ne$ an e>li]     
g5]ation inv5t$  night-s*ools &         
,me*anics' ,in/itutes4 ,_m ( ^! /ill d  
useful "w1 b _! numb] %r9ks r ?an       
increases4 ,!  ,co-op]ative ,movem5t1   
aga91 set up 9 ! e>ly days a f9e        
ambition  to educate its adult memb]s1 b
 ?is ambition has n be5 g5]ally  su/a9$ 
9 ! va/ mod]n movem5t4 ,hundr$s (       
lecture-societies  7 f\nd$1 & hundr$s   
7ab\t sev5 hundr$ 9 ,great ,brita91 ,i  
believe7 exi/ to-day & d "s excell5t "w2
 b _m ( !  societies :i* adh]$ mo/      
fai?fully to ! educational ideal are  9 
difficulties or ext9ct4 ,!              

travel-lecture or funny lecture &  !    
popul> conc]t encroa* m & m on ! s]i\s  
programme4 ,free libr>ies 7 ano!r hope (
 ! re=m]s ( !  la/ g5]ation1 & !y are n[
 end[$ by millionaires &  ma9ta9$ by    
municipalities4 ,!y exhibit1 p]haps1 !  
sadde/  p]v]sion ( social ambition4     
,nei!r ,mr4 ,c>negie nor any s]i\s      
municipality ?9ks x a duty to provide   
gratuit\s ent]ta9m5t1 b  at lea/        
two-?irds ( _! res\rces are really      
devot$ to ?is4 ,!  enorm\sly great] "p (
 ! "w ( free libr>ies is to beguile  !  
idle h\rs ( "y m5 & ! idle days ( "y    
wom5 )  novels t r>ely conta9 a p>ticle 
( intellectual /imulation4    ,public   
museums 7 ano!r device = educat+ ! mass 
( !  p1 & !y h l>gely fail$4 ,!re has   
be5 9 rec5t ye>s a  little m reg>d = !  
public1 z well z = /ud5ts1 b x is  /ill 
pa9ful to see cr[ds pass+ ) bov9e eyes  
amid/ our  accumulat$ treasures4 ,!     
gr\p+ & labell+ are /ill too  academic3 
! g5]al s*eme & ! imm5se weal? ( detail 
daze !  eye ( ! inexp]t4 ,m guides &    

lectur]s1 9 t\* ) &  in=mally accessible
 to ! public1 & a clos] association )   
,univ]sity ,ext5sion & ,gil*ri/ & o!r   
lectures1 are v mu*  ne$$4 ,saturday    
aft]noon 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is a       
melan*oly  spectacle ( wa/$ weal?4 ,a   
small model museum1 design$ solely =  ! 
education ( ! g5]al public1 w\ld be m   
useful 9 ?is  respect ?an our magnific5t
 national museum4 ,un=tunately1 ! small 
museums copy ! academic defects ( !     
l>g]4 ,! curator ( "o1  on :om ,i urg$ !
 ne$s ( ! public1 repli$ we>ily3 ,well1 
x  w take me ?ree ye>s to arrange my    
,cephalopods1 & !n ,i w  see :at ,i c d4
    ,we ne$ a compreh5sive & s]i\s      
organisation & developm5t (  our        
res\rces = educat+ ! adult4 ,our        
,education ,dep>tm5t ne$s  to ?r[ out a 
new w+ ) ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! utt] wa/e
  ( its "w ^u "y *ildr54 ,in/itutions l 
! ,briti% ,museum  ought to be reliev$ (
 ! control ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury  &
 "o or two o!r somnol5t g5tlem51 & made 
! c5tre ( a  spl5did & en]getic sy/em ( 

popul> in/ruction & /imulation4  ,f su* 
c5tres ! educational (ficials 7z di/9ct 
f le>n$  curators & y\?s f ,ox=d &      
,cambridge :o look ^u ! public  z a     
nuisance7 might issue attractive        
invitations & publications1  & be prep>$
 to welcome ! non-/ud5t1 ei!r ) %[m5  :o
 und]/& ! public m9d or by a g5]al &    
affable  accessibility ( ! :ole /aff4   
,municipal museums & libr>ies &         
picture-gall]ies c\ld be organis$ on    
simil> l9es by !  ,dep>tm5t1 & useful   
private f\ndations1 su* z ! ,bi%opsgate 
,in/itute1 c\ld be invit$ to co-op]ate1 
)\t int]f]5ce 9  _! managem5t4 ,! supply
 ( novels ought to be re/rict$ to !     
great ma/]s ( e c\ntry & a few mod]ns4  
,! ri* supply (  s]i\s lit]ature ought  
to be made attractive & easily          
accessible  to ! public by good         
bibliographical guidance & con/ant      
lectures4  ,^! ?+s are1 ( c\rse1 be+    
done4 ,x is n s mu* ! local  (ficials "o
 qu>rels ) z ! nation & its lead]s4 ,we 
want an  imm5se co-ord9ation &          

developm5t ( our res\rces & ef=ts out  (
 national funds4 ,lecture-societies &   
all k9ds ( educative  c5tres &          
in/itutes--!re are ?\s&s 9 ! c\ntry--ne$
 to be  affiliat$1 enc\rag$1 advis$1 &  
supplem5t$4 ,! ,/ate %\ld  n ev5 %r9k f 
publi%+4 ,! trade supplies only ! actual
  dem&3 ! ,/ate mu/ create a new & l>g] 
dem&4 ,music w\ld be  an integral "p (  
?is s*eme ( education1 & "h aga9 we h a 
l>ge mat]ial ready = organisation4      
,any man :o has engag$ 9 ! "w ( educat+ 
& /imulat+ !  g5]al public w realise h[ 
urg5tly "s su* s*eme is ne$$1  & h[     
spl5did a s]vice x w\ld r5d]4 ,he w     
realise also t  ! task w be =midable4 ,i
 d n = a mom5t conceive !  g5]al public 
z ?ir/+ = culture4 ,t is v l>gely due to
  ! way 9 :i* ! "w has hi!rto be5 done4 
,! rec5t success  ( small b au?oritative
 manuals ( sci5ce & hi/ory1 & (  sev]al 
*eap s]ies ( lit]>y works ( high value1 
%[s t a  fairly l>ge public responds to 
e enlight5$ ef=t to assi/  !m4 ,x w     
become v mu* l>g] :5 ! "w is organis$ on

 a  national scale & conceiv$ z a really
 important function ( !  ,/ate4 ,t ev5  
!n ! majority ( ! nation w\ld ru% to !  
recon/ruct$ libr>ies & museums & lecture
 or conc]t-halls no  "o w imag9e = a    
mom5t4 ,we d n undo 9 a few ye>s !      
effect ( c5turies ( evil traditions4 ,i 
am assum+1 h[ev]1 t  ^! v>i\s re=ms ,i  
am discuss+ w proce$ m or less          
simultane\sly1 & w enorm\sly assi/ ea*  
o!r4 ,! abolition  ( w> w\ld release ri*
 funds = educational purposes3 !        
reorganisation ( indu/ry w\ld provide a 
little m leisure &  capacity = m5tal    
recreation3 o!r re=ms w\ld give a g5]al 
intellectual /imulation4 ,ev5 n[1 h[ev]1
 mu* ( ?is "w c\ld  be done4 ,if we ?9k 
x suffici5t t our p rema9 9 a  condition
 ( elem5t>y lit]acy & half-develop$     
intellig5ce1 if  we fancy t ! race w    
advance because x sets aside a special  
ca/e ( s*ol>s = ! promotion ( culture1  
we may reg>d our  actual situation )\t  
conc]n4 ,b if we desire t g5]al         
al]tness ( m9d & decision ( "* :i* a    

democratic rule  implies1 we _c be      
indiff]5t4 ,ari/ocrats ju/ly rail at !  
democracy ( ,a!ns & ,rome2 x 0 an       
un$ucat$ democracy--lit]ate1  b         
un$ucat$1 l ours4 ,we ne$ to advance1 if
 we are n to  rec$e2 & ! uplift$ race ( 
! days to come w hon\r !  g5]ation t    
taught m5 ! compatibility ( culture &   
ent]ta9m5t4    ,i am speak+1 9 ! ma91 ( 
! mass ( ! work]s1 b x w\ld  be entirely
 unju/ to ins9uate t !y alone ne$ adult 
education4  ,! conv5tions ( social life1
 ! extraord9>y slav]y to fa%ions  &     
artificial rules1 betray an intellectual
 flabb9ess 9 !  weal?i] memb]s ( society
 :i* j z urg5tly calls =  /imulation4   
,we seem at times q incapable ( draw+ a 
l9e  betwe5 acts ( real c\rtesy & ta/e1 
:i* imply a c]ta9 grace  or delicacy (  
"*1 & conv5tional usages :i* h no       
rational basis4 ,! insi/5ce on ^!       
conv5tional usages is "p (  t g5]al     
slav]y to false traditions :i* ,i am    
assail+4    ,! mo/ flagrant in/ance (   
?is weakness ( m9d & "* is  ! docility )

 :i* we meet *anges ( fa%ion 9 dress1 or
 reta9  ecc5tric =ms ( clo?+4 ,h>dly any
 o!r feature s /rongly  impresses !     
close obs]v] ) ! fact t ! race1 z a :ole
  7& ,i speak only ( civilis$           
communities71 advances little 9         
intellig5ce & self-possession 9 spite ( 
! progress made by its  intellectual    
exp]ts4 ,"o w\ld say t "h1 especially1  
we ne$ a  /rong draught ( ! philosophy (
 ,fri$ri* ,nietzs*e1--! gospel  (       
self-ass]tion1 ( /rong p]sonality1 (    
sev]e reason+1--b ,i  h n obs]v$ t our  
mod]n ,nietzs*eans diff] mu* f _!       
neighb\rs 9 su* matt]s4 ,yet ! comm]cial
 expansion ( mod]n  times is mak+ ?is   
tyranny ( fa%ion m ludicr\s ?an x ev]  0
 be=e4    ,! fa%ion-plates &            
descriptions conta9$ 9 ladies' j\rnals  
h always provok$ ! furtive smile ( !    
male4 ,a cot]ie (  tradesm51 :o are eag]
 to promote bus9ess1 & ( weal?y ladies  
:o are equally eag] to %[ t _! purses   
are unlimit$1 decree  t ! hat or co/ume 
%all cont9ually v>y 9 %ape & col\r4  ,! 

,anglo-,fr5* j>gon ( ! s>torial j\rnali/
 !n impresses on  a l>g] circle ( ladies
 ! ne$ ( al]tness & ! horror (  be+     
dmode1--x w\ld be pro( ( incapacity to  
say out (  fa%ion1--&1 z ! season       
approa*es1 ! proclamation ( !  =?com+   
col\r or model is await$ ) m fev]i%     
anxiety ?an  ! ann\ncem5t ( ! national  
budget4 ,s*ools ( arti/s are  secretly  
inv5t+ "s v>iation--! wid] ! v>iation ! 
bett]--on ! ?\s&s ( co/umes :i* h       
already grac$ !  fem99e frame1 or       
discuss+ bold sugge/ions ( reviv+ an    
anci5t  model :i* has long disappe>$ ev5
 f ! %ops (  w>drobe-deal]s4 ,privileg$ 
ladies rise 9 pre/ige by obta9+ &       
:isp]+ advance in=mation4 ,at l5g? !    
%op-w9d[s blaze )  ! new col\r1 !       
j\rnals depict an +5i\s new comb9ation (
  edges & folds & puck]s1 & womanhood   
plunges to ! bottom (  its purse ) an   
eag]ness to avoid ! suspicion ( f9ancial
  /r+5cy2 :ile ! disc>d$ hats & dresses 
p]colate  romantically ?r\gh l[] /rata (
 society4 ,is x n good =  trade8    ,!  

mascul9e smile is1 h[ev]1 we>+ ?9n]1 z !
 absurd  despotism is n[ almo/ z great  
among ! /rong] sex4 ,"h also a  gr\p (  
comm]cial ma!maticians evolve1 e few    
mon?s1 a new  comb9ation ( brim & cr[n &
 curve1 & arti/s design new  patt]ns (  
clo? & new cont\rs ( g>m5t1 & tyrannical
  j\rnali/s hold up to public execration
 ! man ( means or position  :o d>es to  
f9d la/ ye>'s fa%ion suffici5tly        
com=table or  decorative4 ,n worn n[1   
sir1 says ! %opman1 ) indulg5t  smile1  
:5 y g to r5ew ! hat or coat t has      
pleas$ y4 ,!  bewild]+ ?+ is1 n t       
manufactur]s %\ld be eag] to sell  u new
 g>m5ts e few weeks1 b t we b[ ) su*    
docility to  ?is ludicr\s fiction (     
mon>*y4 ,long tr\s]s or %ort tr\s]s1    
creas$ tr\s]s or turn$-up tr\s]s1 tight 
coats or loose coats1  b[l]s or         
trilbys--we li/5 submissively to !      
m&ate1 )\t !  lea/ consid]ation ( our   
appe>ance or conv5i5ce4    ,inde$1 !    
only ?+s t are p]man5t 9 ?is extravagant
  procession ( fa%ions are ! ?+s t are  

ugly1 inconv5i5t1 or  unheal?y1         
especially on ! mascul9e side4 ,! silk  
hat & ! h>d  felt hat l+] z if 9 ^!     
extraord9>y creations !  manufactur] _h 
discov]$ ! ideal head-cov]+4 ,!         
swall[-tail  coat survives z if /hetics 
c\ld advance no fur!r 9 !  attir+ (     
weal?y m52 ev5 ! buttons at ! back1 to  
:i* our  fi]y ance/or atta*$ 8 sword1   
mu/ n be ab&on$4 ,! m  com=table        
d9n]-jacket rema9s a privileg$ cli5t at 
! gate  until "s audaci\s pe] or pr9ce w
 dispel ! oppressive  rev]5ce = ! anci5t
 swall[-tail2 & pe]s & pr9ces "k h[     
dang]\s x is to tamp] ) ! _s ( rev]5ce4 
,! />*$  coll> & %irt are z rigidly     
prescrib$ z sacr$ ve/m5ts on high       
occasions4 ,! lady mu/ /ill hang a ?ick 
& heavy scre5 ( clo?  f h] hips2 fir/   
hav+ x made too long & !n hold+ x up  ) 
h] h& 9 ord] to escape ! ri* organic    
deposit on our  /reets & ! fil? ) :i* we
 suff] dome/ic pets to make  our squ>es 
hide\s4 ,h] abdom9al organs mu/1 if "o  
may cr$it !  m>vell\s photographs       

publi%$ by ! corset-mak]s1 be           
recon/ruct$ e few ye>s to accommodate ! 
late/ s*eme (  body-curves4 ,& f ^! upp]
 rea*es ( our intellectual _w1  !       
tyranny desc5ds ?r\gh level aft] level (
 ! community until  x lays its la/ /]n  
injunctions on ! junior cl]k & !        
po/-(fice assi/ant2 or passes beyond !  
seas & compels !  ,*9aman or ! ,japanese
 to disc>d 8 beautiful robe 9 fav\r ( a 
frock-coat & silk hat1 or a /rip$ twe$ &
 b[l]1 :5 he  pres5ts himself at !      
entrance-gate to civilisation4    ,we   
f9d an almo/ equally ludicr\s tyranny ( 
tradition or fa%ion 9  almo/ e "p ( !   
ritual ( social life4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago ,i
  issu$ f a rite-b\nd mona/]y into !    
free life ( ! _w1 to  f9d x simil>ly    
swa!d 9 ritual bonds4 ,i pur*as$1 &     
/eal?ily  ma/]$1 ! c]emonial 7z we us$  
to call our rite-book7 (  ?is new _w--a 
book on etiquette--& l$ = "s mon?s a    
/r5u\s & exact+ life4 ,i ent]$          
draw+-rooms ) a n]v\s  recollection (   
ab\t a score ( rules t _h to be obs]v$ 9

 !  fir/ five m9utes1 :ile ! ritual ( ! 
mundane table entail$ =  a long "t a    
good deal ( furtive obs]vation ( my     
fell[s &  trembl+ "u ! butl]'s eye4 ,to 
?is day ,i am n q cle>  at :at precise  
angle ! elb[ mu/ /& 9 %ak+ h&s4 ,social 
life is ov]spread by a network ( ^!     
prescriptions ( !  unwritt5 law or !    
judicial decisions ( ! ari/ocracy :i* we
  call mann]s4 ,!re is1 z a rule1 s     
little discrim9ation  betwe5 ! =mal     
rules ( an artificial code & ! real     
impulses  ( a g5tlemanly nature t "o has
 (t5 to li/5 gravely &  sil5tly :ile    
ladies comm5d ! p]fect mann]s ( a man   
:om  "o kn[s to be an adv5tur\s n9ny or 
a bea/4    ,we ne$ a new conception (   
civilisation1 a su/a9$ /imulation (  !  
intellig5ce ?r\gh\t life1 a /rong       
infusion ( ! ,nietzs*ean  gospel (      
p]sonality & self-ass]tion4 ,"s day we  
%all reg>d  education z half ( !        
nation's s]i\s bus9ess1 & w devote  half
 our national rev5ue to x4 ,let x n be  
imag9$ t ?is  sugge/s a g5]ation ( d\r &

 frightfully s]i\s p :o nev]  smoke or  
play bridge4 ,i omit ! function (       
ent]ta9m5t only  because x has nev] be5 
neglect$4 ,! supreme bus9ess ( a ,/ate  
is to make its p happy1 /rong1 &        
prosp]\s4 ,we %all approa*  ! ideal :5  
we aboli% w> & r$uce paup]ism & crime by
  regi/]+ all work]s1 organis+ all      
indu/ry1 re=m+ ju/ice  & ! p5al sy/em1 &
 remov+ ! morally diseas$4    ,9 ^? days
 education w be a va/1 humane1 sci5tific
 s*eme =  guid+ ! gr[? ( human embryos  
into indu/ri\s & ord]ly  citiz5s1 &     
enabl+ ! adult citiz5 pleasurably to    
cultivate 8  m9d & ta/e4 ,! developm5t (
 ea* *ild w be foll[$ z !  developm5t ( 
a pupil is foll[$ 9 ! ,jesuit ,society1 
b ) a  c>e to develop its individuality 
fully1 9 h>mony ) !  individualities (  
o!rs4 ,! *ild w n pass f ! sph]e (  !   
educator at pub]ty1 ) un=m$ m9d & "*1 to
 swell  ! great army ( ! intellectually 
li/less4 ,rusk9's noble ideal  ( z _m z 
possible full-brea!d1 bright-ey$1 &     
happy-he>t$ human creatures w replace ! 

n>r[ /&>ds (  our ,education ,dep>tm5t1 
) :i* ! *ild c h no sympa?y4  ,f ! fir/ 
dawn ( intellig5ce x w feel t a         
well-wi%+  p>5t1 ! community1 is tra9+ x
 to d]ive all ! joy x c  f life1        
consi/5tly ) ! joy ( o!rs & ! day's     
duties1  :5 its turn comes to don ! toga
 virilis4 ,x w h le>n$ by  t "t t a     
developm5t ( its *>act]i/ic human p[]s  
is !  ri*e/ possession x c h1 &1 com+ to
 adolesc5ce1 w n  at once ca/ aside ! "w
 ( ! tea*] & dissipate its en]gy 9  !   
crude indulg5ce ( elem5t>y passions &   
futile imag9+s4  ,nei!r *ild nor adult w
 %r9k f "w :i* /imulates !  intellig5ce 
or ref9es ! ta/e1 & a f9e al]t race1    
impati5t (  untru?1 inju/ice1 & suff]+1 
w set itself to develop fully  !        
res\rces ( ?is planet4       ,,*apt] ,x4
   ,,! ,,cl]ical ,,%am    ,,?r\gh\t !   
prec$+ *apt]s !re h be5 res5tful or     
disda9ful ref]5ces to ! ,*ur*es1 & x may
 be suspect$ t1  9 assail+ o!r p's      
prejudices1 ,i h *]i%$ &  proce$$ ^u !  
anti-cl]ical prejudice4 ,a v cursory    

exam9ation  w1 h[ev]1 suffice to %[ t ^!
 criticisms 7 s\nd &  p]t95t1 & are n   
due to "s my/]i\s antipa?y to !         
pr(ession to :i* ,i once belong$4 ,few (
 ^? ugly or mis*iev\s  traditions :i* =m
 :at ,i h call$ ! smo!r+ a% 9 !         
intellectual activity ( ! nation h n !  
g5]al support (  ! cl]gy4 ,few ( ! re=ms
 "h sugge/$ d n meet _!  ho/ility4 ,!y  
con/itute "o ( ! mo/ injuri\s           
cons]vative  =ces 9 mod]n life4 ,_!     
bodies are /rewn ov] ! :ole  battlefield
 ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & n "o 9 a ?\s& (  
!m f\ght on ! side ( progress4 ,! e/eem 
9 :i* !y are  /ill widely held & !      
pretexts by :i* !y gu>d ?is e/eem are  !
 la/1 & by no means ! lea/1 ( ^? %ams   
:i* hamp] our  advance & di/ract our    
en]gy4    ,a full & detail$ indictm5t ( 
! cl]gy w\ld fill sev]al  columns1 & ,i 
mu/ conf9e myself "h to two or ?ree     
consid]ations  :i* are at once          
suffici5tly dra/ic & easily demon/rable4
 ,i w  !re=e be cont5t to %[3    #a4 ,t 
! cl]gy claim & receive a l>ge measure (

 public  confid5ce on ! gr\nd t !y are !
 gu>dians ( ! mo/  sacr$ & b5efic5t     
tru?s1 yet impose on ! less educat$     
masses  a prepo/]\s collection (        
untru?s1 or /atem5ts :i* _m (  _! own   
s*ol>s1 & mo/ lay s*ol>s1 reg>d z       
untrue4    #b4 ,t ! cl]gy pose z ! mo/  
s5sitive & effective cu/odians  ( our   
morals1 yet _! proc$ure is unju/1       
spiteful1 & deceptive  to an ext5t :i*  
w\ld n be tol]at$ 9 any lay pr(ession4  
#c4 ,t ! cl]gy repres5t t _! cre$       
civilis$ ,europe & is  necess>y = !     
ma9t5ance ( its civilisation1 yet _!    
influ5ce  & _! ideas ret>d$ ! evolution 
( ,european civilisation =  c5turies1 & 
ret>d x to-day :]ev] !y h suffici5t p[] 
or  are immune f weighty criticism4     
,9 enum]at+ ! untru?s :i* are /ill      
impos$ by ! cl]gy1 ,i  w n l+] ov] !    
,old ,te/am5t4 ,:5 y c5sure !m to-day  =
 atta*+ a sacr$ value to ?is collection 
( anci5t ,jewi%  lit]ature1 !y are apt  
to reply t y\r criticism is =ty ye>s    
out ( date4 ,e educat$ cl]gyman1 !y     

exclaim1 n[ ackn[l$ges  t ! ,old        
,te/am5t is a mixture ( ,babylonian     
leg5ds1 primitive  tribal traditions1 & 
moral lit]ature ( a nave & v  int]e/+   
description4 ,:e!r ?is /atem5t is true  
or no ,i mu/  leave to ! judgm5t ( ^? :o
 h a clos] acqua9tance ) !  mod]n cl]gy4
 ,only two ye>s ago ,i 0 p]suad$1 9 an  
idle h\r on  a l9]1 to li/5 to a s]mon  
deliv]$ by a "y cl]gyman :o _h  j issu$1
 ) hon\rs1 f a highly mod]n ,wesleyan   
college4 ,x  0 on ! miracles ( ,moses 9 
! wild]ness--+5i\sly reliev$  by        
ref]5ces to su* o!r miracles z !        
appe>ance ( a cross to  ,con/ant9e--&   
accept$ !m z lit]ally z did ,pet] !     
,h]mit4  ,religi\s p]iodicals & books & 
p>i%-magaz9es sugge/ t  !re is a good   
deal /ill ( ?is m$ieval cr$ulity2 or t1 
at  lea/1 ! numb] ( educat$ cl]gym5 mu/ 
be some:at  re/rict$4 ,b let u accept ! 
assurance t ! educat$ cl]gy  d accept ! 
,old ,te/am5t at its true hi/orical     
value4 ,9 :i*  case we mu/ be cont5t to 
express our surprise t no cl]gyman      

seems to h ! lea/ scruple ab\t impos+ ^!
 ?+s on "y  *ildr51 & ru/ic             
congregations1 & less cultivat$         
races--?an  :i* !re is no m c[>dly =m ( 
untru?3 & t "s ( !  mo/ notori\sly      
unreliable & b>b>ic pages ( ! ,old      
,te/am5t  are read1 ,sunday by ,sunday1 
z ! ^w ( ,god 9 all !  ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es 
( ! _w1 "u ! (ficial ord]s ( e          
ecclesia/ical au?ority 9 ! _w4          
,h[ev]1 s9ce ^! cultivat$ ecclesia/ics  
smile at our criticism  ( ! ,old        
,te/am5t1 & see no?+ improp] 9 a        
deception ( !  ignorant1 ( :i* any body 
( pr(essional laym5 w\ld be incapable1  
let u turn to ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x is    
always useful to consid] !  attitude ( !
 cl]gy 9 its hi/orical p]spective4 ,a   
hundr$ ye>s  ago !y 7 def5d+ aga9/ !    
,dei/s ! absolute tru?fulness  ( ! ,old 
,te/am5t4 ,*ri/ _h promis$ ! ,holy ,_s  
to !  ,*ur*3 ! ,holy ,_s c\ld n possibly
 tol]ate untru?3 !re=e  ! tea*+ ( !     
,*ur* = sixte5 c5turies mu/ be "r4 ,)9  
two g5]ations !y h1 9 a great numb]1    

ab&on$ ! in]rancy  ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1   
)\t ab&on+ ! ,holy ,_s4 ,x seems  only !
 o!r day :5 ,c>d9al ,newman plead$      
wi/fully t we 7  n compell$1 "u pa9 (   
et]nal damnation1 to believe t  ,tobit's
 dog did really wag its tail4 ,h[ev]1   
outside ,scotl&  cl]gym5 d seem to be   
free to =m _! own op9ions on su*        
allegations z t a :ale swall[$ a man &  
h\s$ him = ?ree  days4 ,b 9 ?us admitt+ 
t inspiration 0 consi/5t )  error1 !y h 
put ! ,new ,te/am5t also 9 ! h& ( !     
critic4    ,x is well to rememb]1 too1 t
 ?is mod]n criticism ( ! ,bible  is     
conduct$ almo/ entirely by div9es4 ,!   
av]age *ur*go] has an  impression t ^!  
t]rible p :o are kn[n z ! ,high]        
,critics are anti-cl]ical laym53        
possibly lascivi\s g5tlem5  ^: real     
ambition is to und]m9e ! salut>y        
discipl9e impos$ by  ! ,*ur*es4 ,!y are1
 ( c\rse1 on ! contr>y1 ne>ly all       
orda9$ cl]gym51 & v consci5ti\s cl]gym51
 ( "s bran*  ( ! ,*ur*4 ,rationali/s    
nev] criticise ! ,bible4 ,x has become a

  bran* ( !ological s*ol>%ip4 ,i        
once--hav+ be5 *all5g$ by  ! local      
cl]gyman1 :o promptly disappe>$ :5 ,i   
arriv$--gave a  lecture on ! div9ity (  
,*ri/ to an audi5ce ( ,presbyt]ian      
artisans1 & assur$ !m t ! views &       
argum5ts ,i put be=e  !m 7 tak5 solely f
 ! works ( di/+ui%$ & highly  hon\r$    
!ologians4 ,_! amazem5t & horror 7 mo/  
amus+4  ,!y _h n ! dimme/ idea t        
controv]sy on ^! po9ts lay  m]ely betwe5
 advanc$ & n-advanc$ memb]s ( ! ,*ri/ian
  cl]gy2 & t _! local oracle _h1 9      
effect1 m]ely be5  impos+ on !m !       
op9ions ( ! less le>n$ div9es 9         
opposition to ! m le>n$4    ,& ?is fact 
disp5ses me f ! ne$ to drag ! read] into
 !  some:at tir+ labyr9? ( pro( &       
dispro( :i* ^! w>r+  !ologians h        
con/ruct$4 ,no?+ c\ld be fur!r f my m9d 
?an ! presumptu\s & immode/ wi% to br& !
 cl]gy z  di%one/1 & _! beliefs z       
sup]/iti\s1 because ,i happ5 to  reg>d  
^? beliefs z false4 ,let ! position be  
cle>ly und]/ood4  ,a /udy ( ! ,hibb]t   

,j\rnal or any s*ol>ly !ological        
p]iodical1 or ( any bat* ( le>n$        
!ological works1 w apprise  any p]son t 
:at are ord9>ily conceiv$ to be !       
fundam5tal  positions ( ! ,*ri/ian      
religion are *all5g$ by a l>ge          
proportion ( di/+ui%$ div9es4 ,pleas (  
recon/ruction are  con/antly put be=e u2
 & at ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& ,congress 9      
#aiab x 0 pla9ly decid$ by ! presid+    
,ar*bi%op ( ,york t  ! advanc$ !ologians
 _h a legitimate place 9 ! ,*ur*4  ,x is
 n a "q ( a few controv]t$ po9ts 9 !    
s*eme (  ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,no po9t t is
 specifically ,*ri/ian is left          
un*all5g$4 ,! div9ity &                 
miracles--especially ! miracul\s  bir? &
 resurrection--( ,*ri/1 ! prophecies1 ! 
doctr9e (  heav5 & hell1 ! div9e        
guidance ( ! ,*ur*1 ! fall &  r$emption 
( man--all ^! *>act]i/ic doctr9es are   
gravely  disput$ )9 ! fronti]s ( !      
,*ur*es !mselves1 :]ev]  fre$om (       
expression is p]mitt$4    ,"o w\ld pref]
 to rely on !ologians only 9 su* a      

matt]1 b =  my purpose x is n immat]ial 
to add t outside ! ranks ( !  cl]gy     
s*ol>%ip is ov]:elm+ly aga9/ ^!         
doctr9es4 ,!re  has be5 a good deal (   
unsub/antial talk ab\t ! beliefs ( liv+ 
m5 ( intellectual em95ce1 b resolute    
ef=ts h be5 made (  late ye>s to wr+ f  
!m a pr(ession ( ,*ri/ian belief1 &  !  
result has be5 s meagre t my /atem5t is 
fully ju/ifi$4 ,a  l>ge numb] decl>e t  
!y are on ! side ( religion4 ,b  "o has 
only to reflect t ev5 ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge
 w>mly pr(esses to  be a ,*ri/ian--& is1
 9 fact1 welcom$ to read ! lessons 9    
*ur*--to see h[ little is convey$ by su*
 expressions4 ,! supreme  ef=t ( !      
,*ur*es to secure adhesions ( ?is k9d is
 probably  f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,tabrum's        
,religi\s ,beliefs ( ,sci5ti/s 7#aiaj71 
&  a /udy ( t extraord9>y jumble ( !    
liv+ & ! dead1 !  di/+ui%$ & ! obscure1 
! really believ+ ,*ri/ians & !  m5 :o   
are notori\sly n1 w conv9ce any p]son ( 
! failure  ( ! ,*ur*es to obta9 ! lit]al
 adhesion ( ev5 a respectable           

proportion ( our di/+ui%$ m53 n m5 (    
sci5ce m]ely--x is  a /upid error to    
suppose t ! decay ( fai? is m or less   
conf9$ to !m--b m5 ( em95ce 9 any       
dep>tm5t ( rese>* or  intellectual life4
 ,n "o 9 t5 ( !m1 9 any educat$ c\ntry (
  ! ,*ri/ian _w to-day1 has ev] pr(ess$ 
a belief 9 !  doctr9es or /atem5ts ,i h 
enum]at$2 & vague pr(essions ( a  reg>d 
= religion d n conc]n me "h4    ,n[ ,i  
am1 z ,i said1 n pass+ any p]sonal      
op9ion on ^!  ,*ri/ian tea*+s3 ,i am    
m]ely draw+ att5tion to _! position  9  
mod]n life4 ,! uncultivat$ masses & !   
body ( ! cl]gy :o  prea* to ^! masses   
accept ! miracul\s bir?1 dea?1          
resurrection1 & all ! re/1 q implicitly4
 ,"h & !re "o  f9ds a prea*] :o diss5ts2
 ,i am speak+ ( ! mass4 ,at !  middle   
level ( m5tal culture1 among bo? cl]gy &
 laity1 diss5t  becomes mu* m frequ5t4  
,at ! highe/ level ( !ological  s*ol>%ip
 x w\ld be fair to say t ! diss5t]s are 
almo/1 if  n q1 z num]\s z ! believ]s2 &
 at ! high] level (  lay culture1 :]e   

op9ions may be m freely =m$ & express$1 
! diss5t]s are ! ov]:elm+ majority4 ,^! 
m5 may be !i/s  or agno/ics or ,*ri/ians
 9 ! broad] s5se ( ! ^w1 b !  great     
majority ( !m d n believe 9 ^!          
di/9ctively ,*ri/ian  doctr9es4 ,yet !  
,*ur*es1 :]ev] !y are n kept 9 *eck by  
?is critical elem5t1 inve/ ^! doctr9es )
 ! mo/ sacr$ &  confid5t "*3 /amp !m z  
unque/ion$ tru?s on ! m9ds (  *ildr5 &  
un$ucat$ p1 & put !m =w>d z _! (ficial  
& au?oritative doctr9es4 ,nay1 !re is   
h>dly a !ologian 9 any  *ur* :o does n1 
:5 ,*ri/mas & ,ea/] annually occur1 l5d 
8 (ficial & mo/ solemn c\nt5ance to ^!  
disc>d$ or  disput$ traditions4    ,?is 
w\ld n1 c\ld n1 be done 9 any bran* (   
lay culture4 ,"o  may ju/ly insi/ on    
"o's op9ion 9 any disput$ !me1 b :at    
w\ld be ! attitude ( our lead]s (       
culture if any au?oritative  hi/orian1  
philosoph]1 or sci5ti/ attempt$ to      
impose on !  inexp]t1 z an unque/ion$   
tru?1 "s old] op9ion :i* a l>ge         
proportion ( ! exp]t reg>d$ z false or  

que/ionable8 ,:at w\ld  !y say to a     
responsible tea*] 9 "o ( ^! bran*es (   
lay  culture :o read c]ta9 /atem5ts to  
^? :o tru/$ him1 & said  )9 8 own m9d3  
,?is is :at p ?\ght a ?\s& ye>s  ago8 ,a
 cl]gyman told me t x 0 ) ?is m5tal     
res]vation  t he read ! cre$s & gospels 
on ,sundays4 ,:at w\ld a  philosoph]1 or
 hi/orian1 or sci5ti/ say1 if 8 dep>tm5t
 (  culture 7 an organic association ) a
 public & au?oritative  tea*+1 & ?is    
public tea*+ conta9$ /atem5ts :i* a l>ge
  proportion ( ! lead+ repres5tatives   
reg>d$ z false8 ,& :at  w\ld he say to  
any colleagues :o urg$ him to all[ ^!   
?+s to  /& because a *ange might less5 !
 respect ( ! g5]al public  = _!         
au?ority8    ,?is situation reflects    
gravely on ! "* ( ,*ri/ian  m9i/]s4 ,"o 
ne$ n attempt ! futile task ( e/imat+   
:at  proportion ( ! cl]gy believe ! ?+s 
!y tea*1 b we are  con/antly receiv+    
pro(1 especially po/hum\s pro(1 t l>ge  
numb]s ( !m d n4 ,i h be5 sev]ely rebuk$
 = sugge/+  su* a ?+1 b :5 ,i f9d a gr\p

 ( "y ,ox=d div9es say+  plumply1 9 an  
important rec5t "w 7,f\ndations71 t     
,*ri/ian  !ology is out ( h>mony )      
sci5ce1 philosophy1 &  s*ol>%ip1 ,i c   
only say t ,i tru/ a suffici5t numb] ( !
  cl]gy are educat$ en\gh to "k x4 ,!   
majority ( ! cl]gy are1  h[ev]1         
suffici5tly ignorant ( sci5ce1          
philosophy1 &  s*ol>%ip to be 9 good    
fai?1 & "o ought n to press !  indictm5t
 9 ?is s5se4 ,at sea ,i li/5            
occasionally1 f "s safe  di/ance1 to    
s]mons1 & am amaz$ t ev5 a fair         
proportion ( !  pass5g]s c sit ) grave  
faces dur+ ! deliv]y ( su* empty  &     
ignorant vap\r+s4 ,"o reflects t all ov]
 ! ,*ri/ian  _w prie/s are simil>ly     
dogmatis+ on ! mo/ pr(\nd problems  (   
life1 & n "o 9 a ?\s& ( !m has an       
elem5t>y k  ( ^? bran*es ( mod]n rese>* 
:i* a public guide ought to  comm&4 ,x  
is n ! decay1 b ! survival1 ( *ur*go+ t 
p]plexes "o4    ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r   
aspect ( ! matt] :i* requires s]i\s     
att5tion4 ,!re h be51 f ! e>lie/ ages ( 

! ,*ri/ian  ,*ur*1 m5 ( sup]ior         
intellig5ce & indep5d5t "* :o  refus$ to
 submit to ! dictation ( ! cl]gy4 ,!re  
is no ne$ to  recall h[ ! cl]gy dealt ) 
!m4 ,*ri/ian m9i/]s h 9  ?is reg>d ! mo/
 abom9able record 9 ! :ole hi/ory (     
civilis$ religion4 ,"s day x w be put   
side by side ) t (  ! prie/s ( ,saturn  
or ( ,quetzalcotl1 :o (f]$ human        
sacrifices4  ,all t ne$ be not$ "h is ! 
effront]y ) :i* mod]n  cl]ical writ]s   
def5d _! pr$ecessors4 ,if ! pr9ciples on
 :i*  !y base _! def5ce are valid1 !y   
w\ld aga9 be compell$ to  burn h]etics  
if !y obta9$ p[]4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,rome is   
bold  en\gh to ackn[l$ge ?is4 ,huxley   
tells h[ 8 di/+ui%$  ,ca?olic fri5d1    
,dr4 ,j4 ,w>d1 w>mly ass5t$ to ?is1 b we
 h _h  s9ce !n a m au?oritative         
indication4 ,a "w ( ,canon ,law :i*  0  
publi%$ at ,rome "u ! enlight5$ rule (  
,leo ,,xiii41  & ) 8 emphatic p]sonal   
approval--! ,in/itutiones ,juris        
,canonici ( ,fa!r de ,luca--proves at   
l5g? ! duty ( ! ,*ur*  to put to dea?   

h]etics4    ,h[ev]1 we w n wa/e rhetoric
 ov] ! pa/ or ov] an  impossible future4
 ,:at policy h ! mod]n cl]gy1 :o are    
unable  to induce ! ,/ate to burn       
diss5t]s1 sub/itut$ = t ( _!            
pr$ecessors8 ,a policy t is1 to a v     
great ext5t1 unju/1  spiteful1 &        
di%on\rable3 a policy t1 9 ! v "n (     
tru?1  is m>k$ by a m flagrant          
indiff]5ce to tru? ?an y w f9d  9 any   
o!r reputable dep>tm5t ( mod]n life4    
,! fir/ feature ( ?is policy w be se5 by
 any g5]ally  in=m$ p]son :o w take !   
tr\ble to read a bat* ( religi\s  works 
or p]iodicals4 ,he w f9d numb]s (       
/atem5ts ( ! mo/  amaz+ inaccuracy4 ,x  
is1 no d\bt1 an exceptional ?+ = a      
cl]ical writ] to make a /atem5t :i* is1 
to 8 consci\s  k1 untrue4 ,! v sugge/ion
 seems prejudic$1 b is !re  a va/       
diff]5ce betwe5 impos+ (ficial untru?s  
on ignorant  congregations & support+ ^!
 untru?s by o!rs8 ,! con/ant  repetition
 ( ^! anci5t & discr$it$ =mul does n    
induce a  v punctili\s temp] 9 reg>d to 

tru?4 ,if x is q lawful to  repeat f !  
,old or ! ,new ,te/am5t hi/orical       
/atem5ts :i*  are n true or are gravely 
disput$1 :y n o!r hi/orical  /atem5ts   
:i* h got into ecclesia/ical curr5cy8   
,usually1 h[ev]1 ! attitude ( ! writ]   
seems to be "o (  culpable indiff]5ce to
 ! tru? or untru? ( ! /atem5ts he       
makes4 ,he f9ds 9 "s previ\s writ] a    
/atem5t :i* supports 8  case1 & he      
reproduces x )\t inquiry4 ,if he 7 a m]e
 layman1  engag$ 9 "s bran* ( pr(ane    
culture1 he w\ld n d>e to  repeat1 )\t  
fur!r inquiry1 /atem5ts :i* he f\nd made
 9 8  own sect>ian int]e/ by m5 ( no    
high au?ority or orig9al  s*ol>%ip4 ,!  
cl]gy1 h[ev]1 d ?is habitually1 & "o is 
compell$ to conclude t !y are m or less 
indiff]5t ab\t !  tru? ( _! ass]tions1  
if ^? ass]tions are fav\rable to        
religion4 ,j z ,i write ! press reports 
,dr4 ,r4 ,f4 ,horton tell+  a           
congregation t a ,briti% regim5t 0 sav$ 
at ,mons by !  appe>ance ( a legion (   
angels1 & assur+ 8 audi5ce t ?is  silly 

my? is repeat$ by s _m witnesses t if   
any?+ c be  e/abli%$ by contempor>y     
evid5ce x is e/abli%$4 ,! /ory  has gone
 ! r\nd ( our pulpits & religi\s press4 
,i am speak+1 h[ev]1 f a p>ticul>ly wide
 exp]i5ce (  religi\s lit]ature4 ,=     
?irty ye>s--t5 ye>s z a cl]ical  /ud5t  
or pr(essor1 & tw5ty ye>s z an int]e/$  
obs]v] (  religi\s controv]sy--,i h     
devot$ mu* "t to books & j\rnals  ( ?is 
k9d1 & ,i repeat t !re is no o!r bran* (
 lit]ature  s flagrantly inaccurate &   
unscrupul\s4 ,a religi\s p]iodical  7,! 
,*ri/ian ,_w1 #bj? ,augu/ #aijc71 9 !   
c\rse ( an  editorial on ,c&\r 9 !      
,pulpit 7mean+ lack ( c&\r 9  ! pulpit71
 said3 ,a =emo/ mod]n !ologian1 by no   
means ( !  radical s*ool1 has record$ 8 
significant judgm5t t "o ( !  ma9       
*>act]i/ics ( apologetic lit]ature is   
its lack ( hone/y2  & no "o :o has /udi$
 !ology c d\bt t x has suff]$  m ?an any
 o!r sci5ce f equivocal phraseology4 ,:5
 a  j\rnal :i* has to consult ! feel+s (
 a l>ge backw>d  cli5tele uses ?is      

language1 we may conclude t ! situation 
is  really bad4 ,9 fact1 n ev5 political
 j\rnalism betrays su* gross            
c>elessness z to ! tru? ( ! /atem5ts )  
:i* x assails  its oppon5ts4 ,! m sacr$ 
our ideas are1 ! m savagely we  fight = 
!m1 said ,mr4 ,*e/]ton1 def5d+ !        
,inquisition4 ,mr4  ,*e/]ton's own g5ial
 me?od 7except t "o recognises ! ta9t  9
 8 ,victorian ,age 9 ,lit]ature7        
disproves 8 aphorism4 ,!re is  n !      
slighte/ excuse = ! gross proc$ure (    
religi\s writ]s4    ,i h 9 v>i\s works &
 articles giv5 hundr$s ( examples (  ?is
 proc$ure1 & w be cont5t to deal        
summ>ily ) two ( !  *ief types (        
misrepres5tation--^? relat+ to hi/ory & 
^?  relat+ to sci5ce4 ,! classical      
examples 9 hi/ory are !  cl]ical leg5ds 
ab\t ! morality ( ! pagans4 ,"h !       
cl]ical  lie goes on its way f age to   
age )\t ! slighte/ reg>d (  ! progress (
 hi/orical rese>*4 ,discov]ies 9 ! ru9s 
7su* z  ! ,hammurabi ,code1             
temple-lit]ature1 etc47 & a clos]       

scrut9y (  ! s\rces us$ by ! ,greek     
hi/orian ,h]odotus h made x q  cle> t ! 
old ,mesopotamian civilisations 7       
comp>able to ours  9 moral s5tim5t &    
practice4 ,in/ead ( wom5 hav+ to        
sacrifice  _! virg9ity 9 ! temples at   
,babylon1 we h abundant evid5ce  t      
*a/ity 0 dem&$ & valu$ 9 brides1 & t !  
prie/s  insi/$ on purity4 ,e o!r moral  
s5tim5t 0 equally develop$4  ,we f9d !  
same high moral developm5t 9 ,egypt4    
,all ?is is  disreg>d$1 & ! sup]iority (
 ! ,hebrew & ,*ri/ian sacr$  books is   
ma9ta9$ by a resolute propagation (     
anci5t fables4    ,9 reg>d to ,greece & 
,rome ! practice is ev5 worse4 ,!       
exceptional features ( _! life are      
describ$ z normal & g5]al  features1 & !
 v abundant lit]ature :i* has put 9 its 
true  light ! "* ( ,a!ns & ,rome is     
completely ignor$4 ,special  p]iods (   
vice "u bad emp]ors 7:o1 9 ! aggregate1 
rul$ only  sev5ty ye>s out ( ?ree hundr$
 & tw5ty7 are spread ov] !  :ole (      
,roman hi/ory4 ,! gossip & democratic   

rhetoric ( ,juv5al  are press$ lit]ally1
 9 spite ( ! judgm5t ( all s]i\s        
hi/orians4 ,! works :i* exhibit ! bett] 
side ( ,rome1 & !  inscriptions :i* %[ a
 v high degree ( "* &  humanit>ianism "u
 ! ,/oics1 are :olly suppress$4 ,!      
balanc$  v]dict ( mod]n hi/orians is    
sc&al\sly fl\t$4 ,at all co/s x  mu/ be 
%[n t ,europe ne$$ reg5]ation1 & t      
,*ri/ian  morality 0 f> sup]ior to      
pagan2 & s ! cl]gy cont9ue1 9  spite (  
prote/s f "s ( _! own lay s*ol>s 7,emil 
,rei*1 =  in/ance71 to draw a flagrantly
 untru?ful picture ( ! morals (  ,greece
 & ,rome4    ,b ?is misrepres5tation is 
v5ial 9 comp>ison ) !  misrepres5tation 
( lat] ,european hi/ory4 ,! cl]ical /ory
 ( !  moral *ange t came ov] ,europe :5 
x embrac$ ,*ri/ianity is  "o ( ! grosse/
 impo/ures ev] laid on ! human m9d4 ,ev5
  cl]ics l ,dean ,milman suffici5tly    
refut$ x decades ago1 b x  fl\ri%es z   
pr(itably z ev]4 ,f ! pulpit ( ,/4      
,paul's to  ! t9 *apels ( ,mudville x is
 "o ( ! mo/ treasur$  traditions1 &     

p]haps no picture is m famili> to       
,*ri/ian  audi5ces ?an t ( ,rome1 drunk 
) its vices1 reel+ to ! foot  ( ! cross 
& embrac+ sobriety4 ,x is a calculat$   
cl]ical my?  9 e l9e4 ,! ,/oics re=m$   
,rome at a "t :5 ! ,*ri/ians  7 a m]e   
h&ful ( obscure p1 & ! magnific5t "w    
done  & in/itutions set up by ! ,/oics 7
 n su/a9$ by !  ,*ur*4 ,ev5 9 reg>d to !
 p]secutions ! cl]gy /ill repeat !      
leg5d :i* mod]n hi/orians recognise z   
bas$ on a mass (  m$ieval =g]ies4       
,civilisation sank rapidly until x t\*$ 
!  dep? ( ! e>ly ,middle ,ages1 &1 z    
,milman c&idly recognis$1  ! claim t at 
lea/ virtue increas$ is ! rev]se ( !    
tru?4  ,! ,*ur* did n d5\nce or aboli%  
slav]y3 x disc\rag$  education3 x abas$ 
woman3 x set back a ?\s& ye>s !         
developm5t ( culture4 ,yet our cl]ical  
writ]s repeat ! m$ieval  falsehoods z   
flu5tly z if mod]n hi/ory did n exi/4   
,! lat] p]iod is j z grossly falsifi$ by
 ,ca?olic writ]s1 b  "h ! ,prote/ant--:o
 has someh[ conv9c$ himself t ! ,holy   

,_s ab&on$ ,europe to ! devil = a ?\s&  
ye>s--beg9s to  cry = c&\r4 ,mu* ( !    
,prote/ant lit]ature is uncritical &    
unscrupul\s 9 its use ( au?orities2 x   
is1 h[ev]1 in/ructive 9  comp>ison ) !  
k9d ( hi/ory purvey$ by ! ,ca?olic ,tru?
  ,society4 ,!re is h>dly a c&id        
hi/orian 9 ! ,*ur*1 ev5 9  ,g]many & !  
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! late/ hi/orian ( !    
,papacy1 ,dr4  ,l4 ,pa/or1 is c]ta9ly   
entitl$ to respect = 8 ef=t1 ?\gh  ev5  
he does n pres5t all ! facts2 :ile m5 l 
,c>d9al  ,gasquet are appall+ly "o-sid$4
 ,i am1 h[ev]1 ?9k+ ma9ly (  ! popul>   
lit]ature1 on :i* no /ricture c\ld be   
too  sev]e4 ,inde$1 :5 x comes to !     
mod]n p]iod1 bo? ,prote/ant  & ,ca?olic 
lit]ature is sc&al\s4 ,"o (t5 f9ds      
,voltaire1  ,r\sseau1 & ,pa9e describ$ z
 a!i/s1 & ! mo/ slov5ly  obs]vations on 
! ,revolution4 ,roosevelt's description 
( ,pa9e z  a dirty little a!i/ is a good
 indication ( ! k9d (  lit]ature t ev5  
an educat$ religi\s man may read4    ,on
 ! sci5tific side ! inaccuracy &        

c>elessness are j z  great1 b ! field is
 too va/ = consid]ation "h4 ,! conflict 
9 reg>d to evolution has produc$ an     
extraord9>y lit]ature on !  cl]ical     
side1 &1 to ! amusem5t ( /ud5ts (       
sci5ce1 x /ill  fl[s f ! religi\s press 
& refre%es suburban fai?4 ,m5 :o  h nev]
 devot$ a mon? to ! /udy ( sci5ce engage
 9 conflict  ) ! mo/ au?oritative ma/]s 
( biology1 & ?rill _!  ignorant foll[]s 
) ! vig\r & dext]ity ( _! f5c+4  ,^!    
,jesuit & o!r writ]s h1 ( c\rse1 set up 
a lay-figure  = _! valiant attacks4 ,!y 
misrepres5t ! views & motives (  ! man  
!y oppose1 give g>bl$ quotations f 8    
works1 &  support _! own antiquat$      
positions by quotations f sci5tific  m5 
:o liv$ 9 ! e>li] phases ( ! controv]sy4
 ,no trick is  m common 9 ?is class (   
lit]ature ?an to ju/ify obsolete        
/atem5ts by quot+ au?orities :o di$ long
 ago1 & leav+  ! inexp]t read] to       
suppose t !y are mod]n m5 ( sci5ce2     
:ile cl]ics :o c\ld n di/+ui% a         
paloli?ic f a  civilis$ skull write     

pomp\s essays on su* subjects z !       
evolution  ( man4 ,works ( ?is k9d      
circulate by ! hundr$ 9 ! *ur*es  ev5   
to-day1 lit]ally delud+ millions ( p1   
:ile ! works (  m exp]t writ]s are      
d5\nc$ z aga9/ religion & unfit  to     
read4    ,/ill m flagrant is ! cl]ical  
behavi\r 9 rebutt+ ! g5]al  belief t m5 
( sci5ce h = ! mo/ "p ab&on$            
,*ri/ianity4 ,!y--) ! support ( a man l 
,sir ,o4 ,lodge--talk  glibly ( ! dea? (
 ,victorian mat]ialism & ! rebir? (     
spiritualism2 :]eas ,huxley1 ,tyndall1  
,sp5c]1 ,d>w91 ,clif=d1  ,lewes1 & e o!r
 ,victorian man ( sci5ce repudiat$      
mat]ialism4 ,:5 y ask :o ! mod]n m5 are 
:o h ab&on$  ! views ( ! ,huxleian      
g5]ation & come to fav\r religion1 !y   
produce an extraord9>ily confus$ li/ (  
names4 ,i h ref]r$ to  _! magnum opus 9 
?is dep>tm5t1 ,tabrum's ,religi\s       
,beliefs  ( ,sci5ti/s4 ,x actually      
includes two prom95t memb]s ( !         
,rationali/ ,press ,association2 :ile m5
 l ,lodge & ,wallace &  ,crookes are    

includ$ among ! m or?odox4 ,( late ye>s 
x is !  fa%ion to impress ignorant      
congregations ) ! names ( ,w4 ,james1   
,euck51 & ,b]gson2 :]eas ,james &       
,b]gson are n ev5 !i/s1  & ,euck5       
pr(esses a =m ( !ism :i* any ,*ur* w\ld 
heat$ly  repudiate4 ,! memb]s ( ! v>i\s 
sects are lit]ally & mo/  sc&al\sly dup$
 on ?is po9t4    ,i h claim$ t ! cl]gy  
are spiteful & unju/1 z well z  c>eless 
ab\t tru?4 ,!re are v few popul>        
religi\s writ]s :o  seem capable ( giv+ 
a correct acc\nt ( ! views !y are       
criticis+1 & !re are v _m :o manipulate 
quotations )  ! effect ( grossly deceiv+
 _! read]s4 ,worse /ill1 ! cl]gy        
habitually sl&] _! critics1 & ^! sl&]s  
live = ye>s 9  spite ( refutation4 ,sev5
 ye>s ago !y began to circulate a silly 
& obvi\sly incr$ible *>ge t ,pr(essor   
,haeckel =g$  illu/rations 9 support ( 8
 case1 &1 ?\gh ! libel 0 at  once       
?or\ghly refut$ by ,pr(essor ,s*midt1 x 
is /ill curr5t4  ,only a few mon?s ago  
,i receiv$ f ,india docum5ts :i* %[$  t 

! ,jesuits !re 7 /ill insi/+ on x4 ,a   
fri5d ( m9e  in=m$ me t he he>d "o      
,scotti% prea*]1 9 ! c\rse ( a  public  
lecture on ,haeckel1 assure 8 audi5ce1  
on ! au?ority ( a  fri5d ( ,haeckel's1 t
 t v5]able sci5ti/ 0 a man  ( mo/       
lic5ti\s life6 ,no *>ge is too gross to 
repeat1 if x  discr$its an enemy ( !    
fai?4 ,doz5s ( times ,i h he>d  ( !     
wilde/ calumnies ab\t myself :i*        
circulate ?r\gh\t !  ,engli%-speak+ _w1 
because ,i h occasionally writt5 a      
critical  "w 7always grossly            
misrepres5t$ 9 ! ,ca?olic press7 ab\t ! 
,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,i nev] belong$ to !    
,ca?olic prie/hood3 ,i 0  dis*>g$ f x = 
fraud3 ,i left x 9 ord] to m>ry a nun ,i
 _h  s$uc$3 & s on4 ,only ! light] ( ^! 
?+s are put 9 pr9t1  & !n always ) ! "n 
omitt$4 ,only a few mon?s ago a prie/   
7& ,education-,c\ncillor7 9 a ,scotti%  
t[n gravely assur$ a  s*oolmi/ress1 9 ! 
pres5ce ( an acqua9tance ( m9e1 t 8     
,*ur* held un%akable pro(s ( my vici\s  
ways4 ,z usual1 my reque/  t !y w\ld say

 s 9 pr9t 0 ignor$4 ,mo/ ex-prie/s h !  
same exp]i5ce4 ,"o ( ! mo/ ref9$ &      
religi\s ( ^!  sec$]s1 a man :o became a
 mo/ respect$ pr(essor at ,ox=d1 0      
pursu$ by ! calumny 7nev] pr9t$7 t he _h
 %[n indec5t  photographs to            
s]vant-girls6    ,?is tactic ( ! ,*ur*  
militant is happily s notori\s t little 
h>m is done among ! g5]al public1 b     
,ca?olics are gravely  delud$1 9 ! hope 
t !y w be induc$ to refra9 f read+  any 
except _! own m5daci\s lit]ature4       
,yet "o ( ! mo/ famili> !mes ( ! m5 :o  
pursue ?is tactic  is t !y alone c      
inspire high "*6 ,notori\sly ins9c]e  9 
_! pr(essions1 tea*]s ( doctr9es :i* !  
high] culture  ( our "t & _m ( _! own   
lead+ s*ol>s condemn1 liv+ 9  an        
atmosph]e ( untru? & unreality1 rely+ on
 a lit]ature :i*  is g5]ally z indiff]5t
 to tru? z x is to grace1 unscrupul\sly 
repeat+ idle sl&]s ( _! oppon5ts1 !y ask
 u to believe  t !y are g5u9ely conc]n$ 
ab\t ! future ( society if we  cont9ue  
to reject _! au?ority4 ,x is n /range t 

! great  cities ( ! mod]n _w are unmov$ 
by _! dirges4    ,! ?ird po9t ( my      
indictm5t is t ! cl]gy h =g$ !          
hi/orical cr$5tials by :i* !y lay claim 
to our respect4 ,i h  already obs]v$ t  
_! v]sion ( ! hi/ory ( ,europe is       
peculi> to _! own lit]ature1 & ,i h     
else:]e 7,! ,bible 9  ,europe7 %[n 9    
detail h[ wor?less x is4 ,! conv]sion ( 
,europe to ,*ri/ianity 9 ! f\r? c5tury  
01 z e hi/orian  ( ! p]iod %[s1 an      
en=cem5t ( ! new religion on ,europe by 
imp]ial au?ority1 accompani$ by ! mo/   
viol5t & bloody  repression ( all o!r   
religions4 ,we !n h ! witness (         
contempor>y ,*ri/ian writ]s t ?is       
conv]sion 0 foll[$  by a g5]al moral &  
intellectual decl9e4 ,! great re=ms :i* 
,rome _h inaugurat$ 7 de/roy$1 & ,europe
 sank into !  ignorance1 sup]/ition1 &  
grossness ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,x is q    
true t ! triumph ( ,*ri/ianity co9cid$ )
 ! ov]?r[ (  civilisation by ! nor!rn   
tribes1 b ! ,teutonic tribes 7 n        
inf]ior to ! ,arabs or ,turks 7:om      

,mohamm$anism civilis$ 9 !  c\rse ( a   
c5tury or two71 & ! ,*ur* soon obta9$   
despotic  p[] ov] !m4 ,! ,ea/]n ,empire1
 ,i may add1 0 n dom9at$ by  ! b>b>ians1
 yet x also suff]$ a grave moral &      
intellectual  decl9e4 ,! fact is1 t !   
cl]gy made no ef=t to induce !  b>b>ians
 to re/ore ! old s*ool-sy/em1 to        
recon/ruct ! ,roman  law1 to free !     
slaves 7&1 lat]1 ! s]fs71 to adju/ _!   
high  native ideal ( womanhood to ! new 
social ord]1 or to rebuild !  f9e civic 
& philan?ropic sy/em ( ! ,romans4       
,culture fell s l[  t ! v promis+ g]ms (
 lat] ,greek sci5ce 7 all[$ to  die1 &  
ne>ly ! :ole ( ! surviv+ ,greek         
lit]ature 0  unkn[n 9 ,europe = _m      
c5turies4 ,! trade 9 spuri\s relics1  ! 
rapacity & unscrupul\sness ( ! ,papacy1 
! co>s5ess ( !  nobles & p1 & ! g5]al   
sexual lic5ce ( prie/s & monks  7 almo/ 
incr$ible4    ,?is d>k age began to     
receive ! fir/ rays ( new light 9 !     
elev5? & twelf? c5turies1 & hi/orians   
are agre$ t ! new  light came f !       

civilisation ( ! ,spani% ,moors4 ,?is x 
0  t1 by introduc+ ,greek lit]ature &   
its ,arab comm5tators1 l$  to ! e>ly    
revival ( sci5ce4 ,b ! cult ( ! grosse/ 
relics  & sup]/itions cont9u$1 & ! cl]gy
 repress$1 or inspir$  rul]s to repress1
 all diss5t ) m f]ocity ?an ev]4 ,dur+  
! "o g5]al p]secution ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians
 by ! ,romans  ab\t two ?\s& _h suff]$ =
 ! fai?2 & only a few hundr$s  c be add$
 f ! e>li] sporadic p]secutions4 ,b )9  
fifty  ye>s ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity
 9 ! ,empire1 t5s (  ?\s&s ( ,donati/s1 
,mani*ans1 ,arians1 ,pagans1 etc41 7    
done  to dea?1 & hundr$s ( ?\s&s ru9$ or
 maltreat$1 by !  triumphant ,*ri/ians4 
,9 lat] c5turies x 0 ! turn (           
,monophysites1 ,mono!lites1 etc41 & 9 ! 
fir/ qu>t] ( !  ?irte5? c5tury alone m  
?an a million h]etics 7 done to  dea? 9 
,langu$oc4 ,if ! ,jews & wit*es & o!rs  
:o suff]$ on  religi\s gr\nds be add$1 !
 but*]'s bill ( ! new  religion passes  
t5 millions2 & beyond ^! are ! c\ntless 
millions ( ^? :o suff]$ some?+ less ?an 

dea?4    ,we look back to-day ) feel+s (
 horror on ?is gha/ly c>nage1           
especially :5 we rememb] ! absurd "* ( !
 doctr9es  :i* ! h]etics assail$ & !    
immorality ( ! cl]gy & monks  :o 7      
prim>ily responsible = ! executions &   
massacres4 ,b  ?is savage repression (  
indep5d5t ?\ght _h consequ5ces ( an  ev5
 m disa/r\s nature on ,european         
civilisation4 ,x n only  remov$ f !     
community _m ( ! m c\rage\s & m         
intellig5t /ocks1 b x intimidat$ o!rs f 
us+ _! p[]s1  except 9 ! futile         
argum5tation ( ! ,s*oolm54 ,! result 0 a
  prolong$ susp5sion ( ! developm5t ( ! 
high] culture :i*  0 de/9$ to give      
,europe its supremacy4 ,x w h>dly be    
d\bt$  to-day t ?is culture 0 conta9$ 9 
! sci5tific works ( !  ,greeks1         
especially ! ,alex&rian ,greeks4 ,!     
,arabs br\ght ?is  culture to ,spa91 &1 
*iefly ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ! ,jews1 x  0 
sl[ly introduc$ into ,europe & inspir$  
su* s*ol>s z  ,gilb]t1 ,rog] ,bacon1    
,alb]t ! ,great1 & ,cop]nicus4 ,physics1

  *emi/ry1 & m$ic9e began _! developm5t4
 ,b ! fate ( ,rog]  ,bacon & ,alb]t &   
,vesalius suffici5tly rem9ds u ( !      
,*ur*'s attitude t[>d ! new culture1 & !
 /ory ( !  hamp]+ ( intellectual        
progress 9 ! exact /udy ( nature has    
be5 repeat$ly told4 ,! s*ola/ic fev]1   
:i* _h absorb$ !  en]gies ( mo/ ( !     
acute/ m9ds 9 ,europe1 _h to disappe>1 &
  ! p[] ( ! ,*ur* to be enfeebl$1 be=e !
 civilisation (  ,europe c\ld advance4  
,! fur!r introduction ( ,greek          
lit]ature1 :5 ! ,turks drove !  ,greeks 
f ,con/ant9ople1 ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 !  
expansion  ( comm]ce & navigation1 & !  
weak5+ ( ,*ur*-au?ority by  !           
,re=mation1 op5$ ! mod]n phase ( !      
developm5t (  ,european civilisation4 ,x
 is only = ! la/ ( ^! *anges t a        
section ( ! cl]gy may plausibly claim   
our gratitude1 & ev5 "h  we mu/ make    
res]ves4 ,! %>e ( ! laity 9 ! ,re=mation
 0  great] ?an ! %>e ( ! cl]gy1 & ! aim 
( ! ,re=m$  cl]gy 0 by no means to free 
& /imulate ! intellig5ce (  ,europe4 ,!y

 fr[n$ on lay culture1 & burn$ _!       
oppon5ts1 z  inhumanly z ! ,roman prie/s
 did4 ,x 0 n until ! gr[? (  sects _h   
fur!r enfeebl$ ecclesia/ical au?ority1 &
 a l>ge body  ( lay s*ol>s _h aris51 t  
,europe became civilis$1 ev5 9 a  g5]\s 
s5se ( ! ^w4 ,!n sci5ce & philosophy &  
hi/ory  grew to ! proportions :i*       
di/+ui% mod]n times1 & a  resolute      
social & humanit>ian movem5t began to   
remove ^?  appall+ inju/ices ( !        
indu/rial & political ord] :i* !  cl]gy 
_h witness$ 9 sil5ce = m ?an a ?\s&     
ye>s4    ,i repeat t ?is is n an        
ecc5tric view ( ! developm5t (          
,european civilisation1 b ! view tak5 by
 hi/orians ev] s9ce  _! sci5ce 0        
emancipat$ f cl]ical control4 ,! view   
:i*  ! cl]gy /ill s$ul\sly propagate1 t 
! ,*ri/ian religion  inspir$ !          
civilisation ( ,europe1 is ! mo/        
prepo/]\s  hi/orical %am :i* we /ill    
ent]ta94 ,x is un9telligible h[ a  s*ol>
 l ,mr4 ,bryce c give ev5 a qualifi$    
support to x4 ,9 !  m9ds ( mo/ p x is a 

pitiful confusion ( ideas associat$  )  
"o ( ! mo/ elem5t>y fallacies kn[n to ! 
logician4 ,!  fallacy is ! syllogism :i*
 suffices = ! majority ( !  fai?ful3    
,europe is ! great c5tre ( civilisation1
 ,europe 0  ,*ri/ian dur+ ! developm5t (
 ?is civilisation1 !re=e  ,*ri/ianity 0 
! inspir] ( ! civilisation4 ,! inf]5ce  
is  fooli% en\gh 9 itself1 b x becomes  
ludicr\s :5 we reflect on  ! facts4     
,europe 0 civilis$ be=e x became        
,*ri/ian2 x  inh]it$ all ! be/ culture &
 exp]i5ce ( ,egypt1 ,mesopotamia1       
,p]sia1 ,greece1 & ,rome4 ,b ,europe lo/
 its civilisation :5 x  became ,*ri/ian1
 v l>gely because ! new religion f\nd   
culture  dang]\s to its sup]/itions &   
repress$ x4 ,& ,europe owes its  return 
to civilisation to ! revival ( pagan    
ideas1 & x advances  9 civilisation 9   
proportion z x disc>ds ,*ri/ianity4     
,! confusion ( ideas is j z fooli% z !  
fallacy4 ,europe is  great 9 two v      
diff]5t s5ses4 ,mo/ ( ! :ite nations    
are great 9 ! va/ness ( _! t]ritory & ! 

weal? !y  h d]iv$ f subject peoples4 ,to
 connect ?is =m ( greatness  ) ! ,s]mon 
on ! ,m\nt is audaci\s3 x is a practice 
:i*  really belongs to ! age :5 ,engli% 
m]*ants :o wax$ fat on !  negro-slave   
trade c\ld complac5tly give ! "n ,jesus 
to  _! vessels4 ,?is =m ( greatness     
frankly re/$ on buccane]+4  ,europe is  
great also 9 intellectual developm5t1 ) 
! sci5tific  & te*nical a*ievem5ts to   
:i* ?is has l$4 ,we ne$ n ask :at       
p>ticul> ,*ri/ian s5tim5t has inspir$   
?is2 we "k too well !  %>e ! cl]gy h _h 
9 repress+ x4    ,la/ly1 ,europe is     
great 9 ! cultivation ( humane s5tim5t &
 !  endeav\r to practise social ju/ice4 
,x is "h t ! cl]gy  usually claim _!    
usefulness2 & !re is h>dly a bold]      
mis-/atem5t 9 _! lit]ature ?an ?is4 ,!  
,new ,te/am5t  conta9s n a s+le moral   
s5tim5t t 0 unkn[n to ! ,greeks  &      
,romans1 & to ! lat] ,jews3 ! moral     
s5tim5ts ( ! ,new  ,te/am5t are s vague 
& elem5t>y t n a s+le prie/  d5\nc$     
slav]y = n9e hundr$ ye>s1 & n a ,*ur*   

has  d5\nc$ w> = m ?an eighte5 hundr$   
ye>s3 ! ,*ri/ian  e?ic 0 s un9spir+ t   
,europe reek$ ) vice & crime &  w> &    
social inju/ice until ! end ( ! eighte5?
 or beg9n+  ( ! n9ete5? c5tury3 :5 !    
re=m began1 9 ! n9ete5?  c5tury1 h>dly a
 s+le prie/ aid$ x 7until x _h won      
millions (  adh]5ts71 & ! bi%ops almo/  
unanim\sly oppos$ x3 & !  humanit>ianism
 ( mod]n times is an almo/ exclusively  
lay movem5t1  ga9+ p[] & f]v\r 9        
proportion z we sweep ! cl]gy aside4    
,europe 0 civilis$ "u ! ,roman & ,greek 
pagans1 & x is  civilis$1 9 ! same broad
 s5se1 "u ! mod]n pagans2 x 0  n        
civilis$ 9 ! int]v5+ p]iod1 & ! wor/    
features ( its  life to-day are1 n rec5t
 outgr[?s1 b inh]itances f !  ,*ri/ian  
pa/4    ,! pleas :i* "s ( ! cl]gy1 :o "k
 a little hi/ory1 urge  aga9/ ?is pla9  
g5]alisation ( ! hi/orical facts are    
curi\s4  ,! majority1 ( c\rse1 kn[+ no?+
 ( hi/ory1 repeat !  conv5tional        
untru?s1 b a few w\ld tell u t ?is mod]n
  humanit>ianism is due to a belat$     

appreciation ( ! ,*ri/ian  e?ic4 ,are   
ju/ice1 sympa?y1 tru?fulness1 k9dness1 &
 hon\r  conf9$ to ! ,*ri/ian e?ic8 ,0   
!re ev] a great morali/1 or a  mature   
civilisation1 :i* fail$ to appreciate   
!m8 ,is n !  mod]n humanit>ian movem5t  
pla9ly *>act]is$ by a det]m9ation  to d 
good to m51 n = a rew>d 9 heav5 or      
because ,*ri/ 7l  s _m o!rs7 enjo9$ x1 b
 because y _c h a f9e m9d  & "* )\t     
exp]i5c+ ?is det]m9ation8 ,7 !re1 9  !  
fifte5 hundr$ ye>s ( ,*ri/ian dom9ation1
 n en\gh m5 )  intellig5ce en\gh to     
p]ceive ! practical be>+ ( ,*ri/'s      
e?ic8 ,h ^! cl]ical writ]s frankly      
ab&on$ ! claim t  ! ,_s ( ,god guid$ _! 
pr$ecessors dur+ ^? fifte5  c5turies8 ,&
 h !y read a l9e ( ! mod]n lit]ature :i*
  %[s t !re is n "o humane s5tim5t 9 !  
,gospels t 0  n well kn[n to ! ,jews    
be=e ! "t ( ,*ri/8    ,! case ( ! cl]gy 
is a tissue ( sophi/ry & untru? f       
beg9n+ to end4 ,!y h done no?+ z a body 
= ,european  civilisation1 9 proportion 
to _! p[] & leisure & res\rces4  ,!y did

 n ev5 tea* x *a/ity4 ,!y h9d]$ !       
developm5t (  ! culture :i* x vitally   
ne$$1 & dissipat$ its f9e/  intellig5ce 
9 ! till+ ( b>r5 soil4 ,!y f\ght fi]cely
 =  _! own weal? & p[]1 & 7 = fifte5    
hundr$ ye>s a  mighty p>asitic gr[? on !
 work+ community4 ,!y kept !  b&age (   
illit]acy on ! eyes ( n9ety p] c5t4 ( _!
 p  = fifte5 hundr$ ye>s1 & d9$ m]rily )
 ! nobles :o  exploit$ ! p4 ,!y exact$  
respect 9 virtue ( _! suppos$  close    
communion ) an all-holy ,god2 & !y 7    
!mselves1  especially 9 _! highe/       
repres5tatives1 immoral & hypocritical  
9 an appall+ proportion1 7 brutal 9     
co]c+ _! critics1  7 traffick]s 9       
spuri\s & sordid relics1 & 71 :5 noble  
m5 & wom5 at la/ won lib]ty f !m1       
ignorant1 sl&]\s1 &  c>eless ( tru? z no
 reputable body ( laym5 w\ld /oop to    
become4 ,_! record is z poor z _!       
opportunity 0 great1 &  ! mod]n _w is1 9
 /rict proportion to ! gr[? ( education1
  pass+ disda9fully by ! op5 doors ( _! 
*ur*es4 ,( !  twelve million inhabitants

 ( ! ?ree greate/ cities ( ,europe      
h>dly two millions att5d *ur*2 & if x 7 
n = !  incessant1 fev]i%1 & highly      
organis$ ef=ts ( ! cl]gy  !mselves1     
*ur*go+ w\ld %[ a fur!r rapid & enorm\s 
%r9kage4 ,yet ev5 9 ?is la/ phase we f9d
 !m mumbl+ to  ill-in/ruct$             
congregations ab\t _! glori\s record 9  
,europe  7cr[n$ by a w> ( f\r hundr$    
million p71 ab\t !  wick$ness ( an age  
:i* pref]s ! indulg5ce ( its passions to
  _! s]5e guidance1 & ab\t ! t]rible    
doom :i* !y =esee  = ,europe if x does n
 return to its m$ieval gu>dians4    ,z  
,i obs]v$ 9 deal+ ) ! political         
organisation1 ,*ri/ianity  is n a set ( 
ideas b a weal?y & p[]ful corporation4  
,once x  0 a body ( m5 hold+ c]ta9      
beliefs3 n[ x is1 9 ess5ce1 an          
organisation = ! en=cem5t ( ^? beliefs4 
,x is1 9 ! ma91  ?is pr(essional or     
corporate int]e/ :i* su/a9s ,*ri/ianity 
9  ,europe3 b x is los+ heavily4 ,i h   
%[n 7,decay ( ! ,*ur*  ( ,rome7 t !     
olde/ bran* ( ! ,*ur* has lo/ ab\t a    

hundr$ million foll[]s 9 a hundr$ ye>s4 
,i d n ?9k t !  ,prote/ant ,*ur*es1 be+ 
m progressive & less (f5sive 9  _!      
tactics1 h lo/ s heavily1 b !           
extraord9>y decay (  *ur*go+ 9 cities l 
,b]l91 ,london1 & ,new ,york is         
sugge/ive4 ,9 spite ( all ! tricks &    
devices ( ! cl]gy--!  ve/m5ts & conc]ts1
 ! matrimonial ag5cies & philan?ropic   
co]cion1 ! ,y4,m4,c4,a4's & ,p4,s4,a4's 
& all ! re/--! p  /ill fall away4 ,no   
pro( c\ld be =mulat$ to-day t ev5 !     
majority ( ! p ( ,europe are ,*ri/ians4 
,! ?\ghtful m9ority 9 ! religi\s _w are 
retreat+ ^u !  lib]al !ism :i* s _m (   
our cultural lead]s pr(ess1 or ^u  "s   
ev5 m vague my/icism4 ,into ?is fur!r   
prov9ce x is n  my int5tion to g4 ,! _w 
w1 no d\bt1 long rema9 divid$ 9  op9ion1
 or 9 s5tim5t1 on fundam5tal religi\s   
issues1 & = my  practical purpose ?is   
diff]5ce is ( no acc\nt4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1
  "o la/ consid]ation put =w>d by !     
cl]gy :i* x may be  useful to consid]4  
,x is repres5t$ t we are 9 dang] ( a    

triumph (  mat]ialism1 & x is !re=e wise
 to cl+1 9 spite (  _! errors1 to !     
,*ur*es :i* s solidly repres5t          
spiritualism4 ,s9ce _m p h reg>d$ me z  
peculi>ly  expos$ to ?is dang] ( fall+  
"u ! evil spell (  mat]ialism1 ,i h made
 eag] inquiries among spirituali/       
writ]s z to ! nature ( _s4 ,i am /ill   
hopefully  inquir+4 ,mo/ ( ! anmic      
my/ics :o gu% ov] ! ^w _c  tell y :at x 
means4 ,!y h a vague conviction t !     
spiritual is imm5sely m important &     
productive ( good ?an !  mat]ial1 & t   
!re=e mat]ialism is ! mo/ appall+ blight
  t c fall on a nation4 ,^! prophets (  
evil are1 z ,i h  previ\sly obs]v$1 n   
/rong 9 hi/ory4 ,!y d n expla9 h[       
,confucianism 7:i* ,sir ,edw9 ,arnold1  
accurately en\gh1 calls  mat]ialism7    
prov$ s great an inspiration 9 ,*9a &   
,japan3 h[  ! ,/oics 7:o refus$ utt]ly  
to believe 9 _s7 wr\ght s mu*  good &   
inspir$ s f9e a "* at ,rome3 or h[ ?is  
mat]iali/ic age ( ours is s ideali/ic4  
,!y "k only t we  mu/ at all co/s       

cultivate ! spiritual--read spiritual   
writ]s1  respect spiritual p]sons1      
enc\rage spiritual cl]gym5 & arti/s  &  
actors--& loa! mat]ialism f ! bottom (  
our he>ts4 ,&  x is !re=e q natural to  
suppose t all t is preci\s 9  life &    
progress dep5ds on ! belief 9 ! exi/5ce 
(  spirits4    ,9 po9t ( fact1 we h "h  
entangl$ ourselves 9 an extraord9>y     
confusion4 ,! cultivation ( intellig5ce1
 f9e s5tim5t1 &  /raight "* has no?+    
:atev] to d ) ! "q  :e!r ! m9d ( man is 
or is n divisible into p>ts1 or has or  
has n in]tia3 :i* are ! only philosophic
 di/9ctions  betwe5 matt] & _s t ,i h   
discov]$4 ,! tradition ( !  spirituality
 ( ! m9d is responsible = ?is confusion4
 ,if !  m9d is a _s1 !n _s is assur$ly !
 s\rce ( ! f9e/  ?+s 9 life1 & is f>    
sup]ior to matt]4 ,b t is j !  "q at    
issue2 & x really does n matt] two p9s =
  practical purposes :e!r ! m9d is      
ext5d$ & in]t 79 !  sci5tific s5se71 or 
unext5d$ & devoid ( in]tia4 ,"o has only
  to sub/itute cle> conceptions = vague 

t]ms1 & ! :ole  controv]sy is r$uc$ to  
absurdity4 ,:i*ev] side w9s 9 !         
academic battle ab\t ! nature ( m9d1 x  
rema9s z true z ev]  t ! cultivation (  
m9d is "o ( ! mo/ important aims t  m5 c
 set up4 ,:y on e>? %\ld we be less     
dispos$ to cultivate  ! m9d ( ! race if 
"s sudd5 turn ( sci5tific advance 7 to  
prove x a function ( ! bra98 ,x rema9s  
true t our race  owes ! position x      
occupies entirely to m9d3 t our         
civilisation  owes its asc5dancy ov]    
b>b>ism to m9d3 & t we rely entirely  on
 ! fur!r cultivation ( m9d--(           
intellig5ce1 w1 &  emotion--to de/roy ^?
 %ams :i* imp$e our progress & curtail  
our prosp]ity & happ9ess4 ,x is ludicr\s
 to say t we _c  ?us cultivate m9d      
unless we believe x to be an indivisible
 &  incompreh5sible & indef9able some?+4
 ,x w\ld1 9 fact1 be less  absurd to say
 t we %\ld h m confid5ce 9 our p[] to   
cultivate m9d if we reg>d$ x z an       
organic function1 subject to  def9ite   
treatm5t4    ,z to ! lapse ( a belief 9 

p]sonal immortality1 x is n less  absurd
 to say t ?is w\ld p>alyse our ef=ts4 ,z
 ,rusk9 says on  ! po9t3 ,! %ortness (  
life is n1 to any rational p]son1 a     
conclusive reason = wa/+ ! space ( x :i*
 may be grant$  him4 ,t magnific5t      
preface to ,! ,cr[n ( ,wild ,olive ought
  long ago to h sil5c$ ^! dismal        
sophi/s4 ,! fact is1 t  ?is age ( ours1 
9 proportion z x gr[s indiff]5t to ! old
  leg5ds & ! appeals ( ! cl]gy1 rises   
t[>d heights :i* man  nev] climb$ be=e4 
,! cl]gy are mo/ amus+ly puzzl$4 ,popes 
tell u t we are *ildr5 ( p]dition1 reel+
 into an e>?ly  abyss1 to say no?+ ( a  
deep] beyond3 ar*bi%ops say t we are  j 
beg9n+ to realise ! true import (       
,*ri/'s tea*+4 ,!  c&id man or woman w  
look se>*+ly = himself or h]self into  !
 he>t ( our age1 &1 if he or %e h an    
accurate k (  e>li] ages1 w recognise t 
x ?robs ) a human idealism1  t5d]ness1 &
 sympa?y :i* h be5 unkn[n 9 ,europe s9ce
 !  old pagans dep>t$4    ,let me end on
 t note4 ,! religi\s p]son w close ?is  

"w1 if  he p]sev]es to ! end1 ) a s]ies 
( horrifi$ exclamations4  ,socialism6   
,immoralism6 ,republicanism6            
,mat]ialism6 ,mal?usianism6 ,i  %udd] "u
 ! %[] ( horrid epi!ts1 yet w\ld ask ?is
  outrag$ read] to =get 'isms = a mom5t 
& consid] a  simple /atem5t ( ! human   
fai? ,i "h pres5t4    ,! ideals :i* ,i  
hold 9 supreme reg>d are tru? 9 our     
beliefs &  /atem5ts1 ju/ice & g5]osity 9
 our actions1 ! co-op]ation (  all m5 to
 make ! e>? happi]4 ,i am 9 temp]am5t no
 h$oni/4  ,?irty ye>s ( assidu\s /udy1 (
 mu* sev]e trial1 ( /oical  endurance h 
left me m or less ins5sible to :at m5 & 
wom5  usually call happ9ess4 ,my p]sonal
 desires are sat$ 9 t ,i may1  9        
circum/ances ( peace & mode/ com=t1     
devote myself to  intellectual lab\r & !
 employm5t 9 ! cause ( progress (  su*  
influ5ce z ,i h4 ,i see no purpose      
impos$ on life1 & ,i  !re=e conclude t  
m5 & wom5 are free to put su* purpose on
  _! collective life z !y deem          
advisable4 ,no purpose seems to be      

wis]1 gr&]1 or m inspir+ ?an t !y %\ld  
seek to  assuage ! la/ pang ( rem$iable 
pa9 & br+ sun%9e into !  d>k places ( ! 
e>?4 ,= me !re is no heav52 & !re=e !   
spectacle ( ^? ?\s&s pass+ daily &      
nightly into !  sil5ce1 aft] lives (    
pa91 mis]y1 or brutality1 :ile we cl+ to
  ! b>b>ic traditions or ill-devis$     
in/itutions t h come  d[n to u1 is an   
intol]able goad4 ,let u h criticism &   
scrut9y  ( all t we d & all t we        
believe2 & let u h c\rage to  reject all
 t we ?9k false & purify all t we f9d   
corrupt$4  ,let u ass]t t mighty p[] (  
:i* we are consci\s2 &1 if x  take ages 
to undo all ! errors ( ! pa/ & agree ^u 
a plan (  a reg5]at$ e>?1 let u at lea/ 
/rive to awak5 m5 to a  consci\sness (  
_! p[] & ( ! evils !y h to remove4  ,^! 
are my sugge/ions ( :at is wrong 9 life 
& h[ x may be  right$4 ,x may be        
mat]ialism1 ?is pla9 human gospel ( m9e2
 b  x seems to me t1 if x c\ld be c>ri$ 
into effect1 !re w\ld  spread gradually 
ov] ?is e>? su* joy & fre$om & prosp]ity

  z m5's prophets h babbl$ ( 9 _! dy+   
dreams4    ,! ,end    ,,transcrib]',s   
,,notes4    ,alt]ations to ! text3    ,a
 few spell+ corrections4    ,end ( ,book