,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,footnote an*ors are d5ot$ by numb]1 & ! footnotes h be5 plac$ at ! end ( ! book4 ,a sup]script is d5ot$ by x or xx1 = example ,ed9r or #a/4 ,basic fractions are display$ z etc2 o!r fractions are %[n 9 ! =m a_/b1 = example #i_/aj4 ,"s m9or *anges to ! text are not$ at ! end ( ! book4 ,,essay ,,on ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,frontispiece ,page #eah ,w4 ,h4 ,liz>s ,sc4 ,,v]tical ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,cav]n ,,at ,,gayl5reu? ,,9 ,,franconia ,,essay ,,on ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,,by ,,b>on ,g4 ,,cuvi]1 ,,p]petual ,,secret>y ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,in/itute1 ,,pr(essor ,,& ,,adm9i/rator ,,( ,,! ,,museum ,,( ,,natural ,,hi/ory1 c4 c4 ,,) ,,geological ,,illu/rations1 ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,jameson4 ,,fif? ,,edition1 ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,la/ ,,fr5* ,,edition1 ,,) ,,num]\s ,,additions ,,by ,,! ,,au?or ,,& ,,translator4 ,,william ,,blackwood1 ,,ed9burgh2 ,,& ,t4 ,,cadell1 ,,/r&1 ,,london4 ,,mdcccxxvii4 ,pr9t$ by ,p4 ,neill4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fif? ,,edition4 ,geology1 n[ des]v$ly "o ( ! mo/ popul> & attractive ( ! physical sci5ces1 01 n _m ye>s ago1 held 9 little e/imation2 & ev5 at pres5t1 !re are n want+ "s :o d n hesitate to ma9ta91 t x is a m]e tissue ( ill obs]v$ ph5om5a1 & ( hypo!ses ( b\ndless extravagance4 ,! "w ( ,,cuvi] n[ laid be=e ! public1 conta9s 9 itself n only a complete answ] to ^! ignorant imputations1 b also demon/rates ! accuracy1 ext5t1 & importance ( _m ( ! facts & reason+s ( ?is delightful bran* ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,c x be ma9ta9$ ( a sci5ce1 :i* requires = its successful prosecution an intimate acqua9tance ) ,*emi/ry1 ,natural ,philosophy & ,a/ronomy1--) ! details & views ( ,zoology1 ,botany1 & ,m9]alogy1 & :i* connects ^! diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( k 9 a mo/ int]e/+ & /rik+ mann]1--t x is ( no value8 ,c x be ma9ta9$ ( ,geology1 :i* discloses to u ! hi/ory ( ! fir/ orig9 ( organic be+s1 & traces _! gradual developm5t f ! monade to man himself1--:i* enum]ates & describes ! *anges t plants1 animals1 & m9]als--! atmosph]e1 & ! wat]s ( ! globe--h und]gone f ! e>lie/ geological p]iods up to our own "t1 & :i* ev5 in/ructs u 9 ! e>lie/ hi/ory ( ! human species1--t x (f]s no gratification to ! philosoph]8 ,c ev5 ^? :o e/imate ! value ( sci5ce1 n by intellectual desires1 b by practical advantages1 d5y ! importance ( ,geology1 c]ta9ly "o ( ! f\ndations ( agriculture1 & :i* enables u to se>* out mat]ials = numb]less important economical purposes8 ,geology took its rise 9 ! ,academy ( ,freyb]g1 ) ! illu/ri\s ,,w]n]1 to :om we owe its pres5t int]e/+ condition4 ,?is be+ ! case1 we ought n1 7z is at pres5t too mu* ! practice71 amid/ ! num]\s discov]ies 9 ! m9]al k+dom :i* h be5 made s9ce ! sy/em ( inve/igation ( t great int]pret] ( nature 0 made kn[n1 =get ! ma/]1 & arrogate all to ourselves4 ,9 ?is ,isl&1 ,geology fir/ took firm root 9 ! nor?3 9 ,ed9burgh ! ,w]n]ian geogno/ical views & me?od ( inve/igation1 comb9$ ) ! !ory ( ,,hutton1 ! exp]im5ts & speculations ( ,,hall1 ! illu/rations ( ,,playfair1 & ! lab\rs ( ! ,royal & ,w]n]ian ,natural ,hi/ory ,societies1 excit$ a _s ( inquiry :i* rapidly spread ?r\gh\t ! ,empire2 & n[ ,great ,brita9 pres5ts to ! sci5tific _w a sc5e ( geological acut5ess1 activity1 & ent]prise1 n surpass$ 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,on ! ,cont95t ! writ+s ( ,,cuvi]1 di/+ui%$ equally by purity & beauty ( /yle1 & pr(\nd le>n+1 h prov$ em95tly useful 9 aid+ ! progress ( ,geology4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ,,cuvi] 0 fir/ made kn[n z a geologi/ by ! publication ( ! pres5t essay1 :i*1 f its unexampl$ popul>ity1 has made 8 "n z famili> to u z t ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( our own writ]s4 ,,rob]t ,,jameson4 ,,college ,,museum1 ,,ed9burgh1 #be? ,novemb] #ahbf4 ,,adv]tisem5t ,,to ,,f\r? ,,edition4 ,?is ,f\r? ,edition ( ! celebrat$ ,essay on ! ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 conta9s1 besides _m additional facts & /atem5ts 9 reg>d to ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,e>?1 also le>n$ discussions by ,,cuvi]1 on ! newness ( ! pres5t cont95ts1 z confirm$ by ! hi/ory ( nations2 & on ! pro(s reg>d+ ! antiquity ( nations alleg$ to be conta9$ 9 _! a/ronomical & o!r monum5ts4 ,,rob]t ,,jameson4 ,,college ,,museum1 ,,ed9burgh1 #b;d ,april #ahbb4 ,fossil organic rema9s are ! relics ( a primeval _w long s9ce gone pa/1 proclaim+ ) a l\d voice ! in/ability ( e>?ly affairs1 & impress+ ^u ! m9ds ( ^? :o s]i\sly consid] !m1 s5tim5ts ( piety & feel+s ( devotion4 ,if ! antiqu>y digs f among ! ru9s ( ,h]culaneum a piece ( anci5t money1 a vase1 or a /atue1 we rejoice ) him1 9 f9d+ ! mode ( life1 ! mann]s & arts ( an anci5t p1 plac$ be=e our eyes3 ,if he f9ds an old record1 illu/rative ( ! hi/ory ( 8 c\ntry1 h[ev] limit$ 9 ext5t t c\ntry may be1 we are grateful to him = ! p>ticle ( k he has add$ to our /ore2 b if1 among ! ru9s ( ! common c\ntry ( ! human race1 we l+] at ! great sepul*re ( animat$ be+s de/roy$ by ! h& ( fate1 :o c look ^u x )\t s5tim5ts ( piety6 ,x is n "h ! /atues ( ,polycletus t we admire1 b ! admirable monum5ts ( ! workman%ip ( ,nature1 tak5 f ! ru9s ( ! great ,h]culeum ov]:elm$ by ! ocean1 t we look ^u ) feel+s ( ! deepe/ wond] & devotion4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,?ird ,,edition4 ,! att5tion ( naturali/s 0 e>ly direct$ to ! inve/igation ( ! fossil organic rema9s s g5]ally & abundantly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! /rata ( :i* ! cru/ ( ! ,e>? is compos$4 ,x is n1 z "s writ]s n[ imag9e1 entirely a mod]n /udy2 = ev5 s e>ly z ! "t ( ,leibnitz1 we f9d t philosoph] draw+ & describ+ fossil bones4 ,aft] ?is p]iod x cont9u$ to int]e/ individuals1 & engage ! p>ticul> att5tion ( societies & academies4 ,! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 by ! ,memoirs ( ,sloane1 ,coll9son1 ,li/]1 ,d]ham1 ,bak]1 ,grew1 ,hunt]1 ,jacobs1 ,plott1 ,camp]1 & _m o!rs1 af=d$ satisfactory pro(s ( ! importance atta*$ to ?is bran* ( ,natural ,hi/ory by philosoph]s 9 ,engl&2 & ! ,memoirs ( ,m4 ,graydon1 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy1 %ew t x 0 n entirely neglect$ 9 ,irel&4 ,on ! cont95t ( ,europe ! natural hi/ory ( petrifactions 0 also mu* /udi$1 z appe>s f ! ,memoirs ( ,hollman1 ,beckman1 & ,blum5ba*1 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,gott+52--( ,gmel91 ,pallas1 ,h]rmann1 ,*appe1 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,imp]ial ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,pet]sburg2--( ,ge(froi1 ,buffon1 ,daub5ton1 ,faujas ,/ ,fond1 & o!rs ( ! old ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces2--( ,a/ruc & ,rivi]e1 ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,montpelli]2--( ,coll9i ( ! ,academia ,!odoro-,palat9a1 at ,manheim1 c4 ,b ! geogno/ical relations ( ! rocks 9 :i* ^! organic rema9s are conta9$ 7 b ill und]/ood1 until ,w]n] po9t$ out ! mode ( inve/igat+ !m4 ,8 int]e/+ & important views 7 circulat$ f ,freyb]g1 by ! writ+s & conv]sations ( 8 pupils1 & h contribut$ mat]ially to ! advancem5t ( ?is bran* ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ,g]many1 ,france1 & also 9 ,great ,brita94 ,petrifactions are no long] view$ z objects ( m]e curiosity1 z ?+s isolat$ & unrelat$ to ! rocks ( :i* ! cru/ ( ! ,e>? is compos$2 on ! contr>y1 !y are n[ consid]$ z "o ( ! mo/ important features 9 ! /rata ( all regions ( ! e>?4 ,by ! regul>ity & det]m9ate nature ( _! di/ribution1 !y af=d *>act]s :i* assi/ u 9 discrim9at+ n only s+le b$s1 b also :ole =mations ( rocks2 & 9 ?is respect !y are highly int]e/+ to ! geogno/ical inquir]4 ,to ! geologi/ ?is beautiful bran* ( ,natural ,hi/ory op5s up num]\s & uncommonly curi\s views ( nature 9 ! m9]al k+dom3 x %ews him ! comm5cem5t ( ! =mation ( organic be+s1--x po9ts out ! gradual succession 9 ! =mation ( animals1 f ! almo/ primeval coral ne> ! primitive /rata1 ?r\gh all ! wond]ful v>iety ( =m & /ructure obs]v$ 9 %ells1 fi%es1 amphibi\s animals1 & birds1 to ! p]fect quadrup$ ( ! alluvial l&2 & x makes him acqua9t$ ) a geographical & physical di/ribution ( organic be+s 9 ! /rata ( ! globe1 v diff]5t f :at is obs]v$ to hold 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! organic _w4 ,! zoologi/ views ) wond] & amazem5t ^? ho/s ( fossil animals1 sometimes s simil> to ! pres5t liv+ species1 at o!r times s f> remov$ f !m 9 =m & /ructure4 ,he comp>es ! fossil ord]s1 g5]a & species1 ) ^? n[ inhabit+ ! e>?'s surface1 or liv+ 9 its wat]s1 & discov]s t !re is a :ole sy/em ( animals 9 a fossil /ate diff]5t f ! pres5t4 ,ev5 ! physiologi/1 9 ! v>i\s =ms1 connections1 & relations ( ! p>ts ( ^? animals1 obta9s new facts = 8 descriptions & reason+s4 ,su*1 !n1 be+ ! nature ( ?is bran* ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 x is n surpris+ t1 :5 once und]/ood1 x %\ld h _m & zeal\s cultivators1 & occupy ! tal5ts ( m5 ( le>n+ & sagacity4 ,9 our "t1 ,cuvi]1 ! celebrat$ ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ,p>is1 has em95tly di/+ui%$ himself by 8 num]\s discov]ies1 accurate descriptions1 & rational views1 on ?is subject4 ,8 great "w on ,fossil ,organic ,rema9s1 ( :i* a new edition is n[ 9 progress1 is ! mo/ spl5did contribution to ,natural ,hi/ory furni%$ by any individual ( ?is age4 ,! ,essay on ! ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 n[ translat$1 is ! introductory "p ( ! great "w ( ,cuvi]4 ,! subject ( ! deluge =ms a pr9cipal object ( ?is elegant disc\rse4 ,aft] describ+ ! pr9cipal results at :i* ! !ory ( ! e>?1 9 8 op9ion1 has arriv$1 he next m5tions ! v>i\s relations :i* connect ! hi/ory ( ! fossil bones ( l& animals ) ^! results2 expla9s ! pr9ciples on :i* is f\nd$ ! art ( asc]ta9+ ^! bones1 or1 9 o!r words1 ( discov]+ a g5us1 & ( di/+ui%+ a species1 by a s+le fragm5t ( bone3 & gives a rapid sket* ( ! results to :i* 8 rese>*es lead1 ( ! new g5]a & species :i* ^! h be5 ! means ( discov]+1 & ( ! diff]5t =mations 9 :i* !y are conta9$4 ,"s naturali/s1 z ,lam>ck1 hav+ ma9ta9$ t ! pres5t exi/+ races ( quadrup$s are m]e modifications or v>ieties ( ^? anci5t races :i* we n[ f9d 9 a fossil /ate1 modifications :i* may h be5 produc$ by *ange ( climate1 & o!r local circum/ances1 & s9ce br\ght to ! pres5t great diff]5ce1 by ! op]ation ( simil> causes dur+ a long succession ( ages1--,cuvi] %ews t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! fossil species & ^? :i* n[ exi/1 is b\nd$ by c]ta9 limits2 t ^! limits are a great deal m ext5sive ?an ^? :i* n[ di/+ui% ! v>ieties ( ! same species1 & consequ5tly1 t ! ext9ct species ( quadrup$s are n v>ieties ( ! pres5tly exi/+ species4 ,?is v int]e/+ discussion naturally leads our au?or to /ate ! pro(s ( ! rec5t population ( ! _w2 ( ! comp>atively mod]n orig9 ( its pres5t surface2 ( ! deluge1 & ! subsequ5t r5ewal ( human society4 ,9 ord] to r5d] ?is ,essay m complete & satisfactory1 ,i h illu/rat$ ! :ole ) an ext5sive s]ies ( obs]vations1 & h arrang$ !m 9 su* a mann] t !y w be readily accessible1 n only to ! naturali/1 b also to ! g5]al read]4 ,s9ce ! publication ( ! =m] edition ( ?is ,essay1 _m curi\s discov]ies h be5 made 9 reg>d to fossil organic rema9s3--"s ( ^! are includ$ 9 ! ,illu/rations at ! end ( ! ,essay1 o!rs want ( room =ces u to omit4 ,r4 ,,jameson4 ,,college ,,( ,,ed9burgh1 #ai? ,april #ahag4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page ,,prelim9>y ,,obs]vations1 #a ,plan ( ! ,essay1 #d ,fir/ ,appe>ance ( ! ,e>?1 #f ,fir/ ,pro(s ( ,revolutions on ! ,surface ( ! ,globe1 #f ,pro(s t su* ,revolutions h be5 num]\s1 #aj ,pro(s t ^! ,revolutions h be5 sudd51 #ad ,pro(s ( ! ,occurr5ce ( ,revolutions be=e ! ,exi/5ce ( ,liv+ ,be+s1 #af ,exam9ation ( ! ,causes :i* act at pres5t on ! ,surface ( ! ,globe1 #bc ,( ,slips1 or ,fall+ ,d[n ( ! ,mat]ials ( ,m\nta9s1 #be ,( ,alluvial ,=mations1 #bf ,( ! ,=mation ( ,d[ns1 #bh ,( ! ,=mation ( ,cliffs1 or ,/eep ,%ores1 #bi ,depositions =m$ 9 ,wat]1 #cj ,( ,/alactites1 #ca ,( ,li?ophytes1 #cb ,( ,incru/ations1 #cb ,( ,volcanoes1 #cd ,con/ant ,a/ronomical ,causes1 #cf ,old] ,sy/ems ( ,geologi/s1 #ch ,m ,rec5t ,sy/ems1 #da ,div]sities ( all ! ,sy/ems1 #dd ,causes ( ^! ,diff]5ces1 #df ,nature & ,condition ( ! ,problem1 #df ,progress ( ,m9]al ,geology1 #di ,importance ( ,fossil ,rema9s 9 ,geology1 #ea ,high importance ( ! ,fossil ,bones ( ,quadrup$s1 #ec ,small probability ( discov]+ new ,species ( l>ge ,quadrup$s1 #ef ,inquiry respect+ ! ,fabul\s ,animals ( ! ,anci5ts1 #fi ,difficulty ( det]m9+ ! ,fossil ,bones ( ,quadrup$s1 #hb ,pr9ciple by :i* ?is det]m9ation is effect$1 #hc ,view ( ! g5]al ,results ( ^! ,rese>*es1 #id ,relations ( ! ,species ( ,fossil ,animals1 ) ! ,/rata 9 :i* !y are f\nd1 #ie ,pro(s t ! ext9ct ,species ( ,quadrup$s are n ,v>ieties ( ! pres5tly exi/+ ,species1 #ajb ,pro(s t !re are no ,fossil ,human ,bones1 #aad ,physical ,pro(s ( ! ,newness ( ! pres5t ,cont95ts1 #aba ,additions ( ,l& by ! action ( ,riv]s1 #abc ,progress ( ,d[ns1 #acc ,peat-mosses & ,slips1 #ace ,! ,hi/ory ( ,nations confirms ! ,newness ( ! ,cont95ts1 #acg ,! v remote ,antiquity attribut$ to c]ta9 ,nations is n support$ by ,hi/ory1 #adi ,! ,a/ronomical ,monum5ts left by ! ,anci5ts d n be> ! excessively remote ,dates :i* h be5 attribut$ to !m1 #bja ,table ( ! ,ext5t ( ! ,zodiacal ,con/ellations1 z !y are design$ ^u our ,globes1 & ( ! ,times requir$ by ! ,colures to trav]se !m1 #bab ,con/ruction & ,use ( ! ,table1 #baf ,! ,zodiac is f> f be>+ 9 itself a c]ta9 & excessively remote date1 #bcj ,exagg]ations relative to ! ,antiquity ( c]ta9 ,m9+ ,op]ations1 #bch ,g5]al ,conclusion relative to ! ,p]iod ( ! la/ ,revolution1 #bci ,fur!r ,rese>*es to be made 9 ,geology1 #bdj ,recapitulation ( ! ,obs]vations ^u ! ,succession ( ! ,t]ti>y ,=mations1 #bdc ,table ( ,geological ,=mations 9 ! ,ord] ( _! ,sup]position2 by ,m4 ,a4 de ,humboldt1 #bdi ,enum]ation ( ! ,fossil ,animals recogniz$ by ! ,au?or1 #bec ,i*?yosaurus1 #bee ,plesiosaurus1 #bef ,crocodile1 #beh ,megalosaurus1 #bei ,pt]odactylus1 #bfa ,iguanodon1 #bfc ,mosasaurus1 #bfd ,dolph91 ib4 ,lamant91 #bfe ,morse1 #bfe ,palo!rium1 #bff ,lophiodon1 #bfh ,anoplo!rium1 #bgj ,an?raco!ria1 #bgb ,*]opotamus1 ib4 ,adapis1 #bgc ,vesp]tilio1 #bgd ,ziphius1 #bhj ,mammo?1 #bhj ,ma/odon1 #bha ,hippopotamus1 #bhc ,rh9oc]os1 ib4 ,elasmo!rium1 #bhe ,horse1 #bhe ,fossil ,elk1 #bhf ,mega!rium1 #bhi ,megalonyx1 #bij ,be>1 #bia ,man1 #bid ,,app5dix4 ,on ! ,birds to :i* ! "n ( ,ibis 0 giv5 by ! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 #bii ,,geological ,,illu/rations ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,jameson4 ,page ,on ! ,subsid5ce ( ,/rata1 #ccc ,deluge1 #ccd ,=mation ( ,primitive ,m\nta9s1 #cce ,on ! ,di/ribution ( ,b\ld]-,/ones 9 ,scotl&1 ,holl&1 ,g]many1 ,switz]l& & ,am]ica1 #cdd ,on ! ,alluvial ,l& ( ! ,dani% ,isl&s 9 ! ,baltic & on ! ,coa/ ( ,sleswigh1 #ced ,on ! ,s&-,flood1 #cfh ,s&-,flood 9 ,moray%ire1 #cfi ,s&-,flood 9 ! ,hebrides1 c4 #cgb ,mov+ ,s&s ( ! ,african ,des]ts1 #cge ,action ( ! ,sea ^u ,coa/s1 #cgh ,on ! ,gr[? ( ,coral ,isl&s1 #cgi ,on ! ,level ( ! ,baltic1 #cih ,fossil ,rema9s ( ! ,human ,species1 #djf ,acc\nt ( ! displacem5t ( t "p ( ! ,coa/ ( ! ,adriatic :i* is occupi$ by ! ,m\?s ( ! ,po1 #daj ,on ! ,univ]sal ,deluge1 #dag ,on ! action ( ,runn+ ,wat]s1 #dcg ,connection ( ,geology ) ,agriculture & ,plant+1 #dec ,acc\nt ( ! ,fossil ,elk ( ,irel&1 #dhf ,acc\nt ( ! ,liv+ ,species ( ,elephant1 & ( ! ,ext9ct ,species ( ,elephant or ,mammo?1 #ejh ,acc\nt ( ! ,caves 9 :i* ,bones ( ,c>nivor\s ,animals occur 9 great quantities1 #eaf ,cave conta9+ ,bones at ,adelsb]g1 9 ,c>niola1 #edj ,tabul> ,view ( ! ,g5]a ( ,fossil ,mammif]a1 ,cetacea1 ,aves1 ,reptilia1 & ,insecta1--) _! ,geogno/ical ,numb] & ,di/ribution1 #edg ,tabul> ,view ( ! ,classes1 ,ord]s1 or ,families ( ,animals1 occurr+ 9 a ,liv+ or ,fossil ,/ate1 ) _! ,geogno/ical ,di/ribution1 #eej ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates4 ,! ,frontispiece exhibits a v]tical section ( ! ,bone-,caves ( ,gayl5reu?1 9 ,franconia4 ,plate ,i4 is a plan %ew+ ! relative position ( ! ,t]ti>y ,m9]al ,=mations ar\nd ,p>is4 ,,ii4 is illu/rative ( ! ,succession ( ! ,second>y ,=mations1 & ( ! ,di/ribution ( ,petrifactions4 ,,ii a4 ,extraord9>y ,fossil ,animal nam$ ,pt]odactylus longiro/rus1 f\nd ne> ,ai*/$t1 9 ,g]many4 ,,iii4 ,figure ( an ,ibis 9 a ,temple 9 ,upp] ,egypt4 ,,iv4 ,skeleton ( an ,ibis f a ,mummy f\nd at ,!bes4 ,v4 ,num5ius ,ibis1 suppos$ true ,ibis ( ! ,egyptians4 ,,vi4 ,fossil ,human ,skeleton f\nd 9 ,guadal\pe4 ,,vii4 ,c]vus megac]os1 ,iri% ,elk 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,royal ,dubl9 ,society4 ,,viii4 ,fig4 #a4 ,head & ,horn ( ! ,fossil ,iri% ,elk4 ,x repres5ts a l>g] view ( ! head1 9 :i* ! diff]5t m>k+s are del9eat$1 & ! expansion ( ! horns %ewn 9 a front view4 ,9 ?is is also se5 ! peculi> =k$ appe>ance ( ! sur-antl]4 ,fig4 #b4 ,! portion ( ca/ horn m5tion$ at p4 #eja1 hav+ ! smoo? convex surface at ! root4 ,fig4 #c4 ,an int]nal & ext]nal view ( ! p]=at$ rib1 describ$ 9 p4 #ejd4 ,,ix4 ,c]vus megac]os1 ,iri% or ,isle ( ,man ,elk 9 ! ,royal ,museum ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4 ,page #bdh4 ,,plan ,%ew+ ! relative position ( ! ,,m9]al ,,=mations ar\nd ,,p>is #aj ,upp] fre% wat] =mation--,mill/one--,fl9t--,lime/one4 #i ,mill/one )\t ,%ells4 #h ,upp] m>9e ,s&/one4 #g ,s&/one ,s& )\t ,%ells4 #f ,b$ ( ,oy/]s4 #e ,gypsum ,m>l conta9+ ,bones ( ,animals4 ,l[] fre% wat] =mation ,l[] m>9e ,s&/one #d ,silice\s ,lime/one )\t ,%ells4 #c ,co>se m>9e ,lime/one4 #b ,pla/ic ,clay ,l[] ,s&4 ,,ii4 ,alluvial4 #a ,*alk ,fl9t4 ,w4 ,h4 ,liz>s ,sc4 ,ed9r4 ,ed9burgh ,publi%$ by ,wm4 ,blackwood #ahbg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,page #bec4 ,,section ,illu/rative ( ! succession ( ! ,,second>y ,,=mations & ( ! di/ribution ( ,,petrifactions4 ,primitive ,rocks ,no ,fossil ,organic ,rema9s4 ,transition ,rocks ,fir/ ,appe>ance ( ,fossil ,%ells & ,corals4 #a/ ,s&/one or ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ,old ,r$ ,conglom]ate ,fossil ,wood2 ,fossil ,fi%es8 #a/ ,lime/one or ,m\ntn ,lime/one ,fossil ,corals ,%ells4 #b;d ,s&/one or ,coal ,=mation ,impressions ( ,plants pr9cipally ,monocotyl$on\s1 _m ) a ,tropical aspect4 ,new ,r$ ,conglom]ate #b;d ,lime/one or ,magnesian ,lime/one ,fir/ appe>ance ( ,fossil ,fi%es & ( ,fossil ,ovip>\s ,quadrup$s4 #c;d ,s&/one or ,new ,r$ ,s&/one ,fossil ,%ells1 ,corals ,vegetables4 #c;d or ,%ell ,lime/one ,fossil ,%ells4 #d? ,s&/one or v>iegat$ ,m>l ,fossil ,plants & ,%ells4 #d? ,lime/one or ,java ,oolite ,lias ,lime/ones ,fossil ,%ells1 ,corals1 ,cru/ac1 ,lac]t1 ,turtles4 ,fi%es & ,vegetables4 #e? ,s&/one or ,gre5 ,s& or ,quad] ,s&/one ) ,coal1 ,fi%es1 ,lac]t ,emydes4 #e? ,lime/one ,*alk ,fossil ,%ells1 ,corals1 ,lac]t1 ,turtles ,fi%es4 ,br[n ,coal ,=mation ,crocodiles c4 also ,dictyl$on\s ,plants4 ,h]t=d%ire ,pudd+/one ,crocodiles c4 also ,dictyl$on\s ,plants4 ,p>is ,=mation ,fir/ appe>ance ( ,fossil ,rema9s ( ,birds ,mammif]\s ,animals4 ,diluvial ,=mation ,rema9s ( ext9ct species ( ,elephant1 ,rh9oc]os1 ,hippopotamus1 ,tapir1 ,de]1 ,hy5a1 ,be> c4 ,po/ ,diluvial ,=mation ,fossil ,rema9s ( ! ,human ,species fir/ appe> 9 ?is =mation4 ,ed9burgh ,publi%$ by ,wm ,blackwood #ahbg4 ,w4 ,h4 ,liz>s ,sc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate4 ,,ii4 a ,page #bfa4 ,extraord9>y animal1 nam$ ,,pt]odactylus ,,longiro/ris f\nd ne> ,ai*/$t 9 ,g]many4 ,ed9burgh ,publi%$ by ,wm4 ,blackwood #ahbg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,page #cah4 ,,figure ,,( ,,an ,,ibis 9 "o ( ! ,temples 9 ,,upp] ,,egypt4 ,beak1 half ! natural size ( a mummy ,ibis4 ,engd4 by ,w4 ,h4 ,liz>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,page #cjg4 ,,skeleton ,,( ,,an ,,ibis extract$ f a ,mummy f\nd at ,,!bes 9 ,,egypt4 ,engd4 by ,w4 ,h4 ,liz>s ,ed9r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,page #cji4 ,,num5ius ,,ibix ,suppos$ to be ! true ,ibix ( ! ,,egyptians4 ,engd4 by ,w4 ,h4 ,liz>s ,ed9r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,page #djf4 ,,fossil ,,human ,,skeleton ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,guadal\pe ,ed9burgh ,publi%$ by ,wm4 ,blackwood #ahbg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,page #dhf4 ,,c]vus ,,megac]os4 ,,iri% ,,elk4 9 ! ,,museum ( ! ,,royal ,,dubl9 ,,society4 ,w4 ,h4 ,liz>s ,sc4 ,ed9burgh ,publi%$ by ,w4 ,blackwood #ahbg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,page #dib4 ,,head ,,& ,,horns ( ! ,,iri% ,,elk4 ,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #b4 ,fig4 #c4 ,w4 ,h4 ,liz>s ,sc4 ,ed9burgh ,publi%$ by ,w4 ,blackwood #ahbg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,page #ejf4 ,,c]vus ,,megac]os1 ,,isle ,,( ,,man ,,or ,,iri% ,,elk4 ,royal ,museum1 ,college1 ,ed9burgh4 ,w4 ,h4 ,liz>s ,sc4 ,publi%$ by ,w4 ,blackwood4 ,ed9r4 #ahbg4 ,,essay ,,on ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,,prelim9>y ,,obs]vations4 ,9 my "w on ,fossil ,bones1 ! object :i* ,i propos$ 0 to discov] to :at animals ! osse\s rema9s1 ) :i* ! sup]ficial /rata ( ! globe are fill$1 may h belong$4 ,9 pursu+ ?is object1 ,i _h to foll[ a pa? 9 :i* b little progress _h hi!rto be5 made4 ,z an antiqu>y ( a new ord]1 ,i 0 oblig$ at once to le>n ! art ( re/or+ ^! monum5ts ( pa/ revolutions to _! orig9al =ms1 & to discov] _! nature & relations2 ,i _h to collect & br+ toge!r 9 _! orig9al ord]1 ! fragm5ts ( :i* !y consi/$2 to recon/ruct1 z x 71 ! anci5t be+s to :i* ^! fragm5ts belong$2 to reproduce !m ) all _! proportions & *>act]s2 &1 la/ly1 to comp>e !m ) ^? :i* n[ live at ! surface ( ! globe3--an art almo/ unkn[n1 & :i* presuppos$ a sci5ce ^: fir/ developm5ts _h sc>cely yet be5 trac$1 t ( ! laws :i* regulate ! co-exi/5ce ( ! =ms ( ! diff]5t p>ts 9 organis$ be+s4 ,i _h !re=e to prep>e myself = ^! inquiries1 by o!rs ( a f> m ext5sive k9d1 respect+ ! animals :i* /ill exi/4 ,no?+1 except an almo/ complete review ( creation 9 its pres5t /ate1 c\ld give a "* ( demon/ration to ! results ( my inve/igation into its anci5t /ate2 b1 f ?is review1 ,i _h at ! same "t to expect a great body ( rules & aff9ities n less satisfactorily demon/rat$2 & x became obvi\s1 t1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is essay ^u a small portion ( ! !ory ( ! e>?1 ! :ole animal k+dom w\ld necess>ily be 9 "s measure subject$ to new laws4 ,?us ,i 0 enc\rag$ 9 ?is tw(old inve/igation1 by ! equal int]e/ :i* x promis$ to possess1 bo? ) reg>d to ! g5]al sci5ce ( anatomy1 ! ess5tial basis ( all ^? :i* treat ( organis$ bodies1 & ) reg>d to ! physical hi/ory ( ! globe1 ! f\ndation ( m9]alogy1 geography1 & ev51 x may be said1 ( ! hi/ory ( ,man1 & ( all t x mo/ conc]ns him to "k ) reg>d to himself4 ,if x be s int]e/+ to u to foll[1 9 ! infancy ( our species1 ! almo/ oblit]at$ traces ( ext9ct nations1 :y %\ld x n also be s1 to se>*1 amid ! d>kness ( ! infancy ( ! ,e>?1 = ! traces ( revolutions :i* h tak5 place ant]ior to ! exi/5ce ( all nations8 ,we admire ! p[] by :i* ! human m9d has measur$ ! motions ( ! cele/ial bodies1 :i* nature seem$ to h conceal$ = ev] f our view4 ,g5ius & sci5ce h bur/ ! limits ( space2 & obs]vations1 expla9$ by j reason+1 h unveil$ ! me*anism ( ! univ]se4 ,w\ld x n also be glori\s = man to bur/ ! limits ( "t1 &1 by means ( obs]vations1 to asc]ta9 ! hi/ory ( ?is _w1 & ! succession ( ev5ts :i* prec$$ ! bir? ( ! human race8 ,a/ronom]s h und\bt$ly advanc$ m rapidly ?an naturali/s2 & ! pres5t p]iod1 ) respect to ! ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 be>s "s resemblance to t 9 :i* "s philosoph]s fanci$ t ! heav5s 7 =m$ ( poli%$ /ones1 & t ! moon 0 ( ! size ( ! ,peloponnesus2 b aft] ,,anaxagoras1 came ,,cop]nicus & ,,kepl]1 :o po9t$ ! way to ,,newton2 & :y %\ld n natural hi/ory also "o day h its ,newton8 ,plan ( ?is ,essay4 ,:at ,i especially propose to pres5t 9 ?is disc\rse1 is ! plan & ! result ( my lab\rs reg>d+ ,fossil ,bones4 ,i %all also attempt to trace a rapid sket* ( ! ef=ts t h be5 made up to ! pres5t day1 to re/ore ! hi/ory ( ! revolutions ( ! globe4 ,! facts :i* ,i h be5 enabl$ to discov]1 =m1 )\t d\bt1 only a small portion ( ^? :i* w\ld be necess>y to complete ?is anci5t hi/ory2 b sev]al ( !m lead to decisive consequ5ces1 & ! rigor\s mann] 9 :i* ,i h proce$$ 9 _! det]m9ation1 af=ds me reason to ?9k t !y w be reg>d$ z po9ts def9itively fix$1 & :i* 9 _! aggregate w =m an epo* 9 sci5ce4 ,la/ly1 ,i tru/ _! novelty w be a suffici5t excuse = me1 if ,i claim = !m ! e>ne/ att5tion ( my read]s4 ,my object w fir/ be to %ew by :at relations ! hi/ory ( ! fossil bones ( t]re/rial animals connects itself ) ! !ory ( ! e>?1 & = :at reasons a peculi> importance is to be attribut$ to x1 ) ref]5ce to ?is subject4 ,i %all !n unfold ! pr9ciples ^u :i* is f\nd$ ! art ( det]m9+ ^! bones1 or1 9 o!r words1 ( recogniz+ a g5us1 & ( di/+ui%+ a species1 by a s+le fragm5t ( bone1--an art1 on ! c]ta9ty ( :i* dep5ds t ( my :ole "w1 ,i %all give a rapid acc\nt ( ! new species1 & ( g5]a previ\sly unkn[n1 :i* ! application ( ^! pr9ciples has l$ me to discov]1 z well z ! diff]5t k9ds ( deposits 9 :i* !y are conta9$4 ,& z ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! species & ^? :i* exi/ at ! pres5t day is b\nd$ by c]ta9 limits1 ,i %all %[ t ^! limits mu* exce$ ^? :i* n[ di/+ui% ! v>ieties ( ! same species4 ,i %all !re=e make kn[n to :at ext5t ^! v>ieties may g1 :e!r f ! influ5ce ( "t1 or f t ( climate1 or1 la/ly1 f t ( dome/ication4 ,9 ?is way ,i %all be enabl$ to conclude1 & to induce my read]s to conclude ) me1 t great ev5ts 7 necess>y to produce ! m consid]able diff]5ces :i* ,i h discov]$4 ,i %all next m5tion ! p>ticul> modifications :i* my rese>*es mu/ necess>ily introduce into ! hi!rto receiv$ op9ions reg>d+ ! revolutions ( ! globe2 &1 la/ly1 ,i %all inquire h[ f> ! civil & religi\s hi/ory ( diff]5t nations corresponds ) ! results ( obs]vation ) reg>d to ! physical hi/ory ( ! ,e>?1 & ) ! probabilities :i* ^! obs]vations af=d conc]n+ ! p]iod at :i* societies ( m5 may h f\nd fix$ places ( abode1 & fields susceptible ( cultivation1 & at :i*1 !re=e1 !y may h assum$ a durable =m4 ,fir/ ,appe>ance ( ! ,e>?4 ,:5 ! travell] passes ov] ^? f]tile pla9s :]e g5tly fl[+ /reams n\ri% 9 _! c\rse an abundant vegetation1 & :]e ! soil1 inhabit$ by a num]\s population1 adorn$ ) fl\ri%+ villages1 opul5t cities1 & sup]b monum5ts1 is nev] di/urb$1 except by ! ravages ( w>1 or by ! oppression ( ! p[]ful1 he is n l$ to suspect t ,nature also has _h h] inte/9e w>s1 & t ! surface ( ! globe has be5 brok5 up by revolutions & cata/rophes4 ,b 8 ideas *ange z soon z he digs into t soil :i* n[ pres5ts s peaceful an aspect1 or asc5ds to ! hills :i* bord] ! pla92 8 ideas are exp&$1 if ,i may use ! expression1 9 proportion to ! expansion ( ! view1 & beg9 to embrace ! full ext5t & gr&eur ( ^? anci5t ev5ts1 :5 he climbs ! m elevat$ *a9s1 ^: base is skirt$ by ^! hills1 or :51 by foll[+ ! b$s ( ! torr5ts :i* desc5d f ^? *a9s1 he p5etrates1 z x 71 into _! int]ior4 ,fir/ pro(s ( ,revolutions on ! surface ( ! ,globe4 ,! l[e/ & mo/ level p>ts ( ! e>?1 exhibit no?+1 ev5 :5 p5etrat$ to a v great dep?1 b horizontal /rata compos$ ( sub/ances m or less v>i$1 & conta9+ almo/ all ( !m innum]able m>9e productions4 ,simil> /rata1 ) ! same k9d ( productions1 compose ! less] hills to a consid]able height4 ,sometimes ! %ells are s num]\s z to con/itute ( !mselves ! entire mass ( ! rock2 !y rise to elevations sup]ior to ! level ( e "p ( ! ocean1 & are f\nd 9 places :]e no sea c\ld h c>ri$ !m at ! pres5t day1 "u any circum/ances2 !y are n only envelop$ 9 loose s&1 b are (t5 inclos$ 9 ! h>de/ rocks4 ,e "p ( ! e>?1 e hemisph]e1 e cont95t1 e isl& ( any ext5t1 exhibits ! same ph5om5on4 ,! times are pa/ :5 ignorance c\ld ma9ta91 t ^! rema9s ( organiz$ bodies are m]e sport+s ( nature1 productions g5]at$ 9 ! womb ( ! ,e>?1 by its own creative p[]s2 & ! ef=ts made by "s metaphysicians ( ! pres5t day1 w n probably succe$ 9 br++ ^! explod$ op9ions aga9 into repute4 ,a scrupul\s comp>ison ( ! =ms ( ^! rema9s1 ( _! texture1 & (t5 ev5 ( _! *emical composition1 does n disclose ! slighte/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! fossil %ells & ^? :i* /ill inhabit ! sea3 ! pres]vation ( ! =m] is n less p]fect ?an t ( ! latt]2 mo/ commonly we nei!r obs]ve detrition nor fracture 9 !m1 no?+1 9 %ort1 t ann\nces a viol5t removal f _! orig9al places2 ! smalle/ ( !m reta9 _! %>pe/ ridges1 & _! mo/ delicate sp9es4 ,!y h1 !re=e1 n only liv$ 9 ! sea1 b !y h also be5 deposit$ by x4 ,x is ! sea :i* has left !m 9 ! places :]e !y are n[ f\nd4 ,b ?is sea has rema9$ = a c]ta9 p]iod 9 ^? places2 x has cov]$ !m long en\gh1 & ) suffici5t tranquillity to =m ^? deposits1 s regul>1 s ?ick1 s ext5sive1 & p>tly also s solid1 :i* conta9 ^? rema9s ( aquatic animals4 ,! bas9 ( ! sea has !re=e und]gone "o *ange at lea/1 ei!r 9 ext5t1 or 9 situation4 ,su* is ! result ( ! v fir/ se>*1 & ( ! mo/ sup]ficial exam9ation4 ,! traces ( revolutions become /ill m app>5t & decisive1 :5 we asc5d a little high]1 & approa* ne>] to ! foot ( ! great *a9s4 ,!re are /ill f\nd _m b$s ( %ells2 "s ( ^! are ev5 ?ick] & m solid2 ! %ells are q z num]\s1 & z well pres]v$1 b !y are no long] ( ! same species4 ,! /rata :i* conta9 !m are n s g5]ally horizontal2 !y assume an oblique position1 & are sometimes almo/ v]tical4 ,:ile 9 ! pla9s & l[ hills x 0 necess>y to dig deep1 9 ord] to discov] ! succession ( ! b$s1 we "h discov] x at once by _! expos$ edges1 z we foll[ ! valleys t h be5 produc$ by _! disjunction4 ,great masses ( debris =m at ! foot ( ! cliffs1 r\nd$ hills1 ! height ( :i* is augm5t$ by e ?aw & tempe/4 ,^! incl9$ /rata1 :i* =m ! ridges ( ! second>y m\nta9s1 d n re/ ^u ! horizontal /rata ( ! hills :i* are situate at _! base1 & :i* =m ! fir/ /eps 9 approa*+ !m2 b1 on ! contr>y1 dip "u !m1 :ile ! hills 9 "q re/ ^u _! declivities4 ,:5 we dig ?r\gh ! horizontal /rata 9 ! vic9ity ( m\nta9s ^: /rata are incl9$1 we f9d ^! incl9$ /rata re-appe>+ bel[2 & ev5 sometimes1 :5 ! incl9$ /rata are n too elevat$1 _! summit is cr[n$ by horizontal ones#a4 ,! incl9$ /rata are !re=e old] ?an ! horizontal /rata2 & z !y mu/ necess>ily1 at lea/ ! great] numb] ( !m1 h be5 =m$ 9 a horizontal position1 x is evid5t t !y h be5 rais$#b1 & t ?is *ange 9 _! direction has be5 effect$ be=e ! o!rs 7 sup]impos$ ^u !m#c4 ,?us ! sea1 previ\s to ! deposition ( ! horizontal /rata1 _h =m$ o!rs1 :i*1 by ! op]ation ( problematical causes1 7 brok51 rais$1 & ov]turn$ 9 a ?\s& ways2 &1 z sev]al ( ^? incl9$ /rata :i* x _h =m$ at m remote p]iods1 rise high] ?an ! horizontal /rata :i* h succe$$ !m1 & :i* surr\nd !m1 ! causes by :i* ! incl9ation ( ^! b$s 0 effect$1 _h also made !m project above ! level ( ! sea1 & =m$ isl&s ( !m1 or at lea/ %oals & inequalities2 & ?is mu/ h happ5$1 :e!r !y _h be5 rais$ by "o extremity1 or :e!r ! depression ( ! opposite extremity _h made ! wat]s subside4 ,?is is ! second result1 n less cle>1 nor less satisfactorily demon/rat$1 ?an ! fir/1 to e "o :o w take ! tr\ble ( exam9+ ! monum5ts on :i* x is e/abli%$4 ,pro(s t su* revolutions h be5 num]\s4 ,b x is n to ?is subv]sion ( ! anci5t /rata1 nor to ?is retreat ( ! sea aft] ! =mation ( ! new /rata1 t ! revolutions & *anges :i* h giv5 rise to ! pres5t /ate ( ! ,e>? are limit$4 ,:5 we in/itute a m detail$ comp>ison betwe5 ! v>i\s /rata & ^? rema9s ( animals :i* !y conta91 we pres5tly p]ceive1 t ?is anci5t sea has n always deposit$ m9]al sub/ances ( ! same k9d1 nor rema9s ( animals ( ! same species2 & t ea* ( its deposits has n ext5d$ ov] ! :ole surface :i* x cov]$4 ,!re has exi/$ a succession ( v>iations2 ! =m] ( :i* alone h be5 m or less g5]al1 :ile ! o!rs appe> to h be5 mu* less s4 ,! old] ! /rata are1 ! m uni=m is ea* ( !m ov] a great ext5t2 ! new] !y are1 ! m limit$ are !y1 & ! m subject to v>y at small di/ances4 ,?us ! displacem5ts ( ! /rata 7 accompani$ & foll[$ by *anges 9 ! nature ( ! fluid1 & ( ! matt]s :i* x held 9 solution2 & :5 c]ta9 /rata1 by mak+ _! appe>ance above ! wat]s1 _h divid$ ! surface ( ! seas by isl&s & project+ ridges1 diff]5t *anges might take place 9 p>ticul> bas9s4 ,amid/ ^! v>iations 9 ! nature ( ! g5]al fluid1 x is evid5t1 t ! animals :i* liv$ 9 x c\ld n rema9 ! same4 ,_! species1 & ev5 _! g5]a1 *ang$ ) ! /rata2 &1 al?\gh ! same species occasionally recur at small di/ances1 x may be ann\nc$ z a g5]al tru?1 t ! %ells ( ! anci5t /rata h =ms peculi> to !mselves2 t !y gradually disappe>1 s z no long] to be se5 at all 9 ! rec5t /rata1 & /ill less 9 ! pres5tly exi/+ ocean1 9 :i* _! correspond+ species are nev] discov]$1 & :]e sev]al1 ev5 ( _! g5]a1 d n occur3 t1 on ! contr>y1 ! %ells ( ! rec5t /rata are simil>1 9 respect to _! g5]a1 to ^? :i* exi/ 9 our seas2 & t1 9 ! late/ & lea/ consolidat$ ( ^! /rata1 & 9 c]ta9 rec5t & limit$ deposits1 !re are "s species :i* ! mo/ exp]i5c$ eye c\ld n di/+ui% f ^? :i* are f\nd 9 ! neighb\r+ seas4 ,!re has1 !re=e1 be5 a succession ( v>iations 9 ! economy ( organic nature1 :i* has be5 occasion$ by ^? ( ! fluid 9 :i* ! animals liv$1 or :i* has at lea/ correspond$ ) !m2 & ^! v>iations h gradually conduct$ ! classes ( aquatic animals to _! pres5t /ate1 till1 at l5g?1 at ! "t :5 ! sea retir$ f our cont95ts = ! la/ "t1 its inhabitants did n diff] mu* f ^? :i* are f\nd 9 x at ! pres5t day4 ,we say = ! la/ "t1 because1 if we exam9e ) /ill great] c>e ^? rema9s ( organis$ bodies1 we discov]1 9 ! mid/ ( ev5 ! olde/ /rata ( m>9e =mation1 o!r /rata replete ) animal or vegetable rema9s ( t]re/rial or fre%-wat] productions2 &1 among/ ! m rec5t /rata1 or1 9 o!r words1 ^? t are ne>e/ ! surface1 !re are "s 9 :i* l& animals are buri$ "u heaps ( m>9e productions4 ,?us1 ! v>i\s cata/rophes :i* h di/urb$ ! /rata1 h n only caus$ ! diff]5t p>ts ( our cont95ts to rise by degrees f ! bosom ( ! waves1 & dim9i%$ ! ext5t ( ! bas9 ( ! ocean1 b h also giv5 rise to num]\s %ift+s ( ?is bas94 ,x has frequ5tly happ5$1 t l&s :i* h be5 laid dry1 h be5 aga9 cov]$ by ! wat]s1 9 consequ5ce ei!r ( _! be+ +ulph$ 9 ! abyss1 or ( ! sea hav+ m]ely ris5 ov] !m4 ,! p>ticul> portions also1 ( ! ,e>?1 :i* ! sea ab&on$ 9 its la/ retreat1--^? :i* are n[ inhabit$ by man & t]re/rial animals1--_h already be5 once laid dry1 & _h !n af=d$ subsi/5ce to quadrup$s1 birds1 plants1 & l& productions ( all k9ds3 ! sea :i* left x _h1 !re=e1 cov]$ x at a previ\s p]iod#d4 ,! *anges 9 ! level ( ! wat]s h n1 !re=e1 consi/$ solely 9 a m or less gradual1 or m or less g5]al retreat2 !re h be5 v>i\s successive irruptions & retreats1 ! f9al result ( :i*1 h[ev]1 has be5 a univ]sal depression ( ! level ( ! sea4 ,pro(s t ^! ,revolutions h be5 sudd54 ,x is ( mu* importance to rem>k1 t ^! repeat$ irruptions & retreats ( ! sea h nei!r all be5 sl[ nor gradual2 on ! contr>y1 mo/ ( ! cata/rophes :i* h occasion$ !m h be5 sudd52 & ?is is especially easy to be prov$1 ) reg>d to ! la/ ( ^! cata/rophes1 t :i*1 by a two-fold motion1 has inundat$1 & aft]w>ds laid dry1 our pres5t cont95ts1 or at lea/ a "p ( ! l& :i* =ms !m at ! pres5t day4 ,9 ! nor!rn regions1 x has left ! c>cases ( l>ge quadrup$s :i* became envelop$ 9 ! ice1 & h ?us be5 pres]v$ ev5 to our own times1 ) _! sk91 _! hair1 & _! fle%4 ,if !y _h n be5 froz5 z soon z kill$1 !y w\ld h be5 decompos$ by putrefaction4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is et]nal fro/ c\ld n previ\sly h occupi$ ! places 9 :i* !y h be5 seiz$ by x1 = !y c\ld n h liv$ 9 su* a temp]ature4 ,x 01 !re=e1 at "o & ! same mom5t t ^! animals 7 de/roy$1 & ! c\ntry :i* !y inhabit$ became cov]$ ) ice4 ,?is ev5t has be5 sudd51 in/antane\s1 )\t any gradation2 & :at is s cle>ly demon/rat$ ) respect to ?is la/ cata/rophe1 is n less s ) ref]5ce to ^? :i* h prec$$ x4 ,! break+ to pieces1 ! rais+ up & ov]turn+ ( ! old] /rata1 leave no d\bt ^u ! m9d t !y h be5 r$uc$ to ! /ate 9 :i* we n[ see !m1 by ! action ( sudd5 & viol5t causes2 & ev5 ! =ce ( ! motions excit$ 9 ! mass ( wat]s1 is /ill atte/$ by ! heaps ( debris & r\nd$ pebbles :i* are 9 _m places int]pos$ betwe5 ! solid /rata4 ,life1 !re=e1 has (t5 be5 di/urb$ on ?is e>? by t]rible ev5ts4 ,numb]less liv+ be+s h be5 ! victims ( ^! cata/rophes2 "s1 :i* inhabit$ ! dry l&1 h be5 swall[$ up by inundations2 o!rs1 :i* peopl$ ! wat]s1 h be5 laid dry1 f ! bottom ( ! sea hav+ be5 sudd5ly rais$2 _! v races h be5 ext+ui%$ = ev]1 & h left no o!r memorial ( _! exi/5ce ?an "s fragm5ts1 :i* ! naturali/ c sc>cely recognize4 ,su* are ! conclusions to :i* we are necess>ily l$ by ! objects t we meet ) at e /ep1 & :i* we c always v]ify1 by examples drawn f almo/ e c\ntry4 ,^! great & t]rible ev5ts are e :]e di/9ctly record$1 s z to be always legible by ! eye skill$ to decyph] _! hi/ory 9 ! monum5ts :i* !y h left beh9d4 ,b :at is /ill m a/oni%+ & n less c]ta91 life has n always exi/$ ^u ! globe2 & x is easy = ! obs]v] to di/+ui% ! po9t at :i* x has begun to deposit its productions4 ,pro(s t !re h be5 ,revolutions ant]ior to ! exi/5ce ( liv+ be+s4 ,if we asc5d to high] po9ts ( elevation1 & advance t[>ds ! great ridges1 ! craggy summits ( ! m\nta9 *a9s1 we %all pres5tly f9d ^? rema9s ( m>9e animals1 ^? innum]able %ells1 ( :i* we h spok51 becom+ m r>e1 & at l5g? disappe>+ altoge!r4 ,we arrive at /rata ( a diff]5t nature1 :i* conta9 no ve/iges ( liv+ be+s4 ,nev]!less1 _! cry/allization1 & ev5 _! /ratification1 %ew t !y h be5 also 9 a liquid /ate at _! =mation2 _! incl9$ position1 & ! cliffs into :i* !y are brok51 %ew t !y also h be5 =cibly mov$ f _! orig9al places2 ! oblique mann] 9 :i* !y dip "u ! %elly /rata1 t !y h be5 =m$ previ\sly to ^! latt]2 & la/ly1 ! height to :i* _! rugg$ & b>e peaks rise above all ^! %elly /rata1 t _! summits _h already em]g$ f ! wat]s1 :5 ! %elly /rata 7 =m+4 ,su* are ^? celebrat$ ,primitive ,m\nta9s :i* trav]se our cont95ts 9 diff]5t directions1 rais+ !mselves above ! cl\ds1 sep>at+ ! bas9s ( riv]s f "o ano!r1 af=d+1 9 _! p]5nial sn[s1 res]voirs :i* fe$ ! spr+s1 & =m+1 9 "s measure1 ! skeleton1 & z x 7 ! r\gh framework1 ( ! ,e>?4 ,! eye p]ceives f af>1 9 ! ind5tations ) :i* _! ridge has be5 m>k$1 & 9 ! %>p peaks ) :i* x is bri/l$1 indications ( ! viol5t mann] 9 :i* !y h be5 elevat$4 ,_! appe>ance1 9 ?is respect1 is v diff]5t f t ( ^? r\nd$ m\nta9s1 & hills ) long flat surfaces1 ^: less anci5t masses h always rema9$ 9 ! situation 9 :i* !y 7 quietly deposit$ by ! wat]s ( m rec5t seas4 ,^! indications become m obvi\s z we approa*4 ,! valleys h no long] ^? g5tly-slop+ sides1 ^? sali5t & re-ent]+ angles correspond+ on ei!r side to ea* o!r1 :i* seem to d5ote ! b$s ( anci5t /reams4 ,!y wid5 & !y contract )\t any g5]al rule2 _! wat]s1 at "o "t1 exp& into lakes2 at ano!r1 fall 9 torr5ts2 & sometimes _! rocks1 sudd5ly approa*+ f ea* side1 =m transv]se dikes1 ov] :i* ! wat]s tumble 9 cat>acts4 ,! dissev]$ /rata1 :ile !y %ew on "o side _! edges p]p5dicul>ly rais$1 on ! o!r pres5t l>ge portions ( _! surface ly+ obliquely2 !y d n correspond 9 height1 b ^? :i*1 on "o side1 =m ! summit ( ! cliff1 (t5 dip und]nea? on ! o!r1 & are no long] visible4 ,yet1 amid/ all ?is confusion1 di/+ui%$ naturali/s h be5 able to demon/rate1 t !re /ill reigns a c]ta9 ord]1 & t ^? imm5se deposits1 brok5 & ov]turn$ ?\gh !y be1 obs]ve a regul> succession ) reg>d to ea* o!r1 :i* is ne>ly ! same 9 all ! great m\nta9 *a9s4 ,accord+ to !m1 ,granite1 ( :i* ! c5tral ridges ( ! great] numb] ( ^! *a9s consi/1 & :i* ?us surm\nts e o!r rock1 is also ! rock :i* is f\nd deepe/ 9 ! solid cru/ ( ! globe4 ,x is ! mo/ anci5t ( ^? :i* we h f\nd means ( exam9+ 9 ! place assign$ !m by nature2 & we inquire n at pres5t1 :e!r x owes its orig9 to a g5]al fluid1 :i* =m]ly held e ?+ 9 solution1 or may h be5 ! fir/ consolidat$ by ! cool+ ( a great mass 9 fusion1 or ev5 9 a /ate ( vap\r#e4 ,foliat$ rocks re/ ^u its sides1 & =m ! lat]al ridges ( ^! great *a9s2 s*i/s1 porphyries1 s&/ones1 & talcose rocks1 int]m+le ) _! /rata2 la/ly1 granul> m>bles1 & o!r lime/ones de/itute ( %ells1 re/+ ^u ! s*i/s1 =m ! out] ridges1 ! l[] /eps z x 71 ! c\nt]=ts1 ( ^! *a9s1 & are ! la/ =mations1 by :i* ?is unkn[n fluid1 ?is sea )\t inhabitants1 w\ld seem to h prep>$ mat]ials = ! mollusca & zoophytes1 :i* 7 pres5tly to deposite ^u ^! f\ndations va/ heaps ( _! %ells & corals4 ,we ev5 f9d ! fir/ productions ( ^! mollusca & zoophytes appe>+ 9 small numb]s1 & scatt]$ at great] or less di/ances1 9 ! la/ /rata ( ^! primitive =mations1 or 9 t portion ( ! cru/ ( ! globe to :i* geologi/s h giv5 ! "n ( ,transition rocks4 ,"h & !re we meet ) b$s conta9+ %ells1 int]pos$ betwe5 c]ta9 granites ( lat] =mation ?an ! o!rs1 betwe5 s*i/s ( v>i\s k9ds1 & betwe5 "s new] b$s ( granul> m>bles4 ,life1 :i* 0 9 ! end to obta9 entire possession ( ! globe1 seems1 9 ^! primordial times1 to h /ruggl$ ) ! in]t nature :i* =m]ly pr$om9at$2 & x 0 n until a consid]able "t aft]1 t x obta9$ ! asc5dancy ov] x1 & acquir$ = itself ! exclusive "r ( cont9u+ & elevat+ ! solid envelope ( ! ,e>?4 ,h5ce1 x is impossible to d5y1 t ! masses :i* n[ con/itute our highe/ m\nta9s1 h be5 orig9ally 9 a liquid /ate2 & t !y h = a long "t be5 cov]$ by wat]s 9 :i* no liv+ be+s exi/$4 ,?us1 x has n be5 only s9ce ! appe>ance ( life t *anges h be5 op]at$ 9 ! nature ( ! matt]s :i* h be5 deposit$2 = ! masses =m$ previ\s to t ev5t1 h v>i$1 z well z ^? :i* h be5 =m$ s9ce4 ,!y h also exp]i5c$ viol5t *anges 9 _! position1 & a "p ( ^! *anges mu/ h tak5 place at ! p]iod :5 ^! masses exi/$ by !mselves1 & 7 n cov]$ ov] by ! %elly masses4 ,! pro( ( ?is lies 9 ! ov]turn+s1 ! disruptions1 & ! fissures1 :i* are obs]vable 9 _! /rata1 z well z 9 ^? ( m rec5t =mations1 & :i* are 9 ! anci5t /rata ev5 9 great] numb] & bett] def9$4 ,b ^! primitive masses h also und]gone o!r revolutions s9ce ! =mation ( ! second>y /rata1 & h1 p]haps1 giv5 rise to1 or at lea/ h p>tak5 (1 "s ( ^? *anges :i* ^! /rata !mselves h exp]i5c$4 ,!re are actually consid]able portions ( ! primitive =mations uncov]$1 al?\gh plac$ 9 l[] situations ?an _m ( ! second>y =mations2 & we _c conceive h[ x %\ld h s happ5$1 unless ! primitive /rata 9 ^? places _h =c$ !mselves into view1 aft] ! second>y /rata _h be5 =m$4 ,9 c]ta9 c\ntries1 we f9d num]\s l>ge blocks ( primitive sub/ances scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( second>y =mations1 & sep>at$ by deep valleys1 or ev5 by arms ( ! sea1 f ! peaks or ridges f :i* !y mu/ h be5 d]iv$4 ,we mu/ necess>ily conclude1 !re=e1 ei!r t ^! blocks h be5 eject$ by eruptions1 or t ! valleys 7:i* mu/ h /opp$ _! c\rse7 did n exi/ at ! "t ( _! be+ transport$2 or1 la/ly1 t ! motions ( ! wat]s by :i* !y 7 transport$1 exce$$ 9 viol5ce any ?+ t we c imag9e at ! pres5t day#f4 ,"h1 !re=e1 we h a collection ( facts1 a s]ies ( epo*s1 ant]ior to ! pres5t "t1 ( :i* ! successive /eps may be p]fectly asc]ta9$1 al?\gh ! duration ( _! int]vals _c be def9$ ) precision4 ,!y are s _m fix$ po9ts1 :i* s]ve to regulate & direct our inquiries respect+ ?is anci5t *ronology4 ,exam9ation ( ! ,causes :i* act at pres5t on ! surface ( ! ,globe4 ,let u n[ exam9e ^? *anges :i* are tak+ place at ! pres5t day ^u ! globe1 inve/igat+ ! causes :i* /ill act 9 its surface1 & endeav\r+ to det]m9e ! possible ext5t ( _! effects4 ,?is portion ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,e>? is s mu* ! m important1 t x has long be5 consid]$ possible to expla9 ! m anci5t revolutions on its surface by means ( ^! /ill exi/+ causes2 9 ! same mann] z x is f\nd easy to expla9 pa/ ev5ts 9 political hi/ory1 by an acqua9tance ) ! passions & intrigues ( ! pres5t day4 ,b we %all pres5tly see1 t un=tunately ! case is diff]5t 9 physical hi/ory3--! ?read ( op]ations is "h brok52 ! m>* ( ,nature is *ang$2 & none ( ! ag5ts :i* %e n[ employs1 w\ld h be5 suffici5t = ! production ( h] anci5t works4 ,!re /ill exi/1 h[ev]1 f\r causes 9 full activity1 :i* contribute to alt] ! surface ( our cont95ts4 ,^! are1 ra9s & ?aws1 :i* wa/e d[n ! /eep m\nta9s1 & precipitate ! fragm5ts to _! bottoms2 runn+ wat]s1 :i* c>ry (f ^! fragm5ts1 & deposit !m 9 places :]e _! curr5t is abat$2 ! sea1 :i* und]m9es ! f\ndations ( elevat$ coa/s1 =m+ /eep cliffs1 & :i* ?r[s up great banks ( s& ^u ! l[ coa/s2 &1 la/ly1 volcanoes1 :i* pi]ce ?r\gh ! solid /rata f bel[1 elevate ^! /rata1 or spread ov] ! surface va/ quantities ( eject$ matt]#g4 ,( ,slips1 or ,fall+ d[n ( ! ,mat]ials ( ,m\nta9s4 ,9 e place :]e ! brok5 /rata pres5t _! edges on abrupt surfaces1 !re fall d[n to _! base1 e spr+1 & ev5 aft] e /orm1 fragm5ts ( _! mat]ials1 :i* are r\nd$ by roll+ ^u ea* o!r4 ,^! collect$ heaps gradually assume an incl9ation det]m9$ by ! laws ( cohesion1 & ?us =m1 at ! bottom ( ! cliff1 taluses1 ( great] or less elevation1 accord+ z ! fragm5ts :i* h fall5 are m or less abundant4 ,^! taluses con/itute ! sides ( ! valleys 9 all elevat$1 m\nta9\s regions1 & are cov]$ ) a ri* vegetation1 :5ev] ! fragm5ts f ! upp] p>ts beg9 to fall less abundantly2 b _! want ( solidity subjects !mselves also to slips1 :5 !y are und]m9$ by rivulets4 ,on ^! occasions1 t[ns1 & ri* & popul\s di/ricts1 are sometimes buri$ "u ! ru9s ( a m\nta92 ! c\rses ( riv]s are int]rupt$1 & lakes are =m$ 9 places :i* 7 be=e ! abodes ( f]tility & *e]fulness4 ,=tunately ^! great slips happ5 b seldom1 & ! pr9cipal use ( ^? hills ( debris1 is to furni% mat]ials = ! ravages ( torr5ts4 ,alluvial ,=mations#h4 ,! ra9s :i* fall1 ! vap\rs :i* are cond5s$1 & ! sn[s :i* are melt$1 ^u ! ridges & summits ( m\nta9s1 desc5d1 by an inf9ite numb] ( rills1 along _! slopes1 c>ry+ ) !m "s portions ( ! mat]ials ( :i* ^! slopes are compos$1 & trac+ slight furr[s by _! passage4 ,^! rills soon unite 9 ! deep] gutt]s ) :i* ! surface is m>k$1 run (f by ! deep valleys :i* int]sect _! bottom1 & ?us =m /reams & riv]s1 :i* c>ry back to ! sea ! wat]s x _h =m]ly suppli$ to ! atmosph]e4 ,on ! melt+ ( ! sn[s1 or :5 a /orm takes place1 ^! m\nta9 torr5ts become sudd5ly swoll51 & ru% d[n ! declivities ) a velocity proportion$ to _! /eepness4 ,!y da% viol5tly aga9/ ! bases ( ^? taluses ( fall5 fragm5ts :i* cov] ! sides ( all ! high valleys1 c>ry+ (f ! already r\nd$ fragm5ts ( :i* !y are compos$1 & :i* ?us become smoo!d1 & /ill f>!r poli%$1 by attrition4 ,b 9 proportion z !y rea* ! m level valleys1 :]e _! viol5ce is dim9i%$1 or :5 !y arrive at m exp&$ bas9s1 :]e _! wat]s are p]mitt$ to spread1 !y ?r[ out ^u _! banks ! l>ge/ ( ^? /ones :i* !y _h roll$ d[n4 ,! small] fragm5ts are deposit$ /ill l[]2 & no?+ rea*es ! great canal ( ! riv] except+ ! m9ute/ p>ticles1 or ! mo/ impalpable mud4 ,x (t5 happ5s1 also1 t be=e ^! /reams unite to =m great riv]s1 !y h to pass ?r\gh l>ge & deep lakes1 9 :i* _! mud is deposit$1 & f :i* _! wat]s come =? limpid4 ,! l[] riv]s1 & all ! /reams :i* desc5d f ! less elevat$ m\nta9s & hills1 also produce effects1 ^u ! di/ricts ?r\gh :i* !y fl[1 m or less analog\s to ^? ( ! torr5ts f ! high] m\nta9s4 ,:5 ^! riv]s are swoll5 by great ra9s1 !y attack ! base ( ! e>?y or s&y hills :i* !y meet ) 9 _! c\rse1 & c>ry _! fragm5ts to be deposit$ ^u ! l[] gr\nds1 & :i* are ?us1 9 "s degree1 rais$ by ea* succe$+ inundation4 ,f9ally1 :5 ! riv]s rea* great lakes or ! sea1 & :5 t rapidity1 :i* c>ri$ (f & kept 9 susp5sion ! p>ticles ( mud comes to cease entirely1 ^! p>ticles are deposit$ at ! sides ( _! m\?s1 :]e !y =m l[ gr\nds1 by :i* ! %ores are prolong$4 ,& if ^! %ores are su*1 t ! sea also ?r[s up s& ^u !m1 & ?us contributes to _! increase2 !re are creat$1 z x 71 prov9ces1 & ev5 entire k+doms1 :i* usually become ! mo/ f]tile1 & spe$ily ! ri*e/1 9 ! _w1 if _! rul]s p]mit human indu/ry to ex]t itself 9 peace4 ,=mation ( ,d[ns4#i ,! effects :i* ! sea produces1 )\t ! co-op]ation ( riv]s1 are mu* less b5eficial4 ,:5 ! coa/ is l[1 & ! bottom s&y1 ! waves pu% ! s& t[>d ! %ore1 :]e1 at e reflux ( ! tide1 x becomes p>tially dri$2 & ! w9d1 :i* almo/ always bl[s f ! sea1 drifts x ^u ! bea*4 ,?us are =m$ ^? hillocks ( s&1 nam$ ,d[ns1 :i*1 if ! indu/ry ( man does n fix !m by suitable plants1 move sl[ly1 b inv>iably1 t[>d ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry1 & ov]:elm fields & dwell+s1 because ! same w9d t raises ! s& ( ! bea* ^u ! d[n1 ?r[s t ( its summit 9 ! opposite direction f ! sea4 ,:5 ! nature ( ! s&1 & t ( ! wat] :i* is rais$ ) x1 are su* z to =m a durable cem5t1 ! %ells & bones1 ?r[n ^u ! bea*1 become incru/$ ) x4 ,pieces ( wood1 trunks ( trees1 & plants gr[+ ne> ! sea1 are envelop$ 9 ^! aggregates2 & ?us are produc$ :at might be d5om9at$ indurat$ d[ns1 su* z we see ^u ! coa/s ( ,new ,holl&1 & ( :i* a precise idea may be =m$ f ! description giv5 ( !m by ,p]on#aj4 ,=mation ( ,cliffs or ,/eep ,%ores4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! coa/ is high1 ! sea1 :i* is ?us prev5t$ f ?r[+ up any ?+1 ex]cises a de/ructive action ^u x4 ,its waves1 by sapp+ ! f\ndation1 cause ! sup]9cumb5t portion ( ! face ( ! cliff1 ?us depriv$ ( support1 to be incessantly fall+ d[n 9 fragm5ts4 ,^! fragm5ts are tumbl$ ab\t by ! bill[s1 until ! s(t] & m divid$ p>ts disappe>4 ,! h>d] portions1 f be+ roll$ 9 contr>y directions1 assume ! =m ( b\ld]s & pebbles2 & ^!1 at l5g?1 accumulate 9 suffici5t quantity to =m a ramp>t1 by :i* ! bottom ( ! cliff is protect$ aga9/ f>!r depr$ations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,su* is ! action ( wat] ^u ! solid l&2 & we see1 t x consi/s almo/ entirely 9 r$uc+ x to l[] levels1 b n indef9itely4 ,! fragm5ts ( ! great m\nta9 ridges are c>ri$ d[n into ! valleys2 _! f9] p>ticles1 toge!r ) ^? ( ! l[] hills & pla9s1 are borne to ! sea2 alluvial depositions ext5d ! coa/s at ! exp5ce ( ! high gr\nds4 ,^! are limit$ effects1 to :i* vegetation 9 g5]al puts a /op1 & :i*1 besides1 presuppose ! exi/5ce ( m\nta9s1 valleys1 & pla9s1 9 %ort1 all ! inequalities ( ! globe2 & :i*1 !re=e1 _c h giv5 rise to ^! inequalities4 ,! =mation ( d[ns is a ph5om5on /ill m limit$1 bo? 9 reg>d to height & horizontal ext5t2 & has no relation :atev] to t ( ^? enorm\s masses into ! orig9 ( :i* x is ! object ( geology to inquire4#aa ,depositions =m$ 9 ,wat]4 ,al?\gh we _c obta9 a precise k ( ! action ex]t$ by wat] )9 its own bosom1 x is yet possible to det]m9e its limits to a c]ta9 degree4 ,lakes1 pools1 m>%es1 & sea-ports1 into :i* rivulets dis*>ge _! wat]s1 m especially :5 ^! desc5d f ne> & /eep hills1 deposit l>ge quantities ( mud1 :i* w\ld at l5g? fill !m up entirely1 if c>e 7 n tak5 to clean !m out4 ,! sea also ?r[s quantities ( slime & s$im5t into h>b\rs & creeks2 into all places1 9 %ort1 :]e its wat]s are m tranquil ?an ord9>y4 ,! curr5ts also heap up at _! meet+1 or ?r[ out at _! sides1 ! s& :i* !y are cont9ually rais+ f ! bottom ( ! sea1 =m+ x into banks & %all[s4 ,/alactites4 ,c]ta9 wat]s1 aft] dissolv+ calc>e\s sub/ances by means ( ! sup]abundant c>bonic acid ) :i* !y are impregnat$1 all[ ^! sub/ances to cry/allize aft] ! acid has evaporat$2 &1 9 ?is mann]1 =m /alactites1 & o!r concretions4 ,!re are /rata1 confus$ly cry/alliz$ 9 fre% wat]1 :i* are suffici5tly ext5sive to be comp>$ ) "s ( ^? :i* h be5 deposit$ by ! anci5t sea4 ,! fam\s ,trav]t9e qu>ries ( ! neighb\rhood ( ,rome1 & ! rocks ( ! same sub/ance1 :i* are =m$1 & cont9ually v>i$ 9 figure1 by ! riv] ( ,tev]ona1 are g5]ally kn[n4 ,^! two modes ( action may be comb9$2 ! deposits accumulat$ by ! sea may be solidifi$ by /alactite4 ,?us1 :5 spr+s ab\nd+ 9 calc>e\s matt]1 or conta9+ "s o!r sub/ance 9 solution1 happ5 to fall into places :]e ^! deposits are =m$1 we !n f9d aggregates 9 :i* m>9e & fre%-wat] productions may be bl5d$4 ,( ?is description are ! banks 9 ! isl& ( ,guadel\pe1 :i*1 along ) human skeletons1 pres5t l& & sea %ells m+l$ toge!r4 ,( ! same nature also is ! qu>ry describ$ by ,saussure1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,mess9a1 9 :i* ! s&/one is se5 =m+ by ! consolidation ( ! s& ?r[n up by ! sea4 ,li?ophytes4 ,9 ! torrid zone1 :]e li?ophytes ( _m species ab\nd1 & are propagat$ ) great rapidity1 _! /rong trunks are int]wov5 & accumulat$ s z to =m rocks & reefs2 & ris+ ev5 to ! surface ( ! wat]1 %ut up ! entrance ( h>b\rs1 & lay frightful sn>es = navigators4 ,! sea1 ?r[+ up s& & mud ^u ! tops ( ^! %oals1 sometimes raises _! surface above its own level1 & =ms isl&s1 :i* are soon cov]$ ) a ri* vegetation4 ,incru/ation4 ,x is also possible1 t1 9 p>ticul> places1 l>ge quantities ( ! animals inhabit+ %ells1 leave _! /ony cov]+s :5 !y die1 & t ^!1 cem5t$ toge!r by slime ( great] or less consi/5ce1 or by o!r cem5t+ sub/ances1 =m ext5sive deposits or %ell banks4 ,b we h no evid5ce t ! sea c n[ incru/ ^? %ells ) a pa/e z compact z t ( ! m>bles1 ! s&/ones1 or ev5 ! co>se lime/one 7calcaire grossi]7 9 :i* we see ! %ells ( our /rata envelop$4 ,/ill less d we any :]e f9d ! sea deposit+ ^? m solid & m silice\s /rata :i* h prec$$ ! =mation ( ! %elly /rata4 ,9 %ort1 all ^! causes unit$1 w\ld n *ange1 9 an appreciable degree1 ! level ( ! sea2 nor raise a s+le /ratum above its surface2 & /ill less w\ld !y produce ! smalle/ hillock ^u ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t ! sea has und]gone a g5]al dim9ution ( level2 & pro(s ( ?is are said to h be5 discov]$ 9 "s p>ts ( ! %ores ( ! ,baltic4#ab ,b :atev] may be ! causes ( ^! appe>ances1 we are c]ta9 t !y are n g5]al 9 _! op]ation2 & t1 9 ! great] numb] ( h>b\rs1 :]e any alt]ation ( ! level w\ld be a matt] ( s mu* int]e/1 & :]e fix$ & anci5t works af=d s _m means ( measur+ its v>iations1 ! mean level ( ! sea is con/ant4 ,!re has1 !re=e1 nev] be5 a univ]sal l[]+1 nor a univ]sal encroa*m5t1 ( ! wat]s ( ! ocean4 ,9 "s places1 inde$1 su* z ,scotl&1 & v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 evid5ce has be5 ?\ght to h be5 f\nd1 t ! sea has ris51 & t x n[ cov]s %ores :i* 7 =m]ly above its level#ac4 ,volcanoes4 ,! action ( volcanoes is /ill m limit$1 & m local1 ?an any ( ^? :i* h yet be5 m5tion$4 ,al?\gh we h no precise idea ( ! means by :i* nature keeps up ^! viol5t fires at su* great dep?s1 we c judge decid$ly1 by _! effects1 ( ! *anges :i* !y may h produc$ at ! surface ( ! globe4 ,aft] a volcano has ann\nc$ itself1 by "s %ocks ( an e>?quake1 x =ms = itself an op5+4 ,/ones & a%es are ?r[n to a great di/ance1 & lava is vomit$ =?4 ,! m fluid "p ( ! lava fl[s 9 long /reams1 :ile ! less fluid portion /ops at ! edges ( ! op5+1 raises its m>g9s all r\nd1 & =ms a cone1 t]m9at$ by a crat]4 ,?us volcanoes accumulate ^u ! surface matt]s :i* 7 previ\sly buri$ 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 aft] modify+ _! nature1 & raise !mselves into m\nta9s4 ,by ^! means1 !y h =m]ly cov]$ "s p>ts ( our cont95t1 & h also sudd5ly produc$ isl&s 9 ! middle ( ! sea4 ,b ^! m\nta9s & isl&s h always be5 compos$ ( lava1 & all _! mat]ials h und]gone ! action ( fire3 !y are dispos$ z matt]s %\ld be1 :i* h fl[$ f an elevat$ po9t4 ,volcanoes1 !re=e1 nei!r raise nor ov]turn ! /rata ?r\gh :i* _! ap]tures pass2 & if "s causes act+ f ^? dep?s h contribut$1 9 c]ta9 cases1 to raise up l>ge m\nta9s1 !y _c h be5 volcanic ag5ts ( ! same nature z ^? :i* exi/ at ! pres5t day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?us1 we repeat1 x is 9 va9 t we se>*1 among ! p[]s :i* n[ act at ! surface ( ! e>?1 = causes suffici5t to produce ! revolutions & cata/rophes1 ! traces ( :i* are exhibit$ by its cru/3 ,& if we h rec\rse to ! con/ant ext]nal =ces ) :i* we are z yet acqua9t$1 we %all h no great] success4 ,con/ant ,a/ronomical ,causes4 ,! pole ( ! e>? moves 9 a circle ar\nd ! pole ( ! ecliptic1 & its axis is m or less incl9$ to ! plane ( ! ecliptic2 b ^! two motions1 ! causes ( :i* are n[ asc]ta9$1 are mu* too limit$ = ! production ( effects l ^? ^: magnitude we h j be5 /at+4 ,at any rate1 _! excessive sl[ness w\ld r5d] !m altoge!r inadequate to acc\nt = cata/rophes :i*1 z we h %ewn1 mu/ h be5 sudd54 ,! same reason+ applies to all o!r sl[ motions :i* h be5 conceiv$ z causes ( ! revolutions 9 "q1 *os5 d\btless 9 ! hope t _! exi/5ce c\ld n be d5i$1 because x might always be easy to hold out t _! v sl[ness r5d]$ !m imp]ceptible4 ,b :e!r !y be true or n is ( little importance1 = !y expla9 no?+1 z no cause act+ sl[ly c\ld h produc$ sudd5 effects4 ,admitt+ t !re has be5 a gradual dim9ution ( ! wat]s2 t ! sea has transport$ solid matt]s 9 all directions2 t ! temp]ature ( ! globe is ei!r dim9i%+ or increas+2--none ( ^! causes c\ld h ov]turn$ our /rata2 envelop$ 9 ice l>ge animals1 ) _! fle% & sk92 laid dry m>9e te/acea1 ! %ells ( :i* are1 at ! pres5t day1 z well pres]v$ z if !y _h be5 drawn up alive f ! sea2 &1 la/ly1 de/roy$ num]\s species1 & ev5 entire g5]a4 ,^! consid]ations h /ruck mo/ naturali/s2 & among ^? :o h endeav\r$ to expla9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! globe1 h>dly any "o has attribut$ x entirely to ! ag5cy ( sl[ causes1 /ill less to causes op]at+ "u our eyes4 ,! necessity to :i* !y are ?us r$uc$1 ( seek+ = causes diff]5t f ^? :i* we see act+ at ! pres5t day1 is ! v circum/ance t has =c$ !m to make s _m extraord9>y suppositions1 & to lose !mselves 9 s _m errone\s & contradictory speculations1 t ! v "n ( _! sci5ce1 z ,i h else:]e rem>k$1 has long be5 a subject ( ridicule to prejudic$ p]sons1 :o h only look$ to ! sy/ems :i* x has be5 ! means ( hat*+1 & h =gott5 ! ext5sive & important s]ies ( au!ntic facts :i* x has br\ght to light#ad4 ,old] ,sy/ems ( ,geologi/s4 ,dur+ a long "t1 two ev5ts or epo*s only1 ! ,creation & ! ,deluge1 7 admitt$ z compreh5d+ ! *anges :i* h be5 op]at$ ^u ! globe2 & all ! ef=ts ( geologi/s 7 direct$ to acc\nt = ! pres5t exi/+ /ate ( ?+s1 by imag9+ a c]ta9 orig9al /ate1 aft]w>ds modifi$ by ! deluge1 ( :i* also1 z to its causes1 its op]ations1 & its effects1 ea* ent]ta9$ 8 own !ory4 ,?us1 accord+ to "o#ae1 ! e>? 0 at fir/ inve/$ ) an uni=m light cru/1 :i* cov]$ ! abyss ( ! sea2 & :i* be+ brok5 up = ! production ( ! deluge1 =m$ ! m\nta9s by its fragm5ts4 ,accord+ to ano!r#af1 ! deluge 0 occasion$ by a mom5t>y susp5sion ( cohesion among ! p>ticles ( m9]al bodies2 ! :ole mass ( ! globe 0 dissolv$1 & ! pa/e ?us =m$ became p5etrat$ ) %ells4 ,accord+ to a ?ird#ag1 ,god rais$ up ! m\nta9s = ! purpose ( all[+ ! wat]s1 :i* _h produc$ ! deluge1 to run (f2 & select$ ^? places 9 :i* !re 0 ! greate/ quantity ( rocks1 )\t :i* ! m\nta9s c\ld n h support$ !mselves4 ,a f\r?#ah creat$ ! e>? f ! atmosph]e ( "o comet1 & delug$ x by ! tail ( ano!r3 ,! heat :i* x reta9$ f its orig91 0 :at1 9 8 op9ion1 excit$ ! :ole ( ! liv+ be+s ^u x to s92 = :i* !y 7 all dr[n$1 except+ ! fi%es1 ^: passions 7 app>5tly less vehem5t4 ,x is evid5t1 t1 ev5 :ile conf9$ )9 ! limits prescrib$ by ! ,book ( ,g5esis1 naturali/s might /ill h a pretty wide range3 !y soon f\nd !mselves1 h[ev]1 9 too n>r[ b\nds2 & :5 !y _h succe$$ 9 conv]t+ ! six days ( creation into s _m indef9ite p]iods1 ! lapse ( ages no long] =m+ an ob/acle to _! views1 _! sy/ems took a flight proportion$ to ! p]iods :i* !y c\ld !n dispose ( at pleasure4 ,ev5 ! great ,leibnitz amus$ himself1 l ,desc>tes1 by conceiv+ ! e>? to be an ext+ui%$ sun#ai1 a vitrifi$ globe1 ^u :i* ! vap\rs fall+ d[n aga91 aft] x _h cool$1 =m$ seas1 :i* aft]w>ds deposit$ ! lime/one =mations4 ,by ,demaillet ! :ole globe 0 conceiv$ to h be5 cov]$ ) wat] = _m ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,he suppos$ ?is wat] _h gradually retir$2 t all ! l& animals 7 orig9ally inhabitants ( ! sea2 t man himself comm5c$ 8 c>e] z a fi%2 & he ass]ts1 t x is n uncommon1 ev5 n[1 to meet ) fi%es 9 ! ocean1 :i* are /ill only half conv]t$ into m51 b ^: desc5dants w 9 "t become p]fect human be+s#bj4 ,! sy/em ( ,buffon is m]ely an ext5sion ( t ( ,leibnitz1 ) ! addition only ( a comet1 :i*1 by a viol5t bl[1 /ruck (f f ! sun ! liquefi$ mass ( ! e>?1 toge!r ) ^? ( all ! o!r planets at ! same in/ant4 ,f ?is supposition1 he 0 enabl$ to assume positive dates1 z1 f ! pres5t temp]ature ( ! e>?1 x c\ld be calculat$ h[ long x _h tak5 to cool d[n s f>2 &1 z all ! o!r planets _h come f ! sun at ! same "t1 x c\ld also be calculat$ h[ _m ages are /ill requir$ = cool+ ! great] ones1 & to :at degree ! small] are already froz5#ba4 ,m rec5t ,sy/ems4 ,9 our own times1 m5 ( /ill bold] imag9ations h ex]cis$ _! m9ds ^u ?is great subject4 ,"s writ]s h reviv$ & greatly ext5d$ ! ideas ( ,demaillet4 ,!y suppose t e ?+ 0 orig9ally fluid2 t ?is fluid gave exi/5ce to animals1 :i* 7 at fir/ ( ! mo/ simple k9d1 su* z ! monads & o!r infusory & microscopic species2 t1 9 process ( "t1 & by assum+ diff]5t habits1 ! races ( animals became complicat$1 & assum$ t div]sity ( nature & "* 9 :i* !y n[ appe>4 ,by means ( ^? v>i\s races ( animals1 "p ( ! wat]s ( ! sea h gradually be5 conv]t$ into calc>e\s e>?2 :ile ! vegetables1 conc]n+ ! orig9 & metamorphoses ( :i* ^! writ]s are totally sil5t1 h1 on _! "p1 conv]t$ a portion ( ! same wat] into clay3 ,^! two e>?s1 on be+ /ripp$ ( ! *>act]s :i* life _h impress$ ^u !m1 are resolv$1 by a f9al analysis1 into silex2 & h5ce ! reason t ! olde/ m\nta9s are m silice\s ?an ! re/4 ,all ! solid p>ts ( ! e>?1 !re=e1 owe _! exi/5ce to life1 &1 )\t life1 ! globe w\ld /ill be entirely liquid#bb4 ,o!r writ]s h pref]r$ ! ideas ( ,kepl]1 &1 l t great a/ronom]1 h consid]$ ! globe itself z possess$ ( vital faculties4 ,accord+ to !m a vital fluid circulates 9 x2 a process ( assimilation goes on 9 x1 z well z 9 animat$ bodies2 e p>ticle ( x is alive2 x possesses in/9ct & volition1 ev5 to ! mo/ elem5t>y molecules1 :i* attract & repel ea* o!r accord+ to sympa?ies & antipa?ies4 ,ea* k9d ( m9]al has ! p[] ( conv]t+ imm5se masses into its own nature1 z we conv]t our food into fle% & blood4 ,! m\nta9s are ! respiratory organs ( ! globe1 & ! s*i/s its organs ( secretion2 x is by ^! latt] t x decomposes ! wat] ( ! sea1 9 ord] to produce ! matt]s eject$ by volcanoes4 ,! ve9s are c>i\s sores1 abscesses ( ! m9]al k+dom2 & ! metals are products ( rott5ness & disease1 :i* is ! reason t almo/ all ( !m h s bad a smell#bc4 ,m rec5tly /ill1 a philosophy1 :i* sub/itutes metaphor = reason+1 & proce$s on ! sy/em ( absolute id5tity or ( pan!ism1 attributes ! production ( all ph5om5a1 or :i*1 9 ! eyes ( its support]s1 is ! same ?+1 all be+s1 to pol>ization1 su* z is manife/$ by ! two electricities2 & d5om9at+ e k9d ( opposition or diff]5ce1 :e!r ( situation1 ( nature1 or ( function1 by ! title ( ,pol>isation1 opposes to ea* o!r1 9 ! fir/ place1 ,god & ! univ]se2 !n1 9 ! univ]se1 ! sun & ! planets2 next1 9 ea* planet1 ! solid & ! liquid2 &1 pursu+ ?is c\rse1 *ang+ its figures & allegories accord+ to its necessities1 at l5g? arrives at ! la/ details ( organic species#bd4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$1 t ^! are :at may be t]m$ extreme examples1 & t all geologi/s h n c>ri$ ! extravagance ( _! conceptions to su* a l5g? z ^? :i* we h j cit$4 ,yet1 among ^? :o h proce$$ ) m caution1 & h n se>*$ = geological causes beyond ! limits ( physical & *emical sci5ce1 mu* div]sity & contradiction /ill prevail4 ,div]sities ( all ! ,sy/ems4 ,accord+ to "o sy/em1 e ?+ has be5 successively precipitat$ by cry/allization1 & deposit$ ne>ly z x exi/s at pres5t2 b ! sea1 :i* cov]$ all1 has gradually retir$#be4 ,accord+ to ano!r1 ! mat]ials ( :i* ! m\nta9s consi/1 are incessantly worn d[n & c>ri$ (f by ! riv]s to be deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 :]e !y are heat$ "u an enorm\s pressure1 & =m /rata1 :i* are "o day to be viol5tly lift$ up by ! heat :i* consolidates !m#bf4 ,a ?ird supposes ! fluid divid$ into a multitude ( lakes1 plac$1 l ! seats ( an amphi!atre1 above ea* o!r1 :i*1 aft] hav+ deposit$ our %elly /rata1 h successively brok5 _! dikes1 to desc5d & fill ! bas9 ( ! ocean#bg4 ,accord+ to a f\r?1 tides ( sev5 or eight hundr$ fa?oms dep? h c>ri$ (f1 f "t to "t1 ! matt] ly+ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & h ?r[n x1 9 ! =m ( m\nta9s & hills1 ^u ! orig9al valleys or pla9s ( ! cont95t#bh4 ,a fif? makes ! v>i\s fragm5ts ( :i* ! e>? is compos$1 fall successively f heav51 9 ! mann] ( meteoric /ones1 be>+ ! impress ( _! =eign orig9 9 ! unkn[n be+s ^: rema9s !y conta9#bi4 ,a six? repres5ts ! globe z holl[1 & places )9 x a load/one nucleus1 :i* is transport$ f "o pole to ! o!r1 by ! attraction ( comets1 c>ry+ along ) x ! c5tre ( gravity1 & ! mass ( wat]s at ! surface2 ?us alt]nately dr[n+ ! two hemisph]es#cj4 ,we might m5tion tw5ty o!r sy/ems1 z diff]5t f "o ano!r z ^? enum]at$4 ,& to prev5t mi/ake1 we may "h /ate1 t our int5tion is n capti\sly to criticize or f9d fault ) _! au?ors2 on ! contr>y1 we admit t ^! ideas h g5]ally be5 conceiv$ by m5 ( intellect & k1 :o 7 n ignorant ( facts1 sev]al ( :om _h ev5 travell$ ext5sively = ! purpose ( exam9+ !m1 & :o1 9 ?is mann]1 made num]\s & important additions to sci5ce4 ,causes ( ^! diff]5ces4 ,:5ce comes x1 !n1 t !re %\ld be s mu* contr>iety 9 ! solutions ( ! same problem1 t are giv5 by m5 :o proce$ ^u ! same pr9ciples8 ,may n ?is h be5 occasion$ by ! conditions ( ! problem nev] hav+ be5 all tak5 into consid]ation at once2 by :i* x has rema9$ hi!rto indet]m9ate1 & susceptible ( _m solutions1--all equally good1 :5 su* or su* conditions are ab/ract$2 & all equally bad1 :5 a new condition comes to be kn[n1 or :5 ! att5tion is direct$ to "s condition :i* _h be5 =m]ly neglect$8 ,nature & ,conditions ( ! ,problem4 ,to quit ! language ( ma!matics1 x may be ass]t$1 t almo/ all ! au?ors ( ^! sy/ems1 conf9+ _! att5tion to c]ta9 difficulties :i* /ruck !m m =cibly ?an o!rs1 h endeav\r$ to solve ^! 9 a mann] m or less plausible1 & h left unnotic$ o!rs1 equally num]\s1 & equally important4 ,= example1 ! only difficulty ) "o consi/$ 9 expla9+ ! *anges t _h tak5 place 9 ! level ( ! sea2 ) ano!r1 x consi/$ 9 acc\nt+ = ! solution ( all t]re/rial sub/ances 9 "o & ! same m5/ruum2 & ) a ?ird1 9 %ew+ h[ animals t 7 believ$ to be natives ( ! torrid zone c\ld live 9 ! frigid zone4 ,exhau/+ all ! p[]s ( ! m9d ^u ^! que/ions1 !y conceiv$ t !y _h done e ?+ t 0 necess>y :5 !y _h contriv$ "s me?od ( answ]+ !m2 & yet1 :ile !y neglect$ all ! o!r ph5om5a1 !y did n always ?9k ( det]m9+ ) precision ! measure & limits ( ^? :i* !y _h endeav\r$ to expla94 ,?is is peculi>ly ! case ) reg>d to ! second>y =mations1 :i* con/itute1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ important & mo/ difficult "p ( ! problem4 ,dur+ a long "t1 all t 0 done ) respect to ^!1 consi/$ ( feeble attempts to det]m9e ! ord] ( sup]position ( _! /rata1 & ! connections ( ^! /rata ) ! species ( animals & plants ^: rema9s !y conta94 ,are !re c]ta9 animals & plants peculi> to c]ta9 /rata1 & n f\nd 9 o!rs8 ,:at are ! species t appe> fir/ 9 ord]1 & :at ^? :i* succe$8 ,d ^! two k9ds ( species sometimes accompany ea* o!r8 ,are !re alt]nations 9 _! appe>ance2 or1 9 o!r words1 d ! fir/ reappe> a second "t1 & d ! o!rs !n disappe>8 ,h ^! animals & plants all liv$ 9 ! places :]e _! rema9s are f\nd1 or h !y be5 transport$ ?i!r f o!r places8 ,d !y all live at ! pres5t day 9 "s "p ( ! e>?1 or h !y be5 p>tially or totally de/roy$8 ,is !re any con/ant connection betwe5 ! antiquity ( ! /rata & ! resemblance1 or non-resemblance1 ( ! fossils conta9$ 9 !m to ! animals & plants :i* n[ exi/8 ,is !re any connexion1 9 reg>d to climate1 betwe5 ! fossils & su* liv+ be+s z resemble !m mo/8 ,may x be conclud$1 t ! transportation ( ^! liv+ be+s1 if su* a ?+ ev] happ5$1 has tak5 place f nor? to s\?1 or f ea/ to we/2 or 7 !y irregul>ly scatt]$ & m+l$ toge!r2 & c ! epo*s ( ^! transportations be det]m9$ by ! *>act]s :i* !y h impress$ ^u ! /rata8 ,:at c be said reg>d+ ! causes ( ! exi/+ /ate ( ! globe1 if no reply c be made to ^! que/ions1--if !re be no suffici5t gr\nds to det]m9e ! *oice betwe5 answ]+ 9 ! affirmative or negative8 ,x is b too true1 t1 = a long "t1 none ( ^! po9ts 0 satisfactorily det]m9$2 & sc>cely ev5 w\ld geologi/s seem to h _h any idea ( ! propriety ( cle>+ !m up be=e con/ruct+ _! sy/ems4 ,reason = :i* ! ,conditions ( ! ,problem h be5 neglect$4 ,! reason ( ?is /range proc$ure w be discov]$1 :5 we reflect1 t all geologi/s h hi!rto be51 ei!r m]e cab9et naturali/s1 :o _h !mselves paid little att5tion to ! /ructure ( m\nta9s1 or m]e m9]alogi/s1 :o _h n /udi$ 9 suffici5t detail ! innum]able v>ieties ( animals1 & ! inf9ite complication ( _! v>i\s p>ts4 ,! =m] ( ^! h only con/ruct$ sy/ems3 ! latt] h furni%$ excell5t obs]vations1 & h laid ! f\ndation ( true geological sci5ce2 b h be5 unable to complete ! edifice4 ,progress ( ,m9]al ,geology4 ,! purely m9]al "p ( ! great problem ( ! ,!ory ( ! ,e>? has be5 inve/igat$ ) admirable c>e by ,saussure1 & has be5 s9ce c>ri$ to an a/oni%+ degree ( developm5t by ,w]n]1 & by ! num]\s enlight5$ pupils ( 8 s*ool4 ,! =m] ( ^! celebrat$ m51 by a labori\s inve/igation ( ! mo/ inaccessible di/ricts1 cont9u$ = tw5ty ye>s1 9 :i* he exam9$ ! ,alps on all sides1 & p5etrat$ ?r\gh all _! defiles2 has laid op5 to our view ! entire disord] ( ! primitive =mations1 & has di/9ctly trac$ ! limits by :i* !y are di/+ui%$ f ! second>y =mations4 ,! o!r1 tak+ advantage ( ! num]\s excavations made 9 ! mo/ anci5t m9+ di/rict 9 ! _w1 has fix$ ! laws by :i* ! succession ( ! /rata are regulat$1 po9t+ out ! relative antiquity ( ^! /rata1 & trac+ ea* ( !m ?r\gh all its metamorphoses4 ,x is f him1 & f him alone1 t we date ! comm5cem5t ( real geology1 9 s f> z conc]ns ! m9]al nature ( ! /rata3 b nei!r he nor ,saussure h det]m9$ ! fossil organic species occurr+ 9 ea* k9d ( /ratum1 ) ! accuracy :i* has become necess>y1 n[ t ! numb] ( animals already kn[n is s great4 ,o!r naturali/s1 x is true1 h exam9$ ! ! fossil rema9s ( organis$ bodies2 !y h collect$ & figur$ !m by ?\s&s1 & _! works w s]ve z s _m preci\s collections ( mat]ials4 ,b1 consid]+ ^! animals & plants m ) ref]5ce to _! own nature1 ?an z connect$ ) ! !ory ( ! e>?2 or reg>d+ ^! petrifactions z curiosities1 r ?an z hi/orical docum5ts2 or1 la/ly1 cont5t+ !mselves ) practical explanations reg>d+ ! position ( ea* fragm5t1 !y h almo/ always neglect$ to inve/igate ! g5]al laws affect+ ! geological position ( organic rema9s1 or _! connection ) ! /rata4 ,importance ( ,fossil ,rema9s 9 ,geology4 ,& yet1 ! idea ( su* an inve/igation 0 v natural2 = x is abundantly obvi\s1 t x is to ^! fossil rema9s alone t we owe ev5 ! comm5cem5t ( a !ory ( ! e>?1 & t1 )\t !m1 we %\ld p]haps nev] h ev5 suspect$ t !re _h exi/$ any successive epo*s1 & a s]ies ( diff]5t op]ations1 9 ! =mation ( ! globe4 ,by !m alone we are1 9 fact1 enabl$ to asc]ta91 t ! globe has n always _h ! same ext]nal cru/2 because1 we are ?or\ghly assur$1 t ! plants & animals mu/ h liv$ at ! surface be=e !y _h ?us come to be buri$ deep b5ea? x4 ,x is only by analogy t we h be5 enabl$ to ext5d to ! primitive =mations1 ! conclusion :i* is furni%$ directly = ! second>y by ! organic rema9s :i* !y conta92 & if !re _h only exi/$ =mations 9 :i* no fossil rema9s 7 inclos$1 x c\ld nev] h be5 %ewn t ^! =mations _h n all be5 ( simultane\s orig94 ,x is also by means ( ! organic rema9s1 slight z is ! k we h hi!rto acquir$ ( !m1 t we h be5 enabl$ to discov] ! little t we yet "k respect+ ! nature ( ! revolutions ( ! globe4 ,f !m we h le>n$1 t ! /rata 9 :i* !y are buri$ h be5 quietly deposit$ 9 a fluid2 t _! v>iations h correspond$ ) ^? ( ! fluid 9 "q2 t _! be+ laid b>e has be5 occasion$ by ! transportation ( ?is fluid to "s o!r place2 & t ?is circum/ance mu/ h befall5 !m m ?an once4 ,no?+ ( all ?is c\ld h be5 kn[n ) c]ta9ty1 _h no fossil rema9s exi/$4 ,! /udy ( ! m9]al "p ( geology1 ?\gh n less necess>y1 & ev5 ( mu* m utility to ! practical arts1 is yet mu* less in/ructive ) ref]5ce to ! object ( our pres5t inquiry4 ,we rema9 9 utt] ignorance respect+ ! causes :i* h giv5 rise to ! v>iety 9 ! m9]al sub/ances ( :i* ! /rata are compos$4 ,we are ev5 ignorant ( ! ag5ts :i* may h held "s ( ^! sub/ances 9 solution2 & x is /ill disput$1 respect+ sev]al ( !m1 :e!r !y h ow$ _! orig9 to wat] or to fire4 ,aft] all1 philosoph]s are only agre$ on "o po9t1 :i* is1 t ! sea has *ang$ its place2 & h[ %\ld ?is h be5 kn[n1 unless by means ( ! fossil rema9s8 ,! organic rema9s1 !re=e1 :i* h giv5 rise to ! !ory ( ! e>?1 h1 at ! same "t1 furni%$ x ) its pr9cipal illu/rations2--! only ones1 inde$1 t h z yet be5 g5]ally ackn[l$g$4 ,x is ?is consid]ation :i* has enc\rag$ u to inve/igate ! subject4 ,b ! field is va/2 & x is b a v small portion ( x t c\ld be cultivat$ by ! lab\r ( a s+le individual4 ,x 0 necess>y1 !re=e1 to select a p>ticul> dep>tm5t2 & ! *oice 0 soon made4 ,! class ( fossil rema9s :i* =ms ! subject ( ?is "w1 engag$ our att5tion at ! v outset1 because x appe>$ to u to be t :i* is ! mo/ f]tile 9 precise results1 & yet1 at ! same "t1 less kn[n1 & ri*] 9 new objects ( rese>*#ca4 ,high importance ( ! ,fossil ,bones ( ,quadrup$s4 ,x is obvi\s1 9 fact1 t ! fossil bones ( quadrup$s mu/ lead to m accurate conclusions ?an any o!r rema9s ( organiz$ bodies1 & t = sev]al reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y indicate mu* m cle>ly ! nature ( ! revolutions to :i* !y h already be5 subject$4 ,%ells c]ta9ly ann\nce ! fact1 t ! sea has once exi/$ 9 ! places :]e !y h be5 =m$2 b ! *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 _! species1 :5 rigor\sly inquir$ into1 may h aris5 f slight *anges 9 ! nature ( ! fluid 9 :i* !y liv$1 or m]ely 9 its temp]ature4 ,!y may ev5 h be5 produc$ by causes /ill m accid5tal4 ,we c nev] be p]fectly assur$ t c]ta9 species1 & ev5 g5]a1 inhabit+ ! bottom ( ! sea1 & occupy+ c]ta9 fix$ spaces1 = a long] or %ort] "t1 may n h be5 driv5 away & supplant$ by o!r species or g5]a4 ,9 reg>d to quadrup$s1 on ! contr>y1 e ?+ is precise4 ,! appe>ance ( _! bones 9 /rata1 & /ill m ( _! entire c>cases1 ann\nces1 ei!r t ! /ratum itself :i* conta9s !m has1 at a =m] p]iod1 be5 laid dry1 or1 at lea/1 t dry l& mu/ h exi/$ 9 its neighb\rhood4 ,_! disappe>ance r5d]s x c]ta91 t ?is /ratum has be5 inundat$1 or t ! dry l& 9 "q has ceas$ to exi/4 ,x is f !m1 !re=e1 t we le>n ) p]fect c]ta9ty ! important fact ( repeat$ irruptions ( ! sea1 :i* ! %ells & o!r m>9e productions c\ld n ( !mselves h prov$2 & x is by a c>eful inve/igation ( !m1 t we may hope to asc]ta9 ! numb] & ! epo*s ( ^! irruptions4 ,secondly1 ,! nature ( ! revolutions :i* h alt]$ ! surface ( ! globe1 mu/ h ex]t$ a m p[]ful action ^u t]re/rial quadrup$s1 ?an ^u m>9e animals4 ,z ^! revolutions h consi/$ *iefly ( *anges 9 ! b$ ( ! sea1 & z ! wat]s mu/ h de/roy$ all ! quadrup$s :i* !y rea*$1 if _! irruption 0 g5]al1 x w\ld necess>ily h de/roy$ ! entire class2 or if x only ov]:elm$ c]ta9 cont95ts at "o "t1 x w\ld at lea/ h de/roy$ ! species peculi> to ^? cont95ts1 )\t hav+ ! same effect ^u ! m>9e animals4 ,on ! o!r h&1 millions ( aquatic animals w\ld h be5 left dry1 or buri$ "u newly-=m$ /rata1 or ?r[n viol5tly on ! coa/s2 :ile _! races w\ld /ill h be5 pres]v$ 9 "s m peaceful p>ts ( ! sea1 :5ce !y might aga9 be propagat$ aft] ! agitation ( ! wat]s _h ceas$4 ,?irdly1 ,?is m complete action is also m easily asc]ta9$4 ,x is m easy to demon/rate its effects1 because1 ! numb] ( quadrup$s be+ limit$1 & ! great] "p ( _! species1 at lea/ ! l>ge ones1 be+ kn[n1 we h m means ( det]m9+ :e!r fossil bones belong to !m1 or to a species t is n[ lo/4 ,z1 on ! o!r h&1 we are v f> f be+ acqua9t$ ) all ! te/ace\s animals & fi%es :i* inhabit ! sea1 & z we are /ill probably ignorant ( ! great] numb] ( ^? :i* live 9 deep wat]1 x is impossible to "k ) c]ta9ty1 :e!r a species :i* occurs 9 a fossil /ate1 may n /ill exi/ some:]e alive4 ,& h5ce1 we see naturali/s p]si/+ 9 giv+ ! "n ( pelagic %ells1 t is to say1 %ells inhabit+ ! op5 sea1 to ! belemnites1 cornua-ammonis1 & o!r te/ace\s rema9s1 :i* h hi!rto be5 f\nd only 9 ! old] /rata2 mean+ by ?is1 t if !y h n yet be5 discov]$ 9 a liv+ /ate1 x is because !y inhabit ! dep?s ( ! sea1 f> beyond ! rea* ( our nets4 ,small probability ( discov]+ ,new ,species ( l>ge ,quadrup$s4 ,naturali/s1 c]ta9ly1 h n yet explor$ all ! cont95ts1 nor d !y ev5 "k all ! quadrup$s :i* inhabit ! c\ntries t !y h explor$4 ,new species ( ?is class are discov]$ f "t to "t2 & ^? :o h n exam9$ ) att5tion all ! circum/ances belong+ to ^! discov]ies1 might also imag9e t ! unkn[n quadrup$s1 ^: bones are f\nd 9 our /rata1 may rema9 to ?is day conceal$1 9 "s isl&s n yet discov]$ by navigators1 or 9 "s ( ! va/ des]ts :i* occupy ! middle ( ,asia1 ,africa1 ! two ,am]icas1 & ,new ,holl&4 ,h[ev]1 if we c>efully exam9e :at k9ds ( quadrup$s h be5 rec5tly discov]$1 & 9 :at circum/ances !y h be5 f\nd1 we %all see t !re is little hope ( our ev] f9d+ alive ^? :i* h hi!rto be5 obs]v$ only 9 a fossil /ate4 ,isl&s ( mod]ate ext5t1 & at a consid]able di/ance f ! cont95ts or l>ge isl&s1 possess v few quadrup$s1 & ^!1 = ! great] "p1 ( dim9utive size4 ,:5 !y happ5 to conta9 any ( ! l>g] species1 ^! mu/ h be5 c>ri$ to !m f o!r c\ntries4 ,b\ga9ville & ,cook f\nd no o!r l>ge quadrup$s ?an hogs & dogs 9 ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s2 & ! l>ge/ species ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s 0 ! ag\ti4 ,x is true t ! great cont95ts1 su* z ,asia1 ,africa1 ! two ,am]icas1 & ,new ,holl&1 possess l>ge quadrup$s1 &1 g5]ally speak+1 conta9 species peculi> to ea*2 insomu*1 t :5ev] l>ge c\ntries ( ?is description h be5 discov]$1 :i* _! situation has kept isolat$ f ! re/ ( ! _w1 ! class ( quadrup$s :i* !y conta9$ has be5 f\nd entirely diff]5t f any t exi/$ else:]e4 ,?us1 :5 ! ,spani>ds fir/ p5etrat$ into ,s\? ,am]ica1 !y did n f9d a s+le species ( quadrup$ ! same z any ( ,europe1 ,asia1 or ,africa4 ,! puma1 ! jagu>1 ! tapir1 ! cabiai1 ! llama1 ! vicuna1 ! slo?s1 ! armadilloes1 ! opossums1 & ! :ole tribe ( sapaj\s1 7 to !m entirely new animals1 ( :i* !y _h no idea4 ,simil> circum/ances h recurr$ 9 our own "t1 :5 ! coa/s ( ,new ,holl& & ! adjac5t isl&s 7 fir/ explor$4 ,! v>i\s species ( kang>oo1 phascolomys1 dasyurus1 & p]ameles1 ! fly+ phalang]s1 ! orni?oryn*i & e*idn1 h a/oni%$ naturali/s by ! /rang5ess ( _! con=mations1 :i* pres5t$ proportions contr>y to all =m] rules1 & 7 incapable ( be+ arrang$ "u any ( ! sy/ems !n 9 use4 ,if !re yet rema9$ "s great cont95t to be discov]$1 we might /ill hope to become acqua9t$ ) new species1 among :i* !re might be f\nd "s hav+ m or less simil>ity to ^? ( :i* we h discov]$ ! rema9s 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,b x is suffici5t to ca/ a glance ov] ! map ( ! _w1 & see ! innum]able directions 9 :i* navigators h trav]s$ ! ocean1 9 ord] to be satisfi$ t !re rema9s no o!r l>ge l& to be discov]$1 unless x may be situat$ t[>ds ! ,s\? ,pole1 :]e ! exi/5ce ( life w\ld necess>ily be preclud$ by ! accumulation ( ice4 ,h5ce1 x is only f ! int]ior ( ! l>ge divisions ( ! _w1 t we c h any hope ( /ill procur+ quadrup$s hi!rto unkn[n4 ,b a little reflection w be suffici5t to conv9ce u1 t our expectations f ?is s\rce h z little f\ndation z f t ( ! isl&s4 ,d\btless1 ! ,european travell] _c easily trav]se va/ ext5ts ( c\ntries1 :i* are ei!r de/itute ( inhabitants1 or are peopl$ only ) f]oci\s tribes2 & ?is is m especially true ) reg>d to ,africa4 ,b !re is no?+ to prev5t ! animals !mselves f roam+ ov] ^! c\ntries 9 all directions1 & p5etrat+ to ! coa/s4 ,ev5 :5 !re may be great *a9s ( m\nta9s betwe5 ! coa/s & ! des]ts ( ! int]ior1 !y mu/ always be brok5 9 "s places to all[ ! riv]s to pass ?r\gh2 &1 9 ^! burn+ des]ts1 ! quadrup$s naturally foll[ ! banks ( riv]s4 ,! inhabitants ( ! coa/s also asc5d ^! riv]s1 & soon become acqua9t$ ) all ! rem>kable species :i* exi/ ev5 to _! s\rces1 ei!r f p]sonal obs]vation1 or by means ( int]c\rse ) ! inhabitants ( ! int]ior4 ,at no p]iod1 !re=e1 c\ld civiliz$ nations h frequ5t$ ! coa/ ( a l>ge c\ntry = any consid]able l5g? ( "t1 )\t ga9+ "s tol]able k ( su* ( ! animals :i* x conta9$ z 7 rem>kable = _! size or configuration4 ,?is reason+ is confirm$ by well kn[n facts4 ,al?\gh ! anci5ts nev] pass$ ! m\nta9s ( ,imaus1 or cross$ ! ,ganges1 9 ,asia2 &1 al?\gh !y nev] p5etrat$ v f> beyond ,m\nt ,atlas1 9 ,africa2 yet 7 !y1 9 reality1 acqua9t$ ) all ! l>ge animals ( ^! two divisions ( ! _w2 &1 if !y h n di/+ui%$ all ! species1 x 0 n because !y _h n se5 !m1 or he>d !m spok5 ( by o!rs1 b because ! mutual resemblances ( "s ( ^! species caus$ !m to be conf\nd$ toge!r4 ,! only important exception :i* c be oppos$ to ?is ass]tion1 pres5ts itself 9 ! ,tapir ( ,malacca1 rec5tly s5t home f ,india by two "y naturali/s1 pupils ( m9e1 ,messrs ,duvaucel & ,di>d1 & :i* 9 fact is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ discov]ies ) :i* ,natural ,hi/ory has be5 enri*$ 9 ^! latt] times4 ,! anci5ts 7 p]fectly acqua9t$ ) ! ,elephant2 & ! hi/ory ( t quadrup$ is giv5 m accurately by ,ari/otle ?an by ,buffon4 ,!y 7 n ev5 ignorant ( "s ( ! diff]5ces :i* di/+ui% ! elephants ( ,africa f ^? ( ,asia#cb4 ,!y knew ! two-horn$ ,rh9oc]os1 :i* has nev] be5 se5 alive 9 mod]n ,europe4 ,domitian exhibit$ x at ,rome1 & _h x /amp$ on 8 m$als1 :i* h be5 v well describ$ by ,pausanias4 ,! "o-horn$ ,rh9oc]os1 di/ant z 0 its c\ntry1 0 equally kn[n to !m4 ,pompey %ew$ "o at ,rome2 & ,/rabo has accurately describ$ ano!r :i* he saw at ,alex&ria#cc4 ,! ,rh9oc]os ( ,sumatra describ$ by ,mr ,bell2 & t ( ,java1 discov]$ & s5t home by ,messrs ,duvaucel & ,di>d1 d n appe> to inhabit ! cont95t4 ,h5ce1 x is n surpris+1 t ! anci5ts %\ld h be5 ignorant ( !m2 besides1 !y probably w\ld n h di/+ui%$ !m f ! o!rs4 ,! ,hippopotamus has n be5 s well describ$ z ! prec$+ animals2 yet v exact repres5tations ( x h be5 left by ! ,romans 9 _! monum5ts relative to ,egypt1 su* z ! /atue ( ! ,nile1 ! ,pale/r9e pavem5t1 & a great numb] ( m$als4 ,9 fact1 ?is animal 0 repeat$ly se5 by ! ,romans2 hav+ be5 exhibit$ by ,scaurus1 ,augu/us1 ,anton9us1 ,commodus1 ,heliogabalus1 ,philip1 & ,c>9us#cd4 ,! two species ( ,camel1 ! ,bactrian & ,arabian1 are bo? v well describ$ & *>act]iz$ by ,ari/otle#ce4 ,! ,giraffe1 or ,camelop>d 7,camel-,leop>d71 0 also well kn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,a live "o 0 %ewn at ,rome1 9 ! circus1 dur+ ! dictator%ip ( ,julius ,cs>1 9 ! ye> ( ,rome #gjh2 & t5 ( !m 7 exhibit$ toge!r by ,gordian ,,iii4 all ( :i* 7 kill$ at ! secul> games ( ,philip#cf1 a circum/ance :i* may well surprise ! mod]ns1 :o h only witness$ a s+le individual1 :i* 0 s5t by ! ,soldan ( ,egypt to ,laur5tius de ,m$icis1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & is pa9t$ 9 ! frescoes ( ,poggio-,cajano4 ,if we read ) att5tion ! descriptions ( ! ,hippopotamus1 giv5 by ,h]odotus & ,ari/otle1 & :i* are suppos$ to h be5 borr[$ f ,hecatu ( ,miletum1 we %all f9d1 t !y mu/ h be5 made up f two diff]5t animals1 "o ( :i* 0 p]haps ! true hippopotamus1 & ! o!r 0 assur$ly ! ,gn\#cg1 a quadrup$1 ( :i* our naturali/s beg9 to take notice only ab\t ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x is ! same animal ( :i* fabul\s acc\nts 7 giv5 by ,pl9y & lian1 "u ! "n ( catoblepas & catablepon#ch4 ,! ,e?iopian ,bo> ( ,aga?>*ides1 :i* is describ$ z hav+ horns1 is precisely ! ,e?iopian ,bo> ( mod]n times1 ! enorm\s tusks ( :i* des]ve ! "n ( horns ne>ly z mu* z ^? ( ! elephant#ci4 ,! ,bubalus & ,nagor are describ$ by ,pl9y#dj2 ! ,gazelle by lian#da2 ! ,oryx by ,oppian#db2 ! ,axis1 s e>ly z ! "t ( ,ctesias#dc2 & ! ,algazel1 & ,cor9ne1 are accurately figur$ ^u ! ,egyptian monum5ts#dd4 lian has well describ$ ! ,bos grunni5s or ,yak1 "u ! "n ( ! ox hav+ a tail :i* s]ves = a fly-flapp]#de4 ,! ,buffalo 0 n dome/icat$ by ! anci5ts2 b ! ,indian ,ox1 ( :i* lian speaks#df1 & :i* _h horns l>ge en\gh to hold ?ree amphor1 0 assur$ly t v>iety ( ! buffalo :i* is n[ call$ ! arnee4 ,& ev5 ! wild ox ) depress$ horns1 :i* is m5tion$ by ,ari/otle z inhabit+ ,ara*osia1 a prov9ce ( anci5t ,p]sia1 c\ld be no?+ else ?an ! common buffalo#dg4 ,! anci5ts 7 acqua9t$ ) ! hornless v>iety ( ! ox#dh1 & ) ! ,african ox51 ^: horns1 be+ only atta*$ to ! sk91 mov$ ) x#di4 ,!y also knew ! ,indian ox51 :i* equall$ ! horse 9 spe$#ej2 & ^? :i* 7 s small z n to exce$ a he-goat 9 size#ea4 ,nor 7 ! broad-tail$ %eep unkn[n to !m#eb1--nor ^? ( ,india1 :i* 7 said to be z l>ge z asses#ec4 ,al?\gh ! acc\nts left u by ! anci5ts1 respect+ ! ,auro*s1 ! ,re9-de]1 & ,elk1 are all m+l$ ) fable1 !y are yet suffici5t to prove t ^! animals 7 9 "s degree kn[n to !m1 b t ! reports :i* _h rea*$ !m1 _h be5 communicat$ by ignorant p1 & _h n be5 correct$ by a judici\s exam9ation#ed4 ,^! animals /ill inhabit ! c\ntries :i* ! anci5ts assign$ to !m2 & h only disappe>$ 9 su* ( !m z h be5 too mu* cultivat$ = _! habits4 ,! auro*s#ee & elk /ill exi/ 9 ! =e/s ( ,li?uania1 :i* 7 =m]ly cont9u\s ) ! great ,h]cynian ,=e/4 ,! =m] ( ^! animals /ill occurs 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,greece1 z x did 9 ! days ( ,pausanias4 ,! re9-de] inhabits ! sn[y regions ( ! nor?1 :]e x always _h its abode2 x *anges its col\r1 n at pleasure1 b accord+ to ! *ange ( ! seasons4 ,x 0 9 consequ5ce ( mi/akes sc>cely excusable1 t x 0 imag9$ to h occurr$ 9 ! ,pyr5ees 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury#ef4 ,ev5 ! ,:ite ,be> _h be5 se5 9 ,egypt :ile "u ! ,ptolemies#eg4 ,lions & ,pan!rs 7 common at ,rome1 :]e !y 7 pres5t$ by hundr$s 9 ! games ( ! ,circus4 ,ev5 sev]al ,tig]s 7 exhibit$ !re1 z well z ! ,/rip$ ,hy5a & ! ,crocodile ( ! ,nile4 ,9 ! anci5t mosaics pres]v$ at ,rome1 !re are excell5t repres5tations ( ! r>e/ ( ^! animals4 ,among o!rs1 ! /rip$ hy5a is se5 repres5t$ ) accuracy 9 a fragm5t pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,vatican2 &1 :ile ,i 0 at ,rome 9 #ahji1 a mosaic pavem5t1 compos$ ( natural /ones1 arrang$ 9 ! ,flor5t9e mann]1 0 discov]$ 9 a g>d5 beside ! triumphal ar* ( ,gali5us1 :i* repres5t$ f\r ,b5gal tig]s execut$ 9 a sup]ior mann]4 ,9 ! ,museum ( ! ,vatican1 !re is deposit$ ! figure ( a crocodile 9 basalt1 :i* is almo/ a p]fect repres5tation ( t animal#eh4 ,x _c 9 ! lea/ be d\bt$1 t ! ,hippotigris 0 ! ,zebra1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is only f\nd 9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,africa#ei4 ,x w\ld be easy to %ew t almo/ all ! m rem>kable species ( ,apes & ,monkeys h be5 di/9ctly indicat$ by ! anci5ts1 "u ! names ( ,pi!ci1 ,sph9xes1 ,satyri1 ,cebi1 ,cynocephali1 & ,c]copi!ci#fj4 ,!y ev5 knew1 & h describ$ sev]al species ( ,glires ( inconsid]able size1 :5 ^! animals pres5t$ any ?+ rem>kable 9 _! con=mation or prop]ties#fa4 ,b ! small species are ( no importance ) ref]5ce to ! object 9 view2 &1 x is suffici5t = our purpose to h %ewn1 t all ! l>ge species1 :i* possess any rem>kable "*1 & :i* we "k to inhabit ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa1 at ! pres5t day1 7 kn[n to ! anci5ts2 :5ce we may fairly conclude1 t _! sil5ce 9 respect to ! small quadrup$s1 & _! neglect 9 di/+ui%+ ! species :i* v ne>ly resemble ea* o!r1 z ! v>i\s species ( antelopes1 & ( "s o!r g5]a1 7 occasion$ by want ( att5tion & ignorance ( me?odical arrangem5t1 r ?an by any difficulty proce$+ f climate4 ,we may also conclude1 ) equal c]ta9ty1 t1 z ! lapse ( eighte5 or tw5ty c5turies1 toge!r ) ! advantages ( circumnavigat+ ,africa1 & ( p5etrat+ into ,india1 h add$ no?+ 9 ?is dep>tm5t to ! in=mation left u by ! anci5ts1 !re is no probability t succe$+ ages w add mu* to ! k ( our po/]ity4 ,b p]haps "s p]sons may be dispos$ to employ an opposite tra9 ( argum5t1 & to allege t ! anci5ts 7 n only acqua9t$ ) z _m l>ge quadrup$s z we are1 z has already be5 %ewn1 b t !y h describ$ sev]al o!rs :i* we d n n[ "k1--t we act ra%ly 9 consid]+ ^! animals z fabul\s1--t we ought to se>* = !m be=e conclud+ t we h exhau/$ ! hi/ory ( ! pres5t animal creation1--&1 9 f9e1 t among ^? animals :i* we presume to be fabul\s1 we may1 p]haps1 discov]1 :5 we become bett] acqua9t$ ) !m1 ! orig9als ( ^? bones ( unkn[n animals :i* we discov] buri$ 9 ! e>?4 ,"s may ev5 conceive1 t ^? v>i\s mon/]s1 :i* con/itute ! ess5tial ornam5ts ( ! hi/ory ( ! h]oic ages ( almo/ all c\ntries1 are precisely ^? v species :i* x 0 necess>y to de/roy1 9 ord] to all[ ! e/abli%m5t ( civilization4 ,?us ! ,!seuses & ,bell]ophons ( anci5t times _h be5 m =tunate ?an all ! nations ( our days1 :i* h only be5 able to drive back ! noxi\s animals1 b h nev] yet succe$$ 9 ext]m9at+ a s+le species4 ,inquiry respect+ ! ,fabul\s ,animals ( ! ,anci5ts4 ,x is easy to reply to ! =ego+ objection1 by exam9+ ! descriptions ( ^! unkn[n be+s1 & by inquir+ into _! orig9s4 ,! great] numb] ( !m h an orig9 purely my?ological1 & ( ?is orig9 _! descriptions be> unequivocal m>ks2 = 9 almo/ all ( !m we see m]ely p>ts ( kn[n animals unit$ by an unbridl$ imag9ation1 & 9 contradiction to all ! laws ( nature4 ,^? :i* 7 inv5t$ or arrang$ by ! ,greeks1 h at lea/ ! m]it ( possess+ elegance 9 _! composition4 ,l ^? arabesques :i* decorate ! rema9s ( "s anci5t build+s1 & :i* h be5 multipli$ by ! f]tile p5cil ( ,raphael1 ! =ms :i* !y comb9e1 h[ev] repugnant to reason !y may be1 pres5t agreeable cont\rs4 ,!y are ! fanta/ic productions ( playful g5ius2 p]haps emblematic repres5tations 9 ! ori5tal ta/e1 9 :i* 7 suppos$ to be conceal$ "u my/ical images c]ta9 propositions 9 metaphysics or 9 morals4 ,we may excuse ^? :o employ _! "t 9 attempts to discov] ! wisdom conceal$ 9 ! sph9x ( ,!bes1 ! pegasus ( ,!ssaly1 ! m9otaur ( ,crete1 or ! *im]a ( ,epirus2 b x w\ld be absurd to expect s]i\sly to f9d su* productions 9 nature4 ,z well might we se>* = ! animals describ$ 9 ! ,book ( ,daniel1 or = ! bea/ ( ! ,apocalypse4 ,nei!r may we look = ! my?ological animals ( ! ,p]sians1 creatures ( a /ill bold] imag9ation3 ! m>ti*ore1 or man-de/roy]1 be>+ a human head on ! body ( a lion1 t]m9at$ by ! tail ( a scorpion#fb2 ! griffon1 gu>dian ( treasures1 half eagle1 half lion#fc2 ! c>tazonon1 or wild ass1 arm$ ) a long horn on its =ehead#fd4 ,ctesias1 :o has describ$ ^! z real animals1 has be5 look$ ^u by _m au?ors z an inv5tor ( fables2 :]eas he has m]ely attribut$ an actual exi/5ce to emblematical figures4 ,^! imag9>y compositions h be5 se5 9 mod]n times sculptur$ ^u ! ru9s ( ,p]sepolis#fe4 ,:at !y 7 int5d$ to signify we %all probably nev] "k2 b ( ?is mu* we are c]ta91 t !y d n repres5t actual be+s4 ,aga?>*idas1 ano!r fabricator ( animals1 drew 8 in=mation 9 all probability f a simil> s\rce4 ,! anci5t ,egyptian monum5ts /ill furni% u ) num]\s fanta/ic repres5tations1 9 :i* ! p>ts ( diff]5t species are comb9$3 gods are (t5 figur$ ) a human body & ! head ( an animal1 & animals are se5 ) human heads2 ?us giv+ rise to ! cynocephali1 sph9xes1 & satyrs ( anci5t naturali/s4 ,! cu/om ( repres5t+ 9 ! same pa9t+ m5 ( v diff]5t sizes1 ( mak+ ! k+ or ! conqu]or gigantic1 ! subjects or ! conqu]$ ?ree or f\r times small]1 mu/ h giv5 rise to ! fable ( ! pigmies4 ,x 0 9 "s corn] ( "o ( ^! monum5ts t ,aga?>*idas mu/ h se5 8 c>nivor\s bull1 :i*1 ) m\? ext5d+ f e> to e>1 dev\r$ e o!r animal#ff4 ,c]ta9ly no naturali/ w\ld admit ! exi/5ce ( su* an animal2 = nature nev] comb9es ei!r clov5 ho(s or horns ) tee? adapt$ = dev\r+ animal food4 ,!re may p]haps h be5 _m o!r figures equally /range1 ei!r among su* ( ^! monum5ts z h n be5 able to resi/ ! ravages ( "t1 or 9 ! temples ( ,e?iopia & ,arabia1 :i* h be5 de/roy$ by ! religi\s zeal ( ! ,mahometans & ,abyss9ians4 ,! monum5ts ( ,india teem ) su* figures2 b ! comb9ations 9 ^! are too extravagant to h deceiv$ any "o4 ,mon/]s ) a hundr$ arms1 & tw5ty heads all diff]5t f "o ano!r1 are f> too absurd to be believ$4 ,nay1 ! inhabitants ( ,japan & ,*9a also h _! imag9>y animals1 :i* !y repres5t z real1 & :i* figure ev5 9 _! religi\s books4 ,! ,mexicans _h !m4 ,9 %ort1 !y are ! fa%ion among all nations1 :e!r at ! p]iods :5 _! idolatry has n yet be5 ref9$1 or :5 ! import ( ^! emblematical comb9ations has be5 lo/4 ,b :o w\ld d>e to affirm t he _h f\nd ^? productions ( ignorance & sup]/ition 9 nature8 ,& yet x may h happ5$ t travell]s1 influ5c$ by a desire ( mak+ !mselves fam\s1 might pret5d t !y _h se5 ^? /range be+s1 or t1 deceiv$ by a slight resemblance1 into :i* !y 7 too c>eless to enquire1 !y may h tak5 real animals = !m4 ,9 ! eyes ( su* p1 l>ge baboons or monkeys may h appe>$ true cynocephali1 sph9xes1 or m5 ) tails4 ,x is ?us t ,/ ,augu/9 may h imag9$ he _h se5 a satyr4 ,"s real animals1 inaccurately obs]v$ & describ$1 may h giv5 rise to mon/r\s ideas1 :i*1 h[ev]1 h _h _! f\ndation 9 "s reality4 ,?us1 we c h no d\bt ( ! exi/5ce ( ! hy5a1 al?\gh t animal has n its neck support$ by a s+le bone#fg1 & al?\gh x does n *ange its sex e ye>1 z ,pl9y alleges#fh4 ,?us1 also1 ! c>nivor\s bull is p]haps no?+ else ?an a two-horn$ rh9oc]os errone\sly describ$4 ,m4 de ,wel!im affirms ) probability1 t ! aurif]\s ants ( ,h]odotus are corsacs4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s among/ ^! fabul\s animals ( ! anci5ts1 is ! unicorn4 ,ev5 to our own "t p h ob/9ately p]si/$ 9 se>*+ = x1 or1 at lea/1 9 seek+ argum5ts to prove its exi/5ce4 ,?ree sep>ate animals are frequ5tly m5tion$ by ! anci5ts z hav+ only "o horn 9 ! middle ( ! =ehead4 ,! ,african oryx1 hav+ clov5 ho(s1 ! hair plac$ 9 ! contr>y direction to t ( o!r animals#fi1 equal 9 size to ! bull#gj or ev5 ! rh9oc]os#ga1 & said to resemble de] & goats 9 =m#gb2 ! ,indian ass1 hav+ solid ho(s2 & ! monoc]os1 prop]ly s call$1 ^: feet are sometimes comp>$ to ^? ( ! lion#gc1 & sometimes to ^? ( ! elephant#gd1 & :i* is !re=e consid]$ z hav+ divid$ feet4 ,! "o-horn$ horse#ge & "o-horn$ bull are d\btless bo? to be ref]r$ to ! ,indian ass1 = ev5 ! latt] is describ$ z hav+ solid ho(s#gf4 ,i w\ld ask1 ,if ^! animals exi/ z di/9ct species1 %\ld we n at lea/ h _! horns 9 our collections8 ,& :at s+le horns d we possess1 except+ ^? ( ! rh9oc]os & n>wal8 ,h[ is x possible1 aft] ?is1 to ref] to rude figures trac$ by savages ^u rocks#gg8 ,ignorant ( p]spective1 & wi%+ to repres5t a /raight horn$ antelope 9 pr(ile1 !y c\ld only give x a s+le horn1 & ?us !y produc$ an oryx4 ,! oryxes1 too1 t are se5 on ! ,egyptian monum5ts1 are probably no?+ m ?an productions ( ! /iff /yle1 impos$ ^u ! arti/s ( t c\ntry by _! religion4 ,_m ( _! pr(iles ( quadrup$s %ew only "o =e & "o h9d leg2 & ?is be+ ! case1 :y %\ld !y h %ewn two horns8 ,x may p]haps h *anc$ t individuals h be5 tak5 9 ! *ace1 :i* _h accid5tally lo/ "o ( _! horns1 z pretty frequ5tly happ5s to ! *amois & saiga3 & ?is w\ld h be5 suffici5t to confirm ! error produc$ by ^! repres5tations4 ,x is probably 9 ?is way t ! unicorn has rec5tly be5 report$ to be f\nd 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,?ibet4 ,all ! anci5ts1 h[ev]1 h n repres5t$ ! oryx z hav+ only "o horn4 ,oppian expressly gives x sev]al#gh1 & lian m5tions oryxes :i* _h f\r#gi4 ,f9ally1 if ?is animal 0 rum9ant & clov5-ho($1 we "k assur$ly t its frontal bone mu/ h be5 longitud9ally divid$ into two1 & t x c\ld n1 z is v ju/ly rem>k$ by ,camp]1 h _h a horn plac$ ^u ! suture4 ,b x may be ask$1 ,:at two-horn$ animal c\ld h giv5 ! idea ( ! oryx1 & pres5t$ ! *>act]s :i* x is describ$ z possess+ ) reg>d to its con=mation1 ev5 indep5d5t ( ! notion ( a s+le horn8 ,to ?is ,i reply1 ) ,pallas1 t x 0 ! /raight horn$ antelope1 ! ,antilope oryx ( ,gmel91 improp]ly nam$ pasan by ,buffon4 ,x inhabits ! des]ts ( ,africa1 & mu/ approa* ! conf9es ( ,egypt4 ,x is ?is animal :i* ! hi]oglyphics appe> to repres5t4 ,its =m is ne>ly t ( ! /ag2 its size equals t ( ! bull2 ! hair ( its back is direct$ t[>d ! head2 its horns =m exce$+ly =midable weapons1 po9t$ l javel9s1 & h>d z iron2 its hair is :iti%1 & its face is m>k$ ) spots & /reaks ( black4 ,su* is ! description giv5 ( x by naturali/s2 & ! fables ( ! ,egyptian prie/s1 :i* h occasion$ ! ins]tion ( its figure among _! hi]oglyphics1 d n require to h be5 f\nd$ 9 nature4 ,suppos+1 !re=e1 t an individual ( ?is species _h be5 se5 :i* _h lo/ "o ( its horns by "s accid5t1 x might h be5 tak5 z a repres5tative ( ! :ole race1 & errone\sly adopt$ by ,ari/otle1 & copi$ by 8 successors4 ,all ?is is possible1 & ev5 natural1 & yet proves no?+ ) reg>d to ! exi/5ce ( a s+le-horn$ species4 ,9 reg>d to ! ,indian ass1 if we att5d to ! prop]ties ascrib$ to its horns z an antidote aga9/ poison1 we %all see t !y are precisely ! same z ^? :i* ! ea/]n nations attribute at ! pres5t day to ! horn ( ! rh9oc]os4 ,:5 ?is horn 0 fir/ import$ into ,greece1 ! animal to :i* x belong$ might /ill h be5 unkn[n4 ,9 fact1 ,ari/otle makes no m5tion ( ! rh9oc]os1 & ,aga?>*ides 0 ! fir/ :o describ$ x4 ,9 ! same mann]1 ivory 0 9 use among ! anci5ts long be=e !y 7 acqua9t$ ) ! elephant4 ,x is ev5 possible t "s ( _! travell]s might h giv5 to ! rh9oc]os ! "n ( ,indian ass1 ) z mu* propriety z ! ,romans d5om9at$ ! elephant ! bull ( ,lucania4 ,e ?+1 moreov]1 t is said ( ! /r5g?1 size1 & f]ocity ( ?is wild ass ( !irs1 corresponds v well ) ! rh9oc]os4 ,9 succe$+ times1 naturali/s1 :o _h n[ become bett] acqua9t$ ) ! rh9oc]os1 f9d+ ?is d5om9ation ( ,indian ass 9 ! writ+s ( au?ors :o _h prec$$ !m1 might h tak5 x1 f want ( prop] exam9ation1 = t ( a di/9ct animal2 & f ! "n1 !y w\ld h conclud$ ! animal %\ld h solid ho(s4 ,!re is1 inde$1 a full description ( ! ,indian ass giv5 by ,ctesias#hj1 b we h se5 above t x _h be5 tak5 f ! bas-reliefs ( ,p]sepolis1 & mu/ !re=e g = no?+ 9 ! real hi/ory ( ! animal4 ,:5 !re aft]w>ds appe>$ m exact descriptions ( an animal hav+ a s+le horn only1 b ) sev]al toes1 a ?ird species w\ld h be5 made out1 to :i* !y gave ! "n ( monoc]os4 ,^! d\ble ref]5ces appli$ to ! same species1 are m frequ5t among anci5t naturali/s1 because mo/ ( _! works :i* h come d[n to u 7 m]e compilations2 ev5 because ,ari/otle himself has frequ5tly m+l$ facts borr[$ f o!rs ) ^? :i* he _h obs]v$ himself2 & because ! habit ( critical exam9ation 0 !n z little kn[n among naturali/s z among hi/orians4 ,f all ^! reason+s & digressions1 x may be fairly conclud$1 t ! l>ge animals ( ! old cont95t ) :i* we are n[ acqua9t$1 7 kn[n to ! anci5ts2 & t ! animals describ$ by ! anci5ts1 & :i* are n[ unkn[n1 7 fabul\s4 ,x also foll[s1 t ! l>ge animals ( ! ?ree pr9cipal p>ts ( ! !n discov]$ _w c\ld n h be5 long 9 be+ kn[n to ! nations :i* frequ5t$ _! coa/s4 ,x may also be conclud$1 t no l>ge species rema9s to be discov]$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,if !re 7 any1 !re c be no reason :y we %\ld n be acqua9t$ ) x2 & 9 fact none has be5 discov]$ !re dur+ ! la/ hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,! tapir1 ! jagu>1 ! puma1 ! cabiai1 ! llama1 ! vicuna1 ! r$ wolf1 ! buffalo or ,am]ican bison1 ! ant-eat]s1 slo?s & armadilloes1 are z well describ$ by ,m>grave & ,h]n&ez z by ,buffon2 x may ev5 be said t !y are bett]1 = ,buffon has confus$ ! hi/ory ( ! ant-eat]s1 mi/ak5 ! jagu> & r$ wolf1 & conf\nd$ ! bison ( ,am]ica ) ! auro*s ( ,pol&4 ,p5nant1 x is true1 0 ! fir/ naturali/ :o cle>ly di/+ui%$ ! small musk ox2 b x 0 long be=e made m5tion ( by travell]s4 ,! clov5-foot$ horse ( ,mol9a1 has n be5 describ$ by ! e>ly ,spani% travell]s2 b its exi/5ce is m ?an d\btful1 & ! au?ority ( ,mol9a is too suspici\s to au?orise our adopt+ x4 ,x might be possible to *>act]ise m accurately ?an has be5 done ! diff]5t species ( de] belong+ to ,am]ica & ,india2 b ! case is ) respect to ^! animals z x 0 among ! anci5ts ) respect to ! antelopes2 x is ! want ( a good me?od = di/+ui%+ !m1 & n ( opportunities ( see+ !m1 t has left !m s imp]fectly kn[n to u4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be said1 t ! ,m\flon ( ! ,blue ,m\nta9s is ! only ,am]ican quadrup$ ( any consid]able size ( :i* ! discov]y is altoge!r mod]n2 & ev5 x is p]haps only an argali t may h cross$ ^u ! ice f ,sib]ia4 ,h[ %\ld x be ?\ght1 aft] ?is1 t ! huge ma/odons & gigantic mega!ria1 ^: bones h be5 discov]$ "u gr\nd 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 /ill exi/ alive on t cont95t8 ,h[ %\ld !y h escap$ ^? w&]+ tribes :i* cont9ually trav]se ! c\ntry 9 all directions1 & :i* are !mselves aw>e t ^! animals no long] exi/1 s9ce !y h inv5t$ a fabul\s acc\nt ( _! de/ruction1 alleg+ t !y 7 kill$ by ! ,great ,_s1 to prev5t !m f extirpat+ ! human race4 ,b x is evid5t t ?is fable has be5 occasion$ by ! discov]y ( ! bones1 l t ( ! inhabitants ( ,sib]ia ) respect to _! mammo?1 :i* !y pret5d to live "u gr\nd l ! mole1 &1 l all ^? ( ! anci5ts1 ab\t ! graves ( giants1 :o 7 ?\ght by !m to h be5 buri$ :]ev] ! bones ( elephants 7 discov]$4 ,?us x may safely be conclud$1 t if1 z we h j said1 none ( ! l>ge species ( quadrup$s ^: rema9s are at ! pres5t day f\nd 9 regul> m9]al /rata1 be> resemblance to any ( ! kn[n liv+ species1 ?is is n ! effect ( m]e *ance1 nor because ^? species ( :i* we possess no?+ b ! bones1 are /ill conceal$ 9 ! des]ts1 & h hi!rto elud$ ! obs]vation ( travell]s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ?is ph5om5on mu/ be reg>d$ z result+ f g5]al causes2 & its inve/igation may be consid]$ z af=d+ "o ( ! be/ means = discov]+ ! nature ( ^! causes4 ,difficulty ( det]m9+ ! ,fossil ,bones ( ,quadrup$s4 ,if ?is /udy is m satisfactory 9 its results ?an t ( o!r fossil rema9s ( animals1 x is also beset ) m num]\s difficulties4 ,fossil %ells usually pres5t !mselves 9 an entire /ate1 & ) all ! *>act]s requisite = comp>+ !m ) _! analog\s species1 pres]v$ 9 ! collections or figur$ 9 ! works ( naturali/s4 ,ev5 fi%es pres5t _! skeleton m or less entire2 ! g5]al =m ( _! body is almo/ always di/+ui%able1 & mo/ commonly1 also1 _! g5]ic & specific *>act]s1 :i* are drawn f _! solid p>ts4 ,9 quadrup$s1 on ! contr>y1 ev5 %\ld ! skeleton be f\nd entire1 x w\ld be difficult to apply to x *>act]s d]iv$1 = ! mo/ "p1 f ! hair1 ! col\rs1 & o!r m>ks :i* h disappe>$ previ\s to _! incru/ation4 ,x is ev5 excessively r>e to f9d a fossil skeleton approa*+ 9 any consid]able degree to a complete /ate4 ,! /rata1 = ! mo/ "p1 only conta9 sep>ate bones1 scatt]$ confus$ly1 & almo/ always brok51 & r$uc$ to fragm5ts2 & ^! con/itute ! only res\rces ( k to ! naturali/ 9 ?is dep>tm5t4 ,x may also be /at$1 t mo/ obs]v]s1 det]r$ by ^! difficulties1 h pass$ slightly ov] ! fossil bones ( quadrup$s2 h class$ !m 9 a vague mann]1 accord+ to sup]ficial resemblances1 or h n ev5 v5tur$ to assign !m a "n2 s t ?is "p ( ! hi/ory ( fossil rema9s1 al?\gh ! mo/ important & mo/ in/ructive ( all1 is1 at ! same "t1 t :i* has be5 ! lea/ cultivat$#ha4 ,pr9ciple by :i* ?is det]m9ation is effect$4 ,=tunately1 comp>ative anatomy possesses a pr9ciple1 :i*1 :5 prop]ly develop$1 enables u to surm\nt all ! ob/acles4 ,?is pr9ciple consi/s 9 ! mutual relation ( =ms 9 organis$ be+s1 by means ( :i*1 ea* species may be det]m9$1 ) p]fect c]ta9ty1 by any fragm5t ( any ( its p>ts4 ,e organis$ be+ =ms a :ole1--a peculi> sy/em ( its own1 ! p>ts ( :i* mutually correspond1 & concur 9 produc+ ! same def9itive action1 by a reciprocal reaction4 ,none ( ^! p>ts c *ange 9 =m1 )\t ! o!rs also *ang+2 & consequ5tly1 ea* ( !m1 tak5 sep>ately1 indicates & asc]ta9s all ! o!rs4 ,?us1 if ! inte/9es ( an animal are s organis$ z to be fitt$ = ! dige/ion ( fle% only1 & t fle% rec5t1 x is necess>y t its jaws be s con/ruct$ z to fit !m = dev\r+ live prey2 its claws = seiz+ & te>+ x2 its tee? = cutt+ & divid+ x2 ! :ole sy/em ( its organs ( motion1 = pursu+ & ov]tak+ x2 & its organs ( s5se = discov]+ x at a di/ance4 ,x is ev5 requisite t nature h plac$ 9 its bra9 ! in/9ct necess>y = tea*+ x to conceal itself1 & to lay sn>es = its victims4 ,su* are ! g5]al conditions :i* nature imposes ^u ! /ructure ( c>nivor\s animals2 & :i* e animal ( ?is description mu/ indisp5sably comb9e 9 its con/itution1 = )\t !m its race c\ld n subsi/4 ,b subord9ate to ^! g5]al conditions1 !re exi/ o!rs1 hav+ relation to ! size1 ! species1 & ! haunts ( ! prey = :i* ! animal is adapt$2 & f ea* ( ^! p>ticul> conditions1 !re result modifications ( detail 9 ! =ms :i* arise f ! g5]al conditions4 ,?us n only ! class1 b ! ord]1 ! g5us1 & ev5 ! species1 are f\nd express$ 9 ! =m ( ea* "p4 ,9 fact1 9 ord] t ! jaw may be able to seize1 x mu/ h a c]ta9 =m ( condyle2 t ! resi/ance1 ! mov+ p[]1 & ! fulcrum1 %\ld h a c]ta9 relative position 9 reg>d to ea* o!r2 & t ! temporal muscles %\ld be ( a c]ta9 size2 ! holl[ or depression1 too1 9 :i* ^! muscles are lodg$1 mu/ h a c]ta9 dep?2 & ! zygomatic ar*1 "u :i* !y pass1 mu/ n only h a c]ta9 degree ( convexity1 b x mu/ be suffici5tly /rong to support ! action ( ! masset]4 ,9 ord] t ! animal may be able to c>ry (f its prey1 x mu/ h a c]ta9 degree ( vig\r 9 ! muscles :i* elevate ! head2 :5ce !re results a det]m9ate =m 9 ! v]tebr f :i* ^! muscles take _! rise1 & 9 ! occiput into :i* !y are ins]t$4 ,9 ord] t ! tee? may be able to cut fle%1 !y mu/ be %>p-edg$1 & mu/ be s 9 a great] or less degree1 accord+ z !y h fle% m or less exclusively to cut4 ,_! base w be solid1 accord+ to ! quantity & size ( ! bones :i* !y h to break4 ,! :ole ( ^! circum/ances mu/ necess>ily influ5ce ! developm5t & =m ( all ! p>ts :i* contribute to move ! jaws4 ,9 ord] t ! paws may be able to seize ! prey1 !re mu/ be a c]ta9 degree ( mobility 9 ! toes1 & a c]ta9 degree ( /r5g? 9 ! claws1 f :i* !re w result det]m9ate =ms 9 all ! phalanges1 & a correspond+ di/ribution ( muscles & t5dons4 ,! =e-arm1 or cubitus1 mu/ possess a c]ta9 facility ( turn+1 f :i* !re w also result det]m9ate =ms 9 ! bones ( :i* x is compos$4 ,b ! bones ( ! cubitus be+ articulat$ to ! hum]us1 a *ange 9 ! proportions ( ! =m]1 w necess>ily induce a correspond+ *ange 9 ! latt]4 ,! %\ld]-bones mu/ h a c]ta9 degree ( firmness 9 su* animals z make use ( _! =e-legs = seiz+1 & f ?is !re mu/ also result a c]ta9 peculi>ity 9 _! =m4 ,! play ( all ^! p>ts w require c]ta9 proportions 9 all _! muscles1 & ! impressions made by ^! muscles s proportion$1 w det]m9e /ill m p>ticul>ly ! =ms ( ! bones4 ,x is easy to see t simil> conclusions may be drawn ) reg>d to ! po/]ior extremities :i* contribute to ! rapidity ( ! g5]al motions2 ) reg>d to ! composition ( ! trunk1 & ! =ms ( ! v]tebr1 :i* ex]t an influ5ce ^u ! facility & flexibility ( ^! motions2 &1 la/ly1 ) reg>d to ! =ms ( ! bones ( ! nose1 ( ! orbit1 & ( ! e>1 ! connection ( :i* ) ! p]fection ( ! s5ses ( smell1 sight1 & he>+1 is evid5t4 ,9 a ^w1 ! =m ( ! too? regulates ! =ms ( ! condyle1 ( ! scapula1 & ( ! claws1 9 ! same mann] z ! equation ( a curve regulates all its prop]ties2 & z1 by tak+ ea* prop]ty sep>ately = ! base ( a p>ticul> equation1 we f9d bo? ! ord9>y equation1 & all ! o!r prop]ties :atev]2 s1 ! claw1 ! scapula1 ! condyle1 ! femur1 & all ! o!r bones tak5 sep>ately1 give ! too?1 or are reciprocally giv5 by x2 & ?us1 by comm5c+ ) any "o ( ^! bones1 a p]son :o possesses an accurate k ( ! laws ( organic economy1 may recon/ruct ! :ole animal4 ,?is pr9ciple seems suffici5tly evid5t1 9 ! g5]al acceptation 9 :i* x is "h tak51 & does n require any full] demon/ration2 b :5 x comes to be appli$1 !re w be f\nd _m cases :]e our !oretical k ( ! relations ( =ms w n be suffici5t1 unless x be support$ by obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,= example1 we are well aw>e1 t ho($ animals mu/ all be h]bivor\s1 s9ce !y h no means ( seiz+ prey4 ,x is also evid5t1 t1 hav+ no o!r use to make ( _! =e-legs ?an to support _! body1 !y d n require a %\ld] s vigor\sly organis$ z t ( c>nivor\s animals2 !y h1 !re=e1 no acromion or clavicle1 & _! %\ld]-blades are n>r[4 ,hav+ also no occasion to turn _! =e-arm1 _! radius is unit$ to ! ulna by ossification1 or at lea/ articulat$ by a g+limus or h+e-jo9t1 & n by ar?rodia or ball & socket1 to ! hum]us4 ,_! food be+ h]bace\s1 w require tee? furni%$ ) flat surfaces1 = bruis+ se$s & plants4 ,! cr[n ( ! tee? mu/ also be unequal1 &1 = ?is purpose1 mu/ be compos$ ( p>ts alt]nately consi/+ ( bone & ( enamel4 ,tee? ( ?is /ructure necess>ily require horizontal motions to enable !m to triturate ! food2 & h5ce ! condyle ( ! jaw _c be s /rictly conf9$ )9 its articulat+ cavity z 9 ! c>nivor\s animals1 b mu/ be flatt5$1 & ?us correspond ) a m or less flatt5$ surface ( ! temporal bones4 ,fur!r1 ! temporal fossa1 :i* w only h a small muscle to conta91 w be n>r[]1 & n s %all[1 z t ( c>nivor\s animals4 ,all ^! circum/ances are d$ucible f ea* o!r1 accord+ to _! great] or less g5]ality1 & 9 su* a mann]1 t "s ( !m are ess5tial & exclusively peculi> to ho($ animals1 :ile o!rs1 al?\gh equally necess>y 9 ^! animals1 are n entirely peculi> to !m1 b may occur 9 o!r animals also1 :]e ! re/ ( ! conditions w p]mit _! exi/5ce4 ,if we proce$ to consid] ! ord]s or subdivisions ( ! class ( ho($ animals1 & exam9e :at modifications ! g5]al conditions und]go1 or r :at p>ticul> conditions are conjo9$ ) !m1 accord+ to ! respective *>act]s ( ^! ord]s1 ! reasons ( ^! subord9ate conditions beg9 to appe> less obvi\s4 ,we c /ill easily conceive1 9 g5]al1 ! necessity ( a m complicat$ sy/em ( dige/ive organs 9 ^? species :i* h a m imp]fect ma/icatory sy/em2 & h5ce we may presume1 t ^! latt] mu/ be r rum9at+ animals1 9 :i* !re is want+ su* or su* an ord] ( tee?2 & may also d$uce f ! same consid]ation1 ! necessity ( a c]ta9 =m ( ! sophagus1 & ( correspond+ =ms 9 ! v]tebr ( ! neck1 c4 ,b ,i d\bt :e!r x w\ld h be5 discov]$1 indep5d5tly ( actual obs]vation1 t ! rum9at+ animals %\ld all h clov5 ho(s1 & t !y %\ld be ! only animals hav+ !m2 t !re %\ld be horns on ! =e-head 9 ?is class alone2 or t su* ( !m z h %>p can9e tee?1 %\ld1 9 g5]al1 h no horns4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce ^! relations are con/ant1 we may be assur$ t !y h a suffici5t cause2 b z we are n acqua9t$ ) t cause1 we mu/ supply ! defect ( !ory by means ( obs]vation1 & 9 ?is way e/abli% empirical laws :i* become ne>ly z c]ta9 z ^? d$uc$ f rational pr9ciples1 :5 f\nd$ ^u obs]vations1 ! au!nticity ( :i* is prov$ by frequ5t repetition4 ,h5ce1 at ! pres5t day1 any "o :o obs]ves only ! pr9t ( a clov5 foot1 may conclude t ! animal :i* left ?is impression rum9ates2 & ?is conclusion is q z c]ta9 z any o!r 9 physics1 or 9 moral philosophy4 ,?is simple footm>k1 !re=e1 indicates at once to ! obs]v] ! =ms ( ! tee?1 ( ! jaws1 ( ! v]tebr1 ( all ! bones ( ! legs1 ?ighs1 %\ld]s1 & pelvis ( ! animal :i* _h pass$4 ,x is a sur] m>k ?an all ^? ( ,zadig4 ,t !re are secret reasons1 h[ev]1 = all ^! relations1 is :at obs]vation alone is suffici5t to %ew1 indep5d5tly ( any g5]al pr9ciples ( philosophy4 ,9 fact1 :5 we con/ruct a table ( ^! relations1 we rem>k n only a specific con/ancy1 if ! expression may be all[$1 betwe5 a p>ticul> =m ( a p>ticul> organ1 & "s o!r =m ( a diff]5t organ2 b we also p]ceive a classic con/ancy ( con=mation1 & a correspond+ gradation1 9 ! developm5t ( ^! two organs1 :i* demon/rate _! mutual influ5ce1 almo/ z well z ! mo/ p]fect d$uction ( reason4 ,= example1 ! d5t>y sy/em ( ! ho($ animals1 :i* are n rum9ant1 is 9 g5]al m p]fect ?an t ( ! clov5-foot$ or rum9at+ animals1 because ! =m] h ei!r incisors1 or can9e tee?1 & almo/ always bo? 9 ea* jaw2 & ! /ructure ( _! foot is 9 g5]al m complicat$1 because !y h m toes or claws1 or _! phalanges less envelop$ 9 ! ho(1--or a great] numb] ( di/9ct bones 9 ! metac>pus & metat>sus--or m num]\s t>sal bones--or a fibula m di/9ct f ! tibia--or1 la/ly1 t all ^! circum/ances are (t5 unit$ 9 ! same species ( animals4 ,x is impossible to assign reasons = ^! relations2 b we are c]ta9 t !y are n ! effects ( *ance1 because1 :5ev] a clov5-foot$ animal manife/s1 9 ! arrangem5t ( its tee? "s t5d5cy to approa* ! animals we n[ speak (1 x also manife/s a simil> t5d5cy 9 ! arrangem5t ( its feet4 ,?us ! camels1 :i* h can9e tee?1 & ev5 two or f\r incisors 9 ! upp] jaw1 h an additional bone 9 ! t>sus1 because _! scaphoid bone is n unit$ to ! cuboid1 & !y h v small ho(s1 ) correspond+ phalanges4 ,! musk animals1 ^: can9e tee? are mu* develop$1 h a di/9ct fibula along ! :ole l5g? ( _! tibia2 :ile ! o!r clov5-foot$ animals h only1 9 place ( a fibula1 a small bone articulat$ at ! l[] end ( ! tibia4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 a con/ant h>mony betwe5 two organs app>5tly hav+ no connection2 & ! gradations ( _! =ms pres]ve an un9t]rupt$ correspond5ce1 ev5 9 ^? cases 9 :i* we _c acc\nt = _! relations4 ,n[1 by ?us adopt+ ! me?od ( obs]vation z a supplem5t>y means1 :5 !ory is no long] able to direct our views1 we arrive at a/oni%+ results4 ,! smalle/ articulat+ surface ( bone1 or ! smalle/ apophysis1 has a det]m9ate "*1 relative to ! class1 ! ord]1 ! g5us1 & ! species to :i* x belong$2 insomu*1 t :5 "o possesses m]ely a well pres]v$ extremity ( a bone1 he c1 by c>eful exam9ation1 & ! aid ( a tol]able analogical k1 & ( accurate comp>ison1 det]m9e all ^! ?+s ) z mu* c]ta9ty z if he _h ! entire animal be=e him4 ,i h (t5 made trial ( ?is me?od ^u portions ( kn[n animals1 be=e repos+ full confid5ce ^u x1 9 reg>d to fossil rema9s2 & x has always prov$ s completely satisfactory1 t ,i h no long] any d\bts reg>d+ ! c]ta9ty ( ! results :i* x has af=d$ me4 ,x is true1 t ,i h enjoy$ all ! advantages :i* 7 necess>y = ! und]tak+2 & t my fav\rable situation1 9 ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory at ,p>is1 & assidu\s rese>* = ne>ly ?irty ye>s1 h procur$ me skeletons ( all ! g5]a & sub-g5]a ( quadrup$s1 & ev5 ( _m species 9 "s g5]a1 & ( sev]al v>ieties ( "s species4 ,) su* means1 x 0 easy = me to multiply my comp>isons1 & to v]ify 9 all _! details ! applications :i* ,i h made ( ! v>i\s laws d$ucible f su* circum/ances z h be5 /at$4 ,we _c "h ent] into a m l5g!n$ detail ( ?is me?od1 & mu/ ref] to ! l>ge "w on ,comp>ative ,anatomy1 9 :i* all its rules w be f\nd4 ,9 ! mean "t1 an intellig5t read] may ga!r a great numb] ( ^! f ! "w ^u ,fossil ,bones1 if he take ! tr\ble ( att5d+ to all ! applications ( !m :i* we h !re made4 ,he w see1 t x is by ?is me?od alone t we are guid$1 & t x has almo/ always suffic$ = ref]r+ ea* bone to its species1 :5 x 0 a liv+ species--to its g5us1 :5 x 0 an unkn[n species--to its ord]1 :5 x 0 a new g5us--& to its class1 :5 x belong$ to an ord] n hi!rto e/abli%$--& to assign x1 9 ! ?ree la/ cases1 ! prop] *>act]s = di/+ui%+ x f ! ne>e/ resembl+ ord]s1 g5]a1 & species4 ,be=e ! comm5cem5t ( our rese>*es1 naturali/s _h done no m ?an ?is ) reg>d to animals1 :i* !y _h ! opportunity ( exam9+ 9 _! entire /ate4 ,yet1 9 ?is mann]1 we h det]m9$ & class$ ! rema9s ( m ?an a hundr$ & fifty mammif]\s & ovip>\s quadrup$s4 ,view ( ! ,g5]al ,results ( ^! ,rese>*es4 ,consid]$ ) reg>d to species1 upw>ds ( n9ety ( ^! animals are mo/ assur$ly hi!rto unkn[n to naturali/s2 elev5 or twelve h s p]fect a resemblance to species already kn[n1 t ! slighte/ d\bt _c be ent]ta9$ ( _! id5tity2 ! o!rs exhibit _m traits ( resemblance to kn[n species1 b _! comp>ison has n yet be5 made ) suffici5t precision to remove all d\bts4 ,consid]$ ) reg>d to g5]a1 ( ! n9ety hi!rto unkn[n species1 !re are ne>ly sixty t belong to new g5]a4 ,! o!r species rank "u g5]a or subg5]a already kn[n4 ,x may n be )\t use1 also1 to consid] ^! animals ) reg>d to ! classes & ord]s to :i* !y belong4 ,( ! hundr$ & fifty species1 ab\t a f\r? "p are ovip>\s quadrup$s1 & all ! re/ mammif]a4 ,( ^! la/1 m ?an ! half belong to non-rum9ant ho($ animals4 ,not)/&+ :at has be5 done1 x w\ld /ill be premature to e/abli% ^u ^! numb]s any conclusion relative to ! !ory ( ! e>?1 because !y are n 9 suffici5t proportion to ! numb]s ( g5]a & species :i* may be buri$ 9 ! /rata ( ! e>?4 ,hi!rto ! bones ( ! l>g] species h be5 *iefly collect$1 ^! be+ m obvi\s to agricultural lab\r]s2 :ile ! bones ( ! small] species are usually neglect$1 unless :5 !y *ance to fall into ! h&s ( a naturali/1 or :5 "s p>ticul> circum/ance1 su* z _! excessive abundance 9 c]ta9 places1 attracts ! att5tion ev5 ( ! common p4 ,relations ( ! ,species ( ,fossil ,animals ) ! ,/rata 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,! mo/ important consid]ation1 t :i*1 9 fact1 is ! *ief object ( all my rese>*es1 & :i* e/abli%es _! legitimate connection ) ! ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 is to asc]ta9 9 :at /rata ea* species is f\nd1 & :e!r !re may be "s g5]al laws1 relative ei!r to ! zoological subdivisions1 or to ! great] or less resemblance ( ! species to ^? ( ! pres5t day4 ,! laws :i* h be5 recognis$ ) respect to ^! relations are v di/9ct & satisfactory4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is cle>ly asc]ta9$ t ! ovip>\s quadrup$s appe> mu* m e>ly ?an ! vivip>\s2 t !y are ev5 m abundant1 l>g]1 & m v>i$1 9 ! anci5t /rata ?an at ! surface ( ! globe1 z x exi/s at pres5t4 ,! ,i*?yosauri1 ! ,plesiosauri1 sev]al species ( ,tortoise1 & sev]al species ( ,crocodile1 are f\nd b5ea? ! *alk1 9 ! deposits commonly call$ ,jura =mations4 ,! ,monitors ( ,?ur+ia w\ld be /ill old]1 if1 accord+ to ! ,w]n]ian ,s*ool1 ! copp]-slate 9 :i* !y are conta9$1 along ) a great v>iety ( fi%es suppos$ to h belong$ to fre%-wat]1 is to be plac$ among ! olde/ b$s ( ! second>y =mations4 ,! enorm\s crocodiles & ! great tortoises ( ,mae/ri*t1 are f\nd 9 ! *alk =mation itself2 b ^! are m>9e animals4 ,?is e>lie/ appe>ance ( fossil bones seems1 !re=e1 already to indicate1 t dry l&s & fre% wat]s _h exi/$ be=e ! =mation ( ! *alk deposits4 ,b nei!r at ?is p]iod1 nor :ile ! *alk 0 =m+1 nor ev5 long aft]1 h any bones ( l&-mammif]a be5 encru/$2 or1 at lea/1 ! small numb] ( ^!1 :i* are alleg$ to h be5 f\nd 9 /rata ( ^! dates1 =ms b a trifl+ exception4 ,we beg9 to f9d bones ( m>9e mammif]a1 namely1 ( lamant9s & seals1 9 ! co>se %elly lime/one :i* cov]s ! *alk 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,p>is2 b !re are /ill no bones ( t]re/rial mammif]a4 ,not)/&+ ! mo/ assidu\s inve/igation1 ,i h n be5 able to discov] any di/9ct trace ( ?is class 9 any ( ! deposits prec$+ ^? :i* re/ ^u ! co>se lime/one4 ,c]ta9 lignites & molasses d 9 fact conta9 !m2 b ,i am v d\btful :e!r ^! deposits are all1 z is commonly suppos$1 ant]ior to t lime/one4 ,! places :]e ^! bones h be5 f\nd are s limit$1 bo? 9 ext5t & 9 numb]1 z to induce u to suppose "s irregul>ity1 or "s repetition ( ! =mation conta9+ !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! mom5t we arrive at ! deposits :i* re/ ^u ! co>se lime/one1 ! bones ( l&-animals pres5t !mselves 9 great abundance4 ,z x is reasonable to believe t %ells & fi%es did n exi/ at ! p]iod ( ! =mation ( primitive rocks1 we are also l$ to conclude t ! ovip>\s quadrup$s began to exi/ along ) ! fi%es1 & at ! comm5cem5t ( ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! second>y rocks 7 =m$2 b t ! l&-quadrup$s did n appe> ^u ! e>?1 at lea/ 9 any consid]able numb]1 till long aft]1 & until ! co>se lime/one /rata1 :i* conta9 ! great] numb] ( our g5]a ( %ells1 al?\gh ( species diff]5t f ours1 _h be5 deposit$4 ,x is rem>kable t ^? co>se lime/one /rata :i* are us$ at ,p>is = build+1 are ! la/ =m$ /rata :i* indicate a long & quiet cont9uance ( ! sea ^u our cont95ts4 ,above !m1 inde$1 !re are f\nd =mations conta9+ %ells & o!r m>9e productions2 b ^! consi/ ( collections ( transport$ matt]s1 s&1 m>ls1 s&/ones1 & clays1 :i* r indicate transportations t h tak5 place ) m or less viol5ce1 ?an /rata =m$ by tranquil deposition2 &1 if !re be "s rocky & regul> /rata ( pretty consid]able magnitude1 b5ea? or above ^! transport$ matt]s1 !y g5]ally exhibit indications ( hav+ be5 deposit$ f fre% wat]4 ,almo/ all ! kn[n bones ( vivip>\s quadrup$s1 !re=e1 h be5 f\nd ei!r 9 ^? fre%-wat] =mations1 or 9 ! alluvial =mations2 & consequ5tly !re is e reason to conclude t ^! quadrup$s h only begun to exi/1 or1 at lea/1 to leave _! rema9s 9 ! /rata ( our e>?1 aft] ! la/ retreat ( ! sea b "o1 & dur+ ! /ate ( ?+s t prec$$ its la/ irruption4 ,b !re is also an ord] 9 ! disposition ( ^! bones ) reg>d to ea* o!r2 & ?is ord] fur!r ann\nces a v rem>kable succession 9 ! appe>ance ( ! diff]5t species4 ,all ! g5]a :i* are n[ unkn[n1 ! ,palo!ria1 ,anaplo!ria1 c41 ) ! position ( :i* we are ?or\ghly acqua9t$1 belong to ! olde/ ( ! =mations ( :i* we are n[ speak+1 ^? :i* re/ imm$iately ^u ! co>se lime/one4 ,x is *iefly ^! g5]a :i* occupy ! regul> b$s t h be5 deposit$ f fre%-wat]1 or c]ta9 alluvial b$s ( v anci5t =mation1 g5]ally compos$ ( s& & roll$ pebbles1 & :i* 7 p]haps ! e>lie/ alluvium ( t anci5t _w4 ,along ) ^! !re are also f\nd "s lo/ species ( kn[n g5]a1 b 9 small numb]s1 & "s ovip>\s quadrup$s & fi%es1 :i* appe> to h be5 all inhabitants ( fre%-wat]4 ,! b$s :i* conta9 !m are always m or less cov]$ by alluvial b$s1 conta9+ %ells1 & o!r m>9e productions4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ ( ! unkn[n species1 :i* belong to kn[n g5]a1 or to g5]a closely alli$ to ^? :i* are kn[n1 su* z ! fossil elephants1 rh9oc]oses1 hippopotami1 & ma/odons1 d n occur along ) ^? m anci5t g5]a4 ,x is 9 ! alluvial =mations alone t !y are discov]$1 sometimes accompani$ ) m>9e %ells1 & sometimes ) fre%-wat] %ells1 b nev] 9 regul> /ony b$s4 ,e ?+ t is f\nd along ) ^! species is ei!r unkn[n l !mselves1 or at lea/ d\btful4 ,la/ly1 ! bones ( species :i* are app>5tly ! same z ^? t are /ill f\nd alive1 are nev] discov]$1 except 9 ! la/ alluvial deposits =m$ on ! sides ( riv]s1 or on ! bottoms ( anci5t pools or m>%es n[ dri$ up1 or 9 ! sub/ance ( b$s ( peat1 or 9 ! fissures & cav]ns ( "s rocks2 or1 la/ly1 at small dep?s bel[ ! surface1 9 places :]e !y may h be5 buri$ by ! fall+ d[n ( debris1 or ev5 by ! h& ( man2 & _! sup]ficial position r5d]s ^! bones1 al?\gh ! mo/ rec5t ( all1 almo/ always ! wor/ pres]v$4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be ?\ght t ?is classification ( ! v>i\s geological positions ( fossil rema9s1 is z c]ta9 z t ( ! species1 or t x is equally capable ( demon/ration4 ,!re are num]\s reasons :i* prev5t ?is f be+ ! case4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 all my det]m9ations ( species h be5 made ^u ! bones !mselves1 or by means ( good figures2 :]eas x has be5 impossible = me p]sonally to exam9e all ! places 9 :i* ^! bones h be5 discov]$4 ,i h v frequ5tly be5 oblig$ to cont5t myself ) vague & ambigu\s acc\nts1 giv5 by p :o 7 n !mselves well aw>e ( :at x 0 necess>y to obs]ve2 &1 m frequ5tly /ill1 ,i h be5 unable to procure any in=mation :atev] on ! subject4 ,secondly1 ^! repositories ( organic rema9s are subject to inf9itely great] d\bts1 ?an ! bones !mselves4 ,! same =mation may appe> rec5t 9 places :]e x %ews itself at ! surface1 & anci5t 9 ^? :]e x is cov]$ by ! b$s :i* h succe$$ x4 ,anci5t =mations may h be5 transport$ by p>tial inundations1 & ?us h cov]$ rec5t bones2 !y may h fall5 ^u !m by crumbl+1 & ?us h envelop$ & m+l$ !m ) ! productions ( ! anci5t sea1 :i* !y previ\sly conta9$4 ,bones ( anci5t p]iods may h be5 wa%$ out by ! wat]s1 & aft]w>ds envelop$ 9 rec5t alluvial =mations4 ,la/ly1 rec5t bones may h fall5 into ! fissures or cav]ns ( anci5t rocks1 & be5 envelop$ by /alactites or o!r incru/ations4 ,9 e individual in/ance1 !re=e1 x becomes necess>y to analyze & appreciate all ^? circum/ances :i* might disguise ! real orig9 ( fossil rema9s2 & x r>ely happ5s t p :o h collect$ bones h be5 !mselves aw>e ( ?is necessity1 ! consequ5ce ( :i* has be51 t ! true *>act]s ( _! geological position h be5 almo/ always neglect$ or misund]/ood4 ,?irdly1 !re are "s d\btful species1 :i* mu/ occasion m or less unc]ta9ty 9 ! results ( our rese>*es1 until !y h be5 cle>ly asc]ta9$4 ,?us ! horses & buffaloes t occur along ) ! elephants1 h n yet receiv$ appropriate specific *>act]s2 & su* geologi/s z are dis9cl9$ to adopt ! diff]5t epo*s :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to e/abli% ) reg>d to fossil bones1 may1 = _m ye>s to come1 draw f !nce an argum5t aga9/ my sy/em1 s mu* ! m conv5i5t z x is conta9$ 9 my own "w4 ,b all[+ t ^! epo*s are liable to "s objections1 f su* z may only consid] "s p>ticul> case1 ,i am n ! less satisfi$1 t ^? :o %all take a compreh5sive view ( ! ph5om5a1 w n be *eck$ by su* inconsid]able & p>tial difficulties1 & w be l$ to conclude1 z ,i h done1 t !re has be5 at lea/ "o1 & v probably two1 successions 9 ! class ( quadrup$s1 previ\s to t :i* at ! pres5t day peoples ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,pro(s t ! ,ext9ct ,species ( ,quadrup$s are n v>ieties ( ! pres5tly exi/+ ,species4 ,i n[ proce$ to ! consid]ation ( ano!r objection1 "o1 9 fact1 :i* has already be5 urg$ aga9/ me4 ,:y may n ! pres5tly exi/+ races ( l& quadrup$s1 x has be5 ask$1 be modifications ( ^? anci5t races :i* we f9d 9 a fossil /ate2 :i* modifications may h be5 produc$ by local circum/ances & *ange ( climate2 & c>ri$ to ! extreme diff]5ce :i* !y n[ pres5t1 dur+ a long succession ( ages8 ,?is objection mu/ appe> /rong to ^? especially :o believe 9 ! possibility ( indef9ite alt]ation ( =ms 9 organis$ bodies2 & :o ?9k t1 dur+ a succession ( ages1 & by repeat$ *anges ( habitudes1 all ! species might be *ang$ into "o ano!r1 or might result f a s+le species4 ,yet to ^! p]sons an answ] may be giv5 f _! own sy/em4 ,if ! species h *ang$ by degrees1 we ought to f9d traces ( ^! gradual modifications4 ,?us1 betwe5 ! palo!ria & our pres5t species1 we %\ld be able to discov] "s int]m$iate =ms2 & yet no su* discov]y has ev] be5 made4 ,:y h n ! b[els ( ! e>? pres]v$ ! monum5ts ( s /range a g5ealogy1 if x be n because ! species ( =m] times 7 z con/ant z ours2 or1 at lea/1 because ! cata/rophe :i* de/roy$ !m1 _h n left !m suffici5t "t = und]go+ ! v>iation alleg$8 ,9 ord] to reply to ^? naturali/s :o ackn[l$ge t ! v>ieties ( animals are re/ra9$ )9 c]ta9 limits fix$ by nature1 x w\ld be necess>y to exam9e h[ f> ^! limits ext5d4 ,?is is a v curi\s inquiry1--highly int]e/+ 9 itself1 "u a v>iety ( relations1 & yet "o t has be5 hi!rto v little att5d$ to4 ,be=e ent]+ ^u ?is inquiry1 x is prop] to def9e :at is meant by a species1 s t ! def9ition may s]ve to regulate ! employm5t ( ! t]m4 ,a species1 !re=e1 may be def9$1 z compreh5d+ ! individuals :i* desc5d f ea* o!r1 or f common p>5ts1 & ^? :i* resemble !m z mu* z !y resemble ea* o!r4 ,?us1 we consid] z v>ieties ( a species1 only ! races m or less diff]5t :i* may h sprung f x by g5]ation4 ,our obs]vations1 !re=e1 reg>d+ ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! ance/ors & desc5dants1 af=d u ! only c]ta9 rule by :i* we c judge on ?is subject2 all o!r consid]ations lead+ to hypo!tical conclusions de/itute ( pro(4 ,n[1 consid]+ ! v>ieties 9 ?is view1 we obs]ve t ! diff]5ces :i* con/itute x1 dep5d ^u det]m9ate circum/ances1 & t _! ext5t increases 9 proportion to ! int5sity ( ^! circum/ances4 ,?us1 ! mo/ sup]ficial *>act]s are ! mo/ v>iable3 ! col\r dep5ds mu* ^u ! light2 ! ?ickness ( ! fur ^u ! heat2 ! size1 ^u ! abundance ( food4 ,b 9 a wild animal1 ev5 ^! v>ieties are greatly limit$ by ! natural habits ( ! animal itself1 :i* does n volunt>ily remove f> f ! places :]e x f9ds1 9 ! necess>y degree1 all t is requisite1 = ! support ( its species1 & does n ev5 ext5d its haunts to any great di/ance1 unless x also f9ds all ^! circum/ances conjo9$4 ,?us1 al?\gh ! wolf & ! fox inhabit all ! climates f ! torrid to ! frigid zone1 we h>dly f9d any o!r diff]5ce among !m1 9 ! :ole ( t va/ space1 ?an a little m or a little less beauty 9 _! fur4 ,i h comp>$ skulls ( foxes f ! nor!rn c\ntries & f ,egypt1 ) ^? ( ! foxes ( ,france1 & h f\nd no diff]5ce b su* z might be expect$ 9 diff]5t individuals4 ,su* ( ! wild animals z are conf9$ )9 n>r[] limits1 v>y /ill less1 especially ^? :i* are c>nivor\s4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! hy5a ( ,p]sia & t ( ,morocco1 consi/s 9 a ?ick] or a ?9n] mane4 ,! wild h]bivor\s animals feel ! influ5ce ( climate some:at m ext5sively1 because !re is add$ to x 9 _! case1 ! influ5ce ( ! food1 :i* may happ5 to diff] bo? z to quantity & quality4 ,?us1 ! elephants ( "o =e/ are (t5 l>g] ?an ^? ( ano!r2 & _! tusks are some:at long] 9 places :]e _! food may happ5 to be m fav\rable = ! production ( ! matt] ( ivory4 ,! same may take place ) reg>d to ! horns ( re9-de] & /ags4 ,b let u comp>e two elephants ! mo/ dissimil>1 & we %all n discov] ! slighte/ diff]5ce 9 ! numb] & articulations ( ! bones1 ! /ructure ( ! tee?1 c4 ,besides1 ! h]bivor\s species1 9 ! wild /ate1 seem m re/ra9$ f disp]s+ ?an ! c>nivor\s animals1 because ! sort ( food :i* !y require1 comb9es ) ! temp]ature to prev5t !m4 ,nature also takes c>e to gu>d aga9/ ! alt]ation ( ! species1 :i* might result f _! mixture1 by ! mutual av]sion ) :i* x has inspir$ !m4 ,x requires all ! +5uity & all ! p[] ( man to accompli% ^! unions1 ev5 betwe5 species t h ! ne>e/ resemblances4 ,&1 :5 ! individuals produc$ by ^! =c$ conjunctions are fruitful1 :i* is v seldom ! case1 _! fecundity does n cont9ue beyond a few g5]ations2 & w\ld n probably proce$ s f>1 )\t a cont9uance ( ! same c>es :i* excit$ x at fir/4 ,?us1 we nev] see 9 our woods individuals int]m$iate betwe5 ! h>e & ! rabbit2 betwe5 ! /ag & ! doe2 or betwe5 ! m>t9 & ! pole-cat4 ,b ! p[] ( man *anges ?is ord]2 x discloses all ^? v>iations1 ( :i* ! type ( ea* species is susceptible2 & f !m d]ives productions :i* ! species1 if left to !mselves1 w\ld nev] h yield$4 ,"h ! degree ( ! v>iations is /ill proportional to ! int5sity ( _! cause1 :i* is slav]y4 ,x is n v high 9 ! semi-dome/icat$ species1 su* z ! cat4 ,a s(t] fur2 m brilliant col\rs2 great] or less size2 ^! =m ! :ole ext5t ( ! v>iations 9 ?is species2 = ! skeleton ( an ,angora cat diff]s 9 no regul> & con/ant circum/ance f t ( a wild cat4 ,9 ! dome/icat$ h]bivor\s animals1 :i* we transport into all k9ds ( climates1 & subject to all k9ds ( managem5t1 bo? ) reg>d to lab\r & n\ri%m5t1 we c]ta9ly obta9 great] v>iations2 b /ill !y are all m]ely sup]ficial4 ,great] or less size2 long] or %ort] horns1 or ev5 ! want ( ^! entirely2 a hump ( fat1 l>g] or small]1 on ! %\ld]2 ^! =m ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! v>i\s races ( ! common ox or bull2 & ^! diff]5ces cont9ue long1 ev5 9 su* bre$s z h be5 transport$ f ! c\ntries 9 :i* !y 7 produc$1 :5 prop] c>e is tak5 to prev5t cross+4 ,( ?is nature are also ! innum]able v>ieties ( ! common %eep1 :i* consi/ *iefly 9 diff]5ces ( _! fleeces1 z ! wool :i* !y produce is an important object ( att5tion4 ,^! v>ieties1 al?\gh n q s p]ceptible1 are yet suffici5tly m>k$ among horses4 ,9 g5]al1 ! =ms ( ! bones v>y little2 _! connections & articulations1 & ! =ms ( ! l>ge gr9d+ tee?1 nev] v>y at all4 ,! small size ( ! tusks 9 ! dome/ic hog1 comp>$ ) ! wild bo>'s1 & ! junction ( its clov5 ho(s into "o 9 "s races1 =m ! extreme po9t ( ! diff]5ces :i* we h produc$ 9 ! dome/icat$ h]bivor\s quadrup$s4 ,! mo/ rem>kable effects ( ! influ5ce ( man are manife/$ 9 ! animal :i* he has r$uc$ mo/ completely "u subjection1 ! dog1--t species s entirely devot$ to ours1 t ev5 ! individuals ( x seem to h sacrific$ to u _! w1 _! int]e/1 & incl9ation4 ,transport$ by man into e "p ( ! _w1 subject$ to all ! causes capable ( influ5c+ _! developm5t1 regulat$ 9 _! sexual int]c\rse by ! pleasure ( _! ma/]s1 dogs v>y 9 col\r2 9 ! quantity ( _! hair1 :i* !y sometimes ev5 lose altoge!r1 & 9 its nature2 9 size1 :i* v>ies z "o to five 9 ! l9e> dim5sions1 am\nt+ to m ?an a hundr$ fold 9 bulk2 9 ! =m ( ! e>s1 nose1 & tail2 9 ! proportional l5g? ( ! legs2 9 ! progressive developm5t ( ! bra9 9 ! dome/ic v>ieties1 :5ce results ! =m ( _! head1 :i* is sometimes sl5d]1 ) a l5g!n$ muzzle & flat =ehead1 & sometimes hav+ a %ort muzzle & a protub]ant =ehead2 insomu* t ! app>5t diff]5ces betwe5 a ma/iff & a wat]-spaniel1 & betwe5 a greyh\nd & a pug1 are m /rik+ ?an ^? t exi/ betwe5 any two species ( ! same natural g5us 9 a wild /ate4 ,f9ally1 & ?is may be consid]$ z ! maximum ( v>iation hi!rto kn[n 9 ! animal k+dom1 !re are races ( dogs :i* h an additional toe on ! h9d foot1 ) correspond+ t>sal bones2 z !re are1 9 ! human species1 "s families t h six f+]s on ea* h&4 ,yet1 9 all ^! v>ieties1 ! relations ( ! bones rema9 ! same1 nor does ! =m ( ! tee? ev] *ange 9 any p]ceptible degree2 ! only v>iation 9 respect to ^! latt] be+1 t1 9 "s individuals1 "o additional false gr9d] appe>s1 sometimes on ! "o side1 & sometimes on ! o!r#hb4 ,animals1 !re=e1 h natural *>act]s1 :i* resi/ e k9d ( influ5ce1 :e!r natural or produc$ by human int]f]5ce1 & no?+ indicates t1 ) reg>d to !m1 "t has m effect ?an climate & dome/ication4 ,i am aw>e t "s naturali/s lay great /ress ^u ! ?\s&s ( ages :i* !y call into action by a da% ( ! p52 b1 9 su* matt]s1 we c only judge ( :at a long p]iod ( "t might produce1 by multiply+ 9 idea :at a less "t produces4 ,) ?is view1 ,i h endeav\r$ to collect ! mo/ anci5t docum5ts relat+ to ! =ms ( animals2 & !re are none :i* equal1 ei!r 9 antiquity or abundance1 ^? t ,egypt furni%es4 ,x af=ds u1 n only repres5tations ( animals1 b ev5 _! id5tical bodies embalm$ 9 its catacombs4 ,i h exam9$ ) ! greate/ att5tion ! figures ( quadrup$s & birds sculptur$ ^u ! num]\s obelisks br\ght f ,egypt to anci5t ,rome4 ,all ^! figures possess1 9 _! g5]al "*1 :i* alone c\ld be ! object ( att5tion to an arti/1 a p]fect resemblance to ! species repres5t$1 su* z we see !m at ! pres5t day4 ,on exam9+ ! copies made by ,kirk] & ,zoega1 we f9d t1 )\t pres]v+ e trait ( ! orig9als 9 its p]fect purity1 !y h giv5 figures :i* are easily recognis$4 ,we readily di/+ui% ! ibis1 ! vulture1 ! owl1 ! falcon1 ! ,egyptian goose1 ! lapw+1 ! l&rail1 ! aspic1 ! c]a/es1 ! ,egyptian h>e ) its long e>s1 & ev5 ! hippopotamus2 &1 among ! num]\s monum5ts engrav$ 9 ! great "w on ,egypt1 we sometimes obs]ve ! r>e/ animals1 ! algazel1 = example1 :i* 0 n se5 9 ,europe until )9 ^! few ye>s#hc4 ,my le>n$ colleague1 ,m4 ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 /rongly conv9c$ ( ! importance ( ?is rese>*1 c>efully collect$ 9 ! tombs & temples ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt z _m mummies ( animals z he c\ld4 ,he has br\ght home cats1 ibises1 birds ( prey1 dogs1 monkeys1 crocodiles1 & ! head ( an ox1 9 ?is /ate2 & !re is c]ta9ly no m diff]5ce to be p]ceiv$ betwe5 ^! mummies & ! species ( ! same k9d n[ alive1 ?an betwe5 ! human mummies & ! skeletons ( m5 ( ! pres5t day4 ,a diff]5ce may1 inde$1 be f\nd betwe5 ! mummies ( ! ibis & ! bird :i* naturali/s h hi!rto describ$ "u t "n2 b ,i h cle>$ up all d\bts on ?is matt]1 9 a ,memoir ^u ! ,ibis1 :i* w be f\nd at ! end ( ?is ,essay1 & 9 :i* ,i h %ewn t x is /ill at ! pres5t day ! same z x 0 9 ! "t ( ! ,ph>aohs4 ,i am aw>e t1 9 ^!1 ,i only cite ! monum5ts ( two or ?ree ?\s& ye>s2 b ?is is ! mo/ remote antiquity to :i* we c resort 9 su* a case4 ,!re is no?+1 !re=e1 to be d]iv$ f all ! facts hi!rto kn[n1 t c\ld1 9 ! slighte/ degree1 give support to ! op9ion t ! new g5]a :i* ,i h discov]$ or e/abli%$ among ! fossil rema9s ( animals1 any m ?an ^? :i* h 9 l mann] be5 discov]$ or e/abli%$ by o!r naturali/s1 ! palo!ria1 anoplo!ria1 megalonyces1 ma/odonta1 pt]odactyli1 i*?yosauri1 c4 might h be5 ! s\rces ( ! pres5t race ( animals1 :i* h only diff]$ f !m ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( "t or climate4 ,ev5 if x %\ld prove true1 :i* ,i am f> f believ+ to be ! case1 t ! fossil elephants1 rh9oc]oses1 elks1 & be>s1 diff] no m f ^? at pres5t exi/+1 ?an ! pres5t races ( dogs diff] f "o ano!r1 ?is w\ld n furni% a suffici5t reason = inf]r+ ! g5]al id5tity ( ! species1 because ! races ( dogs h be5 subject$ to ! influ5ce ( dome/ication1 :i* ^! o!r animals nei!r did nor c\ld exp]i5ce4 ,f>!r1 :5 ,i ma9ta9 t ! rocky b$s conta9 ! bones ( sev]al g5]a1 & ! alluvial /rata ^? ( sev]al species :i* no long] exi/1 ,i d n ass]t t a new creation 0 requir$ = produc+ ! species exi/+ at ! pres5t day4 ,i only say t !y did n orig9ally inhabit ! places :]e we f9d !m at pres5t1 & t !y mu/ h come f "s o!r "p ( ! globe4 ,let u suppose1 = in/ance1 t a great irruption ( ! sea 7 n[ to cov] ! cont95t ( ,new ,holl& ) a coat ( s& or o!r debris2 x w\ld bury ! c>cases ( animals belong+ to ! g5]a ,kangurus1 ,phascolomys1 ,dasyurus1 ,p]ameles1 fly+ phalang]1 e*idna1 & orni?oryn*us1 & x w\ld entirely de/roy ! species ( all ^! g5]a1 s9ce none ( !m exi/ n[ 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,7 ! same revolution to lay dry ! num]\s n>r[ /raits :i* sep>ate ,new ,holl& f ! cont95t ( ,asia1 x w\ld op5 a road to ! elephants1 rh9oc]oses1 buffaloes1 horses1 camels1 & tig]s1 & to all ! o!r ,asiatic quadrup$s1 :i* w\ld come to p a l& :]e !y _h be5 previ\sly unkn[n4 ,7 "s future naturali/1 aft] hav+ made himself well acqua9t$ ) ?is new race ( animals1 to se>* bel[ ! surface on :i* !y live1 he w\ld f9d rema9s ( q a diff]5t nature4 ,:at ,new ,holl& w\ld be1 "u ! circum/ances :i* we h suppos$1 ,europe1 ,sib]ia1 & a l>ge portion ( ,am]ica1 n[ actually are4 ,&1 p]haps1 :5 o!r c\ntries %all h be5 exam9$1 & ,new ,holl& among ! re/1 x w "o day be f\nd t !y h exp]i5c$ simil> revolutions1 ,i might almo/ say1 mutual *anges1 ( productions4 ,=1 if we pu% ! supposition f>!r1 &1 aft] ! supply ( ,asiatic animals to ,new ,holl&1 admit a second revolution1 :i* de/roy$ ,asia1 _! orig9al c\ntry1 ^? naturali/s :o might obs]ve !m 9 ,new ,holl&1 _! second c\ntry1 w\ld be equally at a loss to "k :5ce !y _h come1 z we n[ are to f9d out ! orig9 ( ! races ( animals t inhabit our own c\ntries4 ,i n[ proce$ to apply ?is mann] ( reason+ to ! human species4 ,pro(s t !re are no ,fossil ,human ,bones4 ,x is c]ta9 t no human bones h yet be5 f\nd among fossil rema9s2 & ?is furni%es an additional pro( t ! fossil races 7 n m]e v>ieties ( kn[n species1 s9ce !y c\ld n h be5 subject$ to human influ5ce4 ,:5 ,i ass]t t human bones h nev] be5 f\nd among fossil organic rema9s1 7,i mu/ be und]/ood to speak ( fossils or petrifactions1 prop]ly s call$71 or1 9 o!r words1 9 ! regul> /rata ( ! surface ( ! globe2 = 9 peat-bogs 7t\rbires71 & alluvial deposits1 z 9 bury+-gr\nds1 human bones might z well be f\nd z bones ( horses1 or o!r common species4 ,!y might equally be f\nd 9 fissures ( rocks1 & 9 cav]ns1 :]e !y may h be5 cov]$ ov] by /alactite2 b 9 ! b$s :i* conta9 ! anci5t races1 among ! palo!ria1 & ev5 among ! elephants & rh9oc]oses1 ! smalle/ portion ( a human bone has nev] be5 discov]$4 ,_m ( ! lab\r]s 9 ! gypsum qu>ries ab\t ,p>is1 believe t ! bones :i* occur s abundantly 9 !m1 are 9 a great "p human2 b ,i h se5 sev]al ?\s&s ( ^! bones1 & ,i may safely affirm t n "o ( !m has ev] belong$ to our species4 ,i h exam9$ at ,pavia ! gr\ps ( bones br\ght by ,spallanzani f ! ,isl& ( ,c]igo2 &1 not)/&+ ! ass]tion ( t celebrat$ obs]v]1 ,i equally affirm1 t !re is n "o among !m t c\ld be %ewn to be human4 ,! homo diluvii te/is ( ,s*eu*z] has be5 re/or$1 9 my fir/ edition1 to its true g5us1 :i* is t ( ! salam&]s2 &1 9 a m rec5t exam9ation ( x at ,ha>lem1 all[$ me by ! polit5ess ( ,mr ,van ,m>um1 :o p]mitt$ me to uncov] ! p>ts envelop$ 9 ! /one1 ,i obta9$ complete pro( ( :at ,i _h be=e ann\nc$4 ,among ! bones f\nd at ,can/adt1 ! fragm5t ( a jaw1 & "s articles ( human manufacture1 7 f\nd2 b x is kn[n t ! gr\nd 0 dug up )\t any precaution1 & t no notes 7 tak5 ( ! diff]5t dep?s at :i* ea* article 0 discov]$4 ,e :]e else1 ! fragm5ts ( bone alleg$ to be human1 are f\nd1 on exam9ation1 to belong to "s animal1 :e!r ^! fragm5ts h be5 exam9$ !mselves1 or m]ely ?r\gh ! m$ium ( figures4 ,v rec5tly1 "s 7 pret5d$ to h be5 discov]$ at ,m>seilles1 9 a qu>ry t _h be5 long neglect$2#hd b !y h turn$ out to be impressions ( tuyaux m>9es4#he ,su* real human bones z h be5 exhibit$ z fossil1 belong$ to bodies t _h fall5 into fissures1 or _h be5 left 9 ! old gall]ies ( m9es1 or t _h be5 incru/$2 & ,i ext5d ?is ass]tion ev5 to ! human skeletons discov]$ at ,guadal\pe1 9 a rock =m$ ( fragm5ts ( madrepore1 ?r[n up by ! sea1 & unit$ by wat] impregnat$ ) calc>e\s matt]4#hf ,! human bones f\nd ne> ,k/riz1 & po9t$ out by ,m4 de ,s*lo!im1 _h be5 ann\nc$ z tak5 out ( v old b$s2 b ?is e/imable naturali/ is anxi\s to make kn[n h[ mu* ?is ass]tion is /ill subject to d\bt4#hg ,! same has be5 ! case ) ! articles ( human fabrication4 ,! pieces ( iron f\nd at ,montm>tre are fragm5ts ( ! tools :i* ! workm5 use = putt+ 9 bla/s ( gunp[d]1 & :i* sometimes break 9 ! /one#hh4 ,yet human bones pres]ve equally well ) ^? ( animals1 :5 plac$ 9 ! same circum/ances4 ,9 ,egypt1 no diff]5ce is rem>k$ betwe5 ! mummies ( m5 & ^? ( quadrup$s4 ,i pick$ up1 f ! excavations made "s ye>s ago 9 ! anci5t *ur* ( ,/ ,g5evieve1 human bones t _h be5 int]r$ bel[ ! fir/ race1 :i* may ev5 h belong$ to "s pr9ces ( ! family ( ,clovis1 & :i* /ill reta9$ _! =ms v p]fectly#hi4 ,we d n f9d 9 anci5t fields ( battle t ! skeletons ( m5 are m wa/$ ?an ^? ( horses1 except 9 s f> z !y may h be5 influ5c$ by size2 & we f9d among fossil rema9s ! bones ( animals z small z rats1 /ill p]fectly pres]v$4 ,e circum/ance1 !re=e1 leads to ! conclusion1 t ! human species did n exi/ 9 ! c\ntries 9 :i* ! fossil bones h be5 discov]$1 at ! epo* ( ! revolutions by :i* ^! bones 7 cov]$ up2 = !re _c be a s+le reason assign$1 :y m5 %\ld h entirely escap$ f su* g5]al cata/rophes1 or :y _! rema9s %\ld n be n[ f\nd l ^? ( o!r animals4 ,i d n presume1 h[ev]1 to conclude t man did n exi/ at all be=e ?is epo*4 ,he might !n h inhabit$ "s n>r[ regions1 :5ce he might h repeopl$ ! e>? aft] ^? t]rible ev5ts4 ,p]haps also1 ! places :i* he inhabit$ may h be5 entirely swall[$ up 9 ! abyss1 & 8 bones buri$ at ! bottom ( ! pres5t seas1 ) ! exception ( a small numb] ( individuals1 :i* h cont9u$ ! species4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! e/abli%m5t ( man 9 ^? c\ntries 9 :i* we h said t ! fossil rema9s ( l& animals are f\nd1 t is to say1 9 ! greate/ "p ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,am]ica1 has necess>ily be5 po/]ior1 n only to ! revolutions :i* h cov]$ up ^! bones1 b also to ^? :i* h laid b>e ! /rata conta9+ !m1 & :i* are ! la/ t ! globe has und]gone4 ,h5ce x cle>ly appe>s1 t no argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! antiquity ( ! human species 9 ^! diff]5t c\ntries c be d]iv$ ei!r f ^? bones !mselves1 or f ! m or less consid]able masses ( rocks or ( e>?y mat]ials by :i* !y are cov]$4 ,physical ,pro(s ( ! ,newness ( ! ,pres5t ,cont95ts4 ,on ! contr>y1 by a c>eful exam9ation ( :at has tak5 place on ! surface ( ! globe1 s9ce x has be5 laid dry = ! la/ "t1 & its cont95ts h assum$ _! pres5t =m1 at lea/ 9 ! p>ts t are some:at elevat$1 x may be cle>ly se5 t ?is la/ revolution1 & consequ5tly ! e/abli%m5t ( our exi/+ societies1 c\ld n h be5 v anci5t4 ,?is result is "o ( ! be/ e/abli%$1 &1 at ! same "t1 "o ( ! lea/ att5d$ to 9 rational geology2 & x is s mu* ! m valuable1 t x connects natural & civil hi/ory 9 "o un9t]rupt$ s]ies4 ,:5 we measure ! effects produc$ 9 a giv5 "t by causes /ill act+1 & comp>e !m ) ^? :i* ! same causes h produc$ s9ce !y h begun to act1 we are enabl$ to det]m9e ne>ly ! in/ant at :i* _! action comm5c$2 :i* is necess>ily ! same z t 9 :i* our cont95ts assum$ _! pres5t =m1 or t ( ! la/ sudd5 retreat ( ! wat]s4 ,x mu/1 9 fact1 h be5 s9ce ?is la/ retreat ( ! wat]s1 t our pres5t /eep declivities h begun to dis9tegrate1 & to =m heaps ( debris at _! bases2 t our pres5t riv]s h begun to fl[1 & to deposit _! alluvial matt]s2 t our pres5t vegetation has begun to ext5d itself1 & to produce soil2 t our pres5t cliffs h begun to be corrod$ by ! sea2 t our pres5t d[ns h begun to be ?r[n up by ! w9d3 j z x mu/ h be5 s9ce ?is same epo*1 t colonies ( m5 h begun1 = ! fir/ or second "t1 to spread !mselves1 & to =m e/abli%m5ts 9 places fitt$ by nature = _! reception4 ,i d n "h take ! action ( volcanoes into acc\nt1 n only because ( ! irregul>ity ( _! eruptions1 b because we h no pro(s ( _! n hav+ be5 able to exi/ "u ! sea2 & because1 on t acc\nt1 !y _c s]ve u z a measure ( ! "t :i* has elaps$ s9ce its la/ retreat4 ,additions ( ,l& by ! ,action ( ,riv]s4 ,,mm4 ,deluc & ,dolomieu h mo/ c>efully exam9$ ! progress ( ! =mation ( new gr\nd by means ( matt]s wa%$ d[n by riv]s2 & al?\gh exce$+ly oppos$ to ea* o!r on _m po9ts ( ! ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 !y agree 9 ?is4 ,^! =mations augm5t v rapidly2 !y mu/ h increas$ /ill m rapidly at fir/1 :5 ! m\nta9s furni%$ m mat]ials to ! riv]s1 & yet _! ext5t is /ill inconsid]able4 ,dolomieu's ,memoir respect+ ,egypt#ij t5ds to prove1 t ! tongue ( l& on :i* ,alex&] caus$ 8 city to be built1 did n exi/ 9 ! days ( ,hom]2 t !y 7 !n able to navigate directly f ! isl& ( ,ph>os into ! gulf aft]w>ds call$ ,lake ,m>eotis2 & t ?is gulf 0 !n1 z indicat$ by ,m5elaus1 f fifte5 to tw5ty leagues 9 l5g?4 ,x _h1 !re=e1 only requir$ ! n9e hundr$ ye>s t elaps$ betwe5 ! "t ( ,hom] & t ( ,/rabo1 to br+ ?+s to ! /ate 9 :i* ?is latt] au?or describes !m1 & to r$uce ! gulf 9 "q to ! =m ( a lake1 ( six leagues 9 l5g?4 ,x is m c]ta91 t1 s9ce t "t1 ?+s h *ang$ /ill m4 ,! s& ?r[n up by ! sea & w9ds h =m$1 betwe5 ! isl& ( ,ph>os & ! site ( anci5t ,alex&ria1 a tongue ( l& two hundr$ fa?oms 9 bread?1 ^u :i* ! mod]n city has be5 built4 ,x has block$ up ! ne>e/ m\? ( ! ,nile1 & r$uc$ ! lake ,m>eotis to almo/ no?+2 :ile1 dur+ ! same p]iod1 ! alluvial matt] c>ri$ d[n by ! ,nile1 has be5 deposit$ along ! re/ ( ! %ore1 & has greatly increas$ its ext5t4 ,! anci5ts 7 n ignorant ( ^! *anges4 ,h]odotus says1 t ! ,egyptian prie/s reg>d$ _! c\ntry z a gift ( ! ,nile4 ,x is only 9 a mann]1 he adds1 )9 a %ort p]iod1 t ! ,delta has appe>$#ia4 ,ari/otle obs]ves1 t ,hom] speaks ( ,!bes z if x _h be5 ! only great city 9 ,egypt2 & n[h]e makes m5tion ( ,memphis#ib4 ,! ,canopian & ,pelusian m\?s ( ! ,nile 7 =m]ly ! pr9cipal ones2 & ! coa/ ext5d$ 9 a /raight l9e f ! "o to ! o!r2 & 9 ?is mann] x /ill appe>s 9 ! *>ts ( ,ptolemy4 ,s9ce !n1 ! wat] has be5 direct$ into ! ,bolbitian & ,phatnitic m\?s2 & x is at ^! entrances into ! sea t ! greate/ depositions h be5 =m$1 :i* h giv5 ! coa/ a semicircul> outl9e4 ,! cities ( ,rosetta & ,damieta1 :i* 7 built ^u ^! m\?s1 close to ! edge ( ! sea1 less ?an a ?\s& ye>s ago1 are n[ two leagues di/ant f x4 ,accord+ to ,demaillet#ic1 x w\ld only h requir$ tw5ty-six ye>s to =m a promontory ( half a league 9 ext5t be=e ,rosetta4 ,an elevation is produc$ 9 ! soil ( ,egypt1 at ! same "t t ?is ext5sion ( its surface takes place1 & ! b$ ( ! riv] rises 9 ! same proportion z ! adjac5t pla9s1 :i* makes ! inundations ( e succe$+ c5tury pass f> beyond ! m>ks :i* x _h left dur+ ! prec$+ ones4 ,accord+ to ,h]odotus1 a p]iod ( n9e hundr$ ye>s 0 suffici5t to e/abli% a diff]5ce ( level am\nt+ to t5 or twelve feet4 ,at ,elephantia#id1 ! inundation at pres5t exce$s by sev5 feet ! greate/ heights :i* x atta9$ "u ,septimus ,sev]us1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,at ,cairo1 be=e x is judg$ suffici5t = ! purpose ( irrigation1 x mu/ exce$1 by ?ree feet & a half1 ! height :i* 0 necess>y 9 ! n9? c5tury4 ,! anci5t monum5ts ( ?is celebrat$ l& h all _! bases m or less buri$ 9 ! soil4 ,! mud left by ! riv] ev5 cov]s1 to a dep? ( sev]al feet1 ! artificial m\nds on :i* ! anci5t t[ns 7 built#ie4 ,! delta ( ! ,rhone is n less rem>kable = its increase4 ,a/ruc gives a detail$ acc\nt ( x 9 8 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,langu$oc2 & proves1 by a c>eful comp>ison ( ! descriptions ( ,mela1 ,/rabo & ,pl9y1 ) ! /ate ( ! places z !y exi/$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 tak+ into acc\nt ! /atem5ts ( sev]al writ]s ( ! middle age1 t ! arms ( ! ,rhone h increas$ ?ree leagues 9 l5g? 9 ! c\rse ( eighte5 hundr$ ye>s2 t simil> additions ( l& are made to ! we/ ( ! ,rhone2 & t a numb] ( places1 :i* 7 situat$1 six or eight hundr$ ye>s ago1 at ! edge ( ! sea or ( l>ge pools1 are n[ sev]al miles di/ant f ! wat]4 ,any "o may obs]ve 9 ,holl& & ,italy1 ) :at rapidity ! ,rh9e1 ! ,po1 & ! ,arno1 s9ce !y h be5 conf9$ )9 dikes1 raise _! b$s1 advance _! m\?s into ! sea1 =m+ long promontories at _! sides2 & judge1 f ^! facts1 h[ small a numb] ( ages 0 requir$ by ^! riv]s to deposit ! l[ pla9s :i* !y n[ trav]se4 ,_m cities1 :i* 7 fl\ri%+ sea-ports at well kn[n p]iods ( hi/ory1 are n[ "s leagues inl&2 & sev]al h ev5 be5 ru9$1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is *ange ( position4 ,! inhabitants ( ,v5ice f9d x exce$+ly difficult to pres]ve ! lagunes1 by :i* t city is sep>at$ f ! cont95t2 & not)/&+ all _! ef=ts1 x w be inevitably jo9$ to ! ma9l&#if4 ,we "k1 f ! te/imony ( ,/rabo1 t ,rav5na /ood among lagunes 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us1 z ,v5ice does n[2 b at pres5t ,rav5na is a league di/ant f ! %ore4 ,sp9a _h be5 built by ! ,greeks at ! edge ( ! sea2 yet 9 ,/rabo's "t x 0 n9ety /adia f x1 & is n[ de/roy$4 ,adria 9 ,lomb>dy1 :i* gave "n to ! ,adriatic sea1 & ( :i* x 01 some:at m ?an tw5ty c5turies ago1 ! pr9cipal port1 is n[ six leagues di/ant f x4 ,=tis has ev5 r5d]$ x probable t1 at a m remote p]iod1 ! ,euganian ,m\nta9s may h be5 isl&s4 ,m4 de ,prony1 a le>n$ memb] ( ! ,in/itute1 & inspector-g5]al ( bridges & roads1 has communicat$ to me "s obs]vations :i* are ( ! greate/ importance1 z expla9+ ^? *anges t h tak5 place along ! %ores ( ! ,adriatic#ig4 ,hav+ be5 direct$ by gov]nm5t to inve/igate ! rem$ies t might be appli$ to ! deva/ations occasion$ by ! floods ( ! ,po1 he asc]ta9$ t ?is riv]1 s9ce ! p]iod :5 x 0 %ut 9 by dikes1 has s greatly rais$ ! level ( its bottom1 t ! surface ( its wat]s is n[ high] ?an ! ro(s ( ! h\ses 9 ,f]r>a4 ,at ! same "t1 its alluvial depositions h advanc$ s rapidly into ! sea1 t1 by comp>+ old *>ts ) ! pres5t /ate1 ! %ore is f\nd to h ga9$ m ?an six ?\s& fa?oms s9ce #afjd1 giv+ an av]age ( a hundr$ & fifty or a hundr$ & eighty1 & 9 "s places two hundr$ feet ye>ly4 ,! ,adige & ! ,po1 are at ! pres5t day high] ?an ! :ole tract ( l& t lies betwe5 !m2 & x is only by op5+ new *annels = !m 9 ! l[ gr\nds1 :i* !y h =m]ly deposit$1 t ! disa/]s :i* !y n[ ?reat5 may be av]t$4 ,! same causes h produc$ ! same effects along ! bran*es ( ! ,rh9e & ! ,meuse2 & ?us ! ri*e/ di/ricts ( ,holl& h cont9ually ! frightful view ( _! riv]s held up by embankm5ts at a height ( f tw5ty to ?irty feet above ! level ( ! l&4 ,m4 ,wiebek+1 director ( bridges & highways 9 ! k+dom ( ,bav>ia1 has writt5 a memoir ^u ?is subject1 s important z to be wor?y ( be+ prop]ly und]/ood1 bo? by ! p & ! gov]nm5t1 9 all c\ntries :]e ^! *anges take place4 ,9 ?is memoir1 he %ews t ! prop]ty ( rais+ ! level ( _! b$s is common 9 a great] or less degree to all riv]s4 ,! additions ( l& t h be5 made along ! %ores ( ! ,nor? ,sea1 h n be5 less rapid 9 _! progress ?an 9 ,italy4 ,!y c be easily trac$ 9 ,friesl& & 9 ! c\ntry ( ,gron+51 :]e ! epo* ( ! fir/ dikes1 con/ruct$ by ! ,spani% gov]nor ,gasp> ,robls1 is well kn[n to h be5 9 #aegj4 ,an hundr$ ye>s aft]w>ds1 l& _h already be5 ga9$1 9 "s places1 to ! ext5t ( ?ree qu>t]s ( a league beyond ^! dikes2 & ev5 ! city ( ,gron+51 p>tly built ^u ! old l&1 on a lime/one :i* does n belong to ! pres5t sea1 & 9 :i* ! same %ells are f\nd z 9 ! co>se lime/one ( ! neighb\rhood ( ,p>is1 is only six leagues f ! sea4 ,hav+ be5 ^u ! spot1 ,i am enabl$ to adduce my own te/imony 9 confirmation ( facts already well kn[n1 & :i* h be5 s well /at$ by ,m4 ,deluc#ih4 ,! same ph5om5on may be z di/9ctly obs]v$ along ! coa/s ( ,ea/ ,friesl&1 & ! c\ntries ( ,brem5 & ,hol/e91 z ! p]iod at :i* ! new gr\nds 7 inclos$ = ! fir/ "t is kn[n1 & ! ext5t t has be5 ga9$ s9ce c be measur$4 ,?is new alluvial l&1 =m$ by ! riv]s & ! sea1 is ( a/oni%+ f]tility1 & is s mu* ! m valuable1 z ! anci5t soil ( ^! c\ntries1 be+ cov]$ ) hea?s & peat-mosses1 is almo/ ev]y:]e unfit = cultivation4 ,! alluvial l&s alone produce subsi/5ce = ! _m popul\s cities t h be5 built along ^! coa/s1 s9ce ! middle age1 & :i* p]haps w\ld n h atta9$ _! pres5t fl\ri%+ condition1 )\t ! aid ( ! ri* deposits :i* ! riv]s _h prep>$ = !m1 & :i* !y are cont9ually augm5t+4 ,if ! size :i* ,h]odotus attributes to ! ,sea ( ,asoph1 :i* he makes equal to ! ,eux9e#ii1 _h be5 less vaguely indicat$1 & if we knew precisely :at he meant by ! ,g]rhus#ajj1 we %\ld !re f9d /rong additional pro(s ( ! *anges produc$ by riv]s1 & ! rapidity ) :i* !y are made2 = ! alluvial depositions ( riv]s alone h1 s9ce ! "t ( ,h]odotus1 t is to say1 9 ! c\rse ( two ?\s& & two or ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 r$uc$ ! ,sea ( ,asoph#aja to its pres5t comp>atively small size1 %ut up ! c\rse ( ! ,g]rhus1 or t bran* ( ! ,dniep] :i* _h =m]ly jo9$ ! ,hypacyris1 & dis*>g$ its wat]s along ) t riv] into ! gulf call$ ,c>c9ites1 n[ ! ,olu-,degnitz1 & r$uc$ ! ,hypacyris itself to almo/ no?+#ajb4 ,we %\ld possess pro(s no less /rong ( ! same k9d1 c\ld we be c]ta9 t ! ,oxus or ,sih\n1 :i* at pres5t dis*>ges itself into ! lake ,aral1 =m]ly rea*$ ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,b we are 9 possession ( facts suffici5tly conclusive on ! po9t 9 "q1 )\t adduc+ su* z are d\btful1 & )\t be+ expos$ to ! necessity ( mak+ ! ignorance ( ! anci5ts 9 geography ! basis ( our physical propositions4#ajc ,progress ( ! ,d[ns4 ,! d[ns or hillocks ( s& :i* ! sea ?r[s up on l[ coa/s1 :5 its bottom is s&y1 h already be5 m5tion$4 ,:]ev] human indu/ry has n succe$$ 9 fix+ ^! d[ns1 !y advance z irresi/ibly ^u ! l& z ! alluvial depositions ( ! riv]s advance into ! sea4 ,9 _! progress inl&1 !y pu% be=e !m ! l>ge pools =m$ by ! ra9 :i* falls ^u ! neighb\r+ gr\nds1 & ^: communication ) ! sea is int]cept$ by !m4 ,9 _m places !y proce$ ) a frightful rapidity1 ov]:elm+ =e/s1 build+s1 & cultivat$ fields4 ,^? ^u ! coa/ ( ! ,bay ( ,biscay#ajd h already ov]:elm$ a great numb] ( villages m5tion$ 9 ! records ( ! middle age2 & at ?is mom5t1 9 ! s+le ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,l&es1 !y ?reat5 t5 ) inevitable de/ruction4 ,"o ( ^! villages1 nam$ ,mimisan1 has be5 /ruggl+ aga9/ !m ^! tw5ty ye>s1 ) ! melan*oly prospect ( a s&-hill ( m ?an sixty feet p]p5dicul> height visibly approa*+ x4 ,9 #ahjb1 ! p5t up pools ov]:elm$ five f9e f>m+ e/abli%m5ts at ! village ( ,/ ,julian#aje4 ,!y h long cov]$ up an anci5t ,roman road lead+ f ,b\rdeaux to ,bayonne1 & :i* c\ld /ill be se5 =ty ye>s ago1 :5 ! wat]s 7 l[#ajf4 ,! ,ad\r1 :i* is kn[n to h =m]ly pass$ ,old ,b\caut1 to jo9 ! sea at ,cape ,breton1 is n[ turn$ to ! di/ance ( m ?an two ?\s& y>ds4 ,! late ,m4 ,bremonti]1 inspector ( bridges & highways1 :o conduct$ ext5sive op]ations ^u ^! d[ns1 e/imat$ _! progress at sixty feet ye>ly1 & 9 "s places at sev5ty-two feet4 ,accord+ to ?is calculation1 x w only require two ?\s& ye>s to enable !m to rea* ,b\rdeaux2 &1 f _! pres5t ext5t1 x mu/ h be5 some:at m ?an f\r ?\s& ye>s s9ce !y began to be =m$#ajg4 ,! ov]:elm+ ( ! cultivat$ l&s ( ,egypt1 by ! /]ile l&s ( ,libya1 :i* are ?r[n ^u !m by ! we/ w9d1 is a ph5om5on ( ! same nature ) ! d[ns4 ,^! s&s h de/roy$ a numb] ( cities & villages1 ^: ru9s are /ill to be se52 & ?is has happ5$ s9ce ! conque/ ( ! c\ntry by ! ,mahometans1 = ! summits ( ! m9>ets ( "s mosques are se5 project+ beyond ! s&#ajh4 ,) a progress s rapid1 !y w\ld1 )\t d\bt1 h fill$ up ! n>r[ p>ts ( ! valley1 if s _m ages _h elaps$ s9ce !y began to be ?r[n into x#aji2 & !re w\ld no long] rema9 any ?+ betwe5 ! ,libyan *a9 & ! ,nile4 ,"h1 !n1 we h ano!r natural *ronomet]1 ( :i* x w\ld be z easy z int]e/+ to obta9 ! measure4 ,peat-,mosses & ,slips4 ,! turb>ies1 or peat-mosses1 :i* h be5 f\nd s g5]ally 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,europe1 by ! accumulation ( ! rema9s ( sphagna & o!r aquatic mosses1 also af=d a measure ( "t4 ,!y increase 9 height 9 proportions :i* are det]m9ate ) reg>d to ea* place4 ,!y ?us envelope ! small knolls ( ! l&s on :i* !y are =m$2 & sev]al ( ^! knolls h be5 cov]$ ov] )9 ! memory ( man4 ,9 o!r places ! peat-mosses desc5d along ! valleys1 advanc+ l glaci]s1 b diff]+ f !m 9 ?is respect1 t1 :ile ! glaci]s melt at _! l[] "p1 ! progress ( ! peat is imp$$ by no?+4 ,by s\nd+ _! dep? d[n to ! solid gr\nd1 we may e/imate _! age2 & we f9d1 ) reg>d to ^! peat-mosses1 z ) reg>d to ! d[ns1 t !y _c h d]iv$ _! orig9 f an indef9itely remote p]iod4 ,! same obs]vation may be made ) reg>d to ! slips or fall+s1 :i* take place ) wond]ful rapidity at ! foot ( all /eep rocks1 & :i* are /ill v f> f hav+ cov]$ !m4 ,b z no precise measures h hi!rto be5 appli$ to ^! two ag5ts1 we %all n insi/ ^u !m at great] l5g?#aaj4 ,f all t has be5 said1 x may be se5 t nature uni=mly speaks ! same language1 ev]y:]e in=m+ u t ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s _c h comm5c$ at a v remote p]iod4 ,&1 :at is v rem>kable1 mank9d ev]y:]e speaks z nature1 :e!r we consult ! receiv$ traditions ( ! v>i\s nations1 or exam9e _! moral & political /ate1 & ! intellectual atta9m5ts :i* !y _h made at ! p]iod :5 _! au!ntic records comm5ce4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,nations confirms ! ,newness ( ! ,cont95ts4 ,9 fact1 al?\gh1 at ! fir/ glance1 ! traditions ( "s anci5t nations1 :i* ext5d _! orig9 to s _m ?\s&s ( ages1 appe> /rongly to contradict ?is newness ( ! _w1 z x exi/s at pres5t2 yet :5 we exam9e ^! traditions m c>efully1 we soon p]ceive t !y are n suffici5tly au!nticat$4 ,we are1 on ! contr>y1 quickly conv9c$1 t true hi/ory1 des]v+ t "n1 & all t has be5 pres]v$ ( positive docum5ts reg>d+ ! fir/ e/abli%m5t ( nations1 confirm :at has be5 ann\nc$ by ! natural monum5ts already m5tion$4 ,! *ronology ( none ( ! we/]n nations c be trac$ 9 a cont9u\s l9e f>!r back ?an #cjjj ye>s4 ,none ( !m af=d u1 previ\s to t p]iod1 nor ev5 two or ?ree c5turies aft]1 a s]ies ( facts connect$ ) any degree ( probability4 ,! nor? ( ,europe possesses no au!ntic records :i* be> a remot] date ?an t ( its conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity4 ,! hi/ory ( ,spa91 ( ,gaul1 & ( ,engl&1 comm5ces only at ! p]iod :5 ^! c\ntries 7 conqu]$ by ! ,romans2 t ( nor!rn ,italy is1 at ! pres5t day1 almo/ unkn[n4 ,! ,greeks ackn[l$ge t !y did n possess ! art ( writ+1 until x 0 taught !m by ! ,phnicians1 fifte5 or sixte5 c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era2 ev5 = a long "t aft]1 _! hi/ory is full ( fables2 & !y d n assign a m remote date ?an #cjj ye>s f>!r back1 to _! unit+ into di/9ct tribes4 ,( ! hi/ory ( ,we/]n ,asia1 we h only a few contradictory extracts1 :i* d n1 ) any connection1 give a great] antiquity ?an tw5ty-five c5turies#aaa2 & ev5 if we admit ! few hi/orical details :i* ref] to m remote p]iods1 x c sc>cely be ext5d$ to =ty#aab4 ,h]odotus1 ! fir/ pr(ane hi/orian ^: works h be5 transmitt$ to u1 has n a great] antiquity ?an #bcjj ye>s#aac4 ,! hi/orians1 prior to him1 :om he may h consult$1 d n date a c5tury be=e him#aad4 ,we may ev5 judge ( :at !y 7 by ! extravagances h&$ d[n to u1 extract$ f ! works ( ,ari/u ( ,proconnesus1 & "s o!rs4 ,be=e !m we h only poets2 & ,hom]1 ! mo/ anci5t t we possess1 ,hom] ! immortal ma/] & model ( all ! ,we/1 fl\ri%$ only tw5ty-sev5 or tw5ty-eight c5turies be=e ! pres5t "t4 ,:5 ^! fir/ hi/orians speak ( anci5t ev5ts1 :e!r occurr+ 9 _! own nation1 or 9 neighb\r+ c\ntries1 !y only cite oral traditions1 & n public works4 ,x 0 n until a long "t aft] !m1 t pret5d$ extracts 7 giv5 f ! ,egyptian1 ,ph5ician1 & ,babylonian annals4 ,b]osus wrote only 9 ! reign ( ,seleucus ,nicanor2 ,hi]onymus 9 t ( ,antio*us ,sot]1 & ,mane?o "u ,ptolemy ,philadelphia2 ! :ole ?ree hav+ fl\ri%$ only 9 ! ?ird c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,t ,sanconia?o 0 an au?or real or suppos$1 0 n kn[n till ,philo ( ,byblos _h publi%$ a translation ( 8 "w 9 ! reign ( ,adrian1 9 ! second c5tury be=e ,*ri/2 &1 :5 he did become kn[n1 !re 0 no?+ f\nd 9 8 acc\nt ( ! e>ly ages1 z 9 ^? ( all ! au?ors ( ?is k9d1 b a pu]ile !ogony1 or metaphysical doctr9es1 s disguis$ "u ! =m ( allegory z to be un9telligible4 ,"o nation alone has pres]v$ annals writt5 9 prose be=e ! p]iod ( ,cyrus1 namely1 ! ,jewi% p4 ,! "p ( ! ,old ,te/am5t :i* is kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,p5tateu*1 has exi/$ 9 its pres5t =m1 at lea/ s9ce ! sep>ation ( ! t5 tribes "u ,j]oboam1 s9ce x 0 receiv$ z au!ntic by ! ,sam>itans equally z ! ,jews1 :i* assures u t its actual antiquity is upw>ds ( #bhjj ye>s4 ,besides ?is1 we h no reason to d\bt ! book ( ,g5esis hav+ be5 compos$ by ,moses himself1 :i* gives x an antiquity ( #ejj ye>s m1 or ( ?irty-?ree c5turies2 & x is only necess>y to read x1 to p]ceive t x has 9 "p be5 compos$ ( fragm5ts ( previ\sly exi/+ works4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 hesitate to admit1 t ?is is ! mo/ anci5t writ+ :i* has be5 transmitt$ to mod]n times 9 ! ,we/#aae4 ,n[1 ?is "w1 & all ^? :i* h be5 compos$ s9ce1 :atev] /rang]s _! au?ors might be to ,moses & 8 p1 speak ( ! nations on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean z ( rec5t orig92 !y repres5t !m z /ill 9 a half savage /ate "s ages be=e4 ,&1 fur!r1 !y all speak ( a g5]al cata/rophe1 an irruption ( ! wat]s1 :i* occasion$ an almo/ total reg5]ation ( ! human race2 & to ?is epo* !y d n assign a v remote antiquity4 ,^? texts ( ! ,p5tateu*1 :i* ext5d ?is epo* ! longe/1 d n place x f>!r back ?an tw5ty c5turies be=e ,moses1 & h5ce n m ?an #edjj ye>s be=e ! pres5t day#aaf4 ,9 ! poetical traditions ( ! ,greeks1 f :i* is d]iv$ ! :ole ( our pr(ane hi/ory ) ref]5ce to ^? remote ages1 !re is no?+ :i* contradicts ! ,jewi% annals4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y h a wond]ful agreem5t ) !m1 by ! epo* :i* !y assign to ! ,egyptian & ,ph5ician colonies1 by :i* ! fir/ g]ms ( civilization 7 c>ri$ into ,greece4 ,we f9d t1 ab\t ! same p]iod :5 ! ,israelites took _! dep>ture f ,egypt1 to c>ry into ,pale/9e ! sublime doctr9e ( ! unity ( ,god1 o!r colonies issu$ f ! same c\ntry1 to c>ry into ,greece a religion less pure1 at lea/ 9 its ext]nal "*1 :atev] might h be5 ! secret doctr9es :i* x res]v$ = ! initiat$2 :ile o!rs1 aga91 came f ,ph5icia1 & imp>t$ to ! ,greeks ! art ( writ+1 & :atev] 0 connect$ ) navigation & comm]ce#aag4 ,x is und\bt$ly f> f be+ ! case1 t we h _h s9ce t "t a connect$ hi/ory1 s9ce we /ill f9d1 = a long p]iod aft] ^! f\nd]s ( colonies1 a multitude ( my?ological ev5ts1 & adv5tures1 9 :i* gods & h]oes are conc]n$2 & ^! *iefs are connect$ ) au!ntic hi/ory only by means ( g5ealogies evid5tly fictiti\s#aah4 ,&1 x is /ill m c]ta91 t :atev] prec$$ _! arrival1 c\ld only h be5 pres]v$ 9 v imp]fect traditions1 & suppli$ by m]e fictions1 simil> to ^? ( our monks ( ! middle age reg>d+ ! orig9 ( ! ,european nations4 ,?us1 n only %\ld we n be surpris$ to f9d1 ev5 9 anci5t times1 _m d\bts & contradictions respect+ ! epo*s ( ,cecrops1 ,deucalion1 ,cadmus & ,danaus2 & n only w\ld x be *ildi% to atta* ! smalle/ importance to any op9ion :atev]1 reg>d+ ! precise dates ( ,ina*us#aai or ,ogyges#abj2 b1 if any ?+ ought to surprise u1 x is ?is1--t an inf9itely m remote antiquity _h n be5 assign$ to ^? p]sonages4 ,x is impossible t !re has n be5 9 ?is case "s effect ( ! influ5ce ( receiv$ traditions1 f :i* ! inv5tors ( fables 7 n able to free !mselves4 ,"o ( ! dates assign$ to ! deluge ( ,ogyges1 ev5 agrees s mu* ) "o ( ^? :i* h be5 attribut$ to ! deluge ( ,noah1 t x is almo/ impossible x %\ld n h be5 d]iv$ f "s s\rce1 :]e ?is latt] deluge _h be5 ! "o int5d$ to be spok5 (#aba4 ,z to ,deucalion1 :e!r ?is pr9ce be reg>d$ z a real or fictiti\s p]sonage1 h[ev] little we ent] into ! mann] 9 :i* 8 deluge has be5 introduc$ into ! poems ( ! ,greeks1 & ! v>i\s details ) :i* x becomes successively enri*$1 we p]ceive t x 0 no?+ else ?an a tradition ( ! great cataclysm1 alt]$ & plac$ by ! ,hell5ians 9 ! p]iod :i* !y also assign$ to ,deucalion1 because he 0 reg>d$ z ! f\nd] ( _! nation1 & because 8 hi/ory is conf\nd$ ) t ( all ! *iefs ( ! r5ew$ nations#abb4 ,ea* ( ! diff]5t colonies ( ,greece1 t _h pres]v$ isolat$ traditions1 comm5c$ !m ) a p>ticul> deluge ( its own1 because "s remembrance ( ! g5]al deluge common to all ! nations1 0 pres]v$ among ea* ( ! tribes2 &1 :5 x 0 aft]w>ds attempt$ to r$uce ^! v>i\s traditions to a common *ronology1 diff]5t ev5ts 7 imag9$ to h be5 record$1 f ! circum/ance t dates1 9 reality unc]ta91 or p]haps altoge!r false1 al?\gh consid]$ z au!ntic 9 ! c\ntries :]e !y orig9at$1 7 n f\nd to agree ) ea* o!r4 ,?us1 9 ! same mann] t ! ,hell5es _h a deluge ( ,deucalion1 because !y reg>d$ him z ! f\nd] ( _! nation1 ! ,auto*tones ( ,attica _h "o ( ,ogyges1 because x 0 ) him t _! hi/ory comm5c$4 ,! ,pelasgi ( ,arcadia _h t :i*1 accord+ to lat] au?ors1 compell$ ,d>danus to retire t[>ds ! ,hellespont4#abc ,! isl& ( ,samo?racia1 "o ( ^? 9 :i* a succession ( prie/s _h be5 m anci5tly e/abli%$1 toge!r ) a regul> wor%ip & connect$ traditions1 _h also a deluge1 :i* pass$ = ! mo/ anci5t ( all#abd1 & :i* 0 attribut$ to ! bur/+ ( ! ,bosphorus & ! ,hellespont4 ,"s idea ( a simil> ev5t 0 pres]v$ 9 ,asia ,m9or#abe1 & 9 ,syria#abf1 & to ?is ! ,greeks w\ld aft]w>ds naturally atta* ! "n ( ,deucalion#abg4 ,b none ( ^! traditions assign a v remote antiquity to ?is cataclysm2 & !re is none ( !m t does n admit ( explanation1 9 s f> z its date & o!r circum/ances are conc]n$1 f ! v>iations to :i* n>ratives1 t are n fix$ by writ+1 mu/ be cont9ually liable4 ,! v remote ,antiquity attribut$ to c]ta9 ,nations is n support$ by ,hi/ory4 ,^? :o w\ld attribute to ! cont95ts & ! e/abli%m5t ( nations1 a v remote antiquity1 are !re=e oblig$ to h rec\rse to ! ,indians1 ,*aldeans1 & ,egyptians1 ?ree nations1 9 fact1 :i* appe> to h be5 ! mo/ anci5tly civiliz$ ( ! ,caucasian ,race1 & hav+ a rem>kable simil>ity1 n only 9 _! temp]am5t1 & 9 ! climate & nature ( ! c\ntries :i* !y occupi$1 b also 9 _! political & religi\s con/itution1 b ^: te/imony ?is almo/ id5tical con/itution ought to r5d] equally suspect$#abh4 ,^! ?ree nations agre$ 9 hav+ ea* a h]$it>y ca/e1 to :i* ! c>e ( religion1 laws1 & sci5ce1 0 exclusively consign$4 ,9 all ( !m1 ?is ca/e _h its allegorical language & secret doctr9es2 & 9 all x res]v$ to itself ! privilege ( read+ & expla9+ ! sacr$ books1 ! :ole doctr9es ( :i* _h be5 reveal$ by ! gods !mselves4 ,we c easily conceive :at hi/ory w\ld necess>ily come to 9 su* h&s2 b1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to any great ef=ts ( reason1 we may le>n x f ! fact itself1 by exam9+ :at x has come to 9 ! only "o ( ^! ?ree nations :i* /ill exi/s1 namely1 ! ,indians4 ,! tru? is1 t hi/ory does n exi/ at all among !m4 ,9 ! mid/ ( t inf9ity ( books on my/ical !ology & ab/ract metaphysics :i* ! ,brahm9s possess1 & _m ( :i* h be5 made kn[n to u by ! +5i\s p]sev]ance ( ! ,engli%1 we f9d no connect$ acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( _! nation1 or ( ! vicissitudes ( _! society4 ,!y ev5 pret5d t _! religion prohibits !m f record+ ! ev5ts ( ! pres5t "t1 _! age ( mis=tune#abi4 ,accord+ to ! ,v$as1 ! fir/ reveal$ works1 on :i* are f\nd$ ! :ole religi\s op9ions ( ! ,h9doos1 ! lit]ature ( ?is p1 l t ( ! ,greeks1 _h its orig9 at two great epo*s2 ! ,ramaian & ! ,mahab>at1--a ?\s& times m mon/r\s 9 _! wond]s ?an ! ,iliad & ,odyssey1 b 9 :i* we also p]ceive "s traces ( a metaphysical doctr9e ( t description g5]ally t]m$ sublime4 ,! o!r poems1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! two m5tion$1 compose ! great body ( ! ,p\ranas1 are no?+ else ?an metrical leg5ds or romances1 writt5 at diff]5t p]iods1 & by diff]5t au?ors1 & n less extravagant 9 _! fictions ?an ! great poems4 ,x has be5 imag9$ t1 9 "s ( ^! writ+s1 ev5ts & names ( m5 be>+ "s resemblance to ^? spok5 ( by ! ,greeks & ,lat9s1 might be discov]$2 & x is *iefly f ^! resemblances ( names t ,mr ,wil=t has attempt$ to extract f ! ,p\ranas a k9d ( concordance ) our anci5t *ronology ( ! we/2 a concordance :i*1 9 e l9e1 betrays ! hypo!tical nature ( its basis1 & :i*1 moreov]1 c only be admitt$ by absolutely reject+ ! dates giv5 9 ! ,p\ranas !mselves#acj4 ,! li/ ( k+s :i* ! ,indian pundits or doctors pret5d to h compil$ accord+ to ^! ,p\ranas1 are no?+ b m]e catalogues )\t any details1 or adorn$ ) absurd ones1 l ^? ( ! ,*aldeans & ,egyptians1 & l ^? :i* ,tri!mus & ,saxo ,grammaticus h made up = ! nor!rn nations#aca4 ,^! li/s are f> f correspond+2 none ( !m supposes a hi/ory1 or regi/]s1 or records2 ! v basis on :i* !y re/ may h be5 purely imag9$ by ! poets f ^: works !y h be5 extract$4 ,"o ( ! pundits :o furni%$ ,mr ,wil=t ) !m1 ackn[l$g$ t he _h arbitr>ily fill$ up ! spaces betwe5 ! celebrat$ k+s ) imag9>y names#acb1 & av[$ t 8 pr$ecessors _h done ! same4 ,if ?is be true ( ! li/s obta9$ by ! ,engli% at ! pres5t day1 h[ %\ld x n be s ( ^? giv5 by ,ab\-,fazel1 z extracts f ! annals ( ,ca*m]e#acc1 & :i*1 besides1 full ( fables z !y are1 d n ext5d f>!r back ?an #dcjj ye>s1 ( :i* m ?an #abjj are occupi$ ) names ( pr9ces ^: reigns1 9 z f> z reg>ds _! duration1 rema9 undet]m9$4 ,ev5 ! era1 accord+ly1 f :i* ! ,indians c\nt _! ye>s at ! pres5t day1 :i* comm5ces fifty-sev5 ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 & :i* be>s ! "n ( a pr9ce call$ ,vicramaditjia1 or ,bick]madjit1 be>s x only by a sort ( conv5tion2 = we f9d1 accord+ to ! syn*ronisms attribut$ to ,vicramaditjia1 t !re may h be5 at lea/ ?ree1 & p]haps s _m z eight or n9e1 pr9ces ( ?is "n1 :o h all simil> leg5ds1 & :o h all wag$ w> ) a pr9ce nam$ ,saliwahanna2 &1 fur!r1 we _c well make out :e!r ?is p]iod1 ! fifty-sev5? ye> be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 is t ( ! bir?1 reign1 or dea? ( ! h]o ^: "n x be>s4#acd ,la/ly1 ! mo/ au!ntic books ( ! ,indians1 contradict1 by intr9sic & v obvi\s *>act]s1 ! antiquity attribut$ to !m by ! pundits4 ,_! v$as1 or sacr$ books1 alleg$ by !m to h be5 reveal$ by ,brama himself f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 & arrang$ by ,viasa 7a "n :i* signifies no?+ else ?an collector71 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t age1 if we judge ( !m by ! cal5d> :i* is f\nd annex$1 & to :i* !y ref]1 z well z by ! position ( ! colures indicat$ by ?is cal5d>1 may ext5d to #cbjj ye>s1 or ab\t ! epo* ( ,moses4#ace ,nay1 p]haps ^? :o give cr$it to ! ass]tion ( ,mega/h5es#acf1 t 9 8 "t ! ,indians 7 n acqua9t$ ) ! art ( writ+1 :o reflect t none ( ! anci5ts has made m5tion ( _! sup]b temples1 ^? imm5se pagodas1 ! rem>kable monum5ts ( ! religion ( ! ,brahm9s1 & :o are aw>e t ! epo*s ( _! a/ronomical tables h be5 calculat$ backw>ds1 & ill calculat$1 & t _! treatises ( a/ronomy are mod]n & ant$at$1 w be incl9$ /ill f>!r to r$uce ! pret5d$ antiquity ( ! ,v$as4 ,yet ev5 9 ! mid/ ( all ! ,brahm9ical fictions1 circum/ances occur1 ^: agreem5t ) ! result ( ! hi/orical monum5ts ( m we/]n c\ntries _c b a/oni% u4 ,?us1 _! my?ology consecrates ! successive deva/ations :i* ! surface ( ! globe has already und]gone1 or is yet de/9$ to und]go2 & x is only to a p]iod some:at less ?an #ejjj ye>s1 t !y ref] ! la/ cata/rophe4#acg ,"o ( ^! revolutions1 :i* is 9 reality plac$ mu* f>!r f u1 is describ$ 9 t]ms ne>ly correspond+ ) ^? ( ,moses#ach4 ,mr ,wil=t ev5 assures u1 t1 9 ano!r ev5t ( ! same my?ology1 a conspicu\s place is held by a p]sonage :o resembles ,deucalion1 9 8 orig91 "n1 & adv5tures1 & ev5 9 ! "n & adv5tures ( 8 fa!r#aci4 ,x is a circum/ance equally wor?y ( rem>k1 t1 9 ! li/s ( _! k+s1 imp]fect & unau!ntic z !y are1 !y date ! comm5cem5t ( _! fir/ human sov]eigns 7^? ( ! race ( ! sun & moon71 at an epo* :i* is ne>ly ! same z t f :i* ,ctesias1 9 8 s+ul>ly con/ruct$ li/1 comm5ces ! reign ( 8 ,assyrian k+s#adj4 ,?is deplorable /ate ( hi/orical k 0 necess>ily ! result ( ! sy/em ( a p1 among :om ! exclusive privilege ( writ+1 ( pres]v+1 & ( expla9+ ! books1 0 giv5 to ! h]$it>y prie/s ( a religion mon/r\s 9 its ritual1 & cruel 9 its maxims4 ,"s leg5d made up = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ a place ( pilgrimage1 inv5tions adapt$ to impress m deeply a respect = _! ca/e1 mu/ h int]e/$ ^! prie/s m ?an any hi/orical tru?s4 ,( ! sci5ces1 !y might h cultivat$ a/ronomy1 :i* w\ld give !m cr$it z a/rolog]s2 me*anics1 :i* w\ld assi/ !m 9 rais+ _! monum5ts1 ^? signs ( _! p[]1 & objects ( ! sup]/iti\s v5]ation ( ! p2 geometry1 ! basis ( a/ronomy1 z well z ( me*anics1 & an important auxili>y to agriculture 9 ^? va/ pla9s ( alluvial =mation1 :i* c\ld only be r5d]$ heal?y & f]tile by ! aid ( num]\s canals4 ,!y might h enc\rag$ ! me*anical or *emical arts1 :i* support$ _! comm]ce1 & contribut$ to _! luxury1 & ! magnific5ce ( _! temples4 ,b hi/ory1 :i* in=ms m5 ( _! mutual relations1 w\ld be reg>d$ by !m ) dread4 ,:at we see 9 ,india1 we might !re=e expect to f9d 9 g5]al1 :]ev] sac]dotal races1 con/itut$ l ^? ( ! ,brahm9s1 & e/abli%$ 9 simil> c\ntries1 assum$ ! same empire ov] ! mass ( ! p4 ,! same causes produce ! same effects2 &1 9 fact1 we h only to glance ov] ! fragm5ts ( ,egyptian & ,*aldean traditions :i* h be5 pres]v$1 to be conv9c$ t !re is no m hi/orical au!nticity 9 !m ?an 9 ^? ( ! ,indians4 ,9 ord] to judge ( ! nature ( ! *ronicles :i* ! ,egyptian prie/s pret5d$ to possess1 x is only necess>y to review ! extracts :i* h be5 giv5 by !mselves at diff]5t p]iods1 & to diff]5t individuals4 ,^? ( ,sais1 = example1 in=m$ ,solon1 ab\t #eej ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 t1 z ,egypt 0 n subject to deluges1 !y _h pres]v$ n only _! own annals1 b ^? ( o!r nations also2 t ! cities ( ,a!ns & ,sais _h be5 built by ,m9]va1 ! =m] #ijjj ye>s be=e1 ! latt] only #hjjj2 & to ^! dates !y add$ ! well kn[n fables respect+ ! ,atlantes1 & ! resi/ance :i* ! anci5t ,a!nians oppos$ to _! conque/s1 toge!r ) ! :ole romantic description ( ! ,atlantis#ada1 a description 9 :i* we f9d ev5ts & g5ealogies simil> to ^? ( all my?ological romances4 ,a c5tury lat]1 ab\t #dej ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 ! prie/s ( ,memphis gave entirely diff]5t acc\nts to ,h]odotus#adb4 ,m5es1 ! fir/ k+ ( ,egypt1 accord+ to !m1 _h built ,memphis1 & inclos$ ! ,nile )9 dikes1 z if x 7 possible t ! fir/ k+ ( a c\ntry c\ld p]=m op]ations ( ?is k9d4 ,betwe5 ?is pr9ce & ,mris1 :o1 accord+ to !m1 reign$ #ijj ye>s be=e ! p]iod at :i* ?is acc\nt 0 giv5 7#acej ye>s be=e ,*ri/71 !y _h a succession ( ?ree hundr$ & ?irty o!r k+s4 ,aft] ^! k+s came ,seso/ris1 :o ext5d$ 8 conque/s z f> z ,col*is#adc2 & altoge!r1 !re 71 to ! "t ( ,se?os1 ?ree hundr$ & =ty-"o k+s1 & ?ree hundr$ & =ty-"o *ief prie/s1 9 ?ree hundr$ & =ty-"o g5]ations1 dur+ a space ( #aa1cdj ye>s4 ,&1 9 ?is int]val1 z if to insure ! au!nticity ( _! *ronology1 ^! prie/s ass]t$ t ! sun _h ris5 twice :]e he sets1 )\t any *ange hav+ tak5 place 9 ! climate or productions ( ! c\ntry1 & )\t any ( ! gods hav+ at t "t1 or be=e1 made _! appe>ance & reign$ 9 ,egypt4 ,to ?is fable1 :i*1 despite ( all ! pret5d$ explanations t h be5 giv5 ( x1 ev9ces s gross an ignorance ( a/ronomy1 !y add$1 reg>d+ ,seso/ris1 ,ph]o1 ,hel5ius1 & ,rhamps9itus1 ! k+s :o built ! pyramids1 & an ,e?iopian conqu]or nam$ ,sabacos1 a set ( tales equally absurd4 ,! prie/s ( ,!bes did bett]3 !y %ew$ ,h]odotus1 & !y _h be=e %ewn to ,hecatu1 ?ree hundr$ & =ty-five colossal figures ( wood1 :i* repres5t$ ?ree hundr$ & =ty-five high prie/s1 :o _h succe$$ to ea* o!r f fa!r to son1 all m51 all born ! "o ( ! o!r1 b :o _h be5 prec$$ by gods#add4 ,o!r ,egyptians told him t !y _h exact regi/]s1 n only ( ! reign ( m51 b also ( t ( gods4 ,!y reckon$ #ag1jjj ye>s f ,h]cules to ,amases1 & #ae1jjj f ,bac*us4 ,pan _h ev5 be5 prior to ,h]cules#ade4 ,^! p evid5tly took = hi/ory "s allegories relat+ to pan!i/ic metaphysics1 :i* =m$1 unkn[n to !m1 ! basis ( _! my?ology4 ,x is only f ! "t ( ,se?os t ,h]odotus comm5ces ! "p ( 8 hi/ory :i* is some:at rational2 & x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t ?is "p beg9s ) an ev5t :i* agrees ) ! ,hebrew annals1 ! de/ruction ( ! army ( ! ,k+ ( ,assyria1 ,s5na*]ib#adf2 & ?is agreem5t cont9ues "u ,ne*o#adg1 & "u ,hophra or ,apries4 ,two c5turies aft] ,h]odotus 7ab\t #bfj ye>s be=e ,*ri/7 ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 a pr9ce ( a =eign race1 wi%$ to become acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! c\ntry :i* ev5ts _h call$ him to gov]n4 ,a prie/1 call$ ,mane?o1 0 employ$ to write x = him4 ,x 0 n f regi/]s or ar*ives t he pret5d$ to compile ?is "w1 b f ! sacr$ books ( ,aga?odmon1 ! son ( ! second ,h]mes1 & ! fa!r ( ,tat1 :o _h copi$ x ^u pill>s erect$ be=e ! flood by ,tot or ! fir/ ,h]mes1 9 ! ,s]iadic l&#adh4 ,& ?is second ,h]mes1 ?is ,aga?odmon1 ?is ,tat1 are p]sonages ( :om no?+ _h ev] be5 said be=e1 any m ?an ( ! ,s]iadic l&1 or ( its pill>s4 ,! deluge itself 0 an ev5t entirely unkn[n to ! ,egyptians ( prec$+ times1 & conc]n+ :i* ,mane?o says no?+ 9 :at rema9s ( 8 dyna/ies4 ,! product resembles its s\rce2 n only is ! :ole full ( absurdities1 b !y are absurdities peculi> to ! "w1 & utt]ly irreconcilable ) ^? :i* ! prie/s ( old] times _h relat$ to ,solon & ,h]odotus4 ,x is ,vulcan :o comm5ces ! s]ies ( div9e k+s4 ,he reigns #ijjj ye>s2 ! gods & demi-gods reign #aihe ye>s4 ,! names1 & successions1 & dates ( ,mane?o are utt]ly unlike any ?+ t 0 publi%$ be=e or aft] him2 & f ! discrepancy ( ! extracts giv5 by ,josephus1 ,julius ,africanus1 & ,eusebius1 we may inf] t 8 n>ratives 7 z obscure & confus$ 9 !mselves1 z !y 7 discordant ) ^? ( o!r au?ors4 ,ev5 ! duration ( ! respective reigns ( 8 human k+s is n settl$4 ,accord+ to ,julius ,africanus1 x ext5d$ to #eaja2 accord+ to ,eusebius1 to #dgbc2 & accord+ to ,syncellus1 to #ceee ye>s4 ,x might be ?\ght t ! diff]5ces 9 ! names & cyph]s arose f ! inaccuracy ( copyi/s2 b ,josephus quotes a passage at l5g?1 ! details ( :i* are manife/ly 9 contradiction ) ! extracts ( 8 successors4 ,a *ronicle1 nam$ ! anci5t#adi1 & :i* "s consid] ant]ior1 o!rs po/]ior1 to ,mane?o1 gives /ill diff]5t calculations4 ,! total duration ( its k+s is #cf1ebe ye>s1 ( :i* ! sun reign$ #cj1jjj1 ! o!r gods #cihd1 & ! demi-gods #bag2 !re rema9+ = ^? ( ! human race only #bcci ye>s4 ,!re are ?us also b #aac g5]ations1 9 place ( ! #cdj ( ,h]odotus4 ,a le>n$ man ( an ord] diff]5t f t ( ,mane?o1 ! a/ronom] ,erato/h5es1 discov]$ & publi%$1 9 ! reign ( ,ptolemy ,eu]getes1 ab\t #bdj ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 a p>ticul> li/ ( ?irty-eight k+s ( ,!bes1 comm5c+ ) ,m5es1 & cont9u+ = a space ( #ajbd ye>s2 ( :i* we h an extract t ,syncellus has copi$ f ,apollodorus#aej4 ,sc>cely any ( ! names f\nd 9 ?is li/ correspond ) ^? ( ! o!rs4 ,diodorus w5t to ,egypt 9 ! reign ( ,ptolemy ,auletes1 ab\t sixty ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 consequ5tly two c5turies aft] ,mane?o1 & f\r aft] ,h]odotus4 ,he also collect$ f ! n>ratives ( ! prie/s a hi/ory ( ! c\ntry1 & 8 acc\nt is aga9 q diff]5t f ^? ( 8 pr$ecessors#aea4 ,x is no long] ,m5es :o built ,memphis1 b ,u*oru2 & long be=e 8 "t ,busiris ! second _h built ,!bes4 ,! eigh? ance/or ( ,u*oru1 ,osym&yas1 possess$ himself ( ,bactria1 & cru%$ rebellions 9 x4 ,long aft] him1 ,sesoosis made /ill m ext5sive conque/s1 hav+ proce$$ z f> z ! ,ganges1 & return$ by ,scy?ia & ! ,tanais4 ,un=tunately ^! names ( k+s are unkn[n to all ! prec$+ hi/orians1 & none ( ! nations :i* !y conqu]$ h pres]v$ ! slighte/ traces ( !m4 ,z to ! gods & h]oes1 _! reign1 accord+ to ,diodorus1 ext5d$ ?r\gh a space ( #ah1jjj ye>s1 :ile t ( ! human sov]eigns 0 #ae1jjj4 ,f\r hundr$ & sev5ty ( ! k+s 7 ,egyptians1 & f\r ,e?iopians1 )\t reckon+ ! ,p]sians & ,mac$onians4 ,! fables1 besides1 ) :i* ! :ole is int]m+l$1 d n yield 9 *ildi%ness to ^? ( ,h]odotus4 ,9 ! eighte5? ye> ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ,g]manicus1 ! nephew ( ,tib]ius1 l$ by ! desire ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! antiquities ( ?is celebrat$ l&1 w5t ov] to ,egypt1 at ! risk ( incurr+ ! displeasure ( a pr9ce s suspici\s z 8 uncle1 & proce$$ up ! ,nile z f> z ,!bes4 ,x 0 no m ,seso/ris or ,osym&yas1 ( :om ! prie/s spoke to him z a conqu]or1 b ,rhamses1 :o1 at ! head ( #gjj1jjj m51 _h invad$ ,libya1 ,e?iopia1 ,m$ia1 ,p]sia1 ,bactria1 ,scy?ia1 ,asia-,m9or1 & ,syria#aeb4 ,la/ly1 9 ! celebrat$ article ( ,pl9y ^u ! obelisks#aec1 we f9d names ( k+s :i* are n to be se5 else:]e2 ,so?ies1 ,mnevis1 ,zm>reus1 ,eraphius1 ,me/ires1 a ,sem5ps]teus1 contempor>y ( ,py?agoras1 c4 ,a ,ramises1 :o might be ?\ght ! same z ,rhamses1 is !re made to live at ! "t ( ! siege ( ,troy4 ,i am n sure :e!r x has be5 attempt$ to reconcile ^! discordant li/s by ! supposition t ! k+s h borne sev]al names4 ,= my own "p1 :5 ,i consid] n only ! discrepancy ( ^! v>i\s acc\nts1 b1 above all1 ! mixture ( au!ntic facts1 atte/$ by va/ monum5ts1 & ( pu]ile extravagancies1 x appe>s to me mu* m natural to conclude1 t ! ,egyptian prie/s possess$ no real hi/ory :atev]2 t1 inf]ior /ill to ^? ( ,india1 !y _h n ev5 suitable & connect$ fables2 t !y pres]v$ only li/s m or less defective ( _! k+s1 & "s remembrances ( ! m di/+ui%$ among !m1 ( ^? especially :o _h tak5 c>e to h _! names inscrib$ ^u ! temples & o!r great edifices :i* adorn$ _! c\ntry2 b t ^! remembrances 7 confus$1 t !y re/$ m]ely ^u ! traditional explanation :i* 0 giv5 to ! repres5tations pa9t$ or sculptur$ ^u ! monum5ts2 explanations f\nd$ solely ^u hi]oglyphical inscriptions1 conceiv$1 l t :i* has be5 h&$ d[n to u#aed1 9 v g5]al t]ms1 & :i*1 pass+ f m\? to m\?1 7 alt]$1 z to _! details1 at ! pleasure ( ^? :o communicat$ !m to /rang]s2 & t x is consequ5tly impossible to re/ any proposition relative to ! antiquity ( ! pres5tly exi/+ cont95ts1 ^u ! %r$s ( ^! traditions1 s incomplete ev5 9 _! own times1 & become utt]ly un9telligible "u ! p5 ( ^? :o h be5 ! means ( transmitt+ !m to u4 ,%\ld ?is ass]tion require o!r pro(s1 !y w\ld be f\nd 9 ! li/ ( ! sacr$ works ( ,h]mes1 :i* 7 c>ri$ by ! ,egyptian prie/s 9 _! solemn processions4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria#aee names !m all to ! numb] ( =ty-two1 & !re is n ev5 f\nd among !m1 z is ! case ) ! ,brahm9s1 "o epic poem1 or "o book1 :i* has ! pret5sion to be a n>rative1 or to fix 9 any way a s+le great action or a s+le ev5t4 ,! int]e/+ rese>*es ( ,m4 ,*ampollion ! y\ng]1 & 8 a/oni%+ discov]ies reg>d+ ! language ( ! hi]oglyphics#aef1 f> f ov]turn+ ^! conjectures1 on ! contr>y1 confirm !m4 ,?is +5i\s antiqu>y has read1 9 a s]ies ( hi]oglyphic pa9t+s 9 ! temple ( ,abydos#aeg1 ! pr5om5s ( a c]ta9 numb] ( k+s plac$ 9 regul> succession "o aft] ano!r2 & a "p ( ^! pr5om5s 7! la/ t57 recurr+ on v>i\s o!r monum5ts1 accompani$ ) prop] names1 he has conclud$ t !y are ^? ( k+s :o bore ^? prop] names1 & ?is has af=d$ him ne>ly ! same k+s1 & 9 ! same ord]1 z ^? ( :i* ,mane?o composes 8 eighte5? dyna/y1 t :i* expell$ ! %eph]ds4 ,! concordance1 h[ev]1 is n complete3 9 ! pa9t+ ( ,abydos1 six ( ! names t appe> 9 ,mane?o's li/ are want+2 !re are "s1 aga91 :i* be> no resemblance2 &1 la/ly1 !re un=tunately occurs a blank be=e ! mo/ rem>kable ( all1 ! ,rhamses1 :o appe>s ! same z ! k+ repres5t$ on _m ( ! f9e/ monum5ts1 ) ! attributes ( a great conqu]or4 ,x w\ld be1 accord+ to ,m4 ,*ampollion1 9 ! li/ ( ,mane?o1 ! ,se?os1 ! *ief ( ! n9ete5? dyna/y1 :o1 9 fact1 is indicat$ z p[]ful 9 %ips & 9 cavalry1 & z hav+ c>ri$ 8 arms into ,cyprus1 ,m$ia & ,p]sia4 ,m4 ,*ampollion ?9ks1 ) ,m>%am & _m o!rs1 t x is ?is ,rhamses1 or ?is ,se?os1 :o is ! ,seso/ris1 or ! ,sesoosis ( ! ,greeks2 & ?is op9ion possesses "s probability1 9 ?is respect1 t ! repres5tations ( ! victories ( ,rhamses1 probably c>ri$ ov] ! w&]+ tribes 9 ! vic9ity ( ,egypt1 or at ! mo/ into ,syria1 h giv5 rise to ^? fabul\s ideas ( va/ conque/s attribut$1 by "s o!r confusion1 to a ,seso/ris4 ,b1 9 ,mane?o1 x is 9 ! twelf? dyna/y1 & n 9 ! eighte5?1 t a pr9ce be>+ ! "n ( ,seso/ris is inscrib$1 :o is not$ z hav+ conqu]$ ,asia & ,?race#aeh4 ,m>%am also ass]ts1 t ?is twelf? dyna/y & ! eighte5? make b "o#aei4 ,mane?o c\ld n himself1 !re=e1 h und]/ood ! li/s :i* he copi$4 ,la/ly1 if we admit 9 _! full degree1 bo? ! hi/orical tru? ( ?is bas-relief ( ,abydos1 & its accordance1 :e!r ) ! "p ( ,mane?o's li/s t seems to correspond to x1 or ) ! o!r hi]oglyphic inscriptions1 ?is consequ5ce w\ld result1 t ! pret5d$ eighte5? dyna/y1 ! fir/ reg>d+ :i* ! anci5t *ronologi/s beg9 to manife/ "s agreem5t1 is also ! fir/ :i* has left traces ( its exi/5ce ^u monum5ts4 ,mane?o may h consult$ ?is docum5t & o!rs ( a l nature2 b x is n ! less obvi\s1 t a m]e li/1 a s]ies ( names or ( portraits1 z he has ?r\gh\t1 is f> f be+ a hi/ory4 ,ought n ?is1 !n1 :i* is prov$ & demon/rat$ ) respect to ! ,indians1 & :i* ,i h r5d]$ s probable ) respect to ! inhabitants ( ! valley ( ! ,nile1 be presum$ also to be ! case ) ^? ( ! valleys ( ! ,euphrates & ,tigris8 ,e/abli%$1 l ! ,indians#afj & ,egyptians1 ^u a mu* frequ5t$ r\te ( comm]ce1 9 va/ pla9s1 :i* !y _h be5 oblig$ to int]sect ) num]\s canals2 in/ruct$1 l !m1 by h]$it>y prie/s1 ! pret5d$ deposit>ies ( secret books1 ! privileg$ possessors ( ! sci5ces1 a/rolog]s1 build]s ( pyramids1 & o!r great monum5ts#afa2 %\ld !y n also resemble !m 9 o!r ess5tial po9ts8 ,%\ld n _! hi/ory be equally a m]e collection ( leg5d>y tales8 ,i v5ture almo/ to ass]t1 t n only is ?is probable1 b t x is actually demon/rat$4 ,up to ?is p]iod nei!r ,moses nor ,hom] speak ( any great empire 9 ,upp] ,asia4 ,h]odotus#afb gives to ! supremacy ( ! ,assyrians a duration ( only #ebj ye>s1 & does n attribute to _! orig9 a great] antiquity ?an ab\t eight c5turies be=e 8 own "t4 ,aft] hav+ be5 at ,babylon1 :]e he consult$ ! prie/s1 he _h n ev5 le>nt ! "n ( ,n9us z k+ ( ! ,assyrians1 & does n m5tion him o!rwise ?an z ! fa!r ( ,agro#afc1 ! fir/ ,lydian k+ ( ! family ( ! ,h]aclides4 ,not)/&+1 he makes him ! son ( ,belus3 s mu* confusion _h !re be5 9 ! traditions4 ,?\gh he speaks ( ,semiramis z "o ( ! que5s :o left great monum5ts 9 ,babylon1 he only places h] sev5 g5]ations be=e ,cyrus4 ,hellanicus1 :o 0 cotempor>y ) ,h]odotus1 f> f all[+ t ,semiramis _h built any ?+ at ,babylon1 attributes ! f\ndation ( t city to ,*aldu1 ! f\rte5? successor ( ,n9us#afd4 ,b]osus1 a ,babylonian & a prie/1 :o wrote sc>cely a hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s aft] ,h]odotus1 gives an a/\nd+ antiquity to ,babylon2 b x is to ,nabu*odonosor1 a pr9ce comp>atively v mod]n1 t he attributes ! pr9cipal monum5ts#afe4 ,reg>d+ ev5 ,cyrus1 a pr9ce s rem>kable1 & ^: hi/ory mu/ h be5 s well kn[n & s popul>1 ,h]odotus1 :o only liv$ a hundr$ ye>s aft] him1 owns t1 9 8 "t1 !re already exi/$ ?ree diff]5t op9ions2 &1 9 fact1 sixty ye>s lat]1 ,x5ophon gives a biography ( ?is pr9ce q at v>iance ) t ( ,h]odotus4 ,ctesias1 :o 0 ne>ly cotempor>y ) ,x5ophon1 pret5ds to h extract$ f ! royal ar*ives ( ! ,m$es1 a *ronology :i* c>ries back ! orig9 ( ! ,assyrian mon>*y upw>ds ( #hjj ye>s1 putt+ at ! head ( _! k+s1 t same ,n9us1 ! son ( ,belus1 :om ,h]odotus _h made "o ( ! ,h]aclides2 &1 at ! same "t1 he attributes to ,n9us & ,semiramis conque/s t[>ds ! we/1 ( an ext5t absolutely incompatible ) ! ,jewi% & ,egyptian hi/ory ( ! times 9 "q#aff4 ,accord+ to ,mega/h5es1 x 0 ,nabu*odonosor :o made ^! incr$ible conque/s4 ,he pu%$ !m by way ( ,libya1 z f> z ,spa9#afg4 ,we f9d t1 9 ! "t ( ,alex&]1 ,nabu*odonosor _h completely usurp$ ! reputation :i* ,semiramis _h possess$ 9 ! "t ( ,artax]xes4 ,b we mu/ suppose1 )\t d\bt1 t ,semiramis & ,nabu*odonosor _h conqu]$ ,e?iopia & ,libya1 mu* 9 ! same way z ! ,egyptians made ,india & ,bactria to be subdu$ by ,seso/ris or ,osym&ias4 ,x w\ld lead to no result 7 we n[ to exam9e ! diff]5t acc\nts respect+ ,s>danapalus1 9 :i* a celebrat$ writ] imag9$ he _h f\nd pro(s ( ! exi/5ce ( ?ree pr9ces ( t "n1 :o 7 all victims ( simil> mis=tunes#afh2 mu* 9 ! same way z ano!r writ] f\nd 9 ! ,indian ,vicramaditjia1 at lea/ ?ree pr9ces1 :o 7 equally ! h]oes ( simil> adv5tures4 ,x is app>5tly f ! want ( agreem5t 9 all ^! acc\nts1 t ,/rabo ?\ght himself ju/ifi$ 9 say+1 t ! au?ority ( ,h]odotus & ,ctesias 0 n equal to t ( ,hom] or ,hesiod#afi4 ,nor has ,ctesias be5 m happy 9 transcrib]s ?an ,mane?o2 & x is v difficult1 at ! pres5t day1 to h>monize ! extracts made f 8 writ+s by ,diodorus1 ,eusebius1 & ! ,syncelle4 ,s9ce !re exi/$ su* a /ate ( unc]ta9ty 9 ! fif? c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 h[ %\ld x be imag9$ t ,b]osus _h be5 able to cle> x up 9 ! ?ird c5tury be=e t era2 or h[ %\ld we repose m confid5ce 9 ! #dcj1jjj ye>s :i* he puts be=e ! deluge1 or ! #ce1jjj ye>s :i* he places betwe5 ! deluge & ,semiramis1 ?an 9 ! regi/]s ( #aej1jjj ye>s1 :i* he boa/s ( hav+ consult$#agj4 ,/ructures rais$ 9 remote prov9ces1 & be>+ ! "n ( ,semiramis1 h be5 spok5 (2 & columns erect$ by ,seso/ris#aga h be5 pret5d$ to h be5 se5 9 ,asia ,m9or1 9 ,?race4 ,b1 9 ! same way1 9 ,p]sia1 at ! pres5t day1 ! anci5t monum5ts1 p]haps ev5 "s ( ! above1 be> ! "n ( ,r\/an2 & 9 ,egypt or ,arabia1 !y be> ! names ( ,joseph or ,solomon4 ,?is is an anci5t cu/om among ! ea/]n nations1 & probably among all ignorant p4 ,! peasants ( our own c\ntry give ! "n ( ,cs>'s ,camp to all ! rema9s ( ,roman entr5*m5ts4 ,9 a ^w1 ! m ,i consid] ! subject1 ! m ,i am p]suad$ t !re exi/$ no anci5t hi/ory at ,babylon or ,ecbatan1 m ?an 9 ,egypt & ,india4 ,&1 9 place ( r$uc+ my?ology to hi/ory1 ) ,evhem]e & ,banni]1 ,i am ( op9ion t a great "p ( hi/ory %\ld be ref]r$ to my?ology4 ,x is only at ! epo* ( :at is commonly call$ ! ,second ,k+dom ( ,assyria1 t ! hi/ory ( ! ,assyrians & ,*aldeans beg9s to become m intelligible2 & ?is epo* is also t at :i* ! hi/ory ( ! ,egyptians und]goes a simil> *ange1 :5 ! k+s ( ,n9eveh1 ( ,babylon1 & ( ,egypt1 comm5ce _! conflicts on ! !atre ( ,syria & ,pale/9e4 ,x appe>s1 nev]!less1 t ! au?ors ( ^! c\ntries1 or ^? :o _h consult$ ! traditions reg>d+ !m1 ,b]osus1 & ,hi]onymus1 & ,ni*olas de ,damas1 agre$ 9 speak+ ( a deluge4 ,b]osus has ev5 describ$ x ) circum/ances s simil> to ^? detail$ 9 ! book ( ,g5esis1 t x is almo/ impossible :at he says ( x %\ld n h be5 d]iv$ f ! same s\rces1 ev5 al?\gh he removes its epo* a great numb] ( ages back1--insomu*1 at lea/1 z we may judge ( x1 by ! confus$ extracts :i* ,josephus1 ,eusebius1 & ,syncellus1 h pres]v$ ( 8 writ+s4 ,b we mu/ rem>k1 & ) ?is obs]vation we %all conclude :at we h to say ) reg>d to ! ,babylonians1 t ^! num]\s ages1 & ?is long s]ies ( k+s1 plac$ betwe5 ! deluge & ,semiramis1 are a new ?+1 entirely peculi> to ,b]osus1 & ( :i* ,ctesias1 & ^? :o h foll[$ him1 _h no idea1 & :i* has n ev5 be5 adopt$ by any ( ! pr(ane au?ors po/]ior to ,b]osus4 ,ju/9 & ,velleius consid] ,n9us z ! fir/ ( ! conqu]ors1 & ^? :o1 contr>y to all probability1 place him highe/1 only ref] him to a p]iod ( =ty c5turies be=e ! pres5t "t#agb4 ,! ,arm5ian au?ors ( ! middle age ne>ly agree ) "o ( ! texts ( ,g5esis1 :5 !y ref] ! deluge to a p]iod ( #diaf ye>s f _! own "t2 & x might be ?\ght t hav+ collect$ ! old traditions1 & p]haps extract$ ! old *ronicles ( _! c\ntry1 !y =m an additional au?ority 9 fav\r ( ! newness ( ! nations4 ,b :5 we reflect t _! hi/orical lit]ature comm5ces only 9 ! fif? c5tury1 & t !y 7 acqua9t$ ) ,eusebius1 we p]ceive t !y mu/ h accommodat$ !mselves to 8 au?ority1 & to t ( ! ,bible4 ,moses ( ,*or5e expressly pr(esses to h foll[$ ! ,greeks1 & we see t 8 anci5t hi/ory is m\ld$ aft] ,ctesias#agc4 ,h[ev]1 x is c]ta91 t ! tradition ( ! deluge exi/$ 9 ,arm5ia long be=e ! conv]sion ( its inhabitants to ,*ri/ianity2 & ! city1 :i*1 accord+ to ,josephus1 0 call$ ! ,place ( ! ,desc5t1 /ill exi/s at ! foot ( ,m\nt ,ar>at1 & be>s ! "n ( ,na*id-*evan1 :i*1 9 fact1 has ! same signification4#agd ,along ) ! ,arm5ians1 we include ! ,arabians1 ,p]sians1 ,turks1 ,mongolians1 & ,abyss9ians1 ( ! pres5t day4 ,_! anci5t books1 if !y ev] _h any1 no long] exi/4 ,!y h no anci5t hi/ory1 b t :i* !y h rec5tly made up1 & :i* !y h modell$ aft] ! ,bible2 h5ce1 :at !y say ( ! deluge is borr[$ f ,g5esis1 & adds no?+ to ! au?ority ( t book4 ,x 7 curi\s to inquire :at _h be5 ! op9ion ( ! anci5t ,p]sians ^u ?is subject1 be=e x 0 modifi$ by ! ,*ri/ian & ,mahom$an cre$s4 ,we f9d x deposit$ 9 _! ,b\ndehe%1 or ,cosmogony1 a "w ( ! "t ( ,sassanides1 7b evid5tly extract$ or translat$ f m anci5t works71 & :i* 0 discov]$ by ,anquetil du ,p]ron1 among ! ,p>sis ( ,india4 ,accord+ to x1 ! total duration ( ! _w c\ld only be #ab1jjj ye>s2 h5ce x _c /ill be v old4 ,! appe>ance ( ,cay\mortz 7! bull-man1 ! fir/ ( ! human race71 is prec$$ by ! creation ( a great wat]4#age ,= ! re/1 x w\ld be z useless to expect a regul> hi/ory ( anci5t times f ! ,p>sis1 z f ! o!r ea/]n nations4 ,! ,magi h left none1 any m ?an ! ,brahm9s or ,*aldeans4 ,( ?is !re is no?+ m requir$ = pro( ?an ! unc]ta9ty :i* exi/s reg>d+ ! epo* ( ,zoroa/]4 ,x is ev5 ass]t$1 t ! little hi/ory !y may h possess$1 t :i* relates to ! ,a*em5ides1 ! successors ( ,cyrus to ,alex&]1 _h be5 expressly alt]$1 & ?is 9 consequ5ce ( an (ficial ord] to t purpose f a mon>* nam$ ,sassanides#agf4 ,9 ord] to discov] au!ntic dates ( ! comm5cem5t ( empires1 & traces ( a g5]al deluge1 we mu/ !re=e g beyond ! great des]ts ( ,t>t>y4 ,t[>d ! ea/ & nor? we f9d ano!r race ( m51 :o diff] f u z mu* 9 _! in/itutions & mann]s z 9 _! =m & temp]am5t4 ,_! language consi/s ( monosyllables1 & !y make use ( arbitr>y hi]oglyphics 9 writ+4 ,!y h only a political sy/em ( morals1 )\t religion2 = ! sup]/itions ( ,fo 7 import$ among !m f ,india4 ,_! yell[ sk91 _! prom95t *eeks1 _! n>r[ & oblique eyes1 & _! scanty be>d1 r5d] !m s diff]5t f u1 t "o is tempt$ to believe t _! ance/ors & ours _h escap$ ! great cata/rophe on two diff]5t sides4 ,b h[ev] ?is may be1 ! epo* :i* !y assign to _! deluge is ne>ly ! same z ours4 ,! ,*\-k+ is ! mo/ anci5t ( ! ,*9ese books#agg2 x is said to h be5 compil$ by ,confucius1 ab\t #bbee ye>s ago1 f fragm5ts ( m anci5t works4 ,two hundr$ ye>s aft]w>ds1 a g5]al p]secution ( ! m5 ( lett]s1 & de/ruction ( ! books1 is said to h tak5 place "u ! emp]or ,*i-,hoang-ti1 ^: object 9 ?is 0 to de/roy ! traces ( ! feudal gov]nm5t e/abli%$ "u ! dyna/y :i* prec$$ 84 ,=ty ye>s aft]1 "u ! dyna/y :i* _h ov]turn$ t to :i* ,*i-,hoang-ti belong$1 a portion ( ! ,*\-k+ 0 re/or$ f memory by an old lit]atus1 & ano!r 0 discov]$ 9 a tomb2 b ne>ly ! half ( x 0 = ev] lo/4 ,n[1 ?is book1 ! mo/ au!ntic :i* ! ,*9ese possess1 comm5ces ! hi/ory ( _! c\ntry ) ! reign ( an emp]or nam$ ,yao1 :om x repres5ts to u z occupi$ 9 remov+ ! wat]s1 :i*1 hav+ ris5 to ! skies1 /ill ba!d ! foot ( ! high] m\nta9s1 cov]$ ! less elevat$ hills1 & r5d]$ ! pla9s impassable#agh4 ,accord+ to "s1 ! reign ( ,yao 0 #dafc ye>s be=e ! pres5t "t2 accord+ to o!rs1 #cidc4 ,! discrepancy 9 ! op9ions reg>d+ ?is epo* ev5 am\nts to #bhd ye>s4 ,a few pages f>!r on we f9d "o ,yu1 a m9i/] & eng9e]1 re-e/abli%+ ! c\rses ( ! wat]s1 rais+ embankm5ts1 digg+ canals1 & regulat+ ! taxes ( all ! prov9ces 9 ,*9a1 t is to say1 9 an empire ext5d+ #fjj leagues 9 all directions4 ,b ! impossibility ( su* op]ations1 aft] su* ev5ts1 %ews cle>ly t ! :ole is no?+ else ?an a moral & political romance#agi4 ,m mod]n ,*9ese hi/orians h add$ a s]ies ( emp]ors be=e ,yao1 b ) a multitude ( fabul\s circum/ances1 )\t v5tur+ to assign !m fix$ epo*s4 ,^! writ]s are at p]petual v>iance ) ea* o!r1 ev5 reg>d+ ! numb] & names ( _! emp]ors1 & are n univ]sally approv$ by _! c\ntrym54 ,f\hi1 ) ! body ( a s]p5t1 ! head ( an ox1 & ! tee? ( a tortoise1 toge!r ) 8 successors1 :o are n less mon/r\s1 are altoge!r absurd1 & h no m exi/$ ?an ,enceladon & ,bri>eus4 ,is x possible t m]e *ance c\ld h produc$ s /rik+ a result1 z to make ! traditional orig9 ( ! ,assyrian1 ,indian1 & ,*9ese mon>*ies agree 9 be+ ref]r$ to an epo* ( ne>ly #djjj ye>s f ! pres5t p]iod8 ,w\ld ! ideas ( nations :i* h _h s little communication ) ea* o!r1 & ^: language1 religion1 & laws are altoge!r diff]5t1 h correspond$ ^u ?is po9t1 _h !y n be5 f\nd$ ^u tru?8 ,we c\ld n expect precise dates f ! natives ( ,am]ica1 :o _h no real writ+s1 & ^: olde/ traditions ext5d$ only to a few c5turies be=e ! arrival ( ! ,spani>ds4 ,& yet1 ev5 among !m1 traces ( a deluge are imag9$ to be f\nd 9 _! rude hi]oglyphics4 ,!y h _! ,noah1 or ,deucalion1 z well z ! ,indians1 ,babylonians1 & ,greeks#ahj4 ,! ,negroes1 ! mo/ degrad$ race among m51 ^: =ms approa* ! ne>e/ to ! brutes1 & ^: intellect has n yet arriv$ at ! in/itution ( regul> gov]nm5ts1 or at any ?+ hav+ ! lea/ appe>ance ( sy/ematic k1 h pres]v$ no sort ( annals or traditions4 ,!y _c1 !re=e1 af=d u any in=mation on ! subject ( our pres5t rese>*es1 ?\gh all _! *>act]s cle>ly %ew u t !y h escap$ f ! great cata/rophe1 at ano!r po9t ?an ! ,caucasian & ,altaic races1 f :i* !y _h p]haps be5 sep>at$ = a long "t previ\s to ! occurr5ce ( t cata/rophe4 ,b if ! anci5ts1 x is argu$1 h left no hi/ory1 _! long exi/5ce z nations is n ! less atte/$ by ! advances :i* !y h made 9 a/ronomy1 by obs]vations ^: date is easily det]m9$1 & ev5 by monum5ts :i* /ill rema91 & :i* !mselves be> _! dates4 ,?us1 ! l5g? ( ! ye>1 su* z ! ,egyptians are suppos$ to h det]m9$ x1 accord+ to ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius1 proves correct = a p]iod compris$ betwe5 ! ye> #cjjj & ! ye> #ajjj be=e ,*ri/1 a p]iod to :i* ! traditions ( _! conque/s & ( ! great prosp]ity ( _! empire also ref]4 ,?is accuracy proves to :at p]fection !y _h c>ri$ _! obs]vations1 & %ews t !y _h = _m ages appli$ !mselves to su* inve/igations4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! =ce ( ?is argum5t1 x is necess>y t we %\ld "h ent] ^u "s explanations4 ,! sol/ice is ! mom5t ( ! ye> at :i* ! rise ( ! ,nile comm5ces1 & t :i* ! ,egyptians mu/ h obs]v$ ) mo/ att5tion4 ,hav+1 at ! beg9n+1 made1 f imp]fect obs]vations1 a civil or sacr$ ye> ( ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five days complete1 !y w\ld pres]ve x f sup]/iti\s motives1 ev5 aft] !y _h p]ceiv$ t x did n agree ) ! natural or tropical ye>1 & did n br+ back ! seasons to ! same days#aha4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 ?is tropical ye> :i* x behov$ !m to m>k = ! purpose ( direct+ !m 9 _! agricultural op]ations4 ,!y w\ld1 !re=e1 h to se>* 9 ! heav5s = an app>5t sign ( its return1 & !y imag9$ !y _h f\nd ?is sign :5 ! sun return$ to ! same position1 relatively to "s rem>kable />4 ,?us !y appli$ !mselves1 l almo/ all nations :o are beg9n+ ?is inquiry1 to obs]ve ! heliacal ris+s & sett+s ( ! />s4 ,we "k t !y *ose p>ticul>ly ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius1 at fir/1 d\btless1 on acc\nt ( ! beauty ( ! />2 &1 especially1 because1 9 ^? anci5t times1 ?is ris+ ( ,sirius be+ ne>ly co9cid5t ) ! sol/ice1 & indicative ( ! inundation1 0 to !m ! mo/ important ph5om5on ( ?is k9d4 ,h5ce x 0 t ,sirius1 "u ! "n ( ,so?is1 occupi$ s conspicu\s a place 9 _! my?ology1 & 9 _! religi\s c]emonies4 ,suppos+1 !re=e1 t ! return ( ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius & ! tropical ye> 7 ( ! same duration1 & believ+1 at l5g?1 t ?is duration 0 #cfe days & a qu>t]1 !y w\ld imag9e a p]iod aft] :i* ! tropical ye> & ! old ye>1 ! sacr$ ye> ( #cfe days only1 w\ld return to ! same day2 a p]iod :i*1 accord+ to ^! incorrect data1 0 necess>ily #adfa sacr$ ye>s1 & #adfj ( ^? improv$ ye>s to :i* !y gave ! "n ( ye>s ( ,sirius4 ,!y took = ! po9t ( dep>ture ( ?is p]iod1 :i* !y nam$ ! ,so?iac or great ye>1 a civil ye>1 ! fir/ day ( :i* 01 or _h be51 also t ( a heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius2 & x is kn[n1 f ! positive te/imony ( ,c5sor9us1 t "o ( ^! great ye>s _h end$ 9 ! #ach? ye> ( ! ,*ri/ian era#ahb4 ,x _h consequ5tly comm5c$ 9 ! #acbb;d be=e ,*ri/1 & t :i* prec$$ x 9 ! #bghb;d4 ,9 fact1 ! calculations ( ,m4 ,idel] %ew1 t ,sirius 0 heliacally ris5 on ! #bj? ,july ( ! ,julian ye> #aci1 a day :i* correspond$ t ye> to ! fir/ ( ,?ot1 or ! fir/ day ( ! ,egyptian sacr$ ye>#ahc4 ,b n only is ! position ( ! sun1 ) relation to ! />s ( ! ecliptic1 or ! sid]eal ye> diff]5t f ! tropical ye>1 on acc\nt ( ! precession ( ! equ9oxes4 ,! heliacal ye> ( a />1 or ! p]iod ( its heliacal ris+1 especially :5 x is di/ant f ! ecliptic1 diff]s /ill f ! sid]eal ye>1 & diff]s 9 v>i\s degrees accord+ to ! latitudes ( ! places :]e x is obs]v$4 ,:at is v s+ul>1 h[ev]1 & ! obs]vation has already be5 made by ,ba9bridge#ahd & ,fa!r ,petau#ahe1 x happ5s1 by a rem>kable concurr5ce 9 ! positions1 t1 9 ! latitude ( ,upp] ,egypt1 at a c]ta9 epo*1 & dur+ a c]ta9 numb] ( ages1 ! ye> ( ,sirius 0 really )9 v little ( #cfe days & a qu>t]2 s t ! heliacal ris+ ( ?is /> return$ 9 fact to ! same day ( ! ,julian ye>1 ! #bj? ,july1 9 ! ye> #acbb be=e1 & ! ye> #ach aft] ,*ri/#ahf4 ,f ?is actual co9cid5ce1 at ?is remote p]iod1 ,m4 ,f\ri]1 :o has confirm$ all ^! acc\nts by new calculations1 concludes1 t1 s9ce ! l5g? ( ! ye> ( ,sirius 0 s p]fectly kn[n to ! ,egyptians1 !y mu/ h det]m9$ x by obs]vations made dur+ a long s]ies ( ye>s1 & conduct$ ) great accuracy2 obs]vations :i* mu/ be ref]r$ to at lea/ #bejj ye>s be=e ! pres5t "t1 & :i* c\ld n h be5 made long be=e or long aft] ?is int]val ( "t#ahg4 ,?is result w\ld assur$ly be v /rik+1 _h x be5 directly1 & by obs]vations1 made ^u ,sirius itself1 t !y _h fix$ ! l5g? ( ! ye> ( ,sirius4 ,b exp]i5c$ a/ronom]s affirm x to be impossible t ! heliacal ris+ ( a /> c\ld af=d a suffici5t f\ndation = exact obs]vations on su* a subject1 especially 9 a climate :]e ! circumf]5ce ( ! horizon is con/antly s mu* load$ ) vap\rs1 t1 9 cle> nights1 />s ( ! second or ?ird magnitude c nev] be se5 )9 "s degrees ( ! v]ge ( ! horizon1 & t ! sun itself is completely obscur$ at its ris+ & sett+4#ahh ,!y ma9ta91 t1 if ! l5g? ( ! ye> _h n be5 o!rwise asc]ta9$1 !re w\ld h be5 a mi/ake ( "o or two days4#ahi ,!y h no d\bt1 !re=e1 t ?is duration ( #cfe days & a qu>t]1 is t ( ! tropical ye> inaccurately det]m9$ by ! obs]vation ( ! %ad[1 or by t ( ! po9t :]e ! sun rose ea* day1 & ?r\gh ignorance id5tifi$ ) ! heliacal ye> ( ,sirius2 s t x w\ld be m]e *ance :i* _h fix$ ) s mu* accuracy ! duration ( ?is latt] = ! p]iod ( :i* we speak4#aij ,p]haps x w also be judg$1 t m5 capable ( mak+ obs]vations s exact1 & :i* !y _h cont9u$ dur+ s long a p]iod1 w\ld n h attribut$ s mu* importance to ,sirius1 z to pay him religi\s homage2 = !y w\ld h se5 t ! relations ( ! ris+ ( ?is /> ) ! tropical ye>1 & ) ! inundation ( ! ,nile1 7 m]ely tempor>y1 & took place only 9 a det]m9ate latitude4 ,9 fact1 accord+ to ,m4 ,idel]'s calculations1 9 ! ye> #bghb be=e ,*ri/1 ,sirius appe>$ 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 on ! second day aft] ! sol/ice2 9 #acbb1 on ! ?ird2 & 9 ! ye> #aci aft] ,*ri/1 on ! tw5ty-six?4#aia ,at ! pres5t day1 its heliacal ris+ is m ?an a mon? aft] ! sol/ice4 ,! ,egyptians w\ld !re=e set !mselves by pref]5ce to f9d+ ! p]iod1 :i* w\ld br+ ab\t ! co9cid5ce ( ! comm5cem5t ( ! sacr$ ye>1 ) t ( ! true tropical ye>1 & !n !y w\ld discov] t _! great p]iod mu/ h be5 #aejh sacr$ ye>s1 & n #adfa4aib ,n[1 we assur$ly d n f9d any traces ( ?is p]iod ( #aejh ye>s 9 antiquity4 ,9 g5]al1 we may def5d ourselves ) ! idea1 t1 if ! ,egyptians _h possess$ s long a s]ies ( obs]vations1 & ( accurate obs]vations too1 _! disciple ,eudoxus1 :o /udi$ among !m = ?irte5 ye>s1 w\ld1 on 8 return1 h br\ght into ,greece a sy/em ( a/ronomy m p]fect1 & maps ( ! heav5s less errone\s1 & m coh]5t 9 _! diff]5t p>ts4#aic ,h[ %\ld x happ5 t ! precession ( ! equ9oxes 0 n kn[n to ! ,greeks1 b ?r\gh ! works ( ,hipp>*us1 if x _h be5 m>k$ 9 ! regi/]s ( ! ,egyptians1 & inscrib$ 9 *>act]s s manife/ ^u ! ceil+s ( _! temples8 ,& h[ comes x t ,ptolemy1 :o wrote 9 ,egypt1 %\ld n h deign$ to avail himself ( any ( ! obs]vations ( ! ,egyptians8#aid ,f>!r1 ,h]odotus1 :o liv$ s long ) !m1 says no?+ ( ^? six h\rs :i* !y add$ to ! sacr$ ye>1 nor ( t great ,so?ian p]iod :i* result$4 ,on ! contr>y1 he says expressly t ! ,egyptians1 mak+ _! ye> ( #cfe days1 ! seasons return$ to ! same po9t1 s t 9 8 "t ! necessity ( ?is qu>t] ( a day does n appe> to h be5 suspect$4#aie ,?alles1 :o _h visit$ ! prie/s ( ,egypt1 less ?an a c5tury be=e ,h]odotus1 did n1 9 l mann]1 make kn[n to 8 c\ntrym51 any o!r ?an a ye> ( #cfe days only4#aif ,&1 if we reflect t all ! colonies :i* migrat$ f ,egypt1 f\rte5 or fifte5 c5turies be=e ,*ri/1 ! ,jews & ! ,a!nians1 c>ri$ ) !m ! lun> ye>1 x w p]haps be inf]r$ t ! ye> ( #cfe days itself _h n exi/$ 9 ,egypt 9 ^! remote ages4 ,i am aw>e t ,macrobius#aig gives ! ,egyptians a sol> ye> ( #cfe days2 b ?is au?or1 :o is comp>atively mod]n1 & :o liv$ at a long p]iod aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! fix$ ye> ( ,alex&ria1 mu/ h conf\nd$ ! epo*s4 ,diodorus#aih & ,/rabo#aii only attribute su* a ye> to ! ,!bans2 !y d n say t x 0 9 g5]al use1 & !y !mselves did n live till long aft] ,h]odotus4 ,?us ! ,so?ian or great ye> mu/ h be5 a comp>atively rec5t inv5tion1 s9ce x results f ! comp>ison ( ! civil ye> ) ?is pret5d$ heliacal ye> ( ,sirius2 & x is = ?is reason t x is only spok5 ( 9 ! works ( ! second & ?ird c5tury aft] ,*ri/#bjj1 & t ,syncellus alone1 9 ! n9?1 seems to cite ,mane?o z hav+ made m5tion ( x4 ,not)/&+ all t is said to ! contr>y1 ! same op9ion mu/ be =m$ ( ! a/ronomical k ( ! ,*aldeans4 ,x is natural en\gh to ?9k1 t a p :o inhabit$ va/ pla9s1 "u a sky p]petually s]5e1 mu/ h be5 l$ to obs]ve ! c\rse ( ! />s1 ev5 at a p]iod :5 !y /ill l$ a w&]+ life1 & :5 ! />s alone c\ld direct _! c\rses dur+ ! night2 b s9ce :at p]iod 7 !y a/ronom]s1 & to :at p]fection did !y c>ry ! sci5ce8 ,"h re/s ! "q4 ,x is g5]ally all[$ t ,calli/h5es s5t to ,ari/otle obs]vations made by !m1 & :i* ref]r$ to a p]iod ( #bbjj ye>s be=e ,*ri/2 b ?is fact is relat$ only by ,simplicius#bja1 z /at$ ^u ! au?ority ( ,porphyry1 & #fjj ye>s aft] ,ari/otle4 ,ari/otle himself says no?+ on ! subject1 nor has any cr$itable a/ronom] spok5 ( x4 ,ptolemy m5tions & makes use ( t5 obs]vations ( eclipses really made by ! ,*aldeans2 b !y d n ref] to an e>li] p]iod ?an t ( ,nabonass> 7#gba ye>s be=e ,*ri/72 !y are inaccurate also2 ! "t is express$ only 9 h\rs & half-h\rs1 & ! %ad[ only 9 halves or f\r?s ( ! diamet]4 ,not)/&+1 z !y _h fix$ dates1 ! ,*aldeans mu/ h _h "s k ( ! true l5g? ( ! ye>1 & "s means ( measur+ "t4 ,!y appe> to h kn[n ! p]iod ( eighte5 ye>s1 :i* br+s back ! eclipses ( ! moon 9 ! same ord]2 a piece ( k :i* ! m]e inspection ( _! regi/]s w\ld promptly af=d !m2 b x is c]ta9 t !y c\ld nei!r expla9 nor pr$ict eclipses ( ! sun4 ,x is f n hav+ suffici5tly und]/ood a passage ( ,josephus1 t ,cass9i1 & aft] him ,bailly1 h imag9$ t !y discov]$ 9 x a luni-sol> p]iod ( #fjj ye>s1 :i* _h be5 kn[n f ! "t ( ! fir/ patri>*s#bjb4 ,?us e ?+ leads u to believe t ! great reputation ( ! ,*aldeans 0 giv5 !m at a m rec5t p]iod1 by _! unwor?y successors1 :o1 "u ! same "n1 sold _! horoscopes & pr$ictions ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,roman empire1 & :o1 9 ord] to procure !mselves m cr$it1 attribut$ to _! rude ance/ors ! hon\r ( ! discov]ies ( ! ,greeks4 ,) reg>d to ! ,indians1 e body kn[s t ,bailly1 believ+ t ! epo* :i* is us$ z a p]iod ( dep>ture 9 "s ( _! a/ronomical tables _h be5 actually obs]v$1 has attempt$ to draw f !nce a pro( ( ! great antiquity ( ! sci5ce among ?is p1 or at lea/ among ! nation :i* _h bequea!d !m its k4 ,b ! :ole ( ?is sy/em1 inv5t$ ) s mu* lab\r1 falls to ! gr\nd ( itself1 n[ t x is prov$ t ?is epo* has be5 adopt$ b ( late1 f calculations made backw>ds1 & ev5 false 9 _! results4#bjc ,mr ,b5tley has discov]$ t ! tables ( ,tirval\r1 on :i* ! ass]tion ( ,bailley especially re/$1 mu/ h be5 calculat$ ab\t #abha ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 or #edj ye>s ago1 & t ! ,surya-,siddhanta1 :i* ! ,brahm9s reg>d z _! olde/ sci5tific treatise on a/ronomy1 & :i* !y pret5d to h be5 reveal$ upw>ds ( #bj1jjj1jjj ( ye>s ago1 c\ld n h be5 compos$ at an e>li] p]iod ?an ab\t #gfj ye>s f ! pres5t day#bjd4 ,sol/ices & equ9oxes indicat$ 9 ! ,p\ranas1 & calculat$ accord+ to ! positions :i* seem to be attribut$ to !m by ! signs ( ! ,indian zodiac1 su* z !y are suppos$ to be1 h acquir$ ! "* ( an enorm\s antiquity4 ,a m att5tive exam9ation ( ^! signs or nac*atras has lately conv9c$ ,m4 de ,p>avey t ref]5ce is only made to sol/ices ( #abjj ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,?is au?or at ! same "t admits1 t ! place ( ! sol/ices is s inaccurately fix$1 t ?is det]m9ation ( _! date mu/ be receiv$ ) a latitude ( #bjj or #cjj ye>s4 ,!y are 9 ! same pr$icam5t z ^? ( ,eudoxus & ( ,t*e\kong#bje4 ,x is asc]ta9$ t ! ,indians d n make obs]vations1 & t !y are n 9 possession ( any ( ! in/rum5ts necess>y = t purpose4 ,m4 ,delambre inde$ admits1 ) ,bailly & ,leg5til1 t !y h processes ( calculation1 :i*1 )\t prov+ ! antiquity ( _! a/ronomy1 %ew at lea/ its orig9ality#bjf2 & yet ?is conclusion c by no means be ext5d$ to _! sph]e2 =1 indep5d5tly ( _! tw5ty-sev5 nac*atras or lun> h\ses1 :i* /rongly resemble ^? ( ! ,arabians1 !y h ! same twelve con/ellations 9 ! zodiac z ! ,egyptians1 ,*aldeans1 & ,greeks#bjg2 &1 if we ref] to ,mr ,wil=t's ass]tions1 _! extra-zodiacal con/ellations are also ! same z ^? ( ! ,greeks1 & be> names :i* are m]ely slight alt]ations ( _! ,greek names#bjh4 ,x is to ,yao t ! introduction ( a/ronomy into ,*9a is attribut$4 ,he is repres5t$1 9 ! ,*\-k+1 z s5d+ a/ronom]s t[>d ! f\r c>d9al po9ts ( 8 empire1 to exam9e :at />s presid$ ov] ! f\r seasons1 & to regulate ! op]ations to be c>ri$ on at ea* p]iod ( ! ye>#bji1 z if _! disp]sion 0 necess>y = su* an und]tak+4 ,ab\t #bjj ye>s lat]1 ! ,*\-k+ speaks ( an eclipse ( ! sun1 b accompani$ ) ridicul\s circum/ances1 z 9 all ! fables ( ?is k9d2 = ! :ole ,*9ese army1 head$ by a g5]al1 is made to m>* aga9/ two a/ronom]s1 because !y _h n prop]ly pr$ict$ x#baj2 & x is well kn[n t1 m ?an #bjjj ye>s aft]1 ! ,*9ese a/ronom]s possess$ no means ( accurately pr$ict+ ! eclipses ( ! sun4 ,9 #afbi ( our era1 at ! "t ( _! dispute ) ! ,jesuits1 !y did n ev5 "k h[ to calculate ! %ad[s4 ,! real eclipses1 record$ by ,confucius 9 8 ,*ronicle ( ! k+dom ( ,l\1 comm5ce only #adjj ye>s aft] ?is1 9 ! #ggf? be=e ,*ri/1 & sc>cely half a c5tury e>li] ?an ^? ( ! ,*aldeans relat$ by ,ptolemy4 ,s true is x1 t ! nations :i* escap$ at ! same "t f ! g5]al cata/rophe1 also arriv$ ab\t ! same p]iod1 :5 _! circum/ances h be5 simil>1 at ! same degree ( civilization4 ,n[1 x might be ?\ght1 f ! id5tity ( ! names ( ! ,*9ese a/ronom]s 9 diff]5t reigns 7!y appe>1 accord+ to ! ,*\-k+1 to h all be5 nam$ ,hi & ,ho71 t1 at ?is remote epo*1 _! pr(ession 0 h]$it>y 9 ,*9a1 z x 0 9 ,india1 ,egypt1 & ,babylon4 ,! only ,*9ese obs]vation ( any antiquity1 :i* has no?+ 9 itself to prove its want ( au!nticity1 is t ( ! %ad[ made by ,t*e\-kong ab\t #aajj ye>s be=e ,*ri/2 & ev5 x is f> f be+ correct#baa4 ,h5ce our read]s may conclude1 t ! inf]5ces drawn f ! alleg$ p]fection ( a/ronomical sci5ce among anci5t nations1 is n m conclusive 9 fav\r ( ! excessive antiquity ( ^? nations1 ?an ! te/imonies :i* !y h adduc$ 9 ref]5ce to !mselves4 ,b _h ?is a/ronomy be5 m p]fect1 :at w\ld x prove8 ,has ! progress be5 calculat$ :i* ?is sci5ce ought to make among nations :o 7 n 9 any degree 9 possession ( o!rs2 to :om ! s]5ity ( ! sky1 ! necessities ( ! pa/oral or agricultural life1 & _! sup]/iti\s ideas1 w\ld r5d] ! />s an object ( g5]al att5tion2 :]e colleges1 or societies ( ! mo/ respectable m5 among !m1 7 *>g$ ) keep+ a regi/] ( int]e/+ ph5om5a1 & transmitt+ _! memory2 & :]e1 f ! h]$it>y nature ( ! pr(ession1 ! *ildr5 7 br\ght up f ! cradle 9 ! k ( facts asc]ta9$ by _! p>5ts8 ,suppos+ t1 among ! num]\s individuals ( :om ! cultivation ( a/ronomy 0 ! sole occupation1 !re %\ld happ5 to be "o or two possess$ ( extraord9>y tal5ts = geometry1 all ! k acquir$ by ^! nations might be atta9$ 9 a few c5turies4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ! ,*aldeans1 real a/ronomy has only _h two eras1 t ( ! ,alex&rian s*ool1 :i* la/$ #djj ye>s1 & t ( our own times1 :i* has n exi/$ s long4 ,! le>n$ p]iod ( ! ,arabians sc>cely add$ any ?+ to x2 & ! o!r ages h be5 m]e blanks ) reg>d to x4 ,?ree hundr$ ye>s did n int]v5e betwe5 ,cop]nicus & ! au?or ( ! ,mecanique ,cle/e2 & c x be believ$ t ! ,indians requir$ ?\s&s ( ye>s to arrive at _! crude !ories8 ,! ,a/ronomical ,monum5ts left by ! ,anci5ts d n be> ! excessively remote dates :i* h be5 attribut$ to !m4 ,rec\rse has !re=e be5 _h to argum5ts ( ano!r k9d4 ,x has be5 pret5d$ t1 indep5d5tly ( ! k :i* ^! nations may h acquir$1 !y h left monum5ts :i* be> a date fix$ by ! /ate ( ! heav5s :i* !y repres5t1 & "o t ref]s to a v remote antiquity4 ,! zodiacs sculptur$ 9 two temples ( ,upp] ,egypt1 are adduc$ z furni%+ pro(s p]fectly demon/rative ( ?is ass]tion4 ,!y pres5t ! same figures ( ! zodiacal con/ellations z are employ$ at ! pres5t day1 b di/ribut$ 9 a mann] peculi> to !mselves4 ,! /ate ( ! heav5s at ! p]iod :5 ^! monum5ts 7 del9eat$1 is imag9$ to h be5 repres5t$ by ?is di/ribution1 & x has be5 ?\ght t x w\ld be possible f x to inf] ! precise p]iod at :i* ! edifices conta9+ !m 7 erect$#bab4 ,b to arrive at ! high antiquity :i* is suppos$ to be d$ucible f ?is1 x mu/1 9 ! fir/ place1 be suppos$1 t _! division has a det]m9ate relation to a c]ta9 /ate ( ! heav5s1 dep5d5t ^u ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 :i* causes ! colures to make ! t\r ( ! zodiac 9 #bf1jjj ye>s2 t x indicat$1 = example1 ! position ( ! sol/itial po9t2 &1 secondly1 t ! /ate ( ! heav5s repres5t$ 0 precisely t :i* took place at ! p]iod :5 ! monum5t 0 erect$1--two suppositions :i* !mselves1 z is evid5t1 suppose a great numb] ( o!rs4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 are ! figures ( ^! zodiacs ! con/ellations1--! true gr\ps ( />s :i* at pres5t be> ! same names1 or m]ely :at a/ronom]s call signs1 t is to say1 divisions ( ! zodiac proce$+ f "o ( ! colures1 :atev] place ?is colure occupies8 ,is ! po9t at :i* ^! zodiacs h be5 divid$ into two b&s1 necess>ily t ( a sol/ice8 ,is ! division ( ! side next ! entrance1 necess>ily t ( ! summ] sol/ice8 ,does ?is division indicate1 ev5 9 g5]al1 a ph5om5on dep5d5t ^u ! precession ( ! equ9oxes8 ,does x n ref] to "s p]iod ! rotation ( :i* w\ld be less2 = example1 to ! mom5t ( ! tropical ye> :5 su* or su* sacr$ ye>s ( ! ,egyptians comm5c$1 :i*1 be+ %ort] ?an ! true tropical ye> by ne>ly six h\rs1 w\ld make ! t\r ( ! zodiac 9 #aejh ye>s8 ,la/ly1 :atev] signification x may h _h1 has x be5 int5d$ by x to m>k ! "t :5 ! zodiac 0 sculptur$1 or t :5 ! temple 0 built8 ,has n ! object be5 to record a previ\s /ate ( ! heav5s at "s p]iod :i* 0 int]e/+ 9 a religi\s po9t ( view1 :e!r x _h be5 actually obs]v$1 or inf]r$ f a retrograde calculation8 ,f ! m]e ann\ncem5t ( su* que/ions1 x w be p]ceiv$ h[ complicat$ !y necess>ily are1 h[ mu* subject to controv]sy any solution t might be adopt$ on ?is subject w\ld be1 & h[ little qualifi$ to s]ve z a solid pro(1 = ! solution ( ano!r problem1 su* z ! antiquity ( ! ,egyptian nation4 ,& x may be said1 ) reg>d to ^? :o h attempt$ to inf] a date f ^! data1 t !re h aris5 z _m op9ions z !re h be5 au?ors4 ,! le>n$ a/ronom] ,mr ,burkh>d1 f a fir/ exam9ation1 judg$ t1 at ,d5d]a1 ! sol/ice is m>k$ by ! ,lion2 :i* w\ld make x two signs less remote ?an at ! pres5t day1 & ! temple at lea/ #djjj ye>s old#bac4 ,he gave1 at ! same "t an antiquity ( #gjjj ye>s to t ( ,esne1 al?\gh x is n kn[n h[ he _h purpos$ to reconcile ^! numb]s ) :at we "k ( ! precession ( ! equ9oxes4 ,! late ,m4 ,lal&e1 see+ t ! ,canc] 0 repeat$ on ! two b&s1 imag9$ t ! sol/ice pass$ to ! middle ( t con/ellation2 b z ?is 0 ! case also 9 ! sph]e ( ,eudoxus1 he conclud$ t "s ,grecian arti/ might h repres5t$ ?is sph]e on ! ceil+ ( an ,egyptian temple1 )\t kn[+ t x repres5t$ a /ate ( ! heav5s :i* no long] exi/$#bad4 ,?is1 z is se51 0 a conclusion v diff]5t f t ( ,mr ,burkh>d4 ,dupuis 0 ! fir/ :o ?\ght x necess>y to se>* = pro(s ( ! idea1 9 "s measure confid5tly adopt$1 t x 0 ! sol/ice t 0 d5ot$4 ,he f\nd !m1 ) ref]5ce to ! great zodiac ( ,d5d]a1 9 ! globe on ! top ( ! pyramid1 & 9 sev]al emblems plac$ ne> diff]5t signs1 & :i* he imag9$1 sometimes accord+ to ! op9ion ( anci5t au?ors1 su* z ,plut>*1 ,horus ,apollo1 or ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 sometimes accord+ to 8 own conjectures1 ought to be reg>d$ z repres5t+ ph5om5a :i* _h be5 really ^? ( ! seasons affect$ at ea* sign4 ,z = ! re/1 he ma9ta9$ t ?is /ate ( ! heav5s af=ds ! date ( ! monum5t1 & t x is ! orig9al1 & n a copy1 ( ! sph]e ( ,eudoxus1 t 0 repres5t$ at ,d5d]a1 :i* w\ld ref] x to a p]iod ( #adfh ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 or to ! reign ( ,seso/ris4 ,! numb] ( n9ete5 boats1 h[ev]1 plac$ "u ea* b&1 furni%$ him ) ! idea t ! sol/ice might probably h be5 at ! n9ete5? degree ( ! sign1 :i* w\ld make x #bhh ye>s old]#bae4 ,mr ,hamilton#baf hav+ rem>k$1 t1 at ,d5d]a1 ! ,sc>abu belong+ to ! side ( ! asc5d+ signs is small] ?an t ( ! o!r side1 an ,engli% au?or#bag has conclud$ f ?is t ! sol/ice may h be5 ne>] its actual po9t ?an ! middle ( ! ,canc]1 :i* w\ld c>ry u back to a p]iod ( #ajjj or #abjj ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,! late ,m4 ,n\et1 judg+ t ! globe1 ! rays1 & ! horn$ head1 or head ( ,isis1 repres5t ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius1 suppos$ t x 0 int5d$ to m>k an epo* ( ! ,so?ian p]iod1 b t x 0 int5d$ to m>k x by ! place :i* ! sol/ice occupi$4 ,n[1 9 ! la/ b "o ( ^! p]iods1 t :i* elaps$ betwe5 #bghb & #acbb be=e ,*ri/1 ! sol/ice _h pass$ f #cj #dh ( ! con/ellation ( ! ,lion to #ac #cd ( ,canc]4 ,at ! middle ( ?is p]iod1 x 0 !re=e at #bc #cd ( canc]4 ,! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius happ5$ !n "s days aft] ! sol/ice2 & ?is is ne>ly :at has be5 indicat$1 accord+ to ,m4 ,n\et1 by ! repetition ( ! ,sc>abu1 & by ! figure ( ,sirius ) ! rays ( ! sun plac$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! b& to ! "r4 ,calculat+ ^u ?is basis1 he concludes t ! temple ( ,d5d]a 0 built #bjeb ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 & t ( ,esne #dfjjbah4 ,all ^! calculations1 ev5 admitt+ t ! division m>ks ! sol/ice1 w\ld /ill be susceptible ( _m modifications2 &1 at fir/1 x appe>s t _! au?ors h suppos$ ! con/ellations all ( ?irty degrees l ! signs1 & h n reflect$ t x is f> f be+ ! case t !y are ?us equal1 at lea/ z !y are repres5t$ at ! pres5t day1 & z ! ,greeks h transmitt$ !m to u4 ,9 reality1 ! sol/ice1 :i* is at pres5t on ?is side ( ! fir/ />s ( ! con/ellation ( ,gem9i1 c\ld only h left ! fir/ />s ( ! con/ellation ( ,canc] =ty-five ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 & _h left ! con/ellation ( ,leo only #abfj ye>s be=e ! same era4 99 99 99 99 99 ,my di/+ui%$ & le>n$ colleague1 ,m4 ,delambre1 has fav\r$ me ) ! foll[+ table & rem>ks1 :i* illu/rate :at has be5 above said4 ,,table ( ! ,ext5t ( ! ,zodiacal ,con/ellations1 z !y are design$ ^u our ,globes1 & ( ! ,times requir$ by ! ,colures to trav]se !m4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,aries4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,/>s4 ,longitudes 9 #ahjj4,ye> ( !,ye> ( ! ,equ9ox4 ,sol/ice4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- #as #j #bc #dj -#chi #fhfi #a #a #aj #dj -#dda #fiba #a #d #eb #j -#gaj #gaij #a #e #ah #ej -#gdb #gbbb #b #a #f #ad #af -#haj #gbij #a #ai #h #ej -#agci #hbai tail4 #a #bj #ea #j -#ahfb #hcdb ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,dur4 #bj #bg #bj #adgc #adgc ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,taurus4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- #as #ai #f #j -#agce -#hbae #a #bg #ab #j -#bcah -#hgih #b #f #ei #dj -#cjbd -#iejd #b #ai #dg #j -#cidd -#ajdbd #b #bb #j #j -#dajd -#ajehd a ,co*4 #b #bd #db #dj -#dcjj -#ajghj ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,dur4 #ce #cf #dj #befe #befe ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,gem9i4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,propus4 #bs #bh #i #bj -#dedg -#aajbg #c #j #ci #j -#dgbg -#aabjg #c #f #ah #dj -#eacd -#aafad #c #ae #dd #j -#ehac -#abbic ,ca/or4 #c #ag #bg #cj -#eicg -#abdag ,pollux4 #c #bj #bh #i -#faed -#abfcd #c #bb #bg #aj -#fibf -#abggf ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,dur4 #bd #ag #dj #agdi #agdi ---------------------------------------- ----------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,canc]4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,/>s4 ,longitudes 9 #ahjj4,ye> ( !,ye> ( ! ,equ9ox4 ,sol/ice4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- #a #cs #bd #ba #ee #fdge #de #c #bh #cb #j #fgcd -#bed #d #a #bh #bj #fijf -#dbf #d #d #de #j #gahb -#gjb #a #d #aj #ah #ej #gehc -#aajc #b #d #aj #ej #cf #gfba -#aada #d #ac #bc #j #ghjd -#acbd ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,dur4 #ai #a #e #acfi #acfi ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,leo4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ds #ab #cj #j -#ggdj -#abfj #d #bg #c #aj -#hghh -#aijh #e #h #cj #j -#ifab -#cacb #e #ah #ej #ee -#ajceg -#chgg 444 44 444 444 444 44444 44444 444 44 444 444 444 44444 44444 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,dur4 #cf #bj #ee #bfag #bfag ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,virgo4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- #es #ai #b #bb -#ajcga -#chia #e #bd #ai #j -#ajgej -#dbga #f #b #b #dj -#aacjg -#dhbg #f #h #da #dj -#aaghf -#ecjf #f #ba #c #ae -#abfgf -#faif #g #d #i #ej -#acfbj -#gadj #g #g #ag #dj -#achde -#gcfe ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,dur4 #dh #ae #ah #cdgd #cdgd ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,mean ,dur4 #cj #j #j #bafj ---------------------------------------- ----------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,libra4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,/>s4 ,longitudes 9 #ahjj4,ye> ( !,ye> ( ! ,equ9ox4 ,sol/ice4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- #a #gs #aa #j #dd -#adaac -#gfcc #b #g #ab #ah #j -#adbdf -#gibf #g #af #ce #j -#adead -#hjcd #g #bb #bj #cd -#adibi -#hddi ,scorp4 #g #bg #da #j -#aecab -#hhcb #g #bh #cj #ae -#aecgb -#hhib 444 44 444 444 444 44444 44444 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,dur4 #ag #bi #ca #abei #abei ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,scorpio4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- #a #gs #bh #ej #f -#aecif -#hiaf #h #j #bc #dh -#aeejh -#ijbh #h #f #eg #ch -#aeihj -#iejj #h #ab #ce #cj -#afchg -#iijg #h #ba #dg #bg -#agjdi -#ajeefi 444 44 444 444 444 44444 44444 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,dur4 #bb #eg #ba #afec #afec ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,sagitt>ius4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- #gs #bh #bh #bj -#agecj -#aajej #i #c #cb #ef -#aghie -#aadae #i #aj #ej #bh -#ahdba -#aaida #i #ad #ae #ae -#ahffg -#abahg #i #bc #b #ai -#aibii -#abhai g #i #be #ci #be -#aidhg -#acjjg 444 44 444 444 444 44444 44444 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,dur4 #bg #aa #ej #aieg #aieg ---------------------------------------- ----------- ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,capricorn4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,/>s4 ,longitudes 9 #ahjj4,ye> ( !,ye> ( ! ,equ9ox4 ,sol/ice4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- #a;er #is #bi #ci #ae -#aigge -#acbie #b #aj #a #c #eh -#aihgg -#accig #aj #a #ae #cj -#aihia -#acdaa #aj #ad #ec #cj -#bjhgb -#adcib #aj #ah #ei #bh -#baaff -#adehf #aj #bc #a #ab -#badeh -#adigh 44 444 444 444 44444 44444 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,dur4 #bc #ba #ag #afhc #afhc ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,aqu>ius4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ajs #h #ef #j -#bjddd -#acifd #aj #bj #cf #cj -#babhe -#adhje #aa #j #cd #j -#bbjja -#aeeba #aa #f #g #j -#bbdjj -#aeibj #b #aa #ac #ef #ab -#bbifc -#afdhc #e #aa #ah #c #bh -#bcbfj -#afghj ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,dur4 #ci #g #bh #bhaf #bhaf ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,pisces4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- #aas #ae #di #j #bcjie #affae #aa #bc #di #j #bcfge #agaie #ab #aa #bb #j #bdici #ahdei #ab #bd #bf #j #behgi #aicii #ab #bf #cd #eh #bfjcd #aieed 444 444 444 444 44444 44444 444 444 444 444 44444 44444 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,dur4 #dj #de #eh #bici #bici ---------------------------------------- ----------- #j #bgjs ,sirius #c #aa #bj #aj -#edhg -#ahddg ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,con/ruction & ,use ( ! ,table4 8,! longitudes ( ! />s1 = #ahjj1 h be5 tak5 f ! ,b]l9 ,tables1 & are ^? ( ,lacaille1 ,bradley1 or ,flam/ead4 ,! fir/ & ! la/ ( ea* con/ellation h be5 tak51 z well z "s ( ! brighte/ ( ! int]m$iate />s4 ,! ?ird column indicates ! ye> 9 :i* ! longitude ( ! /> 0 #j1 t is to say1 t 9 :i* ! /> 0 9 ! equ9oxial colure ( spr+4 ,! la/ column indicates ! ye> :5 ! /> 0 9 ! sol/itial colure1 :e!r ( w9t] or ( summ]4 8,= ,aries1 ,taurus1 & ,gem9i1 ! w9t] sol/ice has be5 *os52 = ! o!r con/ellations ! summ] sol/ice has be5 *os51 = ! sake ( n rec$+ into too remote antiquity1 & ( n approa*+ too ne> mod]n times4 ,x w be easy to f9d ! opposite sol/ice1 by add+ ! semip]iod ( #ab1ifj ye>s4 ,! same rule w s]ve = f9d+ ! "t :5 ! /> has be51 or w be1 at ! autumnal equ9ox4 8,! sign - indicates ! ye>s be=e our era1 ! sign ! ye> ( our era2 & ! la/ l9e1 at ! end ( ea* sign "u ! title ( duration1 gives ! ext5t ( ! con/ellation 9 degrees1 & ! "t :i* ! equ9ox1 or ! sol/ice1 occupies 9 trav]s+ ! con/ellation f "o end to ! o!r4 8,! precession ( #ej ye>ly has be5 suppos$1 ?is be+ ! result ( ! comp>ison ( ! catalogue ( ,hipp>*us ) ! mod]n catalogues4 ,we h ?us ! advantage ( r\nd numb]s1 & a g5]al accuracy t may be reli$ ^u4 ,! entire p]iod is ?us #be1ibj ye>s2 ! semip]iod1 #ab1ifj ye>s2 ! qu>t] p]iod1 #fdhj ye>s2 ! twelf?1 or a sign1 #bafj ye>s4 8,x is to be rem>k$1 t ! con/ellations leave empty spaces betwe5 !m1 & t sometimes !y encroa* ^u ea* o!r4 ,?us1 betwe5 ! la/ /> ( ,scorpio1 & ! fir/ ( ,sagitt>ius1 !re is an int]val ( #f degrees4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! la/ ( ,capricorn is m advanc$ by #ad 9 longitude1 ?an ! fir/ ( ,aqu>ius4 ,h5ce1 ev5 indep5d5tly ( ! inequality ( ! sun's motion1 ! con/ellations w\ld af=d a v unequal & v errone\s measure ( ! ye> & its mon?s4 ,! signs ( #cj furni% a m conv5i5t & less defective "o4 ,b ! signs are m]ely a geometrical conception2 !y c nei!r be di/+ui%$ nor obs]v$2 & !y are cont9ually *ang+ place f ! retrogradation ( ! equ9oxial po9t4 8,we h at all times be5 able to det]m9e1 9 a r\gh mann]1 ! equ9oxes & sol/ices2 at ! long run x has be5 rem>k$1 t ! appe>ance ( ! heav5s 0 no long] exactly ! same t x anci5tly 0 at ! times ( ! equ9oxes & sol/ices4 ,b we h nev] be5 able to obs]ve exactly ! heliacal ris+ ( a />1 be+ always necess>ily "s days wide ( x2 & p frequ5tly speak ( x1 )\t possess+ a fix$ datum on :i* to c\nt4 ,be=e ,hipp>*us1 we f9d no?+1 ei!r 9 books or 9 traditions1 t c be submitt$ to calculation2 & x is ?is :i* has giv5 rise to s _m sy/ems4 ,controv]sies h aris5 )\t a suffici5t k ( ! subject4 ,^? :o are n a/ronom]s may =m ideas z beautiful z !y please ( ! k ( ! ,*aldeans1 ,egyptians1 c42 no real inconv5i5ce w result4 ,! ent]prise & k ( ! mod]ns may be l5t to ^! nations1 b no?+ c be borr[$ f !m2 = !y h ei!r _h no?+1 or !y h left no?+4 ,a/ronom]s w nev] d]ive f ! anci5ts any ?+ t c be ( ! slighte/ utility4 ,let u leave to ! le>n$ _! va9 conjectures1 & confess our utt] ignorance respect+ ?+s ( little use 9 !mselves1 & ( :i* no monum5t rema9s4 8,! limits ( ! con/ellations v>y accord+ to ! au?ors :i* we consult4 ,we f9d ^! limits ext5d or contract1 z we pass f ,hipp>*us to ,ty*o1 f ,ty*o to ,hevelius1 f ,hevelius to ,flam/ead1 ,lacaille1 ,bradley1 or ,piazzi4 8,i h said else:]e1 ! con/ellations are good = no?+1 unless at ! mo/ to enable u to m>k ! />s ) m ease2 :]eas ! />s 9 p>ticul> af=d fix$ po9ts to :i* we c ref] ! motions1 :e!r ( ! colures or ( ! planets4 ,a/ronomy comm5c$ only at ! p]iod :5 ,hipp>*us made ! fir/ catalogue ( ! />s1 measur$ ! revolution ( ! sun1 t ( ! moon1 & _! pr9cipal inequalities4 ,! re/ pres5ts no?+ b d>kness1 unc]ta9ty1 & gross error4 ,! "t w\ld be lo/ t 7 occupi$ 9 attempt+ to r$uce ?is *aos to ord]4 8,i h giv51 ) ! exception ( a few p>ticul>s1 ! :ole ( my op9ion on ?is subject4 ,i am n[ise anxi\s ab\t mak+ conv]ts1 = x gives me little conc]n :e!r my ideas be adopt$ or n2 b1 if my reasons be comp>$ ) ! rev]ies ( ,newton1 ,h]s*ell1 ,bailly1 & s _m o!rs1 x is n impossible b t1 9 "t1 ^! m or less brilliant *im]as w no long] be reli%$4 8,i h attempt$ to det]m9e ! ext5t ( ! con/ellations1 accord+ to ! cata/]isms ( ,erato/h5es2 b ! ?+ is really impossible4 ,! matt] w\ld be /ill worse 7 we to consult ,hyg91 & especially ,firmicus4 ,! foll[+ is :at ,i h made out f ,erato/h5es4 ,,con/ellations4 ,,durations4 ,ye>s4 ,aries1 #agdg ,taurus1 #ahbf ,gem9i1 #afcf ,canc]1 #abjd ,leo1 #bfag ,virgo1 #ccjg ,! ,talons1 #ajhibai ,scorpio1 #ahbc ,sagitt>ius1 #bach ,capricorn1 #adaf ,aqu>ius1 #aaif ,pisces1 #bicf 8,z to ! ,*aldeans1 ,egyptians1 ,*9ese1 & ,indians1 !re is no want ( rev]ies among !m4 ,"o c absolutely make no?+ ( !m4 ,my op9ion ) reg>d to !m may be se5 9 ! prelim9>y disc\rse ( my ,hi/ory ( ! ,a/ronomy ( ! ,middle ,age1 p4 xvii & xviii4 ,see also ! note affix$ to ! ,report on ! ,memoirs ( ,m4 de ,p>avey1 vol4 viii4 ( ! ,n\velles ,annales des ,voyages1 & republi%$ by ,m4 de ,p>avey 9 8 ,summ>y ( 8 ,memoirs ^u ! ,orig9 ( ! ,sph]e1 p4 #bd1 #ca-cf4 ,see fur!r ! ,analysis ( ! ,ma!matical ,lab\rs ( ! ,academy 9 #ahbj1 p4 #gh & #gi4 8,,delambre40 99 99 99 99 99 ,x w\ld /ill h to be asc]ta9$ at :at p]iod ! obs]v]s ceas$ to place ! con/ellation 9 :i* ! sun ent]$ aft] ! sol/ice1 at ! head ( ! desc5d+ signs1 & :e!r ?is 0 done z soon z ! sol/ice _h retrograd$ suffici5tly to t\* ! prec$+ con/ellation4 ,?us ,,mm4 ,jollois & ,devilli]s1--to ^: unremitt+ zeal we are indebt$ = an accurate k ( ^! fam\s monum5ts1 always consid]+ ! division t[>ds ! entrance ( ! por* z ! sol/ice1 & judg+ t ! ,virg9 mu/ h be5 reg>d$ z ! fir/ ( ! desc5d+ con/ellations1 insomu* z ! sol/ice _h n rec$$ at lea/ s f> z ! middle ( ! con/ellation ( ! ,lion2 &1 believ+ t !y saw f>!r1 z we h m5tion$1 t ! ,lion is divid$ 9 ! great zodiac ( ,esne1 h n giv5 to t zodiac a m remote antiquity ?an #bafj ye>s be=e ,*ri/4#bbj ,mr ,hamilton1 :o 0 ! fir/ t obs]v$ ?is division ( ! sign ( ! ,lion1 9 ! zodiac ( ,esne1 r$uc$ ! di/ance ( ! p]iod at :i* ! sol/ice occurr$ !re1 to #adjj ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,a great _m o!r op9ions h appe>$ on ! same subject4 ,m4 ,rhode1 = example1 has propos$ two4 ,! fir/ ref]s ! zodiac ( ! portico ( ,d5d]a to a p]iod ( #eia ye>s be=e ,*ri/2 ! second1 to #abijbba4 ,m4 ,latreille has fix$ ! p]iod ( ?is zodiac at #fgj ye>s be=e ,*ri/2 t ( ! planisph]e at #eej2 t ( ! zodiac ( ! great temple ( ,esne at #beej2 & t ( ! small "o at #agfj4 ,b a difficulty inh]5t 9 all ! dates1 :i* proce$ on ! d\ble supposition1 t ! division m>ks ! sol/ice1 & t ! position ( ! sol/ice m>ks ! epo* ( ! monum5t1 is ! unavoidable consequ5ce t ! zodiac ( ,esne mu/ h be5 at lea/ #bjjj1 & p]haps #cjjj1 ye>s#bbb old] ?an t ( ,d5d]a1 a consequ5ce :i* evid5tly involves ! supposition 9 ru92 = no "o1 9 any degree acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! arts1 c\ld believe1 t two edifices1 s simil> 9 _! /yle ( ar*itecture1 c\ld h be5 erect$ at p]iods s remote f ea* o!r4 ,! feel+ ( ?is impossibility1 jo9$ always to ! belief t ?is division ( ! zodiacs indicates a date1 has giv5 rise to ano!r conjecture1 namely1 t ! int5tion _h be5 to m>k ! p>ticul> sacr$ ye> ( ! ,egyptians1 9 :i* ! monum5t _h be5 erect$4 ,z ^! sacr$ ye>s consi/$ only ( #cfe days1 if ! sun1 at ! comm5cem5t ( "o occupi$ ! comm5cem5t ( a con/ellation1 he w\ld be ne>ly six h\rs lat] 9 return+ to ! comm5cem5t ( ! foll[+ ye>1 &1 aft] #aba ye>s1 he w\ld only be at ! comm5cem5t ( ! prec$+ sign4 ,x seems natural en\gh t ! build]s ( a temple might wi% to indicate ab\t :at p]iod ( ! great1 or ,so?ian ye>1 x _h be5 erect$2 & ! indications ( ! sign1 by :i* ! sacr$ ye> !n comm5c$1 0 a good en\gh means4 ,x w be p]ceiv$1 t1 calculat+ ^u ?is assumption1 !re w be an int]val ( f #abj to #aej ye>s betwe5 ! temple ( ,esne & t ( ,d5d]a4 ,b1 9 8 mode ( solv+ ! problem1 !re rema9$ to be det]m9$ 9 :i* ( ! great ye>s ^! build+s _h be5 erect$1 :e!r 9 t :i* end$ 9 ! ye> #ach aft]1 or 9 t :i* end$ 9 #acbb be=e ,*ri/1 or 9 "s o!r4 ,! late ,visconti1 :o 0 ! fir/ au?or ( ?is hypo!sis1 tak+ ! sacr$ ye>1 ^: comm5cem5t correspond$ ) ! sign ( ! ,lion1 & judg+ f ! resemblance ( ! signs1 t !y _h be5 repres5t$ at a p]iod :5 ! op9ions ( ! ,greeks 7 n unkn[n to ! ,egyptians1 0 naturally l$ to make *oice ( ! end ( ! la/ great ye>1 or ! space t elaps$ betwe5 ! ye> #ab & ! ye> #ach aft] ,*ri/#bbc1 :i* appe>$ to him to accord ) ! ,greek inscription1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 he knew little m ?an t x 0 said to make m5tion ( "o ( ! ,cs>s4 ,m4 ,te/a1 seek+ ! date ( ! monum5t 9 ano!r ord] ( ideas1 w5t s f> z to suppose t s9ce ! ,virg9 is se5 at ,esne1 at ! head ( ! zodiac1 x 0 meant !reby to repres5t ! era ( ! battle ( ,actium1 su* z x _h be5 e/abli%$ ) reg>d to ,egypt1 by a decree ( ! s5ate1 m5tion$ by ,dion ,cassius1 & :i* comm5c$ 9 ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 ! day on :i* ,alex&ria 0 tak5 by ,augu/us4#bbd ,m4 de ,p>avey consid]$ ^! zodiacs 9 a new po9t ( view1 :i* embrac$ at once bo? ! revolution ( ! equ9oxes1 & t ( ! great ye>4 ,suppos+ t ! circul> planisph]e ( ,d5d]a mu/ h be5 set to ! ea/1 & t ! axis f nor? to s\? is ! l9e ( ! sol/ices1 he f\nd ! summ] sol/ice at ! second ( ! ,tw9s1 & t ( w9t] at ! buttock ( ! ,sagitt>y1 :ile ! l9e ( ! equ9oxes w\ld h pass$ ?r\gh ! ,fi%es & ! ,virg91 f :i* he obta9$ = date ! fir/ c5tury ( our era4 ,accord+ to ?is me?od1 ! division ( ! zodiac ( ! portico c\ld no long] ref] to ! colures1 & ! m>k ( ! sol/ice mu/ be s\ght = else:]e4 ,m4 de ,p>avey hav+ rem>k$ t !re are betwe5 all ! signs figures ( wom5 be>+ a /> ^u _! heads1 & m>*+ 9 ! same direction1 & obs]v+ t ! "o :i* comes aft] ! tw9s1 is alone turn$ 9 a direction contr>y to ! o!rs1 judg$ t x indicates ! conv]sion ( ! sun or ! tropic1 & t ?is zodiac corresponds 9 ?is way ) ! planisph]e4 ,by apply+ ! idea ( ea/+ to ! small zodiac ( ,esne1 ! sol/ices w\ld be f\nd betwe5 ! ,tw9s & ! ,bull1 & betwe5 ! ,scorpion & ,sagitt>y2 !y w\ld ev5 be m>k$ by ! *ange ( direction ( ! ,bull1 & by ! w+$ ,rams plac$ across at ^! two places4 ,9 ! great zodiac ( ! same city1 ! m>ks w\ld be ! cross position ( ! ,bull1 & ! rev]s$ "o ( ! ,sagitt>y4 ,!re w\ld ?us be b a portion ( a con/ellation trav]s$ betwe5 ! dates ( ,esne & ^? ( ,d5d]a1 b ev5 ?is w\ld be /ill too long = build+s s closely resembl+ ea* o!r4 ,an op]ation ( ! late ,m4 ,delambre ^u ! circul> planisph]e appe>s to confirm ^! conjectures1 detract+ f its remote antiquity2 =1 on plac+ ! />s ^u ,hipp>*us's projection1 accord+ to ! !ory ( t a/ronom]1 & accord+ to ! positions :i* he has giv5 !m 9 8 catalogue2 & augm5t+ all ! longitudes1 s t ! sol/ice might pass ?r\gh ! second ( ! ,tw9s1 he ne>ly reproduc$ ?is planisph]e2 & 8! resemblance10 says he1 8w\ld h be5 /ill great]1 _h ! longitudes be5 adopt$ su* z !y are 9 ! catalogue ( ,ptolemy1 = ! ye> #abc ( our era4 ,on ! contr>y1 by ref]r+ to tw5ty-five or tw5ty-six c5turies back1 ! "r asc5sions & ! decl9ations w be consid]ably *ang$1 & ! projection w assume q a diff]5t figure#bbe4 ,all our calculations10 adds ?is great a/ronom]1 8lead u to ?is conclusion1 t ! sculptures are po/]ior to ! epo* ( ,alex&]40 ,9 reality1 ! circul> planisph]e hav+ be5 br\ght to ,p>is by ! c>e ( ,,mm4 ,sauni] & ,lelorra91 ,m4 ,biot1 9 a "w f\nd$ ^u precise measurem5ts & calculations full ( +5uity1 has det]m9$ t x repres5ts1 accord+ to an exact geometrical projection1 ! /ate ( ! heav5s1 su* z x 0 #gjj ye>s be=e ,*ri/2 b he by no means concludes t x _h be5 sculptur$ at t p]iod#bbf4 ,9 fact1 all ^! ef=ts ( intellect & sci5ce1 9 s f> z !y conc]n ! epo* ( ! monum5ts1 h become sup]flu\s1 s9ce f9i%+ :]e !y %\ld naturally h begun1 if ! fir/ obs]v]s _h n be5 bl9d$ by prejudice1 p h tak5 ! tr\ble ( copy+ & re/or+ ! ,greek inscriptions engrav$ ^u ^! monum5ts1 & especially s9ce ,m4 ,*ampollion has discov]$ ! me?od ( decyph]+ ^? :i* are express$ 9 hi]oglyphics4 ,x is n[ c]ta91 & ! ,greek inscriptions agree ) ! hi]oglyphical inscriptions 9 prov+ x1 x is c]ta91 we say1 t ! temples 9 :i* zodiacs h be5 sculptur$1 7 built dur+ ! "t :5 ,egypt 0 subject to ! ,romans4 ,! portico ( ! temple ( ,d5d]a1 accord+ to ! ,greek inscription ( its frontispiece1 is consecrat$ to ! safety ( ,tib]ius#bbg4 ,on ! planisph]e ( ! same temple we read ! title ( ,autocrator 9 hi]oglyphical *>act]s#bbh2 & x is probable t x ref]s to ,n]o4 ,! small temple ( ,esne1 t ( :i* ! orig9 has be5 plac$ on ! l[e/ calculation betwe5 #bgjj & #cjjj ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 has a column sculptur$ & pa9t$ 9 ! six? ye> ( ,anton9e1 #adg ye>s aft] ,*ri/1 & x is pa9t$ & sculptur$ 9 ! same /yle z ! zodiac :i* is ne> x#bbi4 ,fur!r1 we h a pro( t ?is division ( ! zodiac1 9 su* or su* sign1 has no ref]5ce to ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 or to ! displacem5t ( ! sol/ice4 ,a mummy case1 lately br\ght f ,!bes by ,m4 ,caillaud1 & conta9+1 accord+ to ! v legible ,greek inscription ^u x1 ! body ( a "y man :o di$ 9 ! n9? ye> ( ,trajan1 #aaf ye>s aft] ,*ri/#bcj1 pres5ts a zodiac divid$ at ! same po9t z ^? ( ,d5d]a#bca2 & all ! appe>ances indicate t ?is division m>ks "s a/rological !me relative to ! individual1 a conclusion :i* may probably be equally appli$ to ! division ( ! zodiacs conta9$ 9 ! temples4 ,x may m>k ei!r ! a/rological !me ( ! "t ( _! erection1 or t ( ! pr9ce to ^: safety !y _h be5 consecrat$1 or su* ano!r epo* ) relation to :i* ! position ( ! sun w\ld h appe>$ ( importance to be notic$4 ,?us are dissipat$ = ev] ! conclusions :i* p _h drawn f "s ill expla9$ monum5ts1 aga9/ ! newness ( ! cont95ts & nations2 & we might h disp5s$ ) treat+ ( !m s mu* 9 detail _h !y n be5 s rec5t1 & _h !y n made suffici5t impression /ill to reta9 _! influ5ce ov] ! m9ds ( "s individuals4 ,! ,zodiac is f> f be>+ 9 itself a c]ta9 & excessively remote date4 ,b !re are writ]s :o h ma9ta9$ t ! zodiac be>s 9 itself ! date ( its inv5tion1 because ! names & figures giv5 to its con/ellations are an index ( ! position ( ! colures at ! "t :5 x 0 inv5t$2 & ?is date1 accord+ to sev]al1 is s evid5t & s remote1 t x is q a matt] ( indiff]5ce :e!r ! repres5tations :i* we possess ( ?is circle are m or less anci5t4 ,!y d n att5d to ! circum/ance t1 9 ?is sort ( argum5t1 !re is a complication ( ?ree suppositions equally unc]ta93 ! c\ntry 9 :i* ! zodiac is presum$ to h be5 inv5t$1 ! signification :i* is suppos$ to h be5 giv5 to ! con/ellations :i* occupy x1 & ! position 9 :i* ! colures 7 ) relation to ea* con/ellation1 :5 ?is signification 0 attribut$ to x4 ,accord+ z o!r allegories h be5 imag9$1 or z ^! allegories are admitt$ to h ref]r$ to ! con/ellation ( :i* ! sun occupi$ ! fir/ degrees1 or to t ( :i* x occupi$ ! middle1 or to t into :i* x began to ent]1 t is to say1 ( :i* x occupi$ ! la/ degrees2 or1 la/ly1 to t :i* 0 opposite to him1 & :i* rose at night2 or accord+ z ! inv5tion ( ^! allegories is plac$ 9 a diff]5t climate1 mu/ ! date ( ! zodiac also be *ang$4 ,! possible v>iations 9 ?is respect might compreh5d s mu* z ! half ( ! revolution ( ! fix$ />s1 t is to say1 #ac1jjj ye>s1 & ev5 m4 ,9 ?is mann] ,plu*e1 g5]aliz+ "s indications ( ! anci5ts1 has imag9$1 t ! ,ram ann\nces ! comm5cem5t ( ! sun's elevation1 & ! v]nal equ9ox2 t ! ,canc] indicates 8 retrogradation to ! summ] sol/ice2 t ! ,balance1 ! sign ( equality1 m>ks ! autumnal equ9ox#bcb2 & t ! ,capricorn1 a climb+ animal1 indicates ! w9t] sol/ice1 aft] :i* ! sun returns to u4 ,accord+ to ?is me?od1 by plac+ ! inv5tors ( ! zodiac 9 a temp]ate climate1 we %\ld h ra9s "u ,aqu>ius1 ! dropp+ ( lambs & kids "u ! ,gem9i1 viol5t heats "u ! ,lion1 ga!r+ ( ! h>ve/ "u ! ,virg91 ! "t ( hunt+ "u ! ,sagitt>y1 c42 & ! emblems w\ld be appropriate en\gh4 ,if we %\ld !n place ! colures at ! comm5cem5t ( ! con/ellations1 or at lea/ ! equ9ox at ! fir/ />s ( ,aries1 we %\ld1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 arrive at a p]iod ( only #chi ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 an epo* evid5tly too mod]n1 & :i* w\ld r5d] x necess>y to recur to a complete equ9oxial p]iod1 or #bf1jjj ye>s4 ,b if ! equ9ox be suppos$ to pass ?r\gh ! middle ( ! con/ellation1 a p]iod ( ab\t #ajjj or #abjj ye>s high] is obta9$1 #afjj or #agjj ye>s be=e ,*ri/2 & ?is is :at sev]al celebrat$ m5 h believ$ to be ! true epo* ( ! inv5tion ( ! zodiac1 ! hon\r ( :i* !y h1 = o!r reasons n suffici5tly weighty1 conf]r$ ^u ,*iron4 ,b ,dupuis1 :o requir$ = ! orig9 :i* he endeav\r$ to attribute to all religions1 t a/ronomy1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 ! figures ( ! zodiac %\ld 9 "s measure h prec$$ all o!r human in/itutions1 has s\ght ano!r climate = ! purpose ( f9d+ o!r explanations = ! emblems1 & = t ( d$uc+ ano!r epo* f !m4 ,if1 assum+ ! ,balance z an equ9oxial sign1 b suppos+ x at ! v]nal equ9ox1 x be presum$ t ! zodiac has be5 inv5t$ 9 ,egypt1 o!r suffici5tly plausible explanations might 9 fact be f\nd = ! climate ( t c\ntry4#bcc ,! ,capricorn1 an animal ) ! tail ( a fi%1 w\ld m>k ! comm5cem5t ( ! rise ( ! ,nile at ! summ] sol/ice2 ! ,aqu>ius & ,fi%es1 ! progress & dim9ution ( ! inundation2 ! ,bull1 ! "t ( lab\r+2 ! ,virg91 ! "t ( reap+2 & !y w\ld m>k !m at ! p]iods :5 ^! op]ations actually took place4 ,9 ?is sy/em1 ! zodiac w\ld h #ae1jjj ye>s#bcd = a sun suppos$ at ! fir/ degree ( ea* sign1 m ?an #af1jjj = ! middle1 & #djjj only1 on suppos+ t ! emblem has be5 giv5 to ! sign at ! opposite ( :i* ! sun 0#bce4 ,x is to ! #ae1jjj ye>s t ,dupuis has atta*$ himself2 & x is ^u ?is date t he has f\nd$ ! :ole sy/em ( 8 celebrat$ "w4 ,!re are n want+ ^?1 h[ev]1 :o1 admitt+ t ! zodiac has be5 inv5t$ 9 ,egypt1 h imag9$ allegories applicable to lat] times4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,mr ,hamilton1 ! ,virg9 w\ld repres5t ! l& ( ,egypt :5 n yet fecundat$ by ! inundation2 ! ,lion1 ! season :5 t c\ntry is mo/ liable to be ov]run by f]oci\s animals1 & s on#bcf4 ,! high antiquity ( #ae1jjj ye>s w\ld besides induce ?is absurd consequ5ce1 t ! ,egyptians1 ^? m5 :o repres5t$ e ?+ by emblems1 & :o mu/ h atta*$ a great importance to ! circum/ance t ^! emblems 7 con=mable to ! ideas :i* !y 7 int5d$ to repres5t1 _h pres]v$ ! signs ( ! zodiac ?\s&s ( ye>s aft] !y no long] 9 any way correspond$ ) _! orig9al signification4 ,! late ,m4 ,remi ,raige endeav\r$ to support ! op9ion ( ,dupuis by an argum5t ( an entirely new k9d#bcg4 ,hav+ rem>k$ t significations m or less analog\s to ! figures ( ! signs ( ! zodiac1 might be f\nd = ! ,egyptian names ( ! mon?s1 on expla9+ !m by ! ori5tal languages1 & f9d+ 9 ,ptolemy t epifi1 :i* signifies capricorn1 comm5ces at ! #bj? ( ,june1 & !re=e comes imm$iately aft] ! summ] sol/ice1 he conclud$ f !nce1 t1 at ! beg9n+1 ,capricorn itself 0 at ! summ] sol/ice1 & s ( ! o!r signs1 z ,dupuis _h suppos$4 ,b1 indep5d5tly ( all t !re is m]ely conjectural 9 ^! etymologies1 ,raige did n p]ceive t x 0 simply by *ance t1 five ye>s aft] ! battle ( ,actium1 9 ! ye> #be be=e ,*ri/1 at ! e/abli%m5t ( ! fix$ ye> ( ,alex&ria1 ! fir/ day ( ,?o? 0 f\nd to correspond ) ! #bi? ( ! ,julian ,augu/1 & cont9u$ to correspond s9ce t "t4 ,x is only f ?is epo* t ! ,egyptian mon?s comm5c$ at fix$ days ( ! ,julian ye>1 & only at ,alex&ria3 ev5 ,ptolemy did n ! less cont9ue to employ 9 8 ,almage/ ! anci5t ,egyptian ye> ) its vague mon?s#bch4 ,:y might n ! names ( ! signs h be5 giv5 to ! mon?s at "s epo*1 or ! names ( ! mon?s to ! signs1 9 ! same arbitr>y mann] 9 :i* ! ,indians h giv5 to _! tw5ty-sev5 mon?s twelve names1 select$ f among ^? ( _! lun> h\ses1 = reasons :i* x is impossible at ! pres5t day to det]m9e#bci8 ,! absurdity :i* !re w\ld h be5 9 pres]v+ = ! con/ellations1 dur+ #ae1jjj ye>s1 figures & symbolical names :i* no long] pres5t$ any relation ) _! position1 w\ld h be5 m evid5t _h x be5 c>ri$ s f> z to pres]ve to ! mon?s ^? same names :i* 7 incessantly 9 ! m\?s ( ! p1 & ^: inaptitude w\ld be e mom5t p]ceiv$4 ,& :at1 besides1 w\ld all ^! sy/ems come to1 _h ! figures & ! names ( ! zodiacal con/ellations be5 giv5 to !m )\t any relation to ! c\rse ( ! sun2 z _! inequality1 ! ext5sion ( sev]al ( !m beyond ! zodiac1 & _! manife/ connection ) ! neighb\r+ con/ellations1 seem to demon/rate 0 ! case#bdj4 ,:at w\ld /ill happ51 if1 z ,macrobius expressly says#bda1 ea* sign mu/ h be5 an emblem ( ! sun1 consid]$ 9 "s "o ( its effects or ( its g5]al ph5om5a1 & )\t ref]5ce to ! mon?s :5 x passes1 :e!r into ! sign1 or to its opposite8 ,la/ly1 ,:at if ! names _h be5 giv5 9 an ab/ract mann] to ! divisions ( space or "t1 z !y are n[ giv5 by a/ronom]s to :at !y call ! signs1 & _h n be5 appli$ to ! con/ellations or gr\ps ( />s1 b at a p]iod det]m9$ by *ance1 s t no?+ c\ld be conclud$ f _! signification#bdb8 ,9 ^! sugge/ions !re is1 )\t d\bt1 en\gh to give an +5u\s m9d a di/a/e = seek+ to f9d 9 a/ronomy pro(s ( ! antiquity ( ! nations4 ,b 7 ^! alleg$ pro(s z c]ta9 z !y are vague & de/itute ( any satisfactory result1 :at c\ld be conclud$ f !m aga9/ ! great cata/rophe1 :i* has left monum5ts amply demon/rative 9 o!r respects ( its exi/5ce8 ,all t c be admitt$ 9 ?is matt] is1 :at "s mod]ns h ?\ght1 t a/ronomy 0 among ! numb] ( ! sci5ces pres]v$ by ^? :om ?is cata/rophe disp]s$4 ,exagg]ations relative to ! ,antiquity ( c]ta9 ,m9+ ,op]ations4 ,! antiquity ( c]ta9 m9+ op]ations has also be5 mu* exagg]at$4 ,a v late writ] has imag9$1 t ! m9es ( ! isl& ( ,elba1 judg+ f ! rubbi% c>ri$ out ( !m1 mu/ h be5 wr\ght = m ?an #dj1jjj ye>s2 b ano!r au?or1 :o has also exam9$ ?is rubbi% ) att5tion1 has r$uc$ ! p]iod 9 "q to a little m ?an #ejjj ye>s1#bdc & ?is ev5 on ! supposition t ! anci5ts did n extract annually m ?an a f\r? "p ( ! quantity ( ore n[ wr\ght4 ,b :at reason c\ld !re be to suppose t ! ,romans1 = example1 :o consum$ s mu* iron 9 _! armies1 d]iv$ s little advantage f ^! m9es8 ,moreov]1 if ^! m9es _h be5 wr\ght = ev5 #djjj ye>s only1 h[ %\ld iron h be5 s little kn[n 9 ! times ( remote antiquity8 ,g5]al ,conclusion relative to ! ,p]iod ( ! la/ ,revolution4 ,i agree1 !re=e1 ) ,,mm4 ,deluc & ,dolomieu1 9 ?9k+1 t if any ?+ 9 geology be e/abli%$1 x is1 t ! surface ( our globe has und]gone a great & sudd5 revolution1 ! date ( :i* _c be ref]r$ to a mu* e>li] p]iod ?an five or six ?\s& ye>s ago2 t ?is revolution ov]:elm$ & caus$ to disappe> ! c\ntries :i* 7 previ\sly inhabit$ by man1 & ! species ( animals n[ be/ kn[n2 t1 on ! o!r h&1 x laid dry ! bottom ( ! la/ sea1 & =m$ ( x ! c\ntries :i* are at ! pres5t day inhabit$2 t x is s9ce ! occurr5ce ( ?is revolution t ! small numb] ( individuals disp]s$ by x h spread & propagat$ ov] ! newly expos$ l&s1 &1 consequ5tly1 t x is s9ce ?is epo* only1 t human societies h assum$ a progressive m>*1 t !y h =m$ e/abli%m5ts1 rais$ monum5ts1 collect$ natural facts1 & inv5t$ sci5tific sy/ems4 ,b ! c\ntries :i* are at pres5t inhabit$1 & :i* ! la/ revolution laid dry1 _h already be5 previ\sly inhabit$1 if n by m51 at lea/ by l& animals1 &1 !re=e1 "o prec$+ revolution at lea/ _h put !m "u wat]2 & if we may judge by ! diff]5t ord]s ( animals ! rema9s ( :i* are obs]v$ 9 !m1 !y _h p]haps be5 subject$ to two or ?ree irruptions ( ! sea4 ,fur!r ,rese>*es to be made 9 ,geology4 ,^! alt]nations n[ appe> to me to =m ! problem 9 geology t x is ( mo/ importance to solve1 or r to def9e & circumscribe )9 due limits2 =1 9 ord] to resolve x satisfactorily1 x w\ld be necess>y to discov] ! cause ( ^! ev5ts1--an und]tak+ :i* pres5ts a difficulty ( q a diff]5t k9d4 ,i repeat x1 we see pretty cle>ly :at is go+ on at ! surface ( ! cont95ts 9 _! pres5t /ate2 we h =m$ a tol]able conception ( ! uni=m progress & regul> succession ( ! primitive =mations1 b ! /udy ( ! second>y =mations has be5 little m ?an m]ely comm5c$4 ,t wond]ful s]ies ( unkn[n zoophytes & m>9e mollusca1 succe$$ by reptiles & fre%-wat] fi%es equally unkn[n2 & ^! aga9 replac$1 9 _! turn1 by o!r zoophytes & mollusca1 m ne>ly relat$ to ^? ( ! pres5t day2 ^? l& animals1 & ^? equally unkn[n fre% wat] mollusca & o!r animals :i* next occupi$ ! surface1 to be aga9 displac$ b by mollusca & o!r animals simil> to ^? ( our pres5t seas2 ! relations ( ^! div]sifi$ be+s to ! plants ! rema9s ( :i* accompany !irs1 ! connection ( ^! two k+doms ) ! m9]al /rata 9 :i* !y are deposit$2 ! great] or less uni=mity exi/+ betwe5 ^! diff]5t ord]s ( be+s 9 ! diff]5t bas9s2--^! are ph5om5a :i* appe> to me imp]i\sly to dem& ! att5tion ( philosoph]s4 ,r5d]$ int]e/+ by ! v>iety ( ! products ( ! p>tial or g5]al revolutions ( ?is epo*1 & by ! abundance ( ! v>i\s species t figure alt]nately on ! /age1 ?is /udy is dive/$ ( ! dryness ( t ( ! primordial =mations1 & does n1 l x1 almo/ necess>ily laun* into hypo!ses4 ,! facts are s direct1 s curi\s1 & s evid5t1 t !y are suffici5t1 s to speak1 to satisfy ! mo/ ard5t imag9ation2 & ! conclusions to :i* !y lead f "t to "t1 h[ev] scrupul\s ! obs]v] may be1 hav+ no?+ vague 9 !m1 are equally free ( any ?+ arbitr>y4 ,9 f9e1 x is 9 ^? ev5ts t approa* ne>] to our own times1 t we may hope to f9d "s traces ( m anci5t ev5ts1 & ( _! causes2 if1 inde$1 aft] s _m fruitless attempts z h be5 already made1 "o may be p]mitt$ to flatt] himself ) su* a hope4 ,^! ideas h haunt$1 ,i may almo/ say h torm5t$ me1 dur+ my rese>*es among fossil bones1 ! results ( :i* ,i h lately pres5t$ to ! public2 rese>*es :i* embrace b a v small "p ( ^? ph5om5a ( ! age prec$+ ! la/ g5]al revolution ( ! globe1 & :i* are yet intimately connect$ ) all ! o!rs4 ,x 0 almo/ impossible t ! desire %\ld n arise ( inve/igat+ ! g5]al mass ( ^! ph5om5a1 at lea/ z !y occur 9 a limit$ space ar\nd u4 ,my excell5t fri5d1 ,m4 ,brongni>t1 9 ^: m9d o!r /udies excit$ ! same desire1 _h ! complaisance to associate me ) himself 9 ! task2 & x is ?us t we h laid ! fir/ f\ndations ( our lab\rs ^u ! environs ( ,p>is4 ,b ?is "w1 :ile x /ill be>s my "n1 has become almo/ entirely t ( my fri5d1 f ! inf9ite att5tion :i* he has be/[$1 s9ce ! fir/ conception ( our plan1 & s9ce our j\rneys1 ^u ! pr(\nd inve/igation ( ! objects1 & ! p]fect+ & arrang+ ( ! :ole4 ,i h plac$ x1 ) ,m4 ,brongni>t's cons5t1 9 ! second "p ( my 8,re*]*es10 9 t 9 :i* ,i treat ( ! fossil bones ( our neighb\rhood4 ,al?\gh app>5tly relat+ only to a r limit$ ext5t ( c\ntry1 x af=ds num]\s results1 :i* are applicable to geology 9 g5]al1 &1 9 ?is po9t ( view1 x may be consid]$ z intimately connect$ ) ! pres5t disc\rse2 at ! same "t1 t x is1 )\t a d\bt1 "o ( ! be/ ornam5ts ( my "w#bdd4 ,9 x !re is pres5t$ ! hi/ory ( ! mo/ rec5t *anges t h tak5 place 9 a p>ticul> bas91 & x desc5ds s f> z ! ,*alk =mation1 ! ext5t ( :i* ov] ! globe is va/ly m consid]able ?an t ( ! mat]ials ( ! bas9 ( ,p>is4 ,! *alk1 :i* has be5 consid]$ s mod]n1 is ?us f\nd to be advanc$ 9 antiquity among ! ages ( ! great p]iod prec$+ ! la/ cata/rophe4 ,x =ms a sort ( limit betwe5 ! mo/ rec5t =mations1 ^? to :i* ! "n ( ,t]ti>y may be res]v$1 & ! =mations :i* are nam$ ,second>y1 :i* h be5 deposit$ be=e ! ,*alk1 b aft] ! ,primitive & ,transition =mations4 ,recapitulation ( ! ,obs]vations ^u ! ,succession ( ! ,t]ti>y ,=mations4 ,! mo/ sup]ficial /rata1 ^? deposits ( mud & clayey s&1 mix$ ) roll$ pebbles1 t h be5 transport$ f di/ant c\ntries1 & fill$ ) bones ( l& animals1 ! species ( :i* are = ! mo/ "p unkn[n1 or at lea/ =eign to ! c\ntry 9 :i* !y are f\nd1 seem especially to h cov]$ all ! pla9s1 fill$ ! bottom ( all ! cav]ns1 & *ok$ up all ! fissures ( rocks t h come 9 _! way4 ,describ$ ) p>ticul> c>e by ,mr ,buckl&1 "u ! "n ( diluvium1 & v diff]5t f ^? o!r b$s equally consi/+ ( transport$ matt]s1 cont9ually deposit$ by torr5ts & riv]s1 :i* conta9 only bones ( animals t /ill live 9 ! c\ntry1 & di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( alluvium1 ! =m] are n[ consid]$ by all geologi/s z exhibit+ ! mo/ obvi\s pro( ( ! imm5se inundation :i* has be5 ! la/ ( ! cata/rophes ( our globe#bde4 ,betwe5 ?is diluvium & ! *alk1 are ! =mations alt]nately fill$ ) fre% wat] & salt wat] productions1 :i* m>k ! irruptions & retreat+s ( ! sea1 to :i* ?is "p ( ! globe has be5 subject$1 s9ce ! deposition ( ! *alk-/rata3 fir/1 m>ls & buhr/ones1 or cav]n\s qu>tz1 fill$ ) fre%-wat] %ells1 simil> to ^? ( our m>%es & pools2 "u !m m>ls1 s&/ones1 & lime/ones1 all ! %ells ( :i* are m>9e1 su* z oy/]s1 c4 ,at a great] dep? are f\nd fre% wat] =mations ( an old] date1 & p>ticul>ly ^? fam\s gypsum deposits ( ! neighb\rhood ( ,p>is1 :i* h af=d$ s mu* facility 9 ornam5t+ ! build+s ( t great city1 & 9 :i* we h discov]$ :ole g5]a ( l&-animals1 ( :i* no traces _h be5 else:]e p]ceiv$4 ,!y re/ ^u ^? n less rem>kable b$s ( lime/one1 ( :i* our capital is built1 9 ! m or less compact texture ( :i* ! pati5ce & sagacity ( our naturali/s1 & ( sev]al ard5t collectors1 h already detect$ m ?an #hjj species ( %ells1 all ( !m m>9e1 b ! great] "p unkn[n 9 ! pres5tly-exi/+ sea4 ,!y also conta9 only bones ( fi%es1 & ( cetacea & o!r m>9e mammif]a4 ,"u ?is m>9e lime/one !re is ano!r fre% wat] deposit1 =m$ ( clay1 9 :i* !re are int]pos$ l>ge b$s ( lignite 7br[n coal71 or t sort ( fossil-coal :i* is ( m rec5t orig9 ?an ! common or black coal4 ,among %ells1 :i* are always ( fre% wat] orig91 !re are also f\nd bones 9 ! deposit2 b1 :at is rem>kable1 bones ( reptiles1 & n ( mammif]a4 ,x is fill$ ) crocodiles & tortoises1 b ! g5]a ( ext9ct mammif]a :i* ! gypsum conta9s1 are n f\nd 9 x3 !y evid5tly did n exi/ 9 ! c\ntry :5 ^! clays & lignites 7 =m$4 ,?is fre% wat] =mation1 ! olde/ :i* has be5 di/+ui%$ 9 our neighb\rhood1 & :i* supports all ! =mations :i* we h j enum]at$1 is itself support$ & embrac$ on all sides by ! *alk1 an imm5se =mation1 bo? z to ?ickness & ext5t1 :i* %ews itself 9 v di/ant c\ntries1 su* z ,pom]ania & ,pol&2 b :i*1 9 our vic9ity1 reigns ) a sort ( cont9uity 9 ,b]ri1 ,*ampagne1 ,pic>dy1 ,upp] ,norm&y1 & a "p ( ,engl&1 & ?us =ms a great circle1 or r a great bas91 9 :i* ! deposits ( :i* we h be5 speak+ are conta9$1 b ( :i* !y also cov] ! edges 9 ! places :]e !y 7 less elevat$4 ,9 fact1 x is n 9 our bas9 only t ^! v>i\s =mations h be5 deposit$4 ,9 ! o!r c\ntries :]e ! surface ( ! *alk pres5t$ simil> cavities = !m2 9 ^? ev5 :]e !re 0 no *alk1 & :]e ! old] =mations alone pres5t$ !mselves z supports1 circum/ances (t5 l$ to ! =mation ( deposits m or less simil> to ours1 & conta9+ ! same organic bodies4 ,our =mations conta9+ fre%-wat] %ells1 h be5 se5 9 ,engl&1 9 ,spa91 & ev5 s f> z ! conf9es ( ,pol&4 ,! m>9e %ells int]pos$ betwe5 !m1 h be5 f\nd along ! :ole c\rse ( ! ,app59es4 ,"s ( ! quadrup$s ( our gypsum deposits1 our palo!ria1 = example1 h also left _! bones 9 c]ta9 gypse\s =mations ( ! ,velai1 & 9 ! molasse qu>ries ( ! s\? ( ,france4 ,?us ! p>tial revolutions :i* h tak5 place 9 our neighb\rhood1 betwe5 ! p]iod ( ! *alk & t ( ! great inundation1 & dur+ :i* ! sea ?rew itself ^u our di/ricts or retir$ f !m1 _h also tak5 place 9 a multitude ( o!r c\ntries4 ,x seems z if ! globe _h und]gone a long s]ies ( *anges by :i* v>iations 7 produc$1 probably 9 close succession1 z ! deposits :i* !y h left n[h]e %ew mu* ?ickness or solidity4 ,! *alk has be5 produc$ by a m tranquil & m cont9u\s sea2 x conta9s only m>9e productions1 among :i* !re are1 h[ev]1 "s v rem>kable v]tebrate animals1 b all ( ! class ( reptiles & fi%es2 l>ge tortoises1 va/ liz>ds1 & o!r simil> animals4 ,! =mations ant]ior to ! *alk1 & 9 ! holl[s ( :i* ! *alk is itself deposit$1 z ! =mations ( our neighb\rhood are 9 its holl[s1 =m a great "p ( ,g]many & ,engl&2 & ! ef=ts :i* ! naturali/s ( ^! two c\ntries h rec5tly made accord+ ) ours1 & proce$+ ^u ! same pr9ciples1 comb9$ ) ^? :i* _h be5 previ\sly tri$ by ! s*ool ( ,w]n]1 w soon leave no?+ to be desir$ ) respect to our k ( !m4 ,messrs de ,humboldt & de ,bonn>d 9 ,france & ,g]many1 & ,messrs ,buckl& & ,conybe>e 9 ,engl&1 h furni%$ ! mo/ complete & mo/ in/ructive acc\nts ( !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! subjo9$ table1 9 :i* n only ! second>y =mations h be5 arrang$1 b ! :ole s]ies ( /rata1 f ! olde/ kn[n to ! mo/ mod]n & mo/ sup]ficial1 has be5 politely furni%$ me by ,m4 de ,humboldt1 to adorn my "w4 ,x may be consid]$ z an epitome ( ! lab\rs ( geologi/s up to ! pres5t p]iod#bdf4 ,,table ( ,geological ,=mations 9 ! ord] ( _! sup]position4 ,by ,m4 ,al4 de ,humboldt4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,alluvial ,deposits4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,lacu/r9e ,=mation ) ,buhr/ones4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,f\nta9bleau s&/one & s&4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,gypsum ) bones4 ,silice\s ,lime/one4 ,t]ti>y ---------------------------------------- ----- ,co>se ,lime/one4 ,=mations4 7,london ,clay47 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,t]ti>y s&/one ) lignites4 ---------------------------------------- ----- 7,pla/ic clay1--,molasse1--,nagelfluhe47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- :ite4 ,*alk4 tuface\s4 ,anan*ites4 *loritic4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,gre5 s&4 ,weald clay4 7,second>y ,s&/one ) lignites47 ,second>y ,iron ,s&4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,ammonites4 ,jura ,lime/one4 ,slaty b$s ) fi%es & ,planulites4 cru/acea4 ---------------------------------------- -,coral rag4 ,quad]s&/e91 or :ite s&/one1 ,dive clay4 sometimes above ! lias4 ,oolites & ,ca5 ---------------------------------------- - lime/one4 ,mus*elkalk4 ,m>ly or calc>e\s lias ,ammonites nodosus4 ) ,grypha arcuata4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,m>ls ) fibr\s gypsum4 ,salif]\s v>iegat$ s&/one4 ,ar5ace\s b$s4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,productus aculeatus4 ,magnesian lime/one4 ,ze*/e94 7,alp9e lime/one47 ,copp] slate4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,qu>tzif]\s ,co-ord9ate =mations ( porphyry1 ,porphyry4 r$ s&/one1 & coal4 ,=mations4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,transition ,=mations4 ,slates ) ,lydian-/one1 greywacke1 diorites1 euphotides4 ,lime/ones ) or?oc]atis1 trilobites & euomphalites4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,primitive ,=mations4 ,clayslates 7,?ons*ief]74 ,micaslates4 ,gneiss4 ,granites4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,"u ! *alk are f\nd deposits ( gre5 s&1 ( :i* its l[] /rata conta9s "s organic rema9s4 ,b5ea? ?is are f]rug9\s s&s4 ,9 _m c\ntries bo? ( ^! deposits are agglut9at$ into b$s ( s&/one1 9 :i* lignites1 amb]1 & rema9s ( reptiles1 are also obs]v$4 ,"u ?is1 we f9d ! great mass ( /rata :i* compose ! ,jura *a91 & t ( ! m\nta9s by :i* x is cont9u$ into ,suabia & ,franconia1 ! pr9cipal ridges ( ! ,ap5n9es1 & multitudes ( b$s 9 ,france & ,engl&4 ,x consi/s ( lime/one-s*i/s1 ri* 9 fi%es & cru/acea2 va/ b$s ( oolites1 or ( a granul> lime/one2 grey m>ly lime/ones1 ) pyrites1 *>act]is$ by ! pres5ce ( ammonites1 ( oy/]s ) recurvate valves1 nam$ ,gryph1 & ( reptiles1 :i* are rem>kable on acc\nt ( _! =ms & /ructures4 ,l>ge b$s ( s& & s&/one1 (t5 pres5t+ vegetable impressions1 support all ^! ,jura deposits1 & are !mselves support$ by a lime/one1 ! innum]able %ells & zoophytes conta9$ 9 :i* induc$ ,w]n] to give x ! mu* too g5]al "n ( ,%ell-lime/one1 & :i* is sep>at$ by o!r b$s ( s&/one1 ( ! k9d d5om9at$ v>iegat$ s&/one1 f a /ill old] lime/one1 :i* has be5 n less improp]ly call$ ,alp9e lime/one1 because x composes ! ,high ,alps ( ! ,tyrol2 b :i* also %ews itself at ! surface 9 ! ea/]n prov9ces ( ,france1 & 9 ! :ole s\!rn "p ( ,g]many4 ,9 ?is %ell-lime/one are deposit$ great masses ( gypsum & ri* b$s ( salt2 & "u x are f\nd ! ?9 b$s ( copp]-slates s ri* 9 fi%es1 among :i* !re are also fre%-wat] reptiles4 ,! copp]-slate re/s ^u a r$ s&/one1 to ! epo* ( :i* belong ^? fam\s deposits ( coal1 :i* supply ! pres5t inhabitants ( ! civiliz$ c\ntries ( ,europe ) fuel1 & are ! rema9s ( ! fir/ vegetable productions ) :i* ! face ( ! globe 0 adorn$4 ,we le>n f ! trunks ( f]ns1 ^: impressions !y h pres]v$1 h[ diff]5t ^! anci5t =e/s h be5 f ours4 ,we !n quickly come to ^? transition =mations1 9 :i* primeval nature1 nature dead & purely m9]al1 seems to h disput$ ! empire ) organis+ nature4 ,black lime/ones1 & s*i/s :i* pres5t only cru/acea & %ells ( k9ds n[ ext9ct1 alt]nate ) rema9s ( primitive =mations1 & ann\nce our hav+ arriv$ at ^? =mations1 ! olde/ ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 ^? anci5t f\ndations ( ! pres5t envelop ( ! globe1 ! m>bles & primitive slates1 ! gneisses1 &1 la/ly1 ! granites4 ,su* is ! precise enum]ation ( ! successive masses ) :i* nature has envelop$ ! globe4 ,! positive geological in=mation pres5t$ by x1 has be5 obta9$1 by comb9+ ! k furni%$ by m9]alogy ) t pres5t$ by ! sci5ces connect$ ) organic exi/5ce4 ,?is ord]1 s new & s int]e/+ 9 facts1 has only be5 acquir$ by geology1 s9ce x pref]r$ positive k1 furni%$ by obs]vation1 to fanciful sy/ems1 contradictory conjectures reg>d+ ! fir/ orig9 ( ! globe1 & all ^? ph5om5a1 :i*1 hav+ no resemblance to :at actually takes place 9 nature1 c\ld nei!r f9d 9 x1 = _! explanation1 mat]ials nor t\*/one4 ,a few ye>s ago1 ! great] numb] ( geologi/s might h be5 comp>$ to hi/orians1 :o1 9 writ+ ! hi/ory ( ,france1 %\ld h int]e/$ !mselves only ab\t ! ev5ts :i* _h tak5 place among ! ,gauls be=e ! "t ( ,julius ,ces>4 ,9 compos+ _! romances1 h[ev]1 ^! hi/orians w\ld h tak5 advantage ( _! k ( po/]ior facts2 & ! geologi/s ( :om ,i speak1 absolutely neglect$ ! po/]ior facts1 :i* c\ld alone h reflect$ "s light ^u ! d>kness ( prec$+ times4 ,enum]ation ( ! ,fossil ,animals recognis$ by ! ,au?or4 ,9 conclud+ ?is disc\rse1 !re only rema9s = me n[ to pres5t ! result ( my own rese>*es1 or1 9 o!r words1 a g5]al acc\nt ( my great "w4 ,i %all enum]ate ! animals :i* ,i h discov]$1 9 ! inv]se ord] ( t :i* ,i h foll[$ 9 my enum]ation ( ! =mations4 ,by proce$+ deep] & deep] into ! s]ies ( /rata1 ,i !re rose 9 ! s]ies ( epo*s4 ,i %all n[ take ! olde/ =mations1--make kn[n ! animals :i* !y conta91--&1 pass+ f "o epo* to ano!r1 po9t out ^? :i* successively make _! appe>ance 9 proportion z we approa* ! pres5t "t4 ,we h se5 t zoophytes1 mollusca1 & c]ta9 cru/acea1 beg9 to appe> 9 ! ,transition =mations2 p]haps !re may ev5 at t p]iod be bones & skeletons ( fi%es2 b we d n by any means obs]ve at s e>ly a p]iod rema9s ( animals :i* live on l&1 & respire air 9 its ord9>y /ate4 ,! great b$s ( coal1 & ! trunks ( palms & f]ns ( :i* !y pres]ve ! impressions1 al?\gh !y af=d evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( dry l&1 & ( a vegetation no long] conf9$ to ! wat]s1 d n yet %ew bones ( quadrup$s1 n ev5 ( ovip>\s quadrup$s4 ,x is only a little above ?is1 9 ! bitum9\s copp]-slates1 t we see ! fir/ traces ( !m2 &1 :at is v rem>kable1 ! fir/ quadrup$s are reptiles ( ! family ( liz>ds1 v mu* resembl+ ! l>ge monitors :i* live at ! pres5t day 9 ! torrid zone4 ,sev]al individuals ( ?is k9d h be5 f\nd 9 ! m9es ( ,?ur+ia#bdg1 among innum]able fi%es ( a g5us n[ unkn[n1 b :i*1 f its relations to ! g5]a ( our days1 appe>s to h liv$ 9 fre% wat]4 ,e body kn[s t ! monitors are also fre% wat] animals4 ,a little high] is ! lime/one call$ ,alp9e1 & re/+ ^u x ! %ell-lime/one1 s ri* 9 entro*ites & encr9ites1 :i* =ms ! basis ( a great "p ( ,g]many & ,lorra9e4 ,9 x h be5 f\nd skeletons ( a v l>ge sea-tortoise1 ! %ells ( :i* might h be5 f six to eight feet 9 l5g?2 & ^? ( ano!r ovip>\s quadrup$ ( ! family ( liz>ds1 ( a l>ge size1 & ) a v %>p muzzle#bdh4 ,ris+ /ill ?r\gh s&/ones1 :i* pres5t only vegetable impressions ( l>ge arund9ace1 bamboos1 palms1 & o!r monocotyl$on\s plants1 we come to ! diff]5t /rata ( ! deposit :i* has be5 nam$ ! ,jura lime/one1 on acc\nt ( its =m+ ! pr9cipal nucleus ( t *a9 ( m\nta9s4 ,x is "h t ! class ( ,reptiles assumes its full developm5t1 & %ews itself "u ! mo/ v>i$ =ms & gigantic sizes4 ,! middle "p1 :i* is compos$ ( oolites & lias1 or ( grey s&/one conta9+ gryphites1 conta9s ! rema9s ( two g5]a1 ! mo/ extraord9>y ( all1 :i* h comb9$ ! *>act]s ( ! class ( ovip>\s quadrup$s ) organs ( motion simil> to ^? ( ! cetacea4 ,! i*?yosaurus#bdi1 discov]$ by ,sir ,ev]>d ,home1 has ! head ( a liz>d1 b prolong$ into an att5uat$ muzzle1 arm$ ) conical & po9t$ tee?2 enorm\s eyes1 ! scl]otica ( :i* is /r5g!n$ by a frame consi/+ ( bony pieces2 a sp9e compos$ ( flat v]tebr1 ( a depress$ circul> =m1 & concave on bo? surfaces l ^? ( fi%es2 sl5d] ribs2 a /]num & clavicles l ^? ( liz>ds & orni?oryn*i2 a small & weak pelvis2 & f\r limbs1 ( :i* ! hum]i & femurs are %ort & ?ick1 :ile ! o!r bones are flatt5$1 & closely set l ! /ones 9 a pavem5t1 s z to =m1 :5 envelop$ ) ! sk91 f9s ( a s+le piece1 almo/ incapable ( b5d+2 analog\s1 9 %ort1 bo? z to use & organization1 to ^? ( cetacea4 ,^! reptiles h liv$ 9 ! sea2 on %ore1 !y c\ld only at mo/ h crept 9 ! hobbl+ mann] ( seals2 at ! same "t aft] !y h respir$ ela/ic air4 ,! rema9s ( f\r species h be5 f\nd3 ,! mo/ ext5sively di/ribut$ 7,i4 communis7 has blunt conical tee?2 its l5g? sometimes exce$s tw5ty feet4 ,! second 7,i4 platyodon71 :i* is at lea/ z l>ge z ! =m]1 has compress$ tee?1 ) r\nd & bulg+ roots4 ,! ?ird 7,i4 t5uiro/ris71 has sl5d] & po9t$ tee?1 & ! muzzle ?9 & elongat$4 ,! f\r? 7,i4 int]m$ius71 is1 z its "n implies1 int]m$iate betwe5 ! la/ species & ! common1 ) respect to ! =m ( its tee?4 ,! two latt] species d n atta9 half ! size ( ! two fir/4 ,! plesiosaurus1 discov]$ by ,mr ,conybe>e1 mu/ h appe>$ /ill m mon/r\s ?an ! i*?yosaurus4 ,x _h ! same limbs1 b some:at m elongat$ & m flexible2 its %\ld] & pelvis 7 m robu/2 its v]tebr _h m ( ! =ms & articulations ( ! liz>ds2 b :at di/+ui%$ x f all ovip>\s & vivip>\s quadrup$s1 0 a sl5d] neck z long z its body1 compos$ ( ?irty & odd v]tebr1 a numb] great] ?an t ( ! neck ( any o!r animal1 ris+ f ! trunk l ! body ( a s]p5t1 & t]m9at+ 9 a v small head1 9 :i* all ! ess5tial *>act]s ( t ( ! liz>d family are obs]v$4 ,if any ?+ c\ld ju/ify ^? hydras & o!r mon/]s1 ! figures ( :i* are s (t5 pres5t$ 9 ! monum5ts ( ! middle ages1 x w\ld inconte/ibly be ?is plesiosaurus4#bej ,five species are already kn[n1 ( :i* ! mo/ g5]ally di/ribut$ 7,p4 doli*odeirus7 atta9s a l5g? ( m ?an tw5ty feet4 ,a second species 7,p4 rec5tior71 f\nd 9 m mod]n /rata1 has ! v]tebr flatt]4 ,a ?ird 7,p4 c>9atus7 %ews a ridge on ! "u surface ( its v]tebr4 ,a f\r?1 & la/ly a fif? 7,p4 p5tagonus & ,p4 trigonus71 h ! ribs m>k$ ) five & ?ree ridges4#bea ,^! two g5]a are f\nd ev]y:]e 9 ! lias3 !y 7 discov]$ 9 ,engl&1 :]e ?is rock is expos$ 9 cliffs ( great ext5t2 b !y h also be5 f\nd s9ce 9 ,france & ,g]many4 ,along ) ^! _h liv$ two species ( ,crocodiles1 ! bones ( :i* are also f\nd deposit$ 9 ! lias1 among ammonites1 t]ebratul1 & o!r %ells ( t anci5t sea4 ,we h skeletons ( !m 9 our cliffs at ,honfleur1 :]e ! rema9s are f\nd1 f :i* ,i h drawn up _! *>act]s4#beb ,"o ( ^! species1 ! ,long-beak$ ,gavial1 has ! muzzle long]1 & ! head m n>r[1 ?an ! gavial or long-beak$ crocodile ( ! ,ganges2 ! bodies ( its v]tebr are convex be=e1 :ile 9 our crocodiles ( ! pres5t day !y are s beh9d4 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 ! lias deposits ( ,franconia1 z well z 9 ^? ( ,france4 ,a second species1 ! ,%ort-beak$ ,gavial1 has ! muzzle ( ord9>y l5g?1 less att5uat$ ?an ! gavial ( ! ,ganges1 b m s ?an our crocodiles ( ,/ ,dom+o4 ,its v]tebr are slightly concave at ea* ( _! extremities4 ,b ^! crocodiles are n ! only ones :i* h be5 deposit$ 9 ! /rata ( ^! second>y lime/ones4 ,! beautiful oolite qu>ries ( ,ca5 h pres5t$ a v rem>kable "o1 ! muzzle ( :i* is z long & m po9t$ ?an t ( ! long-beak$ gavial1 & its head m dilat$ beh9d1 ) wid] temporal foss4 ,its /ony scales1 m>k$ ) small r\nd cavities1 mu/ h r5d]$ x ! be/ def5d$ ( all ! crocodiles4#bec ,its l[] tee? are alt]nately long] & %ort]4 ,!re is /ill ano!r 9 ! oolite ( ,engl&2 b !re h only be5 f\nd "s portions ( its cranium1 :i* d n suffice to af=d a complete idea ( x4#bed ,ano!r v rem>kable g5us ( reptiles1 ! rema9s ( :i*1 al?\gh !y are also f\nd beyond ! limits ( ! lias concretion1 are especially abundant 9 ! oolite & upp] s&s1 is ! megalosaurus1 ju/ly s nam$1 =1 along ) ! =ms ( ! liz>ds1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! monitors1 ( :i* x has also ! %>p-edg$ & d5tat$ tee?1 x pres5ts s enorm\s a size1 t if we suppose x to h possess$ ! proportions ( ! monitors1 x mu/ h exce$$ sev5ty feet 9 l5g?4 ,x 01 9 fact1 a liz>d ( ! size ( a :ale4#bee ,x 0 discov]$ by ,mr ,buckl& 9 ,engl&2 b we h x also 9 ,france2 & 9 ,g]many !re are f\nd bones1 if n ( ! same species1 at lea/ ( a species :i* c be ref]r$ to no o!r g5us4 ,x is to ,m4 ,smm]+ t we owe ! fir/ description ( ?is la/4 ,he discov]$ ! bones 9 /rata ly+ above ! oolite1 9 ^? lime/one-s*i/s ( ,franconia1 long celebrat$ = ! num]\s fossil rema9s :i* !y furni%$ to ! cab9ets ( ! curi\s1 & :i* w be /ill m celebrat$ = ! s]vices :i* _! employm5t 9 li?ography r5d] to ! arts & sci5ces4 ,! crocodiles cont9ue to make _! appe>ance 9 ^! s*i/s1 & always ( ! long-muzzl$ or ro/rat$ k9d4 ,m4 de ,smm]+ has describ$ "o 7! ,crocodilus priscus71 ! entire skeleton ( a small individual ( :i* 0 f\nd ne>ly 9 z good a /ate ( pres]vation1 z x c\ld h be5 9 our cab9ets4#bef ,x is "o ( ^? :i* mo/ resemble ! pres5t gavial ( ! ,ganges2 ! ant]ior or unit$ "p ( its l[] jaw1 h[ev]1 is less elongat$2 its l[] tee? are alt]nately & regul>ly long] & %ort]4 ,x has t5 v]tebr 9 ! tail4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable animals :i* ^! lime/one slates conta91 are ! fly+ liz>ds1 :i* ,i h nam$ ,pt]odactyli4 ,!y are reptiles ^: pr9cipal *>act]s are1 a v %ort tail1 a v long neck1 ! muzzle mu* elongat$1 & arm$ ) %>p tee?2 ! legs also long1 & "o ( ! toes ( ! ant]ior extremity excessively elongat$1 hav+ probably s]v$ = ! atta*m5t ( a membrane adapt$ = support+ !m 9 ! air1 accompani$ ) f\r o!r toes ( ord9>y size1 t]m9at$ by hook$ claws4 ,"o ( ^! /range animals1 ^: appe>ance w\ld be frightful did !y occur alive at ! pres5t day1 may h be5 ( ! size ( a ?ru%#beg1 ! o!r ( t ( a common bat#beh2 b x w\ld appe> f "s fragm5ts t l>g] species _h exi/$#bei4 ,a little above ! lime/one slates is f\nd ! ne>ly homog5e\s lime/one ( ! ,jura ridges4 ,x also conta9s bones1 b always ( reptiles1 crocodiles1 & fre%-wat] tortoises1 ( :i* a va/ quantity is f\nd 9 p>ticul> 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,soleure4 ,!y h be5 v c>efully se>*$ = by ,m4 ,hugi2 &1 f ! fragm5ts :i* he has already collect$1 x is easy to recognise a consid]able numb] ( ,fre%-wat] ,tortoises1 or ,emydes1 :i* fur!r discov]ies c alone det]m9e1 b ( :i* sev]al are already di/+ui%$ by _! size & peculi> =ms1 f all ! species hi!rto kn[n#bfj4 ,x is among ^! innum]able ovip>\s quadrup$s1 ( all sizes & =ms2 9 ! mid/ ( ^! crocodiles1 tortoises1 fly+ reptiles1 huge megalosauri1 & mon/r\s plesiosauri1 t "s small ,mammif]a are said to make _! appe>ance = ! fir/ "t2 & ! ass]tion is s f> au!nticat$ by ! occurr5ce ( jaws1 & "s o!r bones discov]$ 9 ,engl&1 :i* und\bt$ly belong to ?is class ( animals1 & p>ticul>ly to ! family ( ,didelphides1 or to t ( ! ,insectivora4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be suppos$1 t ! /oney matt]s :i* encru/ ^! bones1 owe _! orig9 to "s local recomposition1 po/]ior to ! orig9al =mation ( ! /rata4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is /ill f\nd = a long "t t ! class ( ,reptiles pr$om9ates4 ,! f]rug9\s s&s1 plac$ 9 ,engl& above ! *alk1 conta9 abundance ( crocodiles1 tortoises1 megalosauri1 & especially a reptile :i* pres5ts a "* q peculi>1 9 z mu* z its tee? appe> worn1 l ^? ( our h]bivor\s mammif]a4 ,to ,mr ,mantell ( ,lewes1 9 ,sussex1 we are indebt$ = ! discov]y ( ?is latt] animal1 z well z ( o!r l>ge reptiles belong+ to ! s&s ly+ b5ea? ! *alk4 ,he has nam$ x ,iguanodon#bfa4 ,9 ! *alk itself !re are only reptiles to be se53 !re are f\nd 9 x rema9s ( tortoises & crocodiles4 ,! fam\s tuface\s qu>ries ( ! m\nta9 ( ,/ ,pet]1 ne> ,mae/ri*t1 :i* belong to ! *alk =mation1 along ) v l>ge sea tortoises1 & a multitude ( m>9e %ells & zoophytes1 h af=d$ a g5us ( liz>ds n less gigantic ?an ! megalosaurus1 :i* has become celebrat$ by ! rese>*es ( ,camp]1 & ! figures :i* ,faujas has giv5 ( its bones1 9 8 hi/ory ( t m\nta94 ,x 0 upw>ds ( five & tw5ty feet long2 its l>ge jaws 7 arm$ ) v /rong conical tee?1 a little arcuate1 & m>k$ ) a ridge1 & x _h also "s ( ^! tee? 9 ! palate4 ,upw>ds ( a hundr$ & ?irty v]tebr 7 c\nt$ 9 its sp9e2 !y 7 convex be=e1 & concave beh9d4 ,its tail 0 deep & flat1 & =m$ a l>ge v]tical o> 7or organ ( swimm+74#bfb ,mr ,conybe>e has rec5tly propos$ to "n x ,mosasaurus4 ,! clays & lignites :i* cov] ! upp] "p ( ! *alk1 ,i h only f\nd to conta9 crocodiles#bfc2 & ,i h e reason to ?9k t ! lignites :i* 9 ,switz]l& h af=d$ beav] & ma/odon bones1 belong to a lat] epo*4 ,nor has x be5 at an e>li] p]iod ?an t ( ! co>se lime/one :i* re/s ^u ^! clays t ,i h begun to f9d bones ( mammif]a2 & /ill d !y all belong to m>9e mammif]a1 to dolph9s ( unkn[n species1 lamant9s & morses4 ,among ! dolph9s1 !re is "o1 ! muzzle ( :i*1 m elongat$ ?an t ( any kn[n species1 has ! l[] jaw unit$ 9 a consid]able "p ( its l5g?1 ne>ly z 9 a gavial4 ,x 0 f\nd ne> ,dax by ! late presid5t ( ,borda#bfd4 ,ano!r species1 f ! cliffs ( ! ,dep>tm5t de l',orne1 has ! muzzle also long1 b some:at diff]5tly %ap$#bfe4 ,! entire g5us ( lamant9s is at ! pres5t day conf9$ to ! seas ( ! torrid zone2 & t ( ! morses1 ( :i* only a s+le liv+ species is kn[n to exi/1 is limit$ to ! froz5 ocean4 ,yet we f9d skeletons ( ^! two g5]a side by side 9 ! co>se lime/one /rata ( ! middle ( ,france2 & ?is association ( species1 ! ne>e/ alli$ to :i* are1 at ! pres5t day1 f\nd 9 opposite zones1 w aga9 make its appe>ance m ?an once z we proce$4 ,our fossil lamant9s diff] f ^? kn[n to exi/ at pres5t1 9 hav+ ! head m elongat$1 & ( a diff]5t =m#bff4 ,_! ribs1 :i* are easily recognis$ by _! be+ ( a ?ick & r\nd$ =m1 & ( d5se texture1 are n ( r>e occurr5ce 9 our diff]5t prov9ces4 ,) reg>d to ! fossil morse1 small fragm5ts only h z yet be5 f\nd ( x1 :i* are insuffici5t = *>act]is+ ! species#bfg4 ,x is only 9 ! /rata t h succe$$ ! co>se lime/one1 or1 at mo/1 ^? :i* may h be5 ( contemporane\s =mation ) x1 b deposit$ 9 fre%-wat] lakes1 t ! class ( l& mammif]a beg9s to %ew itself 9 any quantity4 ,i consid] z belong+ to ! same p]iod1 & z hav+ liv$ toge!r1 b p]haps 9 diff]5t spots1 ! animals ^: bones are deposit$ 9 ! molasse & old gravel b$s ( ! s\? ( ,france2 9 ! gypsums mix$ ) lime/one1 su* z ^? ( ,p>is & ,aix2 & 9 ! fre%-wat] m>ly deposits cov]$ ) m>9e b$s1 ( ,alsace1 ! c\ntry ( ,orleans & ( ,b]ry4 ,?is animal population possesses a v rem>kable "* 9 ! abundance & v>iety ( c]ta9 g5]a ( pa*yd]mata1 :i* are entirely awant+ among ! quadrup$s ( our days1 & ^: *>act]s h m or less resemblance to ^? ( ! tapirs1 ! rh9oc]oses1 & camels4 ,^! g5]a1 ! entire discov]y ( :i* is my own1 are ! palo!ria1 lophiodonta1 anaplo!ria1 an?raco!ria1 *]opotami1 & adapis4 ,! ,palo!ria h resembl$ ! tapirs 9 _! g5]al =m1 & 9 t ( ! head1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! %ortness ( ! bones ( ! nose1 :i* ann\nces t !y h _h a small proboscis l ! tapirs1 &1 la/ly1 9 _! hav+ six incisors & two can9e tee? 9 ea* jaw2 b !y h resembl$ ! rh9oc]os 9 _! gr9d]s1 ( :i* ^? ( ! upp] jaw h be5 squ>e1 ) prom95t ridges ( v>i\s configuration1 & ^? ( ! l[] jaw 9 ! =m ( d\ble cresc5ts1 z well z 9 _! feet1 all ( :i* h be5 divid$ into ?ree toes1 :ile 9 ! tapirs ! =e feet h f\r4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ ext5sively diffus$ g5]a & mo/ num]\s 9 species t occur 9 ! deposits ( ?is p]iod4 ,our gypsum qu>ries 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,p>is are full ( !m4 ,bones ( sev5 di/9ct species are f\nd !re4 ,! fir/ 7,p4 magnum7 is z l>ge z a horse4 ,! ?ree next are ( ! size ( a hog1 b "o ( !m 7,p4 m$ium7 has n>r[ & long feet1 ano!r 7,p4 crassum7 has ! feet broad]1 & a ?ird 7,p4 latum7 has !m /ill broad]1 & especially %ort]4 ,! fif? species 7,p4 curtum71 :i* is ( ! size ( a %eep1 is mu* l[]1 & has ! feet /ill broad] & %ort] 9 proportion ?an ! la/4 ,! six? 7,p4 m9us7 is ( ! size ( a small %eep1 & has long & sl5d] feet1 ! lat]al toes ( :i* are %ort] ?an ! re/4 ,! sev5? 7,p4 m9imum71 :i* is n l>g] ?an a h>e1 has also ! feet sl5d]#bfh4 ,palo!ria h also be5 f\nd 9 o!r di/ricts ( ,france3 at ,puy 9 ,valey1 9 /rata ( gypse\s m>l1 a species 7,p4 velaunum7#bfi1 mu* resembl+ 7,p4 m$ium71 b diff]+ f x 9 ! =m ( its l[] jaw2 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,orleans1 9 /rata ( m>ly rock1 a species 7,p4 aurelian5se7#bgj1 :i* is di/+ui%$ f ! o!rs by hav+ ! re-ent]+ angle ( ! cresc5t ( its l[] gr9d]s split into a d\ble po9t1 & by "s diff]5ces 9 ! necks ( ! upp] gr9d]s2 ne> ,issel1 9 a b$ ( gravel or molasse1 along ! declivities ( ! ,black ,m\nta91 a species 7,p4 isselanum7#bga1 :i* has ! same *>act]s z ! ,orleans species1 b is ( small] size4 ,x is m p>ticul>ly1 h[ev]1 9 ! molasse ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,dordogne1 t ! palo!rium occurs n less abundantly ?an 9 our gypsum deposits 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,p>is4 ,! ,duke ,decaze has discov]$ 9 ! qu>ries ( a s+le field1 bones ( ?ree species :i* appe> diff]5t f all ^? ( our neighb\rhood#bgb4 ,! ,lophiodons approa* /ill some:at ne>] to ! tapirs ?an ! palo!ria d1 inasmu* z _! l[] false gr9d]s h transv]se necks l ^? ( ! tapirs4 ,!y diff]1 h[ev]1 f ^! latt]1 9 hav+ ! =e ones m simple1 ! backmo/ ( all ) ?ree necks1 & ! upp] ones rhomboidal1 & m>k$ ) ridges v mu* resembl+ ^? ( ! rh9oc]os4 ,we are /ill ignorant :at ! =m ( _! sn\t1 & ! numb] ( _! toes1 may h be54 ,i h discov]$ n less ?an twelve species ( ?is g5us1 all 9 ,france1 deposit$ 9 m>ly rocks ( fre%-wat] =mation1 & fill$ ) lymne & planorbes1 :i* are %ells peculi> to pools & m>%es4 ,! l>ge/ species is f\nd ne> ,orleans1 9 ! same qu>ry z ! palo!ria2 x approa*es ! rh9oc]os4 ,!re is a small] species 9 ! same place2 a ?ird occurs at ,montpelli]2 a f\r? ne> ,laon2 two ne> ,bu*sweil] 9 ,alsace2 five ne> ,arg5ton 9 ,b]ry2 & "o ( ! ?ree occurs aga9 ne> ,issel1 :]e !re are also two o!rs4 ,!re is also a l>ge "o ne> ,gannat#bgc4 ,^! species diff] f ea* o!r 9 size1 ! smalle/ be+ sc>cely s l>ge z a lamb ( ?ree mon?s1 & 9 v>i\s circum/ances connect$ ) ! =m ( _! tee?1 :i* x w\ld be too t$i\s & m9ute to detail "h4 ,! ,anoplo!ria h hi!rto be5 discov]$ n[h]e b 9 ! gypsum qu>ries ( ! neighb\rhood ( ,p>is4 ,!y h two *>act]s :i* are obs]v$ 9 no o!r animal2 feet ) two toes1 ! metac>pal & metat>sal bones ( :i* are sep>ate 9 _! :ole l5g?1 & d n unite into a s+le piece1 z 9 ! rum9antia2 & tee? plac$ 9 a cont9u\s s]ies )\t any int]ruption4 ,man alone has ! tee? s plac$ 9 mutual contiguity1 )\t any int]val4 ,^? ( ! anaplo!ria consi/ ( six incisors 9 ea* jaw1 a can9e too? & six gr9d]s on ea* side1 bo? above & bel[2 _! can9e tee? are %ort & simil> to ! out] incisors4 ,! ?ree fir/ gr9d]s are compress$2 ! f\r o!rs are1 9 ! upp] jaw1 squ>e1 ) transv]se ridges1 & a small cone betwe5 !m2 &1 9 ! l[] jaw1 9 ! =m ( a d\ble cresc5t1 b )\t neck at ! base4 ,! la/ has ?ree cresc5ts4 ,_! head is ( an oblong =m1 & does n indicate t ! muzzle has t]m9at$ ei!r 9 a proboscis or a sn\t4 ,?is extraord9>y g5us1 :i* c be comp>$ to no?+ 9 liv+ nature1 is subdivid$ into ?ree subg5]a3 ! ,anaplo!ria1 prop]ly s call$1 ! ant]ior mol>es ( :i* are /ill pretty ?ick1 & ! po/]ior ones ( ! l[] jaw h _! cresc5ts ) a simple ridge2 ! ,xiphodons1 ( :i* ! ant]ior mol>es are ?9 & %>p on ! edges1 & ! "u po/]ior1 h1 directly opposite ! concavity ( ea* ( _! cresc5ts1 a po9t1 :i*1 on be+ worn1 also assumes ! =m ( a cresc5t1 s t !n ! cresc5ts are d\ble z 9 ! rum9antia2 la/ly1 ! ,di*obunes1 ! out] cresc5ts ( :i* are also po9t$ at ! beg9n+1 & :i* h ?us po9ts dispos$ 9 pairs ^u _! l[] po/]ior gr9d]s4 ,! mo/ common species 9 our gypsum qu>ries 7,an4 commune71 is an animal ( ! height ( a bo>1 b mu* m elongat$1 & furni%$ ) a v long & v ?ick tail1 s t altoge!r x has ne>ly ! proportion ( ! ott]1 b l>g]4 ,x is probable t x 0 well fitt$ = swimm+1 & frequ5t$ ! lakes 9 ! bottom ( :i* its bones h be5 incru/$ by ! gypsum :i* 0 deposit$ !re4 ,we h "o a little small]1 b 9 o!r respects pretty simil> 7,an4 secund>ium47 ,we are z yet acqua9t$ ) only "o xiphodon1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is a v rem>kable animal3 x is t :i* ,i h nam$ ,an4 gracile4 ,x is sl5d]1 & delicately =m$1 l ! prettie/ gazelle4 ,!re is "o di*obune1 ne>ly ( ! size ( a h>e1 to :i* ,i h giv5 ! "n ( ,an4 lepor9um4 ,besides its subg5]ic *>act]s1 x diff]s f ! anaplo!ria & xiphodons1 9 hav+ two small & sl5d] toes on ea* foot1 at ! sides ( ! two l>ge toes4 ,we d n "k if ^! lat]al toes exi/ 9 ! two o!r di*obunes1 :i* are small1 & sc>cely exce$ 9 size ! common ,gu9ea pig#bgd4 ,! g5us ( ,an?raco!ria is 9 "s degree int]m$iate betwe5 ! palo!ria1 anaplo!ria1 & hogs4 ,i h nam$ x s1 because two ( its species h be5 f\nd 9 ! lignites ( ,cadibona1 ne> ,savone4 ,! fir/ approa*$ ! rh9oc]os 9 size2 ! second 0 mu* small]4 ,!y h also be5 f\nd 9 ,alsace1 & 9 ! ,vlay4 ,_! gr9d]s are simil> to ^? ( ! anaplo!ria2 b !y h project+ can9e tee?#bge4 ,! g5us ,*]opotamus is f\nd 9 our gypsum deposits1 :]e x accompanies ! palo!ria & anaplo!ria1 b :]e x is ( mu* r>] occurr5ce4 ,its po/]ior gr9d]s are squ>e above1 rectangul> bel[1 & h f\r l>ge conical em95ces surr\nd$ ) small] ones4 ,! ant]ior mol>es are %ort cones1 slightly compress$1 & ) two roots4 ,its can9e tee? are small4 ,nei!r its incisors nor its feet are yet kn[n4 ,i possess only "o species1 :i* is ( ! size ( a ,siam hog#bgf4 ,! g5us ,adapis has also b "o species1 :i* is at mo/ ( ! size ( a rabbit3 x is also f our gypsum qu>ries1 & mu/ h be5 ne>ly alli$ to ! anaplo!ria#bgg4 ,we h ?us ne>ly =ty species ( pa*yd]mata belong+ to g5]a n[ entirely ext9ct1 & pres5t+ =ms & proportions to :i* !re is no?+ t c be comp>$ 9 ! pres5t animal k+dom1 except+ two tapirs & a daman4 ,?is l>ge numb] ( pa*yd]mata is s mu* ! m rem>kable1 t ! rum9antia1 :i* are at pres5t s num]\s 9 ! g5]a ( de] & antelopes1 & :i* atta9 s great a size 9 ^? ( ! ox51 giraffes1 & camels1 sc>cely make _! appe>ance 9 ! deposits ( :i* we are speak+4 ,i h n se5 ! slighte/ trace ( !m 9 our gypsum qu>ries2 & all t has come to my h&s consi/s ( "s fragm5ts ( a de]1 ( ! size ( ! roe1 b ( a diff]5t species1 collect$ among ! palo!ria ( ,orleans#bgh2 & ( "o or two o!r small fragm5ts1 f ,switz]l&1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are p]haps ( d\btful orig94 ,b our pa*yd]mata h n = all ?is be5 ! only inhabitants ( ! c\ntries 9 :i* !y liv$4 ,9 our gypsum deposits1 at lea/1 we f9d along ) !m c>nivora1 glires1 sev]al sorts ( birds1 crocodiles1 & tortoises2 & ^! two latt] g5]a also accompany !m 9 ! molasse s&/ones & m>ly deposits ( ! middle & s\? ( ,france4 ,at ! head ( ! c>nivora1 ,i place a ,bat1 v rec5tly discov]$ at ,montm>tre1 & :i* belongs to ! prop] g5us ,vesp]tilio#bgi4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is g5us1 at an epo* s remote1 is s mu* ! m surpris+1 t1 nei!r 9 ?is =mation1 nor 9 ^? :i* h succe$$ x1 h ,i se5 any o!r trace1 ei!r ( *eiropt]a or ( quadrumana3 no bone or too? ( ei!r monkey or maki has ev] pres5t$ itself to me1 9 ! c\rse ( my long rese>*es4 ,montm>tre has also furni%$ ! bones ( a fox diff]5t f ours1 & :i* also diff]s f ! jackals1 isatises1 & ! v>i\s species ( foxes peculi> to ,am]ica#bhj2 ^? ( a c>nivor\s animal alli$ to ! raccoons & coaties1 b l>g] ?an any kn[n species#bha2 ^? ( a p>ticul> species ( civet#bhb2 & ( two or ?ree o!r c>nivora1 :i* x has n be5 possible to det]m9e1 f ! want ( tol]ably complete portions4 ,:at is /ill m rem>kable1 is1 t !re are skeletons ( a small s>igue1 alli$ to ! m>mose1 b diff]5t1 & consequ5tly ( an animal belong+ to a g5us :i* is at ! pres5t day conf9$ to ! ,new ,_w#bhc4 ,skeletons ( two small glires1 ( ! g5us myoxus#bhd1 & a skull belong+ to ! g5us sciurus#bhe1 h also be5 collect$4 ,our gypsum deposits are m f]tile 9 bones ( birds ?an any ( ! o!r /rata ei!r ant]ior or po/]ior to x4 ,entire skeletons1 & p>ts ( at lea/ t5 species belong+ to all ! ord]s1 are f\nd !re#bhf4 ,! crocodiles ( ! p]iod 9 "q approa* our common crocodiles 9 ! =m ( ! head1 :ile1 9 ! deposits ( ! ,jura p]iod1 we f9d only species alli$ to ! gavial4 ,a species has be5 f\nd at ,arg5ton1 :i* is rem>kable = its compress$1 %>p tee?1 hav+ _! edges d5tat$ l ^? ( c]ta9 monitors#bhg4 ,"s rema9s ( x also occur 9 our gypsum qu>ries#bhh4 ,! tortoises ( ?is p]iod are all fre%-wat] ones3 "s ( !m belong to ! subg5us ,emys2 & !re are species1 bo? at ,montm>tre#bhi1 & /ill m especially 9 ! molasse s&/ones ( ! ,dordogne#bij1 :i* are l>g] ?an any liv+ species kn[n2 ! o!rs are ,trionyces or s(t tortoises#bia4 ,?is g5us1 :i* is easily di/+ui%$ by ! v]miculate surface ( ! bones ( its %ell1 & :i* at pres5t exi/s only 9 ! riv]s ( w>m c\ntries1 su* z ! ,nile1 ! ,ganges1 & ! ,or9oko1 has be5 v abundant 9 ! places :]e ! palo!ria liv$4 ,va/ quantities ( its rema9s are f\nd at ,montm>tre#bib1 & 9 ! molasse s&/ones ( ! ,dordogne1 & ! o!r gravel deposits ( ! s\? ( ,france4 ,! fre%-wat] lakes1 ar\nd :i* ^! v>i\s animals h liv$1 & :i* _h receiv$ _! bones1 n\ri%$1 besides ! tortoises & crocodiles1 "s fi%es & te/ace\s mollusca4 ,all t h be5 collect$ ( ^! two classes ( animals1 are z =eign to our climate1 & ev5 z mu* unkn[n 9 our pres5t wat]s1 z ! palo!ria1 & o!r quadrup$s :i* 7 coeval ) !m#bic4 ,! fi%es h ev5 9 "p belong$ to unkn[n g5]a4 ,h5ce1 x _c be d\bt$ t ?is race ( inhabitants1 :i* might be t]m$ ! population ( ! middle age1 ?is fir/ great production ( mammif]a1 has be5 entirely de/roy$2 &1 9 fact1 9 all places :]e rema9s ( !m h be5 discov]$1 !re are great deposits ( m>9e =mation above !m1 s t ! sea has ov]:elm$ ! c\ntries :i* ^! races inhabit$1 & has re/$ ^u !m dur+ a long p]iod ( "t4 ,h ! c\ntries inundat$ by x at ?is p]iod be5 ( great ext5t8 ,?is is a "q :i* ! exam9ation ( ^? anci5t deposits =m$ 9 _! lakes d n enable u to answ]4 ,to ?is p]iod ,i ref] ! gypsum b$s ( ,p>is & ^? ( ,aix1 sev]al qu>ries ( m>ly /ones1 & ! molasse s&/ones1 at lea/ ^? ( ! s\? ( ,france4 ,i am ( op9ion t we %\ld also ref] to x ! portions ( ! molasse s&/ones ( ,switz]l&1 & ( ! lignites ( ,liguria & ,alsace1 9 :i* quadrup$s are f\nd ( ! families enum]at$ above2 b ,i d n f9d t any ( ^! animals h be5 also f\nd 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,! fossil bones ( ,g]many1 ,engl&1 & ,italy1 are all ei!r old] or new] ?an ^? ( :i* we h be5 speak+1 & belong ei!r to ^? anci5t races ( reptiles ( ! juraic & copp]-slate =mations1 or to ! deposits ( ! la/ univ]sal inundation1 ! diluvial =mations4 ,we are1 !re=e1 au?oris$ to believe1 until ! contr>y be prov$1 t at ! p]iod :5 ^! num]\s pa*yd]mata liv$1 ! globe _h only pres5t$ = _! habitation a small numb] ( pla9s suffici5tly f]tile = !m to multiply !re1 & t p]haps ^! pla9s 7 insulat$ regions1 sep>at$ by pretty l>ge spaces ( elevat$ *a9s1 9 :i* we d n f9d t our animals h left any traces ( _! exi/5ce4 ,! rese>*es ( ,m4 ,adolphe ,brongni>t h also made kn[n to u ! nature ( ! vegetables :i* cov]$ ^? c\ntries4 ,9 ! same /rata ) our palo!ria1 !re h be5 f\nd trunks ( palms1 & _m o!rs ( ^? beautiful plants ^: g5]a n[ only gr[ 9 w>m climates4 ,palms1 crocodiles1 & trionyces always occur 9 great] or less abundance :]ev] our anci5t pa*yd]mata are f\nd#bid4 ,! sea :i* _h cov]$ ^! l&s & de/roy$ _! animals1 left l>ge deposits1 :i* /ill =m at ! pres5t day1 at no great dep?1 ! basis ( our great pla9s3 x _h !n retir$ anew1 & left imm5se surfaces to a new population1 ^: rema9s are f\nd 9 ! s&y & muddy deposits ( all c\ntries kn[n4 ,x is to ?is deposition f ! sea1 made 9 a /ate ( quiet1 t c]ta9 fossil cetacea1 v mu* resembl+ ^? ( our own days1 %\ld1 9 my op9ion1 be ref]r$2--a dolph91 alli$ to our epaul>d#bie1 & a :ale v l our rorquals#bif1 bo? discov]$ 9 ,lomb>dy by ,m4 ,cortesi2 a l>ge head ( a :ale f\nd )9 ! v prec9cts ( ,p>is#big1 & describ$ by ,lamanon & ,daub5ton2 & an entirely new g5us1 :i* ,i h discov]$ & nam$ ,ziphius1 & :i* already conta9s ?ree species4 ,x is alli$ to ! ca*alots & hyp]oodons#bih4 ,9 ! ext9ct population :i* fills our alluvial & sup]ficial /rata1 & :i* has liv$ ^u ! deposit j allud$ to1 !re are no long] ei!r palo!ria or anaplo!ria1 or1 9 9 fact1 any ( ^? s+ul> g5]a4 ,! pa*yd]mata1 h[ev]1 /ill pr$om9ate2 & ^! are ( a gigantic size1 elephants1 rh9oc]oses1 & hippopotami1 accompani$ ) innum]able horses & sev]al l>ge rum9antia4 ,c>nivor\s animals ( ! size ( ! lion1 tig]1 & hy5a1 _h desolat$ ?is new animal k+dom4 ,9 g5]al1 its "*1 ev5 9 ! extreme nor?1 & on ! edges ( ! pres5t froz5 ocean1 0 simil> to t :i* ! torrid zone alone n[ pres5ts1 & yet !re 0 no species 9 x absolutely ! same z any ( ^? :i* are f\nd alive at ! pres5t day4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! animals is ! species ( elephant nam$ mammo? by ! ,russians 7! ,elephas primig5ius ( ,blum5ba*71 :i* 0 fifte5 or eighte5 feet high1 & 0 cov]$ ) co>se r$ wool1 & long1 /iff1 black hairs1 :i* =m$ a mane along its back4 ,its enorm\s tusks 7 implant$ 9 alveol long] ?an ^? ( ! elephants ( ! pres5t day2 b 9 o!r respects x 0 pretty simil> to ! ,indian elephant#bii4 ,x has left ?\s&s ( its c>cases f ,spa9 to ! %ores ( ,sib]ia1 & x has be5 f\nd 9 ! :ole ( ,nor? ,am]ica2 s t x _h be5 di/ribut$ on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic1 if1 inde$1 t ocean _h exi/$ 9 its "t1 9 ! place :i* x occupies at pres5t4 ,x is well kn[n t its tusks are /ill s well pres]v$ 9 cold c\ntries1 z to be appli$ to ! same uses z fre% ivory2 &1 z we h already rem>k$1 individuals ( x h be5 f\nd ) _! fle%1 sk91 & hair1 :i* _h rema9$ froz5 s9ce ! la/ g5]al cata/rophe4 ,! ,t>t>s & ,*9ese h imag9$ x to be an animal :i* lives "u gr\nd1 & p]i%es :5ev] x p]ceives ! light4 ,aft] ! mammo?1 & almo/ its equal 9 size1 came also 9 ! c\ntries :i* =m ! two pres5tly exi/+ cont95ts1 ! n>r[ too!d ma/odon1 :i* resembl$ ! elephant1 & 0 arm$ l x ) enorm\s tusks1 b ) tusks cov]$ ) enamel1 %ort] legs1 & ^: mamillat$ gr9d]s1 inve/$ ) a ?ick & %9+ enamel1 h long furni%$ :at has be5 call$ occid5tal turquoise#cjj4 ,its rema9s1 :i* are pretty common 9 ! temp]ate p>ts ( ,europe1 are n s mu* s t[>ds ! nor?2 b x has also be5 f\nd 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 along ) two alli$ species4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica imm5se quantities ( ! rema9s ( ! great ma/odon h be5 f\nd1 a species l>g] ?an ! prec$+1 z high 9 proportion z ! elephant1 ) equally huge tusks1 & ^: gr9d]s1 :i* are cov]$ ov] ) bri/l+ po9ts1 made x long be consid]$ z a c>nivor\s animal#cja4 ,its bones 7 ( a l>ge size1 & v solid4 ,ev5 its ho(s & /oma* are said to h be5 f\nd 9 a suffici5t /ate ( pres]vation to be recognisable2 & x is ass]t$ t ! /oma* 0 fill$ ) bruis$ bran*es ( trees4 ,! ,indians imag9e t ! :ole race 0 de/roy$ by ! gods1 to prev5t !m f de/roy+ ! human species4 ,along ) ^! enorm\s pa*yd]mata1 liv$ ! two some:at inf]ior g5]a ( ! rh9oc]oses & hippopotami4 ,! ,hippopotamus ( ?is p]iod 0 pretty common 9 ! c\ntries :i* n[ =m ,france1 ,g]many & ,engl&1 & 0 p>ticul>ly s 9 ,italy4 ,x s closely resembl$ ! pres5t ,african species1 t x is only by an att5tive comp>ison t x c be di/+ui%$ f x#cjb4 ,!re 0 also at ?is "t a small species ( hippopotamus ( ! size ( ! wild bo>1 to :i* !re is no?+ simil> at pres5t exi/+4 ,!re 7 at lea/ ?ree species ( ,rh9oc]os ( l>ge size1 all ( !m two-horn$4 ,! mo/ common species 9 ,g]many & ,engl& 7my ,rh4 ti*orh9us71 & :i*1 l ! elephant1 is f\nd ev5 to ! %ores ( ! froz5 sea1 :]e x has also left entire individuals1 _h ! head elongat$1 ! bones ( ! nose v robu/ & support$ by an osse\s & n m]ely c>tilag9\s septum n>ium1 &1 la/ly1 want$ incisors#cjc4 ,ano!r species1 ( r>] occurr5ce1 & peculi> to m temp]ate climates 7,rh4 incisivus7#cjd1 _h incisors l our pres5t rh9oc]oses ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 resembl$ t ( ,sumatra#cje2 its di/9ctive *>act]s are d]iv$ f "s diff]5ces 9 ! =m ( ! head4 ,! ?ird species 7,rh4 leptorh9us7 _h no incisors1 l ! fir/ & l ! pres5t rh9oc]os ( ! ,cape2 b x 0 di/+ui%$ by a m po9t$ muzzle & m sl5d] limbs#cjf4 ,! bones ( ?is species h be5 f\nd m especially 9 ,italy1 9 ! same /rata ) ^? ( elephants1 ma/odons1 & hippopotami4 ,!re is a f\r? species /ill 7,rh4 m9utus71 furni%$1 l ! second1 ) incisors1 b ( a mu* small] size1 & sc>cely l>g] ?an a hog#cjg4 ,x 0 und\bt$ly r>e1 = ! rema9s ( x h only z yet be5 f\nd 9 "s places 9 ,france4 ,to ^? f\r g5]a ( l>ge pa*yd]mata1 is add$ a ,tapir1 :i* equall$ !m 9 size1 & 0 consequ5tly twice1 p]haps ?ree times1 z l>ge 9 its l9e> dim5sions z ! ,am]ican ,tapir#cjh4 ,its tee? h be5 f\nd 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,france & ,g]many2 & almo/ always accompany+ ^? ( rh9oc]oses1 ma/odons1 or elephants4 ,along ) ^! !re is /ill associat$1 b z x w\ld seem 9 a v small numb] ( places1 a l>ge pa*yd]mat\s animal1 ( :i* ! l[] jaw alone has be5 f\nd1 & ^: tee? are ( ! =m ( d\ble cresc5ts1 & undulat$4 ,m4 ,fis*]1 :o discov]$ x among bones f ,sib]ia1 has nam$ x ,elasmo!rium#cji4 ,! ,horse g5us also exi/$ 9 ^? times#caj4 ,its tee? accompany 9 ?\s&s ! rema9s ( ! animals :i* we h j m5tion$1 9 almo/ all _! localities2 b x is n possible to say :e!r x 0 "o ( ! species n[ exi/+ or n1 because ! skeletons ( ^! species are s l ea* o!r1 t !y _c be di/+ui%$ by ! m]e comp>ison ( isolat$ fragm5ts4 ,! ,rum9antia 7 n[ greatly m num]\s ?an at ! epo* ( ! ,palo!ria2 _! num]ical proportion mu/ ev5 h diff]$ v little f :at x is at pres5t2 b we are c]ta9 ( sev]al species :i* 7 diff]5t4 ,?is may1 9 p>ticul>1 be said ) mu* c]ta9ty ( a de] exce$+ ev5 ! elk 9 size1 :i* is common 9 ! m>l deposits & peat-bogs ( ,irel& & ,engl&1 & ( :i* rema9s h also be5 dug up 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,italy1 :]e !y 7 f\nd 9 ! same /rata ) bones ( elephants4 ,its wide1 palmat$1 & bran*$ horns1 measure s mu* z twelve or f\rte5 feet f "o po9t to ! o!r1 foll[+ ! curvatures#caa4 ,! di/9ction is n s cle> ) reg>d to ! bones ( de] & ox51 :i* h be5 collect$ 9 c]ta9 cav]ns1 & 9 ! fissures ( c]ta9 rocks4 ,!y are sometimes1 & especially 9 ! cav]ns ( ,engl&1 accompani$ ) bones ( elephants1 rh9oc]oses1 & hippopotami1 & ) ^? ( a hy5a1 :i* also occurs 9 sev]al /rata ( transport$ matt]1 along ) ^! same pa*yd]mata4 ,!y are consequ5tly ( ! same age2 b x rema9s n ! less difficult to say 9 :at respect !y diff] f ! ox5 & de] ( ! pres5t day4 ,! fissures ( ! rocks ( ,gibralt>1 ,cette1 ,nice1 ,uliveta ne> ,pisa1 & o!r places on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 are fill$ ) a r$ & h>d cem5t1 :i* envelopes fragm5ts ( rock & fre%-wat] %ells1 & num]\s bones ( quadrup$s1 ! great] "p fractur$4 ,^! concretions are t]m$ osse\s brecci4 ,! bones :i* !y conta9 sometimes pres5t *>act]s suffici5t to prove t !y h belong$ to unkn[n animals1 or at lea/ to animals =eign to ,europe4 ,!re are f\nd1 = example1 f\r species ( de]1 ?ree ( :i* h *>act]s 9 _! tee?1 :i* are only obs]v$ 9 ! de] ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 ,!re is a fif? ne> ,v]ona1 ! horns ( :i* exce$ 9 magnitude ^? ( ! ,canadian de]#cab4 ,!re also occur1 9 c]ta9 places1 along ) bones ( rh9oc]oses1 & o!r quadrup$s ( ?is p]iod1 ^? ( a de] s mu* resembl+ ! re9de]1 t x w\ld be difficult to assign di/9ctive *>act]s to x2 a circum/ance :i* is s mu* ! m extraord9>y1 t ! re9de] is at ! pres5t day conf9$ to ! colde/ regions ( ! nor?1 :ile ! :ole g5us ( rh9oc]oses belongs to ! torrid zone4#cac ,!re exi/ 9 ! /rata ( :i* we speak1 rema9s ( a species v simil> to ! fall[-de]1 b a ?ird l>g]1#cad & prodigi\s quantities ( horns1 v mu* resembl+ ^? ( our pres5t /ag#cae1 z well z bones1 v l ^? ( ! auro*s#caf & dome/ic ox#cag1 two v di/9ct species1 :i* _h be5 errone\sly conf\nd$ by ! naturali/s :o prec$$ u4 ,! entire heads1 h[ev]1 resembl+ ^? ( ^! two animals1 z well z t ( ! musk-ox ( ,canada#cah1 :i* h (t5 be5 extract$ f ! e>?1 d n come f localities suffici5tly well det]m9$ to enable u to ass]t t ^! species _h be5 contempor>ies ( ! great pa*yd]mata1 ( :i* we h made m5tion above4 ,! osse\s brecci ( ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean h also af=d$ two species ( ,lagomys1#cai animals1 ! g5us ( :i* exi/s at ! pres5t day only 9 ,sib]ia2 two species ( rabbits#cbj1 lemm+s1 & rats ( ! size ( ! wat]-rat & dome/ic m\se#cba4 ,9 ! caves ( ,engl& two species are also f\nd#cbb4 ,! osse\s brecci ev5 conta9 bones ( %rew-mice & liz>ds#cbc4 ,9 c]ta9 s&y /rata ( ,tuscany1 !re are tee? ( a porcup9e#cbd1 & 9 ^? ( ,russia heads ( a species ( beav]1 l>g] ?an ours1 :i* ,m4 ,fis*] has nam$ ,trogon!rium#cbe4 ,b x is m p>ticul>ly 9 ! class ,ed5tata t ^! races ( animals belong+ to ! p]iod be=e ! la/ assume a size mu* sup]ior to t ( _! pres5t cong5]s1 & ev5 rise to a magnitude altoge!r gigantic4 ,! ,mega!rium unites a "p ( ! g5]ic *>act]s ( ! armadilloes1 ) "s ( ^? ( ! slo?s1 & is 9 size equal to ! l>ge/ rh9oc]os4 ,its claws mu/ h be5 ( a mon/r\s l5g?1 & prodigi\s /r5g?2 its :ole skeleton possesses an excessive solidity4 ,x has only z yet be5 f\nd 9 ! s&y /rata ( ,nor? ,am]ica#cbf4 ,! ,megalonyx has be5 v simil> to x 9 its *>act]s1 b has be5 some:at less2 its claws mu* long] & %>p] 9 ! edges4 ,"s bones & entire toes ( x h be5 f\nd 9 c]ta9 caves 9 ,virg9ia1 & 9 an isl& on ! coa/ ( ,georgia#cbg4 ,^! two enorm\s ed5tata h only hi!rto pres5t$ _! rema9s 9 ,am]ica2 b ,europe possesses "o ( ! same class :i* does n yield to !m 9 magnitude4 ,x is only kn[n by a s+le t]m9al jo9t ( a toe1 b ?is fragm5t is suffici5t to assure u t x 0 v simil> to a pangol9 or manis1 b to a pangol9 ( ne>ly tw5ty-f\r feet 9 l5g?4 ,x liv$ 9 ! same di/ricts z ! elephants1 rh9oc]oses1 & gigantic tapirs2 = its bones h be5 f\nd along ) !irs 9 a s&y deposit 9 ! c\nty ( ,d>m/adt1 n f> f ! ,rh9e#cbh4 ,! osse\s brecci also conta91 b v r>ely1 bones ( c>nivora#cbi1 :i* are mu* m num]\s 9 cav]ns1 t is to say1 9 cavities wid] & m complicat$ ?an ! fissures or ve9s conta9+ osse\s brecci4 ,! ,jura *a9 9 p>ticul>1 is celebrat$ = !m 9 ! "p ( x :i* ext5ds into ,g]many1 :]e1 = ages pa/1 incr$ible quantities h be5 remov$ & de/roy$1 on acc\nt ( c]ta9 m$ical virtues :i* _h be5 attribut$ to !m1 & yet !re /ill rema9s en\gh to fill ! m9d ) a/oni%m5t4 ,! pr9cipal "p ( ^! rema9s consi/s ( bones ( a v l>ge species ( be> 7,ursus spelu71 :i* is *>act]is$ by a m prom95t =ehead ?an t ( any ( our liv+ be>s#ccj4 ,along ) ^! bones are f\nd ^? ( two o!r species ( be> 7,u4 arctoideus & ,u4 priscus7#cca2 ^? ( a hy5a 7,h4 fossilis71 alli$ to ! spott$ hy5a ( ! ,cape1 b diff]+ f x 9 ! =m ( its tee? & head#ccb2 ^? ( two tig]s or pan!rs#ccc1 ( a wolf#ccd1 a fox#cce1 a glutton#ccf1 z well z ( weasels1 viv]r1 & o!r small c>nivora#ccg4 ,"h1 also1 may be obs]v$ t s+ul> association ( animals1 ! species resembl+ :i* live at ! pres5t day 9 climates s widely sep>at$ f ea* o!r z ! ,cape1 ! c\ntry ( ! spott$ hy5a1 & ,lapl&1 ! c\ntry ( our pres5t gluttons4 ,9 l mann] we h se5 9 a cave 9 ,france1 a rh9oc]os & a re9de] by ! side ( ea* o!r4 ,be>s are ( r>e occurr5ce 9 alluvial /rata4 ,rema9s ( ! l>ge species ( ! caves 7,u4 spelu71 are said1 h[ev]1 to h be5 f\nd 9 ,au/ria & ,ha9aut2 & 9 ,tuscany !re are bones ( a p>ticul> species1 rem>kable = its compress$ can9e tee? 7,u4 cultrid5s7#cch4 ,! hy5as are m frequ5tly met )4 ,we h rema9s ( !m 9 ,france1 f\nd along ) bones ( elephants & rh9oc]oses4 ,a cave has lately be5 discov]$ 9 ,engl&1 :i* conta9$ prodigi\s quantities ( !m1 :]e !y 7 f\nd ( e age1 & ( :i* ! soil pres5t$ ev5 _! excrem5ts 9 a suffici5t /ate ( pres]vation to be easily recognis$4 ,x w\ld appe> t !y _h long liv$ !re1 & t x _h be5 by !m t ! bones ( elephants1 rh9oc]oses1 hippopotami1 horses1 ox51 de]1 & v>i\s animals ( ! class ( glires1 :i* are f\nd along ) !m1 & :i* be> evid5t m>ks ( _! tee?1 _h be5 dragg$ into ! cave4 ,b :at mu/ h be5 ! soil ( ,engl&1 :5 ^! enorm\s animals liv$ ^u x1 & con/itut$ ! prey ( f]oci\s bea/s6 ,^! caves conta9 also bones ( tig]s1 wolves & foxes2 b ! rema9s ( be>s are ( excessively r>e occurr5ce 9 !m#cci4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 we see t1 at ! epo* ( ! animal population :i* we are n[ pass+ "u review1 ! class ( c>nivora 0 num]\s & p[]ful4 ,x reckon$ ?ree be>s ) r\nd can9e tee?1 "o ) compress$ can9i1 a l>ge tig] or lion1 ano!r fel9e animal1 ( ! size ( ! pan!r1 a hy5a1 a wolf1 a fox1 a glutton1 a m>t9 or pole-cat1 & a weasel4 ,! class ( glires1 compos$ 9 g5]al ( weak & small species1 has be5 little obs]v$ by ! collectors ( fossil rema9s2 &1 9 all cases1 :]e ! bones ( ^! animals h be5 f\nd 9 ! /rata or deposits ( :i* we speak1 !y also h pres5t$ unkn[n species4 ,su*1 9 p>ticul>1 is a species ( ,lagomys f\nd 9 ! osse\s brecci ( ,corsica & ,s>d9ia1 some:at resembl+ ! ,lagomys alp9us ( ! high m\nta9s ( ,sib]ia3 s true is x t x is n always 9 ! torrid zone only1 t we are to seek = ! animals :i* resemble ^? ( ?is p]iod4 ,^! are ! pr9cipal animals1 ! rema9s ( :i* h be5 f\nd 9 t mass ( e>?1 s&1 & mud1--t ,diluvium1 :i* ev]y:]e cov]s our l>ge pla9s1 fills our cav]ns1 & *okes up ! fissures 9 _m ( our rocks4 ,!y inconte/ibly =m$ ! population ( ! cont95ts1 at ! epo* ( ! great cata/rophe :i* has de/roy$ _! races1 & :i* has prep>$ ! soil1 on :i* ! animals ( ! pres5t day subsi/4 ,:atev] resemblance c]ta9 ( ^! species be> to ^? ( our days1 x _c be disput$ t ! g5]al mass ( ?is population _h a v diff]5t "*1 & t ! great] "p ( ! races :i* compos$ x h be5 utt]ly de/roy$4 ,:at a/oni%es u is1 t1 among all ^! mammif]a1 ! great] numb] ( :i* h _! cong5]s at ! pres5t day 9 ! w>m p>ts ( ! globe1 !re has n be5 a s+le quadruman\s animal1--t !re has n be5 collect$ a s+le bone or a s+le too? ( an ape or monkey1 n s mu* ev5 z a bone or a too? belong+ to an ext9ct species ( ^! animals4 ,nor is !re any trace ( man4 ,all ! bones ( our species t h be5 f\nd along ) ^? ( :i* we h be5 speak+1 h occurr$ accid5tally#cdj1 & _! numb] besides is exce$+ly small1 :i* assur$ly w\ld n h be5 ! case1 if m5 _h !n be5 settl$ 9 ! c\ntries :i* ^! animals inhabit$4 ,:]e1 !n1 0 ! human race at ?is p]iod8 ,did ! la/ & mo/ p]fect ( ! works ( ! ,creator n[h]e exi/8 ,did ! animals :i* n[ accompany him ^u ! globe1 & ( :i* !re are no traces among ^! fossil rema9s1 surr\nd him8 ,7 ! c\ntries 9 :i* he liv$ ) !m swall[$ up1 :5 ^? :i* he n[ inhabits1 & ^: =m] population may h be5 de/roy$ by a great inundation1 7 laid dry aga98 ,^! are que/ions :i* ! /udy ( fossil rema9s does n enable u to solve1 & 9 ?is disc\rse we mu/ n apply = in=mation to o!r s\rces4 ,?is mu* is c]ta91 t we are n[ at lea/ 9 ! mid/ ( a f\r? succession ( l& animals1--t1 aft] ! age ( reptiles1 ! age ( palo!ria1 ! age ( mammo?s1 & t ( ma/odons & mega!ria1 has come ! age 9 :i* ! human species1 aid$ by "s dome/ic animals1 peaceably gov]ns & f]tilizes ! e>?1 & t x is only 9 ! deposits =m$ s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ?is age1 9 alluvial matt]s1 peat-bogs1 & rec5t concretions1 t bones are f\nd 9 ! fossil /ate1 :i* belong all ( !m to kn[n & /ill liv+ animals4 ,su* are ! human skeletons ( ,guadal\pe1 imb$d$ 9 a species ( trav]t9e =m$ ( l& %ells1 slate1 & fragm5ts ( %ells & madrepores ( ! neighb\r+ sea2 ! bones ( ox51 de]1 roes1 & beav]s1 common 9 peat-bogs1 & all ! bones ( m5 & dome/ic animals f\nd 9 ! mud & s& deposit$ by riv]s1 9 bury+ gr\nds1 & ^u anci5t fields ( battle4 ,none ( ^! rema9s belong ei!r to ! great deposit =m$ at ! "t ( ! la/ cata/rophe1 nor to ^? ( prec$+ ages4 ,,app5dix4 ,,app5dix4 ,on ! birds to :i* ! "n ( ,ibis 0 giv5 by ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,e body has he>d ( ! ,ibis1 a bird to :i* ! anci5t ,egyptians r5d]$ a religi\s homage2 :i* !y re>$ )9 ! prec9cts ( _! temples2 all[$ to w&] unmole/$ ?r\gh _! t[ns2 ^: murd]]1 ev5 al?\gh he _h involunt>ily become s1 0 puni%$ ) dea?#cda2 :i* !y embalm$ ) z mu* c>e z _! p>5ts2--a bird to :i* !y attribut$ a virg9 purity2 an inviolable atta*m5t to _! c\ntry1 ( :i* x 0 ! emblem1 an atta*m5t s great t x suff]$ itself to die ( hung] :5 x 0 transport$ else:]e2--a bird :i* possess$ in/9ct en\gh to "k ! increase & wan+ ( ! moon1 & to regulate accord+ly ! quantity ( its daily food1 & ! developm5t ( its "y2 :i* arre/$ at ! fronti]s ( ,egypt ! s]p5ts :i* w\ld o!rwise h c>ri$ de/ruction into t sacr$ l&#cdb1 & :i* inspir$ !m ) su* t]ror t !y dread$ its v fea!rs#cdc2--;a bird1 9 f9e1 ^: =m ! gods w\ld h assum$1 _h !y be5 =c$ to adopt a mortal figure1 & into :i* ,m]cury 0 really trans=m$1 :5 he _h a m9d to trav]se ! e>?1 & in/ruct m5 9 ! sci5ces & arts4 ,no o!r animal c\ld h be5 s easy to recognize z ?is2 = !re is no o!r ( :i* ! anci5ts h left u at once1 z ( ! ibis1 excell5t descriptions1 accurate & ev5 col\r$ figures1 & ! body itself pres]v$ ) its fea!rs1 "u ! triple envelope ( a pres]vative bitum51 ?ick & close folds ( l951 & solid & well v>ni%$ vases4 ,& yet1 ( all ! mod]n au?ors :o h spok5 ( ! ibis1 !re is b "o1 ! celebrat$ ,bruce1 a travell] m fam\s = 8 c\rage ?an = ! ju/ness ( 8 op9ions 9 natural hi/ory1 :o has n blund]$ respect+ ! true species ( ?is bird2 & 8 ideas ) reg>d to ?is subject1 h[ev] accurate !y 71 h n ev5 be5 adopt$ by naturali/s#cdd4 ,aft] sev]al *anges ( op9ion respect+ ! ibis1 x 0 seem+ly agre$1 at ! p]iod :5 ,i publi%$ ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w1 to give ! "n ( ,ibis to a bird a native ( ,africa1 almo/ ( ! size ( ! /ork1 ) :ite plumage1 hav+ ! quills black1 p]*$ ^u long r$ legs1 arm$ ) a long ar*$ beak1 ( a pale yell[ col\r1 %>p at its edges1 r\nd$ at its base1 & not*$ at its po9t1 & ^: face is cov]$ ) a r$ sk9 de/itute ( fea!rs1 :i* d n ext5d f>!r =w>d ?an ! eyes4 ,su* is ! ,ibis ( ,p]rault#cde1 ! ,ibis c&ida ( ,brisson#cdf1 ! ,ibis blanc d',egypte ( ,buffon#cdg1 & ! ,tantalus ,ibis ( ,l9nu1 9 8 twelf? edition4 ,x 0 to ?is same bird1 also1 t ,blum5ba*1 :ile he av[$ t x is ( v r>e occurr5ce at ! pres5t day1 at lea/ 9 ,l[] ,egypt1 ass]t$ t ! ,egyptians r5d]$ div9e hon\rs#cdh2 & yet ?is naturali/ _h possess$ opportunities ( exam9+ bones ( ! true ibis 9 a mummy :i* he op5$ 9 ,london#cdi4 ,i also p>ticipat$ 9 ! error ( ^? celebrat$ m5 :om ,i h j m5tion$1 until ! mom5t :5 ,i 0 enabl$ to exam9e "s mummies ( ! ibis by myself4 ,?is pleasure 0 procur$ = me1 = ! fir/ "t1 by ! late ,m4 ,f\rcroy1 to :om ,m4 ,grob]t1 ,colonel ( ,artill]y1 on 8 return f ,egypt1 _h giv5 two ( ^! mummies1 bo? tak5 f ! pits ( ,sacc>a4 ,on c>efully expos+ !m1 we p]ceiv$ t ! bones ( ! embalm$ bird 7 mu* small] ?an ^? ( ! ,tantalus ibis ( naturali/s2 t !y did n mu* exce$ ^? ( ! curlew 9 size1 t its beak resembl$ t ( ! latt]1 be+ only a little %ort] 9 proportion to its ?ickness1 & n at all t ( ! tantalus2 &1 la/ly1 t its plumage 0 :ite ) ! quills m>k$ ) black1 z ! anci5ts h describ$ x4 ,we are !re=e conv9c$1 t ! bird :i* ! anci5t ,egyptians embalm$1 0 by no means ! ,tantalus ibis ( naturali/s1 t x 0 small]1 & t x 0 to be s\ght = 9 ! curlew g5us4 ,we f\nd1 aft] "s inquiries1 t ! mummies ( ! ibis :i* _h be5 op5$ be=e by diff]5t naturali/s1 7 simil> to ours4 ,buffon says expressly t he exam9$ sev]al ( !m2 t ! birds :i* !y conta9$ _h ! beak & size ( curlews2 & yet he has bl9dly foll[$ ,p]rault 9 tak+ ! ,african tantalus = ! ibis4 ,"o ( ^? mummies op5$ by ,buffon /ill exi/s 9 ! museum2 x is simil> to ^? :i* we h exam9$4 ,dr ,%aw1 9 ! supplem5t to 8 ,travels#cej1 describes & figures ) c>e ! bones ( a simil> mummy4 ,! beak1 he says1 0 six ,engli% in*es 9 l5g?1 simil> to t ( ! curlew1 c4 ,9 a ^w1 its description agrees entirely ) ours4 ,caylus1 9 8 ,collection ( ,antiquities1 vol4 vi4 pl4 xl4 fig4 #a41 gives a repres5tation ( ! mummy ( an ibis1 ! height ( :i*1 ) its b&ages1 is only "o foot sev5 in*es f\r l9es1 al?\gh he says expressly t ! bird 0 plac$ ^u its feet ) ! head /raight out1 & t x _h no "p inflect$ 9 its embalm5t4 ,hasselqui/1 :o took a small :ite & black h]on = ! ibis1 gives1 z 8 pr9cipal reason1 t ! size ( ?is bird1 :i* is t ( a cr[1 corresponds v well ) t ( ! mummies ( ! ibis#cea4 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld ,l9nu h giv5 ! "n ( ibis to a bird z l>ge z a /ork8 ,h[1 especially1 c\ld he h consid]$ ?is bird to be ! same z ! ,ardea ibis ( ,hasselqui/1 :i*1 besides its smallness1 _h ! beak /raight8 ,& h[ has ?is latt] error ( synonymy be5 pres]v$ to ?is v day 9 ! ,sy/ema ,natur8 ,a %ort "t aft] ?is exam9ation1 :i* 0 made 9 ! pres5ce ( ,m4 ,f\rcroy1 ,m4 ,olivi] _h ! polit5ess to %ew u ! bones :i* he _h tak5 f two mummies ( ! ibis1 & to op5 along ) u two o!rs4 ,^! bones 7 f\nd simil> to ^? ( ,colonel ,grob]t's mummies2 "o ( ! f\r only 0 small]1 b x 0 easy to judge by ! epiphyses t x _h belong$ to a "y individual4 ,! only figure ( ! beak ( an embalm$ ibis1 :i* does n entirely agree ) ! objects :i* we h _h "u our eyes1 is t ( ,edw>ds 7pl4 cv472 x is a n9? "p l>g]1 & yet we d n d\bt its accuracy1 = ,m4 ,olivi] %ew$ u also a beak an eigh? or a n9? long] ?an ! o!rs1 or 9 ! proportion ( #ahj to #afe1 :i* _h be5 equally tak5 f a mummy4 ,?is beak only %ews t !re 7 among ! ibises individuals l>g] ?an o!rs2 b x proves no?+ 9 fav\r ( ! tantalus1 = x has n at all ! =m ( ! beak ( t animal4 ,its beak is p]fectly simil> to t ( ! curlews2 & besides1 ! beak ( ! tantalus is a ?ird long] ?an t ( our l>ge/ embalm$ ibises1 & two-fif?s long] ?an t ( ! smalle/4 ,we h asc]ta9$ fur!r1 t simil> v>iations ) reg>d to ! size ( ! beak exi/ 9 our ,european curlews1 accord+ to ! age & sex4 ,!y are /ill m /rongly m>k$ 9 ! gre5 curlew ( ,italy1 & 9 our godwits2 & ?is v>iation appe>s to be a prop]ty common to mo/ ( ! species ( ! family ( scolopace\s birds4 ,la/ly1 our naturali/s return$ f ! exp$ition to ,egypt ) a ri* h>ve/ ( objects1 z well anci5t z rec5t4 ,my le>n$ fri5d ,m4 ,ge(froy ,/ ,hilaire1 9 p>ticul>1 _h occupi$ himself ) ! greate/ c>e 9 collect+ mummies ( all descriptions1 & _h br\ght ) him a great numb] ( ^? ( ! ibis1 bo? f ,sacc>a & ,!bes4 ,! =m] 7 9 ! same /ate z ^? :i* ,m4 ,grob]t _h br\ght1 t is to say1 _! bones _h und]gone a sort ( half burn+1 & 7 )\t consi/5ce2 !y broke on ! slighte/ t\*1 & x 0 v difficult to obta9 any entire1 & /ill m s to deta* !m = ! purpose ( mak+ a skeleton4 ,! bones ( ^? br\ght f ,!bes 7 mu* bett] pres]v$1 ei!r on acc\nt ( ! great] heat ( ! climate1 or f ! m efficaci\s means employ$ = _! prep>ation2 & ,m4 ,ge(froy hav+ sacrific$ "s ( !m to me1 ,m4 ,r\sseau1 my assi/ant1 succe$$1 by d9t ( pati5ce & address1 & by ! employm5t ( +5i\s & delicate me?ods ( proc$ure1 9 mak+ up an entire skeleton1 by /ripp+ all ! bones1 & connect+ !m ) a v f9e wire4 ,?is skeleton is deposit$ 9 ! anatomical gall]ies ( ! museum1 ( :i* x =ms "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ornam5ts1 & we h repres5t$ x 9 ,pl4 iv4 ,x is likely t ?is mummy mu/ h be5 t ( a bird kept 9 a /ate ( dome/icity 9 ! temples1 = its left hum]us has be5 brok5 & jo9$ aga94 ,x is probable t a wild bird1 ^: w+ _h be5 brok51 w\ld h p]i%$ be=e x _h heal$1 f its be+ unable to pursue its prey1 or to escape f its enemies4 ,?is skeleton puts x 9 our p[] to det]m9e1 )\t any unc]ta9ty1 ! *>act]s & proportions ( ! bird4 ,we see cle>ly t x 0 9 all po9ts a true curlew1 a little l>g] ?an ! common curlew ( ,europe1 b hav+ ! beak ?ick] & %ort]4 ,! foll[+ is a comp>ative table ( ! dim5sions ( ! two birds1 tak51 = ! ibis1 f ! skeleton ( ! mummy ( ,!bes1 & = ! curlew1 f a skeleton :i* previ\sly exi/$ 9 our anatomical gall]ies4 ,we h add$ ^? ( p>ts ( ! ,sacc>a ibises1 :i* we succe$$ 9 obta9+ entire4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,skeleton ( ,skeleton ( ,sacc>a ,ibises4 ,p>ts4 an ,ibis f ! ,curlew4 --------------- ,!bes4 ,l>g]4,small]4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,head & beak toge!r1 #j4baj #j4bae 444 444 ,head alone1 #j4jdg #j4jdj 444 444 ,! #ad v]tebr ( #j4aib #j4aej 444 444 ! neck toge!r1 ,back1 #j4jhj #j4jef 444 444 ,sacrum1 #j4jhg #j4jgj 444 444 ,coccyx1 #j4jcg #j4jce 444 444 ,femur1 #j4jgh #j4jfj 444 444 ,tibia1 #j4aej #j4aab 444 #j4jie ,t>sus1 #j4ajb #j4jij 444 444 ,middle-toe1 #j4jig #j4jgj 444 444 ,/]num1 #j4jib #j4jii 444 444 ,clavicle1 #j4jee #j4jda 444 #j4jd ,hum]us1 #j4acc #j4ajf #j4abd 444 ,=e-arm1 #j4aec #j4aag #j4add #j4aad ,h&1 #j4abe #j4ajc 444 444 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,x appe>s by ?is table1 t ! animal ( ,!bes 0 l>g] ?an our curlew2 t "o ( ! ,sacc>a ibises 0 int]m$iate 9 size betwe5 t ( ,!bes & our common curlew1 & t ! o!r 0 small] ?an ?is latt] bird4 ,x is also se5 t ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! body ( ! ibis d n obs]ve ! same proportions betwe5 ea* o!r1 z ^? ( ! curlew4 ,! beak ( ! =m]1 = example1 is 9 p>ticul> %ort]1 al?\gh all ! o!r p>ts are long]1 c4 ,h[ev]1 ^! diff]5ces ( proportions d n exce$ :at might be expect$ 9 species ( ! same g5us3 ! =ms & *>act]s :i* may be consid]$ z g5]ic1 are absolutely ! same4 ,we mu/ !re=e se>* = ! true ibis1 n among ^? tantaluses ( l>ge size & %>p beak1 b among ! curlews2 &1 let x be obs]v$1 t1 by ! "n curlew1 we int5d to signify1 n ! artificial g5us =m$ by ,la?am & ,gmel91 ( all ! wad+ birds :i* h ! beak curv$ d[nw>ds1 b a natural g5us1 to :i* we %all give ! "n ( ,num5ius1 & :i* w compreh5d all ! wad]s ) beaks curv$ d[nw>ds1 s(t & r\nd$1 :e!r _! head be b>e or clo!d ) fea!rs4 ,x is ! g5us c\rlis1 su* z ,buffon imag9$ x#ceb4 ,a glance ov] ! collection ( birds belong+ to ! royal cab9et1 has enabl$ u to di/+ui% a species1 :i* is nei!r nam$ nor describ$ 9 ! works ( sy/ematic writ]s1 except+ p]haps by ,dr ,la?am2 & :i*1 :5 c>efully exam9$1 w be f\nd to correspond ) all t ! anci5ts1 ! monum5ts & mummies1 indicate z *>act]i/ic ( ! ibis4 ,we "h pres5t a figure ( x1 ,plate ,v4 ,x is a bird some:at l>g] ?an ! curlew2 its beak is arcuate l t ( ! curlew1 b a little %ort]1 & s5sibly ?ick] 9 proportion1 some:at compress$ at its base1 & m>k$ on ea* side ) a groove1 :i*1 proce$+ f ! no/ril1 is cont9u$ to ! extremity2 :ile1 9 ! curlew1 !re is a simil> groove1 :i* disappe>s be=e arriv+ at ! middle ( ! beak2 ! col\r ( ! beak is m or less black2 ! head1 & ! two upp] ?irds ( ! neck1 are entirely de/itute ( fea!rs1 & ! sk9 ( ^! p>ts is black4 ,! plumage ( ! body1 w+s1 & tail1 is :ite1 ) ! exception ( ! ends ( ! l>ge quills ( ! w+1 :i* are black2 ! f\r la/ second>y quills h ! b>bs s+ul>ly long1 att5uat$1 & hang+ d[n ov] ! ends ( ! w+s1 :5 ! latt] are fold$2 _! col\r is a beautiful black1 ) violet reflections4 ,! feet are black1 ! legs are ?ick]1 & ! toes mu* long] 9 proportion ?an ^? ( ! curlew2 ! membranes betwe5 ! bases ( ! toes are also m ext5d$2 ! leg is entirely cov]$ ) small polygonal1 or :at is call$ reticulat$ scales1 & ! base ( ! toes itself has only simil> scales2 :ile1 9 ! curlew1 two-?irds ( ! leg1 & ! :ole l5g? ( ! toes1 are scutulate1 t is to say1 furni%$ ) transv]se scales4 ,!re is a r$di% t9t "u ! w+1 t[>d ! top ( ! ?igh1 & on ! ant]ior l>ge w+ cov]ts2 b ?is t9t appe>s to be an individual "*1 or ! result ( an accid5t1 = x does n occur 9 o!r individuals t are 9 o!r respects entirely simil>4 ,?is fir/ individual came f ! collection ( ! ,/ad?old]1 & its native c\ntry 0 unkn[n4 ,! late ,m4 ,desm\l9s1 assi/ant naturali/ to ! ,museum1 :o _h se5 two o!rs1 ass]t$ t !y came f ,s5egal2 "o ( !m mu/ ev5 h be5 br\ght by ,m4 ,ge(froy de ,vill5euve3 b we %all see1 z we proce$1 t ,bruce#cec f\nd ?is species 9 ,abyss9ia1 :]e x 0 nam$ ,ab\-,hannes 7,fa!r ,john72 & t ,m4 ,savigny saw x 9 abundance 9 ,l[] ,egypt1 :]e x 0 call$ ,ab\-,m5gel 7,fa!r ( ! ,sickle74 ,x is probable t ! mod]ns w give no cr$it to ! ass]tion ( ! anci5ts1 t ! ibis nev] left ,egypt )\t p]i%+#ced4 ,?is ass]tion w\ld1 besides1 be z contr>y to ! ,tantalus ,ibis z to our common ,curlew2 = ! individuals :i* we h 9 ,europe came f ,s5egal4 ,x 0 f !nce t ,m4 ,ge(froy de ,vill5euve _h br\ght ! individual 9 ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,x is ev5 mu* r>] 9 ,egypt ?an our curlew2 =1 s9ce ,p]rault1 nobody m5tions hav+ se5 x !re1 or hav+ receiv$ x f t c\ntry4 ,an individual )\t ! r$di% t9t1 b 9 o!r respects p]fectly simil> to ! fir/1 0 br\ght home by ,m4 de ,labill>di]e1 9 8 voyage to ,au/ralasia made along ) ,m4 d',entreca/eux4 ,we aft]w>ds le>n$1 t1 :5 "y1 ^! birds h ! head & neck furni%$ ) fea!rs 9 ! "p :i*1 z !y advance 9 age1 is to become b>e2 & t ! scapul>s are less elongat$1 & ( a pal] & dull] black4 ,x is 9 ?is /ate t "o 0 br\ght to u f ,au/ralasia by ! late ,p]on1 :i*1 9 o!r respects1 diff]s f ours1 & f t ( ,m4 ,labill>di]e1 only 9 hav+ "s black m>k+s on ! alula & fir/ l>ge cov]ts1 & 9 :i* ! head & upp] "p ( ! neck are cov]$ ) blacki% fea!rs4 ,x 0 also a y\ngi% individual :i* ,m4 ,savigny br\ght f ,egypt1 & :i* is figur$ 9 8 memoir ^u ! ,ibis1 ,plate ,i42 & 9 ! great "w on ,egypt1 "u ! head ,birds1 ,pl4 ,,vii4 ,! fea!rs ( ! head & back "p ( ! neck are r grey ?an black2 ^? ( ! =e "p ( ! neck are :ite4 ,la/ly1 ,bruce's figure 7,atlas1 ,plate ,,xxxv47 is also tak5 f a "y individual obs]v$ 9 ,abyss9ia1 & almo/ simil> to t ( ,m4 ,savigny4 ,we h receiv$ f ,pondi*]ry1 by ,m4 ,les*5ault1 an individual simil> to t ( ,p]on1 b 9 :i*1 ! head only1 & a small "p ( ! back ( ! neck1 are furni%$ ) blacki% fea!rs2 all ! re/ is cov]$ ) :ite fea!rs4 ,b x is n ! less c]ta91 t all ^! birds h ! head & ! neck b>e :5 !y are full gr[n4 ,! late ,m4 ,mac s5t f ,b5gal to ! ,museum sev]al individuals ( a species v ne>ly alli$ to ?is1 :i* has ! beak a little long]1 & less ar*$1 ( :i* ! fir/ quill only has a little black on ! two edges ( its po9t1 & ( :i* ! second>y quills are also some:at att5uat$1 & slightly t+$ ) r$di%4 ,x appe>s1 accord+ to ,m4 ,savigny1 p4 #be1 t ,m4 ,levaillant obs]v$ ano!r /ill1 :i* has ! second>y quills simil>ly elongat$1 b ( :i* ! neck always reta9s its fea!rs1 & ^: face is ( a r$ col\r4 ,! same ,m4 ,mac also s5t u a tantalus1 v mu* resembl+ t :i* has be5 reg>d$ by naturali/s z ! ibis1 b ( :i* ! small w+-cov]ts1 & a broad b& at ! l[] "p ( ! brea/1 are black1 & speckl$ ) :ite4 ,! la/ second>y quills are elongat$1 & t+$ ) rose-col\r4 ,x is kn[n t1 9 ! ,tantalus ibis ( naturali/s1 ! small w+-cov]ts are speckl$ ) purpli% r$1 & t ! :ole "u "p ( ! body is :ite4 ,we give "h a table ( ! p>ts ( "s ( ^! birds1 :i* c\ld be accurately measur$ 9 /uff$ individuals4 ,by comp>+ !m ) ^? ( ! skeletons ( embalm$ ibises1 "o may judge if x 7 possible to believe = a s+le mom5t t ^! mummies belong$ to ! tantalus4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,l5g? ( ! beak1 f its commissure to ! tip1 ,l5g? ( ! nak$ "p ( ! leg1 ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,body4 ,l5g? ( ! t>sus1 ,l5g? ( ! middle toe1 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,tantalus ,ibis ( ,naturali/s4 #j4baj #j4acj #j4aij #j4aje ,mac's ,indian ,tantalus4 #j4bfe #j4aej #j4bej #j4aae ,num5ius ,ibis ! true ,ibis ( ! ,anci5ts4 #j4abe #j4jda #j4jhe #j4jhj ,num5ius ,ibis1 measur$ by ,m4 ,savigny4 #j4aed #j4jef #j4jig #j4jib ,mac's ,num5ius4 #j4adh #j4jee #j4jie #j4jhc ,labill>di]e's ,num5ius4 #j4afe #j4jdj #j4jhd #j4jhf ,p]on's ,num5ius4 #j4aca #j4jcd #j4jhj #j4jgh ,les*5ault's ,num5ius4 #j4acb #j4jdd #j4jic #j4jhf ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,let u n[ exam9e ! books ( ! anci5ts & _! monum5ts2 let u comp>e :at !y h said ( ! ibis1 or ! figures ( x :i* !y h trac$1 ) ! bird :i* we h be5 describ+2 & we %all see all our difficulties vani%+1 & all ! te/imonies accord+ ) :at is be/ ( all = ! purpose1 ! body itself ( ! bird pres]v$ 9 ! mummy4 8,! mo/ common ibises10 says ,h]odotus1 7,eut]pe1 ,no4 #gf47 8h ! head & ! =e-"p ( ! neck b>e1 ! plumage :ite1 except+ on ! head1 ! nape1 ! ends ( ! w+s & ( ! rump1 :i* are black4#cee ,_! beak & feet are simil> to ^? ( ! o!r ibises40 ,h[ does x happ5 t ! travell]s ( our times d n make s good descriptions ( ! birds :i* !y obs]ve z t :i* ,h]odotus has made ( ! ibis8 ,h[ c\ld ?is description h be5 appli$ to a bird :i* has only ! face b>e1 & :i* has t "p ( a r$ col\r1 to a bird :i* has ! rump :ite1 & n cov]$ ov] at lea/ z ours by ! black fea!rs ( ! w+s8 ,& yet ?is latt] "* 0 ess5tial to ! ibis4 ,plut>* 7,de ,iside et ,osiride7 says1 t ! mann] 9 :i* ! :ite 0 cut by ! black 9 ! plumage ( ?is bird1 pres5t$ ! =m ( a lun> cresc5t4 ,x is1 9 fact1 by ! union ( ! black ( ! la/ quills1 ) t ( ! two ends ( ! w+s1 t !re is =m$1 9 ! :ite1 a l>ge semicircul> not*1 :i* gives to ! :ite ! figure ( a cresc5t4 ,x is m difficult to expla9 :at he has int5d$ to say1 9 av]r+ t ! feet ( ! ibis =m an equilat]al triangle ) its beak4 ,b we c und]/& ! ass]tion ( lian1 t :5 x draws 9 its head & neck among its fea!rs1 x repres5ts1 9 "s measure1 ! figure ( a he>t4#cef ,x 0 on acc\nt ( ?is1 accord+ to ,horus ,apollo 7c4 #ce471 ! emblem ( ! human he>t4 ,f :at ,h]odotus says ( ! nak$ness ( ! ?roat1 & ( ! fea!rs :i* cov]$ ! upp] "p ( ! neck1 he appe>s to h _h "u 8 eyes a middle ag$ individual2 b x is n ! less c]ta91 t ! ,egyptians also knew v well ! individuals ) ! neck entirely b>e4 ,we see su* repres5t$ f sculptures 9 bronze1 9 ,caylus's ,collection ( ,egyptian ,antiquities 7vol4 i4 pl4 x4 no4 #d41 & vol4 v4 pl4 xi4 no4 #a47 ,?is la/ figure is ev5 s l our bird repres5t$ 9 pl4 v41 t x might be said t x 0 tak5 f x4 ,! pa9t+s ( ,h]culaneum no long] leave any d\bt on ! subject4 ,plates #ach & #adj ( ,david's edition1 & vol4 ii4 p4 #cae1 pl4 #ei1 & p4 #cba1 pl4 #fj ( ! orig9al edition1 :i* repres5t ,egyptian c]emonies1 %ew sev]al ibises walk+ 9 ! c\rt ( ! temples4 ,! *>act]i/ic blackness ( ! head & neck are 9 p>ticul> recognis$1 & x is easily se5 f ! proportion :i* _! figure be>s to ! p]sons 9 ! pa9t+1 t x mu/ h be5 a bird ( half a metre at ! mo/1 & n ( a metre1 or !reab\ts1 l ! ,tantalus ibis4 ,! mosaic ( ,pale/9e1 also pres5ts 9 its middle "p sev]al ibises p]*$ ^u build+s4 ,!y diff] 9 no?+ f ^? ( ! pa9t+s ( ,h]culaneum4 ,a ,s>donyx ( ,dr ,mead's ,collection1 copi$ by ,%aw1 ,app4 pl4 v41 & repres5t+ an ibis1 seems to be a m9iature ( ! bird :i* we h describ$4 ,a m$al ( ,adrian1 9 l>ge bronze1 repres5t$ 9 ! ,f>nesian ,museum1 vol4 vi4 pl4 xxviii4 fig4 #af1 & ano!r ( ! same emp]or1 9 silv]1 repres5t$ 9 vol4 iii4 pl4 vi4 fig4 #i1 af=d figures ( ! ibis1 :i*1 not)/&+ _! smallness1 are pretty l our bird4 ,) reg>d to ! figures ( ! ibis1 sculptur$ ^u ! pl9? ( ! /atue ( ! ,nile1 at ,belv$]e1 & ^u ! copy ( x at ! g>d5 ( ! ,tuil]ies1 !y are n suffici5tly f9i%$ to s]ve z pro(s2 b among ! hi]oglyphics ( :i* ! ,in/itute ( ,egypt has caus$ impressions to be made ^u ! spot1 !re are sev]al :i* di/9ctly repres5t our bird4 ,9 plate iii4 fig4 #a1 we give "o ( ^! impressions :i* ,m4 ,ge(froy has _h ! polit5ess to communicate to u4 ,we insi/ p>ticul>ly on ?is latt] figure1 because x is ! mo/ au!ntic ( all1 hav+ be5 made at ! "t1 & on ! spot :]e ! ibis 0 wor%ipp$1 & be+ cotempor>y ) its mummies2 :ile ^? :i* we h cit$ above1 hav+ be5 made 9 ,italy1 & by arti/s :o did n pr(ess ! ,egyptian wor%ip1 might h be5 less fai?ful4 ,we owe to ,bruce ! ju/ice ( say+1 t he recognis$ ! bird :i* he describes "u ! "n ( ,ab\-,hannes1 z ! true ibis4 ,he says expressly1 t ?is bird appe>$ to him to resemble t :i* ! mummy pit*]s conta9$2 & fur!r1 t ?is ,ab\-,hannes1 or ,fa!r ,john1 is v common on ! banks ( ! ,nile1 :ile he nev] saw !re ! bird repres5t$ by ,buffon1 "u ! "n ( ! ,:ite ,ibis ( ,egypt4 ,m4 ,savigny1 "o ( ! naturali/s ( ! exp$ition to ,egypt1 equally ass]ts 8 n hav+ se5 ! ,tantalus 9 t c\ntry1 b he obta9$ a great numb] ( our ,num5ius ne> ! ,lake ,m5zale1 9 ,l[] ,egypt1 & c>ri$ _! sk9s ) him4 ,! ,ab\-,hannes has be5 plac$ by ,la?am1 9 8 ,index ,orni?ologicus1 "u ! "n ( ,tantalus ?iopicus2 b he does n speak ( ,bruce's conjecture respect+ its id5tity ) ! ibis4 ,! travell]s be=e & aft] ,bruce appe> to h all be5 9 error4 ,belon ?\ght t ! :ite ibis 0 ! /ork1 9 :i* he evid5tly contradict$ all te/imony on t head4 ,no p]son has adopt$ 8 op9ion 9 ?is matt]1 except+ ! apo!c>ies1 :o h tak5 ! /ork = an emblem1 because !y h conf\nd$ x ) ! ibis1 to :i* ! inv5tion ( cly/]s is attribut$#ceg4 ,prosp] ,alp9us1 :o relates t ?is inv5tion is due to ! ibis1 gives no description ( ?is bird 9 8 ,m$ic9e ( ! ,egyptians#ceh4 ,9 8 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,egypt1 he speaks ( x only aft] ,h]odotus1 to ^: acc\nt he only adds1 )\t d\bt f a passage ( ,/rabo1 :i* ,i %all m5tion f>!r on1 t t bird resembles ! /ork 9 size & figure4 ,he m5tions 8 hav+ be5 in=m$ t :ite & black ones occurr$ 9 abundance on ! edges ( ! ,nile2 b x is evid5t f 8 v expressions1 t he did n believe x _h be5 se5 !re#cei4 ,%aw says ( ! ibis1#cfj t x is at ! pres5t day excessively r>e1 & t he has nev] se5 x4 ,8 ,emseesy1 or ox-bird1 :i* ,gmel9 v improp]ly ref]s to ! ,tantalus ,ibis1 is ( ! size ( ! curlew1 ) ! body :ite1 & ! beak & feet r$4 ,x frequ5ts ! mead[s1 :]e x foll[s ! cattle2 its fle% is n well ta/$1 & corrupts quickly4 ,x is easy to see t ?is is n ! ,tantalus1 & /ill less ! ,ibis ( ! anci5ts4 ,hasselqui/ 0 n acqua9t$ ) ! :ite ,ibis nor ) ! black "o1 8 ,ardea ,ibis is a small h]on1 :i* has ! beak /raight4 ,l9nu _h act$ v prop]ly 9 plac+ x among ! h]ons1 9 8 t5? edition2 b he err$1 z ,i h said1 9 transport+ x aft]w>ds z a synonym to ! g5us ,tantalus4 ,demaillet#cfa conjectures t ! ibis might be ! bird peculi> to ,egypt1 & :i* 0 nam$ ,ph>aoh's ,f[l 7,*apon de ,ph>aon71 & at ,aleppo ,saphan-ba*a4 ,x dev\rs s]p5ts4 ,!re are ( !m :ite1 & :ite & black2 & x foll[s1 = m ?an a hundr$ leagues1 ! c>avans :i* g f ,cairo to ,mecca1 = ! purpose ( fe$+ ^u ! c>cases ( animals :i* are kill$ dur+ ! j\rney1 :ile at any o!r "t !re is n "o se5 along ?is r\te4 ,b ! au?or does n consid] ?is conjecture z c]ta92 he ev5 says1 t we mu/ give up und]/&+ ! anci5ts1 :5 !y h spok5 s z n to be und]/ood4 ,he ends ) conclud+1 t ! anci5ts h p]haps indiscrim9ately compreh5d$ "u ! "n ( ,ibis1 all birds :i* r5d]$ to ,egypt ! s]vice ( cle>+ x ( ! dang]\s reptiles :i* ?is climate produces 9 abundance1 su* z ! vulture1 ! falcon1 ! /ork1 ! sp>r[hawk1 c4 ,he _h reason n to reg>d 8 ,ph>aoh's f[l z ! ibis2 =1 al?\gh its description is v imp]fect1 & al?\gh ,buffon fanci$ he recognis$ ! ibis 9 x1 x is easy to judge1 z well z by :at ,pokocke says ( x1 t ?is bird mu/ be a c>nivor\s "o2 &1 9 fact1 we see f ,bruce's figure 7,vol4 v4 p4 #aia4 ( ! ,fr5* edition71 t ,ph>aoh's f[l is no?+ else ?an ! ra*ama or ! small :ite vulture ) black w+s 7,vultur p]5opt]us1 ,l9n47--a bird v diff]5t f :at we h prov$ above to be ! ibis4 ,pokocke says t x appe>s1 f ! descriptions :i* are giv5 ( ! ibis1 & f ! figures :i* he has se5 ( x 9 ! temples ( ,upp] ,egypt1 t x 0 a species ( ,crane4 ,i h se51 he adds1 a numb] ( ^! birds 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,nile2 !y 7 = ! mo/ "p greyi%#cfb4 ,^! few words suffice to prove t he did n "k ! ibis bett] ?an ! o!rs4 ,! le>n$ h n be5 m happy 9 _! conjectures ?an ! travell]s4 ,middleton ref]s to ! ibis1 a bronze figure ( a bird1 ( :i* ! beak is ar*$1 b %ort1 ! neck v long1 & ! head furni%$ ) a small cre/1 a figure :i* nev] _h any resemblance to ! bird ( ! ,egyptians#cfc4 ,?is figure is1 besides1 n at all 9 ! ,egyptian /yle1 & ,middleton himself agrees t x mu/ h be5 made at ,rome4 ,saumaise ^u ,sol9us says no?+ t relates to ! pres5t "q4 ,z to ! black ibis1 :i* ,ari/otle places only ne> ,pelusium#cfd2 x 0 long ?\ght t ,belon alone _h se5 x#cfe4 ,! bird :i* he describes "u ?is "n is a species ( curlew1 to :i* he attributes a head simil> to t ( ! cormorant1 t is to say1 app>5tly bald1 a r$ beak1 & feet ( ! same col\r2 b z he does n speak ( ! ibis 9 8 j\rney#cff1 ,i suppose t x 0 only 9 ,france t he made ?is ref]5ce1 & by comp>ison ) mummies ( ! ,ibis4 ,:at is c]ta9 is1 t ?is curlew1 ) ! beak & feet r$1 0 n kn[n 9 ,egypt#cfg1 b t our gre5 curlew ( ,europe 7,scolopax ,falc9ellus1 ,l9n4 ,pl4 ,enl4 #hai47 is se5 v commonly !re1 t x is ev5 m abundant ?an ! :ite num5ius#cfh2 &1 z x resembles x 9 =m & size1 &1 fur!r1 z its plumage may appe> black1 x c by no means be d\bt$ t x 0 ! true black ibis ( ! anci5ts4 ,m4 ,savigny also made a draw+ ( x 9 ,egypt1 b f a "y individual only#cfi4 ,buffon's figure is f an adult bird2 b its col\rs are too pale4 ,! error :i* prevails at pres5t respect+ ! :ite ibis began ) ,p]rault1 :o 0 also ! fir/ naturali/ :o made kn[n ! ,tantalus ibis ( ! pres5t day4 ,?is error1 adopt$ by ,brisson & ,buffon1 pass$ into ! twelf? edition ( ,l9nu1 :]e x is bl5d$ ) t ( ,hasselqui/1 :i* _h be5 ins]t$ 9 ! t5?1 =m+ ) x a comp\nd altoge!r mon/r\s4 ,x 0 f\nd$ on ! idea1 t ! ibis 0 ess5tially a bird t de/roy$ s]p5ts1 & ^u ?is v natural conclusion1 t1 9 ord] to enable x to dev\r ^! reptiles1 x 0 necess>y = x to h a %>p beak1 m or less resembl+ t ( ! h]on4 ,?is idea is ev5 ! only good objection t c be made aga9/ ! id5tity ( our bird to ! ibis4 ,h[1 x is urg$1 c\ld a bird ) a weak bill1 a curlew1 dev\r ^? dang]\s reptiles8 ,x may be repli$1 t positive pro(s1 su* descriptions1 figures1 & mummies1 ought always to prepond]ate ov] acc\nts ( habits too (t5 imag9$ )\t any o!r motive ?an to ju/ify ! diff]5t wor%ips r5d]$ to animals4 ,x might be add$1 ! s]p5ts f :i* ! ibis deliv]$ ,egypt1 are repres5t$ to u z v v5om\s1 b n z v l>ge4 ,i h ev5 obta9$ a direct pro( t ! birds pres]v$ z mummies1 :i* h _h a beak precisely simil> to t ( our bird1 7 true s]p5t eat]s2 = ,i f\nd 9 "o ( _! mummies ! /ill undige/$ rema9s ( ! sk9 & scales ( s]p5ts1 :i* ,i h deposit$ 9 our anatomical gall]ies4 ,b1 at ! pres5t day1 ,m4 ,savigny1 :o has obs]v$1 9 a liv+ /ate1 & m ?an once dissect$ our :ite num5ius1 ! bird :i* e ?+ concurs to prove to h be5 ! ibis1 ass]ts t x only eats worms1 fre% wat] %ells1 & o!r small animals ( t sort4 ,suppos+ ?is fact to h no exception1 all t c be conclud$ f x is1 t ! ,egyptians1 z has happ5$ m ?an once to !m & o!rs1 _h inv5t$ a false reason = an absurd wor%ip4 ,x is true t ,h]odotus says1 he saw1 9 a place on ! bord]s ( ! des]t#cgj1 ne> ,buto1 a n>r[ gorge1 9 :i* a multitude ( bones 7 heap$ up1 :i* he 0 in=m$ 7 rema9s ( w+$ s]p5ts1 t 7 seek+ to p5etrate into ,egypt 9 spr+1 & t ! ibises _h arre/$ _! passage4 ,b he does n say t he _h witness$ _! combats1 or t he _h se5 ^? w+$ s]p5ts 9 _! entire /ate4 ,! :ole ( 8 te/imony1 !re=e1 r$uces itself to ?is1 t he _h obs]v$ a heap ( bones1 :i* may v well h be5 ^? ( ! multitude ( reptiles & o!r animals :i* ! inundation de/roy$ e ye>1 & ^: bodies x w\ld naturally c>ry to ! places :]e x 0 /opp$1 to ! bord]s ( ! des]t1 & :i* mu/ by pref]5ce h accumulat$ 9 a n>r[ gorge4 ,h[ev]1 x is equally f ?is idea ( ! combats ( ! ibis ) s]p5ts1 t ,cic]o gives t bird a horny & /rong beak#cga4 ,hav+ nev] be5 9 ,egypt1 he imag9$ t ?is mu/ h be5 ! case by m]e analogy4 ,i am aw>e t ,/rabo says some:]e1 t ! ibis resembles ! /ork 9 =m & size#cgb1 & t ?is au?or ought to h kn[n x well1 s9ce he ass]ts t 9 8 "t ! /reets & cross-ways ( ,alex&ria 7 s fill$ ) !m1 t !y prov$ a great inconv5i5ce2 b he mu/ h spok5 ( x f memory4 ,8 te/imony _c be receiv$ :5 he contradicts all ! re/1 & especially :5 ! bird itself is !re to refute him4 ,9 l mann]1 ,i %all n tr\ble myself ab\t ! passage :]e lian#cgc relates1 accord+ to ! ,egyptian embalm]s1 t ! inte/9es ( ! ibis are eighty-six cubits long4 ,! ,egyptian prie/s ( all classes h be5 guilty ( s _m extravagancies ) reg>d to ,natural ,hi/ory1 t no great importance c be attribut$ to :at "o ( _! l[e/ classes might av]4 ,an objection might /ill be drawn aga9/ my op9ion f ! long att5uat$ & black fea!rs :i* cov] ! rump ( our bird1 & ( :i* "s traces also are se5 9 ,bruce's figure ( ! ,ab\-,hannes4 ,! anci5ts1 x might be said1 d n speak ( !m 9 _! descriptions1 & _! figures d n exhibit !m4 ,b ,i h m on my side1 9 respect to ?is matt]1 ?an a writt5 te/imony or a figur$ repres5tation4 ,i h f\nd precisely ! same fea!rs 9 "o ( ! ,sacc>a mummies2 ,i kept !m c>efully z be+ at once a s+ul> monum5t ( antiquity & a p]emptory pro( ( ! id5tity ( species4 ,^! fea!rs hav+ an uncommon =m1 & n occurr+1 ,i believe1 9 any o!r curlew1 leave1 9 fact1 no d\bt respect+ ! accuracy ( my op9ion4 ,i conclude ?is memoir ) a view ( its results3 #a4 ,! ,tantalus ,ibis ( ,l9nu ought to con/itute a sep>ate g5us1 along ) ! ,tantalus ,loculator4 ,_! "* w\ld be3 ,ro/rum lve1 validum1 arcuatum1 apice utr9que em>g9atum4 #b4 ,! o!r ,tantali ( ! la/ editions %\ld =m a g5us ) ! common curlews1 to :i* ! "n ( ,num5ius might be giv54 ,! "* ( ! g5us w\ld be3 ,ro/rum t]es1 gracile1 arcuatum1 apice mutico4 ,= ! special "* ( ! subg5us ( ! ,ibises1 !re %\ld be add$3 ,sulco lat]ali p] totam longitud9em ex>ato4 #c4 ,! :ite ibis ( ! anci5ts is n ! ibis ( ,p]rault & ,buffon1 :i* is a ,tantalus2 nor ! ibis ( ,hasselqui/1 :i* is an ,ardea2 nor ! ibis ( ,maillet1 :i* is a ,vulture2 b x is a bird ( ! g5us ,num5ius1 & ( ! sub-g5us ,ibis1 :i* has hi!rto be5 describ$ & figur$ only by ,bruce1 "u ! "n ( ,ab\-,hannes4 ,i give x ! "n ( ,,num5ius ,,ibis1 albus1 capite et collo adulti nudis1 remigum apicibus1 ro/ro et p$ibus nigris1 remigibus second>iis elongatis nigro-violaceis4 #d4 ,! black ibis ( ! anci5ts is probably ! bird :i* we "k 9 ,europe "u ! "n ( ,gre5 ,curlew1 or ! ,scolopax ,falc9ellus ( ,l9nu4 ,x also belongs to ! g5us ,num5ius1 & to ! sub-g5us ,ibis4 #e4 ,! ,tantalus ,ibis ( ,l9nu1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( synonymy1 compreh5ds f\r species ( ?ree diff]5t g5]a1 namely1 #a4 ,a ,tantalus1 ! ibis ( ,p]rault & ,buffon2 #b4 ,an ,ardea1 ! ibis ( ,hasselqui/2 #c4 & #d4 ,two ,num5ii1 ! ibis ( ,belonius1 & ! ox-bird ( ,%aw4 ,f ?is example1 & s _m o!rs1 "o may judge ( ! /ate 9 :i* ! ,sy/ema ,natur /ill exi/s1 :i* x w\ld be ( s mu* advantage to purge by degrees ( ! errors ) :i* x ab\nds1 & :i* w\ld seem to be e day increas+1 by ! addition ( species1 *>act]s1 & synonyms1 made )\t selection & )\t critical exam9ation4 ,! g5]al conclusion ( ! :ole inve/igation is1 t ! ,ibis /ill exi/s 9 ,egypt1 z x did 9 ! days ( ! ,ph>aohs1 &1 t x 0 ow+ to ! inaccuracy ( naturali/s t ! species 0 = "s "t ?\ght to be ext9ct1 or to h be5 alt]$ 9 its =ms4 ,,geological ,,illu/rations1 ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,jameson4 ,9 ,civil ,hi/ory records are consult$1 m$als exam9$1 & antique inscriptions deciph]$1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! epo*s ( human revolutions1 & v]ify moral ev5ts2 s 9 ,natural ,hi/ory we mu/ se>* ! ar*ives ( ! _w2 draw f ! b[els ( ! e>? ! monum5ts ( =m] times2 collect ! fragm5ts1 & ga!r into "o body ( pro(s all ! indices ( physical *anges1 :i* may enable u to retrace ! diff]5t ages ( nature4 ,x is ?us only t we c fix "s po9ts 9 ! imm5sity ( space1 & m>k ! progressive /ages 9 ! et]nal m>* ( "t4 ,,illu/rations4 ,,note ,a & ,b1 p4 #i4 ,on ! ,subsid5ce ( ,/rata4 ,m4 ,cuvi] adopts ! op9ion ( ,de ,luc1 t all ! old] /rata ( :i* ! cru/ ( ! e>? is compos$1 7 orig9ally 9 an horizontal situation1 & h be5 rais$ into _! pres5t highly-incl9$ position1 by subsid5ces t h tak5 place ov] ! :ole surface ( ! e>?4 ,x _c be d\bt$1 t subsid5ces1 to a consid]able ext5t1 h tak5 place2 yet we are n ( op9ion t ^! h be5 s g5]al z ma9ta9$ by ^! geologi/s4 ,we are r incl9$ to believe1 t ! pres5t incl9$ position ( /rata is 9 g5]al _! orig9al "o2--an op9ion :i* is c\nt5anc$ by ! kn[n mode ( connection ( /rata1 ! ph5om5a ( ve9s1 p>ticul>ly contemporane\s ve9s1 ! cry/all9e nature ( e species ( old] rock1 & ! great regul>ity 9 ! direction ( /rata ?r\gh\t ! globe4 ,! transition & fltz-rocks also are mu* m ( a *emical or cry/all9e nature ?an has be5 g5]ally imag9$4 ,ev5 s&/one1 "o ( ! mo/ abundant ( ! fltz-rocks1 occasionally occurs 9 masses1 _m y>ds 9 ext5t1 :i* individually h a tabul> or /ratifi$ /ructure2 b1 :5 view$ on ! great scale1 appe> to be great massive di/9ct concretions4 ,^! massive concretions1 ) _! subord9ate tabul> /ructures1 if n c>efully inve/igat$1 are apt to bewild] ! m9]alogi/1 & to =ce him to h rec\rse to a g5]al sy/em ( subsid5ce or elevation ( ! /rata1 9 ord] to expla9 ! ph5om5a !y exhibit4 ,,note ,c1 p4 #ac4 ,,deluge4 ,!re are _m facts1 "s ( :i* are record$ 9 ! ,bible1 t are ho/ile to ,cuvi] & ,de ,luc's op9ions /at$ 9 ! text1 viz4 t ! b$ ( ! ocean 0 *ang$ at ! flood1 or la/ great cata/rophe2 & t ! l&1 =m]ly occupi$ by animals1 0 h5ce=? giv5 up to fi%es & o!r m>9e tribes4 ,we are told1 = example1 t ! dove1 :i* 0 s5t =? f ! ark1 f\nd an olive-tree1 :5ce x pluck$ a leaf1 to c>ry back to ! patri>*1 z a pro( t ! wat]s ( ! deluge 7 subsid+2 & we also f9d t ! ,assyrian riv]s1 :i* orig9ally m>k$ ! situation ( ,ed51 reta9$ ! same geographical relations aft] ! e>? _h be5 repeopl$4 ,! natural hi/ory ( ! fossil organic rema9s conta9$ 9 alluvial deposits1 is also 9 opposition to ! op9ion ( ,de ,luc4 ,,note ,d1 p4 #ai4 ,,=mation ,,( ,,primitive ,,m\nta9s4 ,mits*]li*1 9 a memoir read be=e ! ,royal ,academy ( ,b]l91 b n yet publi%$1 ent]s fully into ! illu/ration ( ! igne\s orig9 ( m\nta9s1 especially ^? ( ! primitive class1 d$ucible f 8 exp]im5ts on ! =mation ( m9]als by fusion4 ,z ! view is int]e/+1 we %all "h give a %ort sket* ( x4 ,h ! primitive m\nta9s ( our globe1 ^: =m necess>ily supposes a fluid /ate1 be5 dissolv$ 9 wat]2 or has ! temp]ature ( our e>? be5 rais$ to su* a degree1 t ! sub/ances ( :i* our primitive m\nta9s are =m$ h become fluid8 ,?is "q has be5 diff]5tly answ]$1 & ! solutions giv5 h be5 attempt$ to be support$ 9 proportion z ! obs]vation ( geological facts1 & ! inquiries in/itut$ ) ref]5ce to ! *emical comb9ations :i* compose ! e>?1 h be5 develop$4 ,new obs]vations1 & ! discov]y ( unkn[n laws 9 *emi/ry & m9]alogy1 mu/1 at ! same "t1 op5 a new field = speculation & obs]vation 9 geology4 ,( ! discov]ies ( our own times1 !re c]ta9ly is none :i* has ex]cis$ a great] influ5ce ^u m9]alogy ?an t ( det]m9ate proportions1 & especially ! result ( ! rese>*es ( ,b]zelius1 t ! *emical comb9ations :i* nature produces1 are =m$ accord+ to ! laws :i* he has discov]$ ) reg>d to artificial comb9ations2 a result :i* has entirely *ang$ ! aspect ( ?is sci5ce1 & has elicit$ a new sy/em ( m9]alogy1 9 :i* ! natural-*emical comb9ations are rank$ ) ^? :i* are artificial2 :i* af=ds a confirmation to ! laws ( cry/allography1 z be+ ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,x has be5 object$ to ! tru? ( ! position1 t ! laws ( natural comb9ations are ! same z ^? :i* artificial comb9ations foll[2 t *emi/ry c decompose m9]als2 b t1 9 ! =mation ( ^! comb9ations1 natural laws h be5 9 activity1 :i* art w\ld 9 va9 attempt to reproduce3 b ?is objection is gr\ndless4 ,! *emical aff9ity :i* acts 9 artificial comb9ations is a p[] ( nature1 z well z ! aff9ity :i* regulates ! composition ( natural comb9ations3 *emical aff9ity1 9 g5]al1 is a quality ( matt]4 ,9 ?is objection1 modify+ circum/ances h be5 conf\nd$ ) laws4 ,! *emi/ w\ld v easily refute ! objection1 if he c\ld compose m9]als ( _! elem5ts1 & produce artificial comb9ations simil> 9 all _! *>act]s to m9]als !mselves4 ,f su* rese>*es1 !re w\ld1 at ! same "t1 be diffus$ a new light ^u geological inve/igations4 ,9 ?is mann] _m ph5om5a w\ld be reproduc$1 :i* h tak5 place at ! =mation ( ! e>?2 geological obs]vations w\ld be repeat$ by exp]im5ts1 :i* might be v>i$ at pleasure1 = confirm+ ^! obs]vations2 & ! recurr5ce 9 nature itself w\ld be s\ght ( ^? ph5om5a :i* h be5 produc$ 9 ! laboratory2--inquiries1 :i* are1 h[ev]1 ( great importance1 because !y may be arbitr>ily dispos$ & arrang$ accord+ to ! !ory 9 view4 ,! importance ( su* attempts %ew ! value ( any exp]im5ts t g to prove ! =mation ( m9]als by artificial means2 & ,mits*]li* has be5 v successful 9 detect+ sev]al m9]al species =m$ artificially4 ,b]zelius has %[n1 9 8 ,*emical ,sy/em ( ,m9]alogy1 t ! great] "p ( ! *emical comb9ations ( :i* our ,e>? is compos$1 & especially ! primitive m\nta9s1 are analog\s to salts & d\ble salts2 & t1 9 ^! comb9ations1 ! silica1 c>bonic acid1 & oxide ( iron1 act ! "p ( acids2 ! silica comb9es ) ! alum9a1 lime1 magnesia1 protoxide & p]oxide ( iron1 protoxide ( manganese1 pota% & soda1 =m+1 ) ^! bases1 ei!r simple salts1 or d\ble salts1 9 proportions det]m9$ by ! diff]5t degrees ( saturation2 ! c>bonic acid is comb9$ ) ! lime & manganese1 & ! p]oxide ( iron ) ! protoxide4 ,! object :i* %\ld be propos$ 9 ^! attempts1 ( :i* we speak1 is to inve/igate ! relation ( ^! bases to ! ?ree acids4 ,we f9d ourselves =tunately second$ 9 ?is attempt by a bran* ( national indu/ry2 = ! complete extraction ( ! great] numb] ( metals dep5ds ^u ! relation ( ! silica to ! above-m5tion$ bases1 ! degrees ( saturation 9 :i* ! silica may occur ) !m1 ! great] or less degree ( aff9ity ) :i* ^! bases comb9e ) ! silica1 &1 la/ly1 ! *emical qualities ( ! comb9ation =m$4 ,x is necess>y = ! metallurgi/ t he endeav\r1 9 ord] to atta9 8 object completely1 to produce1 9 proportion z ! m9]als diff]1 diff]5t *emical comb9ations ( ! sub/ances :i* compose ^! m9]als2 b always 9 det]m9ate proportions1 ei!r by add+ a =eign sub/ance1 or by regulat+ ! fusion by ! *oice ( m9]als4 ,! comb9ations :i* ! metallurgi/ ?us produces1 are ord9>ily m9]als :i* h already be5 f\nd 9 nature1 sometimes ev5 new species4 ,dur+ a j\rney 9 ,sw$51 ,mits*]li* obs]v$ at ,fahlun1 :]e he made inquiries reg>d+ ! ores1 ! scori1 & 9 g5]al reg>d+ ! extraction ( copp]1 9 ord] to =m a correct idea ( ?is op]ation1 n only "s well-=m$ cry/als 9 ! scori2 b also f\nd t ! :ole mass ( ! slag _h a cry/all9e texture2 & t ! cry/als1 & ! jo9ts ( ! slags :i* _h a lamell> texture1 rema9$ ! same at diff]5t p]iods ( fusion1 provid$ only t ! mann] ( op]at+ ( ! metallurgi/ rema9$ ! same4 ,! exam9ation ( ! cry/all9e figure ( ! slag prov$1 t x 0 t ( a m9]al :i* has a composition analog\s to t ( ! slag4 ,aft] hav+ made ?is obs]vation1 he f\nd 9 almo/ e f\nd]y :i* he visit$ 9 ,sw$51 diff]5t cry/all9e comb9ations1 :i* resembl$ m9]als4 ,?us he f\nd at ,fahlun1 silicate & bisilicate ( protoxide ( iron2 at ,g>p5b]g1 mica1 & sev]al times augite & *rysolite4 ,^! comb9ations h n only ! same cry/all9e figures1 b also all ! o!r *>act]s ( ! correspond+ m9]als4 ,i h pursu$ ^! inquiries1 says ,mits*]li*1 s9ce my return f ,sw$52 ,i h analys$ ! productions :i* ,i h f\nd1 & ! analysis has confirm$ :at ! ext]ior _h l$ to anticipate4 ,i h also augm5t$ my obs]vations by j\rneys 9 v>i\s di/ricts ( ,g]many2 & f>!r1 ,i h be5 second$ 9 my rese>*es by my fri5ds2 s t ,i n[ possess upw>ds ( =ty diff]5t species ( cry/alliz$ *emical comb9ations produc$ by fusion1 ! great] numb] ( :i* are m9]als already kn[n2 "s are new species1 :i* h n hi!rto be5 met ) 9 nature4 ,! occurr5ce ( mica1 :i* =ms a pr$om9ant con/itu5t "p ( our primitive m\nta9s1 z an artificial production1 gave rise to ! foll[+ geological speculations4 ,! artificial production by fusion1 ( ! m9]als :i* compose our primitive rocks1 appe>s1 accord+ to ,mits*]li*1 to place beyond d\bt ! !ory t our primitive m\nta9s 7 =m]ly a melt$ mass4 ,su* a /ate ( fluidity1 he cont9ues1 af=ds an easy explanation ( ! figure ( ! ,e>?1 ( ! increase ( temp]ature z we proce$ into its int]ior1 ( hot spr+s1 & ( _m o!r ph5om5a4 ,) respect to ?is !ory1 we may ref] to ,m4 ,laplace1 :o is conv9c$ ( its plausibility1 )\t gr\nd+ 8 belief ^u ! reasons :i* *emi/ry pres5ts4 ,i propose1 h[ev]1 to make m5tion ( a few facts1 9 ord] to %ew ) :at facility _m *emical ph5om5a 9 geology may be expla9$ by foll[+ ?is !ory4 ,primitive m\nta9s are g5]ally di/ribut$ ov] ! surface ( ! e>?3 x necess>ily foll[s t ! bodies :i* h compos$ ! surface ( ! e>? h p>ticipat$ ( ! temp]ature :i* ! primitive m\nta9s h _h at ! p]iod :5 !y 7 9 a fluid /ate4 ,! temp]ature at :i* wat] boils dep5ds ^u ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e2 & if ! temp]ature ( ! e>? increases1 we only require to dim9i% ! mean height ( ! sea #cb feet1 9 ord] to h a pressure ( an atmosph]e m2 & x is by ?is pressure t ! degree ( temp]ature at :i* wat] boils w also be rais$ high]4 ,m4 ,laplace judges f ! height ( ! sea dur+ fl[+ & ebb+1 t ! mean dep? ( ! sea is ab\t #if1jjj feet4 ,suppos+ ?ree-f\r?s ( ?is mass ( wat] 7 conv]t$ into vap\r1 ! pressure ( ?is vap\r w\ld be ne>ly equal to #bbej atmosph]es2 & ?is pressure w\ld s augm5t ! degree ( heat at :i* wat] ent]s into ebullition1 t ! primitive m\nta9s might be 9 a /ate ( fusion1 )\t ! wat] ) :i* !y are cov]$ be+ heat$ to ! boil+ po9t2 = ! wat] :i* is n conv]t$ into vap\r1 & ^: quantity is a f\r? ( ! :ole mass ( vap\r1 accord+ to ! supposition :i* we h made1 w\ld cov] ! :ole e>?1 because wat] exp&s 9 increas+ proportion if ! temp]ature be rais$1 & because ! expansion ( wat] is mu* great] ?an t ( ! mass ( our primitive m\nta9s2 &1 consequ5tly1 accord+ to ?is supposition1 our primitive m\nta9s are =m$1 cov]$ ) r$ hot wat]4 ,! great pressure ( s _m atmosph]es necess>ily modifies ! reciprocal aff9ities ( ! sub/ances :i* compose ! primitive m\nta9s4 ,primitive m\nta9s are di/+ui%$ f volcanic productions 9 ?is1 t ! lime & magnesia1 :i* 9 !m are comb9$ ) c>bonic acid1 =m ) ! silex silicates & bisilicates4 ,x is necess>y t ! silex1 :i*1 "u ! ord9>y pressure1 & at an elevat$ temp]ature1 expels ! c>bonic acid1 ex]cise no influ5ce "u ! pressure ( s _m atmosph]es2 & x is n surpris+ t cry/als ( qu>tz occur 9 ,c>r>a m>ble4 ,9 volcanic productions1 ?is pressure no long] exi/s1 & we %\ld f9d among ^! ! same ph5om5a :i* our laboratories & metallurgic op]ations pres5t4 ,foll[+ ?is !ory1 ! circum/ances t primitive m\nta9s conta9 gypsum & c>bonates1 & t wat] occurs 9 qu>tz1 v readily admit ( explanation4 ,& ) reg>d to ?is latt] ph5om5on1 ! obs]vations detail$ by ,sir ,humphry ,davy af=d an additional confirmation ( ! !ory 9 "q4 ,we may expla9 9 ! same mann] ano!r ph5om5on1 :i* is m 9 connection ) ! pres5t /ate ( our globe4 ,_m obs]vations %ew t ! sea /ood =m]ly at a mu* high] level ?an x does at pres5t4 ,! wat] ( ! sea exp&s1 if ! temp]ature be elevat$ m ?an ! l&4 ,admitt+ t ! surface ( ! e>? has a temp]ature ( #hj ( ,reaumur1 & t ! mean dep? ( ! sea may be #if1jjj feet1 ! height ( ! sea w\ld !n be #djjj feet high] ?an x is at pres5t4 ,if we suppose1 z may be done )\t committ+ any great error1 t ! expansion ( ! primitive m\nta9s is equal to t ( glass1 & t !y h be5 at a temp]ature ( #bjj1 & ev5 at a mu* l[] "o1 ! wat] ( ! sea w\ld cov] ! second>y m\nta9s1 9 :i* we f9d ! rema9s ( m>9e animals4 ,?is explanation ( ! =m] height ( ! sea appe>s v simple1 because ! elevat$ temp]ature ( ! e>? may h result$ ei!r f its orig9al /ate ( fluidity1 or f a geological revolution1 :i* has de/roy$1 at ! same "t1 ! organic be+s ( a =m] p]iod4 ,if primitive m\nta9s & volcanic =mations h be5 fluid1 & h cry/allis$ on cool+1 x is necess>y t we %\ld retrace 9 !m ! same ph5om5a & ! same laws :i* we /ill obs]ve at ! pres5t "t4 ,if a fluid body become solid by cool+1 ^! ph5om5a are diff]5tly modifi$1 accord+ to ! *emical nature ( ! bodies1 & accord+ to ! cry/all9e =ms :i* !y acquire on cool+2 b ! laws rema9 always ! same4 ,mits*]li* says1 ,i am 9 possession ( "s specim5s :i* expla9 sev]al ( ! ph5om5a s (t5 %ewn by basalt & volcanic =mations4 ,i d n possess artificial basalt resembl+ ! natural column> k9d2 yet ! slags obta9$ at ! furnaces ( ,sahla resemble basalt s p]fectly1 z to deceive ! mo/ exp]i5c$ eye1 especially z _! cavities conta9 cry/als ( augite4 ,b ,i h f\nd at ,fahlun a bisilicate ( protoxide ( iron1 :i* has 9 consequ5ce a composition analog\s to t ( basalt1 & :i* has di/9ct jo9ts4 ,9 ?is slag we p]ceive t ! jo9ts1 :i* are p>allel to ! axis ( ! prism & to ! lat]al planes ( ! cry/als1 are always p]p5dicul> to ! plane ( cool+4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly obs]vable 9 a specim5 :i* 0 obta9$ by melt+ ! slag 9 a m\ld2 on cry/alliz+ x _h sev]al planes ( cool+1 & ! jo9ts are p>allel to ea* ( ^! planes4 ,! planes ( sep>ation 9 basalt pres5t exactly ! same ph5om5on z ?is slag4 ,! ph5om5a :i* take place :5 a fluid body cry/allizes may be obs]v$ 9 sulphur1 bett] ?an 9 any o!r body4 ,all fluid bodies1 h[ev]1 & ev5 wat]1 on freez+1 pres5t ! same ph5om5a4 ,if a fluid body has cool$ to ! po9t at :i* x beg9s to become solid1 = example1 sulphur1 9 a r\nd vessel1 a cru/ ( sulphur is n =m$ ^u ! surface ( ! cool$ vessel1 & ano!r cru/ ^u ! surface ( ! sulphur itself1 z might be expect$2 on ! contr>y1 if a cry/al be =m$ ^u a po9t ( ! inn] surface ( ! vessel1 ! cry/al enl>ges by gr[+ 9 ! direction ( its axis1 & ! mass :i* surr\nds ! cry/al rema9s liquid1 & sometimes cools1 )\t ! molecules arrang+ !mselves 9 ! same mann] z ! cry/al already =m$4 ,on exam9+ ! cool$ mass1 we obs]ve t x %ews a lamell> texture :]e ! cry/al 0 =m$1 & t ! mass :i* surr\nd$ x does n %ew ?is texture 9 ! same degree4 ,?is expla9s h[ ve9s ( l>ge-granul> granite trav]se a small-granul> granite1 z well z o!r ph5om5a ( ! same nature4 ,?is obs]vation also af=ds an explanation ( ano!r ph5om5on4 ,if ! half ( ! liquid mass has become solid1 & if ! fluid "p be p\r$ (f1 we obta9 isolat$ cry/als1 :i* h be5 =m$ 9 ! fluid mass4 ,if ! fluid "p be n p\r$ (f1 & be p]mitt$ to cool sl[ly1 x contracts1 z is ! case ) mo/ bodies1 & ! contraction produces ! same effect z ! decantation2 small cavities w be =m$1 & ^! w be trav]s$ & cov]$ ov] ) di/9ct cry/als4 ,we also obs]ve ?is ph5om5on 9 ! geodes ( primitive & volcanic m\nta9s1 9 :i* ! cry/als !y conta9 are ( ! same m9]als z ^? ( :i* ! m\nta9s !mselves are compos$4 ,,note ,e1 p4 #bc4 ,,on ,,! ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,b\ld] ,,/ones ,,9 ,,scotl&1 ,,holl&1 ,,g]many1 ,,switz]l&1 ,,& ,,am]ica4 ,num]\s l>ge blocks are met ) 9 almo/ e c\ntry ( ,europe1 & frequ5tly f> remov$ f _! orig9al situations4 ,?is is frequ5tly ! case 9 ,scotl&3 ?us1 9 ! ,ed9burgh di/rict1 we h num]\s blocks ( primitive rocks1 ( :i* no fix$ rocks occur ne>] ?an 9 our ,highl& m\nta9s4 ,9 ! nor? ( ,holl&1 ,g]many1 & ! c\ntries bord]+ on ! ,baltic1 enorm\s fragm5ts ( granite & sy5ite are scatt]$ )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,accord+ to ,humboldt1 x seems to be n[ prov$1 t !y h be5 c>ri$ s\?w>d1 ) a di/ribution l t ( radii f a c5tre1 f ! ,sc&9avian p59sula1 dur+ "s ( ! anci5t revolutions ( our globe1 & t !y h n orig9ally belong$ to ! granitic *a9s ( ! ,h>tz & ,saxony1 :i* !y approa* )\t1 h[ev]1 actually atta9+ _! basis#cgd4 ,born1 says ,humboldt1 on ! s&y pla9s ( ! ,baltic1 & until ! age ( eighte51 n kn[+ any o!r rock ?an ^! scatt]$ blocks1 ,i c\ld n b feel curi\s to "k :e!r ! new _w pres5t$ any ?+ ( a simil> nature4 ,i 0 surpris$ n to f9d a s+le block ( ?is description 9 ! ,llanos ( ,v5ezuela1 al?\gh ! imm5se pla9s 7 imm$iately bord]$ to ! s\? by a gr\p ( m\nta9s entirely granitic#cge1 & :i* pres5ts1 9 its brok5 & almo/ column> peaks1 traces ( ! mo/ viol5t action#cgf4 ,t[>ds ! nor?1 ! granitic *a9 ( ! ,silla ( ,c>acas & ( ,portocabello is sep>at$ f ! ,llanos1 by a range ( m\nta9s :i* are s*i/ose betwe5 ,villa de ,cura & ,p>ap>a1 & calc>e\s betwe5 ! ,b]gant9 & ,c>ipe4 ,i 0 equally /ruck ) ! same abs5ce ( blocks ^u ! banks ( ! ,amazon4 ,la ,condam9e _h already affirm$1 t f ! ,pongo ( ,mans]i*e to ! /rait ( ,pauxis1 n ! smalle/ /one 0 to be obs]v$4 ,n[1 ! bas9 ( ! ,rio ,nigro & ( ! ,amazon is also b a ,llano1 a pla9 l ^? ( ,v5ezuela & ,bu5os ,ayres1 ! diff]5ce consi/+ only 9 ! /ate ( ! vegetation4 ,! two ,llanos1 situat$ at ! nor!rn & s\!rn extremities ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 are cov]$ ) gram9e2 !y are ,savannas de/itute ( trees4 ,! int]m$iate ,llano1 t ( ! ,amazon1 expos$ to almo/ cont9ual equatorial ra9s1 is a ?ick =e/4 ,i d n rememb] to h he>d t ! ,pampas ( ,bu5os ,ayres or ! ,savannas ( ! ,miss\ri#cgg & ,new ,mexico conta9 granitic blocks4 ,! abs5ce ( ?is ph5om5on appe>s g5]al 9 ! new _w4 ,x is probably equally s 9 ! ,sah>a 9 ,africa2 = we mu/ n conf\nd rocky masses :i* pi]ce ! soil 9 ! mid/ ( ! des]t1 & ( :i* m5tion has (t5 be5 made by travell]s1 ) m]e scatt]$ fragm5ts4 ,^! facts seem to prove1 t ! blocks ( ,sc&9avian granite1 :i* cov] ! s&y pla9s on ! s\!rn side ( ! ,baltic1 9 ,we/phalia1 & 9 ,holl&1 are ow+ to a p>ticul> debacle :i* proce$$ f ! nor?1 to a purely local cata/rophe4 ,! old conglom]ate 7grs r\ge71 :i* cov]s a great "p ( ! ,llanos ( ,v5ezuela & ( ! bas9 ( ! ,amazon1 conta9s1 )\t d\bt1 fragm5ts ( ^? same primitive rocks ( :i* ! neighb\r+ m\nta9s are compos$2 b ! convulsions ( :i* ^! m\nta9s pres5t und\bt$ evid5ces1 d n seem to h be5 accompani$ ) circum/ances fav\rable to ! transportation ( great blocks4 ,?is geogno/ic ph5om5on is s mu* ! m unexpect$1 t n[h]e 9 ! _w does !re exi/ a pla9 s cont9u\s1 & :i* is prolong$ ) few] int]ruptions to ! abrupt declivity ( a purely granitic cordill]a4 ,be=e my dep>ture f ,europe1 says ,humboldt1 ,i _h already be5 /ruck ) ! obs]vation t !re are no primitive blocks 9 ,lomb>dy1 nor 9 ! great pla9 ( ,bav>ia1 :i* is ! bottom ( an anci5t lake1 hav+ an elevation ( #bej fa?oms above ! level ( ! ocean4 ,?is pla9 is b\nd$ on ! nor? by ! granites ( ! ,upp] ,palat9ate1 & on ! s\? by ! alp9e lime/ones1 transition clay-slates1 & mica-slates ( ! ,tyrol4 ,b\ld]s1 or loose blocks ( alp9e rocks1 are f\nd 9 ! l[] "p ( ! ,alp9e valleys1 :i* t]m9ate 9 ! great pr9cipal valley t /ret*es betwe5 ! ,alps & ! ,jura1 f ! ,lake ( ,g5eva to ! ,lake ,con/ance2 & are also f\nd almo/ e :]e 9 ?is great pr9cipal valley4 ,!y are sometimes met ) #djjj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 on ! side ( ! ,jura1 fac+ ! ,alps1 & also 9 consid]able numb]s 9 _m ( ! valleys ( ! ,jura itself4 ,^! blocks occur only on ! surface1 nev] 9 any solid rock1 & no "o ev] met ) !m 9 ! subjac5t /rata ( s&/one1 m>l1 or conglom]ate ( ! hills & valleys1 int]pos$ betwe5 ! ,alps & ! ,jura2 b !y are sometimes f\nd deep 9 ! soil1 or imb$d$ or surr\nd$ ) ! debris =m$ by riv]s4 ,! travell] is (t5 surpris$ by ! enorm\s magnitude ( ^! loose blocks1 "s ( !m be+ calculat$ to conta9 #ej1jjj cubic feet4 ,! small] masses are di/+ui%$ f ^? br\ght d[n by riv]s1 by _! position1 t is1 _! occurr+ on heights & acclivities1 :]e no riv] c\ld ev] h run4 ,!y may also be conf\nd$ ) blocks f decay+ conglom]ate2 h5ce x is prop] to be on our gu>d1 n only to di/+ui% ^! blocks f ^? d]iv$ f conglom]ate rocks1 b also f ! roll$ masses belong+ to riv] c\rses4 ,! height at :i* !y are f\nd does n appe> to h any relation to _! magnitude1 = we (t5 f9d v l>ge blocks at consid]able heights1 & also 9 deep valleys2 & we also meet ) small masses z well 9 ! bottoms ( valleys1 z high up on ! m\nta9s4 ,!y occur sometimes 9 heaps1 or disp]s$ 9 s+le blocks2 b ^! relations h no connection ) _! magnitude1 because we (t5 f9d l>ge & small masses 9 ! same heap1 & s+le1 l>ge1 & small1 blocks on m\nta9 summits1 & 9 ! bottoms ( valleys4 ,! small] blocks are m or less r\nd$1 b seldom s mu* s z ! b\ld]s ( riv]s1 :i* h be5 expos$ to long cont9u$ friction4 ,! l>g] blocks are inde$ angul>1 b n %>p edg$4 ,b 9 exam9+ ?is relation1 we mu/ c>efully di/+ui% :e!r or n ! angles or edges are orig9al1 or h be5 produc$ by subsequ5t1 natural1 or artificial causes4 ,v (t5 masses ( ?is description are bla/$ ) gunp[d]1 ei!r ) ! view ( cle>+ ! fields1 or ( obta9+ /ones = build+2 & ^!1 if left on ! gr\nd1 may lead into error4 ,^! blocks v>y 9 _! nature1 "s be+ ( ! primitive class1 :ile o!rs belong to ^? ( ! transition & second>y classes4 ,9 g5]al1 !y app]ta9 to rock =mations1 situat$ ne>] to ! c5tral alp9e *a9s ?an ^? ( ! places :]e !y are f\nd4 ,?us1 no rocks ( ! transition class occur 9 gneiss valleys2 no alp9e lime/one 9 transition valleys2 &1 9 g5]al1 n[h]e b 9 ,jura1 d blocks ( ,jura lime/one make _! appe>ance4 ,!re=e1 all ! loose blocks ( rocks betwe5 ! ,jura & ! ,alps1 belong to ! /rata ( ! high *a9s ( ! ,alps4 ,b ^! blocks h diff]5t *>act]s 9 diff]5t di/ricts4 ,! loose blocks :i* occur 9 ! riv] bas9 ( ! ,rhone1 & ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 are q diff]5t f ^? :i* lie /rew$ ab\t 9 ! riv] bas9 ( ! ,rh9e4 ,^!1 aga91 are equally diff]5t f ! loose blocks ( ! riv] bas9 ( ! ,a>e1 z ^? ( ! ,a>e are f ! blocks ( ! ,lake ( ,zuri*1 & ! valley ( ,limmat2 & ^! 9 _! turn are equally well di/+ui%$ f ! great accumulations 9 ! valley ( ! ,reuss4 ,x r>ely happ5s t int]mixtures take place among ^! diff]5t accumulations ( debris1 & ?is is a circum/ance :i* mu/ be att5d$ to 9 our inve/igation4 ,x results f an accurate comp>ison ( ^! loose blocks ) ^? m\nta9 rocks :i* occur 9 ext5sive *a9s 9 ! high ,alps2 t ! loose blocks ( e kn[n riv] bas9 agree ) ! rocks :i* =m ! sides ( ! upp] p>ts ( ^? high ,alp9e valleys1 :i* are 9 imm$iate connection ) ^! great wat] bas9s4 ,?us ! loose blocks ( ! wat] bas9 ( ! ,rh9e are simil> to ! rocks ( ,bundt54 ,we f9d 9 ! ,lake ( ,zuri*1 & 9 ! ,limmat valley1 ! rocks ( ! ,gl>n] l& 9 loose blocks4 ,! debris 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,reuss consi/s ( rocks ( ! m\nta9s f :i* ! ,reuss takes its rise4 ,! loose blocks ( ! wat] bas9 ( ! ,a>e are simil> to ! m\nta9 rocks ( ! high ,alps ( ,b]n2 & ! loose blocks1 f\nd 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,rhone1 occur 9 fix$ rocks 9 ! ,vallais4 ,x ?us appe>s t ! loose blocks are by no means irregul>ly disp]s$ ov] ! great valley betwe5 ! ,alps & ! ,jura1 b are di/ribut$ 9 ! direction ( di/9ct wat] bas9s4 ,x also appe>s1 t ! loose blocks are n irregul>ly di/ribut$ 9 ^! diff]5t bas9s2 on ! contr>y1 t1 9 "s p>ts ( ! bas91 !y are accumulat$ 9 great numb]s2 9 o!r places !y are r>e1 & 9 "s situations none occur4 ,f ! prec$+ obs]vations1 we may obta9 "s h9ts ( importance 9 respect ( ! cause ( ?is rem>kable ph5om5on4 ,^! loose blocks already occur 9 ! alp9e valleys1 :i* op5 into ! great valley1 betwe5 ! ,alps & ! ,jura4 ,!y are f\nd m abundantly 9 ! wide p>ts ( valleys imm$iately bel[ ! n>r[ or contract$ passes1 & few occur 9 ! n>r[1 /eep1 & rocky p>ts ( ! valleys4 ,loose blocks are f\nd1 at a great] or less height1 9 ! small] lat]al valleys t op5 into ! transv]se alp9e valleys1 :i* t]m9ate 9 ! great valley betwe5 ! ,alps & ! ,jura4 ,if ^! lat]al valleys =m passes 7:i* lead ov] into o!r valleys by a l[]+ ( ! high m\nta9 *a971 :i* are n m ?an #djjj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 loose blocks occur1 n only 9 ^! passes1 b also m or less widely di/ribut$ 9 ! opposite valleys4 ,9 ! great pr9cipal valley :i* /ret*es betwe5 ! ,alps & ! ,jura1 f ! ,lake ( ,g5eva to beyond ! ,lake ,con/ance1 we f9d ^! loose blocks disp]s$ ov] all ! hills ^: elevation is n m ?an #cjjj feet above ! level ( ! sea2 b ev5 "h ! di/ribution ( ! blocks is n entirely irregul>4 ,! l>ge/ are f\nd on su* hills & acclivities z are opposite ! m\?s ( ! alp9e valleys1 9 ! great pr9cipal valley4 ,! blocks are frequ5tly f\nd high] on su* acclivities1 ?an on ! sides ( ^? valleys :i* may be consid]$ z a cont9uation ( ! alp9e valleys4 ,! loose blocks are f\nd e :]e on t acclivity ( ! ,jura range :i* is opposite to ! ,alps1 & !y are f\nd highe/ & l>ge/ 9 ^? places :i* are directly opposite ! m\?s ( ! alp9e valleys4 ,9 su* places1 ! blocks aga9 atta9 an elevation ( ne>ly #djjj feet above ! level ( ! sea2 :]eas1 9 ! int]m$iate places1 :i* are mo/ remote f ! places opposite ! m\?s ( ! alp9e valleys1 ! blocks seldom rea* at a height ( #bjjj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,9 ^? places :]e ! ,jura *a9 bran*es into ! great valley betwe5 ! ,jura & ! ,alps1 loose blocks are f\nd 9 ! valleys beh9d ! project+ *a9s4 ,! ,jura range is sometimes int]sect$ 9 places opposite to ! ,alps2 & x is rem>k$1 t loose blocks are met ) 9 ! valleys beh9d ^! int]sect$ portions ( ! range2 & t1 :5 loose blocks occur 9 ! ,jura range1 at a di/ance f ! ,alps1 x is only 9 su* places z are directly opposite to ! int]sect$ portions ( ! *a9 opposite to ! ,alps4 ,! circum/ance ( ! non-occurr5ce ( ^! blocks 9 ! s&/one1 m>l1 & nagelfluh1 :i* occupy ! great valley betwe5 ! ,alps & ! ,jura1 proves t t revolution ( our globe1 by :i* ^! 7 disp]s$1 took place aft] ! =mation ( ^! rocks1 & may !re=e h belong$ to "o ( ! late/ *anges :i* h contribut$ to ! pres5t =m ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,:5 we comp>e ! relations ( ! alluvium ( ! riv]s 9 valleys ) ^? ( ! loose blocks1 _! simil>ity mu/ /rike e "o4 ,?us1 roll$ masses are seldom deposit$ 9 ^? places :]e a riv] =ces its way ?r\gh a n>r[ passage2 b :]e an expansion takes place1 ow+ to ! di/ance ( ! banks increas+1 ! roll$ masses are sometimes accumulat$ 9 :ole banks4 ,! same loose blocks seldom occur 9 ! n>r[ passages ( ! transv]se valleys 9 ! ,alps2 b z soon z wid5+s ( ! valleys take place bel[ ^! n>r[+s1 ! blocks occur 9 abundance4 ,if1 dur+ a flood1 a rupture takes place 9 ! banks ( a riv]1 :]e x is contract$1 a "p ( ! /ream w fl[ out by ! lat]al op5+1 & c>ry along ) x roll$ masses1 ev5 :5 ! op5+ 9 ! bank does n rea* to ! bottom ( ! b$ ( ! riv]2 = ! m\nta9 /ream1 load$ ) b\ld]s1 c>ries !m n m]ely 9 s+le masses along its bottom1 b ! flood-wat] ( ! /ream g5]ally attacks l>ge s&banks1 or old] b$s ( roll$ masses1 & c>ries along ) x1 accompani$ ) a t]rible noise1 :ole masses1 =ces !m ov] ! l[] banks1 or ?r\gh ! *asm 9 ! bank1 & (t5 deposites !m sev]al feet high1 on an imm$iately succe$+ wid5+ ( ! riv]'s c\rse4 ,9 ! same mann]1 we obs]ve loose blocks deposit$ on high situations 9 ! lat]al valleys ( ! great transv]se valleys1 & disp]s$ ov] ! passes into ! neighb\r+ valleys4 ,! height ( ! lat]al deposites ( loose blocks1 & _! position 9 ! passes1 & _! pass+ into neighb\r+ valleys1 are facts :i* assi/ u 9 judg+ ( ! ext5t ( ! p[] t may h act$ dur+ _! transportation4 ,! /rik+ agreem5t obs]vable 9 ! ph5om5a ( ! di/ribution ( ! loose blocks f ! int]ior ,alp9e valleys to ! int]ior valleys ( ! ,jura1 ) ^? 9 ! roll$ masses c>ri$ along by riv]s1 mu/ lead e "o1 :o reflects on ?is int]e/+ ph5om5on1 to ! hypo!sis1 t ^! blocks may h be5 deposit$ 9 _! pres5t situations by an ov]:elm+ flood1 :i* bur/ f ! ,alps4 ,x is true t ?is op9ion is liable to _m objections2 b /ill x conta9s a m plausible explanation ( ! ph5om5on ?an any o!r ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,! loose blocks1 9 ! diff]5t riv]-di/ricts1 be+ 9 g5]al sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 or if any int]mixture takes place ( ! roll$ masses ( "o valley ) t ( ano!r1 x be+ only on _! edges1 x is highly probable t ! floods :i* bur/ f ^! valleys1 & c>ri$ along ) !m ! masses ( rocks1 may h be5 simultane\s1 by :i* ! fl[ ( ! "o bas9 w\ld b\nd & limit t ( ! o!r1 & ?us prev5t ! wat]-flood ( "o bas9 fl[+ into ! neighb\r+ ones4 ,! contemporane\s occurr5ce ( ^! diff]5t floods f ! ,alp9e valleys1 c alone1 on ?is hypo!sis1 expla9 :y ?is aque\s flood 0 s g5]ally & s highly accumulat$ 9 ! great valleys betwe5 ! ,alps & ! ,jura1 z to rea* ! height ( mo/ ( ! s&/one m\nta9s1 & to a great elevation 9 ! ,jura1 :]e _m blocks are f\nd deposit$4 ,b if ! contemporane\s occurr5ce ( ^! floods is prov$ by ! facts already enum]at$1 to :at cause are we to ref] ?is simultane\s bur/+ ( floods ( wat] f s _m ,alp9e valleys8 ,we obs]ve1 on ! nor?-we/]n side ( ! *a9 ( ! ,alps1 num]\s op5+s1 :i*1 by _! /ructure1 seem to po9t out ! action ( viol5t floods4 ,let u suppose ! num]\s valleys1 9 ! di/ricts already describ$1 clos$ at _! pres5t entrances1 or op5+s1 z w\ld seem f _! /ructure to h be5 =m]ly ! case2 ! consequ5ce ( ?is arrangem5t w\ld be ! fill+ ( ! ,alp9e valleys ) wat]1 to ! height ( ! l[e/ passes among ! m\nta9s1 & ?us an enorm\s accumulation ( wat] w\ld take place4 ,?is great body ( wat]1 if let loose at once1 by ! bur/+ ( ! l[] extremities ( ! valleys1 w\ld =m a flood :i* w\ld sweep across ! s&/one m\nta9s1 betwe5 ! ,alps & ! ,jura range1 & ev5 asc5d high on ! ,jura itself4 ,?is flood ( wat]1 mov+1 probably1 at ! rate ( #bjj feet 9 a second1 & load$ ) debris ( rocks1 w\ld c>ry masses1 ev5 ^! hav+ a magnitude ( #ej1jjj cubical feet1 "s ?\s& feet high1 on ! ,jura range#cgh4 ,geologi/s ma9ta91 t ! blocks or b\ld]s met ) 9 o!r c\ntries1 & arrang$ z ^? 9 ,switz]l&1 h be5 deposit$ :]e we n[ f9d !m1 by ! bur/+ ( lakes2 :ile ^? f\nd on ! %ores ( ! ,baltic1 are conjectur$ to h be5 transport$ by a great ru% ( wat] caus$ by ! sudd5 elevation ( ! l& ( ,sc&9avia4 ,ano!r op9ion has its advocates1 :i* ma9ta9s t ^! b\ld]s h be5 spread ov] diff]5t c\ntries by ! wat]s ( ! deluge4 ,,note ,f1 p4 #bf4 ,,on ,,! ,,alluvial ,,l& ,,( ,,! ,,dani% ,,isl&s ,,9 ,,! ,,baltic1 ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,coa/ ,,( ,,sleswigh4 ,9 ?is section1 ,cuvi] gives a cle> & di/9ct acc\nt ( sev]al k9ds ( alluvial =mations4 ,m4 ,de ,luc1 9 ! fir/ volume ( 8 ,geological ,travels1 describes ! alluvial =mations t cov] & b\nd _m ( ! isl&s 9 ! ,baltic1 & ^u ! coa/ ( ,d5m>k1 & gives s int]e/+ an acc\nt ( ! modes foll[$ by ! inhabitants1 9 pres]v+ ^! alluvial deposites1 t we feel pleasure 9 communicat+ x to our read]s4 8,dur+ my /ay at ,husum1 ,i _h ! advantage ( pass+ my ev5+s v agreeably & pr(itably at ! h\se ( ,m4 ,h>tz1 ) 8 own family1 & two ,dani% (fic]s1 ,major ,behmann1 comm&ant at ,husum1 & ,capta9 ,b>on de ,b>ack[4 ,! conv]sation (t5 turn$ on ! objects ( my excursions1 & p>ticul>ly on ! natural hi/ory ( ! coa/s & ( ! isl&s2 respect+ :i*1 ,m4 ,h>tz oblig+ly und]took to give me extracts f ! *ronicles ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is l$ u to speak ( ! ,dani% isl&s2 & ^? (fic]s giv+ me su* descriptions ( !m1 z 7 v int]e/+ to my object1 ,i begg$ _! p]mission to write d[n1 9 _! pres5ce1 ! pr9cipal circum/ances :i* !y communicat$ to me4 ,^! w =m ! fir/ addition to my own obs]vations2 ,i %all aft]w>ds proce$ to ! in=mation :i* ,i obta9$ f ,m4 ,h>tz4 ,! two pr9cipal isl&s ( ! ,dani% ,ar*ipelago1 ^? ( ,fun5 & ,seel& 7or ,zeel&71 z well z "s small isl&s 9 ! ,kattegate1 namely1 ,l5oe1 ,anholt1 & ,samsoe1 are hilly1 & pr9cipally compos$ ( gee/#cgi2 & 9 ^! are f\nd gravel & blocks ( granite1 & ( o!r /ones ( t class1 exactly 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! c\ntry :i* ,i h lately describ$1 & its isl&s 9 ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,on ! bord]s ( ! two fir/ ( ^! ,dani% isl&s1 !re are also blocks 9 ! sea2 b only 9 front ( abrupt coa/s1 z is ! case ) ! isl&s ( ,poel & ,rug51 & along ! coa/s ( ! ,baltic4 ,! l&s add$ to ^! isl&s ( gee/ are 9 mo/ "p compos$ ( ! s& ( ! sea1 ! l&-wat]s !re be+ v inconsid]able2 & to ! s\? ( !m h be5 =m$ sev]al isl&s ( ! same nature1 ! *ief ( :i* are ,lal& & ,fal/]1 ne> ,seel&4 ,^!1 l ! m>% isl&s 9 ! ,nor? ,sea1 are s&-banks accumulat$ by ! waves1 &1 :5 cov]$ ) grass1 cont9u+ to be f>!r rais$ by ! s$im5ts deposit$ betwe5 its blades4 ,9 ! ,baltic1 :]e !re are no s5sible tides1 su* isl&s may be inhabit$ )\t dikes1 z well z ! ext5sions ( ! coa/s2 because1 be+ rais$ to ! highe/ level ( t sea1 :ile _! declivity "u wat] is v small1 & be+ also m firm 9 _! composition1 ! waves die away on _! %ores2 & if1 9 any extraord9>y case1 ! sea rises ov] !m1 x leaves on !m fre% deposits1 :i* increase _! heights4 ,^! soils are all p]fectly horizontal1 l ^? add$ to ! coa/s ( ! ,cont95t4 ,"s ( ^! isl&s approa* entirely1 or 9 "p1 to ! nature ( t ( ,rug54 ,?is isl& ( ,seel&1 on t side :i* is call$ ,h$d+1 has a promontory compos$ ( /rata ( *alk ) its fl9ts4 ,! isl& ( ,mo5 7or ,mona71 on ! s\? ( ! latt]1 has a simil> promontory ne> ,maglebye & ,m&em>k2 & ! isl& ( ,bornholm1 ! ea/]nmo/ ( ^? belong+ to ,d5m>k1 conta9s /rata ( coal1 cov]$ by o!rs ( s&/one4 ,ph5om5a l ^!1 evid5t symptoms ( ! mo/ viol5t cata/rophes at ! bottom ( ! anci5t sea1 proce$+1 z ,i ?9k ,i h cle>ly %ewn1 f ! subsid5ce & angul> motions ( l>ge masses ( /rata1 :i* mu/ h =c$ out ! int]ior fluids ) ! utmo/ impetuosity1 x is n surpris+ t s _m fragm5ts ( ! l[]mo/ /rata are f\nd disp]s$ ov] ?is great !atre ( ru9s4 ,i n[ proce$ to ! details :i* ,i receiv$ f ,m4 ,h>tz2 beg9n+ by a specific designation ( ! isl&s dep5d5t on ! prov9ce ( ,sleswigh1 su* z !y are at pres5t1 belong+ to ! ?ree classes already def9$4 ,to comm5ce f ! nor?2 ,fanoe1 ,rom1 ,sylt1 & ,amrom1 7 orig9ally isl&s ( ! same nature z ! neighb\r+ cont95t1 b h be5 s9ce ext5d$ by m>s*es#chj4 ,! soil ( ^! isl&s1 ) its gravel & blocks ( primordial /ones1 0 at fir/ b>r51 z ! gee/ is naturally e :]e2 b is become f]tile by manure1 ( :i* !re has be5 no defici5cy1 s9ce ^? gr\nds h be5 surr\nd$ ) m>s*1 :]e ! cattle are kept 9 /ables dur+ ! w9t]4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,sylt1 !re are spaces consi/+ ( moor1 b its head ( l&1 :i* ext5ds on ! s\? z f> z ,mornum1 is compos$ entirely ( m>s*1 & is bord]$ ) dunes t[>ds ! op5 sea1 because1 ! s$im5ts ( ! riv]s n rea*+ any f>!r1 ! sea-s& impell$ aga9/ x by ! waves rema9s pure1 & is ?us rais$ by ! w9ds 9 hillocks on ! %ore4 ,! %all[ bottom ( ! sea1 betwe5 ?is isl& & t ( ,=a1 is ( gee/3 at l[ wat]1 x may be pass$ ov] on foot2 & !re are f\nd on x gravel & blocks ( granite4 ,b on ! same side ( ,=a !re is a great ext5t ( m>s*1 beg9n+ f ,/ ,laur5cius4 ,among ! isl&s consi/+ entirely ( m>s* & surr\nd$ ) dikes1 ! mo/ consid]able are ,pellworm & ,nord ,/r&2 & among ! ,halligs1 or ^? inhabit$ )\t dikes1 ! *ief are ,olant1 ,nord-m>%1 ,langne1 ,groode1 & ,hooge4 ,su* are ! isl&s on ?is coa/1 9 _! pres5t /ate1 n[ r5d]$ p]man5t by ! degree ( p]fection at :i* ! art ( dike-mak+ is arriv$4 ,b1 9 =m] times1 ?\gh ! orig9al l& 0 nev] attack$ by ! sea1 :i*1 by add+ to x new l&s1 soon =m$ a b>ri] aga9/ its own encroa*m5ts1 ! latt]1 & ! isl&s compos$ ( ! same mat]ials1 7 subject to great & sudd5 *anges1 v fatal to ^? :o 7 engag$ to settle on !m by ! ri*ness ( _! soil1 comp>atively ) ! cont95tal4 ,! inhabitants1 :o cont9u$ to multiply on !m dur+ sev]al g5]ations1 7 taught1 inde$1 by exp]i5ce1 t !y might at la/ be invad$ by ! elem5t :i* 0 incessantly ?reat5+ !m2 b hav+ z yet no k ( natural causes1 !y bl9dly consid]$ ^? t endang]$ !m z sup]natural1 & = a long "t us$ no precautions = _! own security4 ,!y 7 ignorant ( ! dreadful effects ( a c]ta9 association ( circum/ances1 r>e inde$1 b1 :5 occurr+1 absolutely de/ructive ( ^! m>s*es4 ,?is association consi/s ( an extraord9>y elevation ( ! level ( ! ,nor? ,sea1 f ! long cont9uance ( c]ta9 w9ds 9 ! ,atlantic1 ) a viol5t /orm occurr+ dur+ ! tides ( ! new or full moon2 = !n ! sea rises above ! level ( all ! m>s*es2 & be=e !y 7 secur$ aga9/ su* attacks1 ! waves roll+ ov] !m1 & te>+ away ! grass :i* _h b\nd _! surface1 !y 7 r$uc$ to ! /ate ( m]e banks ( s& & mud1 :5ce !y _h be5 drawn1 by ! long c\rse ( ord9>y causes4 ,su* 7 ! dreadful accid5ts to :i* ! fir/ settl]s on ^! l&s 7 expos$2 b no soon] 7 !y ov]1 ?an ord9>y causes began aga9 to act2 ! s&-banks rose2 _! surface 0 cov]$ ) grass2 ! coa/ 0 ?us ext5d$1 & new isl&s 7 =m$2 "t effac$ ! impression ( pa/ mis=tunes2 & ^? among ! inhabitants ( ^! dang]\s soils1 :o _h be5 able to save !mselves on ! coa/1 v5tur$ to return to settle on !m aga91 & _h "t to multiply1 be=e ! recurr5ce ( ! same cata/rophes4 ,?is has be5 ! g5]al c\rse ( ev5ts on all ! coa/s ( ! ,nor? ,sea1 & p>ticul>ly on ^? ( ! c\ntries ( ,sleswigh & ,hol/e94 ,x is ?us t ! orig9 & progress ( ! art ( dikes w supply u ) a v int]e/+ *ronomet] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! cont95t & ( man1 p>ticul>ly exemplifi$ 9 ?is "p ( ! globe4 ,a ,lu!ran cl]gyman1 settl$ 9 ! isl& ( ,nord ,/r&1 hav+ collect$ all ! p>ticul>s ( ?is hi/ory :i* ! docum5ts ( ! c\ntry c\ld af=d1 publi%$ x 9 #affh1 9 a ,g]man "w1 entitl$ ,! ,nor? ,frisian ,*ronicle4 ,x 0 *iefly f ?is "w1 & f ! ,*ronicle ( ,dankw]?1 t ,m4 ,h>tz extract$ ! in=mation :i* he gave to me1 accompani$ by two maps1 copi$ = me1 by "o ( 8 sons1 f ^? ( ,johannes ,may]us1 a ma!matician2 !y be> ! title ( ,frisia ,cimbrica2 "o ( !m respect+ ! /ate ( ! isl&s & ( ! coa/1 9 #abdj1 z x may be trac$ 9 ! *ronicles1 & ! o!r1 z x 0 9 #afea4 ,accord+ to ^! docum5ts1 ! fir/ inhabitants ( ! m>s*es 7 ,frisii or ,frisians1 designat$ also "u ! names ( ,cimbri & ,sicambri3 ! latt] "n1 ,m4 ,h>tz conjectures1 might come f ! anci5t ,g]man words ,seekampf]s1 i4 e4 ,sea-w>riors2 ! ,frisians be+ v w>like4 ,^! p appe> to h _h ! same orig9 ) ^?1 :o1 at a r e>li] p]iod1 took possession ( ! m>s*es ( ,o/-,frise 7,ea/-,friesl&71 & ( t ,friesl& :i* =ms "o ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces2 b ?is common orig9 is v obscure4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day1 ! inhabitants ( ! m>s*es1 f ne> ,husum to ,tond]n1 or ,tund] to ! ,nor?1 ?\gh !mselves unacqua9t$ ) x1 speak a language :i* ! o!r inhabitants ( ! c\ntry d n und]/&1 & :i* is suppos$ to be ,frisian4 ,x is ! same at a village 9 ! p59sula ( ,brem51 by :i* ,i h _h occasion to pass4 ,! ,sicambri or ,nor? ,frisians1 are trac$ back to "s c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( t era1 !y 7 attack$ by ,fro?o1 ,k+ ( ,d5m>k1 & lo/ a battle1 "u _! k+ ,vi*o1 ne> ! riv] ,hev]4 ,f\r c5turies aft]w>ds !y jo9$ ! troops ( ,h5gi/ & ,horsa4 ,9 ! ye> #fib1 _! k+ ,radebot resid$ 9 ! isl& ( ,heiligel&4 ,*>les ,m>tel subdu$ !m 9 #gcb2 & "s "t aft]w>ds !y jo9$ ,*>lemagne aga9/ ,gottric1 ,k+ ( ,d5m>k4 ,^! are "s ( ! circum/ances ( ! hi/ory ( ?is ,frisian colony1 record$ 9 ! *ronicles ( :i* ,i h spok52 b ! hi/ory "h int]e/+ to u is t ( ! l&s :]eon !y settl$4 ,x appe>s t ^! p did n arrive "h 9 "o body1 b successively1 9 ! c\rse ( _m ye>s3 !y spread !mselves ov] v>i\s p>ts ( ! coa/s ( ! ,nor? ,sea1 & ev5 a consid]able way up ! bord]s ( ! ,wes] & ! ,elbe2 accord+ to docum5ts :i* ,i h m5tion$ 9 my ,lettres sur l',hi/oire de la ,t]re et de l',homme4 ,^! new settl]s f\nd l>ge m>s*es1 =m$1 z well 9 ! wide m\?s ( ^? riv]s z along ! coa/s1 & ar\nd ! orig9al isl&s ( gee/2 especially t ( ,heiligel&1 ! mo/ di/ant f ! coa/1 & opposite ! m\? ( ! ,eyd]4 ,( ?is isl&1 :i* is /eep t[>ds ! s\?1 ! orig9al mass consi/s ( /rata ( s&/one2 & at t "t its m>s* ext5d$ almo/ to ,eyd]/$e3 !re 7 m>s*es likewise ar\nd all ! o!r orig9al isl&s2 besides v l>ge isl&s ( pure m>s* 9 ! int]vals ( ! =m]4 ,all ^! l&s 7 des]t at ! arrival ( ! ,frisians2 & ! p>ts on :i* !y e/abli%$ _! fir/ habitations1 to take c>e ( _! bre$s ( horses & cattle fe$+ on ! m>s*es1 7 ! orig9al em95ces ( ! isl&s2 on t ( ,heiligel& !y built a temple to _! great goddess ,phoseta1 or ,fo/a4 ,:5 !y became too num]\s to conf9e !mselves to ! heights1 _! h]ds be+ also greatly multipli$1 !y v5tur$ to beg9 inhabit+ ! m>s*es2 b aft]w>ds1 "s great inundations hav+ %ewn !m ! dang]s ( t situation1 !y adopt$ ! practice foll[$ by ^? :o _h settl$ on ! m>s*es ( ! prov9ce ( ,gron+51 & /ill cont9u$ on ! ,halligs2 t ( rais+ artificial m\nts call$ w]fs1 on :i* !y built _! h\ses1 & :i!r !y c\ld1 ^u occasion1 )draw _! h]ds2 & x likewise appe>s1 t1 9 ! w9t]1 !y assembl$ 9 great] numb]s on ! spots orig9ally ! highe/1 9 ! isl&s1 z well z on "s p>ts ( ! coa/s4 ,?+s cont9u$ 9 ?is /ate = sev]al c5turies2 dur+ :i* p]iod1 x is probable t ! inhabitants ( ^! l&s 7 (t51 by v>i\s cata/rophes1 di/urb$ 9 ! enjoym5t ( !m1 ?\gh n disc\rag$4 ,b 9 #eaf1 by :i* "t ^! p 7 become v num]\s1 m ?an #fjj ( !m p]i%$ by "o ( ! concurr5ces ( fatal circum/ances already def9$4 ,x 0 !n t !y und]took ! a/oni%+ ent]prise ( enclos+ ^! l&s4 ,!y dug dit*es ar\nd all ! m>s*es1 heap+ up on _! ext]ior edge ! e>? :i* 0 tak5 out2 & ?us !y oppos$ to ! sea1 dikes ( eight feet 9 height4 ,aft] ?is1 compreh5d+ t no?+ c\ld contribute m to ! safety ( _! dwell+s1 ?an to remove ! sea to a great] di/ance1 !y und]took1 ) t view1 to exclude x f ! int]vals betwe5 ! isl&s1 by unit+1 z f> z %\ld be possible1 ^? isl&s ) ea* o!r4 ,i w describe ! process by :i* !y effect$ ?is1 aft] ,i %all h recall$ to att5tion "s circum/ances lead+ to x4 ,f all t ,i h already said ( ! =e-l&s1 & ( ! mann] 9 :i* !y are increas$1 x may be und]/ood1 t ! common effects ( ! waves & ( ! tides is to br+ mat]ials f ! bottom ( ! sea t[>ds ! coa/s2 & t ! process cont9ues 9 e /ate ( ! sea4 ,! l& w9ds produce no waves on ! coa/s1 :i* c c>ry back to ! bottom ( ! sea :at has be5 br\ght !nce by ! w9ds bl[+ aga9/ ! %ore2 & z = ! tides1 x may h be5 already compreh5d$ 7& %all soon be prov$71 t ! ebb c>ries back b v little ( :at has be5 br\ght by ! flood4 ,s t1 b = "s extraord9>y circum/ances1 ! mat]ials cont9ually impell$ t[>ds ! %ore1 :i* fir/ =m isl&s1 w\ld at la/ unite aga9/ ! coa/ 9 a cont9u\s soil4 ,! r>e ev5ts1 productive ( great cata/rophes1 d n c>ry back ^! mat]ials t[>ds ! bottom ( ! sea2 !y only1 z x has be5 said be=e1 ravage ! surface1 dim9i%+ ! heights1 & de/roy+ ! effect ( vegetation4 ,^!1 !n1 7 ! effects aga9/ :i* x 0 necess>y to gu>d4 ,i n[ come to ! plan ( unit+ ! isl&s1 =m$ by ^! e>ly inhabitants4 ,!y avail$ !mselves = t purpose ( all su* p>ts ( ! s&-banks z lay 9 ! int]vals betwe5 ! l>ge isl&s1 & 7 beg9n+ to produce grass4 ,^!1 :5 surr\nd$ ) dikes1 are :at are call$ ,hoogs2 & _! effects are to break ! waves1 ?us dim9i%+ _! action aga9/ ! dikes ( ! l>ge isl&s1 &1 at ! same "t1 to det]m9e ! accumulation ( ! mud 9 ! int]vals betwe5 ^? isl&s4 ,9 ?is mann] a l>ge m>s* isl&1 nam$ ,ev]s*op1 0 already1 9 #ihg1 unit$ to ,eyd]/$e by ! po9t on :i* ,popp5bull is situat$2 & 9 #iie1 ! union ( ! same m>s*es 0 effect$ by ano!r po9t1 namely1 t ( ,tet5bull4 ,la/ly1 9 ! ye> #ajjj1 ,eyd]/$e receiv$ a new increase by ! c\rse ( ! ,hev]1 prolong$ betwe5 ! s& banks1 be+ fix$ by a dike2 b ! :ole /ill rema9$ an isl&4 ,?is is an example ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! m>s* isl&s 7 unit$ by ! hoogs2 & ! *ronicle ( ! c\ntry says1 t1 by ^! lab\rs1 ! isl&s 7 s consid]ably enl>g$ 9 size1 & ! int]vals betwe5 !m s mu* rais$1 t1 at l[ wat]1 x 0 possible to pass on foot f "o to ! o!r4 ,! ext5t ( ^! m>s*es 0 s great on ! coa/ ( ,sleswigh alone1 t !y 7 divid$ into ?ree prov9ces1 two ( :i* compreh5d$ ! isl&s1 & ! ?ird compris$ ! m>s*es contigu\s to ! coa/2 & ! same works 7 c>ri$ on ^u ! m>s*es ( ! coa/ ( ,hol/e94 ,b ! gr\nds ?us ga9$ f ! s&-banks 7 v insecure2 ^! p1 ?\gh !y _h inhabit$ !m m ?an t5 c5turies1 _h n yet und]/ood ! possibility ( t comb9ation ( fatal circum/ances above describ$1 aga9/ :i* _! dikes =m$ b a v feeble ramp>t2 ! ,nor? ,sea1 by ! extraord9>y elevations ( its level1 be+ mu* m =midable 9 ?is respect ?an ! ocean1 :]e ! *anges ( absolute level are mu* less consid]able4 ,i %all give an abridg$ acc\nt ( ! p>ticul>s extract$ by ,m4 ,h>tz f ! *ronicle ( ,dankw]?1 relative to ! great cata/rophes :i* ^! m>s*es successively und]w5t1 previ\sly to ! "t :5 exp]i5ce l$ to ! means necess>y = _! security4 ,9 #ajge1 ! isl& ( ,nord ,/r&1 !n contigu\s to ! coa/1 p>ticul>ly exp]i5c$ ! effect ( t unusual comb9ation ( de/ructive causes2 ! sea pass+ ov] its dike1 & =m+ )9 x l>ge excavations l lakes4 ,9 #aaad & #aaeh1 consid]able p>ts ( ,eyd]/$e 7 c>ri$ away2 & 9 #abjd1 ! "p call$ ,sudhev] 9 ! m>s* ( ,u?holm 0 de/roy$4 ,all ^! cata/rophes 7 fatal to _m ( ! m>s* settl]s2 b 9 #abaf1 ! sea hav+ ris5 s high t its waves pass$ ov] ,nord ,/r&1 ,eyd]/$e1 & ,ditm>s*1 ne> #aj1jjj ( _! inhabitants p]i%$4 ,aga91 9 #acjj1 sev5 p>i%es 9 ,nord ,/r& & ,pellworm 7 de/roy$2 & 9 #acch1 ,ditm>s* exp]i5c$ a new cata/rophe1 :i* swept away a great "p ( x on ! side next ,eyd]/$e3 ! dike ( ! c\rse ( ! ,eyd] betwe5 ! s&-banks 0 demoli%$1 & ! tides h ev] s9ce pres]v$ _! c\rse ?r\gh\t t wide space4 ,la/ly1 9 ! ye> #acfb1 ! isles ( ,=a & ,sylt1 !n =m+ b "o1 7 divid$1 & ,nord ,/r&1 !n a m>s* unit$ to ! coa/1 0 sep>at$ f x4 ,dur+ a long "t1 ! inhabitants :o surviv$ ^! cata/rophes1 & _! successors1 7 s mu* disc\rag$1 t !y attempt$ no?+ m ?an to surr\nd ) dikes l ! =m] su* spaces ( _! mead[-l& z appe>$ ! lea/ expos$ to ^! ravages1 leav+ ! re/ to its fate4 ,b ! common c\rse ( causes cont9ually t5d+ to ext5d & to raise ! grassy p>ts ( ! s&-banks1 & no extraord9>y comb9ation ( circum/ances hav+ int]rupt$ ^! natural op]ations1 lat] g5]ations1 f>!r advanc$ 9 ! arts1 und]took to secure to !mselves ! possession ( ^? new gr\nds4 ,9 #aebe1 !y turn$ _! att5tion to ! ind5tations made1 dur+ ! prec$+ cata/rophes1 9 ! bord]s ( ! m>s*es2 ! waves1 conf9$ 9 ^! n>r[ spaces1 sometimes ?reat5+ to cut _! way into ! int]ior "p4 ,9 ! front ( all ! creeks ( ?is k9d !y plant$ /akes1 :i* !y int]lac$ ) osi]s1 leav+ a c]ta9 space betwe5 ! l9es4 ,! waves1 ?us brok51 c\ld no long] d injury to ! m>s*2 & _! s$im5ts be+ deposit$ on bo? sides ( ?is op5 f5ce1 v solid =e-l&s 7 !re =m$4 ,9 #aeej1 !y rais$ ! dikes consid]ably high]1 employ+ :eelb>r[s1 ! use ( :i* 0 only !n introduc$4 ,= ?is purpose1 !y mu* enl>g$ & deep5$ ! int]ior canals1 9 ord] to obta9 m e>?1 n m]ely to add to ! height ( ! dikes1 b to ext5d _! base on ! out] side4 ,at la/ !y began to cov] ^! dikes ) /raw-ropes2 b ?is great pres]vative ( dikes 0 at fir/ ill manag$2 & ! use ( x 0 s sl[ly spread1 t x 0 n adopt$ 9 ,nor? ,/r& & 9 ,eyd]/$e1 till ab\t ! ye>s #afaj & #afab4 ,be=e t "t1 h[ev]1 ! safety ( ! ext5sive soil ( ! latt] m>s* _h be5 provid$ = 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,i h said above1 t1 :5 ! isles ( ,ev]s*op & ,u?olm _h be5 unit$ to x1 ! :ole toge!r /ill =m$ b "o l>ge isl&2 n[1 9 ?is /ate1 x 0 9 z great dang] on ! side t[>ds ! cont95t1 z on t op5 to ! sea2 because two small riv]s1 ! ,tr5e & ! ,nord ,eyd]1 dis*>g+ !mselves into ! int]val betwe5 x & ! l&1 & by pres]v+ _! c\rse to ! sea1 ?is int]val 0 ?us kept op5 to tempe/1 sometimes f ! side ( ! ,hev]1 sometimes f t ( ! ,eyd]2 & ! waves1 beat+ aga9/ ! gee/1 7 !nce repell$ ^u ! m>s*4 ,! inhabitants1 see+ t ! exp5ce ( rem$y+ ^! evils w\ld be great] ?an !y c\ld af=d1 :ile at ! same "t x 0 indisp5sable to _! safety1 address$ !mselves to _! bi%op & to _! prefect1 ( :om !y reque/$ pecuni>y assi/ance2 & hav+ obta9$ x !y fir/ und]took ! great ent]prise ( c>ry+ ! ,tr5e & ! ,nord ,eyd] high] up into ! ,eyd]2 keep+ _! wat]s1 h[ev]1 /ill sep>ate = a c]ta9 space1 by a dam ) a sluice1 9 ord] to =m !re a res]voir ( fre% wat]2 ! tides asc5d+ up ! ,eyd] above ,fr$]ick/adt4 ,!y 7 ?us enabl$ to c>ry on ! extremities ( ! dike on bo? sides to jo9 ! gee/2 & ! int]val betwe5 ! latt] & ! m>s* 0 !n soon fill$ up1 !re be+ only left at _! junction ! canal above describ$ :i* receives ! wat] ( ! gee/1 &1 at l[ wat]1 dis*>ges !m f bo? its extremities by sluices4 ,at ! same "t1 ! isl&s ( ,pellworm & ,nord ,/r& 7 unit$ ) ea* o!r by means ( eight hoogs2 & ! s&y m>s*es ( :i* ,i h spok51 contigu\s to ! gee/1 on ! nor? ( t ( ,husum1 7 inclos$ ) dikes4 ,aft] ! dikes _h be5 ?us elevat$1 & _! surface r5d]$ firm by ! /raw ropes1 ?\gh ! latt] 7 n yet prop]ly fix$1 ! inhabitants ( ! m>s*es = "s "t enjoy$ repose2 b on ! #aa? ,octob] #afcd1 ! sea1 ris+ to an excessive height1 c>ri$ away1 dur+ a great tempe/1 ! hoogs :i* _h produc$ ! junction betwe5 ,pellworm & ,nord ,/r&1 ^! hav+ ev] s9ce cont9u$ di/9ct isl&s2 x also viol5tly attack$ ,ditm>s*2 & its ravages ext5d$ ov] ! :ole coa/1 z f> z ! v ext5sive new l&s ( ,jutl&4 ,pr9ces !n came =w>d zeal\sly to ! relief ( _! subjects4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ,fr$]ick ,,iii41 ,duke ( ,sleswigh1 see+ t ! inhabitants ( ,nord ,/r& 7 defici5t bo? 9 ! tal5ts & 9 ! means necess>y = ! rep>ation & future security ( t l>ge isl&1 & kn[+ t ! art ( dikes _h made great] progress 9 ,holl&1 because ( ! opul5ce ( ! c\ntry1 address$ himself to ! ,/ates-,g5]al1 reque/+ !m to s5d him an eng9e] ( dikes1 ) workm5 accu/om$ to repair !m2 & ?is 0 grant$4 ,! dikes ( ,nord ,/r& 7 !n repair$ 9 ! mo/ solid mann]2 & ! ,dut* eng9e]1 see+ ! f]tility ( its soil1 advis$ 8 sons ^u 8 dea?-b$1 to pur*ase l&s & settle !re1 if ! ,duke w\ld grant !m ! free ex]cise ( _! religion2 !y be+ ,jans5i/ ca?olics1 & ! inhabitants ( ! isl& ,lu!rans4 ,! ,duke agre$ to ?is1 on condition t !y & _! po/]ity %\ld cont9ue to sup]9t5d ! works c>ri$ on ^u ! dikes2 to :i* !y engag$ !mselves4 ,f t "t ! art ( dikes1 & p>ticul>ly t "p ( x :i* consi/s 9 cov]+ !m solidly ) /raw1 has become common to all ! m>s*es2 & ! ,dut* families1 :i* h contribut$ to ?is =tunate *ange1 cont9ue to inhabit ! same isl&1 & to enjoy ! free ex]cise ( _! religion40 ,,note ,g1 p4 #bh4 ,,on ,,! ,,s&-,,flood4 ,9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,scotl&1 z 9 ,ab]de5%ire1 ,hebrides1 & ,%etl& ,isl&s1 !re are examples ( ! natural *ronomet] m5tion$ 9 ! text4 ,9 ,moray%ire !re is a /rik+ example ( ! s&-flood1 conc]n+ :i* ! foll[+ details h be5 furni%$ by my "y fri5d ! ,rev4 ,mr ,rit*ie4 ,s&-,flood 9 ,moray%ire4 8,we/w>d f ! m\? ( ! riv] ,f9dhorn 9 ,moray%ire1 a di/rict1 consi/+ ( upw>ds ( t5 squ>e miles ( l&1 :i*1 ow+ to its extreme f]tility1 0 once t]m$ ! ,gran>y ( ,moray1 has be5 depopulat$ & r5d]$ utt]ly unproductive by ! s&-flood4 ,?is b>r5 wa/e may be *>act]is$ z hilly2 ! accumulations ( s& compos+ ^! hills frequ5tly v>y+ 9 _! height1 & *ang+ _! situation4 ,!re is hi/orical evid5ce1 t1 9 ! ye> #ajig1 ! ,moray ,fir? ov]fl[$ ! l[ c\ntry on its s\!rn %ore1 & ?rew out s&4 ,b ! de/ruction ( ! b>ony ( ,c\b9e 7:i* includes ! great] "p ( ! des]t m5tion$ above7 0 long subsequ5t to ?is1 z might be prov$ f ! inscription on a tomb/one 9 ! *ur* y>d ( ,dyke4 ,f hi/orical notices1 also1 9 reg>d to ! ,k9nairds ( ,c\b9e1 prep>+ = publication1 x appe>s t ! eruption ( s& comm5c$ ab\t ! ye> #afgg2 t its progress 0 gradual2 t1 9 #afig1 n a ve/ige 0 to be se5 ( ! manor-place1 or*>ds1 & (fices ( ,c\b9e2 t two-?irds ( ! b>ony 7 already ru9$1 & t ! s& 0 daily ga9+ gr\nd4 ,?is s&1 :i* ov]:elm$ ,c\b9e1 came f ,mavie/on1 situat$ on ! %ore1 ab\t sev5 miles we/ f ! m\? ( ! ,f9dhorn1 :]e1 f "t immemorial1 !re h be5 l>ge accumulations ( s&4 ,! s&s at ,mavie/on _h =m]ly be5 cov]$ ) vegetation4 ,9 an act ( ! ,scotti% ,p>liam5t1 dat$ #af? ,july #afie1 = ! pres]vation ( l&s adjac5t to s&-hills1 x is /at$1 t ! de/ruction ( ,c\b9e 80 occasion$ by ! bad practice ( pull+ b5t & junip]40 ,hav+ be5 ?us set at lib]ty1 ! s& mov$ t[>ds ! nor?-ea/1 z appe>s f ! desolation :i* m>ks its progress4 ,! mov+ cause is ! w9d4 ,i h _h opportunities ( witness+ ! effect ( ! w9d on ! loose s&4 ,:5 ! breeze is mod]ate x c>ries along ) x successive waves ( s&1 ea* wave 7if ,i may be all[$ ! expression7 be+ ( a small size1 & mov+ ) great] or less velocity1 9 proportion to ! /r5g? ( ! breeze1 & pres5t+ a v beautiful appe>ance4 ,:5 ! w9d is high ! heavi] p>ticles are drift$ =w>ds1 ! m m9ute are rais$ to a consid]able height 9 ! atmosph]e1 occasion+ no small inconv5i5ce to ! spectator1 :o f9ds 8 e>s & no/rils fill$ ) s&4 ,! movem5ts ( ! s& are /ill t[>ds ! nor?-ea/4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #ahaf a l>ge portion ( ,b9sness1 ! only rema9+ f>m on ! we/ side ( ! ,f9dhorn1 situat$ 9 ! l9e ( ! s&'s progress1 0 ov]:elm$4 ,s9ce t p]iod l>ge accumulations ( s& h disappe>$ altoge!r1 & ri* soil1 m>k$ ) ! pl\gh1 has be5 left b>e1 aft] hav+ be5 buri$ = upw>ds ( a c5tury4 ,! v m9ute p>ticles1 :i*1 z has be5 /at$1 ! w9d raises to a consid]able height1 are occasionally c>ri$ across ! ,bay ( ,f9dhorn4 ,9 ! /ati/ical acc\nt ( ,dyke1 ! p>i% 9 :i* ,c\b9e is situat$1 x is said1 8t1 at ! t[n ( ,f9d]n1 9 a bl[+ day1 "o may feel ! s& %>ply /rik+ on 8 face1 f ! we/ side40 ,?is s&1 ( extreme f95ess1 is to be se5 9 & ar\nd ! t[n ( ,f9dhorn1 & along ! coa/ mu* ri* l& is said to h be5 cov]$ by s& br\ght f ! we/4 ,! great] quantity ( ! s& is drift$ into ! riv]1 & its effects h be5 v rem>kable4 ,_m ye>s ago ! m\? ( ! riv] hav+ become block$ up ) s&1 x cut out = itself its pres5t *annel1 :i* conducts x1 by a m direct c\rse1 to ! sea4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 ! old t[n ( ,f9dhorn _h *ang$ its situation1 f ! ea/ to ! we/ side ( ! riv]1 & its site has s9ce be5 cov]$ by ! sea4 ,previ\s to ?is1 h[ev]1 ! inhabitants1 c>ry+ ) !m ! /ones ( _! =m] h\ses1 _h remov$ across ! riv]1 & erect$ ! pres5t village4 ,on ! retir+ ( ! tide f ! bay1 ! riv] almo/ disappe>s1 be+ swall[$ up by ! s&1 & quick-s&s are =m$4 ,! effect result+ f ! same cause1 ! drift+ 9 ( ! s& is v diff]5t at high wat]4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! *annel ( ! riv] hav+ be5 fill$ up1 ! bay has increas$ 9 bread?4 ,! s& con/antly c>ri$ d[n by ! riv] has =m$ a b>1 :i* prev5ts ! entrance ( l>ge vessels2 & ! riv]1 probably ow+ to its increas$ bread?1 & ?is b> depriv+ x ( ! impetus acquir$ 9 ! c\rse ( its desc5t1 is1 at spr+-tides1 unable to =ce its way into ! sea1 :5 x is made to fl[ back1 & inundate a consid]able ext5t ( c>se-l& situat$ at ! head ( ! bay4 ,x 0 at "o "t propos$ to r5d] ! riv] navigable by dr$g+4 ,& x is propos$ to endeav\r to save ! adjo9+ c>se-l&1 :i* is ( ! ri*e/ quality1 f ! mon?ly inundation to :i* x is at pres5t subject1 by build+ a wall along ! riv] side4 ,i v5ture to sugge/1 t ! plan ,nature employs = fett]+ d[n s& %\ld fir/ be imitat$1 & t se$s ( ! ,arundo ar5>ia1 ,elymus ar5>ius1 & o!r plants1 :i* gr[ readily 9 s&1 %\ld be1 f "t to "t1 /rew$ ov] ! ,mavie/on ,hills4 ,! se$s ( ! ,arundo ar5>ia are n always to be _h2 b plants might easily be procur$ 9 abundance1 & be dibbl$ into ! s&-hills4 ,! circum/ance ( great accumulations ( s& hav+ ( late disappe>$ f ,c\b9e1 has giv5 rise to ! expectation1 t ! b>ony is at no di/ant p]iod to become aga9 s]viceable to man4 ,by cutt+ (f fre% supplies f ,mavie/on1 ?is p]iod w\ld be accel]at$1 & ! propos$ improvem5ts r5d]$ comp>atively easy4 ,!re is at pres5t little b5t on ,c\b9e4 ,x is *iefly conf9$ to a range ( knolls1 :i* =ms ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ! s&1 & protects ! adjo9+ cultivat$ fields f its encroa*m5ts2 & yet1 not)/&+ ! t]rible calamity ! inhabitants ( ,moray br\ght ^u !mselves1 by ! pull+ ( b5t1 ?is 8bad practice0 /ill prevails2 ?is plant be+ 9 no o!r di/rict ( c\ntry :i* ,i h visit$ s g5]ally employ$ = ?at*+ cott>s' h\ses1 & o!r economical purposes40 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! ,out] ,hebrides ! effects ( ! s&-flood are also consid]able1 z %ewn 9 ! foll[+ notice communicat$ by my intellig5t assi/ant ,mr ,macgillivray4 ,s&-,flood 9 ! ,hebrides1 & o!r p>ts ( ,scotl&4 8,! bottom ( ! sea1 along ! :ole we/ coa/ ( ! ,out] ,hebrides1 f ,b>ray ,head to ! ,butt ( ! ,lewis1 appe>s to consi/ ( s&4 ,along ! %ores ( ^! isl&s ?is s& appe>s "h & !re1 9 pat*es ( sev]al miles1 sep>at$ by int]vals ( rock1 ( equal or great] ext5t4 ,9 "s places ! s&y %ores are flat1 or v g5tly slop+1 =m+ :at are "h call$ ,=ds2 9 o!rs1 beh9d ! bea*1 !re is an accumulation ( s& to ! height ( f tw5ty to sixty feet1 =m$ into hillocks4 ,?is s& is con/antly drift+2 & 9 sev]al places isl&s h be5 =m$ by ! removal ( i/hmi4 ,! p>ts imm$iately beh9d ! bea* are also liable to be inundat$ by ! s&2 & 9 ?is mann] mo/ ( ! isl&s h suff]$ v consid]able damage4 ,^? ( ,pabbay & ,b]n]ay 9 ,h>ris may be p>ticul>is$2 9 ! =m] ( :i*1 a tract ( ab\t a mile & a-half long1 by half a mile 9 bread?1 has be5 conv]t$ into a des]t ( drift+ s&2 & 9 ! latt] a l>ge pla91 t 0 =m]ly not$ = its f]tility1 has be5 entirely swept away4 ,! s& consi/s almo/ entirely ( comm9ut$ %ells1 app>5tly ( ! species :i* are f\nd 9 ! neighb\r+ seas4 ,x is r co>se 9 ! gra92 b1 dur+ high w9ds1 by ! rubb+ ( its p>ticles ^u ea* o!r1 a sort ( du/ is =m$1 :i*1 at a di/ance1 resembles smoke1 & :i*1 9 ! ,isl& ( ,b]n]ay1 ,i h se5 driv5 into ! sea1 to ! di/ance ( upw>ds ( two miles1 appe>+ l a ?9 :ite fog4 ,! cure ( s& drift has be5 attempt$ 9 ^! isl&s 9 two diff]5t ways4 ,mr ,alex&] ,macleod1 surgeon ( ,nor? ,ui/1 is ! inv5tor ( ! mo/ efficaci\s me?od1 :i* is t ( cutt+ ?9 squ>e turfs f ! neighb\r+ pa/ure gr\nds1 & lay+ !m d[n at int]vals ( "s in*es4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a v few ye>s ! turfs coalesce1 & ! /ript gr\nd is little ! worse2 = ! roots rema9+ 9 x1 a new vegetation rapidly spr+s up4 ,! o!r me?od 0 introduc$ by ,mr ,macleod ( ,h>ris1 & tri$ ext5sively ^u 8 e/ate4 ,x consi/s ( plant+ small bundles ( ,arundo ar5>ia1 at di/ances ( ab\t a foot & a-half4 ,^! take root1 & prev5t ! drift+ to a c]ta9 degree4 ,b (t5 vegetation is t>dy 9 e/abli%+ itself1 & if ! turf plan be n consid]ably m exp5sive1 x seems pref]able1 because x v effectually prev5ts ! drift1 & moreov]1 produces excell5t pa/ure gr\nd2 ! =m] ( :i* indications1 ! plant+ sy/em1 does n completely effect1 & ! latt] 9 a v imp]fect degree40 ,we may add1 z ?is subject is a v int]e/+ "o1 t fur!r details1 9 reg>d to ! mov+ s&s ( ,scotl&1 w be f\nd1 on consult+ ! ,/ati/ical ,acc\nt ( ,scotl&1 vol4 xx4 p4 #bbj4 ,9 ! ,app5dix to ! ,acc\nt ( ! p>i% ( ,dyke1 vol4 xx4 p4 #bbh4 et seq4 !re is an acc\nt ( ! ,s&-,hills ( ,mavie/on1 :i* ov]:elm$ ! b>ony ( ,c\b9e1 z m5tion$ 9 ,mr ,rit*ie's communication4 ,9 vol4 xix4 p4 #fbb4 is a notice ( ! %ift+ ( two hills ( ! ,mavie/on ,range #ejj y>ds 9 tw5ty ye>s4 ,9 vol4 xxi4 p4 #bjg4 is a notice ( "s hundr$ acres 9 ,duffus' p>i% cov]$ ?ree feet deep by drift s&2 f\rte5 in*es accumulat+ 9 "o night4 ,9 ,neill's ,t\r 9 ,orkney & ,%etl& #ahjd1 x is obs]v$1 t1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,ca/le ( ,noltl&1 9 ,we/ra1 mu* havoc has be5 done by ! bl[+ ( ! s&4 ,no measures are !re employ$ = putt+ a /op to ?is k9d ( deva/ation4 ,9 ! #f? volume ( ! ,highl& ,society's ,transactions w be f\nd a report ( ! op]ations c>ri$ on 9 ,h>ris1 & allud$ to 9 ,mr ,macgillivray's communication4 ,& 9 ,dr ,walk]'s ,acc\nt ( ! ,hebrides1 & ,mr ,macdonald's ,"w on ! ,hebrides1 f>!r details may be se54 ,9 ,jameson's ,acc\nt ( ! ,%etl& ,isl&s1 & 9 ,%irreff & ,flem+'s ,reports on ^! isl&s1 are also facts connect$ ) ?is deva/at+ ag5t4 ,we may add1 t ,dr ,oudney1 ,major ,d5ham1 & ,capta9 ,clapp]ton1 h add$ to our k ( ! bl[+ s&s ( ! ,african des]ts4 ,! col\r$ engrav+ ( ! s&-hills ( ! ,african ,des]t 9 ,d5ham1 ,oudney & ,clapp]ton's ,n>rative1 is a /rik+ & int]e/+ repres5tation ( ! =m ( ! mov+ s&-hills ( ,africa4 ,! mov+ ,s&s ( ,africa & _! effects are ?us describ$ 9 ! ,m]cure de ,france = ,septemb] #ahji1 by ,de ,luc4 ,! s&s ( ! ,lybian des]t1 he says1 driv5 by ! we/ w9ds1 h left no l&s capable ( tillage on any p>ts ( ! we/]n banks ( ! ,nile n %elt]$ by m\nta9s4 ,! encroa*m5t ( ^! s&s on soils :i* 7 =m]ly inhabit$ & cultivat$ is evid5tly se54 ,m4 ,d5on in=ms u1 9 ! acc\nt ( 8 ,travels 9 ,l[] & ,upp] ,egypt1 t summits ( ! ru9s ( anci5t cities buri$ "u ^! s&s /ill appe> ext]nally2 & t1 b = a ridge ( m\nta9s call$ ! ,lybian *a91 :i* bord]s ! left bank ( ! ,nile1 & =ms1 9 ! p>ts :]e x rises1 a b>ri] aga9/ ! invasion ( ^! s&s1 ! %ores ( ! riv]1 on t side1 w\ld long s9ce h ceas$ to be habitable4 ,no?+ c be m melan*oly1 says ?is travell]1 ?an to walk ov] villages swall[$ up by ! s& ( ! des]t1 to trample "u foot _! ro(s1 to /rike aga9/ ! summits ( _! m9>ets1 to reflect t yond] 7 cultivat$ fields1 t !re grew trees1 t "h 7 ev5 ! dwell+s ( m51 & t all has vani%$4 ,if1 !n1 our cont95ts 7 z anci5t z has be5 pret5d$1 no traces ( ! habitation ( m5 w\ld appe> on any "p ( ! we/]n bank ( ! ,nile1 :i* is expos$ to ?is sc\rge ( ! s&s ( ! des]t4 ,! exi/5ce1 !re=e1 ( su* monum5ts atte/s ! successive progress ( ! encroa*m5ts ( ! s&2 & ^? p>ts ( ! bank1 =m]ly inhabit$1 w = ev] rema9 arid & wa/e4 ,?us ! great population ( ,egypt1 ann\nc$ by ! va/ & num]\s ru9s ( its cities1 0 9 great "p due to a cause ( f]tility :i* no long] exi/s1 & to :i* suffici5t att5tion has n be5 giv54 ,! s&s ( ! des]t 7 =m]ly remote f ,egypt2 ! ,oases1 or habitable spots1 /ill appe>+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! s&s1 be+ ! rema9s ( ! soils =m]ly ext5d+ ! :ole way to ! ,nile2 b ^! s&s1 transport$ hi!r by ! we/]n w9ds1 h ov]:elm$ & buri$ ?is ext5sive tract1 & doom$ to /]ility a l& :i* 0 once rem>kable = its fruitfulness4 ,x is !re=e n solely to h] revolutions & *anges ( sov]eigns t ,egypt owes ! loss ( h] anci5t spl5d\r2 x is also to h] hav+ be5 ?us irrecov]ably depriv$ ( a tract ( l&1 by :i*1 be=e ! s&s ( ! des]t _h cov]$ x1 & caus$ x to disappe>1 h] wants _h be5 abundantly suppli$4 ,n[1 if we fix our att5tion on ?is fact1 & reflect on ! consequ5ces :i* w\ld h att5d$ x if ?\s&s1 or only "s hundr$s1 ( c5turies _h elaps$ s9ce our cont95ts fir/ exi/$ above ! level ( ! sea1 does x n evid5tly appe> t all ! c\ntry on ! we/ ( ! ,nile w\ld h be5 buri$ "u ?is s& be=e ! erection ( ! cities ( anci5t ,egypt1 h[ remote soev] t p]iod may be suppos$2 & t 9 a c\ntry s long afflict$ ) /]ility1 no idea w\ld ev5 h be5 =m$ ( con/ruct+ su* va/ & num]\s edifices8 ,:5 ^! cities inde$ 7 built1 ano!r cause concurr$ 9 fav\r+ _! prosp]ity4 ,! navigation ( ! ,r$ ,sea 0 n !n att5d$ ) any dang] on ! coa/s2 all its ports1 n[ ne>ly block$ up ) reefs ( coral1 _h a safe & easy access2 ! vessels lad5 ) m]*&ize & provisions c\ld ent] !m & dep>t )\t risk ( be+ wreck$ on ^! %oals1 :i* h ris5 s9ce t "t1 & are /ill increas+ 9 ext5t4 ,! defects ( ! pres5t gov]nm5t ( ,egypt1 & ! discov]y ( ! passage f ,europe to ,india r\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 are !re=e n ! only causes ( ! pres5t /ate ( decl9e ( ?is c\ntry4 ,if ! s&s ( ! des]t _h n invad$ ! bord]+ l&s on ! we/1 if ! "w ( ! sea polypi 9 ! ,r$ ,sea _h n r5d]$ dang]\s ! access to its coa/s & to its ports1 & ev5 fill$ up "s ( ! latt]1 ! population ( ,egypt & ! adjac5t c\ntries1 toge!r ) _! product1 w\ld alone h suffic$ to ma9ta9 !m 9 a /ate ( prosp]ity & abundance4 ,b n[1 ?\gh ! passage to ,india by ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope %\ld cease to exi/1 ?\gh ! political advantages :i* ,egypt enjoy$ dur+ ! brilliant p]iod ( ,!bes & ,memphis %\ld be re-e/abli%$1 %e c\ld nev] aga9 atta9 ! same degree ( spl5d\r4 ,?us ! reefs ( coral :i* _h be5 rais$ 9 ! ,r$ ,sea on ! ea/ ( ,egypt1 & ! s&s ( ! des]t :i* invade x on ! we/1 concur 9 atte/+ ?is tru?3 ,t our cont95ts are n ( a m remote antiquity ?an has be5 assign$ to !m by ! sacr$ hi/orian 9 ! book ( ,g5esis1 f ! great era ( ! deluge4 ,,note ,h1 p4 #cj4 ,action ( ! ,sea ^u ,coa/s4 ,! ocean1 9 its action ^u ! cliffs & banks situat$ on ! coa/1 breaks !m d[n to a great] or less ext5t1 & ei!r accumulates ! debris at _! basis 9 ! =m ( sea bea*es ( great] or less magnitude1 or by curr5ts c>ries x away to be deposit$ ^u o!r %ores1 or to give rise to s&-banks ne> ! coa/1 :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 become unit$ to ! l&1 & ?us secure x f ! fur!r action ( ! sea4 ,^! de/roy+ & =m+ effects ( ! wat]s ( ! ocean are to be obs]v$ all ar\nd ! coa/s ( ?is isl&2 & beautiful examples ( su* actions are to be se5 on ! coa/s ( ,irel&1 & 9 _m ( ! isl&s t lie to ! we/ & nor? ( ,great ,brita94 ,9 a pap] read be=e ! ,w]n]ian ,natural ,hi/ory ,society1 ,mr ,/ev5son1 eng9e]1 m5tions _m facts illu/rative ( ! de/roy+ effects ( ! ocean on our coa/s4--,?us he in=ms u t ! wat]s ( ! sea are we>+ away ! l& ^u bo? sides ( ! ,fri? ( ,=?1 n only 9 expos$1 b also 9 %elt]$ situations1 & ! solid /rata1 z well z ! loos] alluvial =mations1 :i* owe _! orig9 to ! de/roy+ ag5cy ( ! ocean at a =m] p]iod1 are aga9 yield+ to its action4 ,at ,sa9t ,&rew's1 ! fam\s ca/le ( ,c>d9al ,beaton1 :i* is said orig9ally to h be5 "s di/ance f ! sea1 n[ almo/ ov]hangs x3 ,f ,/ ,&rew's nor?w>d to ,ed5 wat] & ! ,riv] ,tay1 ! coa/ pres5ts a s&y bea*1 & is s liable to %ift1 t x is difficult to trace ! *ange x may h und]gone4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t1 )9 ?is la/ c5tury1 ! sea has made su* an impression ^u ! s&s ( ,b>ray1 on ! nor!rn side ( ! ,tay1 t ! light-h\ses at ! entrance ( ! riv]1 :i* 7 =m]ly erect$ at ! s\!rn extremity ( ,button-ness1 h be5 f "t to "t remov$ ab\t a mile & a qu>t] fur!r nor?w>d1 on acc\nt ( ! wa/+ & %ift+ ( ^! s&y %ores1 & t ! spot on :i* ! out] light-h\se /ood 9 ! #ag? c5tury1 is n[ two or ?ree fa?oms "u wat]1 & is at lea/ ?ree qu>t]s ( a mile )9 flood-m>k4 ,,note1 p4 #cb4 ,on ! gr[? ( ,coral ,isl&s4 ,( all ! g5]a ( li?ophytes1 ! madrepore is ! mo/ abundant4 ,x occurs mo/ frequ5tly 9 tropical c\ntries1 & decreases 9 numb] & v>iety z we approa* ! poles4 ,x encircles 9 prodigi\s rocks & va/ reefs _m ( ! basaltic & o!r rocky isl&s 9 ! ,s\? ,sea & ,indian ,ocean1 &1 by its daily gr[?1 adds to _! magnitude4 ,! coa/s ( ! isl&s 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 also ^? ( ! isl&s on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,africa1 & ! %ores & %oals ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 are encircl$ & incru/$ ) rocks ( coral4 ,sev]al diff]5t tribes ( madrepore contribute to =m ^! coral reefs2 b by f> ! mo/ abundant are ^? ( ! g5]a c>ophylla1 a/rea & me&r9a4 ,^! li?ophytic animals n only add to ! magnitude ( l& already exi/+1 b1 accord+ to "s naturali/s1 !y =m :ole isl&s4 ,dr ,=/]1 9 8 ,obs]vations made dur+ a ,voyage r\nd ! ,_w1 gives an acc\nt ( ! =mation ( ^! coral isl&s 9 ! ,s\? ,sea4 ,all ! l[ isles1 he says1 seem to me to be a production ( ! sea1 or r its inhabitants1 ! polype-l animals =m+ ! li?ophytes4 ,^! animalcules raise _! habitation gradually f a small base1 always spread+ m & m1 9 proportion z ! /ructure gr[s high]4 ,! mat]ials are a k9d ( lime mix$ ) "s animal sub/ances4 ,i h se5 ^! l>ge /ructures 9 all /ages1 & ( v>i\s ext5t4 ,ne> ,turtle ,isl&1 we f\nd1 at a few miles di/ance1 & to leew>d ( x1 a consid]able l>ge circul> reef1 ov] :i* ! sea broke e :]e1 & no "p ( x 0 above wat]2 x includ$ a l>ge deep lagoon4 ,to ! ea/ & nor?-ea/ ( ! ,society ,isles1 are a great _m isles1 :i* 9 "s p>ts are above wat]2 9 o!rs1 ! elevat$ p>ts are connect$ by reefs1 "s ( :i* are dry at l[ wat]1 & o!rs are con/antly "u wat]4 ,! elevat$ p>ts consi/ ( a soil =m$ by a s& ( %ells & coral rocks1 mix$ ) a light black m\ld1 produc$ f putrifi$ vegetables1 & ! dung ( sea-f[ls2 & are commonly cov]$ by cocoa-nut trees & o!r %rubs1 & a few antiscorbutic plants4 ,! l[] p>ts h only a few %rubs & ! above plants2 o!rs /ill l[]1 are wa%$ by ! sea at high-wat]4 ,all ^! isles are connect$1 & include a lagoon 9 ! middle1 :i* is full ( ! f9e/ fi%2 & sometimes !re is an op5+1 admitt+ a boat or canoe1 9 ! reef1 b ,i nev] saw or he>d ( an op5+ t w\ld admit a %ip4 ,! reef1 or ! fir/ orig9 ( ^! isles1 is =m$ by ! animalcules inhabit+ ! li?ophytes4 ,!y raise _! habitation )9 a little ( ! surface ( ! sea1 :i* gradually ?r[s %ells1 we$s1 s&1 small bits ( corals1 & o!r ?+s1 on ! tops ( ^! coral rocks1 & at la/ fairly raises !m above wat]2 :]e ! above ?+s cont9ue to be accumulat$ by ! sea1 till by a bird1 or by ! sea1 a few se$s ( plants t commonly gr[ on ! sea-%ore1 are ?r[n up1 & beg9 to vegetate2 & by _! annual decay & reproduction f se$s1 create a little m\ld1 ye>ly accumulat$ by ! mixture ) s&1 increas+ ! dry spot on e side2 till ano!r sea happ5s to c>ry a cocoa-nut hi!r1 :i* pres]ves its vegetative p[] a long "t 9 ! sea1 & !re=e w soon beg9 to gr[ on ?is soil2 especially z x ?rives equally 9 all k9ds ( soil2 & ?us may all ^! l[ isles h become cov]$ ) ! f9e/ cocoa-nut trees4 ,! animalcules =m+ ^! reefs want to %elt] _! habitation f ! impetuosity ( ! w9ds1 & ! p[] & rage ( ! ocean2 b z1 )9 ! tropics1 ! w9ds bl[ commonly f "o qu>t]1 !y1 by in/9ct1 endeav\r to /ret* only a l$ge1 )9 :i* is a lagoon1 :i* is c]ta9ly entirely scre5$ aga9/ ! p[] ( bo?4 ,?is1 !re=e1 might acc\nt = ! me?od employ$ by ! animalcules 9 build+ only n>r[ l$ges ( coral rocks1 to secure 9 _! middle a calm & %elt]$ place2 & ?is seems to me to be ! mo/ probable cause ( ! orig9 ( all ! ,tropical ,l[ ,isles1 ov] ! :ole ,s\? ,sea4 ,t excell5t navigator1 ! late ,capta9 ,fl9d]s1 gives ! foll[+ int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! =mation ( ,coral ,isl&s1 p>ticul>ly ( ,half-way ,isl& on ! nor? coa/ ( ,t]ra ,au/ralis#cha4 8,?is little isl&1 or r ! surr\nd+ reef1 :i* is ?ree or f\r miles long1 af=ds %elt] f ! s\?-ea/ w9ds2 & be+ at a mod]ate day's run f ,murray's ,isles1 x =ms a conv5i5t an*orage = ! night to a %ip pass+ ?r\gh ,torres' ,/rait3 ,i nam$ x ,half-way ,isl&4 ,x is sc>cely m ?an a mile 9 circumf]5ce1 b appe>s to be increas+ bo? 9 elevation & ext5t4 ,at no v di/ant p]iod ( "t1 x 0 "o ( ^? banks produc$ by ! wa%+ up ( s& & brok5 coral1 ( :i* mo/ reefs af=d in/ances1 & ^? ( ,torres' ,/rait a great _m4 ,^! banks are 9 diff]5t /ages ( progress3 "s1 l ?is1 are become isl&s1 b n yet habitable2 "s are above high-wat] m>k1 b de/itute ( vegetation2 :il/ o!rs are ov]fl[$ ) e return+ tide4 8,x seems to me1 t1 :5 ! animalcules :i* =m ! corals at ! bottom ( ! ocean cease to live1 _! /ructures adh]e to ea* o!r1 by virtue ei!r ( ! glut9\s rema9s )91 or ( "s prop]ty 9 salt wat]2 & ! int]/ices be+ gradually fill$ up ) s& & brok5 pieces ( coral wa%$ by ! sea1 :i* also adh]e1 a mass ( rock is at l5g? =m$4 ,future races ( ^! animalcules erect _! habitations ^u ! ris+ bank1 & die 9 _! turn1 to increase1 b pr9cipally to elevate1 ?is monum5t ( _! wond]ful lab\rs4 ,! c>e tak5 to "w p]p5dicul>ly 9 ! e>ly /ages1 w\ld m>k a surpris+ in/9ct 9 ^! dim9utive creatures4 ,_! wall ( coral1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 situations :]e ! w9ds are con/ant1 be+ arriv$ at ! surface1 af=ds a %elt]1 to leew>d ( :i* _! infant colonies may be safely s5t =?2 & to ?is1 _! in/9ctive =esight1 x seems to be ow+1 t ! w9dw>d side ( a reef expos$ to ! op5 sea1 is g5]ally1 if n always1 ! highe/ "p1 & rises almo/ p]p5dicul>1 sometimes f ! dep? ( #bjj1 & p]haps _m m fa?oms4 ,to be con/antly cov]$ ) wat]1 seems necess>y to ! exi/5ce ( ! animalcules1 = !y d n "w1 except 9 holes ^u ! reef1 beyond l[-wat] m>k2 b ! coral1 s&1 & o!r brok5 remnants ?r[n up by ! sea1 adh]e to ! rock1 & =m a solid mass ) x1 z high z ! common tides rea*4 ,t elevation surpass$1 ! future remnants1 be+ r>ely cov]$1 lose _! adhesive prop]ty2 & rema9+ 9 a loose /ate1 =m :at is usually call$ a key1 ^u ! top ( ! reef4 ,! new bank is n long 9 be+ visit$ by sea-birds3 salt plants take root ^u x1 & a soil beg9s to be =m$2 a cocoa-nut1 or ! drupe ( a p&anus1 is ?r[n on %ore2 l& birds visit x1 & deposit ! se$s ( %rubs & trees2 e high tide1 & /ill m e gale1 adds some?+ to ! bank2 ! =m ( an isl& is gradually assum$2 & la/ ( all comes man to take possession4 8,half-way ,isl& is well advanc$ 9 ! above progressive /ate2 hav+ be5 _m ye>s1 probably "s ages1 above ! rea* ( ! highe/ spr+ tides1 or ! wa% ( ! surf 9 ! heavie/ gales4 ,i di/+ui%$1 h[ev]1 9 ! rock :i* =ms its basis1 ! s&1 coral1 & %ells1 =m]ly ?r[n up1 9 a m or less p]fect /ate ( cohesion4 ,small pieces ( wood1 pumice /one1 & o!r extrane\s bodies :i* *ance _h mix$ ) ! calc>e\s sub/ances :5 ! cohesion began1 7 inclos$ 9 ! rock2 & 9 "s cases 7 /ill sep>able f x )\t mu* =ce4 ,! upp] "p ( ! isl& is a mixture ( ! same sub/ances 9 a loose /ate1 ) a little vegetable soil2 & is cov]$ ) ! casu>9a & a v>iety ( o!r trees & %rubs1 :i* give food to p>roquets1 pigeons1 & "s o!r birds2 to ^: ance/ors1 x is probable1 ! isl& 0 orig9ally indebt$ = ?is vegetation40 ,mr ,*amisso1 :o accompani$ ,kotzebue 9 8 voyage1 has publi%$ int]e/+ obs]vations on ?is subject4 ,he in=ms u t ! l[ isl&s ( ! ,s\? ,sea & ,indian ,ocean owe _! orig9 pr9cipally to ! op]ations ( sev]al species ( coral4 ,_! situation ) respect to ea* o!r1 z !y (t5 =m r[s1 _! union 9 sev]al places 9 l>ge gr\ps1 & _! total abs5ce 9 o!r p>ts ( ! same seas1 induce u to conclude1 t ! corals h f\nd$ _! build+ on %oals ( ! sea2 or1 to speak m correctly1 on ! tops ( m\nta9s ly+ "u wat]4 ,on ! "o side1 z !y increase1 !y cont9ue to approa* ! surface ( ! sea1 on ! o!r side !y enl>ge ! ext5t ( _! e>?4 ,! l>g] species ( corals1 :i* =m blocks1 measur+ sev]al fa?oms 9 ?ickness1 seem to pref] ! m viol5t surf on ! ext]nal edge ( ! reef2 ?is1 & ! ob/acles oppos$ to ! cont9uation ( _! life1 9 ! middle ( a broad reef1 by ! amass+ ( ! %ells ab&on$ by ! animals1 & fragm5ts ( corals1 are probably ! reason t ! out] edge ( ! reef fir/ approa*es ! surface4 ,z soon z x has rea*$ su* a height1 t x rema9s almo/ dry at l[ wat]1 ! corals leave (f build+ high]2 sea-%ells1 fragm5ts ( coral1 %ells ( e*9i1 & _! brok5-(f prickles1 are unit$ by ! burn+ sun1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! cem5t+ calc>e\s s&1 :i* has aris5 f ! pulv]ization ( ! above m5tion$ %ells into "o :ole or solid /one1 :i*1 /r5g!n$ by ! cont9ual ?r[+ up ( new mat]ials1 gradually increases 9 ?ickness till x at la/ becomes s high1 t x is cov]$ only dur+ "s seasons ( ! ye> by ! high tides4 ,! heat ( ! sun s p5etrates ! mass ( /one :5 x is dry1 t x splits 9 _m places1 & breaks (f 9 flakes4 ,^! flakes1 s sep>at$1 are rais$ "o ^u ano!r by ! waves at ! "t ( high wat]4 ,! always active surf ?r[s blocks ( coral1 7frequ5tly ( a fa?om 9 l5g?1 & ?ree or f\r feet ?ick17 & %ells ( m>9e animals1 betwe5 & ^u ! f\ndation /ones2 aft] ?is ! calc>e\s s& lies undi/urb$1 & (f]s to ! se$s ( trees & plants1 ca/ ^u x by ! waves1 a soil ^u :i* !y rapidly gr[1 to ov]%ad[ its dazzl+ :ite surface4 ,entire trunks ( trees1 :i* are c>ri$ by ! riv]s f o!r c\ntries & isl&s1 f9d "h1 at l5g?1 a re/+ place aft] _! long w&]+s2 ) !m come "s small animals1 su* z liz>ds & insects1 z ! fir/ inhabitants4 ,ev5 be=e ! trees =m a wood1 ! real sea-birds ne/le "h2 /ray$ l&-birds take refuge 9 ! bu%es2 & at a mu* lat] p]iod1 :5 ! "w has be5 long s9ce complet$1 man also appe>s1 builds 8 hut on ! fruitful soil =m$ by ! corruption ( ! leaves ( ! trees1 & calls himself "l & proprietor ( ?is new creation4 ,9 ! prec$+ acc\nt1 we h se5 h[ ! ext]ior edge ( a subm>9e coral edifice fir/ approa*es ! surface ( ! wat]1 & h[ ?is reef gradually assumes ! prop]ties ( l&2 ! isl&1 !re=e1 necess>ily has a circul> =m1 & 9 ! middle ( x an inclos$ lake4 ,?is lake1 h[ev]1 is n entirely inclos$2 7& x c\ld n be1 = )\t supply f ! sea x w\ld soon be dri$ up by ! rays ( ! sun17 b ! ext]ior wall consi/s ( a great numb] ( small] isl&s1 :i* are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by sometimes l>g]1 sometimes small] spaces4 ,! numb] ( ^! islets am\nts1 9 ! l>g] coral isl&s1 to sixty2 & betwe5 !m x is n s deep b t x becomes dry at ! "t ( ebb4 ,! int]ior sea has 9 ! middle g5]ally a dep? ( f ?irty to five-&-?irty fa?oms2 b on all sides t[>ds ! l& ! dep? gradually increases4 ,9 ^? seas :]e ! con/ant monsoons prevail1 :]e1 consequ5tly1 ! waves beat only on "o side ( ! reef or isl&1 x is natural t ?is side ( ! reef1 expos$ to ! unremitt+ fury ( ! ocean1 %\ld be =m$ *iefly by brok5-(f blocks ( coral1 & fragm5ts ( %ells1 & fir/ rise above ! elem5ts t creat$ x4 ,x is only ^! isl&s respect+ ! =mation & nature ( :i* we hi!rto "k any ?+ ) c]ta9ty2 we are almo/ entirely )\t any obs]vations on ^? 9 ! ,indian & ,*9ese ,sea1 :i* lie 9 ! regions ( ! six mon?s' monsoons4 ,f ! *>ts giv5 ( !m1 x is to be inf]r$ t e side is equally advanc$ 9 =mation4 ,! lee side ( su* a coral reef 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean1 :i* is gov]n$ by ! con/ant monsoons1 frequ5tly does n %ew itself above ! wat]1 :5 ! opposite side1 f "t immemorial1 has atta9$ p]fection 9 ! atmosph]ic region2 ! =m] reef is ev5 int]rupt$ 9 _m places by int]vals tol]ably broad1 & ( ! same dep? z ! inn] sea1 :i* h be5 left by nature1 l op5 gates1 = ! explor+ m>9] to ent] ! int]nal calm & secure h>b\r4 ,9 _! ext]nal =m ! coral isl&s d n resemble ea* o!r2 b ?is1 & ! ext5t ( ea*1 probably dep5ds on ! size ( ! subm>9e m\nta9 tops1 on :i* _! basis is f\nd$4 ,^? isl&s :i* h m l5g? ?an bread?1 & are oppos$ 9 _! greate/ ext5t to ! w9ds & waves1 are ri*] 9 fruitful islets ?an ^? ^: situation is n s adapt$ to a quick =mation4 ,9 ! l>ge isl&-*a9s1 !re are always "s s+le islets :i* h ! appe>ance ( high l&2 ^! lie ^u an angle project+ into ! sea1 are expos$ to ! surf ^u two sides1 consi/ !re=e almo/ entirely ( l>ge blocks ( coral1 & are de/itute ( small] fragm5ts ( %ells & coral s& to fill up ! int]vals4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 n adapt$ to support plants requir+ a dep? ( soil1 & only af=d a basis to high trees1 provid$ ) fibr\s roots1 7z ! ,pisonia1 ,cordia ,seba/iana1 ,l42 ,mor9da citrifolia1 ,l42 & ,p&anus odoratissimus1 ,l471 :i*1 at a di/ance1 give to ^!1 always v small isl&s1 ! =m ( a hill4 ,! inn] %ores ( ! isl&1 expos$ to ! surf1 consi/ ( f9e s&1 :i* is wa%$ up by ! tide4 ,betwe5 ! small isl&s "u _! protection1 & ev5 9 ! middle ( ! inn] sea1 are f\nd small] pieces ( coral1 :i* seek a quiet abode1 =m 9 "t1 ?\gh v sl[ly1 banks1 till !y at la/ rea* ! surface ( ! wat]2 gradually increase 9 ext5t2 unite ) ! isl&s t surr\nd !m2 & at l5g? fill up ! m9or seas1 s t :at 0 at fir/ a r+ ( isl&s1 becomes "o connect$ l&4 ,! isl&s :i* are s f> =m$1 reta9 9 ! middle a flat pla91 :i* is always l[] ?an ! wall t surr\nds !m on ! banks2 = :i* reason pools ( wat] are =m$ 9 !m1 aft] a cont9u$ ra91--! only spr+s & wells !y possess4 ,"o ( ! peculi>ities ( ^! isl&s is1 t no dew falls 9 ! ev5+1 t !y cause no tempe/s1 & d n *eck ! c\rse ( ! w9d4 ,! v l[ situation ( ! c\ntry sometimes exposes ! inhabitants to great dang]1 & ?reat5s _! lives :5 ! waves roll ov] _! isl&s1 if x happ5s t ! equ9ox & full moon fall on ! same day 7consequ5tly :5 ! wat] has rea*$ its greate/ height71 & a /orm agitates ! sea at ! same "t4 ,^! isl&s are said to be also %ak5 by e>?quakes4 ,,mm4 ,quoy & ,gaim>d1 9 a lately publi%$ memoir1 propose1 #a/1 ,to exam9e h[ corals raise _! habitations ^u rocks1 & :at circum/ances are fav\rable or unfav\rable to _! gr[?4 #b;d1 ,to %ew t !re are no isl&s ( any ext5t1 con/antly inhabit$ by man1 :i* are entirely =m$ ( corals2 & t f> f rais+ f ! dep?s ( ! ocean p]p5dicul> walls1 z has be5 alleg$1 ^! animals =m only lay]s or cru/s ( a few fa?oms ?ickness4 ,! foll[+1 accord+ to ! ,fr5* naturali/s1 is ! mann] 9 :i* ?is addition or sup]position ( madrepores is effect$4 ,9 ! places :]e ! heat is con/antly int5se1 :]e ! l& is ind5t$ by bays conta9+ %all[ & quiet wat]1 :i* is n liable to be agitat$ by great surges1 or by ! regul> breezes ( ! tropics1 !re also ! saxig5\s polypi multiply4 ,!y con/ruct _! habitations on ! subm>9e rocks1 envelope ^! rocks 9 :ole or 9 "p1 b d n =m !m prop]ly speak+4 ,?us1 all ^? reefs1 ^? girdles ( madrepore1 :i* are s frequ5tly met ) 9 ! ,s\? ,sea1 to ! leew>d ( isl&s1 are %oals dep5d+ ^u ! con=mation ( ! orig9al gr\nd1 :i* w be p]ceiv$ to belong to x :5 ! direction ( ! m\nta9s & hills has be5 att5tively obs]v$4 ,x is always :]e ! slopes are g5tle1 & ! sea %all[e/1 t ! greate/ masses ( madrepores are f\nd4 ,!y spr\t up if x is calm2 9 ! contr>y case1 !y =m only scatt]$ tufts1 belong+ to species :i* seem to be lea/ affect$ by ! agitation ( ! wat]s4 ,x has be5 said1 & x is ev5 a matt] ( g5]al belief among m>9]s1 say ,,mm4 ,quoy & ,gaim>d1 t !re occur 9 ! equatorial seas %oals compos$ ( corals1 :i* rise f ! greate/ dep?s1 l walls at ! bottom ( :i* ! s\nd+ l9e f9ds no gr\nd4 ,! fact c]ta9ly does exi/ 9 s f> z reg>ds ! dep? spok5 (2 & x is ?is v circum/ance :i* is productive ( s mu* dang] to vessels1 :i*1 :5 tak5 9 a calm & c>ri$ away by curr5ts1 _c ca/ an*or 9 su* places4 ,b x is n correct to say t ^! reefs are entirety =m$ ( madrepores4 ,fir/1 because ! species :i* always =m ! mo/ consid]able banks1 su* z "s me&r91 c]ta9 c>yophylle1 b especially ! a/re1 adorn$ ) ! mo/ beautiful & velvety col\rs1 require ! influ5ce ( light to p]fect !m2 because !y are n se5 to gr[ beyond a few y>ds ( dep?2 & because !y _c consequ5tly be develop$ at a dep? ( t5 or twelve hundr$ feet1 z !y w\ld necess>ily be1 did !y raise ! cliffs 9 "q4 ,besides1 ^! diff]5t species ( animals w\ld !n almo/ exclusively enjoy ! privilege ( liv+ at all dep?s1 "u all degrees ( pressure1 &1 s to speak1 9 all temp]atures4 ,ano!r circum/ance to :i* navigators h n adv]t$1 :i* corroborates ! op9ion "h /at$1 is1 t1 9 dep?s s great z ^? to :i* we allude1 ! sea1 always agitat$ at ! surface1 breaks ) =ce ^u ^! reefs1 )\t requir+ = t purpose any additional impulse f ! w9ds4 ,& by m]ely att5d+ to ! necess>y consequ5ces ( ! obs]vations ( ^! same navigators1 :o say 7:at is v true7 t1 :]ev] ! waves are agitat$1 ! li?ophytes are unable to g on ) _! "w1 because !y de/roy _! frail edifices1 we %all acquire ! moral c]ta9ty t ^! subm>9e /eeps are n produc$ by ^! animalcules4 ,b1 9 ^! same places1 let !re occur a holl[1 a %elt]$ spot ( "s k9d1 & !n !y w imm$iately raise _! habitations1 & w contribute to dim9i% ! little dep? t already exi/s !re4 ,& ?is is :at may be se5 9 almo/ all ! places :]e an elevat$ temp]ature p]mits ^! animals to gr[ 9 abundance4 ,9 ! localities :]e ! tides are s5sible1 _! curr5ts alone may sometimes =m irregul> canals betwe5 ! madrepores1 )\t _! ev] be+ encumb]$ ) _! species1 f ! tw(old cause unit$1 ( ! motion & ! coldness ( ! wat]2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! flexible alcyonia are se5 to multiply !re4 ,:5 ^! geological dispositions are c>efully obs]v$1 we see t ! zoophytes rise to ! surface ( ! waves1 nev] beyond x2 aft] :i* ! g5]ation :i* has atta9$ ?us f> appe>s to die4 ,x is de/roy$ mu* soon]1 if1 f ! effect ( ! tides1 ^! frail animalcules are expos$ nak$ to ! action ( a burn+ sun4 ,:5 !re occur small holl[s 9 ^! heaps ( in]t spoils1 depriv$ ( _! inhabitants1 :i* are always cov]$ by ! wat]1 sev]al tufts ( ^? li?ophytes are /ill rem>k$1 :i*1 hav+ escap$ f ! almo/ g5]al de/ruction1 gl[ ) ! mo/ lively col\rs4 ,!n1 ! families :i* are develop$ anew1 n be+ able to build on ! outside ( ^? reefs on :i* ! sea is con/antly break+1 draw ne>] & ne>] ! %ore1 :]e ! waves n[ dead5$ h sc>cely any m action ^u !m1 z 9 ! ,isle ( ,france1 at ,timor1 ! ,papua1 ! ,m>ian1 & ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s2 provid$ always ! wat]s _h n a great dep?1 z is ! case at ,turtle ,isl&1 ( :i* ,cook speaks1 :]e no bottom is f\nd betwe5 ! madrepore reefs & ! isl&1 not)/&+ ! %ortness ( ! space :i* exi/s betwe5 ^! two po9ts4 ,if we exam9e ^! animals 9 ! places be/ adapt$ to _! gr[?1 we %all see _! diff]5t species1 ! =ms ( :i*1 z v>i$ z !y are elegant1 become r\nd$ into balls1 spread out into fans1 or ramify into trees1 m+l+ toge!r1 bl5d+ ) ea* o!r1 & reflect+ ! v>i$ hues ( r$1 yell[1 blue & violet4 ,x is well kn[n t all ^! alleg$ walls1 exclusively =m$ ( corals1 are int]sect$ ) op5+s ?r\gh :i* ! sea ent]s & retires ) viol5ce2 & e body kn[s ! dang] :i* ,capta9 ,cook ran on "o occasion1 on ! coa/ ( ,new ,holl&1 :5 he _h no o!r res\rce1 9 ord] to save himself f de/ruction1 ?an to take ! sudd5 resolution ( attempt+ "o ( ^! n>r[ passes1 :]e "o is always sure ( f9d+ pl5ty ( wat]4 ,& ?is circum/ance also comes 9 support ( :at we h advanc$2 =1 if ^! p]p5dicul> walls 7 entirely compos$ ( madrepores1 !y w\ld pres5t no deep op5+s 9 _! cont9uity1 because x is ! prop]ty ( zoophytes to build 9 masses t h no int]ruption2 & because1 aga91 c\ld !y raise !mselves f v great dep?s1 !y w\ld end ) encumb]+ & %utt+ up ^! passages2 a circum/ance :i* does n take place1 & probably nev] w1 f ! causes :i* we h relat$4 ,if ^! facts prove1 t madrepores _c exi/ at v great dep?s1 ! subm>9e rocks1 :i* !y only increase 9 height1 are n1 !re=e1 exclusively =m$ by !m4 ,we n[ come to ! second "p ( ! argum5t2 & we ass]t1 t !re are no isl&s ( any magnitude & con/antly inhabit$ by man1 t are =m$ by corals2 & t ! lay]s :i* !y con/ruct "u ! wat]1 are n m ?an a few fa?oms 9 ?ickness4 ,we %all comm5ce ) ! second "p ( ?is "q4 ,! impossibility ( p5etrat+ to ! bottom ( ! sea to exam9e at :at precise dep? ! solid zoophytes e/abli% !mselves1 con/ra9s u to conf9e ourselves to :at has tak5 place 9 =m] times2 & ! monum5ts :i* ! anci5t revolutions ( ! globe h disclos$ to our view1 w s]ve to prove :at is go+ on 9 our own days4 ,we %all m5tion :at has be5 se5 9 sev]al places1 & we %all fir/ speak ( ! isl& :i* ,p]on took = ! !atre ( ! great works ( ^! polypi1 namely ! isl& ( ,timor4 ,! banks ( coral :i* ! sea has left expos$ 9 ! l&1 z x retir$1 are rem>kable = _! uncommon magnitude4 ,! :ole %ores ( ,c\pang are =m$ ( !m1 & ! l[ hills 9 its vic9ity are envelop$ 9 !m2 b a few hundr$ y>ds f ! t[n1 !y disappe>1 :5 di/9ct /rata ( slate make _! appe>ance4 ,! corals =m a b$ ov] ! subjac5t rocks f #be to #hj feet ?ick4 ,e ?+ ann\nces t1 9 ! ,isl& ( ,timor1 !re exi/ no m\nta9s exclusively =m$ ( corals4 ,z 9 all ext5sive c\ntries1 !y are compos$ ( v>i\s sub/ances4 ,quoy & ,gaim>d hav+ coa/$ x = ab\t fifty leagues1 suffici5tly ne> to enable !m to =m an idea ( its geography1 7 able to see t x exhibit$ volcanic appe>ances 9 sev]al p>ts4 ,besides x ab\nds 9 m9es ( gold & copp]1 :i*1 9 conjunction ) :at we h already m5tion$1 %ews 9 a g5]al way ! nature ( ! rocks ( :i* x is compos$4 ,p]haps1 rem>ks ,quoy & ,gaim>d1 ! ,bald-,head1 a m\nta9 ( ,k+ ,george's h>b\r 9 ,new ,holl&1 :i* ,vanc\v] has describ$ 9 pass+1 & on ! summit ( :i* he saw p]fectly pres]v$ bran*es ( coral1 might be adduc$ z a fact 9 opposition to ! op9ion "h advanc$4 ,yet ! ph5om5on exhibit$ !re1 is /ill precisely ! same z at ,timor1 & 9 a ?\s& o!r places#chb4 ,! zoophytes h built ^u a basis previ\sly exi/+1 & !y occupy only ! surface ( x4 ,= :y %\ld ?is ,bald-,head diff] f ,m\nt ,g>dn]1 :i*1 al?\gh close by x1 is =m$ ( primitive rocks8 ,besides1 ,p]on says1 t x has ! same geological con/itution4 7,t4 ii4 p4 #acc47 ,at ,rota1 "o ( ! ,m>ian ,isles1 ,m4 ,gaudi*aud1 deta*$ f ! lime/one rock1 at ab\t a hundr$ toises above ! level ( ! sea1 bran*es ( true madrepores1 9 p]fect pres]vation4 ,"h are1 !n1 ?ree localities 9 :i* !y are f\nd at great heights4 ,we h obs]v$ !m1 say ! ,fr5* naturali/s1 at inf9itely l[] elevations 9 sev]al o!r places1 z at ! ,isle ( ,france1 :]e !y =m a b$ m ?an six feet ?ick1 betwe5 two /reams ( lava2 at ,wah\1 "o ( ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 :]e !y h n a great] elevation1 b ext5d = sev]al hundr$ toises ov] ! surface ( ! isl&4 ,9 all ^! cases1 x is necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 ! li?ophytes1 :i* h1 by _! liv+ p[]s1 =m$ cont9u\s masses1 f ^? :i*1 aft] hav+ be5 roll$ ab\t1 brok5 d[n by ! wat]1 & mix$ ) sea %ells1 contribute to =m ^? deposits kn[n by ! "n ( madrepore lime/one4 ,! latt] sort is no?+ b ! debris ( ! =m]4 ,deposits ( ?is description occur 9 ! ,m>ian ,isles1 & 9 ^? ( ! ,pap\s2 !y occur also on ! coa/s ( ,france1 & 9 sev]al o!r places4 ,x w\ld appe> f obs]vations made 9 ,timor & o!r places1 t ! species ( ! g5us ,a/ra :i* are ! only ones capable ( cov]+ imm5se ext5ts ( surface1 d n comm5ce _! op]ations at a great] dep? ?an tw5ty-five or ?irty feet1 9 ord] to raise _! habitations to ne> ! surface ( ! sea4 ,fragm5ts ( ^! species are nev] obta9$1 ei!r ) ! s\nd+ l9e1 or ^u ! an*ors2 nor d we ev] see !m1 unless 9 places :]e ! wat] is %all[2 :ile ! bran*$ madrepores1 :i* d n =m ?ick & cont9u\s b$s1 ei!r on ! elevat$ places :i* ! ocean has left1 or on ! %ores :]e !y /ill exi/1 live at consid]able dep?s4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t ^! corals h erect$ _! fabrics on ! summits ( subm>9e hills & m\nta9s2 & t all ^? reefs ( ,taiti1 ! ,dang]\s ,ar*ipelago1 ,navigators' ,isl&s1 ! ,fri5dly ,isl&s1 c4 are compos$ ( madrepores only at ! surface4 ,we ?us consid] x demon/rat$1 t ! rocks ( ! solid zoophytes or coral1 are n capable ( =m+ ! imm5se bases on :i* ! great] numb] ( ! isl&s t occur 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean re/4 ,!re n[ rema9s = u to /ate h[ ^! animals1 by _! union1 are capable ( rais+ small islets4 ,=/]1 z already /at$1 has giv5 a v good description ( ! mann] 9 :i* ?is is effect$4 ,9 fact1 :5 ^! animalcules h rais$ _! habitations to ! surface ( ! wat]1 "u ! %elt] ( ! l&1 & !y rema9 uncov]$ dur+ ! reflux ( ! tide1 ! hurricanes :i* sometimes sup]v5e1 by ! agitation :i* !y produce 9 ^? %all[ wat]s1 ?r[ up f ! bottom s& & mud4 ,^! sub/ances are deta9$ 9 ! s9uosities & cavities =m$ betwe5 ! corals1 & ?us s]ve to fix !m toge!r1 & connect !m into masses4 ,:5ev] ! summit ( ?is new isl& c rema9 con/antly uncov]$ by ! sea1 & ! waves c no long] de/roy :at !y !mselves h contribut$ to =m1 !n its ext5t is enl>g$1 & its edges are gradually rais$ by ! successive addition ( s&4 ,accord+ to ! direction ( ! w9ds & curr5ts !y may long rema9 /]ile2 b if ! se$s ( vegetables be transport$ to !m f ! neighb\r+ %ores1 by ! action ( ^! two causes1 !n1 9 latitudes fav\rable to _! developm5t1 we pres5tly see ^! isl&s becom+ cov]$ ) v]dure1 ! successively accumulat$ rema9s ( :i* =m lay]s ( soil1 :i* contribute to ! elevation ( ! surface4 ,b1 9 ord] t ?is ph5om5on ( gr[? be accompli%$1 ! di/ance f l& mu/ n be too great1 because !n ! vegetables _c get s easily to ! islets 9 "q1 :i* !n rema9 almo/ always b>e & /]ile4 ,& = ?is reason :at navigators report ( ^? madrepore ,isl&s ( ! ,great ,ocean1 :i* are cov]$ ) v]dure1 & are yet at a great di/ance f any kn[n l&1 has always appe>$ to u extraord9>y2 & t s mu* ! m1 t1 9 ^? va/ spaces1 ! viol5ce ( ! waves1 :i* no?+ c break !re1 mu/ di/urb ! op]ations ( ! zoophytes4 ,we d n1 h[ev]1 d5y ! exi/5ce ( ^! isl&s1 :i* x w\ld be int]e/+ c>efully to exam9e anew2 =1 :5ev] navigators meet ) l[ isl&s betwe5 ! ,tropics1 !y d n hesitate1 9 compliance ) ! g5]ally receiv$ op9ion1 to say t !y consi/ ( madrepores4 ,yet h[ _m isl&s1 :i* sc>cely rise above ! surface ( ! wat]1 recognise no su* orig98 ,we may m5tion1 z an example1 ! ,isl& ( ,boni1 situat$ "u ! equator1 ! beautiful vegetation ( :i* rises ^u lime/one4 ,cocoa ,isl&1 ne> ,guam1 is 9 ! same condition1 be+ also compos$ ( lime/one4 ,9 g5]al1 if !y are inhabit$1 consequ5tly !y h spr+s or lakes ( fre% wat]1 we may almo/ be c]ta9 t !y are n compos$ ( li?ophytes1 or are only s 9 "p1 because spr+s c\ld n be =m$ 9 _! por\s sub/ances4 ,"s ( ! ,c>ol9e ,isles are excessively l[2 we suppos$ !m encru/$ ) madrepores2 & z !y h inhabitants !re mu/ be some:]e 9 !m a soil fav\rable to ! accumulation ( fre% wat]#chc4 ,9 re/ra9+ ! p[] ( ^! animalcules1 concludes ,quoy & ,gaim>d1 & 9 po9t+ out ! limits :i* nature has prescrib$ !m1 we h no o!r object ?an to furni% m correct data to ! naturali/s :o aspire to great hypo!tical consid]ations1 reg>d+ ! con=mation ( ! globe4 ,on reconsid]+ ^! zoophytes ) great] att5tion1 !y w no long] be se5 fill+ up ! bas9s ( ! seas1 rais+ isl&s1 increas+ ! size ( ! cont95ts1 ?reat5+ future g5]ations ) a solid equatorial circle =m$ ( _! spoils4 ,_! influ5ce1 ) reg>d to ! road-/eads or h>b\rs1 9 :i* !y multiply1 is already great en\gh1 )\t add+ m to x4 ,b1 comp>$ ) ! masses on :i* !y re/1 :at are _! lay]s1 (t5 int]rupt$1 & :i* mu/ be se>*$ = ) c>e1 be=e !y c be recognis$1 to ! enorm\s volcanic peaks ( ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 ! ,isl& ( ,b\rbon1 ! ,moluccas1 ! ,m>ian ,isl&s1 ! m\nta9s ( ,timor1 ,new ,gu9ea1 c4 c48 ,no?+1 c]ta9ly2 & ! solid zoophytes are 9 no degree capable ( be+ comp>$ ) ! te/ace\s mollusca1 ) ref]5ce to ! mat]ials :i* !y h furni%$1 & /ill cont9ue to furni% to ! cru/ ( ! ,globe4 ,,note ,i1 p4 #cc4 ,,on ,,! ,,level ,,( ,,! ,,baltic4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 a controv]sy took place among ! natural philosoph]s ( ! nor? ( ,europe1 reg>d+ ! alleg$ gradual l[]+ ( ! level ( ! sea 9 g5]al1 & ( ! ,baltic ,sea 9 p>ticul>4 ,celsius 0 ! fir/ :o introduc$ ?is idea to notice4 ,he g5]alis$ x by apply+ x to all ! planets1 & 0 support$ by ! au?ority ( ! celebrat$ ,l9nu4 ,he soon p]ceiv$1 h[ev]1 t ! po9t c\ld nev] be settl$ by m]e discussion1 & t facts alone c\ld lead to any c]ta9 result4 ,obs]vation 0 !re=e _h rec\rse to2 & ?us ! dispute 9 "q _h at lea/ "o good effect1 t ( direct+ to ! subject ! att5tion ( m5 ( sci5ce1 ^: situation might enable !m to m>k ! v>iations ( level t take place along ! coa/s ( ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,! results ( inve/igations und]tak5 = ?is purpose1 are n[ beg9n+ to be collect$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( #ahbj & #ahba1 ,mr ,bruncrona1 assi/$ by ! (fic]s ( ! ,pilotage ,e/abli%m5t1 & o!r qualifi$ p]sons1 und]took ! exam9ation ( all ! au!ntic measures t _h be5 e/abli%$ ^u ! we/ coa/ ( ! ,baltic1 dur+ ! la/ half c5tury4 ,! results ( ?is exam9ation are giv5 9 a %ort memoir1 ins]t$ 9 ! ,sw$i% ,transactions = #ahbc4 ,! foll[+ table indicates ! degree to :i* ! level ( ! sea has fall5 dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s1 on ! coa/ ( ,sw$51 at v>i\s latitudes4 ,x is prop] to rem>k1 t1 9 "s ( ! places obs]v$1 ! measures 7 mu* old]1 & 9 "s o!rs mu* m rec5t1 ?an ! p]iod ( =ty ye>s4 ,9 bo? ^! cases1 ! *ange ( level t mu/ h be5 effect$ dur+ ?is p]iod1 has be5 e/imat$1 by calculat+ ! mean annual depression furni%$ by ! obs]vations4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,fall ( ,fall ( ,fall ( surface surface surface ,latitude4 9 =ty ,latitude4 9 =ty ,latitude4 9 =ty ye>s4 ye>s4 ye>s4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,ea/ ,coa/4 ,feet4 ,ea/ ,coa/4 ,feet4 ,ea/ ,coa/4 ,feet4 #fc #ei #a4ej #ei #ag #b4ag #ef #aj #j4jj 444 444 #b4ej #eh #dd #a4jj #ef #aa #j4jj 444 444 #j4ej #eh #db #a4jh #ee #ec #j4jj #fa #dc #b4ej #eh #de #a4ag #fa #cg #b4hc #eh #ce #b4jj ,s\?-,we/ ,coa/4 #fa #cb #b4ej #eh #bh #j4jg #ee #bc #j4jj #fa #de #b4ej #eh #aa #j4hc #ee #bb #j4jj #fj #aa #b4cc #eh #h #a4jj #eg #ba #j4jj #ei #df #j4ag #eg #ej #a4jj #eg #ec #a4jj #ei #df #b4jj #ef #da #j4da ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,( ! facts collect$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is inve/igation1 ! foll[+ may be m5tion$ z t5d+ to support ! op9ion ( a fall ( level4 #a/1 ,x is g5]ally believ$ among ! pilots ( ! ,baltic1 t ! sea has become %all[] along ! c\rse :i* vessels ord9>ily foll[2 b1 x is add$1 t ?is alt]ation is m s5sible 9 ! places :]e ! tide collects s&1 deta*$ pebbles1 & sea-we$s1 or 9 ^? :]e ! bottom is compos$ ( rocks4 ,! same obs]vation has be5 made 9 ! neighb\rhood ( "s l>ge t[ns & fi%]ies2 = example1 a hydrographic *>t made 9 #agga1 gives six fa?oms = ! mean dep? ( ! sea opposite ! h>b\r ( ,l&skrona1 :]eas1 9 #ahag1 ! s\nd+ l9e sc>cely gave five fa?oms at ! same po9t4 #b;d1 ,accord+ to ! olde/ & mo/ exp]i5c$ pilots1 ! /raits :i* sep>ate ! num]\s islets scatt]$ along ! coa/ ( ,sw$51 f ,ha>p>&a to ! fronti]s ( ,norway1 receiv$ vessels t drew t5 feet ( wat]2 n[ !y are n practicable = boats t draw m ?an two or ?ree feet4 #c;d1 ,! pilots fur!r affirm1 t1 along ! :ole coa/ ( ,bahusia1 ! bottom und]goes a dim9ution1 :i* becomes s5sible e t5 ye>s 9 c]ta9 places1 :]e x is compos$ ( rocks4 ,sev]al o!r p>ts ( ! ,baltic may be cit$1 9 :i* a simil> *ange has be5 rem>k$4 ,m4 ,c4 ,p4 ,hall/rom1 9 an ,app5dix to ,mr ,bruncrona's ,memoir1 gives ! foll[+ table ( ! dim9ution obs]v$ 9 ! dep? ( ! wat]s ( ! ,gulf ( ,bo?nia4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,mean m>k$ 9 ,height ( ! wat] reobs]v$ 9 ,fall b5ea? ! orig9al ,,places4 m>k 9 feet4 ,numb] ( ye>s4 ,fall ( ! wat] 9 #ajj ye>s1 9 feet4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,raholem1 p>i% ( #agjj #agej #b4je #ej #d4aj ,l[] ,kalix1 #agge #b4di #ge #d4cb ,/or ,rebb51 p>i% #agea #aghe #a4gj #cd #e4jj ( ,pitea1 #agif #a4ij #de #d4bb ,ratan1 p>i% #agdi #aghe #b4gj #cf #d4gb ( ,bygdea1 #agie #b4ej #df #e4dc #ahai #b4fj #gj #c4dg #aggd #aghe #j4ee #aa #e4jj #agie #a4af #ba #e4eb #ahai #a4fj #de #c4eg #agie #ahai #j4fe #bd #b4ga ,rnnskat1 on ! #agee #agig #a4gj #db #d4je coa/ ( ,wasa1 #ahba #b4hg #fe #d4ce ,w>gn1 on ! #agee #aghe #a4de #cj #d4hc coa/ ( ,wasa1 #agig #a4fi #db #d4jb #ahba #b4hg #fe #d4ce ,lgfrundet1 ne> ,sefle1 #agca #aghe #b4ij #ed #e4cg #agif #b4ag #fe #c4cd ,ulfon1 9 ,ang]manl&1 #agie #ahbb #a4eh #bg #e4he ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,x is n demon/rat$ t ! numb]s ( ! la/ column repres5t exactly ! l[]+ ( ! wat] 9 a c5tury2 = x has n yet be5 suffici5tly det]m9$ if ?is l[]+ be uni=m1 or if x v>y at diff]5t p]iods1 & if x dep5d ^u "s local circum/ance1--^u ! climate1--or ^u ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e4 ,nor is x prop]ly e/abli%$1 t ?is l[]+1 :i* becomes less p]ceptible f ! nor? ( ! ,baltic1 until x disappe>s entirely at ! s\!rn extremity1 foll[s precisely ! same law ( dim9ution z ! latitude4 ,x appe>s to be uni=m 9 ! :ole ext5t ( ! ,gulf ( ,bo?nia1 & x rises ab\t f\r feet & a qu>t] 9 t region2 at ,calm> 7lat4 #eg #ej7 x is only two feet2 b x is n yet kn[n :e!r x decreases 9 a regul> mann] betwe5 ^! two places4 ,"s au?ors consid] ! facts relat$ by ,,mm4 ,bruncrona & ,hal/rom1 z decid+ ! "q 9 fav\r ( ^? :o believe 9 a l[]+ ( ! level ( ! ,baltic4 ,! editor ( ! ,annal5 d] ,physik#chd goes f>!r1 & seems to consid] x z confirm+ ! op9ion ( a g5]al l[]+ ( ! level ( ! sea4 ,9 support ( ?is op9ion1 he adduces ! traditions & obs]vations ( ! natives ( ,otaheite & ( ! ,moluccas & ,sunda ,isl&s1 reg>d+ ! retreat ( ! sea 9 sev]al p>ts ( _! coa/4 ,we are dispos$ to /& neutral 9 ?is matt]4 ,! geograph]s :o h collect$ ! greate/ numb] ( facts relat+ to ! level ( ! inl& seas1 & ( ! ocean 9 its v>i\s regions1 f9d ne>ly z _m 9 fav\r ( a rise z 9 fav\r ( a fall ( level4 ,! v di/ribution ( contr>y indications1 leads !m to believe 9 a p>tial displacem5t ( ! mass ( wat]s f "o region t[>ds ano!r1 & ev5 f ! "o side ( an inl& sea t[>ds ! opposite side2 a displacem5t :i* might be ow+ to fugitive or m or less durable causes1 su* z a v>iation ( temp]ature 9 ! pol> regions1 ! action ( w9ds & ( curr5ts1 modifi$ by ! great] or less quantity ( wat] 9 ! riv]s t fe$ ! diff]5t bas9s1 ^u ! sides oppos$ to _! direction4 ,are ! facts conta9$ 9 ! memoir 9 "q ( a nature to ov]?r[ ?is op9ion8 ,!y d n appe> s to u4 ,! two s]ies ( obs]vations :i* are adduc$1 only %ew a fall ^u ! coa/s ( ,sw$51 prop]ly s call$1 t is to say1 ^u ! we/ coa/ ( ! ,baltic1 & ! ea/ coa/ ( ! ,cattegat4 ,two obs]vations only h be5 made ^u ! coa/s ( ,f9l&1 t[>d ! extremity ( ! ,gulf ( ,bo?nia4 ,^! facts w\ld p]fectly accord ) ! op9ion ( ^? :o ?9k t ! curr5ts det]m9$ f ! nor? to ! s\? ( ! ,baltic by ! num]\s /reams :i* ru% into x1 pu% ! wat]s t[>d ! s\? %ore1 t ( ,pom]ania1 ,meckl5b\rg1 & ,hol/e92 & t ! wat]s consequ5tly ga9 ^u ! l& on ?is coa/1 z num]\s hi/orical facts atte/1 :ile !y retire along ! nor!rn %ores1 ^? ( ! ,gulf ( ,bo?nia4 ,be ?is z x may1 ! "q z to ! con/ancy ( ! level ( ! sea _c be consid]$ z decid$1 until a long s]ies ( obs]vations %all h be5 made ^u au!ntic & p]fectly fix$ measures erect$ ^u all ! %ores ( ! diff]5t seas1 & ( ! diff]5t regions ( ! ocean4 ,^? :i* h be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,sw$i% ,transactions furni% important docum5ts = ?is purpose2 & simil> ones %\ld be begun to be collect$ 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,! ph5om5a exhibit$ by ! wat]s ( ! ,baltic engag$ ! att5tion ( two rival speculators1 ,playfair & ,deluc2 & _! views are (t5 allud$ to by geologi/s4 ,we %all "h /ate !m 9 _! own words4 ,pr(essor ,playfair1 9 8 well kn[n & elegant "w on ! ,huttonian ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 has ! foll[+ rem>ks3 8,if we proce$ fur!r to ! nor?1 to ! %ores ( ! ,baltic = in/ance1 we h und\bt$ evid5ce ( a *ange ( level 9 ! same direction z on our own %ores4 ,! level ( ! sea has be5 repres5t$ z l[]+ at s great a rate z =ty in*es 9 a c5tury4 ,celsius obs]v$1 t sev]al rocks :i* are n[ above ! wat]1 7 n long ago sunk5 rocks1 & dang]\s to navigators2 & he took p>ticul> notice ( "o :i*1 9 ! ye> #afhj1 0 on ! surface ( ! wat]1 &1 9 ! ye> #agca1 0 #bj ,sw$i% in*es above x4 ,f an inscription ne> ,aspo1 9 ! lake ,mel>1 :i* communicates ) ! ,baltic1 engrav$1 z is suppos$1 ab\t five c5turies ago1 ! level ( ! sea appe>s to h sunk 9 t "t no less ?an ?irte5 ,sw$i% feet4 ,all ^! facts1 ) _m m :i* x is unnecess>y to enum]ate1 make ! gradual depression1 n only ( ! ,baltic1 b ( ! :ole ,nor!rn ,ocean1 a matt] ( c]ta9ty40--,playfair's ,illu/rations1 p4 #dde4 ,t indefatigable & accurate obs]v] ,de ,luc1 has ! foll[+ comm5t>y on ! prec$+ passage4 8,x w\ld be unnecess>y to m5tion ev5 ! two inconsid]able facts above1 if ! depression ( ! level ( ! seas 7 inde$ a matt] ( c]ta9ty2 = ! be/ au!nticat$ & ! lea/ equivocal monum5ts ( _! *ange w\ld !n ab\nd along all _! coa/s4 ,b pro(s are e :]e f\nd t su* a *ange is *im]ical3 !y may be se5 9 all ! vales com+ d[n to ^! seas1 9 :i* !re is no p]ceptible impression ( ! action ( any wat]s b ^? ( ! l&1 & no ve/ige1 ?r\gh _! :ole ext5t1 ( any p]man5t abode ( ^? ( ! sea2 & pro(s to ! same effect are equally visible1 along ! coa/s ( bo? ^! seas1 9 all ! new l&s :i* h be5 =m$ on !m1 & :i*1 be+ p]fectly horizontal f ! po9t :]e _! =mation comm5c$1 evid5tly %[ t ! wat] displac$ by !m has be5 con/antly at ! same level4 ,h5ce appe>s ! necessity ( multiply+1 z ,i h done1 & %all cont9ue to d1 = ! subv]sion ( a prejudice ( su* anci5t date1 ! examples ( ^! p]emptory pro(s ( its total want ( f\ndation4 ,! rock m5tion$ by ,celsius _h probably be5 obs]v$ by him at times :5 ! level ( ! sea 0 diff]5t2 its kn[n diff]5ces mu* exce$+ ! quantity "h specifi$4 ,z = ! inscription ne> ,aspo1 9 a c\ntry ab\nd+ ) lakes z mu* z t :i* ,i h above describ$1 if we are acqua9t$ ) its t]ms1 we %\ld probably f9d x to be1 l _m :i* ,i h se5 9 v>i\s places along ! c\rse ( ! ,od] & ! ,elbe1 ! monum5t ( "s extraord9>y inundation ( ! l&1 f ! sudd5 melt+ ( ! sn[s 9 ! m\nta9s1 at a "t :5 ! wat] _h be5 prev5t$ f runn+ (f by an equally extraord9>y rise ( ! level ( ! sea2 ( :i* ! effects on l[ coa/s may ext5d v f> inl&4 8,by ?is conclusion1 h[ev]1 f ^! few facts1 contr>y to e ?+ obs]v$ on ! coa/s ( ?is sea1 ,mr ,playfair ?9ks himself au?oris$ to ma9ta91 t ! gradual depression1 n only ( ! ,baltic1 b ( ! :ole nor!rn ocean1 is a matt] ( c]ta9ty2 aft]w>ds he exam9es m]ely :i* ( ^! two causes1 ! subsid5ce ( ! sea itself1 or ! elevation ( ! l& ar\nd x1 agrees ! be/ ) ! ph5om5a2 & he decides 9 fav\r ( ! latt]1 po9t+ out its accordance ) ! ,huttonian ,!ory40 ,,note ,l1 p4 #aai4 ,,fossil ,,rema9s ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,species4 ,f ! obs]vations ( ,w]n] & o!rs1 x appe>s1 t ! mo/ simple animals are ^? fir/ met ) 9 a m9]aliz$ /ate2 t ^! are succe$$ by o!rs m p]fect1 & :i* are conta9$ 9 new] =mations2 & t ! mo/ p]fect1 z quadrup$s1 occur only 9 ! newe/ =mation4 ,b we naturally inquire1 h no rema9s ( ! human species be5 hi!rto discov]$ 9 any ( ! =mations8 ,judg+ f ! arrangem5t already m5tion$1 we w\ld naturally expect to meet ) rema9s ( man 9 ! newe/ ( ! =mations4 ,9 ! writ+s ( anci5t au?ors !re are descriptions ( an?ropoli?i4 ,9 ! ye> #aegg1 ,fel4 ,plat]1 ,pr(essor ( ,anatomy at ,basle1 describ$ sev]al fossil bones ( ! elephant f\nd at ,luc]ne1 z ^? ( a giant at lea/ n9ete5 feet high4 ,! ,luc]nese 7 s p]fectly satisfi$ ) ?is discov]y1 t !y caus$ a pa9t+ to be made ( ! giant1 z he mu/ h appe>$ :5 alive1 assum$ two su* giants z ! support]s ( ! city arms1 & _h ! pa9t+ hung 9 _! public hall4 ,! ,l&voigt ,engel1 n satisfi$ ) ?is acc\nt ( ^! rema9s1 ma9ta9$ t our planet1 be=e ! creation ( ! pres5t race ( m51 0 inhabit$ by fall5 angels1 & t ^! bones 7 "p ( ! skeletons ( "s ( ^? mis]able be+s4 ,s*eu*z] publi%$ an engrav+ & description ( a fossil human skeleton1 :i* prov$ to be a gigantic species ( salam&] or proteus4 ,spallanzani describes a hill ( fossil human bones 9 ! isl& ( ,c]igo2 b ?is also is an error1 z has be5 satisfactorily %ewn by ,blum5ba*4 ,lately1 h[ev]1 a fossil human skeleton has be5 import$ into ?is c\ntry f ,guadal\pe1 by ,sir ,alex&] ,co*rane4 ,x is imb$d$ 9 a block ( calc>e\s /one1 compos$ ( p>ticles ( lime/one & coral1 & :i*1 l ! aggregations ( %ells f\nd on ! lime/one coa/s 9 "s p>ts ( ?is c\ntry1 has acquir$ a great degree ( h>dness4 ,x is !re=e an in/ance ( a fossil human petrifaction 9 an alluvial =mation4 ,! engrav+ "h giv5 is copi$ f ! ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london2 & ! foll[+ description ( ! fossil rema9s x exhibits is t ( ,mr ,konig1 :i* has be5 drawn up ) great c>e4 8,! situation ( ! skeleton 9 ! block 0 s sup]ficial1 t its pres5ce 9 ! rock on ! coa/ _h probably be5 indicat$ by ! projection ( "s ( ! m elevat$ p>ts ( ! left =e-arm4 8,! op]ation ( lay+ ! bones op5 to view1 & ( r$uc+ ! sup]flu\s l5g? ( ! block at its extremities1 be+ p]=m$ ) all ! c>e :i* its excessive h>dness1 & ! relative s(tness ( ! bones1 requir$1 ! skeleton exhibit$ itself 9 ! mann] repres5t$ 9 ! annex$ draw+ 7,pl4 ,i47 ) :i* my fri5d ,mr ,alex&] has be5 s good z to illu/rate ?is description4 8,! skull is want+2 a circum/ance :i* is ! m to be regrett$1 z ?is *>act]i/ic "p might possibly h ?r[n "s light on ! subject "u consid]ation1 or w\ld1 at lea/1 h settl$ ! "q1 :e!r ! skeleton is t ( a ,c>ib1 :o us$ to give ! frontal bone ( ! head a p>ticul> %ape by compression1 :i* _h ! effect ( depress+ ! upp] & protrud+ ! l[] edge ( ! orbits1 s z to make ! direction ( _! op5+ ne>ly upw>ds1 or horizontal1 in/ead ( v]tical#che4 8,! v]tebr ( ! neck 7 lo/ ) ! head4 ,! bones ( ! ?orax be> all ! m>ks ( consid]able concussion1 & are completely dislocat$4 ,! sev5 true ribs ( ! left side1 ?\gh _! heads are n 9 connexion ) ! v]tebr1 are complete2 b only ?ree ( ! false ribs are obs]vable4 ,on ! "r side only fragm5ts ( ^! bones are se52 b ! upp] "p ( ! sev5 true ribs ( ?is side are f\nd on ! left1 & might at fir/ sight be tak5 = ! t]m9ation ( ! left ribs2 z may be se5 9 ! draw+4 ,! "r ribs mu/ !re=e h be5 viol5tly brok5 & c>ri$ ov] to ! left side1 :]e1 if ?is mode ( view+ ! subject be correct1 ! /]num mu/ likewise lie conceal$ bel[ ! t]m9ation ( ! ribs4 ,! small bone dep5d5t above ! upp] ribs ( ! left side1 appe>s to be ! "r clavicle4 ,! "r os hum]i is lo/2 ( ! left no?+ rema9s except ! condyles 9 connexion ) ! =e-arm1 :i* is 9 ! /ate ( pronation2 ! radius ( ?is side exi/s ne>ly 9 its full l5g?1 :ile ( ! ulna ! l[] "p only rema9s1 :i* is consid]ably pu%$ upw>ds4 ,( ! two bones ( ! "r =e-arm1 ! inf]ior t]m9ations are se54 ,bo? ! r[s ( ! bones ( ! wri/s are lo/1 b ! :ole metac>pus ( ! left h& is display$1 toge!r ) "p ( ! bones ( ! f+]s3 ! fir/ jo9t ( ! =e-f+] re/s on ! upp] ridge ( ! os pubis2 ! two o!rs1 deta*$ f _! metac>pal bones1 are propell$ d[nw>ds1 & situat$ at ! inn] side ( ! femur1 & bel[ ! =am5 magnum is*ii ( ?is side4 ,ve/iges ( ?ree ( ! f+]s ( ! "r h& are likewise visible1 consid]ably bel[ ! l[] portion ( ! =e-arm1 & close to ! upp] extremity ( ! femur4 ,! v]tebr may be trac$ along ! :ole l5g? ( ! column1 b are 9 no "p ( x well def9$4 ,( ! os sacrum1 ! sup]ior portion only is di/9ct3 x is disunit$ f ! la/ v]tebra & ! ilium1 & driv5 upw>ds4 ,! left os ilium is ne>ly complete1 b %att]$1 & "o ( ! fragm5ts depress$ bel[ ! level ( ! re/2 ! ossa pubis1 ?\gh well def9$1 are gradually lo/ 9 ! mass ( ! /one4 ,on ! "r side1 ! os innom9atum is completely %att]$1 & ! fragm5ts are sunk3 b t[>ds ! acetabulum1 "p ( its int]nal cellul> /ructure is disc]nible4 8,! ?igh-bones1 & ! bones ( ! leg ( ! "r side1 are 9 good pres]vation1 b be+ consid]ably turn$ outw>ds1 ! fibula lies buri$ 9 ! /one1 & is n se54 ,! l[] "p ( ! femur ( ?is side is indicat$ only by a bony outl9e1 & appe>s to h be5 di/5d$ by ! compact lime/one t fills ! cavities bo? ( ! bones ( ! leg & ?igh1 & to ! expansion ( :i*1 ^! bones probably owe _! pres5t %att]$ condition4 ,! l[] end ( ! left ?igh-bone appe>s to h be5 brok5 & lo/ 9 ! op]ation ( deta*+ ! block2 ! two bones ( ! leg1 h[ev]1 on ?is side1 are ne>ly complete2 ! tibia 0 split almo/ ! :ole ( its l5g? a little bel[ ! ext]nal edge1 & ! fissure be+ fill$ up ) lime/one1 n[ pres5ts itself z a d>k-col\r$ /raight l9e4 ,! portion ( ! /one :i* conta9$ "p ( ! bones ( ! t>sus & metat>sus1 0 un=tunately brok52 b ! sep>ate fragm5ts are pres]v$4 8,! :ole ( ! bones1 :5 fir/ laid b>e1 _h a m\ld]+ appe>ance1 & ! h>d surr\nd+ /one c\ld n be deta*$ )\t frequ5tly injur+ _! surface2 b aft] an exposure = "s days to ! air1 !y acquir$ a consid]able degree ( h>dness4 ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 :o subject$ a small portion ( !m to *emical analysis1 f\nd t !y conta9$ "p ( _! animal matt]1 & all _! phosphate ( lime40 ,,note ,m1 p4 #abh4 ,acc\nt ( ! ,displacem5t ( t "p ( ! ,coa/ ( ! ,adriatic :i* is occupi$ by ! ,m\?s ( ! ,po4 ,t portion ( ! %ore ( ! ,adriatic :i* lies betwe5 ! lake1 or r lagune1 ( ,comma*io1 & ! lagunes ( ,v5ice1 has und]gone consid]able alt]ations s9ce anci5t times1 z is atte/$ by au?ors wor?y ( entire cr$it1 & z is /ill ev9c$ by ! actual /ate ( ! soil 9 ! di/ricts ne> ! coa/2 b x is impossible n[ to give any exact detail ( ! successive progress ( ^! *anges1 & m especially ( _! precise measures dur+ ! ages :i* prec$$ ! twelf? c5tury ( our era4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 c]ta91 t ! city ( ,hatria1 n[ call$ ,adria1 0 =m]ly situat$ on ! edge ( ! coa/2 & by ?is we atta9 a kn[n fix$ po9t ^u ! primitive %ore1 :5ce ! ne>e/ "p ( ! pres5t coa/1 at ! m\? ( ! ,adige1 is at ! di/ance ( #be1jjj metres#chf2 & x w be se5 9 ! sequel1 t ! extreme po9t ( ! alluvial promontory =m$ by ! ,po1 is f>!r advanc$ into ! sea ?an ! m\? ( ! ,adige by ne>ly #aj1jjj metres#chg4 ,! inhabitants ( ,adria h =m$ exagg]at$ pret5sions1 9 _m respects1 z to ! high antiquity ( _! city1 ?\gh x is und5iably "o ( ! mo/ anci5t 9 ,italy1 z x gave "n to ! sea :i* once wa%$ its walls4 ,by "s rese>*es made 9 its int]ior & its environs1 a /ratum ( e>? has be5 f\nd mix$ ) fragm5ts ( ,etruscan pott]y1 & ) no?+ :atev] ( ,roman manufacture4 ,etruscan & ,roman pott]y are f\nd mix$ toge!r 9 a sup]ior b$1 on ! top ( :i* ! ve/iges ( a !atre h be5 discov]$4 ,bo? ( ^! b$s are f> bel[ ! level ( ! pres5t soil4 ,i h se5 at ,adria v curi\s collections1 9 :i* ^! rema9s ( antiquity are sep>ately class$2 & hav+1 "s ye>s ago1 obs]v$ to ! vic]oy1 t x w\ld be ( great importance1 bo? to hi/ory & geology1 to make a ?or\gh se>* into ^! buri$ rema9s at ,adria1 c>efully notic+ ! levels 9 comp>ison ) ! sea1 bo? ( ! primitive soil1 & ( ! successive alluvial b$s1 8 ,highness ent]$ w>mly into my ideas2 b ,i "k n :e!r ^! propositions h be5 s9ce c>ri$ into effect4 ,foll[+ ! coa/1 aft] leav+ ,hatria1 :i* 0 situat$ at ! bottom ( a small bay or gulf1 we f9d to ! s\? a bran* ( ! ,a!sis or ,adige1 & ( ! ,fossa ,phili/9a1 ( :i* ! rema9+ trace corresponds to :at might h be5 ! ,m9cio & ,t>t>o unit$1 if ! ,po _h /ill run to ! s\? ( ,f]r>a4 ,we next f9d ! ,delta ,v5etum1 :i* seems to h occupi$ ! place :]e ! lake or lagune ( ,comma*io is n[ situat$4 ,?is delta 0 trav]s$ by sev5 bran*es ( ! ,eridanus or ,po1 =m]ly call$ also ! ,vadis ,padus or ,pod9cus2 :i* riv]1 at ! diramification ( ^! sev5 bran*es1 & ^u its left or nor!rn bank1 _h a city nam$ ,trigoboli1 ^: site c\ld n be f> f :]e ,f]r>a n[ /&s4 ,sev5 lakes1 inclos$ )9 ?is delta1 7 call$ ,septem ,m>ia1 & ,hatria 0 sometimes d5om9at$ ,urbs ,septem ,m>ium1 or ! city ( ! sev5 seas or lakes4 ,foll[+ ! coa/ f ,hatria to ! nor?w>ds1 we come to ! pr9cipal m\? ( ! ,a!sis or ,adige1 =m]ly nam$ ,fossa ,phili/9a1 & aft]w>ds ,e/u>ium ,alt9i1 an int]ior sea1 sep>at$ by a range ( small isl&s f ! ,adriatic ,gulf1 9 ! middle ( :i* 0 a clu/] ( o!r small isles1 call$ ,rialtum1 & ^u ?is ar*ipelago ! city ( ,v5ice is n[ seat$4 ,! ,e/u>ium ,alt9i is :at is n[ call$ ! ,lagune ( ,v5ice1 & no long] communicates ) ! sea1 except by five passages1 ! small isl&s ( ! ,ar*ipelago hav+ be5 unit$ into a cont9u\s dike4 ,to ! ea/ ( ! lagunes1 & nor? f ! city ( ,e/e1 we f9d ! ,euganian m\nta9s1 or hills1 =m+1 9 ! mid/ ( a va/ alluvial pla91 a rem>kable isolat$ gr\p ( r\nd$ hills1 ne> :i* spot ! fable ( ! anci5ts supposes ! fall ( ,phton to h tak5 place4 ,"s writ]s h suppos$ t ?is fable may h orig9at$ f ! fall ( "s va/ masses ( inflam$ matt]s ne> ! m\?s ( ! ,eridanus1 t _h be5 ?r[n up by a volcanic explosion2 & x is c]ta9 t abundance ( volcanic products are f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,padua & ,v]ona4 ,! mo/ anci5t notices t ,i h be5 able to procure respect+ ! situation ( ! %ores ( ! ,adriatic at ! m\?s ( ! ,po1 only beg9 to be precise 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,at t epo* ! :ole wat]s ( ?is riv] fl[$ to ! s\? ( ,f]r>a1 9 ! ,po de ,volano & ! ,po di ,prim>o1 bran*es :i* inclos$ ! space occupi$ by ! lagune ( ,comma*io4 ,! two bran*es :i* 7 next =m$ by an irruption ( ! wat]s ( ! ,po to ! nor? ( ,f]r>o1 7 nam$ ! riv] ( ,corbola1 ,longola1 or ,mazzorno1 & ! riv] ,toi4 ,! =m]1 & m nor!rn ( ^!1 receiv$ ! ,t>t>o1 or canal bianco1 ne> ! sea1 & ! latt] 0 jo9$ at ,ariano by ano!r bran* d]iv$ f ! ,po1 call$ ! ,goro riv]4 ,! sea-coa/ 0 evid5tly direct$ f s\? to nor?1 at ! di/ance ( t5 or elev5 ?\s& metres#chh f ! m]idian ( ,adria2 & ,loreo1 to ! nor? ( ,mesola1 0 only ab\t #bjjj metres#chi f ! coa/4 ,t[>ds ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury1 ! flood-wat]s ( ! ,po 7 reta9$ on _! left or nor!rn side by dikes ne> ! small city ( ,fic>olo1 :i* is ab\t #ai1jjj metres#cij to ! nor?-we/ ( ,f]r>a1 spread+ !mselves s\?w>ds ov] ! nor!rn "p ( ! t]ritory ( ,f]r>a & ! ,poles9e ( ,rovigo1 & fl[$ ?r\gh ! two =m]ly m5tion$ canals ( ,mazzorno & ,toi4 ,x seems p]fectly asc]ta9$1 t ?is *ange 9 ! direction ( ! wat]s ( ! ,po _h be5 produc$ by ! effects ( human lab\rs2 & ! hi/orians :o h record$ ?is rem>kable fact only diff] f ea* o!r 9 "s ( ! m m9ute details4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! riv] to fl[ 9 ! new *annels1 :i* _h be5 op5$ = ! m ready dis*>ge ( its wat]s :5 9 flood1 cont9ually increas$2 ow+ to :i* ! two anci5t *ief bran*es1 ! ,volano & ,prim>o1 rapidly decreas$1 & 7 r$uc$ 9 less ?an a c5tury to _! pres5t comp>atively insignificant size2 :ile ! ma9 direction ( ! riv] 0 e/abli%$ betwe5 ! m\? ( ! ,adige to ! nor?1 & :at is n[ call$ ,porto di ,goro1 on ! s\?4 ,! two be=e-m5tion$ canals ( ,mazzorno & ,toi becom+ insuffici5t = ! dis*>ge1 o!rs 7 dug2 & ! pr9cipal m\?1 call$ ,bocco ,tramontana1 or ! nor!rn m\?1 hav+ approa*$ ! m\? ( ! ,adige1 ! ,v5etians became al>m$ 9 #afjd2 :5 !y excavat$ a new canal ( dis*>ge1 nam$ ,taglio de ,porto ,viro1 or ,po delle ,=naci1 by :i* means ! ,bocco ,mae/ra1 0 div]t$ f ! ,adige t[>ds ! s\?4 ,dur+ f\r c5turies1 f ! end ( ! twelf? to t ( ! sixte5?1 ! alluvial =mations ( ! ,po ga9$ consid]ably ^u ! sea4 ,! nor!rn m\?1 :i* _h usurp$ ! situation ( ! ,mazzorno canal1 becom+ ! ,rama di ,trimontana1 _h advanc$ 9 #afjj to ! di/ance ( #bj1jjj metres#cia f ! m]idian ( ,adria2 & ! s\!rn m\?1 :i* _h tak5 possession ( ! canal ( ,toi1 0 !n #ag1jjj metres#cib advanc$ beyond ! same po9t4 ,?us ! %ore _h become ext5d$ n9e or t5 ?\s& metres#cic to ! nor?1 & six or sev5 ?\s& to ! s\?#cid4 ,betwe5 ^! two m\?s !re 0 =m]ly a bay1 or a "p ( ! coa/ less advanc$ ?an ! re/1 call$ ,sacca di ,goro4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod ( f\r hundr$ ye>s previ\s to ! comm5cem5t ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! great & ext5sive embankm5ts ( ! ,po 7 con/ruct$2 & also1 dur+ ! same p]iod1 ! s\!rn slopes ( ! ,alps began to be cle>$ & cultivat$4 ,! great canal1 d5om9at$ ,taglio di ,porto ,viro1 or ,po delle ,=naci1 asc]ta9s ! advance ( ! alluvial depositions 9 ! va/ promontory n[ =m$ by ! m\?s or delta ( ! ,po4 ,9 proportion z _! entrances into ! sea ext5d f ! orig9al l&1 ! ye>ly quantity ( alluvial depositions increases 9 an al>m+ degree1 ow+ to ! dim9i%$ slope ( ! /reams1 :i* 0 a necess>y consequ5ce1 ( ! prolongation ( _! b$1 to ! conf9em5t ( ! wat]s betwe5 dikes1 & to ! facility ) :i* ! increas$ cultivation ( ! gr\nd enabl$ ! m\nta9 torr5ts :i* fl[$ into !m to c>ry away ! soil4 ,ow+ to ^! causes1 ! bay call$ ,sacra di ,goro 0 v soon fill$ up1 & ! two promontories :i* _h be5 =m$ by ! two =m] pr9cipal m\?s ( ,mazzorno & ,toi1 7 unit$ into "o va/ project+ cape1 ! mo/ advanc$ po9t ( :i* is n[ #cb1jjj or #cc1jjj metres#cie beyond ! m]idian ( ,adria3 s t 9 ! c\rse ( two hundr$ ye>s1 ! m\?s or delta ( ! ,po h ga9$ ab\t #ad1jjj metres#cif ^u ! sea4 ,f all ^! facts1 ( :i* ,i h giv5 a brief enum]ation1 ! foll[+ results are cle>ly e/abli%$4 ,fir/1 ,t1 at "s anci5t p]iod1 ! precise date ( :i* _c be n[ asc]ta9$1 ! waves ( ! ,adriatic wa%$ ! walls ( ,adria4 ,secondly1 ,t1 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 be=e a passage _h be5 op5$ = ! wat]s ( ! ,po at ,fic>rolo2 on its left or nor!rn bank1 ! %ore _h be5 already remov$ to ! di/ance ( n9e or t5 ?\s& metres#cig f ,adria4 ,?irdly1 ,t ! extremities ( ! promontories =m$ by ! two pr9cipal bran*es ( ! ,po1 be=e ! excavation ( ! ,taglio di ,porto ,viro1 _h ext5d$1 by ! ye> #afjj1 or 9 f\r hundr$ ye>s1 to a m$ium di/ance ( #ah1ejj metres#cih beyond ,adria2 giv+1 f ! ye> #abjj1 an av]age ye>ly increase ( ! alluvial l& ( #be metres#cii4 ,f\r?ly1 ,t ! extreme po9t ( ! pres5t s+le promontory1 =m$ by ! alluvions ( ! exi/+ bran*es1 is advanc$ to betwe5 ?irty-two & ?irty-?ree ?\s& metres#djj beyond ,adria2 :5ce ! av]age ye>ly progress is ab\t sev5ty metres#dja dur+ ! la/ two hundr$ ye>s1 be+ a greatly m rapid proportion ?an 9 =m] times4 ,,prony4 ,,note1 p4 #bdd4 ,on ! ,univ]sal ,deluge4 ,mr ,cuvi] 9 ! pres5t "w1 & m rec5tly 9 a note to ,mr ,lemaire's edition ( ,ovid's ,metamorphoses1 enum]ates ! ,mosaic1 ,grecian1 ,assyrian1 ,p]sian1 ,indian1 & ,*9ese traditions1 conc]n+ a univ]sal deluge2 & concludes f !m1 t ! surface ( ! globe1 five or six ?\s& ye>s ago1 und]w5t a g5]al & sudd5 revolution1 by :i* ! l&s inhabit$ by ! human be+s :o liv$ at t "t1 & by ! v>i\s species ( animals kn[n at ! pres5t day1 7 ov]fl[$ by ! ocean2 out ( :i* em]g$ ! pres5t habitable portions ( ! globe4 ,?is celebrat$ naturali/ ma9ta9s1 t ^! regions ( ! e>? 7 peopl$ by ! few individuals :o 7 pres]v$1 & t ! tradition ( ! cata/rophe has be5 pres]v$ among ^! new races ( p1 v>i\sly modifi$ by ! diff]5ce ( _! situation & _! social disposition4 ,accord+ to ,mr ,cuvi]1 simil> revolutions ( nature _h tak5 place1 at p]iods long antec$5t to t ( ! ,mosaic deluge4 ,! dry l& 0 inhabit$1 if n by human be+s1 at lea/ by l& animals at an e>li] p]iod2 & mu/ h be5 *ang$ f ! dry l& to ! b$ ( ! ocean2 & x might ev5 be conclud$ f ! v>i\s species ( animals conta9$ 9 x1 t ?is *ange1 z well z its opposite1 _h occurr$ m ?an once4 ,?is op9ion be+ br\ght =w>d 9 a geogno/ic "w1 especially 9 a "w ab\nd+ 9 su* valuable matt]s ( fact1 & /at$ z ! result ( geogno/ic inve/igation1 we may be p]mitt$1 9 ?is po9t ( view1 to exam9e x2 & to ask1 :e!r1 f ! ph5om5a exhibit$ by ! pres5t condition ( ! e>?'s surface1 we are entitl$ to conclude t x owes its con=mation to su* a univ]sal deluge4 ,we "k1 f argum5ts sugge/$ by *emi/ry & ! high] me*anics1 t ! globe 0 once 9 a /ate ( fluidity2 h5ce x might be ma9ta9$ ) "s appe>ance ( probability1 t ! condition ( ! e>?1 previ\s to ! exi/5ce ( organic matt]1 dep5d$ ^u fusion2 & t ! primitive rocks are ( igne\s orig94 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 granite has be5 f\nd above rocks ( v>i\s k9ds :i* conta9 ! rema9s ( organic bodies1 we are "u no necessity ( ascrib+ to primitive rocks an orig9 diff]5t f t ( subsequ5t =mations2 &1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to o!r argum5ts1 ! fact1 t aquatic animals are ! mo/ abundant ( fossil organic rema9s f ! e>lie/ ( ! transition to ! late/ ( ! second>y & t]ti>y =mations1 af=ds evid5ce t !y are precipitates f wat]4 ,not)/&+ ! great & daily advancem5t ( sci5ce1 our k ( *emi/ry is /ill too imp]fect = u to arrive at an adequate k ( ! /ate ( ?is wat]1 or r sea1 z1 f its univ]sal expansion1 x mu/ be d5om9at$4 ,did x conta9 dissolv$ 9 x at ! same "t all ! mat]ials f :i* ! v>i\s b$s ( rock 7 =m$2 :at 7 ! solv5ts ( ^? mat]ials :i* we f9d1 ei!r insoluble 9 wat]1 or at lea/ n easily soluble2 by :at means 7 ! precipitates produc$2 & :5ce came ?is prodigi\s mass ( wat]s8 ,^u ^! unansw]$ que/ions dep5d o!rs no less important4 ,! aquatic animals ( a =m] _w und\bt$ly liv$ 9 ?is sea2 o!rwise1 we mu/ admit ( ano!r sea free f het]og5e\s mat]ials4 ,b did ^! animals cont9ue to live 9 x dur+ ! :ole process ( precipitation2 & did ?is process proce$ s sl[ly & imp]ceptibly1 t animal life 0 n int]rupt$ by x1 & t only rema9s ( dead animals1 su* z ! skeletons ( fi%es1 & ! cov]+ ( %ell-fi%es1 7 envelop$ 9 ! precipitates8 ,or1 did animal life cont9ue only dur+ ! /ate ( solution2 & 7 ! myriads ( aquatic animals f\nd 9 b$s ( rocks buri$ 9 !m alive8 ,_m naturali/s appe> to ent]ta9 ! latt] op9ion1 f obs]v+ ! agonies ( dea? depict$ 9 ! di/ort$ position ( fi%es 9 copp]-slate1 or f d]iv+ ! bitum9\s prop]ties ( /9k-/one1 z well z ( m>l1 f ! decomposition ( animal bodies1 ( :i* su* num]\s ve/iges are extant 9 ^! b$s8 ,9 ?is way a plausible explanation is giv5 ( ! ph5om5a ( a =m] _w t has p]i%$4 ,h[1 !n1 d !y expla9 ! con/ant appe>ance ( s _m species1 :i* h cont9u$ )\t int]ruption = su* an inf9ite l5g? ( "t8 ,h ^! species be5 propagat$ by individuals :o accid5tally escap$ de/ruction3 or1 ,does a new race cont9ually spr+ up aga98 ,b lay+ aside ! difficulty ( ?is explanation1 ! viol5t de/ruction ( s _m races ( animals1 is sc>cely consi/5t ) ! g5]al ord] ( ! univ]se1 accord+ to :i*1 we behold e animal occupy+ its prop] elem5t1 & fulfill+ its p>ticul> de/9y4 ,we1 !re=e1 involunt>ily rev]t to ! op9ion1 t ^? creatures1 ^: rema9s are pres]v$ 9 b$s ( rocks1 h liv$ cont9ually 9 ! sea1 out ( :i* ! rocks 7 precipitat$1 9 ! same mann] z ! analog\s species n[ liv+ 9 ! sea become envelop$ 9 deposits /ill tak+ place1 al?\gh on a comp>atively small scale4 ,:at has j be5 said does n entitle u to admit t ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! e>? h be51 f "t to "t1 ov]fl[$ ) wat]4 ,yet are !re o!r appe>ances :i* completely indicate su* a *ange1 namely1 b$s ( coal1 & ! fossil rema9s ( l& animals4 ,! c>bonisation ( roots ( trees 9 clefts ( rocks1 & ( m>% plants 9 peat-bogs1 :i* takes place1 z x 71 "u our own imm$iate obs]vation2 ! transitions ( bitum9\s wood into pit*-coal1 ! frequ5t pres5ce ( vegetables p>tly conv]t$ into coal1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( b$s ( coal1 & :i* are m abundant ! ne>] !y are to ^! b$s2 &1 f9ally1 ! *emical nature ( coal1 :i* is simil> to t ( vegetables1 g to prove ! vegetable orig9 ( ! old] & indep5d5t coal =mation4 ,?\gh "s fossil vegetables might d]ive _! orig91 by be+ float$ to qu>t]s m or less remote f _! native soil1 z we f9d to be ! case 9 _m isl&s ( ! ,s\? ,sea1 & on o!r %ores2 on ! o!r h&1 nei!r ! bread? & ext5t ( b$s ( coal1 nor ! erect position 9 :i* fossil trees & re$ plants are n unfrequ5tly f\nd 9 _! neighb\rhood1 co9cide ) su* an explanation4 ,! plants1 f :i* ^! b$s 7 =m$1 once /ood & grew 9 ! place :]e !y 7 buri$2 &1 f ^! rema9s1 we inf] t !y 7 entirely l& plants1 tree-f]ns1 ,lycopodia1 & o!r cryptogamia4 ,x also appe>s und5iable1 t ! l&1 be+ once dry1 01 dur+ a long] or %ort] "t1 cov]$ ) luxuriant vegetation2 t x 0 aft]w>ds ov]fl[$ ) wat]1 & !n became dry l& aga94 ,b1 0 ?is ov]fl[ ( wat] produc$ by a sudd51 viol5t1 & univ]sal cata/rophe1 su* z we consid] ! deluge8 ,_m circum/ances leave room = opposite conjecture4 ,if x is probable t ! old] or black coal is ( vegetable orig91 ! plants f :i* x has orig9at$1 mu/ h suff]$ an incomp>ably great] *ange ?an ^? ( m rec5t coal =mations4 ,_! composition & _! texture1 af=d evid5ce ( a long op]ation ( ! fluid 9 :i* ! *anges 7 produc$2 & _! situation1 proves t ! sub/ance ( ! plants1 ?\gh n entirely dissolv$1 0 yet mu* comm9ut$1 & 0 kept float+ & swimm+1 & !n precipitat$4 ,h[ c we1 9 any o!r way1 acc\nt = ! lay]s ( s&/one & slate-clay1 ) :i* coal regul>ly alt]nates1 s t f "o to sixty alt]nate b$s h be5 enum]at$8 ,h[ c we expla9 ! comb9ation ( m9]al coal ) slate-clay1 or acc\nt = ! appe>ance ( bitum9\s %ale1 fl9ty slate1 ( iron-pyrites & iron-ore1 9 ! mid/ ( m9]al coal itself8 ,we d n1 h[ev]1 admit ( a repeat$ uncov]+ & cov]+ ( ! l& ) wat]1 & ( a r5ewal ( vegetation = e p>ticul> b$ ( coal2 f> f x1 = viol5t inundations exhibit v diff]5t ph5om5a4 ,^! =mations1 l pure m9]al =mations1 be> ! evid5t impress ( a l5g!n$ op]ation1 & ( g5tle precipitations2 & :oev] /ill ent]ta9s d\bts reg>d+ ?is1 may h !m completely remov$ by ! condition 9 :i* vegetable rema9s are frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! coal =mations1 by ! p]fect pres]vation ( ! mo/ delicately %ap$ f]n leaves1 by ! upright position ( /ems1 & by o!r appe>ances ( a simil> "*4 ,x is also an important objection aga9/ ! univ]sality ( ! cov] ( wat]1 not)/&+ ! wide ext5t ( b$s ( coal1 t !y are sometimes accompani$ ) fossil rema9s ( fre%-wat] %ells1 f :i* we are entitl$ to draw ! conclusion1 t !y mu/ h be5 deposit$ 9 inclos$ bas9s ( inl& wat]s4 ,f ! b$s ( coal f\nd 9 v>i\s situations among ,alp9e lime/one1 z well z 9 o!r second>y =mations1 "u simil> circum/ances1 we are at lib]ty to ma9ta9 t !y are n indebt$ = _! orig9 to any univ]sal & sudd5 revolution4 ,:5 we proce$ to ! second division ( coal =mations1 to br[n coal1 or to lignite1 ! pr9cipal diff]5ce we discov] is1 t ! *ange :i* ! vegetables h und]gone1 hav+ tak5 place at a "t :5 ! *emical p[] _h lo/ mu* ( its en]gy1 0 incomplete2 & besides1 we obs]ve 9 ! diff]5t br[n coal =mations ! same repetition ( s+le b$s alt]nat+ ) o!r b$s ( rocks1 ! mixture ( diff]5t m9]als1 & n unfrequ5tly ( upright /ems4 ,"s appe> to be d]iv$ f sea plants1 & o!rs f fre%-wat] plants2 b ! great] proportion f l& plants4 ,!y1 equally ) ! b$s ( black coal1 give evid5ce ( a new ov]fl[ ( wat]1 & ! wat] plants !mselves1 :i* nev] ?rive at a great dep?1 & :i* frequ5tly appe> "u prodigi\s b$s ( rocks1 mu/ h exp]i5c$ su* a *ange4 ,b t *ange 0 sc>cely ( ! k9d :i* we und]/& by a deluge1 & ! frequ5t repetition ( deluges indicat$1 accord+ to "s1 by ! repeat$ b$s ( coal f ! transition to ! newe/ t]ti>y p]iods1 is h>dly cr$ible4 ,x may be ma9ta9$1 ) m c]ta9ty1 ( br[n coal ?an ( black coal1 t !y h be5 =m$ 9 l& wat]1 & h5ce 9 limit$ & isolat$ bas9s ( wat]1 s9ce fre%-wat] animals are _! con/ant att5dants4 ,al?\gh ! b$s ( coal ( our second>y =mations appe> to h orig9at$ 9 a simil> way ) o!r m9]al =mations1 & n by viol5t cata/rophes1 x is o!rwise ) a "p ( ^? vegetable rema9s :i* are met ) 9 alluvial l&4 ,subt]ranean =e/s1 ^: circumf]5ce1 9 "s in/ances1 ext5ds ab\t #gj squ>e leagues1 p>tly 9 a /ate ( good pres]vation1 & p>tly m or less decompos$1 af=d satisfactory pro( ( deluges1 & h und\bt$ly be5 cov]$ up ) e>? by a viol5t eruption ( /&+ or runn+ wat]4 ,b ^! are local effects1 simil> to :at take place 9 our own day1 b on a l>g] scale4 ,!re are abundant fossil rema9s ( l& animals1 resembl+ ^? ( wat] animals1 f\nd 9 su* a /ate ( pres]vation1 t we _c suppose !m to h be5 br\ght hi!r f di/ant places1 & by means ( curr5ts4 ,_! appe>+ 9 b$s ( rocks1 or g5]ally 9 aque\s precipitates1 proves t ! soil !y fir/ inhabit$1 mu/ h be5 dry l&1 aft]w>ds ov]fl[$ ) wat]4 ,! appe>ance ( :at are call$ fre% wat] %ells1 9 alt]nate b$s ) m>9e animals1 be+ sometimes obs]v$ 9 new] fltz rocks 9 great abundance1 seems to indicate a reit]at$ retreat & return ( ! sea4 ,b h[ev] m]itori\s ! lab\rs ( naturali/s1 ?r\gh :om att5tion has be5 direct$ to ! subject1 may be 9 o!r respects1 we are nev]!less dispos$ to ent]ta9 d\bts conc]n+ _! conclusions4 ,9 our own seas & ponds ^u ! coa/s1 we obs]ve ! same te/ace\s animals gr[+ equally well 9 salt wat]1 & 9 wat] ne>ly fre%2 &1 aga91 fre% wat] animals liv+ 9 salt wat]#djb4 ,by artificial means ! inhabitants ( ! sea may be *ang$ into inhabitants ( fre% wat]2 z fre%-wat] animals are1 9 _! turn1 conv]t$ into m>9e animals1 s t1 to decide conc]n+ ! prop] elem5t ( ea* individual species is (t5 matt] ( difficulty4 ,!re=e1 o!r circum/ances besides t ( conta9+ salt mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! occasional pl5ty1 sc>city1 or absolute want ( food2 ! soil be+ sometimes s&y1 slimy1 or rocky2 ! dep?1 ext5t1 agitation or tranquillity ( ! wat]2 &1 f9ally1 ! quality ( ! air conta9$ 9 x1 may be z in/rum5tal 9 det]m9+ ! habitation ( ^! animals1 z ! mat]ials :i* ! wat] holds 9 solution4 ,an excell5t obs]v] has inde$ v lately %ewn 9 a treatise1 :i* supports ! idea ( fre%-wat] =mations1 t we possess no un]r+ "* = di/+ui%+ sea %ell-fi% f ^? ( fre% wat]2 b admitt$1 not)/&+ ! transition above /at$1 we c draw a l9e ( di/9ction betwe5 !m1 we mu/ n =get t ?is inve/igation is nei!r reg>d+ sea %ell-fi% n[ exi/+1 nor ( our pres5t wat]s4 ,we inde$ draw our conclusion1 & n )\t reason1 f simil> con=mation1 simil> modes ( exi/5ce4 ,b "o ( two ?+s mu/ be2 ei!r t ! %ell-fi%1 ^: rema9s are f\nd 9 b$s ( rocks1 liv$ 9 ! wat] out ( :i* ^! b$s 7 precipitat$1 or ! wat] 9 :i* !y liv$1 0 dislodg$ by o!r wat] conta9+ ! mat]ials ( ! precipitations4 ,9 ! fir/ & m g5]ally admitt$ case1 ! wat] 0 s diff]5t f ! pres5t wat]1 :e!r salt or fre%1 t we _c inf] f ! inhabitants ( ! latt] any ?+ conc]n+ ! inhabitants ( ! =m]2 b we c confid5tly ma9ta91 t a great] resemblance prevails betwe5 our sea & l& wat]1 ?an betwe5 ei!r ! "o or ! o!r1 & t fluid :i* 0 inhabit$ by ! %ell-fi%4 ,9 o!r respects1 !re rema9s no o!r diff]5ce betwe5 fre% & salt wat] =mations1 b t ! bottom ^u :i* ! =m] is plac$ once conta9$ l& wat]2 a fact wor?y ( obs]vation3 b ! notion ( enclos$ bas9s1 & ( isolat$ =mations orig9at+ 9 !m1 ! way 9 :i* fre% wat] =mations are suppos$ to h tak5 place1 rema9$ a long "t unsatisfactory4 ,f9ally1 we may be p]mitt$ to ask1 ^u :at gr\nds !y consid]$ !mselves entitl$ to ascribe to ! =m] sea ! cont9ual possession ( a portion ( salt1 :ile ! salt precipitates appe> only at p>ticul> int]vals1 & aft] long int]ruptions8 ,if ! sea occasionally conta9$ a great1 & sometimes a v small1 quantity ( salt1 x might equally be at times altoge!r )\t x4 ,& yet x des]ves to be rememb]$1 t ! b$s ( rock1 to :i* ! salt =mations are mo/ ne>ly relat$1 conta9 no petrifactions2 t1 !re=e1 ! s-call$ m>9e animals are want+ 9 ^? p]iods dur+ :i* we h any direct evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( salt wat]4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a geogno/ic fact1 :i*1 9 pref]5ce to all o!rs1 has be5 cit$ 9 evid5ce ( viol5t revolutions & deluges1 t is1 ! appe>ance ( conglom]ates or ( reproduc$ k9ds ( /one4 ,inde$1 !re might /ill be a wide field = inve/igation "h1 & m ?an "o =mation1 :i* n[ passes = s&/one1 might be ackn[l$g$ z an orig9al & *emical production2 )\t hav+ occasion to g s f> z ,mr ,g]h>d does ) greywacke1--t is1 to consid] !m z imm$iate precipitates f ! atmosph]e4 ,b /ill conglom]ates suffici5tly g5u9e1 w rema9 f ! transition p]iod ?r\gh all ! subsequ5t =mations1 to s]ve z ackn[l$g$ monum5ts ( de/ruction1 z well z ( ! r5ovation ( :at 0 de/roy$4 ,^! are ! ,codices rescripti1 9 ! ar*ives ( ! ,e>?1 out ( :i*1 ! antiqu>ian w "o day deciph] ! almo/ oblit]at$ traces ( h] =m] condition1 z well z ! hi/ory ( h] *anges4 ,?\gh ^! conglom]ates deviate s mu* 9 _! nature1 & 9 ! "* ( _! orig91 f *emical productions1 !y h yet among !mselves ?is rem>kable & common *>act]i/ic1 t1 ) few exceptions1 ! old] are mu* less v>i$ 9 "*1 & m ext5sive 9 di/ribution1 ?an ! new]1 & t1 at l5g?1 ! newe/ conglom]ates become m]e local appe>ances4 ,b1 9 ref]5ce to ! ma9 "q :i* engages our att5tion1 we may conjecture t ! b$s ( rocks f :i* ! sea _h nev] retreat$1 might be assail$ by its floods & curr5ts1 & %att]$ to pieces1 z happ5s ev5 9 our own "t1 & ! fragm5ts be aga9 reunit$ into solid rocks1 by means ( ! /ill rema9+ dissolv$ matt] 9 ! wat]4 ,b ( _m conglom]ates x is evid5t t !y h be5 deposit$ on ! dry l&1 9 ! same way z our gravels4 ,jupit]1 :o took c\nsel ) himself1 :e!r he w\ld de/roy ! s9ful _w ) fire or wat]1 & at l5g? decid$ = wat]#djc1 may n be s ju/ly consid]$ ! au?or ( ^! appe>ances1 z ,saturn1 :o dev\r$ 8 *ildr54 ,or1 to be less metaphorical 9 our language1 x may p]haps h be5 ) ! orig9 ( conglom]ates1 z x is 9 our own day ) ! orig9 ( fragm5ts ( rock & b\ld]s1 9 :i* ! rock be+ fractur$ 9 v>i\s places by ! alt]nations ( heat & cold1 by ! influ5ce ( air & atmosph]ic wat]1 falls into pieces ( great] or small] magnitude1 :i* are c>ri$ =w>d by ! wat]1 & gradually r\nd$ 9 _! progress1 s t !y assume a m p]fectly globul> %ape ! f>!r !y are remov$ f _! orig9al situation4 ,!re=e1 z reg>ds ! =ego+ enquiry1 x is n an unimportant circum/ance1 t ! long b cont9ual roll+ ( ! b\ld]s dur+ _! r\nd+1 appe>s to be mu* m efficaci\s ?an a rapid & viol5t impetus1 & t1 9 ?is case1 z 9 _m o!r geogno/ic appe>ances1 "t r ?an =ce is to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,ano!r circum/ance1 p]haps1 corresponds ) ?is1 t ! *ange produc$ by ! wea!r1 n only by ! fir/ disunion1 b also by ! progressive dis9tegration ( ! rocks1 by ! blunt+ ( ! edges & corn]s1 by ! dim9ution ( ! fragm5ts1 & g5]ally 9 ! orig9 ( ! b\ld]s & fragm5ts ( rocks ( e description1 has j z mu* influ5ce z ! me*anical op]ation ( ! wat]2 & t a great "p ( ! l& call$ ,alluvial1 g5]ally owes its exi/5ce to ?is cause#djd4 ,b if1 ^u f>!r consid]ation1 ! conglom]ates appe> to d]ive _! orig9 9 a simil> way ) roll$ masses ( gravel1 !y af=d evid5ce1 nev]!less1 ( ! elevat$ /ation ( ! wat] 9 ! neighb\rhood1 f :i* !y _h be5 be=e remov$2 = _! conglom]ation c\ld take place only "u wat]2 &1 ) few exceptions1 !y occupy an incomp>ably great] elevation ?an any ( ! coal =mations1 or any ( ! b$s ( rocks :i* enclose ! rema9s ( l& animals4 ,geognosy c]ta9ly conta9s _m facts1 :i* _c be expla9$1 b by a *ange f dry l& to ! bottom ( ! sea1 al?\gh our k ( !m is /ill s imp]fect1 t we _c haz>d a probable conjecture respect+ ! numb]s ( ^! *anges1 :e!r !y comm5ce at ! same or at diff]5t p]iods 9 ! v>i\s qu>t]s ( ! _w1 & :e!r !y are local or univ]sal4 ,^! *anges appe> nei!r sudd5 nor viol5t1 su* z we consid] revolutions ( ! e>?1 b at all times proce$ ) sil5t & regul> /eps1 & dep5d ^u simil> causes1 conceal$ x is true f u1 su* z ! univ]sal retreat ( ! wat]s f _! orig9al height to ! pres5t b$ ( ! ocean4 ,we d n belong to ^? geologi/s :o div]t ! _w f its axis = ! purpose ( expla9+ ! inequalities ( its surface1 at ^: comm& ! ,e>? sometimes op5s h] bosom to engulf ! sea1 & at o!r times ! floodgates ( ,heav5 are lift$ up to p\r d[n ano!r ocean4 ,he :o reflects on ! deva/ation caus$ by e>?quakes1 inundations & ! fall ( m\nta9s1 ev5 ?\gh !y are m]ely local appe>ances conf9$ to p>ticul> qu>t]s1 _c help putt+ ! "q to himself1 h[ ! ord]1 regul>ity & connection exhibit$ by /rata ( rocks1 c\ld 9 any measure exi/1 if ! same or simil> accid5ts _h happ5$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w1 & if me*anical p[] _h op]at$ ) su* en]gy1 & to su* an ext5t8 ,all our k ( ! /ructure ( ! e>?1 & ( ! exi/5ce ( its inhabitants1 decl>es r a quiet un9t]rupt$ & cont9ually progressive advancem5t 9 its =mation & developm5t4 ,9 ! lapse ( geological epo*s1 we obs]ve a gradation ( rock =mations foll[+ "o ano!r1 9 :i* ! latt]1 h[ev] remotely connect$1 /ill appe> suffici5tly simil> to ! e>li] to indicate a common orig91 till !y at l5g? t]m9ate 9 simple =mations1 resembl+ ^? :i* are pres5tly tak+ place4 ,:5 ! precipitates 7 exhau/$1 & ! /ructure 0 complet$1 nay1 ev5 e>li]1 its de/ruction comm5c$2 n t viol5t de/ruction by :i* l(ty m\nta9s are torn asund] & levell$1 no upro> ( nature1 no gigantic /ruggle ( ! elem5ts1 su* z we commonly conceive1 b a decomposition ( ! /rata ( rocks to a great] or less dep?1 caus$ p>tly by *emical1 p>tly by me*anical1 b sl[ op]at+ p[]s1 :at !y want$ 9 int5sity be+ comp5sat$ by ! endurance ( _! op]ation4 ,accord+ to ! common law ( nature1 defici5cy ( p[] is suppli$ by duration ( "t2 =1 ( all ! oracles :i* h be5 consult$ conc]n+ ! =mation ( ! e>?1 !re is no "o :i* c make su* important revelations to u z ! oracle ( ! age ( m\nta9s4 ,^! op]ations at ! e>?'s surface g5]ally appe> to h produc$ its pres5t figure1 & to h design$ x = ! habitation ( num]\s organic be+s4 ,?is appe>s z e>ly z a suitable elem5t occurr$2 fir/1 9 wat]1 !n 9 l& animals2 &1 l ! =mation ( rocks1 we obs]ve a regul> succession ( organic =mations1 ! lat] always desc5d+ f ! e>li]1 d[n to ! pres5t inhabitants ( ! e>?1 & to ! la/ creat$ be+ :o 0 to ex]cise dom9ion ov] !m4 ,b "h occurs ?is important di/9ction3 ! organic _w ) y\?ful vig\r r5ews itself daily1 & decomposes its mat]ials only to reunite !m by fre% comb9ations 9 un9t]rupt$ succession2 :ile ! p[]s ( ! inorganic _w appe> almo/ ext+ui%$4 ,?\gh ?is c\rse ( nature is manife/ to our own obs]vation1 h] res\rces & progress are1 on ! contr>y1 m conceal$2 & we c h>dly lift ! veil :i* conceals h]1 unless we foll[ ,bacon's advice1 ,turn back f ra% !ories1 & foll[ obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,we h hi!rto endeav\r$ to %ew t incontrov]tible geogno/ic facts indicate an alt]nate ris+ & fall+ ( ! wat] :i* cov]$ ! e>?'s surface1 b t !y 7 n ( a k9d to ju/ify ! notion ( viol5t revolutions1 or ( sudd5 & univ]sal eruptions ( ! sea2 & t1 !re=e1 su* deluges z ! ,mosaic deluge1 record$ 9 ! traditions ( nations1 7 n revolutions ( ?is description4 ,if1 accord+ to ! supposition ( ,cuvi]1 ! e>?'s surface inhabit$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! latt] deluge has become ! pres5t b$ ( ! sea1 & ! =m] b$ ( ! sea has become ! pres5t dry l&1 !n1 accord+ to ! pres5t /ate ( geography1 ?\gh only conjectural1 we %\ld be able to po9t out su* portions ( ! e>? z 7 ov]:elm$ by ! cata/rophe2 & yet we h nev] he>d t any "o has haz>d$ su* an exp]im5t4 ,9 ! con/itution ( ! pres5t habitable globe1 we f9d no pro(s rema9+ ( su* a revolution4 ,among ^! revolutions ( nature1 we nev] reckon common inundations1 su* z take place at pres5t f wat] ov]fl[+ its b\nd>ies1 ?\gh ^! also may produce deva/ation ^: effects rema9 visible = an hundr$ ye>s4 ,b1 9 m\nta9\s di/ricts1 ano!r k9d ( aque\s eruption makes its appe>ance1 & may be class$ along ) ! traditions ( a deluge4 ,we v frequ5tly1 = in/ance1 obs]ve ! valleys ( high m\nta9s =m+ a range ( bas9s sep>at$ f "o ano!r by %ort] or long] defiles1 & op5+ ?r\gh ! la/ defile into a wid] valley1 or a m>%4 ,! %ape ( ^! bas9s1 or cauldrons1 commonly ly+ above "o ano!r l s _m /ories1 & ! level surface ( _! wat]1 leave no d\bt ( _! be+ once enclos$ lakes :i* 7 =m]ly block$ up by ! b>ri]s ( ! defiles1 & :i* fl[$ t[>ds ! level c\ntry1 z soon z ! defiles 7 brok5 d[n by ! wat]s4 ,if no k9d ( hi/orical monum5ts 9 ! we/ ( ,europe be>s evid5ce ( ^? ev5ts1 :i*1 at lea/ on a small scale1 occur 9 our own times1 ?is intimates t x 0 inhabit$1 n by an orig9al population1 b by a =eign or mod]n race ( p2 :]eas ^? revolutions ext5d$ to remote antiquity4 ,! num]\s masses ( rock f\nd on bo? sides ( ! ,alps to ! height ( #djjj feet1 z well z 9 ! pla9s ( ! nor? ( ,europe1 at a great di/ance f _! orig9al position1 & conc]n+ ^: com+ hi!r s mu* light has lately be5 ?r[n by ,messrs ,bu* & ,es*]1 are a v probable pro( ( ^! debacles2 :ile e circum/ance r5d]s x evid5t t ^! blocks 7 swept along by ! curr5ts ?us creat$1 to ! place :]e !y are n[ f\nd4 ,! ,greek writ]s h also pres]v$ acc\nts ( su* revolutions1 :i*1 al?\gh n unque/ionably au!nticat$1 are yet /amp$ ) ! impress ( hi/orical te/imony4 ,h]odotus has ! foll[+ passages directly relative to ! c\ntry :]e ! ,greeks place _! second or ,deucalionic deluge4 8,!ssaly mu/ =m]ly h be5 an inl& sea1 surr\nd$ by high m\nta9s4 ,on ! ea/ x 0 b\nd$ by ,pelios & ,ossa1 ^: bases 7 unit$2 on ! nor? by ,olympus2 on ! we/ by ,p9dus2 & on ! s\? by ,o?rys4 ,!ssaly lay 9 ! mid/ ( ^! m\nta9s 9 ! =m ( a bas91 into :i*1 9 conjunction ) o!r copi\s /reams1 ! five well-kn[n riv]s1 ! ,p5eus1 ! ,apidanus1 ! ,oro*om5us1 ! ,enipeus1 & ! ,pamisos1 empti$ !mselves4 ,^! riv]s1 :i* are collect$ 9 _! bas9 f ! m\nta9s :i* encompass ,!ssaly1 aft] _! junction "u ! "n ( ,p5eus1 9 :i* !y lose _! =m] appellation1 op5 t[>ds ! sea ?r\gh a n>r[ valley4 ,accord+ to tradition1 ?is valley & op5+ did n =m]ly exi/2 s t ! riv]s & ! ,lake ,brebeis1 :i* did n =m]ly be> ^! names1 hav+ _! conflu5ce 9 ?is place1 r5d]$ ! :ole ( ,!ssaly an inl& sea4 ,! ,!ssalians affirm t ,neptune op5$ ! valley = ! passage ( ! riv] ,p5eus1 & !y may p]haps be "r4 ,if we consid] ,neptune ! au?or ( e>?quakes1 & consid] ! viol5t concussion ( ! m\nta9s caus$ by !m z ! "w ( ?is deity1 we mu/1 ^u survey+ ^! regions1 confess t !y owe _! pres5t %ape to him2 = ! sep>ation ( e m\nta9 appe>s to me to h be5 produc$ by "s viol5t commotion ( ! e>?40 ,/rabo makes m5tion ( ?is tradition1 :i* he ?\ght wor?y ( belief1 & acc\nts = ! orig9 ( ! ,vale ( ,tempe1 :i* is ! b$ ( ! riv] ,p5eus1 & likewise = ! sep>ation ( ,ossa f ,olympus1 by means ( an e>?quake#dje4 ,9 mak+ ?is rem>k1 we p]ceive t our !ories :i* all[ t e>?quakes are to op]ate 9 =m+ ! surface ( ! e>?1 h n ev5 ! m]it ( novelty4 ,accord+ to ! la/ writ]1 simil> eruptions ( wat] mu/ h orig9at$ 9 ! lake ,copais 9 ,botia#djf1 9 ! lakes ,bi/onis & ,aphnetis1 9 ,?race1 & h be5 accompani$ ) huge deva/ation#djg4 ,diodorus ,siculus#djh rememb]$ a ,samo?racian tradition1 accord+ to :i* ! ,eux9e ,sea 0 once %ut up on all sides4 ,x aft]w>ds bur/ ?r\gh its mighty m\nd ( kyanis*5 rocks to ! ,hellespont1 & inundat$ a great "p ( ! coa/ ( ,asia1 z well z ,samo?racia itself4 ,an objection />t$ to ! possibility ( su* an ev5t is1 t1 f ! obs]vations ( ,olivi] & ,g5]al ,&reossy1 ! %ores ( ! ,black ,sea are1 9 mo/ places1 l[] ?an ^? ( ! ,bosphorus2 & t its wat]s1 !re=e1 ev5 if !y 7 consid]ably high] ?an !y are at pres5t1 w\ld m readily ov]fl[ ! =m] ?an ! latt]4 ,b s9ce e rock expos$ = su* a l5g? ( "t is daily crumbl+ d[n1 x is a "q1 :e!r ! %ore ( ! ,black ,sea has und]gone any alt]ation s9ce t p]iod2 & we "k t ! eruptions took _! direction1 n s mu* f ! l[ situation ( ! b>ri]1 z f ! nature ( ! rock ( :i* x 0 con/ruct$1 be+ influ5c$ by ! wea!r1 & f ! rock itself be+ r5t asund]4 ,be t z x may1 ! words ) :i* ,diodorus comm5ces 8 n>rative are rem>kable1 :5 he says1 ! ,samo?racian deluge happ5$ e>li] ?an ^? ( o!r nations4 ,x at lea/ s f> prec$$ o!rs1 t1 9 ! e/imation ( ! ,greek hi/orian1 indep5d5t ( ! deluges ( ,ogyges & ,deucalion1 simil> natural occurr5ces m or less au!nticat$ 7 receiv$ z hi/orical facts4 ,f9ally1 ! effects produc$ by ! bur/+ ( lakes or debacles d n appe> to be out ( proportion to ! deva/ation m5tion$ by ! traditions ( nations4 ,to abide by our =m] example1 floods :i* c\ld c>ry along ) !m masses ( rock ( #ej1jjj cubic feet1 7 9 a situation to bury a :ole p2 & ! few individuals :o might be pres]v$ w\ld und\bt$ly h h&$ d[n ! memory ( su* an ev5t to remote po/]ity4 ,o!r deluges may h aris5 f o!r causes1 at a "t :51 z is %ewn by num]\s ve/iges1 lakes & riv]s _h a mu* great] elevation ?an at pres5t2 &1 !re=e1 e ov]fl[+ ( !m mu/ h produc$ great] & m ext5sive ravages4 ,f ^! la/ local eruptions ( wat]1 t is1 f s+le limit$ di/ricts1 arose ! me*anical precipitates kn[n "u ! d5om9ation ( ,alluvial ,soil4 ,_! situation1 z ! upp]mo/ cov]+ ( ! e>?1 z well z _! orig91 :i* takes place b5ea? our own obs]vation1 furni%es evid5ce ( _! be+ ! mo/ rec5t m9]al =mations2 & x foll[s f _! nature & connection t !y 7 n produc$ by *emical means1 b remov$ by ! me*anical =ce ( wat]4 ,s9ce !y1 among o!r ?+s1 conta9 pro/rate =e/s1 & abundant rema9s ( l& animals1 we conclude t !y did n orig9ate 9 ! b$ ( ! sea1 b 7 float$ & deposit$ ^u ! dry l& by an ov]fl[ ( l& wat]4 ,h[ is x conceivable t ^! precipitates h be5 cov]$ by ! ocean1 s9ce _! deposition1 & h1 by means ( an opposite *ange1 become ! dry l& !y are at pres5t2 & yet x mu/ h be5 s1 if !y are to be consid]$ z intimations ( ! ,mosaic deluge4 ,! view n[ giv51 :i* is t ( ,h5g] 9 8 ,beitrge1 is also advocat$ by o!r naturali/s1 & has lately be5 br\ght =w>d 9 an int]e/+ mann] 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,philosophical ,j\rnal#dji4 ,we h be5 frequ5tly reque/$ to give ! two views1 9 reg>d to ! univ]sal deluge1 namely1 t :i* ma9ta9s t x is prov$ by an appeal to ! ph5om5a ( ! m9]al k+dom2 ! o!r1 :i* affirms t t great ev5t has left no traces ( its exi/5ce on ! surface or 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,m4 ,cuvi]'s ,essay1 & ,pr(essor ,buckl&'s ,reliqui1 are ! be/ au?orities = ! fir/ op9ion2 :ile num]\s writ]s h advocat$ ! second4 ,,note1 p4 #bdd4 ,,on ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,runn+ ,,wat]s4 ,a v great degree ( p[] has be5 attribut$ to ! wat]s :i* move at ! surface ( ! e>?1 or 9 its int]ior4 ,_m geologi/s h advanc$ ! op9ion1 t !y h scoop$ out ! *annels & ev5 ! valleys 9 :i* !y fl[1 & =m$ ! cliffs ^: feet !y wa%2 & _m philosoph]s1 naturali/s & ev5 geologi/s1 /ill support ?is op9ion1 n only 9 "s ( its applications1 b ev5 9 its :ole ext5t4 ,9 ord] to appreciate x1 x is suffici5t to obs]ve ) c>e ! diff]5t modes ( action ( wat] set 9 motion by diff]5t causes1 & ! *anges :i* x has op]at$ ^u ! rocks & deposits ^u :i* x has act$1 f ! mo/ remote times to :i* hi/ory may rea*4 ,we mu/1 9 ! fir/ place1 successively exam9e ! diff]5t sorts ( action ( ! pr9cipal masses ( wat] :i* are 9 motion at ! surface ( ! e>?1 t is to say1 ! action ( torr5ts1 ( riv]s1 ( curr5ts ( ! sea1 or ( great lakes1 & t ( waves4 ,we %all aft]w>ds see :at consequ5ces are to be d$uc$ f ^! obs]vations4 #a4 ,action ( ,torr5ts4 ,torr5ts h a true degrad+ & scoop+ action ^u ! e>?'s surface1 b1 by ! necess>y consequ5ce ( ! s5se :i* we atta* to ! ^w1 ?is action _c be ex]cis$ ^u spaces ( great ext5t1 = a torr5t is a wat]-c\rse :i* has a great declivity4 ,n[1 on acc\nt ( ! little height :i* ! mo/ elevat$ summits ( ! globe h 9 comp>ison ) ! ext5t ( its surface1 ?is action _c be v ext5sive2 x c only1 !re=e1 produce %ort & n>r[ rav9es4 ,?is action1 z all :o h visit$ high m\nta9 *a9s may h se51 is only (t5 local & in/antane\s2 x pres5ts no rem>kable effect b ^u ! heaps ( debris :i* cov] ! declivities ( ! m\nta9s1 & on brok5 rocks1 p>tially dis9tegrat$ by o!r causes1 & la/ly on moveable deposits4 ,! results ( ?is action contribute to conf9e x )9 n>r[] limits /ill1 by heap+ up at ! m\?s ( torr5ts 9 ! valleys or pla9s1 ! debris c>ri$ d[n by ^! torr5ts4 ,! elevation ( ! soil1 :i* necess>ily foll[s f ! accumulation ( ^! debris1 dim9i%es ) ! declivity1 ! rapidity1 & consequ5tly ! p[] ( ^! wat]-c\rses4 ,great masses ( wat] mov+ rapidly1 h a m>k$ transport+ p[]4 ,/rik+ examples ( ?is p[] h b too (t5 be5 se5 9 ,holl&1 by ! break+ d[n ( ! dikes1 & 9 ,alp9e m\nta9s1 9 consequ5ce ( extraord9>y ra9s dur+ tempe/s1 or f ! rupture ( "s ( ! natural b>ri]s ( lakes4 ,9 ^! latt] times 79 #ahah71 ! ,valle de ,bagne exp]i5c$ ! t]rible effects ( ?is deva/at+ p[]4 ,masses ( ice hav+ fall5 t[>ds ! upp] "p ( ?is valley1 & accumulat$ !re1 rais$ a dike suffici5tly compact & /rong to block up ! c\rse ( ! ,dranse4 ,! wat]s ( ?is riv]1 rapid & p5t up 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( its c\rse1 z are all ^? ( ! high ,alps1 accumulat$ above ?is b>ri] ( ice1 & =m$ a lake :i* atta9$1 at its maximum1 #acj metres ( mean bread?1 f #cjjj to #djjj metres ( l5g?1 & #cf ( mean dep?1 & consequ5tly a volume ( wat] e/imat$ at ab\t #bi1jjj1jjj cubic metres4 ,al?\gh1 by means ( op]ations conduct$ ) equal skill & c\rage1 ab\t ! ?ird "p ( ?is volume 0 let (f )\t dang]1 ! rema9+ "p hav+ sudd5ly brok5 ?r\gh ! b>ri] ( ice1 0 precipitat$ ) an almo/ unexampl$ impetuosity ( #aa metres 9 ! second1 into ! ,valle de ,bagne4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( its c\rse1 & 9 ! space ( half an h\r :i* ! mass ( wat] took 9 trav]s+ a league1 x c>ri$ away trees1 dwell+s1 enorm\s masses ( debris1 & rocks already sep>at$ f _! mass1 z ,m4 ,es*]1 expressly says2 x cov]$ all ! broad p>ts ( ! valley ) rubbi%1 pebbles & s&1 & c>ri$ ! rema9d] ( ! sub/ances :i* x _h swept away1 z well to ! extremity ( ! valley1 t[>ds ,m>tigny1 z into ! b$ ( ! ,rhone4 ,! mass ( wat] took an h\r & a half 9 ru%+ f ! glaci] to ,m>tigny4 ,! same ev5t took place f ! same cause1 & ) ne>ly simil> results1 9 #aeie4 ,torr5ts may !re=e scoop out rav9es 9 c]ta9 =mations1 & produce effects :i* appe> consid]able1 because we judge ( !m by comp>ison ) our own feeble means4 ,b h[ dim9utive & circumscrib$ are ^! *anges produc$ 9 ! configuration ( ! globe1 comp>$ ) ! long & broad valleys :i* furr[ 9 va/ numb]s ! imm5se surface ( ! e>?1 & to ! =mation ( :i* nei!r ! torr5ts nor great riv]s :i* exi/ at ! pres5t day h 9 any way contribut$1 z we %all pres5tly demon/rate4 #b4 ,action ( ,riv]s4 ,! action ( riv]s mu/ be exam9$ "u two v diff]5t circum/ances1 or at two diff]5t p>ts ( _! c\rse4 ,fir/1 ,:5 !y are compress$ betwe5 m\nta9s1 :e!r at no great di/ance f _! s\rce1 or ev5 at ! middle ( _! c\rse4 ,secondly1 ,:5 !y h rea*$ broad valleys1 ^: declivity is slight1 or pla9s :i* commonly surr\nd _! m\?4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ^! riv]s p>take ( ! impetuosity & p[] ( torr5ts4 ,!y (t5 run ) rapidity1 & 9 great quantity1 at ! bottom ( n>r[ & deep valleys3 !y are z x 7 inclos$ 9 *annels1 ^: v]tical walls appe> z if cut by art4 ,! fir/ idea :i* pres5ts itself to all :o h se5 ^! appe>ances = ! fir/ "t1 & :o are satisfi$ ) fir/ impressions1 is1 t ^! /reams1 :i* are pretty p[]ful & always v impetu\s1 h dug ^! deep grooves2 & if sometimes ! h>dness ( ! rocks & ! height ( ! precipices :i* =m _! sides1 appe> too great = ^? small /reams t me&] at _! feet1 :at _c be attribut$ to _! imm$iate p[] is attribut$ to ! cont9u$ action ( "t4 ,)\t exam9+ h[ long a s]ies ( ages x w\ld be necess>y to admit1 be=e ! riv]s :i* we h m5tion$ above1 & ! wat]-c\rses encas$ 9 ! deep valleys ( ! ,alps1 ,pyr5ees1 ,jura1 ,grampians1 c4 c\ld h scoop$ _! valleys1 on :i* _! pres5t action is s sl[ t no "o has yet be5 able to e/imate x2 )\t exam9+ if ?is long s]ies ( ages agrees ) ! ph5om5a1 :i* preclude our attribut+ s remote an antiquity to ! actual /ate ( ! e>?'s surface1 a "q ( too mu* importance to be treat$ indirectly2 x w be suffici5t to m5tion "h f\r sorts ( obs]vations1 9 ord] to be p]suad$1 or at lea/ to suspect1 t ! pres5t riv]s1 ev5 suppos+ !m t5 times ! size t !y are1 c\ld n h scoop$ out ! deep *annels at ! bottom ( :i* !y run4 #a4 ,we mu/ recur to ! p]iod :5 ! ranges ( hills :i* bord] ! pres5t valleys 7 n z yet scoop$ out1 b 7 unit$ 9 su* a mann] z n to leave any holl[ betwe5 !m1 or m]ely a slight orig9al depression4 ,?is %all[ness ( ! valley w\ld be accompani$ ) an inconsid]able slope ( its bottom4 ,if1 !n1 we suppose ! same mass ( wat]1 x mu/ run ) less quickness1 & consequ5tly ) mu* less p[]2 & yet a v great =ce mu/ be attribut$ to x1 be=e x c\ld h _h ! p[] ( remov+ a portion ( rock ne>ly repres5t$ by a recumb5t triangul> prism1 hav+ (t5 #ejj metres ( bread? by a sometimes equal & (t5 mu* great] v]tical ?ickness4 ,if1 9 ord] to get rid ( ?is difficulty1 we admit a volume ( wat] incomp>ably l>g] ?an ! pres5t volume ( ! riv]s to :i* s great effects are attribut$1 we mu/ admit mu* m elevat$ & m ext5d$ m\nta9s1 to give rise to s great a volume ( wat]4 ,7 we only deta9$ by ?is hypo!sis1 & did n direct obs]vation oppose itself to ! admission ( ?is disaggregat+ p[] & its effect1 we might pass x ov]2 b two o!r obs]vations r5d] ! hypo!sis inadmissible4 #b4 ,hi/orical records equally concur to prove t ! riv]s possess$ ( ! greate/ p[] :i* c be attribut$ to !m1 h no appreciable corrod+ action ^u ! rocks on :i* !y move4 ,no "o has ma9ta9$ t ! great] numb] ( ! cascades1 cat>acts1 or rapids1 long kn[n & m5tion$ on acc\nt ( _! celebrity1 h disappe>$ or h ev5 s5sibly dim9i%$1 nor consequ5tly t ! natural dike :i* ! wat] _h enc\nt]$ 9 its c\rse1 has be5 worn or ev5 completely disrupt$4 ,we d n f9d t cascades h *ang$ into cat>acts1 & ^! aga9 into rapids4 ,! cat>acts ( ! ,nile h be5 spok5 ( f "t immemorial1 z always oppos+ an ob/acle to ! navigation ( t riv]2 ! same is ! case ) ^? ( ! ,danube1 ( ! fall ( ! ,rh9e at ,s*affhaus51 c4 ,! fam\s cascades ( ! ,alps & ,pyr5ees h be5 cit$ ev] s9ce writ+ 0 9 use2 & among all ^! examples we c sc>cely f9d two or ?ree cascades t h be5 l[]$1 or cat>acts r$uc$ 9 _! level4 ,! only cascade :i* we c po9t out z hav+ really dim9i%$ 9 height1 is t ( ,tungasca 9 ,sib]ia4 ,we d n1 h[ev]1 ass]t b t !re may be o!rs4 ,s _m causes diff]5t f ^? ( erosion may concur to l[] a cascade1 or ev5 make x disappe> almo/ entirely1 t we are r a/oni%$ at ! small numb] ( examples m5tion$1 ?an emb>rass$ by ! objections :i* ^! examples might pres5t to ! op9ion :i* we are def5d+3 = ! fall ( a "p ( ! rock :i* =ms ! cliff f :i* ! cascade is precipitat$2 an abundant accumulation ( debris at ! foot ( ! cliff2 a real de/ruction ( ! s(t] deposits1 =m+ "p ( ! /rata ( ! m\nta9 f :i* !y fall1 are suffici5t causes = *ang+ ! height ( wat]falls4 ,^! causes mu/ pres5t !mselves pretty frequ5tly2 b h[ diff]5t is _! action f t ( erosion8 ,?is1 if x exi/$1 w\ld ext5d f ! s\rce ( ! riv] to its m\?1 & w\ld h a consid]able influ5ce ^u ! configuration ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,^? :i* we h m5tion$ h1 on ! contr>y1 an action s limit$ & s local1 z to be sc>cely appreciable4 #c4 ,all[+1 = ! mom5t1 t a riv]1 possess$ ( a va/ erosive or disaggregat+ p[]1 may h scoop$ out ! valley 9 ! bottom ( :i* x at pres5t fl[s1 9 a /ate ( feebl5ess v diff]5t f its orig9al /ate1 we mu/ acc\nt = ! disposal ( a va/ mass ( e>? & rock1 :i* fill$ up ! valley be=e ! riv] _h remov$ x4 ,x is n possible to suppose t x has be5 transport$ into ! sea1 :i* is (t5 m ?an a hundr$ leagues f ! valley2 = we "k t :5 riv]s1 on rea*+ ! pla9s1 lose _! rapidity1 !y all[ ! matt]s to be precipitat$ :i* !y held 9 susp5sion4 ,besides1 we h %[n t _m riv]s1 on leav+ ! m\nta9s1 trav]se lakes1 9 :i* !y deposit all ! e>?y matt]s susp5d$ 9 _! wat]s4 ,?is deposition is p>ticul>ly /rik+ 9 all ! consid]able riv]s1 :i* desc5d f ! ridge ( ! ,alps t[>d ! nor?-we/ & s\?-ea/ ( t *a9 ( m\nta9s4 ,^! riv]s meet1 at ! op5+ ( ! valleys !y fl[ ?r\gh1 lakes1 :i* !y trav]se1 & :i* seem int5d$ = _! purification4 ,?us1 on ! nor!rn side1 we see ! ,rhone trav]s+ ! lake ( ,g5eva2 ! ,a>1 ! ,lakes ( ,bri5tz & ,?un2 ! ,reuss1 ! ,lake ( ! ,f\r ,cantons2 ! ,l9?1 ! ,lake ( ,zuri*2 ! ,rh9e1 ! ,lake ( ,con/ance4 ,on ! s\? side1 ! ,lac ,majeur is trav]s$ by ! ,tess91 ! ,lake ( ,como by ! ,adda1 ! ,lake ,disco by ! ,oglio2 ! ,lake ( ,gu>da by ! ,m9cio1 c4 ,n[1 ^! lakes1 :i* are only !mselves deep] p>ts ( ! valley1 w\ld h be5 fill$ up by ! debris convey$ to ! valley1 if ?is valley _h ! orig9 attribut$ to x4 ,proce$+ f "o hypo!sis to ano!r1 x might p]haps be suppos$ t ^! lakes may h be5 suffici5tly deep to swall[ up all ! debris ( ! valley1 )\t be+ *ock$ up4 ,b1 r ?an admit su* suppositions1 :y n grant t ! same unkn[n cause :i* has scoop$ out ! lake1 has also scoop$ out ! valley :i* is only a cont9uation ( x8 #d4 ,b if facts _h prov$ t ! wat]s degrade ! rocks1 scoop !m out1 & p]petually remove _! debris1 we might p]haps be induc$ to admit t unkn[n causes1 ( :i* we are absolutely ignorant1 & ( :i* we c =m no idea1 h giv5 to ! orig9al riv]s ! means ( surm\nt+ all ^! ob/acles4 ,n[1 obs]vation w\ld seem absolutely to prove ! contr>y4 ,we h rem>k$1 t rapid riv]s :i*1 9 ! bottom ( valleys1 fall 9 cascades1 f rock to rock1 :i* beat ) viol5ce aga9/ ! walls :i* conta9 !m1 d n 9 any degree alt] ^! rocks1 & t1 f> f corrod+ _! surface1 !y all[ x to be cov]$ ) a ri* coat+ ( mosses1 conf]v1 c4 :i* c\ld nei!r ma9ta9 itself1 nor be =m$ at all1 7 ! lea/ portion ( ! surface ( ^! rocks cont9ually or ev5 only frequ5tly remov$4 ,a mu* m /rik+ fact is t :i* "s ( ! great riv]s pres5t1 su* z ! ,nile1 ! ,or9oco1 c4 :i* fl[ 9 ! equatorial regions4 ,^! p[]ful riv]s1 :5 !y h arriv$ at places :]e !y are contract$1 &1 z x 71 jamm$ 9 betwe5 two rocky walls1 =m impetu\s cat>acts4 ,_! wat]s1 end[$ by ! cel]ity ( ?is fall ) ! greate/ erosive p[] t c be attribut$ to ?is fluid1 mu/ necess>ily h corrod$1 or at lea/ worn1 ! rocks :i* !y h ?us beat aga9/ s9ce ! creation ( our pres5t ,cont95t4 ,n[1 s f> f remov+ ! surface1 !y cov] x ) a br[ni% v>ni% ( a peculi> nature4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 well e/abli%$1 t wat] alone does n scoop ^? rocks1 ^: aggregation is complete1 or :i* are solid2 & t x does n we> !m 9 any way1 :atev] be its quantity ( motion4 ,we say wat] alone2 & we mu/ insi/ on ?is di/9ction1 9 ord] to make ! prec$+ facts agree ) o!r facts1 :i* might seem contradictory4 ,we (t5 see furr[s scoop$ out on ! walls t b\nd ! n>r[s ( riv]s2 we also see rocks r\nd$1 & entirely de/itute ( moss4 ,b let ! facts be exam9$ ) att5tion1 & we %all f9d t ?is erosion always takes place 9 ! p>ts ( _! c\rse1 :]e1 on acc\nt ( ! nature ( ! neighb\r+ soil1 ! torr5ts c>ry ) !m1 9 _! ris+s 7or floods71 debris & deta*$ /ones f _! banks2 & x is by means ( ^! /ones t !y we> ! rocks :i* are 9 _! b$4 ,x is v easy to appreciate ^! circum/ances4 ,x is rem>k$1 t ?is erosion has nev] tak5 place at ! s\rces ( p[]ful spr+s4 ,all ! pebbles :i* _h to be c>ri$ (f h be5 s long ago1 & ! mosses :i* gr[ abundantly on ! rocks at ! level ( ! wat]1 & 9 ! b$ ( ^! torr5ts1 h no?+ m to fe> f ! de/ructive action ( ^! solid bodies4 ,! case is ! same ) ! p>ts :i* imm$iately succe$ a lake1 or a great excavation1 capable ( arre/+ all ! h>d bodies c>ri$ (f by ! riv]4 ,!re ! mosses appe> 9 abundance2 because !y are n subject$ to ! action ( any o!r sub/ance ?an ( ! wat] alone4 ,! pres5t riv]s d n !re=e appe> to h any erosive p[] ^u ! rocks :i* are completely aggregat$1 :5 !y act by !mselves1 & :5 no o!r cause1 su* z fro/1 decomposition1 c4 has dis9tegrat$ ! rock4 ,! abs5ce ( ^! =eign circum/ances is prov$ by ! vegetation or ! enamel :i* !n cov] ! rocks expos$ to ! action ( ! wat]4 ,^! riv]s1 9 proportion z !y remove f ! rocks 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! l(ty m\nta9s 9 :i* !y took _! rise1 (t5 ga9 9 volume :at !y h lo/ 9 velocity2 b ! p[] dep5d5t ^u size r>ely comp5sates t :i* !y ow$ to rapidity2 & al?\gh ^! l>ge riv]s /ill reta9 a transport+ p[]1 suffici5t to c>ry along ) !m ! ob/acles :i* oppose !mselves to _! progress1 !y are f> f pres5t+ results ( action s /rik+ z ^? ( torr5ts4 ,!y /ir up1 :5 flood$1 or :5 !y *ange place1 ! e>? & mobile s& :i* cov] _! bottom1 especially t[>ds _! edges1 & transport !m to "s di/ance2 b !y sc>cely move pebbles l>g] ?an an egg1 :i* occur 9 _! b$1 & :i* h be5 br\ght !re 9 o!r times1 & "u o!r circum/ances4 ,on ?us transport+ ! comm9ut$ & mobile m9]al matt]s1 !y deposite !m aga9 9 places :]e _! curr5t is relax$ by "s cause1 & ?us raise ! bottom ( _! b$ 9 ^! places2 !y seek a new passage 9 ! mid/ ( ! b>ri]s :i* !y h !mselves con/ruct$4 ,! pr9cipal curr5t is !n borne1 sometimes aga9/ "o bank1 & sometimes aga9/ ! o!r2 & :5 x comes to beat ^u ! foot ( a /eep "p1 compos$ ( moveable soil1 z ! banks commonly are1 9 su* cases1 !y really erode x1 & make x fall into ! riv]2 & transport to ano!r "p ( its c\rse1 ! e>? result+ f ! de/ruction ( ! bank1 & give rise to new ob/acles4 ,h5ce ! new deposites1 :i* bord] riv]s 9 all po9ts :]e _! curr5t is slack5$1 & pr9cipally t[>d _! m\?4 ,x is suffici5t = our pres5t purpose to h ref]r$ to facts rem>kable = _! numb]1 = ! importance :i* !y h _h 9 reg>d to ! mod]n *anges ( ! configuration ( ! globe2 &1 la/ly1 9 reg>d to agriculture & civilisation2--facts ( easy obs]vation1 & :i* t5d to prove1 t ! action ( riv]s1 ^: fall is n suffici5tly rapid to entitle !m to be consid]$ z torr5ts1 is n to scoop out _! b$1 ei!r 9 ! valleys or 9 ! pla9s ?r\gh :i* !y fl[1 b r to raise !m1 & to t5d1 consequ5tly1 r to level & flatt5 ! e>? ?an to furr[ x1 m ?an x has be5 s9ce ! ,cont95ts h assum$ ! configuration :i* !y n[ possess4 ,b if we h n be5 able to recognise a real corrod+ p[] 9 ! great riv]s fall+ 9 ! =m ( cascades or cat>acts1 let u inquire else:]e1 9 circum/ances :]e ! wat] seems end[$ ) a /ill sup]ior p[]1 :at are ! effects ( ?is ag5t8 #c4 ,action ( ,waves4 ,x is 9 ! sea1 an enorm\s mass1 sometimes acquir+1 f ! action ( ! w9ds1 an incalculable p[]1 t we mu/ f9d ! maximum ( =ce ( ! wat] ( ! pres5t times4 ,9 fact1 9 ?is case1 ! p[] ( transportation is s prodigi\s1 t ! /ronge/ b>ri]s1 bo? natural & artificial1 are ov]turn$1 & ! l>ge/ /ones1 toge!r ) enorm\s fragm5ts ( rocks torn f _! place1 transport$1 & ev5 project$ to a di/ance4 ,b x is to ^! effects t ?is immeasurable p[] is limit$4 ,! wat]1 :i* displaces & transports to a di/ance ^! heavy masses1 does n abrade ! surface :5 x acts by itself4 ,we see ?is surface1 on rocks & ! sides ( pi]s & dikes1 p]petually beat5 by ! waves1 cov]$ ) fuci1 conf]v1 byssi1 & o!r delicate vegetables1 )\t roots1 :i* ! waves h n prev5t$ f contract+ a fir/ & feeble adh]5ce1 & :i* !y d n h9d] f gr[+4 ,b1 if ! waves c>ry ) !m pebbles1 or ev5 s&1 x is ^? h>d bodies :i* act2 ! surface ( ! rocks is abrad$1 & all vegetation ceases4 ,! same effect takes place1 & is ev5 augm5t$ by ! real degradation ( ! coa/s1 if ! sea acts ^u friable rocks1 capable ( mix+ ) wat]1 su* z argillace\s or calc>e\s m>l1 or *alk1 or ^u rocks :i* are h>d1 b naturally fissur$1 or p>tly disaggregat$1 su* z c]ta9 granites2 x !n easily removes ! crumbl$ or previ\sly deta*$ p>ts1 scoops out ! foot ( ! rock or /eep coa/1 & causes ! upp] "p1 :i* is depriv$ ( support1 to fall4 ,b1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is fall1 x =ms a slope1 :i*1 by its incl9ation1 dead5s ! viol5ce ( ! %ock1 & ev5 protects ! foot ( ! cliff1 = "s "t only1 if x be friable1 or capable ( dis9tegration2 & = ev]1 if1 be+ compact1 x does n c>ry 9 x ! causes ( de/ruction4 ,! action ( ! waves ceas+1 ! slope is cov]$ ) vegetation2 & if ! coa/ cont9ues1 nev]!less1 to be worn1 ! *anges are !n ow+ to causes unconnect$ ) ! action ( wat]4 ,su* is1 9 few words1 ! ord9>y action ( ! wat] ( ! sea ^u /eep coa/s1 & ev5 t ( great masses ( wat] 9 a /ate ( agitation4 ,m4 ,de ,luc1 9 8 v>i\s works1 has e/imat$ ?is action ) a correctness ( obs]vation & ( reason+1 :i* is rem>kable only1 because x has n be5 adopt$ by all naturali/s2 & few h be/[$ ! unremitt+ att5tion ^u ! subject :i* ?is respectable geologi/ has done4 ,he has %ewn1 t ! de/ructive action ( ! wat]s ^u /eep %ores1 & o!r coa/s or abrupt cliffs1 0 consid]ably re/ra9$ by ! v consequ5ces ( ?is action2 t ! debris :i* accumulat$ protect$ ! l[] p>ts ( ^! coa/s f ! action ( ! wat]1 or gradually r$uc$ an abrupt coa/ to a v incl9$ & p]man5t slope4 ,next1 to torr5ts1 to rapid & l>ge riv]s1 & to waves1 x is to curr5ts t a great influ5ce on ! e>?'s surface has be5 attribut$1--an influ5ce :i* a highly gift$ naturali/1 ,buffon1 has employ$ to expla9 all ! inequalities ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,our k ( ! action ( curr5ts is less precise ?an t :i* we possess ( riv]s4 ,b if we _c s visibly demon/rate t1 9 no circum/ance simil> to ^? :i* we h specifi$1 d !y scoop out ! bottom ( ! sea into valleys1 nor =m any m\nta9s1 we c1 at lea/1 conjecture ) mu* probability1 & ma9ta91 t we h no direct & con/ant pro( ( t action4 #d4 ,action ( ,curr5ts4 ,no "o d\bts t curr5ts1 ne> coa/s1 heap up ^u ! bea*1 at ! m\? ( riv]s & h>b\rs1 pebbles1 s&1 gravel1 mud1 or o!r transportable matt]s1 :e!r ^! curr5ts con/antly exi/1 or simply result f ! mom5t>y action ( a pr$om9at+ w9d2 b ?is action1 al?\gh already limit$ to ! mobile matt]s :i* =m ! bottom ( ! sea only 9 "s p>ts1 :e!r ?is action1 ,i say1 ext5ds to a great dep?1 t is to sev]al hundr$ y>ds1 is a "q n yet resolv$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! obs]vation made by m>9]s1 t1 9 ! mo/ viol5t tempe/s1 ! sea is only agitat$ t[>ds ! coa/s1 or on %all[s1 & t bodies1 sunk to a great dep?1 7& /ill :at is ?is dep? 9 comp>ison ) t ( ! sea17 d n feel ! motions ( its surface1 nor t ( curr5ts2 &1 secondly1 reason+1 & ev5 calculation1 accord+ to ,messieurs ,la ,place & ,poisson1 concur to %ew1 t ! viol5t motions ( ! wat]s ( ! sea are n propagat$ to a great dep?4 ,x is !re=e probable1 t all ! transportable matt]s1 :i* are at ?is dep?1 mu/ rema9 ne>ly 9 ! position 9 :i* !y are1 s9ce our ,cont95ts h assum$ _! pres5t configuration1 unless ph5om5a & motions ( ! sea take place at ! bottom1 ( :i* we are ignorant1 & :i* are =eign to ! subject :i* at pres5t occupies our att5tion4 ,b if we h no p]fectly c]ta9 ideas reg>d+ ! propagation ( ! motions ( ! sea 9 dep?1 we c ass]t1 t1 :atev] t ext5t & t p[] may be1 ! subm>9e curr5ts no m abrade ! rocks ?an riv]s d ! surface ( ! l&4 ,?is pro( is always d]iv$ f ! same k9d ( fact1 namely1 f ! vegetable & animal bodies :i* con/antly cov] ! rocks1 & :i* are f\nd1 at all times1 by means ( v>i\s sorts ( dr$ge-fi%+4 ,9 fact1 no "o has rem>k$1 t ! places 9 :i* oy/]s1 mussels1 corals & sponges are fi%$1 are m %elt]$ f curr5ts ?an o!rs2 nor t ^! places1 aft] viol5t tempe/s1 h be5 depriv$1 & consequ5tly1 z x 71 despoil$ ( ^? productions1 :i*1 by cov]+ ! rocks1 demon/rate t !y pres]ve ! integrity ( _! surface4 ,_m ( ^! bodies1 h[ev]1 z sponges1 fuci & conf]v1 contract b a feeble adh]5ce to ! bodies ^u :i* !y are plac$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x !re=e appe>s1 if n completely prov$1 at lea/ extremely probable1 f ! facts & reason+s :i* we h relat$1 #a4 ,t ! pres5tly exi/+ wat]s1 t is to say1 9 ! /ate ( purity 9 :i* we are acqua9t$ ) !m1 h no erosive action ^u rocks1 :atev] be ! nature ( ^! rocks1 :51 #a/1 ,! rocks are completely solid1 & :5 !y are nei!r friable nor dis9tegrat$2 #b;d1 ,:5 ^! wat]s act by !mselves1 t is to say1 :5 _! action is n complicat$ ) ! really erosive action ( solid bodies1 su* z pebbles1 s&1 & p]haps ev5 pieces ( ice4 #b4 ,t wat]1 sometimes acquir+1 on acc\nt ( its quality & velocity1 a great transport+ p[]1 may remove masses1 already deta*$1 & ( great size1 accord+ to its degree ( velocity1 & ! bulk ( its mass1 & s f> z x pres]ves ?is same p[]4 #c4 ,t ! pres5tly exi/+ wat]s may h attack$1 und]m9$1 & caus$ to fall d[n1 portions ( solid & /eep rocks1 by mix+ ) b$s ( clay1 m>l1 & s&1 int]pos$ betwe5 _! solid /rata2 t !y may also1 9 _! rapid falls1 h scoop$ pretty deep rav9es 9 v incl9$ deposites1 consi/+ ( dis9tegrat$ rocks2 b t ^! wat]s c\ld n h scoop$ out1 ei!r by a viol5t action1 or by a sl[ "o1 h[ev] long cont9u$1 any ( ^? long & broad longitud9al depressions1 :i* are nam$ valleys1 or ( ^? n>r[ op5+s1 ) almo/ v]tical walls1 :i* are nam$ gorges or rav9es4 #d4 ,t1 ev5 :5 ! deposites1 :i* bord] ^! valleys or ^! rav9es1 are compos$ ( transportable matt]1 ! wat]s :i* at pres5t fl[ 9 !m c\ld n h scoop$ !m out1 ev5 suppos+ !m to h be5 mu* l>g] 9 "s ?an !y n[ are2 ! declivity ( ! pres5t deposite n be+ suffici5tly great to give to ^! masses ( wat] ! rapidity necess>y = produc+ ?is effect1 & a p[] suffici5t = c>ry+ (f ! moveable matt]s :i* fill$ ! valley or gorge4 #e4 ,la/ly1 t ! pres5t runn+ wat]s1 s f> f hav+ contribut$ to =m ! num]\s valleys1 gl5s1 gorges & rav9es1 cont9ually t5d to fill !m up1 & r to level ! surface ( ! globe ?an to furr[ x1 m deeply ?an x is4 ,vid4 ,brongni>t sur l',eau4 ,,note ,on ! ,connection ( ,geology ) ,agriculture & ,plant+#daj4 ,t all sorts ( soils are n equally adapt$ to all productions1 is a rem>k ( ,virgil's1 ! tru? ( :i* becomes obvi\s1 :5 we consid] _m facts asc]ta9$ 9 ,agriculture & ,=e/ry4 ,if1 !re=e1 z ! poet advises1 our object be to det]m9e :at ea* p>ticul> region c produce1 & :at x _c1 our att5tion ought 9 ! fir/ place to be direct$ to ! physical circum/ances :i* ex]t _! influ5ce ov] vegetation4 ,all plants t are ! subject ( cultivation are fix$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,by "o ( _! p>ts1 ?r\gh :i* !y d]ive _! pr9cipal n\ri%m5t1 !y p5etrate into ! soil1 :i* s]ves !m z a basis1 & af=ds !m ! means ( procur+ subsi/5ce2 by ! o!r "p !y raise !mselves into ! atmosph]e1 :i* is n only necess>y 9 itself = _! exi/5ce1 b is also ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* !y d]ive ! w>m+ & vivify+ influ5ce ( ! sol> rays4 ,h5ce we c und]/& h[ mu* ! exi/5ce ( plants mu/ be influ5c$ by diff]5ces 9 ! condition ( ! soil & air4 ,! sup]ficial cru/ ( ! globe is =m$ ( soil capable ( produc+ vegetables4 ,?is productive soil1 h[ev]1 is n ev]y:]e cont9u\s1 be+ int]rupt$ on ! "o h& by ! wat]y cov]+ ( ! e>?1 & on ! o!r by p]5nial sn[ & b>e rock4 ,:]e soil does occur1 x sep>ates ! solid mass ( ! e>? f ! atmosph]e1 & is ! por\s m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! gase\s & wat]y p>ts ( ! latt] may act 9 a great] or less degree ^u ! =m]4 ,x is v seldom t /rata ( vegetable soil lie b5ea? /rata ( o!r matt]s2 & :]e !y occur 9 ?is position1 ! ov]ly+ /rata are ei!r ( volcanic or ( alluvial orig94 ,( ! =m] case1 a v rem>kable example occurs 9 ! ,isle ( ,b\rbon1 9 :i* l>ge tracts cov]$ ) vegetables & ev5 trees1 h be5 laid wa/e & ov]:elm$ by /reams ( lava2 & l>ge riv]s 9 _! ov]fl[+s occasionally leave deposits ( v>i\s *>act]s1 ov] ! productive soil conta9+ rema9s ( =m]ly exi/+ plants4 ,productive soil1 z well 9 reg>d to its situation z to its con/itution1 dep5ds ^u ! nature & condition ( ! rocks :i* =m ! solid mass ( ! e>?4 ,x is always ( second>y =mation1 comp>$ ) ! rock on :i* x re/s1 its pr9cipal p>ts usually orig9at+ f ! decomposition ( ?is rock4 ,:ile ! =ms ( ! surface ( ! solid mass ( ! e>?1 h mu* influ5ce ^u ! action ( ! atmosph]e1 !y also 9 "s degree modify t ( climate4 ,f ^! circum/ances x w\ld appe> t ! solid sub/rata ( productive soil ex]t an influ5ce 9 v>i\s ways ^u vegetables2 :5ce x foll[s t1 9 ord] to obta9 a m intimate k ( ! conditions :i* op]ate ^u _! exi/5ce1 x is necess>y to call 9 geology to our assi/ance4 ,al?\gh ! sci5tific /udy ( agriculture has made great progress 9 our times1 ! relations :i* exi/ betwe5 ! con/itution ( ! solid cru/ ( ! e>?1 & ! =mation & nature ( vegetable soil1 pres5t a wide field = inve/igation4 ,geologi/s h hi!rto too mu* neglect$ ! exam9ation ( ! productive cov]+ ( ! e>?1 & ^? :o h treat$ sci5tifically ( agriculture & =e/ry h usually look$ ^u ! vegetable soil 9 its own simple capacity1 )\t reg>d to its f\ndation & orig94 ,to po9t out ! way by :i* we are to proce$ 9 our inve/igation ( ! relations :i* exi/ betwe5 ! solid cru/ ( ! e>? & ! productive soil :i* cov]s x1 is ! pr9cipal object ( ! foll[+ obs]vations4 ,b>e rocks _c be made subs]vi5t to ! purposes ( agriculture4 ,li*5s inde$1 cov] ! surface ( rocks1 d]iv+ _! *ief nutrim5t f ! atmosph]e2 mosses draw ! wat] necess>y = _! subsi/5ce f ! fissures ( /ones2 ! roots ( grasses seek 9 ! *9ks ( rocks = p>ticles ( e>? suffici5t = _! su/5ance2 v>i\s %rubs & trees p5etrate "h & !re into rocky masses by _! roots 7hav+ ! p[]ful & cont9u$ action ( liv+ w$ges71 :]e ! cohesion ( ! p>ts is smalle/1 9 ord] to prep>e a fix$ seat = !mselves1 & be secure f ! p]nici\s effects ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! surface ( ! e>? is always /]ile1 h[ev]1 :5 x %[s a cont9uity ( nak$ rock1 uncov]$ by vegetable m\ld4 ,! cultivation ( fields & woods1 & ev5 ! re>+ ( cattle1 _c !re=e f9d scope 9 regions :i* are entirely rocky4 ,abrupt & precipit\s m\nta9s be+ g5]ally 9 ?is condition are usually b>r52 b 9 pla9s & on declivities1 a b>e rocky surface is mu* less frequ5tly ! cause ( /]ility ?an an unfav\rable proportion ( m\ld4 ,"s rocky & mod]ately elevat$ regions also occur1 m or less de/itute ( vegetable m\ld1 ^: /]ility dep5ds ^u volcanic causes4 ,icel&1 = example1 af=ds cases ( ?is description4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,sw$51 z 9 ,we/rogo?ia1 9 ,scotl&1 c41 !re occur _m elevat$ regions1 9 :i* gneiss & granite pr$om9at+1 exclude to a great ext5t all k9ds ( vegetation except+ li*5s4 ,9 ! same di/ricts we sometimes meet ) pa/ures & corn-fields int]rupt$ "h & !re by b>e rocks ris+ b little above ! surface1 by :i* ! value ( ! gr\nd is mu* dim9i%$1 & great imp$im5ts oppos$ to its cultivation4 ,z b>e rocks are incapable ( all cultivation1 _! di/ance f ! "u surface ( vegetable m\ld mu/ also be ( great importance4 ,9 ! pla9s ( ! nor? ( ,g]many1 = example1 ?is di/ance is (t5 s great t a rocky surface is nev] f\nd1 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 9 o!r c\ntries1 especially su* z are m\nta9\s1 ! roots ( plants n unfrequ5tly t\* ! subjac5t rock2 ! v>iation betwe5 ^! extremes be+ ( all degrees4 ,! effect ( ! di/ance ( ! surface ( ! solid rock f ! "u surface ( productive soil may be bo? direct & indirect1 & may v>y mu*1 n only ) ref]5ce to ! species ( rock1 b also to ! vegetables4 ,! surface ( ! solid /rata ( ! e>? has a direct influ5ce ^u ! cultivation ( plants1 because x t]m9ates ! ext5sion ( _! roots1 & limits ! volume ( ! soil necess>y = _! su/5ance4 ,z ! l5g? & direction ( ! roots v>y exce$+ly 9 diff]5t species1 ! diff]5ce ( effect ) reg>d to _! gr[?1 & ! approximation ( ! rock to ! "u surface ( ! soil1 mu/ 9 g5]al be s mu* ! less prejudicial 9 proportion z ! roots decl9e f ! p]p5dicul>2 :5ce x foll[s1 t c]ta9 grasses1 & "s small pa/ure plants1 may gr[ 9 v ?9 lay]s ( soil1 :]e ! l>g] grasses & pa/ure plants ) long] roots1 c\ld n f9d subsi/5ce2 & t %rubs & trees1 ) long p]p5dicul> roots1 _c survive 9 _m places1 :]e o!rs ) m horizontal roots may ?rive4 ,^! inf]5ces are prov$ to be correct by obs]vations 9 agriculture & =e/ry g5]ally kn[n4 ,m\nta9\s regions1 :i* are n s elevat$ b t corn might gr[ suffici5tly well 9 !m1 9 s f> z dep5ds ^u ! conditions ( ! air or climate1 are yet frequ5tly n adapt$ = its cultivation1 on acc\nt ( ! too ne> approa* ( ! rock to ! surface1 or %all[ness ( ! soil1 & produce no?+ b grasses1 & "s o!r pa/ure plants1 among :i*1 h[ev]1 !re is ! greate/ diff]5ce 9 ?is respect4 ,trifolium montanum1 = example1 c support itself on rocky m\nta9s1 :]e ,t4 prat5se c\ld n gr[4 ,h$ys>um onobry*is gr[s luxuriantly on ! sunny declivities ( calc>e\s m\nta9s1 :]e ,m$icago sativa 7,luc]n7 does n f9d a suitable /ation4 ,! cultivation ( ?is excell5t pa/ure plant 9 "s m\nta9\s regions1 especially :]e ! rocks are calc>e\s1 has n prov$ s advantage\s z might h be5 expect$1 because ! plants h di$ out 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s2 :]eas1 9 prop] places1 :]e its v long roots f9d a suffici5t dep? ( soil1 !y usually la/ = a great l5g? ( "t4 ,! vic9ity ( ! rock to ! "u surface ( ! vegetable m\ld1 or ! %all[ness ( ! soil1 seems to be ! pr9cipal cause :y ! ,bee* gr[s bett] on _m calc>e\s m\nta9s ?an ! ,oak1 :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 f9ds a fitt] /ation on m\nta9s 9 :i* s&/one pr$om9ates1 :]e ! soil is usually deep]4 ,x w\ld seem to be = a simil> reason t ! ,bee* gr[s 9 _m rocky di/ricts1 = example1 on ! ,h>tz ,m\nta9s1 at pretty consid]able heights1 especially on ! sides ( valleys :i* run to ! s\?1 :ile ^! places d n admit ! ,oak1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! middle prov9ces ( ,sw$5 & ,norway2 :ile ! ,bee*1 on ! o!r h&1 gr[s only 9 ! s\!rn p>ts4 ,f ! defici5cy ( soil1 ! ,upp] ,h>tz c produce nei!r ! ,p9us p9ea1 nor ,p4 sylve/ris2 ! horizontal roots1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,abies1 or ,norway ,spruce1 are cont5t ) ! small portion ( e>? :i* cov]s ! greywacke & slate1 al?\gh !y _c f9d suffici5t hold to protect its l(ty trunks f be+ ?r[n d[n by ! tempe/4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! ,=e/ ( ,?ur+ia1 :]e ! cov]+ ( loose e>? is deep] ?an 9 ! ,h>tz1 ! ,p9us picea1 or pit* p9e1 gr[s luxuriantly4 ,! common fir1 ,p9us sylve/ris1 :i* atta9s a great height 9 prop] soil1 on ! contr>y1 is /unt$ & di/ort$ on rocky m\nta9s1 :]e ! roots soon come 9 contact ) ! rock4 ,x !re loses ! "* ( a tree1 & assumes t ( a %rub1 z 9 place ( a s+le upright /em1 sev]al bran*es %oot out1 & ^!1 n unfrequ5tly1 are creep+ or b5t4 ,! diff]5t conditions ( rocks1 especially _! /ructure & _! /ate ( cohesion1 are ( "s importance 9 produc+ ^! effects2 = ! surface ( rocks mu/ be detrim5tal or imp]vi\s to ! roots ( plants1 9 proportion to ! compactness ( _! /ructure1 & ! cohesion ( _! p>ts4 ,s*i/ose rocks1 = example1 af=d a m easy passage to roots1 ?an granul> cry/all9e ones2 pure qu>tz resi/s ! roots ( plants 9 ! highe/ degree2 s&/one mu* less2 & pure lime/one1 on acc\nt ( its comp>atively small numb] ( fissures1 is mu* less fav\rable to vegetation ?an m>l1 *alk1 or slightly coh]+ calc>e\s rocks1 ! masses ( :i* are usually split 9 all directions4 ,! direction & incl9ation ( ! /rata h also "s influ5ce 9 ?is matt]2 =1 9 proportion z ! pr9cipal fissures ( ! /rata are1 f _! direction or incl9ation1 m readily pres5t$ to ! roots ( vegetables1 ! less prejudicial w _! surface be to vegetation4 ,horizontal /rata1 !re=e1 are ! lea/ fav\rable to vegetation1 p]p5dicul> ones ! mo/4 ,9 ! incl9ation ( /rata int]m$iate 9 "s degree betwe5 ^! positions1 ! roots ( vegetables w f9d a great] ob/acle on ! side ( a hill 9 :i* ! surface ( a /ratum is oppos$ to !m1 ?an on ! o!r1 9 :i* ! pr9cipal fissures ( ! /rata are op54 ,! effects ( ?is circum/ance may frequ5tly be obs]v$ 9 m\nta9\s tracts hav+ two pr9cipal incl9ations1 ! /ate ( vegetation1 & especially ! gr[? ( wood1 be+ m prosp]\s on ! "o ( ^! declivities ?an on ! o!r4 ,! surface ( ! solid /rata ( ! e>? may also h an indirect influ5ce ^u ! cultivation ( vegetables4 ,! v>i\s incl9ations ( ?is surface des]ve fir/ to be consid]$1 be+ ( ! greate/ effect ) reg>d to fix+ ! f]tile soil4 ,! horizontal position ( a rocky surface is 9 ! highe/ degree fav\rable to ! /ability ( vegetable e>?2 & ! great] its angle ( incl9ation1 ! great] is ! dang] ( its los+ ! soil ^u x4 ,9 a highly incl9$ plane1 ! imp]fect support ( ! c5tre ( gravity is ! sole cause ( ! loss ( e>?2 9 a less incl9$ plane ! dim9ution ( soil is usually caus$ by wat]1 :i* produces ?is effect 9 a great] or less degree1 accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( incl9ation4 ,9 bo? ^! modes1 by :i* a removal ( soil is produc$1 ! effect may be modifi$ by a diff]5ce 9 ! condition ( ! loose e>?1 z n only its /ability z to situation1 b also its resi/ance to ! p[] ( wat]1 v>y accord+ to ! size1 figure1 & cohesion ( ! p>ts1 z well z _! adhesion to ! surface ( ! rock4 ,s&y loose soils1 = example1 are m liable to transposition ?an m>ly or loamy ones2 & ^!1 aga91 are m easily mov$ ?an su* z are clayey & adhesive4 ,:atev] be ! nature ( ! soil1 a small degree ( incl9ation 9 ! solid rock is suffici5t to fav\r its d5udation by ! removal ( ! =m]2 & ! incl9ations ( ! surfaces ( rocks hav+ a cov]+ ( e>? & vegetation1 are 9 reality mu* less consid]able ?an we usually suppose !m to be1 judg+ m]ely by ! eye4 ,! celebrat$ ,humboldt has publi%$ obs]vations on ?is subject4 ,accord+ to 8 measurem5ts1 a slope ( ev5 fifte5 degrees appe>s /eep1 & a declivity ( ?irty-sev5 degrees is s abrupt1 t if x be cov]$ ) a d5se sw>d1 x c sc>cely be climb$4 ,! incl9ation ( ! pa/ures ( ! ,alps seldom exce$s an angle ( t5 or fifte5 degrees1 & a slope ( tw5ty degrees is pretty /eep4 ,at an incl9ation ( =ty degrees1 ! surface ( ! rock is sometimes cov]$ ) e>? be>+ a sw>d1 b at a great] incl9ation ! rocks are usually de/itute ( soil & vegetation4 ,9 ! ,upp] ,h>tz1 ! mo/ common incl9ation ( ! declivities ( ! m\nta9s is tw5ty-five degrees2 nor does x usually exce$ ?irty-?ree1 at :i* incl9ation ! bee* & spruce gr[4 ,! greate/ declivities at :i* gr\nd c be advantage\sly cultivat$ h an incl9ation ( ?irty degrees4 ,! roots ( vegetables1 especially ( grasses1 %rubs1 & trees1 are ( mu* importance 9 support+ ! e>? ^u ! declivities ( rocks4 ,c>e mu/ !re=e be tak5 t ! declivities ( m\nta9s :i* are cov]$ ) turf or wood1 be n altoge!r depriv$ ( ^! cov]+s1 z sometimes happ5s 9 consequ5ce ( loos5+ ! turf = agricultural purposes1 or ( incauti\sly extirpat+ ! wood4 ,9 ,norway1 ne> ,roraas1 !re occur m\nta9s1 de/itute ( all vegetation1 t _h =m]ly be5 cov]$ ) woods1 b :]e n[1 f ! defici5cy ( soil1 no se$s c\ld take root4 ,! same is ! case 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,alps1 :]e1 f ! irregul> long-cont9u$ removal ( ! timb]1 ! sides ( m\nta9s :i* 7 =m]ly cov]$ ) ?ick woods1 n[ %[ no?+ b nak$ rocks4 ,= ?is reason1 9 m\nta9\s c\ntries ) v /eep declivities1 ! bre$+ ( cattle & plant+ ( woods are (t5 m advantage\s ?an agriculture4 ,9 ,france ! greate/ incl9ation ( ! public roads is limit$ by law to an angle ( f\r degrees & =ty-six m9utes3 a simil> re/riction ) reg>d to agriculture might n be )\t b5efit 9 c]ta9 m\nta9\s c\ntries4 ,! incl9ations ( ! surface ( ! solid cru/ ( ! e>? v>y mu*1 accord+ to ! diff]5t qualities ( ! rocks2 "s hav+ a t5d5cy to =m abrupt precipices1 o!rs1 aga91 to produce g5tle declivities4 ,= ?is reason1 m\nta9s consi/+ ( qu>tz or porphyry1 = example1 v frequ5tly pres5t surfaces de/itute ( vegetation2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ^? ( granite1 slate or s&/one1 are m frequ5tly adapt$ = agriculture & plant+4 ,9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,scotl&1 qu>tz rocks1 de/itute ( all vegetation1 rise 9 ! mid/ ( m\nta9s cov]$ ) gram9e\s plants1 & sometimes wood4 ,9 ! mo/ f]tile "p ( ! s\? ( ,norway porphyritic m\nta9s rise f a calc>e\s & s*i/ose base1 ) l(ty1 rugg$1 & b>e cliffs4 ,9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ! ,tyrol ! rocky /]ility ( ! abrupt & l(ty porphyritic m\nta9s pres5ts a /rik+ contra/ to ! f]tility ( ! neighb\r+ lime/one m\nta9s1 :i* are cov]$ ) v9es1 walnuts & *esnuts4 ,! surface ( ! solid /rata ( ! e>? has also an indirect influ5ce ^u ! cultivation ( plants1 9 s f> z ! wat] :i* ! vegetable m\ld acquires f ! atmosph]e1 is reta9$ 9 ! soil1 or is drawn (f by ! subjac5t rock4 ,diff]5t rocks produce v diff]5t effects 9 ?is respect1 dep5d+ z well ^u _! con/itution z _! /ructure4 ,! compon5t p>ts ( rocks imbibe wat] 9 diff]5t modes & degrees2 & diff]5t sorts ( rocks n only attract wat] ) diff]5t cel]ity1 b also imbibe diff]5t quantities ( x4 ,! latt] diff]5ce dep5ds *iefly ^u ! v>i\s sub/ances ( :i* rocks are compos$1 p>tly1 also1 ^u _! porosity4 ,silice\s rocks attract wat] 9 ! l[e/ degree1 argillace\s ones 9 ! highe/1 & calc>e\s rocks appe> to h an int]m$iate action 9 ?is respect4 ,compact & granul> cry/all9e rocks attract wat] 9 a small] degree1 & m sl[ly2 friable or crumbl$ rocks imbibe x 9 great] quantity1 & ) m cel]ity ?an ^? :i* are n dis9tegrat$4 ,! condition ( rocks ) reg>d to ! attraction ( wat]1 affects1 9 a diff]5t mann]1 ! humidity ( soil2 =1 by ?is attraction1 moi/ure may z well be ab/ract$ f1 z imp>t$ to1 ! loose e>? or soil by :i* rocks are cov]$4 ,"p ( ! moi/ure :i* vegetable e>? or soil d]ives f ! atmosph]e passes into ! subjac5t mass ( rock1 b ?is may aga9 be comp5sat$ by evaporation2 on :i* acc\nt ! soil ( su* rocks z h b a small attraction = wat] usually dries up m readily ?an soils ^: solid sub/ratum attracts & reta9s ! moi/ure 9 a great] degree4 ,x is probable t ! /ructure ( rocks has also a great]1 & n less1 div]sifi$ influ5ce ^u ! humidity ( productive soil4 ,solid rocks1 :i* are n trav]s$ by num]\s p]p5dicul> fissures p5etrat+ to a consid]able dep?1 all[ ! wat] to rema9 9 ! soil2 b column> & s*i/ose rocks1 ) p]p5dicul> fissures1 & /rata decl9$ f ! horizontal position1 draw (f ! wat] f ! soil cov]+ _! surface1 into l[] places1 :]e x (t5 re-appe>s "u ! =m ( spr+s4 ,9 ^! circum/ances1 we f9d a p>tial explanation ( ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! humidity ( soil cov]+ a surface ( solid granite1 & t ly+ ^u lime/one1 :i* is int]sect$ by num]\s fissures4 ,granitic m\nta9s are (t5 furni%$ ) m>%es1 :]eas1 on ! o!r h&1 ! dryness ( ! soil ^u calc>e\s m\nta9s is g5]ally excessive#daa1 ! cause ( :i* ph5om5on is1 9 a great measure1 to be attribut$ to ! circum/ances above m5tion$4 ,columella obs]ves1 t silex hav+ a mod]ate cov]+ ( e>?1 pres]ves to ! latt] its humidity2 & ,palladius repeats ! rem>k4 ,9 di/ricts :i* consi/ ( qu>tzose rocks1 n less ?an ( granitic ones1 ! surface is (t5 cov]$ ) m>%es4 ,porphyritic rocks1 on ! contr>y1 :i* h a rem>kable segregation ( p>ts1 z well z column> basalt1 let (f ! wat] to l[] places4 ,spr+s are v frequ5tly f\nd at ! bottom ( basaltic m\nta9s2 = ! atmosph]ic wat]s p5etrate by ! p]p5dicul> fissures to ! /rata on :i* ! basalt re/s1 & appe> at ! place :]e ! two rocks meet4 ,! effect ( diff]5t rocks ^u ! pres]vation & dim9ution ( ! moi/ure ( f]tile soil1 influ5ces vegetation 9 v>i\s degrees4 ,! ret5tive p[] ( ! surface ( rocks is ( ! greate/ importance1 :]e ! soil consi/s *iefly ( s&1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] p]colates1 & passes (f entirely1 unless x meets ) a /ratum ( su* a nature1 z to ob/ruct its passage1 or comes ^u a surface ( solid rock4 ,! cause ( ! /]ility ( s&y pla9s is n m]ely _! s&y nature1 b also ! great dep? ( ! mass or rock capable ( reta9+ ! wat]4 ,! same s&1 :5 cov]+ m\nta9s consi/+ ( s&/one1 has a mu* less degree ( /]ility ?an 9 ^? pla9s1 because ! surface ( ! subjac5t rock imp$es ! progress ( ! wat]1 & consequ5tly reta9s x 9 ! soil#dab4 ,x has be5 suffici5tly prov$ by exp]im5ts1 t plants c gr[ 9 pure s&1 :5 furni%$ ) ! necess>y quantity ( wat]4 ,a subjac5t rocky surface has an entirely diff]5t effect ^u soil :i* is v ret5tive ( moi/ure1 ^u a clay soil = example1 z1 9 t case1 ! humidity is increas$ to a prejudicial degree4 ,9 l& ( ?is nature1 a sub/ratum ( rock hav+ ! prop]ty ( draw+ (f ! wat] w\ld be useful4 ,! diff]5t conditions ( rocks ) reg>d to caloric1 may h "s indirect influ5ce ^u ! vig\r ( plants4 ,heat1 :e!r imp>t$ to ! vegetable soil by ! sun's rays1 or g5]at$ by v>i\s *emical processes 9 ! e>? itself1 p5etrates to ! surface ( ! subjac5t rocks1 & is m or less drawn f x 9 a long] or %ort] "t4 ,columella obs]ves1 t rocks 9 ! upp] "p ( ! soil are prejudicial to v9es & trees1 b 9 ! l[] "p cool !m4 ,! heat ( soil w be m or less drawn f x1 accord+ to ! great] or less conduct+ p[] ( ! subjac5t rock4 ,compact cry/all9e rocks are probably bett] conductors ( caloric ?an ^? :i* are ( loos] texture2 silice\s rocks ?an argillace\s & calc>e\s ones4 ,! influ5ce ( ! subjac5t rock mu/ be great] 9 ?is respect1 9 proportion to ! ?9ness ( ! sup]9cumb5t soil4 ,! effect ( ! abduction ( caloric is m p>ticul>ly s5sible1 :]e ! roots ( cultivat$ plants t\* ! rock1 a circum/ance :i* we (t5 see 9 v9ey>ds4 ,! v9e frequ5tly ?rives rem>kably on ! declivities ( m\nta9s1 9 :i* x s5ds its roots among fragm5ts ( /ones4 ,exp]i5ce %[s1 t ! quality ( w9e is influ5c$ by ! diff]5t conditions ( ! /ones1 among :i* v9es are plant$4 ,alb]tus ,magnus has obs]v$1 t ! v9e ?rives well 9 e>? :i* is mix$ ) fragm5ts ( black ro(+ slate2 & ,humboldt rem>ks1 t ! v9es :i* gr[ ^u ! m\nta9s ( ! valley ( ! ,rh9e1 consi/+ ( black clay-slate1 af=d an excell5t w9e4 ,at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 also1 ! v9e ?rives well 9 a soil produc$ by ! decomposition ( clay-slate1 & mix$ ) fragm5ts ( x#dac4 ,x is probable1 t ! adaptation ( ?is sort ( soil to ! cultivation ( ! v9e1 dep5ds ^u its sl[ conduct+ p[]1 & ^u its rapidly imbib+ ! rays ( ! sun1 on acc\nt ( its d>k col\r1 & ?us increas+ ! heat ( ! gr\nd4 ,hi!rto we h only spok5 ( ! proximate influ5ce ( rocks ^u plants2 b x _c be d5i$1 t ! remote effects :i* !y produce1 7inasmu* z vegetable soil is d]iv$ f !m1 &1 !re=e1 ! qualities ( ?is soil dep5d 9 a great measure ^u _! nature17 are ( great] importance4 ,x is f ! rocks :i* con/itute ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 t ! pr9cipal portion ( productive soil is d]iv$4 ,al?\gh o!r sub/ances belong+ to ! animal & vegetable k+doms1 are necess>y = ! n\ri%m5t ( plants1 a soil consi/+ *iefly ( inorganic p>ticles is /ill m necess>y1 bo? = su/a9+ _! roots1 & = receiv+1 reta9+1 & p>tly also prep>+ nutrition = !m2 =1 accord+ to accurate obs]vations1 "s inorganic sub/ances ex]t an influ5ce ^u ! decomposition ( animal & vegetable rema9s4 ,^! effects v>y mu* accord+ to diff]5ces 9 ! aggregation & *emical nature ( ! inorganic p>ts2 ( :i* circum/ances1 h[ev]1 ! diff]5t qualities ( rocks are ! ultimate cause4 ,two k9ds ( productive soil may be di/+ui%$ ) reg>d to _! orig94 ,! soil has ei!r orig9at$ 9 ! place 9 :i* x n[ is f ! subjac5t rock1 or x has be5 transport$ to ! places 9 :i* x is n[ f\nd by "s p[]1 especially by t ( wat]4 ,! fir/ k9d may be nam$ untransport$1 ! second transport$ soil4 ,to ! fir/ k9d ( soil is to be ref]r$ a great "p ( ! soil :i* cov]s ! summits & declivities ( m\nta9s1 & to ! o!r1 ! soil :i* fills ! bottoms ( valleys1 z well z a great "p ( ! loose soil ( ext5sive /rata 9 hilly c\ntries & pla9s4 ,untransport$ soil is g5]ally ?9n] ?an ! transport$2 & ( ! two ! latt] is t :i* mo/ frequ5tly occurs 9 l[ l&4 ,! fir/ k9d ( soil1 ! untransport$1 is f\nd to be m or less simil>1 9 its pr9cipal con/itu5t p>ts1 to ! rocks f :i* x has orig9at$2 9 ! o!r k9d1 ! transport$ soil1 on ! contr>y1 ! p>ts :i* 7 orig9ally 9 connection1 h be5 v>i\sly sep>at$ & mix$1 by ! ag5cy ( ! p[]s by :i* its transportation 0 effect$4 ,! quantity & quality ( ! soil d]iv$ f ! dis9tegration ( rocks1 mu/ dep5d ^u ! nature ( ^! rocks2 its quality be+ det]m9$ by ! con/itu5t p>ts ( ! rock f :i* x orig9at$1 & its quantity be+ proportion$ to ! great] or less degree 9 :i* ! rock may resi/ decomposition4 ,! dis9tegration ( rocks1 & _! conv]sion into loose e>?1 are p>tly me*anical1 & p>tly *emical4 ,! pr9cipal me*anical p[]s1 by :i* dis9tegration is effect$1 are1 #a/1 ,! weight ( ! loos5$ p>ts2 #b;d1 ,wat]1 n m]ely 9 its liquid & mobile /ate1 b also1 & t *iefly1 9 ! /ate ( ice2 #c;d1 ,! roots ( vegetables 9 g5]al1 & especially ( trees4 ,^! p[]s usually act m or less 9 conjunction1 & ! effects produc$ by ?is union are 9 _m cases almo/ incr$ible4 ,! dis9tegration ( rocks comm5ces 9 ^? p>ts :]e ! p[] ( cohesion is lea/ en]getic4 ,r5ts take place ow+ to ! unequal attraction ( p>ts1 & also 9 ! direction ( planes1 9 :i* het]og5e\s p>ts are 9 contact2 & 9 ?is mann] ! orig9al /ructure ( rocks det]m9es ! fir/ /eps ( _! dis9tegration4 ,wat]1 :i* ent]s into ! m9ute fissures ( rocks1 by ! p[] ( capill>y attraction1 is exp&$ by congelation1 & ?us ov]comes ! cohesion ( p>ts1 & produces r5ts4 ,! roots ( trees act+ z w$ges1 produce ! same effect 9 a wond]ful degree1 a ph5om5on :i* has be5 s well illu/rat$ by ,annu ,s5eca1 9 8 ,natural ,que/ions4 8,let u consid]10 says he1 8h[ great a p[] is ex]t$ by ! mo/ m9ute se$s1 :i*1 al?\gh at fir/ small z !y are1 c sc>cely f9d a place 9 ! crevices ( rocks1 yet at l5g? gr[ to su* a size z to r5d asund] va/ rocks1 ov]turn+ crags & cliffs1 by ! p[] ( _! v m9ute & delicate roots40 ,! p>ts ( rocks loos5$ by ^! p[]s1 are entirely sep>at$1 & are c>ri$ to a great or less di/ance1 by /reams ( wat]1 & 9 ! high] regions1 by ! p[] ( w9ds4 ,9 cliffs & precipices :i* h be5 =m$ by ! splitt+ ( masses ( rock1 effect$ 9 ! mann] above describ$1 ! loos5$ p>ts (t5 lose _! /ability2 &1 foll[+ ! direction ( gravity1 fall to ! gr\nd1 an effect :i* has also be5 describ$ by ,s5eca 9 ano!r place4 8,nor is x alone probable10 says he1 8t rocks are split asund] by _! m]e weight1 b also :5 /reams ( wat] are c>ri$ ov] !m1 ! cont9ual moi/ure works into ! jo9+s ( ! rock1 & daily takes away a portion ( ! connect+ matt]1 &1 if ,i may s speak1 abrades ! sk9 by :i* x is conta9$4 ,at l5g?1 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 ?is gradual detrition s mu* dim9i%es ! support+ p>ts1 t !y c no long] su/a9 ! weight4 ,!n masses ( va/ size fall d[n1 & ! rock tumbl+ f its anci5t seat1 ov]:elms :atev] lies bel[40 ,! cohesion ( "s rocks1 especially argillace\s ones1 is s slight1 & _! porosity s great1 t _! smalle/ p>ts imbibe wat]1 & are s5sibly s(t5$ by x1 an effect :i* is mu* assi/$ by ! freez+ ( ! wat]4 ,?is me*anical *ange is exp]i5c$ by ! diff]5t v>ieties ( common clay1 slate-clay1 & "s o!r rocks4 ,*emical p[]s (t5 act 9 conjunction ) me*anical ones1 9 break+ d[n rocks1 ! =m]1 ! *emical1 frequ5tly f9i%+ :at _h be5 begun by ! latt]4 ,me*anical p[]s only *ang+ ! aggregation ( rocks1 may break d[n _! p>ts to a c]ta9 size1 accord+ to _! diff]5t nature2 *emical p[]s1 aga91 :i* *ange ! nature ( sub/ances1 de/roy ! connection ( ! m9ute p>ts ( rocks4 ,:5 *emical is prec$$ by me*anical action1 x is mu* assi/$ by x4 ,! latt] has a mu* m g5]al effect1 z all rocks are subject$ to its influ5ce2 *emical decomposition1 on ! o!r h&1 acts only ^u "s rocks1 & 9 ^! only ^u c]ta9 p>ts4 ,! *emical decomposition ( rocks is *iefly effect$ by ! oxyg5 ( atmosph]ic air & ( wat]2 b we are also p]suad$1 t c]ta9 cryptogamic plants1 intimately atta*$ to ! surface ( /ones1 ,li*5s namely1 assi/ 9 _! de/ruction4 ,! oxyg5 ( air & wat] c only affect ! con/itu5t p>ts ( rocks1 :i* h a great aff9ity to x1 su* z ! iron & sulphur =m+ pyrites1 oxydul\s iron1 oxydul\s manganese1 or ! same sub/ances mix$ ) e>? or c>bonic acid1 *>coal & bitum54 ,v solid & compact masses ( rock1 su* z gre5/one1 :i* are n easily affect$ by o!r means1 are sometimes corrod$ by ! *emical *ange ( ! pyrites conta9$ 9 !m1 by :i* x is conv]t$ into a hydrate ( iron#dad4 ,9 c]ta9 o!r rocks1 :i* are also readily brok5 d[n by me*anical ag5ts1 clay-slate = in/ance1 ! dis9tegration is mu* accel]at$ by ! decomposition ( ! pyrites4 ,! oxydul\s iron ( felsp> is commonly conv]t$ by decomposition into a hydrate or o*re4 ,! c>bonate ( iron1 z well z ( manganese1 :i* sometimes occur 9 rocks1 9 lime/one rock = example1 are depriv$ ( c>bonic acid by ! oxidation ( _! bases4 ,*>coal & bitum51 :i* are sometimes conta9$ 9 rocks1 lime/one & argillace\s ones = example1 are dissipat$ by ! contact ( air1 s t rocks :i* 7 orig9ally ( a d>k col\r1 lose x1 & become :iti%4 ,wat]1 z a *emical ag5t1 contributes s mu* to ! decomposition ( c]ta9 rocks1 t1 ei!r 9 a pure /ate1 or 9 comb9ation ) c>bonic acid1 x dissolves _! p>ts1 ( :i* gypsum & lime/one af=d examples4 ,9 c]ta9 o!r m9]als1 9 felsp> = in/ance1 a sep>ation ( ! con/itu5t p>ts1 produc$ by ! contact ( air & wat]1 is obs]v$1 ! proximate cause ( :i* has n hi!rto be5 discov]$4 ,! mass is decompos$1 its lamell> /ructure is conv]t$ into an e>?y nature1 ! alkali conta9$ 9 ! felsp> is extract$ by ! wat]1 a m9]al is produc$1 to :i* ! ,*9ese h giv5 ! "n ( ,kaol91 & :i* is adapt$ = ! manufacture ( porcela94 ,granite & gneiss occur 9 "s di/ricts1 ! felsp> ( :i* is decompos$ 9 ?is mann] ?r\gh ! :ole mass1--a circum/ance :i* mu/ be ( great importance 9 reg>d to ! =mation ( productive soil4 ,cryptogamic plants cov]+ ! surface ( rocks1 & ?riv+ well 9 ?is situation1 :]e m p]fect vegetables c\ld n gr[1 seem also de/9$ to promote ! *emical decomposition ( rocks1 an effect :i* !y produce bo? directly & indirectly4 ,z !y imbibe ! wat] ( ! atmosph]e1 & reta9 x l a sponge1 !y keep up a con/ant application ( ?is sub/ance to ! rock1 & 9 ?is mann] contribute indirectly to its decomposition4 ,!re are "s cryptogamic plants also1 :i* consume c]ta9 portions ( ! rocks ) :i* !y are 9 contact1 corrode _! surface1 & de/roy ! cohesion ( its p>ts1 effects :i* may *iefly be se5 9 c]ta9 cryptogamic plants atta*$ to calc>e\s rocks4 ,9 ?is mann] "o sort ( vegetation prep>es a place = ano!r1 & ! mo/ imp]fect vegetables are subs]vi5t to ! gr[? ( ! m p]fect4 ,aft] premis+ ?us mu*1 we %all n[ proce$ to ! exam9ation ( ! pr9cipal rocks1 9 s f> z reg>ds _! connection ) ! =mation ( productive soil1 beg9n+ ) ^? :i* resi/ decomposition 9 ! highe/ degree1 & end+ ) ^? :i* are ! mo/ conducive to ! =mation ( loose e>? & soil4 ,9 ! fir/ class1 we place ^? rocks :i* exp]i5ce no *emical decomposition1 9 s f> z reg>ds _! pr9cipal mass1 & ^: cohesion ( p>ts is s great t me*anical p[]s c only op5 _! natural fissures to a great] ext5t1 & ?us break !m d[n into fragm5ts4 ,( ?is k9d are vitre\s lava1 pure qu>tz1 compact qu>tz1 fl9ty slate1 & porphyry ) a silice\s basis4 ,on m\nta9s consi/+ ( ^! rocks1 sc>cely any productive soil is f\nd1 & frequ5tly none at all4 ,!y are usually *>act]iz$ by /]ile rocks & cliffs1 ! bases ( :i* are cov]$ ) innum]able r\gh fragm5ts ( /ones1 reta9+ _! %>p edges = a great l5g? ( "t1 ! heaps ( :i* seldom produce any ?+ else ?an mosses1 :i* frequ5tly cov] ! int]/ices ( fragm5ts1 occasionally a few grasses1 & sometimes a solit>y %rub or tree4 ,examples1 ,b5nevis1 ,paps ( ,jura1 & ,morv5 ,hills4 ,( all rocks1 vitre\s volcanic productions are ! lea/ capable ( contribut+ to ! =mation ( productive soil4 ,_! d>k col\r$ tracts desc5d f volcanic m\nta9s to ! valleys 9 frightful /]ility1 ! *9ks ( _! rugg$ masses sc>cely af=d+ suffici5t wat] = ! roots ( mosses#dae4 ,to ! second class we ref] compact lime/one1 a rock :i* contributes ext5sively to ! =mation ( ! solid cru/ ( ! globe4 ,9 s f> z reg>ds its pr9cipal con/itu5t p>ts1 x is n affect$ by atmosph]ic wat] or air2 b1 z its p>ts h b comp>atively little cohesion1 & are usually sep>at$ 9 a consid]able degree by m9ute fissures1 !y are m liable to be brok5 d[n & crumbl$ by me*anical p[]s1 ?an ^? ( ! rocks belong+ to ! fir/ class4 ,9 di/ricts :]e ! fundam5tal rock is lime/one1 ! lay]s ( loose orig9al soil or subsoil are ?91 & fill$ ) num]\s fragm5ts4 ,z ! soil aris+ f ! dis9tegration ( lime/one conta9s a great proportion ( calc>e\s matt]1 x is nei!r fav\rable to ! gr[? ( plants 9 g5]al1 nor to t ( ! great] numb] ( vegetables :i* are ! object ( cultivation4 ,soil ( ?is k9d is too hot1 dry & /ony2 h5ce ! reason :y di/ricts1 9 :i* pure lime/one rocks pr$om9ate1 are (t5 /]ile4 ,! case is diff]5t1 h[ev]1 :]e a portion ( clay ent]s z an +r$i5t into ! composition ( calc>e\s rocks1 = "h ! soil is usually v productive2 or1 :]e rocks ( a diff]5t nature alt]nate ) masses ( pure lime/one1 hav+ a great] capability ?an x ( contribut+ to ! =mation ( productive soil4 ,:5 wat]1 conta9+ c>bonic acid1 passes ?r\gh lime/one rocks1 x dissolves portions ( x1 & deposits !m 9 o!r places1 by :i* ! decomposition ( ! lime/one & ! =mation ( loose e>? may be 9 "s measure accel]at$4 ,to ! ?ird class belong *alk & gypsum2 :i*1 9 s f> z reg>ds _! decomposition by *emical means1 are ( a simil> nature ) compact lime/one2 b possess+ a mu* slight] cohesion ( p>ts1 are m liable to be brok5 d[n by me*anical means4 ,wat] also dissolves gypsum1 & ?us assi/s 9 its dis9tegration4 ,! soil aris+ f ^! rocks resembles t produc$ by compact lime/one1 :i* expla9s ! want ( f]tility1 obs]vable 9 c]ta9 gypse\s tracts ( ! ,nor? ( ,g]many1 & 9 ! *alk di/ricts ( ,france4 ,! f]tility :i* we see 9 c]ta9 places :]e *alk is ! fundam5tal rock1 z 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight1 ,isl& ( ,rug51 c4 is to be attribut$ z well to argillace\s & m>ly /rata alt]nat+ ) ! *alk1 z to ! great] humidity ( ! atmosph]e1 by :i* ! dryness & heat ( ! soil are dim9i%$4 ,9 ! f\r? class we place c]ta9 rocks1 compos$ ( diff]5t m9]als1 b compact 9 appe>ance1 :i*1 al?\gh !y resi/ me*anical dis9tegration1 are yet subject to *emical action1 & are1 by means ( x1 conv]t$ into a loose1 comp\nd productive soil4 ,( ?is k9d are basalt1 & "s o!r rocks v ne>ly alli$ to x4 ,to ! fif? class we ref] ^? rocks :i* h a cry/all9e1 granul>1 or slaty texture4 ,! mutual adhesion ( ! het]og5e\s p>ts1 ( :i* !y consi/1 be+1 9 g5]al1 inconsid]able1 !y are easily brok5 d[n by me*anical means1 & ?us contribute 9 a high degree to ! =mation ( productive soil4 ,! felsp> conta9$ 9 ^! rocks1 on acc\nt ( ! *emical decomposition :i* x readily und]goes1 has a great effect n only ^u ! quantity1 b also ! f]tility ( ! soil produc$4 ,! qu>tz1 on ! contr>y1 z well z ! mica & hornbl5de1 long resi/ *emical decomposition2 !y are1 h[ev]1 useful 9 ?is respect1 t ! argillace\s soil aris+ f ! felsp>1 has its t5acity dim9i%$2 & is consequ5tly r5d]$ bett] adapt$ = vegetation1 by be+ int]mix$ ) !m4 ,granite & gneiss1 ( all truly granul> cry/all9e rocks1 af=d ! deepe/ & mo/ f]tile soil1 aptly comp\nd$ ( diff]5t sub/ances1 suffici5tly loose 9 its aggregation1 & capable ( reta9+ ! necess>y moi/ure4 ,soil aris+ f ! dis9tegration ( granite is unfav\rable to vegetation only1 :]e ! rock ab\nds mu* 9 qu>tz1 & :]e ! sup]flu\s wat] _c run (f1 & s gives rise to m>%es1 :i* produce only vegetables ( inf]ior quality2 ( :i* we h examples 9 ! granite di/ricts ( ,ab]de54 ,9 su* places z ^!1 peat is easily g5]at$1 :i*1 al?\gh ( great use1 is yet mu* less advantage\s ?an wood4 ,sy5ite1 :i* ab\nds mu* 9 hornbl5de1 is inf]ior to granite1 ) respect to ! production ( f]tile soil2 & primitive gre5/one1 :i* resi/s dis9tegration & decomposition 9 ! highe/ degree1 occupies ! la/ place 9 ?is class4 ,9 ! s]ies ( slaty cry/all9e rocks1 mica-slate is next to gneiss3 b on acc\nt ( ! small proportion ( felsp> :i* ent]s into its composition1 x does n af=d s productive a soil4 ,9 ! six? class may be plac$ ! slaty rocks1 :e!r simple1 or intimately comp\nd$1 :i* d n readily und]go *emical decomposition1 b :i* easily sep>ate at _! natural fissures1 & are me*anically resolv$ into an e>?y mass1 =m+ a pa/e ) wat]1 circum/ances :i* are obs]v$ *iefly 9 clay-slate1 a rock ( mu* importance 9 ! =mation ( productive soil1 usually pass+ into a clayey sort ( e>?4 ,to ! sev5? class belong ! conglom]at$ rocks1 ^: p>ts inde$ und]go v little1 if any1 *emical *ange1 b are easily sep>at$ by me*anical means1 & are ?us conv]t$ into a gravelly1 s&y1 or e>?y mass4 ,( ?is k9d are greywacke1 old r$ s&/one1 & s&/ones ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,mu* div]sity is exhibit$ by ^! rocks1 ) reg>d to ! facility ) :i* !y und]go dis9tegration1 z well z ! nature ( ! soil aris+ f !m2 circum/ances :i* *iefly dep5d ^u ! nature ( ! cem5t1 & its relation to ! p>ts cem5t$4 ,! dis9tegration ( ^! rocks is ! m easily effect$ t ! cem5t is abundant1 & less intimately connect$ ) ! o!r p>ts1 t is1 ! m !y dep>t f a cry/all9e nature2 on :i* acc\nt greywacke is less easily conv]t$ into soil1 ?an ! common v>ieties ( s&/one4 ,by ! decomposition ( greywacke1 a loose & f]tile soil is =m$1 conta9+ p>ticles ( qu>tz & clay 9 due proportion2 on ! o!r h&1 by ! decomposition ( r$ s&/one1 a soil is frequ5tly produc$1 ab\nd+ 9 argillace\s p>ticles impregnat$ ) iron1 & !re=e /iff & cold4 ,! v>iegat$ s&/one1 ) a m>ly cem5t1 n unfrequ5tly af=ds a pretty f]tile soil2 ! quad]s&/e91 on ! contr>y1 commonly pres5ts a s&y & arid soil4 ,la/ly1 9 ! eigh? class we %all place ^? rocks1 :e!r simple or intimately comp\nd$1 ^: nature is s loose1 or ^: p>ts are s sep>at$1 t !y fall ) great facility into an e>?y mass1 & are also 9 "p me*anically r$uc$ by wat]4 ,to ?is class belong ! diff]5t v>ieties ( m>l1 slate-clay1 basaltic & volcanic tuffa4 ,^! rocks1 _m ( :i* are ext5sively diffus$1 are ( mu* importance 9 ! =mation ( productive soil1 al?\gh ! quality ( ! e>? produc$ by !m v>ies mu*1 accord+ to _! diff]5t natures4 ,slate-clay af=ds an argillace\s soil2 9 e>? produc$ by ! decomposition ( m>l1 ! clay is dim9i%$ 9 proportion to ! great] abundance ( ! calc>e\s or s&y p>ts2 :ile a mix$ & v f]tile soil is usually g5]at$ f basaltic & volcanic tufas4 ,! v>i\s relations :i* exi/ 9 ! /ratification & position ( rocks1 h mu* influ5ce 9 produc+ a div]sity 9 ! soil =m$ imm$iately f _! decomposition4 ,?is div]sity _c be s great :5 diff]5t rocks ( v>i\s ages occur 9 a det]m9ate ord] 9 horizontal /rata2 9 :i* case1 ! upp]mo/ b$ may exhibit a great ext5t ( surface ( ! same nature4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 /rata ( rocks ( diff]5t natures1 =ms1 & dim5sions1 plac$ at diff]5t angles ( incl9ation1 & 9 diff]5t directions1 appe> at ! surface1 x w easily be und]/ood h[ x may happ5 t ! soil produc$ by _! decomposition may occur ( v diff]5t qualities1 9 places n v di/ant f ea* o!r4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! soil is influ5c$ by a diff]5ce 9 ! arrangem5t & position ( ! /rata1 w become evid5t1 on comp>+ di/ricts 9 :i* "o p>ticul> sort ( rock lies b5ea? ! surface 9 horizontal /rata1 ) o!rs 9 :i* ! solid sub/ratum is compos$ ( v>i\s rocks diff]+ 9 _! incl9ation t[>ds ! horizon4 ,9 di/ricts ( ! =m] k9d1 ! qualities ( ! soil v>y 9 g5]al b little2 9 su* z are ( ! latt] k9d1 on ! contr>y1 !y are (t5 f\nd extremely diff]5t4 ,! great div]sity ( soil se5 9 ,engl&1 z well z 9 ,g]many1 may1 9 fact1 be p>tly expla9$ by ! circum/ance1 t1 9 ^? c\ntries1 ! nature & position ( ! /rata v>y e :]e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! great simil>ity :i* p]vades ! soil ( ,s\!rn ,russia1 is )\t d\bt produc$ by a uni=mity 9 ! position & incl9ation ( ! lime/one :i* lies imm$iately "u ! soil4 ,! nature ( ! pr9cipal mass ( ! /rata usually ex]ts a great degree ( influ5ce ov] ! qualities ( ! soil4 ,:5 ! solid sub/ratum is s&/one1 its effect ^u ! soil is1 9 g5]al1 z evid5tly se51 ?\gh n p]haps 9 an equal degree1 z :5 x is m>l4 ,exceptions1 h[ev]1 to ?is rule sometimes occur2 z1 = in/ance1 :5 ! pr9cipal mass ( a rock :i* resi/s dis9tegration 9 a high degree conta9s b$s t are easily r$uc$ to e>?4 ,?is is ! case ) ! %ell-lime/one 7mus*elkalk/e97 ( ,g]many1 ! m\nta9s ( :i* are n unfrequ5tly cov]$ ) a clayey soil1 :i* has n be5 produc$ by ! decomposition ( ! pr9cipal /rata !mselves1 b by t ( ! slate-clay & argillace\s m>l alt]nat+ ) !m4 ,hi!rto we h consid]$ untransport$ soil1 or t produc$ f ! dis9tegration or decomposition ( ! subjac5t rocks 9 ! places :]e x occurs2 we h n[ to exam9e ! relations :i* exi/ betwe5 ! subjac5t rock1 & ! transport$ soil ly+ ^u x4 ,! nature ( ! rock does n inde$ influ5ce1 except+ 9 a m remote degree1 ! transport$ soil1 :i* has be5 c>ri$ to a great] or less di/ance f ! places ( its production1 by ! ag5cy ( mov+ p[]s1 & aga9 deposit$ ( v>i\s =ms & compositions4 ,h[ev]1 x may (t5 be pla9ly se51 t ! mat]ials ( ?is soil h be5 d]iv$ f p>ticul> rocks1 & t ^! rocks h ex]t$ "s degree ( influ5ce ov] ! =mation & di/ribution ( ! transport$ soil4 ,! exam9ation ( ^! relations is ( great importance1 because x is ) second>y or transport$ soil t agriculture is pr9cipally conc]n$4 ,! v>ieties ( transport$ soil dep5d *iefly ^u ?ree circum/ances3 #a/1 ,! nature ( ! rocks f :i* !y are d]iv$2 #b;dly1 ,! quality & effect ( ! mov+ p[]s2 #c;dly1 ,! *anges :i* !y may h und]gone aft] _! =mation4 ,! orig9 ( ! mat]ials :i* ent] into ! composition ( transport$ soil1 has be5 already consid]$4 ,f _! diff]5ce may be easily expla9$ :y soil g5]at$ f ! debris ( primitive cry/all9e rocks has diff]5t qualities f soil :i* has be5 d]iv$ f /rata ( s&/one or m>l4 ,! pr9cipal p[]s :i* contribute to ! transportation ( soil1 are1 ,! weight ( loose masses1 ice1 & wat]4 ,! weight ( loose masses is a cause ( transportation :i* we frequ5tly see 9 op]ation4 ,by x ! huge cones ( debris at ! base & ^u ! declivities ( precipices & m\nta9s1 are gradually c>ri$ (f t[>d ! bottom ( ! valleys2 a ph5om5on :i* c sc>cely any :]e be bett] se5 ?an 9 ! valleys ( ! ,alps1 :]e m\nta9s sometimes occur evid5tly consi/+ ( debris1 & clo!d ) trees & %rubs1 or cov]$ ) pa/ures1 ! masses ( :i* are gradually mov$1 z ^u incl9$ planes1 by ! action ( ! wat] :i* p]colates ?r\gh !m4 ,ice effects ! transportation ( rocks & debris1 ) a p[] :i* no?+ c resi/4 ,?is is no :]e m conspicu\s ?an among ! glaci]s ( ! ,alps1 by ! fall+ ( :i* great heaps ( /ones & rubbi% are produc$4 ,! transportation ( l>ge /ones by means ( ice may also be se5 9 our m\nta9 torr5ts 9 w9t]4 ,huge masses ( /one1 scatt]$ ov] ! pla9s ( ! nor? ( ,g]many & ! isl&s ( ,d5m>k1 & (t5 v prejudicial to agriculture1 ^: nor!rn orig9 appe>s to be e/abli%$1 may h be5 c>ri$ by ! same p[]ful ag5t f ,f9l&1 ,sw$5 & ,norway1 into ^? c\ntries1 at a "t :5 ! pla9s ( nor!rn ,g]many1 ) ! o!r flat di/ricts along ! %ores ( ! ,baltic1 7 /ill cov]$ by ! waves ( ! ocean4 ,9 ! =mation ( transport$ soil1 wat] usually ex]ts a great degree ( p[]4 ,by means ( x1 n only are va/ masses transport$ to ! greate/ di/ances1 b _! p>ts are at ! same "t crumbl$ d[n & m+l$ toge!r4 ,to ^! op]ations are to be attribut$ ! v>i\s t]m9ations ( diff]5t soils at horizontal di/ances1 z well z ! diff]5t alt]nations ( _! /rata at v]tical ones4 ,! p[] ( wat] 9 ! =mation ( transport$ soil v>ies1 n only accord+ to ! diff]5t incl9ations ( its *annel1 b also 9 reg>d to ! =m1 size1 & weight ( ! p>ts c>ri$ (f by x2 = :i* reason1 9 ! =mation ( su* soils1 ! same ph5om5a take place on a l>ge scale1 t we see on a small]1 9 p]=m+ ! op]ations ( break+ & wa%+ ! ores ( metals4 ,= ! same reason t1 9 ^! processes1 ! l>g] p>ticles subside1 :ile ! small] are propell$1 f :i* aga9 ! heavi] p>ticles ( ore are soon] deposit$ ?an ! light]2 9 pla9s 9 ! vic9ity ( a m\nta91 cov]$ ) transport$ soil1 /ones & debris are usually se5 fir/1 !n e>?1 clay1 & s& mix$ toge!r1 & f>!r on1 f9] s&1 ) /rata ( clay4 ,transport$ or second>y soil1 produc$ by wat]1 accord+ to ! mode ( its =mation1 is divid$ into f\r classes1 viz4--#a4 ,soil ( ,valleys2 #b4 ,riv] ,soil2 #c4 ,lake ,soil2 #d4 ,m>9e ,soil4 #a4 ,soil ( ,valleys4--,x is wa%$ d[n by ra9 & sn[ wat]1 & p>tly also produc$ by rivulets1 :i* c>ry (f ! loose p>ts f ! declivities ( m\nta9s to ! pla9s4 ,! nature ( ?is soil 9 g5]al cle>ly %ews ! ne>ness ( its orig94 ,its dep? is always greate/ 9 ! bottom ( ! valley1 & gradually dim9i%es t[>d ! declivities ( ! m\nta9s4 ,! curvature ( ! diff]5t /rata is usually accommodat$ to ! irregul>ity ( its ext]nal =m1 s t :5 a section is made ( !m1 !y exhibit a s]ies ( p>allel curv$ l9es4 #b4 ,riv] ,soil1 or ! soil f\nd 9 ! b$s & banks ( riv]s1 & :i* is produc$ by ! cont9ual propell+ p[] ( l>ge riv]s4 ,to ?is class belong two diff]5t k9ds2 #a/1 ,soil conta9+ pebbles ( v>i\s sizes1 produc$ by ! p[] ( torr5ts 9 ! vic9ity ( m\nta9s2 &1 #b;d1 ,e>? or mud1 deposit$ 9 ! b$s ( riv]s1 9 places at a di/ance f m\nta9s4 ,a peculi>ity ( riv] soil 9 g5]al is1 t x is mu* ext5d$ 9 l5g?1 :ile its bread? is comp>atively b small4 ,! diff]5t lay]s h nei!r s mu* irregul>ity z 9 ! prec$+ k9d1 nor are !y s precise 9 arrangem5t z 9 ! foll[+4 #c4 ,lake ,soil1 deposit$ at ! bottom ( /ill wat]4 ,to ?is class is to be ref]r$ ! soil 9 ! bottoms ( valleys1 :i* _h =m]ly be5 lakes1 ei!r sep>ate or connect$ ) riv]s4 ,! horizontal dim5sions ( ?is k9d ( soil are (t5 m or less equal4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 ! l5g? is great] ?an ! bread?2 n1 h[ev]1 9 ! same degree z 9 soil deposit$ 9 ! b$ ( riv]s4 ,! surface is usually plane1 & ! diff]5t /rata alt]nate 9 a p>allel mann]4 #d4 ,m>9e ,soil1 t is to say1 ! mud ( ! anci5t ocean4 ,x is ! greate/ ( all 9 its ext5t1 bo? 9 a horizontal & a v]tical direction4 ,its surface is m or less undulat$1 v seldom ev54 ,its masses are bo? v ?ick & v uni=m 9 composition4 ,diff]5t & alt]nat+ /rata1 h[ev]1 d occur1 ^: =ms & dim5sions are usually m or less regul>1 & :i* are n unfrequ5tly undulat$4 ,soil1 aft] be+ =m$1 is act$ ^u by natural p[]s 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! atmosph]e is p]petually modify+ x2 riv]s1 waves1 & w9ds1 act "h & !re ^u its surface1 & alt] its ext]nal =m2 wat] introduces into x ! sub/ances :i* x holds 9 solution4 ,! diff]5t con/itu5t p>ts ( soil act ^u ea* o!r *emically1 & 9 ?is mann] new decompositions & mixtures are produc$2 & ?is *emical *ange is increas$ by ! action ( vegetables1 z well z ( bodies d]iv+ _! orig9 f bo? organic k+doms4 ,f :at has be5 said ( ! relations exi/+ betwe5 ! masses ( :i* ! solid cru/ ( ! globe is compos$1 & ! loose e>? or soil by :i* x is cov]$1 x appe>s evid5t en\gh 7,hausmann concludes7 t !y h great influ5ce ov] its =mation & nature1 & !re=e ^u ! m p]fect vegetables1 & especially ^? :i* are ! objects ( cultivation2 & t al?\gh ! f]tility ( ! soil is mu* increas$ by ^! vegetables !mselves1 yet ! fir/ f\ndation ( _! vig\r is d]iv$ f ! dis9tegration & decomposition ( rocks4 ,if ?is be correct1 ! con/itution ( ! solid cru/ ( ! e>? has a mu* m ext5d$ influ5ce4 ,=1 by prep>+ a habitation = ! great] & mo/ important p>ts ( plants1 x also ex]ts a high degree ( influ5ce ^u ! animals :i* d]ive _! su/5ance f !m1 &1 at ! same "t1 af=ds ! means ( subsi/5ce to man#daf4 ,,note4 ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,iri% ,,elk1 ,,fossil ,,elephant ,,or ,,mammo?1 ,,& ,,! ,,ma/odon4 ,z ! ,iri% ,elk1 ! ,fossil ,elephant or ,mammo?1 & ! ,ma/odon1 are among ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! fossil & ext9ct species ( quadrup$s m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ pages ( ?is "w1 we1 ) ! view ( f>!r gratify+ ! curiosity ( our read]s1 n[ lay be=e !m ! foll[+ additional details f ! writ+s ( ,cuvi]1 ,goldfuss1 & o!rs4 #a4 ,fossil ,elk ( ,irel&1 ,c]vus megac]os#dag4 7,notic$ at p4 #bhf47 ,"o ( ! mo/ magnific5t ( ! bisulcat$ animals met ) 9 a fossil /ate 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s is ! ,elk ( ,irel&1 ! ,c]vus megac]os4 ,bones & horns ( va/ size ( ?is species are almo/ daily dug out ( ! bogs & m>l pits ( ,irel&4 ,simil> rema9s h be5 met ) 9 alluvial /rata 9 ,brita91 & also 9 ! ,isle ( ,man4 8,s frequ5tly d ^! rema9s10 ,mr ,h>t rem>ks1 8occur 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,irel&1 t !re are v few ( ! peasantry :o are n1 ei!r f p]sonal obs]vation or report1 acqua9t$ ) !m by ! famili> "n ( ! horns ( ! #8old de]4' ,inde$ 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry !y h be5 f\nd s (t51 t f> f be+ reg>d$ z objects ( any extraord9>y int]e/1 !y h be5 ei!r ?r[n aside z lumb]1 or appli$ to ! commone/ economical uses#dah4 8,i h made dilig5t b fruitless se>* = an acc\nt ( ! p>ticul> "t :5 any ( ^! rema9s 7 fir/ discov]$4 ,z !y g5]ally occur 9 m>l1 x is mo/ likely t !y did n beg9 to attract att5tion until ! advanc$ /ate ( agriculture _h creat$ an increas$ dem& = t m9]al z a manure4 ,we c v easily imag9e ! a/oni%m5t :i* ! appe>ance ( horns s l>ge1 & ( su* /range =m1 mu/ h excit$ 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o discov]$ !m = ! fir/ "t1 & h[ readily !y obta9$ a place 9 ! hall ( "s adjo9+ mansion1 :]e !y 7 deposit$ z an ornam5t ( great curiosity1 f ! contra/ :i* !y =m$ ) ! horns ( ! species ( de] kn[n at pres5t4 ,9 ?is way we may acc\nt = ! pres]vation ( s _m specim5s z are f\nd 9 ! possession ( ! g5try 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ?is c\ntry4 8,v lately an entire skeleton ( ! ,iri% ,elk 0 dug up 9 t c\ntry4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t ( ! circum/ances "u :i* ! bones 7 f\nd1 ) _! geological position1 0 laid be=e ! ,dubl9 ,society1 9 a lett] f ,ar*dean ,maunsell to ! ,"r ,hon4 ,george ,knox4 8,middleton ,lodge1 ,m>* #h4 #ahbe4 8,,my ,,de> ,,sir1 8,i def]r$ reply+ to y\r lett] ( ! #a/1 z x 0 my int5tion to proce$ to ,lim]ick 9 a few days1 & ,i 0 anxi\s to look ov] "s notes ,i _h tak51 & :i* ,i left !re1 ( ! circum/ances connect$ ) ! discov]y ( ! fossil rema9s :i* ! ,royal ,dubl9 ,society h receiv$4 ,z ,i h1 h[ev]1 be5 oblig$ to po/pone my dep>ture = sev]al days1 ,i c no long] def] (f]+ my be/ ?anks = ! k9d mann] 9 :i* y h receiv$ ! conjectures :i* ,i =m$ ^u a subject to :i* my att5tion 0 direct$1 by hav+ =tunately be5 pres5t be=e ! bones 7 di/urb$ f ! situation 9 :i* !y _h la9 dur+ a p]iod :i* ,i appreh5d x w\ld n be easy to def9e4 ,i am s5sible t any consid]ation :i* may h be5 atta*$ to my obs]vations %\ld be attribut$ to ! int]e/ :i* ! subject itself is calculat$ to excite1 r ?an to any ability ( m9e to d x ju/ice4 ,! op9ion :i* ,i took ! lib]ty ( communicat+ to y 0 =m$ aft] "s consid]ation1 & al?\gh ,i _h n ! mo/ remote idea ( its be+ wor?y ( any att5tion1 ,i c h no objection to y\r mak+ any use ( x :i* y may conceive exp$i5t4 ,!re is1 ,i conceive1 mu* int]e/+ mat]ial = speculation1 result+ f ! discov]y ( ^! fossil rema9s1 & ! fir/ t naturally occurs is ! mann] 9 :i* ! animals 7 de/roy$1 & ! bones s s+ul>ly pres]v$4 ,i /at$1 9 ! ha/y sket* :i* ,i gave y ( my !ory ^u ?is po9t1 t ,i appreh5d$ !y mu/ h be5 de/roy$ by "s ov]:elm+ deluge1 t !y 7 probably dr[n$ ^u ! hills :]e !y _h tak5 refuge1 z ! wat]s rose1 & t1 z !y subsid$1 !y 7 drawn f !nce into ! valley 9 :i* !y 7 f\nd2 t ! agitation ( ! wat]s _h occasion$ su* a disp]sion ( ! bones1 :5 ! ligam5ts dissolv$1 z w\ld acc\nt = _! hav+ be5 scatt]$ 9 ! way 9 :i* !y 7 f\nd1 & t ! deposite ( %ell m>l1 ) :i* ,i suppos$ ! wat] to h be5 turbid1 _h s completely protect$ !m f atmosph]ic influ5ce z to prev5t _! subsequ5t decomposition4 ,to enable y to =m "s e/imate ( ! reasonabl5ess ( ?is supposition1 x is necess>y t ,i %\ld endeav\r to expla9 ! situation1 c4 ( ! valley & ! adjo9+ hills4 ,! valley 9 :i* ! rema9s 7 f\nd conta9s ab\t tw5ty plantation acres1 & ! soil consi/s ( a /ratum ( peat ab\t a foot ?ick1 imm$iately "u ?is a /ratum ( %ell-m>l1 v>y+ f #a to #b feet 9 ?ickness2 9 ?is _m ( ! %ells reta9 _! orig9al col\r & figure1 & are n m>9e2 "u ! m>l !re is a b$ ( light blue clay2 ?r\gh ?is "o ( my workm5 drove an iron rod1 9 sev]al places1 twelve feet deep1 )\t meet+ opposition4 ,mo/ ( ! bones & heads1 eight 9 numb]1 7 f\nd 9 ! m>l2 _m ( !m1 h[ev]1 appe>$ to re/ on ! clay1 & to be m]ely cov]$ by ! m>l4 ,! rema9s 7 dispos$ 9 su* a mann] z to prev5t ! possibility ( asc]ta9+ ! exact compon5t p>ts ( ea* skeleton2 9 "s places portions 7 f\nd remov$ _m y>ds f o!rs1 & 9 no in/ance 7 two bones f\nd ly+ close to ea* o!r4 ,_! position also 0 s+ul>2 9 "o place two heads 7 f\nd1 ) ! antl]s entw9$ 9 ea* o!r1 & imm$iately "u !m a l>ge blade-bone2 9 ano!r1 a v l>ge head 0 discov]$1 & al?\gh a mo/ dilig5t se>* 0 made1 no "p ( ! skeleton f\nd2 )9 "s hundr$ y>ds1 9 ano!r1 ! jaw-bones 7 f\nd1 & n ! head4 ,! conclusion :i*1 ,i conceive1 may fairly be d$uc$ f su* a position ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! animals is1 t !re mu/ h be5 "s p[]ful ag5t employ$ 9 disp]s+ !m aft] _! dea?2 & z ,i consid] x impossible t _! own gravity c\ld h be5 suffici5t to s9k !m ?r\gh ! v>i\s /rata1 ,i conceive ^! mu/ h orig9at$ subsequ5tly to ! disp]sion ( ! bones4 ,i also ?9k1 t1 if !y _h be5 expos$ = any "t to atmosph]ic influ5ce1 !y nev] c\ld h be5 pres]v$ 9 _! pres5t extraord9>y p]fection4 8,! hills imm$iately adjo9+ ?is valley are compos$ ( lime/one1 ) a cov]+ ( ri* m\ld ( v>i\s degrees ( ?ickness4 ,"o ( !m1 ^: base is ab\t ?irty acres1 rises directly f ! edge ( ! valley1 ) sides v precipit\s1 & 9 "o place p]fectly p]p5dicul>1 ( nak$ lime/one4 ,9 e "p ( ?is hill ! sup]ficies comprises z mu* /one z m\ld2 on ! side ne>ly opposite1 ! hill is equally high1 b ! sides n s /eep1 & ! cov]+ ( m\ld ?ick]2 on ! o!r sides ! gr\nd only rises 9 "s degree 7tw5ty or ?irty feet p]haps71 & consi/s ( a ?9 m\ld1 & imm$iately "u a v h>d lime/one gravel4 ,inde$1 except :]e lime/one =ms ! sub/ratum1 ?is is ! "* ( all ! soil 9 ! vic9ity except ! ,corkasses1 :i* are evid5tly alluvial4 ,i am fully aw>e1 t1 assum+ ! de/ruction ( ! animals to h be5 occasion$ by a flood1 !y w\ld naturally h retreat$ f ! wat] to ! hills1 & t1 z !y probably met _! fate !re1 _! rema9s %\ld h be5 discov]$ on ! summit ( ! hills1 & n 9 ! valley1 p>ticul>ly z "o ( !m is p]fectly flat on ! top1 :i* conta9s six or sev5 acres4 ,i appreh5d t ! rema9s ( _m ( !m 7 deposit$ on ! tops ( ! hills2 b z !y h n[ only a slight cov]+ ( m\ld1 n suffici5t to cov] a small dog1 !y 7 =m]ly p]fectly b>e2 & z !y 7 ?us devoid ( ! means ( protect+ ! rema9s f ! atmosph]e1 :atev] 0 left !re soon became decompos$1 & resolv$ into portions ( ! m\ld1 :i* is n[ to be f\nd on ! hills4 ,?is rem>k ,i conceive also to be applicable to ! soil ) ! sub/ratum ( lime/one gravel1 :i* af=ds q z little mat]ial = pres]v+ ! bones z ! hills d4 8,x is mat]ial t ,i %\ld obs]ve1 t ( eight heads :i* we f\nd1 none 7 )\t antl]s2 ! v>iety 9 "* also 0 su* z to induce me to imag9e1 t possibly ! females 7 n devoid ( ^! app5dages4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 f ! difficulty ( rais+ !m1 be+ saturat$ ) wat]1 & z s(t z wet br[n pap]1 only ?ree 7 at all p]fect4 8,hav+ n[ dispos$ ( ^! ant$iluvians1 a "q naturally arises1 h[ x happ5s t ! fossil rema9s ( no o!r animals 7 f\nd1 :5 ! same fate probably ov]:elm$ e exi/+ creature8 ,c\ld de] h be5 ! only liv+ be+s at t p]iod8 ,0 ,irel& "p ( a great cont95t :5 ?is cata/rophe occurr$1 & 7 ^! un=tunates ! fir/ emigrants to our ,isle f t great c5tre f :5ce ! globe 0 suppli$ ) occupants1 & did !y p]i% be=e o!r animals less influ5c$ by ent]prise1 & less end[$ ) physical /r5g?1 c\ld h foll[$ _! example8 ,^! problems ,i confess myself unable to solve1 & %all n presume to obtrude my _m rev]ies ^u ?is & o!r po9ts1 :i* h orig9at$ 9 ! discov]y ( a few bones1 ^u ^? :o ,i "k are s mu* bett] compet5t to =m a s\nd op9ion4 ,i %all1 ,i hope1 be able to s5d ! antl]s1 :i* are v f9e1 on ! #ae? ( ?is mon?4 8,if y h a desire to make any use ( ?is lett]1 ,i c only say ,i h no objection4 ,i rema91 de> ,sir1 ) feel+s ( great respect1 8,y\rs mo/ truly1 8,,william ,w4 ,,maunsell40 ,( ?is skeleton1 ! mo/ p]fect hi!rto f\nd1 ! foll[+ int]e/+ description is giv5 by ,mr ,h>t1 9 8 memoir4 8,?is magnific5t skeleton is p]fect 9 e s+le bone ( ! framework :i* contributes to =m a "p ( its g5]al outl9e3 ! sp9e1 ! *e/1 ! pelvis1 & ! extremities1 are all complete 9 ?is respect2 &1 :5 surm\nt$ by ! head1 & beautifully exp&$ antl]s1 :i* ext5d out to a di/ance ( ne>ly six feet on ei!r side1 =ms a spl5did display ( ! reliques ( ! =m] gr&eur ( ! animal k+dom1 & c>ries back ! imag9ation to a p]iod :5 :ole h]ds ( ?is noble animal w&]$ at l>ge ov] ! face ( ! c\ntry4 ,to proce$ ) a description ( ! sev]al p>ts ( ?is specim5 9 detail1 ,i %all comm5ce ) ! horns1 :i* give ! animal its *ief *>act]i/ic feature4 ,! horns4--,t ! description ( ^! may be ! m intelligible1 ,i w fir/ expla9 ! t]ms :i* ,i mean to apply to _! sev]al p>ts4 ,ea* horn consi/s ( ! socket or root1 ! burr or coron>y circle1 ! beam or %aft1 ! palm & ! antl]s4 ,! socket or root is ! "p ( ! horn :i* gr[s out ( ! frontal bone1 & :i* is nev] %$2 x is smoo?1 ( a br[n col\r1 an in* & half 9 l5g?1 & elev5 in*es ?ree qu>t]s 9 circumf]5ce2 9 ! animal's lifetime x 0 cov]$ by ! sk94 ,! coron>y or bead-l circle1 or burr1 is a r+ ( small1 h>d1 :iti% prom95ces1 resembl+ a /r+ ( pe>ls1 :i* encircles ! junction ( ! socket ) ! "p ( ! horn :i* falls annually f ! heads ( all de]4 ,! beam or %aft ext5ds outw>ds1 ) a curvature ^: concavity looks d[nw>ds1 & backw>ds4 ,?is "p is ne>ly cyl9drical at its root1 & its l5g? equals ab\t "o-f\r? ( t ( ! :ole horn2 its out] end is spread out & flatt5$ on its upp] surface1 & is cont9u\s ) ! palm1 :i* exp&s outw>ds 9 a fan-l =m1 ! out] extremity ( :i* measures two feet t5 in*es across1 be+ its broade/ "p4 ,:]e ! beam jo9s ! palm ! horn und]goes a k9d ( twi/1 ! effect ( :i* on ! palm is1 to place its edges above & bel[1 & its surfaces ant]ior & po/]ior2 ! ant]ior surface is convex1 & looks outw>ds2 ! po/]ior is concave1 & its surface looks t[>ds t ( ! opposite palm4 ,su* is ! position ( ! horns1 :5 ! head is s plac$ t ! zygomatic ar* is p>allel to ! horizon1 z x w\ld be dur+ progression1 or :il/ ! animal /&s 9 an easy po/ure4 ,! antl]s are ! long po9t$ processes :i* project f ! horns1 two ( :i* gr[ f ! beam ant]iorly2 ! fir/ comes (f imm$iately f ! root1 & is direct$ d[nw>ds1 ov]hang+ ! orbit2 ?is is call$ ! br[ antl]1 :i*1 9 ?is specim51 is divid$ into two po9ts at its extremity#dai4 ,! o!r antl]1 :i* comes (f f ! beam1 we may call ! sur-antl]3 9 ?is specim5 x consi/s ( a broad plate or palm1 concave on its upp] surface1 horizontal 9 its direction1 & =k$ into two po9ts ant]iorly1--an appe>ance :i* ,i h n obs]v$ 9 any o!r specim5 ( upw>ds ( =ty :i* ,i h se51 nor d ,i f9d x m>k$ 9 any ( ! plates ( ^? bones extant4 ,!re is "o antl] giv5 (f po/]iorly f ! junction ( ! beam ) ! palm3 x runs directly backw>ds p>allel to ! correspond+ "o ( ! opposite horn4 ,! inf]ior edge ( ! palm beyond ?is runs outw>ds & backw>ds3 x is obtuse & ?ick1 & its l5g? is two feet six in*es4 ,f ! ant]ior & ext]nal bord]s ( ea* palm !re come (f six long po9t$ antl]s4 ,none ( ^! are designat$ by any p>ticul> "n4 ,! numb] ( ! antl]s ( bo? sides tak5 toge!r is tw5ty-two4 ,! surface ( ! horns is ( a lighti% col\r1 resembl+ t ( ! m>l 9 :i* !y 7 f\nd2 !y are r\gh1 & m>k$ ) sev]al arboresc5t grooves1 :]e ! ramifications ( ! art]ies by :i* !y _h be5 n\ri%$ dur+ _! gr[+ /ate 7 lodg$4 ,! horns1 ) ! head atta*$1 weigh$ eighty-sev5 p\nds avoirdupois4 ,! di/ance betwe5 _! extreme tips 9 a "r l9e is n9e feet two in*es4 ,head4--,! =ehead is m>k$ by a rais$ ridge ext5d$ betwe5 ! roots ( ! horns2 ant]ior to ?is1 betwe5 ! orbits & ! root ( ! nose1 ! skull is flat2 !re is a depression on ea* side 9 front ( ! root ( ! horn & ov] ! orbit1 capable ( lodg+ ! la/ jo9t ( ! ?umb1 at ! bottom ( :i* is ! sup]cili>y hole1 l>ge en\gh to give passage to an art]y proportion$ to ! size ( ! horns4 ,inf]ior to ! orbit we h ! la*rymatory fossa1 & ! op5+ left by ! defici5cy ( bone common to all de]1 & rem>kable = be+ small] 9 ?is ?an 9 any o!r species4 ,bel[ ! orbits ! skull gr[s sudd5ly n>r[]1 & ! upp] p>ts ( ! nasal bones become contract$ by a depression on ei!r side1 at ! l[] "p ( :i* is ! infra-orbit> hole4 ,! op5+ ( ! n>es is oval1 be+ five in*es long by ?ree broad1 ! greate/ bread? be+ 9 ! c5tre4 ,f ! roots ( ! horns to ! occipital sp9e measures ?ree in*es & an half2 ! occiput desc5ds at a "r angle ) ?is1 be+ ?ree in*es deep to ! =am5 magnum3 ! greate/ bread? ( ! occiput is eight in*es4 ,! temporal foss approa* to )9 two in*es ( ea* o!r beh9d ! horns4 ,tee?4--,!y d n diff] f ^? ( animals ( ! rum9at+ class4 ,! incisors 7 n f\nd1 hav+ dropp$ out2 !re is no m>k ( can9e tee?2 ! mol>es are n mu* worn d[n1 & are tw5ty-f\r 9 numb]4 ,! skeleton measures1 f ! end ( ! nose to ! tip ( ! tail1 t5 feet t5 in*es4 ,! sp9e consi/s ( tw5ty-six v]tebr1 viz4 sev5 c]vical1 ?irte5 dorsal1 & six lumb>4 ,! size ( ! c]vical v]tebr greatly exce$s t ( ! o!r classes1 & ! sp9es ( ! dorsal rise to a foot 9 height4 ,! necessity ( ^! bones be+ s m>k$ is obvi\s1 consid]+ ! /rong c]vical ligam5t1 & p[]ful muscles1 requir$ = support+ & mov+ a head :i*1 at a mod]ate calculation1 mu/ h su/a9$ a weight ( ?ree qu>t]s ( a hundr$ ( solid bony matt]4 ,! extremities are 9 proportion to ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! trunk1 & pres5t a con=mation fav\rable to a comb9ation ( great /r5g? ) fleetness4 ,x is n ! lea/ rem>kable circum/ance connect$ ) ^! bones1 t !y are 9 su* a high /ate ( pres]vation z to pres5t all ! l9es & impressions ( ! p>ts :i* _h be5 atta*$ to !m 9 ! rec5t /ate4 ,inde$1 if we exam9e !m z comp>$ ) ! bones ( an animal f :i* all ! s(t] p>ts h be5 sep>at$ by mac]ation1 ! only p]ceptible diff]5ces 9 _! physical prop]ties are1 t !y are a little heavi]1 a degree h>d]1 t _! surface is br[n1 & t !y all1 ) ! exception ( ! horns1 pres5t a poli%$ appe>ance1 :i* is ow+ to ! p]io/eum hav+ be5 pres]v$1 & /ill rema9+ to cov] !m1 z 0 discov]$ :5 !y 7 *emically exam9$4 ,! exi/5ce ( fat or adipocire 9 ! %aft ( "o ( ! bones m5tion$ by ,ar*deacon ,maunsell1 & :i* ,i saw 9 8 possession1 is a ?+ = :i* x is extremely difficult to acc\nt1 z x occurr$ b 9 "o solit>y in/ance1 & x did n appe> t ?is bone 0 at all diff]5tly circum/anc$ f ! re/4 ,^? :i* ,i _h an opportunity ( exam9+1 by bor+ holes 9 !m1 7 holl[1 & conta9$1 = ! mo/ "p1 only a small quantity ( black animal e>?4 ,mr ,/okes f\nd1 9 a rib ( ?is animal1 ,animal matt]1 #db4hg ,phosphates ) "s ,fluates1 #dc4de ,c>b41 ,lime #i4ad ,oxides1 #a4jb ,silica1 #a4ad ,wat] & loss1 #b4ch ------ #ajj4jj ,dr ,apjohn ( ,dubl9 made ! foll[+ obs]vations ) reg>d to ! animal matt] 9 ! bones3 #8,! bone 0 subject$ = two days to ! action ( dilute muriatic acid4 ,:5 exam9$ at ! end ( ?is p]iod1 x _h become z flexible z a rec5t bone submitt$ to ! action ( ! same solv5t4 ,! p]io/eum 0 9 "s p>ts puff$ out by c>bonic acid gas1 dis5gag$ f ! bone1 & appe>$ to be 9 a /ate ( p]fect s\ndness4 #8,to a portion ( ! solution ( ! bone 9 ! muriatic acid "s infusion ( galls 0 add$1 :i* caus$ a copi\s precipitate ( a dun col\r4 ,?is prov$ to be tannate ( gelat9e1 mix$ ) a small portion ( ! tannate & gallate ( iron4 #8,! c>tilage & gelat9e1 !re=e1 s f> f be+ de/roy$1 _h n be5 p]ceptibly alt]$ by "t4'0 ,until ,b>on ,cuvi] publi%$ 8 acc\nt ( ^! rema9s#dbj1 !y 7 g5]ally believ$ to h belong$ to ! same species z ! moose de] or elk ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 an op9ion :i* appe>s to h be5 fir/ advanc$ by ,dr ,?omas ,molyneux 9 #afigdba1 & :i* dep5ds pr9cipally on ! exagg]at$ description ( t animal giv5 by ,josselyn 9 8 acc\nt ( two voyages to ,new ,engl&1 publi%$ 9 #afgd1 9 :i* he /ates t x is sometimes twelve feet high1 ) horns ( two fa?oms wide6 ,?is 0 ! m readily believ$ by ! le>n$ ,doctor1 z x t5d$ to confirm him 9 a fav\rite !ory :i* he seems to h ent]ta9$1 t ,irel& _h once be5 jo9$ to ! ,new ,cont95t4 ,b ! ass]tions ( ,josselyn reg>d+ ! size ( ! ,am]ican moose h n be5 confirm$ by ! te/imony ( lat] travell]s1 f ^: obs]vations x is n[ cle>ly asc]ta9$ t ! only l>ge species ( de] inhabit+ ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,am]ica are ! wapiti or ,canadian /ag 7,c]vus canad5sis71 ! re9-de] 7,c4 ,t>&us71 & ! moose or elk 7,c4 ,alces74 ,! peculi> bran*+ ( ! br[ antl]s ( ! re9-de]1 & ! r\nd$ horns ( ! wapiti#dbb1 are *>act]s suffici5t to prev5t u conf\nd+ ei!r ( ^! animals ) ! fossil species4 ,! palmate =m ( ! horns ( ! elk gave great] probability to ! op9ion ( its specific id5tity ) ! fossil animal4 ,a little att5tion1 h[ev]1 to a few circum/ances1 w %ew a mo/ m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,fir/1 z to size1 ! diff]5ce is v rem>kable1 x n be+ uncommon to f9d ! fossil horns t5 feet betwe5 ! extreme tips#dbc1 :ile ! l>ge/ elk's horns nev] measure f\r feet4 ,?is measurem5t 9 a pair 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,royal ,dubl9 ,society1 is ?ree feet sev5 in*es3 ! l>ge/ pair se5 by ,p5nant 9 ! h\se ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 measur$ ?irty-f\r in*es#dbd4 ,! horn ( ! elk has two palms1 a less] "o :i* gr[s =w>d f ! front ( ! beam1 :]e ! pr9cipal palm beg9s to exp&4 ,?is is call$ br[ antl] by ,cuvi]1 b x corresponds 9 situation r to ! sur-antl]1 !re be+1 prop]ly speak+1 no br[ antl] atta*$ to ! root ( ! beam4 ,! elk has no po/]ior antl] simil> to t ( ! fossil animal1 nor does its beam take a simil> ar*$ direction1 b runs m directly outw>ds4 ,cuvi] rem>ks1 t ! palm ( ! fossil horn increases 9 bread? z x ext5ds outw>dly1 :ile t ( ! elk is broade/ next ! beam4 ,! palm ( ! elk's horn is direct$ m backw>ds1 :ile ! fossil "o ext5ds m 9 ! lat]al direction4 ,! antl]s ( ! elk are %ort] & m num]\s ?an ^? ( ! fossil animals4 ,z ! horns ( ! fossil animal exce$ 9 size ^? ( ! elk1 s1 on ! contr>y1 does ! skull ( ! latt] exce$ 9 size t ( ! =m]2 ! l>ge/ heads ( ! fossil species n exce$+ "o foot n9e in*es 9 l5g?1 :ile ! head ( ! elk is frequ5tly two feet4 ,! fossil head is broad] 9 proportion2 its l5g? be+ to its bread? z two to "o2 9 ! elk !y are z ?ree to "o1 accord+ to ,p>k9son4#dbe ,! bread? ( ! skull betwe5 ! roots ( ! horns is b f\r in*es 9 ! fossil skulls2 9 t ( ! elk 9 ! ,society's ,museum x is #f in*es4 ,cuvi] ?9ks x probable t ! females ( ! fossil species _h horns#dbf1 an op9ion to :i* ,i am v mu* dispos$ to subscribe1 f hav+ obs]v$ t ^! p>ts pres5t diff]5ces 9 size & /r5g?1 :i* appe> n to be dep5d5t on diff]5ces ( age4 ,= in/ance1 ! tee? ( ! specim5 9 ,tr9ity ,college are mu* m worn d[n1 & ! sutures ( ! skull are m effac$ ?an 9 ! specim5 describ$ 9 ?is pap]2 yet ! horns ( ! latt] are mu* m concave1 & m exp&$1 ?an ^? ( ! =m]2 & on comp>+ a s+le horn ( ea* ( ^! specim5s toge!r1 t belong+ to ! ,society exce$s ! o!r by ne>ly a six? 9 ! l5g?1 & little less ?an a ?ird 9 ! bread?2 x is n1 !re=e1 unlikely t ! animal ^: horns 7 l>g] & m curv$ 0 a male4 ,some?+ simil> to ?is is obs]v$ 9 ! re9-de]1 bo? sexes ( :i* h horns1 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t !y are small] & less bran*$ 9 ! female4 ,h5ce we f9d t ?is animal possess$ *>act]s ( its own suffici5t to prove x ( a species z di/9ct f ! moose or elk z ?is latt] species is f ! re9-de] or any o!r4 ,!re=e1 x is improp] to reta9 ! "n ( elk or moose de] any long]3 p]haps x might be bett] call$ ! ,c]vus megac]os1 a "n m]ely expressive ( ! great size ( its horns4 ,t ?is animal %$ its head furniture p]iodically1 is prov$ by ! occasional occurr5ce ( deta*$ horns hav+ ! smoo? convex surface bel[ ! burr1 simil> to :at is obs]v$ on ! ca/ horns ( all de]4 ,specim5s ( ?is are to be se5 9 ! ,museum ( ,tr9ity ,college1 & ,i possess "o myself1 ( :i* ,i h _h a draw+ made4 ,z e o!r species ( de] %$ _! horns annually1 !re is no reason = suppos+ t t process occurr$ at long] int]vals 9 ?is4 ,x is a popul> op9ion ) ! ,indians t ! elk is subject to epilepsy1 ) :i* he is frequ5tly seiz$ :5 pursu$1 & ?us r5d]$ an easy prey to ! hunt]s4 ,_m naturali/s affect to disbelieve ?is acc\nt1 )\t1 h[ev]1 assign+ any suffici5t reason4 ,b if x be consid]$1 t1 dur+ ! gr[? ( ! horns1 !re mu/ be a great increas$ det]m9ation ( blood to ^? p>ts1 :i* are suppli$ by ! frontal art]y1 a bran* f ! int]nal c>otid1 x is q con=mable to well e/abli%$ pa?ological pr9ciples1 to suppose1 t1 aft] ! horns are p]fect$1 & h ceas$ to receive any m blood1 t fluid may be det]m9$ to ^? int]nal bran*es ( ! c>otid :i* supply ! bra91 & e/abli% a pr$isposition to su* d]angem5ts ( its circulation z w\ld produce epilepsy1 or ev5 apoplexy3 if su* an effect 7 produc$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! size ( ! horns 9 ! elk1 x is reasonable to suppose t x prevail$ 9 a great] degree 9 ! fossil animal ^: horns 7 s mu* l>g]4 ,:at c\ld h be5 ! use ( ^! imm5se horns8 ,x is q evid5t t !y w\ld prev5t ! animal mak+ any progress ?r\gh a ?ickly wood$ c\ntry1 & t ! long1 tap]+1 po9t$ antl]s 7 totally unfit = lopp+ (f ! bran*es ( trees1 a use to :i* ! elk sometimes applies 8 horns#dbg1 & = :i* !y seem well calculat$1 by hav+ _! antl]s %ort & /rong1 & set along ! edge ( ! palm1 some:at resembl+ ! tee? ( a saw 9 _! arrangem5t4 ,x w\ld r appe>1 !n1 t !y 7 giv5 ! animal z weapons = its protection1 a purpose = :i* !y seem to h be5 admirably design$2 = _! lat]al expansion is su*1 t %\ld occasion require ! animal to use !m 9 8 def5ce1 _! extreme tips w\ld easily rea* beyond ! remote/ p>ts ( 8 body2 & if we consid] ! p[]ful muscles = mov+ ! head1 ^: atta*m5ts occupi$ ! ext5sive surfaces ( ! c]vical v]tebr1 ) ! l5g? ( ! lev] af=d$ by ! horns !mselves1 we c easily conceive h[ he c\ld wield !m ) a =ce & velocity :i* w\ld deal de/ruction to any enemy hav+ ! h>dihood to v5ture )9 _! range4 ,f ! =midable appe>ance ( ^! horns1 !n1 we mu/ suppose t _! possessor 0 obnoxi\s to ! aggressions ( "s c>nivor\s animals ( f]oci\s habits2 & su* we "k to h ab\nd$ 9 ,irel&1 z ! wolf1 & ! celebrat$ ,iri% wolf dog4 ,nor w\ld x be surpris+ if lime/one caves %\ld be discov]$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 conta9+ ! rema9s ( bea/s ( prey & _! victims1 simil> to ! hynas' d5s ( ,kirkdale1 & o!r places1 respect+ :i* su* int]e/+ rese>*es h be5 lately laid be=e ! public by ! geologi/s ( ?is c\ntry & ! ,cont95t4 ,! abs5ce ( all record1 or ev5 tradition1 respect+ ?is animal#dbh1 naturally leads "o to inquire :e!r man inhabit$ ?is c\ntry dur+ its exi/5ce8 ,i ?9k !re is presumptive evid5ce 9 ! affirmative ( ?is "q1 af=d$ by ! foll[+ circum/ances4 ,a head ( ?is animal describ$ by ,pr(essor ,goldfuss ( ,bonn1 0 discov]$ 9 ,g]many 9 ! same dra9 ) sev]al urns & /one hat*ets2 & 9 ! #g? volume ( ! ,ar*ologia ,britannica1 is a lett] ( ! ,c\ntess ( ,moira1 giv+ an acc\nt ( a human body f\nd 9 gravel1 "u elev5 feet ( peat soak$ 9 ! bog wat]3 x 0 9 good pres]vation1 & completely clo!d 9 antique g>m5ts ( hair1 :i* h] lady%ip ?9ks might h be5 t ( our fossil animal4 ,b m conclusive evid5ce on ?is "q is d]iv$ f ! appe>ance exhibit$ by a rib1 pres5t$ by ,ar*deacon ,maunsell to ! ,royal ,dubl9 ,society1 9 :i* ,i discov]$ an oval op5+ ne> its l[] edge1 ! long diamet] ( :i* is p>allel to ! l5g? ( ! rib1 its m>g9 is depress$ on ! out]1 & rais$ on ! inn] surface1 r\nd :i* !re is an irregul> effusion ( callus4 ,?is op5+ _h be5 evid5tly produc$ by a %>p po9t$ in/rum5t1 :i* did n p5etrate s deep z to cause ! animal's dea?1 b :i* rema9$ fix$ 9 ! op5+ = "s l5g? ( "t aft]w>d2 9 fact x 0 su* an effect z w\ld be produc$ by ! head ( an arr[ rema9+ 9 a w\nd aft] ! %aft 0 brok5 (f#dbi4 ,x is n improbable1 !re=e1 t ! *ace ( ?is gigantic animal once suppli$ ! inhabitants ( ?is c\ntry ) food & clo?+4 ,z to ! causes :i* l$ to ! ext9ction ( ?is animal1 :e!r x 0 sudd5ly de/roy$ by ! deluge1 or by "s o!r great cata/rophe ( nature1 or :e!r x 0 ultimately ext]m9at$ by ! cont9u$ & successful p]secution ( its pursu]s1 z has ne>ly be5 ! case ) ! r$ de] )9 ! recollection ( _m ( ! pres5t g5]ation1 ,i pr(ess myself unable to =m any decid$ op9ion1 ow+ to ! limit$ numb] ( facts z yet collect$ on ! subject4 ,on "s future occasion ,i may1 p]haps1 be induc$ to rev]t to s int]e/+ a topic1 %\ld ,i h opportunities ( discov]+ any ?+ wor?y ( communication4 ,! foll[+ ,table exhibits a comp>ative view ( ! measurem5ts ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! skeletons ( ! ,c]vus ,megac]os 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,royal ,dubl9 ,society1 & 9 ! ,royal ,museum ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 ) "s p>ts ( ! ,moose4 ,! measurem5ts ( ! ,ed9burgh specim5 are tak5 f ,pr(essor ,jameson's memoir on organic rema9s1 9 ! ,supplem5t to ! ,encyclop$ia ,britannica4 ,r4 ,d4 ,soc4 ,u4 ( ,ed94 ,moose ,,head4 ,ft4 ,94 ,ft4 ,94 ,ft4 ,94 ,l5g? ( ! head1 #a #h #a #h ,bread? ( ! skull betwe5 ! orbits4 #j #aj #j #i ,d4 ( skull at ! occiput1 #j #h ,diamet] ( ! orbit1 #j #b #j #b ,di/ance betwe5 infra orbit> holes across ! skull1 #j #g ,l5g? ( alveol> processes ( ! upp] jaw1 #j #f #j #f ,l5g? ( l[] jaw1 #a #e #j #c ,diam4 ( =am5 magnum1 #j #b ,,horns4 ,di/ance betwe5 ! extreme tips1 measur$ by ! skull1 #aa #aj ,ditto1 9 a /raight l9e across1 #i #b #f #h #c #g ,l5g? ( ea* horn1 #e #i #e #a ,greate/ bread? ( ! palm1 #b #aj ,l5g? ( ! beam1 #a #i #j #f ,ditto ( br[ antl]1 #j #h ,ditto ( sur-antl]1 #a #d ,circumf]5ce ( ! beam at root ( br[ antl]1 #a #j #j #g ,,body4 ,l5g? ( sp9e1 #aj #aj #i #h ,ditto ( /]num1 #b #d ,height to ! upp] extremity ( ! dorsal sp9es1 #f #f ,ditto to ! highe/ po9t ( ! tip ( ! horn1 #aj #d ,,extremities4 ,greate/ l5g? ( ! scapula1 #a #f ,ditto bread? at ! base1 #j #aj ,ditto dep? ( its sp9e1 #j #b ,l5g? ( ! hum]us1 #a #d #a #c ,ditto ( ulna & radius1 #a #h #a #f ,ditto ( c>pus1 #j #b #j #b ,circumf]5ce ( d41 #j #i ,l5g? ( metac>pus1 #a #j #a #j ,l5g? ( phalanges1 #j #g #j #f ,f ant]ior sup]ior sp9e ( "o ileum to t ( ! o!r1 #a #d #a #f ,f ant]ior sup]ior sp9e to ! tub] is*ii1 #a #h #a #i ,greate/ diamet] ( =am5 ovale1 #j #d #j #c ,lea/ d4 ( d41 #j #b #j #b ,l5g? ( ! femur1 #a #f #a #e ,ditto ( tibia1 #a #f #a #f ,l5g? ( ! t>sus1 includ+ ! os calcis1 #j #h ,ditto ( ! metat>sus1 #a #a #a #a #b4 ,acc\nt ( ! ,two ,liv+ ,species ( ,elephant1 & ( ! ,ext9ct ,species ( ,elephant1 or ,mammo?4 #a4 ,,elephas ,,africanus4--,! ,elephant ) r\nd$ skull1 l>ge e>s1 gr9d]s1 hav+ rhomboidal-%ap$ m>ks on _! cr[n1 :i* we call ! ,african ,elephant 7,elephas ,africanus71 is a quadrup$ :i* has hi!rto be5 f\nd only inhabit+ ,africa4 ,!re c be no d\bt t x is ?is species :i* lives at ! ,cape1 at ,s5egal1 & 9 ,gu9ea2 !re is reason to believe t x also occurs at ,mosambique2 b x is n c]ta9 t individuals ( ! foll[+ species d n occur 9 ?is "p ( ,africa4 ,a suffici5t numb] ( individuals h n be5 figur$ or comp>$1 to "k if ?is species pres5ts rem>kable v>ieties4 ,x is x t produces ! l>ge/ tusks4 ,bo? sexes are equally furni%$ ) tusks1 at lea/ at ,s5egal4 ,! natural numb] ( ! ho(s is f\r be=e1 & ?ree beh9d4 ,! e> is v l>ge1 & cov]s ! %\ld]4 ,! sk9 is ( a deep & uni=m br[n4 ,?is species has n be5 dome/icat$ 9 mod]n times4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 to h be5 tam$ by ! anci5ts1 :o attribut$ to x less p[] & c\rage 9 t /ate ?an to ! foll[+ species2 b _! obs]vations d n appe> to h be5 confirm$1 at lea/ 9 s f> z ref]s to magnitude4 ,its natural mann]s are n p]fectly kn[n2 yet judg+ ( !m by ! notices ( travell]s1 !y appe> to resemble 9 e ?+ ess5tial ^? ( ! foll[+ species4 #b4 ,,elephas ,,indicus4--,! ,elephant ) elongat$ skull1 concave =ehead1 small e>s1 gr9d]s m>k$ ) undulat+ b&s1 :i* we call ! ,indian ,elephant 7,elephas ,indicus71 is a quadrup$ :i* has only be5 obs]v$ ) c]ta9ty beyond ! ,indus4 ,x ext5ds f bo? sides ( ! ,ganges to ! ,ea/]n ,sea & ! s\? ( ,*9a4 ,!y are also f\nd 9 ! ,isl&s ( ! ,indian ,sea1 9 ,ceylon1 ,java1 ,borneo1 ,sumatra1 c4 ,!re is /ill no au!ntic pro( t x exi/s 9 any "p ( ,africa1 al?\gh nei!r is ! contr>y absolutely prov$4 ,! inhabitants ( ,india hav+ f "t immemorial be5 9 ! habit ( tak+ ?is species & tam+ x1 x has be5 mu* bett] obs]v$ ?an ! o!r4 ,v>ieties h be5 rem>k$ z to size1 lightness ( =m1 ! l5g? & direction ( ! tusks1 & ! col\rs ( ! sk94 ,! females & "s ( ! males h tusks :i* are always small & /raight4 ,! tusks ( ! o!r males nev] atta9 s great a l5g? z 9 ! ,african species#dcj4 ,! natural numb] ( ! ho(s is five be=e & f\r beh9d4 ,! e> is small1 frequ5tly angul>4 ,! sk9 is commonly grey1 spott$ ) br[n4 ,!re are individuals entirely :ite4 ,! height v>ies f fifte5 to sixte5 feet4 ,its mann]s1 ! mode ( tak+ x1 & ( treat+ x1 h be5 c>efully describ$ by _m travell]s & naturali/s1 f ,ari/otle d[n to ,mr ,corse ,scott4 #c4 ,,elephas ,,primig5ius1 ,blum1 or ,,mammo?4--,! ,elephant ) elongat$ skull1 concave =ehead1 v long alveol = ! tusks1 ! l[] jaw obtuse1 ! gr9d]s broad]1 p>allel1 m>k$ ) clos] b&s1 :i* we "n ! ,fossil ,elephant 7,elephas primig5ius1 ,blum471 is ! ,mammo? ( ! ,russians4 ,its bones are only f\nd 9 ! fossil /ate4 ,no p]son has se5 9 a fre% /ate bones resembl+ ^? by :i* ?is species is peculi>ly di/+ui%$1 nor h ! bones ( ! two prec$+ species be5 se5 9 ! fossil /ate4#dca ,its bones are f\nd 9 great numb] 9 _m c\ntries1 b 9 bett] pres]vation 9 ! nor? ?an else:]e4 ,x resembles ! ,indian m ?an ! ,african species4 ,x diff]s1 h[ev]1 f ! =m] 9 ! gr9d]s1 9 ! =m ( ! l[] jaw1 & _m o!r bones1 b especially 9 ! l5g? ( ! alveol & tusks4 ,?is la/ "* mu/ h s+ul>ly modifi$ ! figure & organisation ( its proboscis1 & giv5 x a physiognomy mu* m diff]5t f t ( ! ,indian species1 ?an might h be5 expect$ f ! simil>ity ( ! re/ ( _! bones4 ,x appe>s t its tusks 7 g5]ally l>ge1 frequ5tly m or less spirally arcuate1 & direct$ outw>ds4 ,!re is no pro( t !y diff] mu* accord+ to diff]5ces ( sex or race4 ,! size 0 n mu* great] ?an t to :i* ! ,indian species may atta92 x appe>s to h be5 /ill clumsi] 9 its proportions4 ,x is already manife/ f its osse\s rema9s1 t x 0 a species diff]+ m f ! ,indian1 ?an ! ass f ! horse1 & ! jackal & isatis f ! wolf & fox4 ,x is n kn[n :at _h be5 ! size ( its e>s1 or ! col\r ( its sk92 b x is c]ta9 t1 at lea/1 "s individuals bore two sorts ( hair1 namely1 a r$1 co>se1 tuft$ wool1 & /iff black hairs1 :i*1 ^u ! neck & along ! dorsal sp9e1 became long en\gh to =m a sort ( mane4 ,?us1 n only is !re no?+ impossible 9 its hav+ be5 able to support a climate :i* w\ld de/roy ! ,indian species1 b x is ev5 probable t x 0 s con/itut$ z to pref] cold climates4 ,its bones are g5]ally f\nd 9 ! alluvial & sup]ficial /rata ( ! e>?1 & mo/ commonly 9 ! deposits :i* fill up ! bottom ( valleys1 or :i* bord] ! b$s ( riv]s4 ,!y sc>cely ev] occur by !mselves1 b are confus$ly m+l$ ) bones ( o!r quadrup$s ( kn[n g5]a1 su* z rh9oc]oses1 ox51 antelopes1 horses1 & frequ5tly ) rema9s ( m>9e animals1 p>ticul>ly con*if]\s species1 "s ( :i* h ev5 be5 f\nd adh]+ to !m4 ,! positive te/imony ( ,pallas1 ,=tis1 & _m o!rs1 does n all[ u to d\bt t ?is latt] circum/ance has frequ5tly tak5 place1 al?\gh x is n always obs]v$4 ,we ourselves h at ?is mom5t "u our eyes a portion ( a jaw cov]$ ) millepores & small oy/]s4 ,! /rata :i* cov] ! bones ( elephants are n ( v great ?ickness1 & !y are sc>cely ev] ( a rocky nature4 ,!y are seldom petrifi$1 & !re are only "o or two cases record$ 9 :i* !y 7 f\nd imb$d$ 9 a %elly or o!r rock4 ,frequ5tly !y are simply accompani$ ) our common fre% wat] %ells4 ,! resemblance1 9 ?is latt] respect1 z well z ) reg>d to ! nature ( ! soil1 betwe5 ! ?ree places1 ( :i* we h ! mo/ detail$ acc\nts1 viz4 ,tonna1 ,cant/adt1 & ! ,=e/ ( ,bondi1 is v rem>kable4 ,e ?+1 !re=e1 seems to ann\nce t ! cause :i* has buri$ !m1 is "o ( ! mo/ rec5t ( ^? t h contribut$ to *ange ! surface ( ! globe4 ,x is nev]!less a physical & g5]al cause2 ! bones ( fossil elephants are s num]\s1 & h be5 f\nd 9 places s des]t & ev5 un9habitable1 t we _c suppose t !y _h be5 conduct$ !re by man4 ,! /rata :i* conta9 !m & ^? :i* are above !m1 %ew1 t ?is cause 0 aque\s1 or t x 0 wat] t cov]$ !m2 & 9 _m places ^! wat]s 7 ne>ly ! same z ^? ( our pres5t sea1 s9ce !y support$ animals ne>ly ! same4 ,b1 x 0 n by ^! wat]s t !y 7 transport$ to ! places :]e !y n[ are4 ,bones ( ?is description h be5 f\nd 9 almo/ e c\ntry t has be5 exam9$ by naturali/s4 ,an irruption ( ! sea t might h br\ght !m f places :i* ! ,indian elephant n[ inhabits1 c\ld n h scatt]$ !m s f>1 nor disp]s$ !m s equably4 ,besides1 ! inundation :i* buri$ !m has n ris5 above ! great *a9s ( m\nta9s1 s9ce ! /rata :i* x has deposit$1 & :i* cov] ! bones1 are only f\nd 9 pla9s ( little elevation4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 se5 h[ ! c>cases ( elephants c\ld h be5 transport$ into ! nor?1 across ! m\nta9s ( ,?ibet1 & ! ,altaic & ,uralian *a9s4 ,fur!r1 ^! bones are n roll$2 !y reta9 _! ridges & apophyses2 !y h n be5 worn by friction4 ,v frequ5tly ! epiphyses ( ^? :i* _h n yet atta9$ _! full gr[?1 are /ill atta*$ to !m1 al?\gh ! slighte/ ef=t w\ld suffice to deta* !m4 ,! only alt]ations t are rem>k$1 arise f ! decomposition :i* !y h und]gone dur+ _! abode 9 ! e>?4 ,nor c x ) m reason be repres5t$ t ! entire c>cases _h be5 viol5tly transport$4 ,9 ?is case1 ! bones w\ld inde$ h rema9$ entire2 b !y w\ld also h rema9$ toge!r1 & w\ld n h be5 scatt]$4 ,! %ells1 millepores1 & o!r m>9e productions :i* are atta*$ to "s ( ^! bones1 prove besides t !y _h rema9$ at lea/ "s "t /ripp$ & sep>at$ at ! bottom ( ! fluid :i* cov]$ !m4 ,! elephants' bones _h !re=e already be5 9 ! places 9 :i* !y are f\nd1 :5 ! fluid cov]$ !m4 ,!y 7 scatt]$ ab\t 9 ! same mann] z 9 our own c\ntry ! bones ( horses & o!r animals t inhabit x may be1 & z ! dead bodies are spread 9 ! fields4 ,e circum/ance1 !re=e1 r5d]s x extremely probable1 t ! elephants :i* h furni%$ ! fossil bones1 dwelt & liv$ 9 ! c\ntries :]e _! bones are at pres5t f\nd4 ,!y c\ld only1 !re=e1 h disappe>$ by a revolution1 :i* _h de/roy$ all ! individuals !n liv+1 or by a *ange ( climate1 :i* prev5t$ !m f propagat+4 ,b :atev] ?is cause may h be51 x mu/ h be5 sudd54 ,! bones & ivory :i* are f\nd 9 s p]fect a /ate ( pres]vation 9 ! pla9s ( ,sib]ia1 are only s pres]v$ by ! cold :i* congeals !m !re1 or :i*1 9 g5]al1 arre/s ! action ( ! elem5ts ^u !m4 ,if ?is cold _h come on by degrees & sl[ly1 ^! bones1 & /ill m ! s(t p>ts ) :i* !y are /ill sometimes inve/$1 w\ld h _h "t to decompose1 l ^? :i* occur 9 w>m & temp]ate c\ntries4 ,x w\ld especially h be5 impossible t an entire c>case1 l t discov]$ by ,mr ,adams1 c\ld h reta9$ its fle% & sk9 )\t corruption1 if x _h n be5 imm$iately envelop$ by ! ice :i* pres]v$ x4 ,?us1 all ! hypo!ses ( a gradual cool+ ( ! e>?1 or ( a sl[ v>iation1 :e!r 9 ! incl9ation or 9 ! position ( ! axis ( ! globe1 fall to be reject$4 ,if ! pres5t elephants ( ,india 7 ! desc5dants ( ^! anci5t elephants1 :i* h be5 pres]v$ 9 t climate to ! pres5t day1 f _! be+ !re plac$ beyond ! rea* ( ! cata/rophe :i* de/roy$ !m 9 ! o!rs1 x w\ld be impossible to expla9 :y _! species has be5 de/roy$ 9 ,am]ica1 :]e rema9s are /ill f\nd1 :i* prove t !y _h =m]ly exi/$ !re4 ,! va/ empire ( ,mexico pres5t$ to !m heights en\gh to escape f an inundation s little elevat$ z t :i* we mu/ suppose to h tak5 place1 & ! climate !re is w>m] ?an is requisite = _! temp]am5t4 ,! v>i\s ma/odons1 ! hippopotamus & ! fossil rh9oc]os liv$ 9 ! same c\ntries1 & 9 ! same di/ricts1 z ! elephants1 s9ce _! bones are f\nd 9 ! same /rata & 9 ! same /ate4 ,yet ^! animals v assur$ly no long] exi/4 ,e ?+ !re=e1 ,cuvi] ma9ta9s1 concurs to induce a belief t ! fossil elephant is1 l !m1 an ext9ct species1 al?\gh x resembles m ?an !y "o ( ! species at pres5t exi/+1 & t its ext9ction has be5 produc$ by a sudd5 cause1 by ! same great cata/rophe :i* de/roy$ ! species ( ! same epo*4 #c4 ,on ! ,great ,ma/odon1 or ,animal ( ! ,ohio4 ,x appe>s t ! ,great ,ma/odon or ,animal ( ! ,ohio1 0 v l ! elephant 9 its tusks & :ole skeleton1 ! gr9d]s except$2 t x v probably _h a proboscis2 t its height did n exce$ t ( ! elephant1 b t x 0 a little m elongat$1 & _h limbs some:at ?ick]1 ) a m sl5d] belly4 ,not)/&+ all ^! po9ts ( resemblance1 ! peculi> /ructure ( its gr9d]s is suffici5t to con/itute x ( a diff]5t g5us f ! elephant4 ,x fur!r appe>s1 t x f$ mu* 9 ! same mann] z ! hippopotamus & bo>1 *oos+ by pref]5ce ! roots & o!r fle%y p>ts ( vegetables2 t ?is sort ( food mu/ h drawn x t[>ds ! s(t & m>%y places2 t1 nev]!less1 x 0 n =m$ = swimm+1 & liv+ (t5 9 ! wat] l ! hippopotamus1 b t x 0 a true l& animal4 ,its bones are mu* m common 9 ,nor? ,am]ica ?an any :]e else4 ,!y are ev5 p]haps exclusively conf9$ to t c\ntry4 ,!y are bett] pres]v$1 & fre%]1 ?an any o!r fossil bones kn[n2 &1 nev]!less1 !re is n ! slighte/ pro(1 ! smalle/ au!ntic te/imony1 calculat$ to impress a belief t ei!r 9 ,am]ica1 or any :]e else1 !re is /ill any liv+ individual1 = ! v>i\s acc\nts :i* we h f "t to "t read 9 ! j\rnals respect+ liv+ ma/odons1 :i* _h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! =e/s or pla9s ( t va/ cont95t1 h nev] be5 confirm$1 & c only pass = fables4 ,,note ,,on ,,! ,,caves ,,9 ,,:i* ,,bones ,,( ,,c>nivor\s ,,animals ,,occur ,,9 ,,great ,,quantities4 ,! extraord9>y accumulations ( fossil bones 9 caves & cav]ns 9 diff]5t di/ricts1 especially 9 ^? compos$ ( lime/one1 h = _m ye>s engag$ ! att5tion ( inquir]s2 &1 ( late1 h af=d$ _m int]e/+ facts to ! geologi/ & zoologi/4 ,9 ,engl&1 z w appe> f ! foll[+ details1 _m diff]5t fossil animals h be5 discov]$ 9 lime/one caves2 b hi!rto ! caves 9 ,scotl&1 :i* w probably be f\nd to conta9 int]e/+ docum5ts ( an anci5t population1 h n be5 exam9$4 ,z ! subject is a curi\s & int]e/+ "o1 we %all1 9 ! foll[+ pages1 pr9cipally f ,cuvi]'s great "w1 lay be=e our read]s a pretty full acc\nt ( ! diff]5t caves1 especially ^? t af=d bones ( c>nivor\s animals4 99 99 99 99 99 ,num]\s caves1 brilliantly decorat$ ) /alactites ( e =m1 succe$+ ea* o!r to a great dep? 9 ! int]ior ( m\nta9s1 communicat+ toge!r by op5+s s n>r[ z sc>cely to all[ a man to ent] !m crawl+1 & :i* are yet f\nd /rew$ ) an enorm\s quantity ( bones ( l>ge & small animals1 are )\t dispute among ! mo/ rem>kable ph5om5a :i* ! hi/ory ( fossil rema9s c\ld pres5t to ! contemplation ( ! geologi/1 especially :5 we reflect t ?is ph5om5on recurs 9 a great numb] ( places1 & ov] a v ext5d$ space ( c\ntry4 ,^! caves h be5 ! object ( rese>* ( sev]al naturali/s1 "s ( :om h well describ$ & figur$ ! bones :i* !y conta92 & ev5 be=e !y 7 explor$ by ! naturali/1 !y 7 celebrat$ among ! common p1 :o1 accord+ to _! cu/om1 add$ _m imag9>y prodigies to ! natural wond]s :i* are really obs]v$ 9 !m4 ,! bones :i* !y conta9 7 long1 "u ! "n ( fossil unicorn1 an important article ( comm]ce & mat]ia m$ica1 on acc\nt ( ! p[]ful virtues :i* 7 attribut$ to !m2 & x is probable t ! desire ( f9d+ ^! bones contribut$ mu* to ! m accurate k ( ^! caves1 & ev5 to ! discov]y ( sev]al ( !m4 ,! mo/ anci5tly celebrat$ is ! cave ( ,bauman1 situat$ 9 ! c\ntry ( ,blank5burg1 :i* belongs to ! ,duke ( ,brunswick1 to ! s\? ( ! city ( t "n1 to ! ea/ ( ,elb+]ode1 & to ! nor? ( ! village ( ,rubel&1 ! ne>e/ inhabit$ place1 9 a hill :i* =ms "o ( ! la/ declivities ( ! ,h>tz t[>d ! ea/4 ,x has be5 describ$ by _m au?ors1 among :om we %all p>ticul>ly m5tion ! great ,leibnitz1 9 8 ,protoga1 pl4 i4 p4 #ig1 :]e he gives a map ( x1 borr[$ f ! ,acta ,eruditorum #agjb1 p4 #cje4 ,its g5]al direction is ea/ & we/1 b ! entrance faces ! nor?4 ,x is v n>r[1 al?\gh x is "u a pretty l>ge natural vault4 ,! fir/ cave is ! l>ge/4 ,f ?is to ! second1 "o mu/ desc5d by ano!r n>r[ passage1 at fir/ by creep+1 & aft]w>ds by a ladd]4 ,! diff]5ce ( level is #cj feet4 ,! second cave is ! ri*e/ 9 /alactite ( all =ms4 ,! passage to ! ?ird cave is at fir/ ! mo/ difficult ( all1 & we h to climb ) h&s & feet2 b x aft]w>ds enl>ges1 & ! /alactites ( its walls are ^? 9 :i* ! imag9ation ( ! curi\s has pret5d$ to see ! be/ *>act]iz$ figures4 ,x has two lat]al dilatations1 ( :i* ! map ( ! ,acta ,eruditorum makes ! ?ird & f\r? caves4 ,at its extremity1 we h /ill to asc5d1 9 ord] to arrive at ! real ?ird cave1 :i* =ms a sort ( portal4 ,behr5s says1 9 8 ,h]cynia curiosa1 t x _c be rea*$1 because x w\ld be necess>y to desc5d m ?an #fj feet2 b ! above m5tion$ map1 & ! description ( ,von d] ,h>dt1 :i* accompanies x1 describe ?is ?ird cave "u ! "n ( ! ,fif?1 & place beyond x a n>r[ passage1 t]m9at$ by two small grottoes4 ,la/ly1 ,silb]s*lag1 9 8 ,geogony1 adds1 t "o ( ^! grottoes leads to a n>r[ passage1 :i*1 desc5d+ mu*1 leads "u ! o!r caves1 & t]m9ates 9 a place fill$ ) wat]4 ,!re are /ill _m bones 9 ^! remote & little frequ5t$ p>ts4 ,mo/ ( ^? bones :i* are 9 collections f ?is cave1 or :i* h be5 describ$1 are ( ! be> g5us4 ,a second cave1 ne>ly z celebrat$ z ! =m]1 & v ne>1 is t :i* is nam$1 aft] ! unicorn1 ,enihorn%le1 at ! foot ( ! *ateau ( ,s*>zfels1 9 a "p ( ! ,electorate ( ,hanov] :i* is nam$ ! ,dut*y ( ,grub5hag51 & ne>ly ^u ! la/ s\!rn declivity ( ! ,h>tz4 ,x has also be5 describ$ by ,leibnitz1 z well z by ,m4 ,deluc1 9 8 ,lett]s to ! ,que5 ( ,engl&4 ,! entrance is #aj feet high1 & #g broad4 ,we desc5d v]tically #ae feet into a sort ( ve/ibule1 ! ro( ( :i* l[]s to su* a degree1 t1 at ! end ( #fj feet1 we are oblig$ to creep4 ,aft] a long passage1 we come to two o!r caves1 accord+ to ,leibnitz2 b ,behr5s adds ?ree or f\r1 & says1 t1 accord+ to ! c\ntry p1 we might p5etrate ne>ly two leagues4 ,bruckmann1 :o gives a map ( ?is cav]n 7,epi/ol4 ,it94 p4 #cd471 repres5ts only five caves1 arrang$ ne>ly 9 a /raight l9e1 & connect$ by extremely n>r[ passages4 ,! second is ! ri*e/ 9 bones2 ! ?ird1 :i* is ! mo/ irregul>1 has two small lat]al caves2 ! fif? is ! smalle/1 & conta9s a f\nta94 ,( ! bones :i* h be5 tak5 f x1 "s are 9 ! possession ( ,m4 ,blum5ba* & o!r naturali/s2 & o!rs h be5 figur$ by ,leibnitz & ,mylius4 ,!y belong to ! be>1 hy5a1 & tig] or lion g5]a4 ,! *a9 ( ! ,h>tz also pres5ts "s o!r caves ( less celebrity1 al?\gh ( ! same nature m5tion$ by ,behr5s 9 8 ,h]cynia curiosa1 namely1 ,! cave ( ,h>tzburg1 "u ! ca/le ( ! same "n1 above ,gosl> to ! s\?4 ,we d n "k :y ,bs*+ disputes its exi/5ce4 ,x is true t ,behr5s cites ,j4 ,d4 ,hor/ius errone\sly1 = hav+ se5 bones ( v>i\s animals tak5 f x2 = ,hor/ius speaks only 7,obs4 ,anat4 dec4 p4 #aj47 ( ! cave ( ,s*>zfels4 ,! cave ( ,ufftrung51 9 ! c\nty ( ,/ollb]g1 to ! s\? ( ! ca/le ( t "n4 ,x is nam$ 9 ! c\ntry ,heim-knohle1 or ,hid+-hole4 ,behr5s ?9ks t fossil bones might be f\nd 9 x4 ,ano!r cave ( ! same neighb\rhood1 is nam$ ,diebslo*1 ,?ieves' ,hole4 ,skulls h be5 f\nd 9 x1 :i* 7 suppos$ to be human4 ,we %all n speak "h ( ^? caves ( ! ,h>tz 9 :i* bones h n be5 discov]$4 ,& ev5 ^? 9 :i* !y h be5 f\nd1 are1 at ! pres5t day1 almo/ exhau/$1 x be+ only by break+ ! /alactite t any c be obta9$1 s mu* ( !m _h be5 tak5 away = sell+ z m$ic9es4 ,! caves ( ,hung>y come aft] ^? ( ! ,h>tz1 ) ref]5ce to ! remot5ess ( ! "t at :i* !y h be5 kn[n4 ,! fir/ notice ( !m is due to ,pat]son ,hayn1 7,ephem4 ,nat4 ,cur4 #afgb1 ,obs4 cxxxix4 & cxciv47 ,bruckmann1 a physician ( ,wolf5bttel1 aft]w>ds describ$ !m at l5g?4 7,epi/ola ,it9]>ia1 #gg1 & ,breslau] ,sammlung1 #agbe1 ,fir/ ,trim4 p4 #fbh47 ,!y are situat$ 9 ! c\nty ( ,lipt[1 on ! s\!rn declivities ( ! ,c>pa?ian m\nta9s4 ,!y are kn[n 9 ! c\ntry by ! "n ( ,dragons' ,caves1 because ! p ( ! neighb\rhood attribute to ^? animals ! bones :i* occur 9 !m1 & ) :i* !y h be5 acqua9t$ f "t immemorial2 b all ^? :i* h be5 figur$ by au?ors belong to ! ,be> family1 & to ! species :i* is nam$ ! ,great ,cave ,be> 7,gr& ,ours des cav]nes74 ,! caves ( ,g]many ! ri*e/ 9 bones are ^? ( ,franconia1 ( :i* ,j4 ,f4 ,esp]1 a cl]gyman ( ! c\ntry ( ,bayreu?1 has giv5 a v detail$ description 9 a "w1 pr9t$ 9 ,fr5* & ,g]man1 entitl$1 ,description des ,zooli!s n\vellem5t dec\v]tes1 c4 ,nuremb]g ,knorr4 #aggd1 folio1 ) #ad col\r$ plates1 & 9 a memoir ins]t$ among ^? ( ! ,b]l9 ,society ( ,naturali/s1 vol4 ix4 #aghd1 p4 #ef4 ,ano!r description 0 aft]w>ds giv51 "u ! title ( ,objets dignes de rem>que des environs de ,mugg5dorf1 by ,j4 ,c4 ,ros5mll]1 folio1 ) col\r$ views1 ,b]l91 #ahjd4 ,& m lately1 ,m4 ,goldfuss1 at pres5t ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,hi/ory at ,bonn1 & ,secret>y ( ! ,academia ,natur ,curiosorum1 has made !m ! subject ( a p>ticul> "w pr9t$ 9 #ahaj 9 ,g]man1 "u ! title ( ,environs ( ,mugg5dorf1 9 :i* he describes !m ) ! greate/ c>e1 z well z ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 ( :i* he gives a v correct topographical *>t4 ,a great "p ( ^! caves is situat$ 9 a small bailiwick1 nam$ ,/reitb]g1 :i* 0 =m]ly a dep5d5ce ^u ! c\ntry ( ,bayreu?1 b 0 inclos$ 9 t ( ,bamb]g1 & n[ =ms "p ( ! k+dom ( ,bav>ia4 ,! greate/ numb] occur 9 a small p59sula1 =m$ by ! riv] ( ,wies5t1 :i* falls into ! ,pegnetz1 & belongs to ! bas9 ( ! ,ma94 ,h[ev]1 ! *ief ( all ^! a/oni%+ caves1 ^? ( ,gayl5reu?1 are beyond ! limits ( ?is p59sula1 be+ on ! left bank ( ! ,wies5t1 to ! nor?-we/ ( ! village f :i* x d]ives its "n4 ,! entrance is p]=at$ 9 a v]tical rock2 x is #g feet high1 & faces ! ea/4 ,! fir/ cave turns to ! "r1 & is upw>ds ( #hj feet long4 ,! unequal heights ( ! vault divide x into f\r p>ts2 ! fir/ ?ree are f #ae to #bj feet high1 ! f\r? is only #d or #e4 ,at ! bottom ( ?is latt]1 on ! level ( ! floor1 !re is a hole #b feet high1 :i* af=ds a passage to ! second cave3 x has fir/ a direction to ! s\?1 ov] a l5g? ( #fj feet by #dj 9 bread?1 & #ah 9 height2 x !n turns to ! we/ = #gj feet1 becom+ l[] & l[] until at l5g? ! height is only #e feet4 ,! passage :i* leads to ! ?ird cave is v inconv5i5t1 & "o has to turn ?r\gh v>i\s corridors3 x is #cj feet across1 & f #e to #f 9 height4 ,! gr\nd 9 x is knead$ ) tee? & jaws4 ,ne> ! entrance is a pit ( f #ae to #bj feet1 to :i* "o desc5ds by a ladd]4 ,aft] hav+ desc5d$1 we come to a vault ( #ae feet diamet] by #cj 9 height2 & t[>ds ! side at :i* ! desc5t is made !re is a cave /rew$ ) bones4 ,on /ill desc5d+ a little1 a new arcade is met )1 :i* leads to a cave #dj feet long1 & a new pit ( f #ah to #bj feet deep4 ,aft] desc5d+ ?is1 we rea* a cav]n ab\t #dj feet high1 all /rew$ ) bones4 ,a passage1 ( #e feet by #g1 leads to a grotto ( #be feet 9 l5g? by #ab 9 bread?4 ,canals1 #bj feet 9 l5g?1 conduct to ano!r grotto ( #bj feet 9 height4 ,la/ly1 !re is ano!r cave1 #hc feet broad & #bd high1 9 :i* m bones are f\nd ?an 9 any ( ! o!rs4 ,! six? cave1 :i* is ! la/1 has a nor!rly direction1 s t ! :ole s]ies ( caves & passages ne>ly describes a semicircle4 ,a fissure 9 ! ?ird cave l$ to ! discov]y1 9 #aghd1 ( a new cave1 #ae feet long & #d broad1 9 :i* ! greate/ quantities ( hy5a & lions' bones 7 f\nd4 ,! ap]ture 0 mu* too small = ^! animals to h pass$ ?r\gh x4 ,a p>ticul> canal :i* end$ 9 ?is small cave has af=d$ an incr$ible numb] ( bones & l>ge skulls entire4 ,9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions ( #ahbb1 pl4 xxvi4 !re may be se5 a pr(ile ( ?is cave1 tak5 on ! spot 9 #ahaf1 by ,pr(essor ,buckl&1 9 :i* is to be especially rem>k$ an enorm\s mass1 entirely compos$ ( bones envelop$ 9 ! /alactite1 & ?us =m+ an osse\s breccia1 b ( q a diff]5t nature f ^? :i* occur at ,gibralt> & o!r places#dcb4 ,! cave ( ,gayl5reu? is "o ( ^? ! bones ( :i* are mo/ completely kn[n1 by ! rese>*es :i* h be5 made or caus$ to be made 9 x = a long "t back by di/+ui%$ naturali/s1 su* z ,,mm4 ,esp]1 de ,humboldt1 ,ebel ( ,brem51 ,ros5mll]1 ,smm]+1 ,goldfuss1 c41 & by ! num]\s & ri* collections :i* ^! rese>*es h produc$4 ,accord+ to ! exam9ation :i* ,cuvi] has made ( ! pr9cipal ( ^! collections1 ?ree-f\r?s ( ! bones f\nd !re belong to ! ,be> g5us1 & to two or ?ree species ( t g5us4 ,! o!rs belong to ! hy5a1 tig]1 wolf1 fox1 glutton1 & polecat1 or "s ne>ly alli$ species4 ,!re are also f\nd1 al?\gh 9 mu* small] numb]1 bones ( h]bivor\s quadrup$s1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 de]1 ( :i* fragm5ts are 9 ! possession ( ,m4 ,ebel4 ,x w\ld ev5 appe> f a passage ( ,m4 ,smm]+'s1 t a p>cel ( bones _h be5 got 9 x belong+ to an elephant's skull#dcc4 ,accord+ to ,ros5mll]1 !re 7 f\nd 9 x bones ( m51 horses1 ox51 %eep1 de]1 roes1 mules1 badg]s1 dogs1 & foxes1 b :i* f ! rese>*es made by him 9 ! cave itself1 & f _! /ate ( pres]vation1 mu/ h be5 deposit$ at p]iods mu* lat] ?an ^? ( ! be>1 tig]s & hy5as#dcd4 ,! small p59sula situate ne>ly opposite to ?is cave1 pres5ts sev]al o!r caves1 z ! ,s*n/e91 or ,beautiful ,rock1 :i* conta9s sev5 contigu\s cav]ns4 ,! ,brunn5/e91 or ,f\nta9 ,rock1 9 :i*1 accord+ to ,esp]1 !re are only f\nd bones ( kn[n species1 su* z badg]s1 dogs1 foxes1 hogs1 & de]2 b ,esp] _h too little anatomical k = 8 te/imony to be entirely reli$ on ) respect to ?is4 ,^! bones are sometimes encru/$ ) /alactite4 ,x conta9s also ! ,holeb]g1 or ,holl[ ,m\nta91 9 :i* eight or t5 caves =m a s]ies ( #bjj feet 9 l5g?1 ) two entrances4 ,bones ( ! same be>s z at ,gayl5reu?1 are f\nd "h 9 v>i\s lat]al depressions2 & !re are also de] & hogs4--,! ,wiz]lo*1 s nam$ f an anci5t ,sclavonic deity =m]ly wor%ipp$ !re1 ! mo/ dismal cav]n ( ! :ole c\ntry1 situate 9 its mo/ elevat$ "p1 & 9 :i* "s v]tebr h be5 f\nd4 ,x is m ?an #bjj feet long4 ,! ,wund]hhle1 :i* takes its "n f its discov]]1 has be5 kn[n s9ce #aggc3 its ext5t is #afj feet4--,la/ly1 ! ,cave ( ,klau/e91 consi/+ ( f\r grottoes1 & upw>ds ( #bjj feet deep4 ,bones h be5 f\nd 9 ! ?ird grotto1 & mo/ abundantly t[>ds its extremity4 ,x might be suppos$ t ! "n ,klau/e9 signifi$ ,claw-rock1 & x w\ld ?us accord v well ) a place :]e1 )\t d\bt1 z at ,gayl5reu?1 a multitude ( ungual phalanges ( be>s & animals ( ! tig] k9d h be5 f\nd4 ,b ,m4 ,goldfuss ass]ts1 t x 0 call$ ,klau/e91 or ,/ ,ni*olas's ,rock1 aft] a *apel ( ?is "n1 :i* =m]ly /ood ^u x4--,!re are /ill ! ,geiss-knok1 or ,goat ,cave1 & a cave discov]$ 9 #agic4 ,m4 ,ros5mll] f\nd 9 !m two human skeletons already cov]$ ) /alactite4 ,! c\ntry :i* surr\nds ?is small p59sula has itself sev]al caves1 indep5d5tly ( t ( ,gayl5reu?1 z ^? ( ,mockas1 ,rab5/e91 & ,kir*-ahorn1 ?ree villages1 situate1 ! fir/ to ! s\?1 & ! o!r two to ! nor?-ea/ ( ,gayl5reu?4 ,bones 7 =m]ly f\nd 9 ! fir/4 ,! la/ be>s 9 ! c\ntry ! expressive "n ( ,zahn-lo*1 or ,too? ,cave2 x also be>s ! "n ( ,hoh5-mirs*feld1 a village on ^: gr\nd x is situate2 & ! c\ntry p h long be5 9 ! habit ( seek+ 9 x ^? bones1 :i* !y imag9$ to be m$ic9al4 ,,mm4 ,ros5mll] & ,goldfuss h 9 fact f\nd be> & tig] bones4 ,!re are two o!rs 9 ! t]ritory ( ! same village1 ( :i* ! "o nam$ ,s*neid]-lo* 7,tailor's ,hole71 is said to h furni%$ ! v]tebr ( an elephant4 ,t ( ,zewig1 close ^u ,was*5feld1 at ! v edge ( ! ,wies5t1 is ne>ly #hj feet deep2 & x is said t skeletons ( m5 & wolves 7 f\nd 9 x4 ,all ^! hills1 conta9+ caves 9 _! int]ior1 & situate s ne> ea* o!r1 seem to =m a small *a91 int]rupt$ only by brooks1 & :i* jo9s ! m elevat$ *a9 ( ! ,fi*telb]g1 9 :i* are ! highe/ m\nta9s ( ,franconia1 & f :i* fl[ ! ,ma91 ! ,saale1 ! ,eg]1 ! ,naab1 & _m small riv]s4 ,m4 ,ros5mll]1 & aft] him1 o!rs ass]t1 t ^? :i* are 9 ! hills to ! nor? ( ! ,wies5t1 conta9 n a s+le fragm5t ( bone1 :ile ^? to ! s\? are fill$ ) !m4 ,9 #agii1 a cave1 rem>kable = its situation1 0 discov]$1 :i* connects 9 "s measure ^? ( ! ,h>tz ) ^? ( ,franconia4 ,x is ! ,cave ( ,glcksbrun1 9 ! bailiwick ( ,alt5/e91 9 ! t]ritory ( ,me9ung51 on ! s\?-we/]n declivity ( ! *a9 ( ! ,?ur+]wald 7,blum5b4 ,ar*ol4 ,telluris1 p4 #ae4 ,za*4 ,monate4 ,corresp4 #ahjj1 ,janu>y1 p4 #cj47 ,x is ! same :i* ,m4 ,ros5mll] names ,lib5/e91 on acc\nt ( its be+ on ! road f ,alt5/e9 to ?is latt]1 :i* is a ba?+ place4 ,!re is a description ( x by ,m4 ,ko*]1 9 ! ,magaz9 fr ,m9]alogie1 by ,m4 ,c4 ,e4 ,a4 ,de ,h(1 #a/ b&4 heft4 iv4 p4 #dbg4 ,! lime/one 9 :i* x is situate re/s ^u bitum9\s s*i/1 &1 ris+ mu* upw>ds1 comes to re/ ^u primitive rocks4 ,! lime/one v>ies 9 h>dness & 9 ! nature ( its fracture1 & conta9s m>9e petrifactions1 su* z pect9ites1 e*9ites1 c4 ,9 mak+ a road1 !re 0 discov]$ an op5+1 f :i* a v cold air issu$1 :i* det]m9$ ! ,duke ( ,saxe-,me9ung5 to h x f>!r exam9$4 ,a n>r[ passage1 ( tw5ty feet 9 l5g?1 0 f\nd1 :i* l$ to a cave ( ?irty-five feet1 hav+ a bread? ( f ?ree to twelve1 & a height ( f six to twelve1 accord+ to ! places1 & t]m9at$ by a l>ge piece ( rock1 :i* 0 remov$4 ,! lab\r ( two ye>s discov]$ & cle>$ a s]ies ( caves connect$ toge!r1 & ( :i* ! bottom rose & fell alt]nately4 ,!y t]m9ate 9 a place :]e wat] fl[s2 b v>i\s lat]al fissures make x probable t !re are /ill sev]al caves :i* h n be5 op5$1 & t !y p]haps =m a sort ( labyr9?4 ,! bottom & walls ( ?is cave are furni%$ ) ! same mud z ! o!rs1 b black]4 ,! bones 7 pretty num]\s1 & t+$ ) ! same col\r1 b only two tol]ably entire skulls 7 obta9$4 ,t ( :i* ,m4 ,ko*] gives a figure1 is ! species ( be> nam$ ,ursus spelu4 ,!re are also caves ( ?is k9d 9 ,we/phalia4 ,j4 ,es ,silb]s*lag1 9 ! ,mem4 des ,naturali/es ( ,b]l9 7,s*rift51 vol4 vi4 p4 #acb71 describes ! "o call$ ,klut]-hhle1 ne> ! village ( ,old5=de1 9 ! c\nty ( ,m>k1 on ! edge ( ! ,milspe & ,ennepe1 two /reams :i* fall into ! ,ruhr1 & ) x into ! ,rh9e4 ,its entrance is ab\t half-way up a hill call$ ,klut]b]g1 is only ?ree feet ?ree in*es high1 & faces ! s\?4 ,! cave itself =ms a true labyr9? 9 ! int]ior ( ! m\nta94 ,n f> f ?is1 9 ! same c\nty1 at ,sundwi*1 two leagues f ,is]lohn1 is ano!r cave1 :i*1 = ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s back1 has furni%$ a v l>ge quantity ( bones1 "p ( :i* has be5 c>ri$ to ,b]l91 & ! re/ has rema9$ 9 ! c\ntry 9 ! h&s ( v>i\s individuals#dce4 ,if we ca/ a glance ^u a g5]al map1 x is n difficult to p]ceive a c]ta9 cont9uity 9 ! m\nta9s 9 :i* ^! s+ul> caves occur4 ,! ,c>pa?ians jo9 ) ! m\nta9s ( ,moravia & ^? ( ,bohemia call$ ,bhm]wald1 to sep>ate ! bas9 ( ! ,danube1 f ^? ( ! ,vi/ula1 ,od] & ,elbe4 ,! ,fi*telgebirge sep>ates ! bas9 ( ! ,elbe f t ( ! ,rh9e4 ,! ,?ur+]wald & ! ,h>tz cont9ue to limit ! bas9 ( ! ,elbe1 by sep>at+ x f t ( ! ,wes]4 ,^! diff]5t *a9s h b slight int]vals betwe5 !m4 ,! caves ( ,we/phalia alone are n connect$ 9 s evid5t a mann] ) ! o!rs4 ,v lately1 bones h be5 discov]$ 9 a cav]n1 :i* ext5ds m t[>ds ! s\?1 & is ev5 situate on ! o!r or ,italian side ( ! ,alps4 ,x is t ( ,adelsb]g 9 ,c>niola1 a place situate on ! great road f ,layba* to ,trie/e1 & ab\t half way betwe5 ^! two cities4 ,! :ole ( ?is c\ntry is full ( cav]ns & grottoes1 :i* h giv5 rise to num]\s s9k+s ( ! surface1 ?us giv+ a v s+ul> appe>ance to ! c\ntry4 ,sev]al ( ^! cav]ns h long be5 celebrat$ among naturali/s4 ,t ( ,adelsb]g is g5]ally visit$ by travell]s1 on acc\nt ( its be+ ne> ! highway1 & because a riv] call$ ! ,piuka or ,poike is lo/ !re1 =m+ a subt]ranean lake1 & em]g+ aga9 on ! nor? side1 "u ! "n ( ,unz4 ,a hole :i* ! ,*evali] de ,l[5greif discov]$ 9 #ahaf1 9 "o ( its walls1 at ! height ( #ad fa?oms1 conduct$ him to a s]ies ( new caves ( va/ ext5t1 & ( incomp>able beauty1 f ! lu/re & v>iety ( _! /alactites4 ,a "p ( ^! caves 01 h[ev]1 kn[n1 & mu/ be1 or h be5 accessible1 by "s o!r place1 = inscriptions 7 f\nd 9 !m ) dates1 f #acic to #afgf1 toge!r ) human bones1 & entire c>cases1 t _h be5 buri$ !re4 ,a ,g]man pamphlet 0 publi%$ at ,trie/e1 9 :i* are describ$ all ! w9d+s ( ^! subt]ranean passages1 _! diff]5t halls1 _! domes1 _! columns1 & all ! o!r appe>ances produc$ by _! /alactites4 ,we %all n foll[ ! au?or 7,m4 de ,volpi1 ,director ( ! ,s*ool ( ,comm]ce & ,navigation at ,trie/e7 ?r\gh ?is imm5se labyr9?4 ,let x suffice to say1 t ?is zeal\s naturali/ ass]ts 8 hav+ proce$$ m ?an ?ree leagues1 almo/ 9 a /raight l9e1 & t he 0 only /opp$ by a lake :i* r5d]$ x impossible to g on4 ,x 0 ab\t two leagues f ! entrance t he discov]$ bones ( animals1 ( :i* he gives figures1 & :i* he describes "u ! "n ( ,palo!ria4 ,he _h ! polit5ess to communicate to me1 says ,cuvi]1 8 draw+s ! ye> be=e1 b x appe>s my reply did n rea* him1 = he makes no m5tion ( x 9 8 book4 ,be ?is z x may1 8 figures cle>ly %ew$ t ! bones 9 "q belong$ to ! great cave-be>4 ,9 fact1 sev]al ( ^! bones hav+ be5 pres5t$ to ! ,congress ( ,layba*1 ,pr9ce ,mett]ni*1 ^: enlight5$ ta/e = ! advancem5t ( k has already be5 ( s mu* s]vice1 _h ! goodness to address !m to ,cuvi]1 :o dispos$ !m 9 ! ,royal ,cab9et1 :]e any "o may satisfy himself z to _! species4 ,!re are1 )\t d\bt1 caves 9 _m o!r *a9s1 & sev]al are kn[n 9 ,france4 ,caves occur 9 ,suabia1 b no bones h be5 f\nd 9 !m2 &1 9 g5]al1 x appe>s1 t1 be=e ! la/ discov]ies1 & especially t :i* has be5 made 9 ,york%ire1 none 7 kn[n b ^? ( ,g]many & ,hung>y t 7 ri* 9 bones ( c>nivora4 ,9 tru?1 ! rock ( ,f\v5t1 & :i* conta9s 9 "o ( its cavities bones ( hy5as1 & at ! same "t ^? ( elephants1 rh9oc]oses & horses1 might be consid]$ z belong+ to ?is ord] ( ph5om5a2 b z x 0 n explor$ to any dep?1 x _c be c]ta9 t x is s4 ,! case is diff]5t ) ! ,kirkdale ,cav]n4 ,x hav+ be5 visit$ imm$iately aft] its discov]y by sev]al well in=m$ p]sons1 & especially by ,mr ,buckl&1 e ?+ has be5 made kn[n ) respect to x4 ,x is situat$ 9 ! ,ea/ ,rid+ ( ! c\nty ( ,york1 tw5ty-five miles ,,nne4 ( ! city ( ,york1 & at ab\t ! same di/ance to ! we/ f ! sea & ! t[n ( ,sc>bor\gh4 ,! small riv] ( ,hodgebeck is lo/ "u gr\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood1 mu* 9 ! same way z ! ,piuka1 ne> ,adelsb]g4 ,x is plac$ 9 "o ( ! lime/one hills :i* =m ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ! vale ( ,pick]+1 ! wat]s ( :i* fall into ! ,d]w5t4 ,mr ,buckl& comp>es ! /one to t ( ! la/ /rata ( ! ,alp9e lime/one1 su* z are se5 ne> ,aigle & ,meill5e4 ,x 0 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye> #ahba1 t "s lab\r]s work+ at a qu>ry1 discov]$ by *ance ! op5+1 :i* 0 clos$ by rubbi%1 cov]$ ov] ) e>? & turf4 ,x is ab\t #ajj feet above ! neighb\r+ brook4 ,x c be ent]$ to ! di/ance ( #aej or #bjj feet1 b we c only walk erect 9 "s places1 on acc\nt ( ! /alactites4 ,on its sides !re are se5 sp9es ( sea-ur*9s & o!r m>9e rema9s1 incru/$ 9 ! mass ( ! rock2 b x is on ! bottom1 & !re only1 t !re is f\nd ! /ratum ( mud1 ( ab\t a foot ?ick1 /uck full ( bones1 z at ,gayl5reu?4 ,?is mud1 & ! bones :i* x conta9s1 are1 9 v>i\s places1 cov]$ or p5etrat$ ) /alactite1 especially ne> places :]e ! rock has lat]al fissures4 ,! discov]y hav+ acquir$ mu* celebrity1 a great numb] ( p procur$ bones f x1 & plac$ !m 9 v>i\s public depots4 ,specim5s h be5 deposit$ 9 ! ,york ,in/itution1 t ( ,:itby & ,bri/ol1 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! ,museum ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 & by ,mr ,"y ( ,:itby1 9 ! ,college ,museum ( ,ed9burgh2 b ! f9e/ collection ( ! bones ( ,kirkdale 0 pres5t$ to ,cuvi]1 & by him deposit$ 9 ! ,royal ,cab9et 9 ,p>is4 ,! greate/ numb] ( ^! bones )\t comp>ison1 belong to hy5as ( ! same species z ^? ( ! cav]ns ( ,g]many2 b !re are also _m ( o!r l>ge & small animals1 :i* ,mr ,buckl& supposes to =m tw5ty-"o species4 ,f ! pieces :i* ,i h "u my eye1 says ,cuvi]1 !re indisputably occur bones ( ! elephant1 hippopotamus1 horse1 an ox ( ! size ( ! common de]1 rabbits1 field-rats2 also bones ( "s o!r c>nivora1 namely1 ( ! tig]1 wolf1 fox1 & weasel4 ,all ^! bones & tee? are accumulat$ on ! gr\nd1 brok5 & gnaw$1 & !re are ev5 se5 m>ks ( ! tee? :i* h fractur$ !m4 ,!re are ev5 int]mix$ ) !m excrem5ts :i* h be5 recogniz$ z p]fectly simil> to ^? ( ! hy5a#dcf4 ,! hills 9 :i* ^! cav]ns occur resemble ea* o!r 9 _! composition3 !y are all ( lime/one1 & all produce abundance ( /alactites4 ,^! /alactites l9e ! walls1 n>r[ ! passages1 & assume a ?\s& v>i\s =ms4 ,! bones are ne>ly 9 ! same /ate 9 all ^! cav]ns3 deta*$1 scatt]$1 p>tly brok51 b nev] roll$1 & consequ5tly n br\ght f a di/ance by wat]2 a little light] & less solid ?an rec5t bones1 b /ill 9 _! true animal nature1 v little decompos$1 conta9+ mu* gelat9e1 & n at all petrifi$4 ,a h>d5$1 b /ill easily frangible or pulv]isable e>?1 also conta9+ animal p>ts1 & sometimes blacki%1 =ms _! natural envelope4 ,x is (t5 impregnat$ & cov]$ ) a cru/ ( /alactite4 ,a cov]+ ( ! same nature inve/s ! bones 9 v>i\s places1 p5etrates _! natural cavities1 & sometimes atta*es !m to ! walls ( ! cav]n4 ,?is /alactite is (t5 col\r$ r$di% by ! animal e>? :i* is mix$ ) x4 ,at o!r times its surface is /a9$ black2 b x is easy to see t ^! appe>ances are caus$ by mod]n occurr5ces1 & h no imm$iate connection ) ! cause :i* br\ght ! bones into ^! cavities4 ,we ev5 daily see ! /alactite increas+ & envelop+ "h & !re gr\ps ( bones :i* x _h =m]ly respect$4 ,?is mass ( e>?1 p5etrat$ by animal matt]1 indiscrim9ately envelopes ! bones ( all ! species2 &1 if we except "s f\nd at ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & :i* _h be5 transport$ !re at mu* lat] p]iods1 :i* may also be di/+ui%$ by _! be+ mu* less decompos$1 !y mu/ all h be5 int]r$ 9 ! same mann]1 & by ! same causes4 ,9 ?is mass ( e>? !re are f\nd1 confus$ly m+l$ ) ! bones 7at lea/ 9 ! cave ( ,gayl5reu?71 pieces ( a blui% m>ble1 ( :i* all ! corn]s are r\nd$ & blunt$1 & :i* appe> to h be5 roll$4 ,!y s+ul>ly resemble ^? :i* =m "p ( ! osse\s brecci ( ,gibralt> & ,dalmatia4 ,la/ly1 :at fur!r conspires to r5d] ?is ph5om5on v /rik+1 is1 t ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! bones are ! same 9 ^! cav]ns1 ov] an ext5t ( m ?an two hundr$ leagues4 ,?ree-f\r?s & upw>ds belong to species ( be>s1 :i* are n[ ext9ct4 ,a half1 or two-?irds ( ! rema9+ f\r?1 belong to a species ( hy5a1 :i* is equally unkn[n at ! pres5t day4 ,a small] numb] belong to a species ( ! tig] or lion k9d1 & to ano!r ( ! wolf or dog g5us2 la/ly1 ! mo/ dim9utive h belong$ to v>i\s small c>nivora1 z ! fox1 ! polecat1 or at lea/ species v ne>ly alli$ to !m1 c4 ,! ,kirkdale ,cav]n1 h[ev]1 =ms a notable exception1 inasmu* z none1 or v few1 bones ( be>s are f\nd 9 x1 & 9 its be+ ! hy5a t appe>s to pr$om9ate among ! c>nivora4 ,! species s common 9 ! alluvial =mations1 ! elephants1 rh9oc]oses1 horses1 ox5 or auro*s1 & tapirs1 are ( v r>e occurr5ce 9 ! caves ( ,g]many4 ,!re are ev5 "s 9 :i* no "o is said to h f\nd !m1 & ! only bones ( h]bivora m5tion$ are rema9s ( de]4 ,9 ?is po9t also1 h[ev]1 ! ,kirkdale cave diff]s mu* f ! o!rs1 inasmu* z x ab\nds almo/ z mu* 9 bones ( l>ge & small h]bivora1 z 9 bones ( c>nivora4 ,all ! great pa*yd]mata ( ! alluvial =mations are se5 9 x3 ! elephants1 rh9oc]oses & hippopotami4 ,!re are also se5 9 x bones ( ox51 de]1 & ev5 small bones ( mice & birds4 ,b !re are no bones ( m>9e animals ( any species1 ei!r at ,kirkdale or 9 ,g]many4 ,^? :o h pret5d$ t !y saw bones ( seals1 morses1 or o!r simil> species1 h be5 l$ into error by ! hypo!sis :i* !y _h previ\sly adopt$4 ,^! bones ( c>nivora1 s num]\s 9 ! caves1 are r>e 9 ! great alluvial /rata2 ! hy5a alone has be5 se5 9 any quantity at ,can/adt1 ne> ,ai*/$t1 & 9 "s o!r places4 ,!re h also be5 f\nd "s traces ( be>s 9 ,tuscany & ,au/ria1 b _! relative proportion is always inf9itely less ?an 9 ! caves2 & x is always suffici5tly prov$ by ^! circum/ances1 t ^! v>i\s animals h liv$ toge!r 9 ! same c\ntries1 & h belong$ to ! same epo*4 ,cuvi] concludes1 !re c only be imag9$ ?ree g5]al causes :i* might h plac$ ^! bones 9 su* quantity 9 ^! va/ subt]ranean cavities4 ,ei!r !y are ! rema9s ( animals :i* inhabit$ ^! abodes1 & :i* di$ peaceably !re2 or inundations & o!r viol5t causes h c>ri$ !m into ^! cavities2 or1 la/ly1 !y _h be5 envelop$ 9 rocky /rata1 ! dissolution ( :i* produc$ ^! cav]ns1 & !y h n be5 dissolv$ by ! ag5t :i* c>ri$ (f ! matt] ( ! /rata4 ,?is la/ cause is refut$ by ! fact1 t ! /rata 9 :i* ! caves occur conta9 no bones2 & ! second by ! entir5ess ( ! smalle/ prom95ces ( ! bones1 :i* does n p]mit u to ?9k t !y _h be5 roll$2 = if "s bones are worn1 z ,mr ,buckl& has rem>k$1 !y are only s on "o side1 :i* w\ld only prove t "s curr5t has pass$ ov] !m1 & 9 ! deposit 9 :i* !y are4 ,we are1 !re=e1 oblig$ to h rec\rse to ! fir/ supposition1 :atev] difficulties x pres5ts on its "p1 & to say t ^! caves s]v$ z a retreat to c>nivor\s animals1 & t ^! c>ri$ !re1 = ! purpose ( dev\r+ !m1 ! animals :i* =m$ _! prey1 or ! p>ts ( ^! animals4 ,mr ,buckl& has obs]v$1 t ! hy5a bones are n less brok5 & spl9t]$ ?an ^? ( ! h]bivor\s animals2 f :i* he concludes1 t ! hy5as _h dev\r$ ! dead bodies ( _! own species1 z ^? ( ! pres5t day /ill d4 ,^! animals attack ea* o!r dur+ _! life2 = ! fossil head ( a hy5a is pres]v$1 :i* _h evid5tly be5 w\nd$ & aft]w>ds heal$#dcg4 ,?is supposition is moreov] confirm$ by ! animal nature ( ! e>? 9 :i* ^! bones are f\nd#dch4 ,?is mu* is c]ta91 t ! e/abli%m5t ( ^! animals 9 ! caves has tak5 place at a mu* lat] epo* ?an t at :i* ! great rocky /rata h be5 =m$1 n only ^? :i* compose ! m\nta9s 9 :i* ! caves are situat$1 b ! /rata ( mu* new] orig94 ,no p]man5t inundation has p5etrat$ into ! subt]ranean d5s1 & =m$ a regul> rocky deposit4 ,! mud aris+ f ! prop] decomposition ( ^! animals1 & ! /alactites t h be5 filt]$ ?r\gh ! wall ( ! caves1 are ! only matt]s :i* cov] ^! rema9s1 & ^! /alactites increase s rapidly1 t ,m4 ,goldfuss already f\nd a lay] ( !m cov]+ ! names ( ,,mm4 ,esp] & ,ros5mll]1 ^: visits did n date ?irty ye>s be=e 8 own4 ,! roll$ /ones t are met )1 & ! m>ks ( detrition obs]v$ on "s bones1 ann\nce1 at ! v utmo/1 b pass+ curr5ts4 ,b h[ h s _m f]oci\s animals :i* peopl$ our =e/s be5 extirpat$8 ,all ! reply we c make is1 t !y mu/ h be5 de/roy$ at ! same "t1 & by ! same cause1 z ! l>ge h]bivora1 :i*1 l !m1 also peopl$ ^! =e/s1 & ( :i* no traces rema9 at ! pres5t day any m ?an ( !m4 ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,cave ,,conta9+ ,,bones ,,at ,,adelsb]g ,,9 ,,c>niola4 ,! foll[+ int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! cave1 slightly notic$ at pages #ebd & #ebe1 is extract$ f a memoir by ,m4 ,b]tr& ,gesl91 ,memb] ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,society ( ,p>is1 publi%$ 9 ! numb] ( ! ,annales des ,sci5ces ,naturelles = ,april #ahbf4 ,m4 ,cuvi]1 says ,gesl]1 speak+ ( ! ,adelsb]g ,cave1 f ! acc\nt publi%$ by ,m4 ,volpi ( ,trie/e1 says1 t x 0 ne>ly two leagues f ! entrance :]e he discov]$ bones ( animals4 ,hav+ visit$ ?is cave myself1 ,i am oblig$ to say t ,m4 ,volpi's ass]tion z to ?is matt] is n v correct4 ,on my way to ,trie/e1 9 ,july #ahbc1 be=e go+ to ,adelsb]g1 ,i _h ! advantage ( see+ ,m4 ,volpi4 ,9 %ew+ me ! bones collect$ by him at ,adelsb]g1 he also assur$ me t !y 7 f\nd two leagues f ! entrance ( ! cave1 & only 9 a v compact block ( sev]al cubic feet1 f :i* x 0 n possible to procure m1 z he _h tak5 all t he c\ld easily remove4 ,not)/&+ ?is disc\rag+ acc\nt1 ,i betook myself to ,adelsb]g1 9 ord] to see a sample ( ^? imm5se cav]ns ( second>y lime/one4 ,! entrance ( ! cave is situat$ 9 a :ite compact second>y lime/one1 ly+ 9 great b$s incl9$ to ! s\?-we/1 at an angle ( f #cj to #ce degrees4 ,at fifty paces f ! entrance1 we f9d ourselves z 9 a l>ge ap>tm5t1 :i* crosses ! torr5t ( ! ,p9ka4 ,aft] pass+ to ! left bank ( ?is torr5t1 we ent] a r l[ & n long passage1 :i* leads to a second ap>tm5t ( an elongat$ =m4 ,x is "h t ! l9e ( *amb]s truly comm5ces4 ,!y are ( l>ge b v>iable dim5sions1 & are situat$ ne>ly ^u a horizontal plane4 ,on ent]+ ?is second *amb]1 ,i saw t ! gr\nd 0 =m$ ( a yell[ & r$di% clayey mud1 f "o to two feet ?ick1 & m or less impregnat$ & cov]$ ) cru/s ( yell[ /alagmites4 ,9 ! places :]e x (f]$ little resi/ance1 ,i dug x up ) ! po9t ( my hamm]1 & 0 =tunate en\gh to disunite "s fragm5ts ( bone1 al?\gh1 f :at _h be5 said to me1 ,i ought n to h expect$ to f9d !m4 ,f ?is ,i 0 conv9c$1 t if ,m4 ,volpi _h only f\nd bones at a di/ance ( two leagues f ! entrance1 x 0 because he _h n be5 at ! tr\ble to se>* = !m ne>]4 ,i fell to "w ) m ard\r1 & succe$$ 9 digg+ up "s 9 good pres]vation1 su* z radii1 cubiti1 femora1 hum]i1 fragm5ts ( jaws1 calc>ea1 toes1 v]tebr1 c41 belong+ to be>s ( diff]5t sizes1 ( ! species t]m$ ,ursus spelu4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! hy5a tribe is r r>e "h1 = ,i only procur$ a s+le bone belong+ to x4 ,x 0 p>ticul>ly 9 two small lat]al *amb]s1 ne> ! n>r[ passage1 t ,i obta9$ a great quantity ( ^! bones1 ! clay !re hav+ be5 dug up by ! guides1 9 ord] to make ! floor ( ! great ap>tm5t ev5 ) x4 ,i cont9u$ to dig z ,i advanc$1 & ev]y:]e f\nd bones m or less brok5 & envelop$ 9 ! clayey mud4 ,aft] proce$+ = half an h\r1 ,i fell 9 ) a mass1 9 an ap>tm5t ( consid]able dim5sions1 :i* 0 ( a conical =m1 & compos$ ( blocks ( compact :ite lime/one1 ( all sizes1 mix$ ) yell[i% clayey mud4 ,^! blocks _h _! edges z %>p z if !y _h only be5 lately brok54 ,! mass1 :i* rea*$ to ! "r wall ( ! cave1 might be fifte5 feet 9 height1 & tw5ty 9 diamet] at its base3 x 0 cov]$ ) /alactite 9 sev]al places4 ,x 0 9 ?is mass1 at ab\t t5 feet above ! floor ( ! cave1 9 ! clayey mud t fill$ up ! int]/ices betwe5 ! blocks1 t ,i f\nd ! entire skeleton ( a "y be>1 9 a space ( two squ>e feet at mo/4 ,! bones :i* ,i dug out 7 ! frontal "p ( ! head1 ! l[] jaw ( ! left side1 ! sev5? c]vical & eigh? dorsal v]tebr2 ! eigh? & f\rte5? ribs ( ! "r side2 two tibia1 femora1 & cubiti1 & two l>ge can9e tee? ( ano!r be>4 ,if ,i c\ld h rais$ up ! lime/one blocks1 betwe5 :i* ^! bones lay1 ,i might )\t d\bt h procur$ a great "p ( ?is skeleton4 ,!re are /ill f\nd "h & !re 9 ! cave "s small heaps ( clayey mud1 ) fragm5ts ( :ite second>y lime/one1 z well z l>ge isolat$ lime/one blocks1 :i* ! guides are daily de/roy+1 to make ! floor ev5 = ! conv5i5ce ( visitors4 ,i _h only advanc$ an h\r & a qu>t]'s progress into ! cave1 always f9d+ bones1 :5 ! oil ( my lamps beg9n+ to fail1 ,i 0 oblig$ to return )\t rea*+ ! block 9 :i* ,m4 ,volpi _h f\nd ! fir/ bones4 ,?is block is )\t d\bt ow+ to ! same causes z ! heap ( :i* ,i h spok5 above4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ^! heaps exi/1 be+ compos$ ( blocks ( compact :ite second>y lime/one1 simil> to t :i* =ms ! walls ( ! cave1 ) %>p edges1 & pil$ ^u ea* o!r1 made me imag9e t !y might h fall5 f ! ro(4 ,z ,i return$1 ,i exam9$ ! ceil+ ( ! vaults ) att5tion4 ,z x 0 all cov]$ ov] ) /alactites1 ,i c\ld n discov] any fissure4 ,f ?is %ort excursion 9 ! ,adelsb]g cave1 ,i am induc$ to believe1 t ! bones exi/ along ! :ole ext5t ( ! cave1 & t !y occur 9 two diff]5t ways2 #a/1 scatt]$ 9 ! clayey mud :i* =ms ! floor ( ! *amb]s2 &1 #b;dly1 buri$ 9 heaps =m$ ( blocks ( :ite second>y compact lime/one1 & yell[ clayey mud4 ,! hypo!sis :i* ,m4 ,cuvi] admits z ! mo/ probable = expla9+ ! pres5ce ( ^! bones 9 ! caves1 is t :i* w\ld make ^! caves to h s]v$ z a retreat to c>nivor\s animals4 ,! pres5ce ( bones 9 ! clayey mud ( ! floor ( ! ,adelsb]g cave accords well ) ?is hypo!sis2 b ! case is diff]5t ) ^? :i* ,i f\nd 9 ! heaps ( lime/one blocks & clayey mud4 ,! bones are n at ! surface ( ! heap1 b r t[>ds its middle "p1 buri$ among ! blocks1 & cru%$ by !m4 ,f ?is position1 & ! height at :i* ! skeleton m5tion$ above occurs f ! floor ( ! cave1 x _c be suppos$ t x =m$ "p ( ! bones ) :i* ! bottom ( ! cave is /rew$1 nor t ! blocks _h fall5 ^u x4 ,! bones conta9$ 9 ! heap 9 "q mu/ h be5 br\ght into _! pres5t position at ! same "t1 & by ! same cause z ! lime/one blocks4 ,!y c\ld n1 !re=e1 h belong$ to animals :i* inhabit$ ^! caves1 & di$ !re peaceably4 ,if x be rem>k$1 t ^! blocks1 :i* are sometimes v l>ge1 heap$ up above "o ano!r1 & mix$ ) clayey mud1 h _! angles p]fectly fre%1 & are ( ! same nature z ! lime/one ( ! walls ( ! cave1 x _c be admitt$ t !y h be5 br\ght f a di/ance4 ,?is mode ( arrangem5t c\ld only h be5 produc$ by _! fall+ f ! ro( ( ! cave4 ,! foll[+ facts also give support to ?is op9ion4 ,9 ! cave ( ,gayl5reu?1 a fissure ( ! ?ird grotto1 0 ! means1 9 #aghd1 ( disclos+ a new "o1 fifte5 feet long & f\r broad1 :]e ! greate/ quantity ( hy5a or lion bones 7 f\nd4 ,! ap]ture 0 mu* too small = ^! animals to h pass$ ?r\gh x4 ,9 a cave discov]$ 9 #ahbd1 9 ! di/rict ( ,lan>k 9 ,upp] ,canada1 ,mr ,bigsby obs]v$1 t ! floor 0 cov]$ ) debris ( br[n granul> lime/one1 simil> to t ( ! walls1 & t ! bones especially =m$ a heap !re4 ,he ?9ks t ! animal1 ^: bones h be5 f\nd 9 ?is cave1 0 mu* too l>ge to h got into x alive or entire4--,silliman's ,j\rnal1 ,june #ahbe1 p4 #ced4 ,x mu/ !re=e be also admitt$ "h1 ei!r t ! bones c\ld only h got into ! cave 9 ! same mann] z ! heaps ( blocks f\nd 9 ! ,adelsb]g cave2 t is to say1 by fall+ f ! ro(1 or t ! ap]tures h be5 clos$ s9ce ! p]iod at :i* ! animals 7 buri$4 ,if x be n[ consid]$1 #a/1 ,t ! surface ( ! second>y lime/one m\nta9s ( ,c>niola is cov]$ ) a lay] ( r$di% clay2 &1 #b;dly1 ,t ! clayey mud ( ! heap 9 ! ,adelsb]g cave is m9]alogically ! same z t :i* =ms ! floor ( ! cave2 may x n be suppos$1 t ! same cata/rophe :i* produc$ ! heaps 9 ! cave may h1 at ! same "t1 introduc$ into x ! r$di% clayey mud ( ! surface1 :i*1 by ext5d+ itself ov] ! floor ( ! cave1 w\ld h contribut$ to cov] ! bones t 7 ly+ !re8 ,moreov]1 may x n h be5 ! case1 t1 aft] ! caves _h be5 inhabit$ by ! c>nivor\s animals1 ! sub/ances fall+ f above1 & com+ f ! surface ( ! soil1 may h c>ri$ along ) ! clayey mud & ! bones ( be>s1 ! spoils ( l>ge h]bivor\s animals1 :i* !y may h met )1 & :i* _c be suppos$ to h s\ght refuge 9 ^! caves dur+ life4 ,!re w1 no d\bt1 be object$ to me1 t op9ion :i* ma9ta9s1 t ! bones ( h]bivora h be5 dragg$ into ! caves by ! c>nivor\s animals4 ,?is might c]ta9ly h be5 ! case ) reg>d to small species1 b x is n probable t ! bones ( l>ge species c\ld h be5 introduc$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,admitt+ z c]ta91 at lea/ ) reg>d to ! ,adelsb]g cave1 t ! lime/one blocks & ! be> bones :i* accompany !m1 h fall5 f ! ceil+1 ! ph5om5on ( caves conta9+ bones w\ld connect itself pretty well ) t ( osse\s brecci 9 a geological po9t ( view4 ,z ,m4 ,cuvi] obs]ves1 8,! nature ( ! rocks :i* conta9s ! "o & ! o!r is n v diff]5t2 &1 besides1 ! fissures ( caves be+ g5]ally pretty wide1 ! bones w\ld n h /uck1 b w\ld h fall5 to ! bottom1 :ile ^? ( ! osse\s brecci be+ mu* n>r[]1 & n s deep1 w\ld h reta9$ ! bones at no great di/ance f ! surface ( ! soil40 ,?us1 f ! facts obs]v$ 9 ! caves ( ,g]many & ,engl&1 & f t ( ! ,adelsb]g cave1 :i* ,i h describ$ above1 we may conclude1 #a/1 ,t ! pres5ce ( bones 9 caves has be5 produc$ at two diff]5t p]iods1 :i*1 )\t d\bt1 h n be5 v di/ant f ea* o!r2 ! fir/1 t :5 ! animals inhabit$ ^! caves2 ! o!r1 t :5 !y _h be5 transport$ !re by a some:at g5]al cata/rophe2 #b;dly1 ,t ! second epo* 0 contemporane\s ) ! osse\s brecci1 & 0 produc$1 l !m1 by a ph5om5on or process ( fill+ up4 ,,tabul> ,,view ,,( ,! ,,g5]a ( ,,fossil ,,mammif]a1 ,,cetacea1 ,,aves1 ,,reptilia1 & ,,insecta1 exhibit+ _! ,geogno/ical ,numb] & ,di/ribution4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,g5]a :i* are f\nd ,numb] ( ,species4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,names ,,( ,,g5]a4,liv+,liv+1,fossil,9 !,9 !,9 !,9 !,9 ! only4 & 9 only4 ,/rata,/rata,/rata,liv+,fossil ! ante- ( !po/- ,/ate4,/ate4 ,fossil rior ,*alk4erior ,/ate4 to ! to ! ,*alk4 ,*alk4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,mammif]a4 ,ursus1 99 99 #d ,mu/ela1 99 99 #b ,canis1 99 99 #d ,hyna1 99 99 #a ,felis1 99 99 #b ,phoca1 99 99 #b ,didelphis1 99 99 #b ,ca/or1 99 99 #a ,arvicola1 99 99 #b ,lagomys1 99 99 #b ,lepus1 99 99 #b ,megalonyx1 99 99 #a ,mega!rium1 99 99 99 #a ,elephas1 99 99 ,ma/odon1 99 99 #f ,hippopotamus1 99 99 #d ,sus1 99 99 #a ,anoplo!rium1 99 99 #b ,xiphodon1 99 99 #a ,di*obunus1 99 99 #c ,an?raco!rium1 99 99 #b ,adapis1 99 99 #a ,*ropotamus1 99 99 #a ,rh9oc]os1 99 99 #d ,palo!rium1 99 99 #h ,lophiodon1 99 99 #e ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,g5]a :i* are f\nd ,numb] ( ,species4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,names ,,( ,,g5]a4,liv+,liv+1,fossil,9 !,9 !,9 !,9 !,9 ! only4 & 9 only4 ,/rata,/rata,/rata,liv+,fossil ! ante- ( !po/- ,/ate4,/ate4 ,fossil rior ,*alk4erior ,/ate4 to ! to ! ,*alk4 ,*alk4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,mammif]a47cont47 ,tapirus1 99 99 #a ,elasmo!rium1 99 99 #a ,equus1 99 99 #a ,mus1 99 99 #a ,c]vus1 99 99 #e ,bos1 99 99 #d ,myoxus1 99 99 #b 99 ,,cetacea4 ,manatus1 99 99 #a ,delph9us1 99 99 #d ,balna1 99 99 #c ,,aves47a7 ,/urnus1 99 99 #a ,pelecanus1 99 99 #a ,*>adrius1 99 #a ,,reptilia4 ,te/udo1 99 99 #f ,crocodilus1 99 99 #f ,plesiosaurus1 99 #a ,i*?yosaurus1 99 99 #d ,pt]odactylus1 99 99 99 #c ,rana1 99 99 #a ,mosasaurus1 99 99 #a ,salam&ra1 99 99 #a ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,g5]a :i* are f\nd ,numb] ( ,species4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,names ,,( ,,g5]a4,liv+,liv+1,fossil,9 !,9 !,9 !,9 !,9 ! only4 & 9 only4 ,/rata,/rata,/rata,liv+,fossil ! ante- ( !po/- ,/ate4,/ate4 ,fossil rior ,*alk4erior ,/ate4 to ! to ! ,*alk4 ,*alk4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,insecta4 ,silpha17b7 99 99 ,curculio17c7 99 99 ,scorpio17c7 99 99 ,musca17c7 99 99 ,blatta17c7 99 99 ,tipula17c7 99 99 ,aranea17c7 99 99 ,i*neumon17c7 99 99 ,libellula17d7 99 99 ,sc>abu17d7 99 99 ,scolop5dra17d7 99 99 ,papilio17d7 99 99 ,hem]obia17d7 99 99 ,c>abus17d7 99 99 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- 7a7 ,x is extremely difficult to make out ! g5]a ( ! ,birds1 ^: rema9s occur 9 a fossil /ate1 & !re are m ( !m ?an ^? m5tion$4 7b7 ,9 ! lignite2 ! numb] ( species _c be giv5 9 ! insects4 7c7 ,9 amb]4 7d7 ,9 ! fossil rocks1 accord+ to ! old au?ors4 ,,tabul> ,,view ,,( ,! ,,classes1 ,,ord]s1 or ,,families1 ( ,,animals1 occurr+ 9 a ,liv+ & ,fossil ,/ate1 ) _! ,geogno/ical ,di/ribution4 7,,"p #a ( #b7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,numb] ( ,g5]a :i* are f\nd ,,names ,,( ---------------------------------------- -- ,total ,,classes1 ,,ord]s1,9 !,liv+ ,9 ! ,9 ! ,9 ! ,9 ! numb] ,,or ,,families4 liv+ & ,fossil ,/rata ,/rata ,/rata ( /ate ,fossil4/ate ant]ior( !po/]ior,g5]a4 only4 only4 to ! ,*alk4 to ! ,*alk4 ,*alk4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,polyp>ia1 #bc #cj #eb #dg #ai #cf #aje ,/ell>id1 #d #b #d #d ,e*9id1 #b #f #c #g #h #e #aa ,annulosa1 #b #a #a #a #b #c ,s]pulacea1 #b #c #a #c #c #c #f ,cirrip$a1 #h #b #a #b #aj ,tubicol1 #a #c #b #e #f ,pholad>ia1 #b #b #b ,bivalve %ells1 #ah #fa #bd #dd #be #ea #ajc ,univalve %ells1 #cc #hg #bh #bg #af #ic #adh ,g5]a little #d #c #a #d kn[n1 ,cru/acea1 #ba #e #e #b #i #bh ,pisces1 #ed #f #aa #b #ee #fj ,mammif]a #bd #ab #cf #cf ,cetacea1 ,aves17a7 #c #c #c ,reptilia1 #d #d #c #b #d #h ,insecta1 #ad #ad #ad ,vegetabilia1 #ad #aj #ab #a #ae #bd ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- 7,,"p #b ( #b7 ----------------------------- ,numb] ( ,species ,,names ,,( ------------ ,,classes1 ,,ord]s1,9 !,9 ! ,,or ,,families4 liv+fossil /ate4/ate4 ---------------------------- ,polyp>ia1 #ebg #dad ,/ell>id1 #gf #d ,e*9id1 #ie #aab ,annulosa1 #ag #bi ,s]pulacea1 #cf #fi ,cirrip$a1 #ej #ag ,tubicol1 #aa #af ,pholad>ia1 #ab #d ,bivalve %ells1 #ajji #aajd ,univalve %ells1 #aide #aedd ,g5]a little #e kn[n1 ,cru/acea1 #ed ,pisces1 #ahc ,mammif]a #hi ,cetacea1 ,aves1 #c ,reptilia1 #bc ,insecta1 ,vegetabilia1 ---------------------------- 7a7 ,! fossil rema9s ( birds be+ v difficult to be recogniz$1 ! numb] ( g5]a 9 t /ate is und\btably mu* m consid]able4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,see ,note ,a1 at ! end ( ?is ,essay4 #b ,see ,note ,b4 #c ,! op9ion ma9ta9$ by "s geologi/s1 t c]ta9 /rata h be5 =m$ 9 ! incl9$ position 9 :i* !y are n[ f\nd1 admitt+ x true ) reg>d to "s p>ticul> /rata :i* might h be5 cry/alliz$1 z ,mr ,gre5\gh supposes1 l ! deposit :i* encru/s ! inside ( vessels1 9 :i* wat] conta9+ gypsum has be5 boil$1 _c at lea/ apply to ^? :i* conta9 %ells or roll$ /ones1 :i* c\ld n h wait$1 s susp5d$1 ! =mation ( ! cem5t by :i* !y 7 to be agglut9at$4 #d ,see ,note ,c4 #e ,! conjecture ( ! ,m>quis de la ,place1 t ! mat]ials ( :i* ! globe is compos$1 h p]haps exi/$ at fir/ 9 ! ela/ic =m1 & h successively assum$ a liquid consi/5ce on cool+1 & h at l5g? be5 solidifi$1 is well support$ by ! rec5t exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,mits*]li*1 :o has compos$1 ( all sorts ( sub/ances1 & cry/alliz$ by ! heat ( int5se furnaces1 sev]al ( ! m9]al species :i* ent] into ! composition ( primitive m\nta9s4--,note ,d4 #f ,! ,travels ( ,saussure & ,deluc pres5t a multitude ( facts ( ?is description4 ,^! geologi/s imag9$1 t !y c\ld only h be5 produc$ by enorm\s eruptions4 ,de ,bu* & ,es*] h rec5tly employ$ !mselves ^u ?is subject4 ,! memoir ( ! latt]1 ins]t$ 9 ! ,n\velle ,alp9a ( ,/e9mll]1 vol4 i4 pres5ts ! g5]al results 9 a rem>kable mann]4 ,! foll[+ is a compreh5sive view ( !m3 ,su* ( ^! blocks z are scatt]$ ov] ! l[ p>ts ( ,switz]l& & ,lomb>dy1 come f ! ,alps1 & h desc5d$ along _! valleys4 ,!y occur e :]e1 & ( all sizes1 up to #ej1jjj cubic feet1 ov] ! great ext5t ( c\ntry :i* sep>ates ! ,alps f ! ,jura m\nta9s2 & !y rise ^u ! sides ( ! latt] fac+ ! ,alps1 to a height ( #djjj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,!y are f\nd at ! surface1 or 9 ! sup]ficial lay]s ( debris1 b n 9 ! /rata ( s&/one1 molasse1 or conglom]ate1 :i* fill up almo/ e :]e ! int]val 9 "q4 ,!y are sometimes isolat$1 sometimes 9 heaps4 ,! height ( _! situation is n connect$ ) _! magnitude2 ! small] ones alone appe> sometimes a little worn1 b ! l>ge ones are n s at all4 ,^? :i* belong to ! bas9 ( ea* riv] are f\nd1 ^u exam9ation1 to be ( ! same nature z ! m\nta9s ( ! tops or sides ( ! high valleys 9 :i* ! tribut>y /reams ( ?is riv] take _! rise4 ,!y are already se5 9 ^! upp] valleys1 & are p>ticul>ly accumulat$ at ! places :i* are situat$ above "s ( ! contractions ( ^! valleys4 ,!y h pass$ ov] ! l[] hills1 :5 _! height has n be5 m ?an #djjj feet2 & !n !y are se5 ^u ! o!r side ( ! ridges1 9 ! cantons betwe5 ! ,alps & ,jura1 & ev5 ^u ! latt] itself4 ,x is opposite ! m\?s ( ! valleys ( ! ,alps t !y are se5 9 ! greate/ quantity1 & at ! greate/ heights2 ^? ( ! int]v5+ spaces h n be5 c>ri$ s high4 ,among ! *a9s ( ! ,jura m\nta9s1 :i* are m remote f ! ,alps1 !y are only f\nd 9 places :i* are opposite ! op5+s ( ! ne>] *a9s4 ,f ^! facts1 ! au?or draws ! conclusion1 t ! transportation ( ^! blocks has tak5 place at a p]iod subsequ5t to ! deposition ( ! s&/ones & conglom]ates1 & has p]haps be5 occasion$ by ! la/ ( ! revolutions :i* ! globe has exp]i5c$4 ,he comp>es ! transportation 9 "q to t :i* /ill takes place f ! ag5cy ( torr5ts2 b ! objections pres5t$ by ! consid]ation ( ! great size ( ! blocks1 & ! deep valleys ov] :i* !y mu/ h pass$1 appe> to u to militate greatly aga9/ ?is "p ( 8 hypo!sis4--,note ,e4 #g ,reg>d+ ! *anges ( ! surface ( ! e>?1 kn[n f hi/ory or tradition1 & consequ5tly dep5d5t on causes /ill 9 op]ation1 see ! ,g]man "w ( ,m4 de ,h(1 entitl$ 8,ges*i*te d] ,natrli*5 ,v]nd]ung5 d] ,erdob]fl*e10 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,go?4 #ahbb & #ahbd4 ,! facts conta9$ 9 x are collect$ ) equal c>e & erudition4 #h ,note ,f4 #i ,note ,g4 #aj ,voyage aux ,t]res ,au/rales1 t4 i4 p4 #afa4 #aa ,note ,h4 #ab ,x is a common op9ion 9 ,sw$51 t ! level ( ! sea is becom+ l[]1 & t _m places may ev5 be =d$ or pass$ dry-%od1 :i* 7 =m]ly impracticable4 ,em95t philosoph]s h adopt$ ?is popul> op9ion2 & ,m4 von ,bu* goes s f> z to suppose t ! :ole ( ,sw$5 is gradually ris+4 ,b x is s+ul>1 t no "o has made1 or at lea/ publi%$1 a s]ies ( accurate obs]vations1 calculat$ to confirm a fact t _h be5 ann\nc$ s long ago1 & :i* w\ld leave no d\bt ^u ! m9d1 if1 z ,l9nu ass]ts1 ?is diff]5ce ( level 7 s mu* z f\r or five feet ye>ly4 ,note ,i4 #ac ,mr ,/ev5son1 9 8 obs]vations ^u ! b$ ( ! ,g]man ,ocean & ,briti% ,*annel1 ma9ta9s t ! level ( ! sea is cont9ually ris+1 & has be5 v s5sibly elevat$ )9 ! la/ ?ree c5turies4 ,=tis ass]ts ! same ( "s p>ts ( ! ,adriatic sea4 ,b ! example ( ! ,temple ( ,s]apis1 ne> ,p\zzola1 proves t ! m>g9s ( t sea are1 9 _m places1 ( su* a nature z to be subject to local ris+s & fall+s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are ?\s&s ( quays1 roads1 & o!r works1 made along ! sea-side by ! ,romans1 f ,alex&ria to ,belgium1 ! relative level ( :i* has nev] v>i$4 ,note ,k4 #ad ,:5 ,i =m]ly m5tion$ ?is circum/ance ( ! sci5ce ( geology hav+ become ridicul\s1 ,i only express$ a fact1 to ! tru? ( :i* e day be>s witness2 b 9 ?is ,i did n pr(ess to give my own op9ion1 z "s respectable geologi/s seem to h believ$4 ,if _! mi/ake has aris5 f any ?+ equivocal 9 my expressions1 ,i "h apologize to !m4 #ae ,burnet1 ,telluris ,!oria ,sacra4 ,lond4 #afha4 #af ,woodw>d1 ,essay t[>ds ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,e>?4 ,lond4 #agjb4 #ag ,s*eu*z]1 ,mm4 de l',acad4 #agjh4 #ah ,:i/on1 ,new ,!ory ( ! ,e>?4 ,lond4 #agjh4 #ai ,leibnitz1 ,protoga4 ,act4 ,lips4 #afhc2 ,gott4 #agdi4 #bj ,telliam$4 ,am/]d4 #agdh4 #ba ,!orie de la ,t]re1 #agdi2 & ,epoques de la ,nature1 #agge4 #bb ,see ,la ,physique de ,rodig4 p4 #ajf1 ,leipsic1 #ahja2 & ,telliam$1 vol4 ii4 p4 #afi1 z well z a multitude ( new ,g]man works4 ,m4 de ,lam>ck has ( late ye>s develop$ ?is sy/em to a great ext5t1 9 ,france1 & support$ x ) mu* +5uity1 9 8 ,hydrogeologie & ,philosophie ,zoologique4 #bc ,m4 ,patr9 has %ewn mu* +5uity 9 support+ ^! fanta/ical ideas1 9 sev]al articles ( ! ,n\veau ,dictionnaire d',hi/oire ,naturelle4 #bd ,?is application ( pan!ism to geology may be be/ se5 9 ! works ( ,ok5 & ,/eff5s4 #be ,delam!rie1 9 8 8,gologie10 admits cry/allization z ! pr9cipal ag5t4 #bf ,hutton & ,playfair4--,illu/rations ( ! ,huttonian ,!ory ( ! ,e>?4 ,ed94 #ahjb4 #bg ,lamanon1--9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,j\rnal de ,physique1--aft] ,mi*aelis1 & sev]al o!rs4 #bh ,dolomieu1 9 ! ,j\rnal de ,physique4 #bi ,,mm4 de ,m>s*all1 9 _! ,rese>*es respect+ ! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! pres5t ord] ( ! ,_w4 ,giess51 #ahjb4 #cj ,b]tr&1--,p]iodical ,r5ewal ( ! ,t]re/rial ,cont95ts4 ,hamburgh1 #agii4 #ca ,my "w has1 9 fact1 prov$ h[ f> ?is inquiry 0 yet new :5 ,i comm5c$ x1 not)/&+ ! excell5t lab\rs ( ,camp]1 ,pallas1 ,blum5ba*1 ,m]k1 ,smm]+1 ,ros5mll]1 ,fis*]1 ,faujas1 ,home1 & o!r le>n$ m51 ^: works ,i h mo/ scrupul\sly cit$ 9 su* ( my *apt]s z _! rese>*es are connect$ )4 #cb ,?is is m p>ticul>ly notic$ 9 ! ,*apt] on ,elephants 9 ! fir/ volume ( ,pr(essor ,cuvi]'s ,re*]*es4 #cc ,see ! hi/ory ( ! ,rh9oc]os 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! second volume ( ,pr(essor ,cuvi]'s ,re*]*es4 #cd ,see ! *apt] on ! ,hippopotamus1 9 ! fir/ volume ( ,re*]*es4 #ce ,hi/4 ,anim4 ,lib4 ii4 cap4 #a4 #cf ,jul4 ,capitol41 ,gord4 iii4 cap4 #bc4 #cg ,antilope ,gnu1 ,gmel4 #ch ,pl9y1 ,lib4 viii4 cap4 #cb42 & lian1 ,lib4 vii4 cap4 #e4 #ci lian1 ,anim4 v4 #bg4 #dj ,pl9y1 lib4 viii4 cap4 #ae42 & lib4 xi4 cap4 #cg4 #da lian1 ,anim4 xiv4 #ad4 #db ,opp4 ,cyneg41 ii4 v4 #dde4 et seq4 #dc ,pl9y1 lib4 viii4 cap4 #ba4 #dd ,see ! great ,"w ^u ,egypt1 ,antiq4 iv4 pl4 #di42 & pl4 #ff4 #de lian1 ,anim4 xv4 #ad4 #df ,idem1 ,anim4 iii4 #cd4 #dg ,ari/4 ,hi/4 ,anim4 lib4 ii4 cap4 #e4 #dh lian1 ii4 #ec4 #di ,idem1 ii4 #bj4 #ej ,idem1 xv4 #bd4 #ea ,idem1 xv4 #bd4 #eb ,idem1 ,anim4 iii4 #c4 #ec ,idem1 iv4 #cb4 #ed ,?is is m p>ticul>ly expla9$ 9 ! *apt]s ^u ,de] & ,ox51 9 ! f\r? volume ( ,pr(essor ,cuvi]'s ,re*]*es4 #ee ,auro*s is ,bos ,urus1 ,l941 n ! ,urus ( ! anci5ts1 :i* latt] appe>s n[ to be ext9ct4 #ef ,buffon hav+ read 9 ,du ,f\ill\x a mutilat$ passage ( ,ga/on-,phbus1 ,c\nt de ,foix1 9 :i* t pr9ce describes ! *ase ( ! re9-de]1 imag9$ t1 9 ! "t ( ,ga/on1 ?is animal liv$ 9 ! ,pyr5ees2 & ! pr9t$ editions ( ,ga/on 7 s faulty1 t x 0 difficult to make out1 ) c]ta9ty1 :at ! au?or _h int5d$ to say2 b hav+ _h rec\rse to 8 orig9al manuscript1 :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y1 ,i h asc]ta9$ t x 0 9 ,xu$5 & ,n\rvgue1 7,sw$5 & ,norway71 t he relates hav+ se5 & hunt$ ! re9-de]4 #eg ,a!nis1 lib4 v4 #eh ,! only error committ$1 is t ( giv+ x a claw too mu* to ! h9d foot4 ,augu/us exhibit$ ?irty-six ( !m2 ,dion1 lib4 lv4 #ei ,c>acalla kill$ "o ( !m 9 ! ,circus2 ,dion1 lib4 lxxvii4 ,consult also ,gisb4 ,cup]i de ,eleph4 9 nummis obviis1 ex4 ii4 cap4 vii4 #fj ,see ,li*t5/e91 ,comm5t4 de ,simi>um quotquot vet]ibus innotu]unt =mis4 ,hamburgh1 #agia4 #fa ,! ,j]boa is impress$ ^u ! m$als ( ,cyr5e1 & indicat$ by ,ari/otle "u ! "n ( ,two-legg$ ,rat4 #fb ,pl94 viii4 #ca4 ,ari/4 lib4 ii4 cap4 #dj4 ,phot4 ,bibl41 ,art4 #gb2 ,ctes4 ,indic4 lian1 ,anim41 iv4 #ba4 #fc lian1 ,anim4 iv4 #bg4 #fd lian1 xvi4 #bj4 ,photius1 ,bibl41 art4 #gb4 ,ctes4 ,indic4 #fe ,see ,corneille ,lebrun1 ,voyage en ,muscovie1 en ,p]se et aux ,indes1 tom4 ii4 ,see also ! ,g]man "w by ,m4 ,he]51 on ! ,comm]ce ( ! ,anci5ts4 #ff ,photius1 ,bibl41 art4 #bej4 ,aga?>*id41 ,exc]pt4 hi/41 cap4 xxxix4 lian1 ,anim4 xvii4 #de4 ,pl94 viii4 #ba4 #fg ,i h ev5 se51 9 ! collection ( ! late ,mr ,addri5 ,camp]1 a skeleton ( a hy5a1 9 :i* sev]al ( ! v]tebr ( ! neck 7 an*ylos$4 ,x 0 probably f see+ "s simil> individual t ! "* 9 "q 0 attribut$ to all hy5as4 ,?is animal ought to be m subject ?an any o!r to su* an accid5t1 on acc\nt ( ! prodigi\s p[] ( ! muscles ( its neck1 & ! frequ5t use :i* x makes ( !m4 ,:5 ! hy5a has laid hold ( any ?+1 x is easi] to drag x along by x ?an to wre/ x f its jaws2 & x is ?is circum/ance :i* has caus$ ! ,arabs to consid] x z ! emblem ( inv9cible ob/9acy4 #fh ,x does n 9 reality *ange its sex1 b x has an orifice 9 ! p]9eum1 :i* might make x be suppos$ to be h]maphrodite4 #fi ,ari/4 ,anim4 ii4 #a4 iii4 #a4 ,pl94 xl4 #df4 #gj ,h]od4 iv4 #aib4 #ga ,oppian1 ,cyneg4 ii4 v]s4 #eea4 #gb ,pl94 viii4 #ec4 #gc ,philo/org4 iii4 #aa4 #gd ,pl94 viii4 #ba4 #ge ,onesicrit1 ap4 ,/rab4 lib4 xv4 lian1 xiii4 #db4 #gf ,pl94 viii4 #ca4 #gg ,b>r['s ,voyage to ! ,cape1 ,fr4 transl4 ii4 #agh4 #gh ,oppian1 ,cyneg1 lib4 ,,ii4 v4 #dfh4 & #dga4 #gi ,de ,anim4 lib4 xv4 cap4 #ad4 #hj lian1 ,anim4 iv4 #eb2 ,photius1 ,bibl4 p4 #aed4 #ha ,i d n int5d by ?is rem>k1 z ,i h already obs]v$ on a =m] occasion1 to detract f ! m]it ( ! obs]vations ( ,camp]1 ,pallas1 ,blum5ba*1 ,smm]+1 ,m]k1 ,faugas1 ,ros5mll]1 ,home1 c42 b _! excell5t works1 :i* h be5 v useful to me1 & :i* ,i quote ?r\gh\t1 are incomplete2 & sev]al ( ^! works h only be5 publi%$ s9ce ! fir/ editions ( ?is ,essay4 #hb ,see ,m4 ,fr$]ick ,cuvi]'s memoir ^u ! v>ieties ( dogs1 9 ! ,annales du ,museum d',hi/oire ,naturelle1 :i* he drew up at ! reque/ ( ,pr(essor ,cuvi]1 f a s]ies ( skeletons ( all ! v>ieties ( ! dog prep>$ 9 ! ,pr(essor's collection4 #hc ,! fir/ figure made ( x f nature is 9 ! ,description de la ,m5ag]ie1 a "w compos$ by ,m4 ,cuvi]4 ,x is se5 p]fectly repres5t$ 9 ! great "w on ,egypt4--,antiq4 t4 iv4 pl4 xlix4 #hd ,see ! ,j\rnal de ,m>seille et des ,b\*es-du-,rhne1 ( ! #bg? ,sept4 #be? ,oct4 & #a/ ,nov4 #ahbj4 #he ,i am confirm$ 9 ?is op9ion by ! sket*es transmitt$ to me by ,m4 ,cott>d1 "o ( ! ,pr(essors ( ! ,college ( ,m>seilles4 #hf ,^! skeletons1 m or less mutilat$1 are f\nd ne> ,port de ,m\le1 on ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ! ma9l& ( ,guadal\pe1 9 a k9d ( slope re/+ aga9/ ! /eep edges ( ! isl&4 ,?is slope is1 9 a great measure1 cov]$ by ! sea at high-wat]1 & is no?+ else ?an a tufa1 =m$1 & daily augm5t$1 by ! v small debris ( %ells & corals1 :i* ! waves deta* f ! rocks1 & ! accumulat$ mass ( :i* assumes a great degree ( cohesion 9 ! places t are mo/ frequ5tly left dry4 ,we f9d1 on exam9+ !m ) a l5s1 t sev]al ( ^! fragm5ts h ! same r$ t9t z a "p ( ! corals conta9$ 9 ! reefs ( ! isl&4 ,=mations ( ?is k9d are common 9 ! :ole ar*ipelago ( ! ,antilles1 :]e !y are kn[n to ! ,negroes "u ! "n ( ,maonne-bon-dieu4 ,_! augm5tation is proportion$ to ! viol5ce ( ! surge4 ,!y h ext5d$ ! pla9 ( ! ,cayes to ,/ ,dom+o1 ! situation ( :i* has "s resemblance to ! ,plage du ,m\le1 & !re are sometimes f\nd 9 x fragm5ts ( e>!n vessels1 & ( o!r articles ( human fabrication1 at a dep? ( tw5ty feet4 ,a ?\s& conjectures h be5 made1 & ev5 ev5ts imag9$1 to acc\nt = ^! skeletons ( ,guadal\pe4 ,b1 f all ! circum/ances ( ! case1 ,m4 ,moreau de ,jonns1 correspond5t ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 :o has be5 ^u ! spot1 & to :om ,i am indebt$ = ! above details1 ?9ks t !y are m]ely bodies ( p]sons t h p]i%$ by %ipwreck4 ,!y 7 discov]$ 9 #ahje by ,m4 ,manuel ,corts y ,campomans1 at t "t a g5]al (fic] 9 ! s]vice ( ! colony4 ,g5]al ,ern\f1 ! gov]nor1 caus$ "o to be extract$ ) mu* lab\r1 ( :i* ! head1 & almo/ ! :ole sup]ior extremities1 7 want+4 ,?is _h be5 deposit$ at ,guadal\pe1 9 ! expectation t ano!r & m complete specim5 w\ld be procur$1 9 ord] to s5d !m toge!r to ,p>is1 :5 ! isl& 0 tak5 by ! ,engli%4 ,admiral ,co*rane hav+ f\nd ?is skeleton at ! headqu>t]s1 s5t x to ! ,engli% ,admiralty1 :o pres5t$ x to ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x is /ill 9 t collection1 & ,m4 ,knig1 ,keep] ( ! ,m9]alogical ,dep>tm5t1 has describ$ x 9 ! ,phil4 ,trans4 ( #ahad1 & !re ,i saw x 9 #ahah4 ,m4 ,knig obs]ves1 t ! /one 9 :i* x is imb$d$1 has n be5 cut to its pres5t %ape1 b t x seems to h be5 simply ins]t$1 9 ! =m ( a di/9ct nodule1 into ! surr\nd+ mass4 ,! skeleton is s sup]ficial1 t its pres5ce mu/ h be5 p]ceiv$ by ! projection ( "s ( its bones4 ,!y /ill conta9 "s ( _! animal matt]1 & ! :ole ( _! phosphate ( lime4 ,! rock be+ entirely =m$ ( pieces ( corals1 & ( compact lime/one1 readily dissolves 9 nitric acid4 ,m4 ,knig has detect$ fragm5ts ( ,millepora m9iacea1 ( sev]al madrepores1 & ( %ells1 :i* he comp>es to ,helix acuta & ,turbo pica4 ,?is fossil skeleton is repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,i4 ,m rec5tly1 ,g5]al ,donzelot has caus$ ano!r ( ^! skeletons to be extract$1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,royal ,cab9et1 & ( :i* a figure is giv5 9 ,plate ,,ii4 ,x is a body :i* has ! knees b5t4 ,a small portion ( ! upp] jaw1 ! left half ( ! l[]1 ne>ly ! :ole ( "o side ( ! trunk & pelvis1 & a l>ge portion ( ! left upp] & l[] extremities1 are :at rema9 ( x4 ,! rock :i* conta9s x1 is evid5tly a trav]t91 9 :i* are imb$d$ %ells ( ! neighb\r+ sea1 & l&-%ells1 :i* are /ill f\nd alive 9 ! isl&1 namely1 ! ,bulimus guadalup5sis ( ,f]ussac4 #hg ,see ,m4 de ,s*lo!im's ,treatise on ,petrifactions1 ,go?a1 #ahbj1 p4 #eg2 & 8 ,lett] 9 ! ,isis ( #ahbj1 #h? ,numb]1 ,no4 #f4 ( ,supplem5t4 #hh ,x is p]haps prop] t ,i take notice ( ^? fragm5ts ( s&/one1 reg>d+ :i* "s noise 0 attempt$ to be made la/ ye> 7#ahbd71 & 9 :i* a man & a horse 7 alleg$ to h be5 f\nd petrifi$4 ,! m]e circum/ance ( its be+ a man & a horse1 ) _! fle% & sk91 t ^! fragm5ts mu/ h repres5t$1 might h enabl$ e "o to p]ceive t ! :ole 0 a m]e lusus natur1 & n a true petrifaction4--,note ,l4 #hi ,f\rcroy has giv5 an analysis ( !m 9 ! ,annales du ,museum1 vol4 x4 p4 #a4 #ij ,j\rnal de ,physique1 t4 xlii1 p4 #dj4 et seq4 #ia ,h]od4 ,eut]pe1 v4 & xxv4 #ib ,ari/4 ,meteor4 lib4 i4 cap4 #ad4 #ic ,demaillet1 ,description ( ,egypt1 p4 #ajb-c4 #id ,h]od4 ,eut]pe1 xiii4 #ie ,see ,m4 ,gir>d's ,obs]vations on ! valley ( ,egypt2 & on ! secul> increase ( ! soil :i* cov]s x1 9 ! great "w ^u ,egypt1 & ,mod4 ,mem4 t4 ii4 p4 #cdc4 ,on ?is subject we may fur!r obs]ve t ,dolomieu1 ,%aw1 & o!r respectable au?ors1 h e/imat$ ^! secul> elevations mu* high] ?an ,m4 ,gir>d4 ,x is to be lam5t$1 t n[h]e has x be5 tri$ to exam9e ! dep? ( ^! deposits ov] ! orig9al soil1 or ! natural rock4 #if ,see ,m4 ,=fait's ,memoir on ! lagunes ( ,v5ice1 ins]t$ 9 ! ,mm4 de la ,classe ,phys4 de l',in/itut1 t4 v4 p4 #bac4 #ig ,note ,m4 #ih ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! two la/ volumes ( 8 ,lett]s to ! ,que5 ( ,engl&4 #ii ,melpom4 lxxxvi4 #ajj ,ibid4 lvi4 #aja ,?is suppos$ dim9ution ( ! ,black ,sea & ,sea ( ,asoph1 has also be5 attribut$ to ! rupture ( ! ,bosphorus1 :i* _h tak5 place at ! pret5d$ p]iod ( ! deluge ( ,deucalion2 & yet1 9 ord] to e/abli% ! fact itself1 rec\rse is _h to successive dim9utions ( ! ext5t attribut$ to ^! seas by ,h]odotus1 ,/rabo1 & o!rs4 ,b x is v obvi\s1 t1 if ?is dim9ution _h aris5 f ! rupture ( ! ,bosphorus1 x w\ld necess>ily h be5 complet$ long be=e ! "t ( ,h]odotus1 & ev5 at ! p]iod at :i* ,deucalion is suppos$ to h liv$4 #ajb ,see ! ,geography ( ,h]odotus by ,m4 ,r5nel1 p4 #ef4 et seq42 & ! ,physical ,geography ( ! ,black ,sea1 c4 by ,m4 ,dureau de ,lamalle4 ,!re is only at pres5t ! small riv] ( ,kam5noipo/1 t c\ld repres5t ! ,g]rhus & ,hypacyris1 su* z !y are describ$ by ,h]odotus4 ,m4 ,dureau1 p4 #agj1 supposes ,h]odotus to h made ! ,bory/h5es & ,hypanis dis*>ge !mselves into ! ,palus ,motis2 b ,h]odotus 79 ,melpom4 liii47 only says t ^! two riv]s fall toge!r into ! same lake1 t is1 into ! ,liman1 z at ! pres5t day4 ,h]odotus does n c>ry ! ,g]rhus & ,hypacyris any f>!r4 #ajc ,= example1 ,m4 ,dureau de ,lamalle1 9 8 ,physical ,geography ( ! ,black ,sea1 quotes ,ari/otle 7,meteor4 lib4 i4 cap4 #ac47 z 8appris+ u1 t1 9 8 "t1 !re /ill exi/$ sev]al anci5t p]iods & p]ipli1 atte/+ t !re _h be5 a canal lead+ f ! ,caspian ,sea into ! ,palus ,motis40 ,n[1 ,ari/otle's words at ! place m5tion$ 7,duval's edition1 i4 #ede4 ,b47 are m]ely ^!3 8,f ! ,p>opamisus1 desc5d1 among o!r riv]s1 ! ,bactrus1 ! ,*oaspes1 & ! ,araxis1 f :i* ! ,tanais1 :i* is a bran* ( x1 takes its orig91 into ! ,palus ,motis40 ,:o does n see t ?is nons5se1 :i* is nei!r f\nd$ ^u p]ipli nor p]iods1 is no?+ else ?an ! /range idea ( ,alex&]'s soldi]s1 :o took ! ,jax>tes or ,tanais ( ! ,transoxian = ! ,don or ,tanais ( ,scy?ia8 ,arrian & ,pl9y di/+ui% ^! two riv]s f ea* o!r1 b ! di/9ction does n appe> to h be5 made 9 ! "t ( ,ari/otle4 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld su* geograph]s z ^! furni% u ) geological docum5ts8 #ajd ,see ! ,report ^u ! ,d[ns ( ! ,gulf ( ,gascony 7or ,bay ( ,biscay7 by ,m4 ,tass94--,mont4 de-,m>san1 an x4 #aje ,memoir on ! means ( fix+ ,d[ns1 by ,m4 ,bremonti]4 #ajf ,report ( ,m4 ,tass91 loc4 cit4 #ajg ,see ,m4 ,bremonti]'s ,memoir4 #ajh ,d5on1 ,voyage en ,egypte4 #aji ,we might cite 9 confirmation all ! travell]s :o h visit$ ! we/]n bord] ( ,egypt4 #aaj ,^! ph5om5a are v well treat$ ( 9 ,m4 ,deluc's ,lett]s to ! ,que5 ( ,engl&1 9 ! p>ts :]e he describes ! peat-mosses ( ,we/phalia2 & 9 8 ,lett]s to ,lame!rie1 ins]t$ 9 ! ,j\rnal de ,physique = #agia1 c4 z well z 9 ^? :i* he has address$ to ,blum5ba*4 ,we may ref] also to ! v int]e/+ details :i* are giv5 9 note ,f1 respect+ ! isl&s ( ! we/ coa/ ( ! ,du*y ( ,sleswick1 & ! mann] 9 :i* !y h be5 jo9$1 :e!r to "o ano!r1 or to ! cont95t1 by alluvial depositions & peat-mosses1 z well z respect+ ! irruptions ( ! sea :i* f "t to "t h de/roy$ or sep>at$ "s ( _! p>ts4 #aaa ,! p]iod ( ,cyrus1 ab\t #fej ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 #aab ,! p]iod ( ,n9us1 ab\t #bcdh ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 accord+ to ,ctesias1 & ^? :o h foll[$ him2 b only #abej1 accord+ to ,volney1 aft] ,h]odotus4 #aac ,h]odotus liv$ #ddj ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 #aad ,cadmus1 ,ph]ecydes1 ,ari/u ( ,proconnesus1 ,acusilaus1 ,hecatu ( ,miletum1 ,*>on ( ,lampsacus1 c4 ,see ,vossius1 ,hi/or4 ,grc4 lib4 i41 & especially 8 f\r? book4 #aae ,note ,n4 #aaf ,! ,septuag9t1 #ecde ye>s2 ! ,sam>itan text1 #dhfi2 ! ,hebrew text1 #dagd4 #aag ,!re is a diff]5ce ( sev]al ye>s among *ronologi/s ) respect to ea* ( ^! ev5ts2 b ^! migrations =m1 not)/&+1 ! peculi> & v rem>kable feature ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies be=e ! *ri/ian era4 ,?us1 accord+ to ! calculations ( ,uss]ius1 ,cecrops came f ,egypt to ,a!ns ab\t #aeef ye>s be=e ,*ri/2 ,deucalion settl$ on ,p>nassus ab\t #aedh2 ,cadmus arriv$ f ,ph5icia at ,!bes ab\t #adic2 ,danaus came to ,argos ab\t #adhe2 & ,d>danus e/abli%$ himself on ! ,hellespont ab\t #addi4 ,all ^! f\nd]s ( nations mu/ !re=e h be5 ne>ly contempor>y ) ,moses1 ^: migration took place 9 #adia4 ,consult fur!r1 reg>d+ ! syn*ronism ( ,moses1 ,danaus & ,cadmus1 ,diodorus1 lib4 xi2 9 ,photius1 p4 #aaeb4 #aah ,! g5ealogies ( ,apollodorus are g5]ally kn[n1 & t portion ( !m ^u :i* ,clavi] endeav\r$ to e/abli% a sort ( primitive hi/ory ( ,greece2 b1 :5 we become acqua9t$ ) ! g5ealogies ( ! ,arabs1 ^? ( ! ,t>t>s1 & all ^? :i* our old *ronicl+ monks inv5t$ = ! diff]5t sov]eigns ( ,europe1 & ev5 = individuals1 we readily compreh5d t ,greek writ]s mu/ h done = ! e>ly p]iods ( _! nation :at has be5 done = all ! o!r nations1 at p]iods :5 criticism _h n be5 us$ to ?r[ light ^u hi/ory4 #aai #ahef or #ahbc ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 or o!r dates /ill1 b always ab\t #cej ye>s be=e ! pr9cipal ,phnician or ,egyptian colonies4 #abj ,! common date ( ,ogyges1 accord+ to ,acusilaus1 foll[$ by ,eusebius1 is #agif ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 consequ5tly sev]al ye>s aft] ,ina*us4 #aba ,v>ro places ! deluge ( ,ogyges1 :i* he calls ! fir/ deluge1 #djj ye>s be=e ,ina*us1 & consequ5tly #afjj ye>s be=e ! fir/ ,olympiad4 ,?is w\ld ref] x to a p]iod ( #bcgf ye>s be=e ,*ri/2 & ! deluge ( ,noah1 accord+ to ! ,hebrew text1 is #bcdi1 !re be+ only #bg ye>s ( diff]5ce4 ,?is te/imony ( ,v>ro is m5tion$ by ,c5sor9us1 ,de ,die ,natali1 cap4 xxi4 ,9 reality1 ,c5sor9us wrote only #bch ye>s aft] ,*ri/2 &1 x appe>s1 f ,julius ,africanus1 ap4 ,euseb4 ,prp4 cv4 t ,acusilaus1 ! fir/ au?or :o plac$ a deluge 9 ! reign ( ,ogyges1 made ?is pr9ce cotempor>y ) ,phoronu1 :i* w\ld h br\ght him v ne> ! fir/ ,olympiad4 ,julius ,africanus makes only an int]val ( #ajbj ye>s betwe5 ! two epo*s2 & !re is ev5 a passage 9 ,c5sor9us con=mable to ?is op9ion4 ,"s also read erogitium 9 place ( ogygium1 9 ! passage ( ,v>ro1 :i* we h quot$ above f ,c5sor9us4 ,b :at w\ld ?is be b an ,erogitian ,cataclysm1 ( :i* nobody has ev] he>d8 #abb ,nei!r ,hom] nor ,hesiod knew any ?+ ( ! deluge ( ,deucalion1 any m ?an t ( ,ogyges4 ,! fir/ au?or1 ^: works are extant1 by :om m5tion is made ( ! =m]1 is ,p9d> 7,od4 ,olymp4 ix47 ,he speaks ( ,deucalion z l&+ ^u ,p>nassus1 e/abli%+ himself 9 ! city ( ,protog5e 7fir/ gr[? or bir?71 & re-creat+ 8 p f /ones2 9 a ^w1 he relates1 b conf9+ x to a s+le nation only1 ! fable aft]w>ds g5]aliz$ by ,ovid1 & appli$ to ! :ole human race4 ,! fir/ hi/orians :o wrote aft] ,p9d>1 namely1 ,h]odotus1 ,?ucydides1 & ,x5ophon1 make no m5tion ( any deluge1 :e!r ( ! "t ( ,ogyges1 or t ( ,deucalion1 al?\gh !y speak ( ! latt] z "o ( ! fir/ k+s ( ! ,hell5es4 ,plato1 9 8 ,timu1 says only a few words ( ! deluge1 z well z ( ,deucalion & ,pyrrha1 9 ord] to comm5ce ! recital ( ! great cata/rophe1 :i*1 accord+ to ! prie/s ( ,sais1 de/roy$ ! ,atlantis2 b1 9 ^! few words1 he speaks ( ! deluge 9 ! s+ul> numb]1 z if x _h be5 ! only "o4 ,he ev5 expressly m5tions f>!r on1 t ! ,greeks knew only "o4 ,he places ! "n ( ,deucalion imm$iately aft] t ( ,phoroneus1 ! fir/ ( ! human race1 )\t mak+ m5tion ( ,ogyges4 ,?us1 ) him1 x is /ill a g5]al ev5t1 a true univ]sal deluge1 & ! only "o :i* _h happ5$4 ,he reg>ds x1 !re=e1 z id5tical ) t ( ,ogyges4 ,ari/otle 7,meteor4 i4 #ad47 seems to be ! fir/ :o consid]$ ?is deluge only z a local inundation1 :i* he places ne> ,dodona & ! riv] ,a*el\s1 b ne> ! ,a*el\s & ,dodona ( ,!ssaly4 ,apollodorus 7,bibl4 i4 #g47 re/ores to ! deluge ( ,deucalion all its gr&eur & my?ological "*4 ,accord+ to him1 x took place at ! p]iod :5 ! age ( brass 0 pass+ into ! age ( iron4 ,deucalion is ! son ( ,titan ,prome!us1 ! fabricator ( man2 he =ms anew ! human race ( /ones2 & yet ,atlas1 8 uncle1 ,phoroneus1 :o liv$ be=e him1 & sev]al o!r p]sonages ant]ior to him1 pres]ve a l5g!n$ po/]ity4 ,9 proportion z we advance t[>d au?ors :o approa* ne>] our own times1 we f9d circum/ances ( detail add$1 :i* m resemble ^? relat$ by ,moses4 ,?us ,apollodorus gives ,deucalion a great *e/ z a means ( safety2 ,plut>* speaks ( ! pigeons by :i* he s\ght to f9d out :e!r ! wat]s _h retir$2 & ,lucian1 ( ! animals ( e k9d :i* he _h tak5 ) him1 c4 ,) reg>d to ! bl5d+ ( traditions & hypo!ses1 by :i* x has rec5tly be5 tri$ to inf] ! conclusion1 t ! rupture ( ! ,?racian ,bosphorus 0 ! cause ( ,deucalion's deluge1 & ev5 ( ! op5+ ( ! pill>s ( ,h]cules1 by mak+ ! wat]s ( ! ,eux9e ,sea dis*>ge !mselves into ! ,ar*ipelago1 suppos+ !m to h be5 mu* high] & m ext5d$ ?an !y h be5 s9ce t ev5t1 x is n necess>y = u to treat ( x 9 detail1 s9ce x has be5 det]m9$ by ! obs]vations ( ,m4 ,olivi]1 t if ! ,black ,sea _h be5 z high z x is imag9$ to h be51 x w\ld h f\nd sev]al passages = its wat]s1 by hills & pla9s less elevat$ ?an ! pres5t banks ( ! ,bosphorus2 & by ^? ( ! ,c\nt ,&reossy1 t _h x "o day fall5 sudd5ly 9 ! mann] ( a cascade by ?is new passage1 ! small quantity ( wat] t c\ld h fl[$ at once ?r\gh s n>r[ an ap]ture1 w\ld n only be diffus$ ov] ! imm5se ext5t ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 )\t occasion+ a tide ( a few fa?oms1 b t ! m]e natural incl9ation necess>y = ! fl[+ ( ! wat]s1 w\ld h r$uc$ to no?+ _! excess ( height above ! %ores ( ,attica4 ,see fur!r on ?is subject ! note t ,i h publi%$ at ! head ( ! ?ird volume ( ,ovid1 ( ,m4 ,lemaire's collection4 #abc ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 ,antiq4 ,rom4 lib4 i4 cap4 lxi4 #abd ,diodorus ,siculus1 lib4 v4 cap4 xlvii4 #abe ,/eph5 ( ,byzantium1 "u ! ^w ,iconium2--,z5odotus1 ,prov4 c5t4 vi4 ,no4 #aj42--;& ,suidas1 voce ,nannacus4 #abf ,lucian1 ,de ,de ,syr4 #abg ,arnobius1 ,contra ,gnt4 lib4 v4 p4 m4 #aeh1 ev5 speaks ( a rock 9 ,phrygia1 f :i* x 0 pret5d$ t ,deucalion & ,pyrrha _h tak5 _! /ones4 #abh ,?is mutual resemblance 9 _! in/itutions is c>ri$ to su* an ext5t z to make x v natural to suppose t ^! nations _h a common orig94 ,x %\ld n be =gott51 t _m anci5t au?ors ?\ght t ! ,egyptian in/itutions came f ,e?iopia2 & t ,syncellus1 p4 #aea4 says positively t ! ,e?iopians came f ! banks ( ! ,indus 9 ! "t ( ,k+ ,am5ophtis4 #abi ,see ,poli]4 ,my?ology ( ! ,h9doos1 vol4 i4 p4 #hi1 #ia4 #acj ,see ! elaborate ,memoir ( ,mr ,wil=t1 on ! *ronology ( ! k+s ( ,magadha1 & ! ,indian emp]ors1 & on ! epo*s ( ,vicramaditya or ,bik]madjit1 & ,salivahanna1 9 ! ,calcutta ,memoirs1 vol4 ix4 p4 #hb4 #hvo4 edit4 #aca ,see ,sir ,william ,jones on ! *ronology ( ! ,h9doos1 ,calcutta ,memoirs1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aaa4 ,see also ,wil=t on ! same subject1 ,ibid4 vol4 v4 p4 #bda4 & ! li/s :i* he gives 9 8 essay cit$ above1 vol4 ix4 p4 #aaf4 #acb ,wil=t1 ,calcutta ,mem4 #hvo4 vol4 ix4 p4 #acc4 #acc ,9 ! ,aye5-,acb]y1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ach1 ( ! ,engli% transl4 ,see also ,he]51 ,comm]ce ( ! ,anci5ts1 vol4 i4 "p ii4 p4 #cbi4 #acd ,see ,b5tley1 on ! ,a/ronomical ,sy/ems ( ! ,h9doos1 & _! ,connection ) ,hi/ory2 ,calcutta ,memoirs1 vol4 viii4 p4 #bdc4 ( ! #hvo edition4 #ace ,see ,mr ,colebrooke's ,memoir on ! ,v$as1 ,calcutta ,memoirs1 vol4 viii4 p4 #dic4 #hvo edition4 #acf ,mega/h5es apud ,/rabonem1 lib4 xv4 p4 #gji4 ,almel4 #acg ,! epo* :i* gave bir? to ! pres5t age1 ,caliyug 7! e>!n age17 #dibg ye>s be=e ! pres5t day1 or #cbjj ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,see ,leg5til1 ,voyage aux ,indes1 t4 i4 p4 #bec42--;,b5tley1 ,calcutta ,memoirs1 vol4 viii4 ( ! #hvo edition1 p4 #bab4 ,?is p]iod is only fifty-n9e ye>s f>!r back ?an ! deluge ( ,noah1 accord+ to ! ,sam>itan text4 #ach ,! p]son nam$ ,satyavrata plays ! same "p z ,noah1 by sav+ himself ) f\rte5 sa9ts4 ,see ,sir ,w4 ,jones1 ,calcutta ,memoirs1 vol4 i4 p4 #bcj4 #hvo edition2--also 9 ! ,bagvadam1 or ,bagavata1 translat$ by ,f\* d',obsonville1 p4 #bab4 #aci ,cala-,javana1 or1 9 common language1 ,cal-,yun1 to :om 8 p>tisans might h giv5 ! epi!t1 deva1 deo1 7dieu1 god71 hav+ attack$ ,*ri%na 7! ,indian ,apollo71 at ! head ( ! nor!rn nations 7! ,scy?ians1 ( :om 0 ,deucalion1 accord+ to ,lucian71 0 repuls$ by fire & wat]4 ,8 fa!r ,g>ga _h = "o ( 8 surnames ,prama!sa 7,prome!us72 &1 accord+ to ano!r leg5d1 he 0 dev\r$ by ! eagle ,g>uda4 ,^! p>ticul>s h be5 extract$ by ,mr ,wil=t 79 8 ,memoir ^u ,m\nt ,caucasus1 ,calcutta ,memoirs1 vol4 vi4 p4 #ejg1 #hvo edition71 f ! ,sanscrit drama1 entitl$ ,h>i-,vansa4 ,mr ,*>les ,ritt]1 9 8 ,ve/ibule ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,europe be=e ,h]odotus1 concludes t ! :ole fable ( ,deucalion 0 ( =eign orig91 & _h be5 br\ght into ,greece along ) ! o!r leg5ds ( t "p ( ! ,grecian wor%ip :i* _h come f ! nor?1 & :i* _h prec$$ ! ,egyptian & ,ph5ician colonies4 ,b if x be true t ! con/ellations ( ! ,indian sph]e h also names ( p]sons celebrat$ 9 ,greece1 t ,&rom$a & ,cepheus are repres5t$ "u ! names ( ,ant>madia & ,capiia1 c4 we %\ld p]haps be induc$ to draw1 ) ,mr ,wil=t1 a conclusion q ! rev]se4 ,un=tunately ! au!nticity ( ! docum5ts ref]r$ to by ?is writ] has be5 d\bt$ among ! le>n$4 #adj ,ab\t #djjj ye>s be=e ! pres5t "t4 ,see ,b5tley1 ,calcutta ,memoirs1 vol4 viii4 p4 #bbf4 ( ! #hvo edition1 ,note4 #ada ,see ,plato's ,timu & ,critias4 #adb ,eut]pe1 *ap4 xcix4 et seq4 #adc ,h]odotus ?\ght he _h discov]$ relations ( figure & col\r betwe5 ! ,col*ians & ,egyptians2 b x is inf9itely m probable t ^? d>k-col\r$ ,col*ians ( :i* he speaks1 7 an ,indian colony1 attract$ by ! comm]ce anci5tly e/abli%$ betwe5 ,india & ,europe1 by ! ,oxus1 ! ,caspian ,sea1 & ! ,phasis4 ,see ,ritt]1 ,ve/ibule ( ,anci5t ,hi/ory be=e ,h]odotus1 *ap4 i4 #add ,eut]pe1 *ap4 cxliii4 #ade ,ibid4 cxliv4 #adf ,eut]pe2 cxli4 #adg ,ibid4 clix41 & 9 ! f\r? ,book ( ! ,k+s1 *ap4 #ai1 or 9 ! second ( ! ,p>al4 *ap4 #cb4 #adh ,syncell4 p4 #dj4 #adi ,syncell4 p4 #ea4 #aej ,ibid4 p4 #ia4 et seq4 #aea ,diod4 ,sic4 lib4 i4 sect4 #b4 #aeb ,tacit4 ,annal4 lib4 ii4 cap4 #fj4 ,n4 ,b4--,accord+ to ! int]pretation giv5 by ,ammianus1 lib4 xvii4 cap4 #d41 ( ! hi]oglyphics on ! obelisk ( ,!bes1 :i* is at pres5t 9 ,rome 9 ! place ( ,/ ,john ( ,latran1 x appe>s t a ,rhame/es 0 /yl$1 aft] ! ea/]n mann]1 "l ( ! habitable e>?2 & t ! hi/ory told to ,g]manicus 0 only a comm5t>y on ?is inscription4 #aec ,pl9y1 lib4 xxxvi4 cap4 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa4 #aed ,t ( ,rame/es 9 ,ammian4 loc4 cit4 #aee ,/romat4 lib4 vi4 p4 #fcc4 #aef ,see ! 8,precis du ,sy/eme ,hi]oglyphique des ,anci5s ,egypti5s10 by ,m4 ,*ampollion ! y\ng]1 p4 #bde2 & 8 ,lett] to ! ,duke de ,blacas1 p4 #ae et seq4 #aeg ,?is important bas-relief is engrav$ 9 ! second volume ( ,m4 ,caillaud's ,voyage ,m]o1 ,plate xxxii4 #aeh ,syncell1 p4 #ei4 #aei ,canon1 p4 #cee4 #afj ,! :ole anci5t my?ology ( ! ,brahm9s has relation to ! pla9s or ! c\rse ( ! ,ganges1 :]e _! fir/ e/abli%m5ts 7 evid5tly =m$4 #afa ,! descriptions ( ! anci5t ,*aldean monum5ts h a /rong resemblance to :at we see ( ^? ( ! ,indians & ,egyptians2 b ^! monum5ts are n equally well pres]v$1 because !y 7 only built ( bricks dri$ 9 ! sun4 #afb ,clio1 cap4 xcv4 #afc ,clio1 cap4 vii4 #afd ,/eph5 ( ,byzantium1 at ! ^w ,*aldi4 #afe ,josephus1 7,contra ,app47 lib4 i4 cap4 xix4 #aff ,diod4 ,sic4 lib4 ii4 #afg ,josephus 7contra ,app47 lib4 i4 cap4 #f2 & ,/rabo1 lib4 xv4 p4 #fhg4 #afh ,see 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy ( ,belles ,lettres1 vol4 v4 ! memoir ( ,fr]et on ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,assyrians4 #afi ,/rabo1 lib4 xi4 p4 #ejg4 #agj ,syncellus1 p4 #ch & #ci4 #aga ,n4 ,b4--,x is v rem>kable t ,h]odotus does n m5tion hav+ se5 monum5ts ( ,seso/ris1 except 9 ,pale/9e1 & does n speak ( ^? ( ,ionia1 b ^u ! au?ority ( o!rs1 add+1 at ! same "t1 t ,seso/ris is n nam$ 9 ! inscriptions1 & t ^? :o _h se5 ^! monum5ts attribut$ !m to ,memnon4 ,see ,eut]pe1 *ap4 cvi4 #agb ,ju/91 lib4 i4 cap4 i4 ,vetleius ,pat]culus1 lib4 i4 cap4 #g4 #agc ,see ,moses ( ,*or5e1 ,hi/or4 ,arm5iac4 lib4 l4 cap4 i4 #agd ,see ! ,preface ( ! ,bro!rs ,:i/on1 reg>d+ ,moses ( ,*or5e1 p4 #d4 #age ,z5dave/a ( ,anquetil1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ced4 #agf ,maz\di1 ap4 ,sacy1 ,,ms4 ( ! ,royal ,libr>y1 vol4 viii4 p4 #afa4 #agg ,see ! preface to ! edition ( ,*\-k+1 by ,m4 de ,guignes4 #agh ,*\-k+1 ,fr5* translation1 p4 #i4 #agi ,see ! ,yu-kong1 or fir/ *apt] ( ! second "p ( ! ,*\-k+1 pp4 #dc-fj4 #ahj ,see ! excell5t & magnific5t "w ( ,m4 de ,humboldt ^u ! ,mexican monum5ts4 #aha ,gem9us1 :o 0 cotempor>y ) ,cic]o1 expla9s _! motives at l5g?4 ,see ,m4 ,halma's edition at ! end ( ! ,ptolome1 p4 #dc4 #ahb ,! :ole ( ?is sy/em is develop$ by ,c5sor9us1 ,de ,die ,natali1 cap4 xviii4 & xxi4 #ahc ,idel]4 ,hi/orical ,rese>*es reg>d+ ! ,a/ronomical ,obs]vations ( ! ,anci5ts4 ,m4 ,halma's translation1 at ! end ( 8 ,canon de ,ptolome1 p4 #cb4 et seq4 #ahd ,ba9bridge1 ,canicul4 #ahe ,petau1 ,v>4 ,dios4 lib4 v4 cap4 vi4 p4 #ajh4--;,also1 ,la ,nanze1 ,acad4 de ,bell4 ,lett4 t4 xiv4 p4 #cdf4 #ahf ,petau4 loc4 cit4 ,m4 ,idel] ass]ts t ?is concurr5ce ( ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius also took place 9 #bghb be=e ,*ri/4 7,hi/orical ,rese>*es 9 ,m4 ,halma's ,ptolome1 vol4 iv4 p4 #cg47 ,b ) reg>d to ! ,julian ye> #aeih aft] ,*ri/1 :i* is also ! la/ ( a great ye>1 ,petau & ,idel] diff] mu* f ea* o!r4 ,! latt] ref]s ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius to ! #bb;d ,july2 ! =m] to ! #ai? or #bj? ( ,augu/4 #ahg ,see1 9 ! great "w on ,egypt1 ,antiq4 ,memoirs1 vol4 #a4 p4 #hjc4 ! +5i\s ,memoir ( ,m4 ,f\ri]1 entitl$ ,re*]*es sur les ,sci5ces et le ,g\v]nem5t de l',egypte4 #ahh ,^! are ! words ( ! late ,m4 ,n\et1 ,a/ronom] to ! ,exp$ition to ,egypt4 ,see ,volney1 ,new ,inquiries reg>d+ ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 vol4 iii4 #ahi ,delambre1 ,abreg d',a/ronomie1 p4 #bag2 & 9 8 note ^u ! ,p>antaellons1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,a/ronomy ( ! ,middle ,age1 p4 lij4 #aij ,delambre1 ,report ^u ,m4 de ,p>avey's ,memoir reg>d+ ! ,sph]e1 9 ! #h? vol4 ( ! ,n\velles ,annales des ,voyages4 #aia ,idel]1 loc4 cit4 p4 #ch4 #aib ,see ,laplace1 ,sy/eme du ,monde1 #c;d edition1 p4 #ag2 & ! ,annuaire ( #ahah4 #aic ,see on ! ,inaccuracy ( ! ,det]m9ations ( ! ,sph]e ( ,eudoxus1 ,m4 ,delambre1 9 ! fir/ volume ( 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,a/ronomy ( ! ,anci5ts1 p4 #abj4 et seq4 #aid ,see ! ,prelim9>y ,disc\rse ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,a/ronomy ( ! ,middle ,age1 by ,m4 ,delambre1 p4 viii4 et seq4 #aie ,eut]pe1 *ap4 iv4 #aif ,diog4 ,la]t4 lib4 i4 9 ,?alet4 #aig ,saturnal4 lib4 i4 cap4 xv4 #aih ,bibl4 lib4 i4 p4 #df4 #aii ,geogr4 p4 #ahb4 #bjj ,see reg>d+ ! probable newness ( ?is p]iod ! excell5t diss]tation ( ,m4 ,biot1 9 8 ,rese>*es respect+ sev]al po9ts ( ! ,egyptian ,a/ronomy1 p4 #adh et seq4 #bja ,see ,m4 ,delambre1 ,hi/4 de l',a/ronomie1 vol4 i4 p4 #bab4 ,see also 8 analysis ( ,gem9us1 ibid4 p4 #baa4 ,comp>e ?is ) ,m4 ,idel]'s ,memoirs on ! ,a/ronomy ( ! ,*aldeans1 9 ! f\r? volume ( ,m4 ,halma's ,ptolemy1 p4 #aff4 #bjb ,see ,bailly1 ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,a/ronomy2 & ,m4 ,delambre1 9 8 "w on ! same subject1 vol4 i4 p4 #c4 #bjc ,see ,laplace1 ,expos du ,sy/eme du ,monde1 p4 #ccj2 & ! ,memoir ( ,mr ,davis1 on ! ,a/ronomical ,calculations ( ! ,indians4--,calcutta ,memoirs1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bbe1 #hvo4 edition4 #bjd ,see ,mr ,b5tley's ,memoirs on ! ,antiquity ( ! ,surya-,siddhanta1 ,calcutta ,memoirs1 vol4 vi4 p4 #edj2 & on ! ,a/ronomical ,sy/ems ( ! ,indians1 ibid41 vol4 viii4 p4 #aie4 ( ! #hvo edition4 #bje ,manuscript ,memoirs ( ,m4 de ,p>avey1 on ! sph]e ( ,upp] ,asia4 #bjf ,see ! pr(\nd essay on ! ,a/ronomy ( ! ,indians 9 ,m4 ,delambre's ,hi/oire de l',a/ronomie anci5ne1 vol4 i4 p4 #djj-eef4 #bjg ,see ! ,memoir ( ,sir ,william ,jones1 on ! ,antiquity ( ! ,indian ,zodiac1 ,calcutta ,memoirs1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bhi ( ! #hvo edition4 #bjh ,! foll[+ are ,mr ,wil=t's own words1 9 8 memoir on ! ,te/imonies ( ,anci5t ,h9doo ,books1 respect+ ,egypt & ! ,nile1 ,calcutta ,memoirs1 vol4 iii4 p4 #dcc ( ! #hvo edition3 --8,hav+ desir$ my pundit1 :o is a le>n$ a/ronom]1 to po9t out 9 ! heav5s ! con/ellation ( ,ant>mada1 he direct$ me imm$iately to ,&rom$a1 :i* ,i _h tak5 c>e n to %ew him z a con/ellation t ,i knew4 ,he aft]w>ds br\ght me a v r>e & curi\s book1 9 ,sanscrit1 9 :i* !re 0 a p>ticul> *apt] on ! ,upanac%atras1 or extra-zodiacal con/ellations1 ) figures ( ,capeya1 ( ,casyape1 seat$1 & hold+ a lotus-fl[] 9 h] h&2 ( ,ant>mada1 *a9$1 ) ! fi% ne> h]2 & ( ,p>asica1 hold+ ! head ( a mon/]1 :i* he _h kill$1 dropp+ blood1 & hav+ snakes = hair40 ,:o does n recognise 9 ?is1 ,p]seus1 ,cepheus1 & ,cassiope8 ,b we mu/ n =get t ?is pundit ( ,mr ,wil=t's has become mu* suspect$4 #bji ,*\-k+1 p4 #f & #g4 #baj ,idem1 p4 #ff4 et seq4 #baa ,see1 9 ! ,connaissance des ,temps ( #ahji1 p4 #chb1 & 9 ,m4 ,delambre's ,hi/oire de l',a/ronomie anci5ne1 vol4 i4 p4 #cia1 ! extract ( a memoir by ,p4 ,gaubil1 on ! ,obs]vations ( ! ,*9ese4 #bab ,?us at ,d5d]a1 ! anci5t ,t5tyris1 a city bel[ ,!bes1 9 ! portico ( ! great temple1 ! entrance ( :i* faces ! nor?1 !re are se5 on ! ceil+ ! signs ( ! zodiac m>*+ 9 two b&s1 "o ( :i* ext5ds along ! ea/]n side1 & ! o!r along ! opposite "o4 ,ea* ( ! b&s is embrac$ by ! figure ( a woman ( ! same l5g?1 ! feet ( :i* are t[>d ! entrance1 ! head & arms t[>d ! bottom ( ! portico2 ! feet are consequ5tly to ! nor?1 & ! heads to ! s\?4 7,great ,"w on ,egypt1 ,antiq4 vol4 ix4 pl4 #bj47 ,! ,lion is at ! head ( ! b& :i* is on ! we/]n side2 8 direction is t[>d ! nor?1 or t[>d ! feet ( ! figure ( ! woman1 & 8 feet are t[>d ! ea/]n wall4 ,! ,virg91 ! ,balance1 ! ,scorpion1 ! ,saggitt>y & ! ,capricorn1 foll[ m>*+ 9 ! same l9e4 ,! latt] is plac$ t[>d ! bottom ( ! portico1 & ne> ! h&s & head ( ! l>ge figure ( ! woman4 ,! signs ( ! ea/]n b& comm5ce at ! extremity :]e ^? ( ! o!r b& t]m9ate1 & are consequ5tly direct$ t[>d ! bottom ( ! portico1 or t[>d ! arms ( ! l>ge figure4 ,!y h ! feet t[>d ! lat]al wall ( _! own side1 & ! heads 9 ! contr>y direction to ^? ( ! opposite b&4 ,! ,aqu>ius m>*es fir/1 & is foll[$ by ! ,fi%es1 ! ,ram1 ! ,bull1 & ! ,tw9s4 ,! la/ ( ! s]ies1 :i* is ! ,crab1 or r ! ,sc>abu1 7= ?is insect is sub/itut$ = ! crab 9 ! zodiacs ( ,egypt71 is ?r[n to a side ^u ! legs ( ! l>ge figure4 ,9 ! place :i* x %\ld h occupi$ is a globe re/+ ^u ! summit ( a pyramid1 compos$ ( small triangles1 :i* repres5t a sort ( rays1 & be=e ! base ( :i* is a l>ge head ( a woman ) two small horns4 ,a second sc>abu is plac$ awry & cross-wise ^u ! fir/ b&1 9 ! angle :i* ! feet ( ! l>ge figure =m ) ! body1 & be=e ! space 9 :i* ! ,lion m>*es1 :i* is a little beh9d4 ,at ! o!r end ( ?is same b&1 ! ,capricorn is v ne> ! bottom1 or at ! arms ( ! l>ge figure2 &1 ^u ! left b&1 ! ,aqu>ius is sep>at$ to "s di/ance f x4 ,! ,capricorn1 h[ev]1 is n repeat$ l ! ,crab4 ,! division ( ?is zodiac1 f ! entrance1 is !re=e made betwe5 ! ,lion & ! ,canc]2 or if x be ?\ght t ! repetition ( ! ,sc>abu m>ks a division ( ! sign1 x takes place 9 ! ,crab itself2 b t ( ! l[] end is made betwe5 ! ,capricorn & ,aqu>ius4 ,9 "o ( ! inn] halls ( ! same temple1 !re 0 a circul> planisph]e inscrib$ 9 a squ>e1 ! same t has be5 br\ght to ,p>is by ,m4 ,lelorra91 & :i* is to be se5 at ! ,royal ,libr>y4 ,9 x1 also1 ! signs ( ! zodiac are obs]v$ among _m o!r figures :i* appe> to repres5t con/ellations4 7,great ,"w on ,egypt1 ,antiq4 vol4 iv4 pl4 #ba47 ,! ,lion corresponds to "o ( ! diagonals ( ! squ>e2 ! ,virg91 :i* foll[s1 corresponds to a p]p5dicul> l9e :i* is direct$ t[>d ! ea/2 ! o!r signs m>* 9 ! usual ord]1 till we come to ! ,crab1 :i*1 9 place ( complet+ ! *a91 by correspond+ to ! level ( ! ,lion1 is plac$ above x1 ne>] ! c5tre ( ! circle1 9 su* a mann] t ! signs are ^u a some:at spiral l9e4 ,?is ,crab1 or r ,sc>abu1 m>*es 9 a contr>y direction to ! o!r signs4 ,! ,tw9s correspond to ! nor?1 ! ,sagitt>y to ! s\?1 & ! ,fi%es to ! ea/1 b n v exactly4 ,at ! ea/]n side ( ?is planisph]e is a l>ge figure ( a woman1 ) ! head direct$ t[>d ! s\?1 & ! feet t[>d ! nor?1 l t ( ! portico4 ,"s d\bt might !re=e also be rais$ reg>d+ ! po9t at :i* ! s]ies ( ! signs ought to comm5ce4 ,accord+ z "o ( ! p]p5dicul>s or "o ( ! diagonals is tak51 or ! place :]e "o "p ( ! s]ies passes ov] ! o!r "p1 ! division w be judg$ to be at ! ,lion1 or betwe5 ! ,lion & ! ,crab2 or la/ly at ! ,tw9s4 ,at ,esne1 ! anci5t ,latopolis1 a city plac$ above ,!bes1 !re are zodiacs on ! ceil+s ( two diff]5t temples4 ,t ( ! great temple1 ! entrance ( :i* faces ! ea/1 is ^u two b&s1 :i* are contigu\s & p>allel to "o ano!r1 along ! s\? side ( ! ceil+4 ,! female figures :i* embrace !m are n plac$ 9 ! direction ( _! l5g?1 b 9 t ( _! bread?1 s t "o lies across ne> ! entrance1 or to ! ea/1 ! head & arms t[>d ! nor?1 & ! feet t[>d ! lat]al wall1 or t[>d ! s\?1 & ! o!r is 9 ! bottom ( ! portico1 equally across1 & look+ t[>d ! fir/4 ,! b& ne>e/ ! axis ( ! portico1 or ! nor?1 pres5ts fir/1 on ! side ( ! entrance1 or ea/1 & t[>d ! head ( ! female figure1 ! ,lion1 plac$ a little beh9d1 & m>*+ t[>d ! bottom1 ! feet direct$ t[>d ! lat]al wall4 ,beh9d ! ,lion1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! b&1 are two small] ,lions4 ,be=e x is ! ,sc>abu1 & !n ! ,tw9s m>*+ 9 ! same direction2 !n ! ,bull & ! ,ram1 & ! ,fi%es close to ea* o!r1 plac$ across ^u ! middle ( ! b&1 ! ,bull hav+ its head t[>d ! lat]al wall1 ! ram t[>d ! axis4 ,! ,aqu>ius is m di/ant1 & resumes ! same direction t[>d ! bottom z ! fir/ signs4 ,on ! b& ne>e/ ! lat]al wall & ! nor?1 we see fir/1 b at a consid]able di/ance f ! wall ( ! bottom1 or ! we/1 ! ,capricorn1 :i* m>*es 9 a contr>y direction to ! ,aqu>ius1 & is direct$ t[>d ! ea/1 or ! entrance ( ! portico1 hav+ ! feet turn$ t[>d ! lat]al wall4 ,close ^u x is ! ,sagitt>ius1 :i* ?us corresponds ) ! ,fi%es & ,ram4 ,x also m>*es t[>d ! entrance2 b its feet are turn$ t[>d ! axis1 & 9 a contr>y direction to ^? ( ! ,capricorn4 ,at a c]ta9 di/ance be=e1 & plac$ ne> "o ano!r1 are ! ,scorpion & a woman hold+ ! ,balance4 ,la/ly1 a little be=e1 b /ill at a consid]able di/ance f ! ant]ior or ea/]n extremity1 is ! ,virg9 :i* is prec$$ by a sph9x4 ,! ,virg9 & ! woman hold+ ! ,balance1 h also _! feet t[>d ! wall1 s t ! ,sagitt>y is ! only "o :i* is plac$ ) its head contr>y to ! o!r signs4 ,to ! nor? ( ,esne is a small isolat$ temple1 equally fac+ ! ea/1 & hav+ a zodiac also 9 its portico 7,great ,"w on ,egypt1 ,antiquities1 vol4 i4 ,plate #hg47 ,?is zodiac is ^u two lat]al & sep>at$ b&s4 ,t :i* ext5ds along ! s\? side comm5ces ) ! ,lion1 :i* m>*es t[>d ! bottom1 or t[>d ! we/1 ! feet turn$ t[>d ! wall1 or ! s\?4 ,x is prec$$ by ! ,sc>abu1 & ! latt] by ! ,gem9i1 m>*+ 9 ! same direction4 ,! ,bull1 on ! contr>y1 faces !m1 hav+ a direction t[>d ! ea/4 ,b ! ,ram & ! ,fi%es resume ! direction t[>d ! bottom1 or t[>d ! we/4 ,on ! b& ( ! nor? side1 ! ,aqu>ius is ne> ! bottom1 or ! we/1 m>*+ t[>ds ! entrance or ea/1 ! feet turn$ t[>d ! wall1 prec$$ by ! ,capricorn & ,sagitt>y1 bo? m>*+ 9 ! same direction4 ,! o!r signs are lo/2 b x is cle> t ! ,virg9 mu/ h m>*$ at ! head ( ?is b&1 on ! side next ! entrance4 ,among ! accessory figures ( ?is small zodiac1 mu/ be rem>k$ two w+$ ,rams plac$ across1 ! "o betwe5 ! ,bull & ! ,tw9s1 ! o!r betwe5 ! ,scorpion & ,sagitt>y1 & ea* ne>ly 9 ! middle ( its b&2 ! second1 h[ev]1 a little m advanc$ t[>d ! entrance4 ,x 0 at fir/ ?\ght1 t1 9 ! great zodiac ( ,esne1 ! division ( ! entrance took place betwe5 ! ,virg9 & ! ,lion1 & t ( ! bottom betwe5 ! ,fi%es & ! ,aqu>ius4 ,b ,mr ,hamilton1 & ,,mm4 de ,jollois & ,villi]s1 h suppos$1 t1 9 ! ,sph9x1 :i* prec$es ! ,virg91 !y f\nd a repetition ( ! ,lion1 analog\s to t ( ! ,canc] 9 ! great zodiac ( ,d5d]a2 s t1 accord+ to !m1 ! division w\ld be at ! ,lion4 ,9 fact1 )\t ?is explanation1 !re w\ld only be five signs on "o side1 :ile !re w\ld be sev5 on ! o!r4 ,) reg>d to ! small zodiac ( ! nor? ( ,esne1 x is n kn[n :e!r "s emblem analog\s to ?is ,sph9x may h occurr$ 9 x1 because ?is "p is de/roy$4--,see ,briti% ,review1 ,febru>y #ahag1 p4 #acf2 & ,critical ,lett] on ,zodiacomania1 p4 #cc4 #bac ,description ( ! ,pyramids ( ,ghiza1 by ,m4 ,grob]t1 p4 #aag4 #bad ,connaissance des ,temps = ! ye> xiv4 #bae ,obs]vations ^u ! zodiac ( ,d5d]a1 9 ! ,revue ,philosophique et ,litt]aire1 #ahjf1 p4 #beg1 et seq4 #baf gyptiaca1 p4 #bab4 #bag ,see 9 ! ,briti% ,review ( ,febru>y #ahag1 p4 #ac4 et seq4 ! article ,no4 vi4 ^u ! orig9 & antiquity ( ! zodiac4 ,x is translat$ at ! end ( ,sw>tz's ,critical ,lett] ^u ! ,zodiacomania4 #bah ,see ,m4 ,n\et's ,memoir 9 ,volney's ,new ,inquiries reg>d+ ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cbh-ccf4 #bai ,erato/h5es has made b "o con/ellation ( ! ,scorpion & ,talons4 ,he indicates ! comm5cem5t ( ! latt] )\t its t]m9ation2 & z he gives #ahbc ye>s to ,scorpio1 prop]ly s call$1 !re rema9 #ajhi = ! o!r1 on ! supposition t !re is n an empty space betwe5 ^! two con/ellations4 #bbj ,see ! great "w on ,egypt4 ,antiq4 ,mem4 vol4 i4 p4 #dhf4 #bba ,rhode4 ,essay ^u ! ,age ( ! ,zodiac1 & ! ,orig9 ( ! ,con/ellations1 9 ,g]man4 ,breslau1 #ahji1 p4 #gh4 #bbb ,accord+ to ! tables ( ,m4 ,delambre's note above1 ! sol/ice has rema9$ #cdgd1 or at lea/ #ccjg ye>s1 9 ! con/ellation ( virgo1 ! "o :i* occupies ! greate/ space 9 ! zodiac1 & #bfag 9 t ( ! ,lion4 #bbc ,translation ( ,h]odotus by ,l>*]1 vol4 ii4 p4 #egj4 #bbd ,see ! ,diss]tation ( ! ,abb ,dom9ique ,te/a1 ,sopra due ,zodiaci novellam5te scop]te nell' ,egitto1 ,rome1 #ahjb1 p4 #cd4 #bbe ,delambre4 ,note at ! end ( ! ,report on ! ,memoir ( ,m4 de ,p>avey4 ,?is report is pr9t$ 9 ! ,n\velles ,annales des ,voyages1 vol4 viii4 #bbf ,see ! "w ( ,m4 ,biot1 entitl$1 ,re*]*es sur plusieurs po9ts de l',a/ronomie ,egypti5ne1 appliques aux monum5s a/ronomiques tr\vs en ,egypte2 ,p>is1 #ahbc1 #hvo4 #bbg ,letronne4 ,rese>*es into ! hi/ory ( ,egypt dur+ ! dom9ation ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 p4 #ahj4 #bbh ,id4 ibid4 p4 xxxviij4 #bbi ,letronne4 ,ibid4 p4 #def1 & #deg4 #bcj ,letronne4 ,critical & ,ar*ological ,obs]vations ^u ! object ( ! zodiacal repres5tations :i* rema9 to u ( antiquity1 occasion$ by an ,egyptian zodiac pa9t$ 9 a mummy case1 :i* be>s a ,greek inscription ( ! "t ( ,trajan2 ,p>is1 #ahbd1 #hvo1 p4 #cj4 #bca ,idem1 p4 #dh1 & #di4 #bcb ,v>ro1 de ,l+4 ,lat4 lib4 vi4 ,signa1 quod aliquid signific5t1 ut libra qu9octium2 ,macrob4 ,sat4 lib4 i4 cap4 xxi4 ,capricornus ab inf]nis p>tibus ad sup]as solem r$uc5s ,capr naturam videtur imit>i4 #bcc ,see ! ,memoir on ! ,orig9 ( ! ,con/ellations1 9 ,dupuis's ,orig9e des ,cultes1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cbd4 et seq4 #bcd ,id4 ibid4 p4 #bfg4 #bce ,dupuis himself sugge/s ?is second hypo!sis4 ,ibid4 p4 #cdj4 #bcf gyptiaca1 p4 #bae4 #bcg ,see 9 ! ,great ,"w on ,egypt1 ,antiq4 ,mem4 vol4 i41 ! memoir ( ,m4 ,remi ,raige ^u ! nom9al & orig9al zodiac ( ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,see also ! table ( ! ,greek1 ,roman1 & ,alex&rian mon?s1 9 ,m4 ,halma's ,ptolemy1 vol4 iii4 #bch ,see ! ,hi/orical ,rese>*es reg>d+ ! ,a/ronomical ,obs]vations ( ! anci5ts1 by ,m4 ,idel]1 a translation ( :i* has be5 ins]t$ by ,m4 ,halma 9 ! ?ird volume ( 8 ,ptolemy3 & especially ,m4 ,fr]et's memoir on ! op9ion ( ,lanauze1 relative to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,alex&rian ye>1 9 ! memoirs ( ! ,academy ( ,belles ,lettres1 vol4 xvi4 p4 #cjh4 #bci ,see ! ,memoir ( ,sir ,william ,jones on ! ,antiquity ( ! ,indian ,zodiac4 ,calcutta ,memoirs1 vol4 ii4 #bdj ,see ! ,zodiac expla9$1 or ,rese>*es reg>d+ ! ,orig9 & ,signification ( ! ,con/ellations ( ! ,greek ,sph]e1 translat$ f ! ,sw$i% ( ,m4 ,sw>tz2 ,p>is1 #ahji4 #bda ,saturnalia1 lib4 i4 cap4 xxi4 sub4 f94 ,nec solus ,leo1 s$ signa quoque univ]sa zodiaci ad naturam solis jure ref]untur1 c4 ,x is only 9 ! explanation ( ! ,lion & ,capricorn1 t he has rec\rse to "s ph5om5on relative to ! seasons2 ! ,canc] itself is expla9$ 9 a g5]al po9t ( view1 & ) ref]5ce to ! obliquity ( ! sun's m>*4 #bdb ,see ! ,memoir ( ,m4 ,guignes on ! ,zodiacs ( ! ,ea/]n ,nations1 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy ( ,belles ,lettres1 vol4 xlvii4 #bdc ,see ,m4 de ,=tia d',urban's ,hi/ory ( ,*9a be=e ! ,deluge ( ,ogyges1 p4 #cc4 #bdd ,copies h be5 pr9t$ sep>ately1 "u ! title ( ,description ,geologique des ,environs de ,p>is1 p> ,,mm4 ,g4 ,cuvi] et ,al4 ,brongni>t4 ,second edition4 ,p>is1 #ahbb1 #dto4 #bde ,see ,pr(essor ,buckl&'s "w1 entitl$ ,reliqui ,diluvian4 ,lond4 #ahbc1 #dto1 p4 #ahe et seq42 & ! article ,eau1 by ,m4 ,brongni>t1 9 ! #ad? volume ( ! ,dictionnaire des ,sci5ces ,naturelles4 #bdf ,a full view ( ! arrangem5t ( rocks is giv5 9 note ,o4 #bdg ,see my 8,re*]*es sur les ,ossem5s ,fossiles10 t4 v4 "p ii4 p4 #cjj4 #bdh ,id4 vol4 v4 "p ii4 p4 #cee & #ebe4 #bdi ,see my 8,re*]*es10 vol4 v4 "p ii4 p4 #ddg4 #bej ,rese>*es1 c4 vol4 v4 "p ii4 p4 #dge1 et seq4 #bea ,rese>*es1 vol4 v4 "p ii4 p4 #dhe & #dhf4 #beb ,rese>*es1 vol4 v4 "p ii4 p4 #adc4 #bec ,rese>*es1 vol4 v4 "p ii4 p4 #abg4 #bed ,we expect a full] k ( x f ,m4 ,conybe>e's rese>*es4 #bee ,rese>*es1 vol4 v4 "p ii4 p4 #cdc4 #bef ,ibid4 p4 #abj4 #beg ,rese>*es1 vol4 v4 "p ii4 p4 #ceh4 et seq4 #beh ,ibid4 p4 #cgf4 #bei ,ibid4 p4 #chj4 #bfj ,rese>*es1 vol4 v4 "p ii4 p4 #bbe4 #bfa ,rese>*es1 vol4 v4 "p ii4 p4 #afa1 #bcb1 & #cej4 #bfb ,rese>*es1 vol4 v4 "p iv4 p4 #caj1 et seq4 #bfc ,ibid4 p4 #afc4 #bfd ,ibid4 p4 #caf4 #bfe ,p4 #cag4 #bff ,rese>*es1 vol4 v4 "p ii4 p4 #bff4 #bfg ,id4 vol4 v4 "p i4 p4 #bcd2 & "p ii4 p4 #eba4 #bfh ,see my ,rese>*es1 9 ! :ole ( vol4 iii41 & especially p4 #bej2 & vol4 v4 "p ii4 p4 #eje4 #bfi ,ibid4 vol4 v4 "p ii4 p4 #eje4 #bgj ,rese>*es1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bed2 & vol4 iv4 p4 #dih4 & #dii4 #bga ,ibid4 vol4 iii4 p4 #beh4 #bgb ,ibid4 vol4 v4 "p ii4 p4 #eje4 #bgc ,see my ,rese>*es1 vol4 ii4 "p i4 p4 #agg & #bah2 vol4 iii4 p4 #cid2 & vol4 iv4 p4 #dih4 #bgd ,reg>d+ ! ,anaplo!ria1 see ! :ole ( ! #c;d volume ( my 8,rese>*es10 & p>ticul>ly p4 #bej & #cif4 #bge 8,rese>*es10 vol4 iii4 p4 #cih & #djd2 vol4 iv4 p4 #eja2 vol4 v4 "p ii4 p4 #ejf4 #bgf 8,rese>*es10 vol4 iii4 p4 #bfj4 #bgg ,id4 vol4 iii4 p4 #bfe4 #bgh 8,rese>*es10 vol4 iv4 p4 #ajc4 #bgi ,i am indebt$ = ! k ( ?is animal to ! ,c\nt de ,b\rnon2 & z ,i h n describ$ x 9 my great "w1 ,i h giv5 a figure ( x "h4 ,see ,plate ,,ii4 figs4 #a & #b4 #bhj 8,rese>*es10 vol4 iii4 p4 #bfg4 #bha ,id4 vol4 iii4 p4 #bfi4 #bhb ,id4 vol4 iii4 p4 #bgb4 #bhc ,id4 vol4 iii4 p4 #bhd4 #bhd ,id4 vol4 iii4 p4 #big & #cjj4 #bhe ,id4 vol4 v4 "p ii4 p4 #ejf4 #bhf 8,rese>*es10 vol4 iii4 p4 #cjd et seq4 #bhg ,id4 vol4 v4 "p ii4 p4 #aff4 #bhh ,id4 vol4 iii4 p4 #cce2 vol4 v4 "p ii4 p4 #aff4 #bhi ,id4 vol4 iii4 p4 #bcc4 #bij ,id4 vol4 v4 p4 #bcb4 #bia ,id4 vol4 iii4 p4 #cbi2 vol4 v4 "p ii4 p4 #bbb4 #bib 8,rese>*es10 vol4 v4 "p ii4 p4 #bbc & #bbg4 #bic ,id4 vol4 iii4 p4 #cch4 #bid ,see my 8,rese>*es10 vol4 iii4 p4 #cea4 et seq4 #bie ,id4 vol4 v4 "p i4 p4 #cji4 #bif ,id4 p4 #cij4 #big 8,rese>*es10 vol4 v4 "p i4 p4 #cic4 #bih ,id4 vol4 v4 "p i4 p4 #ceb4 & #ceg4 #bii 8,rese>*es10 vol4 i4 p4 #ge1 #aie & #cce2 vol4 iii4 p4 #cga & #dje2 vol4 iv4 p4 #dia4 #cjj 8,rese>*es10 vol4 i4 p4 #bej1 #bfe & #cce2 vol4 iv4 p4 #dic4 #cja ,id4 vol4 i4 p4 #bjf1 #bdi2 vol4 iii4 p4 #cgf4 #cjb 8,rese>*es10 vol1 i4 p4 #cjd1 #cbb2 vol1 iii4 p4 #chj2 vol4 iv4 p4 #dic4 #cjc ,id4 vol4 ii4 "p i4 p4 #fd2 & vol4 iv4 p4 #dif4 #cjd 8,rese>*es10 vol4 ii4 "p i4 p4 #hi4 vol4 iii42 p4 #cij2 & vol4 v4 "p ii4 p4 #ej4 #cje ,id4 vol4 iii4 p4 #che4 #cjf ,id4 vol4 ii4 "p i4 p4 #ga4 #cjg ,id4 vol4 ii4 "p i4 p4 #hi4 #cjh ,see my 8,rese>*es10 vol4 "p i4 p4 #hi4 #cji ,id4 p4 #ie4 #caj ,id4 p4 #aji4 #caa ,see my 8,rese>*es10 vol4 iv4 p4 #gj4 #cab 8,rese>*es10 vol4 iv4 p4 #afh-bbe4 #cac ,id4 p4 #hi4 #cad ,see my 8,rese>*es10 vol4 iv4 p4 #id4 #cae ,id4 vol4 iv4 p4 #ih4 #caf ,id4 vol4 iv4 p4 #adh2 & vol4 v4 "p ii4 p4 #eji4 #cag ,id4 vol4 iv4 p4 #aej2 vol4 v4 "p ii4 p4 #eaj4 #cah ,id4 vol4 iv4 p4 #aec4 #cai ,id4 vol4 iv4 p4 #aii-bjd4 #cbj ,id4 vol4 iv4 p4 #agd1 #agg1 #aif2 vol4 v4 "p i4 p4 #ee4 #cba ,see my 8,rese>*es10 vol4 iv4 p4 #agh1 #bjb1 & #bjf2 vol4 v4 "p i4 p4 #ed4 #cbb ,id4 vol4 v4 "p i4 p4 #ee4 #cbc ,id4 vol4 iv4 p4 #bjf4 #cbd ,id4 vol4 v4 "p ii4 #eag4 #cbe ,id4 "p i4 p4 #ei4 #cbf ,id4 p4 #agd2 & "p ii4 p4 #eai4 #cbg ,see my 8,rese>*es10 vol4 v4 "p i4 p4 #afj4 #cbh ,id4 vol4 v4 p4 #aic4 #cbi ,id4 vol4 iv4 p4 #aic4 #ccj ,see my 8,rese>*es10 vol4 iv4 p4 #cea4 #cca ,id4 vol4 iv4 p4 #cef & #ceg4 #ccb ,id4 vol4 iv4 p4 #cib1 & #ejg4 #ccc ,id4 vol4 iv4 p4 #deb4 #ccd ,id4 vol4 iv4 p4 #deh4 #cce ,id4 vol4 iv4 p4 #dfa4 #ccf ,id4 vol4 iv4 p4 #dge4 #ccg ,id4 vol4 iv4 p4 #dfg4 #cch ,see my 8,rese>*es10 vol4 iv4 p4 #cgh & #ejg2 & vol4 v4 "p ii4 p4 #eaf4 #cci ,see ,mr ,buckl&'s excell5t "w1 entitl$ ,reliqui ,diluvian4 #cdj ,see 9 ! ,reliqui ,diluvian ( ,mr ,buckl& ! acc\nt ( ! skeleton ( a woman f\nd 9 ! cave ( ,pavyl&2 & 9 my ,rese>*es1 vol4 iv4 p4 #aic1 t ( a fragm5t ( a jaw1 f\nd 9 ! osse\s brecci ( ,nice4 ,m4 de ,s*lo!im collect$ human bones 9 fissures at ,k/ritz1 :]e !re are also bones ( rh9oc]oses2 b he himself expresses 8 d\bts reg>d+ ! epo* at :i* !y 7 deposit$4 #cda ,h]odotus1 i4 #b4 #cdb lian1 lib4 ii4 cap4 #ce & #ch4 #cdc ,id4 lib4 i4 cap4 #ch4 #cdd ,bruce1 ,fr5* translation1 #hvo4 vol4 viii1 p4 #bfd2 & ,atlas1 pl4 xxxv41 "u ! "n ( ,ab\hanns4 #cde ,description d'un ,ibis blanc et de deux cicognes1 ,academie des ,sci5ces de ,p>is1 t4 iii1 pl4 iii4 p4 #fa4 ( ! #dto edition ( #agcd1 pl4 xiii4 fig4 #a4 ,! beak is repres5t$ z truncat$ at ! end1 b ?is is a fault ( ! engrav]4 #cdf ,num5ius sordide albo-rufesc5s1 capite ant]iore nudo rubro1 lat]ibus rubro purpureo et c>neo colore maculatis1 remigibus majoribus nigris1 rectricibus sordide albo rufesc5tibus1 ro/ro 9 exortu dilute luteo1 9 extremitate aurantio1 p$ibus griseis4 ,ibis c&ida1 ,brisson1 ,orni?ologia1 t4 v4 p4 #cdi4 #cdg ,plan*es ,enlum9es1 ,no4 #chi2 ,hi/oire des ,oiseaux1 t4 viii4 #dto4 p4 #ad4 pl4 #a4 ,?is la/ figure is a copy ( t ( ,p]ault1 ) ! same fault4 #cdh ,h&bu* d] ,naturges*i*te1 p4 #bjc4 ( ! edition ( #agii2 b 9 ! edition ( #ahjg he has re/or$ ! "n ( ,ibis to ! bird to :i* x belongs4 #cdi ,philosophical ,transactions = #agid4 #cej ,folio edition1 ,ox=d #agdf1 pl4 v4 & pages #fd-ff4 #cea ,hasselqui/1 ,it] ,pale/9um1 p4 #bdi4 ,magnitudo gall91 seu cornicis2 &1 p4 #bej4 vasa qu 9 sepul*ris inv5iuntur1 cum avibus conditis1 hujus sunt magnitud9is4 #ceb ,we h def9itively e/abli%$ ?is g5us 9 our 8,regne ,animal10 t4 i4 p4 #dhc1 & x appe>s to h be5 adopt$ by naturali/s4 #cec ,bruce1 loc4 cit42 & ,savigny1 8,mem4 sur l',ibis10 p4 #ab4 #ced lian1 lib4 ii4 cap4 #ch4 #cee 1 1 1 4 ,l>*]1 9 8 ,fr5* translation ( ,h]odotus1 has prop]ly und]/ood ! diff]5ce ( ! words 1 ! nape1 & or ! ?roat4 #cef lian1 lib4 v4 cap4 #bi4 #ceg lian1 lib4 ii4 cap4 xxxv2--,plut4 ,de ,sol]t4 ,an42 ,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 lib4 ii42--,phil4 de ,anim4 prop4 #af4 c4 #ceh ,de ,m$4 gypt4 lib4 i4 fol4 i4 v]s4 ,p>is ,edition1 #afdf4 #cei ,r]4 gypt4 lib4 iv4 cap4 i4 t4 i4 p4 #aii ( ! ,leyd5 ,edition4 #cfj ,see ! ,fr5* ,translation1 vol4 ii4 p4 #afg4 #cfa ,description de l',egypte1 "p ii4 p4 #bc4 #cfb ,antiq4 ,monum4 ,pl4 x4 p4 #abi4 #cfc ,hi/4 ,anim4 lib4 ix4 cap4 xxvii4 & lib4 x4 cap4 xxx4 #cfd ,buffon1 ,hi/oire ,naturelle des ,oiseaux1 #dto1 vol4 viii4 p4 #ag4 #cfe ,belon1 ,nature des ,oiseaux1 p4 #aei & #bjj2 & ,portraits d',oiseaux1 folio #dd1 v]s4 #cff ,obs]vations de plusieurs s+ul>its1 c4 #cfg ,savigny1 ,mmoire sur l',ibis1 p4 #cg4 #cfh ,idem1 ibid4 #cfi ,see ! ,great ,"w on ,egypt1 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,birds1 pl4 vii4 fig4 #b4 #cgj ,eut]pe1 cap4 lxxv4 ,h]odotus says a place 9 ,arabia1 b x is n se5 h[ a place 9 ,arabia c\ld h be5 ne> ! city ( ,buto1 :i* 0 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! ,delta4 #cga ,avis excelsa1 cruribus rigidis1 corneo proc]oque ro/ro4 ,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 lib4 i4 #cgb ,/rabo1 lib4 xvii4 #cgc lian1 ,anim4 lib4 x4 cap4 xxix4 #cgd ,leopold de ,bu*1 ,voyage en ,norwege1 t4 i4 p4 #cj4 ( ! ,g]man edition4 #cge ,! ,si]ra ,p>ima4 #cgf ,t4 ii4 p4 #bcc1 #bcf1 #beb1 #bgc1 #bhh1 #chb1 #eig1 #fbg1 & #fcc4 #cgg ,are !re any blocks 9 ,nor? ,am]ica to ! nor? ( ! ,great ,lakes8 #cgh ,9 ,silliman's ,am]ican ,j\rnal !re are _m int]e/+ details 9 reg>d to ! di/ribution ( b\ld]s 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 #cgi ,by gee/ is und]/ood ! alluvial matt] :i* is spread ov] ! surface bo? ( ! hilly & l[ c\ntry1 & appe>s1 accord+ to ,de ,luc1 to h be5 =m$ ! la/ "t ! wat]s ( ! ocean /ood ov] ! surface ( ! e>?4--,j4 #chj ,by m>s*1 accord+ to ,de ,luc1 is und]/ood ! new l& add$ to ! coa/s s9ce ! la/ retir+ ( ! wat] ( ! globe f ! surface ( ! e>?1 & is =m$ by ! s$im5ts ( riv]s1 mix$ m or less ) s& f ! bottom ( ! sea4--,j4 #cha ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #aad1 #aae1 #aaf4 #chb ,a rem>kable fact ( ?is k9d is relat$ by ,salt1 9 8 second j\rney to ,abyss9ia4 ,! ,bay ( ,amphila1 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 is =m$1 he says1 ( twelve isl&s1 elev5 ( :i* are 9 "p compos$ ( alluvial matt]s1 consi/+ ( corall9es1 madrepores1 e*9ites1 & a great v>iety ( %ells common 9 t sea4 ,! height ( ^! isl&s is sometimes ?irty feet above high wat]4 ,! small isl&1 :i* diff]s f ! elev5 o!rs1 is compos$ ( a solid lime/one rock1 9 :i* ve9s ( calc$ony are obs]v$4 ,does n ?is small isl&1 we may ask1 indicate t "s cause has prev5t$ ! madrepores f cov]+ x1 :ile !y con/ruct$ _! habitations 9 ! neighb\rhood1 on bases :i* probably mu/ be ( ! same nature z ^? ( ! small isl&8 #chc ,on glanc+ ov] ! *>ts ( ,kotzebue's voyage1 we are /ruck at see+ sev]al ( ^! isl&s gr\p$ 9 a circul> =m1 connect$ ) "o ano!r by reefs :i* appe> to consi/ ( madrepores1 & to pres5t1 by ?is arrangem5t1 a small int]nal sea ( great dep?1 to :i* an entrance is af=d$ by "o or m op5+s4 ,may n ?is arrangem5t be ow+ to subm>9e crat]s1 on ! edge ( :i* ! li?ophytes h erect$ _! habitations8 #chd #ahbd1 ,/4 #ab4 p4 #ddc4 ,malt ,brun4 ,precis de la ,geogr4 ,univ]s4 ,t4 ii4 p4 #dei42 ,catteau ,calleville1 ,tabl4 de la ,m] ,balt4 ,t4 i4 p4 #aeh1 #ahh4 #che ,see ! excell5t figures 9 ,blum5ba*'s ,decades4 #chf ,equal to #bg1cdj y>ds & #aj in*es ,engli% measure1 or #ae miles & #fj y>ds4 ,9 ^! r$uctions ( ! revolution>y ,fr5* metres to ,engli% measure1 ! metre is assum$ z #ci4cg ,engli% in*es4--,transl4 #chg ,or #aj1icf y>ds & #d in*es1 equal to #f miles & ne>ly a qu>t]1 ,engli% measure4 ,h5ce ! entire advance ( ! alluvial promontory ( ! ,po appe>s to h ext5d$ to #ba miles #e furlongs & #baf y>ds4--,transl4 #chh ,equal to #aj1icf or #ab1jcj y>ds ,engli% measure4--,transl4 #chi ,or #b1ahf y>ds #b feet ,engli%4--,transl4 #cij ,or #bj1ggh y>ds #a foot #aj in*es4--,transl4 #cia ,or #ba1hgb y>ds4--,transl4 #cib ,or #ah1eia y>ds4--,transl4 #cic ,equal to #i1hdb or #aj1icf y>ds4--,transl4 #cid ,equal to #f1efd or #g1fee y>ds4--,transl4 #cie ,f #ai miles #g furlongs & #ae y>ds1 to #bj miles #d furlongs & #i y>ds1 ,engli% measure4--,transl4 #cif ,or #ae1cff y>ds4--,transl4 #cig ,equal to #i1hdb or #aj1icf y>ds4--,transl4 #cih #bj1bca y>ds4--,transl4 #cii ,exactly #bg y>ds #a foot & ( an in* ,engli%4--,transl4 #djj ,already /at$ at f #ai to #bj miles2 or m precisely1 f #cd1iie y>ds #a foot #h in*es1 to #cf1jhi y>ds #aj in*es ,engli% measure4--,transl4 #dja ,equal to #gf y>ds #a foot #g in*es & #i_/aj?s4--,transl4 #djb ,9 ! salt lakes ( ,we/phalia1 we f9d ,lymna & fre% wat] plants 9 abundance4 #djc 8,jamque erat 9 totas sp>surus fulm9a t]ras1 ,tela reponuntur1 manibus fabricata ,cyclopum3 ,pna placet div]sa2 g5us mortale sub undis ,p]d]e1 et ex omni nimbos dimitt]e clo40 ,,ovid4 ,met4 lib4 i4 v4 #bee4 #djd ,vide note on ! ,non-me*anical ,action ( pure ,wat]4 #dje ,t4 ix4 c4 #f4 ,claudian describes ?is occurr5ce 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,cum ,!ssaliam scopulis inclusa t5]et ,p5eo /agnante palus1 et m]sa neg>5t ,arva coli1 trifida ,neptunus euspide montes ,impulit adv]sos3 tum =ti saucius ictu ,dissiluit gelido v]tex ,ossu ,olympo40 ,de raptu ,pros]p4 ,i4 ii4 v4 #agi4 #djf ,l4 i c4 #c4 #djg ,accord+ to ,:eel]1 :o 0 on ! spot1 x appe>s to h brok5 ?r\gh ! ,m\nt ,pt\s4 #djh ,biblio!c4 ,hi/oric4 l4 v4 c4 #dg4 #dji ,vol4 xiv4 p4 #bje4 #daj ,! rem>ks on ! connection ( geology ) agriculture & plant+1 are ins]t$ "h z an illu/ration ( "s ( ! details 9 ! body ( ! "w4 ,!y w1 we ?9k1 be useful to /ud5ts ( agriculture & geology1 & int]e/+ to ! g5]al read]4 #daa ,! dryness dep5ds *iefly1 if n entirely1 on ! fissures or divisions 9 ! rocky base ( ! soil2 =1 9 "s p>ts ( ,sologne 9 ,france1 z /at$ by ,mr ,ar?ur ,"y1 & 9 sundry di/ricts ( ,engl&1 *alk & lime/one bottoms are occasionally obs]v$ to be ret5tive & wet4 ,und]gr\nds1 =m$ ( *alk or lime/one1 h frequ5tly a ?9 cov]+ ( vegetable m\ld1 f _! be+1 9 "s cases1 ov] close & wet1 & 9 o!rs ov] op5 & dry2 ! =m] condition be+ unfri5dly to vegetation & ! =mation ( m\ld1 & ! latt] too readily p]mitt+ its dep>ture :5 =m$1 or o!rwise fav\r+ ! decomposition & wa/e ( t mat]ial4 #dab ,! reason "h assign$ is confirm$ by "s obs]vations deliv]$ by "o ( ! late/ & mo/ intellig5t ( ! ,engli% writ]s on agriculture4 8,if10 says ,mr ,m>%all1 8! sev]al /rata0 7viz4 ! subsoil & base7 8are ( s loose a texture1 z to p]mit ! wat]s ( ra9s to pass quickly d[nw>d1 )\t be+ 9 any suffici5t degree arre/$ by ! soil1 ! l& may be said to be wor?less to agriculture40 ,he adds1 8,be=e we sugge/ any improvem5t ( l&s ( ! latt] description1 x w be prop] to premise1 t _m ( ! light s&y soils ( ,norfolk1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be uni=mly absorb$ to a great dep?1 h a ?9 e>?y sub/ance1 or #8,pan1' :i* int]v5es betwe5 ! soil & ! subsoil1 & :i* is ( su* a texture1 z to *eck ! desc5t ( ra9 wat]s1 & !reby reta9 !m ! long] 9 ! soil1 z well z to prev5t ! manure x conta9s f be+ c>ri$ away by _! rapid desc5t2 yet suffici5tly p]vi\s to prev5t a sur*>ge ( moi/ure f injur+ ! produce4 ,to ?is =tunate circum/ance is pr9cipally ow+ ! f]tility ( ! l&s ( ,ea/ ,norfolk3 = :]ev] ?is filt] happ5s to be brok5 by ! pl\gh1 or o!rwise1 ! soil becomes unf]tile1 & cont9ues to be s = a l5g? ( ye>s40--7,see ,norfolk1 vol4 i4 page #aa47 8,?is fact aptly sugge/s ! exp$i5t ( improv+1 or fre% =m+1 a filt] ( ?is k9d2 see+ h[ capable x is ( produc+ s _m valuable advantages2 ! m especially1 z x is probably ! ,norfolk pan owes its orig9 to =tuit\s art1 r ?an to nature40--7,see ,norfolk1 vol4 i4 page #ab47 8,a mill/one1 or o!r heavy :eel-%ap$ /one1 made to run ^u its edge1 9 ! bottom ( ! pl\gh-furr[ 7! ?ickness ( its edge be+ equal to ! wid? ( ! furr[71 by ! help ( an axle & :eels1 w\ld greatly compress a light1 por\s subsoil4 ,! idea ( =m+ a pan artificially1 /ruck me fir/ 9 ,norfolk2 & "t & exp]i5ce h /r5g!n$ x4 ,if ! exp]im5t be made on a compressible subsoil1 z s&y loam1 or ! s(t rubble :i* sometimes int]v5es betwe5 an absorb5t soil & an op5 rock1 !re c be little d\bt ( its success4 ,b on loose op5 gravel1 :i* is n suffici5tly mix$ ) t5aci\s m\ld to %ea? x1 & ly+ on an op5 base1 less utility may be expect$ f x40 #dac ,vide ,dr ,adam ( ,calcutta's ,rem>ks on ! ,rocks & ,soil ( ,con/antia at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 9 an e>ly numb] ( ! ,ed9burgh ,philosophical ,j\rnal4 #dad ,! o*re yell[ col\r ( ! decay$ gre5/one ar\nd ,ed9burgh1 & 9 g5]al 9 _m trap di/ricts 9 ?is c\ntry1 is caus$ by ! decomposition ( ! imb$d$ iron pyrites4 #dae ,! ,/reams ( ,obsidian 9 ,icel&1 ,lip>i1 ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 ,asc5sion1 & ,mexico1 af=d /rik+ examples ( ! fact /at$ above4 #daf ,^? :o feel dispos$ to exam9e ! connection ( ,geology & ,agriculture1 w f9d _m additional details & views giv5 9 ,hausmann's "w1 ( :i* ! above may be consid]$ 9 "s degree z a cond5s$ view4 #dag ,john ,h>t1 ,esq4 ,memb] ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons 9 ,irel&1 "s "t ago s5t to me a copy ( a v int]e/+ tract entitl$ 8,a ,description ( ! ,skeleton ( ! ,fossil ,de] ( ,irel&1 ,c]vus megac]os2 drawn up at ! in/ance ( ! ,committee ( ,natural ,philosophy ( ! ,royal ,dubl9 ,society40 ,! details 9 ! text are extract$ f ,mr ,h>t's memoir1 & ! engrav+ ( ! ,elk is copi$ f ,mr ,h>t's li?ographic del9eation4 #dah ,9 a ,report :i* ,mr ,h>t made to ! ,committee ( ,natural ,philosophy ( ! ,royal ,dubl9 ,society1 & :i* 0 pr9t$ 9 _! ,proce$+s ( ,july #h4 #ahbd1 he allud$ to an in/ance ( a pair ( ^! horns hav+ be5 us$ z a field gate ne> ,tipp]>y4 ,s9ce t he has le>n$ t a pair _h be5 9 use = a simil> purpose ne> ,newca/le1 c\nty ( ,wickl[1 until !y 7 decompos$ by ! action ( ! wea!r4 ,!re is also a specim5 9 ,*>lemont ,h\se1 ! t[n resid5ce ( ! ,e>l ( ,*>lemont1 :i* is said to h be5 us$ = "s "t z a tempor>y bridge across a rivulet 9 ! c\nty ( ,tyrone4 #dai ,i h se5 ?is antl] divid$ into ?ree po9ts 9 two specim5s1 "o at ! ,e>l ( ,besbor\gh's1 c\nty ,kilk5ny 7:i* measur$ eight feet f\r in*es betwe5 ! tips71 ! o!r 9 ! hall ( ! ,museum ( ,tr9ity ,college3 x is s+le 9 ! great] numb] ( specim5s1 z 9 ^? :i* ,cuvi] describes4 #dbj ,vide ,annales du ,museum d',hi/oire ,naturelle1 tome xii4 et ,ossem5s ,fossiles1 tome iv4 #dba ,philosophical ,transactions1 vol4 xix4 #dbb ,a f9e pair ( ?is species1 male & female1 7 exhibit$ by ,mr ,bullock 9 ?is city a few summ]s ago4 ,!y did n answ] to any description ( ,p5nant or ( ,dr ,%aw1 b _h ! *>act]s ( ,c4 canad5sis z giv5 by ,cuvi]4 #dbc ,dr ,p]cy1 ,bi%op ( ,dromore1 describes a pair :i* measur$ f\rte5 feet by ! skull4 ,ar*ologia ,brit4 v4 vii4 #dbd ,p5nant's ,zoology1 vol4 i4 #dbe ,organic ,rema9s1 vol4 iii4 #dbf ,ossem5s ,fossiles1 tom4 iv4 #dbg ,! elk1 :5 pursu$ 9 ! =e/s ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 breaks (f bran*es ( trees z ?ick z a man's ?igh4 #dbh ,x is evid5tly n ! animal m5tion$ by ,julius ,cs>1 "u ! "n ( ,alces2 vide ,comm5t4 de ,bello ,gallico1 vi4 cap4 x42 nor is x ! ,alces ( ,pl9y4 #dbi ,i am well aw>e ( ! occasional exi/5ce ( holes 9 ! ribs1 a few in/ances ( :i* ,i h se5 9 ! human subject3 b !y diff] ess5tially 9 "* f ! op5+ "h describ$1 z !y occupy ! c5tre ( ! rib1 mo/ly 9 its /]nal extremity1 & h _! m>g9 depress$ on bo? sides4 #dcj ,9 ,a4 ,w4 ,s*legel's ,contributions to ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,elephant1 9 ! ,indis*e ,biblio!k1 i4 #b1 are enum]at$ _m facts n g5]ally kn[n reg>d+ ! ,african & ,asiatic ,elephants1 & ! details are accompani$ ) int]e/+ inf]5ces4 #dca ,accord+ to ,s*lei]ma*]1 ,goldfuss & ,von ,ba*r1 fossil tusks1 resembl+ ^? ( ! ,african ,elephant1 h be5 f\nd 9 "s di/ricts4 ,cuvi]1 h[ev]1 que/ions _! be+ 9 a true fossil /ate4 #dcb ,?is plate =ms ! frontispiece to ! pres5t "w4 #dcc ,smm]+ b] die fossili5 ,knock51 wel*e 9 d] ,protoga ,von ,leibnitz abgebildet s9d3 e9e ,abh&lung 9 d] ,magaz9 fr die ,naturges*i*te des ,m5s*5 von ,c4 ,grosse1 iii4 #agij1 s4 #gc4 #dcd ,ros5mll]1 ,bes*reib4 des ,hhl5br51 s4 #b4 #dce ,fur!r in=mation 9 reg>d to ^! caves w be f\nd 9 ,leonh>d ,tas*5b4 d] ,m94 vii4 #b4 ,s4 #dci2 & 9 ,ngg]a?'s ,gebirge 9 ,rhe9l&-,we/phal51 ii4 ,s4 #bg4 & iii4 #a4 #ac4 #dcf ,9 ,engl& & ,wales ! foll[+ caves h be5 f\nd to conta9 fossil bones3 #a4 ,cave 9 ,duncombe ,p>k1 n f> f t ( ,kirkdale4 ,x conta9s only rec5t bones4 #b4 ,cave ( ,hutton1 a village 9 ,som]set%ire1 at ! foot ( ! ,m5dip ,hills4 ,bones ( elephants1 horses1 hogs1 ( two species ( de]1 ( ox51 ! ne>ly entire skeleton ( a fox1 & ! metac>pal bone ( a l>ge be>1 h be5 f\nd 9 x4 #c4 ,cave ( ,d]dham ,d[n1 ne> to ,clifton1 to ! we/w>d ( ,bri/ol4 ,bones ( horses 7 f\nd 9 x4 #d4 ,cave ( ,balleye1 ne> to ,w>kswor?1 9 ,d]by%ire4 ,9 #affc1 tee? ( elephants1 "s ( :i* are /ill pres]v$1 7 f\nd 9 x4 #e4 ,cave ( ,dream1 at ! village ( ,call[1 ne> to ,w>kswor?4 ,x 0 discov]$ 9 ! ye> #ahbb1 by "s m9]s 9 se>* ( lead-ore4 ,ne>ly all ! bones ( a rh9oc]os1 9 a good /ate ( pres]vation1 7 f\nd enclos$ 9 a b$ ( mud 9 ?is cave4 #f4 ,fissures & caves at ,ore/on4 ,^! are 9 transition lime/one4 ,bones ( ! rh9oc]os1 hyna1 tig]1 wolf1 de]1 ox1 & horse1 h be5 f\nd 9 !m4 #g4 ,cave ( ,ni*ola/on1 ne> ! coa/ ( ,glamorgan1 9 ! ,bay ( ,oxwi*4 ,9 ! ye> #agib1 bones ( ! elephant1 rh9oc]os1 ox1 de]1 & hyna1 7 f\nd 9 x4 #h4 ,caves ( ,pavel&1 9 ! c\nty ( ,glamorgan1 betwe5 ! ,bay ( ,oxwi* & ,cape ,worms1 at ! entrance ( ! ,engli% ,*annel4 ,!re are two op5+s 9 a cliff ?irty or =ty feet above ! level ( ! sea1 :i* we _c rea* b at l[ wat]4 ,! cl]gyman & ! surgeon ( ! neighb\r+ village ( ,port9an f\nd 9 !m a tusk & gr9d] ( an elephant2 aft]w>ds o!r bones ( ! elephant1 rh9oc]os1 horse1 be>1 hyna1 fox1 wolf1 ox1 de]1 rat1 ( birds1 ! skeleton ( a woman1 & spl9t]s ( bones1 7 also f\nd4 ,b _m ( ^! bones are mod]n2 & ! digg+s made at remote & unkn[n p]iods h displac$ ! anci5t bones1 & mix$ !m ) ! mod]n1 & also ) %ells ( ! pres5t sea4 ,pr(essor ,goldfuss1 9 ! #aa? volume ( ! ,nova ,acta ,physico-m$ica ,academi ,cs>e ,leopold9o-,c>ol9 ,natur ,curiosorum1 publi%$ 9 #ahbc1 gives an acc\nt ( ! fossil bones he met ) 9 ! caves ( ,we/phalia & ,franconia4 ,speak+ ( ! ,cave ( ,gayl5reu?1 he says1 t ,esp] has ! foll[+ rem>ks on ! quantity ( bones tak5 f ^! caves3 ,on fir/ exam9ation1 !re 7 collect$1 9 a v %ort "t1 9 ! du/ ( ! floors ( ^! caves1 upw>ds ( #bjj diff]5t tee?2 & we may assume t1 by ! end ( ! ye> #aggd1 "s ?\s&s 7 collect$4 ,x is difficult to =m a conception ( ! numb] ( ^! zooli!s1 & ( ! e>? 9 :i* !y are conta9$2 & ,i d n hesitate 9 believ+1 t1 at ! l[e/ e/imate1 sev]al hundr$ waggons load w\ld n remove ! :ole4 ,! animal e>?1 ) int]m+l$ bones1 01 9 _m places1 eight or t5 feet deep4 ,esp] calculat$ t1 9 8 "t1 #ahj skulls _h be5 tak5 out ( ! loose animal e>?1 ! conglom]ate n hav+ be5 brok5 up = ?is purpose4 ,( late ye>s1 ! conglom]ate af=d$1 9 ! space ( ?ree ye>s1 #aej skulls2 & we may e/imate t twice z _m m 7 de/roy$ 9 break+ !m out ( ! h>d /alactitic matt]4 ,if we add to ?is ! pieces ( skulls :i* occur 9 ?is repository1 m frequ5tly ?an p]fect skulls1 we may e/imate t m ?an a ?\s& individuals lie buri$ "h4 ,^! bones occur n[1 z =m]ly1 irregul>ly disp]s$2 t is1 tee?1 cyl9drical bones1 cranial bones1 & v]tebr ( diff]5t species1 & ( diff]5t individuals ( diff]5t ages1 & ( v>i\s sizes1 occur conglut9at$ toge!r4 ,we nev] f9d ! "u jaw ( ! same skull ne> to x1 & r>ely ! two sep>at$ portions ( ! same l[] jaw toge!r2 ! skulls occurr+ all 9 ! deep] places3 & ,esp] f\nd ! tee? =m+ a b$ by !mselves4 ,! bones /ill possess _! %>p] edges1 & are nei!r rubb$ nor gnaw$4 ,if we assume a ?\s& buri$ individuals1 ! proportion ( ! diff]5t species w be1 accord+ to ,dr ,goldfuss1 z foll[s3 #a4 ,hyna spela1 #be #b4 ,canis spelu1 #ej #c4 ,felis spela1 #be #d4 ,gulo spelu1 #cj #e4 ,ursus priscus1 #aj #f4 ,ursus arctoideus1 #fj #g4 ,ursus spelu1 #hjj ,! bones ( small animals1 m5tion$ by ,esp]1 are n[ no long] met )2 &1 9 ! collections ( ,esp] & ,fris*mann1 ,dr ,goldfuss saw only a few doz5 ( ! glutton 7,gulo47 ,! cont5ts ( a peculi> conglom]ate describ$ by ,esp]1 _c n[ be det]m9$4 ,x consi/$ ( a confus$ assemblage ( v small bones1 ! fracture surfaces ( :i* 7 fibr\s1 & conta9$ also ! ?igh-bone & rib ( a bird1 :i* 7 conjectur$ to equal 9 size ^? ( ! eagle2 h5ce ,esp] inf]r$ t ! mass 0 made up ( ! rema9s ( reptile & fi% bones4 ,no rema9s h hi!rto be5 f\nd 9 ^! caves2 b 9 =m] times we are told t tee? ( ! elephant 7 f\nd 9 ! ,zahnlo*1 & a v]tebra1 suppos$1 ( a rh9oc]os1 9 ! ,s*neid]lo*4 ,! bones ( dome/ic animals1 su* z de]1 roes1 foxes1 & badg]s1 frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! caves1 %ew1 at a glance1 t !y h come into _! pres5t situation accid5tally1 at a mod]n p]iod4 ,! cave at ,mockas =m]ly conta9$ 9 its deepe/ fissures1 tee? & fragm5ts ( bones ( be>s1 associat$ ) roll$ /ones1 & envelop$ 9 e>?y m>l4 ,! entrance to ?is cave is situat$ on ! acclivity ( a hill4 ,goldfuss asc5d$ to ! entrance ( x by means ( a rope1 & f\nd 9 its int]ior _m n>r[1 wide ext5d$ holl[s1 :i* are g5]ally s conf9$ t we c only visit !m by creep+4 ,"h & !re !re are small wid5+s1 & frequ5tly n>r[ outlets occur 9 ! ro(4 ,! ,zahnlo* & ! ,s*neid]lo*1 :i* also conta9 s+le bones ( be>s1 are small vaults1 ) wide op5+s1 into :i* we c p5etrate )\t difficulty4 #dcg ,! fact m5tion$ 9 ! text br+s to our recollection an int]e/+ ,memoir ( ,pr(essor ,wal!r1 entitl$1 8,on ! ,antiquity ( diseases 9 ,bones10 pr9t$ 9 ,grasse & ,wal!r's ,j\rnal d] ,*irurgie und ,aug5heil ,kunde1 viii4 ,f elev5 specim5s ( bones ( cave-be>s f\nd 9 ! ,caves ( ,sundwi*1 describ$ by ,wal!r1 a pro( is obta9$1 t ! common =ms ( osse\s diseases occur 9 !m1 j z !y are obs]v$ at pres5t 9 ! human species1 viz4 necrosis1 an*ylosis1 c>ies1 exo/osis1 =mation ( new bony matt]1 ?ick5+1 ?9n+1 & ar?ritic prop]ties ( diseas$ bones4 ,mo/ ( ^? diseases are su* z w\ld result f viol5t injuries1 & ! consequ5t v t$i\s organo-vital reaction4 ,su* me*anical injuries w\ld give rise to necrosis1 c>ies1 exo/osis1 c4 ,we c easily conceive1 says ,wal!r1 h[ t ! rapaci\s animals ( a =m] _w may h be5 expos$ to viol5t me*anical injuries ( _! bodies1 & ( s+le p>ts ( !m4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t mo/ ( ! diseas$ bones are ( ! l[] jaw1 ! alveol> processes ( x & ! walls ( s+le alveol4 ,dur+ ! combats ( ! cave be>s = _! prey among/ !mselves1 or ) o!r gigantic animals1 ! jaws & tee? mu/ h exp]i5c$ ! greate/ me*anical injuries4 ,! necroses ( ! hum]al bones are su* z might result f a bruis+ ( ! bones1 & ! c>ies ( ! upp] surface ( ! bodies ( ! lumb> v]tebr1 may h be5 occasion$ by ext]nal viol5ce4 ,wal!r is also ( op9ion1 t ! cave-be>s suff]$ f diseases ( ! bones n ref]rible to me*anical injuries4 ,he rem>ks ( a radius & a v]tebra1 ^: ar?ritic condition he c>efully describes1 8,^! bones h exp]i5c$ pa?ological *anges1 :i* c\ld only arise f a long cont9u$ diseas$ condition ( ! nutritive process4 ,!y are v light1 h an extremely ?9 cru/1 ! great] "p ( _! mass is ( a spongy1 v por\s sub/ance1 & are uncommonly fragile4 ,su* a *ange c\ld n be produc$ by any ext]nal me*anical injury1 nor by any slight action ( ! wea!r2 b mu/ proce$ f a t$i\s con/itutional disease1 connect$ ) a total *ange ( ! organo-=m+ pla/ic activity1 & proce$+ f a peculi> dyscrasia40 ,h5ce x is probable1 ^! cave-be>s ev5 suff]$ f g\t1 scrophula1 & o!r simil> diseases4 #dch ,accord+ to ,laugi]1 9 #ajj p>ts ( ! e>? 9 :i* ! bones 9 ! caves ( ,gayl5reu? are imb$d$1 he f\nd ! foll[+ proportional quantity ( con/itu5t p>ts3 #a4 ,lime1 ) a little magnesia1 9 ! /ate ( c>bonate1 #cb4j #b4 ,c>bonic acid & moi/ure1 #bd4j #c4 ,phosphate ( lime1 #ba4e #d4 ,animal matt] & wat]1 #aj4j #e4 ,alum9a slightly col\r$ ) manganese1 #d4j #f4 ,silica col\r$ ) iron1 #d4j #g4 ,oxide ( iron1 probably comb9$ ) phosphoric acid1 #c4e #h4 ,loss1 #a4j ----- #ajj4j 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,books ,,pr9t$ ,,= ,,william ,,blackwood1 ,,ed9burgh2 ,,& ,t4 ,,cadell1 ,,/r&1 ,,london4 ,elegantly ,pr9t$1 9 #c vols4 royal octavo1 ,,exotic ,,flora2 ,conta9+ ,,figures ,,& ,,descriptions ,,( ,,new1 ,,r>e1 ,,or ,,o!rwise ,,int]e/+ ,,exotic ,,plants1 ,especially ( su* z are des]v+ ( be+ ,cultivat$ 9 our ,g>d5s2 ,,toge!r ,,) ,,rem>ks ,,^u ,,_! ,,g5]ic ,,& ,,specific ,,*>act]s1 ,,natural ,,ord]s1 ,,hi/ory1 ,,culture1 ,,"t ,,( ,,fl[]+1 c4 ,,by ,,william ,,jackson ,,hook]1 ,,ll4,d4 c4 ,memb] ( ! ,imp]ial ,academy ,natur ,curiosorum2 ( ! ,w]n]ian ,natural ,hi/ory ,society ( ,ed9burgh2 ( ! ,royal ,botanic ,society ( ,ratisbon2 ( ! ,helvetic ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 c4 c4 & ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,botany 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[4 ,! ,"w includes1 "u ! title ( ,,exotic ,,flora1 ,figures & ,descriptions ( su* ,plants1 n natives ( ,great ,brita91 z are ,cultivat$ 9 our ,g>d5s1 or1 9 defect ( !m1 ( su* z c be fai?fully repres5t$ f well-pres]v$ specim5s 9 our ,h]b>ia4 ,9 ! selection ( ,species1 pref]5ce is1 ( c\rse1 giv5 to su* z recomm5d !mselves by _! beauty1 _! hi/ory1 novelty1 or "s rem>kable or little-kn[n *>act]s 9 _! fl[]s & fruit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 "o l>ge volume #hvo1 ) ,eight ,plates1 price #aes4 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,plants2 ,conta9+ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,sci5tific ,botany1 ,nom5clature1 ,!ory ( ,classification1 ,phytography1 ,anatomy1 ,*emi/ry1 ,physiology1 ,geography1 & ,diseases ( ,plants2 ) a ,hi/ory ( ! ,sci5ce1 & ,practical ,illu/rations4 ,by ,a4 ,p4 ,,dec&olle1 & ,k4 ,,spr5gell4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 octavo1 price #aes4 ,,flora ,,ed95sis2 ,,or ,a ,,description ,,( ,,plants ,,gr[+ ,,ne> ,,ed9burgh1 ,arrang$ accord+ to ! ,l9nean ,sy/em2 ) a ,concise ,introduction to ! ,natural ,ord]s ( ! ,class ,cryptogamia1 & ,illu/rative ,plates4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,kaye ,,greville1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,f4,a4,s4,e4 ,memb] ( ! ,w]n]ian ,natural ,hi/ory ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 c4 c4 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,new ,edition1 entirely re-compos$1 9 #d l>ge vols4 #hvo4 ,l4 #c1 ,a ,,sy/em ,,( ,,*emi/ry4 ,,by ,,?omas ,,?omson1 ,m4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 c4 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 "o vol4 #hvo4 ) ,f\r ,maps ( ! ,con/ellations1 & a ,plate ( ! figures illu/rative ( ! ,"w4 ,! ,second ,edition1 correct$ & improv$4 ,price #is4 ,,an ,,elem5t>y ,,treatise ,,on ,,a/ronomy2 ,or1 an ,easy ,introduction to a ,k ( ! ,heav5s1 ,int5d$ = ! ,use ( ^? :o are n mu* conv]sant 9 ,ma!matical ,/udies4 ,by ! ,,rev4 ,a4 ,,mylne1 ,d4 ,d4 ,m9i/] ( ,doll>1 ,honor>y ,memb] ( ! ,royal ,physical ,society1 & ,fell[ ( ! ,society ( ,scotti% ,antiqu>ies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h&somely ,pr9t$ 9 #hvo4 ! ,second ,edition1 ,price #ads4 ,,w]n]',s ,,nom5clature ,,( ,,col\rs1 ,) ,additions1 s z to r5d] x highly useful to ! ,arts & ,sci5ces1 p>ticul>ly ,zoology1 ,botany1 ,*emi/ry1 ,m9]alogy1 & ,morbid ,anatomy4 ,annex$ to :i* are examples select$ f well-kn[n objects 9 ! ,animal1 ,vegetable1 & ,m9]al ,k+doms4 ,by ,,patrick ,,syme1 ,fl[]-,pa9t]1 ,ed9burgh2 ,pa9t] to ! ,w]n]ian & ,cal$onian ,horticultural ,societies4 8,hav+ ! good =tune to possess a col\r-suite ( m9]als1 made1 "u ! eye ( ,w]n]1 by my late fri5d ,h4 ,meud] ( ,freyb]g1 & be+ desir\s ( mak+ ?is collection z g5]ally useful z possible1 ,i m5tion$ my wi% to ,mr ,syme1 :o readily und]took to make a del9eation ( all ! v>ieties 9 ?is collection4 ,?is he execut$ ) 8 usual skill & accuracy2 add+1 at ! same "t1 to ! s]ies sev]al o!r col\rs1 :i* he has di/+ui%$ by appropriate names1 & arrang$ along ) ^? 9 ! ,w]n]ian sy/em4 ,! :ole has be5 publi%$ 9 a s]ies ( ,tables1 9 a ,treatise :i* ought to be 9 ! h&s ( e ,m9]alogi/1 & inde$ 9 ! possession ( ,naturali/s ( e description40--,pr(essor ,,jameson',s ,*>act]s ( ,m9]als4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,"o ,volume l>ge #hvo4 ,price #ads4 ,,hi/orical ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,discov]y1 ,,navigation1 ,,& ,,comm]ce1 ,f ! e>lie/ ,records to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,,by ,,william ,,/ev5son1 ,,esq4 ,?is ,,hi/orical ,,sket* has be5 drawn up ) ref]5ce to1 & 9 ord] to =m ! #ah? & conclud+ ,volume ( ,,k]r',s ,,voyages & ,,travels4 ,b ?\gh drawn up ) ?is object1 x is /rictly & entirely an indep5d5t & sep>ate ,"w4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! ,volume is giv5 a ,select ,catalogue ( ,voyages & ,travels1 :i*1 x is hop$1 w be f\nd g5]ally useful1 n only 9 direct+ read+ & inquiry1 b also 9 ! =mation ( a ,libr>y4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,obvi\s typographical errors & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ aft] c>eful comp>ison ) o!r occurr5ces )9 ! text & consultation ( ext]nal s\rces4 ,!re are sev]al ref]5ces to bo? #8,de ,luc' & #8,deluc'2 ^! ref] to ! same p]son1 & h n be5 *ang$4 ,except = ^? *anges not$ bel[1 all misspell+s 9 ! text1 & inconsi/5t or ar*aic usage1 h be5 reta9$4 ,pg vi3 #8gradual developem5t' replac$ by #8gradual developm5t'4 ,pg xxi3 #8,zodaical' replac$ by #8,zodiacal'4 ,pg xxii3 #8,horse1 #bhh' replac$ by #8,horse1 #bhe'4 ,pg #c3 #8( ! ,peleponnesus' replac$ by #8( ! ,peloponnesus'4 ,pg #ba3 #8=mations1 aud' replac$ by #8=mations1 &'4 ,pg #eh3 #8lama1 ! vicuna' replac$ by #8llama1 ! vicuna'4 ,pg #fh3 #8l>ge qradup$s' replac$ by #8l>ge quadrup$s'4 ,pg #gd3 #8,?ree sev]al' replac$ by #8,?ree sep>ate'4 ,pg #gh3 0 incorrectly labell$ z #8#hg' 9 ! orig9al book4 ,pg #hj3 #8lama1 ! vicunna' replac$ by #8llama1 ! vicuna'4 ,pg #hd3 #8corrrespond1 &' replac$ by #8correspond1 &'4 ,pg #aab3 #8t ! fosil' replac$ by #8t ! fossil'4 ,pg #ach3 #8by ! ,ph5icians' replac$ by #8by ! ,phnicians'4 ,pg #adi3 #8a v r]emote' replac$ by #8a v remote'4 ,pg #aee3 #8! ,bram9s1 &' replac$ by #8! ,brahm9s1 &'4 ,pg #agb3 0 incorrectly labell$ z #8#adf' 9 ! orig9al book4 ,pg #baa3 #8ev5 admit+' replac$ by #8ev5 admitt+'4 ,pg #bab3 #8,zodaical' replac$ by #8,zodiacal'4 ,pg #bab3 #8#as' 7subscript s7 replac$ by #8#as' 7sup]script s74 ,pg #bbb3 #8d\ble suppositon' replac$ by #8d\ble supposition'4 ,pg #bbe3 #8f\nd bebetwe5' replac$ by #8f\nd betwe5'4 ,pg #bbg3 miss+ an*or = ,footnote #bbf ins]t$ aft] #8at t p]iod'4 ,pg #bdi ,table3 ! duplicate head+s #8,transition ,=mations' & #8,primitive ,=mations' h be5 remov$ f ! la/ two blocks ( ! table4 ,pg #bfc3 #8nam$ x ,iquanodon' replac$ by #8nam$ x ,iguanodon#84 ,pg #bfc3 miss+ an*or = ,footnote #bfa ins]t$ aft] #8,iguanodon#84 ,pg #bgi3 #8:]eev] our anci5t' replac$ by #8:]ev] our anci5t'4 ,pg #bhj3 #8or anaplo?ria1' replac$ by #8or anaplo!ria1'4 ,pg #cjb3 #8( ,bufffon' replac$ by #8( ,buffon'4 ,pg #cfj3 #8is v obsure' replac$ by #8is v obscure'4 ,pg #cfa3 #8,lett]s sur l',hi/oire' replac$ by #8,lettres sur l',hi/oire'4 ,pg #cfg3 #8isl&s ( ,pelworm' replac$ by #8isl&s ( ,pellworm'4 ,pg #cgd3 #8( ,mavi/on' replac$ by #8( ,mavie/on'4 ,pg #cgh3 #8,great ,britian' replac$ by #8,great ,brita9'4 ,pg #cgi3 #8s&s ( ,b>rey' replac$ by #8s&s ( ,b>ray'4 ,pg #che3 #8breaks ( 9' replac$ by #8breaks (f 9'4 ,pg #dja3 #8#aggj' replac$ by #8#agjj'4 ,pg #dfa3 #8a slop ( ev5' replac$ by #8a slope ( ev5'4 ,pg #dge3 #8sol d cru/' replac$ by #8solid cru/'4 ,pg #dgf3 #8x ( contributiug' replac$ by #8x ( contribut+'4 ,pg #dic3 #8) !n,palm1' replac$ by #8) ! ,palm'4 ,pg #ejf ,table3 ! head+ #8,,head4' has be5 ins]t$ at ! top ( column #a4 ,pg #ebb3 #8v>i\s corridores' replac$ by #8v>i\s corridors'4 ,pg #eda3 #8crosses ! tor5t' replac$ by #8crosses ! torr5t'4 ,pg #edg ,table3 ?is multipage ,table has be5 split into ?ree p>ts4 ,! "r-h& column #8,,obs]vations' ) f\r entries has be5 replac$ by f\r ,notes 7a7 to 7d7 bel[ ! ,table4 ,pg #edi3 ,note 7d72 #8! fissil rocks' replac$ by #8! fossil rocks'4 ,pg #eej ,table3 ?is wide ,table has be5 split into two p>ts4 ,! "r-h& column #8,,obs]vations' ) a s+le entry has be5 replac$ by a ,note 7a7 bel[ ! ,table4 ,pg #bd ,footnote #g3 #8,ges*e*te d] ,natrli*e' replac$ by #8,ges*i*te d] ,natrli*5'4 ,pg #fb ,footnote #cd3 #8on ! ,hippopatamus' replac$ by #8on ! ,hippopotamus'4 ,pg #fe ,footnote #ef3 #8describes ! *ace' replac$ by #8describes ! *ase'4 ,pg #acf ,footnote #aaj3 #8! peat-moses (' replac$ by #8! peat-mosses ('4 ,pg #add ,footnote #aai3 #8pr9cipal ,ph5ician' replac$ by #8pr9cipal ,phnician'4 ,pg #bia ,footnote #ccd3 #8#deh' replac$ by #8p4 #deh'4 ,pg #cea ,footnote #cee3 ,"s adju/m5ts h be5 made to ! ,greek quotation1 aft] *eck+ ) ext]nal s\rces4 ,pg #eaj ,footnote #dca3 #8be5 f\nd "s' replac$ by #8be5 f\nd 9 "s'4 ,!re is a ref]5ce to #8,note ,k' & #8,note ,n' & #8,note ,o'1 b !y d n exi/4 #8,note ,j' does n exi/ & has no ref]5ce to x4